cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of elastic interactions on the aggregation of nanostructures

Abstract Externally imposed fields can directly affect microstructural evolution arising from diffusional phase separation in binary mixtures and potentially can be utilized to form highly ordered nanostructures. The effects of elastic fields on phase separation and coarsening are investigated in this paper using a Cahn–Hilliard-type phase-field model. Periodic traction distributions are shown to lead to patterned microstructures. The kinetics and morphology of aggregation are found to depend significantly on the transformation strain, contrast in moduli between phases and the magnitude of externally applied tractions (mechanical fields). The trends observed in simulations are analyzed in detail in terms of Eshelby-type estimates for elastic interaction energies, and the correlations are shown to be remarkably accurate. Predictions based solely upon interaction energies can provide very useful guidelines to develop strategies to control the morphology of aggregation.
Smooth Indentation of Finite Layer

The plane problem of a layer of finite length under the action of a frictionless indenter is studied. The solution obtained accounts for both the local contact behavior near the indenter and the overall beam behavior as well. The analysis superposes an infinite layer solution derived through the use of integral transforms with a pure bending beam theory solution. The problem is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which is solved numerically. Clamped and simply supported end conditions are studied; overall compliances and local indenter stresses are computed and plotted for various ratios of contact length to layer thickness. The results are compared to beam theory compliances and Hertz theory contact stresses.
Continuity and Correlates of Emotions and Motives in Self-Defining Memories

Two studies examined emotions and motives in self-de- fining memories. In Study 1, participants recalled five self-defining mem- ories (four recent and one earliest childhood), rated their emotions and motives during each memory, and completed a set of personality meas- ures. A subset of participants provided a second set of memories, as well as emotion and motive ratings, approximately 2 weeks after the initial session. Results suggest that emotions and motives are moderately stable across memories and over time and show theoretically meaningful rela- tions with self-esteem, narcissism, and affective dispositions. Study 2 extended the findings of Study 1 to a longitudinal context. Emotions and motives coded from self-defining memories were associated with changes in personality, well-being, and academic performance over a 4-year period. Researchers have long recognized the intimate connection between autobiographical memories and personality. Early personality theo- rists emphasized the centrality of memories to personality function- ing, viewing them as a window into the affective and motivational orientation of the person (Adler, 1931; Murray, 1938). For Adler, personal memories were the key to understanding personality because they reflect an individual's most pressing current concerns. Adler argued that memories represent a person's '''Story of My
Effect of Induced Stress on Convergent and Divergent Thinking.

Psychological stress effect on human convergent and divergent thinking after presentation of disturbing or benign control films
Studies of negative political advertising: an annotated bibliography

This selective annotated bibliography presents a snapshot of research published between 1990 and 1999 that has studied negative political advertising, primarily in the USA. Political scientists, psychologists, communication theorists and marketing scholars have used experiments, surveys, and case studies to examine the impact of this type of advertising on voter beliefs and behavior. The author categorizes the literature by broad themes such as typologies, effects of negative ads, media coverage of political campaigns, and actual candidate behavior, and provides descriptive annotations of representative articles in each category. In addition, several scholarly books that discuss negative political advertising are annotated. Since the focus of this bibliography is on social science research, articles from the popular literature are not included.
Historical Pigments Revealed by Pump-Probe Microscopy

Nonlinear optical pump-probe microscopy is able to sensitively extract excited state dynamics from historical art pigments. This technique allows three-dimensional imaging and characterization of different pigments, with far reaching applications for conservation science.
Kinetics and modeling of reductive dechlorination at high PCE and TCE concentrations

Two biokinetic models employing the Michaelis- Menten equation for anaerobic reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) were developed. The models were compared with results from batch kinetic tests conducted over a wide range of PCE and TCE concentrations with two different dechlorin- ating cultures. One model applies Michaelis-Menten ki- netics with competitive inhibition among chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), while the other model in- cludes both competitive inhibition and Haldane inhibition at high CAH concentrations. Model simulations with com- petitive inhibition simulated the experimental results well for PCE concentrations lower than 300 AM. However, sim- ulations deviated from the experimental observations for PCE or TCE concentrations greater than 300-400 AM. The kinetic model that incorporated both competitive and Haldane inhibitions better simulated experimental data for PCE concentrations near the solubility limit (1000 AM), and TCE concentrations at half its solubility limit (4000 AM). Based on the modeling analysis of the experimental re- sults, the PM culture (Point Mugu, CA) had very high Hal- dane inhibition constants for cis-1,2-dichlororethylene (c-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) (6000 and 7000 AM, re- spectively), indicating very weak Haldane inhibition, while the EV culture (the Evanite site in Corvallis, OR) had lower Haldane inhibition constants for TCE, c-DCE, and VC of 900, 750, and 750 AM, respectively. The BM culture (a bi- nary mixed culture of the PM and EV cultures) had trans- formation abilities that represented the mixture of the EV and PM cultures. Model simulations of the BM culture transformation abilities were well represented by separate rate equations and model parameters for the two indepen- dent cultures that were simultaneously solved. Modeling results indicated that a combination of competitive and Haldane inhibition kinetics is required to simulate dechlo- rination over a broad range of concentrations up to the solubility limit of PCE and half the solubility limit of TCE.
Laser-induced nonthermal surface modification of aluminum

Low fluence UV laser stimulate desorption of ions form metal surfaces leads to the production of high kinetic energy species and also modifies the surface left behind. Both of these effects are small for an individual laser shot. The number density of the desorbed ions by the laser is very low - much less than a monolayer per pulse. The changes in the crystal surface are also subtle. However, in both cases there are cumulative effects after many laser shots which cannot be attributed to thermal or plasma pulse laser interaction processes. There is no evidence for thermal ions in the TOF mass spectrum. A laser ionization experiment was performed to measure the kinetic energy distribution of the desorbed neutral aluminum species. The high kinetic energy Al+ ions were used as monitor for insuring that the laser induced desorption process was always in the non- thermal regime during the surface modification experiments. We observe, via SEM, surface modification only after exposure to a large number of laser shots. Examination of the laser exposed surface with electron microscopy reveals quasiperiodic patterns made up of sub-micron scale ridges. After exposures to more than 100K laser shots, the quasiperiodic patterns break-up into irregular nodule-like shapes. Our data indicates the surface modification occurs without desorbing significant amounts of material.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Oriented DNA binding by one‐armed λ repressor heterodimers and contacts between repressor and RNA polymerase at PRM

Bacteriophage λ repressor activates transcription from PRM by contacting the σ subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase. Although mutations in repressors that are defective in activation affect exposed residues in the repressor–operator co-crystal, the subunit in repressor dimers that is responsible for activation has not been determined experimentally. Here, we describe an oriented heterodimer approach using one-armed repressor–leucine zipper fusion proteins to resolve this question. Protection against methylation of operator DNA in vitro by one-armed and two-armed repressor–leucine zipper heterodimers shows that the subunit containing the arm in a one-armed repressor heterodimer binds preferentially in the consensus half-site of λ operators. The patterns of activation of the PRM promoter in vivo by one-armed heterodimers containing the pc2 mutation in only one subunit show that RNA polymerase at PRM contacts the N-terminal domain of the promoter-proximal subunit of the repressor dimer.
Mechanisms of electrostatic charge reduction of granular media with additives on different surfaces

Abstract The paper presents the results of an investigation of the role of different operational and material variables in the triboelectrification process and subsequent charge remediation by addition of different additives under typical production conditions encountered in the industry (35 ± 5% RH, 25 ± 2 °C). Different particle types, surfaces, additives and their concentrations are considered as variables for the study. It was found that charge reduction linearly increased with increasing concentrations before plateauing off at higher concentrations for all additives. The extent of charge reduction was found to be a function of both moisture content and work function of the additives.
Fourier transform spectroscopy

Abstract Fourier transform spectroscopy is a technique that uses interference of light rather than dispersion to measure the spectrum of a substance. The basis of this technique is the Fourier-pair relationship between the interferogram (interference function) of a substance and its spectrum. This relationship and other important physical and mathematical principles of Fourier transform spectroscopy are reviewed, and the important role of mini-computers in the development and application of this technique is discussed.
The synthesis of 123m Te‐labeled 17β ‐hydroxy‐2‐tellura‐A‐nor‐5α‐androstane

A microscale synthesis has been developed for the preparation of 17β-hydroxy-2-tellura-A-nor-5α-androstane. Reactorproduced 123mTe has been used to prepare the 123mTe labeled steroid. The radiochemical synthesis and purification of this potential prostate imaging agent are described in detail.
Dyssegmental Dysplasia Silverman-Handmaker Type in a Consanguineous Druze Lebanese Family: Long Term Survival and Documentation of the Natural History

We report on a male infant born with clinical and radiographic evidence of a lethal form of dyssegmental dysplasia not comparable to Silverman-Handmaker type, who had a prolonged survival of more than eight months. He had ocular and central nervous system abnormalities which have not been previously described. His course included significant feeding and respiratory difficulties, severe physical and psychomotor retardation, and recurrent fever of unknown etiology believed to be of central origin. The relatively long survival of this infant enabled us to focus on the natural history of this rare syndrome. The infant was born to first cousin parents of Druze Lebanese origin supporting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for the condition. This is the first documentation of dyssegmental dysplasia Silverman-Handmaker type in a family of Druze Lebanese ethnicity.
Calibration of a high harmonic spectrometer by laser induced plasma emission

We present a method that allows for a convenient switching between high harmonic generation and accurate calibration of the vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer used to analyze the harmonic spectrum [1].
Perceiving and Reasoning about a Changing World

A rational agent (artificial or otherwise) residing in a complex changing environment must gather information perceptually, update that information as the world changes, and combine that information with causal information to reason about the changing world. Using the system of defeasible reasoning that is incorporated into the OSCAR architecture for rational agents, a set of reason-schemas is proposed for enabling an agent to perform some of the requisite reasoning. Along the way, solutions are proposed for the Frame Problem, the Qualification Problem, and the Ramification Problem. The principles and reasoning described have all been implemented in OSCAR.
Carrier analysis of a moderately affected haemophilia B family.

Here we report the successful genetic diagnosis of a pregnant caucasian female patient whose family has a history of moderate haemophilia B. While restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was not informative, nucleotide sequencing of the factor IX genes of the patient’s family members determined that her mother and one of her two sisters were carriers of the mutation C31008T, which causes a Thr296Met transition. In contrast, the pregnant female herself and her other sister were found to carry only normal alleles. Plasma factor IX activity and antigen levels supported these findings.
Generational consciousness and retirement communities

Time and collective historical experience loom large in the formation of generations. I argue that spatial proximity cements generational consciousness among seniors in Arizona retirement communities who identify themselves as members of the Second World War generation. The argument twins Karl Mannheim's social-historical conception of generations and Hannah Arendt's political philosophy which underscores the space of appearance in the public realm in identity formation. It is through congregating, interacting and conversing on a daily basis that seniors in retirement enclaves affirm and reaffirm who they are, both to themselves and outsiders. I draw upon a suite of Arizona case studies, 1988–2000, in revealing ‘voices’ for a slice of the Second World War generation. Discussions revolving around family, community and national life reveal beliefs and values coalescing around four themes: (1) splendid isolation; (2) dissolution of values; (3) absence of children; and (4) fraying the social compact. The space of appearance within retirement enclaves engenders a strong sense of collective identity and belonging in ageing and, simultaneously, leads to questions about implications and consequences of intergenerational separation. I conclude with a poignant multigenerational experience as suggestive of the potency of intergenerational contact and exchange. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caveolae and transcytosis in endothelial cells: role in atherosclerosis

The endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of molecular exchanges between the blood and peripheral tissues. The transport of molecules between tissues must be tightly controlled in order to maintain homeostasis between the different organs of the body. The endothelial transcytosis pathway has been shown to direct the transfer of proteins and solutes and therefore to act as a filtering system. This transport mode has been demonstrated to involve plasma-membrane vesicles that may be transferred with their cargo components from the apical to the basal side of endothelial cells. Among the vesicles implicated in the regulation of transcytosis, caveolae, which are 50 to 100-nm plasma-membrane invaginations, have been reported to play an essential part. In this paper, we review the function of caveolae and their major protein component (i.e., caveolin-1) in the regulation of endothelial transcytosis. The roles of caveolae in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are discussed.
Morphology and field behavior of pteropod molluscs: feeding methods in the families Cavoliniidae, Limacinidae and Peraclididae (Gastropoda: Thecosomata)

From 1983 to 1985 we studied the in-situ feeding behavior of fourteen species belonging to nine genera of thecosomatous pteropods, one in the family Limacinidae, seven in the family Cavoliniidae, and one in the family Peraclididae. All the euthecosomes we examined fed with a large spherical mucous web. Peraclis reticulata (D'Orbigny), however, uses a funnel-shaped mucous sheet, resembling that of other pseudothecosomes. Although the feeding mechanisms are similar in all the animals we examined closely, we found great differences in the size and morphology of the external part of the mantle. In species of Diacria and Cavolinia the external mantle attains its greatest complexity, and appears to be used for the sorting or rejection of food and for flotation. Species of the other five cavoliniid genera we studied have greatly reduced external mantles and sink slowly while feeding. Species of Limacina have no external mantle but appear to arrest sinking by setting their mucous webs. P. reticulata, which also appears to be neutrally buoyant, has an extensive external mantle that completely covers the shell. We conclude that feeding with a large mucous web explains the presence of fragments of large, fast moving prey in the stomach contents of both pseudothecosomes and euthecosomes. At present, it is impossible to decide whether thecosomes should be regarded as carnivorous trappers of prey or as suspension feeders. The use of an external mucous web for feeding is probably common to all thecosome pteropods and is the fundamental andaptation that enables them to live holoplanktonically.
Steady-state finite element analysis of magnetic devices using a shooting-Newton\GMRES algorithm with Runge-Kutta integration

This paper develops a steady-state simulation algorithm for magnetic devices using the shooting-Newton method. We show how any diagonally-implicit Runge-Kutta method may be used for numerical integration. Calculation of the Jacobian of the nonlinear state transition function is avoided by employing GMRES to calculate the correction to the solution. An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine is simulated to examine the effects of higher order numerical integration methods on the accuracy of the electromagnetic torque, stator winding losses, and rotor permanent magnet losses. For the problem under consideration, a great decrease in simulation time is achieved for a given accuracy.
Lipid Estimation of Surfactant-Extracted Microalgae Oil Using Nile Red

Nile red staining has been used as a lipid quantification technique in many microalgae growth and oil accumulation studies. However, its application in lysed microalgae cells is limited. Therefore, this study focused on lysed microalgae cells and utilized the Nile red staining technique to evaluate oil content and extraction. This study aims to provide a rapid and high-throughput alternative method particularly in the microalgae extraction screening process. Potential interferences such as chlorophyll, β-carotene, soluble protein, and phospholipids were evaluated. The hydrophobic Nile red dye was found to quench in water, therefore the fluorometric measurement has to be completed immediately or within 5 min of dye addition. The fluorescence intensity was also found to be Nile red concentration dependent. The optimum Nile red concentration of 656 ppb was used throughout the study. In microalgae samples containing chlorophyll and carotenoids (such as Nannochloropsis sp.), Nile red fluorescence intensity was significantly reduced in comparison to non-chlorophyll microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum). Soluble proteins from defatted microalgae did not fluoresce significantly relative to lipids, therefore did not interfere with the method to a high degree. Comparing the optimized Nile red staining method with the gravimetric lipid quantification method, a good linear correlation was found in all three materials tested (soybean oil, Nannochloropsis sp., and Schizochytriumlimacinum).
Modelling the performance of a mobile robot with RTM

The purpose of this article is to describe a modelling approach of the performance evaluation of mobile robots. A model for performance time estimation for mobile robot motion based on the Robot Time and Motion (RTM) method is proposed and applied to a case study. The effects of controller properties, time quantization and mobile robot velocity on the performance time estimation are analysed.
Modeling grain growth dependence on the liquid content in liquid-phase-sintered materials

A model for grain growth during liquid-phase sintering (LPS) is presented. A Rayleigh grain size distribution is assumed based on both experimental and theoretical results. This asymmetric distribution provides a continuous driving force for coarsening. The model uses the solid grain contiguity to calculate the relative solid-state and liquid-phase contributions to coarsening. The level of grain agglomeration affects both the mean diffusion distance and interface area over which diffusion occurs. A cumulative grain growth rate is calculated assuming independent solid and liquid contributions to coarsening. Consequently, only the liquid volume fraction and solid-liquid dihedral angle are required to predict the change in grain coarsening rate with solid-liquid ratio. A prior empirical correlation between the grain growth rate constant and the liquid volume fraction is compared to the resulting analytic form, showing excellent agreement. The new model is projected to be generically applicable to microstructure coarsening in multiple phase materials, including porous structures.
On cognitive development.

FLAVELL, JOHN H. On Cognitive Development. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1982, 53, 1-10. Does human cognitive development advance through a series of broad and general stages? If so, the child's mind at any point in its development should seem quite consistent and similar across situations in its maturity level and general style. That is, it should be relatively "homogeneous" rather than "heterogeneous" at any given age. There appear to be factors and considerations that make for both heterogeneity and homogeneity in the child's cognitive life. As to heterogeneity, many cognitive items (concepts, skills, etc.) may develop independently; they may not assist each other's development and there may be no common mediator to assist their codevelopment. Likewise, mental heterogeneity may occur because human beings have evolved to cope with certain cognitive tasks earlier or more easily than others. Intraindividual differences in aptitudes and experiences could also produce considerable heterogeneity. As to homogeneity, the child's information-processing capacity may impose an upper limit on how heterogeneous her mental level could be. There may also be more cognitive homogeneity (1) in the child's initial reaction to inputs than in her subsequent management of them; (2) at the beginning and end of an acquisitional sequence than in the middle of it; (3) in spontaneous, everyday cognition than in formal task or test situations; (4) in some cognitive domains than in others; (5) in some children than in others. It was concluded that cognitive development might appear more general-stage-like than many of us believed, if only we knew how and where to look.
Experimental anti-GBM nephritis as an analytical tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in immune-mediated damage to multiple organs. Among these, kidney involvement is the most common and fatal. Spontaneous lupus nephritis (SLN) in mouse models has provided valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of human lupus nephritis. However, SLN in mouse models takes 6–12 months to manifest; hence there is clearly the need for a mouse model that can be used to unveil the pathogenic processes that lead to immune nephritis over a shorter time frame. In this article more than 25 different molecules are reviewed that have been studied both in the anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) model and in SLN and it was found that these molecules influence both diseases in a parallel fashion, suggesting that the two disease settings share common molecular mechanisms. Based on these observations, the authors believe the experimental anti-GBM disease model might be one of the best tools currently available for uncovering the downstream molecular mechanisms leading to SLN.
Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microscale Ta mold inserts with micro electrical discharge machining

We report fabrication of microscale Ta mold inserts by micro-electrical-discharge-machining (μEDM). Morphology, chemistry, and structure of the near-surface region of as-μEDMed Ta blanks have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. A TaC surface layer forms on as-μEDMed Ta surfaces. This altered surface layer was removed by electro-chemical-polishing. Further modification of Ta insert surfaces was accomplished by deposition of a conformal Ti-containing hydrogenated carbon coating. We demonstrate successful replication of high-aspect-ratio microscale structures in Al and Cu by compression molding with such surface-engineered Ta mold inserts.
17β-Estradiol Regulates the Sexually Dimorphic Expression of BDNF and TrkB Proteins in the Song System of Juvenile Zebra Finches

Mature brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays critical roles in development of brain structure and function, including neurogenesis, axon growth, cell survival and processes associated with learning. Expression of this peptide is regulated by estradiol (E2). The zebra finch song system is sexually dimorphic – only males sing and the brain regions controlling song are larger and have more cells in males compared to females. Masculinization of this system is partially mediated by E2, and earlier work suggests that BDNF with its high affinity receptor TrkB may also influence this development. The present study evaluated expression of multiple forms of both BDNF and TrkB in the developing song system in juvenile males and females treated with E2 or a vehicle control. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, BDNF was detected across the song nuclei of 25-day-old birds. Westerns allowed the pro- and mature forms of BDNF to be individually identified, and proBDNF to be quantified. Several statistically significant effects of sex existed in both the estimated total number of BDNF+ cells and relative concentration of proBDNF, varying across the regions and methodologies. E2 modulated BDNF expression, although the specific nature of the regulation depended on brain region, sex and the technique used. Similarly, TrkB (both truncated and full-length isoforms) was detected by Western blot in the song system of juveniles of both sexes, and expression was regulated by E2. In the context of earlier research on these molecules in the developing song system, this work provides a critical step in describing specific forms of BDNF and TrkB, and how they can be mediated by sex and E2. As individual isoforms of each can have opposing effects on mechanisms, such as cell survival, it will now be important to investigate in depth their specific functions in song system maturation.
Fat and starch as additive risk factors for milk fat depression in dairy diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the additive effects of starch and fat as risk factors associated with milk fat depression in dairy diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles. In experiment 1, 4 multiparous ruminally cannulated Holstein cows, averaging 114±14 d in milk and 662±52kg of body weight, were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 4×4 Latin square to determine the effect of these risk factors on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. In each 21-d period, cows were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control diet (CON; ether extract 5.2%, starch 19%); CON with added oil (OL; ether extract 6.4%, starch 18%); CON with added starch (STR; ether extract 5.5%, starch 22%); and CON with added oil and starch (COMBO; ether extract 6.5%, starch 23%). After completion of experiment 1, milk production response was evaluated in a second experiment with a similar approach to diet formulation. Twenty Holstein cows, 12 primiparous and 8 multiparous, averaging 117±17 d in milk and 641±82kg, were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Results from experiment 1 showed that ruminal pH was not affected by treatment averaging 5.87±0.08. Molar proportion of propionate in rumen fluid was greatest on the COMBO diet, followed by OL and STR, and lowest for CON. The concentration of trans -10, cis -12 conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat increased with the COMBO diet. Adding oil, starch, or a combination of both resulted in lower concentration and yield of fatty acids
Reducing patient-flow delays in surgical suites through determining start-times of surgical cases

A scheduling strategy to determine starting times of surgeries in multiple operating rooms (OR) is presented. The constraints are resource limit of a downstream facility, post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and the service time uncertainties. Given sets of surgeries that need to be done on a day, this problem is formulated as a flexible job shop model with fuzzy sets. Patient-waitings in the process flow, clinical resource idling, and total completion times are considered for evaluation. This multi-objective problem is solved by a two-stage decision process. A genetic algorithm is used for determining relative order of surgeries in the first stage and definite starting times for all the surgical cases are obtained by a decision-heuristic in the second stage. The resultant schedule is evaluated by a Monte-Carlo simulation. The performance is shown to be better than our previous approach, a simulation based scheduling which already outperforms simple scheduling rules in regional hospitals. Additionally, the ratio of PACU to OR is examined using the proposed scheduling strategy.
Voltammetric and radioactive labeling studies of single crystal and polycrystalline rhodium electrodes in sulfate-containing electrolytes

Abstract Adsorption of sulfate/bisulfate anions on single crystal Rh(111) (ordered/disordered) and polycrystalline rhodium electrodes in perchloric acid solution was studied by the use of cyclic voltammetry and the radioactive labeling method. The ordered Rh(111) surface was characterized by LEED and Auger spectroscopy to verify its well-defined character. Details of the surface chemistry of the anions interacting with the three rhodium substrates are different. This is considered as evidence that a long-range order of the metal electrodes alters the structure of chemisorbed hydrogen and oxygen significantly and that this structure is affected by the reversibly interacting species. Likewise, the adsorbed layer of sulfate anions on Rh(111) is more stable than that on other rhodium surfaces due to a favorable spatial configuration of the anions and surface water molecule network, which are proposed to be cross linked by hydrogen bonding. Overall, the adsorption reversibility of sulfate was confirmed with respect to the bulk concentration of the adsorbate and the electrode potential (provided that the surface oxidation is avoided). Radiochemical data reveal that, in the studied bulk concentration range (up to about 10−3 M), the uptake of anions by Rh(111) is limited to ca. 40% of the theoretical maximum coverage. The interaction of sulfate with Pt(111), and corresponding voltammetry in perchloric acid electrolyte are also brought into focus. It is concluded that only a part of the Pt(111) “butterfly” can be accounted for by adsorption of high energy hydrogen. No high energy hydrogen has been found to exist on Rh(111), as inferred earlier in our laboratory.
Variations in the marine Ca cycle over the past 20 million years

A 20 million year marine Ca isotope record is constructed based on measurements of 36 nannofossil ooze samples from DSDP Site 590. The Ca isotopic composition (d 44 Ca, relative to our bbulk EarthQ average) of carbonate ooze samples varies between � 0.2 and � 0.9, and the inferred d 44 Ca of seawater calcium varies between +1.1 and +0.4 (modern seawater value is +0.95 on our scale). Fluctuations in the seawater Ca isotope ratio occur in 2 to 4 million year intervals and indicate that the supply and removal of Ca from the oceans are seldom in balance. The Ca isotope record is used to reconstruct past weathering fluxes and marine calcium concentrations. The inferred marine concentration of Ca fluctuates by about F20% on 2–4 million year time scales and by about F50% over the 20 million year record. These variations are presumably superimposed on the previously inferred 100 million year variations. The seawater Ca concentration was about 0.5 times present at 20 Ma and generally increased until 6 Ma (1.7 times present). Local maxima in seawater calcium concentrations occur at 6.4 and 4 Ma, preceding periods of enhanced marine productivity and high mass accumulation rates at Site 590. While the calculated calcium concentrations are sensitive to the assumed d 44 Ca value for the weathering flux, the 2–4 million year features of the derived
Guidelines for the effective use of entity-attribute-value modeling for biomedical databases.

Abstract Purpose To introduce the goals of EAV database modeling, to describe the situations where entity–attribute–value (EAV) modeling is a useful alternative to conventional relational methods of database modeling, and to describe the fine points of implementation in production systems. Methods We analyze the following circumstances: (1) data are sparse and have a large number of applicable attributes, but only a small fraction will apply to a given entity; (2) numerous classes of data need to be represented, each class has a limited number of attributes, but the number of instances of each class is very small. We also consider situations calling for a mixed approach where both conventional and EAV design are used for appropriate data classes. Results and conclusions In robust production systems, EAV-modeled databases trade a modest data sub-schema for a complex metadata sub-schema. The need to design the metadata effectively makes EAV design potentially more challenging than conventional design.
Additional Sources of Stem Canker Resistance in Soybean Plant Introductions

Stem canker caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. f. sp. meridionalis Morgan-Jones can cause significant yield losses in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the southern USA. Many genotypes are known to be resistant to the disease; however, little is known about the inheritance of resistance and allelic relationships of genes conferring resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance in two germplasm accessions, PI 230976 and PI 398469, and define allelic relationships with the four described genes. Each PI was crossed with a susceptible genotype, J77-339, and the four lines carrying Rdc1, Rdc2, Rdc3, or Rdc4. Crosses were made in the field at Stoneville, MS, in 1992, and F 1 backcrosses to J77-339 were made in 1993. Plants of parents and 10 F 2 populations were toothpick inoculated in the field in 1993. The F 2:3 and backcross populations were later evaluated in a greenhouse. The F 2 populations derived from J77-339×PI 230976 and J77-339×PI 398469 approached a 3 resistant/1 susceptible ratio indicating that a single dominant gene for resistance is carried by each plant introduction. The F 3 data confirmed this result. Backcross data substantiated complete dominance. Response of all F 2 populations derived from crosses with genotypes carrying known genes suggested a 15:1 ratio indicating nonallelism. It is not known if both plant introductions carry the same gene. These sources of resistance may lessen genetic vulnerability should new virulent isolates overcome sources now used by breeders
Water Superheated to 279.5° C at Atmospheric Pressure

A LIQUID may be heated beyond its normal boiling point without vaporizing by isolating the liquid from solid container surfaces and by minimizing the number of solid impurities in the sample. This avoids imperfectly wetted solids which act as sites for the formation of vapour cavities. One successful technique1−4 is to heat a droplet of the liquid rising slowly in a host liquid in which the droplet is nearly insoluble, but the application of this technique to the superheating of water has suffered from problems of repeatability.
Single-Chain Soluble BG505.SOSIP gp140 Trimers as Structural and Antigenic Mimics of Mature Closed HIV-1 Env

Similar to other type I fusion machines, the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) requires proteolytic activation; specifically, cleavage of a gp160 precursor into gp120 and gp41 subunits creates an N-terminal gp41 fusion peptide and permits folding from an immature uncleaved state to a mature closed state. While the atomic-level consequences of cleavage for HIV-1 Env are still being determined, the uncleaved state is antigenically distinct from the mature closed state, and cleavage has been reported to be essential for mimicry of the mature viral spike by soluble versions of Env. Here we report the redesign of a current state-of-the-art soluble Env mimic, BG505.SOSIP, to make it cleavage independent. Specifically, we replaced the furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 with Gly-Ser linkers of various lengths. The resultant linked gp120-gp41 constructs, termed single-chain gp140 (sc-gp140), exhibited different levels of structural and antigenic mimicry of the parent cleaved BG505.SOSIP. When constructs were subjected to negative selection to remove subspecies recognized by poorly neutralizing antibodies, trimers of high antigenic mimicry of BG505.SOSIP could be obtained; negative-stain electron microscopy indicated these to resemble the mature closed state. Higher proportions of BG505.SOSIP-trimer mimicry were observed in sc-gp140s with linkers of 6 or more residues, with a linker length of 15 residues exhibiting especially promising traits. Overall, flexible linkages between gp120 and gp41 in BG505.SOSIP can thus substitute for cleavage, and sc-gp140s that closely mimicked the vaccine-preferred mature closed state of Env could be obtained. IMPORTANCE The trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole target of virus-directed neutralizing antibody responses and a primary focus of vaccine design. Soluble mimics of Env have proven challenging to obtain and have been thought to require proteolytic cleavage into two-component subunits, gp120 and gp41, to achieve structural and antigenic mimicry of mature Env spikes on virions. Here we show that replacement of the cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 in a lead soluble gp140 construct, BG505.SOSIP, with flexible linkers can result in molecules that do not require cleavage to fold efficiently into the mature closed state. Our results provide insights into the impact of cleavage on HIV-1 Env folding. In some contexts such as genetic immunization, optimized cleavage-independent soluble gp140 constructs may have utility over the parental BG505.SOSIP, as they would not require furin cleavage to achieve mimicry of mature Env spikes on virions.
Interactive UAS Path Planning Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Flight Mechanics

Military engagements are continuing the movement toward automated and unmanned vehicles for a variety of military tasks. One important piece of automating is the ability to perform path planning quickly, safely, and reliably for unmanned aerial systems (UASs). Path planners often ignore the UAS’s ability to perform the maneuvers necessary to fly through the specified waypoints, instead relying on them to fly as close as possible. To date, path planning algorithms have been limited to providing only a single solution without input from an operator. This project attempts to incorporate operator experience in the path planning process. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) allows the generation of multiple optimized three-dimensional flight paths for the operator to choose from. This paper improves upon a previously developed method by incorporating flight mechanics equations into the optimization problem formulation. The new problem formulation ensures that the returned flight paths do not violate maximum load factor (G-force), minimum velocity (stall velocity), or the minimum turning radius.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Antagonism of Secreted PCSK9 Increases Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Expression in HepG2 Cells

PCSK9 is a secreted protein that degrades low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) in liver by binding to the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR. It is not known whether PCSK9 causes degradation of LDLRs within the secretory pathway or following secretion and reuptake via endocytosis. Here we show that a mutation in the LDLR EGF-A domain associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, H306Y, results in increased sensitivity to exogenous PCSK9-mediated cellular degradation because of enhanced PCSK9 binding affinity. The crystal structure of the PCSK9-EGF-A(H306Y) complex shows that Tyr-306 forms a hydrogen bond with Asp-374 in PCSK9 at neutral pH, which strengthens the interaction with PCSK9. To block secreted PCSK9 activity, LDLR (H306Y) subfragments were added to the medium of HepG2 cells stably overexpressing wild-type PCSK9 or gain-of-function PCSK9 mutants associated with hypercholesterolemia (D374Y or S127R). These subfragments blocked secreted PCSK9 binding to cell surface LDLRs and resulted in the recovery of LDLR levels to those of control cells. We conclude that PCSK9 acts primarily as a secreted factor to cause LDLR degradation. These studies support the concept that pharmacological inhibition of the PCSK9-LDLR interaction extracellularly will increase hepatic LDLR expression and lower plasma low density lipoprotein levels.
Effects in the rat of intranigral morphine and DAGO on eating and gnawing induced by stress.

Abstract Stress produced by pinching the tail is known to increase feeding behavior in rats, and endogenous opioids have been implicated in the mediation of this effect. We have reported previously that a nonspecific opioid antagonist and a mu-selective antagonist decrease this stress-induced eating (SIE) when they are microinjected into the substantia nigra (SN). The present study investigated the possibility that activation of opioid receptors in the SN might also alter SIE. Because oral stereotypy and nociception are affected by opioid mechanisms in the SN, measurements of gnawing and of tail flick and hot plate response latencies were also made. Bilateral injection of morphine (0.1–20 nmol) and the mu-selective agonist DAla 2 ,NMePhe 4 , Gly 5 -ol-enkephalin (DAGO; 0.03–1 nmol) increased response latency on the hot plate test and decreased gnawing produced by tail pinch. Tail flick latency and SIE were not affected. It is concluded that activation of opioid receptors in the SN does not produce an alteration in SIE as has been seen with opioid antagonists.
Robust HOSVD-based multi-camera motion trajectory indexing and retrieval

We present a novel method for robust indexing and retrieval of multiple motion trajectories obtained from a multi-camera system. Motion trajectories describe the motion information by recording the objects' coordinates in the video sequence. We generate a four-dimensional tensor representation of multiple motion trajectories from multiple cameras. We subsequently rely on high-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) for compact representation and dimensionality reduction of the tensor. We show that HOSVD-based representation provides a robust framework that can be used for a unified representation of the HOSVD of all subtensors. We thus demonstrate analytically and experimentally that the proposed HOSVD-based representation can handle flexible query structure consisting of an arbitrary number of objects and cameras. Simulation results are finally used to illustrate the superior performance of the proposed approach to multiple trajectory indexing and retrieval from multi-camera systems compared to the use of a single camera.
Learning from Business Failure: Propositions of Grief Recovery for the Self-Employed

In this paper I use the psychological literature on grief to explore the emotion of business failure, suggesting that the loss of a business from failure can cause the self-employed to feel grief—a negative emotional response interfering with the ability to learn from the events surrounding that loss. I discuss how a dual process of grief recovery maximizes the learning from business failure.
Technology Integration Through Professional Learning Community

We describe efforts to build a learning community to support technology integration in three rural school districts and the contributions of various program strategies toward teacher growth. The Stages of Adoption Inventory, classroom observations, the Questionnaire for Technology Integration, interviews, STAR evaluation surveys, a survey of teachers' perceptions regarding the impact of the project on student achievement, and force field analysis revealed the positive impacts, including a shift toward student-centered learning, and limitations of those strategies. This study contributes to the learning theory regarding professional learning communities and technology integration by demonstrating the power of learning community and support for Roblyer's technology integration model.
Price Discrimination Through Offers to Match Price

In this paper, a firm discriminates between two classes of customer who have a different cost of information by coupling a list price with an offer to match the pr ice of any other shop. If the list price elsewhere is lower, the firm will be successful in discrimination. The list price of each firm is increasing in the number of sellers and the total sales are decreasing in the number of sellers. Furthermore, if sellers coordinate, they discriminate more efficaciously and increase their profits by increasing their total sales.
Self-monitoring predicts change in fiber intake and weight loss in adults with diabetes following an intervention regarding the glycemic index.

Objective: Self-monitoring can facilitate behavioral change by providing feedback regarding goal attainment. Glycemic index (GI) quantifies the glycemic response to carbohydrate-containing foods. Low GI diets may improve weight and glycemic control. We examined the relation between self-monitoring and changes in diet and body weight following an intervention in which consumption of low GI foods was encouraged among adults aged 40–70 years with diabetes. Methods: Pre/post-intervention dietary intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recalls and weight was obtained. Mean number of days participants kept self-monitoring records was determined. The impact of self-monitoring on the change in GI, fiber intake, weight and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated using regression analyses. Results: Each additional day of self-monitoring was associated with a mean reduction in weight and BMI of 0.95 kg and 0.34 kg/m 2 , respectively. The mean change in fiber intake increased in men but did not