cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Covering Rape in Shame Culture: Studying Journalism Ethics in India's New Television News Media

In studying the ethics of journalistic practices of the newly globalized and liberalized Indian television news media in the aftermath of the events surrounding a rape that occurred in Delhi, India, on December 16, 2012, the author argues that the Indian television news media's portrayal and coverage of rape is narrowly focused on sexual violence against middle-class and upper-caste women and avoids discussing violence against poor, rural, lower-class, lower-caste, and otherwise marginalized women. The prevalence of shame culture, which views the presence of women in the public space with hostility, is both countered and perpetuated by the television media. If inclusiveness, human dignity, and the ideal of giving space to multiple voices are to be considered ethical precepts for global media, India's television news media fails to achieve such inclusiveness in its portrayal of and reporting on sexual violence, and thus perpetuates a pro-affluent bias.
A self-shielding open slot antenna for WiMAX MIMO application

A self-shielding open slot antenna has been proposed, constructed and tested. From the simulation and measured results, it is found that the performance of the proposed antenna is almost not affected by the surrounding metal components. Thus the proposed antenna can easily be integrated with different commercial products as an internal antenna. Utilizing this property with proper arrangement of antenna position, the isolation between two self-shielding open slot antennas with a separation 0.24 wavelength is better than 24 dB over the operation bandwidth. Therefore the proposed self-shielding open slot antenna can be considered as a good candidate for MIMO applications.
An In Situ Method for Determination of Current Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells Applied to a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

This paper describes and demonstrates a new method for determination of current density distribution in an operating polymer electrolyte membrane ~PEM! fuel cell. The technique is a modification of the current mapping technique that relies on an array of shunt resistors embedded within a current collecting plate. Standard, nonaltered membrane electrode assemblies are utilized with gas diffusion layers in direct contact with an electrically segmented current collector/flow field. Multiple current measurements are taken simultaneously, allowing transient distribution detection with a multichannel potentiostat. Both steady state and transient data are presented for an operating liquid fed direct methanol fuel cell. Cathode flooding is predicted, and shown to occur at relatively high cathode flow rates. This technique can contribute to knowledge and understanding of key phenomena including water management and species distribution in PEM fuel cells.
Nonverbal behavior in clinician—patient interaction

Abstract Empirical studies on nonverbal communication in clinician—patient interaction are reviewed for both the psychotherapeutic and medical settings. Nonverbal behavior is considered both as the consequence of antecedent variables, such as individual or relationship characteristics, and as a predictor of clinical effectiveness and patient outcomes. The concept of rapport is considered in relation to nonverbal behavior, both theoretically and empirically. Also, the relevance of a patient's nonverbal behavior to the diagnostic goals of the clinical visit is demonstrated by research on nonverbal cues to psychopathology, Type A/B personality, and pain. Although the topic of nonverbal behavior and clinician—patient interaction has had a promising start, much research is still needed, especially that which experimentally manipulates either antecedent variables or nonverbal behavior itself to demonstrate cause and effect relations.
Supercapacitor performance of crumpled and planar graphene materials produced by hydrogen gas reduction of graphene oxide

The conversion of crumpled graphene materials to planar graphene sheets was performed through hydrogen gas treatment of graphene oxide at various temperatures. The resulting graphene materials were incorporated into supercapacitors and systematically examined. Up to 500 °C, a monotonically increasing relationship between the specific capacitance and treatment temperature was identified.
From couch to culture through the therapeutic community.

Individuals find and relive their histories of object relations in new social settings. Any social group, in turn, enlists individuals into roles that serve the purposes of others in the group. Full understanding of a person requires an understanding of this interplay between personal history and social context, which reveals new dimensions to problems that at first appear intrapsychic, but that an individual perspective alone cannot solve. In this paper I offer examples from a psychoanalytic therapeutic community designed with the intention of fostering self-knowledge at the collective as well as the individual level. Such a culture encourages individuals to examine the personal-social interface as it manifests in the present day. In a treatment environment, this examination can reveal the social roots of psychopathology to foster change. As a social microcosm, such an environment illuminates the unconscious dynamics present in any individual’s encounter with any organization.
Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses: a dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats

For many people, competitions, status challenges, and being evaluated by others result in increases in cortisol as well as testosterone. It is argued that physiological processes work in a coordinated fashion when facing social evaluative-competitive situations. Such a coordinated response may be part of an evolved system, monitoring and responding to threats to one's social status. In two studies, using within-person multi-level analyses, we tested the hypothesis that adult men, pre/early pubertal boys, and pre/early pubertal girls show a coordinated response in cortisol and testosterone (i.e., coupling of cortisol and testosterone responses) during a social evaluative situation. In Study 1, 85 men delivered speeches and performed difficult arithmetic tasks in front of critical evaluators, prepared for a competition, and provided multiple saliva samples throughout the procedure for cortisol and testosterone assays. In Study 2, 79 boys and 74 girls underwent similar procedures as in Study 1. Within-person analyses suggested that cortisol and testosterone responses were indeed positively associated for all three groups (men, boys, and girls). That is, on average a participant's cortisol and testosterone levels tended to rise and fall together throughout the procedure, suggesting that cortisol and testosterone show coordinated activation and deactivation (coupling) during social status threats. Furthermore, men with higher anxiety during the stressor tasks (Study 1; coded by raters from video recordings) and both boys and girls with higher parent reported trait negative affectivity (Study 2) had stronger coupling. Men (Study 1) higher in self-reported trait dominance and verbal dominance (coded by raters from video recordings during the stressor), and lower in basal testosterone had weaker coupling. A coordinated hormone response may have important adaptive functions when dealing with status threats; cortisol can mobilize energy resources and testosterone can facilitate performance. These findings have implications for developing a dual axis understanding of physiological responses during social threats and competition and their function.
Fatigue of in situ Reinforced Ti–8.5Al–1B–1Si

The effect of temperature on the fatigue and fracture properties of an in situ reinforced super a alloy Ti–8.5Al–1B–1Si (wt. %) was investigated. At room temperature the as-extruded composite has a strength of 631 MPa with limited ductility. On increasing the temperature to 700 °C only a marginal drop in strength to 610 MPa was observed along with a significant improvement in ductility to 5.9%. Low-cycle fatigue results indicate a marginal decrease in fatigue life as temperature is increased from room temperature to 700 °C. Fatigue crack growth studies in the as-extruded microstructure indicate a strong influence of R-ratio on both the threshold for fatigue crack growth and crack growth rates in the Paris regimes. At elevated temperatures, the resistance to fatigue crack growth increases with temperature below approximately 500 °C. At 600 °C, however, there is an increase in the near threshold crack growth rate due to embrittlement effects. At higher ∆K values (∆K > 9 ${\rm{MPa}}\sqrt {\rm{m}} $ ), the resistance to fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures is always better than that at room temperature. This improvement is attributed to the increase in the inherent resistance of the matrix to fatigue crack growth.
A survey of real-time power-loss minimizers for induction motors

This paper presents a survey of available techniques for minimizing power losses and input power of induction motors. The presented techniques serve different induction motor applications, including electric ship propulsion systems. Real-time techniques presented here are divided into three main categories: model-based methods that use the induction motor model, physics-based methods that search for the minimum power loss regardless of the motor model or parameters, and hybrid methods that combine both approaches. Definitions, comparisons, and details about these methods are presented. To compare model-based and physics-based methods in a propulsion application, simulations of a model-based technique and another physics-based technique are also presented.
Sellers' quality claims in online auctions: evidence from eBay

Quality uncertainty is a major problem in online auctions owing to the physical separation between sellers and bidders. To reduce potential bidders' quality uncertainty, sellers often send quality signals to assure their product quality. This study investigates whether a seller's self-made quality claim can be perceived as a quality signal by bidders. The empirical results show that a seller's self-made quality claim has no effect on the auction outcomes (e.g., odds of a sale and price) regardless of how reputable the seller is.
Falling into it: Novice TESOL teacher thinking

The authors conducted a qualitative study in order to understand the preconceptions novice TESOL teachers might have about teaching English language. Long interviews were conducted with nine students (six native English Speakers and three non-native speakers (NNS)) enrolled in one of two courses offered in a TESOL teacher education program. None of the participants had experience as an in-service teacher. Inductive analysis of tape transcripts suggested the presence of several conceptual themes discussed in the teacher thinking literature. Findings suggest that novice TESOL teachers, like their more experienced counterparts, have a system of metaphors to conceptualize teaching. The apprenticeship of observation, a notion in teacher thinking that suggests a powerful influence of previous experience in schooling on teachers, was reflected in NNS' sensitivity to the norms of teaching in their country of origin; native English speakers, however, exhibited a relative lack of reflection on their experiences in ...
Information-Processing on Intelligence Test Items: Some Response Components

The reorientation of experimental psychology from studying performance to studying cognitive processes has created a new potential for under standing ability tests in terms of the nature of the cog...
Potent σ1-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine modulates basal and N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked nitric oxide production in vivo

Background and Purpose—ς-Receptor ligands ameliorate ischemic neuronal injury and modulate neuronal responses to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation. Because NMDA-evoked synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in excitotoxic-mediated injury, we tested the hypothesis that ς-receptor ligands attenuate basal and NMDA-evoked NO production in the striatum in vivo. Methods—Microdialysis probes were placed bilaterally into the striatum of halothane-anesthetized adult Wistar rats. Rats were divided into 7 treatment groups and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing 3 μmol/L [14C]l-arginine for 2 to 3 hours followed by NMDA in various combinations with the following drugs: l-nitroarginine (L-NNA); the ς1-receptor ligand 4-phenyl-1-(4-phenylbutyl) piperidine (PPBP); the selective ς1-receptor antagonist 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(2′-oxoethyl) piperidine hydrobromide (DuP 734); and the noncompetitive NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 in aCSF. Right-left differences betwe...
Effect of Surfactant Concentration on the Interfacial Viscosity of a Nonaqueous System

The interfacial viscosities of the glycerin-olive oil interface after either ammonia or 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMP) had been added were studied by means of a viscous traction interfacial viscometer. The mine concentrations used were 0.6, 2, and 6 mg. ammonia/100 ml., and 2, 6, and 20 mg. AMP/100 ml. The results indicate ttat more rigid films were produced at the interface as amine concentrations were increased. The original viscosities and the increased viscosities resulting from increased amine concentrations were as would be predicted from fatty acid films. However, viscosities were not so high as thought to be necessary for stability against coalescence in emulsions.
New Developments in the Assessment of Reliability: The Linrel Program

A program is described that computes six reliability coefficients that reflect recent advances in the assessment of reliability. The program also outputs a variety of statistics, needed to compute the six coefficients, that are also useful for further item analysis. LINREL was designed to be portable and easy to use, and a detailed user's manual is available. A brief historical overview is given before program features are discussed.
A Model for Career Development Through Curriculum.

This article describes a practical model for a systematic, sequential approach to career development in the K-12 curriculum. The model builds on career development principles and vocational development tasks; it is self-concept oriented and uses a variety of methods and media in its implementation. Several strategies for facilitating career development are suggested for each level.
Can speaking more languages enhance your creativity? Relationship between bilingualism and creative potential among Korean American students with multicultural link

This study examined the relationship between individuals’ creativity and their degree of bilingualism, which is reflective of multicultural experiences. A total of 116 Korean American students (49 boys & 65 girls) participated in this study. The Word Association Test (Lambert, 1956) and Subject Self Rating (Peal & Lambert, 1962) were used to measure participants’ bilingualism, and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 2008) was used to measure their creative potential. The results indicated that individuals’ degree of bilingualism and creativity are positively correlated, regardless of gender or age. Girls outperformed boys in the areas of bilingualism, Elaboration, and Abstractness of Titles, and age was not an influential factor on either creativity or bilingualism.
Transforming policies into mechanisms with infokernel

We describe an evolutionary path that allows operating systems to be used in a more flexible and appropriate manner by higher-level services. An infokernel exposes key pieces of information about its algorithms and internal state; thus, its default policies become mechanisms, which can be controlled from user-level. We have implemented two prototype infokernels based on the linuxtwofour and netbsdver kernels, called infolinux and infobsd, respectively. The infokernels export key abstractions as well as basic information primitives. Using infolinux, we have implemented four case studies showing that policies within Linux can be manipulated outside of the kernel. Specifically, we show that the default file cache replacement algorithm, file layout policy, disk scheduling algorithm, and TCP congestion control algorithm can each be turned into base mechanisms. For each case study, we have found that infokernel abstractions can be implemented with little code and that the overhead and accuracy of synthesizing policies at user-level is acceptable.
Bereavement-related depressive episodes: Characteristics, 3-year course, and implications for the DSM-5

Context The DSM-IV criteria for major depressive episodes exclude brief episodes that are better accounted for by bereavement. However, a proposal has been made to remove this exclusion from the DSM-5. Objectives To compare the demographic and psychiatric characteristics of participants with bereavement-related, single, brief ( Design A longitudinal, community-based, epidemiologic study conducted from August 1, 2001, through May 31, 2002 (wave 1), and from August 1, 2004, through September 30, 2005 (wave 2). Setting The US general population, including residents of Hawaii and Alaska. Participants Participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions waves 1 (n = 43 093) and 2 (n = 34 653). Main Outcome Measures Demographic characteristics, age at onset, history of depression in first-degree relatives, impairment in role functioning, psychiatric comorbidities, lifetime mental health service use, and new depressive episodes during the 3-year follow-up period. Results Compared with participants with other types of depression, those with bereavement-related, single, brief depressive episodes were more likely to experience later onset and to be black but less likely to have had impairment in role functioning, comorbid anxiety disorders, or a treatment history at baseline. Participants with bereavement-related, single, brief episodes were less likely than those with bereavement-unrelated, single, brief episodes to experience fatigue, increased sleep, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal ideations. The risk of new depressive episodes during the follow-up period among participants with bereavement-related, single, brief episodes was significantly lower than among participants with bereavement-unrelated, single, brief episodes and other types of depression but similar to the risk among the participants from the general population with no baseline history of depression. Conclusions Bereavement-related, single, brief depressive episodes have distinct demographic and symptom profiles compared with other types of depressive episodes and are not associated with increased risk of future depression. The findings support preserving the DSM-IV bereavement exclusion criterion for major depressive episodes in the DSM-5.
Parameters of normality and cultural constructions of ‘mental retardation’: perspectives of Bengali families

Based on the findings of a qualitative study, this article describes how Bengali mothers of children with disabilities in Kolkata, India, construct disability and normality. Data were collected through extensive interviews and participant observations. Findings indicate that family members do indeed use very different yardsticks for defining disability. The norms used by the families in this study and their perceptions of intelligence were much broader than those used by professionals. The perspectives of these families have implications for challenging the traditional notions of intelligence as well as understandings of disability that are embedded within the dominant paradigm in Special Education.
Transhepatic Management of a Migrated Intraductal Surgical Clip after Cholecystectomy and Gastrectomy

A 75-year-old man with a history of partial gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y bypass 2 years earlier and cholecystectomy 9 years earlier presented with abdominal pain and fever. Computed tomography demonstrated common bile duct (CBD) dilation (Fig 1, arrowhead) and ascending cholangitis attributed to a surgical clip that had migrated into the CBD (Fig 1, arrow). Endoscopic removal was unsuccessful. Transhepatic cholangiography demonstrated a 7-mm radiolucent stone encasing the clip (Fig 2,
Nimbus 4 observations of changes in total ozone and stratospheric temperatures during a sudden warming

Abstract A comparison is made between the values of total ozone inferred from the Backscatter Ultraviolet (BUV) experiment and stratospheric radiances measured by the Satellite Infra–Red Spectrometer (SIRS) flown on Nimbus 4. These SIRS radiances centered at 678 m−1 are highly correlated with mean temperature of a stratospheric layer 100–5 mb (approximately 16–36 km). A positive correlation was found to exist between total ozone and the radiances (temperatures) during the sudden warming of January 1971 in the Northern Hemisphere. Warm regions (high radiances) are correlated with high values and cold regions (low radiances) with low values of total atmospheric ozone, although the relationship of low ozone to cold centers was less clearly defined. Northern Hemispheric maps showing the distribution of total ozone and radiances for selected days from the period of the stratospheric warming are presented. A new result shows that the cells of high total ozone seem to follow the trajectories of moving high radia...
Unified biogenesis of ambiguine, fischerindole, hapalindole and welwitindolinone: identification of a monogeranylated indolenine as a cryptic common biosynthetic intermediate by an unusual magnesium-dependent aromatic prenyltransferase

Biochemical characterization of aromatic prenyltransferase AmbP1 and its close homologs WelP1/FidP1 in hapalindole-type alkaloid biosynthetic pathways is reported. These enzymes mediate the magnesium-dependent selective formation of 3-geranyl 3-isocyanovinyl indolenine (2) from cis-indolyl vinyl isonitrile and geranyl pyrophosphate. The role of the magnesium cofactor in AmbP1/WelP1/FidP1 catalysis is unusual for a microbial aromatic prenyltransferase, as it not only facilitates the formation of 2 but also prevents its rearrangement to an isomeric 2-geranyl 3-isocyanovinyl indole (3). The discovery of 2 as a cryptically conserved common biosynthetic intermediate to all hapalindole-type alkaloids suggests an enzyme-mediated Cope rearrangement and aza-Prins-type cyclization cascade is required to transform 2 to a polycyclic hapalindole-like scaffold.
Quasiparticle and optical properties of polythiophene-derived polymers

Electron donor conjugated polymers blended with electron acceptor fullerene derivatives is one of the promising technologies for organic photovoltaics. However, with the energy conversion efficiency of only 9% in a single bulk heterojunction device structure, these solar cells are not yet competitive with conventional inorganic semiconductor technology. Some of the limitations are large optical band gaps and small electron affinities of polymers preventing the absorption of infrared radiation and leading to energy losses during charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface, respectively. In this work, we compute from first principles the quasiparticle and optical spectra of several different thiophene-, ethyne-, and vinylene-based copolymers using the $GW$ method and the $GW$ plus Bethe-Salpeter equation approach. One of the polymers is identified which has a preferential alignment of the energy levels at the interface with fullerene molecule compared to the reference case of polythiophene.
Coupling between a Molecular Charge-Transfer Exciton and Surface Plasmons in a Nanostructured Metal Grating

The interaction of molecular excitons in organic thin films with surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in nanostructured metal electrodes represents a unique opportunity for enhancing the properties of the active layer of a photoconversion device. We present evidence of hybridization between charge-transfer excitons (CTEs) in 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and SPP modes in silver grating nanostructures. Molecular and SPP absorption peaks exhibit avoided crossings in angle-dependent reflectivity experiments, which are verified by electromagnetic-field simulations of the PTCDA-grating structure. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the radiative decay of the CTE is enhanced. Besides energetic resonance, selective coupling between the SPP and the exciton in this unique case may be aided by the oriented nature of PTCDA into 1-D “molecular stacks” as well as the delocalized nature of the CTE.
Diffraction imaging and velocity analysis using oriented velocity continuation

We perform seismic diffraction imaging and velocity analysis by separating diffractions from specular reflections and decomposing them into slope components. We image slope components using extrapolation in migration velocity in timespace-slope coordinates. The extrapolation is described by a convection-type partial differential equation and implemented efficiently in the Fourier domain. Synthetic and field data experiments show that the proposed algorithm is able to detect accurate time-migration velocities by automatically measuring the flatness of events in dip-angle gathers.
An Embedded Memory-Centric Reconfigurable Hardware Accelerator for Security Applications

Security has emerged as a critical need in today’s computer applications. Unfortunately, most security algorithms are computationally expensive and often do not map efficiently to general purpose processors. Fixed-function accelerators offer significant improvement in energy-efficiency, but they do not allow more than one application to reuse hardware resources. Mapping applications to generic reconfigurable fabrics can achieve the desired flexibility, but at the cost of area and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel reconfigurable framework, referred to as hardware accelerator for security kernel (HASK), for accelerating a wide array of security applications. This framework incorporates a coarse-grained datapath, supports for lookup functions, and flexible interconnect optimizations, which enable on-demand pipelining and parallel computations in multiple ultralight-weight processing elements. These features are highly effective for energy-efficient operation in a diverse set of security applications. Through simulations, we have compared the performance of HASK to software and field programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms. Simulation results for a set of six common security applications show comparable latency between HASK and FPGA with 2.5X improvement in energy-delay product and 4X improvement in iso-area throughput. HASK also shows 5X improvement in iso-area throughput and 45X improvement in energy-delay product compared to optimized software implementations.
Refining the Eye: Dermatology and Visual Literacy

ABSTRACTIn 2014 the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and Harvard Medical School began a partnership focused on building visual literacy skills for dermatology residents in the Harvard Combined Dermatology Residency Program. Refining the Eye: Art and Dermatology, a four session workshop, took place in the museum’s galleries and utilized the Visual Thinking Strategies framework along with other visual training exercises. The week before the course commenced, participants took a one hour pre-test composed of the following: two medical images of dermatologic conditions, two art images, Communication Skills Attitudes Scale, and Budner’s Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale. After completion of the course, participants took a one hour post-test composed of previously stated items. Results of these tests were compared to determine changes in observational skills, communication skills, and tolerance of ambiguity. A survey addressing their attitudes towards the course was also completed by the participants.
The influence of excessive dietary molybdenum on rat liver enzymes.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of feeding excessive sodium molybdate on liver enzymes of the rat was investigated. 2. 2. A level of from 400 to 1200 p.p.m. molybdenum resulted in decreased growth and a reduction in food consumption. 3. 3. The copper level of the diet was adequate to maintain normal blood hemoglobin and normal liver catalase and cytochrome oxidase. 4. 4. The most striking alteration in pattern of liver enzymes was a marked increase in alkaline phosphatase activity which could not be correlated with the presence of an enzyme stimulator.
Influence of norgestomet in combination with gonadotropins on induction of estrus and ovulation in prepubertal gilts.

Our objective was to determine whether priming with the progestogen norgestomet for 9 d would enhance estrual and ovulatory responses of prepubertal gilts to PG600 (400 IU eCG + 200 IU hCG). Gilts (140 to 190 d old) were assigned by litter, age, and weight to one of three treatments: 1) 9 d of norgestomet implant with an injection of PG600 after implant removal on d 9 (N+PG; n = 43); 2) no implant and an injection of PG600 on d 9 (PG; n = 36); or 3) neither implant nor PG600 (control; n = 29). Beginning on d 0, gilts were exposed once daily to a boar and checked until estrus was observed or until d 45 after the start of the experiment. Ovaries were examined for number of corpora lutea (CL) after estrus or at 45 d. Greater proportions of N+PG (63%, P .10). Among gilts in estrus following treatment with N+PG or PG, 100% showed estrus within 6 d after PG600 injection. For gilts that expressed estrus within 45 d, the average age at estrus was reduced (P . 10) between PG and N+PG (177 +/- 2 d). Greater proportions of N+PG (82%; P .10). The number of CL (20 +/- 2) was not affected by treatment and ranged from 2 to 71. There was no increase in ovarian cysts in response to treatment. Results indicated that norgestomet before PG600 did not enhance estrus expression or ovulation compared with PG600 alone, but use of PG600 increased the proportions of gilts that expressed estrus and ovulated compared with controls.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF GUIDED MOTION KNEE REPLACEMENT FOR NORMAL KNEE FUNCTION

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), has now become a reliable, successful, and widely used treatment for osteoarthritis. Numerous reports indicate that for the majority of patients, the TKA lasts a lifetime with pain relief and the ability to perform most everyday activities. However there are a number of ways in which the procedure can be further improved, the focus here being on function. One of the problems in evaluating function is that it depends upon the inherent ability, motivation, and expectation of the patients. There are several well-used questionnaire systems which capture functional ability objectively. In the effort to simplify evaluation, a ‘forgotten knee’ evaluation has been introduced, the concept being that ‘the ideal TKA design’ would feel and function like a normal knee. Such a measure would include factors such as surgical technique, alignment, and rehabilitation, as well as the TKA design itself. Another approach to evaluation is to measure biomechanical parameters, such as in gait analysis and fluoroscopy, which evaluate kinematic or kinematic parameters, using normal controls for comparison. Nevertheless, such evaluations still include factors other than the TKA design itself, and do not apply to new designs. The approach taken here for the evaluation of a new TKA design independent of other factors, is to measure the neutral path of motion and the laxity boundaries of the loaded knee on the application of shear and torque over a full range of flexion. The benchmark is the same kinematic data from the normal intact knee. The rationale has some analogy to the ‘forgotten knee’ in that if the laxity response of a design of TKA is the same as that of the anatomic knee itself, the behavior of that implanted knee in any functional condition will be indistinguishable from that of the anatomic knee itself. Such a testing concept has some similarities to the constraint test described in the ASTM standard. In this paper, a novel design algorithm is proposed for creating different design concepts. First, a general morphological form is formulated for each design concept, a Cam-Post PS, a Saddle-Ramp, and a Converging Condyle, all with overall anatomic-like surfaces. Each femoral component is then designed, which is then moved through the normal neutral path and laxity paths, which creates the tibial surface. The concepts are evaluated using a Desktop Knee Machine configured to move the knee dynamically through full flexion while applying combinations of compression, shear and torque; kinematic data being captured optically and plotted using custom software. The normal benchmark was obtained from 10 normal knee specimens, which showed the restraint of the medial femoral condyle to anterior displacement and the overall rollback and laxity laterally. Compared with standard CR and PS designs, the Guided Motion designs were seen to more closely resemble normal. It is proposed that this approach can result in designs which will more likely reproduce a ‘forgotten knee’ and achieve the optimal function for a given patient.
Commentary: Are alpha-2 agonist really effective in children with tics with comorbid ADHD? A commentary on Whittington et al. (2016).

In this issue, Whittington et al. (2016) present a systematic review that reports the efficacy of three primary treatments for children with Tourette syndrome (TS) – (a) α2-adrenergic receptor agonists; (b) antipsychotic medications; and (c) habit reversal training/comprehensive behavioral intervention. In this commentary, we highlight the large degree of heterogeneity observed in the meta-analysis of trials involving alpha-2 agonist medications and present possible explanations for the observed heterogeneity. Among these possible explanations is the possibility that presence of comorbid ADHD may moderate the efficacy of alpha-2 agonists in the treatment of tic disorder with the medications being more effective in patients with both conditions. The commentary reviews the evidence supporting this possible moderating effect of ADHD and discusses the implications for such a relationship.
How bacterial pathogens use type III and type IV secretion systems to facilitate their transmission

Work on type III or type IV secretion systems (T3SSs or T4SSs) is often focused on elucidating how these sophisticated bacterial virulence factors manipulate host cell physiology to cause disease. But to fully understand their role in pathogen biology, it is important to consider whether the morbidity or mortality they trigger is somehow linked to enhancing communicability of the microbe. Recent work on Salmonella enterica and Brucella abortus provide captivating examples of how manipulation of host cells with T3SSs or T4SSs instigates distant downstream consequences that promote spread of the pathogen. It is clear from these examples that T3SSs and T4SSs are ultimately transmission factors placed under selection by an incredibly complex series of events unfolding during host pathogen interaction.
Utility of hydridotributyltin as both reductant and hydride transfer reagent in organotransition metal chemistry

Abstract The reaction of (η-C5Me4R)TaCl4 (R=Me, Cp*; Et) with two equivalents of Bu3SnH in toluene at 25°C yields (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-H)2Cl4 in 92% yield (R=Me) or 63% (R=Et) along with Bu3SnCl and H2. The μ-H group is derived from the tin reagent, as shown by a deuterium labelling study. UV/vis spectra of the reaction mixture exhibit several isosbestic points during the reaction which are consistent with the absence of significant concentrations of intermediate(s). The ditantalum(IV) halide (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2Cl6 is not a major species on the pathway from (η-C5Me4R)TaCl4 to (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-H)2Cl4, since the reaction of (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2Cl6 with two equivalents of Bu3SnH to form (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-H)2Cl4 is significantly slower. Possible pathways for the formation of (η-C5Me4R)2Ta2(μ-H)2Cl4 from (η-C5Me4R)TaCl4 are discussed.
Competencies Necessary for Systems Research

Conducting systems research requires both knowledge and competence. This chapter outlines key perceptual competencies demanded of systems researchers. We begin with the ability to perceive the presence of systemic wholes and parts. Next, we consider competencies involved in perceiving key characteristics of complex systems (order, change, relationships, and information). Scholars are often called to generalize their findings to other settings; the search for similarity among different contexts involves analogical reasoning, an important perceptual competency for skillful systems research. We address challenges of engaging with the uncertainties of systemic inquiries, along with a call for systems researchers to be reflexive of the ways they become personally affected by the phenomena they investigate.
INTRAVITREAL OCRIPLASMIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: Predictors of Success, Visual Outcomes, and Complications

PURPOSE To investigate predictors of success, visual outcomes, and complications of intravitreal ocriplasmin for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion in a clinical care setting. METHODS Retrospective chart review of 49 consecutive eyes of 47 patients who received intravitreal ocriplasmin. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans were examined for vitreomacular traction (VMT) release, full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) closure, and other changes in retinal anatomy. RESULTS Pharmacologic VMT release occurred in 41% of eyes; positive predictors included age ≤75 years (P = 0.001), phakic status (P = 0.016), VMT width ≤750 μm (P = 0.001), and absence of retinal comorbidities (P = 0.035). Pharmacologic FTMH closure occurred in 25% of cases; positive predictors included successful VMT release (P = 0.042), better preinjection best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.036), and smaller FTMH aperture width (P = 0.033). Eyes that achieved VMT release and did not undergo surgery attained significant improvement in best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.015). Complications included subfoveal lucency (33%), ellipsoid zone disruption (33%), and FTMH base enlargement (75%). Only FTMH base enlargement resulted in worse visual outcomes (P = 0.024). Subgroup analysis of 14 eyes with ideal characteristics (all positive predictors listed above) yielded a 93% VMT release rate. CONCLUSION Proper case selection may facilitate successful pharmacologic vitreolysis with ocriplasmin, improve visual outcomes, and minimize potential complications.
Optical propagation in anisotropic metamaterials

Anisotropic metamaterials are widely used in the field of optics because of their unique electromagnetic properties. These metamaterials can be made from multilayer metallo-dielectric structures. Such stacks can be represented as an anisotropic bulk medium using effective medium theory. Optical properties of anisotropic media are mostly described in terms of effective parameters such as permittivity and permeability, or alternatively, refractive index and characteristic impedance. These properties depend not only on the wavelength and polarization but also the direction of the optical wave-vector. In this work optical wave propagation through such anisotropic media is studied in detail. The Berreman 4 × 4 matrix along with appropriate boundary conditions is used to determine all electric and magnetic fields inside and outside the structure. The overall transmission and reflection are investigated as a function of the thickness of each layer (metal/dielectric), the number of layers, and the wavelength for oblique incidence. The validity of the effective medium theory is also investigated by changing the thickness and number of layers.
Effect of variation of in vitro culture techniques upon oocyte fertilization and embryo development in human in vitro fertilization procedures

Human in vitro fertilization requires a safe healthy environment for gamete interaction. This report compares the use of tube cultures with that of organ culture dishes for human in vitro fertilization procedures. Moreover, an oocyte grading system is described that provides an individualized approach for timing of insemination. From the results of this study, the use of organ culture dishes and variable oocyte preincubation demonstrates a significant improvement in human fertilization success in vitro.
Crystal structure of 4,5-di-bromo-phenanthrene.

The synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound, C14H8Br2, is described. The mol­ecule is positioned on a twofold rotation axis and the asymmetric unit consists of half a mol­ecule with the other half being generated by symmetry. The presence of two large bromine atoms in the bay region significantly distorts the mol­ecule from planarity and the mean planes of the two terminal rings of the phenanthrene system are twisted away from each other by 28.51 (14)°. The torsion angle between the two C—Br bonds is 74.70 (14)° and the distance between the two Br atoms is 3.2777 (13) A. The mol­ecules pack in layers in the crystal, with the centroids of the central rings of the phenanthrene units in adjacent layers separated by a distance of 4.0287 (10) A. These centroids are shifted by 2.266 (6) A relative to each other, indicating slippage in the stacking arrangement. Furthermore, the distance between the centroids of the terminal and central rings of the phenanthrene units in adjacent layers is slightly shorter at 3.7533 (19) A. While all of the mol­ecules within each layer are oriented in the same direction, those in adjacent layers are oriented in the opposite direction, leading to anti-parallel stacks.
Transcriptional interaction between cFOS and the homeodomain-binding transcription factor VAX1 on the GnRH promoter controls Gnrh1 expression levels in a GnRH neuron maturation specific manner

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is required for pubertal onset and reproduction, thus the control of GnRH transcription is tightly regulated during development and adulthood. GnRH neuron development depends on transcription factors of the homeodomain family. For example, Ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) is necessary to maintain GnRH expression after embryonic day 13 in the mouse. To further our understanding of the mechanisms by which VAX1 regulates GnRH gene expression, we asked whether VAX1 interacts with other transcription factors to modify GnRH expression levels. Using the GnRH cell lines, GN11 and GT1-7, we found that activation of PKC enhances expression of the immediate early gene cFos in both GN11, and GT1-7, and represses expression of Vax1 in GT1-7. Further, VAX1 interacts with cFOS while bound to the GnRH promoter. In immature GN11 cells, VAX1 and cFOS enhance GnRH expression, whereas VAX1 and cFOS have a repressive role in the mature GT1-7 cells.
Nonlinear Cable Galloping

In this chapter, period-m motions for nonlinear cable galloping are discussed analytically and the analytical solutions of the period-m motions based on the finite Fourier series are obtained through the generalized harmonic balance method, and the stability and bifurcation analyses of the period-m motions in the galloping system of nonlinear cable are carried out. The bifurcation trees of period-m motions to chaos are presented through harmonic frequency amplitudes. Numerical illustrations of trajectories and amplitude spectrums are given for galloping motions in nonlinear cables. From such analytical solutions, galloping phenomenon in flow-induced vibration can be further understood.
Ovary and Fallopian Tube

Although the incidence of ovarian cancer is lower than that of cervical and endometrial cancers, its mortality rate is higher than that of cancers of the cervix and endometrium combined, indicating its lethal biologic behavior. The diagnostic yield by cervical cytology of ovarian and fallopian tube neoplasms is poor. Since most adnexal masses need to be resected or debulked for diagnosis or treatment, percutaneous fine needle aspiration (FNA) is not the primary diagnostic approach except for advanced neoplasms beyond exploration.
Electroreception: Strategies for Separation of Signals from Noise

The electric sense is ancestral to fishes and is present in most non-teleosts as well as certain teleost species. The electrosensory world of fishes is rich with electric fields from a multitude of sources includ- ing the earth’s magnetic field and the bodies of all aquatic organisms including the electrosensing fish, itself. The fish’s exquisite sensitivity to these fields allows it to orient, navigate, communicate and even detect and localize other fish, both prey and conspecifics. Electroreceptors are of two basic morphologi- cal types, ampullary and tuberous. Ampullary receptors, the ancestral type, are sensitive to extremely weak, low-frequency electric signals. Tuberous receptors represent a specialization of the weakly electric teleost fishes and are most sensitive to higher frequencies near to the frequency of the fish’s own electric organ discharge (EOD).
Inorganic pigments with transition metal chromophores at trigonal bipyramidal coordination: Y(In,Mn)O3 blues and beyond

Abstract The discovery of a brilliant-blue color through Mn3+ substitution in trigonal-bipyramidal (TBP) sites of hexagonal YInO3 has led to a search for other inorganic pigments with chromophore ions at TBP coordination. Introducing transition metal cations Fe3+, Cu2+/Ti4+ and Mn3+/Zn2+/Ti4+ into the TBP sites in YInO3 has produced various colors from orange, green to purple. These indium-containing samples are successfully prepared via several synthetic routes including solid state reactions, modified Pechini method and microwave radiation. All pigments show excellent near infrared reflectance comparable to that of commercial TiO2. Cheaper hexagonal YMO3 host materials with TBP coordination such as citrate-prepared hexagonal YAlO3 (M = Al) have failed to produce the anticipated vivid color due to the destruction of TBP sites caused by carbonate incorporation. We conclude that the resulting intense colors of pigments are due to the crystal field splitting associated with the TBP coordination and the short apical M–O bonds (M = Mn, Fe, Cu). Other colored compounds containing TBP coordination are briefly reviewed. Blue and/or bluish-purple colors are found when Mn3+, Co2+ or Cu2+ are substituted into TBP sites of metal oxides that are not hexagonal YMO3-based.
Drowning is never dry.

The goal of a definition for a disease, injury, or process is to efficiently and effectively contain the unique physiologic change and/or inciting event so that it may be clearly separated from oth...
Meta-analysis of pro-environmental behaviour spillover

When people engage in a first pro-environmental behaviour (PEB1; for example, conserving energy at home), are they more or less likely (positive and negative spillover, respectively) to engage in other pro-environmental behaviours (‘PEB2’; for example, conserving water at home)? We examined evidence for spillover using a meta-analysis of interventions. We coded 22 studies and unpublished data that fulfilled the following criteria: used experimental or quasi-experimental design, showed change in a PEB1 and measured at least one PEB2. Analysis of the 77 effect sizes found in these studies showed that the overall spillover from a PEB1 was positive, though small, on the intention to perform a PEB2 (pooled mean effect size estimate d+ = 0.17). However, the spillover effect was negative and small for actual behaviour (d+ = −0.03) and policy support (d+ = −0.01) for PEB2. Positive spillover was most likely when interventions targeted intrinsic motivation and when PEB1 and PEB2 were similar. Future research in the area should target and measure spillover processes, collect larger samples and statistically test for spillover in more consistent ways. An environmentally friendly behaviour is more likely to motivate a second such behaviour when both actions are similar and when the first behaviour is intrinsically motivated, according to a review of the literature.