cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of Electrophorus electric organ. I. An associated sodium-activated transphosphorylation.

Abstract Microsomes prepared from electric organ of Electrophorus electricus contain, in addition to a sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, two different ATP-ADP transphosphorylases; one requires only magnesium, while the other requires Mg++ + Na+. The Mg++-activated nucleotide exchange is nonspecific with respect to substrates and is probably unrelated to the highly specific Na+-K+-ATPase. The (Mg++ + Na+)-activated exchange is highly specific with respect to Na+ and the adenine nucleotides and is probably a component of the Na+-K+-ATPase. However, the Na+-activated exchange may be deomonstrated only at low Mg++ concentrations relative to the optimum for the ATPase. Calcium, K+, ouabain, and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibit both the Na+-activated exchange and the ATPase. Oligomycin and incubation at pH 9 inhibit the ATPase with little effect on the exchange. It is concluded that the initial step of the Na+-K+-ATPase reaction is a reversible phosphorylation of the enzyme which requires both Na+ and Mg++ as activators. The nonspecific nucleotide exchange is considered to be irrelevant to the Na+-K+-ATPase.
Replication and Complementation of Human Adenoviruses and Simian Papovavirus at an Elevated Temperature

The simian papovavirus SV40 replicated as well in simian cells incubated at 41 C as in cells incubated at 37 C, although the latent period was shortened at the elevated temperature. Human adenoviruses differed in their responses to the elevated temperature. Some serotypes, such as 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16, and 21, replicated as well, or almost as efficiently, in human cells incubated at 41 C as in cells incubated at 37 C, whereas with other serotypes, such as 1, 2, 6, 12, and 14, maximal yields in cultures incubated at 41 C were much lower than the yields from companion cultures incubated at 37 C. This difference was also detected in simian cells co-infected with SV40 and a human adenovirus; maximal complementation occurred with some serotypes at the elevated temperature but not with other serotypes. The degree of complementation observed in the simian cells at 41 C was directly correlated with the ability of the adenovirus to replicate at 41 C in human cells. Therefore, the capacity of SV40 to serve as a helper virus is not affected by the elevated temperature, showing that the complementation event supplied by the simian virus is heat-stable between 37 and 41 C. Maximal complementation appeared to depend upon a characteristic present in the adenovirus genome.
Environmental Carcinogenesis Risk

A significant proportion of cancer cases are likely to be attributable to the environment, especially when broadly interpreted to include lifestyle choices such as smoking and diet, as well as chemical exposures encountered in the workplace, air, water, or in our food. This entry briefly reviews risk analytic aspects of environmental carcinogenesis. Keywords: cancer risk assessment; carcinogenicity
Dosimetric evaluation of multilumen intracavitary balloon applicator rotation in high-dose-rate brachytherapy for breast cancer.

The objective of this work is to evaluate dosimetric impact of multilumen balloon applicator rotation in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for breast cancer. Highly asymmetrical dose distribution was generated for patients A and B, depending upon applicator proximity to skin and rib. Both skin and rib spacing was ≤ 0.7 cm for A; only rib spacing was ≤ 0.7 cm for B. Thirty-five rotation scenarios were simulated for each patient by rotating outer lumens every 10° over ± 180° range with respect to central lumen using mathematically calculated rotational matrix. Thirty-five rotated plans were compared with three plans: 1) original multidwell multilumen (MDML) plan, 2) multidwell single-lumen (MDSL) plan, and 3) single-dwell single-lumen (SDSL) plan. For plan comparison, planning target volume for evaluation (PTV_EVAL) coverage (dose to 95% and 90% volume of PTV_EVAL) (D95 and D90), skin and rib maximal dose (Dmax), and normal breast tissue volume receiving 150% (V150) and 200% (V200) of prescribed dose (PD) were evaluated. Dose variation due to device rotation ranged from -5.6% to 0.8% (A) and -6.5% to 0.2% (B) for PTV_EVAL D95; -5.2% to 0.4% (A) and -4.1% to 0.7% (B) for PTV_EVAL D90; -2.0 to 18.4% (A) and -7.8 to 17.5% (B) for skin Dmax; -11.1 to 22.8% (A) and -4.7 to 55.1% (B) of PD for rib Dmax, respectively. Normal breast tissue V150 and V200 variation was < 1.0 cc, except for -0.1 to 2.5cc (B) of V200. Furthermore, 30° device rotation increased rib Dmax over 145% of PD: 152.9% (A) by clockwise 30° rotation and 152.5% (B) by counterclockwise 30° rotation. For a highly asymmetric dose distribution, device rotation can outweigh the potential benefit of improved dose shaping capability afforded by multilumen and make dosimetric data worse than single-lumen plans unless it is properly corrected.
The Effectiveness of Driver Education and Information Programs in the State of Nevada

According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, pedestrian and driver crashes are increasing at an alarming rate due to technological advancements and human errors. There is a need to improve existing driver education programs to mitigate the chances of crashes. The objectives of this research were 1) to examine the quality of Nevada’s driver education by evaluating the effectiveness of its programs, and 2) to provide recommendations to improve driving education in Nevada based on the results from this study. Two different surveys were conducted in Clark County, Southern Nevada. The first survey focused on assessing the strengths and limitations of the current Driver Education Programs in Nevada by capturing the opinions and attitudes of those who went through the process as teenagers. The second survey focused on driver safety through the involvement of pedestrians on the road. These surveys and the corresponding statistical analysis as well as the exiting literature have provided insights to improve driving education. The corresponding recommendations were organized into seven major categories: 1) lack of rigor of online driver education, 2) interactive learning and technology, 3) follow-up exams, 4) practice/training at home, 5) collecting information about crashes, 6) pedestrians, and 7) additional emphasis. Finally, due to the dangers of driving distractions (texting and calling on the cell phone) and impairments (driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs), more emphasis on these topics—as well as more public announcements through billboards, television commercials, and magazines— can help to constantly remind drivers about having good driving habits.
The development of a new doctoral degree program to serve an adult audience: Georgetown University

The road to a new degree program is rarely smooth. The author describes the lengthy and bumpy path to the successful creation of and approval for the first nontraditional doctorate offered at Georgetown University, the Doctor of Liberal Studies Degree (DLS). It also outlines the distinctive features of that degree.
Toxicity of Alkalinity to Hyalella azteca

Toxicity testing and chemical analyses of pore water have been suggested for inclusion in the process of sediment quality assessment (USEPA 1994a) and for use in sediment toxicity identification evaluation procedures (Ankley and Schubauer-Berigan 1995). Incorporation of pore water into sediment evaluations has been prompted by the understanding that bioavailability of sediment contaminants is primarily through exposure to the pore water (Burton 1991). However, interpretation of porewater toxicity is highly dependent upon the porewater chemistry. Inherent chemical characteristics and rapid shifts in chemical equilibria associated with the oxidation of freshly-extracted pore water confound the relationship between porewater chemistry, contaminant availability and toxicity (Lasier 1995). For example, high concentrations of alkalinity, which are typical of sediment pore water from many regions, can be toxic to test animals (Cowgill and Milazzo 1991; Hoke et al. 1992). In research with cladocerans, Hoke et al. (1992) attributed the toxicity of elevated levels of carbonate in solution to the inhibition of chloride uptake.
Anionic synthesis of ω‐dimethylamino‐functionalized polymers by functionalization of polymeric organolithiums with 3‐dimethylaminopropyl chloride

The functionalization reactions of polystyryllithium, polyisoprenyllithium and polybutadienyllithium in benzene with 3-dimethylaminopropyl chloride have been investigated in detail. The effects of addition mode (normal and inverse addition), added Lewis bases (THF and TMEDA), temperature and concentration have been investigated. The polymer products were analysed by SEC, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and end-group titration. The pure ω-dimethylamino-functionalized polymers were quantitatively isolated by silica gel column chromatography. The functionalizations of polystyryllithium, polyisoprenyllithium and polybutadienyllithium by normal addition in benzene produce the corresponding w-dimethylamino-functionalized polymers in isolated yields of 67%, 85% and 90%, respectively. Functionalization efficiencies were improved by using the inverse addition procedure and by post-polymerization addition of Lewis bases before functionalization.
Pre-term infant volume measurements by acoustic plethysmography.

Abstract An acoustic plethysmograph has been developed to provide routine total body volume measurements of pre-term (1.5–3.0 kg) infants. It operates near 50 Hz and is excited by band-limited 25 Hz span noise. Excitation, measurement, analysis, and environment are computer controlled for greater accuracy, speed, and objectivity in volume determinations. Performance tests produced volume measurements with a mean per cent error (± SD) of 0.77 ± 0.66% for two phantoms with volumes of 2880 and 2130 cm 3 . Ten, one-minute volume measurements were obtained for 14 infants over a 20 to 30 min period. Their mean density was 1.061 ± 0.028 g cm −3 and their weight ranged from 1294 to 2025 g.
Goal functions in ecosystem and biosphere evolution

Although natural selection operates at the gene or individual level, a number of proposals, hypotheses and theories exist postulating the evolution of entities such as ecosystems, and indeed the entire biosphere. Further, there exist theories of evolution that are based not on the relative advantages (be they competitive or mutualistic) conferred on individuals, populations, or taxa, but on community, ecosystem, or biosphere-level goal functions, typically related to productivity criteria. A key question is why nature would seek to optimize energy flux or efficiency, biogeochemical cycling, or anything else. While development along some optimal pathway does occur, whether this is a rule, a tendency, or merely a possibility is not clear. This paper reviews theories of evolution and ecosystem development based explicitly or implicitly on goal functions. If the environment is conceptualized as a multidimensional resource space allocated among organisms, then only three assumptions are necessary for a develop...
Assisted assignment of ligands corresponding to unknown electron density

A semi-automated computational procedure to assist in the identification of bound ligands from unknown electron density has been developed. The atomic surface surrounding the density blob is compared to a library of three-dimensional ligand binding surfaces extracted from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Ligands corresponding to surfaces which share physicochemical texture and geometric shape similarities are considered for assignment. The method is benchmarked against a set of well represented ligands from the PDB, in which we show that we can identify the correct ligand based on the corresponding binding surface. Finally, we apply the method during model building and refinement stages from structural genomics targets in which unknown density blobs were discovered. A semi-automated computational method is described which aims to assist crystallographers with assigning the identity of a ligand corresponding to unknown electron density. Using shape and physicochemical similarity assessments between the protein surface surrounding the density and a database of known ligand binding surfaces, a plausible list of candidate ligands are identified for consideration. The method is validated against highly observed ligands from the Protein Data Bank and results are shown from its use in a high-throughput structural genomics pipeline.
Acquisition of Circadian Bioluminescence Data in Gonyaulax and an Effect of the Measurement Procedure on the Period of the Rhythm

During measurements of the circadian (approximately 24-hr) rhythms of spontaneous bioluminescence in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra, the individual cultures in vials were shielded from otherwise constant dim light for 1-3 min every 20-60 min by a photomultiplier housing that was moved from vial to vial. The high-frequency dark pulses caused a small but consistent shortening of the free-running circadian period, but there was no indication that the dark pulses caused entrainment. Hardware and software components of the microcomputer-controlled data collection system are described. A microcomputer controlled the movement of the photomultiplier and acquired the data via an analog-to-digital converter. The algorithms distinguished and separately recorded background glow, intermittent flashes, and total light from populations ranging in number from 10(3) to 10(5) cells in volumes from 1 to 10 ml. Fast video display techniques allowed continuous on-line viewing of incoming data, together with a display of the data recorded over the preceding day or two. Detection of mechanical and software errors coupled with recovery systems maintained high reliability of data collection.
Utilizing simulated weather patterns to predict runoff exceedence probabilities for highly sorbed pesticides

Weather patterns have tremendous variability from year-to-year which subsequently influences yearly edge-of-field surface runoff for entrained agrochemicals. Pesticide behavior at a specific field is often predicted using an environmental model(s) with multiple years of weather to deduce annual exceedence probability curves for chemical exposure. The likelihood for a given simulation year to exceed a threshold value at any given field can be computed based upon analysis of hundreds to thousands of model results where only yearly weather patterns are allowed to change. Although effective, this approach often cannot be used in regional exposure analysis due to the prohibitively large combination of fields and weather scenarios requiring simulation. A simple regression method has been developed to reduce modeling runs required for regional assessments through ranking of annual precipitation patterns for exceedence probability predictions with respect to edge-of-field pesticide runoff. A weather year can then be picked from a weather library and used with a deterministic model to estimate edge-of-field runoff at a certain yearly exceedence probability for the specific field in question. This methodology has proven robust enough for successful extrapolation to other states having diverse weather conditions without further calibration. Examples using the USDA model GLEAMS are presented.
Latent storage-enhanced distributed temperature control in hydrogen microreactors

Microchannel catalytic plate reactors are a promising route for converting methane from geographically distributed sources (e.g., shale gas deposits) to hydrogen or liquid transportation fuels. Their capacity is easily scalable by increasing the number of units and thus well suited to distributed production needs. However, miniaturization inevitably reduces the number of available actuators and sensors, and the control of these inherently distributed systems presents challenges. In the present paper, we concentrate on autothermal microchannel reactors producing hydrogen via methane-steam reforming, and introduce a novel temperature control strategy based on the use of a layer of phase-change material (PCM) confined between the reactor plates. The PCM layer, which mitigates temperature excursions through melting-solidification occurring due to fluctuations in hydrogen production rate, acts as the distributed tier of a hierarchical control structure. The supervisory layer consists of a model-based feedforward controller. We also introduce a novel stochastic optimization method for selecting the PCM layer thickness (i.e., for distributed controller “tuning”). The proposed approach is tested in simulations carried out on a detailed 2D reactor model, showing excellent disturbance rejection performance.
A direct imaging method using far-field data*

We present a direct imaging algorithm for extended targets using far-field data generated by incident plane waves. The algorithm uses a factorization of the response matrix for far-field data that is derived from physical considerations and a resolution-analysis-based regularization. The algorithm is simple and efficient since no forward solver or iteration is needed. Efficiency and robustness of the algorithm with respect to measurement noise are demonstrated.
A Methodology for Estimating Time‐of‐Day Variations in the Size of a Population Exposed to Risk

Consequence models for the risk assessment of man-made or natural disasters do not ordinarily take into account time-of-day variations in the size of the exposed population. Residential census population statistics are used instead. This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology for using metropolitan travel survey data to estimate the variations in question. Variations are computed from the Washington, D.C. area sample survey statistics on the number of trips taken in and out of different census tracts throughout each workday. Four principal patterns of population variation are identified, corresponding to four types of land use: commercial, residential, shopping/entertainment, and mixed use. Some general implications for consequence analysis are discussed. Language: en
Autobiographical Activism in the Americas: Narratives of Personal and Cultural Healing by Aurora Levins Morales and Linda Hogan

This article examines autobiographical and activist narratives of personal and cultural healing recently written by two biracial feminist writers/activists of the Americas, Aurora Levins Morales (1...
Electrocochleography recorded non-invasively from the external ear

Abstract A method is described to record cochlear evoked potentials in humans (ECochG) with a low impedance electrode on the external ear near the opening of the external auditory canal. A piezoelectric click stimulus was delivered to the ear through a polyethylene tube creating diminution of stimulus artifact and a signal delay. Wave forms resembling the cochlear microphonic (CM), summating potential (SP) and the eighth nerve action potential (N1) were differentially accentuated by changes in stimulation and recording parameters. The addition or subtraction of condensation and rarefaction click wave forms further clarified the N1 and SP, or the CM potential, respectively. These responses can be recorded with most contemporary evoked response equipment. This non-invasive method of ECochG lends itself well to the study of hearing loss and possibly other neurologic disorders, and many complement BAER examination especially when wave I is poorly delineated.
Adapting to Hard Times: Family Participation Patterns in Local Thrift Economies.

Using survey data from a western U.S. county (N = 595), we examined how lower, middle, and higher income families negotiate a period of economic stress—the closing of a major employer in the community—through their shopping patterns. Specifically, we examined their participation in local thrift economies such as yard sales and secondhand stores. We found that lower and middle income households shop more frequently at these venues. They also tend to shop more for furniture and clothing, whereas higher income households tend to shop for antiques and trinkets. These relationships varied across the type of thrift economy examined. Overall, findings support the argument that engagement in thrift economies may constitute one mechanism families use during periods of economic stress.
A statistically based method to generate response maps objectively

One scheme to classify the physiological response properties of single units in the cochlear nucleus is based on the average discharge rate of the unit and is reflected in the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory regions in a frequency-level map (response map) that spans the unit's receptive area (e.g., Evans and Nelson, 1973; Young and Brownell, 1976; Young and Voigt, 1982; Shofner and Young, 1985, Spirou and Young, 1991). Typically, discharge rate versus level curves are acquired at many frequencies and the investigator determines that a unit is excited or inhibited at a given level if the driven rate is above or below a spontaneous rate estimate by a specified criterion (for example, 20%). The investigator then encloses regions of excitation and inhibition where responses over adjacent frequencies and levels are consistent. In the present report, we describe an objective 3-step computer-based method to generate response maps: raw driven and spontaneous rate estimates are smoothed with a low-pass spatial filter; a unit is said to be excited or inhibited at a given level if the filtered driven rate is above or below the mean filtered spontaneous rate for that frequency by a specified criterion (percentage or statistical); and resultant response maps are median spatial filtered to eliminate spurious regions. The results shown here demonstrate that use of a statistical criterion provides a more reliable detection of excitation and inhibition than a 20% criterion, particularly when the variance of the rate estimates is high. Further, the statistically based method permits unit classification based on response map data that are more rapidly acquired with shorter duration stimuli (32 vs. 200 ms). Although this method is applied to units recorded in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the technique may be applicable to studies of receptive fields and their plasticity in other systems.
Potassium channel openers prevent potassium-induced calcium loading of cardiac cells: Possible implications in cardioplegia

Abstract Hyperkalemic solutions that are used as cardioplegic agents, while effective in inducing electromechanical arrest, are only partially cardioprotective, and ventricular dysfunction has been observed. The underlying pathophysiology of cardioplegia-associated ventricular dysfunction is complex and not fully understood, but it could be related, in part, to intracellular Ca 2+ loading induced by high K + concentrations present in cardioplegic solutions. Yet no effective cytoprotective means against possible intracellular Ca 2+ loading, under these conditions, has been described. Recently, potassium channel openers, which open adenosine triphosphate–sensitive K + channels, have been reported to possess cardioprotective properties under global ischemic conditions. However, it is not known whether these novel agents could prevent intracellular Ca 2+ loading that could occur during cardioplegia. Intracellular Ca 2+ was monitored in ventricular myocytes, loaded with the Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent probe Fluo-3AM, using epifluorescent digital imaging and laser confocal microscopy. Exposure of a myocyte to a 16 mmol/L concentration of K + , a concentration of K + commonly used in cardioplegic solutions, induced a nonhomogeneous increase in intracellular Ca 2+ . Potassium channel opening drugs, such as aprikalim or nicorandil, effectively prevented these solutions from increasing intracellular Ca 2+ . The preventive effect of potassium channel opening drugs was antagonized by glyburide, a selective blocker of adenosine triphosphate–sensitive K + channels. This study demonstrates, at the single cardiac cell level, that solutions containing a 16 mmol/L concentration of K + promote intracellular Ca 2+ loading, which can be prevented by potassium channel opening drugs. Therefore, potassium channel opening drugs should be considered to prevent intracellular Ca 2+ loading associated with the use of cardioplegic solutions. J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;112:820-31
Liquid chromatographic studies of memory effects of silica Immobilized Bovine serum Albumin: I. Influence of Methanol on Solute Retention

Abstract Silica immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been synthesized and studied chromatographically using D, L-tryptophan and L-Kynurenine. Site specific and background interactions have been measured as a function of temperature and treatment with methanol. The results indicate that solvent entrapment in the interior hydrophobic region of the protein may lead to small changes in conformation and/or dynamics which influence the site specific binding of the protein and hence changes in chromatographic retention. The entrapped solvents appear to be thermodynamically and kinetically stable such that their influence on the protein persists at elevated temperatures and over hundreds of column volumes of aqueous buffer eluent.
Expatriate everyday life in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: colonial origins and contemporary legacies

Under German colonial rule and the British mandate, Dar es Salaam was a racially segregated city. The means of segregation were a series of building ordinances that established varying standards of construction in the city's neighborhoods. A result of these ordinances was the concentration of expatriates—those people living outside their home country—in two areas of the city: the City Center and the Msasani Peninsula. Using qualitative survey and interview data with fifty expatriates in contemporary Dar es Salaam, this paper demonstrates that segregation persists in spite of postcolonial efforts to desegregate the city. In fact, segregation in contemporary Dar es Salaam affects more than just residential patterns; all aspects of expatriate everyday life are overwhelmingly concentrated in these two urban areas. This paper engages with colonial city and expatriate literatures to identify the lingering effects of colonialism and the various ways that residents perceive and transform urban space. Several expl...
Robotic Rehabilitation Device and Patient Orientation Estimation

This paper explores the design of a robotic device for gait rehabilitation and assessment, as well as a method to estimate a patient’s orientation within the rehabilitation device. Current rehabilitation methods require the patient to propel the assistive device or offer limited walking distance. Additionally, current devices do not measure the patient’s reliance on the assistive device, possibly prolonging the rehabilitation period or even preventing satisfactory function to be regained. A novel robotic parallel bar platform was designed to address the shortfalls of current assistive devices. A complementary filter was developed to estimate the patient’s orientation within the device using a magnetometer and gyroscope. Experiments of the complementary filter on a test platform show that the filter provides estimates within five degrees of the true value over a range of angular velocities.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Spatially Developing Secondary Instabilities and Attachment Line Instability in Supersonic Boundary Layers

This paper reports on progress towards developing a spatial stability code for compressible shear flows with two inhomogeneous directions, such as crossflow dominated swept-wing boundary layers and attachment line flows. Certain unique aspects of formulating a spatial, two-dimensional eigenvalue problem for the secondary instability of finite amplitude crossflow vortices are discussed. A primary test case used for parameter study corresponds to the low-speed, NLF-0415(b) airfoil configuration as tested in the ASU Unsteady Wind Tunnel, wherein a spanwise periodic array of roughness elements was placed near the leading edge in order to excite stationary crossflow modes with a specified fundamental wavelength. The two classes of flow conditions selected for this analysis include those for which the roughness array spacing corresponds to either the naturally dominant crossflow wavelength, or a subcritical wavelength that serves to reduce the growth of the naturally excited dominant crossflow modes. Numerical predictions are compared with the measured database, both as indirect validation for the spatial instability analysis and to provide a basis for comparison with a higher Reynolds number, supersonic swept-wing configuration. Application of the eigenvalue analysis to the supersonic configuration reveals that a broad spectrum of stationary crossflow modes can sustain sufficiently strong secondary instabilities as to potentially cause transition over this configuration. Implications of this finding for transition control in swept wing boundary layers are examined. Finally, extension of the spatial stability analysis to supersonic attachment line flows is also considered.
Faculty and Librarian Perceptions of a New Faculty Purchase Program

This study explores new faculty members' and librarians' perceptions of a program that provides each new faculty member with funds to purchase materials supporting their teaching and scholarship. The article describes the results of a survey of perceptions of the faculty and librarians who have participated in the program at Illinois State University. The findings suggest that the program has not been successful as a recruitment tool but has been very valuable for establishing early and strong subject liaison relationships with new faculty members.
‘Not a funny place to live’: an interview with Chris Rock

Kara Hunt sat down with world-renowned stand-up comedian, actor, and commentator Chris Rock to discuss the inner workings of his lengthy career as well as the impetus fueling many of his most famous jokes and projects. Rock most recently hosted the 2014 BET Awards and completed filming his newest cinematic project, Top Five (2014), which he wrote, directed, and stars in opposite Rosario Dawson. The interview took place in New York on 23 August 2014.
Splitting consciousness: Unconscious, conscious, and metaconscious processes in social cognition

This paper explores the interplay between unconscious, conscious, and metaconscious processes in social cognition. We distinguish among mental states that are (i) genuinely unaware, (ii) aware, but lack meta-awareness, and (iii) meta-aware—internally articulated as states of the perceiver. We review key studies from our own and related research programmes to highlight this theoretical framework, and to illustrate access, translational, and temporary dissociations between levels of awareness. The discussed phenomena include unconscious affect, mind-wandering, verbal overshadowing, theory-based biases in reporting of experiences, and many others. We also show how our framework can offer new perspectives on some classic social psychology findings and inspire discovery of new findings. However, we also highlight challenges inherent in establishing whether a phenomenon is genuinely unconscious or experientially conscious but lacking in meta-awareness.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection in outbreaks of acute hepatitis in the Peruvian Amazon Basin : The roles of HDV genotype III and HBV genotype F

Recurring outbreaks of acute hepatitis have been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among Peruvian military personnel stationed in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. The role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection was investigated as the possible cause of acute hepatitis among 88 military patients stationed at four different jungle outposts during 1992-1993. Analysis of serum markers indicated that 95% (84/88) had evidence of acute HBV infection ; 64% (54/84) were also infected with HDV. Genetic analysis of PCR-amplified HDV and HBV fragments showed exclusively HDV genotype III and HBV genotype F. Furthermore, HDV RNA sequences were similar among patients from the same outpost but different from those at other jungle locations. The data suggested focal sources of HDV infection in the jungle environment of the outposts and, further, confirmed the unique association of HDV genotype III with severe cases of human disease in northern South America.
Note-A Note on the Minimization of Mean Squared Deviation of Completion Times About a Common Due Date

This paper points out a conceptual flaw present in a recent publication. It shows how the methodology can be modified to correct this flaw. It also presents improved bounds to determine the nature of a given problem.
A tool to map testing techniques to classes

The complexities of the basic unit of OO systems, the class, have resulted in a plethora of implementation-based testing techniques (IBTTs) to test the characteristics of a class. Surprisingly, there has been little or no research in the area of automatically identifying those IBTTs suitable for testing a class. In this paper we present a tool that automates the process of mapping IBTTs to a class under test (CUT). The mapping process identifies those IBTTs that can suitably test characteristics of the CUT and, more importantly, provides feedback to the tester that facilitates identification of the characteristics of the CUT that are not suitably tested by any of the IBTTs in the list.
Relationship Between Fermentation Acid Production in the Rumen and the Requirement for Physically Effective Fiber

The content of ruminally fermented OM in the diet affects the fiber requirement of dairy cattle. Physically effective fiber is the fraction of feed that stimulates chewing activity. Chewing, in turn, stimulates saliva secretion. Bicarbonate and phosphate buffers in saliva neutralize acids produced by fermentation of OM in the rumen. The balance between the production of fermentation acid and buffer secretion is a major determinant of ruminal pH. Low ruminal pH may decrease DMI, fiber digestibility, and microbial yield and thus decrease milk production and increase feed costs. Diets should be formulated to maintain adequate mean ruminal pH, and variation in ruminal pH should be minimized by feeding management. The fraction of OM that is fermented in the rumen varies greatly among diets. This variation affects the amount of fermentation acids produced and directly affects the amount of physically effective fiber that is required to maintain adequate ruminal pH. Acid production in the rumen is due primarily to fermentation of carbohydrates, which represent over 65% of the DM in diets of dairy cows and have the most variable ruminal degradation across diets. The nonfiber carbohydrate content of the diet is often used as a proxy for ruminal fermentability, but this measure is inadequate. Ruminal fermentation of both nonfiber carbohydrate and fiber is extremely variable, and this variability is not related to the nonfiber carbohydrate content of the diet. The interaction of ruminally fermented carbohydrate and physically effective fiber must be considered when diets for dairy cattle are evaluated and formulated.
Mathematical methods in the design of photogrammetric plotters

Abstract The application of mathematical methods and electronics to the design of photogrammetric instruments is considered from a general point of view to provide a background for detailed studies. After a historical note special problems involved in this application, such as the mathematical formulation, means of computation, data transferring, and servoing are described. Special attention is paid to design principles and finally two types of instruments that best utilize the advantages of the new approach are specified.
Early Results with Antegrade Collagen Injection for Post-Radical Prostatectomy Stress Urinary Incontinence

AbstractPurpose: Results of retrograde transurethral collagen injection for treatment of stress urinary incontinence have been generally disappointing for men with intrinsic sphinchter deficiency following radical prostatectomy. We described a new technique of antegrade transvesical collagen injection using suprapublic percutaneous bladder access.Materials and Methods: Between October 1994 and January 1996, 20 patients underwent antegrade collagen injection for post-radical prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. Evaluation by pad test, urodynamics and subjective scores was performed before and after injections.Results: At a mean followup of 8.5 months 9 of 20 patients (45 percent) had significant subjective improvement and 5 (25 percent) were totally dry.Conclusions: Antegrade collagen injection is a promising and simple method of correcting post-radical prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. Further study and longer followup are necessary to determine its precise role in the treatment of this con...
FtsZ Exhibits Rapid Movement and Oscillation Waves in Helix-like Patterns in Escherichia coli

Prokaryotes contain cytoskeletal proteins such as the tubulin-like FtsZ, which forms the Z ring at the cell center for cytokinesis [1], and the actin-like MreB, which forms a helix along the long axis of the cell and is required for shape maintenance [2]. Using time-lapse analysis of Escherichia coli cells expressing FtsZ-GFP, we found that FtsZ outside of the Z ring also localized in a helix-like pattern and moved very rapidly within this pattern. The movement occurred independently of the presence of Z rings and was most easily detectable in cells lacking Z rings. Moreover, we observed oscillation waves of FtsZ-GFP in the helix-like pattern, particularly in elongated cells, and the period of this oscillation was similar to that of the Min proteins. The MreB helix was not required for the rapid movement of FtsZ or the oscillation of MinD. The results suggest that FtsZ not only forms the Z ring but also is part of a highly dynamic, potentially helical cytoskeleton in bacterial cells.
FaceSimile: A mobile application for face image search based on interactive shape manipulation

Traditional image search methods lack efficient ways to refine search results. This creates significant problems, especially for mobile users with small screens, low bandwidth and awkward keyboard settings. In this demonstration, we present an intuitive mobile application that allows users to quickly search for face images based on geometric attributes. Users drag one or a small number of shape contours on a reference face to search for desired face images. For example, the user can drag a mouth corner to find faces with wider smiles, or the tip of the nose to find faces with a specific pose. These user-specified edits are translated by our system into a set of geometric constraints, which are used internally to quickly retrieve desired face images. Despite the powerful algorithms used in this application, we achieve real-time performance on mobile Apple devices. Our demonstration shows compelling results on a sizable database of over 10,000 faces images captured in uncontrolled environments.
Unanswered science and technology reference questions

Twenty-six science and technology and chemistry libraries kept a record of unanswered science and technology reference questions received during a 1-month period. The 47 questions collected are listed and reasons why they were not answered are given. Unanswered questions and types of questions that are difficult or impossible to answer were collected to determine what improvements in the science and technology bibliographic apparatus appear desirable. In view of the small number of unanswered questions collected in this study, other techniques for determining desirable improvements in the bibliographic apparatus are suggested.
Constant-stress Hugoniostat method for following the dynamical evolution of shocked matter

We present an alternative equilibrium molecular dynamics method---the uniaxial constant-stress Hugoniostat---for following the dynamical evolution of condensed matter subjected to shock waves. It is a natural extension of the recently developed uniaxial constant-volume Hugoniostat [Maillet et al., Phys. Rev. E 63, 016121 (2001)]. Integral feedback is employed to reach the Hugoniot (final) state of the shock process by controlling both the normal component of the stress tensor and internal energy. The finite strain rate imposed on the system is closely related to that inherent in the front of a shock wave. The method can easily identify phase transitions along the Hugoniot shock states, even those that exhibit multiple wave structures. As an example of the method, we have simulated the Hugoniot of a Lennard-Jones crystal shocked along the $⟨110⟩$ direction. The results agree well with multi-million-atom nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations.
Improved Low-Cloud Simulation from the Community Atmosphere Model with an Advanced Third-Order Turbulence Closure

AbstractIn this study, a simplified intermediately prognostic higher-order turbulence closure (IPHOC) is implemented in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), to provide a consistent treatment of subgrid-scale cloud processes, except for deep convection. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height is prognosticated to better resolve the discontinuity of temperature and moisture above the PBL top. Single-column model tests show that fluxes of liquid water potential temperature and total water, cloud fraction, and liquid water content are improved with this approach. The simplified IPHOC package replaces the boundary layer dry and moist turbulence parameterizations, the shallow convection parameterization, and the liquid-phase part of the cloud macrophysics parameterization in CAM5. CAM5-IPHOC improves the simulation of the low-level clouds off the west coasts of continents and the storm track region in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The transition from stratocumulus to cumulus clouds is more gradua...
High Oxidation State Rhodium and Iridium Bis(silyl)dihydride Complexes Supported by a Chelating Pyridyl-Pyrrolide Ligand

New rhodium and iridium complexes containing the bidentate ligand 3,5-diphenyl-2-(2-pyridyl)pyrrolide (PyPyr) were prepared. The bis(ethylene) complex (PyPyr)Rh(C(2)H(4))(2) (3) reacted with HSiEt(3), HSiPh(3), and HSi(t)BuPh(2) to produce the 16-electron Rh(V) bis(silyl)dihydrides (PyPyr)Rh(H)(2)(SiEt(3))(2) (8), (PyPyr)Rh(H)(2)(SiPh(3))(2) (9), and (PyPyr)Rh(H)(2)(Si(t)BuPh(2))(2) (10), respectively. The analogous Ir(V) bis(silyl)dihyride (PyPyr)Ir(H)(2)(SiPh(3))(2) (11) has also been synthesized. X-ray crystallography reveals that 9-11 adopt a coordination geometry best described as a bicapped tetrahedron. Silane elimination from 9 and 10 occurred in the presence of either HSiEt(3) or PPh(3). Mechanistic studies of the silane exchange process involving 10 and free HSiEt(3) (to give 8) indicate that this process occurs by rate-limiting reductive elimination of HSi(t)BuPh(2) from 10 to generate a 14-electron Rh(III) intermediate of the type (PyPyr)Rh(H)(Si(t)BuPh(2)).
The impact of television viewing in the Brazilian Amazon.

This article reports the results of an ethnographic study on the impact of television viewing in the Brazilian Amazon. In the fall of 1996, the researcher spent three months doing field work in the community of Sao Joao de Pirabas. The narrative account that follows tries to answer these questions: What has been the role of television in the way that rural Brazilian communities construct their own interpretation of reality? And what kinds of cultural changes (if any) can be attributed to systematic and pervasive television viewing?
Over-winter changes in radiant energy exchange of a corn residue-covered surface

Abstract Crop residues on the soil surface absorb solar radiation and have reflectivity properties that may differ significantly from the underlying soil. The objective of this study was to measure the temporal variation in solar radiation reflectivity and transmissivity of a corn ( Zea mays L.) residue layer under field conditions. Incident and reflected solar and visible radiation were measured in a field with standing corn stubble and com residue prostrate on the soil surface. Transmitted solar and visible radiation were measured with line sensors placed beneath the prostrate residue. Measurements were made during snow-free periods from October 1994 to April 1995. Mean reflectivity decreased from 0.20 ± 0.02, 0.12 ± 0.02, and 0.27 ± 0.03 for the solar, visible, and near-infrared wavebands during the fall, to 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 0.22 ± 0.02 during the spring measurement period, respectively. Transmissivity of solar and visible radiation through the com residue layers was directly proportional to residue area index. Extinction coefficients for solar and visible radiation ranged from 0.79 to 0.96 and were higher in the fall for both wavebands. Diurnal patterns of reflectivity and transmissivity showed a sensitivity to the proportion of beam vs. diffuse radiation and wetness of the residue.
Hepatic dopamine sulfotransferases in untreated rats and in rats subjected to endocrine or hypertension-related treatments

Here we describe the dopamine sulfotransferase activity of rat liver cytosol. With cytosol, 3′-phosphoadeno-sine-5′-phosphosulfate and dopamine Km values were 17.2 ± 4.1 and 22.4 ± 3.5 μM. Females possessed 23 to 37% of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, per gm liver, in males. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography resolved dopamine sulfotransferase activity to dopamine sulfotransferase I and dopamine sulfotransferase II. Dopamine sulfotransferase II comprised 79 ± 10 or 61 ± 18% of dopamine sulfotransferase in males or females in routine assays. 4-Methoxytyramine gave 609 or 179% of mean dopamine sulfotransferase activity with dopamine sulfotransferase I or II. Dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine were comparable substrates. Epinephrine was less effective. Mn++, Cd++, Zn++, Na+ and K+ inhibited dopamine sulfotransferase II. Mg++ activated it. Dopamine sulfotransferase II from males was purified 184 ± 64-fold. Its Km values for 3′-phosphoad-enosine-5′-phosphosulfate and dopamine were 12.7 ± 1.5 and 47.5 ± 6.7 μM, respectively. Its dopamine sulfotransferase mechanism was sequential. The molecular weight of dopamine sulfotransferase II was 49,100 ± 4,000 by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Dopamine sulfotransferase II preferred phenol to catecholamines. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine were its best catecholamine substrates. Adrenalectomy or castration of males led to 35 or 45% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, indicating adrenal and gonadal participation in control of dopamine sulfotransferase production. Testosterone had no effect in either sex, whereas estradiol led to 40% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels in males. This suggested a role for ovaries in dopamine sulfotransferase production, supported by 55 to 102% increased dopamine sulfotransferase levels after ovariectomy. Okamoto-hypertensive males or males given hypertensogenic doses of cortisol exhibited 37 or 48% mean increases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels per gm liver. Antihypertensive spironolactone or hydralazine led to 30% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels. Altered dopamine sulfotransferase levels after all experimental manipulations were due mostly to changed dopamine sulfotransferase II content. Dopamine sulfotransferase II is compared to other reported enzymes that sulfate catecholamines.