cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ionic Liquid/Glass Interface and the Nanolab Concept

The interface between ILs and silica is of great interest to the SCILL and, in particular, to the SILP concept introduced earlier. In these catalytic materials silica is used as a structural support for the IL/catalyst coatings due to its high surface area and porous structure. The interaction between the IL and the silica surface determines a number of performance-relevant properties such as wetting behaviour and IL growth characteristics, which are highly dependent on the chemical nature of both support material and IL. For these systems, the desired properties of the resulting IL films on the support material are such that a thin, uniform IL film is formed, thereby yielding the highest-possible surface area and short diffusion pathways through the IL.
Equity of Impact on Anemia and Iron Status of the Food Fortification Program of Costa Rica

Abstract Between 1999 and 2002, Costa Rica improved the quality of fortification with iron: reduced iron was replaced by ferrous fumarate in wheat flour and ferrous bisglycinate was added to maize flour and to liquid and powdered milk. National and sentinel survey data collected before and after these improvements were used to assess impact. At national level, anemia declined in children from 19.3% (95% CI: 16.8, 21.8) to 4.0% (2.1, 5.9) and in women from 18.4% (15.8, 20.9) to 10.2% (8.2, 12.2). Iron deficiency anemia could no longer be detected in children at end line. About half of the iron requirement in children was provided by fortification, with milk and wheat flour playing an equal role. There was equity in the impact by urban, rural, and metropolitan areas and by child age and sex. A plausible impact pathway suggests that fortification caused anemia to decline. However, although unlikely in the Costa Rican context, other explanations cannot be ruled out in a pre/post comparison.
Autocrine TGFβ Is a Survival Factor for Monocytes and Drives Immunosuppressive Lineage Commitment

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is an effector of immune suppression and contributes to a permissive tumor microenvironment that compromises effective immunotherapy. We identified a correlation between TGFB1 and genes expressed by myeloid cells, but not granulocytes, in The Cancer Genome Atlas lung adenocarcinoma data, in which high TGFB1 expression was associated with poor survival. To determine whether TGFβ affected cell fate decisions and lineage commitment, we studied primary cultures of CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. We discovered that TGFβ was a survival factor for CD14+ monocytes, which rapidly executed an apoptotic program in its absence. Continued exposure to TGFβ in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 6 (IL6) amplified HLA-DRlowCD14+CD11b+CD33+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) at the expense of macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. MDSCs generated in the presence of TGFβ were more effective in suppressing T-cell proliferation and promoted the T regulatory cell phenotype. In contrast, inhibition of TGFβ signaling using a small-molecule inhibitor of receptor kinase activity in CD14+ monocytes treated with GM-CSF and IL6 decreased MDSC differentiation and increased differentiation to proinflammatory macrophages and antigen-presenting DCs. The effect of autocrine and paracrine TGFβ on myeloid cell survival and lineage commitment suggests that pharmacologic inhibition of TGFβ-dependent signaling in cancer would favor antitumor immunity.
Ethics and Public Health of Driverless Vehicle Collision Programming

Driverless vehicles present a core ethical dilemma: there is a public health necessity and moral imperative to encourage the widespread adoption of driverless vehicles once they become demonstrably more reliable than human drivers, given their potential to dramatically reduce automobile fatalities, increase autonomy for disabled people, and improve land use and commutes. However, the very technologies that could enable autonomous vehicles to drive more safely than human drivers also imply greater moral responsibility for adverse outcomes. While human drivers must make split-second decisions in automobile collision scenarios, driverless car programmers have the luxury of time to reflect and choose deliberately how their vehicles should behave in collision scenarios. This implies greater responsibility and culpability, as well as the potential for greater scrutiny and regulation. Programmers must make premeditated decisions regarding whose safety to prioritize in inevitable collision scenarios—situations where a vehicle cannot avoid a collision altogether but can choose between colliding into different vehicles, objects, or persons. With the recent bipartisan passage of the SELF DRIVE Act in the House and the rapid development of driverless vehicle technology, we are now entering a critical time frame for considering what priorities should govern driverless car inevitable collision behavior. This Article shall argue that prescribed “ethics” programing must be regulated by law in order to avoid the likely collective action problem of a marketplace that will reward “occupant-favoring” designs, despite a probable public preference (and arguable moral necessity) for occupant indifferent designs. This Article then considers a variety of different options for systems of driverless vehicle ethics programming. The most justifiable ethics programing system would be one where road users are discouraged from externalizing the dangers incurred by their transportation choices onto those whose transportation choices, if more widely adopted, would comparatively improve aggregate safety. This ethical programing system, which I term “incentive-weighted programing,” would promote public safety while also striking the most equitably justifiable balance between different road users’ interests.
Secure and Trustworthy Cyber-Physical System Design: A Cross-Layer Perspective

This talk discusses some of the design challenges posed by cyber-physical system security at different abstraction layers, from algorithm design to the realization of trusted hardware platforms. We introduce two design problems, namely, detecting sensor attacks in large-scale cyber-physical systems, and systematic design of circuit obfuscation schemes to satisfy system-level security requirements. We then summarize some of the approaches pursued by the research community to address these problems, with the potential of fostering new methodologies, algorithms, and tools for the design of secure and trustworthy cyber-physical systems.
Analysis of P granules in vivo and ex vivo

Corrected version -This version can be cited. RNA granules are dynamic sub-cellular compartments that lack enveloping membranes. RNA granules have been proposed to form by liquid-liquid phase separation, a thermodynamic process that partitions molecules between dilute and condensed liquid phases. P granules are archetypal RNA granules in C. elegans that display liquid-like behaviors. Here we describe in vivo and ex vivo approaches to analyze the material properties of P granules. We find that the liquid phase of P granules is stabilized by a molecularly-distinct, enveloping shell that is intrinsically non-dynamic. Consistent with a gel phase, the shell is resistant to dilution, high salt, and aliphatic alcohols, and dissolves in SDS. Solidification of RNA granules has been linked to neuronal degeneration. Our findings suggest that gel-like polymers are essential components of RNA granules that help stabilize liquid phases in the cellular environment.
Floquet topological phase in a generalized PT -symmetric lattice

We consider a driven, non-Hermitian generalization of the Aubry-Andre-Harper model. We show that the introduction of periodic driving allows us to obtain fully real quasienergy spectra in configurations where the corresponding static system has complex energy eigenvalues for any non-Hermitian degree. We illustrate how generalized parity-time ($\mathcal{PT}$) symmetry can be applied within the Floquet formalism and show that our model's fully real quasienergy spectrum corresponds to an unbroken symmetry. This model exhibits a Floquet topological phase, few examples of have been found in non-Hermitian potentials.
The U.S. Geological Survey’s Rapid Seismic Array Deployment for the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence

Rapid seismic deployments following large earthquakes capture ephemeral near‐field recordings of aftershocks and ambient noise that can provide valuable data for seismological studies. The U.S. Geological Survey installed 19 temporary seismic stations following the 4 July 2019 M_w 6.4 and 6 July 2019 (UTC) M_w 7.1 earthquakes near the city of Ridgecrest, California. The stations record the aftershock sequence beginning two days after the mainshock and are expected to remain in the field through approximately January 2020. The deployment augments the permanent seismic network in the area to improve azimuthal coverage and provide additional near‐field observations. This article summarizes the motivation and goals of the deployment; details of station installation, instrumentation, and configurations; and initial data quality and observations from the network. We expect these data to be useful for a range of studies including detailing near‐field variability in strong ground motions, determining stress drops and rupture directivity of small events, imaging the fault zone, documenting the evolution of crustal properties within and outside of the fault zone, and others.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Functions as an Efferocytosis Receptor in Inflammatory Macrophages.

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is up-regulated during inflammation by several cell types. ICAM-1 is best known for its role in mediating leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and guiding leukocytes across the vascular wall. Recently, macrophages have been shown to express ICAM-1, however, their role in macrophage function is unclear. We found that ICAM-1 expression was induced during inflammatory macrophage polarization and high numbers of ICAM-1–expressing macrophages were noted in inflamed colon tissue in a murine colitis model and in human inflammatory bowel disease. Because tissue macrophages play a critical role in removing apoptotic/necrotic cells in inflammation and injury, a process termed efferocytosis, it was examined whether ICAM-1 contributes to this process. Genetic deletion (ICAM-1 knockout mice) or siRNA-mediated knockdown of ICAM-1 in isolated murine and human macrophages significantly impaired apoptotic cell (AC) engulfment. Impairment in the engulfment of Jurkat T cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells was confirmed ex vivo by inflammatory macrophages and in vivo by thioglycolate-recruited peritoneal macrophages. Decreased efferocytosis was also seen in vitro and in vivo with inhibition of ICAM-1 adhesive interactions, using a function blocking anti–ICAM-1 antibody. Mechanistically, it was found that ICAM-1 actively redistributes to cluster around engulfed ACs to facilitate macrophage–AC binding. Our findings define a new role for ICAM-1 in promoting macrophage efferocytosis, a critical process in the resolution of inflammation and restoration of tissue homeostasis.
A cautionary tale of hydroxyapatite cement use in frontal sinus obliteration

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid leak is a major complication of parasellar surgery and may be repaired using an extradural endoscopic approach involving extensive debridement of the sinus mucosa. The success rate of the endoscopic approach is approximately 90%, but in some difficult cases, sinus obliteration may be favored and is commonly used in the treatment of frontal sinus diseases. We present a case of an individual with a history of parasellar surgery for the treatment of craniopharyngioma that was complicated by a CSF leak. The leak was treated using sinus obliteration with hydroxyapatite cement. Approximately 10 years later, patient presented with right frontal cellulitis, an infected hydroxyapatite mass and empyema in the right ethmoidal and frontal sinuses. We review the outcomes of hydroxyapatite cement for frontal sinus obliteration and compare it to obliteration using autologous fat. This case highlights the increased risk of infection when hydroxyapatite is exposed to sites of bacterial contamination, such as frontal sinus mucosa.
Cross-Correlation Analysis of Line Laser High-speed Inertial Profilers:

Thirteen different line-laser high-speed inertial profilers from four different manufacturers were recently tested at the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Inertial Profiler Test Track. T...
Endoscopic Orbital Surgery: The Rhinologist’s Perspective

Abstract The specialties of otolaryngology and ophthalmology are separated by little more than the width of the lamina papyracea. Since the early 1900s, transnasal approaches have been described for the treatment of patients with orbital disorders. It was not until the introduction of high-resolution nasal endoscopes for sinus surgery in the 1980s, however, that surgeons had the necessary instrumentation to perform safe and effective orbital surgery through the nose. This chapter describes the evolution of endoscopic orbital surgical techniques, including dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and orbital decompression, over the past 30 years. A team approach utilizing skills of both the otolaryngologist and ophthalmologist is emphasized.
Cardiovascular safety risks associated with gout treatments.

Uric acid is the final byproduct of purine metabolism. The loss of the enzyme that hydrolyzes uric acid to allantoin was lost, leading to a decrease in uric acid excretion and its further accumulat...
Kidney biomarkers and major adverse kidney events in critically ill patients

Background Several biomarkers of AKI have been examined for their ability to predict AKI before serum creatinine. Few studies have focused on using kidney biomarkers to better predict major adverse kidney events (MAKE), an increasingly used composite outcome in critical care nephrology research. Methods Single-center prospective study collecting blood and urine samples from critically ill patients with AKI Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage 2 or above, and matched controls from a single, tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU). Samples were collected at 24–48 hours after AKI diagnosis (patients) or ICU admission (controls), 5–7 days later, and 4–6 weeks after discharge for patients with AKI. The primary outcome of interest was MAKE at hospital discharge (MAKE-DC), consisting of the composite end point of death, RRT dependence, or a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration to Results Serum/urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum/urinary cystatin C, and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 early in the AKI or ICU course were all significantly higher in patients with MAKE-DC compared with those not experiencing MAKE-DC. Additionally, serum/urinary NGAL and serum cystatin C measurements at the first time point remained significantly associated with MAKE events at 3, 6, and 12 months. Serum cystatin C, and to a lesser extent serum NGAL, significantly improved upon a logistic regression clinical prediction model of MAKE-DC (AUROC 0.94 and 0.87 versus 0.83; P=0.001 and P=0.02, respectively). Patients without MAKE-DC experienced a greater decline in serum NGAL from first to second measurement than those patients experiencing MAKE-DC. Conclusions Early measures of kidney biomarkers in patients who are critically ill are associated with MAKE-DC. This relationship appears to be greatest with serum NGAL and cystatin C, which display additive utility to a clinical prediction model. Trending serum NGAL may also have utility in predicting MAKE-DC.
PowerSynth Design Automation Flow for Hierarchical and Heterogeneous 2.5-D Multichip Power Modules

As a critical energy-conversion system component, power semiconductor modules and their layout optimization has been identified as a crucial step in achieving the maximum performance and density for wide bandgap technologies (i.e., GaN and SiC). New packaging technologies are also introduced to produce reliable and efficient multichip power module (MCPM) designs to push the current limits. The complexity of the MCPM layout is surpassing the capability of a manual, iterative design process to produce an optimum design with agile development requirements. An electronic design automation tool called PowerSynth has been introduced with on-going research toward enhanced capabilities to speed up the optimized MCPM layout design process. As a part of this continuing research, in PowerSynth v1.9, a constraint-aware layout engine has been developed, which enables integrating heterogeneous components, handling complex geometry, exploring a larger solution space, improved success rate, and providing options for multiobjective optimization algorithms. The layout engine is generic, scalable, and efficient in performing electro-thermal optimizations on both 2-D and 2.5-D power modules. To validate these enhanced design capabilities, a 2.5-D full-bridge power module layout is designed, optimized, fabricated, and tested with measurement results matching closely with model prediction. This result closes the loop in the power electronics design process with an experimentally validated module design automation flow.
The rural identity scale: Development and validation.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to conduct a psychometric evaluation of a new 35-item survey developed in the United States to measure rural identity. METHODS Factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity of the Rural Identity Scale (RIS) were examined using two datasets. Study 1 examined RIS psychometric properties using survey data collected from substance use treatment counselors in a southeastern state (n = 145), while Study 2 used data collected from women incarcerated in rural jails (n = 400). FINDINGS A one-factor structure containing 15 items was identified in the RIS, with acceptable internal reliability (α = .72-.83). In Study 1, participants from rural counties had significantly higher RIS scores than their urban counterparts. In both studies, convergent validity was evaluated and the RIS scores were significantly associated with other measures relevant to identity and rurality at the bivariate level. Incremental validity was supported in multivariable models as the RIS scores were significantly and uniquely associated with primary rural place variables in each sample. CONCLUSIONS This study is an initial step toward a reliable, valid scale measuring rural identity. RIS may be especially beneficial to health research as a methodological tool that can contextualize health behaviors among rural populations and highlight potential interventions to promote health equity.
Black Man on the Titanic: The Story of Joseph Laroche:

Bile, Serge. Black Man on the Titanic: The Story of Joseph Laroche. Coral Gables,FL: Mango Publishing Group, 20
Predictions about the Cognitive Consequences of Language Switching on Executive Functioning Inspired by the Adaptive Control Hypothesis Fail More Often than Not

The adaptive control hypothesis developed by Green and Abutalebi is the most influential theory of bilingual language control. The focus of this article is on the predictions that other researchers have derived based on the three different modes of interactional context described by the hypothesis. Foremost, that dual-language contexts should enhance domain-general executive functions more than single-language contexts. Several recent and ambitious behavioral tests of these predictions are reviewed. Although there was some evidence that dual-language contexts are associated with smaller switch costs, the evidence is inconsistent and there were no similar advantages for inhibitory control. The hypothesis also predicts neuroanatomical adaptations to the three types of interactional context. A careful evaluation of the relevant fMRI and ERP studies that take into account whether behavioral differences align with neuroscience differences and resolves valence ambiguities led to the conclusion that the neuroscience evidence for the hypothesis is, at best, inconsistent. The study also includes new analyses of two large-sample studies that enable the identification of relatively pure cases of single-language bilinguals, dual-language bilinguals, and dense-code switchers. Across nine different measures of executive functioning, the predicted advantage of the dual-language context never materialized. The hypotheses derived from the adaptive control hypothesis do not accurately predict behavioral performance on tests of executive functioning and do not advance our understanding as to what dimensions of bilingualism may lead to enhancements in specific components of executive functioning.
Surface Passivation of Y-Ba-Cu-O Oxide Using Chemical Treatment

A novel chemical treatment was used to passivate high temperature superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O of both bulk oxides and thin films. The water resistance of the Y-Ba-Cu-O was greatly improved after the superconductors were treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF) at room temperature. No obvious etching of the Y-Ba-Cu-O and no degradation of zero resistance temperature were observed after the Y-Ba-CuO superconductors were treated with 49% HF or buffer HF commonly used in semiconductor technology for etching silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The formation of a thin layer of amorphous fluoride on the film surface could be related to the improved water resistance of Y-Ba-Cu-O after HF treatment. It seems that HF destroys the corrosion products formed on the Y-Ba-Cu-O surface due to the reaction of the Y-Ba-Cu-O with water vapor or carbon dioxide in air.
Chapter 15 An Analysis of the Judgmental Components of Negotiation and a Proposed Judgmentally-Oriented Approach to Mediation

Publisher Summary This chapter examines negotiation from the perspective of social judgment theory (SJT) and proposes a judgmentally-based approach to mediation, illustrated by a case study. SJT research on cognitive and judgmental factors suggests a number of counter-intuitive conclusions regarding conflict, negotiation, and mediation. Negotiations take a variety of forms. One of the most common occurs when individuals are in conflict because they want different things, but must settle for the same thing. Negotiation can be conceptualized as a hierarchical, n-party judgment problem, involving three stages. The first involves independent evaluations by each party of the desirability of packages of potential settlements, considering solely those issues explicitly under negotiation. The second involves further evaluation taking into account additional factors not subject to direct negotiation. The third involves joint judgments of acceptability and agreement between negotiators. A key contribution of SJT to the study of conflict resolution is the observation that “people dispute many things besides who gets what.”
Behavioral Gerontology: Research and Clinical Considerations

Abstract Behavior analysts have long recognized the importance of experimental research with and providing behavioral supports to older adults. While previous reviews have covered published literature associated with experimental and applied demonstrations of behavioral principles with older adults, relatively few have focused on how that published literature could guide research and clinical considerations for behavior analysts working with older adults. This chapter will focus on how behavior analysts might expand their research or clinical interests into aging settings.
Polarization photometer to measure bidirectional reflectance factor R(55 deg, 0 deg, 55 deg, 180 deg) of leaves

A polarization photometer has been developed for rapidly determining the bidirectional, polarized, and diffuse light-scattering properties of individual leavs illuminated and measured 'in vivo' at an angle of 55 deg (approximately Brewster's angle) in six wavelength bands in the visible and near-IR wavelength regions. The optical performance and data quality of the system are evaluated to estimate the magnitude of the variation in the data attributable to the instrument system and to measurement procedures. The potential to discriminate between three species of oak is demonstrated using data acquired by the polarization photometer. The instrument is being used to increase understanding of the radiation transfer process in plant canopies and specifically to determine how agronomic information of the physical and chemical processes in leaves, plants, and plant canopies is expressed in these light-scattering properties.
The Jurisprudential Revolution, Unlocking Human Potential in Grutter and Lawrence

The Supreme Court's recent decisions in Lawrence v. Texas and Grutter v. Bollinger are the most significant cases decided under the Fourteenth Amendment in the last 30 years. Lawrence makes a number of fundamental changes to the doctrine of substantive due process, while Grutter works equally important changes in equal protection doctrine. This article identifies the changes wrought by Lawrence and Grutter, describes the relation among those changes, and summarizes the underlying jurisprudential revolution that these decisions represent. Justice Kennedy's opinion in the Lawrence case makes the following changes in the interpretation of the Due Process Clause: - The Right to Privacy is not defined by reference to specific American traditions, but rather by reference to society's "emerging awareness" of the effect of laws on people's private lives. - The Right to Privacy includes "certain intimate conduct" not because the sexual act itself usually occurs in private, but because of the central importance of sexual relationships in people's lives. - The Court will look to legal developments in other nations, in particular decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, in defining our fundamental rights. - Morality, standing alone, is not a sufficient basis for prohibitory legislation. Instead, the state must explain how behavior is harmful before it can make it unlawful. Justice O'Connor's opinion in the Grutter case, as well as her concurring opinion and Justice Kennedy's majority opinion in Lawrence, make or confirm the following changes in the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause: - The level of scrutiny that the Court applies in evaluating the constitutionality of laws under the Equal Protection Clause varies with the context. Neither strict scrutiny not rational basis is applied the same way in all cases. - Laws that intentionally stigmatize groups are scrutinized more strictly than laws that do not. - Laws that inhibit people's personal relationships are scrutinized more strictly than laws that do not. - Moral disapproval of a group or its actions standing alone is not a sufficient reason for legislation that discriminates against the group. - Race-based affirmative action in university admissions is constitutional because it is necessary to train leaders from all segments of society. In both Lawrence and Grutter the Supreme Court focused on the effect that its decisions would have on society and on the lives of individuals. This represents a shift away from reliance on tradition and towards consequentialist analysis in the interpretation of the Constitution. In my opinion the doctrinal and jurisprudential changes in Lawrence and Grutter are a welcome development that will help unlock human potential.
A graphical user interface for editing formal specification objects

Extensive tool support is critical for increasing the usefulness and industrial acceptance of formal software engineering methods. In previous work, we have developed a technique for executing formal interface specifications of C++ classes, and a graphical user interface for this technique. In this work, we describe an extension to that interface that allows specification objects to be edited in an intuitive way, and which graphically displays complex relationships (including aliasing) among specification objects.
Statistical and neural techniques for processing of nonparametric geophysical mine data

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of combining certain statistical techniques with a neural network to improve land mine detection. The detection method must not only detect the majority of landmines in the ground, it must also filter out as many of the false alarms as possible. This is the true challenge to developing landmine detection algorithms. Our approach combines a Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) with statistical techniques and compares the performance of mine detection against the performance of simple statistical techniques such as the energy detection method and the stand-alone statistical techniques. Our results show that the combination of these techniques with a neural network improves performance over these alone.
Temporal reasoning over clinical text: the state of the art.

Objectives To provide an overview of the problem of temporal reasoning over clinical text and to summarize the state of the art in clinical natural language processing for this task. Target audience This overview targets medical informatics researchers who are unfamiliar with the problems and applications of temporal reasoning over clinical text. Scope We review the major applications of text-based temporal reasoning, describe the challenges for software systems handling temporal information in clinical text, and give an overview of the state of the art. Finally, we present some perspectives on future research directions that emerged during the recent community-wide challenge on text-based temporal reasoning in the clinical domain.
Do We Need a Software Czar

We need to temper authoritarian leadership with the insights of individual programmers. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/TvJQ9Zt2BUs is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how we need to temper authoritarian leadership with the insights of individual programmers.
Adjective ordering in the language of young children: an experimental investigation.

Young children described objects which differed on three simultaneous dimensions, using adjective combinations appropriate to the dimensions. Three- and 6-year-olds displayed significant ordering preferences for these adjectives, which agreed with the ordering preferences of adults in the same task. Four- and 5-year-olds were less constrained in their adjective ordering, although descriptive competence with the adjectives improved greatly at age five. In a comprehension task, the children located the objects from verbal descriptions which used the same adjectives. Neither latency nor accuracy of comprehension was affected by the order of adjectives in the description at any age. The children also reproduced the adjectives in different orders; the few errors which occurred were unrelated to adjective order.
Uniqueness criteria for lumped and distributed parameter chemically reacting systems

Abstract New criteria are presented for the a priori prediction of the conditions under which a unique steady state solution exists for chemically reacting systems. The method enables the determination of the necessary and sufficient conditions for uniqueness of lumped systems and sufficient conditions for uniqueness of distributed parameter systems. The criteria point out certain inherent pitfalls of any lumping procedure. The agreement between the bounds obtained for the distributed systems and exact numerical solutions is very satisfactory.
Benzene Complexes with Copper(II)montmorillonite

Benzene formed a stable coinplex through its π electrons to the copper ion in copper(II)montmorillonite. Copper(II)was the only exchangeable metal cation in montmorillonite to form a complex with benzene. Only those clay minerals whose charge arises in the octahedral layer produced the complex.
On the linear stability of hyperbolic PDEs and viscoelastic flows

The issue addressed in this paper is whether linear stability can be determined from the spectrum. We present a counterexample for a hyperbolic PDE in two dimensions and a positive result for parallel shear flows of a class of viscoelastic fluids.
An Intercomparison of the Spatiotemporal Variability of Satellite- and Ground-Based Cloud Datasets Using Spectral Analysis Techniques

AbstractBecause of the importance of clouds in modulating Earth’s energy budget, it is critical to understand their variability in space and time for climate and modeling studies. This study examines the consistency of the spatiotemporal variability of cloud amount (CA) and cloud-top pressure (CTP) represented by five 7-yr satellite datasets from the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) cloud assessment project, and total cloud fraction observation from the Extended Edited Cloud Reports Archive (EECRA). Two spectral analysis techniques, namely combined maximum covariance analysis (CMCA) and combined principal component analysis (CPCA), are used to extract the dominant modes of variability from the combined datasets, and the resulting spatial patterns are compared in parallel. The results indicate that the datasets achieve overall excellent agreement on both seasonal and interannual scales of variability, with the correlations between the spatial patterns mostly above 0.6 and often above 0.8. F...
Diffusion of Epidermal Growth Factor in Rat Brain Extracellular Space Measured by Integrative Optical Imaging

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates proliferation, process outgrowth, and survival in the CNS. Understanding the actions of EGF necessitates characterizing its distribution in brain tissue fol...
Observations on spermatogenesis in Drosophila

1. Chromosome behavior during spermatogenesis is considered in several species ofDrosophila. The material is not favorable for detailed study. Perhaps the most favorable species isD. funebris; but since the genetic behavior of this species is not well known, others are used for the main account, supplemented by observations on funebris. 2. Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis in the telophase of the last spermatogonial division, as in other Diptera, and apparently remain in intimate association during the growth stages. 3. The sex chromosomes remain relatively condensed and attached to or incorporated in the nucleolus, which shows wide divergence in size and appearance in different species. 4. The autosomes become diffuse at an early growth stage and are so indistinct that no account can be given of their detailed behavior. InD. funebris they form a granulated canopy or net-like cap at one side of the nucleus and arise in prophase by the condensation of this and coalescence of the granules. 5. No indications of definite threads such as seen during the leptotene and early diplotene stages of many insects and other animals are found here. 6. It is difficult to attach any positive significance to the chromosome behavior so far as the question of genetic crossing over is concerned. 7. The enormous growth of the spermatocytes brings into prominence many interesting cytoplasmic structures which have been noted here but not really studied, although they merit careful observation. 8. The nuclear wall remains intact at both divisions, permitting a distinction between cytoplasmic and nuclear components. 9. In some species numerous non-chromosomal bodies (fragments of nucleolus, cytoplasmic granules, etc.) stain deeply and sometimes bear a slight superficial resemblance to chromosomes, at the first division. 10. Both maturation divisions are normal as far as chromosome distribution is concerned — the first division being reductional so far as known (e. g. where dimorphic sex chromosomes are found). 11. At the first division the chromosomes tend to be drawn out and irregular in contour, especially when long and V-shaped. And they do not, as a rule, form a flat metaphase plate, save inD. obscura and its relatives. Figures are consequently best analysed in side view. 12. The second division is more nearly of the ordinary type and presents no special peculiarities. 13. The behavior of the sex-chromosomes in the first spermatocyte prophase is such as to permit their identification on this basis alone. 14. The evidence indicates that Y remains relatively dense and compact while X behaves more like the autosomes. This leads to the view that Y may remain relatively inert or passive while X is more active during the growth period. 15. X and Y appear to be connected only for a short region, or regions; from which it is inferred that they many be similar in constitution in these regions only.
Bacterial pneumonia in children

Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children around the world. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, diagnoses, and management of the major causes of bacterial pneumonia in children of different ages. Major pathogens causing pneumonia in newborns include group B streptococcus, Listeria monocytogenes , and Chlamydia trachomatis , organisms that can infect infants born to mothers who have genital tract colonization. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common cause of serious bacterial pneumonia in children, and the increasing incidence of penicillin-resistant strains can complicate therapy. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are the most common causes of pneumonia in school-aged children. In most cases of bacterial pneumonia, a specific cause is not determined, and empiric therapy is based on the likely pathogens as determined by the child's age and the clinical presentation. Prevention, through simple measures such as breast-feeding and avoidance of exposure to passive smoke, as well as widespread use of available vaccines, is the most effective means of reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial pneumonia.
The Biological Effects of High-Energy Radiation

The biological effects of high-energy radiation are reviewed, with emphasis on the effects of the hadronic component. Proton and helium ion effects are similar to those of the more conventional and sparsely ionizing x- and ?-radiation. Heavy-ions are known to be more biologically effective, but the long term hazard from accumulated damage has yet to be assessed. Some evidence of widely varying but dramatically increased effectiveness of very high-energy (~70 GeV) hadron beams is reviewed. Finally, the importance of the neutron component in many situations around high-energy accelerators is pointed out.
Social Well-Being in University Students

Students were surveyed at a private liberal arts university as to their social well-being. Students were found to have a number of concerns. As measured by the General Well-Being Schedule, students were found to show signs of moderate to severe distress, especially in terms of depression and concerns about their health and vitality. High social well-being was found to be associated with students who viewed themselves as healthy and were integrated with, and concerned about, others. Low social well-being was associated with students who were in college for primarily instrumental reasons and who lacked social integration.
A Modern Paradigm for Campaign Finance: Economic Markets and Lessons from History

Campaign finance is a perennially contentious issue in American politics, with increased significance in the upcoming presidential election. Historically, legislation has attempted to balance the corrupting effects of money in politics with the Constitutional right to free speech. This article argues for a modern paradigm of market-based reform that relaxes controls on the supply of money and aims to limit the demand for private contributions. Specifically, this model introduces affordable government vouchers and secret donation booths, adapted to further expand consumer choice and increase incentives for political participation. Ultimately, applying principles of the market to campaign finance reform will enhance political efficacy and strengthen American democracy.
Biosynthesis of p-hydroxyphenylbutan-2-one in raspberry fruits and tissue cultures

Abstract p -Hydroxyphenylbutan-2-one (pHPB), the raspberry ketone, is responsible for the characteristic aroma of raspberries. The compound accumulates rapidly during the later maturation stages of the berries. The synthesis and accumulation of pHPB correlates with that of anthocyanin and soluble solids (°Brix). pHPB is synthesized in cell-free extracts of fruits and tissue cultures from p -coumaryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA in a manner similar to the synthesis of chalcones and stilbenes. The specific biosynthetic pathway for pHPB formation deviates from the general phenylpropanoid pathway at the p -coumaryl-CoA stage and it is composed of two enzymes. The first enzyme is the p -hydroxyphenylbut-3-ene-2-one synthase (pHPB-3-ene-2-one synthase) that forms p -hydroxyphenylbut-3-ene-2-one by the condensation of malonyl-CoA with p -coumaryl-CoA. The second enzyme, p -hydroxyphenylbut-3-ene-2-one reductase (pHPB-3-ene-2-one reductase), reduces the p -hydroxyphenylbut-3-ene-2-one to p -hydroxyphenylbutan-2-one, the raspberry ketone. We detected the activity of both enzymes in crude extracts from raspberry fruits and their tissue cultures, and identified their reaction products by HPLC, crystallization to constant radioactivity and by GC-MS.
Cement-based piezoelectret

A cement-based piezoelectret is reported for the first time. Both poling during setting and sodium silicate liquid admixture strengthened the piezoelectret effect. The electret voltage increased upon compressive strain, with partial reversibility; the voltage change was up to 450 V per unit strain (i.e., piezoelectret coupling coefficient up to 4.2 × 10−15 m/V). The effect was relatively strong for a Na+ concentration of 0.5 M in the water, in combination with a poling electric field of 225 V/m. The effect increased with increasing magnitude of the constant compressive stress. The direct piezoelectric effect was observed as a minor effect, with the voltage decreasing upon compressive strain; the voltage change was up to 6.7 V per unit strain (i.e., piezoelectric coupling coefficient down to −2.3 × 10−16 m/V). An Na+ concentration of 0.5 M gave superior performance than 1.0 M. For 0.5 M, the compressive modulus and piezoelectret coupling coefficient were higher. The poling reduced the compressive modulus and caused pore formation in the vicinity of the electrodes, but it enhanced the piezoelectret effect.
Predicting the outcome of trophic manipulation in lakes—a comment on Harris (1994)

1. Harris (Freshwater Biology, 32, 143–160, 1994) asserts that while empirical modelling of lake ecosystem properties has yielded general predictions and useful explanations, research into the effects of food-web interactions has not. I provide an explicit example of a useful, quantitative prediction gleaned from experiments on food-web effects—the relationship between total phosphorus and the magnitude of response of algal biomass. 2. I further argue that Harris errs in asserting that food-web effects will be ineffective in eutrophic lakes. This error stems from a misconception about the relevance of ecosystem behaviour in unmanipulated systems for predictions of how an ecosystem will respond to manipulation. I cite empirical evidence demonstrating that, contrary to Harris’s contention, the response of algal biomass to a change in food-web structure increases as lakes are enriched.
Stability Kinetics of Influenza Vaccine Coated onto Microneedles During Drying and Storage

Purpose This study sought to determine the effects of microneedle coating formulation, drying time and storage time on antigen stability and in vivo immunogenicity of influenza microneedle vaccines.
“We Are Against the Government, Although We Are the Government”: State Institutions and Indigenous Migrants in Baja California in the 1990s

Este articulo analiza el trabajo de dos agencias gubernamentales mexicanas con migrantes oaxaquenos y de otros estados del sur de Mexico a la peninsula de Baja Cal ifornia, localizada en la frontera entre Mexico y Estados Unidos, durante la segunda mitad de los 1990s. Sostengo que las agencias gubernamentales promovieron que los migrantes se identiiquen como indigenas y que refuercen lo que oicialmente se entiende por su organizacion social tradicional. El Instituto Nacional Indigenista y la Direccion General de Educacion Indigena llegaron a redeinir y expandir la categoria de indigena para mantener la frontera etnica en una situacion de migracion y cambio cul tural. El trabajo que los funcionarios indigenistas realizaron en los anos noventa tuvo efectos complejos en Baja California: Por un lado, los migrantes reconocieron estar al tanto de sus derechos y sentirse orgullosos de su identidad etnica gracias al trabajo insti tucional. Por otro lado, el tipo de identidad promovido por las agencias estatales mexi canas no reconocio necesariamente su historia y sus experiencias, sino que les impuso una identidad indigena generica. Esto tuvo lugar en un contexto en el que gran parte de los migrantes desean asimilarse a la sociedad nacional para mejorar economica y social- mente ya que trabajan en la agricultura de exportacion por sueldos mas bajos y en peo res condiciones que los mestizos
Transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, or both hydrogen and oxygen to unsaturated substrates from [ReH2(O)(Cyttp)]+ (Cyttp=PhP(CH2CH2CH2PCy2)2)

Abstract Reactions of the hydrido-oxo complex [ReH2(O)(Cyttp)]SbF6 (1(SbF6): Cyttp=PhP(CH2CH2CH2PCy2)2) or [ReH2(O)(Cyttp)]OTf (1(OTf): OTf=O3SCF3) with various unsaturated compounds proceed by transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, or both hydrogen and oxygen to the unsaturated substrate. Thus, 1(SbF6) reacts with CO in acetone at 0 °C to afford the formate [ReH(η2-HCO2)(CO)(Cyttp)]SbF6 (2(SbF6)), and in benzene at 25 °C to yield 2(SbF6) and [Re(CO)3(Cyttp)]SbF6 (3(SbF6)). Control experiments showed that the formation of 3(SbF6) takes place by two pathways, viz., with or without 2(SbF6) intermediate. Isocyanides react with 1(SbF6) in benzene at 25 °C to produce [Re(CNR)3(Cyttp)]SbF6 (R=t-Bu, Cy); when R=t-Bu, RNCO was also observed. The reaction of 1(SbF6) with SO2 in benzene at 25 °C affords the sulfito-O,O′ complex [ReH2(η2-SO3)(Cyttp)]SbF6 (6(SbF6)) by oxide transfer. Heating 6(SbF6) at 50 °C causes loss of SO2 and regeneration of 1(SbF6). The phosphite P(OMe)3 behaves as an oxygen atom acceptor from 1(SbF6) in benzene at 25 °C by furnishing OP(OMe)3 and [ReH2(P(OMe)3)2(Cyttp)]SbF6. The alkenes cyclohexene, norbornene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, and diethyl fumarate require ca. 100 °C to react at a reasonable rate with 1(OTf) in THF or benzene under pressure by hydrogenation of the CC bond. No oxygen-transfer products were detected. The alkyne PhCCH also reacts with 1(OTf) by hydrogenation to afford, at 100 °C, styrene, a small amount of ethylbenzene, and a mixture of inorganic products. Reactions of 1(OTf) with nitriles under anhydrous conditions are sensitive to the nature of the nitrile. Thus, ClCH2CN reacts at ambient temperature in benzene solution to yield MeCN, ClCH2C(O)NH2, [Re(OH)(O)(Cl)(Cyttp)]OTf, ReCl3(Cyttp), and uncharacterized minor products. In contrast, the aliphatic nitriles MeCN, EtCN, and Me2CHCN require heating (75 °C) to undergo low-yield hydration to the appropriate amides. The aromatic nitriles also react differently to generate at 75 °C the amidato-O,N complexes [ReH(η2-ArC(O)NH)(NCAr)(Cyttp)]OTf (Ar=Ph, p-Tol, p-ClC6H4) and minor quantities of the appropriate aldehyde ArC(O)H. With added ca. one equivalent H2O and in the presence of a small amount (ca. 0.01 equivalent) of 1(OTf), the nitriles MeCN, PhCN, and p-ClC6H4CN afford at 60 °C the corresponding amides; these catalytic reactions proceed through the appropriate η2-amidato-O,N complexes. All new compounds were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, and IR and NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 6 (as 6(SbF6)·C6H6) was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Aberrant sleep patterns in children with the rett syndrome

Previous studies on the characteristics of disturbed sleep I wake patterns in children with the Rett syndrome have yielded inconsistent findings. In the current study, momentary time sampling procedures were used to measure the sleep/wake patterns of 20 girls with classical Rett syndrome. These patients had significantly more total sleep than age peers (M = 110.1; Z m = 2.58; p=.01), significantly less nighttime sleep (M= 80.8; Z m = −7.53; p m =8.71; p