cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Convergence in the Evolution of Male-Specific Color Patterns in Drosophila

Convergent evolution provides a type of natural replication that can be exploited to understand the roles of contingency and constraint in the evolution of phenotypes and the gene networks that control their development. For sex-specific traits, convergence offers the additional opportunity for testing whether the same gene networks follow different evolutionary trends in males versus females. Here, we use an unbiased, systematic mapping approach to compare the genetic basis of evolutionary changes in male-limited pigmentation in several pairs of Drosophila species that represent independent evolutionary transitions. We find strong evidence for repeated recruitment of the same genes to specify similar pigmentation in different species. At one of these genes, ebony, we observe convergent evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic expression through cis-regulatory changes. However, this functional convergence has a different molecular basis in different species, reflecting both parallel fixation of ancestral alleles and independent origin of distinct mutations with similar functional consequences. Our results show that a strong evolutionary constraint at the gene level is compatible with a dominant role of chance at the molecular level.
Topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

The efficacy and safety of topiramate as adjunctive therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied in an 11-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 98 patients, 1-30 years of age, and reported from the New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
Ion Manipulation in Air Using a System of Curved 3D Printed Plastic Electrodes

Mass spectrometry (MS) is arguably one of the most widely used scientific tools with applications ranging from complex mixture analysis (Cooks et al. in Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 377:709–718, 2014 [1], Kojo in High-Throughput Analysis in the Pharmaceutical Industry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 377–391, 2008 [2]) to molecular biology (Aebersold and Mann in Nature 422:198–207, 2003 [3]) and even large-scale purification and materials preparation (Parkins in Phys. Today 58:45–51, 2005 [4], Johnson et al. Ann. Rev. Anal. Chem. 4:83–104, 2011 5]). Because the fundamental basis for MS relies on a low number of collisions, the operation of a mass spectrometer requires the establishment of a low pressure environment.
Improved dilute bicelle solutions for high-resolution NMR of biological macromolecules

Dissolving biological macromolecules in dilute bicelle solutions, which form oriented liquid crystals in the presence of a magnetic field, permits measurement of anisotropic spin interactions such as dipolar couplings [Tjandra, N. and Bax, A., Science, 278, 1111–1114]. However, the lifetimes and temperature ranges of orientation for these samples are critically dependent on sample composition and experimental conditions. This paper demonstrates that doping dilute bicelle solutions with small amounts of charged amphiphiles substantially improves the stability and degree of alignment, as well as extends the temperature range of orientation for these systems. An explanation of the dependence of bicelle aggregation on sample composition is proposed based on the DLVO theory of colloids.
Bidirectional Exchange in Global Health: Moving Toward True Global Health Partnership

Although there has been rapid growth in global health educational experiences over the last two decades, the flow of learners remains overwhelmingly one directional; providers from high-resourced settings travel to limited-resourced environments to participate in clinical care, education, and/or research. Increasingly, there has been a call to promote parity in partnerships, including the development of bidirectional exchanges, where trainees from each institution travel to the partner's setting to learn from and teach each other. As global health educators and steering committee members of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors Global Health Pediatric Education Group, we endorse the belief that we must move away from merely sending learners to international partner sites and instead become true global health partners offering equitable educational experiences. In this article, we summarize the benefits, review common challenges, and highlight solutions to hosting and providing meaningful global health experiences for learners from limited-resourced partner institutions to academic health centers in the United States.
Limited diagnostic value of a multiplexed gastrointestinal pathogen panel for the detection of adenovirus infection in an oncology patient population.

Abstract Background Diagnosis of Adenovirus infections in transplant patients may be accomplished using either plasma or stool samples. IVD-cleared multiplexed gastrointestinal (GI) PCR panels offer an option for rapid testing of stool samples but most only target Adenovirus (HAdV) types F40/41. Objectives Given the potential significance of a positive adenovirus test in an immunocompromised patient, we sought to determine the frequency of type 40/41 in our patient population and the utility of a readily available multiplexed, FDA-cleared GI Panel for the detection of adenovirus infections. Study design A total of 215 specimens from immunocompromised patients mostly with hematologic malignancy or transplant recipients were evaluated including 107 plasma samples, 85 stool samples and 23 respiratory samples. Genotyping was performed successfully on 122 specimens. Results The most common type detected in all samples including stools was Adenovirus C/2. In a subset of patients with multiple specimen types tested, similar types were detected in all samples. Conclusions Although Adenovirus F40/41 is the most common enteric type, Adenovirus C/2 was the most common type identified in stools and subsequently plasma samples of our patient population. Implementation of assays that have wide reactivity for most adenovirus types is essential for optimal diagnostic yield.
Behavior Analytic Supervision

Many practicing professionals deliver supervision to less experienced colleagues, students, and supervisees. This chapter presents methods and considerations for supervising those training to become Board Certified Behavior Analysts according to a competency-based and problem solving model that aligns with guidelines established by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board. Relevant issues throughout include comprehensively assessing supervisee baseline performance, selecting targets for improvement, clearly defining, and measuring those targets and integrating a problem solving and decision-making approach within the context of reaching competency on specific skill areas. A case example is provided to highlight the use of behavioral skills training and performance feedback to teach complex decision-making.
Additive Manufacturing of Nickel-Base Superalloy IN100 Through Scanning Laser Epitaxy

Scanning laser epitaxy (SLE) is a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-based additive manufacturing process that uses a high-power laser to consolidate metal powders facilitating the fabrication of three-dimensional objects. In the present study, SLE is used to produce samples of IN100, a high-γ′ non-weldable nickel-base superalloy on similar chemistry substrates. A thorough analysis is performed using various advanced material characterization techniques such as high-resolution optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and Vickers microhardness measurements to characterize and compare the quality of the SLE-fabricated IN100 deposits with the investment cast IN100 substrates. The results show that the IN100 deposits have a finer γ/γ′ microstructure, weaker elemental segregation, and higher microhardness compared with the substrate. Through this study, it is demonstrated that the SLE process has tremendous potential in the repair and manufacture of gas turbine hot-section components.
Histone variants in environmental-stress-induced DNA damage repair.

Abstract Environmental stress such as genotoxic agents can cause DNA damage either indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species or directly by interactions with the DNA molecule. Damage to the genetic material may cause mutations and ultimately cancer. Genotoxic mutation can be prevented either by apoptosis or DNA repair. In response to DNA damage, cells have evolved DNA damage responses (DDR) to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Epigenetic mechanisms play critically important roles in DDR, which requires changes in chromatin structure and dynamics to modulate DNA accessibility. Incorporation of histone variants into chromatin is considered as an epigenetic mechanism. Canonical histones can be replaced with variant histones that change chromatin structure, stability, and dynamics. Recent studies have demonstrated involvement of nearly all histone variants in environmental-stress-induced DNA damage repair through various mechanisms, including affecting nucleosome dynamics, carrying variant-specific modification, promoting transcriptional competence or silencing, mediating rearrangement of chromosomes, attracting specific repair proteins, among others. In this review, we will focus on the role of histone variants in DNA damage repair after exposure to environmental genotoxic agents. Understanding the mechanisms regulating environmental exposure-induced epigenetic changes, including replacement of canonical histones with histone variants, will promote the development of strategies to prevent or reverse these changes.
Meeting Teachers Where They Are and Helping Them Achieve Their Geospatial Goals

This chapter presents the flexibly adaptive model of teacher professional development, which was developed in the GIT Ahead project to enable secondary science teachers to incorporate a variety of geospatial applications into wide-ranging classroom contexts. Impacts on participating teachers were evaluated using project application materials, curricular resources developed and implemented by each teacher, written reflections, and questionnaires. Pre-post questionnaire responses showed significant growth in teachers’ perceived expertise, interest, and self-confidence with regard to integrating geospatial analyses into their science teaching. When viewed from the perspective of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, teachers grew in Technological Content Knowledge and in the extent to which this knowledge intersected with their pedagogical and science content knowledge as they learned new ways to apply geospatial technology in their teaching. Key aspects of professional development for the support of teaching science with geospatial technology included intensive summer training, ongoing technological and curricular support throughout the school year, promotion of a supportive learning community, and flexibility in expectations regarding the nature and focus of classroom implementation. Research is needed to create validated instruments for measuring teacher self-efficacy for teaching with geospatial technology and for measuring associated student learning outcomes.
Chapter 34 Physical exercise and balance compensation after total ablation of vestibular organs

Unlike the situation after UL, squirrel monkeys after two-stage BL exhibited an extreme difficulty in regaining the pre-lesion level of locomotor balance function (as tested in the task of behdviourally trained overground straight-line running; the squirrel monkey platform runway test), in contrast to the rapid oculomotor balance compensation (i.e. reduction of spontaneous nystagmus). Nonetheless, the enhancement from the application of physical exercise was significant, and all exercised animals eventually (even though after a long time) achieved the pre-lesion level of locomotor balance function.
4 – General Behavior of Turbulent Boundary Layers

In this chapter the solution of the thin-shear layer equations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers for both incompressible and compressible flows is discussed. The general behavior of turbulent boundary layers, their composite nature and eddy-viscosity, mixing-length, eddy-conductivity and turbulent Prandtl number concepts are considered. Certain special classes of flows, such as on rough or smooth porous surfaces with zero pressure gradient, are discussed in relation to various empirical laws based on dimensional analysis such as “the law of the wall”, “the defect law” for predicting mean velocity distribution, and similar empirical laws for predicting the mean temperature distribution in such flows.
The four o’clock faculty: a rogue guide to revolutionizing professional development

Disappointed in the one-size-fits-all tradition of professional development for educators, Richard Czyz seeks to pave a new way forward in The Four O’Clock Faculty: A Rogue Guide to Revolutionizing...
Evaluating diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

Abstract Introduction Options for imaging for evaluation of pediatric patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (USNHL) include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although both CT and MR imaging provide valuable information in the evaluation of pediatric patients with USNHL, debate remains regarding which imaging modality is most ideal and should be the preferred study for these children. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the diagnostic yield of CT versus MRI in children with USNHL. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective chart review was conducted. Pediatric patients with hearing loss (diagnosis codes 389.00–389.22) seen between 2010 and 2012 at three tertiary care centers were identified. Only patients with USNHL and imaging studies were reviewed and results of CT and MRI for each patient were examined and compared. Cochleovestibular or central nervous system findings known to directly correlate to SNHL were noted as positive findings on imaging. McNemar's test was used to compare patients with positive CT and MRI results. Results A total of 219 patients between the ages of 0–18 years with USNHL who underwent CT and/or MRI were identified. Imaging abnormalities were found in 41/96 patients who underwent MRI with overall diagnostic yield of 42.7% and 69 of 188 patients who underwent CT with overall diagnostic yield of 36.7%. For patients who underwent both imaging modalities (n = 65), there was no statistically significant difference in positive findings detected by CT vs MRI (p > 0.05). Conclusions Both CT and MR imaging have similar overall diagnostic yield when used to evaluate children with USNHL. Parents and patients should be counseled regarding cost, test duration, radiation exposure, need for sedation, and diagnostic accuracy associated with each imaging modality and these factors should be considered to select the appropriate diagnostic study.
MIMO Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging Through Multilayered Subsurface Using Total Variation Minimization

In most of the existing ground penetrating radar (GPR) imaging algorithms, using either full or sparse data collection, the ground is modeled as a single half-space layer. In this paper, a generalized sparse imaging approach with total variation minimization (TVM) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) GPR imaging through multilayered subsurface is proposed. The multilayered media Green’s function is incorporated in the imaging algorithm to take into account the complex wave propagation effects under multilayered subsurface. An analytical expression of the layered subsurface Green’s function is derived using the stationary-phase method, which significantly reduces the computation time and complexity. On the other hand, as TVM minimizes the gradient of the image, its incorporation in the imaging algorithm results in a reconstruction that preserves the geometry and edges of the targets better than the standard L1-minimization-based sparsity-driven imaging. The number of antenna elements and frequency measurements in MIMO GPR system can be significantly reduced using the proposed technique without degradation of the image quality. Although MIMO configuration is investigated in this paper, the presented approach can be simply applied to monostatic synthetic aperture radar.
Doing the Right Thing: Leaders’ Moral and Spiritual Anchorage

The Bhagavad Gitā is a book of self-mastery for leaders and managers. This chapter presents the ethical and spiritual philosophy of the Bhagavad Gitā as a pathway to a leader’s self-mastery and freedom. The first part of the chapter presents an axiomatic fact that the fundamental seeking of all human beings is security, peace/happiness, and liberation. By gently pointing out that our whole problem is a misdirected search due to self-ignorance, the Gitā tells us that the only place where permanent and complete happiness and fulfillment can be found is within ourselves—in the fullness of our own being.
Building Simple Games With BRIDGES

Many newcomers to programming and computational thinking have been brought up on interactive, gamified learning environments. Introductory computer science courses at the university level need to dig deeper into these topics, but must do so with similarly engaging technologies and projects. To address this need, we have built a framework for a grid-based game API with event-based blocking and continuous non-blocking interfaces. The framework abstracts away much of the complexity of inputs and rendering and exposes a simple game grid similar to a 2D array indexed by rows and columns. As such, our project helps reinforce basic computing concepts (arrays, loops, OOP, recursion) with a customizable and engaging game interface. We have discussed the valuable influence of visual representations of student's data structures using BRIDGES in previous publications, and believe our game API can provide significance and intrigue for students in introductory courses and beyond. Our Bridges Games App website (http://bridges-games.herokuapp.com/) presents descriptions and instructions.
A female infant with phacomatosis pigmentovascularis and congenital chylous ascites: A case report.

AbstractRationale:Phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV) is a rare syndrome characterized by capillary malformation and pigmentary nevus. Congenital chylous ascites (CCA) is also a rare disease that results from maldevelopment of the lymphatic system. We report a case of a 5-month-old girl, who had b
Age and gender and their influence on instructor perspectives of online versus face-to-face education at a Jesuit institution

AbstractWhile instructors are a critical component of the education paradigm, research into instructor perspectives on online education are sparse. Previously reported research from a larger study ...
Photo-Chromeleon: Re-Programmable Multi-Color Textures Using Photochromic Dyes

In this paper, we present a method to create re-programmable multi-color textures that are made from a single material only. The key idea builds on the use of photochromic inks that can switch their appearance from transparent to colored when exposed to light of a certain wavelength. By mixing cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) photochromic dyes into a single solution and leveraging the different absorption spectra of each dye, we can control each color channel in the solution separately. Our approach can transform single-material fabrication techniques, such as coating, into high-resolution multi-color processes. We discuss the material mixing procedure, modifications to the light source, and the algorithm to control each color channel. We then show the results from an experiment in which we evaluated the available color space and the resolution of our textures. Finally, we demonstrate our user interface that allows users to transfer virtual textures onto physical objects and show a range of application examples.
Cloning, expression, isolation and characterization of the pre-S domains of hepatitis B surface antigen, devoid of the S protein.

The 'pre-S' parts of the envelope protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been proposed to be involved in the infection of hepatocytes by HBV. In order to facilitate the study of these processes, we have developed an expression system to allow the production and purification of large quantities of the pre-S protein. To obtain a protein containing all of the pre-S sequence and only this sequence, mutations were introduced into the HBV(ayw) genome to create an NdeI restriction site at the initial ATG of the large surface protein gene. Also, stop codons and a BglII restriction site were introduced after the last codon of pre-S2. This fragment was then cloned into the high-expression vector pET-3A. A protein of the expected Mr was expressed at a level of up to 10% of the total soluble protein in HMS174 (DE3) cells, as judged by SDS/PAGE. A rapid purification method has been developed for this protein. The protein retains the polyalbumin-binding activity ascribed to the pre-S2 sequence, and is recognized by both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against pre-S determinants. Gel filtration chromatography demonstrates that the protein is monomeric and globular, and c.d. spectroscopy indicates that beta-sheet is the major periodic structure.
Rehabilitation Following Fracture in Dystrophinopathy, A Case Series.

Background Boys with dystrophinopathies (DMD) are at increased risk of low bone mineral density and fracture. Femoral fracture is the most common extremity fracture and is accompanied by significant risk of functional loss. Care considerations for DMD have stressed that aggressive management may be needed to maintain ambulation and that surgical fixation allows early mobilization. Objectives Describe 5 cases of femoral fracture in ambulatory boys with DMD and the course of care undertaken to optimize function. Patients Five boys with DMD median age 15y (12-16) who were independently ambulatory. Median 10m walk speed prior to their first fracture was 8 sec (7-17.37) and 4 of 5 were less than the 9 seconds predictive of 2 year ambulation retention. Three of the cases had a single incident causing fracture; the remaining cases had 2 and 3 incidents respectively representing a total of 8 fractures 6 of which were surgically stabilized. Results Following the first fracture, all 5 subjects regained some form of ambulation. Three patients regained independent ambulation and 2 with hand held support or contact guard. Two subjects went on to have additional falls with associated fracture. No patient regained the ability to rise from the floor and only one of the 5 regained the ability to climb steps and all demonstrated a decline in walking speed. Conclusion Prompt orthopedic intervention, early mobility, and intensive rehabilitation even in the end stage ambulatory patient, were factors in helping preserve function in these patients with dystrophinopathies.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Aromatic Oxygenates Over Pd-Fe Bimetallic Catalyst: A Mechanistic Study of Direct C–O Bond Cleavage and Direct Ring Hydrogenation

Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenols could be achieved generally with three reaction pathways: tautomerization, direct ring hydrogenation and direct C–O bond cleavage. The former pathway has been extensively studied over Pd/Fe catalyst in liquid-phase reaction, however, the contribution of the latter two is yet subject to further investigations. In this report, a comparative study of direct C–O bond cleavage and direct ring hydrogenation reaction pathways is presented on Pd/Fe, Fe and Pd/C catalysts using diphenyl ether as modelling compound. Despite its much higher activation energy than direct ring hydrogenation, direct C–O bond cleavage is dominant over Pd/Fe with much higher rates than the monometallic analogues due to the synergic catalysis of Pd–Fe. Based on this study and our previous results, the detailed reaction network for HDO of diphenyl ether is proposed.
Support for wilderness preservation: An investigation of the roles of place attachment and environmental worldview

Abstract Wilderness areas worldwide continue to face a range of threats, however public support for wilderness areas is lacking. Similarly, there is a paucity of research literature pertaining to public support for federally-designated wilderness areas within the U.S. Borrowing from the broader pro-environmental behavior literature, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the role that individuals' environmental worldview and place attachment play in their support for wilderness. Specifically, we asked residents of the southeastern United States about their political and financial support for the management and continued protection of current wilderness areas. Data was obtained via an online panel of adults who had visited a protected natural area in the previous five years. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis results revealed that place attachment partially mediated the relationship between environmental worldview and support for wilderness preservation. The data suggest that models of pro-environmental behavior, generally, and wilderness preservation, specifically, should include both a measure of general environmental beliefs and a measure of an individual's thoughts and feelings ascribed to a specific setting.
GAS6 inhibition induces platinum sensitivity through increased replication stress in ovarian cancer

Objectives: More than 80% of women with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) ultimately develop platinum resistance. There are no FDA approved agents to improve sensitivity to carboplatin. On candidate target is growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) which has been associated with prognosis in HGSOC. We hypothesized that GAS6 inhibition with AVB-500 (AVB) sensitizes platinum-resistant cells to platinum chemotherapy by stalling replication forks and increasing replication stress. We also hypothesized that GAS6 expression would predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: AVB was supplied by Aravive Biologics. Both homologous recombination (HR)-proficient (OVCAR3-TPMES, CAOV3, COV362) and HR-deficient (OVCAR8) cells were used for all experiments. In vitro clonogenic assays were done on chemoresistant ovarian tumor cells treated with carbo±AVB. The effect of carbo + AVB on intraperitoneal tumor burden was evaluated in mouse models. For DNA fiber assays, cells were labeled with the thymidine analog IdU for 20 minutes followed by CldU for 60 minutes and treatment with carbo, cisplatin (cis), or AVB. Immunofluorescent (IF) assays targeting γH2AX for DNA damage, RAD51, BRCA1, and BRCA2 for HR and 53BP1 for non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) were performed. Human HGSOC samples were obtained pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. GAS6 expression was measured by tissue immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum ELISA. Results: Carbo + AVB decreased survival of platinum-resistant cells as measured by clonogenic colonies than carbo alone (p 80%) (n=7) or serum GAS6 concentrations (>25ng/mL) (n=13) were more likely to have a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy than those with low GAS6 (P=0.002). Additionally, high GAS6 concentration was associated with decreased overall survival (24.4 months versus median not reached, P=0.009). Conclusions: Inhibition of the GAS6 pathway with AVB improves sensitivity of platinum-resistant cells to platinum chemotherapy by increasing replication stress and DNA damage and decreasing HR. GAS6 is a potential biomarker predictive of poor response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and might identify patients who would benefit from treatment with AVB.
Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship

Aristotle and the Rediscovery of Citizenship confronts a question that is central to Aristotle's political philosophy as well as to contemporary political theory: what is a citizen? Answers prove to be elusive, in part because late twentieth-century critiques of the Enlightenment called into doubt fundamental tenets that once guided us. Engaging the two major works of Aristotle's political philosophy, his Nicomachean Ethics and his Politics, Susan D. Collins poses questions that current discussions of liberal citizenship do not adequately address. Drawing a path from contemporary disputes to Aristotle, she examines in detail his complex presentations of moral virtue, civic education, and law; his view of the aims and limits of the political community; and his treatment of the connection between citizenship and the human good. Collins thereby shows how Aristotle continues to be an indispensable source of enlightenment, as he has been for political and religious traditions of the past.
Pre-Design Estimates in Civil Engineering Projects

Preliminary cost estimating data were developed for: (1) Sewage treatment plants, (2) steam-electric generating plants, (3) school construction, and (4) public housing projects. All costs were converted to an ENGINEERING NEWS-RECORD building or construction cost index of 100, and were presented in graphical form. Median and extreme values were given in each case. Costs of complete sewage treatment plants varied from $14,500 for a flow of 0.2 mgd of waste having a BOD of 300 ppm, to $83,000 for 2.0 mgd of the same waste. A plant to treat 2.0 mgd of an 1800 ppm waste would cost approximately $160,000. Median steam-electric generating plant costs ranged from $45 per kw of capacity for a 20 mw plant, to $22 per kw for a 500 mw plant. School construction costs averaged $255 per student for schools allowing 80 sq ft per pupil, with unit costs increasing as the area per student increases. Unit construction costs of public housing ranged from $700 per room for a 300-room development, to $400 per room for a 6,000-room project.
Nerve growth factor selectively regulates expression of transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins

Background NGF exerts a variety of actions including promotion of neuronal differentiation and survival. The PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line has proved valuable for studying how NGF works and has revealed that the NGF mechanism includes regulation of gene expression. Accordingly, we used SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) to compare levels of specific transcripts in PC12 cells before and after long-term NGF exposure. Of the approximately 22,000 transcripts detected and quantified, 4% are NGF-regulated by 6-fold or more. Here, we used database information to identify transcripts in our SAGE libraries that encode ribosomal proteins and have compared the effect of NGF on their relative levels of expression.
Technologies for RF power LDMOSFETs beyond 2 GHz: metal/poly-Si damascene gates and low-loss substrates

Studies technologies to extend the frequency range of RF power LDMOSFETs. A metal/poly-Si damascene gate with a very low resistance was developed in an effort to reduce gate loss. Using this technology, three alternatives for reducing RF substrate loss were critically examined: high-resistivity bulk Si, SOI, and high-resistivity SOI. LDMOSFETs on all three low-loss substrates are shown to have higher PAE than LDMOSFETs on bulk silicon. The effectiveness, of high resistivity SOI, however, was found to be limited by the formation of an inversion layer at the buried oxide/handle wafer interface. The combination of metal/damascene gates and low-loss substrates enables high PAE with long gate fingers at frequencies up to 4 GHz.
NATO in Crisis: So They Keep Saying

Why NATO Endures. By J. Wallace Thies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 321 pp., $31.99 (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-74979-4). According to scores of scholars, policymakers, and journalists, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has been in steady crisis since the late 1940s. In Why NATO Endures , Wallace J. Thies critically exams the “NATO-in-crisis” literature and argues that commentators, ranging from Henry Kissinger to Elizabeth Pond, have overstated NATO's internal conflicts and have stymied research into the processes that permitted NATO to survive and thrive as the most successful military and political alliance in history. By focusing primarily on how crises begin and publicizing the heated transatlantic exchanges, the author argues NATO's critics have shed little light on the Alliance's consistent “self-healing” processes. Thies opens his thoughtfully written and richly documented book by delineating the astounding number of books, essays, articles, and policy statements that have appeared over the decades pronouncing upon NATO's crisis du jour. Avoiding conflicts after 1995, Why NATO Endures is largely a Cold War history that centers on six case studies that preoccupied transatlantic relations and NATO: Suez, Sputnik, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Soviet-European-American pipeline controversy, the INF deployments, and the early years of the Bosnia conflict. Wallace Thies has a bone to pick with scholars and commentators who have labeled NATO conflicts as “crises” without defining the word. While a considerable body of international relations literature exists on the study of crises, Thies …
Sound-Meaning Correlations Among 1,000 English Words

From a theoretic standpoint, phonetic symbolism experiments thus far have dealt with “phonemic symbolism”; there are two hypotheses, not one, under investigation. This study focuses on the hypothesis that attitudinal meanings of macro-units in language co-vary to some degree with the attitudinal meanings of micro-units composing them. Using semantic differential ratings and phonemic transcriptions for 1,000 English words, it is shown that: (1) words in which certain phonemes occur do tend to have characteristic attitudinal meanings; (2) attitudinal meanings predicted for words from their phonemic content do correlate with the actual attitudinal meanings (r's range from 0.21 to 0.27; all are significant with p < 0.001). It is found that phoneme meanings derived from the ratings of natural words and those derived previously from ratings of artificial words do not correlate; various possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.
Pa-‘trolling’ the False Marking Frontier: Giving Section 292 the Proper Makeover in Wake of the America Invents Act

Prohibiting false patent marking on various products and goods is not a new concept in intellectual property law. For the last 170 years, laws have been on the books to prevent individuals and manufacturers from deceiving the public, inventors, and other manufacturers into believing that an item or its design retains certain patent rights by law. But in passing the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, a monumental piece of patent legislation on numerous levels, sweeping changes were made to long-standing false marking law and its concepts. This Comment takes a step back to explore the recent explosion of false marking litigation after the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit interpreted these long-standing principles of false patent marking law prior to the passing of the America Invents Act, in which triggered a massive “false marking troll” revolution of sorts. It sorts out how this explosion of litigation came to be and analyzes these principles in conjunction with the constitutional provisions in which they were subsequently challenged by those warding off the trolls. With this background in mind, this piece then dives into the sweeping changes of false marking law that Congress invoked in passing the America Invents Act with an edge toward highlighting the caveats of these changes in relation to the Act’s original and historical purposes. This Comment then attempts to provide the reader with additional fixes to current false marking law under the America Invents Act to address the law’s shortcomings, keeping in mind both the potential for future troll problems and the original purposes of the Act. Overall, this writing looks to provide, if not concrete solutions to the law’s shortcomings in the false marking context, food for thought in the false patent marking arena and the new patent law reform paradigm.
A Comparison of Name-Based Content Routing Protocols

The first comparison of the performance of name-based content routing protocols based on distance vectors and link-states is presented. The protocols used for this comparison are the Named-data Link State Routing (NLSR) protocol, which is the main representative of name-based content routing based on link states, and the Distance-based Content Routing (DCR) protocol, which is the first name-based content routing protocol based on distance vectors. In the simulation of NLSR, the signaling of NLSR is simplified to minimize the overhead it incurs sending link state advertisements (LSAs), such that a single transmission is need to send an LSA, rather than multiple transmission as is the case with NLSR. The results of simulations show that the ideal version of NLSR requires fewer control messages to react to changes of name prefixes when the number of replicas is very small, and DCR incurs less signaling overhead to react to topology changes or changes in name prefixes when the number of replicas is large.
Lithium tert‐Butyl‐tert‐octylamide

[90702-60-6] C12H26LiN (MW 191.33) InChI = 1S/C12H26N.Li/c1-10(2,3)9-12(7,8)13-11(4,5)6;/h9H2,1-8H3;/q-1;+1 InChIKey = QFZJPTGKKDTYTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (relatively accessible hindered amide base) Alternate Name: LOBA. Preparative Methods: a variety of di-t-alkylamines which are more hindered than the commercially available 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine can be prepared by multistep routes;1-4 the precursor to LOBA, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl-t-butylamine, is obtained in three steps from commercially available materials in an overall yield of 73%;4 LOBA is prepared by metalation of this amine with Methyllithium; metalation with BuLi occurs sluggishly, if at all. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: lithium amide bases are reactive to air and water; use in a fume hood.
Design for environment: an environmental analysis model for the modular design of products

Due to the internal and external pressure, more and more manufacturing enterprises are working to improve the environmental performance of their products. Pollution may be generated at all stages through the whole life cycle of a product. Taking potential environmental impacts of a product into account as early as at its design stage, design for environment (DFE) can be used to maximally improve the environmental performance of a product. Modular design is a widely used design method for electromechanical products. While traditional modularity analysis pays little attention to the environmental factors, this research aims at including the environmental criteria into the modularity analysis, and developing a DFE design supporting system for the modular design. This paper proposed a quantitative environmental analysis methodology for the modular design. Considering all stages through the life cycle of a product, some primary environmental objectives are analyzed and selected as the criteria for the modularity analysis; all environmental criteria are ranked using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). In order to get a comprehensive effect of all environmental criteria, fuzzy numbers are used to combine some uncertain judgments of decision makers with crisp numbers. In this paper, the modularity analysis is done under the restriction of the junction-structure mapping, and it includes the similarity and independence analysis.
Using Shifted Distributions in Computing Operational Risk Capital

A common problem in applying Loss Distribution Approach to estimating operational risk capital is that loss event data is only collected above certain threshold. This paper demonstrates how conditional distributions obtained from data shifted by subtracting the threshold can be used to estimate operational risk economic capital. The key is to utilize the aggregated data of small impact events below the collection threshold which is usually collected by banks but neglected in the analysis. The advantages of this method, which make it a method of choice in many situations, are relative ease of implementation, the utilization of all the available data, the reduced errors in estimated distribution parameters and more efficient capital calculation due to lower annual loss intensity.
Highly efficient terahertz generation via a continuously phase matched difference frequency generation in a nested waveguide structure

We demonstrate continuously phase matched THz difference frequency generation (DFG) in a LiNbO3 nested waveguide structure with a power-normalized conversion efficiency of 1.3 times 10-7 W-1, 23 times more efficient than the best previously reported results.
Two Pax are better than one.

In fly eye development, new experiments suggest that two distinct Pax genes control tissue growth and identity, respectively. Notably, these two functions may be encoded by distinct isoforms of the human gene PAX6
Radiographic aspects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

I N 1 9 6 7, Northway and associates I described a form of chronic lung disease that they named bronchopulmonary dyplasia, basing their observations on newborn infants who received assisted ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome between 1962 and 1966. This disease appeared to progress through a series of four stages that were radiographically and pathologically distinct, terminating in chronic lung disease (Stage IV BPD). The radiographic appearance at each stage was characteristic, with Stage I appearing identical to uncomplicated RDS, Stage II being a period of pulmonary parenchymal opacity that cleared into a bubbly appearance (Stage III), which often ultimately became the rather distinctive pattern of chronic BPD (Stage IV).'-' Stage IV was defined chronologically as bubbly-appearing lungs persisting for 30 days or more. Subsequently this disease was observed by numerous investigators and described under a variety of names, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 3-1-~ pulmonary fibroplasia, 1~-1~ chronic pulmonary disease, TM respirator lung disease, ,~ and other descriptive terms? 9 -~ In most reports the diagnosis of BPD implies chronic disease, or Stage IV BPD. For most purposes, except when evolution of the condition is being discussed, this would appear to be a satisfactory convention. Since the initial descriptions of BPD, the disease appears to have changed, at least in certain of its radiographic manifestations. This article is a discussion of several recent observations, with particular emphasis on radiographic features and manifestations.
Semi-automated region of interest generation for the analysis of optically recorded neuronal activity

Abstract Bath-applied membrane-permeant Ca2+ indicators offer access to network function with single-cell resolution. A barrier to wider and more efficient use of this technique is the difficulty of extracting fluorescence signals from the active constituents of the network under study. Here we present a method for semi-automatic region of interest (ROI) detection that exploits the spatially compact, slowly time-varying character of the somatic signals that these indicators typically produce. First, the image series is differenced to eliminate static and very slowly varying fluorescence values, and then the differenced image series undergoes low-pass filtering in the spatial domain, to eliminate temporally isolated fluctuations in brightness. This processed image series is then thresholded so that pixel regions of fluctuating brightness are set to white, while all other regions are set to black. Binary images are averaged, and then subjected to iterative thresholding to extract ROIs associated with both dim and bright cells. The original image series is then analyzed using the generated ROIs, after which the end-user rejects spurious signals. These methods are applied to respiratory networks in the neonate rat tilted sagittal slab preparation, and to simulations with signal-to-noise ratios ranging between 1.0–0.2. Simulations established that algorithm performance degraded gracefully with increasing noise. Because signal extraction is the necessary first step in the analysis of time-varying Ca2+ signals, semi-automated ROI detection frees the researcher to focus on the next step: selecting traces of interest from the relatively complete set generated using these methods.
Maximizing the clinical utility of antimüllerian hormone testing in women's health

Purpose of review To provide an update on the latest clinical applications of serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) testing with practical approaches to mitigate the impact of significant variability in AMH results.
Neural-specific expression, genomic structure, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding the zinc-finger transcription factor NGFI-C.

Abstract The nerve growth factor-induced clone C (NGFI-C) gene encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is rapidly induced by nerve growth factor in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and by seizure in brain. NGFI-C is closely related to the previously described early response genes, nerve growth factor-induced clone A (NGFI-A or EGR1), EGR2, and EGR3. These four early response (immediate early) proteins all contain very similar zinc-finger DNA binding domains; in addition, analysis of the non-zinc-finger region revealed that they share an additional five highly homologous subdomains, four of which are within the amino terminus. The 5' flanking region of NGFI-C contains several cAMP response elements but does not contain any serum-response elements or CArG boxes [CC(A/T)6GG], cis-acting elements commonly involved in early response gene regulation. NGFI-C mRNA was detected in neural tissues of postnatal animals, but no expression was found in rat embryos. In situ hybridization demonstrated that NGFI-C is rapidly induced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after seizure, but in contrast to NGFI-A, increases in NGFI-C mRNA were not detected in the overlying cortex. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization, NGFI-C was localized to human chromosome 2p13. This region contains a constitutive fragile site that is associated with chromosomal breakpoints and translocations characteristic of some chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
Two reaction products of [Rh2(O2CCH3)2(CH3CN)6 ][BF4]2: [Rh2(O2CCH3)(chp)2(CH3CN)3][BF4] and [Rh(dpcp)2][BF4]

Abstract Two rhodium complexes have been synthesized from [Rh 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 CN) 6 ][BF 4 ] 2 as a starting material. A rhodium(II) dinuclear compound, [Rh 2 (O 2 CCH 3 )(chp) 2 (CH 3 CN) 3 ][BF 4 ] 2 ( 1 ), has been isolated from the reaction between [Rh 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 CN) 6 ][BF 4 ] 2 and Hchp (Hchp=6-chloro-2-hydroxypyridine). A square-planar rhodium(I) mononuclear compound, [Rh(dpcp) 2 ][BF 4 ] ( 2 ), has also been prepared by treatment of [Rh 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 CN) 6 ][BF 4 ] 2 with dpcp ligand where dpcp is (±)- trans -1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)cyclopentane. X-ray crystallographic characterization of 1 and 2 gave the following: for 1 ·CH 2 Cl 2 : space group P 1 , a =13.475(2), b =13.896(2), c =7.994(2) A, α=99.38(2), β=103.50(2), γ=81.62(2)°, V =1427(1) A 3 , Z =2; for 2 ·CH 2 Cl 2 : space group C 2/ c , a =22.619(4), b =15.396(3), c =17.022(3) A, β=115.13(2) o , V =5367(2) A 3 , Z =4.
Brugada pattern electrocardiogram unmasked with cocaine ingestion.

Cocaine is considered a leading cause of drug-related deaths. This is usually sudden, unwitnessed, and without prodromal features. It has been reported that in-hospital mortality is close to 2%. Cocaine has powerful central nervous system effects1 and acute cocaine overdose has been associated with hyperthermia, agitation, paranoid ideation, status epilepticus, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and myocardial infarction (MI). The mechanisms of cocaine-related death remain poorly understood. We report a patient who survived massive cocaine ingestion with psychomotor agitation and generalized seizures followed by asystolic cardiac arrest and transient Brugada pattern on electrocardiogram (ECG).