cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nasal high flow therapy use in wards in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may spare ICU resources.

Nasal high flow therapy has been previously studied for the management of acute hypoxic respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but the data regarding its use outside of the intensive care unit are sparse. We aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of nasal high flow therapy outside of the intensive care unit in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We conducted a retrospective matched historic cohort study of adult patients with diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presenting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure between December 2017 to June 2019, after the initiation of a new protocol, which allowed patients to be managed with nasal high flow therapy on the medical/surgical wards instead of transferring them to the ICU per prior standard of care. Nasal high flow therapy was initiated either in the emergency department or on the medical/surgical wards. Patients were matched with historical cohorts who were managed with prior standard of care based on age, body mass index, comorbidities, and home oxygen use. Primary outcome of interest was difference in rates of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay, total number of days spent in the intensive care unit, and in-hospital mortality. A total of 90 patients met study inclusion criteria and were matched to 90 historical control patients. Among the study group, 8% required mechanical ventilation versus 9% in the control group (p = 0.79). Hospital length of stay was 7 days in study group versus 6 days in control group (p = 0.02), and in-hospital mortality was the same in both study and control groups at 12% (p = 0.99). Nineteen percent of study group patients required ICU level of care at any time during the admission compared with 49% of control group (p < 0.001). Nasal high flow therapy use in patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outside of the intensive care unit may spare ICU resources and cost without delay in definitive care such as mechanical ventilation.
Differential Regulation of Neurite Outgrowth and Growth Cone Morphology by 3D Fibronectin and Fibronectin-Collagen Extracellular Matrices.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in development, homeostasis, and regeneration of tissue structures and functions. Cell interactions with the ECM are dynamic and cells respond to ECM remodeling by changes in morphology and motility. During nerve regeneration, the ECM facilitates neurite outgrowth and guides axons with target specificity. Decellularized ECMs retain structural, biochemical, and biomechanical cues of native ECM and have the potential to replace damaged matrix to support cell activities during tissue repair. To determine the ECM components that contribute to nerve regeneration, we analyzed neuron-ECM interactions on two types of decellularized ECM. One matrix was composed primarily of fibronectin (FN) fibrils, and the other FN-rich ECM also contained significant numbers of type I collagen (COL I) fibrils. Using primary neurons dissociated from superior cervical ganglion (SCG) explants, we found that neurites were extended on both matrices without a significant difference in average neurite length after 24 h. The most distinctive features of neurites on the FN matrix were numerous short actin-filled protrusions and longer branches extending from neurite shafts. Very few protrusions and branches were detected on FN-COL matrix. Growth cone morphologies also differed with mostly filopodial growth cones on FN matrix whereas on FN-COL matrix, equivalent numbers of filopodial and slender growth cones were formed. Our work provides new information about how changes in major components of the ECM during tissue repair modulate neuron and growth cone morphologies and helps to define the contributions of neuron-ECM interactions to nerve development and regeneration.
Coverage Modelling for Reliability Assessment Self-Repairing Flight Control Systems

This paper reports a coverage model for assessing the overall reliability of self-repairing flight control systems where the performance of an FDIA (Failure Detection, Isolation and Accommodation) logic is involved. Provided that each of the N parallel redundant components is of the same exponential failure probability and non-repairable on-line, it has been proved that the resulting failure process can be described by a homogeneous Markov chain model if the failure can be identified perfectly by the FDIA scheme used, otherwise the process is non-homogeneous. Furthermore, for either homogeneous or non-homogeneous case approximation of computing the failure transition probability and the corresponding error have been derived.
Direct Visualization of Transcription Factor-Induced Chromatin Remodeling and Cofactor Recruitment In Vivo

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the assays for chromatin remodeling, transcription factor, and coactivator recruitment based on direct, microscopic observations within individual live cells. The experimental basis for this approach involves the visualization of chromosome regions containing multiple transgene copies. To show this, two approaches have been used in the chapter. The first uses direct repeats of bacterial operators to bind repressor fusion proteins as a means of tethering specific transcription factors to specific chromosomal sites. The second uses repeats of transgenes containing viral promoters with binding sites for known transcription factors. It is anticipated that a natural experimental progression will be to combine both of these approaches, using the bacterial operator repeats for tagging the chromosome regions, while using transgene repeats containing specific promoters with known transcription factor-binding sites and reporter constructs for monitoring gene expression. These methods allow real-time visualization of transcription factor dynamics and their relationship to changes in chromatin structure and gene expression.
Recent studies of energy integrals and their applications

In this paper, recent studies concerning path independent integrals, of relevance in the fracture of solids, and the applications of these integrals, are critically summarized. Specific topics dealt with include: (1) unsteady dynamic crack-propagation in (nonlinear) elastic solids and (2) slow stable, as well as fast crack propagation in elastic-plastic materials, which are characterized by an (incremental) flow theory of plasticity, and which are subject to arbitrary loading (and unloading) histories.
Seminal plasma and IVF potential. Biochemical constituents of seminal plasma of males from in vitro fertilization couples.

Purpose: Many components of seminal plasma play a role in sperm motility by serving as energy sources. Human seminal plasma contains over 30 proteins, including forward motility proteins, antifertility proteins, and coagulation/liquefaction proteins. This study was designed to determine any correlation between motility or fertilization rates and concentrations of fructose, lactic acid, citric acid, carnitine, and protein in human seminal plasma. Methods: Fertilization rates were determined by in vitro methods. Fructose, lactic acid, citric acid, and carnitine concentrations were ascertained using high performance liquid chromatography. Protein concentration was determined by Bradford assay. Results: Protein concentrations were significantly different as a function of sperm motility levels. Other constituents of human seminal plasma showed an overall correlation, though not significant. No constituent exhibited significant differences as a function of fertility levels. Conclusions: Protein concentration was significantly lower for samples with high motility. No significant differences between fertility levels and constituents measured were found.
Closing the gap: CPU and FPGA trends in sustainable floating-point BLAS performance

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have long been an attractive alternative to microprocessors for computing tasks - as long as floating-point arithmetic is not required. Fueled by the advance of Moore's law, FPGAs are rapidly reaching sufficient densities to enhance peak floating-point performance as well. The question, however, is how much of this peak performance can be sustained. This paper examines three of the basic linear algebra subroutine (BLAS) functions: vector dot product, matrix-vector multiply, and matrix multiply. A comparison of microprocessors, FPGAs, and reconfigurable computing platforms is performed for each operation. The analysis highlights the amount of memory bandwidth and internal storage needed to sustain peak performance with FPGAs. This analysis considers the historical context of the last six years and is extrapolated for the next six years.
Specification and constant RMR algorithm for phase-fair reader-writer lock

Brandenburg and Anderson recently introduced a phase-fair readers/ writers lock, where read and write phases alternate: when the writer leaves the CS, any waiting reader will enter the CS before the next writer enters the CS; similarly, if a reader is in the CS and a writer is waiting, any new reader that now enters the Try section will not enter the CS before some writer enters the CS. Thus, neither class of processes-readers or writer-has priority over the others, and no process starves. Brandenburg and Anderson informally specify a phase fair lock and present an algorithm to implement it with O(n) remote memory reference complexity (RMR), where n is the number of processes in the system. In this work we give a rigorous specification of a phase fair lock and present an algorithm that implements it with O(1) RMR complexity.
The right ventricular failure risk score a pre-operative tool for assessing the risk of right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device candidates.

Objectives This study sought to develop a model that estimates the post-operative risk of right ventricular (RV) failure in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) candidates. Background Right ventricular failure after LVAD surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but identifying LVAD candidates at risk for RV failure remains difficult. Methods A prospectively collected LVAD database was evaluated for pre-operative clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic predictors of RV failure. Right ventricular failure was defined as the need for post-operative intravenous inotrope support for >14 days, inhaled nitric oxide for ≥48 h, right-sided circulatory support, or hospital discharge on an inotrope. An RV failure risk score (RVFRS) was created from multivariable logistic regression model coefficients, and a receiver-operating characteristic curve of the score was generated. Results Of 197 LVADs implanted, 68 (35%) were complicated by post-operative RV failure. A vasopressor requirement (4 points), aspartate aminotransferase ≥80 IU/l (2 points), bilirubin ≥2.0 mg/dl (2.5 points), and creatinine ≥2.3 mg/dl (3 points) were independent predictors of RV failure. The odds ratio for RV failure for patients with an RVFRS ≤3.0, 4.0 to 5.0, and ≥5.5 were 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37 to 0.64), 2.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 5.9), and 7.6 (95% CI 3.4 to 17.1), respectively, and 180-day survivals were 90 ± 3%, 80 ± 8%, and 66 ± 9%, respectively (log rank for linear trend p = 0.0045). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the RVFRS (0.73 ± 0.04) was superior to that of other commonly used predictors of RV failure (all p Conclusions The RVFRS, composed of routinely collected, noninvasive pre-operative clinical data, effectively stratifies the risk of RV failure and death after LVAD implantation.
Who Wants to Be a Muggle? The Diminished Legitimacy of Law as Magic

In the Harry Potter world, the magical population lives among the non-magical Muggle population, but we Muggles are largely unaware of them. This secrecy is by elaborate design and is necessitated by centuries-old hostility to wizards by the non-magical majority. The reasons behind this hostility, when combined with the similarities between Harry Potter-stylemagic and American law, make Rowling’s novels into a cautionary tale for the legal profession that it not treat law as a magic unknowable to non-lawyers. Comprehensibility — as a self-contained, normative value in the enactment interpretation, and practice of law — is given short-shrift by the legal profession. It deserves a far higher place of honor in the law of a liberal republic than it holds today, and lawyers above all ought not to underestimate the importance of this value. In the end, it behooves all in the legal wizards’ craft to make more concerted efforts in writing and in drafting of governing legal texts to aid the non-lawyer public in understanding them. Who wants to be a Muggle? No one, really. The ongoing and critical task of the legal profession is to ensure that governing legal texts and lawyers’ treatment of them do not suffer the vices that “make” non-lawyers into Muggles.
Topology of open nonpositively curved manifolds

Abstract This is a survey of topological properties of open, complete nonpositively curved manifolds which may have infinite volume. Topics include topology of ends, restrictions on the fundamental group, as well as a review of known examples. Among many monographs and surveys on aspects of nonpositive curvature, none deals with topology of open complete nonpositively curved manifolds, and this paper aims to fill the void. Most of the material discussed here is not widely-known. A number of questions is posed, ranging from naive to hopelessly difficult. Proofs are supplied when there is no explicit reference, and as always, the author is solely responsible for mistakes. This survey has a narrow focus and does not discuss topological properties of • hyperbolic 3-manifolds [161, 112, 51], • open negatively pinched manifolds [19, 26], • non-Riemannian nonpositively curved manifolds [61], • compact nonpositively curved manifolds [78, 124], • higher rank locally symmetric spaces [125, 73, 28, 87] and their compactifications [35], which are covered in the above references. We choose to work in the Riemannian setting which leads to some simplifications, even though many results hold in a far greater generality, and the references usually point to the strongest results available. Special attention is given to rank one manifolds, such as manifolds of negative curvature. Nonpositively curved manifolds are aspherical so we focus on groups of finite cohomological dimension (i.e. fundamental groups of aspherical manifolds), or better yet, groups of type F (i.e. the fundamental groups of compact aspherical manifolds with boundary). Conventions: unless stated otherwise, manifolds are smooth, metrics are Riemannian, and sectional curvature is denoted by K . Acknowledgments: The author is grateful for NSF support (DMS- 1105045). Thanks are due to Jim Davis, Denis Osin, Yunhui Wu, and the referee for correcting misstatements in the earlier version. Flavors of negative curvature A Hadamard manifold is a connected simply-connected complete manifold of K ≤ 0. By the Cartan-Hadamard theorem, any Hadamard manifold is diffeomorphic to a Euclidean space. Thus any complete manifold of K ≤ 0 is the quotient of a Hadamard manifold by a discrete torsion-free isometry group (torsion-freeness can be seen geometrically: any finite isometry group of a Hadamard manifold fixes the circumcenter of its orbit, or topologically: a nontrivial finite group has infinite cohomological dimension so it cannot act freely on a contractible manifold).
CD73 is a phenotypic marker of effector memory Th17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease.

Purinergic signaling and associated ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CD39 is known to be a Treg memory cell marker, and here we determine the phenotype and function of CD73+CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with IBD. We describe elevated levels of CD73+CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and intestinal lamina propria of patients with active IBD. The functional phenotype of these CD73+CD4+ T cells was further determined by gene expression, ecto-enzymatic activity, and suppressive assays. Increased numbers of CD73+CD4+ T cells in the periphery and lamina propria were noted during active inflammation, which returned to baseline levels following anti-TNF treatment. Peripheral CD73+CD4+ T cells predominantly expressed CD45RO, and were enriched with IL-17A+ cells. The CD73+CD4+ cell population expressed higher levels of RORC, IL-17A, and TNF, and lower levels of FOXP3 and/or CD25, than CD73−CD4+ T cells. Expression of CD73 by peripheral CD4+ T cells was increased by TNF, and decreased by an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody (infliximab). In vitro, these peripheral CD73+CD4+ T cells did not suppress proliferation of CD25− effector cells, and expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory markers. We conclude that the CD73+CD4+ T-cell population in patients with active IBD are enriched with cells with a T-helper type 17 phenotype, and could be used to monitor disease activity during treatment.
Multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for combined chemotherapy and hyperthermia cancer treatment

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have the potential for use as a multimodal cancer therapy agent due to their ability to carry anticancer drugs and generate localized heat when exposed to an alternating magnetic field, resulting in combined chemotherapy and hyperthermia. To explore this potential, we synthesized SPIOs with a phospholipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating, and loaded Doxorubicin (DOX) with a 30.8% w/w loading capacity when the PEG length is optimized. We found that DOX-loaded SPIOs exhibited a sustained DOX release over 72 hours where the release kinetics could be altered by the PEG length. In contrast, the heating efficiency of the SPIOs showed minimal change with the PEG length. With a core size of 14 nm, the SPIOs could generate sufficient heat to raise the local temperature to 43 °C, sufficient to trigger apoptosis in cancer cells. Further, we found that DOX-loaded SPIOs resulted in cell death comparable to free DOX, and that the combined effect of DOX and SPIO-induced hyperthermia enhanced cancer cell death in vitro. This study demonstrates the potential of using phospholipid-PEG coated SPIOs for chemotherapy-hyperthermia combinatorial cancer treatment with increased efficacy.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 93

Abstract Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A=93 have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. Only new or extensively revised data sets are published here, together with all adopted level and adopted γ-ray information for the A=93 isobars. It should be noted that the data sets which are not published here may appear in extensively revised form in the current ENSDF file.
Antipressor Effect of Normal Blood in Experimental Hypertension

ConclusionsBlood of dogs with intact renal circulations reduces the blood pressure of those made hypertensive by partially occluding the renal arteries. Blood from hypertensive dogs gives no such effect. Blood of normal dogs contains an antipressor substance that is absent in hypertensive dogs. Normal blood pressures are not affected by it.
Dendritic orientation and branching distinguish a class of multifunctional turtle spinal interneurons

Spinal interneurons can integrate diverse propriospinal and supraspinal inputs that trigger or modulate locomotion and other limb movements. These synaptic inputs can occur on distal dendrites and yet must remain effective at the soma. Active dendritic conductances may amplify distal dendritic inputs, but appear to play a minimal role during scratching, at least. Another possibility is that spinal interneurons that integrate inputs on distal dendrites have unusually simple dendritic trees that effectively funnel current to the soma. We previously described a class of spinal interneurons, called transverse interneurons (or T neurons), in adult turtles. T neurons were defined as having dendrites that extend further in the transverse plane than rostrocaudally and a soma that extends further mediolaterally than rostrocaudally. T neurons are multifunctional, as they were activated during both swimming and scratching motor patterns. T neurons had higher peak firing rates and larger membrane potential oscillations during scratching than scratch-activated interneurons with different dendritic morphologies (“non-T” neurons). These characteristics make T neurons good candidates to play an important role in integrating diverse inputs and generating or relaying rhythmic motor patterns. Here, we quantitatively investigated additional dendritic morphological characteristics of T neurons as compared to non-T neurons. We found that T neurons have less total dendritic length, a greater proportion of dendritic length in primary dendrites, and dendrites that are oriented more mediolaterally. Thus, T neuron dendritic trees extend far mediolaterally, yet are unusually simple, which may help channel synaptic current from distal dendrites in the lateral and ventral funiculi to the soma. In combination with T neuron physiological properties, these dendritic properties may help integrate supraspinal and propriospinal inputs and generate and/or modulate rhythmic limb movements.
Models of vertical structure and the calibration of two-layer models

Methods of calibration layer models (choosing the adjustable parameters defifining the layer depths and density steps) are presented. The radii of deformation, the surface and bottom amplitudes of the vertical normal modes and the depth-averaged triple products of the modes are the important functionals of the stratification which determine the behavior of the system. We show how these can be matched to the equivalent two-layer model functions of the density step e and upper-layer depth H1 in three different physical situations: time-dependent wind forcing, bottom slope or friction influences, and nonlinear interactions. In each physical situation we illustrate two different choices of which characteristics of the behavior to match and make quantitative comparisons with a continuously stratified model with the stratification derived from oceanic data. These examples show that the optimal calibrations are very different in the three physical situations; i.e., any single choice of e and H1 will inevitably lead to serious errors in predicting the behavior in at least two of the three physical situations. This inaccuracy may lead to serious qualitative misbehavior of a two-layer model in a situation where two or more physical processes are competing (e.g., bottom topography and nonlinearity). We propose a two-mode model (of the same computational simplicity) which does not suffer from this problem, but is optimally calibrated in all three physical situations without changes in the parameters. In addition, it offers the advantages of being automatically calibrated by the specification of the mean continuous density profile and being readily applied to oceanic data of all kinds.
Serum cholesterol values in three species of turtles.

Samples of 3 species of recently captured turtles from the southeastern U.S.A., the peninsula cooter, pond slider, and box turtle, were examined to determine base line values for blood serum cholesterel. Means with standard errors, ranges, and coefficients of variation of this blood parameter were calculated for each species.
Accelerated reliability testing of highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotube networks subjected to DC electrical stressing.

We investigate the electrical reliability of nanoscale lines of highly aligned, networked, metallic/semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fabricated through a template-based fluidic assembly process. We find that these SWCNT networks can withstand DC current densities larger than 10 MA cm − 2 for several hours and, in some cases, several days. We develop test methods that show that the degradation rate, failure predictability and total device lifetime can be linked to the initial resistance. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy suggest that fabrication variability plays a critical role in the rate of degradation, and we offer an empirical method of quickly determining the long-term performance of a network. We find that well-fabricated lines subject to constant electrical stress show a linear accumulation of damage reminiscent of electromigration in metallic interconnects, and we explore the underlying physical mechanisms that could cause such behavior.
Statistical reasoning in clinical trials: hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing is based on certain statistical and mathematical principles that allow investigators to evaluate data by making decisions based on the probability or implausibility of observing the results obtained. However, classic hypothesis testing has its limitations, and probabilities mathematically calculated are inextricably linked to sample size. Furthermore, the meaning of the p value frequently is misconstrued as indicating that the findings are also of clinical significance. Finally, hypothesis testing allows for four possible outcomes, two of which are errors that can lead to erroneous adoption of certain hypotheses: 1. The null hypothesis is rejected when, in fact, it is false. 2. The null hypothesis is rejected when, in fact, it is true (type I or alpha error). 3. The null hypothesis is conceded when, in fact, it is true. 4. The null hypothesis is conceded when, in fact, it is false (type II or beta error). The implications of these errors, their relation to sample size, the interpretation of negative trials, and strategies related to the planning of clinical trials will be explored in a future article in this journal.
Photoinitiated polymerization of styryloxy-based liquid crystalline monomers via free radical and cationic polymerization

A liquid crystalline monomer was photopolymerized under a variety of conditions by both free radical and cationic processes. Comparison of the polymerization rates and the polymer formed by the two mechanisms gives insight into polymerization in ordered phases. The polymerization exotherms generated by the free radical polymerization in the ordered cholesteric nematic and isotropic media were compared to those generated for a similar system upon polymerization in smectic and isotropic media.
Specific Inhibition of Immunocompetence

IN intact animals there is a period of depressed direct haemolytic plaque-forming cell (DPFC) response, below that of the primary response, in primed animals challenged 1 to 9 weeks after the initial immunization1. This depressed DPFC response, during a period when the total haemagglutinin levels are maximum, is difficult to interpret in terms of antibody-mediated immune suppression2,3. During this interval of the primary response to sheep erythrocytes in mice, the haemagglutinin which persists is primarily IgG, which has been demonstrated to exert an inhibitory effect on IgM (DPFC) production. Byers and Sercarz4 have suggested that this depression represents an “exhaustion” of both the immune progenitor (X cells) and the sensitized (Y cells) cell compartments and that the IgM memory is short-lived.
Language, Identities, and ESL Pedagogy

The multifaceted ways in which English Language Learners (ELLs) engage in ‘acts of identity’ (Le Page & Tabouret-Keller, 1985) through their language use have created new challenges for ESL pedagogy. Heterogeneous identities have called into question the native speaker construct and the assumed links between ethnicity and language expertise. Drawing on the research of identity theorists along with samples of completed student questionnaires, I argue in this paper that new paradigms are needed in second-language acquisition (SLA) theory, linguistic categorisation of students, and teacher preparation for ESL pedagogy. A pedagogical framework based on Language Identity, Awareness, and Development (LIAD) is proposed as one way of expanding on current language acquisition models.
Effect of high concentration of inert cosolutes on the refolding of an enzyme: carbonic anhydrase B in sucrose and ficoll 70

The kinetics of refolding of carbonic anhydrase II following transfer from a buffer containing 5 m guanidinium chloride to a buffer containing 0.5 m guanidinium chloride were studied by measuring the time-dependent recovery of enzymatic activity. Experiments were carried out in buffer containing concentrations of two "inert" cosolutes, sucrose and Ficoll 70, a sucrose polymer, at concentrations up to 150 g/liter. Data analysis indicates that both cosolutes significantly accelerate the rate of refolding to native or compact near-native conformations, but decrease the fraction of catalytically active enzyme recovered in the limit of long time. According to the simplest model that fits the data, both cosolutes accelerate a competing side reaction yielding inactive compact species. Acceleration of the side reaction by Ficoll is significantly greater than that of sucrose at equal w/v concentrations.
Navigational Strategies Used by Insects to Find Distant, Wind-Borne Sources of Odor

Insects locate many resources important to survival by tracking along wind-borne odor plumes to their source. It is well known that plumes are patchy distributions of high concentration packets of odor interspersed with clean air, not smooth Gaussian distributions of odor intensity. This realization has been crucial to our understanding of plume-tracking behavior, because insect locomotory movements and sensory processing typically take place in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds, permitting them to respond to the rapid changes in odor concentration they experience in plumes. Because odor plumes are not comprised of smooth concentration gradients, they cannot provide the directional information necessary to allow plume-tracking insects to steer toward the source. Many experiments have shown that, in the species examined, successful source location requires two sensory inputs: the presence of the attractive odor and the detection of the direction of the wind bearing that odor. All plume-tracking insects use the wind direction as the primary directional cue that enables them to steer their movements toward the odor source. Experimental manipulations of the presence and absence of the odor, and the presence, absence, or direction of the wind during plume tracking, have begun to resolve the relationship between these two sensory inputs and how they shape the maneuvers we observe. Experiments, especially those undertaken in the natural wind and odor environments of the organisms in question and those directed at understanding the neural processing that underlie plume tracking, promise to enhance our understanding of this remarkable behavior.
Nutrient, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral analysis of natural prey of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi.

Proximate nutrients, gross energy content, mineral, amino acid and fatty acid composition were determined for teleost, cephalopod and crustacean prey of the Hawaiian monk seal. Crude protein was highest in the octopus, Octopus cyanea (80.0%), crude fat was highest in the Muraenid teleost, Gymnothorax eurostus (14.1%), whereas crude ash was highest in the lobster, Panulirus marginatus (11.6%). Gross energies ranged from 4.0! 0.01 kcal g ! 1 in the Labrid teleost Bodianus bilulunatus to 6.0! 0.12 kcal g ! 1 in the moray eel, Gymnothorax undulatus. Essential amino acids occurred in lower concentrations as a percentage of the total amino acids (35.8! 2.6%) than non-essential amino acids (64.2! 2.6%), but the ratio of individual amino acids to total amino acid concentrations were similar to those required by some monogastric terrestrial species and fingerling salmon. The fatty acid concentrations varied widely among species (range=1.2‐16.5 mg 100 mg ! 1 ); however, the teleosts had higher total fatty acids than the non-teleosts. This study indicates that, from a nutritional standpoint, some prey may be more beneficial to the Hawaiian monk seal; however, these prey are not necessarily the most abundant or available to some populations of the monk seal. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Characterization of the high mannose asparagine-linked oligosaccharides synthesized by Schistosoma mansoni adult male worms

Abstract This report describes the structures of the high-mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins synthesized by Schistosoma mansoni adult male worms. Adult male schistosomes were incubated in vitro in media containing either [2- 3 H]mannose, [6- 3 H]glucosamine or [6- 3 H]galactose to allow metabolic radiolabeling of the oligosaccharide moieties of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Glycopeptides were prepared from the radiolabeled glycoproteins by digestion with Pronase and fractionation by chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Eleven percent of [ 3 H]mannose incorporated into the schistosome glycopeptides was recovered in high mannose-type Asn-linked oligosaccharides which bound to the immobilized lectin. Upon treatment of [ 3 H]mannose-labeled glycopeptide with endo- β - N -acetylglucosaminidase H, the high mannose-type chains were released and their structures were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, methylation analysis, acetolysis and exoglycosidase digestion. The major species of high mannose-type chains synthesized by S. mansoni adult males have the composition Man 7 GlcNAc 2 , Man 8 GlcNac 2 and Man 9 GlcNA 2 . Structural analyses indicate that these oligosaccharides are similar to high mannose-type chains synthesized by mammalian cells.
Seasonality, abundance, and biomass of bacteria in a southwestern reservoir

The seasonality, abundance, and biomass of planktonic bacteria was investigated in a south temperate zone reservoir. Epilimnetic samples were collected periodically throughout 1983 from 5 locations within Lake Arlington, TX. Total bacteria were determined from epifluorescence microscopy and averaged 1.1 × 1013 cells m−3 of water. Planktobacteria accounted for 85% of total cell counts and 73% of total bacterial biomass. Cell volumes were substantially larger in winter than in summer and were negatively correlated with temperature. Cell volumes ranged from 0.076 to 0.330 µm3 and averaged 0.160 µm3. The average biovolume corresponded to a sphere 0.670 µm in diameter. Bacterial biomass was high, averaging 172 mg C m−3 of water and reached seasonal maximum during winter months. Correlation analysis (simple linear and multiple linear) revealed that approximately 50% of the variation in bacterial biomass could be accounted for by variation in temperature and dissolved organic carbon.
PARAESOPHAGEAL CYST IN A HORSE

A 2 year old Morgan gelding was evaluated for a non-painful mass located caudodorsal to the larynx. Radiographically, the mass was ovoid shaped and had a peripheral rim of mineralization. Slight ventral displacement of the dorsal margin of the trachea could also be identified. Uniform moderate level echoes were seen throughout the interior of the mass on ultrasound examination. An esophagram was performed and demonstrated displacement without involvement of the esophagus by the mass. The esophagus appeared as a separate structure from the mass on both the ultrasound examination and esophagram. During surgical removal, the mass also appeared as a distinct structure from the esophagus. Histologically, the mass was consistent with an epithelial inclusion cyst which originated from the esophagus.
The syntheses of deuterium labelled tobacco alkaloids: Nicotine, nornicotine and cotinine

A variety of deuterium labelled tobacco alkaloids has been prepared for metabolic studies. Reduction of myosmine with sodium borodeuteride provided nornicotine-2′-d1. Myosmine also underwent smooth base catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide to myosmine-3′,3′-d2 which could be reduced to nornicotine-3′,3′-d2 and nornicotine-2′,3′,3′-d3. Thus avenues to nicotine alkaloids labelled at C2′, and/or C3′, have been established. Conversion of nornicotine to N-ethoxycarbonyl-nornicotine followed by lithium aluminum deuteride reduction gave nicotine-N-methyl-d3. Nicotine-2′,5′,5′-d3 was prepared by oxidation of nicotine-2′-d1 to cotinine-5-d1 followed by lithium aluminium deuteride reduction.
Weather, Climate, and the Economy: Explaining Risk Perceptions of Global Warming, 2001–10*

AbstractTwo series of national survey datasets (2001–10), supplemented with monthly temperature and precipitation data and unemployment data, are used to examine how weather and climate, economic performance, and individuals’ sociodemographic backgrounds and political orientations affect public perceptions of global warming. Consistent with previous studies, political orientations play a key role in determining public perceptions of global warming. Democrats and liberals are more likely than Republicans and conservatives to see global warming as an immediate and serious problem. Sociodemographic characteristics are also shown to be significant factors, with young people, women, and racial minorities likely to show higher concern about global warming than their counterparts. Moreover, individuals with lower income and higher levels of education tend to be more concerned about global warming. Net of these factors, summer temperature trends over the past 10 years, among other weather and climate measures, ar...
The effects of amount of signaled escape training on subsequent avoidance learning

Independent groups of 12 Long-Evans male rats received 0, 5, 15, or 25 trials of signaled escape training 5 min before receiving 60 trials of avoidance training. Avoidance learning was equally facilitated in the 5-, 15-, and 25-trial groups relative to that of the 0-trial group. The results are discussed in terms of the role of escape responding in avoidance learning.
Propagation of Shock Waves in Anisotropic Composite Plates

Shock fronts in laminated plates subjected to impact loadings are in vestigated by the ray theory. The kinematic conditions of compatibility and the dynamical conditions on the wave fronts are derived. The propaga tion velocity, the expression for the position of the wave front, and the ray geometry are presented. From the ray geometry, the directions of propa gation along which the wave front decays or grows more rapidly are found. Numerical solutions for cross-ply laminates are discussed.
Creating a mutual gains climate regime through universal clean energy services

Climate change is a serious threat to all nations. This raises the question of why continuous treaty negotiations for more than two decades have failed to create a viable or adequate international climate regime. The current strategy of addressing climate change misdiagnoses the issue as a pollution problem by focusing on symptoms (emissions) and not on underlying causes (unsustainable development). In short, the wrong treaty is being negotiated. Drawing on negotiation analysis, it is argued that the existing and proposed climate treaties fail to meet the national interests of any party. An alternative strategy for addressing climate change is proposed that reframes the overall approach to reflect all countries’ development needs and links climate protection goals to the development structure of the treaty. The current deadlock over emissions reductions might be overcome and a mutual gains agreement reached by directing international cooperation towards promoting the provision of clean energy services for...
CDC school health guidelines to prevent unintentional injuries and violence

Abstract Approximately two-thirds of all deaths among children and adolescents aged five to 19 years result from injury-related causes: motor-vehicle crashes, all other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Schools have a responsibility to prevent injuries from occurring on school property and at school-sponsored events. In addition, schools can teach students the skills needed to promote safety and prevent unintentional injuries, violence, and suicide while at home, at work, at play, in the community, and throughout their lives. The school health recommendations for preventing unintentional injury, violence, and suicide summarized here were developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] in collaboration with experts from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations. They are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and current practice in unintentional injury, violence, and suicide prevention; health education; and pub...
Reduced Rank Mixed Effects Models for Spatially Correlated Hierarchical Functional Data

Hierarchical functional data are widely seen in complex studies where subunits are nested within units, which in turn are nested within treatment groups. We propose a general framework of functional mixed effects model for such data: within-unit and within-subunit variations are modeled through two separate sets of principal components; the subunit level functions are allowed to be correlated. Penalized splines are used to model both the mean functions and the principal components functions, where roughness penalties are used to regularize the spline fit. An expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is developed to fit the model, while the specific covariance structure of the model is utilized for computational efficiency to avoid storage and inversion of large matrices. Our dimension reduction with principal components provides an effective solution to the difficult tasks of modeling the covariance kernel of a random function and modeling the correlation between functions. The proposed methodology is illus...
Free Flow Electrophoresis with Multiple Gating Electrodes

Abstract A method of continuous free flow electrophoresis is proposed in which a mixture of particles with different electrophoretic mobilities is fractionated in an alternating electric field between multiple electrodes. Neighboring electrodes form fractionation compartments in which faster migrating species are able to move from one compartment on to the next. If a species with a certain electrophoretic mobility is extracted from a compartment, then slower migrating species remain in the previous compartment and faster migrating species move on to the following compartment.
Cerebral hemodynamics of the aging brain: risk of Alzheimer disease and benefit of aerobic exercise

Alzheimer disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease often coexist with advanced age. Mounting evidence indicates that the presence of vascular disease and its risk factors increase the risk of AD, suggesting a potential overlap of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and stiffening of central elastic arteries have been shown to associate with AD. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the cure and prevention of AD. Vascular risk factors are modifiable via either pharmacological or lifestyle intervention. In this regard, habitual aerobic exercise is increasingly recognized for its benefits on brain structure and cognitive function. Considering the well-established benefits of regular aerobic exercise on vascular health, exercise-related improvements in brain structure and cognitive function may be mediated by vascular adaptations. In this review, we will present the current evidence for the physiological mechanisms by which vascular health alters the structural and functional integrity of the aging brain and how improvements in vascular health, via regular aerobic exercise, potentially benefits cognitive function.
Reinvestigation of CuNbOF5· 4H2O

Abstract The infrared spectrum of CuNb(OH, F) 7 · 3H 2 O confirms the presence of the NbOF 2− 5 anion. Disorder in the crystal structure of CuNbOF 5 · 4H 2 O caused misleading bond valence results and led to the assignment of the incorrect formula.
Isoelectric focusing procedures for the analysis of allozymic variation in minute arthropods.

Two procedures for the analysis of allozymic variation from single individuals of minute arthropods (<1 mm body length) are described. Both procedures exploit the protein concentrating effects of isoelectric focusing (IEF) but differ in the type of support used (agarose gels versus single or multiple layers of cellulose acetate membranes). Scoreable levels and patterns of enzyme activity were obtained for 20 enzymes from two chalcidoid wasp genera and a spider mite. IEF in up to five layers of cellulose acetate membrane allows single individuals to be scored for multiple enzyme systems in a single run. More than 100 individuals can be quickly assayed in a single run with either procedure. The availability of these procedures improves the scope and type of genetic, systematic, and ecological studies that can be carried out with minute arthropods.
Matrix isolation study of the vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of HCCIF2 and of HCCl2F. Infrared spectra of the parent molecules and of the ClCF2 and FCCl2 free radicals

Abstract Studies of the vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of HCClF 2 and of HCCl 2 F isolated in argon and nitrogen matrices at 14°K have led to the infrared spectroscopic identification of the free radicals ClCF 2 and FCCl 2 , respectively. Support for this identification has been obtained from studies of the vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of DCClF 2 , of DCCl 2 F, and of H 13 CCl 2 F, as well as from studies of halogen-atom abstraction from CClF 3 and from CCl 3 F by sodium atoms in an argon matrix environment. The CCl bonds of FCCl 2 , like those of CCl 3 and of HCCl 2 , appear to be exceptionally strong. Gas-phase infrared spectral data are also reported for DCClF 2 and for DCCl 2 F, not previously studied. Vibrational assignments are proposed for these two molecules, and data supporting the reassignment of one of the CF stretching fundamentals of HCClF 2 are presented.
Mapping molecular flexibility of proteins with site-directed spin labeling: a case study of myoglobin.

Site directed spin labeling (SDSL) has potential for mapping protein flexibility under physiological conditions. The purpose of the present study was to explore this potential using 38 singly spin-labeled mutants of myoglobin distributed throughout the sequence. Correlation of the EPR spectra with protein structure provides new evidence that the site dependent variation in lineshape, and hence motion of the spin label, is due largely to differences in mobility of the helical backbone in the ns time range. Fluctuations between conformational substates, typically in the μs-ms time range, are slow on the EPR time scale and the spectra provide a snapshot of conformational equilibria frozen in time as revealed by multiple components in the spectra. A recent study showed that osmolyte perturbation can positively identify conformational exchange as the origin of multicomponent spectra (Lopez et al. (2009), Protein Sci. 18, 1637). In the present study this new strategy is employed in combination with lineshape analysis and pulsed-EPR interspin distance measurements to investigate the conformation and flexibility of myoglobin in three folded and partially folded states. The regions identified to be in conformational exchange in the three forms agree remarkably well with those assigned by NMR, but the faster time scale of EPR allows characterization of localized states not detected in NMR. Collectively, the results suggest that SDSL-EPR and osmolyte perturbation provide a facile means for mapping the amplitude of fast backbone fluctuations and for detecting sequences in slow conformational exchange in folded and partially folded protein sequences.