cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in Cognitive Failures: An Individual Differences Investigation of Everyday Attention and Memory Failures.

The present study examined individual differences in everyday cognitive failures assessed by diaries. A large sample of participants completed various cognitive ability measures in the laboratory. Furthermore, a subset of these participants also recorded everyday cognitive failures (attention, retrospective memory, and prospective memory failures) in a diary over the course of a week. Using latent variable techniques the results suggested that individual differences in cognitive abilities (i.e., working memory, attention control, retrospective memory, and prospective memory) were related to individual differences in everyday cognitive failures. Furthermore, everyday cognitive failures predicted SAT scores and partially accounted for the relation between cognitive abilities and SAT scores. These results provide important evidence for individual differences in everyday cognitive failures as well as important evidence for the ecological validity of laboratory cognitive ability measures.
Newborn sickle cell screening in a region of Western New York State.

Objectives To assess local trends in the incidence of sickle cell disease (SCD) and hemoglobin (Hb) S trait. Hemoglobinopathy clinic follow-up and cohort mortality rates were also evaluated. Study design A longstanding newborn hemoglobinopathy screening program was reviewed. Incidence rates were computed with information from a confidential database, specialty clinic/hospital data, and local birth statistics. Results Over 27 years, the incidence of Hb SS in live black births was 0.163% or 1 in 615. Over 18 years, the incidence of Hb AS was 8.5% or 1 in 11.8. No significant differences in the incidence of Hb SS, Hb AS, and the S allele were found over time. Specialty clinic follow-up improved. Death before age 18 years was documented for 6 SCD cases (2.8%; mortality rate of 0.23 per 100 patient years). Conclusions Local screening activities may have had an impact on participation in specialized SCD care and the disease-associated mortality rate. The incidence of Hb SS has remained unchanged over 27 years, and that of Hb S trait and the S allele has been unaffected in the last 18 years. Trait notification goals and approaches should be reevaluated.
Scalar Dark Matter From Theory Space

The scalar dark matter candidate in a prototypical theory space little Higgs model is investigated. We review all details of the model pertinent to a relic density calculation. We perform a thermal relic density calculation including couplings to the gauge and Higgs sectors of the model. We find two regions of parameter space that give acceptable dark matter abundances. The first region has a dark matter candidate with a mass {Omicron}(100 GeV), the second region has a candidate with a mass greater than {Omicron}(500 GeV). The dark matter candidate in either region is an admixture of an SU(2) triplet and an SU(2) singlet, thereby constituting a possible WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle).
Resolution of Cystic Deterioration of the C1-2 Articulation with Posterior Fusion: Treatment Implications for Asymptomatic Patients

Background The authors previously reported anterior decompression of C1-2 synovial cysts and subsequent posterior fusion in a large series. Although the surgical morbidity and mortality were acceptable, prior reports of stand-alone C1-2 fusion with resolution of cyst compression presumptively by correction of joint instability were intriguing and did not involve the morbidity associated with the transoral procedure. Methods Three cases of retroodontoid cysts that resolved after posterior instrumentation and fusion are presented. These cysts were not associated with rheumatoid arthritis. An additional nine cases from the literature in which fusion was performed without cyst extirpation are reviewed. Results Three patients presented with retroodontoid cysts. Two patients underwent posterior occipitocervical fusion with instrumentation alone. One patient underwent transoral decompression followed by occipitocervical fusion with instrumentation. In this one patient, magnetic resonance imaging performed early after the transoral procedure demonstrated substantial residual cyst. In all cases, follow-up magnetic resonance imaging performed 6–19 months later demonstrated near-complete resolution of the cysts. A literature review was done to find all other similar cases. Demographics, clinical presentation, imaging, and surgical outcome of these cases were analyzed. Conclusions In asymptomatic patients with a synovial cyst of the atlantoaxial junction, posterior fusion alone may lead to complete resolution of the cyst; however, in neurologically symptomatic patients with similar lesions, cyst decompression coupled with posterior fusion is recommended to ensure the highest chance of cyst resolution and clinical improvement.
Ten Ways to Reduce Detention Population

“Juvenile detention is regularly overlooked, maligned, and misunderstood. Its embattled condition is best described as severely abused and neglected. It is underfunded, understaffed, crowded and largely ignored.”1 “Detention caseloads increased 38 percent between 1987 and 1996. The increase in the number of delinquency cases handled by the courts has driven the growth in the number of juveniles in the detention system. In 1987, 1.2 million delinquency cases were disposed of in juvenile courts. By 1996, this number had risen 49 percent, to almost 1.8 million. This increase in the volume of juveniles in the justice system resulted in a 38 percent increase in the number of delinquency cases that involved the use of detention. The number of juvenile delinquency cases detained in 1996 was 89,000 more than in 1987. This has resulted in increased demand for juvenile detention bed space across the country.”2 “Changes in statutes allowing more detainable offenses have significantly increased the number of youths admitted to regional detention centers.”3 “Although minority youth constituted about 32 percent of the youth population in the country in 1995, they represented 68 percent of the juvenile population in secure detention…4
Enzymic Hydroperoxide Initiated Effects in Fresh Fish

Enzymic formation of hydroperoxides was demonstrated in the emerald shiner (Norropis antheroides) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by inhibiting the initial formation of hydroperoxides in fish homogenates with oxygenase activity inhibitors [SnCI2; 10 mM; aspirin, 40 mM; potassium cyanide, 40 mM; microwave thermal denaturation]. These treatments resulted in suppressions of formation of both the volatile compounds responsible for fresh fish aromas and those derived from classic lipid autoxidation. Subsequent addition of hydroperoxides or peroxides into fish homogenates previously treated with enzyme inhibitor reinstated the formation of volatile compounds classically derived from autoxidation only.
False-Positive and False-Negative Sweat Tests: Systematic Review of the Evidence

The measurement of sweat chloride concentration (sweat test) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). For infants with a positive newborn screening test for CF, the sweat test is the next step to confirm the diagnosis. However, there are several reports in the literature regarding conditions that are known to be associated with false positive or false negative sweat tests. This systematic review of the literature summarizes the evidence available regarding these conditions. Interpretation of sweat test results should be done in the context of patient's clinical presentation and associated comorbidities. Additional research is needed for conditions that may affect sweat chloride concentrations.
Online voting: Boon or bane for democracy?

Estonia is the only country in the world where all voters can vote online in national elections. In the 2015 election, 31% of voters did so. This paper discusses the sociology and politics of online voting in Estonia. I first show that online voting is a partisan project. Liberal, conservative, and social democratic parties support online voting as a way of modernizing the electoral system, while populist and agrarian parties oppose it as a tool for political manipulation. I then show that online voting is demographically and politically biased. Online voters are more urban, richer, and better-educated than conventional voters and non-voters. The opposition left-populist Center Party receives fewer votes online than the governing market-liberal Reform Party. This is a bad thing for democracy and Estonia should discontinue online voting.
Chaos and Solitons in Dissipative Nonlinear Systems

Largely motivated by the discovery of some universality in dynamical systems theories [1] and creative new experiments, there have been intensive studies over the last few years showing a fascinating variety of chaotic and non-chaotic responses in low-dimensional dynamical systems described by dissipative, deterministic nonlinear o.d.e.’s. For example, single classical particles moving in various nonlinear local potentials and subjected to damping and a sinusoidal driving force are found to display a probably dense set of transitions from simply periodic to fully chaotic evolution, including period doubling sequences and intermittency. A nonlinear oscillator moving in a sinusoidal potential has been especially popular [2–4] because of its potential application to many physical systems. It may be helpful to consider a physical analogue such as a simple pendulum of mass m, length l in a gravitational field g; the potential is then mgl(1-cosφ).
The Lyre of Orpheus: Aesthetics and Authority in Melville's 'Billy Budd'

Billy Budd is frequently read by political theorists as an allegory of law and a philosophical reflection on the dilemmas of legal and moral judgment in times of political crisis; Melville's story is said to dramatize the fraught exposure of procedural norms to the sovereign 'state of exception'. In this essay I argue that this familiar approach to Melville's story takes too narrow a view, and that Melville insightfully situates these familiar legal dilemmas within a broader theoretical rubric: the constitution and performative maintenance of political authority. Melville's story presents the rule of law as but one 'form' among others that work to constitute and sustain authoritative relations among men. Melville focuses on the inescapably aesthetic dimensions of authority. Melville's story shows the realm of authority and political judgment to be situated in the broadly aesthetic terrain between reasoned consent, on the one hand, and arbitrary will, on the other, or between deliberation and decision. 'With mankind', Melville writes, 'forms, measured forms, are everything; and this is the import couched in the story of Orpheus with his lyre spellbinding the wild denizens of the wood.' Billy Budd examines the intricate mechanisms of 'spellbinding', 'captivation', and 'enthrallment', and, controversially, how legal procedures are themselves implicated in these mechanisms.
Na domhain shamhlaíochta: formulary submission guidelines in Ireland and the standards of normal science.

In common with a number of other single payer health systems, Ireland, through the Health Information and Quality Authority, has established guidelines for formulary submissions by pharmaceutical manufacturers. In the last few months, however, there have been a number of questions raised as to whether or not guidelines for economic evaluations in such submissions are consistent with the standards of normal science. Do they require those making the submission to put their claims in the form of testable hypotheses that can support falsification and replication? The purpose of this commentary is to consider whether the 2014 guidelines meet these standards. The assessment presented argues that the guidelines do not meet the standards of normal science. Instead, from this perspective, they are best characterized as na domhain shamhlaiochta (imaginary or false worlds). There is no requirement in the guidelines for claims to be expressed as testable propositions, as hypotheses for expected impact that can be evaluated and the outcomes reported as part of ongoing disease area and therapeutic class reviews. The commentary concludes with suggestions for a reworking of the guidelines to meet the standards of normal science.
Laparoendoscopic Upper Pole Partial Nephrectomy with Ureterectomy

AbstractA 14-year-old white girl presented with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections beginning at age 18 months. Anatomical evaluation revealed bilateral duplication of the collecting systems. On the right side the upper pole moiety ended at an obstructing orthotopic ureterocele. On the left side the upper pole moiety was associated with an ectopic ureteral orifice. The patient underwent laparoendoscopic right upper pole partial nephrectomy with ureterectomy. To our knowledge this is the first report of a laparoendoscopic upper pole partial nephrectomy. Details of the procedure are discussed.
Intraoperative Monitoring for Myocardial Ischemia with Two-dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography

Summary In animal models and in human studies in the catheterization laboratory and in the operating room, echocardiographically detected SWMA have been proved to be earlier and more sensitive indicators of myocardial ischemia than ECG-detected ST segment changes or acute changes in hemodynamics. In addition, when new SWMA persist to the conclusion of operation, myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular complications are likely to occur. Detection of SWMA can be confounded by marked translational and rotational motion of the heart or by incoordinate contraction of the ventricle during bundle branch block or ventricular pacing. However, myocardial thickening during systole is a hallmark of nonischemic, viable myocardium and can be assessed even in the presence of these confounding effects. TEE has already become a powerful research tool for anesthesiologists and is likely to become a clinical tool in many other centers, in part, because of its superior ability to detect myocardial ischemia.
Interkingdom Responses to Bacterial Quorum Sensing Signals Regulate Frequency and Rate of Nodulation in Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis

Density-dependent phenotypic switching in bacteria, the phenomenon of quorum sensing (QS), is instrumental in many pathogenic and mutualistic behaviors. In many Gram-negative bacteria, QS is regulated by N-acylated-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs). Synthetic analogues of these AHLs hold significant promise for regulating QS at the host-symbiont interface. Regulation depends on refined temporal and spatial models of quorums under native conditions. Critical to this is an understanding of how the presence of these signals may affect a prospective host. We screened a library of AHL analogues for their ability to regulate the legume-rhizobia mutualistic symbiosis (nodulation) between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. Using an established QS-reporter line of S. meliloti and nodulation assays with wild-type bacteria, we identified compounds capable of increasing either the rate of nodule formation or total nodule number. Most importantly, we identified compounds with activity exclusive to either host or pathogen, underscoring the potential to generate QS modulators selective to bacteria with limited effects on a prospective host.
CHANGES IN RESIDUAL NITRITE IN SAUSAGE AND LUNCHEON MEAT PRODUCTS DURING STORAGE

Changes in residual nitrite content of 18 sausage products during storage for various lengths of time are reported. Most pre-packaged processed meats (storage temperature 5 ± 2 C) showed decreasing residual nitrite levels during storage. All dried meat products (storage temperature 24 ± 1 C) showed increasing residual nitrite levels during storage. Residual nitrite decreased with cooking for the three products evaluated.
Evaluation of a cognitive remediation intervention for college students with psychiatric conditions.

OBJECTIVE Given the poor educational outcomes associated with psychiatric conditions, we developed Focused Academic Strength Training (FAST), a 12-week strategy-focused cognitive remediation intervention designed to improve academic functioning among college students with psychiatric conditions. Here we report initial results from a randomized controlled trial of FAST. METHOD Seventy-two college students with mood, anxiety, and/or psychotic disorders were randomized to receive FAST or services as usual and were assessed at baseline and 4 months (posttreatment). RESULTS Repeated-measures analyses of variance indicated FAST-associated improvements in self-reported cognitive strategy use (p < .001), self-efficacy (p = .001), and academic difficulties (p = .025). There were no significant treatment-related improvements in neuropsychological performance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE FAST may lead to an increase in self-efficacy and cognitive strategy use, as well as a reduction in academic difficulties among students with psychiatric conditions. Future analyses with follow-up data through 12 months will address the potential of FAST to improve academic functioning among this population. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Ironic History of Rule 23

Fifty years ago, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were amended to create the modern money damages class action, Rule 23(b)(3). The 1966 amendment changed the money damages class action from one where class members had to opt in to be included to one where all class members were included unless they opted out. No change to the original Federal Rules has been a greater boon to plaintiffs and a greater burden to the business community. But when (b)(3) was proposed, almost no one worried the rule would be too friendly to plaintiffs. Rather, the greater worry expressed at the time was the rule would be too friendly to business. In this article, I recount the ironic history of (b)(3).
Path Knowledge Discovery: Multilevel Text Mining as a Methodology for Phenomics

Transdisciplinary research is a rapidly expanding part of science and engineering, demanding newmethods for connecting results across fields. In biomedicine for example, modeling complex biological systems requires linking knowledge acrossmulti-level of science, fromgenes to disease. Themove to multilevel research requires new strategies; in this discussion we present path knowledge discovery, a novel methodology for linking published research findings.
Bovine colostrum supplementation does not affect plasma I-FABP concentrations following exercise in a hot and humid environment.

To quantify the impact of a 14-day bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on intestinal cell damage following exercise in a hot and humid environment. Ten male participants (20 ± 2 years, VO2max 55.80 ± 3.79 mL kg−1 min−1, 11.81 ± 2.71% body fat) ran for 46 ± 7.75 min at 95% of ventiliatory threshold in 40 °C and 50% RH following a 14-day double-blinded supplementation with either BC or placebo (Plac). Core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion were recorded every 5 min during exercise. Blood was taken pre, post, 1 h, and 4 h post exercise. Intestinal cell damage was assessed via intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). I-FABP concentrations were similar between conditions at all time points [pre 989.39 ± 490.88 pg ml−1 (BC) 851.35 ± 450.71 pg ml−1 (Plac) post 1505.10 ± 788.63 pg ml−1 (BC) 1267.12 ± 521.51 pg ml−1 (Plac) 1-h, 1087.77 ± 397.06 pg ml−1 (BC) 997.25 ± 524.74 pg ml−1 (Plac) 4-h, 511.35 ± 243.10 pg ml−1 (BC) 501.46 ± 222.54 pg ml−1 (Plac)]. I-FABP was elevated pre to post exercise for both BC (162 ± 50%) and Plac (162 ± 56%) (p < 0.05). BC had no effect on mean body temperature [beginning 36.11 ± 0.30 °C, ending: 39.52 ± 0.28 °C (BC); beginning:35.96 ± 0.43 °C, ending:39.42 ± 0.38 °C (Plac)]. While BC supplementation may protect against enterocyte damage during exercise in thermonuetral environments, our data suggest that BC supplementation may not be an effective technique for preventing enterocyte damage during exercise when core temperature exceeds 39 °C.
Modeling transient soil moisture limitations on microbialcarbon respiration

Abstract. Observations show that soil microorganisms can survive periods of aridity and recover rapidly after wetting events. This behavior can be explained by a moisture-dependent adaptation (i.e. the ability to transition between a dormant state in dry conditions and an active state in wet conditions). Though this dynamic behavior has been previously incorporated into modeling frameworks, a direct comparison between a model application of this active-dormant transition mechanism and a more simplified first-order model has yet to be made. Here, we developed two models, one using simplified first-order kinetics and the other featuring a process-based rate expression incorporating the transition between active and dormant biomass. The two approaches are contrasted through a benchmarking exercise using a set of time series soil incubation datasets. We evaluated the two models using an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Combining the AIC evaluation and model-data comparison, we conclude that the dormancy-incorporated model performs better for shallow soils (above 108 cm), despite the added parameters required. In addition, this model is uniquely capable of reproducing transient CO2 flux rates associated with dynamic microbial response to changing soil moisture. In contrast, the first-order model achieves better AIC scores when simulating the incubation data obtained from our deepest soils (112–165 cm). However, deep soils constitute a minor contribution to the overall CO2 flux of an intact soil column. Thus, the dormancy-incorporated model may better simulate respiration of the whole soil.
FROM ENZYME CHEMISTRY TO GENETIC MANIPULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines working and gradual shift of Paul Berg from enzyme chemistry to genetic manipulation. Acyl adenylates helped explain a curious observation: the exchange of inorganic pyrophosphate with the β, γ-phosphoryl groups of ATP promoted by amino acid. An enzyme that can distinguish a single amino acid among many, and one or a few tRNAs from 50 to 100 structurally similar molecules, is fascinating indeed. So much so that studies of the structure, catalytic properties and specificity of various amino acyl tRNA synthetases occupied a number of scientists for several years. During several investigations, it was found that changes in nucleotide sequences of tRNA could affect the specificity of amino acylation and the translation of condons in mRNA. Mike Chamberlin, as a graduate student, detected and purified an enzyme that synthesized RNA using DNA as a template; the DNA-directed RNA polymerase of E. coli. Only more recently has the coupling of DNA transcription to protein synthesis in vitro come into its own in studies of the mechanism of regulation of gene expression.
Principles of Classification and Diagnosis in Anatomic Pathology and the Inevitability of Problem Cases

Diagnoses in surgical pathology are rendered by the somewhat subjective evaluation of histopathological features that can be interpreted variably by different pathologists, inevitably resulting in problem cases that are difficult to classify. In this chapter, a framework is set out for thinking critically about oncopathological classification and diagnosis, organizing the discussion around the central elements of the classification process: (1) the individual cases being classified (e.g., the individual neoplasm, INeop), (2) the groups formed by aggregating individual cases similar in relevant respects (the neoplastic kind, KNeop), and (3) the classifier-diagnostician whose essential contribution is evident at every stage of the process. Current research in molecular-genetic oncology suggests that the classifications of INeop ’s are best regarded as evolutionary processes, that the groups formed by aggregating them in with respect to their histogenesis are extensionally indeterminate family resemblance groups and that our view of the world of neoplasms at any given time results both from the way the world probably is and, equally, how I chose to visualize and conceptualize it.
Prediction of Postoperative Surgical Risk: A Needs Assessment for a Medical Student Curriculum.

OBJECTIVE Medical students’ abilities to predict postoperative complications and death are unknown. We hypothesize that medical students will lack confidence in determining surgical risk and will significantly overestimate surgical risk for post-operative morbidities and mortality. DESIGN Participants were invited to participate in an electronic, anonymous survey to assess their ability to predict surgical risk. The survey presented 7 complex clinical scenarios representative of a diverse general surgery practice. Participants were asked to assess the likelihood of different morbidities and mortality on a 0-100% scale, and predictions were compared to the ACS NSQIP risk calculator. SETTING Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Tertiary medical center PARTICIPANTS Third year medical students on their surgery clerkship as well as general surgery residents were invited to participate. RESULTS Most students were not confident about predicting postoperative complications (83.3%) or mortality (70.8%). Most students did not feel that the surgery clerkship adequately prepared them to assess surgical risk (69.6%). When compared to surgical residents for most presented cases (57% of cases), students and residents similarly overestimated postoperative morbidities and mortality. Estimates varied significantly, with wide 95% confidence intervals. Only 17% of NSQIP predicted estimates fell within the 95% confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS Medical students overestimate morbidity and mortality following surgery in complex patients. Additionally, they lack confidence in their ability to predict surgical complications. A formal curriculum for risk prediction is needed for medical students.
Towards Operational Validation: Mapping Power System Inputs to Operating Conditions

Validation is a critical component in the development of synthetic models, which aims to convince a user that a model achieves its claims of realism. While users of power system test cases are primarily interested in operational results, which could be considered outputs, it is more convenient and feasible to control distributions of data inputs, both structural and otherwise. Validation metrics, are therefore generally focused on input rather than operation features. This paper investigates the link between input and output statistics in power system. Better understanding of this relationship allows validation to continue to focus largely on input statistics, while at the same time offering some assurance about operational behavior.
Insiders and Outsiders: Latino Researchers Navigating the Studying of the Police

A large body of literature utilizes a qualitative methodology to study the police in communities of color. Within this literature are discussions of ethical and access issues involved in researchin...
Postoperative Tourniquet Pain in Patients Undergoing Foot and Ankle Surgery.

Background Tourniquets are commonly used to reduce bleeding intraoperatively during orthopedic surgery. There are variable guidelines for ideal tourniquet pressure and duration; the practice of fixed, high tourniquet pressures remains common. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between excessive tourniquet pressure and duration and the incidence of tourniquet pain in foot and ankle surgery patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 128 patients who underwent foot and ankle surgery with tourniquet use. Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP), tourniquet pressure and duration, intraoperative opioid consumption, post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) pain scores, PACU opioid consumption, and PACU length of stay (LOS) were collected. Linear regression analysis was used to test for the statistical correlation between the tourniquet pressure and duration and postoperative pain scores, narcotic use, and PACU LOS. Results A tourniquet pressure of 280 mmHg was used in 90% of the cases (N = 128). Only 2.5% of the patients had tourniquet pressures 100-150 mmHg above SBP. The mean tourniquet time was 107.5 minutes ± 39.8. Linear regression showed a significant positive correlation between tourniquet time and morphine equivalents used in the perioperative period (r = 0.410; p < 0.001) and the length of PACU stay (r = 0.250; p = 0.012). Conclusion Prolonged tourniquet times at high pressures, not based on limb occlusion pressure LOP, lead to increased pain and opioid use and prolonged PACU LOS. Basing tourniquet pressures on LOPs could likely improve the safety margin of the tourniquets; however, randomized clinical trials are needed.
A new set of basaltic tephras from Southeast Alaska represent key stratigraphic markers for the late Pleistocene

Three new tephras have been identified in Southeast Alaska. An 8-cm-thick black basaltic tephra with nine discrete normally graded beds is present in cores from a lake on Baker Island. The estimated age of the tephra is 13,492 ± 237 cal yr BP. Although similar in age to the MEd tephra from the adjacent Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field, this tephra is geochemically distinct. Black basaltic tephras recovered from two additional sites in Southeast Alaska, Heceta Island and the Gulf of Esquibel, are also geochemically distinct from the MEd tephra. The age of the tephra from Heceta Island is 14,609 ± 343 cal yr BP. Whereas the tephras recovered from Baker Island/Heceta Island/Gulf of Esquibel are geochemically distinct from each other, similarities in the ages of these tephras and the MEd tephra suggest a shared eruptive trigger, possibly crustal unloading caused by retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The submerged Addington volcanic field on the continental shelf, which may have been subaerially exposed during the late Pleistocene, is a possible source for the Southeast Alaska tephras.
Exploring the Role of Physical Education Teachers’ Domain-Specific Innovativeness, Educational Background, and Perceived School Support in CSPAP Adoption

Purpose:A comprehensive school physical activity program (CSPAP) is designed to help school-aged youth meet physical activity (PA) guidelines as well as develop knowledge, skills, and dispositions ...
Disjunctive Multi-Level Secret Sharing.

A disjunctive multi-level secret sharing scheme divides users into different levels. Each level L is associated with a threshold tL, and a group of users can only recover the secret if, for some L, there are at least tL users at levels 0....L in the group. We present a simple ideal disjunctive multi-level secret sharing scheme – in fact, the simplest and most direct scheme to date. It is the first polynomial-time solution that allows the dealer to add new users dynamically. Our solution is by far the most efficient; the dealer must perform O(t) field operations per user, where t is the highest threshold in the system. We demonstrate the simplicity of our scheme by extending our construction into a distributed commitment scheme using standard techniques.
Dimethylanilinic N-Oxides and Their Oxygen Surrogacy Role in the Formation of a Putative High-Valent Copper–Oxygen Species

The reaction of p-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxide, an O-atom donor, with different copper(I) complexes (at room temperature and in acetone) indicates the formation via O-atom transfer of a high-v...
Understanding User-Bot Interactions for Small-Scale Automation in Open-Source Development

Small-scale automation tools, or "bots," have been widely deployed in open-source software development to support manual project maintenance tasks. Though interactions between these bots and human developers can have significant effects on user experience, previous research has instead mostly focused on project outcomes. We reviewed existing small-scale bots in wide use on GitHub. After an in-depth qualitative and quantitative evaluation, we compiled several important design principles for human-bot interaction in this context. Following the requirements, we further propose a workflow to support bot developers.
A substrate for modular, extensible data-visualization

As the scope of scientific questions increase and datasets grow larger, the visualization of relevant information correspondingly becomes more difficult and complex. Sharing visualizations amongst collaborators and with the public can be especially onerous, as it is challenging to reconcile software dependencies, data formats, and specific user needs in an easily accessible package. We present substrate, a data-visualization framework designed to simplify communication and code reuse across diverse research teams. Our platform provides a simple, powerful, browser-based interface for scientists to rapidly build effective three-dimensional scenes and visualizations. We aim to reduce the limitations of existing systems, which commonly prescribe a limited set of high-level components, that are rarely optimized for arbitrarily large data visualization or for custom data types. To further engage the broader scientific community and enable seamless integration with existing scientific workflows, we also present pytri, a Python library that bridges the use of substrate with the ubiquitous scientific computing platform, Jupyter. Our intention is to lower the activation energy required to transition between exploratory data analysis, data visualization, and publication-quality interactive scenes.
Abstract B03: Differential YAP expression in glioma cells induces cell competition and promotes tumorigenesis

Intratumor heterogeneity associates with cancer progression and may account for a substantial portion of therapeutic resistance. Although extensive studies have focused on the origin of the heterogeneity, biologic interactions between heterogeneous malignant cells within a tumor are largely unexplored. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor. Here, we found that the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) is intratumorally heterogeneous in GBM. In a xenograft mouse model, differential YAP expression in glioma cells promotes tumorigenesis and leads to clonal dominance by cells expressing more YAP. Such clonal dominance also occurs in vitro when cells reach confluence in the two-dimensional culture condition or grow into tumor spheroids. During this process, growth of the dominant cell population is enhanced. In tumor spheroid, such enhanced growth is accompanied by increased apoptosis in cells expressing less YAP. The cellular interaction during clonal dominance appears to be reminiscent of cell competition. RNA-seq analysis suggested that the interaction induces expression of tumorigenic genes, which may contribute to the enhanced tumor growth. These results suggested that tumorigenesis benefits from competitive interactions between heterogeneous tumor cells. Citation Format: Zhijun Liu, Patricia P. Yee, Yiju Wei, Zhenqiu Liu, Yuka Imamura Kawasawa, Wei Li. Differential YAP expression in glioma cells induces cell competition and promotes tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B03.
Prefrontal Cortex Transcriptomic Deconvolution Implicates Monocyte Infiltration in Parkinson's Disease.

Introduction Although not considered a primary cause, neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods To elucidate potential immune involvement in PD, the present study imputed immune cell abundances from bulk RNA-sequencing transcriptomic data of PD postmortem prefrontal cortices. CIBERSORTx, an RNA deconvolution algorithm that implements support vector regression, was used to measure the relative abundances of immune cells from a previously published gene expression dataset. Through this machine-learning approach, relative proportions of 22 immune cell subtypes present in the original brain tissue were estimated. Results Prefrontal cortices from PD patients exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of monocytes compared to neuropathologically normal controls (p value = 0.0005). The relative proportions of the other 21 immune subtypes showed no significant differences between control and PD samples. Conclusion and discussion The findings corroborate previous reports and suggest monocytes may be involved in PD pathogenesis.
Symmetric Distributions and Predictable Maps

Asymptotically invariant sampling, exchangeable and contractable, mixed and conditionally i.i.d. sequences, coding representation and equivalence criteria, urn sequences and factorial measures, strong stationarity, prediction sequence, predictable sampling, optional skipping, sojourns and maxima, exchangeable and mixed Levy processes, compensated jumps, sampling processes, hyper-contraction and tightness, rotatable sequences and processes, predictable mapping.
The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners

The global rise in obesity, type II diabetes, and other metabolic disorders in recent years has been attributed in part to the overconsumption of added sugars. Sugar reduction strategies often rely on synthetic and naturally occurring sweetening compounds to achieve their goals, with popular synthetic sweeteners including saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, alitame, and advantame. Natural sweeteners can be further partitioned into nutritive, including polyols, rare sugars, honey, maple syrup, and agave, and nonnutritive, which include steviol glycosides and rebaudiosides, luo han guo (monk fruit), and thaumatin. We choose the foods we consume largely on their sensory properties, an area in which these sugar substitutes often fall short. Here, we discuss the most popular synthetic and natural sweeteners, with the goal of providing an understanding of differences in the sensory profiles of these sweeteners versus sucrose, that they are designed to replace, essential for the effectiveness of sugar reduction strategies. In addition, we break down the influence of these sweeteners on metabolism, and present results from a large survey of consumers' opinions on these sweeteners. Consumer interest in clean label foods has driven a move toward natural sweeteners; however, neither natural nor synthetic sweeteners are metabolically inert. Identifying sugar replacements that not only closely imitate the sensory profile of sucrose but also exert advantageous effects on body weight and metabolism is critical in successfully the ultimate goals of reducing added sugar in the average consumer's diet. With so many options for sucrose replacement available, consumer opinion and cost, which vary widely with suagr replacements, will also play a vital role in which sweeteners are successful in widespread adoption.
Micro Versus Macro Processes: How specific stress exposure impacts sleep, affect, and risk-related behavior on the path to disease in high-risk adults.

The stress-to-disease association has been well-accepted for some time. However, the understanding of how stress exposure contributes to psychological disease progression remains unclear. To test t...
Physicochemical and Microbiological Stability of Compounded Metronidazole Suspensions in PCCA SuspendIt.

Metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of trichomoniasis, amebiasis, and anaerobic bacterial infections. The dosage regimen of metronidazole needs to be individualized in the treatment of trichomoniasis, in patients with hepatic impairment, and in pediatric as well as geriatric patients. A review of the therapeutic uses of metronidazole reveals the need for flexibility in dosing. This flexibility is readily achieved using an oral liquid dosage form. However, no commercial liquid dosage form of metronidazole currently exists. Metronidazole is commercially available only as 250-mg and 500-mg film-coated tablets. An extemporaneously compounded suspension from pure drug powder or commercial tablets would provide a convenient option to meet unique patient needs. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical and microbiological stability of extemporaneously compounded metronidazole suspensions in PCCA SuspendIt. This base is a sugar-free, paraben-free, dye-free, and gluten-free thixotropic vehicle containing a natural sweetener obtained from the monk fruit. The study design included two metronidazole concentrations to provide stability documentation over a bracketed concentration range for eventual use by compounding pharmacists. A robust stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of the chemical stability of metronidazole in PCCA SuspendIt was developed and validated. Suspensions of metronidazole were prepared in PCCA SuspendIt at 25-mg/mL and 50-mg/mL concentrations, selected to represent a range within which the drug is commonly dosed. Samples were stored in plastic amber prescription bottles at two temperature conditions (5AEC and 25AEC). Samples were assayed initially and on the following time points (days): 7, 14, 28, 42, 59, 90, 122, and 180. Physical data such as pH, viscosity, and appearance were also noted. Microbiological stability was also tested. All measurements were obtained in triplicate. A stable extemporaneous product is defined as one that retains at least 90% of the initial drug concentration throughout the sampling period and is protected against microbial growth. The study showed that metronidazole concentrations did not go below 97% of the label claim (initial drug concentration) at both temperatures studied. No microbial growth was observed. Viscosity and pH values also did not change significantly. This study demonstrates that metronidazole is physically, chemically, and microbiologically stable in PCCA SuspendIt for 180 days in the refrigerator and at room temperature, thus providing a viable, compounded alternative for metronidazole in a liquid dosage form, with an extended beyond-use-date to meet patient needs.
Post-Phenomenology, Transduction, and Speculative Fabulations

This response briefly argues that post-phenomenology has always cut across the transcendental-empirical divide and is able to cultivate a deep respect for technologies in their otherness, without denying their relation to humanity. It does this by revisiting Don Ihde’s genetic phenomenological variations and tracing its relation to Gilbert Simondon’s ontogenesis. Having set up the historical nature of objects, the second part of this paper will take up Yoni Van Den Eede’s call for a more speculative approach.
The Wall on Trade: Reconsidering the Boundary of Section 232 Authority under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962

The question of whether and to what extent President Trump’s Section 232 tariffs adversely affects the economy of the United States is beyond the scope of this Note. Instead, this Note explores the boundary of Section 232 authority. This inquiry is especially timely, not only because of the ongoing disputes at the World Trade Organization (“WTO”), but also because the current administration repeatedly signaled its intention to use Section 232 as a regular tool to slap tariffs on imports. Part I presents an overview of Section 232 tariffs imposed by President Trump and the retaliatory measures taken by the U.S. trading partners. Part II analyzes Section 232’s statutory language, legislative history, and past applications, demonstrating that Section 232 should only provide a narrow and exceptional remedy in international commerce. Part III examines Section 232 through the lens of the WTO rules and argues that invoking Section 232 under an overbroad interpretation of national security would lead to an inevitable clash with the international trading system. Ultimately, this Note advocates that in the interests of predictability and certainty of U.S. trade policy, Section 232 should not become a carte blanche for protectionism. Among other things, Congress should reconsider the boundary of Section 232 and rebalance presidential trade authority through procedural and substantive constraints.
Parental Psychological Control, Social Capital, Substance Use, and Driving Under the Influence among College Students: Sex Differences

With a sample of college students in emerging adulthood (age range: 18–25), the current study investigated sex differences in the impact of parental psychological control and perceived social capital on three types of health-risk behaviors, including binge drinking, drug use, and driving under the influence (i.e., DUI). The moderation of social capital on the relations between parental psychological control and health-risk behaviors was also studied. The findings suggested that more paternal psychological control and less social capital were positively associated with binge drinking and drug use in men and all three types of risky behavior in women. However, maternal psychological control only predicted more binge drinking and drug use for women. Perceived social capital exacerbated the negative influence of paternal psychological control on males’ drinking behaviors, whereas it buffered the effect of paternal psychological control on females’ DUI behavior. Parenting programs need to focus on sex-specific parenting skills that can encourage children to develop internalized values and internalize positive social rules, attitudes, and behaviors. Prevention or intervention programs may consider enhancing the involvement of fathers in parenting and develop practices sensitive to paternal roles. Parents may consider capitalizing on community resources to facilitate female children’s socialization.
Electronic cigarette smoke reduces ribosomal protein gene expression to impair protein synthesis in primary human airway epithelial cells.

The widespread use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) is a serious public health concern; however, mechanisms by which e-cig impair the function of airway epithelial cells—the direct target of e-cig smoke—are not fully understood. Here we report transcriptomic changes, including decreased expression of many ribosomal genes, in airway epithelial cells in response to e-cig exposure. Using RNA-seq we identify over 200 differentially expressed genes in air–liquid interface cultured primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) exposed to e-cig smoke solution from commercial e-cig cartridges. In particular, exposure to e-cig smoke solution inhibits biological pathways involving ribosomes and protein biogenesis in NHBE cells. Consistent with this effect, expression of corresponding ribosomal proteins and subsequent protein biogenesis are reduced in the cells exposed to e-cig. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis identified the presence of five flavoring chemicals designated as ‘high priority’ in regard to respiratory health, and methylglyoxal in e-cig smoke solution. Together, our findings reveal the potential detrimental effect of e-cig smoke on ribosomes and the associated protein biogenesis in airway epithelium. Our study calls for further investigation into how these changes in the airway epithelium contribute to the current epidemic of lung injuries in e-cig users.