cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computing at Central Texas College

Central Texas College has developed a post secondary curriculum in data processing in conjunction with the United States Office of Education. The program has been developed around the career education guidelines established by the United States Office of Education. The following list of program advantages will be discussed in some detail at the June meeting:1. A complete unit of learning has been provided for the student in his first year and in his second year. At the end of his first year he will have received useful skills that are saleable in the market place. During the first year he will have had a balance of data processing courses, mathematics, business practices and effective communications. These subjects, combined with the learning of a basic programming language and systems analysis, will qualify him for many of the collateral jobs that exist in a data processing environment. He will have learned some advanced programming languages. He will have had applications courses. He will have learned some of the internal workings of the computers and programming. He will have been exposed to data management systems and transmission techniques providing him with an insight into the future of data processing. He will have had an elective during his last semester that could be an industry co-op program.2. The curriculum is flexible enough so that the student will be able to change his educational objectives to a four year program without extensive loss of credit.3. Through the new organization of courses, certain social and business objectives have been met as well as those of data processing. At specific points during education, well rounded educational objectives have been met.4. A balance of traditional courses and special computer oriented courses exist between his two years of education. He will receive five data processing courses his first year and five data processing courses his second year, plus his elective co-op program with industry.5. A balance of programming languages has been provided the student for his first and second year education. He will learn two programming languages his first, BASIC AND COBOL, and two programming languages his second year, FORTRAN and ASSEMBLY.6. The curriculum is designed to develop people to become working members of society. In addition to data processing capabilities, communications skills and social awareness development courses have been provided.7. Sufficient math has been provided in the curriculum to allow the student to advance his own studies of data processing after leaving school.8. Considerable applications experience has been gained in both the educational and working environments.
Flow measurements in a curved-wall annular contraction

Flow development in an annular contraction is of fundamental and practical importance in various applications including the gas turbine systems. This paper describes an experimental study of flow characteristics in a curved wall annular contraction. The results are presented in terms of the velocity vectors, surface pressure coefficients, static and stagnation pressure distributions, and profiles of mean velocities, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds shear stress. The flow conditions at the entrance were varied to evaluate how they affected the flow development in the passage. Results show that the contraction produced uniform static pressure and axial velocity profiles at the exit plane. Higher inlet turbulence affected the Reynolds shear stress in the contraction although the change in the static and total pressure fields was insignificant. The overall stagnation pressure loss was only 2 to 3 percent of the dynamic head at the contraction exit plane. Results showing only typical data are included in this paper. More extensive data sets to validate computer codes are available from the authors.
Acute spinal ligament disruption: MR imaging with anatomic correlation

Disruption of spinal ligaments can lead to instability that jeopardizes the spinal cord and nerve roots. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can directly image spinal ligaments; however, the sensitivity with which this modality demonstrates ligament injury has, to the authors' knowledge, not been reported. On a biomechanical testing machine, 28 cadaveric spines were subjected to controlled injury that resulted in ligament tears. The spines were then imaged with plain radiography, computed tomography, and MR imaging (1.5 T). The images were analyzed for evidence of ligament injury before dissection of the specimen. Forty-one of 52 (79%) ligament tears of various types were correctly identified at MR imaging. Disruptions of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments were most conspicuous and were detected in all seven cases in which they were present (no false-positive or false-negative results); disruptions of the ligamentum flavum, capsular ligaments, and interspinous ligaments could also be identified but less reliably (three false-positive and 11 false-negative results). That MR imaging can reliably and directly allow assessment of spinal ligament disruption in this in vitro model suggests its potential utility for this assessment in patients.
Age-related studies of SIg, Leu-4 and concanavalin a receptor densities and capping in human lymphocytes

Abstract We compared the cell surface antigen density and capping of three antigens in lymphocytes obtained from healthy, young (mean age 27 years) and elderly (mean age (76), population. There were no differences in the expression of surface immunoglobulin (SIg), concanavalin A (con A) receptors and Leu-4 antigen between the two groups. Kinetic analysis of these molecules revealed a slight decrease in capping in the older population, but the differences were not statistically significant. In oder to test the possibility that subjecting the cells to metabolic stress might bring out the differences, we performed a kinetic analysis of SIg and con A capping in the presence of various concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide. Although the capping in cells from elderly subjects was slightly more sensitive to azide, no statistical difference was found. Analysis of con A capping by a flow cytometric method yielded similar results, confirming the data obtained by visual capping experiments. We conclude that although a trend toward decreased capping was observed, there is little alteration in the surface molecule capping phenomenon in the age-groups studied.
Adolescent Energy Conservation: Dimensions of Attitude‐Behavior Consistency

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nature of the relationship between energy conservation attitudes and behaviors of adolescents in the use of energy for personal and family-related activities. Specifically, the study was designed to determine a level of attitude-behavior consistency for each respondent and cor responding levels of selected attitudinal qualities. The association of selected demographic characteristics and attitude-behavior consistency was also deter mined. Data were collected from 227 eleventh and twelfth grade students en rolled in both urban and rural public schools. The dependent variable was the attitude-behavior consistency score. Independent variables included demo graphic characteristics as well as levels of attitudinal quality defined as affective, cognitive, and direct experience. The relationship existing between attitude and behavior was tested using correlational statistical analysis. Multiple regression, factorial analysis of variance, and t-tests were used to determine significant sources of variance upon the consistency score. Energy conservation attitudes and behaviors of adolescents were found to be significantly correlated. Differ ences in the consistency of attitude and behavior were found to be significantly associated with sex and employment of adolescents. No significant differences in consistency were found to be associated with other demographic variables tested or with levels of attitudinal qualities measured.
Cross-cultural value conflict: Limiting the conception of multicultural education

Abstract The nature of the concept of multicultural education needs to be defined more specifically. Cultural value systems may be mutually exclusive at certain points, and a school must make value priorities in deciding how it is going to operate. Once value priorities are made the values of a majority or minority population within the school may be discriminated against. If minority people in the United States are to succeed in economic terms they must he able to function in a society based on White middle class skills and values. Multicultural education, then, must include provisions for minority peoples to learn to operate in the world of the majority. Multicultural education can thus take two alternative forms. It can involve a system of real equal educational opportunity for minority students in schools run according to the principles of the white middle-class majority or it can involve the creation of bilingual, bicultural schools in which all students learn to operate in two differing cultural contexts. Multicultural education cannot ignore the value system of mainstream America or it will result in the maintenance of separate and economically unequal communities.
Hyperparasitism of oospores of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae

Abstract Hyperparasites of oospores of Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae Hildb. were present in each of 15 field soils tested. Maximum numbers of oospores parasitized ranged from 42.5 to 87.5% for flooded soils, and from 25.5 to 73.0% for soils adjusted to 50% water holding capacity; the mean for all soils was 51.5%. The frequency of hyperparasitism was not correlated with the disease potential soils for Phytophthora root-rot of soybean as determined in seedling tests on flooded soil samples. Of eight isolated hyperparasitic fungi tested in steamed soil, the most efficient parasites were Hyphochytrium catenoides, Humicola fuscoatra , and Pythium monospermum , each of which parasitized at least 76% of oospores during 3 weeks. Hyphae were not parasitized by any of the eight fungi. Parasitism by H. catenoides in sterilized soil increased as soil temperature increased from 16° to 28°C. Parasitism by P. monospermum was maximum at 20°–24°C. Oospores of P. meyasperma var. sojae race 7 were more resistant to infection by hyperparasites than were oospores of races 1 and 3. Oospores produced in culture were slightly more susceptible to hyperparasitism in soils than were oospores produced in soybean seedlings.
Spatial and angular finite element method for radiative transfer in participating media

Abstract A computational approach for the modeling of multi-dimensional radiative transfer in participating media, including scattering, is presented. The approach is based on the sequential use of angular and spatial Finite Element Methods for the discretization of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). The angular discretization is developed with an Angular Finite Element Method (AFEM) based on the Galerkin approach. The AFEM leads to a counterpart of the RTE consisting of a coupled set of transient-advective–reactive equations that are continuously dependent on space and time. The AFEM is ideally suited for so-called h - and/or p- refinement for the discretization of the angular domain: h -refinement is obtained by increasing the number of angular elements and p -refinement by increasing the order of the angular interpolating functions. The spatial discretization of the system of equations obtained after the angular discretization is based on a Variational Multi-Scale Finite Element Method (VMS-FEM) suitable for the solution of generic transport problems. The angularly and spatially discretized system is solved with a second-order accurate implicit predictor multi-corrector time stepper together with a globalized inexact Newton–Krylov nonlinear solver. The overall approach is designed and implemented to allow the seamless inclusion of other governing equations necessary to solve coupled fluid–radiative systems, such as those in combustion, high-temperature chemically reactive, and plasma flow models. The combined AFEM and VMS-FEM for the solution of the RTE is validated with two- and three-dimensional benchmark problems, each solved for 3 levels of angular partitioning ( h -refinement) and for 2 orders of angular basis functions ( p -refinement), i.e. piecewise constant ( P 0 ) and piecewise linear ( P 1 ) basis over spherical triangles. The overall approach is also applied to the simulation of radiative transfer in a parabolic concentrator with participating media, as encountered in solar thermochemical applications, for different values of absorption and scattering coefficients, and for different angles of inclination of the incident radiation.
Three dimensional numerical modeling of liquid fuel sprays

A numerical solution technique has been developed for the spray equation and has been applied to thin sprays injected into a type of stratified charge internal combustion chamber. The difference equation method can treat general three dimensional geometries, using a statistical approach. The effects of independent variations of a large number of system parameters was studied, including initial spray dispersion, amount and type of gas swirl, gas density, injection timing, chamber geometry, initial droplet size distribution, injection velocity, drag coefficient of injection. It was found that in the particular geometry chosen the gas swirl, the droplet size distribution produced by the injector, and the chamber gas density into which the spray is injected are the most important factors influencing the spray motion and vaporization. Although the calculations reported here applied to internal combustion engine conditions, the general method is applicable to other spray-injected combustors, including stationary combustors and rocket motors. Results from calculations indicate that the technique, used in coordination with selected laboratory measurements, could significantly enhance spray-injected combustor design efforts.
What explains race and gender differences in the relationship between obesity and wages

Previous research has consistently found strong race and gender differences in the correlation between obesity and wages. This paper tests four possible explanations for these differences: (1) there is voluntary sorting of the obese into jobs with better health benefits at the expense of lower wages, that differs by gender and race/ethnicity; (2) weight affects self-esteem or depression in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (3) weight affects physical health and disability in a manner that varies by gender and race/ethnicity; (4) there is weight-based discrimination in employment that differs by gender and race/ethnicity. Using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data for 1981–2000, this paper finds evidence consistent with the physical health and disability hypothesis, but little evidence to support the other three hypotheses.
From LASER to LIBS, the path of technology development

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has made significant progress towards becoming a commercial, deployed technology. Its historical development will be reviewed, using the transformation of the laser into commercial technology as a parallel.
A time compensator for large scintillation counters

Abstract A circuit is described which develops time-invariant pulses for large scintillation trigger counters. For a 8.56 ft long counter, a unit capable of ±22 ns range is described; the constancy of delay of output for this unit over the full delay range is typically ±400 ps.
Comets: Production Mechanisms of Hydroxyl and Hydrogen Halos

The brightness dependence on the heliocentric distance that has been observed for the hydrogen and the hydroxyl halos of comet 1969g can be quantitatively explained by a three-step process: the vaporization of the water snows, the photodissociation of the water molecule into the ground states of hydrogen and hydroxyl, and the photoexcitation of hydrogen and hydroxyl by a fluorescence mechanism.
Asking Sacred Questions: Understanding Religion's Impact on Teacher Belief and Action

There is a crucial need to develop a better understanding of how the religious orientations of teachers impact their development and enactment of professional teaching identities. This article identifies 5 key questions that can help educators begin to uncover conscious and unconscious ways that their religious identifications impact why they enter the profession, how they relate to students, and the instructional decisions that they make to support learning. When articulating these questions, the author uses specific examples from a qualitative case study that explored how teachers' religious orientations influenced their classroom practice in public elementary schools. A professional development model is outlined that will assist educators in further consideration of how their religious positions may impact their professional work.
Beginning Teachers' Views of Their Collaborative Roles

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004) made significant changes in the roles of general and special educators, especially related to inclusion and collaboration. This pilot study examined the perceptions of beginning elementary and secondary school special and general education teachers in a midwestern state in the United States regarding their preparation for and the importance of their new roles, as well as their current training needs and plans to remain in teaching. The authors provide results from forced-choice and openended survey questions along with implications and suggestions for future research, especially in the areas of school culture, 1st-year mentoring, and preservice preparation.
Monkeys would rather see and do: preference for agentic control in rhesus macaques.

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) engaged in a series of computerized tasks modeled on billiards and arcade games in order to determine their degree of preference for scenarios in which food rewards were contingent on their actions, as opposed to those in which outcomes appeared externally caused. Throughout these tasks, subjects showed a consistent preference for “agentic control,” a state in which goal-directed behavior is directly responsible for motivating outcomes. Other factors like the frequency and timing of reward deliveries were precisely controlled and did not explain observed preferences.
Shape resonances in K-shell photodetachment of small size-selected clusters: Experiment and theory

$K$-shell photodetachment of size-selected ${{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${{\mathrm{B}}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cluster anions has been measured and calculated. The experimental absolute photodetachment cross sections exhibit bound resonances below threshold and two shape resonances above the $K$-shell threshold. Similar results were obtained for all of the cationic products observed, ${\mathrm{B}}^{+}$ and ${{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}^{+}$ from ${{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, as well as ${\mathrm{B}}^{+}$, ${{\mathrm{B}}_{2}}^{+}$, and ${{\mathrm{B}}_{3}}^{+}$ from ${{\mathrm{B}}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The overall agreement between measured and calculated photodetachment cross sections is very good. However, the theoretical study yielded additional bound resonances not observed in the experimental data.
Adding value to spatially managed inputs by understanding site‐specific yield response

Abstract Many mechanized crop producers and agribusinesses are fascinated with precision agriculture technology, but adoption has lagged behind the expectations. Among the reasons for slow adoption of precision agriculture technology is that initial users focused excessively on in-field benefits from variable-rate fertilizer application using regional average fertilizer recommendations. This article illustrates how greater use of site-specific crop response information can improve variable rate input application recommendations. Precision agriculture is spatial information technology applied to agriculture. The technologies include global position systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), yield monitoring sensors, and computer controlled within-field variable rate application (VRA) equipment. Experimentation with these technologies is occurring everywhere there is large scale mechanized agriculture. Commercial use has been greatest in the US, where 43% of farm retailers offered VRA services in 2001. Except for certain high-value crops like sugar beet, farmer adoption of VRA has been modest. The farm level profitability of VRA continues to be questionable for bulk commodity crops. The theoretical model and illustration presented here suggest that VRA fertilization has not yet reached its profitability potential. Most VRA field trials to date have relied upon existing state-wide or regional input rate recommendations. Unobserved soil characteristics can potentially interact with an input to make its effect on yield vary site-specifically within fields. Failure to use site-specific response functions for VRA applications may lead to a misallocation of inputs just as great as that which results from using uniform applications instead of VRA. Agricultural economists have a long history of estimating output response to input applications. Several have started to develop tools to estimate site-specific responses from yield monitor and other precision agriculture data. Likewise, agricultural economists have developed an important body of research results on information value based on managing variability—typically in temporal settings. With these tools, a major potential exists to develop further benefits from precision agriculture technologies that permit truly spatially tailored input applications.
The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and negative outcomes in trauma-exposed adults.

Background: The development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSs) following a trauma is related to impairment, diminished quality of life, and physical health issues. Yet it is not clear why some trauma-exposed individuals experience negative outcomes while others do not. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of several influential factors related to PTS severity and negative outcomes. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two trauma-exposed adults were administered the following self-report measures: the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian, the Trauma History Questionnaire-Short, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale 21, Sheehan Disability Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF, and an abbreviated Patient Health Questionnaire. Primary Results: PTS severity was positively correlated with depressive symptom severity (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), chronicity of the most distressing trauma (r = 0.21, p = 0.017), and number of traumas (r = 0.22, p =...
AUXIN METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND CROWN GALL TISSUE OF SUNFLOWER

IT HAS BEEN established by the work of many investigators with many different species of plants that callus tissue of stems or roots may be cultured as isolated tissue in vitro provided that indoleacetic acid (IAA) or its equivalent is supplied as a growth factor in addition to the sugar and mineral salts of the basal nutrient medium. Plant tumor tissues on the contrary may in general be grown indefinitely in vitro without the provision of any exogenous supply of IAA. This difference in growth factor requirement for the in vitro growth of callus and tumor tissue has been demonstrated with particular clarity by the work of deRopp (1947) with sunflower and by that of Gautheret (1947a,b) with Jerusalem artichoke and Scorzonera. It seems logical to suspect, and it has in fact been suggested by deRopp and by Gautheret, that IAA may be required for the growth of both callus and tumor tissue but that tumor tissue, unlike callus tissue of the normal stem or root from which it is derived, may itself be able to synthesize adequate amounts of the growth factor. Examination of this possibility constitutes the subject matter of the present paper. Indoleacetic acid has been shown to be synthesized in plant tissues by an enzyme system which converts tryptophan to IAA (Wildman et al., 1947; Wildman and Bonner, 1948; Wildman and Muir, 1949; Gordon and Sanchez-Nieva, 1949). Investigation of differences in auxin-producing abilitv of callus and tumor tissues may therefore be extended to an investigation of possible differences in activity of this auxin-producing enzyme system. The present work is concerned, therefore, not only with differences in auxin production of tumor and normal tissue, but also with analysis of the problem in terms of the components of the system for the enzymatic production of auxin. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Plant tissue.-The plant tissues used in these investigations were all derived from the sunflower, Helianthus annuus var. Giant Russian. The crown gall tumor tissue used was principally deRopp's (1947) primary strain P-III.3 A second primary strain, P-V, closely resembling P-III in appearance and behavior was isolated during the course of the work and was used
Scientific issues in radiation dose reconstruction.

Stakeholders have raised numerous issues regarding the scientific basis of radiation dose reconstruction for compensation. These issues can be grouped into three broad categories: data issues, dosimetry issues, and compensation issues. Data issues include demographic data of the worker, changes in site operations over time (both production and exposure control), characterization of episodic vs. chronic exposures, and the use of coworker data. Dosimetry issues include methods for assessment of ambient exposures, missed dose, unmonitored dose, and medical x-ray dose incurred as a condition of employment. Specific issues related to external dose include the sensitivity, angular and energy dependence of personal monitors, exposure geometries, and the accompanying uncertainties. Those related to internal dose include sensitivity of bioassay methods, uncertainties in biokinetic models, appropriate dose coefficients, and modeling uncertainties. Compensation issues include uncertainties in the risk models and use of the 99 th percentile of the distribution of probability of causation for awarding compensation. A review of the scientific literature and analysis of each of these issues distinguishes factors that play a major role in the compensation decision from those that do not.
Uniqueness for the cauchy problem for nonlinear parabolic equations and inequalities

Let L be a linear second order parabolic partial differential operator, and suppose u is a solution to the differential inequality on satisfying u(x,0) = 0 for all . We show that the only solution for which is the trivial one provided the function h satisfies
Introduction to Mixed Modelling: Beyond Regression and Analysis of Variance by GALWEY, N. W. Linear Mixed Models: A Practical Guide Using Statistical Software by WEST, B. T., WELCH, K. B., and GALECKI, A. T.

Successful mathematical modeling requires the ability to formulate a mathematical description of the phenomenon of interest as well as to apply appropriate tools to glean results from the model. An effective modeling text must give attention to developing both of these abilities. The intriguing, wellwritten book by van Groesen and Molenaar is successful in both respects. Authors of modeling texts must decide whether to present mathematical concepts through a series of case studies, or whether to present mathematical principles in and of themselves and then apply them in examples. Van Groesen and Molenaar make the latter choice. Their philosophy (described in the preface) is that the case study approach “could disappoint the student, since having digested many particular models does not guarantee that one knows how to proceed when confronted with a new situation.” Thus, they have written a text that highlights mathematical concepts relevant to the formulation and analysis of models. In contrast to modeling texts such as Fowler (1997) and Howison (2005), case studies do not play a central role. The exposition of general principles is peppered with examples; only at the conclusion of the book do the authors present full modeling case studies. The book is based on material originally developed for advanced undergraduates at the University of Twente, and is published by SIAM. Excluding a few minor editing issues (for instance, I noticed that the notation in some figures and figure captions was not consistent with that used in the body of the text) the book lives up to the high production standard
Cooperative effects in the two atom resonance fluorescence spectrum

Abstract We consider the resonance fluorescence spectrum of two similar interacting atoms in the limit of high photon densities. The excitation spectrum of the symmetric modes contains two sidebands in addition to the usual three peaks which are analogous to those of the isolated atom. These two new sidebands are due entirely to the cooperative behaviour of the two atoms and vanish when the atoms are far apart. The energy shifts and spectral widths for these two sidebands are two and five times larger than those for the isolated atom respectively. The probability of occurrence of these sidebands depends on the parameters V AB /Ω and γ 2 0 /Ω 2 , where V AB is the dipole-dipole interaction energy, γ 0 is the spontaneous emission probability and Ω is the Rabi frequency. The asymmetric broadening of both sidebands depends on the parameter γ 0 /Ω. The possibility to measure the dipole-dipole energy through the observation of these sidebands is discussed.
Nanomaterials: hammerheading a new frontier

Energy transfer from organic fluorophores to small metal nanoparticles is being used as a molecular beacon tool to monitor the kinetic processes of the hammerhead ribozyme. This marks the first time that nanomaterials have been used to monitor ribozyme kinetics. The quantum efficiency of energy transfer from the fluorophore to the gold nanoparticle follows a distance dependence behavior, which allows the real-time characterization of ribozyme complex structure and cleavage kinetics. The rate of cleavage for our ribozyme at pH=6.5 and 37°C is measured to be on the order of 10-2 min-1, which is the correct order of magnitude for similar ribozymes at this pH in the literature.
Mayfly: a general-purpose, scalable, parallel processing architecture

TheMayfly is a scalable general-purpose parallel processing system being designed at HP Laboratories, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Utah. The system is intended to efficiently support parallel variants of modern programming languages such as Lisp, Prolog, and Object Oriented Programming models. These languages impose a common requirement on the hardware platform to supportdynamic system needs such as runtime type checking and dynamic storage management. The main programming language for the Mayfly is a concurrent dialect of Scheme. The system is based on a distributed-memory model, and communication between processing elements is supported by message passing. The initial prototype of Mayfly will consist of 19 identical processing elements interconnected in a hexagonal mesh structure. In order to achieve the goal of scalable performance, each processing element is a parallel processor as well, which permits the application code, runtime operating system, and communication to all run in parallel. A 7 processing element subset of the prototype is presently operational. This paper describes the hardware architecture after a brief background synopsis of the software system structure.
Local non-similar solutions for free convective flow with uniform lateral mass flux in a porous medium

Abstract The problem of free convection along a vertical plane source or sink with uniform lateral mass flux in a porous medium is solved by the local non-similarity approximation. Solutions are carried out to the third level of truncation. Results for heat transfer characteristics as obtained from the third level of truncation are found in excellent agreement with a previous investigation using the finite difference method for a wide range of the mass flux parameter.
Modulation of the Gating of Auditory Evoked Potentials by Norepinephrine: Pharmacological Evidence Obtained Using a Selective Neurotoxin

Abstract Central mechanisms of sensory gating were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats using an evoked potential technique similar to one that we have previously employed to show diminished sensory gating in psychotic patients. Gating mechanisms were examined using a conditioning-testing paradigm in which pairs of 74-dB clicks were delivered; the interval between the conditioning and test stimuli was 0.5 sec. A middle latency auditory evoked response (N50) recordedfrom the skull of unanesthetized, freely moving rats demonstrated significant suppression to the test click. Systemic administration of amphetamine (1 mg/kg, ip) significantly reduced the amount of suppression of the response to the test stimulus; haloperidol (1 mglkg), injected after the amphetamine, returned the conditioning-testing suppression ratio toward normal values. Amphetamine also decreased the latency and amplitude of the conditioning response, an effect that was also reversed by haloperidol. Both decreased suppression of the test response and reduced amplitude and latency of the conditioning response have been observed in schizophrenia. To aid in determining the underlying mechanism of these effects, the animals were treated with two doses, given at a I-week interval, of N-(2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine) (DSP4; 50 mglkg, ip), an agent that selectively depletes central norepinephrine. The extent and selectivity of the depletions were confirmed by chemical analysis. Following DSP4, the effects of amphetamine on the amplitude and latency of the conditioning response were largely unchanged. However, pretreatment with DSP4 significantly attenuated the reduction in conditioning-testing suppression observed following the administration of amphetamine. The data suggest a specific role for norepinephrine in the modulation of sensory processing.
How Europe missed the transistor

This paper relates how the invention of the transistor occurred twice and independently of each other. In late 1948, shortly after Bell Telephone Labs announced the invention of the transistor, surprising reports began coming in from Europe about how two physicists from the German radar program, claimed to have invented a strikingly similar semiconductor device, which they called the transistron. This dual, nearly simultaneous breakthrough can be attributed in part to the tremendous wartime advances in purifying silicon and, in particular, germanium. In both cases, germanium played the crucial gateway role, for in the immediate postwar years it could be refined much more easily and with substantially higher purities than silicon.
Breaking the Maya Code

This is the story of how the Mayan glyphs found in the ancient ruins of Copan and other Mayan sites have been deciphered within the last 20 years. Michael Coe worked with all the leading players in this field. Although the Mayan cities were discovered a century and a half ago, the field of Mayan scholarship was dominated by scholars who had a dogmatic approach to the decipherment. Both personalities and Cold War politics slowed down the process. Then in the early 50s, a Russian scholar, Knorosov, interpreted the glyphs in a new way, comprising both phonetic and conceptual ideas. Another breakthrough, deciphering the pattern of dates in the Mayan records, followed at the end of the decade. In the 70s, studies of comparative languages furthered the decipherment, and now perhaps 85% of the glyphs can be deciphered - though many mysteries remain. This is an account of the decipherment of an ancient language, which is given added impact by Coe's first-hand account of scholarly rivalries, personality clashes, and political prejudices which held back progress for so long. The book includes many illustrations of the glyphs and engravings, and two photo insets.
The feasibility of a nano-interial measurement unit that uses chemistry to record position

Traditional micro-fabricated inertial measurement devices like MEMS accelerometers, gyroscopes, and IMUs consist of two principle components: (1) a micromechanical structure that responds to inertial forces and deforms in a way that can be measured electronically by, for example, changing the height of a gap, and, thus, its capacitance; (2) an analog or digital computing device that integrates the electronically sensed acceleration to yield velocity and position, and then records this information for later use. These two components must be replicated in some fashion in a "nano" version of the same devices, specifically a nano-IMU is considered. The proposed approach combines an inertially-sensitive nanostructure or nano fluid/structure system with a micro- or nano- sized chemical reactor that functions as an analog computer. This paper will outline the feasibility of using a cantilever-based acceleration-sensing valve to feed reactants into a first order chemical reaction. The proposed approach to the development of a nano-IMU would allow the benefits of existing MEMS IMU technology to be applied to an even broader array of applications by enabling the development of a new class of geospatially-sensitive drugs and materials and has application in a variety of military, intelligence, and commercial activities.
Myocardial disease in Rocky Mountain spotted fever: Clinical, functional, and pathologic findings

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is an acute febrile illness with a significant mortality rate. Cardiac involvement has been sporadically reported, but is more common than appreciated from pathologic studies. The lesion is one of vasculitis, with secondary thrombosis and tissue necrosis. Cardiac function abnormalities may be detected by echocardiography and may persist after resolution of other manifestations of disease. Myocardial involvement is frequently present in Rocky Mountain spotted fever; close monitoring and an aggressive therapeutic approach are essential if the high case fatality rate (7%–11%) is to be reduced. Pathophysiologic consequences of damage to other organ systems may affect circulatory function and should be carefully evaluated.
Split-step parabolic equation method: A comparative study

The SSPE algorithm is derived from two-dimensional wave equation through different approximation methods. Different expressions of SSPE are used in different references. It is important to understand the differences for better implementation of SSPE. Our numerical results show mat all these different formulations provide similar path loss results for a flat ocean surface. Detailed explanations and derivations will be presented in the conference.
Evaluation of Five Procedures for Classification of Participants’ Fear Levels

The present study evaluated the ability of 5 different fear classification procedures to discriminate between 3 fear levels and to correlate with 6 commonly used dependent measures of fear. A standardized fear assessment procedure was administered on 2 separate trials to 71 women participants. Following the completion of the assessment trials, the participants’ data were scored and regrouped according to 5 fear classification procedures (behavioral, self-report, skin conductance level, skin response amplitude, and heart rate). This design permitted each procedure to be evaluated to the same target stimulus and at the same point in time. The classifications of participants on the basis of behavior and skin conductance response were found to be most effective selection procedures with self-report, skin conductance level, and heart rate being the least. Reliability of the findings was assessed by a test–retest procedure.
Growth of corn in saline waters

Eight cultivars of Zea mays plus the wild species Zea diploperennis were screened for seedling saline tolerance up to 3.2% NaCl. The best performances were given by the cultivars Mo 17 and commercial Hawaiian Super Sweet Hybrid. These two were then field grown on coral-cinder beds using drip irrigation with fresh of half-strength sea water (1.5–1.7% dissolved solids). Growth and chemical data for Mo 17 at 12 weeks show reduced growth but the same percentage dry matter. Ash, protein and total sulfur were higher in saline plants, silica and total phosphorus lower. Na, K. Mg, and Cl were elevated and Ca reduced slightly. Fe was also increased in saline plants. Both Mo 17 and Super Sweet Hybrid corn flowered and produced seed which retained essentially normal viability both in fresh and salt water.
Feature extraction for oceanographic data using a 3D edge operator

The features of greatest interest in ocean modeling in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Gulf Stream are the fronts and eddies. Resolving, modeling, and tracking these eddies over time is of great importance for climatological studies and economic advancement. In this paper we present a novel technique for automatically locating, contouring, and tracking oceanic features such as eddies and fronts. The models and resultant visualizations exhibit excellent correlation with observed data. >
“It was Pretty Scary”: The Theme of Fear in Young Adult Women's Descriptions of a History of Adolescent Dating Abuse

The mental health impact of abusive adolescent dating relationships has not been well described, but fear related to abuse has been reported. We elaborate the theme of fear in women's descriptions of a history of adolescent dating abuse. A sample of community-based women, ages 19–34, who experienced an abusive dating relationship during adolescence (ages 11–20) was used. Data were analyzed via thematic analysis. Fear was a consistent and resonant theme. Three types of fear were identified: fear for self, fear for other relationships, and fearful expectation. These results offer important insights into the impact of abusive adolescent relationships on women's mental health.
Hypertension and Cerebral Blood Flow: Implications for the Development of Vascular Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

The contribution of cerebrovascular disease to development of dementia in the elderly remains a perplexing and unresolved issue with direct clinical implications. In the early part of the past century, the popular notion was that some type of vascular pathology (eg, “hardening of the arteries”) was a contributing factor. Yet, the idea that cerebrovascular disease plays a significant role in Alzheimer disease (AD) and related degenerative brain disorders was dismissed by a majority of dementia researchers, because AD pathology was found to be strongly related to specific neuronal abnormalities involving β-amyloid, τ protein, and disruption of cholinergic brain systems.1,2 Yet, clinical and experimental research conducted over the past several years suggests that cerebrovascular disease may play a greater role in degenerative dementia than was previously believed.3–8 Vascular disease is associated with increased risk for AD.3,9–11 Also, many of the biochemical processes involved in AD share common mechanisms with cerebrovascular disease factors12,13 (endothelial health, oxidative stress response, insulin metabolism, etc), suggesting possible convergence of underlying neuropathological mechanisms, at least among certain patients.14 There is a compelling need for studies aimed at achieving greater understanding about the relationship between vascular disease and the development of dementia in the elderly. The diagnostic classification of vascular dementia (VaD) was developed to account for cases in which severe functional impairments could be unambiguously attributed to stroke or other well-defined vascular pathology.15 Unfortunately, the diagnosis of VaD is a clinical conundrum, because pure cases are more the exception than the rule, and also many of the cognitive and many of the clinical characteristics thought to differentiate VaD from AD (ie, stepwise progression, patchy cognitive profile, different cognitive presentations) have not held up in controlled studies.16 This diagnostic dilemma is most apparent for patients being assessed in memory disorder clinics …
Assume-guarantee reasoning for hybrid I/O-automata by over-approximation of continuous interaction

Assume-guarantee reasoning (AGR) is recognized as a means to counter the state explosion problem in the verification of safety properties. We propose a novel assume-guarantee rule for hybrid systems based on simulation relations. This makes it possible to perform compositional reasoning that is conservative in the sense of over-approximating the composed behaviors. The framework is formally based on hybrid input/output automata and their labeled transition system semantics. In contrast to previous approaches that require global receptivity conditions, the circularity is broken in our approach by a state-based nonblocking condition that can be checked in the course of computing the AGR simulation relations. The proposed procedures for AGR are implemented in a computational tool, called PHAVer, for the class of linear hybrid I/O automata, and the approach is illustrated with a simple example.
Complex association between congestive heart failure and cognitive dysfunction

The purpose of this review is to present the evidence supporting an association between two common medical conditions in older adults, congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment. Potential mechanisms of this interaction include hypoperfusion, cerebral emboli and electrolyte imbalances. Successful management of heart failure often involves complex medication and dietary regimens and lifestyle adjustments. Cognitive impairment can negatively impact on this management, leading to a progressive cycle of worsening heart failure, further cognitive impairment, disability and increased mortality. Interventions to identify heart failure patients with impaired cognition may improve these clinical outcomes.