cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FK506 and Erectile Function Preservation in the Cavernous Nerve Injury Model: Optimal Dosing and Timing

ABSTRACT Introduction The immunophilin-ligand FK506 has been shown to ameliorate erectile function and preserve cavernous nerve (CN) architecture in short-term-studies using rat models of CN injury. Aim The aim of this series was to ascertain the optimal dose and timing of FK506 administration in this animal model. Methods Rats underwent bilateral CN crush and were treated with FK506 at different time points. There were control (C) and sham groups for each time point. Based on preliminary experiments, the CN-crush rats had no treatment (C) or either FK506 1 mg/kg (BL) or 3.2 mg/kg (BH) for 3 days prior to and the day of CN crush (PRE), on the day of and for 3 days following CN crush (POST) and for 3 days pre-, on the day of, and 3 days post-CN crush (PP). Main Outcome Measurements All animals had measurement of intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial blood pressure (ICP/MAP) ratios at 28 days post-CN crush. Structural analysis was conducted in the POST groups. Penile tissue was assessed for apoptosis with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling assay and immunohistochemically for neural factors (growth associated protein 43 [GAP43], nerve growth factor [NGF], and neural nitric oxide synthase [nNOS]). The CN architecture was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Sham animals had an ICP/MAP ratio of 70%. Only the BH-POST group revealed an improved ICP/MAP ratio compared with C (50 ± 9% vs. 32 ± 8%, P P P P Conclusion These results suggest that short-term treatment with doses of FK506 higher than previously utilized preserves erectile function in the rat CN-injury model. Pretreatment appears to offer no advantage. However, FK506 administration just prior to CN injury and for a short-time post-injury achieves the best functional and structural preservation outcomes. Mulhall JP, Muller A, Donohue JF, Golijanin D, Tal R, Akin-Olugbade Y, Kobylarz K, Cohen-Gould L, Bennett NE, and Scardino P. FK506 and erectile function preservation in the cavernous nerve injury model: Optimal dosing and timing.
Inductance calculation and optimal pin assignment for the design of pin-grid-array and chip carrier packages

A methodology for the calculation of self- and mutual inductance of various electrical paths in a pin-grid array (PGA) or a chip carrier package is described. An N*N inductance matrix is generated for a package, where N is determined by the number of pins, power, and ground planes. Theory, algorithms, and software have been developed to compute the effective inductance of multiply coupled inductors. The software estimates the number of pins for a specified value of inductance and computes the effective inductance for sets of pins chosen for various functions. In this manner, several groups of pin assignments can be evaluated to obtain the smallest effective inductance. The design software computes a 132*132 inductance matrix in about 45 min on an HP 9040 computer. Illustrative examples of pin assignments for power and ground pins in single- and multilayer packages are provided. Good agreement between calculation and experiment was found for packages with pin counts varying from 68 to 289. Design guidelines for pin assignments and placement of power distribution planes in a single- or multilayer package are given for low-inductance package design. >
Ethnography and “Postconflict” Violence in the Irish Free State

Here I offer a reengagement with Conrad Arensberg and Solon Kimball's (Arensberg 1968[1937]; Arensberg and Kimball 1940) canonical ethnographies of rural western Ireland along with a new consideration of data the ethnographers never analyzed in their publications. I argue that epistemological debates and commitments in U.S. anthropology fueled Arensberg and Kimball's structural-functionalist orientation because of the ways this theory became emblematic of a scientific, value-free perspective to which these scholars were committed in ways that precluded analysis of state governmentality and violence. The new analysis of Arensberg and Kimball's unpublished ethnographic materials shows how local social life was shaped by the persistence of political violence in the “postconflict” democratic Irish Free State well after the war was officially over. I focus particularly on the nascent district court system to show how the judiciary and its participants were key agents in establishing and contesting the legitimacy of the postwar political system.
Hybrid adaptive compensation for servo disturbances harmonic in displacement

The authors consider servo systems with geared transmissions, which can experience significant disturbance forces that are periodic in displacement. They assume known spatial frequencies and use this knowledge to reduce the number of parameters required for estimating the disturbance. Use of this partial knowledge of the disturbance is expedited by a continuous-time disturbance model implemented in a sampled data form (hybrid estimation). The estimated disturbance is then used to generate a feedforward compensation signal that is added to a feedback control signal to improve system performance. A difficulty encountered in performing the parameter estimation is the tendency of the parameters to vary with time given simple harmonic inputs. This tendency can be reduced by averaging but sensitivity to parameter variation is lost.
vimA Gene Downstream of recA Is Involved in Virulence Modulation in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83

A 0.9-kb open reading frame encoding a unique 32-kDa protein was identified downstream of the recA gene of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that both the recA gene and this open reading frame are part of the same transcriptional unit. This cloned fragment was insertionally inactivated using the ermF-ermAM antibiotic resistance cassette to create a defective mutant by allelic exchange. When plated on Brucella blood agar, the mutant strain, designated P. gingivalis FLL92, was non-black pigmented and showed significant reduction in beta-hemolysis compared with the parent strain, P. gingivalis W83. Arginine- and lysine-specific cysteine protease activities, which were mostly soluble, were approximately 90% lower than that of the parent strain. Expression of the rgpA, rgpB, and kgp protease genes was the same in P. gingivalis FLL92 as in the wild-type strain. In contrast to the parent strain, P. gingivalis FLL92 showed increased autoaggregration in addition to a significant reduction in hemagglutinating and hemolysin activities. In in vivo experiments using a mouse model, P. gingivalis FLL92 was dramatically less virulent than the parent strain. A molecular survey of this mutant and the parent strain using all known P. gingivalis insertion sequence elements as probes suggested that no intragenomic changes due to the movement of these elements have occurred in P. gingivalis FLL92. Taken together, these results suggest that the recA downstream gene, designated vimA (virulence-modulating gene), plays an important role in virulence modulation in P. gingivalis W83, possibly representing a novel posttranscriptional or translational regulation of virulence factors in P. gingivalis.
Simultaneous synthesis of waste interception and material reuse networks: Problem reformulation for global optimization

Recycling and reuse of materials are among the most important pollution prevention strategies. In many cases, direct recycling/reuse of process and waste streams may not be feasible because of the intolerable levels of contaminants that can be detrimental to the process performance or can build up to unacceptable levels. Therefore, interception may be used to selectively remove pollutants from the process streams using separation devices or interceptors. In this work, we develop a systematic procedure for the simultaneous synthesis of material reuse and interception networks. A structural representation of the solution alternatives is first presented using a source-interception-sink framework. Then, a generally applicable mathematical formulation is developed. Because of the nonconvexities associated with the general mathematical program, we invoke a number of simplifying assumptions to facilitate reformulation of the problem into a linear program. The concepts of source substreams and interceptor decomposition were used to facilitate the problem reformulation. Additionally, the tasks of assessing interceptor performance and cost were transformed into presynthesis calculations that can be conducted a priori without compromising the accuracy of the models. The problem reformulation yields a linear program that can be solved globally. A case study is solved to illustrate the developed procedure.
Adaptive stabilization for a class of non-affine non-minimum phase systems using neural networks

For a class of single-input single-output non-affine non-minimum phase nonlinear systems, a neural control synthesis method based on backstepping combined with inverting design is considered. The method reduces the number of steps in designing a backstepping controller compared to previous approaches by seeking a state that stabilizes the unstable internal dynamics. The method does not need a fixed-point assumption nor the boundedness assumption on the time derivative of a control effectiveness term. Using Lyapunov's direct method, it is shown that all the signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results illustrate the approach.
Single Fermi Level Thin-Film CMOS on Glass: The Behavior of Enhancement-Mode PMOSFETs From Cutoff Through Accumulation

A device model which describes the behavior of thin-film transistors fabricated in crystalline silicon on glass is introduced. The dc current-voltage characteristics of fully depleted thin-film silicon p-channel enhancement-mode MOSFETs operated in accumulation is provided. Physically derived expressions are presented for drain current in the accumulation and depletion regions which include the correct dependence on drain voltage, film thickness, and doping level. AC-infin model is realized from cutoff to accumulation by using an interpolant around the flatband voltage and a hyperbolic tangent blending function. The device model shows excellent agreement with measured results for output, transfer, and transconductance characteristics. A compact circuit simulation model has also been implemented in the Spectre circuit simulator using Verilog-A.
Dependence of Turbulent and Mesoscale Velocity Variances on Scale and Stability

Abstract The scale dependence of velocity variances is studied using data collected from a grassland site, a heather site, and four forested sites. The dependence of velocity variances on averaging time, used to define the fluctuation quantities, is modeled. The crosswind velocity variance is emphasized, because it is more difficult to model than the other two components and is crucial input for applications such as dispersion modeling. The distinction between turbulence and mesoscale variances is examined in detail. Because mesoscale and turbulence motions are governed by different physics, meaningful study of the behavior of velocity variances requires adequate separation of turbulence and mesoscale motions from data. For stable conditions, the horizontal velocity variances near the surface exhibit a spectral gap, here corresponding to a very slow or nonexistent increase of variance with increasing averaging time. This “gap region,” when it occurs, allows separation of mesoscale and turbulence motions; ...
ON THE EVOLUTION OF ECOLOGICAL IDEAS: PARADIGMS AND SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

We introduce a heuristic model for studying the evolution of ecological ideas based on Thomas Kuhn's concept of the development of scientific paradigms. This model is useful for examining processes leading to ecological progress and the elaboration of ecological theories. Over time, ecological knowledge diverges and evolves as data are collected that either refute or support the current trajectories of accepted paradigms. As a result, the direction of ecological research continuously branches out into new domains leading to increased ecological understanding. Unfortunately, heightened ecological un- derstanding also builds impediments to future progress. Increased specialization and the parallel evolution of seemingly independent subdisciplines generally compel researchers to become increasingly canalized. Specialization also accelerates the expansion of the ecological literature, making it difficult for researchers to track developments in their own subdisciplines, let alone the general field of ecology. Furthermore, specialization inherently focuses attention on contemporary research and hastens the erasure of memory of historical contributions to modern ecology. As a result, contemporary ecologists are in danger of losing touch with their historical roots and face a greater likelihood of recycling ideas and impeding real scientific momentum. Enhancing our historical perspective on the evolution of ecological ideas will be key in overcoming the negative consequences of progress and safeguarding the continued advancement of ecology.
A randomized, controlled trial to assess short-term black pepper consumption on 24-hour energy expenditure and substrate utilization

Background : Thermogenic ingredients may play a role in weight management. In vitro and rodent work suggests that components of black pepper may impact energy expenditure, and in humans, other TPRV1 agonists e.g. capsaicin, augment EE. Objectives : To determine the impact of BP on 24-hour EE, respiratory quotient, and biochemical markers of metabolism and satiety, a randomized, controlled, cross-over study of black pepper (0.5mg/meal) versus no pepper control was conducted in post-menopausal women. Subjects spent two 24-hour periods in a whole room indirect calorimeter. Results : Post-meal glucose, insulin, gut peptides and catecholamines were measured. Energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, or biochemical markers assessed did not differ significantly between the black pepper and no pepper control study days. Conclusions : Our findings do not support a role for black pepper in modulating energy expenditure in overweight postmenopausal women. Future work targeting alternative populations, administering black pepper in the fasted state, or in combination with other spices, may reveal the thermogenic effect of this spice. Trial registration : This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01729143). Key words : Black pepper, piperine, energy expenditure, metabolic chamber
Recovery in Oracle

Oracle is a relational database management system. Its architecture is based on client/server paradigm. Basically Oracle has two parts: Oracle database and Oracle instance. The Oracle database is a logical collection of data (tables) that are manipulated and a set of system files that are used to support the desired functions. The Oracle instance, on the other hand, is a set of software modules that are responsible for providing access to the database and manage database state transition through a number of processes, such as the Process Monitor (PMON), the System Monitor (SMON), the Database Writer (DBWR), and the Log Writer (LGWR). PMON performs the following functions (a) it recovers a user process when it fails, (b) restarts dispatcher and server processes when they die, and (c) recovers a failed transaction (rolls it back). SMON performs the following functions: (a) performs instance recovery, and (b) releases temporary segments and merges contiguous free extents to make larger size free blocks. LGWR performs the following functions: (a) saves redo log buffers to log files, (b) manages the checkpoint process (the actual checkpointing is done by DBWR process), and (c) writes redo log data at (i) the commit point, or (ii) at every three seconds, or (iii) when the redo log buffer is one-third full. In this section the role of these processes are describes in more detail [14].
Doctor of Nursing Practice portfolio of Cindy Smith

Confidentiality is a critical aspect of patient care. In forensic nursing ethical dilemmas in confidentiality can arise when conflict exists between respecting a patient’s confidentiality and protecting the public’s safety. An ethics case model can be useful in reviewing a clinical case to help guide an appropriate course of action. This paper examines a sexual assault case in which a victim chose not to report to law enforcement, yet the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner identified potential public safety concerns.
Consumer Perceptions of Comparative Price Advertisements

The authors analyze the issue of comparative price advertising from a behavioral perspective. Because public policy recognizes that comparative pricing may lead to consumer misperceptions, the auth...
Typological Theory in the United States: The Consumption of Architectural “Authenticity”

production and consumption of ideas and images within the contemporary architectural "culture industry" and illuminates some of the broader conditions of contemporary culture that have profoundly affected the role of architecture within it. Most significantly, perhaps, it exemplifies the unwillingness or inability of most recent "avantgarde" positions within architecture to address substantially the role of architecture and the city as economic and cultural commodities. This essay addresses two points along the brief trajectory of type theory in the United States that underscore its significance-its initial mode of reception within architectural academia and its selective assimilation into post-modernist architectural practiceand concludes with an examination of its defenselessness against the broader realities of architecture's role as an instrumentalized symbol within a mass-mediated, market-driven culture.
Substance abuse. The silent saboteur in rehabilitation.

Clearly, substance abuse among traumatically disabled persons can potentially sabotage rehabilitation outcomes for this population. There is evidence that substance abusers will comprise a growing percentage of patients within rehabilitation programs. Rehabilitation professionals must examine their own attitudinal barriers toward making a substance-abuse program an integral part of comprehensive rehabilitation care. Rehabilitation nurses are in a unique position to assist the rehabilitation team to identify the need for development of a substance-abuse program. Language: en
RECEPTORS FOR BOMBESIN-LIKE PEPTIDES

Publisher Summary One class of peptides active in both the brain and periphery is represented by bombesin (BN). Initially isolated from frog skin, the tetradecapeptide BN is a potent hypothermie and hyperglycemie agent on central administration and a satiety agent on peripheral administration. These biological effects may be mediated by the receptors that have been identified in the central nervous system and periphery. This chapter discusses the methodology required to characterize receptors for (Tyr4) BN, a potent BN analog. As (Tyr4) BN is a fairly hydrophilic peptide, receptor binding assays may be conducted using the filtration or centrifugation techniques. The chapter describes these techniques. A general problem in characterizing (Tyr4) BN receptors is the high background that results from nonspecific binding. BN-like peptides are present in normal lung in low densities. However, in oat cell carcinoma, the peptide density is elevated by up to three orders of magnitude. Hypersecretion of these BN-like peptides may account for some of the paraneoplastic syndromes, such as anorexia, associated with these bronchial carcinomas. The radioreceptor, biological and radioimmunoassays, developed for BN provide with valuable tools to investigate the physiological importance of BN-like peptides and their receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system and periphery.
Estudos de hemoglobinas em peixes da Amazônia : uma revisão

Neste artigo, o autor faz uma revisao completa da situacao, ate. aquele ano, dos estudos de hemoglobinas de peixes. Apesar de muitos trabalhos nao terem sido citados, os principais estudos ja realizados com hemoglobinas e sangue de peixes foram relembrados durante comparacoes com os estudos realizados nessa etapa da expedicao do R/VAlpha Helix, que abrangeu um estudo amplo sobre esse assunto. 0 autor faz uma compilacao dos resultados a respeito de estrutura (sequencia primaria, componentes multiplos, solubilidade, antigenicidade, etc.) e funcao(efeito Bohr, efeito Root, efeito de fosfatos orgânicos, etc). Para tanto, sao utilizados dados da maioria dos trabalhos realizados durante essa expedicao e trabalhos anteriores, realizados com especies de peixes da regiao temperada. Finalmente, ele apresenta uma valiosa comparacao entre especies de peixes de respiracao aerea e especies de respiracao aquatica, mostrando algumas controversias entre os diferentes autores que estudaram esses animais. O leitor podera encontrar o conteudo do artigo e principais conclusoes, resumidamente , no capitulo CONCLUSAO.
Management of persistent or recurrent urinary incontinence after placement of artificial urinary sphincter.

AbstractA rational systematic approach is presented in the evaluation of 14 men with persistent or recurrent urinary incontinence after placement of the AMS800 artificial urinary sphincter. Mechanical malfunctions, including device leaks and control assembly malfunctions, may often be discovered with physical examination and radiographic evaluations. Nonmechanical malfunctions, such as cuff erosion, inadequate cuff compression and functional urethral atrophy, can be diagnosed with perfusion sphincterometry, urethroscopy and a filling cystometrogram, all combined in 1 simplifed technique. With the presented algorithm the over-all success rate after 1 revision was 82%. Mechanical malfunctions appear to have a better revision rate of success than nonmechanical malfunctions (100% versus 71.5%, respectively).
Ab initio study of hydrogen adsorption on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface

First-principles total-energy pseudopotential calculations are performed to investigate the adsorption interaction of a H atom with dangling bonds on the Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) surface. The binding energies for adsorption of H at the adatom, rest atom, and corner hole sites are calculated to be 2.9, 3.2, and 3.5 eV, respectively. Spectral analysis of the electronic states shows that nonlocal changes of chemical reactivity are induced by charge transfer upon H adsorption. It is found that H adsorption on the adatoms or rest atoms induces a charge transfer onto the Si-H bond and a shift in energy of the remaining dangling-bond states. Adsorption on the corner hole, however, does not involve any charge transfer. The relationship between charge transfer and binding energies is discussed.
DDT inhibition of CaMg ATPase from peripheral nerves and muscles of lobster, Homarus, americanus

Abstract Sensitivity of CaMg ATPase from axonic plasma membrane (APM) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of lobster, Homarus , americanus , to DDT was studied. The CaMg ATPase found in SR with the high Ca2+ affinity is sensitive to DDT while the portion of ATPase related to the low Ca2+ affinity site is not inhibited by DDT. Also, DDT is more inhibitory against the CaMg ATPase prepared from APM than the one obtained from SR. The relationship between inhibition of the CaMg ATPase by DDT in the axonic nerve membrane and in , vivo poisoning symptoms of the nervous system is discussed.
Beliefs and expectations of family and nursing home care among Mexican-origin caregivers

This study examined perceptions of family care, nursing homes, and expectations of future care among 85 Mexican-origin women caregivers, some who lived in Mexico City and some who lived in East Los Angeles, California (East LA). Attitudes of Mexican-born women-living in Mexico City and in East LA-were more similar to each other than those of U.S.-born women. Most caregivers reported a preference for family care and had negative views of institutional care. In addition, despite the negative views about nursing homes, some caregivers expressed a willingness to seek nursing-home care for themselves so as to avoid burdening their children in the future. Findings lend support to the persistence of Mexican cultural values in this sample of Mexican-origin caregiving women, regardless of where they were born.
Heterogeneity of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in non-small-cell lung cancer: impact on patient prognostic assessments and comparison of quantification by different sampling strategies

Infiltration of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by CD8+ T lymphocytes predicts improved patient survival; however, heterogeneity of intratumoral localization complicates this assessment. Strategies for tumor sampling may not accurately represent the whole tumor. We hypothesized that sampling strategies may alter the identification of tumors with high CD8 density and affect the prognostic significance. Twenty-three primary NSCLC tumors were immunohistochemically stained for CD8 and were assessed using automated software with eight different sampling strategies or the whole tumor. Results of all sampling strategies were compared to the whole tumor counts (paired t tests, Pearson’s r). Associations between CD8 densities and overall survival were assessed (log-rank test). Counts from all eight sampling strategies significantly correlated with whole tumor counts (p ≤ 0.001). However, the magnitude of CD8+ cell counts and categorization into high vs low infiltrate groups were affected by the sampling strategy. The most concordant values were derived from random sampling of 20 % of the tumor, a simulated core biopsy, or from sampling the tumor center. TIL infiltration was associated with survival when sampling the center (p = 0.038), but not the invasive margin (p > 0.2) or other strategies. Different tumor sampling strategies may yield discordant TIL density results and different stratification for risk assessment. Small biopsies may be particularly unrepresentative. Random sampling of larger tumor areas is recommended. Enumerating CD8+ T cells in the tumor center may have prognostic value.
Model-based clustering for assessing the prognostic value of imaging biomarkers and mixed type tests.

A model-based clustering method is proposed to address two research aims in Alzheimer’s disease (AD): to evaluate the accuracy of imaging biomarkers in AD prognosis, and to integrate biomarker information and standard clinical test results into the diagnoses. One challenge in such biomarker studies is that it is often desired or necessary to conduct the evaluation without relying on clinical diagnoses or some other standard references. This is because (1) biomarkers may provide prognostic information long before any standard reference can be acquired; (2) these references are often based on or provide unfair advantage to standard tests. Therefore, they can mask the prognostic value of a useful biomarker, especially when the biomarker is much more accurate than the standard tests. In addition, the biomarkers and existing tests may be of mixed type and vastly different distributions. A model-based clustering method based on finite mixture modeling framework is introduced. The model allows for the inclusion of mixed typed manifest variables with possible differential covariates to evaluate the prognostic value of biomarkers in addition to standard tests without relying on potentially inaccurate reference diagnoses. Maximum likelihood parameter estimation is carried out via the EM algorithm. Accuracy measures and the ROC curves of the biomarkers are derived subsequently. Finally, the method is illustrated with a real example in AD.
Agility in decision-making for cyberspace operations

In 2011, the United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) named cyberspace a new operational domain. As cyberspace is significantly different from the physical domain in the dimensions of time and space, it presents a much more dynamic and complex operational environment for the U.S. military. Yet, the DOD is currently applying command and control (C2) concepts developed for operations in physical space to operations conducted in cyberspace. The challenge facing the DOD is that it does not yet understand the factors related to C2 agility for the cyberspace domain, nor does it possess strategies to implement agile C2 in the face of the complex dynamics presented by this domain. The purpose of this exploratory research is to accurately frame the cyberspace operations C2 challenge and to identify an initial set of factors related to agility in one dimension of the C2 problem space. This research used a 3-round Delphi study to identify the factors related to the agility in allocating the decision-making rights necessary to make high quality decisions for cyberspace operations. This survey of 31 experts in cyberspace operations yielded an initial prioritized list of 21 factors related to the U.S. military's agility in allocating decision-making rights for cyberspace operations. The top five factors identified were: command intent, cyberspace situational awareness, command authorities and relationships, legal authorities and rules of engagement, and education and expertise. The results of this study suggest that the United States Department of Defense should examine its current command and control doctrine to determine the more agile decision-making methods for conducting cyberspace operations called for by the Commander of United States Cyber Command.
Unaccusativity and the syntax of imperatives in East Circassian

This paper presents novel evidence for the syntactic distinction between unergative and unaccusative verbs in East Circassian (or Kabardian. The evidence concerns a particular strategy of forming imperatives -- simultaneous causativization and reflexivization -- which is only applicable to unaccusative predicates. I argue that this type of imperative involves the promotion of the internal argument to the a higher position through the use of the causative morpheme which has been grammaticalized to mark imperative mood. The observed patterns suggest that imperative mood, while generally associated with the CP-layer, must be sensitive to the structure of vP.
Aid for Refugees: Religion, Migration, and Poor Relief in Sixteenth-Century Geneva

During the sixteenth century, migration of mainly French Protestants into Geneva resulted in a significant refugee community dedicated to discipline and poor relief. This article examines the ongoi...
An Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro Cell Method for Simulating Fluid Interaction with Solid/Porous Bodies

This paper presents an Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro Cell (ELMMC) method, developed to numerically simulate the interaction between clear fluid flow and solid or porous obstacles. The extended method can simulate both transient and pseudo-steady state problems that involve wave breaking, impact between fluid fronts, and impact between free surfaces and solid or porous boundaries. The capabilities of the new method are demonstrated by simulating a solid/porous sphere falling in a pool and a large wave impacting an unrestrained solid/porous structure. Also, the paper presents a numerical study of the interaction of a large wave with three different types of a tall fixed structure. The numerical results are compared with experimental data available from experiments performed at the University of Washington.
Research Institute for Fragrance Materials

The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials was formed as a nonprofit corporation in 1966. Its purpose is to gather and analyze scientific data, engage in testing and evaluation, distribute information, cooperate with official agencies, and encourage uniform safety standards related to the use of fragrance ingredients.
Laboratory Rearing of Stable Flies and Other Muscoid Diptera

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are serious pests of livestock, humans, companion animals and wildlife worldwide. During the last 20+ years, changes in agronomic practices resulted in serious outbreaks of stable flies in several countries. These outbreaks disrupted livestock production and human recreation resulting in public demands for increasing research and management efforts for this pest. A simple and inexpensive procedure for rearing stable flies for laboratory studies is presented. The procedure uses locally available diet components, equipment and supplies. The procedure can be adapted for rearing other muscoid flies including face fly (Musca autumnalis), horn fly (Haematobia irritans), and house fly (Musca domestica). The procedure produces stable fly puparia averaging 12.5 mg and ~35% egg to adult survival. Approximately 3000 flies are produced in each pan.
Property Characterization of Tantalum Nitride Film Deposited with Different N2 Flow by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Reflectivity

In this study, Tantalum Nitride (TaN) film deposited with different N2 gas flow is experimented to characterize the gas flow's impact on the property of the film. X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) measurement is performed to check film thickness and density differences. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) is used to both observe the changes in crystal orientation of TaN crystallites and to quantify grain size. Clear trends are observed for film thickness, density, crystal orientation and grain size as N2 gas flow increases from 3% to 42%.
Measuring the information-foraging behaviors of social bots through word usage

Automated social bots are reported to account for a large sum of activity on social media sites such as Twitter. In this short paper, we study the information-foraging behaviors of social media users including bots. We present here a preliminary investigation which compares the behaviors of a set of suspected bots with non-automated accounts. To do so, we measure the distance between word distributions on a daily basis. We posit that this methodology provides a quantitative measure of behavior, which allows for more rigorous descriptions of bot behaviors that move beyond the assumption of bots as a monolithic category.
Hooking up and Casual Sex

‘Hookups’ refer to casual sexual encounters that do not necessarily involve intercourse. While premarital sex has been common for decades, the hookup culture is distinctive in that sexual behavior is accepted in casual liaisons. Several forms of gender inequality in the hookup culture are identified: less attention is given to women's than men's sexual pleasure, women are judged more harshly than men for engaging in casual sex, and sexual coercion and assault are not uncommon. Sexual behavior does not differ appreciably between youth in different social classes, but more disadvantaged youth contracept less consistently and are more likely to have unplanned pregnancies. Media attention on hookup culture mirrors past feminist debates about sexuality, since the central question is whether hooking up is good or bad for women.
‘Britain, India, and the Somaliland Campaigns of 1901–04’

The Somaliland Campaigns of 1901–1904 were, perhaps, the final ‘Victorian’ colonial expedition of the British Empire. In subsequent years, the rising threat of Imperial Germany and the ententes with France and Russia would focus British attention on European tensions. But, these expeditions demonstrated the stresses placed upon imperial resources at the turn of the century, as well as some of the conflicting interests which existed within the empire, particularly between the perceived interests and obligations of Britain and British India. The Somaliland conflict resulted from the rise of the ‘Mad Mullah,’ Muhammad Abd al-Hasan, as a fundamentalist Islamic leader in the region in the 1890s and came at a particularly vital point in the transition of the Empire and Britain’s position in the world. When the operations began, the Boer War was still underway and all available regular troops were committed there. As such, over these four years, a broad array of imperial resources were committed to Somaliland. Local levies and imperial forces from Aden, India, and Central and Eastern Africa were all utilized, as well as officers sent from Britain. London set policy (and paid the bills), but officials sent from India largely ran the campaign. This essay examines how and why these arrangements came to be, as well as their effectiveness and what they tell us about the state of the Edwardian Empire. It also considers how changing technology and diplomatic arrangements impacted this conflict as Britain transitioned from an era of imperial conflicts toward World War I.
Deciphering Role of Wnt Signalling in Cardiac Mesoderm and Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Human iPSCs: Four-dimensional control of Wnt pathway for hiPSC-CMs differentiation

Differentiation of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is critically dependent upon the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. The mechanisms remain unclear with regard to the dose and timing of each differentiation inducer, and the interaction of the inducers that regulate the Wnt in mesendoderm specification to cardiac mesoderm. Consequently, it remains far from optimal in differentiation efficiency and consistency from hiPSC lines to CMs. Here, we have carefully deciphered the role of Wnt signaling pathway manipulation on mesoderm specification in a dosage and time dependent manner. To examine the hypothesis of that fate specification of hiPSC-CMs differentiation is dictated by temporal and spatial factors that regulate Wnt, we evaluate hiPSC-CM differentiation with: (1) two-phase modulation of Wnt, (2) dosage variant of GSK3β inhibitors, (3) treatment with insulin, and (4) 3-dimentional suspension culture environment on iPSC-CM differentiation. The results highlight the importance of mesendoderm specification to cardiac mesoderm, which needs precisely regulation of Wnt in a dosage dependent and temporal on/off manner. This temporal regulation dictates the final efficiency and purity of derived cardiomyocytes. After the initial activation of Wnt signaling pathway to generate mesendoderm, the maintenance of Wnt signaling at an appropriate dose is critical to direct the cell fate into cardiac mesoderm. Otherwise, lower Wnt signals lead to definitive endoderm and higher Wnt signals induce presomitic mesoderm differentiation. The precisely specification of cardiac mesoderm results in not only greater than 90% of cTnT+ cardiomyocytes but also high cardiomyocytes yield under both monolayer and suspension culture conditions. Thus, the current findings provide critical insights to decipher the temporal mechanism of Wnt activation in regulation of hiPSC-CMs differentiation, and more importantly provide the guidelines for the consistent and high-yield and high-quality hiPSC-CMs production in cardiovascular research.
Stopping sperm in their tracks

An automated high-throughput platform can screen for molecules that change the motility of sperm cells and their ability to fertilize.
Tidal stream energy resource characterization in the Salish Sea

Abstract The Salish Sea, a large estuary on the Pacific Northwest coast, represents a great tidal stream resource because of its strong tidal currents in many tidal channels. However, the tidal energy resource in the Salish Sea has not been systematically characterized. This paper presents a modeling study conducted to characterize the tidal energy resource in the Salish Sea based on a high-resolution tidal hydrodynamic model, which was validated using data derived from 10 tide gauges and 132 current stations. A total of 16 tidal channels with strong currents were identified as hotspots for potential tidal energy development in the Salish Sea. Probability distributions and exceedance of the cross-channel average velocity were calculated at all 16 channels based on international standards for tidal energy resource characterization. The tidal energy resource at the 16 hotspots was also characterized using power density distributions and kinetic energy fluxes. The ranking of the kinetic energy fluxes suggested that Admiralty Inlet, Rosario Strait, and Middle Channel are the top three tidal energy hotspots in the Salish Sea. The study demonstrated the need of a high-resolution modeling framework for accurate simulation of tidal currents in large complex estuarine systems, in the context of tidal resource characterization and assessment.
Critical Path Tube Redundancy for Power Minimization in CNFET Circuits With Variations

Tube redundancy and correlation has been proposed to increase the functional yield of CNFET-based circuits under CNT variations. However, adding redundant-CNTs is associated with increased power and sometimes increased area. The impact of CNT correlation on CNFET-based circuit performance also remains unexplored. Adding redundancy to all transistors in a circuit was considered in many works. In this paper, we propose adding an optimized number of redundant tubes only to transistors on critical paths. The optimized number of redundant-CNTs is pre-calculated for a desired functional yield. We show that this restricted redundancy retains the improved delay-limited yield achieved in circuits with redundant-CNTs added to all transistors. Moreover, this limited redundancy also reduces power dissipation without exceeding the allowed delay degradation. To ensure redundant tubes are added to all transistors on all critical paths which can emerge in all fabricated circuits due to CNT variations, those paths must first be identified. We propose an efficient method to identify all the critical paths that can exist in the presence of CNT variations. With uncorrelated-CNFETs, our approach reduces the average power increase by 7.8% as compared to all-transistor redundancy. Results also show an improvement in critical path delay by 15–20% and up to 10% reduction in allowed delay-degradation. To examine the influence of tube correlation on CNFET-based circuit performance, two correlated-CNFET standard-cell layouts are evaluated. An average increase of 1.8X in critical path delay variation due to CNFET correlation is noticed in a set of ISCAS’85 benchmarks.
Optimum vacuum distillation pressure

Abstract Distillation designers often shy away from using vacuum distillation because of misconceptions about operating and control difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that this hesitancy can lead to lost opportunities for significant reductions in energy requirements and operating costs. Process intensification via operating at deeper vacuum conditions can improve economic and environmental performance despite requiring larger diameter vessels and enhanced inert-removal facilities.
Fault-Adaptive Autonomy in Systems with Learning-Enabled Components

Autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) must be robust against potential failure modes, including physical degradations and software issues, and are required to self-manage contingency actions for these failures. Physical degradations often have a significant impact on the vehicle dynamics causing irregular behavior that can jeopardize system safety and mission objectives. The paper presents a novel Behavior Tree-based autonomy architecture that includes a Fault Detection and Isolation Learning-Enabled Component (FDI LEC) with an Assurance Monitor (AM) designed based on Inductive Conformal Prediction (ICP) techniques. The architecture implements real-time contingency-management functions using fault detection, isolation and reconfiguration subsystems. To improve scalability and reduce the false-positive rate of the FDI LEC, the decision-making logic provides adjustable thresholds for the desired fault coverage and acceptable risk. The paper presents the system architecture with the integrated FDI LEC, as well as the data collection and training approach for the LEC and the AM. Lastly, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture using a simulated autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) based on the BlueROV2 platform.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy and the Postpartum

This chapter begins with a review of the prevalence, assessment, and clinical presentation of anxiety in the perinatal period. Next, we discuss two forms of treatment for anxiety that have been found effective in clinical research: cognitive-behavioral therapy and certain classes of medication. The effectiveness of these treatments with each of the anxiety disorders is discussed, as is the issue of how medication might affect the unborn and breast-feeding infant. Finally, we present a case study of a representative patient with postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder who was evaluated and treated in our anxiety disorders program.
Source Footprint Analysis for Scalar Fluxes Measured in Flows over an Inhomogeneous Surface

Any source near the ground could potentially contribute to the vertical scalar flux measured downwind, depending on the distance from the source and the height of the measurement, as well as the flow and turbulence characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer. The `footprint’ is a measure of the relative importance of upwind sources to the vertical flux measurements at a given point.
A Systematic Review of Recent Research on Adolescent Social Connectedness and Mental Health with Internet Technology Use

An increase in the use of online technology among adolescents has influenced their sense of connectedness in various ways. Some studies suggest that there are positive aspects of online technology, especially in providing opportunities for youth to develop and maintain a sense of connectedness in an online environment, while other studies suggest that young people’s use of online technology creates the opposite and leads to feelings of loneliness, depression and social anxiety, and creates mental health challenges among adolescents. Although a substantial number of studies suggests that young people stay in the digital landscape for social activities, there have been few studies that have addressed its effects on feelings of connectedness and mental health. This study reports the findings of a systematic review of recent research addressing the associations between adolescents’ sense of social connectedness and Internet technology use. Adolescents are becoming accustomed to technology and remaining in the virtual playground in part to experience the positive reinforcement of social connections. Although Internet technology might provide additional opportunities for adolescents to seek emotional connection with friends and school, this study suggests that real-life social skills are still a necessary foundation for them to use technology in a beneficial way. Taken collectively, the articles reviewed suggest that adults who interact with youth should incorporate Internet technology into their work, and consider the development of a digital landscape to promote adolescents’ social connectedness.