cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eco-Enterprise Strategy: Standing for Sustainability

Enterprise strategy provides an accepted theoretical framework for integrating the moral responsibilities of organizations into their strategy formulation and implementation processes. We argue that, when extended to the ecological level of analysis, enterprise strategy provides a sound theoretical framework for ethically and strategically accounting for the ultimate stakeholder, planet Earth. Within the framework of enterprise strategy, a value system based on sustainability can provide a sound ethical basis for developing ecologically sensitive strategic management systems which allow organizations to satisfy the demands of the myriad green stakeholders that represent the planet in the immediate business arena. This provides a new "flavor" of enterprise strategy in which organizations "stand for sustainability." We call this new flavor "eco-enterprise strategy."
Effect of operating variables on pollutant emissions from aircraft turbine engine combustors

The purpose of this paper is to review NASA-Lewis combustor research aimed at reducing exhaust emissions from jet aircraft engines. Experimental results of tests performed on both conventional and experimental combustors over a range of inlet total pressure, inlet total temperature, reference velocity, and fuel-air ratio are presented to demonstrate the effect of operating variables on pollutant emissions. Combustor design techniques to reduce emissions are discussed. Improving fuel atomization by using an air-assist fuel nozzle has been shown to significantly reduce hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions during idle. A short-length annular swirl-can combustor has demonstrated a significant reduction in nitric oxide (NO) emissions compared to a conventional combustor operating at similar conditions. The use of diffuser wall bleed to provide variable control of combustor airflow distribution may enable the achievement of reduced emissions without compromising combustor performance.
2d photonic crystals with cubic structure: asymptotic analysis

We consider the two-component dielectric medium consisting of a periodic array of parallel air columns of square cross section of the size L embedded into a lossless optically dense host material with the dielectric constant e > 1. We show that if e is large enough and the relative distance δ between the air columns is such that eδ ≫ 1 and eδ2 ≪ 1, then the corresponding Maxwell operator has a series of gaps in the spectrum. In particular, the typical wavelength exhibiting a photonic band gap is of order \(2\pi L\sqrt {\varepsilon \delta }\) Completeasymptotic analysis of the spectrum, and some estimates on the spatial distribution of the electric field energy for different eigenmodes are given.
Prenatal valproic acid exposure disrupts tonotopic c-Fos expression in the rat brainstem

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties with communication and social interactions, restricted, repetitive behaviors and sensory abnormalities. Additionally, the vast majority of subjects with ASD suffer some degree of auditory dysfunction and we have previously identified significant hypoplasia and dysmorphology in auditory brainstem centers in individuals with ASD. Prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) is associated with an increased risk of ASD. In rodents, prenatal exposure to VPA is utilized as an animal model of ASD and is associated with a number of anatomical, physiological and behavioral deficits, including hypoplasia and dysmorphology in the auditory brainstem. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that such dysmorphology in VPA-exposed animals would translate into abnormal activity in brainstem circuits and irregular tonotopic maps. Herein, we have subjected control and VPA-exposed animals to 4 or 16 kHz tones and examined neuronal activation with immunohistochemistry for c-Fos. After these sound exposures, we found significantly more c-Fos-positive neurons in the auditory brainstem of VPA-exposed animals. Further, we found a larger dispersion of c-Fos-positive neurons and shifted tonotopic bands in VPA-exposed rats. We interpret these findings to suggest hyper-responsiveness to sounds and disrupted mapping of sound frequencies after prenatal VPA exposure. Based on these findings, we suggest that such abnormal patterns of activation may play a role in auditory processing deficits in ASD.
Tuning ion correlations at an electrified soft interface

Ion distributions play a central role in various settings—from biology, where they mediate the electrostatic interactions between charged biomolecules in solution, to energy storage devices, where they influence the charging properties of supercapacitors. These distributions are determined by interactions dictated by the chemical properties of the ions and their environment as well as the long-range nature of the electrostatic force. Recent theoretical and computational studies have explored the role of correlations between ions, which have been suggested to underlie a number of counterintuitive results, such as like-charge attraction. However, the interdependency between ion correlations and other interactions that ions experience in solution complicates the connection between physical models of ion correlations and the experimental investigation of ion distributions. We exploit the properties of the liquid/liquid interface to vary the coupling strength of ion–ion correlations from weak to strong while monitoring their influence on ion distributions at the nanometer scale with X-ray reflectivity and the macroscopic scale with interfacial tension measurements. These data are in agreement with the predictions of a parameter-free density functional theory that includes ion–ion correlations and ion–solvent interactions over the entire range of experimentally tunable correlation coupling strengths (from 0.8 to 3.7). This study provides evidence for a sharply defined electrical double layer for large coupling strengths in contrast to the diffuse distributions predicted by mean field theory, thereby confirming a common prediction of many ion correlation models. The reported findings represent a significant advance in elucidating the nature and role of ion correlations in charged soft matter.
Differences in the pH and Iron Content of Chicken White and Dark Meat that Effect the Action of Nitrite Against Aerobes

Abstract Factors (iron content, addition of EDTA and muscle pH) affecting the difference in response of chicken white and dark meat to the inhibition of the growth of aerobes by nitrite were investigated. Muscle pH (dark muscle, pH 6.4; white muscle, pH 5.6) was found to be the most important factor in determining the ability of nitrite to inhibit the outgrowth of aerobes in chicken. By lowering the pH of chicken dark meat to 5.6, it was possible to reduce the aerobic bacterial count using only 130 ppm nitrite while 500 ppm nitrite were not effective in control samples at pH 6.4. The iron content (white muscle, 3.0 ppm; dark muscle, 7.0 ppm) may play a secondary role in the difference in response of muscle type to the inhibition of aerobic bacterial growth by nitrite. The addition of low concentrations of iron (5-15 ppm) to chicken white meat reduced the effectiveness of nitrite against aerobes. At higher concentrations of iron (40-160 ppm) the effectiveness of nitrite in inhibiting the outgrowth of aerobes in chicken white meat was 10 to 100 fold greater than nitrite alone. The addition of EDTA (500 or 1000 ppm) and nitrite (500 ppm) to chicken dark meat reduced the number of aerobes by more than 100 fold when compared to dark chicken meat formulated with only nitrite (500 ppm).
Resource competition as a source of non-minimum phase behavior in transcription-translation systems

In this paper, we explore how resource limitations can lead to coupling interactions between orthogonal components in a transcription-translation system and the effect those interactions have on its dynamical behavior. To illustrate these ideas, we present a motivating example featuring a classical network motif: the signal cascade. We show that through coupling interactions arising from competition for limited resources, the system exhibits a non-minimum phase step response. These observations lead us to identify a key network motif with the potential to introduce right half plane zeros into the system transfer function. We characterize the parametric conditions under which the network motif produces a right half plane zero. Finally, we illustrate these results with two examples, showing how resource limitations can 1) introduce the network motif through these coupling interactions, 2) satisfy our parametric conditions to produce a right half plane zero.
Elusive reconciliations: ideological conflict in youth homeless shelters

This paper explores an important contradiction in the operation of youth homeless shelters: while employees may champion autonomy, stringent regulations constrict independence. Inherent in shelter life is a struggle between more symbolically powerful staff members, who exercise authority and judgment over residents in accordance with societal norms, and youth, who are compelled to feel at once independent and subject. Power differentials and the transmission of messages about worth, deservingness, and compliance should be scrutinized by shelter staff members and top leadership. Understanding how the most effective staff-resident collaboration can be initiated will require sincere consideration of the extent to which “necessary” limitations of personal liberty within an environment that pushes autonomy actually represent manifestations of symbolic processes of power.
Application of a long-term enhanced xanthine oxidase-induced luminescence in solid-phase immunoassays

Abstract The use of xanthine oxidase (XO) as a label in immunoanalysis has not been previously reported. This can be explained by the difficulties encountered in XO assays (poor sensitivity and versatility) and the competitive inhibition of the enzyme by allopurinol, a widely used hypouricemic agent. We demonstrate here that both difficulties can be circumvented. (i) The XO-dependent luminescent signal related to the oxidation of luminol is dramatically enhanced in the presence of iron-EDTA complex and sodium perborate in alkaline buffer. The mechanism of this enhancement is consistent with an O2−-driven Fenton reaction, leading to the production of highly reactive OH radical. (ii) Residual inhibition of solid-phase bound XO by serum allopurinol and its metabolites is spontaneously reversible and can be prevented by the presence of folic acid or azahypoxanthine in the incubation buffer. With these two problems solved, XO can be classified as a choice label in immunoanalysis with the following properties: (i) high detection sensitivity (3 amol label), (ii) long-term luminescent signal (several days), (iii) versatile preparation and stability of conjugates, and (iv) long-term stability of the luminescence reagent. As an example of application, some data concerning total IgE and direct 17β-estradiol assays are described. Several other luminescent immunoassays of large and small molecules have been developed using XO conjugates as tracer (free and total T4, ultrasensitive thyroid stimulating hormone, CA 19.9, prolactin, hCG, specific IgE, anti-toxoplasma, and anti-chlamydia IgG), thus proving that XO can be classified as a universal label.
Scholars as Subsistence Foragers

Selon quelles regles les chercheurs et les animaux choisissent-ils leur nourriture (intellectuelle ou biologique), pourquoi plutot ici qu'ailleurs, pourquoi ont-ils besoin de cela ? A travers une etude sur les differentes strategies utilisees par les chercheurs etudiant les microhabitats, l'article se penche sur le probleme du choix et du rejet des informations par ces memes chercheurs. Selon quels criteres vont-ils selectionner ou non tel type d'information ? De meme, comment les chercheurs vont-ils raisonner pour retrouver cette information, d'apres quels principes, vont-ils evaluer leurs ressources documentaires, sera-ce sur les memes criteres que les specialistes de l'anthropologie, avec des donnees restreintes ? C'est ce que tente d'expliquer cet article.
An individual-component approximation to quadratic stress for flow-decomposition analysis

Abstract An individual-component approximation (ICA) to the one-dimensional quadratic stress is presented for analysis of hydrodynamic systems that contain multiple-frequency fluid motion such as tidal current and nearshore currents. Criteria governing development of the approximation are accuracy, symmetry, and preservation of contributions (magnitude and direction) of individual and coupled velocity components. Preservation of directionality is required to isolate functioning of individual terms for flow-decomposition analysis. The ICA is compared with the small-amplitude approximation analytically and through numerical examination for two velocity components. The two approximations differ at second order within the range of validity of the small-amplitude approximation. The ICA is exact in the limits of components with large magnitudes and components of equal magnitudes. Based on calculations comparing the exact numerical solution for velocity components with a wide range of relative magnitudes, relative periods, and phase differences, the ICA is accurate except in restricted regions of small-magnitude quadratic velocity. The ICA is generalized to multiple components without restriction on magnitude, period, or phase, and example calculations are given for flows comprised of three components and six components. The method is applied to velocity tidal constituents for Galveston Bay, Texas, and Tampa Bay, Florida.
Biomedical ontology improves biomedical literature clustering performance: a comparison study

Document clustering has been used for better document retrieval and text mining. In this paper, we investigate if a biomedical ontology improves biomedical literature clustering performance in terms of the effectiveness and the scalability. For this investigation, we perform a comprehensive comparison study of various document clustering approaches such as hierarchical clustering methods, Bisecting K-means, K-means and Suffix Tree Clustering (STC). According to our experiment results, a biomedical ontology significantly enhances clustering quality on biomedical documents. In addition, our results show that decent document clustering approaches, such as Bisecting K-means, K-means and STC, gains some benefit from the ontology while hierarchical algorithms showing the poorest clustering quality do not reap the benefit of the biomedical ontology.
A general solution for the complete Richards function

Abstract The two governing equations and corresponding solutions that constitute the complete Richards formulation are cast into a composite Bernoulli form, and the independent parameters are uncoupled. Examination of the governing equations in the first- and second-order phase planes leads to a simple relationship that permits a direct particular- ization of the Richards function on casual grounds. The analysis is accomodated by a canonical parametric system that accounts for the behavior of any inflecting-type growth law directly in terms of its analytical components. Certain use limitations of the Richards function are also clarified.
The emergency department occupancy rate: a simple measure of emergency department crowding?

Study objective We examine the validity of the emergency department (ED) occupancy rate as a measure of crowding by comparing it to the Emergency Department Work Index Score (EDWIN), a previously validated scale. Methods A multicenter validation study was conducted according to ED visit data from 6 academic EDs for a 3-month period in 2005. Hourly ED occupancy rate (ie, total number of patients in ED divided by total number of licensed beds) and EDWIN scores were calculated. The correlation between the scales was determined and their validity evaluated by their ability to discriminate between hours when 1 or more patients left without being seen and hours when the ED was on ambulance diversion, using area under the curve (AUC) statistics estimated from the bootstrap method. Results We calculated the ED occupancy rate and EDWIN for 2,208 consecutive hours at each of the 6 EDs. The overall correlation between the 2 scales was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56 to 0.60). The ED occupancy rate (AUC=0.73; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.80) and the EDWIN (AUC=0.65; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.72) did not differ significantly in correctly identifying hours when patients left without being seen. The ED occupancy rate (AUC=0.78; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.80) and the EDWIN (AUC=0.70; 95% CI 0.59 to 0.81) performed similarly for ED diversion hours. Conclusion The ED occupancy rate and the EDWIN classified leaving without being seen and ambulance diversion hours with moderate accuracy. Although the ED occupancy rate is not ideal, its simplicity makes real-time assessment of crowding feasible for more EDs nationwide.
Characterization of Friction Joints Subjected to High Levels of Random Vibration

This paper describes the test program in detail including test sample description, test procedures, and vibration test results of multiple test samples. The material pairs used in the experiment were Aluminum-Aluminum, Aluminum- Dicronite coated Aluminum, and Aluminum-Plasmadize coated Aluminum. Levels of vibration for each set of twelve samples of each material pairing were gradually increased until all samples experienced substantial displacement. Data was collected on 1) acceleration in all three axes, 2) relative static displacement between vibration runs utilizing photogrammetry techniques, and 3) surface galling and contaminant generation. This data was used to estimate the values of static friction during random vibratory motion when "stick-slip" occurs and compare these to static friction coefficients measured before and after vibration testing.
Frontal and inferior temporal cortical activity in visual target detection: Evidence from high spatially sampled event-related potentials

Visual event-related potential (ERP) studies show effects due to target detection in the P3 and in earlier negativities over posterior recording sites. The topography of these earlier components suggests contributions from both anterior and posterior neural generators, however these studies were performed with sparse recording arrays and may not have provided a full description of the scalp topography of the visual ERP. The current study employed a high-density recording array (64 channels) and spherical spline interpolated topographic voltage and current density maps to describe the scalp distribution of the major deflections in the visual ERP from a visual oddball paradigm: the P1, N1, N2/P2a (a temporally coincident posterior negativity and anterior positivity) and P3. A modified difference wave analysis was also performed to track the time-course of target detection effects in the ERP. Target detection effects were found in the N2/P2a and P3 components. The scalp distribution of the N2/P2a was consistent with separate frontal and posterior neural generators and this is discussed in reference to human hemodynamic and nonhuman primate studies of neural activity in the inferior temporal visual object recognition system and in frontal systems of selective attention and working memory in visual target detection tasks.
Cell wall differences of patient and soil isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans

Two isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were studied to determine whether or not differences in chemical composition of the cell walls existed. Aerated cultures of both isolates were grown at 37°C. in a synthetic liquid medium. A purified cell wall fraction was obtained by repeated passage of cells through a French pressure cell followed by differential centrifugation. Chemical analyses of cell wall fractions of each of these strains showed quantitative differences in 3 major groups of compounds. The isolate from the patient contained a higher percentage of hexose and a lower percentage of hexosamines and lipids than did the soil isolate.
A case of Guillain-Barré syndrome with immunologic abnormalities.

Guillain-Barre syndrome and the nephrotic syndrome developed in a patient simultaneously. Analysis of renal biopsy by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy showed lipoid nephrosis. T-cell lymphocytopenia, lymphocytotoxic antibodies, depressed lymphocyte mitogenesis, and anergy also complicated the illness. The immunologic abnormalities resolved when the polyradiculoneuritis and lipoid nephrosis remitted. This previously undescribed association illustrates the occurrence of two postulated cell-mediated autoimmune disorders despite the presence of depressed cell-mediated immunity.
A sensitive fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer

A Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor utilizing a single-mode optical fiber has been demonstrated, exhibiting a finesse of 18 and a sensitivity to phase modulation of 7.9 \times 10^{-7} rad/ \sqrt{Hz} at 1 kHz.
Using DNA Self-assembly Design Strategies to Motivate Graph Theory Concepts

A number of exciting new laboratory techniques have been developed using the Watson-Crick complementarity properties of DNA strands to achieve the self-assembly of graphical complexes. For all of these methods, an essential step in building the self-assembling nanostructure is designing the component molecular building blocks. These design strategy problems fall naturally into the realm of graph theory. We describe graph theoretical formalism for various construction methods, and then suggest several graph theory exercises to introduce this application into a standard undergraduate graph theory class. This application provides a natural framework for motivating central concepts such as degree sequence, Eulerian graphs, Fleury’s algorithm, trees, graph genus, paths, cycles, etc. There are many open questions associated with these applications which are accessible to students and offer the possibility of exciting undergraduate research experiences in applied graph theory.
The versatility of proteolytic enzymes

The growing realization of their physiological importance has generated renewed interest in the study of proteolytic enzymes. Modern methods of protein chemistry and molecular biology have revealed new insights into the protein and gene structure of a variety of protein precursors and their processing by limited proteolysis. Examples are given in this review for transmembrane processes and the role of signal peptidases of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin, the processing of prohormones and precursors of growth factors, protein components of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and of the complement system, and a group of granulocyte proteases, including the mast cell serine proteases. The relationship of homologous domains found in many of these proteases and their zymogens to protein evolution is a recurrent theme of this discussion.
The Pattern of Indoor Smoking Restriction Law Transitions, 1970–2009: Laws Are Sticky

Objectives. We examined the pattern of the passage of smoking laws across venues (government and private workplaces, restaurants, bars) and by strength (no law to 100% smoke-free).Methods. We conducted transition analyses of local and state smoking restrictions passed between 1970 and 2009, with data from the Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Ordinance Database.Results. Each decade, more laws were enacted, from 18 passed in the 1970s to 3172 in the first decade of this century, when 91% of existing state laws were passed. Most laws passed took states and localities from no law to some level of smoking restriction, and most new local (77%; 5148/6648) and state (73%; 115/158) laws passed in the study period did not change strength.Conclusions. Because these laws are “sticky”—once a law has passed, strength of the law and venues covered do not change often—policymakers and advocates should focus on passing strong laws the first time, rather than settling for less comprehensive laws with the hope of improving ...
Nucleic acid–mutagen interactions: crystal structure of adenylyl-3′,5′-uridine plus 9-aminoacridine

Adenylyl-3′, 5′-uridine and 9-aminoacridine cocrystallise in a heavily hydrated monoclinic lattice. The adenine residues are hydrogen bonded with uracil residues and the base pairs are stacked parallel to each other in the crystal with 9-aminoacridine sandwiched directly between them.
Surgery for Bilateral Superior Oblique Palsy

Following head trauma, because the patient has no overt vertical or horizontal tropia to account for the complaint of diplopia, the symptoms are dismissed, when in fact cyclodiplopia resulting from the excyclotropic feature of bilateral superior oblique palsy is the cause. A prospective study of nine patients with bilateral superior oblique muscle palsy caused by head trauma and managed by an identical surgical regimen are presented. All patients had symptomatic cyclodiplopia that increased in downgaze. Cover testing performed in various gaze positions and in left and right head tilt positions plus the double Maddox rod tests confirmed the diagnosis. The four expected findings are left hypertropia (LHT) in right gaze and right hypertropia (RHT) in left gaze, RHT on right head tilt and LHT in left tilt, V pattern, and excyclodeviation. All patients received symmetrical bilateral superior oblique tendon surgery, using a modified technique originally described by Harada and Ito, which consisted of advancing the anterior tendon half along the equator of the globe toward the superior border of the lateral rectus muscle. Elimination of the cyclodiplopia symptom was achieved in all cases by reducing the quantity of excyclotropia.
Chemisorption and decomposition of tris(dimethylamino) phosphine on GaAs(100)

Abstract The chemisorption and decomposition of tris(dimethylamino) phosphine (DMAP) on GaAs(100) are investigated with temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPR) and D atom coadsorption experiments. Below monolayer coverage, the majority of DMAP molecules adsorbed at 120 K dissociates at elevated temperatures. At higher surface coverages, DMAP desorbs molecularly with a desorption peak temperature decreasing from 350 to 170 K with increasing coverages. The dimethylamino groups desorb from the surface above 350 K via two reaction channels: radical ejection as dimethylamino radical or β-hydrogen elimination as N-methylmethyleneimine. Coadsorption of D atoms has identified the ejection of radicals rather than stable dimethylamine. The branching ratio of the two channels is affected by the surface coverage and sites available, specifically the relative amounts of Ga, As and P exposed on the surface. Pure phosphorus deposited on the surface desorbs as P2 or P4 above 700 K.
Inelastic Coherent Neutron Scattering in Amorphous Solids

Inelastic neutron scattering is widely perceived to be more powerful than optical spectroscopy in investigating the dynamics of crystalline solids because light couples directly only to long wavelength fluctuations which comprise an insignificant fraction of the total, whereas thermal neutrons respond rather uniformly to the entire wavelength spectrum of the lattice excitations. The situation changes substantially if we consider amorphous solids. For simplicity, we shall consider explicitly only single component harmonic solids. There are of course well defined long lived normal modes of vibration in such a material which we will continue to call phonons, but since an amorphous solid lacks the translational periodicity of a crystal, these phonons no longer have a single characteristic propagation vector.
Subendocardial underperfusion during acute aorticopulmonary shunting in anesthetized dogs.

Abstract Changes in regional coronary hemodynamics during A-P shunting were studied in open-chest anesthetized dogs. During direct A-P shunting coronary driving pressure fell which resulted in decreased coronary flow to the subendocardial region of the left ventricle and abnormal coronary reactive hyperemic responses. When aortic diastolic pressure was augmented during indirect A-P shungting, underperfusion of the subendocardial region was corrected and the coronary hyperemic responses returned to normal. Since shunt flows were equal in both groups, the magnitude of the shunt was not a factor in reducing coronary flow. The present study indicates that acute A-P shunts may cause underperfusion of the left ventricular subendocardium. Thus, under these conditions, the left ventricle is stressed by a combination of an increased workload in the face of reduced subendocardial coronary flow.
Pain Impacts Sexual Functioning among Interstitial Cystitis Patients

Ethnographic methods were used to gather illness narratives on 11 men and 38 women diagnosed with interstitial cystitis (IC). Content analysis using the Spradley ethnographic method reveals that patients directly link IC pain to diminished sexual functioning. We conclude: (1) Patients with IC are deeply concerned about diminished sexual function. Physicians and rehabilitation specialists should actively investigate and treat this problem. (2) Management of IC pain is inadequate and leads to disability and changes in sexual practices. (3) Linking treatments for sexual dysfunction with appropriate pain management strategies could substantially improve the quality of life for patients with IC. Structural factors in medical delivery along with health insurance policies reduce patient access to a comprehensive and interdisciplinary set of needed health interventions that could make a difference in the treatment of persistent pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction. Recognition of these structural issues is the key to improved health service delivery.
Application of the Functional, Expressive and Aesthetic Consumer Needs Model: assessing the clothing needs of adolescent girls with disabilities

The purpose of this study was to investigate clothing needs of adolescent girls with disabilities with the application of the Functional, Expressive and Aesthetic (FEA) Consumer Needs Model (Lamb, J.M. and Kallal, M.J., 1992. A conceptual framework for apparel design. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 10, 42–47). Survey data were collected from 33 adolescent girls with disabilities. Functional, expressive and aesthetic considerations of the FEA Model were used to analyse responses regarding satisfaction with specific garment types and general clothing needs. While functional considerations were most often reported, adolescents also indicated a number of expressive and aesthetic considerations. Regardless of their level of clothing interest, the common functional considerations identified were issues with fit and difficulty donning and doffing including difficulty with garment fasteners. Safety was not a consideration identified in the FEA Model but was identified by the adolescents as important when...
Synthesis of highly strained InyGa1 − yP/InxGa1 − xAs/InyGa1 − yP quantum well structures with strain compensation

Abstract Strain-compensated, highly strained In y Ga 1 − y P/In x Ga 1 − x As/In y Ga 1 − y P quantum wells have been grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) at a wide growth temperature range of 350 to 525°C. From observation of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), we find that a low substrate temperature can increase the RHEED critical layer thickness ( l c ), defined as when the RHEED pattern becomes spotty. For In 0.3 Ga 0.7 As, the l c is about 100 A at 500°C and more than 600 A at 350°C. Post-growth annealing can be utilized to increase the quality of strained materials grown at low temperature. Strain compensation is also shown to improve thermal stability against annealing.
The association between a negatively charged ligand and the electronegative binding pocket of its receptor

Many examples exist of charged amino acids that play a role in attracting or holding a charged ligand toward or inside an oppositely charged binding pocket of the protein. For example, the enzymes superoxide dismutase, triose-phosphate isomerase, and acetylcholinesterase can steer ligands toward their oppositely charged binding pockets or gorges. Interestingly, in our Brownian dynamics simulations of a phosphate-binding protein, we discovered that negatively charged phosphate (HPO(2-)(4)) could make its way into the negatively charged binding pocket. In fact, the phosphate-binding protein exhibits counterintuitive kinetics of association. That is, one would expect that the rate of association would increase on increases to the ionic strength since the interaction between the ligand, with a charge of -2, and the electronegative binding pocket would be repulsive and greater screening should reduce this repulsion and increase the rate of association. However, the opposite is seen-i.e., the rate of association decreases on increases in the ionic strength. We used Brownian dynamics techniques to compute the diffusion limited association rate constants between the negatively charged phosphate ligand and several open forms of PBP (wild-type and several mutants based on an x-ray structure of open-form PBP, mutant T141D). With the appropriate choices of reaction criteria and molecular parameters, the ligand was able to diffuse into the binding pocket. A number of residues influence binding of the ligand within the pocket via hydrogen bonds or salt bridges. Arg135 partially neutralizes the charges on the HPO(2-)(4) ligand in the binding pocket, allowing it to enter. It is also found that the positive electrostatic patches above and below the binding entrance of PBP contribute the major attractive forces that direct the ligand toward the surface of the protein near the binding site.
Search for an Intermediate Boson

In an experiment to observe the possible effects of an intermediate boson, the cross section for elastic electronproton scattering was measured at 135 deg in the laboratory system for incident electron energies from 150 to 850 Mev. This energy range was covered in steps of 0.7% with an energy-analyzed electron beam 1% wide. The presence of the intermediate boson would have produced an enhancement in the cross section of from 50 to 500% at the resonance energy. The cross section at each energy was measured to a statistical precision of 3%. No resonant peak was observed in this energy range. The conclusion is that there is no evidence for such a boson of mass less than 3080 m/sub e/. (auth)
Evaluation of the effects of PD 134308 (CI-988), A CCK-B antagonist, on the punished responding of squirrel monkeys

Lever pressing of squirrel monkeys was maintained by a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food presentation during which every 30th response also produced a brief electric shock. Lever pressing was suppressed during this stimulus (conflict or punishment) compared to that occurring prior to the introduction of shock or, with some monkeys, during an alternate stimulus in which punishment did not occur. PD 134308 (CI-988), administered i.m. (0.03-3.0 mg/kg), increased punished responding but had no effect on non-punished responding. Peak increases of 150% of control occurred at 3.0 mg/kg. There was no indication of sedation at the highest dose of PD 134308 (10.0 mg/kg). By comparison, chlordiazepoxide (1.0-10 mg/kg, i.m.) produced similar effects, except the magnitude of increases in punished responding reached approximately 200% of control performance levels and the higher doses reduced non-punished response rates. PD 134308 produces anxiolytic-like effects in this animal model of anxiety that would suggest potential clinical efficacy in humans of a novel class of compounds with actions at or modulated by cholecystokinin receptors.
Biomass Production and Water: A Brief Review of Recent Research

The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandated an increase in the production of liquid fuels from renewable sources, including corn, soybeans, and perennial crops. Expanded corn production poses a risk to water quality, and expanded production of perennial crops for cellulosic ethanol may have positive effects on water quality as well as positive or negative impacts on water quantity. Nitrate contamination from corn production is greatest in regions with subsurface drainage systems. Sediment and phosphorus contamination are more likely to come from sloping soils. The risks to water quality can be reduced by conservation practices, such as planting winter cover crops, but the costs of implementing these practices represent a barrier to adoption when there is little or no benefit to the farm owner or operator. The magnitude of these impacts appears to be highly variable and there is a need for more empirical work to improve simulation models to quantify the impacts in different physiographic settings and at a range of scales.
EZH2 Mutations: Mutating the Epigenetic Machinery in Myeloid Malignancies

Two recent studies identified loss-of-function mutations in the histone H3 methyltransferase EZH2 in myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms, provided further demonstration of mutations in epigenetic modifiers in myeloid malignancies, and suggest EZH2 functions as a tumor-suppressor gene in these malignancies rather than an oncogene as in some other malignancies.
Surgical therapy for recent total occlusion of the internal carotid artery

Abstract From January 1980 until May 1983, 24 patients had surgical exploration of the carotid bifurcation for suspected recent total occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA). All patients had recent onset of neurologic symptoms related to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Selective carotid angiography determined preoperative total occlusion of the ICA. Because surgery failed to reopen the ICA in nine patients, they had endarterectomy of the external carotid artery. Fifteen patients had initially successful thromboendarterectomy of the ICA. Prior to patient dismissal, patency was documented by B-mode ultrasound or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). All 15 patients had another B-mode ultrasound scan or DSA at least 45 days after thromboendarterectomy. On reexamination four ICAs were reoccluded, but only one patient became symptomatic. There were no operative deaths and no increase in preoperative neurologic deficits. The natural history of patients with total occlusion of the ICA is variable. The most important factor influencing a therapeutic decision is the patient's neurologic status. This study supports an aggressive, early surgical intervention for recent total occlusion in carefully selected patients. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:57-61.)
Heartlands or neglected geographies? Liminality, power, and the hyperreal rural

Abstract This paper attempts to question what is meant by power in recent calls for the study of ‘neglected’ voices in rural studies. As such, there are two principal thoughts being developed here. First, the whole concept of the ‘neglected’ needs to be looked at much more closely. Many are willing to give in to modernist impulses to unearth and discover these other perspectives on life in rural areas without giving adequate consideration to the power relations which not merely repress these voices but indeed encourage them to speak as the neglected . Second, insofar as power can used in this way, to produce populations identifiable as much on the basis of what they lack as on the basis of what they have, scholarship which seeks to contribute to the opportunities people might have to improve their quality of life needs to avoid fixing definitions of who those people are or are not. The roles played by ambivalence and hybridity in everyday life (and particularly our spatial representations of it) need to be valorized and further explored. These thoughts are tracked along four trajectories involving themes of liminality and alienation, simulation and the temporality of communication, the bias of investigation, and the danger of recuperation.
Different effects of low and high dose cardiotonic steroids on cytosolic calcium in spontaneously active hippocampal neurons and in co-cultured glia

The Na+ pump is crucial for the regulation of [Na+]i (the intracellular Na+ concentration) in all cells. Three Na+ pump alpha subunit isoforms, alpha1, alpha2 and alpha3, are expressed in rat hippocampal neurons, and alpha1 and alpha2 are expressed in glia, but the significance of these isoforms is not understood. We exploited the different ouabain affinities of the Na+ pump alpha subunit isoforms in rat (alpha1, low ouabain affinity; alpha2 and alpha3, high ouabain affinity) to probe their possible physiological roles. Low and intermediate doses (1-10 microM) of ouabain and its readily reversible analog, dihydroouabain, altered the spontaneous elevations of [Ca2+]i (the intracellular Ca2+ concentration) in neurons and induced [Ca2+]i transients in glia. Complete inhibition of all Na+ pump isoforms (>/=100 microM ouabain) caused sustained increases in global neuronal [Ca2+]i in rat neuronal/glial hippocampal co-cultures and transient [Ca2+]i increases in surrounding glia. High dose ouabain was also associated with increased [Na+]i and [H+]i in neurons and glia. In contrast, 1 microM ouabain (a concentration that completely inhibits only alpha2 and alpha3) was not associated with sustained increases in global neuronal [Ca2+]i or the sustained derangements in [Na+]i and [H+]i observed with high dose ouabain. Reduction of [K+]o to 1 mM suppressed the spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations in neurons and induced Ca2+ transients in some glia; removal of external K+ induced sustained elevation of neuronal [Ca2+]i. These studies indicate that the alpha1 isoform is the 'housekeeper' required for maintenance of the global Na+ gradient. As suggested by their restricted plasmalemmal distribution, the high ouabain-affinity Na+ pump isoforms may have more specific roles in neurons and glia.
Rotation of the Upper Atmosphere of Venus

A fundamental aspect of the Venus wind system is discussed that has apparently escaped notice. If Venus has a negligible meridional gradient of surface pressure, as the Venera data suggest, but has a small decrease in the average temperature from the equator to both poles, then the pressure surfaces at high elevations are likely to display an equatorial bulge. The pressure force associated with the bulge can only be balanced by an excess centrifugal force due to a rotation rate that increases with height. The implications of this aspect are investigated.
National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) National Backbone Contributions to the Integrated Ocean Observation System (IOOS)

As an integral part of the Integrated Ocean Observation System (IOOS) "National Backbone", the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is increasing the oceanographic capabilities of the NDBC Ocean Observing System (NOOS). The goal of the effort, known as Conversion of Weather Buoys (ConWxB), is to increase the number of ocean instruments on existing backbone buoys. The nascent IOOS regional associations were asked to provide suggestions of existing NDBC buoy locations to add directional wave, current profile, and salinity sensors within their regions. Most regional associations responded and in one case an update was forwarded to NDBC. Using these inputs and the upcoming buoy schedule for the next two years, an initial list of probable buoys was established for each type of sensor. An effort was made to respond to priority areas as provided by the regional associations. The criteria used to establish the ocean sensor suite on buoys and the distribution of sensors vertically within the water column will be discussed. Under ConWxB, NDBC is deploying ocean sensors on all buoys. Directional waves are derived primarily from the angular rate system (ARS) installed inside the buoys. However, the design of the six meter NOMAD buoy does not respond to ocean movement in a way conducive to provide directional ocean waves from this system. Directional wave sensors will be therefore be deployed on three meter buoys. In addition, NDBC has a long history of supporting the Army Corps of Engineers with high resolution heave, pitch, and roll (HIPPY) sensors, which will continue. Doppler current profilers will be employed on approximately three dozen three meter and ten meter buoys. The remainder of the NDBC buoys, including six meter NOMAD buoys, will be equipped with near surface current meters. NDBC has gained experience deploying acoustic Doppler current profilers under the Coastal Storms Program and a project associated with the Minerals Management Service Twelve three meter discus buoys have been selected for conductivity/temperature strings and another thirty buoys will have conductivity/temperature sensors attached to the bridle. These later buoys include the six meter NOMAD and ten and twelve meter discus buoys. NDBC is deploying a new 1.8 meter discuss buoy with directional waves and ADCP sensors, and a new compact meteorology package. These buoys will primarily be associated with NDBC Coastal Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) sites. After a successful testing stage, NDBC will deploy eleven of the 1.8 meter buoys. The addition of these ocean assets to the National Backbone for IOOS supports the individual regional associations and the goals of NOAA. The implementation of ConWxB has already begun and should be completed by the end of Fiscal Year 2007. The increased complexity of transmission, processing, and display of real-time oceanographic data at NDBC is also begin addressed through a number of current programs and initiatives
Cooperative Beamforming and Power Control

This work presents an energy efficient, low-overhead scheme for cooperative beamforming in ad hoc networks. Collaborating nodes retransmit local signals to faraway destinations, multiplying the received analog waveform by a complex weight chosen (in a distributed fashion) to maximize the received SNR. The improvement in SNR is explicitly derived for a large number of cooperating nodes.
Probable crocodilian tracks and traces from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of eastern Utah

A tetradactyl pes impression and tridactyl manus impression are described as the type specimen of Hatcherichnus sanjuanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., a probable large crocodilian ichnite from the Salt Wash Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in eastern Utah. A similar pes track from the Morrison Formation at Garden Park, Colorado, may also belong to this ichnogenus. The type specimen from Utah consists of plaster replicas of natural casts of a left pes impression and a left manus impression. Associated with the type specimen were possible tail and body drag impressions. The tracks do not appear to be part of a walking trackway and may be swim tracks associated with an animal in shallow water. The tracks occur at a visible contact between slightly fining‐upward channel sandstone units.
Document recognition: an attribute grammar approach

A formulation of a hierarchical page decomposition technique for technical journal pages using attribute grammars is presented. In this approach, block-grammars are recursively applied until a page is classified into its most significant sub-blocks. While a grammar devised for each block depends on its logical function, it is possible to formulate a generic description for all block grammars using attribute grammars. This attribute grammar formulation forms a generic framework on which this syntactic approach is based, while the attributes themselves are derived from publication-specific knowledge. The attribute extraction process and the formulation itself are covered in this paper. We discuss an application of attribute grammars to a document analysis problem, the extraction of logical, relational information from the image of tables.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.