cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Measurement of the Role of Phase Fluctuations in Nonlinear Optical Absorption Processes

The role played by fluctuations in optical absorption processes is quite varied and interesting because of the extent to which higher order processes are involved and the dependence of different processes on the intensity of the optical field. At very low intensities it may be sufficient to consider only linear absorption: single photon processes at rates so low that state populations are essentially unperturbed. In this case the role of the optical field is completely representable in terms of its power spectrum (the spectral density as a function of frequency). Higher order statistical properties play no role.
Alloimmune Neonatal Neutropenia Due to an Antibody to the Neutrophil Fc-gamma Receptor III With Maternal Deficiency of CD16 Antigen

Antibodies to the neutrophil-specific antigens NA1 and NA2 are associated with alloimmune neonatal neutropenia (ANN), autoimmune neutropenia of childhood, and acute pulmonary transfusion reactions. These antigens have been found to be located on the neutrophil Fc-gamma receptor III (FcRIII). The mother of a child with ANN was found to lack both NA antigens and to produce an antibody that reacted with all normal neutrophils tested. We used maternal antibody and a CD16 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that has specificity for FcRIII to immunoblot and immunoprecipitate neutrophil membranes of various NA phenotypes. Both antibodies immunoblotted an approximately 40- to 70-Kd glycoprotein (GP) on NA1, NA2-positive membrane, an approximately 40- to 55-Kd GP on NA1-homozygous membranes, and an approximately 55- to 70- Kd GP on NA2-homozygous membranes. Both antibodies also immunoprecipitated a 50- to 80-Kd GP from NA1, NA2-positive cells, a 50- to 60-Kd GP from NA1-homozygous cells, and a 55- to 80-Kd GP from NA2- homozygous cells. To further examine the specificity of the maternal antibody, sequential immunoprecipitation studies were performed using maternal antisera and a CD16 MoAb. After extracts of 125I surface- labeled neutrophils were precleared with maternal serum, CD16 MoAbs no longer immunoprecipitated any GP. Neither the CD16 MoAb nor a rabbit polyclonal antibody specific for FcRIII detected any GP in maternal neutrophil membranes by immunoblotting. Neutrophil FcRIII is a glycosyl- phosphatidylinositol anchored membrane GP as is decay accelerating factor and both are absent from neutrophils of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Maternal neutrophil membranes were probed with antibody specific for DAF and an 80-Kd GP was detected. This woman also has had no clinical evidence of PNH. These studies provide further evidence that the NA1 and NA2 antigens are on FcRIII and identify a healthy person whose neutrophils lack not only the neutrophil specific antigens NA1 and NA2 but multiple other epitopes of FcRIII and, therefore, likely lack FcRIII entirely.
Accounting for Approval: Organizational Response Strategies to a Crisis

Traditional theories of firm-stakeholder communication generally focus on managing social approval – stakeholders’ collective favorable perceptions of an organization – as an outcome of an organiza...
Statistical methods for evaluating the correlation between timeline follow-back data and daily process data with applications to research on alcohol and marijuana use

Abstract Background Retrospective timeline follow-back (TLFB) data and prospective daily process data have been frequently collected in addiction research to characterize behavioral patterns. Although previous validity studies have demonstrated high correlations between these two types of data, the conventional method adopted in those studies was based on summary measures that may lose critical information and the Pearson's correlation coefficient that has an undesirable property. This study proposes the functional concordance correlation coefficient to address these issues. Methods We use real data collected from a randomized experiment to demonstrate the applications of the proposed method and compare its analytical results with those of the conventional method. We also conduct a simulation study based on the real data to evaluate the level of overestimation associated with the conventional method. Results The results of the real data example indicate that the correlation between these two types of data varies across substances (alcohol vs. marijuana) and assessment schedules (daily vs. weekly). Additionally, the correlations estimated by the conventional method tend to be higher than those estimated by the proposed method. The simulation results further show that the magnitude of overestimation associated with the conventional method is greatest when the true correlation is medium. Conclusions The findings of the real data example imply that daily assessments are particularly beneficial for characterizing more variable behaviors like alcohol use, whereas weekly assessments may be sufficient for low variation events such as marijuana use. The proposed method is a better approach for evaluating the validity of TLFB data.
Employing Evidence in Evaluating Complementary Therapies: Findings from an Ethnography of Integrative Pain Management at a Large Urban Pediatric Hospital.

Abstract Background: Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) shows positive clinical benefit with minimal side effects, yet, challenges to effective integration of CIM providers in biomedical ...
Are There Gender, Racial, or Religious Denominational Differences in Religiosity's Effect on Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among Youth in the United States? A Propensity Score Weighting Approach.

Background Alcohol use/misuse is a prevalent health issue among youth and may lead to adverse consequences. Religiosity has been identified as a protective factor against alcohol use/misuse among youth. Identifying moderators in the religiosity-alcohol relationship has important implications for intervention development. Objective This study aims to examine whether gender, race, or religious denomination moderate the religiosity-alcohol relationship. Method This study overcame previous studies' limitations by using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample and robust analytical methods (N = 1969). This study used the propensity score weighting method to control for a large number of confounders. Propensity score weights were estimated using Generalized Boosted Models. Results Findings indicate that gender and religious denomination might not moderate the religiosity-alcohol relationship, whereas racial difference was present. Among White youth, religiosity was found to have a buffering effect against alcohol use (average treatment effect [ATE] = -0.57, CI.95 = -0.83, -0.32) and binge drinking (ATE = 0.54, CI.95 = 0.38, 0.71). However, among non-White youth, religiosity was not found to have an effect on alcohol use (ATE = 0.08, CI.95 = -0.31, 0.47) or binge drinking (ATE = 1.07, CI.95 = 0.68, 1.64). Conclusions Findings suggest that preventions/interventions of youth alcohol involvement that are religiously based may not need to adapt their efforts based on youth's gender or religious denominations. More importantly, when addressing alcohol use/misuse issue among White American youth, religious and faith-based organizations, youth religious group leaders, and clergy should be included in the prevention/intervention efforts.
MANAJEMEN LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM NON FORMAL “SATU ATAP” AL HIDAYAH JURANGGUNTING ARGOMULYO KOTA SALATIGA

Aims of this study is to reveal how the implementation of management of non-formal Islamic education institutions, supporting and inhibiting factors and steps taken in the framework of developing institutional management. The locus of this study was Al Hidayah One Roof Non-formal Islamic Education Institution in Ledok, Argomulyo Sub-District, Salatiga City. In the process, this study used a qualitative approach using the snowball sampling technique. Data analysis uses the Miles & Huberman Interactive Analysis Model which includes activities: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) drawing conclusions and verification. The results obtained show that management is managed by the chairman and secretary, treasurer and head of each institution. The implementation of managerial functions has not been fully implemented. The main constraints include the lack of funding support, the lack of consistent attention to mosque takmir, the weakening of community support and the transfer of management status from singgel to family which has an impact on changes in work focus, domicile, and family factors. Some of the steps taken include conducting organizational restructuring and formulating a funding arrangement plan, procuring new human resources through regeneration and compiling administrative governance. Keywords: Management. Islamic Education Institutions, Non-formal, One-stop
Octopi: Open configurable high-throughput imaging platform for infectious disease diagnosis in the field

Abstract Access to quantitative, robust, yet affordable diagnostic tools is necessary to reduce global infectious disease burden. Manual microscopy has served as a bedrock for diagnostics with wide adaptability, although at a cost of tedious labor and human errors. Automated robotic microscopes are poised to enable a new era of smart field microscopy but current platforms remain cost prohibitive and largely inflexible, especially for resource poor and field settings. Here we present Octopi, a low-cost ($250-$500) and reconfigurable autonomous microscopy platform capable of automated slide scanning and correlated bright-field and fluorescence imaging. Being highly modular, it also provides a framework for new disease-specific modules to be developed. We demonstrate the power of the platform by applying it to automated detection of malaria parasites in blood smears. Specifically, we discovered a spectral shift on the order of 10 nm for DAPI-stained Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. This shift allowed us to detect the parasites with a low magnification (equivalent to 10x) large field of view (2.56 mm2) module. Combined with automated slide scanning, real time computer vision and machine learning-based classification, Octopi is able to screen more than 1.5 million red blood cells per minute for parasitemia quantification, with estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90% at parasitemia of 50/ul and 100% for parasitemia higher than 150/l. With different modules, we further showed imaging of tissue slice and sputum sample on the platform. With roughly two orders of magnitude in cost reduction, Octopi opens up the possibility of a large robotic microscope network for improved disease diagnosis while providing an avenue for collective efforts for development of modular instruments. One sentence summary We developed a low-cost ($250-$500) automated imaging platform that can quantify malaria parasitemia by scanning 1.5 million red blood cells per minute.
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING MECHANISM OF AISI 316LN STAINLESS STEEL REBARS IN CHLORIDE CONTAMINATED CONCRETE PORE SOLUTION USING THE SLOW STRAIN RATE TECHNIQUE

Abstract In this work, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 LN rebar is studied along the entire stress-strain diagram by slow strain rate technique. The growth and passivity breakdown of the passive film is proved by non-destructive electrochemical tests as well as by current monitoring. The current density experiences multiple peaks related to the nucleation of metastable pits on AISI 316 LN surface near the yield stress (fy), followed by passivity breakdown of the passive film due to residual stresses, in addition to the chloride pitting process. The activation of dislocations dynamics induces high stress concentration in the passive film after reaching fy stress value, and consequently the development of high oxygen vacancies, increasing the oxygen diffusion, and therefore producing stable pits instead of metastable ones. The addition of 4 wt% Cl− in the concrete pore solution enhances the pitting process leading to film rupture, thus developing a mixed fracture mechanism characteristic of SCC.
Bilateral ureterovaginal fistula; complication of radiation therapy.

Abstract An unusual case of bilateral ureterovaginal fistula complicating radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix is presented. The development of a bilateral fistula of this type without associated major pelvic surgery and without locally persistent tumor is unique. The choice of urinary diversion as treatment of this patient is discussed, and the clinical course with unsuccessful outcome is subjected to retrospective analysis.
Preservation of Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) Fillet by Isochoric (Constant Volume) Freezing

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of isochoric freezing on the quality of tilapia fillet. Isochoric freezing was compared to chilling, super-chilling, and freezing. Isochoric freezin...
Association of Angiotensin II-Stimulating Antihypertensive Use and Dementia Risk: Post Hoc Analysis of the PreDIVA Trial.

Objective To assess whether angiotensin II–stimulating antihypertensives (thiazides, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin I receptor blockers) convey a lower risk of incident dementia compared to angiotensin II–inhibiting antihypertensives (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers), in accordance with the “angiotensin hypothesis.” Methods We performed Cox regression analyses of incident dementia (or mortality as competing risk) during 6–8 years of follow-up in a population sample of 1,909 community-dwelling individuals (54% women) without dementia, aged 70–78 (mean 74.5 ± 2.5) years. Results After a median of 6.7 years of follow-up, dementia status was available for 1,870 (98%) and mortality for 1,904 (>99%) participants. Dementia incidence was 5.6% (27/480) in angiotensin II–stimulating, 8.2% (59/721) in angiotensin II–inhibiting, and 6.9% (46/669) in both antihypertensive type users. Adjusted for dementia risk factors including blood pressure and medical history, angiotensin II–stimulating antihypertensive users had a 45% lower incident dementia rate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34–0.89) without excess mortality (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.64–1.16), and individuals using both types had a nonsignificant 20% lower dementia rate (HR, 0.80; 95% CI,0.53–1.20) without excess mortality (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.76–1.24), compared to angiotensin II–inhibiting antihypertensive users. Results were consistent for subgroups based on diabetes and stroke history, but may be specific for individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions Users of angiotensin II–stimulating antihypertensives had lower dementia rates compared to angiotensin II–inhibiting antihypertensive users, supporting the angiotensin hypothesis. Confounding by indication must be examined further, although subanalyses suggest this did not influence results. If replicated, dementia prevention could become a compelling indication for older individuals receiving antihypertensive treatment.
Early decreases in cortical mid-gamma peaks coincide with the onset of motor deficits and precede exaggerated beta build-up in rat models for Parkinson's disease

Abstract Evidence suggests that exaggerated beta range local field potentials (LFP) in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits constitute an important biomarker for feedback for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease patients, although the role of this phenomenon in triggering parkinsonian motor symptoms remains unclear. A useful model for probing the causal role of motor circuit LFP synchronization in motor dysfunction is the unilateral dopamine cell-lesioned rat, which shows dramatic motor deficits walking contralaterally to the lesion but can walk steadily ipsilaterally on a circular treadmill. Within hours after 6-OHDA injection, rats show marked deficits in ipsilateral walking with early loss of significant motor cortex (MCx) LFP peaks in the mid-gamma 41–45 Hz range in the lesioned hemisphere; both effects were reversed by dopamine agonist administration. Increases in MCx and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) coherence and LFP power in the 29–40 Hz range emerged more gradually over 7 days, although without further progression of walking deficits. Twice-daily chronic dopamine antagonist treatment induced rapid onset of catalepsy and also reduced MCx 41–45 Hz LFP activity at 1 h, with increases in MCx and SNpr 29–40 Hz power/coherence emerging over 7 days, as assessed during periods of walking before the morning treatments. Thus, increases in high beta power in these parkinsonian models emerge gradually and are not linearly correlated with motor deficits. Earlier changes in cortical circuits, reflected in the rapid decreases in MCx LFP mid-gamma LFP activity, may contribute to evolving plasticity supporting increased beta range synchronized activity in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits after loss of dopamine receptor stimulation.
A recent eye-tracking study fails to reveal agency in assisted autistic communication

In May 2020, Scientific Reports published a paper entitled “Eye-tracking Reveals Agency in Assisted Autistic Communication” (Jaswal et al., 2020). This paper has attracted widespread attention amon...
Classifying handedness with MRI

Abstract When aggregating neuroimaging data across many subjects, an important consideration is establishing some group-level uniformity prior to further statistical analysis. Spatial normalization and motion correction are two important preprocessing steps that help achieve this goal. Researchers have also often excluded left-handed subjects due to presumptions about variable asymmetries relating to both brain structure and function, which may interfere with achieving a desired level of group homogeneity. It is well-known, however, that hand-preference is not a binary attribute and is not a perfect representation of structural asymmetry or hemispheric specialization. In an effort to demonstrate a more objective, data-driven approach for quantifying asymmetries across handedness, we tested the reliability of single-subject classification of handedness using data obtained from structural MRI in extant samples. We utilized data from deformation fields created during the spatial normalization process within a priori regions of interest (ROIs), including the motor and somatosensory cortex, and Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Using these deformation fields as features in machine learning classifiers, we achieved classification accuracies greater than 75% across two independent datasets (i.e., a sample of incarcerated adult offenders and a sample of community adults from the Netherlands). These results demonstrate reliability of morphological features attributable to handedness as represented in neuroimaging data and further suggest that application of data-driven techniques may be a principled approach for addressing asymmetries in group analysis.
Transposition mutagenesis of bacteriophage lambda: A new gene affecting cell lysis

Abstract Insertions of Tn903, a transposable kanamycin-resistance element, in bacteriophage lambda at 0.95 on the lambda physical map adversely affect growth of the phage. These insertion mutants are able to assemble particles, but are unable to lyse the infected cell properly. The mutants define a new genetic complementation group that we have designated as gene Rz. Cells infected with the λRz:: Tn903 isolates will, at the normal time of lysis, change their shape from a rod to a sphere. These spheres are stable in dilute buffers with Mg2+ but are lysed with EDTA. In addition, these results demonstrate the utility of transposition mutagenesis in refining the genetic map of even so intensely studied a genome as lambda.
The atomic decomposition in ¹(ⁿ)

In this paper we present an atomic decomposition of integrable functions. As an application we compute the distance of f in L 1 (R n ) to the Hardy space H 1 (R n ).
Linking biogeography to physiology: Evolutionary and acclimatory adjustments of thermal limits

Temperature-adaptive physiological variation plays important roles in latitudinal biogeographic patterning and in setting vertical distributions along subtidal-to-intertidal gradients in coastal marine ecosystems. Comparisons of congeneric marine invertebrates reveal that the most warm-adapted species may live closer to their thermal tolerance limits and have lower abilities to increase heat tolerance through acclimation than more cold-adapted species. In crabs and snails, heart function may be of critical importance in establishing thermal tolerance limits. Temperature-mediated shifts in gene expression may be critical in thermal acclimation. Transcriptional changes, monitored using cDNA microarrays, have been shown to differ between steady-state thermal acclimation and diurnal temperature cycling in a eurythermal teleost fish (Austrofundulus limnaeus). In stenothermal Antarctic notothenioid fish, losses in capacity for temperature-mediated gene expression, including the absence of a heat-shock response, may reduce the abilities of these species to acclimate to increased temperatures. Differences among species in thermal tolerance limits and in the capacities to adjust these limits may determine how organisms are affected by climate change.
Investigation of WLCSP corrosion induced reliability failure on halogens environment for wearable electronics

Continuous miniaturization of microelectronic devices is enabling more portable and wearable electronic products such as thinner smart phones and smart watches. WLCSP (Wafer Level Chip Size Package) has been widely adopted for portable and wearable electronic products due to its compactness. Microelectronic devices in wearable products may be exposed to chlorine and fluorine because they come in direct contact with the human body under wearing condition. Products of chlorine corrosion have been found in WLCSP product evaluations, thus it is necessary to investigate WLCSP corrosion resistance and the factors affecting its corrosion reliability.
Some effects of douglas fir terpenes on certain microorganisms.

The Douglas fir terpene α-pinene was shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of bacteria and a yeast. Other terpenes of the Douglas fir, including limonene, camphene, and isobornyl acetate, were also inhibitory to Bacillus thuringiensis. All terpenes were inhibitory at concentrations normally present in the fir needle diet of Douglas fir tussock moth larvae. The presence of such terpenes in the diet of these insects was found to strongly influence the infectivity of B. thuringiensis spores for the Douglas fir tussock moth larvae. The terpene α-pinene destroyed the cellular integrity and modified mitochondrial activity in certain microorganisms.
Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano

Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the ‘Walker’ circulation1). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum—marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments—appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth's precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.
Selective inhibition of MG-63 osteosarcoma cell proliferation induced by curcumin-loaded self-assembled arginine-rich-RGD nanospheres

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant form of bone cancer, comprising 30% of all bone cancer cases. The objective of this in vitro study was to develop a treatment against osteosarcoma with higher selectivity toward osteosarcoma cells and lower cytotoxicity toward normal healthy osteoblast cells. Curcumin (or diferuloylmethane) has been found to have antioxidant and anticancer effects by multiple cellular pathways. However, it has lower water solubility and a higher degradation rate in alkaline conditions. In this study, the amphiphilic peptide C18GR7RGDS was used as a curcumin carrier in aqueous solution. This peptide contains a hydrophobic aliphatic tail group leading to their self-assembly by hydrophobic interactions, as well as a hydrophilic head group composed of an arginine-rich and an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid structure. Through characterization by transmission electron microscopy, self-assembled structures of spherical amphiphilic nanoparticles (APNPs) with diameters of 10–20 nm in water and phosphate-buffered saline were observed, but this structure dissociated when the pH value was reduced to 4. Using a method of codissolution with acetic acid and dialysis tubing, the solubility of curcumin was enhanced and a homogeneous solution was formed in the presence of APNPs. Successful encapsulation of curcumin in APNPs was then confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the APNP/curcumin complexes on both osteosarcoma and normal osteoblast cell lines were also evaluated by methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assays and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the curcumin-loaded APNPs had significant selective cytotoxicity against MG-63 osteosarcoma cells when compared with normal osteoblasts. We have demonstrated for the first time that APNPs can encapsulate hydrophobic curcumin in their hydrophobic cores, and curcumin-loaded APNPs could be an innovative treatment for the selective inhibition of osteosarcoma cells.
A monolithic 2-20 GHz GaAs pin diode SP16T switch

A broadband, monolithic, single-pole, sixteen-throw (SP16T) switch has been fabricated using GaAs vertical PIN diodes. The SP16T switch features less than 4.5-dB insertion loss with greater than 35-dB isolation across the 2-20-GHz band. A novel de-embedding scheme used for switch characterization is also introduced. >
Role of hepatic carbonic anhydrase in de novo lipogenesis

The role of carbonic anhydrase in de novo lipid synthesis was examined by measuring [1-14C]acetate incorporation into total lipids, fatty acids and non-saponifiable lipids in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Two carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, trifluoromethylsulphonamide (TFMS) and ethoxozolamide (ETZ) decreased incorporation of 14C into total lipids. Both fatty acid and non-saponifiable lipid components of the total lipid were inhibited to approximately the same extent by 100 microM TFMS (29 +/- 0.3% and 35 +/- 0.3% of control respectively in replicate studies). However, neither drug significantly affected ATP concentrations or the transport activity of Na+/K(+)-ATPase, two measures of cell viability. To establish the site of this inhibition, water-soluble 14C-labelled metabolites from perchloric acid extracts of the radiolabelled cells were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. TFMS inhibited 14C incorporation into citrate, malate, alpha-oxoglutarate and fumarate, but had no effect on incorporation of 14C into acetoacetate. Since ATP citrate-lyase, the cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the conversion of citrate into acetyl-CoA, catalyses an early rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis, levels of cytosolic citrate may be rate controlling for de novo fatty acid and sterol synthesis. Indeed citrate concentrations were significantly reduced to 37 +/- 6% of control in hepatocytes incubated with 100 microM TFMS for 30 min. TFMS also inhibited the incorporation of 14C from [1-14C]pyruvate into malate, citrate and glutamate, but not into lactate. This supports the hypothesis that TFMS inhibits pyruvate carboxylation, i.e. since all of the 14C from [1-14C]pyruvate converted into citric acid cycle intermediates must come via pyruvate carboxylase (i.e. rather than pyruvate dehydrogenase). Our findings indicate a role for carbonic anhydrase in hepatic de novo lipogenesis at the level of pyruvate carboxylation.
Construction Apps: A Critical Review and Analysis

At the end of 2013 it is estimated that there are nearly 13,000 apps related to design and construction available on Apple's iPad. With this many apps available in the market finding the right app for a construction manager can be a challenge. The purpose of this research was to identify mobile apps that can be used in the life cycle of a construction project. A total of 205 design, construction, and facility management apps were recorded. The majority of mobile apps discovered were apps to be used during the construction phase of a project. Research revealed there is a lack of mobile apps for facility management in the market. Apple's iOS platform was found to be the most popular operating system followed by Android with Windows 8/8.1 being the least popular platform. This research also aimed to discover the top ten best apps for a construction manager. Construction managers from several different companies were interviewed to find out what apps are currently being used in construction as well as which activities mobile apps would be most useful. It was discovered the majority of apps currently used by construction managers are not construction apps. Interviewees also indicated apps would be most useful for activities related to quality control, specifically deficiency tracking. Another goal of this research was to explore current and future challenges of implementing apps in the construction industry. The top two problems identified were (1) lack of training and (2) difficulty viewing documents on mobile devices. This suggests companies could improve the use of mobile apps by properly training employees.
Global network finance: Institutional innovation in the global financial market place

Abstract The global financial crisis that began in 2007 revealed a fundamental weakness in the global financial system: extensive financial interdependence of financial relations unmatched by a governance regime of similar reach. As multinational banks sought to fortify their capital base in the wake of the unfolding crisis, Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) and the banks’ home governments have become mutual stakeholders in some of the largest financial intermediaries with global reach. From the multitude of individual transactions has emerged a network of equity ties that spans the globe. These ties bridge institutional practices and governance regimes that previously operated largely independently of each other. They have the potential of fostering the emergence of a new governance regime for the global financial market place that deviates from earlier prognoses that globalization entails convergence on a single governance model. Instead, the newly created ties that jointly add up to a global financial network enable institutionally and organizationally diverse players to contribute their own perspectives as joint stakeholders in selected financial intermediaries, and indirectly, in the global financial system. This is likely to have important implications for the behavior of these actors in the future and the emergence of new governance solutions for the global market place. The paper discusses two recent cases of collaborative re-capitalization events to illustrate how this regime is evolving in practice.
Mechanism of action of analgesics used to treat osteoarthritis pain.

Pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) often originates from multiple sources such as the synovial membrane, joint capsule, periarticular ligaments or muscle, periosteum, and subchondrial bone. It also involves multiple types (eg, inflammatory and noninflammatory) and multiple pain transmission pathways. Hence, an understanding of the differences in the mechanisms of action of the commonly available analgesics is helpful for the judicious selection of the optimal agent. Because of the multifaceted nature of most OA pain, treatment can often benefit from, or require, a combination of approaches. Analgesic targets: pain pathways Pain serves several useful purposes. It warns of present or potential tissue damage and activates reflex or conscious withdrawal of the affected tissue from the source of injury. It also elicits a natural tendency to protect the injured site to prevent further injury. An arthritic knee is consciously or unconsciously ‘‘favored,’’ providing stability and protection. In certain types of injury pain helps to discourage overuse, but pain also has a potential deleterious component. Persistent pain can adversely affect the patient’s quality of life, lead to pain hypersensitivity as a result of an increase in the excitability of neurons in the spinal cord (central sensitization), and delay recovery. Because the optimal pharmacologic treatment of OA pain (nonpharmacologic strategies can also be effective in the management of OA pain) requires classification of the type of pain and not merely of the severity of pain, an appreciation of the physiology of the underlying processes is important. For example, pain caused by an inflammatory condition might best be treated with a ‘‘weaker’’ anti-inflammatory drug such as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor rather than with a ‘‘stronger’’—but not anti-inflammatory— opioid analgesic.
Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 to Select Men for Prostate Biopsy: Stop, Go, or Proceed with Caution?

Results of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–based screening trials have contributed to the intensification of efforts to refine diagnostic practices for prostate cancer (PCa) detection. Diagnosis and treatment of clinically insignificant PCa has now escalated to a public health concern. Traditional methods of screening that rely on PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), and prostate needle biopsy (PNB) are invasive, with recent data indicating a trend toward increased rates of infectious complications possibly attributable to antibiotic-resistant microorganisms [1]. Therefore, an accurate and noninvasive tool to discern men with higher-risk PCa that will benefit from treatment is desirable. In the current article, Hansen and colleagues evaluate the incremental accuracy gained by adding prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) to an existing clinical nomogram to predict the presence of any PCa and high-grade PCa on initial PNB [2]. The nomogram was developed and internally validated using an international cohort of men that had undergone first biopsy for either elevated PSA (2.5–10 ng/ml) or suspicious rectal exam. The goal is to identify a subset of men for whom biopsy may be avoided.
Effect of cultivar, row spacing, and weed management on weed biomass, potato yield, and net crop value.

Research was conducted to quantify the effects of potato cultivar, row spacing, and weed control treatments on weed biomass, crop yield, and net crop value. Cultivars evaluated included Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, Goldrush, Dark Red Norland, Snowden, and Atlantic. Inter-row spacings of 76 and 91 cm with an intra-row spacing of 30 cm were evaluated in 1996 and 1997. Weed control treatments included a herbicide tank-mix of metribuzin and metolachlor, cultivation, and a hilling-only control. Common lambsquarters and total weed biomass were greater in the 76-cm row spacing than in the 91-cm row spacing across all cultivars in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, chemical control resulted in less weed biomass than both the hilling-only and cultivation treatments. Total marketable yield was greater in the 91-cm row spacing than in the 76-cm row spacing across cultivars in 1996, but was similar across row spacings in 1997. Net crop value was greater across cultivars in the 91-cm row spacing than in the 76-cm row spacing in 1996. Reduced weed biomass in 1996 and 1997, coupled with greater total marketable yield and net return in 1996, indicated that the 91-cm row spacing was the optimal row spacing for Russet Burbank, Goldrush, Russet Norkotah, Snowden, and Atlantic cultivars in 1996 and 1997. Similar yields and net crop value among weed control treatments in 1996 and 1997 indicated that cultivation and possibly even hilling-only areas within fields can be viable alternatives to herbicide use.
A Ras-like domain in the light intermediate chain bridges the dynein motor to a cargo-binding region

Living cells are constantly bustling with activity. They take in nutrients, carefully split their genetic information between new cells when they divide, and move their internal components into the right positions. To move these cargos around, the cell uses proteins—such as dynein—that essentially walks along the cell's internal scaffolding by making step-like movements. However, how a dynein motor protein is tethered to its cargo is not known in detail. One part of the dynein structure thought to play an important role in binding the motor to its cargo is called the light intermediate chain (LIC). Schroeder et al. used X-ray crystallography to solve the structure of the light intermediate chain of dynein motors from a fungus. This information with other experimental techniques reveals that the LIC subunit has two distinct regions: one that binds to three different proteins that serve as adapters for cargo attachment, and one that binds to the rest of the dynein motor. The structure of the LIC includes a fold that is also found in many proteins belonging to a family of enzymes called GTPases, suggesting that the LIC evolved from this family. GTPases use a molecule called GTP to release energy and often act as on–off switches for various processes inside cells. However, the fungal LIC subunit cannot bind to molecules called nucleotides—which can act as energy sources—the way GTPases do. This prevents the LIC subunit from acting as a molecular switch. In contrast, the human version of the LIC is able to bind to some nucleotides, in particular one called GDP. However, since the LIC cannot bind to the high-energy nucleotide GTP, the human LICs most likely also do not act as on–off switches: Schroeder et al. instead propose that the LIC may use GDP only to stabilize the protein. It remains to be seen how cargo attachment to the LIC is regulated. Further structural work and biochemistry with the LIC bound to the dynein motor and cargo will provide more insight into the mechanism of intracellular cargo transport.
An analysis of the Bird-DeAguiar model for polymer melts

Abstract In this paper properties of planar incompressible (viscoelastic) flows for which the constitutive equation is given by the Bird-DeAguiar model are examined. This is a nonlinear differential dumbbell model which was derived from molecular theory allowing the Brownian motion and hydrodynamic forces acting on the beads to be nonisotropic. The model is considered with no solvent contribution which corresponds to zero retardation time, and for the range of parameters for which it is considered to be valid. When the constitutive equation is coupled with the equations of conservation of mass and momentum, the flow is governed by a system of seven first order nonlinear partial differential equations. This system is examined for uniform, shear and extensional flows for stability and, for the time-independent case, for its type. It is found that there is always a stable base flow. Moreover, the corresponding time-independent linearized system does change type and may have three, five, or even seven real eigenvalues within the flow region. this last feature, all eigenvalues real, is a new feature and is associated with (among other factors) the Weissenberg number.
Carrier dynamics in bulk ZnO. I. Intrinsic conductivity measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Far-infrared absorption and refractive index of a ZnO wafer were measured as a function of temperature below 120 K using terahertz (THz) time domain spectroscopy. The accompanying frequency-dependent complex conductivity gives an accurate picture of electron dynamics because the measured range of 0.2--2.5 THz brackets the scattering rate. The frequency-dependent conductivity shows the general trends predicted by the Drude model but with significant deviations that are better fit by the generalized Drude model, which allows for a distribution of carrier relaxation times. Conductivity increases with increasing temperature as electrons are thermally activated from shallow donor states, with calculated donor energy of 27 meV and density of $1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Mobilities of $\ensuremath{\sim}2000\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{2}\text{ }{\text{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are measured and do not vary significantly with temperature over 60--120 K.
Sudden vision loss and cardiovascular risk factors in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The prevalence and determinants of sudden vision loss (SVL) are unknown in African Americans (AAs). Since SVL can be cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related and CVD is highly prevalent in AAs, we examined the prevalence of and CVD factors related to self-reported SVL lasting 24 hours or longer in the cohort of AAs enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS).Methods: The study population comprised 5301 participants enrolled from 2000–2004 in the metropolitan area of Jackson, MS, USA. All participants who responded to the question “Have you ever had any sudden loss of vision or blurring, lasting 24 hours or longer?” on the baseline stroke questionnaire were included in the study. We estimated the prevalence of SVL and used regression modeling to identify CVD factors independently related to SVL.Results: A total of 5262 participants were included, of which 63% (3334/5262) were female. The prevalence of SVL was 3.6% (193/5262) overall (4.4% in females and 2.4% in males), and 8.7% (84/965) in patie...
Effect of reinforcement morphology on matrix microcracking

Abstract We quantitatively examine the conditions under which a particle matrix misfit leads to matrix crack growth as a function of inclusion shape. Such misfit stresses and cracks can be generated by thermal expansion mismatch, generated by cooling a brittle matrix containing ductile inclusions. Using fracture mechanics and perturbation theory, we analyze the case of a penny-shaped crack interacting with a misfitting spheroidal inclusion. A simple and direct relationship is established between the strain energy release rate and the physical and geometrical properties of the system including: the thermal expansion mismatch, temperature change, the crack and inclusion sizes, the elastic properties of the medium and the shape of the inclusion. In particular, the effects of inclusion shape on the stress intensity factors and strain energy release rate are analytically determined for nearly spherical inclusions. We use this information to determine the minimum crack size for crack growth to occur and the maximum size to which cracks may grow. The maximum crack size corresponds to the case where the elastic strain energy released upon crack growth is no longer sufficient to compensate for energy expended in extending the crack as the crack is growing into the rapidly decreasing stress field. We employ a nominally exact numerical procedure to study the effects of whiskers and platelets (i.e. spheroids very different from spheres) on matrix cracking. It is found that upon cooling a composite containing ductile inclusions, the propensity for matrix cracking is maximized for reinforcement shapes close to that of a sphere.
Adaphostin-induced apoptosis in CLL B cells is associated with induction of oxidative stress and exhibits synergy with fludarabine

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by accumulation of clonal lymphocytes resistant to apoptosis. We evaluated the ability of the investigational antileukemic agent adaphostin to induce apoptosis in CLL B cells and synergize with fludarabine in vitro. Analysis by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed that the concentration of adaphostin required to induce 50% cell death (IC 50 ) at 24 hours was 4.2 μM (range, 1.10-11.25 μM; median, 4.25 μM; n = 29) for CLL isolates and more than 10 μM for B and T cells from healthy donors. Immunoblots demonstrated adaphostin induced poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and cleavage of caspase-3 substrates, suggesting that adaphostin induces apoptosis. Adaphostin increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within CLL B cells, and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine blocked both adaphostin-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. Adaphostin also caused a decrease in the level of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. When adaphostin was combined with fludarabine (F-ARA-AMP), a synergistic effect on cell death was observed in all 10 CLL samples. These findings not only indicate that adaphostin induces apoptosis selectively in CLL B cells through a mechanism that involves ROS generation but also demonstrate its ability to augment the effects of fludarabine. Further preclinical development of adaphostin as a novel agent for the treatment of CLL appears warranted.
Observations on lytic principle of weak potency

Conclusions1. The formation of a weak principle is brought about by the partial inactivation of a quantitatively redwed lytic principle, which partial inactivation is produced by prolonged standing in the incubator, and is not, as held by Bordet and Ciuca, the result of a quantitative reduction by itself.2. No qualitative transformation, of lytic principle occurs if the method indicated by these authors is employed.
Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, and Adrenocortical Cytosol Protein Synthesis

In cultures of mouse adrenocortical tumor cells (Sato9s minimal deviation Y-1 clonal strain), the acceleration of steroid biosynthesis after exposure to adrenocorticotropic hormone or cyclic adenosine 39,59-monophosphate is maximum within 15 to 60 minutes and precedes any significant increase in labeling of protein with [4,5- 3 H]leucine. However, when cytosol proteins are separated by acrylamidegel electrophoresis, rapid changes in the amount and labeling of several protein fractions are evident in less than 30 minutes and are no longer evident within 60 minutes. This finding supports the proposal that the effects of tropic hormones and their intracellular mediators involve rapid selective effects on protein synthesis.
Path Analysis of a Self-Esteem Model across a Competitive Swim Season

Abstract An adaptation of the previously developed Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989) was tested longitudinally with 93 male interscholastic swimmers from nine high schools who were evaluated at pre-, mid-, and postseason. Swimmers completed three self-perception scales that ranged from evaluations of specific swim skills (SKILL) through broader perceived physical competence (PC) to global self-esteem (SE). Performance scores (PERF) were calculated across events by standardizing swim times to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Structural modeling analysis across the three time waves indicated an excellent data fit(χ2 = 25.46, p > .15). The model was able to explain 84, 83, and 80% of PC, SKILL, and PERF, respectively, at the third testing period. Swim improvement tended to be small (median change = 2.9%). Relationships among variables at each testing period and among the same variables at different testing periods were large and as hypothesized. Several significant relations...
A preliminary phytochemical investigation of Digitalis lutea first year growth.

The first year leaves of Digitalis lutea were extracted by two different techniques, one normal aqueous extraction and one which was enzyme inhibitory. Different results were obtained from each when examined by means of paper chromatography. A system of deacetylation and hydrolysis of the glycosides was developed involving the use of ion exchange resins. Several new solvent systems were developed for the paper chromatographic separation of sapogenins detected.