cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malaria Chemoprophylaxis for the Traveler

The growing popularity of travel to the tropics (more than 9 million tourists arrive in Africa each year and more than 32 million in Asia and the southwestern Pacific region1) is placing an increasing number of travelers at risk for acquiring malaria. The number of cases of imported malaria reported annually to health authorities (approximately 1000 in the United States and several thousand in Europe) underestimates the problem,2,3 in large part because it does not include travelers who become sick while abroad. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment of imported cases of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum have resulted . . .
A New Look at the Old Scottsbluff Bison Quarry: Using Isotopes and Zooarchaeology to Understand Bonebed Formation

ABSTRACTIn 1932, the University of Nebraska State Museum undertook excavations at the Scottsbluff Bison Quarry in northwest Nebraska. Our reanalysis of the extant faunal collection found a minimum of 26 bison present, some with evidence of limited filleting and limb dismemberment. However, we also see signs of post-depositional alteration of the site assemblage and collection bias on the part of the original excavators, and argue that the existing museum collection does not accurately reflect the size and composition of the original bonebed. Skeletal element frequency patterning and variability in stable isotope values suggest severe post-depositional modification, likely fluvial sorting, strongly affected the composition of the bonebed. Despite the site’s historical importance, Scottsbluff faunal data should only be used in the future with great caution.
Lung Surfactant and Lung Lining in Birds

Bird lung is equipped with a surfactant which is physically, chemically, and morphologically similar to that of mammalian lung. It also produces relatively large quantities of sheets of “trilaminar substance” (TLS), consisting of an osmiophilic layer resembling a unit membrane, apparently flanked by two nonosmiophilic layers. We can only speculate as to the function of this substance. It is released by partial breakdown of cells in the atrial lining, and is secreted to a lesser extent by cells lining the air capillaries. Further work is needed to elucidate the function of TLS. The writer suggests that it may help to prevent accumulation of liquid in the air capillaries.
Low-Molecular-Weight, High-Mechanical-Strength, and Solution-Processable Telechelic Poly(ether imide) End-Capped with Ureidopyrimidinone

Solution-processable poly(ether imide)s (PEIs) with ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) end groups were prepared by incorporating monoisocyanato-6-methylisocytosine into amine-terminated PEI oligomers. After functionalization with UPy end groups, PEI with a molecular weight as low as 8 kDa (8k-PEI-UPy) can be solution-cast to form films. Tensile tests revealed that 8k-PEI-UPy had an outstanding Young’s modulus higher than those of state-of-the-art high-molecular-weight commercial PEIs. The tensile strength, maximum elongation, and Young’s modulus of 8k-PEI-UPy were 87.2 ± 10.8 MPa, 3.10 ± 0.39%, and (3.20 ± 0.14) × 103 MPa, respectively. The discovery herein significantly advances the chemistry of high-temperature PEI resins. UPy-based supramolecular chemistry is an effective and general strategy to achieve outstanding mechanical properties for PEI oligomers.
The Interplay between Extraterritoriality, Sovereignty, and the Foundations of International Law

The chapter explores the interplay between international law, territorial sovereignty, and extraterritorial regulation. It: (1) describes how particular legal theories of global governance that downplay the importance of territorial sovereignty and sovereign equality in international law have bolstered an expansive view of national power; and (2) traces the growth, until recently, of extraterritorial regulation in the United States. It suggests that the use domestic law applied to foreign conduct is a form of American exceptionalism that usually is a way to avoid international law's constraints. It concludes that working within the existing international law system to promote cosmopolitan goals may be the better path to advancing transnational justice.
Data Center Peak Power Management with Energy Storage Devices

Recently, researchers proposed using energy storage devices in data centers to reduce their maximum power demand. ESDs enable data centers to set smaller power budgets, because they provide additional energy when demand is higher than the budget. This article surveys previous studies and analyzes this methodology's economic feasibility from three perspectives. First, the author compares ESDs based on their ability to manage data center peak power. Then, he demonstrates that peak shaving benefits might differ based on data center usage and ownership. Finally, he analyzes data centers that participate in electric utility programs with their ESDs to obtain additional savings.
Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Using Toxicity Data to Inform Decisions

Systemic therapy for breast cancer is effective in delaying or preventing morbidity and mortality from this prevalent disease. Its history spans an unusually broad range of modalities and indications. No other area of oncology has explored so many different categories of agents or applications in the prevention and treatment of one disease. Originating with insights by surgeons that oophorectomy, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy benefited some patients with metastatic breast cancer through hormonal mechanisms, it is now appreciated that systemic agents can treat active disease, prevent recurrence, and decrease the likelihood of ever developing breast cancer. Initial application of systemic treatment to breast cancer involved relatively nontoxic therapies (hormonal) to patients with relatively shorter life spans, limiting the risk of harm. In the 1970s, with the advent of effective systemic chemotherapy, single agent and ultimately combination chemotherapy was introduced largely applied in unselected fashion to patients who were refractory or resistant to hormonal agents. The development of the CMF regimen (Bonadonna et al., 2005) was a landmark event in the treatment of breast cancer. Combination chemotherapy was proven to be effective in treatment of advanced disease. Subsequently, it was recognized that the application of effective agents to early stage disease could prevent recurrence and improve survival. The number of chemotherapeutic agents available for use to prevent recurrence (adjuvant indication) has since greatly expanded. In demonstrating an undisputed role for adjuvant treatment, the paradigm shifted from one where treatment was only applied to patients without alternatives and limited life span to a population of patients who (1) would have a significant likelihood of being cured of breast cancer, and (2) be unlikely to personally benefit from the intervention, even though the outcome of the population so treated would improve. Thus, balancing the potential benefits against the risk of harms is increasingly important to clinicians advising patients on treatment options in the adjuvant setting, in the prevention setting, and even 28 Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: Using Toxicity Data to Inform Decisions
Reproductive and Recruitment Dynamics of Clionaid Sponges on Oyster Reefs in North Carolina

Boring sponges belonging to the family Clionaidae have become a destructive nuisance to eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) aquaculture and restoration efforts in the southeastern USA. Clionaid sponges colonize the inner layers of oyster shells and remove carbonate material, compromising the quality and marketability of the oyster; however, relatively little is known about reproduction and recruitment of these sponges. Using histological techniques, reproductive activity of clionaid sponges was monitored at two sites (Cedar Island and Masonboro Sound) in coastal North Carolina. Sponge recruitment to limestone tiles (5×5 cm), oyster shells, and clam shells was monitored in 2013 and 2014; recruitment to the limestone tiles was statistically higher than recruitment to clam or oyster shells. Overall, seasonal patterns in reproduction and recruitment of clionaid sponges were generally similar at the two sites. Three species of clionaid sponge were found during field sampling (Cliona celata, C. lobata, and C. truitti), and reproductive activity (eggs and spermatocysts) of these species was observed from April to November, with peak reproduction occurring from June to September for C. lobata and from August to September for C. celata. Recruitment peaked in late summer/early fall. Additionally, the relationship between environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a) and clionaid recruitment was explored using a regression model. At Cedar Island, the best-fit model included salinity and dissolved oxygen, while the best-fit model at Masonboro Sound included temperature, pH, and salinity. The data from this study show that the primary reproduction and recruitment pulses occur in the fall for local clionaids, and thus mitigation strategies should be applied in the late fall or winter to minimize infestations.
Enhanced AODV: Detection and Avoidance of Black Hole Attack in Smart Meter Network

In this paper, we investigate malicious detection and avoidance of black hole attack for smart meter network. In terms of routing protocol, the reactive routing protocol Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is commonly adopted for smart meter network and is considered in our paper. However, the default AODV is vulnerable to black hole attacks. To detect and avoid black hole attacks, we propose a new routing protocol, termed Enhanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (E-AODV) by modifying the Route Reply (RREP) system based on AODV. The RREP in E-AODV updates the destination sequence number corresponding to a fresh route request. By comparing sequence numbers from multiple replies, it detects the existence of black hole behavior because the attacker usually sends a much higher sequence number, compared to the actual one generated from the destination. After detection, the receiving meter sends a deny reply to the destination. Upon receipt of the deny reply, the destination regenerates RREP with an updated sequence number, which is kept to itself. Since attackers only respond when a new request is initiated, this time the attacker will not act because no request is initiated. Therefore, it is able to avoid the effects of malicious meter. Extensive simulations are carried out in NS3 to evaluate the performance of E-AODV. Results show that E-AODV obtains considerately higher performance in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput compared with the default AODV routing protocol.
Exploiting Active Subareas for Multicopy Routing in VDTNs

In vehicle delay tolerant networks (VDTNs), current routing algorithms select relay vehicles based on either vehicle encounter history or predicted future locations. The former method may fail to find relays that can encounter the target vehicle in a large-scale VDTN, while the latter method may not provide accurate location prediction due to traffic variance. Therefore, these methods cannot achieve high performance in terms of routing success rate and delay. In this paper, we aim to improve the routing performance in VDTNs. We first analyze vehicle network traces and observe that 1) each vehicle has only a few active subareas that it frequently visits, and 2) two frequently encountered vehicles usually encounter each other in their active subareas. We then propose an active area based routing method (AAR), which consists of two steps based on the two observations correspondingly. AAR first distributes a packet copy to each active subarea of the target vehicle using a traffic-aware shortest path spreading algorithm, and then in each subarea, each packet carrier tries to forward the packet to a vehicle that has high encounter frequency with the target vehicle. In addition to the basic AAR, we further propose an advanced AAR (AAAR). In the AAAR, we improve the routing efficiency in each subarea by exploiting spatio-temporal correlation and developing three strategies for calculating spatio-temporal correlation. Extensive trace-driven simulation demonstrates that AAR produces higher success rates and shorter delay in comparison with the state-of-the-art routing algorithms in VDTNs. Also, the simulation shows that our advanced AAAR has better performances than our AAR.
LEAD With Data: A Model for School Counselors in Training

The listen, evaluate, advocate, disseminate (LEAD) training model for leadership skill development among school counselors in training is grounded in the American School Counselor Association Natio...
Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias

Bladder exstrophy and epispadias are rare and complex urogenital malformations predominantly occurring in males. The defect can be accurately diagnosed with modern prenatal ultrasound, but the definitive diagnosis is made after examining the newborn at birth. Classic bladder exstrophy is characterized by an open abdominal wall, bladder, and urethra and a wide diastasis of the symphysis pubis, caused by a 30% bony deficit of the anterior pubic rami in combination with a 12° external rotation of the posterior aspect of the pelvis and an 18° external rotation of the anterior aspect [1]. Girls present with a bifid clitoris and a short vagina; boys have a 50% shortening of the anterior corpora cavernosa and an upward deviation of the penis [2]. Ureteral reflux in various degrees is seen in 100% of cases after closure. A preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the otherwise usually unaffected upper tracts is mandatory to determine the presence of two normal kidneys. The magnitude of the defect and the complexity of the treatment require transfer of the affected child to a specialized centre. Only the multidisciplinary care of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, psychologists, and nursing staff can guarantee the most favourable outcome for these otherwise healthy children.
RACE-RELATED HEALTHCARE STEREOTYPE THREAT AND AFFECT AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS

Healthcare stereotype threat (HCST) is the fear of confirming negative group-based stereotypes that operates within healthcare settings. Experimental and observational evaluations suggest that experiencing healthcare stereotype threat is linked to lack of trust in physicians and lower satisfaction with healthcare, as well as worse mental and physical health outcomes. The current study examined the relationship between race-based HCST and specific components of affect (feelings of calm, content and upset) among African American adults of all ages in the American Life Panel (N=456) and older adults in the Health and Retirement Study (N=97) using OLS regression. HCST based on race was significantly negatively associated with contentment and calmness (marginally significant) in the ALP sample, and was significantly associated with lower feelings of calm in the HRS sample. Findings suggest that not only are individuals aware of HCST and able to report on it through surveys, but they also experience greater negative affect and lower positive affect.
Enthalpy of Formation of C2H2O4 (Oxalic Acid) from High-Level Calculations and the Active Thermochemical Tables Approach.

High-level coupled cluster calculations obtained with the Feller–Peterson–Dixon (FPD) approach and new data from the most recent version of the Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) are used to reassess the enthalpy of formation of gas-phase C2H2O4 (oxalic acid). The theoretical value was further calibrated by comparing FPD and ATcT gas-phase enthalpies of formation for H2CO (formaldehyde) and the two low-lying conformations of C2H4O2 (syn and anti acetic acid). The FPD approach produces a theoretical enthalpy of formation of gas-phase oxalic acid of −732.2 ± 4.0 kJ/mol at 298.15 K (−721.8 ± 4.0 kJ/mol at 0 K). An independently obtained ATcT value, based on reassessing the existent experimental determinations and expanding the resulting thermochemical network with select mid-level composite theoretical results, disagrees with several earlier recommendations that were based solely on experimental determinations but is in excellent accord with the current FPD value. The inclusion of the latter in the most rec...
The Art of Dying Well according to Erasmus of Rotterdam and Teresa of Ávila

Contemporary conversations about death and dying are lost and unsatisfying on many levels. This phenomenon subsists not only in fields like bioethics, but also in religion and spirituality. Modern culture is preoccupied with seeking ways to live a longer, youthful life, ignoring the inevitable forthcoming of death. One period during which the topic of death and dying was reflected upon by the common Christian was between the fifteenth and the seventeenth centuries, during which a specific genre of literature was formed: ars moriendi. This genre attempted to provide intellectual, cultural and religious answers as to how death should be understood and ritualized. Two spiritual writers who contributed to the understanding of ars moriendi are Desiderius Erasmus and Teresa of Avila. What unites these figures of the Catholic tradition is their attempt to show that preparation for death is a lifelong process of cultivating appropriate virtues.
Bolstering trust and reducing discipline incidents at a diverse middle school: How self-affirmation affects behavioral conduct during the transition to adolescence

Abstract A three-year field experiment at an ethnically diverse middle school (N = 163) tested the hypothesis that periodic self-affirmation exercises delivered by classroom teachers bolsters students' school trust and improves their behavioral conduct. Students were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation condition, where they wrote a series of in-class essays about personally important values, or a control condition, where they wrote essays about personally unimportant values. There were no behavioral effects of affirmation at the end of 6th grade, after students had completed four writing exercises. However, after four additional exercises in 7th grade, affirmed students had a significantly lower rate of discipline incidents than students in the control condition. The effect continued to grow and did not differ across ethnic groups, such that during 8th grade students in the affirmation condition on average received discipline at a 69% lower rate than students in the control condition. Analyses of student climate surveys revealed that affirmation was associated with higher school trust over time, a tendency that held across ethnic groups and partially mediated the affirmation effect on discipline. Repeated self-affirmation can bolster students' school trust and reduce the incidence of discipline in middle school, findings with both theoretical and practical implications.
Data-driven Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization for biomass with agricultural waste-to-energy network design under uncertainty

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of biomass with agricultural waste-to-energy network design under uncertainty. We propose a novel data-driven Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization model for hedging against uncertainty in the optimal network design. Instead of assuming perfect knowledge of probability distribution for uncertain parameters, we construct a data-driven ambiguity set of candidate distributions based on the Wasserstein metric, which is utilized to quantify their distances from the data-based empirical distribution. Equipped with this ambiguity set, the two-stage distributionally robust optimization model not only accommodates the sequential decision making at design and operational stages, but also hedges against the distributional ambiguity arising from finite amount of uncertainty data. A solution algorithm is further developed to solve the resulting two-stage distributionally robust mixed-integer nonlinear program. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we present a case study of a biomass with agricultural waste-to-energy network including 216 technologies and 172 compounds. Computational results show that the data-driven Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization approach has a better out-of-sample performance in terms of a 5.7% lower average cost and a 37.1% smaller cost standard deviation compared with the conventional stochastic programming method.
Bayesian A-Optimal Design of Experiment with Quantitative and Qualitative Responses

We consider the problem of A-optimal design of experiment under a Bayesian probabilistic model with both categorical and continuous response variables. The utility function of the local design problem is derived by applying Bayesian experimental design framework. We also develop an efficient optimization algorithm to obtain the local optimal design by combining the particle swarm optimization and the blocked coordinate descent methods. In addition, we discuss two different ways of constructing the global optimal design based on the algorithm for local optimal design. Simulation studies are presented to illustrate the efficiency of our approach.
Shakespeare for Use and Pleasure: Elizabeth Nunez's and Terry McMillan's Middlebrow Fiction

This essay investigates how Elizabeth Nunez's Prospero's Daughter (2006) and Terry McMillan's How Stella Got Her Groove Back (1996) engage with Shakespeare. By taking a middlebrow approach that emphasizes readers’ use of and pleasure in Shakespeare and that aims to cultivate an inclusive multiracial readership, Nunez and McMillan show that black readers can lay claim to a Shakespeare that they participate in (re)defining. While Nunez's novel frames Shakespeare's political uses within pleasurable genres of contemporary popular fiction, McMillan suggests that she and her readers can remake Shakespeare, the name of her heroine's love interest, into a figure associated with pleasure.
Program Evaluation of an Integrated Behavioral Health Clinic in an Outpatient Women's Health Clinic: Challenges and Considerations.

Many women receive their regular check-ups and preventive care through a women’s health clinic, including their behavioral health needs. Most of these clinics have not yet developed the capacity to adequately manage behavioral health concerns. We describe our clinical experience integrating behavioral health services into a women’s health clinic. In one year, 108 women (54% White, Mage= 35) were referred for behavioral health treatment 47% were identified using a screening questionnaire, 51% were referred by their women’s health provider and 2% were self-referred. The most common presenting concerns were anxiety (52%) and depressive symptoms (48%). Sixty-one (56%) patients completed an intake assessment, of whom 33 (54%) engaged in follow-up treatment (M = 3.7 treatment sessions, SD = 3.0). Behavioral health screening and treatment appears to be feasible and effective within a women’s health setting. Further research is needed to overcome barriers to referrals and treatment engagement in this population.
Variable Power Factor DERs and Their Effect on Hosting Capacity

This paper explores the possibility of an increase in Hosting Capacity on utility feeders with variable power factor DERs. Hosting capacity is the ability for a utility power distribution system (feeder) to connect renewable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to the grid. Hosting capacity has become a focus for utilities as many seek to implement more DERs for environmental and economic benefits. A feeder's hosting capacity is dependent on national regulatory standards for high and low voltage as well as other factors such as frequency variation and protective device limits. The recently updated IEEE 1547-2018 utility standards regarding DER interconnection highlights a requirement that all newly connected DERs shall be capable of varying their power factor to provide greater output control. A feeder was simulated in the OpenDSS power software and the effects of both standard and variable power factor DER was analyzed in low voltage and high voltage scenarios. The resulting data showed that high and low voltage was more effectively controlled with the variable power factor DER than with today's standard fixed power factor DER. Due to Hosting Capacity's heavy reliance on voltage stability, it can be inferred from the simulation results that the introduction of variable power factor DER shall have a positive effect on hosting capacity for utility feeders.
Circulating tumor cells in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer

5076 Background: Blood-based assays are urgently needed to provide molecular information on the specific targets expressed in tumor cells to optimize treatment selection. Antibody-capture technolog...
Friction-Limited Folding of Disulfide-Reduced Monomeric SOD1.

Abstract The folding reaction of a stable monomeric variant of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (mSOD1), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of superoxide free radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, is known to be among the slowest folding processes that adhere to two-state behavior. The long lifetime, ∼10 s, of the unfolded state presents ample opportunities for the polypeptide chain to transiently sample nonnative structures before the formation of the productive folding transition state. We recently observed the formation of a nonnative structure in a peptide model of the C-terminus of SOD1, a sequence that might serve as a potential source of internal chain friction-limited folding. To test for friction-limited folding, we performed a comprehensive thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the folding mechanism of mSOD1 in the presence of the viscogens glycerol and glucose. Using a, to our knowledge, novel analysis of the folding reactions, we found the disulfide-reduced form of the protein that exposes the C-terminal sequence, but not its disulfide-oxidized counterpart that protects it, experiences internal chain friction during folding. The sensitivity of the internal friction to the disulfide bond status suggests that one or both of the cross-linked regions play a critical role in driving the friction-limited folding. We speculate that the molecular mechanisms giving rise to the internal friction of disulfide-reduced mSOD1 might play a role in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked aggregation of SOD1.
Development of Dry Powder Inhaler Patient Interfaces for Improved Aerosol Delivery to Children.

The objective of this study was to explore different internal flow passages in the patient interface region of a new air-jet–based dry powder inhaler (DPI) in order to minimize device and extrathoracic aerosol depositional losses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The best-performing flow passages were used for oral and nose-to-lung (N2L) aerosol delivery in pediatric extrathoracic airway geometries consistent with a 5-year-old child. Aerosol delivery conditions were based on a previously developed and tested air-jet DPI device and included a base flow rate of 13.3 LPM (delivered from a small ventilation bag) and an inhaled air volume of 750 mL. Initial CFD models of the system clearly established that deposition on either the back of the throat or nasal cannula bifurcation was strongly correlated with the maximum velocity exiting the flow passage. Of all designs tested, the combination of a 3D rod array and rapid expansion of the flow passage side walls was found to dramatically reduce interface and device deposition and improve lung delivery of the aerosol. For oral aerosol administration, the optimal flow passage compared with a base case reduced device, mouthpiece, and mouth-throat deposition efficiencies by factors of 8-, 3-, and 2-fold, respectively. For N2L aerosol administration, the optimal flow pathway compared with a base case reduced device, nasal cannula, and nose-throat deposition by 16-, 6-, and 1.3-fold, respectively. In conclusion, a new patient interface design including a 3D rod array and rapid expansion dramatically improved transmission efficiency of a dry powder aerosol.
Public Policy on Distance Learning in Higher Education: California State and Western Governors Association Initiatives

The Western Governors University (WGU) and the California Virtual University (CVU) are revealing examples of the complex issues involved in implementing distance learning on the public policy level. Although technology is certainly important, it has masked the fact that the WGU and CVU initiatives mark the rise of learner-centered higher education and the increased role of business in the academy. In comparing and contrasting WGU and CVU, it is clear that the WGU is a more radical proposition because of competency-based credit and the connection with private industry. Two important issues driving public policy are raised in these two efforts: First, are the California and Western Governors Association initiatives the product of the commercialization of education or the result of a reform of higher education that may lead to an increased learner-centered orientation? Second, what is the appropriate role of private industry in higher education?
Empirical variance component regression for sequence-function relationships

Contemporary high-throughput mutagenesis experiments are providing an increasingly detailed view of the complex patterns of genetic interaction that occur between multiple mutations within a single protein or regulatory element. By simultaneously measuring the effects of thousands of combinations of mutations, these experiments have revealed that the genotype-phenotype relationship typically reflects genetic interactions not only between pairs of sites, but also higher-order interactions between larger numbers of sites. However, modeling and understanding these higher-order interactions remains challenging. Here, we present a method for reconstructing sequence-to-function mappings from partially observed data that can accommodate all orders of genetic interaction. The main idea is to make predictions for unobserved genotypes that match the type and extent of epistasis found in the observed data. This information on the type and extent of epistasis can be extracted by considering how phenotypic correlations change as a function of mutational distance, which is equivalent to estimating the fraction of phenotypic variance due to each order of genetic interaction (additive, pairwise, three-way, etc.). Based on these estimated variance components, we then define an empirical Bayes prior that in expectation matches the observed pattern of epistasis, and reconstruct the sequence-function mapping by conducting Gaussian process regression under this prior. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we present an application to the antibody-binding domain GB1 and provide a detailed exploration of a dataset consisting of high-throughput measurements for the splicing efficiency of human pre-mRNA 5′ splice sites for which we also validate our model predictions via additional low-throughput experiments.
Sleep and Marijuana Products in 2020

The growing availability, legality, and use of marijuana products in the USA has contributed to increased patient and clinician interest in the treatment of sleep disorders, especially insomnia and restless legs. What should clinicians know about these drugs and what should they tell patients that inquire about using them? Increasing numbers of studies are being published revealing clear subjective improvement of sleep-onset latency, subjective improvement of sleep disruptions, and subjective improvement of restless legs symptoms. However, objective findings are most often mixed, with some studies demonstrating improvement of sleep characteristics, and some demonstrating worsening. There is a trend for improvement in sleep with short-term use of marijuana products and a longer-term attenuation of effect, or possibly worsening. Evidence for their effectiveness in these disorders is robust from subjective patient reports but limited or mixed in objective measures. Discussions with patients should be individualized and risks and benefits weighed. Future large, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed to help clarify the discrepancy between subjective and objective measures.
Relationships Between Learned Self-Regulatory Skills and Changes in Weight-Loss Behaviors: Mediation by Barriers Self-Efficacy:

This study aimed to assess changes in learned self-regulatory skills and barriers self-efficacy associated with theory-based behavioral weight-loss treatments with different curricular emphases, an...
Not diverse enough? Displacement, diversity discourse, and commercial gentrification in Santa Ana, California, a majority-Mexican city:

This research investigates how diversity discourse unfolds as part of commercial gentrification when public and private growth actors call for increased diversity in a city that is majority Latinx ...
Case study: Purdue University's "Clapping Circle": An acoustical investigation

The perplexing acoustical properties of a landscape architecture feature of Academy Park on the Purdue University campus have long been the subject of speculation. The feature, known informally as the “Clapping Circle,” consists of sixty-six concentric rings of stone tiles. When someone claps while at the middle of the circle, they hear a high-pitched squeak immediately afterwards. Experiments were conducted by the Purdue student chapter of the Acoustical Society of America to characterize this effect. The response to a clap played from an omnidirectional speaker placed at the center of the circle was recorded using a microphone positioned above the loudspeaker. Spectrograms of the recorded responses revealed the squeak to consist of a descending tone and its harmonics. This tone disappeared from the spectrogram when the tiles were covered with absorbing blankets. A model based on scattering from the bevels between the tile rings reproduced the descending frequency of the squeak. Similarly to famous stepped structures with notable acoustics, the tiles were found to scatter sound best when the wavelength was not larger than the tiles' spatial period. Thus, it was concluded that the squeak is an example of an acoustical diffraction grating which creates a repetition pitch caused by scattering from the tile formation. © 2021 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
Dividing Bundled Surplus: The Case of the Cable Television Industry

A cable operator chooses to bundle or provide programs 'a la carte by striking a balance between the incentive to maximize total surplus and minimize transfer payments to program providers. Importantly, a cable operator's decision to bundle or provide programs 'a la carte maximizes total producer surplus if the cable operator's bargaining power (i.e., capacity to extract a greater share of surplus in negotiations with program suppliers) is sufficiently high. However, a cable operator in a weak bargaining position might strategically choose to bundle or unbundle viewer channels in order to enhance its bargaining position with individual program suppliers, even when this decision reduces total surplus. Thus, it is plausible that regulations which cap the market share or impose 'a la carte on cable operators may reduce total surplus.
Proteomic analysis of rat prefrontal cortex after chronic valproate treatment

Valproic acid (VPA) is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder (BD), but its therapeutic role has not been clearly elucidated. To gain insights into VPA's mechanism of action, proteomic analysis was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region particularly affected in BD, after 6 weeks of VPA treatment. Proteins from PFCs of control and VPA-treated rats were separated by 2D-DIGE and identified by mass spectrometry. Among the 2,826 protein spots resolved, the abundance of 19 proteins was found to be significantly altered in the VPA-treated group (with the levels of three proteins increasing and 16 decreasing). Seven proteins whose levels were significantly altered after chronic VPA exposure were quantified by Western blot analysis. The 19 identified proteins represent potential new targets for VPA action and should aid in our understanding of the role of VPA in BD.
CARBOHYDRATE AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN—AN INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION

Dr. Smith (Chairman): To start the evening, I might remind you that 6 years ago a similar group took advantage of their presence at the International Congress in Montreal to gather together informally for the exchange of ideas about hyaline membrane disease. The one major result of that discussion was the agreement that, whatever hyaline membrane disease is, it should thereafter always be called the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. As you may know, the syndrome is now referred to more firmly than ever as hyaline membrane disease; nevertheless, something of value was accomplished in the exchange of ideas and in the focusing of international attention upon central rather than peripheral aspects of a previously ill-defined problem. In organizing tonight9s meeting, I know Dr. Cornblath hopes something of a similar nature can occur with regard to problems of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in newborn infants. Some of us, I am afraid, would have said 6 years ago that newborn infants actually had no problems of this sort. It was largely through Marvin Cornblath9s alertness and continued investigations that we now know the subject as one of great importance and interest. Yet, I think one of the reasons we are here is not only to discuss how these matters look to all the rest of us, but to find out if anyone else sees quite as many infants with significant hypoglycemia as seem to be encountered in Chicago. What it is that we are missing in other cities, or what Dr. Cornblath is doing that we are not, are aspects which, I hope, can come out in the discussion tonight.
An Empirical Study of Multimedia Argumentation

We have analyzed a corpus of human-authored arguments expressed in text and information graphics, non-pictorial graphics such as bar graphs. The goal of our research is to enable intelligent argument generation systems to make effective use of these media. This paper presents and compares two classification schemes used to analyze the corpus, illustrated by examples from the corpus, and discusses implications for generation systems.
Los organismos internacionales y la educación en México. El caso de la educación superior y el Banco Mundial

The World Bank, the UNESCO, the oecd and the idb are four of the international organizations that have a great deal of influence on the educational politics...
Integrated optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy imaging of human pathology

Excisional biopsy is the current gold standard for disease diagnosis; however, it requires a relatively long processing time and it may also suffer from unacceptable false negative rates due to sampling errors. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising imaging technique that provide real-time, high resolution and three-dimensional (3D) images of tissue morphology. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is an extension of OCT, combining both the coherence gating and the confocal gating techniques. OCM imaging achieves cellular resolution with deeper imaging depth compared to confocal microscopy. An integrated OCT/OCM imaging system can provide co-registered multiscale imaging of tissue morphology. 3D-OCT provides architectural information with a large field of view and can be used to find regions of interest; while OCM provides high magnification to enable cellular imaging. The integrated OCT/OCM system has an axial resolution of <4um and transverse resolutions of 14um and <2um for OCT and OCM, respectively. In this study, a wide range of human pathologic specimens, including colon (58), thyroid (43), breast (34), and kidney (19), were imaged with OCT and OCM within 2 to 6 hours after excision. The images were compared with H & E histology to identify characteristic features useful for disease diagnosis. The feasibility of visualizing human pathology using integrated OCT/OCM was demonstrated in the pathology laboratory settings.
The Distributive Politics of Education Policy: Party Control of State Government and Transfers to Localities

Prior research suggests that co-partisan legislators and governors in control of state government direct public funds for projects and programs toward localities where their party attains high levels of electoral support. While we typically equate distributive goods with concrete projects, public education finance may also be subject to partisan manipulation. One opportunity for legislators and governors to influence the design of education funding schemes arises when a state’s school finance system is declared unconstitutional in a state’s supreme court (Berry and Wysong 2012). This paper examines whether, in the wake of judicial interventions that have occurred in many U.S. states since the 1970s, transfers from states to local areas for the purposes of education were geographically targeted to co-partisan localities when one party controlled state government. The evidence presented is suggestive of a partisan pattern of school financing in the period following the courts’ judgments.
Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages

Lexical Acculturation in Native American Languages. Cecil H. Brown. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 259 pp.
A three-dimensional comparison of condylar change between centric relation and centric occlusion using mandibular position indicator

I am grateful for the opportunity to evaluate the article entitled, "A Three-Dimensional Comparison of Condylar Position Changes Between Centric Relation and Centric Occlusion Using the Mandibular Position Indicator" by Utt et al. It is certainly a challenge to debate the efficacy of this article with Ron Roth. Surely the specialty will benefit from a consideration of two divergent views and this novel approach to the AJO-DO format. Plato said "wisdom emerges from the clash of contending views." Dr. Thomas Utt should be given credit for providing the materials for this educational exercise and for allowing me to evaluate his article in a critical way. As Teddy Roosevelt once said, "The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the a r e n a . . , who at best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly . . . . " I have been requested to provide a detailed, critical review of Dr. Utt 's article and not merely a commentary. I hope Dr. Utt and the readers will understand and appreciate the nature of my role. The article by Dr. Utt has many limitations and shortcomings. The methodology of the study is faulty, and the reliability questionable. More importantly, the validity of the study is tenuous, and the article, once read, becomes one of those that you ask, "So what!" I have divided my remarks about the article into two
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with ovarian sex cord tumor with annular tubules and cervical adenoma malignum

A patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a sex cord tumor with annular tubules, and an initially unrecognized adenoma malignum of the cervix is described. The patient presented with a mucinous adenocarcinoma in the vaginal apex. Review of the hysterectomy slides demonstrated an adenoma malignum of the cervix. In addition to a microscopic sex cord tumor with annular tubules of the right ovary, the left ovary contained mucinous cystadenomas. Adenoma malignum remains a difficult diagnosis and is frequently made only after hysterectomy for a presumed benign indication; pathology frequently demonstrates a deeply invasive, unusually well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome need careful clinical and cytologic follow-up to exclude such lesions.
Requirements Analysis for Safer Ambulance Patient Compartments

Abstract Providing emergency care services in the confined space of the patient compartment of a moving ambulance has proven a hazardous activity. A National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST)/Department of Homeland Security (DHS) project is applying systems engineering approaches to analyze requirements and develop design guidance that will improve Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workers’ safety while optimizing patient care. The analysis of an ambulance's patient compartment requires multiple disciplines such as ergonomics and crashworthiness. Systems engineering tools provide a platform to perform the analysis by bridging these disciplines and bringing information sources together. In the first phase of this project we compiled a number of requirements from the results of literature reviews, a nationwide web survey, workshops and focus group meetings. The next phase entails our process for reconciling potentially conflicting requirements from use case scenarios and then determining which constraints and metrics to be used for trade-off analysis and optimization in a human simulation modeling tool. The results of this analysis are being used to develop ambulance patient compartment design recommendations that will be provided as inputs to current and emerging ambulance design standards. In this paper we report on our efforts to provide science-based recommendations that may be used as a basis to revise and enhance current ambulance design standards and practices.
Carcinogenesis of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter infection is the leading cause of gastric cancer worldwide. Infection with this ubiquitous bacterium incites a chronic active immune response that persists for the life of the host, in the absence of antibiotic-induced eradication. It is the combination of bacterial factors, environmental insults, and the host immune response that drives the initiation and progression of mucosal atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia toward gastric cancer. Although it may seem intuitively obvious that removing the offending organism would negate the cancer risk, this approach is neither feasible (half of the world harbors this infection) nor is it straightforward. Most patients are infected in childhood, and present with various degrees of mucosal damage before any therapy. This review outlines the histologic progression of human Helicobacter infection from the early stages of inflammation through the development of metaplasia, dysplasia, and, finally, cancer. The effects of dietary and bacterial eradication therapy on disease progression and lesion reversibility are reviewed within the context of population studies and compared between study designs and populations tested. Eradication studies in the mouse model of infection prevents the formation of gastric cancer, and allows regression of established lesions, providing a useful model to study interaction between bacterium, environment, and host, without the difficulties inherent in human population studies. Recent advances in identifying the bone marrow-derived stem cell as the cell of origin of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer in the murine model are discussed and interpreted in the context of human disease, and implications for future treatment are discussed.
The relationship between air pollution emissions and income: US Data*

Considerable interest has focused on the possible existence of an environmental Kuznets curve, whereby pollution first increases but later falls with increasing income. Empirical studies have concentrated on a wide spectrum of countries and run into inevitable problems of data comparability and quality. We avoid these problems by looking at seven types of air emissions across the 50 US states and find all seven pollutants decrease with increasing per capita income. We also find strong evidence of heteroscedasticity with respect to the income–emissions relationship: lower-income states display much greater variability in per capita emission levels than higher-income states. Additionally, we look at the best measured of these emissions, air toxics, for the period 1988–94. Using a simple sign test, we find support for the notion that an increase in income is associated with a decrease in per capita emissions. However, the change in emissions appears to be unrelated to the magnitude of the change in income. We do find, though, that the reduction in per capita emissions is increasing both in terms of the 1988 level of per capita emissions and income. Possible implications of these results for the development process are discussed.