cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HETEROSPECIFIC RESPONSES TO SCREAM CALLS AND VOCAL MIMICRY BY PHAINOPEPLAS (PHAINOPEPLA NITENS) IN DISTRESS

Using playback experiments, I tested whether distress calls by phainopeplas attract heterospecifics and elicit mobbing of a predator decoy. Phainopeplas use two types of distress calls: loud scream calls and mimicry of other species' vocalisations. Screams and imitations together attracted significantly more heterospecifics than in the absence of distress calls. When broadcast alone, scream calls were more effective at eliciting heterospecific approach and mobbing behaviour than were imitations. Birds were significantly more likely to mob the predator decoy during broadcast of screams and imitations than during broadcast of screams with digitally scrambled imitations, even though there was no significant difference between treatments in the number of birds initially approaching. This suggests that precise mimicry does not play a key role in attracting heterospecifics but may elicit increased mobbing once they have arrived. Mimicry did not appear to be directed at the species whose calls were imitated; only 4 of the 19 species responding to distress calls were model (mimicked) species, and birds mobbed the predator decoy regardless of whether imitations of their own calls were used in playback trials.
Critical Review of Complementary Therapies for Prostate Cancer

Despite its prominence as the most frequently diagnosed solid tumor among men in the United States, relatively little is known about the etiology of prostate cancer. Furthermore, research into treatment strategies for prostate cancer continues to lag behind research for the other most common cancers. At the same time, however, the popularity of complementary therapies among prostate cancer patients continues to grow. In this article, we provide a critical review of the most recent evidence for dietary modifications, food supplements, and herbs in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Despite encouraging data for some of these interventions, even the strongest proponents of complementary therapy agree that only randomized controlled trials can provide sufficient evidence on which to create universal guidelines. However, such trials are highly complex and expensive, and they require lengthy follow-up. Until such trials are completed, an opportunity exists for health care professionals to improve their knowledge and understanding of the current evidence for or against complementary therapy in prostate cancer.
Olympic Flame Relay operations under a ‘world's best practices’ regime: a conversation with Steven McCarthy

Steven McCarthy is founder, Chairman and CEO of Alem International Management Inc., today's leading transnational provider of operational services for the Olympic Flame Relay (OFR). As operations m...
Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: evidence from Amborella (Amborellaceae), Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), and Illicium (Illiciaceae)

Because of their basal phylogenetic position, Amborella, Nymphaeales, and Illiciales (and allies) are key to reconstructing ancestral character states and to tracing character state transitions that occurred during the earliest radiation of flowering plants. Endosperm is the sexually-derived embryo-nourishing tissue that is unique to the life cycle of angiosperms. We provide detailed descriptions of endosperm development in Amborella, Nuphar (Nymphaeales), and Illicium (Illiciales) and compare patterns within an explicit phylogenetic context for the three basal lineages that they represent. Amborella and Illicium share a bipolar, cellular pattern of development, characterized by an oblique first division, that was resolved as ancestral for flowering plants. A series of character state transformations occurred within Nymphaeales which led first to a modified cellular pattern with a transverse first division (present in Nuphar). The transverse cellular pattern was transformed to a helobial pattern that is present in Cabombaceae. Endosperm ontogeny involves dissociable elements and appears to fit the model of a modular developmental process.
Optimal sites for forehead oscillometric blood pressure monitoring

Objective. Blood pressure is usually measured noninvasively with a cuff on the arm or the leg. Circumstances exist, however, when an alternative site for blood pressure measurement is desirable. This study is designed to identify a location on the forehead where blood pressure can be reliably measured noninvasively.Methods. We mapped the superficial temporal artery and/or the supraorbital artery in 65 volunteers and found a rectangular area where an adhesive pressure pad could be placed over each artery. Oscillometric signals were recorded from four different locations over the forehead in 19 of the 65 volunteers to compare the amplitude of the signal and mean blood pressure between locations.Results. The course of the supraorbital artery is quite consistent. It passed through a 2.5-×1-cm rectangular area on the forehead in all volunteers in which it was mapped. The medial border of the rectangle is 0.5-cm medial and 1-cm above the medial corner of the left eyebrow. The course of the superficial temporal artery differed remarkably from person to person. We could not find an area of reasonable size to cover the artery in all volunteers. Mean blood pressures were the same in all forehead locations. The signal was the weakest on the center of the forehead and strongest directly over the superficial temporal artery.Conclusions. Our results show that the supraorbital artery, an end-artery of the internal carotid artery, which emerges through the supraorbital foramen and crosses the forehead near the center, is the preferred site to monitor blood pressure noninvasively on the forehead with an adhesive pressure bladder.
Radiographic evaluation of welded aluminum structures

The New Jersey Department of Transportation effectively uses radiographic testing techniques to evaluate in-place aluminum overhead sign structures. When structures have been damaged, or when serviceability has been questioned, this nondestructive evaluation technique has resolved questions regarding the type and extent of damage. It has also contributed to determinig the optimum remedy. This paper describes the specific techniques used.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Political Communication Research and the Uses and Gratifications Model a Critique

Serious conceptual problems undermine the usefulness of the uses and gratifications approach. These problems, in turn, grow out of the approach's commitment to the variable analytic method. So long as that commitment is retained, the value of research based on the uses and gratifications approach will continue to be limited.
Patient and Staff Perspectives on the Use of a Computer Counseling Tool for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Reduction

Purpose: To explore use of an interactive health communication tool- "Computer Assessment and Risk Reduction Education (CARE) for STIs/HIV." Methods: This was a mixed method study utilizing participant observation and in-depth interviews with patients (n 43), and focus groups with staff (5 focus groups, n 41) from 5 clinics in 3 states (1 Planned Parenthood, 1 Teen, 2 STD, and 1 mobile van clinic). Data were managed using Atlas.ti. Inter-rater reliability of qualitative coding was .90. Results: Users were 58% nonwhite with mean age 24.7 years (74% 25). Patients could use CARE with minimal to no assistance. Time for session completion averaged 29.6 minutes. CARE usefulness was rated an average of 8.2 on an ascending utility scale of 0 to 10. Patient themes raised as strengths were novelty, simplicity, confidentiality, personalization, and plan development, in- creased willingness to be honest, lack of judgment, and a unique opportunity for self-evaluation. Staff themes raised as strengths were enhanced data collection, handout customization, education standardization, behavioral priming, and expansion of services. Patient limitation themes included limited responses and lack of personal touch. Staff limitation themes were selecting users, cost, patient-provider role, privacy, and time for use. Conclusions: CARE was well-received and easily usable by most (especially 18 -25-year-olds). Patient and staff perceptions support the use of CARE as an adjunct to usual practice and as a method to expand services. Honesty, reduced time constraints, and lack of judgment associated with CARE appeared to enhance self-evaluation, which may prove an important component in moving patients forward in the behavior change process. © 2007 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Leveraging an alternative source of computer scientists: reentry programs

Much has been written about the "leaky pipeline" of women in computer science (CS), with the percentage of women decreasing as one moves from lower levels, such as college, to higher levels, culminating in full professorship. While significant attention focused on keeping women from leaving the pipeline, there is also an opportunity to bring women into the pipeline through non-traditional programs, instead of requiring that everyone enter at the undergraduate level. Both Mills College, a small liberal arts institution for women, and UC Berkeley, a large research university, established programs in the 80's to increase the number of women in computer science by tapping non-traditional students. Both programs share the core value of accommodating older students lacking technical backgrounds. The two programs have produced similar results: graduate degrees earned in computer science by students who would not have qualified without these programs, professional employment in the computer science field by women and minorities, and a recognition that this population represents a rich source of talent for our nation.
Distributed job scheduling on computational Grids using multiple simultaneous requests

Even though middleware support for grid computing has been the subject of extensive research, scheduling policies for the grid context have not been much studied. In addition to processor utilization, it is important to consider the response times of jobs in evaluating the performance of grid scheduling strategies. In this paper we propose distributed scheduling algorithms that use multiple simultaneous requests at different sites. Trace-based simulations show that the use of multiple simultaneous requests provides significant performance benefits. We also show how this scheme can be adapted to provide priority to local jobs, without much loss of performance.
An Interleaved, Reduced Component Count, Multi-Voltage Bus DC/DC Converter For Fuel Cell Powered Electric Vehicle Applications

An interleaved, reduced component count dc/dc converter is proposed for power management in fuel cell powered vehicles with a multi-voltage electric net. The converter is based on a simplified topology and can handle more power with less ripple current therefore reducing the capacitor requirements, making it more suited for fuel cell powered vehicles in the near future. A prototype rated at 4.3 kW was built and tested to verify the proposed topology.
A Mathematical Theory of Financial Bubbles

Over the last 10 years or so a mathematical theory of bubbles has emerged, in the spirit of a martingale theory based on an absence of arbitrage, as opposed to an equilibrium theory. This paper attempts to explain the major developments of the theory as it currently stands, including equities, options, forwards and futures, and foreign exchange. It also presents the recent development of a theory of bubble detection. Critiques of the theory are presented, and a defense is offered. Alternative theories, especially for bubble detection, are sketched.
3-D dose verification for IMRT using optical CT based polymer gel dosimetry

In this study BANG® polymer gels in conjunction with OCTOPUS™ optical CT scanner (MGS Research Inc., Madison, CT) was employed to measure the relative 3D dose distribution of an IMRT treatment. Measured relative dose distributions from the gel measurement were compared with those from treatment planning system calculations and EDR2 film measurements with regard to planar dose distributions in axial, coronal, and sagittal orientations.
Shopping for Protection: The Politics of Choosing Trade Instruments in a Partially Legalized World

This article investigates the conditions under which states use General Agreements on Tariff and Trade (GATT) ⁄ World Trade Organization (WTO) legal measures rather than bilateral or unilateral instruments to protect domestic industries. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that international trade has become increasingly legalized and multilateralized, we demonstrate that domestic electoral politics loom large in a state’s decision to resort to international law. Legislators’ need to mobilize votes and campaign donations and the electoral systems had substantial effects on the government’s choice to use GATT ⁄ WTO compliant protection among a wide array of protectionist instruments. The article tests this argument using new commodity-level data on trade instrument choice (subsidy, voluntary export restraints [VERs], and GATT ⁄ WTO legal measures) from the second largest economy that has experienced major electoral reform, Japan. The results lend strong support to our argument. Higher electoral competition is associated with the likelihood of using VERs and the electoral reform of 1994 was a force behind the sudden surge of legislators’ interests in using WTO legal safeguard measure. The article finds, moreover, legislators strategically deviate from the new WTO rules, such as prohibition of VERs, when it is electorally beneficial to do so. The General Agreements on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and its successor World Trade Organization (WTO) set out common legal rules on the use of trade protection by permitting some instruments (e.g., antidumping or escape clause protection) while prohibiting others (e.g., voluntary export restraint agreement under WTO). Conventional wisdom in the legalization literature suggests that member states’ choice of protectionist instruments should converge toward GATT ⁄ WTO compliant protection because legal rules either raise the costs of using alternative instruments or diffuse norms and expectations among member
Requirement for cell-proliferation control genes in Drosophila oogenesis

Genes that are required for cell proliferation control in Drosophila imaginal discs were tested for function in the female germ-line and follicle cells. Chimeras and mosaics were produced in which developing oocytes and nurse cells were mutant at one of five imaginal disc overgrowth loci (fat, lgd, lgl, c43 and dco) while the enveloping follicle cells were normal. The chimeras were produced by transplantation of pole cells and the mosaics were produced by X-ray-induced mitotic recombination using the dominant female-sterile technique. The results show that each of the genes tested plays an essential role in the development or function of the female germ line. The fat, lgl and c43 homozygous germ-line clones fail to produce eggs, indicating a germ-line requirement for the corresponding genes. Perdurance of the fat+ gene product in mitotic recombination clones allows the formation of a few infertile eggs from fat homozygous germ-line cells. The lgd homozygous germ-line clones give rise to a few eggs with abnormal chorionic appendages, a defect thought to result from defective cell communication between the mutant germ-line and the nonmutant follicle cells. One allele of dco (dcole88) prevents egg development when homozygous in the germ line, whereas the dco18 allele has no effect on germ-line development. Fs(2)Ugra, a recently described follicle cell-dependent dominant female-sterile mutation, allowed the analysis of egg primordia in which fat, lgd or lgl homozygous mutant follicle cells surrounded normal oocytes. The results show that the fat and lgd genes are not required for follicle cell functions, while absence of lgl function in follicles prevents egg development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spiritual struggle: effect on quality of life and life satisfaction in women with breast cancer.

Background:Women with breast cancer experience stressors affecting quality of life (QOL) and life satisfaction. Little is known about effects of spiritual struggle as a coping strategy on QOL and l...
Musculoskeletal Conditions and Sexuality .1.

This article describes some of the difficulties encountered by patients with scoliosis, low back pain, and cerebral palsy in terms of sexual expression. Discussion focuses on the areas of pain, deformity, and loss of motion, and includes case histories as well as recommendations for ways in which health professionals can help patients with these musculo-skeletal disorders deal more successfully with their impairments in promoting a personally satisfying level of sexual functioning.
Comparison of partial meniscectomy versus meniscus repair for bucket-handle lateral meniscus tears in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed knees.

Abstract Purpose: For patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and had an unstable bucket-handle tear and no other meniscus lesions or articular damage, we sought to determine if repair of the lateral meniscus was superior to partial meniscectomy with regard to subjective and objective results. Type of Study: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Between 1982 and 1995, 91 patients met the inclusion criteria of having an ACL tear and an isolated unstable, bucket-handle meniscus tear. Patients were excluded if they had medial meniscus tears or chondral lesions. All patients underwent ACL reconstruction using patellar tendon autografts. Sixty-seven lateral menisci underwent repair using an inside-outside technique, while 24 lateral menisci were partially excised. Subjective follow-up evaluation was obtained with a modified Noyes questionnaire. Patients were objectively evaluated according to International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee evaluation criteria. Results: The mean subjective total score for the repair group was 92.5 ± 9.4 (mean time, 7.0 ± 2.6 years postoperatively), and the mean score for the removal group was 88.7 ± 13.2 (mean time 11.1 ± 4.0 years; P = .2014). The mean pain scores were 16.8 ± 3.1 points for the repair group and 14.0 ± 4.0 for the partial excision group, which was statistically significant ( P = .0478). The distribution of IKDC overall grades was not statistically significantly different between groups ( P = .0947). Two of 67 meniscus repairs failed, requiring subsequent removal. Conclusions: Results showed that patients in the partial meniscectomy group had more pain than in the repair group, but no statistically significant difference was found between groups for overall subjective score or IKDC grade. Further follow-up evaluation is needed before definitive treatment can be recommended. Level of evidence: Level III.
Translating neuronal activity at the synapse: presynaptic calcium sensors in short-term plasticity

The complex manner in which patterns of presynaptic neural activity are translated into short-term plasticity (STP) suggests the existence of multiple presynaptic calcium (Ca2+) sensors, which regulate the amplitude and time-course of STP and are the focus of this review. We describe two canonical Ca2+-binding protein domains (C2 domains and EF-hands) and define criteria that need to be met for a protein to qualify as a Ca2+ sensor mediating STP. With these criteria in mind, we discuss various forms of STP and identify established and putative Ca2+ sensors. We find that despite the multitude of proposed sensors, only three are well established in STP: Munc13, protein kinase C and synaptotagmin-7. For putative sensors, we pinpoint open questions and potential pitfalls. Finally, we discuss how the molecular properties and modes of action of Ca2+ sensors can explain their differential involvement in STP and shape net synaptic output.
The Role of Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Potentially Resectable Carcinoma of the Esophagus

Radiotherapy (RT) in conjunction with surgery may have a number of roles in the treatment of patients with potentially resectable esophageal carcinoma. The use of RT alone either preoperatively or postoperatively can be expected to improve resectability rates only modestly. The risk of locoregional failure, a common problem in esophageal carcinoma, has been substantially reduced with preoperative or postoperative RT in trials with a duration of follow-up of 3 or more years, although this effect has not been seen in trials with shorter follow-up. Because of the high risk of distant failure associated with these tumors and perhaps because of the inadequate doses used, most trials of RT have not shown notable improvements in overall survival rates. The risk of severe complications following preoperative or postoperative RT is small, provided that very high doses or fraction sizes are avoided. Concurrent chemotherapy and RT administration have been shown to be superior to RT alone in patients who have medically or surgically inoperable conditions; randomized trials using this combined modality in patients with resectable disease have only recently begun. In addition to evaluating the efficacy of this approach, investigators hope to establish the optimal sequencing and timing of administration of these modalities with regard to each other and to surgery.
Modern World History as the Rise of the Rich: A New Paradigm

This article argues that the old paradigm for modern world history given us by Hegel of the Rise of the West has been rendered less useful by the development of new knowledge over the past half century and as a result there is today a good deal of dissatisf action among professional historians about its retention. What other options are there? This article suggests we try out the idea of the rise of the rich. For the modern period of world history, many would agree that the traditional paradigm of the ‘Rise of the West’ is too Eurocentric, that the field needs a new paradigm. Many today find it frustrating to have to choose either to dwell on the power of the Western elite peripheralizing the rest of the world and its culture or drop the question of power and discuss different human societies as if imperialism, notably that of one’s own country, could be overlooked. That said, it is equally clear that academic fields do not change quickly. This is both their strength and their weakness. In general, it seems safe to suggest that academic fields tend to be concerned with handing down their traditions. If there will be a paradigm shift some day in history, it will no doubt therefore come as a self-conscious rejection of at least a part of this heritage. Getting to such a point will require a good deal of selfconscious reassessment of that heritage. History, as we know it today, arose as a professional field in Berlin in the late nineteenth century at the hands of Leopold Von Ranke. Von Ranke’s worldview came from Hegel. Hegel had codified the familiar ‘Rise of the West’ model and this is what Von Ranke institutionalized. The rise of the field of world history as a sub-specialty in history in the 1980s seemed from the outset to imply a cer tain challenge. Unlike the Annales School, here was a field that would potentially be going over the whole ground claimed by the Hegelian model but one which was not content to simply repeat what had gone before and refurbish the Western Civ cour se. It would deal with elites and states as it would deal with commerce and ecology. From the onset in the 1980s, world history journal articles and conference papers made clear that the Hegelian model was not the preferred one. While
Perturbation approach to design of circularly polarised microstrip antennas

The letter describes a simple but accurate method to determine the critical dimensions needed to produce circular polarisation for nearly square and nearly circular microstrip antennas.
A robust design for accessible text entry

This paper describes the author's dissertation research on designing, implementing, and evaluating the Edge Write text entry method. The goal of this research is to develop a method that is highly "robust," remaining accessible and accurate across a variety of devices, abilities, circumstances, and constraints. Edge Write is particularly aimed at users with motor impairments and able-bodied users "on the go." To date, this research has resulted in versions of Edge Write for PDAs, touchpads, displacement joysticks, isometric joysticks, trackballs, 4-keys, and more, all of which use the same Edge Write alphabet and concepts. The stylus version, for instance, has been shown to be significantly more accurate than Graffiti for both able-bodied and motor-impaired users. Similarly, the trackball version has been shown to be better than on-screen keyboards for some people who use trackballs due to motor impairments. This paper discusses these and other achievements, and points towards future work on a mobile phone version for situationally-impaired users. From its inception, Edge Write has been developed with the help of participants, both able-bodied and motor-impaired.
Decoding for magnetic recording media with overlapping tracks

Increasing recording track density by allowing overlap of adjacent tracks can lead to a substantial increase in storage density for magnetic recording. However, track overlap may cause severe intertrack interference (ITI) and result in loss of performance. Sophisticated signal processing techniques must then be used to recover this loss. We study the use of joint equalization and decoding for magnetic recording with overlapping tracks. We present results for a scheme that uses minimum mean-squared-error (MMSE) equalization in conjunction with error-correction coding using low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. The recording process is simulated using a micromagnetic model for longitudinal magnetic recording. We use a three-track system to study the track overlap. The outer two tracks are allowed to overlap on the middle track to simulate ITI. Bit-error rate simulations show that the MMSE-LDPC decoding scheme incurs negligible loss when each of the outer tracks overlaps 10% on the middle track. By varying the recording parameters, the tradeoff between storage density and performance is also studied. We show that by a judicious choice of LDPC codes, a recording with track overlap can have better performance than when there is no overlap. Hence, a higher storage density can be obtained without loss in performance.
Predator–prey trophic relationships in response to organic management practices

A broad range of environmental conditions likely regulate predator-prey population dynamics and impact the structure of these communities. Central to understanding the interplay between predator and prey populations and their importance is characterizing the corresponding trophic interactions. Here, we use a well-documented molecular approach to examine the structure of the community of natural enemies preying upon the squash bug, Anasa tristis, a herbivorous cucurbit pest that severely hinders organic squash and pumpkin production in the United States. Primer pairs were designed to examine the effects of organic management practices on the strength of these trophic connections and link this metric to measures of the arthropod predator complex density and diversity within an experimental open-field context. Replicated plots of butternut squash were randomly assigned to three treatments and were sampled throughout a growing season. Row-cover treatments had significant negative effects on squash bug and predator communities. In total, 640 predators were tested for squash bug molecular gut-content, of which 11% were found to have preyed on squash bugs, but predation varied over the season between predator groups (coccinellids, geocorids, nabids, web-building spiders and hunting spiders). Through the linking of molecular gut-content analysis to changes in diversity and abundance, these data delineate the complexity of interaction pathways on a pest that limits the profitability of organic squash production.
Pegfilgrastim- versus filgrastim-based autologous hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in the setting of preemptive use of plerixafor: efficacy and cost analysis.

BACKGROUND: Plerixafor enhances the ability of filgrastim (FIL) to mobilize CD34+ cells but adds cost to the mobilization. We hypothesized that replacing weight-based FIL with flat-dose pegfilgrastim (PEG) in a validated cost-based mobilization algorithm for patient-adapted use of plerixafor would add convenience without increased cost. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis compared two consecutive cohorts undergoing FIL or PEG mobilization before autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma or lymphoma. FIL dose was 10 µg/kg/day continuing until completion of collection and a 12-mg flat dose of PEG. Peripheral blood CD34+ cells (PB-CD34+) enumeration was performed on the fourth day after initiation of growth factor. Subjects surpassing a certain target-specific threshold of PB-CD34+ started apheresis immediately while subjects with lower PB-CD34+ received plerixafor with apheresis starting on the fifth day. RESULTS: Overall 68 of 74 in the FIL group and 52 of 57 patients in the PEG group met the mobilization target. Only one patient in each cohort required remobilization. Median PB-CD34+ on Day 4 was significantly higher in patients in the PEG group (18.1 × 106 vs. 28.7 × 106 cells/L, p = 0.01). Consequently, patients in the PEG group were less likely to require administration of plerixafor (67.5% vs. 45.6%, p = 0.01). Cohorts had near identical mean number of apheresis sessions and comparable CD34+ yield. The estimated cost associated with growth factor was higher in patients in the PEG group, but it was counterbalanced by lower cost associated with use of plerixafor. CONCLUSION: Single administration of 12 mg of PEG is associated with better CD34+ mobilization than FIL allowing for effective, convenient mobilization with less frequent use of plerixafor.
North Pacific Intermediate Water Transports in the Mixed Water Region

Abstract Initial mixing between the subtropical and subpolar waters of Kuroshio and Oyashio origin occurs in the mixed water region (interfrontal zone) between the Kuroshio and Oyashio. The relatively fresh water that enters the Kuroshio Extension from the Mixed Water Region is this already mixed subtropical transition water. Subtropical transition water in the density range 26.64–27.4 σθ can be considered to be the newest North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) in the subtropical gyre; this density range is approximately that which is ventilated in the subpolar gyre with significant influence from the Okhotsk Sea. Freshening of the Kuroshio Extension core occurs between 140° and 165°E in the upper part of the NPIW (26.64–27.0 σθ), with the greatest freshening associated with the eastern side of the first and second Kuroshio meanders. Kuroshio Extension freshening in the lower part of the NPIW (27.0–27.4 σθ) occurs more gradually and farther to the east. There is nearly no distinction in water properties ...
Velocity-Dependent Resistance

Resistance to deformation may depend not only on its magnitude—as it was discussed in Chapter 2 —but also on the rate. In liquids and gels the latter resistance is labeled as viscosity . Viscosity arises due to internal friction. When neighboring particles are moving at different speeds, they experience friction forces. However, in muscles, velocity-dependent resistance only slightly depends on the viscosity and is due to other more complex biological mechanisms.
Historical Comparison of Monetary and Linguistic Systems

The relationship between goods or merchandise and the labor or activities necessary to produce them has been regarded, at least since Marx (1891), as dialectical: Labor that does not produce something is futile; goods that are not produced by labor are miracles. In the following discussions I equate labor with the acts of producing or perceiving speech; and merchandise, with speech products such as sentences, words, or speech sounds. Through acts of speech a person increases the individual and collective repertoire of linguistic products. This repertoire is comparable to capital in the economic sense. Capital is only useful for the individual and society when it is productive, i.e., when it is transformed into new labor, speech acts. Traditionally, linguists have regarded language as commodity but not as labor.
Introduction: Global Food Security Is a Legal Issue

Food and nutrition insecurity - and, in their most extreme form, chronic hunger - are among humanity’s greatest and most complex challenges. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, one in nine people worldwide is chronically hungry, and two in seven suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, 14% of American households were food insecure last year. Globally, including in the United States, law, policy and the rule of law are of profound significance to food and nutrition insecurity and hunger. Directly and indirectly, governments, laws and policies - as well as market players subject to governance - both exacerbate and reduce these phenomena. Accordingly, law and policy advocates have a unique and significant role to play in influencing this vital space.However, there are scarce opportunities for law students nationally to study the legal dimensions of food and nutrition insecurity and hunger. For example, there appear to be very few law school courses exclusively dedicated to the subject. In turn, in law schools today, there are scarce opportunities for law students to gain insight into how, as lawyers and advocates, they might contribute to reducing food and nutrition insecurity and hunger locally, nationally and globally. This striking reality merits attention. The legal academy - teachers and students alike - should explore the legal landscape of food and nutrition security in a dedicated manner - as its own interdisciplinary field. Promise would lie in both the predictable and unpredictable ripple effects of this endeavor. For example, expanding legal curricula relating to "hunger law" or "global food security" might enhance the capacity of would-be advocates to identify and pursue existing advocacy opportunities and careers addressing these crucial concerns. To further the legal academy's attention to food and nutrition security, this article provides a survey of existing law school courses, clinics and scholarship dedicated to food and nutrition insecurity and hunger. Next, based on the author's experience designing and teaching a course in "Global Food Security" at Vermont Law School, it humbly proposes a framework for what the legal discipline of "hunger law" (or "Global Food Security") might include, with an eye toward related advocacy and career opportunities. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the article invites response: how is food and nutrition security a law and policy issue, and how can the legal academy better equip itself, and rising attorneys, to address it?
Understanding What Shapes a Polycentric Governance System

Recent research has shown that communication networks involving governmental and nongovernmental actors self-organize based on how risk is perceived. According to the “risk hypothesis,” actors embedded in governance systems in which there is widespread risk of defection tend to form bonding structures, whereas those in low-risk systems form bridging structures. A parallel strand of research proposes to study complex governance systems composed of multiple actors and the decision-making forums in which they interact. In this article, the authors couple these research threads and show how bonding and bridging structures form when stakeholders participate in three complex governance systems of varying institutional strength. Findings suggest that the prevalence of one type of structure over the other depends on contextual variables such as the stability of the institutions and the occurrence of environmental focusing events that demand quick policy responses.
Development of Replacement Heifers Using Programmed Feeding1

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diet and pattern of gain on reproductive performance. On November 24, 80 spring-born Angus- and Brangus-sired heifers (BW = 230 ± 23 kg) were allotted by breed and BW to one of four treatments (two replicates per treatment). Heifers were program-fed to gain 0.68 kg/d until April 14 (134 d, MODERATE ), grazed wheat (cv. Hickory, Triticum aestivum L.) and ryegrass (cv. Marshall, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) interseeded into bermudagrass pasture ( GRAZED ), or were program-fed to gain 0.23 kg/d until February 4 (71 d) and then program-fed to gain 0.91 kg/ d (63 d, SLOW-FAST ) or grazed wheat and ryegrass pastures ( SLOW-GRAZED ). On February 4, MODERATE heifers were heavier (P 0.70) among treatments. Pregnancy rate tended to be less (P=0.16), conception date was later (P SUN ) tended to be greater (P=0.14) for GRAZED and SLOW-GRAZED heifers than for MODERATE and SLOW-FAST heifers. Program feeding can be a valuable tool for developing replacement heifers as long as BW goals pre-breeding are reached. Grazing heifers on cool-season annuals during breeding may impair reproduction as a result of the high forage N concentrations, causing reduced fertility.
VAST: a unified platform for interactive network forensics

Network forensics and incident response play a vital role in site operations, but for large networks can pose daunting difficulties to cope with the ever-growing volume of activity and resulting logs. On the one hand, logging sources can generate tens of thousands of events per second, which a system supporting comprehensive forensics must somehow continually ingest. On the other hand, operators greatly benefit from interactive exploration of disparate types of activity when analyzing an incident. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of VAST (Visibility Across Space and Time), a distributed platform for high-performance network forensics and incident response that provides both continuous ingestion of voluminous event streams and interactive query performance. VAST leverages a native implementation of the actor model to scale both intra-machine across available CPU cores, and inter-machine over a cluster of commodity systems.
Development and Application of A New System of Residents' Health Information Collection and Processing

We designed a Residents' Health Information Card for field data collection.The information on the card can be automatically read using Optical Mark Reader and transmitted to the Electronic Health Record after being processed by Resident Health Record Management System.This information collection system enables automatic collection and management of resident health information,improves the efficiency and quality of health information input,and reduces cost.This paper describes the use of this system.
Drug discovery:our understanding and perspectives

This review will introduce and discuss our laboratory's preclinical drug discovery program and lead compound development strategies.Our research focuses on understanding the mechanisms underlying seven-transmembrane receptor signaling;including properties of the Hedgehog/Smoothened and Wnt/Frizzled pathways and their utilization as novel drug targets in regenerative medicine and cancer therapeutics.We have established a state-of-the-art,high throughput,high content drug screening platform that has identified high affinity small molecule lead compounds using screening and structure-activity relationship analysis.In particular,there are no FDA-approved drugs currently targeting the Hedgehog/Smoothened and Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathways.To expedite developing drugs for them,we have screened FDA-approved drug libraries and have re-purposed four glucocorticoids as novel Hedgehog/Smoothened agonists for use in regenerative medicine and niclosamide as a novel Wnt/Frizzled inhibitor for cancer treatment.These candidate molecules are now in preclinical testing with animal disease models.In summary,we have established in our laboratory a unique drug discovery platform to translate basic science discoveries into clinical treatments.
Common oral and dental emergencies and problems.

The family practitioner and pediatrician should have an understanding of the various dental and oral problems that beset children. This well-detailed article describes these problems to assist the primary care physician in making the correct diagnosis and in providing appropriate treatment or referral.
Granisetron: the second serotonin-receptor antagonist.

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of granisetron, focusing on critical analysis of published clinical trials and comparison with other antiemetic agents, including ondansetron.Data Sources:MEDLINE (1966–1995) and CANCERLIT (1991–1995) searches of English-language literature using the terms “granisetron” and “granisetron (m)” were performed.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All articles were considered for possible inclusion in this review. Abstracts of clinical trials were included only when they were judged to add critical information not otherwise available in the medical literature. For studies published more than once, the most recent publication was cited.Data Synthesis:Nausea and vomiting are rated by patients as the most distressing chemotherapy-related adverse effects and may produce potentially life-threatening complications. The discovery of the role of serotonin in nausea and vomiting and the development of selective serotonin3-rece...
A Progressive Juristocracy? The Unexpected Social Activism of India's Supreme Court

Since 2005, India has introduced a series of progressive social acts that legislate a right to various socioeconomic entitlements. These range from information, work, and education to forest conservation, food, and public service. Three features distinguish these acts: the explicit use of rights-based claims; the design of innovative governance mechanisms that seek to enhance the transparency, responsiveness, and accountability of the state; and the role played by social activists and activist judges in spearheading these pieces of legislation with the help of progressive party politicians. This paper analyzes a key slow-burning stimulus of India’s new rights-based welfare paradigm: the socially activist turn of its Supreme Court. I address two main questions. First, what explains the rise of progressive socioeconomic jurisprudence in India in the late 1970s? Following the prevailing scholarly consensus, I analyze the role of antecedent conditions and particular causal mechanisms to explain high judicial activism in India: deepening political fragmentation, endogenous judicial change, and the strategic political retreat of elected representatives. None of these factors can fully explain the timing, sequence, and focus of the social activist turn of the Indian Supreme Court in the late 1970s, however, which owed much to the rise of popular social formations during these years and their proliferation in the 1980s. Thus the complex interaction effects of several causal factors, whose weight has differed over time, provides a more convincing explanation. Second, what have been the achievements and failures of high judicial activism in India regarding socioeconomic rights? As many scholars persuasively demonstrate, its direct impact has been limited, while its pro-poor posture has been inconsistent. However, by focusing excessively on direct material consequences in the short-run, these studies discount the powerful long-term ramifications, many of which are symbolic and indirect, of the Indian Supreme Court’s earlier progressive turn.
The Influence of Informal Social Control Processes on Drug Trajectories and Delinquent Behavior Among Mexican American Gang Members

Mexican American youth represent one of the fastest growing subpopulations with persons of Mexican origin comprising approximately 65 % of the Hispanic population in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau 2008). Mexican Americans also represent a disproportionate percentage of both substance using and gang populations (Valdez and Sifaneck 2004). In part, this may be due to both a young Mexican American age composition that reflects immigration patterns and an age-graded proclivity towards adolescent substance use and gang membership. In addition, due to socioeconomic disadvantages, Mexican American youth may be at an elevated risk for compromised social bonds and subsequent delinquent behaviors. This chapter employs a life course perspective to examine the extent that adolescent informal social control processes mediate the relationship between gang memberships and adolescent delinquent behavior in a population of young Mexican Americans.
Standard measurement of carbon footprints

This paper proposes a method for standardizing the measurement of carbon reduction when using renewable energy sources in conjunction with utility grid energy. The term renewable energy will be used to describe systems that do not depend on the burning of hydrocarbon based fuels to produce electricity. Greenhouse gasses will be used to describe emissions like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and methane common to the burning or manufacture of hydrocarbon based compounds. Utility grid, will describe publicly available electricity which typically has a high greenhouse gas emission per watt-hour energy generated.
Abstract 147: Cell Selective Cardiovascular Biology of mPGES-1

Background— Global deletion of mPGES-1 attenuates the response to vascular injury without increasing predisposition to thrombogenesis or hypertension. However, enzyme deletion results in cell specific differential utilization of accumulated substrate. Here, we generated mice deficient in mPGES-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), endothelial cells (ECs) and myeloid cells to further elucidate the cell selective roles of this enzyme in cardiovascular biology. Results— VSMC and EC mPGES-1 deficient mice were generated by mating mPGES-1 flox/flox mice with SM22Cre or Tie2Cre mice respectively. Blood pressure was unaltered in these mutants at baseline or in response to a high salt diet. The propensity to induced thrombogenesis in a microvascular preparation was similarly unaltered. By contrast, both mPGES-1 flox/flox SM22Cre and mPGES-1 flox/flox Tie2Cre mice exhibited a markedly exaggerated neointimal hyperplastic response to wire injury of the femoral artery compared to their mPGES-1 flox/flox littermate controls (intima to media ratio 4.36 ± 0.63, 3.27 ± 0.23 versus 2.04 ± 0.31, p flox/flox mice with LysMCre mice. In these mice, the hyperplastic response to vascular injury was dramatically suppressed (intima to media ratio 2.59 ± 0.18 versus 1.47 ± 0.25, p Conclusions— Deletion of mPGES-1 in vascular vs. myeloid cells results in contrasting vascular phenotypes. While enzyme knocked out in vascular cells does not augment thrombosis or predispose to hypertension, EC and VSMC mPGES-1 restrains the response to vascular injury. mPGES-1 in myeloid cells, by contrast, promotes the response to vascular injury and represents a potential therapeutic target.
Trauma-Informed Social Work Practice

Social workers frequently encounter clients with a history of trauma. Trauma-informed care is a way of providing services by which social workers recognize the prevalence of early adversity in the lives of clients, view presenting problems as symptoms of maladaptive coping, and understand how early trauma shapes a client's fundamental beliefs about the world and affects his or her psychosocial functioning across the life span. Trauma-informed social work incorporates core principles of safety, trust, collaboration, choice, and empowerment and delivers services in a manner that avoids inadvertently repeating unhealthy interpersonal dynamics in the helping relationship. Trauma-informed social work can be integrated into all sorts of existing models of evidence-based services across populations and agency settings, can strengthen the therapeutic alliance, and facilitates posttraumatic growth.