cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Idiographic Anger Ratings by Female Dementia Family Caregivers: Generalizability and Preliminary Validity

The generalizability and validity of idiographic anger ratings were investigated among female dementia family caregivers (N = 65). The longitudinal (2 weeks) and multi-method measurement approach i...
In vivo labeling of brain phospholipids by long-chain fatty acids: Relation to turnover and function

An experimental method and model are described to quantitate kinetics ofin vivo incorporation of fatty acids (FA) into stable brain phospholipids. When a radiolabeled long-chain FA is injected intravenously in a rat, it rapidly equilibrates with brain FA-CoA, the precursor pool for phospholipids. As different labeled FA enter differentsn positions of specific phospholipids, a combination of labels can be used to investigate roles of different phospholipids in brain function and structure. By taking into account dilution λ of specific activity of brain FA-CoA, compared with specific activity of FA in plasma, half-lives of FA in individual brain phospholipids can be calculated. Values for λ less than 0.02 suggest marked recycling, and give half-lives two orders of magnitude smaller than literature values. A half-life of arachidonate in phosphatidyli-nositol of 0.66 h (turnover=105%h) is consistent with active participation of this FA in phospholipase A2mediated signal transduction.
High-cholesterol diet augments endothelial dysfunction via elevated oxidative stress and reduced tetrahydrobiopterin in Ins2Akita mice, an autosomal dominant mutant Type 1 diabetic model.

SUMMARY 1 Oxidative stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis in diabetes. The present study tested the hypothesis that a high-cholesterol diet accelerates endothelial dysfunction in Ins2Akita mice, a Type 1 diabetic model with a spontaneous autosomal preproinsulin gene (Ins2 gene) mutation, through further increase of superoxide production. 2 The Ins2Akita diabetic mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet (1.25% cholesterol) for 4 months. Some Ins2Akita mice were also treated for 4 months with the selective NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (4 mg/kg per day in drinking water). Oxidative stress markers, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels, GTP cyclohydrolase I activity and endothelial function were determined in serum or arteries afterwards. 3 Serum lipid peroxidation and arterial superoxide levels were increased, whereas arterial BH4 levels and GTP cyclohydrolase I activity were decreased, in Ins2Akita mice on a high-cholesterol diet, resulting in impaired endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in response to acetylcholine. 4 In vivo treatment with apocynin not only blunted serum lipid peroxidation and arterial superoxide levels, but also increased BH4 levels and GTP cyclohydrolase I activity, resulting in improved endothelium-dependent relaxation. 5 These results suggest that NADPH oxidase may play a potential role in oxidative stress-induced arterial BH4 and GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency, resulting in endothelial dysfunction in Ins2Akita Type 1 diabetic mice fed a high-cholesterol diet.
Effect of glycerol concentration on frozen boar sperm

Abstract In experiment 1, Beltsville F3 extender containing 0 to 7% glycerol was added to boar sperm. Glycerol was either retained during freezing or removed by centrifugation before freezing. When glycerol was retained, there was a significant negative linear relationship between the percentage of sperm acrosomes with a normal apical ridge (NAR) and the percentage of glycerol. When glycerol was removed before freezing, the percentage of NAR acrosomes did not differ among samples. The percentage of motile sperm and the percentage of glycerol in the original extender were linearly related regardless of whether glycerol was retained or removed before freezing. In experiment 2, four concentrations of glycerol, three cooling times and two dilution rates were compared when semen was frozen in Beltsville F5 extender. The post-thaw results for percentages of NAR acrosomes and sperm motility were optimum with 1% glycerol and a 1:4 dilution rate. Cooling time had a minor effect on the freezing results. In experiment 3, the competitive fertilizing capacity of boar sperm frozen with 1% glycerol was compared with that frozen without glycerol. The number of ova fertilized by sperm frozen with 0 or 1% glycerol, 52 and 72 ova, respectively, were nearing statistical difference from a 50:50 ratio (P
Stability of Connected Vehicle Platoons With Delayed Acceleration Feedback

Wireless vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies such as the dedicated short range communication (DSRC) may be used to assist drivers in sensing and responding to impalpable information such as the precise acceleration of vehicles ahead. In this paper, we investigate the impact of delayed acceleration feedback on traffic flow using a nonlinear car-following model. It is shown that acceleration feedback can improve the stability of uniform traffic flow, though excessive acceleration feedback leads to undesired high frequency oscillations. Additionally, time delays in the communication channel may shrink the stable domain by introducing mid-frequency oscillations. Finally, we show that one may stabilize vehicle platoons using delayed acceleration feedback even in cases when finite driver reaction time would destabilize the system. Our results may lead to more robust cruise control systems with increased driver comfort in connected vehicle environment.© 2013 ASME
4-Hydroxypropranolol and its glucuronide after single and long-term doses of propranolol

The disposition of the pharmacologically active 4-hydroxypropranolol (HO-P), its glucuronic acid conjugate (HO-P-G), and propranolol were compared after single intravenous and oral doses of propranolol in 6 normal subjects and after long-term therapy in 32 patients with hypertension or coronary artery disease. The areas under the plasma concentration/time curves (AUC∞, ng · hr/ml) after 4-mg intravenous doses of propranolol were 6.6 ± 2.2 (mean ± SEM) for HO-P and 55 ± 11 for propranolol. After 20- and 80-mg oral doses the AUC∞ for HO-P were 59 ± 9 and 162 ± 21 and for propranolol were 72 ± 9 and 306 ± 46. Peak HO-P concentrations were reached at 1 to 1.5 hr after the oral doses. Although there was a rapid decline in plasma HO-P between 1.5 and 3 hr when HO-P-G was still rising to levels above HO-P levels 3.5- to 5-fold, the apparent half-lifes (t½s) after 3 hr were in the same range for HO-P, HO-P-G, and propranolol (3.0 to 4.2 hr). While during long-term therapy plasma HO-P rose over the whole dose range (40 to 960 mg daily) in an apparently linear fashion, the HO-P/propranolol plasma level ratio fell from 1.07 ± 0.13 at 40 mg daily to only 0.09 ± 0.01 at 640 mg daily. Plasma HO-P-G rose exponentially with dose and demonstrated significant cumulation. HO-P and HO-P-G in urine accounted for about 9% of long-term propranolol doses. This study suggests a significant contribution of HO-P to pharmacologic effects, in particular at low single and long-term oral doses of propranolol and saturation of naphthalene ring oxidation as a main determinant of propranolol bioavailability. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 22–31; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.4
Observations on ocular fluid dynamics and carbonic anhydrase in tissues of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).

1. 1. Carbonic anhydrase activity of tissue homogenates was determined using a modified manometric technique. 2. 2. Erythrocytes were found to contain all of the carbonic anhydrase activity present in whole blood, thus a correction, using Cr51 tagged cells, had to be made for the enzyme activity present in erythrocytes contained in the tissues assayed. 3. 3. Pseudobranch, spleen, retina-choroid and the whole eye contained more enzyme whereas gill and swim bladder tissue contained amounts comparable to that found in whole blood. 4. 4. Intraocular pressure was reduced from 13·2 to 7·2 mm Hg 24 hr after injection of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Diamox (7 mg/100 g).
Secondary instability in plane channel flow with spatially periodic perturbations.

Laboratory experiments on plane channel flow with a streamwise-periodic array of cylinders reveal a bifurcation from two-dimensional traveling waves to three-dimensional spanwise standing waves. The standing waves select a wave number that is independent of the wave number imposed initially by time-periodic disturbances. The stable tertiary flow stands in contrast with most open flows where instability develops directly to turbulence.
Vesiculation of basaltic magma during eruption

Vesicle size distributions in vent lavas from the Pu9u9O9o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea volcano are used to estimate nucleation and growth rates of H 2 O-rich gas bubbles in basaltic magma nearing the earth9s surface (≤120 m depth). By using well-constrained estimates for the depth of volatile exsolution and magma ascent rate, nucleation rates of 35.9 events ⋅ cm -3 ⋅ s -1 and growth rates of 3.2 x 10 -4 cm/s are determined directly from size-distribution data. The results are consistent with diffusion-controlled growth as predicted by a parabolic growth law. This empirical approach is not subject to the limitations inherent in classical nucleation and growth theory and provides the first direct measurement of vesiculation kinetics in natural settings. In addition, perturbations in the measured size distributions are used to examine bubble escape, accumulation, and coalescence prior to the eruption of magma.
Numerical Investigation of the Coulter Principle in a Microfluidic Device

Coulter counters are analytical microfluidic instrument used to measure the size and concentration of biological cells or colloid particles suspended in electrolyte. The underlying working mechanism of Coulter counters is the Coulter principle which relies on the fact that when low-conductive cells pass through an electric field these cells cause disturbances in the measurement (current or voltage). Useful information about these cells can be obtained by analyzing these disturbances if an accurate correlation between the measured disturbances and cell characteristics. In this paper we use computational fluid dynamics method to investigate this correlation. The flow field is described by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, the electric field is represented by a Laplace’s equation in which the conductivity is calculated from the Navier-Stokes equations, and the cell motion is calculated by solving the equations of motion. The accuracy of the code is validated by comparing with analytical solutions. The study is based on a coplanar Coulter counter with three inlets that consist of two sheath flow inlet and one conductive flow inlet. The effects of diffusivity, cell size, sheath flow rate, and cell geometry are discussed in details. The impacts of electrode size, gap between electrodes and electrode location on the measured distribution are also studied.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Impact of CYP2D6 Polymorphisms on Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Metoprolol Tartrate

Metoprolol is a selective β-1 adrenergic receptor blocker that undergoes extensive metabolism by the polymorphic enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Our objective was to investigate the influence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the efficacy and tolerability of metoprolol tartrate. Two hundred and eighty-one participants with uncomplicated hypertension received 50 mg of metoprolol twice daily followed by response-guided titration to 100 mg twice daily. Phenotypes were assigned based on results of CYP2D6 genotyping and copy number variation assays. Clinical response to metoprolol and adverse effect rates were analyzed in relation to CYP2D6 phenotypes using appropriate statistical tests. Heart rate response differed significantly by CYP2D6 phenotype (P < 0.0001), with poor and intermediate metabolizers showing greater reduction. However, blood pressure response and adverse effect rates were not significantly different by CYP2D6 phenotype. Other than a significant difference in heart rate response, CYP2D6 polymorphisms were not determinants of variability in metoprolol response or tolerability. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 96 2, 175–181. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.62
Rapid analysis of human fecal bile acids.

Abstract A rapid, accurate, precise method for determining human fecal bile acids is reported. Feces are homogenized and then briefly extracted with boiling absolute ethanol. A portion of the extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue heated with mild alkali to hydrolyze bile acid 3α-hydroxyl esters. Aliquots of hydrolyzed crude extract are treated with resazurin reagent which effects a series of enzyme catalyzed reactions in which bile acid free 3α-hydroxyls are first oxidized to 3-oxo-groups in a reaction catalyzed by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Resulting protons are transferred to β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, yielding reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NADH). β-NADH then reduces nonfluorescent resazurin to fluorescent resorufin in a reaction catalyzed by diaphorase. Developed fluorescence, which is proportional to the extract aliquots bile acid content, is excited at 565 nm and read at 580 nm, wavelengths which lie in a spectral region in which there is minimal fecal pigment absorption. 3-Oxo-bile acids and bile acid 3α-sulfates are extracted in the procedure but reduction and/or solvolysis is necessary before quantification.
Minimax subset selection for the multinomial distribution

Abstract Let ( X 1 ,…, X k ) be a multinomial vector with unknown cell probabilities ( p 1 ,⋯, p k ). A subset of the cells is to be selected in a way so that the cell associated with the smallest cell probability is included in the selected subset with a preassigned probability, P ∗ . Suppose the loss is measured by the size of the selected subset, S . Using linear programming techniques, selection rules can be constructed which are minimax with respect to S in the class of rules which satisfy the P ∗ -condition. In some situations, the rule constructed by this method is the rule proposed by Nagel (1970). Similar techniques also work for selection in terms of the largest cell probability.
A 20-channel coil for improved magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve.

Optic neuritis is characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, which causes a loss of vision due to swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve (1). The most common etiology is Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Nearly 50% of patients with MS will develop optic neuritis and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the presenting sign of MS (2). Early diagnosis can decrease the risk of developing negative symptoms from optic neuritis (3, 4). In MRI the presence of lesions, which indicate demyelization of the white matter, is the strongest predictor for clinically definite MS. Other methods of determining optic neuritis include a funduscopic exam, which in some cases does not give an adequate diagnosis. MRI of the optic nerve, which is usually performed with a standard head coil such as the clinical 12-channel coil available on the Siemens TIM Trio 3T MRI scanner, is subject to several limitations such as artifacts from eye movement (5). Many limitations could be overcome using a coil built specifically to image the optic nerves (6-8). For example, increased SNR obtained using a dedicated optic nerve coil would enable reduced field-of-view (FOV) DTI images as well as faster scans through parallel imaging techniques to minimize patient movement artifacts. Phased array receiver coil designs have been increasingly applied in MRI (9-13). Phased arrays are advantageous since multiple channels can provide an increase in signal sensitivity and imaging acceleration (14). A single surface coil typically has sufficient signal to noise ratio (rSNR) at the surface of a sample; however, at greater depths the SNR can suffer greatly compared to a traditional volume coil. Use of a phased array coil can compensate at the greater imaging depths and, if utilized correctly, can provide similar or greater SNR values compared to a volume coil (15). It has also been discovered that one of the factors that improves accelerated imaging is increasing the number of coils surrounding a volume of interest. This is due to the increased number of different coil sensitivity profiles. The increased parallel imaging performance can aid in the use of multiple parallel imaging techniques (16, 17). Furthermore, in addition to providing increased resolution and/or decreasing imaging time, the increase in SNR can enable diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (18, 19), enhance temperature measurements (20), and fundamentally improve clinical diagnosis and patient treatment planning. In this study, an RF phased array coil was built to image the optic nerve from the orbits to the optic chiasm for the purposes of visualizing optic neuritis that typically manifests in Multiple Sclerosis patients. As opposed to previous designs, which are limited by the number of coils or generalized to imaging all of the head (9-11) we present a dedicated 20-channel coil for imaging of the optic nerve. This coil achieves improved SNR for higher resolution, faster imaging times and useful DTI performance.
Functional analysis of mutations in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter that cause glycogen storage disease type Ib.

Abstract The glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) deficient in glycogen storage disease type Ib is a phosphate (P i )-linked antiporter capable of G6P: P i and P i :P i exchanges. We previously characterized G6PT mutations by measuring G6P uptake activities in microsomes co-expressing G6PT and glucose-6-phosphatase-α. Here we report a new assay, based on reconstituted proteoliposomes carrying only G6PT, and characterize G6P and P i uptake activities of 23 G6PT mutations. We show that co-expression and G6PT-only assays are equivalent in measuring G6PT activity. However, the p.Q133P mutation exhibits differential G6P and P i transport activities, suggesting that characterizing G6P and P i transport activities of G6PT mutations may yield insights to this genetic disorder.
Structurally novel antiarrhythmic / antioxidant quinazolines

Abstract We report a structurally novel series of quinazolines with in vivo antiarrhythmic and/or in vitro iron-dependent lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Two analogues, 7 and 12, were evaluated in a canine model of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
When Reinforcers for Problem Behavior Are Not Readily Apparent Extending Functional Assessments to Complex Problem Behaviors

The goal of functional assessment is to identify events associated with problem behavior. Once these variables are identified, support plans can be based on the events associated with behavioral ma...
The Speed of RNA Transcription and Metabolite Binding Kinetics Operate an FMN Riboswitch

Riboswitches are genetic control elements that usually reside in untranslated regions of messenger RNAs. These folded RNAs directly bind metabolites and undergo allosteric changes that modulate gene expression. A flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent riboswitch from the ribDEAHT operon of Bacillus subtilis uses a transcription termination mechanism wherein formation of an RNA-FMN complex causes formation of an intrinsic terminator stem. We assessed the importance of RNA transcription speed and the kinetics of FMN binding to the nascent mRNA for riboswitch function. The riboswitch does not attain thermodynamic equilibrium with FMN before RNA polymerase needs to make a choice between continued transcription and transcription termination. Therefore, this riboswitch is kinetically driven, and functions more like a "molecular fuse." This reliance on the kinetics of ligand association and RNA polymerization speed might be common for riboswitches that utilize transcription termination mechanisms.
Ultrafast charge carrier dynamics and photoelectrochemical properties of ZnO nanowires decorated with Au nanoparticles

This study was designed to examine the possible photosensitization effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) by Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) by directly monitoring the charge carrier lifetime in AuNP-decorated ZnO NWs. ZnO-Au nanocomposite structures showed reduced photocurrent compared to pristine ZnO NWs due to the combined effect of ZnO etching during the AuNPs growth and competitive absorption/scattering effects from AuNPs of incident UV photons. Ultrafast transient pump-probe spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the charge carrier dynamics. The bleach recovery of ZnO indicates electron-hole recombination on the 150 ps time scale attributed to shallow donor recombination. The AuNP-decorated ZnO NWs exhibit a fast decay of 3 ps in addition to the decays observed for ZnO NWs. This fast decay is similar to the hot electron relaxation lifetime observed for AuNPs in solution. Overall, the dynamics features for AuNP-decorated ZnO NWs appear as a simple sum of those from AuNPs and ZnO NWs alone. There is no evidence of photosensitization of the ZnO NWs by AuNPs investigated in this study.
Histone deacetylases and NF-kB signaling coordinate expression of CX3CL1 in epithelial cells in response to microbial challenge by suppressing miR-424 and miR-503

The NF-kB pathway is key to epithelial immune defense and has been implicated in secretion of antimicrobial peptides, release of cytokines/chemokines to mobilize immune effector cells, and activation of adaptive immunity. The expression of many inflammatory genes following infection involves the remodeling of the chromatin structure. We reported here that histone deacetylases (HDACs) and NF-kB signaling coordinate expression of CX3CL1 in epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Upregulation of CX3CL1 was detected in cultured human biliary epithelial cells following infection. Expression of miR-424 and miR-503 was downregulated, and was involved in the induction of CX3CL1 in infected cells. C. parvum infection suppressed transcription of the mir-424-503 gene in a NF-kB- and HDAC-dependent manner. Increased promoter recruitment of NF-kB p50 and HDACs, and decreased promoter H3 acetylation associated with the mir-424-503 gene were observed in infected cells. Upregulation of CX3CL1 in biliary epithelial cells and increased infiltration of CX3CR1+ cells were detected during C. parvum infection in vivo. Induction of CX3CL1 and downregulation of miR-424 and miR-503 were also detected in epithelial cells in response to LPS stimulation. The above results indicate that HDACs and NF-kB signaling coordinate epithelial expression of CX3CL1 to promote mucosal antimicrobial defense through suppression of the mir-424-503 gene.
Improved Sensing Pulses for Increased Human Head Depth Measurement Sensitivity With Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

This paper describes an improved electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) stimulus paradigm, based on dual-energy pulses using the stochastic Gabor function (SGF) that may more sensitively assess deep brain tissue impedance than current single-pulse paradigms. The SGF is a uniformly distributed noise, modulated by a Gaussian envelope, with a wide-frequency spectrum representation regardless of the stimuli energy, and is least compact in the sample frequency phase plane. Numerical results obtained using a realistic human head model confirm that two sequential SGF pulses at different energies can improve EIS depth sensitivity when used in a dual-energy subtraction scheme. Specifically, although the two SGF pulses exhibit different tissue current distributions, they maintain the broadband sensing pulse characteristics needed to generate all the frequencies of interest. Moreover, finite-difference time domain simulations show that this dual-energy excitation scheme is capable of reducing the amplitude of weighted current densities surface directly underneath the electrodes by approximately 3 million times versus single stimulation pulses, while maintaining an acceptable tissue conductivity distribution at depth. This increased sensitivity for the detection of small, deep impedance changes might be of value in potential future EIS applications, such as the portable, point-of-care detection of deep brain hemorrhage or infarction.
Latitude and Altitude Dependence of the Local Hard Showers of Cosmic Rays

The latitude effect of the local hard showers penetrating at least 350 ${\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ of lead has been measured at two airplane altitudes, and found to be (12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2) percent between Rome, New York, and Canal Zone. The two separate latitude effects, obtained respectively at 30,500 ft. (300 ${\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) and at 25,000 ft. (383 ${\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ coincide within the experimental errors. This slow dependence on altitude of the latitude effect seems to allow an estimate of the energy of the hard shower producing particles as they arrive at the apparatus. An average energy of 20 to 30 Bev is obtained from the present data and the current ideas on the absorption of the nucleonic component. This large value is discussed in connection with other experiments and in view of the fact that at sea level or at mountain altitudes pi-mesons of that energy have a large probability of undergoing a nuclear collision before decaying into mu-mesons. The measured altitude dependence of hard showers gives for the absorption mean free path of the producing radiation in air, the value of 112\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 ${\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, if interpreted in terms of a simple exponential. However, because of the geometry of the apparatus, the value 140 ${\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, as obtained from the data according to the Gross transform, seems to be more acceptable when referred to strictly vertical particles. The latitude effect of the normal penetrating component was 1.33 at 30,500 ft., 1.24 at 25,000 ft., and 1.08 at sea level.
Active Compressor Stability Management via a Stall Margin Control Mode

An active engine control scheme for protection against compressor instabilities such as rotating stall and surge is presented. Compressor stability detection is accomplished via a parameter known as the correlation measure, which quantifies the repeatability of the pressure fluctuations in the tip region of a compressor rotor. This work investigates the integration of the correlation measure with an aircraft engine control system through the use of a stall margin control mode. The development and implementation of the stall margin mode is described. The effectiveness of the overall active control framework—an active compressor stability management system—is assessed using a computer simulation of a high-bypass, dual-spool, commercial-type turbofan engine.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Environmental migration and cities in the context of global environmental change

There is a renewed interest in environmental migration and displacement that is fueled by concerns about the impacts of global environmental change on human populations. Regardless on-going debates about magnitudes and definitions, recent research on the topic shows a complex picture where environmental events are rarely the only drivers, several factors — among them the characteristics of the event and the degree of vulnerability — influence the outcome, and different types of mobility can be distinguished. Within this framework and in the context of global processes, research on the interactions among cities, environmental migration and GEC present two interrelated perspectives. On the one hand, cities are increasingly exposed to the impacts of GEC events, which can trigger environmental migration to other regions. On the other hand, they are the most common destinations of migration inflows, and environmental change outside of cities can exacerbate the influx of migrants to cities. The case of New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina dramatically illustrates these issues, highlighting the policy and governance dimensions.
Model systems for flavoenzyme activity: interplay of hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking in cofactor redox modulation.

A model system has been developed to study the synergy between aromatic stacking and hydrogen bonding in the binding of a flavin derivative. The results show that the identity of both the hydrogen bonding and π-stacking units strongly determine the overall receptor affinity for flavin in both the oxidized and radical anion forms.
Falling forward: Lessons learned from critical reflection on an evaluation process with a prisoner reentry program

A formative evaluation of life-skills learning modules with men and women in a residential prisoner reentry program where careful attention was given to voice, power, and engagement, is described and analyzed. The author reflects on the evaluation process through the critical theory lens of “being self-critical can illuminate how practices maintain oppressive conditions.” Questions about whose voices remained dominant and whose power was suppressed are discussed. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Clinical Evaluation of Asthma

Objective The purpose of this article is to review the medical history and physical examination of the asthmatic patient. Data sources English references identified from relevant articles and book chapters, experts, and MEDLINE search, using “asthma,” “physical diagnosis,” and “medical history.” Study selection Clinical studies of the medical history or physical examination in subjects with respiratory disease were selected for review. Results Symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness and difficulty in taking a deep breath suggest asthma, while symptoms such as gasping, smothering or air hunger suggest alternative diagnoses. Symptoms of asthma correlate poorly with airway obstruction in one-third to one-half of asthmatic patients. Respiratory signs such as wheezing, breath sound intensity, forced expiratory time, accessory muscle use, respiratory rate and pulsus paradoxus correlate roughly with airway obstruction. However, clinicians disagree on the presence or absence of respiratory signs 55% to 89% of the time. Furthermore, physicians correctly predict pulmonary function based on history and physical examination only about half the time, and correctly diagnose asthma based on the clinical examination 63% to 74% of the time. Conclusions The medical history and physical examination are moderately effective in diagnosing asthma and estimating itsseverity. Objective measures of lung function are necessary for the accurate diagnosis of asthma.
Acceleration of the median nerve distal latency time in preterm infants with intrauterine growth retardation.

Acceleration of the Median Nerve Distal Latency Time in Preterm Infants with Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Life cycle assessment of gasoline and diesel produced via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing

In this work, a life cycle assessment (LCA) estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net energy value (NEV) of the production of gasoline and diesel from forest residues via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing, from production of the feedstock to end use of the fuel in a vehicle, is performed. The fast pyrolysis and hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes are based on a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) design report. The LCA results show GHG emissions of 0.142 kg CO2-equiv. per km traveled and NEV of 1.00 MJ per km traveled for a process using grid electricity. Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis shows a range of results, with all values better than those of conventional gasoline in 2005. Results for GHG emissions and NEV of gasoline and diesel from pyrolysis are also reported on a per MJ fuel basis for comparison with ethanol produced via gasification. Although pyrolysis-derived gasoline and diesel have lower GHG emissions and higher NEV than conventional gasoline does in 2005, they underperform ethanol produced via gasification from the same feedstock. GHG emissions for pyrolysis could be lowered further if electricity and hydrogen are produced from biomass instead of from fossil sources.
The effect of two nutritional software programs used as adjuncts to the behavioral treatment of obesity.

The need to provide nutritional information in the behavioral treatment of obesity is now generally recognized. However, the comparative efficacy of various delivery modes remains to be demonstrated. Two commercial software packages (The Eating Machine and EATS) were embedded in Ferguson's (1975) prototypical behavioral program and contrasted with the Ferguson approach deployed alone. Assessments of weight, nutritional knowledge, eating behavior, and related cognitive variables were made at pretest, posttest, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up occasions. No incremental effects attributable to the software programs appeared.
New Approaches to Low Cost Electronic Circuit Packages

The electronics industry has affected the American culture more profoundly than any other industry in our better than two hundred years as a nation. Television has significantly impacted our nation's habits for the past thirty to forty years. The method employed in design and manufacture of these consumer electronic products has evolved through three phases. Initially, consumer electronic circuits employed vacuum tubes as the major building block. Associated with the tube was a quick disconnect or tube socket and related terminal strip used as an interconnect and mounting system for passive components associated with the tube socket. These circuits were normally hand wired and hand soldered, although there were some attempts to automate the assembly operation thru the use of wire wrap terminals or solder cups. It was not until semiconductor devices came into wide usage and the printed circuit board replaced the terminal strip and tube socket, the door opened for automation. Approximately 1960, automatic assembly of printed circuit boards was employed by some of the larger electronic manufacturers. Most passive components employed in these circuits were substantially unchanged from the earlier vacuum tube circuits. Additionally, components could only be mounted on one side of the circuit board. The third phase is "surface mount" assembly whereby both sides of the printed circuit board is utilized. Cost and quality benefits along with accompanying size reduction will cause "surface mount" assembly systems to become the dominant circuit packaging method employed in consumer electronic packages as we move into the 1980's.
An ER Membrane Protein, Sop4, Facilitates ER Export of the Yeast Plasma Membrane [H+]ATPase, Pma1

We have analyzed the mechanism by which Sop4, a novel ER membrane protein, regulates quality control and intracellular transport of Pma1-7, a mutant plasma membrane ATPase. At the restrictive temperature, newly synthesized Pma1-7 is targeted for vacuolar degradation instead of being correctly delivered to the cell surface. Loss of Sop4 at least partially corrects vacuolar mislocalization, allowing Pma1-7 routing to the plasma membrane. Ste2-3 is a mutant pheromone receptor which, like Pma1-7, is defective in targeting to the cell surface, resulting in a mating defect. sop4delta suppresses the mating defect of ste2-3 cells as well as the growth defect of pma1-7. Visualization of newly synthesized Pma1-7 in sop4delta cells by indirect immunofluorescence reveals delayed export from the ER. Similarly, ER export of wild-type Pma1 is delayed in the absence of Sop4 although intracellular transport of Gas1 and CPY is unaffected. These observations suggest a model in which a selective increase in ER residence time for Pma1-7 may allow it to achieve a more favorable conformation for subsequent delivery to the plasma membrane. In support of this model, newly synthesized Pma1-7 is also routed to the plasma membrane upon release from a general block of ER-to-Golgi transport in sec13-1 cells.
Advances in Therapeutic Engineering (King, P.H., Ed.) [Book Review]

The reviewer would have loved a book such as this to have a collection to use as a textbook for my class. Unfortunately, this book is not it. Its flaws are legion, starting with a misspelling in the first paragraph that a spell-checker would have caught. Almost immediately after the preface are the names and titles of the editors with a photo of one of the editors that is badly out of focus. The writing is varied (true in any edited work) but consistently trite. The editors use a numbering system that obscures information more than it helps guide the reader. Unfortunately, for the authors, editors, and publishing house, the reviewer is left with the same question I began with: "Who would want to read this book?"
Magnetics and magnetoresistance in epitaxial magnetite heterostructures

We have synthesized and characterized epitaxial magnetite (Fe3O4) heterostructures that have been grown by pulsed laser deposition. Trilayers of magnetite, separated by a paramagnetic insulating CoCr2O4 layer, exhibit two distinct coercive fields corresponding to the two magnetite layers. However, detailed magnetic measurements indicate that the two magnetite layers are exchange coupled across CoCr2O4 layers as thick as 10 nm. Current-voltage characteristics in a range of temperatures show nonlinear behavior reminiscent of junction behavior. Magnetoresistance and its temperature dependence are characteristic of a single magnetic layer.
BEYOND FOUNDATIONALISM AND RELATIVISM: WHAT HOPE FOR SCIENCES OR SOCIETY?

At the end of the European Middle Ages, as the Church slowly lost its monopoly held on truth and meaning, the traditional foundations of knowledge crumbled, initiating an epistemological crisis that continues to haunt Western thought. The problem became how can we have confidence in our theories and beliefs. What grounds their validity? Bacon's empiricism and Descartes' rationalism were the most concerted and influential early attempts to resolve the crisis. But their resolutions were soon found inadequate, and ever since, the search for a way to provide a solid foundation for our knowledge has been the dominant concern of philosophy. The last grandiose and influential attempt at resolution was positivism. But positivism too has fallen into disfavor. The epistemological crisis endures.
Numerical analyses of operator-splitting algorithms for the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation

Abstract Holly and Preissmann's (HP) scheme has been the basis of a large number of operator splitting algorithms for the solution of the advection-diffusion equation. However, these algorithms, including HP, are first-order accurate in time due to splitting errors. Error analyses of these algorithms, incorporating splitting error and errors resulting from numerical solutions of the split advection and diffusion equations, are lacking. In this paper, error analysis of a second-order accurate adaptation of the HP scheme (AHP) is presented for the two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. A modified AHP scheme (MAHP) is suggested to remove the ad-hoc nature of boundary conditions during the diffusion step of computations in both HP and AHP. As boundary conditions specified for the advection-diffusion equation are not applicable to the split equations, second-order accurate boundary conditions for the split advection and diffusion equations are derived. An analysis of numerical dispersion and dissipation associated with the numerical procedure for the advection equation is presented. The analysis establishes a criterion so that computational errors are small in two-dimensional advection dominated transport problems. Several numerical examples are presented to verify the numerical analyses presented in the paper. In addition, a review of the current status of operator splitting algorithms for the advection-diffusion equation is presented. The objective of the review is to identify the issues that have not been addressed in the previous studies.
Lack of correct data format and comparability limits future integrative microarray research.

Lack of correct data format and comparability limits future integrative microarray research
Imaging Characteristics Of The RCA 512X320 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)

We present a number of new and revised measurements of the imaging properties of the buried-channel RCA CCD at cryogenic temperatures, based on our experience with this device over the past 18 months in both a laboratory setting and at the telescope. Included will be a discussion of the effect of some of these characteristics on the problems of astronomical imaging as well as a description of some of our ongoing efforts to both apply photometric corrections to such images and remove defects.
Monoidal 2-structure of bimodule categories

Abstract We define a notion of tensor product of bimodule categories and prove that with this product the 2-category of C -bimodule categories for fixed tensor C is a monoidal 2-category in the sense of Kapranov and Voevodsky (1991) [1] . We then provide a monoidal-structure preserving 2-equivalence between the 2-category of C -bimodule categories and Z ( C ) -module categories (module categories over the center of C ). For a finite group G we show that de-equivariantization is equivalent to the tensor product over Rep ( G ) . We derive Rep ( G ) -module fusion rules and show that the group of invertible Rep ( G ) -module categories is isomorphic to H 2 ( G , k × ) , extending results in Etingof et al. [2] .
The Wide Mediastinum: Don't Forget About Sternal Fractures

t M v s A 58-year-old woman was involved in a high-speed motor-vehicle collision, resulting in polytrauma. The initial chest radiograph demonstrated upper mediastinal widening and indistinctness of the aortic arch (Fig 1). Thoracic computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed, showing a sternal fracture with surrounding hematoma as the only injury; the aorta was normal (Fig 2). Sternal fractures are identified in up to 8% of patients admitted for blunt chest trauma, with motor vehicle collisions accounting for 90% of such patients. Sternal fractures typically result from either irect kinetic energy absorption by the anterior chest r indirect forces generated by cervical and upper horacic spine flexion. Most frequently, sternal fracures occur in the sternal body, followed by fractures nvolving the manubriosternal joint. Most sternal fracures are not associated with serious visceral thoracic njuries, but concomitant thoracic injuries are identied in up to 30% of patients. The most commonly ssociated injuries are fractures of the spine and ribs. onetheless, serious cardiac, pulmonary, airway, and iaphragmatic injuries may occur, particularly with isplaced sternal fractures. Retrosternal hematoma accompanies sternal fracures in more than a third of cases, but does not orrelate with a higher incidence of associated injuies. Mediastinal hematoma typically resolves sponta-
Morning Glory Tissue Cultures: Growth and Examination for Indole Alkaloids

The seeds and aerial portions of three Ipomoea violacea varieties contained significant amounts of indole alkaloids. The roots, callus tissue, and callus medium of these three varieties; the callus tissue and callus medium of Rivea corymbosa; and the seeds of three Japanese morning glory varieties contained traces of indole alkaloids.
International Law and Sustainable Energy: A Portrait of Failure

Despite energy’s critical role in achieving nearly sustainable development and in mitigating climate change goal, internationally, sustainable energy remains a homeless orphan. In May 2007, after years of preparatory work that was thought to have produced consensus on fundamental sustainable energy policies and principles, the Commission on Sustainable Development met at CSD-15 to adopt a concrete set of specific policies and actions to make the world’s energy system more sustainable and accessible to the world’s poor. Tragically, the CSD-15 not only failed to produce agreement on any new ideas, but the pre-existing consensus on basic principles dissolved. Internationally, not a single substantive issue left hanging after CSD 15 has been resolved in the CSD or other fora, As high-level meetings, such as the UNFCCC December 2009 Copenhagen Conference of the Parties, continue to avoid concrete discussion about how to shift to a more sustainable, low carbon world economy, international talks increasingly become disconnected from real-world policy, science and law. In the absence of international agreement, sustainable energy must be pursued through domestic laws that identify and implement policies that promote energy efficiency and renewable energy investment.
The impact of bus transit on employee turnover: Evidence from quasi-experimental samples:

This analysis investigates the relationship between fixed-route bus transit and employee turnover using data from quasi-experimental samples. We expect that counties with fixed-route bus transit will have lower turnover rates because transit offers an affordable means of transportation to workers without automobiles, allowing these workers to reach job sites. Panel regression models and county-level data from Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin from 1998 through 2010 are used to test this hypothesis. We find that the size of the fixed-route bus system (measured as real per capita operating expenditures) is negatively related to employee turnover rates: An increase in bus systems’ per capita operating expenditures is associated with a decrease in employee turnover. Decreases in employee turnover represent cost savings to businesses by reducing the costs associated with training new workers and rebuilding firm-specific knowledge or better employee-employer matches. These results su...
Perspectives on teaching simulation in a college of business

In this paper, we explore the challenges and opportunities we face teaching computer simulation at a business school. While our students tend not to be as technically savvy as most engineering students, at times limiting the technical complexity of what we can cover in our courses, we are able to use simulation as a tool to analyze and discuss business problems in-depth. We explore the differences both between business and non-business simulation courses, as well as those between our graduate and undergraduate courses.
Predicting Risk of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Children

• Effective prophylaxis exists againstPneumocystis cariniipneumonia, a major cause of illness and death among human immunodeficiency virus—infected children and adults. While adults with CD4 counts less than 0.2 × 109/L are at highest risk forPneumocystis carinii, clinical or laboratory markers of high risk in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus have not yet been established. A chart review of 13 infants with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection and children withPneumocystis cariniipneumonia revealed that infants younger than 12 months developedPneumocystis cariniipneumonia despite CD4 counts that were normal by adult standards. In contrast to the markedly increased serum IgG levels seen in most children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, five children withPneumocystis cariniipneumonia had IgG levels less than 3.0 g/L. Twelve patients had preexisting symptoms consistent with human immunodeficiency virus infection before the episode ofPneumocystis cariniipneumonia. In addition to clinical symptoms, low IgG levels and CD4 counts adjusted for age may serve to identify those children who are most at risk forPneumocystis cariniipneumonia and therefore candidates for prophylaxis. Prophylaxis should be offered to all infants under age 12 months with proven, or clinical symptoms compatible with, human immunodeficiency virus infection. For children older than 12 months, CD4 counts less than 0.3 × 109/L appear to be predictive of risk forPneumocystis cariniipneumonia, and these children should also receive prophylaxis. (AJDC. 1991;145:922-924)