cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Brain Activity, Family Functioning, and Parent–Adolescent Conflict Communication

As family conflict tends to escalate during the adolescent years, the subsequent effects of adolescence on parent–child dynamics are systemically experienced, both intra- and inter-personally. As such, widening the scope of literature targeted towards better understanding the parent–adolescent conflict relationship is merited. To offer a more gestalt view of parent–adolescent conflict processes, the present study takes a biopsychosocial view of the mother–father–adolescent relationship by considering electrical brain activity using electroencephalography technology. Specifically, electrical brain activity was recorded during two problem-solving family discussions between a mother, father, and adolescent child. Data is analyzed from a pilot study of 11 triads, for a total of 33 participants, examining the statistical relationships between brain waves and self-reported measures of family functioning and distress. Findings suggest that hemispheric lateralization occurs during parent–adolescent problem-solving discussions thus reminding therapists of the importance in using a biopsychosocial lens when assisting families.
Acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction differentially affect hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression

Although acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction both result in body weight loss, they produce different metabolic states. To evaluate how these two treatments affect hypothalamic peptide systems involved in energy homeostasis, we compared patterns of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP), proopiomelanocotin (POMC), and leptin receptor gene expression in acutely food-deprived and chronically food-restricted rats. Both acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction reduced body weight and circulating leptin levels and resulted in increased arcuate NPY and decreased arcuate POMC gene expression. Arcuate AgRP mRNA levels were only elevated in acutely deprived rats. NPY gene expression was increased in the compact subregion of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in response to chronic food restriction, but not in response to acute food deprivation. Leptin receptor expression was not affected by either treatment. Double in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that, in contrast to the situation in the arcuate nucleus, NPY and leptin receptor mRNA-expressing neurons were not colocalized in the DMH. Together, these data suggest that arcuate and DMH NPY gene expression are differentially regulated. DMH NPY-expressing neurons do not appear to be under the direct control of leptin signaling.
Neutronic and nonproliferation characteristics of (PuO2–UO2) and (PuO2–ThO2) as fast reactor fuels

Abstract Computational core physics analysis carried out for a typical fast breeder reactor (FBR) core design is presented through two case studies; one using only (PuO 2 –UO 2 ) MOX fuel and another that replaces ∼41% of (PuO 2 –UO 2 ) MOX with (PuO 2 –ThO 2 ) MOX while conserving the total Pu content. The basic computational framework employed uses the MONTEBURNS2 PERL script to couple the neutronic code, MCNP5 with the depletion/burn-up code, ORIGEN2.2. The parameters computed and compared are: net neutron multiplication factor ( k eff ); regionally averaged neutron spectrum; neutron flux; thermal power distribution; breeding ratio; fuel burn-up; fissile material build-up/depletion- 232 U build-up; and fuel temperature dependent Doppler Effect, coolant temperature dependent sodium expansion coefficient, and nonproliferation characteristics such as dose rates, spontaneous fission and gamma emissions. The analyses of the case studies indicate that the core physics characteristics, except k eff , are only marginally different in their magnitudes between the two cases, if not equal. The first case study shows that diversion of either 8 radial blanket sub-assemblies (weapon grade Pu) or 1 spent fuel sub-assembly (reactor grade Pu) discharged from an equilibrium core is sufficient to derive a significant quantity (SQ). The second case study shows that a considerable improvement in proliferation resistance can be achieved with the peripheral loading of (PuO 2 –ThO 2 ) MOX pins in all the fuel sub-assemblies of a fast reactor, which should aid in nuclear material safeguards. The comparison of transuranic (TRU) generation for both the cases showed that about 60% reduction in neptunium production has been achieved for the new proposed partially ThO 2 –PuO 2 loaded FBR design, whereas other higher TRUs like americium, curium, etc. did not show significant reduction.
Studies of Land Values in Iowa

During the past year it is probable that the average Iowa farm has advanced approximately $16,000. This added capitalization at 5 percent is $800, the additional sum a farmer must receive from now on to get pay for his labor. ' The purpose of this paper is t? offer some of the reasons for Iowa farm land selling at its present prices. Most of the data were ob tained from farm management surveys, farm business records and questionnaires sent to farmers, other business men, and county agents. The two methods followed are first, to collect the facts and interpret them according to approved methods and second to obtain the opin ions direct and compare the results. A study of land values includes prices of land, terms of purchase, prices of farm products, and a study of the profits of farming, etc.
Epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with Src family kinases in acquired resistance to cetuximab.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in oncogenesis. Cetuximab is an EGFR-blocking antibody that is FDA approved for use in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Although cetuximab has shown strong clinical benefit for a subset of cancer patients, most become refractory to cetuximab therapy. We reported that cetuximab-resistant NSCLC line NCI-H226 cells have increased steady-state expression and activity of EGFR secondary to altered trafficking/degradation and this increase in EGFR expression and activity lead to hyper-activation of HER3 and down stream signals to survival. We now present data that Src family kinases (SFKs) are highly activated in cetuximab-resistant cells and enhance EGFR activation of HER3 and PI(3)K/Akt. Studies using the Src kinase inhibitor dasatinib decreased HER3 and PI(3)K/Akt activity. In addition, cetuximab-resistant cells were resensitized to cetuximab whe...
Service level differentiation in multi-robots control

In this paper we explore the effects of service level differentiation on a multi-robot control system. We examine the premise that although long interaction time between robots and operators hurts the efficiency of the system, as it generates longer waiting time for robots, it provides robots with longer neglect time and better performance benefiting the system. In the paper we address the problem of how to choose the optimal service level for an operator in a system through a service level differentiation model. Experimental results comparing system performance for different values of system parameters show that a mixed strategy is a general way to get optimal system performance for a large variety of system parameter settings and in all cases is no worse than a pure strategy.
A Practical Strategy for Determination of Proton Hyperfine Interaction Parameters in Paramagnetic Transition Metal Ion Complexes by Two-Dimensional HYSCORE Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy in Disordered Systems

A practical strategy is outlined for the determination of proton hyperfine parameters in paramagnetic transition metal ion complexes in disordered systems from a single two-dimensional hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (2D HYSCORE) electron spin resonance experiment. Both dipolar and isotropic hyperfine interaction parameters can directly be determined from the cross peak ridges in the HYSCORE spectrum in the limit of the point dipole approximation. This approach is justified by spectral simulations for isotropic and axially symmetric g tensors. If the HYSCORE spectrum is measured at the g⊥ spectral region of the electron spin resonance powder spectrum, the orientation of the hyperfine interaction tensor with respect to the g tensor frame can also be deduced from the shape of the cross peak ridges in many cases. Two experimental examples are presented. Using this approach, the hyperfine interaction parameters for protons in [Cu(H2O)6]2+ and in [Cu(C5H5N)4]2+ complexes, both incorporated into mes...
Contextual determinants of mothers' interventions in young children's peer interactions.

In this study, the role of context in mothers' interventions in their preschool children's peer relationship problems was investigated. Event theme (aggression, peer rebuff, or initiating play), the child's role in the event (actor or target), the child's age and sex, and the mother's emotional reaction were examined as predictors of the extent to which mothers (N = 71) said they would discuss peer relationships, encourage peer interaction, and use power assertion in response to a series of videotaped vignettes depicting common peer relationship problems. Mothers suggested using more discussion in aggressive situations and more encouragement in initiating play situations. Mothers said they would use more power assertion when the child was the actor (i.e., provocateur), rather than the target, in an aggressive situation. Findings are discussed in terms of (a) the importance of considering context in understanding how mothers intervene in their children's peer relationships and (b) the need to examine moderators of cross-contextual consistency in mothers' interventions.
Unexpected Diversity and Photoperiod Dependence of the Zebrafish Melanopsin System

Animals have evolved specialized photoreceptors in the retina and in extraocular tissues that allow them to measure light changes in their environment. In mammals, the retina is the only structure that detects light and relays this information to the brain. The classical photoreceptors, rods and cones, are responsible for vision through activation of rhodopsin and cone opsins. Melanopsin, another photopigment first discovered in Xenopus melanophores (Opn4x), is expressed in a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the mammalian retina, where it mediates non-image forming functions such as circadian photoentrainment and sleep. While mammals have a single melanopsin gene (opn4), zebrafish show remarkable diversity with two opn4x-related and three opn4-related genes expressed in distinct patterns in multiple neuronal cell types of the developing retina, including bipolar interneurons. The intronless opn4.1 gene is transcribed in photoreceptors as well as in horizontal cells and produces functional photopigment. Four genes are also expressed in the zebrafish embryonic brain, but not in the photoreceptive pineal gland. We discovered that photoperiod length influences expression of two of the opn4-related genes in retinal layers involved in signaling light information to RGCs. Moreover, both genes are expressed in a robust diurnal rhythm but with different phases in relation to the light-dark cycle. The results suggest that melanopsin has an expanded role in modulating the retinal circuitry of fish.
Development of an untethered, mobile, low-cost head-mounted eye tracker

Head-mounted eye-tracking systems allow us to observe participants' gaze behaviors in largely unconstrained, real-world settings. We have developed novel, untethered, mobile, low-cost, lightweight, easily-assembled head-mounted eye-tracking devices, comprised entirely of off-the-shelf components, including untethered, point-of-view, sports cameras. In total, the parts we have used cost ~$153, and we suggest untested alternative components that reduce the cost of parts to ~$31. Our device can be easily assembled using hobbying skills and techniques. We have developed hardware, software, and methodological techniques to perform point-of-regard estimation, and to temporally align scene and eye videos in the face of variable frame rate, which plagues low-cost, lightweight, untethered cameras. We describe an innovative technique for synchronizing eye and scene videos using synchronized flashing lights. Our hardware, software, and calibration designs will be made publicly available, and we describe them in detail here, to facilitate replication of our system. We also describe novel smooth-pursuit-based calibration methodology, which affords rich sampling of calibration data while compensating for lack of information regarding the extent of visibility on participants' scene recordings. Validation experiments indicate accuracy within 0.752 degrees of visual angle on average.
Trees: Round-table summary

Abstract Woody plants are not inherently more difficult to manipulate in tissue culture than herbaceous plants. The differences are apparently only in degree. Woody plants still present great challenges but the same can be said of important herbaceous crop plants, e.g. soybean, corn and tomato. The phytohormones and the media formulations successfully used with trees are in the familiar range accepted for most crops. One can, therefore, be optimistic about steady progress proportional to the sustained effort. Woody plants do differ from other crop species in several important respects which give special opportunities for tissue culture application. Trees are long-lived. They take a long time to reach the mature stages necessary for evaluation. The seed-to-seed cycle for breeding purposes is at least an order of magnitude greater than that for most annual crop plants. The conventional methods for genetic mapping and inheritancestudy simply take too long. We know little of markers and specifically inherited traits. It is the time involved for selection and genetic crossing that has precluded a more complete understanding of the genetics. We want earlier selection so that we can obtain plants with desired characteristics sooner and to reduce the cost of maintaining large stock populations in the field. Precocious flowering is necessary to permit earlier crossing of selected elite plants. These special needs should play a strong role in developing strategies for tissue culture application to trees. Since the necessary technology is only just emerging for trees, clearly-stated goals and well thought-out strategies can tailor this technology to maximize the probability of achieving these goals.
Donor-derived myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukaemia after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, natural history and treatment response

Donor-derived myelodysplastic syndrome/acute leukaemia (DD-MDS/AL) is a rare life-threatening complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. However, it is unknown whether the risk differs by HSC source. Therefore, we evaluated the incidence of DD-MDS/AL in 2390 engrafted patients. With a median follow-up of 7·1 years (1–20·8), the incidence of DD-MDS/AL was 0·53% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0·01–1·41%], 0·56% (95%CI, 0·01–1·36%) and 0·56% (95%CI, 0·01–1·10%) in recipients of bone marrow (n = 1117), peripheral blood (n = 489) and umbilical cord blood (UCB, n = 784), respectively. While follow-up is shorter in recipients of UCB and peripheral blood, incidence of DD-MDS/AL is, thus far, similar between HSC sources.
Geodynamics of the Baikal-Stanovoy seismic belt

The convection generated tensional stress field in the earth, as inferred from satellite gravity data, reveals an anomalous lens of upwelling mantle rocks under the Baikal rift zone. The point of no strain at 56 deg N 116 deg E forms a seismic gap along the Baikal-Stanovoy seismic belt. East of this point, the stress field changes from extension to compression. Therefore, the position of no strain at the eastern termination of the rift accounts for the dying-out of the rift zone and for the appearance of a compressive structure in the Stanovoy Range.
ANAL CANCER: RADIATION AND CONCOMITANT CONTINUOUS INFUSION CHEMOTHERAPY

Abstract Carcinoma of anus, Chemo-radiation therapy, 5-fluorouracil, 5FU, Mitomycin C, COncomitant infusion, Local control and survival, Clinical results, Hybrid spheroid assay.
Corticopontine projections from the cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey

The corticopontine projections of the cingulate cortices were investigated in the rhesus monkey with the use of autoradiography. A well-organized topography of projections was observed with anterior cingulate cortex projecting to the medial part of the pontine gray matter and posterior cingulate cortex projecting to the lateral part. Together these projections form a circle of termination around the periphery of the pontine gray matter.
Additional Link in the Food Web Does Not Biomagnify a Persistent Contaminant in Lake Ontario: The Case of Cercopagis pengoi

Cercopagis pengoi is a new and abundant non-indigenous predator species in the Lake Ontario food web. We explored the impact of this predator on the levels of a chlorinated hydrocarbon in the pelagic food web through assessments of seasonal abundance and mirex concentrations of Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov) and the planktivorous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Abundance, stable isotope, and alewife stomach data indicate that Cercopagis pengoi has become an established portion of the Lake Ontario food web. Cercopagis, a predaceous cladoceran, feeds on the lower portion of the trophic web and is clearly fed upon by the planktivorous alewife. Cercopagis is a link in the Lake Ontario food web, in which energy and materials are being passed from one level of the trophic web to another. However, mirex levels of the planktivorous alewife did not increase during the period of highest Cercopagis abundance. The annual load of mirex (mass of Cercopagis times concentration) transferred from one level of the trophic web to the next is low. In the summer, when Cercopagis is abundant, alewives were not feeding on them.
Pollution Prevention in Vacuum Processes

The gaseous emissions from vacuum systems often contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs)--one or more of which may be regulated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Typically, regulated emission sources will require greater than 98% control of using an end-of-pipe abatement or recovery technology. VOCs from vacuum generation are expensive to control and increase the investment and operating cost of the vacuum system. When noncondensibles or inerts are present, the amount of VOCs emitted to the environment will increase dramatically. This article discusses approaches which process and project engineers can apply to reduce or eliminate vacuum system emissions. Actual case histories are included which reflect the range of solutions that are being applied.
Comparison of Logistic and Weibull Functions: The Effect of Temperature on Cumulative Germination of Alfalfa

Both the Weibull and logistic functions gave satisfactory fits to the validation data set, but more accurate predictions of the validation data set were obtained with the Weibull than with the logistic equation derived from the original data set. The shape and scale Weibull parameters indicated that temperature and cultivar affected the rate of germination or vigor of the cultivars. However, the rate parameter of the logistic equation did not indicate any difference between the varieties
Optical Fiber Interconnections For The Computer Center

Optical fiber data links are gaining in popularity for computer mainframe interconnect applications due to the noise immunity and wide bandwidth capabilities of the optical links themselves. These links could he implemented using 1.3 µm lasers and single-mode fibers--technologies developed for long-distance telecommunications. however, mainframe computer interconnects have requirements that are different from those for long-distance telecommunications links and therefore do not necessarily justify the use of these technologies. In this paper, some of the generic applications of fiber-optics for computer center, interconnects will he described. General requirements of these interconnect applications will also he reviewed and some of the potential technologies that might be used for implementing these optical channels will be discussed.
Electrical Conductivity of Milk for Detection of Mastitis

The potential value of electrical conductivity of milk as a screening test for subclinical mastitis was evaluated. Conductivity of foremilk and of postmilking strippings from 368 quarters of 92 cows was measured. Infection status of quarters was determined by bacteriological analysis of strict foremilk samples. Infections were classified as by primary or secondary pathogens, depending on the importance of the isolated organism as a mastitis pathogen. Somatic cells were counted on foremilk samples. Milk conductivity increased with infection. Conductivity of postmilking strippings was higher than that of foremilk in samples from quarters infected by primary pathogens. By thresholds which correctly classified at least 90% of normal quarters, accuracy of identifying primary pathogen infections by absolute conductivity was 62.8 and 96.2% with foremilk and postmilking strippings. Differential conductivity and combination of absolute and differential methods also were evaluated with the latter being the most effective. Number of quarters with elevated conductivity of postmilking strippings tended to be higher when somatic cell count was greater than 500,000/ml in both normal and infected groups. Conductivity of milk seems to hold promise as an indicator of subclinical mastitis.
IL-1β is a Better Inducer of Apoptosis in Human Fetal Membranes than IL-6

The objective of this study was to compare two of the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) elevated in both preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM), with respect to their ability to induce fetal membrane apoptosis. Fetal membranes collected from women at term were placed in an organ explant system and stimulated with recombinant human IL-1β and IL-6. The expression patterns of pro-apoptotic genes (Fas, FasL, TRADD, FADD) and caspases 2, 3, 8, 9 were studied using PCR. Caspase activity and DNA fragmentation were studied using substrate assays and TUNEL respectively. Caspase 8 and 9 expressions were induced in IL-1β and IL-6 treated amniochorion. Caspase 2 expression was seen only in IL-1β stimulated tissues. When compared to control, IL-1β increased caspase 2, 3, 8 and 9 activities, whereas IL-6 treated membranes did not exhibit a significant change. DNA fragmentation was seen in greater numbers after IL-1β treatment than after IL-6 treatment. This study demonstrates that IL-1β is a better inducer of apoptosis in normal human fetal membranes than IL-6.
Platonic Power and Political Realism

AbstractDespite often being condemned for having a paradigmatically unrealistic or dangerous conception of power, Plato expends much effort in constructing his distinctive conception of power. In the wake of Socrates’ trial and execution, Plato writes (in Gorgias and Republic I) about conventional (Polus’, Polemarchus’), elitist (Callicles’), and radically unethical (Thrasymachus’) conceptions of power only to ‘refute’ them on behalf of a favoured conception of power allied with justice. Are his arguments as pathetic or wrong-headed as many theorists make them out to be – from Machiavelli to contemporary political realists, from ‘political’ critics of Plato ranging from Popper to Arendt? And if not, has our understanding of power been impoverished? This question has been surprisingly unasked, and it is one I address by asking Plato and his critics: What are the dialectical moves Plato makes in refuting Socrates’s opponents and constructing his own conception of legitimate (i.e., just) power? Exactly how does he interweave his conception of power with a kind of ethics? How does it compare to recent conceptions of political realism and the power-politics/ethics relationship – e.g., after Marx and Foucault? While addressing these questions I also attend to the issue of Plato’s historicity: to what extent do the limits of his language and world affect our reading of Plato and his political critics? Ultimately, I argue that and how Plato’s conception of power and its political dimensions realistically have much to teach us that we have not learned.
Mesoporous TMOS–MTMS copolymer silica gels catalyzed by fluoride

Abstract Mesoporous HF-catalyzed tetramethoxysilane-methyltrimethoxysilane (TMOS–MTMS) copolymer silica gels with average pore diameter from 80 to 100 A and narrow pore size distribution have been obtained. Mesoporous TMOS–MTMS copolymer gels with tetramethoxysilane ranging from 10% to 100% were also produced with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) catalyst. The pore sizes of TBAF-catalyzed copolymer gels were controlled over a range from 25 to 194 A. Their pore sizes increased with increasing fluoride content to R 2 =0.112 ( R 2 , molar ratio of F/Si) and then level off. The catalytic effect of fluoride on the sol–gel process was investigated. The results suggest that multi-fluorinated silicon species catalyze the silica polymerization.
Tactile signals transmitted by the vibrissa during active whisking behavior

The rodent vibrissal-trigeminal system is one of the most widely used models for the study of somatosensation and tactile perception, but to date the field has been unable to quantify the complete set of mechanical input signals generated during natural whisking behavior. In this report we show that during whisking behavior of awake rats (Rattus norvegicus), the whisker will often bend out of its plane of rotation, generating sizeable mechanical (tactile) signals out of the plane. We then develop a model of whisker bending that allows us to compute the three-dimensional tactile signals at the vibrissal base during active whisking behavior. Considerable information can be lost if whisking motions are considered only in two dimensions, and we offer some suggestions for experimentalists concerned with monitoring the direction of bending. These data represent the first quantification of the physical signals transmitted to the mechanoreceptors in the follicle during active whisking behavior.
Impacts of national forests in the West on county population and employment

Abstract This study seeks to understand the manner and extent to which western national forests influence an area's overall population and employment growth by evaluating changes in management emphasis from single to multiple uses. The Carlino and Mills model was used to examine county level data from 12 western states over the period 1977–2010. Changes in timber sales and the amount of land owned by the Forest Service were not found to be significantly related to employment growth.
Assessment of bleomycin-, tallysomycin-, and polyamine-mediated acute lung toxicity by pulmonary lavage angiotensin-converting enzyme activity.

Abstract The relative acute pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin (BLM) was compared to that produced by tallysomycins (TLM) A, B, and S10b and with that produced by the polyamines spermidine and putrescine, which are normal end constituents of TLM analogs. Doses which produce equitherapeutic responses in experimental animal tumor systems (BLM, 3.5 mg/kg; TLM A, 0.86 mg/kg; TLM B, 2.1 mg/kg; and TLM S10b, 1.75 mg/kg) produced equitoxic acute responses in pulmonary tissue as assessed by the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into lung lavage fluid. These same doses, however, did not produce any significant alteration in serum ACE activity. Three days after intratracheal administration of either spermidine or putrescine there were only small changes in lavage ACE content suggesting little endothelial cell damage. In contrast, these same doses resulted in epithelial cell metaplasia and pulmonary fibrotic changes by 4 weeks following polyamine administration. In contrast to the report by L. Lapi and S. C. Cohen (1977, Cancer Res. 37, 1384–1388) which demonstrated that certain polyamines protected fibroblasts from the toxic effects of the bleomycin component A5 in vitro, neither hirudonine nor spermidine prevented acute BLM- or TLM- mediated pulmonary damage in rats.
Special Session - engineering for a sustainable world: How do we incorporate sustainability in undergraduate engineering education?

Sustainability principles in engineering are currently taught and promoted through graduate programs and professional engineering societies. It is appropriate that sustainability principles are also addressed in undergraduate engineering education. Retooling an existing undergraduate engineering curriculum to include comprehensive coverage of sustainability may be outside of the expertise or purview of an individual educator. However, sustainability principles can still be introduced to different degrees and at different class levels within an existing curriculum. This Special Session seeks to facilitate discussion of how to best incorporate sustainability in undergraduate engineering education and also seeks to build a cohort of engineering educators that join James Madison University in a desire to bring sustainability education into the engineering classroom.
In Ovo Administration of Salmonella enteritidis-Immune Lymphokines Confers Protection to Neonatal Chicks Against Salmonella enteritidis Organ Infectivity

We previously reported that the prophylactic, intraperitoneal administration of supernatants from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells derived from Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune White Leghorn hens (i.e., SE-immune lymphokines or ILK), conferred protection to neonatal White Leghorn chicks against SE organ invasion. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of in ovo administration of ILK on hatchability, hatch weight, in vitro bactericidal activity of heterophils, and protection against SE organ invasion in neonatal White Leghorn chicks. On Day 18 of embryogenesis, injections were made into the amnion with either ILK or nonimmune ILK (NILK) or were not injected (untreated). On the day of hatch, whole blood was collected from 20 of the chicks per treatment group for heterophil isolation. All remaining chicks were orally challenged with 5 x 10(4) cfu SE. Twenty-four hours after SE challenge, organs (liver and spleen) from the chicks were cultured for SE. Hatchability of ILK- and NILK-treated chicks was not different from that of untreated chicks. Hatch weights of ILK-treated chicks were approximately 1 g less (P < .05) than that of NILK-treated or untreated chicks. In vitro bactericidal activity of peripheral blood heterophils derived from ILK-treated chicks was increased (P < .05) above activity from heterophils derived from NILK-treated or untreated chicks. Organ invasion with SE was markedly and significantly decreased in the ILK-treated chicks as compared with chicks treated with NILK or untreated chicks. These results suggest that in ovo administration of ILK confers protection to neonatal chicks against SE organ infectivity at hatch.
Use of the Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap for Upper-Extremity Reconstruction

Purpose The anterolateral thigh free flap (ALTF) first was reported in 1984 and has been used in large series with success for a multitude of clinical purposes. We describe our results with the ALTF in upper-extremity and hand reconstruction. Methods From 1996 to 2003 there were 15 patients who had reconstruction of the hand and upper extremity using the ALTF. The parameters used to assess the outcome of our series included the success rate of the flap as measured by flap survival rate and adequacy of skin coverage, ability to close the donor site primarily or necessity of a skin graft, complications associated with the flap, donor site, and non-flap-related complications such as pulmonary embolism. Results Of the 15 patients with an ALTF, 3 (20%) had a musculocutaneous perforator and 12 (80%) had a septocutaneous perforator. Two patients had a neurotized ALTF reconstruction. There were 4 complications related to the flap with 1 complete flap failure. The overall flap survival rate was 93%. The donor site was closed primarily in 8 patients (53%) and with a skin graft in 7 patients (47%). One donor site breakdown occurred. Conclusions Our results show many advantages of the ALTF for upper-extremity reconstruction. Because of its versatility the ALTF is suited ideally for upper-extremity reconstruction and should be considered as part of the reconstructive ladder.
Spatiotemporal regulation of the cough motor pattern

The purpose of this study was to identify the spatiotemporal determinants of the cough motor pattern. We speculated that the spatial and temporal characteristics of the cough motor pattern would be regulated separately. Electromyograms (EMG) of abdominal muscles (ABD, rectus abdominis or transversus abdominis), and parasternal muscles (PS) were recorded in anesthetized cats. Repetitive coughing was produced by mechanical stimulation of the lumen of the intrathoracic trachea. Cough inspiratory (CTI) and expiratory (CTE) durations were obtained from the PS EMG. The ABD EMG burst was confined to the early part of CTE and was followed by a quiescent period of varying duration. As such, CTE was divided into two segments with CTE1 defined as the duration of the ABD EMG burst and CTE2 defined as the period of little or no EMG activity in the ABD EMG. Total cough cycle duration (CTTOT) was strongly correlated with CTE2 (r2>0.8), weakly correlated with CTI (r2<0.3), and not correlated with CTE1 (r2<0.2). There was no significant relationship between CTI and CTE1 or CTE2. The magnitudes of inspiratory and expiratory motor drive during cough were only weakly correlated with each other (r2<0.36) and were not correlated with the duration of any phase of cough. The results support: a) separate regulation of CTI and CTE, b) two distinct subphases of CTE (CTE1 and CTE2), c) the duration of CTE2 is a primary determinant of CTTOT, and d) separate regulation of the magnitude and temporal features of the cough motor pattern.
Perspective: Hypothesis: Serum IgG Antibody Is Sufficient to Confer Protection against Infectious Diseases by Inactivating the Inoculum

The theory proposed is that a critical level of specific serum IgG is sufficient to confer protection against infectious diseases by inactivating the inoculum of the pathogen. This theory relies heavily on evaluation of licensed vaccines and includes the following: Measurement of serum antibodies only reliably predicts the efficacy of vaccines, according to regulatory agencies. Serum IgG antibodies alone account for the protection conferred by passive immunization. "Herd" immunity conferred by vaccines on viral and bacterial diseases is best explained by serum antibodies that inactivate the inoculum on mucosal surfaces, thus reducing the pathogen's transmission. Once the disease is manifest, serum antibodies induced by active immunization will neither relieve symptoms nor eliminate the pathogen; specific IgG must be present when the host encounters the pathogen in order to confer protective immunity. Information about the initial pathogen-host contact is vital, whereas knowledge of the symptomatology of the disease may not be essential for vaccine development.
Visual and Electrical Evidence Supporting a Two-Plasma Mechanism of Vacuum Breakdown Initiation

The energy available during vacuum breakdown between copper electrodes at high vacuum was limited using resistors in series with the vacuum gap and arresting diodes. Surviving features observed with SEM in postmortem samples were tentatively correlated with electrical signals captured during breakdown using a Rogowski coil and a high-voltage probe. The visual and electrical evidence is consistent with the qualitative model of vacuum breakdown by unipolar arc formation by Schwirzke [1, 2]. The evidence paints a picture of two plasmas of different composition and scale being created during vacuum breakdown: an initial plasma made of degassed material from the metal surface, ignites a plasma made up of the electrode material.
Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade ameliorates brain inflammation.

Brain inflammation has a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain diseases of high prevalence and economic impact, such as major depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Our results demonstrate that systemic administration of the centrally acting angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan to normotensive rats decreases the acute brain inflammatory response to administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a model of brain inflammation. The broad anti-inflammatory effects of candesartan were seen across the entire inflammatory cascade, including decreased production and release to the circulation of centrally acting proinflammatory cytokines, repression of nuclear transcription factors activation in the brain, reduction of gene expression of brain proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine and prostanoid receptors, adhesion molecules, proinflammatory inducible enzymes, and reduced microglia activation. These effects are widespread, occurring not only in well-known brain target areas for circulating proinflammatory factors and LPS, that is, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the subfornical organ, but also in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Candesartan reduced the associated anorexic effects, and ameliorated associated body weight loss and anxiety. Direct anti-inflammatory effects of candesartan were also documented in cultured rat microglia, cerebellar granule cells, and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. ARBs are widely used in the treatment of hypertension and stroke, and their anti-inflammatory effects contribute to reduce renal and cardiac failure. Our results indicate that these compounds may offer a novel and safe therapeutic approach for the treatment of brain disorders.
Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase diverts glycolytic flux and contributes to oncogenesis

Jason Locasale, Lewis Cantley, Matthew Vander Heiden and colleagues show that PHGDH is amplified in some human cancers and diverts a relatively large amount of glycolytic carbon into serine and glycine biosynthesis. They further show that PHGDH-amplified cancer cells become dependent on PHGDH for their growth, suggesting that the altered metabolic flux driven by this amplification contributes to oncogenesis. Most tumors exhibit increased glucose metabolism to lactate, however, the extent to which glucose-derived metabolic fluxes are used for alternative processes is poorly understood1,2. Using a metabolomics approach with isotope labeling, we found that in some cancer cells a relatively large amount of glycolytic carbon is diverted into serine and glycine metabolism through phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH). An analysis of human cancers showed that PHGDH is recurrently amplified in a genomic region of focal copy number gain most commonly found in melanoma. Decreasing PHGDH expression impaired proliferation in amplified cell lines. Increased expression was also associated with breast cancer subtypes, and ectopic expression of PHGDH in mammary epithelial cells disrupted acinar morphogenesis and induced other phenotypic alterations that may predispose cells to transformation. Our findings show that the diversion of glycolytic flux into a specific alternate pathway can be selected during tumor development and may contribute to the pathogenesis of human cancer.
Magnetic resistivity measurements in nickel films for CIW and CPW domain geometries

We report magnetoresistance measurements on Ni films with two stripe domain orientations. Measurements were taken for both current parallel to the domain walls (CIW) and current perpendicular to the domain walls (CPW). We observe a negative magnetoresistance for the field applied perpendicular to the plane. For CIW, we observe an added resistance, /spl Delta/R/sub CIW//R(2 T), that vanishes after an applied field removes the ordered domains. The /spl Delta/R/sub CPW//R(2 T) is comparable to the /spl Delta/R/R(2 T) for the disordered domain structure observed after the field is removed. We find /spl Delta/R/sub CPW///spl Delta/R/sub CIW/ is less than one, which is not consistent with previous work.
The neglect of intracountry cultural variation in international management research

Abstract We examine the importance of regional subcultures and intracountry cultural variation in international management research. We seek to demonstrate that equating “culture” with “country” can result in erroneous nonsignificant findings of cross-national differences and a disregard of cultural similarities across countries that may be relevant to management practice and research. Drawing upon literature from anthropology and sociology, we generate hypotheses about (1) the existence of clearly defined subcultures in six locations in Latin America and (2) the relationship between subcultures within and across national and linguistic boundaries. Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) data from a sample of 368 managers supported our hypotheses. We discuss the importance to international management research of taking into account both the presence and impact of subcultures and the need to adjust research methods in order to identify and accommodate subcultures.
Information Quantity and Communication Effectiveness: Low-Impact Messages on Wilderness Trailside Bulletin Boards

This study assessed the attention wilderness visitors gave to environmental messages encouraging low‐impact practices posted on trailside bulletin boards at a national wilderness area, the ability of visitors to retain message content, and their ability to correctly identify agency‐recommended practices. The number of posted messages was varied from two to eight, as well as whether there was a map posted beside the messages, to assess the effect of information quantity and a message attractant. Hikers experienced a significant increase in knowledge levels following exposure to messages, but there was evidence of information overload when numerous messages were posted. As the number of messages increased, total message attention increased, but the attention devoted to each message and the ability to retain message content declined. This finding helps explain why hikers exposed to all eight messages could not identify any more of the agency‐recommended low‐impact practices than those exposed to only two mes...
Working memory and flexibility in awareness and attention

We argue that attention and awareness form the basis of one type of working-memory storage. In contrast to models of working memory in which storage and retrieval occur effortlessly, we document that an attention-demanding goal conflict within a retrieval cue impairs recall from working memory. In a conceptual span task, semantic and color-name cues prompted recall of four consecutive words from a twelve-word list. The first-four, middle-four, and final-four words belonged to different semantic categories (e.g., body parts, animals, and tools) and were shown in different colors (e.g., red, blue, and green). In Experiment 1, the color of the cue matched that of cued items 75% of the time, and the rare mismatch impaired recall. In Experiment 2, though, the color of the cue matched that of the cued items only 25% of the time, and the now-more-frequent mismatches no longer mattered. These results are difficult to explain with passive storage alone and indicate that a processing difficulty impedes recall from working memory, presumably by distracting attention away from its storage function.
Microwave Absorption Properties of Radar Absorbing Nanosized Cobalt Ferrites for High Frequency Applications

Radar absorbing materials of nickel-cobalt ferrites (NCF) of general formula Ni(1−x)Co(x)Fe2O4 (0.0≤x≤0.5, in step of 0.1) were synthesized by the coprecipitation route. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that all the samples exhibit the single-phase cubic spinel structure. The average particle size of as obtained samples has been found in the range of 38–41 nm. The structural morphology of the prepared samples was carried out using SEM. SEM images indicated that the final product consists of nanorods with a diameter of about 80 nm and length up to about 150 nm, and their chemical compositions were measured using the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique. The infrared spectra are measured in the frequency range 700–350 cm−1. Furthermore, the influence of Co on the magnetic and microwave absorbance characteristics by using VSM and network analyzer of Ni(1−x)Co(x)Fe2O4 (0.0≤x≤0.5 nanoparticles has been investigated respectively in detail. Our experimental results show that the low loss Ni substituted Co ferrites is an excellent magnetic material for VHF (very high frequency: 30–300 MHz) miniature antenna applications.
Sap flux–upscaled canopy transpiration, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in an old growth forest in the Great Lakes region of the United States

[1] Combining sap flux and eddy covariance measurements provides a means to study plant stomatal conductance and the relationship between transpiration and photosynthesis. We measured sap flux using Granier-type sensors in a northern hardwood-dominated old growth forest in Michigan, upscaled to canopy transpiration, and calculated canopy conductance. We also measured carbon and water fluxes with the eddy covariance method and derived daytime gross primary production (GPP). The diurnal patterns of sap flux and canopy transpiration were mainly controlled by vapor pressure deficit (D) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Daily sums of sap flux and canopy transpiration had exponential relationships to D that saturated at higher D and had linear relationships to PAR. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniesis) had higher sap flux per unit of sapwood area than eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), while sugar maple and hemlock had higher canopy transpiration per unit of leaf area than yellow birch. Sugar maple dominated canopy transpiration per ground area. Canopy transpiration averaged 1.57 mm d−1, accounting for 65% of total evapotranspiration in the growing season. Canopy conductance was controlled by both D and PAR, but the day-to-day variation in canopy conductance mainly followed a negatively logarithmic relationship with D. By removing the influences of PAR, half-hourly canopy conductance was also negatively logarithmically correlated with D. Water use efficiency (WUE) had a strong exponential relationship with D on a daily basis and approached a minimum of 4.4 mg g−1. WUE provides an alternative to estimate GPP from measurements of sap flux.
Thigh Burn Associated With Laptop Computer Use

Laptop computers are an uncommon source of burns to the thighs and perineum. Burns can result from the prolonged contact of hot surfaces at the base of the computer with the user's lap. The authors report a case of second-degree burns to the thigh of an otherwise healthy patient that resulted from prolonged use of the laptop. We measured the temperatures of the patient's computer and the temperatures of other popular laptop computers. Laptops can develop temperatures that can pose a risk for burns if the skin is exposed for prolonged periods of time. Patients with impaired lower extremity sensation, altered consciousness, or decreased mobility are at higher risk for laptop burns. To their knowledge, this is the first case report of such a burn injury in the American literature.