cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variation in United States firearm injuries 1993-2008: results from a national data base

BACKGROUND: There are few studies that address temporal variation in firearm associated injuries. It was the purpose of this study to analyze the temporal variation in the types and patterns of injuries associated with firearm use from a national data base. METHODS: The database used was the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Firearm Injury Surveillance Study 1993-2008. Emergency department visits associated with firearm use were analyzed for month and day of the week for various demographic variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SUDAAN 10™ software to give national estimates. Temporal variation by month or day was assessed using histograms, circular distributions, and cosinor analyses. Variation by month and day combined were analyzed using three dimensional contours. RESULTS: There were an estimated 1,841,269 injuries. Circular analyses demonstrated a non-uniform distribution for all parameters for both month and day of injury (p less than 0.001). The overall peak was September 15 with several exceptions. Injuries from BB guns had a peak on May 22, a diagnosis of a foreign body on July 11, and patients aged 10 to 14 years on April 9. The peak day was always Saturday/Sunday when significant variation existed. There were many different patterns for month and day combined. Some were "a rapidly rising high mountain starting at sea level" (hunting), or others a "series of mountain ranges starting from a high plain or steppe" (hospital admissions). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides altogether new information regarding temporal variation for injuries associated with firearms in the USA. These results can be used to assist medical resource allocation and prevention campaigns. Education campaigns can be emphasized before the peaks for which prevention is desired (eg. BB gun prevention campaigns should be concentrated in March, prior to the April/May peak). © 2013 KUMS, All rights reserved. Language: en
Neutrinos, cosmology, and dark matters

Abstract Although very weakly interacting, neutrinos are produced copiously in the early universe and may play a crucial role in establishing the contents and structure of the universe and its subsequent evolution. After reviewing the physics which influences the production and survival of neutrinos--massive as well as massless--in the early universe, I will outline their effects on primordial nucleosynthesis and on the dynamics and large scale structure of the universe. The complementary nature of the Astro-Particle Physics Connection will be emphasized with particular attention paid to the “17 keV neutrino”, light neutrinos as hot dark matter and constraints on the mass and lifetime of the tau-neutrino.
What do mind readers know and what do we know about mind readers

In this commentary, I raise various questions about Kim and Harris's fascinating findings. I ask what kind of knowledge children expect telepathic individuals to have, who children might consider to be good mind readers, why children value telepathy, and how puzzled children are by telepathy. I suggest potential ways to address some of these questions and end by reiterating the importance of probing individual differences in scepticism and credulity.
Treatment of adult acute leukemia with arabinosylcytosine and thioguanine.

Forty unselected adults with acute leukemia were treated with CA (2–3 mg/kg) by daily rapid intravenous injection and TG (2.5 mg/kg) orally. Two patients were judged to have had an inadequate trial, having died after 3 and 4 days. Of 38 adequately treated patients, 2 had acute lymphoblastic and 36 acute myeloblastic, monoblastic, or myelomonoblastic leukemia. Twenty-eight patients had had previous chemotherapy (19 with either CA or 6-MP alone) but had failed to respond or had relapsed and were refractory. The 38 adequately treated patients had 1 or more courses of CA and TG of 8–32 days each as limited by individual tolerance. The drugs caused moderate or severe pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia in all but 3 patients treated. Twenty-one of 38 patients had remission with M-1 marrows lasting an average 6 (1.5–13) months with 6 patients still in remission. Seventeen of 21 patients had H-1 peripheral blood ratings (normal platelet, leukocyte and hemoglobin values) and 4 had H-2 ratings, all because of low hemoglobin. Twenty patients in remission were given maintenance therapy; the dosage varied but is currently TG 2.5 mg/kg 4–5x/wk + CA 2–3 mg/kg 1-2x/wk.
Evidence in favor of carbon dioxide rather than H+ ion as a stimulant of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers

Abstract Acidification of the bathing medium in the absence of external bicarbonate ions was without effect on the Na efflux. By contrast, acidification in the presence of different concentrations of HCO 3 − led to stimulation of the Na efflux. Measurements of the pCO 2 indicated that stimulation of the pump always took place when the pCO 2 reached approximately 40 mm Hg.
On the existence of global smooth solutions for a model equation for fluid flow in a pipe

Abstract We model the flow of a fluid in a pipe by a first-order nonlinear hyperbolic system with zero-order nonlinear dissipation. We prove that a unique, global smooth solution exists if the initial data are in an appropriate invariant region and if the first derivatives of the initial data are sufficiently small.
Automated MAC protocol generation for dynamic topologies

We formulate the automated MAC protocol generation problem for dynamic topologies, as encountered in wireless ad hoc networks, under multiple neighborhoods and in the presence of acknowledgments. The probability distribution over the set of local topologies encountered in the global network serves as a model for which an optimization program may be formulated that takes the per-node average throughput as its objective function. Since the state space of the model is very large, the main challenge is the generation of the optimization program via automated methods. Symbolic Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate the optimization program, which is subsequently solved via state-of-the-art nonlinear solvers. A quantitative comparison with RTS/CTS provides information on the value of side information on the probability distribution of local topologies, which RTS/CTS does not presume. The results on computational complexity show that the time to generate the program dominates over the time to solve the resulting non-linear program, and that the complete program can be solved within reasonable computational time.
The Gas Phase Structure of Ethynylferrocene Using Microwave Spectroscopy

Gas phase structural parameters for ethynylferrocene have been determined using microwave spectroscopy. Rotational transitions due to a- and b-type dipole moments were measured. Twenty four rotational constants have been determined by fitting the measured transitions of various isotopomers using a rigid rotor Hamiltonian with centrifugal distortion constants. Least-squares fits to determine structural parameters and Kraitchman analyses have been used to determine the gas phase structural parameters and the atomic coordinates from the rotational constants. The distance between the Fe atom and the C atoms of the cyclopentadienyl rings is r(Fe−C1) = 2.049(5) A, and the distance between the carbon atoms of the cyclopentadienyl ring is r(C−C) = 1.432(2) A. The ethynyl group is bent away from the Fe atom and out of the plane of the carbon atoms in the adjacent cyclopentadienyl ring by 2.75(6)°. Structural parameters were also obtained from DFT calculations and Kraitchman analyses, and the results are compared. ...
Comparing a simple theoretical model for protein folding with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations

Advances in computing have enabled microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics trajectories of protein folding that can be used to compare with and test critical assumptions of theoretical models. We show that recent simulations by the Shaw group (10, 11, 14, 15) are consistent with a key assumption of an Ising-like theoretical model that native structure grows in only a few regions of the amino acid sequence as folding progresses. The distribution of mechanisms predicted by simulating the master equation of this native-centric model for the benchmark villin subdomain, with only two adjustable thermodynamic parameters and one temperature-dependent kinetic parameter, is remarkably similar to the distribution in the molecular dynamics trajectories.
Characterization and partial purification of microsomal NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductases.

Quinone oxidoreductases are flavoproteins that catalyze two-electron reduction and detoxification of quinones. This leads to the protection of cells against toxicity, mutagenicity, and cancer due to exposure to environmental and synthetic quinones and its precursors. Two cytosolic forms of quinone oxidoreductases [NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2)] were previously identified, purified, and cloned. A role of cytosolic NQO1 in protection of cells from oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of quinones was established. Currently, we have characterized and partially purified the NQO activity from rat liver microsomes. This activity was designated as microsomal NQO (mNQO). The mNQO activity showed significantly higher affinity for NADH than NADPH as electron donors and catalyzed reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and menadione. The mNQO activity was insensitive to dicoumarol, a potent inhibitor of cytosolic NQO1. Western analysis of microsomal proteins revealed 29- and 18-kDa bands that cross-reacted with polyclonal antibodies raised against cytosolic NQO1. The mNQO activity was partially purified by solubilization of microsomes with detergent Chaps, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography. The microsomal mNQO proteins are expected to provide additional protection after cytosolic NQOs against quinone toxicity and mutagenicity.
SPECIFICITY-GENERALITY OF EARLY EXPERIENCE EFFECTS

Summary.-Anima5 which had been exposed to water traumatization in infancy were more emorional and made more errors on a water escape maze, bur not on avoidance conditioning, than did non-traumatized control animals. The results, in conjunction with previous findings, suggest that early experience effects are trauma-relev~nt and do not generalize to all stressful situations experienced in adulthood. The purpose of this sn~dy was to demonstrate that the relationship between - type of traumatization and adult behavior influenced tends to be specific rather than general, i.e., differenc types of traumatization produce differenc behavioral effects in adults. Method.-Five complete litters of Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 48) were randomly assigned, following a split-litter technique, either to an experimental group (E) or to a control group (C). Each experimental rat was paired with a like-sexed litter-mate control. The early cra~imatization involved immersion in water. Pups from Group E were placed individually for 3 min. daily into a circular plastic container filled with water, which measured 12 in. in diameter and 7% in. in depth, from 10 days of age until weaning ac 25 days of age. As Ss grew, the depth of the water was increased from 3 in. initially to 4 in. on Day 8 to 495 in. on Day 13 of traumatization. It appeared that the experience was a highly traumatic one as the pups would vocalize, thrash about in the water seeking escape, and defecate. In view of the findings with regard to the effects of remperanlre change on infant animals (Schaefer & Weingarten, 1962), special precautions were taken to avoid exposing the pups to a cold stress. The temperature of the water was regulated to approximately 33OC, warmer than room temperature in the animal room, and changed repeatedly to maintain a constant temperanlre; the pups were placed on a towel and dried after being removed from the water; the entire nest was insulated with towels to avert cooling drafts of air. Control pups were taken from the nest for a corresponding period of time, placed beside the tank while the experimental S was swimming, and "dried off" with the towel before being returned to the nest. The only experience lacking was acn~al immersion in water. At 88 days of age, all animals were given two days of open-field testing. The field was 30 in. square, painted flat black, with walls 10 in. high. The floor was marked off into 36 5-in. squares by narrow white lines. A rat was observed in the open-field for 3 mic.; number of squares traversed was recorded.
Bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis: clinical characteristics of patients seen in a registry.

Clinical features in bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis (BSPDC), popularly referred to as Fahr's disease (five autosomal dominant families and eight sporadic cases, n = 38), recruited through a registry, are reported. Applying uniform criteria, cases reported in the literature (n = 61) were combined for detailed analysis. The mean (+/- S.D.) age of Registry patients was 43 +/- 21 and that of literature was 38 +/- 17. In combined data set (n = 99), 67 were symptomatic and 32 were asymptomatic. Of the symptomatic, the incidence among men was higher compared with women (45:22). Movement disorders accounted for 55% of the total symptomatic patients. Of the movement disorders, parkinsonism accounted for 57%, chorea 19%, tremor 8%, dystonia 8%, athetosis 5%, and orofacial dyskinesia 3%. Overlap of signs referable to different areas of central nervous system (CNS) was common. Other neurologic manifestations included: cognitive impairment, cerebellar signs, speech disorder, pyramidal signs, psychiatric features, gait disorders, sensory changes, and pain. We measured the total volume of calcification using an Electronic Planimeter and Coordinate Digitizer. Results suggest a significantly greater amount of calcification in symptomatic patients compared to asymptomatic patients. This study suggests that movement disorders are the most common manifestations of BSPDC, and among movement disorders, parkinsonism outnumber others.
Trifold arrangements and cevian dissections

We determine precisely how many triple points can be formed in the plane by an arrangement of n lines lying in three parallel families of p, q, r lines, respectively. Using this result we solve the Euclidean realization problem for such arrangements. We apply our results to solve an analogous problem in which a triangle is dissected by three families of cevians. We conclude by mentioning some related unsolved problems.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide reduces brain dopamine D2 receptors: behavioral correlates.

Intraventricular infusion of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide corresponding to the rat dopamine D2 receptor mRNA reduced rat striatal D2 receptors by 48%, as measured by homogenate binding assays, while D1, muscarinic, and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors were unaffected. D2 receptor autoradiography indicated a homogeneous down-regulation of about 50% throughout the striatum and over 70% in the nucleus accumbens. A random oligodeoxynucleotide failed to affect either striatal D2 or D1 receptor density. The antisense treatment inhibited the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole-induced locomotor activation, without altering grooming behavior induced by SKF38393, a D1 receptor agonist. Antisense treatment also elicited catalepsy and reduced spontaneous locomotor activity.
New approaches to structural evolution of limb bones in primates.

Structural analysis of primate limb bones using engineering beam theory can reduce complex biological forms to a few readily interpretable and functionally relevant parameters. Several methods of obta
The Visual Turn: Approaching South Asia across the Disciplines

This introductory essay raises a range of issues that have emerged as studies of South Asia culture, society and history have taken a ‘visual turn’. This special of South Asia deliberately juxtaposes articles that would not ordinarily be read together, as they treat art history, history, anthropology and literary studies to underscore their shared interest in visual evidence produced at moments of crucial change. In the process, we hope to expand both the larger scholarly community's understanding of ‘visual culture’ and the potential for analysts of South Asia to trace interconnections and influences on the changing subcontinent through its very specific, if widely deployed, visual culture.
1H, 13C and 15N Resonance Assignments of URNdesign, a Computationally Redesigned RRM Protein

Protein design represents one of the great challenges of computational structural biology. The ability to successfully design new proteins would allow us to generate new reagents and enzymes, while at the same time providing us with an understanding of the principles of protein stability. Here we report 1H, 15N and 13C resonance assignments of a redesigned U1A protein, URNdesign. U1A has been studied extensively by our group and hence was chosen as a design target. For the assignments we sued 2D and 3D heteronuclearNMR experiments with uniformly 13C, 15N-labeled URNdesign. The assignments for the backbone NH, CO,Ca and Cb nuclei are 94%complete. Sidechain 1Hand13C, aromatic andQ/NNH2 resonances are essentially complete with guanidinium and K NH3 residues unassigned. BMRB deposit with accession number 6493
Retail store managers' and students' perceptions of ethical retail practices: A comparative and longitudinal analysis (1976–1986)

Considerable attention is currently being directed to ethics in business, government and academia in both the professional and popular media. Most of these studies propound that ethics have eroded over time, resulting in their current low state. However, few, if any, of these articles provide comparative or longitudinal data to support their arguments. In this investigation, both comparative and longitudinal data were collected between 1976 and 1986 from retail store managers and retail students concerning their “current” perceptions of ethical retail practices. The results indicate a significant increase in the ethics of retail store managers, and a significant decrease in the ethics of retail students.
PI3K and MEK inhibitor combinations: examining the evidence in selected tumor types

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are two of the most frequently dysregulated kinase cascades in human cancer. Molecular alterations in these pathways are implicated in tumorigenesis and resistance to anticancer therapies. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are known to interact with each other at several nodes, and mounting evidence suggests that dual blockade of both pathways may be required to achieve anticancer effects in certain contexts. This may include tumor types with a high frequency of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activation, or situations in which dual pathway strategies may be required to overcome resistance to current targeted therapies. Several clinical studies are currently evaluating the combination of PI3K and MEK inhibitors in a variety of different cancers with certain types of molecular alterations. This review will summarize existing knowledge of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways, the cross-talk between them, and the current generation of PI3K and MEK inhibitors that target them. The preclinical rationale for dual pathway inhibition will be discussed within the context of the major tumor types currently being explored in ongoing clinical trials, namely malignant melanoma with BRAF or NRAS mutations, and colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, and basal-like breast cancers. The emerging clinical profile of PI3K and MEK inhibitor combinations, as reported in Phase I trials, will also be discussed.
Nd isotopic variations of Phanerozoic paleoceans

Abstract The size of various Phanerozoic paleoceans, determined from paleogeographic maps, provides a framework for assigningeNd measurements of primary authigenic marine minerals to individual paleoceans and for establishing theireNd versus age curves. We report neweNd data (in the range from 80 to 750 Ma) for the largest Phanerozoic and Late Precambrian paleocean, the Pacific/Panthalassa Ocean (PPO), and limited data on some small Paleozoic paleoceans. These new data and all other published data on paleoceaneNd values are used to determine the trends through time ofeNd in seven Phanerozoic paleoceans. The variations in paleoceaneNd curves are due to changes in the rate of crustal additions and in paleoceanic geometry. From these data we can calculate a meaneNd curve and a mean Nd model age curve for Phanerozoic seawater. These curves show large variations with age and reflect the variations ofeNd in erosion products from the continents as a function of age. The high erosion rates of young, uplifted areas enhanceeNd and Nd model age variations of Phanerozoic seawater. This makes it difficult to quantitatively recover crustal addition rates from these curves; however, it makes the episodic nature of continental additions more evident.
Perforated gastric ulcer

Summary Among fifty-one patients with perforated gastric ulcers encountered over a thirty-seven year period, twenty-two had perforated acute and twenty-nine had chronic ulcers. Nonoperative treatment was employed in eleven patients with no survivors. Plication of the ulcer was the initial treatment in thirty-seven patients whereas resection was carried out in three. Further complications of gastric ulcer accounted for five of nine operative deaths. A more aggressive approach to the poor risk patient may be indicated.
Evolutionary Psychology and Explanation in Personality Psychology: How Do We Know Which Module to Invoke?

Personality psychology explores personal determinants of social behavior, that is, psychological systems that causally contribute to the coherent patterns of experience and action that distinguish ...
Regulation of human globin gene expression in mouse erythroleukemia × human fibroblast hybrid cells

A somatic cell hybrid, XX-8, was obtained from a fusion of tetraploid mouse erythroleukemia cells with human Lesch-Nyhan skin fibroblasts. This hybrid cell was previously shown (1) to produce human beta- but no human gamma-globin mRNA sequences after induction with dimethylsulfoxide. In this study we show that: (a) human beta- and gamma-globin genes are present in XX-8 cells in approximately equal numbers; (b) no human gamma-globin mRNA sequences can be detected in either the cytoplasmic or nuclear RNA fractions even with several different inducers; (c) after induction the human beta-globin gene is converted from a DNase I insensitive or closed structure to a DNase I open configuration, while the human gamma-globin gene remains closed; and (d) no human beta-globin polypeptide can be detected in the intact induced cells, indicating that fibroblast globin genes, even when induced to make mRNA in an erythroid environment, do not synthesize an RNA that is translated efficiently.
Mutants of the CuA site in cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: II. Rapid kinetic analysis of electron transfer.

The function of the binuclear CuA center in cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was studied using two Rhodobacter sphaeroides CcO mutants involving direct ligands of the CuA center, H260N and M263L. The rap...
Rea’s Revenge and the Persistent Problem of Persistence for Realism

Realism about material objects faces a variety of epistemological objections. Recently, however, some realists have offered new accounts in response to these long-standing objections; many of which seem plausible. In this paper, I raise a new objection against realism vis-a-vis how we could empirically come to know mind-independent essential properties for objects. Traditionally, realists hold kind-membership and persistence as bound together for purposes of tracing out an object’s essential existence conditions. But I propose kind-membership and persistence for objects can conceptually come apart and function epistemologically distinctly from one another—in which case the usual reliance by realists on an assumption of persistence to determine kind-membership conditions is unjustified. Thus, present realist attempts to explain how empirical detection of mind-independent essential properties for objects could possibly occur inevitably results in circularity. The charge against the realist is to explain why we don’t have to first discover persistence conditions for an object before we can ascertain kind-membership conditions for an object. If no answer is forthcoming, then it seems the weight of the epistemological objection to realism is back in full force.
Independent unbiased coin flips from a correlated biased source:80a finite state Markov chain

Von Neumann’s trick for simulating anabsolutely unbiased coin by a biased one is this: Since Pr[H]=Pr[1]Pr[0]=Pr[T], the output is unbiased. Example: 00 10 11 01 01 →HTT. Peter Elias gives an algorithm to generate an independent unbiased sequence ofHs andTs that nearly achieves the Entropy of the one-coin source. His algorithm is excellent, but certain difficulties arise in trying to use it (or the original von Neumann scheme) to generate bits in expected linear time from a Markov chain. In this paper, we return to the original one-coin von Neumann scheme, and show how to extend it to generate an independent unbiased sequence ofHs andTs from any Markov chain in expected linear time. We give a wrong and a right way to do this. Two algorithms A and B use the simple von Neumann trick on every state of the Markov chain. They differ in the time they choose to announce the coin flip. This timing is crucial.
Serum protein concentration as a guide to the treatment of dehydration in diarrheal diseases

LTHOUGH the diarrheal diseases of infants are no longer responsible for as many deaths as formerly, the difficulties encountered in the management of severe cases are often greater than one would expect from the present day knowledge concerning the subject. To some degree, these difficulties arise because of the impossibility of applying this knowledge in a practical way to small infants. In adult patients a recorded urine and stool volume and frequent estimations of the chloride and carbon dioxide combining power of the blood are easily obtainable guides to progress and therapy; but in infants such data are rarely obtainable in reliable form. The pediatrician is often left to depend on his clinical acumen and judgment for the help which objective laboratory guides might otherwise give. The present work was undertaken to ascertain the value of a simple determination of serum protein concentration in the practical management of dehydration, which so often constitutes the major aspect of diarrheal diseases. While the importance of a low serum protein concentration is well recognized in association with edema, the reverse, namely a high protein ]eve] in dehydration, has received less attention. The work of Starling 1 offers a fundamental physiologic basis for understanding both of these conditions. Schmidt 2 in 1850 appears to have been the first actually to measure the protein concentration of the serum of patients suffering from fluid loss, and he obtained values of 10 to 11 per cent. In 1909, Reiss ~ studied the protein content of the Mood serum, using the refractometric method, in relation to weight changes of infants having various diseases, including diarrhea and vomiting. Schloss, 4 and Marriott 5 also found the serum protein level to be a helpful guide in the treatment of dehydration, and the work to be reported below is an outgrowth of the studies by Sch]oss and collaborators, most of which have not as yet been published.
Proteinuria: Abate or applaud abatacept in proteinuric kidney disease?

T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 is a B-cell costimulator and podocyte injury marker originally described in lupus nephritis; CD80 blockade with abatacept disappointed in a lupus nephritis trial. A study now suggests abatacept efficacy in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Small patient numbers and concurrent treatment regimens call for more definitive studies regarding this therapeutic strategy.
Intrinsic thyroid hyperactivity in avian strains susceptible to autoimmune thyroiditis.

Abstract The Obese strain (OS) chicken was derived from matings of hypothyroid Cornell strain (CS) birds. Virtually all members of the OS but only a few CS develop spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Recent studies indicate that both OS and CS have an abnormality of thyroid regulation; thyroid function in both strains is not fully suppressible under excessive serum thyroxine levels. This study demonstrates that this hyperactivity is intrinsic to the thyroid gland, utilizing a dual transplantation system that places either an OS or CS and a normal gland in the same environment. Also presented is the finding of intermediate T 4 suppressibility in the F 1 progeny of the poorly suppressed CS and highly suppressed normal strain suggesting codominant expression of the trait.
Expression, purification, and characterization of a structurally disordered and functional C-terminal autoinhibitory domain (AID) of the 70 kDa 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 (S6K1)

S6K1 is a member of the AGC subfamily of serine–threonine protein kinases, whereby catalytic activation requires dual phosphorylation of critical residues in the conserved T-loop (T229) and hydrophobic motif (HM; T389) peptide regions of its catalytic kinase domain (residues 1–398). In addition to its kinase domain, S6K1 contains a C-terminal autoinhibitory domain (AID; residues 399–502), which prevents T-loop and HM phosphorylation; and autoinhibition is relieved on multi-site Ser-Thr phosphorylation of the AID (S411, S418, T421, and S424). Interestingly, 66 of the 104 C-terminal AID amino acid residues were computer predicted to exist in structurally disordered peptide regions, begetting interest as to how such dynamics could be coupled to autoregulation. To begin addressing this issue, we developed and optimized protocols for efficient AID expression and purification. Consistent with computer predictions, aberrant mobilities in both SDS–PAGE and size-exclusion chromatography, as well as low chemical shift dispersion in 1H–15N HSQC NMR spectra, indicated purified recombinant AID to be largely unfolded. Yet, trans-addition of purified AID effectively inhibited PDK1-catalyzed T-loop phosphorylation of a catalytic kinase domain construct of S6K1. Using an identical purification protocol, similar protein yields of a tetraphospho-mimic mutant AID(D2ED) construct were obtained; and this construct displayed only weak inhibition of PDK1-catalyzed T229 phosphorylation. Purification of the structurally ‘disordered’ and functional C-terminal AID and AID(D2ED) constructs will facilitate studies aimed to understand the role of conformational plasticity and protein phosphorylation in modulating autoregulatory domain–domain interactions.
An Adaptive Optical Neural Network Using A High Resolution Video Monitor

An adaptive hybrid optical neural network using a high resolution video monitor as a programmable associative memory is proposed. This architecture is capable of implementing larger numbers of neurons with higher dynamic range. The proposed system can be operated in a high speed asynchronous mode with parallel feedback loop. The orthogonal projection algorithm as applied to the proposed system to increase the error correction ability is given.
Social Work Practice Research on Severe Mental Illness: Charting a Future:

Social work practice with the mentally ill has traditionally relied upon an interdisciplinary- based, problem-solving approach. But as the medicalization of the mental health field evolved over the...
Regulation of endothelin receptors by nitric oxide in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells

Two important mediators of endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and proliferation are nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET-1). An imbalance between NO and ET-1 may contribute to the alterations in vascular tone characteristic of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether NO regulates ET receptors in cultured rat superior mesenteric artery vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMC). Chronic treatment of quiescent RVSMC with any one of three chemically dissimilar NO-generating drugs, S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) produced a significant dose- and time-dependent increase in the number of ET-A receptors, while concomitantly increasing the affinity of ET-1 for this receptor. This effect was mimicked by both 8-bromo-cGMP and 8-bromo-cAMP. The requirement of both protein and RNA synthesis and activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) was demonstrated following inhibition of this regulation by cycloheximide, actinomycin D and KT5720 (a specific A-kinase inhibitor), respectively. In addition, the cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) which induced NOS activity with subsequent NO synthesis in vascular smooth muscle, also caused a similar upregulation of ET receptors. This effect was attenuated in the presence of the specific NOS inhibitor, L-NAME. To assess the possible functional consequences of this NO-mediated upregulation, the effect of SNAP pretreatment on isolated vessel reactivity was determined. In both superior mesenteric artery and thoracic aorta rings, SNAP pretreatment caused a significant increase in the maximal force of contraction to ET-1. Collectively, these data suggest that NO regulates ET-A receptors in vitro through a cGMP-dependent mechanism via activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. We conclude that a similar interaction between NO and ET-1 may be operational in vivo.
Mechanosensory based orienting behaviors in fluvial and lacustrine populations of mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdi )

We compared prey-orienting and rheotactic behaviors in a fluvial (Coweeta Creek) and lacustrine (Lake Michigan) population of mottled sculpin. Blinded sculpin from both populations exhibited unconditioned, mechanosensory based rheotaxis to low velocity flows. Whereas Lake Michigan sculpin generally showed increasing levels of positive rheotaxis to increasing velocities, Coweeta Creek sculpin show varying levels of positive rheotaxis at low to intermediate velocities and often reduced positive rheotaxis or even negative rheotaxis at the highest velocities (12 cm s−1). Blinded Lake Michigan, but not Coweeta Creek mottled sculpin exhibited an orienting response to a small (3 mm diameter) artificial prey (50 Hz vibrating sphere). In conclusion, the two populations differed in the strength and polarity of the rheotactic response at higher velocities and in their responsiveness to mechanosensory cues from epibenthic prey sources. These behavioral differences have most likely arisen from different learning exper...
Relation Between Air-Filled Albumin Microbubble and Red Blood Cell Rheology in the Human Myocardium Influence of Echocardiographic Systems and Chest Wall Attenuation

Background We have previously shown that the intravascular rheology of sonicated air-filled albumin microbubbles is similar to that of red blood cells (RBCs) and that their myocardial transit rate is also similar to that of RBCs in the beating canine heart. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the myocardial transit rates of these microbubbles reflect those of RBCs in humans at different coronary flow rates. Methods and Results RBC and microbubble transit rates were measured in 17 patients undergoing coronary angiography: in 8, measurements were made only at rest, whereas in 9, they were performed both at rest and during a pacing-induced increase in coronary blood flow. A γ-variate function was used to derive mean RBC and microbubble transit rates from the time-activity and time-intensity plots after the left main injection of RBCs and microbubbles, respectively. There was linear correlation between the myocardial transit rates with both tracers with the slope of the correlation determined by the specific echocardiographic system that was used. Microbubble transit rate consistently overestimated RBC transit rate due to artificial narrowing of the time-intensity curves caused by chest wall attenuation of the echocardiographic signal, which was confirmed through in vitro experiments. Conclusions There is close correlation between air-filled albumin microbubbles and RBC rheology in the human myocardium. The use of these microbubbles in the cardiac catheterization laboratory could, therefore, provide further insights into myocardial blood flow/myocardial blood volume relations in humans.
On conversion from an energy scale to a depth scale in channelling experiments

Abstract We have studied the problem of determining the appropriate value of the stopping power to be used in obtaining depth information from back-scattering measurements using the channelling effect technique, by observing the energy spectra of 0.2 and 0.4 MeV protons transmitted through thin (1 μm) silicon crystals. The transmitted particles were detected and energy analyzed with an electrostatic analyzer at scattering angles of 0°, 10° and 15°. We conclude that the stopping power to be used in dechannelling experiments and localization studies of substitutional impurities should be the random stopping power. In the case of a buried damage layer the appropriate stopping power is that derived from the most probable energy loss of the channelled protons. We propose that the results of these experiments can be generalized to channelling effect measurements at other energies and with different projectiles and targets.
Effects of Prior Training and Verbal Errors on Students' Performance in Job Interviews.

The authors examined 13 errors commonly made by students in hiring interviews and the frequency of occurrence of these errors. The implications for interview training programs are discussed.
Toxicity and metabolism of methyl n-butyl ketone

MEK (2-butanone) when combined with MBK (2-hexanone) markedly enhanced MBK neurotoxicity. MBK in rat plasma after exposure to MBK/MEK increased with time. Metabolites of MBK identified in blood and urine of rats and guinea pigs were 2-hexanol and 2,5-hexanedione.
IMAGING THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY WITH ELECTRIC FIELDS

In order to improve our ability to use electromagnetic fields to diagnose and treat disease, it would be helpful to know the electric conductivity in the interior of the body. In order to obtain this information, our group of Rensselaer has built devices, which we call Adaptive Current Tomograph (ACT) systems, that apply small currents to the body through electrodes stuck to the skin. The ACT systems measure the induced voltages, and send all the current and voltage information to the computer, which uses an algorithm to process the data and reconstruct approximate images of the conductivity and permittivity in the interior.
Formation of a vagina at the time of exenteration

Abstract The formation of an artificial vagina at the time of exenteration has been described. Femoral gluteal flaps forming a tube suspended to the iliopectineal ligament appeared to give the most Satisfactory results.
Non-epitaxial semiconductor-doped films for laser modelocking

The recent advances in the development of semiconductor saturable absorber devices for laser modelocking have opened new possibilities for creation of more compact, simple and robust short pulse laser systems.
Management of a luxury brand: dimensions and sub-variables from a case study of LVMH

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop industry specific operational definitions for marketing dimensions and sub-variables in the luxury goods industry that will contribute to the growing body of company-based research on luxury brand management. Design/methodology/approach – Case study of a leading luxury goods conglomerate provides operational definitions and insight into best practices for management of a luxury goods brand through an in-depth historical review and analysis of variables, measures, relationships, and patterns that emerged throughout the study of the sample company. Findings – Successes and failures of brand management for the sample company for the umbrella variables of brand strategy, growth trade-offs, and strategic planning, and their associated sub-variables, were identified in the review of literature and were analyzed, adapted, and enumerated according to findings from the case study. Research limitations/implications – Results limited to the study of one sample compan...
Silage characteristics of elephantgrass as affected by harvest frequency and genotype

Elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) was evaluated in the colder subtropics of Florida as a potential forage source for ruminants. Our objective was to determine if this thick-stemmed bunch-grass could be stored as a silage. A dwarf (Mott') and two tall (PI 300086 and Merkeron') elephantgrass were harvested one, two, and three times per season and ensiled (direct-cut) during 1986 and 1987. Dry matter (DM) recoveries for all silages ranged from 861 to 984 g kg −1 of DM ensiled (...)
Testing matrix, inoculum size, and incubation temperature affect monolaurin activity againstListeria monocytogenes

Current literature reports conflicting minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (range 10–96 g ml−1) of glycerol monolaurate (monolaurin) againstListeria monocytogenes. To resolve these disagreements, the individual MIC of monolaurin against eightL. monocytogenesstrains was determined using the standard agar dilution technique on three commercial media (trypticase soy agar, plate count agar, and Oxford modified medium), and a catfish-based medium using three inocula sizes and three incubation temperatures. Mean MIC was 16 g ml−1on commercial media at 25 and 35°C. Endpoints at 15°C were twofold lower (8 g ml−1) than at 25 and 35°C. On catfish-based medium, MIC values were four- to eightfold higher (64–128 g ml−1) compared with commercial media and depended on incubation temperature and size of inoculum tested. Poor solubility of monolaurin (85 g ml−1) in aqueous solutions and its reduced activity in the presence of food components limits its application as an antimicrobial agent in foods.
Electronic structures of some olefins and their radical cations

CNDO/2 calculations of the electronic properties of the series of isomeric butenes and pentenes yield ionization potentials which reproduce the observed trends. These are interpreted in terms of the charge distribution effects of the alkyl groups.
The Occurrence of Phenols in Air and Combustion Products.

(1959). The Occurrence of Phenols in Air and Combustion Products. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 149-152.
Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus

The tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, show unusual masticatory specializations, compared to each other and to other mammals. Both have an incomplete zygomatic arch with descending jugal process, a complex superficial masseter, a large temporalis and medial pterygoid musculature, and a lateral pterygoid with two heads. In Choloepus the deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis are typical when compared to other mammals. However, in Bradypus there is an ascending jugal process from which enlarged and vertically oriented deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis muscles originate. Although both sloths are folivores, the anterior teeth in Choloepus are caniniform, while those of Bradypus have lost such elongation. In both sloths the glenoid cavity is similarly located; however, in Bradypus the cranioman-dibular joint is raised above the occlusal plane, and the pterygoid flanges are elongated. Prediction of the evolutionary sequence of cranial changes from Choloepus- like (primitive) to Bradypus- like (derived) morphology is based upon the most parsimonious model of masseter-medial pterygoid complex changes for masticatory efficiency improvement. The model proposes that the condylar neck in Bradypus was elongated and that this single change predicated a series of other structural changes. Mandibular movement patterns in both sloths showed anteromedially directed unilateral power strokes as in other mammals. Puncture-crushing, tooth-sharpening, and chewing cycles are distinct in Choloepus, less so in Bradypus. The masticatory rate is slow in sloths compared to other mammals of similar body size, averaging 590 ms per cycle for Choloepus and 510 ms for Bradypus.
Prognostic factors for outcome in patients with refractory and relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with inotuzumab ozogamicin, a CD22 monoclonal antibody.

Inotuzumab ozogamicin was found to be highly active in patients with refractory-relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), with an overall response rate of 58% and a median survival of 6.3 months. Identifying factors associated with different outcomes on inotuzumab therapy may help select patients for this treatment and advice of prognosis. A total of 89 patients treated with inotuzumab on previous studies were analyzed. Inotuzumab was given at 1.3-1.8 mg/m(2) intravenously (IV) × 1 every 3-4 weeks or weekly (0.8 mg/m(2) day 1, 0.5 mg/m(2) days 8 and 15) every 3-4 weeks. Pretreatment factors associated with achieving marrow complete response (CR) and with survival were analyzed using standard statistical methods. The median survival of patients with at least marrow CR was 9.2 months versus 3.4 months for those without marrow CR (P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, a high peripheral blood absolute blast count and low platelet count were independently associated with a lower likelihood of achieving at least marrow CR. Baseline characteristics independently associated with worse survival included adverse cytogenetics [complex karyotype, translocation (4;11), translocation (9;22), abnormal chromosome 17], disease beyond first salvage, and high peripheral blood absolute count. Patients with 0, 1-2, or 3 adverse factors had a median survival of 39+, 7.5, and 2.4 months, respectively. Our current analyses identified a subset of adult patients with ALL in whom outcome of therapy with inotuzumab ozogamicin can be differentially predicted.
Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Weight Gain, Oxygen Consumption Rate, and Growth Efficiency in Juvenile Red‐Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

Abstract.— Weight gain and metabolic rates, as determined by oxygen consumption rates, were examined in juvenile Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus exposed to different temperatures (16–32 C in 2 C increments) or salinities (0–30 ppt in 5 ppt increments). Mean weight gain, molting frequency, and survival (%) were dependent on temperature and salinity. In freshwater (0 ppt), maximal weight gain and molting frequency were observed at 28 C with maximal survival observed over the temperature range of 24–30 C. Metabolic rates in freshwater were temperature dependent (mean Q10= 2.44). Maximal weight gain and molting frequency were observed at salinities of 0 and 5 ppt (28 C); however, survival was reduced at salinities ≥ 5 ppt. Metabolic rates were not salinity dependent and did not differ significantly over the salinity range from 0–20 ppt. Growth efficiencies, calculated by dividing weight gain by total metabolic energy expenditure (i.e., weight gain + metabolic rate), were highest at a temperature of 20 C (0 ppt) and at salinities of 0 and 5 ppt (28 C). These data suggest that, at higher culture temperatures, maximal weight gain of red-claw juveniles may be reduced when food resources are limited. Maximal weight gain, at optimal temperatures (28 C) with unlimited food supply, does not appear to be effected by low salinity conditions. Because of the potential commercial value of red-claw, culturists, should be aware of the relationship between environmental condition and metabolic energy requirements to ensure maximal weight gain and survival of juveniles.