cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting caspase activity in Drosophila larval imaginal discs

Caspases are a highly specialized class of cell death proteases. Since they are synthesized as inactive full-length zymogens, activation--at least of effector caspases and to some extent also of initiator caspases-requires a proteolytic cleavage event, generating a large and a small subunit, two of each forming the active caspase. The proteolytic cleavage event generates neo-epitopes at both the C-terminus of the large subunit and the N-terminus of the small subunit. The cleaved Caspase-3 (CC3) antibody was raised against the neo-epitope of the large subunit and thus detects only cleaved, but not full-length, Caspase-3. Although raised against human cleaved Caspase-3, the CC3 antibody cross-reacts in other species and detects cleaved caspases, most notably DrICE and Dcp-1, in Drosophila. This protocol describes the procedure for use of the CC3 antibody to detect caspase activity in larval imaginal discs in Drosophila.
Meaningful components of a community-based exercise program for individuals with disabilities: A qualitative study

Abstract Background Enhanced methods of evaluation are necessary to identify community-based exercise interventions that promote physical activity and improve health and participation for individuals with disabilities. The heterogeneity of the populations served, interventions implemented, and outcome measures used remains a barrier to effectively evaluate programs and generate evidence to inform best practice. Objective To explore goals and benefits of community-based exercise for individuals with disabilities and determine barriers and facilitators to evaluation in a community setting. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with exercise participants and staff of a community-based exercise program for individuals with disabilities. We then coded responses to interview questions for themes using thematic analysis or deductive content analysis, with codes linked to categories within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Results Identified goals and benefits spanned the ICF domains of Body Functions and Activities and Participation. Commonly cited goals and benefits included improving strength and endurance, general health, self-efficacy, community participation, and the importance of returning to exercise. Barriers and facilitators to evaluation identified by staff included maintaining a balance between evaluation and services, negative attitudes toward evaluation, access to data, and consistency with scheduling. Conclusions These results can be used to enhance evaluation within community-based exercise programs for individuals with disabilities, which may improve both the quality and impact of these programs.
Racial Trends and Differences in the Intergenerational Transmission of Education

I estimate the intergenerational transmission of education in the United States between 1980 and 2013. I find that intergenerational persistence in education has increased substantially among blacks in recent years while remaining stable among whites and Hispanics. I observe this trend when using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics as well as the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth. I demonstrate that much of the increase in educational persistence among blacks is due to decreases in upward mobility. The increase in black educational persistence is found in both two-parent and single-parent households, and I do not find similar trends and differences when estimating intergenerational income persistence.
Complementary/Alternative Therapies in Asthma

Up to almost 60% of patients with asthma use some sort of complementary and alter native medicine therapy. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for the incorporation of acupuncture into the treatment or management of asthma. There are insufficient data to determine whether homeopathy is a valid adjunctive therapy in the management of asthma. Breathing exercises may improve symptom scores and quality-of-life measures, but evidence for their effectiveness in improving lung function is still inconclusive. Muscle relaxation shows some promise in improving lung function, but the available evidence on relaxation techniques is limited. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of chiropractic spinal manipulation and other manual therapies in the treatment of asthma. The authors suggest a healthy well-balanced diet with high intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidant vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals; there is not enough evidence to recommend supplementation with antioxidant vitamins or selenium for patients with asthma. The authors also suggest supplementation with magnesium in the subset of patients with asthma with low intracellular levels of this mineral. Supplementation with certain n-3 fatty acids and the n-6 fatty acid γ-linolenic acid reduces markers of inflammation in patients with asthma, but there is little evidence of a beneficial effect on lung function or asthma control. There is as yet no conclusive evidence of effectiveness in the treatment of asthma for any botanical. Do ask your patients whether and what botanicals they use, and do tell your patients about the potential risk of allergies, toxicities, and herb-drug interactions associated with many herbal compounds.
Choline Chloride: Effect on Hyperdopaminergic States in Animals

Although precursor loading with choline chloride or dimethylaminoethanol actually has been reported to increase brain acetylcholine (ACh) content, a concomitant increase in central cholinergic activity remains to be demonstrated (Haubrich et al., 1974; Cohen and Wurtman, 1975; 1976; Eckernas, 1977; Hanin et al., 1978).
The use of microsatellite analysis in population biology: background, methods and potential applications.

A promising technique currently emerging for population studies is the analysis of microsatellite DNAs. Microsatellite alleles offer several advantages over other types of molecular markers. They are abundant, highly variable, and can be assayed from minute quantities of DNA using PCR. Their major disadvantage is that it is usually necessary to screen genomic libraries to identify and charaterize microsatellite loci for each species under investigation. The first goal of this chapter is to summarize background information having implications for population studies. This information comes primarily from human genome literature and is therefore not easily accessible to many population biologists. Secondly, because microsatellite analysis uses molecular approaches that are new to most population biologists, we attempt to provide a rationale and overview of methodology. Finally, we review population studies to date that have used microsatellite analysis and offer our perspective on the potential for future studies.
Anesthetic problems of the geriatric dental patient

Anesthesia for geriatric dental patients should begin with a preanesthetic evaluation of the animal, consisting of the medical history, a laboratory data survey, and a physical examination. This information plus knowledge of the physiologic changes induced by aging provide the basis for selection of anesthetics. The anesthetic regimen should include drugs that produce minimal impact on organ systems, especially those systems that may lack physiologic reserve in older animals. Protection of the airway and control of ventilation should receive primary attention. Regular monitoring and support of cardiopulmonary function are essential, and fluid volume and renal function should be maintained. The patient should be observed during recovery from anesthesia until protective reflexes return and recovery is complete. Analgesics should be used if postoperative pain is present.
DeepSafe: A Data-Driven Approach for Assessing Robustness of Neural Networks

Deep neural networks have achieved impressive results in many complex applications, including classification tasks for image and speech recognition, pattern analysis or perception in self-driving vehicles. However, it has been observed that even highly trained networks are very vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Adding minimal changes to inputs that are correctly classified can lead to wrong predictions, raising serious security and safety concerns. Existing techniques for checking robustness against such perturbations only consider searching locally around a few individual inputs, providing limited guarantees. We propose DeepSafe, a novel approach for automatically assessing the overall robustness of a neural network. DeepSafe applies clustering over known labeled data and leverages off-the-shelf constraint solvers to automatically identify and check safe regions in which the network is robust, i.e. all the inputs in the region are guaranteed to be classified correctly. We also introduce the concept of targeted robustness, which ensures that the neural network is guaranteed not to misclassify inputs within a region to a specific target (adversarial) label. We evaluate DeepSafe on a neural network implementation of a controller for the next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System for unmanned aircraft (ACAS Xu) and for the well known MNIST network. For these networks, DeepSafe identified many regions which were safe, and also found adversarial perturbations of interest.
Resveratrol glucuronidation in vitro: potential implications of inhibition by probenecid.

Objectives Resveratrol is a naturally occurring antioxidant with therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of neoplastic disease and other human disorders. However, net clearance of resveratrol in humans is very high, mainly due to glucuronide conjugation. This leads to extensive presystemic extraction and low plasma concentrations after oral dosage. The present study evaluated the effect of probenecid, an inhibitor of glucuronide conjugation, on resveratrol metabolism in vitro. Methods Biotransformation of resveratrol to its 3-O-glucuronide and 4'-O-glucuronide conjugates was studied in vitro using human liver microsomal preparations. The mechanism and inhibitory potency of probenecid were evaluated based on a mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition model. Key findings Probenecid inhibition of resveratrol 3-O-glucuronidation was predominantly noncompetitive, with an inhibition constant (Ki ) averaging 3.1 mm. Conclusions The ratio of in vivo maximum concentration of probenecid [I] during usual clinical use to the in vitro Ki value ([I]/Ki ) exceeds the boundary value of 0.1, used by regulatory agencies to identify the possibility of clinical drug interactions. This finding, together with the known property of probenecid as an inhibitor of glucuronide conjugation in humans, suggests that probenecid could serve as a pharmacokinetic boosting agent to enhance systemic exposure to resveratrol in humans.
Production, Perception, And Communicative Goals Of American Newscaster Speech

Listeners often have the intuition that the speech of broadcast news reporters somehow ‘sounds different’; previous literature supports this observation and has described some distinctive aspects of newscaster register. This article presents two studies further describing the characteristic properties and functions of American English newscaster speech, focusing specifically on prosody. In the first, we investigate the production of newscaster speech. We describe the measurable differences in pitch, speed, intensity, and melodic features between newscaster and conversational speech, and connect those traits to perceptions of authority, credibility, charisma, and related characteristics. In the second, we investigate the perception of newscaster speech. Our experiments demonstrate that listeners can distinguish newscaster from conversational speech given only prosodic information, and that they use a subset of the newscasters’ distinguishing features to do so. (News, prosody, discourse registers, speech perception, credibility, authority)*
Lp-independence of spectral bounds of generalized non-local Feynman–Kac semigroups

Let X be a symmetric strong Markov process on a Luzin space. In this paper, we present criteria of the Lp-independence of spectral bounds for generalized non-local Feynman–Kac semigroups of X that involve continuous additive functionals of X having zero quadratic variations and discontinuous additive functionals of X.
Fighting the Battle of Recovery Together: A Content Analysis of Anonymous Posts in an Online Substance Use Forum

AbstractBackground: The rates of use of substance have increased dramatically worldwide in the past several years. Approximately 10% of people who use illicit substances will develop a substance us...
SPECC1L-deficient palate mesenchyme cells show speed and directionality defect

Clefts of the lip and/or palate (CL/P) are common anomalies that occur in 1/800 live births. Pathogenic SPECC1L variants identified in patients with rare atypical clefts and syndromic CL/P suggest the gene plays a primary role in face and palate development. We have generated Specc1l gene-trap (Specc1lcGT) and truncation (Specc1lΔC510) alleles that cause embryonic or perinatal lethality, respectively. Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 compound mutants show delayed and abnormal palatal shelf elevation at E14.5. By E15.5, the mutant shelves do elevate and fuse, however, the palatal rugae form abnormally. Palatogenesis requires extensive mesenchymal remodeling, especially during palatal shelf elevation. We posit that this remodeling involves collective movement of neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme cells. Live time-lapse microscopy was performed to visualize in vitro wound-repair assays with wildtype and SPECC1L-deficient primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells. SPECC1L-deficient MEPM cells consistently showed delayed closure in wound-repair assays. To evaluate which features of cellular movement were responsible, we performed automated particle image velocimetry (PIV) and manual cell tracking. The analyses revealed that both cell speed and directionality are disrupted in SPECC1L-deficient cells compared to controls. To determine if primary MEPM cells can move collectively, we assayed stream formation, which is a hallmark of collective movement. Indeed, MEPM cultures displayed correlated movement of neighboring cells. Importantly, correlation length was reduced in SPECC1L-deficient cultures, consistent with a role for SPECC1L in collective migration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway with the 740Y-P small molecule can rescue the wound-closure delay in SPECC1L-deficient MEPM cells. Cell tracking analyses showed that this rescue was due to both increased speed and improved directionality. Altogether, our data showed a novel role for SPECC1L in guided movement through modulation of PI3K-AKT signaling.
Comparison of Anthropometric Measures in US Military Personnel in the Classification of Overweight and Obesity.

Objective This study aimed to determine (1) the level of agreement between BMI, circumference-based equation (CBE) measures, waist circumference (WC), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures and (2) whether BMI, CBE measures, or WC alone or in combination adequately reflects adiposity in military personnel compared with BIA. Methods BMI from measured height and weight (using military overweight cutoffs in men [BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 ] and World Health Organization overweight cutoffs [BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 ]), BMI body fat percentage (BF%), WC, CBE BF%, and BIA BF% were collected. Respondents (N = 389, 78% men) were categorized with normal fat versus overweight, obesity, or overfat. Levels of agreement and standard screening performance measures were compared between anthropometric measures and BIA. Results World Health Organization BMI and BIA BF% classified the most men and women with overweight/obesity; WC with BMI (BMI + WC) and WC alone classified the fewest men and women with overweight/obesity. Levels of agreement were all statistically significant and highest for BMI (men: Cohen's κ = 0.711; women: Cohen's κ = 0.814) and lowest for WC and BMI + WC (all Cohen's κ ≤ 0.270). BMI + CBE performed best overall (sensitivity = 50.9%, false discovery rate = 5.4%). Conclusions Our findings support BMI + CBE as an easy-to-implement combination to assess adiposity in the military.
College students’ perspectives on healing following an unwanted sexual experience

Sexual assault is a serious problem on college campuses that affects students of all genders. Following sexual trauma, students often report greater mental health problems, substance use, and in some cases revictimization. However, positive disclosure experiences have been shown to facilitate greater positive outcomes for victims. While research has focused extensively on the consequences of sexual trauma, few studies have focused on the process of healing. The current qualitative interview study assessed facilitators and barriers to healing following an unwanted sexual experience (USE) and examined participants’ views about their own healing process. The sample was comprised of female (n = 15) and male (n = 2) college students who self-identified as having a history of USEs. Data were transcribed and analyzed using the techniques of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings showed that students recognized more barriers to healing than facilitators of the healing process. However, having a positive disclosure experience and good social support were identified as the most beneficial facilitators of healing following a USE, and many of the barriers noted were factors that interfered with positive disclosure experiences and seeking and receiving social support. Finally, participants viewed healing as a highly individual and active process, suggesting that survivors must create their own path for healing and should never give up on the healing process. These findings emphasize the need for education and training to improve interpersonal communication among professionals, families, and peers in order to change conversations and stigma about USEs.
Interlimb differences in coordination of rapid wrist/forearm movements

We have previously proposed a model of motor lateralization that attributes specialization for predictive control of intersegmental coordination to the dominant hemisphere/limb system, and control of limb impedance to the non-dominant system. This hypothesis was developed based on visually targeted discrete reaching movement made predominantly with the shoulder and elbow joints. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether dominant arm advantages for multi-degree of freedom coordination also occur during continuous distal movements of the wrist that do not involve visual guidance. In other words, are the advantages of the dominant arm restricted to controlling intersegmental coordination during discrete visually targeted reaching movements, or are they more generally related to coordination of multiple degrees of freedom at other joints, regardless of whether the movements are discrete or invoke visual guidance? Eight right-handed participants were instructed to perform alternating wrist ulnar/radial deviation movements at two instructed speeds, slow and fast, with the dominant or the non-dominant arm, and were instructed not to rotate the forearm (pronation/supination) or move the wrist up and down (flexion/extension). This was explained by slowly and passively moving the wrist in each plane during the instructions. Because all the muscles that cross the wrist have moment arms with respect to more than one axis of rotation, intermuscular coordination is required to prevent motion about non-instructed axes of rotation. We included two conditions, a very slow condition, as a control condition, to demonstrate understanding of the task, and an as-fast-as-possible condition to challenge predictive aspect of control, which we hypothesize are specialized to the dominant controller. Our results indicated that during as-fast-as-possible conditions the non-dominant arm incorporated significantly more non-instructed motion, which resulted in greater circumduction at the non-dominant than the dominant wrist. These findings extend the dynamic dominance hypothesis, indicating that the dominant hemisphere-arm system is specialized for predictive control of multiple degrees of freedom, even in movements of the distal arm and made in the absence of visual guidance.
A Texas Notary’s Guide to Estate Planning Documents

This article replaces the January 2015 version to account for the important changes to the one-step execution/self-proving affidavit procedure for wills and guardian declarations enacted by the 2015 Texas Legislature. Estate planning documents, regardless of how well-drafted, must be properly executed to be effective. Many of these documents require notarization. Although practitioners may take notarization for granted, it is of paramount importance that the notarizations be done correctly or else the validity of the documents are jeopardized. I have often been dazed and amazed by the lack of knowledge of some Texas notaries regarding the proper notarization of estate planning documents. Recently, I was told by a notary that she never swears the testator or the witnesses when they sign the self-proving affidavit. When I explained to the notary that this step was required, she told me that she had been doing it this way for over thirty years and was not going to change based on what I said. It is my hope that you will share this article with the notaries in your office to help them perform notarizations that you would be proud to see posted on the Internet for all to see.
Imaging Findings Following Locoregional Cancer Therapies

Imaging plays a vital role in assessing response to treatment following locoregional therapies (LRTs) for cancer as well as in determining the presence of residual cancer or recurrent disease on surveillance studies. Oncologic response to systemic cancer treatment is most frequently evaluated using cross-sectional imaging with treatment success typically determined by decreased tumor size and/or enhancement. The objective of this chapter is to describe the imaging features over time of normal, expected tumor response following energy-based ablation and transarterial embolization for select liver, pulmonary, renal, and prostate malignancies, as well as describing the findings of viable or recurrent tumor post-treatment.
The failure of LGBT family politics: Familiar perversions: the racial, sexual, and economic politics of LGBT families, by Liz Montegary, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 256 pp., $29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8135-9135-3, Publication Date: July 2018.

In Familiar Perversions Liz Montegary analyzes the political limitations of LGBT family advocacy at the turn of the twenty-first century. Drawing on a wide-ranging archive of materials pertaining t...
Gravity-Modes in ZZ Ceti Stars: I.Quasiadiabatic Analysis of Overstability

We analyze the stability of g-modes in variable white dwarfs with hydrogen envelopes. In these stars, the radiative layer contributes to mode damping because its opacity decreases upon compression and the amplitude of the Lagrangian pressure perturbation increases outward. The overlying convective envelope is the seat of mode excitation because it acts as an insulating blanket with respect to the perturbed flux that enters it from below. A crucial point is that the convective motions respond to the instantaneous pulsational state. Driving exceeds damping by as much as a factor of two provided $\omega\tau_c\geq 1$, where $\omega$ is the radian frequency of the mode and $\tau_c\approx 4\tau_{th}$ with $\tau_{th}$ being the thermal time constant evaluated at the base of the convective envelope. As a white dwarf cools, its convection zone deepens, and modes of lower frequency become overstable. However, the deeper convection zone impedes the passage of flux perturbations from the base of the convection zone to the photosphere. Thus the photometric variation of a mode with constant velocity amplitude decreases. These factors account for the observed trend that longer period modes are found in cooler DAVs. The linear growth time, ranging from hours for the longest period observed modes ($P\approx 20$ minutes) to thousands of years for those of shortest period ($P\approx 2 $ minutes), probably sets the time-scale for variations of mode amplitude and phase. This is consistent with observations showing that longer period modes are more variable than shorter period ones. Our investigation confirms many results obtained by Brickhill in his pioneering studies of ZZ Cetis.
The Diverse Solar Phase Curves of Distant Icy Bodies. Part I: Photometric Observations of 18 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 7 Centaurs, and Nereid

We have measured the solar phase curves in B, V, and I for 18 Trans-Neptunian Objects, 7 Centaurs, and Nereid and determined the rotation curves for 10 of these targets. For each body, we have made ~100 observations uniformly spread over the entire visible range. We find that all the targets except Nereid have linear phase curves at small phase angles ( 3 deg, the Centaurs (54598) Bienor and (32532) Thereus have phase curves that flatten. The recently discovered Pluto-scale bodies (2003 UB313, 2005 FY9, and 2003 EL61), like Pluto, have neutral colors compared to most TNOs and small phase coefficients (< 0.1 mag/deg). Together these two properties are a likely indication for large TNOs of high-albedo, freshly coated icy surfaces. We find several bodies with significantly wavelength-dependent phase curves. The TNOs (50000) Quaoar, (120348) 2004 TY364 (47932), and 2000 GN171 have unusually high I-band phase coefficients (0.290+/-0.038, 0.413+/-0.064, 0.281+/-0.033 mag/deg, respectively) and much lower coefficients in the B and V bands. Their phase coefficients increase in proportion to wavelength by 0.5 - 0.8 mag/deg/um. The phase curves for TNOs with small B-band phase coefficients (< 0.1 mag/deg) have a similar but weaker wavelength dependence. Coherent backscatter is the likely cause for the wavelength dependence for all these bodies. We see no such dependence for the Centaurs, which have visual albedos ~0.05.
Early Cardiovascular Risk in E-cigarette Users: the Potential Role of Metals.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are a source of metals. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence support that metals are toxic to the cardiovascular system. Little is known, however, about the role that e-cig metals may play as toxicants for the possible cardiovascular effects of e-cig use. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence on e-cig use and metal exposure and on e-cig use and cardiovascular toxicity and discuss the research needs. In vitro studies show cytotoxicity and increased oxidative stress in myocardial cells and vascular endothelial cells exposed to e-liquids and e-cig aerosols, with effects partially reversed with antioxidant treatment. There is some evidence that the heating coil plays a role in cell toxicity. Mice exposed to e-cigs for several weeks showed higher levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, platelet activation, and thrombogenesis. Cross-over clinical experiments show e-cig use alters nitric oxide–mediated flow-mediated dilation, endothelial progenitor cells, and arterial stiffness. Cross-sectional evidence from large nationally representative samples in the USA support that e-cig use is associated with self-reported myocardial infarction. Smaller studies found associations of e-cig use with higher oxidized low-density protein and heart variability compared to healthy controls. Numerous studies have measured elevated levels of toxic metals in e-cig aerosols including lead, nickel, chromium, and manganese. Arsenic has been measured in some e-liquids. Several of these metals are well known to be cardiotoxic. Numerous studies show that e-cigs are a source of cardiotoxic metals. Experimental studies (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies) show acute toxicity of e-cigs to the vascular system. Studies of long-term toxicity in animals and humans are missing. Longitudinal studies with repeated measures of metal exposure and subclinical cardiovascular outcomes (e.g., coronary artery calcification) could contribute to determine the long-term cardiovascular effects of e-cigs and the potential role of metals in those effects.
Development of a one-dimensional model of a closed thermosiphon for cooling a spent-fuel pool

Abstract Using closed thermosiphons for cooling the spent-fuel pools of nuclear power plants requires calculation tools for simulating the thermal performance of long thermosiphons. The ability of the computer program THERESA to simulate the thermal performance of a vertical thermosiphon with water as the working fluid has been investigated. THERESA was used for simulating a cylindrical thermosiphon with a one-meter-long evaporator and a 32-mm inside diameter. The condenser section had the same inside diameter and a length of 0.5 m. Modelling the long thermosiphons of the type required to span the distance from the spent-fuel pool to the atmosphere requires that the effects of hydrostatic pressure in the evaporator and the pressure drop in the vapor between the evaporator and condenser sections be correctly simulated. The input data to THERESA are the outside wall temperatures of the evaporator and condenser. The thermal resistances between these two surfaces consist of conduction through the walls, the thermal resistance due to vapor-pressure drop in the adiabatic section between the evaporator and the condenser, and the various modes of heat transfer in the liquid phase of the working fluid. The heat transfer in the liquid of the condenser was simulated by a mixture of drop-wise and film-wise condensation. The heat transfer in the evaporator was simulated by a mixture of natural convection, nucleate boiling, and film boiling. After simulating the thermal resistances, THERESA solves for the heat-transfer rate of the thermosiphon. The simulation results were compared with data from experiments with steady-state boundary conditions. The trends in the experimentally derived heat-transfer coefficients as a function of heat-transfer rate were used to identify the type of phenomena that dominate the processes in the evaporator and the condenser. Additional insight into the instabilities occurring during these experiments led to new methods for calculating the heat-transfer coefficients in THERESA. The number of various heat-transfer phenomena simulated in THERESA was reduced to those with the trends that matched the trends in the experimental data. The heat-transfer coefficients for those dominant phenomena were modified in order to represent a time-averaged value over an entire instability cycle. Empirical constants for the modifications were obtained from the experimentally derived values.
Audit partner identification and audit quality

This paper studies the effects of disclosing the audit engagement partner’s identity on individual and partnership incentives and overall audit quality. We model a collective decision problem, incorporating individual engagement partners’ preferences with the partnership’s choice of internal quality control. In our model, disclosure of the individual engagement partner (on Form AP) influences the probability that clients observe individual partners’ past performance. While Form AP disclosure increases individual partners’ incentives to provide high-quality audits for a given level of internal quality control within the partnership, it may simultaneously decrease the partnership’s incentives to maintain good internal quality control systems, leading to a net degradation in audit quality. Our paper also demonstrates that the level of external audit oversight is critical in determining whether Form AP disclosure enhances audit quality.
The Willardian Corpus

Dallas Willard's five monographs devoted to Christian spirituality constitute a unified body of work that together present a comprehensive account of the nature and means of spiritual formation in ...
Resilience Justice and Community-Based Green and Blue Infrastructure

The environmental conditions of Black and Brown neighborhoods manifest systemic injustices that replicate and reinforce the marginalization, oppression, and persistent and multi-faceted vulnerabilities of these communities. Particularly, low-income communities of color have inequitably less and worse green and blue infrastructure, such as parks and green spaces, trees, and restored waterways. These conditions make marginalized communities disproportionately more vulnerable to disturbances and changes, such as climate change, health crises, pollution releases, disasters, economic shocks, and social and political upheaval. Even when governments or private actors invest in more or better green and blue infrastructure in marginalized communities, the result is green gentrification and displacement, due to the intersection of systems of racism, inequality, and vulnerability. Resilience justice is a new way of thinking about the justice of community resilience/vulnerability and the resilience of marginalized and oppressed communities. Resilience justice goes beyond specific harms and threats addressed by environmental, disaster, and climate justice concepts; it instead focuses on community adaptive capacities and vulnerabilities to shocks and changes. This article describes the conceptual foundations and framework of resilience justice developed by the University of Louisville Resilience Justice Project, as well as the results of the Project’s many empirical studies. The creation of co-governance systems of shared power between government and low-income communities of color is proposed as a set of institutional reforms that focus on building community capacities, power, resources, and inclusion – not mere participation – in governance. The article then explores issues in the design of co-governance systems and the features of co-governance that are necessary to advance resilience justice among low-income communities of color.
The unexplored role of preferential flow in soil carbon dynamics

Abstract Water is a crucial factor controlling the fate and processing of soil organics. Water commonly flows through the vadose zone via preferential flow pathways, resulting in nonuniform and rapid infiltration. Hence, a large portion of the soil matrix is bypassed. Preferential flow paths, often associated with well-connected macropore networks (>300 μm O), offer a unique balance between water availability, nutrient delivery, and re-oxygenation upon drainage. The heightened concentrations of moisture, nutrients, and oxygen make these locations optimal for high rates of microbial activity. Flow paths often display temporal stability. This stability results in repeated wetting and biogeochemical reactivation through time creating a lasting impact on micro-environmental conditions relevant to microbial functioning and carbon cycling in soil. Despite decades of research on preferential flow, there is still a need to link flow paths and the resultant heterogeneous moisture distributions to soil function. In this review, we discuss how preferential flow can serve as a framework of reference for the spatially and temporally heterogeneous biogeochemical cycling of soil carbon. We highlight the importance of combining current knowledge of pore-scale carbon dynamics with an appreciation of connected networks of hydraulically active pores/paths within the soil profile. Such combination opens new possibilities for upscaling pore-scale processes with the inclusion of resource heterogeneity at the macroscale. Working within this hydraulically connected framework can provide insight for the mechanistic representation of hot moments, which are temporally isolated large pulses of CO2 after rewetting or thawing events. We conclude with suggestions on knowledge gaps and stress the critical need of linking soil physics with biology to mechanistically understand soil functions.
Maternal cardiology team: How to build and why it is necessary

Abstract The Maternal Cardiology Team otherwise known as “The Heart Team” was initially defined by Cardio Thoracic Surgery specialists prior to the emerging field of Cardio Obstetrics. Sub Specialists of multiple disciplines form this team, and all contribute to the intricate and thoughtful plan of care for all known Pregnant Cardiac Patients during pregnancy and delivery. In 2015, data was published in the USA from the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on Pregnancy Related Mortality between 2006 and 2010. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) was reported as the number one indirect cause for Maternal Death in the USA. A more focused analysis of this same CDC data between 2000 and 2014 revealed that Maternal Deaths more than doubled in the USA. A real racial disparity, blacks dying the most regardless of maternal age group was found. Clearly, a national need to mobilize key leaders to develop the field of Cardio Obstetrics was recognized and established. Part of this was the development of the Pregnancy Heart Team, a model that aligns with the August 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) where a multidisciplinary pregnancy heart team is described.
An untapped resource: characteristics of thrombus recovered from intermediate or high risk pulmonary embolus patients.

Abstract Introduction Response to anticoagulation varies during management of acute hospitalized pulmonary embolism. We aimed to study thrombus histology in pulmonary embolism samples removed during acute surgical embolectomy to evaluate whether thrombus morphology was similar between patients and whether there was an association with duration of symptoms and/or resolution on follow up imaging. Methods This was a retrospective observational single center study at the University of Rochester Medical Center. We evaluated patients that underwent acute surgical embolectomy and followed up in our clinic 2-4 months after the event with Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) scan obtained for all regardless of symptoms. Thromboemboli were formalin fixed and processed for light microscopy in the hospital histopathology laboratory. Four-micron thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, and Verhoeff elastic tissue stains. Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-CD31 and anti-CD68. Slides were independently evaluated for time-dependent microscopic changes using Irniger's classification by two blinded pathologists. Results Sixteen patients underwent embolectomy with fifteen having V/Q imaging at follow up. The majority of patients were female. Samples showed a generally similar overall architecture that included a central core composed primarily of red blood cells and fibrin and an outer layer of platelets and monocytes. Two samples had evidence of fibrosis and recanalization. Conclusions We found heterogeneous histopathology in samples obtained during acute embolectomy. Further prospective studies should systematically characterize clot morphology and evaluate treatment response and outcomes. Careful thrombus specimen measurement and consistent sampling for sections will be required to draw firm conclusions.
Discontinuous Triplet Decoding with or without Re-Pairing by Peptidyl tRNA

Virtually all tRNAs are known or predicted from their DNA sequence to have seven-base anticodon loops. If natural, functional tRNAs with eight or nine-base anticodon loops exist, they may cause frameshifting, like their mutant counterparts, whether or not they also participate in triplet decoding. Recoding due to re-pairing has only recently been discovered, and it is certain that surprises lie ahead. Nevertheless, some tentative generalization of the available data on re-pairing at overlapping sites seems warranted. The +1 frameshifting uses a single shift site and offers the opportunity for regulation. In at least one case, regulation works through competition for the downstream codon, so as to sense some biochemical state. Even when the downstream codon is not used for this purpose, tandem shift codons are not used. In contrast, efficient —1 frameshifting uses tandem shift sites. Regulation is not seen, and both pre-slip A and P sites are occupied by tRNA generating the efficient double shift mechanism. Using this mechanism, weak pre-slip A site pairing seems to be important, although there is surprising latitude in repairing. An interesting issue is whether the absence to date of tandem +1 shifts is fortuitous and, if not, the reason for their absence. Several cases of programed frameshifting use more than one stimulatory signal. The +1 frameshifting often utilizes a 5' stimulator, whereas efficient —1 frameshifting often uses a stimulator 3' to the site.
Utilizing Discourse in the Development of Strategic Readers in the Content Areas

The impetus behind the design and implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) was to establish nationwide criteria in preparing students to be college or career ready by the end of hig...
Making Religion Safe for Democracy: Transformation from Hobbes to Tocqueville

Does the toleration of liberal democratic society mean that religious faiths are left substantively intact, so long as they respect the rights of others? Or do liberal principles presuppose a deeper transformation of religion? Does life in democratic society itself transform religion? In Making Religion Safe for Democracy, J. Judd Owen explores these questions by tracing a neglected strand of Enlightenment political thought that presents a surprisingly unified reinterpretation of Christianity by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Thomas Jefferson. Owen then turns to Alexis de Tocqueville's analysis of the effects of democracy on religion in the early United States. Tocqueville finds a religion transformed by democracy in a way that bears a striking resemblance to what the Enlightenment thinkers sought, while offering a fundamentally different interpretation of what is at stake in that transformation. Making Religion Safe for Democracy offers a novel framework for understanding the ambiguous status of religion in modern democratic society.
A Comparison of the PS1 Polypeptide Organization of Soybean and the Cyanobacterium, Anacystisnidulans

The macromolecular complexes of PS1 in cyanobacteria share many structural features with their counterparts in higher plants (1,2). As an example, there is a high degree of sequence indentity among psaA, psaB, and psaC genes from a variety of sources (3,4), underscoring an implied functional similarity. However, the periferal features of these complexes, those most susceptible to evolutionary, environmental, and stress-related constraints, are not the same. No LHC1 component has yet been resolved from cyanobacteria, for example, and it is likely that significant differences also exist in peptides which regulate the lateral interactions of the PS1 core with other membrane-bound polypeptides.
Declaration Criticizing Government's Proposed Remedies in Microsoft Case

This is an examination of the government's proposed remedy in the microsoft case. It was performed for the Association of Competitive Technology. Although a breakup along business lines might be thought to be relatively low cost as breakups go, government imposed restrictions on trade, and its capricious division of products are likley to reduce competition in several markets and lower the quality of products from the two microsoft components. The cliamed benefits would be inconsistent with the government's theory in the case.
Concluding reflections on “Leadership for learning in the context of social justice

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to reflect on and respond to the papers contained in this Special Issue of Journal of Educational Administration.Design/methodology/approach – A commentary is provided for each of the nine articles in the Special Issue.Findings – The papers in the Special Issue constitute a substantial and important contribution toward incorporating international perspectives into an existing research discourse on educational leadership for social justice. One of the immediate challenges that will need to be addressed is how to systematically work against the hegemony of Western thought and colonialism that infiltrates all our discourses, even those that generate scholarship such as that found in this Special Issue.Originality/value – The paper reflects on the current Special Issue, and provides directions for future research.
Analyst Disagreement, Forecast Bias and Stock Returns

We present evidence of inefficient information processing in equity markets by documenting that biases in analysts' earnings forecasts are reflected in stock prices. In particular, we show that investors fail to fully account for optimistic bias associated with analyst disagreement. This bias arises for two reasons. First, analysts issue more optimistic forecasts when earnings are uncertain. Second, analysts with sufficiently low earnings expectations who choose to keep quiet introduce an optimistic bias in the mean reported forecast that is increasing in the underlying disagreement. Indicators of the missing negative opinions predict earnings surprises and stock returns. By selling stocks with high analyst disagreement institutions exert correcting pressure on prices.
Prime Implicants, Minimum Covers, and the Complexity of Logic Simplification

We show that any Boolean function f which can be expressed in a sum-of-products form using m product terms can contain as many as 2m− 1 implicants but no more.
Motivators of and Barriers to Engagement in Healthy Eating Behaviors among non-Hispanic Black Adults

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if non-Hispanic Black adults’ levels of endorsement of motivators and barriers related to healthy eating are significantly associated with their level of engagement in healthy eating and their perceived importance of healthy eating and if these investigated variables differ by gender, income, and/or age.
Dopamine-modulated potassium channels on rat striatal neurons: specific activation and cellular expression

We have used cell-attached patch-clamp electrophysiology to characterize the activation and distribution of an 85 pS K+ channel on freshly dissociated rat striatal (caudate-putamen) neurons. In recordings from 643 cells, openings of this channel showed an absolute dependence on the presence of dopamine or the D2-like dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole in the cell-attached patch pipette, but were never seen when the D2 antagonist domperidone was applied along with quinpirole, or in the absence of drug. This channel displayed inward rectification at depolarized membrane potentials, but its activation was otherwise voltage insensitive. It was largely restricted to a subset of dissociated cells with diameters > or = 10 microns, with channel openings seen in about 25% of patches. When present, there were typically multiple channels per patch. Cells of this size were immunocytochemically stained for neuron-specific enolase but not glial fibrillary acidic protein; about 40% were also labeled for gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and about 60% for NADPH diaphorase, with GABAergic cells displaying a shape most similar to that of cells expressing the channel. A large number of distinct types of other channels were also present, comprising inwardly rectifying channels of 5–35 pS conductance and voltage-activated channels of 100–250 pS, but the frequencies of occurrence and fractional open times of these channels were independent of the presence or absence of dopaminergic agonists. Thus, the 85 pS K+ channel uniquely requires activation by a D2-like dopamine receptor on rat striatal neurons, and is selectively expressed by a subset of these cells, which are most likely to be GABAergic neurons.