cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission of Potato Purple Top Phytoplasma to Potato Tubers and Daughter Plants

In 2006, 2007, and 2008, Alturas, Russet Burbank, FL1867, FL1879, Russet Norkotah, Ranger Russet, Shepody, and Umatilla Russet potatoes were planted at a research farm near Moxee, WA. Plants were allowed to become infested with native populations of the beet leafhopper which are known vectors of the Columbia Basin potato purple top phytoplasma, a member of phytoplasma group 16SrVI, in this region. Symptomatic plants were tested by PCR for the presence of the phytoplasma and positive plants were identified with flags. Tubers were harvested from positive plants and tested for the presence of phytoplasma. A subset of phytoplasma-positive tubers was planted in a greenhouse and the resulting daughter plants were tested for phytoplasma. The frequency of tuber transmission ranged from 4% to 96% among the eight cultivars over the 3 year period. Transmission of the phytoplasma from infected tubers to daughter plants ranged from 0% to 50% depending upon cultivar and year. In two of the 3 years, Russet Burbank showed the lowest rate of tuber transmission among the eight cultivars. Across the eight cultivars an average of 22%, 15%, and 16% of infected tubers gave rise to infected daughter plants in 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively.
The Assassination of John F. Kennedy: A Historical Perspective

(1982). The Assassination of John F. Kennedy: A Historical Perspective. The Historian: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
Inmate Recidivism as a Measure of Private Prison Performance

The growth of the private corrections industry has elicited interest in the comparative performance of state and private prisons. One way to measure the service quality of private prisons is to examine inmates' postrelease performance. Current empirical evidence is limited to four studies, all conducted in Florida. This analysis replicates and adds to the Florida measures in a different state and enhances previous methods. It uses data for a large cohort of Oklahoma state prison inmates released between 1997 and 2001. Controlling for known covariates, multivariate survival analysis revealed comparative rates of reincarceration for inmates in multiple exposure and comparison groups. These results are unique among prior studies on this topic; private prison inmates had a greater hazard of recidivism in all eight models tested, six of which were statistically significant. Finding no empirical support for claims of superior service from private corrections, the authors discuss policy implications and prospect...
Alkylamides that produce tingling paresthesia activate tactile and thermal trigeminal neurons.

Alkylamides isolated from the fruit of Xanthoxylum, Szechuan pepper, produce a strong tingling sensation in the mouth. In order to determine the peripheral basis of this sensation, extracellular nerve recordings were obtained from the lingual nerve of rats. The primary pungent compound, hydroxy-α-sanshool (HO-α-S), altered the levels of spontaneous activity in cool-sensitive fibers as well as inducing activity in tactile fibers, cold nociceptors and silent fibers that were insensitive to innocuous thermal or tactile stimuli. Moreover, tactile or thermal sensitivity was induced in fibers that were initially insensitive to touch or cooling. The neuronal distribution of sensitivities to capsaicin and to HO-α-S indicate that this compound affects neurons mediating innocuous sensations. HO-α-S may be useful as a model stimulus for studies of paresthesia.
Electron and phonon interactions with two-level-tunneling systems in the high- T c superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ and in niobium

We have measured ultrasonic velocity changes with temperature (T\ensuremath{\le}1 K) to study two-level-tunneling systems (TLS) interactions with electrons and with phonons in the high-${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ superconductor ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ and in a niobium compact. In ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, at T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, TLS relaxation is dominated by conduction electrons, as in normal metallic glasses. In niobium, at T\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, this relaxation is dominated by phonons, as in other disordered, conventional superconductors. We also review recent specific-heat measurements in light of these results.
EUS-guided FNA.

A decade has passed since the introduction of EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA), and 6 years have passed since the last technology assessment in this journal. Most major medical centers, especially those with significant oncologic patient populations, now have access to this procedure. EUS-FNA is now frequently incorporated into the management algorithms of patients with suspected mediastinal or abdominal neoplasms. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidenced-based assessment of EUSFNA.
Evidence that the WNT-inducible growth arrest-specific gene 1 encodes an antagonist of sonic hedgehog signaling in the somite

The dorsal–ventral polarity of the somite is controlled by antagonistic signals from the dorsal neural tube/surface ectoderm, mediated by WNTs, and from the ventral notochord, mediated by sonic hedgehog (SHH). Each factor can act over a distance greater than a somite diameter in vitro, suggesting they must limit each other's actions within their own patterning domains in vivo. We show here that the growth-arrest specific gene 1 (Gas1), which is expressed in the dorsal somite, is induced by WNTs and encodes a protein that can bind to SHH. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Gas1 in presomitic cells attenuates the response of these cells to SHH in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that GAS1 functions to reduce the availability of active SHH within the dorsal somite.
The Public Costs of Births Resulting from Unintended Pregnancies: National and State‐Level Estimates

CONTEXT: Births resulting from unintended pregnancies are associated with substantial maternity and infant care costs to the federal and state governments; these costs have never been estimated at the national and state levels. METHODS: The proportions of births paid for by public insurance programs in 2006 were estimated by pregnancy intention status using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and similar state surveys or were predicted by multivariate linear regression. Public costs were calculated using state-level estimates of the number of births by intention status and of the cost of a publicly funded birth. RESULTS: In 2006 64% of births resulting from unintended pregnancies were publicly funded compared with 48% of all births and 35% of births resulting from intended pregnancies. The proportion of births resulting from unintended pregnancies that were publicly funded varied by state from 42% to 81%. Of the 2.0 million publicly funded births 51% resulted from unintended pregnancies accounting for $11.1 billion in costs-half of the total public expenditures on births. In seven states the costs for births from unintended pregnancies exceeded a half billion dollars. CONCLUSIONS: Public insurance programs are central in assisting American families in affording pregnancy and childbirth; however they pay for a disproportionately high number of births resulting from unintended pregnancy. The resulting budgetary impact warrants increased public efforts to reduce unintended pregnancy. Copyright (c) 2011 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Who Says What on the Arabic Internet? Notes About Content of Arabic Internet Messages

ABSTRACT The internet has changed the nature of public communication and dialogue in the Arab world. This paper introduces notes and observations about the types of messages that are exchanged over the Arabic internet, about the characteristics of the creators of these messages, and the effects of these messages. These notes should guide content analysis, survey, and qualitative research concerned with examining the content of Arabic internet messages.
Behavioral and tissue responses of male guinea pigs to estrogens and the problem of hormone specificity.

THE specificity of the relationship between gonadal hormones and the responses they elicit has been discussed by investigators interested in the action of gonadal hormones on the adult (1, 2), from the standpoint of the role of gonadal hormones on the development of fetal structures (3, 4, 5, 6), and by students of reproductive behavior (7, 8, 9). Rejection of the view that ovarian hormones stimulate only female characters and that testicular hormones stimulate only male sex characters (10, 11, 12) has been general by investigators interested in the response of adult tissues to gonadal hormones. In its place the hypothesis of an organ or tissue specificity has been proposed (1, 2, 6). Among those who have investigated the role of gonadal hormones on sexual differentiation, there is disagreement. Moore (3, 4), noting that androgens stimulated female components to grow and that male ducts were stimulated by estrogens, rejected the concept of specificity in response to hormones during development. Burns (5, ...
Early lifestage exposure and potential developmental susceptibility to tetrachloroethylene.

BACKGROUND: Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene or “perc”, is a highly volatile and lipophilic solvent widely used in dry cleaning, textile processing, and metal-cleaning operations. The limited epidemiological and toxicological data available for exposure to perc during developmental lifestages, as well as the evidence for critical windows of exposure, highlight early life as a period of potential susceptibility. METHODS: A literature search was performed to identify all peer-reviewed epidemiological and toxicologial studies examining outcomes from early lifestage exposure to perc, and reviewed by developmental stage for both exposure and outcome. RESULTS: Exposure scenarios to perc unique to early lifestages include transplacental and breast milk intake, along with inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure. Toxicokinetics factors that may influence early lifestage susceptibility to perc, along with existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, are described. Adverse outcomes examined include: reproductive outcomes examined prior to conception including reduced fertility, adverse effects on sperm, or altered reproductive hormones; prenatal outcomes examined after exposure prior to conception or prenatally including fetal death, birth defects, and decreased birth weight; postnatal outcomes examined after exposure prior to conception, prenatally, or during childhood including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cancer, hepatotoxicity, congential anomalies and mortality; and adult schizophrenia examined after exposure prior to conception. CONCLUSIONS: The limited evidence on early lifestage exposure to perc does not provide sufficient evidence of this sensitive period as being more or less important than exposure at a later lifestage, such as during adulthood. However, there are a number of adverse health effects observed uniquely in early lifestages, and increased sensitivity to visual system deficits is suggested in children. Other outcomes observed in adults may not have been adequately assessed in children to directly compare sensitivity. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:50–65, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A proposal for the biosynthesis of the clavulones, a new family of eicosanoids

The biosynthesis of the newly discovered clavulones is suggested to proceed from arachidonic acid by a novel pathway, outlined in chart I, involving an unbroken series of 10 free radical intermediates and an uptake of 3 O2 molecules.
Sustainable Development: A New World Deception

The term "sustainable development" began a rapid spread with the release in 1987 of a United Nations report titled Our Common Future, now generally referred to as the Bruntland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). In the report, sustainable development was defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
Temporal patterns of activity in a small flock of Merino sheep as determined by an automatic recording technique.

Abstract Data were collected, for 20 consecutive days, on activity patterns in Merino wethers in an outdoor experiment conducted in early summer. A bimodal frequency distribution was found in respect to the activity pattern. Eating and drinking were the principal activities apart from walking between the food and water sources which were 3·2 km apart. Long periods of each day were devoted to idling. Onset of activity was found to be highly correlated with sunrise but cessation of activity showed no relationship with sunset. The relation of these observations to behaviour of free-ranging sheep is discussed.
Orthogonal harmonie analysis and scaling of fractal measures

Abstract We show that certain iteration systems lead to fractal measures admitting exact orthogonal harmonic analysis.
Beam and target alignment at the National Ignition Facility using the Target Alignment Sensor (TAS)

The requirements for beam and target alignment for successful ignition experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are stringent: the average of beams to the target must be within 25 μm. Beam and target alignment are achieved with the Target Alignment Sensor (TAS). The TAS is a precision optical device that is inserted into target chamber center to facilitate both beam and target alignment. It incorporates two camera views (upper/lower and side) mounted on each of two stage assemblies (jaws) to view and align the target. It also incorporates a large mirror on each of the two assemblies to reflect the alignment beams onto the upper/lower cameras for beam alignment. The TAS is located in the chamber using reference features by viewing it with two external telescope views. The two jaws are adjusted in elevation to match the desired beam and target alignment locations. For some shot setups, a sequence of TAS positions is required to achieve the full setup and alignment. In this paper we describe the TAS, the characterization of the TAS coordinates for beam and target alignment, and summarize pointing shots that demonstrate the accuracy of beam-target alignment.
High-frequency core loss characteristics of amorphous magnetic alloy

The characteristics of core losses from 10 kHz to 225 kHz of an amorphous magnetic metal are investigated, including the effect of temperature and driving waveforms. Comparisons with other commonly used magnetic materials are also given.
High resolution electron microscope studies of the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system

Abstract The incommensuration of two high Tc Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O compounds has been investigated by electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy. The results suggest discommensuration rather than sinusoidal modulation of the atomic positions.
Die Polyacrylnitril‐Faser

Die in USA als „Orlon” angekundigte Polyacylnitril-Faser wurde in Deutschland entwickelt. Ihre vorzuglichen Eigenschaften werden sie, bei einer normalen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, zu einer der wichtigsten Kunstfasern machen.
Are endocrine disruptors among the causes of the deterioration of aquatic biodiversity

Exposure to environmental pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) is now taken into account to explain partially the biodiversity decline of aquatic ecosystems. Much research has demonstrated that EDCs can adversely affect the endocrine system, reproductive health, and immune function in aquatic species. These toxicological effects include 1) interference with normal hormonal synthesis, release, and transport, 2) impairment of growth, development, and gonadal maturation, and 3) increased sensitivity to environmental stressors. Recent studies also have confirmed that EDCs have carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. In essence, these changes in physiological and biochemical parameters reflect, to some extent, some phenotypic characteristics of the deterioration of aquatic biodiversity. At present, evidence at the molecular level shows that exposure to EDCs can trigger genotoxicity, such as DNA damage, and can reduce genetic diversity. Field studies have also provided more direct evidence that EDCs contribute to the population decrease and biodiversity decline. Evolutionary toxicology and multigenerational toxicity tests have further demonstrated that EDCs can damage an organism's offspring and eventually likely lead to loss of evolutionary potential. Taken together, these results provide some basis for understanding the relationship between variety deterioration and EDC exposure. It is conceivable that there is a causal association between EDC exposure and variety deterioration of aquatic organisms.
Effect of prostaglandin endoperoxides and metabolites on bone resorption in vitro

PROSTAGLANDINS are potent bone resorbers1 which have been implicated as mediators of bone loss and hypercalcaemia in disease2–6, but the specific products in the pathway of prostaglandin synthesis and degradation which are responsible have not yet been identified in vivo. Although PGE2 is the most potent stimulator of bone resorption among the prostaglandins thus far tested in vitro1, in animal tumour models, the increase in immunoreactive PGE2 concentrations does not correlate well with the development of hypercalcaemia2. We therefore tested the early products of arachidonic acid metabolism via the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, the prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2 and PGH2) and some of the 13,14-dihydro (H-PGE2 and Ha-PGE2) and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites of prostaglandins (15K-H2-PGE2 and 15K-H-PGF2α) for their effects on the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from cultured foetal rat long bones. The endoperoxides were found to cause a rapid transient increase in the release of previously incorporated 45Ca from bone, but did not stimulate prolonged resorption. H2-PGE2 and H2-PGE1 were almost as potent as the parent compounds. 15K-H2-PGE2 and 15K-H-PGF2α were much less potent, but did stimulate resorption at 10−5 M.
Transition from tunneling to point contact investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

STM has been extensively employed to study topographic and spectroscopic properties of surfaces at approximately constant gap separation ( R t typically ∼10 6 –10 8 Ω). The purpose of the present work is to explore the effects of varying the tip-sample gap separation, s , in a controlled manner over an extended range. Using a newly developed variation of STM ( I-z ) where the “gap” is scanned (corresponding to a variation in R t of 10 5 ) the transition from tunneling to point contact is observed. Monitoring of tip-sample excursions beyond the tunneling regime enables key elements of reversible and irreversible local surface modifications to be identified dynamically. In the case of permanent deformation, the resulting nanostructures can be characterized both topographically and spectroscopically. This technique shows promise for the investigation of adhesion, tribology and interface formation on the nanometer scale.
OPTIMAL GEOMETRY IN EQUILIBRIUM AND GROWTH

We discuss geometric optimization as a mathematical device with which to model several natural processes involving surface free energy.
Imaging myocardial fiber architecture in vivo with magnetic resonance

Methods are presented to image the fiber architecture of the human myocardium in vitro and in vivo. NMR images are obtained of the diffusion anisotropy tensor, indicative of local myofiber orientation. Studies of cardiac necropsy specimens demonstrate classic features of ventricular myoarchitecture including the continuous endocardial to epicardial variation of fiber helix angles (angles to the ventricular circumferential direction) of approximately +1.3 to -1.3 radians. Cross-fiber anisotropy is also observed. In the beating heart, NMR diffusion data must be corrected for the effects of myocardial deformation during the cardiac cycle. This correction can be performed using an independent MRI method to map the strain-rate tensor field of the myocardium through time. Combining fiber orientation with local myocardial strain rate, local rates of myocardial fiber shortening may be computed.
Virtue, Knowledge, and Wickedness

Is it possible for a person to understand that what he proposes to do is morally wrong and yet prefer to do it nonetheless? I shall argue that wickedness consists in a defect of character that results in one's often having just such preferences. Yet many philosophers think that wickedness so conceived is impossible, because, for them, having such a preference is incompatible with believing, or at least knowing, that the act would be wrong.
Low-dose ethanol alters the cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory compensation for severe blood loss.

Background: Compensation for hemorrhage and shock requires coordination of responses and sufficient physiologic reserve capacity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and neuroendocrine systems. Intake of ethanol (EtOH) is known to degrade physiologic response to stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate how acute EtOH exposure changes responses to severe blood loss, shock, and resuscitation. Methods: Conscious male Duncan Hartley guinea pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection of either EtOH (1 g/kg) or an equal volume of water 30 minutes before controlled hemorrhage (60% blood volume), resuscitated after 30 minutes of hypovolemia with a lactated Ringer's solution volume equal to that of the shed blood volume, and observed for 24 hours. Hemodynamic (heart rate, arterial blood pressure), clinical laboratory (arterial blood gases, glucose, lactate, hematocrit), and metabolic gas exchange (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production) indicators of shock were monitored. Results: Of the animals that survived 24 hours, changes in arterial pH and lactate were significantly greater in the experiment group than in the control group. Mortality at 24 hours was 77% in the experiment group (EtOH-treated) and 42% (p = 0.39) in the control group (water-treated). Conclusion: Acute EtOH exposure, with blood EtOH concentration similar to legal intoxication levels, limits physiologic reserve during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. In survivors of shock and resuscitation, compensation is compromised and physiologic reserve is adversely affected by acute EtOH intake.
Voronoi-cell finite difference method for accurate electronic structure calculation of polyatomic molecules on unstructured grids

We introduce a new numerical grid-based method on unstructured grids in the three-dimensional real-space to investigate the electronic structure of polyatomic molecules. The Voronoi-cell finite difference (VFD) method realizes a discrete Laplacian operator based on Voronoi cells and their natural neighbors, featuring high adaptivity and simplicity. To resolve multicenter Coulomb singularity in all-electron calculations of polyatomic molecules, this method utilizes highly adaptive molecular grids which consist of spherical atomic grids. It provides accurate and efficient solutions for the Schrodinger equation and the Poisson equation with the all-electron Coulomb potentials regardless of the coordinate system and the molecular symmetry. For numerical examples, we assess accuracy of the VFD method for electronic structures of one-electron polyatomic systems, and apply the method to the density-functional theory for many-electron polyatomic molecules.
NewVision: A Program for Interactive Navigation and Analysis of Multiple 3-D Data Sets Using Coordinated Virtual Cameras

Abstract We describe “NewVision”, a program designed for rapid interactive display, sectioning, and comparison of multiple large three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions. User tools for navigating within large 3-D data sets and selecting local subvolumes for display, combined with view caching, fast integer interpolation, and background tasking, provide highly interactive viewing of arbitrarily sized data sets on Silicon Graphics systems ranging from simple workstations to supercomputers. Multiple windows, each showing different views of the same 3-D data set, are coordinated through mapping of local coordinate systems to a single global world coordinate system. Mapping to a world coordinate system allows quantitative measurements from any open window as well as creation of linked windows in which operations such as panning, zooming, and 3-D rotations of the viewing perspective in any one window are mirrored by corresponding transformations in the views shown in other linked windows. The specific example of tracing 3-D fiber trajectories is used to demonstrate the potential of the linked window concept. A global overview of NewVision's design and organization is provided, and future development directions are briefly discussed.
Trichogramma Brassicae and SLAM®, an Integrated Approach to Managing European Corn Borer and Corn Rootworms

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae); western corn rootworm (WCRW), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte; and northern corn rootworm (NCRW), Diabrotica barberi (Smith & Lawrence) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are important pests of corn, Zea mays L., that occur simultaneously in the US Corn Belt. Areawide management strategies for northern and western corn rootworm in Iowa, Kansas, South Dakota, Illinois, and Indiana, and for the Mexican strain in Texas, use SLAM®, which contains cucurbitacin, a feeding stimulant, and a small amount of the insecticide carbaryl. This management strategy is environmentally sound because it introduces a substantially lesser amount of chemical insecticide into the environment than prophylactic soil insecticide applications for WCRW management. To develop a management program for both corn pests, the compatibility of SLAM® to control CRW, along with a biological agent to manage European corn borer, was investigated. Laboratory studies were conducted using the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). In experiments in which SLAM® and T. brassicae were evaluated as components of a management system, SLAM® did not affect parasitism or parasitoid emergence rates. Trichogramma brassicae displayed vigorous biotic fitness, emergence rates, sex ratios, and fecundity over the duration of the study. Data collected under these laboratory conditions indicated that SLAM® had no adverse effect on the quality of T. brassicae, indicated by its ability to reproduce in the filial generation.
Effects of 5'-adenylic acid on firefly luciferase.

Abstract Under the normal assay conditions (at pH 8.0), where only yellow-green light is emitted, 5′-adenylic acid (AMP) is a competitive inhibitor of luciferase with respect to one of its substrates, MgATP. However, AMP serves as a competitive activator of the yellow-green light emission and a noncompetitive inhibitor of the red light emission at pH 6.5 or below. The activation appears to be specific for AMP. Other nucleotides tested were all ineffective. Luciferase has one MgATP site and one ATP site per molecular weight of 100,000. The MgATP site can also bind ATP but the ATP site cannot bind MgATP. This latter site, the ATP site, seems to be the site involved in the AMP activation. The competitive nature of activation suggests that a conformational change occurs in luciferase at pH 6.5 in the presence of AMP. This was demonstrated by comparing optical rotatory dispersion curves of luciferase in the presence and absence of AMP at pH 6.5. Since luciferase is in the monomeric state (mol wt 50,000) under these experimental conditions, it is suggested that both the MgATP site and the ATP site are located on one of the monomers.
The unfolding drama of flower development: recent results from genetic and molecular analyses.

There has been an explosion of information about flower development recently, largely because of genetic and molecular studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhihum majus. A number of homeotic genes have been identified that regulate flower development, and models have been proposed for the specification of meristem and floral organ identities. Molecular cloning of many of these genes has allowed the testing of specific predictions of the models but also has led to modifications of a floral organ identity model. Furthermore, several of the floral genes contain a conserved region, the MADS box, which encodes a domain with striking sequence similarity with known transcription factors from human and yeast. Additional MADS box genes have been isolated from several plants; these genes are likely to play important regulatory roles during flower development. The genetic and molecular studies have uncovered many of the components of a complex network of regulatory proteins that directs flower development. Further characterization of these and other yet to be discovered components promises to contribute a great deal to our understanding of the mechanisms controlling flower development. Flowering plants, like other land plants, have vegetative organs such as roots, stems, and leaves, which absorb nutrients and water from the soil, transport them to other parts of the plant, and synthesize organic compounds using the sun's energy. In addition, flowering plants produce elaborate reproductive structures, the flowers, which, following fertilization, become fruits and bear seeds. From the seasoned gardener to the casual observer, from the naturalist to the florist shopper, people have always been fascinated by the enormous variety of flowers, ranging from 2 mm to > 10 cm in length, covering the whole visual spectrum with their colors, and differing in the arrangement of flowers and the symmetry within a flower. How do flowers develop? What genes regulate this complex process? In recent years, rapid advances have been made in addressing these questions, largely as a result of genetic and molecular studies in two distantly related flowering plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, a relative of cauliflower and cabbage, and the snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.
Octahedral Metal Carbonyls. XXXVI1 Direct Evidence for the Ring-Opening Mechanism: Substitution Reactions of 2, 2, 8. 8-tetramethyl-3, 7-dithianonanetetracarbonyltungsten (0)

Abstract It has been proposed in many instances that substitution reactions of (L2)M(CO)4 and related complexes (L2 = chelating bidentate ligand; M = Cr, Mo, W), proceed, at least in part, via a ring-opening mechanism (2):1,3–5 The rate law (3) is obtained under the assumption of a steady-state concentration of (2-a): Under reaction conditions usually employed (large excess of L'), the pseudo first-order rate constant, k obsd, is, and the “reciprocal relationship”, is applicable. Based on Eq. 4, for k −1 ≈ k 2, plots of k obsd vs. [L'] should exhibit complex behavior, limiting second-order behaviour at low [L'] and limiting first-order behaviour at high [L']. The reciprocal plot (Eq. 5) is expected to be linear, with intercept 1/k 1 and slope k −1/k 1 k 2. The observation of such rate behaviour has constituted the main line of evidence in support of the ring-opening mechanism,1,4,5 although activation parameters3 and the “trapping” of ring-opened species (2a)6 have also been invoked in its support.
Rapid efflux of some quaternary ammonium compounds from cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract The quaternary ammonium compounds, N 1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN), hexamethonium, and decamethonium, injected together with inulin into a lateral cerebral ventricle of rabbits, all leave the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) more rapidly than inulin, and therefore more rapidly than can be accounted for by passive filtration alone. The ability of NMN to depress markedly the rates of exit of hexamethonium and decamethonium, without affecting the rate of exit of inulin, suggests that in addition to filtering across the arachnoid villi, the quaternary ammonium compounds leave by a specialized transport process.
Influence of irrigated agriculture on diurnal surface energy and water fluxes, surface climate, and atmospheric circulation in California

The impact of land use change on regional climate can be substantial but also is variable in space and time. Past observational and modeling work suggests that in a ‘Mediterranean’ climate such as in California’s Central Valley, the impact of irrigated agriculture can be large in the dry season but negligible in the wet season due to seasonal variation in surface energy partitioning. Here we report further analysis of regional climate model simulations showing that diurnal variation in the impact of irrigated agriculture on climate similarly reflects variation in surface energy partitioning, as well as smaller changes in net radiation. With conversion of natural vegetation to irrigated agriculture, statistically significant decreases of 4–8 K at 2 m occurred at midday June–September, and small decreases of ~1 K occurred in winter months only in relatively dry years. This corresponded to reduced sensible heat flux of 100–350 W m−2 and increased latent heat fluxes of 200–450 W m−2 at the same times and in the same months. We also observed decreases of up to 1,500 m in boundary layer height at midday in summer months, and marginally significant reductions in surface zonal wind speed in July and August at 19:00 PST. The large decrease in daytime temperature due to shifts in energy partitioning overwhelmed any temperature increase related to the reduced zonal sea breeze. Such changes in climate and atmospheric dynamics from conversion to (or away from) irrigated agriculture could have important implications for regional air quality in California’s Central Valley.
Approximating the conditional distribution of person fit indexes for checking the Rasch model

We present a simple approximation to the conditional distribution of goodness-of-fit statistics for the Rasch model, assuming that the item difficulties are known. The approximation is easily programmed, and gives relatively accurate assessments of conditionalp-values for tests of length 10 or more. A few generalizations are discussed.
Dehiscence of a prosthetic graft nineteen years after coarctation repair

Total dehiscence of a prosthetic graft 19 years after coarctation repair is reported. This resulted in a large false aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta, and at operation, no remnant of the suture material was apparent grossly or microscopically. Long-term follow-up is necessary in order to detect complications of thoracic aortic grafting.
Performing an ethics of entanglement in still present pasts: Korean Americans and the “Forgotten War”

This paper addresses the way in which diasporic Korean artists have addressed the double trauma of the Korean War and the erasure of public memory of the War in the U.S. In particular, it looks at the collaborative project, Still Present Pasts: Korean Americans and “the forgotten War,” a collection of multi-media artworks based on oral histories with Korean War survivors and their children. The paper asks how the project of animating forgotten memories through art and performance can be a form of reparation for “the Forgotten War.”
In Vivo Effects of Prostaglandins on TRH-Induced TSH Secretion

We have tested several prostaglandins (PGs) for effects on basal and TRH-induced TSH secretion in anesthetized female rats. The PGs were given intravenously or were stereotaxically injected directly into the medial basal hypothalamus or anterior pituitary. Plasma TSH levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. PGs A,, Bi, E,, and FlQ were tested at a dose of 20 µg⁄lOOg body wt intravenously and 2 µg⁄rat for stereotaxic injections. At these doses, these PGs were without effect on TSH secretion when given alone. However,all of the PGs potentiatedthe response of the pituitary to subsequently administered TRH. Thiseffect was observed onlyif the PGs were injected directly into the anterior pituitary. When administered intravenously, all the PGs failed to exhibit this effect, and one of them (PGEi) actually inhibited the response to TRH. This appears to be secondary to the cardiovascular effects of the PG that are evident at the dose used intravenously. It is concluded that, in spite of the fact that the PGs can ...
3-D jobs and health disparities: The health implications of latino chicken catchers' working conditions†

Objectives This study uses qualitative data to describe the tasks performed by chicken catchers, their organization of work, and possible health and safety hazards encountered. Methods Twenty-one Latino immigrant chicken catchers for North Carolina poultry-processing plants were interviewed to obtain their perceptions of the job and its hazards. Interviews were recorded and transcribed (n = 10) or detailed notes recorded (n = 11). Transcripts and notes were subjected to qualitative analysis. Results Chicken catching takes place in a highly contaminated and hazardous work environment. The fast pace of work, low level of control over work intensity, and piece rate compensation all result in high potential for work-related injury and illness, including trauma, electrical shock, respiratory effects, musculoskeletal injuries, and drug use. Workers receive little safety or job training. Conclusions Chicken catching is characterized by a work environment and organization of work that promote injury and illness. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:206–215, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the efficacy of pseudo-coordinates—Part 2: moving boundary constraints

Abstract In this paper an argument is presented in favor of utilizing felicitous or natural coordinates in the model formulation of complex hybrid parameter multiple body mechanical systems (HPMBS). Specifically for this paper, HPMBS that consist of continuua that are subjected to spatially and temporally varying non-holonomic boundary conditions. This is the second paper of a two part series of papers that is presented to clarify the novelty and usefulness of a recently developed Gibbs–Appell type projection based HPMBS modeling tool. The purpose of the paper is to show that with the novel use of pseudo-coordinates and speeds (as defined by the author) it is completely natural to provide minimal configuration space dimensionality yet still retain rigorous analytical formulation tractability. Presented in this work, as a demonstrative arguing point, is the development of the hybrid parameter motion equations for a rolling flexible-disk material cutting device. This device consists of a circular flexible continuum (the cutter) along with the requisite mounting rigid hub and handle. This non-holonomically constrained device is modeled executing spatial motion constrained to the plane via moving constraints applied to the boundary of the planar continuum. Also included in this work are numerical results bolstering the claims made herein. These numerical results demonstrate that the methodology elucidated provides low-order models suitable for modeling complicated devices. These low-order models are in contrast to the current modeling trend of ever-increasing degrees of freedom.
Photophysiological responses of Halophila johnsonii to experimental hyposaline and hyper-CDOM conditions

Abstract The endemic seagrass Halophila johnsonii grows intertidally to 3 m deep, in both marine and riverine influenced habitats of eastern Florida. Salinity and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) levels widely fluctuate across this broad habitat range, changing tidally and with variable influx of freshwater from watershed runoff, river discharge and stochastic storm events. CDOM exponentially absorbs light in the UV to blue wavelengths, affecting optical water quality. H. johnsonii produces 15 flavonoid compounds that maximally absorb in the UV range. These flavonoids are thought to function as UV-protectants (UVP) in high-light and UV-intense environments. This mesocosm study examined the photosynthetic capacity, quantum efficiency and pigment content of H. johnsonii under experimental treatments of three salinities (10, 20 and 30) with and without CDOM. Main treatment effects and possible interactive effects at both short- (1 day to 1 week) and longer-term (1 month) time scales were examined. There were no significant CDOM or CDOM x salinity effects over any of the experimental treatment durations. There was 100% mortality of plants at salinity 10 after 10 days regardless of water color. UVP content of leaves was not affected by CDOM in this study, but there was significant variation in UVP in response to salinity. Our results do not support the primary role of UVP in this species as a sunscreen, but indicate that different salinity environments contribute to changes in the levels of these flavonoids. The UVP response to salinity stress response was not mitigated by a decrease in UV-radiation (increased CDOM) as H. johnsonii continued to put energy into the production of the carbon-rich flavonoids regardless of potential UV-stress. The experimental results indicate that prolonged hypo-salinity conditions are an important environmental factor to manage in the limited geographic range of H. johnsonii.
Meiosis I chromosome segregation is established through regulation of microtubule–kinetochore interactions

During meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two consecutive rounds of nuclear divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes segregate, while sister chromatids remain together. Determining how this unusual chromosome segregation behavior is established is central to understanding germ cell development. Here we show that preventing microtubule-kinetochore interactions during premeiotic S phase and prophase I is essential for establishing the meiosis I chromosome segregation pattern. Premature interactions of kinetochores with microtubules transform meiosis I into a mitosis-like division by disrupting two key meiosis I events: coorientation of sister kinetochores and protection of centromeric cohesin removal from chromosomes. Furthermore we find that restricting outer kinetochore assembly contributes to preventing premature engagement of microtubules with kinetochores. We propose that inhibition of microtubule-kinetochore interactions during premeiotic S phase and prophase I is central to establishing the unique meiosis I chromosome segregation pattern.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00117.001.
Effects of mothers' racial socialization and relationship quality on African American youth's school engagement: a profile approach.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between profiles of adolescents reports of theirmothers racial socialization (e.g., racial pride and racial barrier messages) and feelings toward theirmothers parenting (e.g., providing a warm, positive climate; using child-centered strategies) and youthengagement. This research addresses the paucity of literature that examines the impact of mothersparenting as a buffer to declines in school engagement for African American youth. Given that parentingis embedded in a specific cultural niche, this study examines the synergy between racial socialization andmotherchild relationship quality. Engagement outcomes consisted of a participants ability to persist ontaskinthefaceofobstacles(taskpersistence)andtheirinterestandactiveparticipationinclass(academicengagement). Latent profile analysis on the sample of 94 self-identified African American youth (ages1114) revealed three profiles of racial socialization and affective relationship quality. The profiles andtheir associations with adolescent engagement are discussed. The findings support the importance ofexamining racial messages in tandem with broad parenting.Keywords: racial socialization, parenting, person-centered, school engagement, African American
Fabrication and Characterization of Fe-Pd Ferromagnetic Shape-Memory Thin Films

Fe-Pd thin films with approximately 30 at.% Pd have been produced by magnetron sputtering. Various heat treatment conditions were studied in order to obtain the face-centered tetragonal (fct) martensitic phase at room temperature. X-ray diffractometry was used to identify the various phases present at room temperature and the substrate curvature technique was employed to measure film stress as a function of temperature. The shape memory effect was demonstrated in samples containing the fct martensite phase at room temperature.
Risk factors for failure of percutaneous drainage and need for reoperation following symptomatic gastrointestinal anastomotic leak.

Abstract Background Few studies have evaluated the role of computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage (PD) in the management of gastrointestinal (GI) anastomotic leaks. Methods Ten-year review of an interventional radiology database identified patients with symptomatic GI anastomotic leaks. Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, and operative characteristics following a technically successful PD which then failed and required reoperation for anastomotic leak were compared with those successfully treated with PD. Results Sixty-one patients met study inclusion criteria. Fifty patients (82%) successfully underwent therapeutic PD of a perianastomotic fluid collection, with median follow-up of 16 months. Eleven patients (18%), at a median interval of 16 days, required reoperation following PD. A forward logistic regression showed cardiopulmonary disease ( P = .03) and cancer surgery ( P = .01) to be factors independently associated with the need for reoperation. The level of the anastomosis, initial fecal diversion/stoma, fluid collection size, and microbiology of aspirate did not predict failure of PD. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary disease and cancer surgery appear to be independent predictors for failure of PD and need for reoperation following a symptomatic GI anastomotic leak.
Accurate estimation of indoor occupancy using gas sensors

Information about the strength of gas sources in buildings has a number of applications in the area of building automation and control, including temperature and ventilation control, fire detection and security systems. Here we consider the problem of estimating the strength of a gas source in an enclosure when some of the parameters of the gas transport process are unknown. Traditionally, these problems are either solved by Maximum-Likelihood (ML) method which is accurate but computationally intense, or by Recursive Least Squares (RLS, also Kalman) filtering which is simpler but less accurate. In this paper, we suggest a different statistical estimation procedure based on the concept of Method of Moments. We outline techniques that make this procedure computationally efficient and amenable for recursive implementation. We provide a comparative analysis of our proposed method based on experimental results as well as Monte-Carlo simulations. When used with the building control systems, these algorithms can estimate the gaseous strength in a room both quickly and accurately, and can potentially provide improved indoor air quality in an efficient manner.
Thin-Layer Starch-Gel Electrophoresis A Simple, Accurate Method for Characterization and Quantitation of Protein Components

A modification of the starch-gel electrophoresis technic of Smithies is presented,which enables quantitation of the resolved fractions to be carried out with little equipment other than that used for paper electrophoretic fractionation of proteins.A sheet of plastic (Stabilene film) wrapped around a kymograph type drum is evenly coated with starch-gel. The sheet is suspended in an "open strip" Durrum type cell and electrophoresis carried out. After staining with suitable stain to demonstrate proteins, lipids, or other components, the patterns are scanned in a photoelectric densitometer. Results obtained with this procedure show good reproducibility when fractionating solutions of hemoglobin and serum proteins.