cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myosin XI-B is involved in the transport of vesicles and organelles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana

The movement of organelles and vesicles in pollen tubes depends on F-actin. However, the molecular mechanism through which plant myosin XI drives the movement of organelles is still controversial, and the relationship between myosin XI and vesicle movement in pollen tubes is also unclear. In this study, we found that the siliques of the myosin xi-b/e mutant were obviously shorter than those of the wild-type (WT) and that the seed set of the mutant was severely deficient. The pollen tube growth of myosin xi-b/e was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) showed that the velocity of vesicle movement in the pollen tube tip of the myosin xi-b/e mutant was lower than that of the WT. It was also found that peroxisome movement was significantly inhibited in the pollen tubes of the myosin xi-b/e mutant, while the velocities of the Golgi stack and mitochondrial movement decreased relatively less in the pollen tubes of the mutant. The endoplasmic reticulum streaming in the pollen tube shanks was not significantly different between the WT and the myosin xi-b/e mutant. In addition, we found that myosin XI-B-GFP colocalized obviously with vesicles and peroxisomes in the pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that myosin XI-B may bind mainly to vesicles and peroxisomes and drive their movement in pollen tubes. These results also suggest that the mechanism by which myosin XI drives organelle movement in plant cells may be evolutionarily conserved compared with other eukaryotic cells.
Measurements of the 5D4∘−5P3 transition of singly ionized atomic iodine using intermodulated laser induced fluorescence

Abstract Iodine has been an element of recent interest for commercial use as fuel in electrostatic propulsion systems. A lingering problem when investigating ionized iodine using non-perturbative, laser-based techniques is determining the spectral width, i.e., the species temperature, of iodine. To this end, the hyperfine structure must be well understood to develop a spatially resolved diagnostic technique capable of ion flow and temperature measurements. Previous work investigated the lineshape of the transition between the 5 D 4 ∘ and 5 P 3 states of singly-ionized atomic iodine (I II) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF), but the hyperfine structure of the transition was unresolved in those measurements [Steinberger and Scime, Journal of Propulsion and Power, 34, 2018]. In this work, an intermodulated LIF technique is used to measure an enhanced lineshape of the same I II transition. A linear least squares fitting algorithm is used to fit the transition lineshape, where hyperfine transition locations and theorized relative amplitudes are constrained by theory. A lineshape model that incorporates hyperfine transition amplitude enhancement introduced from an intermodulated laser technique is implemented into the fitting function, as well as a nonlinear laser saturation effect. We report converged hyperfine coupling coefficients for these I II states.
Implications: Where Might the Model Lead?

This chapter discusses the implications of the game model. The expected-outcome model of game trees, unlike all previously studied models, is essentially probabilistic in nature. In addition to providing a precise definition for the static evaluator, the interpretation of internal nodes as random variables rather than deterministic values suggests rethinking virtually every component of game programming. In competitive game implementations, moves are almost never based directly on static information—a backup strategy is generally used to combine tip node values and to improve decision quality. Partial minimax is both the most popular and the most successful of these strategies; pruning algorithms, clever recordkeeping techniques, and special purpose architectures have helped elevate partial minimax-based machines to master level in chess. The attempt to equate minimaxing estimates with estimating minimax violates one of the cardinal sins of statistics: a function of estimates is not the same as an estimate of a function. Error-propagation analyses have shown that rather than filtering out errors, minimax tends to compound them, and studies performed on trees have diagnosed partial minimax as a potentially pathological algorithm.
Public Engineers: Accountability Without Liability

The laws and rules that govern the responsibilities of engineers continue to undergo change, but engineers are still held responsible for their work. A review is made of the grounds on which these responsibilities are based. Special attention is given to the particular vulnerability of engineers in the private sector. The defenses and protections against suits for professional liability are reviewed. A proposal to eliminate the liability of public engineers but still hold them accountable, and still satisfy the interests of society, is examined.
Components of cell-free extracts of Clostridiumpasteurianum W5 required for acetylene reduction and N2 fixation

Abstract The same two protein components, molybdoferredoxin and azoferredoxin, are required for acetylene reduction as were shown previously to be required for N 2 fixation. Neither protein component of the N 2 -fixing system catalyzes either of these two reactions without the other. Both protein components are oxygen- and heat- (60°) sensitive and one of them, azoferredoxin, is also cold-(0°) labile. Neither molybdoferredoxin nor azoferredoxin is present in extracts of cells grown on NH 3 . No indication of the need for a third component was observed.
Tubular Localization and Tissue Distribution of Peptide Transporters in Rat Kidney

Purpose. To define the tubular localization and tissue distribution of PEPT1 (low-affinity, high-capacity transporter) and PEPT2 (high-affinity, low-capacity transporter) in rat kidney.
Study of polymer networks using paramagnetic probes: Vanadyl in chemically cross-linked polyacrylamide gels

Abstract Electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra of the vanadyl probe VO(H 2 O) 2+ 5 in chemically cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAA) gels with pore diameters of 7–58 A were used to analyse the changes in gel structure as a function of temperature and solvent composition. The PAA networks were swollen by water and acetone/water mixtures containing 0.1–0.6 volume fraction of acetone. Spectroscopic evidence has been obtained that indicates the absence of bulk water in all the networks studied. Depending upon experimental conditions, bimodal distributions of pore sizes have been detected for all networks. The appearance of this distribution is triggered by lowering the gel temperature in networks swollen by water; alternatively, the bimodal distribution appears for a homogeneous gel at a constant temperature, by adding acetone to the swelling fluid. Unlike the ionic gels, the transition from a homogeneous PAA gel to a gel having a bimodal distribution of pore sizes is gradual as a function of temperature in water swollen gels, and of the acetone content in gels swollen by the solvent mixtures. The microviscosity in the pores appears to depend on the free volume in the pores; this is evident from the Fujita-Dolittle plots in PAA swollen by water, at three different temperatures.
Strategy for selecting nanotechnology carriers to overcome immunological and hematological toxicities challenging clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics.

Introduction: Clinical translation of nucleic acid-based therapeutics (NATs) is hampered by assorted challenges in immunotoxicity, hematotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, toxicology and formulation. Nanotechnology-based platforms are being considered to help address some of these challenges due to the nanoparticles’ ability to change drug biodistribution, stability, circulation half-life, route of administration and dosage. Addressing toxicology and pharmacology concerns by various means including NATs reformulation using nanotechnology-based carriers has been reviewed before. However, little attention was given to the immunological and hematological issues associated with nanotechnology reformulation.Areas covered: This review focuses on application of nanotechnology carriers for delivery of various types of NATs, and how reformulation using nanoparticles affects immunological and hematological toxicities of this promising class of therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: NATs share several immunological and hematol...
A survey of dental caries in Iceland.

Abstract A survey of oral diseases in Iceland was completed in the period February 20–December 11, 1962. With the assistance of the University of Iceland and the Statistical Bureau of Iceland, a sample of 3916 persons was taken. Of these 3452 were located and examined. From the sample results, it is estimated that more than a third of Icelanders between the ages of 18 and 79 are edentulous. Although it is indicated that Icelanders suffered little decay in the 19th century, present day DMF counts approximate those of U.S. citizens. Differences in DMF between Icelandic males and females are more striking than differences observed in the U.S. No associations were found between DMF counts and occupation, dwelling place or educational level.
Tree-Ring Cation Response to Experimental Watershed Acidification in West Virginia and Maine

The impact of experimental watershed acidfication on xylem cation chemistry was evaluated in eight tree species at two sites in West Virginia (Clover Run and Fernow) and one site in Maine (Bear Brook). All sites had received regular additions of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 equivalent to twice the ambient annual wet plus dry atmospheric deposition of N and S. Multiple wood cores were extracted from tree boles in five trees of each species on treatment and control areas at each site with increment borers. Cores were divided into several age segments and composited for each tree. Ground wood samples were destructively analyzed for Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al concentrations using inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP) methods. All tree species sampled at the two West Virginia sites exhibited significant Ca and/or Mg concentration decreases and Mn concentration increases in sapwood on the treated relative to control areas after 8 yr of treatment. At Bear Brook, tree-ring concentrations in three species showed similar trends after 5 yr of treatment, but differences were generally not significant. Sapwood molar ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn were better indices to soil acidification than Ca/Al, due to low Al concentrations and insensitivity of sapwood Al concentrations to treatments. Overall, sapwood chemistry appeared to be a reliable indicator of the current nutrient status of trees ; hut, except for Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Sieb, and Zucc.), sapwood chemistry did not preserve a record of the chronology of past changes due to treatments.
Vapor-phase synthesis of nanoparticles

An overview of methods for preparing nanoparticles in the vapor phase is given, and recent advances are reviewed. Developments in instrumentation for monitoring vapor-phase synthesis of nanoparticles and in modeling these processes are also included. The most important developments relate to improved control and understanding of nanoparticle aggregation and coalescence during synthesis, and to methods for producing multi-component nanoparticles.
The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967.

SUMMARY Other demographic studies of epilepsy have revealed mean annual incidence rates ranging from 17/100,000 (Sato, 1964) to 70/100,000 (Pond et al., 1960) and prevalence rates from 2.8/S, OOO to as high as 15/1,000. Comprehensive review of their methods indicates that, although rates may indeed differ among different populations, a major problem is the wide variation in the completeness of case ascertainment and the definitions of epilepsy used.
Lower and central tumor location correlates with lymphoscintigraphy drainage to the internal mammary lymph nodes in breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND Radiation to the internal mammary chain (IMC) may be indicated for breast carcinoma patients with positive axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and lymphoscintigraphic evidence of drainage to the IMC. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of IMC drainage in patients with positive axillary SLNs. METHODS The records of 297 breast carcinoma patients with positive axillary SLNs and preoperative lymphoscintigraphy were reviewed between 1995 and 2002. Radiolabeled colloid was injected peritumorally with lymphoscintigraphy performed 30–60 minutes later. Drainage to the regional nodes of 279 patients was seen on lymphoscintigraphy. Associations among patient and tumor-related factors and drainage to the IMC were examined. RESULTS Drainage to the IMC on lymphoscintigraphy was seen in 63 patients (21%). IMC drainage only occurred in 4 patients, and 59 patients had both axillary and IMC drainage. The only variable that correlated with IMC drainage was tumor location (P = 0.017). Rates of drainage to the IMC were 14.1% for upper outer quadrant (n = 128), 16.7% for upper inner quadrant (n = 30), 31.6% for lower outer quadrant (n = 19), 42.9% for lower inner quadrant (n = 14), and 28.4% for central tumors (n = 88). IMC drainage rates differed significantly between upper and lower tumors (lower 36.4% vs. central 28.4% vs. upper 14.6%, P = 0.003) but not between medial and lateral tumors (medial 25.0% vs. central 28.4% vs. lateral 16.3%, P = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS Patients with tumors in the lower or central breast and positive axillary SLNs have increased incidence of drainage to the IMC. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy can help to define the nodal basins at risk for harboring disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Impact damage mitigation utilizing reduced-order direct model reference adaptive control

As control systems become integrated with structures in such applications as vibration suppression and structural shape modification, a damage tolerance/mitigation concern must be addressed. The fundamental issue of this concern is whether the controller is robust enough to remain stable after a step change in the structural parameters as a result of impact damage. A secondary issue is whether the controller can continue to perform its intended function (even if at some reduced level of effectiveness) following impact damage. Due to the complexity of the structural system such a controller must be lower-order than the structure that is controlled. This paper builds on previous research by Waters and Balas to demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of a reduced- order direct model reference adaptive control (DMRAC) algorithm for damage mitigation. The reduced-order model matching conditions for implementing this algorithm and the theoretical stability results are presented. Also presented are simulation results demonstrating the effectiveness of the DMRAC algorithm in forcing a higher-order damaged plant to track a lower-ordered reference model. These simulation results look at matching a second-order plant to a first-order reference model, and a fourth-order plant to both a first- and second-order reference model. The results of these simulations indicate that a reduced-order DMRAC algorithm can, in some cases, effectively stabilize the system following severe damage to the structure, even if the system become inherently unstable. Additionally, the reduced-order DMRAC algorithm still allows for steady state tracking by the damaged smart structure of a reference input.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Holistic Design in mm-Wave Silicon ICs

Millimeter-waves integrated circuits offer a unique opportunity for a holistic design approach encompassing RF, analog, and digital, as well as radiation and electromagnetics. The ability to deal with the complete system covering a broad range from the digital circuitry to on-chip antennas and everything in between offers unparalleled opportunities for completely new architectures and topologies, which were previously impossible due the traditional partitioning of various blocks in conventional design. This can open a plethora of new architectural and system level innovation within the integrated circuit platform. This paper reviews some of the challenges and opportunities for mm-wave ICs and presents several solutions to them.
Development and psychometric testing of a new geriatric spiritual well-being scale

Aims and objectives. Assess the psychometric properties of a new geriatric spiritual well-being scale (GSWS), specifically designed for older adults. Background. Religiosity and spiritual wellness must be measured as two distinct concepts to prevent confounding them as synonymous among atheist and agnostic population. Design. A test–retest survey design was used to estimate the psychometric properties. Methods. A convenience sample of 138 community-dwelling older adults was drawn from the inner city of Detroit. Data were collected using telephone survey interviews. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, structural equation modelling, reliability analyses, and point-biserial correlations. Results. The factorial validity of the proposed model was not supported by the data. Fit indices were χ2 = 185.98, d.f. = 98, P < 0.00, goodness-of-fit index of 0.85, comparative fit index of 0.87 and root mean error of approximation of 0.08, indicating a mediocre fit. Reliability statistics for the subscales ranged from being poor (0.36) to good (0.84) with an acceptable overall scale alpha of 0.76. Participants’ performance stability and criterion-related validity were also supported. Conclusions. The GSWS is an age-specific assessment tool that was developed specifically to address a population’s cultural diversity. Future research endeavors will be to test the psychometric properties of this scale in culturally diverse older adult populations for further instrument development. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses need to recognize that agnostics/atheists have spiritual needs that do not include religious beliefs or practices. Thus, assessing patients’ religious beliefs and practices prior to assessing spiritual well-being is essential to prevent bias.
Network modeling of membrane-based artificial cellular systems

Computational models are derived for predicting the behavior of artificial cellular networks for engineering applications. The systems simulated involve the use of a biomolecular unit cell, a multiphase material that incorporates a lipid bilayer between two hydrophilic compartments. These unit cells may be considered building blocks that enable the fabrication of complex electrochemical networks. These networks can incorporate a variety of stimuli-responsive biomolecules to enable a diverse range of multifunctional behavior. Through the collective properties of these biomolecules, the system demonstrates abilities that recreate natural cellular phenomena such as mechanotransduction, optoelectronic response, and response to chemical gradients. A crucial step to increase the utility of these biomolecular networks is to develop mathematical models of their stimuli-responsive behavior. While models have been constructed deriving from the classical Hodgkin-Huxley model focusing on describing the system as a combination of traditional electrical components (capacitors and resistors), these electrical elements do not sufficiently describe the phenomena seen in experiment as they are not linked to the molecular scale processes. From this realization an advanced model is proposed that links the traditional unit cell parameters such as conductance and capacitance to the molecular structure of the system. Rather than approaching the membrane as an isolated parallel plate capacitor, the model seeks to link the electrical properties to the underlying chemical characteristics. This model is then applied towards experimental cases in order that a more complete picture of the underlying phenomena responsible for the desired sensing mechanisms may be constructed. In this way the stimuli-responsive characteristics may be understood and optimized.
Pediatric research posing a minor increase over minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit: challenging 45 CFR 46.406.

Subpart D of the Common Rule establishes 4 categories of research that may be conducted on children. One category, 45 CFR 46.406, permits research posing a minor increase over minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit but expected to yield vital knowledge about the subjects' disorder or condition. To include other children in research posing a minor increase over minimal risk and no prospect of direct benefit requires federal review and approval of the Secretary of Health and Human Services under 45 CFR 46.407. It is widely held that children generally should not be exposed to more than minimal risk in research without the prospect of direct benefit. To justify deviating from this norm, as 406 allows, two claims must be true: (1) When there is vital knowledge to be gained from studying children, it is permissible to expose some children to a minor increase over minimal risk with no prospect of direct benefit; (2) It is permissible for locally reviewed and approved research to expose only children wit...
A single-pixel terahertz imaging system based on compressed sensing

We describe a terahertz imaging system that uses a single pixel detector in combination with a series of random masks to enable high-speed image acquisition. The image formation is based on the theory of compressed sensing, which permits the reconstruction of a N-by-N pixel image using much fewer than N2 measurements. This approach eliminates the need for raster scanning of the object or the terahertz beam, while maintaining the high sensitivity of a single-element detector. We demonstrate the concept using a pulsed terahertz time-domain system and show the reconstruction of both amplitude and phase-contrast images. The idea of compressed sensing is quite general and could also be implemented with a continuous-wave terahertz source.
Beyond discovery and enlightenment: Recent works on science in the Atlantic world

Beyond discovery and enlightenment: Recent works on science in the Atlantic world Science and Empire in the Atlantic world, edited by James Delbourgo and Nicholas Dew, New York, Routledge, 2007, 36...
The Cheating and Intention of a Partner as Determinants of Evaluative Decisions Among Juvenile Offenders

Male juvenile offenders were asked to evaluate the work of an experimental partner (confederate) who completed a work task four times. The work partner cheated on two trials and did not cheat on two trials while working for a charity (one cheat and one noncheat trial) or for selfish gain (one cheat and one noncheat trial). It was found that subjects rated the work done on cheating trials lower than work done on noncheating trials. In addition, subjects shared less reward money on cheating trials relative to noncheating trials. However, the intentions of the confederate, defined as the reward recipient, failed to affect subjects' judgments. These results were described as supporting previous studies which have indicated that delinquents fail to take account of others' intentions when making moral judgments.
Day care as intervention: Comparisons of varying quality programs

Disadvantaged children attending a high-quality, government-run intervention program were compared with children attending other day care programs of varying quality on intellectual, language, and social skill. Thus, quality serves as a proxy for treatment intensity here. Although the intervention children had less intelligent mothers of lower occupational status, they were rated by their caregivers as having better communicative skills and were rated by both their parents and their caregivers as more considerate and more sociable than children attending other day care programs. There were no differences between the two groups on ratings of maladjustment or dependency. When the intervention children were compared to children of similar family background, these findings held, and, in addition, the intervention children had higher scores on both the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and the Preschool Language Assessment Instrument. Thus, high-quality day care can function as an effective intervention. Effect-size estimates are compared with those from five other day care intervention programs. The present study concludes with a discussion of four considerations that should guide both our interpretation of existing data and our plans for future research: (1) program type, (2) intervention participants, (3) quality of the evaluation, and (4) long-term vs. short-term effects.
Primary Angiosarcoma of the Breast: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Angiosarcoma of the breast (ASB) is a rare but aggressive tumor with very poor prognosis. It is important to recognize this tumor early and to distinguish between primary and secondary ASB. While mammograms frequently miss these lesions, ultrasound and MRI show promise as imaging modalities. In spite of characteristic features described on pathology, misdiagnosis is common, with over 35% tumors initially thought to be benign. We present the case of a 32-year-old woman with a history of bilateral reduction mammoplasty who presented with a non-tender lump in her right breast. After repeated aspirations and biopsies, a diagnosis of primary ASB was made. She underwent bilateral simple mastectomies followed by adjuvant chemo-therapy and radiation. While surgery is the mainstay of treatment, roles of radiation and chemo-therapy are still evolving; we review the literature and discuss the decision pathways for diagnosis and management of this rare tumor.
The role of reflection on preservice teachers’ development in the context of a professional development school

Abstract As a faculty member teaching in an innovative, two-year Master's of Teaching program, I found myself reexamining my beliefs and assumptions about the role of reflection in preparing preservice teachers to become reflective practitioners. In the first semester of a four semester program, I introduced a three-part reflective framework ( Loughran, 1995, Windows into the thinking of an experienced teacher. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, April.) designed to guide the preservice teachers in systematically reflecting on their lessons before, during and after teaching. The preservice teachers, mentors and I practiced and used the reflective framework for three semesters. In the fourth semester, during which preservice teachers taught in a paid internship position, I conducted individual interviews with the preservice teachers (interns) to explore their understanding and use of reflection. The results of the study suggest that use of the framework helps develop preservice teachers who actively think about their practice to improve their teaching and their students’ learning. Implications for using the reflective process in teacher education programs, particularly in professional development school contexts, are discussed.
International Conflict and Cooperation: Splicing COPDAB and WEIS Series

Events data sets are used extensively in the study of international relations. The Conflict and Peace Data Bank (COPDAB) data from 1948 to 1978 and the World Events Interaction Survey (WEIS) data since 1966 are the two events data sets that are most widely used. In this article a simple method is proposed to combine (or splice) COPDAB and WEIS events time series in order to create a single spliced time series from 1948 to 1993. Past research on the compatibility of COPDAB and WEIS is inconclusive: some authors claim that COPDAB and WEIS are compatible, while others claim they are not. We here investigate six dyads and show that the compatibility of WEIS and COPDAB depends on the particular dyad in question, but the two series are generally compatible so that COPDAB and WEIS can be spliced into one time series in five out of six dyads. (One dyad contains too many periods of missing reports in the data.) The article is organized in the following sections: The COPDAB and WEIS data sets are described in the first section. The second section reviews the literature about the COPDAB and WEIS compatibility. The third section outlines our approach to the question of compatibility. Statistical tests for compatibility and the method for splicing the two data sets are provided in the fourth section. A summary of our findings is provided in the last section.
VegT activation of Sox17 at the midblastula transition alters the response to nodal signals in the vegetal endoderm domain.

Abstract In Xenopus, the prospective endoderm and mesoderm are localized to discrete, adjacent domains at the beginning of gastrulation, and this is made evident by the expression of Sox17 in vegetal blastomeres and Brachyury (Xbra) in marginal blastomeres. Here, we examine the regulation of Sox17α expression and the role of Sox17α in establishing the vegetal endodermal gene expression domain. Injection of specific inhibitors of VegT or Nodal resulted in a loss of Sox17α expression in the gastrula. However, the onset of Sox17α expression at the midblastula transition was dependent on VegT, but not on Nodal function, indicating that Sox17α expression is initiated by VegT and then maintained by Nodal signals. Consistent with these results, VegT, but not Xenopus Nodal-related-1 (Xnr1), can activate Sox17α expression at the midblastula stage in animal explants. In addition, VegT activates Sox17α in the presence of cycloheximide or a Nodal antagonist, suggesting that Sox17α is an immediate-early target of VegT in vegetal blastomeres. Given that Nodal signals are necessary and sufficient for both mesodermal and endodermal gene expression, we propose that VegT activation of Sox17α at the midblastula transition prevents mesodermal gene expression in response to Nodal signals, thus establishing the vegetal endodermal gene expression domain. Supporting this idea, Sox17α misexpression in the marginal zone inhibits the expression of multiple mesodermal genes. Furthermore, in animal explants, Sox17α prevents the induction of Xbra and MyoD, but not Sox17β or Mixer, in response to Xnr1. Therefore, VegT activation of Sox17α plays an important role in establishing a region of endoderm-specific gene expression in vegetal blastomeres.
Fast multi-level adaptation for interactive autonomous characters

Adaptation (online learning) by autonomous virtual characters, due to interaction with a human user in a virtual environment, is a difficult and important problem in computer animation. In this article we present a novel multi-level technique for fast character adaptation. We specifically target environments where there is a cooperative or competitive relationship between the character and the human that interacts with that character.In our technique, a distinct learning method is applied to each layer of the character's behavioral or cognitive model. This allows us to efficiently leverage the character's observations and experiences in each layer. This also provides a convenient temporal distinction between what observations and experiences provide pertinent lessons for each layer. Thus the character can quickly and robustly learn how to better interact with any given unique human user, relying only on observations and natural performance feedback from the environment (no explicit feedback from the human). Our technique is designed to be general, and can be easily integrated into most existing behavioral animation systems. It is also fast and memory efficient.
Lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder or dementia.

Introduction In spite of circumstances that precipitate high use of anticonvulsants in geriatric populations, there is a paucity of data on the use of antiepileptic drugs in elderly patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders. Methods Reports of lamotrigine therapy in elderly patients with epilepsy, bipolar disorder (BD), or dementia were identified by conducting an electronic search of major publication databases. Abstracts and presentations from professional meetings were searched as were the bibliographies of relevant articles. Results Fourteen reports were identified, and included well-controlled prospective trials, retrospective analyses, and case reports of lamotrigine treatment. Controlled trials in elderly patients with epilepsy demonstrate efficacy and tolerability comparable to gabapentin. Improvement in bipolar depressive symptoms, improvement in core manic symptoms, and delay in mood relapse was reported in geriatric patients with BD. Preliminary case studies in patients with dementia note improvement in cognition and symptoms of agitation and depression. Conclusion Review of the available literature suggests lamotrigine is effective and well tolerated in elderly patients with epilepsy and relatively well-tolerated and may be effective in delaying mood relapse, particularly in the depressive pole, in patients with BD. While very limited literature suggests that lamotrigine may be effective and relatively well-tolerated in patients with dementia, further studies are needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral economics as neoliberalism: Producing and governing homo economicus

The research program of behavioral economics is gaining increasing influence in academic economics and in interest from policymakers. This article analyzes behavioral economics from the dual perspective of Foucault’s genealogical investigation of neoliberal governmentality and contemporary critical theorizations of neoliberalism. I argue that behavioral economics should be understood as a political economic apparatus of neoliberal governmentality with the objective of using the state to manage and subjectivize individuals – by attempting to correct their deviations from rational, self-interested, utility-maximizing cognition and behavior – such that they more effectively and efficiently conform to market logics and processes. In this analysis, I contend that behavioral economics enacts three components of neoliberal governmentality: positioning the market as a site of truth and veridiction for the individual and the state; regulating what constitutes the objects of political economy and governmental intervention; and producing homo economicus (economic human) and diffusing this mode of economic subjectivity across the social terrain. In doing so, behavioral economics and its rationalities transform and introduce new technologies of power into neoliberal governmentality. I illustrate this argument with an analysis of recent changes to retirement savings policy in the United States, heavily influenced by behavioral economics thinking, that entrench neoliberal formations.
Low-power semantic fault-detection in multi-sensory mobile health monitoring systems

Multi-Sensory mobile health monitoring systems promise substantial improvements in the quality of healthcare. However, large-scale trials are uncovering key areas that inhibit long-term large-scale deployments, including power consumption and lifetime issues, and high communication overhead. Traditional techniques can efficiently resolve these issues while maintaining semantic fidelity of the sensed medical signal, but also amplify the signal's sensitivity to sensor faults, thereby reducing system safety. We propose a set of statistical techniques to optimize system power and bandwidth consumption, while adhering to signal fidelity and sensor fault diagnosis requirements. By defining signal fidelity in terms of its semantic value, and formulating the problem as a sensor subset selection wherein mutual information rather than aggregate signal quality is maximized, we show that power consumption in a wireless human gait monitoring system can be reduced by up to 78% while accurately estimating many functional gait assessment metrics and precisely diagnosing semantic faults.
Conditions for reversible volume alterations in metallic glasses after isothermal annealing within the pre-crystallization temperatures range

Abstract It was established experimentally that the value of the thermal expansion coefficient of metallic glasses subjected to preliminary isothermal annealing over a range of temperatures, characteristic for the process of structural relaxation, is determined by the velocity of subsequent heating. The thermal expansion coefficient value of preliminary annealed metallic glasses, heated at a relatively high rate of 0.2 °C s −1 , may exceed the thermal expansion coefficient of initial as-quenched samples several fold. Contrary to the existing notion about the irreversibility of the volume decrease during structural relaxation of metallic glasses provoked by annealing, it was discovered that sufficiently rapid heating of preliminary annealed samples may lead to an increase in metallic glass volume up to a value close to the volume of the initial alloy in the temperature range analysed. The result confirms the proposition of the model of “frozen-in” crystallization centres regarding the possibility of partial reversible solution of a crystalline phase in an amorphous phase within the restricted temperature range in which metallic glasses exist.
EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION ON RUNNING-WHEEL ACTIVITY IN NAIVE RATS.

The activity of 90 recently-weaned rats was recorded during their initial experience in the wheel, immediately following 0-, 24-, or 48-hr. food deprivation. Both deprived groups were significantly more active than the non-deprived group, but there was no clear difference between the effect of 24- and of 48-hr. deprivation. The results are compatible with the position that food deprivation exerts a directly energizing influence upon behavior.
Conformational Changes in the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase (ECF1F0) Monitored by Nucleotide-dependent Differences in the Reactivity of Cys-87 of the γ Subunit in the Mutant βGlu-381 → Ala

Cys-87, one of two intrinsic cysteines of the gamma subunit of the Escherichia coli ATP synthase (ECF1F0), is in a short segment of this subunit that binds to the bottom domain of a beta subunit close to a glutamate (Glu-381). Cys-87 was unreactive to maleimides under all conditions in wild-type ECF1 and ECF1F0 but became reactive when Glu-381 of beta was replaced by a cysteine or alanine. The reactivity of Cys-87 with maleimides was nucleotide-dependent, occurring with ATP or ADP + EDTA in catalytic sites, in the presence of AMP.PNP + Mg2+ but not with ADP + Mg2+ bound, whether Pi was present or not, and not when nucleotide binding sites were empty. Binding of N-ethylmaleimide had no effect, whereas 7-diethyl-amino-3-(4'-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin increased the ATPase activity of ECF1 more than 2-fold by reaction with Cys-87. In ECF1F0, these reagents inhibited activity. The nucleotide dependence of the reaction of Cys-87 of the gamma subunit depended on the presence of the epsilon subunit. In epsilon subunit-free ECF1, maleimides reacted with Cys-87 under all nucleotide conditions, including when catalytic sites were empty. These results are discussed in terms of nucleotide-dependent movements of the gamma subunit during functioning of the F1F0-type ATPase.
ALLELIC EXCLUSION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN PLATELETS AND T LYMPHOCYTES FROM A WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME CARRIER

Abstract An obligate carrier of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) who was also heterozygous for the A and B types of X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was found. With her it became possible to determine whether allelic exclusion occurs in particular cell-types of the WAS carrier. If so, the remaining cells of a particular cell-type would express only the normal X chromosome and only one glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzyme would be demonstrable. This carrier had only the B isoenzyme of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in platelets and thymus-derived T lymphocytes, although both isoenzymes A and B were present in erythrocytes and neutrophils. These findings suggest that selection against the WAS gene accurs in platelets and rhymus-derived T lympho- cytes and that the defects associated with WAS expressed in these cell-types may be implicated in the genesis of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
Synthetic study of 3'-α-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine

A synthetic method was established for 3′-α-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine 1 from guanosine 2 in 27% overall yield and 6 steps. A byproduct 6a of fluorination was identified by NMR studies, its presence strongly supporting our supposition that the fluorination itself proceeded via a bromonium cation.
Thermal conductivity of ammonia borane complex and its composites with aluminum powder

Abstract The thermal conductivity of ammonia borane (AB) complex, in the temperature range of 300–420 K, was measured experimentally using ASTM method E 1225. At 300 K, the thermal conductivity of pure AB was found to be approximately 15 W/m-K. A composite pellet prepared by mixing 10 wt% aluminum powder with AB had a thermal conductivity that was a factor of 4 higher than that of pure AB complex. The extent of the pyrolytic weight loss for AB/Al composite and pure AB complex was 25.4% and 33.9%, respectively—indicating comparatively lower levels of volatile species evolved as impurities (e.g. monomeric aminoborane, borazine, diborane, etc.) in the product hydrogen.
Person: Innovation Styles Profile of IS Personnel vs Other Occupations

W. C. Miller's Innovation Style Profile (ISP) instrument was used to collect data from IS personnel to compare the innovation styles of IS personnel with those in other occupations. Analysis of the results revealed significant differences. Knowledge of these differences should enable teams comprised of IS personnel and user personnel not only to better tolerate their differences but to better appreciate the value of multiple approaches to innovation.
On SS-rigid groups and A. Weil's criterion for local rigidity. I

We establish some conditions for an abstract finitely generated group Γ to be SS-rigid, i.e. to have only finitely many inequivalent completely reducible representations in each dimension. One of the conditions requires that \(\) be of bounded dimension for all irreducible representatons ρ of Γ, which is reminiscent of A. Weil's criterion for local rigidity. We also link these new conditions to the previous results on the SS-rigidity of groups with bounded generation and verify them for the groups \(\), n≥ 3, and \(\) by purely combinatorial computations.
Polymerization of fibrin in shear flow fields

The reaction of fibrinogen with thrombin to produce fibrin goes through a multistep sequence in which up to four peptides are cleaved off. When this reaction takes place at pH 6.3 in a shear flow field, the formation of fibrous product is retarded as compared with stagnant conditions. The retardation is greater at 50 s−1 than at 135 s−1. The morphology of the coagulated product appears to be different when produced at 50 s−1 than at either stagnant or 135 s−1, with the material at 50 s−1 having a sheetlike appearance in contrast to a fibrous appearance for the material at 135 s−1 and stagnant conditions: The explanation of the retardation may lie in the separation of thrombin from fibrinogen during the sheared reactions. Shear rate varies more in the vascular bed than does pH or ionic strength and probably is a more important factor in controlling physiological coagulation than these more frequently studied variables.
A Case for the Development of Family Practice Rural Training Tracks

Enthusiasm for alternate training sites has been strong among practicing family physicians and students seeking family practice residency positions in Wisconsin. The number of rural training tracks in the state is increasing rapidly. The University of Wisconsin currently has 4 residents in two rural training tracks. If 1998 recruitment is successful, there will be 12 residents in seven rural training tracks operated by two sponsoring institutions in the state. The WIsconsin rural training tracks are 1-2 programs,! in which the family practice resident spends the first year in the urban medical center of the home program completing appropriate rotations, such as internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology, emergency medicine, surgery, and critical care, and the last 2 years in a rural community and rural hospital as an apprentice with a family practice group. During the last 2 years, the resident can receive longitudinal training in specialty areas with visiting subspecialists and can spend time away from the rural medical practice for specialty rotations not available in the rural setting. The development of the WIsconsin rural training tracks was based in part on the pioneering work of Rosenthal et al. 2 The process used to develop the first rural training track was adopted as a template for developing other rural training tracks in WIsconsin and in other states} Not much has been published, however, assessing educational outcomes and documenting the effects of rural training tracks on communities. Despite this lack of documentation, we believe rural tracks have merit as a training model for family practice and
Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of dicationic 3,5-diphenylisoxazoles.

3,5-Bis(4-amidinophenyl)isoxazole (3)an analogue of 2,5-bis(4-amidinophenyl)furan (furamidine) in which the central furan ring is replaced by isoxazoleand 42 novel analogues were prepared by two general synthetic pathways. The 43 isoxazole derivatives were assayed against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T. brucei rhodesiense) STIB900, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) K1, and rat myoblast L6 cells (for cytotoxicity) in vitro. Eleven compounds (3, 13, 16−18, 22, 26, 29, 31, 37, and 41) exhibited antitrypanosomal IC50 values less than 10 nM, five of which displayed cytotoxic indices (ratios of cytotoxic IC50 to antiprotozoal IC50 values) at least 10 times higher than that of furamidine. Eighteen compounds (4−8, 12, 14, 18−22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, and 43) were more active against P. falciparum than furamidine, with IC50 values less than 15 nM. Fourteen of these compounds had cytotoxic indices ranging between 10 and 120 times higher than that of furamidine, and five analogues exhibited high selectivity for...
Rapid Capture of Rare Cancer Cells Using a High-Performance Microfluidic Chip

Rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detached from either a primary tumor or metastatic sites. CTCs circulate into bloodstream and become the origin of metastasis, the spread of cancer to distant organs, which is the primary cause of cancer-induced death. This paper describes our development of a microfluidic chip with unique micropillar geometry for rapid capture of CTCs from whole blood. The microscope-slide-sized microchip contains tens of thousands of isotropically-etched elliptical micropillars, which enhanced the interactions between cells and chip surfaces. The microchip was coated with DNA aptamer, an antibody-like molecule which can specifically bind with their target cells. With optimized channel geometry and flow rate, the microchip yielded a capture efficiency of >95% and a purity of >81% when capturing leukemia cells from a cell mixture. Then, the device was applied to capture colorectal tumor cells from whole blood; as few as 10 tumor cells can be efficiently isolated from 1 mL blood in 28 min. We envision that this high-performance microchip is promising for the detection, enrichment and isolation of rare CTCs, and will open up new opportunities for cancer diagnosis and monitoring cancer treatment.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Footprint calculation methods for a reusable launch vehicle

An important element of an adaptive and reconfigurable guidance and control system is the ability to compute the largest area (footprint) on the earth's surface that is reachable by the autonomous vehicle under the current operating condition. During an abort situation when it suddenly becomes necessary to divert the vehicle from its original landing site, the knowledge of this reachable area can assist in choosing a safe and available landing site. In the paper, a technique based on calculus of variations is applied to find the footprint of an autonomous vehicle subject to operating constraints.