cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Administration Alters the Proteolytic Activity of Hepatic Lysosomes

Protein accumulation in liver cells contributes to alcohol-induced hepatomegaly and is the result of an ethanol-elicited deceleration of protein catabolism (Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:49, 1989). Because lysosomes are active in the degradation of most hepatic proteins, the present studies were conducted to determine whether ethanol administration altered the proteolytic activities of partially purified hepatic lysosomes. Rats were fed liquid diets containing either ethanol (36% of calories) or isocaloric maltodextrin for periods of 2-34 days. Prior to death, all animals were injected with [3H]leucine to label hepatic proteins. Rats subjected to even brief periods of ethanol feeding (2-8 days) exhibited significant hepatomegaly and hepatic protein accumulation compared with pair-fed control animals. Crude liver homogenates and isolated lysosomal-mitochondrial and cytosolic subfractions were incubated at 37 degrees C, and the acid-soluble radioactivity generated during incubation was measured as an index of proteolysis. At neutral pH, in vitro protein breakdown in incubated liver homogenates and subcellular fractions from control and ethanol-fed rats did not differ significantly. The extent of protein hydrolysis increased when samples were incubated at pH 5.5, which approximates the pH optimum for catalysis by lysosomal acid proteases. Under the latter conditions, partially purified lysosomes from control animals had 2-fold higher levels of proteolysis than corresponding fractions from ethanol-fed rats. The difference in proteolytic capacity appeared to be related to a lower latency and a higher degree of fragility of lysosomes from ethanol-fed rats at the acidic pH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Congestion control and fairness in wireless sensor networks

In this paper we propose a distributed congestion control algorithm for tree based communications in wireless sensor networks, that seeks to adaptively assign a fair and efficient transmission rate to each node. In our algorithm, each node monitors its aggregate output and input traffic rates. Based on the difference of the two, a node then decides either to increase or decrease the bandwidth allocable to a flow originating from itself and to those being routed through it. Since the application requirements in sensor network follows no common trait, our design abstracts the notion of fairness, allowing for the development of a generic utility controlling module. Such separation of the utility and fairness controlling modules enables each one to use a separate control law, thereby portraying a more flexible design. The working of our congestion control is independent of the underlying routing algorithm and is designed to adapt to changes in the underlying routing topology. We evaluate the performance of the algorithm via extensive simulations using an event-driven packet level simulator. The results suggest that the proposed protocol acquires a significantly high goodput of around 95% of the actual transmission rate, converges quickly to the optimal rate, and attains the desired fairness.
Anisotropy and Vp/Vs in the uppermost mantle beneath the western United States from joint analysis of Pn and Sn phases

Pn and Sn phases are valuable for resolving velocity structure in the mantle lid, as they propagate horizontally right below the Moho. Relatively few Sn tomography attempts have been made compared to Pn, because Sn is often highly attenuated or buried in P wave coda. USArray has greatly increased data coverage for regional phases, and both Pn and Sn are routinely picked by network analysts. Here we jointly invert Pn and Sn arrival time residuals with a modified time-term analysis and a regularized tomography method and present new maps of crustal thickness, uppermost mantle P velocity perturbations, Vp/Vs ratios, and azimuthal anisotropy strength and orientation beneath the western United States. The results indicate partially molten mantle below the Snake River Plain and the Colorado Plateau. The seismic structure of the top ∼40 km of the mantle below the Colorado Plateau differs from that seen at greater depths in other studies, such as surface wave or teleseismic body wave tomography, whereas the Snake River Plain anomaly just below the Moho is comparable to structures seen at about ∼200 km depth. Pn fast axes provide complementary information to SKS shear wave splitting observations, and our analysis indicates that in several regions in the western United States the orientation of azimuthal anisotropy changes with depth in the upper mantle. However, we have so far been unable to resolve shear wave splitting directly in Sn waveforms, which seem to be dominated by Sn-SV energy.
Is Defendant Status a Liability or a Shield? Crime Severity and Professional Relatedness

An investigation was conducted to determine the conditions under which an offender's status is a harmful liability or a protective shield. One model (Rosoff, 1989) suggests that these status effects are moderated by crime magnitude, with status acting as a liability for major crimes and as a shield for minor crimes. An alternative model suggests that the status effects are moderated by the professional relatedness of a crime, with status functioning as a liability for crimes related to the offender's profession and as a shield for crimes unrelated to the offender's profession. One hundred and ninety-five introductory psychology students were asked to recommend sanctions after reading transcripts of a case describing a high or low status person who was found guilty of committing a major or a minor crime that was or was not related to his profession. High status offenders were judged more harshly than low status offenders when the crime was professionally related, but low status offenders were judged more harshly than high status offenders when the crime was not professionally related (p <.02). Although sanctions were more extreme for the major crime than for the minor crime (p <.001), high and low status offenders were not sanctioned differentially as a function of crime severity. The results suggest that status liability and shield effects are moderated by professional relatedness rather than by crime magnitude.
Differences in learning between wild and laboratory Ceratitis capitata flies

Abstract Laboratory-reared and wild-collected adult female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, were exposed to two host fruit species, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and mock orange (Murraya paniculata Jack; Rutaceae). The effect of experience with a fruit species on acceptance of these fruit species (i.e., learning) differed between lab and wild females, but only for flies that were exposed to mock orange. Similar differences in fruit acceptance between lab and wild females were observed when individuals experienced with one fruit species were exposed to the other fruit species (i.e., switching). Finally, when each group was exposed to sweet orange, wild flies subsequently deprived of host fruit retained the effect of exposure on acceptance of mock orange 1 day longer than did lab flies subsequently deprived of host fruit. An hypothesis is presented by which selection under artificial culture gave rise to these differences. RESUME Differentes aptitudes a l'apprentissage des Ceratitis capitata sauvages et de laboratoire Des Ceratitis capitata femelles, elevees au laboratoire ou obtenues dans la nature a partir d'Eriobotrya japonica, ont ete mises en presence de Citrus sinensis et de Murraya paniculata. L'effet de l'accoutumance a une espece de fruit sur l'acceptation ulterieure des fruits d'une espece determinee (c'est-a-dire l'apprentissage) n'etait pas le měme pour les mouches sauvages et pour les mouches de laboratoire accoutumees a M. paniculata. Les mouches sauvages accoutumees a M. paniculata tentent de pondre dans C. sinensis beaucoup moins frequemment que dans M. paniculata. Par contre, les mouches de laboratoire accoutumees a M. paniculata tentent de pondre dans M. paniculata aussi souvent que dans C. sinensis. Des differences du měme type entre mouches sauvages et mouches du laboratoire ont ete observees quand les individus mis en experience avec une espece de fruit ont ete ensuite exposes a l'autre espece, c'est-a-dire lors de reapprentissage. L'acceptation finale par les mouches de laboratoire depend un peu plus de l'exposition a C. sinensis et un peu moins a celle de M. paniculata que lors de l'acceptation finale par des mouches sauvages. Enfin, des mouches sauvages accoutumees a C. sinensis et privees de leurs fruits, conservent un jour de plus l'effet de l'accoutumance, lors de l'acceptation de M. paniculata, que les mouches de laboratoire placees dans les měmes conditions. Nous emettons l'hypothese qu'une selection due aux conditions d'elevage est a l'origine de ces differences. L'elevage dans de grandes bouteilles de polyethylene peut selectionner des mouches qui apprennent plus difficilement en presence de petits fruits comme M. paniculata et qui conservent l'influence de l'experience pendant un temps plus bref.
Progress in the Development of Chemical Kinetics Databases for the Combustion of Real Fuels

Modern Computational Fluid Dynamics codes have increasing capabilities for taking into account detailed chemical kinetics [1, 2]. This opens the possibility of simulating the combustion of real fuels in industrial devices. This will bring combustion technology in line with modern developments in cutting edge science. One could not design VLSI circuits without simulations. Similarly, the design of modern airplanes depends on simulations before final wind tunnel testing. A key to the proper simulation of the chemistry in combustion is the kinetics database. The aim of this paper is to describe the current situation in this area. We will begin by discussing the special problems posed by the nature of the fuel. We will then define the elements in a proper chemical kinetic database. Currently used databases for the simulation of combustion will be critically examined. The importance of a more fundamentally based database will be emphasized. Finally some recent work pertaining to the chemical kinetics of real liquid fuel molecules will be described.
Effects of thin and thick filament proteins on calcium binding and exchange with cardiac troponin C.

Understanding the effects of thin and thick filament proteins on the kinetics of Ca2+ exchange with cardiac troponin C is essential to elucidating the Ca2+-dependent mechanisms controlling cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation. Unlike labeling of the endogenous Cys-84, labeling of cardiac troponin C at a novel engineered Cys-53 with 2-(4′-iodoacetamidoanilo)napthalene-6-sulfonic acid allowed us to accurately measure the rate of calcium dissociation from the regulatory domain of troponin C upon incorporation into the troponin complex. Neither tropomyosin nor actin alone affected the Ca2+ binding properties of the troponin complex. However, addition of actin-tropomyosin to the troponin complex decreased the Ca2+ sensitivity (∼7.4-fold) and accelerated the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from the regulatory domain of troponin C (∼2.5-fold). Subsequent addition of myosin S1 to the reconstituted thin filaments (actin-tropomyosin-troponin) increased the Ca2+ sensitivity (∼6.2-fold) and decreased the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from the regulatory domain of troponin C (∼8.1-fold), which was completely reversed by ATP. Consistent with physiological data, replacement of cardiac troponin I with slow skeletal troponin I led to higher Ca2+ sensitivities and slower Ca2+ dissociation rates from troponin C in all the systems studied. Thus, both thin and thick filament proteins influence the ability of cardiac troponin C to sense and respond to Ca2+. These results imply that both cross-bridge kinetics and Ca2+ dissociation from troponin C work together to modulate the rate of cardiac muscle relaxation.
Multi-Terminal Communications with Confidential Messages

The authors study information-theoretic security for discrete memoryless interference and broadcast channels with independent confidential messages sent to two receivers. Confidential messages are transmitted to their respective receivers with perfect secrecy. That is, each receiver is kept in total ignorance with respect to the message intended for the other receiver. The secrecy level is measured by the equivocation rate at the eavesdropping receiver. This approach was first introduced by Wyner in 1975 for the wiretap channel model. In this paper, we investigate the secrecy capacity region bounds for these two communication systems. The derived outer bounds have an identical mutual information expression that applies to the broadcast channel when one sender jointly encodes both messages and to the interference channel when two senders offer independent inputs to the channel. We consider a switch channel model which is a special case of the interference channel and show that the derived outer and inner bounds meet in this case. Finally, we focus on Gaussian interference channels with confidential messages and describe several transmission schemes and their achievable rate regions under the prefect secrecy requirement.
Chaos and randomness in dynamical systems

In this paper, we discuss the irregularity found in the trajectories of "chaotic" differential equations from a new point of view--in terms of predictability of future values by optimal filters. This study, together with numerical results, indicates that as far as models for engineering phenomena are concerned, rather simple deterministic equations can be a completely satisfactory alternative to stochastic models in treating some aspects of estimation and stochastic control.
The complement cascade as a therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common and deadliest form of stroke. Currently, no pharmacologic treatment strategies exist for this devastating disease. Following the initial mechanical injury suffered at hemorrhage onset, secondary brain injury proceeds through both direct cellular injury and inflammatory cascades, which trigger infiltration of granulocytes and monocytes, activation of microglia, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier with resulting cerebral edema. The complement cascade has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of secondary injury following ICH, although the specific mechanisms responsible for the proximal activation of complement remain incompletely understood. Cerebral injury following cleavage of complement component 3 (C3) proceeds through parallel but interrelated pathways of anaphylatoxin-mediated inflammation and direct toxicity secondary to membrane attack complex-driven erythrocyte lysis. Complement activation also likely plays an important physiologic role in recovery following ICH. As such, a detailed understanding of the variation in functional effects of complement activation over time is critical to exploiting this target as an exciting translational strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage.
The relationship of the metachromatic leukodystrophies to neuropsychiatric disorders.

The possible relationship between the metachromatic leukodystrophies and neuropsychiatric disorders is reviewed. Four kinds of evidence are considered: psychiatric symptoms as preemergent markers of the neurodegenerative process; increased behavioral problems in leukodystrophy familes; screening for low enzyme levels among psychiatric populations; and studies in model systems. Whereas the basic postulate of an increased risk for psychiatric problems among individuals with lower levels of the enzymes deficient in the leukodystrophies remains attractive, there is no strong evidence in its support. Low enzyme levels can be found in psychiatric populations, but they may not be any more frequent than in the general population.
KSTAGE: An interactive computer program for designing phase II clinical trials using predictive probability☆

Abstract Early termination of clinical trials is advisable if initial evidence indicates the treatment under study is ineffective. Predictive probability methods permit the construction of multistage studies that allow for early termination while still controlling overall false-positive (declare an ineffective treatment effective) and false-negative (declare an effective treatment ineffective) error rates. An interactive computer program known as KSTAGE has been developed that aids the researcher in designing such studies.
Kinetical parameters of monovalent cation uptake in yeast calculated on accounting for the mutual interaction of cation uptake and membrane potential.

Abstract Kinetical parameters of monovalent cation uptake in yeast are calculated according to a model for mutual interaction of membrane potential and cation uptake. Apparent K m values for monovalent cation uptake obtained from uptake studies are 3–5-times lower than the K m values expected when the membrane potential remains constant at increasing cation concentrations instead of being reduced. The model accounts for varius phenomena as (i) the increase in apparent K m of Rb + uptake accompanying the decrease in maximum rate of uptake found on increasing the cellular K + content, (ii) the decrease in maximum uptake rate and increase in K m in case of simultaneous transport of phosphate and Rb + , (iii) the change in the maximum uptake rate without a change in K m under conditions that the proton pump is effected and (iv) the absence of an increase in K + efflux at high depolarizing external cation concentrations.
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) as a molecular target in lung epithelial wound repair.

Background and purpose: Epithelial injury contributes to lung pathogenesis. Our work and that of others have identified the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway as a vital component of survival in lung epithelia. Therefore, we hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of PTEN, a major suppressor of this pathway, would enhance wound closure and restore lung epithelial monolayer integrity following injury. Experimental approach: We evaluated the ability of two bisperoxovanadium derivatives, bpV(phen) and bpV(pic), in differentiated primary human airway epithelia and BEAS2B cultures for their ability to inhibit PTEN, activate the PI3K/Akt pathway and restore epithelial monolayer integrity following mechanical injury. Key results: BpV(phen) and bpV(pic) induced Akt phosphorylation in primary and BEAS2B cells in a dose and time dependent manner. Minimal toxicity was observed as measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. To verify that Akt phosphorylation is specifically induced by PTEN inhibition, the PTEN positive cell line, DU145, and two PTEN negative cell lines, LNCaP and PC3, were examined. PTEN positive cells demonstrated a dose responsive increase in Akt phosphorylation whereas PTEN negative cells showed no response indicating that bpV(phen) directly suppresses PTEN without affecting auxiliary pathways. Next, we observed that exposure to either compound resulted in accelerated wound closure following mechanical injury. Similar effects were observed after transfection with a dominant negative isoform of PTEN and PTEN specific siRNA. Conclusions and implications: From these studies, we conclude that PTEN is a valid target for future studies directed at restoring epithelial barrier function after lung injury. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 1172–1184; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707501; published online 8 October 2007
The Interaction of Contextual Constraints and Parafoveal Visual Information in Reading

An experiment is reported which demonstrates that contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information interact during reading. As subjects read sentences, the parafoveal visual information available from a target area in the sentence was varied: the parafoveal information was either visually similar or dissimilar to a target word the subject would later fixate. The visual similarity of the parafoveal preview was factorially combined with the predictability of the target word based on the preceding sentence context. That is, as the subjects made a saccade to the target area, the parafoveal preview was replaced by either a target word that was highly predictable or one that was relatively less predictable from the sentence context. Eye movements and fixation durations were affected both by the visual similarity of the parafoveal information and the target predictability. Moreover, although the visual similarity of the parafoveal preview produced an effect even when the target was not predictable from the context, the effect of parafoveal information was greater when it was predictable. There was also evidence indicating that when the parafoveal information was highly predictable, subjects appeared to use more detailed parafoveal visual information. The results are interpreted within an interactive framework in which lexical representations accumulate activation via both contextual constraint and parafoveal information.
Digital adaptive control laws for VTOL aircraft

The VTOL Approach and Landing Technology (VALT) Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is conducting research in navigation, guidance, control display, and flight management for future VTOL aircraft. As part of the research in advanced control technology Honeywell designed a digital self-adaptive flight control system for flight test in the VALT Research Aircraft -- a tandem rotor medium transport helicopter (a modified CH-47). The control laws accept commands from an automatic on-board guidance system. The primary objective of the control laws is to provide good command following with a minimum cross-axis response. Three attitudes and vertical velocity are separately commanded. Adaptation of the control laws is based on information from rate and attitude gyros and a vertical velocity measurement. The final design resulted from a comparison of two different adaptive concepts -- one based on explicit parameter estimates from a real-time Maximum Likelihood Estimation algorithm, the other based on an implicit Model Reference adaptive system. The two designs were compared on the basis of performance and complexity.
Effect of family support on the success of translocated black-tailed prairie dogs.

Translocation has become a widely used conservation tool but remains only marginally successful. High mortality is often attributed to predation, but for highly social species, founder group composition may also play a critical role in postrelease survival. I compared the fitness of black-tailed prairie dogs translocated with or without their family groups. Animals in the family translocated groups were individually marked and observed until coterie membership was determined. Nonfamily translocated animals were trapped without regard to family membership. I measured fitness by retrapping all marked animals remaining at release sites in the summer following release. Family translocated animals were five times more likely to survive and had significantly higher reproductive success than those translocated without families. Predation was an important impediment of translocation success, but family translocation significantly reduced the success of predators on newly established prairie dog colonies. Postrelease survival was also affected by the timing of release, but appeared to be more important for juveniles than adults. These results demonstrate the importance of considering familiarity when translocations are required. More broadly, these results illustrate the value of applying animal behavior to conservation efforts and suggest that other species dependent on social interac- tions for survival and reproduction may benefit substantially from the maintenance of social groups during translocations.
High-frequency holographic transmission gratings in photoresist

This paper describes an experimental study of the diffraction properties of high-spatial-frequency gratings recorded in relatively thin photoresist layers. Angular selectivity, wavelength selectivity, and peak efficiencies are investigated. Details on grating fabrication are given. The study shows that optical elements with efficiencies greater than 88% can be recorded in media less than one wavelength thick (~0.5 μm for our visible-light experiments). The results are important in that such diffractive structures could be replicated by embossing, chemical-vapor deposition, or other means.
Abstract A14: microRNA-mediated interactions regulate established oncongenic pathways in cancer

By analyzing gene expression data in gliobastoma in combination with matched microRNA profiles, we have uncovered a post-transcriptional regulation layer of surprising magnitude, comprising hundreds of thousands of microRNA -mediated interactions. These include ~7,000 genes whose transcripts act as microRNA ‘sponges’ and 148 genes that act through alternative, non-sponge interactions. Biochemical analyses in cell lines confirmed that this network regulates established drivers of tumor initiation and subtype, including PTEN, PDGFRA, RB1, VEGFA, STAT3, and RUNX1, suggesting that these interactions mediate crosstalk between canonical oncogenic pathways. RNA silencing of 13 microRNA-mediated PTEN regulators, whose locus deletions are predictive of PTEN expression variability, was sufficient to downregulate PTEN in a 3′ UTR-dependent manner and to increase tumor-cell growth rates. Thus, this microRNA-mediated network provides a mechanistic, experimentally validated rationale for the loss of PTEN expression in a large number of glioma samples with an intact PTEN locus. Recently, we extended this work to three other tumor types, showing that microRNA-mediated interactions propagate the effects of genetic alterations to regulate distal oncogenes and tumor suppressors in multiple cancers. Our results suggest that, although implemented by context-specific factors, hundreds of thousands of these interactions are context-independent. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: Pavel Sumazin, Hua-Sheng Chiu, Andrea Califano. microRNA-mediated interactions regulate established oncongenic pathways in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A14.
Rare-gas optics-free stable extreme-ultraviolet photon spectrometer for solar system studies

We have developed a prototype spectrometer for space applications that require long-term stable EUV photon flux measurements. In this recently developed spectrometer, the energy spectrum of the incoming photons is transformed directly into an electron energy spectrum by taking advantage of the photoelectric effect in one of several rare gases at low pressures. Using an electron energy spectrometer operating at a few electron volts, and followed by an electron multiplying detector, pulses due to individual electrons are counted. The overall efficiency of this process is essentially independent of gain drifts in the signal path, and the secular degradation of optical components that is often a problem in other techniques is avoided.
On modeling contention for shared caches in multi-core processors with techniques from ecology

Multi-core x86_64 processors introduced an important change in architecture, a shared last level cache. Historically, each processor has had access to a large private cache that seamlessly and transparently (to end users) interfaced with main memory. Previously, processes or threads only had to compete for memory bandwidth, but now they are competing for actual space. Competition for space and environmental resources is a problem studied in other scientific domains. This paper introduces methods from ecology to model multi-core cache usage with the competitive Lotka---Volterra equations. A model is presented and validated for characterizing the interaction of cores through shared caching, and for predicting the degree to which different workloads will interfere with each others' execution from cache contention.
Copper stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from isolated hypothalamic granules

Copper, administered to female rabbits, stimulates LHRH release into the hypophyseal portal blood (5) and induces ovulation (1-3). To gain further understanding of the mechanism of action of copper, in this study we addressed the question: Does copper, in the form of CuATP, stimulate LHRH release from isolated hypothalamic granules? Isolated hypothalamic granules, obtained from adult male rats, were incubated under in vitro conditions in the absence (control) or presence of CuATP (0.1 - 2.5 mM). In the presence of CuATP, we noted that LHRH release was stimulated, and the magnitude of stimulation was a saturable function of the concentration of copper, being maximal at 2.5 mM. In addition, we compared the effects of a series of divalent cations (Cu, Zn, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ba, Sr, Mn; 2.5 mM each) on LHRH release and found that copper stimulated release seventeenfold, zinc--sixfold, and the other divalent cations--twofold or less. Thus, copper appears to be a unique releaser of LHRH, and it may act at the level of the LHRH granule.
Preparation of a four-atom Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state

I propose a method to prepare four atoms in an entangled state of the type discussed by Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger [in Bell's Theorem, Quantum Theory and Conceptions of the Universe, edited by M. Kafatos (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1989), p. 107]. The method involves two micromaser cavities, each supporting two modes initially prepared in a nonlocalized two-photon state by an atom undergoing a two-photon transition. Subsequently, two atoms pass through each cavity, becoming entangled in a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state leaving the cavities in the vacuum. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The concept and rationale of educational reform

Confusion characterizes the current situation in educational reform. The last wave of public school reform, beginning in the fifties and continuing through the sixties, was one of the largest and most sustained reform movements in American educational history. Many observers believed that the movement would transform American education. But as Charles Silberman concluded: "Nothing of the sort has happened; the reform movement has produced innumerable changes, and yet the schools themselves are largely unchanged."' Other individuals and various commissions essentially have agreed with Silberman. The Kettering Foundation's report on secondary educational reform concluded that "the decade of change and innovation in the schools had little or no lasting effect on the content of the school programs or the quality of teaching and learning."2 Some of those who arrived at this dismal conclusion still hold out hope that if public education would only follow their proposals, genuine reform could occur.3 Yet others, such as Michael Katz4 and Christopher Jencks,5 claim that the powers of schooling have been overestimated. Katz and Henry M. Levin6 believe that systemic educational reform must come through redistribution of power and resources; the polity must change before such reform can occur. Bowles and Gintis, using a neo-Marxian analysis, contend that schools reproduce the
A table of work formulae with derivations and applications

Formulae for the work of certain common simple computational steps are derived. The evaluation is in terms of an information theoretic measure. The results are then applied to evaluate the work of multiplication and division, and the work of the IBM S/370 branch and link instruction.
Nanoporous-Carbon Coatings for Gas-Phase Chemical Microsensors

Nanoporous-carbon (NPC) is compared directly to commonly-used polymers as a gassorbing coating material on surface acoustic wave (SAW) microsensor devices. The sensing capability of these materials is measured for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic-industrial chemicals (TICs), and a chemical warfare agents (CWA) simulant. All of the coatings reversibly sorb and desorb the volatile VOC and TIC compounds, however, NPC outperforms the polymers over the range of analyte concentrations studied, especially at the lowest levels, by multiple ordersof- magnitude. Conversely, NPC has good retention properties for the semi-volatile CWA simulant tested, which while detrimental for use on a reversible SAW device, infers that NPC may be wellsuited as a preconcentrator coating for such analytes. NPC is a highly-disordered low-density carbon containing both nanopores and increased interplanar spacing between graphene sheet fragments, self-assembles using pulsed laser deposition, has no residual-stress at room temperature, is stable to 600 °C, and is chemically-inert in harsh environments. It has superior chemical and aging properties compared to the conventional polymer films used in microsensor devices.
The Cruciferous Nitrile, Crambene, Induces Rat Hepatic and Pancreatic Glutathione S-Transferases

Abstract Indoles and isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables have been implicated as chemopreventive agents against carcinogenesis. The bioactivities of chemically related cruciferous nitriles, including 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (crambene), however, have not been thoroughly evaluated. Crambene causes a prolonged elevation of rat hepatic and pancreatic glutathione and induces the GSH S -transferases (GSTs). Because elevated GST activity against the model substrate chlorodinitrobenzene does not reflect individual isoenzyme induction, quantitative HPLC evaluation of specific GST subunits is necessary to fully assess the range of GST isoenzymes induced by crambene. Accordingly, male Fischer 344 rats were given, via esophageal intubation, either 100 (Experiment 1) or 50 mg crambene/kg body wt (Experiment 2) once daily for 7 days. GSTs were extracted from hepatic cytosol by affinity chromatography, and the individual subunits that comprise the various isoenzymes were quantified by reverse-phase HPLC to gain an estimate of induction. In addition, pancreatic GST subunits were assessed in the low-dose experiment. In parallel with increased GST activity, crambene caused a generalized induction of GST subunits in both liver and pancreas, but the pattern of subunit induction was tissue dependent. In the liver, α subunits 1 and 2 and the μ subunit 3 were induced approximately 2-fold, while the μ subunit 4 was induced only 1.5-fold. In the pancreas, the α subunit 2 was induced to a much larger extent (2.6-fold) than the other subunits (from no induction to 1.6 fold). These results suggests that crambene-mediated GST induction mechanisms vary from tissue to tissue. Potential chemoprevention provided by crambene against GST-metabolized carcinogens or toxins may differ between liver and pancreas because of differences in the degree and pattern of induction.
Calibration of a Liquid Xenon Detector with Kr-83m

We report the preparation of a $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}{}^{m}$ source and its use in calibrating a liquid xenon detector. $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}{}^{m}$ atoms were produced through the decay of $^{83}\mathrm{Rb}$ and introduced into liquid xenon. Decaying $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}{}^{m}$ nuclei were detected through liquid xenon scintillation. Conversion electrons with energies of 9.4 and 32.1 keV from the decay of $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}{}^{m}$ were observed. This calibration source will allow the characterization of the response of noble liquid detectors at low energies. $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}{}^{m}$ may also be useful for measuring fluid flow dynamics, both to understand purification in noble liquid-based particle detectors, as well as for studies of classical and quantum turbulence in superfluid helium.
Antigenic protein modifications in Ehrlichia

To develop effective vaccination strategies againstEhrlichia, we have previously reported developing an animal model of cross-protection in which C57BL/6 mice primed withE. muris were resistant to lethal infection withIxodes ovatus ehrlichia (IOE). Polyclonal antibody produced in mice after priming withE. muris and later injected with IOE-detected antigenic proteins inE. muris and IOE cell lysates. Cross-reaction of antigenic proteins was observed when we probed both theE. muris and IOE cell lysates with IOE andE. muris-specific polyclonal antibody. Analysis of the total proteins ofE. muris and IOE by two dimensional electrophoresis showed that bothE. muris and IOE have the same antigenic proteins. Finally, studies on post-translational protein modifications using a novel technique, Eastern blotting, showed thatE. muris proteins are more lipoylated and glycosylated than those of IOE.
Associations of Borderline and Low Normal Ankle-Brachial Index Values With Functional Decline at 5-Year Follow-Up : The WALCS (Walking and Leg Circulation Study)

Objectives We studied associations of borderline and low normal ankle-brachial index (ABI) values with functional decline over a 5-year follow-up. Background The associations of borderline and low normal ABI with functional decline are unknown. Methods The 666 participants included 412 with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Participants were categorized as follows: severe PAD (ABI Results Hazard ratios (HRs) for mobility loss according to ABI category were as follows: severe PAD, HR: 4.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 10.92); moderate PAD, HR: 3.82 (95% CI: 1.66 to 8.81); mild PAD, HR: 3.22 (95% CI: 1.43 to 7.21); borderline ABI, HR: 3.07 (95% CI: 1.21 to 7.84); and low normal ABI, HR: 2.61 (95% CI: 1.08 to 6.32; p trend = 0.0018). Similar associations were observed for becoming unable to walk for 6 min continuously (p trend Conclusions At 5-year follow-up, persons with borderline ABI values have a higher incidence of mobility loss and becoming unable to walk for 6 min continuously compared with persons who have a normal baseline ABI. A low normal ABI is associated with an increased incidence of mobility loss compared with persons who have a normal ABI.
Fiscal policy, expenditure composition, and growth in low-income countries

Abstract This paper assesses the effects of fiscal consolidation and expenditure composition on economic growth in a sample of 39 low-income countries during the 1990s. The paper finds that strong budgetary positions are generally associated with higher economic growth in both the short and long terms. The composition of public outlays also matters: countries where spending is concentrated on wages tend to have lower growth, while those that allocate higher shares to capital and nonwage goods and services enjoy faster output expansion. Finally, initial fiscal conditions also have a bearing on the nexus between fiscal deficits and growth.
Marie Tharp: The lady who showed us the ocean floors

Abstract Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University are best known for creating the first maps of the ocean floors. Bruce sailed the oceans collecting the data and overseeing the projects, but the person who turned the precision depth recordings and other geoscience data into the two-dimensional views of the bottoms was Marie. Meticulously, she sketched the features that comprise the ocean floors, aligned the data according to the orientations of the fracture zones, and identified volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, faults and sea mounts. Marie’s discovery of a deep valley centered along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and her linkage of the major crustal plates for over 64,000 km (40,000 miles) around the Earth, showed us, and thus confirmed, the concept of plate tectonics and crustal movement. How Marie came to her place in history, what she was like, and how her life unfolded are the subjects of this paper.
Dark Pools, Fragmented Markets, and the Quality of Price Discovery

Dark pools and fragmented equity markets may both appear threatening to the quality of price discovery, but this article suggests that fragmentation is the more serious of the two. Large orders have always required some darkness, and while the term “dark pool” is new, the reality is not. On the other hand, fragmentation, both spatial and temporal, is a threat to price discovery. Empirical evidence summarized in this article suggests that the widely observed accentuation of intra-day price volatility is largely attributable to the vagaries of price discovery. The authors suggest that accurate price discovery be moved to center stage as a regulatory objective.
Apparent Minimum Free Energy Requirements for Methanogenic Archaea and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in an Anoxic Marine Sediment

Among the most fundamental constraints governing the distribution of microorganisms in the environment is the availability of chemical energy at biologically useful levels. To assess the minimum free energy yield that can support microbial metabolism in situ, we examined the thermodynamics of H2-consuming processes in anoxic sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, NC, USA. Depth distributions of H2 partial pressure, along with a suite of relevant concentration data, were determined in sediment cores collected in November (at 14.5°C) and August (at 27°C) and used to calculate free energy yields for methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. At both times of year, and for both processes, free energy yields gradually decreased (became less negative) with depth before reaching an apparent asymptote. Sulfate-reducing bacteria exhibited an asymptote of −19.1±1.7 kJ (mol SO2−4)−1, while methanogenic Archaea were apparently supported by energy yields as small as −10.6±0.7 kJ (mol CH4)−1.
Photometry of the Globular Cluster NGC 3201 and Its Variable Stars

We present time series BVI photometry of the brighter stars in the halo globular cluster NGC 3201. We derive high-quality light curves for 58 RR Lyrae stars, all of which appear to be members of the cluster. We determine the foreground reddening of each RR Lyrae star from the star's color and confirm that the reddening varies significantly across the face of the cluster. We obtain a mean value of E(B-V) = 0.25 ± 0.02 mag for stars within 20 of the cluster center. Using the reddening values of the individual RR Lyrae stars, we made dereddened color-magnitude diagrams that reach from the red giant branch tip to ~2 mag below the main-sequence turnoff. Analysis of these diagrams indicates that NGC 3201 has an age of 13–14 Gyr, typical of other globular clusters of its metallicity. We detect low-level brightness variations in most of the cluster's brighter red giant stars and tentatively associate this variation with the small-amplitude red variables seen in the field. We also discovered several δ Scuti variable candidates, two of which appear to be cluster members. The distances derived from the δ Scuti and RR Lyrae stars are in good agreement, indicating d = 4.7 ± 0.2 kpc.
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma: Mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome, and other variants

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a clinically and immunologically defined neoplasm which encompasses epidermotropic (mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome) and nonepidermotropic variants. A natural evolution apparently occurs from the epidermotropic to the nonepidermotropic form. In this review, cellular properties of the neoplastic cells are correlated with specific clinical observations, and recent therapeutic advances are discussed. Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CTCL, including preliminary evidence suggesting that keratinocytes may elaborate a hormonal substance capable of inducing T lymphocyte differentiation, are discussed.
Collaboration and importance of federally sponsored Superfund research programs.

Numerous studies have shown that the release of hazardous substances in the environment impact the environment and human health. Communities want to know if they have been exposed, if their health is affected, and how they can protect themselves. For environmental impacts the concerns include how best to clean up and manage the contamination, and protect the environment. The answers to these questions are complex and many times unknown. Three federal agencies conduct Superfund-related research to answer a wide range of questions from identifying contaminants of concern and health risks to determining effective cleanup and prevention strategies. This article discusses the research programs for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Office of Research and Development), and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Superfund Basic Research Program). The three agencies collaborate on their research programs and research agenda setting activities. This introduction to Superfund-related research provides a foundation and context for the scientific articles in this special edition of the journal. Because of the magnitude of environmental and human health concerns, there is a critical need for additional research to address many challenging questions involving exposures, biological responses, and environmental technologies.
Lofts Yungay: Valparaíso, Chile

Resumen es: Conciente con el patrimonio urbano y la condicion topografica de la ciudad, este proyecto se compromete con la realidad fisica de su entorno, se inserta ...
High strain-rate deformation fabrics characterize a kilometers-thick Paleozoic fault zone in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, central Argentina

Abstract High strain rate fabrics that transgress a crustal depth range of ca. 8–22 km occur within a major Paleozoic fault zone along the western margin of the Sierras de Cordoba, central Argentina. The NNW-striking, east-dipping ‘Tres Arboles’ fault zone extends for at least 250 km and separates two metamorphic terranes that reached peak temperatures in the middle Cambrian and Ordovician, respectively. Exposed fault zone rocks vary from a 16-km-thickness of ultramylonite and mylonite in the southern, deepest exposures to Three transects across the fault zone have been examined in detail. In the deepest section, newly crystallized sillimanite needles define the foliation and wrap garnet and feldspar theta- and delta-type porphyroclasts in a biotite-rich ultramylonite. Geothermometry and preserved microstructures in feldspar and quartz indicate deformation at temperatures >520 °C. Reaction-enhanced grain size reduction and grain boundary sliding were the predominant deformation mechanisms in these high strain rate rocks. Ultramylonites in the intermediate depth section also contain evidence for grain boundary sliding and diffusional mass transfer, although overprinted by late stage chlorite. In the shallowest exposed section, rocks were deformed at or near to the brittle–ductile transition to produce mylonite, cataclasite, shear bands and pseudotachylyte. The overall structure of the Tres Arboles zone is consistent with existing fault zone models and suggests that below the brittle–ductile transition, strain compatibility may be accommodated through very thick zones of high temperature ultramylonite.
Economic anthropology in the 1980s

Ortiz, Sutti, ed. Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. Monographs in Economic Anthropology, No. 1. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America (Society for Economic Anthropology), 1983. xv...