cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Otitis media: the need for a new paradigm in medical education.

Those of us who have been concerned about issues related to the diagnosis of otitis media and its appropriate management have come to an urgent conclusion: that our future doctors need to be better educated about otitis media. Although otitis media in children is one of the most prevalent problems that practitioners face in practice, our medical students and residents leave their training inadequately prepared to correctly diagnose and manage this important and ubiquitous health care issue. Spurred by the alarming rates of bacterial resistance, the New York State Otitis Project (sponsored by the New York State Department of Health; www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/antibiotic/antibiotic.htm) has, for the past 8 years, been actively dealing with issues related to diagnostic accuracy, evidence-based judicious use of antibiotics, parental and professional perceptions and myths, and the “observation option.” The observation option for acute otitis media (AOM) is a strategy in which antibiotic treatment of selected children (based on diagnostic certainty, age, illness severity, and assurance of follow-up) is deferred for up to 3 days, during which time management is limited to analgesics and symptomatic relief and after which appropriate follow-up is performed.1–3 Our committee has identified many areas in which educational interventions are needed. There are multiple levels in clinical practice that lend themselves to varied venues for more instruction. However, if we look for ways to have the most widespread effect, the best outcome, and the “biggest bang for the buck,” our focus homes in on our trainees in medical school and residency. AOM is the most commonly treated bacterial infection in children. Treatment of this infection accounts for >50% of pediatric antibiotic prescriptions and as much as $5 billion (US) annually in cost.4 AOM, as defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, is the presence of middle-ear effusion plus … Address correspondence to Denia A. Varrasso, MD, Chair, New York State Otitis Project, 1214 Waring Ave, Bronx, NY 10469-5432. E-mail: d.varrasso{at}worldnet.att.net
Mechanics of eddy processes in the tropical troposphere

It is suggested on the basis of the study of observational data gathered byJ. P. Peixoto that the eddy processes in the tropical regions of the middle troposphere operate in an inverse manner as compared with a normal heat engine. Thus, in common with the situation in the lower stratosphere, the region is characterized by a countergradient horizontal eddy heat transport and a rising of colder air and sinking of warmer air on the scale of the large eddy processes.
Resolution of financial distress: A theory of the choice between Chapter 11 and workouts

Abstract We model the reorganization decision of distressed firms. One of the novel features of our paper is that we examine the asset and liability side restructuring decisions jointly to resolve financial distress. Secondly, we model several institutional features of coping with financial distress such as debtor-in-possession financing, prepackaged bankruptcies, and asset sales. In our model, asset liquidity, indirect costs of financial distress, and the option value of equity are the determinants of the choice between Chapter 11 reorganizations and workouts. The model develops several testable predictions, some of which are novel and others of which are able to explain previously documented empirical results.
A time series analysis of monthly ridership for an urban rail rapid transit line

This paper presents two time series regression models, one in linear form and the other in logarithmic form, to estimate the monthly ridership of a single urban rail rapid transit line. The model was calibrated for a time period of about six and a half years (from 1978–1984) based on ridership data provided by a transit authority, gasoline prices provided by a state energy department, and other data.
Interactions of GGA3 with the ubiquitin sorting machinery

The Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, Arf-binding (GGA) proteins constitute a family of clathrin adaptors that are mainly associated with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and mediate the sorting of mannose 6-phosphate receptors. This sorting is dependent on the interaction of the VHS domain of the GGAs with acidic-cluster-dileucine signals in the cytosolic tails of the receptors. Here we demonstrate the existence of another population of GGAs that are associated with early endosomes. RNA interference (RNAi) of GGA3 expression results in accumulation of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and internalized epidermal growth factor (EGF) within enlarged early endosomes. This perturbation impairs the degradation of internalized EGF, a process that is normally dependent on the sorting of ubiquitinated EGF receptors (EGFRs) to late endosomes. Protein interaction analyses show that the GGAs bind ubiquitin. The VHS and GAT domains of GGA3 are responsible for this binding, as well as for interactions with TSG101, a component of the ubiquitin-dependent sorting machinery. Thus, GGAs may have additional roles in sorting of ubiquitinated cargo.
Stabilization of the GDP-bound conformation of Gialpha by a peptide derived from the G-protein regulatory motif of AGS3.

The G-protein regulatory (GPR) motif in AGS3 was recently identified as a region for protein binding to heterotrimeric G-protein α subunits. To define the properties of this ∼20-amino acid motif, we designed a GPR consensus peptide and determined its influence on the activation state of G-protein and receptor coupling to G-protein. The GPR peptide sequence (28 amino acids) encompassed the consensus sequence defined by the four GPR motifs conserved in the family of AGS3 proteins. The GPR consensus peptide effectively prevented the binding of AGS3 to Giα1,2 in protein interaction assays, inhibited guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding to Giα, and stabilized the GDP-bound conformation of Giα. The GPR peptide had little effect on nucleotide binding to Goα and brain G-protein indicating selective regulation of Giα. Thus, the GPR peptide functions as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor for Giα. The GPR consensus peptide also blocked receptor coupling to Giαβγ indicating that although the AGS3-GPR peptide stabilized the GDP-bound conformation of Giα, this conformation of GiαGDPwas not recognized by a G-protein coupled receptor. The AGS3-GPR motif presents an opportunity for selective control of Giα- and Gβγ−regulated effector systems, and the GPR motif allows for alternative modes of signal input to G-protein signaling systems.
Precision thermoluminescence dosimetry using CaSO4 : Dy teflon dosimeters

Abstract Repeated use of CaSO 4 : Dy teflon dosimeters indicates a variation in TL output of up to 10% due to warpage of the teflon discs. This is corrected by use of a special planchet.
Cognitive impairment screening in second offense DUI programs

Patients enrolled in alcohol treatment programs for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders are at elevated risk of cognitive impairment, but are not systematically screened. We developed a 30-min screening battery that can be administered in a group setting to test patients' ability to handle the cognitive demands of psychoeducational treatment. Testing of 134 volunteers identified 73% as having one or more clinically significant cognitive deficits. A majority of subjects scored below the 50th percentile on tests of word fluency, vocabulary, sustained attention, memory, executive functioning, and impulse control. The prevalence of cognitive impairment in the repeat DUI offender population is extremely high, making DUI treatment programs an ideal venue for screening and referral. Treatment programs should be responsive to the special needs of this population, incorporating teaching techniques that address short attention span, poor memory, lack of verbal fluency, and lack of impulse control.
Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments and management strategies.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent and young adult females. Dysmenorrhea is usually primary and is associated with normal ovulatory cycles and with no pelvic pathology. In ∼ 10% of females with severe dysmenorrhea symptoms, pelvic abnormalities such as endometriosis or uterine anomalies may be found. Objective: To review the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea, as well as review pharmacological treatments and strategies for management of dysmenorrhea in adolescent and young adult females. Methods: Review of original articles on dysmenorrhea that have been published in the medical literature. Results/conclusions: Potent prostaglandins and potent leukotrienes play an important role in generating primary dysmenorrhea symptoms. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common pharmacologic treatment for dysmenorrhea. A loading dose of NSAIDs (typically twice the regular dose) should be used as initial treatment for d...
A Virtue-Free Science for Public Policy?

At first glance, the connection between these books is not obvious. Each is distinctive in the audience it addresses, the methods and idioms it employs, and the aspects of science and public policy on which it focuses. M. Granger Morgan and Jon Peha have assembled seventeen engineers and policy analysts from the Washington trenches to analyse the rise and fall of the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) of the United States Congress, and put forward possible options for returning scientific expertise to law-making. Daniel Greenberg has been commenting on the politics of American science for more than forty years. His Science, Money, and Politics is a 473-page indictment of the lack of accountability in publiclyfunded American science. Finally, in Laws of Men and Laws of Nature, Tal Golan reviews key episodes in the use of scientists as expert witnesses in English and American courts during the past two centuries. As a historian of law and of science, he is mainly interested in the juridical question of how and when scientific testimony becomes legally accepted evidence, along with the social, epistemic, and public policy implications of employing 'experts' as witnesses. Dissimilar as these works are, they all pose the same question: how should governments in democratic societies use scientific
Preliminary evidence shows that folic acid fortification of the food supply is associated with higher methotrexate dosing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: Fortification of the diet with folate has been used in the United States since 1997 to prevent neural tube defects in newborn babies. However, an increase in dietary folate intake could theoretically reduce the effectiveness of the anti-folate medication, methotrexate (MTX) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory diseases.Objective: To investigate whether dietary fortification with folic acid interferes with MTX function in patients with RA.Methods: We computed MTX dose per patient per year for the years 1988 to 1999 and plotted these against time, comparing the overall mean MTX dose before and after 1997, when dietary fortification with folic acid was instituted in the USA. Thirty-six subjects met eligibility criteria.Results: Mean annual MTX dose was stable between 1988 and 1996 (12.4 ± 4.0mg), but then rose linearly from 1997 to 1999 (16.6 ± 5.1 mg, p < 0.001).Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that folic acid supplementation may contribute to higher MTX dosin...
Single crystals of calcium and strontium phenylphosphonate grown via hydrothermal crystallization

Single crystals of Ca(HO3PC6H5)2 (1) and Sr(HO3PC6H5)2 (2) have been obtained via the crystallization of their respective amorphous powders. The amorphous compounds were synthesized by traditional solution routes and were subsequently crystallized at 160°C in a Teflon-lined autoclave containing 1–3 mL distilled water. The resultant single crystals were physically isolated and their structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The two compounds are isostructural and crystallize in space group C2/c with lattice parameters of a = 31.267(3) A, b = 5.6185(6) A, c = 7.7202(8) A, β = 101.924(2)°; and a = 31.514(4) A, b = 5.8098(8) A, c = 7.8218(10) A, β = 102.063(3)° for the calcium and strontium phenylphosphonate, respectively.
Universal bound and scattering properties for two dipoles

The bound state and low-energy scattering properties of two oriented dipoles are investigated for both bosonic and fermionic symmetries. Interestingly, a universal scaling emerges for the expectation value of the angular momentum for deeply bound two-dipole states. This scaling traces to the pendulum motion of two dipoles in the strong dipole regime. The low-energy scattering phase shifts of two dipoles also show universal behavior. These universal observations make connections to the scaling laws reported by Wang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 233201 (2011); Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 233201 (2011)] for three dipoles.
Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectroscopy of plant photosystem II reaction centers excited on the red-edge of the Qy band

Using surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy techniques, we have obtained vibrational spectra from the higher plant D1−D2−cytochrome b559 photosystem II reaction center co...
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma flocculare Strain Ms42T (ATCC 27399T)

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma flocculare is a commensal or low-virulence pathogen of swine. The complete 778,866-bp genome sequence of M. flocculare strain Ms42T has been determined, enabling further comparison to genomes of the closely related pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. The absence of the p97 and glpD genes may contribute to the attenuated virulence of M. flocculare.
The Reflection Alcove Hologram: A Computer-Graphic Holographic Stereogram

A new concave semi-cylindrical reflection holographic stereogram, called the "reflection alcove hologram," offers computer-generated 3-D real images that project within the alcove space and offer a very wide angle of view. The hologram is viewed with a white light source, and is extendable to full-color imaging.
Phenotypic Plasticity May Facilitate Invasion by Aegilops triuncialis

One great obstacle to understanding the invasion of nonnative species into native ecosystems is the lack of information on the population biology of the invading species. In particular, morphological and physiological adaptations and potential for phenotypic plasticity will strongly influence a species' ability to persist and spread in newly invaded ecosystems. Phenotypic plasticity can buffer populations from selection thereby allowing them to survive the establishment phase of the invasion. The annual grass Aegilops triuncialis (Poaceae, Triticeae) has become highly invasive in California (USA) and provides an opportunity to investigate the importance of phenotypic plasticity to persistence and spread in new habitats. This species produces dispersal units containing dimorphic caryopses ("seeds") with different degrees of dormancy. Germination of the smaller seeds is suppressed by maternal tissues and by the larger sibling, but how this induced dormancy varies across populations is unknown. I used 12 populations from northern California to compare size relationships between seeds and to investigate variation in the strength of the maternal and sibling effects on germination. The larger seeds were never dormant while induced dormancy of the smaller seeds varied across populations and years. Thus, the factors governing induced dormancy were not genetically fixed, but appeared to be environmentally influenced. For A. triuncialis, reproductive strategies, such as seed-size dimorphism, may facilitate initial invasions into new environments, but variation in the strength of controls over germination may be important for facilitating post-invasion persistence and spread.
Variability in the speed of the Brewer-Dobson circulation as observed by Aura/MLS

We use Aura/MLS stratospheric water vapour (H2O) measurements as tracer for dynamics and infer inter- annual variations in the speed of the Brewer-Dobson circu- lation (BDC) from 2004 to 2011. We correlate one-year time series of H2O in the lower stratosphere at two subsequent pressure levels (68 hPa, 18.8 km and 56 hPa, 19.9 km at the Equator) and determine the time lag for best correla- tion. The same calculation is made on the horizontal on the 100 hPa ( 16.6 km) level by correlating the H2O time se- ries at the Equator with the ones at 40 N and 40 S. From these lag coefficients we derive the vertical and horizontal speeds of the BDC in the tropics and extra-tropics, respec- tively. We observe a clear interannual variability of the verti- cal and horizontal branch. The variability reflects signatures of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Our measurements confirm the QBO meridional circulation anomalies and show that the speed variations in the two branches of the BDC are out of phase and fairly well anti-correlated. Maximum as- cent rates are found during the QBO easterly phase. We also find that transport of H 2O towards the Northern Hemisphere (NH) is on the average two times faster than to the South- ern Hemisphere (SH) with a mean speed of 1.15 m s 1 at 100 hPa. Furthermore, the speed towards the NH shows much more interannual variability with an amplitude of about 21 % whilst the speed towards the SH varies by only 10 %. An am- plitude of 21 % is also observed in the variability of the as- cent rate at the Equator which is on the average 0.2 mm s 1 .
BLACK RACE ASSOCIATED WITH WORSE OUTCOMES IN AMBULATORY HEART FAILURE-PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION PATIENTS

In self-identified black patients, heart failure (HF) tends to occur at a younger age and is associated with worse outcomes. Little is known about HF-preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in minorities. In TOPCAT, we compared outcomes in black and non-black patients randomized from the Americas and
A Model of HIV-I Reverse Transcriptase: Possible Mechanisms for AZT Resistance

In this report we present our preliminary results on the explanation of possible roles that mutations at positions 41, 67, 70, 215, and 219 of the p66 subunit of HIV-I reverse transcriptase play in AZT resistance. These explanations stem from molecular modeling studies of AZT in both the active site of our full-coordinate model, and in the channel to the active site. These results suggest the following: (a) that mutant residues Arg 70, Tyr 215, and possibly Leu 41, sterically block the opening to the active site and help reverse transcriptase selectively exclude AZT due to its larger 3’ group compared to normal nucleotides, (b) the loss of the positively charged lysine ammonium head group in the Lys 219 → Gln mutation removes a favorable monopole-dipole interaction with the 3’ azido group of AZT, and (c) the mutant residue Asn 67 can hydrogen bond to the single-stranded template of the template-primer complex and constrains the s3-s4 loop into a conformation which disallows AZT uptake.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ciliophora): the location of sites immunogenic to the host Cyprinus carpio (L.)

Abstract Adult carp were immunised against the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet by the normal infection route. Serum and cutaneous mucus from these fish were then used for the location of immunogens within semi- and ultra-thin sections of the parasite. Immunogold labelling indicated cilia membranes and the secretory contents of 'mucocyst' organellae of both theront and trophont stages to be major targets of the serum antibody response, although no immunoreactivity could be detected in cutaneous mucus. The possible significance of cilia and 'mucocyst' antigens is discussed in relation to parasite invasion of the host fish epidermis, and the mode of the protective response is also discussed.
Incremental decode and forward relaying using distributed space time coding

Distributed space time coding (DSTC) is an efficient way to exploit spatial diversity for cooperative system. In regular cooperative diversity networks, relays forward the source signal to the destination every time regardless of the channel conditions which limits the system throughput. In this paper, we propose an incremental relaying protocol based on decode and forward transmission in conjunction with DSTC to save the channel resources. If the destination requests the help from the relays, they cooperate with each other and decode and forward an Alamouti coded version of their signals. The average bit error probability (BEP) is derived in a closed form expression. Simulations are performed to confirm our theoretical analysis. The effect of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) threshold and the position of relays on the bit error probability are discussed. Moreover, our results show that the proposed scheme offers better performance than incremental-selective DF relaying when the relays are near the source.
Pressure and temperature dependent properties of the rock-fluid systems in petroleum and geothermal formations

A thorough review of the literature has yielded several interpretations of temperature level effects on fundamental properties of the porous medium which have not previously been suggested. The overview presented is intended to provide some new insight into the nature of temperature and pressure effects on the properties of the rock-fluid system, by applying conventional similarity criteria such as the Leverett J function, the capillary number, and the mobility ratio. 22 refs.
Emerging methods in comparative effectiveness and safety: symposium overview and summary.

Background: Interest in new methods for comparative effectiveness, drug and patient safety, and related studies is burgeoning. The advent of Medicare Part D for outpatient prescription drugs has drawn significant attention to the need for efficient ways to monitor the potential benefits and harms of pharmaceuticals. These trends prompted the Effective Health Care program at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and its DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions about Effectiveness) network to examine innovative approaches for such investigations through an invitational symposium in June 2006. Results: Conference papers covered numerous points about ways to structure both interventional and database-oriented studies, particularly those concerned with adverse drug events, to avoid bias in those studies, and to apply advanced statistical tools to exploit the information from these studies to their fullest. Of particular importance are: (1) using new types of experimental designs, including cluster randomization, delayed designs, pragmatic trials, and practice-based investigations that incorporate the natural variation of data from routine clinical practice; (2) finding efficient ways to use different types of databases-eg, Department of Veterans Affairs files, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance files, Medicaid claims data, and state hospital data-for examining initiation, persistence, and adherence, and the benefits and adverse events of pharmaceutical use; and (3) inventing or refining ways to decrease the threats to validity of analyses relying on administrative or other observational data, particularly through propensity scoring, inverse probability weighting, risk adjustment, and direct or indirect methods for synthesizing comparative effectiveness information.
Polyquinanes by [4 + 4] cycloaddition-transannular cyclization.

Photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones yields a rigid polycyclic product containing a 1,5-cyclooctadiene. The cis isomer, with the alkenes in close proximity, undergoes a transannular reaction when treated with chlorine to give a polyquinane product. The chlorination reaction involves migration of an amide nitrogen and forms a single isomer, generating eight stereogenic centers in two steps.
Isolation of activated ras transforming genes from two patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Abstract Despite impressive advances in the clinical management of Hodgkin's disease, litle is known about its cellular origin or the mechanism(s) of "Hodgkinogenesis." Recent findings that certain human cellular oncogenes can cause malignant transformation suggest that aberrant activation of these genes may play a role in carcinogenesis. To determine if such genes are operative in Hodgkin's cells, we isolated DNA from splenic nodules of three patients with nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease and tested its ability to transform mouse NIH 3T3 cells, the standard assay for oncogene-mediated malignant transformation. Transformed cells containing human DNA were obtained from two patients. DNA from these primary transformants yielded secondary transformants of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts; one also transformed normal mouse bone marrow macrophages, a cell type probably related to the Hodgkin's cell. When analyzed by Southern blot methods for homology with closed oncogene probes, the transforming genes from both patients had homology with N- ras . The homology and size of the restriction fragments were similar to those of transforming genes isolated from patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemias. The presence of the same activated oncogene in tumor tissue from two different patients suggests that it may play an important role in Hodgkinogenesis.
Hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluorine bonds in catalytic hydrogenation

Abstract In contrast to the strong stability of saturated fluorine compounds in catalytic hydrogenation, allylic and vinylic fluorine atoms are displace by hydrogen relatively readily. Hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluorine bonds accompanies addition of hydrogen across double bonds in methyl 4-fluoro-3-methyl-2-pentenoate, in fluoromaleic, fluorofumaric, difluoromaleic and difluorofumaric acids. The extent of hydrogenolysis is affected by the catalyst and by the solvent. A concerted mechanism is offered to explain the readiness of the hydrogenolysis in allylic and vinylic fluorides.
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Glutathione Status of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract of Rats

AbstractEndogenous antioxidants, like the tripeptide glutathione (CSH), protect the respiratory airways from potentially injurious agents within inhaled pollutants like cigarette smoke. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on respiratory tract tissue. Twenty-four F344/N male rats were exposed to cigarette smoke (249 mg total particulate matter/m3) or filtered air for 6 h/day for 9 days. Rats were sacrificed 1 day or 14 days after the last exposure. The most dramatic changes in CSH concentrations occurred in the tissues of the nasal cavity 1 day following exposure, with tissues from the proximal nasal airways showing the greatest response. These same proximal nasal airway tissues also had the greatest histopathological changes. Within 2 wk after exposure, the CSH concentrations in the nasal tissues from smoke-exposed rats were similar to air-exposed controls, and there was only minimal histopathological evidence of tissue alteration. CSH concentrations were not...
98% identical, 100% wrong: per cent nucleotide identity can lead plant virus epidemiology astray

Short-form publications such as Plant Disease reports serve essential functions: the rapid dissemination of information on the geography of established plant pathogens, incidence and symptomology of pathogens in new hosts, and the discovery of novel pathogens. Many of these sentinel publications include viral sequence data, but most use that information only to confirm the virus' species. When researchers use the standard technique of per cent nucleotide identity to determine that the new sequence is closely related to another sequence, potentially erroneous conclusions can be drawn from the results. Multiple introductions of the same pathogen into a country are being ignored because researchers know fast-evolving plant viruses can accumulate substantial sequence divergence over time, even from a single introduction. An increased use of phylogenetic methods in short-form publications could speed our understanding of these cryptic second introductions and aid in control of epidemics.
An all-solid-state broad-band frequency multiplier chain at 1500 GHz

We report the results of a high-performance all-solid-state broad-band frequency multiplier chain at 1500 GHz, which uses four cascaded planar Schottky-barrier varactor doublers. The multipliers are driven by monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit-based high electron-mobility transistor power amplifiers around 95 GHz with 100-150 mW of pump power. The design incorporates balanced doublers utilizing novel substrateless and membrane device fabrication technologies, achieving low-loss broad-band multipliers working in the terahertz range. For a drive power of approximately 100 mW in the 88-99-GHz range, the doublers achieved room-temperature peak efficiencies of approximately 30% at the 190-GHz stage, 20% at 375 GHz, 9% at 750 GHz, and 4% at the 1500-GHz stage. When the chain was cooled to 120 K, approximately 40 /spl mu/W of peak output power was measured for 100 mW of input pump power.
Rab25 regulates invasion and metastasis in head and neck cancer.

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the 10 most common cancers with a 50% five-year survival rate, which has remained unchanged for the past three decades. One of the major reasons for the aggressiveness of this cancer is that HNSCCs readily metastasize to cervical lymph nodes that are abundant in the head and neck region. Hence, discovering new molecules controlling the metastatic process as well as understanding their regulation at the molecular level are essential for effective therapeutic strategies. Experimental Design: Rab25 expression level was analyzed in HNSCC tissue microarray. We used a combination of intravital microscopy in live animals and immunofluorescence in an in vitro invasion assay to study the role of Rab25 in tumor cell migration and invasion. Results: In this study, we identified the small GTPase Rab25 as a key regulator of HNSCC metastasis. We observed that Rab25 is downregulated in HNSCC patients. Next, we determined that reexpression of Rab25 in a metastatic cell line is sufficient to block invasion in a three-dimensional collagen matrix and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes in a mouse model for oral cancer. Specifically, Rab25 affects the organization of F-actin at the cell surface, rather than cell proliferation, apoptosis, or tumor angiogenesis. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Rab25 plays an important role in tumor migration and metastasis, and that understanding its function may lead to the development of new strategies to prevent metastasis in oral cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 19(6); 1375–88. ©2013 AACR .
Interference Transmission Filters for the Far Ultraviolet

The properties of simple and multiple Fabry–Perot-type interference filters with aluminum films as the reflecting layers are deduced with the aid of the measured optical constants of aluminum. Computed transmission curves are given for several filters of these types in the wavelength range from 1500 to 2500 A. The properties of multiple-stack filters, two or more simple three-layer interference filters stacked contiguously, are deduced. It is shown that multiple-stack filters have definite advantages over three-layer interference filters. In particular, improvement in contrast without significant increase in bandwidth is obtained. Combination of a first- and second-order filter in the same multiple-stack filter is shown to give a reduced bandwidth, as expected. Experimental results for multiple filters confirm the predicted theoretical advantages.
Stroboscopic Imaging Interferometer for MEMS Performance Measurement

The insertion of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) components into aerospace systems requires advanced testing to characterize performance in a space environment. Here, we report a novel stroboscopic interferometer test system that measures nanometer-scale displacements of moving MEMS devices. By combining video imagery and phase-shift interferometry with an environmental chamber, rapid visualization of the dynamic device motion under the actual operational conditions can be achieved. The utility of this system is further enhanced by integrating the interferometer onto the chamber window, allowing for robust interferometric testing in a noisy environment without requiring a floating optical table. To demonstrate these unique capabilities, we present the time-resolved images of an electrostatically actuated MEMS cantilevered beam showing the first-order to sixth-order plate modes under vacuum.
Testability analysis based on structural and behavioral information

When VLSI circuits such as microprocessors are designed hierarchically, testability issues have to be considered simultaneously with functional specifications to reduce the testing complexity early in the design phase. Accurate testability measures are required to indicate the hard-to-test areas and can be used as a guidance for ATPG. This paper presents a new testability analysis technique operating at a high level using both circuit structural information and assembly-level instruction behavioral information. This testability analysis targets at the popular functional test generation and a modern high level ATPG methodology published in recent literature. The experimental results of testability measures as well as high level ATPG are presented to verify the effectiveness. >
Formation and properties of mixed disulfides between thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli and thioredoxin: Evidence that cysteine‐138 functions to initiate dithiol‐disulfide interchange and to accept the reducing equivalent from reduced flavin

Mutation of one of the cysteine residues in the redox active disulfide of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli results in C135S with Cys138 remaining or C138S with Cys135 remaining. The expression system for the genes encoding thioredoxin reductase, wild-type enzyme, C135S, and C138S has been re-engineered to allow for greater yields of protein. Wild-type enzyme and C135S were found to be as previously reported, whereas discrepancies were detected in the characteristics of C138S. It was shown that the original C138S was a heterogeneous mixture containing C138S and wild-type enzyme and that enzyme obtained from the new expression system is the correct species. C138S obtained from the new expression system having 0.1% activity and 7% flavin fluorescence of wild-type enzyme was used in this study. Reductive titrations show that, as expected, only 1 mol of sodium dithionite/mol of FAD is required to reduce C138S. The remaining thiol in C135S and C138S has been reacted with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) to form mixed disulfides. The half time of the reaction was <5 s for Cys138 in C135S and approximately 300 s for Cys135 in C138S showing that Cys138 is much more reactive. The resulting mixed disulfides have been reacted with Cys32 in C35S mutant thioredoxin to form stable, covalent adducts C138S-C35S and C135S-C35S. The half times show that Cys138 is approximately fourfold more susceptible to attack by the nucleophile. These results suggest that Cys138 may be the thiol initiating dithiol-disulfide interchange between thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin.
REGULATION OF LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION BY THE NOTCH PATHWAY

The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T cell lineage and subsequent stages of early thymopoiesis is critically regulated by Notch. Recent data indicate that Notch can also direct the differentiation and activity of peripheral T and B cells. Thus, the full spectrum of Notch effects is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss this explosion of knowledge as well as current controversies and challenges in the field.
Relationship of transformational and transactional leadership with employee influencing strategies.

The purpose of the study was to compare manager-employee influencing dynamics within the framework of transformational and transactional leadership theory. A total of 117 employees of a manufacturing firm anonymously completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire-Form 5 (Bass, 1985a) and the Profile of Organizational Influence Strategies-Form M (Kipnis & Schmidt, 1982). Multiple regression analyses supported the predictions that (1) perceived transactional leadership would be more strongly inversely related to reported employee upward influencing behavior than transformational leadership, and (2) transformational leadership would be more closely associated with leader effectiveness and employee satisfaction with the leader than transactional leadership. Results are examined in terms of the apparent volatile nature of transactional leadership-employee influ encing systems. Transformational leadership-employee influencing interactions are viewed as more effective in promoting organizational productivity...
Quantitation of in situ contact areas at the glenohumeral joint: A biomechanical study

Glenohumeral arthritis may result from abnormal articular mechanics, and shoulder reconstructive procedures often rely implicitly on the belief that the restoration of normal articular mechanics is required to obtain satisfactory clinical results. Despite this, limited knowledge of normal or pathologic glenohumeral joint articular mechanics and contact is available. This study uses a stereophotogrammetry technique to determine contact areas in normal cadaver glenohumeral joints with intact ligaments and capsule through a large range of motion using simulated forces of the four rotator cuff muscles and three deltoid heads. All shoulders were first elevated to their maximum elevation in the scapular plane at an external rotation (starting rotation = 40 +/- 8 degrees), which allowed each shoulder to attain its maximal elevation in the scapular plane, and then repeated at 20 degrees internal to this rotation. Contact areas consistently increased with increasing elevation until 120 degrees to an average of 5.07 cm2 before decreasing with further increased elevation to an average of 2.59 cm2 at 180 degrees of total arm elevation. At 20 degrees internal to the starting rotation, contact areas reached high values 60 degrees earlier (averaged 4.56 cm2 at 60 degrees of total arm elevation) and then remained fairly constant through 120 degrees before decreasing with further increased elevation to 2.51 cm2 at 180 degrees total arm elevation. With increasing elevation in the external starting rotation, humeral head contact dramatically migrates from an inferior region to a superocentral-posterior region while glenoid contact shifts posteriorly. When the humeral shaft is positioned 20 degrees internal to the starting rotation, humeral head contact shifts from inferocentral-anterior to superocentral-posterior regions. Simultaneously, a similar posterior shift in glenoid contact is observed. Furthermore, whereas only a small portion of the humeral head surface area is in contact in any given position, contact on the glenoid surface is much more uniformly distributed over its entire articulating surface.
Centromeric Barrier Disruption Leads to Mitotic Defects in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Centromeres are cis-acting chromosomal domains that direct kinetochore formation, enabling faithful chromosome segregation and preserving genome stability. The centromeres of most eukaryotic organisms are structurally complex, composed of nonoverlapping, structurally and functionally distinct chromatin subdomains, including the specialized core chromatin that underlies the kinetochore and pericentromeric heterochromatin. The genomic and epigenetic features that specify and preserve the adjacent chromatin subdomains critical to centromere identity are currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that chromatin barriers regulate this process in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Reduced fitness and mitotic chromosome segregation defects occur in strains that carry exogenous DNA inserted at centromere 1 chromatin barriers. Abnormal phenotypes are accompanied by changes in the structural integrity of both the centromeric core chromatin domain, containing the conserved CENP-ACnp1 protein, and the flanking pericentric heterochromatin domain. Barrier mutant cells can revert to wild-type growth and centromere structure at a high frequency after the spontaneous excision of integrated exogenous DNA. Our results reveal a previously undemonstrated role for chromatin barriers in chromosome segregation and in the prevention of genome instability.
Robust and accurate data enrichment statistics via distribution function of sum of weights

Motivation: Term-enrichment analysis facilitates biological interpretation by assigning to experimentally/computationally obtained data annotation associated with terms from controlled vocabularies. This process usually involves obtaining statistical significance for each vocabulary term and using the most significant terms to describe a given set of biological entities, often associated with weights. Many existing enrichment methods require selections of (arbitrary number of) the most significant entities and/or do not account for weights of entities. Others either mandate extensive simulations to obtain statistics or assume normal weight distribution. In addition, most methods have difficulty assigning correct statistical significance to terms with few entities. Results: Implementing the well-known Lugananni–Rice formula, we have developed a novel approach, called SaddleSum, that is free from all the aforementioned constraints and evaluated it against several existing methods. With entity weights properly taken into account, SaddleSum is internally consistent and stable with respect to the choice of number of most significant entities selected. Making few assumptions on the input data, the proposed method is universal and can thus be applied to areas beyond analysis of microarrays. Employing asymptotic approximation, SaddleSum provides a term-size-dependent score distribution function that gives rise to accurate statistical significance even for terms with few entities. As a consequence, SaddleSum enables researchers to place confidence in its significance assignments to small terms that are often biologically most specific. Availability: Our implementation, which uses Bonferroni correction to account for multiple hypotheses testing, is available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/qmbp/mn/enrich/. Source code for the standalone version can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/qmbpmn/SaddleSum/. Contact: yyu@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary materials are available at Bioinformatics online.
A COSMOLOGY WITH A TIME AND SPACE COORDINATE-DEPENDENT SCALE FACTOR

Based on the increase of Ω0 as a function of cosmic scale, the Robertson-Walker metric and the Einstein equation are generalized so that Ω0, H0 and the age of the Universe, to, all become functions of cosmic scales at which we observe them. The calculated local (within our galaxy) age of the Universe is about 18 Gyr, consistent with the ages of the oldest stars and globular clusters in our galaxy, while the ages at distant scales are shorter than the local age, solving the age puzzle. It is also shown that H0 becomes scale-dependent.
Vectorized Unstructured CFD Methods for GPU Computing

Vectorized formulations of common unstructured-grid CFD methods are presented. These are used to produce a Matlab-based unstructured CFD code that will run on traditional central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). GPUbased computing systems are potentially the new future of affordable high-performance scientific computing while unstructured CFD has increasingly become the standard for aerodynamic design problems over the last twenty years. Multiple method components are examined here to establish their suitability for this type of vectorized formulation and computation. Example solutions are presented for classic geometry cases.
“Chrysler Pulled the Trigger”: The Affective Politics of Insanity and Black Rage at the Trial of James Johnson, Jr.

In 1970, black autoworker James Johnson, Jr., fatally shot three people at Chrysler’s Eldon Avenue Gear and Axel Plant in Detroit. The shooting occurred three years after a devastating urban uprising and in the context of black militant labor organizing in local automotive plants. After a legal defense arguing racism and labor exploitation provoked his actions, Johnson was found not guilty for reasons of insanity. In this essay, I attend to the defense strategy that attempted to retain the political critique implicit in Johnson’s “black rage” while working within the constraints of jurisprudential and clinical notions of “insanity.” The Johnson case suggests that the mobilization of black affect is an always-ambivalent endeavor that can enable radical critique and political practice, while also subordinating black rhetorical agency.
Reticulomyxa: a new model system of intracellular transport.

SUMMARY Reticulomyxa is a large multinucleated freshwater protozoan that provides a new model system in which to study intracellular transport and cytoskeletal dynamics. Within the cell body and reticulopodial network, rapid, visually striking saltatory organelle motility as well as bulk cytoplasmic streaming can be readily observed. In addition, the cytoskeletal elements within these strands undergo dynamic splaying and fusing rearrangements, which can be visualized by video-enhanced light microscopy. A reactivatable lysed cell model has been developed that appears to preserve, and therefore permits examination of, these three forms of motility in a more controlled environment. Individual organelle movements are microtubule-based and have similarities to, but also differences from, the recently described kinesin-based transport. This lysed cell model can be further manipulated to provide native, ordered, completely exposed networks of either microtubules or microfilaments, or a combination of both, and thus may serve as a versatile motility assay system in which to examine the movement of exogenously added isolated organelles or latex beads.
An Assembly-Based Structural Model for LTCC Package Design and Reliability

Packaging a high power radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) in low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) presents many challenges. Within the constraints of LTCC fabrication, the design must provide the usual electrical isolation and interconnections required to package the IC, with additional consideration given to RF isolation and the structural integrity issues. While iterative design and prototyping is an option for RFIC packaging development, it is a tedious and expensive process that would most likely be unsuccessful due to the complexity of the problem. To facilitate package design and optimization, thermo-mechanical assembly simulations were used to identify and manage the critical process parameters to control solder failures in the LTCC package assembly. The modeling results were confirmed through comparisons to prototype testing. This paper summarizes an assembly-based modeling approach to RFIC package design and solder failure analysis, and presents some results and key findings to date. San...
Ecological Adaptability of Early Indica and Early Japonica Rice in Hunan

In order to observe the ecological adaptabitity of early indica varieties and japonica rice varieties in Pingtou Village,Liuyang City in 2013. The results showed that yield was between 5. 37 to 8. 25 t / hm2. The yield of Zhongzao 39 was the highest,up to 8. 25t / hm2. And the lowest was Longjing 21,5. 37 t / hm2. The growth period of test varieties was between 107 and 113 days,and all tested warieties matured before 16th,July. All varieties are suitable for early season cultivation in Changsha area,Hunan province,the yield of early indica rice varieties was higher than that of Japonica rice varieties. According to the results,early indica rice was more suitable in Hunan area.