cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Mind-Body Relation in Terms of Modular Logic

This paper is intended to show that if we assume a certain set of postulates about the mind-body relation, we are forced to face a paradox of logical nature, and that this paradox can be resolved by introducing a rigorously formalizable modification of a certain axiom of the Boolean logic 1. While I admit that my argument for this set of postulates is by no means conclusive, the paradox thus exposed seems to underlie, in different and more ill-defined forms, many of the confused discussions in the past about the so-called mind-body puzzle. Due to the nature of our approach, we shall be largely concerned with the linguo-logical aspect of the mind-body problem and hence the metaphysical aspect of the mind-body problem has relevance to this work only to the extent that any sensible metaphysical argument must first take a clear stand about this logical paradox.2 In Part I, I shall lay down the postulates which lead to the paradox, assuming a position as if I were entirely convinced of the unavoidability of these postulates, and in Part II, I shall show the way to resolve this paradox. Relegating a discussion in terms of a more careful language to later Sections, let us describe here, in a loose manner, the nature of the problem we are facing. The first requirement for any honest discussion of the problem is to take full cognizance of the fact that there are prima facie two kinds of phenomena, mental and physical, and correspondingly two kinds of parlances.
Mid-infrared silicon waveguide resonators with Q~4x10 5 by using Bragg grating cavities

Silicon waveguide resonator with quality factorQ~4x10 5 is demonstrated at wavelength λ=3.655um. The resonator is composed of µm long silicon cavities and pairs of Bragg grating arrays and shows potential for use in integrated mid-infrared chemical sensing for lab-on-a-chip applications.
Commentary: Omniculturalism: Policy Solutions to Fundamentalism in the Era of Fractured Globalization

Cultural researchers need to pay more attention to religious fundamentalism, which has persisted and even increased, against expectations raised by modernization theories. This discussion represent...
Accurate Simple Equations for Liquid Water Properties

Simple algebraic equations are given for the saturation vapour pressure, specific volume, enthalpy and entropy for temperatures of 0(5)30(10)100(25)200 (50)300°C and occasionally over a wider range. Similar equations for the specific heat capacity at constant pressure and an isothermal compressibility function are given for 0–30°C. Interpolating equations for temperatures between 0 and 30°C are given. Estimates of the accuracy of the fittings are usually given.
Safety of Long-term Video-Electroencephalographic Monitoring for Evaluation of Epilepsy

OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of medical complications from long-term video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring for epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 428 consecutive adult patients with epilepsy who were admitted for diagnostic scalp video-EEG monitoring at Mayo Clinic's site in Arizona from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2006; 149 met inclusion criteria for the study. Seizure number and type as well as timing and presence of seizure-related adverse outcomes were noted. RESULTS Of the 149 adult patients included in the study, seizure clusters occurred in 35 (23%); 752 seizures were recorded. The mean time to first seizure was 2 days, with a mean length of stay of 5 days. Among these patients, there was 1 episode of status epilepticus, 3 potentially serious electrocardiographic abnormalities, 2 cases of postictal psychosis, and 4 vertebral compression fractures during a generalized convulsion, representing 11% of patients with a recorded generalized tonic-clonic seizure. No deaths, transfers to the intensive care unit, falls, dental injuries, or pulmonary complications were recorded. An adverse event requiring intervention or interfering with normal activity occurred in 21% of these patients. Length of stay was not affected by occurrence of adverse events. CONCLUSION Prolonged video-EEG monitoring is an acceptably safe procedure. Adverse events occur but need not result in substantial morbidity or increase length of hospitalization. Appropriate precautions must be in place to prevent falls and promptly detect and treat seizure clusters, status epilepticus, serious electrocardiographic abnormalities, psychosis, and fractures.
Gut Content Analysis of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) Using Dapi Stain and Epifluorescence Microscopy

A method using 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain and epifluorescence microscopy for analyzing the food ingested by mosquito larvae is described. When stained with DAPI, food items (organic detritus, bacteria, algae, and protozoans) can be identified by fluorescence, color, and shape. Bacteria appear blue and protozoans light blue with a distinct nucleus, organic detritus autofluoresces dull yellow, chlorophyll in algae appears dull red, and algal nuclei are blue. This method revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in gut contents among fourth instars of Aedes triseriatus (Say), Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, and Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker). The method is applicable to gut content analysis of other filter-feeding arthropods.
Domains of H tone spreading and the noun class prefix in Xitsonga

This article reports results from an investigation of domains of H tone spreading in Xitsonga, a southern Bantu language. High (H) tone spreads into toneless syllables but it spreads only to the first syllable if a nominal root has an H tone. Kisseberth (1994) argues that domain structures created by the Pre-High Projection rule account for the patterns regarding the non-spreading of H tone in Xitsonga. The findings concur with Kisseberth’s analysis of domain sensitive H tone spreading when nouns have one or two toneless syllables before an H-toned syllable. In this paper, Kisseberth’s observation is extended by analysing H tone spreading in nouns with more than two toneless syllables before an H-tone syllable. Results show that H tone spreads only to the noun class prefix, which suggests that the noun class prefix is outside of the prosodic domain formed in nouns. I further propose that the Obligatory Contour Principle functions at the prosodic word level and that the noun class prefix of a noun phrase in Xitsonga is encliticised to a preceding word. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 2014, 32(1): 21–34
Clinical language sampling: analysing the analyses:

Recent approaches to the identification and evaluation of language disorders in children have moved from reliance on tests and elicitation procedures to examination of the child's actual linguistic production in a conversational setting. The purpose of this paper is to present 14 clinical procedures that are available for use as language sample analyses, and to review and evaluate several of these procedures in detail.
Mathematical Models: Uses and Limitations

Mathematical modeling is a technique that engineers use to solve any practical problem. Its severe limitations and pitfalls are illustrated.
Decentralized variable structure control for tracking in non-linear systems

The problem of tracking time-varying trajectories in non-linear systems is considered. These trajectories could be generated on-line by a reference model. The problem is tackled by considering the overall system as a set of decentralized linear sub-systems which can be modelled as a set of double integrators and treating the non-linearities as uncertainties with known bounds on their magnitudes. A variable structure controller is designed based on the theory of uncertain dynamical systems. The system is shown to track a class of trajectories generated by the reference mode! (a set of double integrators) to within a specified tolerance. Some analysis is presented to explain the dynamic behaviour of the closed-loop system and bounds are derived linking the rate of convergence and the tracking ability to system parameters such as available control and magnitude of the uncertainty. Simulation results are presented to validate the conclusions.
Oxygen catalyzed mobilization of iron from ferritin by iron(III) chelate ligands

Tridentate chelate ligands of 2,6-bis[hydroxy(methyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine family rapidly release iron from human recombinant ferritin in the presence of oxygen. The reaction is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol and urea. Suggested reaction mechanism involves reduction of the ferritin iron core by superoxide anion, diffusion of iron(II) cations outside the ferritin shell, and regeneration of superoxide anions through oxidation of iron(II) chelate complexes with molecular oxygen.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 28

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies are presented for 28F, 28Ne, 28Na, 28Mg, 28Al, 28Si, 28P, and 28S. This evaluation for A=28 supersedes the earlier evaluations by P.M. Endt (1998En04 and 1990En08). However, additional/detailed data for these nuclides can be found in earlier evaluations 1978En02 and 1973EnVA also by P.M. Endt.
Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse

Federal states in which component regions are invested with distinct ethnic content are more likely to collapse when they contain a core ethnic region, a single ethnic region enjoying pronounced superiority in population. Dividing a dominant group into multiple federal regions reduces these dangers. A study of world cases finds that all ethnofederal states that have collapsed have possessed core ethnic regions. Thus, ethnofederalism, so long as it is instituted without a core ethnic region, may represent a viable way of avoiding the most deadly forms of conflict while maintaining state unity in ethnically divided countries.
Outcome of coma in children

Coma following a hypoxic-ischemic event is a serious condition and common reason for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. Because coma has a high rate of mortality and morbidity in children, and the clinician may be unsure of the outcome very early in the course, it is important to have strategies to define prognosis. Although most studies have been conducted in adults, we review factors predicting outcome from coma of nontraumatic causes in infants and children. We consider the relation between physical findings, commonly accessible laboratory tools, and outcome, and comment on some newer techniques that may become more available for clinical purposes.
Analytical cone-beam reconstruction using a multi-source inverse geometry CT system

ABSTRACT In a 3rd generation CT system, a single so urce projects the entire field of view (F OV) onto a large detector opposite the source. In multi-source CT imaging, a multitude of sources sequentially project a part of the FOV on a much smaller detector. These sources may be distributed in both the trans- axial and axial directions in order to jointly cover the entire FOV. Scan data from multiple sources in the axial directio n provide complementary information, which is not available in a conventional single-source CT system . In this work, an analytical 3D cone-beam reconstruction algorithm for multi-source CT is proposed. This approach has three distinctive features. First, multi-so urce data are re-binned transaxially to multiple offset third-generation datasets. Second, data point s in sinograms from multiple source sets are either accepted or rejected for contribution to the backprojection of a given voxel. Third, instead of using a ramp filter, a Hilbert transform is combined with a parallel derivative to form the filtering mechanism. Phantom simulations are performed using a multi-source CT geometry and compared to conventional 3rd generation CT geometry. We show that multi-source CT can extend the axial scan co verage to 120mm without cone-beam artifact s, while a third-generation geometry results in compromised image quality at 60mm of axial coverage. Moreover, given that the cone-angle in the proposed geometry is limited to 7 degrees, there are no degrading effects such as the Heel effect and scattered radiation, unlike in a third-generation geometry with comparable coverage. An additional benefit is the uniform flux profile resulting in uniform image noise throughout the FOV and a uniform dose absorption profile. Keywords: CT, RECON
Coalescence Times and FST Under a Skewed Offspring Distribution Among Individuals in a Population

Estimates of gene flow between subpopulations based on FST (or NST) are shown to be confounded by the reproduction parameters of a model of skewed offspring distribution. Genetic evidence of population subdivision can be observed even when gene flow is very high, if the offspring distribution is skewed. A skewed offspring distribution arises when individuals can have very many offspring with some probability. This leads to high probability of identity by descent within subpopulations and results in genetic heterogeneity between subpopulations even when Nm is very large. Thus, we consider a limiting model in which the rates of coalescence and migration can be much higher than for a Wright–Fisher population. We derive the densities of pairwise coalescence times and expressions for FST and other statistics under both the finite island model and a many-demes limit model. The results can explain the observed genetic heterogeneity among subpopulations of certain marine organisms despite substantial gene flow.
Selective and complete blockade of acetylcholine-induced relaxation in rabbit aortic rings by Nω-nitro-L-arginine but not by glybenclamide

This study addressed the possibility that acetylcholine-induced relaxation in the rabbit aorta is mediated by dual mechanisms: one N omega-nitro-L-arginine (NLA)-sensitive, the other glybenclamide-sensitive. Acetylcholine, nitroglycerin and BRL38227 (lemakalim), an activator of glybenclamide-sensitive potassium channels, were added to an organ bath containing rabbit aortic rings in a cumulative manner in the absence or presence of NLA and/or glybenclamide. NLA inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation and potentiated the relaxant response to nitroglycerin. BRL38227 caused a dose-dependent relaxation in rabbit aortic rings, and 30 microM glybenclamide produced essentially complete inhibition of this relaxation. Glybenclamide alone produced no inhibition of acetylcholine-induced relaxation. These results indicate that glybenclamide-sensitive potassium channels in the rabbit aorta play no role in mediating the relaxant response to acetylcholine, while NLA can produce a selective and essentially complete blockade of the relaxant response to acetylcholine in the rabbit aorta.
Note on Self-Checking Checkers

Totally self-checking checkers for k-out-of-(2k + 1), (k + 1)-out-of-(2k + 1), and k-out-of-2k codes are given. The new checkers for the k-out-of-2k codes require only 2k tests to detect all stuck-at faults.
Cognitive Change in Aging: Identifying Gene–Environment Correlation and Nonshared Environment Mechanisms

We describe gene-environment processes that may help account for individual differences in successful aging. Our emphasis is on successful aging in the cognitive domain, wherein individuals come to use a variety of strategies to cope with changes in cognitive capacities. We focus on the role of executive control in particular and define gene-environment correlation and nonshared environmental mechanisms. The quantitative genetic methods used to identify these mechanisms are described, with examples from research in childhood, where such studies are now common. Future work will be most effective if it is guided by life-span development frameworks that address these processes, such as the developmental genotype-->environment theory of Scarr and McCartney and the selection/optimization/compensation theory of Baltes and Baltes.
Signature of a tropical Pacific cyclone in the composition of the upper troposphere over Socorro, NM

We present a case study based on balloon-borne ozone measurements during SEACIONS (SouthEast American Consortium for Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study) in August-September 2013. Data from Socorro, NM (34oN, 107oW) show a layer of anomalously low ozone in the upper troposphere (UT) during 8-14 August. Back trajectories, UT jet analyses, and data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite indicate that this feature originated from the marine boundary layer in the eastern/central tropical Pacific, where several disturbances and one hurricane (Henriette) formed within an active region of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in early August 2013. The hurricane and nearby convection pumped boundary layer air with low ozone (20-30 ppbv) into the UT. This outflow was advected to North America 3-5 days later by a strong subtropical jet, forming a tongue of low ozone observed in MLS fields and a corresponding layer of low ozone in Socorro vertical profiles.
Variable-Work Models for Predicting Course Enrollments

Most higher-education enrollment-forecasting models have been developed to make predictions at the university level or higher. However, this paper discusses some models for forecasting individual course enrollments within departments. They are based on the concept of work; that is, the number of students who have yet to take a given course. We first present a conceptual model that serves as a framework within which our approach can be understood, and then discuss three variations meant to be applied in actual situations. The first two variations were subjected to tests using data from a graduate-level program. Both fared better than various naive alternatives. The more sophisticated of the two demonstrated some improvement over the other, but not in all cases.
Positron Emission Tomography Scan to Determine the Need for Neck Dissection after Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer: Timing is Everything

We present a case of a negative positron emission tomography (PET) scan in a patient with pathologic viable cancer at neck dissection. Study Design: Case Report. Methods: A 69-year-old man presented with clinical stage T2N2c squamous cell cancer of the left tonsil and was treated with definitive chemoradiation. Left-sided adenopathy decreased but remained palpable after therapy. Results: PET scan performed 23 days after completion of treatment showed no suspicious uptake in the left neck. Neck dissection performed at 2 months post-therapy revealed viable tumor in left cervical nodes. Conclusions: Persistent adenopathy after chemoradiation for head and neck cancer remains a clinical dilemma. A negative PET scan is accurate but only if the scan is performed 3 to 4 months after therapy.
Induction of string rescues the neuroblast proliferation defect in trol mutant animals.

Summary: In trol mutants, neuroblasts fail to exit G1 for S phase. Increasing string expression in trol mutants rescues the number of S phase neuroblasts without an increase in M phase neuroblasts. Decreasing string expression further decreased the number of S phase neuroblasts. Coexpression of cyclin E and string did not produce additional S phase cells. Unlike cyclin E, cdk2, and cdk2AF, elevated expression of neither cyclin A, cyclin D, nor cdk1AF was able to promote S phase progression in arrested neuroblasts, indicating that String-induced activity of a Cyclin A or Cyclin D complex is unlikely to drive trol neuroblasts into S phase. Biochemical analyses revealed a rapid increase of Cyclin E-Cdk2 kinase activity to wild-type levels upon increased string expression. These results suggest that Drosophila Cdc25 may directly or indirectly increase the kinase activity of Cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes in vivo, thus driving arrested neuroblasts into cell division. genesis 36:187–195, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of SR-BI-dependent HDL retroendocytosis in hepatocytes and fibroblasts

Previous studies have suggested that HDL retroendocytosis may play a role in scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-dependent selective lipid uptake in a cell-specific manner. To investigate this possibility, we developed methods to quantitatively measure HDL uptake and resecretion in fibroblast (COS-7) and hepatocyte (HepG2) cells expressing exogenous SR-BI. Approximately 17% and 24% of HDL associated in an SR-BI-dependent manner with COS-7 and HepG2 cells, respectively, accumulates intracellularly after a 10 min incubation. To determine whether this intracellular HDL undergoes retroendocytosis, we developed a pulse-chase assay whereby internalized biotinylated 125I-HDL3 secreted from cells is quantitatively precipitated from cell supernatants using immobilized streptavidin. Our results show a rapid secretion of a portion of intracellular HDL from both cell types (representing 4–7% of the total cell-associated HDL) that is almost complete within 30 min (half-life ∼ 10 min). In COS-7 cells, the calculated rate of HDL secretion (∼0.5 ng HDL/mg/min) was >30-fold slower than the rate of SR-BI-dependent selective cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake (∼17 ng HDL/mg/min), whereas the rate of release of HDL from the cell surface (∼19 ng HDL/mg/min) was similar to the rate of selective CE uptake. Notably, the rate of SR-BI-dependent HDL resecretion in COS-7 and HepG2 cells was similar. BLT1, a compound that inhibits selective CE uptake, does not alter the amount of SR-BI-mediated HDL retroendocytosis in COS-7 cells. From these data, we conclude that HDL retroendocytosis in COS-7 and HepG2 cells is similar and that the vast majority of SR-BI-dependent selective uptake occurs at the cell surface in both cell types.
Nonlinear optical properties of carbon-black suspensions (ink)

We performed a series of experiments on suspensions of carbon particles in liquids (ink) and carbon particles deposited on glass to determine the mechanisms for the observed optical-limiting behavior. Both materials show reduced transmittance for increasing fluence (energy per unit area). We found that nonlinear scattering dominates the transmissive losses and that the limiting is fluence dependent, so that limiters based on black ink are effective for nanosecond pulses but not for picosecond pulses. Additionally, the nonlinear scattering and the limiting behavior cease after repeated irradiation. For the liquid, flowing eliminates this effect. All the data obtained are consistent with a model of direct heating of the microscopic-sized carbon particles by linear absorption with subsequent optical breakdown initiated by thermally ionized carriers. A simple calculation gives temperatures higher than the sublimation temperature at the onset of limiting. Emission spectra measurements show singly ionized carbon emission lines with a hot blackbody background emission consistent with temperatures of ≃4000 K. A rapid expansion of the microscopic plasmas generated by the breakdown will effectively scatter further input light. Indeed, in time-resolved experiments the trailing portion of the pulse is most heavily scattered. The time-resolved transmittance of a weak cw probe beam also follows the temporal dependence of the singly ionized carbon emission (≃102 ns). We directly monitored the expansion of the scattering centers by angularly resolving the scattered light for different input fluences and fitting to Mie scattering theory. Since the carbon is black and the microplasmas are initiated by linear absorption, the limiting is extremely broadband. Within the context of this model we discuss the limitations and optimization of ink-based optical limiters.
The role of transient dynamics in stochastic population growth for nine perennial plants

Most populations exist in variable environments. Two sets of theory have been developed to address this variability. Stochastic dynamics focus on variation in population growth rates based on random differences in vital rates such as growth, survival, and reproduction. Transient dynamics focus on short-term, deterministic responses to changes in the stage distribution of individuals. These processes are related: demographic variation shifts stage structures, producing transient responses, which then contribute to the overall variability of population growth rate. The relative contributions of vital rates vs. transient responses to stochastic dynamics, and the implications for transient analyses, are unclear. This study explores the role of transient responses in stochastic dynamics of nine perennial plant species. Across the species, transient responses contributed more on average to variability in annual population growth rates than did variation in vital rates alone. Transient potential of an average matrix was indicative of the contribution of transient dynamics, although these metrics varied greatly across years. Transient responses were often in the opposite direction as demographic variation, suggesting that transient dynamics may at times have a buffering effect on populations. Overall, transient dynamics had an important role in modulating environmental variation, with implications for both processes in understanding stochastic dynamics.
Salt effect in vapor‐liquid equilibria: Correlation of alcohol‐, water‐, salt systems

The isobaric data of Johnson and Furter for the systems methanol-water, ethanol-water, and l-propanol water, each saturated with a variety of common inorganic salts, can be effectively correlated by means of the van Laar, the Wilson or the Renon equations if pseudo-activity coefficients for the volatile components are computed using a modified reference fugacity for the liquid phase. This reference fugacity takes into account the lowering of the vapor pressure due to the dissolved salt. Furthermore, the activity coefficients are normalized as required by the above equations. (14 refs.)
A Mechanistic Study of CC12F2/02 RIE for Bipolar Trench Isolation

The etching of 1.25×3.5 micron trenches in silicon for use in bipolar device isolation using chemistries based on CC12F2 (freon-12) and 02 has been investigated. It was found that competitive reactions in the trench favor deposition of a Si02-like material on the sidewalls and promote lateral etching of the N+ subcollector under conditions necessary for high selectivity. In addition thermally activated processes were investigated by direct measurement of the sample surface temperature during etching. The temperature threshold for the initiation of subcollector undercut was determined to be 70C and the vertical etch rate exhibited an inverse activation indicating adsorption-limited etching. Results are discussed in the context of a qualitative model, based on the etchant-unsaturate model, which describes the contribution of several phenomena to the trench shape. These include sidewall passivation, species transport, deposition, N+ doping enhancement, Si loading, and ion scattering.
Case report and review of the literatureTotal Endovascular Repair of Acute Ascending Aortic Rupture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Thoracic aortic endografting has been successfully implemented to treat aneurysmal disease of the distal aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta. Although there are reports of ascending aortic endovascular interventions, the total endovascular repair of a ruptured ascending aorta secondary to a Type A dissection has not been described. We report the case of a 77-year-old patient who presented with a ruptured ascending aortic aneurysm secondary to degeneration of a Stanford type A aortic dissection. His surgical history was significant for orthotropic heart transplant 19 years prior. The dissection, aneurysm, and rupture occurred in the native aorta distal to the ascending aortic suture line. At presentation, he was hemodynamically unstable with a right hemothorax. We placed 3 Medtronic Talent Thoracic Stent Graft devices (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) across the suture line in the ascending aorta, excluding the rupture. The patient survived and has been followed to 25 months.
Three-dimensional modulation codes for two-photon page-oriented optical data storage systems

In this paper, we briefly review the concepts of our 2-D modulation coding scheme for page-oriented optical data storage (PODS) and present another example of a 2-D modulation code. We then present a novel three-dimensional (3-D) modulation coding scheme that can mitigate both the effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) and the effects of interpage interference (IPI) in two-photon PODS systems. Design principles and an example of a 3-D modulation code derived from a new 2-D modulation code are also described.
Systematics of the Capnia californica Species Group, Including a Morphological Phylogeny, Zoogeography, and Description of Capnia kersti, new species (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

Within the genus Capnia, the Capnia californica species group is demonstrated to be monophyletic and limited in zoogeographic distribution to western North America. A new species, Capnia kersti, is described. It is remarkable in coming from central Oregon, well north of the known range of all other closely related members of the group. Characteristics for diagnosing the new species from all others in the genus are given. A revised key to the C. californica group, key illustrations, and distribution maps for all species in the group are given. Fully resolved phylogenies of the group based on a matrix of morphological characters are given. The distribution of characters on the most parsimonious tree is discussed. Two types of distribution for members of the group are summarized, one along the coast of western North America and a second that is expanded to include the desert southwest. A large gap between closely related forms is noted in the region of the current Mohave Desert. This gap correlates to a date of between 8 and 15 ka (ka is 1,000 yr before present) for the desertification of this area.
Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States.

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has been a major pest of corn and other crops in North America since its accidental introduction nearly a hundred years ago. Wide adoption of transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, referred to as Bt corn, has suppressed corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect in parts of the Corn Belt. Continued suppression of this pest, however, will depend on managing potential resistance to Bt corn, currently through the high-dose refuge (HDR) strategy. In this review, we describe what has been learned with regard to O. nubilalis resistance to Bt toxins either through laboratory selection experiments or isolation of resistance from field populations. We also describe the essential components of the HDR strategy as they relate to O. nubilalis biology and ecology. Additionally, recent developments in insect resistance management (IRM) specific to O. nubilalis that may affect the continued sustainability of this technology are considered.
Light scattering spectroscopic imaging of tissues

Light scattering spectroscopic (LSS) imaging is a novel optical technology developed to probe the structure of living cells and tissues without need for tissue processing such as fixation or staining. LSS makes it possible to significantly enhance single backscattering from cell components such as nuclei and other organelles and differentiate this component from multiply scattered light. The spectrum of the single backscattering is further analyzed to provide quantitative information about cell morphology such as nuclear size, degree of pleomorphism, degree of hyperchromasia, amount of chromatin, nuclear and cytoplasmic sub-micron texture, etc. In LSS imaging, each pixel of a 2D-image is represented by a spectrum of backscattered light and a map of histological properties over wide areas of tissue is obtained. Because alteration of cell and nuclear morphology are associated with precancerous and cancerous changes in the majority of epithelia, LSS imaging can be used to detect precancerous lesions in optically accessible organs.
Computing Digit Selection Regions for Digit Recurrences

Digit selection is often the most difficult part of evaluating digit recurrence equations. Knowing the correct bounds on the digit selection regions is important for a number of reasons: to ensure that the recurrences converge, to know how to initialize the computation, to know the maximal convergence range of input values, and to compute the comparison values along with the maximum margins of error used to select digits. Digit selection regions are often a complicated function of the iteration index for the first few iterations, but then settle asymptotically to constants. Current methods often only estimate these bounds-and since the estimates must be conservative to guarantee convergence, they result in underestimating the input convergence range, and overestimating the required precision needed for comparisons. This paper demonstrates a general method for exactly computing digit selection regions for general digit recurrences, and is meant to help algorithmists to better visualize the exact shape and behavior of their digit selection regions.
Sailplane Performance Improvement Using a Flexible Composite Surface Deturbulator

A 5 to 20% increase in the glide ratio of a Standard Cirrus sailplane was observed across its flyable airspeed range by treating 60-100% of the span of the wing upper surface with a Flexible Composite Surface Deturbulator (FCSD) tape. The compliant surface layer of an appropriately positioned narrow FCSD strip undergoes sub-micron scale constrained mode flow-induced oscillations. This encourages the formation of a stable thin and long separation bubble like flow structure in non-zero pressure gradient boundary layers by delaying the breakdown of the shear layer separating the aforementioned bubble from the inviscid external flow. As a result, wind-tunnel tests showed the external flow is accelerated increasing lift, while skin friction is mitigated. This was confirmed by a reduction of the sailplane’s induced and parasitic drag components with extended span FCSD treatment. Furthermore, a parallel flight with a higher performance ASW-28 sailplane yielded results that corroborate these measurements.
Arsenic speciation in multiple metal environments: II. Micro-spectroscopic investigation of a CCA contaminated soil

The speciation of arsenic (As) in a copper-chromated-arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil was investigated using micro-focused X-ray fluorescence (microXRF) and micro-focused X-ray absorption fine structure (microXAFS) spectroscopies to determine if and how the co-contaminating metal cations (Cu, Zn, Cr) influenced the speciation of As. 15 microXRF images were collected on 30-mum polished thin sections and powder-on-tape samples from which Pearson correlation coefficients (rho) between As and various metal species were determined based on the fluorescence intensity of each element in each image pixel. 29 microXAFS and two bulk-XAFS spectra were collected from depths of 0-20 cm (LM-A) and 20-40 cm (LM-B) to determine the chemical speciation of As in the soil by target analyses of principal components with circa 52 reference spectra and linear least-square combination fitting of individual experimental spectra with a refined reference phase list (32) of likely As species. Arsenic and metal cations (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) accumulated in distinct, isolated areas often not larger than 50 x 50 microm in which the Pearson correlation between the elements was strongly positive (rho>0.75). The correlation of As to Zn and Cr decreased from >0.9 to 0.8 with depth. Arsenic occurred predominantly in the +5 oxidation state. Abstract factor analysis and linear least square combination fit analysis suggested that As occurred as a continuum of fully and poorly-ordered copper-arsenate precipitates with additional components being characterized by surface adsorption complexes on goethite and gibbsite in the presence and absence of Zn. Precipitates other than copper-based ones, e.g., scorodite, adamite and ojuelaite were also identified. The significant co-localization and chemical speciation of As with Cu suggest that the speciation of As in a contaminated soils is not solely controlled by surface adsorption reactions, but significantly influenced by the co-contaminating metal cation fraction. Future studies into As contaminated soil therefore need to focus on identifying the speciation of As and the co-localizing metal cations.
Patterns for cache optimizations on multi-processor machines

Writing parallel programs that run optimally on multi-processor machines is hard. Programmers not only have to reason about existing cache issues that affect single-threaded programs but also new cache issues that impact multi-threaded programs. Such cache issues are surprisingly common; neglecting them leads to poorly performing programs that do not scale well. We illustrate these common cache issues and show how current tools aid programmers in reliably diagnosing these issues.The goal of our work is to promote discussions on whether such cache issues should be included in the Berkeley Our Pattern Language --- either by incorporating such performance issues directly into each pattern as forces or by creating a supplementary pattern language for general performance optimizations.
The Effects of Personality Type on Web-Based Distance Learning

Web-based distance learning is a relatively new approach in higher education which is gaining in popularity. Because a Web-based classroom is so different than a traditional face-to-face classroom, the variables that influence success or satisfaction with such a course may be different than those in a face-to-face course. We investigated whether student performance and satisfaction in an asynchronous, Web-based distance learning course differed based on personality factors (as measured by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator). Twenty-nine students taking an introductory psychology course participated in the study. Results indicate that personality preference has little relationship with student performance, but several dimensions of personality did influence satisfaction.
Fluid Models for Overloaded Multiclass Many-Server Queueing Systems with First-Come, First-Served Routing

Motivated by models of tenant assignment in public housing, we study approximating deterministic fluid models for overloaded queueing systems having multiple customer classes (classes of tenants) and multiple service pools (housing authorities), each with many servers (housing units). Customer abandonment acts to keep the system stable, yielding a proper steady-state description. Motivated by fairness considerations, we assume that customers are selected for service by newly available servers on a first-come, first-served (FCFS) basis from all classes the corresponding service pools are allowed to serve. In this context, it is challenging to determine stationary routing flow rates between customer classes and service pools. Given those routing flow rates, each single fluid queue can be analyzed separately using previously established methods. Our ability to determine the routing flow rates depends on the structure of the network routing graph. We obtain the desired routing flow rates in three cases: when the routing graph is (i) a tree (sparsely connected), (ii) complete bipartite (fully connected), and (iii) an appropriate combination of the previous two cases. Other cases remain unsolved. In the last two solved cases, the routing flow rates are actually not uniquely determined by the fluid model, but become so once we make stochastic assumptions about the queueing models that the fluid model approximates.
Average Daily Risk Range as a Measure for Clinical Research and Routine Care

There is emerging evidence suggesting that glycemic variability may relate to risk for diabetes-related complications. This article provides a description of average daily risk range (ADRR), a diabetes-specific measure of risk for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and provides a summary of research using ADRR and clinical applications of ADRR. Average daily risk range is a variability metric that is based on “risk” values obtained from glucose levels that are mathematically transformed to give equal weight to hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic excursions. It can be calculated using self-monitoring of blood glucose or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data. The ADRR is scored based on risk categories: low risk, 0–19; moderate risk, 20–40; and high risk, 40 and above. Research using ADRR has found it to be a reliable predictor of extreme blood glucose values regardless of diabetes type and patients’ age. Moreover, in treatment studies, ADRR presents as a very conservative measure of variability. Clinically, ADRR can provide meaningful data related to patients’ risk for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia that is not available from glycated hemoglobin values. Average daily risk range scores may also help clinicians to identify patients who may be overtreating blood glucose levels, leading to very high or low values. To expand the utility of ADRR, future research should examine the validity of existing risk cutoff scores for pediatric patients, determine if ADRR cutoff scores need to be modified for CGM data, and investigate whether patients’ ADRR scores also relate to the development of long-term complications, including retinopathy and microalbuminuria.
Quantitative functional characterization of conserved molecular interactions in the active site of mannitol 2‐dehydrogenase

Enzyme active site residues are often highly conserved, indicating a significant role in function. In this study we quantitate the functional contribution for all conserved molecular interactions occurring within a Michaelis complex for mannitol 2-dehydrogenase derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens (pfMDH). Through systematic mutagenesis of active site residues, we reveal that the molecular interactions in pfMDH mediated by highly conserved residues not directly involved in reaction chemistry can be as important to catalysis as those directly involved in the reaction chemistry. This quantitative analysis of the molecular interactions within the pfMDH active site provides direct insight into the functional role of each molecular interaction, several of which were unexpected based on canonical sequence conservation and structural analyses.
Computer aided electrical modeling of VLSI packages

A software tool for modeling package parasitics and generating equivalent circuit files is described. This tool is a collection of software modules and generates SPICE-like netlists for single and multilayer packages (plastic/ceramic). The package parasitics are evaluated using geometry and material properties extracted directly from the existing CAD (computer-aided design) package database. Using this tool, the chip designer can model the combined device, package, and system environment. Results for modeled package parasitics are compared to experimental values, and results of simulations for noise generated on the i486 processor package ground plane due to simultaneously switching signal lines driving a system load are presented. >
Die Ausweitung des Weltalls: Das Weltraumteleskop und Perspektiven für die nächsten 20 Jahre

Die Fortschritte in der Astronomie der Neuzeit wurden von Entwicklungen auf instrumentellem Gebiet bestimmt, die mit den prazisen Mesinstrumenten Tycho Brahes begannen. Die von Brahe gelieferten Daten ermoglichten es Kepler, seine Gesetze uber die Planetenbewegungen aufzustellen, und diese wiederum fuhrten Newton zu den Gravitationsgesetzen. Ziemlich genau zur gleichen Zeit offnete Galileos erstes Teleskop den Blick auf ein sichtbares Weltall von enormer Vielfalt.
A Descriptive Study of Mentoring and Technology Integration among Teacher Education Faculty

This study examines the effectiveness of a mentoring programme designed to help faculty integrate technology into teacher education courses. Effective strategies for implementing a technology integration programme were considered from the perceptions of six teacher education faculty mentees who received technology integration mentoring from educational technology faculty. The main findings are that: (a) no matter what their technology integration skill level, the mentees agreed that most helpful aspect of mentoring was the one-on-one coaching; (b) mentees seem to prefer mentors who can gauge the level of their mentee’s technology expertise, and then provide individualized learning experiences with the appropriate degree of challenge and guidance; and (c) mentees found that having a personal relationship with their mentors was a valuable component of the mentoring.
Do not stop the warfarin until ...

Prevention of thromboembolism is a principal aim of atrial fibrillation management. Although the mechanisms underlying thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation are clearly complex and remain only partly understood, it is intuitive that restoration and reliable maintenance of sinus rhythm is probably
Mechanism-Based Inhibitors and Other Active-Site Targeted Inhibitors of Oxidosqualene Cyclase and Squalene Cyclase

Enzymatic cyclizations of squalene and oxidosqualene lead to sterols and other triterpenoids in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The cyclases for these reactions catalyze formation and stabilization of polycyclic carbocations and direct the enzyme-specific, templated formation of new carbon-carbon bonds in regio- and stereochemically defined contexts. The development of mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors, photoactivatable inhibitors, and numerous substrate analogs have helped to unravel the stepwise events occurring in the catalytic sites of these enzymes by covalent modification of specific amino acid residues.
Reading Ability as an Estimator of Premorbid Intelligence: Does It Remain Stable Among Ethnically Diverse HIV+ Adults?

The Wide Range Achievement Test, 3rd edition, Reading Recognition subtest (WRAT-3 RR) is an established measure of premorbid ability. Furthermore, its long-term reliability is not well documented, particularly in diverse populations with CNS-relevant disease. Objective: We examined test–retest reliability of the WRAT-3 RR over time in an HIV+ sample of predominantly racial/ethnic minority adults. Method: Participants (N = 88) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, including the WRAT-3 RR, on at least two separate study visits. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were computed using scores from baseline and follow-up assessments to determine the test–retest reliability of the WRAT-3 RR across racial/ethnic groups and changes in medical (immunological) and clinical (neurocognitive) factors. Additionally, Fisher’s Z tests were used to determine the significance of the differences between ICCs. Results: The average test–retest interval was 58.7 months (SD = 36.4). The overall WRAT-3 RR t...
Differential flux balance analysis of quantitative proteomic data on protein interaction networks

Protein fluxes provide a more refined notion of protein abundance than raw counts alone by considering potential channels based on protein interaction networks. We propose a novel method to estimate protein fluxes in a protein interaction network using a linear programming model based on the framework of flux balance analysis. When we combine this estimate of protein fluxes with a protein-centric network measure, inspired by egocentric network analysis in sociology, we discover that the fluxes of proteins encoded by hypermutated genes in colon cancer have substantially higher alterations in cancer cells than the protein quantities alone. These alterations remain statistically significant under different network perturbations. We conclude that the importance of a change in the quantity of a protein is determined not only by the protein itself, but also by its network neighbors.
Legal Precursors of Transaction Cost Economics

In this essay, I trace the legal precursors of transaction cost economics by focusing on three prominent faculty of the University of Wisconsin: John R. Commons, J. Willard Hurst, and Stewart Macaulay.