cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Public toilets for a diverse neighborhood’: Spatial purification practices in community development discourse

This paper explores the dialectic of place and community identity in Mount Pleasant, a multi–ethnic and multi–class U.S. neighborhood where definitions of place are hotly contested among its residents. In a grant proposal for public toilets, Mount Pleasant writers use linguistic strategies such as presupposition, deixis, and contrast, coupled with discursive themes of filth and geography, to construct a core of the Mount Pleasant community. The writers place themselves and people who share their values in that core, and immigrants at the margins. These strategies serve as a discursive type of spatial purification practice (cf. Sibley 1988) through which the grantwriters set up a moral and spatial order where they and other core community members are deemed to use space ‘appropriately’, and thus inhabit positive moral positions, while immigrant community members’ imputed ‘inappropriate’ use of space is used to construct negative moral positions for them.
Microstructural Control Of Thin Film Si Using Low Energy, High Flux Ions In Reactive Magnetron Sputter Deposition

Using plasma growth sources with concurrent particle bombardment, silicon thin films can be deposited with various phases and microstructures. DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering (RMS), in particular, can produce amorphous, mixed-phase, nanocrystalline, polycrystalline, porous columnar, and epitaxial Si films. In particular, a large flux of low energy, heavy ions strongly affects the phase and microstructure, and therefore the resulting film qualities. Lowpressure (1.6 mTorr) RMS is particularly suited for this type of plasma manipulation: we bias the substrate to produce the ion energy of choice, and use an external magnetic field to control the ion/neutral flux ratio, therefore decoupling the parameters of bombardment energy and flux. In this work, we study the influence of slow (<40eV), heavy (Ar+), ions in RMS deposition on the formation kinetics and microstructures of microcrystalline, mixed-phase, and poly crystalline Si films. The analytical methods are ellipsometry, Raman scattering, and AFM. We will show how ion bombardment influences the direct nucleation of extremely smooth polycrystalline Si on glass at temperatures below 400°C, enhances the crystallinity of this polycrystalline Si in the bulk, and produces nanocrystalline Si with tailored grain sizes at temperatures below 200°C.
Susceptibility of L-FABP-/- Mice to Oxidative Stress in Early-Stage Alcoholic Liver

Chronic ethanol consumption is a prominent cause of liver disease worldwide. Dysregulation of an important lipid uptake and trafficking gene, liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), may contribute to alterations in lipid homeostasis during early-stage alcoholic liver. We have reported the detrimental effects of ethanol on the expression of L-FABP and hypothesize this may deleteriously impact metabolic networks regulating fatty acids. Male wild-type (WT) and L-FABP−/− mice were fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for six weeks. To assess the response to chronic ethanol ingestion, standard biochemical indicators for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and oxidative stress were measured. Ethanol ingestion resulted in attenuation of hepatic triglyceride accumulation and elevation of cholesterol in L-FABP−/− mice. Lipidomics analysis validated multiple alterations in hepatic lipids resulting from ethanol treatment. Increased immunohistochemical staining for the reactive aldehydes 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde were observed in WT mice ingesting ethanol; however, L-FABP−/− mice displayed prominent protein adducts in liver sections evaluated from pair-fed and ethanol-fed mice. Likewise, alterations in glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes, and protein carbonyl content all indicated L-FABP−/− mice exhibit high sustained oxidative stress in the liver. These data establish that L-FABP is an indirect antioxidant protein essential for sequestering FFA and that its impairment could contribute to in the pathogenesis of ALD.
Using Remote Sensing and GIS in the Analysis of Ecosystem Decline along the River Niger Basin: The Case of Mali and Niger

In the Sub-Saharan African region of the River Niger Basin, where none of the major rivers is fully contained within the borders of a single nation, riverine ecosystem health monitoring is essential for survival. Even the globally proclaimed goals of sustainability and environmental security in the region are unattainable without using geospatial technologies of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as conduits for environmental health within shared waters. Yet the systematic study of the nature of cooperation between states over shared water resources in troubled areas of the Middle East continues to dominate the literature with minimal coverage of the Sub-Saharan Africa experience and the role of GIS and remote sensing in monitoring the problem. Considering the intense ecosystem stress inflicted on River Niger by human activities and natural forces emanating from upstream and downstream nations. Researching the growing potential for acute riverine ecosystem decline among the nations of Niger and Mali along the River Niger Basin with the latest advances in spatial information technology as a decision support tool not only helps in ecosystem recovery and the avoidance of conflicts, but it has the potentials to bring countries much closer through information exchange. While the nature of the problem remains compounded due to the depletion of available water resources and environmental resources within shared waters, the lack of information exchange extracts ecological costs from all players. This is essential as the Niger Basin nations move towards a multinational watershed management as a conduit for sustainability. To confront these problems, some research questions with relevance to the paper have been posed. The questions include, Have there been any declines in the riverine ecosystem of the study area? What are the effects and what factors trigger the changes? What mitigation measures are in place for dealing with the problems? The first objective of the paper is to develop a new framework for analyzing the health of riverine ecosystems while the second objective seeks a contribution to the literature. The third objective is to design a geo-spatial tool for riverine ecosystem management and impact analysis. The fourth objective is to measure the nature of change in riverine environments with the latest advances in geo-spatial information technologies and methods. In terms of methodology, the paper relies on primary data sources analyzed with descriptive statistics, GIS techniques and remote sensing. The sections in the paper consist of a review of the major environmental effects and factors associated with the problem as well as mitigation measures in Mali and Niger. The paper concludes with some recommendations. The results point to growing modification along the riverine environments of the Mali and Niger portions of the River Niger Basin due to a host of factors.
Spectral energy analysis of locally resonant nanophononic metamaterials by molecular simulations

A nanophononic metamaterial is a new type of nanostructured material that features an array, or a forest, of intrinsically distributed resonating substructures. Each substructure exhibits numerous local resonances, each of which may hybridize with the phonon dispersion of the underlying host material causing significant reductions in the group velocities and consequently a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to investigate both the dynamics and the thermal transport properties of a nanophononic metamaterial configuration consisting of a freely suspended silicon membrane with an array of silicon nanopillars standing on the surface. The simulations yield results consistent with earlier lattice-dynamics based predictions which showed a reduction in the thermal conductivity due to the presence of the local resonators. Using a spectral energy density approach, in which only simulation data is utilized and no a priori information on the nanostructure resonant phonon modes is provided, we show direct evidence of the existence of resonance hybridizations as an inherent mechanism contributing to the slowing down of thermal transport in this system.
Methylene blue, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and oxygen uptake of intact and homogenized embryos.

Summary1. M.B. and 2,4-D.N.P. produce augmentation of oxygen uptake of intact grasshopper embryos. 2. M.B. produces augmentation of oxygen uptake of homogenates made from embryos. 2,4-D.N.P. does not produce significant augmentation of oxygen uptake of homogenates. 3. M.B. produces augmentation of oxygen uptake of intact nuclei and not of mitochondria or cytoplasmic constituents. 4. 2,4-D.N.P. does not affect oxygen uptake of isolated nuclei or mitochondria or other cytoplasmic constituents.
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Curved Square Duct Using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM)

In this paper, the 3DQ27 model of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is employed to simulate the fully-developed fluid flow and heat transfer in a curved square duct with curvature ratio (0.02–0.5) and Dean Number (0 – 200). The Dean instability in the curved square duct is fully investigated and a stability diagram is obtained with the parameters of curvature ratio and Dean number. It is found that for the square duct with high curvature ratio (i.e. curvature ratio is greater than 0.2) the onset of transition from single vortex pair to double vortex pairs depends on the Dean number and curvature ratio, while at the small curvature (i.e. curvature ratio is smaller than 0.1) the onset can be characterized by the Dean number alone. This is consistent with the results obtained from the conventional Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method and experimental data. For the friction coefficient and Nusselt number, which are the functions of Dean number and curvature ratio, it was found that the present numerical results are in good agreement with the available experimental data and conventional CFD results within the given parameters range in this paper.© 2007 ASME
Examples of ZIPI Applications

The controller will work with any instrument, but for now assume that it is connected to a guitar with a hexaphonic pickup. (Hexaphonic means one output channel for each of the six guitar strings instead of the usual case in which the sound of all six guitar strings comes out of one output.) The controller will track pitch, loudness, even/odd balance, pitched/unpitched balance, and brightness information for each of the six strings of the guitar in real time, updating each parameter every 8 to 10 msec. It will also produce articulation information, noting when trigger and release events occur on each string. The built-in synthesizer will use sample playback and will be able to vary the pitch, loudness, even/odd balance, pitched/unpitched balance, and brightness of a sound. Thus the sounds produced by the synthesizer will be able to follow all these nuances of the acoustic sound, not just its pitch and volume. The intention is to give an instrumentalist such as a guitar player more expressive control over the sounds produced by a synthesizer. When the guitarist picks closer to the bridge, a synthesizer producing an organ sound would make it brighter. When the guitarist plays a 12th-fret harmonic, a trumpet sound would go up an octave and change to a quieter, more delicate timbre. When the guitarist partially mutes the strings with his or her palm, a saxophone sound would have a more breathy, noisy character. When the guitarist completely mutes the strings with the left hand and scratches rhythmically, a piano patch would produce just the sound of hammers hitting strings, with no pitched content. This instrument will use ZIPI to control an external synthesizer with the same high-bandwidth continuous control information that it uses internally. As the default configuration, the controller will send the information from each guitar string to a separate MPDL note address. It would be useful for these six MPDL notes to be in the same instrument; this would make it possible to control all of the guitar's synthesized sound with a single message, e.g., pan or amplitude. How much bandwidth does this require? Every 10 msec, the controller will send a ZIPI packet that looks like this:
2009-2011 Shuangliao City elementary and middle school students' health examination result analysis and evaluation

Objective To understand the health status of primary and secondary school students,in order to establish the school health physical examination archives,to further develop students' common diseases,frequently-occurring disease prevention and to provide scientific basis.Methods In accordance with national standards,the use of standard of medical instrument and equipment,to the Shuangliao City College Students Health examination.2009-2011 a total of 86067 students on the examination,examination results were analyzed,evaluation,feedback.Results in primary and secondary school students in Shuangliao physical examination,the top four defect disease is dental caries,trachoma,myopia,obesity,the healthy growth of the students have a certain effect.Especially in caries prevalence rates,the prevalence of myopia with age continues to rise,these are the future prevention work focus.
A transfected human fucosyltransferase cDNA determines biosynthesis of oligosaccharide ligand(s) for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule I.

A transfected human fucosyltransferase cDNA determines biosynthesis of oligosaccharide ligand(s) for endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule I John B. Lowe,t* Lloyd M. Stoolman,* Rajan P. Nair,t Robert D. Larsen,t Terry L. Behrend* and Rory M. Marks$ Howard Hughes Medical Institute? and the Departments of Pathology* and Internal Medicine$, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48 109-0650 U.S.A. 649
An analysis of the spatial distribution of ciliary units in a ciliate, Euplotes minuta.

1. Six to eleven longitudinal ciliary rows are arrayed over the dorsal surface of the ciliate Euplotes minuta . Forty-two to 129 ciliary units are distributed among these rows. The number of rows depends on genotype, clonal age, and vegetative ancestry, while the total number of units is controlled partly by the number of rows and also by the separate action of genetic and environmental factors. 2. The pattern of distribution of units among different rows of non-dividing cells can be analysed on the basis of the percentage of the total unit complement of the cell that is found in each individual row. If the assumption is made that ciliary rows are uniformly spaced over a dorsal field whose width is independent of the number of rows, then it can be shown that units are distributed among rows according to a relatively invariant spatial pattern. The form of this pattern remains the same in the face of variation in the absolute number of rows and of units. 3. Prior to cell division new units develop anterior and posterior to old units situated within the equatorial zone of each row. About one-half of the original units are included within this zone. The cell fission line develops within this zone such that the total number of units passed to the anterior and posterior division products are about equal. 4. The pattern according to which units of different zones (proliferating and non-proliferating) are distributed among different rows has been mapped in cells that have completed the process of proliferation of units but have not yet completed cell division. The results of this mapping show that the pattern of distribution of units in the equatorial zone at the conclusion of proliferation is not the same as the overall pattern in non-dividing cells. Further analysis indicates that the geometry of proliferation can be most simply represented as a result of two superimposed processes, one of which is the recruitment of old units into the zone of proliferation, while the other is the intensity of proliferation, i.e. the number of new units formed adjacent to each old unit. Both recruitment and intensity have constant values in the central region of the dorsal field, while recruitment is higher and intensity lower near both margins. The recruitment and intensity distributions are mutually nearly reciprocal, with slight asymmetries that formally account for the more dramatic asymmetry of the pattern of non-dividing cells. 5. A dualistic hypothesis is formulated for the control of the formation of new ciliary units within ciliary rows. The position of each new unit is largely controlled locally in relation to pre-existing units, while the decision of whether or not new units will develop at all, and how many will be formed, depends on superimposed positional systems operating within the context of the entire dorsal surface.
Injustice: interactive live action virtual reality experience

Injustice is a three to five minute interactive virtual reality (VR) experience themed around racially motivated police brutality. In Injustice, guests witness an act of racial discrimination happening in front of them, forcing them to make moral and ethical decisions on the spot. The guest comes face to face with the characters of the story, filmed with live action, and interacts in the space with them directly using gaze interaction and voice recognition. Injustice is an experience aimed at exploring the emotional impact of VR space versus traditional film.
Variation in the timing of breeding between suburban and wildland Florida Scrub-Jays: Do physiologic measures reflect different environments?

Evidence exists that access to anthropogenic food by birds in urban areas can result in earlier laying dates and larger clutch sizes, both of which have the potential to increase the relative fecundity of urban bird populations. Several mechanisms exist by which supplemental food can advance laying. Supplemental food may provide additional energy, essential nutrients, or an environmental cue that the resources necessary for breeding are available. We examined several physiologic measures of pre-breeding female Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) from a suburban and a wildland population to assess these alternative hypotheses. Plasma protein levels were higher in females from the suburban scrub-jay population, but the difference was absent when we controlled for the number of days prior to laying that we sampled the bird. However, plasma protein levels during the earliest sampling period, long before protein mobilization as a result of vitellogenesis should be occurring in either population, were higher in the suburban population. We found no differences in plasma calcium levels or in the total body lipids between suburban and wildland populations. In both populations, total body lipids declined as laying neared, suggesting that Florida Scrub-Jays may use some endogenous resources to fuel reproduction. From other studies, we know that suburban scrub-jays increase food intake rates relative to jays in wildland populations. However, this strategy does not appear to result in improved body condition. We suggest that the readily available proteins in anthropogenic foods may provide essential nutrients and high intake rates may serve as an environmental cue, both resulting in earlier laying in suburban jay populations. However, evidence exists suggesting that this may not increase, but rather decrease fecundity because breeding is out of synch with the seasonally fluctuating foods, such as arthropods, necessary to rear nestlings.
Effect of threonine deficiency on intestinal integrity and immune response to feed withdrawal combined with coccidial vaccine challenge in broiler chicks.

For this study, threonine (Thr) deficiency was hypothesised to exacerbate the intestinal damage induced by feed withdrawal with coccidial infection because of its high obligatory requirement by the gut; two dietary Thr treatments (0·49 and 0·90 %) were applied to chicks from 0 to 21 d of age. At 13 d of age, feed was withdrawn for 24 h from one-half of birds of each dietary treatment with subsequent gavage of a 25× dose of coccidial vaccine. Overall, there were four treatments with eight replicate cages per treatment. Under combined challenge, birds fed the Thr-deficient diet had 38 % lower 13–21-d body weight gain (P≤0·05) compared with birds fed the Thr-control diet. At 21 d, the challenged group fed low Thr had higher number of oocysts (+40 %, P=0·03) and lower crypt depth (−31 %, P 0·05). Overall, Thr deficiency worsened the detrimental effects of combined feed withdrawal and coccidial infection on growth performance and oocyst shedding by impairing intestinal morphology, barrier function, lymphocyte profiles and their cytokine expressions.
Reducing latency on pixelflow

Performance, as measured by the number of primitives rendered per second, has been the most important rendering system design consideration while latency, the amount of time it takes to render an image, has largely been ignored. This is because a moderate amount of latency is not an issue for traditional interactive systems controlled by joysticks. However, latency has emerged as a major consideration when rendering for immersive systems, especially those using head-mounted displays. Maintaining low overall system latency is very important to create an illusion of presence in a virtual environment and very significant contribution to total system latency is the time it takes to generate an image. This paper examines some possible ways to reduce latency in the PixelFlow graphics computer. We first describe the standard rendering software for PixelFlow, and derive an expression for the time to render an image. We then propose two alternative software systems for the PixelFlow hardware, and derive expressions for the rendering latency. When we compare latencies for some common application scenarios, we find that the two propsed systems render with lower latency than the standard highthroughput system, but find that the benefits are not enough to outweigh the costs.
The Increasing Heterogeneity of Retirement in the USA: Interactions Between State, Firm, and Individual Determinants of Later-Life Labor Force Withdrawal

The confluence of several institutional forces—Social Security benefit improvements and the availability of early retirement, the growth of employer-sponsored defined-benefit pension plans, and mandatory retirement ages—led to sustained early labor force withdrawal in the 1970s and 1980s. As these institutional forces were desynchronized and/or dismantled, the labor force participation rates of US workers age 55 and above began increasing in the mid-1990s. Warner shows, however, that this desynchronization of the state and firm institutional supports has led not simply to delayed retirement but to growing heterogeneity in retirement timing as workers’ household and individual characteristics have become increasingly consequential. Indeed, even as Social Security reform and changes in firm benefits incentivize delayed retirement, the retention of early Social Security retired-worker benefits at age 62 suggests that high levels of early retirement among the most disadvantaged workers will continue to anchor the growing heterogeneity in labor force withdrawal timing.
Inter- and intra-individual variation in emotional complexity: methodological considerations and theoretical implications

The degree of relationship between positive and negative emotional states or emotional complexity is a topic of ongoing debate. At issue is whether positive and negative emotions are opposite ends of a bipolar continuum or independent dimensions in a bivariate distribution. In this review, we summarize work suggesting that the distinction between positive and negative emotions varies both between and within individuals as a function of cognition and changes in informational demands, a perspective called the Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA). In addition to providing a theoretical model that specifies the conditions under which bivariate and bipolar models of affect may be valid, the DMA offers an integrative framework through which models of resilience and stress adaptation may be articulated.
The application of near‐infrared spectroscopy in beer fermentation for online monitoring of critical process parameters and their integration into a novel feedforward control strategy

Traditional methods used in the analysis of fermentation media suffer from a number of limitations. The search for more rapid and efficient methods has led to the development and application of near-infrared spectroscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy has been applied successfully in a variety of industrial processes: agricultural, food, chemical and pharmaceutical, generally in the areas of raw material quality control but also including intermediate and finished product testing. The present research explores its potential for online fermentation monitoring of total cell count (TCC), specific gravity (SG), free amino nitrogen (FAN) and percentage alcohol by volume (% v v−1) in a 300 L pilot-scale validation batch. Models that were generated from three calibration batches for each of these constituents exhibited overall favourable standard error of cross validation (SECV) and fit of predicted vs actual cross validated results (SECV, R2): SG (0.00072, 0.995), ethanol (0.17% v v−1, 0.990), FAN (16.5 mg L−1, 0.886) and TCC (1.24 × 106 cells mL−1, 0.640). The data that was most relevant to cell metabolism was determined to be sugar consumption rate, ethanol production rate, yield of ethanol and fermentation lag time. These ‘critical performance parameters’ were incorporated into a novel feed-forward control strategy where yeast pitching rate was modified based on values of the critical performance parameters from the previous batch. Use of this feed-forward strategy demonstrated how brewers can utilize near-infrared monitoring for quality assurance through early detection of shifts in fermentation performance. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Adenovirus-mediated heme oxygenase-1 gene transfection prevents hemoglobin-induced contraction of rat basilar artery.

Vasospasm is a consequence of erythrocyte lysis in the subarachnoid space that releases hemoglobin and possibly other spasmogenic substances. Removing the blood clot early after SAH, either surgically or by intracisternal fibrinolysis with tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase, may prevent vasospasm [1]. In view of the critical role that hemoglobin appears to play in the pathogenesis of vasospasm, modification of the metabolism of hemoglobin and heme may be im- portant to preventing vasospasm. Oxidation of ferrous iron in oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin produces meth- emoglobin that more readily releases its heme groups from the globin chains. Globin chains probably are degraded by intra- and extracellular proteases. The heme group is metabolized to biliverdin, carbon mon- oxide (CO) and iron by heme oxygenases (HO) that consist of at least 3 isozymes including the oxidative stress-inducible protein HO-1 [2].
Interaction patterns of trauma providers are associated with length of stay

Background Trauma-related hospitalizations drive a high percentage of health care expenditure and inpatient resource consumption, which is directly related to length of stay (LOS). Robust and reliable interactions among health care employees can reduce LOS. However, there is little known about whether certain patterns of interactions exist and how they relate to LOS and its variability. The objective of this study is to learn interaction patterns and quantify the relationship to LOS within a mature trauma system and long-standing electronic medical record (EMR). Methods We adapted a spectral co-clustering methodology to infer the interaction patterns of health care employees based on the EMR of 5588 hospitalized adult trauma survivors. The relationship between interaction patterns and LOS was assessed via a negative binomial regression model. We further assessed the influence of potential confounders by age, number of health care encounters to date, number of access action types care providers committed to patient EMRs, month of admission, phenome-wide association study codes, procedure codes, and insurance status. Results Three types of interaction patterns were discovered. The first pattern exhibited the most collaboration between employees and was associated with the shortest LOS. Compared to this pattern, LOS for the second and third patterns was 0.61 days (P = 0.014) and 0.43 days (P = 0.037) longer, respectively. Although the 3 interaction patterns dealt with different numbers of patients in each admission month, our results suggest that care was provided for similar patients. Discussion The results of this study indicate there is an association between LOS and the extent to which health care employees interact in the care of an injured patient. The findings further suggest that there is merit in ascertaining the content of these interactions and the factors that induce these differences in interaction patterns within a trauma system.
Marginal versus segmental mandibulectomy for pediatric desmoid fibromatosis of the mandible - Two case reports and review of the literature

Desmoid fibromatosis (DF) is a rare, benign soft tissue neoplasm with high rate of local recurrence. Surgical management of DF in the head and neck can be challenging given the desire to balance the preservation of form and function with the need to minimize local recurrence by achieving complete resection. We present two contrasting cases which highlight the advantages of marginal mandibulectomy over segmental mandibulectomy in children with DF. We favor marginal mandibulectomy even with limited bone stock given the remarkable ability of children to generate new bone.
The Rights of the Retarded

In this paper I shall not be concerned, at least directly, with the actual legal rights of the retarded. They have been extensively covered in the literature of the subject, especially in recent decades by authors with whose knowledge and expertise it would be presumptuous of me to compete. What legal rights the retarded currently have is, for the most part, a matter of mainly undisputed record. They all have whatever rights the Constitution gives them, with whatever penumbral uncertainty there may be over the reach of such indeterminate rights as due process, substantive due process and equal protection. They all have their respective state rights varying considerably from one state to another, both in respect of their existence and in respect of their protection and implementation by the state. It does not follow from the fact that they are, for the most part, a matter of record that there are no difficulties about reading the record. For example, since the passage in 1975 (with its amendments of 1978) of the Developmentally Disabled Assistance and Bill of Rights Act [2], much has been written on the assumption that the Act meant what it said when it said that developmentally disabled persons have a right to appropriate treatment, services and habilitation ... which is provided in the setting that is least restrictive of personal liberty.1 It was assumed that thereafter states had the duty of providing whatever services and treatment were needed in the least restrictive setting, that a retarded person who needed help had the legal right to receive it outside the walls of a state institution, if his needs could be met outside. But, as many now know, the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court on the Pennhurst case in April 1981 settled that the rights in the Act are only manifesto-rights: the wording of the Bill of Rights section of the Act was too vague to impose a contractual duty on a state [5]. So, what all the legal rights of a retarded person are is not definitely clear, nor likely at any time to be so; and on any question about them there may be good reason why you should listen to what a lawyer has to say, if he is a good enough lawyer, but there is no reason why you should listen to a philosopher, however good he may be.
Identifying Post-Translational Modifications

w8-2 While reliable identification of post-translational modifications (PTMs) is key to understanding various cellular regulatory processes, adequate configuration of existing tools remains a challenging task. In this context, it becomes crucial to carefully assess the accuracy of identification of expected modifications. We discuss methods to quantify the false discovery rate from a search and illustrate how several features can be used to distinguish valid modifications from search artifacts. In addition, we describe two open-source unrestrictive PTM search algorithms, MS-Alignment and Spectral Networks, that search for all types of PTMs at once in blind mode (i.e. without knowing in advance which PTMs to search for). While MS-Alignment capitalizes on spectral alignment to identify modified variants of peptides in a database, Spectral Networks directly align unidentified spectra to discover PTMs and highly-modified peptides. InsPecT, MS-Alignment and Spectral Networks are freely available as open-source packages and web services at http://proteomics.ucsd.edu.
DD22: Leichtes Leben mit Zwei Plus! (August 2006)

Wer gut rechnen kann, ist viel schneller als andere und macht weniger Fehler. Wussten Sie das? Wer gut schreiben kann, formuliert viel schneller und begeht kaum Orthografie-Sunden. Schuler, die gut sind, brauchen viel weniger Zeit fur gute Hausaufgaben als solche, die sich furchten mussen. Warum gibt es also Leute, die noch Zeit fur schlechte Leistungen haben?
The Behavioral Analysis and Modification Project for Community Mental Health

The confluence of two innovative streams in psychology and psychiatry —the delivery of mental health services through comprehensive, community-based centers, and the development of behavioral analysis and therapy—led to an applied research project aimed at demonstrating the applicability of behavioral approaches to the needs of clients and clinicians in a typical community mental health center (CMHC). The Behavior Analysis and Modification (BAM) Project in CMHCs began slowly in 1970 with the building of a clinical-research foundation in the Ox-nard, California CMHC; accelerated during 1972–1975 when an NIMH research grant permitted the establishment and evaluation of systematic behavior therapies; and concluded in 1975–1979 with dissemination of six of the therapeutic methods that were experimentally validated to 40 other CMHCs across the nation. This chapter summarizes the procedures and results of the 9-year BAM Project.
Manganese activates NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and propagates exosomal release of ASC in microglial cells

Chronic, sustained inflammation underlies many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Divalent manganese (Mn2+) exposure can stimulate neurotoxicity by increasing inflammation. In this study, we examined whether Mn2+ activates the multiprotein NLRP3 inflammasome complex to promote neuroinflammation. Exposing activated mouse microglial cells to Mn2+ substantially augmented NLRP3 abundance, caspase-1 cleavage, and maturation of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Exposure of mice to Mn2+ had similar effects in brain microglial cells. Furthermore, Mn2+ impaired mitochondrial ATP generation, basal respiratory rate, and spare capacity in microglial cells. These data suggest that Mn-induced mitochondrial defects drove the inflammasome signal amplification. We found that Mn induced cell-to-cell transfer of the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC in exosomes. Furthermore, primed microglial cells exposed to exosomes from Mn-treated mice released more IL-1β than did cells exposed to exosomes from control-treated animals. We also observed that welders exposed to manganese-containing fumes had plasma exosomes that contained more ASC than did those from a matched control group. Together, these results suggest that the divalent metal manganese acts as a key amplifier of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and exosomal ASC release.
Abstract 611: Association Between Thoracic Irradiation and Increased Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium

Introduction: Thoracic irradiation (TIR) is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary death. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is the result of coronary plaque accumu...
Respecting the block interface - computational storage using virtual objects

Computational storage has remained an elusive goal. Though minimizing data movement by placing computation close to storage has quantifiable benefits, many of the previous attempts failed to take root in industry. They either require a departure from the widespread block protocol to one that is more computationally-friendly (e.g., file, object, or keyvalue), or they introduce significant complexity (state) on top of the block protocol. We participated in many of these attempts and have since concluded that neither a departure from nor a significant addition to the block protocol is needed. Here we introduce a block-compatible design based on virtual objects. Like a real object (e.g., a file), a virtual object contains the metadata that is needed to process the data. We show how numerous offloads are possible using virtual objects and, as one example, demonstrate a 99% reduction in the data movement required to "scrub" object storage for bitrot.We also present our early work with erasure coded data which, unlike RAID, can be easily adapted to computational storage using virtual objects.
Similar Hemostatic Responses to Hypovolemia in Hemorrhage and Lbnp Reveals a Hyperfibrinolytic Subset of Baboons

Background: Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has been established in human studies as an alternative method to blood removal (HEM) to study central hypovolemia. In a baboon model, LBNP also mimics the cardiovascular response of HEM. Hemostatic responses, including platelet activation, coagulation and fibrinolysis in response to LBNP and HEM in this baboon model are reported here. A previous meeting report from this study focused on hemostatic interactions; this report expands the assay of fibrinolytic proteins and includes detailed post-hoc analysis of interactions. Methods: Thirteen anesthetized baboons were exposed to progressive central hypovolemia by HEM and, four weeks later, by LBNP. Whole blood cell counts were determined; pro-coagulant and fibrinolytic activity was evaluated by plasma markers, thrombelastography, flow cytometry and platelet aggregometry at baseline (BL), intermediate hypovolemia (MID), presyncope or maximal hypovolemia (MAX) and after recovery (REC). Results: Baseline values for HEM (day 0) and LBNP (day 28) were indistinguishable for most analyzed parameters; however platelet number, maximal clotting (MA), Protein C, TAT, TAFI-activity, plasma renin, angiotensin and epinephrine were all significantly different (p 2) whose fibrinolytic state matched at both HEM and LBNP BL. High lysis samples (n=8) showed a strong correlation (r=0.95; p Conclusions: Central hypovolemia resulted in activation of coagulation by either LBNP or HEM; thus LBNP is a powerful model for studying hemorrhage. This study also revealed a subset of baboons with baseline activation of fibrinolysis which was strongly coupled to tPA and uncoupled from TAFI activity. The methods demonstrated hemodilution with blood removal and hemoconcentration with LBNP, as has been observed in humans, but these modest changes had no significant effect on coagulation parameters. Unexpectedly, this study demonstrated that the effects of blood removal were sustained 28 days later on baseline parameters. Overall, these results in large primates suggest that baseline differences between apparently healthy and superficially homogeneous individuals may determine outcomes in studies of hemostasis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The effects of professional forecast dissemination on macroeconomic volatility

Abstract This paper explores the role that professional forecast announcements can have on macroeconomic volatility. Bounded rational agents are used inside a medium scale dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with financial frictions. Modeled agents must form expectations about endogenous variables by selecting between three simple linear forecasting specifications some of which contain the inclusion of a“professionally” announced forecast of the economic variable. Historically calibrated simulations of the model show that the usage of the announced professional forecast by the agents in their adaptive learning forecast specifications can reduce the volatility in consumption, inflation and wages by as much as 26%, 23% and 22% respectively. However, if the professional forecast is not disseminated well to the agents or biased in its dissemination, agents will learn to ignore the announcement and macroeconomic volatility will increase. Further, the inclusion of very noisy professional forecast signals can result in “coordinated volatility cascades” where agents could reduce macroeconomic volatility by ignoring the professional forecast but choose not to because of its previous forecast performance.
A Comparative Study on the Effect of Mechanical Compliance for a Safe Physical Human–Robot Interaction

Abstract In this paper, we study the effects of mechanical compliance on safety in physical human–robot interaction (pHRI). More specifically, we compare the effect of joint compliance and link compliance on the impact force assuming a contact occurred between a robot and a human head. We first establish pHRI system models that are composed of robot dynamics, an impact contact model, and head dynamics. These models are validated by Simscape simulation. By comparing impact results with a robotic arm made of a compliant link (CL) and compliant joint (CJ), we conclude that the CL design produces a smaller maximum impact force given the same lateral stiffness as well as other physical and geometric parameters. Furthermore, we compare the variable stiffness joint (VSJ) with the variable stiffness link (VSL) for various actuation parameters and design parameters. While decreasing stiffness of CJs cannot effectively reduce the maximum impact force, CL design is more effective in reducing impact force by varying the link stiffness. We conclude that the CL design potentially outperforms the CJ design in addressing safety in pHRI and can be used as a promising alternative solution to address the safety constraints in pHRI.
Scientific forecast use and factors of influence in water-constrained contexts: The case of Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Abstract Unexpected changes in the amount and timing of seasonal precipitation and temperature provide significant challenges to stakeholders in water-constrained areas of the world. These changes are particularly problematic for decisions that face economic and organizational constraints from those changes. The use of climate forecasts informed by scientific observations and statistical analyses that assume system dynamism may improve decision making and outcomes, however many of these stakeholders rely on traditional and/or folkloric strategies based on observations from the environment. Here we survey 87 stakeholders representing groups such as national agencies, farmers, and water managers in the semi-arid region of Guanacaste, Costa Rica on (1) their perceptions of freshwater security, (2) the role of forecast type (weekly, seasonal, and yearly) plays in their decision making, and (3) the factors that most influence the use of forecasts in decision making. Stakeholders report having enough freshwater to meet their current needs, however they are less certain about the future. Stakeholders are generally using forecasts but that use is not uniform – the most vulnerable to shocks are those that tend to trust traditional and/or folkloric methods the most, and are the least likely to use longer-term forecasts in their decision making. Policies for enhancing engagement between the potential users and producers of forecasts may increase use of climate forecasts among the most vulnerable stakeholders.
Chapter 10 – Anti-antibodies and anti-idiotype immunoregulation 1899–1904

Publisher Summary Ehrlich's side-chain theory is a concept of antibody formation; it speculated broadly about the structure and function of antibody. Implicit in the side-chain theory is a startling conceptual anticipation of the future—that the binding site of an antibody is a unique structure and might be immunogenic; that an anti-antibody might be formed against the specific site; that the shape of the anti-antibody combining site would be that of the corresponding antigen against which the original antibody was specific; and that this complex of antibodies and anti-antibodies might serve a very important immunoregulatory role in protecting against such undesirable events as autoimmunization. All of these consequences of the side-chain theory, and more, were recognized and explicitly developed between 1899 and 1902 by the imaginative and implacably logical Paul Ehrlich, with occasional contributions also from Jules Bordet, Alexandre Besredka, and others. The first significant stirrings of modern interest in anti-antibodies date from the 1950s, and owe their origins to three different lines of attack. The first was purely theoretical, and stemmed from the fertile imagination of Victor Najjar. Najjar assumed that the interaction of antibody with antigen leads to a change in molecular conformation which is immunogenic, leading to the development of a “cascade” of further anti-antibody reactants to the first and then to subsequent immunecomplexes, the entire process finally achieving a steady state.
Enhancing mechanical properties of Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Fiber Mat upon Potassium Chloride exposure

Abstract Cellulose acetate (CA) based biomaterials are being used as substrates for bone ingrowth applications due to their non-toxic and non-irritant nature coupled with optimum morphology and stiffness. Electrospinning with additives and/or post-treatment has emerged as a viable protocol to improve the mechanical properties of CA further and expand its utility. Herein, we highlight the role of potassium chloride (KCl) in association with air-drying to enhance the elastic modulus and tensile strengths of CA fiber mats. Salt aggregation between fibers was observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicates the interactions between K+ ions and acetyl groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study suggests the retention of CA structure in the CA-KCl mats and the excess presence of KCl. The increase in KCl concentration (from 2 to 6%) boosts the elastic modulus to 176 MPa (52 times than pure CA) and tensile strength to 1.2 MPa (9 times than pure CA). Indeed, the presence of K+ ions offers osteoconduction to fiber mats, and thus the outcome has potential in bone tissue engineering.