cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Droplet Arrays and Groups

To this point in this book, we have discussed only isolated droplets. In a practical situation, of course, many droplets are present in a spray, and the average distance between droplets can become as low as a few droplet diameters. A typical droplet therefore will not behave as an isolated droplet; rather, it will be strongly influenced by immediately neighboring droplets and, to some extent, by all droplets in the spray. There are three levels of interaction among neighboring droplets in a spray. If droplets are sufficiently far apart, the only impact is that neighboring droplets (through their exchanges of mass, momentum, and energy with the surrounding gas) will affect the ambient conditions of the gas field surrounding a given droplet. As the distance between droplets becomes larger, the influence of neighboring droplets becomes smaller and tends toward zero ultimately. At this first level of interaction, the geometrical configuration of the (mass, momentum, and energy) exchanges between a droplet and its surrounding gas is not affected by the neighboring droplets. In particular, the Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and lift and drag coefficients are identical in values to those for an isolated droplet. This type of interaction will be fully discussed in Chapter 9. At the next level of interaction, droplets are closer to each other, on average, and the geometrical configurations of the exchanges with the surrounding gas are modified.
Directing change using Bcfg2

Configuration management tools have become quite adept at representing target configurations at a point in time. While a point-in-time model helps with system configuration tasks, it cannot represent the complete scope of configuration tasks needed to manage a complex environment over time. In this paper, we introduce a mechanism for representing changes over time in target configurations and show how it alleviates several common administrative problems. We discuss the motivating factors, design, and implementation of this approach in Bcfg2. We also describe how this approach can be applied to other tools.
Nonlinear Enzymatic Cycling Systems: the Exponential Cycling System I. MATHEMATICAL MODELS

Abstract A previously undescribed class of enzymatic cycling systems, the nonlinear cycling systems, is presented and mathematical models are derived for three examples of the simplest type of nonlinear cycling system, the exponential cycling system. In this system, the concentrations of the cycling intermediates and by-products increase exponentially with time, and, at any given time, are linear functions of the initial concentrations of the cycling intermediates. The systems may be useful as biochemical amplifiers in analytical techniques, and a simple modification of the systems gives systems that are potentially operative in vivo as components of some types of biochemical regulatory systems.
The Macroeconomic Impact of Scaled-Up Aid: The Case of Niger (Addendum)

We develop a simple macroeconomic model that assesses the effects of higher foreign aid on output growth and other macroeconomic variables, including the real exchange rate. The model is easily tractable and requires estimation of only a few basic parameters. It takes into account the impact of aid on physical and human capital accumulation, while recognizing that the impact of the latter is more protracted. Application of the model to Niger - one of the poorest countries in the world - suggests that if foreign aid as a share of GDP were to be permanently increased from the equivalent of 10 percent of GDP in 2007 to 15 percent in 2008, annual economic growth would accelerate by more than 1 percentage point, without generating significant risks for macroeconomic stability. As a result, by 2020 Niger’s income per capita would be 12.5 percent higher than it would be without increased foreign aid. Moreover, the higher growth would help Niger to cut the incidence of poverty by 25 percent by 2015, although the country will still be unable to reach the Millennium Development Goal of poverty reduction (MDG 1).
Application of Neutron Transport Green's Functions to the Calculation of Pressure Vessel Fluence

A simple and accurate analytic method for calculating pressure vessel neutron damage >1-MeV fluence has been derived. The method employs asymptotic expressions for the one-speed neutron transport Green's function together with an effective removal cross section, to propagate the neutron source from the core out to the pressure vessel. The spatial integration over the core neutro source is performed using a multipole expansion of the transport Green's function. The analytic method reproduces detailed (DOT) numerical calculations in both (r, theta) and (r, z) geometries to within less than or equal to5%, and similar accuracy is expected in three dimensions.
Legitimacy of the Kosovo, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia Secessions: Violations in Search of a Rule

The secessions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia from the Republic of Georgia in the early 1990s moved to the frontburner as a result of the August 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict. The 2008 secession of Kosovo from Serbia ironically became the lightening rod for questioning whether these post-Soviet and post-Yugoslav secessions are legitimate under international law.The United States and Russia have each unabashedly proclaimed that these particular secessions are "unique." Thus, none of these secessions supposedly established a legitimate precedent for numerous other separatist movements in the world.This Essay argues, however, that to the extent international law matters, these secessions do not satisfy the "extraordinary circumstances" exception to the general rule eschewing secession. The Essay urges the international community to draft what would be the first multilateral secession treaty. Doing so would trump the contemporary efforts to shoehorn these two regional secessions into the exception to the general rule.
ANXIOUS AND AGGRESSIVE: THE CO‐OCCURRENCE OF IED WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS

Background Evidence suggests that impulsive aggression and explosive anger are common among individuals with anxiety disorders; yet, the influence of intermittent explosive disorder (IED) on the onset, course, consequences, and patterns of comorbidity among those with anxiety disorders is unknown. Methods Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (N = 9,282) and Adolescent Supplement (N = 9,632), nationally representative surveys conducted between 2001 and 2004. Diagnoses were based on structured lay-administered interviews. Lifetime diagnoses were assessed with structured instruments. Outcomes included comorbidity, functional and role impairment, and treatment utilization. Results Adolescents with a lifetime anxiety disorder had a higher prevalence of a lifetime anger attacks (68.5%) and IED (22.9%) than adolescents without a lifetime anxiety disorder (48.6 and 7.8%, respectively), especially social phobia and panic disorders. Similar elevation was found for adults. Age of onset and course of anxiety disorders did not differ by IED. Severe functional impairment associated with anxiety was higher among adolescents (39.3%) and adults (45.7%) with IED than those without IED (29.2 and 28.2%, respectively). Comorbidity for all other disorders was elevated. However, individuals with anxiety disorders and IED were no more likely to use treatment services than those with anxiety disorders without IED. Conclusions Individuals with IED concomitant to anxiety disorder, especially social phobia and panic, are at marked risk for worse functional impairment and a higher burden of comorbidity, but onset and course of anxiety disorder do not differ, and those with anxiety and IED are no more likely to utilize treatment services. Assessment, identification, and specialized treatment of anger in the context of anxiety disorders are critical to reducing burden.
Nitrite as an intrinsic signaling molecule.

Nitrite, a ubiquitous stable oxidation byproduct of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, is now entering the pantheon of signaling biochemical molecules. Nitrite may have the unique properties of a blood and tissue NO reservoir activated by physiological and pathological hypoxia.
Functional implications of ribosomal RNA methylation in response to environmental stress.

AbstractThe study of post-transcriptional RNA modifications has long been focused on the roles these chemical modifications play in maintaining ribosomal function. The field of ribosomal RNA modification has reached a milestone in recent years with the confirmation of the final unknown ribosomal RNA methyltransferase in Escherichia coli in 2012. Furthermore, the last 10 years have brought numerous discoveries in non-coding RNAs and the roles that post-transcriptional modification play in their functions. These observations indicate the need for a revitalization of this field of research to understand the role modifications play in maintaining cellular health in a dynamic environment. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the time is ripe for leaps and bounds forward. This review discusses ribosomal RNA methyltransferases and their role in responding to external stress in Escherichia coli, with a specific focus on knockout studies and on analysis of transcriptome data with respect to ...
Intracoil excited singlet state annihilation in polyvinyldiphenylanthracene

Abstract The intensity of fluorescence of poly(diphenylanthracene) (PDPA) has been found to be highly non-linear in excitation laser energy, while either diphenylanthracene or polystyrene with a low loading of covalently bound diphenylanthracene (PS-co-DPA) is linear under the same conditions. It is proposed that a Forster-type annihilation process occurs: S 1 ★ + S 1 ★ → S 0 + S n ★★ → 2S 0 . The R 0 for this process is estimated to be ≈ 35 A. On the other hand the singlet exciton diffusion constant (Λ S ) is estimated to be very low, by the method of comparative quenching.
Solution of cyclic nonlinear magnetic fields in three dimensions

Sinusoidally excited power frequency magnetic fields are governed by the diffusion equation and are usually analyzed by converting to complex phasors. Under nonlinear conditions however, such a mapping is not valid and the solution is by time stepping, with the attendant problems of finding a suitable starting point and build up of difference error in time. In this paper, for spatially two‐dimensional problems, we consider time as a third coordinate and close the problem region by using the same node numbers at the end of one cycle or, alternatively, at the end of half a cycle with a mapping to the nodes at the start. Such a three‐dimensional region is divided into finite elements with suitable interpolation nodes and the diffusion equation is solved by a Galerkin formulation. The method is applicable to any cyclic problem governed by the diffusion equation.
Finding truths in clinical medicine: through the looking glass--cracked.

Abstract [Schriger DL. Finding truths in clinical medicine: through the looking glass—cracked. Ann Emerg Med . November 2001;38:566-569.]
Nanoparticle size determination using optical microscopes

We present a simple method for size determination of nanoparticles using conventional optical microscopes. The method, called through-focus scanning optical microscopy, makes use of the four-dimensional optical information collected at different focus positions. Low partial coherence illumination combined with analysis of through-focus optical content enables nanoparticle size determination with nanometer scale sensitivity. We experimentally demonstrate this using fabricated Si nanodots and spherical gold nanoparticles. The method is economical, as no hardware modifications to conventional optical microscopes are needed. In addition, the method also has high throughput and potential for soft nanoparticle size determination without distortion.
Hardware efficient fast computation of the discrete fourier transform

In this paper, a new systolic array for prime N-length DFT is first proposed, and then combined with Winograd Fourier Transform algorithm (WFTA) to control the increase of the hardware cost when the transform length is large. The proposed new DFT design is both fast and hardware efficient. Compared with the recently reported DFT design with computational complexity of O(log N), the proposed design saves the average number of required multiplications by 30 to 60% and reduces the average computation time by more than 2 times, when the transform length changes from 16 to 2048.
Analysis of free space optical interconnects based on non-diffracting beams

Abstract The performance of free space optical interconnects utilizing non-diffracting Bessel beams is analyzed. The integral optical channel–channel cross-talk, the detector pre-amplifier thermal noise, and the resulting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are used as system parameters to characterize optical interconnects in terms of their channel density. We show that pitch and fill factor of the detector can be exploited as a system design parameter. Our analysis shows that the side lobes of Bessel beams act as a major source of cross-talk, which severely limits the number of spatial channels that can be realized. The use of Bessel beams, nevertheless, outperforms conventional Gaussian beams, particularly over larger propagation distances. The effects of increasing the transmitted power as well as decreasing the channel bandwidth on the SNR are investigated as well.
Effects of post-weaning enrichment and isolation upon emotionality and brain weight in the mouse.

Abstract At weaning (21 days) 60 male C57BL/6J mice were placed into isolation cages while 60 others were grouped in enriched environments. Fifteen days later half of each group was shifted to the opposite housing condition while the other half continued to live in the same environments in which they had been placed at weaning. At the end of the second 15-day interval (51 days) one-third of the mice were killed immediately to obtain resting levels of plasma corticosterone while the remaining mice were placed into a novel environment, They were killed either 15 or 30 min later and their blood assayed for corticosterone; in addition, the number of boluses defecated while in the novel environment was recorded. Finally, whole brain weights, adrenal weights, and body weights were obtained on all animals. The groups did not differ on the corticosterone measure; enrichment during the second 15-day interval significantly increased adrenal weight; and enrichment immediately after weaning increased defecation while enrichment during the second phase of the study decreased defecation. The lack of relationship among these measures raises serious questions concerning the concept of emotionality in the mouse. Finally, animals which did not undergo a shift in housing environments had heavier brains than the two groups which did shift. This finding is not in agreement with data from the rat.
Method for detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in feces, manures, and soils.

Eight concentration and purification methods were evaluated to determine percentages of recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from calf feces. The NaCl flotation method generally resulted in the highest percentages of recovery. Based on the percentages of recovery, the amounts of fecal debris in the final oocyst preparations, the relatively short processing time (<3 h), and the low expense, the NaCl flotation method was chosen for further evaluation. Extraction efficiency was evaluated by using oocyst concentrations of 25, 50, 102, 103, 104, and 105 oocysts g of bovine feces−1. The percentages of recovery ranged from 10.8% (25 oocysts g−1) to 17.0% (104 oocysts g−1) (r2 = 0.996). A conservative estimate of the detection limit for bovine feces is ca. 30 oocysts g of feces−1. Percentages of recovery were determined for six different types of animal feces (cow, horse, pig, sheep, deer, and chicken feces) at a single oocyst concentration (104 oocysts g−1). The percentages of recovery were highest for bovine feces (17.0%) and lowest for chicken feces (3.2%). Percentages of recovery were determined for bovine manure after 3 to 7 days of storage. The percentages of recovery ranged from 1.9 to 3.5% depending on the oocyst concentration, the time of storage, and the dispersing solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from soils were evaluated by using different flotation solutions (NaCl, cold sucrose, ZnSO4), different dispersing solutions (Triton X-100, Tween 80, Tris plus Tween 80), different dispersion techniques (magnetic stirring, sonication, blending), and different dispersion times (5, 15, and 30 min). Twenty-five-gram soil samples were used to reduce the spatial variability. The highest percentages of recovery were obtained when we used 50 mM Tris–0.5% Tween 80 as the dispersing solution, dispersion for 15 min by stirring, and saturated NaCl as the flotation solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from freshly spiked sandy loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam soils were ca. 12 to 18, 8, and 6%, respectively. The theoretical detection limits were ca. 1 to 2 oocysts g of soil−1 depending on the soil type. The percentages of recovery without dispersant (distilled H2O or phosphate-buffered saline) were less than 0.1%, which indicated that oocysts adhere to soil particles. The percentages of recovery decreased with storage time, although the addition of dispersant (Tris-Tween 80) before storage appeared to partially prevent adhesion. These data indicate that the NaCl flotation method is suitable for routine detection and enumeration of oocysts from feces, manures, soils, or soil-manure mixtures.
A Monte Carlo simulation of radiative heat through fibrous media: Effects of boundary conditions and microstructural parameters

Abstract This work reports on a Monte Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) simulation technique devised to study steady-state radiative heat transfer in fibrous insulation materials. The media consist of specular opaque fibers having unimodal/bimodal fiber diameter distributions. The simulations are conducted in 2-D ordered geometries, and the role of lateral symmetric or periodic boundary conditions are discussed in detail. Our results indicate that with the symmetric or periodic boundary condition, view factor Fi,i should be excluded from the calculations leading to temperature prediction. This is especially important when the media are made of fibers arranged in ordered configurations. In agreement with our previous 3-D MCRT simulations, the 2-D MCRT simulations presented here reveal that heat flux through a fibrous medium decreases by increasing packing fraction of the fibers, when fiber diameter is kept constant. Moreover, increasing fibers’ absorptivity was found to decrease the radiation transmittance through the media. In this work, we have also studied radiative heat transfer through bimodal fibrous media, and concluded that increasing fibers’ dissimilarity increases energy transmittance through the media, if porosity and number of fibers are kept constant. It was also found that temperature of the fibers is almost independent of the media’s porosity or diameter ratios.
Network flow problems with pricing decisions

This paper considers a class of network flow problems in which the demand levels of the nodes are determined through pricing decisions representing the revenue received per unit demand at the nodes. We must simultaneously determine the pricing decisions and the network flow decisions in order to maximize profits, i.e., the revenues received from the pricing decisions minus the cost of the network flow decisions. Specializations of this class of problems have numerous applications in supply chain management. We show that the class of problems with a single pricing decision throughout the network can be solved in polynomial time under both continuous pricing restrictions and integer pricing restrictions. For the class of problems with customer-specific pricing decisions, we provide conditions under which the problem can be solved in polynomial-time for continuous pricing restrictions and prove that the problem is NP-hard for integer pricing restrictions.
Electropolymers based on diphenylamine II-Stacking in cationic benzidine units

Abstract We have prepared a series of monomers with the general formula diphenylamine-R-diphenylamine. The electro-oxidation of these monomers in a series of non-aqueous solvents leads to para C-C coupling of the terminal phenyl rings to produce (R-diphenyl benzidine) n , an alternating main chain unit material. Polymeric material is formed from high-polarity solvents while low-polarity solvents produce precipitated oligomeric materials. Low-energy (~0.8eV) charge-transfer bands can be observed in the 1 e − per repeat unit oxidized thin film precipitated oligomeric material. The thin film polymeric material does not show these charge-transfer bands. These bands show polarization parallel with respect to the surface. Since these materials lack conjugation along the chain, π-stacking between chains with a stacking axis parallel to the surface is most likely responsible for these electronic transitions. Thus this system self-organizes upon formation at the surface.
Millimeter-wave high-resolution holographic surveillance system

A prototype millimeter wave holographic surveillance system has been developed and demonstrated at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL). The prototype millimeter wave holographic surveillance system developed at PNL consists of a sequentially switched 2 X 64 element array coupled to a 35 GHz bi-static transceiver. The sequentially switched array of antennas can be used to obtain the holographic data at high speed by electronically sequencing the antennas along one dimension and performing a mechanical scan along the other dimension. A 1D mechanical scan can be performed in about one second. The prototype system scans an aperture of 0.75 by 2.05 m. This system has been demonstrated and images have been obtained on volunteers at Sea-Tac International airport in Seattle, Washington.
MAPPRO: a program for processing the projection of latitude-longitude coordinates into rectangular map coordinate systems

Abstract The advent of powerful, graphically oriented, desktop computer systems has increased dramatically the ability of the earth scientist to process and analyze geographic data electronically. Data that are digitized and stored electronically can be analyzed in ways that are not possible or practical with manual methods. Geographic data stored within databases can be manipulated and combined more effectively, and with greater precision, when it is stored in digital form. Unfortunately, the conversion of existing geographic data into digital form is both time consuming and prone to a variety of digitization errors. MAPPRO is presented here as a program that can convert the universal form of geographic data—latitude and longitude coordinates—into the digital cartesian coordinates that are required by computer systems. In this form geographic data can be imported into digital base maps that are calibrated to a standard projection coordinate system. In this way maps can be created without the need for repetitive manual plotting of geographically controlled data if the latitude-longitude database exists. MAPPRO has been applied to the task of plotting geological structure orientation data by this author however, virtually any data that is defined in terms of latitude and longitude may be plotted with MAPPRO. The current availability of global positioning systems (GPS) that can rapidly and accurately determine latitude-longitude coordinates has the potential to produce large amounts of position data that may need to be plotted on a variety of map projections. This type of data can be plotted directly onto digital base maps with the aid of MAPPRO. In addition, MAPPRO can be used to produce mathematically precise map boundaries and latitude-longitude grid lines. The output format used by MAPPRO allows for the importation of data into diverse selection of geographic information system (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD) applications.
"Cross-wiring" of the immune response in old mice: increased autoantibody response despite reduced antibody response to nominal antigen.

Abstract Older humans and experimental animals have been repeatedly found to have higher titers of autoantibodies than do younger individuals despite the impaired responses of older individuals to foreign antigens. The studies reported here were designed to examine the relationship between these two age-related changes in antibody responses. Antibody response to foreign antigen was measured concurrently with autoantibody response in the same mice. Old mice (18–24 months old) had decreased responses to foreign antigens and increased responses to bromelain-treated syngeneic erythrocytes, compared to young mice (2 months old). In vitro mixing experiments were consistent with the possibility that suppressor cell activity in spleen cells from old mice reduce the antibody response to foreign antigen but not to autologous antigen. The results support an emerging view that age-associated changes in immune responses are the result of dysregulation rather than exhaustion of the immune system.
What can we learn from hydrodynamic analysis at RHIC

We can establish a new picture, the perfect fluid sQGP core and the dissipative hadronic corona, of the space-time evolution of produced matter in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC. It is also shown that the picture works well also in the forward rapidity region through an analysis based on a new class of the hydro-kinetic model and that this is a manifestation of the rapid increase of the entropy density in the vicinity of QCD critical temperature, namely, deconfinement.
The axonal localization of large Drosophila ankyrin2 protein isoforms is essential for neuronal functionality.

Abstract In polarized cells, such as neurons, ankyrin-type proteins are the major molecules that link the actin–spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. In Drosophila the second ankyrin gene, Dank 2, is exclusively expressed in neuronal cells. Similar to ankyrin genes in other organisms, the Dank 2 gene generates several ankyrin protein isoforms by differential splicing. Here we report that in Drosophila, the short Dank2 protein isoform is restricted to neuronal cell bodies and is excluded from axons, whereas the long Dank2 isoforms are localized specifically to axons. Thus the long and short Dank2 protein isoforms are localized to complementary neuronal subdomains, demonstrating that in vivo the composition of the neuronal cortical cytoskeleton is highly polarized. We show that once polarization is established, it persists during later stages of Drosophila development. We also present genetic evidence that the absence of axonal Dank2 protein is lethal.
Effects of mastoparan and related peptides on phosphoinositide breakdown in HL-60 cells and cell-free preparations.

In differentiated HL-60 cells the amphiphilic peptide mastoparan induces a dose-dependent stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown with an EC50 value of 9μM. Such stimulation can be markedly reduced by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml, 2h). In membranes obtained from differentiated HL-60 cells, guanine nucleotides stimulate the formation of IP2 and IP3. Calcium ions also induce phosphoinositide breakdown in this preparation independent of the presence of guanine nucleotides. In HL-60 cell membranes, mastoparan inhibited GTPγS-stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Such inhibitory activity of mastoparan also was present in membranes from cells pretreated with pertussis toxin. Calcium-induced stimulation of phosphoinositide breakdown was not significantly inhibited by mastoparan. The analogs mastoparan-X and polistes mastoparan had similar inhibitory activity, whereas the analog des-Ile1-Asn2-mastoparan was inactive. In permeabilized HL-60 cells mastoparan also inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown. Another amphiphilic peptide, melittin, was inactive in HL-60 intact cells, but similar to mastoparan, inhibited guanine nucleotide-induced phosphoinositide breakdown in HL-60 cell membranes and permeabilized cells. Thus, mastoparan peptides can stimulate phosphoinositide breakdown in intact HL-60 cells, probably through the interaction with a guanine nucleotide binding protein. In permeabilized cells an in cell membranes, mastoparan induces inhibition of guanine nucleotide-mediated phosphoinositide breakdown presumably through an interaction with an intracellular site. The inhibitory action of mastoparan and melittin is probably related to the amphiphilic character of these peptides.
Covariance for quasi-probability distributions

A criterion is given for characterizing quantum mechanical joint distributions that have the same covariance of position and momentum.
YouChoose: Choosing your Storage Device as a Performance Interface to Consolidated I/O Service

Currently the QoS requirements for storage systems are usually presented in the form of service-level agreement (SLA) to bound I/O measures such as latency and throughput of I/O requests. However, SLA is not an effective performance interface for users to specify their required I/O service quality for two major reasons. First, for users it is difficult to determine appropriate latency and throughput bounds to ensure their required application performance without resource over-provisioning. Second, for storage system administrators it is a challenge to estimate a user’s real resource demand because the specified SLA measures are not consistently correlated with the user’s resource demand. This makes resource provisioning and scheduling less informative and can greatly reduce system efficiency.We propose the concept of reference storage system (RSS), which can be a storage system chosen by users and whose performance can be measured offline and mimicked online, as a performance interface between applications and storage servers. By designating an RSS to represent I/O performance requirement, a user can expect the performance received from a shared storage server servicing his I/O workload is not worse than the performance received from the RSS servicing the same workload. The storage system is responsible for implementing the RSS interface. The key enabling techniques are a machine learning model that derives request-specific performance requirements and an RSS-centric scheduling that efficiently allocates resource among requests from different users. The proposed scheme, named as YouChoose, supports the user-chosen performance interface through efficiently implementing and migrating virtual storage devices in a host storage system. Our evaluation based on trace-driven simulations shows that YouChoose can precisely implement the RSS performance interface, achieve a strong performance assurance and isolation, and improve the efficiency of a consolidated storage system consisting of different types of storage devices.
Distributed Pipeline Scheduling: A Framework for Distributed, Heterogeneous Real-Time System Design

This paper describes the distributed pipeline scheduling framework that provides a systematic approach to designing distributed, heterogeneous real-time systems. This paper formalizes distributed pipelining scheduling by providing a set of abstractions and transformations to map real-time applications to system resources, to create highly efficient and predictable systems, and to decompose the very complex multiresource system timing analysis problem into a set of simpler application stream and single-resource schedulability problems to ascertain that all real-time application timing requirements are met. Distributed pipeline scheduling includes support for distributed, heterogeneous system resources and diverse local scheduling policies, global scheduling policies for efficient resource utilization, flow-control mechanisms for predictable system behaviour, and a range of system reconfiguration options to meet application timing requirements. An audio/video example is used in this paper to demonstrate the power and utility of distributed pipeline scheduling. 1. INTRODUCTIO N It is not uncommon for serious performance problems to arise in the development of distributed, heterogeneous real-time systems. Part of the problem has been due to the lack of a systematic approach for designing these systems. Discrete-event simulation and timeline construction approaches tend to scale poorly, with the complexity of the model approaching the complexity of the system under development. These models become unwieldy, insufficiently maintained and are then discarded. As a result, the performance properties of the final system diverge greatly from initial goals. This paper presents a framework, denoted the distributed pipeline scheduling framework, for designing distributed, heterogeneous real-time systems that execute in a pipelined, efficient and predictable manner. Furthermore, analysis techniques presented in the framework decompose the very complex multi-resource system-timing analysis problem into a set of simpler single-resource, single-application stream problems that can accurately predict the performance properties of the resulting system design and can be used to determine that all real-time application timing requirements are met. If application timing requirements are not met, the framework also delineates how manipulating system configuration parameters can attempt to meet the timing requirements. Figure 1 provides an overview of the distributed pipeline scheduling framework. Each logical application stream model (LASM) and optional parameters list (OP) capture a real-time application's timing and processing requirements. The LASM is composed of a set of precedence-constraint processing steps. Each processing step is an unit of execution on any resource, e.g. a thread is a processing step executing on a processor-type resource. The target platform model (TPM) represents a connected set of system resources, each of which can be found in the library of single-resource scheduling models.
Macrophyte diversity–abundance relationship with respect to invasive and native dominants

Many experiments have demonstrated positive relationships between plant diversity and abundance, but few have examined the diversity–abundance relationship in non-experimental systems, aquatic systems, or in the presence of invasive (non-native dominant) species. We sampled the aquatic macrophyte community of a large lake in northern Wisconsin to examine: (1) the diversity–abundance relationship and (2) the influence of invasive and native dominant species on that relationship. Over repeated sampling efforts we observed an overall positive correlation between species richness and macrophyte abundance, but trends were less positive where the dominant species, Potamogeton robbinsii (native), was present, whereas, Myriophyllum spicatum (invasive) showed no consistent significant trend. These trends held in the context of other environmental variables known to affect macrophyte diversity and abundance as well as across multiple years. Our observational data are in agreement with current ecological theory on diversity–abundance relationships, mainly that: (1) plant diversity can increase abundance and (2) dominant species can have a strong effect on diversity–abundance relationships. Such effects might be more typical of invasive species (e.g., M. spicatum), but in our system a less-widespread native (P. robbinsii) had more consistent and significant effects, illustrating the difficulty of determining management actions based on simple classifications or observations. Our results from an aquatic macrophyte community highlight the ecological importance of dominant species, whether exotic or native.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, the Unfolded Protein Response, Autophagy, and the Integrated Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Fate

How breast cancer cells respond to the stress of endocrine therapies determines whether they will acquire a resistant phenotype or execute a cell-death pathway. After a survival signal is successfully executed, a cell must decide whether it should replicate. How these cell-fate decisions are regulated is unclear, but evidence suggests that the signals that determine these outcomes are highly integrated. Central to the final cell-fate decision is signaling from the unfolded protein response, which can be activated following the sensing of stress within the endoplasmic reticulum. The duration of the response to stress is partly mediated by the duration of inositol-requiring enzyme-1 activation following its release from heat shock protein A5. The resulting signals appear to use several B-cell lymphoma-2 family members to both suppress apoptosis and activate autophagy. Changes in metabolism induced by cellular stress are key components of this regulatory system, and further adaptation of the metabolome is affected in response to stress. Here we describe the unfolded protein response, autophagy, and apoptosis, and how the regulation of these processes is integrated. Central topologic features of the signaling network that integrate cell-fate regulation and decision execution are discussed.
Reactive oxygen species mediate pollen tube rupture to release sperm for fertilization in Arabidopsis

In plants, sperm is released from pollen tubes in order to fertilize the female gametophyte. In this study, Duan et al. demonstrate that NADPH generated reactive oxygen species are required for the female to induce rupture of the pollen tube.
The influence of pretreatment lew density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations on the effect of hypocholesterolemic therapy on coronary atherosclerosis in angiographic trials

Angiographic trials of coronary atherosclerosis treatment have demonstrated that lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations improves coronary artery stenosis. Most patients in previous trials have had at least mildly elevated LDL. Recently, however, the Harvard Atherosclerosis Reversibility Project (HARP) did not find such benefit in patients with lower baseline LDL levels compared with previous trials. We reviewed and analyzed all cholesterol-lowering trials that used angiographic endpoints. Unifactorial trials of hypocholesterolemic dietary or drug therapy demonstrated that the higher the baseline LDL, the greater the improvement in quantitatively determined stenosis in the treatment group compared with the controls ( r = .83). Considering the change in stenosis in the treatment group alone, regression was more common in trials in which baseline mean LDL was >170 mg/dl (>4.4 mmol/liter), whereas progression occurred when baseline mean LDL was
Sex Differences in Patient-Reported Symptoms Associated With Myocardial Infarction (from the Population-Based MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry)

Many studies have examined gender-related differences in symptoms of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, findings have been inconsistent, largely because of different study populations and different methods of symptom assessment and data analysis. This study was based on 568 women and 1,710 men 25 to 74 years old hospitalized with a first-ever AMI from January 2001 through December 2006 recruited from a population-based AMI registry. Occurrence of 13 AMI symptoms was recorded using standardized patient interview. After controlling for age, migration status, body mass index, smoking, some co-morbidities including diabetes, and type and location of AMI through logistic regression modeling, women were significantly more likely to complain of pain in the left shoulder/arm/hand (odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10 to 1.69), pain in the throat/jaw (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.21), pain in the upper abdomen (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.91), pain between the shoulder blades (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.78 to 2.77), vomiting (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.67 to 2.97), nausea (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.39), dyspnea (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.78), fear of death (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.73 to 2.72), and dizziness (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.91) than men. Furthermore, women were more likely to report >4 symptoms (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.72 to 2.66). No significant gender differences were found in chest pain, feelings of pressure or tightness, diaphoresis, pain in the right shoulder/arm/hand, and syncope. In conclusion, women and men did not differ regarding the chief AMI symptoms of chest pain or feelings of tightness or pressure and diaphoresis. However, women were more likely to have additional symptoms.
Fragrance material review on 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C4 to C12 carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY (RTA) IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL (PBMC) CULTURES (CXS) FROM PATIENTS (PTS) WITH KAWASAKI DISEASE (KD)

Polymerase activity has been reported in PBMC cxs of pts with KD (Nature 323:814, 1986). To further define its template specificity and persistence after clinical recovery and gammaglobulin (GG) therapy, we studied 89 cxs from 33 KD pts and 33 controls. Of the KD pts 23/33 (70%) showed RTA above the mean + 2 SD for control pts (5.6 picomoles dTMP incorporated). The mean peak RTA for KD PBMC ex supernatants was 8.2 pmoles ± 1.8 vs. 3.7 pmoles ± 0.5 for the controls (p control mean +2 SD (3.1 pmoles) in 14/18 (78%) attempts. Analysis of template/ primer specificity showed no increase in dTMP incorporation when assay conditions were altered to favor DNA pol I or terminal transferase. Duplicate assays to compare polyrA:oligodT vs. polyrC:oligodG showed comparable activity for the KD cxs. We conclude that the polymerase activity associated with the particulate fraction of supernatants from KD PBMC is consistent with RTA and can be detected late after recovery which suggests a retrovirus as the causative agent of KD.
Dialogue: a web based communication tool supporting learning communities

The Dialogue application is an innovative web-based communication tool that extends classroom boundaries and supports collaborative instructional goals. A key feature is the workspace environment in which professional dialogue is modeled and nurtured. For example, students in teacher preparation programs initiate dialogue that link the preservice teachers' university-based learning with field related experience in public schools. Another aspect is the shared dialogue across K-12 schools around student centered research projects. The Dialogue applications enables equal partnerships with community agencies, university students, and families. It supports networking and timely feedback to resolve issues. Additional features sustain communication and educational requirements of a learning community within a school and across semesters.
Infectious Mononucleosis and Fatal Myocarditis

Myocarditis is an uncommon manifestation and, very rarely, a lethal complication of infections mononucleosis. A 14-year-old girl initially had exudative pharyngitis and splenomegaly and developed refractory ventricular fibrillation. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis was confirmed by both a strongly positive heterophil antibody test and a high titer of Epstein-Barr virus. Pathologic studies demonstrated extensive histiocytic and lypmhocytic infiltration of the myocardium.
Crystalline sterols obtained by gas chromatography

Abstract A gas chromatographic method utilizing capillary tube collection of eluted sterols has been examined for preparative use. A variety of sterols may be collected in a state of high purity after gas chromatography, their high purity being demonstrated by melting point and thin-layer and other gas chromatographic evidences.
Medical considerations in the hypertensive patient undergoing surgery

Abstract Elevation of blood pressure per se does not usually increase surgical morbidity and mortality. The varying manifestations of hypertensive cardiovascular disease, however, can significantly alter the surgical prognosis and must be appropriately assessed and properly treated. Specific antihypertensive drug therapy adds to the surgical problem, but an intimate knowledge of the pharmacologic action of the several types of drugs permits their continued administration without significant untoward effects.
Suppression of fibrinolysin T activity fails to restore density-dependent growth inhibition to SV3T3 cells

SMALL quantities of proteolytic enzymes added to cultures can cause untransformed fibroblastic cells to manifest transiently the altered growth potential1,2, enhanced lectin-mediated agglutinability3 and enhanced glucose transport4 characteristic of fibroblast cultures transformed by oncogenic viruses. Thus, the enhanced proteolytic activity of cells transformed by both oncogenic DNA viruses5,6 and RNA viruses7 may play an important role in the loss of density-dependent growth inhibition exhibited by virus-transformed cells. In particular, Reich et al. have shown that cells transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) or Rous or murine sarcoma virus produce increased levels of a proteolytic activity (fibrinolysin T) which hydrolyses 125I-fibrin8,9. This fibrinolysin T activity is the result of the conversion of serum plasminogen to plasmin by a plasminogen activator (cell factor)10,11. In addition, using plasminogendeficient serum prepared by affinity chromatography, Reich et al. have demonstrated plasminogen dependence of several phenotypic parameters associated with viral transformation12. We have used e-aminocaproic acid (EACA), an inhibitor of plasminogen activation13 and fibrinolysin T activity8, and found that suppression of the fibrinolysin T activity of SV40-transformed 3T3 (SV3T3) cell cultures does not restore density-dependent growth inhibition to these cells. This suggests that the enhanced plasmin level in SV3T3 cell cultures is not responsible for loss of density-dependent growth inhibition in this cell line.
Scaling Up Circumcision Programs in Southern Africa: The Potential Impact of Gender Disparities and Changes in Condom Use Behaviors on Heterosexual HIV Transmission

Circumcision significantly reduces female-to-male transmission of HIV infection, but changes in behavior may influence the overall impact on transmission. We sought to explore these effects, particularly for societies where women have less power to negotiate safe sex. We developed a compartmental epidemic model to simulate the population-level impact of various circumcision programs on heterosexual HIV transmission in Soweto. We incorporated gender-specific negotiation of condom use in sexual partnerships and explored post-circumcision changes in condom use. A 5-year prevention program in which only an additional 10% of uncircumcised males undergo circumcision each year, for example, would prevent 13% of the expected new HIV infections over 20 years. Outcomes were sensitive to potential changes in behavior and differed by gender. For Southern Africa, even modest programs offering circumcision would result in significant benefits. Because decreases in male condom use could diminish these benefits, particularly for women, circumcision programs should emphasize risk-reduction counseling.