cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Femininity, masculinity, and disordered eating: A meta‐analytic review

Objective To understand the developmental psychopathology of eating disorders, it is crucial to explain the large gender discrepancy in the rates of these disorders, especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In this paper, meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship between gender role adherence and the existence of eating problems. Method: Of the 69 studies examined, 22 contained data deemed valid for the analyses. Measures of difference (d) and homogeneity were calculated. These studies used the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) or the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to measure gender role adherence. Results: Findings indicated a small, heterogeneous positive relationship between femininity and eating problems and a small, heterogeneous negative relationship between masculinity and eating problems. Studies that used a clinical sample showed a larger discrepancy in masculinity scores between the eating-disordered and the control groups than did studies using surveys to identify eating problems. Six studies measured gender role traditionalism. The eating-disordered groups did not differ significantly on these measures compared to the control groups. Discussion: Despite construct validity problems with the use of the PAQ and the BSRI in this area of study, data suggest that gender role is related to eating problems. Crucial aspects of femininity likely to be related to eating problems need to be operationalized and their link to eating disorders examined. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 22:231–242, 1997.
Micropatterned fiber scaffolds for spatially controlled cell adhesion.

Because the local microstructure plays a pivotal role for many biological functions, a wide range of methods have been developed to design precisely engineered substrates for both fundamental biological studies and biotechnological applications. However, these techniques have been by-and-large limited to flat surfaces. Herein, we use electrohydrodynamic co-spinning to prepare biodegradable three-dimensional fiber scaffolds with precisely engineered, micrometre-scale patterns, wherein each fiber is comprised of two distinguishable compartments. When bicompartmental fiber scaffolds are modified via spatially controlled peptide immobilization, highly selective cell guidance at spatial resolutions (<10 mm), so far exclusively reserved for flat substrates, is achieved. Microstructured fiber scaffolds may have utility for a range of biotechnological applications including tissue engineering or cell-based assays.
Surface-induced deep hypothermia in cardiac surgery

Abstract Clinical experience obtained during the last 18 mo in 45 patients with surface-induced profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest is presented here. Thirty-two of these patients were under 2 yr of age and 21 were under 1 yr of age. Initially, this method was reserved for patients in whom palliation was either not available or had failed, but subsequently, as confidence in the technique increased, all surgically correctable lesions have been offered primary repair regardless of age or weight. Surgical mortality in the under-2-yr group was 22%, which compares favorably with the combined risk of staged procedures for congenital heart disease. Use of the pump oxygenator has made rewarming more efficient and predictable. Primary repair of potentially correctable surgical lesions is advocated in infancy.
Utilization of HPLC-ELISA to assess serum levels of thymosin α1 following subcutaneous administration to human subjects

Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a 28 aa peptide which is prepared synthetically for clinical use in settings where an immune modulating peptide is predicted to have efficacy. With the increase in clinical stu...
DNA cytometry in postirradiation cervical-vaginal smears.

Abstract Benign radiation change (BRC) in cervical-vaginal smears may be difficult to distinguish from postirradiation dysplasia (PRD) or recurrent cervical carcinoma. The utility of DNA analysis in postirradiation smears was evaluated retrospectively in 71 patients. Representative Papanicolaou smears were restained with a Feulgen method and 100 to 250 cells were analyzed for DNA content using the CAS 200 image analysis system. Thirty-three control irradiated patients had negative smears with a minimum 3-year follow-up. Thirty controls (91%) had diploid histograms with a mean coefficient of variation of 8.2% and an average of 6.8% of cells in S and G2M phase. Three control patients had atypical nondiagnostic histograms. Twenty-three patients had abnormal smears and subsequent local recurrence; 21 (91%) had abnormal histograms, with seven showing polyploidy and 14 showing aneuploidy. The remaining 15 patients had abnormal smears diagnosed as PRD but no evidence of recurrent carcinoma. Five were polyploid, six were aneuploid, one was diploid, and three were atypical but nondiagnostic. Interactive DNA cytometry is useful in differentiating BRC from PRD and recurrent cancer. Aneuploidy is rarely, if ever, seen in negative smears with BRC. However, BRC may be associated with broad diploid peaks and increased proliferating cells. An abnormal histogram can be seen with PRD and does not always correlate with recurrent disease.
Disturbed Functional Connectivity of Cortical Activation during Semantic Discrimination in Patients with Schizophrenia and Subjects at Genetic High-risk

Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component that is relevant to the understanding of the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Thus, recent investigations have shifted from studies of diagnosed patients with schizophrenia to examining their unaffected relatives. Previous studies found that during language processing, relatives thought to be at genetic high-risk for the disorder exhibit aberrant functional activation in regions of language processing, specifically in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area). However, functional connectivity among the regions involved in language pathways is not well understood. In this study, we examined the functional connectivity between a seed located in Broca’s area and the remainder of the brain during a visual lexical decision task, in 20 schizophrenia patients, 21 subjects at genetic high risk for the disorder and 21 healthy controls. Both the high-risk subjects and patients showed significantly reduced activation correlations between seed and regions related to visual language processing. Compared to the high-risk subjects, the schizophrenia patients showed even fewer regions that were correlated with the seed regions. These results suggest that there is aberrant functional connectivity within cortical language circuitry in high-risk subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Broca’s area, which is one of the important regions for language processing in healthy controls, had a significantly reduced role in the high-risk subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Our findings are consistent with the existence of an underlying biological disturbance that begins in genetically at risk individuals and progresses to a greater extent in those who eventually develop schizophrenia.
Manufacturing supply chain modelling and reengineering

The first-wave of reengineering, during the first half of the nineties, focused on making organizational changes and used primarilyinformation models of supply chains to integrate business processes.Quantitative models are expected to have a significant impact in the second-wave of reengineering through the deployment of performance and optimization models, economic analysis, and decision support systems. In this paper, we focus on the vital role that quantitative modelling techniques such as those founded in Operations Research and Industrial Engineering can play in reengineering supply chains. These quantitative models can extend the business process reengineering concepts to provide a concurrent reengineering framework for modelling the supply chain processes, identifying reengineering opportunities, evaluating design alternatives, guiding the selection of the best alternative, and deploying tools to implement the design. We illustrate such use by surveying current industrial practice and introducing real world examples based on our practical experience in solving supply chain and reengineering problems.
Measurement of internal left ventricular diameter by a tracking sonomicrometer

An ultrasonic system for the measurement of internal left ventricular transverse diameter in animals is described. The ventricular endocardial transducers are implanted easily and with minimal trauma via the left atrium. A tracking gate, instead of a conventional threshold detector, is used to follow the received signal. Reliable signals, including the first derivative of diameter, have been obtained in 90% of subjects.
AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR HUNDRED CASES OF EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS TREATED WITH THE ANTI-MENINGITIS SERUM

It is our belief that the analyses of histories of cases of epidemic meningitis which have been presented in this article furnish convincing proof that the antimeningitis serum when used by the subdural method of injection, in suitable doses and at proper intervals, is capable of reducing the period of illness; of preventing, in large measure, the chronic lesions and types of the infection; of bringing about complete restoration to health, in all but a very small number of the recovered, thus lessening the serious, deforming, and permanent consequences of meningitis; and of greatly diminishing the fatalities due to the disease.
Zur Bindung in π‐Olefin‐eisen‐tetracarbonylen Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der IR‐ und Massenspektren

Das Verhaltnis von Donator- und Acceptorstarke fur olefinische Liganden L in π-LFe(CO)4 last sich mit Hilfe eines einfachen Modells zahlenmasig abschatzen. Die Beziehung dieser Verhaltniszahlen zu der thermischen Bestandigkeit sowie den IR- und Massenspektren von π-LFe(CO)4 wird diskutiert.
Transcriptional regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene by diverse ligands in murine osteoblasts.

Abstract Osteoblasts produce prostaglandins in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Induced prostaglandin synthesis is generally the consequence of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Agents as diverse as serum, bFGF, PDGF, PGE 2 , or [TNFα + IL1β] rapidly induce expression of COX-2 protein in murine MC3T3-E1 osteogenic cells. Transient transfection studies using reporter constructs containing either wild-type COX-2 regulatory sequences or mutated cis-acting sequences linked to a luciferase reporter gene identify a CRE site and two NF-IL6 (C/EBP) sites which play important roles in the regulation of COX-2 expression in response to all these agents in osteoblasts. Induction of wild-type COX-2 reporter gene expression in MC3T3-E1 cells by all these agents involves signaling through the MEKK/JNK pathway and activation of both c-Jun and the C/EBP family of transcription factors.
Replacing film with PACS: work shifting and lack of automation

ABSTRACTPurpose To examine the effects of picture archiving and communications system (PACS) installation on the tasks related to theperfonnance and interpretation of diagnostic radiological examinations.Materials and methods:Observations of Radiology Depanment personnel tasks were carried out as part of data collection for other studies being conducted on our PACS (Vantage, General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). The experience of the radiologist investigators as PACS was implemented was also studied in an effort to determine changes in tasks not otherwiseexamined.The data obtained are qualitative in nature in that they describe changes in workflow or work items performed, not intime-and-motion studies of those work items. The data consisted of comparison of who performed the tasks before and afterPACS installation. Resu1t We discovered that a number of tasks were performed by a different group of personnel after PACS introduction ascompared to prior to its implementation (with fully film-based operation). We termed these changes "work shifts". We alsofound that these work shifts were not uniform across sections of the Department, but that some involved moving tasks thathad been performed by low hourly labor rate personnel to salaried professional personnel. Some work shifts, however, werefrom personnel to the PACS; the desired situation. Also, some of the work shifts are temporary or "evolutionary" and arelikely to change again (i.e., be shifted from personnel to the PACS) as the system matures.ConclusionsInstallation of a PACS can produce shifts in work items from one group of personnel to another instead of frompersonnel to the PACS. Not all of these work shifts are potentially detrimental and a study of them is useful in determininghow to improve PACS operations.KEYWORDS: PACS, workflow, task analysis, evaluation, automation, PACS-RIS interface
Impact of hemicelluloses and pectin on sphere-like bacterial cellulose assembly

It has been shown previously that certain strains of the bacterium Gluconacetobacter xylinus produce a spherical form of cellulose where the cellulose was formed in a layered fashion. The spherical cellulose was used as a model system to study cellulose–hemicellulose and cellulose–pectin composite formation. Cultures were produced in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) xyloglucan, xylan, arabinogalactan and pectin under agitating conditions. Cellulose samples with xyloglucan and pectin had different macro structures compared to other culture conditions. The micro structures showed that these two samples formed dense cellulose layers and had fewer cellulose fiber connections between layers. Cellulose samples with xylan and xyloglucan were found to contain more Iβ cellulose as found in higher plants, and exhibited decreases in crystallinity and crystalline sizes according to X-ray diffraction patterns. IR spectroscopy confirmed the changes in crystal allomorph. Cellulose was also grown in cultures containing different blends of both xyloglucan and pectin. Results show that xyloglucan had the dominant impact on the assembly of cellulose, suggesting that xyloglucan and pectin may interact with cellulose at different points in the assembly process, or in different regions. Bacterial cellulose and biomass yields indicated that xyloglucan and pectin could also stimulate the growth of cellulose.
Climatology of Surface Meteorology, Surface Fluxes, Cloud Fraction, and Radiative Forcing over the Southeast Pacific from Buoy Observations

Abstract A 5-yr climatology of the meteorology, including boundary layer cloudiness, for the southeast Pacific region is presented using observations from a buoy located at 20°S, 85°W. The sea surface temperature and surface air temperature exhibit a sinusoidal seasonal cycle that is negatively correlated with surface pressure. The relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction show little seasonal variability. But the advection of cold and dry air from the southeast varies seasonally and is highly correlated with the latent heat flux variations. A simple model was used to estimate the monthly cloud fraction using the observed surface downwelling longwave radiative flux and surface meteorological parameters. The annual cycle of cloud fraction is highly correlated to that of S. A. Klein: lower-tropospheric stability parameter (0.87), latent heat flux (−0.59), and temperature and moisture advection (0.60). The derived cloud fraction compares poorly with the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Proje...
Vulnerability to noise-induced hearing loss in 'middle-aged' and young adult mice: a dose-response approach in CBA, C57BL, and BALB inbred strains.

Vulnerability of the cochlea to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS) was examined in young adult (1-2 months) and 'middle-aged' (5-7 months) CBA/CaJ, C57BL/6J, and BALB/cJ inbred mice. For each age and strain, a dose-response paradigm was applied, whereby groups of up to 12 animals were exposed to intense broadband noise (110 dB SPL) for varying durations. Exposure durations reliably associated with 90% probability of a criterion amount of NIPTS (determined 2 weeks post-exposure) were identified, and the minimum NIPTS exposure and the slope of the dose-response relation were then derived by numerical modeling. For all three strains, young adult mice were more susceptible to NIPTS than older adults; That is, a shorter exposure was able to cause NIPTS in the younger mice. Strain comparisons revealed that C57 mice were more susceptible than CBAs in the older age group only. At both ages examined, however, BALB mice were most susceptible to NIPTS. When animals with a similar amount of NIPTS were compared, outer hair cell loss in the cochlear base was more widespread in the younger animals. BALB mice appear particularly susceptible to noise-induced outer hair cell loss throughout life. Our data suggest that the mechanism or site of noise injury differs between young adults and older adults, and may depend on genetic background. The finding that both BALB and C57 mice, which show pronounced age-related hearing loss, are also especially vulnerable to noise supports the notion that genes associated with age-related hearing loss often act by rendering the cochlea susceptible to insults.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME FUNCTIONAL GERMANIUM HETEROCYCLES : GERMIRENES AND DERIVATIVES OF GERMACYCLOPENTENE

Abstract The germirene, 1,1,4,4-tetraiodo-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-digerma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, (VI), was prepared from germanium diiodide and 2-butyne. Reduction with lithium aluminum hydride replaces the iodine with hydrogen. The hydride reacts with mercuric chloride to form trans -1,4-dichloro-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-digerma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, (VIII), which in turn reacts with carbon tetrachloride to produce 1,1,4,4-tetrachloro-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-digerma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, (X). Compound (VIII) reacts with methyl Grignard reagent to give 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexamethyl-1,4-digerma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, (IX). Attempts to form metal carbonyl complexes of (VIII) and (IX) are described. Bromine adds to the double bond of 1,1-dibromo-1-germa-3-cyclopentene to give 1,1,3,4-tetrabromo-1-germacyclopentane which could not be dehydrohalogenated to a functional germacyclopentadiene. 1,1-dimethyl-2-bromo-1-germa-3-cyclopentene was also prepared, but could not be dehydrohalogenated.
Nondestructive Measurement of C4 BLM Undercut by Scanning Acoustic Microscope

A non-destructive measurement of ball limiting metallurgy (BLM) undercut is demonstrated by using C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy. The results from CSAM measurements agree well with the optical and cross-section data. The implementation of the method in manufacturing will not only save time and cost on destructive failure analysis such as cross section and chemical un-layering, but also provide a way for monitoring process trend for early detection and correction of process abnormalities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Highly linear very compact untrimmed on-chip temperature sensor with second and third order temperature compensation

This paper proposes a CMOS structure as a highly linear on-chip temperature sensor. As long as all transistors are in saturation, the output of the structure is a V DD independent voltage source that linearly expresses CMOS threshold voltage, and hence is approximately linear in temperature. A new sizing strategy is introduced following a combined analytical and numerical optimization approach, which effectively removes both second and third order nonlinearities. Following this sizing approach, the sensor output voltage can be made very linear in temperature, with temperature INL (maximum temperature errors due to Vout temperature nonlinearity) within 0.05°C over the temperature range of −20~100°C. Results from corner simulations and Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the sensor linearity has excellent robustness over process variation and local device mismatches. With a standard two point calibration, the sensor's maximum output error can be confined within 0.15°C without any trimming. The sensor is very compact with a total active area around 200 µm2 when implemented in 0.18µm process.
On two Turán Numbers

Let H(3,1) denote the complete bipartite graph K3,3 with an edge deleted. For given graphs G and F, the Turan numbers (G, F) denote the maximum number of edges in a subgraph of G containing no copy of F. We prove that ${\rm ex} (K_{n,n}, H(3,1)) \le ({4 / \sqrt 7}n ^{3/2} +O(n) \approx 1.5119 n ^{3/2} +O(n)$) and that ${\rm ex} (K_{n}, H(3,1)) \le (1/5) \sqrt {15 }\ n^{3/2} +O(n) \approx 0.7746 n ^{3/2} \,+ O(n)$, which improve earlier results of Mubayi-West [13] and Furedi-West [10], respectively. The generalized Ramsey parameter r(G, F, q) denotes the minimum number of colors needed to edge-color G such that every copy of F in G receives at least q colors. As an immediate consequence, the above results imply that $r(K_{n,n}, K_{3,3}, 3) > (\sqrt 7 /4 -o(1) ) \sqrt n \approx (0.6614 -o(1) ) \sqrt n$ and that $r(K_{n}, K_{3,3}, 3) > ( \sqrt {15}/6 -o(1) ) \sqrt n \approx ( 0.6455 -o(1) ) \sqrt n$, respectively. These improve the corresponding bounds given by Mubayi [12] recently. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals
Venous Catheterization of Dairy Cows

Summary A technique of venous catheterization has been adapted to dairy cows, which allows numerous blood samples to be taken at short intervals and the frequent, accurate intravenous injection of substances (particularly radioactive material) over a long period with a minimum of disturbance to the animals.
Microscale isoelectric focusing studies of mouse and human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferases

A microscale isoelectric focusing technique has been developed and used to study hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; E.C. 2.4.2.8, inosinate-guanylate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyl transferase) activities in mouse and human cell lines. The enzymes of both mouse and human origin are shown to exhibit considerable heterogeneity, but each type has a unique range of isoelectric pH. The enzyme of a mouse × human hybrid cell line, derived by fusion of HGPRT− parental cells, gives a homogeneous peak of activity, unlike the wild-type enzyme of either parent. The possibility is suggested that this enzyme activity is due to intra-allelic complementation.
Alteration of the metastatic potential of line 1 lung carcinoma cells: opposite effects of class I antigen induction by interferons versus DMSO or gene transfection.

Class I antigens are necessary for the recognition of tumor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The line 1 lung carcinoma is a spontaneous murine tumor deficient in class I antigen expression. Consistent with this, line 1 cells are highly metastatic in vivo. We investigated whether increasing class I antigen expression on line 1 cells could alter the metastatic potential of these tumor cells using an in vivo lung metastasis model. We used three methods to induce class I antigen expression on line 1 cells: gene transfection, treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or treatment with interferon (IFN)-β or -γ. We found that line 1 cells expressing a transfected class I gene were significantly less metastatic than parental line 1 cells. DMSO-treated line 1 cells also formed significantly fewer metastases than parental line 1 cells. These results indicate that increased class I antigen expression decreases the metastatic potential of line 1 cells in vivo. However, we did not observe a significant decrease in the number of lung metastases in mice receiving line 1 cells treated with IFN-β or -γ, despite high levels of class I antigen expression. Thus, increasing class I antigen expression with IFN has an opposite effect on metastasis from class I antigen expression induced by transfection or DMSO. These results show that the method used to increase class I antigen expression is critical in terms of the in vivo effect observed. To investigate a possible mechanism for the differences observed in vivo between these class I expressing cells, we tested whether IFN alters or blocks susceptibility of line 1 cells to immune effector cells. We found IFN treatment increased the ability of line 1 cells to be recognized by CTL but concomitantly decreased the susceptibility of line 1 cells to NK cell lysis by a non-class I antigen-related mechanism. In contrast, transfected or DMSO-treated line 1 cells which were less metastatic in vivo were susceptible to both CTL and NK-mediated lysis. Taken together, these results suggest that immune intervention against metastasizing line 1 cells may involve NK cells and CTL.
Spin-1 effective actions from open strings

Abstract Interacting equations of motion for spin-1 fields (both neutral and charged) in an electromagnetic background are derived from the open bosonic string by requiring BRST invariance. These equations are linear in the propagating field and exact in the background field, and come from gauge symmetry breaking of an underlying non-abelian generalization of the Born-Infeld lagrangian.
A bio-bar-code assay based upon dithiothreitol-induced oligonucleotide release.

The recently developed bio-bar-code assay for the PCR-less detection of protein and nucleic acid targets has been shown to be extraordinarily sensitive, exhibiting low attomolar sensitivity for protein targets and high zeptomolar sensitivity for nucleic acid targets. In the case of DNA detection, the original assay relies on three distinct oligonucleotide strands on a single nanoparticle for target identification and signal amplification. Herein, we report the development of a new nanoparticle probe that can be used in the bio-bar-code assay, which requires only one thiolated oligonucleotide strand. This new assay relies on the ability to liberate the adsorbed thiolated oligonucleotides from the gold nanoparticle surface with dithiothreitol (DTT), which simplifies the assay and increases its quantitative capabilities. The utility of this new DTT-based system is demonstrated by detecting a mock mRNA target using both fluorescent and scanometric assay readouts. When the scanometric readout is used, the sens...
Correspondence between visually evoked voltage-sensitive dye signals and synaptic activity recorded in cortical pyramidal cells with intracellular microelectrodes

Fast, multiple-site optical recording of voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) signals and intracellular microelectrode recordings were combined to characterize visually evoked neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the pond turtle, Pseudemys scripta. By using an in vitro, eye-brain preparation stained with the merocyanine oxazolone voltage-sensitive dye, NK-2495 or a close analog, NK-2761, large VSD signals relatively free of vibrational noise could be recorded in single trials following a stroboscopic light flash to the contralateral eye. VSD signals recorded from the same cortical location in repeated trials exhibited considerable variability in the onset, duration, and amplitude of secondary depolarizations. Because of this variability, secondary depolarizations were largely absent in signal-averaged responses. Superposition of VSD signals with intracellular recordings obtained from cortical pyramidal cells revealed a close correspondence between their signal waveforms. The two signals were virtually identical in their onset, initial rate of rise, and time-to-peak. At later periods (>500 ms), the correspondence was less close, especially for large cortical depolarizations. Some of this disparity could be attributed to contamination of the VSD signal by a large intrinsic optical response. A second contribution was a failure of the VSD signal to register asynchronous regenerative effects occurring in single pyramidal cells. It is suggested that the close correspondence between the microelectrode and optical recordings in the early phase of the response may reflect the organization of pyramidal cells into clusters that receive virtually identical synaptic inputs.
Role of Paradoxic Embolism in Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Right Ventricular Enlargement Who Are at Risk for Adverse Clinical Events

To the Editor: The recent report by Quiroz et al1 that detection of right ventricular (RV) enlargement on chest computed tomography helped identify patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) for adverse clinical events has important prognostic and therapeutic implications, but the authors did not offer an explanation. Besides such obvious consequences of RV enlargement …
Oral tocolysis with magnesium chloride: A randomized controlled prospective clinical trial

A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated magnesium chloride (SLOW MAG) as an oral tocolytic agent. Seventy-five patients between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation who were treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate for a first episode of preterm labor were enrolled. After a 12-hour contraction-free period on intravenous therapy, patients were randomized by sealed envelope to one of three groups: group 1, SLOW MAG (535 mg every 4 hours); group 2, oral ritodrine (20 mg every 4 hours); or group 3, no therapy (control). Patients receiving oral therapy were treated until delivery or completion of 36 weeks' gestation. No difference was found between groups with respect to time gained with the use of oral therapy or number completing 36 weeks' gestation. Therapy with enteric-coated magnesium chloride was associated with significantly fewer side effects (20%) as compared with ritodrine (48%) (p less than 0.01). Our results suggest that compared with ritodrine, enteric-coated magnesium chloride is as effective in prolonging pregnancy and preventing recurrent preterm labor. However, neither enteric-coated magnesium chloride nor ritodrine appeared to be any more effective in the prevention of preterm delivery than observation alone.
Electric vehicle range prediction for constant speed trip using multi-objective optimization

Abstract Due to the limited range and long charging time for electric vehicles, proper utilization of the stored battery energy is crucial. Current methods for electric vehicle range estimation do not help the driver to formulate a driving strategy based on trip parameters (e.g., trip speed) related to power savings. This can be done by predicting the driving range based on optimal trip parameters prior to the trip enabling the driver to formulate a suitable driving strategy. This study proposes a novel strategy that presents a number of optimal trip speeds to the driver, along with the total trip time corresponding to a predicted range. The optimal speeds were obtained by solving a multi-objective optimization problem that maximized electric motor efficiency and minimized power consumption. Two approaches to calculate the objective functions were considered: using constant battery voltage and using battery voltage as a function of the state-of-charge. Pareto-optimal fronts were obtained and a plot of the predicted range and trip times for optimal speeds was created. It was found that the shape of the fronts was not affected by the approach; however, the range was overestimated when a constant battery voltage was used.
11-cis-retinal reduces constitutive opsin phosphorylation and improves quantum catch in retinoid-deficient mouse rod photoreceptors.

Rpe65 −/− mice produce minimal amounts of 11-cis-retinal, the ligand necessary for the formation of photosensitive visual pigments. Therefore, the apoprotein opsin in these animals has not been exposed to its normal ligand. The Rpe65 −/− mice contain less than 0.1% of wild type levels of rhodopsin. Mass spectrometric analysis of opsin from Rpe65 −/− mice revealed unusually high levels of phosphorylation in dark-adapted mice but no other structural alterations. Single flash and flicker electroretinograms (ERGs) from 1-month-old animals showed trace rod function but no cone response. B-wave kinetics of the single-flash ERG are comparable with those of dark-adapted wild type mice containing a full compliment of rhodopsin. Application (intraperitoneal injection) of 11-cis-retinal to Rpe65 −/−mice increased the rod ERG signal, increased levels of rhodopsin, and decreased opsin phosphorylation. Therefore, exogenous 11-cis-retinal improves photoreceptor function by regenerating rhodopsin and removes constitutive opsin phosphorylation. Our results indicate that opsin, which has not been exposed to 11-cis-retinal, does not generate the activity generally associated with the bleached apoprotein.
Histone H3 lysine-to-methionine mutants as a paradigm to study chromatin signaling.

Histone H3 lysine27-to-methionine (H3K27M) gain-of-function mutations occur in highly aggressive pediatric gliomas. We established a Drosophila animal model for the pathogenic histone H3K27M mutation and show that its overexpression resembles polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) loss-of-function phenotypes, causing derepression of PRC2 target genes and developmental perturbations. Similarly, an H3K9M mutant depletes H3K9 methylation levels and suppresses position-effect variegation in various Drosophila tissues. The histone H3K9 demethylase KDM3B/JHDM2 associates with H3K9M-containing nucleosomes, and its misregulation in Drosophila results in changes of H3K9 methylation levels and heterochromatic silencing defects. We have established histone lysine-to-methionine mutants as robust in vivo tools for inhibiting methylation pathways that also function as biochemical reagents for capturing site-specific histone-modifying enzymes, thus providing molecular insight into chromatin signaling pathways.
Effect of carbamide peroxide bleaching on the shear bond strength of composite to dental bonding agent enhanced enamel

Abstract Statement of problem. Carbamide peroxide bleaching has been implicated in adversely affecting the bond strength of composite to enamel. Purpose. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of 3 dental bonding agents (OptiBond, All-Bond 2, One-Step) on the shear bond strength of a hybrid composite to enamel which was treated by a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching system. Material and methods. Cylinders of composite were bonded to carbamide peroxide-treated enamel on extracted human teeth using 3 dental bonding agents. After thermocycling, shear bond strengths were determined with a universal testing machine. Results. OptiBond aided bond strengths were 23.7 ± 5.6 MPa to bleached and 19.6 ± 2.9 MPa to unbleached enamel. For All-Bond 2, bleached enamel exhibited bond strengths of 14.9 ± 4.0 MPa and unbleached enamel exhibited a bond strength value of 20.4 ± 2.3 MPa. The composite bond strength for One-Step was 13.6 ± 5.9 MPa to bleached and 23.0 ± 3.9 MPa to unbleached enamel. There was no statistical difference between OptiBond (alcohol base) aided bond strengths for bleached and unbleached enamel; however, the bond strength of composite to bleached enamel with All-Bond 2 or One-Step (acetone base) was significantly lower than unbleached controls. Conclusion. The effect of bonding agent usage on composite bond strength to enamel bleached with a particular carbamide peroxide was dependent on the bonding agent used. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:595-9.)
Understanding classifications: Empirical evidence from the American and French wine industries

Abstract This article compares the classification systems between the American and French wine industries and reveals striking differences: American wines are classified primarily by grape variety, while French wines are classified primarily by appellation based on geographic origin; the classification in appellation is horizontally structured in the American wine industry, while it is vertically structured in the French wine industry. These findings demonstrate that classification systems are socially constructed. Building upon the literature and drawing empirical evidence from these two wine industries, this article develops several theoretical arguments on implications and consequences of classifications. First, classifications confer identities on social actors (or objects), and inherently imply social control. Second, classifications create social boundaries and signify social standing of actors (or objects). Third, classification making often involves political struggles between different interest groups, and classification systems embody the political power. This article further presents a sociological framework to understand classifications, stressing the multi-dimensionality and complexity of classifications. Finally, it discusses the significance of the study of classification in sociology and, in particular, its relations with several prominent lines of research in cultural sociology.
Predictors of Asthma Self-Management Education among Children and Adults—2006–2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Asthma Call-back Survey

Background. Patient self-management, besides expert care, is necessary to improve health outcomes among persons with asthma. Our objective was to describe the characteristics of persons with asthma...
Matrix homeostasis in aging normal human ankle cartilage.

Objective To study age-related (as opposed to arthritis-related) changes in collagen and proteoglycan turnover. Methods Macroscopically nondegenerate normal ankle cartilage obtained from 30 donors (ages 16–75 years) was processed for in situ hybridization to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) of type IIB collagen (CIIB); antibodies to the C-propeptide of type II collagen (CPII), to the type II collagen (CII) collagenase-generated cleavage neoepitope (Col2-3/4Cshort), and to the CII denaturation product (Col2-3/4m) were used for immunohistochemistry analysis and immunoassay. In addition, immunoblotting was used to detect the 4 collagenases. Assays were also performed to detect glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and the 846 epitope of aggrecan. Results There were no significant changes in CII, GAG, and the content of the 846 epitope after the age of 30 years. Both mRNA for CIIB and the CPII were present in all zones, and CPII content did not change significantly with age. While the collagenase-cleaved CII showed a trend to increase with age, the denatured collagen did not. However, the molar ratio of cleaved versus denatured collagen was positively correlated with age. All 4 collagenases were detectable in the ankle cartilage but showed no identifiable changes in content with age. Conclusion Synthesis and degradation of CII is associated with the pericellular matrix and is maintained at a steady state throughout life. The contents of CII and proteoglycan did not change. There was a significant reduction in the denaturation of CII with age, relative to collagenase-mediated cleavage. These observations reveal that, in aging of the intact ankle articular cartilage, there is no evidence of molecular degenerative changes of the kind observed in osteoarthritis, thereby distinguishing aging from the osteoarthritis process.
The oxidation of H2S in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The oxidation of H 2 S with O 2 was measured in Chesapeake Bay waters at 30 °C. The measurements were made on surface waters with added H 2 S and waters collected below the oxic-anoxic interface (25 m). The rates of oxidation of surface water ( t 1 2 = 25 h ) were in good agreement with earlier measurements on Gulf Stream and Black Sea waters. The oxidation rates of the deep waters were quite fast ( t 1 2 = 8 min ) due to the high concentrations of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in the solutions in agreement with earlier studies in the Black Sea, the Framvaren Fjord and the laboratory. The half-time for the oxidation of the deep waters with no added oxygen was 16 to 23 min. These results indicate that the oxides of Fe and Mn may be partly responsible for the fast turnover of H 2 S in these waters.
Effect of vaccinia on cells grown in tissue culture.

ConclusionsThe cytopathogenic effect of vaccinia virus in roller tubes and Maximow double cover slip tissue cultures was established in its principal aspect of degenerative and pathological changes in cell morphology. Specificity of this effect was corroborated as far as possible at the present with coordinated serological tests and animal experiments. Further studies and analysis of visual changes by phase microscopy and photomicrography are planned.
Cerebral angioendotheliomatosis associated with hemispheric symptoms of carotid arterial origin.

Abstract Cerebral angioendotheliomatosis may mimic classic hemispheric and nonhemispheric carotid arterial symptomatology and may even result in carotid arteriography and endarterectomy prior to its recognition. Diagnosis requires brain biopsy and the prognosis is poor. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:281-4.)
Diffusive Release of Uranium from Contaminated Sediments into Capillary Fringe Pore Water

Despite remediation efforts at the former nuclear weapons facility, leaching of uranium (U) from contaminated sediments to the ground water persists at the Hanford site 300 Area. Flooding of contaminated capillary fringe sediments due to seasonal changes in the Columbia River stage has been identified as a source for U supply to ground water. We investigated U release from Hanford capillary fringe sediments by packing sediments into reservoirs of centrifugal filter devices and saturating them with Columbia River water for 3 to 84days at varying solution-to-solid ratios. After specified times, samples were centrifuged. Within the first three days, there was an initial rapid release of 6-9% of total U, independent of the solution-to-solid ratio. After 14days of reaction, however, the experiments with the narrowest solution-to-solid ratios showed a decline in dissolved U concentrations. The removal of U from the solution phase was accompanied by removal of Ca and HCO(3)(-). Geochemical modeling indicated that calcite could precipitate in the narrowest solution-to-solid ratio experiment. After the rapid initial release in the first three days for the wide solution-to-solid ratio experiments, there was sustained release of U into the pore water. This sustained release of U from the sediments had diffusion-limited kinetics.
Irish women at war: the twentieth century

Gillian McIntosh and Dianne Urquhart, Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 2010, 232 pp., €27.95 (paperback), ISBN 9780716530602 Irish Women at War: The Twentieth Century presents an interesting collectio...
Spatial Distributions of Adenostoma Species in Southern California Chaparral: An Analysis of Niche Separation

Abstract This study addresses relationships of meso-scale and micro-scale distributions of two chaparral shrub species, Adenostoma fasciculatum and Adenostoma sparsifolium. The research questions concerned (1) whether the congeners grow in close physical proximity within mixed communities, (2) whether other associated species have distributions that are similar to either congeneric species, and (3) the theoretical significance of considering local rarity of a species in defining the realized niche. In 20 stands of A. fasciculatum or A. sparsifolium, I measured vegetation cover, bare ground, dead wood, canopy height, nearest-neighbor species pairs, elevation, slope angle and aspect along 30 m line transects. Ordinations indicated three groups of species: those growing in A. sparsifolium stands (n=11), in A. fasciculatum stands (n=7), or in all stands (n=6). A. sparsifolium stands had the highest richness, percentage of dead wood, and canopy height; these stands also had the lowest percentage of bare ground...
Fast parallel-frequency-sweeping algorithms for robust D-stability margin

This paper considers the robust D-stability margin problem under polynomic structured real parametric uncertainty. Based on the work of de Gaston and Safonov (1988), we have developed techniques such as, a parallel-frequency-sweeping strategy, different domain-splitting schemes, which significantly reduce the computational complexity and guarantee the convergence.
A Practical Citrate Anticoagulation Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration Protocol for Metabolic Control and High Solute Clearance

Obstacles to the widespread use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) include the need for anticoagulation, customized solutions, and complex protocols that carry an attendant risk for error, raise cost, and increase pharmacy and nursing workload. However, high solute clearance using CRRT with an effluent rate of 35 ml/kg per h has also recently been associated with improved survival in critically ill patients with acute renal failure. No published CRRT protocols using dilute regional citrate anticoagulation have achieved adequate metabolic control, effective anticoagulation, and high solute clearance in a practical, user-friendly, and economical manner. The safety and the efficacy of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration at effluent rates of 35 ml/kg per h in critically ill acute renal failure patients were evaluated prospectively using a standardized bicarbonate-based dialysate; a systemic calcium infusion; and two separate trisodium citrate replacement solutions, a 0.67% solution and a 0.5% solution. All patients achieved adequate metabolic control, the desired effluent rate of 35 ml/kg per h, and high solute clearance. Use of the 0.67% citrate replacement solution resulted in mild alkalosis, whereas the 0.5% solution maintained appropriate acid-base balance. There was no difference in dialyzer survival between the 0.67 and 0.5% citrate groups (80 versus 82%; P = 0.60, Kaplan-Meier analysis). Dilute regional citrate as part of a CRRT protocol with a standard 25-mmol/L bicarbonate dialysate provides adequate metabolic control, high diffusive and convective clearance, and excellent dialyzer patency in a practical and cost-effective manner.
It doesn't have to be evidense.

Although we all use oseltamivir with regularity in the winter, there remains controversy surrounding outcomes after treatment. For this one, we look to the adult literature. ### The study. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of oseltamivir on duration of symptoms, complications, and hospitalizations in adults and included all published and unpublished randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials that compared oseltamivir with placebo in patients with suspected or confirmed influenza. ### The key findings. Eleven studies (4769 patients) met the meta-analysis criteria. Five studies reported duration of symptoms in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population with a mean reduction of 21 hours (confidence interval 13.3–28.0; I 2 = 0%). Risk difference between oseltamivir and placebo was not statistically significant for patients requiring additional hospitalization or developing pneumonia. #### Why do we care? The drug costs roughly $100 per course, for what amounts to less than a day of symptom relief without a corresponding decrease in hospitalization due to respiratory complications, sepsis, or dehydration. Furthermore, adverse effects of oseltamivir, such as nausea and vomiting, occur in at least 10% of patients. The authors also found that high-quality, unpublished randomized controlled trial performed by the manufacturer demonstrated a less favorable treatment effect than did the published literature. #### Straight from the author’s mouth... “Much of the literature was never published...shameful frankly. All studies …
Human atherosclerotic intima and blood of patients with established coronary artery disease contain high density lipoprotein damaged by reactive nitrogen species.

High density lipoprotein (HDL) is the major carrier of lipid hydroperoxides in plasma, but it is not yet established whether HDL proteins are damaged by reactive nitrogen species in the circulation or artery wall. One pathway that generates such species involves myeloperoxidase (MPO), a major constituent of artery wall macrophages. Another pathway involves peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant generated in the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Both MPO and peroxynitrite produce 3-nitrotyrosine in vitro. To investigate the involvement of reactive nitrogen species in atherogenesis, we quantified 3-nitrotyrosine levels in HDL in vivo. The mean level of 3-nitrotyrosine in HDL isolated from human aortic atherosclerotic intima was 6-fold higher (619 ± 178 μmol/mol Tyr) than that in circulating HDL (104 ± 11 μmol/mol Tyr; p