cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fibronectin Gene Transcription Is Enhanced in Abnormal Wound Healing

Abnormal wound healing in susceptible individuals can result in the formation of keloids that have an elevated content of extracellular matrix material compared to normal scars. Keloid-derived fibroblasts exhibit as much as a fourfold increase in the rate of fibronectin biosynthesis compared to fibroblasts from normal dermis and normal scars. Altered biosynthesis is due to an increase in the steady-state level of fibronectin mRNA, and in this investigation we have identified the level of fibronectin gene expression that is responsible for this increase. The rate of fibronectin gene transcription was found to be increased as much as threefold in keloid fibroblasts when compared to normal fibroblasts, Other possible changes that could account for the elevated level of fibronectin mRNA in keloids, such as increased copy number of the fibronectin gene or decreased turnover of fibronectin mRNA were also examined. The possibility of altered gene dosage was eliminated because chromosome content, G-banding patterns, and fibronectin gene content of keloid fibroblasts were all found to be normal. Analysis of fibronectin mRNA degradation revealed a half-life of approximately 13 h, and the residual fibronectin mRNA was observed to remain full length during this time period in both keloid and normal fibroblasts. Thus, altered degradation of fibronectin mRNA is unlikely to contribute to overproduction of fibronectin in keloids. Increased translational competence of fibronectin mRNA in keloids was also eliminated as a contributing factor because fibronectin mRNA remaining after one half-life were equally available for translation in both cell types. Although stimulation of transcription may not entirely account for the increase in fibronectin biosynthesis in keloids, this mechanism is best able to account for the majority of the change.
Subpixel image registration with reduced bias

A backward linear digital image correlation algorithm was introduced to obtain subpixel image registration without noise-induced bias for an image set consisting of a noise-free reference image and a number of noisy current images. Furthermore, a correction procedure using additional reference images (generated by offsetting the original image to displacement increments of either half-pixels or even quarter-pixels) was proposed to reduce subpixel approximation bias in the analysis. Numerical results of six sets of synthetic images showed that the proposed algorithm was effective in improving the accuracy of subpixel image registration.
Fully developed forced convection through trapezoidal and hexagonal ducts

Abstract Laminar, fully developed flow through single- and double-trapezoidal (or hexagonal) ducts is modeled using a finite-difference method. A coordinate transformation is employed to map the irregular flow cross-section onto a rectangular computational domain. Both H1 and T thermal boundary conditions are considered as they represent the fundamental limiting conditions in most practical applications. Solutions for velocity and temperature variations are obtained for a wide range of duct aspect ratios and with four different trapezoidal angles. The friction factor and Nusselt number results show a strong dependence on duct geometry (aspect ratio γ and trapezoidal angle θ). The variations of f Re, NuH1, and NuT with duct aspect ratio for each θ-valued duct are presented in the form of polynomials in γ. These equations describe the computed numerical values within ±2% for single-trapezoidal and within ±1.5% for hexagonal ducts and are of much importance to the design of compact heat exchangers.
Regional Climate Simulation for Arizona: Impact of Resolution on Precipitation

This study performs regional climate simulations for Arizona, a region with complicated terrain. The dependence of simulated rainfall on model resolution is explore by climate downscaling experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The model’s horizontal resolution was refined from 12 to 6, then to 3 km. The total rainfall for winter and for different subdomains of Arizona is found to increase substantially with the refinement from 12 to 6 km grid. A further refinement to 3 km leads to a smaller change in rainfall, indicating numerical convergence at that scale. Comparisons with observations revealed that the 6 and 3 km runs produced excessive rainfall for winter while the 12 km simulations are closer to observation. This implies that the parameterization schemes for rainfall are not resolution independent, thus a refinement of resolution does not guarantee better results. It cautions against hastily pushing for increasingly higher resolution in practical downscaling simulations. An analysis of the simulated hourly rainfall shows that the 3 km runs produce significantly more extreme rainfall events than the 12 km runs. The 6 and 3 km runs also produced more complicated spatial patterns of seasonal rainfall and vertical velocity, reflecting the influence of fine-scale topography.
How much does one more drink matter? Examining effects of event-level alcohol use and previous sexual victimization on sex-related consequences

Objective:The first semester of college has been associated with increased drinking and sexual risk. However, it remains unclear why some drinking occasions result in experiencing negative sexual consequences whereas others do not. The current study used a diary-based approach to assess the event-level effect of alcohol use and previous adult/adolescent sexual victimization (PSV) on experiencing negative sex-related consequences in first-year college women.Method:Participants (N = 120) provided repeated measures of weekend drinking and sex-related consequences on the Friday and Saturday nights of six different weekends over the course of their first semester, resulting in 12 measured drinking occasions. A multilevel model was used to assess both between- and within-person effects of alcohol use and between-person effects of PSV on the likelihood of experiencing negative alcohol-related sexual consequences.Results:Findings revealed an important within-person association, such that every drink consumed abov...
Effect of diabetes education on self-care, metabolic control, and emotional well-being.

Participants ( n = 165) entering a week-long outpatient education program completed a protocol measuring self-care patterns, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and emotional well-being. Emotional well-being was reassessed at the end of the program, and the entire protocol was completed again at 6 mo ( n = 124). At the program9s end, participants improved on all measures of emotional well-being ( P P P P
Membrane-bound polyribosomes in HeLa cells: Association of polyadenylic acid with membranes☆

Abstract Polyadenylic acid of membrane-bound polyribosomes is shown to be associated with rapidly sedimenting membrane structures. Most of this poly(A) remains attached to membranes after extensive degradation of polyribosomal messenger RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease. Previously, it was shown that exposure to EDTA removes up to 40% of the membrane-associated mRNA. In our experiments, 57% of the membrane-associated poly(A) still sediments with membrane structures after treatment with pancreatic ribonuclease followed by the addition of EDTA. This indicates that the association of about 60% of the membrane-bound poly(A) is EDTA-resistant, while the remainder is labile after removal of magnesium ions. Reconstruction experiments suggest that poly(A) from detergent-treated, membrane-derived polyribosomes is not trapped by other membrane structures. The poly(A)-containing RNA fragment that remains associated with the membranes after pancreatic ribonuclease treatment is shown to be a single peak at about 7 S, or about the size of cellular poly(A). Thus, the attachment site is almost pure poly(A). The poly(A)-containing, membrane-bound mRNA appears to be of a larger average size than total cellular poly(A)-containing RNA, as judged by its greater sedimentation value.
Economics for Small Scale Package Cogeneration: A Case Study

ABSTRACT High energy efficiency and special low-cost races make cogeneration an attractive energy production method. Large cogeneration units have proven economic for many applications. Here we report a case study on the profitability of a small, gas fired. 4 kW packaged cogenerator in a home or small business to heat hot water and generate electricity. A sensitivity analysis shows results for the following variables: initial cogenerator cost, cogenerator efficiency, cogenerator life. number of hours per day of operation, amount of electricity sold back to the utility, electricity sellback prices, natural gas prices, maintenance costs, depreciation versus expensing, and incremental tax rates. Rate of return and payback period results ore reported as a function of these variables for a 4 kW cogenerator. At an overall efficiency of 72%, an initial cogenerator cost of $4.000 and a cogenerator life of 25.000 running hours, investing in the cogenerator gives a 2.4 year payback period.
Steady viscous flow in a trapezoidal cavity

The flow in a trapezoidal cavity (including the rectangular and triangular cavities) with one moving wall is studied numerically by finite differences with special treatment in the corners. It is found that streamlines and vorticity distributions are sensitive to geometric changes. The mean square law for core vorticity is valid for the rectangle but ceases to be valid for the triangular cavity.
Effect of verapamil on retrograde conduction in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia

Abstract Using His bundle electrograms, incremental ventricular pacing and the ventricular extrastimulus (V 2 ) technique, the effects of intravenous verapamil, 0.2 mg/kg, on retrograde atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction during ventricular pacing, premature ventricular stimulation (H 2 A 2 interval) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) (H-Ae interval) were evaluated In 11 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. During the control study, SVT could be induced in all 11 patients. After verapamil administration, SVT or atrial echo beats could be induced in 5 patients. Verapamil produced ventriculoatrial (VA) block at a longer cycle length than that during the control study in 10 of 11 patients (295 ± 27 vs 352 ± 40 ms , p 2 A 2 interval in only 5 of 11 patients (37 ± 6 vs 60 ± 31 ms , p 2 A 2 interval was prolonged. Correlation between the paced cycle length which Induced VA block, the shortest V 1 H 2 interval achieved during premature ventricular stimulation and the cycle length of SVT revealed that in all instances in which verapamil induced VA block at a longer cycle length than in controls but did not prolong H 2 A 2 or H-Ae interval, the shortest V 1 H 2 interval and the cycle length of SVT (H-H interval) were significantly longer than the ventricular paced cycle length which produced VA block. Our findings suggest that in AV nodal reentry, the retrograde limb is formed by the atrioventricular nodal-like structure, and the dissimilar effects of verapamil on VA conduction, H 2 A 2 interval and H-Ae interval appear to be a result of our inability to achieve V 1 H 2 and H-H intervals comparable to the paced cycle length that induced VA block.
Chandler's Hotel San Marcos: The Resort Impact on a Rural Town

This paper looks at the role of the elite and ambitiously designed San Marcos Hotel in the small farming town of Chandler, 25 miles south east of Phoenix, Arizona. The study traces the hotel's impact on the town's 2000 or less white farmers, and the sizeable population of Mexican migrant workers, questioning how a real city can thrive amidst a landscape dedicated to recreation and luxury. What is the impact of high-style design in a pioneering town, how can local people find their identity in a resort milieu, and what might be the tourist impact on the high immigrant populations common to many resort areas at the time? Using reports from the local Chandler Arizonan since 1912, oral histories and miscellaneous archival materials, the paper traces an evolving identity during the town's early decades. The paper responds to a call for locally based histories of rural towns, shedding light on a key period in North American town making, while contributing to a growing research about resort environments.
Determination of the shielding for an unoccupied roof of a radiation therapy facility to account for adjacent buildings : Modification of a computer program

An addition has been made to an existing software program for calculating shielding thicknesses of barriers for megavoltage radiation therapy beams. This addition calculates the shielding thicknesses required for the roof of a single-story building when adjacent, multi-level buildings are occupied.
Bilateral macrostomia in one of monozygotic twins.

Abstract This report concerns a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for bilateral symmetrical macrostomia. Laterally placed, symmetrical notches in the vermilion borders of both upper and lower lips were apparent in the affected twin. Since the oral cavity walls develop by a differential growth and merging mechanism, this result suggests a mechanism of tissue breakdown as the cause of macrostomia. Furthermore, discordance in these monozygotic twins minimizes the importance of heredity in this malformation.
Locally Optimized Scheduling and Power Control Algorithms for Multi-hop Wireless Networks under SINR Interference Models

In this paper, we develop locally optimized scheduling and power control algorithms for multi-hop wireless networks under SINR interference models. Our scheme can be implemented in a fully distributed manner and requires only that each node solve a simple local optimization problem. Since, in our algorithms, each node operates independently of other nodes, it needs to predict the behavior of neighboring nodes when carrying out its local optimization. For such prediction, our proposed algorithms exploit the past records of neighboring nodes' scheduling and power control decisions. Through simulations, we show that our algorithms significantly outperform the state-of-the-art.
Isolation of radio-iodinated apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.

The apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium were radio-iodinated with the glucose-glucose oxidase-lactoperoxidase system. The covalently bound radio-iodine was used as a marker during subcellular fractionation and membrane isolation. Homogenization conditions that ensured rupture of more than 80% of the cells without substantial nuclear damage were defined by Nomarski optics. The nuclei were separated by differential centrifugation and the apical and basal-lateral components were resolved by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The apical components yielded two radioactive bands that were identified as glycocalyx and plasma membrane labeled with125I. The basal-lateral components yielded a heterodisperse pattern made up of at least 3 radioactive bands, but the bulk of the activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase comigrated with only one of these bands. The mitochondia, identified by assays for cytochrome oxidase and NADH cytochromec reductase activities, were separated from the radio-iodine labeled components by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients under isokinetic conditions. The labeled glycocalyx and the slowly migrating components of basal-lateral labeling were separated from the radio-iodinated membranes by centrifugation at 100,000 × g × 1 hr after removal of the mitochondria by the isokinetic method. The labeled membranes were then subjected to ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients under isopycnic conditions; the basal-lateral membranes containing ouabain-sensitive ATP-ase were well resolved from the apical membranes by this method. These results provide a relatively rapid method of attaining partial purification of the apical and basal-lateral plasma membranes of toad bladder epithelium.
Synthesis and characterization of the dinuclear iron–sulfur cluster {bis[(1,1′-dithiolatoferrocene-μ-sulfido-ferrate(III)]}2−

Abstract The novel iron–sulfur cluster dimer {bis[(1,1′-dithiolatoferrocene-μ-sulfido-ferrate(III)]} 2− is prepared as the tetrapropylammonium salt in a one-pot synthesis from 1,1′-trithiaferrocenophane, FeCl 3 , and t BuS − . The X-ray crystallography, electronic spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and magnetic susceptibility of this complex are reported and compared and contrasted to previously prepared iron–sulfur dimer complexes with organic thiolate ligands.
Immunodominance of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell responses is related to disease progression rate in vertically infected adolescents.

Background HIV-1 vertically infected children in the USA are living into adolescence and beyond with the widespread use of antiretroviral drugs. These patients exhibit striking differences in the rate of HIV-1 disease progression which could provide insights into mechanisms of control. We hypothesized that differences in the pattern of immunodomination including breadth, magnitude and polyfunctionality of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell response could partially explain differences in progression rate.
Polymer nanoparticle-mediated delivery of microRNA inhibition and alternative splicing.

The crux of current RNA-based therapeutics relies on association of synthetic nucleic acids with cellular RNA targets. Antisense oligonucleotide binding to mature microRNA and splicing junctions on pre-mRNA represent methods of gene therapy that respectively inhibit microRNA-mediated gene regulation and induce alternative splicing. We have developed biodegradable polymer nanoparticles--which are coated with cell-penetrating peptides--that can effectively deliver chemically-modified oligonucleotide analogs to achieve these forms of gene regulation. We found that this nanoparticle system could block the activity of the oncogenic microRNA, miR-155, as well as modulate splicing to attenuate the expression of the proto-oncogene, MCL-1. Regulation of these genes in human cancer cells reduced cell viability and produced pro-apoptotic effects. These findings establish polymer nanoparticles as delivery vectors for non-conventional forms of gene therapy activated by cellular delivery of RNA-targeted molecules, which have strong therapeutic implications.
Using Outcome Evaluation to Guide Grantmaking: Theory, Reality, and Possibilities:

Cet article expose les difficultes d'evaluation en terme d'efficacite des actions sociales des associations a but non lucratif, dependantes de subventions qui se presententde plus en plus comme de veritables investissements. L'A discute ici des strategies possibles d'evaluation adaptees a l'action sociale
Calcium infusion and phosphate deprivation tests in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and with normocalcemia and nephrolithiasis.

Four-hour morning phosphate clearance, after calcium infusion or after 7 days of phosphate deprivation, clearly separated hyperparathyroid patients from patients with normocalcemia and nephrolithiasis (p < 0.001). In the absence of a readily available parathyroid hormone assay, our modification of the calcium infusion and phosphate deprivation techniques, although time-consuming yet easy to perform, may be helpful in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, especially in those patients with normal serum calcium levels.
Access to health care for Hispanics.

The conventional population paradigm in the United States has distinguished between the white majority and the sizable and easily identified black minority. Until recently, much less attention has been paid to Hispanics (or Latinos), currently 20 million in number, who the Census Bureau projects will increase to 31 million persons of a total population of 283 million by the year 2010. In the next two decades Hispanics will account for one of every three net additions to the US population. The analysis that follows considers the critical factors that collectively will determine the access of Hispanics to the health care system and illuminates the changes that, if introduced, will contribute to its improvement. These issues include the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the Hispanic population; the extent to which socioeconomic status adversely affects Hispanics' access to health care; the influence of demographic and epidemiological factors on their needs for care; the role of neighborhood factors in determining their access to the health and medical infrastructures; the paucity of Hispanic health professionals; and finally, the major reform proposals currently on the nation's health agenda as they relate to the issue of improved access to care for Hispanics. ( JAMA . 1991;265:238-241)
Resonance Hyper-Raman Spectroscopy of Organic Nonlinear Optical Chromophores

Many conjugated organic chromophores with large first hyperpolarizabilities also exhibit strong two-photon-resonant hyper-Raman scattering. The hyper-Raman spectra, excitation profiles, and depolarization ratios provide structural and energetic information about overlapping electronic transitions in these molecules.
Choice maintained by cocaine or food in monkeys: effects of varying probability of reinforcement

Several theoretical models of choice, including matching, maximizing and probability matching, have evolved from the experimental analysis of behavior. However, these models are based largely on results of studies involving non-drug reinforcers. The extent to which the choice to self-administer a drug of abuse conforms to these models is largely unknown. The present study was designed to examine the effects of varying probability of reinforcement of two options on choice by rhesus monkeys maintained under a discrete-trials choice procedure. One group of monkeys (n=5) was prepared with chronic indwelling venous catheters and responding was maintained by IV injections of cocaine (0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg per injection). In a second group, behavioral conditions were identical, except that responding was maintained by the delivery of food pellets. Two choice options were available to each group. Each option was maintained by the identical dose of cocaine or amount of food, but with varying probabilities of delivery. The percentage of trials on which monkeys chose option 1 increased with its probability of reinforcement for cocaine (0.05 or 0.2 mg/kg per injection) and this effect did not change with dose of cocaine. When probabilities of reinforcement for option 1/option 2 were 0.75/0.25, choice was exclusive for the higher probability option. Results were identical when behavior was maintained by food. The present experiment supports the conclusion that exclusive choice of the alternative with the higher probability of reinforcement can be extended to cocaine as a reinforcer. The present results also extend the known conditions under which drug-maintained responding is similar to food-maintained responding to situations involving options with different probabilities of reinforcement, i.e., probability choice. Probability matching was not observed, arguing that this model does not predict drug or food choice.
O2 rotational temperature measurements by coherent microwave scattering from REMPI

Abstract This Letter reports non-intrusive local rotational temperature measurements of molecular oxygen, based on coherent microwave scattering (Radar) from Resonance Enhanced Multi-Photon Ionization (REMPI) in air and in pure oxygen with subsequent analysis of the rotational state distribution. Rotationally resolved 2 + 1 REMPI spectra of molecular oxygen (C 3 Π ( v = 2) ← X 3 Σ ( v ′ = 0)) at different temperatures have been obtained by Radar REMPI. Rotational temperatures have been determined from the Boltzmann plots of various experiments. The overall measurements have an accuracy of ∼60 °C in the pure oxygen and ∼50 °C in the room air, with experiments conducted up to 500 °C.
Advanced high-power superluminescent light sources for environmental, chemical, and biological sensing applications

In this paper we demonstrate high-power GaAs-based and InP-based superluminescent diodes (SLD) with tilted waveguides emitting in 8xx nm and 15xx nm spectral ranges respectively. The analysis of devices with different cavity lengths emphasizes the tradeoff between output power and spectral width. Power levels of about 200 mW for 820 nm SLDs and about 100 mW for 1590 nm SLDs have been demonstrated for longer cavity devices. Spectral modulation was less than 6-7% at 70-80 mW output power for both 8xx and 15xx SLDs. Simple model proposed for evaluation of spectrum modulation for both GaAs and InP devices based on semi-empirical approach is in agreement with experimental observations.
Inpatient consultation of allergy/immunology in a tertiary care setting.

Background Few studies examine the referral patterns for allergy/immunology (A/I) inpatient consultation. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the primary reason and trends for A/I inpatient consultation to improve fellowship training. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all inpatient A/I consults from July 1, 1987 to June 30, 2001 to determine the primary reason for consultation. We also reviewed trends in the total admissions and the average daily patient load compared with A/I consultation. Results A total of 1,284 A/I inpatient consults were reviewed. Thirty-six percent (460 of 1,284) of inpatient consults were for evaluation of adverse drug reactions, 21% (270 of 1,284) asthma, 21% (272 of 1,284) miscellaneous reasons, 8% (109 of 1,284) possible immunodeficiency, 7% (93 of 1,284) angioedema/urticaria, and 6% (80 of 1,284) anaphylaxis. Our results demonstrated a fall in inpatient consults that correlated with a similar fall in total hospital admissions. The ratio of A/I inpatient consults to total admissions remained constant. Additionally, the ratio of A/I consults to average daily patient load increased over the study period. There was a decrease in asthma and adverse drug reaction consults, whereas immunodeficiency and anaphylaxis referrals remained stable. Conclusions Identifying the most common reasons for inpatient consultation provides a guide for the education of A/I fellows and primary care residents. Inpatient consultation continues to play a crucial role in A/I training as it provides unique opportunities to evaluate serious life threatening diseases. An unchanged trend of consultation for immunodeficiency and anaphylaxis reaffirms the importance of the allergist/immunologist as a valuable resource for inpatient consultation.
Molecular state evolution after excitation with an ultra-short laser pulse: A quantum analysis of NaI and NaBr dissociation

In recent experiments Rose, Rosker and Zewail have used a femtosecond pulse to dissociate NaI and NaBr, and a second pulse to probe the “transition state” by LIF. Here we show that quantum calculations, on a model system with no adjustable parameters, reproduce the principal observed features.
Transfer of Coreopsis insularis (Compositae: Heliantheae) to Coreocarpus

Retrorsely barbed aristae on a few immature disk achenes ofCoreopsis insularis (Brandegee) S. F. Blake, together with its other characters, suggest that the species would be better treated asCoreocarpus insularis.
Overture: An Object-Oriented Framework for Overlapping Grid Applications

The Overture framework is an object-oriented environment for solving partial differential equations on over-lapping grids. We describe some of the tools in Overture that can be used to generate grids and solve partial differential equations (PDEs). Overture contains a collection of C++ classes that can be used to write PDE solvers either at a high level or at a lower level for efficiency. There are also a number of tools provided with Overture that can be used with no programming effort. These tools include capabilities to: repair computer-aided-design (CAD) geometries and build global surface triangulations; generate surface and volume grids with hyperbolic grid generation; generate composite overlapping grids; generate hybrid (unstructured) grids; and solve particular PDEs such as the incompressible and compressible Navier-Stokes equations.
Body image and health locus of control among male patients with incisional hernias.

Abstract Incisional hernias form after surgery through incision sites and can enlarge over time. Relations between body image (BI) and health locus of control (HLC) were investigated in male patients undergoing evaluation for incisional hernia repair ( n = 32) and non-hernia controls ( n = 34). Analyses revealed that patients with incisional hernias reported significantly less satisfaction with general appearance and appearance of the mid-torso than non-hernia controls. Although HLC beliefs did not vary by group, post hoc analyses revealed several significant relations between BI factors and HLC beliefs. Results suggest that poor BI is a significant area of concern among patients with incisional hernias.
Synthesis of Ag Nanoplates on GaAs Wafers: Evidence for Growth Mechanism

Direct synthesis of Ag nanoplates on GaAs wafers has been developed in our group through a simple solution/solid interfacial reaction (SSIR) strategy, in which aqueous solutions of pure AgNO3 react with the GaAs wafers at room temperature [J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 6061; 2008, 112, 8928; Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5845]. However, a number of questions are still not clear yet regarding the roles of different possible pathways for reducing Ag+ ions in the growth of Ag nanoplates. In this article, we try to answer these remaining questions by specifically designing experiments and extracting direct evidence from systematic characterizations of different samples. It is conclusive that growth of high-quality Ag nanoplates on GaAs wafers is ascribed to the good separation between nucleation and growth steps, which are driven by two different reduction pathways. At the nucleation step, fast reduction of Ag+ ions with a high concentration of surface electrons is crucial for the formation of Ag nuclei with multiple ...
Measurement of Angiotensin II in Blood

Khairallah and Page1 have tried our method2 for measuring angiotensin in blood and report almost complete loss of added angiotensin as well as the production of a new vasopressor substance during chemical extraction. Because these results differ from previous experience, the method has been reassessed to find out whether such differences are inherent in the technique, or are caused by their different application of the technique. Repetition of the previously reported control experiments2 has confirmed our original results.
The Institutional Theory of John R. Commons: A Review and Commentary

This article presents a review of the book &The Economics of Collective Action,& by John R. Commons.
Porous bead-based microfluidic assay: theory and confocal microscope imaging

Functionalized, porous microbeads provide large surface area to volume ratios, allowing the capture of relatively large quantities of target molecules from complex solutions and, thus, facilitating high-sensitivity assays. While in recent years the interest in bead-based assays has been growing, only a few studies focus on mass transfer in the bead’s interior and on the binding kinetics of functionalized, porous beads. In this study, streptavidin-coated, porous agarose beads are controllably positioned within a microfluidic conduit. Biotinylated quantum dots are pumped through the conduit and used as labels to monitor target analyte binding to the beads. Confocal microscopy techniques are employed to image the concentration of the bound quantum labels as a function of position and time. Three-dimensional, finite element simulations are carried out to model the mass transfer and binding kinetics within the beads. Key thermophysical properties, such as the reduced diffusivity of the quantum dots in the agarose matrix, are determined experimentally. Experimental observations are critically compared and favorably agree with theoretical predictions. The theoretical models provide a useful tool to better our understanding of the phenomena involved and to predict how various parameters affect microbead reaction kinetics and biosensor performance.
Anneaux locaux commutatifs sur lesquels tout module de type fini est somme directe de modules monogènes

Abstract A characterization of the commutative local rings on which every finitely generated modules is a direct sum of cyclic submodules is given. This characterization is of the same type as the similar characterization of I. Kaplansky for valuation rings.
Digital libraries, digital containers, “library patrons”, and visions for the future

Visions of user‐centered approaches to digital library futures are uncertain. One can best understand what those futures portent by briefly exploring one's roots and traditions and concepts of service. Much of the future will be driven by technological change, but it will be moderated by the sense of service and purpose brought to the digital library by the people who use it and by the people who work in and through it. The digital library of the future will be impacted by several factors, one of which is the newly digital nature or format for information. Another is the redefinition of the book in at least some cases from a static to a fluid medium. The seeming inability to archive fluid media has changed libraries. Digital libraries are now distributed constructs of the mind rather than physical buildings with paper content. All of this, in turn, has led to new means and mechanisms for the management, classification, distribution, identification, retrieval, and storage of information in ways heretofore unimaginable. In the medium to long term, new means as yet not imagined will be developed to meet our information needs to further redefine digital libraries.
Identifying China’s leading world city: a network approach

This paper reports our research on China's world cities. Formal network analysis of air passenger linkages for recent years among China's most popu- lous cities and among many of the world's largest cities allows us to identify the country's leading world city from among the leading Mainland candidates, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We theorize our findings about China's world cities in relation to both global forces (and China's increasing entanglement with them) and the policies and actions of the national state. We examine the national and global urban network through a longitudinal, two-level analysis of airline passenger travel for four time points between about 1990 and 2005. We show that Beijing was China's leading world city at the beginning of the time period, a status it lost nationally in as early as 1995, and then globally 10 years later. On the other hand Shanghai became China's leading world city, and it acquired this status first nationally in 2000, and then globally in 2005. The changing status of the Chinese capital corresponds to the country's increasing involvement with the capitalist world economy. Shanghai's ascen- dance as the leading world city in China may indicate that global forces have come to play an increasingly important role relative to that of the developmental state.
High integrity stochastic modeling of GPS receiver clock for improved positioning and fault detection performance

In this paper, a validated stochastic clock random error model is used to derive a correct time correlation matrix for a sequence of clock random errors. A batch estimator incorporating the complete time correlation matrix is developed to account for clock random errors. Performance improvement for the proposed receiver clock-aided navigation system is fully investigated. A benchmark application of an aircraft precision approach is used to evaluate the system availability performance with a single satellite failure assumption.
Protection of renal inner medullary epithelial cells from apoptosis by hypertonic stress-induced p53 activation.

Acute hypertonicity causes cell cycle delay and apoptosis in mouse renal inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD3) and increases GADD45 expression. Because the tumor suppressor protein p53 may be involved in these effects, we have investigated the role of p53 in mIMCD3 response to hyperosmotic stress. Acute elevation of osmolality with NaCl addition from the control level of 320 mosmol/kg to 500–600 mosmol/kg greatly increased the levels of total and Ser15-phosphorylated p53 within 15 min. However, similar elevation of osmolality with urea did not increase p53 levels. Our studies indicate that induced p53 is transcriptionally active because NaCl addition to 500–600 mosmol/kg stimulated transcription of a luciferase reporter containing a p53 consensus element and appropriately altered mRNA levels of known transcriptional targets of p53, i.e. increased MDM-2 and decreased BCL-2 levels. Elevating NaCl further to 700–800 mosmol/kg rapidly killed most of the cells by apoptosis. At these higher NaCl concentrations, p53 levels were further increased although Ser15 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity were significantly lower than levels at 500–600 mosmol/kg. At NaCl-induced 500 mosmol/kg, apoptosis was rare in the presence of control, nonspecific oligonucleotide but highly prevalent upon addition of p53 antisense oligonucleotide that substantially reduced p53 levels. We conclude that induction of active p53 in mIMCD3 cells by hypertonic stress contributes to cell survival.
Accurate colon residue detection algorithm with partial volume segmentation

Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Earlier detection and removal of polyps can dramatically reduce the chance of developing malignant tumor. Due to some limitations of optical colonoscopy used in clinic, many researchers have developed virtual colonoscopy as an alternative technique, in which accurate colon segmentation is crucial. However, partial volume effect and existence of residue make it very challenging. The electronic colon cleaning technique proposed by Chen et al is a very attractive method, which is also kind of hard segmentation method. As mentioned in their paper, some artifacts were produced, which might affect the accurate colon reconstruction. In our paper, instead of labeling each voxel with a unique label or tissue type, the percentage of different tissues within each voxel, which we call a mixture, was considered in establishing a maximum a posterior probability (MAP) image-segmentation framework. A Markov random field (MRF) model was developed to reflect the spatial information for the tissue mixtures. The spatial information based on hard segmentation was used to determine which tissue types are in the specific voxel. Parameters of each tissue class were estimated by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm during the MAP tissue-mixture segmentation. Real CT experimental results demonstrated that the partial volume effects between four tissue types have been precisely detected. Meanwhile, the residue has been electronically removed and very smooth and clean interface along the colon wall has been obtained.
Generalized Estimation of the BLUP in Mixed-Effects Models: A Comparison with ML and REML

The Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) in mixed models is a function of the variance components and they are estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) or restricted ML methods. Nonconvergence of BLUP would occur due to a drawback of the standard likelihood-based approaches. In such situations, ML and REML either do not provide any BLUPs or all become equal. To overcome this drawback, we provide a generalized estimate (GE) of BLUP that does not suffer from the problem of negative or zero variance components, and compare its performance against the ML and REML estimates of BLUP. Simulated and published data are used to compare BLUP.
Inhibition of Acid Production from Oral Bacteria by Fluorapatite-derived Fluoride

The inhibitory effect of fluorapatite (FAP)-derived fluoride upon resting cell suspensions of Streptococcus mutans incubated at pH 4.5 and 6.5 was studied using lactic acid production from 0.1% sucrose as an indicator of fermentation activity. Cells incubated with FAP produced significantly less lactic acid than did cells incubated with hydroxyapatite (HAP). Addition of HAP to cell suspensions containing FAP reduced this inhibition, suggesting that dissolution of the FAP was necessary for inhibition. Incubation with low concentrations of NaF showed significant inhibition in cell suspensions incubated with as little as 0.45 micrograms/mL F at pH 5.0. These results provide further support to the hypothesis that fluoride levels in plaque and enamel, achievable through use of fluoridated water and/or fluoride dentifrices, may produce appreciable inhibition of glycolysis at the acidic pH levels which are readily achieved in plaque. Thus, bacterial acid production may activate plaque and enamel-bound fluoride, resulting in inhibition of further acid production, and thereby contribute substantially to the other cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride.
Children's legal rights as research subjects.

The legal and ethical issues surrounding the participation of children as research subjects, and as patients in other clinical circumstances, are examined. Particular attention is given to the issue of informed consent and to Supreme Court decisions relevant to the question of when a minor child may make decisions affecting his or her physical integrity. A proposal is developed concerning the participation of the minor child in the informed consent decision based on the regulatory background and these Supreme Court decisions. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24, 5:653–662, 1985.
Direct radiative forcing of anthropogenic organic aerosol

[1] This study simulates the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosol using the GFDL AM2 GCM. The aerosol climatology is provided by the MOZART chemical transport model (CTM). The approach to calculating aerosol optical properties explicitly considers relative humidity–dependent hygroscopic growth by employing a functional group–based thermodynamic model, and makes use of the size distribution derived from AERONET measurements. The preindustrial (PI) and present-day (PD) global burdens of organic carbon are 0.17 and 1.36 Tg OC, respectively. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky top-of-the atmosphere (TOA) forcings (PI to PD) are estimated as −0.34 and −0.71 W m−2, respectively. Geographically the radiative cooling largely lies over the source regions, namely part of South America, Central Africa, Europe and South and East Asia. The annual global mean total-sky and clear-sky surface forcings are −0.63 and −0.98 W m−2, respectively. A series of sensitivity analyses shows that the treatments of hygroscopic growth and optical properties of organic aerosol are intertwined in the determination of the global organic aerosol forcing. For example, complete deprivation of water uptake by hydrophilic organic particles reduces the standard (total-sky) and clear-sky TOA forcing estimates by 18% and 20%, respectively, while the uptake by a highly soluble organic compound (malonic acid) enhances them by 18% and 32%, respectively. Treating particles as non-absorbing enhances aerosol reflection and increases the total-sky and clear-sky TOA forcing by 47% and 18%, respectively, while neglecting the scattering brought about by the water associated with particles reduces them by 24% and 7%, respectively.
Heterodinucleare Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit Metall‐Metall‐Mehrfachbindungen

Die Bandbreite der moglichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Ubergangsmetallen erstreckt sich von schwachen antiferromagnetischen Kopplungen bis hin zu Vierfachbindungen, den Bindungen hochster bekannter Multiplizitat. Wahrend homonucleare Metall-Metall-Bindungen von Ubergangsmetallen intensiv untersucht wurden, sind die heteronuclearen Analoga bislang weitgehend unerforscht, eine Tatsache, die sicher auf die schwierige Synthese und Handhabung solcher Verbindungen zuruckzufuhren ist. In diesem noch weitgehend unerschlossenen Gebiet der Ubergangsmetallchemie finden sich neue chemische Wechselwirkungen mit ungewohnlichen Reaktivitaten. Da Heteroanaloga zweiatomiger Ubergangsmetalldimere bislang nicht zuganglich sind, greift man auf zweikernige Komplexe mit Liganden vom Werner-Typ als weitgehend ungestorte Prototypen fur Metallrumpfe mit Bindungen hoher Multiplizitat zwischen unterschiedlichen d-Elementen zuruck. Solche Verbindungen liefern die Moglichkeit, die Grundlagen der chemischen Bindung zwischen Ubergangsmetallen zu untersuchen, indem man betrachtet, wie und zu welchem Ausmas solche Bindungen von den Unterschieden zwischen den beiden Metallen beeinflusst werden. Komplexe, in denen elektronisch ungesattigte Rumpfe durch π-acide Liganden wie CO stabilisiert werden, konnen neue chemische Reaktionen (auch katalytische) eingehen, die den synergetischen Effekt zweier Ubergangsmetallzentren nutzen.
Teacher candidate disposition: moral judgement or regurgitation?

Developing teacher candidates who are able to make moral judgements to equitably resolve classroom dilemmas, conduct student assessment and allocate resources is critical for today's diverse classrooms and should be part of fostering professional disposition. However, one challenge of incorporating dispositions in teacher education and a valid argument for those opposing the trend is how to accurately assess growth in the development of in teacher candidates. This study investigates two measures of moral judgement and explores the congruence between these assessments. Findings indicate inconsistency in the congruence between the quantitative assessment (Defining Issues Test 2) of moral judgement and qualitative data (teacher candidate written assignments), suggesting an inaccurate picture of teacher candidate disposition. Patterns of incongruence are explored and linked to specific phases of moral judgement followed by suggestions for teacher education programs on building congruent assessments.
Comparative quantitation of menstrual blood loss with the Lippes Loop, Dalkon Shield, and copper T intrauterine devices.

Abstract Menstrual blood loss (MBL) was measured in women wearing three types of intrauterine devices (IUDs) at 6, 12, and 18 months post-insertion. Devices studied were the Lippes Loop D, the standard-size Dalkon Shield, and a copper T (TCu 300). Mean menstrual blood loss was increased from 41 to 112% by the devices. The incidence of menorrhagia increased as much as nine-fold over non-IUD, control cycles. The Lippes Loop and the Dalkon Shield were associated with fluctuating MBL values at the intervals studied, often double the levels in non-IUD cycles; whereas MBL with the TCu 300 was relatively stable at all study periods and lower than that experienced with the two other IUDs.
Searching one or two databases was insufficient for meta-analysis of observational studies

Abstract Objective To address methodologic issues in searching for observational studies by presenting database search methods and results. Study Design and Setting Results of two literature searches for publications reporting on observational studies of alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer and large bowel cancer were compared, to evaluate the sensitivity of various bibliographic databases and search strategies, including hand-searching reviews and meta-analyses. Results The target sensitivity of 90% of publications in the breast cancer search was achieved by starting with Medline, then adding Biosis, Embase, and SCI EXPANDED–SSCI, which provided a total of 72 (91%) of the 79 relevant publications. To reach a similar 89% sensitivity for large bowel cancer, at least Biosis, Dissertation Abstracts Online, Embase, ETOH, and Medline had to be searched, with the addition of hand search of reviews and meta-analyses. Conclusion Limiting a search to one or two databases when conducting meta-analyses of observational studies will not provide a thorough summary of the existing literature. The findings support recommendations to implement a comprehensive search of electronic databases and the reference lists of recent review articles and meta-analyses.