cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bactericidal antibiotics promote oxidative damage and programmed cell death in sinonasal epithelial cells.

Background Antibiotics are widely and heavily used in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Bactericidal antibiotics can stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, a proinflammatory response, and cell death in cultured human sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs). Sulforaphane (SFN) is a potent stimulator of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) system and a suppressor of inflammation. In this study we utilized SFN to further explore the relationship between levofloxacin treatment, ROS formation, and the cell death response. Methods SNECs were collected from patients during endoscopic sinus surgery and grown in culture at the air-liquid interface. Differentiated SNECs were stimulated with levofloxacin with or without SFN pretreatment. ROS were quantified. Apoptosis markers of caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation were quantified. Results Cultured SNECs treated with levofloxacin resulted in a significant increase in activity of the proapoptotic caspase-3 protease (5.9-fold, p = 0.01). The increase in activity was suppressed by pretreatment with SFN (1.9-fold). ROS levels increased with levofloxacin treatment (range, 1.2-fold to 1.8-fold), but were not significantly suppressed by pretreatment with SFN (range, 1.0-fold to 1.3-fold). Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of cultured SNECs with levofloxacin leads to an increase in caspase-3 activity. SFN pretreatment suppresses the increased apoptotic response possibly through its antioxidant stimulating properties. Our results suggest that levofloxacin treatment stimulates a potent proapoptotic possibly through an ROS-dependent mechanism. Future studies will explore if this antibiotic-induced response is harmful to recovery of function in those with sinusitis.
Allergenic Ingredients in Facial Wet Wipes.

Background Allergic contact dermatitis commonly occurs on the face. Facial cleansing wipes may be an underrecognized source of allergens. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of potentially allergenic ingredients in facial wet wipes. Methods Ingredient lists from name brand and generic facial wipes from 4 large retailers were analyzed. Results In the 178 facial wipes examined, a total of 485 ingredients were identified (average, 16.7 ingredients per wipe). Excluding botanicals, the top 15 potentially allergenic ingredients were glycerin (64.0%), fragrance (63.5%), phenoxyethanol (53.9%), citric acid (51.1%), disodium EDTA (44.4%), sorbic acid derivatives (39.3%), tocopherol derivatives (38.8%), polyethylene glycol derivatives (32.6%), glyceryl stearate (31.5%), sodium citrate (29.8%), glucosides (27.5%), cetearyl alcohol (25.8%), propylene glycol (25.3%), sodium benzoate (24.2%), and ceteareth-20 (23.6%)/parabens (23.6%). Of note, methylisothiazolinone (2.2%) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (1.1%) were uncommon. The top potential allergens of botanical origin included Aloe barbadensis (41.0%), chamomile extracts (27.0%), tea extracts (21.3%), Cucumis sativus (20.2%), and Hamamelis virginiana (10.7%). Conclusions Many potential allergens are present in facial wet wipes, including fragrances, preservatives, botanicals, glucosides, and propylene glycol.
Resistance to Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes and Apparent Cognitive Resilience in the Nun and Honolulu-Asia Aging Studies.

Two population-based studies key to advancing knowledge of brain aging are the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS) and the Nun Study. Harmonization of their neuropathologic data allows cross comparison, with findings common to both studies likely generalizable, while distinct observations may point to aging brain changes that are dependent on sex, ethnicity, environment, or lifestyle factors. Here, we expanded the neuropathologic evaluation of these 2 studies using revised NIA-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines and compared directly the neuropathologic features of resistance and apparent cognitive resilience. There were significant differences in prevalence of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic change, small vessel vascular brain injury, and Lewy body disease between these 2 studies, suggesting that sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors may significantly influence resistance to developing brain injury with age. In contrast, hippocampal sclerosis prevalence was very similar, but skewed to poorer cognitive performance, suggesting that hippocampal sclerosis could act sequentially with other diseases to impair cognitive function. Strikingly, despite these observed differences, the proportion of individuals resistant to all 4 diseases of brain or displaying apparent cognitive resilience was virtually identical between HAAS and Nun Study participants. Future in vivo validation of these results awaits comprehensive biomarkers of these 4 brain diseases.
Environmental proteomics reveals taxonomic and functional changes in an enriched aquatic ecosystem

Aquatic ecosystem enrichment can lead to distinct and irreversible changes to undesirable states. Understanding changes in active microbial community function and composition following organic-matter loading in enriched ecosystems can help identify biomarkers of such state changes. In a field experiment, we enriched replicate aquatic ecosystems in the pitchers of the northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea. Shotgun metaproteomics using a custom metagenomic database identified proteins, molecular pathways, and contributing microbial taxa that differentiated control ecosystems from those that were enriched. The number of microbial taxa contributing to protein expression was comparable between treatments; however, taxonomic evenness was higher in controls. Functionally active bacterial composition differed significantly among treatments and was more divergent in control pitchers than enriched pitchers. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria contributed most to identified proteins in control and enriched ecosystems, respectively. The molecular pathways and contributing taxa in enriched pitcher ecosystems were similar to those found in larger enriched aquatic ecosystems and are consistent with microbial processes occurring at the base of detrital food webs. Detectable differences between protein profiles of enriched and control ecosystems suggest that a time series of environmental proteomics data may identify protein biomarkers of impending state changes to enriched states.
Smokeless tobacco impacts oral microbiota in a Syrian Golden hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis model.

Abstract The use of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) can cause many serious health problems. The oral microbiota plays important roles in oral and systemic health, and the disruption in the oral microbial population is linked to periodontal disease and other health problems. To assess the impact of smokeless tobacco on oral microbiota in vivo, high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the oral microbiota present in Syrian Golden hamster cheek pouches. Sixteen hamsters were divided into four groups and treated with the STP Grizzly snuff (0, 2.5, 25, or 250 mg) twice daily for 4 weeks. After 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of treatment, bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from oral swabs sampled from the cheek pouches of the hamsters. The oral bacterial communities present in different hamster groups were characterized by sequencing the hypervariable regions V1-V2 and V4 of 16S rRNA using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Fifteen phyla, 27 classes, 59 orders, 123 families, and 250 genera were identified from 4,962,673 sequence reads from the cheek pouch samples. The bacterial diversity and taxonomic abundances for the different treatment groups were compared to the non–treated hamsters. Bacterial diversity was significantly decreased after 4 weeks of exposure to 2.5 mg, and significantly increased by exposure to 250 mg STP. Treatment with 250 mg STP significantly increased Firmicutes, transiently increased Cyanobacteria and TM7, and decreased Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria compared to the control group. At the genus level, 4 weeks of administration of 250 mg STP significantly increased Granulicatella, Streptococcus, Oribacterium, Anaerococcus, Acidaminococcus, Actinomyces, Eubacterium, Negativicoccus, and Staphylococcus, and decreased Bacteroides, Buleidia, Dialister, and Leptotrichia, and transiently decreased Arcanobacterium compared to the control group. For the first time, an animal model was used for evaluating the effects of STP on oral microbiota by metagenomic sequencing. Our results provide a view of the shift of the oral microbiota in response to STP exposure in Syrian Golden hamster. Our findings indicate that the use of smokeless tobacco significantly disrupts the oral microbiota.
Mach’s Principle and Elementary Particles

There are at least three different formulations of this principle which is named after Ernst Mach. The most specific is in terms of the Foucault pendulum which, according to the principle [1], moves in a constant plane with respect to the fixed stars, rather than to the absolute space, as Newton had thought. The second formulation, obviously closely related, but more general than the first, is the statement by Mach, that all motion is motion relative to other bodies [2]. Finally, one may consider the statement that inertia depends on the other bodies in the universe, as Mach’s principle, although it was formulated in this general form by Einstein [3]. The three formulations emphasize different aspects of Mach’s principle, and therefore require different criticism. It is clear that rotational motions considered in the first formulation will appear differently when the theory of relativity is taken into account; one need only recall the problem of the rotating disk. According to Newtonian ideas, two Cartesian coordinate frames in rotation relative to each other are “metrically” equivalent, since simultaneity has the same meaning for both observers, and distances of simultaneous events will thus be expressed in the same way. But the two observers are not dynamically equivalent, since in one or in both frames inertial forces will appear. A priori, one could think of two specific coordinate frames; one in which the Foucault pendulum remains in a constant plane, and another one in which the fixed stars remain at rest and it seems quite remarkable that these frames are in fact identical.
Superficial Femoral Artery Plaque and Functional Performance in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Walking and Leg Circulation Study (WALCS III)

Objectives We studied associations of magnetic resonance imaging measurements of plaque area and relative percent lumen reduction in the proximal superficial femoral artery with functional performance among participants with peripheral arterial disease. Background The clinical significance of directly imaged plaque characteristics in lower extremity arteries is not well established. Methods A total of 454 participants with an ankle brachial index Results Adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, statin use, comorbidities, and other covariates, higher mean plaque area (1st quintile [least plaque]: 394 m, 2nd quintile: 360 m, 3rd quintile: 359 m, 4th quintile: 329 m, 5th quintile [greatest plaque]: 311 m; p trend Conclusions Among participants with peripheral arterial disease, greater plaque burden and smaller lumen area in the proximal superficial femoral artery are associated independently with poorer functional performance, even after adjusting for the ankle brachial index and leg symptoms.
A Survey of Penetration Mechanics for Long Rods

Some of the simpler methods in current use for analyzing ballistic impacts by long rod penetrators are reviewed and critiqued. In spite of several obvious shortcomings the eroding rod model has been used as a starting point and guide for an experimental investigation of penetration phenomena. Some of the principal results of that program are reviewed, and several areas for future work are identified. Carefully developed, time resolved data of the types described in this report should serve as a standard of comparison for large scale computations of penetration phenomena. These data are already being used to guide development of improved engineering models for long rod penetration.
New Poisson inequality for the Radon transform of infinitely differentiable functions.

Poisson inequality for the Radon transform is a key tool in signal analysis and processing. An analogue of the Hardy–Littlewood–Poisson inequality for the Radon transform of infinitely differentiable functions is proved. The result is related to a paper of Luan and Vieira (J. Inequal. Appl. 2017:12, 2017) and to a previous paper by Yang and Ren (Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 124(2):175-178, 2014).
Research Validated Distance Learning Labs for Introductory Physics Using IOLab

The IOLab is a versatile, relatively inexpensive data acquisition device developed by Mats Selen and his colleagues at University of Illinois. It is self-contained in a cart that can roll on its own wheels, while an optical encoder measures motion quantities. It also contains sensors to measure a variety of other physical quantities like force, temperature, light intensity, sound intensity and current and voltage. With a current cost of around $100, students can purchase their own individual device (like a clicker), and can—in theory—use it to do hands-on laboratory, pre-lecture (flipped classroom) and homework activities at home. We report on the preliminary results of a project to develop distance-learning (DL) laboratories using the IOLab. We have developed RealTime Physics-like mechanics labs based on the IOLab, tested them in supervised laboratory classrooms and distance learning environments at Portland State University and Chemeketa Community College. We will present details of the IOLab, examples of the IOLab activities, and preliminary research on student learning—using the FMCE—and attitudes.
The Relative Stability of Money and Credit

Is credit as closely related to income as is money? Results presented in the first half of this paper, based on a variety of methodological approaches, consistently indicate that the aggregate of outstanding credit liabilities of all nonfinancial borrowers in the United States bears as close a relationship to U.S. nonfinancial activity as do the more familiar asset aggregates like the money stock (however measured) or the monetary base. In contrast to the asset aggregates, however, which exhibit little overall difference among themselves in this context, total nonfinancial indebtedness appears to be unique among credit aggregates in bearing this close relationship to income. Moreover, additional evidence of offsetting movements of the public and private components of total nonfinancial indebtedness further substantiates the case for stability in the aggregate. The second half of the paper suggests three hypotheses that provide internally consistent potential explanations for this phenomenon:(1) an "ultrarationality" hypothesis which emphasizes acute perceptions and offsetting actions on the part of the private sector, (2) a "capital leveraging" hypothesis which emphasizes borrowing limitations and the need for tangible collateral, and (3) an "asset demand" hypothesis which emphasizes the private sector's role as a net lender. Initial efforts to match these hypotheses against data for the U.S. household and corporate business sectors yield only mixed results, however. The stability of the credit-to-income relationship remains for the present a major puzzle, therefore, although these three hypotheses do look sufficiently promising to warrant a much closer investigation.
Soft Floors in Auctions

Several of the auction-driven exchanges that facilitate programmatic buying of internet display advertising have recently introduced “soft floors” in addition to standard reserve prices (called “ha...
Protein S Regulates Factor IXa in the Absence and Presence of Factor VIIIa Independently of Activated Protein C

Abstract 1197 Coagulation is a finely tuned process. During thrombin formation, several anticoagulant reactions are initiated to prevent systematic activation of coagulation, and impairment of anticoagulant activity causes an increased risk of venous thrombosis. One such anticoagulant factor is protein S, deficiencies of which have been linked to venous and arterial thrombosis. While protein S has been studied for over three decades, the precise role this protein plays in attenuating the hemostatic response is far from clear. Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein that functions in feedback regulation of thrombin generation. Protein S was initially identified as a cofactor for activated protein C (APC) but later it was observed that there is only a 3–10 fold increase in APC activity in the presence of protein S. Plasma coagulation assays in the absence of APC suggest that protein S may have other anticoagulant role(s). We report here an anticoagulant activity of Protein S mediated by inhibition of fIXa in the absence and presence of fVIIIa independent of APC. Although an APC-independent anticoagulant activity has been reported for protein S interacting with fVIIIa, no study has shown that the inhibitory effect of protein S is mediated through its interaction with fIXa, thus making our observations novel and significant. Moreover, previous studies that reported an interaction between fVIIIa and protein S were performed with low amounts of phospholipid, a condition that produces activity measurement artifacts due to the presence of active protein S multimers. We used both ex vivo (plasma studies) and in vitro methods at high phospholipid (100–200 micro molar) concentration to determine whether and how the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation is regulated by protein S. We obtained the following results: 1) activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assays with protein S-supplemented plasma confirmed that protein S prolongs clotting time, and a normal clotting time was restored with addition of anti-protein S antibody, 2) a modified aPPT assay with fIX-deficient plasma confirmed that protein S affects fIX-initiated clotting time, 3) thrombin generation assay through fIXa/fVIIIa pathway, initiated with a limiting amount of tissue factor (TF), was regulated by protein S, 4) in vitro studies with fIXa/fVIIIa and protein S in the presence of phosphatidylserine (PS) vesicles showed ∼40% and ∼65% inhibition in the activity of fIXa in the absence and presence of fVIIIa, respectively, and 5) protein S altered only the K M for fX activation by fIXa but altered both k cat and K M for fX activation by fIXa and fVIIIa. Our findings underscore the central role of protein S in regulation of coagulation. We anticipate these results will unravel important implications for the evaluation of thrombotic risk associated with protein S-deficiency. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Attention, Speech-Language Dissociations, and Stuttering Chronicity

The purpose of this study was to investigate the singular and joint contributions of speech-language dissociations and attention (i.e., distractibility and attention span) to stuttering chronicity. Method Participants, aged 3;0-4;11 (years;months) at an initial visit, were classified as persisting (n = 10; 9 boys), recovered (n = 32; 23 boys), and nonstuttering (n = 28; 19 boys) based on multiple speech and language evaluations spread across 2 years. The evaluations included assessments of articulation, receptive and expressive vocabulary, and omnibus receptive and expressive language. These measures were used to identify speech-language dissociations using a correlation-based statistical approach. Attentional characteristics, which included measures of distractibility and attention span, were based on parent report. Analyses investigated between-group differences related to dissociations and attentional characteristics as well as the relation between these indices. Results There were no significant between-group differences for the persisting and recovered groups on measures of speech-language dissociations; however, the recovered group was found to exhibit less optimal attention span than the persisting group. In addition, children with dissociations exhibited less optimal distractibility and attention spans at the final time point than children without dissociations. Conclusions Present results indicate that attention is related to both stuttering chronicity and the presence of speech-language dissociations; however, they do not support the notion that dissociations are associated with stuttering persistence. These results provide novel insights into the complex nature of the association between developmental stuttering, speech-language dissociations, and attention.
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized within Metal–Organic Frameworks for the Degradation of Nerve Agents

Ceria nanoparticles (CeNPs) are promising enzyme mimetic catalysts due to their mixed oxidation states Ce3+/Ce4+ accompanied by the presence of oxygen vacancies. While their properties have been wi...
Needlestick Occurrences and Reporting Among Residents in the Operative Setting.

Objective Needlesticks are common work-related injuries suffered by health care professionals. We sought to identify prevalence of needlestick/sharps injuries of residents working in the operating room and identify contributing factors and barriers to reporting/seeking treatment. Methods A 17-question survey on needlestick injuries was distributed to 168 residents in anesthesiology, surgery, and surgical subspecialties and the responses were analyzed for statistical significance of differences observed between departments. Results Of 138 respondents (82% response rate), 49% of residents had at least one needlestick injury during training. One quarter did not report their injuries to employee health or seek treatment, with the largest percentage from general surgery (53%). The primary reasons for not reporting injuries or seeking treatment included time away from patient care and lack of concern about the injury. More than half (64%) of the anesthesiology residents who reported an injury thought fatigue was a contributing factor. Conclusions Half of residents sustained an injury and a quarter of injuries did not get reported, with the most valid reason being too much time away from patient care. Only anesthesiology residents commonly cited fatigue as a contributor to their needlestick/sharps injury. Understanding the program-specific needlestick/sharps injury incidence and prevalence, and the attitudes about reporting injuries and seeking treatment, is a first step toward prevention of injury for residents in training. ACGME Core Competencies: Medical Knowledge, Practice-based Learning and Improvement, Professionalism
A Novel Model for a Student-Led Surgical Anatomy Seminar.

OBJECTIVE We describe a novel educational model for a student-led anatomy interest group that utilizes an efficient method of knowledge sharing among peers in order to supplement the standard gross anatomy curriculum and expose medical students to advanced, surgically relevant anatomy. DESIGN Student leaders of the Advanced Anatomy Interest Group compile a list of advanced anatomy “tidbits” related to a topic within a particular surgical specialty. Each medical student participant signs up for a different “tidbit” and prepares a short presentation. On meeting day, students present to the group. After each presentation, a surgical faculty moderator offers feedback and provides additional surgical perspective. SETTING Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. PARTICIPANTS Three third year medical student interest group leaders, 20 first through fourth year medical student participants, and 1 surgical faculty moderator. RESULTS Twelve students presented an advanced anatomy tidbit, and 15 students responded to a 10-question postmeeting survey. Over 90% of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that their understanding of surgically relevant anatomy had improved. Of those students who presented, 100% agreed or strongly agreed that their preparedness to briefly teach complex medical topics to colleagues had improved. Additionally, students reported increased interest in surgery and an improved perception of surgeons. CONCLUSIONS This novel educational model appears to be an effective and efficient way to supplement the standard gross anatomy curriculum and expose medical students to advanced, surgically relevant anatomy. In addition, this model enables students to hone their presentation skills, gain experience teaching advanced medical concepts to peers, and develop relationships with surgical faculty. Surgical faculty are also not burdened with any preparatory responsibilities, making their participation more feasible. This model can serve as a template for medical students, house staff, and faculty interested in expanding anatomy education at their own institutions.
Joint Down-Range and Cross-Range RFI Suppression in Ultra-Wideband SAR

Radio frequency interference (RFI) is a critical problem for ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radars (UWB SAR) because the VHF/UHF band used by them is shared by other systems as well. A number of solutions have been proposed over the years. Recently, sparsity and low-rank estimation-based solutions were shown to perform better than traditional methods such as adaptive notch filtering. These algorithms model the SAR signal to be sparse and the RFI to be either sparse or low-ranked in nature and solve an optimization problem to estimate the SAR signal and RFI simultaneously. Algorithms in this class share the common characteristic that the SAR signal sparsity is captured by modeling each data vector as a linear combination of shifted SAR pulses. This data model addresses the structure of SAR signals in the down-range direction, but the inter-aperture cross-range structure, i.e., the fact that SAR signals add coherently across the cross-range, has been completely ignored. In this work, we incorporate this “global” 2-D structure of the SAR data into the RFI mitigation problem. Two algorithms are proposed: 1) (2-D) sparse SAR and sparse RFI estimation and 2) (2-D) sparse SAR and low-rank RFI estimation. The experimental results demonstrate that the 2-D model does a much better job of capturing the sparsity of SAR and the 2-D algorithms consistently perform better than the “local” 1-D algorithms. The level of improvement rises significantly in challenging cases—when the noise level and/or the number of RFI bands increases. Experiments are conducted extensively on simulated data sets as well as real SAR and RFI data sets collected by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to validate the proposed framework.
M Dwarf Flares from Time-resolved Sloan Digital Sky Survey Spectra

We have identified 63 flares on M dwarfs from the individual component spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) using a novel measurement of emission-line strength called the Flare Line Index. Each of the ~38,000 M dwarfs in the SDSS low-mass star spectroscopic sample of West et al. was observed several times (usually 3-5) in exposures that were typically 9-25 minutes in duration. Our criteria allowed us to identify flares that exhibit very strong Hα and Hβ emission-line strength and/or significant variability in those lines throughout the course of the exposures. The flares we identified have characteristics consistent with flares observed by classical spectroscopic monitoring. The flare duty cycle for the objects in our sample is found to increase from 0.02% for early M dwarfs to 3% for late M dwarfs. We find that the flare duty cycle is larger in the population near the Galactic plane and that the flare stars are more spatially restricted than the magnetically active but non-flaring stars. This suggests that flare frequency may be related to stellar age (younger stars are more likely to flare) and that the flare stars are younger than the mean active population.
The Impact of Social Distancing and Masking on COVID-19 Spread and Consumer Spending

We examine the impact of government interventions on the spread of COVID-19 and consumer spending. We do this by first estimating models of COVID-19 spread, consumer spending and social distancing. Social distancing has a large effect on reducing COVID-19 spread, while mask mandates are most effective when combined with social distancing. Non-mask government interventions also reduce COVID-19 spread. Social distancing is more responsive to national case numbers than local case numbers. Mask mandates tend to increase social distancing, as do shelter-in-place orders. However, other governmental restrictions do not change social distancing much. Social distancing hurts spending in the absence of a mask mandate, but has no effect on spending if there is a mask mandate. Mask mandates have a direct effect of reducing spending in counties with low levels of social distancing. Non-mask governmental interventions as a whole do not have a large effect on consumer spending. We use these three estimated models to calculate the effect of mask mandates and other governmental interventions on COVID-19 cases, deaths and consumer spending. Implemented mask mandates not only decreased COVID-19 cases by 1.2M, saving 45,000 lives, over a 4-month period, but added $99B of additional spending. The other governmental interventions that were implemented reduced the number of COVID-19 cases by nearly 15M, saving over 545,000 lives, while reducing consumer spending by nearly $170B over our 4-month period. Thus, these restrictions were cost effective as long as one values each saved life at $306,000 or more.
Competition between a Tetrel and Halogen Bond to a Common Lewis Acid.

The T and X atoms of TF3X (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn; X = Cl, Br, I) can engage in a tetrel or halogen bond, respectively, with an approaching NH3 base. With the exception of T = C, the tetrel bonds are considerably stronger than the halogen bond regardless of the nature of T or X. Because both bonds involve electron acceptance by the central TF3X Lewis acid, there is a negative cooperativity between these two bonds when both are present. The halogen bond is weakened much more than is the tetrel bond and is in fact completely disrupted in some cases. Replacement of the three F substituents on TF3X by H attenuates the σ-holes on both T and X atoms, weakens and stretches both bonds, and eliminates any halogen bonds involving Cl. Even in those cases where a halogen bond does occur in the dimer, this bond cannot withstand the presence of a simultaneous tetrel bond and so disappears.
Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH): Past, Present and Future

In this survey article, after delineating its historical origin of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), the authors summarize from the methodological perspective the empirical findings from 1960s through 1990s bearing on the EMH under the headings "supporting empirical findings as documented in 1960s", "mixed empirical findings as merged in the late 1970s through 1980s" and "challenging empirical findings as appeared in 1990s". The authors move on to sketch the ongoing debate in the 21st century based on empirical evidence available and then present an overall assessment of the EMH. Once necessary reservations and precautious interpretations are taken into consideration, the authors contend at the end of the article that the EMH is here to stay and will continue to play an important role in modern finance for years to come.
An All BTI (N-PBTI, N-NBTI, P-PBTI, P-NBTI) Odometer based on a Dual Power Rail Ring Oscillator Array

An on-chip reliability monitor capable of characterizing all four bias temperature instability (BTI) modes is proposed. Stressed ring oscillators with independent dual power rails are implemented in which odd and even stages of an inverter chain are subject to different stress voltage configurations. A beat frequency detection technique with 3 reference ring oscillators achieves a frequency measurement resolution as low as 0.01% with a short measurement interruption time of $4\mu\mathrm{s}$ . Extensive BTI data collected from a 65nm ROSC array is presented for different stress conditions.
The connection between plasmon decay dynamics and the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy background: Inelastic scattering from non-thermal and hot carriers

Recent studies have established that the anti-Stokes Raman signal from plasmonic metal nanostructures can be used to determine the two separate temperatures that characterize carriers inside the metal—the temperature of photoexcited “hot carriers” and carriers that are thermalized with the metal lattice. However, the related signal in the Stokes spectral region has historically impeded surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, as the vibrational peaks of adsorbed molecules are always accompanied by the broad background of the metal substrate. The fundamental source of the metal signal, and hence its contribution to the spectrum, has been unclear. Here, we outline a unified theoretical model that describes both the temperature-dependent behavior and the broad spectral distribution. We suggest that the majority of the Raman signal is from inelastic scattering directly with carriers in a non-thermal energy distribution that have been excited via damping of surface plasmon. In addition, a significant spectral component (∼1%) is due to a sub-population of hot carriers with an energy distribution that is well approximated by an elevated temperature distribution, about 2000 K greater than the lattice temperature of the metal. We have performed temperature- and power-dependent Raman experiments to show how a simple fitting procedure reveals the plasmon dephasing time as well as the temperatures of the hot carriers and the metal lattice, in order to correlate these parameters with the quantitative Raman analysis of chemical species adsorbed on the metal surface.
Intimate Partner Violence Standardized Patient Simulation for Nurse Practitioner Students.

OBJECTIVEIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health threat in the United States, affecting millions of individuals and families. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing reco...
Salmonella Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns on Midwest and Northeast Dairy Farms

Potential impact of antimicrobial use in livestock on the development of antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic pathogens is an ongoing and controversial public health issue. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates collected from dairy farms.
Pedagogical Reform in an Introductory Chemistry Course and the Importance of Curricular Alignment

Despite the substantial progress made to develop evidence-based pedagogical practices that support student learning, many courses are dominated by “traditional” practices such as a passive lecture. Thus, a continued focus on reforming courses is necessary. Here we describe the deliberate practice-driven reform of a large lecture-format introductory chemistry course. We characterize the learning environment through course observations and exam item analysis. We characterize student outcomes through performance on shared exam items, overall course grades, and a pre/post-survey that includes cognitive and affective measures. Through cross-sectional comparisons to concurrent, unreformed course sections, we find that students in the reformed section scored higher on common exam items, earned higher overall course grades, and held more positive attitudes toward chemistry after having taken the course. However, no improvement is seen in conceptual learning as measured through the Chemistry Concept Inventory (CCI). We argue that this is due to a misalignment between the course curriculum, which emphasizes factual recall and algorithmic problem solving, and the CCI. This highlights the need for reform efforts to address both pedagogy and curriculum.
L-Band InSAR Depth Retrieval During the NASA SnowEx 2020 Campaign: Grand Mesa, Colorado

As part of the NASA SnowEx 2020 campaign, we performed a time series experiment with NASA's UAVSAR, an airborne L-band InSAR, over 13 sites across 5 states. Six flights were performed (December-March), capturing a wide range of snow conditions. On Grand Mesa, Colorado, two of the InSAR overflights were well aligned with two airborne lidar surveys. We show that in a 4 km2 wind exposed area on the west end of Grand Mesa, the measured change in phase can be used to estimate change in snow depth. In this region we observed both scouring and drifting, with a dynamic range of ± 20 cm. We use the measured surface density, change in phase, and local incidence angle to estimate change in snow depth over approximately a 2 week period, with a RMSD of 4.7cm depth, and 0.9cm SWE. This technique shows promise in open regions in dry snow conditions, and may be a useful component of a global snow satellite concept.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Student Engagement in a General Chemistry Course

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many colleges and universities transitioned their face-to-face courses to emergency remote online courses during the spring of 2020. This study, conducted at a...
TH-CD-BRB-04: ASTRO/AAPM Guidance On Quality and Safety in SRS and SBRT

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have now been applied clinically for several decades. The accumulation of published technical and clinical studies currently available has offered insights into both the efficacy and special concerns associated with the delivery of the stereotactic approach to different disease sites. The last few years have witnessed significant advances in both delivery technology and planning approaches. Digital linacs equipped with high dose rate flattening-filter free (FFF) beams are particularly well suited to stereotactic applications. Modern image guidance provides a framework for managing uncertainties and optimizing margins. Knowledge-based approaches can automate many aspects of the treatment planning process. This session will provide an overview of these important technical considerations in SRS/SBRT, and discuss approaches to safe clinical implementation. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand commissioning and application of FFF beams in SRS and SBRT applications 2. Understand how image guidance plays a role in the design of treatment margins and the management of uncertainties 3. Understand the methodology and application of knowledge-based planning to SRS and SBRT Kevin Moore: research funding, honoraria and travel support from Varian Medical Systems Kristy Brock: licensing agreement with RaySearch Laboratories for deformable registration technology Richard Popple: research funding and honoraria from Varian Medical Systems Timothy Solberg: honoraria from BrainLAB, ownership of Global Radiosurgery Services
Organization of Serial Pattern Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the organization of serial pattern learning. It discusses several theoretical formulations and reports a series of experiments on serial integration of spatially arranged events. According to the association theory, if serial learning is handled by successive associations of one element with the next, then the subject must encounter difficulties in learning any sequence in which the same element is followed by two different elements. A subject cannot use associations to solve a branching sequence unless he has already integrated a series of previous events together into a cue or stimulus. A second theory of serial learning is that the whole sequence can be held in memory as an image, with some sort of “pointer” indicating the current location of the performer. This approach resolves many of the difficulties found in the association theory. Repetition of an element within a sequence may not produce great difficulties, provided that the element is swallowed up by organizational or “Gestalt” qualities of the sequence as perceived. Recent mathematical theories of learning have emphasized short-term memory, including the possible role of rehearsal in fixating serial learning.
Leveraging Time: Regulating Labor Standards in the Age of Lean Retailing

Regulating labor standards in the apparel industry has been a problem for more than a century. However, changes over the last decade in the relationships between retailers and apparel manufacturers have altered the product market forces governing the apparel industry. This paper explores how new regulatory approaches are attempting to take advantage of these changes in market forces to create greater pressure on multiple parties in the supply "channel" to monitor and enforce domestic labor standards. The paper explores new data on the performance of traditional and new regulatory approaches given these changes. It then speculates on the implications of these findings to regulating labor standards internationally as well as the application of market pressure as a regulatory tool for other venues.
Conversations: The commitment to breastfeed among low‐income women in East Tennessee

35 INTRODUCTION 36 METHODS 37 PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT 38 SCREENING AND ELIGIBILITY. 38 SCRIPT DEVELOPMENT. 39 DATA COLLECTION. 39 DATA ANALYSIS. 39 RESULTS 40 EMERGENCE OF THEMES 41 DISCUSSION 48 LIMITATIONS 52 CONCLUSION 53 IMPLICATIONS 53 REFERENCES: PART 2 55 PART 3: EXPANDED METHODOLOGY 58 STUDY DESIGN AND REVIEW 59 PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT 61 SCREENING AND PARTICIPATION 63 DATA COLLECTION 64 DATA CODING & ANALYSIS 65 DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL 67 INITIAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 67 REFERENCES: PART 3 69 APPENDIX 70
Niebla y los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío CID: Ganivet coo catalizador de la primera modernidad española

RESUMEN: los trabajos del infatigable creador Pio Cid aporta a Niebla no solo incidentes, imagenes, caracterizacion y su teoria del humor sino tambien estructuras fundamentales y otros ingredientes para la autocreacion de su protagonista y la posible tachadura de su autor.
Minor H Antigens Introduced on H-2 Different Stimulating Cells Cross-React at the Cytotoxic T Cell Level during in Vivo Priming

The cellular basis of the cross-priming observed with minor histocompatibility antigens on H-2 different cells was investigated. Cytotoxic T cells induced against minor alloantigens show absolute H-2 restriction at the effector level ([51Cr]-release). That is, F1 (BALB/c X BALB.B) (H-2d/b) cytotoxic cells induced by immunization with B10(H-2b) cells are not able to lyse B10.D2(H-2d) targets. But an injection of B10 cells does prime F1 mice for a secondary cytotoxic response to B10.D2. The technique of inducing cytotoxic effector function polyclonally with Con A in the absence of alloantigen was used here to establish that such cross-priming reflects what happens at the cytotoxic cell level. It is shown that an F1 animal previously injected with B10 cells has expanded pools of memory cytotoxic cells reactive with B10 and B10.D2. From this it is concluded that: a) minor H structures on B10.D2 and B10 do cross-react at the cytotoxic T cell level during in vivo priming, and b) because normal cells cross-prime whereas tumor cells do not, then the F1 cytotoxic precursors are probably committed to respond to antigen on cells bearing either the maternal or paternal H-2 haplotype before they encounter antigen. Cross-priming may be explained by foreign minor H antigens being presented to F1 host T cells on the surface of host macrophages. Therefore priming is not restricted to the H-2 type of the injected cells but to both H-2 types of the F1 host.
The EUVE Guest Investigator Science Program

In order to promote research using data from NASA’s Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite, the Center for EUV Astrophysics has implemented a Guest Investigator (GI) Science Program. The purpose of the GI Program is to provide researchers with information, services, and training in the use of public EUVE data sets; in effect, it offers to the research community the technical experience and intricate knowledge of the EUVE data sets resident at CEA. All interested researchers are encouraged to participate as GIs.
Remarks on the Use of Benford's Law

Benford's law is a method of digital analysis that is used to probe sets of data. It is based on the frequency of occurrence of the digits '1' through '9' of the first significant digit of data values. A chi-square or similar frequency test is usually used. An alternative to the usual statistical methodology of digitally analyzing data for conformance with Benford's law is presented. This method is based on the more basic phenomenon underlying the frequency of the first digit, and thus is more robust and powerful. This method has a firm basis in statistical theory; critical values can be precisely determined. Other concomitant issues concerning Benford's law are also examined.
When Older Adult Substance Abuse Affects Others: What Helps and What Doesn't?

The abuse of alcohol and other drugs in the older adult population, which includes the aging “baby boomers,” is escalating. It is anticipated that the need for substance abuse treatment will grow t...
The cosmic-ray isotopes

Aspects and implications of isotopic abundance measurements are discussed, taking into account the elemental abundance distribution of the cosmic radiation and the solar system abundances normalized to C. An interesting outcome of observations on cosmic ray isotopes is the determination of the span of time that elapses between nucleosynthesis and acceleration of the particles. This has an immediate bearing on the question whether explosive nucleosynthesis and particle acceleration occur simultaneously, or whether these two phases in the production of cosmic rays are separate. The absence of Co-57, Ti-44, and Ni-59 with K-capture decay rates of approximately 1 yr, 50 yr, and 100,000 yr respectively in the cosmic ray flux would indicate that the time between nucleosynthesis and acceleration would be greater than 1, 50, or 100,000 yr, respectively.
Pain referred to teeth as the sole discomfort in undiagnosed mediastinal lymphoma: report of case

The role of routine medical examination in dental diagnosis is described in a report of case involving a young, seemingly healthy patient whose only symptom, pain in the mandibular left molars, proved a manifestation of a malignant mediastinal lymphoma.
Total synthesis of the potential anticancer vaccine KH-1 adenocarcinoma antigen

Human tumours are often marked by the expression of unusual carbohydrate structural motifs. These carbohydrate domains are manifested as cell-surface bound glycolipids or glycoproteins. This raises the possibility of using cell-free equivalents of these domain compounds, obtained by total synthesis with a view towards triggering some level of immune response. In fact, the serum of mice immunized with fully synthetic compounds that mimic cell-surface tumour antigens has already been shown to recognize pertinent human cancer cell lines. Further advances in this field depend critically on the availability of these tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens which cannot be readily isolated from natural sources in sufficient quantities. Here we present the successful total synthesis of an adenocarcinoma antigen, KH-1, and of a bioconjugatable analogue which can bind to a carrier protein. These results illustrate the capabilities of oligosaccharide synthesis for reconstructing the challenging structural motifs characteristic of carbohydrate antigens, and thereby open up new possibilities for the development of anticancer vaccines.
A model of structural breaks in economic growth

Abstract This paper studies a growth model with a structural break that results from threshold externality. The social planner's problem is first studied, and then the competitive equilibrium is examined. The inefficiency of the competitive equilibrium calls for developmental policies. The implications of two alternative tax-subsidy schemes are investigated.