cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intramedullary Nailing with Supplemental Plate and Screw Fixation of Long Bones of Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Operative Technique and Early Results

Purpose The diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) includes a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by brittle bones, fractures and skeletal deformity. Although intramedullary fixation is the standard form of surgical fixation of the long bones of children with OI, it remains fraught with complications. Implant breakage, implant cut out, long bone fracture, non-union and rod bending have all been described as complications of intramedullary long bone fixation in children with OI. Supplemental fixation techniques represent an attempt to decrease these risks of surgical implant failure of intramedullary devices. A supplemental plate and screw …
A Social Engineering Course Project for Undergraduate Students Across Multiple Disciplines

Social engineering is defined as any act that influences individuals to take an action that may or may not be in their best interests. In fact, social engineering is a key tactic used in the reconnaissance stage of cyberattacks, a stage that takes up roughly 50-75% of the overall attack. Yet, social engineering education in the undergraduate curriculum is limited. This paper shares a social engineering project developed for an undergraduate course that caters to students across multiple disciplines. It details the project design and implementation across two semesters, and also shares student and educator experiences and lessons learned.
Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem

One of the main goals of research in the foundations of mathematics in the 1920’s was to find a consistency proof for number theory. Not that the consistency of number theory was considered to be very dubious, but the consistency of set theory was considered a partially open question and finding a convincing consistency proof for number theory seemed a natural first step in that direction. The possibility of such a proof does not seem too unlikely since we can formalize the statement of consistency in a rather simple form: (x) — Bew(x, ‘0 = 1’). It is true that one would have to use some number theoretic principles or their equivalents to prove a statement of this form, but there was reason to hope that the proof could be carried out in a relatively ‘small’ subsystem, for example, using induction only for quantifier free formulas. Godel showed, however, in 1931 that no such proof was possible.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Malignancies: Diagnosis, Natural History, and Management

An increased incidence of neoplasia is seen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), principally Kaposi’s sarcoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Other malignancies, such as Hod-kin’s disease, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma are seen in patients with AIDS; however, the relationship to human immunodeficiency virus infection is less clear. Therapeutic options for treatment of malignancy in patients with AIDS is often limited by preexisting immune compromise and the predisposition to opportunistic infection.
Impacts of Precipitation–Evaporation–Salinity coupling on upper ocean stratification and momentum over the tropical pacific prior to onset of the 2018 El Niño

Abstract Precipitation affects upper ocean salinity and temperature over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Although the effects of freshwater on the diurnal mixing and formation of barrier layer have been shown in previous studies, the impacts of freshwater from the large-scale precipitation associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the ocean from the western to central-eastern Pacific are not well understood. This study investigates the coupling of precipitation, evaporation, and salinity (P–E–S) and its impact on the upper ocean stratification and momentum on time scales from days to weeks (intraseasonal) and beyond. The Unified Wave INterface – Coupled Model (UWIN-CM) is used to simulate multiscale air–sea interactions during January–July 2018, including multiple MJO events leading up to the onset of the 2018–2019 El Nino. The atmospheric component of the UWIN-CM is constrained by reanalysis and reinitialized daily, while the ocean component evolves continuously and is fully coupled with the atmosphere. The initial and lateral boundary conditions for the atmosphere and ocean are from the ECMWF ERA5 and HYCOM global analysis, respectively. The UWIN-CM simulation captures the surface winds, rainfall, and the evolution of the upper ocean compared with in situ and satellite observations. To determine the effect of P–E–S coupling, the UWIN-CM simulation with full P–E–S coupling is compared with a model experiment in which the P–E input to the ocean is set to zero (NoPE). The difference between the two increases with time and becomes particularly large during the 3rd MJO event in April 2018. Two key results emerge. First, heavy precipitation and strong winds from the MJO events result in a locally fresher, warmer western Pacific warm pool with a shallower mixed layer and thicker barrier layer. Second, the fresh, warm water mass extends into the central-eastern Pacific from mid-April to late May with up to 0.5 m s−1 eastward currents. A well-defined salinity/density front, propagating eastward at about 0.3 m s−1, is located at the leading edge of the warm pool. The P–E–S coupling plays an important role in the eastward extension of the warm pool prior to the onset of El Nino in July 2018.
Effects of a Discrete Time Delay on an HIV Pandemic

We investigate the effects of a discrete time delay on the disease progression of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic. We consider a model of the cell-free viral spread of HIV in a well-mixed compartment such as the bloodstream. A discrete time delay is introduced to take into account the time between the infection of a CD4+ T cell and the emission of viral particles at the cellular level. We first investigate the effects of the delay on the virulence of the HIV strains. We derive an analytical expression of the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS), and characterize how changes in the delay could alter that evolutionary optimum. Our analysis will show that the ESS of the HIV strains does not depend on the delay; however, the virulence of the HIV strains may increase as a consequence of increasing the delay time. We then present an analytic stability analysis of the endemically infected equilibrium.
Dynamic variability of biogeochemical ratios in the Southern California Current System

We use autonomous nitrate (NO3−), oxygen (O2), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) observations to examine the relationship between ratios of C:N:O at an upwelling site in the Southern California Current System. Mean ratios and 95% confidence intervals observed by sensors over 8 months were NO3−:O2 = −0.11 ± 0.002, NO3−:DIC = 0.14 ± 0.001, and DIC:O2 = −0.83 ± 0.01, in good agreement with Redfield ratios. Variability in the ratios on the weekly time scale is attributable to shifts in biological demand and nutrient availability and shown to exhibit a spectrum of values ranging from near 100% New Production to 100% Regenerated Production.
Victimization and depression among youth with disabilities in the US child welfare system

Aim This study aimed to examine the prevalence of victimization among a United States-wide cohort of youth with disabilities (YWD) investigated for maltreatment in the child welfare system (CWS) and their correlation with mental health. Methods Data were drawn from baseline interviews in the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a national representative survey of youth involved in the CWS. Interviews took place between 2008 and 2009 and included 675 youth, 11–17 years old and residing with biological families across 83 counties nationwide. The sample consisted of 405 females (60.1%) and 270 males (39.9%), mean age = 13.5 years. We identified YWD if they reported one or more physical or neurodevelopmental health condition (n = 247). Reported victimization experiences and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) scores were analysed using weighted regression analyses. Results One-quarter of YWD in the CWS reported three or more victimizations during the prior year compared with 19% of youth without disabilities. The odds of YWD reporting a one-unit increase in level of victimization was 75% higher (P < 0.05) than youth without disabilities. Prevalence of clinical depression was significantly higher among YWD (14 vs. 5.5%; P < 0.05). Unlike youth without disabilities, the odds of clinical depression were 92% higher for every one-unit increase in victimization among YWD, controlling for covariates (P < 0.05). Of CWS-involved youth who reported three or more victimizations, 24.4% of YWD and 2.2% of non-disabled youth had CDI scores in the clinical range. Conclusion YWDs in the US CWS are at high risk of experiencing victimization and clinical depression. Our findings suggest that health professionals need to screen CWS-involved YWD for multiple forms of victimization, and develop and implement trauma-informed services that target the mental health sequelae that may jeopardize their independence in adulthood.
MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS-INFECTED HUMAN MACROPHAGES EXHIBIT ENHANCED CELLULAR ADHESION WITH INCREASED EXPRESSION OF LFA-1 AND ICAM-1 AND REDUCED EXPRESSION AND/OR FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT RECEPTORS, FCGAMMARII AND THE MANNOSE RECEPTOR

The entry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) into the host macrophage and its survival in this environment are key components of tuberculosis pathogenesis. Following intracellular replication of the bacterium within alveolar macrophages, there is spread of bacilli to regional lymph nodes in the lungs and subsequent presentation of antigens to the host immune system. How this process occurs remains poorly understood, but one mechanism may involve the migration of macrophages containing Mtb across the alveoli to lymph nodes, where there is development of a protective host response with formation of granulomas composed in part of aggregated and fused, apoptotic, infected macrophages. Leukocyte integrins, including lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and complement receptors CR3 and CR4, and their counter receptors play a major role in macrophage adhesion processes and phagocytosis. In this study, the appearance of Mtb-infected macrophages over time was examined, using inverted-phase microscopy and an in vitro culture model of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Prior to and immediately following infection of the MDMs with Mtb, the macrophages appeared as individual cells in monolayer culture; however, within 24 h of infection with Mtb, the MDMs began to migrate and adhere to each other. The kinetics of this response were dependent on both the m.o.i. and the length of infection. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that macrophage adhesion was accompanied by increases in levels of LFA-1 and its counter receptor (ICAM-1), decreases in surface levels of the phagocytic receptors CR3, CR4 and FcgammaRII, and an increase in major histocompatibility complex Class II (MHC-II) molecules at 72 h post-infection. Decreases in surface levels of CR3 and CR4 had a functional correlate, with macrophages containing live bacilli showing a diminished phagocytic capacity for complement-opsonized sheep erythrocytes; macrophages containing heat-killed bacilli did not show this diminished capacity. The modulation of macrophage adhesion and phagocytic proteins may influence the trafficking of Mtb-infected macrophages within the host, with increases in levels of LFA-1 and ICAM-1 enhancing the adhesive properties of the macrophage and decreases in phagocytic receptors diminishing the phagocytic capacity of an already-infected cell, potentially allowing for maintenance of the intracellular niche of Mtb.
Teaching Phonological Awareness to Young Children with Learning Disabilities

This study examined the feasibility of teaching phonological manipulation skills to preschool children with disabilities. Forty-seven children, 4-6 years old, enrolled in a special education preschool, were randomly assigned to receive training in one of three categories of phonological tasks (rhyming, blending, and segmenting) or a control group. Results indicated that children were able to make significant progress in each experimental category, but that they demonstrated little or no generalization either within a category (e.g., from one type of blending task to another type of blending task) or between categories (e.g., from blending to segmenting). Although the children's level of cognitive development significantly predicted some learning outcomes, it did not appear to limit the learning of phonological tasks.
Factors underlying differences in alcohol preference among inbred strains of mice.

The use of inbred strains of animals in research has introduced to physiological work a high degree of precision and replicability. The similarity of two animals from the same inbred line closely approaches that of identical twins, and thousands of replications with this degree of similarity can be utilized in a single study or research series. One study of alcohol consumption of inbred strains of mice illustrates the degree of precision possible. In this study, the amount of alcohol voluntarily ingested in a free choice situation was related to strain differences, sex differences, age differences, and the corresponding interacting effects (Rodgers and McClearn, 1962). Although the experimental procedures were complex, the strain (genotype) variable accounted for over 97% of total variance, with error of measurement, sex differences, age differences (litter effects), and combined other effects accounting for less than 3% of total variance.
How aluminum bonds to a copper 100 surface

Abstract The nature of Al-Cu interactions was probed theoretically by performing molecular orbital calculations at the ab initio level as well as tight binding calculations of the extended Huckel type. Results derived from both techniques clearly indicate that Al binds preferentially at two-fold and four-fold sites. The following trend for binding energy may be inferred from the calculations four-fold site > two-fold site > top site. Bonding at all sites is highly covalent, indicating that an interface between Al and Cu is held together by the same type of metal-metal bonds that bind pure metal crystals.
Regional volumetric coronary blood flow measurement by digital angiography: in vivo validation.

Abstract Rationale and objectives There are well-known limitations to the use of visual estimation to assess the severity of coronary artery disease and luminal stenosis. This is especially true in the case of an intermediate coronary lesion (30%–70% diameter stenosis), where coronary arteriography is very limited in distinguishing ischemia-producing intermediate coronary lesions from non-ischemia-producing ones. For this reason, a functional measure of stenosis severity is desirable. The goal of this study is to validate a video densitometry technique for quantitative assessment of regional volumetric coronary blood flow. Materials and methods Coronary arteriography was performed in eight swine (body weight, 25–50 kg) after power injection of contrast material into the left main coronary artery. Phase-matched subtracted images were used to quantify regional coronary blood flow using a video densitometry technique. The in vivo regional flow measurements were validated using a transit time ultrasound flow probe. Results In 44 measurements, the ultrasound (Q US ) and video densitometry (Q VD ) regional flow measurements were related by Q VD = 0.98 Q US + 0.11 mL/min ( r = 0.98). The results of mean regional coronary blood flow measurements for repeated coronary arteriograms of the first (Q VD1 ) and second (Q VD2 ) measured flows were related by Q VD1 = 1.04 Q VD2 + 0.05 mL/min ( r = 0.97). Conclusions A video densitometry technique for quantification of regional coronary blood flow was validated using a swine animal model. The results demonstrated the feasibility and potential utility of the video densitometry technique for accurate measurement of regional coronary blood flow, in vivo. This study provides an angiographic method that can potentially be used to evaluate intermediate coronary lesions during routine coronary arteriography.
Integrated triplexer on hybrid silicon platform

We demonstrated the first laser and photodetector integrated triplexer on silicon with a compact size of 1mm⋆3.5mm. The 3dB bandwidth for the 1310nm laser and 1490/1550nm photodetector were measured to be 2GHz and 6GHz respectively.
The Green's function of the Navier-Stokes equations for gas dynamics in R3

In this paper we derive pointwise estimates for the Green’s function of the Navier-Stokes equations for the compressible fluid. Our analysis shows that the short time behavior of the Green’s function is dominated by the high frequency waves but the large time behavior is dictated by low frequency waves. Furthermore, the low frequency waves consist of entropy and acoustic waves that demonstrate a weaker form of Huygens’ Principle.
The detection of estrogen receptors in gynecologic tumors using immunoperoxidase and the dextran‐coated charcoal assay

The dextran-coated charcoal receptor assay for demonstrating functional estrogen and progesterone receptors was used to evaluate the receptor content of gynecological tumors. An immunocytochemical method, the immunoperoxidase antiperoxidase method, that may detect estrogen receptors, was also employed on the same specimens utilizing sections from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks. The results by the two methods were compared and were correlated with the state of differentiation of the tumors. According to the dextran-coated charcoal method, two cases of well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma were strongly positive for both estradiol and progesterone receptors, and three moderately differentiated cases contained lesser amounts of both types of receptors. Six cases of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma ranged from no detectable receptors to very high values, while of five cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, only two were positive for estradiol receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method. Staining of tissue sections from these same cases using the immunoperoxidase method, demonstrated a positive correlation to the dextran-coated charcoal assay for estrogen receptors. The Dextran-coated charcoal method is presently being used clinically as a screening measure for statistical probability of a patient's response to hormone therapy. The degree of positive correlation shown here suggests that use of the immunoperoxidase method may have further potential for diagnostic and clinical use, and merits further investigation.
Mental representation and cognitive consequences of Chinese individual classifiers

Classifier languages are spoken by a large portion of the world's population, but psychologists have only recently begun to investigate the psychological reality of classifier categories and their potential for influencing non-linguistic thought. The current work evaluates both the mental representation of classifiers and potential cognitive consequences for speakers of Mandarin Chinese. We first provide a taxonomy of 126 common classifiers and a large sample of the objects classified by each as a tool for this and future research. We then present four studies investigating potential variation in the mental representation of the classifier categories. The data provide evidence that at least three forms of mental representation need to be distinguished. Finally, we present a fifth study investigating the impact of this variation on the cognitive consequences of classifier knowledge. This study suggests that the differences identified in Experiments 1–4 have important implications for the likelihood of find...
Modeling the Hurricane Evacuation Response Curve

The objective of this study is to develop a hurricane evacuation response curve that is sensitive to the characteristics of the hurricane, the time of day, and the type and timing of evacuation notice issued. Two data sets from past hurricanes, Floyd in South Carolina and Andrew in south-eastern Louisiana, were used for model development and testing. A model developed on the Hurricane Floyd data set produced plausible results when it was tested with a series of storm scenarios and different evacuation notice policies. The same model predicted evacuation response behavior for Hurricane Andrew that was similar to observed behavior.
Thermodynamically Consistent Interpolation for Equation of State Tables

We present a method for constructing a thermodynamically consistent bi-quintic interpolation scheme that permits the construction of accurate equation of state (EOS) tables. Thermodynamic consistency requires that the first law of thermodynamics be satisfied exactly, i.e., that the pressure and entropy must satisfy the appropriate Maxwell relations. Furthermore, the pressure and internal energy must satisfy their definitions in terms of the derivatives of the Helmholtz free energy. We delineate in this paper a method of high-order interpolation in tables of the Helmholtz free energy, and its derivatives with respect to density and temperature, that ensures that both of these consistency conditions are exactly satisfied. This technique is capable of building highly accurate and consistent EOS tables as a function of temperature and density for use in numerical simulations of reactive flows where the maintenance of thermodynamic consistency is critical. In addition, this method of interpolation maintains continuity of the derivatives of pressure and internal energy with respect to density and temperature. This formalism can be extended to the case where the EOS is a function of chemical composition variables as well as density and temperature.
The effects of arginine vasotocin and catecholamines on nitrogen excretion and the cardio-respiratory physiology of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta

Simultaneous measurements of cardio-respiratory variables, oxygen uptake and whole body urea/ammonia/tritiated water effluxes were performed on cannulated gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, before and after intra-arterial injection of the vasoactive agents, adrenaline, isoproterenol and arginine vasotocin. These experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the phenomenon of pulsatile urea excretion might reflect sudden changes in the general diffusive properties of the gill for solute transfer. Injection of isoproterenol (final nominal circulating level = 10−6 mol l−1), was used as a tool to maximise the diffusive and perfusive conditions for branchial solute transfer. This protocol caused a pronounced reduction in arterial blood pressure, an elevation of cardiac frequency and associated increases in whole body urea and tritiated water effluxes; ammonia excretion and oxygen uptake were unaffected. Injection of adrenaline (final nominal circulating level=10−6 mol l−1), caused a significant increase in arterial blood pressure and a tachycardia, yet nitrogen excretion and oxygen uptake were unaffected. Injection of arginine vasotocin, caused a dose-dependent (final nominal circulating levels = 10−11–10−9 mol l−1) increase in arterial blood pressure without affecting cardiac or ventilation frequency. At the two higher concentrations, arginine vasotocin caused large and transient increases in urea excretion without significantly affecting ammonia, water or oxygen fluxes. These results suggest that increased gill diffusive or perfusive conductance, while capable of augmenting urea efflux, cannot fully explain the sudden and massive increases in urea transfer associated with pulsatile urea excretion in toadfish. It is suggested that pulsatile urea excretion in this species may reflect a specific enhancement of urea excretion under the control of the neurohypophyseal hormone, arginine vasotocin.
Stochastic reduced order models for random vectors: Application to random eigenvalue problems

An improved optimization algorithm is presented to construct accurate reduced order models for random vectors. The stochastic reduced order models (SROMs) are simple random elements that have a finite number of outcomes of unequal probabilities. The defining SROM parameters, samples and corresponding probabilities, are chosen through an optimization problem where the objective function quantifies the discrepancy between the statistics of the SROM and the random vector being modeled. The optimization algorithm proposed shows a substantial improvement in model accuracy and significantly reduces the computational time needed to form SROMs, as verified through numerical comparisons with the existing approach. SROMs formed using the new approach are applied to efficiently solve random eigenvalue problems, which arise in the modal analysis of structural systems with uncertain properties. Analytical bounds are established on the discrepancy between exact and SROM-based solutions for these problems. The ability of SROMs to approximate the natural frequencies and modes of uncertain systems as well as to estimate their dynamics in time is illustrated through comparison with Monte Carlo simulation in numerical examples.
Spectrum and energy efficiency in two-way multi-relay networks with selective relaying

In this paper, we study two-way multi-relay networks (TWMRNs) in which two nodes exchange information indirectly via an optimal relay node in Rayleigh fading channels. An amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme has been employed and the network mechanism is investigated in depth using a Markov chain model. Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) retransmission has been applied to guarantee successful packet delivery. The bit energy consumption and goodput are analyzed as functions of the signal-to-noise ratio and transmission rate. Through numerical results, it is demonstrated that selective relaying in TWMRNs can potentially increase the network reliability and achieve higher spectrum and energy efficiency than two-way networks with a single relay.
The evolutionary consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis: a body size perspective

The high concentration of molecular oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is arguably the most conspicuous and geologically important signature of life. Earth's early atmosphere lacked oxygen; accumulation began after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria around 3.0-2.5 billion years ago (Gya). Concentrations of oxygen have since varied, first reaching near-modern values *600 million years ago (Mya). These fluctuations have been hypothesized to constrain many biological patterns, among them the evolution of body size. Here, we review the state of knowledge relating oxygen availability to body size. Laboratory studies increasingly illuminate the mechanisms by which organisms can adapt physiologically to the variation in oxygen availability, but the extent to which these findings can be extrapolated to evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood. Experiments con- firm that animal size is limited by experimental hypoxia, but show that plant vegetative growth is enhanced due to
Interactions encountered with addition of lime, P, K, and mg in field experiments with alfalfa in the southeastern USA

Abstract Responses to inputs and interactions were evaluated for test plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cv. Apollo) in two field experiments conducted in Georgia and reported in the literature. In one test, lime, K at two levels, and P at two levels were interacted in various ways to give a total of 18 treatments. When applied individually, the greatest response was to K with little response to P and intermediate response to lime. When lime and K or lime and P were combined, the interaction appeared to be slightly antagonistic. When P and K at low rates were combined, the interactions were sequentially additive with little response to P. As rates of P and K were increased, slight antagonism may be involved in the interactions. Only when the high rates of P and K were applied with the lime was it possible to correctly identify or diagnose the nature of the interactions and types of limitations involved. The K was a Liebig‐type limiting factor, lime was a modest‐type limiting factor, and the P tended,...
Functionalized electrospun nanofibers as bioseparators in microfluidic systems

Functionalized electrospun nanofibers were integrated into microfluidic channels to serve as on-chip bioseparators. Specifically, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber mats were shown to successfully serve as bioseparators for negatively charged nanoparticles. Nanofibers were electrospun onto gold microelectrodes, which were incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic devices using UV-assisted thermal bonding. PVA nanofibers functionalized with poly(hexadimethrine bromide) (polybrene) were positively charged and successfully filtered negatively charged liposomes out of a buffer solution, while negatively charged nanofibers functionalized with Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (POLY(MVE/MA)) were shown to repel the liposomes. The effect of fiber mat thickness was studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy, determining a quite broad optimal range of thicknesses for specific liposome retention, which simplifies fiber mat production with respect to retention reliability. Finally, it was demonstrated that liposomes bound to positively charged nanofibers could be selectively released using a 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-sucrose-saline (HSS) solution of pH 9, which dramatically changes the nanofiber zeta potential and renders the positively charged nanofibers negatively charged. This is the first demonstration of functional electrospun nanofibers used to enable sample preparation procedures of isolation and concentration in lab-on-a-chip devices. This has far reaching impact on the ability to integrate functional surfaces and materials into microfluidic devices and to significantly expand their ability toward simple lab-on-a-chip devices.
New algorithm for intraocular lens power calculations after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis based on rotating Scheimpflug camera data.

Purpose To develop an algorithm to calculate intraocular lens (IOL) power for eyes with previous laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia based on data from a rotating Scheimpflug camera and to compare calculations with those of current formulas. Setting East Valley Ophthalmology, Mesa, Arizona, USA. Design Observational case series. Methods Relevant IOL calculation and postoperative refractive data were obtained for eyes of patients who had previous myopic LASIK and subsequent cataract surgery. Initial screening and correlation analysis identified Pentacam Scheimpflug keratometry (K) values appropriate for use in calculating a “best K” for IOL power calculations in these eyes. Error analysis identified other eye measures to improve results. Final results were compared with results from 9 other calculation methods available on the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) web site. Results The study obtained data from 101 eyes of 77 patients. More than 200 Scheimpflug K–formula combinations were evaluated for each eye. The true net power in the 4.0 mm zone centered on the corneal apex provided the best adjusted K reading for IOL power calculation in the Shammas no-history formula. The final formula had good outcomes, with 34%, 66%, and 91% of eyes being within ±0.25 diopter (D), ±0.50 D, and ±1.00 D of the refractive target, respectively. These results compare favorably to the best formulas on the ASCRS web site. Conclusions The no-history formula derived using the Scheimpflug device's true net power in the 4.0 mm zone centered on the corneal apex appears to be an accurate method for determining IOL power after LASIK for myopia. Corroboration with additional data sets is suggested. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Lithography-free synthesis of freestanding gold nanoparticle arrays encapsulated within dielectric nanowires

A lithography-free method for producing freestanding one-dimensional gold nanoparticle arrays encapsulated within silicon dioxide nanowires is reported. Silicon nanowires grown by the vapor-liquid-solid technique with diameters ranging from 20 nm to 50 nm were used as the synthesis template. The gold nanoparticle arrays were obtained by coating the surface of the silicon nanowires with a 10 nm gold film, followed by thermal oxidation in an oxygen ambient. It was found that the thermal oxidation rate of the silicon nanowires was significantly enhanced by the presence of the gold thin film, which fully converted the silicon into silicon dioxide. The gold-enhanced oxidation process forced the gold into the core of the wire, forming a solid gold nanowire core surrounded by a silicon dioxide shell. Subsequent thermal treatment resulted in the fragmentation of the gold nanowire into a uniformly spaced array of gold nanoparticles encapsulated by a silicon dioxide shell, which was observed by in situ annealing in transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of many different silicon nanowire diameters shows that the diameter and spacing of the gold nanopaticles follows the Rayleigh instability, which confirms this is the mechanism responsible for formation of the nanoparticle array.
Tissue culture method for bovine mammary tissue: lactose synthesis.

Abstract An in vitro method for investigating lactose synthesis in bovine mammary tissue is described. Tissue bits were incubated in an oxygen-enriched Medium 199 supplemented with bovine serum, antibiotics, hydroxycortisone acetate, prolactin, insulin, and U- 14 C-glucose or U- 14 C-galactose for 2, 12, 24, and 36h. The tissue and medium were extracted separately with chloroform:methanol and radioactive components were identified. The mean percent recovery of radioactivity was 87 and 75% in the glucose and galactose experiments. After 36h, 37 and 18% of the total radioactivity recovered was in lactose synthesized from glucose and galactose. This method incorporates the advantages of the cell culture and tissue slice methods.
Irreducible representations of the rotation group in terms of Euler's theorem

In all of the previous discussions of the irreducible representations of the rotation group, the matrix elements corresponding to finite rotations are given in terms of the Euler angles of the rotation. In the present paper we describe rotations by means of a vector θ where the direction of θ is the direction of the axis of rotation and |θ| is the angle of rotation. The matrix elements corresponding to the finite rotation given by θ, are matrix elements of exp [i(θ·J)] where the matrixesJi(i=1, 2, 3) are the infinitesimal generators of the representation of the rotation group. Our representation thus takes the form given by Stone's theorem for one-dimensional groups. We express the matrix elements corresponding to the finite rotations in closed form in terms of Jacobi polynomials. Aside from the mathematical elegance of the result, our representation is useful in showing how wave functions transform in a rotated frame of reference when the axis of rotation is prescribed. Although in principle one could obtain the transformation properties of the wave function in terms of the Euler angle parametrization, the expressions are extremely cumbersome for a general axis of rotation. In the present representation, on the other hand, the expressions are simple. As part of the proof we also give the transformation from the basis in whichJ3 is diagonal to that in which θ·J is diagonal. The matrix elements for finite rotation for the cases of spin 1/2, 1 and 3/2 have been computed in the new representation and are given in the Appendix.
Decreased inhibin B responses following recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin administration in normal women and women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective To determine whether granulosa cells contribute to excess androgen production, by assessing inhibin B (Inh B) responses to hCG in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in normal women. Design Prospective study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Twenty women with PCOS and 16 normal women. Intervention(s) Blood samples obtained before and 24 hours after injection of 25 μg recombinant hCG (r-hCG). Main Outcome Measure(s) Basal and stimulated Inh B, E 2 , androstenedione (A), and T responses after r-hCG administration. Result(s) In normal and PCOS women, r-hCG induced a significant reduction of Inh B levels. Lowered Inh B responses were not related to body mass index, PCOS status, or age by multivariate regression. Recombinant hCG significantly increased serum A and E 2 in both normal and PCOS women. Conclusion(s) In normal and PCOS women, Inh B production was decreased following r-hCG administration. These findings strongly suggest that in PCOS women androgen excess is not enhanced by LH-stimulated Inh B production. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT00747617.
Convergence of direct and indirect pharmacodynamic response models

The article by Verotta and Sheiner (1) provides a cogent extension of the indirect response models (IRM) of Dayneka et al. (2) to accommodate a linear "effect compartment" as a biophase for the drug and a nonlinear transformation of an endogenous mediator (R) to produce an effect (E). An example of the considerable utility of this conceptual approach can be found in the pharmacoimmunodynamic model of Mishina and Jusko (3) which employed a biophase to account for methylprednisolone available to the spleen from liposomes, measurement of corticosteroid receptor-binding as an indirect biosensor process, and employment of the Hill function for transduction of steroid-receptor occupancy to inhibition of splenocyte immunosuppression. More complex, multistep transduction functions are needed to account for the gene-mediated induction of enzymes by corticosteroids (4). On the other hand, various clinical drug effects can be accommodated by the basic four IRM models if it is assumed that E= R (5). A scheme that may more aptly reflect the state-of-the-art in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling is depicted in Fig. 1. This diagram summarizes our progression in evolving IRM models to accommodate both the biophase and transduction elements and pictorially extends the "general model" of Verotta and Sheiner. The biosensor process can be the Hill function or other equation that produces inhibition or stimulation of k~n or kou t (e.g., ref. 2). The scheme may be helpful in reminding an investigator to consider that there may be at least four intermediary components between drug in blood and the measured response which, depending
Designation of Obesity as a Disease: Lessons Learned From Alcohol and Tobacco

Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the USA. The American Medical Association recently recognized obesity as meeting the definition of a chronic disease. This declaration had the intention of improving screening and long-term treatment and is historically similar to the designation of tobacco and alcohol dependence as a chronic disease. Nevertheless, it has ignited a nationwide debate in both academia and public opinion. The current article reviews the implications of treating obesity as a chronic disease, comparing the similarities in pathophysiology of obesity and other addictions, and discusses the pros and cons of this designation as it pertains to health care workers and patients.
Progress in idiopathic bile acid malabsorption.

See article on page 812 Bile acid malabsorption, whether caused by an inborn absence of the ileal transport system or by resection of the terminal ileum, causes diarrhoea because of the secretory effect of malabsorbed dihydroxy bile acids in the colon. There is now increasing evidence that bile acid malabsorption is also present and plays a causal role in many patients with intermittent or chronic diarrhoea who have no ileal pathology. Many of these patients have been labelled with the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome.1 In this issue, Fracchia et al (see page 812) provide new information on this syndrome by defining biliary bile acid and lipid composition in 13 well characterised patients with idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Bile acids are secreted by the liver entirely in conjugated form. The conjugated bile acid anion is impermeable to cell membranes and too large to pass the paracellular junctions of the biliary and intestinal tract. The highly efficient conservation of bile acids, which is responsible for the accumulation of a recycling bile acid pool, results from both carrier mediated and passive absorption. Carrier mediated absorption is mediated mainly by an apical transporter located in the ileal enterocyte. This transporter, which has been cloned and characterised by Dawson and colleagues,2 is now termed the “apical bile salt transporter” ( abst ) because it is also present in the renal tubular epithelial cell and in the cholangiocyte. Passive absorption of unconjugated bile acids that are formed by bacterial enzymes present in the distal small intestine and colon also contributes to the efficient conservation of bile acids. The combination of active and passive absorption of bile acids in the small intestine means that in …
Feeling Better about Moral Dilemmas.

There has been a trend in contemporary ethics to believe that a morally admirable agent would feel negative self-assessing emotions following even the best possible choice in a moral dilemma. A commonly held reason for holding this position is that agents who are well-brought up are trained to feel negative self-assessing emotions when they do something morally forbidden under ordinary circumstances, and that agents acting for the best in a dilemma will nonetheless recognize their deed as morally forbidden. I challenge this view and reach the conclusion that without the further notion that the agent morally failed, negative self-assessing emotions ought to be discouraged in favour of emotions such as grief and sadness, which are negative and self-conscious, but not self-assessing. I then offer some cognitive strategies moral educators could impart to help persons feel emotions that better reflect the nuances of moral dilemmas.
Market Grade Effects on Fatty Acid Composition of Five Peanut Cultivars

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds are sized into market grades before processing into manufactured products. Therefore, manufacturers need to consider the effect of market grade and cultivar on fatty acid composition and storage quality. Previous studies have not considered the effect of market grade on oil quality. Sized seed of five Virginia-type peanut cultivars grown in field plots at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston, NC, on a Norfolk sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudults), and at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station in Suffolk, VA, on an Eunola loamy fine sand soil (Aquic Hapludults) for 3 yr (1982–1984) were evaluated for fatty acid composition. Seed of ‘NC 7’, ‘VA 81B’, ‘NC 6’, ‘Florigiant’, and ‘GK 3’ were sized into three shelled market grades (extra large, medium, and No. 1) for analysis. Significant differences were observed among cultivars for all fatty acids, oleic/linoleic (O/L) ratio, and computed iodine value. A change in market grades from No. 1 to medium to extra large resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of stearic, oleic, and arachidic acids and a significant decrease in the percentage of palmitic, Hnoleic, eicosenoic, behenic, and lignoceric acids. Significantly lower computed iodine values and significantly higher O/L ratios were recorded for the larger size seed. Significant environment × cultivar interactions were recorded for iodine value, O/L ratio, and all fatty acids except palmitic and oleic. Environment × market grade interactions were significant for all fatty acids, O/L ratio, and iodine value. Significant cultivar × market grade interactions were obtained for palmitic, oleic, and Hnoleic acids, iodine value, and O/L ratio. These results show market grade, cultivar, and environment affect fatty acid composition, computed iodine value, and O/L ratio. Larger size seed produced fatty acid distribution, iodine values, and O/L ratios that indicated better stability and longer shelf-life of the peanut.
PAKCK: Performance and power analysis of key computational kernels on CPUs and GPUs

Recent projections suggest that applications and architectures will need to attain 75 GFLOPS/W in order to support future DoD missions. Meeting this goal requires deeper understanding of kernel and application performance as a function of power and architecture. As part of the PAKCK study, a set of DoD application areas, including signal and image processing and big data/graph computation, were surveyed to identify performance critical kernels relevant to DoD missions. From that survey, we present the characterization of dense matrix-vector product, two dimensional FFTs, and sparse matrix-dense vector multiplication on the NVIDIA Fermi and Intel Sandy Bridge architectures. We describe the methodology that was developed for characterizing power usage and performance on these architectures and present power usage and performance per Watt for all three kernels. Our results indicate that 75 GFLOPS/W is a very challenging target for these kernels, especially for the sparse kernels, whose performance was orders of magnitude lower than dense kernels.
Reduced Sleep Spindle Activity in Early-Onset and Elevated Risk for Depression.

Objective Sleep disturbances are common in major depressive disorder (MDD), although polysomnographic (PSG) abnormalities are more prevalent in adults than in children and adolescents with MDD. Sleep spindle activity (SPA) is associated with neuroplasticity mechanisms during brain maturation and is more abundant in childhood and adolescence than in adulthood, and as such, may be a more sensitive measure of sleep alteration than PSG in early-onset depression. This study investigated SPA changes related to early-onset MDD, comparing individuals already ill with MDD and individuals at high-risk for MDD with healthy nondepressed controls. Method The study included 63 participants (8 to 15 years of age): 21 currently depressed individuals, 21 individuals at high risk for MDD based on positive family history of MDD, and 21 healthy control individuals with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness. All participants maintained a regular sleep/wake schedule for 5 days, followed by 2 nights in the laboratory. SPA was analyzed in Stage 2 of non–rapid eye movement sleep. Results SPA differed significantly between groups, particularly in the late part of the night (F 2,62 = 7.3, p = .001). Although the difference was greatest between the MDD and healthy control groups, both the MDD ( p = .0004) and at high-risk groups ( p = .02) had significantly lower SPA compared with healthy controls. SPA deficit was more prominent in females than in males (F 5,62 = 5.19, p = .005). Conclusions Low SPA characterizes youths with MDD and those at high risk for MDD, particularly girls, suggesting that early-onset depression and risk for the MDD are associated with decreased neuroplasticity.
The cyclic bar construction on A∞H-spaces

Abstract We set up a general framework for enriching a category A over a symmetric monoidal category C using a non-Σ operad P in C . To do this we require A to come with a functor U : A → Δ Σ + to the category of noncommutative sets. By viewing the simplicial indexing category as a category over Δ Σ + in two different ways, we obtain two generalizations of simplicial objects. For the operad given by the Stasheff associahedra we obtain a model for the 2-sided bar construction in the first case and the cyclic bar and cobar construction in the second case. Using either the associahedra or the cyclohedra in place of the geometric simplices we can define the geometric realization of these objects.