cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Belief Perseverance, Biased Assimilation, and Covariation Detection: The Effects of Hypothetical Social Theories and New Data

Initial beliefs about the relation between a person's risk preference and ability as a firefighter were manipulated using a hypothetical explanation task. Subjects then evaluated new data that displayed either a clearly positive or a clearly negative relation between the variables, presented in scatterplots. Final beliefs were assessed in several ways. The main findings were that general beliefs were influenced by new data but not by explanation, that specific predictions about a group of 7isk-preferring and a group of conservative firefighters were influenced by explanation but not by new data, that specific predictions about 1 00firefighter trainees were influenced by new data and by explanation, and that new data were evaluated in an unbiased fashion. Discussion focuses on the power of hypothetical explanation to produce belief perseverance, boundary conditions of biased assimilation, and the different judgment processes people use to generate answers to different types of belief questions.
Noninvasive Identification of Materials inside USP Vials with Raman Spectroscopy and a Raman Spectral Library

A commercial dispersive Raman spectrometer operating at 785 nm with a CCD detector was used to acquire spectra of USP reference materials inside amber USP vials. The laser and collection beams were directed through the bottom of the vials, resulting in a 60% loss of signal. The Raman shift was calibrated with a 4-acetamidophenol standard, and spectral response was corrected with a luminescent standard. After these corrections, the Raman spectra obtained inside the USP vial and on open powders differed by less than 5%. A spectral library of 309 reference materials was constructed, with spectral acquisition times ranging from 1 to 60 s. Of these, 8% had significant fluorescent background but observable Raman features, while 3% showed only fluorescence. A blind test of 26 unknowns revealed the accuracy of the library search to be 88-96%, depending on search algorithm, and 100% if operator discretion was permitted. The tolerance of the library search to degraded signal-to-noise ratio, resolution, and Raman shift accuracy were tested, and the search was very robust. The results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy provides a rapid, noninvasive technique for compound identification.
Inhibition of Action, Thought, and Emotion: A Selective Neurobiological Review.

Abstract The neural bases of inhibitory function are reviewed, covering data from paradigms assessing inhibition of motor responses (antisaccade, go/nogo, stop-signal), cognitive sets (e.g., Wisconsin Card Sort Test), and emotion (fear extinction). The frontal cortex supports performance on these paradigms, but the specific neural circuitry varies: response inhibition depends upon fronto-basal ganglia networks, inhibition of cognitive sets is supported by orbitofrontal cortex, and retention of fear extinction reflects ventromedial prefrontal cortex–amygdala interactions. Inhibition is thus neurobiologically heterogeneous, although right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may support a general inhibitory process. Dysfunctions in these circuits may contribute to psychopathological conditions marked by inhibitory deficits.
Preventing excessive weight gain among publicly insured pregnant women

The purpose of this study is to develop an intervention to help women meet weight gain goals during pregnancy. From 2007 to 2008, pregnant women were recruited at a clinic in Chicago. Intervention participants received an educational pamphlet at their first prenatal visit. At follow up visits, provider counseling was encouraged via a weight gain trend graph and targeted feedback checklist. The primary outcome was the total weight gained over the course of prenatal care. We ana- lyzed 57 intervention group participants and 109 controls. Demographic composition was similar between the groups except for parity. Patients in the intervention group and routine care group gained similar weight (24.5 ? 13.5 lb vs. 25.3 ? 14.0 lb, P = 0.71). After controlling for base- line weight, the intervention was associated with 4.6 pounds lower follow-up weight (P = 0.029). After con- trolling for baseline BMI and other covariates, participants who received the intervention were only 34% as likely to gain weight exceeding IOM guidelines (P = 0.009). This pilot prenatal care obesity prevention project was associ- ated with lower weight gain in pregnancy. The feedback checklist, weight gain graph, and educational pamphlet on weight gain proved to be favorable components of this project and merit further examination in a larger inter- vention trial.
Observer design in matrix second order system framework; measurement conditions and perspectives

In this paper, we introduce the conditions for the existence of the second order observer gains directly in the matrix second order framework to synthesize observer gains taking various assumptions on available measurements into consideration. Several important reasons are presented to justify the need for this approach and the advantages of the second order observer are explained and contrasted with those of the typical first order observer. This concept of direct matrix second order framework design is new and attractive, especially for observer based controllers.
Role of Middle T-Small T in the Lytic Cycle of Polyomavirus: Control of the Early-to-Late Transcriptional Switch and Viral DNA Replication

A comparative analysis of the lytic cycle of wild-type polyomavirus and middle T and small T defective mutants was carried out in the A2 genetic background. The results contrast with those obtained in comparisons between the hr-t type and their middle-T small-T-producing partners as previously described (20). The A2-derived mutants were found to share the maturation defect previously described for the hr-t mutants. However, their defect in DNA replication was more acute, resulting in a 5- to 100-fold decrease in the accumulation of viral genomes. Furthermore, their gene expression pattern was affected. A2-derived mutants displayed an early defect resulting in a 4- to 16-h delay in the expression of large T, and an alteration of the early-to-late transcriptional switch. In wild-type A2 infection, this switch is characterized by a large increase in the accumulation of early transcripts followed by late transcripts after the appearance of middle T and small T proteins and the onset of viral DNA replication (L. Chen and M. M. Fluck, J. Virol. 75: 8368-8379, 2001). In the mutant infection, increases in both classes of transcripts were delayed and reduced, but the effect on early transcripts was more pronounced. As has been described previously for the hr-t mutants (E. Goldman, J. Hattori, and T. Benjamin, Cell 13:505-513, 1979), the magnitude of these defects depended upon experimental conditions. Experiments using cytosine beta-arabinofuranoside to reduce genome amplification suggest that the effect of middle T-small T on the transcriptional switch is not solely mediated by the effect of these protein(s) on increasing the number of templates. These data provide the first direct demonstration of an effect of middle T and/or small T in the viral transcription pattern during viral infection. The results agree with previous results obtained with plasmid reporters and with our understanding that the downstream targets of the middle T signaling pathway include three transcription factors that have binding sites in the enhancer domain that play a key regulatory role in the expression of the viral genes.
A Hippo “AKT” Regulates Cardiomyocyte Proliferation

Heart failure is a costly and deadly disease affecting >23 million patients worldwide.1 At the core of the pathophysiology of heart failure is the inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate after myocardial loss, which is in marked contrast to terelost fish,2–4 urodele amphibians,5–8 and mammalian neonates.9,10 In mammals, most of the cardiomyocytes are permanently withdrawn from cell cycle soon after birth, and despite extensive efforts to identify regulators of cardiomyocyte cell cycle in mammals,11–15 the signaling cascades that activate/repress cell cycle in mammalian cardiomyocytes remain unclear. Article, see p 35 Hippo signaling, which is an evolutionary conserved pathway that regulates cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and organ size16 has received significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine recently. On activation of the Hippo pathway in mice, Ste20 family kinases MST1/2 interact with scaffolding protein WW45 to phosphorylate and activate LATS1/2 kinase which in turn forms a complex with its cofactor MOB1 to phosphorylate and inactivate yes-associated protein (YAP) and TAZ, the downstream transcriptional regulators of the signaling pathway. In contrast, when the Hippo pathway is inactivated, YAP and PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) accumulate in the nucleus to interact with transcriptional enhancer activator (TEA) domain family of proteins, along with other proteins such as, small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMADs), octamer-binding …
Evidence-based medicine: Evaluating diagnostic tests

Abstract Physicians have at their disposal a great number of established diagnostic tests, and new ones continue to be developed that are potentially helpful in diagnosing and establishing the prognosis of disease. Many of these tests were either inadequately evaluated or were found, on more careful scrutiny, to be less helpful than first believed. To ensure optimal patient care as well as appropriate use of health care resources, practitioners must be adept in understanding the true efficacy of diagnostic tests that they ask patients to undergo. They must be able to understand the basic language applied in evaluating tests and be able to determine if and when tests are applicable.
More Education May Limit Disability and Extend Life For People With Cognitive Impairment

Education is associated with longer life and less disability. Living longer increases risks of cognitive impairment, often producing disability. We examined associations among education, disability...
Does Long-Term Marriage Bring Less Frequent Disagreements? Five Explanatory Frameworks

Studies of marital conflict have concluded that the frequency of disagreements between spouses declines over time in a marital relationship. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors examine the frequency of marital disagreements concerning household tasks, money, sex, and spending time together reported by married women and men age 20 to 79. The study results refute a developmental explanation for marital disagreement, which posits that disagreements decline as marital partners accommodate themselves to one another over time. The results indicate, however, that increased marital duration may bring increased marital disagreements, depending on family life course stage (particularly, the presence of children in the home), and potentially also depending on spouses’ages and birth cohorts. The results also suggest a limited role of selective attrition in explaining the frequency of marital disagreements, in that couples who disagree more frequ...
Comparison of human lumbar facet joint capsule strains during simulated high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation versus physiological motions.

Abstract Background context Spinal manipulation (SM) is an effective treatment for low back pain (LBP), and it has been theorized that SM induces a beneficial neurophysiological effect by stimulating mechanically sensitive neurons in the lumbar facet joint capsule (FJC). Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether human lumbar FJC strains during simulated SM were different from those that occur during physiological motions. Study design/setting Lumbar FJC strains were measured in human cadaveric spine specimens during physiological motions and simulated SM in a laboratory setting. Methods Specimens were tested during displacement-controlled physiological motions of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotations. SM was simulated using combinations of manipulation site (L 3 , L 4 , and L 5 ), impulse speed (5, 20, and 50 mm/s), and pre-torque magnitude (applied at T 12 to simulate patient position; 0, 5, 10 Nm). FJC strains and vertebral motions (using six degrees of freedom) were measured during both loading protocols. Results During SM, the applied loads were within the range measured during SM in vivo. Vertebral translations occurred primarily in the direction of the applied load, and were similar in magnitude regardless of manipulation site. Vertebral rotations and FJC strain magnitudes during SM were within the range that occurred during physiological motions. At a given FJC, manipulations delivered distally induced capsule strains similar in magnitude to those that occurred when the manipulation was applied proximally. Conclusions FJC strain magnitudes during SM were within the physiological range, suggesting that SM is biomechanically safe. Successful treatment of patients with LBP using SM may not require precise segmental specificity, because the strain magnitudes at a given FJC during SM do not depend upon manipulation site.
Value of ventilation/perfusion scans versus perfusion scans alone in acute pulmonary embolism.

Abstract The value of ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) was described in the results of the collaborative study of the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED). 1 The effects of preexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease and of a normal chest radiograph on the diagnostic value of V/Q scans 2,3 were also described among patients in PIOPED. The present report assesses the value of V/Q scans compared with that of perfusion scans alone in the diagnosis of acute PE.
The synergistic activity of intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2α and urea in the midtrimester elective abortion

Abstract Most midtrimester abortions are still being performed with hypertonic saline and hysterotomy, but the morbidity and mortality rates are too high. The efficacy of a single intra-amniotic injection of prostaglandin F 2α and hyperosmolar urea without oxytocin augmentation was demonstrated and results were compared with those obtained by current methods.
Corrigendum to Development of Program Standards for Psychosocial Support of Parents of Infants Admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A National Interdisciplinary Consensus Model [(Newborn and Infant Nurs Rev) vol. 15 (2015) 24–27]

Corrigendum to Development of Program Standards for Psychosocial Support of Parents of Infants Admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A National Interdisciplinary Consensus Model [(Newborn and Infant Nurs Rev) vol. 15 (2015) 24–27] Sue Hall, MD, MSW, FAAP, Mike Hynan, PhD, Raylene Phillips, MD, FAAP, FABM, IBCLC, Janet Press, CNS, MSN, RNC, CT, Carole Kenner, PhD, RN, NNP, FAAN⁎, Donna J. Ryan, DNP, RN
Announcement Editor-in-Chief of Wetlands

The Publications Committee of Society of Wetland Scientists is seeking applicants for Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Wetlands. Applicants must have strong writing and editorial skills, be organized and efficient, and above all have the integrity to make unbiased judgments on manuscripts in wetland science and management. Familiarity with electronic publishing mechanisms is expected, as the Publications Committee of SWS will be examining options. More broadly, the applicant should demonstrate a vision for the future of science publications in general, and the options for Wetlands in particular. Applicants should propose a plan (not necessarily complete) to ensure that he or she has time and resources necessary to devote to the job at a minimum of 5 years duration. A complete application consists of the vision and plan, a C.V., and names of three references, all in a single pdf format file. This is an unpaid service to SWS at this point with some limited clerical assistance. Upon request, I will supply applicants with a list of duties and procedures that the current Editor-in-Chief has assembled. The Publications Committee will begin to review applications on 3 October 2005 and aims to fill the post in early 2006.
DNA-Mediated Redox Signaling in Bacterial Nucleotide Excision Repair by UvrC

Our laboratory has proposed redox signaling among DNA repair proteins containing 4Fe-4S clusters through DNA charge transport (DNA CT) as a first step in lesion detection. Recently, we have explored whether UvrC, the endonuclease in Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), may also contain a 4Fe-4S cluster. A new purification route was developed to express an MBP-UvrC fusion protein, and evidence of a 4Fe-4S cluster was seen by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Like other 4Fe-4S repair proteins studied in our lab, MBP-UvrC can participate in DNA CT chemistry, as evidenced by its electrochemical activity on DNA-modified gold electrodes. Complementing in vivo genetic assays have been developed and indicate that DNA-mediated signaling between UvrC and other DNA-processing enzymes containing 4Fe-4S clusters is occurring. Taken together, these results have suggested that UvrC is part of a network of 4Fe-4S proteins that communicate using DNA CT to find lesions and maintain genomic integrity. Additional in vitro and in vivo characterization is underway to understand further the biological implications of the newly-discovered, DNA-mediated redox chemistry of UvrC.
Effect of In-situ Processing Parameters on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Self-Lubricating Hybrid Aluminum Nanocomposites

In the present investigation, aluminum/TiB2/Al2O3 metal matrix composite was fabricated using the liquid metallurgy route. The transmission electron microscopy study was conducted in order to investigate the microstructure of the in-situ processed composites. X-ray diffraction analysis of the composite was performed to investigate the various phases present in the composite. Dry sliding tests were conducted using pin-on-disk tribometer in order to understand the self-lubricating behavior of developed composite. The microstructural characteristics revealed formation of in-situ phases and uniform dispersion of the reinforcement phases throughout the composite. The developed hybrid self-lubricating nanocomposites showed superior mechanical and tribological properties. The superior tribological properties of hybrid composite are attributed to the formation and synergetic effect of TiB2 and Al2O3 particles in the composites. The Al2O3 hard ceramic particles act as the obstacles to the movement of dislocation and thus enhance the mechanical properties. The oxidation of TiB2 on the surface forms H3BO3 and TiO2 tribolayer resulting in superior tribological properties.
Modulation of neuronal survival and axonal growth in vivo by tetracycline-regulated neurotrophin expression

Vector systems for the regulated and reversible expression of therapeutic genes are likely to improve the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for medical disease. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression of genes transferred into the central nervous system by ex vivo gene therapy can be regulated in vivo leading to controlled neuronal survival and axonal growth. Primary rat fibroblasts were transfected with a retrovirus containing a tetracycline responsive promoter for the expression of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) or green fluorescent protein as a control (GFP). After lesions of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, NGF-mediated neuronal rescue and axonal growth could be completely controlled over a 2-week period by the addition or removal of the tetracycline modulator doxycycline in the animals' drinking water. Further, continued expression of the reporter gene GFP could be reliably and repeatedly turned on and off in the injured CNS for at least 3 months post-grafting, the longest time point investigated. These data constitute the first report of regulated neuronal rescue and axonal growth by controlled neurotrophin gene delivery and long-term, regulated expression using ex vivo CNS gene therapy.
P4.119 State Characteristics Associated with the Presence of Laws Authorizing Expedited Partner Therapy in the United States

Background To examine the associations between social characteristics of US states and the presence of laws authorising expedited partner therapy (EPT). Methods Data were collected from various sources for 2008–2010 on US state healthcare system characteristics (adult enrollment in Medicaid, number of physicians per 100,000), governmental characteristics (the size of state legislatures, percent of state residents in poverty, percent state financial contribution to state STD programme), and state STD morbidity (chlamydia rates per 100,000 among females age 15–24). Data were analysed in an adjusted logistic regression model in SAS. Results Overall, 23 states have passed legislation authorising EPT as of February 2013. In adjusted analyses, the only healthcare system variable significantly associated with the presence of a state law authorising EPT was higher adult Medicaid enrollment (AOR = 7.871 [95% CI: 1.644, 37.685]), which may represent an increased willingness to authorise EPT where publicly-funded healthcare coverage is more widely available. The only other variable significantly associated with the presence of a law authorising EPT was lower chlamydia rates per 100,000 among females age 15–24 (AOR = 0.332 [95% CI: 0.122, 0.903]). The presence of a state law authorising EPT did not differ by the size of the state legislature, percent in poverty, percent state contribution to state STD programme, or number of physicians per 100,000. Conclusions States with higher adult Medicaid enrollment and lower chlamydia rates among females 15–24 were more likely to have a law authorising EPT. Increased adult Medicaid enrollment may represent an increased willingness of a state to provide publicly-funded healthcare services to its residents; the legal acceptability of EPT may thus be associated with general willingness to provide publicly-funded healthcare within a jurisdiction. This may translate to increased social compatibility of laws authorising EPT in non-US jurisdictions characterised by high rates of publicly-funded healthcare.
When Does Conflict Improve Team Performance? A Review of Evidence and Framework for Future Research

In the years since Jehn’s (1995) seminal article on task conflict in teams, researchers have sought to understand the beneficial aspects of conflict on performance. Initial efforts focused on the d...
Repeat bench surgery on a solitary kidney.

Abstract Extracorporeal or bench surgery on a solitary kidney was performed twice in the same patient within 4 years to excise 2 separate malignant tumors arising in the renal cortex. A third separate small tumor was detected 1½ years later and was excised in situ with a clamped pedicle and renal cooling. These techniques permit tumor dissection without spillage and avoid dialysis, with no evident disadvantage in terms of tumor survival rate.
What They Saw in America: Alexis de Tocqueville, Max Weber, G. K. Chesterton, and Sayyid Qutb

Grounded in the stories of their actual visits, What They Saw in America takes the reader through the journeys of four distinguished, yet very different foreign visitors - Alexis de Tocqueville, Max Weber, G. K. Chesterton and Sayyid Qutb - who traveled to the United States between 1830 and 1950. The comparative insights of these important outside observers (from both European and Middle Eastern countries) encourage sober reflection on a number of features of American culture that have persisted over time - individualism and conformism, the unique relationship between religion and capitalism, indifference toward nature, voluntarism, attitudes toward race, and imperialistic tendencies. Listening to these travelers' views, both the ambivalent and even the more unequivocal, can help Americans better understand themselves, more fully empathize with the values of other cultures, and more deeply comprehend how the United States is perceived from the outside.
A computer architecture/organization team project: reverse engineering MARIE

This paper describes a team project designed to provide students with hands-on development of a processor called MARIE in our Computer Architecture/Organization course. MARIE is a model processor described in the Null and Lobur textbook and a paper by Stanley, et al. Our initial interest was to design MARIE in a logic simulator from the ground up, but due to time constraints and course outcome requirements, we were limited to a half semester project. Leveraging the prior work with limited documentation proved sufficiently challenging but achievable given the constraints. The students were able to reverse engineer MARIE and implement some enhancements to the prior work while improving their understanding of MARIE in a compressed timeframe.
Is Diabetes Mellitus An Independent Risk Factor for Incident Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)? a Population-Based Case-Control Study

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is often cited as a VTE risk factor. However, persons with diabetes are frequently hospitalized for medical illness or undergo surgery, both major VTE risk factors. Thus, the association of VTE with diabetes independent of surgery or hospitalization is uncertain. Methods: Using longitudinal, population-based Rochester Epidemiology Project resources, we identified all Olmsted County, MN residents who met objective criteria for incident VTE over the 25-year period, 1976–2000 (n=1922), and one to two controls per case, matched on age, gender, Olmsted County residency, and length of medical history (n=2115). For cases and controls, we reviewed their complete medical history in the community for baseline characteristics previously identified as independent VTE risk factors, including clinically-diagnosed diabetes mellitus. We tested diabetes as a potential VTE risk factor both alone and after adjusting for other baseline characteristics, and in the subset of cases with idiopathic VTE, using conditional logistic regression. Results: Among all cases and controls, 231 (12%) and 199 (9.4%) had diabetes, respectively. Univariately, diabetes was associated with overall VTE (odds ratio [OR]=1.32; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.62; p=0.009). However, after controlling for body mass index (OR=1.04, p<0.001), hospitalization with major surgery (OR=25.2, p<0.001) or hospitalization for medical illness (OR=7.3, p<0.001), active cancer (OR=8.3, p<0.001) and varicose veins (OR=1.3, p=0.003), diabetes was no longer associated with VTE (OR=1.09; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.41; p=0.49). Among 458 idiopathic VTE cases and 518 matched controls, 43 (9.4%) and 46 (8.9%) had diabetes, respectively. Diabetes was not associated with idiopathic VTE (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.67; p=0.76). Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is not an independent risk factor for overall or idiopathic incident VTE.
Life cycle size dynamics in Didymosphenia geminata (Bacillariophyceae)

Didymosphenia geminata has received a great deal of attention in the last 25 years, and considerable effort has gone into determining the origin, ecological impact, and economic consequences of its invasive behavior. While environmental conditions are a controlling influence in distribution, the extreme success of the species may be tied to its basic biology and life history. Little is known, however, about population dynamics, size restoration and reproduction of D. geminata. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal patterns in cell size frequency, size restoration strategy, and synchronization of life cycles between populations in close proximity. We implemented FlowCam technology to measure the length of more than 100,000 D. geminata cells from two sites in South Boulder Creek, Colorado over 1 year. We applied finite mixture modeling to uncover temporal patterns in size distribution. Our results show that collections of D. geminata exhibited a complex, multimodal size distribution, almost always containing four overlapping age cohorts. We failed to observe direct visual evidence of the sexual phase. Multiple abrupt and directional shifts in size distribution, however, were documented providing conclusive evidence of cell size restoration. Lastly, nodules in close proximity were asynchronous with respect to size frequency profiles and size diminution, highlighting the relevance of spatial heterogeneity in in situ diatom size dynamics. This study is the first to document the complexity of diatom cell size distribution in a lotic system, size restoration in D. geminata, and the variability in rates of size reduction at microhabitat spatial scales.
Factors affecting the simulated trajectory and intensification of Tropical Cyclone Yasi (2011)

Abstract This study investigates the sensitivity of the simulated trajectory, intensification, and forward speed of Tropical Cyclone Yasi to initial conditions, physical parameterizations, and sea surface temperatures. Yasi was a category 5 storm that made landfall in Queensland, Australia in February 2011. A series of simulations were performed using WRF-ARW v3.4.1 driven by ERA-Interim data at the lateral boundaries. To assess these simulations, a new simple skill score is devised to summarize the deviation from observed conditions at landfall. The results demonstrate the sensitivity to initial condition resolution and the need for a new initialization dataset. Ensemble testing of physics parameterizations revealed strong sensitivity to cumulus schemes, with a trade-off between trajectory and intensity accuracy. The Tiedtke scheme produces an accurate trajectory evolution and landfall location. The Kain Fritch scheme is associated with larger errors in trajectory due to a less active shallow convection over the ocean, leading to warmer temperatures at the 700 mb level and a stronger, more poleward steering flow. However, the Kain Fritsch scheme produces more accurate intensities and translation speeds. Tiedtke-derived intensities were weaker due to suppression of deep convection by active shallow convection. Accurate representation of the sea surface temperature through correcting a newly discovered SST lag in reanalysis data or increasing resolution of SST data can improve the simulation. Higher resolution increases relative vorticity and intensity. However, the sea surface boundary had a more pronounced effect on the simulation with the Tiedtke scheme due to its moisture convergence trigger and active shallow convection over the tropical ocean.
Circling the Squares: City-Building in Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography

This essay argues that the pattern of recursive circulation visible in Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography shifts from the realm of metaphor to play a concrete role in Philadelphia’s early development. In the narrative, itself recursive, Franklin becomes urban by circulating through London’s streets and performing a cosmopolitan self. On his return home to Philadelphia, he continues this pattern of performative circulation, circling city blocks and cycling through his self-designed grid of improvement. And in a distinctly American move, Franklin leverages this persona by circulating his name—on petitions, bonds, and currency—to build the city of Philadelphia. Franklin’s circulation through locales such as Boston, Philadelphia, London, and Paris transformed Philadelphia’s built spaces; his literary formulations of these processes in the Autobiography reveal him to be a major theorist, as well as a builder, of eighteenth-century American urbanity. As Franklin circles the squares—of gridded streets, of his chart of virtues, of the pages of the Autobiography—he enacts a theory of recursive improvement that extends from the body to the physical spaces of the city to the body politic, in which even the most grand and abstract transformation is grounded in physical movement. As it structures the Autobiography, I argue, circulation enabled Franklin’s engagement with the Atlantic world he inhabited and helped to shape.
High‐dimensional single cell mapping of cerium distribution in the lung immune microenvironment of an active smoker

Background: Mass cytometry leverages inductively coupled mass spectrometry to perform high dimensional single cell analyses using antibodies tagged with rare earth isotopes that are considered to be largely absent in biological samples. We have recently noted an unusual exception to this rule while analyzing tissue samples from patients undergoing surgical resection for early stage lung cancer, and here we present a detailed cytometric characterization of cerium in a clinical patient sample. Methods: We performed a CyTOF analysis on cell suspensions derived from matched blood, tumor lesion, and non-involved lung tissue from an active smoker undergoing surgical resection for early stage lung adenocarcinoma. The samples were stained with a 31-parameter antibody panel to allow a detailed characterization of the cellular heterogeneity of the samples. The data were visualized using viSNE, major immune subsets were identified based on canonical marker expression patterns, and single cell cerium levels were evaluated across each of these defined subsets. Results: High dimensional immune cell mapping revealed that high levels of cerium were specifically associated with a phenotypically-distinct subset of lung macrophages that were most prevalent in non-involved lung tissue, whereas tumor associated macrophages showed relatively lower levels of cerium. We hypothesize that these findings reflect alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of inhaled cerium derived from cigarette flint lighters. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the first high-dimensional single cell characterization of environmental metal exposure associated with smoking, and offer a demonstration of the unique potential for applying mass cytometry to the field of environmental toxicology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Abstract 5414: Kaiso influences the exosome profile required to induce cell proliferation, migration and metabolism in breast cancer

Purpose: Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor in women, afflicting African American (AA) females to a greater degree than Caucasians (CAs). Recently, we and others have found that Kaiso expression is elevated in AA patients relative to CA patients, and its expression correlates with tumor recurrence and metastasis. Exosomes are considered important modulators of cellular behavior through their cellular communication by transferring mRNA, microRNAs, proteins among cells. Here, we study the role of Kaiso on the biological function of breast cancer exosomes. Experimental procedures: Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation method and characterized by antibody array. We performed exosome internalization assay, cell proliferation assay and migration assay. Cellular metabolic activity was measured by Seahorse Analyzer. Exosome proteomics was performed by LC-MS/MS and analyzed quantitatively by Panther and DAVID bioinformatics resources. Results: Isolated exosomes were effectively internalized by MCF7 cells. MCF7 cells treated with exosomes of Kaiso-knock-downed MDA-MB-231 cells (sh-Kaiso) showed a decreased proliferation as compared to exosomes of Kaiso-scrambled MDA-MB-231 cells (sh-Scr). We further observed that treatment of MCF7 cells with sh-Kaiso exosomes decreased cell migration when compared to sh-Scr. To determine the proteins responsible for this observation, we performed exosome proteomics profiling. Exosomes released from sh-Kaiso compared to sh-Scr cells showed differential enrichment of protein expression. In sh-Kaiso exosomes, 36 proteins were down-regulated and most of these proteins are involved in cell invasion and metastasis; whereas 172 proteins were up-regulated in sh-Kaiso of which most of them are involved in protein folding, protein complex assembly, biogenesis and repair. In proteomics data, lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) AB in sh-SCR exosome treated MCF7 cells as compared to sh-Kaiso exosome treated MCF7 cells. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Kaiso plays an important role in the content of exosome cargo, which in turn has an effect promoting cell growth, migration and metabolism of breast cancer cells. We suggest that Kaiso has defined role in limiting important cellular information in breast cancer exosome cargo. Citation Format: Md Shakir U. Ahmed, Shweta Triphati, William E. Grizzle, Honghe Wang, Clayton C. Yates. Kaiso influences the exosome profile required to induce cell proliferation, migration and metabolism in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5414. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5414
Mindfulness Training, Yoga, or Both? Dismantling the Active Components of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) can help college students cope effectively with stress, reducing negative affect in the short term and resulting in higher (more adaptive) heart rate variability (HRV). However, HRV is a measure of cardiovascular fitness, as well as parasympathetic control of the stress response. MBSR is a multicomponent intervention and it is unclear to what extent movement, including gentle yoga, mindfulness training, or the synergy between the two, has an impact on emotional and physiological outcomes. The current study dismantled yoga and explicit mindfulness training in a brief stress reduction intervention in college students. Participants were randomly assigned to either mindfulness training and meditation alone (no movement); yoga alone (no explicit mindfulness training); combined yoga and mindfulness training and meditation; an active placebo control consisting of study breaks with party games, access to a therapy dog, and healthful snacks; or a no-treatment control. All active treatments resulted in decreases in anxiety and dysphoria over the 4 weeks of treatment relative to the no-treatment control, although by week 4, only the combined and yoga groups were significantly different from the control group on both measures. The no-treatment control group showed the lowest HRV at rest and during the challenge. The combined and yoga groups showed the highest HRV at rest, followed by moderate declines in HRV during the challenge, suggesting adaptive vagal withdrawal. The mindfulness training alone group was the only group to show no decrease in HRV during the challenge, suggesting that they were the least stressed by the challenge.
A phenomenological theory of the mechanics of cold drawing

When the amount of stretch in a taut fiber varies rapidly with distance z along the fiber axis, the tension T on a cross section normal to the axis is not determined by only the temporal history of the local stretch, but is affected by the variation of stretch with z. Here a study is made of the implications of a constitutive relation giving the tension in a polymeric fiber as a function of the local stretch, λ, the spatial derivative, vz, of the velocity, and the first two spatial derivatives of the stretch, λz and λzz. When this relation is placed in the equation for balance of momentum in the axial direction, dynamical equations are obtained whose equilibrium solutions for λ as a function of z can be rendered explicit. The solutions describe necks, bulges, drawing configurations, and periodic striations. The assumption that motions resulting from slow changes in applied tension or length are homotopies formed from these equilibrium solutions is compatible with many of the observed properties of tension-induced necking and cold drawing in polymeric fibers. Properties of non-equilibrium solutions of the dynamical equations are also discussed here. Lyapunov functions appropriate to several types of boundary conditions, including elongation under a dead load, are constructed. It is shown that the presence of viscous stresses has a strong effect on the types of traveling waves that can occur in long fibers. A detailed discussion is given of a class of traveling waves, called "steady draws," that correspond to the continuous drawing processes frequently employed to improve the stiffness and tenacity of synthetic fibers.
The Effects of Cognitive Style, Shopping Experience and Consumer Demographics on Consumer Reactions to Quantity Surcharges

ABSTRACTQuantity surcharges occur when large quantities of a product are sold at a higher unit price compared to smaller quantities. As such, quantity surcharges violate consumer beliefs that one s...
Judgments of Person Change: A Closer Look

In an intriguing cartoon, the cartoonist and social commentator Jules Feiffer (1982) focuses on two lovers and their concerns with the possibility that the other will change, or fail to change, at various points during their relationship. In the cartoon, one of the lovers says that in the year they were together they talked a lot about change. Initially they begged each other not to change. At various points they said to each other “Why won’t you change?” and “You’ll never change!” and still later, an accusing “You have changed!” when the other behaved in some undesirable way. The sequence ends with the lovers encountering each other on the street a year after they broke up and barely recognizing each other because they had changed so much. This dialogue in which people are preoccupied with change strikes us as amusing but also as familiar in certain respects.
Toward a nonequilibrium theory for nonlinear control systems

This paper is concerned with the development of basic concepts and constructs for a nonequilibrium theory of nonlinear control. Motivated by an example of nonstabilizability of rigid spacecraft about an equilibrium (reference attitude) but stabilizability about a revolute motion, we review recent work on the structure of those compact attractors which are Lyapunov stable. These results are illustrated and refined in a description of the asymptotic behavior of practically stabilizable systems taken form a recent work on bifurcations of the system zero dynamics. These attractors can contain periodic orbits, and necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of periodic orbits are discussed. These conditions lead to the notion of a “control one-form” and to necessary conditions for the existence of an orbitally stable periodic motion. As it turns out, even when this latter result is specialized to the equilibrium case, the criterion is new.
A Nonheme Thiolate-Ligated Cobalt Superoxo Complex: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization, Computational Studies, and Hydrogen Atom Abstraction Reactivity.

The synthesis and characterization of a Co(II) dithiolato complex Co(Me3TACN)(S2SiMe2) (1) are reported. Reaction of 1 with O2 generates a rare thiolate-ligated cobalt–superoxo species Co(O2)(Me3TA...
Propanol Amination over Supported Nickel Catalysts: Reaction Mechanism and Role of the Support

Ni-supported hydroxyapatite catalyst (Ni/HAP) was characterized and evaluated for propanol amination to propylamine at 423 K. The reaction proceeds via dehydroamination, a process that involves sequential dehydrogenation, condensation, and hydrogenation. Kinetic and isotopic studies indicate that α-H abstraction from propoxide species limits the rate of the dehydrogenation step and hence the overall rate of reaction. The rate of propanol dehydrogenation depends on the composition of the support and on the concentration of Ni sites located at the interface between Ni nanoparticles and the support. Ni/HAP is an order of magnitude more active than Ni/SiO2 and displays a higher selectivity toward the primary amine. The superior performance of Ni/HAP is attributed to the high density of basic sites on HAP, which are responsible for stabilizing alkoxide intermediates and suppressing the disproportionation and secondary amination of amines.
The Effects of Quantitative Trait Architecture on Detection Power in Artificial Selection Experiments

Evolve and resequence (E&R) experiments, in which artificial selection is imposed on organisms in a controlled environment, are becoming an increasingly accessible tool for studying the genetic basis of adaptation. Previous work has assessed how different experimental design parameters affect the power to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie adaptive responses in such experiments, but so far there has been little exploration of how this power varies with the genetic architecture of the evolving traits. In this study, we use forward simulation to build a realistic model of an E&R experiment in which a quantitative polygenic trait experiences a short, but strong, episode of truncation selection. We study the expected power for QTL detection in such an experiment and how this power is influenced by different aspects of trait architecture, including the number of QTLs affecting the trait, their starting frequencies, effect sizes, clustering along a chromosome, dominance, and epistasis patterns. We show that all of the above parameters can affect allele frequency dynamics at the QTLs and linked loci in complex and often unintuitive ways, and thus influence our power to detect them. One consequence of this is that existing detection methods based on models of independent selective sweeps at individual QTLs often have lower detection power than a simple measurement of allele frequency differences before and after selection. Our findings highlight the importance of taking trait architecture into account in designing studies of molecular adaptation with temporal data. We provide a customizable modeling framework that will enable researchers to easily simulate E&R experiments with different trait architectures and parameters tuned to their specific study system, allowing for assessment of expected detection power and optimization of experimental design.
Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcomes following Surgical Treatment of Lymphedema

Introduction: Analysis of quality of life (QOL) outcomes is an important aspect of lymphedema treatment since this disease can substantially impact QOL in affected individuals. There are a growing number of studies reporting patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) for patients with lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of outcomes and utilization of PROMs following surgical treatment of lymphedema. Methods: A literature search of four databases was performed up to and including March, 2019. Studies included reported on QOL outcomes after physiologic procedures, defined as either lymphovenous bypass (LVB) or vascularized lymph node transplant (VLNT), to treat upper and/or lower extremity primary or secondary lymphedema. Results: In total, 850 studies were screened—of which, 32 studies were included in this review. Lymphovenous bypass was the surgical intervention in 16 studies, VLNT in 11 studies, and both in 5 studies. Of the 32 total studies, 16 used validated survey tools. The most commonly used PROM was the lymph quality of life measure for limb lymphedema (LYMQOL) (12 studies). In the remaining four studies, the upper limb lymphedema 27 scale (ULL27), the short form 36 questionnaire (SF-36), the lymphedema functioning, disability and health questionnaire (Lymph-ICF), and lymphedema life impact scale (LLIS) were each used once. QOL improvement following surgical treatment was noted in all studies. Conclusions: Physiologic surgical treatment of lymphedema results in improved QOL outcomes in most patients. The use of validated PROM tools is increasing but there is no current consensus on use. Future research to evaluate the psychometric properties of PROMs in lymphedema is needed to guide the development and use of lymphedema-specific tools.