cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-adjusting binding pockets enhance H2 and CH4 adsorption in a uranium-based metal–organic framework

A new, air-stable, permanently porous uranium(iv) metal-organic framework U(bdc)2 (1, bdc2- = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) was synthesized and its H2 and CH4 adsorption properties were investigated. Low temperature adsorption isotherms confirm strong adsorption of both gases in the framework at low pressures. In situ gas-dosed neutron diffraction experiments with different D2 loadings revealed a rare example of cooperative framework contraction (ΔV = -7.8%), triggered by D2 adsorption at low pressures. This deformation creates two optimized binding pockets for hydrogen (Q st = -8.6 kJ mol-1) per pore, in agreement with H2 adsorption data. Analogous experiments with CD4 (Q st = -24.8 kJ mol-1) and N,N-dimethylformamide as guests revealed that the binding pockets in 1 adjust by selective framework contractions that are unique for each adsorbent, augmenting individual host-guest interactions. Our results suggest that the strategic combination of binding pockets and structural flexibility in metal-organic frameworks holds great potential for the development of new adsorbents with an enhanced substrate affinity.
Expanding our Understanding of Intergenerational Exposure to Adversity.

Abstract The present study examined the intergenerational continuity of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) for parents and their adolescent offspring. Data were from a longitudinal study of the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development. Only biological parents (n = 185) and one adolescent per parent (n = 164) were included in the analytic sample. Self-reported retrospective data on childhood adversities was obtained at the 3rd wave for parents and the 4th wave for adolescents (Mage = 18.16). For siblings in the study, one was randomly chosen to be included. Latent class analysis was used to examine 1–4 class solutions for parents and adolescents separately and crosstabs were used to show the concordance between assignment to similar classes for the parent and child. Results indicated 2 class solutions for both the parent and child: a high ACEs class characterized by witnessing intimate partner violence and all maltreatment types and a low ACES class characterized by no adversities. Concordance was highest for both parent and child being assigned to the low ACEs class (52% of the dyads). There were 9% of the dyads who were concordant for being assigned to the high ACEs class, indicating less continuity of adversity than expected. Overall the findings show some intergenerational continuity of adversity, but further work should be done to characterize the different patterns of concordance/discordance between parent and child ACEs.
Do Views on Sex Offending Vary by Nationality? A Comparative Analysis of Community Sentiment Toward Sex Offense Legislation in the United States and United Kingdom.

Much attention has been paid to the examination of community sentiment regarding convicted sex offenders and the policy that governs these offenders’ behavior. This literature, however, has largely...
Wärmeübergangszahlen für Rohre

Beim Entwurf des Kondensators und des Verdampfers von Kalteanlagen ist es vor allem notig, die Warmeubergangszahlen durch Rohre zu kennen. Der Ubertritt von einer Flussigkeit in die Rohrwand oder umgekehrt ist abhangig von einer ganzen Anzahl von Faktoren, in erster Linie von der Geschwindigkeit w (m/sek) der Flussigkeit (oder des Gases), vom Durchmesser d (m) der zylindrischen Eintritts- oder Austrittsflache, von der Wandungstemperatur t und von der Art der Flussigkeit.
Keynote Remarks: Re-Tooling Law and Legal Education for Food System Reform: Food Law and Policy in Practice

This essay is adapted from Emily Broad Leib’s remarks at the 2015 Seattle University Law Review Symposium, Re-Tooling Food Law: How Traditional Legal Models Can Be Re-Tooled For Food System Reform, held March 6, 2015 at Seattle University School of Law. The essay examines the essential skills law schools and lawyers can bring to the field of Food Law and Policy. It begins by relaying the author's personal background and journey to the field of Food Law and Policy, then defines this field of law and shares some metrics about the field’s growth over the past few years. To explain what this field looks like in practice, the piece then introduces four fundamental legal tools that make lawyers well situated to foster change in the food system. Concrete examples based on the Harvard Food Law and Policy Clinic’s work illustrate the use of each tool. The essay ends by advocating for more lawyers in this field and discussing some of the opportunities that exist for new lawyers seeking to pursue this work as a career or a passion
Essential or Expedient? COVID-19 and Business Closures in the U.S. States

To what extent has political pressure or connectedness influenced governors' responses to public health recommendations regarding business closures? We investigate whether campaign contributions from particular industries track governors' designations of those industries as "essential" during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyzing the initial iteration of states' lockdown orders, we find preliminary evidence linking receipt of gubernatorial campaign contributions from industry to an increased likelihood of designating that business area as essential. In other words, governors are more likely to designate a business area as essential if they received campaign contributions from that business area. Our result preliminarily suggests that money in politics plays a role in shaping public health responses, and we recommend further research on this matter.
Outpatient Parotidectomy, a Safety and Financial Review.

Objective:The objective of this study is to investigate the safety, efficacy, and potential cost-savings of the outpatient parotidectomy procedure.Methods:This is a retrospective chart review of al...
The Predictive Power of Patents

This article explains that domestic patenting activity may foreshadow a country’s level of regulation of path-breaking technologies. The article considers whether different governments will act with a light or a heavy regulatory hand when encountering a new disruptive technology. The article hypothesizes that part of the answer to this important regulatory, economic, and geopolitical question may lie in an unexpected place: the world’s patent offices. Countries with early and significant patent activity in an emerging technology are more likely to view themselves as having a stake in the technology and therefore will be less inclined to subject the technology to extensive health, safety and environmental regulation that would constrain it. The article introduces the term “patent footprint” to describe a country’s degree of patenting activity in a new technology, and the article posits that a country’s patent footprint may provide an early clue to its willingness or reluctance to strenuously regulate the new technology. Even more so, lack of geographic diversity in patent footprints may help predict whether an emerging technology will face extensive international regulation. Patent footprints provide a useful tool to policymakers, businesses, investors, and NGOs considering the health, safety, and environmental regulation of a disruptive technology. The predictive power of patent footprints adds to the literature on the broader function of patents in society.
Evaluation of Borrelia burgdorferi BbHtrA Protease as a Vaccine Candidate for Lyme Borreliosis in Mice

Borrelia burgdorferi synthesizes an HtrA protease (BbHtrA) which is a surface-exposed, conserved protein within Lyme disease spirochetes with activity toward CheX and BmpD of Borrelia spp, as well as aggrecan, fibronectin and proteoglycans found in skin, joints and neural tissues of vertebrates. An antibody response against BbHtrA is observed in Lyme disease patients and in experimentally infected laboratory mice and rabbits. Given the surface location of BbHtrA on B. burgdorferi and its ability to elicit an antibody response in infected hosts, we explored recombinant BbHtrA as a potential vaccine candidate in a mouse model of tick-transmitted Lyme disease. We immunized mice with two forms of BbHtrA: the proteolytically active native form and BbHtrA ablated of activity by a serine to alanine mutation at amino acid 226 (BbHtrAS226A). Although inoculation with either BbHtrA or BbHtrAS226A produced high-titer antibody responses in C3H/HeJ mice, neither antigen was successful in protecting mice from B. burgdorferi challenge. These results indicate that the search for novel vaccine candidates against Lyme borreliosis remains a challenge.
Gaucher disease: insights from a rare Mendelian disorder.

It is becoming quite evident that studies of Mendelian disorders can provide important insights into common neurologic disorders. These rare inherited disorders often offer a unique window into seemingly unrelated diseases. The number of studies focusing on genetic contributions to neurologic disorders is growing exponentially. When undertaking the challenges associated with identifying the genes underlying complex neurological disorders, it is valuable to consider lessons gleaned from decades of studies of rare Mendelian disorders. This review will focus on lessons learned and challenges encountered in the study of one such monogenic disorder, Gaucher disease, focusing both on purely clinical observations, as well as the impact of such insights on understanding more common complex diseases. Studies of patients with Gaucher disease have led to unanticipated research directions impacting several distinct medical disciplines. Some notable examples include the link between mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and the development of Parkinson disease and related Lewy body disorders, elucidation of the role of glucocerebrosidase in skin barrier function and neonatal viability, and the connection between lysosomal transport and myoclonic epilepsy.
The valuation of floating-rate instruments

Abstract A framework for valuing floating-rate notes is developed to examine the effects of (1) lags in the coupon formula, (2) special contractual features and (3) default risk. Evidence from a sample of floaters indicates they sold at significant discounts. While lags in the coupon formulas and other contractual features make these notes more variable, they do not account for the magnitude of the discounts. We conclude that the fixed default premium in the coupon formula of a typical note is inadequate to compensate for time-varying default premiums demanded by investors, who treat other corporate short-term paper as close substitutes.
Admittance selection for planar force-guided assembly for single-point contact with friction

This paper identifies procedures for selecting the appropriate admittance to achieve reliable planar force-guided assembly for single-point frictional contact cases. A set of conditions that are imposed on the admittance matrix is presented. These conditions ensure that the motion that results from contact reduces part misalignment. We show that, for bounded misalignments, if an admittance satisfies the misalignment-reduction conditions at a finite number of contact configurations and a given coefficient of friction /spl mu//sub M/) then the admittance will also ensure that the conditions are satisfied at all intermediate configurations for all coefficients less than /spl mu//sub M/.
Imaginary-axis zeros in multivariable H ∞ 0E-optimal control

When a plant has jω-axis zeros or jω-axis poles, algorithms for computing H∞ -optimal control laws fail. Closely related problems arise with strictly proper plants; these plants may be interpreted as having jω-axis zeros at ω = ∞. These intrinsic problems with H∞ arise because the optimal control system has an irrational transfer function with point discontinuities on the jω-axis at the offending jω-axis zeros and poles of the plant. The difficulties with jω-axis poles and zeros are discussed and the methods for perturbing the H∞-problem to produce near-optimal rational control laws are proposed.
Activity, abundance and diversity of nitrifying archaea and bacteria in the central California Current

A combination of stable isotope and molecular biological approaches was used to determine the activity, abundance and diversity of nitrifying organisms in the central California Current. Using (15)NH(4)(+) incubations, nitrification was detectable in the upper water column down to 500 m; maximal rates were observed just below the euphotic zone. Crenarchaeal and betaproteobacterial ammonia monooxygenase subunit A genes (amoA), and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of Marine Group I Crenarchaeota and a putative nitrite-oxidizing genus, Nitrospina, were quantified using quantitative PCR. Crenarchaeal amoA abundance ranged from three to six genes ml(-1) in oligotrophic surface waters to > 8.7 x 10(4) genes ml(-1) just below the core of the California Current at 200 m depth. Bacterial amoA abundance was lower than archaeal amoA and ranged from below detection levels to 400 genes ml(-1). Nitrification rates were not directly correlated to bacterial or archaeal amoA abundance. Archaeal amoA and Marine Group I crenarchaeal 16S rRNA gene abundances were correlated with Nitrospina 16S rRNA gene abundance at all stations, indicating that similar factors may control the distribution of these two groups. Putatively shallow water-associated archaeal amoA types ('Cluster A') decreased in relative abundance with depth, while a deep water-associated amoA type ('Cluster B') increased with depth. Although some Cluster B amoA sequences were found in surface waters, expressed amoA gene sequences were predominantly from Cluster A. Cluster B amoA transcripts were detected between 100 and 500 m depths, suggesting an active role in ammonia oxidation in the mesopelagic. Expression of marine Nitrosospira-like bacterial amoA genes was detected throughout the euphotic zone down to 200 m. Natural abundance stable isotope ratios (delta(15)N and delta(18)O) in nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) were used to evaluate the importance of nitrification over longer time scales. Using an isotope mass balance model, we calculate that nitrification could produce between 0.45 and 2.93 micromol m(-2) day(-1) N(2)O in the central California Current, or approximately 1.5-4 times the local N(2)O flux from deep water.
An Empirical Investigation of the Nonprofit Organization Responses to Anticipated Changes in Government Support for HIV/AIDS Services: A Cross-Regional Analysis

Abstract This six-state study investigates nonprofit HIV/AIDS service providers' strategic responses to anticipated changes in their funding environment. The findings suggest that the service providers are willing to consider a broad range of strategic responses. Four underlying strategic dimensions are presented: cost management, imagery, revenue producing, and donative . Two dimensions were found to be influenced by the service provider market and significant strategic responses are identified. Managerial and future research implications are addressed.
Hexamethylsilirane: II. Ring-opening reactions with some simple reagents

Abstract Ring-opening reactions formally of the type Me2 SiCMe 2CMe2 ⋆ X-H→ Me2XSiCMe2CMe2H occur on reaction of hexamethylsilirane with water, alcohols, ammonia, amines, HCl and car☐ylic acids and germanium and tin hydrides. More complicated ring opening reactions are observed with halogens, tetrahalomethanes and molecular oxygen. The oxidation and protolysis (H2O, ROH, HCl, RCO2H, NH3, amines) reactions of hexamethylsilirane are exothermic at room temperature.
Understanding the Ecology and Epidemiology of Avian Influenza Viruses: Implications for Zoonotic Potential

In general, influenza viruses replicate in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract or gastrointestinal tract, and the outcomes of such infections include no clinical signs, upper respiratory disease, pneumonia, and occasionally death. In birds, most infections are subclinical. However, in poultry, influenza infections have caused clinical respiratory disease or drops in egg production, and a few specific avian influenza virus strains have caused severe disseminated infections with systemic disease and high death losses. Interspecies transmission between different hosts within separate classes is even less frequent, as has occurred rarely with chicken-to-human or free-flying duck-to-pig transmission. One exception to the above rule has been the ease and frequency of transfer of swine H1N1 viruses to turkey breeder hens, but these are sporadic and isolated occurrences. The ability of influenza viruses to spread and produce infectious progeny and lesions is related to the cleavage of the hemagglutinin in various cell types. In mammals, influenza viruses primarily replicate in the respiratory tract and cause associated clinical signs and lesions. Virus replication occurs predominantly in the epithelium of the nasal cavity and results in clinical rhinitis, the most frequent clinical presentation in human patients, horses, and pigs. In Minnesota, traditional and molecular epidemiology has demonstrated the direct transfer of mildly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from free-flying birds (primarily mallard ducks) to range turkeys reared outdoors during annual wild-bird migrations.
Formation of [Ar*Ge(CH2C(Me)C(Me)CH2)CH2C(Me)=]2 (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-Trip2; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3) via reaction of Ar*GeGeAr* with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene: evidence for the existence of a germanium analogue of an alkyne.

The reduction of Ar*GeCl (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-Trip2; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3) with one equivalent of potassium leads to the formation of a germanium analogue of an alkyne Ar*GeGeAr* 1; reaction of 1 with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene yields [Ar*Ge{CH2C(Me)C(Me)CH2}CH2C(Me)]22, which was structurally characterized.
Comparison of implementation strategies for deformable surfaces in computer vision

Deformable surfaces are useful in a number of biomedical computer vision applications for defining well behaved object models. Given an initial estimate of a three-dimensional object boundary, we can fit an elastic surface to the image data which has prescribed smoothness and data integrity properties. In this paper, we evaluate four methods for implementing deformable surfaces. The first uses finite differences and a locally greedy gradient following algorithm to minimize a surface functional similar to the controlled continuity stabilizer described by Terzopoulos. The second solves the Euler-Lagrange equations associated with this functional with a direct iterative method which does not invert these linear equations. The third method uses Gauss-Seidel to iteratively solve these linear equations once per deformation step. The fourth method uses successive over relaxation (SOR) for this task. All four algorithms have O(n) space and time requirements (where n is the number of points on the parametric surface) and typically converge in time proportional to the distance form the initial estimate to the final surface. These methods are local and iterative in nature and lend themselves well to parallel solution on a fine grained architecture such as the connection machine. We present a comparison of the space, time, and convergence properties of these methods. Applications of deformable models to segmentation of CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine images are also discussed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Self-Concept and Peer Acceptance in Students with Learning Disabilities: A Four- to Five-Year Prospective Study.

This 4- to 5-year prospective study examined the peer relations and self-concepts of students prior to and following their identification by the school district as learning disabled (LD). Self-concept ratings (kindergarten through 4th grade) and peer acceptance ratings (kindergarten through 3rd grade), as well as academic achievement scores, were comapred across 3 groups : LD students who were placed in resource special education programs during 2nd grade, low-achieving (LA) students, and average-achieving/high-achieving (AA/HA) students. For peer acceptance, AA/HA students' scores were higher than LA students' scores only. No between-groups differences were obtained during any school year on the self-concept measure
Workplace Attitudes, Experiences, and Job Satisfaction of Social Work Administrators in Nonprofit and Public Agencies: 1981 and 1989:

This article profiles workplace attitudes, experiences, and job satisfaction of social work administrators employed in nonprofit and public agencies during the dramatic social service changes of the 1980s. Secondary analysis of national, cross-sectional surveys of National Association of Social Work members in 1981 and 1989 reveal changes over time and by nonprofit versus public agency auspices regarding sense of professional competencies, working conditions, job stressors, and sense of professional support. Job satisfaction of managers in both sectors is significantly predicted in a multiple regression by a sense of challenge, promotion opportunities, and lack of value conflict in the work they do. The findings also reveal greater concrete rewards but declining promotion opportunities among the nonprofit administrators and a greater sense of challenge but declining income among public agency administrators. The findings suggest several directions for social work education and management training.
Effects of Monitoring and Tradition on Compensation Arrangements: An Experiment with Principal-Agent Dyads

An experiment tested the theory that behavior monitoring and the presence of a tradition of noncontingent pay would interact to affect compensation agreements in principal-agent dyads. On the basis of the notion that risk takers can command premiums, we also predicted that agents who accepted contingent pay would earn more than those who did not. Finally, we predicted that the presence of a tradition of non-contingent pay would anchor both the form and amount of agent earnings. Data collected from 40 dyads supported all three predictions. Further, we observed that the impact of tradition exceeded that of monitoring and became stronger over time. The study has implications for predicting the features of compensation agreements and understanding the impact of traditions on levels of earnings.
Discriminative stimulus effects of GHB and GABAB agonists are differentially attenuated by CGP35348

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the possible heterogeneity of mechanisms that contribute to the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Dose effect curves were determined for GHB and two GABAB receptor agonists (baclofen and SKF97541) alone and together with the selective GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348 in rats discriminating GHB. In a second study, GHB and SKF97541 dose effect curves were determined alone and together with baclofen. CGP35348 attenuated the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of SKF97541 and baclofen to a greater extent than those of GHB. In the second study, baclofen enhanced the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of GHB and SKF97541; however, the GHB dose effect curve was not shifted in a parallel manner. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple mechanisms, possibly including GHB receptors and GABAB receptor subtypes, are involved in the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of GHB.
CNS T-cell lymphoma: an under-recognized entity?

The incidence of CNS lymphoma has increased significantly in the past 30 years, primarily in the elderly and immunocompromised. While T-cell lymphomas comprise 15–20% of systemic lymphomas, they comprise less than 4% of primary CNS lymphomas, suggesting that they may be under-recognized compared to their systemic counterparts. To investigate this, we studied brain biopsies from three patients who were diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma confined to the brain. They had enhancing lesions by MRI, arising in the cerebellum and brainstem in one and temporal lobe in two. We compared these to biopsies from three patients who had reactive lymphoid infiltrates and who had clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic findings that were indistinguishable from the lymphoma group. Biopsies from both the lymphoma group and reactive group showed considerable cytomorphologic heterogeneity. Although one lymphoma case contained large atypical cells, the other two contained small, mature lymphocytes within a heterogeneous infiltrate of neoplastic and reactive inflammatory cells. Surface marker aberrancies were present in two lymphoma cases, but this alone could not reliably diagnose T-cell lymphoma. The proliferation index was not useful for differentiating lymphoma from reactive infiltrates. In five of the six cases the diagnosis was most influenced by clonality studies for T-cell receptor-gamma gene rearrangements. We conclude that because of the high degree of overlap in cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic features between T-cell lymphoma and reactive infiltrates, T-cell lymphoma may not be recognized unless studies for T-cell receptor gene rearrangements are performed for CNS lesions composed of a polymorphous but predominantly T-cell infiltrate.
DETECTION OF WATER AFTER THE COLLISION OF FRAGMENTS G AND K OF COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 WITH JUPITER

Abstract We observed Jupiter on 17–19 July 1994 using NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) deployed out of Melbourne, Australia. The KAO Echelle Grating Spectrograph (KEGS) uses an array detector with 128 spectral elements and 20 spatial elements. The spectral resolution was 0.19 cm −1 , equivalent to a resolving power of 6800. We detected three H 2 O emission lines near 7.7 μm as well as numerous emission features of CH 4 . At the peak of the fallback phase for the ejecta from the G and K fragments, we infer temperatures between 1000 and 1200 K at the 3-μbar pressure level on Jupiter. The H 2 O lines at 7.7 μm were visible for only about 10 to 20 min. We obtained line-of-sight abundances of H 2 O for both G and K of 1.0 to 1.5 × 10 18 cm −2 . The inferred mass of H 2 O in each fragment ranges from 1.4 to 2.8 × 10 12 g, equivalent to spheres of ice 140 to 180 m in diameter at unit density. This should be considered a lower limit to H 2 O as the 7.7-μm data are sensitive only to the hottest component of water. The G and K impact sites exhibited remarkably similar spectra at the time of peak infrared emission about 14 min after impact. The inferred abundance of H 2 O at this time was comparable to that of CH 4 . We interpret the observed CH 4 emission as due to heating of pre-existing jovian CH 4 in the upper stratosphere. Water in the impact sites can be explained by shock chemistry provided that the C/O ratio is less than 1. Our observations are consistent with a scenario in which oxygen-rich cometary material combines with jovian H 2 to produce H 2 O during the fallback phase. Combining our observations with spectra acquired from the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer on the Galileo spacecraft, we do not believe that the fragments reached the 6-bar level in order to excavate jovian water.
Technology, Consciousness, and the Transitional Symbolic Self: Implications for Social Work Education

A growing body of literature is focused on hypertechnology in curriculum and culture. This article contributes to that literature. Taking the perspective of social work education that human reality emerges from the interaction of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural forces, the reader is invited to consider the possibility that in this generation of students we may be experiencing an historic shift in consciousness and a genuine intellectual rift between the generations. If, as is suggested by important segments of the literature, styles of symbolic self-consciousness are formed and contoured by evolving communications technology, we might expect that a reading-based style of symbolic self-consciousness will differ significantly from a style of self-consciousness formed by the rapid dissemination of visual images. This hypothesis suggests that we are currently in a transitional state, as we shift from one style of consciousness to another. Some implications for teaching in this time of transition...
Stepping Stones: Evolving the Earth and Its Life

In recent years, science has begun to consider more system-level studies that cross disciplines. These studies challenge our traditional disciplinary training. It is no longer enough to be just a geologist when the problems of interest deal with an entire planet. Indeed, a knowledge of biology, geology astronomy, and myriad subfields is needed. In Stepping Stones, Stephen Drury steps up to the daunting task of writing a general treatment of the science of the entire Earth. He not only ranges through all of the relevant physical sciences but also reaches to economics and political theory. The material is presented at a general level with reading lists but no specific references. Equations have been minimized.
Characteristics of hospitalizations attributed to herpetic gingivostomatitis: analysis of nationwide inpatient sample.

Objective Herpetic gingivostomatitis (HGS) is a prevalent oral condition of viral origin. Some patients with HGS visit emergency departments for treatment. This study is aimed at determining the nationwide estimates of hospitalizations due to HGS in the United States. Study Design The Nationwide Inpatient Sample of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was used for the years 2004 to 2010. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of HGS were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9-CM code 054.2. Results During the study period, a total of 12 536 hospitalizations were attributed to HGS, and the number of hospitalizations per year (mean, 1791) remained fairly constant during the years examined. The median age was 3.2 years. The mean age (15.6 years for the overall period) ranged from a low of 15.2 in 2010 to a high of 16.8 in 2007. The total charges that resulted from these hospitalizations were $229.4 million. Conclusions This study further confirms that substantial resources are spent in treating oral conditions in hospital settings.
A bartlett-type adjustment for the likelihood ratio statistic with an ordered alternative

Abstract For testing the equality of normal variances with an increasing alternative, under the null hypothesis the likelihood ratio test statistic is asymptotically distributed as a mixture of chi-squared distributions. In this paper a Bartlett-type adjustment is proposed to improve the approximation of the null distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic with an ordered alternative.
The American melting pot: A national myth in public and popular discourse

This article traces the development of the “melting pot” narrative in the United States. Despite being the subject of significant scholarly critique, this narrative continues to be a central myth and symbol of American national identity. Congressional debates show that it has been useful for legitimating immigration policy, while popular discourse frequently references melting pot symbolism. The melting pot narrative resonates with the public because it simultaneously embraces the American immigration experience and national unity. The article also highlights how this myth is constructed almost entirely around culture, overlooking larger structural disparities that exist between racial groups.
Late hemarthrosis from a threaded acetabular component

Painful hemarthrosis 6 months after total hip arthroplasty resulted from erosion of the anterior hip capsule over exposed threads of a threaded acetabular component. The capsular laceration occurred in an area of bone deficiency at the anterior acetabular lip underlying the psoas tendon. The diagnosis was made at the time of surgical exploration. Threaded sockets should be contained by bone in the area of these structures to prevent this previously undescribed complication.
A New Family of Polymerizable Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Control of Feature Size in Cross-Linked Inverted Hexagonal Assemblies via Monomer Structure

An efficient and versatile synthesis of a series of polymerizable amphiphilic mesogens that affords control over tail length and position of the polymerizable group is described. The synthesis employs a novel and facile method of preparing styrene ethers. The monomers are sodium salts of styrene ether-modified fatty acids that can be used to form cross-linkable inverted hexagonal (HII) lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) phases at ambient temperature with controllable nanometer-scale dimensions. Examination of a series of regioisomers with the same alkyl chain length but with the styrene ether group at different locations along the chain revealed that the position of the styrene ether has a profound effect on the dimensions of the resulting HII phase at a fixed temperature and composition. Increasing overall monomer tail length also has a significant, although smaller, effect on the unit cell dimensions of the LLC phase. By controlling the structure of the LLC monomer in this manner, cross-linked HII phases wi...
Dynamic regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β: Molecular biology for non-molecular biologists

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key mediator and modulator of a wide array of physiological responses important for survival. It is created by a variety of cell types, including immune cells, glia, and neurons. It is a very potent biological molecule, acting both at the periphery as well as within the central nervous system. The production and release of IL-1β is tightly regulated by far more complex processes than previously thought. An appreciation of this complexity is necessary for proper interpretation of apparent contradictions in the literature where different aspects of IL-1β expression are measured. Given that many researchers are not molecular biologists by training, yet need an appreciation of the controls that regulate the function of key proteins such as IL-1β, this review is aimed at both: (a) clarifying the multiple levels at which IL-1β production is modulated and (b) using IL-1β regulation to explain the dynamics of gene regulation to non-molecular biologists. Three major topics will be discussed. First, regulation of IL-1β production will be examined at every level from extracellular signals that trigger gene activation through release of active protein into the extracellular fluid. Second, regulation of IL-1β bioavailability and bioactivity will be discussed. This section examines the fact that even after IL-1β is released, it may or may not be able to exert a biological action due to multiple modulatory factors. Last is the introduction of the idea that IL-1β regulation is, at times, beyond the direct control of host; that is, when IL-1β production becomes dysregulated by pathogens.
Miniaturized transesophageal echocardiography in newborn infants.

Abstract Background and Methods: A miniaturized 5.5 to 10 MHz, phased-array, single longitudinal plane transducer mounted on a 3.3-mm diameter catheter (miniaturized transesophageal echocardiography [TEE]) may overcome mechanical limitations of standard pediatric transesophageal probes. We evaluated whether the miniaturized TEE probe could define clinically relevant anatomy in 17 infants who weighed less than 6 kg. Results: Twenty-two studies were performed in 17 infants without complication, weighing 2.1 to 5.6 kg. Twenty of twenty-two studies were diagnostic. Pediatric biplane TEE was not possible in 13 studies. Lack of horizontal plane imaging with miniaturized TEE made evaluation difficult in patients with atrioventricular septal defect. Conclusion: Miniaturized TEE provided diagnostic intraoperative TEE in the majority of infants studied and may allow broader and safer application of TEE to neonates and small infants. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:791-7.)
Droplet impingement and breakup on a dry surface

Abstract In this work, new results of droplet impingement and breakup have been obtained using three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method. All four phases after impingement, the kinematic, spreading, relaxation and equilibrium phases, leading to breakup have been obtained for a range of Weber number, Reynolds number and density ratio. Conditions have been chosen such that Re ≪ We for comparison with available data in the literature. The maximum spread factor compares well with experiments as well as the theoretical value of 0.5 Re0.25. At Oh
World health organization — Basic radiographic system (WHO-BRS) unit: Experimental clinical evaluation

The basic radiographic system (BRS) is a simplified version of a standard radiographic unit designed by the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization. The design of the BRS includes the requirement that it should be able to perform routine radiographic examinations with a minimum of operator training. This report describes the performance of a BRS manufactured by Siemens. The physical parameters of this BRS were very good and operation should require a minimum of training. A small number of BRS films were compared with films obtained using the standard equipment in the department. The BRS films were generally regarded as satisfactory. Radiation exposure to patients is equal to, and in some cases less than, exposures with conventional X-ray units.
Effects of chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine on myocardial responsiveness to isoproterenol in rabbits

This study examined the hypothesis that chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) would increase myocardial responsiveness to isoproterenol. Five days previously, 15 New Zealand white rabbits were given 60 mg/kg 6-OHDA intravenously. Fifteen control rabbits received vehicle. Hemodynamic, coronary blood flow (CBF), and cardiac output measurements were obtained before and during isoproterenol infusion (0.5 μg/kg/min for 15 min). Norepinephrine tissue content, β-adrenoceptor number (Bmax) and affinity (Kd), cyclic AMP content and cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity were measured in the subepicardium (EPI) and subendocardium (ENDO). Myocardial norepinephrine content was significantly decreased from 1263±292 (EPI) and 874±221 ng/g tissue (ENDO) in the control to 148 ±33 (EPI) and 90±45 ng/g tissue (ENDO) in the denervated group. There were no significant changes in cyclic AMP-PDE activity of Bmax and Kd of β-adrenoceptors. Cyclic AMP content was similar at baseline, but controls had a significantly larger increase (123–155 %) during isoproterenol infusion when compared to the denervated group (27–37%). The denervated animals showed a smaller increase in cardiac output during isoproterenol infusion (from 203±30 to 235±26 ml/min), when compared to the control animals (from 135±18 to 216±42 ml/min). Baseline CBF was significantly higher in the EPI but not ENDO of the denervated group (185±20 ml/ 100 g/min in EPI and 150±8 in ENDO) compared to the control group (108±13 in EPI and 133±17 in ENDO). The relative increase in CBF during isoproterenol infusion was smaller in the denervated group (44–45%) than the control group (107–109%). Isoproterenol infusions of 0.1 and 2.5 μg/kg/min showed similarly depressed coronary blood flow responses in denervated animals. Thus, the chemically denervated animals did not have β-adrenoceptor upregulation, exhibited a lesser increase in cyclic AMP with isoproterenol, and had a reduced functinal and coronary blood flow response to isoproterenol. This occurred without any significant change in β-adrenoceptor number or affinity, or in cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase activity, indicating there may be receptor uncoupling or other changes in the signal transduction pathway.
Conjunctive Visual Forms

Visual exploration of multidimensional data is a process of isolating and extracting relationships within and between dimensions. Coordinated multiple view approaches are particularly effective for visual exploration because they support precise expression of heterogeneous multidimensional queries using simple interactions. Recent visual analytics research has made significant progress in identifying and understanding patterns of composed views and coordinations that support fast, flexible, and open-ended data exploration. What is missing is formalization of the space of expressible queries in terms of visual representation and interaction. This paper introduces the conjunctive visual form model in which visual exploration consists of interactively-driven sequences of transitions between visual states that correspond to conjunctive normal forms in boolean logic. The model predicts several new and useful ways to extend the space of rapidly expressible queries through addition of simple interactive capabilities to existing compositional patterns. Two recent related visual tools offer a subset of these capabilities, providing a basis for conjecturing about such extensions.
Performative transcendental arguments

‘Performative’ transcendental arguments exploit the status of a subcategory of self-falsifying propositions in showing that some form of skepticism is unsustainable. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between performatively inconsistent propositions and transcendental arguments, and then to compare performative transcendental arguments to modest transcendental arguments that seek only to establish the indispensability of some belief or conceptual framework. Reconceptualizing transcendental arguments as performative helps focus the intended dilemma for the skeptic: performative transcendental arguments directly confront the skeptic with the choice of abandoning either skepticism or some other deep theoretical commitment. Many philosophers, from Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas to Jaakko Hintikka, C.I. Lewis, and Bernard Lonergan, have claimed that some skeptical propositions regarding knowledge, reason, and/or morality can be shown to be self-defeating; that is to say, they have claimed that the very upholding of some skeptical position is in some way incompatible with the position being upheld, or with the implied, broader dialectical position of the skeptic in question. Statements or propositions alleged to have this characteristic also sometimes are called ‘self-falsifying,’ ‘self-refuting,’ ‘self-stultifying,’ ‘self-destructive,’ or ‘pointless.’ However, proponents of the strategy of showing skepticism to be self-defeating have not in general adequately distinguished between two types of self-defeating proposition: self-falsifying and self-stultifying. In the first part of this paper I distinguish between self-falsifying and self-stultifying propositions, and introduce the notion of performative self-falsification. In the second part I discuss classical transcendental arguments, ‘modest’ transcendental arguments, and objections to each. In the third part I introduce two types of transcendental argument—each labeled “performative”—corresponding to two types of performatively self-falsifying proposition, and I compare them to modest transcendental arguments.
INFORMATION NEEDS FOR PESTICIDE REGISTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Historically, the tiered data-gathering process of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) relied on aquatic field studies in its highest tier to complete an ecological risk assessment. A 1992 policy decision deemphasized requirements for field testing and placed greater emphasis on more realistic exposure estimates, laboratory-derived risk criteria, and early risk mitigation. Currently, ecological risk assessments of pesticides as performed by the OPP require two fundamental components: (1) an effects dose–response profile for selected species, and (2) an exposure profile for representative species relevant to the endpoints being considered. Additional information, though useful, is not generally considered essential for effective risk management decisions. It is the existing policy of the OPP to make expeditious decisions to attempt to mitigate the risk concerns identified with laboratory-derived data rather than postpone action until these risks are further characterized by field data. Experimental field studies and bio-monitoring studies can still be used in both prospective and ongoing assessments of pesticide risks. Such studies provide useful information for risk assessment and subsequent risk-management decisions. Since the original presentation in August 1994, the OPP brought its risk assessment methodology to the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. In May 1996, this panel advised the OPP to reconsider its 1992 policy regarding field studies. The OPP is in the process of re-evaluating this policy.
A grand superspace for unified field theories

Agrand superspace is proposed as the phase space for gauge field theories with a fixed structure groupG over a fixed space-time manifoldM. This superspace incorporatesall principal fiber bundles with these data. This phase space is the space of isomorphism classes ofall connections onall G-principal fiber bundles overM (fixedG andM). The justification for choosing this grand superspace for the phase space is that the space-time and the structure group are determinants of the physical theory, but the principal fiber bundle with the givenG andM is not. Grand superspace is studied in terms of a natural universal principal fiber bundle overM, canonically associated withM alone, and with a natural universal connection on this bundle. This bundle and its connection are universal in the sense that all connections on allG-principal fiber bundles (anyG) overM can be recovered from this universal bundle and its universal connection by a canonical construction. WhenG is Abelian, grand superspace is shown to be an Abelian group. Various subspaces of grand superspace consisting of the isomorphism classes of flat connections and of Yang-Mills connections are also discussed.
Comparison of Adaptive Resonance Theory Neural Networks for Astronomical Region of Interest Detection and Noise Characterization

While learning algorithms have been used for astronomical data analysis, the vast majority of those algorithms have used supervised learning. In a continuation of the work described in Young et ah [18] we examine the use of unsupervised learning for this task with two types of Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural networks. Using synthetic astronomical data from SkyMaker[2], [3] which was designed to mimic the dynamic range of the CTI-[14] telescope, we compared the ability of the ART-1 neural network[4] and the ART-1 neural network with category theoretic modiflcation[9], [11] to detect regions of interest and to characterize noise. We show a difference in the geometries of the templates created by each architecture. We also show an analysis of the two architectures over a range of parameter settings. The results provided show that ART neural networks and unsupervised learning algorithms in general should not be overlooked for astronomical data analysis.
Manipulation of small Rho GTPases is a pathogen-induced process detected by NOD1

Our innate immune system distinguishes microbes from self by detecting conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns. However, these are produced by all microbes, regardless of their pathogenic potential. To distinguish virulent microbes from those with lower disease-causing potential the innate immune system detects conserved pathogen-induced processes, such as the presence of microbial products in the host cytosol, by mechanisms that are not fully resolved. Here we show that NOD1 senses cytosolic microbial products by monitoring the activation state of small Rho GTPases. Activation of RAC1 and CDC42 by bacterial delivery or ectopic expression of SopE, a virulence factor of the enteric pathogen Salmonella, triggered the NOD1 signalling pathway, with consequent RIP2 (also known as RIPK2)-mediated induction of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses. Similarly, activation of the NOD1 signalling pathway by peptidoglycan required RAC1 activity. Furthermore, constitutively active forms of RAC1, CDC42 and RHOA activated the NOD1 signalling pathway. Our data identify the activation of small Rho GTPases as a pathogen-induced process sensed through the NOD1 signalling pathway.