cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY IN TRACHEOMALACIA

Growth hormone may be involved in normal cartilage production. Two patients with GH deficient states were treated with GH. Both patients, one with panhypopituitarism (patient 1) and another with pseudohypoparathyroidism (patient 2) presented with severe tracheomalacia. Both patients required tracheostomy. Patient 1 had his tracheostomy at age 3 years and 9 years later, despite numerous ENT procedures to reduce granulation tissue, could not be extubated due to collapse of the tracheal cartilage. Patient 1 was treated for hypothyroidism and hypoadrenalism. An insulin-glucagon test showed no GH values greater than 2 ng/ml (Hybritech IRMA). At one month of life, patient 2 had a tracheostomy and was diagnosed with pseudohypoparathyroidism with no significant rise in phosphate excretion, cyclic-AMP, or calcium (urinary or serum ionized) after PTH administration. This patient had a low IGF-1 and IBP-3. Patient 1 was treated with GH at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/dose SC 6X per week; patient 2 at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day SC (the higher dose due to resistance to peptide hormones), each for six months. After treatment, the tracheal cartilage had become more firm, allowing extubation in both patients. This experience suggests a role for GH in the development of tracheal cartilage.
Evaluation and Treatment of Resonance Disorders

Resonance disorders can be caused by a variety of structural abnormalities in the resonating chambers for speech, or by velopharyngeal dysfunction. These abnormalities may result in hypernasality, hypo- or denasality, or cul-de-sac resonance. Resonance disorders are commonly seen in patients with craniofacial anomalies, particularly a history of cleft palate. The appropriate evaluation of a resonance disorder includes a speech pathology evaluation, and may require a video-fluoroscopic speech study or nasopharyngoscopy assessment. Treatment may include surgery or the use of prosthetic devices, and usually speech therapy. Given the complexity of these disorders in regard to evaluation and treatment, the patient is best served by an interdisciplinary craniofacial anomaly team.
Predicting the influence of compressibility and thermal and flow distribution asymmetry on the frequency-response characteristics of multitube two-phase condensing flow systems

An equivalent single-tube model concept was extended to predict the frequency-response characteristics of multitube two-phase condensing flow systems, complete with the ability to predict the influence of compressibility and thermal and flow distribution asymmetry. The predictive capability of the equivalent single-tube model was verified experimentally with extensive data that encompassed a three-order-of-magnitude range of frequencies, and a wide range of operating parameters.
MET overexpression in colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases predicts poor survival

METHODS: In 63 patients with CRC liver metastases, we quantified MET mRNA from microdissected tumor and adjacent normal liver by Real-Time RT-PCR. Using random primed cDNA and genespecific PCR, specimen threshold cycle was determined and standard curves generated. Samples were normalized using 18S RNA. Tumor MET gene overexpression was defined as mRNA levels above the median of normal adjacent liver. Overall survival (OS) was compared by Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank. Median follow-up for survivors was 44 months.
When a better interface and easy navigation aren't enough: examining the information architecture in a law enforcement agency

An information architecture that allows users to easily navigate through a system and quickly recover from mistakes is often defined as a highly usable system. But usability in systems design goes beyond a good interface and efficient navigation. In this article we describe two database systems in a law enforcement agency. One system is a legacy, text-based system with cumbersome navigation (RMS); the newer system is a graphical user interface with simplified navigation (CopNet). It is hypothesized that law enforcement users will evaluate CopNet higher than RMS, but experts of the older system will evaluate it higher than others will. We conducted two user studies. One study examined what users thought of RMS and CopNet, and compared RMS experts' evaluations with nonexperts. We found that all users evaluated CopNet as more effective, easier to use, and easier to navigate than RMS, and this was especially noticeable for users who were not experts with the older system. The second, follow-up study examined use behavior after CopNet was deployed some time later. The findings revealed that evaluations of CopNet were not associated with its use. If the newer system had a better interface and was easier to navigate than the older, legacy system, why were law enforcement personnel reluctant to switch? We discuss reasons why switching to a new system is difficult, especially for those who are most adept at using the older system. Implications for system design and usability are also discussed.
Effects of Methane and Ethane on the Heterogeneous Production of Water from Hydrogen and Oxygen over Platinum in Stagnation Flow

Abstract The effects of CH 4 and C 2 H 6 on the catalytic production of water from hydrogen-rich mixtures are investigated in a stagnation flow reactor using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. The analytical treatment assesses the accuracy of a detailed elementary reaction mechanism recently proposed for partial oxidation of ethane in short-contact-time reactors. Both CH 4 and C 2 H 6 inhibit the heterogeneous water-forming chemistry, as evidenced by a strong correlation between the net water production, light-off temperature, and mole fraction of hydrocarbon in the reactor. The effects of C 2 H 6 on Pt are more pronounced than those of CH 4 , due to its propensity for forming carbonaceous overlayers on the catalyst surface. A general kinetic mechanism used successfully to describe partial oxidation of C 2 H 6 over Pt-impregnated monoliths could not reproduce the experimental observations. Discrepancies between model chemistry and experiment reveal possible avenues for the improvement of the mechanism.
Seven pitfalls to avoid on the hunt for best practices

A recent US Defense Science Board study recommended the identification and implementation of best practices as a critical need for successful acquisition programs. Practices in this sense go beyond the development-related guidance of the popular Capability Maturity Models, including approaches organizations use to manage others creating software for them under contract. The study identified several traditional project-management practices such as configuration management and risk management, as well as newer practices such as executable architectures and limiting development time.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus virulent for cattle utilizes the integrin alpha(v)beta3 as its receptor.

Adsorption and plaque formation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A12 are inhibited by antibodies to the integrin αvβ3 (A. Berinstein et al., J. Virol. 69:2664–2666, 1995). A human cell line, K562, which does not normally express αvβ3 cannot replicate this serotype unless cells are transfected with cDNAs encoding this integrin (K562-αvβ3 cells). In contrast, we found that a tissue culture-propagated FMDV, type O1BFS, was able to replicate in nontransfected K562 cells, and replication was not inhibited by antibodies to the endogenously expressed integrin α5β1. A recent report indicating that cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) was required for efficient infection of type O1 (T. Jackson et al., J. Virol. 70:5282–5287, 1996) led us to examine the role of HS and αvβ3 in FMDV infection. We transfected normal CHO cells, which express HS but not αvβ3, and two HS-deficient CHO cell lines with cDNAs encoding human αvβ3, producing a panel of cells that expressed one or both receptors. In these cells, type A12 replication was dependent on expression of αvβ3, whereas type O1BFS replicated to high titer in normal CHO cells but could not replicate in HS-deficient cells even when they expressed αvβ3. We have also analyzed two genetically engineered variants of type O1Campos, vCRM4, which has greatly reduced virulence in cattle and can bind to heparin-Sepharose columns, and vCRM8, which is highly virulent in cattle and cannot bind to heparin-Sepharose. vCRM4 replicated in wild-type K562 cells and normal, nontransfected CHO (HS+ αvβ3−) cells, whereas vCRM8 replicated only in K562 and CHO cells transfected with αvβ3 cDNAs. A similar result was also obtained in assays using a vCRM4 virus with an engineered RGD→KGE mutation. These results indicate that virulent FMDV utilizes the αvβ3 integrin as a primary receptor for infection and that adaptation of type O1 virus to cell culture results in the ability of the virus to utilize HS as a receptor and a concomitant loss of virulence.
Influence of Raw Soybeans on Oxygen Consumption and Liver and Muscle Glycogen Content of Chicks

Abstract THE MODE of action of raw soybean meal in depressing growth of chicks has not been clearly established. In our studies on the physiological effects of feeding raw soybean meal to chicks, many different measurements were made to determine what differences could be detected that could be attributed to the experimental treatments. A semi-purified diet (Table 1), containing hexane extracted soybean meal (brew flakes) as the sole source of protein, was fed to chicks that were raised in electrically-heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. The soybean meal was autoclaved at atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes. Experimental diets contained 25 percent protein to which adequate levels of dl -methionine were added. Chicks received feed and water ad libitum. They were starved for 16 hours before measurements of oxygen consumption were taken. Two chicks were randomly selected from each treatment and weighed individually. Their oxygen consumption was measured for a period of …
Adaptive channel switching for admission control with QoS and priority in WCDMA uplink

Characteristics of 3G, such as soft capacity and cell- and services-specific capacity and coverage, require new radio resource management strategies to serve diverse quality of service requirements. Considering the dynamic pattern of QoS levels, our view of RRM considers utilization of both traffic channel and control channel capacity. We formulate the. uplink soft capacity of a 3G WCDMA cell as a function of bandwidth and interference and the capacity utilization of an individual user as a function of the user's traffic class and activity factor. A WCDMA uplink admission control algorithm is proposed which combines QoS renegotiation, service differentiation by priority, and adaptive channel rate- and type-switching. Simulation-based studies are performed. Results reveal that employing both channel rate- and type-switching is more efficient than using only one technique alone especially when RRM considers both traffic channel and control channel capacity constraints.
Conflict, Cooperation, and Facework in Contrasto Verbal Duels

Tuscan Contrasto verbal duels reveal a subtly complex relationship between conflict and cooperation, and between face and insults. In these duels, the performers use their arguing skills to debate the politics and morality of contemporary Italy, calling attention to contradictions. The artists cooperate in building disagreement and heightening wider social conflicts, while insults may contribute to a successful performance, thus enhancing face. The study of these duels requires a rethinking of concepts such as facework, politeness, cooperation, and conflict. Here, I argue that what counts as face depends upon both the context and the audience, and that conceptualizations of face, (im)politeness, cooperation, and conflict are at least partially ideological. [verbal duels, Contrasto, politeness and impoliteness, facework, Italy]
An archaebacteria‐derived glutamyl‐tRNA synthetase and tRNA pair for unnatural amino acid mutagenesis of proteins in Escherichia coli

The addition of novel amino acids to the genetic code of Escherichia coli involves the generation of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pair that is ‘orthogonal’, meaning that it functions independently of the synthetases and tRNAs endogenous to E.coli. The amino acid specificity of the orthogonal synthetase is then modified to charge the corresponding orthogonal tRNA with an unnatural amino acid that is subsequently incorporated into a polypeptide in response to a nonsense or missense codon. Here we report the development of an orthogonal glutamic acid synthetase and tRNA pair. The tRNA is derived from the consensus sequence obtained from a multiple sequence alignment of archaeal tRNAGlu sequences. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is from the achaebacterium Pyrococcus horikoshii. The new orthogonal pair suppresses amber nonsense codons with an efficiency roughly comparable to that of the orthogonal tyrosine pair derived from Methanococcus jannaschii, which has been used to selectively incorporate a variety of unnatural amino acids into proteins in E.coli. Development of the glutamic acid orthogonal pair increases the potential diversity of unnatural amino acid structures that may be incorporated into proteins in E.coli.
Oasis: A Mapping and Integration Framework for Biomedical Ontologies

More and more ontologies are emerging across bioinformatics domains to represent and define domain knowledge, such as gene ontology, anatomy ontology and disease ontology. To integrate these heterogeneous ontologies is becoming critically important for applications utilizing multiple ontologies. Because the entities described in the ontology often overlap with other entities in other ontologies, a mapping between two corresponding terms is required and becoming the key to the integration of heterogeneous ontologies. Based on a previously developed schema matching algorithm, this paper presents a framework for mapping and integration of heterogeneous biomedical ontologies. The framework detects possible false mappings intelligently and provides intuitive interfaces for users to customize mappings and for applications to integrate and access biomedical ontologies.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: palmata‐group systematics (Carabidae)

. This paper is the fourth in a series designed to cover taxomomical-ly all species groups of Agra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. New methods of description are used in the series to cover the several hundred species in less time and space, to provide a consistent numerical data base for those who choose to use it, and to use more efficiently and effectively the descriptive process. In this paper, one species group, palmata, is discussed; it is divided into six subgroups: dominula, cavei, dora, tingomaria, valentina and palmata. Thirty-two new species of Agra are described from the following type-localities: eucera (REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island), eucnemes (type area: ECUADOR), demerasae (GUYANA, Demerasa), nox (type area: FRENCH GUIANA), nigrarima (WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley), sironyx (WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley), atlas (WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Simla, 5.0 miles north of Arima), rufarima (WEST INDIES, Trinidad), littleorum (BRAZIL, Amazonas, Rio Demiti), constans (BRAZIL, Amazonas, Benjamin Constant), serra (BRAZIL, Para, Santarem), xingu (BRAZIL, Para, Sao Felix do Xingu), goyazella (BRAZIL, Goyas, Jatahy), cachimbo (BRAZIL, Para, Cachimbo), tarapoto (PERU, Tarapoto), iota (PERU, Rio Ucayali, mouth), cavei (PARAGUAY, Cordillera, Caapuce), notichlora (PARAGUAY, Santisma Trinidad), dora (PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldonado), satipo (PERU, Satipo), notiocyanea (BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz, Sara), tingomaria (PERU, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley), pearsoni (PERU, Lago Yarina-cocha), stockwelli (REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island), paloma (MEXICO, Oaxaca, Palomeres), kayae (MEXICO, Chiapas, Arroyo Santa Maria, east slope Sierra de Colmena), belize (BELIZE, Rio Temas), atriperna (REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island), orabrocha (REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island), dorazul (COLOMBIA, Santander), cyaneucnemes (COLOMBIA, Minca), vesedes (type-area: northern South America). Thirty-nine species are fully discussed. Their cumulative range extends from Oaxaca, Mexico, south to Bolivia, east to Brazilia and north to Guyana; most species are very locally distributed. A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon. Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic analysis of the five groups of Section Erythropus will be presented in a separate paper. Species distributions correspond to Pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other classes or groups of organisms.
Mechanisms for secure modular programming in Java

We present a new module system for Java that improves upon many of the deficiencies of the Java package system and gives the programmer more control over dynamic linking. Our module system provides explicit interfaces, multiple views of modules based on hierarchical nesting and more flexible name-space management than the Java package system. Relationships between modules are explicitly specified in module description files. We provide more control over dynamic linking by allowing import statements in module description files to require that imported modules be annotated with certain properties, which we implement by digital signatures. Our module system is compatible enough with standard Java to be implemented as a source-to-source and bytecode-to-bytecode transformation wrapped around a standard Java compiler, using a standard Java virtual machine (JVM).
Do Brief Measures of Readiness to Change Predict Alcohol Consumption and Consequences in Primary Care Patients With Unhealthy Alcohol Use

Background: Assessing readiness to change is recommended as part of brief interventions for patients with unhealthy alcohol use. However, the utility and predictive validity of readiness measures have not been well established. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we assessed primary care patients with unhealthy alcohol use (past-month drinking of risky amounts, or any amount and an affirmative response to CAGE alcohol screening questionnaire) and reassessed them 6 months later. At study entry, we assessed readiness to change using 1 multi-item measure of stage of change, and 5 single-item measures (readiness per se, importance of changing, confidence in ability to change, intention to cut down, intention to abstain). Outcomes included alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. Multivariable regression models were fit for each measure of readiness and each outcome. Results: Of 312 patients with unhealthy alcohol use, 228 (73%) were assessed at study entry and 6 months later and had complete data. Among readiness measures, only confidence and intention to abstain (1 point changes on single-item measures) were associated with consumption 6 months later: less heavy episodic drinking [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.88, 95% CI 0.80–0.98 and AOR 0.79, 0.64–0.98, respectively], and less drinking of risky amounts (AOR 0.89, 0.79–1.00 and AOR 0.78, 0.62–0.98, respectively). Intention to abstain was also associated with more abstinence (AOR 1.43, 1.09–1.88). Single-item measures of readiness, importance, and intention to cut down were significantly associated with higher odds of alcohol consequences. Greater confidence (single item) was associated with a lower odds of any consequences (AOR 0.88, 0.79–0.98). Conclusions: Greater readiness, as measured by several brief assessments, was associated with more consequences and was not predictive of consumption. However, assessing confidence in the ability to change one's alcohol use may have a role in predicting subsequent decreases in both consumption and consequences in primary care patients.
The Anatomy, Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition of Wood

At a conference devoted to biomass utilization, it is to be expected that wood, a unique renewable material produced by living trees, be given major consideration. Since it is estimated that about 80 percent of available biomass is derived from the forest, it is essential that this component be characterized thoroughly as to anatomy or structure, ultrastructure and chemical composition. Only with this background is it possible to undertake effective utilization of woody biomass for the production of energy, chemical feedstocks or food.
A push-relabel algorithm for approximating degree bounded MSTs

Given a graph G and degree bound B on its nodes, the bounded-degree minimum spanning tree (BDMST) problem is to find a minimum cost spanning tree among the spanning trees with maximum degree B. This bi-criteria optimization problem generalizes several combinatorial problems, including the Traveling Salesman Path Problem (TSPP). An $(\alpha,\:f(B))$-approximation algorithm for the BDMST problem produces a spanning tree that has maximum degree f(B) and cost within a factor α of the optimal cost. Konemann and Ravi [13,14] give a polynomial-time $({1+\frac{1}{\beta}},\:{bB(1+\beta) + \log_bn})$-approximation algorithm for any b > 1, β> 0. In a recent paper [2], Chaudhuri et al. improved these results with a $({1},\:{bB+\sqrt{b}\log_bn})$-approximation for any b > 1. In this paper, we present a $({1+\frac{1}{\beta}},\:{2B(1+ \beta) + o(B(1+\beta))})$-approximation polynomial-time algorithm. That is, we give the first algorithm that approximates both degree and cost to within a constant factor of the optimal. These results generalize to the case of non-uniform degree bounds. The crux of our solution is an approximation algorithm for the related problem of finding a minimum spanning tree (MST) in which the maximum degree of the nodes is minimized, a problem we call the minimum-degree MST (MDMST) problem. Given a graph G for which the degree of the MDMST solution is $\Delta_{\mbox{\sc{opt}}}$, our algorithm obtains in polynomial time an MST of G of degree at most $2\Delta_{\mbox{\sc{opt}}} + o(\Delta_{\mbox{\sc{opt}}})$. This result improves on a previous result of Fischer [4] that finds an MST of G of degree at most $b\Delta_{\mbox{\sc{opt}}} + \log_bn$ for any b > 1, and on the improved quasipolynomial algorithm of [2]. Our algorithm uses the push-relabel framework developed by Goldberg [7] for the maximum flow problem. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of a push-relabel approximation algorithm for an NP-hard problem, and we believe these techniques may have larger impact. We note that for B = 2, our algorithm gives a tree of cost within a (1+e)-factor of the optimal solution to TSPP and of maximum degree $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon})$ for any e> 0, even on graphs not satisfying the triangle inequality.
FM local newscasts in the Southwest: A disappearing service

This 2004 investigation of FM radio stations in seven southwestern states presents a snapshot of where radio news might be heading early in our new millennium. Radio is rarely the topic of discussi...
Aqueous Phase Equilibria in the System CaO-Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O: The Significance and Stability of Friedel's Salt

Friedel's Salt is a poorly understood phase in the CaO-Al2O3-CaCl2-H2O system, which is critical in the function and stability of salt-saturated portland cement-based grouts. Such grouts are required to seal exploratory excavations in a radioactive waste repository sited in bedded salt. The phase equilibria of this system were investigated, and four quaternary invariant points were determined to allow construction of a phase diagram. The diagram is constructed using a plotting technique applicable to double-decomposition systems or systems with a reciprocal salt pair. Statistical analysis of solution data was performed to assess the precision and accuracy of the invariant points.
At what cost pervasive? a social computing view of mobile computing systems

With the advent of pervasive systems, computers are becoming a larger part of our social lives than ever before. Depending on the design of these systems, they may either promote or inhibit social relationships. We consider four kinds of social relationships: a relationship with the system, system-mediated collaborative relationships, relationships with a community, and interpersonal relationships among co-located persons. In laboratory studies, the design of pervasive computers is shown to affect responses to social partners. We propose a model of how pervasive systems can influence human behavior, social attributions, and interaction outcomes. We also discuss some implications for system design.
Hierarchical model for coaching technical design teams

A new design education model has been developed to address the issue of technical depth in undergraduate design education by utilizing graduate students as coaches. This model has been implemented in a junior-level capstone materials science and engineering design course. The model allows the graduate student coaches to experience supervision of other researchers while serving as a technical resource and role model for the undergraduate design team. Meanwhile, the instructor serves as an expert who oversees the instruction of the course and the graduate student coaches. With reduced responsibility, the instructor can focus on the quality of research performed while influencing a greater number of design teams. This paper provides an overview of the model, its characteristics and execution, and presents findings from interviews with the graduate students coaches and undergraduate design team members. Results from our study suggest that the model provides benefits for all participants in the hierarchy.
Introduction to Water, Poverty, and Ecology: A Vision for Sustainability

The chapters in this section address the issue of water and the challenge presented by its complex roles within ecology and poverty. Essential to all life on earth and seemingly connected to all facets of our lives, water defies succinct summary and easy solutions. Panacea have arrived and departed and our water systems exhibit some incremental changes, but typically only the slogans endure. Meanwhile, water grows scarcer around the world, the poor suffer limited access to water, aquatic ecosystems are among the most threatened by human alteration, societies remain vulnerable to water hazards such as floods and drought and most water use is inefficient in both physical and economic terms. Why is this so? The reasons are myriad, and in water issues, the details are critical and too often superseded by the force of strong convictions. Nonetheless, one often finds that a root cause of many complex water issues relates to the difficulty of managing the ever present intricacies of poverty and ecology. These are the issues that make water different from other, more easily commoditized, mediums.
Recently described and emphasized entities of renal neoplasms.

Abstract Context.—Recent advances of molecular biology and cytogenetics of renal cancer have resulted in the new classification of renal neoplasms and a number of subtypes are identified and emphas...
The elderly patient with spinal injury: treat or transfer?

Abstract Background The purpose of this investigation was to delineate whether elderly patients with spinal injuries benefit from transfers to higher level trauma centers. Methods Retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank 2007 to 2011, including patients > 65 (y) with any spinal fracture and/or spinal cord injury from a blunt mechanism. Patients who were transferred to level I and II centers from other facilities were compared to those admitted and received their definitive treatment at level III or other centers. Results Of 3,313,117 eligible patients, 43,637 (1.3%) met inclusion criteria: 19,588 (44.9%) were transferred to level I–II centers, and 24,049 (55.1%) received definitive treatment at level III or other centers. Most of the patients (95.8%) had a spinal fracture without a spinal cord injury. Transferred patients were more likely to require an intensive care unit admission (48.5% versus 36.0%, P Conclusions Transfer of elderly patients with spinal injuries to higher level trauma centers is not associated with improved survival. Future studies should explore the justifications used for these transfers and focus on other outcome measures such as functional status to determine the potential benefit from such practices.
Peasants and Artisans, Puritans and Republicans: Personal Liberty and Communal Equality in American History

"All the struggles they have ever had in their native land," so a WelshAmerican politician proclaimed to an audience of compatriots in 1890, "were but struggles to fit them to be Republicans in America. " ' For the party that had appropriated the traditional name "Republican" it was a happy if minor circumstance that the Welsh word for republic is gweriniaeth: government by the gwerin, the people, the folk, the peasantry. To immigrant Welshmen the Republicans were Gwerinwyr or Plaid Werinol, the folk party.2 Although these evangelical farmers, craftsmen, and ultratraditional poets were more explicit than most other immigrants, except perhaps the Finns, in ascribing Old World values to their American party, their usage points to a much broader pattern.3 The peasant-smallholder or artisan-proprietor outlook of most European immigrants to America from the seventeenth century down to the early twentieth century bore a fundamental affinity to the classical republican ideals with which the American Revolution endowed the United States. The social values of early-modern English colonists evidently predisposed the patriots of 1776-1787, their descendants, to identify with classical republicanism. That doctrine continued to dominate the American mind in the nineteenth century partly because it was continually reinforced by the values brought by later peasant and artisan immigrants. A true national consensus, shared by a great
Predictors of Interracial Homicide Victimization for Asian Americans: A Macrostructural Opportunity Perspective

This paper uses Blau's macrostructural opportunity theory to explore patterns of interracial homicide victimization among Asian Americans. Data are drawn from the F.B.I.'s Supplementary Homicide Reports and aggregated for 131 SMSAs over the 1976-1984 period. Un- like previous research, two out-groups-white and black offenders-are considered to see if the same predictors behave similarly for the different out-groups. As expected, the descriptive data show that Asian Americans as a minority group have a greater conditional probability of being killed by out-group members than do whites and blacks. On the other hand, logistic regression analysis reveals that educational inequality and population size are significant predictors of the conditional probability of out-group victim- ization, while hypotheses concerning the effects of relative group size, income inequality, and residential segregation fail to be fully supported. We conclude with a discussion of possible reasons for the unexpected results and of important tasks for future research.
Conclusion to Special Issue: Mindfulness and Social Work

The intersection between mindfulness and spirituality is complex and rich with possibilities for social work exploration and practice. While mindfulness has garnered considerable attention in a var...
Advanced CVD Barrier Technology for Copper Interconnect

The adoption of copper (Cu) interconnects has imposed the challenge of developing a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diffusion barrier technology that can be implemented for subhalf micron back-end design rules. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers significantly higher film step coverage compared with sputter deposition processes. A number of materials have been proposed in literature for diffusion barriers of copper. However, the ability to suppress diffusion of Cu is only one of the barrier requirements out of a long list necessary for process integration. A number of other factors depend on the interaction of the barrier with Cu and with the underlying dielectric. We will begin with a review of some of the CVD candidate materials followed by a discussion on various interactions between barrier/Cu and barrier/dielectric that impact process reliability. In addition there are manufacturing considerations ranging from availability of high purity precursor to complex issues of process compatibility, lowering defectivity, and reducing cost-ofownership (CoO). Ultimately, the choice may not necessarily be the most robust diffusion barrier but a process which provides adequate barrier properties and can be integrated easily and cost effectively to build Cu interconnect structures. Therefore, both materials and manufacturing requirements must be considered for selecting a barrier system. A literature review is presented on some of the integration schemes and limitations they place on a barrier system. We will also share work done at Motorola on materials characterization and process development towards integration on some of the barrier processes. Finally, future trends in process development of diffusion barriers is presented.
ADVANCES AND TRENDS ON VIBRATION OF PIPES CONVEYING FLUID

Some recent advances on dynamic design of pipes conveying fluid are reviewed in this paper. The design of pipes conveying fluid involves their linear and nonlinear dynamic characteristics. The paper reviews the linear and nonlinear dynamic modeling theories and methods for pipes conveying fluid, and major analytical methods for solving these dynamic equations. In addition, the experimental methods, the vibration control technologies and the dynamic strength design methods on pipes conveying fluid are also discussed. Finally, the promising future development in this area is discussed.
Nerve-Adherent Giant Cell Tumors of Tendon Sheath: A New Presentation

Background Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are a group of slowly growing benign neoplasms of synovial membrane of joints, tendons, and bursae. The localized type or giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) is the extra-articular form of tenosynovial giant cell tumors. We describe two patients with a GCTTS, confirmed histologically at the time of surgical resection, that was adherent to peripheral nerves. Rare GCTTS can cause extrinsic compression of major nerves. Case Descriptions The first patient was a 36-year-old man with a left wrist mass associated with pain and paresthesia in the radial three digits. On ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the mass appeared arising from the left median nerve with a picture suggestive of an atypical neurogenic tumor; however, the possibility of GCTTS could not be excluded. Intraoperatively, the tumor was adherent to the median nerve without a connection to nearby intercarpal joints. The second patient was a 25-year-old woman with a history of malignant melanoma and an incidentally discovered mass on routine follow-up. MRI of the pelvis showed an ovoid mass related to the right sciatic nerve. The MRI picture was suggestive of a GCTTS, although a benign neurogenic tumor was favored given the anatomic relation to the sciatic nerve. Intraoperatively, the tumor appeared as a nodule implanted on the nerve, and it was easily peeled off. Conclusion We present a new, rare presentation of GCTTS adherent to peripheral nerves with extrinsic compression. We suggest either an implantation mechanism or an unrecognized extrasynovial origin for such tumors.
Risky Business: A Life Full of Obligations to the Dead and the Living on the Early Bronze Age Southeastern Dead Sea Plain, Jordan

During the Early Bronze Age I, on the eve of establishing fortified towns on the southeastern Dead Sea Plain, people buried their dead in secondary mortuary rituals in cemeteries at Bab adh-Dhra‵, Fifa, and an-Naqa/es-Safi. While we know nothing of the living communities or their primary mortuary practices, we know the EBA people carefully collected even the smallest bones of their dead and transported them down to this area for burial in shaft or cist tombs. Drawing on ethnographic analogies and recently published skeletal analyses from Bab adh-Dhra‵, I explore potential anxieties attached to the living and dying in these communities.
Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Organ transplantation is an effective life-sparing modality for thousands of patients with organ failure syndromes. In spite of important advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive regimens that have made organ transplantation a safer procedure today when compared to previous decades, there remain substantial risks of infection and other complications related to these procedures. Among the infectious complications of organ transplantation, none is associated with a greater impact on morbidity and mortality than invasive fungal infections (IFI) [1–5]. Fungal infections in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) vary in frequency, etiology, and pathogenesis according to the type of organ transplant procedure. Variations in immunosuppressive regimens, surgical technique, infection control, and exposure history further complicate evaluation of these patients. Moreover, the incidence of IFIs among this group of patients varies considerably from center to center [6].
Chapter 10 – Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Balance

Publisher Summary Calcium ion regulates a wide range of biological processes and changes of its concentration within cells regulate enzymatic activities and fundamental cellular events, such as muscular contraction, secretion, and cell division. Maintenance of adequate concentrations of calcium ion in the extracellular fluid requires the activity of hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and a derivative of vitamin D called calcitriol. This chapter provides an overview of the calcium distribution, biosynthesis, storage and secretion of hormones for calcium balance and mechanisms of hormonal regulation of calcium in the body. Calcium is the basic mineral of bones and teeth, and plays a structural as well as a regulatory role. Calcium in the extracellular compartment is vital for blood clotting and maintenance of normal membrane function. Parathyroid hormone is the principal regulator of the extracellular calcium pool; it increases the calcium concentration and decreases the phosphate concentration in blood by various direct and indirect actions on bone, kidney, and intestine. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels; at high concentrations, it may increase urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. Calcitriol is indispensable for maintaining adequate concentrations of calcium in the extracellular fluid and adequate mineralization of bone matrix. At high concentrations, calcium plays more of a hormone-like role than calcitonin in lowering its plasma concentrations. In addition to these endocrine regulators of calcium balance, many other endocrine and paracrine factors also influence the calcium balance and are discussed in the chapter.
OR27 Micrornas in serum as noninvasive biomarkers of acute cellular rejection in heart allograft patients

Introduction Acute rejection currently accounts for 11% of the deaths of allograft recipients within the first six months of transplantation. Though endomyocardial biopsy is the most common method of detecting rejection, the procedure is highly invasive and expensive. MicroRNAs are RNA sequences that regulate gene expression and immune function and can be detected through tests of sera in blood. Previous studies have identified a correlation between microRNAs and acute rejection. This study hopes to address the usage of certain microRNAs as possible non-invasive biomarkers of acute cardiac cellular rejection. Methods We measured the expression of six different microRNAs (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-21, miR-30b, miR-30c, and miR-9) in 4 patients with rejection and in 16 healthy individuals. Using a Student’s t -test, miR-21 demonstrated a statistically significant difference in expression and was selected to test for expression in 12 heart allograft patients who did and did not experience acute cellular rejection, as defined by an ISHLT endomyocardial biopsy grade of 2R/3A on the day of serum collection. Chi-square analysis was used to compare expression levels between the two groups of patients and determine the accuracy of miR-21 levels in distinguishing between rejection and quiescence. Results Analysis of microRNA-21 levels showed significant up-regulation in patients with acute cellular rejection compared to patients without rejection. Patients with a minimum of 40% up-regulation were considered to be predictive for rejection. Rejection was predicted with 80% sensitivity, 100% specificity, a positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 98%, demonstrating high accuracy in determining rejection (P = 0.0001). Conclusions The study has shown that differential expression of microRNA-21 occurs in heart allograft patients experiencing rejection. Although further research will be done to determine the exact mechanism through which miR-21 affects rejection, it shows great promise as a non-invasive biomarker of cardiac transplant rejection.
Active dielectric antenna for phase only spatial light modulation

We demonstrate an active dielectric antenna based on reflective high-contrast subwavelength gratings for phase modulation of reflected light by nearly 2π. Large-scale integration of such antennas will enable high-speed low-cost phase only spatial light modulators.
Identification of Dimeric Methylalumina Surface Species during Atomic Layer Deposition Using Operando Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Operando surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used to successfully identify hitherto unknown dimeric methylalumina surface species during atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a silver surface. Vibrational modes associated with the bridging moieties of both trimethylaluminum (TMA) and dimethylaluminum chloride (DMACl) surface species were found during ALD. The appropriate monomer vibrational modes were found to be absent as a result of the selective nature of SERS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were also performed to locate and identify the expected vibrational modes. An operando localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectrometer was utilized to account for changes in SER signal as a function of the number of ALD cycles. DMACl surface species were unable to be measured after multiple ALD cycles as a result of a loss in SERS enhancement and shift in LSPR. This work highlights how operando optical spectroscopy by SERS and LSPR scattering are useful for probing the identity and structure of the surface species involved in ALD and, ultimately, catalytic reactions on these support materials.
“What has she actually done??!”: Gay men, diva worship, and the paratextualization of gay-rights support

ABSTRACTThis article uses diva “worship” as a case study to theorize the relationship between texts, paratexts, and sociohistorical context in gay men’s media reception practices. Drawing on reader comments across two blogs, it argues that many gay men make meaning of divas through the women’s affiliations with gay men and engagement in gay-rights activism. Readers in turn paratextualize this contextual information by continuously invoking it in their discussions, insisting that gay men should interpret divas and their music specifically through their support for gay men—a departure from the longtime explanation that gay men appreciate divas because the women’s struggles resonate with their own experiences in a homophobic society. This argument moves beyond existing scholarship on paratexts and queer readings that asserts the former encourage or discourage negotiated interpretations of texts’ messages about gender and sexuality. Instead, it contends that broader social and political shifts such as increas...
Adaptive intervention designs in pediatric psychology: The promise of sequential multiple assignment randomized trials of pediatric interventions.

This article summarizes the utility of multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) processes in the development of empirically derived adaptive interventions (AIs). Recent empirical evidence suggests that SMART designs conducted within the context of a MOST framework can be used for building and optimizing AIs and may lead to better clinical care. SMART designs help optimize AIs by determining the best sequencing of decision rules. However, despite their growing relevance, MOSTs and SMARTs are relatively underutilized in the development of pediatric interventions. MOST and SMART designs can be used for developing efficient and cost-effective AIs. Intervention research within the field of pediatric psychology may benefit from incorporating these designs.
Brownness, kissing, and US imperialism: contextualizing the Orlando Massacre

The mass murders committed during Latin Night at Pulse, an LGBT nightclub in Orlando, on June 12, 2016 provide us with an important moment to reflect not only on the increase of violence and hate c...
Building best in class System solutions: Enabled by collaboration

Emergence of new market segments that are shaping our way of life, like the rise in IoT, Cloud and mobile. The versatility of the Devices combined with the power of Networks and Data Centers to marshal the Data for the end-spaces is what is transforming pervasive computing to intelligent computing. Hence fueling the right technologies and platforms supporting the new semiconductor growth. Ecosystems built around the preferred platforms is strengthening the technology to support this growth wave.
The FREE (Firm Resources and External Environment) Framework as an Alternative to SWOT: An Abstract

For more than five decades, SWOT analysis has remained popular with business and marketing strategy educators and practitioners. However, it also attracts severe criticisms from business and marketing strategy academics and practitioners. In fact, some recommendations call for abandoning the use of SWOT for analysis. In this research, we review the literature on SWOT to delineate advantages or uses, disadvantages or concerns, and recommendations or recommended alternatives. On the foundations resource-based (R-B) strategy and resource-advantage (R-A) theory, we introduce a new framework that can be viewed as an alternative to the SWOT framework. The FREE (Firm Resources and External Environment) framework requires analysis in two parts: analyzing the firm’s resources and analyzing the external environment using the five environmental factors (the societal resources on which firms draw, the societal institutions that frame the rules of the game, the actions of competitors, the behaviors of consumers and suppliers, and public policy decisions). A discussion of the advantages of FREE framework over the SWOT framework is provided.
The Design Problem

Formulating a design task as a computer solvable problem involves two major steps: choosing a representation for the artifact, and choosing a representation for the criteria that will be used to evaluate generated solutions. The formulation we use is based on the classic labeling problem [Waltz 75]. The labeling idea has been extended to suit the design domain by adding the notions of consistency [Nadel 85a] and optimization [Navinchandra 86a].