cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sexual Division of Labor: Evidence from Childhood

This research reports the childhood antecedents of the sexual division of labor, analyzing the family chores and paid employment of 669 boys and girls aged 2-17. Data from a statewide random sample of parents show that sex typing begins very early in work roles and that, by the time children reach adolescence, sharp differences exist between "boys' work" and "girls' work." Multiple classification analysis indicates that family background characteristics and family structure have relatively little impact compared to sex and age of child as determinants of sex typing. Both at home and in the marketplace men and women do different kinds of work: they have different working conditions, rewards, hours, and tasks. While some of these may be ascribed to external factors, others may be attributed to learned differences in the attitudes and aspirations of men and women-the fact that a significant proportion of women would rather do the laundry than mow the lawn, rather be a teacher than an engineer, rather type than do construction (Marini). The processes through which these differences are leamed have been the subject of a burgeoning literature on sex-role socialization. While much of this literature indirectly bears on the maintenance of a sexual division of labor, there has been little research on direct childhood socialization into sex-typed work roles. Yet children do work, both at home and in paid employment outside the home. What are the socialization implications of these childhood experiences? We seek to provide leads to the mechanisms through which the sexual division of labor is passed from one generation to the next by examining the differentials in work experience of boys and girls.
Outage performance analysis of multi-source cooperative networks exploiting network coding

It has been shown that, in multi-source multi-relay networks, the use of network coding that utilizes cooperation among intra-cluster nodes can improve the outage performance. When each node is equipped with a single antenna, the relay-destination link will become the bottleneck that limits the overall network diversity gain. In this paper, we propose the use of multiple antennas at the destination node to enable the network diversity gain and consequently improve the overall outage performance. Analysis of the outage probability is presented to provide insightful understanding of the performance for three different protocols with the use of different numbers of destination antennas. Numerical results confirm the analytical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative network schemes.
Toward economic machine learning and utility-based data mining

Data mining requires certain information---for example, supervised learning requires training data. Some prior research has recognized that this information often does not simply present itself for free, but involves various acquisition costs. In addition, applying the learned models involves costs and benefits. I introduce a general economic setting that includes as special cases the settings of many different streams of prior research, such as cost-sensitive learning, traditional active learning, semi-supervised learning, active feature acquisition, progressive sampling, and budgeted learning, which are interwoven inextricably. For data mining in the general setting I suggest a strategy of maximum expected-utility data acquisition. Finally, I discuss how there are many open research issues that must be addressed. As a simple example, we must be able to deal with the seemingly straightforward problem of handling missing values in induction and inference.
Book Review: Aesthetic Head and Neck Surgery

Samuel J. Lin, Thomas A. Mustoe Aesthetic Head and Neck Surgery. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2013. ISBN-10: 0071597719. ISBN-13: 978-0071597715. Lin and Mustoe's Aesthetic Head and Neck Surgery is directed at plastic surgery residents and young plastic surgeons. The atlas is further designed to provide an overview of the broad spectrum of aesthetic surgery procedures performed for the head and neck. The book includes 46 chapters, the briefest of which is 2 pages and the lengthiest of which is 6, with most running 3 to 4 pages, including figures and photographs. The majority of chapters are well written, and the book reads easily; I was able to read the entire 203 pages in less than 4 hours. The chapters are structured similarly, and each includes sections on indications, preoperative planning, anesthesia, positioning and marking, details of the procedures, and “pitfalls” and “pearls.” One's initial reaction to this short text might be to question how it contributes to the existing literature, since there are many textbooks on aesthetic treatments for the head and neck. In fact, few discuss the entire field; therefore, …
Influence of dietary protein concentration on milk production by dairy cattle during early lactation.

In a 3 X 2 factorial experiment 75 Holstein cows in first, second, or third lactation were fed rations containing either 12.2% or 16.2% crude protein in total ration dry matter. On the average, 26% of dry matter intake was from corn silage, 22% from alfalfa-grass hay, and 52% from a grain mix. Protein was controlled by feeding a 13.7% crude protein grain mix with 1.4% urea for the 12% ration and a 19.8% crude protein grain mix with natural protein for the 16% ration. Average daily milk production (kg/day) for wk 2 through 12 of lactation for 12% and 16% rations by lactations were: first, 21.6 and 21.9; second, 25.7 and 31.5; and third, 27.5 and 34.0. Dry matter intakes by lactations were .42, 1.18, and 2.05 kg/day higher for cows fed the high protein compared to low protein rations. Milk composition was not influenced by protein treatment. The markedly different response to protein supplementation in milk production between heifers in first lactation and more mature cows is unexplained.
Treatment of Intraoperative Persistent Penile Erection in a Stallion

Abstract This case report describes the occurrence of persistent penile erection in a breeding stallion that occurred while the horse was under inhalant anesthesia for a carpal arthroscopy. The horse had no history of breeding problems, and no abnormalities were detected on physical examination, complete blood count, or serum chemistry tests performed prior to surgery. Anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and ketamine after sedation with xylazine and was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Penile erection developed approximately 35 minutes after induction and persisted for over 2 hours despite various physical and pharmacological attempts to alleviate it (massage, cold compresses, intravenous benztropine administration, and intracavernosal phenylephrine). Successful resolution of the erection was obtained by cannulation and drainage of blood from the corpus cavernosum and subsequent irrigation with heparinized sterile saline and infusion of phenylephrine in the corpus cavernosum. The detumescent penis was placed back into the sheath, and purse string sutures were placed in the sheath to ensure the penis would remain inside the sheath during recovery. The stallion's recovery from anesthesia was uneventful, the sutures were removed, and the horse was fitted with a penile sling to prevent additional edema or trauma. The stallion recovered completely from the persistent penile erection. Semen was collected 6 days after the event, and he returned to normal pasture breeding 6 weeks after surgery.
Larval dispersion along an axially symmetric mid-ocean ridge

Abstract We investigated planktonic larval transport processes along an axially symmetric mid-ocean ridge with characteristics similar to that of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) segment at 9–10°N. The hydrodynamic basis for this study is a primitive equation model implemented in two dimensions (depth and across-ridge), forced at the open boundaries to provide suitably realistic simulation of currents observed on the EPR ridge crest from May to November 1999. Three-dimensional trajectories of numerical larvae are computed assuming homogeneity in currents in the along-ridge direction. Larval dispersal fluctuates significantly in time. Transport distance decreases systematically with height above the bottom where numerical larvae are less subject to strong currents along the flanks of the ridge. The probability that the simulated larvae will be located near the ridge crest at settlement depends strongly on their behavioral characteristics (vertical position in the water column during the larval stage) and the length of their precompetency period.
The RGS protein inhibitor CCG-4986 is a covalent modifier of the RGS4 Gα-interaction face

Regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis by Galpha subunits and are thus crucial to the timing of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Small molecule inhibition of RGS proteins is an attractive therapeutic approach to diseases involving dysregulated GPCR signaling. Methyl-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfinimidoate (CCG-4986) was reported as a selective RGS4 inhibitor, but with an unknown mechanism of action [D.L. Roman, J.N. Talbot, R.A. Roof, R.K. Sunahara, J.R. Traynor, R.R. Neubig, Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of RGS4 using a high-throughput flow cytometry protein interaction assay, Mol. Pharmacol. 71 (2007) 169-75]. Here, we describe its mechanism of action as covalent modification of RGS4. Mutant RGS4 proteins devoid of surface-exposed cysteine residues were characterized using surface plasmon resonance and FRET assays of Galpha binding, as well as single-turnover GTP hydrolysis assays of RGS4 GAP activity, demonstrating that cysteine-132 within RGS4 is required for sensitivity to CCG-4986 inhibition. Sensitivity to CCG-4986 can be engendered within RGS8 by replacing the wildtype residue found in this position to cysteine. Mass spectrometry analysis identified a 153-Dalton fragment of CCG-4986 as being covalently attached to the surface-exposed cysteines of the RGS4 RGS domain. We conclude that the mechanism of action of the RGS protein inhibitor CCG-4986 is via covalent modification of Cys-132 of RGS4, likely causing steric hindrance with the all-helical domain of the Galpha substrate.
Warfarin skin necrosis in a postpartum woman with protein S deficiency.

Background Warfarin-induced skin necrosis is a rare and dangerous complication affecting 0.01–0.1% of patients on warfarin. Deficiencies in protein C or protein S in association with other factors have been implicated in its etiology. No report has described this disorder in the immediate postpartum period in patients with protein S deficiency. Case A 1-week postpartum woman with known protein S deficiency presented with skin necrosis after a previously uneventful course of warfarin. Conclusion Reduced levels of free protein S during the antepartum and immediate postpartum periods predispose protein S-deficient women to warfarin skin necrosis. Previously uncomplicated courses of warfarin do not obviate the possibility of skin necrosis with future warfarin administrations. Initiation of low-dose warfarin with heparin can reduce the likelihood of this disorder.
The transition of prothrombin to thrombin

The proteolytic conversion of prothrombin to thrombin catalyzed by prothrombinase is one of the more extensively studied reactions of blood coagulation. Sophisticated biophysical and biochemical insights into the players of this reaction were developed in the early days of the field. Yet, many basic enzymological questions remained unanswered. I summarize new developments that uncover mechanisms by which high substrate specificity is achieved, and the impact of these strategies on enzymic function. Two principles emerge that deviate from conventional wisdom that has otherwise dominated thinking in the field. (i) Enzymic specificity is dominated by the contribution of exosite binding interactions between substrate and enzyme rather than by specific recognition of sequences flanking the scissile bond. Coupled with the regulation of substrate conformation as a result of the zymogen to proteinase transition, novel mechanistic insights result for numerous aspects of enzyme function. (ii) The transition of zymogen to proteinase following cleavage is not absolute and instead, thrombin can reversibly interconvert between zymogen-like and proteinase-like forms depending on the complement of ligands bound to it. This establishes new paradigms for considering proteinase allostery and how enzyme function may be modulated by ligand binding. These insights into the action of prothrombinase on prothrombin have wide-ranging implications for the understanding of function in blood coagulation.
The legal feasibility of an auto free zone in a metropolitan area

One of the suggested remedies for the extreme traffic congestion in the U.S. is the establishment of an auto free zone in downtown metropolitan areas. In order to determine the legal feasibility of such a plan, the authority of the states and municipalities to regulate public streets is reviewed. Special attention is given to eminent domain and the police power. The property rights of the affected persons are discussed. It is concluded that an auto free zone is legally feasible, but certain accompanying provisions would be prudent in order for the courts to uphold it. An annotated bibliography on auto free zones is included as an appendix.
Radical deoxygenations and dehalogenations with dialkyl phosphites as hydrogen atom sources

Abstract Thionocarbonates and xanthates of alcohols, and various halides and phenylselenides can be transformed to the corresponding hydrocarbons with alkyl phosphites and benzoyl peroxide in most cases in high-yielding radical reactions.
Family relationships of adults with borderline personality disorder

Current, ongoing interactions between adults exhibiting borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits and their families of origin may influence and maintain self-destructive behavior. Family interactions in such patients are often characterized by coexisting extremes of overinvolvement and underinvolvement by parental figures. Such parental behavior may trigger preexisting role relationship schemata in vulnerable individuals. Negative family reactions to new behavior patterns may make change difficult. A model for how present-day interpersonal patterns lead to self-destructive behavior, based on clinical observations, is proposed and case examples are presented.
Habitat characterization of Texas wild‐rice (Zizania texana Hitchcock), an endangered aquatic macrophyte from the San Marcos River, TX, USA

1. The habitat of Texas wild-rice (Zizaniatexana Hitchcock), known only from the spring-fed upper San Marcos River in Central Texas, was classified in terms of physical and chemical conditions, depth, current velocity, associated aquatic macrophytes, and substrate composition. 2. Randomly selected transects in sites with and without Texas wild-rice were evaluated during May, August and January 1994–1995. Physical and chemical conditions (temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, pH) were found to be nearly constant and uniform both among transect types and sampling dates. Chemical analysis of the substrate likewise showed few differences among transect types. Turbidity was found to be significantly different among transect types on only one sampling date (Kα0.05=0.60; p=0.009), but even non-significant levels of turbidity may present biologically significant impacts to wild-rice plants. 3. Differences in substrate particle size were highly significant (Kα0.05=0.71; p=0.001) with Texas wild-rice occupying sites having moderately coarse to coarse sandy soils (73%) compared with the moderately fine to fine clay soils found at non-rice sites (82%). However, no significant differences were found in organic matter content among rice and non-rice transects (=2.09 and 2.56%, respectively). 4. Texas wild-rice was found primarily in shallow areas of the river (<1 m) and at higher current velocities than those of non-rice sites (≥0.46 m s−1 and ≤0.22 m s−1, respectively). 5. Texas wild-rice appears to be more commonly associated with other native species rather than exotic species. Mean percentage composition of exotic macrophytes did not exceed 29% in areas where Texas wild-rice grew, but they accounted for nearly 47% of the composition in areas where rice did not grow. 6. The results of this study will allow for reliable and accurate identification of the remaining suitable habitat of Texas wild-rice in the San Marcos River for possible reintroduction and development of management plans. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies.

Abstract Biochemical and genetic studies on cellular and animal models on the mechanism(s) of action of phytochemicals provide a functional explanation of how and why a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is considered healthy. It is not unusual to find molecules that protect against diseases, which greatly differ from a physiopathological point of view, such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Quercetin falls into this category and possesses a broad range of biological properties. Uptake, metabolism and circulating concentrations of quercetin and its metabolites suggest that a regular diet provides amounts of quercetin ( 10 μM) by supplementation with quercetin-enriched foods or supplements. Multiple lines of experimental evidence suggest a positive association between quercetin intake and improved outcomes of inflammatory cardiovascular risk. The ameliorating effect of quercetin administration can be extended to other chronic inflammatory disorders but only if supplementation occurs in patients. Quercetin can be considered the prototype of a naturally-occurring chemopreventive agent because of its key roles in triggering the “hallmarks of cancer”. However, several critical points must be taken into account when considering the potential therapeutic use of this molecule: (1) pharmacological versus nutraceutical doses applied, (2) specificity of its mechanism of action compared to other phytochemicals, and (3) identification of “direct” cellular targets. The design of specific clinical trials is extremely warranted to depict possible applications of quercetin in adjuvant cancer therapy.
Reduction of a disulfide bond of thrombospondin in the supernatant solution of activated platelets

Abstract Incubation of the material secreted by activated platelets leads to the formation of disulfide-linked dimers and multimers of one of the proteins, thrombospondin. To determine whether these complexes formed as a result of thiol-disulfide exchange (no change in the number of thiols) or of oxidation of thiols (a decrease in the number of thiols), the number of thiols in TSP was measured during formation of multimers. The number of thiols increased from about 3/mol to 4.8/mol. The half-time for the disappearance of monomers of thrombospondin was fourfold greater than the half-time for appearance of new thiols. The appearance of new thiols, as well as the formation of multimers, was inhibited by Ca 2+ . The appearance of new thiols was reversible; addition of Ca 2+ reversed the process, and at pH 8, but not at pH 6 or 7, the appearance of new thiols spontaneously reversed. No new thiols formed during incubation of partially purified thrombospondin or after the supernatant solution had been treated with activated thiol-Sepharose to remove reactive thiol compounds. It is concluded that thrombospondin has a disulfide bond that is unstable in the absence of Ca 2+ . It can be attacked by a thiol of another molecule of thrombospondin to form disulflde-linked multimers, by a thiol of the same molecule of thrombospondin to generate isomerization of disulfide bonds or, as observed in this study, by another secreted thiol compound to give a mixed disulfide and a new thiol.
Genetics of schizophrenia: II. Vulnerability traits and gene markers

The author reviews research strategies for identifying biological vulnerability traits and gene markers. The application of these methods to schizophrenia are discussed. He concludes that, based on the available evidence, none of the proposed biological traits qualifies as a major factor in the genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Some of these traits (such as attentional, neurophysiological, and brain morphology measures) appear promising, but the data are inadequate to arrive at a firm conclusion. Studies with gene markers have not produced consistent results. The author presents the methodological issues that concern this area of research and offers recommendations for future studies.
The role of sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence reevaluated: a prospective physiologic and functional review.

Sixteen female patients (mean age 54.1 years; range 34–74 years) with a 9.8-year (range 1–25 years) history of incontinence to solid stool underwent overlapping sphincteroplasty with internal sphincter imbrication without fecal diversion. All patients were prospectively evaluated with preoperative anorectal manometry, electromyography, and pudendal nerve motor latency assessment, postoperative anorectal manometry, and preoperative and postoperative functional evaluation. Mean and maximal resting pressures increased from 30 mm Hg and 49 mm Hg preoperatively to 40 mm Hg and 57 mm Hg, respectively, postoperatively. Likewise, mean and maximal squeeze pressures increased from 27 mm Hg and 48 mm Hg preoperatively to 39 mm Hg and 73 mm Hg, respectively, postoperatively (P<0.01). Furthermore, anal canal high pressure zone length was increased by sphincteroplasty from a mean of 0.9 cm (range 0–3 cm) to a mean of 2.1 cm (range 1–4 cm). These objective physiologic improvements correlated well with subjective functional improvement. Subjectively, functional outcome was rated by patients as excellent in 38 percent, good in 38 percent, fair in 19 percent, and poor in only 5 percent of cases. Overlapping sphincteroplasty with internal sphincter imbrication improves both the anal sphincter physiologic profile and fecal continence.
Measurement of fiber orientation in short-fiber composites using digital image processing

A technique that uses digital image processing to measure the orientation distribution function of the fibers in a plane of a short-fiber composite is described in this work. Other orientation descriptors, such as the fiber orientation parameter, can be calculated from the measured fiber orientation distribution function. In this technique, the edges of the fibers in a digital image of the composite are first identified. Then, using Sobel operators, the orientation of the gradient vector is determined at each fiber orientation distribution function. The advantages of digital imaging over photography and the simplicity of the algorithms make this technique advantageous over previously developed methods to measure fiber orientation.
Progress towards the validation of models of the behavior of neutral helium in gas puff imaging experiments

Abstract Gas puff imaging (GPI) experiments are designed to provide high time and space resolution data on the structure of plasma turbulence in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. We first examine the temporal behavior of the helium atoms used as the emitting species for GPI and show that for the time scales of interest (≳1 μs), the atomic physics model underlying the conventional interpretation of GPI is valid. Second, we continue the Monte Carlo neutral transport simulations of the GPI diagnostic begun in [D.P. Stotler et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 44 (2004) 294]. The radial characteristics of the simulated emission clouds match observations to within the estimated errors. The upshot of these two results is that the technique for unfolding the 2-D, time-dependent plasma density and temperature data from helium GPI emission, relying on this atomic physics model and utilizing the simulated neutral density data from DEGAS 2, is valid.
Digestive Enzyme Activities in Striped Bass from First Feeding through Larva Development

Abstract Growth and activities of the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase A, α-amylase, and pepsin in striped bass Morone saxatilis were measured from the day before the fish first accepted food (day 4) to near the end of larva development (day 32). Fish were fed either live brine shrimp nauplii Artemia sp. (BSN), heat-killed BSN, or a prepared diet designed to be nutritionally complete with satisfactory physical and palatability properties. The larvae consumed the prepared diet but did not grow and all larvae fed this diet died soon after day 16. Larvae fed live or heat-killed BSN grew satisfactorily but growth of fish fed live BSN was faster (P < 0.05). With the exception of pepsin, which was not found until day 16, all of the measured enzymes were present in the digestive tract at the time of first feeding and activities of these enzymes were 25 to 60% of those at day 32, For the first 12 d, specific activity of the enzymes was not influenced by growth or diet. Near day 16, enzyme...
Lung compliance and cholesterol during stellate ganglion stimulation

Abstract The relationships between lung compliance, surface tension, and cholesterol during stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system were studied in 28 cats. Cats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride, injected with one of five sympathetic blocking agents or inhibitors and injected with isoprotenol. The left stellate ganglion was then stimulated electrically for 5 min. We found that stimulation decreased lung compliance and increased the surface tension and the cholesterol concentration in the lung wash fluid. Alpha blockers (phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine) and catecholamine inhibitors (reserpine and guanethidine) prevented these changes, but the beta blocker practolol did not. In additional experiments airway resistance, functional residual capacity and lung weights did not change during stellate stimulation. The results from the present study suggest that stellate ganglion stimulation resulted in decreased lung compliance with an increased surface tension and cholesterol in lung wash fluid.
Fog and low clouds in a coastally trapped disturbance

[1] One of the most distinctive features of coastally trapped disturbances (CTDs) is the tongue of fog and low clouds propagating poleward along the west coast of continents against the typical coast-parallel equatorward flow. In this study, characteristics of the fog and low clouds observed in conjunction with a CTD event on 15–16 June 2000 are investigated. In particular, we examine the relative importance of radiation, cloud microphysical processes, advection, entrainment, and surface fluxes to the fog and cloud layer associated with the CTD. A simulation of the event is produced using the Naval Research Laboratory's nonhydrostatic Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System. Propagation of the wind shift and cloud tongue and the extent of fog and low clouds in the model results are compared with coastal buoy data and satellite imagery. A critical value of the Bowen ratio delineates the extent of fog with lower values to the south in the low cloud area. Because the Bowen ratio provides limited information concerning the relative roles of sensible and latent heat fluxes in the cloud layer, we examine the ratio β of integrated buoyancy generation due to liquid water flux to the integrated positive buoyancy flux. The timing difference between arrival of the CTDs' wind shift and the arrival of the fog is found to be central to the evolution of the cloud liquid water field. Several sensitivity studies are also carried out in order to further understand the roles of radiative cooling and surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.
It's All About Power: Integrating Feminist Family Studies and Family Communication

Feminist family studies bring a framework of power and intersectional analysis to unpack the issue of gender in families. Moving beyond the concept of gender as either benign or simply one of difference between men and women, a feminist perspective offers a way of conceptualizing the multiple contexts in which families are situated and where conflict and care inevitably comingle. A feminist lens has challenged family scholars to investigate and understand individuals, relationships, family structures, communities, and society in more complex and contested ways. We argue that feminist family studies offers insights for the discipline of family communication in order to contextualize the ways in which family dynamics are theorized and studied.
Evaluation of age-related changes in serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptor availability in healthy human subjects

We assessed the relation between serotonin 5-HT2 receptor availability and aging and compared it with that for dopamine D2 receptors on 19 healthy male volunteers (age range, 21-49 years) using positron emission tomography (PET) and F-18 N-methylspiperone (NMS). 5-HT2 Receptor availability was obtained using the ratio of the distribution volume in the region of interest to that in the cerebellum (Bmax'/Kd' + 1). 5-HT2 Receptor measures were obtained in frontal and occipital cortices. D2 receptor availability in striatum was measured using the "ratio index". 5-HT2 Receptor availability decreased significantly with age. This effect was significantly more accentuated for 5-HT2 receptor availability in the frontal (r = 0.92, p < or = 0.0001) than in the occipital (r = 0.67, p < or = 0.0016) cortex (df = 1, p < 0.025). Dopamine D2 receptors were also found to decrease significantly with age (r = 0.63, p < or = 0.007). In a given subject, striatal D2 receptor availability significantly correlated with 5-HT2 receptor availability in the frontal (r = 0.51, p < or = 0.035) but not in the occipital cortex. These results document a decline in 5-HT2 and D2 receptor availability with age and showed an association between frontal 5-HT2 and striatal D2 receptors.
Stigma and Discrimination: A Socio-Cultural Etiology of Mental Illness

Stigma and discrimination against mental illness represent chronic social stressors that can inflame psychiatric symptoms and limit functional adjustment. The implication is that the prevalence and severity of mental illness is determined, at least to a certain extent, by aversive socio-cultural factors. In a hostile social environment, these factors may seriously limit the effectiveness of professional interventions; whereas, removing social barriers to functioning often results in a favorable clinical outcome. For example, studies show that inclusive settings with supportive employment decrease psychiatric symptoms and the use of mental health services. By extrapolation, these results point to the possibility that a society-wide reduction in the prevalence and severity of mental illness may come from benevolent changes in the social climate, not just from innovative treatments. Public health policies rarely take this possibility into consideration in resource allocation decisions.
Teaching Psychopharmacology in the 21st Century

Dr. Wulsin is at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Kramer is at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Address reprint requests to Dr. Wulsin, 231 Bethesda Ave., ML 559, Cincinnati, OH 45267. e-mail: lawson.wulsin@uc.edu Copyright 2001 Academic Psychiatry. The publication in this issue of the report by Glick and colleagues (1) on the revised version of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology’s 1993 curriculum on psychopharmacology (2) describes almost a decade of work on what may be the most comprehensive curriculum development process in academic psychiatry. This publication raises the question “What is the state of the art of developing model curricula in academic psychiatry?” In 1998 (3), we found 43 model curricula in psychiatry that had been published or disseminated through organizations since 1985, covering roughly two dozen topic areas. At that time, only one of these curricula (2), had been used in more than two settings. Many had been created, but few had been borrowed. The model-curriculum tree clearly has borne fruit, most of it in various stages of near-ripeness, but where are the pickers?
Compositional diversity and stratification of the Martian crust: Inferences from crystallization experiments on the picrobasalt Humphrey from Gusev Crater, Mars

[1] Phase equilibrium experiments on a liquid composition of the Gusev Crater rock Humphrey (with added F and Cl) with 0.07 wt% and 1.67 wt% water have revealed the range in compositional diversity of lavas that could arise from fractionation at the base of a thick martian crust. Humphrey composition melts with 0.07 wt% water produce ne-normative alkalic residual melts at 9.3 kbar; silica progressively decreases with increasing degree of fractionation. This decrease in silica is accompanied by Fe-, Ti-, and P-enrichment. With 1.67 wt% bulk water content, Humphrey-like melts instead crystallize to produce residual melts that show progressive silica-enrichment, Al-enrichment, and Fe-depletion, progressing from mildly alkalic hy-normative basalt to trachyandesite. Coupled with the production of such residual liquids by fractionation is the formation of ultramafic to mafic cumulus lithologies that would remain at the base of the Martian crust. This process would lead to significant compositional stratigraphy of the crust that contains elements of both trends, as early hydrous primary magmas gave way to drier more depleted primary magmas upon dehydration of the magma source regions by repeated episodes of partial melting. The possibility of significant contribution of late silica-poor, Fe-enriched basalt, residual to fractionation at depth, to the present martian surface, makes it difficult to reliably use surface lithologies to constrain the compositional characteristics of the mantle magmatic source regions and the primary melts produced from them.
Quantized scalar field in rotating coordinates

Second quantization of the free scalar field is carried out in rotating coordinates and the spectrum of vacuum fluctuations is calculated for an orbiting observer using these coordinates. Normal-mode decomposition is identical to that in Minkowski coordinates except for the definition of positive-frequency modes. Unlike the uniformly accelerating observer, the orbiting observer predicts that the Minkowski vacuum will contain no particles as he would define them. The spectrum of vacuum fluctuations is composed of the usual zero-point energy plus a contribution arising from the observer's acceleration. The latter is not, as with uniformly accelerated motion, thermal. The peak energy appears to be dependent only on the torsion of the observer's world line.
Formal Total Synthesis of the Cytotoxic Marine Ascidian Alkaloid Haouamine A

[reaction: see text] Described is a convergent 13-step synthesis of a pentacyclic compound which has previously been transformed into haouamine A, therefore constituting a formal total synthesis of this unique marine alkaloid.
Detection of industrial gaseous chemical plumes using hyperspectral imagery in the emissive regime

For the past ten years, much of the research in hyperspectral image data exploitation techniques has been focused on detection of ground targets. As a passive remote sensing technique, hyperspectral imagers have performed reasonably well in detecting the presence of a variety of objects; from crop species to land mines to mineral deposits to vehicles under camouflage. These often promising results have prompted new studies of hyperspectral remote sensing for other applications - including atmospheric monitoring. Should technologies like hyperspectral imaging prove effective in emission source monitoring, organizations interested in environmental assessment could transition from inspection using hand-held analytical instruments to a truly standoff technique. In this paper, we evaluate the utility of a set of hyperspectral exploitation techniques applied to the task of gas detection. This set of techniques is a sampling of approaches that have appeared in the literature, and all of the methods discussed have demonstrated utility in the reflective regime. Specifically, we look at signature-based detection, anomaly detection, transformations (i.e. rotations) of the spectral space, and even dedicated band combinations and scatter plots. Using real LWIR hyperspectral data recently collected on behalf of the US Environmental Protection Agency, we compare performance in detecting three different industrial gases.
Involutive Residuated Lattices Based on Modular and Distributive Lattices

An involutive residuated lattice (IRL) is a lattice-ordered monoid possessing residual operations and a dualizing element. We show that a large class of self-dual lattices may be endowed with an IRL structure, and give examples of lattices which fail to admit IRLs with natural algebraic conditions. A classification of all IRLs based on the modular lattices M n is provided.
A simulation approach to optimal stopping under partial information

We study the numerical solution of nonlinear partially observed optimal stopping problems. The system state is taken to be a multi-dimensional diffusion and drives the drift of the observation process, which is another multi-dimensional diffusion with correlated noise. Such models where the controller is not fully aware of her environment are of interest in applied probability and financial mathematics. We propose a new approximate numerical algorithm based on the particle filtering and regression Monte Carlo methods. The algorithm maintains a continuous state space and yields an integrated approach to the filtering and control sub-problems. Our approach is entirely simulation-based and therefore allows for a robust implementation with respect to model specification. We carry out the error analysis of our scheme and illustrate with several computational examples. An extension to discretely observed stochastic volatility models is also considered.
MODELING A SIMPLE CHOICE TASK: STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS OF MUTUALLY INHIBITORY NEURAL GROUPS

We describe the dynamical and bifurcational behavior of two mutually inhibitory, leaky, neural units subject to external stimulus, random noise, and "priming biases". The model describes a simple forced choice experiment and accounts for varying levels of expectation and control. By projecting the model's dynamics onto slow manifolds, using judicious linear approximations, and solving for one-dimensional (reduced) probability densities, analytical estimates are developed for reaction time distributions and shown to compare satisfactorily with "full" numerical data. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the effects of parameters assessed. The predictions are also compared with behavioral data. These results may help correlate low-dimensional models of stochastic neural networks with cognitive test data, and hence assist in parameter choices and model building.
Solving the little hierarchy problem with a light singlet and supersymmetric mass terms

Abstract A generalization of the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Model (NMSSM) is studied in which an explicit μ -term as well as a small supersymmetric mass term for the singlet superfield are incorporated. We study the possibility of raising the Standard Model-like Higgs mass at tree level through its mixing with a light, mostly-singlet, CP-even scalar. We are able to generate Higgs boson masses up to 145 GeV with top squarks below 1.1 TeV and without the need to fine tune parameters in the scalar potential. This model yields light singlet-like scalars and pseudoscalars passing all collider constraints.
Paper chromatography study of in vitro and in vivo hydrolysis of heroin in blood

A study was conducted using paper chromatography to elucidate the pathway of heroin hydrolysis in human blood in vitro and in dog's blood in vivo. Results indicated that heroin deacetylated rapidly to monoacetylmorphine which remained relatively stable in blood and left the bloodstream as such. Only a trace amount of morphine was detected in vitro and in vivo. Both compounds became undetectable after 30 min. in the in vivo experiment.
Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers

Aims—Tobacco dependence treatments achieve abstinence rates of 25–30% at 1 year. Low rates may reflect failure to conceptualize tobacco dependence as a chronic disorder. The aims of the present study were to determine the efficacy of extended cognitive behavioral and pharmacological interventions in smokers ≥ 50 years of age, and to determine if gender differences in efficacy existed. Design—Open randomized clinical trial. Setting—A free-standing, smoking treatment research clinic. Participants—A total of 402 smokers of ≥ 10 cigarettes per day, all 50 years of age or older. Intervention—Participants completed a 12-week treatment that included group counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion. Participants, independent of smoking status, were then assigned randomly to follow-up conditions: (i) standard treatment (ST; no further treatment); (ii) extended NRT (E-NRT; 40 weeks of nicotine gum availability); (iii) extended cognitive behavioral therapy (E-CBT; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions over a 40-week period); or (iv) E-CBT plus E-NRT (E-combined; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions plus 40 weeks nicotine gum availability). Measurements—Primary outcome variable was 7-day point prevalence cigarette abstinence verified biochemically at weeks 24, 52, 64 and 104. Findings—The most clinically important findings were significant main effects for treatment condition, time and the treatment × time interaction. The E-CBT condition produced high cigarette abstinence rates that were maintained throughout the 2-year study period [(week 24 (58%), 52 (55%), 64 (55%) and 104 (55%)], and was significantly more effective than E-NRT and ST across that period. No other treatment condition was significantly different to ST. No effects for gender were found. Conclusions—Extended cognitive behavioral treatments can produce high and stable cigarette abstinence rates for both men and women. NRT does not add to the efficacy of extended CBT, and may hamper its efficacy. Research is needed to determine if these results can be replicated in a sample with a greater range of ages, and improved upon with the addition of medications other than NRT.
Biochemical Characterization of the 20S Proteasome from the Methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila

The 20S proteasome from the methanoarchaeon Methanosarcina thermophila was produced in Escherichia coli and characterized. The biochemical properties revealed novel features of the archaeal 20S proteasome. A fully active 20S proteasome could be assembled in vitro with purified native α ring structures and β prosubunits independently produced in Escherichia coli, which demonstrated that accessory proteins are not essential for processing of the β prosubunits or assembly of the 20S proteasome. A protein complex with a molecular mass intermediate to those of the α7 ring and the 20S proteasome was detected, suggesting that the 20S proteasome is assembled from precursor complexes. The heterologously produced M. thermophila 20S proteasome predominately catalyzed cleavage of peptide bonds carboxyl to the acidic residue Glu (postglutamyl activity) and the hydrophobic residues Phe and Tyr (chymotrypsinlike activity) in short chromogenic and fluorogenic peptides. Low-level hydrolyzing activities were also detected carboxyl to the acidic residue Asp and the basic residue Arg (trypsinlike activity). Sodium dodecyl sulfate and divalent or monovalent ions stimulated chymotrypsinlike activity and inhibited postglutamyl activity, whereas ATP stimulated postglutamyl activity but had little effect on the chymotrypsinlike activity. The results suggest that the 20S proteasome is a flexible protein which adjusts to binding of substrates. The 20S proteasome also hydrolyzed large proteins. Replacement of the nucleophilic Thr1 residue with an Ala in the β subunit abolished all activities, which suggests that only one active site is responsible for the multisubstrate activity. Replacement of β subunit active-site Lys33 with Arg reduced all activities, which further supports the existence of one catalytic site; however, this result also suggests a role for Lys33 in polarization of the Thr1 N, which serves to strip a proton from the active-site Thr1 Oγ nucleophile. Replacement of Asp51 with Asn had no significant effect on trypsinlike activity, enhanced postglutamyl and trypsinlike activities, and only partially reduced lysozyme-hydrolyzing activity, which suggested that this residue is not essential for multisubstrate activity.
Application of lightweight formal methods to software security

Formal specification and verification of security has proven a challenging task. There is no single method that has proven feasible. Instead, an integrated approach which combines several formal techniques can increase the confidence in the verification of software security properties. Such an approach which specifies security properties in a library that can be re-used by 2 instruments and their methodologies developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are described herein The flexible modeling framework (FMF) is a model based verification instrument that uses Promela and the SPIN model checker. The property based tester (PET) uses TASPEC and a test execution monitor (TEM). They are used to reduce vulnerabilities and unwanted exposures in software during the development and maintenance life cycles. These instruments are currently being piloted with a COTS server-agent application.
Researching medical trust in the United States

Purpose – This article reviews research in the USA bearing on trust in physicians and medical institutions.Design/methodology/approach – This article provides a conceptual analysis, and general review of the literature.Findings – Empirical research of medical trust is burgeoning in the USA, and a fairly clear conceptual model of interpersonal physician trust has emerged. However, most studies focus on individual patients and their physicians, due to the highly individualistic attitudes that prevail in the USA. Lacking are studies of more social dimensions of trust in broader medical institutions. A conceptual model of trust is presented to help draw these relevant distinctions, and to review the US literature. Also presented are the full set of trust scales, developed at Wake Forest University, which follow this conceptual model. These conceptual categories may differ, however, in other languages and cultures.Originality/value – The considerable body of research in the USA on patients' trust in individual...
Distributed current estimates using cortical orientation constraints.

Distributed source models of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) data employ dense distributions of current sources in a volume or on a surface. Previously, anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data have been used to constrain locations and orientations based on cortical geometry extracted from anatomical MRI data. We extended this approach by first calculating cortical patch statistics (CPS), which for each patch corresponding to a current source location on the cortex comprise the area of the patch, the average normal direction, and the average deviation of the surface normal from its average. The patch areas were then incorporated in the forward model to yield estimates of the surface current density instead of dipole amplitudes at the current locations. The surface normal data were employed in a loose orientation constraint (LOC), which allows some variation of the current direction from the average normal. We employed this approach both in the 2 minimum-norm estimates (MNE) and in the more focal 1 minimum-norm solutions, the minimum-current estimate (MCE). Simulations in auditory and somatosensory areas with current dipoles and 10- or 20-mm diameter cortical patches as test sources showed that applying the LOC can increase localization accuracy. We also applied the method to in vivo auditory and somatosensory data. Hum Brain Mapp 27:1-13, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.