cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counseling Athletes on the Risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

CONTEXT: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a rare progressive neurologic disorder that can manifest as a combination of cognitive, mood and behavioral, and neurologic symptoms. Despite clinically apparent symptoms, there is no imaging or other diagnostic test that can confirm diagnosis in living subjects. Diagnosis can only be confirmed postmortem by specific histopathologic features within the brain tissue identified on autopsy. CTE represents a unique tauopathy that is distinct from other neurodegenerative diseases. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: PubMed was searched from 1990 to 2013 for sport concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Articles were also identified from bibliographies of recent reviews and consensus statements. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 5. RESULTS: Although CTE is postulated to occur as a result of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, the specific etiology and risk factors have not yet been elucidated, and postmortem diagnosis makes causality difficult to determine. CONCLUSION: When counseling athletes and families about the potential association of recurrent concussions and the development of CTE, discussion of proper management of concussion is cornerstone. Unfortunately, to date, there is no equipment that can prevent concussions; however, rule changes and legislation may decrease the risk. It is imperative that return to play is medically supervised by a provider trained in the management of concussion and begins only once symptoms have resolved. In addition, athletes with permanent symptoms should be retired from contact sport. Language: en
The Effects of Binding Ligand Variation on the Nickel Catalyzed Externally Initiated Polymerization of 2‐Bromo‐3‐hexyl‐5‐iodothiophene

The effects of binding ligand variation on the externally initiated Ni catalyzed polymerization of P3HT were investigated using a novel methodology allowing facile screening of ligands. P3HT was synthesized with >80% initiator incorporation for both mono- and bidentate phosphine ligands. Variation of the initiating aryl group demonstrated vastly superior results for o-tolyl over p-tolyl substituents.
Epitaxial growth of MgO/TiN multilayers on Cu

Abstract The growth of epitaxial MgO/TiN multilayer films on (001) Cu has been investigated. In particular, epitaxial structures were grown on (001) Cu layers that were epitaxial on (001) SrTiO3. X-ray diffraction and reflection high-energy electron diffraction indicate that the multilayer structures are epitaxial on the (001) Cu surface. The motivation is the use of crystalline MgO/TiN multilayers as a diffusion barrier to both copper and oxygen. MgO/TiN multilayers are potentially useful as diffusion barriers for Cu interconnects on semiconductors as well as for superconducting wires based on the epitaxial growth of cuprate superconductors on biaxially textured copper.
Host specificity ofAceria (Eriophyes) malherbe, [Acari: Eriophyidae], a biological control agent for the weed,Convolvulus arvensis [Convolvulaceae]

The host specificity of the gall mite,Aceria (Eriophyes) malherbe (Nalepa), from Greece was studied under quarantine conditions at Albany, California USA. Of the species, ecotypes, or strains tested, onlyConvolvulus andCalystegia spp. supported gall formation and mite reproduction. Although 2 of the native, North AmericanCalystegia species that served as laboratory hosts are threatened or endangered species,A. malherbe is considered safe for release in the USA as a biological control agent of the weed,Convolvulus arvensis (L.).
Nocturnal Tornado Climatology

Abstract Very few studies on nocturnal tornadoes have been performed, and operational forecasting of nocturnal tornadoes is often guided by the results of studies that are biased toward daytime tornadoes. However, it is likely that tornado environments vary significantly over the diurnal cycle. For example, the depth and nature of storm inflow may change as the daytime boundary layer transitions into a stable nighttime boundary layer, and a low-level jet (LLJ) may form above in the residual layer and free atmosphere. The study performed herein is used to investigate features unique to nocturnal boundary layers and the free atmosphere above that may affect nocturnal tornadoes. A climatology of significant (F2–F5) nocturnal tornadoes in the contiguous United States between 2004 and 2006 shows that environments deemed by previous climatologies as unfavorable for late afternoon/early evening tornadogenesis are in fact conducive to significant nocturnal tornadogenesis. These nocturnal environments may be chara...
Keratosis lichenoides chronica mimicking verrucous secondary syphilis

Keratosis lichenoides chronica is a rare dermatosis of unknown etiology with a wide variety of cutaneous manifestations. We present a 47-year-old male with a history of progressive and recalcitrant hyperkeratotic and warty plaques, mimicking verrucous secondary syphilis both clinically and microscopically. We review the clinical manifestations, microscopic features, and treatment modalities for this rare and distinctive dermatosis.
M-mode echocardiography in constrictive pericarditis

M-mode echocardiograms from 40 patients with proven constrictive pericarditis and 40 subjects without evidence of cardiac disease were reviewed for features previously described in constrictive pericarditis. In this large series, no single feature of the M-mode echocardiogram could be considered diagnostic, although a pattern of normal left ventricular size and systolic function, mild left atrial dilation, flattened diastolic left ventricular posterior wall motion and abnormal septal motion was found in most patients. It is concluded that the M-mode echocardiogram can provide findings suggestive of constrictive pericarditis but must be used in conjunction with hemodynamic and other studies to establish the diagnosis.
Molecular evidence for a link between the N363S glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism and altered gene expression.

Context: A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) N363S (rs6195) has been the focus of several clinical studies, and some epidemiological data link this SNP to increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, coronary artery disease, and increased body mass index. However, molecular studies in vitro using reporter gene expression systems have failed, for the most part, to define a link between this polymorphism and altered glucocorticoid receptor function. Objective: The objective of this study was to address the biological relevancy of N363S SNP in GR function by establishing stable U-2 OS (human osteosarcoma) cell lines expressing wild-type hGR or N363S and examining these receptors under a variety of conditions that probe for GR activity including human gene microarray analysis. Design: Functional assays with reporter gene systems, Western blotting, and human microarray analysis were used to evaluate the activity of wild-type and N363S GR in both transiently and stably exp...
XXIII. On screens transparent only to ultra-violet light and their use in spectrum photography

(1903). XXIII. On screens transparent only to ultra-violet light and their use in spectrum photography. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 5, No. 26, pp. 257-263.
On the enumeration of finite Abelian and solvable groups

Abstract Let a(n) be the number of nonisomorphic abelian groups of order n. We obtain a short interval result for the local density of a(n). More generally, we get short interval version of results of Ivic on the local density of prime independent multiplicative functions. Also we prove a short interval version of the theorem of Erdos and Szekeres on the summatory function of a(n) and the theorem of Greenberg and Newman on the enumeration of a certain type of finite solvable groups.
Numerical investigation of energy absorption mechanisms in unidirectional composites subjected to dynamic loading events

Abstract This work serves as an initial investigation, which is purely numerical, of three energy absorption mechanisms of severe dynamic loading events using a finite element model of a cross-ply unidirectional (UD) composite laminate. In this study, the inelastic energy absorption mechanisms associated with damage at the interfacial and constituent levels were numerically characterized through three admissible failure modes: fiber breakage, matrix shearing, and fiber/matrix debonding (delamination) (i.e., cohesive failure). The UD composite was constructed of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers separately reinforced with a polymer matrix material. The energy absorption capacities of these damage mechanisms were contrasted for three different dynamic loading cases including blast, shock, and ballistic impact at three different energy levels. Energy loss due to cohesive failure was observed in all three loading cases and energy levels. Furthermore, energy loss due to matrix failure was observed at all energy levels for the blast case, but only for the highest energy level in the shock and ballistics. There was energy loss due to fiber failure in the blast and in the highest energy ballistics impact case. However, there was not any fiber damage in the shock case.
Integrating Spirituality into the Workplace: Theory and Practice

The presence of spirituality in the workplace meets a variety of personal and professional business objectives, including meaningfulness of work, ethics and productivity. Three essential dimensions of spirituality—beliefs, rituals and community—can be developed in the workplace. It is the clear, coordinated, comprehensive and continued development of these dimensions that cultivates workplace spirituality and promotes the related individual and organizational business benefits.
On the Bhattacharyya distance and the divergence between Gaussian processes

Two measures of the distance between two stochastic processes are the divergence and the Bhattacharyya distance. These measures are evaluated for both discrete and continuous time, nonzero mean, nonstationary, Gaussian processes. The results express the measures in terms of the effects of physically-realizable linear filters acting on the Gaussian processes.
Refactoring meets spreadsheet formulas

The number of end-users who write spreadsheet programs is at least an order of magnitude larger than the number of trained programmers who write professional software. We studied a corpus of 3691 spreadsheets and we found that their formulas are riddled with the same smells that plague professional software: hardcoded constants, duplicated expressions, unnecessary complexity, and unsanitized input. These make spreadsheets difficult to read and expensive to maintain. Like automated refactoring in the object-oriented domain, spreadsheet refactoring can be transformative. In this paper we present seven refactorings for spreadsheet formulas implemented in RefBook, a plugin for Microsoft Excel. To evaluate the usefulness of RefBook, we employed three kinds of empirical methods. First, we conducted a User Survey with 28 Excel users to find out whether they preferred the refactored formulas. Second, we conducted a Controlled Experiment with the same 28 participants to measure their productivity when doing manual refactorings. Third, we performed a Retrospective Case Study on the EUSES Spreadsheet Corpus with 3691 spreadsheets to determine how often we could apply the refactorings supported by RefBook. The results show: (i) users prefer the improved quality of refactored formulas, (ii) RefBook is faster and more reliable than manual refactoring, and (iii) the refactorings are widely applicable. On average RefBook is able to apply the refactorings in less than half the time that users performed the refactorings manually. 92.54% of users introduced errors or new smells into the spreadsheet or were unable to complete the task.
WEBERSAT: a low-cost imaging satellite

On January 21, 1990, Weber State University had its second small satellite called WEBERSAT launched into an 800 Km polar orbit on the Arianespace Ariane V35 flight from Kourou, French Guiana. This launch culminated nearly two years work by undergraduate engineering technology students and faculty at Weber State University, and local volunteer engineers. The successful development of this satellite was the result of joint efforts with education and industry. This project is demonstrating that a low cost spacecraft can use inexpensive sensors to provide useful space data. This paper is an overall view of the satellite and other papers in the proceedings will provide more details on operational performance.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Paracrine control of myoblast proliferation and differentiation by fibroblasts

Abstract Double-muscling (DM) is a hereditary (apparently single-gene) skeletal muscle hyperplasia which occurs in beef cattle. In order to investigate the cellular basis of this phenotype, cell cultures from developing muscle tissue of normal and DM fetal calves were studied. In cultures composed of both myogenic cells and nonmyogenic, fibroblast-like cells, DM myoblasts exhibited a prolonged proliferative phase. This resulted in delayed, but increased production of fused myotubes in the DM cultures. “Conditioned” media experiments indicated that the fibroblast-like cells in the cultures produced soluble myoblast growth factor activity. Both normal and DM fibroblast-like cells produced the growth factor activity, but the mutant fibroblast-like cells produced a greater level of such activity. The conditioned media failed to increase proliferation of bovine muscle fibroblasts and did not stimulate quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells to divide, indicating that the myoblast trophic activity is distinct from bFGF or PDGF. Also, the myotrophic activity present in the conditioned media acted in an additive fashion with saturating doses of bFGF and of IGF-1, suggesting that the activity is not due to either of these known myogenic growth factors. Both normal and DM fibroblast-like cells produced myoblast trophic activity when the cells were proliferating, but did not produce myotrophic activity when the fibroblasts were mitotically quiescent. These findings indicate that the proliferative state of the connective tissue cells in muscle may have a controlling influence on myoblast proliferation and differentiation during development.
Dispersal patterns and clumping behaviors in the beetle Trichoton sordidum

Although a significant number of behavioral studies of desert tenebrionids have been done, almost nothing is recorded of Trichoton sordidum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an inhabitant of the sunny, sparsely vegetated US/Mexican borderlands. For this small, flightless beetle successful predator evasion and adaptation to a desert environment has required development of complicated, quickly utilizable behavioral mechanisms for regulating exposure to extremes of heat, light, humidity, and habitat structure. In this study, T. sordidum was exposed to sudden changes in temperature, illumination, and habitat complexity, and some patterns representing its normal aggregation were recorded. Minimum Risk Distribution models (Floater 2001) predict changes in spatial distribution patterns of groups of individuals as they are exposed to environmental change. A successful species must have a large percentage of individuals adhering to changes with a set pattern of behaviors. All groups of T. sordidum tested demonstrated both rapid and cohesive dispersal patterns. They normally showed little tendency toward clustering, except clear adhesive aggregation patterns in cases of limited resources in a fragmented environment. Under conditions of extreme heat or light, aggregations in the form of clumping did occur. The formation of clumps from simple two-stacks to groups of up to ten is documented here. The sophistication, consistency of use, and rapid initiation of clumps suggest clumping might well be a highly evolved and successful mechanism for group threat evasion. The morphology of T. sordidum shows how clumping is achieved. An examination of the conditions leading to clumping gives clues to why clumps are formed.
Zoonotic Anatrichosomiasis in a Mother and Daughter

Zoonotic anatrichosomiasis in a mother and daughter is reported. Both presented with a 10-week history of multiple painful oral ulcers. Biopsy specimens revealed the presence of small, coiled trichuroid nematodes with distinctive morphological features, including stichocytes and paired bacillary bands. This represents an unusual infection by a zoonotic Anatrichosoma species.
Rural–urban differences in stage at diagnosis. Possible relationship to cancer screening

Stage at diagnosis was examined for various malignancies identifiable through screening to determine whether rural-urban differences exist in Georgia. Data were obtained from a population-based cancer registry which registers all incident cancers among residents of metropolitan Atlanta and ten neighboring rural counties. Black and white patients with a first primary invasive malignancy newly diagnosed between 1978 and 1985 were included in this study. Residents of the rural area were twice as likely to have unstaged cancers (18.3%) as were urban residents (9.6%). Among patients with known stage at diagnosis, rural patients tended to have more advanced disease than urban patients. The relative excess of nonlocalized malignancies in rural Georgia was 21% for whites and 37% for blacks. The rural excess of nonlocalized prostate cancer among blacks was especially pronounced. Differences in access to or utilization of early detection methods may contribute to the rural-urban differential in the extent of disease at diagnosis.
Scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of the Au(334) surface in air

High resolution images of a Au(334) surface in air have been obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The surfaces were prepared in ultrahigh vacuum and produced clean Auger spectra and ordered stepped low-energy electron diffraction patterns. Exposure to air caused a small irreversible carbon contamination. The STM images in air revealed a structure of parallel steps of monatomic height grouped in domains that are several hundred angstroms wide and a few tens of angstroms high. These large domains are part of a surface that is smooth on the scale of several thousands of angstroms.
The Whole Annulus Computations of Particulate Flow and Erosion in an Axial Fan

Gas turbine engines operating in a hostile environment, polluted with sand or dust particles, are susceptible to the erosion damage, mostly at front axial fans and compressors. To accurately predict the erosion pattern and rate due to sand ingestion is one of the big challenges faced by the transportation and power industries. Maintenance costs are scrutinized and intensive research efforts are currently deployed in predictive life assessment tools to minimize the overhaul down time. The conventional prediction methods were usually based on steady-state simulations of gas-phase flows through a single blade passage per blade row to reduce computational cost. However, the multi-stage turbomachinery flows are intrinsically subject to unsteadiness, especially due to statorrotor interactions which may affect sand particle trajectories even if a one-way coupling method is considered. Furthermore, an unsteady stator-rotor interaction asks for a whole-annulus model at great computational cost to avoid simplifications of geometries or flow physics. To study the effects of the stator-rotor interaction on sand particle trajectories and erosion, an axial fan with inlet guide vanes is investigated based on the whole annulus computations of both steady and unsteady gasphase flows, each of which is then followed by a Lagrangian particle tracking step. A numerical algorithm for tracking particles driven by unsteady gas-phase flow is presented. The comparison of the numerical predictions with the experimental data confirms the validity and necessity of the unsteady CFD model in providing adequate predictions of sand erosion in the axial fan.Copyright © 2011 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
Case study: Research with brain-dead children

The esophageal obturator airway (EOA) is a device used throughout the United States to facilitate artificial respiration of critically ill patients who are not hospitalized. Its use is restricted to persons who are over 15 years old because obturators for children are not available. A protocol submitted to an institutional review board (IRB) intended to develop EOAs suitable for use in children. The investigators proposed to perform preliminary testing of these devices on children who had sustained irreversible loss of brain function (“brain death”). In its review of this protocol, the IRB had to confront several vexing questions.
Tensile strength of water

THE measured tensile strength of water has long been known to be significantly less than theoretical predictions and the reduced strength is normally attributed to the presence of solid impurities that serve as nucleation sites for rupture of the liquid1. A favourite method of measuring tensile strength is through the dynamic stressing of a liquid by an acoustic field. At sufficiently large values of the peak negative acoustic-pressure amplitude the liquid ruptures and forms a rapidly growing vapour cavity that collapses violently during the positive portion of the cycle. This cavity collapse is normally violent enough to be observed easily with the unaided eye or ear. Such an event is termed the acoustic cavitation threshold and is a measure of the tensile strength of a liquid. Although some successes have been obtained in achieving measured values of the tensile strength comparable to theoretical predictions for extremely small samples2 or after extensive filtration3, I know of no current theory for the prediction of values of the dynamic tensile strength for ordinary distilled water. Using a modified version of a recent theory by Apfel4, an equation is presented here that correctly predicts the variation of the acoustic cavitation threshold of water with surface tension, dissolved gas content and temperature.
Impedance mismatch: a new length scale in the electrodynamics of a superconductor-metal system

Abstract A superconductor has a complex penetration depth ( λ ) whose real and imaginary parts have magnitudes that are generally not equal, in contrast to that of a normal conductor in the local limit. We show that there is a length scale δ 0 = 2 | λ | whose ratio with the skin depth of the metal ( δ ) determines the impedance mismatch between a superconductor and a metal. To illustrate the significance of this length scale, we consider a superconducting film atop a bulk metal and show that when δ is increased, (i) the total power dissipation can change by over two orders of magnitude, (ii) there is a peak in the total power dissipation near δ = δ 0 , (iii) the power dissipation in the superconducting thin film increases monotonically and (iv) the power dissipation in the metal has a peak near δ = δ 0 .
A Nanostructured Synthetic Collagen Mimic for Hemostasis

Collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays a wide variety of important roles in blood clotting, healing, and tissue remodeling. Natural, animal derived, collagen is used in many clinical applications but concerns exist with respect to its role in inflammation, batch-to-batch variability, and possible disease transfection. Therefore, development of synthetic nanomaterials that can mimic the nanostructure and properties of natural collagen has been a heavily pursued goal in biomaterials. Previously, we reported on the design and multihierarchial self-assembly of a 36 amino acid collagen mimetic peptide (KOD) that forms nanofibrous triple helices that entangle to form a hydrogel. In this report, we utilize this nanofiber forming collagen mimetic peptide as a synthetic biomimetic matrix useful in thrombosis. We demonstrate that nanofibrous KOD synthetic collagen matrices adhere platelets, activate them (indicated by soluble P-selectin secretion), and clot plasma and blood similar to animal derived collagen and control surfaces. In addition to the thrombotic potential, THP-1 monocytes incubated with our KOD collagen mimetic showed minimal proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α or IL-1β) production. Together, the data presented demonstrates the potential of a novel synthetic collagen mimetic as a hemostat.
A two-year longitudinal study of cognitive function in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

A group of 136 elderly subjects were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, which was readministered 2 years later. Among the 136 elderly subjects, 86 were assigned a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease. An additional 33 young subjects were administered the assessment battery at baseline only. The normal elderly group exhibited no decline in cognitive test performance over the 2-year follow-up interval. Subjects with mild cognitive impairment, however, were as likely to deteriorate between baseline and follow-up as the more severely impaired subjects. The tests that exhibited longitudinal decline in the Alzheimer's disease patients constituted a subset of the tests that revealed cross-sectional deficits relative to the normal elderly. Differences in baseline cognitive test performance and in rate of cognitive deterioration were examined in relatively young versus relatively old Alzheimer's disease patients. Potential psychometric predictors of cognitive decline in the normal e...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue associated with cinnamon gum use: A case report

Background. Cinnamon aldehydes found in cinnamon-flavored gums can incite mucosal alterations at points of contact with the oral mucosa. These alterations may include inflammation and epithelial proliferation, but as a rule, the changes are reversible and promptly resolve when gum-chewing activity is discontinued. Methods. The authors report a case of a 24-year-old woman who developed a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue following persistent and prolonged exposure to cinnamon-flavored gum. Results. Several social, clinical, and histopathologic features point to the cinnamon-flavored chewing gum as a possible causal factor in the development of the patient's oral carcinoma. Conclusions. Prompt withdrawal of cinnamon products is encouraged in heavy gum chewers who develop cinnamon-related oral lesions. For those lesions which do not promptly resolve upon cinnamon withdrawal, diagnostic biopsy should be considered to exclude the possibility of a squamous cell carcinoma.
Event-related potentials and genetic risk for schizophrenia.

Abstract Background: Event-related potentials (ERPs) during an auditory oddball task were investigated in patients with schizophrenia and in their healthy siblings to explore the question of whether abnormalities of two-dimensional topographic scalp-distribution of P300 amplitude and latency relate to genetic risk for schizophrenia. We also examined the P50, N100, and P200-waves, elicited during the same task. Methods: We investigated 42 schizophrenic patients, 62 of their healthy siblings, and 34 unrelated normal control subjects with a standard auditory oddball paradigm and 16 electroencephalogram electrodes. Amplitudes and latencies of the ERPs P50, N100, P200, and P300 were topographically analyzed. Results: In the patients, P300 amplitude was significantly decreased in the range of 54%–58% over the left parietotemporal area. Siblings did not show decreased P300 amplitudes when compared with normal subjects. P300 latencies were unchanged in both groups. No significant group differences were observed for the other event-related potentials. Conclusions: In line with previous studies, the P300 amplitude in schizophrenic patients was decreased over the left temporoparietal area; however, we found no evidence for a genetic trait effect in the event-related potential abnormality. Possible reasons for these largely negative findings are discussed.
HPLC Purification of Pergolide Using Silica Gel

Pergolide is a synthetic ergot alkaloid approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Process-related impurities from the synthesis are difficult to remove chemically without significant yield loss. An alternative purification procedure was necessary. Pergolide is soluble in nonaqueous solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, and dimethylformamide. Solubility is improved when the halocarbon is mixed with an alcohol such as methanol. These characteristics are desirable for silica gel chromatography. This paper describes the evaluation of solubility as a function of halocarbon and the development of a silica gel system to separate the process-related impurities from pergolide. The criteria for choosing a commercially available silica gel and results from purification using axial compression column technology are also discussed.
Aftertreatment control and adaptation for automotive lean burn engines with HEGO sensors

SUMMARY Control of aftertreatment systems for lean burn technology engines represents a big challenge, due to the lack of on-board emission measurements and the sensitivity of the hardware components to ageing and sulphur poisoning. In this paper, we consider the control and adaptation of aftertreatment systems involving lean NOx trap (LNT). A phenomenological LNT model is presented to facilitate the model-based control and adaptation. A control strategy based on the LNT model and HEGO (heated exhaust gas oxygen) sensor feedback is discussed. A linear parametric model, which is derived by exploiting the physical properties of the LNT is used for adaptation of trap capacity and feedgas NOx emission models. The conditions under which parameter convergence will be achieved are derived for the proposed adaptive scheme. Simulation results for different scenarios are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of control and adaptation. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Lean burn technology for gasoline engines, including both direct injection stratified charge (DISC) and port fuel injection (PFI) engines, has drawn great attention during the past decade, largely due to its potential for improving fuel economy and reducing CO2 emissions. At part or low loads, a DISC or PFI lean burn engine can operate at high intake manifold pressure with an air–fuel mixture much leaner than the stoichiometric value. Consequently, combustion efficiency can be improved through reduced pumping losses and enhanced thermodynamic efficiency.
Perspectives on the Atomistic-Type Society: Introduction

The atomistic-type of society, which is the concern of the following papers, is a society in which the nuclear family represents the major structural unit and, indeed, almost the only formalized social entity. Interpersonal relationships outside of the nuclear family are characterized by contention, suspiciousness, and invidiousness. Moreover, these attitudes and behavior are normative. Observations of interpersonal relationships found in each of the four articles are replicated by other authors whose work has been with closely related groups. Thus, the quality of interpersonal relations in each society is not in dispute. They are, in fact, a phenomenological reality and not a function of the selective perception of our contributors; the data exist "out there," not in the mind of the observer.
Cultural Components of Central America

THE material presented here resulted from a series of systematic culture surveys of each of the countries of Central America except Costa Rica, where only a partial survey was possible. More than one hundred communities were surveyed, and monographs have been prepared on each country. The present work depends upon the material presented in these monographs, and was done while I was working with the World Health Organization. The term Central America is here used to refer to Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, British Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Circumstances precluded a survey of British Honduras and for that reason it is omitted from some of the discussion. Spanish-American refers to a cultural tradition, defined and delineated in the paper. Meso-American, which in anthropological circles has been used (following Kirchhoff) to indicate a certain region of Mexico and western Central America, specifically the high culture areas of the Maya and Mexicans, here refers to a cultural tradition composed of groups which are cultural descendents of those civilizations. Our knowledge of the distribution of contemporary peoples and cultures of the world is still largely inadequate. The present essay attempts to provide systematic identification and classification for the region of Central America. I hope it will serve not only as a contribution to our general knowledge of the world's population, but also as a step in the improvement of the methodologies which have been followed in classifications of Latin American materials. In
Structural and biological evaluation of a novel series of benzimidazole inhibitors of Francisella tularensis enoyl-ACP reductase (FabI)

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, presents a significant biological threat and is a Category A priority pathogen due to its potential for weaponization. The bacterial FASII pathway is a viable target for the development of novel antibacterial agents treating Gram-negative infections. Here we report the advancement of a promising series of benzimidazole FabI (enoyl-ACP reductase) inhibitors to a second-generation using a systematic, structure-guided lead optimization strategy, and the determination of several co-crystal structures that confirm the binding mode of designed inhibitors. These compounds display an improved low nanomolar enzymatic activity as well as promising low microgram/mL antibacterial activity against both F. tularensis and Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA). The improvements in activity accompanying structural modifications lead to a better understanding of the relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity that encompasses both enzymatic and whole-cell activity.
Beyond the Butterfly - A Graph-Theoretic Characterization of the Feasibility of Network Coding with Two Simple Unicast Sessions

The problem of network coding with two simple unicast sessions is considered for general directed acyclic graphs. An explicit graph-theoretic characterization is provided for the feasibility of whether two symbols at different sources can be simultaneously transmitted to the designated sinks via network coding. The existence of a routing scheme is equivalent to finding edge-disjoint paths. Similarly, in this paper it is proven that the existence of a network coding scheme is equivalent to finding paths with controlled edge overlaps, and the characterization includes the well-studied butterfly graph as a special case. Various generalizations and implications are discussed based on the constructive nature of the flow-based conditions. For example, it is shown that a linear network coding scheme using only six paths is as effective as any non-linear network coding scheme.
Teat dip comparisons.

Abstract Two University research herds with 189 cows were divided for a teat dip comparison with half of each herd using 4% chlorine and the other half 1% iodine. After 6 months the dips used in each half were switched. Teat dipping and routine dry period treatment lowered the infection from 22 to 16% of the quarters during the one year study. Efficacy of the two products differed slightly in the two herds; however, for the total trial 59 new pathogenic infections occurred in both the chlorine- and iodine dipped groups.
Characterization and Evaluation of Nanoparticle Release during the Synthesis of Single-Walled and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Vapor Deposition

Airborne nanoparticles released during the synthesis of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were measured and characterized. This study reported the field measurements during the development of carbon nanotube production. Monitoring data were taken and the sampling methods to characterize aerosol release were developed along with the modification of carbon nanotube production in a time period from 2006 to 2009. Particle number concentrations for diameters from 5 nm to 20 μm were measured using the fast mobility particle sizer and the aerodynamic particle sizer; the particles released from the furnace were found to be less than 500 nm in diameter. The morphology and elemental composition of the released nanoparticles were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Different operating conditions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) production were studied to evaluate their effects on the number and morphology of aerosol particles, and t...
Urbanization promotes non-native woody species and diverse plant assemblages in the New York metropolitan region

The rapid urbanization of the world has significant ecological consequences that shape global biodiversity patterns. The plant communities now common in urban centers may represent new habitats with unique dynamics and the potential for highly modified ecological services. This study, joining extensive spatial and floristic data sets, examined current distribution patterns of non-native and native woody plant species in the New York metropolitan region, USA. We joined the New York Metropolitan Flora (NYMF) database of woody species with GIS data of urban land cover for 297 5 km by 5 km landscape blocks. We tested the relationship between urbanization and native and non-native species richness patterns, the extent of non-native species presence in the urban area, and the change in beta diversity across a gradient of urban land cover. We found that across the urban–rural gradient, native plant species richness decreased and non-native species richness increased with increasing urban land cover. Total richness does not change across the urban–rural gradient. Our analyses show that these patterns are highly correlated with urbanization, but vary across the New Jersey landscape. We also found an increase in beta diversity with urbanization; urban areas are not homogenized in plant species composition compared to rural areas. Here we show a species-rich flora dominated by non-native species which are differentiating the urban flora. These results can help guide appropriate conservation decisions for the maintenance of plant biodiversity in cities.
Effects of ventricular stimulation and potassium administration on digitalis-induced arrhythmias

Abstract Paired electrical ventricular pacing has been shown to be an effective means of overcoming digitalis-induced arrhythmias, but it has not been used clinically because of the danger of inducing ventricular fibrillation and because the second contraction interferes with ventricular filling. For these reasons, the possibility that ventricular pacing with a single electrical stimulus might accomplish the same effect was examined. A pacing catheter was passed by way of the jugular vein into the right ventricle of 16 dogs, and ouabain was infused at the rate of 1 μg/kg per min. In 9 control animals serious ventricular arrhythmias occurred at 51.0 ± 3.6 (SEM) min and death at 94.9 ± 5.9 min. In 7 dogs arrhythmias occurred at 51.6 ± 3.7 min but were completely abolished by pacing at a frequency 20 percent above the intrinsic rate. However, the total cumulative dose of ouabain that caused death remained unchanged, and the animals with pacing died of ventricular fibrillation at 94.6 ± 8.2 min. In other studies in 23 dogs infusion of potassium was started at the time of initial toxicity, but it had no effect on the cumulative dose of ouabain considered lethal. Neither pacing nor infusion of potassium altered the maximal tolerated dose of ouabain. We found that arrhythmias can be completely suppressed by ventricular pacing, but that they recur during administration of potassium. We conclude that ventricular pacing with a single electrical stimulus will effectively overcome serious digitalis-induced arrhythmias and that it should be considered for trial in patients with refractory digitalis toxicity.
Surface-Induced Denaturation of Proteins during Freezing and its Inhibition by Surfactants

In this study, we found that the denaturation of proteins during freezing is closely related to surface-induced denaturation. Several proteins with varying sensitivities to freezing were tested, and the results were compared with susceptibilities to surface denaturation in unfrozen aqueous solution. Also, the influence of the surfactant Tween 80 on the denaturation of each of the proteins was examined during freeze-thawing, as were the effects of Tween 80 and several other surfactants on the stability of lactate dehydrogenase. Proteins formed insoluble precipitates when they were subjected to a quench cooling by dipping in liquid nitrogen, although freezing followed by supercooling caused less precipitation. A strong correlation (r = 0.99) was observed between the tendency of a protein to freeze denature and its tendency to surface denature. Also, the addition of small amounts of surface-active agents protected proteins from both freeze- and surface-induced denaturation. Freeze-induced denaturation of IL-1ra at the ice-water interface during freeze-drying was effectively prevented by adding a small amount of Tween 80. These results suggest that the denaturation of proteins during freeze-thawing can be ascribed primarily to the increase in the area of the ice-water interface during freezing.
Nonlinear soil response as a natural passive isolation mechanism. Paper II. The 1933, Long Beach, California earthquake

Abstract The areas that experienced large strains and differential motions in the soil (indicated by breaks in the water and gas pipe distribution systems) and the areas with severely damaged buildings showed remarkable separation during the March 10, 1933, Long Beach, California earthquake. With analogous results for the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake [Soil Dynam. Earthquake Engng. 17 (1998) 41], the observations summarized in this paper show the fallacy of simplistic and popular interpretations, such as those that hold that in the near field the damage to buildings is caused by ‘soft’ or ‘bad ground’ conditions. In fact, significant reduction in the potential damage to buildings may be expected in the areas where the soil experiences ‘moderate to large’ strains.
Multiculturalism in the Public Relations Curriculum: Female African American Practitioners' Perceptions of Effects

This study investigated how a sample of female African American public relations practitioners view multiculturalism in the public relations curriculum and its effects on a feminized field that employs few women of color and where even fewer achieve senior-level management status. Focus groups were conducted in Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. Respondents shared anecdotes about workplace experiences that suggest multiculturalism is not being attended to at the college level and offered specific suggestions for public relations curriculum improvements.
Microfluidic refractive index sensor based on an all-silica in-line Fabry–Perot interferometer fabricated with microstructured fibers

We report a microfluidic fiber-optic refractive index (RI) sensor based on an in-line Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer, which is formed by a silica tube sandwiched by two microstructured fibers (MFs). The sensor reported here can be fabricated at low cost, possess a robust structure, and has microfluidic capability. The micro-sized holes in the MFs naturally function as microfluidic channels through which liquid samples can be efficiently and conveniently delivered into and out of the FP cavity by a pressure/vacuum pump system for high-performance RI measurement. Due to the microfluidic capability enabled by the MFs, only sub microliter sample is required. We also experimentally study and demonstrate the superior performances of the sensor in terms of high RI sensitivity, good measurement repeatability, and low temperature cross-sensitivity.
Spectral subspace matched filtering

The linear matched filter has long served as a workhorse algorithm for illustrating the promise of multispectral target detection. However, an accurate description of a target's distribution usually requires expanding the dimensionality of its intrinsic signature subspace beyond what is appropriate for the matched filter. Structured backgrounds also deviate from the matched filter paradigm and are often modeled as clusters. However, spectral clusters usually show evidence of mixing, which corresponds to the presence of different materials within a single pixel. This makes a subspace background model an attractive alternative to clustering. In this paper we present a new method for generating detection algorithms based on joint target/background subspace modeling. We use it first to derive an existing class of GLF detectors, in the process illustrating the nature of the real problems that these solve. Then natural symmetries expected to be characteristic of otherwise unknown target and background distributions are used to generate new algorithms. Currently employed detectors are also interpreted using the new approach, resulting in recommendations for improvements to them.
Foraging behaviour of the slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus): implications for theories of primate origins

Members of the Order Primates are characterised by a wide overlap of visual fields or optic convergence. It has been proposed that exploitation of either insects or angiosperm products in the terminal branches of trees, and the corresponding complex, three-dimensional environment associated with these foraging strategies, account for visual convergence. Although slender lorises (Loris sp.) are the most visually convergent of all the primates, very little is known about their feeding ecology. This study, carried out over 10 ½ months in South India, examines the feeding behaviour of L. lydekkerianus lydekkerianus in relation to hypotheses regarding visual predation of insects. Of 1238 feeding observations, 96% were of animal prey. Lorises showed an equal and overwhelming preference for terminal and middle branch feeding, using the undergrowth and trunk rarely. The type of prey caught on terminal branches (Lepidoptera, Odonata, Homoptera) differed significantly from those caught on middle branches (Hymenoptera, Coleoptera). A two-handed catch accompanied by bipedal postures was used almost exclusively on terminal branches where mobile prey was caught, whereas the more common capture technique of one-handed grab was used more often on sturdy middle branches to obtain slow moving prey. Although prey was detected with senses other than vision, vision was the key sense used upon the final strike. This study strongly supports the notion that hunting for animal prey was a key ecological determinant in selecting for visual convergence early on in primate evolution. The extreme specialisations of slender lorises, however, suggest that early primates were not dedicated faunivores and lend further support to the emerging view that both insects and fruits were probably important components of the diet of basal primates, and that exploitation of fruits may account for other key primate traits.
The Davidson laboratory rolling road facility

Abstract A description is given of the Davidson Laboratory Rolling Road Facility and its uses. Applications in the study of motor vehicle directional stability are discussed in some detail. An example of stability test data obtained in previous rolling-road experiments is presented and discussed. Recommendations are made for future studies of techniques of motor vehicle stability analysis.
Role of deep brain stimulation targeted to the pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease

Gait disturbance and postural instability (PI) are among the most medication-refractory motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent reports, however, suggest that deep brain stimulation (DBS...