cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a virtual intervention for patients with lung cancer transitioning to surveillance after curative treatment.

181Background: Patients with lung cancer who are treated with curative intent are rarely included in quality-of-life (QOL) intervention research in cancer, and the transition from treatment to surv...
Advanced pCASL pediatric perfusion MRI

Abstract Arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI is an appealing neuroimaging technology to study brain development due to its entirely noninvasive nature and several physiological properties of a child brain. In this chapter, we discussed 1. How physiological parameter variations (blood T1, arterial transit time and blood flow velocity) of the pediatric population affect the accuracy of perfusion quantification; 2. Current research on perfusion across typical brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders; and 3. New technical developments to improve spatial resolution, quantification accuracy and robustness to motion for pediatric ASL studies.
Properties of cholesterol dissimilation by Rhodococcus equi.

The identification of serum cholesterol as a risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease has resulted in attempts to reduce dietary cholesterol intake. As a result, the removal of cholesterol from food products has become a challenging research objective. We report here the loss of 40% of the cholesterol found in egg yolk preparations following treatment with sonicated extracts of Rhodococcus equi. Extracts of R. equi 21107 and R. equi 33706 removed 3.33% and 3.09% of the cholesterol from egg yolk per min per mg of crude enzyme protein, respectively. Incubation of fresh cream with R. equi 33706 extracts resulted in only a 2.4% reduction in cholesterol content (rate of reduction: 0.35% cholesterol per min per mg of protein). Cholesterol degradation by R. equi 33706 had an optimum temperature of 40°C and an optimum pH of 8.0, and there was no apparent requirement for divalent metal ions. Approximately 44% of enzyme activity was lost after a 60 min exposure at 60°C. Thin layer chromatographic an...
Regulation of epithelial barrier function by the inflammatory bowel disease candidate gene, PTPN2

Protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) has been identified as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) candidate gene. However, the mechanism through which mutations in the PTPN2 gene contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD has not been identified. PTPN2 acts as a negative regulator of signaling induced by the proinflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). IFN-γ is known not only to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), but also to increase permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier. We have shown that PTPN2 protects epithelial barrier function by restricting the capacity of IFN-γ to increase epithelial permeability and prevent induction of expression of the pore-forming protein, claudin-2. These data identify an important functional role for PTPN2 as a protector of the intestinal epithelial barrier and provide clues as to how PTPN2 mutations may contribute to the pathophysiology of CD.
Metabolic studies on citrate synthase mutants of yeast: a change in phenotype following transformation with an inactive enzyme

We have studied the growth on acetate, the metabolism of acetate enzymes, and respiration of a series of citrate synthase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results confirmed and extended our previous observation that cytosolic citrate synthase is not necessary for growth on acetate. Deletion of mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS1) protein resulted in changes in metabolites, decrease in the amounts of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, reduced mitochondrial respiration of citrate and isocitrate, and an inability to grow on acetate. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we constructed two separate CS1 proteins with mutations in the enzyme's active site. The mitochondria of cells carrying either site-directed mutagenized CS1 contained the inactive citrate synthase protein. With one mutant in which His313 was replaced with a glycine (CS1/H313G), growth on acetate was restored, and mitochondrial respiration of citrate and isocitrate increased toward parental levels as did the levels of several enzymes. With the other mutant CS1 in which Asp414 was replaced with a glycine (CS1/D414G), no growth on acetate or changes in other parameters was observed. We propose that the characteristics of the strain carrying the CS1 with a H313G mutation result from the formation of an intact Krebs cycle complex by the inactive but structurally unchanged H313G protein.
Safe and secure at work?: findings from the 2002 Workplace Risk Supplement.

Objective: To examine employee's perception of safety and related workplace safety and prevention issues, including their use of self-protection measures and victimization experience. Participants: The Workplace Risk Supplement (WRS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was administered to 55,158 employed respondents who were 16 years or older. Methods: Trained U.S. Census Bureau interviewers administered the WRS in all households selected for the NCVS during the 6-month reference period from January through June 2002. Responses from the 55,158 WRS respondents were weighted to obtain national estimates, resulting in 142,410,858 cases. Results: The demographic distribution of WRS respondents is very similar to that of the U.S. labor force. Seven percent of respondents reported that they worried about someone in their workplace attacking them, while nearly 4% experienced victimization. The majority indicated that they felt that their workplace, the neighborhood around their workplace, and places they traveled to as part of their job were either "Very Safe" or "Somewhat Safe" from crime. Six percent carried some type of self protection while at work although this varied by occupation. Conclusions: Employees largely feel safe from violence while working. Differences in victimization by occupation bolster efforts to focus workplace violence prevention in high-risk occupations. Language: en
Leveraging big data to improve reliability & maintainability

Big Data has brought tremendous opportunities for Reliability & Maintainability professionals. This paper shares how NetApp leverages big data from NetApp's AutoSupportTM feature to deliver industry leading reliability and preventive maintenance. When AutoSupport is enabled, NetApp systems in the field periodically send selective system data to a NetApp corporate repository. This system data, consisting of configuration and log files with warnings, error messages and various sensor readings contains gold nuggets, which if mined and analyzed properly, can be of great benefit for improving system R&M. A few case studies are presented to show the effectiveness of the approach. These cases address the effect of cooling air temperature on hardware reliability, characteristics of DRAM memory errors, NAND flash field characteristics and preventive maintenance of defective memory modules. Results from each case also provide answers to some frequently asked questions in the computing industry.
BL Lacertae Objects

This grant has contributed to one of the original goals of the NAS/LTSA program, the goal of junior faculty development. Below I briefly summarize the following major results on BL Lacertae Objects that we have obtained. An invited talk on BL Lac Objects at IAU 175 "Extragalactic Radio Sources" at Bologna Italy in October 1995 summarized some of these results. A second invited talk in Oct 1998 at Green Bamk, WVA presented other BL Lac results at the conference entitled: "Highly Redshifted Radio Lines". We have used the EMSS sample to measure the X-ray luminosity function and cosmological evolution of BL Lacs. A new large sample of XBLs has been discovered.
Performance of Parallel Sparse Triangular Solution

Many applications require the solution of a sequence of sparse linear systems with the same matrix but different right-hand-side vectors. When the matrix is very large and sparse, the sparse matrix factors are computed in parallel and used in forward and back substitution steps to compute the solution. These substitution steps are not performed at high efficiency on message-passing multiprocessors and pose a performance bottleneck in applications requiring repeated solutions. In this paper we study the performance of various parallel substitution algorithms as well as an alternative to substitution. In the alternative scheme, substitution is replaced by very efficient distributed matrix-vector multiplication at the expense of inverting selected submatrices of the factor. Experiments on the Intel Paragon demonstrate that the scheme using matrix-vector multiplication has ideal scaled efficiency for 1 to 128 processors and is significantly faster than the traditional approach using the best parallel substitution schemes.
Lymph node dissection during robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: comparison of lymph node yield and clinical outcomes when including common iliac nodes with standard template dissection

OBJECTIVE To compare the perioperative outcomes of standard pelvic to full-template lymph node (LN) dissection (LND) during robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 94 patients undergoing RALP with LND between January 2007 and August 2008, by one surgeon. In February 2008 the LND template was modified to include common iliac and medial hypogastric LNs. Clinical and pathological patient characteristics were analysed, including total number of retrieved and positive LNs in each area of dissection, operative duration and complications. RESULTS Of the 94 patients, 62 underwent standard LND (group 1) and 32 underwent full-template pelvic LND (group 2). The median (mean) number of LNs retrieved in groups 1 and 2 were 12 (13.3) and 17.5 (21.4), respectively. Of the five patients with positive LNs (5%), four were in group 2 (13%); two of these patients had positive LNs in the common iliac dissection, and for one of these patients it was the sole site of involvement. Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or transient neuropraxia occurred in six patients (five in group 1 and one in group 2). The median additional operative time for resection of common and internal LNs was 25 min. CONCLUSIONS LN yield increased and additional sites of LN metastases were identified during full-template pelvic LND during RALP. This modification was not associated with an increased rate of complications. Derived benefits of including additional nodal dissection and the effect on staging accuracy remain to be determined.
Solitary wave solution for the generalized KdV equation with time-dependent damping and dispersion

Abstract The solitary wave solution of the generalized KdV equation is obtained in this paper in presence of time-dependent damping and dispersion. The approach is from a solitary wave ansatze that leads to the exact solution. A particular example is also considered to complete the analysis.
Expressivism, representation, and the nature of conceptual analysis

Philosophers often hold that the aim of conceptual analysis is to discover the representational content of a given concept such as freewill, belief, or law. In From Metaphysics to Ethics and other recent work, Frank Jackson has developed a theory of conceptual analysis that is one of the most advanced systematizations of this widespread idea. I argue that this influential way of characterizing conceptual analysis is too narrow. I argue that it is possible that an expressivist account could turn out to be correct as a genuine conceptual analysis of a genuine concept. I claim that since an expressivist analysis does not aim to discover the representational content of a given concept—and, indeed, might itself be based on the idea that the concept in question is not even representational in nature—the possibility of expressivist conceptual analysis shows that Jackson’s theory of conceptual analysis is incomplete as it currently stands. I conclude that Jackson needs to either shift his basic understanding of the nature of conceptual analysis or commit to a particular normative reinterpretation of his project.
Modernization: A Typological Approach

Summary On the basis of balance theory, certain distinct typologies of modernization combining both individual and system variables were developed in the study. Of primary concern was the interaction between the two variables of modernizing characteristics in attempting to predict the extent of modernity of different social systems. Three hypotheses generated on this basis were tested and were found to have been borne out by the data. Results indicated a substantial degree of interaction between the two variables of modernizing characteristics. Individuals high on both individual and system variables displayed more modernity than those who were high on one type of variable and low on the other, or those who were low on both variables. In the case of imbalanced situations (that is, when an individual variable is high but the system variable is low, and vice versa), system effects seemed to predominate over individual effects, and the dominance was greater when individual effects were lower.
Liquid-vapour surface sensors for liquid nitrogen and hydrogen

The present paper identifies devices to serve as liquid-vapor detectors in zero gravity. The testing in LH2 was done in a sealed glass Dewar system to eliminate any chance of mixing H2 and air. Most of the tests were performed with the leads to the sensor horizontal. Some results of rapid cycle testing of LVDG in LH2 are presented. Findings of rapid-cycle testing of LVDG in LH2 are discussed. The sensor crossed the liquid surface when the position sensor registered 1.9 V, which occurred at about 0.4075 s. The delay time was about 1.5 ms. From the estimated slope of the position sensor curve at 1.9 V, the velocity of the sensor through the liquid surface is over 3 m/s. Results of tests of optical sensors are presented as well.
Semantic behavior therapy: Unidimensional or multidimensional?

Thirty snake-phobic subjects were matched on the basis of their subjective fears of a snake, behavior avoidance test scores, and semantic ratings of the word snake, and then randomly assigned to one of three treatments: semantic desensitization with highly pleasant words (vacation, gift, win) serving as counterphobic events; semantic desensitization with highly passive words (calm, relax, serene) serving as antagonistic events; and pseudo-desensitization on a buffer task. Semantic desensitization therapy was conducted in the experimental groups using semantic hierarchy of anxiety mediating stimuli (SHAMS). The experimental subjects imagined anxiety provoking scenes elicited by the word “snake” in ascending order. Anxiety was neutralized by a semantic counterconditioning process where the subjects visualize verbal highly pleasant or relaxing passive scenes in the absence of muscular relaxation. Both experimental procedures led to the modification of phobic behavior. The results support a cognitive interpretation of behavior therapy through a multidimensional level of meaning.
Hybrid committee classifier for a computerized colonic polyp detection system

We present a hybrid committee classifier for computer-aided detection (CAD) of colonic polyps in CT colonography (CTC). The classifier involved an ensemble of support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks (NN) for classification, a progressive search algorithm for selecting a set of features used by the SVMs and a floating search algorithm for selecting features used by the NNs. A total of 102 quantitative features were calculated for each polyp candidate found by a prototype CAD system. 3 features were selected for each of 7 SVM classifiers which were then combined to form a committee of SVMs classifier. Similarly, features (numbers varied from 10-20) were selected for 11 NN classifiers which were again combined to form a NN committee classifier. Finally, a hybrid committee classifier was defined by combining the outputs of both the SVM and NN committees. The method was tested on CTC scans (supine and prone views) of 29 patients, in terms of the partial area under a free response receiving operation characteristic (FROC) curve (AUC). Our results showed that the hybrid committee classifier performed the best for the prone scans and was comparable to other classifiers for the supine scans.
Road to Ruin? A Spatial Analysis of State Highway Spending

Do states engage in infrastructure expenditure competition to attract new economic activity? Economic theory is inconclusive on the matter. States might respond to increased infrastructure spending in competitor states by increasing their own infrastructure spending. Conversely, states may decrease spending in the presence of positive spillovers from competitor states' infrastructure investment. Using spatial econometric techniques and focusing specifically on highway spending, we demonstrate that states expend less on highways when spending in neighboring states increases. We explore this possibility further by modeling state personal income growth as a function of own-state and neighbor-state highway spending. Our findings suggest positive spillovers influence interstate relationships for highway spending rather than race-to-the-top competition for economic activity.
Analysis of Stress and Temperature Dependence of Fluorescence in SrTi O 3 : Cr 3 +

We write a configurational potential for SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ which depends on strain and the soft optic-mode coordinates whose wave vector lies at the corner of the Brillouin zone. Minimizing this potential gives the static response of the crystal to applied stress. Below the cubic-to-tetragonal transition temperature at 106\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, uniaxial stress applied in the [111] direction induces a transition from the natural tetragonal to a trigonal phase, but transitions for [100] and [110] stresses are not found. A crystal-field calculation gives the $R$-line emission energy of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ impurities. The results fit the temperature-dependence anomaly found by Stokowsky and Schawlow and, within limits, the pressure dependence found by Burke and Pressley. However, pronounced discrepancies appear at stresses along the [100] and [110] directions which exceed critical values of 10 and 57 kg/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$, respectively, suggesting that new phases of unknown character appear. The crystal-field parameter values inferred from the comparison with experiment support the nearest-neighbor approximation for the cubic component of the crystal-field, but not for lower-symmetry components. Our calculations disagree with a reported measurement of the stress dependence of the transition temperature.
Experimental Determination of Relative Transition Probabilities in the Sodium Atom

Determination of the relative transition probabilities for lines 2 to 16 in the principal series of sodium.---Direct measurement of line absorption intensities was made by a precise method of photographic photometry previously described. On each plate 11 spectra were photographed, 5 absorption spectra of light from an aluminum underwater spark which had passed through 10 cm of vapor, and 6 calibrating spectra of a constant cadmium spark. Corrections were applied for densitometer slit width, plate characteristics, band absorption, and sensitometer slit width and dispersion curve. The doublets were unresolvable at the vapor pressures used and were treated as single lines. Line shapes were measured at 18 different vapor densities, covering a four-fold variation, and from these were determined the constants ${C}_{1}$ and ${C}_{2}$ in Slater's formula for transition probabilities as given by his theory of virtual oscillators, $\mathrm{Nxh}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}{B}_{\mathrm{ij}}=c\ensuremath{\pi}{log}_{e}10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{\frac{{C}_{1}}{{C}_{2}}}$, and the relative transition probabilities ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ for the various lines 2 to 16. No decrease in relative probability of the higher numbers with increasing vapor pressure was found, the curves for ${log}_{10}N{B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ as a function of term number for different pressures being practically parallel. From the smoothed curves average relative values of ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ were obtained with a variation of 2 to 4 percent, and from these the corresponding relative values of ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ were calculated from Einstein's relation ${c}^{3}{A}_{\mathrm{ij}}=8\ensuremath{\pi}hv_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}{B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$. Hoyt's preliminary theoretical calculation of the ratio of the first two terms was found to agree closely with these results.
Succinylcholine-induced Hyperkalemia Following Prolonged Pharmacologic Neuromuscular Blockade

While being treated for the acute respiratory distress syndrome, a 27-year-old woman developed profound hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest following the administration of succinylcholine chloride (SCh). She had none of the risk factors previously described for development of severe hyperkalemia following SCh administrations; however, she had been intermittently treated with nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs throughout the course of her illness. We suggest that immobilization of critically ill patients with pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade may predispose them to severe hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest following administration of SCh. SCh should be used with great caution in such patients.
A new functional form for global potentials of floppy molecules

Abstract A new functional form for the global potential of floppy molecules is given. It is based on a polynomial switching function which allows for a simple, yet flexible means to switch between two minima and a single saddle point separating them. The method is illustrated for a model ArOH( 2 Σ + ) van der Waals system, based in part on ab initio calculations of Werner.
Reality check: how should we control antimicrobial use? Current practices and controversies.

The infectious diseases community shares a wide consensus about the need for control of antimicrobial use. However, current practices toward this goal remain controversial. This “Reality Check” session assessed attendees of the 4th Decennial Conference regarding their knowledge and practices about control of antimicrobial use in hospitals.
Paleomagnetic stratigraphy, rates of deposition and tephrachronology in North Pacific deep-sea sediments

The paleomagnetic stratigraphy of 12 North Pacific deep-sea sediment cores has been investigated and has been used to date volcanic eruptions and to determine rates of deposition of pelagic sediments. Only four of the cores penetrated sediments deposited before the last reversal of the earth's magnetic field (0.7 m.y.). Of these, one penetrated to the Gauss series, two to sediments deposited during the Olduvai event and one penetrated to the middle of the Matuyama series. Eight other cores, 10–16 meters long, taken within 1000 km of the Japan-Kuril-Kamtchatka arc failed to reach the Matuyama series. The rate of deposition in North Pacific pelagic sediments vary from2cm/1000y in the area east of the Asiatic continent to< 0.8cm/1000y in the mid Pacific. Assuming continuous deposition, the length of the Jaramillo event can be established as 50 000 y and the Olduvai event as 14 000 y. The apparent length of time during which the dipole field of the earth was reduced during reversals of the earth's magnetic field is approximately 20 000 y. In one of the cores the top of the Olduvai event is split. This may represent the Gilsa event. The brown volcanic ash present in three of the cores apparently originated in an eruption 1.2 m.y. ago in the Aleutian Arc near the Andreanof Islands.
γ-initiated crosslinking of unsaturated polyesters

Unsaturated polyesters containing 1.5, 3.2, and 4.8 double bonds per molecule (derived from maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and propylene glycol) were crosslinked by gamma rays from Co/sup 60/. From sol fraction data and from measurements of the molecular weight between crosslinks of the corresponding gel, it is concluded that for polymers containing more than about 4 double bonds per molecule, gamma initiated bond formntion is in accord with the reported chain reaction scheme for such systems. At lower degrees of unsaturation, a significant fraction of the initially available unsaturated sites was consumed at the gel point so that subsequent radiation (and radical formation), which effects chain growth at the expense of intramolecular crosslinking, appears to be in part, a random process. It is suggested that radiation-induced changes in unsaturated polyesters are best described in terms of the simultaneously occurring chain growth and intramolecular crosslink formation. (auth)
Evaluation of the transgranular cracking phenomenon on the indian point no. 3 steam generator vessels

Abstract A metallurgical investigation was performed on specimens from the shell of steam generators Nos 31 and 32 of the Indian Point-3 power plant. The shell material exhibited high values in hardness which was indicative that relatively high residual stresses may have been present. All observed cracks were transgranular in appearance and were associated with pits on the vessels' inside surfaces. Both stress relieved and non-stress relieved specimens of SA302 Grade B material were tested in a constant extension rate apparatus in various environments in order to reproduce the transgranular cracking at Indian Point-3. The paper concludes that SA302 Grade B material is susceptible to transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in constant extension rate testing (CERT) with as little as 1 ppm chloride (as CuCl2) in H2O at 268°C.
Terms, Definitions, and Symbols in Reflectometry

Angular conditions of incidence are described as hemispherical, conical, or directional; the same adjectives are used to describe the angular conditions of collection. This classification of angular conditions leads to nine kinds of reflectance; symbols for them are proposed in which 2π, g, and θ0, ϕ0 refer to hemispherical, conical, and directional incidence, 2π, g′, and θr,ϕr refer to the corresponding kinds of collection. Use of the perfectly reflecting mirror and of the perfectly reflecting diffuser as reference standards in reflectometry is discussed. Three of the nine reflectance ratios, specimen to perfect diffuser, in which the collection is directional have already been named radiance [luminance] factor. It is proposed to differentiate them by angular condition of incidence. It is also proposed to name the other six ratios: reflectance factor qualified by the same adjectives identifying the type of incidence and collection as are used for reflectance. The interrelationships of these 18 concepts are shown both by formulas for computing one from another and by diagrams indicating the process (integration, summation, averaging, equality, reflectance of perfect difluser, and reciprocity) by which values of one concept may be computed from those of another.
Modeling MRT for well-characterized thermal imagers

Predicting an accurate Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) for a thermal imaging system is often hindered by inaccurate measurements of system gain and display characteristics. Variations in these terms are often blamed for poor agreement between model predictions and measured MRTD. By averaging over repeated human measurements, and carefully recording all system parameters affecting image quality, it should be possible to make an accurate prediction of MRTD performance for any resolvable frequency. Utilizing the latest NVESD performance models with updates for noise, apparent target angle, and human vision, predicted MRT are compared with measured curves. We present results for one well characterized mid-wave thermal staring system.
The observation of damage regions produced in silicon solar cells by neutron irradiation

Abstract Defect regions produced in float-zone melted N/P-type silicon solar cells by irradiation with mono-energetic neutrons at doses from 10 10 to 10 13 n/cm 2 have been studied, The regions were revealed by using a chemical etch and observing carbon replicas of the surface with an electron microscope. It was found that the density of defect regions increased with increasing dose, whereas the average size was found to decrease. From thermal annealing experiments carried out on the irradiated specimens over the temperature range 300 to 1200°K it was observed that for those samples subjected to the highest dose there was no change in either the defect density or defect size. At the lowest dose, however, the defect size was found to decrease with increasing temperature and the defect density was found to increase. The defect structures were found to be similar to those observed by Bertolotti (1) and predicted theoretically by Gossick (2).
Failure to Produce Abdominal Neoplasms in Rats Receiving Wheat Germ Oil Extracted in Various Ways.

ConclusionRats of the Long-Evans strain did not develop abdominal neoplasms when maintained for periods from 45–370 days on high wheat-germ-oil-containing rations. One hundred and one animals were employed in these experiments.
The Present State of Knowledge concerning the Lower Ionosphere

In this paper an attempt is made to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the lower ionosphere. This includes at D and lower E region heights: electron density as functions of height and time, dissipative processes, the possible atmospheric constituents involved and their distributions, physical parameters to be considered, and solar radiations and other factors relevant in the formation of this portion of the ionosphere. Where possible, comparisons between theory and experiment are made.
Verapamil ameliorates clinical, pathologic and biochemical manifestations of experimental chagasic cardiomyopathy in mice

Abstract The influence of long-term verapamil administration on the consequences of Trypanosoma crud infection in mice was studied with regard to animal mortality, morbidity, myocardial pathologic features and myocardial beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase activity. Verapamil administration dramatically decreased the mortality rate from 60% to 6% during the 70 day period of infection. Three clinical stages of infection were evident. In the acute stage (17 days after infection with maximal parasitemia), verapamil treatment not only decreased the incidence of myocardial disease (fibrosis and inflammation), but also protected myocardial beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, there was no increase in total body weight, which was regarded as an index of right-sided heart failure. In the subacute stage (30 to 60 days after infection), administration of verapamil continued to decrease myocardial disease and preserve beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, verapamil ameliorated the morbidity and mortality associated with this stage of infection. The chronic stage of infection was characterized by a decrease in myocardial disease and in beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase activity. Thus, independent of the state of infection, long-term verapamil treatment enhanced betaadrenergic adenylate cyclase activity. In addition, verapamil ameliorated the morbidity associated with infection. Although the relation among these various effects of verapamil in the setting of T. cruziinfection remains to be determined, collectively the results suggested that verapamil administration attenuated the consequences of T. cruziinfection.
Risk factors for male slings: a comparative study of two techniques.

Objective To improve patient selection for male slings. Our primary aim was to identify preoperative risk factors for failures. Our secondary aim was to compare bone-anchored male sling (BAMS) to transobturator male sling (TOMS) and patient satisfaction accordingly. Methods A retrospective review was performed from 2000 to 2010 of males who received male slings. Exclusions had follow-up <1.5 months. Data examined included demographics, urodynamic parameters, pad usage, presence of detrusor overactivity (DO), and previous urethral diseases. Failure was defined as ≥4 pads used per day or ≤50% improvement by Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I). Preoperative risk factors for failure were analyzed for statistical significance. Results Sixty-four patients (mean age, 69.8 ± 9.2 years) were analyzed. Forty-one received BAMS and 23 received TOMS with median follow-up of 46 months (range, 1.5-112) and 18 months (range, 3-33), respectively (P = .01). Perioperative decrease in pad usage was statistically significant in the TOMS group (range, 4.0-1.8, P = .00) compared with the BAMS group (range, 4.3-3.9, P = .37). Failure rate was 68.3% (28/41) in BAMS and 30.4% (7/23) in TOMS (P = .01). The PGI-I demonstrated increased satisfaction with TOMS (P = .005). Preoperative risk factors suggest increased pad usage, low maximal urethral closure pressure (MUP), low abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP), decreased functional length (FL), and presence of DO and urethral disease favor failure. Conclusions Patients with preoperative risk factors, such as increased pad usage, low MUP, low ALPP, decreased FL, and presence of DO and urethral disease may not be appropriate sling candidates. Findings support TOMS, whichhas fewer failures and higher patient satisfaction but may be secondary to improved patient selection.
Survival of patients with mixed phenotype acute leukemias: A large population-based study

Little is known about the incidence and treatment outcome of patients with acute biphenotypic leukemias. The World Health Organization (WHO) established the term of acute leukemia of ambiguous phenotype in 2001 (revised in 2008) introducing the term of mixed phenotype acute leukemias. Using the database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (SEER), we identified 313 patients with mixed phenotype acute leukemias and compared them with 14,739 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 34,326 patients with acute myelogenous leukemias diagnosed between 2001 and 2011. As a further control group, 1777 patients were included who were not classified as myeloid, lymphoid or biphenotypic (other acute leukemias). The incidence of mixed phenotype acute leukemias is 0.35 cases/1,000,000 person-years. In a multivariate analysis, the prognosis depends strongly on age (as with other leukemias) and it has the worst outcome of all four types of leukemia. However, the prognosis has improved, comparing 2001-2005 with 2006-2011. We present the first comprehensive, population-based study of acute biphenotypic or mixed phenotype acute leukemias according to the WHO classification. Especially in older patients, the prognosis is unfavorable and new treatments should be investigated.
Individual differences in distancing responses to women on a photo choice task

A heterogeneous sample of adult women and men responded to a Photo Choice Task (PCT) in which they were asked to make 24 choices between two persons for a hypothetical interaction; eight of the choices were between a woman and a man. Participants also responded to a measure of adherence to Sex Role Stereotypes and to a measure of Adversarial Sexual Beliefs. On the eight choices between a woman and a man on the PCT, men over 30 and younger than 30 chose women below chance level. Women over 30 made other-gender and same-gender choices that did not differ from chance, but the women under 30 chose women over men reliably more than chance. Small but significant positive correlations were found among the scores on the PCT and the belief measures; for the total sample, the greater the choice of men over women for hypothetical interactions, the greater the agreement with sex role stereotypes and with adversarial sexual beliefs. An examination of mean differences in belief scores among groups of persons whose PCT scores (choice of men over women) were low, medium, and high revealed that men who were more likely to turn away from women in hypothetical situations were also more likely to adhere to stereotyped beliefs about sex roles and to view relationships between women and men as adversarial. This same pattern of individual differences was found among women but, for women, only the relationship between PCT scores and sex role stereotyping was significant.
Knowledge Representation System for Robot-Based Automated Assembly

The complexity of the man-machine interface and the issues of controlling a robot and ensuring that the robot does indeed complete the task are significant obstacles to the use of robots in the assembly environment. We have developed a knowledge representation model for robots in the assembly environment. The proposed model provides a means of using apriori knowledge and reasoning capabilities for specifying, controlling, and monitoring the tasks performed by robots. This knowledge representation model facilitates robot programming and real time error prevention. We describe the object models for the proposed knowledge presentation system and present the constraint enforcing environment for the modeling of assemblies. This includes the representation of constraints and the rules for simplifying constraints and motion strategies for primitives and assemblies.
Pulsed Laser Photolysis and Thermodynamics Studies of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Valence Tautomeric Cobalt o-Quinone Complexes

Four valence tautomeric complexes with the general composition [Co(3,5-DTBSQ)2(N⌒N)] have been investigated, where 3,5-DTBSQ- is the semiquinonate form of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-quinone. The diiminium ligand N⌒N is one of the following ligands: phen (1,10-phenanthroline, complex 1); bpy (2,2‘-bipyridine, complex 2); dmbpy (4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, complex 3); dpbpy (4,4‘-diphenyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, complex 4). All four of the complexes undergo a valence tautomerism converting from low-spin (ls) [CoIII(3,5-DTBSQ)(3,5-DTBCAT)(N⌒N)] at low temperatures to high-spin (hs) [CoII(3,5-DTBSQ)2(N⌒N)] at high temperatures, where the 3,5-DTBCAT2- ligand is the catecholate form of the o-quinone ligand. Variable temperature (150−340 K) magnetic susceptibility data are presented for toluene solutions of all four complexes. These data were least-squares fit to give ΔH and ΔS values that characterize the valence tautomerism equilibrium. The ΔH values range from 21.33 to 38.36 kJ mol-1, whereas the ΔS values range from 60...
A NOTE ON THE NORTHERN GÊ TRIBES OF BRAZIL

A NOTE ON THE NORTHERN G~ TRIBES OF BRAZIL By ROBERT H. LOWIE HE Ge stock is commonly conceived to comprise nomadic hunters ig­ norant of weaving, pottery, hammocks, and canoes, and in general ap­ proximating the Fuegian level. This view was appreciably modified by Ploetz and Metraux's joint survey of the sources on the Southern and East­ . ern Ge. 1 The Ge appeared as a questionable linguistic family, and even the two branches discussed proved to be definitely not a cultural unit. Specifi­ cally, pottery-making farmers, like the Kamakan, could be separated from such nomadic hunters as the Botocudo and Aweikoma (= Botocudo of Santa Catharina ). The field researches of Sur. Curt Nimuendaju, eked out by his critical sifting of the earlier sources, further clarify the picture with reference to the Northern and Central Ge. The following summary statements rest on his recent publications 2 and the ample manuscripts and reports embodying the results of his inquiries (1935-1938) on behalf of the Institute of Social Sci­ ences of the University of California. The tribes specially studied were the Ramk6kamekra (Canella), Apinaye and Serente. Of these the first two are classed as the Eastern and Western Timbira, respectively, but the Apinaye also show considerable affinity with the Kayap6. The Serente at one time formed a single group with the Sa­ vante, the schism being purely political; both are the surviving representa­ tives of the Akwe division of the Central Ge. The Timbira, the Northern Kayap6, the Southern Kayap6 (a distinct group), and the Suya may be set off as Northern and Western Ge, from the Central Ge, who comprise the Akwi and the Akroa. In this instance the geographical coincides with the linguistic grouping. The traditional antithesis of Ge (=Tapuya) versus Tupf-Guaranf distorts the facts of East Brazilian ethnography. In reality the area was in­ habited by a series of tribes representing isolated stocks, such as the Gamel­ la of Maranhao, the Fulnio north of the lower San Francisco, and the Otshukayana of Rio Grande do Norte. The present paper does not attempt to sketch the entire culture of the 1 Herman Ploetz et A. Metraux, La civilisation maMrielle et la vie sociale et religieuse des indiens 1e du Bresil meridional et oriental (Revista del Instituto de Etnologia de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, tomo 1, Tucuman, 1930), pp. 107-238. J Curt Nimuendaju and Robert H. Lowie, The Dual Organizations of the RamkOkamekra (Candia) of Northern Brazil (American Anthropologist, vol. 39: 1937) pp. 565-582. C. Nimuendaju, The Social Structure of the Ramk6kamekra (Canella) , (ibid., vol. 40: pp. 51­ 74, 1938. id., The Gamella Indians (Primitive Man, vol. 10, July-OCtober, 1937), pp. 1-10. T
p53 and mitochondrial function in neurons.

Abstract The p53 tumor suppressor plays a central role in dictating cell survival and death as a cellular sensor for a myriad of stresses including DNA damage, oxidative and nutritional stress, ischemia and disruption of nucleolar function. Activation of p53-dependent apoptosis leads to mitochondrial apoptotic changes via the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways triggering cell death execution most notably by release of cytochrome c and activation of the caspase cascade. Although it was previously believed that p53 induces apoptotic mitochondrial changes exclusively through transcription-dependent mechanisms, recent studies suggest that p53 also regulates apoptosis via a transcription-independent action at the mitochondria. Recent evidence further suggests that p53 can regulate necrotic cell death and autophagic activity including mitophagy. An increasing number of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism and respiration are regulated by p53, which influences mitochondrial ROS production as well. Cellular redox homeostasis is also directly regulated by p53 through modified expression of pro- and anti-oxidant proteins. Proper regulation of mitochondrial size and shape through fission and fusion assures optimal mitochondrial bioenergetic function while enabling adequate mitochondrial transport to accommodate local energy demands unique to neuronal architecture. Abnormal regulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration, where elevated levels of p53 may have a direct contribution as the expression of some fission/fusion proteins are directly regulated by p53. Thus, p53 may have a much wider influence on mitochondrial integrity and function than one would expect from its well-established ability to transcriptionally induce mitochondrial apoptosis. However, much of the evidence demonstrating that p53 can influence mitochondria through nuclear, cytosolic or intra-mitochondrial sites of action has yet to be confirmed in neurons. Nonetheless, as mitochondria are essential for supporting normal neuronal functions and in initiating/propagating cell death signaling, it appears certain that the mitochondria-related functions of p53 will have broader implications than previously thought in acute and progressive neurological conditions, providing new therapeutic targets for treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Misfolded Proteins, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Nature and Nurture

In 1972 Martin Seligman and Joanne Hager published a collection of readings along with their comments entitled Biological Boundaries of Learning (Seligman & Hager, 1972). In this work Seligman and Hager seek to accomplish two things. First, they question the widely held assumption that learning principles derived in the laboratory are equally valid across species and are unaffected by the particular stimulus, response, or reinforcer under investigation. Second, they offer an alternative hypothesis (“preparedness”) to explain much of the data that seemed at odds with traditional learning theory. In support of their position, Seligman and Hager assert that “animals, man included, learn some things easily, others only painstakingly, and still others not at all” (p. 463), and they propose that these differences have a biological basis.
Embedding relations in the lattice of recursively enumerable sets

Let ℰ* be the lattice of recursively enumerable sets of natural numbers modulo finite differences. We characterize the relations which can be embedded in ℰ* by using certain collections of maximal sets as domain and using Lachlan's notion of major subsets to code in the relation in certain natural ways. We show that attempts to prove the undecidability of ℰ* by using such embeddings fail.
Unique aspects of designing and tolerancing an optical testing system

The design & tolerancing of an optical testing system (OTS) presents a unique set of challenges not generally encountered during the typical optical design process. The authors have spent the past six years developing and using a series of optical systems designed to measure the surface figure & radius-of-curvature of various ultra-lightweight mirrors at 30 K. These mirrors were part of a technology development program to support NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The design of these systems required consideration of the following: (i) potentially large figure errors in the test mirror (due to gravity sag & cryo-distortion), (ii) cryo-shrinkage of the aperture and radius-of-curvature, (iii) figure changes due to the use of mirror actuators, and (iv) vibration between the OTS & the test mirror. In addition, an exhaustive tolerancing process was required for each system in order to reach a set of alignment tolerances that were achievable using the equipment available and within the test environment. The authors found many aspects of the OTS design process to be significantly different from the norm; at the same time, however, viewing the process as a typical optical design problem often-times brought clarification. This paper will describe both the differences and the similarities observed between the design of an OTS as opposed to a traditional imaging system.
Fluid flow control applications of ℋ 2 optimal actuator and sensor placement

In the control of distributed parameter systems, the problem of effective actuator and sensor placement is not well understood, and the use of suboptimal placement methodology is common. We discuss a technique we recently proposed that iterates toward the optimal actuator and sensor placement for ℋ 2 synthesis, minimizing the closed-loop ℋ 2 norm from exogenous inputs to exogenous outputs. The iteration is based on an efficient computation of the ℋ 2 norm's gradient with respect to actuator and sensor placements.We demonstrate the technique on the Orr-Sommerfeld/Squire model of fluid flow, and review previous results from the linearized Ginzburg-Landau model. Finally, we use these results to analyze the validity of previous placement approaches.