cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) during a breeding season at North Rona

Patterns of colonisation and breeding behaviour were observed in part of the Grey seal rookery at North Rona during the entire breeding season in 1972. Bulls came ashore when pupping started and joined cows grouped around pools. Numbers of cows and bulls increased to maxima in three and five weeks respectively. Limited access to the rookery and the presence of pools and waterlogged ground influenced site selection by cows. In the study area the breeding season lasted for 74 days, with individual bulls staying for periods varying from 6–57 days. Daily ratios of bulls to cows varied, but the average ratio was 1:7-5. It was estimated that 275 cows participated in mating, compared with 37 bulls, during the entire breeding season. The interval of 18 days between peak numbers of cows and bulls ashore corresponded closely with the average time that cows spent ashore. The aggressive responses of cows in mating behaviour were noted during observations of 114 copulations. It was concluded that a bull requires a very strong sexual drive in order to overcome a cow's aggressive responses, and this reinforces the selective advantage of aggressive dominance in bulls. The stimulus inducing a bull to attempt mating seemed to be the presence of oestrous cows in the rookery rather than an individual cow being in oestrus, because the number of attempted copulations increased even when the number of cows in oestrus temporarily declined during the season. Direct observations and calculations using an index of copulation suggested that the copulation frequency for individual cows ranged from 2.5-3.6. A bull's participation in mating, and therefore, its genetic influence, was related to the length of its stay in the rookery, and from this evidence it was deduced that a social hierarchy existed amongst the bulls. Appraisal of the results led to the conclusion that the Grey seal bull maintains a high level of sexual activity so as to mate with as many cows as possible, rather than ensuring exclusive access to cows through territorial fighting and boundary display.
Health care for children and youth in the United States: 2002 report on trends in access, utilization, quality, and expenditures.

Objective.—To examine changes in insurance coverage, health care utilization, perceived quality of care, and expenditures for children and youth in the United States using data from 1987–2001. Methods.—Three national health care databases serve as the sources of data for this report. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (1996–2001) provides data on insurance coverage, utilization, expenditures, and perceived quality of care. The National Medical Expenditure Survey (1987) provides additional data on utilization and expenditures. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1995–2000) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project provides information on hospitalizations. Results.—The percent of children uninsured for an entire year declined from 10.4% in 1996 to 7.7% in 1999. Most changes in children's health care occurred between 1987 and the late 1990s. Overall utilization of hospital-based services has declined significantly since 1987, especially for inpatient hospitalization. Several of the observed changes from 1987 varied significantly by type of health insurance coverage, poverty status, and geographic region. Quality of care data indicate some improvement between 2000 and 2001, which varies by insurance coverage. Overall, mean length of stay of hospitalizations did not change significantly from 1995 to 2000, but changes in the prevalence of hospitalizations and the length of stay associated with age-specific diagnoses were evident during this time period. Conclusions.—Health care for children and youth has changed significantly since 1987, with most of the changes occurring between 1987 and 1996. Insurance coverage has improved, the site of care has shifted toward ambulatory sites, hospital utilization has declined, and expenditures on children as a proportion of total expenditures have decreased. Variation in these changes is evident by insurance status, poverty, and region.
Prohormone-Converting Enzymes: Regulation and Evaluation of Function Using Antisense RNA

Several putative peptide-processing endoproteases have been identified by homology to the yeast Kex2 endoprotease, including furin, PC2, and PC1. However, the question is still open as to which might be involved in peptide posttranslational processing. To enable detailed comparisons of physiological changes in peptide processing with biochemical and molecular biological studies, we cloned rat pituitary cDNAs for PC1 and PC2. The amino acid sequence homologies among rat, human, and mouse PC1, PC2, and furin are consistent with each being a highly conserved but distinct member of a larger family of mammalian subtilisin-like proteases. PC1 and PC2 mRNAs show a restricted distribution among rat tissues and cultured cell lines, consistent with a role in tissue-specific peptide processing; the occurrence of furin mRNA among these tissues and cell lines is much more widespread, being high in many nonneuroendocrine tissues. In the neurointer mediate pituitary, PC1 and PC2 mRNAs are strikingly regulated in respons...
Analysis of Affective Instability in Ecological Momentary Assessment: Indices Using Successive Difference and Group Comparison via Multilevel Modeling.

Temporal instability of affect is a defining characteristic of psychological disorders such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) and mood cycling disorders. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) enables researchers to directly assess such frequent and extreme fluctuations over time. The authors examined 4 operationalizations of such temporal instability: the within-person variance (WPV), the first-order autocorrelation, the mean square successive difference (MSSD), and the probability of acute change (PAC). It is argued that the MSSD and PAC measures are preferred indices of affective instability because they capture both variability and temporal dependency in a time series. Additionally, the performance of these 2 measures in capturing within- and between-day instability is discussed. To illustrate, the authors present EMA data from a study of negative mood in BPD and major depressive disorder patients. In this study, MSSD and PAC captured affective instability better than did WPV. Given that MSSD and PAC are individual difference measures, the authors propose that group differences on these indices be explored using generalized multilevel models. Versions of MSSD and PAC that adjust for randomly elapsed time interval between assessments are also presented.
Heterogeneity in presynaptic regulation of GABA release from hippocampal inhibitory neurons

Abstract Release of GABA from the terminals of hippocampal inhibitory neurons is inhibited by activation of GABA B autoreceptors and μ opioid receptors. However, it is not known whether these presynaptic processes affect all inhibitory synapses equally. We examined the effects of the GABA B receptor agonist baclofen and the p opioid receptor agonist DAGO on postsynaptic currents evoked by minimal stimulation of inhibitory fibers (mePSCs) in area CA3. Baclofen reversibly depressed approximately half of the meIPSCs evoked in the stratum pyramidale. The remaining meIPSCs were unaffected despite a coincident depression of spontaneous IPSCs. In contrast, all meIPSCs were depressed by DAGO. In addition, minimal stimulation in the stratum radiatum evoked me1PSCs that were always depressed by baclofen. These results indicate that regulation of GABA release by GABA B autoreceptors occurs at a subset of inhibitory synapses and that GABA B -resistant inhibitory synapses are located on pyramidal neuron somata. Hippocampal inhibitory neurons may be heterogeneous with respect to presynaptic receptor-mediated regulation of GABA release.
Slot synchronized topology-transparent scheduling for sensor networks

We propose a slot synchronized topology-transparent medium access control (MAC) protocol for sensor networks. Most of the earlier scheduled approaches require a stronger form of synchronization where nodes are synchronized on frame boundaries. Synchronizing on slot boundaries is simpler to achieve since it does not require global time, making the protocol practical for sensor networks. The benefit of topology-transparency is that it ensures a bounded delay to each neighbour as long as the number of actively transmitting nodes in a neighbourhood is at most D"m"a"x. The node schedules are independent of which nodes are active. Such a topology-transparent solution is particularly suitable for sensor networks, where nodes may not have unique identifiers, eliminating costly neighbour discovery. We formulate the problem as a combinatorial design problem on cyclic superimposed codes and give a constructive proof of existence along with a delay bound.
Flash Point: Evaluation, Experimentation and Estimation

The flash point is an important indicator of the flammability of a chemical. For safety purposes, many data compilations report the lowest value and not the most likely. This practice, combined with improper documentation and poor data storage methods, has resulted in compilations filled with fire-hazard data that are inconsistent with related properties and between members of homologous chemical series. In this study, the flash points reported in the DIPPR® 801 database and more than 1,400 other literature values were critically reviewed based on measurement method, inter-property relations, and trends in chemical series. New measurements for seven compounds illustrate the differences between experimental flash points and data commonly found in fire-hazard compilations. With a critically reviewed set of experimental data, published predictive methods for the flash point were evaluated for accuracy.
NADPH-dependent drug redox cycling and lipid peroxidation in microsomes from human term placenta.

Abstract 1. 1. NADPH-dependent iron and drug redox cycling, as well as lipid peroxidation process were investigated in microsomes isolated from human term placenta. 2. 2. Paraquat and menadione were found to undergo redox cycling, catalyzed by NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase in placental microsomes. 3. 3. The drug redox cycling was able to initiate microsomal lipid peroxidation in the presence of micromolar concentrations of iron and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). 4. 4. Superoxide was essential for the microsomal lipid peroxidation in the presence of iron and EDTA. 5. 5. Drastic peroxidative conditions involving Superoxide and prolonged incubation in the presence of iron were found to destroy flavin nucleotides, inhibit NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase and inhibit propagation step of lipid peroxidation. 6. 6. Reactive oxo-complex formed between iron and Superoxide is proposed as an ultimate species for the initiation of lipid peroxidation in microsomes from human term placenta as well as for the destruction of flavin nucleotides and inhibition of NADPH: cytochrome P-450 reductase as well as for impairment of promotion of lipid peroxidation under drastic peroxidative conditions.
Trust in a “Fallen World”: The Case of Protestant Theological Conservatism

Important questions remain about religion-based variations in the propensity to trust. A new perspective on the religion-trust nexus is proposed by examining Protestant theological conservatism as a moral framework reflected in personal convictions about scripture (the authoritativeness of the Bible), sin (beliefs in human depravity and the existence of hell), and salvation (the need for a born-again experience to be saved). Findings indicate that personal commitment to this framework is negatively related to the propensity to trust unknown others, net of other religious factors (religious affiliation and involvement). Commitment to this moral framework also suppresses the positive relationship between religious attendance and generalized trust among Christians. The findings highlight a considerable negative relationship between Protestant theological conservatism and generalized trust, while further underscoring the crucial importance of analyzing belief systems, when investigating complex linkages between religious participation, faith, and civic life.
A peculiar supernova in the spiral galaxy NGC4618

Optical spectra of a bright stellar object near the nucleus of the spiral galaxy NGC4618 reveal strong, very broad emission lines similar to those in quasars but having the wrong relative wavelengths. Although lines of hydrogen and helium are absent, the most prominent features can be attributed to neutral atoms of oxygen, sodium, and magnesium at the redshift of NGC4618. The object is almost certainly a supernova whose highly unusual spectrum may be indicative of a fundamentally new subclass.
New integral representations of circuit models and elements for the circuit technique for semiconductor device analysis

Abstract New integral representations of the distributed and one-lump circuit models and their circuit elements, accurate to mesh-size cubed ( Δx ) 3 using the trapezoidal approximation, are presented for large-signal transient, D.C. and small-signal numerical and analytical simulations of semiconductor devices.
Successful Aeromedical Transport Using Inhaled Prostacyclin for a Patient With Life-Threatening Hypoxemia

Our aim was to describe the technique and results of using inhaled prostacyclin (iPGI 2 ) to enable the safe interhospital helicopter transport of a patient with ARDS complicated by life-threatening hypoxemia. The case describes a 32-year-old women with ARDS complicated by life-threatening hypoxemia who was referred to our ARDS referral center for further management. Multiple attempts to place the patient on the transport ventilator failed because of severe hypoxemia. After the administration of iPGI 2 , oxygen saturation improved significantly, enabling the transport to occur safely by medevac helicopter. iPGI 2 is a valuable adjunct for the medical transport team to enable the safe transport of critically ill patients with severe hypoxemia. The simple, lightweight, and portable delivery system makes it ideal for use during all forms of aeromedical transport.
Learned and unlearned components of the rat’s adaptation to water deprivation

Rats were given three successive lO-day adaptation periods on 23.5 h water deprivation with five days of ad lib conditions interpolated between adaptations. Latency to drink, water in­ take, and body weights were measured. Latency to drink de­ creased with repeated testing. indicating a learned component of adaptation behavior. Water intake and body weight, con­ versely, required the same adjustment process during each adaptation, indicating that these components are not in­ fluenced by prior learning. The results are discussed in the context of a prior controversy in the literature. A controversy has resulted from the behavioral studies which have attempted to describe the process of adaptation to water deprivation. Ghent (1957) re­ ported decreasing latency to drink, increasing water intake, and progressively less weight loss during suc­ cessive days of adaptation to 23 h water deprivation. She explained the increased intake on successive days as a learning phenomenon. She reasoned that since there was progressivley less weight loss, the increased intake could not be due to an increased physiological deficit. However, she did not test this explanation with repeated adaptations. Beck (1962) found that rats deprived of water one day and allowed two days on ad lib before being deprived again, showed no progressive increase in intake with repeated deprivations. Beck reasoned that either the rat did not learn to utilize the drinking period in spite of repeated deprivations, or the need for water was less on the first day of deprivation. He concluded that increased water intake with experience on deprivation was due to increased need for water. The present experiment attempted to resolve this controversy by using (a) 10 day adaptation periods within which drinking is known to stabilize, and (b) constant external stimulus conditions during the ad lib recovery periods, which eliminates confounding factors associated with a novel drinking situation. Method The Ss were 11 male albino rats of the Holtzman strain. They were housed in individual wire cages, where Wayne Lab Blox were constantly available. Three days after their arrival in the laboratory, Ss were weighed and the water bottles were removed from their home cages. For the next 10 days, Ss were weighed and given 0.5 h free access to water in individual drinking boxes. These boxes were fixed with 100 ml gas measuring tubes, graduated in 0.2 ml, and had Plexiglas covers for observations of drinking. Latency to drink after being placed in the box and water intake were measured daily. Following the 10th day
A new look at sound generation by blade/vortex interaction

As a preliminary attempt to understand the dynamics of blade/vortex interaction, the two-dimensional problem of a rectilinear vortex filament interacting with a Joukowski airfoil is analyzed in both the lifting and nonlifting cases. The vortex velocity components could be obtained analytically and integrated to determine the vortex trajectory. With this information, the aeroacoustic low-frequency Green's function approach could then be employed to calculate the sound produced during the encounter. The results indicate that the vortex path deviates considerably from simple convection due to the presence of the airfoil and that a reasonably sharp sound pulse is radiated during the interaction whose fundamental frequency is critically dependent upon whether the vortex passes above or below the airfoil. Determination of this gross parameter of the interaction is shown to be highly nonlinearly dependent upon airfoil circulation, vortex circulation, and initial position.
Initial Leakage Under Pit and Fissure Sealants Assessed by Neutron Activation

An improved neutron activation method and a model system were used to study microleakage associated with three pit and fissure sealants. Both the sealant and the etching procedure were evaluated on enamel surfaces as well as in prepared model pits. Leakage was reduced to 3 to 4 μg for all three materials, and the etching process was relatively ineffective in forming an initial seal.
American White Pelican Predation on Cui-ui in Pyramid Lake, Nevada

AbstractAnthropogenic changes to the Pyramid Lake–Truckee River ecosystem in Nevada are suspected to have altered the predator–prey balance between American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos and Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus. We estimated the loss of the adult Cui-ui population to pelican predation over a 13-year period by netting and tagging Cui-uis as they aggregated at the mouth of the Truckee River prior to their spawning migration into the Truckee River. Cui-ui access to the Truckee River typically required traversing a shallow delta (a foraging advantage for these American white pelicans). Dams and greater frequency of low stream flows also contributed to American white pelican foraging success. We used tag recoveries from Pyramid Lake's nesting colony of American white pelicans along with an experiment to estimate the chance of tag recovery within the colony to calculate the number of tagged fish taken by American white pelicans. We also used numbered tags to test whether there was a size preferenc...
Lifetime and quenching rate constants for a flourescent excited state of tetramethylethylene (2,3-dimethyl-2-butene)

Abstract The collisionless lifetime of a flourescent excited state of tetramethylethylene (TME) vapor when excited at 235 nm is 20.8±0.9 ns and the self-quenching rate constant is (2.97±0.01) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The rate constants for quenching of TME vapor by O2, benzene. CCl4, Xe, N2 and CH4 are also repeated. In the vapor phase, the lifetime strongly depends on the excitation energy. The lifetime of liquid TME is 10±2 ns at 25±2°C.
Combining genetic and demographic information to prioritize conservation efforts for anadromous alewife and blueback herring

A major challenge in conservation biology is the need to broadly prioritize conservation efforts when demographic data are limited. One method to address this challenge is to use population genetic data to define groups of populations linked by migration and then use demographic information from monitored populations to draw inferences about the status of unmonitored populations within those groups. We applied this method to anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), species for which long-term demographic data are limited. Recent decades have seen dramatic declines in these species, which are an important ecological component of coastal ecosystems and once represented an important fishery resource. Results show that most populations comprise genetically distinguishable units, which are nested geographically within genetically distinct clusters or stocks. We identified three distinct stocks in alewife and four stocks in blueback herring. Analysis of available time series data for spawning adult abundance and body size indicate declines across the US ranges of both species, with the most severe declines having occurred for populations belonging to the Southern New England and the Mid-Atlantic Stocks. While all alewife and blueback herring populations deserve conservation attention, those belonging to these genetic stocks warrant the highest conservation prioritization.
Hypothalamic, dorsal raphe and external electrical stimulation modulate noxious evoked responses of habenula neurons.

Abstract Extracellular recording techniques were used to investigate the effects of focal brain stimulation and external electrical stimulation on spontaneous activity and on noxious evoked responses in the habenular nucleus of anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Two hundred and forty-one habenular neurons were tested to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. The habenular neurons exhibited three cell types according to their patterns of response to the noxious stimulus: 123 neurons (51%) responded to noxious stimulus by excitation and were classified as “nociceptive-on” cells; 56 neurons (23%) responded to the same noxious stimulus by decreasing their firing rate and were classified as “nociceptive-off” cells; and 62 neurons (26%) failed to respond to noxious stimulation and were classified as “non-nociceptive” cells. None of these 241 cells responded to non-noxious stimulus. One hundred and fifty-five, 160, 142 and 241 habenular neurons were tested following focal lateral hypothalamus stimulation, dorsal raphe stimulation, cerebellar stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation alone and concomitant with noxious stimulation, respectively. The observations demonstrate that focal lateral hypothalamic, dorsal raphe and external (transcranial) electrical stimulation suppresses habenular noxious evoked responses while cerebellar electrical stimulation elicits no effect on the nociceptive-off cells and augmenting effects on the nociceptive-on cells. In addition, it was observed that low current (below threshold) external transcranial electrical stimulation was as effective in suppression of habenular noxious evoked responses as was focal brain electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus and dorsal raphe.
The utility of intravascular ultrasound compared to angiography in the diagnosis of blunt traumatic aortic injury.

Background Blunt traumatic aortic injury (TAI) refers to a spectrum of pathology that ranges from intimal tears to aortic rupture. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been widely used as a diagnostic tool in this setting. Additional imaging is required when CTA studies are equivocal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) versus angiography in the diagnosis of TAI. Methods We performed an analysis of prospectively collected trauma registry data. CTA was used as the initial screening test. Patients with a positive or equivocal CTA underwent angiography and IVUS. Injuries were classified into Grades 1 to 4 (intimal tear, intramural hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, and rupture). Patients with Grade 1 injuries were managed medically. Patients with Grade 2 to 4 injuries underwent repair. A blinded randomized retrospective review of positive and equivocal imaging studies was performed. Standard screening test assessments (sensitivity, specificity), inter-rater agreement (Kappa), and frequency (Chi-square for the difference) were computed to evaluate the measurement characteristics of the multiple imaging techniques. Results Between May 2008 and August 2009, 7961 patients were admitted to our trauma center, and 2153 (27%) underwent a chest CTA. Twenty-five (0.3%) patients (21 males, mean age 21.9 years) had a positive or equivocal study for TAI. The mean Injury Severity Score was 33.9. Ten patients underwent repair (nine endovascular, one open), and 15 patients were managed medically. The 30-day mortality, paraplegia, and stroke rates were zero. Equivocal results were more common with CTA images than with either IVUS or angiography (27% vs 2.5 and 5%, respectively; overall P = .0002). Compared with angiography, IVUS changed the diagnosis in 13% of cases; identifying injuries in 11% and ruling them out in 2%. Sensitivity and specificity of angiography with respect to IVUS was 38% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions CTA is useful as a screening test in suspected TAI. When additional imaging is required after an equivocal CTA, IVUS is better than angiography. Therefore, we advocate the use of IVUS in potential TAI patients in whom angiography is being considered.
CFD Study of Merging Turbulent Plane Jets

A series of two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of merging turbulent plane jets were conducted to establish the point at which the jets can be regarded as having merged to form a single jet. Simulations were conducted to quantify the influence of the nozzle width, jet axis separation, Reynolds number, and the relative jet strength on the distance from the source to the merger point. The simulation results were then compared with experimental results published in literature. As the jet fluid exited the two nozzles, the shear layer between the jet and the ambient fluid drove the ambient fluid entrainment into the jets. However, a finite volume of fluid trapped was between the two jets, and a recirculation zone with two counterrotating vortices was established. This vortex pair reduced the pressure between the jets, drawing them together more rapidly than theoretical models predicted. The simulation results indicated that equal-strength jets merged at a distance downstream of 1.4 t...
Determination of Metals in Paint and Vinyl Additives by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A method is described for determining the metal content of paint and vinyl additives by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The chief advantage of this technique is the ability to analyze multielement metallo-organic compounds and complex mixtures without prior chemical separation at a considerable savings in time, compared to wet chemical methods. Accuracy of better than 1% relative error, and precision equivalent to wet chemical analysis were obtained.
One hundred consecutive hepatic biopsies in the workup of living donors for right lobe liver transplantation

Living donor liver transplantation allows an increasing number of patients with end-stage liver disease the opportunity for effective treatment in the face of a critical shortage of cadaveric organs. Hepatic steatosis decreases functional graft mass and may contribute to graft dysfunction. Screening liver biopsy allows accurate quantitation of hepatic fat, but is an invasive procedure that is not universally employed in the evaluation of living donors. We studied 100 consecutive prospective right lobe living donors, all evaluated with liver biopsy, imaging studies, and various clinical parameters. The accuracy and predictive value of body mass index (BMI) and imaging were compared with biopsy in determining the amount of hepatic fat. There were no complications to biopsy, with 33% showing some degree of steatosis. BMI correlated only weakly with biopsy, with 73% of overweight (BMI > 25) donors having little or no hepatic fat. Imaging was only 12% sensitive to small amounts (5% to 10%) of fat, with increasing sensitivity to more severe steatosis. Imaging diagnosed steatosis in 2 donors without hepatic fat and failed to identify a candidate denied with biopsy-proven 30% steatosis. Conversely, 9% of candidates with BMIs of 25 or less had 10% or greater steatosis. Moreover, three candidates were denied surgery because biopsy detected occult liver disease. Accurate quantification of hepatic fat is not afforded by BMI and imaging studies alone. Screening liver biopsy has a low complication rate and may serve to increase donor safety. Biopsy is essential in identifying donor grafts at risk for poor recipient outcome while maximizing the donor pool.
Bimaterial interface instabilities in plastic solids

Abstract A bifurcation analysis of a finite thickness layer embedded in an infinite body of different material properties is carried out. We investigate the conditions required for in-plane undulations confined to the vicinity of the bimaterial interface to develop from a state of homogeneous plane-strain tensile deformation. A deformation plasticity theory is employed, and the influence of the hardening rates and relative stiffness on the bifurcation strain is assessed. Particular attention is directed towards determining the effect of material properties on the competition between interface instabilities and localized shearing modes.
The retrieval of randomized clinical trials in liver diseases from the medical literature: Manual versus MEDLARS searches

Abstract Recently, the usefulness of MEDLARS computer searches in biomedical research was questioned; the conclusion was drawn that to completely capture a specific population of articles, the MEDLARS system was inadequate. This conclusion was based on a comparison of MEDLARS and manual searches for articles on random clinical trials in liver disease for the period 1966–1982. The present study re-evaluated the validity of this conclusion. In the initial revised search strategy, the recall of valid articles was not significantly improved, as compared with the original MEDLARS search strategy, but precision of this revised search was significantly increased. The number of valid articles recalled was significantly increased by broadening the MEDLARS search strategy criteria, but not without a simultaneous and significant decrease in precision. A limiting capture rate of about 79% of the population of articles on random clinical trials was reached when all logical expansions of the search strategy were exhausted. Strategies for increasing the efficiency of MEDLARS searches in general are discussed citing limitations specific to the population of random clinical trial articles.
The effect of thinking aloud on the problem-solving performance of bright, average, learning disabled, and developmentally handicapped students

Abstract This research was designed to examine the relationship between intelligence and problem-solving ability among bright, average, learning disabled, and developmentally handicapped fifth graders under two conditions. Ninety-four students completed the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 22 analogies in a silent condition and 22 analogies in a think aloud condition. All children did better on verbal and spatial analogies while thinking aloud, with learning disabled children profiting more on verbal than on spatial problems. Average and bright children profited the most and developmentally handicapped children profited the least from thinking aloud. Differences in analogical performance were found between the IQ-matched average group and the IQ-matched learning disabled group. Protocols resulting from thinking aloud were assessed for evidence of self-regulation, lexical diversity, and motivational style. Bright and average students were more self-regulated than their handicapped counterparts. Learning disabled students were superior to developmentally handicapped students in strategic awareness only. Lexical diversity and motivational style did not strongly differentiate the groups. Strategic awareness proved to be the best predictor of problem-solving performance.
The efficiency of photosynthetic molecularly based electronic devices

We present in this paper a detailed treatment of the transport properties of photosynthetic molecularly based electronic devices. A primary problem we address are the conditions that must be obtained for molecular electronic devices to efficiently effect charge separation. We study a general d=1 site‐disordered stochastic hopping model consisting of N impurities and a random distribution of fluctuating hopping rates. Each impurity is treated as a symmetric well. A relaxation mechanism is included on the first site to simulate decay of the initially created excitation. Using the formalism recently developed by us [K. Kundu and P. Phillips, Phys. Rev. A (in press)], we derive exact expressions for the quantum yield, transit times, and the moments of the distribution of transit times. We show explicitly that the efficiency of charge separation in molecular electronic devices is determined almost entirely by the efficiency of the first electron transfer step. This result is relevant to recent experimental results on charge separation in the quinone–viologen and chlorophyllic systems. Nanosecond electron transit times are predicted for molecular assemblies consisting of five molecular subunits and an effective activation energy of 0.55 eV. The significance of this result to the feasibility of molecular photodiodes and recent experiments on chlorophyll‐like systems is discussed.
Digital computer simulation study of the radio-hippuran renogram.

Abstract A digital computer model of the radio-Hippuran renogram has been developed to simulate the normal renogram previously described for this laboratory. The parameters used correspond to previously established physiologic values whenever such data were available, e.g. plasma volume, effective renal plasma flow, renal transit time and cardiac output. The apparent Hippuran space and body background were determined from patient studies. Intercompartmental transfer and intra-renal mixing rates were of necessity computer derived from the best fit. The model gives an estimate within ±5 per cent of the mean normal renogram and the 30-min excretion. Model results do not correspond as closely to the apparent Hippuran space. A simultaneous good fit of all three results does not appear possible with any combination of parameters which differ greatly from the values used. The model successfully simulates disease states, such as reduction in renal blood flow, mechanical obstruction and renal artery stenosis.
External Debt, Public Investment, and Growth in Low-Income Countries

This paper examines the channels through which external debt affects growth in low-income countries. Our results suggest that the substantial reduction in the stock of external debt projected for highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) would directly increase per capita income growth by about 1 percentage point per annum. Reductions in external debt service could also provide an indirect boost to growth through their effects on public investment. If half of all debt-service relief were channeled for such purposes without increasing the budget deficit, then growth could accelerate in some HIPCs by an additional 0.5 percentage point per annum.
Freeze Drying of Aluminum Nanoflakes from Cyclohexane Suspensions

Hydrophobic aluminum nanoflake slurries were freeze dried using varying freezing conditions, aluminum concentrations, and shelf temperatures. The effectiveness of using cyclohexane as a carrier to produce dry, de-agglomerated aluminum powders was determined from light scattering measurements. Significantly less aggregation was observed in the dried aluminum powders when cyclohexane was used as opposed to water, with most aggregation being prevented by freeze drying dilute aluminum slurries at low shelf temperatures. A significant increase in the primary rate of freeze drying was also observed when particles were dried from cyclohexane compared to particles dried from water.
Carotid Endarterectomy and Treatment Options for Carotid Occlusive Disease

Background Atherosclerotic stenosis of the extracranial internal carotid artery accounts for 15%-20% of ischemic strokes, depending on the population studied. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the most frequently performed operation to prevent stroke. Methods Since the 1990s, several randomized controlled trials have been completed in which the authors analyzed the risks and benefits of the procedure for patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Traditionally, CEA was compared with maximal medical therapy in its efficacy to prevent stroke and death; however, improvements in endovascular techniques have led to large studies in which the authors compared CEA with carotid angioplasty and stenting. Conclusion In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of the role of CEA in the prevention of stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis and compare its use to medical therapy and carotid angioplasty and stenting.
Splicing of an intervening sequence by protein-free human snRNAs

Significant structural and mechanistic similarities between the spliceosomal snRNAs and catalytically critical domains of self-splicing group II introns have led to the hypothesis that the spliceosomes and group II introns may be evolutionarily related. We have previously shown that in vitro-transcribed, protein-free U6 and U2 snRNAs can catalyze a two-step splicing reaction in trans on two short RNA oligonucleotides that is identical to the splicing reactions performed by many self-splicing group II introns. Here we show that the same two snRNAs can perform splicing in cis by removal of an intervening sequence from a model substrate. These results prove that the protein-free snRNAs are competent to perform splicing on pre-mRNAs and further strengthen the possibility of an evolutionary relationship to group II introns.
In Vivo Imaging of MLC2v-Luciferase, a Cardiac-specific Reporter Gene Expression in Mice

Reporter (or marker) genes whose expression can be detected in vivo by noninvasive imaging modalities hold great promise for longitudinal monitoring of certain fundamental biological processes in a live animal. Reporter genes for various in vivo imaging modalities have been developed, for example, green fluorescent protein (1,2) and firefly luciferase (Fluc) (3) for optical imaging, herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (4,5) for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT), transferrin (6) for proton (1H) magnetic resonance and creatine kinase (7) for phosphorus-31 (31P) magnetic resonance detection. Fluc has been frequently used as a reporter gene in animal models for cardiac research. The Fluc expression level can be sensitively quantified by luminometer assay (down to 10−20 mol or 0.001 pg) (8). Fluc expression was usually quantified in postmortem heart samples from dogs (9), rabbits (10), and rats and mice (11,12). With the advent of optical imaging system using a coupled charge device camera, in vivo detection of Fluc reporter in the rat heart has been reported (13). The most commonly used promoters for transcriptional control of the Fluc expression are of viral origin (such as promoter of cytomegalovirus, CMV) because they are thought to be constitutively active and minimally regulated by physiological processes in cells. Therefore, the viral promoter drives a nontissue-specific expression of the reporter. One caveat associated with this type of promoter is the generation of interfering signals from other tissues even when the marker gene was delivered to the target tissue. For example, when the adenoviral vector containing CMV-Fluc was injected in the heart, Fluc expression was also detected in the liver, which took up the adenovirus that escaped from the heart through circulation (13). If the reporter gene is controlled by a cellular promoter specific to cardiomyocytes, this promoter will confer cardiac specificity to the reporter gene, therefore, interfering signals from other tissues can be eliminated or reduced substantially. More importantly, a cardiac-specific marker gene will be able to report the cardiac-differentiation of non-cardiomyocytes (eg, stem cells). Therefore, if in vivo detection of its expression can be achieved, the cardiac-specific marker gene will have great utility for in vivo monitoring of cardiac differentiation during development or cellular cardiomyoplasty. Cardiac ventricular isoform of the myosin light chain 2 (MLC2v) gene has been used for identification of signaling pathways that regulate the embryonic heart development. MLC2v gene expression can be detected as early as 8 days postcoitum (14); in the adult rodent heart, MLC2v mRNA is expressed exclusively in the ventricular chamber and is not detectable in the atrium (15). Here we have fused the 3-kbp promoter sequence of MLC2v with Fluc reporter and showed the in vivo detection of this cardiac-specific reporter in the heart of live mice.
The tarsus of early eocene artiodactyls.

The tarsi of two genera of early Eocene artiodactyls, Bunophorus and Diacodexis, are described. Both possess only four toes, with digits II and V reduced to the status of dew claws. It is suggested that in some lineages of artiodactyls the evolutionary tendency to reduce digits II and V was reversed and that these toes were enlarged, resulting in forms with four fully functional toes by the Oligocene.
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ionomer based clay nanocomposites produced via melt extrusion

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ionomer (PETI)/organically-modified montmorillonite clay (OMC) nanocomposites were prepared via melt extrusion. Sulfonated PET containing various incorporations of ionic comonomer and clay modifications were investigated. The random incorporation of ionic functionalities along the PET backbone enhances interactions between the matrix polymer and montmorillonite clay resulting in the creation of polymer-clay nanocomposites exhibiting a predominately exfoliated morphology. The morphology is correlated with mechanical properties and crystallization behavior. It is found that incorporation of clay into the random ionomers leads to increased mechanical properties and slower crystallization rates.
A single-visit cervical carcinoma prevention program offered at an inner city church: A pilot project.

BACKGROUND. A single-visit cervical carcinoma prevention program was implemented, integrating screening, diagnosis, treatment, and health education in the familiar environment of the community church. METHODS. Nonpregnant women age 18 years or older, who had not received cervical carcinoma screening in the preceding year were eligible. Subjects provided information on personal demographics, health, and knowledge regarding cervical carcinoma prevention. Thereafter, cervical cytology was collected, processed, and interpreted on site. Participants attended small-group instruction on cervical carcinoma prevention. Screening results were given to each subject individually. Patients with abnormal cytology underwent immediate colposcopy with biopsies or loop electrosurgical excision procedure as indicated. Participant satisfaction and educational impact were evaluated. RESULTS. Ninety of the 98 participants reported that Spanish was their native language; 59 did not speak English. Fifty-four had had fewer than 6 years of education and 55 were unemployed. Seventy-eight did not have a regular physician or health insurance. Twenty-four either had never undergone cervical carcinoma screening or had let more than 5 years elapse since their previous examination. None of nine potential barriers assessed correlated with past compliance with cervical carcinoma screening. The mean time for processing and on-site interpretation of cervical cytology smears was 22.6 ± 5.3 minutes. The median time patients spent in the program was 75 minutes. There was a significant improvement in the subjects' knowledge regarding cervical carcinoma prevention. All participants were highly satisfied. CONCLUSIONS. This parish-based, integrated, single-visit program for the prevention of cervical carcinoma was easily implemented and provided care to a substantial proportion of underserved patients.
Family psychoeducation and schizophrenia: a review of the literature.

Family psychoeduction has emerged as a treatment of choice for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and other disorders. More than 30 randomized clinical trials have demonstrated reduced relapse rates, improved recovery of patients, and improved family wellbing among participants. Intervention s common to effective family psychoeductaion programs have been developed, including empathic engagement, education, ongoing support, clinical resources during periods of crisis, social network enhancement, and problem-solving and communication skills. Application of family psychoeducation in routine settings where patients having these disorders are usually treated has been limited, reflecting attitudinal, knowledge, practical, and systemic implementation obstacles. Through consensus among patient and family advocacy organizations, clinican training, and ongoing technical consultation and supervision, this approach has been imploemented in routine clinical settings.
Eruptive keratoacanthomas after radiation therapy for keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum

Keratoacanthomas are crateriform squamous proliferations commonly accepted as a variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Typically, keratoacanthomas demonstrate rapid growth that causes local tissue destruction followed by spontaneous resolution with residual scarring. There are several morphological variants of keratoacanthomas, including solitary, multiple, grouped, and keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum (KCM). KCM is characterized by progressive peripheral tumor expansion with the ability to grow up to 30 cm in diameter. Because of their destructive capabilities and rare reports of metastasis,1 keratoacanthomas require definitive treatment. Currently accepted treatment options for keratoacanthomas include surgical excision, radiation therapy, oral acitretin, and oral or intralesional chemotherapy.2,3 We report a patient with a history of multiple keratoacanthomas not associated with Ferguson-Smith disease who underwent radiation treatment for a large KCM. The primary tumor resolved completely, but the patient subsequently erupted with multiple keratoacanthomas within the well-defined field of radiation treatment.
Stimulated Raman Studies of CO2-Laser-Excited SF6

Advances in high-resolution stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) have provided a means for performing gas phase Raman studies with unprecedented spectral resolution (~.002 cm−1) and high sensitivity [1–3]. Studies in static cells at low (≤4 Torr) pressures have revealed a wealth of spectral detail inaccessible to conventional Raman techniques. Investigations in flames [4] and supersonic free-expansion jets [5] have illustrated the spatial resolving power offered by SRS. In this paper we report a preliminary investigation into the use of SRS for high-resolution studies of transient species. Specifically, we are using SF6 molecules excited by a CO2 laser as a prototypical system for examining These capabilities.
Testing Models of Consumer Search Using Data on Web Browsing and Purchasing Behavior

Using a large data set on web browsing and purchasing behavior we test to what extent consumers are searching in accordance to various classical search models. We nd that the benchmark model of sequential search with a known distributions of prices can be rejected based on the recall patterns we observe in the data. Moreover, we show that even if consumers are initially unaware of the price distribution and have to learn the price distribution, observed search behavior for given consumers over time is more consistent with non-sequential search than sequential search with learning. Our