cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial decoupling of song and plumage generates novel phenotypes between 2 avian subspecies

Sexual signals can be important mechanisms of reproductive isolation among incipient species, but the relative effectiveness and geographic distribution of different signals may vary, particularly when those signals have different modes of inheritance (e.g., cultural vs. genetic). Indeed, novel phenotypes may develop when traits with different modes of inheritance or different selection pressures become spatially decoupled from one another in zones of secondary contact, and such novel phenotypes may facilitate or hinder reproductive isolation. We assessed divergence of a culturally transmitted signal (song) and conspecific responses to that signal across a zone of reduced gene flow where plumage characters show asymmetrical introgression among subspecies of the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We found that, in contrast to plumage, geographic variation in many song characteristics correlated well with geographic genetic structure. Additionally, playback experiments revealed that birds responded most strongly to songs from within the same genetic region irrespective of plumage type. These results indicate that song has been resistant to introgression, yet song traits and preferences have not hindered introgression of plumage traits. We suggest that this is because different modes of inheritance (here, cultural vs. genetic) facilitate decoupling of song and plumage, resulting in a large region where males exhibit a novel combination of sexual traits.
An attribution theory analysis of tax evasion related judgments

Abstract Traditional economic theory often has been utilized to explain tax evasion behavior. However, while economic consequences are important factors in the understanding of tax evasion behavior, they alone do not appear adequate to describe and predict the phenomenon [Lewis, The Psychology of Taxation (New York: St Martin's Press, 1982)]. This paper reports the results of two studies of tax evasion related judgments which builds upon tenants of attribution theory. Specifically, we examined the association between subjects' causal attributions for other's evasion behavior and their own behavioral intentions to evade. A significant association was found. The implications for tax evasion are discussed.
Interfacial effects in a metallic-glass ribbon reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composite

The effect of temperature on the interfacial effects in a metallic-glass ribbon reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composite was investigated. The metallic-glass ribbon present in this composite was found to be significantly affected at elevated temperatures, owing to the diffusion of lead and zinc from the matrix. The presence of the matrix in the vicinity of the ribbon enhanced the formation of an oxide layer on the ribbon surface. The oxide layer decreased the interfacial bond strength between the ribbon and the matrix, affecting the failure mode of such composites at elevated temperatures.
D.C. analysis of nonlinear networks

It has been found that methods of solving the system of equations f(x)=0, in which the norm of f must be reduced at each step, may not be feasible in practice. An algorithm is proposed in which an inequality constraint is applied to the norm of the correction vector p. Success of the method is illustrated with an example.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Impaired oxidation of long chain fatty acids in cultured skin fibroblasts and adrenal cortex

Summary CO 2 production from [1- 14 C] fatty acids was studied with cultured skin fibroblasts and adrenal gland from adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) patients. The CO 2 production from lignoceric acid in 11 and from hexacosanoic acid in 4 ALD cultured skin fibroblasts cultures was reduced to 8.2 ± 9 and 14 ± 8% of control, respectively. The adrenal studies compared a biopsy specimen from a 7 year old boy with ALD and 6 control adrenals from renal transplant donors. CO 2 production from oleic acid was reduced to less than 10% of control, while cholesterol esterase and cholesterol esterifying enzyme activities were similar to the control.
Oscillating behavior of electron stopping power

Abstract The electron stopping power is calculated by including effects due to the interaction volume and the effective atomic number. Numerical results for amorphous carbon show agreement with experiments.
Some reduced ternary and quaternary oxides of molybdenum. A family of compounds with strong metal-metal bonds

Abstract Several new, reduced ternary and quaternary oxides of molybdenum are reported, each containing molybdenum in an average oxidation state 2 sealed in Mo tubes held at 1100°C for ca. 7 days. Refinement of the substructure of the new compound Ba 0.62 Mo 4 O 6 was based on an orthorhombic cell, with a = 9.509(2), b = 9.825(2), c = 2.853(1)A, Z = 2 in space group Pbam; weak supercell reflections indicate the true structure has c = 8(2.853) A. The chief structural feature is closely related to that of NaMo 4 O 6 (C. C. Torardi, R. E. McCarley, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 101, 3963 (1979)), which consists of infinite chains of Mo 6 octahedral clusters fused on opposite edges, bridged on the outer edges by O atoms and crosslinked by Mo O Mo bonding to create four-sided tunnels in which the Ba 2+ ions are located. The structure of Ba 1.13 Mo 8 O 16 is triclinic, a = 7.311(1), b = 7.453(1), c = 5.726(1)A, α = 101.49(2), β = 99.60(2), γ = 89.31(2)°, Z = 1, space group P 1¯. It is a low-symmetry, metal-metal bonded variant of the hollandite structure, in which two different infinite chains, built up from Mo 4 O 2− 8 and Mo 4 O 0.26− 8 cluster units, respectively, are interlinked via Mo O Mo bridge bonding to create again four-sided tunnels in which the Ba 2+ ions reside. Other compounds prepared and characterized by analyses and X-ray powder diffraction data arePb x Mo 4 O 6 ( x ∼ 0.6), LiZn 2 Mo 3 O 8 , CaMo 5 O 8 , K 2 Mo 12 O 19 , and Na 2 Mo 12 O 19 .
In Vitro Effects of Fluorescent Brightener on the Efficacy of Occlusion Body Dissolution and Polyhedral-Derived Virions

Abstract The fluorescent brightener calcofluor white M2R (M2R) increased the efficacy of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar . This increase was seen with both larval-produced and cell culture-produced occlusion bodies (OBs), but only when the OBs were continuously exposed to the M2R. No enhancement was observed when OBs were treated for an hour and then rinsed to remove M2R. M2R enhanced the activity of virions that were released from OBs by alkaline treatment and stabilized the released virions for at least 5 days. When M2R was removed from the virions after OB dissolution followed by dilution in water or dialysis, no infectivity was detected. Some activity was regained when M2R was added back to these virions. Finally, M2R also enhanced per os infectivity of nonoccludded virions. Our investigations suggest that enhancement of M2R only occurs when both brightener and virus are present concurrently in the insect′s midgut.
1322 INCUBATOR HUMIDITY WITH DIFFERENT HUMIDITY RESERVOIR BAFFLE SYSTEMS

Although important in reducing heat and water losses from newborns, incubator humidities are difficult to predict and control. A removable metal baffle for use in an incubator humidity reservoir has been recently modified by one manufacturer and contributes to this unpredictability. Using an electric hydrometer, the relative humidities (R.H.) of 7 Air-Shields incubators were measured 1) with no baffle in the humidity reservoir, 2) with the manufacturer's older and larger iron baffle and 3) with a recently introduced smaller steel “W” shaped baffle. Incubator temps. were servo controlled to 34°C, and full humidity reservoirs were opened to maximum settings. Both baffles increase incubator humidity, but the variability was greater with the smaller steel baffles, and the 3.7% increase with this steel baffle is significantly less (p<0.01) than the 14.1% increase with the larger iron baffle. Since this observation, excess heat and water losses from newborns have been corrected by replacing the newer and smaller baffles with the larger iron baffles. This experience reinforces the opinion that incubators must not only be designed and modified carefully, but also used knowledgeably.
Magnitude Estimation of Inspiratory Resistive Loads in Children with Life-threatening Asthma

The perception of inspiratory resistive (R) loads was studied in nonasthmatic children and in children with a history of life-threatening asthma. It was hypothesized that the children with life-threatening asthma would have a reduced sensitivity to added mechanical loads as measured by magnitude estimation of resistive loads (ME). The subjects were screened from the experimenter and seated in a sound-isolated room in a lounge chair facing an oscilloscope, and they respired through a nonbreathing valve with the inspiratory port connected to the loading manifold. The oscilloscope displayed the inspiratory V˙, and each subject was required to inspire to the same peak V˙ for each breath. The subject's inspiratory background R was measured by the interrupter method. Five magnitudes of R loads and no-load were presented randomly 10 times each for a single inspiration after the illumination of a light cue. The subjects were initially given a training trial breathing to the V˙ target. The loads were presented in ...
The Samburu laibon's sorcery and the death of Theodore Powys in colonial Kenya

This paper examines the role that laibons (diviners and ritual healers) played and continue to play in warfare among Samburu pastoralists through their use of divination and sorcery to defeat external enemies. The paper focuses on the 1931 death of Theodore Powys, a white ranch manager in northern Kenya whose death was, in time, attributed to murder by five Samburu warriors. The event and trial occurred as conflicts increased among Samburu pastoralists, white settler ranchers of Laikipia District, and the Kenya colonial administration in the early 1930s. Although the warriors eventually were acquitted of murder charge, their laibon, Ngaldaiya Leaduma, was arrested before the trial under the Witchcraft Ordinance and deported for intimidating witnesses and interfering with the investigation. The larger Samburu community also faced harsh fines and disarmament and was incorporated into the settler-dominated Rift Valley Province. This paper focuses on three themes – conflicts over grazing land between the Samb...
Geometrical optics and the corner problem

Abstract : The mixed problem for strictly hyperbolic first order systems in regions containing a multiple corner is considered. Geometric optics approximations are studied and in certain cases are used to construct counter-examples. (Author)
Spin-flip in the inelastic scattering of polarized protons

Abstract A new technique, i.e. direct observation of polarization transfer, has been applied to the study of spin-flip in the (p,p′) reaction at Ep=32MeV. A DWBA analysis of the 11 B( 3 2 − → 1 2 − ) transition gives 3 to 4 times more spin-flip than is observed experimentally.
Synthesis of poly dithioesters and cyclization to 1,3-dithiolium (dithiafulvenium) salts

Piperidinium dithiobenzoate and piperidinium tetrathioterephthalate react with α-halo carbonyl compounds to give small molecules and polymers which, upon dehydrative cyclization with H2SO4, yield materials containing the 1,3-dithiolium ring. Maximum yields are obtained by use of phase-transfer techniques and the solvent system H2O/CH2Cl2. The cyclized polymers are soluble in sulfuric acid, and films can be made from (CF3)2 CHOH solutions.
Entering the Frame: Cinema and History in the Films of Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi

Robert Lumley (2011), Entering the Frame: Cinema and History in the Films of Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi (Oxford: Peter Lang), 192 pp., ISBN 9783034301138, $51.95, soft cover Robert L...
GENDER AND RACE EFFECTS ON OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE, SEGREGATION, AND EARNINGS

This article examines the interlinked impacts of gender and race on occupational prestige, segregation, and earnings. Included are occupations about which Bose and Rossi reported prestige ranks and about which the 1980 census reported earnings and relevant gender/race breakdowns. White men are used as the comparison group. Contrasted to them are the gender/race groups of white women, Black men, Black women, Asian-American men, Asian-American women, Hispanic men, and Hispanic women. Race has a more powerful impact than gender on the prestige level a worker is likely to enjoy, but gender does affect prestige within particular racial groups. For segregation and earnings, the strongest effects are those of gender, although there are clear race effects too. Segregation examined in terms of the prestige of occupations in which different groups find themselves shows race and gender effects. Many researchers have pointed to the need for considering both gender and race in examining the American occupational struc...
Specificity and Engagement: Increasing ELSI’s Relevance to Nano–Scientists

Scholars studying the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) associated with emerging technologies maintain the importance of considering these issues throughout the research and development cycle, even during the earliest stages of basic research. Embedding these considerations within the scientific process requires communication between ELSI scholars and the community of physical scientists who are conducting that basic research. We posit that this communication can be effective on a broad scale only if it links societal issues directly to characteristics of the emerging technology that are relevant to the physical and natural scientists involved in research and development. In this article, we examine nano-ELSI literature from 2003 to 2010 to discern the degree to which it makes these types of explicit connections. We find that, while the literature identifies a wide range of issues of societal concern, it generally does so in a non-specific manner. It neither links societal issues to particular forms or characteristics of widely divergent nanotechnologies nor to any of the many potential uses to which those nanotechnologies may be put. We believe that these kinds of specificity are essential to those engaged in nano-scale research. We also compare the literature-based findings to observations from interviews we conducted with nanoscientists and conclude that ELSI scholars should add technical- and application-related forms of specificity to their work and their writings to enhance effectiveness and impact in communicating with one important target audience—members of the nanoscale science community.
Role of CYP1A2 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen: investigations using Cyp1a2 null mice.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is known to cause centrilobular hepatic necrosis under overdose conditions. This is thought to be mediated via the P450-generated reactive intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Initially, NAPQI is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione (GSH), but once GSH is depleted, NAPQI reacts more extensively with hepatic proteins leading to hepatocellular damage. The P450 isoforms thought to be responsible for APAP hepatotoxicity in humans are CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, and thus, we have investigated the effect of murine Cyp1a2 on APAP hepatotoxicity using Cyp1a2 knockout mice (Liang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1671-1676, 1996). Doses of 250 mg/kg were markedly hepatotoxic in these mice, and surprisingly, deaths only occurred in the knock-out and heterozygote mice over a 24-h period after dosing. Furthermore, there were no significant differences among survivors of any genotype in serum ALT concentrations, a well correlated indicator of APAP hepatotoxicity in mice. Finally, no differences were observed in the urinary metabolites excreted ove the 24-h period, including those derived from GSH conjugation of the major reactive metabolite NAPQI. Consistent with the effects on hepatotoxicity and metabolism, 2 h after hepatotoxic doses (500 mg/kg, i.p.) of APAP no significant differences were observed in total whole liver homogenate nonprotein thiol concentrations among the three genotypes even though hepatic thiols were decreased compared to control animals (> 90%). In addition, when the liver cytosol and microsome samples were examined by immunoblotting for the presence of APAP-protein adducts using a specific antiserum, there were no observable differences in either the intensity of staining or in the spectrum of adducts formed between APAP-dosed mice of any genotype. The cumulative data suggest that Cyp1a2 doses not play a significant role in APAP hepatotoxicity in these mice.
Teachers' Beliefs about Small-Group Instruction in Elementary School Mathematics.

This study examines teachers' beliefs about, and practices in, small-group teaching of mathematics. A sample of 1509 teachers from 126 elementary schools in 10 districts in three states completed the survey. Roughly 80% of the teachers reported using the whole-class format as the basic organization for mathematics lessons. About 13% of the teachers reported using two or more groups and that while they worked with one group, students assigned to other groups worked alone. Only 5% of the teachers reported using two or more groups in which students were encouraged to work cooperatively. The paper discusses the various beliefs teachers report in deciding whether or not to group for instruction and describes how teachers use group instruction in mathematics classes. Grade-level differences are also explored.
Capacity and capacity development: Coping with complexity

This overview article introduces the topic of capacity and capacity development (CD), noting the vagueness and multiplicity of definitions and approaches. It presents the model of capacity developed by the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) study, and reviews our evolving understanding of CD. Brief summaries of the contributions to the symposium highlight the main findings and key points. The contents of the symposium include four country cases—Pakistan, Tanzania, Brazil, and Papua New Guinea (PNG)—and one conceptual piece on CD in fragile states. Several common themes emerge: the benefits of viewing capacity and CD through systems lenses, the salience of the politics of CD; and the need to change how donors and capacity builders approach the practice of CD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the termination phenotypes of rifampicin-resistant mutants

Abstract Rifampicin-resistant (Rifr) mutations map in the rpoB gene encoding the β subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We have examined the effect of each of the 17 sequenced Rifr mutations in our collection on transcription termination. The effect of each Rifr mutation was measured at three types of terminators: simple terminators requiring only RNA polymerase to terminate in vitro, and complex terminators requiring either Rho or Tau for in-vitro termination. Almost every Rifr allele examined ( 14 17 ) affected read-through at one or more of these terminators. We found that mutations with similar termination phenotypes were clustered suggesting functional specialization within the region of rpoB defined by the Rifr mutations. The interaction of the Rifr mutations with the defective rho15 allele was also investigated. Only two Rifr mutations suppress the termination defect of rho15 strains. We discuss models to explain how this region of the β polypeptide might be involved in the process of transcription termination.
Evidence that Adenosine 3’,5’-Monophosphate Mediates Hormonal Stimulation of Prostaglandin Production in Cultured Mouse Parietal Bones*

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the possible role of cAMP in PTH-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) production in organ cultures of neonatal mouse parietal bones. Cultures were treated with PTH, forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), and 8-bromo-cAMP (8BrcAMP). We found that similar concentrations of PTH stimulate cAMP formation and increase PG production in this culture system. Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, was also a potent stimulator of cAMP and PG production. The effect was dose dependent, with a maximum at 10(-5) M. The time courses for PTH- and forskolin-stimulated PG production were similar, and there was a close and similar correlation between cAMP production at 15 min and PGE2 production at 6 h for both agents. An increase in PG production was also observed when IBMX, which elevates cAMP levels in cells by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase, or the cAMP analog 8BrcAMP was added to the cultures. In addition, IBMX enhanced the PGE2 responses to PTH, forskolin, and 8BrcAMP. These findings indicate that stimulation of PG production by PTH may be mediated by cAMP.
Improving follow-up for children with asthma after an acute Emergency Department visit

Objective To improve follow-up with primary care providers after acute Emergency Department (ED) asthma visits for children from low-income urban families. Study design A prospective, randomized, controlled trial evaluated combined telephone asthma coaching and monetary incentive. The primary outcome was asthma-planning visits with primary care providers within 15 days of index ED visits. The subjects were urban parents whose children were treated for asthma in the ED and had Medicaid or no insurance. Results We enrolled 527 parents (264 control and 263 intervention). There was a significant difference (P Conclusions Telephone coaching and a monetary incentive significantly increased the proportion of low-income urban parents who brought their children for asthma-planning visits, and decreased asthma symptoms shortly after asthma ED visits. The intervention did not increase subsequent asthma-planning visits or decrease ED visits or hospitalizations.
A Nonparametric bootstrapped estimate of the change-point

A bootstrap resampling scheme is applied to a nonparametric estimator of the change-point in a sequence of independent observations. The nonparametric estimator is based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov norm as proposed by Carlstein (1988). The consistency of the bootstrapped estimator along with the rate of convergence are provided. In addition, an exponential bound for the error probability is shown to hold for all most all given realizations.
Asymptotic expansions of integrals of two Bessel functions via the generalized hypergeometric and Meijer functions

Abstract Asymptotic expansions of certain finite and infinite integrals involving products of two Bessel functions of the first kind are obtained by using the generalized hypergeometric and Meijer functions. The Bessel functions involved are of arbitrary (generally different) orders, but of the same argument containing a parameter which tends to infinity. These types of integrals arise in various contexts, including wave scattering and crystallography, and are of general mathematical interest being related to the Riemann—Liouville and Hankel integrals. The results complete the asymptotic expansions derived previously by two different methods — a straightforward approach and the Mellin-transform technique. These asymptotic expansions supply practical algorithms for computing the integrals. The leading terms explicitly provide valuable analytical insight into the high-frequency behavior of the solutions to the wave-scattering problems.
Gram-Scale Synthesis of an Armed Colitose Thioglycoside

A concise gram-scale synthesis of protected colitose thioglycosides for use in bacterial carbohydrate antigen synthesis is described. The synthesis proceeds in six steps and 59-70% overall yield from commercially available l-fucose, making it the most efficient route reported to date. Key steps include regioselective installation of a thiocarbonate using catalytic dioctyltin dichloride (10 mol%) and a tris(trimethylsilyl)silane-mediated radical deoxygenation.
Predicting faculty job centrality in communication

Data from 1,581 faculty members affiliated with 98 doctoral-granting Communication programs in the United States were analyzed to determine normative publication rates and predictors of position centrality in the faculty hiring network. The Communication Institute for Online Scholarship (CIOS) database was used to measure publication frequency in refereed journals. Position centrality was measured using a Communication program's relative position in the hiring network as established by Barnett, Danowski, Feeley, and Stalker (2010). The average publication frequencies by academic rank were as follows: assistant professors averaged 2.29 articles (N = 441, SD = 3.29); associate professors averaged 6.69 articles (N = 497, SD = 5.77); professors averaged 10.92 articles (N = 542, SD = 12.09). Results from multiple regression analyses indicate the number of publications for faculty members and position centrality of where one earned his or her doctoral degree significantly predicted current position centrality. Publication numbers for one's advisor and year of earned doctorate did not emerge as significant predictors of position centrality.
Hyperspectral Shack–Hartmann test

A hyperspectral Shack–Hartmann test bed has been developed to characterize the performance of miniature optics across a wide spectral range, a necessary first step in developing broadband achromatized all-polymer endomicroscopes. The Shack–Hartmann test bed was used to measure the chromatic focal shift (CFS) of a glass singlet lens and a glass achromatic lens, i.e., lenses representing the extrema of CFS magnitude in polymer elements to be found in endomicroscope systems. The lenses were tested from 500 to 700nm in 5 and 10nm steps, respectively. In both cases, we found close agreement between test results obtained from a ZEMAX model of the test bed and test lens and those obtained by experiment (maximum error of 12μm for the singlet lens and 5μm for the achromatic triplet lens). Future applications of the hyperspectral Shack–Hartmann test include measurements of aberrations as a function of wavelength, characterization of manufactured plastic endomicroscope elements and systems, and reverse optimization.
Undergraduate control education: an ME perspective

This paper describes the contents, emphasis, and challenges of a typical first controls course taught in an undergraduate program in mechanical engineering (ME). Usually, this course is taught in the senior year and builds upon student's knowledge of differential equations, dynamics, heat transfer, electrical circuits, and machine design. This is the first course that draws upon concepts from all subareas of mechanical engineering. The course is often supplemented by engineering examples and laboratory experiments to illustrate the mathematical concepts applied to physical systems.
A simple mixing explanation for late Pleistocene changes in the Pacific-South Atlantic benthic δ 13 C gradient

Abstract. The fact that the deep-ocean benthic δ13C minimum shifted from the North Pacific to the South Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum is often interpretted as evidence of a change in deep water circulation, such as the development of deep water ventilation in the North Pacific or a decrease in Southern Ocean overturning. This study re-evaluates the implications of changes in benthic δ13C gradients by comparing Pacific Deep Water (PDW) δ13C measurements with the values expected for the null hypothesis that PDW ventilation sources remained unchanged throughout the Late Pleistocene. The δ13C compositions of PDW, Northern Component Water (NCW) and Southern Component Water (SCW) are estimated from regional benthic δ13C stacks of 3–6 sites. Changes in PDW δ13C and PDW-SCW δ13C gradients over the past 800 kyr are found to be well described by a constant mixture of 60% NCW and 40% SCW plus a constant Pacific remineralization offset of −0.5‰. Thus, a change in PDW ventilation cannot be inferred solely on the basis of changes in the Pacific-South Atlantic benthic δ13C gradient.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE SENSITIVITY OF RADIATIVE and NON‐RADIATIVE DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY WATER SOLUBLE SENSITIZERS USING A REVERSE MICELLE SYSTEMS*,†

The study of photosensitization processes in aqueous solution is complicated by the unsuit-ability of water as solvent for the commonly used techniques for monitoring radiative and non-radiative relaxation processes. The infrared luminescence method is hampered by the relatively weak intensity of emission and short lifetime of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1Δg), in water. Photoacoustic and photothermal detection of the dominant non-radiative relaxation process for O2(1Δg) is also inhibited by the unfavorable physico-chemical properties of water which reduce the sensitivities of these techniques for the study of sensitizers in aqueous with respect to non-aqueous media. Such problems have been alleviated by incorporating the sensitizer in the aqueous core of aerosol OT reverse micelles. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of both radiative and non-radiative detection depends not on the local environment of the sensitizer but on the overall composition of the medium, which, in the case of reverse micelle solutions, is predominantly hydrocarbon. This produces a 4.5 and 6-fold enhancement of the sensitivity of luminescence and optoacoustic detection, respectively, in comparison to purely aqueous solution. The utility of the method is demonstrated for Rose Bengal, where quantum yields of intersystem crossing (φisc) of 0.78 (LIOAC) and singlet oxygen generation (φδ) of 0.81 (LIOAC) and 0.80 (TRLD) were measured. Phenazine was also studied for comparative purposes and to corroborate values obtained for Rose Bengal.
Determination of Neurochemically Important Compounds in Physiological Samples Using HPLC

We review the application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with amperometric (LC-EC) and/or fluorometric detection systems, to the determination of neurochemical ly important compounds. Methods for the measurement of the catecholamines and indoleamines (and their precursors and metabolites) in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine are presented.
COMBUSTION KINETICS DATABASES FOR HEPTANE

Combustion is a result of complex interactions between fluid dynamics and chemistry[1]. Developments in computer technology[2] have made it increasingly possible to describe quantitatively the behavior of real systems in terms of the fundamentals of both disciplines. The consequence is the possibility of simulating the behavior of combustion systems. This opens up immense opportunities for the conceptualization and optimization of real combustion devices. It offers the promise of aiding and making the best use of expensive and frequently uncertain empirical experimental testing. The development of such tools are especially needed at this time in view of the pressures for lowering emissions as well as improved efficiencies[3].
Experimental Studies on the Hydrodynamics of a Robotic Ostraciiform Tail Fin

This paper presents the experimental studies and force measurements on the tail fin of a Ostraciiform micro underwater vehicle mimicking a boxfish. Boxfish are known for their ability to swim smoothly through turbulent waters and exhibit excellent maneuverability, characteristics desirable in an micro under water vehicle. In this work an experimental setup consisting of a 3DOF robotic flapper and a beam deflection based force sensor is built to study the hydrodynamics of tail fin and pectoral fin and arrive at the optimal parameters of fin morphology and kinematics, such as fin shape, stiffness, and frequency. Results on optimal tail fin shape are reported.
Temperature and nutrient availability interact to mediate growth and body stoichiometry in a detritivorous stream insect

SUMMARY 1. Regimes of temperature and nutrient availability are undergoing rapid modification at global scales. Both temperature and nutrients can influence consumer physiology and growth via several mechanisms. We examined how temperature and the nutrient content of food interact to affect consumption, growth and body stoichiometry of a detritivorous consumer (the caddisfly Pycnopsyche gentilis). 2. In a 7-week growth study, P. gentilis larvae were reared at two different temperatures (5 and 10 °C) while fed conditioned red maple (Acer rubrum) litter at one of two stoichiometric qualities (manipulated by raising phosphorus supply in one litter conditioning treatment; Amb: mean litter P = 0.03%, mean litter N = 0.79%; Hi-P: mean litter P = 0.14%, mean litter N = 1.2%). 3. Temperature and litter quality had differential effects on bulk consumption, element-specific (N and P) consumption, growth and elemental body content of P. gentilis larvae. Temperature was the only factor affecting bulk feeding rates. Larvae in the Warm/Hi-P treatment had by far the highest growth rates; the negligible growth in the Cold/Amb treatment was increased by either higher temperature (Warm/Amb) or higher food quality (Cold/Hi-P). 4. Higher temperature had no effect on body P content in Hi-P treatments, but decreased body P content in the Amb treatments. Shifts in temperature and resource quality are both important components of global change and our results show that these factors can have interactive effects on detrital food webs, through which most primary production flows.
Association of the Ras to Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathway with Microfilaments EVIDENCE FOR A p185 neu -CONTAINING CELL SURFACE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PARTICLE LINKING THE MITOGENIC PATHWAY TO A MEMBRANE-MICROFILAMENT ASSOCIATION SITE

Microvilli of the aggressive 13762 ascites mammary adenocarcinoma contain a large, microfilament-associated signal transduction particle whose scaffolding is a stable glycoprotein complex (Li, Y., Hua, F., Carraway, K. L., and Carraway, C. A. C. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25651–25658) associated with the growth factor receptor p185neu. The receptor is constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated in the cells and microvilli, predicting that it should recruit mitogenic pathway components to this membrane-microfilament interaction site. Immunoprecipitation of cell lysates with anti-phosphotyrosine and immunoblotting showed phosphorylated forms of the mitogenic pathway proteins Shc and MAPK in addition to p185neu, suggesting that the Ras to MAPK mitogenic pathway is activated. Immunoblotting of p185neu-containing microvillar fractions revealed the presence in each of stably associated Shc, Grb-2, Sos, Ras, Raf, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as the transcription factor-phosphorylating kinase Rsk. All of these pathway components co-immunoprecipitated with p185neu from cleared lysates of microvilli solubilized under microfilament-depolymerizing conditions. The recruitment of constitutively phosphorylated p185neu and the activated mitogenic pathway proteins to this membrane-microfilament interaction site provides a physical model for integrating the assembly of the mitogenic pathway with the transmission of growth factor signal to the cytoskeleton. This linkage is probably a requisite step in the global cytoskeleton remodeling accompanying mitogenesis.
Structure of the lower crust beneath the Gulf of Maine

Summary. The variability of deep crustal reflections in USGS line 1A across the offshore New England Appalachians shows the differing influence of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic events. Mesozoic extension has not significantly modified Paleozoic thrust faults penetrating the lower crust in the northern Gulf of Maine. Mesozoic extension or Paleozoic crustal melting could explain the lower crustal character in the central Gulf.
Unconscious processing of Web advertising: Effects on implicit memory, attitude toward the brand, and consideration set

Consumers have become increasingly savvy about technology in recent years, and many of them ignore Web ads during online activities. In this context, measuring advertising effects based on the traditional cognitive models of information processing may undervalue the effectiveness of Web ads. This study experimentally examined the effects of unconscious processing of Web ads by manipulating the level of attention paid to the ad (directed vs. non-directed attention). Online advertisers should be encouraged by the findings of this study. The results suggest that, upon exposure to Web ads, consumers experience priming caused by implicit memory and build a more favorable attitude toward the advertised brand regardless of the levels of attention they paid to the advertisements. Furthermore, those who unconsciously processed Web ads did not remember seeing the ad explicitly, but they were more likely to include the advertised brand in the consideration set than those who had no exposure.
Changes in the Laying Cycle as a Result of a Phosphorus Deficiency

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to define the signs of a phosphorus deficiency in commercial laying hens. A phosphorus deficiency caused a random regression of ovum. This random regression of ovarian follicles could aid in identifying a phosphorus deficiency.
Reduced order variational multiscale enrichment method for elasto-viscoplastic problems

Abstract This manuscript presents the formulation and implementation of a novel reduced order variational multiscale enrichment (ROVME) method for elasto-viscoplastic problems. This method provides a hierarchical model order reduction technique based on the eigenstrain concept to approximate the fine scale response resolved at subdomains of interest. By eliminating the requirement of direct fine scale discretization, the computational effort associated with the variational multiscale enrichment (VME) method is significantly reduced. The model order reduction is achieved in the scale-coupled inelastic problem by automatically satisfying the microscale equilibrium state through the eigenstrain concept and coarse discretization of inelastic strain fields within the microscale domain. The inelastic material behavior is idealized with coupled Perzyna type viscoplasticity and flow stress evolution based on the Johnson–Cook model. Numerical verifications are performed to assess the capabilities of the proposed methodology, against the direct VME method with detailed fine scale resolutions. The verification results demonstrate high accuracy and computational efficiency of the reduced order VME framework for elasto-viscoplastic problems with material heterogeneity.
Nonsurgical management of small and intracanalicular acoustic tumors.

It is generally accepted that the proper treatment for acoustic tumors is surgical removal. In fact, there is little, If any, reference to nonsurgical treatment of these tumors in the recent medical literature. We would like to report on the nonsurgical management of six patients with cerebellopontine angle tumors based upon CT examination. The diagnostic findings, follow-up data, and the rationale upon which the decision was made to treat the patients nonsurgically will be presented, as will a review of the pertinent literature.
The Co-construction of a Local Public Environmental Discourse: Letters to the Editor, Bermuda's Royal Gazette, and the Southlands Hotel Development Controversy

As a distinct geographically situated production of public record of daily events that is often imbued with the ideals of the community it serves, the daily newspaper, and the editorial pages in particular, holds a powerful space in the collective mind as a forum and litmus for community opinion. This essay provides a case analysis of community opinion on sustainability and sustainable development in the small island nation of Bermuda through letters to the editor in the country’s daily newspaper, The Royal Gazette. These letters, published in that powerful space through invested and dynamic local media literacy sponsorship, illustrate the potential for effective discourse on environmental sustainability that, at least in Bermuda, constitutes productive community activism in its own right and also fosters additional literate social action.
Analysis of coherent activity between retrosplenial cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and anterior cingulate cortex during retrieval of recent and remote context fear memory

Memory for contextual fear conditioning relies upon the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) regardless of how long ago conditioning occurred, whereas areas connected to the RSC, such as the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) appear to play time-limited roles. To better understand whether these brain regions functionally interact during memory processing and how the passage of time affects these interactions, we simultaneously recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from these three regions as well as anterior dorsal thalamus (ADT), which provides one of the strongest inputs to RSC, and measured coherence of oscillatory activity within the theta (4-12Hz) and gamma (30-80Hz) frequency bands. We identified changes of theta coherence related to encoding, retrieval, and extinction of context fear, whereas changes in gamma coherence were restricted to fear extinction. Specifically, exposure to a novel context and retrieval of recently acquired fear conditioning memory were associated with increased theta coherence between RSC and all three other structures. In contrast, RSC-DH and RSC-ADT theta coherence were decreased in mice that successfully retrieved, relative to mice that failed to retrieve, remote memory. Greater RSC-ADT theta and gamma coherence were observed during recent, compared to remote, extinction of freezing responses. Thus, the degree of coherence between RSC and connected brain areas may predict and contribute to context memory retrieval and retrieval-related phenomena such as fear extinction. Importantly, although theta coherence in this circuit increases during memory encoding and retrieval of recent memory, failure to decrease RSC-DH theta coherence might be linked to retrieval deficit in the long term, and possibly contribute to aberrant memory processing characteristic of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Comparative Investigation of Polymeric and Nanoparticle Vehicles for Transgene Delivery

Effective design of nanoparticle systems can have a significant impact on therapeutic delivery. Physicochemical factors including size, shape and surface chemistry of nanoparticles can play a significant role in determining the efficacy of drug and gene delivery to cells. Polymeric as well as inorganic nanoparticle systems have been investigated as vehicles for nonviral gene delivery of transgenes. However, a head-to-head comparison of these different systems is largely lacking. In this study, we compare three related delivery systems, polymer, polymer-templated gold nanospheres and polymer-coated gold nanorods, for their respective in vitro transgene expression efficacies. Significant differences were seen in the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential for each of these different vehicles. Nevertheless, transgene (luciferase) expression efficacies and cytotoxicities were found to be similar for these three vehicles under different conditions. Our results indicate that polymeric systems can be used for s...
Benzodiazepine in a Urine Specimen Without Drug Metabolites

CLINICAL HISTORY PATIENT 41-year-old Hispanic woman. Chief Complaint: Pain in the neck, joints, and shoulders that started in August 2013. History of Present Illness: The patient has a history of psychiatric illness. Her primary care physician from an outside facility had prescribed alprazolam (Xanax) to treat her depression. The patient reported that in 2011 she experienced pain in the right side of her back and was diagnosed with sciatica. In addition, she was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) based on a positive finding for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA). She had not consulted a rheumatologist before this visit, nor had she received any medication for these conditions. Her recent history of symptoms included photosensitivity, painful aphthous ulcers, transient rashes, joint pain, myalgias, and bruising. The results of the most recent evaluation of her SLE serology revealed negative ANA and ds-DNA results. The current medications that the patient has been prescribed at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center include lamotrigine (Lamictal), sertraline (Zoloft), and gabapentin (Neurontin). In April 2014, the patient requested additional pain medication, such as hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Norco), during her physician visit. Consequently, as part of her pain management therapy agreement to ensure compliance,(1) she was subjected to a urine toxicology drug screening. At this time, her urine specimen, from an unwitnessed collection, tested positive for benzodiazepines using the Syva EMIT immunoassay (Siemens AG, Munich, Germany) at the cutoff of 200 ng/mL. However, results of a confirmatory test conducted via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) did not identify any benzodiazepine metabolites in her urine but instead revealed the presence of a parent drug, alprazolam. Further, the same specimen tested positive for metronidazole. A visual inspection of the specimen revealed crystals on the bottom of the cup. In December 2013, this patient had tested positive for α-hydroxyalprazolam (an alprazolam metabolite; limit of detection, 10 ng/mL) and methamphetamine. At that time, she explained her positive urine-drug-test result by stating that "somebody had put something in my drink." Family history: Her father has been diagnosed with gout, knee osteoarthritis, and enlarged heart. Her brother has been diagnosed with clinical depression. Social history: Divorced; 3 children in the custody of their father; reported having smoked 0.5 packs of cigarettes per day for 20 years; denied any alcohol intake or illicit drug use.
Evaluation of a spectrophotometric method for measurement of activity of diamine oxidase in newborn infants

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme synthesized primarily in the gastrointestinal mucosal cells. Serum levels of DAO have been used as an indicator of the integrity and/or functional mass of the intestinal mucosa. The enzyme is also produced by the placenta and is elevated in newborn serum. Previous radiometric methods for DAO used tritiated putrescine or cadaverine as substrate. A simple and rapid spectrophotometric procedure for DAO with use of histamine as substrate was developed, and this assay was utilized to evaluate the developmental pattern of activity of DAO in umbilical cord blood of newborn full-term and premature infants, in sequential samples from premature infants, and in samples from infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. The spectrophotometric assay was linear to 200 U per L and was also precise with total imprecision (CV) of 11.9 percent and 3.7 percent at DAO activities of 25.6 U per 1 and 126.1 U per L, respectively. Triglycerides above 275 mg per dL caused a significant reduction in measured activity of DAO; however, this effect could be eliminated by use of ultracentrifugation to remove lipemia. Plasma samples with heparin or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as anticoagulant were unsuitable for analysis since DAO activity showed a 24 percent and 32 percent decrease in activity at concentrations of 20 U per mL (heparin) and two mg per mL (EDTA), respectively. Serum samples are the specimen of choice. In infants it was found that the serum activity declined to adult levels by day 12 of life and that this decline is not affected by necrotizing arterocolitis.