cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to modeling decision-making under uncertainty

This paper presents two axiomatic models of decision making under uncertainty that avoid the use of a state space. The first is a subjective expected utility model with action-dependent subjective probabilities and effect-dependent preferences (the case of effect-independent preferences is obtained as a special instance). The second is a nonexpected utility model involving well-defined families of action-dependent subjective probabilities on effects and a utility representation that is not necessarily linear in these probabilities (a probabilistic sophistication version of this model, with action-dependent subjective probabilities is obtained as a special case).
Optimal Robust Fixture Configuration Design Using Computer Experiment

A new FEA based design approach of optimal robust fixture configuration is proposed in this paper, which employs a surrogate model through computer experiment to significantly reduce the intensive computing effort involving numerous FEA system response evaluations. The effects of the fixture variability to the workpiece performance variability are assessed through an efficient robustness evaluation method, First Order Reliability Method (FORM), based on the surrogate computer model. Not restricted to primary datum surface, this new approach enables simultaneous determination of robust locator/clamp locations and clamping forces for a deformable workpiece and thus captures interaction between locating and clamping. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated though an application example. The results of robustness analysis reveal new information and suggest that the optimal solution resulted from deterministic optimization may not be the best solution when the design is subjected to variability.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Congenital Tracheal Stenosis: The Otolaryngologist's Perspective

Congenital tracheal stenosis is a rare congenital anomaly, with less than 70 reported cases in the literature. The presenting signs and symptoms of stridor, recurrent pneumonia, and respiratory distress are commonly seen in other conditions. The rarity of congenital tracheal stenosis and the diverse presentations make accurate early diagnosis difficult and frequently lead to inappropriate treatment. We treated three patients with congenital tracheal stenosis who presented with different sites of stenosis. Each patient displayed different symptoms and required individualized management. The treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis depends on identifying the site and extent of the stenosis. We reviewed the embryogenesis and treatment of this abnormality and developed a new classification system that will aid in the management of congenital tracheal stenosis. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;120:449-453)
Effects of titania on the coadsorption of H2 and CO on nickel surfaces: Consequences for understanding methanation over titania-supported nickel catalysts

Abstract The effects of titania adspecies on the coadsorption of CO and hydrogen on polycrystalline nickel were studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using temperature-programmed desorption. Titania blocks CO adsorption at strongly bound sites (desorption energies ~130 kJ · mol −1 ) and enhances CO adsorption at more weakly bound sites (desorption energies ~90 kJ · mol −1 ). In addition, the presence of titania on nickel increases the strength of hydrogen adsorption. This net weakening of CO adsorption and strengthening of hydrogen adsorption allows hydrogen to compete more effectively for nickel adsorption sites. Model calculations of this coadsorption behavior at temperatures and pressures representative of experimental methanation conditions (450–700 K and 0.1–10 kPa, respectively) showed that the measured changes in CO and hydrogen heats of adsorption on nickel should lead to a one to two order of magnitude increase in the H-adatom concentration for titania-containing surfaces. Assuming a mechanism wherein CO dissociation and carbon hydrogenation are balanced at steady state (neither step is rate limiting), this higher H-adatom coverage leads directly to a one to two order of magnitude higher methanation activity. Thus, the higher methanation activities of titania-supported nickel catalysts which exhibit so-called strong metal-support interactions can be understood in terms of more competitive hydrogen adsorption on the nickel surface.
Randomized clinical trials and recent patterns in the use of statins

Abstract Background Three landmark trials involving 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) were published between 1994 and 1996 (the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study [4S], the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study, and the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events trial). These trials provided evidence that lipid-lowering therapy decreases cardiovascular events, including mortality. Whether these recent data caused a shift toward statin use has not been evaluated. Methods Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey in 1980, 1981, 1985, and 1989 through 1998 were used. We analyzed 5053 visits by patients taking lipid-lowering medications to office-based physicians selected by stratified random sampling. The main outcome measure was use of specific lipid-lowering medications, including statins. Results In 1980 resins and niacin were the most commonly used lipid-lowering medications. By 1985 rising use of fibrates caused reductions in niacin use and resin use. By 1989 statins replaced fibrates as the most heavily used medications. Statin use climbed continuously thereafter, accounting for 90% of visits by patients treated for hypercholesterolemia in 1998. In time series analyses, increases in overall statin use were temporally unrelated to the publication of clinical trials, although the 4S trial may have contributed to a shift from older statins to simvastatin. For patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy in 1993 to 1998, statin use was significantly more likely for female patients, white patients, and patients visiting cardiologists. Conclusions Although the market for lipid-lowering medications is dominated by statins, the rise in statins predated the recent clinical trials supporting their use. (Am Heart J 2001;141:957-63.)
Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of asteroid pairs: No spectral variation suggests fission is followed by settling of dust

Abstract The fission of an asteroid due to fast rotation can expose sub-surface material that was never previously exposed to any space weathering process. We examine the spectral properties of asteroid pairs that were disrupted in the last 2 million years to examine whether the site of the fission can be revealed. We studied the possibility that the sub-surface material, perhaps on one hemisphere, has spectral characteristics differing from the original weathered surface. This was achieved by performing rotationally-resolved spectroscopic observations to look for local variations as the asteroid rotates. We spectrally observed 11 asteroids in pairs in the near-IR and visible wavelength range. Photometric observations were also conducted to derive the asteroid lightcurves and to determine the rotational phases of the spectral observations. We do not detect any rotational spectral variations within the signal-to-noise of our measurements, which allows us to tightly constrain the extent of any existing surface heterogeneity. For each observed spectrum of a longitudinal segment of our measured asteroids, we estimate the maximal size of an un-detected “spot” with a spectral signature different than the average. For five asteroids the maximal diameter of such a “spot” is smaller by a factor of two than the diameter of the secondary member of the asteroid. Therefore, the site of the fission is larger than any area with a unique spectral parameters. This means the site of the fission does not have a unique spectrum. In the case of an ordinary chondrite asteroid (S-complex), where the site of fission is expected to present non-weathered spectra, a lack of a fission “spot” (detectable spectroscopically) can be explained if the rotational-fission process is followed by the spread of dust that re-accumulates on the primary asteroid and covers it homogeneously. This is demonstrated for the young Asteroid 6070 that presents an Sq-type spectrum while its inner material, that is presumably revealed on the surface of its secondary member, 54827, has a non-weathered, Q-type spectrum. The spread of dust observed in the disintegration event of the Asteroid P/2013 R3, might be an example of such a process and an indication that P/2013 R3 was indeed formed in a rotational-fission event.
Classifying convex extremum problems over linear topologies having separation properties

Abstract It is shown that any convex or concave extremum problem possesses a subsidiary extremum problem which has certain homogeneous properties. Analogous to the given problem, the “homogenized” extremum problem seeks the minimum of a convex function or the maximum of a concave function over a convex domain. By using homogenized extremum problems, new relationships are developed between any given convex extremum problem (P) and a concave extremum problem (P∗) (also having a convex domain), called the “dual” problem of (P). This is achieved by combining all possibilities in tabular form of (1) the values of the extremum functions and (2) the nature of the convex domains including perturbations of all problems (P), (P∗), and each of their respective homogenized extremum problems. This detailed and refined classification is contrasted to the relationships obtainable by combining only the possible values of the extremum functions of the problems (P) and (P∗) and the possible limiting values of these functions stemming from perturbations of the convex constraint domains of (P) and (P∗), respectively. The extremum problems in this paper and classification results are set forth in real topologically paired vector spaces having the Hahn-Banach separation property.
Synthesis and characterization of phosphate-coated mesoporous titania and Cd-doping of same via ion-exchange

Abstract Phosphate-based mesoporous TiO2 materials were prepared by surfactant-directed method using an alkylphosphate surfactant, which produced a mesoporous titania with high surface area (∼200 m2/g) and a phosphate monolayer interface. Calcination of the as-synthesized greenbody in an ozone atmosphere generated materials with higher surface area, and higher purity, than did calcination in air. These interfacial phosphate groups are convenient functionality for chemically modifying the surface via ion-exchange processes. High doping ratios of P/Ti (0.47–0.69) and Cd/P (0.37–0.40) were observed. Materials were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and XPS.
Donor strand exchange and conformational changes during E. coli fimbrial formation

Fimbriae and pili are macromolecular structures on the surface of Gram negative bacteria that are important for cellular adhesion. A 2.7A resolution crystal structure of a complex of Escherichia coli fimbrial proteins containing FimH, FimG, FimF, and FimC provides the most complete model to date for the arrangement of subunits assembled in the native structure. The first three proteins form the tip of the fimbriae while FimC is the chaperone protein involved in the usher/chaperone assembly process. The subunits interact through donor strand complementation where a β-strand from a subunit completes the β-sandwich structure of the neighboring subunit or domain closer to the tip of the fimbria. The function of FimC is to provide a surrogate donor strand before delivery of each subunit to the FimD usher and the growing fimbria. Comparison of the subunits in this structure and their chaperone-bound complexes show that the two FimH domains change their relative orientation and position in forming the tip structure. Also, the non-chaperone subunits undergo a conformational change in their first β-strand when the chaperone is replaced by the native donor strand. Some residues move as much as 14A in the process. This structural shift has not been noted in structural studies of other bacterial adhesion sub-structures assembled via donor strand complementation. The domains undergo a significant structural change in the donor strand binding groove during fimbrial assembly, and this likely plays a role in determining the specificity of subunit-subunit interactions among the fimbrial proteins.
Thermodynamic investigation of the association of ethidium, propidium and bis-ethidium to DNA hairpins.

Abstract We have used a combination of calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques to investigate the association of the bis-intercalator ethidium homodimer (bis-ethidium) to short DNA hairpins with sequences: d(GCGCT 5 GCGC) and d(CGCGT 5 CGCG). The helix-coil transition of each hairpin, investigated by UV and calorimetric melting protocol, takes place in monomolecular two-state transitions with characteristic enthalpies of ∼37 kcal mol −1 for disrupting the four dG-dC base pairs of the hairpin stems. Deconvolution of the bis-ethidium-hairpin calorimetric titration curves indicate that each hairpin contains two distinct binding sites for the ligand: a high affinity site in the stem ( K b ∼10 7 ) that accommodates one bis-ethidium molecule and a lower affinity site ( K b ∼10 6 ) located probably at the loop that accommodates two bis-ethidium molecules. The overall stoichiometries of three ligands per hairpin are in agreement with those obtained in continuous variation experiments using visible spectroscopy. The interaction of bis-ethidium for each type of sites results in enthalpy driven reactions, with average binding enthalpies, ΔH b , of −13.1 and −12.1 kcal mol −1 for the stem and loop sites, respectively. Comparison to the thermodynamic profiles of ethidium and propidium binding reveals that the bis-ethidium binding to the stem site of each hairpin has a more favorable free energy term of −1.4 kcal mol −1 and more favorable enthalpy of −4.2 kcal mol −1 . These suggest that only one phenanthridine ring of bis-ethidium intercalates in the stem, while the second planar ring is exposed to solvent or weakly associated to the surface of DNA. The K b s for bis-ethidium binding to the loop sites are about two orders of magnitude larger than the mono-intercalators and correspond to a more favorable free energy of −2.0 kcal mol −1 . The enthalpies of binding are also more favorable for bis-ethidium by −2 to −4 kcal mol −1 . Overall, the magnitude of K b for each ligand, and for each site, is in qualitative agreement with the electrostatic contribution from the actual number of positive charges of the ligand. The increased favorable enthalpic contributions of bis-ethidium are consistent with larger hydrophobic contributions, while the increase in unfavorable entropy contributions are consistent with the higher ordering of bis-ethidium in the stem and loop sites.
High-Density Binary Recording Using Nonsaturation Techniques

Commercially available magnetic tape units have longitudinal recording densities of up to 2000 bits per inch, whereas analog instrumentation recorders are capable of recording up to 10,000 cycles per inch. These figures contrast with a theoretical recording density limitation for iron oxide of 250,000 bits per inch, and the reasons for this discrepancy are analyzed. Two experimental systems having recording densities of 5000 and 10,000 bits per inch using analog recording techniques are described, Conclusions drawn from these experiments indicate that a density of 20,000 bits per inch should be possible using commercially available analog tape recording machines. Experimental machines indicate the practicability of densities on the order of 100,000 to 200,000 bits per inch, depending on the method of recording used.
Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing two methods of securing skin grafts using negative pressure wound therapy: VAC and GSUC

Introduction Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) revolutionized complicated wound management and contributed a new modality for securing skin grafts. However, the industry standard in NPWT, the VAC device, has limited accessibility due to the cost of utilization. In the past decade, we accumulated experience using gauze sealed with an occlusive dressing and wall suction (GSUC) as our primary method for NPWT. We now report a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of GSUC versus VAC in securing skin grafts. Methods 81 wounds requiring split thickness skin grafts were prospectively enrolled from August 2009 to February 2011 and randomized to VAC or GSUC. Wounds were assessed 4 to 5 days postoperatively for adherence and re-evaluated 7-18 days postoperatively for graft take. Study failures and reoperative rates were reviewed. Results 42 wounds and 39 wounds were randomized to the GSUC and VAC study arms, respectively. Patient demographics were similar between groups. Wound size averaged 238 cm2 and received 4.39 days of NPWT. Skin graft take averaged 97.8% (p=0.03) for GSUC and 97.3% (p=0.04) for VAC. Reoperation was required for one wound in the VAC arm and three wounds in the GSUC arm. Two wounds were study failures due to loss of suction by the VAC system. Both wounds were salvaged by conversion to wall suction. Conclusions NPWT is a useful method for promoting adherence and healing of skin grafts. We demonstrate that a low cost, readily accessible system utilizing standard gauze dressings and wall suction (GSUC) results in comparable skin graft take to the VAC device.
Accumulator-based inexact matching using relational summaries

We are building a system that can rapidly determine the pose of a known object in an unknown view using a view class model of the object. The system inputs a three-dimensional CAD model; converts it to a three-dimensional vision model that contains the surfaces, edges, vertices, and topology of the object; and uses the vision model to determine the view classes or representative views of the object. In this paper we define therelational pyramid structure for describing the features in a particular view or view class of an object and thesummary structure that is used to summarize the relational information in the relational pyramid. We then describe an accumulator-based method for rapidly determining the view class(es) that best match an unknown view of an object.
K33-Linked Polyubiquitination of T Cell Receptor-ζ Regulates Proteolysis-Independent T Cell Signaling

Summary Tagging the cell surface receptor with ubiquitin is believed to provide a signal for the endocytic pathway. E3 ubiquitin ligases such as Cbl-b and Itch have been implicated in T cell activation and tolerance induction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We describe that in mice deficient in the E3 ubiquitin ligases Cbl-b and Itch, T cell activation was augmented, accompanied by spontaneous autoimmunity. The double-mutant T cells exhibited increased phosphorylation of the T cell receptor-ζ (TCR-ζ) chain, whereas the endocytosis and stability of the TCR complex were not affected. TCR-ζ was polyubiquitinated via a K33-linkage, which affected its phosphorylation and association with the ζ chain-associated protein kinase Zap-70. The juxtamembrane K54 residue in TCR-ζ was identified to be a primary ubiquitin conjugation site, whose mutation increased its phosphorylation and association of TCR-ζ and Zap-70. Thus, the present study reveals unconventional K33-linked polyubiquitination in nonproteolytic regulation of cell-surface-receptor-mediated signal transduction.
Lymphadenectomy with Robotic Cystectomy

It is now established that an experienced, dedicated robotic surgeon can perform a high quality extended template pelvic lymph node dissection at the time of robot-assisted radical cystectomy. The evidence for this conclusion can be seen in comparing absolute lymph node counts, percent positive lymph nodes, and oncologic outcomes from N1 patients. In this report, we outline the endpoints of study for this question, and report recent data on efforts to advance robot-assisted urinary diversion, cost-focused studies, and standardized complication reporting. These studies demonstrate maintenance of adequate lymph node dissections while advancing the goal of reducing morbidity for patients needing radical cystectomy for invasive disease.
An 8-Year Telephone Support Group for Home-Bound People with Multiple Sclerosis: Adapting Therapeutic Methods to Overcome Isolation and Immobility

This article explores the dynamics of a long-term telephone support group, over eight years, for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a progressive neurological disease that frequently affects mobility and engenders isolation. All of the participants in this group are physically disabled by their disease. The mobility challenges of this population led to the idea of using conference call technology as a treatment modality. Incorporating theory from neurobiology research, this article chronicles the implementation of the group and offers observations about the interplay between individual self-esteem, group participation, and the use of technology in mental health treatment.
Radical-type reactivity of the 1,3-dibora-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane-1,3-diyl.

Despite through-space and through-bond B−B interactions, the stable 1,3-bora-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane-1,3-diyl displays some radical-type behavior, as illustrated by the spontaneous formation of the trans 1,3-adduct with trimethyltin hydride and a B-spiro derivative with bromotrichloromethane.
Juvenile homicide: The need for an interdisciplinary approach

Most of the empirical literature on juvenile homicide has emerged from the clinical experience of mental health professionals who have diagnosed and/or treated youngsters who killed. After a critical review of this literature, data on 787 juvenile homicide offenders are presented and discussed. These data indicate that intrafamilial killings represent but a small fraction of all homicides perpetrated by juveniles and that there are clear differences between intrafamilial and extrafamilial juvenile homicides. Language: en
Microfinance Safety Net: Back to Basics

Malnutrition among families living in poorer communities has increased in the past two decades. Initiatives advocated by the World Bank include microfinance programs. Research attributing the success of these programs however, has mixed results. In this article we investigate how additional income provided by microfinance is associated with increased consumption of nondurables for households in rural villages in Bangladesh. For our purposes we compare consumption or money expensed on food, medicine, doctor fees, and smoking. Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) procedure was used to address multiple comparison issues among households. Our findings reinforce the importance of microfinance credit as a safety net. Access to additional income for poor villagers improves the consumption of basic needs as expected, regardless of how many loans are taken; consumption of “bads” remains virtually the same.
A Rapid Wire-loop Method for Determination of Lead in Paint by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple, rapid method is described for the determination of lead in paint. Lead is extracted from paint chips, or liquid paint, into an acidic aqueous solution. Ten microliters of sample solution is transferred onto a platinum-rhodium wire loop, and the solvent is evaporated by placing the loop in a small resistance heater. The loop then is introduced into a premixed acetylene-air flame, and lead absorption at 283.3 nm is measured. Physical and chemical parameters affecting the accuracy and precision of the method are discussed. Accurate determinations of lead are possible for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 μg/10 μl of solution. The wire loop method is adaptable to a simple screening method for analysis of paints in mobile or on-site laboratories.
Particle deposition due to turbulent diffusion in the upper respiratory system.

Aerosol deposition in the upper respiratory system (trachea to segmental bronchi) is considered and the importance of turbulent diffusion as a deposition mechanism is evaluated. It is demonstrated that for large particles (diameter greater than about 5 microns), turbulent diffusion is the dominant deposition mechanism in the trachea. Conditions under which turbulent diffusion may be important in successive generations of the pulmonary system are determined. The probability of particle deposition is compared with probabilities of deposition, as determined by the equations generally used in regional deposition models. The analysis is theoretical; no new experimental data is presented.
Macrophage- and Dendritic-Cell-Derived Interleukin-15 Receptor Alpha Supports Homeostasis of Distinct CD8+ T Cell Subsets

Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha) is a pleiotropically expressed molecule that chaperones and trans-presents IL-15 to NK and T cells. To investigate whether IL-15R alpha presented by different cells perform distinct physiological functions, we have generated four lines of mice lacking IL-15R alpha in various cell types. We find that IL-15R alpha expression on macrophages but not dendritic cells (DCs) supports the early transition of antigen specific effector CD8(+) T cells to memory cells. After memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation, IL-15R alpha expression on DCs selectively supports central memory CD8(+) T cells, whereas IL-15R alpha expression on macrophages supports both central and effector memory CD8(+) T cells. By contrast, mice lacking IL-15R alpha on macrophages, DCs, or both, exhibit equivalent defects in NK cell homeostasis and activation. These studies define unique roles for macrophage expression of IL-15R alpha and show that NK cells rely upon distinct IL-15R alpha dependent IL-15 signals than memory CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, they demonstrate the diversity, specification, and geographic restriction of cytokine signals.
The electrical and optical properties of n-type HgIn2Te4

The electronic and optical properties of n-type HgIn2Te4 crystals are investigated. Carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity are measured over the temperature range of 90 to 300 K. The room temperature carrier concentration is determined to be 1.5 × 1017 cm−3 with a mobility of 150 cm2/Vs. The ionization energy of the principle donor is determined to be 0.07 eV below the conduction band. The optical absorption coefficient is measured as a function of photon energy and indicates an indirect energy gap of 0.78 eV. Schottky barrier devices are formed on the material by evaporating gold as rectifying contact, and indium as an ohmic contact. Les characteristiques electroniques et optiques des cristaux HgIn2Te4 de type „n”ont ete examinees. La concentration et la mobilite des porteurs, et la resistivite ont ete measurees pour un intervalle de temperatures entre 90 et 300 K. On a determine que la concentration de porteurs a temperature ambiante est 1,5 × 1017 cm−3 avec une mobilite de 150 cm2/Vs. On a egalement determine que l'energie d'ionisation du doneur principal est 0,07 eV en dessous de la bande de conduction. Le coefficient d'absorption optique a ete mesure en fonction de l'energie et on en a deduit une bande d'energie interdite directe de 0,78 eV. Des barrieres de Schottky ont ete fabriquees sur ce materiau par evaporation d'or comme contact bloquant et d'indium comme contact ohmique.
Candida albicans Adds More Weight to Iron Regulation

The pathogen Candida albicans can occupy both the bloodstream and gastrointesintal (GI) tract, niches that differ in iron availability. Chen et al. report that a distinct transcription factor, Sef1, alters the conserved fungal iron regulatory paradigm. Sef1 is pivotal for bloodstream infection, but contributes to GI tract colonization as well.
Preons with exceptional hyperforce

Abstract A preon model with E (6) hyperforce leading to three families and no exotics is presented.
Temporal relationship between panic attack onset and phobic avoidance in agoraphobia

Abstract In a sample of 28 members of an agoraphobia self-help group, each patient reported a history of spontaneous panic attacks. The onset of panic attacks preceded the development of agoraphobic restrictions by an average of 9 yr, and 79% of the sample attributed the development of their agoraphobia to their experience of panics. These results provide the first empirical support for the hypothesis that agoraphobia is secondary to panic attacks.
The Knowledge Acquisition Grid: a method for training knowledge engineers

This paper describes the Knowledge Acquisition Grid, developed to assist knowledge engineers in the manual transfer of expertise. The Grid is used in a knowledge-acquisition module which itself is part of a larger program designed to train people in knowledge engineering techniques offered by Digital Equipment Corporation. The Grid describes a two-dimensional space in which five forms of expert knowledge and six basic types of interview questions constitute the horizontal and vertical dimensions respectively. Description of the rationale, dimensions, components, and strategy for use of the Grid in the knowledge-acquisition component of building an expert system is provided along with discussion of the need for greater attention in general to the social psychology of expert interviewing.
The abundances of the heavy elements

Abundance regularities for heavy nuclei (A>58) are investigated and formulated as abundance rules. Abundance values of carbonaceous chondrites of type 1 and 2 as well as most probable values for primordial abundances are listed. The abundance rules definitely require minor connections of the empirical values. A measurement of the (n, γ) cross-section of Pd104 would make possible to decide whether type-1 or type-2 carbonaceous chondrites have a more primitive elemental composition.
A novel image edge detection method using Linear Prediction

Traditionally, Linear Prediction is used to predict future values of a signal using past values. The goal is to minimize prediction errors. In this paper, we propose a novel method of utilizing prediction errors to extract edges of images. In this method, smooth prediction errors are minimized while steep changes (larger errors) are amplified. Therefore, when applied to image edge detection, edge information can be accurately extracted. The proposed method is compared with predominant methods such as Sobel and Canny methods. While there is no mathematical proof that the proposed method outperforms predominant methods, however, examples presented in this paper may suggest that the proposed method may perform better for certain applications.
CD74 interacts with APP and suppresses the production of Aβ

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by senile plaques, which are mainly composed of β amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Aβ is cleaved off from amyloid precursor protein (APP) with consecutive proteolytic processing by β-secretase and γ-secretase. Here, we show that CD74, the invariant chain of class II major histocompatibility complex, interacts with APP and serves as a negative regulator of Aβ. CD74 resembles other APP interacters such as BRI2 and BRI3, since all of them reduce the level of Aβ. However, unlike BRIs, CD74 does not reduce the secretion of sAPPα or sAPPβ. Interestingly, in HeLa cells, over expression of CD74 steers APP, but not Notch, to large vacuoles created by CD74. Taken together, we propose that CD74 inhibits Aβ production by interacting with and derailing normal trafficking of APP.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)-induced expression profile of mitochondria-related genes in the mouse liver

Abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the adverse effects of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) used to treat HIV-1 infections. To gain insight into the mechanism by which NRTIs alter mitochondrial function, the expression level of 542 genes associated with mitochondrial structure and functions was determined in the livers of p53 haplodeficient (+/−) C3B6F1 female mouse pups using mouse mitochondria-specific oligonucleotide microarray. The pups were transplacentally exposed to zidovudine (AZT) at 240 mg/kg bw/day or a combination of AZT and lamivudine (3TC) at 160 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, from gestation day 12 through 18, followed by continuous treatment by oral administration from postnatal day 1–28. In addition, AZT/3TC effect was investigated in wild-type (+/+) C3B6F1 female mice. The genotype did not significantly affect the gene expression profile induced by AZT/3TC treatment. However, the transcriptional level of several genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial tRNAs, fatty acid oxidation, steroid biosynthesis, and a few transport proteins were significantly altered in pups treated with AZT and AZT/3TC compared to their vehicle counterparts. Interestingly, AZT/3TC altered the expression level of 153 genes with false discovery rate of less than 0.05, in contrast to only 20 genes by AZT alone. These results suggest that NRTI-related effect on expression level of genes associated with mitochondrial functions was much greater in response to AZT/3TC combination treatment than AZT alone.
Simulation of geologic systems: an overview:

Systems philosophy provides the theoretical framework linking diverse applications of computer simulation. Natural systems and man-made systems may be regarded as end members of a spectrum of system types. Simula tion of man-made systems employs operations research techniques; the objectives of simulation are to optimize system design and to test the performance of models under differing parameter settings. Simulation of natural systems cannot readily utilize specialized simulation lan guages, as these are designed primarily for industrial and business applications. The objectives of simulating natu ral systems are normally to test alternative models and to see how they react under various conditions; the natural system itself cannot be changed (unless it is partly man- influenced)-only the model can.
[Fe(OEP•)(X)]+ π-Cation Radicals: Characterization and Spin−Spin Interactions

The preparation and characterization of the π-cation radical derivatives of [Fe(OEP)(X)] (X = Cl-, Br-) is reported. Three different derivatives have been prepared: [Fe(OEP•)(Cl)]ClO4, [Fe(OEP•)(C...
Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain

Urocortin (Ucn) 1, 2 and 3 are corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptides recently characterized in mammals. Urocortin 1 binds with high affinity to CRF type 1 (CRF1) and type 2 (CRF2) receptors while Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 are selective CRF2 ligands. They also have a distinct pattern of distribution, both in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, compatible with a role mediating, with CRF, the response to stress. In rats and mice, Ucn 1 injected centrally or peripherally inhibited gastric emptying and stimulated colonic propulsive motor function, mimicking the effects of stress or exogenous CRF. Centrally administered Ucn 2 inhibited gastric emptying with similar potency as CRF, while Ucn 1 and Ucn 3 were less potent. However, after peripheral administration, Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 were more potent than CRF. In mice, centrally administered Ucn 1 and 2 stimulated colonic motility with lower potency than CRF, and Ucn 3 was inactive. Studies with selective CRF1 and CRF2 antagonists demonstrated that the gastric-inhibitory and colonic-stimulatory effects of exogenously administered Ucns are mediated through CRF2 and CRF1 receptors, respectively. In addition, Ucn 2 showed visceral anti-nociceptive activity associated with the selective activation of CRF2 receptors. These observations suggest that, acting centrally and peripherally, Ucns might play a significant role in the modulation of gastrointestinal motor and pain responses during stress and stress-related pathophysiological conditions.
Immobilization of poly(ethylene oxide) on poly(ethylene terephthalate) using a plasma polymerization process

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been covalently immobilized on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films using a radio frequency glow discharge polymer deposition process, followed by chemical coupling. Amino or hydroxyl groups were introduced onto the surface of the PET by exposing the films to allylamine and allyl alcohol plasmas. These functional groups were activated with cyanuric chloride, and then they were reacted with PEO. ESCA and water contact angle studies were used to characterize the surfaces of these films during the different stages of the reaction. The films containing the higher molecular weight PEO exhibited an increase in the CO peak of the Cls ESCA spectrum and an increase in oxygen content on the film surfaces. Increasing the molecular weight of the PEO attached to the PET also resulted in an increased wettability of the films.
A neural network model of the eriksen task: Reduction, analysis, and data fitting

We analyze a neural network model of the Eriksen task: a two-alternative forced-choice task in which subjects must correctly identify a central stimulus and disregard flankers that may or may not be compatible with it. We linearize and decouple the model, deriving a reduced drift-diffusion process with variable drift rate that describes the accumulation of net evidence in favor of either alternative, and we use this to analytically describe how accuracy and response time data depend on model parameters. Such analyses both assist parameter tuning in network models and suggest explanations of changing drift rates in terms of attention. We compare our results with numerical simulations of the full nonlinear model and with empirical data and show good fits to both with fewer parameters.
Journal-Bearing Velocity Profiles for Small-Eccentricity and Moderate Modified Reynolds Numbers

Velocity profiles for infinite cylindrical journal bearing, using small eccentricity perturbation calculation and modified Reynolds number as parameter
HST/GHRS observations of the β pictoris system: Basic parameters and the age of the system

We have reevaluated the basic parameters and age of the A5 IV-V star, β Pictoris, making use of new observations obtained by the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and using modern methods of atmospheric modeling and spectral synthesis. We derive stellar parameters appropriate to its spectral type (Teff = 8200 ± 150 K, log g = 4.25 ± 0.1) including a normal (solar) metallicity. When dated by comparison with current evolutionary tracks, we find that (1) the star is apparently "underluminous"—a situation we attribute to (gray) extinction by the disk—and (2) the star is either a pre-main-sequence (PMS) star nearing the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS), or it is a main-sequence star older than 0.3 Gyr. Given the apparent youth of the disk as inferred from its high density, we judge the PMS interpretation as most likely.
Management of lower pole renal calculi: shock wave lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus flexible ureteroscopy

Current ureteroscopic intracorporeal lithotripsy devices and stone retrieval technology allow for the treatment of calculi located throughout the intra-renal collecting system. Difficulty accessing lower pole calculi, especially when the holmium laser fiber is utilized, is often encountered. Herein we review our experience where lower pole renal calculi were ureteroscopically managed by holmium laser fragmentation, either in situ, or by first displacing the stone into a less dependent position with the aid of a nitinol stone retrieval device. Lower pole stones less than 20 mm can be primarily treated by ureteroscopic means in patients: that are obese; have a bleeding diathesis; with stones resistant to shockwave lithotripsy (SWL); with complicated intra-renal anatomy; or as a salvage procedure after failed SWL. Lower pole calculi are fragmented with a 200 μm holmium laser fiber via a 7.5 F flexible ureteroscope. For those patients where the laser fiber reduced ureteroscopic deflection, precluding re-entry into the lower pole calyx, a 1.9 F nitinol basket is used to displace the lower pole calculus into a more favorable position, thus allowing for easier fragmentation. A nitinol device passed into the lower pole, through the ureteroscope, for stone displacement cause only a minimal loss of deflection and no significant impact on irrigation. Eighty-five percent of patients were stone free by IVP or CT scan performed at 3 months. Ureteroscopic management of lower pole calculi is a reasonable alternative to SWL or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in patients with low volume stone disease. If the stone cannot be fragmented in situ, nitinol basket or grasper retrieval, through a fully deflected ureteroscope, allows for repositioning of the stone into a less dependant position, thus facilitating stone fragmentation.
Understanding Advanced Modes of Mechanical Ventilation

Approaches to mechanical ventilation (MV) are consistently changing and the level of ventilator sophistication provides opportunities to improve pulmonary support for critically ill patients. Advanced MV modes are used in the treatment of patients with complex pulmonary conditions. To achieve optimal patient outcomes MV modes that best meet the needs of patient's evolving pulmonary conditions are necessary. It's essential for nurses to integrate pulmonary MV knowledge in the care of critically ill patients. The purpose of this article is to describe the evidence supporting lung protective modes of MV used in the care of critically ill adults.
Nonlinear Optical Signatures of Core and Ligand Electronic States in Au24PdL18

The electronic structure and relaxation dynamics of a bimetallic monolayer-protected cluster, Au24Pd(SCH2CH2Ph)18, are investigated with steady-state and femtosecond optical spectroscopies. The central issue examined here is the localization of electronic states to the cluster’s M13 core and six M2(SCH2CH2Ph)3 semiring moieties (i.e., M is Au or Pd). Photoluminescence spectra support the existence of ligand-localized electronic states by showing that Au24Pd(SCH2CH2Ph)18 conforms to the trend of size-independent emission frequencies previously established for monolayer-protected clusters ranging in size from 11 to ∼201 Au atoms. In addition, transient grating measurements find a separation in time scales for electronic relaxation within the M13 core (<50 fs) and core-to-ligand internal conversion (500 fs). Results are discussed in the context of a closely related system, Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18−, for which similar dynamics are observed. These nonlinear optical signatures of localized electronic states provide ph...
Performance Durability of Polyaniline-derived Non-precious Cathode Catalysts

This research has focused on performance durability of the newly-developed polyaniline (PANI)-derived non-precious metal cathode catalysts. These catalysts show high oxygen-reduction activity in electrochemical and fuel cell testing, reflected by the onset and half-wave (E1/2) potentials of oxygen reduction in RDE testing of 0.90 V and 0.77 V, respectively. Best-performing catalysts also exhibit insignificant H2O2 yield of less than 1%. Catalyst performance in fuel cell testing strongly depends on the choice of nitrogen precursors, transition metals used, and carbon supports. As expected, catalyst stability is affected by the operating voltage of the fuel cell, with more stable performance observed at low operating voltage and open cell voltage, than at intermediate voltages. Physical and electrochemical characterization of the catalysts, also in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, has been carried out to provide insight into the origin of possible degradation mechanisms.
An Experimental Study on the Relationship Between Velocity Fluctuations and Heat Transfer in a Turbulent Air Flow

The work presented here is the first reported study to test the general correlation for turbulent heat transfer proposed by Maciejewski and Anderson (1996). A turbulent pipe flow apparatus was built for heat transfer and fluid studies. Tests were performed for a range of Reynolds numbers from 27,000 to 90,000. The heated wall temperature, adiabatic temperature, the wall heat flux, and the maximum velocity fluctuations were measured at each Reynolds number. The nondimensional groups recommended by Maciejewski and Anderson were formed and compared to the correlation. The results verify the correlation with agreement to within ±7 percent (as per Fig. 11). This study has important implications for the study of heat transfer in a wide range of fields, including the gas turbine industry. The development of a geometry independent correlation will lead to faster turn-around times and improved engine design.
Scanning electron microscopy of retinoblastoma.

Abstract The surface morphology of two continuous cell lines of human retinoblastoma (Y79 and WERI-Rbl) and freshly removed retinoblastoma were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Commonly observed surface features included microvilli, lamellipodia, filopodia, and zeiotic blebs. A close similarity was seen between the surface morphology of established cell lines of retinoblastoma and that of fresh tumor. Smooth, sphere-like cells were present in both cultured and fresh retinoblastoma. Samples of cultured retinoblastoma cells showed rosettes on light and transmission electron microscopy and the scanning electron microscopic counterparts were observed. The surface characteristics of retinoblastoma were compared to human neuroblastoma and human medulloblastoma grown in tissue culture. Some distinctions in the characteristics were found. No rosettes were seen and the smooth, sphere-like cells were absent. Scanning electron microscopy can be a useful adjunct to light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the differential diagnosis of small undifferentiated round cell tumors.
The significance of the political: individuality and public happiness

The paper argues that individualist (liberal and conservative) views of the individual and the state are contradictory in regard to each and to the relation between them. In failing to give substantial content to the individual and to the state, they make the former a nonentity, and the latter either unlimited or nonexistent. By contrast, the view of plural individuality, according to which individuals are constituted through relations with one another, offers an adequate account of the individual in which the political plays a substantial role especially through the necessity of public happiness.