cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Biological Measures in Social Research on Drug Misuse

This chapter focuses on the use of biological measures for assessing illicit drugs, such as cocaine, marijuana, opiates, amphetamines, as well as for assessing legal drugs with high potential for abuse in “field” studies. Field studies are defined as those that are done in real-life settings. An overview of the major biological tests is provided. Studies employing biomarkers are classified into two broad categories: validity and prevalence studies. This review focuses less on the technological assessment of alternative methods than it does on the implementation and use of those methods. Overall, biomarker assessment is found to be applicable in a wide variety of settings and populations. Implementation concerns focus primarily on the potential of refusal present as well as requirements for separate sets of toxicological analyses. Implementation of stand-alone biomarker studies needs to be informed by knowledge of the sample and sampling process to be useful in community-based studies. Despite recent research on the development of biomarkers for heavy alcohol use, this review is limited to nonalcohol substances.
Effects of barefoot trimming and shoeing on the joints of the lower forelimb and hoof morphology of mature horses

Twelve mature American Quarter Horses (450–572 kg) were used in a switchback design for a 140-d trial to determine the effects of shoeing on joints of the forelimb and digital cushion depth. The study consisted of 3 phases: d 0 to 42, horses were barefoot trimmed; d 49 to 91, horses were shod (SD) on the forehand with standard St. Croix plain lite shoes; d 98 to 140, horses received another barefoot trim. Horses were exercised 3 times per wk on a linear dirt track. Measurements and blood samples were obtained every 21 d following exercise. Joint circumference was measured using a soft tape measure. Serum was harvested, and prostaglandin E2 was analyzed by ELISA. Digital cushion depth was measured ultrasonically through the superficial frog. Stride lengths were measured at a walk and trot using gait analysis software. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Mean stride lengths at the walk (P < 0.05) and trot (P < 0.01) and carpal joint circumference (P < 0.01) were greater in the SD phase than the barefoot phases. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.47) of d or treatment on digital cushion depth; however, on d 42 of each of the phases, mean digital cushion depth was greater (P < 0.01) in the barefoot phases compared with the SD phase. These data indicate that a shod foredigit may cause changes in hoof morphology due to alterations in lower limb movement and hoof load dispersion, which could increase the incidence of lameness over time.
Association of plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids with body mass index: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Previous research has focused on associations between dietary fat and body mass index (BMI), but the contributions of different types of fat to BMI remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to estimate whether plasma phospholipid omega-3 (n−3), omega-6 (n−6) or trans fatty acids are associated with BMI at baseline and with subsequent BMI changes over time; and whether total phospholipid n−6 or trans fatty acids modify any association between phospholipid n−3 and BMI. Cross-sectional and longitudinal linear mixed models include 6243 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Participants were 45−84 years old, had no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (2000−2002) and were followed for up to 10 years. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured using fasting plasma samples at baseline. Fully adjusted models include demographics, health behaviors and other fatty acids (n−3, n−6 and trans) as appropriate. In fully adjusted models, phospholipid n−3 fatty acid levels were inversely associated with baseline BMI (Ptrend <0.001). Baseline BMI was 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71, 1.57) kg m–2 lower among participants with total n−3 values in the highest vs the lowest quartiles, but was not associated with changes in BMI. Total phospholipid n−6 was positively associated with baseline BMI in partially adjusted but not fully adjusted models. No overall association was observed between fatty acid levels and changes in BMI. No clear association was observed between trans fatty acids and baseline BMI or BMI change. No effect modification in the association between phospholipid n−3 and baseline BMI or BMI change was observed by either phospholipid n−6 or trans fatty acids. Phospholipid total and specific n−3 fatty acid levels were inversely associated with BMI at baseline, whereas associations tended to be positive for total n−6 fatty acids. Significant associations between fatty acid levels and BMI changes were not observed.
The relation between media multitasking, intensity of use, and well-being in a sample of ethnically diverse emerging adults

Abstract There is substantial evidence that media multitasking and intense digital media use may be associated with poor psychological well-being among youth. At the same time the evidence about these associations is inconsistent, and it appears that youth characteristics such as social anxiety and narcissism may play a moderating role in the relation between aspects of digital media use and well-being. This study examined media multitasking and intensity of technology use as predictors of affect and self-esteem as well as the moderating role of social anxiety and narcissism in the relation between multitasking, intensity of use and affect and self-esteem. Data were collected via a cross-sectional study of ethnically diverse emerging adults. The results showed that a higher percent of time spent media multitasking predicted lower self-esteem and higher negative affect. Significant interaction effects were found between multitasking and social anxiety on self-esteem and between multitasking and narcissism on positive affect. That is, at high levels of social anxiety, individuals with high levels of multitasking reported higher self-esteem than those with low levels of multitasking. Moreover, at high levels of narcissism those with high levels of multitasking reported increased positive affect when compared to those with low levels of multitasking. Our findings suggest that intense digital media use may be problematic for some youth's psychological well-being, but also beneficial for other youth.
Quadratic Time-Frequency Representations

In this chapter we present some of the highlights from the theory of the Wigner distribution and other quadratic time-frequency representations. Such time-frequency representations were investigated early in quantum mechanics by E. Wigner [253] with the goal of finding joint probability distributions for the position and momentum variables. In signal analysis they were first introduced by E. Ville [245] for the description of stochastic signals. Later quadratic time-frequency representations became immensely popular in engineering through a series of influential articles by Claasen and Mecklenbrauker [45–47]. They became an essential tool in signal analysis, and the Wigner distribution in particular was believed to be the ideal mathematical description of the time-frequency behavior of signals. However, the non-linearity of these time-frequency representations makes the numerical treatment of signals difficult and often impractical. Owing to the recent boom of fast numerical algorithms in wavelet theory and in time-frequency analysis, quadratic time-frequency representations seem to have lost some of their importance in applications. They remain a beautiful and fascinating mathematical object, and understanding the Wigner distribution is vital for the analysis of pseudodifferential operators in Chapter 14.
Redefining Safe Streets through a New Child Pedestrian Demand/Exposure Model (breakout presentation)

Background Child pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road user types due to physical and developmental disadvantages and a lack of a protective covering from a vehicle. This combination of vulnerabilities results in poor safety outcomes. However, there are two types of locations in which child pedestrians are unsafe: (1) those locations that are unsafe as evidenced by a prevalence of crashes and (2) those locations that are so unsafe that there are no pedestrians using them, and therefore no crashes. In order to understand if an area is truly safe, or if it is so unsafe that it is being underutilized, we need to know where trips are occurring and also where they are being held back. Aim The purpose of this work is to create a model that accounts for both child pedestrian exposure and child pedestrian demand that remains latent. Currently, a lack of adequate pedestrian exposure modeling precludes our ability to improve safety outcomes, because a problem that cannot be correctly identified and defined cannot be solved. Method The multilevel spatial model utilizes population as a base, socioeconomics, demographics, crime, and land use as a secondary-tier, and pedestrian infrastructure as a third-tier. This spatial syntax enhancement is implemented through GIS while being checked and calibrated against real-world safety conditions. Once calibrated with child pedestrian crashes, injuries, and fatalities, this tool becomes a powerful predictor of poor safety outcomes and a holistic identifier of problem areas in our cities. Results By accounting for both exposure and latent demand, we can now successfully determine if a location is truly safe for pedestrians, truly unsafe, or so unsafe that it appears to be safe. Conclusions Practitioners and researchers alike can use this tool to enhance safety for varying populations. By better understanding where safety issues persist in our urban transportation systems, we can then work towards solving those issues, thereby enhancing safety for some of the most vulnerable road users.
Polymer based resonant waveguide grating photonic filter with on-chip thermal tuning

Abstract In this paper, we present the development of a multilayer polymer resonant waveguide grating (RWG)-based optical filter with an integrated microheater for on-chip thermal spectral tuning. RWG optical filter is fabricated using polymer-based materials. Therefore, its integration can be applied to different material platforms. Typical RWG structure is sensitive to back optical reflection from the structures below. To reduce the effect of back reflection from the metal heater and improve the quality of the integrated RWG filter output, an intermediate absorption layer was implemented utilizing an epoxy based carbon coating. This approach effectively suppresses the background noise in the RWG characteristics. The central wavelength of the reported filter was designed around 1550 nm. Experimentally, wavelength tuning of 21.96 nm was achieved for operating temperature range of 81 °C with approximately 150mW power consumption. Based on the layer-by-layer fabrication approach, the presented thermally tunable RWG filter on a chip has potential for use in low cost hybrid communication systems and spectral sensing applications.
Computing discourse information with statistical methods

This dissertation research involves implementing a computer system that, given a natural language dialogue, will automatically tag each utterance with a discourse label (a concise abstraction of the intentional function of the speaker) and a discourse pointer (a focusing mechanism that represents the dialogue context in which an utterance is to be understood). (Samuel 1996) Since the discourse label of an utterance is dependent on the surrounding dialogue, tagging utterances with discourse labels is similar to the part-of-speech (PoS) tagging problem in syntax. Within the domain of PoS tagging, extensive experimental research has shown that statistical learning algorithms are among the most successful. I will investigate two methods that have been effective in PoS tagging: Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) (Ch arniak 1993) and TransformationBased Learning (TBL) (Brill 1995). Unlike these PoS taggers, which determine a word’s tag based on the surrounding words (within a fixed window size), a discourse-tagging system must use the surrounding utterances as input. Thus, the sparse data problem is much more severe for the discourse tagger, since the number of possible utterances is infinite. To alleviate this problem, rather than directly processing each utterance verbatim (which would probably bombard the system with a great deal of extraneous information that is not relevant to the task at hand), I have identified a small set of features that can be extracted from each utterance to provide the relevant information to the learning algorithm. Since HMMs and TBL deal with contiguous sequences of discourse labels, they are unable to take focus shifts into consideration. But it is crucial to account for the focus shifts that frequently occur in discourse. I have proposed a solution to this problem for both algorithms. For HMMs, this involves modifying the Markov assumption slightly, while still retaining the linear-time efficiency of the HMMs approach. With TBL, the solution is more straightforward.
Ulcera peptica perforata

Grazie ai moderni ed efficaci farmaci antiulcera, l’incidenza dell’ulcera peptica perforata e diminuita in maniera drastica, ma non ovunque. L’ulcera perforata e ancora frequente nei paesi socio-economicamente svantaggiati o nelle popolazioni con un alto grado di stress. Di solito la perforazione si verifica su un background di ulcera cronica sintomatica, ma non e raro un esordio ex-novo senza storia pregressa. Nei paesi occidentali le ulcere duodenali (UD) perforate sono piu frequenti di quelle gastriche (UG), che insorgono piu facilmente nei gruppi socio-economici piu bassi.
Impact of timing of administration of bone supportive therapy on pain palliation from radium-223.

5023Background: Skeletal-related events (SREs) drive morbidity in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In the ALSYMPCA study, Radium-223 (Ra223) was found to palli...
Motivations of faculty engagement in internationalization: An agenda for future research

The field of international and comparative education continues to evolve and grow in new and exciting directions. A substantial amount of research exists pertaining to institutional rationales of internationalization. However, little empirical research has focused on why academics engage in activities with international dimensions, especially when this work is not recognized and rewarded in tenure and promotion decisions. This contribution, based on the findings of a larger study, examines motivations of faculty engagement in internationalization and suggests an agenda for future researc h
It shouldn’t be this hard: Systemic, situational, and intrapersonal barriers to exiting homelessness among homeless young adults:

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore homeless young adults’ perceptions of the systemic, situational, and intrapersonal barriers they encounter across multiple systems in trying to ...
Risk Model Development and Validation for Prediction of Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Kawasaki Disease in a North American Population.

Background Accurate prediction of coronary artery aneurysms ( CAAs ) in patients with Kawasaki disease remains challenging in North American cohorts. We sought to develop and validate a risk model for CAA prediction. Methods and Results A binary outcome of CAA was defined as left anterior descending or right coronary artery Z score ≥2.5 at 2 to 8 weeks after fever onset in a development cohort (n=903) and a validation cohort (n=185) of patients with Kawasaki disease. Associations of baseline clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables with later CAA were assessed in the development cohort using logistic regression. Discrimination (c statistic) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow) of the final model were evaluated. A practical risk score assigning points to each variable in the final model was created based on model coefficients from the development cohort. Predictors of CAAs at 2 to 8 weeks were baseline Z score of left anterior descending or right coronary artery ≥2.0, age 40-fold greater in the validation cohort (odds ratio, 44.0; 95% CI, 10.8-180 [ P<0.001]). Conclusions Our risk model for CAA in Kawasaki disease consisting of baseline demographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables had excellent predictive utility and should undergo prospective testing.
Social Position or School Participation? Access and Mobilization of Social Capital in a School-Based Network:

Through school-based networks, parents obtain information, practical help, and other resources. Because networks vary by size and structure, access to these resources is uneven. What accounts for d...
Uprooting Narratives: Legacies of Colonialism in the Neoliberal University

Two intertwined stories evince the influence of colonialism on Western universities. The first story centers on a conflict about wild rice research between the Anishinaabe people and the University of Minnesota. Underlying this conflict is a genetic notion of biological identity that facilitates the commodification of wild rice. This notion of identity is inextricably linked to agricultural control and expansion. The second story addresses the foundation of Western universities on the goals of civilization and capitalist productivity. These norms persist even in diversity efforts through a focus on individualized notions of difference rather than socially contextualized and politically significant identities. The tendency to produce both knowledge and knowers as commodities results in the alienation, individuation, and abstraction of objects of research and researchers themselves. Decolonial change demands that we learn the specific histories of our universities and disciplines, break disciplinary boundaries, and contest commodification in knowledge production.
Laryngeal Diversion Procedures

Laryngeal diversion procedures are used for patients with intractable aspiration. These surgeries include laryngotracheal separation (LTS) and tracheoesophageal diversion (TED). Both procedures are potentially reversible and offer an alternative to a near-field laryngectomy (NFL).
Harnessing the Potential of CRISPR-based Platforms to Advance the Field of Hospital Medicine

Introduction: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are segments of nucleic acid that play a role in prokaryotic defense and form the basis of a genome editing technolo...
Imagining Accessibility: Theorizing Disability in Disabled People Destroy Science Fiction

With its emphasis on futurity, its close association with scientific plausibility, and its dedicated interrogation of contemporary ideologies, science fiction stands as a genre ripe with possibilities for disability studies. Many scholars have used the genre and its texts as platforms from which to either condemn or laud representations of disability within a field explicitly concerned with a society's future. My essay contributes to this discussion by foregrounding a science fiction text to theorize what a disabled future looks like. I take as my primary text a selection of short fiction from Uncanny Magazine, an online magazine that published a disability-themed issue Disabled People Destroy Science Fiction in 2018. The stories contained are penned exclusively by authors that identify as disabled; their visions of a disabled future, then, emerge from the contemporary experience of the disabled community. In addition to centering themselves in the discourse, these writers envision a disabled future as one that emphasizes community and frequently critiques and interrogates the costs, emotional and physical, inherent in the medical model of disability, announcing that a truly disabled future is one that features rather than erases the disabled mind and body. Running with the banner of destroying SF, these writers challenge the conventional, harmful tropes that SF has perpetuated and erects in its place an inclusive, intersectional, and disabled future.
Automated Identification of Adults at Risk for In-Hospital Clinical Deterioration.

Abstract Background Hospitalized adults whose condition deteriorates while they are in wards (outside the intensive care unit [ICU]) have considerable morbidity and mortality. Early identification ...
Research on teacher identity: mapping challenges and innovations: edited by Paul A. Schutz, Dionne Cross Francis, and Ji Hong, Cham, Switzerland, 2018, 251 pp., $99.99, ISBN: 978-3319938356

In recent decades, research on teacher identity has burgeoned exponentially globally. Academics have examined the complexity of teacher identity from a broad array of perspectives, such as transfor...
6.6 Full-Duplex Receiver with Wideband Multi-Domain FIR Cancellation Based on Stacked-Capacitor, N-Path Switched-Capacitor Delay Lines Achieving >54dB SIC Across 80MHz BW and >15dBm TX Power-Handling

Full-duplex (FD) transceivers remain a significant challenge as they require $\gt 100$ dB of cancellation of high levels of self-interference (SI), recreation of large SI channel delay spreads, and real-time canceler adaptation. SI cancelers based on frequency-domain equalization (FDE) [1], [2] demand multiple widely-tunable power-hungry high-Q filters, while those based on FIR-based time-domain equalization (TDE) [3] –[5] require large delays with fine resolution (see Fig. 6.6.1 for a system simulation based on the isolation profile of an SI channel, where the TX-RX leakage spreads across several 10s of nanoseconds). Additionally, supporting realistic antenna interface isolations of $\sim20$ dB requires a low-loss canceler and stresses canceler noise and linearity [6]. This work introduces - (i) an N-path switched-capacitor (SC) delay-line with stacked-capacitor voltage gain while enabling nearly ten nanoseconds of RF true-time delay across a large BW (DC to 1GHz), (ii) a new LNTA canceler where the FIR weighting, summation, and output buffer of the canceler is absorbed into the LNTA, and (iii) a closed-loop adaptation algorithm leveraging analytical modeling of tap non-idealities that reduces the computational complexity and data storage. Leveraging a 16-tap RF canceler operating across DC to 1GHz with delays ranging from 0.25ps to 8ns $(8 \times$ compared to [5] and $40 \times$ compared to [4]) and a complex-weighted 8-tap BB canceler with delays ranging from 10ns to 85ns, the FD receiver achieves (i) tunable operation across 200MHz to 1GHz, (ii) wideband SI suppression of up to 65dB (54dB) across 40MHz (80MHz), when operating at 800MHz (13dB higher than [5] while achieving $2 \times$ cancellation BW), with (iii) modest NF degradation of 0.8dB (2.8dB) for the low-power mode (high-power mode), while (iv) handling TX power of up to +15 dBm (6dB higher than [5]) across an initial circulator isolation of only 23dB (11 to 18dB better than [1] –[4]).
Reactions to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for the management of adolescent obesity: A multi-informant qualitative approach.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has set forth recommendations for clinicians to screen youth (6-18 years) for obesity. Those identified should be referred to comprehensive weight management programs consisting of at least 26 contact hours and focus on multiple targets of behaviour (ie, diet, physical activity, behaviour change). However, these recommendations are primarily based upon outcomes from randomized controlled trials and the feasibility of meeting these guidelines for adolescents in a clinical setting is unknown. The present study employed a multi-informant qualitative approach with adolescents, parents, and physicians, to identify and understand multiple perspectives on the feasibility and acceptability of implementing the USPSTF guidelines. In-depth interviews with seven adolescents, seven parents, and four physicians were analysed. Generally, participants viewed the guidelines positively but identified changes that may be necessary to increase the feasibility of adolescents engaging in programs that meet these guidelines. Participants also noted the importance of flexibility within programs, indicating that it would be difficult for many adolescents to participate in a program that was not tailored to their needs and resources. Future research should focus on adapting clinical weight management programs to meet both USPSTF guidelines and the needs of adolescents and their families.
Novel mechanisms of microbial crosstalk with skin innate immunity

Skin is an organ with a dynamic ecosystem that harbours pathogenic and commensal microbes, which constantly communicate amongst each other and with the host immune system. Evolutionarily, skin and its microbiota have evolved to remain in homeostasis. However, frequently this homeostatic relationship is disturbed by a variety of factors such as environmental stress, diet, genetic mutations, and the microbiome itself. Commensal microbes also play a major role in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis. In addition to their ability to limit pathogens, many skin commensals such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes have recently been implicated in disease pathogenesis either by directly modulating the host immune components or by supporting the expansion of other pathogenic microbes. Likewise, opportunistic skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus lugdunensis are able to breach the skin and cause disease. Though much has been established about the microbiota's function in skin immunity, we are in a time where newer mechanistic insights rapidly redefine our understanding of the host/microbial interface in the skin. In this review, we provide a concise summary of recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between host defense strategies and the skin microbiota.
Woodland Site Near Williston, North Dakota

The purpose of this note is to present full descriptive data on a ceramic site in northwestern North Dakota which has been briefly described by Will and Hecker (l9kh, pp. 116-117). According to these writers, Site 32MZ2 is situated on a flat-topped promontory about 2.5 miles southwest of the town of Williston, on the south side of the Missouri River, in McKenzie County. The legal descrip tion is the NE-l/U SE-l/U Sec. 10, T153N, R10W. The promontory is covered with bone to a depth of l6 or 18 inches from the surface, and deep layers of ash, bone, and flint chips are covered with a layer of clay. The artifacts from the site, in the collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, include pot tery, chipped and ground stone and fragmentary bison bones.
Archons and Strategoi

Athenian history in the fifth century B.C. has, on the whole, become a battlefield where only the trained hoplite ran compete. By contrast, the period from Cleisthenes down to 480 is one where the mere peltast still has an honest chance. There are—at least in internal history—practically no facts known, and ingenuity and imagination have been limited only by what the audience has been ready to believe. These limits have traditionally been generous. And the state of affairs has tended to permit and even to encourage what philosophers call the ‘conspiracy theory’ of history. This, of course, has many aspects; but the one that interests us here may be formulated as follows: ‘All historical events happen because someone planned that they should happen; and all historical events happen just as someone planned that they should happen, unless they are upset by the counter-plans of someone else. It is the duty of the historian to elucidate these plans and counter-plans, and in doing so he is explaining the events.’ Students of ancient history have always tended to adhere to this theory, perhaps because they are exceptionally rational people, or perhaps because most of them, in the past, grew up in an atmosphere like that of The Masters, where this theory can most profitably be applied. But in any case: the fewer the attested facts, the easier—and the more tempting—to combine them all in a grand design, successful or (at the worst) frustrated. And nowhere do these conditions more obviously obtain than in the period I have mentioned. The plans and counter-plans of Cleisthenes, Miltiades, Aristides and Themistocles fill the pages of our standard works with such exciting goings-on that the student ceases to be receptive to the still, small voice recalling him to the extent of our evidence. It is the purpose of this paper to examine one very small item of evidence, well known to us all, and to make as little as possible of it.
Biosynthesis of -tyrosine.

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme: tyrosine α,β-amino mutase was isolated from cells of Bacillus brevis Vm4. 2. 2. Tyrosine α,β-amino mutase forms β-tyrosine from L -α-tyrosine. 3. 3. The optimal conditions for the reaction are at pH 8.5 and 37°C. 4. 4. ATP is the only cofactor required for the enzyme activity. 5. 5. Tyrosine α,β-amino mutase is inhibited by compounds possessing α-keto groups and by carbonyl group binding agents. 6. 6. The enzyme was purified 125-fold by Sephadex G-200 fractionation and subsequent electrofocusing. 7. 7. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 75000 and an isoelectric point of 4.6.
Rational Herds: Economic Models of Social Learning

Penguins jumping off a cliff, economic forecasters and financial advisors speculating against a currency, and farmers using traditional methods in India are all practising social learning. Such learning from the behavior of others may and does lead to herds, crashes, and booms. These issues have become, over the last ten years, an exciting field of research in theoretical and applied economics, finance, and in other social sciences. This book provides both an informal introduction and in-depth insights into the subject. Each chapter is devoted to a separate issue: individuals learn from the observations of actions, the outcomes of these actions, and from what others say. They may delay or make an immediate decision; they may compete against others or gain from cooperation; they make decisions about investment, crop choices, and financial investments. The book highlights the similarities and the differences between the various cases.
Composition of the reconstructed α-SiC(0001̄) surface

Abstract Self-consistent total energy quantum chemical (AM1) calculations were performed on clusters modelling unreconstructed as well as ( 3 × 3 )R30° reconstructed α-SiC(0001) surfaces. In order to preserve the partially ionic nature of the bonds terminating the clusters in bulk-like positions, the investigated clusters were saturated by two different types of hydrogen-like pseudoatoms. The approach was first tested on the clusters modelling the bulk and then it was applied to model the surface. Calculated surface energies clearly favour the Si adatom terminated ( ( 3 × 3 )R30° reconstructed surface with the Si atoms directly under adatoms (second layer in the unreconstructed surface) substituted by carbon. The mechanism which favours this particular composition is also discussed
Abstract 2781: Elimination of PanIn2/3 in a GEMM for pancreatic cancer with disrupted p16 and activated Kras

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA When treated with clinically achievable concentrations of arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid and antabuse (disulfiram) (AAA), we found that four human pancreatic cancer cell lines underwent robust cell death associated with ATP decline and ROS accumulation. In these cells, early apoptosis shifted to aponecrosis, and was dependent on VDAC since shRNA antagonistic to VDAC-1 abrogated the ROS accumulation and blocked cell death. In this study, assessment of AAA was performed in Pdx1-Cre transgenic mice with a conditional p16 knockout (p16flox/flox), and oncogenic KrasG12D. The KrasG12D, p16flox/flox; LSL-KrasG12D; Pdx1-Cre mice develop a full spectrum of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), and frequent metastases. Eight week old mice were treated for 8 weeks, 3 times/week with AAA, sacrificed, and assessed for the development of pancreatic cancer. Little or no toxicity was observed in the AAA-treated mice. The development of frank pancreatic tumors was decreased from 37% in controls to 0% in AAA-treated mice. The mean number of PanIN 3 lesions/mouse declined from 14.2 in controls to 1.6 in AAA-treated mice (p=0.004); the mean number of PanIN 2 lesions declined from 5.8 in controls to 1.7 in AAA-treated mice (p=0.029), and the mean number of PanIN 1 lesions in control mice was 14.2 and in AAA-treated mice was 16.0 (p=0.82), indicating no difference in PanIN 1 occurrence between control and AAA-treated mice. The data also suggests that PanIN 2 and PanIN 3 lesions are killed after exposure to AAA, since mice prior to treatment had high levels of PanIN 2 (8.1 lesions/mouse) and PanIN 3 (11.4 lesions/mouse), similar to controls at 4 months of age. Therefore, AAA may have eliminated pre-existing PanINs rather than blocking their development. Results from immunohistochemical staining of the PanIN lesions for VDAC, indicated that PanIN 1 lesions have low, and PanIN 2 and 3 lesions have high, VDAC expression. This result parallels the in vitro human cell line data showing VDAC expression is critical to AAA sensitivity, and suggests a similar mechanism of action in the murine model, as we see in vitro. This is the first treatment that has shown potential to kill existing PanIN lesions and arrest the development of tumors in this pancreatic cancer murine model. Citation Format: Richard D. Dinnen, Wanglong Qiu, Gloria H. Su, Daniel P. Petrylak, Robert L. Fine. Elimination of PanIn2/3 in a GEMM for pancreatic cancer with disrupted p16 and activated Kras. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2781. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2781
The Date and Occasion of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

The authorship and date of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyʒt) are among the great mysteries of English literature of the Middle Ages. The Northern dialect suggests a ge...
Successful medical treatment of pyogenic liver abscess.

Abstract Between 1976 and 1978, 6 patients with proven or probable pyogenic liver abscess were successfully treated at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center without surgical drainage. Although surgical therapy is necessary in patients with coexisting intraabdominal pathology, antibiotic therapy without surgical intervention is an option to be considered in patients with pyogenic liver abscess and no evidence of other intraabdominal disease.
Synthesis and characterization of Fe3P composite nanorods produced by phosphate reduction in anodized alumina templates

Abstract A synthetic method for nanoscale iron phosphide rod production based on reductive annealing of iron phosphate deposited in porous alumina membranes has been explored. Two methods of pore filling, incipient wetness and drip-drying of precursor phosphate particles, were investigated. Reduction was carried out in a flowing H2/Ar atmosphere at 650–800 °C for 2 h and the template was removed by dissolution in NaOH. Particle morphology, composition and phase were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The data suggest that rods are formed as heterogeneous structures comprising Fe3P nanoparticles within an amorphous matrix.
Intrinsic transistor reliability improvements from 22nm tri-gate technology

This paper highlights the intrinsic reliability capabilities of Intel's 22nm process technology, which introduced the tri-gate transistor architecture and features a 3rd generation high-κ/metal-gate process. Results are detailed from all traditional transistor reliability mechanisms, including BTI, TDDB, SILC, and HCI. In addition, characteristics unique to this transistor architecture and process technology are described.
Suction through Broad Oceanic Gaps

Abstract This paper supplements an earlier article, by Nof and Olson, on the nonlinear flow through broad gaps. In that paper, the steady inviscid transport through a gap located on the left-hand side of a boundary current has been computed. When the gap is located on the right-hand side, instead of the left-hand side, the Nof and Olson solution breaks down because of a singularity at the upstream edge of the gap. The singularity is associated with an infinitely negative pressure resulting from the fact that particles make a “U” turn as they pass through the gap. The present study focuses on these special singular cases. To avoid the singularity, the use of the integrated moment of momentum is adopted because with an appropriate choice of a coordinate system, the contribution of the unknown force (associated with the singularity) to the integrated torque vanishes. This enables one to construct analytical solutions which give the transport through the gap as well as the force associated with the singularit...
Tryptophan-free diet: effects on the acoustic startle reflex in rats.

In Experiment 1, body weights of rats fed a powdered tryptophan-free (TF) diet decreased monotonically during a 13-day period. Control animals fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% l-tryptophan gained weight. The groups did not differ significantly in acoustic startle amplitude measured at 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, and 13 days despite a 28% decrease in whole-brain serotonin in the TF rats. In Experiment 2, daily intubation of rats with a syrup form of each diet maintained the two groups' body weights at comparable levels. TF diet intubation decreased whole-brain serotonin by 64% and produced significantly elevated startle amplitudes, which returned to control levels when 0.5% l-tryptophan was added to the diet. Changes in whole-brain serotonin level preceded changes in startle amplitude by several days. In Experiment 3, acute injections of 125 mg/kg l-tryptophan significantly reduced the startle amplitude of TF diet intubated rats and significantly raised their brain serotonin levels. The results show that acoustic startle reflex is increased by a TF diet, provided the animals receive adequate nourishment, and suggest that this facilitation may result from depletion of brain serotonin.
Survival and persistence of bioluminescent Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on host and non-host plants in the field environment

Dispersal and persistence of a pathogenic strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, genetically engineered to bioluminesce, was followed in and on host and non-host plants in the field environment. Black rot susceptible cabbage plants were mist inoculated with the bioluminescent strain only, or were mist inoculated with X. campestris pv. vesicatoria or a weakly pathogenic strain of X. c. campestris 1 week before challenge inoculation with the bioluminescent strain. Growth of the bioluminescent strain was detected with a low-light, charge-coupled device camera or through bioluminescence measurements of broth-enrichment cultures of leaf disk samples. Bioluminescent X. c. campestris could often be observed as populations on symptomless leaves or in lesions, and persisted as a vascular endophyte for more than 6 months throughout the winter growing season. Dispersal to cruciferous and non-cruciferous weeds was frequently detected. Pre-inoculation with X. c. vesicatoria or the weakly pathogenic X. c. campestris did not significantly affect the movement and persistence of the bioluminescent strain nor reduce the incidence of black rot disease.
Angular momentum in human walking

Angular momentum is a conserved physical quantity for isolated systems where no external moments act about a body's center of mass (CM). However, in the case of legged locomotion, where the body interacts with the environment (ground reaction forces), there is no a priori reason for this relationship to hold. A key hypothesis in this paper is that angular momentum is highly regulated throughout the walking cycle about all three spatial directions [|Lt| approximately 0], and therefore horizontal ground reaction forces and the center of pressure trajectory can be explained predominantly through an analysis that assumes zero net moment about the body's CM. Using a 16-segment human model and gait data for 10 study participants, we found that calculated zero-moment forces closely match experimental values (Rx2=0.91; Ry2=0.90). Additionally, the centroidal moment pivot (point where a line parallel to the ground reaction force, passing through the CM, intersects the ground) never leaves the ground support base, highlighting how closely the body regulates angular momentum. Principal component analysis was used to examine segmental contributions to whole-body angular momentum. We found that whole-body angular momentum is small, despite substantial segmental momenta, indicating large segment-to-segment cancellations ( approximately 95% medio-lateral, approximately 70% anterior-posterior and approximately 80% vertical). Specifically, we show that adjacent leg-segment momenta are balanced in the medio-lateral direction (left foot momentum cancels right foot momentum, etc.). Further, pelvis and abdomen momenta are balanced by leg, chest and head momenta in the anterior-posterior direction, and leg momentum is balanced by upper-body momentum in the vertical direction. Finally, we discuss the determinants of gait in the context of these segment-to-segment cancellations of angular momentum.
lyl-1, a novel gene altered by chromosomal translocation in T cell leukemia, codes for a protein with a helix-loop-helix DNA binding motif

Abstract We have characterized a transcription unit at chromosome band 19p13 that lies at the site of a chromosomal translocation breakpoint in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The lyl -1 gene is structurally altered following a t(7;19) translocation, resulting in its head-to-head juxtaposition with the T cell receptor Cβ gene and truncation of lyl -1 RNA. The predicted protein product of the lyl -1 gene contains a potential helix-loop-helix DNA binding motif also found in several proteins involved in the control of cellular proliferation and differentiation: all members of the Myc family, MyoD1, myogenin, the Drosophila achaete-scute, twist , and daughterless proteins, and two recently described immunoglobulin enhancer binding proteins. The implication of Lyl-1 in cellular transformation suggests that other proteins containing similar DNA binding motifs may also be involved with neoplastic transformation in various cellular lineages.
MO-G-17A-08: Applications of Quantitative PET/CT Imaging of Yttrium-90: A Tool for Improving Radioembolization

Purpose: Yttrium-90 (Y90) PET/CT post-treatment imaging of radioembolization has fostered significant interest from both the interventional radiology and nuclear medicine communities over the past few years. Recent literature has demonstrated high quantitative accuracy of Y90 PET at the activity concentrations common in radioembolization. However, few have explored methods in which this information can be clinically applied toward improving patient care. Methods: IRB approval and informed consent was obtained for over 35 Y90 post-treatment imaging studies, performed under 2 distinct protocols. In protocol 1, Y90 PET/CT provided quantitative post-treatment imaging, which was then converted into 3D maps of absorbed-dose. Both images and absorbed dose maps were used to manage patient care. In protocol 2, tumor absorbed-dose measurements from Y90 PET/CT were compared to known tumoricidal thresholds. If insufficient absorbed dose was delivered to the tumor, the patient would have an additional Y90 infusion the same day, providing truly patient-specific Y90 PET/CT based treatment-planning. Results: Y90 PET/CT allowed for a superior post-radioembolization evaluation of technical success compared with conventional Y90 bremsstrahlung SPECT. Due to the exceptional resolution of PET, a direct comparison between the distribution of radioembolization and pre-treatment planning intentions can be made. Further, quantification of tumor absorbed-dose directly from PET/CT imaging allows for the prediction of treatment efficacy based on a comparison with known tumoricidal thresholds. This immediate evaluation allowed treating physicians to consider additional or alternate therapies before discovering clinical failure weeks later. One protocol 2 patient was found to have a subtumoricidal absorbed dose following radioembolization. This patient received a same-day infusion of additional Y90 with identical catheter placement to the first infusion. A robust treatment response was seen on follow-up imaging. Conclusion: Y90 PET/CT produces quantifiable image sets, which can be transformed into 3D maps of absorbed dose. This information can be utilized to improve patient care. SIRTeX Medical, Surefire Medical
Calculation of resonance energy transfer in crowded biological membranes

Analytical and numerical models were developed to describe fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) in crowded biological membranes. It was assumed that fluorescent donors were linked to membrane proteins and that acceptors were linked to membrane lipids. No restrictions were placed on the location of the donor within the protein or the partitioning of acceptors between the two leaflets of the bilayer; however, acceptors were excluded from the area occupied by proteins. Analytical equations were derived that give the average quantum yield of a donor at low protein concentrations. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate protein and lipid distributions that were linked numerically with RET equations to determine the average quantum yield and the distribution of donor fluorescence lifetimes at high protein concentrations, up to 50% area fraction. The Monte Carlo results show such crowding always reduces the quantum yield, probably because crowding increases acceptor concentrations near donor-bearing proteins; the magnitude of the reduction increases monotonically with protein concentration. The Monte Carlo results also show that the distribution of fluorescence lifetimes can differ markedly, even for systems possessing the same average lifetime. The dependence of energy transfer on acceptor concentration, protein radius, donor position within the protein, and the fraction of acceptors in each leaflet was also examined. The model and results are directly applicable to the analysis of RET data obtained from biological membranes; their application should result in a more complete and accurate determination of the structures of membrane components.
HPV+ cancer cell lactate production attenuates immune response during treatment: lactate production inhibition leads to improved long-term cures

Background Normal cellular metabolism is altered in cancer cells, shifting away from the TCA cycle towards glycolysis, increasing glucose consumption and lactate production. This key characteristic change in metabolism is termed the Warburg effect. Importantly, HPV 16 E7 oncoprotein alters the function pyruvate kinase type M2, increasing glucose consumption and lactate production. Clinically, increased lactate production in head and neck cancers is associated with a decreased response to therapy. Cancers with high lactate production have a poor five year survival, approximately 40% worse than similar tumors with low lactate production. Lactate has also recently been shown to disrupt functions of key immune cells (CD8 and DC’s) in vitro. We have recently shown that an immune response is required to clear HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) in vivo. In this project we tested the hypothesis that lactate within the tumor microenvironment inhibits immune mediated clearance of HPV+ cancers.