cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROACT: Iterative Design of a Patient-Centered Visualization for Effective Prostate Cancer Health Risk Communication

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the US, and yet most cases represent localized cancer for which the optimal treatment is unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that the available treatment options, including surgery and conservative treatment, result in a similar prognosis for most men with localized prostate cancer. However, approximately 90% of patients choose surgery over conservative treatment, despite the risk of severe side effects like erectile dysfunction and incontinence. Recent medical research suggests that a key reason is the lack of patient-centered tools that can effectively communicate personalized risk information and enable them to make better health decisions. In this paper, we report the iterative design process and results of developing the PROgnosis Assessment for Conservative Treatment (PROACT) tool, a personalized health risk communication tool for localized prostate cancer patients. PROACT utilizes two published clinical prediction models to communicate the patients' personalized risk estimates and compare treatment options. In collaboration with the Maine Medical Center, we conducted two rounds of evaluations with prostate cancer survivors and urologists to identify the design elements and narrative structure that effectively facilitate patient comprehension under emotional distress. Our results indicate that visualization can be an effective means to communicate complex risk information to patients with low numeracy and visual literacy. However, the visualizations need to be carefully chosen to balance readability with ease of comprehension. In addition, due to patients' charged emotional state, an intuitive narrative structure that considers the patients' information need is critical to aid the patients' comprehension of their risk information.
Cataloging & Managing Film and Video Collections: A Guide to Using RDA and MARC 21: by Colin Higgins. Chicago: ALA Editions, 2015. xi, 225 p. ISBN 978-0-8389-1299-7. $85.00.

Cataloging & Managing Film and Video Collections is a welcome addition to the special formats cataloging literature. The author aims to “provide a useful reference text for the cataloging of film c...
Rehabilitation of community-owned, mixed-use rangelands: lessons from the Ewaso ecosystem in Kenya

Globally, 10–20% of arid and semi-arid rangelands have been classified as severely degraded (UNCCD, in Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa 1994; MEA, in Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005), and in sub-Saharan Africa specifically, 70% of rangelands are considered moderately to severely degraded (UNCCD 1994). Given that these drylands make up 43% of Africa’s land area and support approximately 45% of its population, restoring, maintaining and even increasing their productivity is imperative from both conservation and food security standpoints. In the Laikipia and Samburu counties of Kenya, degradation manifests itself through the increase of bare ground and the replacement of perennial grasses by undesirable plant species, primarily Acacia reficiens and Opuntia stricta, resulting in reduced forage availability. Further complicating management is the fact that most land in this ecosystem is owned by community conservancies, where the land is managed to support both wildlife and livestock grazing. There has been considerable effort targeted towards using mechanical clearing coupled with reseeding to combat A. reficiens spread. Additionally, the use of both traditional and modern mobile cattle enclosures (commonly referred to as bomas) has been used to create vegetation patches in areas with increasing bare ground. Here, we look at the challenges faced in implementing these interventions, as well as the successes and opportunities associated with them.
Efficacy of Microsurgical Sublabial Approach (MSA) Versus Endoscopic Endonasal Approach (EEA) for the Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas Based on Radiological and Hormonal Outcome

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the surgical efficacy of the microsurgical sublabial approach (MSA) versus the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for the treatment of pituitary adenomas, based on short-term (12 months) radiological and endocrinological follow-up.
Multiple Types of Memory and Everyday Functional Assessment in Older Adults.

Objective Current proxy measures for assessing everyday functioning (e.g., questionnaires, performance-based measures, and direct observation) show discrepancies in their rating of functional status. The present study investigated the relationship between multiple proxy measures of functional status and content memory (i.e., memory for information), temporal order memory, and prospective memory in an older adult sample. Method A total of 197 community-dwelling older adults who did (n = 45) or did not meet (n = 152) criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), completed six different assessments of functional status (two questionnaires, two performance-based tasks, and two direct observation tasks) as well as experimental measures of content memory, prospective memory, and temporal order memory. Results After controlling for demographics and content memory, the temporal order and prospective memory measures explained a significant amount of variance in all proxy functional status measures. When all variables were entered into the regression analyses, content memory and prospective memory were found to be significant predictors of all measures of functional status, whereas temporal order memory was a significant predictor for the questionnaire and direct observation measures, but not performance-based measures. Conclusion The results suggest that direct observation and questionnaire measures may be able to capture components of everyday functioning that require context and temporal sequencing abilities, such as multi-tasking, that are not as well captured in many current laboratory performance-based measures of functional status. Future research should aim to inform the development and use of maximally effective and valid proxy measures of functional ability.
Arginine vasopressin, copeptin, and the development of relative AVP deficiency in hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Background Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is critical for maintaining vasomotor tone and low levels have been associated with the development of irreversible shock. We investigated the clinical relationship between AVP, copeptin (the C-terminal fragment of the AVP precursor), and the development of relative AVP deficiency following hemorrhagic shock. Methods A prospective, observational study of 21 hypotensive (SBP Results AVP and copeptin levels were markedly elevated on admission, but decreased rapidly over time (p Conclusion Copeptin correlates well with AVP and initial values predict the need for massive transfusion in trauma patients. Copeptin demonstrates promise as a clinical biomarker in hemorrhagic shock.
Aggregate Risk, Bank Competition and Regulation in General Equilibrium

We develop a general equilibrium model of competitive banks to examine the optimal design of bank regulation. There is a continuum of equilibria of the unregulated economy that feature varying relative sizes of the financial and real sectors. The unregulated economy underinvests (overinvests) in production when aggregate risk is below (above) a threshold. An efficient allocation is implemented by a range of regulatory policies comprising of capital and liquidity requirements, deposit insurance, and bailouts financed by taxes, but there is a unique regulated equilibrium for a given regulatory policy. Capital and liquidity requirements move in opposing directions; an optimal regulatory policy that features a stricter capital requirement has a looser liquidity requirement. When aggregate risk is low, the efficient allocation can be implemented via deposit insurance and taxation, but capital and liquidity requirements are necessary to ensure a unique regulated equilibrium. When aggregate risk is high, all four regulatory tools are essential components of an optimal regulatory policy. Capital and liquidity requirements that implement efficient regulatory policies do not vary with aggregate risk when it is below a threshold, but become tighter as aggregate risk increases above the threshold. Depositor subsidies via deposit insurance and tax shields are efficient when aggregate risk is low, but inefficient when it is high.
Monitoring for deadlocks in Ada tasking

Most high level languages with multiprocessing do not have built in mechanisms to detect deadlocks during program execution. We present transformation rules for taking an original Ada program P and deriving a new program P', such that P' has a potential deadlock iff P does, and P' signals whenever a deadlock is about to occur. In principle, the transformations can be applied mechanically, giving a practical tool for debugging deadlocks. Since this method modifies the source program, it can be used with any implementation of the language, without special knowledge of the implementation of tasking. The transformations that we have developed thus far are sufficient to handle most of the complexities of Ada tasking, including arbitrary task types, conditional entry calls, selective waits, timed entry calls, and intertask exceptions.In the course of this work, we have developed some generally useful source program transformations, such as one to uniformly introduce task identifiers. We have also developed some interesting concurrent algorithms for the deadlock monitoring.An actual monitor program for detecting deadlocks has been implemented in Ada.Our basic approach and monitoring algorithms are applicable to other languages with multiple processes.
Dancing Material History: Site-Specific Performance in Michigan

Site-specific dance in and by Northern Michigan lakes brings Petra Kuppers experientially into a different relation to environmental materiality. Autoethnographic method merges with an attention to the materiality of art practice and the difference dance makes. It beckons: let's merge. Dancing bodyminds in space, in change, in time. Disability, precarity, economy, indigenous and settler history. Breathe in and out with the pull of edge land, the beach, the calmness of Michigan summer lakes.
Use of condensed videos in a flipped classroom for pharmaceutical calculations: Student perceptions and academic performance.

Abstract Background and purpose The flipped teaching method was implemented through a series of multiple condensed videos for pharmaceutical calculations with student perceptions and academic performance assessed post-intervention. Educational activity and setting Student perceptions from the intervention group were assessed via an online survey. Pharmaceutical exam scores of the intervention group were compared to the control group. The intervention group spent a greater amount of class time on active learning. Findings The majority of students (68.2%) thought that the flipped teaching method was more effective to learn pharmaceutical calculations than the traditional method. The mean exam scores of the intervention group were not significantly different than the control group (80.5 ± 15.8% vs 77.8 ± 16.8%; p = 0.253). Discussion Previous studies on the flipped teaching method have shown mixed results in regards to student perceptions and exam scores, where either student satisfaction increased or exam scores improved, but rarely both. Summary The flipped teaching method was rated favorably by a majority of students. The flipped teaching method resulted in similar outcomes in pharmaceutical calculations exam scores, and it appears to be an acceptable and effective option to deliver pharmaceutical calculations in a Doctor of Pharmacy program.
Warming is Driving Decreases in Snow Fractions While Runoff Efficiency Remains Mostly Unchanged in Snow-Covered Areas of the Western United States

AbstractWinter snowfall and accumulation is an important component of the surface water supply in the western United States. In these areas, increasing winter temperatures T associated with global warming can influence the amount of winter precipitation P that falls as snow S. In this study we examine long-term trends in the fraction of winter P that falls as S (Sfrac) for 175 hydrologic units (HUs) in snow-covered areas of the western United States for the period 1951–2014. Because S is a substantial contributor to runoff R across most of the western United States, we also examine long-term trends in water-year runoff efficiency [computed as water-year R/water-year P (Reff)] for the same 175 HUs. In that most S records are short in length, we use model-simulated S and R from a monthly water balance model. Results for Sfrac indicate long-term negative trends for most of the 175 HUs, with negative trends for 139 (~79%) of the HUs being statistically significant at a 95% confidence level (p = 0.05). Additio...
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE PREOPTIC AREA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sexual dimorphism in the preoptic area of an adult rat. The volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) in the adult rat is significantly influenced by the prior perinatal hormonal environment. The SDN-POA is involved in the regulation of cyclic gonadotropin release or feminine sexual behavior. Although the volume of the SDN-POA is altered by the perinatal hormonal environment, such treatment is not able to sex reverse the brain completely in terms of nuclear volume. This may be because of the fact that there may be a genomic component to this anatomical sex difference, and/or there may be an influence of the prenatal hormonal environment. Neonatal castration reduces SDN-POA volume of the male when measured in the adult. A physiological excess of neurons destined for the SDN-POA are produced during the prenatal period. In the male, because of testicular hormonal activity, the developing brain is exposed to a stimulatory hormonal environment, and many cells make appropriate connections and survive. In the female, however, this hormonal stimulus is absent both pre- and postnatally. Without hormonal support, the growth of neuronal processes and connections is reduced or delayed, and more neurons die. This produces the observed sex difference in SDN-POA volume.
Didactic and Simulation Nontechnical Skills Team Training to Improve Perinatal Patient Outcomes in a Community Hospital

Article-at-a-Glance Background Birth trauma is a low-frequency, high-severity event, making obstetrics a major challenge for patient safety. Yet, few strategies have been shown to eliminate preventable perinatal harm. Interdisciplinary team training was prospectively evaluated to assess the relative impact of two different learning modalities to improve nontechnical skills (NTS)—the cognitive and interpersonal skills, such as communication and teamwork, that supplement clinical and technical skills and are necessary to ensure safe patient care. Methods Between 2005 and 2008, perinatal morbidity and mortality data were prospectively collected using the Weighted Adverse Outcomes Score (WAOS) and a culture of safety survey (Safety Attitudes Questionnaire) at three small-sized community hospitals. In a small cluster randomized clinical trial conducted in the third quarter of 2007, one of the hospitals served as a control group and two served as the treatment intervention sites—one hospital received the TeamSTEPPS® didactic training program and one hospital received both the TeamSTEPPS program along with a series of in-situ simulation training exercises. Results A statistically significant and persistent improvement of 37% in perinatal morbidity was observed between the pre- and postintervention for the hospital exposed to the simulation program. There were no statistically significant differences in the didactic-only or the control hospitals. Baseline perceptions of culture of safety were high at all three hospitals, and there were no significant changes. Conclusions A comprehensive interdisciplinary team training program using in-situ simulation can improve perinatal safety in the hospital setting. This is the first evidence providing a clear association between simulation training and improved patient outcomes. Didactics alone were not effective in improving perinatal outcomes.
Lupus myocarditis: case report

Although gallium-67 (/sup 67/Ga) accumulates in both neoplastic and inflammatory tissues, indium-111 (/sup 111/In) labeled leukocytes are seen only in inflammatory cells. Indium-111-labeled leukocytes therefore are a useful agent in the noninvasive differentiation of inflammatory tissue from neoplastic tissue. This case is an interesting example of the use of /sup 111/In-labeled leukocytes to make that differentiation.
The Impacts of U.S. - China Trade on U.S. Manufacturing Unemployment

The U.S.-China economic ties have expanded over the past three decades with a substantial growth in both imports and exports. The total trade amount rose from only 2 billion in 1979 to over 457 billion in 2011. Although total trade increased over time, U.S. imports from China rose at a much higher rate than U.S. exports, and thus have caused a trade deficit since 1974, making China the U.S.’s biggest source of imports and second largest U.S. trading partner. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol20/iss1/11 The Park Place Economist, Volume XX 33 THE IMPACTS OF U.S.-CHINA TRADE ON U.S. MANUFACTURING UNEMPLOYMENT
Father-Daughter Bonds: A Comparison of Adolescent Daughters' Relationships With Resident Biological Fathers and Stepfathers.

Objective To investigate whether the interpersonal dynamics of closeness are different in stepfather-stepdaughter versus father-daughter relationships during adolescence. Background Establishing a general process model of the relational factors contributing to greater closeness between fathers and daughters is a preliminary step toward examining variations in such processes. Method The data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Respondents were female adolescents who were living with either a biological father (n = 1,881) or stepfather (n = 273) and reported on the availability and involvement of their (step)fathers, as well as the communication and closeness in their relationship with him. Results Involvement and communication were predictors of closeness in both types of relationships, however, communication was a stronger predictor of closeness between stepfathers and stepdaughters. For adolescent girls living with a stepfather, greater involvement with their stepfathers was associated with greater closeness to their nonresident biological fathers. The length of the relationship between stepfathers and stepdaughters was not associated with levels of closeness. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that stepfather-stepdaughter relationships reflect similar interpersonal dynamics as father-daughter relationships but that establishing and maintaining these relationships through meaningful communication may be particularly important for stepfathers and stepdaughters. Implications Practitioners working to help stepfamilies build stronger relationships may want to stress that investing in shared activities and maintaining meaningful communication can be particularly important for establishing and maintaining positive relationships between stepfathers and stepdaughters.
Should Researchers Offer Results to Family Members of Cancer Biobank Participants? A Mixed-Methods Study of Proband and Family Preferences.

Background: Genomic analysis may reveal both primary and secondary findings with direct relevance to the health of probands’ biological relatives. Researchers question their obligations to return f...
Abstract 2744: Blocking CXCR4 alleviates desmoplasia, increases T-lymphocyte infiltration, and improves immunotherapy in metastatic breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancers (mBCs) are largely resistant to immune checkpoint blockade, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Primary breast cancers are characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma, which is considered immunosuppressive in multiple malignancies, but the stromal composition of breast cancer metastases and its role in immunosuppression are largely unknown. Here we show that liver and lung metastases of human breast cancers tend to be highly fibrotic, and unlike primary breast tumors, they exclude cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Unbiased analysis of the TCGA database of human breast tumors revealed a set of genes that are associated with stromal T-lymphocyte exclusion. Among these we focused on CXCL12 as a relevant target based on its known roles in immunosuppression in other cancer types. We found that the CXCL12 receptor CXCR4 is highly expressed in both human primary tumors and metastases. To gain insight into the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, we inhibited CXCR4 and found that CXCR4 blockade decreases fibrosis, alleviates solid stress, decompresses blood vessels, increases CTL infiltration, and decreases immunosuppression in murine mBC models. We confirmed that these immunosuppressive effects are dependent on cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) signaling through genetic deletion of Cxcr4 in aSMA+ cells. Accordingly, CXCR4 inhibition more than doubles the response to immune checkpoint blockers in mice bearing mBCs. These findings demonstrate that CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated desmoplasia in mBC promotes immunosuppression and is a potential target for overcoming therapeutic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in mBC patients. Citation Format: Ivy X. Chen, Vikash P. Chauhan, Jessica Posada, Mei R. Ng, Michelle Wu, Pichet Adstamongkonkul, Peigen Huang, Neal Lindeman, Robert Langer, Rakesh K. Jain. Blocking CXCR4 alleviates desmoplasia, increases T-lymphocyte infiltration, and improves immunotherapy in metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2744.
Social Experience and the Developing Brain: Opportunities for Social Epidemiologists in the Era of Population-Based Neuroimaging

There are an increasing number of studies using neuroimaging to understand associations between social conditions, including socioeconomic status, and the development of brain structure and function. From a population health perspective, this review summarizes the challenges of this work and highlights opportunities for collaboration with social epidemiologists as neuroimaging studies become more population-based. While suggestive of broad associations with brain regions involved in cognitive and emotional processing, much of the work linking socioeconomic status to child brain structure or function is correlational and limited by the constraints common to most imaging work in this area: cross-sectional and observational study designs, inadequate adjustment for potential confounders, and non-representative samples. As consortia implementing neuroimaging methods in large, population-based samples emerge, resulting datasets become more similar to epidemiological cohort studies where the outcomes of interest are measures of brain structure or function. Social epidemiologists, well versed in estimating causal associations from observational data, have the potential to contribute methods and theoretical models that this field may draw on improve causal inference. Synergy between the neurosciences and population health will result in more solution oriented, policy relevant work that will better inform efforts to reduce observed social disparities in child neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Symposium review: Colostrum management and calf nutrition for profitable and sustainable dairy farms.

ABSTRACT Multistate dairy management research project NC-2042, which is part of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, has devoted an ongoing objective to calf and heifer nutrition and management. Within this objective, colostrum research has been a priority due to continued opportunities to improve this area on US dairy farms. Research has focused on heating colostrum to reduce bacterial populations and pathogens while increasing IgG absorption. Research also identified other proteins that are reduced when heating colostrum. Studies indicated an apparent upper limit to IgG absorption from colostrum fed to calves. Additional studies have shed light on absorption of IgG from colostrum replacers and evaluated the use of lactoferrin and sodium bicarbonate in both maternal colostrum and colostrum replacers. Milk replacer formulation, feeding strategies, and the effect of calfhood nutrition on future performance have also been researched. Finally, water quality and its effect on calves and heifers have been studied. This review focuses on research done by multistate research project NC-2042 member states in the area of colostrum and calf nutrition and management.
Treating Anxiety During Pregnancy: Patient Concerns About Pharmaceutical Treatment

The purpose of the current study was to describe anxious pregnant women’s concerns about using pharmacotherapy to treat anxiety symptoms, and the relationship of such concerns to women’s willingness to use pharmacotherapy during pregnancy. Between April 2011 and May 2012, 148 women who were pregnant and reported elevated anxiety symptoms, as measured by the GAD-2, completed an online survey assessing their concerns about, and willingness to use, pharmacotherapy to treat anxiety symptoms during pregnancy. Qualitative responses were coded, and linear regression was used to assess the relationship between concerns and willingness. Pregnant women with elevated anxiety symptoms reported low willingness to use pharmacotherapy to treat anxiety symptoms during pregnancy. The most common concerns reported were about negative effects on the baby or the self, and a general opposition to taking any medications during pregnancy. These concerns were significantly related to women’s willingness to try pharmacotherapy (ps < .016). Our findings underscore the importance of a pregnant woman’s perceptions of potential side-effects and long-term effects of pharmacotherapy, both for herself and her offspring. These results point to specific factors that may be important to address in communication with patients about pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders during pregnancy. Such an understanding may help clinicians provide more effective guidance and information about treatment options for anxiety disorders during pregnancy, and increase patients’ willingness to engage in those treatments.
Low-Complexity Fixed-Point Convolutional Neural Networks For Automatic Target Recognition

There has been growing interest in developing neural network based automatic target recognition systems for synthetic aperture radar applications. However, these networks are typically complex in terms of storage and computation which inhibits their deployment in the field, where such resources are heavily constrained. In order to bring the cost of implementing these networks down, we develop a set of compact network architectures and train them in fixed-point. Our proposed method achieves an overall 984 reduction in terms of storage requirements and 71 × reduction in terms of computational complexity compared to state-of-the-art con-volutional neural networks for automatic target recognition (ATR), while maintaining a classification accuracy of > 99% on the MSTAR dataset.
Chapter 4 – Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis

Evidence for a genetic component in multiple sclerosis (MS) is found in the clustering of affected individuals in families and differences in disease prevalence among different ancestral groups, regardless of geographic location. Genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules within the human leukocyte antigen region in chromosome 6p21 account for the largest part of the genetic risk for MS; the primary signal within the major histocompatibility complex maps to the HLA-DRB1 gene, or more specifically to the DRB1∗15:01 allele. The genome-wide association study approach has been highly successful in uncovering non-HLA DNA variants influencing susceptibility. Overall, the results are consistent with a polygenic model of inheritance. The data also support the long-held view that MS susceptibility rests on the action of polymorphisms common in the population. Their incomplete penetrance and moderate individual effects reflect most likely interactions with other genes, posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms, and significant environmental influences. For the first time we are in a position to define the full array of genes, pathways, and genetic networks operating in MS. In addition to gene identification, these studies will drive a forceful paradigm shift in the study of MS by allowing a more refined mechanistic representation of disease pathogenesis. Equally important, this information may reveal novel targets for therapy, prevention, and repair.
Anion order in oxysulfide perovskites: origins and implications

Heteroanionic oxysulfide perovskite compounds represent an emerging class of new materials allowing for a wide range of tunability in the electronic structure that could lead to a diverse spectrum of novel and improved functionalities. Unlike cation ordered double perovskites—where the origins and design rules of various experimentally observed cation orderings are well known and understood—anion ordering in heteroanionic perovskites remains a largely uncharted territory. In this contribution, we present and discuss insights that have emerged from our first-principles-based electronic structure analysis of a prototypical anion-ordered SrHf(O0.5S0.5)3 oxysulfide chemistry, studied in all possible anion configurations allowed within a finite size supercell. We demonstrate that the preferred anion ordering is always an all-cis arrangement of anions around an HfO3S3 octahedron. As a general finding beyond the specific chemistry, the origins of this ordering tendency are traced back to a combined stabilization effect stemming from electronic, elastic, and electrostatic contributions. These qualitative notions are also quantified using state-of-the-art machine learning models. We further study the relative stability of the identified ordering as a function of A (Ca, Sr, Ba) and B (Ti, Zr, Hf) site chemistries and probe chemistry-dependent trends in the electronic structure and functionality of the material. Most remarkably, we find that the identified ground-state anion ordering breaks the inversion symmetry to create a family of oxysulfide ferroelectrics with a macroscopic polarization >30 μC/cm2, exhibiting a significant promise for electronic materials applications.
Isolation of hydrazine oxidation products via halogen bonding: C–I bond scission and crystal polymorphism

Reaction of methylhydrazine with 1,3- and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene produced cocrystals with the oxidation product sym-hexahydro-1,4-dimethyltetrazine. In contrast, reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene, as well as 1,3,5-triiodotrifluorobenzene, yielded cocrystals with tetramethylammonium iodide (NMe4I), via C–I bond scission. For each of the NMe4I cocrystals, different polymoprhs or cocrystal stoichiometries were obtained via the C–I bond scission route, than were obtained by direct reaction of the halobenzene and NMe4I by standard solution techniques.
Thermal preference-based control studies: review and detailed classification

In the last few years, a significant amount of research has focused on learning and modeling personalized thermal preferences to satisfy individuals in buildings. However, there is a disconnection ...
Effect of vibration foam rolling on the range of motion in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Professionals use foam rollers to improve range of motion (ROM). Re-cently, a vibrating foam roller (VFR) that combines the vibration function with a foam roller (FR) has been used. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of a VFR on the improvement of ROM in healthy individuals. A systematic literature search was carried out in five international databases: PubMed, Em-base, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Eight clinical stud-ies, composed of six randomized controlled trials and two randomized crossover trials that involved 230 healthy participants were selected for analysis. Methodological quality was identified using the PEDro scale. The mean scores, 4.75±0.71, of the eight included studies, were classi-fied as fair. The results demonstrated that the VFR achieved better gains than the FR in improving ROM (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.53; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.29–0.77; I 2=55%). The VFR was more effective in improving the ROM than the FR in the hip and knee joints (hip: SMD, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.28–0.85; I 2=0%; knee: SMD, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42–1.30; I 2=79%). The VFR may be an additional option to improve the ROM in healthy adults and athletes.
Challenges for a climate risk disclosure mandate

The United States and other G7 countries are considering a framework for mandatory climate risk disclosure by companies. However, unless a globally acceptable hybrid corporate governance model can be forged to address the disparities among different countries’ governance systems, the proposed framework may not succeed.
BRAF-Inhibitor-Induced Metabolic Alterations in A375 Melanoma Cells

Acquired drug tolerance has been a major challenge in cancer therapy. Recent evidence has revealed the existence of slow-cycling persister cells that survive drug treatments and give rise to multi-drug-tolerant mutants in cancer. Cells in this dynamic persister state can escape drug treatment by undergoing various epigenetic changes, which may result in a transient metabolic rewiring. In this study, with the use of untargeted metabolomics and phenotype microarrays, we characterize the metabolic profiles of melanoma persister cells mediated by treatment with vemurafenib, a BRAF inhibitor. Our findings demonstrate that metabolites associated with phospholipid synthesis, pyrimidine, and one-carbon metabolism and branched-chain amino acid metabolism are significantly altered in vemurafenib persister cells when compared to the bulk cancer population. Our data also show that vemurafenib persisters have higher lactic acid consumption rates than control cells, further validating the existence of a unique metabolic reprogramming in these drug-tolerant cells. Determining the metabolic mechanisms underlying persister cell survival and maintenance will facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies that target persisters and enhance cancer therapy.
Optimality Theory and Spanish Phonology

Author(s): Bradley, TG | Abstract: This article surveys research in Spanish phonology from the perspective of Optimality Theory, a formal linguistic framework based on ranked and violable constraints. Theoretical insights from OT enrich our understanding of Spanish phonology, and Spanish data also figure prominently in the latest theoretical developments within OT. The article concludes with areas for ongoing research and suggestions for further reading on OT in Spanish phonology. © 2014 The Author. Language and Linguistics Compass © 2014 John Wiley a Sons Ltd.
Focus On...Tax-Sheltered Annuity Plans Under Code Section 403(b), Part 2 - Tax Rules and Nondiscrimination Requirements

The first part of this article, published in the last issue of the Journal, discussed the general rules for tax-sheltered annuity plans (TSAs) and the limitations on contributions. In this part, the author summaries the tax rules and describes the coverage and nondiscrimination rules applicable to TSAs.
Autoimmunity: twenty years in the Fas lane.

Just over 20 years ago, Shige Nagata and colleagues ([1][1]) forged an important link between defective apoptosis and autoimmunity when they discovered that loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the TNF family cell surface receptor Fas/CD95 formed the genetic basis of the syndrome of
Risk and Uncertainty

Imagine that you have a brilliant idea for a new business. In fact, your experience and expertise lead you to believe that this is a sure-fire winner. You approach the bank with your idea and they only laugh. You also discover that venture capitalists require a very high interest rate (or equity stake) in order to fund your venture. What’s going on here? One explanation is that, because you are an entrepreneur, you are more willing than investors to undertake risk, that is, you are less risk averse. This is a long-standing argument in the literature on what makes an entrepreneur (Brockhaus 1980). An alternative explanation is that entrepreneurs seeking funding think they are selling US treasury bills while investors think they are being offered pre-Castro government bonds.
Actin confinement of activating receptors does not dictate natural killer cell licensing (INM2P.431)

The responsiveness of an individual Natural Killer (NK) cell is calibrated by licensing (aka education), a process that depends on inhibitory receptor binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Previous data suggested that unlicensed NK cells have decreased responsiveness because the mobility of their activating receptors is hindered by actin. To test this hypothesis, we compared activating receptor-induced calcium mobilization in licensed and unlicensed human NK cells before and after actin depolymerization by Latrunculin. Licensed NK cells mobilized more calcium following stimulation by single or multiple activating receptors, as compared to unlicensed cells. Notably, the amplitude but not the induction of calcium mobilization was different. Actin depolymerization elevated the amplitude of calcium mobilization and accelerated calcium induction in both licensed and unlicensed NK cells. Therefore, licensed NK cells mobilized more calcium than unlicensed cells even after actin depolymerization. Furthermore, actin depolymerization resulted in faster lateral mobility of activating receptors in both licensed and unlicensed NK cells. Ongoing studies are evaluating the movement of activating receptors by single particle tracking. In conclusion, the results of our study show that actin-dependent confinement of activating receptors is not the only determinant of reduced responsiveness by unlicensed NK cells.
Role of Acetohydroxy Acid Isomeroreductase in Biosynthesis of Pantothenic Acid in Salmonella typhimurium

Structural genes have been identified for all of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli K-12, with the exception of ketopantoic acid reductase, which catalyzes the conversion of alpha-ketopantoate to pantoate. The acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from S. typhimurium efficiently bound alpha-ketopantoate (K(m) = 0.25 mM) and catalyzed its reduction at 1/20 the rate at which alpha-acetolactate was reduced. Since two enzymes could apparently participate in the synthesis of pantoate, a S. typhimurium ilvC8 strain was mutagenized to derive strains completely blocked in the conversion of alpha-ketopantoate to pantoate. Several isolates were obtained that grew in isoleucine-valine medium supplemented with either pantoate or pantothenate, but not in the same medium supplemented with alpha-ketopantoate or beta-alanine. The mutations that conferred pantoate auxotrophy (designated panE) to these isolates appeared to be clustered, but were not linked to panB or panC. All panE strains tested had greatly reduced levels of ketopantoic acid reductase (3 to 12% of the activity present in DU201). The capacity of the isomeroreductase to synthesize pantoate in vivo was assessed by determining the growth requirements of ilvC(+) derivatives of panE ilvC8 strains. These strains required either alpha-ketopantoate, pantoate, or pantothenate when the isomeroreductase was present at low levels; when the synthesis of isomeroreductase was induced, panE ilvC(+) strains grew in unsupplemented medium. These phenotypes indicate that a high level of isomeroreductase is sufficient for the synthesis of pantoate. panE ilvC(+) strains also grew in medium supplemented with lysine and methionine. This phenotype resembles that of some S. typhimurium ilvG mutants (e.g., DU501) which are partially blocked in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A and are limited for succinyl coenzyme A. panE ilvC(+) strains which lack the acetohydroxy acid synthases required only methionine for growth (in the presence of leucine, isoleucine, and valine). This and other evidence suggested that the synthesis of pantoic acid by isomeroreductase was blocked by the alpha-acetohydroxy acids and that pantoic acid synthesis was enhanced in the absence of these intermediates, even when the isomeroreductase was at low levels. panE ilvC(+) strains reverted to pantothenate independence. Several of these revertants were shown to have elevated isomeroreductase levels under noninduced and induced conditions; the suppressing mutation in each revertant was shown to be closely linked to ilvC by P22 transduction. This procedure presents a means for obtaining mutants with altered regulation of isomeroreductase.
Formulation and Optimization of Robust Sensor Placement Problems for Drinking Water Contamination Warning Systems

The sensor placement problem in contamination warning system design for municipal water distribution networks involves maximizing the protection level afforded by limited numbers of sensors, typically quantified as the expected impact of a contamination event; the issue of how to mitigate against high-consequence events is either handled implicitly or ignored entirely. Consequently, expected-case sensor placements run the risk of failing to protect against high-consequence 9/11-style attacks. In contrast, robust sensor placements address this concern by focusing strictly on high-consequence events and placing sensors to minimize the impact of these events. We introduce several robust variations of the sensor placement problem, distinguished by how they quantify the potential damage due to high-consequence events. We explore the nature of robust versus expected-case sensor placements on three real-world large-scale distribution networks. We find that robust sensor placements can yield large reductions in t...
The Impact of Clustering First Year Seminars with English Composition Courses on New Students' Retention Rates.

Research has shown that two effective programs that positively impact upon new students' retention are first year seminars and clustering two or more academic courses together. This article discuss...
Elastic constant versus temperature behavior of three hardened maraging steels

Elastic constants of three maraging steels were determined by measuring ultrasonic velocities. Annealed steels show slightly lower bulk moduli and considerably lower shear moduli than hardened steels. All the elastic constants (Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio) show regular temperature behavior between 76 and 400 K. Young's modulus and the shear modulus increase with increasing yield strength, but the bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio are relatively unchanged. Elastic anisotropy is quite small.
Prevention of Dental Caries: The Sum of Community, Professional, and Individual Efforts

The focus of this article is how the primary prevention of dental caries has been effected utilizing a combination of community, professional, and individual efforts. The review demonstrates that improvements have been made in the dental caries level and that a complex offactors are implicated in the disease process. The information presented demonstrates that measures are available currently to prevent dental caries. Based on what is known, this article shows that a combination of water fluoridation, professionally applied sealants, and individually or professionally applied topical fluorides (including dentifrices) provides the best opportunityforpopulations to be caries-free or have a low caries rate. Basic to the success of these approaches is awareness and compliance at both the professional and individual levels. Further acceptance is shown to be more dependent on social and psychologicalprocesses than on the actual efficacy of any mechanical, immunologic, or chemical techniques, existing or develop...
Statistical Approaches to Achieving Sufficiently High Test Score Reliabilities for Research Purposes

The author provides statistical approaches to aid investigators in assuring that sufficiently high test score reliabilities are achieved for specific research purposes. The statistical approaches use tests of statistical significance between the obtained reliability and lowest population reliability that an investigator will tolerate. The statistical approaches work for coefficient alpha and related coefficients and for alternate-forms, split-half (2-part alpha), and retest reliabilities. The author shows that, in some instances, a formula can help to estimate the sample size necessary for the statistical test.
Sequential contributions to public goods

Abstract I examine games involving private contributions to a public good and show that less of the public good will be supplied if agents move sequentially than if they move simultaneously. If the agents bid for the right to move first, the agent who values the public good least will win. If each agent chooses the rate at which he will subsidize the other agent's contributions, the subsidies that support the Lindahl allocation are the unique equilibrium outcome. I also describe two related subsidy-setting games that yield Lindahl allocations in n -person games with general utility functions.
Presenting Symptoms of Anterior Urethral Stricture Disease: A Disease Specific, Patient Reported Questionnaire to Measure Outcomes

Purpose: We evaluated the spectrum of symptoms in men with urethral stricture presenting for urethroplasty.Materials and Methods: We identified 214 men who underwent anterior urethroplasty by a single surgeon (CMG) from March 2001 to June 2010. We retrospectively reviewed the initial patient history. All voiding and sexual dysfunction symptoms were recorded.Results: The most common presenting voiding complaints were weak stream in 49% of cases and incomplete emptying in 27%. Overall 21% of men did not present with voiding symptoms specifically addressed by the American Urological Association symptom index. The most common of these symptoms were spraying of urinary stream in 13% of men and dysuria in 10%. No symptoms were reported in 10% of men. Men with lichen sclerosus were more likely to present with obstructive symptoms (76% vs 55%) while men with penile urethral stricture were more likely to present with urinary stream spraying (17% vs 6%, each p <0.05). Sexual dysfunction was reported by 11% of men, ...
Tectonics of Anadyr' basin (northeastern end of Asiatic fork of Circumpacific mobile belt)

A modern tectonic plan of the area (fig. 2) and redesigned geological map (fig. 3) represent, among other things, the impositions of Late Senonian-Cenozoic onto Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous structures and a radical change in the structural orientations and the geological consequences of this reversal. Re-interpretations of history of the basin, once a part of the Beringian massif, lead to a clearer understanding of the Chukotka-Alaska relations, as well as of the basin's position and function within the Pacific mobile belt.
Inelastic transport: a pseudoparticle approach

We discuss a pseudoparticle NEGF approach as a tool to describe transport in molecular junctions in the language of many-body states of the molecule. A method developed by Oh et al. [Phys. Rev. B, 2011, 83, 205302] is applied to inelastic transport in the case of strong electron-vibron interaction. The approach can be seen as a generalization of the exact mapping developed by Bonca and Trugman [Phys. Rev. Lett., 1995, 75, 2566] which includes information on the Pauli exclusion principle and Fermi electron distribution in the leads. Within simple model calculations of inelastic transport in junctions, we compare the pseudoparticle approach to other approximate NEGF schemes.