cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Spin States on Photovoltaic Actions in Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Circularly Polarized Photoexcitation

Organo-metal halide perovskites have become very promising photovoltaic materials with triply nondegenerate spin states due to spin–orbital coupling effects. This paper reports the effects of optically operated spin states on photocurrent (JSC) and photovoltage (VOC) in perovskite (MAPbI3) solar cells with the device architecture of ITO/TiO2 (compact)/TiO2 (mesoporous)/MAPbI3/P3HT/Au. Specifically, we switch the photoexcitation from linear polarization to circular polarization to change the electron–hole pair population of spin singlet φml=±1φ↑e↓h and spin triplet φml=0φ↑e↑h in the perovskite solar cells. Simultaneously, we investigate the photovoltaic actions upon optically shifting the spin population. We find that optically shifting the spin population by switching photoexcitation from linear to circular polarization can cause an increase on both JSC and VOC in the perovskite solar cells under circular photoexcitation. Our studies present the first evidence that the perovskite solar cells are the only ...
Abstract TP316: Appraising the Quality of Patient Care in Hospitalization for Transient Ischemic Attack

Introduction: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) patient safety indicators (PSIs) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) are federally implemented quality metrics. The necessity of hospitalization for transient ischemic attack (TIA) remains controversial. Here, we report the incidence, risk factors, and in-hospital outcomes associated with HACs and PSIs in this population. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002-2011) was queried for all records coded as primary diagnoses of TIA. The impact of demographics, insurance status, comorbidities, and in-hospital procedures on the occurrence of PSIs and HACs and the effect of these events on length of stay (LOS), hospital costs, and mortality was examined in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 52,969 PSIs and 21,612 HACs were identified among 2,117,247 TIA hospitalizations. The most frequent PSIs were pressure ulcers (1,173 per 100,000 patients), deep vein thrombosis (376 per 100,000 patients), and respiratory failure (329 per 100,000 patients) while the most frequent HACs were falls/trauma (942 per 100,000 patients), poor glycemic control (33 per 100,000 patients), and stage III/IV pressure ulcers (31 per 100,000 patients). In adjusted analyses, age 85+ (odds ratios [ORs]: 3.81, 1.50), Medicare (ORs: 1.62, 1.37), Medicaid (ORs: 2.01, 1.34), and 3+ comorbidities (ORs: 2.83, 1.30) were independent predictors of PSI or HAC occurrence, respectively (all p Conclusion: Among TIA hospitalizations, patient age, race, payer status, pre-existing comorbidity, hospital characteristics, and procedural management significantly impact the occurrence of PSIs and HACs, further affecting patient outcomes.
Rho GTPases and Spines

Dendritic spines are tiny protrusions on neurons that receive most of the excitatory synaptic inputs in the brain. Prior to spine formation during brain development, dendrites are covered with actin-rich, filopodia-like protrusions. These protrusions are believed to be actively searching for presynaptic partners, and once a contact is formed, the protrusion matures into a mushroom-shaped spine, which is rich in actin and essentially devoid of microtubules. Alternatively, actin-rich spines can form de novo from the dendritic shaft. Thus, the formation of spines requires extensive reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and it is likely that regulators of actin dynamics play a central role in spine development. Indeed, evidence is emerging that points to a key function for actin regulators, particularly proteins that participate in the Rho signaling pathway, in spine morphogenesis. This article focuses on the Rho GTPase signaling pathways that lead to actin reorganization and their effects on dendritic spine morphogenesis and plasticity.
Successful Resource Seeking Strategies: An Agent Based Model of Budgetary Competition

The strategies that bureaucratic actors employ to secure resources are the result of a complex interplay between motivational states and environmental conditions. The strategies employed by bureaucrats to secure resources are now best understood as heuristics. Heuristics that may be adaptive in securing resources under some conditions may be maladaptive under different environmental circumstances (Gigerenzer 2000; 2008). This study reviews the various strategies employed by bureaucrats to secure financial resources through the lens of Downs’ typology of bureaucrats to determine the fundamental heuristics the successful strategies employ. We sought inspiration from both the extant literature and models of bureaucratic behavior within organizations beginning with Downs (1967) and continuing with the work of Bowling, Cho, and Wright (2004), and the methodological innovations afforded by agent-based modeling. By making certain basic assumptions regarding decision-making heuristics, we show a remarkable consistency between Downs, Bowling and her colleagues, and our own findings.
Modulation of Inflammation Induced by Recombinant MOMP of Chlamydia in Mouse Macrophages by IL-10 is Mediated by Skewing M1 to an M2 Polarizing Macrophage Phenotype

The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a very desirable vaccine candidate against CT because it stimulates robust T- and B-cell protective responses. Conversely, we showed that MOMP contributes to CT inflammation by stimulating macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of chlamydial diseases, and whose secretion levels are modulated by IL-10. We also showed that MOMP induced marked expression of the Socs3 gene in macrophages, correlating with its induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and its triggering of an M1 macrophage phenotype. Our goal in this study is to understand the inflammatory nature of MOMP by focusing on key chemokines (CCL5 and CXCL10), NO and Nod1/2 receptors, which are implicated in CT inflammation. We also evaluated their inhibition by IL-10 and its effect on M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes. Mouse J774 macrophages were stimulated with recombinant MOMP (0.01–10 ug/mL) with/without exogenously added IL-10 (10 ng/mL); supernatants and RNA were collected for cytokine ELISAs, NO production and TaqMan gene expression analyses. Our results showed that rMOMP induced expression of CCL5, CXCL10, NO and Nod1/2 receptors that recognize and activate key inflammatory pathways, which were all modulated by IL-10. Characterization of macrophages revealed that rMOMP increased Nos2 expression, an M1 phenotypic marker, which was modulated by IL-10, suggesting skewing of the M1 phenotype whereas IL-10 upregulated M2 markers including, Arg 1 (and its isoform Arg 2) and Mrc1. Overall, our data helps in understanding the inflammatory nature of MOMP and the potential role played by M1 and M2 phenotypes in mediating IL-10 regulation of CT inflammation.
A Collaborative Work Cell Testbed for Industrial Wireless Communications — The Baseline Design

A work cell is an essential industrial environment for testing wireless communication techniques in factory automation processes. A new testbed was recently designed and developed to facilitate such studies in work cells by replicating various data flows in an emulated production environment. In this paper, the testbed’s baseline design is presented which characterizes deterministic and reliable communication needs between work cell components in a typical machine tending application. Special design issues are discussed regarding safety measures in collaborative robotic operations and network synchronization among distributed machines. Measurement plans in the hardwired baseline are also introduced along with further wireless extensions. The testbed can serve as a representative cyber-physical system (CPS) model to verify industrial wireless techniques in support of mission-critical data transmissions.
Eight Years of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowship Match: What Have We Learned?

BACKGROUND Pediatric orthopaedic surgery fellowships in North America have been organized, assigned, and administered through the San Francisco Match Program since 2011. However, trends in application numbers and match rates have not been assessed to this point. The purpose of this study is to describe these trends and applicants' perspective of the fellowship match. METHODS The San Francisco Match databank was queried for program and applicant data from 2011 to 2018. Specifically, we obtained data regarding the number of applicants, programs, match rates, and match results. Each year, applicants also completed an anonymous post-match survey administered by the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America fellowship committee, which included information on the number of applications, interview process, estimated costs, and suggested changes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and univariate statistics were used to assess differences in categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS From 2011 to 2018, 524 applicants participated in the pediatric orthopaedic fellowship match, and the mean number of annual applicants was 66 (range, 55 to 76). The mean number of fellowship programs and available positions during the same time period was 43 (range, 40 to 47) and 69 (range, 63 to 74), respectively. Each fellowship interview was estimated by the applicant to cost a mean of $458 (range, $372 to $566), and annual application costs across all applicants were extrapolated to be over $200,000/year. The mean overall match rate was 81% (range, 74% to 91%). The mean match rate for North American applicants was 98.7% and international applicants were 40.9% (P<0.01). Approximately, 93% of applicants obtained one of their top 5 choices of fellowship program (range, 78% to 100%), and 50% of matched applicants obtained their top choice each year (range, 43% to 56%). CONCLUSION In the pediatric orthopaedic fellowship match, the number of applicants and fellowship programs has remained relatively stable over the study period, and the majority of applicants match one of their top choices for fellowship. Proposed changes to the match should focus on decreasing the financial burden on applicants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression by human fibroblasts is both upregulated and subsequently downregulated by interleukin-1

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) treatment of human WI-38 lung fibroblasts results in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression as well as a delayed increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production that closely correlates with the decline of GM-CSF mRNA levels. Pretreatment with PGE2 reduces the IL-1 induced GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression to 10% to 15% of control values at concentrations of PGE2 that are endogenously produced after IL-1 stimulation. Inhibition of PGE2 synthesis by indomethacin prolongs the IL-1 induced GM-CSF mRNA expression and increases the cumulative GM-CSF protein secretion. Exposure of WI-38 fibroblasts to PGE2 results in an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The inhibition of GM-CSF expression by PGE2 can be mimicked by stable cAMP analogs as well as cAMP elevating agents such as cholera toxin, forskolin, and isobutylmethylxanthine. Thus the inhibition exerted by PGE2 is mediated via cAMP. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-1 stimulation of human fibroblasts provides not only the upregulatory signal for GM-CSF expression but also a delayed and indirect downregulatory signal that serves to limit GM-CSF expression in the continued presence of IL-1.
Textile Laminates for High-altitude Airship Hull Materials – a review

High-performance textile fabrics are highly desirable for high-altitude airship (HAA) hull materials that are expected to be lightweight and strong, flexible at cryogenic temperature, have outstanding tear resistance, and durable over long period. The hull material must also be able to contain the lifting gas, resist intense UV radiation and high concentrations of ozone. This review starts by covering a background in high performance textile and polymer materials and the requirements that must be met in order to build HAA hull structures. With a better understanding of the materials suitable for HAAs, we then discuss the numerous textile laminate HAA materials developed in the literature with a focus on their reported mechanical properties. A comprehensive specific tensile strength comparison between reviewed materials sheds a light on the future direction of HAA material design for further weight reduction. In addition, tear properties of various textile laminate HAA materials were discussed with an emphasis on tear propagation analysis and modelling.
Network-Level Correlates of Sexual Risk Among Male Sex Workers in the United States: A Dyadic Analysis.

Background Male sex workers (MSWs) are at increased risk of HIV infection in the United States. Research is limited on sexual and drug use network characteristics of MSWs. Setting Community-based organization and health center in 2 US Northeast cities. Methods One hundred MSWs completed a behavioral assessment and sexual and drug network inventory. Using dyadic analyses, we assessed whether network characteristics, including sex worker-male client age, race, and HIV status homophily and risk multiplexity (ie, overlap in drug-use and sex networks), were associated with condom use. Results MSW participants' mean age was 33.6. Two-thirds identified as Black or Latino, 12% identified as heterosexual, and 90% reported recent drug use. Participants reported an average of 5.3 male clients in the past month (SD = 3.4), and having anal sex with 74% of these clients, at a rate of 2.2 times per month (SD = 4.6). Participants reported inconsistent condom use during anal sex with 53% of clients. In multivariable models, inconsistent condom use was more common in relationships with presumed HIV status homophily [odds ratio (OR): 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07 to 1.46] and sexual and drug network multiplexity (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.30); and less common within relationships where the client is older than the MSW participant (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.93). Number of multiplex relationships was positively associated with number of condomless anal sex acts with male clients (incidence rate ratio: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.54). Conclusions Network characteristics may contribute to disproportionate HIV risk among MSWs. Modeling studies should include network characteristics when simulating HIV transmission, and future HIV interventions should address the role of networks.
Continuum Shape Sensitivity Analysis of Mode-I Fracture in Functionally Graded Materials

This paper presents a new method for continuum shape sensitivity analysis of a crack in an isotropic, linear-elastic functionally graded material. The method involves the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics, domain integral representation of the J-integral and direct differentiation. Unlike virtual crack extension techniques, no mesh perturbation is needed in the proposed method to calculate the sensitivity of stress-intensity factors. Since the governing variational equation is differentiated prior to the process of discretization, the resulting sensitivity equations are independent of approximate numerical techniques, such as the meshless method, finite element method, boundary element method, or others. In addition, since the J-integral is represented by domain integration, only the first-order sensitivity of the displacement field is needed. Numerical results show that first-order sensitivities of J-integral obtained by using the proposed method are in excellent agreement with the reference solutions obtained from finite-difference methods for the structural and crack geometries considered in this study.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Alloderm and Cortiva Have Similar Perioperative Wound Complications in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.

Abstract Background Although controversial, the use of acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) for abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) is increasing. There are now many different ADMs available, but there is a lack of studies directly comparing ADMs in terms of outcomes. Materials and methods A retrospective chart review was performed to compare perioperative wound complications (up to 120 d postoperatively) between patients who underwent AWR with the human noncrosslinked ADMs Alloderm or Cortiva from January 2012 to March 2020. Surgical technique uniformly consisted of open component separation, onlay implantation of ADM, and progressive tension suture fixation of ADM. Results After exclusions, 53 patients were in the Alloderm group, and 29 patients were in the Cortiva group. The overall perioperative wound complication rate between Alloderm (51.92%) and Cortiva (72.41%) was not significantly different (P = 0.09921). The average follow-up for Alloderm was 76.69 ± 29.52 d and for Cortiva was 66.93 ± 35.16 d (P = 0.2088). There were no cases that required explantation of ADM. Conclusions Given the similar perioperative wound complication profiles, the more cost-effective ADM may be a consideration for use in AWR. The fact that there were zero instances of ADM explantation also supports the use of ADM in these high-risk cases.
Margin setting algorithm for pattern classification via spheres

Margin setting algorithm (MSA) is a new sphere-based classification algorithm. It employs an artificial immune system approach to construct a number of hyperspheres that cover each class of a given set of data. To gain insights into the classification performance of MSA, it is the first work to analyze two important fundamental problems of MSA as a sphere-based classifier. First, single sphere or multiple spheres are needed to achieve good classification performance in MSA? This problem was presented as sphere analysis, which was experimentally carried out on simulation data sets using Monte Carlo method. The results demonstrated that MSA employs a multiple-sphere strategy instead of one-sphere strategy as its decision boundaries. This strategy allows MSA to achieve lower probabilities of classification error rate. Second, how to adapt the location and size of the hypersphere to achieve good classification performance? This problem was presented as adaption analysis, which was experimentally carried out on real-world data sets compared to the support vector machine and the artificial neural network. The results demonstrated that MSA employs an artificial immune system approach to optimize the locations of the hyperspheres and to shrink the radius of the hypersphere in a certain range using margin as an algorithm parameter. Overall, computational results indicate the advantages of MSA in classification performance.
Postoperative Opioid Analgesia Impacts Resource Utilization in Infants Undergoing Pyloromyotomy.

Abstract Background Opioid analgesia is often avoided in infants undergoing pyloromyotomy. Previous studies highlight an association between opioid use and prolonged hospitalization after pyloromyotomy. However, the impact of opioid use on healthcare resource utilization and cost is unknown. We hypothesized that use of opioids after pyloromyotomy is associated with increased resource utilization and costs. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted identifying healthy infants aged Results Overall, 11,008 infants underwent pyloromyotomy with 2842 (26%) receiving perioperative opioids. Most opioid use was confined to the DOS alone (n = 2,158, 19.6%). Infants who received opioids on DOS and postoperatively exhibited 13% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7%-20%, P-value Conclusions Postoperative opioid use among infants who underwent pyloromyotomy was associated with increased resource utilization and costs.
Analyzing Properties of Air as a natural refrigerant using MCDM methodology

Refrigerant selection is a challenging task because it often requires compromising desirable properties. Since we have so many refrigerants in the market to choose from and all are either pure or mixtures. Achieving all desirable properties for a refrigerant for a specific application is very rare and a perplexing task, which takes months if not years to come to a conclusion to select the right refrigerant. Among these conflicting and challenging circumstances, the selection of a refrigerant would be easy if properties of a desirable refrigerant are listed and analyzed for their importance. There exist a literature gap providing information on prioritizing the properties required for an ideal refrigerant which is pure, natural and abundant. This proposed research provides a list of properties of air as a natural refrigerant and prioritizes the refrigerant properties based on weightage. Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) based DEMATEL methodology is used to provide weights for the refrigerant properties. The results show Ozone depleting potential among effect group and Cost of the refrigerant among because group are the top properties. The managerial application is also discussed.
Technology of sub-100 nm InAlN/GaN HEMTs on silicon with suppressed leakage current

Abstract Due to the thin InAlN barrier layer, leakage current is a serious problem in InAlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The InGaN back-barrier can raise the conduction band of the GaN buffer layer and enhance the carrier confinement, resulting in a reduced buffer leakage current. The surface oxidation treatment prior to gate deposition can form an oxide layer and reduce the barrier leakage current. In this study, using both technologies, a record low off current (Ioff) and a record high on/off current (Ion/Ioff) ratio are achieved on InAlN/GaN HEMTs on silicon substrate. The InAlN/GaN HEMT with a 70-nm rectangular gate presents a low Ioff of 7.15 × 10−8 A/mm, a high Ion/Ioff ratio of 2.20 × 107, an average subthreshold swing (SS) of 69 mV/dec, and a low drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 90 mV/V. The InAlN/GaN HEMT with a 70-nm T-shaped gate exhibits a low Ioff of 3.26 × 10−8 A/mm, a high Ion/Ioff of 4.5 × 107, an average SS of 60 mV/dec, and a DIBL of 30 mV/V. To the best of our knowledge, these are record values among the reported InAlN/GaN HEMTs on Si. RF measurements present that current/power gain cutoff frequency (fT/fmax) of 215/45 GHz and 130/160 GHz are achieved on the 70-nm InAlN/GaN HEMTs with rectangular and T-shaped gate, respectively.
Using Video Games to Help Visualize and Teach Microbiological Concepts: A study analyzing the learning implications of a video game in comparison to a traditional method

Microbiology is the study of the invisible world that is ever present in and around us. Oftentimes, it can be difficult to communicate and visualize microbiological concepts to students due to many limitations. Static images in textbooks and simple representations of microscopic organisms and processes attempt to combat this, but it can be restricting. To address this, we seek to understand if interactive learning biology video games can lead to better concept retention and comprehension than traditional assignments, such as a reading article with static images. To analyze this, we use Infection Defense, a free, appealing, easily accessible video game about the immune system, a highly relevant and important microbiological concept. Concurrently, we also seek to analyze participant interest before and after playing the game, compared to standard methods. It is reasonable that the use of a video game to learn can lead to enhanced comprehension and engagement in scientific concepts.
Systematic energy and exergy assessment of a hydropurification process: Theoretical and practical insights

Abstract Improvement of process efficiency and reduction of operation costs are of significant importance in industrial chemical plants. In this study, an effective approach is proposed to analyze a hydropurification process, focusing on energy utilization, operating costs, environmental impact (e.g., CO2 emissions), and exergy performance. The hydropurification process includes heat exchangers, pumps, crystallizers, reactor, and furnace. This process is operated under high pressures and temperatures; it is prone to high consumption of energy and considerable loss of work quality. The vital operating parameters affecting the system performance are chosen by employing Taguchi method. The process simulation and/or thermodynamic modeling are carried out using Aspen Plus® software, and by writing codes for the exergy calculation in MATLAB software environment. The results are in acceptable agreement with the industrial data. The optimal conditions lead to 15% reduction in the process exergy destruction. The optimal operation can be established by implementing lower minimum approach temperature (ΔTmin) of the reaction system feed preheaters (e.g., 5 °C), setting a higher operating pressure in the heat exchangers of the feed preparation section (e.g., 96 bar), and enhancing the performance of heat exchangers using oil as heat transfer medium (optimizing furnace operating conditions). Furthermore, the performance of the fourth and sixth heat exchangers can be enhanced by 33.3%; the performance of the fourth crystallizer can be improved up to 18.7%. The furnace, which utilizes the expensive Therminol® 66 (as the heat transfer fluid), experiences a significant exergy destruction due to significant fluctuations in temperature and thermodynamic irreversibility in the combustion process. Implementation of the proposed optimal conditions can lower the operation costs and carbon tax by 9.96% ($20.5/h) and 14.75% ($14.54/h), respectively; and the CO2 emission rate can be decreased by 0.582 t/h. A decrease in ΔTmin of the heat exchangers improves the process specific energy consumption and exergy destruction. Moreover, effective control of the plant and avoidance of high fluctuations in the process parameters can lead to exergy destruction reduction.
Linguistic Fingerprints on Translation's Lens

What happens to the language fingerprints of a work when it is translated into another language? While translation studies has often prioritized concepts of equivalence (of form and function), and of textual function, digital humanities methodologies can provide a new analytical lens onto ways that stylistic traces of a text's source language can persist in a translated text. This paper presents initial findings of a project undertaken by the Stanford Literary Lab, which has identified distinctive grammatical features in short stories that have been translated into English. While the phenomenon of "translationese" has been well established particularly in corpus translation studies, we argue that digital humanities methods can be valuable for identifying specific traits for a vision of a world atlas of literary style.
The Chemistry of Gonadotropic Hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of four gonadotropic hormones ICSH, FSH, PMSG, and HCG. These hormones have been prepared in different degrees of purity; HCG has been prepared in crystalline form. Purest of all is the ICSH isolated from sheep and pig glands; its homogeneity has been established by the solubility test which is the most reliable criterion of purity for a protein. These gonadotropic hormones are glycoproteins; in addition to the amino acid constituents, these substances contain hexose and hexosamine. Destruction of the carbohydrate residue by enzymes causes inactivation of the hormones. Similarly, modification of protein groups decreases the gonadotropic activity. Both the carbohydrate and protein parts are essential for the biological action. There are no indications of the occurrence of prosthetic groups in these hormones. The availability of pituitary glands has limited the practical applications of FSH and ICSH in human therapy. In addition, there is evidence for the formation of antihormone during the administration of these gonadotropins. This may be avoided by the use of hormone preparations isolated from human tissues or fluids.
Microwave heating for advanced semiconductor processing

The microwave power is successfully utilized to rapidly heat a variety of materials, including Si at 150 /spl deg/C/s to 1200 /spl deg/C and SiC at 400 /spl deg/C/s to 2000 /spl deg/C. In this paper with Si microwave RTP, we have demonstrated ultra shallow junctions that exceed lamp-based RTP capabilities and satisfy the 90 nm technology node. The comparative experiment has been conducted between microwave RTP and optical lamp RTP. Comparison sheet resistance-junction depth curve for microwave and lamp-based p-type annealing results and time-temperature profile for a high-power microwave spike annealing are studied by experiments.
Hull design and fabrication of human powered submersible using triaxial woven basalt

Since 1989, the human powered International Submarine Race has been held biennially. Florida Atlantic University (FAU), hosting the first, has competed in every race using essentially the same submarine. As of now, FAU does not hold the world record for fastest human powered submarine. In an effort to change this, we would need to utilize every advantage possible in the construction of a new submarine. We chose to use a material rather than traditional fiberglass or carbon fiber for the hull. After seemingly endless research, we decided basalt was the answer to our needs. We collaborated with the CEO of Research Alternative Ways (RAW) Energy Materials Corperation, who provided us triaxial woven basalt. This material has allowed us to fabricate an ultra light and non-corrosive hull while still maintaining the strength and rigidity which can only otherwise be achieved by the combination of multiple expensive fabrics. Woven basalt is currently used in wind turbine blades and concrete structures in place of rebar, not only is this material less expensive than rebar and carbon fiber, but in most cases it will outperform them as well. The woven basalt fibers have properties similar to a blend of Kevlar, E-glass, and carbon fiber. Basalt has never been used in this type of application, and thus far it has exceeded all of our expectations in testing.
Monotone Schemes for Elliptic Systems, Periodic Solutions

In the previous chapters, the major method for proving the existence of steady state solutions for elliptic systems is Theorem 1.4-2 of the type of intermediate value theorem. It essentially uses maximum principle and the homo-topic invariance of degree. Another important technique for analyzing solutions of elliptic systems is the method of monotone schemes. Besides existence, it can be adapted to study uniqueness and stability for corresponding parabolic systems. Moreover, an analogous theory can be developed for finite difference systems. The corresponding monotone schemes provide numerical method for studying elliptic systems. The finite difference theory will be described in Chapter 6.
Postirradiation Deformation Behavior in Ferritic Fe-Cr Alloys

It has been demonstrated that fast-neutron irradiation produces significant hardening in simple Fe-(3-18)Cr binary alloys irradiated to about 35 dpa in the temperature range 365 to 420[degrees]C, whereas irradiation at 574[degrees]C produces hardening only for 15% or more chromium. The irradiation-induced changes in tensile properties are discussed in terms of changes in the power law work-hardening exponent. The work-hardening exponent of the lower chromium alloys decreased significantly after low-temperature irradiation ([le] 420[degrees]C) but increased after irradiation at 574[degrees]C. The higher chromium alloys failed either in cleavage or in a mixed ductile/brittle fashion. Deformation microstructures are presented to support the tensile behavior.
Comparison of outcomes in adults with pediatric-onset morphea and those with adult-onset morphea: A cross-sectional study from the morphea in adults and children cohort

Objective Few studies have examined outcomes in adults with pediatric-onset morphea. The objective of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adults with onset of morphea in childhood to those in patients with adult onset of morphea. Methods Participants in the study were drawn from the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort and included 68 adults with pediatric-onset morphea and 234 patients with adult-onset morphea. Outcome measures included the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT), physical examination findings, and HRQOL questionnaires. Results Adults with pediatric-onset morphea were younger, had longer disease duration, and were more likely to have the linear subtype of morphea. Patients with pediatric-onset disease were less likely to have active disease. Among patients with active disease, those with pediatric-onset morphea had less disease activity as measured by the LoSCAT. Patients with pediatric-onset disease had higher severity of disease damage when measured by the physician's global assessment of damage, but had similar levels of disease damage when measured by the Localized Scleroderma Skin Damage Index. Patients with pediatric-onset disease had more favorable HRQOL scores for all measures, all of which were statistically significantly different from those in patients with adult-onset morphea. Conclusion Adults with pediatric-onset morphea differ from patients with adult-onset disease with respect to disease subtype, severity of disease activity and damage, and levels of HRQOL.
Theory of transition-layer emission measures and coronae

The basic equations describing the energy equilibria, the conductive heat flux, and the temperature stratifications for stellar transition layers and coronae with 'open' field lines are summarized. The temperature dependence of the emission measures for lines originating in different temperature regions of the transition zone is determined. It is found that the stellar transition regions consist of two basically different parts: the lower part where mechnical energy input is balanced by the radiative losses, and the upper part where the mechanical energy input is balanced by the divergence of the conductive flux and radiative losses. In the lower part, the temperature stratification is determined by an equilibrium between mechanical flux input and radiative energy losses. The coronal temperatures increase with increasing mechanical flux and damping length in the upper transition zone.
Dependence of aerosol–cloud interactions in stratocumulus clouds on liquid-water path

Abstract A recent study showed that aerosol-induced feedbacks between microphysics and dynamics predominantly determined the cloud-mass response to aerosols in thin clouds with liquid-water path (LWP) of ∼50 g m −2 or less; in this paper, cloud mass represents the time- and area-averaged LWP and LWP is the column-integrated cloud liquid content (LWC); LWC is the mass of cloud liquid per unit volume of air. This is contrary to studies which have shown that aerosol-induced inefficient conversion and sedimentation play an important role in the determination of the effect of aerosols on cloud mass. These studies are generally based on clouds with LWP >50 g m −2 . Hence, it is important to understand whether the role of aerosol-induced feedbacks in the effect of aerosols on cloud mass depends on the level of LWP. Pairs of numerical experiments for high and low-aerosol cases are run for four cases of stratiform clouds with different LWPs. All of these cases show that the role of condensation or evaporation of cloud liquid in the cloud-mass response to aerosol is more important than that of conversion of cloud liquid to rain and sedimentation (or precipitation). This indicates that focusing only on parameterization of autoconversion and sedimentation to represent aerosol effects on cloud mass in climate models can be misleading. Also, this study finds that the effect of aerosol-induced sedimentation suppression on the cloud-mass response to aerosol becomes less important as LWP lowers. Instead, the effect of aerosol-induced changes in condensation or evaporation on the cloud-mass response becomes more important with the decreasing LWP. These changes in condensation (and associated changes in evaporation) are caused by interactions (or feedbacks) among aerosol, droplet surface area, supersaturation, and instability around cloud base.
Kohn-Sham potentials and wave functions from electron densities

A method is introduced that allows the determination of the Kohn-Sham effective potential and the corresponding Kohn-Sham orbitals belonging to an arbitrary electron density with boundary conditions of a bound and finite system. For atoms or molecules the exchange-correlation potential and the exchange-correlation energy can be obtained also. The procedure easily can be implemented using existing density-functional programs.
Activation Energy for Diffusion of 133 Xe Through MgO‐Ni Cermet Compacts

The Xe133 was produced by irradiation of UO2, which formed the central or core portion of small disks made from a 66% nickel and 34% MgO cermet material. Diffusion rates through this material were determined at 800 to 1100°C. The activation energy for diffusion was determined to be 4.4 ev with the diffusion coefficient given by the equation D = 1.85 x 107 e/sup -(4/.4e/sup v/k/T>s/sup )/ cm2/sec. The mechanism of diffusion appeared to be of the atom-vacancy interchange type.
Ceramide Protects Hippocampal Neurons Against Excitotoxic and Oxidative Insults, and Amyloid β-Peptide Toxicity

The transcription factor NF kappa B is activated by various signals associated with brain injury, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), oxidative insults, and amyloid beta-peptide (A beta). We recently reported that TNFs activate NF kappa B in neurons and protect them against excitotoxic and oxidative insults, including A beta toxicity. We now report that C2-ceramide (C2), a membrane-permeant activator of NF kappa B, protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against death induced by glutamate, FeSO4, and A beta. Protection was concentration dependent, specific (a ceramide analogue known not to activate NF kappa B was ineffective), required pretreatment, and was blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Lipid peroxidation and accumulation of cellular peroxides induced by glutamate, FeSO4, and A beta were significantly attenuated in neurons pretreated with C2. The data indicate that C2 induces antioxidant pathways in neurons and suggest novel approaches for reducing neuronal injury in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
The uniqueness problem in Kant's transcendental doctrine of method

The verificationist defense of Kant's refutation of idealism is a specimen of the reconstructive work that needs to be done in evaluating Kant's transcendental philosophy. It is necessary to proceed piecemeal in the critical examination of each of Kant's arguments, fitting it to the proposed indirect proof model, and rethinking its soundness or unsoundness. There may be few conclusions that can stand just as they are. The justification of Kant's transcendental proof that there are unknowable things in themselves establishes an important first step in this continuing inquiry.
Effect of stress on the superconducting transition temperature in indium, indium-alloy, tin, and tin-alloy whisker samples

The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature (${T}_{c}$) on stress ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$) for pure In and Sn samples was found to be in qualitative agreement with earlier work. For convenience ${T}_{c}$ is expressed as a function of the experimentally measured strain ($\ensuremath{\epsilon}$), which is proportional to $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The effect of alloying on the initial dependence of the ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ curves, ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{T}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\epsilon}})}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}=0}=\ensuremath{\eta}$, was quite different for the In and Sn alloys. The In samples were alloyed with a maximum of 4.8-at.% Tl, 7.9-at.% Sn, and 6.7-at.% Pb; the Sn samples were alloyed with a maximum of 0.3-at.% Cd, 6.0-at.% In, 0.3-at.% Sb, and 2.2-at.% Bi. The addition of impurities had a large effect on $\ensuremath{\eta}$ for the In alloys, with $\ensuremath{\eta}$ reversing sign for some Sn and Pb alloy contents ($\ensuremath{\chi}$). The ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ curves also became nonlinear for some $\ensuremath{\chi}$. The possible relationship of the In alloy results to changes in the Fermi surface due to the addition of impurities is discussed. For the Sn alloy samples, there was no change in $\ensuremath{\eta}$ with any impurity. The change in room-temperature resistivity with strain was also measured. There was only a slight decrease in the dependence of resistivity on strain for the In-Sn and In-Pb data and no effect on the In-Tl or Sn alloy data.
Coupling of Heave and Roll for High-Speed Planing Hulls

For planing hulls, dynamic lift reduces the submergence of the hull, allowing small motions to result in large changes in hydrodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic lift forces acting on the bottom of a planing hull dominate the hydrodynamics and these lift forces are known to depend on speed and wetted surface. As a planing boat rolls the wetted surface changes, which affects the dynamic lift. A series of tests using a wooden prismatic planing hull model with a constant deadrise of 20 degrees were done at static heel and heave positions as well as oscillating heave conditions. This paper presents the results from these experiments, primarily looking at the hydrodynamic coefficients in heave as a function of heel angle and exploring the coupling between these motions for a prismatic high-speed planing hull.
Immunologic aspects of the prostate

Our experiments involving the use of the Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma as an animal model of prostatic cancer as well as clinical studies on the immunocompetence of prostatic cancer patients are described. Utilizing the Dunning tumor, we have demonstrated that this transplantable adenocarcinoma of the rat prostate was similar to human prostatic cancer with respect to its macroscopic and microscopic appearances, growth rate, growth differential in male and female recipients, and some of its metastatic potential. Cryosurgery was capable of destroying the primary tumor as it can in man. Both antibody and cellular immune responses could be produced against antigens associated with the tumor cells. Tumor-bearing rats treated by cryosurgery in combination with BCG were capable of producing an antitumor immunity that protected them from rechallenge. Clinical studies of prostatic cancer patients showed a diminished in vitro immunity, but the responses of the cancer patients were not significantly different from those of patients with benign prostatic disease.
Alterations in circadian and ultradian cardiovascular rhythms in children with chronic renal failure

Abstract P-177 Key Words: Circadian and Ultradian Rhythms, Chronic Renal Failure, Children
Soluble hydrocolloids enable fat reduction in process cheese spreads

Aqueous dispersions of soluble hydrocolloids replaced lipids in process cheese spreads. About 40% and 50% fat reduction was obtained relative to a control cheese spread containing 25% fat by increasing moisture to 62% and 68%, respectively, and eliminating a portion of fat from the formulation. Xanthan, λ-carrageenan, three types of high-methoxyl pectin, propylene glycol alginate, low-viscosity guar and Zooglan 115 gums were added to process cheese spreads at 0.18% to 4.1% wet basis. Spreads with 2.2%λ -carrageenan, 1.7% to 2.2% pectin or 1.7% low-viscosity guar had textures consistent with a high-fat cheese control. Above these gum levels, cheese spread firmness (by Instron measure) increased while melt decreased. A 15% fat, 62% moisture cheese spread with 1.7% pectin was most like the control. In sensory studies it was less preferred than a control spread (25% fat, 48% moisture) due partially to less flavor.
β-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure : Principles, progress, and practice

Prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system in patients with impaired ventricular function exerts adverse effects on the heart and circulation by a variety of mechanisms that are triggered by the interaction of norepinephrine and epinephrine with α 1 -, β 1 -, and β 2 -adrenergic receptors. Drugs that interfere with the actions of the sympathetic nervous system on α- and β-receptors might be expected to antagonize these deleterious effects. β 1 -receptor blockers have been shown to prevent and reverse many of the structural and functional changes that occur during the progression of heart failure, and β 2 -and α 1 -receptor blockade seems to enhance the ability of β 1 -blockers to prevent the toxic effects of catecholamines. In a large number of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, long-term treatment of patients with chronic heart failure with β-adrenergic blockers improves cardiac function, ameliorates symptoms, and reduces the risk of death and hospitalization. The nature and consistency of these benefits have led an increasing number of physicians to conclude that most patients with heart failure should be considered candidates for long-term treatment with these drugs. Analysis of these clinical trials has also raised the possibility that β-blockers might differ from each other. Specifically, might agents that block α 1 -, β 1 -, and β 2 -receptors be more effective and better tolerated that agents that act selectively on the β 1 -receptor? This hypothesis is now being evaluated in a large-scale, long-term, international trial.
Architecting dynamic cyber defense for a secure multi-tenant cloud services environment

The stakeholder's security concerns over data in the clouds (Voice, Video and Text) are a real concern to DoD, the IC and private sector. This is primarily due to the lack of physical isolation of data when migrating to shared infrastructure platforms. The security concerns are related to privacy and regulatory compliance required in many industries (healthcare, financial, law enforcement, DoD, etc) and the corporate knowledge databases. The new paradigm depends on the service provider to ensure that the customer's information is continuously monitored and is kept available, secure, access controlled and isolated from potential adversaries.
Attempted Synthesis of a Stable, Quintet, Tetraphenoxyl Tetraradical: Facile Rearrangement of a Substituted Bicyclobutane

The preparation of tetraphenol 3 and its attempted oxidation to tetraradical 2 are described. Tetraphenoxyl 2 was envisioned as a more stable analog of the previously reported, quintet tetraradical 1. However, EPR studies on 3 and model compounds and crystallographic characterization of the product from oxidation of 3 suggest that 2 is not a viable target. Apparently, 2 or an intermediate in the multistep oxidation path leading to it undergoes a ring closure to a bicyclobutane. The bicyclobutane, in turn, undergoes a surprisingly facile rearrangement to the analogous butadiene structure.
Racial Transparency Theory Applied to Musicians who Claim to Be Aliens

In examining musical performers who have adopted the identity of the space alien, a pattern of variation emerges across racial lines. White alien musicians are more likely to abdicate their individuality by wearing matching costumes or face-covering masks. Non-white musical artists, however, adopt the alien identity in a way that enhances their individuality. Alien identity allows them to be viewed as something other than the “(insert racial/ethnic group) artist” label. Alien status also allows some non-white musicians to expand upon and deviate from the musical styles often associated with their racial/ethnic category.
Structural analysis by diffraction of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans

Abstract An analysis of 8 crystal structures of chlorinated dibenzodioxins (DBD) and dibenzofurans (DBF) to indicate trends in C-Cl bond length (shortens as the no. of Cl atoms/molecule increases), planarity, and the effects of steric factors and planarity on bond deformation.