cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
James Collinson, the Campo Santo and the Birth of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

No single work is more often cited as the spark that ignited the Pre-Raphaelite movement than Carlo Lasinio's folio of engravings depicting the frescoes adorning the walls of the Camposanto in Pisa. In this paper, the author draws on substantial circumstantial evidence to argue that James Collinson, one of the lesser members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, was th source for the transformative Lasinio engravings, and that he was drawn to them via Henry Newman's popular novel "Loss and Gain", which presaged Collinson's own conversion to Catholicism.
Manned Control - Direct and Remote

Utilization of man as part of automatic, remotely controlled and directly manned space exploration systems
Advances in genetics, genomics and control of rice blast disease

Rice is the most important food security crop and staple food of half of the world population. Major increases in rice production occurred during the past four decades of last century as a result of adoption of green revolution technology. Demand for rice continues to increase as a result of population increase and improvement in living standards particularly in Africa and Latin America. However, rate of increase of rice production has slowed down. It is estimated that we will have to produce 30% more rice in 2030. For this purpose we need rice varieties with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. Breakdown of blast resistance is the major cause of yield instability in several rice growing areas. Efforts are underway to develop rice varieties with durable blast resistance. More than 40 major genes as well as QTL for blast resistance have been identified. Monogenic resistance to blast is less stable but varieties with pyramided monogenes or QTLs are durably resistant. Rice research should focus on identifying more durably resistant genes, tagging of these genes with molecular markers and pyramiding these genes or QTLs through molecular marker-aided selection. Candidate gene identification through rice functional genomics has great potential for developing more durably resistant varieties.
Link and Content Analysis

While the Web has become a worldwide platform for communication, terrorists share their ideology and communicate with members on the “Dark Web” – the dark side of the Web used by terrorists. Currently, the problems of information overload and the difficulty of obtaining a comprehensive picture of terrorist activities hinder effective and efficient analysis of terrorist information on the Web. To improve understanding of terrorist activities, we have developed a novel methodology for collecting and analyzing Dark Web information. The methodology incorporates information collection, analysis, and visualization techniques, and exploits various Web information sources. We applied it to collecting and analyzing information of 39 jihad Web sites and developed visualization of their site contents, relationships, and activity levels. An expert evaluation showed that the methodology is very useful and promising, having a high potential to assist in investigation and understanding of terrorist activities by producing results that could potentially help guide both policy making and intelligence research.
New Thoughts on the Control of Self-Recognition, Cell Interactions, and Immune Responsiveness by Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes

It is abundantly clear that our perceptions about the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have changed quite substantially during the 1970’s. No longer does the term histocompatibility connote merely identities, similarities, or differences among tissue-transplantation antigens inherited by each individual member of a given species. Now, that term stands for a polymorphic family of genes and molecules the biological functions of which appear to play central roles in governing cell differentiation, cell-cell recognition, quality as well as quantity of immunological responsiveness, and probably a variety of other functions that have yet to be discovered. The realization that the biological importance of the MHC is broader than had initially been apparent has generated considerable excitement, a flurry of basic research endeavors, and an increasingly voluminous literature that becomes more and more difficult to keep track of and, at times, to understand. As can be expected, much of the literature, particularly recently, tends to be a bit repetitious in terms of both experimental approach and interpretation of data, a situation that seems to be inevitable whenever a given area of science is highly popular and pursued by large numbers of investigators. In view of this problem, this chapter was purposely prepared with its main goal being to share some new thinking, supported in part by new data, on some rather well-worn topics pertaining to involvement of MHC genes and molecules in immunological responses.
Absolute Macrophage Dependency of T Lymphocyte Activation by Mitogens

A T lymphocyte subpopulation that contains only 0.3% macropages and less than 2% B lymphocytes has been prepared from guinea pig lymph node cells by the use of two different types of adherence columns. This subpopulation does not proliferate in response to the mitogens Con A or PHA unless additional macrophages are added. The means by which macrophages restore T cell responsiveness to PHA has been investigated. Macrophages appear to function via two distinct mechanisms in this experimental situation. The first mechanism involves the binding of PHA to the macrophage followed by the “presentation” of the mitogen to the T lymphocyte in a manner that induces cell activation. This presentation function requires that the macrophage be viable and metabolicially active. The second mechanism by which macrophages function is by the elaboration of a soluble factor or factors. The presence of these factors has been reliably and reproducibly demonstrated by using a double-chambered, Marbrook-type tissue culture vessel. This soluble factor can induce activation of T lymphocytes with surface bound PHA in the apparent absence of any form of macrophage presentation. In contrast, the function of this factor is clearly distinct from that of the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol, (2-ME) since 2-ME does not enable this T cell subpopulation to be activated by mitogens. On the basis of these observations, we propose that two distinct signals are required to activate this T lymphocyte subpopulation. One signal is delivered by the interaction of the mitogen with the T cell surface, and the second singal is delivered by a soluble factor(s) produced by macrophages. Whether all types of T lymphocytes require two signals to be activated, remains to be established.
The effect of pre-existing mental health comorbidities on the stage at diagnosis and timeliness of care of solid tumor malignances in a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center.

There are limited data on the impact of mental health comorbidities (MHC) on stage at diagnosis and timeliness of cancer care. Axis I MHC affect approximately 30% of Veterans receiving care within the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. The purpose of this study was to compare stage at diagnosis and timeliness of care of solid tumor malignancies among Veterans with and without MHC. We performed a retrospective analysis of 408 charts of Veterans with colorectal, urothelial, and head/neck cancer diagnosed and treated at VA Connecticut Health Care System (VACHS) between 2008 and 2011. We collected demographic data, stage at diagnosis, medical and mental health co-morbidities, treatments received, key time intervals, and number of appointments missed. The study was powered to assess for stage migration of 15–20% from Stage I/II to Stage III/IV. There was no significant change in stage distribution for patients with and without MHC in the entire study group (p = 0.9442) and in each individual tumor type. There were no significant differences in the time intervals from onset of symptoms to initiation of treatment between patients with and without MHC (p = 0.1135, 0.2042 and 0.2352, respectively). We conclude that at VACHS, stage at diagnosis for patients with colorectal, urothelial and head and neck cancers did not differ significantly between patients with and without MHC. Patients with MHC did not experience significant delays in care. Our study indicates that in a medical system in which mental health is integrated into routine care, patients with Axis I MHC do not experience delays in cancer care.
A Tale of “Two Souths”: White Voting Behavior in Contemporary Southern Elections*

Objective We empirically demonstrate that the long-held political distinction between the Deep South and the Peripheral South persists to this day. Methods Data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) are employed in logistic regression models to assess differences in the likelihood of voting Republican among Deep and Peripheral South whites in gubernatorial, senatorial, and presidential contests. Additionally, recent data on the partisan and racial composition of various elective offices document the sharp decline in Democratic officeholders. Results In contemporary Southern elections, Deep South whites, after controlling for several factors such as partisanship, ideology, religion, and income, are consistently and significantly more likely to vote Republican than their Peripheral South peers. Conclusions Race remains the most salient issue in Southern politics and it structures the alignment of whites and blacks into opposing parties. Because of this, whites are more Republican in their voting behavior in the more culturally conservative subregion where the proportion of African Americans is higher: the Deep South. Dixie is now dominated by the GOP, and especially in the Deep South, with grim representational implications for African Americans because they are no longer part of coalitional majorities at virtually every level of governance.
Applications of the Maximum Modulus Principle and Jensen’s Formula

We return to the maximum principle in a systematic way, and give several ways to apply it, in various contexts.
AN AUTOMOTIVE INSTRUMENT PANEL EMPLOYING LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

An instrument panel cluster consisting of five twisted nematic liquid crystal displays has been installed and tested in a 1975 Chevrolet Monte Carlo. The displays are: warning indicators, speedometer, clock/odometer, fuel gauge, and transmission indicator (PRNDL). Four modes transmissive, reflective, and color transreflective. The remaining displays all operate in the reflective mode. A heater system allows operation over a -40 deg C to +80 deg C temperature range. /GMRL/
Kafka's Narrative Innovation and Ethical Intuitions

In his fictions Kafka develops an innovative narrative POV (uni-polar 'self-narration') and a penetrating (near-psychoanalytic) scrutiny of motives. Additionally, throughout his fictions and his non-fiction he works out a contextually rich individualist ethics.
The Italiote League: South Italian Alliances of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC

Polybius and Diodorus each cite a league of Italiote city-states while chronicling events of the fifth and fourth centuries bc respectively. Scholarly opinion holds that the authors describe the same alliance. This article argues that each ancient historian refers to a different alliance with dissimilar goals. Evidence is marshaled to show that Polybius9s fifth-century league was not formed to combat an Italic threat, as is commonly stated by modern authors. Three Achaean states established this alliance to counter their aggressive Italiote neighbors, Thurii and Locri, both of whom were supported by major powers. By the first part of the fourth century, however, the situation in southern Italy had changed dramatically, and the growing power of Dionysius I as well as Italic people threatened the Italiotes. Diodorus describes another alliance formed by a larger group of Italiote states to counter a different set of enemies.
Modular mixin-based inheritance for application frameworks

Mixin modules are proposed as an extension of a class-based programming language. Mixin modules combine parallel extension of classes, including extension of the self types for those classes, with mixin-based inheritance. For soundness of sybtyping purposes, they require an explicit distinction between mixin-based objects and class-based objects. Applications of mixin modules are in statically type-safe monad-based aspect-oriented programming, and in modular mixin-based Internet programming.
Acute hyperosmolar hyperglycemia causes axonal shrinkage and reduced nerve conduction velocity

Abstract Cats infused with hypertonic dextrose to increase plasma glucose to values at or above those found in human hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma developed a small but progressive reduction of conduction velocity of A alpha motor fibers during 6 h which was not prevented by the addition of myo -inositol. Axonal shirnkage, probably sufficient to cause the reduction in conduction velocity, and other morphometric features were similar to those produced by hyperosmolar fixation of normal nerve and by streptozotocin diabetes in rats.
Writing Siblings: Alice James and Her Brothers

This essay addresses the relationship of writing to embodiment, through representations of bodily sensation and fantasy in the journal of Alice James. It considers Alice James's writing in relation to her two writer brothers, William and Henry, and in light of their father's experiences of impairment and breakdown.
Protein-specific helper T-lymphocyte formation initiated by dendritic cells

Antibody responses to hapten-polypeptide conjugates require peptide-specific helper T cells. The latter can be primed in tissue culture by providing small numbers of dendritic cells. Primed, irradiated helper T cells then induce B-cell growth and differentiation in the apparent absence of dendritic cells. Both stages of the antibody response--the induction of helper T lymphoblasts by dendritic cells and the delivery of help from T to B cell--occur in discrete cell aggregates that can be isolated by velocity sedimentation. If helper T blasts revert to smaller "memory" lymphocytes, dendritic cells again are needed to initiate the antibody response.
Methods for isolation and characterization of intracerebral arterioles in the C57/BL6 wild-type mouse.

Abstract Vascular control mechanisms have been studied extensively in mice. However, an in vitro characterization of penetrating intracerebral arterioles has not been reported. We describe methods for isolation and cannulation for mouse intracerebral arterioles. This technique allows analysis of mouse cerebral arteriolar physiology and pharmacology without the confounding influences of the surrounding brain elements. Penetrating intracerebral arterioles from adult C57/BL6 wild-type (WT) mice were isolated at 4 °C, transferred to an inverted microscope and cannulated at both ends using a dual glass micropipette system, wherein intraluminal flow (0.2 μl/min) and pressure (60 mmHg) were maintained. The arterioles developed spontaneous tone when the chamber was warmed to 37 °C, with the resulting diameter reaching 68.4±0.9% of passive diameter (29.8±1.1 μm). After the development of spontaneous tone, incremental changes in luminal pressure from 20 to 140 mmHg induced myogenic responses. Acidosis (pH 6.8) and alkalosis (pH 7.6) caused dilation (20.0±1.4%) and constriction (17.2±1.4%), respectively. Extraluminal adenosine (ADO (10 μM); 24.3±3.6%) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP (10 μM); 28.6±4.1%) and intraluminal adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP (10 μM); 20.0±3.9%) resulted in vasodilation similar in magnitude to that observed in rat arterioles. This information provides a foundation for elucidating cerebral vascular control mechanisms in genetically engineered mice.
PhD Training in Clinical Psychology: Fix It Before It Breaks

During the past 60 years clinical psychology training programs have made remarkable changes as psychologists’ professional roles and scientific contributions have emerged. Yet, there are a number of issues that have implications regarding the quality of research training in PhD programs. Current PhD programs are encouraged to offer a joint PsyD/PhD training program when their goal is to train researchers and clinicians who would be eligible for licensure. It is recommended that the PhD serve only as a research degree. A joint PsyD/PhD addresses many of the identified problems and issues. It conserves resources for research training and explicitly identifies, recognizes, and rewards the training that is required. It may best serve to advance the knowledge base of clinical psychology.
A microstructure-based model of the deformation mechanisms and flow stress during elevated-temperature straining of a magnesium alloy

We show that the variation of flow stress with strain rate and grain size in a magnesium alloy deformed at a constant strain rate and 450 °C can be predicted by a crystal plasticity model that includes grain boundary sliding and diffusion. The model predicts the grain size dependence of the critical strain rate that will cause a transition in deformation mechanism from dislocation creep to grain boundary sliding, and yields estimates for grain boundary fluidity and diffusivity.
Co‐management for workplace democracy

Discusses co‐management which is the step beyond self‐directed work teams and a natural evolution to a fully involved process of employee participation at all levels of the firm. Stresses that quality, productivity and organizational health are primarily what co‐management has to offer both owners and employees. This result will also benefit the regional, national and world industry which adopts co‐management.
Power integrity modeling and design for semiconductors and systems [Book review]

This book, written by two well-known scientists in the field of power integrity, covers two aspects of power distribution in integrated circuits: design and modeling, with, in my opinion, an emphasis on modeling. Power represents the major bottleneck in modern semiconductors and systems. With transistor scaling over the last two decades, Moore's law has enabled the integration of millions of transistors within an integrated circuit. With lower gate capacitance and lower voltage, faster transistors have become available with each new generation of computers. However, increased transistor integration has resulted in an increase in the current supplied to the integrated circuit, thereby increasing power. Managing the transient current supplied to the integrated circuit at gigahertz frequencies is one of the biggest challenges faced by the semiconductor industry. With lowering of the supply voltage to the transistors, dynamic variation in the power supply due to current transients is becoming a major challenge for designers.
Electrical conductivity of metallic Si:B near the metal-insulator transition

The conductivity has been measured between 55 mK and 4.2 K in zero field and in magnetic fields up to 7.5 T of a series of uncompensated {ital p}-type Si:B samples with dopant concentrations near the critical concentration for the metal-insulator transition. Acceptor wave functions, which are derived in silicon from the degenerate light- and heavy-hole {ital J}=3/2 valence-band maxima at {ital k}=0 and a spin-orbit-split {ital J}=1/2 band, are quite different from donor wave functions associated with the six degenerate conduction-band minima at different equivalent points in the Brillouin zone. Despite this, the conductivity of Si:B is found to be quite similar in many ways to that of Si:P. The critical conductivity exponent for Si:B is close to 1/2 as in Si:P and Si:As, rather than having the expected value of 1. The correction to the zero-temperature conductivity arising from electron-electron interactions is comparable in size, and the temperature dependence of the conductivity in various fixed magnetic fields is also found to be quite similar. For the range of dopant concentrations and experimental parameters of these investigations, the only important experimental difference between the two materials is the sign and size of the magnetoresistance. In contrast with Si:P, whichmore » has both positive and negative components, the magnetoresistance of Si:B is positive for all temperatures and magnetic fields studied. We attribute this to the strong spin-orbit scattering in {ital p}-type silicon associated with the degenerate valence bands.« less
Taxing Antisocial Behavior for the Common Good

Long-term sustainable social policy strategies include attention to sins and their prosocial benefits. Antisocial goods and actions can provide the basis for tax revenue generated to serve the public good. Sin taxes have the potential to reduce addictive, antisocial consumption activity and to increase prosocial goods, leading to sustainable, long-term strategies for economic, environmental and entrepreneurial progress. Sustainable enterprise strategies combined with taxes on antisocial behavior offer great promise yet require careful thought and prosocial leadership.
The reproduction and development of sharks, skates, rays and ratfishes: introduction, history, overview, and future prospects

This volume had its origin in aSymposium on the Reproduction and Development of Cartilaginous Fishes that was held at the annual meetings of the American Elasmobranch Society and the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in Charleston, South Carolina in June 1990. The aim of this symposium was to bring together many of those scientists interested in chondrichthyan reproduction and development in order to assess the current state of knowledge in these fields.
Reconciliation of San Andreas slip discrepancy by a combination of interior Basin and Range extension and transrotation near the coast

Measurements of net translation along the Neogene San Andreas transform boundary between Pacific and North American plates, as indicated by the global correlation of sea-floor magnetic anomalies and by total Neogene displacements along strands of the onshore San Andreas fault system, differ by hundreds of kilometres. The apparent motion discrepancy is reconciled for post–mid-Miocene time if both transrotational deformation along the coastal belt of California and basin-range extension east of the Sierra Nevada are taken into account.
Outcome of latissimus dorsi transfer as a salvage procedure for failed rotator cuff repair with loss of elevation.

Eighteen patients, referred from an outside institution with massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears and loss of elevation, were treated with a latissimus dorsi tendon transfer as a salvage procedure for failed, prior, attempted rotator cuff repair. Clinical outcomes were measured by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon's (ASES) score, pain level, and active range of motion. The average postoperative ASES score was 61, an increase from 43 pre-operatively ( P = .05). Active elevation improved to an average of 137° compared to 56° pre-operatively ( P P = .001), and the average post-operative active external rotation at the side was 45°, improved from 31° ( P
Cigarette Smoking Reduction and Changes in Nicotine Dependence

INTRODUCTION The relationship of nicotine dependence (ND) to smoking behavior and cessation has been well characterized. However, little is known about the association between smoking reduction (SR) and ND. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the lifetime prevalence and extent of SR and whether ND as assessed by a modified Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score without cigarettes per day (CPD) and time-to-first cigarette changed with reductions in CPD. As part of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND), 47,777 individuals from 2 mid-Western metropolitan areas were identified for a community-based telephone screening, yielding 6,955 current daily smokers ages 25-44 years (European-American, n = 5,135 and Black, n = 1,820). The FTND was administered to measure current ND and peak ND in respondents whose current daily CPD is lower than their reported lifetime peak. RESULTS About 44% (n = 3,077) of the sample reported reducing their smoking from their lifetime peak, with a mean reduction of 14.4 CPD (SD = 8.9) or a 54.0% reduction compared with peak smoking. Controlling for peak smoking and years smoked, the magnitude of SR was associated with declines in ND excluding the direct contribution of CPD. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported SR was associated with reduced levels of ND. The impact of this reduction on smoking cessation and health risks and smoking cessation requires further study, particularly given the retrospective nature of the present dataset.
THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: THE CASE OF HUNGARY

ABSTRACT**: Government policymakers need to be accountable to citizens, but much government policymaking occurs in ministries that are imperfectly monitored and controlled by the popularly elected legislature. There are good reasons for such delegation, grounded in the expertise of officials and the scarce time of legislators, but the affirmative justifications for delegation do not vitiate the need for public officials to consult with the public and with organized civil society advocacy groups. This article argues that the new democracies of Central Europe have underemphasized this consultative aspect of the transition to democracy. To illustrate, it concentrates on the case of environmental policymaking in Hungary, one of the more advanced democracies in the region. A handful of voluntary civil society organizations play an important role, but the relative weakness of the organizational landscape and of the groups' legal rights to participate in policymaking limit their impact. The article proposes ways to strengthen the role of civil society advocacy groups in emerging democracies.
Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase : molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, expression of a mouse full-length cDNA, and its localization on mouse chromosome 7

Abstract Uroporphyrinogen-III synthase (URO-S; EC 4.2.1.75), the fourth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, is responsible for the conversion of hydroxymethylbilane to the cyclic tetrapyrrole, uroporphyrinogen III. The deficient activity of URO-S is the enzymatic defect in congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), an autosomal recessive disorder. For the generation of a mouse model of CEP, the human URO-S cDNA was used to screen 2 × 10 6 recombinants from a mouse adult liver cDNA library. Ten positive clones were isolated, and dideoxy sequencing of the entire 1.6-kb insert of clone pmUROS-1 revealed 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences of 144 and 623 bp, respectively, and an open reading frame of 798 bp encoding a 265-amino-acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 28,501 Da. The mouse and human coding sequences had 80.5 and 77.8% nucleotide and amino acid identity, respectively. The authenticity of the mouse cDNA was established by expression of the active monomeric enzyme in Escherichia coli . In addition, the analysis of two multilocus genetic crosses localized the mouse gene on chromosome 7, consistent with the mapping of the human gene to a position of conserved synteny on chromosome 10. The isolation, expression, and chromosomal mapping of this full-length cDNA should facilitate studies of the structure and organization of the mouse genomic sequence and the development of a mouse model of CEP for characterization of the disease pathogenesis and evaluation of gene therapy.
Visible albedo of Mars' south polar cap: 2003 HST observations

Abstract The martian south polar cap was observed with the High Resolution Camera on Hubble Space Telescope near the very favorable 2003 opposition. Well calibrated images taken at a number of wavelengths in visible and UV were used to measure the apparent Lambert albedos of two bright polar areas. These were corrected for the effects of atmospheric dust to obtain wavelength-dependent surface albedos, which are diagnostic for the purity and grain size of the CO 2 deposits. The bolometric albedo estimated from these data may be sufficiently large to be consistent with stability of the perennial CO 2 in the residual cap.
Why Multivariable Analyses

Following a brief interpretation of a multivariate analysis, purposes of such an analysis are reviewed. A discussion of two primary purposes, prediction and structure identification, and of the sec...
The IWGCN: Past, Present, and Future Role in the Field of Crustacean Nutrition

In addressing the seventh annual meeting of what is now the World Aquaculture Society, Michael New challenged members interested in crustacean nutrition to develop standardized methods so that “direct, quantitative comparison of dietary trials carried out by different groups of research workers could be achieved”. Later that year, the Society's President, Harold Webber, established the Nutrition Task Force to meet that challenge. The evolution of this task force into the International Working Group on Crustacean Nutrition is described. The original objectives of the task force were to develop open formula reference diets, to recommend standard conduct and reporting procedures, to provide for informational exchange, and to coordinate the Society's role in the nutritional sciences. The rationale for each of these objectives is examined and progress made toward achieving each is evaluated in light of changes that were occurring in the crustacean aquaculture industry. The present status of the International W...
Chromosomes and systematics of some North American species of the genus Marmota (Rodentia: Sciuridae).

Die Zahl der diploiden Chromosomen vonMarmota caligata undM. flaviventris ist 42 in Bevolkerungen der nordlichen und sudlichen Verbreitungsgebiete beider Spezies. Ein Vergleich zwischen den bisher veroffentlichten Informationen uberMarmota-Chromosomen mit Angaben uber ihre Morphologie, Ekologie, Zoogeographie legt nahe, dass die ursprungliche Chromosomenzahl 2n 38–40 war.
Phenotypic differences in African Americans with Prader-Willi syndrome

We report on 10 African Americans with Prader-Willi syndrome whose features differ from those of white patients with this condition. Growth is less affected, hand and foot lengths usually are normal, and the facies are atypical; this may lead to underdiagnosis in this population. We encourage clinicians to recognize these phenotypic differences so that diagnosis is not overlooked.
Chemical characteristics of precipitation in NH3-affected areas

Abstract Effects of gaseous ammonia (NH3) on precipitation chemistry were studied in four areas with a significant emission density as a result of animal manure production by intensive stockbreeding activities. In these NH3-affected areas the quantity of ammonium (NH4+) and sulphate (SO42−) in atmospheric precipitation was 1.5–4 times higher than in relatively remote areas, whereas 70–90% of the deposition of nitrogen consisted of NHx compounds. Particularly within a distance of 1 km downwind point-sources of NH3 emission bulk precipitation was less acidic and showed enhanced concentrations of NH4 and SO42− than at larger distances. NH3 is the dominant agent which reacts with, and neutralizes, acid compounds in the atmosphere by forming (NH4)2SO4. Annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH4+ reached values of 179–369 μmol l−1 those of SO42− were 90–145 μmol l−1. The highest measured total amount of NHx compounds deposited on an open water surface was 62 kg N ha−1 a−1. In the studied areas NH4+ is the dominant form of N in atmospheric precipitation which, together with SO42−, falls on and enters the biosphere.
Using Computer Technology in Expressive Arts Therapy Practice: A Proposal for Increased Use.

Creativity software and the Internet can be valuable tools in the practice of expressive arts therapy (EAT). They offer novel options, stimulate fascination, and hold potential benefits for a wide variety of clients and the therapeutic relationship and process. A review of literature in related fields is presented to demonstrate the expected impact and utility of adding such media to the practice of EAT. The characteristics of these mediums resonate with the core values of EAT. Guidelines for use, limitations of current research, ethical considerations, and suggested future directions for research are discussed. Suggestions for creative activities and descriptions of specific software are provided.
Slicing floorplans with pre-placed modules

Existing floorplanners that use slicing floorplans are efficient in runtime and yet can pack modules tightly. However, none of them can handle pre-placed modules. In this paper, we extend a well-known slicing floorplanner to handle pre-placed modules. Our main contribution is a novel shape curve computation procedure which can take the positions of the pre-placed modules into consideration. The shape curve computation procedure is used repeatedly during the floorplanning process to fully exploit the shape flexibility of the modules to give a tight packing. Experimental results show that the extended floorplanner performs very well.
An Observational Study of Cloud-Topped Mixed Layers

Abstract The turbulence and mean structure of oceanic stratocumulus was studied using aircraft data collected during the summer of 1976 off the coast of California. Three cloud-topped mixed layers were studied in detail. They consisted of 1) a thin cloud capped by an inversion at a height of ∼1000 m, 2) a relatively thick but broken cloud layer capped by a weak inversion at ∼600 m and 3) a solid cloud capped by a strong inversion at ∼600 m. The mean temperature, moisture, liquid water and radiative characteristics obtained for these three cases were compared. Heat and moisture fluxes were also calculated and compared. Although there was considerable variation in the characteristics of the three cloud-topped mixed layers studied, all indicated the validity of the general approach used in simple mixed-layer models of stratocumulus. But for these models to be useful, they should be generalized to allow clouds other than solid clouds to be modeled. The measurements indicate that cloud microphysics may be impo...
A Scalable Graphene Sulfur Composite Synthesis for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries with Good Capacity and Excellent Columbic Efficiency

Sulfur nanoparticles wrapped with a conductive graphene framework was synthesized with a high sulfur loading through a scalable one-step process. The graphene-coated sulfur nanostructured composite, when used as cathode for lithium sulfur battery, shows a reversible capacity of 808 mAh g–1 at a rate of 210 mA g–1 and an average columbic efficiency of ∼98.3% over 100 cycles. It is found that graphene oxide (GO) with a porous structure offers flexible confinement function that helps prevent the loss of active materials, thus extending the cycling life of the electrode. Moreover, reduced graphene oxide provides a conductive network surrounding the sulfur particles, which facilitates both electron transport and ion transportation. This novel one-step, all-solution-based process is scalable and provides a promising approach for potential industrial applications.
Enterotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide 2 are enhanced by neurotensin

Combination therapy with enterotrophic agents may be useful in patients with the short bowel syndrome. The gut hormones neurotensin (NT) and glucagon-hke peptide 2 (GLP-2) are potent enterotrophic fattors when administered alone; however, their combined effects are not known. Using a GLP-2-producing tumor (STC-1), we determined whether administration of NT enhances the effect of GLP-2 on intestinal growth. Athymic mice were injected with STC-1 cells (6 × 106) subcutaneously. Twenty-three days after STC-1 implantation, mice received either NT (300 μg/kg or 600 μg/kg) or saline solution (control) subcutaneously three times a day for 6 days. Two groups of tumor-free mice received either saline or NT for 6 days. At sacrifice, jejunum and ileum were collected, weighed, and analyzed for DNA and protein content. In the jejunum, NT combined with GLP-2 (from STC-1) increased weight, protein content (markers of mucosal hypertrophy), and DNA content (a marker of mucosal hyperplasia), compared to either NT or GLP-2 alone. In the ileum, the combination of NT and GLP-2 significantly increased weight and/or protein content compared to NT or GLP-2 alone. Administration of NT enhances the enterotrophic effects of GLP-2, augmenting hypertrophy of the entire small bowel and hyperplasia of the jejunum. The combination of NT and GLP-2 may be useful to enhance intestinal growth in patients with the short bowel syndrome.
Renaissance classicism and Roman sexuality: Ben Jonson’s marginalia and the trope ofOs impurum

The marginalia to Ben Jonson's personal copy of the 1619 Scriverius edition of Martial's epigrams display a recurring interest in the most scabrous elements of Roman satirical discourse, including Martial's frequent and abusive references to the acts of oral sex. Not only do Jonson's marginal notes explicate the Roman trope ofos impurum; they also tend to supply it in situations where it is not necessary for interpretation of the epigrams in question. In the process, Jonson's marginalia may offer a measure of insight into the marked distaste for love and sex that the poet displays in his published works. Likewise, these marginal notes may help to explain the recurring emphasis upon patterns of oral pollution that is characteristic of Jonsonian satire.
Amphetamine-induced taste aversion: A comparison of d- versus 1-amphetamine

Abstract A comparison of the effects in rats of four dose levels of d- and 1-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) on development of a taste aversion to a 0.1% saccharin solution showed that d-amphetamine was approximately 4 times as potent as 1-amphetamine in inducing a taste aversion to saccharin. The aversion was obtained in both forced- and free-choice tests. A 2–4 fold differential in efficacy was found when the same dose levels of both amphetamine isomers were tested for their effects in reducing water intake. The approximately 4-fold greater effectiveness of the d-isomer suggested that the taste aversion may be mediated by a dopaminergic system. In addition, it was suggested that the taste aversion behavior represented a conditioned anorexic effect rather than being indicative of a noxious or aversive consequence of the amphetamine.
Leadership and local structures in the Amazon region

The occasion of globalization mobilizes internal forces and local leaders into using external forces, allying with alien (national and global) actors to achieve local goals; and letting themselves being used by alien interests and made part of global goals. In the Amazons region, particularly, there has been an emergence of local actors and space‐time structures that deserve attention when devising viable structures in the global world. In this paper, our purpose is to watch some of the actors that interact in the region and learn how, underneath globalization, history depends much on the leaders of local projects. Looks at two modalities: one in Brazil and one in Venezuela.
Modeling Development of the Epicardium and Coronary Vasculature: In Vitro Veritas?

“Your vision will become clear only when you can look into your own heart…Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes.” — Carl Jung The ontogeny and interrelationships of the epicardium surrounding the heart and the vascular beds and conduction pathways investing it remain fundamental mysteries of cardiovascular development. Although several molecules and discrete signaling events have been identified, we lack a detailed schematic of the relevant molecular genetic cascades. Genetic etiologies for congenital heart defects affecting the epicardium and the coronary vasculature have yet to be defined. Successful clinical manipulation of stem cells from a variety of sources in order to recreate blood vessels and conduction tissues in the diseased adult heart would be greatly enhanced by the discovery of a Rosetta stone to decode the key biochemical events and their interactions that comprise such embryonic cardiovascular processes. In order to define molecular regulation of coronary vasculogenesis and Purkinje fiber development in the heart, investigators have largely relied on chick and mouse models of cardiogenesis. These animal models have led them to look outside the primitive heart tube for the earliest events that initiate the establishment of these tissues. Such studies have highlighted the contribution of the proepicardial organ (PEO). The PEO (Figure) is an outgrowth of a cluster of extracardiac mesothelial cells on the dorsal body wall adjacent to the heart tube’s atrioventricular canal. Cells from the PEO are the precursors for several lineages within the heart including epicardial epithelial cells, myocardial connective tissue cells, coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, and coronary endothelial cells.1 Moreover, communication between the progeny of PEO cells and cardiomyocytes provides instructions for the differentiation of Purkinje fibers. Schematic representation of formation of the epicardium and its derivatives in the embryonic chick. Illustrated are a Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 18 embryo (asterisk indicates the …
Viscosity of amorphous polymers

An amorphous polymer is characterized as a homogeneous array of N identical, n-center polymer segments which can be described in terms of four molecular constants. A mechanism for viscous flow (or self diffusion) is visualized as a positional exchange of two adjacent polymer segments in a hole the size of a segment-pair. The activation energy for the viscous flow is the energy required to overcome the cohesive bonding to neighboring segments plus the work of compression required to form a hole of molecular dimensions. The effect of chain entanglement is estimated by using the theories of Bueche. An equation is derived for the viscosity in terms of a characteristic temperature, T0, a free volume expansion coefficient, β′, a fractional free volume for the glassy state fg0, an average segmental length, 2λn, and the four measurable molecular constants. This equation describes the lower limiting viscosity of polyisobutylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl acetate) over a viscosity range of up to a factor of 108 and for the whole temperature range of available data. It is shown that the characteristic temperature, T0, is close to the measured glass transition temperature, the free volume expansion coefficient, β′, is about 0.4 of the thermal expansion coefficient of the rubber and the fractional free volume fg0, is 0.1 for all the polymers. The size of the jumping unit in viscous flow is calculated to be about 0.1–0.3 of the size of an equivalent freely orienting segment.
Effects of feedback delay on learning

Understanding barriers to organizational learning is central to understanding fi rm performance. We investigate the role of time delays between taking an action and observing the results in impeding learning. These delays, ubiquitous in real-world settings, are relevant to tradeoffs between long term and short term. We build four learning heuristics, with different levels of complexity and rationality, and analyze their performance in a simple resource allocation task. All reliably converge to the optimal solution when there are no/short delays, and when those delays are correctly assessed. However, learning is slowed signifi cantly when decision makers err in assessing the length of the delay. In many cases, the decision maker never fi nds the optimal solution, wandering in the action space or converging to a suboptimal allocation. Results are robust to the organization’s level of rationality. The proposed heuristics can be applied to a range of problems for modeling learning from experience in the presence of delays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Monogenic Hopf algebras over discrete valuation rings with low ramification

Abstract Let K be an extension of Q p with absolute ramification index 1 e ⩽ p − 1 . Let R = O K and let k be the residue field of R. We show that any monogenic finite abelian local Hopf algebra with local dual lifts to R, and we construct all such lifts. For H an R-Hopf algebra arising from one of these lifts, we realize SpecH as the kernel of an isogeny of one-dimensional formal groups. We then obtain a complete list of fields L for which L / K is an H ⊗ K -Galois object.
Endogenous small interfering RNAs in animals

Until recently, only nematodes among animals had a well-defined endogenous small interfering RNA (endo-siRNA) pathway. This has changed dramatically with the recent discovery of diverse intramolecular and intermolecular substrates that generate endo-siRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster and mice. These findings suggest broad and possibly conserved roles for endogenous RNA interference in regulating host-gene expression and transposable element transcripts. They also raise many questions regarding the biogenesis and function of small regulatory RNAs in animals.
Respiratory metabolism of Utah chub, Gila atraria (Girard) and speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus (Girard)

Measurements of active, standard and routine oxygen consumption were made for 207 Utah chub at 6°, 9°, 12°, 18° and 22° C; and 123 speckled dace at 4°, 8°, 12° and 18° C. These were expressed as mathematical functions of water temperature and size of the fish. The mean slopes of loge oxygen consumption (mg O2/h) and loge wet weight (g) were 0.771, 0.526, and 0.619 for active, standard, and routine rates respectively for Utah chub, and 0.943, 0.486, and 0.683 respectively for speckled dace.
Representation of fine structure or fine frequency information with cochlear implants

Abstract One possible approach for improving cochlear implants is to represent “fine structure” or “fine frequency” information in a way that it can be perceived and utilized by patients. The importance of the information and various ways of representing it are described.
Recruitment of pathology residents: APC questionnaire results, 1987 and 1988.

Abstract Our data show a persistent decline of US graduates entering pathology. Moreover, our data indicated that the NRMP provides only a small percentage of the total pathology slots ultimately filled. If the intentions of the 1988 cohort remain consistent, the predictions of the Anderson et al 5 concerning a shortage of community-hospital and private-laboratory phathologists seen to be well-founded. This evidence, coupled with the long-acknowledged shortage of academic pathologists 4 , makes improved recruitment an imperative. Recent reports have described several potentially important recruitment tools 9–12 . However, substantial change in recruitment needs to take place if significant shortages are to be avoided.
Simulations of Membrane Tubulation by Lattices of Amphiphysin N-BAR Domains

Membrane compartments of manifold shapes are found in cells, often sculpted by cellular proteins. In particular, proteins of the BAR domain superfamily participate in membrane-sculpting processes in vivo and reshape also in vitro low-curvature membrane liposomes into high-curvature tubes and vesicles. Here we show by means of computer simulations totaling over 1 millisecond, how lattices involving parallel rows of amphiphysin N-BAR domains sculpt flat membranes into tubes. A highly detailed, dynamic picture of the 100-microsecond formation of membrane tubes by lattices of N-BAR domains is obtained. Lattice types inducing a wide range of membrane curvatures, with radii approximately 15-100 nm, are explored. The results suggest that multiple lattice types are viable for efficient membrane bending.
Antioxidants in processed garlic

Abstract Both fresh and processed garlic ( Allium sativum L.) have shown a variety of biological activities including antioxidant, cancer prevention, liver protection, immunomodulation and reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the present study, the antioxidant effects and the change in concentration of fructosyl arginine (Fru-Arg) identified in aged garlic extract (AGE) were determined using several in vitro assay systems and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our data indicate that Fru-Arg is a potent antioxidant, which forms and increases during the natural aging process and, thus, may contribute to the biological activities of processed garlic.