cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
It's time to think outside the computational box

Systems that don't announce when they've reached their final results can `compute' the uncomputable, possibly allowing them to understand their users and generate their own programs from examples.
Decreased beta-adrenergic receptors in the leukocytes of depressed patients

We studied beta-adrenergic receptor binding, using 125I-cyanopindolol as the ligand, in the leukocyte membranes of depressed patients, schizophrenic patients, and normal control subjects during a drug-free period. We also determined plasma cortisol levels and dexamethasone suppression in these subjects. The maximum number of beta-adrenergic receptor sites (Bmax) was significantly lower in depressed patients than in normal control subjects. Nonsuppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test tended to have a decreased Bmax in comparison to suppressors. There was no significant difference in the Kd between any of the groups. These results indicate that decreased beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness in the leukocytes of depressed patients is probably due to a decrease in the number of beta-adrenergic receptor sites.
Lobular involution: localized phenomenon or field effect?

As women age, the lobules in their breasts undergo involution. We have shown that, in women with benign breast disease, progressive involution assessed near the benign lesion is associated with lower breast cancer risk. However, it is unknown whether the extent of involution is variable or uniform across the entire breast. We compared involution across the four quadrants of both breasts for fifteen women undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. One pathologist classified involution extent as none (0% involuted lobules), mild (1–24%), moderate (25–74%), or complete (≥75%). We assessed intra-woman concordance using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), kappa coefficients, and pairwise comparisons of agreement. We found strong intra-woman concordance of involution across the eight quadrants of breast tissue (ICC = 0.75, 95% CI 0.59, 0.89). Our study suggests that lobular involution is a homogeneous process, supporting the use of involution measures from a single benign biopsy as a component in breast cancer risk assessment paradigms.
Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 by map kinase primarily involves the projection domain

Chymotryptic digestion was used to localize the sites in microtubule-associated protein 2 which are preferentially phosphorylated in vitro by MAP kinase, an insulin-stimulated serine/threonine kinase which efficiently utilizes high molecular weight MAPs as substrates. MAP kinase phosphorylates sites in the projection domain almost exclusively; less than 6% of the phosphate incorporated by MAP kinase was found in the tubulin binding domain. This site specificity is in marked contrast to that of the catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase, and most other protein kinases phosphorylating MAP-2, which extensively phosphorylate the tubulin binding domain.
Severe Chloride Deficiency in the Neonate: The Canine Puppy as an Animal Model

ABSTRACT.: Studies were designed to develop an animal model for the syndrome of hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis (HMA), and failure to thrive in infants due to intake of chloride-deficient formula. Littermate canine puppies, 2 wk old, were fed soy formula containing normal chloride, 20 mEq/liter (NC, n = 5), or low chloride, 1 mEq/liter (LC, n = 5) for 4 wk, first by gavage and ad libitum thereafter. After 1 wk of LC formula, HMA developed in LC puppies although both NC and LC puppies had similar fluid and caloric intake and gain in weight and forelimb length. Two wk of LC formula also resulted in a higher serum creatinine and calcium but lower phosphate level in LC than NC puppies. After 4 wk of LC, weight and forelimb length were much less in LC than NC puppies. Plasma renin activity decreased with age in NC but remained elevated in LC. In a separate group of puppies (n = 6) with HMA, chloride supplementation of LC formula as NaCI to NC levels corrected HMA despite continued citrate intake. We conclude that the canine puppy is an appropriate model to study HMA due to decreased chloride intake. Low chloride intake independent of citrate caused the HMA.
Optical techniques to solve the signal fading problem in fiber interferometers

In single-mode optical fiber interferometer sensors environmental effects such as ambient temperature fluctuations and static pressure changes result in signal fading. Three different optical techniques which eliminate the signal fading problem are presented and experimentally verified. Comparison of the three techniques in terms of their technical merits is presented.
Influence of forest structure on density and nest success of mature forest birds in managed landscapes

Managing for forest wildlife requires attention not only to quantity but quality of forests within the landscape. We examined the extent to which local structural attributes and landscape context of forest stands explained variation in density and reproductive success of mature forest birds across 12 sites in southeast Ohio, USA, 2004–2006. Results suggest that several structural characteristics influenced bird–habitat relationships in our study. Densities of 3 songbird species (i.e., ovenbird [Seiurus aurocapilla], cerulean warbler [Setophaga cerulea], and scarlet tanager [Piranga olivacea]) were positively related to canopy openness, which is usually a function of canopy gaps. Habitat attributes described by ground litter, understory density, and canopy height were positively associated with densities of ground (i.e., worm-eating warbler [Helmitheros vermivorum]), or shrub nesting species (i.e., Kentucky and hooded warblers [Geothlypis formosa and Setophaga citrina], respectively). Furthermore, the number of small trees likely drove the positive relationship between density of wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), a subcanopy nester. After accounting for temporal variability in daily nest survival rates, the odds of nest survival for all species increased 10.5% for every 1% increase in canopy openness and decreased 1.4% for each 5% increase in understory vegetation density. Habitat–nest survival relationships were not apparent at the level of the individual species. Our results suggest that structural attributes produced by increasing habitat heterogeneity may be necessary for conservation of forest bird communities. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The wing-waving display of Eurema daira males (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): Its structure and role in successful courtship

Abstract Males of the barred sulphur, Eurema daira , perform a unique ‘wing-waving’ display in courtship. This display and its significance are described in detail from motion picture records of successful and unsuccessful courtships. Wing-waving is done in bouts and is a requisite part of successful courtship. The display appears to have evolved in response to female choice for males that clearly announce their species identity; there are two other pierid species of very similar size and colour pattern that occur sympatrically with E. daira .
Spectromicroscopy of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Comparison of Spectra and Radiation Damage Rates in X-ray Absorption and Electron Energy Loss

The C 1s and O 1s X-ray absorption spectra of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have been recorded using transmission, fluorescence, and electron yield detection. The corresponding electron energy loss spectra (EELS) have been recorded in a scanning transmission electron microscope. These results are compared to the C 1s and O 1s spectra of gas phase 1,4-dimethyl terephthalate (the monomer of PET) recorded using EELS. The comparison of monomer and polymer materials in different phases and with different techniques has aided the understanding of the relative strengths and limitations of each technique as well as assisting the spectral interpretation. Good agreement is found in the overall shape and the energies of the spectral features. Relatively minor differences in intensities can be understood in terms of the properties of the individual spectroscopic techniques. The critical dose for radiation damage by 100 keV electrons incident on PET at 100 K is found to be (1.45 ± 0.15) × 103 eV nm-3. In contrast...
Effect of Phenylalanine and Its Metabolites on the Brain Serotonin Level of the Rat.

SummaryWistar rats were placed on diets supplemented with 7% phenylalanine, 4.5% phenylpyruvic acid, 3% ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or 4% phenylacetic acid. Analysis of brain samples for seroton...
Mechanisms Regulating Repression of Haptoglobin Production by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Ligands in Adipocytes

Obesity leads to inflammation of white adipose tissue involving enhanced secretion of cytokines and acute-phase proteins in response in part to the accumulation of excess lipids in adipocytes. Haptoglobin is an acute-phase reactant secreted by white adipose tissue and induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms regulating haptoglobin expression in adipocytes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) as well as non-TZD ligands can repress in vitro and in vivo haptoglobin expression in adipocytes and also prevent its induction by TNFα. This action requires direct involvement of PPARγ in regulating haptoglobin gene transcription because mutation of critical amino acids within helix 7 of the ligand-binding domain of PPARγ prevents repression of the haptoglobin gene by the synthetic ligands. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows active binding of PPARγ to a distal region of the haptoglobin promoter, which contains putative PPARγ binding sites. Additionally, PPARγ induces transcription of a luciferase reporter gene when driven by the distal promoter region of the haptoglobin gene, and TZD treatment significantly reduces the extent of this induction. Furthermore, the mutated PPARγ is incapable of enhancing luciferase activity in these in vitro reporter gene assays. In contrast to other adipokines repressed by TZDs such as resistin and chemerin, repression of haptoglobin does not require either CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein C/EBPα or the corepressors C-terminal binding protein 1 or 2. These data are consistent with a model in which synthetic PPARγ ligands selectively activate PPARγ bound to the haptoglobin gene promoter to arrest haptoglobin gene transcription.
Applying Clustering to Statistical Analysis of Student Reasoning about Two-Dimensional Kinematics.

We use clustering, an analysis method not presently common to the physics education research community, to group and characterize student responses to written questions about two-dimensional kinematics. Previously, clustering has been used to analyze multiple-choice data; we analyze free-response data that includes both sketches of vectors and written elements. The primary goal of this paper is to describe the methodology itself; we include a brief overview of relevant results.
DQ α and β RFLP reveals the composition of the DQ molecule recognized by T-cell clones

Pst I RFLP, revealed with DQ α and DQ β probes, was compared with Taq I RFLP using a panel of DR-homozygous cell lines and HLA-typed family members. Taq I patterns, characteristic for each DR-associated DQ α and β allelic forms, were recognized in the homozygous state and then proven to segregate in the heterozygous members of informative families. The presence of both specific α and β chains was found to be necessary to form the type of DQ molecule specifically recognized by two alloreactive T-cell clones. Particular α and β associations also seem to be responsible for some Dw splits of the DRw6-positive cells. Taq I RFLP analysis may be more complex than the Pst I analysis, but is certainly more informative and complete, considering the type of information we were seeking by performing these types of experiments.
FMR1 gray-zone alleles: association with Parkinson's disease in women?

Carriers of fragile X mental retardation 1 repeat expansions in the premutation range (55–200 CGG repeats), especially males, often develop tremor, ataxia, and parkinsonism. These neurological signs are believed to be a result of elevated levels of expanded CGG-repeat fragile X mental retardation 1 mRNA. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fragile X mental retardation 1 repeat expansions in a movement disorder population comprising subjects with all types of tremor, ataxia, and parkinsonism. We screened 335 consecutive patients with tremor, ataxia, or parkinsonism and 273 controls confirmed to have no movement disorders. There was no difference in fragile X mental retardation 1 premutation size expansions in the cases compared with controls. Eleven percent of the women with Parkinson's disease had fragile X mental retardation 1 gray-zone expansions compared with 4.4% of female controls (odds ratio of 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–8.7). Gray-zone expansions in patients with other phenotypes were not overrepresented in comparison with controls. Fragile X mental retardation 1 premutation range expansions are not more common in a mixed movement disorder population compared with controls. Our results, however, suggest that fragile X mental retardation 1 gray-zone alleles may be associated with Parkinson's disease in women. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Talar callosity in children--what, who, why?

Figure 2. The foot with the larger callosity is the one drawn closer to the body in cross-legged sitting. T he talar callosity is a relatively uncommon ankle lump in children. Although asymptomatic and entirely ‘‘benign,’’ it is a major cause of parental concern. Clinically, the talar callosity refers to an area of hyperkeratotic skin on the anterolateral aspect of the ankle. Talar callosities are typically 2.0 to 2.5 cm in diameter, may be unilateral or bilateral, and are usually a shade darker than the surrounding skin (Figure 1). They can be associatedwith smaller callosities over the ipsilateral lateral malleolus, fifth metatarsal base or head, or other bony prominence in the foot. For 5 years, 26 children at our institution had talar callosities. There were 17 boys (65.4%) and 9 girls (34.6%) between 3 and 8 years of age (mean age, 5.3 years). All 26 children had generalized ligament laxity and a preference for cross-legged sitting without shoes. Sixteen children (61.5%) had bilateral callosities. The 10 children (38.5%) with unilateral involvement consistently sat cross-legged so that the ankle with the callosity (Figure 2) was the one drawn closer to the body and bore the additional weight of the contralateral thigh. It was also the side on which there was greater hindfoot equinovarus and forefoot adductus and supination, thrusting the anterolateral aspect of the talar head into prominence. This position of the foot in a crosslegged sitting position can be readily simulated with passive manipulation; in our experience, this simple demonstration greatly facilitates parents’ understanding of the condition. The families of 19 children were satisfied with simple reassurance on the basis of clinical evaluation. At the
Current Pain Management

Type and Scope of Book: A multiauthored compilation of topics that are relevant to contemporary management of cancer pain, with a multidisciplinary approach to appeal to a broad readership.
Nitric oxide synthase does not contribute to cerebral autoregulatory phenomenon in anesthetized dogs

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We tested the following hypotheses: (1) cerebral blood flow (CBF) is NO dependent, (2) NO contributes to CBF autoregulation, and (3) NO participates in the neurohypophysial vasodilator response to hypotension. Three groups of sodium pentobarbital anesthetized dogs were studied using microspheres. In 7 dogs, N ω - nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME; 40 mg/kg, i.v.) increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 12%. Cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) increased more than MAP, resulting in a 20 ± 4% reduction (range 12–-;67%) in baseline CBF. In unblocked conditions, actively autoregulated regions (e.g. cortex, white matter, median eminence) demonstrated a correlation between CVR and MAP whereas passive regions (neural lobe) did not. NOS block did not effect the relationship between MAP and CVR in most brain regions. However, a significant relationship between CVR and MAP developed in neural lobe after NOS block. Abrupt hypotension increased neural lobe blood flow to 239 ± 37% control at 3 min, despite NOS block. These results show that baseline cerebral vessel tone depends upon NOS activity. Enhanced NO release cannot explain either cerebral autoregulation or the transient hyperperfusion seen in neural lobe immediately following rapid hemorrhage.
Management of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence

Conventional wisdom regarding management of opioid dependence in pregnancy calls for methadone maintenance in nearly all cases. The scientific literature and historical background upon which this recommendation is based, newer evidence indicating the safety of methadone discontinuation during pregnancy and recent studies raising concerns about the effects of methadone on the fetus and neonate are reviewed. More flexibility in the management of opioid dependence during pregnancy is recommended.
The chlorination of mixed metal oxides to form hexachlorometallates

Abstract Selected mixed metal oxides MXO3 (M = Na, K, Cs, Ba, orZn; X = Ti, Zr, Mo, W) have been reacted with various chlorinating agents, principally CCl4 at 400 °C in a bomb. Mixed oxides involving the large electropositive cations produce hexachlorometallates, M2XCl6, but the rate of chlorination of the transition metaloxygen bond is slow for such oxide mixtures.
Measurement of plasma wave electric fields in solar flares

Measurements of electric fields in solar flares using the Stark effect exhibited by neutral helium atoms are reported. Electric field strengths as high as 700 V cm−1 are observed. Measurements of electron densities indicate that the electric fields originate from nonthermal plasma waves. Analysis of the plasma wave fields coupled with plasma density and temperature measurements indicate that the Lower Hybrid Drift instability may be present in the flaring region.
The Effect of Polymer Substrate Surface Basicity on the Adsorption of a Cationic Polyacrylamide.

Abstract The adsorption of a cationic polyacrylamide onto polytetrafluoroethylene, bisphenol-A based epoxy resins, and acrylate substrates was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic contact angle measurement in water. Surface acidity–basicity was quantified via dynamic contact angle measurement in water, ethylene glycol, and diiodomethane. The epoxy resins exhibited intermediate surface basicity and adsorbed the most polyelectrolyte, suggesting that specific substrate–adsorbate acid–base interactions govern adsorption of the cationic polyacrylamide onto surfaces of low to intermediate basicity. In general polar interactions appear to dominate the adsorption process. Advancing contact angle measurements have yielded quantitative fractional surface coverage information for polymer-on-polymer adsorption comparable to that obtained via XPS.
Terpenoid marker compounds derived from biogenic precursors in volcanic ash from Mount St. Helens, Washington

Abstract A volcanic-ash sample obtained after the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, was analyzed for cyclic terpenoid organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-computer techniques. Various tricyclic diterpenoid acids and hydrocarbons were identified including dehydroabietic acid, dehydroabietin, dehydroabietane, simonellite, and retene. Preliminary evidence indicates that these compounds were derived from forest soils or atmospheric aerosols or both in the vicinity of coniferous forests. A diagenetic scheme involving three possible pathways for the conversion of abietic acid to retene is presented.
Lambda diodes utilizing an enhancement-depletion CMOS/SOS process

A process is described for the simultaneous fabrication of enhancement and depletion mode, n-, and p-channel MOS/ SOS transistors necessitating six mask levels through metallization. The depletion-mode devices are actually deep depletion devices and an analysis of these structures when operated in a surface accumulation mode is presented. The enhancement devices are shown to have normal device characteristics with threshold voltages of less than 1.0 V. The depletion-mode devices also have normal characteristics with pinchoff values less than 1.0 V. Lambda diodes were fabricated from the depletion-mode devices which had peak current values of 5 µA at 0.5 V. In addition, a 16-bit memory array was fabricated comprised of all these structures which had an access time of 3 µs at 5.0 V.
Ultra-nationalism in Central Europe☆

I n the former Soviet satellite states of Central Europe and the Balkans, citizenries that ousted their communist regimes have begun to set up liberal democratic governments. If they are to succeed, these new regimes will need functioning party systems composed of strong institutional parties. Currently, party systems in the former communist countries are in flux. Constitutions and electoral laws change constantly, and new parties rise and fall rapidly, generating a bewildering array of acronyms. Complicating matters further, the borderline between political parties and other types of organizations is sometimes thin. Despite the confusion, a few definite trends can be discerned. One is the proliferation of ultra-nationalist political parties that employ xenophobic and demagogic appeals, Such movements have become serious political players in all of the former communist countries in Central Europe during the last two years, and may thus endanger continued democratic consolidation and stability in the region. Even if they do not come to power, these parties will play a role in the evolution of the newly emerging democracies by shifting the political spectrum, influencing the makeup of ruling coalitions, and preventing the smooth functioning of legislatures. Political parties aiming to subvert the democratic process may paralyze the functioning of the legislature, thus bringing about a political crisis and even inducing the military to intervene. To best study the nature and threat of these parties, one should look to the four countries of Central Europe that are most politically evolved and economically developed: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Because these states have pre-World War II parliamentary democratic traditions and are culturally similar to the countries of Western Europe, they are the most likely to make a successful transition to democratic liberalism. The majority of Western investment and assistance has thus gone to these four countries, If they do not succeed in establishing democracy, the chances for other former communist states to do so are slim indeed.
Receding horizon feedback control law for a large space hoop-column antenna

Abstract The dynamics of a 100-m dia, hoop-column antenna in near-Earth equatorial circular orbit considered as a flexible body is investigated. The dynamics of the antenna involve nonlinear coupled equations of translational, rotational and generic modes of infinite dimensions. Using a linearized version of the equation about an operating point, the above modes are truncated. The generic modes are functions of the eigenfrequencies of the system. The main disturbances considered here are due to the Earth's gravitational field and vibrational modes. A nonlinear control law (receding horizon) based on the principles of Lyapunov function is designed to stabilize the antenna in rotational as well as in generic modes. The receding horizon principle has advantage over linear control laws in that its response to large disturbances is fast and its response to small disturbances is slow; whereas linear control laws respond uniformly to all disturbances.
Dimension results for sample paths of operator stable Lévy processes

Abstract Let X = { X ( t ) , t ∈ R + } be an operator stable Levy process in R d with exponent B , where B is an invertible linear operator on R d . We determine the Hausdorff dimension and the packing dimension of the range X ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) in terms of the real parts of the eigenvalues of B .
Supramolecular complexes as photoinitiated electron collectors: applications in solar hydrogen production

The conversion of light energy into chemical energy is a focus of much research. Solar energy is of sufficient energy to drive water splitting to generate hydrogen and oxygen. The splitting of water involves multi-electron reactions and the breaking and formation of chemical bonds. Light driven water splitting has therefore proven elusive. Supramolecular complexes that contain ruthenium or osmium polyazine units can efficiently absorb visible light and generate charge transfer excited states. While many supramolecular complexes can absorb solar light efficiently, few are able to convert this energy into chemical energy via the conversion of a readily available chemical feedstock into a fuel. One process that is proposed as applicable for light to energy conversion is photoinitiated electron collection. Photoinitiated electron collection is a multi-step process whereby light energy is used to collect reducing equivalents. The collection of reducing equivalents is an essential step in the use of light energy to drive multi-electron reactions such as water splitting. The development of mixed-metal complexes as photoinitiated electron collectors is described, including the factors impacting device function. The use of Rh based electron collectors allows for the reducing equivalents generated by photoinitiated electron collection to be transferred to substrates, such as the reduction of water to produce hydrogen.
Mass Ratio of Hydrogen and Deuterium from Band Spectra

The size of the several corrections to the observed, apparent ${B}_{e}$ constants of the usual rotational energy expression in order to obtain "true" ${B}_{e}$ values is calculated for some diatomic hydride and deuteride molecules. It is shown that the corrections arising from the uncoupling terms due to the interaction of certain electronic levels (Van Vleck, Mulliken) and from the inclusion of the interactions between nuclear and electronic motions (Kronig) are by far the most important for the molecules considered. The calculations also show that, assuming 1.0081 to be the mass of the hydrogen atom, the mass of deuterium has to be greater than the 2.01423 value given in a number of recent articles. A value close to Aston's latest, 2.0148, is indicated.
The membrane transport matrix: Clarification of its usefulness

This report describes experimental and analytical methods of resolving frequently encountered problems of linearity, accuracy, reproducibility and reliability of membrane transport coefficients. Experimental means are introduced for evaluating an entire matrix of transport coefficients while for all practical purposes eliminating the ambiguities in the coefficients resulting from their concentration dependence. Discussion is made of theintrinsic errors of characterizing membrane transport coefficients and methods are introduced for cataloging these coefficients in such a way that their usefulness is better understood and accuracy of representation enhanced.
Potential savings from increased use of generic drugs in the elderly: what the experience of Medicaid and other insurance programs means for a Medicare drug benefit.

Background Generic medications provide the same clinical effect at lower cost than brand name drugs but little is known about the extent to which such savings are achieved in drug benefit programs serving the elderly. Methods Using patient-level claims data for participants aged 65 or more in one state Medicaid program and in a non-Medicaid drug insurance program for the elderly, we compared the expenditures in each program for brand name prescriptions with the amount that would have been paid for generic versions of the same agents. We then estimated potential savings from increased use of substitutable brand name drugs. Results There was an unrealized annual savings of $3.4 million (3.6% of total drug expenditure) in the Medicaid program studied and $13.7 million (9.5% of total drug expenditure) in the non-Medicaid drug insurance program for the elderly, with corresponding reductions in mean annual per-patient drug costs. Conclusions More widespread use of generic medications represents an important source of unrealized savings in drug coverage programs for the elderly. The Medicaid program limits the excess spending on brand name drugs by imposing pricing restrictions, but many non-Medicaid programs could realize even larger savings from reducing the use of brand name drugs when identical generic products are available. These findings offer some insight into the potential expense of a Medicare prescription drug benefit. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 65. Conversion of insensitive explosives (NTO, ANTA) and related compounds to polymeric melon-like cyclic azine burn-rate suppressants

Abstract Selected triazole, tetrazole, triazine, tetrazine, furazan, and acyclic backbone compounds are shown by IR spectroscopy to convert to polymeric, melon-like, cyclic azine residues upon heating to T ≥ 500°C. These compounds include the insensitive explosives 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (ANTA), and nitroguanidine. The melon-like residue could suppress the burn rate if these compounds are formulated into solid rocket propellants. The IR-active gaseous products from thermolysis are determined as a function of pressure and are related to the atom connectivity in the parent molecules.
The Case of the Missing Supercomputer Performance: Achieving Optimal Performance on the 8,192 Processors of ASCI Q

In this paper we describe how we improved the effective performance of ASCI Q, the world's second-fastest supercomputer, to meet our expectations. Using an arsenal of performance-analysis techniques including analytical models, custom microbenchmarks, full applications, and simulators, we succeeded in observing a serious-but previously undetected-performance problem. We identified the source of the problem, eliminated the problem, and "closed the loop" by demonstrating up to a factor of 2 improvement in application performance. We present our methodology and provide insight into performance analysis that is immediately applicable to other large-scale supercomputers.
Ethanol feeding impairs innate immunity and alters the expression of Th1- and Th2-phenotype cytokines in murine Klebsiella pneumonia.

The prolonged and excessive consumption of alcohol has been shown to predispose the host to a variety of infectious complications, which may be due, in part, to the inability to produce important activating cytokines. In this study, we assessed the effect of chronic alcohol Ingestion on bacterial clearance, survival, and cytokine mRNA and protein expression in mice with Klebsiella pneumonia. Two-week ethanol feeding resulted in substantial impairment in the clearance of K. pneumoniae and decreased survival, compared with CD-1 mice receiving an isocaloric diet without ethanol. No differences were noted between control and ethanol groups in the total numbers or percent of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils or macrophages at 24 and 48 hr post-intratracheal K. pneumoniae. Importantly, the lungs of alcohol-fed mice with Klebsiella pneumonia displayed a decrease or delay in the expression of interleukin (IL)-12 p35 and p40 mRNA and interferon-γ mRNA, respectively, as well as reduced IL-12 and interferon-γ protein levels, compared with controls. Conversely, a time-dependent increase in lung IL-10 mRNA and protein was noted in ethanol-fed animals, compared with control animals challenged with K pneumoniae. In summary, our studies indicate that ethanol ingestion results in a profound suppression of lung bacterial clearance and decreased survival in Klebsiella pneumonia, which occurs in association with a shift in the balance of lung cytokine mRNA and protein expression favoring Th2- rather than Th1-phenotype cytokines.
The protective action of reserpine against diet-induced atrial thrombosis.

Abstract One hundred TS female mice were fed a high-fat, low-protein, choline-deficient diet. Fifty of these mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg/kg body weight of reserpine daily. In the non-reserpinized group 48 of 50 mice had died by 20 weeks. The incidence of atrial thrombosis within the nonreserpine group was 65% by 40 weeks. In the reserpine-treated group 15 of 50 mice had died by 20 weeks. The incidence of atrial thrombosis in the reserpine-treated group by 40 weeks was 34%. Reserpine reduced significantly the incidence and severity of atrial thrombosis and in addition, extended longevity. In 25 mice that received a normal diet without reserpine there were no cardiac lesions.
The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology

Contexts that elicit bipedalism in extant apes may provide evidence of the selective pressures that led to hominid bipedalism. Bipedalism was observed most commonly among chimpanzees when they fed on the small fruits of diminutive, open-forest trees. Chimpanzees fed bipedally from such trees either by reaching up to pick fruit while standing on the ground, or from within the tree, in which case bipedalism was frequently stabilized by grasping an overhead branch. The food-gathering function of chimpanzee bipedalism suggests that hominid bipedalism may have evolved in conjunction with arm-hanging as a specialized feeding adaptation that allowed for efficient harvesting of fruits among open-forest or woodland trees. Such evidence is particularly valuable when it is in accord with fossil anatomy. Australopithecus afarensis has features of the hand, shoulder and torso that have been related to arm-hanging in chimpanzees. The australopithecine hip and hind limb clearly indicate bipedalism, but also indicate a less than optimal adaptation to bipedal locomotion compared to modern humans. Locomotor inefficiency supports the hypothesis that bipedalism evolved more as a terrestrial feeding posture than as a walking adaptation. A bipedal postural feeding adaptation may have been a preadaptation for the fully realized locomotor bipedalism apparent in Homo erectus.
A deceptive robot referee in a multiplayer gaming environment

We explore deception in the context of a multi-player robotic game. The robot does not participate as a competitor, but is in charge of declaring who wins or loses every round. The robot was designed to deceive game players by imperceptibly balancing how much they won, with the hope this behavior would make them play longer and with more interest. Inducing false belief about who wins the game was accomplished by leveraging paradigms about robot behavior and their better perceptual abilities. There were participants who found the balancing strategy favorable after being debriefed, and others who showed less interest mostly because of their perceived level of unfairness. Trust, suspicion, motivation, and appeal were evaluated by altering the robot behavior during gameplay. Post-briefing results include the finding that participants are more accepting of the use of lying by our robot as opposed to robots in general. Factors pertaining to gameplay, this robot, and deceptive robotics in general are also discussed.
Intramolecular Additions of Allylsilanes to Conjugated Dienones

The intramolecular addition of an allylsilane to a 3-vinylcycloalkenone represents a powerful means of constructing a wide range of functionalized bi- and tricyclic ring systems.
Predictive Model of Laying Hen Performance to Air Temperature and Evaporative Cooling

ABSTRACT Amodel for predicting layer performance as a function of air temperature was developed. Evaporative cooling as an environmental control management option was modeled as part of a general heat balance model that predicted building inside air temperature. The evaporative cooling model included the effects of daily variation in dry bulb temperature, the evaporative efficiency of the system, and the number of hours per day the system was operated. The layer model predicted several variables of interest, including egg production, feed, fuel and electricity costs, and mortality, which are used to predict the net return from the house, i.e. egg value minus all direct production costs. The model was applied to predict the effects of evaporative cooling in a cool climate using deterministic weather data as an example of the utility of the model.
A disease-specific self-help program compared with a generalized chronic disease self-help program for arthritis patients

Objective Both the Arthritis Self-Management Program (ASMP) and the generic Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) have been shown to be successful in improving conditions in patients with arthritis. This study compared the relative effectiveness of the 2 programs for individuals with arthritis. Methods Patients whose primary disease was arthritis were randomized to the ASMP (n = 239) or to the CDSMP (n = 116). Analyses of covariance were used to compare the outcome measures for the 2 programs at 4 months and 1 year. Measures included quality of life outcomes (self reported, health distress, disability, activity limitation, global health, pain, and fatigue), health behaviors (practice of mental stress management, stretching and strength exercise, aerobic exercise), self efficacy, and health care utilization (physician visits and hospitalizations). Results Both programs showed positive results. The disease-specific ASMP appeared to have advantages over the more generic CDSMP for patients with arthritis at 4 months. These advantages had lessened slightly by 1 year. Conclusion The disease-specific ASMP should be considered first where there are sufficient resources and participants. However, both programs had positive effects, and the CDSMP should be considered a viable alternative.
Single-walled carbon nanotube chemoresistive label-free immunosensor for salivary stress biomarkers

The present work is focused on the development, analytical characterization and evaluation of selective and sensitive SWNT-chemiresistor immunosensor for the label-free detection of salivary α-amylase (SAA). SWNTs were aligned to bridge lithographically patterned gold microelectrodes using AC dielectrophoresis followed by functionalization with anti-SAA antibodies. The nano-immunosensors exhibited excellent sensitivity over the clinically relevant range (19 to 308 U ml−1) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 µg ml−1 (0.6 U ml−1) and 7.8 µg ml−1 (0.78 U ml−1) in phosphate buffer and artificial saliva, respectively, and no interference from other components of saliva. This label-free nano-immunosensor technology has potential application in clinical diagnosis for stress biomarkers expressed in human saliva at the point-of-care.
Is there just one possible world? Contingency vs the bootstrap

Abstract As an example of what might be considered a candidate for an interesting and significant development in the methodology of recent science, I examine some of the epistemological and ontological commitments of the bootstrap conjecture of high energy theoretical physics. This conjecture holds that a well defined but infinite set of self-consistency conditions determines uniquely the entities or paticles which can exist. That is, once we are given any partial information about the actually existing world, nothing else about that world is contingent or arbitrarily adjustable. This almost Leibnizian idea is implemented in S -matrix theory through a unitarity equation, which is a statement of conservation of probability. The S -matrix program is contrasted with quantum field theory which does have arbitrarily assignable quantities. In spite of the highly constrained structure of S -matrix theory, that theory makes far fewer ontological and epistemological assumptions than does quantum field theory.
The taphonomy of cannibalism: a review of anthropogenic bone modification in the American Southwest

Mass deposits of altered human bone have been found at more than 30 sites in the American Southwest affiliated with the Chaco Anasazi culture. Anasazi bone deposits include individuals of all ages and both sexes, sometimes left lying unburied on kiva or habitation room floors, and are rarely encountered in formal cemeteries. Human remains in these deposits are characterized by marked fragmentation and disarticulation, cut marks, percussion fracture, burning, and end-polishing of bone fragments. A close resemblance to faunal remains from trash middens at Anasazi sites has led to an inference of cannibalism. The taphonomic signature of cannibalism identified from these deposits is compared with other forms of cultural alteration of human bone. Bone modifications associated with mortuary practices, warfare, mutilation, human sacrifice, and execution are reviewed using examples from around the world. Identical types of modification are linked with a variety of behaviours, but distinct combinations of taphonomic patterns differentiate between cannibalism, violence, and other cultural practices. The numbers of individuals involved, age and sex composition, and burial contexts also differ. Intentional, extensive fragmentation, scattering of disarticulated elements, loss of vertebrae, and pot polish are taphonomic characteristics which combine to set Anasazi human bone deposits apart from documented cases of warfare or interpersonal violence. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valence Band Emission Spectra of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel

The paper presents results on the shapes of the ${M}_{2,3}$ emission bands ($\mathrm{valence}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3p$) of Fe, Co, and Ni. The relative intensity distributions were arrived at by removing the underlying background contribution in accordance with the predictions made available from recent investigations dealing with the behavior of the soft x-ray bremsstrahlung intensity. In the spectrum of Fe the peak of the composite ${M}_{2,3}$ band falls at 51.3 ev. The peaks in the Co and Ni spectra are located at 57.8 ev and 64.8 ev, respectively. The high-energy limits are estimated to fall at 56.5 ev, 61.4 ev, and 68.9 ev for Fe, Co, and Ni, respectively. The over-all composite bandwidths in ev in the order of metals just cited are found to be: 14.5, 10.8, and 9.3. These estimates include the low-energy tail belonging to the individual ${M}_{3}$ spectral bands. An attempt was made to resolve the Fe ${M}_{2,3}$ complex band into individual ${M}_{2}$ and ${M}_{3}$ bands. In this process the inner levels were regarded as sharp, but the influence of Auger reorganization upon the relative band intensities was taken into account. For Fe, this process gives an individual bandwidth of 8.0 ev. The results of the present observations are compared with other determinations of band contours. The various measurements are in agreement as to the location of the peak energy but there are differences in the intensity profiles and bandwidths.
Device-to-circuit interactions in SiGe technology: Challenges and opportunities

The tight coupling between the nuanced physics of silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) and the circuits in which they are utilized in many ways represents the “final frontier” for research in technology optimization, device physics, compact modeling, circuit design, and system implementations. As relevant examples of the inherent complexities associated with such “device-to-circuit interactions” within the SiGe world, I examine two distinct scenarios: 1) Our ability to accurately predict the end-of-life reliability of actual SiGe HBT circuits; and 2) Our ability to mitigate transient radiation effects in SiGe HBT circuits. In each example, I address the scope of the problem, the challenges faced in trying to solve them, and the opportunities presented if and when that success comes.
Dynamically Adaptable CMOS Winner-Take-All Neural Network

The major problem that has prevented practical application of analog neuro-LSIs has been poor accuracy due to fluctuating analog device characteristics inherent in each device as a result of manufacturing. This paper proposes a dynamic control architecture that allows analog silicon neural networks to compensate for the fluctuating device characteristics and adapt to a change in input DC level. We have applied this architecture to compensate for input offset voltages of an analog CMOS WTA (Winner-Take-All) chip that we have fabricated. Experimental data show the effectiveness of the architecture.
Evaluation of a stroma-free hemoglobin solution for use as a plasma expander.

The preparation of large quantities of a stable, stroma-free hemoglobin solution without coagulant activity is described. Following infusion of this solution into phlebotomized dogs, there is no methemoglobin formation, no adverse effects on vital signs, and no demonstrable activation of blood coagulation. The hemoglobin maintains its oxygen-carrying capacity and liberates oxygen into tissues. Acute and chronic effects on renal function following infusion of this preparation were also studied and no effect on clearance of urea, creatinine, or P.A.H. could be demonstrated. There was no change in urinary output and histological sections revealed no lesions attributable to hemoglobin toxicity. It is concluded that a stroma-free hemoglobin solution may have use as a plasma expander.
Relative efficiencies of carbon transfer from bacteria and algae to zooplankton in a subtropical lake

Direct measurements were made of carbon transfer efficiency from bacteria and algae to zooplankton in subtropical Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA. A radio-tracer method was used to determine carbon transfer efficiency to the >200 μm size class, comparing results from treatments where the label was added as 14 C glucose or 14 C-bicarbonate. The studies were done at a near-shore and an offshore site, and repeated on five occasions between July 1998 and 1999. The results displayed little variation with location, month, or type of tracer used. After 4 h incubations, between 0.1 and 1.0% of the particulate activity occurred in the >200 μm size class. Low efficiencies suggest a considerable loss of carbon from the copepod- and cyanobacteria-dominated food web; this seems to be typical of highly eutrophic lakes.
An investigation of induction motor zeroth-order magnetic stresses, vibration, and sound radiation

A computational approach is undertaken to better understand what can be one of the primary contributors to sound radiation from induction motors-the n=0 magnetic stresses. An electromagnetic finite-element model, a structural dynamic finite-element model, and an acoustic boundary-element model of an induction motor are used to illustrate some sources of n=0 electromagnetic stresses, and how their resultant vibration field on the stator can be enhanced by boundary conditions, such as stator supports, to result in peaks in the radiated noise spectrum.
Organizational communication competence: The development of an industrial simulation to teach adaptive skills

This essay explores the rationale and development of an industrial simulation course in organizational communication. A review of the cognitive, performance, and behavioral objectives relevant to organizational competence provides the bases for developing a simulation course using small groups, organizational problems, and group discussion methods.