cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Females, Hispanics and older individuals are at greatest risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the U.S.

Abstract Background The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS related complications in the U.S. poses a serious public health burden. We aim to identify high risk groups at greatest risk of developing MetS in the U.S. Methods Using data from the 2001–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), MetS prevalence among adults (age ≥ 18) was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and age to identify groups at greatest risk of MetS. Mutlivariate logistic regression models evaluated for predictors of MetS. Results Overall, the prevalence of MetS in the U.S. was 78 million during the study period. There was a greater prevalence of MetS in females compared to males (34.4% vs. 29.6%, p Conclusions The high prevalence of MetS in the U.S. affects females, Hispanics, and older individuals the greatest. The aging population and increasing Hispanic population further highlight the huge burden of disease MetS will place on the healthcare system in the U.S.
Patterns of Sedation Weaning in Critically Ill Children Recovering From Acute Respiratory Failure

Author(s): Best, KM; Asaro, LA; Franck, LS; Wypij, D; Curley, MAQ; Allen, GL; Ascenzi, JA; Bateman, ST; Borasino, S; Cheifetz, IM; Cowl, AS; Faustino, EVS; Fineman, LD; Flori, HR; Grant, MJC; Hertzog, JH; Hutchins, L; Kirby, AL; Natale, JAE; Oren, PP; Polavarapu, N; Shanley, TP; Simone, S; Sorce, LR; Heyden, MAV | Abstract: Objective: To characterize sedation weaning patterns in typical practice settings among children recovering from critical illness. Design: A descriptive secondary analysis of data that were prospectively collected during the prerandomization phase (January to July 2009) of a clinical trial of sedation management. Setting: Twenty-two PICUs across the United States. Patients: The sample included 145 patients, aged 2 weeks to 17 years, mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure who received at least five consecutive days of opioid exposure. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Group comparisons were made between patients with an intermittent weaning pattern, defined as a 20% or greater increase in daily opioid dose after the start of weaning, and the remaining patients defined as having a steady weaning pattern. Demographic and clinical characteristics, tolerance to sedatives, and iatrogenic withdrawal symptoms were evaluated. Sixty-six patients (46%) were intermittently weaned; 79 patients were steadily weaned. Prior to weaning, intermittently weaned patients received higher peak and cumulative doses and longer exposures to opioids and benzodiazepines, demonstrated more sedative tolerance (58% vs 41%), and received more chloral hydrate and barbiturates compared with steadily weaned patients. During weaning, intermittently weaned patients assessed for withdrawal had a higher incidence of Withdrawal Assessment Tool-version 1 scores of greater than or equal to 3 (85% vs 46%) and received more sedative classes compared with steadily weaned patients. Conclusions: This study characterizes sedative administration practices for pediatric patients prior to and during weaning from sedation after critical illness. It provides a novel methodology for describing weaning in an at-risk pediatric population that may be helpful in future research on weaning strategies to prevent iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome.
Elementary Differential Geometry Concepts

Consider a space curve (in three dimensions) parametrized with respect to an arbitrary parameter u [8, 9, 10, 15, 24]. The unit tangent vector has the same direction and sense as the parametric first derivative vector, but it is normalized.
Comparing random signals with application to wireless user authentication

We consider a physical layer approach to enhance wireless security by using the unique wireless channel state information (CSI) of a legitimate user to authenticate subsequent transmissions from this user, thereby denying access to any spoofer whose CSI would significantly differ from that of the legitimate user by virtue of a different spatial location. Past approaches have explicitly utilized underlying CSI estimated from data: is the CSI of the current transmission (packet) the same as that of the previous transmission? In this paper we formulate this problem as one of comparing two random signal realizations to ascertain whether they have identical power spectral densities. A binary hypothesis testing approach is formulated and illustrated via simulations.
Longitudinal trends in substance use and mental health service needs in child welfare

Abstract Caregiver substance use and mental health problems have long been discussed as concerns in promoting positive child welfare outcomes. Yet the absence of longitudinal data focused on racial/ethnic differences in service needs and substance use has limited child welfare systems in their ability to address potential disparities. This study examines racial/ethnic trends in service needs and patterns of substances used among child welfare-involved caregivers over a 15-year period (2000–2015) from a large, urban county located in the Midwestern United States. Substance use service needs showed an increase over time among White non-Hispanic individuals, and declined over time for all racial/ethnic minority groups. Mental health service needs increased over time, with White non-Hispanic individuals experiencing the largest increase. Co-occurring service needs showed a moderate increase for all groups. Trends associated with service needs across the lifespan were relatively similar across racial and ethnic groups, with needs peaking between ages 30 and 35. When examining specific substances used, cocaine use decreased over time for all individuals. However, marijuana use increased substantially for Black/African American individuals, while opioid use increased substantially for White non-Hispanic individuals. These results highlight key areas where trends among child welfare-involved caregivers differ from population-based trends and suggest that improved coordination between child welfare agencies, mental health and substance use treatment providers may be a key step in reducing the disparities observed.
Depositional Model and Reservoir Architecture of Tertiary Deep Water Sedimentation, Krishna-Godavari Offshore Basin, India

The Krishna-Godavari basin is located along the cast coast of India bordering the state of Andhra Pradesh and covers an area of 100,000 sq km both on-land and offshore. The basin evolved through Crustal rifting and subsequent drifting during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The basin comprises a vast range of depositional settings such as coastal plains, deltas, shelf slope apions and deep-sea fans. Our study deals with the Tertiary deep-water sedimentation of the Krishna-Godavari basin. An innovative approach has been adopted for the first time in India to understand in detail the architecture of the potentially reservoir lithology pione geo-bodies (depositional elements) and play types in the basin, and the workflow included 3D seismic data acquisition, processing, and interpretation in an interactive workstation environment, integrated subsequently with wireline logs, coring and formation evaluation by utilizing the state-of the art techniques. By combining the structural stratigraphic and sedimentological features of the basin, a generic depositional model has been constructed for the formation of various geo-bodies in the Tertiary deep water intervals of the basin. This model envisions a point source feeding a canyon that leads down dip into several sinuous leveed channels. Each of these sinuous channels in turn branches into distributaries that terminate in lobes. By using the methodology outlined here, one of the largest gas reserves of the world in recent years has been discovered in a multi stoned channel-levee facies in the basin. Based on the Identified play types thus far, it is believed that a huge potential future treasure of hydrocarbons is in store in the Krishna-Godavari basin to place India firmly on the deep-water hydrocarbon map of the world.
Circulating microRNA as candidates for early embryonic viability in cattle

Blood-borne extracellular vesicles (i.e., exosomes and microvesicles) carrying microRNAs (miRNAs) could make excellent biomarkers of disease and different physiologic states, including pregnancy status. We tested the hypothesis that circulating extracellular vesicle-derived miRNAs might differentiate the pregnancy status of cows that had maintained pregnancy to Day 30 from non-pregnant cows or from those that exhibited embryonic mortality between Days 17 and 30 of gestation. Cows were randomly assigned for artificial insemination with fertile semen (n = 36) or dead semen (n = 8; control group) on Day 0 (day of estrus). Blood was collected from all animals on Day 0 and on Days 17 and 24 after artificial insemination. Cows receiving live sperm were retrospectively classified as pregnant on Day 30 (n = 17) or exhibiting embryonic mortality between Days 17 and 30 (n = 19). Extracellular vesicles from Day 17 and 24 samples were isolated from serum using ultra-centrifugation, and their presence was confirmed by nanoparticle tracking and Western blot analyses (for CD81) prior to RNA extraction. MicroRNA sequencing was performed on pregnant, embryonic-mortality, and control cows (n = 4 per day), for a total of 24 independent reactions. In total, 214 miRNAs were identified in serum, 40 of which were novel. Based on differential abundance parameters, we identified 32 differentially abundant loci, representing 27 differentially abundant mature miRNA. At Days 17 and 24, specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-25, -16b, and -3596) were identified that differentiated the pregnancy status. In summary, we identified several circulating extracellular vesicles derived miRNAs that differ in abundance between embryonic mortality and pregnant cows.
Conflict Discovery and Analysis for Clinical Trials

Today, cancer patients and their caregivers often prefer to share the decision making process with their physicians and may be highly involved in the process of locating and choosing clinical trials for treatment. One issue is that treatments received on one trial may preclude participation in other trials because of eligibility requirements in the study design. We are developing a system to help patients and caregivers locate clinical trials, focusing on pediatric cancer where clinical trial participation is very high. We present a method by which conflicts - that is, the possibility that one or more interventions in one trial may cause a patient to not be eligible for another trial - can be determined in a group of clinical trials for Wilm's Tumor. More specifically, a conflict occurs when a drug or treatment mentioned in an intervention of one trial is also present in an eligibility criterion in another trial. We present results based on generating the conflicts in this group of trials, including the types of trials are most likely to cause conflicts. We also look at the specific treatments and drugs that cause conflicts, using the UMLS Metathesaurus concepts. The conflict generating algorithm will be used as part of the clinical trial search system, allowing patients to determine if a given trial will preclude him or her from other trials in the future.
Self-efficacy, self-discipline and academic performance: Testing a context-specific mediation model

Abstract In educational psychology, academic self-efficacy and self-regulation of effort have been identified as significant non-cognitive predictors of academic performance in college students, even above and beyond cognitive predictors (e.g., SAT, ACT scores). According to social cognitive theory and research on self-regulated learning, self-regulation of effort mediates the association between individual traits and academic performance. Academic self-efficacy and conscientiousness are two individual traits that predict academic performance in college students. Less attention has been given to the mediation links and the confounding effect of traits on self-regulation of effort. In this study, we defined self-regulation of effort in academic settings as academic self-discipline and examined the relationships between non-cognitive predictors, cognitive predictors, traits, and academic outcomes. We found academic self-discipline mediated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic performance, after controlling for conscientiousness and ACT scores. The importance of academic self-discipline in academic performance is addressed.
Genome Sequences of 12 Cluster AN Arthrobacter Phages

Twelve siphoviral phages isolated using Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 21022 were sequenced. The phages all have relatively small genomes, ranging from 15,319 to 15,556 bp. All 12 phages are closely related to previously described cluster AN Arthrobacter phages.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Functional gastrointestinal disorders, chronic digestive complaints without identified structural or biochemical pathology, occur in nearly all patients with fibromyalgia. Irritable bowel syndrome and bloating are consistently the most commonly reported digestive complaints in fibromyalgia patients. Two in five patients with fibromyalgia have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). One in three patients with IBS has fibromyalgia. Patients with suspected IBS will need detailed histories and physical examinations, as well as a battery of basic testing. Medication, alternative, and complementary therapies have been shown to help reduce problematic symptoms in patients with IBS.
Perceptions of appropriateness of accommodations for university students: Does disability type matter?

PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment was to examine the impact of disability type and accommodation type on participants' perceptions of the appropriateness of accommodations on university campuses. RESEARCH METHOD Participants were 223 university students who evaluated the written symptom descriptions of 8 hypothetical university students with disabilities to determine whether a series of 8 different accommodations would be appropriate for them. RESULTS Perceptions of accommodation appropriateness were impacted by both the type of disability and the type of accommodation under consideration. The results indicated that accommodations for psychiatric disabilities and invisible physical disabilities were less likely to be viewed as appropriate regardless of how well they addressed the symptoms of the disability. CONCLUSIONS Students with psychiatric and invisible physical disabilities may be especially vulnerable to negative peer perceptions if they receive accommodations. These attitudinal barriers make it harder for students with disabilities to integrate into the college social environment. Students with disabilities who do not feel welcome are less likely to self-advocate to acquire the accommodations that they need and are therefore less likely to succeed in their course work. Our results highlight the importance of programs that encourage the integration of students with disabilities and decrease the stigma of disability on campus. (PsycINFO Database Record
Athletes’ Self-Reports on Mind Wandering While Practicing Sports: An Exploratory Two-Study Project

This two-study project provided a brief description of athletes’ experiences with mind wandering. Study 1 aimed to quantitatively examine mind wandering in sports, in terms of frequency, effects and perceived control. Therefore, 94 athletes (Mage = 19.51, SD = 1.65) answered a specifically designed 19-item questionnaire. The results suggested that mind wandering is a common phenomenon in sports, with both beneficial and adverse effects on performance. Study 2 aimed to qualitatively explore when athletes use mind wandering. Accordingly, 115 athletes (Mage = 22.82, SD = 3.61) described one recent mind wandering situation while practicing sport. A hierarchical content analysis was performed by the first author and confirmed by an external expert. The results indicated that mind wandering occurred in a wide range of situations in sport and physical activity. Nonetheless, it was also argued that future studies should more carefully define mind wandering to avoid confusion with related terms.
Reliable Radiation Technique to Minimize Ovarian Dose During Radiation Prophylaxis of Heterotopic Ossification.

Background/aim Scattered radiation during radiotherapy (RT) directed at the hip joint poses concerns about ovarian function in patients of reproductive age. Here, we report the impact of using a split-beam technique (SBT) and different photon energies on the total ovary dose during radiation prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification (HO). Patients and methods This was a single-institution, retrospective study of 32-patients with traumatic acetabular fractures (TAF). All underwent surgery followed by CT-based-RT within 72 h in a single fraction of 700 cGy. Ipsilateral (IL) and contralateral (CL) ovaries (OV) were contoured separately and dose volume histograms (DVH) generated. Additional planning trials were created for each patient by utilizing a SBT medially and by using different photon energies (6-18 MV) to investigate the difference in ovary dose among these maneuvers. Results The median Mean-dose delivered to ILOV was 59 cGy and the median Max-dose was 177 cGy. CLOV median Mean-dose was 6 cGy and median Max-dose was 10 cGy. SBT at the medial edge of the field led to a 27% and 22% dose reduction in the median Mean and Max. doses, respectively, to ILOV; 9% and 5% reduction was seen in the median Mean and Max. doses, respectively, to CLOV. Higher photon energies (10-18 MV) led to an additional 28% and 16 % reduction in median Mean and Max. doses, respectively, to ILOV when compared to those from 6 MV. The CLOV median Mean dose was reduced by 18% and the Max. dose was reduced by 12%. Conclusion A biologically significant radiation dose is delivered to the ovaries during HO radiation prophylaxis at the hip joints. Ipsilateral ovarian dose could be reduced by half and contralateral by one-quarter by using CT-based treatment planning with a medial SBT and photon energies above 6 MV. We suggest using no more than 10 MV to minimize neutron contamination. Those techniques should be the standard of care as it provides a reliable method for minimizing the radiation dose to the ovaries, consequently, maximizing female fertility preservation during HO radiation prophylaxis. All female patients in childbearing age should be fully informed about ovarian radiation exposure and possible temporary alteration in ova production and morphology.
Human hexokinase: multiple mechanisms of G6P inhibition

16 Introduction 17 Experimental Procedures 19 Results 22 Discussion 25 References 33 CHAPTER in MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF INHIBITION DIFFER FOR TRUNCATED AND FULL-LENGTH HEXOKINASE I 37 Abstract 37 Introduction 38 Experimental 40 Results 43 Discussion 48 References 56
Alaskan brown bears (Ursus arctos) aggregate and display fidelity to foraging neighborhoods while preying on Pacific salmon along small streams.

The interaction between brown bears (Ursus arctos) and Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is important to the population dynamics of both species and a celebrated example of consumer-mediated nutrient transport. Yet, much of the site-specific information we have about the bears in this relationship comes from observations at a few highly visible but unrepresentative locations and a small number of radio-telemetry studies. Consequently, our understanding of brown bear abundance and behavior at more cryptic locations where they commonly feed on salmon, including small spawning streams, remains limited. We employed a noninvasive genetic approach (barbed wire hair snares) over four summers (2012-2015) to document patterns of brown bear abundance and movement among six spawning streams for sockeye salmon, O. nerka, in southwestern Alaska. The streams were grouped into two trios on opposite sides of Lake Aleknagik. Thus, we predicted that most bears would forage within only one trio during the spawning season because of the energetic costs associated with swimming between them or traveling around the lake and show fidelity to particular trios across years because of the benefits of familiarity with local salmon dynamics and stream characteristics. Huggins closed-capture models based on encounter histories from genotyped hair samples revealed that as many as 41 individuals visited single streams during the annual 6-week sampling season. Bears also moved freely among trios of streams but rarely moved between these putative foraging neighborhoods, either during or between years. By implication, even small salmon spawning streams can serve as important resources for brown bears, and consistent use of stream neighborhoods by certain bears may play an important role in spatially structuring coastal bear populations. Our findings also underscore the efficacy of noninvasive hair snagging and genetic analysis for examining bear abundance and movements at relatively fine spatial and temporal scales.
One month of hyperglycemia alters spectral responses of the zebrafish photopic electroretinogram

ABSTRACT Prolonged hyperglycemia can alter retinal function, ultimately resulting in blindness. Adult zebrafish adults exposed to alternating conditions of 2% glucose/0% glucose display a 3× increase in blood sugar levels. After 4 weeks of treatment, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from isolated, perfused, in vitro eyecups. Control animals were exposed to alternating 2% mannitol/0% mannitol (osmotic control) or to alternating water (0% glucose/0% glucose; handling control). Two types of ERGs were recorded: (1) native ERGs measured using white-light stimuli and medium without synaptic blockers; and (2) spectral ERGs measured with an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, isolating photoreceptor-to-ON-bipolar-cell synapses, and a spectral protocol that separated red (R), green (G), blue (B) and UV cone signals. Retinas were evaluated for changes in layer thickness and for the inflammatory markers GFAP and Nf-κB (RelA or p65). In native ERGs, hyperglycemic b- and d-waves were lower in amplitude than the b- and d-waves of mannitol controls. Alteration of waveshape became severe, with b-waves becoming more transient and ERG responses showing more PIII-like (a-wave) characteristics. For spectral ERGs, waveshape appeared similar in all treatment groups. However, a1- and b2-wave implicit times were significantly longer, and amplitudes were significantly reduced, in response to hyperglycemic treatment, owing to the functional reduction in signals from R, G and B cones. Nf-κB increased significantly in hyperglycemic retinas, but the increase in GFAP was not significant and retinal layer thickness was unaffected. Thus, prolonged hyperglycemia triggers an inflammatory response and functional deficits localized to specific cone types, indicating the rapid onset of neural complications in the zebrafish model of diabetic retinopathy.
Optimal Frequency for Wireless Power Transmission Into the Body: Efficiency Versus Received Power

Wireless power delivery to implantable devices has been traditionally achieved through low-frequency ( 300 MHz) and low (<10 MHz) frequencies yield similar levels of received power, and this remains true with or without a ferrite core. For shallow implants, heating of the core can reach unsafe levels when operated in the UHF band at field levels approaching the specific absorption rate (SAR) limit. These results have implications for a wide range of medical applications, including sub-millimeter-sized implants and fast recharge of implantable batteries.
Teaching It Forward: Educating Parents About HPV/HPV Vaccine.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are available to prevent HPV-associated cancers. However, parents are reluctant to make the decision to immunize their children. Nationally, HPV vaccination rates remain low. Objective The objectives were to improve parents' attitudes and knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine, increase parental intent to vaccinate, and increase HPV vaccination rates in a primary care office. Methods A one-group, pretest/posttest design was used to assess participants' attitude, knowledge, and intent to vaccinate before and after viewing an HPV educational video. Pre-post project HPV vaccination rates were compared. Results Participants' attitudes toward HPV/HPV vaccine improved while knowledge increased. Intent to vaccine increased by 31% after viewing the HPV educational video. HPV vaccination rates increased 6% (females) and 9% (males). Conclusions Primary care providers (PCPs) should look for innovative ways to educate parents about HPV, help parents make informed decisions about the HPV vaccine, and work toward a common goal of preventing HPV-associated cancers. Implications for nursing Implications are three-fold benefiting parents, PCPs, and society. Parents will be more knowledgeable, providers will understand they are an important key in the vaccine process, and society will benefit from a decrease in HPV-associated cancers.
Temperament, childhood illness burden, and illness behavior in early adulthood.

Objective Illness behaviors-or responses to bodily symptoms-predict individuals' recovery and functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness behavior. This study's primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament's associations. Method Participants included 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medication use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age, sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Results Latent illness behavior factors were established across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness) in adulthood-but not childhood temperament-predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood sociability on adult illness behavior. Conclusions Results suggest the importance of childhood illness experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Computationally rendered architectural spaces as means of lighting design evaluation

This paper describes an empirical study that was conducted to determine whether and to what extent subjective evaluation of lighting in architectural spaces can be reproduced using computationally rendered images of such spaces. The results imply that such images can reliably represent certain aspects of the lighting conditions in real spaces.
Garnet-rich composite solid electrolytes for dendrite-free , high-rate , solid-state lithium-metal batteries

Abstract Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs), which are composed of inorganic fillers and organic polymers, show improved safety and suppressed lithium dendrite growth in Li-metal batteries, as compared to flammable liquid electrolytes. However, the performance of current CSEs is limited by the agglomeration effect, with low content of inorganic Li+-conducting fillers and ineffective Li+ transport between the inorganic fillers and the polymer matrix. To address these challenges, a new type of CSE composed of silane-modified Li6.28La3Al0.24Zr2O12 (s@LLAZO) nanofibers and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is developed. Employment of the silane coupling agent, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, enables the incorporation of a high content of LLAZO nanofibers (up to 70 ​wt%) with the polymer matrix and results in a well-percolated, three-dimensional LLAZO network fully embedded in the PEGDA matrix. Consequently, the silane coupling agent successfully eliminates the agglomeration effect, which ensures higher ionic conductivity, larger lithium transference number, wider electrochemical stability window, and better cycling stability for s@LLZAO-PEGDA CSEs. Excellent cycling stability and extraordinarily high rate capability (up to 10C) are demonstrated in the all-solid-state Li-metal batteries with LiFePO4 and high-voltage Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 cathodes at ambient temperature. This novel design of CSEs with s@LLAZO nanofibers paves the way for a new generation of improved functioning all-solid-state Li-metal batteries.
The Saint John Street Railwaymen's Strike and Riot, 1914

"Riot and Bloodshed in Street Railway Strike", screamed the headlines in Saint John, New Brunswick on July 24, 1914. "Most Disgraceful Disorder in City's History; Howling, Frenzied Mob of Strike Sympathizers".1 A crowd of some 10,000 people had gathered in the wake of a strike by the city's trolley conductors and motormen. Under cover of darkness the crowd overturned two streetcars, thwarted a cavalry charge, smashed every window in traction company offices, and poured cement on a dynamo, plunging the city into darkness. Newspapers concluded that the "veneer of civilization" had fallen away, revealing the "unbridled passions" and "primitive savagery" of Saint John's populace. According to the press it was the worst night of "wild disorder" in the city's history.2 The city's clergymen agreed. A breakdown in the authority of the courts and the family, the Maritime Baptist concluded, was responsible for the "spirit of lawlessness" in Saint John. A Congregational minister blamed the riot on idleness and drunkenness.3
Therapy Response Imaging in Lymphoma and Hematologic Malignancies

Hematologic malignancies are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a clonal proliferation of abnormal cells in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues and are divided into two major categories, lymphoid and myeloid. Imaging is most commonly used for staging and response evaluations in lymphoid malignancies, of which there are over 90 subtypes (Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, Blood 127:2375–2390, 2016).
Counting on Friends: Cues to Perceived Trustworthiness in Facebook Profiles

Personal profiles on social network sites have become an important tool for social evaluation – that is, assessing profile owners’ characteristics (e.g., personality traits, narcissism, physical and social attractiveness). The present study is one of the first to examine how users’ trustworthiness is evaluated by naive observers based on information contained in Facebook profiles, or profile cues. Drawing on uncertainty reduction theory, warranting theory, and hardwired perceptions of facial displays, we propose a framework that identifies cues associated with trustworthiness in Facebook profiles. Results show that six profile cues (number of friends, number of tagged photographs, number of “about me” categories filled out, number of comments and “likes” received from friends, and smiling profile photographs) explained about a third of the variance in Facebook users’ perceived trustworthiness. Number of friends had a curvilinear, U-shaped effect on trustworthiness perceptions, with an inflection point at about 500 friends. That is, trustworthiness decreased as number of friends increased up to 500, and then trustworthiness increased as number of friends increased beyond 500. Theoretical and design implications of the findings are discussed.
Examining Certification Requirements in Early Math and Literacy: What Do States Expect Prekindergarten Teachers to Know?:

The purpose of this study was to examine preK certification requirements for literacy and mathematics coursework to understand policy trends across the United States. We were interested in examinin...
Breast cancer supplemental screening: Women's knowledge and utilization in the era of dense breast legislation.

BACKGROUND Given the growth in dense breast notification (DBN) legislation in the United States, we examined the association between different types of DBN laws and supplemental screening behaviors among women. METHODS We surveyed in March-April 2018 a nationally representative sample of women aged 40-59 years who received a routine screening mammogram in the past 18 months. Survey items included the following topics regarding supplemental screening: discussing risks or benefits with a provider, knowledge about the risk of false positives, and utilization. We grouped women by state DBN into non-DBN, generic DBN (mentions breast density but not supplemental screening), DBN that mentions supplemental screening (DBN-SS), and DBN with mandated insurance coverage for supplemental screening (DBN-coverage), and estimated adjusted predicted probabilities for supplemental screening behaviors. RESULTS Of 1641 women surveyed, 21.3% resided in non-DBN, 41.2% in generic DBN, 25.8% in DBN-SS, and 12.5% in DBN-coverage states. Overall, 23.0% of respondents had discussed supplemental screening with a provider, 11.3% of whom discussed the risks, and 49.5% discussed the benefits. In adjusted analysis, women living in DBN-coverage states were more likely to discuss supplemental screening (27.5%) than women in non-DBN states (13.6%); pairwise contrast 13.8% (95% CI, 2.1% to 25.6%; P = .01). They were also more likely to have received supplemental screening for increased breast density (19.3%) compared to women living in non-DBN (9.9%); contrast 9.4% (95% CI, 1.6% to 17.3%; P = .01), Generic DBN (7.3%); difference 12.0% (95% CI, 4.6% to 19.4%; P =< .001), and DBN-SS (8.8%); contrast 10.5% (95% CI, 2.6% to 18.5%; P < .01) states. CONCLUSIONS Women in DBN-coverage states were more likely to discuss supplemental screening with their providers, and to undergo supplemental screening, compared to women in states with other types of DBN laws, or without DBN laws.
Robust Cache-Aware Quantum Processor Layout

Quantum computation has taken over as one of the largest current research areas in computer architecture and information theory. With the potential to make a large number of factorization-based encryption methods obsolete, companies and governments around the globe are racing to build the first large-scale quantum computer. Currently, most quantum computers are noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ), using a relatively small collection of unreliable qubits. While error correction methods exist, they require a large number of ancilla qubits to protect the data qubits which is not practical for use on current NISQ machines. However, following the Dowling-Neven Law, available qubits on a superconducting chip are growing at an exponential rate similar to Moore’s Law. Looking toward larger scale quantum machines, we examine a method to increase usable qubit density of quantum machines implementing error correction by using quantum caches that utilize simpler error correction codes. Alternatively, this also allows for the design of reliable systems while meeting the performance and qubit requirements for quantum algorithms. We modify the Qiskit quantum simulation library to work with caches and investigate the effects of region size and topology on the swap characteristics of algorithm execution. We also present our results and discuss recommended topologies for each algorithm. Lastly, we present mix scale-out simulations to examine the impact of cache on future large-scale machines. The default central cache topology gains a maximum performance increase of 2.15 times compared to the worst topology, which creates a robust cache-aware quantum processor layout.
Decreased Nutritional Risk Index is associated with mortality after heart transplantation.

INTRODUCTION Validated scoring tools, such as the Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), can aid clinicians in quantifying the degree of malnourishment in patients prior to an operation. We evaluated the association between NRI and outcomes after heart transplantation. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was used to identify adult patients (age > 18) undergoing heart transplantation between 1987 and 2016. NRI was calculated and categorized into previously established groupings representing severity of malnutrition. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess the primary outcome of all-cause mortality. RESULTS A total of 25,236 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients (75.4%) were male. Malnourishment was absent (NRI ≥ 100) in 11,022 (44%) patients, while 2,898 (12%) were mildly malnourished (97.5 ≤ NRI < 100), 8,685 (34%) were moderately malnourished (83.5 ≤ NRI < 97.5), and 2,631 (10%) were severely malnourished (NRI < 83.5). Moderate-to-severe malnutrition was associated with increased mortality (HR = 1.18, p < .001, 95%CI: 1.13-1.24), and post-transplant renal failure requiring dialysis (OR: 1.13, p < .001, 95%CI: 1.03-1.23). CONCLUSION Malnourishment determined by NRI is independently associated with mortality and post-transplant dialysis after heart transplant. This is the largest study of NRI in heart transplant recipients.
Beating the Prisoner at Prisoner's Dilemma: The Evidentiary Significance of a Witness's Refusal to Testify

In prosecutions involving organized crime, strategic non-cooperation, established through codes of silence and coordinated by "house counsel" complicates efforts to obtain critical testimonial evidence. This Article evaluates prosecutorial strategies to turn those strategies against organized crime by increasing the evidentiary and collateral consequences of using them.
Utility of Microporous Polysaccharide Hemosphere on Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap Donor Site Complications.

Background: Anterolateral thigh (ALT) microvascular free tissue transfer is an integral part of head and neck reconstructive surgery, but it can be complicated by postoperative donor site fluid col...
PET Imaging in Cancer Clinical Trials

Abstract The ability to measure molecular properties of disease noninvasively makes molecular imaging especially well suited to clinical trials. These trials can take place in one of several settings: (1) a trial using molecular imaging to assess a new drug in early testing, (2) a trial using molecular imaging to provide response evaluation for a drug in large (Phase III) clinical trials, and (3) a trial testing the utility of molecular imaging to predict response and outcome using established drugs. Unlike the established approach to most PET imaging currently used in the clinic, where disease detection and staging are the primary goals (see Chapter 61 , “Congestive Heart Failure”), most cancer clinical trials seek to address different endpoints, namely: (1) prognosis, (2) prediction (patient therapy selection/stratification), (3) early response to therapy, and (4) long-term outcome of therapy. In this chapter, the application of PET to clinical trials—specifically cancer clinical trials—is reviewed, with an emphasis on the components important in cancer imaging applied to cancer therapy clinical trials and clinical practice. Topics include the goals and study design for PET and drug therapy, technical and regulatory challenges for PET imaging in clinical cancer therapy trials, and early results applying PET to evaluate cancer drug therapy. It should be emphasized that the use of PET in clinical trials is in its infancy, with most data in the literature coming from relatively small single-center trials. Ongoing cooperative trials in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, and future trials using other radiopharmaceuticals beyond FDG, will guide the use of PET in future drug evaluations and clinical cancer therapy.
Scientists, presidents, and pandemics—comparing the science–politics nexus during the Zika virus and COVID-19 outbreaks

Abstract Objective We investigate how beliefs about scientists and presidents affect views about two pandemics, Zika virus (2016) and COVID-19 (2020). Methods Three New Hampshire surveys in 2016 and 2020 provide data to test how beliefs about scientists? practices and presidential approval relate to pandemic views. Results Support for presidents consistently predicts perceptions of scientists? integrity and trust in science agencies for information, but the directionality changes from 2016 to 2020?increased trust among Obama-supporters;decreased trust among Trump-supporters. Respondents who believe scientists lack objectivity are also less likely to trust science agencies during both Zika and COVID-19 and are less apt to be confident in the government's response in 2016. Assessments of pandemic responses become increasingly political during 2020;most notably, support for President Trump strongly predicts confidence in the government's efforts. Conclusion Results highlight how beliefs about scientists? practices and presidents are central to the science?politics nexus during pandemics.
Jews and Intermarriage in Nazi Austria

1. Prologue: Jews and intermarriage in Austria 2. Contesting racial status: successes and failures 3. Intermarried divorce, 1938-45 4. Tightening the noose: arrests, deportations, and forced labor, 1941-5 5. Epilogue and conclusions.
Marketing Religion and Church Shopping: Does One Size Fit All?

The contemporary U.S. religions landscape is marked by three distinctive features: fluidity, secularization and identity. Fluidity refers to the declines in church membership, especially of traditional mainline denominations or the “dropping out” of institutional membership; secularization to as an emerging feature and identity to the labeling one uses to define one’s religious beliefs. Associated with these changes is the “church shopping” phenomenon were both youth and older adults “shop” for a religious institution or experience that provides meaning to their life and life’s experiences. Churches themselves are responding to these changes; many are adopting innovative, seductive and even successful marketing strategies where potential worshipped are viewed like consumers. The electronic churches, and often those successful in growing or stabilizing, are developing colorful, attractive and clever multimedia websites to approach the “new church consumers.” Religious advertising and marketing strategies, however, are not occurring with some sharp criticism. Examples of websites from churches in Lexington, Kentucky highlight these marketing strategies as do the survey results of recent church shoppers. Challenges to churches and opportunities for successful marketing are also discussed.
Keeping Up with the Greens: How Consumerism Hijacked Environmentalism and the Ideological Dilemma it Left Behind

This paper argues that consumerism, to be understood as an ideology, presents a series of challenges for contemporary politics and attempts to ameliorate environmental problems. Arguing that consumerism ought to be taken seriously as an ideology in political science literature, I discuss how consumerism is the “ism” that won the 20th century and continues to dominate the 21st century. The common and traditional political ideologies today (liberalism and conservatism) have embraced consumerism. As a result, consumerism attaches conceptions of identity, status, and non-economic value to consumer goods. The result is an ideology that pervades and influences spheres unrelated to the market. One such sphere is environmentalism. The paper explores the ideological dilemma of green or ethical consumption practices. It asks whether these acts of “good” consumption still reflect the consumerism ideology. Furthermore, the paper explores to what extent, if any, green consumption is a way to mask consumerism’s pervasiveness and negative aspects. Or, perhaps environmentalism is the best-suited ideology to tackle the growing pervasiveness of consumerism because it directly challenges consumerism’s core tenets of endless material acquisition and the value (economic and non-economic) attached to it. Ultimately the paper concludes that environmentalism ought to be wary of embracing consumerism (green or otherwise) as a fix for ecological degradation.
An empirical test of neutrality and the crowding-out hypothesis

This paper tests Warr's neutrality hypothesis that the voluntary provision of a public good is independent of the distribution of income. Specifically, I test the null hypothesis of neutrality against the alternative that total contributions to a public good will be larger the less equally income is distributed. To test this hypothesis, a new data set is constructed by merging data on total voluntary contributions to individual public radio stations with 1990 Census data on the income distribution in each station's listening area. I find that voluntary contributions increase as income inequality rises.
Gallic acid, a major active constituent of grape seed extract, induces apoptotic death via the activation of p38 MAPK pathway in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells

4967 Imbalance in the critical cellular processes like cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis leads to cancer development. In most cases, induction of apoptosis is an important therapeutic strategy to control the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells. Many chemopreventive agents of natural origin have shown this capacity in various cell culture and animal models of cancer. We have previously demonstrated the anti-cancer activity of grape seed extract, a mixture of polyphenols, against the androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate carcinoma cell lines. In the present study, we assessed the efficacy and the molecular mechanism of action of gallic acid, which was found to be a principle active constituent of grape seed extract, in human prostate carcinoma cell lines. We observed that treatment of DU145, PC-3 and 22Rv1 cells with gallic acid decreases the viability of these cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 57, 60 and 74 µM, respectively. Further studies conducted in these cell lines revealed that the decrease in cell viability was due to apoptosis induction by gallic acid. Additional studies next conducted in DU145 cells showed that gallic acid caused 70-80% of cells to undergo apoptotic death after 24h of treatment at 50 and 75µM doses as determined by Annexin V-PI staining. In mechanistic studies, western blot analysis revealed that treatment with gallic acid caused the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 along with the release of cytochrome-c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria in DU145 cells. Additionally, gallic acid treatment caused the decrease in the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, Mcl-1 and survivin without affecting the levels of pro-apoptotic members, Bcl-XL, Bak and Bad. Treatment of DU145 cells with gallic acid also caused a strong activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Pretreatment with p38 inhibitor SB203580 significantly attenuated the apoptotic death induced by gallic acid, thereby suggesting that activation of p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the regulation of cell death induced by gallic acid in DU145 cells. Together these results suggest the involvement of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways of apoptosis mediated through release of cytochrome-c and AIF from the mitochondria in gallic acid mediated death in DU145 cells via the activation of p38 MAPK pathway.
Thermospheric Dynamics and Electrodynamics

The thermosphere is that part of the earth1s atmosphere at heights between about 90 km and 500 km. The lower boundary is defined to lie at the temperature minimum which occurs on the average around 90 km, called the mesopause. Figure 1 shows the mean temperature structure of the atmosphere according to the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976. The temperature increases rapidly with height in the lower thermosphere, and becomes asymptotic to a value on the order of 1000 K at high altitudes.