cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knoop microhardness anisotropy of single-crystal LaB6

Abstract Knoop microhardness profiles were determined for lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) on the (100), (110) and (111) planes for indentation test loads from 50 to 300 gf. These profiles were analyzed with respect to possible slip systems to explain the Knoop microhardness anisotropy by applying the effective resolved shear stress concept advanced by Brookes and coworkers. As the results of this study, the predicted slip systems for LaB6 are {100}〈011〉,{110}〈111〉 and {111}〈110〉. The load dependence of the microhardness was initially addressed in terms of the classical Meyer's law P = Adn for which the two parameters A and n were observed to be related. The peculiar dimensionality of the classical Meyer's law coefficient A was addressed by applying the concepts of a load-independent “true” microhardness, critical indentation load and characteristic indentation size. Subsequently the development of a normalized Meyer's law was directly demonstrated, yielding P= 2P c n d d 0 ∗ η where Pc is a critical test load indicative of the region where hardness is independent of the indentation test load and d 0 ∗ is a characteristic indentation dimension, below which the indentation size effect is significant. It is suggested that this normalized Meyer's law may have universal applicability to different hardness tests and materials.
Perpetual lament: kava-drinking, Christianity and sensations of historical decline in Fiji

Le declin historique est un theme recurrent dans toutes les cultures. Dans certains contextes, il peut transcender la nostalgie pour devenir un moteur d'action politique. L'auteur etudie les manieres dont la thematique du declin historique est rendue intelligible et palpable pour les Fidjiens indigenes de Tavuki Bay, sur l'ile de Kadavu. Apres avoir etudie le role de la soumission coloniale et de la christianisation dans la production d'un sentiment de passe glorieux et de present amoindri, il decrit un rituel particulier dans les regions rurales des Fidji, celui des soirees de consommation de kava, et avance que ces reunions sont essentielles a la comprehension et a la perception d'une perte de pouvoir par la societe fidjienne. En buvant du kava ensemble et en decrivant la consommation excessive de kava comme un signe de declin, les Fidjiens en viennent a saisir intellectuellement la notion de declin et a l'eprouver dans leur corps. Ce theme, qui a fini par apparaitre comme une evidence naturelle, peut ensuite etre un moyen d'inspiration de l'action politique.
Effectiveness of low-dose nadolol for ventricular arrhythmias

To determine the minimal effective dose of nadolol to suppress frequent ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), 23 patients with at least 30 VPCs/hour on 2 baseline 24-hour Holter recordings were studied. The initial dose of nadolol was 10 mg/day orally, and this dose was doubled at weekly intervals until arrhythmia suppression was achieved, adverse effects appeared, or a maximal dose of 160 mg/day was reached. After each dose level a 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitor was recorded. A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted in patients who responded to nadolol treatment. Frequent VPCs were suppressed at least 75% by nadolol in 11 of 23 patients (48%) and the minimal effective dose was 10 mg/day in 3 patients, 20 mg/day in 4, 40 mg/day in 3 and 80 mg/day in 1 patient. At these doses, minimal steady-state levels of nadolol in serum (Cmin) ranged from 3.9 to 47.0 ng/ml, and these serum concentrations were proportional to the oral dose of nadolol (r = 0.753, p less than 0.001). No relation, however, was observed between Cmin levels and percent reduction of VPCs. Cmin and heart rate changes were comparable between responders and nonresponders, suggesting that the degree of beta blockade was similar between these 2 groups. Adverse reactions were noted in 6 patients, and 2 had an asymptomatic increase in the frequency of VPCs and 1 patient an increase in beats of ventricular tachycardia. This study details the importance of selecting an individualized dose for nadolol for control of ventricular arrhythmias; in more than half of the patients doses of 20 mg/day or less were effective.
Anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury film electrode: baseline concentrations of cadmium, lead, and copper in selected natural waters

Abstract A simple, rapid, and inexpensive anodic stripping voltammetric method with a mercury thin film electrode is reported for the establishment of baseline concentrations of cadmium, lead, and copper in natural waters. The procedure for routine surface preparation of wax-impregnated graphite mercury film electrodes requires about 30 min. Concentrations in the 0.006–6 μg l -1 range are determined by linear d.c. voltage sweeps; the total time for a plating and stripping cycle is 6 min or less. The need for pressure-digesting samples for copper determinations is demonstrated. The a.s.v. results correlate well with corresponding analyses performed by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
Evidence-based expert testimony.

Expert witnesses undoubtedly know a great deal about topics on which ordinary people lack information. But experts, no less than other people, are subject to predictable memory biases. No plaintiff lawyer can enter the courtroom alone, without a doctor by his or her side to serve as an expert witness.
The MADS-box floral homeotic gene lineages predate the origin of seed plants: Phylogenetic and molecular clock estimates

Flower development in angiosperms is controlled in part by floral homeotic genes, many of which are members of the plant MADS-box regulatory gene family. The evolutionary history of these developmental genes was reconstructed using 74 loci from 15 dicot, three monocot, and one conifer species. Molecular clock estimates suggest that the different floral homeotic gene lineages began to diverge from one another about 450–500 mya, around the time of the origin of land plants themselves.
Response of the two neuron cellular neural network to time dependent inputs

The two neuron CNN system with piecewise linear activation function and time dependent external inputs is analyzed and the parametric solutions for the trajectories are given. We look then at the particular case in which the CNN has an antisymmetric template and sine external input. For particular parameter values, this example has been found in the literature to have chaotic behavior. We use the trajectories solution to study the sensitivity of the system to initial conditions and the possibility of self-intersecting trajectories. Both results characterize a chance for a chaotic behavior.
The legacy of a crowded ocean: indicators, status, and trends of anthropogenic pressures in the California Current ecosystem

As human population size and demand for seafood and other marine resources increase, understanding the influence of human activities in the ocean and on land becomes increasingly critical to the management and conservation of marine resources. In order to account for human influence on marine ecosystems while making management decisions, linkages between various anthropogenic pressures and ecosystem components need to be determined. Those linkages cannot be drawn until it is known how different pressures have been changing over time. This paper identifies indicators and develops time series for 22 anthropogenic pressures acting on the USA's portion of the California Current ecosystem. Time series suggest that seven pressures have decreased and two have increased over the short term, while five pressures were above and two pressures were below long-term means. Cumulative indices of anthropogenic pressures suggest a slight decrease in pressures in the 2000s compared to the preceding few decades. Dynamic factor analysis revealed four common trends that sufficiently explained the temporal variation found among all anthropogenic pressures. This reduced set of time series will be a useful tool to determine whether links exist between individual or multiple pressures and various ecosystem components.
Evaluating Ranking Strategies in Assessing Change When the Measures Differ Across Time

In this study, a ranking strategy was evaluated for comparing subgroups’ change using identical, equated, and nonidentical measures. Four empirical data sets were evaluated, each of which contained examinees’ scores on two occasions, where the two occasions’ scores were obtained on a single identical measure, on two equated tests, and on two nonidentical measures. The two subgroups’ rates of change were compared based on ranked nonidentical measures, on raw and ranked equated measures, and on a raw and ranked identical measure. The results of comparing subgroups’ change were similar when based on the nonidentical measures and on the identical and equated measures. Additional evaluations using simulated data demonstrated that the ranking strategy proposed for nonidentical measures is accurate, especially when the subgroups were large, the difference between the subgroups’ change was large, and scores obtained on the measure(s) were highly correlated across occasions. The statistical power of the proposed r...
Commentary: The meaning of thrift.

risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA 2008; 300:2886–97. 4 Lucas A. Long-term programming effects of early nutrition—implications for the preterm infant. J Perinatol 2005;25(Suppl 2):S2–S6. 5 Fall CH, Stein CE, Kumaran K et al. Size at birth, maternal weight, and type 2 diabetes in South India. Diabet Med 1998;15:220–27. 6 Modi N, Thomas EL, Uthaya SN, Umranikar S, Bell JD, Yajnik C. Whole body magnetic resonance imaging of healthy newborn infants demonstrates increased central adiposity in Asian Indians. Pediatr Res 2009;65:584–87. 7 Yajnik CS, Fall CH, Coyaji KJ et al. Neonatal anthropometry: the thin-fat Indian baby. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27: 173–80. 8 Yajnik CS, Lubree HG, Rege SS et al. Adiposity and hyperinsulinemia in Indians are present at birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5575–80. 9 Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, Hauguel-de MS. Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1076–80. 10 Han TS, Hooper JP, Morrison CE, Lean ME. Skeletal proportions and metabolic disorders in adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:804–09. 11 Kahn HS, Graff M, Stein AD, Lumey LH. A fingerprint marker from early gestation associated with diabetes in middle age: the Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:101–09. 12 Newsome CA, Shiell AW, Fall CH, Phillips DI, Shier R, Law CM. Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism? A systematic review. Diabet Med 2003; 20:339–48. 13 Hales CN, Barker DJ. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 2001;60:5–20. 14 Corkey BE. Diabetes: have we got it all wrong? Insulin hypersecretion and food additives: cause of obesity and diabetes? Diabetes Care 2012;35:2432–37. 15 Martin-Gronert MS, Ozanne SE. Metabolic programming of insulin action and secretion. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14(Suppl 3):29–39. 16 Waterland RA, Jirtle RL. Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:5293–300. 17 Yajnik CS. Nutrient-mediated teratogenesis and fuelmediated teratogenesis: two pathways of intrauterine programming of diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 104(Suppl 1):S27–S31.
Improving the peak to average power demand of a switching type capacitor/PFN charger

Commercially available switching type chargers for capacitor/PFN loads typically operate in a constant current mode. This results in a linear voltage ramp charging waveform. Since the current is constant, the power demand is also a linear ramp with a peak to average power ratio of two, over the charging period. At low repetition rates this two to one power fluctuation can be a troublesome interface with the prime power, especially a battery. Batteries have a specific power characteristic in kW/kg. If the peak to average power demand is two, twice the battery weight is required for the same application with a constant average power demand. Using a filter can smooth the power fluctuation but there is a significant weight and cost penalty for low repetition rate high-energy applications. The ideal solution for a constant power demand is a voltage waveform on the capacitor/PFN that is proportional to SQRT(time). This is difficult to implement. It is obvious that a variable or piece-wise turns ratio transformer could solve the problem technically; however, the cost, weight and complexity becomes a serious issue. A more productive solution is to modify the operation of the switching charger to reduce the two to one power demand ratio to a lower value. By studying the basic energy transfer mechanism in the switching charger design, modifications become apparent that are not complex or burdensome and can result in a reduction of the peak to average power demand to less than 1.25 to one. When applied to the total system including the prime power interface, a net advantage results.
Prevalence Survey of Inhalant Abuse

Although there is a paucity of hard epidemiologic data on the prevalence of inhalant abuse, there is considerable anecdotal evidence that such abuse is continuing. Recently, we received repeated reports that one particular public housing project in Atlanta had high rates of inhalant abuse, and to assess the prevalence of such abuse in children 4 to 20 years old, we conducted a random household survey in 400 of the project's 1,140 units. In an attempt to get complete and reliable data, we chose and trained 10 residents as interviewers.Fifty youngsters were identified as ever having used inhalants, representing a sample prevalence of approximately 4%. The typical sniffer was a male, age 15, in the 9th grade or currently out of school. Some sniffers, though, continued to use inhalants into their 20s. Not unexpectedly, sniffers were found to use alcohol and other drugs at greater rates than other children. Although the parents of sniffers often said that they recognized drug-related problems in their children...
Some basic problems in anisotropic bimaterials with a viscoelastic interface

This research is devoted to the study of anisotropic bimaterials with Kelvin-type viscoelastic interface under antiplane deformations. First we derive the Green’s function for a bimaterial with a Kelvin-type viscoelastic interface subjected to an antiplane force and a screw dislocation by means of the complex variable method. Explicit expressions are derived for the time-dependent stress field induced by the antiplane force and screw dislocation. Also presented is the time-dependent image force acting on the screw dislocation due to its interaction with the Kelvin-type viscoelastic interface. Second we investigate a rectangular inclusion with uniform antiplane eigenstrains embedded in one of the two bonded anisotropic half-planes by virtue of the derived Green’s function for a line force. The explicit expressions for the time-dependent stress field induced by the rectangular inclusion are obtained in terms of the simple logarithmic and exponential integral functions. It is observed that in general the stresses exhibit the logarithmic singularity at the four corners of the rectangular inclusion. Our results also show that when one side of the rectangular inclusion lies on the viscoelastic interface, the interfacial tractions are still regular at the two corners of the inclusion which are located on the interface. Last we address a finite Griffith crack normal to the viscoelastic interface by means of the obtained Green’s function for a screw dislocation. The crack problem is formulated in terms of a resulting singular integral equation which is solved numerically. The time-dependent stress intensity factors at the two crack tips are obtained and some interesting features are discussed.
Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Genetically Characterized Streptococcus milleri Group Strains

Previous studies of the antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus milleri group organisms have distinguished among species by using phenotypic techniques. Using 44 isolates that were speciated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we studied the MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of penicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and clindamycin for Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus anginosus. None of the organisms was resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, although a few isolates were intermediately resistant; one strain of S. anginosus was tolerant to ampicillin, and another was tolerant to ceftriaxone. Six isolates were resistant to clindamycin, with representation from each of the three species. Relatively small differences in antibiotic susceptibilities among species of the S. milleri group show that speciation is unlikely to be important in selecting an antibiotic to treat infection caused by one of these isolates.
A Theoretical Framework for Algorithm-Architecture Co-design

We consider the problem of how to enable computer architects and algorithm designers to reason directly and analytically about the relationship between high-level architectural features and algorithm characteristics. We propose a modeling framework designed to help understand the long-term and high-level impacts of algorithmic and technology trends. This model connects abstract communication complexity analysis-with respect to both the inter-core and inter-processor networks and the memory hierarchy-with current technology proposals and projections. We illustrate how one might use the framework by instantiating a particular model for a class of architectures and sample algorithms (three-dimensional fast Fourier transforms, matrix multiply, and three-dimensional stencil). Then, as a suggestive demonstration, we analyze a number of what-if scenarios within the model in light of these trends to suggest broader statements and alternative futures for power-constrained architectures and algorithms.
Evidence of laser-induced lattice cooling based on phonon-assisted up-conversion of photoluminescence in InAs/GaSb type-II quantum wells

We demonstrate that longitudinal-optical phonons in type-II InAs/GaSb quantum wells can be used to up-convert photoluminescence. Such a phenomenon could be used to achieve laser-induced cooling of lattices.
Strong coupling between localized and propagating surface plasmons: Experimental observation

We report on the experimental observation of strong coupling between localized and propagating surface plasmons when a gold nanoparticle array is in the vicinity of a gold film. The resonances exhibit an anticrossing behavior.
The Domain Encoded by Exon 2 of the Survival Motor Neuron Protein Mediates Nucleic Acid Binding

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a motor neuron disorder resulting from anterior horn cell death. Survival motor neuron ( SMN ) is the SMA-determining gene and is deleted or gene converted in >95% of SMA patients. The SMN protein has a role in spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis and has therefore been implicated indirectly in general cellular RNA processing due to its unique sub-nuclear localization within structures termed 'gems', which co-localize with spliceosomal factors within coiled bodies. In this report, direct SMN RNA-binding activity, in addition to ssDNA and dsDNA binding is demonstrated. The region of SMN encoded by exon 2 is necessary and sufficient to mediate its nucleic acid-binding activities. This domain is homologous to several nucleic acid-binding factors, including several high mobility group (HMG) proteins. Additionally, previously reported SMN missense mutations isolated from SMA patients demonstrated reduced RNA-binding activity, suggesting that nucleic acid binding is functionally significant.
Muscle metaboreflex activation during dynamic exercise evokes epinephrine release resulting in β2-mediated vasodilation

Muscle metaboreflex-induced increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) during submaximal dynamic exercise are mediated principally by increases in cardiac output. To what extent, if any, the periphe...
Harmonic Modeling of Hysteresis Inverters in Frequency Domain

This letter derives a closed-form analytical approximation of the output harmonic spectrum of a single-phase two-level inverter under the action of hysteresis current control. The analytical approach consists of first describing the error current as a triangular signal of variable duty cycle and frequency, and subsequently, deriving the Fourier transform of the complex envelope of the modulated triangular signal. The spectrum of the error current is given in terms of Bessel functions of the first kind. MATLAB/Simulink results on a half-bridge inverter are presented in this letter to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.
Studies of Ballooning and Resulting Patterns of Locally Contagious Distribution of the Bagworm Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

Abstract A series of field studies was stimulated by the unexpected finding of a band of junipers (Juniperus virginiana) bearing heavy infestations of bagworms, the band running south-southwest to north-northeast through a woodlot (near Norman, OK) of otherwise lightly infested trees. Fidelity to wind direction was confirmed, and numbers of bagworms ballooning from 3.05 m to 36.58 m was measured, with Tanglefoot® traps mounted on metal fence posts. Ballooning numbers were satisfactorily described with a negative exponential model incorporating both gravitational and trap losses. No significant difference was found between ballooning distances achieved by larvae with and without early-stage bags. A study of infestation levels on ornamental junipers planted around houses on the north and south sides of east-west streets revealed both a strong front- vs. backyard difference, and a weaker but statistically significant side-of-street effect. Patterns reflecting short-range dispersal were found in a linear wind...
Fragment emission from expanding hot nuclear systems

Nuclear collisions at interme<!iate energies lead to highly excite<! systems which may expand under the influence of thermal pressure and decay into multi-fragment exit channels. Experimental results addressing impact parameter selection, fragment multiplicity, f1uctuations, emission time scales, and expansion dynamics will be reviewed. RESUMEN. Las colisiones nucleares a energias intermedias llevan a sistemas altamente excitados, que pueden expanderse bajo la influencia de presion termica y decaer a traves de canales de salida de varios fragmentos. Se revisan los resultados experimentales dirigidos a la seleccion de parametros de impacto, multiplicidad de fragmentos, fluctuaciones, escalas de tiempo de emision y dinamica de expansion.
Predicting Wetland Plant Community Responses to Proposed Water-level-regulation Plans for Lake Ontario: GIS-based Modeling

Integrated, GIS-based, wetland predictive models were constructed to assist in predicting the responses of wetland plant communities to proposed new water-level regulation plans for Lake Ontario. The modeling exercise consisted of four major components: 1) building individual site wetland geometric models; 2) constructing generalized wetland geometric models representing specific types of wetlands (rectangle model for drowned river mouth wetlands, half ring model for open embayment wet- lands, half ellipse model for protected embayment wetlands, and ellipse model for barrier beach wet- lands); 3) assigning wetland plant profiles to the generalized wetland geometric models that identify associations between past flooding / dewatering events and the regulated water-level changes of a pro- posed water-level-regulation plan; and 4) predicting relevant proportions of wetland plant communities and the time durations during which they would be affected under proposed regulation plans. Based on this conceptual foundation, the predictive models were constructed using bathymetric and topographic wetland models and technical procedures operating on the platform of ArcGIS. An example of the model processes and outputs for the drowned river mouth wetland model using a test regulation plan illustrates the four components and, when compared against other test regulation plans, provided results that met ecological expectations. The model results were also compared to independent data collected by photoin- terpretation. Although data collections were not directly comparable, the predicted extent of meadow marsh in years in which photographs were taken was significantly correlated with extent of mapped meadow marsh in all but barrier beach wetlands. The predictive model for wetland plant communities provided valuable input into International Joint Commission deliberations on new regulation plans and was also incorporated into faunal predictive models used for that purpose. INDEX WORDS: GIS modeling, generalized wetland geometric models, lake-level regulation plans, mathematical modeling, plant community profile.
Imaging with bispecific antimyosin Fab-anti-DTPA Fab and Tc-99m polymers to demonstrate reduction of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity using polymer-drug conjugates

461 Objectives The limitation of doxorubicin (Dox) for optimal chemotherapy is its cardiotoxicity. Covalent conjugation of Dox to polymers have reduced its cardiotoxicity. A bispecific anti-myosin Fab-anti-DTPA Fab (bsAM-AD) was used to pretarget and cardiotoxicity was imaged by targeting Tc-99m-labeled DTPA-succinyl polylysine polymers (DSPL). Methods Balb/c mice were injected i.v. with 10 mg/kg Dox or equivalent DTPA Dox-polyglutamic acid polymers (D-Dox-PGA) biweekly for 3 doses. Mice injected with Dox died by day 20. Therefore, 4 mice from this group were pretargeted with bsAM-AD (10 μg) on day 6 and imaged with Tc-99m DSPL(37 MBq) on day 7. D-Dox PGA and control mice were imaged on day 27 and 38. Total body weight (TBW) was measured daily for all surviving mice. Results About 15 % loss of TBW occurred in Dox treated mice in 18 days (84.17 % of starting TBW) and all died by 20 days. D-Dox-PGA group showed no loss of total body weight for the length of the experiment (100.3% at 18 days and 100.4% at 38 days). Untreated control TBW at 18 and 38 days were 114.4% and 106.8% respectively). bsAM-AD /Tc-99m DSPL images showed unequivocal cardiac activity in the Dox group (1.90+0.25 %ID/g). D-Dox-PGA mice (0.40+/-0.04 %) had lower cardiac activity than the Dox group(p Conclusions D-Dox-PGA has been demonstrated to target HER2 receptor positive human mammary tumor xenografts after pretargeting with HER2 specific bsAb complexes. This study reports the reduction of cardiotoxicity with D-Dox-PGA relative to Dox administration by pretargeted imaging with bsAM-AD and Tc-99m-DSPL. Cummulative equivalent dose of 4 times the MTD (7.5 mg/kg) of Dox, was well tolerated by the experimental mice
Scaling Relationships for Molecular Adsorption and Dissociation in Lewis Acid Zeolites

Linear scaling relationships between adsorption energies of selected C1 and C2 oxygenates, as well as sulfur-containing compounds, are developed for Lewis acid-substituted zeolites in the chabazite framework. The relationships are shown to hold for dissociative adsorption of molecules cleaving similar classes of bonds, including O–H scission in CH3OH and H2O, C–H scission in CH3OH and CH4, S–H activation in CH3SH and H2S, C–H cleavage in CH2O and CH3CHO, and C–H activation in CH2 and CHOH, where charge is conserved in the zeolite framework. These correlations are explained in terms of bond order conservation arguments that have been previously developed for metal and simple oxide surfaces, and extension of the scaling relationships to Bronsted acid sites is briefly discussed. For adsorbates with nonzero net spin, use of a high accuracy hybrid functional is shown to improve the accuracy of the scaling relationships, while such accuracy does not substantially affect the results for adsorption complexes with...
Conceptualize the Domain Knowledge Space in the Light of Cognitive Skills

In this paper, we propose an approach that can improve the quality of pedagogies based on Bloom's Taxonomy (BT) cognitive theory. Theoretically, any domain knowledge can be learned and taught at multiple cognitive domain levels. Moreover, other cognitive domain levels might be called, for learn specific domain knowledge. If we know the dependencies between the domain knowledge, many interesting pedagogical applications are possible. However, until now, the relationship levels between domain knowledge are highly sophisticated and required tedious human judgment to be deduced. BT theory has been explored in the psychological sciences paradigm, but has not been examined automatically. No comprehensive computer science map is currently available. This paper, explores how the BT- relationships between various domain knowledge is automatically extracted. A Bloom Topic Graph (BTG) that encodes concept space is extracted. BTG provides concept space connected as BT cognitive relationships. Our approach utilizes verbs to discover the BT cognitive relationships between computer sciences, domain knowledge. We evaluate the BT cognitive relationships using ground truth, and our approach achieves an accuracy of average 65-75%, which is significantly high.
Introducing ISP

The ISP (instruction Set Processor) notation was developed1 to precisely describe the programming level of a computer. The behavior of a processor is determined by the nature and sequence of its operations. This sequence is given by a set of bits in primary memory (a program) and a set of interpretation rules (usually in the central processor). Thus, if we specify the nature of the operations and the rules of interpretation, the actual behavior of the processor depends on the initial conditions and the particular program.
The use of x-ray absorption spectroscopic techniques to study the influence of alloying elements on passive films

X-ray absorption spectroscopic techniques can be used to investigate the structure, composition, and electronic properties of in situ and ex-situ passive films on metal surfaces. Earlier EXAFS (extended x-ray absorption fine structure) studies on the effect of Cr on the structure of the passive film on iron indicated that the addition of Cr produces a less crystalline film than that which forms on pure iron. EXAFS by means of surface reflection (reflEXAFS) enables the study of surface films directly on bulk alloy surfaces. ReflEXAFS has been applied to a study of the films on rapidly solidified Mg alloys, in which it was also found that the more protective films have a less well ordered structure. In addition, the electronic properties of passive layers on FeCr alloys have been studied by means of reflEXAFS in which the NEXAFS (near edge x-ray absorption fine structure) was used to examine the effect of Cr and Cl− (introduced to initiate breakdown) on ex-situ passive films.
One for all : NATO strategy and logistics through the formative period,(1949-1969)

One for All offers a detailed analysis of the historical antecedents of the North Atlantic Alliance, focusing on the logistical infrastructure on which the success of its strategies depend, and describing the technological and political problems that threaten its military effectiveness by threatening its logistical underpinnings.
Design of Data Leakage Prevention System Based on Label and Policy Management

With the development of smart grid, extensive use of the interactive intelligent terminal increases the risk of user-side data leakage. Meanwhile, the complex network communications and uncontrollable operation environment would lead to data leakage in the transmission process. Aiming at this issue, a unifi ed data leakage prevention system for smart grid is presented to meet the requirement of data leakage prevention for smart grid The system structure, working process and deployment is described. Meanwhile, a sensitive data fi ltering algorithm for smart grid based on label and policy management is proposed. This provides the basis of the sensitive data protection for smart grid business system.
Commentary: Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behavior in humans.

We discuss Wittmann et al. (2007) “Effects of Psilocybin on Time Perception and Temporal Control of Behavior in Humans,” proposing that altered states of consciousness induced by pharmacological treatments and neurological disorders can reveal much about the circuitry underlying time perception in normal states of consciousness. Further research is needed to integrate these separate research domains. The brain integrates partial sensory input with internal representations to construct the elaborate story we know as time (Hammond, 2012). Our ordinary experiences reveal the complicated game the mind can play with perceived time: the day drags when we are bored, yet slips through our fingers when distracted or amused. Despite varying phenomenological experiences of time, the appropriate integration of physical time with functional behavior requires a sufficiently accurate perception structured by the conceptual framework of past, present, and future (Eagleman et al., 2005). Working memory, attention, and executive control support this integrated construction (Fuchs, 2007; Marchetti, 2014). Effects on human time perception are observed when these cognitive systems are modulated by pharmacological treatments or psychiatric disorders (Gonzalez-Maeso and Sealfon, 2009), suggesting the presence of a neurophysiological process that is intrinsic to temporal information processing (Rammsayer, 2008).
The Case of the Splenic Artery Aneurysm

(1972). The Case of the Splenic Artery Aneurysm. Hospital Practice: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 96-97.
Hormone levels and mammary epithelial cell proliferation in rats treated with a regimen of estradiol and progesterone that mimics the preventive effect of pregnancy against mammary cancer.

Women who bear their first child by their late teens have about half the risk of developing breast cancer relative to nulliparous women. The rat is a good model for studying the role of hormones in breast cancer since, for example, young rats become nearly refractory to mammary carcinogenesis after delivering a litter of pups. Short term administration of estradiol and progesterone (E & P) provides virgin rats protection from mammary carcinogenesis as effectively as pregnancy. The purpose of these studies were twofold: first, to evaluate potential long-term toxicity of the E & P treatments and second, to compare hormone treated rats and pregnant rats with respect to circulating E & P levels as well as mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. To test for toxicity, rats were treated with E & P (20 micrograms and 4 mg, respectively) or vehicle by s.c. injections 5 times per week for 5 weeks beginning at 40 days of age. The animals were weighed biweekly and sacrificed at 500 days of age when detailed necropsies were performed. No significant difference in weight gain was observed between the two groups nor was any toxicity grossly observable in the hormone-treated rats. Furthermore, there was no increase in the number of spontaneous mammary or pituitary tumors in the E & P treated group relative to controls. To evaluate serum hormone titers and mammary proliferation, rats were treated with steroids or vehicle daily beginning at 65 days of age. At 6 and 24 hours after the 1st, 14th and 35th injection, serum E & P were measured by RIA and mammary epithelial cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry (PCNA). At 6 hours after each injection, E & P levels were 3 to 5 fold those observed late in pregnancy. By 24 hours, however, E & P levels subsided to late pregnancy levels or lower. The mammary epithelial cell proliferation index in either E & P treated or late pregnant rats was 6 to 14%. Histologic sections and wholemounts of mammary glands showed a similar degree of differentiation between rats treated with E & P for 14 days or longer and late pregnant rats. These data further suggest that E & P treatments are a non-toxic means of mimicking the protective effect of pregnancy against mammary cancer and that pregnancy or hormone treatments may achieve this prophylaxis through a differentiation mechanism.
Scanning electron microscope examination of the dental enameloid of the Cretaceous durophagous shark Ptychodus supports neoselachian classification

Although Ptychodus teeth are well known in Late Cretaceous marine deposits in North America and Europe and a few specimens with jaw elements have been discovered, the taxonomic position of the shark genus Ptychodus is enigmatic due to the lack of preservation of diagnostic material other than teeth. These sharks possessed a pavement dentition suited to a diet of hard-shelled macroinvertebrates (durophagy), leading several studies to variously describe Ptychodus as a batoid, a hybodont shark, or a selachimorph. Members of the Selachimorpha share one dental synapomorphy, a triple-layered enameloid (TLE) consisting of an outer shiny-layered enameloid (SLE) of randomly oriented hydroxyapatite crystallites, a middle layer of parallel-bundled enameloid (PBE), and an inner layer of tangled-bundled enameloid (TBE). Batoids and hybodonts both have teeth with single crystallite enameloid (SCE). We examined teeth from Ptychodus collected from the Lincoln Limestone of the Greenhorn Formation of Barton County, Kansas, and compared their enameloid ultrastructure with that of a Carboniferous hybodontiform and the Cretaceous lamniform shark Squalicorax curvatus Williston, 1900. Scanning electron microscopic examination of Ptychodus shows that crystallite bundling in the form of a TLE is evident in these teeth. The PBE is most apparent at transverse enameloid ridges of Ptychodus teeth. Columns of dentine penetrate into the tooth enameloid, and the crystallites near the dentine are randomly oriented. These observations bolster the argument that Ptychodus is a genus of highly specialized selachimorph shark, rather than a hybodont or batoid.
Using Experimental Neoichnology and Quantitative Analyses to Improve the Interpretation of Continental Trace Fossils

ABSTRACTThe successful interpretation of continental ichnofossils is impeded by our limited knowledge of the burrows produced by modern continental animals. Actualistic studies of modern burrowing animals provide the data that make trace fossils invaluable to paleoecological and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The goal of this project is to determine how well burrows produced by terrestrial arthropods, amphibians, and reptiles engaged in known behaviors under controlled environmental conditions can be differentiated on the basis of qualitative and quantitative morphology. The animals produced a diverse assemblage of shafts, tunnels, ramps, U-, J-, W-, Y-shaped and helical burrows, and mazeworks. The quantitative aspects of the burrow morphologies were compared using nonparametric similarity and distance indices as well as cluster analyses to determine if the burrow casts could be effectively differentiated based upon their tracemakers, behaviors, and environmental conditions. By using multiple propert...
Twitching in veterinary procedures: How does this technique subdue horses?

Abstract This study investigates the mechanisms by which 2 forms of restraint (lip twitch and ear twitch) subdue horses. Prior research suggests that the lip twitch subdues horses through an analgesic effect; the mechanism of the ear twitch is unknown. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured to determine autonomic nervous system activity before and during application of the twitches, and salivary cortisol levels were analyzed to assess stress levels before and after application of the twitches. Twelve male horses (all geldings) were divided into 2 groups. One group received the lip twitch, and the other received the ear twitch. Results show that the lip twitch significantly decreased HR and increased HRV when applied for 5 minutes. However, when the lip twitch was applied for a longer period, it significantly increased HR and decreased HRV. The ear twitch significantly increased HR, decreased HRV, and increased salivary cortisol levels regardless of the length of application. It is concluded that the lip twitch might initially subdue horses through a calming, probably analgesic effect at least in the initial 5 minutes, whereas the ear twitch evokes a stressful response, immobilizing horses through fear and/or pain.
“Who are You going to Believe-Me or Your Own Eyes?” The Place of Testimony in Knowledge Acquisition

In Warrant and Proper Function, Alvin Plantinga calls testimony “a second class citizen in the epistemic republic.”1 Despite many accolades for the importance of testimony with regards to epistemic warrant, Plantinga pronounces this second class status because of two features he sees to be endemic to testimony. In his own words, these features are: First, testimony is ordinarily parasitic on other sources of belief so far as warrant goes... . [That is,] if you tell me something and I believe it on your say-so, I have warrant for it only if you do. Second, in many situations, while testimony does indeed provide warrant, there is a cognitively superior way... . [For example,] an eye witness report carries more weight than a report from someone to whom the eyewitness told what he saw (pp. 87, 88). I will label these features epistemic dependence and epistemic inferiority, respectively, and will explicate them later in the chapter.
Reagent-free LC–MS/MS-based pharmacokinetic quantification of polyhistidine-tagged therapeutic proteins

Aim: Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography is widely employed for purifying polyhistidine-tagged recombinant proteins from cell lysates. The technique can be applied for quantification of therapeutic proteins in biological matrices by LC–MS/MS. Results: A protein reagent-free workflow was developed for quantifying polyhistidine-tagged proteins by LC–MS/MS. The workflow includes target protein enrichment by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, on-bead trypsin digestion and quantification of signature peptides by LC–MS/MS. It was applied to quantify a 6×His-tagged protein in a mouse pharmacokinetic study with assay sensitivity of 10.0 ng/ml and linearity up to 10,000 ng/ml. Conclusion: The protein reagent-free workflow developed herein can overcome reagent limitation and serve as a viable approach for quantifying polyhistidine-tagged therapeutic proteins to support discovery pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
A novel rotor design for ultra-high speed switched reluctance machines over 1 million rpm

Ultra-high speed machines are gaining popularity in more and more applications. Switched reluctance machines (SRMs) are very competitive candidates for ultra-high speed applications due to its single material rotor. However, the conventional rotor geometries of SRMs are not suitable for ultra-high speed applications. This paper presents a novel rotor design for ultra-high speed SRMs over 1 million rpm. The proposed design has many advantages such as high strength, high power density, high efficiency and high reliability. 3D finite element stress analysis is conducted to validate the design. A prototype of the rotor has been built.
Interactive effects of insomnia symptoms and trauma exposure on PTSD: Examination of symptom specificity.

Objective Although symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common following exposure to a traumatic event, most people who experience trauma do not develop PTSD. Thus, the identification of risk factors that may interact with trauma exposure to confer vulnerability for the development of PTSD may highlight important targets for prevention and treatment. Recent research suggests that sleep disturbance amplifies the effect of maladaptive emotional processes on PTSD symptom severity. However, no study to date has examined the impact of sleep disturbance, such as insomnia symptoms, on the relationship between trauma exposure severity and specific PTSD symptom clusters. Method The present study examined insomnia symptoms as a potential moderator of the relationship between trauma exposure severity and specific PTSD symptom clusters among combat exposed veterans (N = 72). Results Results revealed large associations between insomnia symptoms and PTSD symptom clusters, small to moderate associations between combat trauma severity and PTSD symptom clusters, and a significant interaction between insomnia symptoms and combat exposure to predict reexperiencing, but not avoidance or arousal, symptoms of PTSD. Conclusion These findings suggest that poor sleep may be one risk context in which trauma exposure results in the development of reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD. The implications of these findings for the development and maintenance of reexperiencing symptoms of PTSD are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Anxiety and Depression During Childhood and Adolescence: Testing Theoretical Models of Continuity and Discontinuity.

The present study sought to clarify the trajectory (i.e., continuous vs. discontinuous) and expression (i.e., homotypic vs. heterotypic) of anxiety and depressive symptoms across childhood and adolescence. We utilized a state-of-the-science analytic approach to simultaneously test theoretical models that describe the development of internalizing symptoms in youth. In a sample of 636 children (53% female; M age = 7.04; SD age = 0.35) self-report measures of anxiety and depression were completed annually by youth through their freshman year of high school. For both anxiety and depression, a piecewise growth curve model provided the best fit for the data, with symptoms decreasing until age 12 (the “developmental knot”) and then increasing into early adolescence. The trajectory of anxiety symptoms was best described by a discontinuous homotypic pattern in which childhood anxiety predicted adolescent anxiety. For depression, two distinct pathways were discovered: A discontinuous homotypic pathway in which childhood depression predicted adolescent depression and a discontinuous heterotypic pathway in which childhood anxiety predicted adolescent depression. Analytical, methodological, and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
70-20-10 and the Dominance of Informal Learning: A Fact in Search of Evidence:

It is now widely accepted that informal learning plays a critical role in all workplace learning. Five different literature traditions examined here seemingly converge on the claim that 70% or more of work-based learning occurs informally. Referred to here as the 70% rule, that rule is now seen as a basic fact in the field. Yet a detailed examination of this literature finds that the evidential basis for the 70% rule is weak; human resource development (HRD) policies relying upon that claim are likely to be misleading. The research and scholarship cited in these traditions are critiqued in terms of sloppy scholarship, inconsistent conceptualizations, and fundamental research protocol problems. The implications from this review suggest that the 70% rule of informal learning needs to be set aside. The conclusions to this research offer propositions for redefining the focus of formal and informal work-based learning along with revising the role of HRD in organizations.
Mammals for Cytogeneticists

In years past, laboratory animals were bred for various purposes, but none for their good cytological characteristics. The Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (Figure 14.1), was no exception. It became a laboratory animal because of several morphological features, parasitic relations, and disease susceptibilities. It took many years of observation and experimentation, both in China and in Europe, for this species to be established in laboratory colonies. Matthey (1951) determined its diploid number as 22, one of the lowest known among eutherian mammals.
Technology Integration in Literacy Lessons: Challenges and Successes

This study used open coding to analyze 662 idea-units that 44 preservice teachers expressed about successes and challenges related to technology integration in literacy lessons in a reading methods...