cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory investigation of the anisotropic confinement-dependent brittle-ductile transition of a Utah coal.

Abstract This paper was developed as part of an effort by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to identify risk factors associated with bumps in the prevention of fatalities and accidents in highly stressed, bump-prone ground conditions. Changes of failure mechanism with increasing confinement, from extensional-to shear-dominated failure, are widely observed in the rupture of intact specimens at the laboratory scale and in rock masses. In the previous analysis conducted in 2018, both unconfined and triaxial compressive tests were conducted to investigate the strength characteristics of some specimens of a Utah coal, including the spalling limits, the ratio of apparent unconfined compressive strength (AUCS) to unconfined compressive strength (UCS), the damage characteristics, and the post-yield dilatancy. These mechanical characteristics were found to be strongly anisotropic as a function of the orientation of the cleats relative to the loading direction. However, the transition from extensional to shear failure at the given confinements was not clearly identified. In this study, a total of 20 specimens were additionally prepared from the same coal sample used in the previous study and then tested under both unconfined and triaxial compressive conditions. The different confining stresses are used as analogs for different width-to-height (W/H) ratios of pillar strength. Although the W/H ratios of the specimens were not directly considered during testing, the equivalent W/H ratios of a pillar as a function of the confining stresses were estimated using an existing empirical solution. According to this relationship, the W/H at which in-situ pillar behavior would be expected to transition from brittle to ductile is identified.
Alzheimer's pathology causes impaired inhibitory connections and reactivation of spatial codes during spatial navigation.

Summary Synapse loss and altered synaptic strength are thought to underlie cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by disrupting neural activity essential for memory. While synaptic dysfunction in AD has been well characterized in anesthetized animals and in vitro, it remains unknown how synaptic transmission is altered during behavior. By measuring synaptic efficacy as mice navigate in a virtual reality task, we find deficits in interneuron connection strength onto pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. These inhibitory synaptic deficits are most pronounced during sharp-wave ripples, network oscillations important for memory that require inhibition. Indeed, 5XFAD mice exhibit fewer and shorter sharp-wave ripples with impaired place cell reactivation. By showing inhibitory synaptic dysfunction in 5XFAD mice during spatial navigation behavior and suggesting a synaptic mechanism underlying deficits in network activity essential for memory, this work bridges the gap between synaptic and neural activity deficits in AD.
Automated vision screening of children using a mobile graphic device

ABSTRACT Background/Objective Can measures of interocular brightness disparity, acuity, and colour vision identify children with amblyopia? Subjects/Methods 208 subjects from 3 to 14 years were recruited for a prospective, observational protocol to measure interocular brightness disparity, acuities with and without a pinhole, and colour vision using an iPad. Interocular brightness disparity was assessed as the subject looked through a system of polarizing filters and chose the brighter of two spaceships. The differential brightness of image pairs was varied according to a staircase algorithm until equal brightness was perceived. Acuities were tested with tumbling Es. Colour vision was tested with AO-HRR colour plates. 2 subjects (1%) were later confirmed to have unilateral amblyopia. Results Binocular brightness balance on the iPad detected both amblyopes and excluded all 202 non-amblyopes, in this study with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. By using 20/30 as cutoff for normal acuity, 1 of the 2 amblyopes was detected and all non-amblyopes were excluded by visual acuity testing with pinhole. The mean difference between iPad and E-Chart visual acuities with pinhole was 0.02 logMAR with limits of agreement from -0.08 to +0.11 logMAR. Colour vision testing with iPad and printed plates gave identical results. Testing times were brief and exit pleasure poll responses were positive. Conclusions Interocular brightness disparity, acuity, and colour vision can be measured in children as young as 3 years playing a fun game on a mobile graphic device. Interocular brightness disparity may be a sensitive and specific method to detect unilateral amblyopia.
The Effectiveness of Chinese Monetary Policy during the 2008 Financial Crisis

The objective of this paper is to explain the factors that led to the effectiveness of Chinese monetary policies during the financial crisis. As the crisis hit China, China’s economy faced two external shocks in the investment and export sector. The reliance on the international market, together with its constrained monetary policy and institutional problems, make it worthwhile to consider why China was the first country that recovered from the financial crisis. Through the analysis, the paper identifies three sources of the efficiency. The first concerns with the previous economic health. The second involves the well-coordinated fiscal and monetary policies and the last derives from China’s institutional characteristics. Moreover, it is argued that some policies made during the financial crisis may carry risks and other negative implications in the long run. The paper focuses on two of them, namely the implications on the real estate market and economic restructuring.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are associated with reduced nitrogen cycling rates in temperate forest soils without corresponding trends in bacterial functional groups

Microbial processes play a central role in controlling the availability of N in temperate forests. While bacteria, archaea, and fungi account for major inputs, transformations, and exports of N in soil, relationships between microbial community structure and N cycle fluxes have been difficult to detect and characterize. Several studies have reported differences in N cycling based on mycorrhizal type in temperate forests, but associated differences in N cycling genes underlying these fluxes are not well-understood. We explored how rates of soil N cycle fluxes vary across gradients of mycorrhizal abundance (hereafter "mycorrhizal gradients") at four temperate forest sites in Massachusetts and Indiana, USA. We paired measurements of N-fixation, net nitrification, and denitrification rates with gene abundance data for specific bacterial functional groups associated with each process. We find that the availability of NO3 and rates of N-fixation, net nitrification, and denitrification are reduced in stands dominated by trees associated with ECM fungi. On average, rates of N-fixation and denitrification in stands dominated by trees associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more than double the corresponding rates in stands dominated by trees associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Despite the structuring of flux rates across the mycorrhizal gradients, we did not find concomitant shifts in the abundances of N-cycling bacterial genes, and gene abundances were not correlated with process rates. Given that AM-associating trees are replacing ECM-associating trees throughout much of the eastern US, our results suggest that shifts in mycorrhizal dominance may accelerate N cycling independent of changes in the relative abundance of N cycling bacteria, with consequences for forest productivity and N retention.
Comparative Analysis of ML Techniques for Data-Driven Anomaly Detection, Classification and Localization in Distribution System

High penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), fundamental load behavior changes, controllable loads, and significant increase in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) lead to complex dynamic behavior of the electric distribution system. Increasing number of components also means more measurements, more data and more data anomalies. Detecting, classifying and localizing these anomalies are important for situational awareness, and at the same time, very challenging given increasing complexity of the system. Highly accurate and high-resolution analytical techniques are needed to support anomaly detection, classification and localization (AD-C-L) for monitoring, root cause analysis and decision making. This paper provides comprehensive review and analysis of the existing spatio-temporal AD-C-L techniques within the distribution system. Challenges for specific problems in AD-C- L have been also discussed in this paper. Existing AD-C- L techniques have been categorized and synthesized for specific merits and limitations of multiple Machine Learning (ML) methodologies using common developed metrics of performance. The comparative analysis is summarized and presented with the open research challenges and path forward for future research needs.
Antisense treatment of viral infection.

Publisher Summary Virus infection is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. A critical obstacle to the development of successful antiviral therapies has been and remains the problem of specificity: most materials that interrupt the virus life cycle are detrimental to the host in which these obligate intracellular agents reside. Much effort has been invested in identifying those facets of the virus that distinguish it from its host. This chapter attempts to outline the rationale that underlies the antisense approach to treatment of virus infection, to catalog the effector molecules that are currently available, and to estimate the relative worth of each. It describes the criteria that might be employed in their design and the factors that may determine their efficacy in tissue culture and, perhaps, in vivo. It also describes few examples presently available that indicate that antisense approaches may one day be therapeutically useful in treatment of disease of viral or nonviral origin.
Strategische CSR und Kommunikation

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) wird meistens als das strategische gesellschaftliche Engagement eines Unternehmens definiert, das ubergeordnete Unternehmensziele unterstutzt und gesellschaftliche Probleme mithilft zu losen. Die Kommunikation von Corporate Social Responsibility kann aus diesem Grund auch nicht isoliert von anderen Kommunikationsinstrumenten betrachtet werden, sondern ist holistisch in die gesamte Kommunikationsstrategie eines Unternehmens integriert. Besonders bei einer strategischen Ausrichtung von Corporate Social Responsibility auf die Kernkompetenz des Unternehmens bieten sich Ansatzpunkte fur die ganzheitliche und integrierte Kommunikation, die uber die isolierte Darstellung der einzelnen CSR Aktivitaten oder CSR Programme hinausgeht.
Review Essay: Resilience in Russian Immigrant Stories: An Alternative to Deficiency Models

Auf den ersten Blick wirkt "Red Blues: Voices from the Last Wave of Immigrants" wie eine einfache Sammlung von Immigrationserzahlungen. SHASHA und SHRON haben jedoch Immigrationserfahrungen aus unterschiedlichen sozialen Bereichen zusammengetragen (u.a. zum Verlust von Privilegien, zu Gottesvorstellungen und religiosem Dissens, oder zu "Scientists and Doctors") mit einer besonderen Aufmerksamkeit fur den Erfindungsreichtum, den Immigrant(inn)en haufig zum Uberleben benotigen. In dem hier vorgelegten Essay wird davon ausgegangen, dass eine solche Resilienz-Orientierung sich deutlich von der ublichen Rezeption von Immigrant(inn)en als defizitar unterscheidet, und es werden ausgehend von den in "Red Blues" veroffentlichten Erzahlungen verschiedene Aspekte von Resilienz identifiziert. Zusatzlich wird die besondere Bedeutung diese Art von Erzahlungen fur Lehrende und andere mit Gemeinschaftsarbeiten betraute Personenkreise betont, die fur das Erbe und die besonderen Starken von Immigrant(inn)en in ihren Schulen oder in anderen sozialen Gemeinschaften sensibel sein sollten. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0701190
Reactions in the Formation of Interstellar Radicals and Molecules

In this paper the authors have tried to develop a series of reaction mechanisms which seems to explain the occurrence of the observed interstellar molecules in the dark clouds. Special emphasis is given in this paper to the dominant role of H3+ which acts as a proton donor for the formation of ion molecules like COH+, CH+, NH2+, which are very reactive and lead over a series of intermediates to observed species such as: OH, H2CO, NH3, CH, and HCN. As will be seen, there exists a large variety of possible mechanisms for the formation of certain species and it is premature in many cases to decide which of these mechanisms is dominant. We like to emphasize that the formation of these molecules occurs in the gas phase, a fact which does not exclude the formation of molecules on the surface of grains or in ion-clusters. Die Autoren haben versucht, eine Reihe von Reaktionsmechanismen zu entwickeln, welche das Auftreten der beobachteten Molekule in den dunklen Wolken erklaren konnen. Besonderes Gewicht wird in dieser Arbeit auf das H3+-Ion gelegt. Das H3+-Ion ubertragt das Proton auf Atome und Molekule mit hoherer Protonenaffinitat unter Bildung von COH+, CH+, NH2+, usw. Diese Ionen sind selber sehr reaktionsfahig und fuhren uber eine Reihe von Zwischenprodukten zu beobachteten Molekulen und Radikalen wie OH, H2CO, NH3, CH, HCN, usw. Wir werden sehen, das es eine Reihe von Reaktionswegen gibt, die zur Bildung einer Molekulart fuhren, und es ist z. Zt. in vielen Fallen noch nicht moglich zu entscheiden, welcher Reaktionsweg hauptsachlich eingeschlagen wird. Wir mochten betonen, das es sich um Molekulbildung in der Gasphase in dieser Arbeit handelt. Dies soll naturlich nicht ausschliesen, das Molekule auch an der Oberflache von kosmischen Stauben und in Ionen-Clusters gebildet werden konnen.
Computational Studies of Energetic Nitramines

Computed properties of secondary nitramines are surveyed with regard to fundamental interest and possible relation to impact/shock sensitivity and thermal stability. An ab initio SCF approach was used to compute optimized structures and properties. The replacement of carbons by nitrogens in aliphatic and alicyclic systems is found to provide added stability, attributed to lone pair σ-conjugation; this is amplified by NO2 substitution on these nitrogens. The negative electrostatic potentials characteristic of amine lone pairs are greatly weakened in nitramines; these changes increase as the amine nitrogens approach planarity and the N-NO2 bonds become shorter (presumably stronger). A good correlation with nitramine shock sensitivity was obtained, based on the strengths of all N-NO2 bonds and overall molecular size. An analysis of dissociation pathways for l,3-dinitro-l,3-diazacyclobutane shows N-NO2 bond cleavage favored over ring opening. While the thermal, shock and impact sensitivities may be determined primarily by decomposition pathways requiring the least energy input, e.g. N-NO2 bond breaking, energetic performance may depend upon channels with energy barriers, e.g. ring opening.
Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs)

Long interspersed nuclear elements are non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons that have reached a high copy number in the human genome by a ‘copy-and-paste’ mechanism of replication. Keywords: non-LTR retrotransposons; L1 element; junk DNA; insertional mutagenesis
Introducing embedded systems: a cyber-physical approach: extended abstract

I suggest that embedded systems education should focus more on the interplay of embedded systems and the physical environment in which they operate, rather than on the collection of software and hardware technologies needed to get computers to interact with their environment. The emphasis should be on joint design and modeling of the software, networking, and physical dynamics. Today's implementation techniques should be presented critically as the means to realize these models, rather than as the core of the discipline.
The Assumptions and Challenges of Ancestral State Reconstructions

portant papers (e.g., Felsenstein, 1985; Cod? dington, 1988; Donoghue, 1989), two influ? ential books (Brooks and McLennan, 1991; Harvey and Pagel, 1991), and the computer program MacClade (Maddison and Mad? dison, 1992). But although ancestral recon? structions have been embraced by both systematists and evolutionary biologists, the reliability and assumptions of these meth? ods need continued examination. An in?
Fluid mechanical experiments relevant to coughing.

Abstract The effect of the variables gas density, ϱ, flow time duration, τ, mean gas flow velocity, U, and liquid viscosity, μ, on the volume fraction, m, of glycerine-water solution blown out of a straight tube by a turbulent air jet has been investigated experimentally. A dimensionless scaling law of the form m = F( ϱU 2 τ μ ) has been found to hold, suggesting a balance between the inertial shearing force exerted on the liquid by the flowing gas and the viscous shearing force required to move the liquid layer along the tube wall. Order of magnitude decreases in ϱU 2 τ μ were seen to produce order of magnitude decreases in transport efficiency, m, for the experimental conditions used.
Plasticity of cholinergic and tachykinergic nerves: the convergence of the twain.

two neural control mechanisms constrict the airways, cholinergic and noncholinergic. The cholinergic fibers arise in ganglia within the airway wall. These constrict the airways by releasing acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors. Noncholinergic fibers arise in vagal ganglia at the base of the skull
The FASTBUS Segment Interconnect

The FASTBUS Segment Interconnect provides a communication path between two otherwise independent, asynchronous bus segments. In particular, the segment interconnect links a backplace (crate) segment to a cable segment. All standard FASTBUS address and data transactions can be passed through the SI, or any number of SI's and segments in a path. Thus systems of arbitrary connection complexity can be formed, allowing simultaneous independent processing, yet still permitting devices associated with one segment to be accessed from others. The model S1 segment interconnect being built at the University of Illinois supports these and other important features.
Temporary Keratoprosthesis for Use During Pars Plana Vitrectomy

We have developed a series of temporary keratoprostheses that permit closed pars plana vitrectomy in eyes with abnormal corneas. These devices are placed into a trephined opening in the cornea, and provide a clear, stable view of the intraocular contents. Immediately after vitrectomy, the keratoprosthesis is replaced with a corneal graft. We have used this technique successfully in four eyes with opaque or severely traumatized corneas.
Postural stability of two biped models via Lyapunov second method

In biped locomotion, postural stability about vertical stance is of practical significance. Three problems related to postural stability are discussed here. Estimates of the region in the vicinity of vertical stance, where the biped model with linear feedback is stable, are derived. A method of designing nonlinear feedback is developed in which the combination of linear and nonlinear feedback provides a larger region of stability. Nonlinear feedback is utilized to simulate human-like motions of bowing and bending from the hip. Computer simulations for the double inverted pendulum and bipeds with stiff knees are presented.
Calorelectric effect in a graphite-oxygen flame

The generation of electricity due to the calorelectric effect across a narrow gap between a graphite electrode and an oxygen electrode of nickel or copper gauze was studied. At a gap width of the order of the flame thickness, the flame acts as an electrolyte. An open circuit voltage of 1.4 V and a short circuit current of 0.24 ma were measured.
Foreign policy indicators: Predictors of war in history and in the state of the world message

Despite the promising advances in the construction and use of social indicators, there has been little application to the formulation, monitoring, or evaluation of foreign policy. In the formulation stage—our concern here—predictor or early warning indicators could be very useful. The annual “state of the world” message contains many such predictive indicators of war, but in a purely verbal and intuitive form. Three of these (prior war, relative capabilities, and alliance levels) are converted into operational language and then put to the empirical test. In general, the indicators do not predict war (over the past 150 years) as postulated by the Administration. These tests are, however, very incomplete, and our objective is not to evaluate the Administration's arguments, but to suggest one way in which indicators could improve the quality of foreign policy formulation.
Comparison of characteristics between fatal and injury accidents in the highway construction zones

Highway construction zone safety has been a research focus in many countries for many decades. In the United States, regardless of the research efforts devoted, highway construction zones remain a serious safety concern for government agencies, legislatures, the highway industry, and the traveling public. In this study, the fatal and injury accidents between 1992 and 2004 in Kansas highway construction zones were examined systematically and their major characteristics were compared. The results showed significant differences between fatal and injury accidents in the construction zones. The researchers found that: (1) head-on was the dominant type for fatal accidents while rear-end was the dominant injury accident type; (2) a large percent of fatal accidents involved trucks while a majority of injury accidents involved light-duty vehicles only; (3) disregarded traffic control, alcohol impairment, and speeding caused a much larger proportion of fatal accidents while followed too close caused a much higher percentage of injury accidents; and (4) unfavorable light conditions and complicated road geometries contributed to causing a larger percentage of fatal accidents than to causing injury accidents. Based on the study results, practical safety countermeasures targeted at different severity of accidents are recommended in terms of construction zone traffic control and public education.
Nonlinear dynamics of a magnetically supported rotor on safety auxiliary bearings

This study concerns the dynamic response of a rotor landed on auxiliary (catcher) bearings in an Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) supported rotor, following postulated loss of power or overload of the AMB. An analytical model involving a disk, a shaft and auxiliary bearings on damped flexible supports is constructed and appropriate equations of the nonlinear dynamic system are developed. The equations include a switch function to indicate contact/ non-contact events and determine the existence of contact normal forces and tangential friction forces between the shaft and the bearings. Steady state solutions are obtained. An analytical method was formulated and used to yield solutions for cases with well balanced rotors, in absence of any side forces. The Fixed Point Algorithm (FPA) is used to obtain steady state periodic solutions of the unbalanced rotor for various parameters. The FPA is used to determine the stability of the periodic solutions and the type of bifurcation involved. Multiple periodic solutions, quasi-periodic and chaotic responses are detected and discussed. A set of preliminary guidelines for selection of the parameters of the catcher bearings is given.
Kinetics and mechanism of the ammonia synthesis

The reaction rate in stoichiometric mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen or deuterium has been measured on two different doubly promoted iron catalysts, between 218 and 302 °C, ⅓ and 1 atm and over a 300-fold range of efficiencies. The kinetic data as well as the isotope effect indicate that the rate-determining step is the chemisorption of nitrogen on a surface mainly covered with NH radicals. The presence on the surface of NH radicals instead of nitrogen atoms opens new perspectives on the kinetics and mechanism of ammonia synthesis.
Programmable multiresolution CMOS active pixel sensor

CMOS active pixel sensors (APS) allow the flexibility of placing signal processing circuitry on the imaging focal plane. The multiresolution CMOS APS can perform block averaging on-chip to eliminate the off-chip software intensive image processing. This 128 X 128 APS array can be read out at any user-defined resolution by configuring a set of digital shift registers. The full resolution frame rate is 30 Hz with higher rates for all other image resolutions.
Exploiting types for improved schema mapping

Schema mapping in life sciences is complicated by several factors - heterogeneity and non-standard naming of scientific objects. Traditional mapping techniques fail completely in many instances. This article suggests that exploiting type information and heuristic layout mining help map schemas in life science applications. In some cases, this method appears to be only approach that makes mapping possible in this area.
Effects of Metal Coating on Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold. 1. Copper on Dodecanethiol and Octadecanethiol

We report studies on the perturbations induced by the evaporation of copper metal overlayers on dodecanethiol and octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Monolayers were characterized after deposition on a gold substrate from an ethanolic solution, after heat treatment alone, after acid treatment alone, after physical evaporation of a submonolayer copper layer alone, and after deposition of an optically thick copper layer followed by stripping with a nitric acid solution. The monolayers were studied using cyclic voltammetry, grazing-angle IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the gold electrodes are passivated by the formation of the monolayers. The degree of passivation does not decrease with exposure to <6 N nitric acid solutions or after copper deposition and removal with nitric acid. The IR studies indicate that the deposition of metal induced a reorganization, interpreted as increased disordering, of the monolayer, that is similar to heat tre...
Nondestructive Assessment of sGAG Content and Distribution in Normal and Degraded Rat Articular Cartilage via EPIC-μCT

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of quantifying the Equilibrium Partitioning of an Ionic Contrast agent via Microcomputed Tomography (EPIC-μCT) to nondestructively assess sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and distribution in rat articular cartilage ex vivo , and in doing so to establish a paradigm for extension of this technique to other small animal models. Design After determination of an appropriate incubation time for the anionic contrast agent, EPIC-μCT was used to examine age-related differences in cartilage sGAG content between 4-, 8-, and 16-week old ( n =5 each) male Wistar rats and to evaluate sGAG depletion in the right femora of each age group after 60min of digestion with chondroitinase ABC. The EPIC-μCT measurements were validated by histological safranin-O staining, and reproducibility was evaluated by triplicate scans of six femora. Results Cartilage attenuation gradually increased with cumulative digestion time and reached a plateau at approximately 60min with a 16.0% temporal increase ( P P P P r =−0.88, slope=−1.26, P n =30) with EPIC-μCT cartilage attenuation. High reproducibility was indicated by a low coefficient of variation (1.5%) in cartilage attenuation. Conclusions EPIC-μCT imaging provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity to assess sGAG content and three-dimensional distribution in rat femoral articular cartilage.
The Changing Face of Education: Teachers Cope With Challenges Through Collaboration and Reflective Study

In these times of legislative mandates for accountability and high-stakes testing, meeting the needs of diverse learners has never been more urgent. If change is to occur in classrooms across the United States, the change forces will be the administrators and teachers in each school. Educators must now choose a plan of action to address student diversity, and change the way schools conduct business. This article presents a three-pronged outline for coping with the changing face of education: (1) educators and the process of change; (2) educators finding the time to study together; and (3) educators reflectively reviewing student work in study teams and adjusting research-based instructional practices to improve both teaching and learning.
Determination of halogenated mono-alcohols and diols in water by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

Abstract We have developed an analytical method for the detection of halogenated alcohols in water with particular focus on 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol and 3-bromo-1,2-propanediol. In this method the target analytes are extracted from water, derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and then analyzed with gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The effects of water, pH and seawater constituents on the method were investigated. Method detection limits for a 5 ml aqueous sample ranged from 0.14 μg l−1 for 2-bromo-1,3-propanediol to 1.7 μg l−1 for 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3DCP).
Managing menopausal symptoms.

OVERVIEW There are three major categories of symptoms peri- and postmenopausal women experience: vasomotor symptoms, sleep difficulties, and mood problems. This article reviews the literature on causes and treatments. This is part three of a four-part series on postmenopausal health.
Pressure to publish and fraud in science.

Abstract Pressure to publish is an overworked and ill-used phrase that encompasses at least two meanings: the pressure an individual scientist may feel, and the pressure exerted by the institutions...
The analysis of arildone in plasma, urine and feces by gas--liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection.

Abstract The analysis of arildone in plasma, urine and feces by gas—liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection is described. O-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorohenzyl)hydroxylamine is the derivatizing agent for the plasma and urine analysis; 3-nitrophenylhydrazine is utilized for fecal analysis. The mean (± S.E.) minimum quantifiable level of arildone was 1.4 (± 0.2) ng/ml in urine, 6.4 (± 0.1) ng/ml in plasma, and 12.6 (± 1.0) ng/g in feces. The chromatographic response was linear in the range of 0 and 10–120 ng/ml for plasma, 0 and 2.5–20 ng/ml for urine and 0 and 25–250 ng/g for feces. The estimated overall precision of the assay was 5.5%, 6.4% and 8.9% in urine, plasma and feces, respectively.
Pseudoresistance to pediculicides in a case of pubic lice.

: A 23-year-oId male presented with pubic lice refractory to repeated treatments with either permethrin or lindane. Further evaluation identified untreated pubic lice in his scalp.
Combining Expert Judgments: A Bayesian Approach

This paper presents a new approach to the problem of expert resolution. The proposed analytic structure provides a mechanism by which a decision maker can incorporate the possibly conflicting probability assessments of a group of experts. The approach is based upon the Bayesian inferential framework presented in [Morris, P. A. 1974. Decision analysis expert use. Management Sci.20 9, May]. A number of specific results are derived from analysis of a generic model structure. In the single expert continuous variable case, we prove that the decision maker should process a calibrated expert's opinion by multiplying the expert's probability assessment by his own prior probability assessment and normalizing. A method for subjectively calibrating an expert is also presented. In the multi-expert case, we obtain a simple multiplicative rule for combining the expert judgments. We also prove the existence of a composite probability function which measures the joint information contained in the probability assessments generated by a panel of experts. The interesting result is that composite prior should be processed as if it were the probability statement of a single calibrated expert.
Solution profiles for some simple combustion models

In this paper, the shape (solution profile) of the solutions of the Gelfand problem and the perturbed Gelfand problem are studied. Both of these models play a fundamental role in the mathematical theory of thermal explosions for finite rigid and gaseous systems. For rigid systems the physical processes are determined by a pointwise balance between chemical heat addition and heat loss by conduction. During the inductive period, with a duration measured by the conduction time scale of the bounding container, the heat released by the chemical reaction is redistributed by thermal conduction. As the temperature of the container increases, the reaction rate grows dramatically. Eventually, the characteristic time for heat release becomes significantly smaller than the conduction time in a well-defined hot spot embedded in the system. Then the heat released is used almost entirely to increase the hot-spot temperature. The purpose of this paper is to show that both models detect this hot-spot development in a very precise manner. This hot-spot development had previously been detected only numerically.
The value of continuous wound infusion systems for postoperative pain control following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: an analysis of outcomes and cost.

Background Current health-care reform is focusing on improving patient outcomes while cutting health-care costs, and as such, surgeons should consider that postoperative pain management techniques can contribute to the overall value of care delivered to patients. The current study aims to evaluate the value of continuous wound infusion systems (CWIS) in patients following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).
Urologic sequelae of childhood genitourinary trauma and abuse in men: principles of recognition with fifteen case illustrations.

Providing urologic care to men who have been traumatized during childhood may be especially challenging because of the extent, severity, and unusual character of their urogenital problems. Recognition of past trauma entails attentiveness to patients' background and behaviors. As illustrated through these 15 cases, patients who present with too many past surgeries, too many unremitting urologic complaints, too little sexual function and too few genital parts, sexual impulses that are too strong, sexualized conduct in clinical settings, and self-destructive behaviors surrounding sexuality may have experienced trauma in the past. While empirical studies are necessary to demonstrate the ultimate utility of these categories, appreciation of these clinical indications improves the urologic care provided to traumatized men in four ways: by elucidating unusual and unusually recalcitrant urologic complaints, thereby clarifying clinical decisions; by allowing for appropriate use of psychiatric consultation; by promoting a better understanding of the sequelae of trauma in men; and by alleviating the discomfort naturally felt by urologists and their staff when caring for these difficult, multiproblem patients. Language: en
Autologous and allogeneic transplantation for aggressive NHL.

Background : Intermediate- and high-grade NHL are generally chemosensitive diseases with high initial response rates to combination chemotherapy. Dose intensification via autologous and allogeneic transplantation provides viable treatment options in specific clinical settings. Currently, autologous transplantation is the standard of care for relapsed but chemosensitive aggressive B-cell NHL. However, tools such as the International Prognostic Index allow risk-adapted analyses, and show that the magnitude of benefit from autologous transplantation differs in lymphoma subsets. Methods : Low-risk patients appear to do well regardless of salvage approaches, whereas high-risk patients have suboptimal outcomes with autologous transplantation. In high-risk patients, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation has been examined as part of initial therapy, with long-term data promising but still evolving. Discussion : A significant concern with autologous transplantation in aggressive and high...
The role of child gender, problem behaviors, and the family environment on maternal depressive symptoms findings from mothers of substance abusing runaway adolescents

This study examined the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents' problem behaviors, moderated by adolescent gender, as well as the association between maternal depressive symptoms and the family environment characteristics above and beyond child variables. Data were collected from 137 mothers of runaway adolescents with alcohol and/or substance abuse problems. Results showed that both internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors of adolescent girls, as opposed to problem behaviors of boys, were significantly associated with maternal depressive symptoms. In addition, higher family cohesion was significantly related to lower maternal depressive symptoms even after controlling for adolescent problem behaviors. However, no significant relationship was found between family conflict and maternal depressive symptoms. These findings indicate that both adolescents' problem behaviors and mothers' perceptions of the family environment are associated with maternal depressive symptoms, highlighting the potential utility of the family systems theoretical framework for understanding and intervening mothers' emotional problems in the family context. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testicular volumes of adolescents

THE FRAGILE X CHROMOSOME is a new cytogenetic marker associated with one form of X-linked mental retardationS; macro-orchidism has been reported in most cases. A fragile X chromosome was identified in a black mentally retarded male patient and in four of his seven brothers; two of these brothers were adolescents. Questions related to possible racial differences of testicular volumes in adolescents were not answered by a search of the literature; there was also little information concerning testicular volumes of contemporary white adolescents. These gaps led to this study. METHOD Boys aged 12 to 19 years were given physical examinations at an ambulatory facility providing health care for adolescents. These subjects came to the clinic for a variety of reasons and complaints, and many of them sought examinations to obtain a health certificate for a job or to participate in school sports programs. Each boy received a complete physical examination, which included assigning sex maturity ratings according to the Tanner classification. 2 Separate ratings for genitalia and pubic hair growth and mean values of the combined ratings were recorded. Laboratory determinations included hematocrit percentage and urinalysis, and screening for sickle cell disease and thalassemia in the black patients~ Age, race, height, weight, school grade, and attendance in a regular or special school class was recorded. (The term "special class" is used
Cold war alliance and overt military intervention, 1945–1991

Whether rigid and extensive alliances help keep peace or promote war is a vexing question in theory of international politics. The Cold War era following World War II presents an apparent paradox: two great coalitions openly confronted one another; their members contributed to numerous local wars and other international crises which continually threatened global conflagration; yet world peace generally prevailed. It is suggested that persistence of general peace despite frequentlocal savagery owes in part to differential effects of Cold War alliances upon defensive and offensive overt military intervention which, in turn, have different implications for the diffusion and magnitude of war. 690 instances of overt military interventions conducted by all world states between September 1945 and December 1991 are systematically examined. A strong tendency toward intra‐allied defensive intervention is observed consistent with intense local warfare. At the same time, a comparatively weak tendency toward inter‐all...
Effect of anti-HIV 2'-β-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs on the cellular content of mitochondrial DNA and on lactate production

Abstract Many dideoxynucleosides that are effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis, and the resulting mtDNA decrease could be responsible for the delayed clinical toxicity sometimes observed with these drugs. The following compounds have been examined for their toxicity to human lymphoid CEM cells, and their ability to suppress mtDNA content: 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine (ddG); and their 2′-β-fluoro analogs; β-F-ddC, β-F-ddA, β-F-ddI and β-F-ddG. Two other fluoro analogs, 5-F-ddC and 2′-β,5-di-F-ddC were also examined. The ratio of C-IC50 (concentration that inhibited cell growth by 50%) to mt-IC50 (concentration that inhibited mtDNA synthesis by 50%) was determined for each compound. The rank-order of this ratio was ddC > 5-F-ddC ⪢ ddA > ddI > ddG >β-F-ddC βF-ddA >β-F-ddG with the highest ratios indicating the greatest potential for delayed toxicity. In comparison with ddC, β-F-ddC and β-F-ddA were 5,000 and 22,000 times less potent, respectively, in suppressing cellular mtDNA content, while their anti-HIV potencies were decreased only modestly relative to their unfluorinated parent compounds. β-F-ddI and 2′-β,5-di-F-ddC produced neither cellular toxicity nor mtDNA suppression at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μM, respectively. Lactic acid, the product of compensatory glycolysis that results from the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, was measured after cells were treated with these compounds. There appears to be a concentration-related correlation between the increase of lactic acid and the extent of mtDNA inhibition for the compounds examined.
The effects of diversity on sexual harassment: Some recommendations for research

This article speculates about some of the possible effects of increasing organizational diversity upon sexual harassment, and suggests some potential research opportunities and directions. Discussion and research recommendations center around the following aspects of sexual harassment: (1) antecedents of harassment; (2) behaviors exhibited; (3) perceptions of behaviors; (4) immediate reactions of harassees; and (5) longer-term individual and organizational outcomes of sexual harassment.
Electronic Structure of Thorium Metal. II. The de Haas-van Alphen Effect

High-resolution studies of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in thorium, although not yet complete, are found to provide strong support for the validity of a new model for the Fermi surface proposed by Gupta and Loucks in a companion paper.
Inositol derivatives and pseudoguaianolides from Hymenoxys texana

Abstract Chemical investigation of the endangered species Hymenoxys texana afforded five inositol derivatives and two pseudoguaianolides. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopy.
Service discovery for GRID computing using LCAN-mapped hierarchical directories

Hierarchical Directories were introduced to provide Service Address Routing (Scherson, Valencia in: Proceedings of the international symposium on parallel architectures, algorithms and networks (I-SPAN), Las Vegas, USA, 2005) embedded in a class of Hierarchical Interconnection Networks known as Least Common Ancestor Networks (LCANs). The algorithms for service discovery in SAR are shown to extend to the GRID when the LCAN is effectively mapped onto the loosely coupled Internet connected computing cluster. In SAR, nodes (programs) communicate by invoking services from the network itself. It is the network-embedded service discovery and addressing mechanism that provides the physical binding. Even though the SAR concept was conceived for tightly coupled interconnection networks, it can also be applied to an Internet GRID system by mapping the SAR network directory (considered to be LCAN-embedded) onto the loosely coupled GRID. Once the network is successfully mapped to the subjacent network, all scalability, fault-tolerance, functionality, and every other advantage of an LCAN-SAR system are automatically available in the resulting implementation. We present a novel way to perform a completely distributed and dynamic service discovery that not only performs faster lookups by avoiding well known bottlenecks in centralized systems, but has inherent fault tolerance mechanisms.
Nitric oxide as a modulator of apoptosis.

Abstract Unphysiologically high levels of nitric oxide (NO ) are mutagenic and may contribute to carcinogenesis. Proapoptotic and anitiapoptotic functions of NO have been reported in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models. The complexity of biological responses induced is a consequence of the multiple chemical pathways through which NO causes damage to critical cellular macromolecules. The extent and kinetics of apoptotic and other responses are highly dependent on steady-state NO levels, cumulative total dose and cell type. Steady-state and total dose thresholds have been defined, both of which must be exceeded for the induction of apoptosis and other responses in human lymphoblastoid cells. DNA damage, protein modifications, p53 activation and mitochondrial respiratory inhibition contribute to NO -mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial and Fas receptor pathways. Multifaceted cellular defense systems including glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling participate in protective responses to mitigate damage by toxic levels of NO .
Tubulin modifications and their cellular functions

All microtubules are built from a basic α/β-tubulin building block, yet subpopulations of microtubules can be differentially marked by a number of post-translational modifications. These modifications, conserved throughout evolution, are thought to act individually or in combination to control specific microtubule-based functions, analogous to how histone modifications regulate chromatin functions. Here we review recent studies demonstrating that tubulin modifications influence microtubule-associated proteins such as severing proteins, plus-end tracking proteins, and molecular motors. In this way, tubulin modifications play an important role in regulating microtubule properties, such as stability and structure, as well as microtubule-based functions, such as ciliary beating, cell division, and intracellular trafficking.
PERSPECTIVES ON SCHOOLS: METAPHORS AND MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION

Metaphors are revelatory of the perceptions, values and behaviors of school administrators. Through transfer of meaning, metaphors attempt to broaden perspectives, enhance understanding and provide insight into the organization, operation and administration of school. What effect do metaphors, whether verbalized openly, expressed symbolically, or camouflaged in organizational structures and behaviors, have on schools and their operations? What influences, if any, are there if school administrators liken the activities and administration of their schools to an assembly line operation? A ticking clock? A garden? A mirror of society? A museum? Or, candy machine? The purpose of the paper is to address these two questions by: presenting a variety of images, similes, metaphors, and analogies used to describe the purposes of and the organization, operation and administration of public schools; examining what six particular metaphors contribute to an understanding of various characteristics and dimensions of schools; and finally, analyzing what these metaphors mean in terms of how educational administrators conceptualize schooling, interpret their administrative role, and put their knowledge, skills, attitudes and values into practice. The paper includes a discussion of the potential of metaphor in terms of its implications for the practice of administration in schools, for the training of educational leaders, for the construction of theory, and for the development of a philosophy of educational administration.