cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Mianyang

Objective To understand the situation of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mianyang,provide evidence for tuberculosis control.Methods Scaling method was applied to test the drug resistant of isoniazide(INH),rifampicin(RFP),streptomycin(SM),and ethambutol(EMB) for 79 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Results Totally 17 drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were detected.The total drug resistance rate,poly-resistance rate and multi-drug resistance rate was 21.52%,12.66% and 6.33% respectively.The initial drug-resistance rate and the acquired drug-resistance rate was 18.64% and 30.00% respectively.The sequence of single drug-resistance was INHSMRFPEMB,the drug-resistance rate was 15.19%,12.66%,7.59% and 7.14% respectively.There was no statistical significance in sex groups and age groups.Conclusion The local drug-resistance rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mianyang was lower than the national average level.It is suggested that drug-resistance mornitoring should be strengthened for guiding reasonable clinical prescription.
The Psychotherapist as Christian Ethicist: Theology Applied to Practice:

The ethical nature of human transformation in general and psychotherapy in particular means that therapists function as applied ethicists. Efforts to relate or integrate theology and therapy must t...
MicroRNA-140 is elevated and mitofusin-1 is downregulated in the right ventricle of the Sugen5416/Hypoxia/Normoxia model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Heart failure, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), is an outcome of complex biochemical processes. In this study, we determined changes in microRNAs (miRs) in the right and left ventricles of normal and PAH rats. Using an unbiased quantitative miR microarray analysis, we found 1) miR-21-5p, miR-31-5 and 3p, miR-140-5 and 3p, miR-208b-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-702-3p, and miR-1298 were upregulated (>2-fold; P 2-fold; P 2-fold; P 2-fold in LV+S compared with RV of PAH and normal. Upregulation of miR-140 and miR-31 in the hypertrophic RV was further confirmed by quantitative PCR. Interestingly, compared with control rats, expression of mitofusin-1 (MFN1), a mitochondrial fusion protein that regulates apoptosis, and which is a direct target of miR-140, was reduced in the RV relative to LV+S of PAH rats. We found a correlation between increased miR-140 and decreased MFN1 expression in the hypertrophic RV. Our results also demonstrated that upregulation of miR-140 and downregulation of MFN1 correlated with increased RV systolic pressure and hypertrophy. These results suggest that miR-140 and MFN1 play a role in the pathogenesis of PAH-associated RV dysfunction.
Geology of geothermal resources

Abstract Geological investigations are essential during the exploration, economic assessment, and production of geothermal resources. This chapter reviews the environments where these resources occur and the geological techniques used in their investigation. While the local geological setting, surface manifestations, young volcanic rocks, and large-scale faults can guide an exploration program, there is no template that can be universally applied to identify geothermal systems. Descriptions of resources from different environments are presented to illustrate their diversity and similarities. We conclude with a brief discussion of enhanced geothermal systems and very high temperature environments that could play a role in the future.
Experimental and Clinical Validation of a Radionuclide Angiographic Method for Assessing Myocardial Dyskinesis

This study examines the physiologic and clinical validity of a new radionuclide angiographic (RNA) technique for assessing regional left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. This technique uses time-activity curves from normal and abnormal regions of interest to identify sites of passive myocardial dyskinesis (i.e., early-systolic bulge and early-diastolic shortening or recoil). A quantitative RNA image of early-systolic bulge was created by subtracting the end-diastolic frame from the frame with maximum counts (defined by the abnormal region); an image of early diastolic recoil was created by substracting the frame with minimum counts (abnormal region) from the end-systolic frame. These RNA indices of regional dysfunction were first validated in 12 closed chest dogs subjected to acute coronary artery occulsion and varying loading conditions; the RNA data correlated highly with direct ultrasonic crystal recordings of myocardial early systolic bulge (mean r = 0.93) and early diastolic recoil (mean r = 0.86). Subsequently, RNA studies performed in 36 consecutive patients who had cardiac catheterization for presumed coronary artery disease were interpreted visually and by RNA bulge and recoil analysis. Contrast ventriculograms were interpreted visually and quantitatively by shortening of 100 chords. Of 86 wall segments that were normal by chord shortening, visual interpretation of contrast and RNA studies was correct in 79% and 78% of the studies, while RNA bulge/recoil analysis was correct in 93% (p = 0.028 for this difference in specificity). Of 22 quantitatively abnormal segments, visual interpretation of both contrast and RNA studies was correct in 82% of the studies, while RNA bulge/recoil analysis was correct in 68% (p = 0.09 for this difference in sensitivity). This method for RNA assessment of regional LV dyskinesis is physiologically valid, objective, applicable clinically, and ideal for serial quantitative evaluations.
2.4/5.5GHz LNA switch designs based on high resistive substrate 0.35um SiGe BiCMOS

In this paper, we present 2.4/5.5 GHz LNAs with SPDT Switch for WiFi Front-End Modulate Integrated Circuit (FEM IC) based on high resistivity substrate 0.35um SiGe BiCMOS process. For the 2.4GHz LNA, the bias circuit's effect on the nonlinearity is analyzed and measured, and then a new bias circuit is proposed. With 2.7V supply, it consumes 4.2mA current. The measured Gain is about 14.6dB with input and output return loss better than −10dB. The Noise Figure (NF) is 1.16dB, output 1dB compression point is ∼8dBm, and OIP3 is about 20dBm. For the 5.5GHz LNA with proposed new bias circuit and SPDT switch operating at 7.3mA current with 2.7V power supply, 2.1dB NF and 19dBm OIP3 are achieved in the post layout simulation.
MicroRNA in Development and in the Progression of Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 22-nucleotides long non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression through translational repression and mRNA degradation in varieties of species. miRNAs play regulatory role in several fundamental biological processes from normal development to regulation of stem cells, cancer stem cells and various human diseases including cancer. miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and have been considered potential therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. This is a timely and specialized book providing the current understanding of miRNAs and their potential application in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. This book will be a valuable source of information for the scientists in the field of cancer research as well as undergraduate and graduate students who want to pursue their research careers in cancer biology
Near-source effects on regional seismograms: An analysis of the NTS explosions PERA and QUESO

A comparative analysis of two closely spaced Nevada Test Site explosions, PERA and QUESO, is made to study the effects of near-source phenomena on regional-wave excitation. Although the two explosions were of similar size, burial depth, and only separated by 4 km, the 1 to 2 and 6 to 8 Hz regional-wave spectral ratio for QUESO is anomalously low (a factor of 10 smaller than that of PERA). Examination of the regional and close-in spectra for each event shows a remarkable similarity and suggests that QUESO has less low-frequency and more high-frequency energy than PERA. These observations may be caused by a 564 m3, funnel-shaped region filled with unconsolidated sand and a possible void directly above the QUESO detonation point. Close-in observations suggest that this region may have partially decoupled the up-going energy from QUESO, resulting in a reduction of the low-frequency energy. The high-frequency enhancement for QUESO may be due to the rapid loss of energy to nonlinear effects such as greater pore collapse and fracturing in the anomalous region. This resulted in the radiation of more impulsive, shorter-duration waveforms producing a higher corner frequency and less-rapid high-frequency spectral decay for QUESO. For PERA, the loss of energy to a two-wave system occurred more slowly and over a larger volume, resulting in a broader source pulse typical of explosions in porous materials. Comparison of shock radius versus time data suggests that the shock wave was strongly affected in the anomalous zone a few meters above the QUESO device. One-dimensional finite-difference calculations with and without a partial decoupling region within 8 m of the device are consistent with the observations. Although spallation was reduced for QUESO, simulations using a finite spall model indicate that the spall spectral peak should be centered at about 3 to 7 Hz and probably did not significantly contribute to the reduced spectral ratio. The remarkable similarity of the PERA/QUESO spectral ratios taken at distances of 90 m and 400 km suggests that the spectral characteristics of explosions are established in close proximity to the source. Although depth-dependent effects of attenuation acting at small strains may enhance the differences in spectral ratios between NTS explosions and western U.S. earthquakes, these effects are probably secondary to the high-pressure, high strain-rate dynamic material response to the radiated explosion shock wave. These observations point out the importance of up-going energy on the generation of regional phases from explosions. Because of reduced overburden pressures above the detonation point, large nonlinear deformations predominate in this region and appear to affect all of the signals except perhaps the very initial part of the Pn waveform.
Early Latency and the Impact of the Digital World: Exploring the Effect of Technological Games on Evolving Ego Capacities, Superego Development, and Peer Relationships

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the potential effects of digital games on the early latency phase, a period marked by foundational cognitive, social, and self-regulatory developments as well as by a unique set of vulnerabilities. Although research in this area is relatively scarce, recent studies suggest that rising numbers of five- to eight-year-olds engage in the use of digital devices and that Internet games are increasingly targeted to younger audiences. Some theorists caution about the impact of violent imagery and unrealistic media-based depictions of people and relationships, whereas others propose that digital technologies offer new opportunities for autonomy, personal expression, and community with online peers. The following questions arise: as the boundary between real and virtual play grows porous, do digital games fall within the realm of make-believe play and serve the developmental functions of solitary and shared pretense? Might the highly stimulating, fast-paced, and immediately gratifying na...
RankMap: A Framework for Distributed Learning From Dense Data Sets

This paper introduces RankMap, a platform-aware end-to-end framework for efficient execution of a broad class of iterative learning algorithms for massive and dense data sets. Our framework exploits data structure to scalably factorize it into an ensemble of lower rank subspaces. The factorization creates sparse low-dimensional representations of the data, a property which is leveraged to devise effective mapping and scheduling of iterative learning algorithms on the distributed computing machines. We provide two APIs, one matrix-based and one graph-based, which facilitate automated adoption of the framework for performing several contemporary learning applications. To demonstrate the utility of RankMap, we solve sparse recovery and power iteration problems on various real-world data sets with up to 1.8 billion nonzeros. Our evaluations are performed on Amazon EC2 and IBM iDataPlex servers using up to 244 cores. The results demonstrate up to two orders of magnitude improvements in memory usage, execution speed, and bandwidth compared with the best reported prior work, while achieving the same level of learning accuracy.
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen

Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for the prevention of autoimmunity and the suppression of anti-tumor immunity. The major self-antigens recognized by Treg cells remain undefined, representing a substantial barrier to the understanding of immune regulation. Here, we have identified natural Treg cell ligands in mice. We found that two recurrent Treg cell clones, one prevalent in prostate tumors and the other associated with prostatic autoimmune lesions, recognized distinct non-overlapping MHC-class-II-restricted peptides derived from the same prostate-specific protein. Notably, this protein is frequently targeted by autoantibodies in experimental models of prostatic autoimmunity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which Treg cell responses at peripheral sites converge on those self-proteins that are most susceptible to autoimmune attack, and we suggest that this link could be exploited as a generalizable strategy for identifying the Treg cell antigens relevant to human autoimmunity.
The disarmament of hatred: Marc Sangnier, French catholicism and the legacy of the First World War, 1914–1945

Marc Sangnier is well known for his active role in the development of social Catholicism in France. Historians have often discussed his contribution to the reconciliation of French Catholics to the...
Die Reagentien der Immunologie — Nachweis der Antigen-Antikörperreaktion

Nach der Ubersicht uber die verschiedenen Arten von Antigenen sollen nun die Methoden besprochen werden, mit deren Hilfe Antikorper erhalten werden. Bei der Untersuchung einer neuen Substanz auf Antigenitat kann man nie ganz sicher sein, Antikorper zu erhalten. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden jedoch empirische Methoden entwickelt, welche die Bildung von Antikorpern sogar gegen schwache Antigene ziemlich wahrscheinlich machen. Ein groser Teil der immunologischen Forschung wird mit Antigenen durchgefuhrt, die leicht zu erhalten sind und an denen reiche Erfahrungen gesammelt wurden, so das gegen sie relativ leicht starke Antiseren erhalten werden konnen. Eine grose Anzahl gereinigter Proteine und spezifischer Antiseren gegen viele Antigene sind im Handel. Antiseren gegen menschliche Serumproteine und gegen Bakterien finden weitverbreitete Anwendung fur diagnostische Zwecke.
The Hall Effect in Nearly-Free-Electron Metals

It is the aim of this chapter to provide a description of the behavior of the Hall effect in relatively simple metals, such that it will form a conceptual basis for the subjects of Chapters 4 and 5 where successively more difficult groups of metals are considered. The ultimate in simplicity from an electron transport point of view would be a free-electron metal, and some of the alkali metals are known to approximate very closely to this condition. But to obtain even a qualitative understanding of the Hall effect in a more typical metal it is preferable to start with that group of metals which are removed one degree in complexity from the model free-electron metal: the nearly-free-electron group.
Injury Induces Endogenous Reprogramming and Dedifferentiation of Neuronal Progenitors to Multipotency

Summary Adult neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium is often depicted as a unidirectional pathway during homeostasis and repair. We challenge the unidirectionality of this model by showing that epithelial injury unlocks the potential for Ascl1+ progenitors and Neurog1+ specified neuronal precursors to dedifferentiate into multipotent stem/progenitor cells that contribute significantly to tissue regeneration in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE). We characterize these dedifferentiating cells using several lineage-tracing strains and single-cell mRNA-seq, and we show that Sox2 is required for initiating dedifferentiation and that inhibition of Ezh2 promotes multipotent progenitor expansion. These results suggest that the apparent hierarchy of neuronal differentiation is not irreversible and that lineage commitment can be overridden following severe tissue injury. We elucidate a previously unappreciated pathway for endogenous tissue repair by a highly regenerative neuroepithelium and introduce a system to study the mechanisms underlying plasticity in the OE that can be adapted for other tissues.
Association Analysis Between Genetic Variation in GATA Binding Protein 4 (GATA4) and Alcohol Use Disorder.

Aims Previous genetic association studies have shown that variation in the GATA4 gene encoding the GATA binding protein 4, a binding protein that binds to the ANA sequence GATA, increase susceptibility for alcohol use disorder (AUD). In this study, we aimed to replicate those findings in an independent sample and analyze their association with anxiety. Methods Overall, 1044 individuals with AUD [534 European American (EA), 510 African Americans (AA)] and 645 controls [413 EA, 232 AA] were genotyped using 34 markers. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases and controls using chi-square analysis. Other phenotype data were analyzed for possible associations with GATA4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in individuals with AUD. Results Rs6601604 was nominally significantly associated with AUD in EA, and 3 SNPs (rs6990313, rs11250159 and rs17153694) showed trend-level significance (P < 0.10) in AA. However, none of the SNPs were significant after correcting for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis of the 34 SNPs did not find a significant association between haplotype blocks and AUD diagnosis after correcting for multiple testing. From the phenotype analysis, anxiety was associated with GATA4 SNP rs10112596 among the AA group with AUD after a correction for multiple testing. Conclusions Although previous studies have shown a relationship between variants of the GATA4 gene and a diagnosis of AUD, we did not replicate these findings in our sample. Additional studies of variation in this gene are needed to elucidate whether polymorphisms of the GATA4 gene are associated with AUD and other alcohol-related phenotypes. Short Summary GATA4 variants were not associated with AUD in either the European ancestry or African ancestry groups after correcting for multiple comparisons. Rs10112596 demonstrated a significant relationship with an anxiety measure among the African ancestry group with AUD.
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) in normal human trabecular meshwork.

Purpose To identify the genes expressed in normal human trabecular meshwork tissue, a tissue critical to the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
The Wisconsin Tradition: The Wisconsin Real Estate Program, the Wisconsin Real Estate Alumni Association, and the Center for Urban Land Economics Research

At present, the Wisconsin tradition is achieved through the combined inter- action of three groups that are closely aligned in their efforts to continue to enhance the reputation of the program at Madison. As the primary sponsors of this publication, all three entities have given generously to ensure that this monograph series to honor James A. Graaskamp became a reality. The Depart- ment of Real Estate and Urban Land Economics, the Wisconsin Real Estate Alumni Association, and the Center for Urban Land Economics Research are all dedicated to continue the role that the real estate program at the University of Wisconsin at Madison has played for the last century in shaping real estate and urban land economics education, research, and public service. Consistently ranked among the top three real estate programs in the country by U.S. News and World Report and other ranking groups, the real estate department offers a full range of courses covering all aspects of real estate.
Superoxide anion is a natural inhibitor of FAS-mediated cell death.

Abstract The cell surface receptor Fas is a major trigger of apoptosis. However, expression of the Fas receptor in many tumor cell types does not correlate with sensitivity to Fas-mediated cell death. Because a prooxidant state is a common feature of tumor cells, we examined the role of intracellular reactive oxygen intermediates in the regulation of Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Our results show that an oxidative stress induced by increasing the intracellular superoxide anion (O2-) concentration can abrogate Fas-mediated apoptosis in cells which are constitutively sensitive to Fas. Conversely, an O2- concentration decrease is observed to sensitize cells which are naturally resistant to Fas signals. These observations suggest that intracellular O2- may play a key role in regulating cell sensitivity to a potentially lethal signal and provide tumor cells with a natural, inducible mechanism of resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Rebuilding the Mortified Self: Stigma Management and the Reentry Organization

Much of the research on public-private partnerships has focused on the interests of the public partner, with investigations of either value appropriation by the private partner or an examination of...
A "Smart Lock" for Preventing Hepatitis B Entry into Cells.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Passioura et al. (2018) report another interesting application of the powerful random non-standard peptide integrated discovery (RaPID) screening method. They identify several high-affinity macrocyclic peptides for the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), the protein through which hepatitis B virus (HBV) enters the cell.
Omega 3 Fatty Acids in Enteral Nutrition for Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review (P11-085-19)

To investigate the evidence for the effect of omega 3 fatty acids via enteral nutrition on identified outcomes in the very low birthweight preterm infant population. A literature search was conducted in EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, PubMed databases for the period of January 1980-November 2017 for all peer-reviewed articles examining preterm infant nutrition. A multidisciplinary volunteer expert Workgroup and staff screened articles according to defined inclusion criteria (randomized controlled trials, enteral fed preterm infants < 1500 gm, economically developed nations). Data was extracted and risk of bias was evaluated for each included article using the Academy's Quality Criteria Checklist and Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. Data was summarized and conclusion statements were developed and graded for each identified outcome using the GRADE framework and Academy methodology. The search identified in 25,264 articles, and six studies published in 13 articles were included. Two included studies had low risk of bias. Remaining studies had bias in the following Cochrane domains: attrition (2), detection (3), selection (2), performance (2), and reporting (1). Eleven conclusion statements were developed, 4 were graded as good, 2 as fair, 5 as limited. Though evidence quality describing the effect of 64mg of omega 3s daily on mortality and retinopathy of prematurity was good, there were no significant effects reported [RR (95% CI) was 1.31 (0.88 to 1.96) and 0.96 (0.61, 1.50), respectively]. Similarly, there were no significant effects found for type of fat intake by VLBW infants on bronchopulmonary disease, atopy, necrotizing enterocolitis, anthropometrics, neuro- or visual development or gastrointestinal health. This systematic review revealed high heterogeneity amongst interventions, including in feeding types (formula, formula or human milk, or human milk), mode of supplementation, and amount and composition of supplement (DHA, EPA, ARA, MCT). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
Human Brain Anatomy in 3D

Despite the human brain being considered the most complex living organ, our objective is to make the presentation and understanding of brain anatomy easy and quick. To achieve this, we use a 3D electronic brain atlas created from multiple 3 and 7 Tesla in vivo scans of the same brain specimen to assure spatial consistency.
Sustained activation of autophagy suppresses adipocyte maturation via a lipolysis-dependent mechanism

Dysregulation of macroautophagy/autophagy is implicated in obesity and insulin resistance. However, it remains poorly defined how autophagy regulates adipocyte development. Using adipose-specific r...
Feeling their pain: affective empathy and public preferences for foreign development aid:

Bringing together psychological approaches to empathy with research on public preferences for foreign development aid, we shed light on the role empathy plays in global helping behavior. We argue i...
CONDENSE: A Moving Target Defense Approach for Mitigating Cache Side-Channel Attacks

Common consumer electronic devices (including smartphones, smart TVs, personal computers, etc.) feature increasingly complex processors for the required computations. These processors typically feature caches, which substantially improve the devices’ performance, but may also be prone to side-channel attacks, wherein an attacker measures and analyzes the side-channel data in order to deduce private information. In this article, we explore CONDENSE: Configurability-Driven Security as a viable low-overhead technique for mitigating security vulnerabilities in caches. CONDENSE takes advantage of runtime reconfigurable caches to provide a moving target defense against side-channel attacks, while also optimizing the cache's energy consumption. Experimental results reveal that employing cache configurability as a defense mechanism is promising and warrants further studies.
Intraoperative near-infrared imaging can identify canine mammary tumors, a spontaneously occurring, large animal model of human breast cancer.

Introduction Current methods of intraoperative margin assessment in breast conserving surgery are impractical, unreliable, or time consuming. We hypothesized that intraoperative near-infrared (NIR) imaging with an FDA-approved NIR optical contrast agent could identify canine mammary tumors, a spontaneous large animal model of human breast cancer, during surgery. Methods Dogs with mammary tumors underwent a standard of care lumpectomy or mastectomy with wide surgical margins 20 hours after indocyanine green administration (3 mg/kg IV). During surgery, NIR imaging was performed on tumors and wound margins in situ and tumors and lymph nodes ex vivo. Following resection, the wound bed was examined for residual fluorescence. Fluorescence intensity was determined by signal-to-background ratio (SBR). All tumors, areas of residual fluorescence, and lymph nodes underwent histopathologic analysis. Results There were 41 mammary tumors in 16 female dogs. Twenty tumors were malignant and 21 were benign. Twenty-eight tumors were fluorescent (mean SBR 1.5±0.2). Sensitivity of fluorescence for all malignant tumors was 80% (16/20) and 93.3% (14/15) for malignant tumors > 2 cm. Specificity for malignancy was low ( 2cm = 30%). Tumors > 2 cm were more likely to be fluorescent (OR 6.05, 95% CI 1.50-24.44, P = 0.011) but not more likely to be malignant (OR 3.09, 95% CI 0.86-11.14, P = 0.085) than tumors ≤ 2 cm. Four out of seven inguinal lymph nodes excised in the mastectomy specimen fluoresced. All four drained malignant tumors; however only 2/4 contained metastatic disease. Conclusion Systemic ICG accumulates reliably in malignant canine mammary tumors > 2 cm. Although no tumor margins fluoresced, a wider margin of normal tissue is removed in canine mastectomy, making direct comparisons with breast conserving surgery difficult. Targeted NIR imaging agents are likely required to improve detection of smaller tumors and improve the specificity of NIR imaging for residual disease and metastatic lymph node detection.
Benign overfitting in ridge regression

Classical learning theory suggests that strong regularization is needed to learn a class with large complexity. This intuition is in contrast with the modern practice of machine learning, in particular learning neural networks, where the number of parameters often exceeds the number of data points. It has been observed empirically that such overparametrized models can show good generalization performance even if trained with vanishing or negative regularization. The aim of this work is to understand theoretically how this effect can occur, by studying the setting of ridge regression. We provide non-asymptotic generalization bounds for overparametrized ridge regression that depend on the arbitrary covariance structure of the data, and show that those bounds are tight for a range of regularization parameter values. To our knowledge this is the first work that studies overparametrized ridge regression in such a general setting. We identify when small or negative regularization is sufficient for obtaining small generalization error. On the technical side, our bounds only require the data vectors to be i.i.d. sub-gaussian, while most previous work assumes independence of the components of those vectors.
Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer

Most advanced prostate cancer will eventually progress to androgen-independent or hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Among modern medical therapeutic methods,especially cancer therapeutic methods,combination therapy has become a trend. When monotherapy is adopted,curative effect cannot be increased by dose increase,because side effects will also be increased. Meanwhile,a lot of anti-tumor drugs have side effects that might endanger patients' life. Combination of drugs with non-overlapping side effects not only can reduce the side effects through reducing dose,but may also increase the synergy effects.
Universal Rank-Order Transform to Extract Signals from Noisy Data

Based solely on ranking the data, a new symmetry-based perspective on white noise offers a robust and universal approach to statistical signal processing.
Board Composition, Equity Ownership, and Management of the Firm's Assets: A Natural Experiment

We examine board composition and equity ownership structure for industrial companies on the London Stock Exchange from 1989 through 1996. A substantial fraction of companies exhibit changes in equity ownership and corporate control activity following compliance with a government-led initiative that increased outside director representation on U.K. corporate boards. Changes in equity ownership and corporate control activity are correlated with changes in board composition and are not reversed in subsequent years. These results indicate a government-backed overhaul of board composition led to an alteration in the decision rights governing ownership and management of firms' assets.
Testing for differences in senescence using score data to understand the effects of reference sample choices

Abstract Estimating age-at-death from the mature human skeleton is complicated because age-related changes in bone in adulthood are highly variable, but it is possible to model the age-related progression of skeletal traits to test for differences in skeletal senescence between groups. This chapter demonstrates how to test for differences in senescence in known-age human skeletal samples by testing for differences in the age progression of ordered skeletal traits commonly used for estimating adult age-at-death. It incorporates exploratory data analysis into a likelihood-based analytical framework to assess how well skeletal traits reflect reported age; the impacts of sample, sex, and race on age progression; and the consistency of impacts across ages, groups, and scoring systems. Testing for differences in senescence is demonstrated using two examples: one that examines reference sample effects using a single age estimator, and another that examines sex and race effects using multiple age estimators.
Peer Effects in Financial Decision-Making

Peer effects might play an important role in complex financial decisions because many consumers lack experience with them and the costs of thinking through such decisions can be very high. We study peer effects in retirement savings, life insurance purchase, and two charitable giving programs in a military setting with plausibly exogenous assignment of individuals to social groups. Peers, defined broadly as social groups which may include members of different ranks, appear to play an important role in the charitable giving programs, but not in the other outcomes. We assess a number of potential reasons for the disparate findings and provide suggestive evidence that the observability of individuals' choices is key.
“Oh, You’re Pretty for a Dark-Skinned Girl”: Black Adolescent Girls’ Identities and Resistance to Colorism:

The current analysis explored the relevance of colorism among Black girls enrolled at a predominately Black, all-girls high school, with a specific focus on their identities and well-being. Fifty-n...
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in CKD in the Context of Universal Healthcare Provided by the Military Health System

Abstract Rationale & Objective Health-impeding social determinants of health—including reduced access to care—contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Military Health System (MHS) provides an opportunity to assess a large, diverse population for CKD disparities in the context of universal healthcare. Study design Cross sectional Setting & Participants MHS beneficiaries aged 18 to 64 receiving care between October 1, 2015 and September 30, 2018. Predictors race, sponsor's rank (a proxy for socioeconomic status and social class), median household income by sponsor's zip code, and marital status Outcome CKD prevalence, defined by ICD-10 codes and/or validated, laboratory value-based electronic phenotype. Analytical Approach Multivariable logistic regression compared CKD prevalence by predictors, controlling separately for confounders (age, sex, active duty status, sponsor's service branch, and depression) and mediators (hypertension, diabetes, HIV and BMI). Results Of 3,330,893 beneficiaries, 105,504 (3.2%) had CKD. In confounder-adjusted models, CKD prevalence was higher in Black vs white beneficiaries (OR = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64 - 1.70), but lower in single vs married beneficiaries (OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.76 – 0.79). Prevalence of CKD was increased among those with lower military rank and among those with lower median household income in a nearly dose response fashion (p Limitations Cross-sectional design prevents causal inferences. We may have underestimated CKD prevalence, given lack of data for labs conducted outside the MHS and use of a specific CKD definition. The transient nature of the MHS population may limit accuracy of zip code level median household income data. Conclusions Racial and socioeconomic CKD disparities exist in the MHS despite universal healthcare coverage. The existence of CKD disparities by rank and median household income suggest social risks may contribute to both racial and socioeconomic disparities despite access to universal healthcare coverage.
An electron microscopic study of the rat lens epithelium: The central zone

An investigation of the rat lens epithelium by electron microscopy revealed several cellular components in this tissue not previously described. These include tight junctions, desmosomes, coated vesicular structures, dense bodies and centrioles. The vesicular structures were thought to be vesicles derived from or precursors of coated invaginations of the plasma membrane seen in this tissue. Alternatively, they might be cross sections through the invaginations. The morphology of the dense bodies suggests that they are lysosomes. A few of the centrioles resemble the basal bodies of cilia. The embedding method used made possible a more precise orientation of tissue for sectioning and the selection of specific regions (e.g. a dividing cell) for electron microscopy. In addition to normal epithelia, some tissues were examined 28–30 hr after a perforating injury to the lens. At this time, mitochondria observed in many of the cells had cristae, which were more numerous than were those in mitochondria of the uninjured normal tissue. In addition, complex cellular interdigitations suggested a transfer of cytoplasm from one epithelial cell to another by a mechanism akin to pinocytosis.
Psychological Assessment in Correctional Settings

In this chapter, I describe and discuss psychological assessment in adult correctional settings. In Part One, I describe the screening assessments and evaluations mandated by professional organizations and credentialing bodies at various stages in correctional processing, emphasizing those required in jails and prisons. Space does not permit a description or evaluation of the many instruments utilized in these settings. Instead, I focus on those that are most widely used and highly regarded. For mental health screening and personality assessment, I describe the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). For intellectual and cognitive screening, I focus on two nonverbal tests specifically marketed for use in prisons, the Beta III and the General Ability Measure for Adults (GAMA); for a more thorough appraisal of intellectual ability and functioning, I discuss the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Finally, for assessing educational attainment, I describe the Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE). In Part Two, I turn to developments and issues in assessment specifically designed for correctional management and treatment. In a recent meta-review, Singh and Fazel (2010) counted no less than 126 measures that have been used for risk and needs assessment. I describe six: the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R); the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG); the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management (HCR) 20; the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R); the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (LS/CMI); and the Correctional Offender Management Profiling for Alternative Sanctions (COMPAS) instrument. Keywords: correctional institutions; intelligence testing; prisoners; psychological assessment; risk assessment
5- to 13-μm airborne observations of comet Wilson 1986

Comet Wilson was observed from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory approximately 23.6 and 25.7 Apr. 1987, UT (approx. 3 to 5 days after perihelion) using the NASA-Ames Faint Object Grating Spectrometer. Spectrophotometric data were observed with a 21 inch aperture between 5 and 13 micrometer and with a spectral resolution of 50 to 100. Spectra of the inner coma and nucleus reveal a fairly smooth continuum with little evidence of silicate emission. The 5 to 8 micrometer color temperature of the comet was 300 + or - 15 K, approx. 15 percent higher than the equilibrium blackbody temperature. All three spectra of the nucleus show a new emission feature at approx. 12.25 micrometer approx. two channels (.22 micrometer) wide. Visual and photographic observations made during the time of these observations showed a broad faint, possible two component tail. No outburst activity was observed.
Binary Economics - An Overview

Based on binary economic principles, this paper asserts that one widely overlooked way to empower economically poor and working people in market economy is to universalize the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital. This right is presently largely concentrated, as a practical matter, in less than 5 % of the population. The concentration of the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital helps to explain how people either remain poor or end up poor no matter how hard they work or are willing to work. Binary Economics offers a conception of economics that is foundationally distinct from the economic theories presently employed by government, private enterprise, charitable institutions, and individuals to formulate and evaluate economic policy. Because it is foundationally distinct from classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, monetarist, and socialist economics, binary economics specifically offers a distinct explanation for the persistence of poverty, unutilized capacity, and suboptimal growth. First advanced by Louis Kelso, binary economics holds that (1) labor and capital are equally fundamental or "binary" factors of production, (2) technology makes capital much more productive than labor, (3) the more broadly capital is acquired with the earnings of capital the faster the economy will grow. Most binary economists conclude that universal, individual participation in the right to acquire capital with the earnings of capital (the binary property right) is a necessary condition for sustainable growth, distributive justice, and a true democracy. Binary economic analssis reveals a voluntary market-based strategy for producing much greater and more broadly shared abundance without redistribution. Based on objective standards of (1) reasonable, workable assumptions, (2) internal consistency, and (3) plausible descriptions, predictions and prescriptions, binary economics should be taught wherever other economic approaches to growth, sustainability, development, investment, poverty, and economic justice are taught.
Neural network decision directed edge-adaptive Kalman filter

A neural network-based scheme for decision directed edge-adaptive Kalman filtering is introduced in this paper. A backpropagation neural network makes the decisions about the orientation of the edges based on the information in a window centered at the current pixel being processed. The appropriate image model is then chosen for the Kalman filter which closely snatches the local statistics of the image. This prevents the over-smoothing of the edges which will be caused by standard Kalman filter. Experimental results are presented which show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. >
Charged black holes in Hořava gravity

We explore static spherically symmetric black hole solutions allowing a bulk U(1) vector field in the khronometric formulation of Hořava gravity by way of EinsteinAEther. We examine analytic solutions and study numerical results in the limit that the khronon does not backreact on the metric.
Survival of T3 Coliphage in Varied Extracellular Environments. I. Viability of the Coliphage During Storage and in Aerosols

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using airborne T3 coliphage as a viral tracer in microbial aerosols. Although T3 coliphage was relatively stable when stored either at temperatures ranging from 21 to 37 C or in the frozen state at -20 C, there was a 2-log loss in infectivity when stored for 72 days at 4 C. Either agitation of stored coliphage suspensions held at 31 C or wide fluctuations in storage temperature produced an increased loss of infectivity. In the airborne state, freshly prepared coliphage and stored coliphage behaved similarly, with survival diminishing as the relative humidity (RH) was lowered. The greatest loss occurred during the first five min following aerosolization. The results showed that only under certain conditions of temperature and relative humidity can T3 coliphage be used as a satisfactory aerosol tracer.
The Microstructure of the U.S. Treasury Market

This article discusses the microstructure of the U.S. Treasury securities market. Treasury securities are nominally riskless debt instruments issued by the U.S. government. Microstructural analysis is a field of economics/finance that examines the roles played by heterogenous agents, institutional detail, and asymmetric information in the trading process. The article describes types of Treasury issues; stages of the Treasury market; the major players, including the role of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the interdealer brokers; the structure of both the spot and futures markets; the findings of the seasonality/announcement and order book literature; and research on price discovery. We conclude by discussing possible future avenues of research.
Review and Discussion of Strategies to Address Low Trainer-to-Staff Ratios

Researchers have developed an array of highly adaptable intervention packages with well-documented efficacy for staff and teacher training. As indicated by Parsons, Rollyson, and Reid (2012) in their article on best practices in staff training, behavior analysts must use methods that are both effective and efficient given the limited resources of many human service settings (e.g., low trainer-to-staff ratios). The purpose of this paper is to summarize research on practical innovations for staff and teacher training, including the use of video-based technology and self-instruction materials that may help trainers to operate effectively despite limited time and personnel. Results are discussed in terms of the current state of the evidence for each practical innovation and considerations for integrating these strategies with best practices in staff training. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations for measuring pressure head and water content in inclined boreholes

[1] Angled boreholes have been proposed to improve water content and pressure head monitoring in deep vadose zones by reducing the impact of the borehole on measurements by placing sensors below undisturbed soil. However, the borehole casing distorts the flow field, which may impact measurements made with sensors placed on or in the boreholes. We examined a wide range of soil types, background fluxes, and casing radii and angles of inclination to predict the error in water content and pressure head measurements that arise due to this flow disruption under unit gradient flow. We found that placing pressure head and water content sensors 110° and 120° from the top of the borehole, respectively, minimizes the effects of flow perturbation. Under some conditions, it may be possible to use the perturbation of the flow field caused by the casing to estimate hydraulic parameter values.
Rapid and transient palmitoylation of the tyrosine kinase Lck mediates Fas signaling

Palmitoylation is the posttranslational modification of proteins with a 16-carbon fatty acid chain through a labile thioester bond. The reversibility of protein palmitoylation and its profound effect on protein function suggest that this modification could play an important role as an intracellular signaling mechanism. Evidence that palmitoylation of proteins occurs with the kinetics required for signal transduction is not clear, however. Here we show that engagement of the Fas receptor by its ligand leads to an extremely rapid and transient increase in palmitoylation levels of the tyrosine kinase Lck. Lck palmitoylation kinetics are consistent with the activation of downstream signaling proteins, such as Zap70 and PLC-γ1. Inhibiting Lck palmitoylation not only disrupts proximal Fas signaling events, but also renders cells resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Knockdown of the palmitoyl acyl transferase DHHC21 eliminates activation of Lck and downstream signaling after Fas receptor stimulation. Our findings demonstrate highly dynamic Lck palmitoylation kinetics that are essential for signaling downstream of the Fas receptor.
Lipid solubility and drug penetration of the blood brain barrier.

SummaryLipid/water partition coefficients of 19 radiolabeled drugs were correlated with uptake by brain during a single microcirculatory passage following carotid arterial injection. Uptake was measured relative to a simultaneously injected diffusible reference. When the lipid/ water partition coefficient was greater than about 0.03 a substantial fraction of the drug penetrated the blood-brain barrier and for most drugs above this range, uptake was essentially complete. These data suggest there is probably little reason to greatly exceed this degree of lipid solubility when designing drugs for blood-brain barrier penetration and central nervous system effects.Valuable discussions with Dr. Arthur K. Cho and Dr. Jared M. Diamond are acknowledged. Helpful suggestions from Mrs. Stella Z. Oldendorf were received, and technical assistance was provided by Mrs. Shigeyo Hyman and Mr. Leon Braun. Support is also acknowledged from the NIH-NINDS Project Grant No. NS 8711 and the Veterans Administration.