cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistics of trap photoemission in MIS tunnel diodes

Abstract The occupancy rate equation is solved for bulk and interface states in MIS tunnel diodes under chopped illumination of photon energy ifhv ⋍ 1000 A MOS structures by previous workers using steady illumination. Finally, it is shown how the state distribution and the photoionization cross section can be obtained from the measured temperature and time dependence of the photocurrent amplitude I(t).
Differential muscle gene expression as a function of disease progression in Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rats

The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, a polygenic non-obese model of type 2 diabetes, is a useful surrogate for study of diabetes-related changes independent of obesity. GK rats and appropriate controls were killed at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks post-weaning and differential muscle gene expression along with body and muscle weights, plasma hormones and lipids, and blood cell measurements were carried out. Gene expression analysis identified 204 genes showing 2-fold or greater differences between GK and controls in at least 3 ages. Array results suggested increased oxidative capacity in GK muscles, as well as differential gene expression related to insulin resistance, which was also indicated by HOMA-IR measurements. In addition, potential new biomarkers in muscle gene expression were identified that could be either a cause or consequence of T2DM. Furthermore, we demonstrate here the presence of chronic inflammation evident both systemically and in the musculature, despite the absence of obesity.
MOVPE growth of AlGaN/GaN superlattices on ZnO substrates for green emitter applications

Abstract AlGaN/GaN superlattice structures have been deposited on (0 0 0 1) ZnO substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The growth conditions were first optimized on GaN templates using N 2 as carrier gas at relatively low temperature (
Atrial remodeling, fibrosis, and atrial fibrillation

The fundamental mechanisms governing the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice, are poorly understood, which explains in part why AF prevention and treatment remain suboptimal. Although some clinical parameters have been identified as predicting a transition from paroxysmal to persistent AF in some patients, the molecular, electrophysiological, and inflammation changes leading to such a progression have not been described in detail. Oxidative stress, atrial dilatation, calcium overload, inflammation, microRNAs, and myofibroblast activation are all thought to be involved in AF-induced atrial remodeling. However, it is unknown to what extent and at which time points such alterations influence the remodeling process that perpetuates AF. Here we postulate a working model that might open new pathways for future investigation into mechanisms of AF perpetuation. We start from the premise that the progression to AF perpetuation is the result of interplay among manifold signaling pathways with differing kinetics. Some such pathways have relatively fast kinetics (e.g., oxidative stress-mediated shortening of refractory period); others likely depend on molecular processes with slower kinetics (e.g., transcriptional changes in myocyte ion channel protein expression mediated through inflammation and fibroblast activation). We stress the need to fully understand the relationships among such pathways should one hope to identify novel, truly effective targets for AF therapy and prevention.
An Efficient Wire Routing and Wire Sizing Algorithm for Weight Minimization of Automotive Systems

As the complexities of automotive systems increase, designing a system is a difficult task that cannot be done manually. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for weight minimization of wires used for connecting electronic devices in a system. The wire routing problem is formulated as a Steiner tree problem with capacity constraints, and the location of a Steiner vertex is selected for adding a splice connecting more than two wires. Besides wire routing, wire sizing is also done to satisfy resistance constraints and minimize the total wiring weight. Experimental results show the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithm.
Cytomegalovirus Infection After Liver Transplantation: Clinical Manifestations and Strategies for Prevention

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been shown to be an important pathogen in liver transplant recipients. The presence of primary infection and the use of OKT3 monoclonal antibodies appear to be risk factors for symptomatic infection. In my experience, the disease is clinically similar to the CMV disease seen in other transplant groups except that infection of the liver may be clinically more important in liver recipients than in other transplant recipients. Various regimens for prevention of CMV infection in transplant recipients have been investigated, including vaccination, prophylaxis with a variety of polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations, the use of immunomodulators such as interferon-a, and antiviral prophylaxis with acyclovir. These studies have been performed in kidney or bone marrow recipients and may not be applicable to liver recipients. Studies in progress on which no data are currently available employ human monoclonal immunoglobulin and ganciclovir. It is not possible at present to make any specific recommendations for prophylaxis. It is likely that ongoing randomized studies and further understanding of host-virus interactions in CMV disease will lead to useful prophylactic regimens in this group of patients. Shortly after cytotoxic drugs were introduced for the clinical management of kidney transplant recipi
Dynamics of SL2(ℝ) Over Moduli Space in Genus Two

This paper classifies orbit closures and invariant measures for the natural action of SL2(R) on UM2, the bundle of holomorphic 1-forms over the moduli space of Riemann surfaces of genus two.
Balanced Power Aggregation of Asymmetric Single-phase Systems

Varying the relative voltage angle between phases can enable the power from three single-phase inverter systems to be aggregated to a constant value while maintaining the magnitudes of the voltages and serving asymmetrical loads. No additional passive elements are required. The concepts of instantaneous power spiral vectors and pulsating power spiral vectors are introduced to explain the theory, applicability, and limitations of this method. A closed loop voltage angle controller for the aggregation of three single-phase inverters to a common dc bus is presented. Computer simulations and laboratory experiments are performed to validate the theory.
Mechanical strain reduces osteoclast recruitment by targeting gene expression

Normal dynamic loading prevents bone resorption; however, the means whereby biophysical factors reduce osteoclast activity is not understood. The authors show here that mechanical strain applied to murine marrow cultures reduced osteoclast formation by 50%. The reduction in osteoclast formation was preceded by decreased stromal cell expression of osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF/TRANCE). Since osteoclast formation is critically dependent upon ODFT/TRANCE expression, a strain-induced reduction in this factor may contribute to reduced osteoclastogenesis.
Collaborative gift registry in multi-channel retail commerce

Today's Internet-era shoppers expect product information, promotions, order entries, and services fully integrated across customer touch points and sales channels. A multi-channel strategy by retailers allows shoppers to leverage different channels, such as Web, in-store and catalog/call center, for superior shopping experiences and ultimately increased store sales. This paper takes a further step in answering shoppers' needs for collaboration/coordination amongst shoppers in a multi-channel shopping environment. There are commerce paradigms beyond the basic "shop at the Web" and "pickup at a store", where people need to interact with one another, while each is working with a different channel and in different stores. In this paper, we choose multi-channel gift registry as such a commerce paradigm, and use gift list creation, management and shopping as case study processes to illustrate issues of collaborative shopping in a multi-channel environment. The architecture of an actual implementation is also described for discussions.
Falls Among Older Persons: A Public Health Perspective

s of their medical records about the circumstances of falls. Therefore, they are subject to recall and interviewer bias and have led to a lack of consistency in the literature on the association of risk factors and falls (87). Some examples of these classification schemes include unexplained falls versus falls with a self-evident etiology (e.g. syncope, seizure, stroke); and falls due to host (intrinsic) factors versus falls due to environmental (extrinsic) factors. Although these schemes might be useful in a clinical setting, they are
Comment on Paul G. Lewis's "Can state review of local planning increase housing production?"

Paul G. Lewis finds that California’s mandatory housing element does not predict new housing starts. This is unfortunate but not surprising for California. Lewis offers important lessons for all states—lessons that must be heeded before the housing crunch gets worse. This comment highlights the pending housing crunch, embellishes on Lewis’s California findings through the lens of hazard mitigation, offers some anecdotal evidence of what appears to be a successful mandatory housing element (Portland, OR), elaborates on lessons we have learned about effective institutional arrangements, and calls on state legislatures to provide more than lip service in meeting the nation’s housing needs.
Measuring wood preference in termites

Feeding preferences of xylophagous termites have been determined by comparing differences in wood biomass removed, percentage of wood consumed or degree of damage rated in arbitrary categories. When test woods differ in physical characteristics such as density, these measures are not comparable. We examined the response of the Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) to wood that differed in physical characteristics by compressing blocks to 40% greater than the natural density. Termites ate significantly greater percentages, but similar amounts of biomass, of uncompressed over compressed natural pine. In contrast, they ate significantly greater amounts of biomass, but similar percentages, of compressed over uncompressed mahogany. Whether percentage or amount of biomass removed should be used as a measure of preference depends on what regulates insect meal size. If termites consume meals of fixed biomass, then biomass consumed is the correct measure; percentage removed is appropriate if they consume meals of fixed volume. Resume Comment mesurer la preference pour le bois chez les termites? Les preferences alimentaires des termites xylophages ont ete mesurees en comparant les differentes biomasses de bois prelevees, les pourcentages de bois consomme et l'importance des degâts en fonction de categories arbitrairement definies. Quand les caracteristiques des bois examines different, par exemple la densite, ces comparaisons ne sont plus possibles. Nous avons examine les reactions de Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Iso., Rhinitermitidae) en presence de bois differant par leurs caracteristiques physiques, par compression du bois jusqu'a une densite depassant de 40% la densite naturelle. Les termites consomment alors significativement moins en pourcentage, mais les biomasscs consommees sont voisines de celles que l'on observe avec du bois du pin normal. Par contre, elles consomment significativement plus de biomasse, mais les memes pourcentages d'acajou compresse ou normal. Savoir quel critere doit etre preferentiellement utilise: Le pourcentage ou la fraction de biomasse preleve, depend de la nature des facteurs de regulation de la taille du repas chez les termites. Si les termites consomment des repas de biomasse determinee, alors la biomasse consommee est un bon critere; s'ils consomment un repas de volume determine, alors le pourcentage preleve est un critere satisfaisant.
Stem Cell Transplantation as a Dynamical System: Are Clinical Outcomes Deterministic?

Outcomes in stem cell transplantation (SCT) are modeled using probability theory. However, the clinical course following SCT appears to demonstrate many characteristics of dynamical systems, especially when outcomes are considered in the context of immune reconstitution. Dynamical systems tend to evolve over time according to mathematically determined rules. Characteristically, the future states of the system are predicated on the states preceding them, and there is sensitivity to initial conditions. In SCT, the interaction between donor T cells and the recipient may be considered as such a system in which, graft source, conditioning, and early immunosuppression profoundly influence immune reconstitution over time. This eventually determines clinical outcomes, either the emergence of tolerance or the development of graft versus host disease. In this paper, parallels between SCT and dynamical systems are explored and a conceptual framework for developing mathematical models to understand disparate transplant outcomes is proposed.
The Problem of Bracketing in Phenomenology

Phenomenology has become a popular approach for nursing inquiry, yet certain questions about the methodology have not been fully addressed in the literature. Specifically, the technique of bracketing is often regarded as a way of indicating scientific rigor in the phenomenological approach, yet a precise description of how it is achieved and why it is appropriate in individual studies has sometimes been overlooked. The author reviews philosophical roots of phenomenology and discusses the issue of using bracketing within hermeneutic frameworks. A fresh interpretation of bracketing is offered in an effort to resolve the incongruity of employing the technique within essentially hermeneutic research.
Evaluation of phage display discovered peptides as ligands for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).

The aim of this study was to identify potential ligands of PSMA suitable for further development as novel PSMA-targeted peptides using phage display technology. The human PSMA protein was immobilized as a target followed by incubation with a 15-mer phage display random peptide library. After one round of prescreening and two rounds of screening, high-stringency screening at the third round of panning was performed to identify the highest affinity binders. Phages which had a specific binding activity to PSMA in human prostate cancer cells were isolated and the DNA corresponding to the 15-mers were sequenced to provide three consensus sequences: GDHSPFT, SHFSVGS and EVPRLSLLAVFL as well as other sequences that did not display consensus. Two of the peptide sequences deduced from DNA sequencing of binding phages, SHSFSVGSGDHSPFT and GRFLTGGTGRLLRIS were labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein and shown to bind and co-internalize with PSMA on human prostate cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The high stringency requirements yielded peptides with affinities KD∼1 µM or greater which are suitable starting points for affinity maturation. While these values were less than anticipated, the high stringency did yield peptide sequences that apparently bound to different surfaces on PSMA. These peptide sequences could be the basis for further development of peptides for prostate cancer tumor imaging and therapy.
There Ought to Be a Law: But Why?

In an examination of the role of law in regulating human behavior it is argued that punishment does not work as a deterrent to crime because the nature of our society and its values makes it impossible to satisfy the conditions necessary for it to work. The theory of quarantine as a means to reduce the amount of crime is also found wanting, in statistical as well as moral respects. It is posited that the essential role of law is to make norms of conduct explicit so that they can become self-regulatory subsystems within autonomous members of the social group. In this framework a new set of criteria for the evaluation of law and its implementation is derived and examined.
Establishing benchmarks for the management of elevated liver enzymes and/or dilated biliary trees in an urban safety net hospital: analysis of 915 subjects.

Abstract Background The push for public reporting of outcomes necessitates relevant benchmarks for disease states across different settings. This study establishes benchmarks for choledocholithiasis management in a safety net hospital setting. Methods We reviewed all patients admitted to our acute care surgery service with biochemical evidence of choledocholithiasis who underwent same-admission cholecystectomy (CCY) between July 2012 and December 2013. Results During this 18-month period, 915 patients were admitted with biochemical evidence of choledocholithiasis. Descriptive statistics for the cohort are provided, which include a 51% rate of obesity and 95% rate of pathologic cholecystitis. Conversion rates of 4% and complication rates of 6% were found. The majority had a CCY without biliary imaging (n = 630, 68.9%). Conclusions Relevant benchmarks are characterized, and results of a practice pattern of omitting pre- or intraoperative biliary tree imaging are described. These findings serve as a first benchmark of choledocholithiasis management for urban safety net hospitals.
A Physically Based Model of Fabric Drape Using Flexible Shell Theory

A shear flexible shell theory is used to predict the drape of fabrics. The fabric is considered a continuous, orthotropic medium. Finite element formulations are used to numerically solve governing equations under specific boundary conditions. Initially, the fabric is assumed to be a flat plate, which goes through large deformation during the process of draping. The load (fabric weight) is applied in steps to the model. During each step, a Newton-Raphson iteration method is used to solve nonlinear equilibrium equations under current load level. The material characteristics used in the model are Young's modulus in the warp and weft directions, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Simulation of a 30 × 30 cm fabric draped over a 12 × 12 cm table is achieved in less than eight minutes of CPU time on an IBM RS 6000 workstation.
Adsorption-induced losses in interfacial cohesion

A model for interfacial cohesion is developed which describes the loss in the strength of an interface owing to the segregation and adsorption of impurities on it. Distinctions are made between interface separations that occur too rapidly for any significant redistribution of adsorbing matter to take place, which are suggested conform to many actual fracture processes, and separations that are slow enough to allow full adsorption equilibrium. Expressions for the total work of complete decohesion are presented for both cases. The results are applied to well known model adsorption isotherms and some experimental data for grain boundary adsorption of phosphorus in iron are analysed with respect to the losses in intergranular cohesion.
From two-view motion equations to three-dimensional motion parameters and surface structure: A direct and stable algorithm

Given a set of corresponding points from two perspective projection images of a moving rigid object, this paper presents a direct and stable algorithm to solve for the parameters of the moving object. This involves determining the rotation, the translation direction and the relative depths of object points. Unlike previous algorithms (see [1]), the current algorithm does not require determining the mode of motion, i.e. if or not the motion is a pure rotation. As easily seen, it is hard or even impossible to determine the mode of motion in the presence of noise,
An Approach to Comprehending Networked Applications through Analogy

Distributed applications rely on packet-switched networks to connect their various elements. This paper describes a technique that can help software engineers and network administrators characterize unfamiliar networked applications by matching them to a single, or a combination of several, analogous and familiar networked applications). This matching is based on the size distribution of the packets sent and received by the application undergoing scrutiny.
Improving Automation for Cryo-EM Specimen Preparation

Cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) was started in the 1960-70’s and perfected in the early 1980’s [1]. It is a method in which 2-5 uL of a biological sample is placed on a grid with a holey carbon film and blotted with filter paper, then quickly plunged into liquid ethane. The buffer is frozen into amorphous ice, and the biological sample can be visualized using TEM while keeping the grid at cryogenic temperatures. A 50-100 nm layer of ice is ideal for studying proteins and 2-D crystals. For the most part, obtaining a layer of ice this thin has been controlled by the use of filter paper and the manipulations of the experimenter. For a novice this process is irreproducible and frustrating. The increasing interest and number of facilities that collect cryo-EM data is pushing the need for semi-automated sample preparation techniques that yield reproducible results.
Computer security and, versus, or security informatics: keynote address

Economic and technical trends have created the need for specialists in computer security. Rather than requiring the creation of ever more narrow programs of study, security informatics offers a different path. Unlike traditional computer security programs in computer science departments, this program focuses on a holistic view of security by looking at technical, user, and organizational aspects. Computer science programs have traditionally focused only on the technical aspects of security, which is at least partially responsible for the failure to address successfully some of the more social types of online attacks, such as phishing (a form of Internet scam that allows thieves access to the victim's accounts). For example, security mechanisms which can be used to preemptively find and stop phishing attacks exist in most browsers, but because these technologies are difficult to engage, few people are aware of their existence. Even fewer are able to effectively use these technologies. Similarly many technical security measures now fail in large part due to the lack of consideration given to the human, organizational, and economic dimensions in security design. Security Informatics provides a more encompassing perspective on security. Security Informatics can be combined with other areas, as shown by Indiana's use of concentrations in the local Security Informatics program, to leverage institutional strength in psychology, economics, health care, or regional studies. Also, by focusing on areas where women and men of color are not as under-represented as in computer science, security informatics can create an opportunity for recruitment in populations that might not consider a more traditional degree.
Marilyn Carlson Nelson and Transition at Carlson Companies

Carlson Companies is a very successful family-owned enterprise. After years of waiting, Marilyn Carlson Nelson finally assumes leadership of the firm. She makes a number of positive changes and builds the enterprise around the Carlson credo. Much to her dismay, her son is forced to leave the company, and Marilyn must select a new CEO from outside the family. She turns the business over to Hubert Joly and a new chapter begins.
Gilbert damping and anisotropic magnetoresistance in iron-based alloys

Abstract We use the two-current model of Campbell and Fert to understand the compositional dependence of the Gilbert damping parameter in certain iron alloys. In that model, spin-up and spin-down carriers have different resistivities ρ ↑ and ρ ↓ . We emphasize the part of the Gilbert parameter, called Gsf, generated by spin-flip interband processes. Both Gsf and the anisotropic magnetoresistance Δ ρ are proportional to the square of the spin–orbit parameter, and also proportional to ρ ↑ . In bcc alloys of iron with V, Cr, Mo, etc. solutes on the left of iron in the periodic table, ρ ↑ is increased by a scattering resonance (Gomes and Campbell, 1966, 1968). Then ρ ↑ , Δ ρ , and Gsf all exhibit a peak at the same moderate concentration of the solute. We find the best fit between this theory and existing experimental data of Gilbert damping for Fe-V epitaxial films at room temperature (Cheng, 2006; Scheck et al., 2007). At room temperature, the predicted Gsf peak is masked by a background arising from non-flip intraband processes. At elevated temperatures, the peak is expected to become more prominent, and less hidden in the background.
Drug-Drug Interaction Associated with Mold-Active Triazoles among Hospitalized Patients

The majority of hospitalized patients receiving mold-active triazoles are at risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Efforts are needed to increase awareness of DDIs that pose a serious risk of adverse events. Triazoles remain the most commonly utilized antifungals. Recent developments have included the mold-active triazoles (MATs) itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, which are first-line agents for the treatment of filamentous fungal infections but have the potential for DDIs. This objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of triazole DDIs. Hospitalized U.S. adults with MAT use were identified in the Cerner HealthFacts database, which contained data from over 150 hospitals (2005 to 2013). The severities of DDIs with MATs were categorized, using drug labels and the drug information from the Drugdex system (Thompson Micromedex), into four groups (contraindicated, major, moderate, and minor severity). DDIs of minor severity were not counted. A DDI event was considered to have occurred if the following two conditions were met: (i) the patient used at least one drug with a classification of at least a moderate interaction with the MAT during the hospitalization and (ii) there was a period of overlap between the administration of the MAT and that of the interacting drug of at least 1 day. A total of 6,962 hospitalizations with MAT use were identified. Among them, 88% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use, 86% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 93% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use included the use of a concomitant interacting drug. A total of 68% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use, 34% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 20% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use included the use of at least one drug with a DDI of contraindicated severity. A total of 83% of hospitalizations with posaconazole use, 61% of hospitalizations with itraconazole use, and 82% of hospitalizations with voriconazole use included the use of at least one drug that resulted in a severe DDI. The findings of this study demonstrate that a majority of hospitalized patients receiving MAT are at risk for severe drug-drug interactions and highlight the need for antifungal stewardship.
An Integrated Geophysical Approach to understanding the Structure and the Evolution of the Ouachita Orogenic Belt, Fort Worth Basin, Texas

Thus, an improved geological and geophysical understanding of the area is vital to both the oil and gas industry and for advancing our knowledge of the structure and the evolution of the OOB. We present an integrated analysis of the gravity anomalies, the structure of the basement and crustal rocks and how they are connected to the Paleozoic succession above. The constraints from drilling data require that the deep upper crustal structure vary considerably beneath the axis of the FWB.
Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies—I Steroma, Pseudosteroma and Steremnia (Satridae, Rhop.)

These three names have been applied to a small group of dull and inconspicuous Andean satyrids. Until Thieme erected Steremnia in 1906 the described species were grouped under Westwood's name, Steroma . In 1912 in the revision of the American Satyridae written by Weymer for Seitz' “Macrolepidoptera of the World” the third genus, Pseudosteroma , was defined.
Assessment on Control Effect of Occupational Hazards in A Construction Project of Flexible Package Printing

[Objective] To understand the occupational hazards existing in a new construction project of flexible packaging, to analyze it's damage degree to laborer's health, and assess the occupational disease prevention facilities and it's effects.[Methods]]Occupational health spot investigation and occupational hazards detection were applied to conduct to quantitative analysis and evaluation. [Results]The main occupational hazards existed in the project were benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, butanone, and noise; the STEL concentration of toluene in some operation posts reached up to 184.1 mg/m3 that exceeded the national health standards(100mg/m3); noise intensity in the operation posts of print and compound exceeded occupational exposure limit, the occupational hazards in the rest detection point were in line with the national health standards.[Conclusion]The occupational health protection measures adopted in this construction project are valid and feasible, but the occupational hazard control measures against chemical poisonous gas and noise should be strengthened; rectification advice on some problems existed in the project's commissioning phase is presented in the evaluation report.
Evaluation of the feeding duration of a phase 1 nursery diet to three-week-old pigs of two weaning weights. NCR-42 Committee on Swine Nutrition.

A regional study involving a total of 618 nursery pigs with 468 continuing through the grower-finisher period evaluated the feeding duration of a Phase 1 starter diet (1, 2, or 3 wk) to 23-d old weanling pigs of two weaning weights (5.5 or 7.5 kg). The study was a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design conducted in 19 replicates during the nursery period, with 14 replicates continuing through the grower-finisher period. Upon completion of feeding the Phase 1 diet for the experimental period, pigs were fed a Phase 2 diet (total of 5 wk for both Phases), whereupon a corn-soybean meal mixture formulated to .80% lysine was fed during the grower (to 56 kg BW) and a .65% lysine diet to a final body weight of 105 kg. Station effects were significant (P .15). Pigs with heavier weaning weights gained faster (P < .01) and consumed more feed (P < .01) during each week of the nursery period. Nursery pig gains (P < .06) and gain: feed ratios improved (P < .01) when the Phase 1 diet had been fed for either 2 or 3 wk for both pig weight groups. There was no interaction response during the nursery period between weaning weight or duration of feeding the Phase 1 diet on daily gains or feed intake measurements; however, pigs in the heavier weight group were more efficient (P < .05) in feed utilization when fed the Phase 1 diet for 2 or 3 wk. During the grower-finisher period, gains were higher (P < .01) with the heavier pig group. When the Phase 1 diet had been fed for either 2 or 3 wk to the pigs of either weight group, gains (P < .01) and feed efficiency (P < .05) were improved. There was no evidence of compensatory growth for the lower weight pig group during the subsequent grower or finisher periods. Pigs with heavier weaning weights reached 105 kg BW approximately 8 d sooner (P < .01) and consumed less total feed (P < .05) from weaning to 105 kg than those in the lower weight group. Feeding the Phase 1 diet for 2 wk to pigs of either weight group reduced the time from weaning to 105 kg BW, but weaning heavier pigs seemed to have a greater effect on postweaning performance than the feeding duration of a Phase 1 diet.
Drugs and harm to others

I have described several difficulties that plague attempts to justify criminal laws against the recreational use of drugs (LAD) on paternalistic grounds, that is, because drugs are harmful to adults who use them. Some philosophers will have become impatient with this extended discussion. They may regard paternalistic arguments on behalf of LAD as quite beside the point. They may have little sympathy for paternalism in general, especially when it is “strong.” Even if they tolerate a limited extent of paternalism, I hope to have shown that a paternalistic defense of LAD is not compelling. Many philosophers believe that a more plausible justification for LAD is that the recreational use of drugs is harmful to others, that is, to nonusers. They will insist that the main defect with my attempt to draw analogies between drug use and other dangerous recreational pursuits such as skiing and mountain climbing is that these latter activities pose insignificant risks of harm to nonparticipants. In this chapter, I will explore this rationale for total prohibition of the recreational use of drugs by adults. The “harm principle,” as it has come to be called, enjoys a privileged status in criminal law theory. Unlike paternalists, defenders of the harm principle need not struggle with the legitimacy of their rationale for legal intervention. No one (except anarchists) doubts that the criminal law should prohibit persons from causing harm to others.
SECTION 11.3 – Models for Compressible and/or Dilatant Geomaterials

The model to be used for geomaterials describes the main mechanical properties exhibited by materials, such as instantaneous response, timeeffects, and irreversible volumetric deformation. The main mechanisms governing the deformability of geomaterials are closing and opening and microcracks. This chapter presents what kind of testing is needed to formulate a nonassociated elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equation for such materials. One starts by defining the compressibility/dilatancy boundary and that of instantaneous failure, both to be incorporated into the constitutive equation. Then triaxial tests are used to determine the energy of deformation, the yield function, and finally the viscoplastic potential. The elastic parameters are determined from small unloading/reloading cycles which follow a short period of creep. The models describe transient and steady-state creep, irreversible damage developed in time or irreversible compaction in time, and convergence of the walls in underground excavations, landslides. The models can be used for any kind of rock or geomaterial to describe the deformation in time (creep) and irreversible volumetric changes. The model can be formulated using the data obtained in triaxial testing of geomaterials. The chapter also explains how to use the model.
System-Task Analytical Framework for Monitor Assessment

User interfaces of modern control rooms in process plants are mostly designed around computer monitors paired with mice and keyboards; thus, the number of monitors can have practical significance in shaping operator behaviors and performance, at least in terms access to displays and controls. For this reason, the number of monitors available to the operators is an important consideration in workstation design. This paper presents the System-Task Analytical Framework for Monitor Assessment (STAFMA) - a systematic, analytical method for determining the number of monitors required for operating a process. Adapting Cognitive Work Analysis, STAFMA consists of six phases of analysis - work domain, control tasks, strategies/plant procedures, control room crews, operators, and monitor allocation. The goal of this adaptation is to provide a systematic and analytical basis for guiding practitioners on the number of monitors for operating a process. The six phases of analysis also illustrate the interaction between various design choices and the required number of monitors.
Aelbert Cuyp, The Maas at Dordrecht : The Great Assembly of the Dutch Armed Forces, June-July 1646

(1990). Aelbert Cuyp, the Maas at Dordrecht; the Great Assembly of the Dutch Armed Forces, June-July 1646' Dutch Crossing: Vol. 14, No. 40, pp. 31-82.
Analysis of protection performance in UHV transmission line with multi series capacitors compensation

Series capacitor can enhance transmission capability of power grid and optimize the power flowed to improve the transient stability of power systems. However, they change the magnitudes and the directions of fault voltages and currents in series compensated networks and impact the protection performances. This paper analyses the fault electric quantity characteristics and discusses the operation behaviors of protection relays on transmission lines with multi series capacitors. Some suggestions for improving the protection performance are proposed. The analysis results were tested extensively using RTDS (Real-time Digital Simulator) in a transmission line model. The simulation results show that the suggestions can improve the performance of protection relays applied in UHV transmission line with multi-series capacitors.
Modeling shattercane dynamics in herbicide-tolerant grain sorghum cropping systems

Abstract Traditional breeding technology is currently being used to develop grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor ] germplasm that will be tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. This technology (Inzen™, DuPont™) has the potential to improve sorghum production by allowing for the postemergence control of traditionally hard-to-control grasses. However, grain sorghum and shattercane [weedy Sorghum species; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse] can interbreed and introduced traits such as herbicide tolerance could increase the weediness of the weedy relative. Our objective was to develop a simulation model to assess management options to mitigate risks of ALS-resistance evolution in shattercane populations in US sorghum production areas. Assuming a single major gene confers resistance and gene frequencies change according to the Hardy-Weinberg ratios we constructed a stage-structured (seedbank, plants) matrix model with annual time steps. The model explicitly considered gene flow from Inzen plants to shattercane populations. The management strategies considered in the model were: a) continuous sorghum, b) sorghum followed by ( fb ) soybeans and c) sorghum fb fallow fb winter wheat, where postemergence ALS-inhibiting herbicides were only used in Inzen years. During sorghum years two options were tested: continuous Inzen and Inzen fb conventional sorghum, for a total of six management strategies. The parameter values used in the model were obtained from our research, the literature, and expert opinion. For each management strategy we ran deterministic and stochastic simulations (with stochastic levels of herbicide efficacy). The time for resistance evolution was predicted to decrease with increased cropping system complexity (more crop diversity than continuous production of Inzen). Evolution of resistance was predicted to occur rapidly if Inzen sorghum is planted continuously because of high selection pressure (ALS-inhibiting herbicide application) and crop-to-weed gene flow. Rotating Inzen with conventional sorghum did not assist with shattercane management. Rotating Inzen with non-sorghum crops where effective herbicide options are available assisted with keeping shattercane density at low levels while postponing resistance evolution to some extent. Crop and herbicide rotation will be key strategies for shattercane management in Inzen sorghum.
Rooted in relative privilege: US ‘expats’ in Granada, Nicaragua

ABSTRACTThis article investigates how US citizens living in Granada, Nicaragua, negotiate transnational belonging. Best known for a revolution and covert US intervention, Nicaragua, and in particular, the colonial town of Granada, has become a popular site for settlers from the Global North. Similar to other cases of ‘lifestyle migration’, these migrants enjoy spacious homes, maids, and upscale restaurants in a country ranked second poorest in Latin America, and governed by none other than El Comandante Ortega himself. They do not sever ties with their homeland, and form strong attachments in their new land. Fieldwork conducted in 2016 reveals that despite their international mobility, cosmopolitanism does not characterize how these migrants belong in the world. Instead, they practice privileged transnationalism in which their economic, political, and cultural power relative to that of their hosts facilitates both their mobility and their comfortable sense of rootedness in their sites of origin and settle...
Bezlotoxumab - A New Agent for Clostridium difficile Infection.

Clostridium difficile was identified in 1976 as the cause of “clindamycin colitis” in a study of the hamster model of the disease. That work led to the identification of toxin A (“cytotoxin”) and toxin B (“enterotoxin”), oral vancomycin for treatment, and the problem of relapsing disease.1 C. difficile infection has subsequently become a major health problem in the United States and much of the world, fueled in part by the global epidemic of the NAP-1 strain (ribotype 027). However, the extensive use and abuse of antibiotics are also implicated, especially the often unnecessary use of fluoroquinolones and second-generation and third-generation . . .
Adverse metabolic phenotype of female offspring exposed to preeclampsia in utero: a characterization of the BPH/5 mouse in postnatal life

Preeclampsia (PE) is a devastating disorder of pregnancy that classically presents with maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 wk of gestation. In addition to being a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality, epidemiological and prospective studies have revealed long-term consequences for both the mother and baby of preeclamptic pregnancies, including chronic hypertension as well as other cardiovascular diseases and metabolic derangements. To better understand the effect of in utero exposure of PE on offspring, we utilized the BPH/5 mouse, a spontaneous model of the maternal and fetal PE syndrome. We hypothesized that young BPH/5 offspring would have altered metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes. Indeed, BPH/5 growth-restricted offspring showed excess catch-up growth by early adulthood due to hyperphagia and increased white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation, with inflammation markers isolated to the reproductive WAT depot only. Both excessive WAT accumulation and the inflammatory WAT phenotype were corrected by pair-feeding young BPH/5 female mice. We also found that young BPH/5 female mice showed evidence of leptin resistance. Indeed, chronic hyperleptinemia has been shown to characterize other rodent models of PE; however, the maternal metabolic profile before pregnancy has not been fully understood. Furthermore, we found that these mice show signs of cardiovascular anomalies (hypertension and cardiomegaly) and altered signaling within the reproductive axis in early life. Future studies will involve challenging the physiological metabolic state of BPH/5 mice through pair-feeding to reduce WAT before pregnancy and determining its causal role in adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Generalized Fiducial Inference for Logistic Graded Response Models

Samejima's graded response model (GRM) has gained popularity in the analyses of ordinal response data in psychological, educational, and health-related assessment. Obtaining high-quality point and interval estimates for GRM parameters attracts a great deal of attention in the literature. In the current work, we derive generalized fiducial inference (GFI) for a family of multidimensional graded response model, implement a Gibbs sampler to perform fiducial estimation, and compare its finite-sample performance with several commonly used likelihood-based and Bayesian approaches via three simulation studies. It is found that the proposed method is able to yield reliable inference even in the presence of small sample size and extreme generating parameter values, outperforming the other candidate methods under investigation. The use of GFI as a convenient tool to quantify sampling variability in various inferential procedures is illustrated by an empirical data analysis using the patient-reported emotional distress data.
Neighborhoods and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Direct and Interactive Effects of Social Ties and Collective Efficacy

This study examines the impact of several indicators of neighborhood social ties (e.g., residents' interactions with each other; residents' ability to recognize outsiders) on intimate partner violence (IPV) against women as well as whether neighborhood collective efficacy's impact on IPV is contingent upon such ties. This study used data from 4,151 women (46% Latina, 33% African American, 17% Caucasian, on average 32 years old) in 80 neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. We estimated a series of random effects hierarchical Bernoulli models to assess the main and interactive effects of neighborhood social ties and collective efficacy on minor and severe forms of IPV against women. Results indicate that certain neighborhood social ties are associated with higher rates of minor forms of IPV against women (but not severe forms of IPV), and collective efficacy does not appear to influence IPV against women, regardless of the level of individual or neighborhood social ties. Unlike street crime, collective efficacy does not significantly reduce IPV against women, even in neighborhoods with strong social ties that may facilitate awareness of the violence. In fact, perpetrators of minor IPV may enjoy some protective benefit in communities with social ties that make neighbors hesitant to intervene in what some might perceive as "private matters."
Modeling Alphabet Skills as Instructive Feedback within a Phonological Awareness Intervention.

Purpose This study evaluated the efficacy of an instructive feedback strategy for modeling letter names and sounds during presentation of positive feedback within a small-group phonological awarene...
Altered Behavioral and Autonomic Pain Responses in Alzheimer's Disease Are Associated with Dysfunctional Affective, Self-Reflective and Salience Network Resting-State Connectivity.

While pain behaviors are increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients compared to healthy seniors (HS) across multiple disease stages, autonomic responses are reduced with advancing AD. To better understand the neural mechanisms underlying these phenomena, we undertook a controlled cross-sectional study examining behavioral (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia, PAINAD scores) and autonomic (heart rate, HR) pain responses in 24 HS and 20 AD subjects using acute pressure stimuli. Resting-state fMRI was utilized to investigate how group connectivity differences were related to altered pain responses. Pain behaviors (slope of PAINAD score change and mean PAINAD score) were increased in patients versus controls. Autonomic measures (HR change intercept and mean HR change) were reduced in severe vs. mildly affected AD patients. Group functional connectivity differences associated with greater pain behavior reactivity in patients included: connectivity within a temporal limbic network (TLN) and between the TLN and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC); between default mode network (DMN) subcomponents; between the DMN and ventral salience network (vSN). Reduced HR responses within the AD group were associated with connectivity changes within the DMN and vSN – specifically the precuneus and vmPFC. Discriminant classification indicated HR-related connectivity within the vSN to the vmPFC best distinguished AD severity. Thus, altered behavioral and autonomic pain responses in AD reflects dysfunction of networks and structures subserving affective, self-reflective, salience, and autonomic regulation.
Chapter 7 – Stepping Through Finite Element Analysis

Abstract Chapters 1 through 6 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 describe the steps needed to set up a finite element model. In this chapter, we first illustrate direct and indirect methods used to find solutions for a linear-elastic, finite element model under static loading. It is followed by discussion on verifications of computer codes and validation of a finite element model, including some quantitative measures frequently utilized to judge the extent of the model validity. Finally, some comments related to selecting different response variables are offered.