cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of fatigue crack initiation mode and fatigue life of α-Fe

Abstract Results available on the strain rate sensitivity of cyclic deformation and fatigue life in α-Fe are briefly reviewed. At low strain rates, α-Fe behaves similar to f.c.c. metal in cyclic deformation, persistent slip bands are formed and life is short because the strain localization is severe. At high strain rates, deformation is controlled by differences between the screw and edge dislocation mobilities, shape changes occur and cracking is intergranular. This Letter challenges suggested mechanisms for intergranular cracking, proposing instead that slip homogenization is the fundamental cause for the mode of failure and making connections between strain rate sensitivity and the length of fatigue life.
UNIFORMITY AND INTERFACES IN ION-BEAM DEPOSITED AL/NI MULTILAYERS

The uniformity and reaction kinetics of ion-beam deposited Al/Ni multilayer samples with the same composition, Al 81.8 Ni 18.2 , and modulation wavelength, Λ = 20 nm, but with different total film thicknesses were investigated by x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The total film thicknesses varied between approximately 0.5 and 2.0 μm. It was found that the interface widths were approximately 1 nm and the Ni layers are much more disordered than the Al layers. The thicker samples show an increase in disorder on a length scale comparable to Λ. In other experiments, a change was observed with increasing modulation wavelength from semicoherent interfaces with a low density of misfit dislocations to semicoherent interfaces with a high density of misfit dislocations. The reaction kinetics for forming the Al 9 Ni 2 phase is independent of the sample thickness.
Providing a Spanish interpreter using low-cost videoconferencing in a community study computers

Background The advent of more mobile, more reliable, and more affordable videoconferencing technology finally makes it realistic to offer remote foreign language interpretation in the office setting. Still, such technologies deserve proof of acceptability to clinicians and patients before there is widespread acceptance and routine use. Objective We sought to examine: (1) the audio and video technical fidelity of iPad/Facetime software, (2) the acceptability of videoconferencing to patients and clinicians. Methods The convenience sample included Spanish-speaking adult patients at a community health care medicine clinic in 2011. Videoconferencing was conducted using two iPads connecting patient/physician located in the clinic examination room, and the interpreter in a remote/separate office in the same building. A five-item survey was used to solicit opinions on overall quality of the videoconferencing device, audio/video integrity/fidelity, perception of encounter duration, and attitude toward future use. Results Twenty-five patients, 18 clinicians and 5 interpreters participated in the project. Most patients (24/25) rated overall quality of videoconferencing as good/excellent with only 1 ‘fair’ rating. Eleven patients rated the amount of time as no longer than in-person, and nine reported it as shorter than in person. Most patients, 94.0% (24/25), favoured using videoconferencing during future visits. For the 18 clinicians, the results were similar. Conclusions Based on our experience at a single-site community health centre, the videoconferencing technology appeared to be flawless, and both patients and clinicians were satisfied. Expansion of videoconferencing to other off-site healthcare professionals should be considered in the search for more cost-effective healthcare.
Thermomechanical Fatigue of Mar-M247: Extension of a Unified Constitutive and Life Model to Higher Temperatures

The goal of this work is to establish a life prediction methodology for thermomechanical loading of the Ni-base superalloy Mar-M247 over a larger temperature range than previous work. The work presented in this thesis extends the predictive capability of the Sehitoglu-Boismier unified thermo-viscoplasticity constitutive model and thermomechanical life model from a maximum temperature of 871C to a maximum temperature of 1038C. The constitutive model, which is suitable for predicting stress-strain history under thermomechanical loading, is adapted and calibrated using the response from isothermal cyclic experiments conducted at temperatures from 500C to 1038C at different strain rates with and without dwells. In the constitutive model, the flow rule function and parameters as well as the temperature dependence of the evolution equation for kinematic hardening are established. In the elevated temperature regime, creep and stress relaxation are critical behaviors captured by the constitutive model. The life model accounts for fatigue, creep, and environmental-fatigue damage under both isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue. At elevated temperatures, the damage terms must be calibrated to account for thermally activated damage mechanisms which change with increasing temperature. At lower temperatures and higher strain rates, fatigue damage dominates life prediction, while at higher temperatures and slower strain rates, environmental-fatigue and creep damage dominate life prediction. Under thermomechanical loading, both environmental-fatigue and creep damage depend strongly on the relative phasing of the thermal and mechanical strain rates, with environmental-fatigue damage dominating during out-of-phase thermomechanical loading and creep damage dominating in-phase thermomechanical loading. The coarse-grained polycrystalline microstructure of the alloy studied causes a significant variation in the elastic response, which can be linked to the crystallographic orientation of the large grains. This variation in the elastic response presents difficulties for both the constitutive and life models, which depend upon the assumption of an isotropic material. The extreme effects of a large grained microstructure on the life predictions is demonstrated, and a suitable modeling framework is proposed to account for these effects in future work.
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Diagnosis with Bronchial Brushings, Biopsy, and Bronchoalveolar Lavage

Sixty-one diagnostic biopsies for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were performed on 40 homosexual male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), using flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Bronchial brushings and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed in conjunction with the biopsy in 58 and 29 bronchoscopies, respectively. Using a rapid methenamine silver stain, P carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in 27 (68 percent) of the patients. Twenty of these patients had a repeat biopsy one or more times for evaluation of therapy. Eighteen of the biopsies following two to three weeks of therapy were positive. There was an 84 percent correlation between findings on transbronchial brushing and biopsy (89 percent on initial biopsy before treatment) and an 86 percent correlation between bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy. Additionally, transbronchial brushing permitted demonstration of Pneumocystis organisms in four follow-up bronchoscopies in which the biopsy was negative or inadequate. Rapid methenamine silver stain of transbronchial brushings permits diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS within one-half hour of bronchoscopy.
Endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: results of a national and an international survey of ASGE members.

Background Pancreatic pseudocysts can be drained endoscopically via the transpapillary or the transmural routes. We sought to assess endoscopic methods of pseudocyst drainage. Methods A web-based survey was sent to American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) members in the United States (U.S.) and internationally. Results Of the 3054 endoscopists to whom the survey was sent, 266 (8.7%) replied; 198 performed pseudocyst drainage (103 [52%] ASGE members from the United States and 95 [48%] international members). The median of the total number of drainages per physician was 15 (range 1-364). The transgastric route was the most commonly used drainage route (65%). Transmural entry was performed by using a needle-knife in 53% of transmural drainages that were not EUS-guided. The number of stents placed ranged from 1 to 5 and these remained in place for 2 to 30 weeks. CT scan was used before drainage by 95% of all respondents. EUS imaging was used before drainage by 72 of 103 (70%) US endoscopists compared with 56 of 95 (59%) international endoscopists (p = 0.1). EUS-guided drainage was used by 56% of US endoscopists compared with 43% international endoscopists (p = 0.06). Conclusions The most common site of transmural entry for drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts appears to be the transgastric route. Although CT is the most commonly used predrainage imaging modality, EUS is used before and during transmural drainage of pseudocysts in both the U.S. and abroad, particularly in academic medical centers. Use of EUS before or during drainage does not appear to be significantly different among endoscopists in the United States and internationally.
Numerical simulations of contact drying in agitated filter-dryer

Abstract Continuum mechanics based computational methods were used to study the heat transfer and particulate flow in an agitated filter-dryer. Numerical simulations of granular flow are presented using thermal particle dynamics. A previously developed thermal particle dynamics model was modified to include the effects of interstitial fluid, and heat transfer through liquid bridges in an agitated vessel for a three dimensional granular system. Temperature, solvent concentration, and velocity profiles obtained from the simulations were used to study the effect of operational parameters (wall temperature, impeller speed, bed depth) and particle properties. Trends observed in contact drying experiments, namely the dependence of drying rate on the driving force and effect of material properties on drying behavior, have been reproduced by the model both qualitatively and quantitatively. Apart from the operational variables, frictional characteristics of model material were also found to affect the flow patterns and hence the drying kinetics. For low friction coefficients, three dimensional recirculation zones were not formed which was confirmed from the velocity profiles obtained from simulations.
Cell biology: myosins meet microtubules.

A central part of the machinery of cell division is the spindle. The creation and operation of this structure seem to require a component of the cell's infrastructure not previously associated with it.
Mesospheric water vapor

Water vapor in the earth's mesosphere has been observed at the frequency of 22.235 GHz as an absorption against the sun by utilizing a ground-based radio telescope. The H2O mixing ratio of 4.3 + or - 1 ppm is obtained in the height 40-70 km for a constant distribution model. The data are equally well represented by a photochemical model of Crutzen (1974), which was scaled by a factor of 0.93 yielding a peak mixing ratio of 6 + or - 1 ppm at 55 km. These results are 3-day averages during November 1979, where the averaging periods cover the about + or - 4 hours of the sun's transit of our meridian. The measurements are insensitive to H2O above 70 km, where the absorption is very weak. It is not possible to estimate the mixing ratios below 50 km, since the pressure broadening in the line exceeds the bandwidth of our spectrometer at the lower altitudes.
Use of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of proteins on the surface of materials

This study demonstrates the usefulness of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection and quantification of protein on the surface of materials. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine gamma globulin (BGG) were the proteins used. Titanium and stainless steel were the materials tested. The proteins were detected with the use of rabbit antiserum specific for BSA and for BGG. This reaction was quantitated by the use of horseradish peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin. The technique is described in detail. The technique was demonstrated to be suitable for quantitation of protein from 0.01 mg/mL to 0.1 mg/mL on the surface of 3 mm X 10 mm materials. The technique was also demonstrated to be suitable for determining the surface area of solid materials. It is a simple technique and suitable for most biomaterials laboratories.
Skinnerian technology and psychiatry.

Abstract The thesis of this paper is that technology, whether Skinnerian or other, is not equipped to deal with the psychiatric task of understanding persons as persons. Three features of technology are examined from the point of view of a Skinnerian technology of human behavior. Those aspects of technology analyzed are (1) technology as a groundwork of society; (2) the technological understanding; (3) technology as an end in itself. It is shown how culture can be understood in thermodynamic terms in such a way that the fundamental criterion for success in a culture based predominantly on a technological mentality is that of efficiency. When properly bureaucratized this criterion becomes that of expediency. The implication for psychiatry is that the central issue of dealing with people and their interpersonal problems is minimized as a goal for the psychiatrist in such a context. Insofar as Skinner's concept of a technology of human behavior implies the development of such a mentality he is subject to the above criticism.
The role of tokamak ignition device options

The U.S. Dept. of Energy discusses the Tokamak Fusion Core Experiment Design Study Program. The options that were considered were based on the D-shaped tokamak configuration, which included versions with copper magnets, superconducting magnets, and varied in degrees of risk both in the physics and the technology. The Plasma Physics Laboratory addresses questions on the use of tokamak ignition, what is to be learned from an ignited tokamak experiment, and how and when to implement its use. M.I.T. addresses the issues of the significance of an ignition experiment, and the importance of low cost, and then describes how a relatively inexpensive ignition experiment could be done with a copper magnet tokamak. The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory discusses the need to implement both physics and technology. The TFCX is discussed. A figure illustrates ignited tokamak options.
Dairy foods and nutrients in relation to risk of ovarian cancer and major histological subtypes

Inconsistent results for the role of dairy food intake in relation to ovarian cancer risk may reflect the potential adverse effects of lactose, which has been hypothesized to increase gonadotropin levels, and the beneficial antiproliferative effects of calcium and vitamin D. Using data from the New England case-control study (1,909 cases and 1,989 controls), we examined dairy foods and nutrients in relation to risk of ovarian cancer overall, histological subtypes and rapidly fatal versus less aggressive disease. We used logistic regression and polytomous logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In models that were simultaneously adjusted for total (dietary plus supplements) calcium, total vitamin D and lactose, we observed a decreased overall risk of ovarian cancer with high intake of total calcium [Quartile 4 (Q4, >1,319 mg/day) vs. Quartile 1 (Q1, 559 IU/day vs. Q1, <164 IU/day, OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.34-0.76) and endometrioid tumors (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.39-0.80). We found no evidence that lactose intake influenced ovarian cancer risk or that risk varied by tumor aggressiveness in the analyses of intake of dairy foods and nutrients. The overall inverse association with high intake of calcium and the inverse associations of calcium and vitamin D with specific histological subtypes warrant further investigation.
Responsible subjectivity: Levinas and humanistic psychology

Abstract The philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas provides a non‐Cartesian description of human subjectivity which differs from other post‐structuralists. Levinas's subject is pre‐volitionally responsible. This article is intended to be a prolegomenon for psychologists interested in developing notions of theory and praxis from Levinas's work on the self qua subjectivity. It introduces some of the necessary concepts needed to understand Levinas's work. Possible areas for psychological investigation, in light of Levinas's work, are offered.
Elevated Accumulation of Tributyltin and Its Breakdown Products in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Found Stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts

Butyltin compounds, including mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT), were determined in the liver, kidney, and muscle of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the southeast U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts during 1989−1994. Total butyltin (BTs: MBT + DBT + TBT) concentrations in dolphin liver ranged between 110 and 11 340 ng/g (wet wt) with a mean value of 1400 ng/g. Butyltin concentrations in bottlenose dolphins were higher than those reported from other locations. The liver of a adult male dolphin collected in 1989 had the highest BT concentration (11 340 ng/g wet wt) reported. The concentrations of butyltins increased during the early life stages until maturity, for both sexes, and then tended to remain constant. Analysis of fish muscle collected from the Gulf of Mexico indicated the existence of recent inputs of TBT. The biomagnification factor of BTs in dolphins, on average, was 1.0 with the highest value of 6.8. In addition to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the prese...
Bone mineral density in patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases treated with intermittent androgen suppression

Abstract Objectives To evaluate prospectively the effects of intermittent androgen suppression (AS) on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases. Methods A total of 19 hormone-naive patients with Stage D0 disease were treated with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog and an antiandrogen for 9 months, after which AS was discontinued. When the prostate-specific antigen level reached a predetermined threshold, AS was restarted. BMD was measured at baseline, after 9 months of AS, and at the end of the first off-treatment period or at 1 year, whichever occurred first. Results Of the 19 patients, 17 had normal BMD at baseline; 2 patients with osteopenia at baseline were excluded from the analysis. All but 1 of the 17 patients with normal baseline BMD experienced a decline in BMD in the lumbar spine or hip, or both, during AS. After 9 months, the mean BMD in these patients had decreased by 4.5% at the lumbar spine ( P = 0.0007) and by 2.5% at the hip ( P = 0.00013). After a median off-treatment period of 7.9 months, the mean change in BMD of the lumbar spine and hip relative to the post-AS values was 1.5% ( P = 0.06) and −0.01% ( P = 0.09), respectively. Conclusions The observed loss of BMD during 9 months of AS is significantly greater than the expected 0.5% to 1% annual loss. Interruption of AS attenuated the rate of bone loss, although full recovery to the baseline BMD was not achieved in all patients. These data suggest that men treated with AS should undergo baseline and periodic follow-up BMD assessments, because significant bone loss can occur during the first 9 months of AS.
GUANYLATE CYCLASES IN CNS: ENZYMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE ENZYMES FROM MOUSE CEREBELLUM AND RETINA

Guanylate cyclase activity is present in both soluble and particulate fractions of homogenates of mouse cerebellum and retina. Soluble guanylate cyclases in cerebellum and retina have an apparent Km for GTP of approx 40 and 70 μM, respectively; are stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the presence of low Mn2+; and do not respond to NaN3, NH2OH or detergent. The particulate guanylate cyclase found in brain has an apparent Km GTP of 237 7mu;M, is not stimulated by Ca2+ or Mg2+ in the presence of low Mn2+, but is stimulated by NaN3, NH2OH, and detergent. In particulate fractions of normal retina, guanylate cyclase has two apparent Km GTP values (42 and 225 μM); has higher activity at low concentrations of Mn2+ (0.5 mM) than at high concentrations (5.0 mM); is inhibited by Ca2+; and does not respond to NaN3, NH2OH, or detergent. Retinas essentially devoid of photoreceptor cells (from mice with photoreceptor dystrophy) have soluble guanylate cyclase activity which is similar to that in normal retina, but have only 4% as much particulate guanylate cyclase activity. This residual particulate guanylate cyclase has an apparent Km GTP value of 392 μM and other properties similar to particulate guanylate cyclase from brain. These data indicate the presence of three distinguishable guanylate cyclases in CNS: (1) a soluble enzyme present in both brain and retina: (2) a particulate enzyme which is also present in brain and in the inner or neural retina: and (3) another particulate enzyme which is apparently unique and confined to retinal photoreceptor cells.
Unusual Function of Modified Polyolefins for Manipulating Magnetic Nanostructures

The unusual function of a long known plastic additive in industry, polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), is reviewed for serving as a polymeric surfactant to synthesize and stabilize magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable morphology and crystalline structure. The synthesis route employs a solution-based, one-pot, bottom-up method. Specifically, magnetic NPs were synthesized through thermo-decomposing organo-metallic precursors [i.e., Fe(CO)5 or Co2(CO)8] in the presence of PP-g-MA in solvent xylene. By simply changing the backbone length/concentration of PP-g-MA, different morphologies (monodispersed hollow vs. chain-like solid, or chain-like vs. monodispersed polyhedral-shaped NPs) and crystalline structures [α- vs. γ-phase for Fe2O3 NPs, or face-centered cubic (fcc)- vs. e-phase for Co NPs] can be controlled simultaneously. In addition, for the chain-like Fe2O3 NPs, a different chain diameter and building block morphology can be controlled by only varying the molecular weight of PP-g-MA.
Implementing Adaptive Driving Systems for Intelligent Vehicles by Using Neuro-Fuzzy Networks:

The application of supervised learning to train an intelligent vehicle with a neuro-fuzzy controller to mimic the driving behavior of a human driver is discussed. An initial fuzzy control system for vehicle driving was set up on the basis of general human driving experiences, and its control rules were modified to fit the driving behavior of an individual driver. This provides an effective mechanism to construct driving control systems with personality for automated intelligent vehicles.
Low brain GABA level is associated with poor seizure control

Low gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are seen in a variety of epileptic syndromes. Low GABA levels outside of the epileptic focus may facilitate spread of discharges beyond the focus. In vivo measurements of GABA were made by 1H spectroscopy using a 2.1-T magnetic resonance imager-spectrometer and an 8-cm surface coil to measure a 14-cm3 volume in the occipital lobe. Patients with complex partial seizures had lower GABA levels (1.03 mmol/kg of brain; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-1.12; n = 28; p < 0.02) than did subjects without epilepsy (1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.24; n = 19). There was a significant association between low GABA levels and recent seizures (correlation coefficient of 0.548, p < 0.01, df of 32). Conversely, patients with well-controlled seizures had higher brain GABA levels than did patients with recent seizures. Patients with seizures within a day of the measurement had lower GABA levels (0.92 mmol/kg; 95% CI, 0.78-1.06; n = 7) than did patients who were seizure free for 5 years or longer (1.28; 95% CI, 1.09-1.47; n = 4). Poor seizure control is associated with low brain GABA levels.
Kinetic evaluation of the viologen-catalyzed carbohydrate oxidation reaction for fuel cell application

Abstract The use of abundant carbohydrates as resources for the production of electrical energy is an important area of research and development. Until recently only limited success has been reported in developing efficient catalysts for use in carbohydrate fuel cells. Viologens are active catalysts in transferring the abundant, low-potential (∼1.0 V) electrons stored in carbohydrates (24 electrons/glucose) to O 2 or fuel cell electrodes in alkaline solution. To maximize electrical production from an alkaline carbohydrate fuel cell, it is essential to understand the variables determining the rate of electron transfer from the carbohydrate fuel to the viologen catalysts and then to the current collecting electrodes. Electron transfer from viologens to electrodes is a rapid process, so here we report a kinetic investigation evaluating the kinetics of oxidation of various carbohydrates with viologens under a variety of conditions, including viologen type. At a fixed temperature and pH, a first order reaction in both viologen and carbohydrate was observed. In general, carbohydrates with fewer than 5 carbon atoms react rapidly at room temperature and below but those with 5 carbons or more react more slowly and require temperatures of 40–55 °C. The results demonstrate that viologen oxidation of carbohydrates is sufficiently rapid that viable electrical power can be derived from alkaline carbohydrate fuel cells.
Reactions of tungsten phosphonium carbyne complexes with aryloxide nucleophiles to form aryloxycarbyne and η2-ketenyl complexes

Abstract Tungsten phosphoranylideneketene complexes of the type Tp′(CO)(p-OC6H4R)W(η2-(C,C)OCCPR′2Ph) (R=NO2, R′=Me (6a); R=NO2, R′=Ph (6b); R=CN, R′=Me (7a); R=CN, R′=Ph (7b); R=Cl, R′=Ph (8b)) have been synthesized from phosphonium carbyne precursors in a reaction that reflects coupling of carbonyl and carbyne ligands. In addition to these products, aryloxycarbyne complexes Tp′(CO)2WCO(p-C6H4NO2) (9a), Tp′(CO)2WCO(p-C6H4CN) (9b), and Tp′(CO)2WCO(p-C6H4Cl) (9c)) have been prepared via substitution of the phosphonium carbyne phosphine with an aryloxide nucleophile. The product ratio of substitution at the carbyne carbon to carbonyl–carbyne coupling can be tuned by variation of the aryloxide para-substituent. Aryloxy carbyne complexes are the favored products with stronger nucleophiles, while weaker nucleophiles result in a mixture of aryloxy carbyne complexes and η2-ketenyl coupled complexes. Formation of η2-ketenyl complexes is favored for the least nucleophilic aryloxides. Ketenyl complexes 6a and 6b were methylated at the ketenyl oxygen to form cationic alkyne complexes [Tp′(CO)(p-OC6H4NO2)W(η2-(C,C)CH3OCCPR2Ph)][OTf] (R=Me (10a), R=Ph (10b)). The structures of η2-ketenyl complexes 6a and 7b and the structure of cationic alkyne complex 10a were determined by X-ray crystallography.
Nothing but the truth

Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America. By Sheila Jasanoff. Harvard University Press: 1995. Pp. 283. $29.95, £18.95.
Orthopedic issues in vascular anomalies

Vascular malformations impact the musculoskeletal system depending on the tissue involved (skin, subcutis, muscle, cartilage, or bone), the extent of involvement, and the type of anomalous vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins, or lymphatics). These malformations can cause a multitude of musculoskeletal problems for the patient and their Orthopedic Surgeon to manage. Leg-length discrepancy, intra-articular involvement, muscular lesions, and primary or secondary scoliosis are just to name a few. All of these problems can cause pain, deformity, and a range of functional limitations. Surgical and nonsurgical treatment plans both have a role in the care of these patients. Patients with vascular malformations may also suffer from life-threatening cardiovascular and hematologic abnormalities. For those patients who undergo surgery, thromboembolic risk is elevated, wound breakdown and infection are much more common, and bleeding risk continues well into the postoperative course. Because of the complex nature of these disorders, the clinician must have a full understanding of the types of lesions, their natural history, appropriate diagnostic studies, associated medical problems, indications for treatment, and all the treatment options. For severe malformations, especially syndromes such as CLOVES and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, interdisciplinary team management is essential for the best outcomes.
‘THE SMALL VOICE OF HISTORY’ IN ARUNDHATI ROY'S THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS

This essay argues that Ranajit Guha's ‘The small voice of history’ and Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things are defined by, and help define, the contemporary ‘historical-political conjuncture’ that locates the motors of social, disciplinary, and epistemological transformation in the inherently or potentially resistant properties of the oppressed subaltern subject. A comparative reading of two generically different cultural artifacts – a theoretical-critical essay and a novel – that addresses both overlaps and differences between them, this essay also addresses the larger body of cultural work through which this conjuncture is also constituted, particularly work which engages with the difficulties that accrue to the task of recuperating the consciousness/voice of the oppressed and their subjugated histories.
Does iron reduction improve sustained viral responses to interferon monotherapy in hepatitis C patients? Maybe, but is this the right question?

Does iron reduction improve sustained viral responses to interferon monotherapy in hepatitis C patients? Maybe, but is this the right question?
‘The Heaviest Weight’: Circularity and Repetition in a Song by Hugo Wolf

The songs of Hugo Wolf continue to intrigue music theorists, not least because of their characteristic fusion of traditional tonal conventions with sophisticated chromatic processes. This article analyses a particularly intricate example: ‘Muhvoll komm ich und beladen’ from the Spanisches Liederbuch. The song projects a complex pattern of tonal relationships that reinforces an obsessive sense of repetition and circularity – issues that are explicit in the song's poetic text. The present reading engages a number of external sources, including the philosophy of Nietzsche, the operatic figure of Kundry and the myth of Sisyphus. These elements provide a series of cultural co-ordinates that together serve to illuminate primary facets of the song's structure, including its formal design and distinctive harmonic syntax. Each of these topics is considered in the service of a larger, overriding purpose: to reveal the ways in which the composer seeks to characterise sin and spiritual torment using techniques of cyclic organisation.
Identifying the explanatory weakness of strong altruism: The needle in the `haystack model'

Evolutionary theorists have encountered difficulty in explaining how altruistic behavior can evolve. I argue that these theorists have made this task more difficult than it needs to be by focusing their efforts on explaining how nature could select for a strong type of altruism that has powerful selection forces working against it. I argue that switching the focus to a weaker type of altruism renders the project of explaining how altruism can evolve significantly less difficult. I offer a model of weak altruism that can avoid many of the difficulties that evolutionary accounts of altruism have traditionally faced.
Measuring the potential utility of seasonal climate predictions

[1] Variation of sea surface temperature (SST) on seasonal-to-interannual time-scales leads to changes in seasonal weather statistics and seasonal climate anomalies. Relative entropy, an information theory measure of utility, is used to quantify the impact of SST variations on seasonal precipitation compared to natural variability. An ensemble of general circulation model (GCM) simulations is used to estimate this quantity in three regions where tropical SST has a large impact on precipitation: South Florida, the Nordeste of Brazil and Kenya. We find the yearly variation of relative entropy is strongly correlated with shifts in ensemble mean precipitation and weakly correlated with ensemble variance. Relative entropy is also found to be related to measures of the ability of the GCM to reproduce observations.
The thermal conductivity of hydrogen for pressures up to 660 atm and temperatures between 1.6 and 74.6°C

Abstract Thermal conductivity measurements have been made for hydrogen using a coaxial cylindrical cell. These measurements were carried out at 1.6, 25.0, 50.2, and 74.6°C and pressures up to 660 atm. To eliminate convective and radiative contributions, the maximum temperature difference across the confined gas layer never exceeded 0.45°C. The accuracy of the resulting thermal conductivity values is estimated to be 2.5%. These values were used to test the available theoretical equations for predicting the effect of pressure on thermal conductivity. These equations result from a rigid spherical model, and all were found to be inadequate for representing the effect of pressure on this transport property for hydrogen. A nonlinear relationship between the residual thermal conductivity, k-k∗, and the reduced density, ϱR, adequately represented the data for the four isotherms of this study for hydrogen and those previously reported in the literature for the gaseous and liquid states of this substance. Another relationship between k-k∗ and the quantity ( ∂P R ∂T R ) ρR was found to be linear on a log-log basis throughout the gaseous and liquid regions. These residual thermal conductivity relationships adequately define the effect of temperature and pressure on thermal conductivity for hydrogen.
Memory and Learning in Children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Evidence for Ventral and Dorsal Stream Disruption?

This study examined memory functioning in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DS; velocardiofacial syndrome). An overall verbal better than nonverbal memory pattern was evident on the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL), with children with 22q11.2 DS performing significantly below their siblings and children with low average IQ but similar to children with autism on facial memory. Children with 22q11 DS also performed significantly below their siblings on tests of verbal working memory. Children with autism performed significantly poorer than the siblings of children with 22q11.2 DS only on their recall of stories. Delayed recall was significantly poorer in children with 22q11.2 DS and children with autism, compared to sibling controls. Although there were no significant group differences on tests of multiple trial verbal or visual learning, a relative weakness was noted with multiple trial visual learning in children with 22q11.2 DS and their siblings, suggesting that an alternative or interactive factor other than the deletion may account for the relatively better verbal compared to nonverbal memory abilities. Deficits in facial memory in children with both 22q11.2 DS and autism suggest disruptions in ventral temporal pathways such as between fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal/hippocampal regions whereas deficits in verbal working memory in children with 22q11.2 DS implicates dorsolateral prefrontal regions, both intimating aberrant white matter pathways.
The Effect of Interfacial Deformation on Electrodeposition Kinetics

Mullins-Sekerka linear stability analysis and the Barton and Bockris dendrite-propagation model are popular methods used to describe cathodic roughening and dendritic growth. These commonly cited theories employ kinetic relationships that differ in mathematical form, but both contain the effects of surface tension and local concentration deviations induced by surface roughening. Here, a kinetic model is developed which additionally includes mechanical forces such as elasticity, viscous drag, and pressure, showing their effect on exchange current densities and potentials at roughening interfaces. The proposed expression describes the current density in terms of applied overpotential at deformed interfaces with arbitrary three-dimensional interfacial geometry. Both the Mullins-Sekerka and the Barton-Bockris kinetics can be derived as special cases of the general expression, thereby validating the proposed model and elucidating the fundamental assumptions on which the two previous theories rely.
Ethylene Production and Leaflet Abscission in Mèlia azédarach L.

Ethylene production or content was compared to leaflet abscission in detached, compound leaves of Melia azedarach L. In late autumn, when abscission was progressing from basal leaves upward, the oldest leaves both produced ethylene at the highest rates and abscised their leaflets first. When C2H4 levels were measured in intercellular air removed immediately after leaves were harvested, C2H4 levels were also highest in basal leaves and declined progressively in more apical leaves. Levels as high as 1.8 microliters C2H4 liter−1 air were observed. Earlier in the season groups of leaves demonstrated a pattern of sequential initiation of abscission from base to apex, but the peak rates of C2H4 production followed an opposite trend, being highest in the youngest leaves. Peak rates of C2H4 production occurred after the initiation of leaflet abscission and presumably are related to either the auxin content or a climacteric-like, autocatalytic phase of C2H4 production not directly involved in the initiation of abscission. In these experiments, the early abscission of the older leaflets reflects their greater sensitivity to C2H4, presumably due to lower auxin content. C2H4 production rates in all experiments, with rare exceptions, exceeded 3 microliters per kilogram fresh weight per hour at least 24 hours before leaflet abscission reached 10%. This achieving of a threshold internal C2H4 level is viewed as an initiating event in leaflet abscission. Hypobaric conditions, to facilitate the escape of endogenous C2H4, delayed abscission compared to controls, and termination of hypobaric exposure allowed a normal progression of abscission as well as normal C2H4 synthesis rates. All of the data indicate that C2H4 initiates leaflet abscission in intact but detached leaves of Melia azedarach L. The seasonal patterns observed suggest that C2H4, in concert with those hormones which govern sensitivity to C2H4, regulate autumn leaf fall in this species.
The application of cap-plasticity-model to embankment problems

Abstract Several typical embankment problems are analyzed using the proposed procedure for determining the cap-plasticity-model parameters and the general-purpose finite element program in this paper. Several important practical features of embankment design are described and illustrated with numerical examples. These include undrained condition, embankment widening and raising, multiple-layer foundation soils, and measures for improving embankment stability. Emphasis of the analyses was placed on the engineering interpretation of the finite element results, including evaluation of the effects of construction processes, characteristics of deformation, and evaluation of stability and performance of embankment with some measures for improving stability. It is concluded that the drainage of foundation soil can improve the stability of the embankment fill, construction of berms can effectively improve embankment stability, and geotextile will develop considerable resistance in the occurrence of large deformation.
Enhancing self-efficacy and patient care with cardiovascular nutrition eduction

Abstract Background Provision of medical education that develops nutrition knowledge and self-efficacy is critical if physicians are to incorporate nutrition in preventive care. We studied the impact of a cardiovascular nutrition module on the knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of fourth-year medical students and the relationship of these attributes to patient care practices. Methods Based on national practice guidelines and learner needs, an educational intervention consisting of two web-based cases, pocket reference cards, and classroom discussion was developed and implemented. Knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy were measured at the beginning and end of the 4-week ambulatory care rotation for 40 control and 156 experimental students. Performance in patient care was approximated using a self-report; chart audits were performed for a subset of students. Results Knowledge scores of experimental students increased significantly from a mean of 10.3 to 14.4 (p Conclusion Incorporation of cardiovascular nutrition concepts in an ambulatory care rotation including use of computer-based cases improved student knowledge and self-efficacy, which may translate to increased frequency of future physicians addressing nutrition with patients.
Inferring Fall Attitudes of Pristine Dendritic Crystals from Polarimetric Radar Data

Abstract Single pristine planar ice crystals exhibit some flutter around their preferential horizontal orientation as they fall. This study presents estimates of flutter and analyzes predominant fall attitudes of pristine dendritic crystals observed with a polarization agile Ka-band cloud radar. The observations were made in weakly precipitating winter clouds on slopes of Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. The radar is capable of measuring the linear depolarization ratios in the standard horizontal–vertical polarization basis (HLDR) and the slant 45°–135° polarization basis (SLDR). Both HLDR and SLDR depend on crystal shape. HLDR also exhibits a strong dependence on crystal orientation, while SLDR depends only weakly on orientation. The different sensitivities of SLDR and HLDR to the shape and orientation effects are interpreted to estimate the angular flutter of crystals. A simple analytical expression is derived for the standard deviation of angular flutter as a function of the HLDR to SLDR ratio assuming p...
Comparative pharmacology of the optical isomers of ketamine in mice

Relative pharmacological potencies of the optical isomers of ketamine have been estimated in ICR mice. The (+)-isomer was 3X more potent than (-)-ketamine as an analgesic using the phenylquinone writhing test, only 1.5X more potent in terms of hypnotic activity and 1.8X more potent in causing locomotor stimulation. At equianalgesic doses (+)-ketamine caused less stimulation of locomotor activity than the (-)-isomer. These potency differences did not appear to be due to differences in biodisposition although stereoselective metabolism was demonstrated in vivo. Analgesia induced by ketamine was reversed by 10 mg/kg of naloxone.
Application of Taguchi methods to infrared window design

Dr. Genichi Taguchi, a prominent quality consultant, reduced a branch of statistics known as "Design of Experiments" to a cookbook methodology that can be employed by any competent engineer. This technique has been extensively employed by Japanese manufacturers, and is widely credited with helping them attain their current level of success in low cost, high quality product design and fabrication. Although this technique was originally put forth as a tool to streamline the determination of improved production processes, it can also be applied to a wide range of engineering problems. As part of an internal research project, this method of experimental design has been adapted to window trade studies and materials research. Two of these analyses are presented herein, and have been chosen to illustrate the breadth of applications to which the Taguchi method can be utilized.
An overview of the diabetic foot

Diabetes is thought by some clinicians to be the most significant epidemic of our time. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2030, 366 million people will be diagnosed with this disease. Foot ulceration is one of the most common severe complications associated with diabetes. It is more prevalent than diabetic retinopathy and end-stage renal disease, yet until recently the diabetic foot had not received much attention. The foot has always been the forgotten child of medicine. It is an unglamorous part of the body to which few healthcare providers and patients give appropriate attention.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Incidence and Associated Factors in a Pediatric Critical Care Population

Abstract Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome may occur frequently and be underrecognized in children and young adults admitted to a pediatric critical care unit. Methods Patients Results There were 2588 admissions to pediatric critical care unit, 226 neurology service consultations, and 10 patients diagnosed with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (incidence of 1 in 259 pediatric critical care unit admissions, 0.4%). The majority of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome patients (9/10) presented with generalized tonic and or clonic seizures. Apart from hypertension and cytotoxic medication use, anemia, a previously unreported risk factor, was found in all 10 (100%) patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. One-year follow up available in eight patients showed no residual neurological deficits attributable to posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with significant resolution of white matter signal abnormalities on neuroimaging. Conclusion Our case cohort includes an estimation of incidence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in children and young adults with 1-year follow-up and anemia as a potential previously unreported risk factor.
Chemical and Mechanical Defenses Vary among Maternal Lines and Leaf Ages in Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) and Reduce Palatability to a Generalist Insect

Intra-specific variation in host-plant quality affects herbivore foraging decisions and, in turn, herbivore foraging decisions mediate plant fitness. In particular, variation in defenses against herbivores, both among and within plants, shapes herbivore behavior. If variation in defenses is genetically based, it can respond to natural selection by herbivores. We quantified intra-specific variation in iridoid glycosides, trichome length, and leaf strength in common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L, Scrophulariaceae) among maternal lines within a population and among leaves within plants, and related this variation to feeding preferences of a generalist herbivore, Trichopulsia ni Hubner. We found significant variation in all three defenses among maternal lines, with T. ni preferring plants with lower investment in chemical, but not mechanical, defense. Within plants, old leaves had lower levels of all defenses than young leaves, and were strongly preferred by T. ni. Caterpillars also preferred leaves with trichomes removed to leaves with trichomes intact. Differences among maternal lines indicate that phenotypic variation in defenses likely has a genetic basis. Furthermore, these results reveal that the feeding behaviors of T. ni map onto variation in plant defense in a predictable way. This work highlights the importance of variation in host-plant quality in driving interactions between plants and their herbivores.