cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences Related to Interest in Participation in Intercollegiate Athletics: Another Look at Title IX

Since 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments has required that institutions eliminate all vestiges of discrimination in education based on an individual's sex. This has come to be known as gender equity. In the area of intercollegiate athletics the determination of how to achieve gender equity has been problematic and, at times, contentious. These are not simply abstract issues, since, in many institutions, large numbers of dollars are involved. Recently, court ruling have held that the most appropriate way to determine if gender equity has been achieved is by means of the criterion of proportionality. This criterion holds that an institution should provide essentially the same opportunities for participation of female athletes in its athletics program as female students represent in the undergraduate student body. In a challenge to this criterion, Brown University argued that such a measure was inappropriate in that it assumed that female students were as interested in participating in intercollegiate athletics as male students. The court ruled that this was not an essential element of proportionality, and that if opportunities were provided, women would eventually utilize those opportunities. However, the question of how male and female students compare in terms of their interest in participating in intercollegiate athletics has not been studied.
Laparoscopic Reversal of the Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch: a Step by Step Video Case.

Despite the success of the Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch procedure (BPD-DS) in weight loss and comorbidities resolution, reversal of BPD-DS is necessary in 0.2–0.6% of BPD-DS cases for vitamin, protein, and other micronutrient deficiencies. Different techniques are available to reverse the malabsorptive component of the BPD-DS. A retrospective chart review for a 37-year-old female patient who presented with lower leg edema and signs of malnutrition 5 years after a BPD/DS. The patient was not compliant with the required daily vitamin and protein intake. Thus, after extensive discussion with the patient, a decision was made to reverse the malabsorptive component of the BPD-DS. A laparoscopic reversal of the malabsorptive component of the BPD-DS was concluded by transecting the roux limb distally at the ileo-ileal anastomosis and reconnecting it to the proximal jejunum thus substantially lengthening the common channel for absorption. At 6 months follow-up, the patient normalized her vitamin deficiency and had a normal level of serum protein. Her weight, BMI, EWL%, and TBWL% were 72 kg, 27.5 kg/m2, 90%, and 45%, respectively. Proper nutrition and vitamin supplementation is essential to avoid nutritional complications. Different techniques are available to reverse the malabsorptive component of the BPD-DS. However, no standard approach is adopted by the surgical community. We demonstrate our preferred technique in reversing the malabsorptive component of the BPD-DS.
Using Meta-Analysis in the Social Sciences to Improve Environmental Policy

Policymakers have recently looked to the social sciences for effective strategies to address environmental issues, including how to change people’s environmental behaviors. During that time, social scientists have been challenged to improve how they assess, summarize, and convey the state of environmental social science. Meta-analysis, the quantitative review of existing research using data from multiple studies, is one method researchers use to assess the state of knowledge and share best practices. Development of new data reporting standards and systems would improve not only environmental social science, but also the interface between environmental social sciences and policymakers. In particular, dynamic meta-analyses, or frequently updated meta-analyses, would ensure that policymakers have access to up-to-date findings and would allow policymakers to examine subsets of studies that best approximate relevant contexts for new policies. These new standards for conducting and reporting meta-analyses would allow environmental social scientists to more effectively inform policy, and would help policymakers understand and assess the latest developments in the field.
Coherent Raman Generation in Solid-State Materials Using Spatial and Temporal Laser Field Shaping

Abstract Coherent Raman sidebands generated from a Raman-active medium have the potential to serve as a source of single cycle pulses. In this chapter, we review the progress being made in synthesizing such pulses via molecular modulation in a solid-state medium. We briefly discuss the theoretical background and foundation. We summarize a decade of experimental developments and consider the main discoveries in terms of optimal conditions for broadband Raman generation. We present several successful schemes for generating sub-10 fs waveforms, and finally combine temporal with spatial shaping via optical vortices to investigate the transfer of orbital angular momentum in the Raman process.
Portfolio Balance Models

Portfolio balance models go beyond the self-contained relationships of previous chapters. Now “choice-theoretical” variables are introduced in the first (and only) estimating stages. The a priori constraints now are also applied more consistently. Adding-up constraints apply to both the quantity variables and to the price variables. Symmetry constraints are imposed on the cross-effects of interest rates and speeds of adjustment in the financial asset equations. Dynamic portfolio adjustments must be consistent over all asset-liability items: movements to equilibrium in one asset require accommodating movements in other assets.
Thymoma-associated autoimmune enteropathy: A report of two cases

Autoimmune enteropathy is an increasingly recognized cause of severe protracted diarrhea, usually affecting infants and children predisposed to autoimmune phenomena. Although this may be a common cause of diarrheal illness, it is scarcely recognized in the American literature. In association with thymoma, a case of so-called graft-vs-host-like colitis and 2 cases of chronic diarrhea associated with thymoma were reported, but, to our knowledge, no cases of autoimmune enteropathy have been reported as such. We describe 2 adults with autoimmune enteropathy found in association with a thymoma.
Case 77: Bunionectomy Under Both General and Regional Anesthesia

A 72-year-old female (84 kg and 5 ft 8 in.), otherwise healthy, is admitted for an elective bunionectomy with osteotomy and straightening of hammertoes. The patient accepts the anesthesiologist offer of a popliteal and saphenous nerve block preoperatively for both intra- and postoperative analgesia. The block is placed under ultrasound guidance without any problems. Since the patient does not want to hear anything during the procedure, she is also given a general anesthetic with an LMA. After the surgery lasting for 2.5 h, a thick posterior plaster cast is placed. The anesthetic was uneventful and she is taken to the recovery room awake.
The Law and Economics of the Going-Public Decision

An IPO is one of the most important events in the life-cycle of a developing firm. The going-public decision is, however, complicated by the persistently cyclical market for public offerings. This Chapter analyzes the macroeconomic determinants of IPO market cyclicality alongside the strategic and corporate governance considerations faced by private firms arising from the costs and benefits of going public. The law and economics of the going public decision is also relevant to the secular decline in IPOs since the turn of the millennium. This Chapter evaluates several competing and complementary hypotheses that attempt to explain this phenomenon, each of which relies at least in part on the various features of the going public decision-making process.
Expanding the strontium isoscape for the American midcontinent: Identifying potential places of origin for Cahokian and Pre-Columbian migrants

Abstract Archaeological research has highlighted the importance of population movement and interaction in promoting cultural change and interaction in past societies. Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) are used worldwide to track prehistoric human population movement, and recent studies have provided new insight into the role of population diversity in the pre-Columbian American midcontinent. To track such movement, we have analyzed enamel from 222 small nonmigratory terrestrial and semiaquatic fauna from a series of midcontinental geographic locations to provide initial baseline regional 87Sr/86Sr information. Results of this study reveal considerable overlap in the strontium isotope ranges within the midcontinent, but also identify important isotopic differences between regions. We conclude that sufficient Sr variation exists within the midcontinent to identify the movement of individuals, however, the lack of regional specificity in Sr currently limits our ability to identify specific place(s) of origin for these individuals using Sr alone. Continued isotopic research offers the potential to produce a more detailed midcontinental isoscape, which combined with other geochemical, biological, and archaeological data, allows us to refine our understanding of the movement of people in pre-Columbian America. In light of this new information, we revisited our earlier case study of Cahokian immigration, reassessing new samples (558 teeth representing 338 individuals), and confirmed that the Cahokian population included a large number of nonlocal residents.
Seasonal expressions of androgen receptor, P450arom and estrogen receptors in the epididymis of the wild ground squirrel (Citellus dauricus Brandt)

The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal expressions of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) in the epididymis of the wild ground squirrel. Histologically, the epididymis was with larger duct diameter and cell population during the breeding season. AR was presented in the peritubular smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells in the whole epididymis with stronger staining in the breeding period. P450arom was intensely localized in epithelial cells and spermatozoa during the breeding season, absent in the non-breeding season and moderately stained in pre-hibernation. During the breeding season, ERα was intensely expressed in epithelial cytoplasm and/or nucleus, whereas in the non-breeding season and pre-hibernation, weaker staining signal was found in nucleus of epithelial cells. ERβ was absent in the entire annual cycle by immunohistochemical and Real-time PCR detection. The mRNA levels of AR, P450arom and ERα were higher in the epididymis of the breeding season when compared to those of the non-breeding season and pre-hibernation. Taken together, these results suggest that epididymis of the wild ground squirrel is a primary target for androgen and estrogen, and the expression of P450arom represents that epididymis may be a potential source of estrogen.
Digital nanoliter to milliliter flow rate sensor with in vivo demonstration for continuous sweat rate measurement

Microfluidic flow rate sensors have constraints in both detection limits and dynamic range, and are not often easily integrated into lab-on-chip or wearable sensing systems. We constructed a flow rate sensor that easily couples to the outlet of a microfluidic channel, and measures the flow rate by temporarily shorting periodic droplets generated between two electrodes. The device was tested in a dynamic range as low as 25 nL min−1 and as high as 900 000 nL min−1 (36 000× range). It was tested to continuously operate up to ∼200 hours. The device is also simple to fabricate, requiring inexpensive parts, and is small enough to be integrated into wearable devices. The required input pressure is as low as 370 Pascals. An ultra-low flow rate application was demonstrated for wearable sweat biosensing where sweat generation rates (nL min−1 per gland) were accurately measured in human subjects. The digital nanoliter device provides real-time flow rates for sweat rates and may have other applications for low flow rates in microfluidic devices.
Walking the Walk: Testing a Theory-Derived Measure of Campus Sexual Assault Policy Implementation:

Institutional Theory posits that organizations sometimes engage in practices that are inconsistent with their stated policies—a process called “decoupling”—due to three types of legitimacy pressure...
Validation studies for germ-free Smad3-/- mice as a bio-assay to test the causative role of fecal microbiomes in IBD.

While the association between microbiomes and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well known, establishing causal relationships between the two is difficult in humans. Germ-free (GF) mice genetical...
Comparing Frequency Scaling Efficacy on Different Memory Technologies

Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) built with double data rate of the 4th generation (DDR4) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) are widely used in current memory components in the high performance computing (HPC) systems. Since modern parallel applications are becoming more data intensive, improvements in memory technology are crucial for sustained high performance. DDR4 provides higher reliability, availability, and serviceability than other DDR memories do so. DDR4 essentially operates at a higher frequency and lower voltage compared with its previous generations. Therefore, for a given application, the memory intensities (measured as a number of memory accesses per micro-operation retired) of DDR3 and DDR4 may differ significantly. In this paper, the difference in memory intensity between DDR3 and DDR4 is explored along with the relative difference in the off-chip time each platform provides to facilitate frequency scaling.
In trust, data

This essay explores how the trust, and specifically the asset management functions that trust law affords, can be used to ameliorate select digital governance challenges. A trust’s ability to isolate assets can protect public interest technology projects against organizational failure, facilitate archiving and study of proprietary and deprecated software, and help multi-party data-sharing collaborations manage complex value allocations. The equitable remedies that a trust makes available can facilitate a strong, norm-setting form of data license that enables beneficiaries to claw back unauthorized data derivatives. I also briefly critique the increasing prevalence of “data trusts” as a catch-all term for community data protection schemes.
Toward a Critical Theory of Collaborative Governance

In recent years, there has been a notable shift toward collaborative governance as a theoretical and practical framework for public administration and management, and in light of this shift, public...
Zen and the Art of Democracy: Contemplative Practice as Ordinary Political Theory:

In recent years, contemplative practices of meditation have become increasingly mainstream in American culture, part of a phenomenon that scholars call “Buddhist modernism.” Connecting the embodied...
We the People, They the People, and the Puzzle of Democratic Constitutionalism

The Constitution, of course, announces that it has been “ordain[ed] and establish[ed]” by “We the People.” 1 The idea that the Constitution is somehow the work of “the people”—that it has a meaningful democratic pedigree—is very appealing. But in what sense is the Constitution we live under today the product of “we the people”? There are several issues. One is that the individuals responsible for the original Constitution may not have been so representative of the people even of their time. Then there is the familiar problem that, even assuming the text was the work of the people at some point, those people (leaving aside the most recent amendments) have not been around for a while. But we are still bound by their handiwork in some ways—which means we are talking about they the people, not we the people, and that does not sound very democratic. A third question concerns the ways in which we have departed from what the ratifying and amending generations wanted to do. That means we are arguably acting inconsistently with what we the people ordained and established. But maybe those departures make the Constitution more democratic; I will suggest that, potentially at least, they do. Finally, there is the question why it matters whether the Constitution is democratic. Or— maybe this is another way of asking the same question—what sense of “democratic” would make it a good thing for the Constitution to be democratic.
Molecular and morphological characterization of the alfalfa cyst nematode, Heterodera medicaginis, from Utah

In the spring of 2019, a cyst nematode was discovered from soil samples collected from an alfalfa field in Millard County, Utah. The soil samples were submitted to one of us (SH), who extracted the nematode cysts and sent them to the USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory (MNGDBL), Beltsville, MD for morphological and molecular identification. Cysts and living nematode juveniles (J2) recovered from the cysts were examined morphologically and molecularly for species identification which indicated that the specimens were Heterodera medicaginis. This represents the first record of H. medicaginis in Utah and the second report of this nematode in North America. In the spring of 2019, a cyst nematode was discovered from soil samples collected from an alfalfa field in Millard County, Utah. The soil samples were submitted to one of us (SH), who extracted the nematode cysts and sent them to the USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory (MNGDBL), Beltsville, MD for morphological and molecular identification. Cysts and living nematode juveniles (J2) recovered from the cysts were examined morphologically and molecularly for species identification which indicated that the specimens were Heterodera medicaginis. This represents the first record of H. medicaginis in Utah and the second report of this nematode in North America.
Bereaved Parents, Hope, and Realism.

* Abbreviation: HOPE — : Hear Our Parent Experiences Parents of children with serious illness often maintain hope across a child’s illness journey. Historically, the conflict between parental hope and prognostic acceptance has been described as a pendulum oscillating between antithetical states of awareness. In this commentary, bereaved parents partner with interdisciplinary pediatric palliative care clinicians to discuss and challenge the conventional theory in which hope and realism exist as diametrically opposing spaces within which parents vacillate. As parents and clinicians, we offer a reconceptualized model that validates a parent’s ability to experience hope and prognostic awareness simultaneously, avoiding assumptions that conflate hope as misinterpretation or denial. In our discussion, we advocate for health care professionals to consider this framework when partnering with patients and families who carry coexisting hope and prognostic awareness in the context of a child’s progressive illness. For parents of children with serious illness, hope is a uniquely powerful mechanism that enables coping and promotes resilience.1,2 Parents describe hope as a life-sustaining factor,2,3 one that impacts decision-making processes across their child’s illness journey.1,4 Recent data reveal parental hopes to be fluid, evolving across the illness trajectory5,6 and persisting in the face of critical illness and at the end of life.1,6,7 In the setting of serious pediatric … Address correspondence to Erica C. Kaye, MD, MPH, Division of Quality of Life and Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl, Mail Stop 260, Memphis, TN 38105. E-mail: erica.kaye{at}stjude.org
Mems Stiction Suppression Using Low-Stress Camphor Sublimation

This paper reports an inexpensive method for stiction suppression in MEMS devices using the sublimation of camphor. Suspended microcantilever structures which would otherwise collapse to the substrate due to stiction, were successfully released using this method. The technique uses deposition of camphor nanoparticles acting as temporary supports under suspended microstructures using an immersion process. The sample is then dried, and the camphor sublimates under heating, preventing device failure due to capillary forces. This new method does not require any specialized equipment or additional processing steps; therefore, it is simpler and more economical than alternate conventional release methods.
Highly Efficient Nickel, Iron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Carbon Catalysts Derived from Industrial Waste Petroleum Coke for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) is a potentially promising way of producing sustainable energy by converting CO2 into fuels or useful chemicals using alternative power sources such ...
Synthesis and biological evaluation of backbone-aminated analogues of gramicidin S.

Abstract We report the parallel synthesis of gramicidin S derivatives featuring backbone N-amino substituents. Analogues were prepared by incorporation of N-amino dipeptide subunits on solid support. Nine backbone-aminated macrocycles were evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against ESKAPE pathogens and hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. Diamination of the Orn residues in the β-strand region of gramicidin S was found to enhance broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity without a corresponding increase in hemolytic activity.
The Rendition of Fugitive Slaves and the Development of the Law and Order President, 1790-1855

Presidents Nixon and Trump ran on law and order platforms — and Presidents Reagan and Clinton had tough on crime agendas, however, many do not know how presidents became responsible for maintaining law and order. It started in 1787 with a vaguely defined fugitive slave provision in the Constitution but resulted in Presidents Washington, Madison, Monroe, Fillmore, Pierce and Buchanan using the military, State Department, and the Attorney General to recover fugitive slaves. This paper then will explain how presidents developed their law and order responsibilities by properly conceptualizing law and order based on how it developed in the colonial era and introducing race as a variable to the development of the presidency. In the colonial era, law and order meant using the criminal justice system to prevent slaves and indentured servants from plotting insurrections and running away. The colonists legitimized this unfair criminal justice system with a white supremacist ideology, which claimed that African’s naturally inferior condition disqualified them from an equal criminal justice process. This dynamic meant that racial ideology and law and order developed symbiotically during the colonial era, was institutionalized in the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution, and then formed the basis for the development of the law and order president starting in the 1790s.
Sleep Disturbance, Mental Health Symptoms, and Quality of Life: A Structural Equation Model Assessing Aspects of Caregiver Burden

The present study sought to examine the association between sleep disturbance, mental health symptoms, and quality of life among informal caregivers. The study also aimed to assess whether greater ...
Post-Intentionally Considering Post-Qualitative Inquiry:

I wrote this article during and immediately following what I have deemed a serenity quest, where I traveled quite aways from home, by myself, with not all that much pre-planning to “be with” myself...
Comparison of group versus individual calf rearing for a summary measure of health

Rearing calves in small groups has been suggested to provide benefits to health, growth and social development as compared to individually reared calves. This study assessed the impact of individual versus group housing on average daily gain (ADG), preweaning disease, and representative fecal microbiomes based on Bifidobacterium which are believed to have a positive association with calf health.
Case study 2: Search for community composition patterns and their environmental correlates: vegetation of spring meadows

In this case study, we will demonstrate a common application of multivariate analysis: search for a pattern in a set of vegetation records with available measurements of environmental conditions. The primary data (courtesy of Michal Hajek – see Hajek et al. 2002) comprise classical vegetation releves (records of all vascular plants and bryophytes, with estimates of their cover using the Braun-Blanquet scale) in spring fen meadows in the mountain ranges of the westernmost Carpathians. The data represent an ordinal transformation of the Braun-Blanquet scale, i.e. the r , + , and 1 to 5 values of the Braun-Blanquet scale are replaced by numeric values 1 to 7. The data presented here were extracted from a database using the TURBOVEG program (Hennekens & Schaminee 2001). The releves are complemented with environmental data – chemical analyses of the spring water, soil organic carbon content, and slope of the locality. The ion concentrations represent their molarity: remember that predictors are standardised in all Canoco procedures and, consequently, the choice of units does not play any role, as long as the various units are linearly related. The distributions of ion concentrations are highly skewed, i.e. there are usually few highly positively outlying values, which would have a strong effect on the results. Moreover, we can expect that the vegetation composition will be better related to the logarithm of concentrations (i.e. the size of the response will be similar when we double the concentration rather than when we add a constant amount). Consequently, we have first log-transformed ion concentrations, but not the organic carbon ( Corg ), pH, conductivity, and slope. The transformation was done directly in the Excel file before import. We will use the log-transformed values in the analyses. The aim of this case study is to describe basic vegetation patterns and their relationship with available environmental data, mainly with the chemical properties of the spring water.
New Frontiers in Managing the Dizzy Patient.

Despite progress in vestibular research in the last 20 years, much remains poorly understood about vestibular pathophysiology and its management. A shared language is a critical first step in understanding vestibular disorders and is under development. Telehealth will continue for patients with dizziness, and ambulatory monitoring of nystagmus will become a diagnostic tool. In the next 2 decades, it is anticipated that vestibular perceptual threshold testing will become common in tertiary centers, imaging with improved spatial resolution will yield better understanding of vestibular pathophysiology, and that vestibular implants will become a part of clinical practice.
Assessing Graph Comprehension on Paper and Computer with MBA Students: A Crossover Experimental Study

Several decades of research suggesting differences in test performance across paper-based and computer-based assessments have been largely ameliorated through attention to test presentation equival...
Unsupervised Learning-Based CBCT-CT Deformable Image Registration for CBCT-Guided Abdominal Radiotherapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) Daily Cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging provides necessary anatomical information for accurate patient setup. Image quality of CBCT is usually far inferior to simulation CT scans. A workaround is to register the CT to the CBCT such that the contours and Hounsfield Unit (HU) values of the CT can be propagated to the CBCT. However, the inconsistent HU values across CT and CBCT make it less effective to use conventional image similarity measures. We aim to develop an unsupervised registration network to overcome this challenge in multimodal CT-CBCT image registration. Materials/Methods We propose to integrate directional local structural similarity into an unsupervised learning framework to perform abdominal CT-CBCT image registration. Directional local structural similarity measures the image's self-similarity which reflects the underlying structural similarity regardless of the modality in use. The CBCT and CT images were separately processed to extract directional local structural similarity feature maps in different directions. We concatenated the directional local structural similarity feature maps and the original images as network input. Taking both the original images and their respective structural similarity feature maps as input allows the network to fully explore the potential correlations between CBCT and CT for accurate deformation vector field (DVF) prediction. Salient features learnt through previous iterations were highlighted by attention gates across layers to expedite the learning process. A 3D bicubic interpolation was used to up-sample and smooth the predicted DVF. We performed a leave-one-out cross validation with an image dataset of 45 patients to evaluate the proposed registration method. Normalized cross correlation (NCC) and target registration error (TRE) between CBCT and deformed CT were calculated to quantify the registration accuracy. Results Our results show that the alignment between the abdominal soft tissues has been greatly improved after registration for all patients. The mean and standard deviation of NCC and TRE were 0.97 (range 0.95-0.99) and 1.88 (range 1.03-2.67) mm. The proposed network allows for many datasets to be used as training datasets since ground truth DVF is not needed for the training process. The proposed network can predict a final DVF via a single forward prediction, which is faster than the conventional iterative registration algorithms. Conclusion We have developed a novel unsupervised multimodal image registration method for CT-CBCT abdominal image registration, which does not need ground truth DVF for training, and demonstrated its feasibility. Taking both CBCT and CT images and their respective directional local structural similarity features as input, the proposed network performs direct DVF prediction to register the abdominal CT to CBCT images. This tool will be useful for future CBCT-guided radiotherapy of abdominal malignancies.
‘What are they saying?’ Examining healthcare field discourses in West Tennessee

An important step towards superior healthcare management is meaningful use of the electronic health record (EHR) systems which can be facilitated through the use of Direct technology by the healthcare providers. Contrary to expectations, the usage of Direct technology is not wide-spread. This article seeks to understand the underlying causes by using discourse analysis of qualitative data collected in West Tennessee region. An inductive data analysis to construct discourses both before and after the attempts to encourage the technology among the promoters, the supporters, and the providers reveals that most actors were initially quite positive and hopeful about the technology; however, by the end of the statewide rollout, many of them got disenchanted with Direct technology. Some of the issues perceived by various actors in the field comprised of the inability to integrate the state offered technology with their EHRs, unplanned and rushed rollout, and lack of post-rollout support.
Bending of Circular Cylindrical Shells

In the preceding Chapters dealing with the membrane theory of shells, we often met questions which this theory could not answer. This indicates that in certain cases the bending stiffness of the shell, although small, cannot be disregarded and that it is necessary to develop a bending theory. In such a theory all the stress resultants defined by eqs. (I-l a-j) (pp.5–6) will appear, and, as one may easily imagine, the mathematical analysis of such stress systems is far from simple. Therefore, solutions have been obtained for only a few of the simplest types of shells. They will be presented in this Chapter and the next.
GeoCosm: A Semantics-Based Approach for Information Integration of Geospatial Data

Information integration implies access to distributed information sources without interfering with the autonomy of the underlying data sources. Integration of distributed geospatial data requires a mechanism for selecting the data sources and performing data processing operations on the selected sources efficiently. We describe a semantics-based information integration approach that uses a spatio-temporal semantic model to define the geospatial information content of the sources, employs a conflict resolution ontology to resolve semantic heterogeneity, and uses geospatial metadata to help the users evaluate usefulness of the available data sources. We show how the captured metadata can be used for efficient query planning. Based on our proposed approach, we are developing GeoCosm, a web-based prototype that would help integrate autonomous distributed heterogeneous geospatial data.
Activation of the basolateral membrane Cl− conductance essential for electrogenic K+ secretion suppresses electrogenic Cl− secretion

Adrenaline activates transient Cl − -secretion and sustained K + -secretion across isolated distal colonic mucosa of guinea pig. The Ca ++ -activated Cl − channel inhibitor CaCCinh-A01 [30μM] significantly reduced electrogenic K + -secretion, detected as short-circuit current (Isc). This inhibition supported the cell model for K + -secretion in which basolateral membrane Cl − channels provide an exit pathway for Cl − entering the cell via Na + /K + /2Cl − -cotransporters. CaCCinh-A01 inhibited both Isc and transepithelial conductance in a concentration dependent manner, IC50 = 6.3μM. GlyH-101, another Cl − channel inhibitor, also reduced sustained adrenaline-activated Isc (IC50 = 9.4μM). Adrenaline activated whole-cell Cl − current in isolated intact colonic crypts, confirmed by ion substitution. This adrenaline-activated whole-cell Cl − current also was inhibited by CaCCinh-A01 or GlyH-101. In contrast to K + -secretion, CaCCinh-A01 augmented the electrogenic Cl − -secretion activated by adrenaline as well as that activated by PGE2. Synergistic Cl − -secretion activated by cholinergic/PGE2 stimulation was insensitive to CaCCinh-A01. Colonic expression of the Ca ++ -activated Cl − channel protein Tmem16A was supported by RTPCR detection of Tmem16A-mRNA, by immuno-blot with a Tmem16A-antibody, and by immuno-fluorescence detection in lateral membranes of epithelial cells. Alternative splices of Tmem16A were detected for exons that are involved in channel activation. Inhibition of K + secretion and augmentation of Cl − -secretion by CaCCinh-A01 supports a common colonic cell model for these two ion secretory processes, such that activation of basolateral membrane Cl − channels contributes to the production of electrogenic K + -secretion and limits the rate of Cl − secretion. Maximal physiological Cl − -secretion occurs only for synergistic activation mechanisms that close these basolateral membrane Cl − channels.
Modeling the Volatility of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton Model: A Multi-factor GARCH Analysis

Based on the nonparametric study of Pearson and Zhou (1999), a parametric HJM model is developed for the forward rate volatility. It allows the volatility of the forward rate with different maturities to react in a different way with the level of forward rate and the forward spread. Specifically, the proposed forward rate volatility function is imbedded into GARCH family models and compared with several widely used HJM volatility specifications. It is shown that the proposed volatility specification performs the best. It is also confirmed that the volatility of forward rate with different maturities depends on the forward rate and the forward spread in a different way.
Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked Our Sexuality

Pornography is a polarizing topic for professionals and clients. Some of the hardest things to determine are what constitutes pornography and how it affects people and their relationships with othe...
BI-POMDP: Bounded, Incremental, Partially-Observable Markov-Model Planning

Given the problem of planning actions for situations with uncertainty about the action outcomes, Markov models can effectively model this uncertainty and offer optimal actions. When the information about the world state is itself uncertain, partially observable Markov models are an appropriate extension to the basic Markov model. However, finding optimal actions for partially observable Markov models is a computationally difficult problem that in practice borders on intractability. Approximate or heuristic approaches, on the other hand, lose any guarantee of optimality or even any indication of how far from optimal they might be.
Structure of the Trypanosoma brucei p22 protein, a cytochrome oxidase subunit II-specific RNA-editing accessory factor.

Kinetoplastid RNA (k-RNA) editing is a complex process in the mitochondria of kinetoplastid protozoa, including Trypanosoma brucei, that involves the guide RNA-directed insertion and deletion of uridines from precursor-mRNAs to produce mature, translatable mRNAs. k-RNA editing is performed by multiprotein complexes called editosomes. Additional non-editosome components termed k-RNA-editing accessory factors affect the extent of editing of specific RNAs or classes of RNAs. The T. brucei p22 protein was identified as one such accessory factor. Here we show that p22 contributes to cell growth in the procyclic form of T. brucei and functions as a cytochrome oxidase subunit II-specific k-RNA-editing accessory factor. To gain insight into its functions, we solved the crystal structure of the T. brucei p22 protein to 2.0-Å resolution. The p22 structure consists of a six-stranded, antiparallel β-sheet flanked by five α-helices. Three p22 subunits combine to form a tight trimer that is primarily stabilized by interactions between helical residues. One side of the trimer is strikingly acidic, while the opposite face is more neutral. Database searches show p22 is structurally similar to human p32, which has a number of functions, including regulation of RNA splicing. p32 interacts with a number of target proteins via its α1 N-terminal helix, which is among the most conserved regions between p22 and p32. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that p22 interacts with the editosome and the k-RNA accessory protein, TbRGG2, and α1 of p22 was shown to be important for the p22-TbRGG2 interaction. Thus, these combined studies suggest that p22 mediates its role in k-RNA editing by acting as an adaptor protein.
Modeling conservative tracer transport in fracture networks with a hybrid approach based on the Boltzmann transport equation

[1] Fractures often represent the primary transport pathways within low-permeability rock. Continuum models based on the advective-dispersion equation have difficulty representing the complex transport phenomenology observed in field studies. Discrete fracture network models can represent a greater range of transport behavior at the price of being computationally intensive, which restricts their application to small rock volumes. The linear Boltzmann transport equation from the kinetic theory of gases includes additional dependencies on the particle speed and direction of travel and can thus represent a greater range of transport behavior compared with the advective-dispersion equation. The capability of the Boltzmann equation for modeling more complex transport behaviors of conservative tracers was evaluated. Parameters appearing in the Boltzmann equation were calibrated using small-scale discrete fracture networks. The calibrated Boltzmann model can simulate at spatial/temporal scales that would be prohibitively expensive with a discrete fracture network. This hybrid approach successfully reproduced the results of discrete fracture network simulations in two dimensions.
From Littlewood-Richardson Coefficients to Cluster Algebras in Three Lectures

Lecture I presents a unified expression from [4] for generalized Littlewood- Richardson coefficients (= tensor product multiplicities) for any complex semisimple Lie algebra. Lecture II outlines a proof of this result; the main idea of the proof is to relate the LR-coefficients with canonical bases and total positivity. Lecture III introduces cluster algebras, a new class of commutative algebras defined in [9] in an attempt to create an algebraic framework for canonical bases and total positivity
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Minority Composition Are Associated with Better Potential Spatial Access to the Ground-Truthed Food Environment in a Large Rural Area

Little is known about spatial inequalities and potential access to the food environment in rural areas. In this study, we assessed the food environment in a 6-county rural region of Texas (11,567 km2) through ground-truthed methods that included direct observation and on-site Global Positioning System technology to examine the relationship between neighborhood inequalities (e.g., socioeconomic deprivation and minority composition) and network distance from all 101 rural neighborhoods to the nearest food store (FS). Neighborhood deprivation was determined from socioeconomic characteristics using 2000 census block group (CBG) data. Network distances were calculated from the population-weighted center of each CBG to the nearest supermarket, grocery, convenience, and discount store. Multiple regression models examined associations among deprivation, minority composition, population density, and network distance to the nearest FS. The median distance to the nearest supermarket was 14.9 km one way (range 0.12 to 54.0 km). The distance decreased with increasing deprivation, minority composition, and population density. The worst deprived neighborhoods with the greatest minority composition had better potential spatial access to the nearest FS. For >20% of all rural residents, their neighborhoods were at least 17.7 km from the nearest supermarket or full-line grocery or 7.6 km from the nearest convenience store. This makes food shopping a challenge, especially in rural areas that lack public transportation and where many have no vehicular access. Knowledge of potential access to the food environment is essential for combining environmental approaches and health interventions so that families, especially those in rural areas, can make healthier food choices.
Phenol-terpene condensations in aqueous acid media

Abstract Condensation of limonene and/or α-pinene with phenols such as orcinol or sesamol under mild aqueous acid conditions give high yields of phenolic terpenes.
Galanin-like peptide stimulates feeding and sexual behavior via dopaminergic fibers within the medial preoptic area of adult male rats

Abstract Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is located in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the hypothalamus and is known to regulate both food intake and sexual behaviors in adult male rats. We have previously demonstrated that ICV GALP administration elicits a significant fos response within the medial preoptic area (mPOA). GALP is known to stimulate both food intake and male-typical sex behavior, presumably by direct actions within the mPOA. Recent data from our and other labs have led us to suspect that GALP effects on sex behaviors are due to activation of incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons that terminate within the mPOA. To test the hypothesis that GALP activates mPOA dopaminergic systems, we utilized an immunolesion technique to eliminate dopaminergic fiber input to the mPOA via a dopamine transporter-specific toxin (DATSAP, n = 8) and compared to control injections (SAP, n = 8). All animals were sexually experienced adult male Long-Evans rats. DATSAP-treated male rats showed a significant (p
Remagnetization signature of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks from the Patterson Creek Mountain anticline in West Virginia

Abstract Paleomagnetic analysis of five adjacent Lower Silurian to Lower Devonian sedimentary units (Oriskany, Helderberg, Tonoloway, Williamsport and McKenzie) plus a carbonate vein, within a single large fold in West Virginia, reveals a secondary, reversed, Permian, magnetization in all rocks. Similar unblocking temperatures (∼350–550 °C) were observed for the characteristic magnetization throughout the study implying similar origins for their magnetization. Unfolding estimates, with 95% confidence intervals, were, Helderberg (60±11%), Tonoloway (69±9%), Williamsport (65±25%), Oriskany (78±11%) and McKenzie (80±4%). Since all units were sampled on a single fold, their burial, temperature and stress histories should be identical. Identification of the mechanism for remagnetization and an explanation of the differences in the fold test results involve awkward interpretations. Hypotheses for remagnetization mechanisms such as fluid migration, clay alteration, partial thermoviscous resetting and strain all appear to be flawed for this data set and true differences in the timing of remagnetization relative to folding would require a very complex multi-stage remagnetization event. The actual mechanism for remagnetization may yet be unidentified. An alternative possibility is that these units have been affected by multiple remagnetizing mechanisms simultaneously and then the magnetization has been modified by minor strain to produce the variation in the results of the fold tests.
Increased Sensitivity of Heidenhain Pouches to Exogenous Gastrin After Removal of Main Stomach.

Summary and conclusionsSecretory responses of 4 Heidenhain pouches to gastrin prepared from antral mucosa of hogs were augmented following gastrectomy. The Heidenhain-pouch preparation with gastrectomy is useful for detection of gastrin-like activity in extracts of tissue.
Functional network analysis of insight in resting-state brain activity

Insight occurs when problem solutions arise suddenly and is associated with an “Aha!” experience. While much research on insight has focused on event-related, goal-directed neural responses, there is growing interest in the spontaneous, resting-state brain activity. A recent study using high-density electroencephalograms (EEG) has demonstrated a dependence of task-related processing on the preceding resting state, but based on the power spectrum of individual electrodes in different frequency bands. In the current study, we sought to test the influence of resting-state functional networks on subsequent problem-solving strategy. We examined healthy subjects at rest who were subsequently directed to solve a series of anagrams to assess resting-state EEG network activity, as measured by coherence and Granger causality. Subjects were divided into two groups based on the proportion of anagram solutions derived with self-reported sudden insight versus analytic search. In this work, we mainly focused on gamma-band (30–40 Hz) activity, as it has been predominantly implicated in a wide variety of cognitive processes, and more importantly associated with insight solutions. Coherence analysis revealed that, within the gamma frequency band, there was a large-scale distributed resting-state network over the right hemisphere, with a network hub centering at the right anterior temporal lobe, for sudden insight relative to analytic search. Further analysis of the observed network with Granger causality indicated that there is a significant directional influence, originated from the network hub at the right anterior temporal lobe. These findings indicate that the spatial focus of the insight effect is at the right anterior temporal lobe, a result consistent with the hypothesis of right-lateralized hemispheric asymmetry.