cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Control of Skeletal Muscle Differentiation by Akt1

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway plays a central role in growth, development, and metabolism in both normal and neoplastic cells. In skeletal muscle, Akt has been implicated in regulating regeneration and hypertrophy and in counteracting atrophy. Here we provide evidence that Akt1 and not Akt2 is essential for muscle differentiation. Using a robust model of MyoD-mediated muscle development, in which dominant-negative Akt blocked differentiation, we show that targeted loss of Akt1 was equally inhibitory. Selective elimination of Akt1 had no effect on myoblast viability or proliferation but prevented differentiation by impairing the transcriptional actions of MyoD. In contrast, knockdown of Akt2 had no effect on myoblast survival or differentiation and minimally inhibited MyoD-regulated transcription. Our results define isoform-specific Akt-regulated signaling pathways in muscle cells that act through Akt1 to sustain muscle gene activation and promote differentiation.
Bottomonium studies via ϒ(3S) decays. First observation of ϒ(1D) states

The CLEO III experiment has recently accumulated a large statistics sample of 4.73 · 10 6 ϒ(3 S ) decays. We present the first evidence for the production of the triplet ϒ(1 D ) states in the four-photon cascade, ϒ(3 S ) → ϒχ b (2 P ), χ b (2 P ) → γϒ(1 D ), γ(1 D ) → γχ b (1 P ), χ b (1 P ) → γϒ(1 S ), followed by the ϒ(1 S ) annihilation to e + e − or μ + μ − . We have also analyzed two-photon cascades between the triplet S and triplet P states and report improved measurements of the photon energies and transition rates. We have searched for ϒ(3 S ) → γη b (1 S ) hindered M1 photon transition in inclusive photon spectrum. No evidence for such a transition is found. We set upper limits on the branching ratio, which rule out many previously published phenomenological estimates of the rate for this transition.
Measurements of passive correction of magnetization higher multipoles in one meter long dipoles (for SSC)

The use of a passive superconductor to correct the magnetization sextupole and decapole in Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipoles appears to be promising. The results of a series of experiments on passive superconductor correctors in 1-m-long dipole magnets are presented. Reduction of the magnetization sextupole by a factor of 5-10 has been achieved using the passive superconductor correctors. The magnetization decapole was also reduced. The passive superconductor correctors reduced the sextupole temperature sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Flux creep decay was partially compensated for by the correctors.
Tamdem quadrupole fourier transform mass spectrometry

Abstract Tandem quadrupole Fourier transform mass spectrometry is shown to be a practical technique for the determination of molecular weights. Samples in the mass range up to 6000 daltons can be routinely analyzed at the 0.1–1.0 pmol level. Ions indicative of molecular weight are generated by particle bombardment, transmitted to and trapped inside a superconducting magnetic field and mass analyzed. Additional structural information is obtained by exposing the trapped ions to photons generated by an argon fluoride excimer laser to effect laser photodissociation. Sequence analysis of oligopeptides fractionated by liquid chromatography is discussed. Application of the technique to the structural chacterization of proteins isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis is also demonstrated.
Chemical and enzymatic triggering of 1,2-dioxetanes. 3: alkaline phosphatase-catalyzed chemiluminescence from an aryl phosphate-substituted dioxetane

Abstract We describe herein the preparation of an aryl phosphate-substituted 1,2-dioxetane and the enzymatic cleavage of this chemiluminescent dioxetane in aqueous buffer with alkaline phosphatase.
Cytogenetic and histologic findings in 17 pulmonary chondroid hamartomas: evidence for a pathogenetic relationship with lipomas and leiomyomas

Pulmonary chondroid hamartomas (PCH) are benign tumors that contain mesenchymal and epithelial components. In this series, we identified clonal chromosome aberrations in mesenchymal cells from 10 of 17 PCH. Chromosome band 12q15 was rearranged most frequently (N = 4), and one case had a t(12;14)(q15;q24) that was identical cytogenetically to the characteristic translocation in uterine leiomyomas. Histologic review revealed diverse mesenchymal populations, including undifferentiated cells, cartilage, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle, in most of the PCH. These findings suggest that PCH result from neoplastic transformation of a primitive mesenchymal cell that differentiates along chondroid, adipose, and smooth muscle pathways.
Tennessee Valley Authority's 500-kY System -Transmission Line Design

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) recently completed construction of an approximately 155-mile 500-kV transmission line, which began commercial operation May 15, 1965. Principal features of the line, which consists of three conductors per phase supported by a free-swinging string of 24 ball-and-socket insulators, are described here. Rigid aluminum alloy spacers maintain the equilateral configuration, and two Alumoweld ground wires, insulated from the towers to provide for future communication channels, serve as shielding for the line. The square-base, waisted, self-supporting steel towers have a minimum 40-foot phase spacing.
Evangelicalism, Masculinity, and the Making of Imperial Missionaries in Late Georgian Britain, 1795–1820

(2005). Evangelicalism, Masculinity, and the Making of Imperial Missionaries in Late Georgian Britain, 1795–1820. The Historian: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 712-732.
Mutagenicity of 1-, 3- and 6-nitrosobenzo[a]pyrene in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster ovary cells.

1-, 3and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (nitro-BaP) are environmental pollutants (Jager, 1978; Wang et al., 1978; Pitts et al., 1982; Gibson, 1983; PaputaPeck et al., 1983; Schuetzle, 1983) and prototypes of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from carcinogenic parent PAHs. All three compounds are S9-mediated mutagens in the Salmonel la t y p h i m u r i u m reversion assay, while 1and 3-nitro-BaP are also potent mutagens without exogenous activation (Tokiwa et al., 1981; Campbell et al., 1981; Fu et al., 1982; Pitts et al., 1982, 1984; Chou et al., 1984, 1985, 1986; Lofroth et al., 1984; Hass et al., 1986a). The direct mutagenic activities are thought to be due to enzymatic reduction of the nitro substituents, since a Salmonella tester strain that is deficient in a major component of the bacterial nitroreductase system, TA98NR, is highly resistant to the mutagenic effects of 1and 3-nitro-BaP (Pitts et al., 1984; Chou et al., 1985, 1986; Hass et al., 1986a). Also, the immediate nitro reduction products of 1-, 3and 6-nitro-BaP, 1-, 3and 6-nitrosobenzo[a]pyrene (nitroso-BaP) are mutagenic in Salmonella (Fu et al., 1988a; Thornton-Manning et al., in preparation), land 3-nitro-BaP are also S9-mediated mutagens in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, but none of the nitro-BaPs displays any direct mutagenic activity in these cells (Hass et al., 1986b; ThorntonManning et al., 1988). Although reduction of 1and 3-nitro-BaP has been demonstrated using mammalian enzymes (Chou et al., 1985, 1986; Colvert and Fu, 1986), it has been suggested that CHO cells lack the capacity to perform these reactions (Hass et al., 1986b). In order to further elucidate the metabolism involved in the mutagenic responses produced by the nitro-BaPs, the mutagenicity of 1-, 3and 6-nitroso-BaP was determined in the CHO cell assay and in strains of Salmonella which differ in nitroreductase and Oacetylase activity.
CLINICAL CORRELATION OF CORONARY ARTERIOGRAPHY.

Abstract Selective coronary arteriography is a satisfactory technic in the study of the distribution and severity of atherosclerosis in patients with coronary heart disease. This investigation analyzes the placement and gradation of pathology in patients with angina pectoris whose resting electrocardiograms varied from normal patterns to tracings indicative of past transmural myocardial infarctions. Atherosclerosis was visualized as a diffuse process involving two or three main arteries even in those individuals who had the earliest clinical form of coronary heart disease, namely, angina pectoris and a normal resting electrocardiogram. The severity of the atherosclerotic process in terms of its stenosing effect on the vascular vessels increased materially as the electrocardiographic tracing deteriorated from normal to a pattern indicative of a past transmural myocardial infarction. Channels of anastomosis did not develop when atherosclerosis was diffuse but not occlusive. Particular attention is drawn to patients with angina pectoris and normal resting electrocardiograms who had in the past RS-T or T wave abnormalities or both. The occlusive disease in these patients was considerable and hardly compatible with the term “mild coronary.”
Ovicidal effect of permethrin against the black carpet beetle and the webbing clothes moth.

Eggs of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma (F.), and the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), were exposed on woolen cloth treated with permethrin at rates of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10% by weight of the cloth. All dosage levels tested were lethal to eggs of the clothes moth but had no effect on eggs of the black carpet beetle. However, mortality was 100% at all levels tested for 1st instars of the black carpet beetle.
Making distributed rate control using Lyapunov drifts a reality in wireless sensor networks

We take a top-down approach of formulating the rate control problem, over a collection tree, in a wireless sensor network as a generic convex optimization problem and propose a distributed back pressure algorithm using Lyapunov drift based optimization techniques. Primarily, we show that existing theoretical results in the field of stochastic network optimization can be directly applied to a CSMA based wireless sensor network using our novel receiver capacity model. We back this claim by implementing our algorithm on the Tmote sky class devices. Our experimental evaluation on a 5 node testbed shows that the empirically observed rate allocation on a real sensor network testbed that uses our back pressure algorithm is close to the analytically predicted values, justifying our claims.
Upsets in Error Detection and Correction Integrated Circuits

Two error detection and correction integrated circuits, one manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices and one manufactured by Texas Instruments, have been tested for sensitivity to single event upsets. The AMD devices have been tested in a 14 MeV average energy neutron beam to fluences of about 1012 neutrons/cm2 and no upsets were observed. The AMD and TI devices have been tested in a 40 MeV proton beam to fluences of about 1013 protons/cm2. No upsets were observed in the TI devices. The AMD devices experienced upsets at a cross-section of 1.83 × 10-12 to 8.85 × 10-13 upsets/proton/cm2 depending on the date code and operating frequency. Analysis of the data on devices with the same date code but operated at different frequencies shows that the upsets were not consistent with a mechanism of upsets in the input latch only. Also included for comparison are results of upset measurements for three 4K × 1 static RAMs in the proton beam.
The peptide p2Ca is immunodominant in allorecognition of Ld by beta chain variable region V beta 8+ but not V beta 8- strains

Abstract An explanation for the vigorous allograft rejection that results from the recognition by CD8+ T cells of allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules has long eluded immunologists. Recent evidence has demonstrated that alloreactivity involves recognition of both the allogeneic MHC molecule and its associated peptide ligand, suggesting the current theory that the strength of the allogeneic response results from the participation of numerous peptides. However, I report here that a single peptide, p2Ca, is immunodominant in allorecognition of the murine MHC class I molecule H-2Ld. The majority of Ld-alloreactive T-cell clones are specific for Ld-p2Ca and this immunodominance is not due to peptide cross-reactivity. Generation of Ld-alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a strain tolerant to p2Ca did not affect the peptide immunodominance, demonstrating that tolerance to p2Ca is MHC-restricted. The p2Ca-specific clones express beta chain variable region V beta 8 T-cell receptors, however, Ld-alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in V beta 8- mice are not dominated by recognition of p2Ca, suggesting that the T-cell receptor repertoire is a factor in determining peptide immunodominance.
Uptake, flow, and digestion of casein and green fluorescent protein in the digestive system of Lygus hesperus Knight

Selected compounds were used to study physiological processes associated with digestion in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight. Durations of passage and rates of absorption, digestion, and excretion were determined for a digestible protein (casein), a non-digestible protein (green fluorescent protein, GFP), and a non-digestible carbohydrate (dextran). Dextran was used as a control to monitor the non-absorptive flow rate of ingesta through the digestive system. Fluorescent tracking of FITC-conjugates of casein and dextran, as well as immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining of casein and GFP, were used to monitor the degradation (in vitro) and ingestion, digestion, and distribution (in vivo) of the respective compounds. Under our experimental conditions, L. hesperus took discrete meals, feeding and excreting at 2–3-h intervals. Rate of food passage was variable. FITC-dextran was found in the fecal material of most insects by 6–8 h after treatment initiation; by 12 h, 95% of ingested FITC-dextran was recovered from all insects. FITC-casein was digested extensively in in vitro homogenates of gut, hemolymph, and salivary gland. In vivo, FITC-casein was ingested and partially absorbed as a holoprotein into the hemolymph. Ingested FITC-casein was partially degraded in the gut and hemolymph within 2 h of ingestion, and no holoprotein was found after 12 h. In contrast, there was no detectable degradation of GFP in hemolymph, gut, and salivary gland homogenates after 24 h of incubation. Ingested GFP was not degraded in gut or hemolymph up to 8 h after treatment initiation, but did transfer to the hemolymph as a holoprotein. Analysis of immunohistological images confirmed that GFP bound to gut epithelial cell brush-border membranes. However, the mechanism by which GFP and casein pass as holoproteins into the hemolymph remains unknown. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 50:62–74, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.†
Viruses and breast cancer. Introductory remarks.

It has been shown that some breast cancers may have a long preclinic al existence. A host reaction may play a part in determining when preclinical becomes clinical cancer and on the subsequent course of the cancer. A study of breast cancer in mice has shown that it is a systemic disease produced by genetic factors hormones environmental factors and viruses. The virus B particle transmitted by mothers milk is the causative factor if other factors are also present. The virus is present in most organs of the mice including the blood mammary glands and milk long before clinical symptoms of cancer are found. The virus can be found in tumor cells grown in tissue culture but not in other cultured cells. Although the type B particle is regarded as the causative agent in mouse breast cancer its presence does not necessarily indicate future cancer development. However a correlation exists between high numbers of type B particles in milk of mice and a high incidence of breast cancer. Testicular tissues and spermatic fluid also contain virus and may infect the females. The type B particles are known as oncogenic or oncorna viruses. Breast cancers in mice have similarities as well as differences between the findings of neoplasia in women.
Ab initio linear response calculations of lattice dynamics using an LAPW basis

First-principles local density functional approximation (LDA) calculations using the linear-response method are more efficient than are traditional supercell or dielectric matrix techniques for determining phonon spectra and dielectric constants. We have implemented this approach using a linearized-augmented-plane-wave (LAPW) basis, which facilitates such calculations for systems containing transition-metal and other atoms with localized orbitals. The accuracy of the method is illustrated with applications to some semiconductors and ferroelectrics. Theoretical work on the perovskite ferroelectrics has focused on the possible roles of disorder and soft-phonon behavior. A complete mapping in the Brillouin zone (BZ) of the ferroelectric instability of KNbO3 has been carried out, revealing a pronounced two-dimensional character. In real space, this instability corresponds to chains oriented along 〈100〉 directions, of displaced Nb atoms. Such instabilities are discussed in relation to the static chain structures in the eight-site order–disorder model introduced by Comes et al. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Normalized cDNA libraries from a porcine model of orthopedic implant-associated infection.

Staphylococcal infections that result from an alteration in a patient's immune response at the surgical site are a major problem in procedures that incorporate biomaterials in trauma surgery and joint replacement. Diagnosis of infection based on pathogen detection is difficult and exacerbated by increasing numbers of partially or totally resistant strains of nosocomial pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. Expression profiling of a host's cellular immune response could facilitate the identification of the pathways involved in pathogen recognition and eradication and could lead to more rational design of drugs and therapies. To this end, we constructed and characterized ten individually tagged and directionally cloned cDNA libraries from peripheral blood cells (PBC), spleen (Sp), thymus (Th), lymph node (LN), and bone marrow (BM) from immunologically naive and challenged pigs as part of an implant-associated orthopedic model of deep infection. Three of these libraries were normalized at C0t values 5, 10, 20, and 30. The libraries comprise more than 20 million primary transformants with an average insert length >1.4 kb. Cluster analysis of 7620 ESTs revealed 1029 clusters containing an average of 3.6 sequences and 3846 singletons. Gene discovery is estimated to be ∼64%. Searches of public databases resulted in 49.3% annotated porcine sequences, of which 22.2% had significant homologies to ESTs from a variety of species, and 28.5% were without a significant match in any public database. We also identified 9.1% ESTs as involved in host cell and organism defense and 11.5% related to cell signaling and communication. These sequences, together with the 28.5% appearing as novel, are of specific interest to the infectious disease process.
Inadvertent errors and error-constrained optimization: fallible foraging by bluegill sunfish

When the expected reward rate is continuously reduced by foraging in a patch, foragers may adjust their patch persistence times to maximize the average long-term reward rate. The marginal-value model predicts the optimal persistence time for this situation. But real foragers may be unable consistently to achieve a precise persistence time. If the costs of under- and over-persistence differ, or if the resulting distribution of persistence times is skewed, a sufficiently broad persistence-time distribution can substantially shift the actual optimum. Moreover, this “error-constrained” optimum depends on the variable used by the forager to decide when to leave the patch (e.g., on persistence time per se, cumulative number of prey eaten, or instantaneous feeding rate). Here, we analyze laboratory data from bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) foraging on larval-midge prey (Chironomus riparius) in patches of artificial vegetation, and we explore some wider implications of a model that seems to fit the data. The bluegills stayed 4%–157% longer in patches than predicted by the marginal value theorem. This behavior closely matched numerical solutions based on the observed variability of persistence times and the assumption that departures were cued by instantaneous feeding rate. On the other hand, the other two mechanisms that we investigated (i.e., persistence time per se and cumulative number of prey eaten) predict weak to moderate underpersistence relative to the marginal-value predictions, patterns quite unlike those observed. Surprisingly, the instantaneous-rate mechanism yields roughly a 10% lower over-all maximal reward rate than would either of the other two departure-cuing mechanisms. The modeling analysis documents the considerable sensitivity of our results to (1) the departure-cuing mechanism, (2) the shape of the frequency distribution of the departure-cuing variable, (3) the way that the shape of this distribution shifts as its mean changes, and (4) the magnitudes of the foraging parameters.
S100 proteins in cartilage: Role in arthritis

S100 proteins are low molecular weight calcium binding proteins expressed in vertebrates. The family constitutes 21 known members that are expressed in several tissues and cell types and play a major role in various cellular functions. Uniquely, members of the S100 family have both intracellular and extracellular functions. Several members of the S100 family (S100A1, S100A2, S100A4, S1008, S100A9, S100A11, and S100B) have been identified in human articular cartilage, and their expression is upregulated in diseased tissue. These S100 proteins elicit a catabolic signaling pathway via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in cartilage and may promote progression of arthritis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of S100 proteins in cartilage biology and in the development of arthritis.
Estimation of Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters Using Destructively Obtained Experimental Data: A Simulation Study of the One-Compartment Open Model

A simulation study of the one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model has been made. The population pharmacokinetic parameters which characterize the population of drug residues over time are assumed to be stochastic. A general theoretical model framework for parameter estimation via the method of extended least squares is presented. Formulas approximating the required mean and variance time functions are developed and subsequently used in the simulation study. The effects of four different designs in four different animal populations are presented. The simulated data are those of the single observation per animal per time point type. The characterizing population pharmacokinetic parameters have been analyzed for bias and reliability in both a naive and second-order mean model. Recommendations for choosing an appropriate sampling design are included.
Symmetries and solution of a micropolar fluid flow through a cylinder

The system of equations of motion for a micropolar fluid inside a circular cylinder subjected to longitudinal and rotational motion is considered. Classical Lie symmetries of the system of equations are studied. Classes of invariant solutions corresponding to different symmetry subgroups are obtained.
Uncovering the Enzymatic pKa of the Ribosomal Peptidyl Transferase Reaction Utilizing a Fluorinated Puromycin Derivative

The ribosome-catalyzed peptidyl transferase reaction displays a complex pH profile resulting from two functional groups whose deprotonation is important for the reaction, one within the A-site subs...
Scalability of indexing structures in a production systems testbed for computational research

This paper analyzes the scalability of indexing structures in a production systems testbed for large-scale computational research on discrete build-to-order environments. The testbed consists of five integrated services that interoperate for order entry, order promising, production planning, execution, and control. The service-based architecture is Java-based, object-oriented, event-driven, memory-resident, and multi-threaded. Services in the testbed very frequently need to rapidly locate specified elements in their large data models during algorithmic computations, and in that regard a number of indexing structures have been designed by computer scientists with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of data access. We explore the tradeoff between improved application scalability and increased implementation complexity of indexing structures by comparing the B+-tree, T-tree, and R-tree indexing structures to a simple and widely used linear structure in the context of an application to real-time order promising. Scalability is evaluated by measuring space requirements and the computational time as a function of the size of the system.
Lectin affinity chromatography of cell surface proteins of Novikoff tumor cells.

Novikoff hepatocellular carcinoma cells were radioiodinated by a cell surface-specific method using lactoperoxid ase/125I. The iodinated proteins were solubilized in 0.5% Nonidet P-40 and subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-conjugated lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinins I or II, soybean agglutinin, concanavalin A, or wheat germ agglutinin) and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Almost all the iodinated proteins bound to one or more of the Sepharose-conjugated lectins, presumptive evidence that these peptides are glycosylated. Lectin affinity chromatography resolved defined subsets of iodinated glycoproteins and suggested that certain glycoproteins could be fractionated on the basis of heterogeneity of their heterosaccharide moieties. Incubation of the iodinated cells with neuraminidase resulted in increased binding of iodinated proteins to Sepharose-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinins I and II and soybean agglutinin and decreased binding to Sepharose-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin. Binding of iodinated proteins to concanavalin A was unaffected by neuraminidase treatment of the cells. These studies demonstrate the utility of lectins for the multicomponent analysis of plasma membrane proteins.
Hippocampal theta oscillations and classical conditioning.

Studies are reviewed that support a hypothesized role for hippocampal theta oscillations in the neural plasticity underlying behavioral learning. Begun in Richard F. Thompson's laboratory in the 1970s, these experiments have documented a relationship between free-running 3- to 7-Hz hippocampal slow waves (theta) and rates of acquisition in rabbit classical nictitating membrane (NM) conditioning. Lesion and drug manipulations of septohippocampal projections have affected NM and jaw movement conditioning in ways consistent with a theta-related brain state being an important modulator of behavioral acquisition. These findings provide essential empirical support for the recently developed neurobiological and computational models that posit an important role for rhythmic oscillations (such as theta) in cellular plasticity and behavioral learning.
Seeking Personhood: Anthropological Accounts and Local Concepts in Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea

Terms such as person, self, and individual have been deployed with varying success either as a set or separately to encompass cross-cultural contexts of human action and experience. The difficulties involved in using these terms as tools of cross-cultural analysis suggest that a concentration on indigenous terms and their applications is preferable. In the Mount Hagen area of Papua New Guinea the most significant organizing concept in this domain is that of noman, variously glossed as mind, consciousness, intention, will, social sentiment, and understanding. The idea of the noman is thus an ontology in and of action that engages personhood with history and biography in contemporary lives among the Hagen or Melpa people. The noman is seen as in a continuous process of differentiation and change over a lifetime, and it encompasses ideas of process, incompletion/completion, relationality, individuality, character, creativity, and identity. Two different life-history narratives are used to show how people seek their personhood over time. We interpret their narratives as stories of how they attempt to achieve 'a strong noman' . They monitor their own successes and failures in contexts of change and turbulence in their lives with reference to their overall wishes and ideals, and this corresponds to an assessment of the state of their noman.
Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by des-Leu10-angiotensin I: a potential mechanism of endogenous angiotensin-converting enzyme regulation.

Abstract Des-Leu10-angiotensin I is a nonapeptide generated from angiotensin I by the action of carboxypeptidase-like activities residing in the human platelet and mast cell. This nonapeptide was found to inhibit rabbit lung angiotensin-converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1) with a Ki of 3.1·10−7 M. The mechanism of inhibition was competitive. Inhibition of human serum angiontensin-converting enzyme by des-Leu10-angiotensin I was comparable in magnitude to inhibition by bradykinin and angiotensin III. These results suggest that limited proteolysis of angiotensin I by cells resident in vascular tissue may result in the generation of an endogenous inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Such pathways may play roles in controlling levels of vasoactive peptides at local vascular sites.
Suppression of postpellet licking by a Pavlovian S

Two experiments were performed on rats to determine the effect on postpellet licking of preceding a pellet with a 15-sec tone. Experiment 1, a group design, showed less licking during a tone consistently followed by a pellet than during a tone not consistently followed by a pellet. In Experiment 2, within-subjects comparisons were made of postpellet licking rates during the presence vs. absence of a tone followed by additional pellets, and consistent reductions of licking during the later portions of the tone were found. The results support the notion that licking is produced by a Pavlovian S−.
A dificuldade da tolerância

Este artigo mostra o quanto a tolerância e uma atitude complexa que implica encontrar a justa medida entre uma aceitacao absoluta e uma oposicao imoderada, apontando para as diferentes tensoes internas a atitude de tolerância e para os custos e os riscos envolvidos na pratica da tolerância, mesmo numa democracia constitucional em que ja estao assegurados certos direitos fundamentais.
Differentiation of Enterococcus spp. by cell membrane fatty acid methyl ester profiling, biotyping and ribotyping

Aims: Gas chromatographic analysis of cell membrane fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), biochemical profiling (biotyping) and EcoRI restriction endonuclease profiling of DNA containing ribosomal RNA sequences (ribotyping) were compared for differentiation of Enterococcus spp. Methods and Results: FAME profiling, biotype profiling and ribotyping of 41 strains from retail Swiss-type cheeses and five strains from culture collections resulted in 17, 25 and 26 groups, respectively, with only two pairs of strains having the same FAME group, biotype profile and ribogroup. Conclusions: Substantial overlap occurred in groupings assigned by the three methods. Significance and Impact of the Study: Differentiation of Enterococcus spp. strains increases if multiple methods are used.
Fast-Ramped Superconducting Dipoles for NMR Studies of Awake Animals

At present, functional NMR studies of metabolic processes, which require repeated images taken over a period of time, are only performed on sedated animals. This is because the axes defined by the main NMR solenoid field and the time varying gradient magnets used for spatial encoding are fixed and cannot follow the motion of an awake animal. Construction and test results will be presented for a pair of superconducting dipole coils built to make possible NMR studies of animals that are awake by providing a dynamically variable orientation of the NMR field. Each dipole coil was wound from a single cylindrical layer of Nb-Ti cable with a cos-theta distribution. One coil was wound over the other and oriented so that the fields are perpendicular. The coil pair can then produce fields in any direction perpendicular to that of the main solenoid. When powered together, the dipole and solenoid fields would allow the NMR axis to vary with time and, thus, track the motion of an awake animal. A 1 m-long pair of coils was successfully ramped to the design field, 0.08 T, at the high rate (~25 T/s) needed to track the motion. Measurements of the field quality were made during the ramping. The ramp rate studies and the magnetic field measurements are reported.
The Nature and Origin of Decadal to Millennial Scale Climate Variability in the Southern Tropics of South America: The Holocene Record of Lago Umayo, Peru

This paper serves two purposes: to review current ideas about the nature and forcing of decadal to millennial scale precipitation variation in the southern tropics of South America during the late Quaternary and to present a new methodology for the reconstruction of precipitation as applied to a Holocene stable isotopic record of carbonate sediments in a tropical Andean lake, Lago Umayo, Peru. The basic thesis of the first part of the paper is that, although modern instrumental records suffice for deducing climate variability at decadal and shorter time scales, these records cannot adequately characterize the nature and forcing of lower-frequency climate variation. Understanding the nature of multi-decadal to millennial-scale climate variation and the mechanisms of large abrupt climate change is best derived from paleoclimatic time series. Tropical Atlantic sea-surface temperature variation is a significant control on tropical South American paleoclimate at these longer time scales. In the second part of the paper, an original method is presented for quantitatively reconstructing precipitation. This method utilizes the well-known relationship between the stable isotopic composition of precipitation and the amount of precipitation, a relationship that is highly significant in many tropical locales. Due to many simplifying assumptions, the reconstruction should be considered to be tentative.
Should hypercholesterolemia be treated in frail elders

Should hypercholesterolemia be treated in frail elders? There are no data showing that diet alone improves the end points of cardiovascular events in older persons with hypercholesterolemia as observed with the use of statin drugs. One should also be cautious that dietary restrictions do not lead to malnutrition in frail elderly persons or cause them to enjoy life less. However, because statins have been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older persons with hypercholesterolemia with and without cardiovascular disease, I favor the drug treatment of hypercholesterolemia in frail elderly persons who do not have a lifethreatening illness. This article will discuss the evidencebased data that support my position.
Redundant arm kinematic control based on parameterization

A method for achieving redundant arm kinematic control based on parameterization is presented. The method, referred to as the parameterization method, parameterizes properly chosen redundant joints, and obtains a close form of parameterized inverse kinematic solution to accomplish position-based kinematic control. The parameterization of redundant joints is based on: (1) selecting a point in the solution manifold of redundant joints that is closest to one of the reference points, where the reference points represent desirable arm configuration in the parameter space; and (2) adjusting the selected parameter values in the parameter space for the optimization of performance specified by a potential field over the joint space. The proposed method provides the computational efficiency and numerical stability, as well as the capability of trajectory planning in the joint space for redundant arm kinematic control. The case study demonstrates that the parameterization method can be successfully applied to the position-based kinematic control of the eight-degree-of-freedom redundant arm. >
Role of preferred terminology in the classification of medical reports

We explore the role of the Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus preferred terms in multi-label classification of medical reports. We use preferred terms to represent lexically-disparate but semantically-equivalent medical concepts. We experiment with two classifiers: one based upon Lucene and the other based upon BoosTexter. We find the performance of these systems fails to show consistent improvement when their input is enriched with preferred terminology. Our analysis shows that in our data, some reports can be correctly classified not only in the absence of preferred terms, but in some cases, in the absence of direct references to the diseases themselves.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF VEGETATIVE CELL DIVISION IN OEDOGONIUM BORISIANUM12

SUMMARY Vegetative cell division in Oedogonium borisianum is initiated by the formation of a 3-layered ring adjacent to the wall in the upper portion of the cell. This structure enlarges by the coalescence of vesicles. When the ring is fully developed, the parent wall splits adjacent to the ring, and the ring expands into a cylinder, which becomes the cuticle of the upper daughter cell. The lateral wall then forms between this cuticle and the plasmalemma of the cell. Concurrent with ring development and expansion, the nucleus migrates to a position in the center of the cell and karyokinesis occurs. Commencing with late telophase, evidence of transverse wall formation becomes apparent. The zone between the daughter nuclei contains a layer of microtubules in a plane parallel to the plane in which the transverse wall will develop. Subsequently a random coalescence of vesicles occurs along this plane. During the latter stages of this process, the ring expands and the plane of the transverse wall moves upward to the base of the ring cylinder. The completed transverse wall then fuses at is periphery with the newly formed lateral wall.
Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Anger

This article reviews theoretical and empirical perspectives on anger as well as conceptualizations of anger through history. Although anger was once considered a sin or a madness to be avoided, Darwinian evolutionary theory and Freudian theory gave rise to a ventilationist approach that views expression of anger as an unequivocal good. However, global facilitation of anger can be harmful, and its benefits are not supported by research evidence. Other myths and assumptions about anger are challenged in this literature review. To the extent that psychiatric/mental-health nursing practice is based on inadequate theories or dated or flawed research, or both, our clients are not well served.
Nitrogen cycling in microcosms of yellow birch exposed to elevated CO2: simultaneous positive and negative below‐ground feedbacks

This study investigated simultaneous plant and soil feedbacks on growth enhancement with elevated [CO2] within microcosms of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) in the second year of growth. Understanding the integrated responses of model ecosystems may provide key insight into the potential net nutrient feedbacks on [CO2] growth enhancements in temperate forests. We measured the net biomass production, C:N ratios, root architecture, and mycorrhizal responses of yellow birch, in situ rates gross nitrogen mineralization and the partitioning of available NH4+ between yellow birch and soil microbes. Elevated atmospheric [CO2] resulted in significant alterations in the cycling of N within the microcosms. Plant C/N ratios were significantly increased, gross mineralization and NH4+ consumption rates were decreased, and relative microbial uptake of NH4+ was increased, representing a suite of N cycling negative feedbacks on N availability. However, increased C/N ratios may also be a mechanism which allows plants to maintain higher growth with a constant or reduced N supply. Total plant N content was increased with elevated [CO2], suggesting that yellow birch had successfully increased their ability to acquire nutrients during the first year of growth. However, plant uptake rates of NH4+ had decreased in the second year. This discrepancy implies that, in this study, nitrogen uptake showed a trend through ontogeny of decreasing enhancement under elevated [CO2]. The reduced N mineralization and relatively increased N immobilization are a potential feedback which may drive this ontogenetic trend. This study has demonstrated the importance of using an integrated approach to exploring potential nutrient-cycling feedbacks in elevated [CO2].
Joint US/Russian Solar Dynamic Flight Demonstration Project plan

The United States and Russia have agreed to jointly develop a solar dynamic (SD) system for flight demonstration on the Russian orbital station, Mir, starting in late 1997. This project is funded under the International Space Station (ISS) Phase I activities which involve joint US/Russian cooperative efforts to reduce risk and enhance working relationships in preparation for the joint integration of ISS. Of the projects falling under the Phase I program, the SD Flight Demonstration (SDFD) project is most complex in terms of the level of interfacing required. This paper provides a brief description of the solar dynamic technology, the project chronology of events, the US/Russian roles on the SDFD project, the project schedule, and project management tools used in dealing with the international team.
Synthesis and some properties of poly-(2,5-trimethylene benzimidazole) and poly-(2,5-trimethylene benzimidazole hydrochloride)

A polymer, poly(2,5-trimethylene benzimidazole), the first of a new family of nonsymmetrical polymers, was synthesized via an eight-step synthetic route. The polymer, obtained by melt polymerization, is amorphous and in its neutral form behaves as a moderate insulator. It forms 1 : 1 HCl adducts. When cast from formic acid solution, it forms 1 : 1 formic acid adducts. The acid adducts are semiconductors with resistivities in the 106–108 ohm-cm range. Space-charge effects are generated in the adducts as carrier mobility rises.
Environmental Reviews & Case Studies: More Cost per Drop: Water Rates, Structural Inequality, and Race in the United States—The Case of Michigan

While much of the environmental justice literature has focused on exposure to environmental contaminants, this article argues that access to environmental goods should be explored, as well. We do t...
Entrepreneurs in Kentucky: exploring secondary students' economic and entrepreneurial dispositions and knowledge

Entrepreneurship education has received increased attention at all levels of education. National content standards for entrepreneurship education have been developed that address content knowledge and attitudinal dispositions from kindergarten through university levels. In conjunction with this increased focus, one initiative that addressed the need for entrepreneurial and economic education at the secondary level was the Kentucky Council on Economic Education's Entrepreneurs in Kentucky curriculum program. This initiative aimed to develop economic and entrepreneurial knowledge and positive dispositions in secondary students. This article presents the dispositional and content knowledge results of students from 15 secondary schools, a total of 281 students, who participated in the initial Entrepreneurs in Kentucky curriculum initiative. Student responses to the project's pretest and posttest instrument were analyzed to examine if there was a significant difference between the mean pretest and posttest sco...
Method to measure RF transceiver bandwidth in the time domain

This paper proposes a method to measure the center frequency and bandwidth of a radio-frequency front-end circuit using the peak amplitudes and the period of the output signal in response to a realistic step-input signal. The method is suitable for implementation in external test instrumentation or on chip
Routing in LEO Satellite Networks: An Implementation

In this study, we investigated the routing problem in low earth orbit satellite communication systems with intersatellite links and using a greedy optimization, we tested the performance of a routing algorithm proposed in the literature. The routing problem is divided into two separate problems: UDL and ISL routing. For the ISL routing, the problem has been defined as a minimization problem with start and end satellites known, and minimizing the path handover to connect these end satellites. We used greedy optimization to solve the problem. In order to use the algorithm on traffic requiring guaranteed QoS, we added an end-to-end delay constraint into the optimization process.
Preservation of Potato Pollen

The development of useful procedures for pollen storage evolves from the need to utilize pollen at some later time after collection. Reasons for storage include (1) convenience in making genetic crosses between individuals one or both of which may be difficult to flower at any given time; (2) maintenance of pollen in a very uniform physiological state such that it is available for experiments over an extended time period, and (3) a means for storing and distributing germplasm of desirable species. Inherent within the latter is the use for international exchange of germplasm (Bajaj 1979). Although many potato diseases are not pollen transmitted, transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) by potato pollen (Singh 1970) may limit such exchanges unless assurances of the disease-free nature of the pollen are possible. Other minor uses for pollen storage may involve more specific goals such as preservation for allergenic activity studies, use in apiary culture and generation of desired monoploids and haploids through microspore or pollen culture. Only the latter minor use is presently of concern for potato.
Middle archaic bone pins : Evidence of mid-holocene regional-scale social groups in the southern Midwest

Carved and engraved bone pins collected from eight sites along the Middle Mississippi and Lower Ohio Rivers and their tributaries are used to investigate the development of regional-scale social interaction among increasingly more sedentary late Middle Archaic (6000-5000 B.P.) hunter-gatherer groups. The similarity in pin morphology and decoration suggests an increasing level of social integration among groups that were shifting from a residential mobility strategy to a logistically organized one. The development or amplification of intergroup social networks provided access to information and resources that were formerly obtained through more direct forms of intergroup contact. The spatial distribution of selected bone pin styles suggests that these social networks extended over a considerable portion of the southern Midwest. Collectively, these data suggest that regional social networks existed in this part of the Midwest much earlier than previously believed.
Abstract PR-08: Body mass index and breast cancer outcomes in older breast cancer survivors

Obesity may increase the risk of breast cancer and decrease survival in postmenopausal women through higher levels of circulating estrogen. The mortality risk is greater in younger women, but studies of women ≥ 65 years are limited. Consenting women ≥ 65 years at incident diagnosis of stage I (tumor ≥ 1 cm), stage II, or stage IIIA primary breast cancer from Los Angeles, Minnesota, North Carolina, or Rhode Island were interviewed by telephone 3 months (baseline) after their definitive surgery (N=658) and were followed annually for 9 years unless death, loss to follow‐up, or refusal to continue participation occurred. BMI was calculated using weight (kilograms [kg]) and height (meters [m]) reported at baseline (BMI 25–29 kg/m2 = overweight; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 = obese). Women with a healthy BMI ( Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):PR-08.