cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation effects on magnetic bubble domain devices

The effect of nuclear radiation on garnet film material parameters and bubble domain devices has been studied both during and after irradiation. The materials investigated include CVD grown Y 3 (FeGa) 5 O 12 , Er 3 (FeGa) 5 O 12 and LPE grown (YGdTm) 3 (FeGa) 5 O 12 films. The devices were different shift registers fabricated on ion implanted, non implanted and double layer YGdTmGaIG LPE films and GaErIG CVD films. Permanent damage on the material parameters caused by the irradiation were determined by measuring the 4\piM_{s}, \sigma_{w}, l, \mu_{w}, H_{c}, V_{s} and defect density before and after each irradiation, while the device performances were studied by comparing the propagation and annihilation margin and the detector signal. The irradiation sources included neutrons from a nuclear reactor and gamma rays from a Co60source. No significant Variation due to irradiation was found in any of the measurements for neutron irradiation up to 1015n/cm21 MeV equivalent and gamma irradiation up to 50 Mrads. Transient stability of information stored in a bubble memory was tested by writing information into different shift registers and then bombarding these registers with a high energy (∼1.5 McV) pulsed electron beam. The results indicate there is no loss of data for a dose rate of 104rads in a 30 ns pulse.
Nano-thermal transport array: An instrument for combinatorial measurements of heat transfer in nanoscale films

The nano-Thermal Transport Array is a silicon-based micromachined device for measuring the thermal properties of nanoscale materials in a high-throughput methodology. The device contains an array of thermal sensors, each one of which consists of a silicon nitride membrane and a tungsten heating element that also serves as a temperature gauge. The thermal behavior of the sensors is described with an analytical model. The assumptions underlying this model and its accuracy are checked using the finite element method. The analytical model is used in a data reduction scheme that relates experimental quantities to materials properties. Measured properties include thermal effusivity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity. While the array is specifically designed for combinatorial analysis, here we demonstrate the capabilities of the device with a high-throughput study of copper multi-layer films as a function of film thickness, ranging from 15 to 470 nm. Thermal conductivity results show good agreement with earlier models predicting the conductivity based on electron scattering at interfaces.
Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters.

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
Bayes and empirical Bayes estimators of abundance and density from spatial capture-recapture data

In capture-recapture and mark-resight surveys, movements of individuals both within and between sampling periods can alter the susceptibility of individuals to detection over the region of sampling. In these circumstances spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models, which incorporate the observed locations of individuals, allow population density and abundance to be estimated while accounting for differences in detectability of individuals. In this paper I propose two Bayesian SECR models, one for the analysis of recaptures observed in trapping arrays and another for the analysis of recaptures observed in area searches. In formulating these models I used distinct submodels to specify the distribution of individual home-range centers and the observable recaptures associated with these individuals. This separation of ecological and observational processes allowed me to derive a formal connection between Bayes and empirical Bayes estimators of population abundance that has not been established previously. I showed that this connection applies to every Poisson point-process model of SECR data and provides theoretical support for a previously proposed estimator of abundance based on recaptures in trapping arrays. To illustrate results of both classical and Bayesian methods of analysis, I compared Bayes and empirical Bayes esimates of abundance and density using recaptures from simulated and real populations of animals. Real populations included two iconic datasets: recaptures of tigers detected in camera-trap surveys and recaptures of lizards detected in area-search surveys. In the datasets I analyzed, classical and Bayesian methods provided similar – and often identical – inferences, which is not surprising given the sample sizes and the noninformative priors used in the analyses.
A Diagrammatic Notation for Abstract Syntax and Abstract Structured Objects

The concept of abstract syntax is commonly applied to the formal specification of programming language semantics and is also useful in the broader context of software design. This paper proposes a scheme for the representation of abstract syntax specifications in the form of easily understood charts. The structuring primitives considered are those of scalar enumeration, heterogeneous aggregation, homogeneous lists and sets, disjunction, and partial functions. Secondarily, a related system of charts for depicting particular objects with a given structure is proposed. Examples are given to illustrate the use of these diagrammatic notations in the contexts of language description and software design and documentation.
Evolutionary history, population genetics, and gene flow in the common rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus).

Abstract We analyzed sequences of two mitochondrial DNA gene regions (control region and ND2) from 186 specimens obtained from 17 Eurasian localities covering most of the distribution of the common rosefinch to assess phylogeographic structure. Populations possessed a high level of nucleotide diversity relative to many other Palearctic species, suggesting that rosefinch populations are relatively old and possess high effective sizes. Mismatch distributions suggested that many localities experienced past population expansions, which are older than those expected for post-Pleistocene climate warming and reforestation of Eurasia. Our Φ st analysis revealed that 12.4% of total genetic variation was distributed among localities owing in part to the existence of three incompletely isolated groups: southwestern (subspecies C. e. kubanensis ), northeastern (subspecies C. e. grebnitskii ), and northwestern (subspecies C. e. erythrinus and C. e. ferghanensis ). The three groups are not reciprocally monophyletic which suggests that they were formed relatively recently. Gene flow among groups is restricted. Coalescence analysis indicated dispersal asymmetry.
O(3P) atom formation in γ-ray irradiated aqueous bromate solutions(1)

Abstract O(3P) atom formation in irradiated aqueous solutions was studied in the BrO3- concentration range from 0.01 to 2.0 mol dm-3 by measuring the ethylene resulting from the O(3P) atom reaction with cyclopentene (CP). Reaction of O(3P) with BrO3− attains significant proportions above 0.01 mol dm−3 with a relative rate constant k( O( 3 P)+BrO 3 − k(O( 3 P)+CP ) of 0.0058. This value was obtained from photolysis experiments at 253.7 and 313 nm. G(C2H4) is reported for two concentrations of CP. The γ-ray induced formation of O(3P) is attributed to direct excitation of BrO3− by energy-rich secondary electrons, es− in competition with excitation of H2O. Based on this simple competition mechanism it is deduced that BrO3− is of the order of 10–100 times more likely than H2O to receive excitation energy from ex−.
Twice daily thoracic irradiation for limited small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Thoracic failure is a significant obstacle to the cure of limited stage small-cell lung cancer (LSCLC) patients treated with combined modality therapy. In 1985 we initiated a prospective trial to evaluate the impact of twice daily thoracic irradiation without concomitant chemotherapy on control of intrathoracic tumor in LSCLC. Twenty-nine patients treated in this fashion were compared with 36 patients treated from 1979–1982 with once daily thoracic irradiation and concomitant chemotherapy. Both groups received the same induction chemotherapy; cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, and vincristine (CAV) alternating with cisplatin and etoposide. For consolidation, the twice daily patients received thoracic irradiation, 45 Gy in 1.5 Gy fractions given twice daily, and the once daily patients received thoracic irradiation, 45 Gy in 2.5 Gy fractions given once daily with concomitant cyclosphamide and vincristine. After completion of radiotherapy both groups received maintenance chemotherapy. The complete response (CR) rate after thoracic irradiation was higher for twice daily patients (86% (2529)) compared to the once daily patients [61% (2236), p = 0.02]. However, this advantage was offset by the shorter duration of thoracic control among CR patients treated with twice daily thoracic irradiation compared to once daily thoracic irradiation (32% vs 67% at 2 years, p
Trends in Psychotropic Drug Use in a Child Psychiatric Hospital from 1991-1998

Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze inpatient prescribing patterns of psychotropic drugs in a child psychiatric hospital from 1991-1998. Methods: Hospital pharmacy dispensing data were ...
Functional roles of luminal sodium and potassium in water transport across desert scorpion ileum.

IN terrestrial insects the rectum is a major site of fluid absorption and is, therefore, important in the physiological control of water balance. Water absorption in the insect rectum occurs against osmotic gradients greater than 300 mosmol 1−1 and apparently in the absence of net ion movements from lumen to haemolymph1,2. Evidence suggests that net water flow from the rectal lumen to haemolymph results from increases in intercellular space osmotic pressure due to the transport across lateral cell membranes of recyclable intracellular solutes3,4. Little is known about the mechanism of water transport in the insect gut anterior to the rectum nor about gastrointestinal processes involved in water regulation in other terrestrial arthropods. Scorpions are ideal organisms for measurements of arthropod deal transport because this part of the gut extends nearly the entire length of the tail and can be isolated for in vitro perfusion. We present here preliminary information on a sodium-dependent, potassium-inhibited water transport mechanism in the ileum of the desert scorpion Hadrurus arizonensis.
Responsiveness and Electoral Accountability in the U.S. Senate

This article examines the link between elections and the representational behavior of senators by considering whether ideological congruence with state preferences impacts vote shares on Election Day. We advance the literature on electoral accountability by proposing a more refined theoretical and empirical assessment of congruence with constituent preferences. Additionally, our analysis focuses on the effect of divergence in the Senate, which has been subject to significantly less attention than the House, and examines all elections to the upper chamber involving incumbents from 1960-2004. We find that measures of ideological divergence that are conditioned on the underlying ideological preferences of state constituencies significantly improve on existing measures, and that senators who are out of step with their state do in fact suffer at the polls.
Rate of convergence of k-step Newton estimators to efficient likelihood estimators

Abstract We make use of Cramer conditions together with the well-known local quadratic convergence of Newton's method to establish the asymptotic closeness of k-step Newton estimators to efficient likelihood estimators. In Verrill and Johnson [2007. Confidence bounds and hypothesis tests for normal distribution coefficients of variation. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper FPL-RP-638], we use this result to establish that estimators based on Newton steps from n -consistent estimators may be used in place of efficient solutions of the likelihood equations in likelihood ratio, Wald, and Rao tests. Taking a quadratic mean differentiability approach rather than our Cramer condition approach, Lehmann and Romano [2005. Testing Statistical Hypotheses, third ed. Springer, New York] have outlined proofs of similar results. However, their Newton step estimator results actually rely on unstated assumptions about Cramer conditions. Here we make our Cramer condition assumptions and their use explicit.
The influence of twine thickness on the size selectivity of polyamide codends in a Mediterranean bottom trawl

Abstract We investigated the effect of twine thickness on the codend selectivity of Mediterranean bottom trawls. Two codends having meshes with the same opening (ca. 44 mm) but different twine thicknesses (Light PA: R3644tex, O 2.38 mm and Heavy PA: R5312tex, O 2.89 mm) were fished daily and alternately on the same trawl. Selectivity was measured using the covered codend technique, the cover being supported by circular hoops. The results were analysed taking into account the between-haul variation in selectivity. They demonstrated a substantial reduction in selectivity with increased twine size. For all the species considered, the lengths at 50% retention (L50) indicate that an increase in twine thickness from 2.38 mm (Rtex 3644) to 2.89 mm (Rtex 5312) reduces selectivity by 20–31%. Therefore, the twine thickness of the codend netting played an important role in selectivity. It is thus essential to include this factor in EU legislation aimed at improving codend selectivity in Mediterranean bottom trawl fisheries, where the recent trend towards using thicker twines threatens to cancel the benefit of the effect of mesh size increases or that of the square-mesh codend, allowing the present high rate of discarding small demersal fish to continue.
Onset of sediment transport is a continuous transition driven by fluid shear and granular creep.

Fluid-sheared granular transport sculpts landscapes and undermines infrastructure, yet predicting the onset of sediment transport remains notoriously unreliable. For almost a century, this onset has been treated as a discontinuous transition at which hydrodynamic forces overcome gravity-loaded grain–grain friction. Using a custom laminar-shear flume to image slow granular dynamics deep into the bed, here we find that the onset is instead a continuous transition from creeping to granular flow. This transition occurs inside the dense granular bed at a critical viscous number, similar to granular flows and colloidal suspensions and inconsistent with hydrodynamic frameworks. We propose a new phase diagram for sediment transport, where ‘bed load’ is a dense granular flow bounded by creep below and suspension above. Creep is characteristic of disordered solids and reminiscent of soil diffusion on hillslopes. Results provide new predictions for the onset and dynamics of sediment transport that challenge existing models.
Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides 2-Aminopurine increases the efficiency of translation of reovirus sl mRNA but not s4 mRNA in transfected cells

Abstract The effect of 2-aminopurine (2AP), an inhibitor of the RNA-dependent P1/eIF-2 protein kinase, on the expression of the reovirus serotype 1 Lang strain S1 and S4 genes in transfected simian COS cells was examined. In the absence of 2AP, the s4-encoded σ3 gene product was expressed about five times more efficiently than the s1-encoded σ1 gene product. When COS cells were treated with 2AP, the synthesis of the σ1 polypeptide was increased about fivefold compared to that in untreated cells even though s1 mRNA levels were not detectably altered. In contrast to the increased translational efficiency of the sl mRNA observed in 2AP-treated cells, the translational efficiency of the s4 mRNA was not affected by 2AP treatment. However, the cytoplasmic accumulation of s4 mRNA was transiently decreased by 2AP treatment. These results demonstrate that the expression of the reovirus S1 and S4 genes in transient transfection assays is differentially affected by 2AP. Furthermore, when considered together with the prior observation that the reovirus sl mRNA is a potent activator of the RNA-dependent protein kinase relative to the s4 mRNA which is a very poor activator, the results are consistent with the suggestion that the differential translational efficiency of the reovirus s1 and s4 mRNAs in vivo may be attributed in part to their differential ability to activate the Pi/eIF-2 protein kinase.
Analysis of macrodispersion through volume-averaging: Moment equations

Macrodispersion is spreading of a substance induced by spatial variations in local advective velocity at field scales. Consider the case that the steady-state seepage velocity and the local dispersion coefficients in a heterogeneous formation may be modeled as periodic in all directions in an unbounded domain. The equations satisfied by the first two spatial moments of the concentration are derived for the case of a conservative non-reacting solute. It is shown that the moments can be calculated from the solution of well-defined deterministic boundary value problems. Then, it is described how the rate of increase of the first two moments can be calculated at large times using a Taylor-Aris analysis as generalized by Brenner. It is demonstrated that the second-order tensor of macrodispersion (or effective dispersion) can be computed through the solution of steady-state boundary-value problems followed by the determination of volume averages. The analysis is based solely on volume averaging and is not limited by the assumption that the fluctuations are small. The large-time results are valid when the system is in a form of equilibrium in which a tagged particle samples all locations in an appropriately defined “phase space” with equal probability.
Workload, Stress, and Strain among Police Officers

Data relevant to stress and strain were analyzed separately for police officers with high and low workloads. Although these groups of officers were not found to differ in demographic characteristics or on overall levels of stress and strain, the sources of stress and strain were remarkably different. For the low workload officer, the sources of stress and strain appear to be difficulties in interpersonal relations with peers, community, and especially with supervisors. These difficulties appear to be mediated by effects on self-evaluation. The sources of stress and strain among high workload officers appear to be stress-producing events in their lives in general, as well as in performing the job of patrol officer and in dealing with crime and related matters. The differences between high and low workload officers can be explained by social comparison theory, by identity theory, or by Selye's stress theory.
REALIGNMENT BEGINS?: The Republican Surge in Florida

Results from statewide surveys contain signs of an emerging partisan realignment in Florida since early 1980. After a period of stability in the relative sizes of the mass party coalitions, a surge...
Expanding the system definitions and configurations (taxonomy and data structure)

This paper is part of a series of enterprise content management (ECM) best practices from ACG, an independent consulting group. The series provides practical tips and expert advice on topics covering planning, implementing, and improving enterprise content management systems and their components. This paper focuses on taxonomy and data structures. It is written from the point of view of the implementation team. It assumes you have some level of experience with the concept of metadata and taxonomies but it is not an academic study. This paper tries to be hands-on and intellectual only to the degree necessary to convey certain principles. It will provide links to resources which may also target more academic audiences. The complete ECM Best Practices Series from ACG is available at http://www.arthurconsultinggroup.com
Homeless Youth Seeking Health and Life-Meaning Through Popular Culture and the Arts

This pilot study demonstrates the roles of popular culture, media and the arts in the health and self-esteem of homeless youth. Reflecting focus group findings from a representative sample of street and sheltered youth, this article provides a qualitative assessment of what they advocated as an effective intervention that would promote the receipt of health services within their vulnerable community. Unlike alienating disease models where adverse health behaviors and outcomes determine intervention success or failure, a culturally-sensitive approach which provided skills mentoring and engaged the youth as health advocates seemed likely to produce important recovery incentives and enhanced health outcomes.
COMMENTS ON A THREE BODY MODEL OF STRIPPING.

Abstract The three body model of stripping proposed by Pearson and Coz is duscussed. It is shown that in a (d, p) reaction the assumption that the neutron-proton interaction does not affect the state of the proton and only provides an average potential for neutron capture leads to a prediction of vanishing of the transition amplitude.
Random walk analysis of parallel queueing stations

We analyze a complex stochastic system with a single server who operates in two parallel stations. The server works in station I until the input to station I slows down. Then the server switches to station II processing a queue of jobs there and then returns to station I upon finishing the total work in station II. If during his service in station II the input to station I becomes intense so that the queue of jobs there get alarmingly long, the server begins to process two queues simultaneously. Then, dependent on the situation, the server either continues with the rest of the jobs in station II or returns to station I and rests there until its buffer fills up to a certain level prompting him to resume his service. During various switchovers, the server changes his modes, each time engaging in different distributions. The switchovers are managed at first passage times of a multivariate random walk exiting relevant sets. We use and embellish methods of fluctuation analysis for multivariate random walks to investigate the queueing processes. This enables us to arrive at closed-form functionals for the processes and related random components. Applications are found in computer networking and operating systems analysis.
Nonrandom Double Strand Cleavage of DNA by a Monofunctional Metal Complex: Mechanistic Studies

It has been demonstrated in our laboratory that the transition metal complex ((2S,8R)-5-amino-2,8-dibenzyl-5-methyl-3,7-diazanonanedioato)copper(II) (1) is capable of mediating nonrandom double str...
Shock isolator for diode laser operation on a closed-cycle refrigerator

A device developed to isolate the diode laser from impact shocks delivered during the expansion phase of the Solvay cycle of a helium refrigerator is briefly described. The device uses intermediate cold stations in the stand-off, which permit the stand-off to be short and rigid while minimizing the thermal load at the diode mount.
Companion participation in cancer consultations.

Objective: Companions play an important role in cancer care. This investigation compared the communication of unaccompanied patients, accompanied patients, and companions during lung cancer consultations. Factors affecting the active participation of companions were analyzed. Methods: Participants included unaccompanied patients (N=48), accompanied patients (N=84), and companions (N=84) of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients seen at a large southern VA medical center. The consultations were audiotaped, then transcribed. Coded utterances included patients' and companions' active participation (asking questions, expressing concerns, and making assertions) and physicians' use of facilitative communication. Mixed linear regression was used for comparisons of accompanied patients' participation to that of their companions and to determine the independent predictors of companion participation and patient satisfaction. Results: The combined companion plus patient participation did not differ from the participation of unaccompanied patients. Patterns of companion participation varied greatly as almost half the interactions had a relatively passive companion (contributed to less than 40% of the patient plus companion active participation) but 33% of the consultations had an active companion and passive patient. Companions with less active participation accompanied black patients and received proportionally less facilitative communication from physicians. Patient satisfaction was lower when companion and patient had similar levels of participation. Conclusion: Companions vary greatly in their participation in lung cancer visits. Physicians facilitate companion participation through the use of partnership-building and supportive communication. The companions of black patients were less active than their white counterparts which parallels other research indicating that black patients are often less active than white patients. Such communicative discrepancies could contribute to racial disparities in cancer care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cell switching WDM broadcast LAN with bandwidth guarantee and fair access

This paper presents the design of a cell-switching wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) local area network (LAN), which constitutes a key component of a next-generation internet (NGI) consortium project recently funded by DARPA. An important goal of the NGI project is to support bandwidth-on-demand services with quality-of-service (QOS) guarantee over WDM networks. As a first step toward this goal, we have developed several fast scheduling algorithms for flexible bandwidth reservations and fair sharing of unreserved bandwidth in a WDM broadcast network with fast-tunable transceivers. Unlike circuit-based bandwidth reservation schemes that impose a fixed schedule precomputed on setup, our scheme deals with bursty traffic by allocating network resources dynamically using very efficient algorithms. Our algorithms are based on a new concept of computing maximal weighted matchings, which is a generalization of maximal matchings on unweighted graphs. We prove that our algorithms can support total reserved bandwidth of up to 50% of the network capacity, and in that case constant delay bounds are also established. Simulations show that our algorithms can in practice support much higher reserved bandwidth-up to 90% of network capacity, and with much better delay bounds, even for burst traffic. In addition to the bandwidth guarantee, the unreserved bandwidth can be shared fairly among the users using our fair access algorithms with case to 100% network utilization in simulations.
Answering relationship queries on the web

Finding relationships between entities on the Web, e.g., the connections between different places or the commonalities of people, is a novel and challenging problem. Existing Web search engines excel in keyword matching and document ranking, but they cannot well handle many relationship queries. This paper proposes a new method for answering relationship queries on two entities. Our method first respectively retrieves the top Web pages for either entity from a Web search engine. It then matches these Web pages and generates an ordered list of Web page pairs. Each Web page pair consists of one Web page for either entity. The top ranked Web page pairs are likely to contain the relationships between the two entities. One main challenge in the ranking process is to effectively filter out the large amount of noise in the Web pages without losing much useful information. To achieve this, our method assigns appropriate weights to terms in Web pages and intelligently identifies the potential connecting terms that capture the relationships between the two entities. Only those top potential connecting terms with large weights are used to rank Web page pairs. Finally, the top ranked Web page pairs are presented to the searcher. For each such pair, the query terms and the top potential connecting terms are properly highlighted so that the relationships between the two entities can be easily identified. We implemented a prototype on top of the Google search engine and evaluated it under a wide variety of query scenarios. The experimental results show that our method is effective at finding important relationships with low overhead.
Determining Prepositional Attachment, Prepositional Meaning, Verb Meaning, and Thematic Roles

An algorithm for semantic interpretation that integrates the determination of the meaning of verbs, the attachment and meaning of prepositions, and the determination of thematic roles is presented. The parser does not resolve structural ambiguity, which is solely the task of the semantic interpreter. Lexical semantic information about nouns and verbs is applied to the resolution of verb polysemy and modifier attachment. Semantic interpretation is centered on the representation of the meaning of the verb, called verbal concept. Verbal concepts are organized into a classification hierarchy. As long as the meaning of the verb remains unknown, parsing proceeds on a syntactic basis. Once the meaning of the verb is recognized, the semantic component makes sense of the syntactic relations built so far by the parser and of those still to be parsed. The algorithm has been implemented and tested on real–world texts.
Pharmacotherapy of systemic sclerosis

Importance of the field: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an uncommon autoimmune disease with variable degrees of fibroproliferation in blood vessels and certain organs of the body. There is currently no cure. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature regarding pathogenesis and treatment of complications of SSc.Areas covered in this review: All available articles regarding research related to SSc pathogenesis and treatment listed in the PubMed database were searched; relevant articles were then reviewed and used as sources of information for this review.What the reader will gain: This review attempts to highlight for the reader some current thought regarding mechanisms of SSc pathogenesis and how autoimmunity relates to vascular changes and fibrogenesis of the disease, as well as providing a review of results of completed clinical trials and current ongoing clinical trials that address organ-specific or global therapies for this disease. This can aid physicians who provide medical care fo...
An ultrastructural analysis of coelomogenesis in the hoplonemertine Prosorhochmus americanus and the polychaete Magelona sp.

Formation of lateral vessels in the esophageal region of Prosorhochmus americanus embryos and coelomogenesis in the pygidial region of larval Magelona sp. are examined and compared. Earliest vessel rudiments of P. americanus are composed of a compact band of mesodermal cells (mesodermal band), lying on a layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) and lacking intercellular junctions. Rudiments are surrounded by presumptive muscle cells. Rudiments at later stages of differentiation possess lumina of differing sizes formed by a separation of apposing cell apices (schizocoely). Aohagrens junctions are apparent between lining cels of vessels following cavitation, and overlying muscle cells exhibit many myofilaments. Mesodermal bands of the recognized coelomate, Magelona sp. consist of glycogen-rich, mesodermal cells resting on ECM and joined by adhaerens junctions. Some of the cells possess a rudimentary cilium. Coelom formation occurs as a splitting of the cell band as is the case for P. americanus. Recognition of an accepted mode of coelomogenesis in P. americanus, correlated with morphological details of adult nemertine vessels, affirms the view that nemertine vessels are coelomic homologues.
COMPARISON OF CELL-MULTIPLICATION AND COLONY-FORMATION AS CRITERIA FOR RADIATION DAMAGE IN CELLS GROWN IN VITRO.

SummaryMouse L cells growing in vitro in log phase were irradiated with either 60Co γ-rays or 220-kvp x-rays, and the inhibition of both cellular multiplication (growth) and colony-formation were studied. Growth-inhibition is greatly dependent upon the length of time after irradiation that it is measured; however, the suppression of colony-formation is relatively independent of the time of scoring. Growth-inhibition measured at 3–4 days after irradiation showed less radiation effect than did the suppression of colony-formation; whereas, growth-inhibition measured at 9–10 days after irradiation showed a greater radiation effect, even after correction for the initial mitotic lag. The greater radiation effect exhibited by growth-inhibition was present because the colonies that developed from cells surviving irradiation grew at a reduced rate. This decrease in the proliferation rate may be attributed either to an increase in the time required for the irradiated cells to complete their cell-cycle or to some of...
Postpartum Psychosis and the Courts

Although mental state defenses frequently are raised in cases of infanticide, legal criteria for these defenses vary across jurisdictions. We reviewed outcomes of such cases in states using M'Naughten or model penal code (MPC) standards for insanity, and the factors considered by the courts in reaching these decisions. LexisNexis and Westlaw searches were conducted of case law, legal precedent, and law review articles related to infanticide. Google and other Internet search engines were used to identify unpublished cases. Despite the differing legal standards for insanity among states, the outcomes of infanticide cases do not appear to be dependent solely on which standard is used. The presence of psychosis was important in the successful mental state defenses. This case series suggests that states that use the stricter M'Naughten standard have not been less likely than states with an MPC standard to adjudicate women who have committed infanticide as not guilty by reason of insanity.
Reproductive success and effective population size in woodrats (Neotoma macrotis)

Discrepancies between the census size and the genetically effective size of populations (N(e)) can be caused by a number of behavioural and demographic factors operating within populations. Specifically, strong skew in male reproductive success, as would be expected in a polygynous mating system, could cause a substantial decrease in N(e) relative to census size. Because the mating system of Neotoma macrotis had previously been described as one nearing harem polygyny, I examined the distribution of reproductive success and genetic variation within a population of this species. Combining genetic data and three years of field observations, I show that variance in reproductive success does not deviate from poisson expectations within either sex and variance in success is similar between the sexes. Furthermore, both males and females had multiple partners across litters in addition to some evidence of multiple paternity within litters. Despite a lack of strong skew in reproductive success, an estimate of N(e) based on a number of demographic parameters suggests that the ratio of N(e)/N in this population is 0.48. Although the ratio of N(e)/N suggests that the population is experiencing higher rates of genetic drift than would be expected based on census size alone, the population maintains high levels of genetic diversity. Estimates of neighbourhood size and patterns of recruitment to the study site suggest that immigration plays an important role in this population and may contribute to the maintenance of high levels of genetic diversity.
Life history analysis for black bears (Ursus americanus) in a changing demographic landscape

We used matrix population models to evaluate the relative importance of different vital rates to population growth (λ) for female black bears on the Southeastern Coastal Plain (SCP) of the United States, and to determine whether reductions in subadult and adult survival due to ongoing habitat fragmentation and human disturbance will cause shifts in the relative importance of vital rates. Additionally, we evaluated how well predictions made by Heppell et al. [Ecology 81 (2000) 654] concerning elasticity patterns for mammals apply to black bears over realistic variation in vital rates, and how much correlations between vital rates will influence their relative effects on λ. We generated 500 model replicates based upon different combinations of vital rate values for each of nine scenarios, where scenarios represented different combinations of reduction in survival and level of correlation among vital rates. Elasticity analysis indicated that adult survival, and litter size of three- and four-year-old females are most important to λ in 99.3 and 0.7% of all replicates, respectively; the few replicates with higher elasticity for litter size occurred in scenarios with some type of correlation among vital rates; of these, 21 (70.0%) occurred in scenarios with 20% reductions in subadult and adult survival. Results from elasticity analysis, indicating the strong and consistent effect of adult survival, are also supported by results from regression analysis. In all scenarios, the regressions of λ on the vital rates showed that adult survival accounted for the majority of variation in λ. Our results suggest that adult survival should be the primary target of conservation and management strategies. Ongoing human impacts on subadult and adult survival reduce the frequency of conditions in which populations on the SCP are stable or increasing. Without conservation strategies that reverse this trend, local extinctions will become more likely, and recovery of at-risk populations will be more difficult to achieve.
Pharmacists' Attitudes toward Diabetes and Their Involvement in Diabetes Education

OBJECTIVE:To determine the relationship between pharmacists' attitudes toward diabetes and their involvement in diabetes patient education in the community setting.METHODS:Registered pharmacists in Arizona were mailed surveys regarding their attitudes toward diabetes and their involvement in diabetes patient education. Attitudes were measured using the Diabetes Attitude Scale (DAS); the types of educational skills evaluated were based on those recommended by the American Diabetes Association's Standards of Medical Care.RESULTS:Pharmacists' attitudes were significantly positive toward the need for special training for diabetes care, the importance of tight glycemic control, the team approach to care, and the preference for diabetes education in an outpatient setting (p < 0.001). The majority of the time, pharmacists provided basic patient education (52%) rather than intermediate or advanced patient education (26% and 27%, respectively). There was a negative correlation between the attitude that diabetes is...
Lithologic mapping in arid regions with Landsat thematic mapper data: Meatiq dome, Egypt

Digital Landsat thematic mapper (TM) data were evaluated for lithologic mapping capabilities over the Meatiq dome area in the hyper-arid Eastern Desert of Egypt. Bi-directional spectral reflectance data (0.4–2.5 µm) for powders of the major rock types exposed in the dome and published spectral reflectance data were used as guides in selecting TM band reflectance ratios that maximize discrimination of individual rock types on the basis of their respective mineralogies. Comparison of TM data with field and petrographic observations shows (1) increasing amounts of magnetite and other opaque minerals, with low, flat spectral reflectances, decrease the ratio of TM band 5 (1.55 to 1.75) to band 1 (0.45 to 0.52 µm); (2) increasing amounts of hydroxyl-bearing minerals, with hydroxyl ion vibrational absorptions in TM band-7 wavelength region (2.08 to 2.35 µm), increase the ratio of TM band 5 to band 7; (3) increasing amounts of Fe-bearing aluminosilicates that absorb in the band-4 wavelength region (0.76 to 0.9 µm) increase the product of the following two TM ratios: band 5 to band 4 and band 3 (0.63 to 0.69 µm) to band 4; and (4) thin (≤5 µm), desert varnish that covers many outcrops modulates, but does not obscure, the spectral reflectance signatures of the Meatiq rocks. The varnish consists of amorphous to poorly crystalline dioctahedral smectite, iron oxides, and/or oxyhydroxides. Serpentinite, mafic mylonite, massive amphibolite, quartzofeldspathic mylonite, biotite schist, and quartz phyllonite were mapped on the basis of their unique values in one or more of the three ratio images, whereas coarse- and fine-grained granites, granite gneiss, and tonalite, with similar mineralogies and TM band ratios, were mapped as a group. Finer subdivisions were made where field traverses provided local verification. Results demonstrate that appropriate processing and presentation of Landsat TM data can significantly augment field observations for lithologic mapping of large areas in arid regions.
Optimum design of Yagi array of loops

The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum structure of a Yagi array of circular loops subject to constraints on directivity, bandwidth, or the size of the array. It is shown that an array configuration is completely determined when any two of these constraints are specified. It is also shown that the optimized Yagi array of loops may have either a directional beam in the endfire direction or a conical-shell beam.
Sequence, Structure, and Evolution of Cellulases in Glycoside Hydrolase Family 48

Currently, the cost of cellulase enzymes remains a key economic impediment to commercialization of biofuels. Enzymes from glycoside hydrolase family 48 (GH48) are a critical component of numerous natural lignocellulose-degrading systems. Although computational mining of large genomic data sets is a promising new approach for identifying novel cellulolytic activities, current computational methods are unable to distinguish between cellulases and enzymes with different substrate specificities that belong to the same protein family. We show that by using a robust computational approach supported by experimental studies, cellulases and non-cellulases can be effectively identified within a given protein family. Phylogenetic analysis of GH48 showed non-monophyletic distribution, an indication of horizontal gene transfer. Enzymatic function of GH48 proteins coded by horizontally transferred genes was verified experimentally, which confirmed that these proteins are cellulases. Computational and structural studies of GH48 enzymes identified structural elements that define cellulases and can be used to computationally distinguish them from non-cellulases. We propose that the structural element that can be used for in silico discrimination between cellulases and non-cellulases belonging to GH48 is an ω-loop located on the surface of the molecule and characterized by highly conserved rare amino acids. These markers were used to screen metagenomics data for "true" cellulases.
Role of shear forces and adhesion molecule distribution on P-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules

Rolling on the venular endothelium is a critical step in the recruitment of leukocytes during the inflammatory response. P-selectin is a key mediator of leukocyte rolling, which is an early event in the inflammatory cascade; this rolling is likely to be directly regulated by both local fluid shear forces and P-selectin site densities in the microvasculature. However, neither the spatial pattern of P-selectin expression in postcapillary venules nor the effect of local expression patterns on rolling behavior in intact functional venules is known. We investigated the influence of local shear forces and the spatial distribution of endothelial P-selectin in intact blood perfused post capillary venules in anesthetized mice using intravital confocal microscopy, high temporal resolution particle tracking, and immunofluorescent labeling. We demonstrated a shear-dependent increase in average leukocyte rolling velocity that was attributable to a shear-dependent increase in the occurrence of transient leukocyte detachments from the endothelial surface: translational velocity during leukocyte contact with the vessel wall remained constant. P-selectin expression was not different in venules with characteristically different shear rates or diameters but varied significantly within individual venules. In postcapillary venules, regions of high P-selectin expression correlated with regions of slow leukocyte rolling. Thus the characteristically variable leukocyte rolling in vivo is a function of the spatial heterogeneity in P-selectin expression. The study shows how the local hydrodynamic forces and the nonuniform pattern of P-selectin expression affect the behavior of interacting leukocytes, providing direct evidence for the local variation of adhesion molecule expression as a mechanism for the regulation of leukocyte recruitment.
Dynamic extracellular matrix remodeling in the heart failure: cardiac hypertrophy, dilatation and fibrosis

Abstract Over 40% of patients awaiting heart transplant surgery suffer from dilated cardiomyopathy, a life-threatening condition of impaired muscle cell metabolism, which forces the walls of the heart to balloon out under pressure. Myocardial infarction, which leads to remodeling, thinning of the ventricle wall, dilatation and heart failure, is one of the leading causes of death. Remodeling of the myocardium following infarction is a poorly understood biological process. Remodeling, by its very nature, implies an alteration in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the spatial orientation of cells and intracellular components. Understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of remodeling are an extremely worthwhile topic for exploration. Extracellular matrix, in connection with its receptor integrins and cytoskeletal cellular matrix in a 3-D orientation, is responsible for cardiac cell alignment and myocardial structural integrity. Substances that break down the extracellular matrix, specialized proteinases as well as inhibitors of proteinases, appear to be normally balanced in maintaining the integrity of the myocardium. Myocardial infarction leads to an imbalance in proteinase antiproteinase activities allowing alterations in the stability and integrity of the extracellular matrix, leading to tissue remodeling. The latent matrix proteinases are activated following infarct-injury. The degradation of ECM induces contractile and proliferative phenotypes in cardiac fibroblast cells and transforms to myofibroblast cells. The extracellular matrix-derived peptides induce maladaptive response in myofibroblasts and activate MMPs, causing ventricular dilatation and myocardial dysfunction. This review presents new and significant information regarding the role of activated matrix proteinases and their endogenous inhibitors in ischemic heart disease. This will have a significant impact on both our understanding of the tissue remodeling and on basic cell physiology of extracellular matrix turnover, as well as potential avenues for pharmacological approaches for the treatment of ischemic heart disease and heart failure.