cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REFINEMENT OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF NACRITE

The crystal structure of nacrite from Pike's Peak district, Colorado, has been refined by least squares and electron density difference maps utilizing ten levels of data. Complete refinement was inhibited by thick domains involving a/3 interlayer shifts in the "wrong direction". The ideal structure is based on a 6R stacking sequence of kaolin layers, in which each successive layer is shifted relative to the layer below by --~ of the 8.9 A. lateral repeat. This direction is X in nacrite, contrary to the usual convention for layer silicates, because of the positioning of the (010) symmetry planes normal to the 5.1 ,~ repeat direction. Alternate layers are also rotated by 180 ~ The pattern of vacant octahedral sites reduces the symmetry to Cc and permits description of the structure as a 2-layer form with an inclined Z axis. Adjacent tetrahedra are twisted by 7-3 ~ in opposite directions so that the basal oxygens approach more closely both the AI cations in the same layer and the surface hydroxyls of the layer below. Interlocking corrugations in the oxygen and hydroxyl surfaces of adjacent layers run alternately parallel to the (I 10) and (170) zones in successive layers. The upper and lower anion triads in each Al-octahedron are rotated by 5.4 ~ and 7-0 ~ in opposite directions as a result of shared edge shortening. Nacrite has a greater interlayer separation and smaller lateral dimensions than dickite and kaolinite, and the observed/3 angle deviates by 1�89 ~ from the ideal value. These features, as well as its overall lesser stability, are believed due to the less favorable positioning in nacrite of the basal oxygens relative to the directed interlayer hydrogen bonds.
Risks and complications of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in a pediatric intensive care unit.

Summary. This paper aims to document the risks and complications of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NB-BAL) in 35 mechanically ventilated patients with diffuse severe pneumonia in a single pediatric intensive care unit. A prospective collection of data on patients’ ventilatory settings and oxygen requirements before NB-BAL, and oxyhemoglobin saturations and heart rate readings before, during, and after the procedure were taken on each patient. The major complication of NB-BAL was arterial desaturation, which was more severe and prolonged in patients with poor oxygenation indices and PaO2/FiO2 ratios. The diagnostic yield of the procedure was high at 69%. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:378‐384. fl 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of multiple-edge blinders for large horn reflector antennas

Attaching blinders to the sides of pyramidal horn reflector antennas and other large aperture antennas is one method of controlling high sidelobes for horizontal polarization. This paper describes analysis and design procedures for arriving at a useful multiple-edge blinder for reducing undesirable sidelobes of a pyramidal horn reflector antenna. Several blinders have been designed and tested for use with a pyramidal horn reflector antenna. They are directed at reducing a high sidelobe near 90\deg in the azimuth plane where levels (referred to the main lobe) of -52 dB at 3.74 GHz and -58 dB at 6.325 GHz are presently typical. A 14-edge blinder designed using these techniques reduced these levels by 20 dB at 3.74 GHz and 12 dB at 6.325 GHz and did not significantly degrade antenna performance for other angles and other polarizations.
NESTING DENSITY AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN A COLONIAL SEABIRD, THE MAGELLANIC PENGUIN

A central tenet of density-dependent habitat selection theory, that individual fitness generally declines with increasing population density, has led to the hypothesis that, for colonial species, living at high density produces advantages that outweigh the costs. Seabirds have provided evidence for this hypothesis, and positive effects of high density have been offered as explanations for coloniality in this overwhelmingly colonial group. We investigated effects of nesting density on reproductive success of a colonial seabird that nests at variable densities, the Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus). Using breeding success data collected from 1984 to 1991 as part of a long-term study of this species at a large colony at Punta Tombo, Argentina, and experiments that included manipulation of nesting density, we addressed effects of nesting density at two spatial scales: the within-colony area scale (hundreds to thousands of square meters) and the very small scale of a penguin's immediate surroundings...
Multilingual Web Retrieval: An Experiment on a Multilingual Business Intelligence Portal

The amount of non-English information on the Web has proliferated so rapidly in recent years that it often is difficult for a user to retrieve documents in an unfamiliar language. In this study, we report the design and evaluation of a multilingual Web portal in the business domain in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and German. Web pages relevant to the domain were collected. Search queries were translated using bilingual dictionaries, while phrasal translation and co-occurrence analysis were used for query translation disambiguation. Pivot translations were also used for language-pairs where bilingual dictionaries were not available. A user evaluation study showed that on average, multilingual performance achieved 72.99% of monolingual performance. In evaluating pivot translation, we found that it achieved 40% performance of monolingual retrieval, which was not as good as direct translation. Overall, our results are encouraging and show promise of successful application of MLIR techniques to Web retrieval.
Equifinality: Functional Equivalence in Organization Design

Theorists have often acknowledged the importance of equifinality in organization design and, in recent years, several studies have demonstrated the concept empirically. This article exposes the assumptions regarding function and structure that underlie contingency theory and develops a functional equivalence view of design. By examining the degree of conflict in functional demands together with the latitude of structural options available, we reveal and describe three different types of equifinality: suboptimal. tradeoff, and configurational. The functional equivalence approach implies a different agenda and emphasis for research on structure and design and has normative implications for how managers should design to achieve performance.
Impact of drilling fluid rheology and wellbore pressure on rock cuttings removal performance: numerical investigation

Drilling fluids exhibits non-Newtonian behavior that is generally described in the literature by two rheological models: Power Law and Herschel–Bulkley models. We have used Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase flow model to evaluate the drilling fluid flow patterns and filter cake formation patterns for both models for ultra-deep drilling conditions. Simulated drilling fluid flow patterns clearly show that the Herschel–Bulkley model exhibits fewer vortices around the drilling pipe, indicating better rock cuttings removal performance. In addition to mud rheology, we have analyzed the pressure drop variation with the filter cake formation on the wellbore during ultra-deep drilling process. We have shown that filter cake thickness at the wall linearly increases with differential pressure between the well and formation. This implies that the differential pressure needs to be optimized. Very thin filter cake may lead to excessive fluid seepage into the permeable subterranean vertical zone resulting in a loss of fluid circulation and hence in a loss of rock cuttings removal. Yet, very thick filter cake reduces the effective diameter of the hole, which may lead to a poor rock cuttings removal performance and stuck pipe. The mathematical model presented here needs to be experimentally validated when filter cake thickness data in deep drilling conditions become available. The model could be useful to provide drilling engineers insight on the filter cake formation and drilling fluid flow pattern and give guidelines to optimize the filter cake as field experimental data are scarce. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Veritas per structuram.

When I entered graduate school in 1963, the golden age of molecular biology had just begun, and myoglobin was the only protein with a known high-resolution structure. The romance of working out the structure of a virus by X-ray crystallography nonetheless captured both my imagination and the ensuing 15 years of my scientific life, during which “protein crystallography” began to morph into “structural biology.” The course of the research recounted here follows the broader, 50-year trajectory of structural biology, as I could rarely resist opportunities to capitalize on new technologies when they opened some interesting part of biology to three-dimensional rigor. That fascination shows no sign of subsiding.
Roost tree use by maternity colonies of Indiana bats and northern long-eared bats in southern Illinois

Roost trees used by female Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis), a federally endangered species, and sympatric northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) at two locations in southern Illinois greatly impacted by past flooding were located using radiotelemetry. For 30 Indiana bats, we located 49 roosts in 7 species of trees. Green ash snags (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and pin oak snags (Quercus palustris) were used more than expected and sweetgum snags (Liquidambar styraciflua) less than expected based on availability. Ten adult female northern long-eared bats were tracked to 19 different trees of 5 species. We used logistic regression to predict use of roost versus random trees for both species, and to compare roosts of Indiana bats versus northern long-eared bats. Indiana bats typically roosted in areas of low vegetative obstruction (clutter) on the forest edge (x 2 = 10.28, d.f. = 2,P = 0.006).Comparedtorandomtrees,roostsofnorthernlong-earedbatswerewithinintactforests(x 2 = 10.56,d.f. = 1, P = 0.001). Amount of obstruction and decay differed; roosts of M. sodalis typically were less cluttered and more decayed than those of M. septentrionalis (x 2 = 38.63, d.f. = 2, P < 0.001). Indiana bats roosted almost exclusively under exfoliating bark of bottomland snags, whereas northern long-eared bats also made extensive use of cavities and crevices. Indiana bats cannot be expected to remain in an area indefinitely if snag creation is not sustained, and natural forest succession should be considered in long-term management of this endangered species. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Femtosecond broadband Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a new time-resolved vibrational technique that enables the recording of high resolution (10-20 cm-1) vibrational spectra of dynamic and reactive chemical and biological systems with < 50 fs time resolution.
Alternatively spliced exon 5 of the FERM domain of protein 4.1R encodes a novel binding site for erythrocyte p55 and is critical for membrane targeting in epithelial cells

Abstract Direct physical linkage of MAGUKs to the actin cytoskeleton was first established by the interaction of erythrocyte p55 with the FERM domain of protein 4.1R. Subsequently, it was reported that p55 binds to a 51-amino acid peptide, encoded by exon 10, located within the FERM domain of protein 4.1R. In this study, we investigated the nature of the p55–FERM domain binding interface and show that p55 binds to a second 35-amino acid peptide, encoded by an alternatively spliced exon 5, located within the FERM domain of protein 4.1R. Competition and Surface Plasmon Resonance-binding measurements suggest that the peptides encoded by exons 5 and 10 bind to independent sites within the D5 domain of p55. Interestingly, the full length 135 kDa isoform of protein 4.1R containing both exons 5 and 10 was targeted exclusively to the plasma membrane of epithelial cells whereas the same isoform without exon 5 completely lost its membrane localization capacity. Together, these results indicate that p55 binds to two distinct sites within the FERM domain, and the alternatively spliced exon 5 is necessary for the membrane targeting of protein 4.1R in epithelial cells. Since sequences similar to the exon 5-peptide of protein 4.1R and D5 domain of p55 are conserved in many proteins, our findings suggest that a similar mechanism may govern the membrane targeting of other FERM domain containing proteins.
Simultaneous Inhibition of EGFR, VEGFR, and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Combined with Gemcitabine Produces Therapy of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma and Prolongs Survival in an Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model

Although gemcitabine has been approved as the first-line chemotherapeutic reagent for pancreatic cancer, its response rate is low and average survival duration is still only marginal. Because epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) modulate tumor progression, we hypothesized that inhibition of phosphorylation of all three on tumor cells, tumor-associated endothelial cells, and stroma cells would improve the treatment efficacy of gemcitabine in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model in nude mice and prolong survival. We implanted L3.6pl, a human pancreatic cancer cell, in the pancreas of nude mice. We found that tumor-associated endothelial cells in this model highly expressed phosphorylated EGFR, VEGFR, and PDGFR. Oral administration of AEE788, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor against EGFR and VEGFR, decreased phosphorylation of EGFR and VEGFR. PDGFR phosphorylation was inhibited by STI571. Although i.p. injection of gemcitabine did not inhibit tumor growth, its combination with AEE788 and STI571 produced >80% inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival in parallel with increases in number of tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cell apoptosis, decreased microvascular density, decreased proliferation rate, and prolonged survival. STI571 treatment also decreased pericyte coverage on tumor-associated endothelial cells. Thus, inhibiting phosphorylation of EGFR, VEGFR, and PDGFR in combination with gemcitabine enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine, resulting in inhibition of experimental human pancreatic cancer growth and significant prolongation of survival.
Ensemble Method for Robust Motion Estimation

The core of the traditional RANSAC algorithm and its more recent efficient counterparts is the hypothesis evaluation stage, with the focus on finding the best, outlier free hypothesis. Motivated by a non-parametric ensemble techniques, we demonstrate that it proves advantageous to use the entire set of hypotheses generated in the sampling stage. We show that by studying the residual distribution of each data point with respect to the entire set of hypotheses, the problem of inlier/ outlier identification can be formulated as a classification problem. We present extensive simulations of the approach, which in the presence of a large percentage (> 50%) of outliers, provides a repeatable and, an order of magnitude more efficient method compared to the currently existing techniques. Results on widebaseline matching and fundamental matrix estimation are presented.
Wheat leaf lipids during heat stress: II. Lipids experiencing coordinated metabolism are detected by analysis of lipid co-occurrence.

Identifying lipids that experience coordinated metabolism during heat stress would provide information regarding lipid dynamics under stress conditions and assist in developing heat-tolerant wheat varieties. We hypothesized that co-occurring lipids, which are up-regulated or down-regulated together through time during heat stress, represent groups that can be explained by coordinated metabolism. Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were subjected to 12 days of high day and/or night temperature stress, followed by a 4-day recovery period. Leaves were sampled at four time points, and 165 lipids were measured by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Correlation analysis of lipid levels in 160 leaf samples from each of two wheat genotypes revealed 13 groups of lipids. Lipids within each group co-occurred through the high day and night temperature stress treatments. The lipid groups can be broadly classified as groups containing extraplastidic phospholipids, plastidic glycerolipids, oxidized glycerolipids, triacylglycerols, acylated sterol glycosides and sterol glycosides. Current knowledge of lipid metabolism suggests that the lipids in each group co-occur because they are regulated by the same enzyme(s). The results suggest that increases in activities of desaturating, oxidizing, glycosylating and acylating enzymes lead to simultaneous changes in levels of multiple lipid species during high day and night temperature stress in wheat.
Hot carrier induced bipolar transistor degradation due to base dopant compensation by hydrogen: theory and experiment

New experimental and analytical results are presented which show that extrinsic and intrinsic base dopant compensation by hydrogen is responsible for large changes in the bipolar transistor parameters of emitter-base breakdown voltage (V/sub ebo/), forward collector current (I/sub c/) and series base resistance (R/sub bx/) when such transistors are operated under avalanche and inverted mode stress conditions. A new physical model has been developed to explain the observed changes in V/sub ebo/ and I/sub c/ as a function of stress time, and the analytical results are shown to be well correlated with the experimental data. Lastly, the effects of degradation on transistor voltage gain bandwidth (f/sub max/) and emitter coupled bipolar comparator delay (/spl tau//sub delay/) are assessed and discussed in terms of circuit performance degradation. >
Liposomal bupivacaine: A review of a new bupivacaine formulation

Many attempts have been made to increase the duration of local anesthetic action. One avenue of investigation has focused on encapsulating local anesthetics within carrier molecules to increase their residence time at the site of action. This article aims to review the literature surrounding the recently approved formulation of bupivacaine, which consists of bupivacaine loaded in multivesicular liposomes. This preparation increases the duration of local anesthetic action by slow release from the liposome and delays the peak plasma concentration when compared to plain bupivacaine administration. Liposomal bupivacaine has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for local infiltration for pain relief after bunionectomy and hemorrhoidectomy. Studies have shown it to be an effective tool for postoperative pain relief with opioid sparing effects and it has also been found to have an acceptable adverse effect profile. Its kinetics are favorable even in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, and it has been found not to delay wound healing after orthopedic surgery. More studies are needed to establish its safety and efficacy for use via intrathecal, epidural, or perineural routes. In conclusion, liposomal bupivacaine is effective for treating postoperative pain when used via local infiltration when compared to placebo with a prolonged duration of action, predictable kinetics, and an acceptable side effect profile. However, more adequately powered trials are needed to establish its superiority over plain bupivacaine.
Examining Survivability of Systems of Systems

Previous research has identified design principles that enable survivability for systems, but it is unclear if these principles are appropriate and sufficient for systems of systems as well. This paper presents a preliminary examination of how some of the characteristic properties of systems of systems may enable or hinder survivability, based on existing design principles and a newly proposed taxonomy of disturbances. Two new design principles, defensive posture and adaptation, are introduced. The next phase of research will be to conduct empirical studies to validate the design principles against some of the characteristic properties of systems of systems, and test hypotheses about how survivability will be affected. In troduction As systems complexity grows, traditional systems are being interconnected to form larger, more capable systems of systems (SoS). In many circumstances, systems of systems are operated in contexts that are subject to disturbances which may impact the ability of the SoS to deliver value. Increasing the survivability of systems can be expensive, and typically involves trade offs. Decision makers are forced to select options that balance value, cost and risk according to their needs, but in systems of systems, the problem is often compounded due to diverse stakeholders and conflicting risk mitigation strategies (Ellison and Woody 2007). Systems engineering design principles to aid designing systems for enhanced survivability were developed in a previous research effort (Richards 2009), but the case studies upon which they were developed and validated, involved traditional systems, such as satellite radar. There has been some debate as to whether traditional systems engineering methods and practices are still valid at the SoS level (Dicke rson 2009) . The literature is unclear as to the definition of a SoS, and how it is distinct from a traditional system (Chattopadhyay 2008). This is not surprising, since the definitions of a "system" itself is also ambiguous (Backlund 2000). However, systems of systems can be thought of as a special case of systems, and thus it is important to highlight the characteristic properties of a SoS, and determine how they might affect its survivability. Unfortunately, the concept of survivability upon which the original design principles were generated, was based upon a definition of disturbances that was insufficient for many of the types of problems a SoS may face. Since systems of systems tend to be larger, more complex and operate under more varied contexts than traditional systems, a broader definition of disturbances is needed. This paper has two goals; (1) To point out deficiencies in the existing classification of disturbances and propose a new taxonomy, and (2) generate hypotheses as to whether or not some of the characteristic properties of systems of systems affect its survivability. The paper begins with the existing definition of survivability and original design principles that enable it for systems.
Impact on Transient Angle Stability with DFIG-Based Wind Generation Connected to Power System

This paper investigates the impact of wind generation consisting of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) on the system angle stability. 3 different factors are considered: the penetration level of wind generation, the connection location of wind generation and the reactive power control strategy that the DFIG utilizes. A modified IEEE-3 machine and 10 bus system has been used as the test network and a number of simulations have been conducted. It shows that the higher the penetration level of the DFIG-based wind generation, the better the system angle stability. Compared with unity power factor control strategy, the system stability is better when the DFIG utilizes constant voltage control strategy. Beside, different connection locations of wind generation also have effects on system stability.
Lower frequency metamaterial-inspired magnetic-based EZ antennas

Several 2D and 3D magnetic-based EZ efficient electrically-small antennas will be discussed. Measurement results for both the 2D and 3D cases will be presented. Very good agreement between the simulation and measured results will be reported.
Effects of pH and Trace Minerals on Long-Term Starvation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Laboratory experiments have definitively shown that exopolymer-producing bacteria have the potential to modify the flow of fluids in oil reservoirs to enhance oil production. Once injected into the reservoir, they will be subjected to a wide range of pH values and to starvation resulting from nutrient depletion. For successful field implementation it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of these effects on the viability of bacteria. This paper addresses the effects of pH and trace minerals on cell viability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides during carbon source depletion. Two different carbon sources were used to grow cells before transferring the cells to starvation conditions: sucrose and a combination of glucose and fructose. These substrates were chosen because L. mesenteroides produces a significant amount of water-insoluble exopolymers (dextran) under sucrose-fed conditions, which may enhance cell survival under harsh conditions. The effects of dextran on the cell viability were tested at different pH values with and without trace minerals. The rate of cell death followed an exponential-decay law for different values of the solution pH. The optimal solution pH for survival was pH 5, whereas cells died rapidly at pH 3 and below and at pH 13 and above. The sucrose-fed cells showed a greater viability than cells fed glucose and fructose for all pH ranges tested. The results indicated that water-insoluble exopolymers help cells survive for longer periods of time under starvation conditions. The effects of trace minerals on cell culturability were tested at two pH values, 4.5 and 7. For both cases, cells showed a greater culturability (smaller decay rate constant) in the presence of trace minerals than without trace minerals. It was also found that the effects of trace minerals on cell culturability were greater for glucose-fructose-fed cells than for sucrose-fed cells. The Michaelis pH function theory was used for comparing the relationships between the cell decay rate and pH.
Dietary Supplementation of Terramycin and Romet‐30 Does Not Enhance Growth of Channel Catfish But Does Influence Tissue Residues

Two controlled feeding trials were conducted in which Terramycin and/or Romet-30 were incorporated into either semipurified or practical diets to provide 25, 50 and 100% of the recommended dosages when fed to juvenile channel catfish at 3% of body weight per day. Data for 4-wk and 8-wk weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of channel catfish fed the various diets were analyzed to determine if these responses could be enhanced by dietary inclusion of either or both antibiotics. In addition, 4-wk and 8-wk muscle samples from fish of each dietary treatment were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for oxytetracycline (OTC), ormetoprim (OMP) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) residues. The performance of juvenile channel catfish was not enhanced by the inclusion of Romet-30 or Terramycin in semipurified or practical diets. Moreover, fish performance tended to decrease relative to that of fish fed the control diet when antibiotics were supplemented in the diet. Residues of OTC, OMP and SDM in the fillets of catfish fed medicated diets generally increased in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Residue concentrations above the legal tolerance limit of 0.1 mg/kg were noted in most samples from fish fed diets medicated at 100% of recommended levels and in many of the samples from fish subjected to lesser dosages, particularly in those that had been fed diets with Romet-30. Allowing catfish that were previously fed medicated diets a 3-wk or 4-wk withdrawal period effectively decreased the OTC, OMP and SDM contents of fillets to undetectable levels.
FIRST DESCRIPTION OF NEST, EGGS, INCUBATION BEHAVIOR, AND NESTLINGS OF TRILLING TAPACULO (SCYTALOPUS PARVIROSTRIS)

Abstract Scytalopus, the largest genus of tapaculos (Family: Rhinocryptidae) typically build mossy globular nests within bank or tree cavities. Only 23 of the 40 recognized species' nests have been described, and of these only one has incubation patterns described. We provide the first description of the nest architecture, eggs, incubation behavior, and nestlings of the Trilling Tapaculo (Scytalopus parvirostris). The globular nest was mostly built of dark rootlets, and was lined with fern scales, hyphae, and feathers placed within the cavity of a rotting tree 1.5 m off the ground. The nest contained two white eggs. Nest attentiveness averaged 91 ± 0.5% per day, with an average of 12.6 ± 0.3 trips per day. Incubation bouts on the nest averaged 54.6 ± 2.9 mins and foraging trips averaged 8.8 ± 0.7 mins. Combined daily nestling growth rates averaged 18 ± 2% weight, 9 ± 2% tarsus, and 16 ± 3% wing (n = 4 days).
The Influence of Parental Warmth and Control on Latino Adolescent Alcohol Use

Latino adolescent alcohol use is related to substance use, later life addiction, and other negative outcomes. The lack of knowledge on parenting and the parent-youth relationship in Latino families in the context of acculturation and its affects on alcohol use prompted this study. Secondary data analysis using the Add Health data set indicates that high amounts of parental control function positively for Latino families, contrary to some findings for non-Latinos. In addition, parental warmth significantly reduced alcohol use and also positively affected the parent-youth relationship which decreased alcohol use. When families spoke English at home, parental control decreased which lead to an increase in alcohol use. A critical examination of the implications for the cultural understanding of parental influences on adolescent alcohol use is discussed. Findings indicate that there are unique family mechanisms for Latino families that should be considered when developing intervention options.
Crack Growth Stability in Saline Ice

Crack initiation and propagation in saline ice were investigated in this study in an attempt to understand the processes of crack growth under low loading rates and variable temperatures. As has been previously observed in sea ice and freshwater ice, crack growth occurred in initiation/arrest increments. The energetic stability criterion of crack growth are examined and crack growth is characterized in terms of the fracture resistance-stress intensity factor K R . Salient features of this study are the development of a new fracture geometry capable of sustained crack growth over longer crack lengths and the presentation of a fracture resistance curve for saline ice.
Covering global warming in dubious times: Environmental reporters in the new media ecosystem

With every Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, the predicted consequences of global warming become increasingly dire. Yet public engagement on the issue, particularly in the United St...
Stimulus specificity and temporal dynamics of working memory for visual motion.

When asked to compare two moving stimuli separated by a delay, observers must not only identify stimulus direction but also store it in memory. We examined the properties of this storage mechanism in two macaque monkeys by sequentially presenting two random-dot stimuli, sample and test, in opposite hemifields and introducing a random-motion mask during the delay. The mask interfered with performance only at the precise location of the test, 100–200 ms after the start of the delay, and when its size and speed matched those of the remembered sample. This selective interference suggests that the representation of the motion stimulus in memory preserves its direction, speed, and size and is most fragile shortly after the completion of the encoding phase of the task. This precise preservation of sensory attributes of the motion stimulus suggests that the neural mechanisms involved in the processing of visual motion may also be involved in its storage.
Closing the gap on moral relativity: comparing human rights regimes in the United States and the Russian Federation

Contemporary authors often overstate the differences within the human rights regimes in the Russian Federation and the United States. This article is meant to provide insight into why the two systems, although taking markedly different developmental paths, have come to be far more similar than is often realized. The first question raised is, how did the two human rights systems develop historically? The next question is, how did the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its subsequent split into two separate Covenants affect the rights within each system? The third question raised is, what modern advancements have taken place within each system? And finally, what failures within each system are also demonstrative of similarities within the two systems? Thus, the article begins by tracing historical developments within the two systems in order to elucidate regional variances that exist, and to explain how such variance materialized. Next, the article will provide concrete examples by comparing specific rights – such as the right to a public education, the right to social security, the right to participate in political life, and the right to privately own land – in order to provide some insight into why the author believes the differences in the two systems are often overstated by commentators. Finally, the article will explore some shortcomings that also share marked similarities within both systems. The article concludes that while the human rights regimes within Russia and the United States took markedly different paths during their development, and have relied on vastly different political and social situations during their evolution, they have ultimately reached a much greater level of maturity and protection under the law than is often given credit.
Hot compression deformation behavior of the Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr-1Ag magnesium alloy

The Mg-10Gd-3Y-0. 6Zr-1Ag alloy has been performed on Gleeble2000 thermal simulator at the temperature from 350 ℃ to 500 ℃ with the strain rate from 0. 001 s-1to 1 s-1,and the compressive deformation behavior in different deformation conditions has been studied. The results show that the flow stress is significantly affected by deformation temperature and strain rate,and the flow stress decreases with the deformation temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing. The flow stress tends to be constant after a peak value at higher deformation temperature with the constant strain rate. The deformation activation energy and stress exponent were evaluated by the hyperbolic-sine mathematics model and the hot deformation constitutive relationship was established.
No effect of fiber and age on oral cecum transit time of liquid formula diets in women.

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of fiber and age on oral cecum transit time in women ingesting liquid formula diets. The two null hypotheses were as follows: there is no significant difference in OCTT for liquid formula feedings containing fiber and those feedings not containing fiber, and there is no significant difference in OCTT for postmenopausal women aged 45 to 60 years and women aged 60 or older
Combination chemotherapy with oral etoposide

Chronic administration of etoposide over multiple days has proved to be an effective schedule against a variety of neoplasms. The usual duration of etoposide administration is 3 to 5 days. However, recent studies have demonstrated this agent can be administered for up to 21 consecutive days with acceptable toxicity. Studies are currently under way to determine whether more protracted etoposide administration will prove to be more efficacious in the management of selected malignancies. Previous work at our institution has confirmed the activity of protracted administration of single-agent etoposide against small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. More recently, we have combined either cisplatin or carboplatin with etoposide given orally for 21 consecutive days in phase II trials in patients with small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The results of these trials are reviewed.
The Legacy of Adolph Reed, Jr.’s “Black Urban Regime”

Adolph Reed’s extended essay, “The Black Urban Regime: Structural Origins and Constraints,” was a provocative and insightful examination of the first generation of African-American municipal offici...
Jewish Population of Canada, 2015

The Canadian Jewish population has seen only modest growth in the past 20 years, following a more significant increase between 1981 and 1991. The latter decade coincided with the beginning of significant immigration by Jews from the Former Soviet Union. Jews reside in every region of Canada including the Northern Territories, although they are concentrated heavily in the major urban centers. The metropolitan area of Toronto is home to 188,710 Jews, and includes about half (48.2 %) of Canada’s Jewish population. The Montreal community numbers 90,780 Jews. The median age of Canadian Jews is slightly older than the national average, but much older than ethnic groups with large numbers of more recent immigrants. The intermarriage rate among Canadian Jews is 26.3 % but there are significant differences across metropolitan areas, with the lowest intermarriage rates evident in more traditional communities such as Montreal and Toronto. Particularly relevant to the issue of Jewish continuity are the findings that the intermarriage rate among households with both spouses under age 30 is 43.0 %; and the fact that only about a quarter of the youngest children in intermarried families are identified as Jewish by their parents.
Geopoetics and Historical Modernism: Gertrude Stein, Laura Riding, and Robert Graves in Mallorca, 1912–1936

This chapter employs Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope as a theoretical framework for a claim that literary works produced by key Anglo-American modernists during extended stays in the Balearic Islands, between 1912 and 1936, resulted in aesthetic and conceptual redirections—most notably in the emphasis on genre and language. Additionally, I analyze the identity of the modernist cultural tourist and expatriate settler for whom the islands were a refuge from war and personal strife, through close readings of texts written by the following writers while on location in the Balearic Islands: Gertrude Stein (Palma, Mallorca), Laura Riding, and Robert Graves (Deia, Mallorca).
nanoNS3: Simulating Bacterial Molecular Communication Based Nanonetworks in Network Simulator 3

We present nanoNS3, a network simulator for modeling Bacterial Molecular Communication (BMC) networks. nanoNS3 is built atop the Network Simulator 3 (ns-3). nanoNS3 is designed to achieve the following goals: 1) accurately and realistically model real world BMC, 2) maintain high computational efficiency, 3) allow newly designed protocols to be implemented easily. nanoNS3 incorporates the channel, physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of the network stack. The simulator has models that accurately represents receiver response, microfluidic channel loss, modulation, and amplitude addressing designed specifically for BMC networks. We outline the design and architecture of nanoNS3, and then validate the aforementioned features through simulation and experimental results.
The End-of-the-Century Boom and the Supremacy of Yorkshire

In July of 1798, Charles Hudson of Skircoat in the parish of Halifax wrote a scathing letter to William Liddal, a cloth maker in Lancashire, rejecting Liddal’s offer of ‘weaving’. Although he thought Liddal was asking too much for his services, what had made Hudson angry was the fact that Liddal intended to put out the weaving instead of doing it in his own house on his own loom(s). Hudson’s rejection of Liddal’s offer, however, had nothing to do with the relative merits of the two possible ways of organizing production. Rather it was Liddal’s duplicity in this matter; indeed, Hudson indicated that he might have been open to an offer from Liddal to oversee the weaving, charging ‘2s. a piece or Is. as is commonly paid’ for his trouble. The fact that Hudson could contemplate either of the two arrangements suggests something about the range of manufacturing practices which had emerged in Yorkshire by the late eighteenth century. An examination of other letters in Hudson’s daybook reveals that his extensive trade (both domestic and foreign) in broad and narrow woollens, worsted cloth, and bays was fed by many different chains of supply. As a manufacturer of narrow woollens and bays he dealt with a range of producers from individual householders to sub-contractors like Liddal to manufacturers much like himself. Some of these producers simply contracted to supply Hudson with cloth while others were supplied with raw materials, some of which had been prepared in Hudson’s own mill.
Dignity: personal, social, human

The goal of this paper is to sketch and defend a novel conception of dignity. I begin by offering three desiderata that a theory of dignity should be able to satisfy: it should be able to explain why all human beings are owed respect, and what kind of respect we are owed; it should be able to explain how acts such as torture damage dignity, and what kinds of harms this brings about; and finally, it should be able to explain why dignity is held to a higher degree by certain individuals. After demonstrating that the dominant, Kantian-inspired conception of dignity cannot fulfill these desiderata, I develop a novel conception of dignity that centers around the role of normative standards. Dignity, on this conception, involves being subject to, and then upholding, relevant normative standards; to violate someone’s dignity is to prevent them from upholding those standards. Importantly, these standards can have either a subjective or a communal source, which in turn explains both the agential and social harms that accompany dignity violations. I then draw on the idea of social dignity to explain human dignity. Unlike the dominant philosophical conception, I take human dignity to be a status that is conferred, rather than a status that is inherent.
The American Economic Review at 100: A Summary of the Journal'S Most Frequent Contributing Authors and Institutions

The American Economic Review (AER) celebrates it 100 th anniversary during 2011. During this century of contributions to economic thought, the elite group of most frequent contributing authors and academic institutions revealed in this study represent major participants in the unparalleled role that the AER has played in the world of scholarly published research. These contributing authors and academic institutions are most deserving of our admiration.
Radial k-space acquisition improves robustness of MR-based attenuation maps for MR/PET quantification in an animal imaging study of the abdomen

One of the most important steps in positron emission tomography (PET) is the correction of photon attenuation for accurate quantitative PET. Currently, FDA approved clinical MR/PET systems employ segmentation of conventional, low resolution, gradient echo (GRE) based, T1-weighted MR images to generate maps for MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC). However, these acquisitions are optimized for imaging human subjects and exhibit artifacts when used in preclinical MR/PET studies. Pronounced breathing artifacts in animal models used for preclinical imaging, impede accurate segmentation for generation of attenuation maps, impacting quantitative measurements of reconstructed PET images. We propose a radial k-space acquisition sequence designed to redistribute coherent breathing artifacts that result from Cartesian k-space trajectories into incoherent pseudo-noise spread across the image domain. PET data from five rabbits was reconstructed using the system standard MR-derived attenuation map with segmentation errors, due to breathing artifacts in the Cartesian acquisition (cartMR map), the manually segmented MR-derived attenuation map (msegMR map) and the radially acquired MR sequence used to generate an attenuation map from the system standard segmentation algorithm (radMR map). The resulting attenuation corrected PET data sets (PET cartMRmap , PET msegMRmap , and PET radMRmap ) were then qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. Voxel-by-voxel comparison of PET values for all five rabbits showed excellent correlation between PET msegMRmap and PET radMRmap SUV values (R=0.999, p&#60;0.0001). Bland-Altman plots showed that the mean of the difference of SUVs between PET msegMRmap and PET radMRmap voxels for all five rabbits was 0.53% (0.004±0.014SD). Region-of-interest-based comparison showed that PET radMRmap and PET msegMRmap methods differ in SUVmean by −0.7% to 0.9% and SUVmax by −1.2% to 2.7%. Employing a radial k-space MR acquisition during preclinical MR/PET protocols facilitates highly accurate segmentation and PET quantification, without the need for subjective user input and is therefore, better suited for use in preclinical MR/PET protocols than the existing MR Cartesian acquisition.
Regulation of G1 to S Phase Transition by Adhesion and Growth Factor Signaling

Progression through the cell cycle is catalyzed by the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) whose activities are determined by the relative levels of their cyclin partners and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Cyclin D1 paired with cdk4 or 6 and cyclin E paired with cdk2 stimulate progression through G1 (reviewed in Sherr and Roberts, 1999). Cdk inhibitors of the INK4 (p15, p16, p18, and p19) and cip/kip (p21cip l, p27kip1, and p57kip2) families, bind to and inhibit the actions of cyclin D-cdk 4/6 and cyclin E-cdk 2 complexes, respectively. In contrast, cip/kips positively modulate cyclin D-cdk4/ 6 by promoting complex assembly (LaBaer et al., 1997; Cheng et al., 1999). Activated cyclin-cdk complexes sequentially phosphorylate and inactivate the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), a key repressor of G1 phase progression. Cdk-mediated pRb phosphorylation in mid-late G1, phase releases the transcription factor E2F, relieves pRb-mediated repression, and allows for E2F-dependent gene transcription. E2F induces the transcription of a series of genes important for entry into S phase. Phosphorylation of pRb is thought to correspond to passing an operationally defined restriction point, beyond which the cell is irrevocably committed to enter S phase (Pardee, 1989).
Species, Subspecies, and Baboon Systematics

The baboons of the genus Papio [excluding the gelada (Theropithecus) and (pace Delson, 1975), the mandrills, and drills (Mandrillus)] comprise a cluster of para-patric populations spread across most of the Ethiopian faunal zone. The present paper uses baboon diversity to explore some aspects of species definition and diagnosis, without attempting a comprehensive revision of the group or an exhaustive exploration of the species concept. The baboons are well suited to this purpose, because the various phenotypically distinct “forms” (which I call subspecies) have some but not all of the attributes commonly used to define one or another variant of the species concept. Another advantage is their quasi-continuous distribution, mostly undivided by extrinsic barriers that would avoid the problem of delineating natural units yet including some populations that are geographically isolated but not phenetically distinct, which illustrate the problems of definition raised by extrinsic isolation.
RETHINK II: Kombucha Shoes for Scarlett and Rhett

We challenged ourselves to rethink what constitutes sustainable consumer products in a world of increasingly stressed natural resources. We explored the innovative way to develop renewable materials, leather-like nonwoven fabrics, which can be used for apparel and footwear products for the betterment of people and the planet. The cellulose fiber mats formed by bacteria and yeast in fermenting green tea can be produced without any synthetic process or chemical materials. Our kombucha shoes can be an alternate future where we move to a cradle-to-cradle system, instead of relying on materials derived from unsustainable sources. The outcome of our innovative design efforts is presented by creating aesthetically pleasing, biodegradable shoes for Scarlett and Rhett, leading characters from Gone with the Wind, one of the most famous American fiction bestsellers published in the 1930s. RETHINK II design provides a promising future of this biodegradable material as an alternate future suitable for footwear.