cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics, Religion, and Scientific Humanism

The kind of world we are facing nowadays is one of deep concern. There are so many horrible things going on that it is psychologically understandable that a kind of moral disillusionment has set in, particularly among the younger generation. In my own feeble way I hope to retain some moral backbone in spite of all the developments that might make one skeptical, if not completely disheartened. The ethical outlook that I represent is, if you want a label for it, scientific humanism. What I wish to present is more along the lines of a sober philosophical analysis rather than mere preachment. The present generation doesn’t like to be preached at any more than I do. I think that there is a fundamental difference between the analytic clarification of ideas and the communication of scientific knowledge claims on the one hand, and the edification, exhortation, and consolation that belongs to religious language on the other.
Recommendations on Thresholds for Elective Surgery for Thoracic Ascending Aortic Aneurysms

The goal of elective surgical repair of ascending aortic aneurysms is to prevent catastrophic aortic dissection and rupture. The timing of elective surgical repair for ascending aortic aneurysms is based on measurements of aortic diameter. The general threshold of 5.5cm is based on the observation that the incidence of aortic dissection and rupture rises significantly as aortic diameter approaches 6.0 cm or more. A variety of syndromic and non-syndromic connective tissue conditions predispose to aortic dissection and rupture at a smaller diameter. Identification of patients with these disorders is important as the aortic diameter threshold for recommending surgical repair must be lower than 5.5 cm. For an individual patient we must balance the risk of surgical repair, which is relatively low in experienced centers, against the risks of catastrophic dissection and rupture.
Reframing nonprofit organizations: Democracy, inclusion, and social change

Nonprofit organizations operate in an increasingly complex environment. In addition, nonprofit managers lead increasingly diverse staff in delivering programs and services to increasingly diverse c...
Fatigue and lethargy in palliative care

Fatigue is a particularly vague, yet significant symptom, which is commonly encountered in primary care. It affects a wide range of patients and has many causes. With an ageing population, fatigue ...
Fast and Bounded Probabilistic Collision Detection for High-DOF Robots in Dynamic Environments.

We present a novel approach to performing probabilistic collision detection between a high-DOF robot and imperfect obstacle representations in dynamic, uncertain environments. These uncertainties are modeled using Gaussian distributions. We present an efficient algorithm for bounded collision probability approximation.We use our probabilistic collision algorithm for trajectory optimization in dynamic scenes for 7- DOF robots. We highlight its performance in challenging simulated and real-world environments with robot arms operating next to dynamically moving human obstacles.
Towards a Higher-Order Model of Resilience

Resilience theory often conceptualizes resilience as a higher-order construct that draws upon other constructs which individuals use to adapt when facing adverse circumstances. However, current research on resilience often reduces it to a single construct. The single construct approach poses the risk of missing the effects that the underlying resilience components may have on the adverse event or behavior under study. To address this discrepancy, the current study developed and tested a higher-order model of resilience with underlying components from a trait resilience perspective. Two samples were gathered from Mechanical Turk (n = 500) and undergraduate college students (n = 720) who completed measures of 8 constructs theorized to underlie resilience, and a previously validated measure of resilience. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, results suggested six constructs (purpose in life, self-esteem, life satisfaction, cognitive flexibility, proactive coping, and social support) comprise a higher-order model of resilience. Invariance testing showed acceptable model fit across the two samples, across genders, and across ethnicities, offering evidence of generalizability for the higher-order model. We found evidence for validity by correlating the higher-order factor in our sample with the already validated resilience measure. These findings provide support for a higher-order model of resilience with at least six underlying components. Future research could determine if the six components used to identify resilience have different effects based on the context within which they are studied, and other future studies should consider validating the higher-order model using additional underlying constructs and samples.
Concentrations of fat-soluble nutrients and blood inflammatory compounds in mother-infant dyads at birth.

Background Perinatal inflammation adversely affects health. Therefore, aims of this IRB-approved study are: (1) compare inflammatory compounds within and between maternal and umbilical cord blood samples at the time of delivery, (2) assess relationships between inflammatory compounds in maternal and cord blood with birth characteristics/outcomes, and (3) assess relationships between blood and placental fat-soluble nutrients with blood levels of individual inflammatory compounds. Methods Mother-infant dyads were enrolled (n = 152) for collection of birth data and biological samples of maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and placental tissue. Nutrient levels included: lutein + zeaxanthin; lycopene; α-, β-carotene; β-cryptoxanthin; retinol; α-, γ-, δ-tocopherol. Inflammatory compounds included: tumor necrosis factor-α, superoxide dismutase, interleukins (IL) 1β, 2, 6, 8, 10. Results Median inflammatory compound levels were 1.2-2.3 times higher in cord vs. maternal blood, except IL2 (1.3 times lower). Multiple significant correlations existed between maternal vs. infant inflammatory compounds (range of r = 0.22-0.48). While relationships existed with blood nutrient levels, the most significant were identified in placenta where all nutrients (except δ-tocopherol) exhibited relationships with inflammatory compounds. Relationships between anti-inflammatory nutrients and proinflammatory compounds were primarily inverse. Conclusion Inflammation is strongly correlated between mother-infant dyads. Fat-soluble nutrients have relationships with inflammatory compounds, suggesting nutrition is a modifiable factor. Impact Mother and newborn inflammation status are strongly interrelated. Levels of fat-soluble nutrients in blood, but especially placenta, are associated with blood levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory compounds in both mother and newborn infant. As fat-soluble nutrient levels are associated with blood inflammatory compounds, nutrition is a modifiable factor to modulate inflammation and improve perinatal outcomes.
Rules Over Real Estate: Trade, Territorial Conflict, and International Borders as Institutions

Territorial disputes between governments generate a significant amount of uncertainty for economic actors.Settled boundary agreements produce benefits to economic agents on both sides of the border.These qualities of borders are missed both by realists, who view territorial conflicts in overly zero-sum terms, and globalists, who claim borders are increasingly irrelevant. I argue that settled borders help to secure property rights, signal much greater jurisdictional and policy certainty, and thereby reduce the costs associated with international economic transactions. The plausibility of this claim is examined by showing that territorial disputes involve significant economic opportunity costs in the form of foregone bilateral trade. Theories of territorial politics should take into account the possibility of such joint gains in their models of state dispute behavior.
Nutrition in Nepal: Three decades of commitment to children and women.

South Asia has made significant progress in reducing child undernutrition. The prevalence of stunting declined by one third between 2000 and 2019; as a result, in 2019, there were 34 million fewer stunted children than in 2000, indicating that progress for child nutrition is possible and is happening at scale. However, no country in South Asia is on track for all nutrition targets of Sustainable Development Goal 2, and the region has the highest prevalence of stunting (33.2%) and wasting (14.8%) in the world. Nepal, the best performing country in the region, narrowly missed the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target to half the prevalence of child underweight between 1990 and 2015 and achieved the fastest recorded reduction in stunting prevalence in the world between 2001 and 2011. In 2019, UNICEF Nepal completed a series of papers to examine Nepal's progress on maternal and child nutrition during the MDG era. The series explores the trends, distribution and disparities in stunting, micronutrient deficiencies and feeding practices in children under 5 years and anaemia in adolescents and women. Besides, it reviews national micronutrient programmes (vitamin A supplementation, iron and folic acid supplementation and universal salt iodization) and Nepal's first Multi-Sector Nutrition Plan, to illuminate the success factors and enduring challenges in the policy and programme landscape for nutrition. This overview paper summarizes the evidence from these analyses and examines the implications for the direction of future advocacy, policy and programme actions to improve maternal and child nutrition in Nepal and other similar contexts.
Bilirubin Metabolism: An Overview

Bilirubin is an open-chain tetrapyrrole with an approximate molecular weight of 585. The four pyrrole rings are linked by three carbon bridges of which two are unsaturated (outside) and one is saturated (central). The nature and order of the eight side chains located on the s-carbons of the pyrrole rings are the same as in protoporphyrin IX. This finding led Fischer and his associates(1) to the conclusion that naturally-occurring bilirubin is derived from ferroprotoporphyrin IX (protoheme) by cleavage of the porphyrin ring at its α-methene carbon bridge; hence the resulting bilirubin is designated as IXα(l). Biliverdin IXα, a green-blue tetrapyrrole formed as an intermediate in the conversion of ferroprotoporphyrin IX to bilirubin IXα, possesses two hydrogen atoms less than bilirubin. It is probable that all bilirubin formed under biologic conditions has the IXα configuration(l), as cleavage of protoheme at carbon bridges other than the α-carbon bridge has not been demonstrated in vivo. The only known exception to this rule is the integumental pigment of a butterfly species (Pieris brassicae) which has been identified as biliverdin IXγ(2). It should be noted, however, that the naturally occurring bilirubin IXα can undergo isomeric scrambling about the central saturated carbon bridge, in that the molecule can split in the middle, permitting two left or two right dipyrryhnethenes to reassemble with themselves (3).
Prospect of detection and recognition of single biological molecules using ultrafast coherent dynamics in quantum dot-metallic nanoparticle systems

Conventional plasmonic sensors are based on the intrinsic resonances of metallic nanoparticles. In such sensors wavelength shift of such resonances are used to detect biological molecules. Recently we introduced ultra-sensitive timedomain nanosensors based on the way variations in the environmental conditions influence coherent dynamics of hybrid systems consisting of metallic nanoparticles and quantum dots. Such dynamics are generated via interaction of these systems with a laser field, generating quantum coherence and coherent exciton-plasmon coupling. These sensors are based on impact of variations of the refractive index of the environment on such dynamics, generating time-dependent changes in the emission of the QDs. In this paper we study the impact of material properties of the metallic nanoparticles on this process and demonstrate the key role played by the design of the quantum dots. We show that Ag nanoparticles, even in a simple spherical shape, may allow these sensors to operate at room temperature, owing to the special properties of quantum dot-metallic nanoparticle systems that may allow coherent effects utilized in such sensors happen in the presence of the ultrafast polarization dephasing of quantum dots.
Cuddling up to channel activation

Many multisubunit proteins display allostery, whereby the binding of a ligand to one receptor site drives changes in the protein's shape, functional status and even the affinities of the remaining sites. Innovative measurements now give us an intimate view of the allosteric process in the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel.
A wetland hydrology and water quality model incorporating surface water/groundwater interactions

[1] In the last two decades the beneficial aspects of constructed treatment wetlands have been studied extensively. However, the importance of restored wetlands as a best management practice to improve the water quality of storm water runoff has only recently been appreciated. Furthermore, investigating surface water/groundwater interactions within wetlands is now acknowledged to be essential in order to better understand the effect of wetland hydrology on water quality. In this study, the development of a general comprehensive wetland model Wetland Solute Transport Dynamics (WETSAND) that has both surface flow and solute transport components is presented. The model incorporates surface water/groundwater interactions and accounts for upstream contributions from urbanized areas. The effect of restored wetlands on storm water runoff is also investigated by routing the overland flow through the wetland area, collecting the runoff within the stream, and transporting it to the receiving water using diffusion wave routing techniques. The computed velocity profiles are subsequently used to obtain water quality concentration distributions in wetland areas. The water quality component solves the advection-dispersion equation for several nitrogen and phosphorus constituents, and it also incorporates the surface water/groundwater interactions by including the incoming/outgoing mass due to the groundwater recharge/discharge. In addition, output from the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5) is incorporated into this conceptual wetland model to simulate the runoff quantity and quality flowing into a wetland area from upstream urban sources. Additionally, the model can simulate a water control structure using storage routing principles and known stage-discharge spillway relationships.
Chapter 5 Numerical solution of dynamic economic models

Abstract This chapter is concerned with numerical simulation of dynamic economic models. We focus on some basic algorithms and assess their accuracy and stability properties. This analysis is useful for an optimal implementation and testing of these procedures, as well as to evaluate their performance. Several examples are provided in order to illustrate the functioning and efficiency of these algorithms.
Accounting for the Performance of Environmentally Significant Behavior: The Symbolic Significance of Recycling

The scientific community has pronounced climate change unequivocal and its consequences disastrous. Yet Americans' behavioral response to the global social problem of environmental degradation has been largely confined to the individual act of recycling. This article examines why Americans are not doing more to address climate change and other environmental issues. Taking a cognitive sociological perspective, I describe how Americans think about environmental issues and pro-environmental behavior. I draw on Swidler's concept of a “cultural tool kit,” to examine the cultural narratives Americans use to account for the small amount of pro-environmental behavior they perform. The act of recycling functions as a synecdoche for pro-environmental behavior in general, allowing individuals to over-claim the significance of a modest amount of pro-environmental behavior. I argue that Americans' failure to engage with environmental issues at a collective level is rooted in the individualized culture of American environmentalism.
Magnetic Moments and Hyperfine-Structure Anomalies of Cs 133 , Cs 134 , Cs 135 , and Cs 137

The atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method was used to measure the nuclear gyromagnetic ratios and hyperfine-structure separations of the radioactive isotopes ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{134}$, ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{135}$, and ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$. A surface ionization detector was used.The hyperfine-structure separations were obtained by direct $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions near zero field. The values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ found for the three isotopes are: $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{134})=10473.626\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 \mathrm{Mc}/sec,$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{135})=9724.023\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 \mathrm{Mc}/sec,$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{137})=10115.527\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015 \mathrm{Mc}/sec.$Pairs of transition belonging to the two different $F$-states, but involving the same ${m}_{F}$ values, constitute frequency doublets separated by $2{g}_{I}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}H$. From measurements of the difference frequencies of these doublets for pairs of isotopes in fields in the vicinity of 9000 gauss, the following $g$-value ratios were obtained: $\frac{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{135})}{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})}=1.05820\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00008$, $\frac{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{137})}{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{135})}=1.04005\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00008$, $\frac{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{134})}{{g}_{I}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})}=1.01447\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00029$.The hfs anomalies arising from the variation of the electron wave function over the finite distribution of nuclear magnetization were calculated from these measurements. The values found for these anomalies, defined by ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}=\frac{[{g}_{1}\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}(2{I}_{1}+1)]}{[{g}_{2}\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(2{I}_{2}+1)]}\ensuremath{-}1$, are: $\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{135})=+0.037\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009%,$ $\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{135})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{137})=\ensuremath{-}0.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009%,$ $\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}({\mathrm{Cs}}^{134})=+0.169\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.030%.$The theory of Bohr and Weisskopf on the hfs anomalies was applied to these nuclei; the calculations are based primarily on a single-particle model with varying distributions of spin and orbital contribution to the nuclear moment. An apparent magic number effect in the anomalies was observed.
‘Cats give funerals to rats’: making the dead modern with lament

This article compares funeral laments in a Tibeto-Burman-speaking community in Yunnan, China, from two periods: the early 1990s, after ritual revitalization was thoroughly underway, and 2011, after this community had come into more intimate contact with the modernity-obsessed cultures of urban and semi-urban China. Laments fashion grief in a public setting by conceptualizing the dead and their relations with the living in vivid poetic language. Laments from the early 1990s described these relations as a circuit of suffering, in which children returned a debt of suffering they owed their parents after the latter's deaths. By 2011, innovative lamenters had reorientated their understanding of suffering to be personal, internal, and intimate. The dead became more ‘modern’, allowing the living, defined largely by their relations with the dead, to participate in ‘modernized’ forms of authentic, sincere emotional expression.
Excitation of hippocampal neurons by stimulation of glutamate Qp receptors.

The electrophysiological effects of Qp receptors activation in brain neurons are investigated in rat hippocampal slice preparation. Quisqualate, in the presence of a ionotropic quisqualate receptor antagonist that does not block Qp receptor activation, produces a depolarization associated with an increased membrane resistance. All results indicate that the recently identified glutamate Qp receptor subtype may play an important role in the regulation of neuronal excitability by excitatory amino acid transmitters
Health Information Technology and the Idea of Informed Consent

During this early stage of HIT adoption, it is critical that we engage in discussions regarding informed consent's proper role in a health care environment in which electronic information sharing holds primary importance. This article discusses current implementation of the doctrine within health information exchange networks; the relationship between informed consent and privacy; the variety of ways that the concept is referenced in discussions of information sharing; and challenges that surround incorporation of the doctrine into the evolving HIT environment. The article concludes by reviewing the purpose behind the traditional obligation to obtain informed consent and the possibility of maintaining its relevance in the new environment.
The Commons, Common Property, and Environmental Policy

The conceptual confusion among property, common property, open access resources, and the “tragedy of the commons” is identified and rectified. Property rights are defined and clarified. From that it is possible to understand the traditional confusion between open access resources and common property resources. It is urged that common property regimes be used in place of common property resources. This will emphasize that institutional arrangements are human creations and that natural resources can be managed as private property, as common property, or as state property. It is the property regime — an authority system — that indicates the rules of use of a variety of natural resources.
Myelination of the rat retina by transplantation of oligodendrocytes into 4-day-old hosts

Abstract Oligodendrocyte transplantation into the retina enables us to investigate the early events in myelin formation in a new in vivo system. The axons of rat retinal ganglion cells are unmyelinated in the eye but should express a myelination initiation signal since they acquire myelin posterior to the globe. The lamina cribrosa may block the migration of oligodendrocytes from the optic nerve into the retina. Animals that lack a lamina cribosa such as the rabbit have myelinated retinas. We have bypassed the lamina cribrosa by using transplantation techniques and inserted freshly isolated syngeneic 3-week-old rat oligodendrocytes into the unmyelinated 4-day-old rat retina during the period of active optic nerve myelination. The animals are sacrificed at 1-week intervals for 8 weeks. The retinas are examined immunocytochemically for myelin with an antibody to myelin basic protein (MBP). MBP-positive cells are seen extending processes at 1 and 2 weeks. Three and four week retinas show the formation of thicker and longer myelin sheaths oriented along the same radial path as the retinal ganglion axons with maximal MBP staining intensity seen by 5 weeks. Transplanted retinas are negative when stained for Po, a Schwann cell antigen, ruling out Schwann cell myelination of our retinas. We have shown that rat cerebral oligodendrocytes survive, mature, and express a myelin-specific protein in the retinal environment in a pattern consistent with myelination of ganglion cell axons. Retinal transplantation provides a new in vivo model to study oligodendrocyte development and axonal-glial interactions, free from the difficulties inherent in culture systems.
Stimulation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells is kinetically controlled by antigenic peptide binding to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.

Activation of CD4+ T cells by antigenic peptide involves the interaction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-peptide complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with T-cell receptors. This report describes the kinetics of T-cell triggering by exogenous antigenic peptides in the presence of APCs. A rapid specific increase in extracellular acidification rate is observed within minutes upon exposure of A.E7 T cells (restricted for IEk and moth cytochrome c peptide containing residues 88-103) and 4R3.9 T cells (restricted for IAk and myelin basic protein peptide containing residues 1-14 [AcMBP-(1-14)]) to their cognate peptides in the presence of CH27 cells bearing both IAk and IEk MHC class II molecules. Pretreatment of cloned T cells, but not APCs, with herbimycin A resulted in complete inhibition of triggering events, indicating that the acidification response is mediated by T-cell second messenger pathways. This rapid assay for 4R3.9 T-cell stimulation showed increased T-cell triggering activity for AcMBP-(1-14)-A4 and MBP-(1-14)-M4 peptides compared to the native AcMBP-(1-14)-K4. By using the previously determined kinetic constants for MBP-(1-14)-A4 reactions with IAk, it is possible to show that at the lowest peptide concentrations the kinetics of T-cell triggering are limited by the kinetics of the peptide binding to MHC class II molecules.
Analysis of potential debris flow source areas on Mount Shasta, California, by using airborne and satellite remote sensing data

Remote sensing data from NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and the first spaceborne imaging spectrometer, Hyperion, show hydrothermally altered rocks mainly composed of natroalunite, kaolinite, cristobalite, and gypsum on both the Mount Shasta and Shastina cones. Field observations indicate that much of the visible altered rock consists of talus material derived from fractured rock zones within and adjacent to dacitic domes and nearby lava flows. Digital elevation data were utilized to distinguish steeply sloping altered bedrock from more gently sloping talus materials. Volume modeling based on the imagery and digital elevation data indicate that Mount Shasta drainage systems contain moderate volumes of altered rock, a result that is consistent with Mount Shasta's Holocene record of mostly small to moderate debris flows. Similar modeling for selected areas at Mount Rainier and Mount Adams, Washington, indicates larger altered rock volumes consistent with the occurrence of much larger Holocene debris flows at those volcanoes. The availability of digital elevation and spectral data from spaceborne sensors, such as Hyperion and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER), greatly expands opportunities for studying potential debris flow source characteristics at stratovolcanoes around the world.
Benjamin Franklin: Colonial and cosmopolitan educator

(1968). Benjamin Franklin: Colonial and cosmopolitan educator. British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 43-59.
RGD-containing peptides induce endothelium-dependent and independent vasorelaxations of rat aortic rings

Peptides containing the extracellular matrix peptide cell attachment sequence RGD possess potent, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant properties. In the present study, the ability of RGD-containing peptides to cause vasorelaxation in the presence and absence of a functional endothelium was examined in rat aortic rings along with the ability of RGD-containing peptides to increase cGMP production in these vessels. The active RGD-containing peptide GRGDNP induced rapid relaxation in endothelium-intact, norepinephrine contracted rat aortic rings. When the endothelium was removed, RGD-containing peptides produced a slow relaxation of contracted rings which took approx. 40 min to reach maximum relaxation. Control RGD peptides were without effect either in the presence or absence of a functional endothelium. While acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside stimulated cGMP production in endothelium-intact and denuded aortic segments, neither the control RGD peptide nor the active GRGDNP increased cGMP in these vessels when compared to controls upon either short (30 s) or long (45 min) incubation times. These data indicate that relaxations of rat aortic rings in response to RGD-containing peptides occur both in the presence and absence of an intact endothelium and that cGMP is likely not the sole mediator of these responses.
In vivo intestinal bicarbonate transport in infant rats.

Summary: Transport of bicarbonate (HCO3-) was studied in segments of the jejunum and ileum in two-, three-, and eight-wk-old rats using an in vivo, one-pass perfusion technique. From isotonic solutions the net absorption of HCO3- (μmol/hr/g dry wt) in the jejunal segments was about twice as great (P < 0.01) in the two- and three- as in the eight-wk-old rats. In ileal segments, HCO3- transport was quite variable; in the two- and three-wk-old rats, there was net absorption, whereas in the eight-wk-old rats, there was net secretion. In both segments, net absorption was unaffected by addition of glucose (5 mmoles/liter), or acetazolamide (10 mmoles/liter) to the perfusion solution. Perfusion of a hypertonic solution (500 mOsmoles/kg) through the segments of the two-wk-old rats induced metabolic acidosis, which was associated with net secretion of relatively large amounts of bicarbonate into the lumen of both segments. Perfusion of the hypertonic solution in the eight-wk-old rats did not change blood acid-base status. In these rats, net absorption of bicarbonate in the jejunum was decreased, and net secretion in the ileum was enhanced in comparison to values noted during perfusion of the isotonic solution. Speculation: From results of the present study of segments of the jejunum and the ileum, it cannot be assumed that the excessive loss of bicarbonate from the small intestine can explain the metabolic acidosis associated with infantile diarrhea. However, if studies of the colon also show excessive loss of bicarbonate during osmotic diarrhea, they will lend further support to the assumption that the loss of bicarbonate from the small and large intestine is a major cause for the metabolic acidosis noted in infants suffering from osmotic diarrhea.
Measurement of Velocity Profiles of Laminar to Turbulent Water Flows in a Tube Using Particle Image Velocimetry

The transition from laminar to turbulent in-tube flow is studied in this paper. Water flow in a glass tube with an inside diameter of 21.7 mm was investigated by two methods. First, a dye visualization test using a setup similar to the 1883 experiment of Osborne Reynolds was conducted. For the dye visualization, Reynolds numbers ranging from approximately 1000 to 3500 were tested and the transition from laminar to turbulent flow was observed between Reynolds numbers of 2500 and 3500. For the second method, a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to measure the velocity profiles of flow in the same glass tube at Reynolds numbers ranging from approximately 500 to 9000. The resulting velocity profiles were compared to theoretical laminar profiles and empirical turbulent power-law profiles. Good agreement was found between the lower Reynolds number flow and the laminar profile, and between the higher Reynolds number flow and turbulent power-law profile. In between the flow appeared to be in a transition region and deviated some between the two profiles.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Dysphagia following lightning strike

Numerous articles on the topic of neurologic, cardiac, and burn complications following electrical injury have appeared in the literature since 1934 [1]. Specific mention of dysphagia as a complication of survivors of this type of injury was not found on literature review. For this reason our case is of particular interest. This patient presented with a primary deficit of severe dysphagia following medical stabilization after lightning strike. A structured series of diagnostic and treatment programs was implemented, which included serial modified barium swallows (or “cookie” swallows [2]), thermal stimulation, oral motor exercises, and laryngeal adduction tasks. The patient improved over 1 month from a nonoral intake status to a regular diet while habitually using a learned swallowing technique.
Oxygen microprofiles measured in situ in deep ocean sediments

Diffusive fluxes of oxygen into sediments cannot be calculated reliably without accurate fine-scale concentration measurements very near an undisturbed sediment–water interface. For deep-sea sediments this is difficult, and thus few data on seafloor oxygen gradients have been reported1–4. We present here bottom-water/pore-water oxygen microprofiles that were measured in situ with microelectrodes and a free-vehicle microprofiling instrument at ocean depths of 1,275 and 3,790 m. The vertical distribution of oxygen in the upper few centimetres of sediment reflects variations in bottom-water oxygen concentration, oxygen demand and biologically produced small-scale (millimetre to centimetres) sediment heterogeneity and microtopography. Oxygen microprofiles measured on board ship in box-cored sediments from the same sites have features that are similar to the profiles measured in situ except within the first 2–4 mm below the sediment surface. This difference is probably caused by changes in boundary conditions and disturbance of the uppermost sediment during coring and sample retrieval.
A new approach to optical imaging applied to rat barrel cortex

Several groups have described using intrinsic optical imaging to form images of activity patterns in the cortex. Because the signal is small, the general approach has been to use expensive camera equipment with a high dynamic range to make these measurements. However, by using signal averaging to compensate for lower dynamic range, images can be obtained using equipment already available in many laboratories. This modified technique has been used for imaging activity in 'barrel' cortex of the rat. A map of the representation of a single whisker as determined by the imaging technique corresponded well with a similar map made using standard electrophysiology. A map of several whiskers was made by overlaying images of single-whisker representations. The details of the images differ from those previously described. Possible mechanisms for the signal are discussed.
Interactive Depth-Aware Effects for Stereo Image Editing

This paper introduces methods for adding user-guided depth-aware effects with minimal user interaction to images captured with a consumer-grade stereo camera. In particular, we present methods for highlighted depth-of-field, haze, depth-of-field, and image relighting. Unlike many prior methods for adding such effects, we do not assume prior scene models or require extensive user guidance to create such models, nor do we require multiple images of the scene under different conditions. We also do not require specialized camera rigs or other equipment such as light-field camera arrays, active lighting, etc. Instead, we use only an easily portable and affordable consumer-grade stereo camera. The depth is calculated from a stereo image pair using an extended version of Patch Match Stereo designed to compute not only image disparities but also normals for visible surfaces. We also introduce a pipeline for rendering multiple effects in the order they would occur physically. Each can be added, removed, or adjusted in the pipeline without having to reapply subsequent effects. Individually or in combination, these effects can be used to enhance the sense of depth or structure in images and provide increased artistic control. These effects can be applied to the stereo pair together in a fashion that preserves stereo consistency, or they can be applied to a single image only, thus leveraging the advantages of stereo acquisition even when producing a single photograph.
Factors associated with depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a substantial risk of subsequently developing type 2 diabetes. This risk may be mitigated by engaging in healthy eating, physical activity, and weight loss when indicated. Since postpartum depressive symptoms may impair a woman’s ability to engage in lifestyle changes, we sought to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period among women with recent GDM. The participants are part of the baseline cohort of the TEAM GDM (Taking Early Action for Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) study, a one-year randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention program for women with a recent history of GDM, conducted in Boston, Massachusetts between June 2010 and September 2012. We administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 4–15 weeks postpartum to women whose most recent pregnancy was complicated by GDM (confirmed by laboratory data or medical record review). An EPDS score ≥9 indicated depressive symptoms. We measured height and thyroid stimulating hormone, and administered a questionnaire to collect demographic data and information about breastfeeding and sleep. We calculated body mass index (BMI) using self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured height. We reviewed medical records to obtain data about medical history, including history of depression, mode of delivery, and insulin use during pregnancy. We conducted bivariable analyses to identify correlates of postpartum depressive symptoms, and then modeled the odds of postpartum depressive symptoms using multivariable logistic regression. Our study included 71 women (mean age 33 years ± 5; 59 % White, 28 % African-American, 13 % Asian, with 21 % identifying as Hispanic; mean pre-pregnancy BMI 30 kg/m2 ± 6). Thirty-four percent of the women scored ≥9 on the EPDS at the postpartum visit. In the best fit model, factors associated with depressive symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum included cesarean delivery (aOR 4.32, 95 % CI 1.46, 13.99) and gestational weight gain (aOR 1.21 [1.02, 1.46], for each additional 5 lbs gained). Use of insulin during pregnancy, breastfeeding, personal history of depression, and lack of a partner were not retained in the model. Identifying factors associated with postpartum depression in women with GDM is important since depression may interfere with lifestyle change efforts in the postpartum period. In this study, cesarean delivery and greater gestational weight gain were correlated with postpartum depressive symptoms among women with recent GDM (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01158131).
Does smoking affect body weight and obesity in China

An inverse relationship between smoking and body weight has been documented in the medical literature, but the effect of cigarette smoking on obesity remains inconclusive. In addition, the evidence is mixed on whether rising obesity rates are an unintended consequence of successful anti-smoking policies. This study re-examines these relationships using data from China, the largest consumer and manufacturer of tobacco in the world that is also experiencing a steady rise in obesity rates. We focus on the impact of the total number of cigarettes smoked per day on individuals' body mass index (BMI) and on the likelihood of being overweight and obese. Instrumental variables estimation is used to correct for the endogeneity of cigarette smoking. We find a moderate negative and significant relationship between cigarette smoking and BMI. Smoking is also negatively related to being overweight and obese, but the marginal effects are small and statistically insignificant for being obese. Quantile regression analyses reveal that the association between smoking and BMI is quite weak among subjects whose BMIs are at the high end of the distribution but are considerably stronger among subjects in the healthy weight range. Ordered probit regression analyses also confirm these findings. Our results thus reconcile an inverse average effect of smoking on body weight with the absence of any significant effect on obesity. From a policy perspective these findings suggest that, while smoking cessation may lead to moderate weight gain among subjects of healthy weight, the effects on obese subjects are modest and should not be expected to lead to a large increase in obesity prevalence rates.
Occupancy of yellow-billed and Pacific loons: evidence for interspecific competition and habitat mediated co-occurrence

Interspecific competition is an important process structuring ecological communities, however, it is difficult to observe in nature. We used an occupancy modelling approach to evaluate evidence of competition between yellow-billed (Gavia adamsii) and Pacific (G. pacifica) loons for nesting lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. With multiple years of data and survey platforms, we estimated dynamic occupancy states (e.g. rates of colonization or extinction from individual lakes) and controlled for detection differences among aircraft platforms and ground survey crews. Results indicated that yellow-billed loons were strong competitors and negatively influenced the occupancy of Pacific loons by excluding them from potential breeding lakes. Pacific loon occupancy was conditional on the presence of yellowbilled loons, with Pacific loons having almost a tenfold decrease in occupancy probability when yellow-billed loons were present and a threefold decrease in colonization probability when yellow-billed loons were present in the current or previous year. Yellow-billed and Pacific loons co-occurred less than expected by chance except on very large lakes or lakes with convoluted shorelines; variables which may decrease the cost of maintaining a territory in the presence of the other species. These results imply the existence of interspecific competition between yellow-billed and Pacific loons for nesting lakes; however, habitat characteristics which facilitate visual and spatial separation of territories can reduce competitive interactions and promote species co-occurrence.
Enablers and inhibitors of permission-based marketing: A case of mobile coupons

Abstract Permission-based marketing is a unique marketing practice that requires consumers' overt consent. Previous studies examined only either positive or negative predictors of adoption of permission-based marketing practices. Thus, the current study proposes and tests both enablers and inhibitors that determine consumers' adoption decision of permissionbased marketing in a context of mobile coupons and aims to provide insights on relative importance of antecedents. A national survey of US consumers (N=611) supported the proposed model. Perceived risk and subjective norm are particularly important for consumers who have never used mobile coupons. Moderating effects of prior experience was also examined. Finding of moderating effects of prior experience in mobile service adoption suggests research implications for future studies.
Stable longitudes for 12-hr eccentric orbit satellites.

Accelerated longitude drift regimes of eccentric 12 hour orbits due to resonant geopotential
Chlordane contamination in selected estuarine and coastal marine finfish and shellfish of New Jersey, USA.

Analysis of chlordane contamination in selected finfish and shellfish species from estuarine and coastal marine waters of New Jersey, USA, indicates consistently highest organochlorine pesticide levels in samples from the north and northeast regions of the state. Gas chromatographic analysis of tissue samples from four finfish species (American eel, Anguilla rostrata; bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix; striped bass, Morone saxatilis; and weakfish, Cynoscion regalis) and one shellfish species (blue crab, Callinectes sapidus) collected at 28 stations throughout the state during the 1986–1987 sampling period and 42 stations during the 1988–1991 sampling period revealed chlordane concentrations ranging from 5 to 2150 ppb wet weight (wet wt). Highest mean concentrations of chlordane (300 ppb wet wt) occurred in American eel from the Camden region, with secondary maxima (100 ppb wet wt) observed in the northeast region. Lower mean concentrations of chlordane (< 100 ppb wet wt) were recorded in tissue samples of other species collected elsewhere in the state. In general, the lowest levels of chlordane contamination (mean < 50 ppb wet wt) were found in samples from the south coast and Delaware regions. A major conclusion of this study is that some commercially and recreationally important finfish and shellfish species in New Jersey waters, especially those which are lipid-rich, have continued to accumulate chlordane from the environment long after restrictive regulations were first placed on its use in the US. The greatest impact of chlordane contamination is nearby metropolitan centers of the state (i.e., New York, Newark, Camden), although the total concentrations of chlordane in tissue samples from these areas are currently far less than the US Food and Drug Administration action level of 300 ppb wet wt.
Oral rapamycin in the treatment of patients with hamartoma syndromes and PTEN mutation

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvacalba syndrome (BRRS) belongs to the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes and is characterized by a high risk of malignancy in early adulthood added to local destructive effects of hamartomas in childhood. There is no standard treatment for this condition and patients are usually offered symptomatic surgical relief. Rapamycin has been reported to be effective in the management of other conditions associated with PTEN mutation. We report here a case of BRRS in a 6-year-old male with progressive loss of function of left hand and forearm associated with pain. He was treated with oral rapamycin and regained pain-free full mobility.
Discrete symmetries in the six-quark SU(2) x U(1) model

If a discrete symmetry $D$ is imposed upon the six-quark-six-lepton SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) model such that all SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1)-equivalent fermions are unified in one irreducible representation of $D$, then it is argued that $D$ is quite uniquely determined. A model is constructed in which all the mixing angles are functions of mass ratios. Cabibbo universality is well satisfied with ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{C}\ensuremath{\approx}{(\frac{{m}_{d}}{{m}_{s}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. The lifetime of $b$ is found to be 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec; the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c+\mathrm{leptons})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}u+\mathrm{leptons})}$ is 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The mass of the $t$ quark is predicted to lie between 12 and 21 GeV; $\mathrm{CP}$ violation arises in the gauge sector as well as in the Yukawa interactions. Some results pertaining to the breaking of discrete symmetries are also given.