cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical methodology for writing user-friendly natural language computer applications

A six-step, iterative, empirical, human factors design methodology was used to develop CAL,a natural language computer application to help computer-naive business professionals manage their personal calendars. Language is processed by a simple, non-parsing algorithm having limited storage requirements and a quick response time. CAL allows unconstrained English inputs from users with no training (except for a 5 minute introduction to the keyboard and display) and no manual (except for a two-page overview of the system). In a controlled test of performance, CAL correctly responded to between 86% and 97% of the inputs it received, according to various criteria. This research demonstrates that the methodological tools of the engineering psychologist can help build user-friendly software that accommodates the unruly language of computer-naive, first-time users by eliciting the cooperation of such users as partners in an iterative, empirical development process.The principal purpose of the research reported here was to design and test a systematic, empirical methodology for developing natural language computer applications. This paper describes that methodology and its successful use in the development of a natural language computer application: CAL,Calendar Access Language. The limited context or domain in which the application operates is the management of a personal calendar, or appointment book, data base by computer-naive business professionals.
Rubisco Synthesis, Assembly, Mechanism, and Regulation.

abstractlon - H cls -enedlol o=o ribulose 1,5-P, / OPO', + 2P glycolate OPO', 3P Dglycerate OPO', 3-keto arabinitol 1 ,5-P2 Figure 4. The Reactions Catalyzed by Rubisco. The first intermediate of catalysis is the C2,C3 cis-enediol form of ribulose-bisphosphate (ribulose 1,5-P2) after abstraction of the C3 proton. The enediol can partition a number of ways, the majority into the products of carboxylation (upper reactions) or oxygenation (lwer reactions). However, a number of misprotonated isomers of ribulose-bisphosphate, for example, xylulose-bisphosphate, have been detected with the wild-type enzyme that are produced in quantity by mutations of specific amino acids involved in proton transfer. Phosphate elimination of the carbanion forms of intermediates are also produced by some mutants (see Morrell et al., 1994). R, -CHOH-CH20P03= ; 3P D-glycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate; 2P glyco- late, 2-phosphoglycolate. to bind. Coordination of the metal does not complete the ac- tive site but simply positions the carbamate and Mg2+ relative to those centers of the bisphosphate substrate, namely, the C2 carbonyl oxygen and C3 hydroxyl, that are involved in the catalytic events. With substrate bound in the correct orienta- tion (Lorimer et al., 1989), the C2 and C3 oxygen atoms complete the coordination sphere (Gutteridge and Lundqvist, 1994). The catalytic mechanism of the carboxylation of ribulose- bisphosphate can be depicted as five discrete partia1 reactions (Andrews and Lorimer, 1987). The first step has been estab- lished as the formation of an enediol intermediate of the bisphosphate substrate that is catalyzed by the enzyme in the absence of the second substrates,
In Vitro Activities of Cethromycin (ABT-773), a New Ketolide, against Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains That Are Not Susceptible to Penicillin or Macrolides

Pneumococcal resistance to antimicrobials presents problems to physicians for empirical treatment of acute otitis media (AOM). Three hundred thirty-three isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae selected for nonsusceptibility to penicillin (MIC >0.1 microg/ml) from the middle ear (n = 325) or mastoid (n = 8) of children seen between 1994 and 2000 at four children's hospitals in the United States were tested by broth microdilution for susceptibility to nine antibiotics. Using NCCLS 2002 breakpoints, resistance to the following drugs was as indicated: amoxicillin, 1%; azithromycin, 71%; cefprozil, 71%; ceftriaxone, 2%; cefdinir, 98%; erythromycin, 70%; levofloxacin, 0%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 93%. Of the penicillin- and erythromycin-nonsusceptible isolates, 97% were inhibited by cethromycin (ABT-773) and 83% were inhibited by telithromycin at a concentration of <or=0.125 microg/ml. Macrolide resistance among penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci increased from 44 to 80% in the 6 years of the study from which the isolates were selected; however, the proportion of isolates with M or MLS(B) phenotypes remained constant over the time period (53 and 18%, respectively). Prior treatment with a macrolide or clindamycin alone or in combination with a beta-lactam resulted in 94 or 85% of isolates causing infections being macrolide and or clindamycin resistant. No prior individual macrolide (azithromycin, erythromycin, or clarithromycin) resulted in more macrolide resistance or in a more prevalent resistance phenotype. The ketolides appear to be active antimicrobials against penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococci.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of New Antiepileptic Drugs

Eight new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been approved for use within the United States within the past decade. They are felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine...
Small Sample Distribution and Power of the Binomial Index of Dispersion and Log Likelihood Ratio Tests

This paper considers the exact distribution of the X2 index of dispersion and -2 log (likelihood ratio) tests for the hypothesis of homogeneity of c independent samples from a common binomial population. The exact significance levels and power of these tests under ‘logit’ alternatives are compared numerically for the cases: c = 3, 4, 5 and various sample sizes. n1 = 5,10 for i = 1,…, c.
Material response of semiconductors irradiated with IR ultrashort laser pulses

We utilize near- and mid-IR ultrafast laser radiation to investigate the processing of crystalline silicon with different dopants. A numerical model is adopted to simulate the material response depending on the wavelength and the dopant concentration.
Funding and Incentives of Regulators: Evidence from Banking

Regulation is often funded with fees paid by regulated firms, potentially creating incentive problems. We use this feature to study the incentives of regulators and their ability to affect firm behavior. Theoretically, we show that firms that pay higher fees may face more lenient regulation, when leniency increases regulatory budgets in the short term. Our identification approach uses multiple kinks in fee schedules of federal bank regulators as a source of exogenous variation. Using a novel dataset on fees and regulatory actions, we find that firms that pay higher fees face more lenient regulation, which leads to a buildup of risk. Higher fee-paying banks are allowed higher leverage and asset risk, and in the longer term have more loan defaults and a higher likelihood of regulatory actions, which tend to follow banking crises.
Some Aspects of Estimating Statistical Cost Functions

This article analyzes the results of an empirical study for a multistore farm supply cooperative with respect to several criticisms of statistical cost functions. It shows that combining time series and cross section data in an analysis of covariance allows one to avoid the regression fallacy and provides an implicit test for the fallacy, thus avoiding one of the most damaging criticisms of cost curve fitting. Further consideration, however, validates Friedman's criticism that statistical cost curves lack identifiability. It is postulated that Hoch's development of the covariance model for production functions to avoid simultaneous equation bias in certain instances also holds for cost curves. It is argued that this is an empirical question depending on the specific circumstances, and, in general, fitting a statistical cost curve is not a test of those cost curves postulated in the theory of the firm.
Decay of S‐Wave Amplitudes with Distance for Earthquakes in the Charlevoix, Quebec, Area: Effects of Radiation Pattern and Directivity

Abstract The decay of the Fourier spectral amplitudes of S waves over distances of 10–80 km near Charlevoix, Quebec, was determined using waveforms from seven earthquakes with M N 3.3–5.4. The S ‐wave spectral amplitudes were corrected for site response and source amplitude by normalizing the coda‐wave spectrum at a fixed time after the origin time. The amplitude decay with distance was found to be less steep as the frequency increases from 1 to 14, contrary to what would be expected from anelastic and scattering attenuation for a point source with an isotropic radiation pattern. The decay at 14 Hz indicates that the geometrical spreading at distances less than 80 km is less steep than R −1.05 . The steeper distance decay of the low‐frequency spectrum appears to be an artifact of the radiation pattern and rupture directivity, which affect the low‐frequency amplitude more than the high frequency. Synthetic seismograms were made for a horizontally layered crust for the M w 4.6 Riviere du Loup earthquake and an M w 3.3 event. The decay with distance of the 1 Hz spectral amplitudes of the synthetics is similar to that observed for the Riviere du Loup earthquake, indicating that radiation pattern and rupture directivity are important factors in determining the attenuation with distance at 1 Hz. For the M w 3.3 earthquake, the distance decay of the 1 Hz spectral amplitudes was found to be sensitive to the focal mechanism. This study demonstrates that estimates of geometrical spreading made using 1 Hz amplitudes can be contaminated by radiation pattern and directivity effects and may not be applicable for constructing ground‐motion prediction equations for sources with other focal mechanisms and rupture behavior.
A method of insulin bio-assay and its application to human plasma fractions.

SummaryModifications of the method of Anderson and associates for insulin bioassay are described. Plasma fractions, particularly globulin, demonstrate insulin-like activity by this technic.
Digestion of Torula Yeast, Candida utilis, by the Adult Honeybee, Apis mellifera

Histochemical methods were used to study the in situ digestion of the Torula yeast ( Candida utilis ) in the alimentary canals of adult worker honeybees ( Apis mellifera ). Digestion of yeast particles occurs in the middle and posterior portion of the midgut within 1 to 3 h after feeding. Digestion is initiated by depolymerization of the protein-polysaccharide complex of the yeast cell wall. Later the cell wall breaks, and the “naked” cytoplasm is released and becomes more available for further enzymatic degradation. Histochemical evidence shows that the protein, glycogen, and lipid components of yeast cytoplasm are largely digested, whereas the cellulose and chitin components of the yeast cell wall are not digested and are left in the feces from the rectum. The data suggested that C. utilis can be efficiently digested and utilized by adult worker bees, and is therefore a good protein source for feeding bees.
Factors Affecting Secretory Protein Production in Primary Cultures of Rat Hepatocytes

Previous studies suggest that protein synthesis in the liver may be influenced by alterations in hepatic proteolysis and gluconeogenesis. Since proteolysis and gluconeogenesis are accelerated in acute stress states (especially when associated with nutrient deprivation), these alterations may substantially affect hepatic protein synthesis, the integrity of which is important for host survival. In the present study, we have investigated albumin secretion and glucose production in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in response to nutrient-limiting conditions, including amino acid depletion, proteolysis inhibition, and augmented gluconeogenesis. In nonlimiting nutrient culture medium containing 10 times the normal plasma amino acid concentrations, hepatocytes produced 8.05 +/- 1.62 micrograms/plate-hr of albumin. Short-term (5 hr) inhibition of cellular protein degradation with the lysosomal protease inhibitor leupeptin did not influence albumin production, but caused a profound reduction (17-41%) when amino acid supply was reduced to the physiologic range (1.5-0.5 times, respectively). This indicates the need for active proteolysis for the maintenance of secretory protein production during nutrient limitation. Similarly, leupeptin inhibited glucose production by 22-30% at physiologic (1.5 times and 0.5 times, respectively) amino acid concentrations. Additionally, hepatocyte glucose production could be augmented 168% by epinephrine (2 microM) in 10 times medium, but this response was markedly depressed by leupeptin. Similar catecholamine-mediated effects, but of a smaller magnitude, were noted at lower medium amino acid concentrations. These findings indicate that hepatocyte albumin and glucose production are associated with the common factor of active cellular proteolysis, probably through the regulation of amino acid supply. However, protein synthesis exhibits a higher priority, since stimulated hepatocyte glucose production did not substantially alter albumin secretion.
Investigation of the Blastogenic and Cytotoxic Capabilities of Human Bone Marrow: Differences Between Aspirate and Rib Marrow

Abstract The use of marrow aspirates in bone marrow transplantation, clinical evaluation, and experimental studies has prompted the present study of the functional characteristics of mononuclear cells from aspirated (iliac crest) and curettaged (rib) marrow. In this manner, the relative contribution of peripheral blood contamination of aspirated bone marrow cells in investigating and understanding marrow function can be assessed. Human bone marrow specimens were collected using 3-5 ml aspirates from the iliac crest in 17 individuals and using curettage of ribs obtained from 13 individuals undergoing thoracotomy. The marrow samples were separated over discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Mononuclear cells from aspirated marrow had a high background stimulation and therefore no significant response to lectins (Con-A, E-PHA, PWM) or responsiveness in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), whereas mononuclear cells from rib marrow had a low unstimulated background activity and could be stimulated by E-PHA and allogeneic cells in MLC. Bone marrow cells obtained from aspirates and ribs were also studied as to their ability to mediate in vitro cellular cytotoxicity. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lectin-induced cytotoxicity (LICC) were observed using marrow mononuclear cells from both sources when red cells were employed as targets. In contrast, when cell line target cells were employed, rib mononuclear cells were not observed to mediate lysis, whereas mononuclear cells from aspirates did lyse these targets. The cytotoxicity observed with aspirates was therefore most likely due to peripheral blood contamination. In cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), rib mononuclear cells were not stimulated to kill allogeneic lymphocytes, while aspirated cells lysed allogeneic lymphocytes about 50% as well as did peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBC), again, a reflection of peripheral blood contamination. We therefore conclude that pure bone marrow from humans, as assessed by studies using curettaged marrow from ribs, contains mononuclear cells capable of responding blastogenically to E-PHA and to cell surface alloantigens, as well as cells able to mediate LICC and ADCC against RBC, but does not include a population of cells able to lyse cell line targets in ADCC, spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC), or CML. These results indicate that the clinical evaluation, experimental study, and therapeutic use of bone marrow must be undertaken with the understanding that significant contamination with peripheral blood can occur when aspirates are used and that curettaged or biopsy material be used when true bone marrow is desired or needed.
Facilitation of Difficult Percutaneous Ureteral Stent Insertion

AbstractAttempts to convert percutaneous nephrostomies into internal ureteral stents were done by antegrade techniques in 26 patients in whom a retrograde approach for stent placement previously had been unsuccessful. There appeared to be complete obstruction of the ureter on antegrade urography in 8 patients but the area of the obstruction was traversed and a ureteral stent was inserted. Dilation of malignant or benign ureteral strictures followed by ureteral stent placement was done in 15 patients.The major difficulties in antegrade ureteral stent placement were marked ureteral tortuosity and ureteral kinking. The tortuosity was managed by insertion of a pigtail catheter in these instances. The pigtail catheter was wedged in the region of the kink and passed through the area of difficulty by manipulation of the catheter and guide wire under fluoroscopy. Another problem encountered was coiling and kinking of the catheter in a dilated renal pelvis. This problem was resolved by the transparenchymal approac...
Cytochrome P450-Dependent Modification of Capsaicinoids: Pharmacological Inactivation and Bioactivation Mechanisms

Capsaicinoids are the chemicals that make chili peppers “hot.” Human exposure to capsaicinoids through their diet is frequent and often considerable. Capsaicinoids are also used in a variety of consumer products, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical preparations, including pepper spray self-defense products, supplements for weight loss, and therapeutics for pain management, and antioxidant defense/cancer chemoprevention. In the human body, capsaicinoids are rapidly degraded and/or modified by a variety of enzymatic processes that significantly alter the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the capsaicinoids. This chapter provides as review of the enzymatic processes that appear to be critical in the clearance of capsaicinoids from cells in the human body, with an emphasis on Cytochrome P450-dependent processes. Additionally, the consequences of P450-mediated capsaicinoid metabolism with respect to the biological activity of capsaicinoids as dietary supplements and therapeutic molecules are discussed.
Catalysis by Microporous and Mesoporous Silica-Based Materials

Many scientifically and technologically interesting catalysts are derived from structures formed with silicon oxide-based materials. These structures vary greatly depending on the method of preparation. In particular, they differ in their pore dimensions, which can range from molecular size of 0.5 to 1 nm as in zeolitic materials, to 2-10 nm as in mesoporous MCM-41 type of materials, to large pores as in amorphous silica without a regular structure. Because of the different pore dimensions, these materials have different adsorptive and diffusive properties for organic molecules, which lead to different catalytic behaviors. Here some of the recent interesting catalytic observations that are consequential to the structures of the materials are summarized. Materials based on four types of structures will be discussed: zeolites, mesoporous materials, silsesquioxanes, and delaminated layered materials.
Guided Folding of Nematic Liquid Crystal Elastomer Sheets into 3D via Patterned 1D Microchannels

Two-dimensional liquid-crystal elastomer (LCE) sheets with preprogrammed topological defects are prepared by aligning liquid-crystal monomers within micropatterned epoxy channels, followed by photopolymerization. Upon heating, the LCE films form various three-dimensional structures in agreement with theoretical design. The miniaturized LCE actuators offer large-area work capacities (≈1.05 J m-2 ) to lift over 700 times their own weight.
Hashimoto Encephalopathy and Status Epilepticus

A 12-year-old boy with Hashimoto encephalopathy and drug-resistant status epilepticus responsive to plasmapheresis is reported from Ankara University Medical School, Turkey.
Myelopathy due to Cervical Spinal Manipulation

Neck pain is one of the very common orthopedic problems. A popular modality of treatment is manipulation therapy, which is a part of manual medicine as a mechanicotheraputic procedure. Chiropractors, physicians, therapists, osteopaths, and bonesetters, especially in the Orient, generally practice it. The procedure is not totally risk free. Myelopathy is one of its serious complications apart from others, e.g. vertebral artery dissection leading to stroke, skeletal injury and disc prolapse, soft tissue, and nerve injuries
A Strategy of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy for Migrated Disc Herniation.

Objective Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) with remarkable advancements has led to successful results comparable with open discectomy; however, its application in herniated disc (HD) with migration is still challenging and technically demanding. The purpose of this study is to propose various strategies for PELD according to HD with migration. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 434 consecutive patients who had undergone PELD. HD with migration was classified into 4 zones: low-grade up/down and high-grade up/down based on the extent and direction of migration. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analogue scale score for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and modified Macnab criteria. Endoscopic approaches and techniques were analyzed depending on HD with migration. Results A total of 149 patients underwent PELD for HD with migration. There were 93 low-grade down HD patients, 13 high-grade down, 11 low-grade up, and 32 high-grade up. High-grade up HDs were removed with the outside or outside-in techniques from L1-2 to L4-5. High-grade down HDs were removed via the outside technique with additional foraminoplasty. Low-grade up/down HDs with disc space continuity were removed with the inside-out technique. Meanwhile, at the L5-S1 level, interlaminar PELD was used to treat high-grade up/down HD with migration. The mean visual analogue scale score for back pain, leg pain, and Oswestry Disability Index were significantly improved after PELD. Favorable outcome was achieved in 90.6% of cases. Conclusions An appropriate strategy for PELD is important for successful removal of HD considering the extent of migration and direction.
On the cyclic stability of the thermomechanical behavior of NiTi shape memory cylindrical actuators

The cyclic performance of cylindrical SMA actuators are investigated, taken into account the individual effects of the (1) selected SMA material, (2) geometric configuration of the actuator, and (3) prior mechanical load path taking to a targeted stressed preload state before starting thermal cycles. The “ordinary”, commercially-available, binary Ni49.9Ti50.1 and a developmental “high temperature” ternary Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 alloys are used for comparison. The responses of these alloys are characterized using a multimechanism SMA model. Cylindrical actuator geometries, ranging from thin tubular configuration, where there is more uniformity in stress distribution, to a solid section, having significant non-homogeneities in stress, are utilized. Both proportional and non-proportional loading conditions are examined under limited stress levels and thermal cycles. Based on the results obtained for the alternative actuator designs, the conclusions are: (i) high actuation strokes are produced by Ni49.9Ti50.1 actuators, (ii) the Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 actuators show relatively more dimensionally stable actuation performance, (iii) there is a marked difference in the degree of mechanical load-path dependency on cyclic behavior between the Ni49.9Ti50.1 and Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 actuators, (iv) the cyclic response of the Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 is far less sensitive to the actuator geometry in comparison to the Ni49.9Ti50.1, and (v) differences in actuator performance are connected to the intrinsic transformation behavior of the selected shape memory alloys.
Confronting history and reconciliation: A review of civil society's approaches to transforming conflict narratives

In this chapter the work of civil society organizations that focus on confronting history as an avenue to achieving intergroup reconciliation in the aftermath of conflict is reviewed. The chapter sheds light on practitioners’ lay theories and strategies to address history for conflict transformation and reconciliation, and contrasts these approaches to the scholarship in this area. The chapter is based on reviewing 127 civil society projects that focus on confronting history in forty-five countries. It draws parallels between practitioners’ approaches and the research literature and theory on intergroup conflict and discusses scholarly evidence on the assumptions underlying praxis.
Effect of DNA Gyrase Inhibitors in the Nl Diet on Biological Fitness of the Western Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Addition of 3 DNA-gyrase inhibitors (i.e., novobiocin, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid) individually to the Nl (New and Improved) oligidic diet for plant bugs was investigated to assess their effe...
An Unconventional and Contradictory Life: Lady Florence Dixie (1855–1905)

A lifelong advocate for women’s rights, Lady Florence Dixie was also a prolific writer, publishing eighteen books and innumerable periodical stories and essays. Dixie was an extremely popular public figure, whose movements and attire were often reported in society columns and whose sporting accidents were reported at great length. Dixie’s unconventional life, political activism, and family scandal, contributed to a wealth of contradictory information about her life. This chapter presents the various accounts of the March 17, 1883 attack on Dixie’s person to discuss the way both Dixie’s contemporary and modern biographers received evidence of the attack in order to argue that Dixie’s legacy has been marred by her controversial lifestyle and political engagement.
Toxoid Vaccination against Bacterial Infection Using Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles.

As nanoparticles exhibit unique properties attractive for vaccine development, they have been progressively implemented as antigen delivery platforms and immune potentiators. Recently, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles have provided a novel approach for intercepting and neutralizing bacterial toxins by leveraging their natural affinity to cellular membranes. Such toxin–nanoparticle assemblies, termed nanotoxoids, allow rapid loading of different types of toxins and have been investigated for their ability to effectively confer protection against bacterial infection. This topical review will cover the current progress in antibacterial vaccine nanoformulations and highlight the nanotoxoid platform as a novel class of nanoparticulate vaccine. We aim to provide insights into the potential of nanotoxoids as a platform that is facile to implement and can be broadly applied to help address the rising threat of super pathogens.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SPONTANEOUS CORONARY ARTERY DISSECTION (SCAD) AT MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL

Research has shown that Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) is more common in women. As SCAD awareness increases, it continues to be under diagnosed due to its presentation in young patients. This study investigates the sex differences in the clinical presentation of SCAD patients. Our
Role of kinesins in directed adenovirus transport and cytoplasmic exploration

Many viruses, including adenovirus, exhibit bidirectional transport along microtubules following cell entry. Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for microtubule minus end transport of adenovirus capsids after endosomal escape. However, the identity and roles of the opposing plus end-directed motor(s) remain unknown. We performed an RNAi screen of 38 kinesins, which implicated Kif5B (kinesin-1 family) and additional minor kinesins in adenovirus 5 (Ad5) capsid translocation. Kif5B RNAi markedly increased centrosome accumulation of incoming Ad5 capsids in human A549 pulmonary epithelial cells within the first 30 min post infection, an effect dramatically enhanced by blocking Ad5 nuclear pore targeting using leptomycin B. The Kif5B RNAi phenotype was rescued by expression of RNAi-resistant Kif5A, B, or C, and Kif4A. Kif5B RNAi also inhibited a novel form of microtubule-based "assisted-diffusion" behavior which was apparent between 30 and 60 min p.i. We found the major capsid protein penton base (PB) to recruit kinesin-1, distinct from the hexon role we previously identified for cytoplasmic dynein binding. We propose that adenovirus uses independently recruited kinesin and dynein for directed transport and for a more random microtubule-based assisted diffusion behavior to fully explore the cytoplasm before docking at the nucleus, a mechanism of potential importance for physiological cargoes as well.
AMERICAS, SOUTH | Inca Ethnohistory

Inca ethnohistory reconstructs the rise, expansion, and conquest of the Inca empire using Colonial Period documents by European and Andean authors. The accounts of eyewitnesses or native informants recount processes of Inca state formation and how the Incas conquered the Cuzco region of highland Peru and then extended their imperial territory throughout the Andean region. This record also describes the diverse religious activities in the Inca empire, and how religion served to promote imperial unity while preserving diversity. Other aspects of Inca provincial administration and elite life near the imperial capital are detailed in the written record, as is the arrival of the first Europeans and the conquest of the Inca empire. These documents are important complements to a growing archaeological record on Inca society.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Impact Damage in Composite Laminates

Conventional ultrasonic C-scanning for detection and characterization of material defects has limitations because it provides only an overall planar view of the damage without accurate definition of the size and location of flaws. Hence, a three-dimensional reconstruction from the digitized ultrasonic pulse-echo waveform database was developed for full volume evaluation of damage [1].
How has the Change in the Way Auditor’s Determine the Audit Report Date Changed the Meaning of the Audit Report Date? Implications for Academic Research

We examine whether the proximity of the audit report date to a company’s required filing deadline provides a signal of audit quality as a result of heightened deadline pressure and whether an accounting standard change (SFAS 165) in 2009 had the unintended consequence of eliminating much of the information conveyed by the proximity of those dates. Before SFAS 165, we find evidence of lower audit quality and a higher frequency of auditor resignations when the audit report is near the required filing deadline, suggesting that auditors completing procedures at or near the required filing deadline may compromise audit quality to meet the filing deadline. We also find that auditors seek to reduce the increased risk associated with audits with heightened deadline pressure by resigning from such clients. After SFAS 165, we find that a change in practice of dating the audit report had the unintended consequence of eliminating much of the information conveyed by the proximity of the audit report date to the required filing deadline. As a result, financial statement users now have less opportunity to identify auditors under heightened deadline imposed time pressure.
Characterizing particle background of ATHENA WFI for the science products module: swift XRT full frame and XMM-PN small window mode observations

The Wide Field Imager (WFI) is one of two focal plane detector systems of ESA’s Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA) X-ray observatory. The Science Products Module (SPM) will have on-board processing algorithms that will reduce the ATHENA WFI particle background level significantly by improving background rejection on board and in post-processing on the ground. To this end, we examine the full frame observations from existing X-ray telescopes to understand and characterize the physics of the particle background. In particular, we determine phenomenological correlations between high energy particle events and X-ray events to improve the rejection of particle background events. We will present our results from the Swift XRT and XMM-Newton PN full frame data analysis in this talk. We will also discuss how these results could be used to reduce the expected background in the ATHENA WFI observations by the SPM processing.
Imaging and Tracking of Bone Marrow-Derived Immune and Stem Cells

Bone marrow (BM)-derived stem and immune cells play critical roles in maintaining the health, regeneration, and repair of many tissues. Given their important functions in tissue regeneration and therapy, tracking the dynamic behaviors of BM-derived cells has been a long-standing research goal of both biologists and engineers. Because of the complex cellular-level processes involved, real-time imaging technologies that have sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to visualize them are needed. In addition, in order to track cellular dynamics, special attention is needed to account for changes in the microenvironment where the cells reside, for example, tissue contraction, stretching, development, etc. In this chapter, we introduce methods for real-time imaging and longitudinal tracking of BM-derived immune and stem cells in in vivo three-dimensional (3-D) tissue environments with an integrated optical microscope. The integrated microscope combines multiple imaging functions derived from optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multiphoton microscopy (MPM), including optical coherence microscopy (OCM), microvasculature imaging, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. Short- and long-term tracking of the dynamic behavior of BM-derived cells involved in cutaneous wound healing and skin grafting in green fluorescent protein (GFP) BM-transplanted mice is demonstrated. Methods and algorithms for nonrigid registration of time-lapse images are introduced, which allows for long-term tracking of cell dynamics over several months.
Online stochastic weighted matching: improved approximation algorithms

Motivated by the display ad allocation problem on the Internet, we study the online stochastic weighted matching problem. In this problem, given an edge-weighted bipartite graph, nodes of one side arrive online i.i.d. according to a known probability distribution. Recently, a sequence of results by Feldman et. al [14] and Manshadi et. al [20] result in a 0.702-approximation algorithm for the unweighted version of this problem, aka online stochastic matching, breaking the 1−1 / e barrier. Those results, however, do no hold for the more general online stochastic weighted matching problem. Moreover, all of these results employ the idea of power of two choices. In this paper, we present the first approximation (0.667-competitive) algorithm for the online stochastic weighted matching problem beating the 1−1 / e barrier. Moreover, we improve the approximation factor of the online stochastic matching by analyzing the more general framework of power of multiple choices. In particular, by computing a careful third pseudo-matching along with the two offline solutions, and using it in the online algorithm, we improve the approximation factor of the online stochastic matching for any bipartite graph to 0.7036.
Interaction between step-to-step variability and metabolic cost of transport during human walking

Minimizing metabolic cost of transport is a strong determinant of the preferred walking speed. While many factors can affect metabolic cost of transport during human walking, its interaction with step-to-step variability is unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the interaction between metabolic cost of transport and step length variability during human walking at different speeds. In particular, two aspects of step length variability were analyzed: the amount of variations (Variations) and the organization of the step-to-step fluctuations (Fluctuations). Ten healthy, young participants walked on a treadmill at five speeds, ranging from 0.75 to 1.75 m s −1 . Metabolic cost of transport, step length Variations (coefficient of variation), and step length Fluctuations (quantified via Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) were calculated. A mixed-model ANOVA revealed that Variations and walking speed were strong predictors of metabolic cost of transport ( R 2 =0.917, p −1 ) was not significantly different from the speed at which metabolic cost of transport was minimized (1.04±0.05 m s −1 ; p =0.792), nor from the speed at which Fluctuations were most persistent (1.00±0.41 m s −1 ; p =0.698). The minimization of Variations occurred at a faster speed than preferred (1.56±0.17 m s −1 ; p
Remembering the voice: Exploring information and sentiment in voicemail archival practices:

This study examines preservation of voicemail artifacts. Applying an exploratory approach through grounded theory, participants (N = 52) from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk provided common reasons for re...
BUILDING YOUR CLINICIAN / EDUCATOR CAREER: Session 103

Abstract Opportunities for professional development and mentorship are vital for junior and mid-level faculty members to succeed in academic medicine. Too often, those opportunities are of short supply at institutions. In this special 2-hour, interactive workshop affiliated with the Teaching and Training Committee, learners will be exposed to several areas of professional development. Dr. Brandon Yarns and Dr. Alessandra Scalmati will build on their presentations from last year and discuss implementation and evaluation of a freshly developed curricula, focusing on choosing appropriate educational strategies and describing various designs for assessment and evaluation. Finally, barriers to introducing new curricula and tips about dissemination of the curricula will be discussed. Learners will also have a chance to practice what they learned. Dr. Dennis Popeo and Dr. Elizabeth (EJ) Santos will discuss helpful hints for junior faculty members. Dr. Popeo will specifically discuss things that he “wished he knew way back when” about career planning, negotiation and work-life balance. Dr. Santos will discuss networking – something that unnerves many people – and graceful self-promotion.
The Joys of Mutual Contempt

A crucial question, in judging any claim for religious exemption, is whether granting it would defeat the purposes of the law. Antidiscrimination law aims to remedy the aggregate effects of pervasive discrimination, not individual injuries. If gay people are generally protected against discrimination, a few outliers won’t matter. Treating discrimination as equivalent to violence against the person, or regarding the pertinent attitudes as contaminants that must be eradicated, confuses the issue. Religious Freedom Restoration Acts are so vague that each side of the controversy has some basis for focusing on its worst case scenario. Any compromise should enact rules rather than standards, for instance exempting businesses of five or fewer employees, or married student housing in religious colleges. Law cannot and should not try to eradicate the idea that homosexual conduct is inherently worthless and harmful. It is too deeply ingrained in religious views that large numbers of Americans hold. It involves theological questions that are none of the state’s business.
Approaches to inhibiting oncogenic K-Ras

Activating somatic K-Ras mutations are associated with >15% all human tumors and up to 90% of specific tumor types such as pancreatic cancer. Successfully inhibiting abnormal K-Ras signaling would therefore be a game changer in cancer therapy. However, K-Ras has long been considered an undruggable target for various reasons. This view is now changing by the discovery of allosteric inhibitors that directly target K-Ras and inhibit its functions, and by the identification of new mechanisms to dislodge it from the plasma membrane and thereby abrogate its cellular activities. In this review, we will discuss recent progresses and challenges to inhibiting aberrant K-Ras functions by these two approaches. We will also provide a broad overview of other approaches such as inhibition of K-Ras effectors, and offer a brief perspective on the way forward.
Role of poloidal E × B drift in divertor heat transport in DIII‐D

Simulations for DIII-D high confinement mode plasmas with the multifluid code UEDGE show a strong role of poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ drifts on divertor heat transport, challenging the paradigm of conduction limited scrape-off layer (SOL) transport. While simulations with reduced drift magnitude are well aligned with the assumption that electron heat conduction dominates the SOL heat transport, simulations with drifts predict that the poloidal convective $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ heat transport dominates over electron heat conduction in both attached and detached conditions. Since poloidal $\mathbf{E}\times\mathbf{B}$ flow propagates across magnetic field lines, poloidal transport with shallow magnetic pitch angles can reach values that are of the same order as would be provided by sonic flows parallel to the field lines. These flows can lead to strongly convection dominated divertor heat transport, increasing the poloidal volume of radiative power front, consistent with previous measurements at DIII-D. Due to these convective flows, the Lengyel integral approach, assuming zero convective fraction, is expected to provide a pessimistic estimate for radiative capability of impurities in the divertor. For the DIII-D simulations shown here, the Lengyel integral approach underestimates the radiated power by a factor of 6, indicating that for reliable DIII-D divertor power exhaust predictions, full 2D calculations, including drifts, would be necessary.
Modeling and simulation for CBM production

Abstract Analyzing and predicting the production behavior of CBM reservoirs is complex and challenging. The complex storage and transport mechanisms involved in CBM production can be best represented by the numerical models. Numerical models can accurately and simultaneously account for gas desorption, relative permeability, permeability, and porosity change caused by the coal compressibility, permeability changes due to matrix shrinkage, well-to-well interference, and operating procedures. However, because of extreme complication of physical and thermodynamic phenomena that occur during CBM/ECBM recovery process, the existing models do not adequately model the mechanism of gas recovery from coal. Reservoir simulation is also a cost-effective way to assess the sensitivity of the reservoir performance to uncertainties in measured data.
Marriage Matters: What’s Wrong with the ALI’s Domestic Partnership Proposal

The ALI domestic partnership proposal would partially assimilate cohabitation to marriage: based on a finding of domestic partnership, it would impose on the cohabiting couple who have chosen to avoid marriage personal obligations identical to those the couple would have incurred had they elected to marry. The ALI proposal rests on the claims the absence of formal marriage may have little or no bearing on the character of the parties' domestic relationship and on the equitable considerations that underlie claims between lawful spouses at the dissolution of a marriage. However, the research evidence demonstrates that, in the United States, cohabitation usually functions as a substitute for being single, not for being married; cohabitants thus tend to behave and view their relationships very differently than married couples. Adoption of the ALI proposal would also produce negative effects. The proposal requires individualized fact finding and thus would necessitate time-consuming and expensive litigation that would almost certainly produce inconsistent status determinations. The proposal would introduce discordant values into the law of relational obligation and diminish personal autonomy. Because marriage is associated with significant advantages to both marriage partners and adults, the proposal also risks harm to individual interests and the public good. For all these reasons, the ALI domestic partnership proposal should be rejected.
Efficient Quantification of Profile Matching Risk in Social Networks.

Anonymous data sharing has been becoming more challenging in today's interconnected digital world, especially for individuals that have both anonymous and identified online activities. The most prominent example of such data sharing platforms today are online social networks (OSNs). Many individuals have multiple profiles in different OSNs, including anonymous and identified ones (depending on the nature of the OSN). Here, the privacy threat is profile matching: if an attacker links anonymous profiles of individuals to their real identities, it can obtain privacy-sensitive information which may have serious consequences, such as discrimination or blackmailing. Therefore, it is very important to quantify and show to the OSN users the extent of this privacy risk. Existing attempts to model profile matching in OSNs are inadequate and computationally inefficient for real-time risk quantification. Thus, in this work, we develop algorithms to efficiently model and quantify profile matching attacks in OSNs as a step towards real-time privacy risk quantification. For this, we model the profile matching problem using a graph and develop a belief propagation (BP)-based algorithm to solve this problem in a significantly more efficient and accurate way compared to the state-of-the-art. We evaluate the proposed framework on three real-life datasets (including data from four different social networks) and show how users' profiles in different OSNs can be matched efficiently and with high probability. We show that the proposed model generation has linear complexity in terms of number of user pairs, which is significantly more efficient than the state-of-the-art (which has cubic complexity). Furthermore, it provides comparable accuracy, precision, and recall compared to state-of-the-art.
IRAS 03063+5735: A BOWSHOCK NEBULA POWERED BY AN EARLY B STAR

Mid-infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope Galactic Legacy Infrared MidPlane Survey Extraordinaire program reveal that the infrared source IRAS 03063+5735 is a bowshock nebula produced by an early B star, 2MASS 03101044+5747035. We present new optical spectra of this star, classify it as a B1.5 V, and determine a probable association with a molecular cloud complex at V{sub LSR} = -38 to -42 km s{sup -1} in the outer Galaxy near l = 140.{sup 0}59, b = -0.{sup 0}250. On the basis of spectroscopic parallax, we estimate a distance of 4.0 {+-} 1 kpc to both the bowshock nebula and the molecular complex. One plausible scenario is that this is a high-velocity runaway star impinging upon a molecular cloud. We identify the H II region and stellar cluster associated with IRAS 03064+5638 at a projected distance of 64 pc as one plausible birth site. The spectrophotometric distance and linkage to a molecular feature provides another piece of data helping to secure the ill-determined rotation curve in the outer Galaxy. As a by-product of spectral typing this star, we present empirical spectral diagnostic diagrams suitable for approximate spectral classification of O and B stars using He lines in the little-usedmore » yellow-red portion of the optical spectrum.« less