cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic target localization in posteroventral pallidotomy.

The current interest in stereotactic posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) for treating Parkinson's disease and the variability of published results have raised questions regarding techniques for target localization. In our technique the probe is guided to the optimum target at the most ventral pallidum and ansa lenticularis by macroelectrode stimulation of the internal capsule and optic tract from within the globus pallidus, with the thresholds providing a relative measure of the electrode proximity to these structures. We have characterized these localizing macroelectrode stimulation parameters in 57 posteroventral pallidotomies with consistent anatomic lesion placement, excellent outcome, and no complications. Using a 1.8 × 2.0 mm radiofrequency electrode for macroelectrode stimulation (RFG-3C, Radionics Inc.), minimum voltages (thresholds) to activate motor (at a frequency of 2 Hz) or visual (at a frequency of 100 Hz) responses as well as impedance measurements were obtained at the final target (Tf) and at distances proximal to Tf along the electrode trajectory. The visual and motor threshold voltages at Tf via our standard approach angles (50 ° above base plane, 20 ° from the sagittal plane), had a range of 1.0 to 1.5 V, and 2.0 to 3.5 V respectively. We also found that as the probe approaches Tf there is a significant decrease in voltage thresholds for motor (P<.0001) and visual (P<.0001) responses in an individual patient indicating that the probe is converging on these structures. Increases in impedance between Tf, 2–3 mm, and 4–5 mm proximal to Tf were also statistically significant (P<.0001). Microelectrode recording of electrophysiological neuronal activity at various points along the trajectory towards the target showed distinct firing patters providing identification of the globus pallidus externus and internus, ansa lenticularis, and optic tract. Macroelectrode electrophysiological stimulation within the target volume, inducing threshold responses in the internal capsule and optic tract, provides for accurate localization of the most effective PVP target in the ansa lenticularis. In unresponsive patients, the utilization of microelectrode recording for the identification of the pallidal borders and the optic tract improves safety.
Foundations, Professors and “Economic Education”

RECENTLY I RECEIVED from the American Economic Foundation, 295 Madison Avenue, New York 17, an illustrated folder by Fred G. Clark and Richard Stanton Rimanoczy entitled "What Are Tools?" The authors state that "any piece of mechanical equipment is a tool of production." Then they go on to include among such tools not only the roof over the equipment, the walls around it and the floor under it, but also "the land under the floor." And then they add: "A coal mine, an oil well, a forest, an ore deposit, or any other natural resource becomes a tool of production to the men who extract from nature the raw materials which go into manufacturing." By thus putting all land and, in general, all natural resources into the category of "tools," the authors turn the reader away from considering a very fundamental question. This fundamental question is whether an income derived from man-made equipment that cannot come into existence at all unless there is both labor and saving, is on no stronger an ethical and social utility basis than is an income one can receive just because others must pay him for his permission to work on and to live on the earth, in those locations made productive and desirable because of geological forces and community development, and for his permission to withdraw fuels and minerals from the earth's subsoil deposits. Lest this statement seem to some readers not entirely clear, we may illustrate by reference to the case of New York City.1 New York is situated on a great natural harbor. If there were none to use the harbor except a few pioneer farmers on Manhattan Island trading their surplus produce for the textiles and other goods of Europe, landing space for a very few boats or perhaps for a single one would be all that would be needed. But as the rich interior of the North American continent was settled, with its mines of iron ore, copper and coal, its prairie and river-bottom wheat and corn land, and its other resources, more and more goods were produced to be poured through the port of New York into foreign countries. And, of course, more and more foreign goods were wanted in exchange, which could most advantigeously pass through
Detection of glucose, galactose, and lactose in milk with a microdialysis-coupled flow injection amperometric sensor.

Abstract A microdialysis-coupled flow injection amperometric Sensor ( μ FIAS) was used to determine glucose, galactose, and lactose in milk. The sensor is based on enzyme-catalyzed reaction in combination with the three well-established analytical techniques, namely; microdialysis sampling, flow injection analysis (FIA), and amperometric detection. With the multianalyte sensor it was possible to detect glucose and galactose by sequential injection of their corresponding oxidase enzymes: glucose oxidase and galactose oxidase, while lactose was determined by injection of a mixture of beta-galactosidase and glucose oxidase enzymes. The sensor showed a linear response between 0.05 and 10m M for glucose, between 0.1 and 20m M for galactose and between 0.2 and 20m M for lactose, respectively. The relative standard deviation values of the sensor measurements for glucose, galactose, and lactose were 3–4% (n = 33). The sensor measurements for lactose content in milk were compared with a standard method with an infrared spectrophotometer.
A magnetohydrodynamic particle code with force free electrons for fluid simulations

The two-fluid dynamics of plasmas with force free electrons under the quasi-neutral condition can be described by the one-fluid magnetohydrodynamic equations with addition of a single term, the Hall term, to the field induction equation. This algorithm is implemented in a magnetohydrodynamic particle code to represent some aspects of electron-ion plasmas in the Lagrangian framework with a fixed uniform background grid. The code sustains, for example, Alfven-ion cyclotron waves and whistler waves, as is demonstrated by the dispersion, polarization and propagation of these waves.
Radiation equilibria pertinent to planetary atmospheres

Radiation equilibria due to ionizing radiation or ultraviolet light, or both, on systems such as air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and their mixtures are of major importance to planetary atmospheres. To investigate the radiation equilibria in the ultraviolet region, a special “Bromine” lamp has been developed which gives 10 17 quanta/sec at 1582 and 1633 A where the latter is the most intense Br line. Since the absorption coefficients of O 2 , CO 2 , O 3 and other gases are substantial at these wavelengths, radiation equilibria can be obtained in reasonable times (between 1 hr and a few days, depending on conditions) in our 500 ml sample volume. Since the temperature can also be varied, the conditions prevailing in any region of an atmosphere can be simulated. The wall effects are negligible for pressures down to a few mm. The irradiation of O 2 , CO, CO 2 , N 2 and mixtures of these gases are discussed. The effects of trace amounts of water vapor on the equilibria are noted. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00225.x
Enhanced Enantioselectivity of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Formulated with Novel Cross-Linking Monomers

To enhance the performance of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), three new cross-linking monomers were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as matrix elements for molecularly imprinted polymers. Hybrid cross-linking monomers incorporating methacrylamide/methacrylate (NOBE), vinyl ketone/methacrylamide (NAG), and vinyl ketone/methacrylate (MVK) polymerizable groups, were synthesized and used to prepare MIPs and compared to a traditional MIP formulated with EGDMA. The resulting macroporous MIPs were evaluated by HPLC for their ability to separate the enantiomers of a chiral template. The MIP formulated with the cross-linking monomer NAG showed the highest enantioselectivity and complete baseline resolution for a racemic mixture of the template. Enhancement in selectivity in this MIP may be attributed to the presence of the amide group which can promote hydrogen bonding via favorable 1,3 donor−acceptor interactions with the template, the morphology of the polymeric material obtained due to differences in...
The application of ideas associated with materials with memory to modeling the inelastic behavior of solid bodies

Abstract In this paper, we present a new way to describe the rate-independent inelastic behavior of metals undergoing finite deformations. Experiments indicate that the stress often has a stronger dependence on the inelastic history in the more recent past as compared to that in the distant past. For this reason, an “annihilation” function is used to weight the inelastic history so that less importance is given to the strains in the more distant past. This “annihilation” function does not depend explicitly on time, but instead on the pathlength associated with the history of stress-free or natural configurations in the strain space relative to the current natural configuration. In this formulation the current configuration is adopted as the reference configuration for the kinematic quantities. The constitutive equation for stress is expressed in terms of the strain associated with the current natural configuration relative to the current actual configuration. Equations have been developed to prescribe the change in the natural configuration as the material yields. A general yield function has been defined in terms of the relative natural strain to restrict the manner in which the natural configuration changes. Since the yield conditions are in terms of the relative natural strain, we can account for situations in which a material yields during the process of unloading. For the sake of simplicity, the elastic properties of the material are considered to be constant throughout the deformation with the material remaining isotropic with respect to the natural configuration. With the proposed theory, we have examined the “Bauschinger effect” which is exhibited by metals that are deformed beyond the yield limit before being deformed beyond the yield limit in the reverse direction.
Reduced attention-related negative potentials in schizophrenic children.

Abstract ERPs were recorded from normal and schizophrenic children during performance of a reaction time task (RT) followed by a complex visual discrimination, the span of apprehension task (Span), sensitive to vulnerability factors in schizophrenia. Subjects responded rapidly to the onset of the visual arrays in the RT condition and differentially to the presence of 1 of 2 target letters in the Span condition. The EEG was recorded at 19 scalp sites and ERPs included activity 1 sec before through 1 sec after Span array onset. Difference potentials (Span-RT) were computed to remove unvarying exogenous activity, thus isolating endogenous activity associated with the processing demands of the Span task. When RT and Span task ERPs are compared, schizophrenic children produced a significantly smaller than normal increment in endogenous negative activity. This endogenous negativity differed in its topography and time course from the exogenous components (P1, N1 and P2), and most likely reflects attentional effort associated with serial search, pattern recognition and stimulus identification. We believe that the current results support the position that schizophrenics are impaired in their ability to allocate adequate attentional resources for the processing of the Span stimuli. It is important to note that this deficit is apparent quite early in discriminative processing.
Diffuse reflectance spectral imaging for breast tumor margin assessment

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been previously explored as a promising method for providing real-time visual maps of tissue composition to help surgeons determine breast lumpectomy margins and to ensure the complete removal of a tumor during surgery. We present the simple design, validation, and implementation of a compact and cost-effective spectral imaging system for the application of tumor margin assessment. Our new system consists of a broadband source with bandpass filters for illumination and a fabricated custom 16-pixel photodiode imaging array for the detection of diffuse reflectance. The system prototype was characterized in tissue-mimicking phantoms and has an SNR of greater than 40 dB in phantoms, animals, and human tissue. We show proof-of-concept for performing fast, wide-field spectral imaging with a simple, inexpensive design. The strategy also allows for the scaling to higher pixel number and density in future iterations of the system.
Failure of metal-backed patellar components after total knee arthroplasty

Abstract All revision total knee arthroplasties for failure of a metal-backed patellar component during a 4-year period were reviewed. Twenty-five revisions, representing six designs, were performed in 24 patients. The failure mode included wear or fragmentation of the patellar polyethylene in 20 knees, polyethylene separation from the metal baseplate in 3, and metal peg-baseplate fracture in 2. Time to revision averaged 3.4 years. Signs and symptoms heralding failure included anterior knee pain, patellofemoral crepitus and knee synovitis or swelling; 17 knees exhibited all of these. In 20 knees, technical errors related to the patella were evident on pre-revision radiographs. Only patellar revision was required in 13 knees, replacement of all three components in 8, and patellar plus tibial insert revision in 4. The multiple designs involved suggest a generic problem that is design dependent but influenced by surgical technique.
Quasi-Geometric Optics of Media with Inhomogeneous Index of Refraction*

A small-wavelength, quasi-geometric optics is developed. The approach is based on an amplitude wave function that represents both the probability amplitude of the geometrical rays and the physical-optics disturbance. All ray paths contribute phases to the amplitude function proportional to their optical paths, measured in units of normalized wavelength. However, the dominant contributions are due to those rays that satisfy Fermat’s principle. This formulation leads to an integral equation for the wave-amplitude function with a kernel function that is a path integral. The integral equation reduces, in weakly focusing paraxial media, to a solution of a Schrodinger type of partial differential equation. The classical ray variables are operators with expectation values satisfying the geometric-optics equations. The second moments of the ray operators, with minimum-uncertainty initial wave packet, define second-order optical parameters. A special case of the quasi-geometric-optics integral equation is the quasi-optical laser-mode equation, allowing the interpretation of the stationary modes as probability amplitudes. For media with arbitrary inhomogeneous index of refraction, a matrix wave equation with a two-component wave function is derived. The matrix ray operators also satisfy a correspondence principle. A physical interpretation of the new wave function is presented.
Attributes of Success in African Management Development Programmes: Concepts and Applications

Three case studies demonstrate areas in which management development programmes are successfully carried out. Management development of Kenyan building contractors through seminars and practical remedial assignments; management development of Ethiopian consultant‐managers involving all group levels in the firm or factory; and development of black entrepreneurs in South Africa by hands‐on training in regional and vernacular languages. Thirteen postulated attributes of success have been distilled from this research, and from an examination of the cultural and environmental factors affecting black managers as trainees, consultants, and businessmen. They include a discussion, of concern for immediate improvement, of in‐house supportive groups, integrating experienced managers into the programme, a system of rewards and penalties, learning‐by‐doing, total commitment and enthusiasm, an expanded range of visual aids, follow‐up coaching on the job, team work, outside evaluation, etc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the peripheral vasculature

Abstract Background Atherosclerotic disease of the peripheral vasculature is a prevalent condition for which catheter-based techniques have been considered to be the gold standard for diagnosis. However, because of their invasive nature, these techniques inherently have the potential for complications. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques have historically been limited by low accuracy and high operator dependence. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a new approach that has diagnostic accuracy comparable with invasive angiography. Methods The literature on MRA for evaluation of carotid, mesenteric, renal, and lower-extremity arterial disease was extensively reviewed. Helpful diagnostic algorithms on the basis of the literature are also provided. Results MRA is both sensitive and specific when compared with invasive angiography for the evaluation of peripheral arterial disease and avoids the potential for complications resulting from arterial puncture and use of iodinated contrast. Conclusion Current MRA techniques are diagnostically robust and have proven to be a highly accurate, safe, and convenient means of diagnosing atherosclerotic disease of the peripheral vascular system.
Application of immunologic probes for contractile proteins to tissue sections.

Abstract Employing antisera produced in rabbits against actin, smooth and skeletal muscle myosin, α-actinin, tropomyosin, and tubulin, we have been able to demonstrate the presence of these antigens in tissue sections. The antisera were prepared against well-characterized, relatively pure antigens and had been previously studied in isolated cells. This permitted reliable confirmation and extension of studies demonstrating contractile proteins in non-muscle cells. Of particular interest was the visualization of a unique banding pattern in small vessels with sera directed against actin, smooth muscle myosin, tropomyosin, and actinin. An unexplained observation was the presence of significant amounts of tubulin in endomysial cells. The relationship of our observations to those recently appearing in the literature is discussed.
Externalizing behavior challenges within primary care settings

Abstract Primary care providers encounter a substantial number of behavioral health concerns leading to the increasing provision of psychological interventions within medical settings. Externalizing disorders present a particular challenge to physicians and stand to benefit a great deal from early intervention. Providing behavioral health services in primary care can reduce barriers to treatment, stigma associated with mental health, and cost of service provision. Given these advantages, scholars have examined the provision of behavioral health interventions within primary care settings. This review provides a critical overview of the extant evidence base and offers suggestions for future efforts in this area.
Post-transectional hyperexcitability and centrally mediated response decrements in chronic spinal frog.

Abstract Chronic spinal frogs were found to develop hyperexcitability, manifested by greatly increased resistance to habituation of the flexion reflex, consequent to spinal cord transection. Also investigated were the following aspects of centrally mediated response depression produced by repeated stimulation: ( a ) the cumulative response depression of three days of habituation training had dissipated in five of seven animals within six days; ( b ) dishabituation in the spinal frog, as in the acute spinal cat, is mediated by a superimposed facilitation rather than a reversal of the habituation process; ( c ) approximately equal response depressions were produced by 60 stimuli delivered 1 30 sec, 1 10 min, or in 20 trains of three stimuli 15 sec apart delivered 1 30 min.
I Would Have Liked to Give a Paper at this Conference

I would have liked to give a paper at this conference And put it on my CV That I came to this conference The major conference in my field Which is performance studies Which is a pretty weird field At least in Indiana Where I try to explain it to people People who give papers at conferences And where I’m up for renewal next year In a department of theatre And where I have a lot of big ideas While I’m walking to the parking lot— But I haven’t published too much Yet.
The low temperature behavior of some light lanthanide RRhSb and RPdSb compounds

Abstract The low temperature heat capacity and magnetic susceptibilities of LaRhSb, LaPdSb, PrRhSb and PrPdSb have been examined. LaRhSb is a superconductor with a Tc of 2.1 K, while LaPdSb is normal down to 0.6 K. Both Pr compounds order magnetically: PrRhSb at 6 and 18 K, and PrPdSb at 10 K. The upper ordering temperature of PrRhSb is probably antiferromagnetic and the lower one may correspond to a spin glass state. Both Pr compounds have unusually large electronic specific heat constant values of 35 and 75 mJ mol−1 K−2 for PrRhSb and PrPdSb, respectively.
Specific 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated regulation of transcellular calcium transport in Caco-2 cells

Calcium transport in the apical-to-basolateral (A-to-B) or B-to-A direction was examined in cells treated with 10 nM 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3, calcitriol] for up to 72 h. Net A-to-B cal...
An Effective HIV Risk-Reduction Protocol for Drug-Using Female Sex Workers

Female sex workers are especially vulnerable to HIV infection, particularly those who use drugs and engage in street-based sex exchange. This study examines the risk behaviors and HIV serostatus of 806 drug-using female sex workers in Miami and assesses the relative impact of two HIV and hepatitis prevention interventions on changes in risk behavior. Drug-using sex workers were recruited using targeted sampling strategies and were randomly assigned to the NIDA Standard Intervention or an innovative Sex Worker Focused (SWF) Intervention. Outcome analyses indicate that both groups benefited from participation in the intervention trial. However, the SWF Intervention was found to be more efficacious in regard to reductions in unprotected oral sex and sexual violence.
Interpreting results from biodegradability tests of chemicals in water and soil

Biodegradability testing is examined and the many factors affecting extrapolation of laboratory biodegradation results to microbial degradation in the environment are discussed. Recent advances in the understanding of the effects of the concentration and nature of various nutrients and organic substrates and modeling the microbial kinetics of degradation are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of screening methods and grab sample testing are discussed. The importance of groundwater biodegradation is also examined. Research needs are identified and guidelines are given to select various testing procedures to model diverse environmental situations.
The relative effectiveness of estrone, estradiol-17β, and estriol in sex reversal in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination

In many turtles the temperature during the middle of incubation determines the gonadal sex of the hatchling. Sex steroid hormones have been implicated in temperature-dependent sex determination in the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta; nonaromatizable androgens are involved in male sex determination and estrogens and aromatizable androgens in female sex determination. Administration of exogenous estradiol-17 beta to eggs incubating at a temperature that normally produces only males can overcome the effect of temperature and result in all offspring being female. Further, estradiol-17 beta and incubation temperature synergize to produce a greater feminizing effect at intermediate incubation temperatures that produce mixed sex ratios. This study demonstrates that, in the red-eared slider, there is a complex interaction between incubation temperature, different estrogens, and the dosage effect of each hormone. There are changes in potency of different estrogens with incubation temperature such that estriol is more potent than estrone and estradiol-17 beta at 26 degrees (an all-male producing incubation temperature), estrone and estriol are equipotent to each other and more potent than estradiol-17 beta at 28.8 degrees (an incubation temperature that produced a male-biased sex ratio), and estradiol-17 beta is more potent than estrone and estriol at 29 degrees (an incubation temperature that produced equal numbers of males and females). These changes may be due to differences in synergism between the hormones and incubation temperature. Estriol treatment also resulted in cranially hypertrophied oviducts at all incubation temperatures in a dose-dependent manner, whereas animals treated with estradiol-17 beta and estrone had normal oviducts. These results support the hypothesis that estrogens are involved in the final common pathway of female sex determination in this species.
Plasma and Urinary Methionine Levels in One-Year-Old Infants after Oral Loading with l-Methionine and N-Acetyl-l-Methionine

N-acetyl-L-methionine has been proposed as a replacement for methi- onine in supplementing food products low in this amino acid. Previous studies in adult subjects administered equimolar quantities (0.0605 mmoles/kg body weight) of L-me- thionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine showed equivalent overall release of methionine to the blood as judged by area under the plasma methionine time-absorption curve. In the present study, similar doses (0.0605 mmoles/kg body weight) of L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine were administered to fasting 1-year-old infants in a randomized crossover design. The two compounds produced an equivalent overall release of me thionine to the blood as judged by plasma methionine concentrations and by the area under the plasma methionine concentration-time curves. No evidence was obtained that indicated release of N-acetyl-L-methionine to plasma or its excretion in urine after loading. However, peak plasma methionine concentrations, and the areas under the plasma methionine concentration-time curves for infants were approximately one-half the values observed in normal adults administered equimolar doses of each compound on a per kilogram body weight basis. The data suggest more rapid metabolism of methionine and N-acetyl-L-methionine by infants than adults. J. Nutr. 112: 597-603,
Liberalism and Public Health Ethics

Many public health dilemmas involve a tension between the promotion of health and the rights of individuals. This article suggests that we should resolve the tension using our familiar liberal principles of government. The article considers the common objections that (i) liberalism is incompatible with standard public health interventions such as anti-smoking measures or intervention in food markets; (2) there are special reasons for hard paternalism in public health; and (3) liberalism is incompatible with proper protection of the community good. The article argues that we should examine these critiques in a larger methodological framework by first acknowledging that the right theory of public health ethics is the one we arrive at in reflective equilibrium. Once we examine the arguments for and against liberalism in that light, we can see the weaknesses in the objections and the strength of the case for liberalism in public health.
The Hemodynamic Response to Chronic Anemia

To determine whether the hyperkinetic circulatory response to chronic anemia is obligatory and to assess its strength and potential reversibility, the hemodynamic state at rest was assessed (indicator-dilution method) in 24 patients with chronic anemia before and after certain interventions. A comparison of cardiac output measured before and after treatment established the consistency of the hyperdynamic response to anemia. In the absence of convalescent data, this response might have been overlooked in some anemic patients whose cardiac output fell within the normal range. In the anemic state, cardiac output correlated negatively and significantly with age (r=-0.752). This relationship may account for the apparent absence of the hyperkinetic circulation in elderly, anemic patients. In only the most anemic (hemoglobin, 3.8 g/100 ml) of six patients did inhalation of 100% oxygen lower cardiac output significantly. In four patients, studied in both the supine and sitting posture, orthostatic stress was cons...
Developmental aspects of cardiac Ca2+ signaling: interplay between RyR- and IP3R-gated Ca2+ stores

The dominant mode of intracellular Ca2+ release in adult mammalian heart is gated by ryanodine receptors (RyRs), but it is less clear whether inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-gated Ca2+ release c...
Ornithine decarboxylase encoded by chlorella virus PBCV-1

Sequence analysis of the 330-kb genome of chlorella virus PBCV-1 revealed an open reading frame, A207R, which encodes a protein with 37-41% amino acid identity to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) from many eukaryotic organisms. The a207r gene was cloned and the protein was expressed as a His-A207R fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein catalyzes pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent decarboxylation of ornithine to putrescine, the first step in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 9.0 and a temperature optimum of 42 degrees C, and it requires dithiothreitol for maximal activity. The enzyme has a K(m) for ornithine of 0.78 mM and a specific activity of 100 micromol/min/mg protein. PBCV-1 ODC is quite sensitive to the competitive inhibitor L-arginine and the irreversible inhibitor difluoromethylarginine but it is less sensitive to the irreversible inhibitor difluoromethylornithine. The a207r gene is expressed both early and late in PBCV-1 infection and is highly conserved among the chlorella viruses. The 42-kDa PBCV-1 ODC (372 amino acids) is the smallest ODC in the databases and, to our knowledge, is the first virus-encoded ODC.
Spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of Fe3O4: the case against half-metallicity

Many materials have been theoretically predicted to be half-metallic, and hence suitable for use as pure spin sources in spintronic devices. Yet to date, remarkably few of these predictions have been experimentally verified. We have used spin polarized photoelectron spectroscopy to study one candidate half-metallic system, Fe3O4. Such experiments are normally hampered by difficulties in producing clean stoichiometric surfaces with a polarization that is truly representative of that of the bulk. However, by utilizing higher photon energies than have traditionally been used for such experiments, we can study polarization in 'as received' samples, essentially 'looking through' the disrupted surface. High quality, strain relieved, ex situ prepared Fe3O4 films have been thoroughly characterized by diffraction, transport and magnetometry studies of their crystallographic, electronic and magnetic properties. The spectroscopic results are found to agree fairly closely with previously published experimental data on in situ grown thin films and cleaved single crystals. However, despite the higher photoelectron kinetic energies of the experiment, it has not been possible to observe 100% polarization at the Fermi level. Hence, our data do not support the claim of true half-metallicity for Fe3O4.
Deriving topology and sequence alignment for the helix skeleton in low-resolution protein density maps.

Cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) is an experimental technique to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of large protein complexes. Currently, this technique is able to generate protein den...
Stars and triangles

A graph is Sm-full if each vertex belongs to an induced star of order m. The stellarity of a vertex ν in a graph is the maximum size of an induced star centered at ν. Answering a question of Furedi, Mubayi, and West, we show that an Sm-full finite graph is triangle-free if the deletion of any edge produces a graph that is not Sm-full. More generally, a finite graph is triangle-free if the deletion of any edge lowers the stellarity of at least one of its endpoints. Neither of these results extends to infinite graphs; nevertheless, even an infinite Sm-full graph has a triangle-free Sm-full spanning subgraph. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 170–176, 2001
FORMATION OF HETEROCYCLIC AMINE MUTAGENS/CARCINOGENS DURING HOME AND COMMERCIAL COOKING OF MUSCLE FOODS

Muscle foods, when cooked, sometimes form heterocyclic amines that are mutagenic in bacteria and carcinogenic in animal tests. A survey of commercially cooked meats from restaurants or grocery stores reflected varying levels from undetectable to 560 revertant colonies per gram in the Salmonella strain TA98 mutagenicity test. Home and laboratory cooked meats revealed up to 4000 TA98 revertants per gram of cooked meat. Heterocyclic amine mutagens/carcinogens responsible for the mutagenic activity were detected in some samples at 1.5 to 400 ppb. Since these compounds are formed from natural components in meats during heating, the cooking time and temperature are determinants for their production. Clearly, cooking conditions can be modified to greatly reduce or eliminate these carcinogens from our diet.
Synchrotron radiation intensity scaling with undulator errors

The author presents a concise analytical model which links the statistics of undulator field error to statistics of synchrotron radiation intensity. In particular, the author shows how undulator errors affect the phase of electron motion inside an undulator and express radiation intensity in terms of phase error statistics. Effects of trajectory and phase compensation are discussed. It is demonstrated that phase error is a more reliable descriptor of undulator quality than magnetic field error. The theory is directly applicable to synchrotron radiation devices and small-signal free-electron lasers (FELs), and can be also extended to strong-signal FELs. >
Outcomes assessment and program evaluation: partners in intervention planning for the educational environment.

Accountability ofeducational institutions is a cun-ent trend in academia. Outcomes assessment provides a method of evaluating educational programs to ensure they are meeting their objectives. This paper presents an overview ofoutcomes assessment and describes its relationship to and integration with program evalua­ tion. It also describes the implementation ofan out­ comes assessment program at Kean College ofNew jer­ sey, Union, New jersey. A modelfor assessment within occupational therapy programs, which parallels a model for intervention planning, is introduced and discussed.
Global soil nitrous oxide emissions in a dynamic carbon-nitrogen model

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Due to its high temporal and spatial heterogeneity, a quantitative understanding of terrestrial N2O emission and its variabilities and responses to climate change are challenging. We added a soil N2O emission module to the dynamic global land model LM3V-N, and tested its sensitivity to mechanisms that affect the level of mineral nitrogen (N) in soil such as plant N uptake, biological N fixation, amount of volatilized N redeposited after fire, and nitrification-denitrification. We further tested the relationship between N2O emission and soil moisture, and assessed responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. Results extracted from the corresponding gridcell (without site-specific forcing data) were comparable with the average of cross-site observed annual mean emissions, although differences remained across individual sites if stand-level measurements were representative of gridcell emissions. Processes, such as plant N uptake and N loss through fire volatilization that regulate N availability for nitrification-denitrification have strong controls on N2O fluxes in addition to the parameterization of N2O loss through nitrification and denitrification. Modelled N2O fluxes were highly sensitive to water-filled pore space (WFPS), with a global sensitivity of approximately 0.25 TgN per year per 0.01 change in WFPS. We found that the global response of N2O emission to CO2 fertilization was largely determined by the response of tropical emissions with reduced N2O fluxes in the first few decades and increases afterwards. The initial reduction was linked to N limitation under higher CO2 level, and was alleviated through feedbacks such as biological N fixation. The extratropical response was weaker and generally positive, highlighting the need to expand field studies in tropical ecosystems. We did not find synergistic effects between warming and CO2 increase as reported in analyses with different models. Warming generally enhanced N2O efflux and the enhancement was greatly dampened when combined with elevated CO2, although CO2 alone had a small effect. The differential response in the tropics compared to extratropics with respect to magnitude and sign suggests caution when extrapolating from current field CO2 enrichment and warming studies to the globe.
Low Socioeconomic Status Over 12 Years and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Background and Purpose—The inverse relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease is well established. However, few studies have investigated socioeconomic status assessed repeatedly during adulthood in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis. We aimed to test whether consistently low socioeconomic status, as indexed by education, income, and financial strain, for 12 years of midlife was related to later carotid intima-media thickness and plaque among women. Methods—The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation is a multisite longitudinal study of midlife women. Education was assessed at the study baseline, income and financial strain were obtained yearly for 12 years, and a carotid ultrasound was obtained at study year 12 among 1402 women. Associations were tested in linear and multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for demographic, biological, and behavioral risk factors. Results—A high school education or less (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval {CI}], 1.72 [1.15–2.59];...
The Challenge of Promoting a Cohesive Institutional Identity: An Investigation of the Impact of External Audiences, Task Specialization, and the Overall Organization

ABSTRACT The premise of integrated marketing communication is that all communication messages should be integrated and centrally coordinated for maximum effectiveness. Yet, due to organizational challenges, integration may be easier said than done. The purpose of this study is to examine how communication practitioners working in dispersed departments at a large, decentralized public university–the University of Utah–construct their communication campaigns upon which the university's identity is built. Results indicate that practitioner's decision of how to promote the university's identity is prompted by their respective department, not how students or other publics would see it. Due to the multiple positioning statements promoted in their campaigns, the university appears to be grappling with a multifaceted identity. Implications for non-profit and public organizations are discussed.
Growth and Amelogenin-Like Factors in Periodontal Wound Healing. A Systematic Review

Background: Regeneration of tooth-supporting structures destroyed by periodontitis is a major goal of periodontal therapy. Periodontal tissue engineering utilizing growth and amelogenin-like factors (GAFs) applies advances in materials science and biology to regenerate alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. Amelogenin-like factors (e.g., enamel matrix derivative [EMD]) and growth factors (e.g., plateletderived growth factor [PDGF] and bone morphogenetic proteins [BMPs, also considered morphogens]) have demonstrated pleotrophic effects on the stimulation of several key events required for tissue regeneration including DNA synthesis, chemotaxis, differentiation, and matrix synthesis. Rationale: GAFs have been used for the treatment of periodontal disease as shown in preclinical and clinical studies. This systematic review evaluates the evidence to support the utilization of EMD and growth factors (GFs) for periodontal repair and regeneration associated with natural teeth. Focused Question: In pa...
OUTCOME OF REFERRALS FROM A PRIMARY HEALTH INSTITUTION IN RURAL KARNATAKA

Summary: Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) play a vital role in public health system in rural areas in India. Some, of the patients visiting these PHCs are then referred to tertiary care facilities. Reasons for referral include unsure diagnosis or inadequate facilities for treatment. In this study almost 86% of patients showed improvement after treatment at referral centers while twelve referred patients did not seek treatment after getting symptomatic relief. Two referred patients, one with uncontrolled diabetes and the other with AMI died. IHD in rural areas need special attention. We feel that establishing a link between Primary Health Care Centers and tertiary care centers besides building capacity of PHC centers to manage chronic diseases needs special attention.
Driving While Reading Using Google Glass Versus Using a Smartphone: Which is More Distracting to Driving Performance?

Using a phone while driving leads to distraction and impaired driving performance. When reading text on a phone, the act of looking away from the road could cause driving impairment. Wearable displays like Google Glass might reduce the visual impairment caused by looking away, even if they do not overcome other factors contributing to impaired driving. However, such devices could also increase impairment by giving drivers the mistaken impression that they can pay attention to both the display and the road simultaneously or impair visual processing by superimposing visual information in the driving scenes. We compared driving performance in a simulated naturalistic driving task while drivers read text on Google Glass or on a smartphone. As expected, reading on Google Glass and the smartphone both impaired driving performance by increasing lane variations, but drivers using Google Glass showed less lane variation compared to smartphone users. To the extent that these metrics reflect better driving performance, Google Glass might somewhat reduce the costs of reading text while driving. Keywords: Driver distraction; Tactical vehicle control; Google Glass; Cellphone
Slip distribution of the 1992 Landers earthquake and its implications for earthquake source mechanics

We use near-source (10 to 164 km) displacement seismograms to image the slip distribution and rupture history of the 28 June 1992 Mw = 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake. Aftershock seismograms from similar distances are modeled to find the velocity model and frequency range (0.05 to 0.25 Hz) over which theoretical Green's functions are most accurate, and the measure of fit is used as an upper bound on theoretical error in the mainshock inversion. We represent the rupture surface with three planar segments divided into 3 by 3 km elements extending from the surface to 18-km depth, and solve for the slip distribution and the rupture time model that minimizes misfit to both recorded seismograms, and mapped surface displacement in a least-squares sense. We investigate two faulting models, one with a uniformly short (<3 sec) rise time everywhere on the fault surface and the other with a variable rise time (2 to 6 sec). We perform sensitivity tests using synthetic data from a hypothetical earthquake to evaluate model resolution and solution stability. In the sensitivity tests, both fault models recover similar slip and rupture features, but neither is capable of imaging details of the rise time. For the Landers earthquake, we find an average rupture velocity of 2.5 km/sec and use this average for a starting model in a linearized inversion for rupture time. In our solutions of slip-amplitude distribution, the southernmost, Johnson Valley fault segment has 20% of the total seismic moment (6 to 8 × 1019 N-m) with small displacements near the hypocenter; the Homestead Valley segment contributes half of the moment with the largest slip amplitudes 25 to 35 km northwest of the hypocenter at 4 to 12-km depth; and the Camp Rock-Emerson segment contributes the remaining moment with the largest slip amplitude 35 to 50 km northwest of the hypocenter in the shallow crust (<9 km). There is some evidence that the rupture front is delayed as it encounters high-slip regions, suggesting that prior to the mainshock these areas were further from failure owing either to greater strength or lower prestress.
A Computer-Controlled Microscope as a Device for Evaluating Autoradiographs

In this chapter, we will describe the application of a computer-controlled microscope to the quantitative evaluation of tissue autoradiographs. In our laboratory, we interfaced a microscope to a PDP-12 computer in 1972. Since that time, the system has been applied to various aspects of autoradiographic evaluation of nerves labeled with tritiated amino acids. Similar devices are now available commercially (Altaian, 1963; Prensky, 1971), and several have been described in the literature (Boyle and Whitlock, 1974; Stengel-Rutkowski et al., 1974; Wann et al., 1974). Computers have been used with microscopes in other applications for some time (Garvey et al., 1972, 1973; Glaser and Van der Loos, 1965; Izzo and Coles, 1962; Ledley, 1964).
Graduate public health training in healthcare of refugee asylum seekers and clinical human rights: evaluation of an innovative curriculum

An innovative curriculum was developed to equip public health students with appropriate attitude and skills to address healthcare of asylum seekers. Implemented in 2005 the curriculum included: (1) didactic sessions covering epidemiology and health sequelae of torture, asylum laws, and approaches to identify survivors’ healthcare needs; (2) panel discussions with survivors and advocates; and (3) participating in medico-legal process of asylum seeking. Complementary mixed methods evaluations included pre- and post-curriculum questionnaires, formal curriculum evaluations, final papers and oral presentations. 125 students participated. Students showed improved knowledge regrading sequelae of abuse and survivors’ healthcare needs (P < 0.01), improved attitudes towards working with survivors (P < 0.05) and self-efficacy in identifying at-risk populations and addressing healthcare of survivors (P < 0.05). Students reported increased desire to pursue global health and human rights careers. As an advocacy and cultural competency training in public health practice addressing healthcare of refugees domestically, this curriculum was well received and effective, and will also help students better serve other similar populations. Population case-based domestic opportunities to teach global health and health and human rights should be effectively utilized to develop a well-equipped global health corps.
Exploring technology adoption in the case of the Patient-Centered Medical Home

Abstract It has been shown that the use of Health Information Technology (HIT) is associated with reduced cost and increased quality of care. This paper examined the use of registries in Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) practices. A survey questionnaire was sent to a nationwide group of clinics certified for being a PCMH. They were asked to provide information about their payer mix, implementation barriers, registry implementation, registry use, and clinic satisfaction. The survey instrument was validated by an expert panel which included practitioners and researchers. Statistical methods including Structured Equation Modeling were used for analysis and to test the research hypotheses. The results of the analysis show that indeed payer mix, in particular Medicare and private insurance, has a significant relationship with level of registry implementation.