cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using energy consistency to improve phase retrievals with discrete Fourier transform cropping

A new error metric, known as the Parseval error metric, was developed for phase retrieval algorithms for wavefront sensing that use a cropped discrete Fourier transform to deal with local minima of the sum-squared error metric that have high-frequency phase artifacts that incorrectly place energy outside the crop window. This was done by defining an energy consistency error metric based on a modified version of Parseval’s theorem, and then adding it with a relative weighting factor to the sum-squared error metric to form the Parseval error metric. Simulations were performed to examine the effect of the Parseval error metric compared to the sum-squared error metric alone and to downsampling the data PSF instead of cropping. We found that the cropping methods had better wavefront fits compared to the downsampled method, and the Parseval error metric had better retrieval success rates over the other two methods, although with greater computational requirements.
De-Westernizing African Journalism Curriculum Through Glocalization and Hybridization:

Over several decades, scholars have questioned the multilateralism of journalism education on the grounds that journalism education adopts a dominant paradigm that renders it predominantly Western....
Decline in photosynthesis as related to alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure of a cotton leaf during ontogeny

Field studies were conducted to investigate ontogenic changes in leaf photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure of a single cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf subtending the fruit. A 20-d old leaf was the most physiologically active with net photosynthetic rate (PN) of 16.5 μmol m-2 s-1 and nitrogen (N) concentration of 168 mmol m-2. These values declined with leaf age and a close relationship existed between them. Concurrent with declines in PN, ultrastructural alterations occurred in the chloroplast: the 20-d old leaf had increased grana number and thylakoids per granum and a few plastoglobuli. Afterwards, the grana number and thylakoids per granum declined with leaf age indicating disintegrated grana and stroma lamellae. Concomitant with disintegrated membrane system was the presence of numerous large plastoglobuli. The PN was closely related to grana number and thylakoids per granum suggesting that the decline in PN with leaf age was associated with ultrastructural changes in the chloroplast.
Endometrioma of the Liver: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hepatic endometriosis is a rare form of endometriosis first described by Finkel in 1986. A thorough review of the literature revealed 28 cases of hepatic endometriosis. This unusual condition offers several diagnostic challenges due to its variable appearance on imaging and need for histologic analysis to establish a definitive diagnosis. We present a 42-year-old female initially treated for presumed hydatid cyst that was later found to be endometriosis in the liver. The case highlights the importance of considering endometriosis in the differential for a patient presenting with a solitary liver mass regardless of age and previous history of endometriosis.
Distinct neural mechanisms underlying conceptual knowledge of manner and instrument verbs

Studies on the organization of conceptual knowledge have examined categories of concrete nouns extensively. Less is known about the neural basis of verb categories suggested by linguistic theories. We used functional MRI to examine the differences between manner verbs, which encode information about the manner of an action, versus instrument verbs, which encode information about an object as part of their meaning. Using both visual and verbal stimuli and a combination of univariate and multivariate pattern analyses, our results show that accessing conceptual representations of instrument class involves brain regions typically associated with complex action and object perception, including the anterior inferior parietal cortex and occipito-temporal cortex. On the other hand, accessing conceptual representations of the manner class involves regions that are commonly associated with the processing of visual and biological motion, in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. These findings support the idea that the semantics of manner and instrument verbs are supported by distinct neural mechanisms.
De novo compartment deconvolution and weight estimation of tumor samples using DECODER.

Tumors are mixtures of different compartments. While global gene expression analysis profiles the average expression of all compartments in a sample, identifying the specific contribution of each compartment remains a challenge. With the increasing recognition of the importance of non-neoplastic components, the ability to breakdown the gene expression contribution of each is critical. Here, we develop DECODER, an integrated framework which performs de novo deconvolution and single-sample compartment weight estimation. We use DECODER to deconvolve 33 TCGA tumor RNA-seq data sets and show that it may be applied to other data types including ATAC-seq. We demonstrate that it can be utilized to reproducibly estimate cellular compartment weights in pancreatic cancer that are clinically meaningful. Application of DECODER across cancer types advances the capability of identifying cellular compartments in an unknown sample and may have implications for identifying the tumor of origin for cancers of unknown primary. Separating different cell compartments from bulk gene expression data can be challenging. Here the authors present DECODER, which can perform de novo deconvolutions on non-negative matrices including microarray, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data sets.
Healthy Aging and Cardiovascular Function: Invasive Hemodynamics During Rest and Exercise in 104 Healthy Volunteers

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between age and invasive cardiovascular hemodynamics during upright exercise among healthy adults. Background The marked age-related decline in maximal exercise oxygen uptake (peak VO2) may contribute to the high burden of heart failure among older individuals and their greater severity of exertional symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying this decline are not well understood. Methods A total of 104 healthy community-dwelling volunteers age 20 to 76 years well screened for cardiovascular disease underwent exhaustive upright exercise with brachial and pulmonary artery catheters; radionuclide ventriculography; and expired gas analysis for the measurement of peak VO2, cardiac output, left ventricular stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ejection fraction, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and arteriovenous oxygen difference. Results Over a 5.5-decade age range, there was a 40% decline in peak VO2 due primarily to reduced peak exercise cardiac output; peak arteriovenous oxygen difference was unaffected by age. The lower age-related exercise cardiac output was related to lower peak exercise heart rate and stroke volume. Aging was also associated with lower peak exercise ejection fraction, indicating reduced inotropic reserve. Peak exercise end-diastolic volume was lower with aging despite similar left ventricular filling pressure, suggesting age-related reduced diastolic compliance limiting the use of the Frank-Starling mechanism to compensate for reduced chronotropic and inotropic reserves. These age relationships were unaffected by sex. Conclusions The age-related decline in exercise capacity among healthy persons is due predominantly to cardiac mechanisms, including reduced chronotropic and inotropic reserve and possibly reduced Frank-Starling reserve. Peak exercise left ventricular filling pressure and arteriovenous oxygen difference are unchanged with healthy aging.
Digestive system in regular sea urchins

Abstract This chapter begins with features characterizing the postembryonic digestive system as a whole (especially cellular- and organ-level morphology) in regular sea urchins. Then, a more detailed review is presented of each of the main subregions: namely, the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach (with siphonal groove or siphon), intestine, and rectum. In addition, the bacterial, protozoan, and metazoan symbionts living in regular sea urchin digestive systems are covered. At present, an active research area is the application of metagenomic methods to demonstrate how the enteric bacteria respond to changes in diet and other environmental variables. The chapter concludes with a description of the development of the embryonic, larval, and metamorphic digestive system of regular sea urchins.
A New Syntax for Diagrammatic Logic: A Generic Figures Approach

In this paper we propose a new syntactical representation of C.S. Peirce’s diagrammatic systems for propositional and predicate logic. In particular, we use the categorical notion of generic figures to represent the syntax of the diagrammatic language as a category of functors from a suitable, simple category into the category of sets, highlighting the relational nature of Peirce’s diagrammatic logic.
Thermal performance and condensation risk of single-pane glazing with low emissivity coatings

To understand the potential impacts on both thermal performance and condensation risks of using low-e coatings in buildings, especially in the single-pane sector, in this work, parametric numerical analysis in winter is conducted. Three building glazing models, including the single-pane without low-e coatings (SNL), single-pane with exterior low-e coatings (SEL), and single-pane with interior low-e coatings (SIL), are selected and simulated through COMSOL over a range of outdoor temperature and indoor humidity. The temperature of the interior surface of windows, heat flux through windows, winter U-factor of center-of-glass will be obtained and compared. Additionally, a numerical code is developed in R to compute and plot the condensation temperatures of these three models upon the given indoor humidity levels and simulated surface temperatures. The comprehensive analysis of condensation risks on the glazing inner surface of the three models will be conducted. This parametric simulation effort indicates an interesting feature for a single-pane window: while the SIL gives a substantially lower U than the SNL, it also corresponds to an increased condensation risk under certain limits of external temperature and indoor humidity levels. Upon the resultant condensation temperatures and thermal performance analysis, we can conclude the parameters of the windowpane property, coating emissivity and placement, local climate, and building interior thermal settings must be taken into account collectively when it comes to adding low-e coatings to singlepane windows.
Use of apixaban and rivaroxaban in young adults with acute venous thromboembolism: a multi-center retrospective case series.

Since 2012 four direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE). Clinical trials comparing DOACs to warfarin included more than 13,500 patients. However, included patients were all age 39 years or older. We sought to describe real-world use of DOACs among young adults with acute VTE. Multi-center retrospective case series of young adult patients (age 18–40 years) at two large academic medical centers who initiated any DOAC for VTE therapy in 2015 or 2016. Thrombotic and bleeding events as well as off-label drug use were described using summary statistics. Fifty-seven patients were identified (63.2% female). One of the 57 patients (1.8%) had a thromboembolic event. Seven of the 57 patients (12.3%) experienced a bleeding event, one categorized as a major bleed and six being categorized as clinically relevant non-major bleeding. One of the ten (10%) patients receiving apixaban was not initiated on the FDA-recommended 10 mg twice daily for the first 7 days. Seven of the 47 (14.9%) patients receiving rivaroxaban were not initiated on the FDA-recommended 15 mg twice daily dosing for the first 21 days. Bleeding occurred in approximately 14% of young adult patients treated with DOAC therapy. However, only one patient had their DOAC discontinued due to a major bleeding event. Recurrence of DVT while on DOAC therapy was rare.
3D-printed HZSM-5 and 3D-HZM5@SAPO-34 structured monoliths with controlled acidity and porosity for conversion of methanol to dimethyl either

Abstract The ability to control the morphology and porosity of zeolite-structured monolith is an important step in the design of zeolite-based catalysts. Herein, additive manufacturing method was used for the rapid synthesis of H-ZSM-5 structured monoliths (3D-HZSM5) with hierarchical porosity (macro-meso-micro) and controlled type and density of acid sites. After 3D-HZSM5 monolith formation, the silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO-34) was grown on the 3D-HZSM5 structured monolith surface via secondary growth method for formation of 3D-HZSM5@SAPO-34 structured monolith. The samples were characterized before and after SAPO-34 growth by XRD, N2 physorption, NH3-TPD, Py-IR and SEM. The characterization results revealed formation of SAPO-34 layer on 3D-HZSM5 structured monolith and also modification also imply that formulation of H-ZSM-5 powder into monolith resulted in slightly less Bronsted acid sites while the density of Lewis acid sites increased. The performance of the 3D-HZSM5 and 3D-HZSM5@SAPO-34 structured monoliths were investigated in catalytic conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) over a temperature range of 180 to 320 °C for 10 h time on stream. The selectivity to DME was significantly increased as a result of modification in acidity and porosity of the 3D-printed HZSM-5 structured monolith as compared to its powder counterpart and also 3D-HZSM5@SAPO-34 structured monolith. SAPO-34 growth enhanced the density of strong acid sites which caused further conversion of DME to higher hydrocarbons. The highest DME selectivity reached 96% on 3D-HZSM5 structured monolith at 180 °C, which also achieved ~70% conversion of methanol.
Fuzzy aggregate production planning with flexible requirement profile for plan stability in uncertain environments

In this paper, a production plan stability control technique called flexible requirement profile (FRP) is combined with fuzzy aggregate production planning (APP) to not only handle the planning system uncertainties, but also to maintain the stability of the production plans when re-planning. More specifically, this paper proposes two new fuzzy aggregate planning models namely the fuzzy Max-Min FRP-APP and fuzzy ranking FRP-APP. The proposed models are tested on five industry-based cases and the results are compared to the crisp FRP-APP, and traditional fuzzy APP models with no stability considerations. The results indicate that the proposed fuzzy FRP-APP model is able to yield comparable stability and cost performance as the crisp FRP-APP model but produce noticeably more stable production plans compared to the non-FRP-APP models without significantly sacrificing the cost. [Received: 30 June 2019; Accepted: 12 August 2020]
Shoulder resurfacing for treatment of focal defects and diffuse osteoarthritis

This article provides a review of the various options for the treatment of osteoarticular pathology of the shoulder. This can range from focal osteochondral defects to diffuse arthritis and can occur at any age. Although total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty are the most frequently used methods, they not generally suitable for younger patients under 60 years old due to the lack of long-term stability and deterioration. If conservative treatment is unsuccessful or not an option, resurfacing is an alternative procedure with good long-term results. The various methods that have been reported for resurfacing and partial resurfacing of the humeral head are described as well as the results of studies on these procedures. In this article the indications, biomechanics, outcomes and complications are outlined for the two resurfacing options preferred by the authors.
Selective Microautophagy of Proteasomes is Initiated by ESCRT-0 and Is Promoted by Proteasome Ubiquitylation

Abstract The proteasome is central to proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system under normal growth conditions but is itself degraded through macroautophagy under nutrient stress. A recently described AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-regulated ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent microautophagy pathway also regulates proteasome trafficking and degradation in low glucose conditions in yeast. Aberrant proteasomes are more prone to microautophagy, suggesting the ESCRT system fine-tunes proteasome quality control under low glucose stress. Here we uncover additional features of the selective microautophagy of proteasomes. Genetic or pharmacological induction of aberrant proteasomes is associated with increased mono- or oligo-ubiquitylation of proteasome components, which appear to be recognized by ESCRT-0. AMPK controls this pathway in part by regulating the trafficking of ESCRT-0 to the vacuole surface, which also leads to degradation of the Vps27 subunit of ESCRT-0. The Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase contributes to proteasome subunit ubiquitylation, and multiple ubiquitin-binding elements in Vps27 are involved in their recognition. We propose that ESCRT-0 at the vacuole surface recognizes ubiquitylated proteasomes and initiates their microautophagic elimination during glucose depletion. Saummary statement ESCRT-0 selectively targets aberrant proteasomes for microautophagy by recognition of proteasome ubiquitylation status to fine-tune proteasome quality control under low glucose conditions.
User preferences for and engagement with text messages to support antihypertensive medication adherence: Findings from a pilot study evaluating an emergency department-based behavioral intervention

OBJECTIVE We examined users' preferences for and engagement with text messages delivered as part of an emergency department (ED)-based intervention to improve antihypertensive medication adherence. METHODS We recruited ED patients with elevated blood pressure for a pilot randomized trial evaluating a medication adherence intervention with text messages. Intervention participants chose text content and frequency, received texts for 45 days, and completed a feedback survey. We defined engagement via responses to texts. We examined participant characteristics associated with text preferences, engagement, and feedback. RESULTS Participants (N = 101) were 57% female and 46% non-White. Most participants (71%) chose to receive both reminder and informational texts; 94% chose reminder texts once per day and 97% chose informational texts three times per week. Median text message response rate was 56% (IQR 26-80%). Participants who were Black (p < 0.01), had lower income (p = 0.03), or had lower medication adherence (p < 0.01) rated the program as more helpful and wanted additional functionalities for adherence support. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS While overall engagement was modest, participants at risk of worse health outcomes expressed more value and interest in the program. Findings inform the design of text messaging interventions for antihypertensive medication adherence and support targeting vulnerable patients to reduce health disparities. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02672787.
A more powerful test for three-arm non-inferiority via risk difference: Frequentist and Bayesian approaches

Necessity for finding improved intervention in many legacy therapeutic areas are of high priority. This has the potential to decrease the expense of medical care and poor outcomes for many patients...
A general solution to unsteady, coupled magnetohydrodynamic couette flow

A general solution to nonsteady coupled magnetohydrodynamic plane Couette flow by the method of Fourier series expansion is presented in this paper. Two particular examples of the utility of the solution are included: 1) an impulsive start of the wall, and 2) a wall velocity proportional to (1 − exp(− αt)). For the case of an impulsive start of the wall it is found that flow is apparently accelerated by the presence of the magnetic field, a situation opposite to that which occurs when no induced magnetic field is allowed.
Modeling spatial referencing language for human-robot interaction

It has long been a dream of science fiction to have a robot which understands the richness of spoken language. Part of attaining this goal is to exploit the ways that language structures space which would lead to a more natural way to interact with our robots. By investigating the application of spatial language as a modality of interacting with robots, we can create an interface that is more intuitive for a novice user. In this paper, we outline a method for computing target points to the FRONT, LEFT, RIGHT, and BEHIND segmented objects in evidence grid maps built using range data on a mobile robot. This method uses the segmented objects and their contour points to calculate eigenvectors which can be used to calculate the LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT, and BEHIND points. This allows the user to issue spatial referencing commands, such as "go behind the desk" or "look to the left of the table." We also show results for a human-subject experiment which provides validation of the algorithm.
Effects of Detergents on Ribosomal Precursor Subunits of Bacillus megaterium

Cell extracts prepared by osmotic lysis of protoplasts were analyzed by sucrose gradient sedimentation. In the absence of detergents, ribosomal precursor particles were found in a gradient fraction which sedimented faster than mature 50S subunits and in two other fractions coincident with mature 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits. Phospholipid, an indicator of membrane, was shown to be associated with only the fastest-sedimenting ribosomal precursor particle fraction. After the extracts were treated with detergents, all phospholipid was found at the top of the gradients. Brij 58, Triton X-100, and Nonidet P-40 did not cause a change in the sedimentation values of precursors; however, the detergents deoxycholate or LOC (Amway Corp.) disrupted the fastest-sedimenting precursor and converted the ribosomal precursor subunits which sedimented at the 50S and 30S positions to five different classes of more slowly sedimenting particles. Earlier reports on the in vivo assembly of ribosomal subunits have shown that several stages of ribosomal precursor subunits exist, and, in the presence of the detergents deoxycholate and LOC, which had been used to prepare cell extracts, the precursors sedimented more slowly. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that those detergents selectively modify the structure of ribosomal precursors and lend further support to the hypothesis that the in vivo ribosomal precursor subunits have 50S and 30S sedimentation values. In addition, these data support the idea that the ribosomal precursor particles found in the fast-sedimenting fraction may constitute a unique precursor fraction.
Surface flashover of fiberglass reinforced plastic in vacuum at cryogenic temperature

We have examined two fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) materials G-10 and G-11 in vacuum at room temperature and at 90 K and compared the flashover strength with breakdown of the pure vacuum gap for a parallel plane geometry as a function of gap length. The breakdown strength for the bridged vacuum gap is lowered considerably from a pure vacuum gap, where the bridged gap exhibits a cube root dependence on the gap length. Lowering the temperature of FRP has little effect on the surface flashover strength and, if anything, tends to lower the strength slightly. This may be due to electron impact desorption of condensed gases from the dielectric surface during the conditioning process.
Validation and modification of a predictive model of postresection hydrocephalus in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors.

Object Postresection hydrocephalus is observed in approximately 30% of pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. However, which patients will develop postresection hydrocephalus is not known. The Canadian Preoperative Prediction Rule for Hydrocephalus (CPPRH) was developed in an attempt to identify this subset of patients, allowing for the optimization of their care. The authors sought to validate and critically appraise the CPPRH. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of 99 consecutive pediatric patients who presented between 2002 and 2010 with posterior fossa tumors and who subsequently underwent resection. The data were then analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analyses, and a modified CPPRH (mCPPRH) was applied. Results Seventy-six patients were evaluated. Four variables were found to be significant in predicting postresection hydrocephalus: age younger than 2 years, moderate/severe hydrocephalus, preoperative tumor diagnosis, and transependymal edema. The mCPPRH produc...
The Dissociation of Benzene (C 6 H 6 ), Pyridine (C 5 H 5 N) and Cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) by Electron Impact

The dissociation of ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{5}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$N, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{12}$ by electron impact has been investigated with a mass spectrograph. Four doubly charged and thirty-one singly charged positive ions were observed in the dissociation of benzene. The relative abundance, for electrons of 72 volts energy, and the appearance potential are given for each ion. The first and second ionization potentials of benzene are 9.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 and 17.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 volts, respectively. The ionization potential of ${\mathrm{C}}_{5}$${\mathrm{H}}_{5}$N is 9.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 volt and of ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{12}$, 11.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 volt. In each of the three vapors, certain of the ions resulting from the dissociation process have a doublet character. The components have a constant energy separation independent of magnetic field. The components also have different appearance potentials. The interpretation given is that these particular ions are formed by two different processes, one of which imparts a definite amount of kinetic energy to the ion.
Ophthalmic manifestations and outcomes after cavernous sinus thrombosis in children.

Purpose To review the causes, treatment, and outcomes of cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) in children. Methods The medical records of children ( Results A total of 110 children with a venous thrombus of an intracranial sinus were included. Of these, 9 had a CST. All cases were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. All 9 had sinusitis, 4 had orbital involvement, and 1 resulted from a nasal septal abscess. Eight cases presented with ophthalmoplegia, and 5 presented with decreased vision. Every patient underwent sinus surgery: 4 underwent orbitotomy for abscess drainage, and 1 required bilateral exenteration. Cultures were inconclusive in 2 cases, and 2 cases were culture positive rhino-orbital mucormycosis. There was 1 case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Of the 9 cases, 4 returned to normal vision and ocular motility; 5 had permanent ophthalmoplegia and vision loss. There were no cases of mortality. Conclusions CST is a rare complication of orbital and sinus disease. High clinical suspicion, early neurologic imaging, and a multidisciplinary approach to management are key factors in reducing morbidity and mortality from CST in children.
Frequency and outcomes of severe hyperlactatemia after elective cardiac surgery

Abstract Background Hyperlactatemia is relatively common in the cardiac surgical patient and is usually considered a marker of illness severity. The frequency and impact of severe hyperlactatemia after elective cardiac surgery has not been described, and prognosis may be different compared with that for other surgical or medical critically ill patient populations. Methods We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the hospital course and outcomes of patients who developed severe postoperative hyperlactatemia (SPHL; lactate >10 mmol/L) after elective cardiac surgery, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012, at a large, academic, tertiary referral center. Results Of 9580 cardiac surgical patients who met inclusion criteria, 121 (1.26%) developed SPHL. The most common cause was cardiogenic shock (53.8%). In-hospital mortality was 40.5% but varied widely based on the cause of the SPHL. All patients with definite mesenteric ischemia (n = 5) or extremity compartment syndrome (n = 6) at the time of SPHL died in the hospital. Forty patients (33.1%) were discharged to home, whereas 32 (26.4%) were discharge to a skilled-care facility. Conclusions Severe postoperative hyperlactatemia is rare after elective cardiac surgery. Although this phenomenon continues to be associated with mortality, >50% of patients survived to hospital discharge, a more favorable prognosis, compared with other patient populations based on lactate levels alone. Important exceptions were patients who had extremity compartment syndrome or mesenteric ischemia, which were associated with in-hospital death in all cases. In all other etiologic groups, a substantial proportion of patients were discharged to home.
Discourse Level Opinion Interpretation

This work proposes opinion frames as a representation of discourse-level associations which arise from related opinion topics. We illustrate how opinion frames help gather more information and also assist disambiguation. Finally we present the results of our experiments to detect these associations.
Selective electroless copper for VLSI interconnection

Cu is studied as a candidate for low-resistance VLSI interconnection. Simulation studies show that for effective channel length less than 0.5 mu m, the RC time constant of interconnection is a major part of the total delay. By reducing the resistivity of the interconnect, the operating speed can be increased by more than 20% without any change in design rule. A selective electroless deposition process was used to solve the Cu patterning difficulty. Patterns of 2.2- mu m pitch have been achieved with this process. The copper contamination issue is also studied; dielectric films such as silicon oxynitride and silicon nitride are shown to be effective in stopping Cu diffusion. By coating a thin Ni film on Cu, Cu corrosion can be reduced from 0.2 mu /h to less than 0.05 mu m/h at 100 degrees C in 4% KCL solution. >
Synthesis of modal control systems having confluent eigenvalues

A modal control theory is developed whereby the loop-gains of a single-input system may be readily calculated using a simple formula for the case when the system matrix has a number of sets of confluent eigenvalues. The simple results derived in this paper are made possible by using the properties of the mode-controllability matrix of the system.
Angiopeptin inhibits intimal hyperplasia after angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries.

BACKGROUNDRestenosis is mediated by uncontrolled neointimal growth at the site of coronary angioplasty. Angiopeptin is an octapeptide analogue of somatostatin that has been shown to decrease the ex...
Lineage-specific modulation of interleukin 4 signaling by interferon regulatory factor 4.

Interleukin (IL)-4 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that exerts distinct biological activities on different cell types. Our studies indicate that interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-4 is both a target and a modulator of the IL-4 signaling cascade. IRF-4 expression is strongly upregulated upon costimulation of B cells with CD40 and IL-4. Furthermore, we find that IRF-4 can interact with signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)6 and drive the expression of IL-4–inducible genes. The transactivating ability of IRF-4 is blocked by the repressor factor BCL-6. Since expression of IRF-4 is mostly confined to lymphoid cells, these data provide a potential mechanism by which IL-4–inducible genes can be regulated in a lineage-specific manner.
Coccidioides immitis as a Select Agent of bioterrorism.

1. SUMMARY Coccidioides immitis is the most virulent of the primary fungal pathogens of humans and other animals. As such, it is the only fungal aetiological agent designated as Biosafety Level 3 in Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 3rd edn (Department of Health and Human Services 1993; http://www.nih.gov/od/ors/ds/pubs/bmbl/index.htm). Natural infection occurs via inhalation of aerosolized conidia from a primary environmental focus, and can also occur from traumatic implantation. In both instances, analogies can be drawn to Bacillus anthracis. Similarly, C. immitis was listed amongst the 'Select Agents' in the Final rule on Additional Requirements for Facilities Transferring or Receiving Select Agents in response to the US Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (Department of Health and Human Services 1996). Natural infection can resolve spontaneously following a primary pulmonary, flu-like episode, or can progress to a serious and life-threatening local or disseminated disease. Natural or experimental infection appears to confer immunity, and efforts are underway to develop a protective vaccine. Such would be a welcomed addition to the limited antifungal armamentarium.
Wavelet analysis of fused EPI sequences

Our recent wavelet based fusion research concentrated on the analysis of static images. Although there is a substantial savings in the time needed to create a fused image, there are still problems with the extraction of connected regions from the image. This is due to the ambiguities associated with the choice of the wavelet channels to use for reconstruction. Multiple images derived from multiple sensors can be used to assist this selection process, as well as to derive object characteristics through dynamic scene analysis. Some of our earlier work with epipolar image (EPI) analysis of fused image sequences indicated that the technique was able to successfully act as a navigation aid in highly cluttered, dynamic environments. In this paper, we present a system that combines wavelet analysis with the EPI technique. Frame by frame integration of information from the sensors is done within the wavelet coefficient space, followed by an EPI analysis of features derived from the fused coefficients. We also report the results of a preliminary experiment with a laboratory sequence.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical Modeling Of A Space Relay Experiment

The optical modeling of laser beam propagation between two points on the earth's surface is discussed with reference to a space relay experiment using relay mirrors on one or more satellites. A two-dimensional laser beam propagation code is applied, and several novel modules are developed to realistically model the environment of the experiment. These are the Kolmogorov atmosphere, a deformable mirror, a segmented aperture, and wind shear. The model allows the calculation of the beam-Strehl ratio and efficiency of the energy transfer for an arbitrary input beam distribution.
Social support factor structure in the elderly.

This research examines the factor structure of social support measures using the responses of a sample of 210 elderly. Four measures selected to operationalize socioemotional and instrumental suppo...
Public Administration, Diversity, and the Ethic of Getting Things Done

New public management, in its focus on outcomes and performance, provokes a question on whether there is a value-tradeoff between ethics and performance. The new–old creed of administrators have ar...
Compressive and energy absorption properties of closed-cell magnesium foams

The quasi-static compressive mechanical behavior and deformation mechanism of closed-cell magnesium foams were studied, and the effects of the density of magnesium foams on the compressive and energy absorption properties were also discussed. The results show that the compressive process of closed-cell magnesium foams is characterized by three deformation stages: linear elastic stage, collapsing stage and densification stage. At the linear elastic stage, the peak compressive strength (σ0) and Young’s modulus (E0) increase as the density increases. Magnesium foams can absorb energy at the collapsing stage. In a certain strain range, the energy absorption capacity also increases as the density of magnesium foams increases.
Yields, photosynthetic efficiencies and proximate composition of dense marine microalgal cultures. II. Dunaliella primolecta and Tetraselmis suecica experiments☆

Abstract Yields and efficiencies of light utilization were determined in two species of green marine microalgae, Dunaliella primolecta and Tetraselmis suecica. Under nitrogen-sufficient conditions, the maximum yield of D. primolecta was 12.09 g dry weight m−2 day−1 and the corresponding photosynthetic efficiency was 4.3% (based on PAR supplied; 400–700 nm). When cells became N-deficient, the yield and efficiency decreased to 10.2 g m−2 day−1 and 2.8%, respectively. Under N-sufficient conditions the maximum yield of T. suecica was 19.1 g m−2 day−1 with an efficiency of 7.3%. Deficiency reduced these values to 12.7 g m−2 day−1 and 3.6%, respectively. Cellular protein levels in both species were very much reduced by N deficiency and photosynthetically fixed carbon was shunted into the production of carbohydrate, which increased to up to 65% of the dry weight. Carbohydrate yields increased about five-fold in deficient cells. Deficiency may be useful in manipulating cells in outdoor cultures to form carbohydrate, which in turn could be converted to useful biomass energy resources — methane or ethanol.
Identification of intercombination lines in beam-foil spectra of highly ionized Ag

Abstract EUV survey spectra of foil-excited Ag have been recorded at various distances from the exciter foil, using an ion energy of 19 MeV. In the wavelength range λ = 18 to 70 nm the delayed spectra reveal a number of long-lived lines several of which have been identified with intercombination transitions in Zn-, Ga- and Ge-like Ag ions and with hydrogenic transitions in Cu- and Zn-like ions.
Astronomical search for origins: Are we alone?

Recent advances in astronomical research have led to a much-improved understanding of the evolution of the physical Universe. Recent advances in biology and genetics have led to a much-improved understanding of our biological Universe. Scientists now believe that we have the research tools to begin to answer one of man’s two most compelling research questions: Are we alone? and How did we get here? This paper reviews the requirements and challenges we face to engineer and build the large space-based systems of interferometers and innovative single-aperture telescopes to detect and characterize in detail earth type planets around stars other than our sun.
Differential Forms in Lattice Field Theories: An Overview

We provide an overview on the application of the exterior calculus of differential forms to the ab initio formulation of lattice field theories, with a focus on irregular or “random” lattices.
ON THE USE OF THE TOTAL INCARCERATION VARIABLE IN SENTENCING RESEARCH

This study calls into question the use of the total incarceration response variable incorporated into sentencing studies over the past 30 years. Specifically, using data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (PCS), it argues–and reveals–that prison and jail represent two distinct institutions, and that the judge's decision on disposition should take that factor into account. It recommends that researchers should therefore reconsider use of the total incarceration variable, which combines prison and jail into a single response category.
RESPIRATORY HOST DEFENSES : SURFACE IMMUNITY

The mucosal surface of the respiratory tract has an operable immune system, specially designed for producing immunoglobulins (antibodies); however, it has not been harnessed effectively yet to provide local, immunospecific protection against many microbes that enter. Respiratory host responses in humans have been used in this review where possible. New research approaches seem necessary to manipulate the physical and immunologic barriers in the respiratory tract and this may require different antigen preparations, better and more specific vehicles for delivery and selective enhancement of cytokines and interleukins in the mucosa. The immunologic tools are available and need to be explored more in the human model.
Digital subtraction peripheral angiography using image stacking: initial clinical results.

Using clinically acquired x-rayangiographyimagesequences, we compared three algorithms for creating a single diagnostic quality image that combined input images containing flowing contrast agent. These image-stacking algorithms were: maximum opacity with the minimum gray-scale value across time recorded at each spatial location, (REC) recursive temporal filtering followed by a maximum opacity operation, and (AMF) an approximate matched filter consisting of a convolution with a kernel approximating the matched filter followed by a maximum opacity operation. Eighteen clinical exams of the peripheral arteries of the legs were evaluated. AMF gave 2.7 times greater contrast to noise ratio than the single best subtraction image and 1.3 times improvement over REC, the second best stacking algorithm. This is consistent with previous simulations showing that AMF performs nearly equal to the optimal result from matched filtering without the well-known limitations. For example, unlike matched filtering, AMF filter coefficients were obtained automatically using an image-processing algorithm. AMF effectively brought out small collateral arteries, otherwise difficult to see, without degrading artery sharpness or stenosis grading. Comparing results using reduced and full contrast agent volumes demonstrated that contrast agent load could be reduced to one-third of the conventional amount with AMF processing. By simulating reduced x-ray exposures on clinical exams, we determined that x-ray exposure could be reduced by 80% with AMF processing. We conclude that AMF is a promising, potential technique for reducing contrast agent load and for improving vessel visibility, both very important characteristics for vascular imaging.
Social capital within sport participation systems: a multi-national inquiry

The purpose of this study was to evaluate to what extent people perceive their sport participation structure to provide them with a sense of community. Second, we examined the presence of social capital within these different sport participation structures around the world. Data were collected via asynchronous online focus groups and results revealed that social capital manifests itself differently in each nation. In all three nations it became apparent that sport participation is more conducive to bonding, rather than bridging. Nevertheless, in the Netherlands and Korea, respondents noted this bonding process was accompanied by dependency and emotional support, while in the USA respondents emphasised instrumental support.
Preparing for code silver in the pediatric setting.

In the hospital setting, today's culture of safety in health care supports the goal that patients shall suffer no harm. It is unthinkable that a patient, visitor, or staff member could suffer harm from a weapon or armed intruder in a hospital. However, hospital shootings do occur. Pediatric nurses are particularly interested in what can be done to prevent, manage, and follow up when such an incident occurs where children and adolescents are present. The purpose of this article is to examine how health care institutions with children present handle such threats with policies such as Code Silver, participate in prevention efforts, and follow up after a critical incident occurs.
An optical leaky wave antenna with Si perturbations inside a resonator for enhanced optical control of the radiation.

We investigate the directive radiation at 1550 nm from an optical leaky wave antenna (OLWA) with semiconductor perturbations made of silicon (Si). We study the radiation pattern dependence on the physical dimensions, number of perturbations and carrier densities in these semiconductor perturbations through optical excitations at a visible wavelength, 625 nm. In this detailed theoretical study we show the correlation between the pump power absorbed in the perturbations, the signal guided in the waveguide and the radiation through leakage. To overcome the limited control of the radiation intensity through excess carrier generation in Si, we present a new design with the OLWA integrated with a Fabry-Perot resonator (FPR). We provide analytical and numerical studies of the enhanced radiation performance of the OLWA antenna inside the FPR, and derive closed-form formulas accounting for LW reflection at the edges of the FPR. A discussion on the constructive and destructive radiation by the direct and reflected leaky waves in the FPR resonator is provided. Results shown in this paper exhibit 3 dB variation of the radiation and pave the way for further optimization and theoretical developments.
Hyperthermia from interstitial laser irradiation in normal rat brain.

This study examined both the effect of variations in optical fiber tip and in light wavelength on laser-induced hyperthermia in rat brain. Normal rat brains were exposed to argon laser light (454-514.5 nm) delivered through an intracerebral end-emitting (bare-tipped) or a diffusion-emitting (sapphire-tipped) optical fiber probe. Interstitial thermistor probes recorded temperatures after thermal equilibration at varying distances from the emitting source. The end-emitting fiber produced significantly (P less than 0.05) higher elevations in tissue temperature than the diffusion-emitting fiber at the same laser power output. This is due to the smaller surface area (1.2 mm2 versus 7.8 mm2) of the end-emitting fiber, which results in a greater rate of energy delivery to tissue adjacent to the fiber tip. Changes in intracerebral temperature measurements were also recorded at similar distances from a diffusion-emitting fiber at a continuous total laser power output of 150 mW for light wavelengths of 454-514.5 nm, 700 nm, and 750 nm and at a total laser output of 1.1 W for 1,060 nm. Variations in brain tissue temperature with distance from the laser emission source were compared for each laser group with the tissue temperature profile generated by a radiofrequency (wavelength 600-625 m) interstitial probe. Similar temperaturemore » changes were found for all visible wavelengths near the probe, suggesting that the thermal response of brain adjacent to an interstitial laser fiber is primarily dependent upon the rate of energy delivery and not upon wavelength. The thermal profile versus distance from the light source depends mostly upon the level of temperature rise near the interstitial laser fiber tip and not the wavelength of laser light used. These results have important implications in interstitial applications of laser for hyperthermia and photochemotherapy.« less