cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative pedicle screw navigation does not significantly affect complication rates after spine surgery.

Abstract Various forms of intraoperative computer-assisted navigation technologies exist, and have consistently been shown to improve pedicle screw accuracy. However, the overall clinical effects of inaccurate pedicle screw placement have been debated. We examined the clinical effects of improved pedicle screw accuracy with computer navigation technology in reducing complication rates in patients undergoing multi-level spinal fusion. We retrospectively reviewed the ACS-NSQIP registry utilizing Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 22843 + 22844 to identify patients undergoing spinal instrumentation of greater than 7 levels, as well as the CPT code 61783 to denote the use of intraoperative computer-assisted navigation. The data were then subdivided to into cohorts consisting of instrumentation cases with and without navigation. Demographic information, as well as intraoperative and postoperative complications, were compared between groups. A total of 3168 patients met our inclusion criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative population data. Surgical time was significantly longer in the navigation group (391.41 versus 350.3 min), but there were no significant improvements in complication rates with the use of navigation. We found that the mean operative time was significantly increased for patients undergoing spinal instrumentation with computer navigation. This increase in operative time was not associated with any increase in surgical or medical complications. However, in this large series, we were unable to show any clinical benefit to intraoperative navigation, and no reductions in short term complications or rates of return to surgery were observed.
Risk and Data Center Planning

In this chapter, we discuss the issues regarding risk related to data center planning. Organizations are dependent on computing services, which may become unavailable due to the manifestation of threats. These threats include natural disasters, man-made disasters and accidents. Prudent risk management is required to provide for continuation and recovery of operations in the event of a disruption. Risk assessment necessitates an in depth knowledge of the organization and a thorough analysis of the potential events which may have a negative impact on the data center and the associated computing services. Strategy development is discussed as well as preparedness, mitigation, exercises, response and recovery.
Stable, small, specific, low-valency quantum dots for single-molecule imaging

We have developed a strategy for synthesizing immediately activable, water-soluble, compact (∼10-12 nm hydrodynamic diameter) quantum dots with a small number of stable and controllable conjugation handles for long distance delivery and subsequent biomolecule conjugation. Upon covalent conjugation with engineered monovalent streptavidin, the sample results in a population consisting of low-valency quantum dots. Alternatively, we have synthesized quantum dots with a small number of biotin molecules that can self-assemble with engineered divalent streptavidin via high-affinity biotin-streptavidin interactions. Being compact, stable and highly specific against biotinylated proteins of interest, these low-valency quantum dots are ideal for labeling and tracking single molecules on the cell surface with high spatiotemporal resolution for different biological systems and applications.
Footprints of Atmospheric Phenomena in Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of the Ocean Surface: A Review

Measurements of satellite-based, vertically polarized radar backscatter from the ocean surface translate via empirical formulae into wind speed and direction. (Early references include Jones and Schroeder (1977), Jones et al. (1982), and Schroeder et al. (1982). See Stoffelen (1998) and its references for the various “CMOD” algorithms that relate wind speed and backscatter for C-band (5.3 GHz) scatterometers.) This relationship exists because the wind roughens the water surface via the production of gravity-capillary waves (Dorman, Mollo-Christensen 1973; Kahma, Donelan 1987; Caulliez et al. 1998) which, in turn, effectively backscatter radar signals via Bragg scattering for grazing angles between 20° and 70° (Plant 1990). Gravity-capillary waves may also be generated by the crumpling of the front of wind-driven gravity waves that are near breaking. (Jessup et al. 1997) reviews the literature on gravity capillary waves and also offers infrared images of their microscale breaking.) These waves can be an additional significant source of direct C-band radar backscatter for grazing angles between 60° and 10° (Plant 1997) as well as at smaller grazing angles (Smith et al. 1996). They can also induce multiple scattering (Trizna, Carlson 1996; Trizna 1997). Small-scale bores created by microscale breaking are also a significant source of backscatter at low grazing angles (Trizna 1997). The crumpling waves are a source of radar backscatter independent of local, short-term wind conditions. So are wind-driven gravity waves and swell, which modulate the gravity-capillary wave field, thereby producing significant variations in radar backscatter (Donelan, Pierson 1987).
Oxidative phosphorylation in crithidia fasciculata.

Abstract Respiratory chain-linked phosphorylation has been demonstrated in cell-free extracts from the protozoan Crithidia fasciculata . The preparations were capable of coupling phosphate esterification to respiration, but were not “tightly coupled”. Oxidation and phosphorylation were sensitive to respiratory inhibitors and uncoupling agents.The P/O ratios observed with NADH and succinate as electron donors were lower than those obtained with mammalian mitochondria, but were typical for microbial systems.
Biotechnology and Empire: The Global Power of Seeds and Science

Following the cold war, interest grew in the possible rise of new forms of imperial rule and in the likely role of science and technology in processes of global governance. In particular, just as the life sciences advanced the interests of bygone empires, so modern biotechnology is poised to support today’s transboundary exercises of political, economic, and cultural power. Drawing on analyses of large-scale political and technological systems, this paper suggests that contemporary biotechnology may be enrolled into empire-making in several different modes, including bottom-up resistance, top-down ideological imposition, administrative standardization, and consensual constitutionalism. At present, biotechnology seems more likely to increase the power of metropolitan centers of science and technology than that of people at the periphery. Institutional innovations will be needed to bring global biosciences and biotechnologies under effective democratic control.
The Influence of Third-Party Sponsors

Third-party sponsors played key roles in affecting how Tenant Selection Department staff used discretion and thus influenced which applicants were admitted into projects. Although many third-party sponsors intervened between clients and the Boston Housing Authority, three types were the most active: social agencies, politicians, and board members. Social agencies included the Red Cross, little city halls (neighborhood-based offices of the mayor), community organizations, and local welfare offices. Politicians included city councilmen, state representatives and senators, congressmen, and United States senators. These third-party sponsors provided referrals, information, access, and services that influenced the type of client that the authority attracted, the demands made by applicants on the system, and the speed with which applications were processed. They also intervened directly as advocates on behalf of individual applicants or groups of applicants. In this mode, third-party sponsors’ ability to aid clients depended on the resources they had to exchange with staff.1 These exchanges could be either of a personal nature or related directly to the survival of the organization.
United States Environmental Protection Agency Insect Resistance Management Programs for Plant-Incorporated Protectants and Use of Simulation Modeling

Widespread adoption of Bt crops and persistence of Bt toxins expressed in transgenic plants could cause rapid evolution of resistance in pests and lead to the loss of the intrinsic environmental and economic benefits associated with this technology and that of Bt microbial pesticides used in organic and conventional agriculture. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires insect resistance management (IRM) programs for plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) that express insecticidal toxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The basis for this decision is that maintaining the susceptibility of agricultural pest insects to Bt is an important public resource. In contrast to the voluntary pesticide resistance management programs for conventional pesticides, the IRM programs for Bt PIPs are mandatory and are unprecedented in their detail, scope, and implementation. EPA has relied on both empirical data and mathematical simulation models to assess the evolution of resistance and evaluate IRM strategies. IRM requirements have changed over the past 15 years in conjunction with the development of new Bt PIP products and advances in our understanding of the biological, ecological, genetic, and operational factors that influence the evolution of insect resistance. This chapter focuses on the scientific framework EPA uses to assess and manage the risk of insect resistance to Bt PIPs with particular interest in the factors that influence resistance and the use of IRM models to evaluate different resistance management strategies.
Tracking the removal of buildings in rust belt cities with open-source geospatial data

Abstract Urbanization is generally understood as the process of growth in both population and developed areas. However, this perception is not reflective of the type of change that is occurring in the Rust Belt region of the United States where many urban areas reveal shrinkage instead. While much of the research surrounding these shrinking cities is in the realm of socio-economic implications, few studies have investigated how to map these shrinking areas. This research aims to contribute to the growing body of shrinkage research by examining methodology to monitor the fast removal of buildings in the Rust Belt shrinking cities with easily available open source data such as Light Detection and Ranging, aerial orthoimages, and GIS datasets. Our ultimate goal is to develop methodology for improved, generalizable mapping of shrinking cities. We applied our methods to Detroit, Michigan and Youngstown, Ohio which both show significant urban shrinkage and both have a variety of survey datasets available for validation. We map a 5-year change in Detroit as well as a 10-year and 19-year change in Youngstown to provide, in high detail, the process of building removal. For Detroit we found that 12.9% of all land parcels that contained a building in 2009 had lost this building by 2014. New builds were drastically overshadowed by the demolished structures, accounting for
In vitro reconstitution of Wnt acylation reveals structural determinants of substrate recognition by the acyltransferase human Porcupine

Wnt proteins regulate a large number of processes, including cellular growth, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis, through the highly conserved Wnt signaling pathway in metazoans. Porcupine (PORCN) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident integral membrane enzyme that catalyzes posttranslational modification of Wnts with palmitoleic acid, an unsaturated lipid. This unique form of lipidation with palmitoleic acid is a vital step in the biogenesis and secretion of Wnt, and PORCN inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment. However, PORCN-mediated Wnt lipidation has not been reconstituted in vitro with purified enzyme. Here, we report the first successful purification of human PORCN and confirm, through in vitro reconstitution with the purified enzyme, that PORCN is necessary and sufficient for Wnt acylation. By systematically examining a series of substrate variants, we show that PORCN intimately recognizes the local structure of Wnt around the site of acylation. Our in vitro assay enabled us to examine the activity of PORCN with a range of fatty acyl-CoAs with varying length and unsaturation. The selectivity of human PORCN across a spectrum of fatty acyl-CoAs suggested that the kink in the unsaturated acyl chain is a key determinant of PORCN-mediated catalysis. Finally, we show that two putative PORCN inhibitors that were discovered with cell-based assays indeed target human PORCN. Together, these results provide discrete, high-resolution biochemical insights into the mechanism of PORCN-mediated Wnt acylation and pave the way for further detailed biochemical and structural studies.
Ultrafast growth rate and high mobility In2O3 films grown on c-sapphire via low pressure chemical vapor deposition

In this study, the growth of unintentionally doped semiconductor indium oxide with ultrafast growth rates on c-plane sapphire by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) was demonstrated. The effect of key growth parameters, such as oxygen flow rate and distance between the substrate to the indium source, on the growth rate, crystalline quality, surface morphology, as well as carrier transport properties were studied. The growth rate is highly dependent on the oxygen flow rate and the distance between the indium source and the substrate: (i) the growth rate reaches 113 μm/h with an oxygen flow rate of 75 sccm under the investigated growth condition; and (ii) it decreases exponentially with the increase of distance between the indium source and the substrate. X-ray diffraction characterization of the as-grown films indicates that the increase of oxygen flow rate leads to the suppression of (100) facet formation, significantly influencing the film morphology. The LPCVD growth conditions also determine the background doping and carrier mobility. With an oxygen flow rate of 75 sccm, a high electron mobility of 126 cm2 V−1 s−1 with a bulk concentration of 3.9 × 1017 cm−3 was obtained. Results from this work provide guidance on LPCVD growth of In2O3 with targeted growth rate, surface morphology, carrier concentration, and mobility.
Receptor status conversion between primary and recurrent/metastatic breast cancer: A single institutional study.

e14735Background: Hormone receptor and HER2 status have both predictive and prognostic implications in breast cancer (BC). Studies report differences of 3% to 54% for Estrogen receptor (ER), 5% to ...
Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging using Plenoptic Information

We present a passive technique for recovering the conventional imagery of a non-line- of-sight scene using the spatial and angular components of the scattered light field along a homogeneous surface.
Dextran as a Local Anesthetic Adjuvant: Its History and Current Status

Twenty years have elapsed since R.E. Loder9s introductory article on dextran and regional anesthesia, and throughout this period the use of dextran as a local anesthetic adjuvant has been controversial. The scientific data now confirm its adjuvant activity, albeit limited, and it appears that this property of dextran is due to the pH of the dextran solution. For various reasons dextran9s acceptance into clinical practice has never been widespread, and there are indications that its usage might be discontinued entirely in the future because of technologic advances in local anesthetics and regional anesthesia.
Cavell, Thoreau, and the Movies

As a philosopher writing film criticism, and as a movie fan doing philosophy, Stanley Cavell posed his own challenge to disciplinary boundaries. Having begun his cinema teaching during the ascendancy of High Theory, Cavell turned to other sources, especially Wittgenstein and Thoreau, developing a method for studying films based on a preliminary intuition about a cinematic moment’s significance and a subsequent tuition that finds the words to express it. Less theoretical than descriptive, less ideological than speculative, Cavell’s approach appears in its most succinct version in his essay, “A Capra Moment,” a discussion of a scene from It Happened One Night.
Female Genital Tract

Transabdominal ultrasound remains the first-line imaging modality of the pediatric female pelvis. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MR imaging) is increasingly important in the investigation and characterization of suspected abnormalities. The superior soft tissue contrast resolution of MR imaging provides excellent evaluation of ovarian and uterine anatomy. MR imaging may be particularly useful in nonsexually active girls in whom transvaginal ultrasound is generally contraindicated. This chapter discusses MR imaging applications to evaluate normal anatomy and development as well as congenital and acquired disorders of the pediatric female genital tract.
Improving thermoregulation in transported preterm infants: a quality improvement initiative.

OBJECTIVE Increase the percentage of transported preterm or LBW infants with an admission temperature of 36.5-37.5 °C from 60 to 80% by December 2017. STUDY DESIGN We used the Model for Improvement with Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. Interventions focused on awareness of temperature control in preterm infants, adequate monitoring, and maintaining normothermia. Interventions consisted of standardizing isolette temperature, use of chemical warming pack and plastic wrap, and feedback. Data were plotted on a p-chart and grouped by month. RESULT A total of 381 infants <37 weeks or <2.5 kg were transported from January 2016 to December 2019. At baseline 60% were admitted with a temperature within the range of 36.5-37.5 °C. Special cause variation was noted twice during the study period, initially to 80% in June 2018 and then to 96% in April 2019, without an increase in hyperthermia. CONCLUSION Multidisciplinary quality improvement efforts improved normothermia in vulnerable transported infants to 96%.
Thermal displacement by marine heatwaves

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete but prolonged periods of anomalously warm ocean temperatures—can drastically alter ocean ecosystems, with profound ecological and socioeconomic impacts1–8. Considerable effort has been directed at understanding the patterns, drivers and trends of MHWs globally9–11. Typically, MHWs are characterized on the basis of their intensity and persistence at a given location—an approach that is particularly relevant for corals and other sessile organisms that must endure increased temperatures. However, many ecologically and commercially important marine species respond to environmental disruptions by relocating to favourable habitats, and dramatic range shifts of mobile marine species are among the conspicuous impacts of MHWs1,4,12,13. Whereas spatial temperature shifts have been studied extensively in the context of long-term warming trends14–18, they are unaccounted for in existing global MHW analyses. Here we introduce thermal displacement as a metric that characterizes MHWs by the spatial shifts of surface temperature contours, instead of by local temperature anomalies, and use an observation-based global sea surface temperature dataset to calculate thermal displacements for all MHWs from 1982 to 2019. We show that thermal displacements during MHWs vary from tens to thousands of kilometres across the world’s oceans and do not correlate spatially with MHW intensity. Furthermore, short-term thermal displacements during MHWs are of comparable magnitude to century-scale shifts inferred from warming trends18, although their global spatial patterns are very different. These results expand our understanding of MHWs and their potential impacts on marine species, revealing which regions are most susceptible to thermal displacement, and how such shifts may change under projected ocean warming. The findings also highlight the need for marine resource management to account for MHW-driven spatial shifts, which are of comparable scale to those associated with long-term climate change and are already happening. Ocean heatwaves displace surface isotherms by tens to thousands of kilometres—comparable to shifts associated with long-term warming trends—potentially driving rapid redistributions of marine species.
It’s About Time! Advancing Justice Through Joyful Inquiry With Young Children:

Young learners often are enchanted with the world, fascinated by the ordinary, and absorbed in the present moment. We explore interconnected ideas about how young children’s natural proclivity towa...
Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Band-Stop Frequency Selective Surface

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of PDMS encapsulated physically flexible (bendable, foldable) gallium-based liquid metal band-stop frequency selective surface. A band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) with targeted operation in the X-band (7~11.2 GHz) was designed. Liquid metal was embedded in PDMS microfluidic channels replicated from a deep etched Si mold. Ultra-low pressure (5.75 x 10-6 Torr) vacuum at cryogenic temperatures (10 K) was employed for clean encapsulation of liquid metal. An array of 5 x 5 FSS has been fabricated. Characterization of the fabricated FSS was carried out in a waveguide environment. The S-parameter values of the simulated and measured band-stop FSS response showed an excellent agreement.
Eco-intimacy and spirit exorcism in the Nigerian Sahel

A fervent politics of the senses sparked off in northern Nigeria, when, in 1995, more than 600 Muslim secondary school girls became possessed by spirits, with the new sign of “dancing like they do ...
Advanced Imaging in Psychiatric Neurosurgery: Toward Personalized Treatment

OBJECTIVES Our aim is to review several recent landmark studies discussing the application of advanced neuroimaging to guide target selection in deep brain stimulation (DBS) for psychiatric disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a PubMed literature search of articles related to psychiatric neurosurgery, DBS, diffusion tensor imaging, probabilistic tractography, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood oxygen level-dependent activation. Relevant articles were included in the review. RESULTS Recent advances in neuroimaging, namely the use of diffusion tensor imaging, probabilistic tractography, functional MRI, and Positron emission tomography have provided higher resolution depictions of structural and functional connectivity between regions of interest. Applying these imaging modalities to DBS has increased understanding of the mechanism of action of DBS from the single structure to network level, allowed for new DBS targets to be discovered, and allowed for individualized DBS targeting for psychiatric indications. CONCLUSIONS Advanced neuroimaging techniques may be especially important to guide personalized DBS targeting in psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder where symptom profiles and underlying disordered circuitry are more heterogeneous. These articles suggest that advanced imaging can help to further individualize and optimize DBS, a promising next step in improving its efficacy.
Traumatic Femoral Artery Injuries and Predictors of Compartment Syndrome: A Nationwide Analysis.

Abstract Background The femoral artery is commonly injured following lower extremity trauma. If not identified early and addressed properly, it can lead to compartment syndrome (CS) and limb amputation. The aim of this study is to examine traumatic femoral artery injuries and identify risk factors for the development of lower extremity CS. Methods Adult (≥18 years) patients who presented with traumatic femoral artery injuries were identified in the Trauma Quality Improvement Program 2017. Patients were stratified into two groups, those with evidence of lower extremity compartment syndrome (CS) and those without CS (NCS), for comparison. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results A total of 1,297 adult trauma patients with femoral artery injury were identified. Mean age was 36 ± 15 y, 86% were male, and 68% had penetrating injuries. Median extremity abbreviated injury scale (AIS) was 3 [3,4], and median injury severity score (ISS) was 27 [22-41]. 68 (5.2%) patients were diagnosed with CS of the lower extremity, 66 (97.1%) of those patients underwent fasciotomy and one (1.5%) patient eventually had an amputation. On multivariate regression analysis, concomitant femoral vein, femoral nerve, and popliteal artery injuries and early need for blood transfusions were independent risk factors for the development of CS (OR 3.1, 3.8, 4.3, and 2.5 respectively). Conclusions CS following traumatic femoral artery injury is a relatively common finding. Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion and should consider prophylactic fasciotomy in the setting of combined femoral vein and nerve injuries, combined popliteal artery injury, and multiple blood transfusions.
HIV Beliefs Among African Americans with HIV/AIDS in the Deep South Can Time Heal Old Wounds?

This study explored rumors about HIV among HIV+ African Americans in Louisiana, comparing the results of surveys conducted in 2000/2001 and 2010/2011. This investigation sought to determine if the passage of time would diminish malicious intent and benign neglect beliefs. The study employed quantitative descriptive statistics to produce the comparison. This research should be considered exploratory only because of the stated limitations. The results indicated that the benign-neglect belief of government truthfulness about the disease had not diminished in the decade. In contrast, the strength of belief in the malicious-intent rumor of HIV/AIDS as genocide had declined. The study further examined relationships between the HIV beliefs and certain characteristics of the samples. Bivariate analyses revealed that education was not related to HIV beliefs in 2000/2001 but was related to the HIV/AIDS as genocide in 2010/2011. Further, emotional well-being was mildly related to HIV beliefs in both samples. Several recommendations are offered for future research. Although this study frequently used the term “conspiracy” – the common nomenclature for this type of research, the author joins with others to caution researchers to rethink labeling these beliefs among African Americans as conspiracies. That label too easily casts Black Americans in a light as being paranoid rather than understandably suspicious considering the lived experiences of that group in the Deep South.
Effect of Lipopolysaccharide and TNFα on Neuronal Ascorbic Acid Uptake

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid: AA) uptake in neurons occurs via the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT2), which is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). During chronic neuroinflammation or infection, CNS levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) are increased. Elevated levels of LPS and TNFα have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases together with reduced levels of AA. However, little is known about the impacts of LPS and TNFα on neuronal AA uptake. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of LPS and TNFα on SVCT2 expression and function using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with either LPS or TNFα inhibited AA uptake. This reduced uptake was associated with a significant decrease in SVCT2 protein and mRNA levels. In vivo exposure to LPS or TNFα also decreased SVCT2 protein and mRNA levels in mouse brains. Both LPS and TNFα decreased SLC23A2 promoter activity. Further, the inhibitory effect of LPS on a minimal SLC23A2 promoter was attenuated when either the binding site for the transcription factor Sp1 was mutated or cells were treated with the NF-κB inhibitor, celastrol. We conclude that inflammatory signals suppress AA uptake by impairing SLC23A2 transcription through opposing regulation of Sp1 and NF-κB factors.
Analysis of Headway and Speed Based on Driver Characteristics and Work Zone Configurations Using Naturalistic Driving Study Data

The objective of this paper is to analyze headway and speed distribution based on driver characteristics and work zone (WZ) configurations by utilizing Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data. The ND...
Is the modern-day dieback of yellow-cedar unprecedented?

In Southeast Alaska, many stands of yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis D. Don; Oerst. ex D.P. Little; hereafter: ‘YC’) contain numerous standing, dead snags. Snag-age estimates based on morpho...
Gender and Legitimacy in Personal Service Occupations: The Case of End-of-Life Doulas and Death Midwives:

The emerging occupations of end-of-life doula and death midwife are part of a growing sector of personal service jobs. Designed to support, educate, and empower dying people and their loved ones, t...
Embroidered antennas for communication systems

Abstract This chapter presents a novel class of embroidered textile antennas and radio frequency (RF) circuits based on the highly conductive metal-coated polymer fibers (E-fibers). The textile antennas are used to realize a variety of wearable RF electronics woven into daily garments. The subject E-fibers are composed of a high-strength and flexible polymer core, typically 10 μm in thickness, and are covered with a 2-μm-thick metallic coating. Computerized embroidery machinery and high-density stitching are employed to achieve high conductivity and precise fabrication of E-fiber textiles woven into regular clothing. Using this process, various embroidered wearable antennas and sensors are designed and tested for applications to wireless communications, medical monitoring, and radio frequency identification. The textile antennas exhibit excellent RF performance, nearly as good as conventional copper antennas. Overall, the proposed embroidered textile antennas and RF circuitries provide solutions for future RF functionalized fashionable garments and body-worn communications.
Assembly and Function of the Protein C Anticoagulant Pathway on Endothelium

Many aspects of the protein C anticoagulant pathway are very unusual. Although the system functions as an anticoagulant, two of the necessary components, proteins C and S, depend on vitamin K for their biosynthesis.15,20,22,24,67,76,80 Thus, oral anticoagulants not only inhibit the coagulation pathways, but also inhibit the anticoagulant pathway. This has been associated with a rare complication of oral anticoagulant therapy, coumarin-induced skin necrosis, in which the necrotic area is characterized by fibrin deposition in the microvasculature. In several patients examined retrospectively, low levels of protein C have been observed which probably contributed to the coagulopathy.8,61,73
The Real Problem With Internalism About Reasons

Over the past two decades, moral philosophers have been engaged in a seemingly interminable debate about the role of internal and external reasons in practical reasoning. The rough distinction between these two sorts of reasons is this: internal reasons apply to particular agents in virtue of their relation to that agent's desires, preferences, or other motivational states, while external reasons are normative for particular agents quite independently of their relation to the subjective motivational states of these agents. The debate has pitted internalists, who claim that the only reasons are internal reasons, against externalists, who claim that there are or might be external reasons. The upshot of the internalist position is that no reason for action applies to any person regardless of that person's subjective motivational states.2 If part of what we mean when we call a reason moral is that the reason applies to us regardless of our subjective motivational states, then internalism implies that there are no moral reasons.
Content-Based Image Indexing

We formulate the content-based image indexing problem as a multi-dimensional nearest-neighbor search problem, and develop/implement an optimistic vantage-point tree algorithm that can dynamically adapt the indexed search process to the characteristics of given queries. Based on our performance study, the system typically only needs to touch less than 20 % of the index entries for well -behaved queries, i.e., when the query images are relatively close to their nearest neighbors in the database. We also report in this paper the results of extensive performance experiments, which characterise the impacts of various configuration and workload parameters on the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Familial white folded dysplasia of the mucous membranes. An atlas of oral lesions.

Abstract An atlas of photographs of ten patients with familal white folded dysplasia of the oral mucous membranes is presented. A lesion of differential-diagnostic interest—the tobacco pouch lesion—is discussed.
Monitoring, Umbilical Artery and Vein

This article addresses the potential benefits of umbilical vessel catheters and associated monitoring devices. It sheds light on the catheters and monitors available on the market and explains the complications and the risks of these catheters. Furthermore, this article looks at the direction of this technology in the future, and it tries to stimulate development of new technology for use in the monitoring of critically ill newborn infants. Keywords: umbilical vessel catheter; artery; vein; neonatal monitoring
Reconhecimento e resiliência no cotidiano de quebradeiras de coco babaçu

Resumo Este trabalho inscreve-se no rol dos estudos que visam contribuir para o entendimento das questoes acerca do enfrentamento e combate a situacoes de pobreza e adversidade. Tendo essa perspectiva em foco, realizou-se um estudo com quebradeiras de coco babacu, na regiao do Bico do Papagaio, Tocantins. Como eixo de analise, este trabalho recorreu ao conceito de reconhecimento, como fator de autoreconhecimento, em interface com o conceito de resiliencia. Nosso objetivo foi verificar se o reconhecimento apresenta alguma relacao com a capacidade de resiliencia desses sujeitos. Os resultados indicam haver uma relacao entre o reconhecimento, a identidade social e a capacidade de resiliencia desses grupos. Nesse sentido, observa-se uma maior capacidade de enfretamento das adversidades advindas da atividade e, ou, do contexto social em questao, quando os sujeitos se sentem reconhecidos em suas capacidades e qualidades. Palavras-chaves Reconhecimento social. Resiliencia. Quebradeiras de coco babacu. Abstract This work is inscribed on the list of studies that aim to contribute to the understanding of the questions about coping with and fighting against poverty and adversity. Having this perspective in focus, we performed a study with babassu nut breakers in the Parrot's Beak region. As a point of analysis, this study resorted to the concept of recognition as autoreconhecimento factor, interface with the concept of resilience. Our objective was to determine whether the recognition has some relationship with the resilience of these subjects. The results indicate that there is a relationship between recognition, social identity and resilience of these groups. In this sense, there is a greater coping ability adversity and resulting activity, or the social context in question, when individuals feel recognized for their skills and qualities. Keywords Social recognition. Resiliency. Babassu breaker women.
ISA Server 2006 Client Types and Automating Client Provisioning

ISA server is unusual as there are a number of different ways that a computer can be configured to act as an ISA client. There are three distinct ISA client types—the SecureNAT client, the Firewall client, and the Web Proxy client. The factors that determine which is most appropriate in a given situation include the client operating system, the protocols that need to be supported, and whether it is desirable or feasible to install client software on the client computers. The SecureNAT client requires no software installation and no changes to the client computer's Web browser. By simply setting the client computer's TCP/IP settings so that the default gateway is that of the ISA server, any computer, running any popular operating system, can benefit from ISA Server 2006's firewall protections. The Web Proxy client also works with all operating system platforms, so long as a compatible Web browser is installed. However, the Web Proxy client is much more limited in the protocols it supports; only HTTP/HTTPS and HTTP-tunneled FTP are supported. The Firewall client is the “client of choice” for modern Windows client machines. It can be installed on Windows 98 and all subsequent Windows operating systems, and it supports all Winsock applications that use TCP/UDP, including those that require complex protocols. Client configuration problems are a common cause of access and security problems. However, configuring the Web Proxy client and installing the Firewall client don't have to be difficult or time-consuming. Selecting the correct client configuration and properly configuring the client computers is an essential ingredient in a successful deployment of ISA Server 2006, so it's important to understand the three client types and the step-by-step process for configuring each before one installs the ISA Server.
Transformation of Online Teaching Practices Through Implementation of Appreciative Inquiry

The purpose of this case study was to explore the application and outcome of appreciative inquiry as an online instructional strategy for the development of three specific factors: adult learner motivation, engagement, and performance. Appreciative andragogy was an original phrase developed for this study and is an adaptation of appreciative inquiry. Appreciative inquiry has been successfully utilized within organizations to facilitate change and development, while enhancing employee motivation, engagement, and performance. Because there is little research concerning the application of appreciative inquiry to an academic environment, elements of appreciative inquiry were implemented as an instructional strategy within undergraduate and graduate online classrooms. The appreciative inquiry model was adapted for this study as appreciative andragogy and utilized over a four-week implementation period. The participants worked with selected students from their online class and they measured the three factors (motivation, engagement, and performance) before and after the implementation phase. The findings of this study indicate that appreciative andragogy can be applied as an instructional strategy in any online classroom regardless of the subject matter and it holds the potential to have a positive impact on the online learning classroom environment. The study concluded that appreciative andragogy has an ability to take the distance out of distance learning.
Supratentorial High-Grade Gliomas

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors account for 20–25% of all childhood neoplasms, and their incidence is second only to hematologic malignancies [45]. In addition, they are the third leading cause of death in children less than 16 years of age. The majority of supratentorial primary brain tumors in children are gliomas.
Distribution of single wall carbon nanotubes in the Xenopus laevis embryo after microinjection.

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are advanced materials with the potential for a myriad of diverse applications, including biological technologies and large-scale usage with the potential for environmental impacts. SWCNTs have been exposed to developing organisms to determine their effects on embryogenesis, and results have been inconsistent arising, in part, from differing material quality, dispersion status, material size, impurity from catalysts and stability. For this study, we utilized highly purified SWCNT samples with short, uniform lengths (145 ± 17 nm) well dispersed in solution. To test high exposure doses, we microinjected > 500 µg ml(-1) SWCNT concentrations into the well-established embryogenesis model, Xenopus laevis, and determined embryo compatibility and subcellular localization during development. SWCNTs localized within cellular progeny of the microinjected cells, but were heterogeneously distributed throughout the target-injected tissue. Co-registering unique Raman spectral intensity of SWCNTs with images of fluorescently labeled subcellular compartments demonstrated that even at regions of highest SWCNT concentration, there were no gross alterations to subcellular microstructures, including filamentous actin, endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles. Furthermore, SWCNTs did not aggregate and localized to the perinuclear subcellular region. Combined, these results suggest that purified and dispersed SWCNTs are not toxic to X. laevis animal cap ectoderm and may be suitable candidate materials for biological applications.
Acute headache diagnosis in pregnant women: A hospital-based study

Objective: To characterize demographic and clinical features in pregnant women presenting with acute headache, and to identify clinical features associated with secondary headache. Methods: We conducted a 5-year, single-center, retrospective study of consecutive pregnant women presenting to acute care with headache receiving neurologic consultation. Results: The 140 women had a mean age of 29 ± 6.4 years and often presented in the third trimester (56.4%). Diagnoses were divided into primary (65.0%) and secondary (35.0%) disorders. The most common primary headache disorder was migraine (91.2%) and secondary headache disorders were hypertensive disorders (51.0%). The groups were similar in demographics, gestational ages, and most headache features. In univariate analysis, secondary headaches were associated with a lack of headache history (36.7% vs 13.2%, p = 0.0012), seizures (12.2% vs 0.0%, p = 0.0015), elevated blood pressure (55.1% vs 8.8%, p p = 0.014), and an abnormal neurologic examination (34.7% vs 16.5%, p = 0.014). In multivariate logistic regression, elevated blood pressure (odds ratio [OR] 17.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.2–56.0) and a lack of headache history (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.7–14.5) had an increased association with secondary headache, while psychiatric comorbidity (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.021–0.78) and phonophobia (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09–0.91) had a reduced association with secondary headache. Conclusions: Among pregnant women receiving inpatient neurologic consultation, more than one-third have secondary headache. Diagnostic vigilance should be heightened in the absence of a headache history and if seizures, hypertension, or fever are present. Attack features may not adequately distinguish primary vs secondary disorders, and low thresholds for neuroimaging and monitoring for preeclampsia are justified.
The Impact of Market Share on Health Insurance Premiums

It is usually argued that market concentration leads to higher prices. This well-known proposition has led to concern about the level of concentration in state health-insurance markets, since the largest insurer in many states has a market share greater than 50 %. Moreover, the data compiled by the American Medical Association indicates that insurance markets have become more concentrated over the last ten years. Thus, some have suggested that health insurance premiums would decrease significantly if state markets were made more competitive. This paper explores that proposition through a computational model and an empirical analysis of the relationship between the market share of the largest firm in a state and the average health insurance premium in that state.
Economic efficiency and cost implications of habitat conservation: An example in the context of the Edwards Aquifer region

[1] Groundwater management in the Edwards Aquifer in Texas is in the process of moving away from a traditional right of capture economic regime toward a more environmentally sensitive scheme designed to preserve endangered species habitats. This study explores economic and environmental implications of proposed groundwater management and water development strategies under a proposed regional Habitat Conservation Plan. Results show that enhancing the habitat by augmenting water flow costs $109–1427 per acre-foot and that regional water development would be accelerated by the more extreme possibilities under the Habitat Conservation Plan. The findings also indicate that a water market would improve regional welfare and lower water development but worsen environmental attributes.
Hyperphosphatemia in Dialysis Patients: Beyond Nonadherence to Diet and Binders.

Hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients is routinely attributed to nonadherence to diet, prescribed phosphate binders, or both. The role of individual patient variability in other determinants of phosphate control is not widely recognized. In a manner that cannot be explained by dialysis parameters or serum phosphate levels, dialytic removal of phosphate may vary by >400mg per treatment. Similarly, enteral phosphate absorption, unexplained by diet or vitamin D intake, may differ by ≥250mg/d among patients. Binder efficacy also varies among patients, with 2-fold differences reported. One or more elements of this triple threat-varying dialytic removal, phosphate absorption, and phosphate binding-may account for hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients rather than nonadherence to therapy. Just as the cause(s) of hyperphosphatemia may vary, so too may an individual patient's response to different therapeutic interventions.
Video Review: An Alternative to Coding Transcripts of Focus Groups

Coding transcripts of focus groups is considered standard practice, but transcription is labor intensive and often expensive. In the context of coding answers to specific questions, we compared the feasibility and reliability of reviewing videos and transcripts of focus group discussions. Two teams, each composed of one faculty member and two experienced research assistants, completed the coding. One team watched DVDs of the focus groups, while the other worked with transcripts. Both teams analyzed the same three focus groups of African American adults discussing influenza vaccination and coded responses to questions about the flu and the flu shot. The teams identified 121 unique responses and agreed on the coding of 104 (86% agreement, Kn = .72). Discrepancies were due to coder error, transcription errors, and inability to decipher the tone of the statement from the transcripts. Findings suggest that coding directly from video is a feasible option that provides high-quality data and may reduce time and e...
COP1 Functions as a FoxO1 Ubiquitin E3 Ligase to Regulate FoxO1-mediated Gene Expression

COP1 is a Ring-Finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in plant development, mammalian cell survival, growth, and metabolism. Here we report that COP1, whose expression is enhanced by insulin, regulates FoxO1 protein stability. We found that in Fao hepatoma cells, ectopic expression of COP1 decreased, whereas knockdown of COP1 expression increased the level of endogenous FoxO1 protein without impacting other factors such as C/EBPα and CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein). We further showed that COP1 binds FoxO1, enhances its ubiquitination, and promotes its degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. To determine the biological significance of COP1-mediated FoxO1 protein degradation, we have examined the impact of COP1 on FoxO1-mediated gene expression and found that COP1 suppressed FoxO1 reporter gene as well as FoxO1 target genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, two key targets for FoxO1 in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, with corresponding changes of hepatic glucose production in Fao cells. We suggest that by functioning as a FoxO1 E3 ligase, COP1 may play a role in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism.
ATOMIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND SHIELDING FACTORS.

A calculation of electric and magnetic susceptibilities and shielding factors for closed-shell atomic systems based on relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater (RHFS) electron theory is presented. Numerical results are given for the electric dipole and quadrupole, and for the magnetic dipole and octupole cases for closed-shell atoms and ions from $Z=2$ to $Z=92$. Comparison is made with previous nonrelativistic uncoupled Hartree-Fock calculations and with experiment.