cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Routing characteristics of ad hoc networks with unidirectional links

Unidirectional links in an ad hoc network can result from factors such as heterogeneity of receiver and transmitter hardware, power control or topology control algorithms, or differing sources of interference or jamming. Previously proposed metrics for evaluating the difficulty of a unidirectional scenario are limited in scope and are frequently misleading. To be able to analyze ad hoc network routing protocol behavior in a complex networking environment, it is not sufficient to merely assign a single level of difficulty to a unidirectional network scenario; the many interrelated routing characteristics of these scenarios must be understood. In this paper, we develop a set of metrics for describing these characteristics, for example for characterizing routing scenarios in simulations, analysis, and testbed implementations. Based on these metrics, we perform a detailed simulation analysis of the routing characteristics of the three most common simulation models for generating unidirectional links in ad hoc networks: the random-power model, the two-power model, and the three-power model. Our findings enable protocol designers to better choose a set of network scenarios and parameters that truly explore a wide range of a routing protocol's behaviors in the presence of unidirectional links, and to better understand the complex interplay between routing mechanisms and network conditions.
Professional Ethics, Personal Moral Commitment, and the Law

The following article by Sjoberg et al. challenges sociologists to concern them selves with issues of human rights if our discipline is to address defining events of the twentieth century such as the Holocaust. One must remember, of course, that Nazi genocide was performed by representatives of the German government and was technically legal under German law. These events apparently were not lost on University of Chicago sociologists trained during and after the rise of National Socialism. The moral commitment of these University of Chicago soci ologists was such that they often decided that they were on the side of the law violators, as opposed to lawmakers and enforcers. For example, Lindesmith (1965), Becker (1963), Finestone (1957), and Gusfield (1963) clearly placed themselves on the side of those violating substance abuse laws. Troy Duster's essay is consistent with such a commitment in that he convinc ingly demonstrates that the war on drugs of the 1980s and 1990s is misnamed and is really a war against African-American males. While the drug abuse of affluent whites goes largely ignored the numbers of young African-American males incarcerated spirals ever upward. His outrage regarding these patterns clearly reflects the traditional underdog perspective of Howard Becker (1963) and the late Alfred Lindesmith (1965). In contrast to Duster, Farrell and Koch describe the perspective of the numer ous vocationally oriented criminal justice programs that have popped up across the country in regional and community colleges within the past 25 years empha sizing police training. Farrell and Koch argue that, unlike the humanist-sociologi
Ovum recovery in superovulated cows and cleavage rates in the fertilized ova.

Abstract Four groups of 10 cows were given one, two, three, or four thousand i.u. of PMS on Day 16 of the estrous cycle. On Day 19, the cows were injected with 10–15 mg of estrogen. At the ensuing estrus, the cows were bred and given 2,000 i.u. of HCG. The cows were slaughtered for ovum recovery 3–7 days after breeding. On the average, the cows produced 10.3 ± 1.6 ovulations with a range from 0 to 41. Each 1,000 i.u. of PMS was associated with an increase of 5.83 ± 1.18 in number of ovulations. The variation among cows within treatment groups was not attributable to differences in age or body weight. On the average, 51.5% of the ovulated ova were recovered, with the recovery rate being higher (64.2%) for ova in the oviducts and lower (34.2%) for those in the uterus. Ovarian length at the time of slaughter was directly related to PMS dosage and a smaller proportion of the ova were recovered from animals having largest ovaries. Only 38.4% of 211 recovered ova were fertilized. It was estimated that cleavages occurred at intervals of 12.6 ± 23.6 hours.
Effect of desired speed variability on highway traffic flow

Traffic flow is a function of many natural, environmental, and human factors. Not only that weather and road condition can vary, but drivers' decisions and policies also can affect the flow. Here we analyze the effect of distribution of desired speeds. We show that a broader distribution can reduce the flow efficiency and increase congestions. Since different drivers react differently to changes in weather or road conditions, such a change leads to a change in desired speed distribution as well. As a result, nonintuitive changes in traffic flow may occur. Besides providing insight and analyzing the underlying mechanism of a collective phenomenon, this example sheds light on a fundamental aspect of computational modeling. Although "mean-field" models that deal with average values only and ignore variability are simpler and easier to analyze, they can very easily turn into oversimplifications and miss relevant qualitative phenomena.
The effect of MGDF on platelet function and thrombosis in animal models

Recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (rHuMGDF) is a recombinant form of the endogenous c-mpl ligand, thrombopoietin (TPO). rHuMGDF (and c-mpl ligands in general) can produce a measurable sensitization of platelets to known platelet agonists. Our laboratory has observed this sensitization in vitro in both platelet-rich plasma and whole blood and ex vivo in platelets from animals receiving rHuMGDF. Concurrently, clear increases in the tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 and c-mpl receptor can be observed both in vitro and ex vivo. To assess the in vivo prothrombotic potential of rHuMGDF, a rabbit carotid artery model of cyclic flow reduction (CFR) was used. Intravenous administration of platelet-sensitizing dosages of rHuMGDF had no effect on the CFR pattern, whereas control experiments demonstrated that the CFR pattern can be modulated by both platelet sensitizing (epinephrine) and antithrombotic (aspirin and ketanserin) agents. We conclude that thrombopoiesis can be observed at dosages that do not sensitize platelets, and further, that platelet-sensitizing dosages of rHuMGDF do not necessarily enhance platelet-dependent thrombosis in this model.
Thermoelectric Generators of Sequentially Deposited Si/Si+Ge Nano-layered Superlattices

Effective thermoelectric materials have a low thermal conductivity and a high electrical conductivity. The performance of the thermoelectric materials and devices is shown by a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2σ/ KTC, σ is the electrical conductivity T/ KTC, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, T is the absolute temperature and KTC is the thermal conductivity. In this study we have prepared the thermoelectric generator device of Si/Si+Ge multi-layer superlattice films using electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). 5 MeV Si ion bombardment was performed in the multi-layer superlattice thin films to decrease the cross plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and cross plane electrical conductivity.
Preparation and functional properties of soy hull pectin

Soy hulls (400 g), a co-product of the soybean processing industry, were used as a source of pectin which was extracted by0.05 N hydrochloric acid and precipitated with alcohol. The effect of various ratios of hull to extraction solvent (1∶10, 1∶15, 1∶20, and 1∶25) on the yield and purity of soy hull pectin was measured. The soy hull pectin extracts contained 63.07 to 68.72% galacturonic acid at various hull/solvent ratios. The pectin yield increased from 7.68 to 13.73% as the hull/solvent ratio increased from 1∶10 to 1∶15. Changes in pectin yield for higher hull/solvent ratio were insignificant (16.31–13.28% for 1∶20–1∶25 ratio, respectively). The hull/extraction solvent ratio did not significantly affect the pectin content and degree of esterification. Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of soy hull pectin revealed a similar surface structure to commercial-and analytical-grade pectins. The solubility of soy hull pectins was independent of solvent extraction ratios and pH. Rheology studies showed that pectin solution viscosity increased as the ratio of extraction solvent to hull decreased.
Development under the influence of cocaine. II. Comparison of the effects of maternal cocaine and associated undernutrition on brain myelin development in the offspring.

Pregnant and lactating Long-Evans rats were treated daily with oral cocaine at a dosage rate of 60 mg/kg, which is the highest dosage tolerated during chronic treatment. Brain myelin concentrations were compared in the offspring during early myelination (day 15) and peak myelination (day 20). Body and brain weights in the offspring of cocaine-treated and pair-fed dams were transiently (but insignificantly) retarded, and by day 20 brain weights of the normal controls, cocaine-exposed, and pair-fed pups were the same (1.36 ± 0.01-1.35 ±0.01 g). Similarly, specific myelin yields in the offspring of pair-fed dams were retarded by no more than 1–2% of the myelin concentrations obtained in normal controls, which is consistent with studies showing that such minimal growth retardation would not be expected to produce hypomyelination. In contrast, myelin concentrations from the brains of cocaineexposed pups were reduced about 10%. In addition, cross-fostering indicated that the fetal period of cocaine exposure presents a greater risk to postnatal myelination than exposure during the suckling period, which is the reverse of the vulnerability resultant from undernourishment. Thus, the hypomyelination observed in the offspring of cocaine-treated dams indicates a toxic effect of cocaine acting directly on the developing offspring.
Total syntheses of (+)-castanospermine and (+)-deoxynojirimycin

Abstract The absolute configuration of castanospermine has been determined by total synthesis to be as shown in 1.
Effects of periadolescent ethanol exposure on alcohol preference in two BALB substrains.

Abstract Ethanol exposure during adolescence is a rite of passage in many societies, but only a subset of individuals exposed to ethanol becomes dependent on alcohol. To explore individual differences in response to ethanol exposure, we compared the effects of periadolescent ethanol exposure on alcohol drinking in an animal model. Male and female mice of two BALB substrains were exposed to ethanol in one of three forms—choice [water vs. 10% (volume/volume) ethanol], forced (10% ethanol in a single bottle), or gradual (single bottle exposure, starting with 0.5% ethanol and increasing at 2-day intervals to 10% ethanol)—from the 6th through the 12th week of age and administered two-bottle alcohol preference tests (10% ethanol vs. water) for 15 days immediately thereafter. All three forms of ethanol exposure increased alcohol preference in male and female BALB/cByJ mice, relative to findings for ethanol-naive control animals. Only gradual ethanol exposure produced an increase in alcohol preference in BALB/cJ mice. During extended alcohol preference testing (for a total of 39 days) of mice in the gradual ethanol exposure group, the higher alcohol preference of the gradual ethanol-exposed BALB/cByJ male mice persisted, but alcohol preference of control group female mice in this strain—formerly ethanol naive, but at this point having received 10% ethanol in the two-bottle paradigm for 15 days—rose to the level of alcohol preference of female mice in the gradual ethanol exposure group. This finding demonstrated that both adolescent and adult ethanol exposure stimulated alcohol preference in female mice of this strain. Across days of testing in adulthood, alcohol preference of the gradual ethanol-exposed BALB/cJ mice decreased, resulting in a lack of effect of gradual exposure to ethanol on alcohol preference in both male and female mice of this strain during the period of extended testing. These strain differences support a genetic basis for the effects of ethanol exposure on alcohol preference and fit within a body of literature, showing substantial individual differences in the effects of ethanol exposure among genetically undefined rats and differences in response to ethanol exposure among inbred rat strains. Exploration of the mechanisms underlying this gene by environment interaction in a mouse model may help elucidate individual differences in the effects of ethanol exposure in human beings and contribute to the understanding of the causes of alcoholism.
Adhesins and receptors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with infection of the respiratory tract.

Substantial progress has been made in defining a number of Pseudomonas adhesins which may be involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory infection. As yet, it is unclear which of these adhesins are primarily responsible for initiating infection in CF. The findings that CF epithelial cells have increased numbers of receptors for P. aeruginosa attachment and that CF epithelia are less highly sialylated than normal epithelial cells is consistent with a role for Pseudomonas pili in the initial recognition of asialoganglioside receptors on epithelial cells. In addition, there is ample evidence supporting the presence of several classes of non-pilus adhesins. Adherence properties of P. aeruginosa clearly vary from strain to strain and it appears likely that all potential adhesions are not equally expressed. More importantly, the regulation of the expression of these adhesins is unlikely to be constitutive. Some may be expressed only when triggered by the appropriate environmental conditions as found in vivo. In reviewing the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas infection in the CF lung, several classes of receptors must be considered. Pseudomonas infection is limited to the bronchi in CF. The organisms do not invade the bronchial tissue, but remain in the airways forming a biofilm with associated microcolonies. Thus, it would seem reasonable to expect Pseudomonas receptors within respiratory mucin. However, to date, there is little confirmatory data to support the presence of specific receptors in mucin. Alternatively, it is possible that the failure of bacterial binding to mucin components may contribute to colonization as organisms which are not efficiently cleared by muco-ciliary function may persist in the airways long enough to find or expose cryptic epithelial binding sites. This hypothesis is supported by binding studies which demonstrate decreased Pseudomonas attachment to CF as compared with normal respiratory mucins. Based on the available data, there appears to be a hierarchy of adhesin expression. Multiple ligand-receptor interactions may occur in the respiratory tract and it may be difficult to analyze the effect of secondary adhesins in the presence of what appears to be the dominant ligand, i.e. pilin. Thus, the failure to find the expected sialylated receptor for Pseudomonas attachment may be due to methodologic problems such as studying strains under conditions in which pili are well expressed and affinities for asialylated receptors predominate. This may not be the situation in vivo after the initial contact of the infecting organisms with the epithelial surface. Not only must the organism attach initially, but it must then be able to persist within the lung. Further studies, based on genetically defined mutants should help define which P. aeruginosa gene products and which components of the CF but not the normal epithelium are responsible for this unique but ultimately fatal host/bacterium interaction.
Melatonin localization in the eyes of larval Xenopus

Abstract 1. 1. The larvae of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, have been assayed for melatonin levels in the lateral eyes, the whole larva and the larva minus eyes. 2. 2. Lateral eyes were found to contain somewhere between 75 to 90 per cent of the total larval melatonin.
Eye-Movement Fixations in Reading as Related to Anxiety in College Females:

9 highly anxious Ss were compared with 9 Ss of low anxiety (from a pool of 90). Both groups of females made comparable comprehension scores but those with high anxiety made more eye movements. The ...
Lithium alters measures of auditory gating in two strains of mice

Abstract Background There are similarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, especially during the psychotic phase. Auditory gating deficits are common in both schizophrenia (does not remit postpsychotic event) and bipolar disorder (only during the manic phase). Lithium has been used to treat psychosis acutely in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. An animal model was used to assess the effects of lithium treatment on normal and deficient auditory gating. Methods Mice of the DBA/2 (deficient gating) and C3H (normal gating) strains were treated for 6 weeks with either standard rodent chow or rodent chow supplemented with 2.55g/kg lithium carbonate. After 6 weeks of treatment, auditory evoked potentials were recorded under anesthesia. Differences between the groups and treatments were determined using analysis of variance. Results The normally impaired DBA/2 mice showed improved auditory gating following lithium treatment, while the C3H mice, the benchmark “normal” mouse strain, were impaired after lithium treatment. Conclusions C3H mice treated with lithium had significantly impaired auditory gating as a result of treatment. This may be due to norepinephrine facilitation, through a blockade of presynaptic α2 autoreceptors. DBA/2 mice had improved gating as a result of treatment with lithium, likely due to improved functioning of the gamma-aminobutyric acid system.
Reactivity of the Substituted Butadienes, Isoprene and Myrcene, with Decamethylsamarocene

The interaction of the substituted diene monomers isoprene, C5H8, and myrcene, C10H16, with a lanthanide was probed by examining their chemistry with (C5Me5)2Sm. CH2CHC(Me)CH2 reacts with (C5Me5)2Sm to form the bimetallic [(C5Me5)2Sm]2[μ-η2:η4-CH2CHC(Me)CH2], 1. Both (C5Me5)2Sm components in 1 exhibit trivalent metrical parameters. One Sm is oriented toward all four of the dienyl carbon atoms at distances of 2.604(9)−2.799(8) A, and the other Sm interacts with only two carbons at distances of 2.544(9) and 2.674(9) A. CH2CHC(CH2)CH2CH2CHCMe2 reacts with (C5Me5)2Sm to form [(C5Me5)2Sm]2[μ-η2:η4-CH2CHC(CH2)CH2CH2CHCMe2], 2, which is similar in structure to 1. The double bond of the pendant olefinic substituent attached to the diene in myrcene does not coordinate. The structures of 1 and 2 are compared to the (C5Me5)2Sm/PhC⋮CPh bimetallic reaction product [(C5Me5)2Sm]2[μ-η1:η1-PhCCPh], 3, which also contains two (C5Me5)2Sm units attached to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, but has equivalent trivalent (C5Me5)2Sm u...
Functionalized PEG-PEI copolymers complexed to exon-skipping oligonucleotides improve dystrophin expression in mdx mice

Exon-skipping oligonucleotides (ESOs) with 2'-O-methyl modifications are promising compounds for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, the usefulness of these compounds is limited by their poor delivery profile to muscle tissue in vivo. We previously established that copolymers made of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) enhanced ESO transfection in skeletal muscle of mdx mice, resulting in widespread distribution of dystrophin-positive fibers, but limited dystrophin expression by Western blot. In an attempt to improve ESO delivery and dystrophin expression, a new formulation of PEG-PEI copolymer was used, along with functionalized derivatives containing either the cell-penetrating peptide TAT (trans-activator of transcription), adsorbed colloidal gold (CG), or both TAT and CG. Tibialis anterior muscles were given three intramuscular injections of various PEG-PEI-ESO polyplexes (3 days apart; 5 microg of ESO per injection) and muscles were harvested 3 weeks after the first injection. Surface modifications of PEG-PEI copolymers with TAT showed the highest level of dystrophin recovery, with a 6-fold increase in dystrophin-positive fibers compared with ESO alone and up to 30% of normal dystrophin expression by Western blot. The adsorption of CG to either PEG-PEI or TAT-PEG-PEI copolymers showed no further improvement in dystrophin expression. Our data indicate that TAT-modified PEG-PEI copolymers are effective carriers for delivery of ESOs to skeletal muscle and are promising compounds for the therapeutic treatment of DMD.
Post-stroke depression.

We read with great interest the paper by Gainotti et al ([1999][1]) and we wish to raise some concerns about their study. Description of the statistical analysis was omitted from the paper and it is impossible for the reader to know how the data were analysed. The authors did not mention whether
Advances in the management of pediatric trauma.

BACKGROUND: Numerous important advances have been made in the management of trauma in childhood in prevention, prehospitalization and intrahospital care, postoperative management, and rehabilitation. As with adult trauma care, the development of trauma systems has impacted greatly on morbidity and mortality in injured children. DATA SOURCES: Recent literature was searched for information regarding selected aspects of pediatric trauma care where significant improvements in outcome have occurred. The specific areas selected because of their contribution to improved outcomes include changes in the organization of care including the establishment of trauma centers and trauma systems, understanding trauma physiology as a basis for care, selective management of blunt trauma, management of burn injury, and prevention. CONCLUSION: Because of the various advances in the understanding of the effects of injury that have been translated to improved approaches to treatment, overall treatment mortality in childhood has dropped 45% over the last 20 years and mortality with burn injury has been reduced by half in patients with over 60% of body surface burn and almost eliminated below that level unless there are additional circumstances. Nonetheless, trauma is still the leading cause of death in childhood, so continuing commitment by pediatric surgeons to advancing trauma care for children is in order as well as providing education for adult surgeons willing to commit themselves to care of the injured child.
Correlating radiation exposure with embrittlement: Comparative studies of electron- and neutron-irradiated pressure vessel alloys

Comparative experiments using high energy (10 MeV) electrons and test reactor neutrons have been undertaken to understand the role that primary damage state has on hardening (embrittlement) induced by irradiation at 300 C. Electrons produce displacement damage primarily by low energy atomic recoils, while fast neutrons produce displacements from considerably higher energy recoils. Comparison of changes resulting from neutron irradiation, in which nascent point defect clusters can form in dense cascades, with electron irradiation, where cascade formation is minimized, can provide insight into the role that the in-cascade point defect clusters have on the mechanisms of embrittlement. Tensile property changes induced by 10 MeV electrons or test reactor neutron irradiations of unalloyed iron and an Fe-O.9 wt.% Cu-1.0 wt.% Mn alloy were examined in the damage range of 9.0 x 10{sup {minus}5} dpa to 1.5 x 10{sup {minus}2} dpa. The results show the ternary alloy experienced substantially greater embrittlement in both the electron and neutron irradiate samples relative to unalloyed iron. Despite their disparate nature of defect production similar embrittlement trends with increasing radiation damage were observed for electrons and neutrons in both the ternary and unalloyed iron.
NMR imaging of paramagnetic centers in solids via dynamic nuclear polarization

During the past few years the scope and importance of NMR imaging techniques, especially in medicine, have grown enormously. Recent developments have extended NMR imaging into the realm of solid materials (Z-d), and include a technique reported from this laboratory that takes advantage of the dilute spin behavior of 13C in natural abundance (1). O f course, the sensitivity limitations encountered with 13C in natural abundance in typical solids can be severe, and techniques that can enhance 13C spin polarization are therefore of interest. One method that has been shown to provide major enhancements of nuclear spin polarization in paramagnetic samples with favorable relaxation properties is dynamic nuclear polarization, DNP (5-8). Hence, it appeared worthwhile to combine the DNP technique for generating nuclear spin polarization with the dilute-spin 13C technique for NMR imaging introduced earlier (I). This approach, which is the subject of this paper, has the further potential of providing a method for obtaining a spatial image of the paramagnetic centers responsible for the DNP phenomenon. In dynamic nuclear polarization (5) the electron spin resonance of a paramagnetic center is irradiated (ideally saturated) at the resonance microwave frequency. The resulting perturbation of the electron spin polarization is transmitted via electron spin/nuclear spin interactions to the nuclear spin populations. When NMR signals are detected the magnitude of the observed NMR signal intensity is enhanced by a factor up to the ratio of the magnitudes of the electron spin and nuclear spin magnetic moments. The actual value of the enhancement depends upon the relative contributions of the three competing types of DNP mechanisms (Overhauser, solid-state effect, thermal mixing effect), the microwave frequency employed and the details of the dynamics of pertinent spin transition probabilities (i.e., relaxation times and the rate of microwave-stimulated electron spin transitions). Wind and co-workers (5-8) have observed DNP enhancement factors in the ‘H and r3C spectra of both static solids and solids rotated rapidly at the magic angle. In the work presented here, &, is 1.4 T, and the frequencies of the ‘H, ‘%Z, and ESR radiation were 60.0 MHz, 15.1 MHz, and 39.4 GHz, respectively. The DNP system is based upon a CP/MAS spectrometer that employs a Varian 1.4 T electro-
Bilateral transposition of maxillary canines and premolars. Report of two cases.

Abstract These case reports are of interest because they describe the occurrence of nearly identical transpositions of teeth in siblings. The problem was resolved by different means in each case. Although no positive statement can be made concerning the extent to which genetic factors contributed to the transpositions, it would be difficult to explain their occurrence on the basis of chance alone.
EUVE extends automated "lights out" payload operations to spacecraft platform

NASA's Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite was launched on 7 June 1992. The EUVE Project is a joint collaboration between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, MD, and the University of California at Berkeley (UCB). In February 1995, UCB worked with GSFC to implement automated telemetry monitoring techniques for the science payload. This automation allowed payload operations personnel to move from three-shift, 24-hour monitoring to a single-shift scenario. Further refinements and domain experience enabled the move to zero-shift "lights out" payload operations in January 1996. This paper discusses the history of the EUVE spacecraft automation efforts at GSFC and UCB, the associated spacecraft risk management, and some ideas for future automation efforts.
Effect of GM2 activator protein on the enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids and sphingomyelin.

GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) is a specific protein cofactor that stimulates the enzymatic hydrolysis of the GalNAc from GM2, a sialic acid containing glycosphingolipid, both in vitro and in lysosomes. While phospholipids together with glycosphingolipids are important membrane constituents, little is known about the possible effect of GM2AP on the hydrolysis of phospholipids. Several recent reports suggest that GM2AP might have functions other than stimulating the conversion of GM2 into GM3 by β-hexosaminidase A, such as inhibiting the activity of platelet activating factor and enhancing the degradation of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D (PLD). We therefore examined the effect of GM2AP on the in vitro hydrolyses of a number of phospholipids and sphingomyelin by microbial (Streptomyces chromofuscus) and plant (cabbage) PLD. GM2AP, at the concentration as low as 1.08 μM (1 μg/50 μl) was found to inhibit about 70% of the hydrolyses of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol by PLD, whereas the same concentration of GM2AP only inhibited about 20–25% of the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase and had no effect on the hydrolysis of sphingosylphosphorylcholine by PLD. Thus, GM2AP exerts strong and broad inhibitory effects on the hydrolysis of phospholipids carried out by plant and microbial PLDs. High ammonium sulfate concentration (1.6 M or 21.1%) masks this inhibitory effect, possibly due to the alteration of the ionic property of GM2AP.
Consistent patterns of change during the divergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope from that of the inoculated virus in simian/human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.

We have analyzed changes to proviral Env gp120 sequences and the development of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) during 1 year of simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-89.6P infection in 11 Macaca nemestrina macaques. Seven macaques had significant env divergence from that of the inoculum, and macaques with greater divergence had higher titers of homologous NAbs. Substitutions in sequons encoding potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGs) were among the first to be established, although overall the total number of sequons did not increase significantly. The majority (19 of 23) of PNGs present in the inoculum were conserved in the sequences from all macaques. Statistically significant variations in PNGs occurred in multiple macaques within constrained regions we term “hot spots,” resulting in the selection of sequences more similar to the B consensus. These included additions on V1, the N-terminal side of V4, and the outer region of C2. Complex mutational patterns resulted in convergent PNG shifts in V2 and V5. Charge changes in Env V1V2, resulting in a net acidic charge, and a proline addition in V5 occurred in several macaques. Molecular modeling of the 89.6P sequence showed that the conserved glycans lie on the silent face of Env and that many are proximal to disulfide bonds, while PNG additions and shifts are proximal to the CD4 binding site. Nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution ratios suggest that these changes result from selective pressure. This longitudinal and cross-sectional study of mutations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) env in the SHIV background provides evidence that there are more constraints on the configuration of the glycan shield than were previously appreciated.
Kernel regression for travel time estimation via convex optimization

We develop an algorithm aimed at estimating travel time on segments of a road network using a convex optimization framework. Sampled travel time from probe vehicles are assumed to be known and serve as a training set for a machine learning algorithm to provide an optimal estimate of the travel time for all vehicles. A kernel method is introduced to allow for a non-linear relation between the known entry times and the travel times that we want to estimate. To improve the quality of the estimate we minimize the estimation error over a convex combination of known kernels. This problem is shown to be a semi-definite program. A rank-one decomposition is used to convert it to a linear program which can be solved efficiently.
Should You Ask a Fisherman or a Biologist?: Developmental Shifts in Ways of Clustering Knowledge

Individuals can infer what others are likely to know by clustering knowledge according to common goals, common topics, or common underlying principles. Although young children are sensitive to underlying principles, that manner of clustering might not prevail when other viable means are presented. Two studies examined how a sample of 256 children at ages 5, 7, 9, and 11 decide how to generalize another person's knowledge when goals, topics, and principles are put in conflict. In both studies, younger children preferred generalizing according to goals and topics, whereas older children preferred clustering based on principles related to disciplines. The most naturalistic ways of envisioning how knowledge is clustered in the minds of others therefore seems to change significantly during the elementary school years.
Design and Performance Analysis of a New Soft Handoff Scheme for CDMA Cellular Systems

In this paper, a new soft handoff scheme for CDMA cellular systems is proposed and investigated. It is pointed out that some handoff calls unnecessarily occupy multiple channels with little contribution to the performance of handoffs in IS95/CDMA2000-based handoff schemes or systems. To alleviate performance degradation due to channel resource shortage during soft handoff, a new concept of channel convertible set (CCS), which contains several types of handoff calls that unnecessarily occupy extra channels by considering the relative mobility of the calls in the handoff area is introduced. A new scheme that reallocates those extra channels in the CCS to new handoff calls when there is no available free channel in the system is proposed. Furthermore, according to the variation of the CCS, the proposed scheme dynamically adjusts the number of guard channels reserved exclusively for handoff. Then, the feasibility and implementation issues of the proposed scheme are discussed. To evaluate and compare performance indexes of different soft handoff schemes, continuous-time Markov chain models are constructed. Automated generation and solution of the underlying Markov chains are facilitated by stochastic reward net models, which are specified and solved by stochastic Petri net package. Numerical results show that this scheme can significantly decrease both the number of dropped handoff calls and the number of blocked calls without degrading the quality of communication service and the soft handoff process
Fish assemblage responses to forest cover.

We investigated whether fish assemblage structure in southern Appalachian streams differed with historical and contemporary forest cover. We compared fish assemblages in 2nd–4th order streams draining watersheds that had increased forest cover between 1950 and 1993 (i.e., reforesting watersheds). We sampled fish in 50 m reaches during August 2001 and calculated catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) by taxonomic, distributional, trophic, reproductive, and thermal metrics. We assigned streams to reforestation categories based on cluster analysis of years 1950 and 1993 near-stream forest cover. The relationship between forest cover and assemblage structure was assessed using analysis of variance to identify differences in fish CPUE in five forest cover categories. Streams contained 23 fish species representing six families, and taxa richness ranged from 1 to 13 at 30 stream sites. Streams with relatively low near-stream forest cover were different from streams having moderate to high near-stream forest cover in 1950 and 1993. Fish assemblages in streams having the lowest amount of forest cover (53–75%) were characterized by higher cosmopolitan, brood hider, detritivore/herbivore, intermediate habitat breadths, run-pool dweller, and warm water tolerant fish CPUE compared to streams with higher riparian forest cover. Our results suggest that fish assemblage’s structural and functional diversity and/or richness may be lower in streams having lower recent or past riparian forest cover compared to assemblages in streams having a high degree of near-stream forest cover.
Evidence for glycinergic respiratory neurons: Bötzinger neurons express mRNA for glycinergic transporter 2.

Botzinger (BOTZ) neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla fire during the late expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. These cells inhibit phrenic motor neurons and several types of respiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata. BOTZ cells produce a fast, chloride-mediated inhibition of their target neurons, but the neurotransmitter used by these cells has not been determined. In the present study, we examine whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine could be the inhibitory neurotransmitter of BOTZ cells. In chloralose-anesthetized rats, we individually filled 20 physiologically characterized BOTZ neurons with biotinamide by using a juxtacellular labeling method. Medullary sections containing the labeled BOTZ neurons were processed for in situ hybridization by using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes for glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 67 (GAD67), a marker for GABAergic neurons, or for glycine transporter 2 (GLYT2), a marker for glycinergic neurons. All BOTZ cells examined contained GLYT2 mRNA (n = 10), whereas none had detectable levels of GAD67 mRNA (n = 10). For a positive control, 12 GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata also were recorded and filled with biotinamide in vivo. Most of these cells, as expected, had detectable levels of GAD67 mRNA (11 out of 12). These results demonstrate that the juxtacellular labeling method can be combined with in situ hybridization to identify physiologically characterized cells with probable GABAergic or glycinergic phenotypes. Furthermore, these data suggest that BOTZ neurons use the neurotransmitter glycine and not GABA to provide widespread inhibition of respiratory-related neurons.
CCN-KRS: a key resolution service for CCN

A key feature of the Content Centric Networking (CCN) architecture is the requirement for each piece of content to be individually signed by its publisher. Thus, CCN should, in principle, be immune to distributing fake content. However, in practice, the network cannot easily detect and drop fake content as the trust context (i.e., the public keys that need to be trusted for verifying the content signature) is an application-dependent concept. CCN provides mechanisms for consumers to request a piece of content restricted by its signer's public key or the cryptographic digest of the content object to avoid receiving fake content. However, it does not provide any mechanisms to learn this critical information prior to requesting the content. In this paper, we introduce a scalable Key Resolution Service (KRS) that can securely store and serve security information (e.g., public key certificates of publishers) for a namespace in CCN. We implement KRS as a service for CCN in ndnSIM, a ns-3 module, and discuss and evaluate such a distributed service. We demonstrate the feasibility and scalability of our design via simulations driven by real-traffic traces.
The Electrical Response to Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Wound Healing

Significance: Natural, endogenous electric fields (EFs) and currents arise spontaneously after wounding of many tissues, especially epithelia, and are necessary for normal healing. This wound electrical activity is a long-lasting and regulated response. Enhancing or inhibiting this electrical activity increases or decreases wound healing, respectively. Cells that are responsible for wound closure such as corneal epithelial cells or skin keratinocytes migrate directionally in EFs of physiological magnitude. However, the mechanisms of how the wound electrical response is initiated and regulated remain unclear. Recent Advances: Wound EFs and currents appear to arise by ion channel up-regulation and redistribution, which are perhaps triggered by an intracellular calcium wave or cell depolarization. We discuss the possibility of stimulation of wound healing via pharmacological enhancement of the wound electric signal by stimulation of ion pumping. Critical Issues: Chronic wounds are a major problem in the elderly and diabetic patient. Any strategy to stimulate wound healing in these patients is desirable. Applying electrical stimulation directly is problematic, but pharmacological enhancement of the wound signal may be a promising strategy. Future Directions: Understanding the molecular regulation of wound electric signals may reveal some fundamental mechanisms in wound healing. Manipulating fluxes of ions and electric currents at wounds might offer new approaches to achieve better wound healing and to heal chronic wounds.
Generating BDD Models for Process Algebra Terms

The Simple systems form a class of process algebras whose operational semantics can be specified using finite state labelled transition systems. In this work, we describe how to efficiently derive the ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) corresponding to the operational semantics of the terms of an arbitrary Simple system. Model checking using such BDDs can often significantly speedup the testing of properties such as bisimilarity over direct algorithms. We also introduce a useful extension of Simple providing explicit recursion. For the CCS operators, we show that the corresponding BDD operators we generate automatically are comparable to those coded by hand.
An experimental investigation of currents on a yagi array of slot antennas on planar and curved surfaces

The slot Yagi-type antenna array is studied in detail on planar and curved surfaces. Current magnitude and phase associated with individual elements are measured for various element lengths and element spacings. Termination effects are studied for an eighteen-element array with elements one-third of a wavelength in length and with various element spacings. Comparison is made with and support given to recent work integrating array and surface wave theories.
COVARIATION OF CLUTCH SIZE, LAYING DATE, AND INCUBATION TENDENCY IN THE AMERICAN KESTREL

Abstract Seasonal decline in clutch size is common in birds, but the proximate mechanisms for this phenomenon have not been elucidated. The most credible model to date posits that late-laying females lay fewer eggs due to a seasonal increase in the tendency to incubate during laying, which inhibits egg production. We tested this model with free-living and laboratory American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) by quantifying changes in clutch size and incubation tendency during laying over the course of the breeding phase. Consistent with the model, clutch size in free-living kestrels decreased while incubation increased with progress of the 74-day breeding phase. Inconsistent with the model, variation in incubation tendency during laying was not associated with clutch size in either the field or the laboratory. In the laboratory, incubation increased but clutch size did not decrease over the course of the 77-day breeding phase. In the laboratory, females that nested early in one breeding phase renested more quic...
The properties of pulsars

The principal observed properties of pulsars and their theoretical interpretation are reviewed.
p53 at a glance

Since its discovery in 1979, the role of the p53 protein in cancer has been studied intensively ([Levine and Oren, 2009][1]). p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor, long-recognized to suppress cancer through the induction of cell-cycle-arrest or apoptosis programs in response to a plethora of different
Sequential Hypothesis Testing Techniques for Pest Count Models with Nuisance Parameters

Sequential hypothesis testing in pest management applications are usually carried out using Wald's procedure or Iwao's procedure. Both of these procedures are applicable for one-parameter pest count models. The current practice for handling nuisance parameters when using the Wald procedure is to assume they are equal to specified values based on historical experience, and in the case of Iwao's procedure to assume a known mean-variance relationship such as Taylor's power law. In this article, we discuss the weaknesses of these practices, and advocate the use of Bartlett's sequential procedure as a better way to handle nuisance parameters. We also show how Bartlett's procedure can be implemented within three-hypothesis testing scenarios, where differentiation between three levels of infestation is desired.
Modern Computational Approaches to Modeling Polynuclear Transition Metal Complexes

Discrete clusters with more than one transition metal ion are common in both inorganic chemistry, and as active sites of metalloenzymes. More than 50% of the structures in the Protein Data Bank, and an estimated one-third of all purified enzymes, require a metal ion for their biological function [1], and a great many of these contain clusters with more than one metal ion, often participating in very interesting electron and hydrogen transfer reactions. The use of methods of quantum chemistry to treat such systems is a very active of research. In this chapter, we will discuss some approaches to energetic issues involving transition metal clusters in proteins, drawing examples primarily from recent work in our lab. Our focus will be on prospects and difficulties one faces in setting up practical calculations on these large and complex systems.
Robotic surgery for treatment of chyluria

Chyle is a milky lymphatic fluid that is normally formed in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of dietary fats. Occasionally, chyle leaks into the kidney, ureter, or bladder, which results in chyluria. Chyluria is most commonly caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and is therefore extremely rare in the USA. The use of robotic surgery for treatment has been suggested as a viable option, but has not been thoroughly reported in the literature. This article reviews the literature on the various treatment options for chyluria and presents the case of a 75-year-old Indian female from the USA who was diagnosed with non-parasitic, persistent chyluria and treated with right robotic ureterolysis, renal hilar dissection and intraperitonealization of the ureter.
FDG PET-CT of Genitourinary and Gynecologic Tumors: Overcoming the Challenges of Evaluating the Abdomen and Pelvis

Introduction 2-Deoxy-2-[ F]-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) performed concurrently with computed tomography (CT) is central to the care of patients with advanced solid cancers. The combined FDG PET-CT examination (PET-CT) serves to provide comprehensive evaluation of tumor extent in primary treatment planning and plays an important role in accurately detecting recurrent disease during follow-up. Patients with genitourinary and gynecologic malignancies pose a unique challenge in PETCT imaging as most tumor burden, especially at initial presentation, involves the abdomen and pelvis. In this body region, physiological background tracer patterns and imaging artifacts confound interpretation. This article summarizes the performance of PET-CT on patients with genitourinary and gynecologic cancers. We discuss examination performance and image interpretation, highlighting points particularly relevant to abdominopelvic evaluation. Variations in patterns of normal physiological tracer distribution are described. Case examples illustrate potential sources for false-positive and false-negative diagnoses, and techniques for avoiding them.
Classes and Platonic Solids

If A and X are elements of a group G, then B = X-1AX is also an element of G (AX ≡ C ∈ G, X-1C ∈ G) In this event, one says that B is conjugate to A. It follows that every element of G is conjugate to some other element of G. Here are three important properties of conjugates: (a) Every element of G is conjugate to itself, $${X^{ - 1}} = XX = X$$ (2.1) (b) If A is conjugate to B, then B is conjugate to A, $$A = {X^{ - 1}}BX$$ , $$XA = BX$$ , $$XA{X^{ - 1}} = B$$ . (c) Two elements conjugate to the same element are conjugate to each other. Consider that B and C are both conjugate with A, $$A = {X^{ - 1}}BX$$ (i) , $$A = {Y^{ - 1}}CY$$ (j) , where all elements are contained in the group G. We then wish to show that $$B = {Z^{ - 1}}CZ$$ (k) , where Z ∈G.