cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness of alendronate therapy for osteopenic postmenopausal women.

The value of drug treatment to prevent fractures in postmenopausal women who have osteopenia (bone mass between normal and the mass seen with osteoporosis) is in dispute. In this study, alendronate...
Analysis of Volatile Components in Fresh Grapefruit Juice by Purge and Trap/Gas Chromatography

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile flavor components in fresh grapefruit juice were performed by purge and tap/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (P&T/GC/MS) and P&T/GC with flame-ionization detection (FID). Seventeen compounds were positively identified. Four additional compounds were tentatively identified on the basis of either MS or retention index (RI) data. Quantification of positively identified components was done by P&T/GC/FID using butyl acetate as internal standard and calibration curves. Compounds not previously identified in grapefruit juice were methyl acetate, propyl acetate, and 2-methylethyl propionate (tentatively identified)
Is Risk Factor Control and Guideline-Based Medical Therapy Optimal in Patients With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease? A Veterans Affairs Study

Abstract Background Aggressive risk factor modification using evidence-based secondary prevention strategies is recommended in coronary artery disease (CAD). Utilization of such strategies was compared in patients with nonobstructive CAD (NOCAD) and obstructive CAD (OCAD). Methods Patients undergoing coronary angiography (excluding normal coronary angiograms), between January 2006 and June 2006, at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center were included. Demographic, clinical and treatment data were compared between the groups at baseline and 1 year. Results Of the 354 patients who underwent coronary angiography, 222 (63%) had follow-up data available at 12 ± 2 months. The mean age in the NOCAD (n = 119) and OCAD (n = 103) groups was similar. There was a lower prevalence of hypertension and heart failure ( P P = 0.008). At 1 year, statin use ( P = 0001) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker use ( P = 0.001) were significantly lower, whereas the use of aspirin was numerically lower ( P = 0.06) in the NOCAD group. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were at goal ( Conclusions The use of evidence-based medical therapy is lower in patients with NOCAD compared with those with OCAD. Improved awareness among health care providers and a unified effort to implement secondary prevention strategies may help correct such deficiencies.
Use of a structured descriptive assessment methodology to identify variables affecting problem behavior

This study evaluated a variation of functional assessment methodology, the structured descriptive assessment (SDA). The SDA is conducted in an individual's natural environment and involves systematically manipulating antecedent variables while leaving consequences free to vary. Results were evaluated by comparing the results of an SDA with results obtained from an analogue functional analysis with 4 children who exhibited problem behavior. For 3 of 4 participants, the results of the two assessments suggested similar hypotheses about variables maintaining problem behavior. Interventions based on the results of the SDA were implemented for 3 children and resulted in significant reductions in rates of problem behavior.
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of isomeric truxillines and other high molecular weight impurities in illicit cocaine

Abstract The analysis of by-products and impurities in illicit cocaine, including the isomeric truxillines, is important for derivation of both strategic and tactical intelligence. In the present study, various capillary electrophoresis techniques were investigated for this purpose. The use of the anionic beta-cyclodextrin sulfobutyl ether IV as a run buffer additive at pH 8.6 gave a good separation of the truxillines and similar high molecular weight impurities in less than eight minutes. These impurities were first isolated from the bulk cocaine matrix using liquid-liquid extraction and size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. There was a red shift in the UV spectra obtained for the truxillines using photodiode array (PDA) UV detection during CE analysis. This anomalous behavior is attributed to photo-degradation of the truxillines during the PDA-UV irradiation process. Laser-induced fluorescence detection using a UV krypton/fluoride laser provided greater selectivity and sensitivity versus UV detection for certain uncharacterized high molecular weight impurities.
Variational Principles in Continuum Mechanics

Variational principles for problems in fluid dynamics, plasma dynamics and elasticity are discussed in the context of the general problem of finding a variational principle for a given system of equations. In continuum mechanics, the difficulties arise when the Eulerian description is used; the extension of Hamilton’s principle is straightforward in the Lagrangian description. It is found that the solution to these difficulties is to represent the Eulerian velocity v by expressions of the type v = ∇ X + λ∇ μ introduced by Clebsch (1859) for the case of isentropic fluid flow. The relation with Hamilton’s principle is elucidated following work by Lin (1963). It is also shown that the potential representation of electromagnetic fields and the variational principle for Maxwell’s equations can be fitted into the same overall scheme. The equations for water waves, waves in rotating and stratified fluids, Rossby waves, and plasma waves are given particular attention since the need for variational formulations of these equations has arisen in recent work on wave propagation (Whitham 1967). The idea of solving some of the equations by ‘potential representations’ (such as the Clebsch representation in continuum mechanics and the scalar and vector potentials in electromagnetism), and then finding a variational principle for the remaining equations, seems to be the crucial one for the general problem. An analogy with Pfaff’s problem in differential forms is given to support this idea.
Effects of Personal Status and Patterns of Use on Residential Satisfaction in Shelters for Victims of Domestic Violence

Occupant response to the architectural environments in shelters for victims of domestic violence was the subject of an empirical investigation. Personal status, a subset of daily activities, and on...
The Effects of Legitimacy and Power on Perceptions of Fairness

This research explicates a theoretical argument describing how structurally disadvantaged actors might come to view their outcomes as fair. Drawing from legitimacy theory and theories of distributive justice, I derive a hypothesis predicting that external, social forms of legitimacy will be positively related to perceptions of fairness of earned profits. I report the results from two experiments that isolate and test the theoretical argument. The first study illustrates that structurally advantaged actors report higher levels of fairness of their outcomes than disadvantaged actors and that the difference disappears when the structure that produces the outcomes is legitimate. The second study illustrates that the results are robust across operationalizations of legitimacy.
Cabin1 Represses MEF2-Dependent Nur77 Expression and T Cell Apoptosis by Controlling Association of Histone Deacetylases and Acetylases with MEF2

TCR signaling leading to thymocyte apoptosis is mediated through the expression of the Nur77 family of orphan nuclear receptors. MEF2 has been shown to be the major transcription factor responsible for calcium-dependent Nur77 transcription. Cabin1 was recently identified as a transcriptional repressor of MEF2, which can be released from MEF2 in a calcium-dependent fashion. The molecular basis of repression of MEF2 by Cabin1, however, has remained unknown. We report that Cabin1 represses MEF2 by two distinct mechanisms. Cabin1 recruits mSin3 and its associated histone deacetylases 1 and 2; Cabin1 also competes with p300 for binding to MEF2. Thus, activation of MEF2 and the consequent transcription of Nur77 are controlled by the association of MEF2 with the histone deacetylases via the calcium-dependent repressor Cabin1.
Euler-Poisson equations and existence of quasi-periodic motions of heavy tops

Abstract We study the existence of quasi-periodic motions of an asymmetric heavy top by using two different approaches: the standard Moser-Weinstein theorem and an extended Liapounov center theorem. We take advantage of the multiple reversibility of the Euler-Poisson equations and are able to show that the extended Liapounov center theorem yields more normal modes than does the Moser-Weinstein theorem.
Normal forms for driven surface waves: boundary conditions, symmetry, and genericity

Abstract The parametric excitation of standing waves in a vertically oscillated fluid can be studied by analyzing the period-doubling bifurcation in the associated stroboscopic map. When the fluid container has symmetry Γ the stroboscopic map will exhibit this symmetry and this in turn significantly affects the structure of the bifurcation problem. For both square and circular containers the normal forms appropriate to the reduced maps for the critical mode amplitudes are discussed. The experiments of Simonelli and Gollub with square containers strongly suggest that the effective symmetry of the problem is larger than the obvious geometric symmetry of the boundaries. For the ideal fluid model of Benjamin and Ursell with Neumann boundary conditions (NBC) one can show that the problem does indeed have a larger symmetry because it embeds in a model on a larger domain with periodic boundary conditions (PBC); the original NBC are then realized as a symmetry constraint on the solutions of this extended model. The additional symmetries introduced in this way lead to a large number of effects that would otherwise be non-generic including critical eigenspaces carrying reducible representations of Γ and reduced maps on these eigenspaces that have symmetries larger than Γ. These extra symmetries relate in-phase and out-of-phase mixed modes and lead to new branches to pure modes. The case of circular geometry is also discussed as it does not allow this extension to PBC and thus provides an instructive contrast with the subtleties found for square geometry.
Intimate relationship development during the transition to adulthood: Differences by social class

This article examines differences in young adults' intimate relationships by social class. Lower-class adolescents are more likely to engage in intimate-relationship practices such as cohabitation, early marriage, and sexual activity that may lead to further economic and educational deprivation. Such adolescents have limited access to the special opportunities of emerging adulthood. Social class indirectly shapes the relationships of groups such as prisoners, military personnel, and sexual minorities whose memberships are highly class graded and who are subject to state-controlled relationship constraints. More research is needed on how laws and institutions constrain even the most intimate features of young lives.
Nature's fortress against infection

Correlative analyses of polymorphism and disease resistance in Drosophila melanogaster refine our understanding of the forces that maintain variation in innate immunity loci.
Verbal conditioning as a function of race of the experimenter and prejudice of the subject

Abstract The present study addressed itself to the question: Does a white subject's prejudice against Negroes render a Negro experimenter less effective than a white experimenter in verbal conditioning? In order to assess prejudice toward Negroes, 354 white female subjects were administered a questionnaire containing the Negro items of the California E scale. One hundred and thirty-six subjects were then chosen from the extremes of the E-scale distribution and randomly assigned to one of four experimenters (two Negro experimenters and two white experimenters) who had been trained in the Taffel procedure of verbal conditioning. The experimental subjects received a verbal reinforcement (“good”) each time they chose a first-person subject pronoun to begin a sentence; the control subjects received no reinforcement. Following the conditioning procedure all subjects were administered an extensive awareness questionnaire, and the data from “aware” subjects were discarded. Analysis of the data revealed that conditioning occurred with high E-scale subjects, but not with low E-scale subjects. In addition, high E-scale subjects conditioned with white experimenters, but not with Negro experimenters. These data are consistent with the theory underlying the California E scale.
News, Truth, and the Recognition of Corporate Crime 1

This article is a study of how the press registered and re-registered news as truth about the Westray explosion and its aftermath from 1992 to 2002. The research examines 1,972 news stories and uses Michel Foucault's concept of the “politics of truth” and Stanley Cohen's ideas about cultural denial to understand the social organization of news production and the implications of the media for witnessing and accounting for Westray's “truth” when corporate and state institutions stand accused. I argue that truth-telling exercises were diverse and divergent and produced “regimes of truth” around natural accident, legal tragedy, and political scandal. But the absence in the presence of these varied truth-telling exercises was a social vocabulary of corporate crime. This absence marked the limit of the press's ability to tell the truth to powerful corporate and state interests, the place where their truth-telling was made coincident with the exercise of power and where workplace crime was made invisible in popu...
CD56 staining in Merkel cell carcinoma and natural killer-cell lymphoma: magic bullet, diagnostic pitfall, or both?

BACKGROUND: Antibodies to CD56 label natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas and neuroendocrine tumors such as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In MCC altered by crush artifact or obscured by lymphocytes, the histologic features coupled with CD56 positivity can lead to an erroneous impression of NK-cell lymphoma. METHODS: Eighteen cases of MCC were stained for CD56, CK20, MNF116, and pankeratin. The results were compared to histologic features and CD56 staining pattern of three NK-cell lymphomas. RESULTS: Three of 18 cases of MCC histologically resembled lymphoma, and CD56 positivity with CD3 and CD20 negativity initially raised the possibility of NK-cell lymphoma. Two additional cases were obscured by dense inflammation, again suggesting the diagnosis of lymphoma. Seventeen of 18 MCC labeled for CD56 and an equal number stained for CK20. All MCC tested were positive for CAM5.2 (14/14) and MNF116 (17/17). Antibodies to pankeratin labeled only one of 18 MCC. Staining for CD56 was stronger in MCC than NK-cell lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: CD56 is a sensitive marker for MCC as well as for NK-cell lymphoma, but is not specific. Importantly, CD56 positivity in crushed or inflamed biopsies of MCC may lead to an erroneous impression of NK lymphoma. Awareness of this potential pitfall will prevent misdiagnosis. McNiff JM, Cowper SE, Lazova R, Subtil A, Glusac EJ. CD56 staining in Merkel cell carcinoma and natural killer-cell lymphoma: Magic bullet, diagnostic pitfall, or both?
Beyond the Four Percent Solution: Explaining the Consequences of China's Rise

Debates about the consequences of China's rise have focused mainly on China's foreign policy in security affairs and have been offered mostly within a realist framework; yet this limited approach to the problem ignores non-security issues, non-realist frameworks, and non-China sources of system-level outcomes. Policy-makers and scholars should significantly broaden their descriptive and explanatory frameworks in order to understand the consequences of a rising China. Using this broader approach will direct attention to systemic and ideational factors in explaining whether China's rise is peaceful or not.
Enhanced Solubility of Hydrogen in CO2-Expanded Liquids

Vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the systems CO2/H2/acetonitrile, CO2/H2/acetone, and CO2/H2/methanol were determined at 40 °C and 25, 60, and 90 bar. A variable volume view cell was used coupled with an online gas chromatograph. The solubility of H2 in expanded solvents was improved by the presence of CO2 but not significantly; the solubility is less than one can achieve with pure H2 at the same total pressure. Nevertheless, CO2 does improve H2 solubility in all three solvents at the conditions studied, even though the H2 solubility enhancement by CO2 is very modest. The Peng−Robinson equation of state predicted the ternary VLE remarkably well using only binary interaction parameters.
Stock adjustment for multicointegrated series

A typical stock adjustment model is a partial ajustment process to maintain simultaneously the two kinds of equilibrium relationships: a flow-flow relationship and a stock-flow relationship. We show that the stock adjustment model is an error correction model of ‘multicointegrated’ time series, and also an optimal decision rule generated from an intertemporal optimization problem. Economic examples in inventory model, housing construction, and consumption function are discussed.
Self-Aligned Technology for N-Polar GaN/Al(Ga)N MIS-HEMTs

In this letter, we introduce a scalable self-aligned technology for N-polar GaN MIS-HEMTs which can be used to achieve significant improvement in device performance by minimizing the source and drain access resistances. The methodology consists of a refractory-metal gate-first process followed by the regrowth of polarization-doped graded InGaN and InN layers by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The regrowth has been optimized to achieve ohmic contact resistance as low as 23 Ω-μm to the N-face 2-D electron gas. Excellent maximum current of 1.4 A/mm and a very low on resistance of 590 Ω-μm was achieved at (VG - VT) = 6 V for LG = 500 nm. Peak transconductance of 343 mS/mm is also state of the art for the given gate length and aspect ratio. Excellent fT.LG product of 15.9 GHz-μm with minimal drain delay was also achieved for LG = 600 nm.
Altered morphology in transgenic tobacco plants that overproduce cytokinins in specific tissues and organs.

Abstract An auxin-inducible bidirectional promoter from the soybean SAUR gene locus was fused to a reporter gene in one direction and a cytokinin biosynthetic gene in the opposite direction and the expression of these fused genes was examined in transgenic tobacco. The Escherichia coli uidA gene, which encodes the enzyme β-glucuronidase (GUS), was used as the reporter gene and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens ipt gene, which encodes the enzyme isopentenyl transferase, was used as the cytokinin biosynthetic gene. These constructs allowed the overproduction of cytokinins in tobacco in a tissue- and organ-specific manner. Localized overproduction of cytokinins was monitored using the GUS reporter gene and measured by an ELISA assay. The tissue- and organ-specific overproduction of cytokinins produced a number of morphological and physiological changes, including stunting, loss of apical dominance, reduction in root initiation and growth, either acceleration or prolonged delayed senescence in leaves depending on the growth conditions, adventitious shoot formation from unwounded leaf veins and petioles, altered nutrient distribution, and abnormal tissue development in stems. While some of these morphological changes result directly from the localized overproduction of cytokinins, other changes probably result from the mobilization of plant nutrients to tissues rich in cytokinins.
Interference with reelin signaling in the lateral entorhinal cortex impairs spatial memory

Entorhinal neurons receive extensive intracortical projections, and form the primary input to the hippocampus via the perforant pathway. The glutamatergic cells of origin for the perforant pathway are distinguished by their expression of reelin, a glycoprotein involved in learning and synaptic plasticity. The functional significance of reelin signaling within the entorhinal cortex, however, remains unexplored. To determine whether interrupting entorhinal reelin signaling might have consequences for learning and memory, we administered recombinant receptor-associated protein (RAP) into the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) of young Long-Evans rats. RAP prevents reelin from binding to its receptors, and we verified the knockdown of reelin signaling by quantifying the phosphorylation state of reelin’s intracellular signaling target, disabled-1 (DAB1). Effective knockdown of reelin signaling was associated with impaired performance in the hippocampus-dependent version of the water maze. Moreover, inhibition of reelin signaling induced a localized loss of synaptic marker expression in the LEC. These observations support a role for entorhinal reelin signaling in spatial learning, and suggest that an intact reelin signaling pathway is essential for synaptic integrity in the adult entorhinal cortex.
Holographically corrected telescopes

ABSTRACT Holographic correction oflow-quality telescopes is an inexpensive method of obtaining large aperture devices suitable forlidar, imaging, and directed energy weaponry. We present an analysis oftwo different methods for producing diffraction-limited telescopes from the holographic correction of spherical mirrors. These evaluations are essential for choosing theoptimal design for a given telescope application. Included in our discussion are the results from preliminary experiments intothe various designs. The aim ofthe project is construct the first ever holographically corrected astronomical telescope forboth ground and space-based operations.Keywords: Holography, telescopes, aberrations, next generation space telescope. 1. INTRODUCTION Large diameter telescopes are required for many high-resolution imaging and light-gathering applications. As imagingdevices, telescopes are useful in both ground and space-based operations, and in all cases a larger primary diameter results ineither improved resolution and/or the amount oflight gathered. The cost oflarge ground based telescopes is large due to thetechnical challenges involved in maintaining perfect figure quality over a large area. Added to this is the problem ofatmospheric turbulence, which although easily controllable for small apertures, is still a major problem for extremely largediameter telescopes. One solution is to place the telescope in orbit, but the costs involved in fabricating perfect primary andensuring an undistorted figure after launch and deployment are large. For a next generation optical space telescope withdiameters >4m, new technologies wifi be required. One possible solution is to use an inexpensive, low-quality mirror whichis holographically corrected in situ to diffraction-limited performance. In the future, such technology should make it possibleto construct the next generation space telescope for a fraction ofthe cost that present schemes allow.Holographic correction ofaberrated optical elements was developed separately by Upatnieks et a!'. and Kogelnik andPennington2. Denisyuk and Soskin3 and later Munch et al.4'5 showed how this technology could be applied to the correctionof aberrated telescope primaries. These experiments relied primarily on a collimated illumination source, which requiredeither a perfect optical element ofthe same diameter as the one to be corrected, or a point source of light an infmite distanceaway. A feasible compact design was developed by Andersen et al.8 in which a point source oflaser illumination is situatedat the center of curvature ofthe mirror. In this paper, we build extend this work with the aim ofdeveloping the firstholographically corrected telescope to be used for actual astronomical imaging.
On demographic aging, inflation, and real wages: some evidence from the Netherlands.

The findings of this paper suggest that when allowance is made for the potential impact of low fertility on relative price levels, the emergence of a state of sustained population decline might lead to levels of economic well-being which are declining both absolutely and relative to populations experiencing moderate growth. Such a conclusion emerges only after the passage of some 30 years; prior to this time span, conventional results (slower population growth yielding faster income growth) are confirmed. The result is attributable to a considerable scarcity of labor, resulting from fundamental changes in the ratio of workers to (older) dependents.
Melanoproteins. I. Reactions between enzyme-generated quinones and amino acids.

Abstract 1. 1. A systematic survey of the reactions of compounds containing the functional groups of proteins with melanogenic systems comprised of o-diphenol oxidase and catechol, 4-methylcatechol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, or 5,6-dihydroxyindole, has been carried out with an automatic recording rapid-scanning spectrophotometer. 2. 2. The 3-substituted indole ring, the amide group, the ureido and guanidino groupings, seryl hydroxyl, and 4-substituted imidazole groups do not react with any of the quinones derived by enzymic oxidation of the catecholic melanogens, according to spectroscopic criteria. 3. 3. N-terminal primary amino groups, aliphatic amino groups, secondary amines in amino acids, and thiol-containing amino acids react with o-benzoquinone and 4-methyl-o-benzoquinone to give intermediates with characteristic absorption spectra. 4. 4. Only thiol-containing compounds (and aromatic amines) react with melanogenic quinones derived from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to produce intermediates with characteristic absorption spectra. These reactions appear to involve “indole-5,6-quinone” only. 5. 5. A new melanochrome or leucomelanochrome which forms during the polymerization of indole-5,6-quinone to melanin, has been observed.
Spatial and speed distributions of H2 and D2 desorbed from a polycrystalline nickel surface

Abstract The desorption of hydrogen (H 2 and D 2 ) from a polycrystalline nickel surface has been investigated by measuring the spatial and speed distributions of the desorbed molecules. The Ni specimen was constructed as a membrane with one side exposed to hydrogen at ~ 1 atm pressure and the other side exposed to vacuum, thereby enabling us to supply hydrogen to the test surface via permeation of atoms through the membrane. These atoms recombine on the surface to form molecules that desorb into the evacuated chamber. The spatial distribution of the desorbed molecules was measured with a rotatable ionization gauge, whereas the speed distribution of molecules desorbed along the surface normal was determined by means of a time-of-flight detector in a second apparatus. In accord with the recent results of Van Willigen and Palmer et al., the spatial distribution of hydrogenic molecules desorbed from Ni deviates significantly from the commonly assumed relation corresponding to diffuse emission, i.e., the relation cos θ, where θ is the angle of inspection measured from the surface normal. The present data for both H 2 and D 2 throughout the temperature range 800–1300°K may be described approximately by the relation cos d θ, where d = 4.5 ± 0.5. We consider several possible explanations of why our spatial distributions are substantially broader than those of Van Willigen but narrower than those of Palmer et al. The measured speed distributions deviate significantly from the Maxwellian distribution of a molecular beam formed from an equilibrium gas at the temperature of the Ni sample. For example, when the sample is at 1073°K, the mean energy of the desorbed molecules is 0.27 ± 0.02 eV whereas the mean energy of a Maxwellian molecular beam would be 0.186 eV.
Zhan Kai and Five “Novels of Women’s Liberation” of the Late Qing

Zhan Kai’s 詹垲 (c. 1860–c. 1910) two novels about women’s liberation of 1907 (Zhongguo xin nuhao 中国新女豪 and Nuzi quan 女子权) are compared with each other and with three slightly earlier novels that could have been influences: Nu yuhua 女狱花 of 1904, Nuwa shi 女娲石 of 1904, and Huang Xiuqiu 黄绣球 of 1905–7. An effort is made to show what he might have borrowed and what were the most original points in Zhan’s writing. One further issue is the reason he might have written two such similar novels. Finally his guidelines for readerly behavior are explored.
Quantifying the hydrological effects of stream restoration in a montane meadow, northern California, USA

Stream restoration efforts, particularly within meadow systems, increasingly rely on ‘pond and plug’ type methods in which (a) alluvial materials are excavated from the floodplain, forming ponds; (b) excavated alluvial materials are used to plug incised channels and (c) smaller dimension channels are restored to the floodplain surface. A commonly stated objective of these efforts is to restore ecologically significant hydrological processes to degraded riparian systems. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate and quantify the restoration of these hydrological processes. Direct comparisons of pre- and post-restoration hydrological observations are often misleading due to an inter-annual climatic variability. To overcome this issue and accurately quantify the hydrological effects of restoration, we developed, calibrated and validated a hydrological model of a 230 ha mountain meadow along a 3.6 km restored reach of Bear Creek in the northeastern California. We then applied the model to simulate the pre- and post-restoration scenarios by altering the floodplain topography and stream channel networks. Our results document three general hydrological responses to the meadow restoration effort: (1) increased groundwater levels and volume of subsurface storage; (2) increased frequency/duration of floodplain inundation and decreased magnitude of flood peaks and (3) decreased annual runoff and duration of baseflow. This study supports and quantifies the hypothesis that ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration projects have the capacity to re-establish hydrological processes necessary to sustain riparian systems. In addition, the results of this study can be used to improve quantitative objectives for ‘pond and plug’ type stream restoration activities in similar settings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intranuclear inclusions in paramyxovirus-induced encephalitis: evidence for altered nuclear body differentiation.

Intranuclear inclusion bodies (INB) are frequently encountered in viral infections, where they are thought to be accumulations of viral particles. However, for RNA viruses replicating in the cytoplasm, this compartmentalization represents a paradox not consistent with the viral replication cycle. To define the basis for intranuclear paramyxoviral inclusion bodies in astrocytes, natural cases of canine distemper virus subacute encephalitis were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy, and by quantitative confocal immunofluorescene microscopy. Although INB were viral antigen positive, they were not composed of structurally recognizable paramyxoviral nucleocapsids. The structural basis for the INB was instead viral antigen-associated forms of nucleolar development known as nuclear bodies. Three variants of the light microscopic Cowdry type A INB were complex nuclear bodies, giant beaded nuclear bodies (sphaeridia), and nuclear body-associated granulofilamentous matrices. In the latter, the granulofilamentous matrix frequently filled the nucleus, resulting in a fourth morphological INB variant, and was associated with morphological evidence of nuclear degeneration. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of virus-induced cytopathology whereby intranuclear viral protein exerts deleterious effects upon nucleolar differentiation in infected cells and hence altered host cell RNA metabolism.
The expanding role of oxidative stress, renin angiotensin system, and beta-cell dysfunction in the cardiometabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus

The incidence of obesity, cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), as well as their devastating cardiovascular consequences, keep rising with increasing human and economical costs. For a long time, insulin resistance has been the main player in the pathogenesis and treatment of DM2, but every day more knowledge is gained about the central role of β-cell failure, not only in the appearance of hyperglycemia but also in the failure of the pharmacological therapy. β-Cell failure implies impairment of glucosestimulated insulin secretion and loss of β-cell mass. Hyperglycemia, elevated circulating fatty acids, inadequate local activation of renin angiotensin system, and chronic low grade inflammation are conditions that coexist in the CMS and DM2 that turn out to be deleterious for the β-cell functioning and existence. Excessive oxidative stress secondary to increased production of reactive oxygen species and decreased availability of antioxidants is a possible common converging point...
Buckling of flexibly-connected gabled frames

Abstract The non-linear analysis of plane, non-orthogonal frames with realistic flexible connections under static loads is presented. The non-linearity is a kinematic one, while the material behavior is assumed to be linearly elastic. The flexible joint connection is characterized by connecting one member to an adjoining one through a rotational spring (with linear or non-linear stiffness). The mathematical formulation is presented and the solution methodology is outlined. Several parametric studies are performed in order to assess the effect of important parameters on the frame response. These are the bend rise to span ratio, the ratio of the bending stiffness of the “bend” beams to that of the columns, the effect of non-linear flexible connections and the effect of the linear rotational spring stiffness.
Computerized determination of singularities and envelopes to families of contact lines on gear tooth surfaces

Abstract A family of tooth surfaces ∑ Φ represented in parametric form is considered. The contents of the paper covers determination of envelope ∑ 2 to family ∑ Φ , singularities on ∑ 2 and sufficient conditions of existence of envelopes E 1 and E 2 to characteristics on generating and generated tooth surfaces ∑ 1 and ∑ 2 . Necessary condition of coincidence of E 2 with the edge of regression on ∑ 2 is provided.
SILENCES IN ANNUAL REPORTS

Abstract In this paper, we show how annual reports rely upon the silencing of injustices in order to make profit appear to be an unproblematic measure of success. In particular, we examine the ways in which corporations silence the negative impact of their activities upon the earth, the hell of war and the beauty of peace, the spiritual, human and social impoverishment arising from excessive consumption, and the dehumanization of workers. Only by breaking silence and counter-posing corporate values with alternatives can we hope to free humankind from the limitations of profit maximization and promote a world in which peace, happiness, respect for diversity, etc. take precedence to capital accumulation.
Effects of the turnover rate on the size distribution of firms: An application of the kinetic exchange models

Abstract We address the issue of the distribution of firm size. To this end we propose a model of firms in a closed, conserved economy populated with zero-intelligence agents who continuously move from one firm to another. We then analyze the size distribution and related statistics obtained from the model. There are three well known statistical features obtained from the panel study of the firms i.e., the power law in size (in terms of income and/or employment), the Laplace distribution in the growth rates and the slowly declining standard deviation of the growth rates conditional on the firm size. First, we show that the model generalizes the usual kinetic exchange models with binary interaction to interactions between an arbitrary number of agents. When the number of interacting agents is in the order of the system itself, it is possible to decouple the model. We provide exact results on the distributions which are not known yet for binary interactions. Our model easily reproduces the power law for the size distribution of firms (Zipf’s law). The fluctuations in the growth rate falls with increasing size following a power law (though the exponent does not match with the data). However, the distribution of the difference of the firm size in this model has Laplace distribution whereas the real data suggests that the difference of the log of sizes has the same distribution.
The dynamic path of recreational values following a forest fire: A comparative analysis of states in the Intermountain West

This analysis examines the dynamic path of recreational values following a forest fire in three different states in the intermountain western United States. The travel cost demand analysis found that annual recreation values after a fire follow a highly nonlinear intertemporal path. The path is S-shaped, providing a range of benefits and losses in the years following a fire. While the results discourage the use of a single value throughout the Intermountain West, they do provide a range of likely values that public land managers can apply to fire-affected areas in their jurisdictions.
Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient uptake of dry bean in manure and compost manure treated subsoil and untreated topsoil and subsoil

Abstract Eroded or leveled Portneuf silt loam soils (coarse‐silty mixed mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid) have been restored to topsoil productivity levels by manure application, but not by other organic sources such as cheese whey. In dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Viva), only soil organic matter and Zn concentration of leaf tissue correlated with improved yields. Manure application could potentially increase or decrease mycorrhizal colonization depending on which factors dominate. Manured and unmanured soils from a long‐term field experiment were sampled and mycorrhizal spores were quantified, but there was no significant manure treatment effect on spore numbers. A greenhouse study was conducted to see if manure or composted manure freshly applied to subsoils would facilitate mycorrhizal colonization in dry bean roots compared to untreated topsoil or conventionally fertilized subsoil. Low level colonization (< 5%) was observed 21 days after planting and that increased to 58% by 56 days after planting...
The mode features of an ideal-gap open-ring microstrip antenna

A rigorous analysis of the features of the modes of an ideal-gap open-ring (closed ring with a cross cut) printed microstrip antenna is presented. General expressions for its radiation field are derived by using the cavity model, trigonometric identities, and the properties of the cylindrical functions. The solution and the computed results for the radiation patterns and the field distributions for the even and odd modes are presented. The solutions for the even modes are the same as those for the closed-ring printed microstrip antenna. The results for the radiation patterns and other antenna characteristics for the odd modes indicate the superiority in the radiation properties of the ideal-gap open ring when excited in the TM/sub 12/ mode over those of a closed ring. >
High-throughput ionic liquid electrospray sources based on dense monolithic arrays of emitters with integrated extractor grid and carbon nanotube flow control structures

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of externally-fed, batch-microfabricated electrospray emitter arrays with integrated extractor grid and carbon nanotube flow control structures for low-voltage and high-throughput electrospray of the ionic liquid EMI-BF4 in vacuum. The conformal carbon nanotube forest on the emitters provides a highly effective wicking structure to transport liquid up the emitter surface to the emission site at the tips. Arrays containing as many as 81 emitters in 1 cm2 were tested and emission currents as high as 5 μA per emitter in both polarities were measured, with a start-up bias voltage as low as 520 V. Imprints formed on the collector electrode and per-emitter IV characteristics showed excellent emission uniformity.
The influence of damage distribution on serious brain injury in occupants in frontal motor vehicle crashes

In spite of improvements in motor vehicle safety systems and crashworthiness, motor vehicle crashes remain one of the leading causes of brain injury. The purpose of this study was to determine if the damage distribution across the frontal plane affected brain injury severity of occupants in frontal impacts. Occupants in "head on" frontal impacts with a Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) equal to 11, 12, or 1o'clock who sustained serious brain injury were identified using the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) database. Impacts were further classified based on the damage distribution across the frontal plane as distributed, offset, and extreme offset (corner). Overall, there was no significant difference for brain injury severity (based on Glasgow Coma Scale 2) comparing occupants in the different impact categories. For occupants in distributed frontal impacts, safety belt use was protective (odds ratio (OR)=0.61) and intrusion at the occupant's seat position was four times more likely to result in severe (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<9) brain injury (OR=4.35). For occupants in offset frontal impacts, again safety belt use was protective against severe brain injury (OR=0.25). Possibly due to the small number of brain-injured occupants in corner impacts, safety belts did not significantly protect against increased brain injury severity during corner impacts. This study supports the importance of safety belt use to decrease brain injury severity for occupants in distributed and offset frontal crashes. It also illustrateshow studying "real world" crashes may provide useful information on occupant injuries under impact circumstances not currently covered by crash testing. Language: en
Management of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) with fungicide seed treatments and storage practices

Thiabendazole insensitive strains ofHelminthosporium solani, the causal agent of silver scurf, make controlling the disease with seed treatment difficult. Potato tuber seed treatments and environmental storage management practices were investigated as means to minimize silver scurf. Fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for control ofH. solani; disease was evaluated during the growing season, at harvest, and after 5 months of storage. Silver scurf was observed on progeny tubers eleven weeks after planting. Fungicides that reduced silver scurf incidence and severity on the seed resulted in reduced incidence and severity of the disease in the progeny tubers at harvest and significantly lower disease ratings after storage. Only small increases in disease incidence (0-8%) were seen after storage. Thiophanate-methyl with mancozeb, Captan with mancozeb, and fludioxonil were among the most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of silver scurf on seed and in progeny tubers (Incidence on progeny tubers at harvest for these three treatments were 3%, 9%, and 8% respectively). Thiophanatemethyl alone was not effective for control of silver scurf (48% incidence compared to 43% incidence for the untreated control). Environmental conditions in storage affected disease development. Reduced humidity (85%) during the curing period (0–3 weeks after harvest) significantly reduced (11%) the surface area of tubers infected with silver scurf. Free moisture on the tuber surfaces during storage significantly increased (15%) tuber surface area infection.H. solani was shown to survive in soil and on some potato storage building materials for up to 9 months. The silver scurf disease of potatoes can be suppressed using effective seed treatment and storage management.
Effects of testosterone, estradiol, aromatase inhibitor, gonadotropin and prolactin on the response of mouse testes to acute gonadotropin stimulation.

Abstract These studies determined the local acute responsiveness of the testis to intratesticular administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) under basal, stimulated (systemic hCG pre-treated), hypogonadotropic (steroid pre-treatment) and hyperprolactinemic conditions in male mice. In addition, testieular testosterone (T) levels were determined after intratesticular administration of the aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA) or progesterone under basal or hCG-stimulated conditions. Intratesticular administration of 0.025, 0.25, 2.5 or 25 mIU hCG resulted in a dose-dependent (3- to 14-fold) increase in testicular T concentrations in hCG compared to vehicle-injected testes. Systemic (i.p.) pre-treatment with 5 IU hCG 24 h before prevented any further increases in the already elevated (10-fold basal) T levels after direct intratesticular hCG injection. Pretreatment with 250 μg testosterone propionate (TP) reduced basal testicular T concentrations, but resulted in increased responsiveness to intratesticular hCG administration. In contrast, estradiol benzoate (EB) pretreatment, which also reduced basal testicular T concentrations, did not affect the testicular responsiveness to hCG. Hyperprolactinemia reduced testicular responsiveness to intratesticular administration of 0.025, 0.25 or 2.5 mIU hCG, but basal levels of testicular T were elevated. One hour after intratesticular injections of an aromatase inhibitor, 4-OHA; (0.25 μg) testis, T levels were increased in males pre-treated with 5 IU hCG (i.p.) 24 h earlier. Higher doses of 4-OHA (2.5, 25 or 250 μg) resulted in significant, dose-related increases in basal testicular T levels which were attenuated by hCG-pre-treatment. Intratesticular administration of 20 μg progesterone increased testicular T concentrations 2.7-fold, but this effect was attenuated (1.5-fold) in hCG-pre-treated mice, suggesting that enzymatic lesions beyond progesterone may be involved in hCG-induced testicular desensitization. These results indicate that testicular responsiveness to hCG depends on the existing levels of gonadotropic stimulation. However, it is evident that estrogens and prolactin also influence the sensitivity of the testis to gonadotropin.
Preparticipation sports assessment in western Pennsylvania

The preparticipation sports assessment is considered an important component of medical care for student athletes. Recent debate has ensued regarding the benefit for either athletes or schools from the assessments as currently practiced. This study describes the content, style, and methods of the required preparticipation sports assessments prior to an autumn football season in western Pennsylvania and discusses the implications of these findings. The results suggest that most examinations were brief, with little attention paid to important elements of the history or screening tests. Health education is not an important component of these encounters. In summary, such assessments did not meet either a health or education agenda and probably need to be revised if they are to have legal and medical support.
Binding of radiolabeled opiates to slide-mounted sections of molded minced rat brain: A novel method for conducting radioreceptor assays

To facilitate the quantitative study of the opiate receptor, we have developed a novel variation of the ligand binding technique. The binding of 3H-opiates to rat brain membranes is compared with the binding to slide-mounted sections of molded minced rat brain. The latter method is characterized by a high signal and a superior signal-to-noise ratio over a wide range of ligand concentrations. The results are discussed in reference to other ligand binding methodologies.
Soft X-ray Foucault test: A path to diffraction-limited imaging

Abstract We present the development of a soft X-ray Foucault test capable of characterizing the imaging properties of a soft X-ray optical system at its operational wavelength and its operational configuration. This optical test enables direct visual inspection of imaging aberrations and provides real-time feedback for the alignment of high resolution soft X-ray optical systems. A first application of this optical test was carried out on a Mo-Si multilayer-coated Schwarzschild objective as part of the MAXIMUM project. Results from the alignment procedure are presented as well as the possibility for testing in the hard X-ray regime.