cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of the Quaternary stratigraphic framework of the inner-continental shelf by Holocene marine transgression : an example offshore of Fire Island, New York

Abstract The inner-continental shelf off Fire Island, New York was mapped in 2011 using interferometric sonar and high-resolution chirp seismic-reflection systems. The area mapped is approximately 50 km long by 8 km wide, extending from Moriches Inlet to Fire Island Inlet in water depths ranging from 8 to 32 m. The morphology of this inner-continental shelf region and modern sediment distribution patterns are determined by erosion of Pleistocene glaciofluvial sediments during the ongoing Holocene marine transgression; much of the shelf is thus an actively forming ravinement surface. Remnants of a Pleistocene outwash lobe define a submerged headland offshore of central Fire Island. East of the submerged headland, relatively older Pleistocene outwash is exposed over much of the inner-continental shelf and covered by asymmetric, sorted bedforms interpreted to indicate erosion and westward transport of reworked sediment. Erosion of the eastern flank of the submerged Pleistocene headland over the last ~ 8000 years yielded an abundance of modern sand that was transported westward and reworked into a field of shoreface-attached ridges offshore of western Fire Island. West of the submerged headland, erosion of Pleistocene outwash continues in troughs between the sand ridges, resulting in modification of the lower shoreface. Comparison of the modern sand ridge morphology with the morphology of the underlying ravinement surface suggests that the sand ridges have moved a minimum of ~ 1000 m westward since formation. Comparison of modern sediment thickness mapped in 1996–1997 and 2011 allows speculation that the nearshore/shoreface sedimentary deposit has gained sediment at the expense of deflation of the sand ridges.
Advance bandwidth scheduling with minimal impact on immediate reservations in high-performance networks

Many network-intensive applications in various science, engineering, and business domains require high bandwidths to support large-scale data transfer over long distances. Such bandwidth requirements give rise to the development and deployment of high-performance networks that are capable of provisioning dedicated channels with reserved bandwidths through circuit/lambda-switching or MPLS/GMPLS techniques. We consider both advance and immediate bandwidth reservations, the former reserving bandwidth ahead of time in a future time slot to provide guaranteed bandwidth, while the latter allocating bandwidth upon availability in the next immediate time slot. As a result, an ongoing data transfer task based on an immediate reservation may be preempted by the activation of an advance reservation due to the lack of bandwidth. We formulate the advance bandwidth scheduling problem to minimize the impact on immediate reservations. Based on rigorous statistical analysis of reservation dynamics, we propose a scheduling solution to route incoming advance reservations such that the number of preempted immediate reservations by the advance reservations is minimized. The performance superiority of the proposed scheduling solution is illustrated by extensive simulations in comparison with existing algorithms.
On evaluating integrals with strongly singular integrands

Abstract The solution of many mixed boundary value problems in engineering is found in terms of singular integral equations. These equations may require numerical evaluation of integrals with strongly singular integrands. Two simple algorithms based on an adaptive scheme are written to evaluate these integrals in the Hadamard sense. The results are compared with exact results available for specific integrands.
Factors affecting homogeneous precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel

The variables affecting homogeneous precipitation in the hydrolysis of aluminum nitrate by sodium carbonate were studied. Increased temperature, decreased concentration of reactants, and decreased rate of addition of titrant favor conditions that achieve homogeneous precipitation. During acid hydrolysis, the nitrate anion was the major anion associated with the gel and only small amounts of carbonate were observed. It is recommended that homogeneous conditions be achieved during the precipitation of aluminum hydroxide gel to improve reproducibility.
The RAVE Complex Is Essential for Stable Assembly of the Yeast V-ATPase

Vacuolar proton-translocating ATPases are composed of a peripheral complex, V1, attached to an integral membrane complex, Vo. Association of the two complexes is essential for ATP-driven proton transport and is regulated post-translationally in response to glucose concentration. A new complex, RAVE, was recently isolated and implicated in glucose-dependent reassembly of V-ATPase complexes that had disassembled in response to glucose deprivation (Seol, J. H., Shevchenko, A., and Deshaies, R. J. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 384–391). Here, we provide evidence supporting a role for RAVE in reassembly of the V-ATPase but also demonstrate an essential role in V-ATPase assembly under other conditions. The RAVE complex associates reversibly with V1 complexes released from the membrane by glucose deprivation but binds constitutively to cytosolic V1 sectors in a mutant lacking Vosectors. V-ATPase complexes from cells lacking RAVE subunits show serious structural and functional defects even in glucose-grown cells or in combination with a mutation that blocks disassembly of the V-ATPase. RAVE·V1 interactions are specifically disrupted in cells lacking V1 subunits E or G, suggesting a direct involvement for these subunits in interaction of the two complexes. Skp1p, a RAVE subunit involved in many different signal transduction pathways, binds stably to other RAVE subunits under conditions that alter RAVE·V1 binding; thus, Skp1p recruitment to the RAVE complex does not appear to provide a signal for V-ATPase assembly.
Blackboard allows students to take quizzes on the go.

Abstract New Web-based technologies offer innovative opportunities in nursing courses. Blackboard is one such program that allows faculty to interact with students in new ways. Experimentally, this software's online quizzes were substituted for traditional in-class quizzes in a master's level advanced pharmacology course. The author discusses concerns, benefits, and pitfalls of the online assessment features of Blackboard.
The united states environmental protection agency combustion research facility: A commitment to hazardous waste management

Abstract This article describes the United States Environmental Protection Agency Combustion Research Facility (CRF) located in Jefferson, Arkansas. The program objectives are presented along with a detailed description of the existing facility. A discussion concerning some research conducted to date is presented along with results from the official permit test burn. Future research objectives are presented.
Fool’s Gold: The Truth Behind Angel Investing in America.

The article reviews the book "Fool's Gold: The Truth Behind Angel Investing in America," by Scott A. Shane.
A 4D natural selection model illuminates the enigma of altruism in the Shedao pit viper

Endemic to a small island off the coast of China, the Shedao pit viper, Gloydius shedaoensis, is known for its ‘accidental altruism.’ Juvenile pit vipers often kill passerine birds too large to swallow. Large prey carcasses are scavenged by neighboring adults. In turn, adult pit vipers kill hawks that prey on juvenile pit-vipers, but are not a threat to the adults themselves. Using agent-based computer simulations, we quantified the lifetime fitness of pit viper breeders with one of three genotypes: selfish, altruistic or both selfish and altruistic. Our simulation was based on a four-dimensional (4D) model of social behavior which included interactions of pit viper offspring with predators and prey as well as conspecifics. Results showed that, over ten breeding seasons, pit viper breeders with flexible altruistic and selfish genotypes averaged seven times the number of surviving offspring relative to breeders with pure-selfish genotypes, and 23 times the number of surviving offspring as breeders with pure-altruistic genotypes. In summary, viewing animal behavior through the lens of the 4D model will extend our understanding of the evolutionary pathway to social behaviors through natural selection processes.
Dexamethasone responsive element in the rat Na, K-ATPase β1 gene coding region

Abstract The Na, K-ATPase plays an essential role in active alveolar epithelial fluid resorption. In fetal and adult alveolar epithelial cells, glucocorticoids (GC) increase Na, K-ATPase activity, mRNA levels, and transcription rate of the β 1 subunit. In this study, we describe a glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE) in the coding region of the rat Na, K-ATPase β 1 gene in a rat lung epithelial cell line. Transient transfection experiments with the β 1 subunit coding region with or without the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions demonstrated responsiveness to dexamethasone induction and also identified a GRE at +434 in exon IV. The +434 GRE conferred dexamethasone responsiveness in a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter irrespective of its orientation to the β 1 promoter. Transcriptional upregulation by dexamethasone was abolished in +434 mutants. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated specific binding of nuclear proteins to the +434 GRE and the presence of the GC receptor. This specific binding was inhibited by a GRE previously described in the rat Na, K-ATPase β 1 gene at −631. In conclusion, we identified a GRE at +434 in the exon IV of the rat Na, K-ATPase β 1 gene.
Analytical heat diffusion models for heat sinks with circular micro-channels

This study explores the prediction of temperature distribution in a heat sink containing an array of circular micro-channels, which is found mostly in electronic cooling applications. The analytical heat diffusion models for most common micro-channel shapes are based on one-dimensional fin models with varying degrees of complexity. Because of a singularity in the governing one-dimensional heat diffusion equation for a fin with circular profile, no exact solution is possible for the circular heat sink geometry. In this paper, an alternative analytical power series solution technique is presented in which the differential equation is recast in polynomial form. Predictions of the power series solution are validated for different channel diameters and spacings and both one-sided and two-sided heating conditions using one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical simulations. Overall, maximum percent differences in temperature and heat transfer rate between the analytical and two-dimensional numerical results of 0.23% and 1.33%, respectively, prove that the present analytical models are very accurate and effective tools for the design and thermal resistance prediction of micro-channel heat sinks found in electronic cooling applications.
Frontal release signs and cognition in people with schizophrenia, their siblings and healthy controls.

Background Frontal release signs, a subset of neurological soft signs, are common in schizophrenia. Aims To explore the relationship between frontal release signs and neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe function in people with schizophrenia, their siblings and healthy controls. Method Neuropsychological tests and frontal release signs were measured in a cohort of index cases ( n =302), their siblings ( n =240) and healthy controls ( n =346). Results The mean total score of frontal release signs was 1.5 (s.d.=1.58) in the schizophrenia group, 0.54 (s.d.=0.92) for siblings and 0.42 (s.d.=0.77) for controls. Schizophrenia group scores were greater than healthy control or sibling cohort scores ( P < 0.0001), which did not differ. In all three cohorts, right grasp reflex scores positively correlated with number of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sort Task ( P < 0.05). In the schizophrenia group, frontal release signs scores showed an inverse correlation with IQ ( R =–0.199, P < 0.0005). Conclusions Our findings of relationships between frontal release signs and cognitive assays of cortical dysfunction and the increased frequency of these signs in people with schizophrenia implicate a cortical origin for these clinical signs and evidence of frontal lobe dysfunction in this disorder.
Time domain study of on-chip microresonator frequency combs

We report time domain properties of microresonator combs formed with the initial sidebands spaced by multiple free spectral ranges that then fill in to give combs with single free-spectral-range spacing.
The Effects of Flexibility In Employee Skills, Employee Behaviors, and Human Resource Practices On Firm Performance

The components of human resource (HR) flexibility and their potential relationship to firm performance have not been empirically examined. The authors hypothesize that flexibility of employee skills, employee behaviors, and HR practices represent critical subdimensions of HR flexibility and are related to superior firm performance. Results based on perceptual measures of HR flexibility and accounting measures of firm performance support this prediction. Whereas skill, behavior, and HR practice flexibility are significantly associated with an index of firm financial performance, the authors find that only skill flexibility contributes to cost-efficiency.
Rapid Prototyping and Solid Free Form Fabrication

This article will give a brief review of the start-of-the-art in commercial practice and advanced research in the field of Rapid Prototyping with special attention to the additive methods of Solid Free Form Fabrication. Recent applications of this technology in computer integrated manufacturing environments will be outlined. Future applications and research in new materials will also be addressed.
Another conversation: expressivity of Mitaina and inserted speech in Japanese discourse

This study investigates conversation inserted within an utterance/sentence as observed in contemporary Japanese discourse. Based on examples taken from published interviews, internet BBS (bulletin board service) entries, essays, and fiction, I argue that inserted speech brings its expressive qualities into the current discourse in multiple ways, and accordingly it foregrounds emotivity, and communicates the identity of the speaker/writer. Specifically examined are cases: (1) where a conversation is followed by utterance/sentence-final mitaina, (2) where mitaina is used to connect the conversation to a noun, and (3) where conversation is used as a modifier, connected with no/na/tekina. Introducing another conversation in discourse enhances dialogicality as it interanimates multiple voices of the self and the other. Linguistic features available in conversation (and not in description) evoke another place of communication within the current place of communication, and the juxtaposition of these places foregrounds emotive meanings (e.g., intimacy) that are otherwise unavailable or left in the background. Mitaina adds the effect of the speaker/writer's approximate objectification of what is being said, facilitating the communication of the speaker/writer's attitude toward others (e.g., non-committal, disclaiming, hesitant). The paper advances the conversational, negotiative, and expressive view of language, and argues that conversation is not only a genre but also, and more relevant to this paper, a tool for self-expression.
Measles-Specific IgG Levels in Premature Infants: Efficacy of Vaccination of Seronegative Infants at 9 and 12 Months of Age † 1173

In term infants, maternal antibody may interfere with seroconversion to measles vaccine up to one year of age. This study evaluated the persistence of maternally derived measles antibodies in premature infants and infant response to measles, mumps, rubella (MMRII) vaccination at 9 or 12 months. Serum was collected at birth, 2-4, and 7 months of age from 97 premature infants with birthweights of 1:10. To date, 48 seronegative infants have been randomized to MMRII vaccination at 9 or 12 months old and serum was collected 3 months later. Of 26 infants vaccinated between 8.5 and 10.5 months old, 21/24 (88%) and 25/26 (96%) were seropositive by mNT and EIA, respectively. Of 22 infants vaccinated between 11.5 and 13.5 months old, 18/18 and 22/22 were seropositive by mNT and EIA, respectively. Premature infants are susceptible to measles earlier than term infants and may benefit from early MMRII vaccination. Persistence of antibodies at 18-24 months will be evaluated.
Treatment-related esophageal stricture in pediatric patients with cancer.

Background. Intensive antineoplastic regimens have enhanced long-term survival in pediatric patients with cancer, but can result in long-term complications. Esophageal stricture formation is one such complication. Methods. We reviewed the experience with benign esophageal stricture in pediatric patients with cancer over the past 15 years in a major cancer center. Clinical course, along with endoscopic, radiologic, and manometric esophageal studies, was reviewed. Results. Esophageal strictures formed in five pediatric patients who were treated with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Stricture formation was associated with abnormal esophageal motility in four out of the five patients. Repeated esophageal dilation was performed from 3–50 times and resulted in stricture resolution in only 2 of the 5 patients. Conclusions. Esophageal stricture formation in this population is rare, but is associated with long-term morbidity.
Selective deposition of diamond films

Polycrystalline diamond films have been selectively deposited on a silicon surface. A novel process was developed which exposes a patterned, scratch damaged silicon area, surrounded by SiO2, to a high pressure microwave plasma of hydrogen containing methane. The hydrogen plasma dissociates the methane injected into the reaction chamber, resulting in diamond deposition, which occurs only on the exposed silicon. Under the process conditions described in this work, some in situ plasma etching of the oxide is observed, resulting in little or no growth of diamond in unwanted areas, and further enhancing the selectivity. A variety of patterns and structures have been fabricated. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the films were diamond.
Substructure of thermally unfolded chromatin subunits or nucleosomes

Abstract Mononucleosomes containing 143 ± 6 base pairs of duplex DNA and approximately two copies each of the histones H2 a , H2 b , H3 and H4 were examined during thermal denaturation by high resolution electron microscopy using both bright- and dark-field (tilted beam) modes. Co-operative destabilization and unfolding of the 13.2 ± 1.4 nm diameter toroids occurred only after the second of the two major melting transitions. The unfolding patterns are consistent with about 1.5–1.8 turns of supercoiled DNA in intact nucleosomes. The dominant unfolded structure of samples post-fixed with glutaraldehyde is a 17.5 ± 2.1 nm diameter open ring. Both sister DNA strands remain associated with protein. The distribution and shape of the protein patches are more irregular in unfixed, unstained samples visualized by darkfield microscopy. Image reconstruction studies on fixed and stained ring-shaped specimens indicates that there are 6–10 globular protein elements or patches, each about 3.9 ± 0.5 nm in diameter, per DNA moiety.
Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by metals and alloys of the platinum group

Abstract The catalytic decomposition of dilute aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide has been studied on a number of Group VIII metals and binary alloys, including palladium-gold. The kinetics were measured at 27 ° as a function of catalyst composition and pH of the solution. In neutral solution, the activity of the individual metals of Group VIII 3 was generally greater than those of Group VIII 2 , the order of specific activity (per unit surface area) decreasing in the sequence Pt > Os > Ir > Pd > Ru > Rh. Alloys of PtPd, PtRu and PtRh showed activities intermediate between those of the constituent metals. Alloys of PtIr and PdAu exhibited maximum activities at intermediate alloy compositions. The kinetics depended strongly on the pH of the solutions, the rate rising to a sharp maximum at pH values of 10–11, in accordance with the radical-chain mechanism for the decomposition.
Step fluctuations and step interactions on Mo(0 1 1)

Abstract Step fluctuations have been studied on Mo(0 1 1) thin single crystal films with various orientations of miscut, in order to determine the step stiffnesses. Effects of unseen defect structures were clearly visible in some data. Measurements of fluctuation amplitudes and relaxation times were made in the temperature range 1100–1680 K. The results show an anisotropic stiffness of about 0.36 eV/nm along [0 1 1] and about 0.15 eV/nm along [1 0 0]. No temperature dependence of the stiffness was detected. The step free energies derived from the stiffnesses average about 0.27 eV/nm and are less anisotropic by about a factor 3. From the temperature dependence of the relaxation rates, an activation energy of 0.8 ± 0.2 eV was determined for the mass diffusion of the mobile defects responsible for the fluctuations. An appendix details an investigation of correlations induced in the motions of neighboring steps by diffusion and by energetic interactions.
The red cell shape from discocyte to hypotonic spherocyte—A mathematical delineation based on a uniform shell hypothesis

Abstract Mathematical modeling was used to test two assumptions regarding red cell shape. The assumptions are that the elastic moduli of the red cell membrane are uniformly distributed throughout the membrane shell and that the biconcave shape results primarily from minimization of strain energy when this uniform shell is partially deflated. This strain energy is assumed to arise from bending (involving surface area strain) and shear (involving superficial tensile strain). The mathematical delineation demonstrated that it was impossible to produce a smooth symmetrical biconcave shape by minimizing shear energy in a partially deflated shell. It was possible to generate a symmetrical biconcave shape by minimizing bending energy; the shape was, however, thicker along the axis of symmetry than the measured red cell shape. A combination of bending and shear in the ratio of 6 to 1 produced a shape which matched the measured shape of a red cell to better than 1%, a deviation of the order of the thickness of the red cell membrane. The success of the mathematical model provides very strong evidence for the uniform shell-minimum bending energy hypothesis as the primary determinant of the discoid red cell shape.
Evaluating Distress Tolerance Measures: Interrelations and Associations with Impulsive Behaviors

Prior studies have utilized a variety of self-report and behavioral measures of distress tolerance to predict dysregulated behaviors and other problematic outcomes. However, few studies have examined the concurrent associations among these various measures, which may be assessing distinct constructs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the concurrent utility of several self-report and behavioral distress tolerance measures in predicting two clinically-relevant outcomes: bulimic symptoms and general impulsive behaviors. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that whereas only self-reported emotional distress tolerance was significantly associated with bulimic symptom severity, self-reported emotional and physical distress tolerance, as well as a behavioral measure of psychological distress tolerance, were significantly associated with impulsive behaviors in general. These findings highlight the need for further explication of the conceptualization and operationalization of the distress tolerance construct, as well as research examining the convergent and discriminant validity of various distress tolerance assessments.
Isolation and sequence analysis of CDC43, a gene involved in the control of cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC43 gene product is involved in establishing cell polarity during the cell-division cycle. When grown at restrictive temperatures, temperature-sensitive cdc43 mutants are unable to form buds and display delocalized cell-surface deposition [Adams et al., J. Cell Biol. (1990) in press]. We have isolated a cdc43-complementing plasmid from a yeast genomic-DNA library and localized the CDC43 gene, by subcloning and transposon-mutagenesis experiments, to a 1.2-kb region of DNA that contained only one significant ATG-initiated open reading frame of 213 codons. The putative CDC43 gene product contains a possible nuclear-localization signal sequence a cysteine-rich domain and a histidine-rich domain, and a region that is similar in structure to α-helix-turn-α-helix structural domains present in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.
Effects of 8-N,N-diethylamino-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) HCL and verapamil on the metabolism of free fatty acid by hepatocytes

Abstract The influence of calcium antagonists on hepatic lipid metabolism was investigated in freshly dispersed rat hepatocytes incubated with [1- 14 C]oleate and verapamil or 8- N , N -diethylamino-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8). Synthesis of triglyceride was calculated from the specific radioactivity of [1- 14 C]oleate in extracted total lipid, after separation of each lipid class by thin-layer chromatography. Ketogenesis was measured enzymatically or as the amount of radioactivity incorporated into neutralized acid-soluble extracts. Neither verapamil nor TMB-8 affected triglyceride synthesis. In contrast, TMB-8 and verapamil exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of ketogenesis, with TMB-8 being more potent than verapamil (inhibition by 50 μM TMB-8 was 73 ± 9% versus 38 ± 2% inhibition by 50 μM verapamil). Increasing the concentrations of calcium (0 to 4.2 mM) or oleate (0 to 2.0 mM) increased the rate of ketogenesis but did not alter the antiketogenic potency of TMB-8 or verapamil, indicating that inhibition of ketogenesis by these drugs was not calcium dependent. Since the calcium antagonists did not affect ketogenesis from octanoic acid, and since carnitine stimulated ketogenesis from [1- 14 C]oleate by 25% and reversed the antiketogenic effects of TMB-8 and verapamil, it appeared that the two calcium antagonists inhibited ketogenesis by interfering with the activity of the outer mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase. In assays of the outer carnitine palmitoyltransferase in isolated mitochondria, both TMB-8 and verapamil were inhibitory. TMB-8 was the more potent inhibitor of this enzyme, and carnitine was able to overcome inhibition by each of the inhibitors. These results suggest that verapamil and TMB-8 may inhibit ketogenesis by mechanisms independent of their well known effects on cellular calcium concentrations, and that inhibition may be competitive with respect to carnitine concentration. However, direct inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase may not explain completely the inhibition of ketogenesis by these drugs, since concentrations required for enzyme inhibition were greater than those required for inhibition of ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes.
P03-61 …And…action!: Using cinema and film clips in partial care/day hospital groups - psychiatric rehabilitation settings

Entertainment - education - empowerment through transactional analysis principles. St. Vincent Hospital, Erie, Pennsylvania, intensive outpatient program experience: September 2005 - October 2007. Three e’s in psycho-educational and open-ended group settings. Medication for response - remission - recovery stages of behavioral health / mental illness. Group movie therapy approach for rehabilitation stage [handling anger, alleviating anxiety, uplifting depression, formulating problem solving, improving judgment, helping to forgive and forgiven, experiencing with sense of humor, easing up suspicion and mistrust, promoting love and compassion, teaching assertive communication and relationship, overviewing prioritization, quieting down these trigger mechanisms in decreasing the morbidity of psychiatric syndromes].
Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes: effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles.

Exercise is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. To better understand mechanisms that could be responsible for this association, we studied seven controls and seven endurance-trained athletes. A 600 mU/m2.min hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp with the limb balance technique assessed insulin sensitivity as whole body glucose uptake (WBGU) and leg glucose uptake (LGU). Indirect calorimetry and hemodynamic measurements, such as leg blood flow (LBF) and cardiac output, were performed at baseline and maximal insulin stimulation. The content of the glucose transporter GLUT 4 and muscle fiber type were evaluated in three muscle groups: vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and biceps. Athletes exhibited 35% higher WBGU and 30% higher LGU than controls. Basal LBF (liters per min) was higher in athletes, but the difference was not statistically significant. After insulin stimulation, LBF was 31% higher in athletes than controls (P = 0.05). Indirect calorimetry revealed that athletes had a 44% higher rate of nonoxidative glucose metabolism than controls (P = 0.01). GLUT 4 levels in vastus were 90% (P < 0.05) greater in athletes, whereas smaller differences were noted between athletes and controls in biceps and gastrocnemius. Importantly, the vastus lateralis GLUT 4 content was correlated with WBGU (r = 0.60; P < 0.05) and LGU (r = 0.62; P < 0.05). Relative numbers of oxidative fibers were increased in vastus from athletes and were positively correlated with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), but GLUT 4 content could not be correlated with oxidative fiber content in individual controls or athletes. We conclude that in humans 1) endurance training enhances insulin's ability to increase LBF; 2) GLUT 4 is differentially expressed as a function of muscle group and is up-regulated by exercise in a muscle-specific manner; 3) in vastus lateralis, GLUT 4 levels are well correlated with insulin-stimulated rates of both WBGU and LGU; and 4) GLUT 4 content and in vivo insulin sensitivity do not vary as a function of fiber type composition. Thus, blood flow and GLUT 4 expression in muscle are important mechanisms that mediate greater insulin sensitivity in athletes.
Transfer of behavior controlled by an imprinted stimulus via brain homogenate injections in turkeys

Operant keypecking, in order to view an imprinted stimulus, was greater in turkeys receiving injections of brain homogenates from similarly trained Ss when compared to birds receiving control injections. The observed transfer effect cannot be explained in terms of a general activity increase and is therefore assumed to be specific to the task. Moreover, the data suggest that such developmentally important behaviors as imprinting may be useful in the study of the biochemistry of behavior.
Comparison of Seborrheic Keratoses, Inflamed Seborrheic Keratoses, and Inverted Follicular Keratoses Using P53, BCL‐1, and BCL‐2

While cell cycle markers have been used to differentiate benign versus malignant lesions and to classify malignant lesions, benign keratoses have not been well studied using such markers, and the relation of the cell cycle to inflammation or irritation of benign keratoses is unclear. We compared the immunohistochemical staining patterns of 10 seborrheic keratoses, 10 inflamed seborrheic keratoses, and 10 inverted follicular keratoses using antibodies to p53, bcl-1, and bcl-2. Staining with antibodies to p53 was increased in inverted follicular keratoses compared to inflamed or non-inflamed seborrheic keratoses. Bcl-1 staining was similar in all lesions. A population of bcl-2-positive dendritic cells was seen within the epidermal portion of inverted follicular keratoses. Keratinocyte bcl-2 staining was higher in seborrheic keratoses compared to the other two keratoses. Bcl-2 may be increased in seborrheic keratoses as an anti-apoptotic mechanism while increased p53 may trigger apoptosis in inverted follicular keratoses.
Accuracy of high-resolution in vivo micro magnetic resonance imaging for measurements of microstructural and mechanical properties of human distal tibial bone.

Micro magnetic resonance imaging (µMRI) is an in vivo imaging method that permits 3D quantification of cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. µMR images can also be used for building microstructural finite element (µFE) models to assess bone stiffness, which highly correlates with bone's resistance to fractures. In order for µMRI-based microstructural and µFE analyses to become standard clinical tools for assessing bone quality, validation with a current gold standard, namely, high-resolution micro computed tomography (µCT), is required. Microstructural measurements of 25 human cadaveric distal tibias were performed for the registered µMR and µCT images, respectively. Next, whole bone stiffness, trabecular bone stiffness, and elastic moduli of cubic subvolumes of trabecular bone in both µMR and µCT images were determined by voxel-based µFE analysis. The bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N*), trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp*), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and structure model index (SMI) based on µMRI showed strong correlations with µCT measurements (r2 = 0.67 to 0.97), and bone surface-to-volume ratio (BS/BV), connectivity density (Conn.D), and degree of anisotropy (DA) had significant but moderate correlations (r2 = 0.33 to 0.51). Each of these measurements also contributed to one or many of the µFE-predicted mechanical properties. However, model-independent trabecular thickness (Tb.Th*) based on µMRI had no correlation with the µCT measurement and did not contribute to any mechanical measurement. Furthermore, the whole bone and trabecular bone stiffness based on µMRI were highly correlated with those of µCT images (r2 = 0.86 and 0.96), suggesting that µMRI-based µFE analyses can directly and accurately quantify whole bone mechanical competence. In contrast, the elastic moduli of the µMRI trabecular bone subvolume had significant but only moderate correlations with their gold standards (r2 = 0.40 to 0.58). We conclude that most microstructural and mechanical properties of the distal tibia can be derived efficiently from µMR images and can provide additional information regarding bone quality. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) spleen lymphocyte responses to plant lectins: kinetics and carbohydrate inhibition.

Mitogenic effects of the plant lectins phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) on leopard frog (Rana pipiens) spleen lymphocytes in vitro were examined. At 22 ± 1°C, maximum stimulation in response to PHA and Con A occurs on day 4 with 1 pg PHA and 5–10 μg Con A. Lymphocyte stimulation can be inhibited by adding N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (NADG) to PHA cultures or α-methyl-D-mannopyranoside (αMM) to cultures containing Con A at time zero. Saccharide inhibition is concentration dependent: maximum inhibition is obtained with 75 mM NADG or αMM. Similarities between the kinetics of amphibian and mammalian mitogen stimulated lymphocytes and carbohydrate inhibition of lymphocyte activation suggest that certain biochemical characteristics of mitogen stimulation and cell surface receptors for mitogens have been phylogenetically conserved since amphibians first evolved during the Devonian period approximately 350 million years ago.
“How will I get them to behave?”: Pre service teachers reflect on classroom management

Abstract This study examines how pre-service teachers think about disconnections between what they believe about teaching, what they learn in their university coursework, and what they observe of behaviour management practices in public school classrooms. Based on the reflective writings of teacher education students at an urban Midwestern university in the United States, this narrative research leads to a deeper understanding of how teacher educators can support and challenge future teachers in their ability to think critically and thoughtfully in developing their identities as future educators.
Biotechnology of Somatic Polyembryogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration in Loblolly Pine

Plantlets of loblolly pine were regenerated and converted to soil by somatic polyembryogenesis (SPE). SPE was evoked in cells from an embryonal–suspensor mass whose nuclei were color–coded by a double–staining method. Color–coding with cell suspension cultures distinguished a free–nuclear stage, initial physiological states and the ultimate fate of each cell for estimates of yield based on the initial properties of embryogenic and nonembryogenic cell masses. Somatic embryos were encapsulated and stored in an alginate gel or in liquid nitrogen.
Group cooperation under uncertainty

Previous research has shown an ‘interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect’: intergroup interactions generally lead to less cooperative outcomes than interindividual interactions. We replicate the discontinuity effect in the deterministic prisoner’s dilemma, but find that groups are more cooperative than individuals in a stochastic version of the game. Three major factors that underlie the usual discontinuity effect are reduced in the stochastic environment: greed, fear, and persuasion power. Two group mechanisms are proposed to explain the reversed discontinuity effect: the motivation to avoid guilt and blame when making decisions that affect others’ welfare, and the social pressure to conform to certain norms when one is in a group setting.
Stably Embedded Surfaces of Bounded Integral Curvature

We study the effect of simultaneous bounds on the local L1 norms of the second fundamental form and of the Gauss curvature on the geometry of surfaces Σ embedded in a Riemannian manifold M. Such bounds are natural since (together with an area bound) they amount to a local bound on the area of the manifold of unit normals to Σ, living in the sphere bundle of M. The main technical point is that, given a sequence of surfaces Σi with uniform local bounds of this type converging in the Hausdorff metric topology to a surface Σ0, the length space structures of the Σi converge to that of Σ0 (i.e., distances do not collapse). It follows that under suitable local topological conditions the surface Σ0 is a manifold of bounded integral curvature (MBC), in the sense of Alexandrov, under all smooth complete changes of the metric on M. In particular the boundary of a convex set with nonempty interior in any smooth complete M3 is MBC. Our method is to construct local coordinates for smoothly embedded surfaces Σ satisfying W1, BV bounds based solely on curvature integrals. In the process we demonstrate a regularity property for cut loci of surfaces.
Evaluation of teleradiology for interpretation of intravenous urograms.

The diagnostic yield of a commercial teleradiology/picture archiving and communication system (ATT-Philips Comm View T/PACS) was evaluated for 100 urograms. A single image from each examination was digitized (2048×1684×12-bit pixels) and transmitted from a satellite hospital over a T-1 line using the T/PACS system. The video display of each digitized image was reviewed independently by four radiologists. The same four radiologists reviewed the original film images at a different time without knowledge of their T/PACS interpretation. There was no statistically significant difference in the sensitivity for clinical findings between T/PACS (86%) and film (89%). The false positive rate, however, was significantly higher with T/PACS than with film (44 versus 32 false positive findings per 100 films). We conclude that T/PACS of the type studied here demonstrates sufficient sensitivity for the detection of clinically important urographic findings in the emergency setting. A final reading of the original films is still necessary, however, to assure appropriate specificity.
Signal Sequences: The Same Yet Different

While signal sequences have been long recognized as the central players in secretion and the principal common participants from prokaryotes to yeast and mammals, details of their roles have been scant, especially on a molecular level. Our point of departure was that signal sequences are the same in the sense of their common code for secretion. The recent findings described here establish definitively that they in fact display differing functions and show specificity. Future efforts must be directed at defining the interaction between signal sequences and the various species that recognize them in order to solve the puzzle of how they mediate both common and distinct functions.
Genetic changes in plant growth and their associations with chromosomes from Gossypium barbadense L. in G. hirsutum L

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) plant growth is an important time-specific agronomic character that supports the development of squares, flowers, boll retention, and yield. With the use of a mixed linear model approach, we investigated 14 cotton chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines and their chromosome-specific F(2) hybrids for genetic changes in plant growth that was measured during the primary flowering time under two environments. The changes in additive and dominance variances for plant height and number of mainstem nodes are reported, showing that additive effects for these two traits were a key genetic component after initial flowering occurred in the field. Time-specific genetic variance components were also detected where phenotypic values observed at time t were conditioned on the events occurring at time t - 1, demonstrating new genetic variations arising at several time intervals during plant growth. Results also revealed that plant height and number of nodes shared some common influence due to additive effects during plant development. With the comparative analyzes, chromosomes associated with the genetic changes in plant growth were detected. Therefore, these results should add new understanding of the genetics underlying these time-specific traits.
A multi-model framework for simulating wildlife population response to land-use and climate change

Abstract Reliable assessments of how human activities will affect wildlife populations are essential for making scientifically defensible resource management decisions. A principle challenge of predicting effects of proposed management, development, or conservation actions is the need to incorporate multiple biotic and abiotic factors, including land-use and climate change, that interact to affect wildlife habitat and populations through time. Here we demonstrate how models of land-use, climate change, and other dynamic factors can be integrated into a coherent framework for predicting wildlife population trends. Our framework starts with land-use and climate change models developed for a region of interest. Vegetation changes through time under alternative future scenarios are predicted using an individual-based plant community model. These predictions are combined with spatially explicit animal habitat models to map changes in the distribution and quality of wildlife habitat expected under the various scenarios. Animal population responses to habitat changes and other factors are then projected using a flexible, individual-based animal population model. As an example application, we simulated animal population trends under three future land-use scenarios and four climate change scenarios in the Cascade Range of western Oregon. We chose two birds with contrasting habitat preferences for our simulations: winter wrens (Troglodytes troglodytes), which are most abundant in mature conifer forests, and song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), which prefer more open, shrubby habitats. We used climate and land-use predictions from previously published studies, as well as previously published predictions of vegetation responses using FORCLIM, an individual-based forest dynamics simulator. Vegetation predictions were integrated with other factors in PATCH, a spatially explicit, individual-based animal population simulator. Through incorporating effects of landscape history and limited dispersal, our framework predicted population changes that typically exceeded those expected based on changes in mean habitat suitability alone. Although land-use had greater impacts on habitat quality than did climate change in our simulations, we found that small changes in vital rates resulting from climate change or other stressors can have large consequences for population trajectories. The ability to integrate bottom-up demographic processes like these with top-down constraints imposed by climate and land-use in a dynamic modeling environment is a key advantage of our approach. The resulting framework should allow researchers to synthesize existing empirical evidence, and to explore complex interactions that are difficult or impossible to capture through piecemeal modeling approaches.
Antenatal diagnosis of a de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 11

A de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 11 identified through antenatal diagnosis is described along with long-term follow-up information on the child and discussion of reported experiences with de novo inversions.
Even-parity states of 41Ca by the 39K(3He, p)41Ca reaction

Abstract The 39K(3He, p)41Ca reaction has been investigated at 13 MeV bombarding energy. Angular-distribution data for 20 levels were obtained and have been analysed using the DWBA. The results show the two-particle, one-hole character of many of the even-parity states of 41Ca and are compared with the calculated even-parity level scheme. A discussion of the results in terms of possible intermediate structure is given.
Sediment resuspension and transport in Lake Michigan during the unstratified period

Instrumented moorings were deployed during the winter of 1994–95 at three depths (28, 58 and 101 m) in southern Lake Michigan. Storms during the observation period were not unusually severe, so the processes observed are typical of those that occur during an average winter. Time series observations of water temperature, beam attenuation coefficient (a measure of water transparency) and current velocity show that local resuspension of bottom sediment occurred frequently after the breakdown of the thermocline. Resuspension was most frequent close to the shore but was also observed at the 58 m station. Local resuspension did not occur at the 101 m station, but advection to the site of material resuspended at shallower sites was observed. These observations do not support the hypothesis proposed by previous investigators that local resuspension at depths of 100 m or greater occurs during the unstratified period. It is more likely that fine-grained material resuspended by storm action in intermediate water depths (≈ 30–60 m) is transported into the deeper parts of the lake by the general lake circulation.
In Vitro Digestibility of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Proteins: The Role of Heat-Stable Protease Inhibitors

In vitro susceptibility to trypsin of whole bean extracts, and waterand salt-soluble proteins of 11 dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties were investigated. Whole bean proteins were rapidly digested at a 10:l protein:trypsin ratio. Salt-soluble proteins of beans were more readily and completely hydrolyzed by trypsin than their watersoluble proteins. Of the 8 fractions obtained by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of Great Northern bean albumins, three were identified to contain heat-stable trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity. Proteins in these fractions seemed to protect phaseolin from rapid hydrolysis by proteases by virtue of both their inhibitory activity as well as protein:protein interactions.