cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eddy parameterization challenge suite I: Eady spindown

Abstract The first set of results in a suite of eddy-resolving Boussinesq, hydrostatic simulations is presented. Each set member consists of an initially linear stratification and shear as in the Eady problem, but this profile occupies only a limited region of a channel and is allowed to spin-down via baroclinic instability. The diagnostic focus is on the spatial structure and scaling of the eddy transport tensor, which is the array of coefficients in a linear flux–gradient relationship. The advective (antisymmetric) and diffusive (symmetric) components of the tensor are diagnosed using passive tracers, and the resulting diagnosed tensor reproduces the horizontal transport of the active tracer (buoyancy) to within ± 7 % and the vertical transport to within ± 12 % . The derived scalings are shown to be close in form to the standard Gent–McWilliams (antisymmetric) and Redi diffusivity (symmetric) tensors with a magnitude that varies in space (concentrated in the horizontal and vertical near the center of the frontal shear) and time as the eddies energize. The Gent–McWilliams eddy coefficient is equal to the Redi isopycnal diffusivity to within ± 6 % , even as these coefficients vary with depth. The scaling for the magnitude of simulation parameters is determined empirically to within ± 28 % . To achieve this accuracy, the eddy velocities are diagnosed directly and used in the tensor scalings, rather than assuming a correlation between eddy velocity and the mean flow velocity where ± 97 % is the best accuracy achievable. Plans for the next set of models in the challenge suite are described.
Engagement analysis through computer vision

As distributed online communication becomes increasingly common, and audiences for live online presentations grow larger, the ability to receive meaningful feedback from audience members who are distant and distributed becomes a necessity. To this end, we have built upon previous work to create a tool that is capable of providing real time feedback to an online presenter about the engagement level of the audience. The tool makes inferences by using computer vision and machine learning techniques to analyze the faces of audience members.
Spatial Variability of Litter Gaseous Flux within a Commercial Broiler House: Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, Carbon Dioxide, and Methane

Twenty-eight flocks were grown on litter in a tunnel-ventilated, curtain-sided commercial broiler house prior to this summer flock. Grid measurements were made using a photo-acoustic multigas analyzer to assess the spatial variability of litter gases (NH3, N2O, CO2, and CH4) on d 1 and 21. The pooled results for the brood and non-brood areas of the house were 1) NH3 flux was greatest in the brood area at d 1, averaging 497 mg/(m2 x h), and had a mean of 370 mg/(m2 x h) in the vacant end of the house; 2) at d 21, the non-brood area had the greater average NH3 flux, 310 mg/(m2 x h), and flux in the brood area was 136 mg/(m2 x h); 3) N2O and CH4 fluxes were <60 mg/(m2 x h); and 4) on d 1, brood CO2 flux was 6,190 mg/(m2 x h) compared with 5,490 mg/ (m2 x h) at the opposite end of the house. On d 21, these values increased to 6,540 and 9,684 mg/(m2 x h) for the brood and non-brood areas. Ammonia flux seemed most affected by litter temperature. Carbon dioxide and CH4 increased from placement to mid growout, corresponding to increased moisture, especially near the fans. Contour plots were developed using geostatistical software to visually assess the spatial disparity among the measurements. This research provides a unique view of gas flux variation within the house. Collinear factors such as house management, bird size and age, and amount of deposition are significant factors for litter gas flux and should be considered in comprehensive models for emission estimates.
Thioglycosides having O-benzyl blocking groups as intermediates for the systematic, sequential synthesis of oligosaccharides. synthesis of isomaltose

Abstract A series of O-benzylated 1-thio- d -glucosides was prepared, by the condensation of O-benzylglucosyl halides with thiols, and the behavior of these products was examined under the conditions of the coupling and deblocking steps of an oligosaccharide synthesis. Phenyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside (9), obtained via the 6-acetate 8, was coupled with 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride (7). The yield of blocked disaccharide 11 (+ β-anomer?) was better than the yield of the isomaltoside 17, which resulted from the coupling of 7 with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α- d -glucopyranoside (6). Under the conditions of O-debenzylation by sodium-liquid ammonia, the phenylthio group of the tetra-O-benzylthioglucoside 3 was cleaved to a considerable extent, with reduction of the anomeric carbon. The 3-phenylpropyl thioglucosides 4 (tetra-O-benzyl) and 10 (2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl) were smoothly deblocked to 3-phenylpropyl 1-thio-β- d -glucopyranoside (5), which was hydrolyzed to d -glucose by aqueous mercuric chloride. The condensation of 7 and 10 gave, in 67% yield, a disaccharide product (12+13, after deacetylation 14 and 15) which was 72% α-anomer (isomaltoside), 28% β-anomer (gentiobioside). The isomaltoside was O-debenzylated (to 16) and hydrolyzed to isomaltose in good yield.
Copepoda associated with the coral Gardineroseris planulata (Dana) on the Great Barrier Reef, northeastern Australia

Three new lichomolgid copepods associated with the scleractinian Gardineroseris planulata (Dana) are described: Sociellus torus, n. gen., n. sp., characterized by a 2-segmented endopod in leg 3 and the lack of an inner seta on the first segment of the endopod in legs 1–3; Odontomolgus pumilus, n. sp., of very small size and having a much elongated free segment in leg 5 of the female; and Paramolgus ampullaceus, n. sp., distinguished by the bottle-shaped genital segment of the female. In addition, the harpacticoid Alteuthellopsis corallina Humes, 1981, is reported from this coral. With the inclusion of 3 species of the poecilostomatoid genus Xarifia already described (Humes, 1985) there are now 7 species of copepods known to be associated with Gardineroseris planulata on the Great Barrier Reef.
Disproportionation of Light Paraffins

Various acidic catalysts were synthesized or obtained commercially to examine their activity for the catalytic disproportionation of saturated hydrocarbons under mild, energy-conserving conditions. The goal was to upgrade lower-value light hydrocarbon streams, especially isopentane, to higher-value refinery products in a simple process. The desired products can then be used for upgrading petroleum products into cleaner burning, more environmentally friendly fuels. These efforts were conducted in anticipation of more stringent future regulations, especially on Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and renewable fuels standards in U.S. fuels, which will significantly impact the flexibility that refiners have to blend gasoline. Significant quantities of light hydrocarbons, such as pentanes, may be forced out of the blending pool, causing current alternate markets for these streams to become oversupplied. Lost opportunity costs associated with the growing volume of orphaned streams, such as pentanes, pose a significant t...
The Administrative Role in Collaborative Teaching

Direct and deliberate administrative support is needed to ensure the success of collaborative teaching at the secondary level. Teachers in some high schools may work closely with their colleagues, but in most high school settings teachers are more likely to work alone.
Characteristic Variations Of Bio-Optical Properties In The Central North Pacific

Vertical profiles of diffuse attenuation coefficients K(λ) have been determined from measurements of spectral scalar irradiance profiles in the central North Pacific. K(λ) in the range of 410-488 nm show a pronounced maximum at the depth of deep chlorophyll maximum. This vertical pattern prevails in clear oceanic waters in which particle concentration shows a minimum vertical change in the euphotic zone. Thus, sunlight attenuation in 410-488 nm appears to be dominated by absorption by chlorophyll pigments. The deep fluorescence maximum was observed extensively, but it was due to higher pigment concentration rather than higher cell population. Chlorophyll pigments per cell increase with depth down to the fluorescence maximum, suggesting light limited conditions start from the fluorescence maximum. Above the fluorescence maximum, nutrient limited conditions prevailed according to earlier observations. In this upper layer the biomass and chlorophyll are not correlated; however, changes in the upper layer influence the depth of the fluorescence maximum. Observed depths of the deep chlorophyll maximum in the central North Pacific are deeper than those of winter mixed layer. Thus, temporal variations in bio-optical properties cannot be explained by variations of the mixed layer. An alternative hypothesis, nutrient flux associated with gyre circulation, is suggested.
Resistance in investigative hypnosis: determinants and management.

Abstract The use of hypnosis to enhance memory has proven useful in certain cases involving victims of and witnesses to crime. At times, however, resistance to the induction and/or hypnotic interview has been encountered, due to such factors as environmental distraction, inappropriate induction methods, general and specific negative transference, obsessiveness, identification with the suspect or perpetrator, fear, shame and embarrassment, religious belief, culpability, and various misconceptions by the subject regarding the nature of hypnosis. The resolution of such varieties of resistance, which may be conceptualized as defense mechanisms, would be beneficial in the optimal application of investigative hypnosis.
Spectroscopic analysis of polypeptide conformation in polymethyl glutamate monolayers

Abstract Monolayers of poly-γ-methyl- l -glutamate spread on water from chloroform solution haveplateaux in their surface pressure-area isotherms and large limiting areas, thus differing from those spread from pyridine-rich solution, which have no plateaux and much smaller limiting areas. Infrared spectra and isotherms of monolayers from a graded series of spreading solutions showed corresponding changes. Samples were obtained both by transfer at constant surface pressures onto multiple internal reflection prisms and by collapse on to transparent plates. The spectra were independent of the degree of compression, even through the plateau region and collapse. Films from chloroform-rich solutions showed spectra whose amide I and II absorbtion bands were typical of α-helical or random conformations, whereas films spread from pyridine-rich solutions had a component characteristic of the β-conformation, which increased with increasing pyridine concentration. The conformation of the polypeptide in the surface film was also related to its conformation in the spreading solution as determined by optical rotation. Correlation of large monolayer areas with the absence of the extended-chain β-structure is not consistent with older concepts of protein conformation at interfaces but agrees with more recent studies of films and intact membranes.
Are soil tongues in northeastern Indiana periglacial relics or active fingering zones

Abstract Soil tongues, or soil fingers, have been identified along the walls of an active gravel pit in northeastern Indiana. Locally enhanced pedogenesis, primarily carbonate leaching and clay illuviation, has resulted in wedge- and cone-shaped extensions of the B horizon into the underlying calcareous glaciofluvial sediments. Although previously described in the literature, the features at this site are considered unusual both for the numerous well-defined tongues and for the regularity of tongue spacing, which gives the illuviation front the appearance of a high-amplitude sinusoidal wave train. Depth to the illuviation front was measured at 0.25-m intervals along a 40-m exposure. Statistical tests indicate that the spatial pattern is nonrandom. The data were transformed using Fourier methods, and the resulting variance spectrum show a peak intensity at wavelengths bracketing 1.5 m. The results of these analyses suggest a surficial or near-surface topographic control. Climatic conditions following local glacier recession favored periglacial activity, and there is some evidence to suggest development of thermal contraction cracks and nonsorted or poorly sorted polygons 1.5 m in diameter. As an alternative hypothesis, laboratory experiments suggest that regularly spaced fingers can develop in homogeneous materials when instability occurs at the wetting front. In this case, soil tongues cannot be used as relict indicators of periglacial activity.
Some Structural Properties of Acyclic Heaps of Pieces

We introduce the notions of boundary vertex, linear equivalence, and effective boundary vertex in the context of Viennot’s heaps of pieces. We prove that in the heap of a fully commutative element in a star reducible Coxeter group, every boundary vertex is linearly equivalent to an effective boundary vertex.
Status of the Magellan Project

The status of the Magellan Project is discussed in detail with overall planning, cost, and manpower. The progress of the manufacturing of various telescope components, the work on the site, and the preparation of contracts are described. In particular the enclosure, the buildings and the telescope mount are shown in detail. Present plans concerning the telescope control system and the future operation are mentioned.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Streaming flows due to g-jitter-induced natural convection

We investigate streaming in a square cavity where a lateral temperature gradient interacts with a constant gravity field modulated by small harmonic oscillations of order e. The Boussinesq equations are expanded by regular perturbation in powers of e, and the O(e2) equations contain Reynolds-stress-type terms that cause streaming. The resulting hierarchy of equations is solved by finite differences to investigate the O(e1) and O(e2) fields and their parametric dependence on the Rayleigh number Ra, Prandtl number Pr, and forcing frequency ω. It has been found that the streaming flow is quite small at small values of Ra, but becomes appreciable at high Ra and starts to influence such flow properties as the strength of the circulation and the overall heat transfer. Under suitable parametric conditions of finite frequency and moderate Pr the periodic forcing motion interacts with the instabilities associated with the O(eo) base flow leading to resonances that become stronger as Ra increases. It is argued that these resonances will have their greatest effect on streaming for Pr ≈ 1. At low frequencies the streaming flow shows marked structural changes as Ra is increased leading to an interesting change in the sign of the O(e2) contribution to the Nusselt number. Also, as the frequency is changed the O(e2) Nusselt number again changes sign at approximately the resonant frequency.
Stationary points of the constant modulus algorithm for real Gaussian signals

An analysis of the stationary points for four versions of the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) when the received signal is a zero-mean, real Gaussian process is presented. With this type of signal, it is well known that CMA generally cannot equalize a communication channel; the analysis of the CMA performance function demonstrates how this occurs. It is shown that in each case the stationary points are determined by a condition on the variance of the equalizer output, and they depend only on the modulus factor r and the received signal correlation matrix R. As a result, there can be an infinity of weight vector solutions, each corresponding to a stationary point of the CMA performance function. >
Ectopic assembly of heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster triggered by transposable elements

A persistent question in biology is how cis-acting sequence elements influence trans-acting factors and the local chromatin environment to modulate gene expression. We reported previously that the DNA transposon 1360 can enhance silencing of a reporter in a heterochromatic domain of Drosophila melanogaster. We have now generated a collection of variegating phiC31 landing-pad insertion lines containing 1360 and a heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70)-driven white reporter to explore the mechanism of 1360-sensitive silencing. Many 1360-sensitive sites were identified, some in apparently euchromatic domains, although all are close to heterochromatic masses. One such site (line 1198; insertion near the base of chromosome arm 2L) has been investigated in detail. ChIP analysis shows 1360-dependent Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a) accumulation at this otherwise euchromatic site. The phiC31 landing pad system allows different 1360 constructs to be swapped with the full-length element at the same genomic site to identify the sequences that mediate 1360-sensitive silencing. Short deletions over sites with homology to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are sufficient to compromise 1360-sensitive silencing. Similar results were obtained on replacing 1360 with Invader4 (a retrotransposon), suggesting that this phenomenon likely applies to a broader set of transposable elements. Our results suggest a model in which piRNA sequence elements behave as cis-acting targets for heterochromatin assembly, likely in the early embryo, where piRNA pathway components are abundant, with the heterochromatic state subsequently propagated by chromatin modifiers present in somatic tissue.
Mobility-assisted energy replenishment for sensor networks

Over the past decade, sensor networks have consistently been a focus of the computer research community, and a large number of prototypes have been built for military and civilian applications. One of the fundamental research issues of sensor networks is the energy scarcity problem. Due to the nature of sensor networks, e.g., small-size sensor nodes and large-scale deployment, sensor nodes cannot carry a large amount of energy or be conveniently recharged. As a result, the amount of energy that can be carried by a sensor node fundamentally limits the use of sensor networks. A large number of schemes have been proposed to address this issue. These schemes, however, have one or more the following drawbacks: (i) energy cannot be replenished to the network, and thus the network lifetime is bounded by the amount of energy preloaded to sensor nodes; (ii) the ways of replenishing energy to the network may not be practical and reliable, and thus may not support normal operations of the network; and (iii) sensor nodes drained of energy are left in the deployment field, and thus may cause pollution to the environment. Fundamentally addressing this problem requires energy to be continually replenished to sensor nodes. This can be achieved in two approaches (i) The Node Reclamation and Replacement Approach: Sensor nodes with low or no energy are reclaimed periodically, and are replaced with fully charged ones. (ii) The Wireless Recharging Approach: Sensor nodes are periodically recharged with energy transmitted from wireless chargers over radio. Both the approaches exploit mobility in accomplishing energy replenishment. Specifically, one or more mobile agents, which could be human technicians or robots, travel around the network, and perform sensor reclamation and replacement or wireless recharging task. In this dissertation, we propose an array of new mobility-assisted energy replenishment schemes. Firstly, for the node reclamation and replacement approach, we propose a node replacement and
Traditional versus Contemporary Goals and Methods in Accounting Education: Bridging the Gap with Cooperative Learning

Abstract Passive accounting education (e.g., lecture, problem-solving) and traditional goals (professional certification examinations) are challenged by contemporary educators. Active approaches (e.g., team-building and learning-to-learn techniques) are professed to develop more skilled and adaptable accountants. Contemporary goals do not focus on professional exams. This article contends, however, that the goals of traditional and contemporary methods need not be mutually exclusive. In this case study, students in groups completed a 5-week analysis of audit reporting issues using cooperative learning. Results suggest that the project was successful; students preparing for the CPA exam reacted positively to the new techniques and perceived improved achievement.
Comparing Whole-Word and Morphograph Instruction During Computer-Assisted Peer Tutoring on Students’ Acquisition and Generalization of Vocabulary

Students with disabilities often have large vocabulary deficits that continue to increase over time if effective interventions that supplement daily academic instruction are not put in place. The current study used a simultaneous treatments design to analyze the comparative effects of whole-word vocabulary instruction and morphograph instruction on students’ vocabulary acquisition and generalization through the use of a computer-assisted peer-tutoring program. Seven of eight middle school participants with mild disabilities involved in this study acquired higher percentages of vocabulary in the morphograph condition compared to the whole-word condition. All eight students were better able to generalize to unknown vocabulary in the morphograph condition. This study’s findings indicate a functional relationship between morphograph instruction and the acquisition and generalization of vocabulary.
Chronic Work Stress and Depressive Symptoms: Assessing the Mediating Role of Teacher Burnout

A conceptual model of the relationship between stress, the mediating role of burnout, and depressive symptoms was examined. Results indicated that teachers (n = 267) experiencing greater stress were more burned out. The subscale emotional exhaustion was moderately related to depressive symptoms, whereas depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment had small positive relationships. After controlling for burnout and demographics, the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms was small but significant. Emotional exhaustion mediated the association between stress and depressive symptoms. The total effect of stress on depressive symptoms, taking together the direct and indirect effects via burnout, accounted for 43% of the total variance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DAUGHTERS OF DANAUS AND DAPHNE: WOMEN POETS AND THE MARRIAGE QUESTION

If New Woman writing embraced everything from political reform, sexual freedoms, and economic and social independence to literary publishing, Lucy Bland and other historians have confirmed that New Woman debates often played out in terms of marriage, whether in Mona Caird's path-breaking 1888 essay on “Marriage” or her by-now familiar novel of 1894, The Daughters of Danaus. This title, taken from the myth of women in Hades condemned to haul water in leaky jars after murdering their husbands on their wedding nights, suggests both the futility of life for middle-class Victorian women and the latent, murderous recoil they could harbor. To fall back upon these two Caird works to exemplify New Woman writing, however, is in some ways to perpetuate a generic oversimplification that New Woman writing was a prose medium.
THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL RESTRUCTURING AND CHANGES IN CORPORATE CONTROL ON INVESTMENT AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE U.S. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

This article investigates the effects of changes in market conditions and the financial structure of domestic petroleum firms on employment and investment in offshore oil leases. Important theoretical issues include the extent to which managerial power in firms has been challenged by intervention from financial markets and institutional investors and the effects of changes in financial control on employment and inventory investment. A pooled cross-section time series data set was assembled for forty large oil companies for 1978–1989. A dynamic analysis of company employment levels and investment in offshore oil leases in the Central Gulf of Mexico reveals that falling oil prices and lower domestic oil consumption reduced spending on offshore leases. Some support was found for the agency theory's claim that lower free cash flow reduced spending on offshore leases in the late eighties. Support was also found for an executive defense strategy (Useem 1993), where petroleum company managers reduced lease spending and employment as an adaptation to changes in market fundamentals and external threats from capital markets and institutional investors.
Kinematically optimal hyper-redundant manipulator configurations

"Hyper-redundant" robots have a very large or infinite degree of kinematic redundancy. This paper develops new methods for determining "optimal" hyper-redundant manipulator configurations based on a continuum formulation of kinematics. This formulation uses a backbone curve model to capture the robot's essential macroscopic geometric features. The calculus of variations is used to develop differential equations, whose solution is the optimal backbone curve shape. We show that this approach is computationally efficient on a single processor, and generates solutions in O(1) time for an N degree-of-freedom manipulator when implemented in parallel on O(N) processors. For this reason, it is better suited to hyper-redundant robots than other redundancy resolution methods. Furthermore, this approach is useful for many hyper-redundant mechanical morphologies which are not handled by known methods.
Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in JAK3, STAT4, and STAT6 With New Cardiovascular Events in Incident Dialysis Patients

Background Increasing evidence supports a role for cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in JAK3 , STAT4 , and STAT6 of the Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-Stat) signal transduction pathway were examined for association with time to new cardiovascular events in incident dialysis patients from the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for End-Stage Renal Disease Study. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 764 white (n = 518) and black (n = 246) participants from 79 dialysis centers. Predictor SNPs in JAK3 , STAT4 , and STAT6 selected using a pairwise approach to identify a maximally informative set of tag SNPs for populations of European and African descent. Outcomes & Measurements Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for incident cardiovascular disease events after dialysis therapy initiation associated with each race-specific SNP. Results 2 European tag SNPs (rs3212780 and rs3213409) in JAK3 were associated with new cardiovascular disease events in white patients with unadjusted HRs of 1.92 ( P P = 0.07), respectively. One dual-tag SNP (rs3212752) in JAK3 was associated with new cardiovascular events in white patients with an unadjusted HR of 2.09 ( P P = 0.007). SNP rs3213409 codes for a valine to isoleucine change at amino acid 722, a potentially functional mutation. SNPs in STAT4 and STAT6 were not associated with cardiovascular events after the initiation of dialysis therapy. Limitations This study does not provide direct evidence for the mechanism of increased risk. Replication in independent cohorts is necessary. Conclusions Genetic polymorphisms in the Jak-Stat signaling pathway are associated with an increased risk of new cardiovascular events in incident dialysis patients.
Part II-how newcomers learn to write: resources for guiding newcomers

For part I see ibid., June 1998. Part I focused on what newcomers need to learn in order to write appropriately on the job and suggested resources and strategies to help supervisors guide their new employees through the maze of organizational discourse conventions. This article, based on the same ethnographic study of newcomers in two organizations which provided the basis for Part I, will describe theories that explain how newcomers learn, show evidence of those theories in action, and provide further suggestions for facilitating learning about writing in the workplace.
Spinal anesthesia for a parturient with an iatrogenic skull base defect and CSF leak

A patient with an iatrogenic skull base defect and cerebrospinal fluid leak presented with rupture of amniotic membranes at 37 weeks' gestation. She had daily rhinorrhea that began in her first trimester of pregnancy and 11 months after endoscopic sinus surgery performed for chronic sinusitis. Consultation among the otolaryngologist, obstetrician, and obstetrical anesthesiologist were completed during the patient's second trimester to determine the most desirable type of delivery and anesthesia. A cesarean section was performed so as to avoid pushing in the second stage of labor that could worsen the cerebrospinal fluid leak. A spinal anesthetic was performed uneventfully. The patient had an unremarkable recovery from the operative delivery and spinal anesthesia. The pathophysiology, management, and anesthetic concerns of patients with cerebrospinal fluid leaks are reviewed.
A mixed-phase homomorphic vocoder

In this paper short-time homomorphic analysis and the harmonic representation of voiced speech are explored with the result of a mixed-phase homomorphic vocoder of somewhat higher quality than its minimum-phase counterpart. A theoretical framework is presented for unwrapped phase estimation from harmonic spectra through smoothing real and imaginary spectral components. The short-time harmonic model leads to pitch adaptive duration and alignment requirements on time-domain windowing. The underlying phase envelope is consequently preserved so that cepstral windowing can he applied. In addition, two alternative vocoders with mixed-phase are considered: the first is based on linear interpolation of complex harmonic peaks, and the second on Lim's spectral root deconvolution scheme.
Tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae): effect on seed weight of grain amaranth.

Grain amaranth, Amaranthus cruentus L., is a potential, alternative crop for midwestern farmers. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is a potentially serious pest of amaranth, feeding on grain amaranth and causing developing seed to shrivel and discolor. Field tests were conducted during 1987 and 1988, at Ames, Iowa, to determine the effect of L. lineolaris on amaranth seed weight. The treatments included artificially (by hand) infesting heads with selected numbers of tarnished plant bugs and determining the effect of tarnished plant bug density, the effect of a naturally occurring tarnished plant bug population, and the effect of tarnished plant bug feeding duration. In 1987, when 50 tarnished plant bugs were caged on developing heads for 8 wk, seed weight decreased by 82%. When 10 bugs were caged on developing heads, there was no significant decrease in seed weight. In 1988, when 12 bugs were caged on developing heads for 8 wk, seed weight decreased by 80%. In 1987, when tarnished plant bugs were caged on developing heads for 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk, seed weight significantly decreased by 39.5% between the second and fourth week of feeding. In 1988, tarnished plant bugs feeding on the developing heads for 5 wk reduced seed weight by 57.6%. During 1987, naturally occurring tarnished plant bugs feeding continuously on the terminal heads significantly reduced seed weight by 28.2% between the third and fifth week of feeding.
Labouring against Neoliberalism: Unions and Patterns of Reform in Latin America

In recent years Latin American countries have enacted sweeping privatisation measures and major trade, financial and tax reforms, but they have moved much more slowly to reform their pension systems and labour laws. This pattern of reform partly reflects differences in the intensity of organised labour's opposition to the reforms. Organised labour has undertaken greater efforts to block labour law reforms and, to a lesser extent, pension reforms, because these measures impose severe losses on more unions than other types of reforms. These greater efforts, moreover, have had significant effects on policy outcomes. The article shows how organised labour reacted quite differently to various types of market-oriented reforms in Argentina and Mexico in the 1990s, and describes how the reaction of the unions helped shape the fate of the reform proposals.
Long noncoding RNA in liver diseases

The identification of the presence of large RNA transcripts that do not code proteins but that may have biological functions has provided an important new perspective in gene regulation. These long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being increasingly recognized to contribute to many biological processes through diverse mechanisms. The roles of these emerging genes are being recognized across kingdoms. These findings are profoundly altering our understanding of disease pathobiology and leading to the emergence of new biological concepts underlying human diseases. Strategies for the discovery and characterization of lncRNAs are highlighted. Several lncRNAs have been described in liver disease, and in liver cancers in particular. Their molecular mechanisms of action, function and contributions to disease pathophysiology are reviewed. LncRNA genes associated with liver diseases have potential roles as biomarkers of disease diagnosis, prognosis, or therapeutic response as well as direct targets for therapeutic intervention. Conclusion: The emerging knowledge in this rapidly advancing field offers promise for new fundamental knowledge and clinical applications that will be relevant for human liver diseases.
Bare naked baskets: optimizing ureteroscopic stone extraction

Abstract Baskets placed through the working channels of flexible ureteroscopes limit mobility and irrigant flow. We describe a new technique to minimize these limitations. An unsheathed “bare naked” basket affords enhanced ureteroscopic efficacy by limiting obstruction of the working channel. We have used the technique clinically to treat stones in difficult locations successfully and to remove fragments of calculi after ureteroscopic lithotripsy.
Towards a Low-Cost High-Quality Service Call Architecture

Efficient and effective call centers are critical to quality customer service. A framework and a system presented in this paper lower the operational costs and increase availability and scalability of global dynamic call centers in a major corporation. The framework decouples the runtime application perspective from the engine perspective of call flow execution, fundamentally improving the design paradigm of call center scripting.
On Integration of Additive Manufacturing During the Design and Development of a Rehabilitation Robot: A Case Study

The field of rehabilitation robotics has emerged to address the growing desire to improve therapy modalities after neurological disorders, such as a stroke. For rehabilitation robots to be successful as clinical devices, a number of mechanical design challenges must be addressed, including ergonomic interactions, weight and size minimization, and cost–time optimization. We present additive manufacturing (AM) as a compelling solution to these challenges by demonstrating how the integration of AM into the development process of a hand exoskeleton leads to critical design improvements and substantially reduces prototyping cost and time.
Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure: The More We Get to Know, the More We Need to Know

It was not long ago, even in the early 1980s, that the treatment for patients with heart failure was largely restricted to the use of diuretics and digoxin. The past 3 decades have seen phenomenal progress in our understanding of heart failure pathophysiology, ranging across the spectrum of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities, neurohormonal activation, and systemic hemodynamic changes, to the effects of comorbidities on the progression of heart failure. These insights have led to targeted discoveries of novel therapies that have altered the entire natural history for patients suffering from heart failure. As exhilarating as this rapid progress has been, scientific progress has raised many new poignant questions as well. Thus, ironically despite this progress, we have more questions about the management of heart failure patients than we did a couple of decades ago. Or perhaps this is due to the progress itself! These questions include the nature of interaction between emerging therapies,
PLGA‐chitosan/PLGA‐alginate nanoparticle blends as biodegradable colloidal gels for seeding human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

The natural polymers chitosan and alginate represent an attractive material choice for biodegradable inplants. These were used as coating materials to make positively and negatively charged PLGA nanoparticles, respectively. After blending at total solids concentration >10% wt/vol, these oppositely charged nanoparticles yielded a cohesive colloidal gel. Electrostatic forces between oppositely charged nanoparticles produced a stable 3D porous network that may be extruded or molded to the desired shape. This high concentration colloidal system demonstrated shear-thinning behavior due to the disruption of interparticle interactions. Once the external force was removed, the cohesive property of the colloidal gel was recovered. Scanning electron micrographs of dried colloidal networks revealed an organized, 3D microporous structure. Rheological studies were employed to probe the differences in plasticity and shear sensitivity of colloidal gels. Viability tests of hUCMSCs seeded on the colloidal gels also demonstrated the negligible cytotoxicity of the materials. All the results indicated the potential application of the biodegradable colloidal gels as an injectable scaffold in tissue engineering and drug release.
Simmel and the Dialectic of the Double Boundary: The Case of the Metropolis and Mental Life

George Simmel's sociology was only one expression of his overall project of understanding the modern human condition. Works such as “The Metropolis and Mental Life” have been appropriated by sociology for their substantive insights. These works are more fully understood when they are interpreted in terms of Simmel's late philosophical writings, which are based on an image of man as standing between boundaries and therefore of being a boundary for them. In light of the boundary dialectic the metropolis becomes, for Simmel, a symbol of the failed mediations attempted in modernity between the objective culture of things and the subjective culture of personal development.
A Review of the Development of Wind Turbine Generators Across the World

Wind power as a source of green and abundant energy is proposed as one of the main new world power sources and has acquired a great momentum across the world. In the last few decades, wind turbines with different generators have been developed to increase the maximum power capture, minimize the cost, and expand the use of the wind turbines in both onshore and offshore applications. This paper reviews the development of different types of wind turbine generator technologies and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each type. In addition, a comparison of different generator designs based on the technical data and market trends is provided. To better understand the development of generator concepts on the market, the market trends of current large generators with a capacity of 2.5 MW and above across the world are evaluated.
Separating models of learning with faulty teachers

We study the power of two models of faulty teachers in Valiant's PAC learning model and Angluin's exact learning model. The first model we consider is learning from an incomplete membership oracle introduced by Angluin and Slonim [D. Angluin, D.K. Slonim, Randomly fallible teachers: Learning monotone DNF with an incomplete membership oracle, Machine Learning 14 (1) (1994) 7-26]. In this model, the answers to a random subset of the learner's membership queries may be missing. The second model we consider is random persistent classification noise in membership queries introduced by Goldman, Kearns and Schapire [S. Goldman, M. Kearns, R. Schapire, Exact identification of read-once formulas using fixed points of amplification functions, SIAM Journal on Computing 22 (4) (1993) 705-726]. In this model, the answers to a random subset of the learner's membership queries are flipped. We show that in both the PAC and the exact learning models the incomplete membership oracle is strictly stronger than the noisy membership oracle under the assumption that the problem of PAC learning parities with random classification noise is intractable. We also show that under the standard cryptographic assumptions the incomplete membership oracle is strictly weaker than the perfect membership oracle. This generalizes the result of Simon [H. Simon, How many missing answers can be tolerated by query learners? Theory of Computing Systems 37 (1) (2004) 77-94] and resolves an open question of Bshouty and Eiron [N. Bshouty, N. Eiron, Learning monotone DNF from a teacher that almost does not answer membership queries, Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (2002) 49-57].
May Religious Worship Be Excluded from a Limited Public Forum? Commentary on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision in Faith Center Church Evangelistic Ministries v. Glover

The Supreme Court has struck down every attempt to exclude religious speakers from limited public forums. Nonetheless, governments keep trying to exclude them. A recent example is Faith Center Church Evangelistic Ministries v. Glover. In that case a majority of a three judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that religious worship may be excluded from a limited public forum, and a majority of the judges on the Ninth Circuit denied a rehearing en banc. The article explains why this holding violated the First Amendment rights of the religious speakers. It also resolves some of the remaining issues concerning the exclusions of such speakers from limited public forums. The County created a limited public forum when it made its library meeting rooms generally available for a variety of community activities, but prohibited its use for religious services. The principal issue that divided the parties and the judges was whether the exclusion was viewpoint neutral or viewpoint discriminatory. The article makes the point that not only was the exclusion impermissibly viewpoint discriminatory, but that it was also impermissibly content discriminatory. The majority panel reasoned that the exclusion was a constitutionally permissible content discriminatory “blanket exclusion” of subject matter that defined the scope of the forum. In so doing, the majority defined the forum by both its inclusion (community activities) and its exclusions (religious services). The article, however, establishes that limited public forums are defined by their inclusions, not their exclusions. It also clarifies the important difference between permissible and impermissible content based exclusions. Addditionally, the article explains that religious worship is a community activity that inherently expresses a viewpoint. Consequently, the religious speaker sought to bring a religious perspective to otherwise permissible subjects. The County excluded the speaker from doing so because of disagreement with, and hostility towards, religious worship in the forum. It also impermissibly took it upon itself to decide what religious speech is deserving of expression. Consequently, the exclusion should have been subject to strict scrutiny. The article also makes it clear that the government may exclude religious worship from public property depending on the nature of the forum. Once the forum is defined, however, the government must respect the boundaries it has itself created. Having opened its library meeting rooms for community activities, the County could not exclude religious worship absent some narrowly tailored compelling interest. Finally, the article demonstrates that the First Amendment Establishment Clause does not provide such an interest.
A Communication Approach for Oncologists: Understanding Patient Coping and Communicating About Bad News, Palliative Care, and Hospice

Oncologists frequently approach patients to discuss difficult topics, such as bad news about cancer progression and referrals to palliative care and hospice. To communicate effectively in these difficult situations, it is helpful to assess what the patient knows and wants to know about their disease in general and, specifically, their prognosis. Although some patients fully accept the diagnosis of cancer and cope well, most patients struggle with how best to cope. This struggle often manifests itself with the patient vacillating between unrealistic hopes for longevity while also indicating prognostic awareness by talking about funeral plans. Although this coping is normal, it is difficult for most clinicians to interpret. This article presents a framework for understanding normal patient coping and gives specific examples of how to talk with these patients during difficult transitions, such as times of disease progression, and about referral to hospice and palliative care.
Condensed Chlorine Etching of GaAs Induced by Excimer Laser Radiation

We report excimer laser induced etching of GaAs samples covered with a layer of condensed Cl2. The experiments were performed at low temperatures (120-150 K) and in a chlorine ambient (PC12=1-40 mTorr). Spatially well-resolved, anisotropic etching has been demonstrated with an observed etch rate of 0.25 A/pulse (0.1 μm/min for typical parameters). The etch rate is characterized as a function of the various system parameters (pressure, temperature, laser rep-rate, etc.), and a model is proposed to describe the etching mechanism.
Real-time Rendering Method of Massive Terrain and Texture Based on Clipmap

Nowadays,with the rapid development of data acquiring skill,the data of massive terrain and its corresponding texture data is so big that can not fit in memory.How to render these huge data in real time is a hot topic in research area.It aims to provide a solution for the problem.Clipmap structure is simple and conducive to the hardware acceleration.Based on clipmap structure,give a drawing method of a massive terrain geometry data and texture data,and for the large amount of texture data give a kind of scheduling policy based on the texture of the buffer.The experiment shows that the terrain rendering method based on unified clipmap structure can render real-time massive terrain data and texture data better.
Error Analysis of Numerical Integration Algorithm in Digital Power Measurement

The digital substation technique has obtained rapid progress at home.Based on the key primary equipment,such as electronic instrument transformer,the paper introduced the principle of numerical integration algorithm,analyzed the cause of error in the measurement of rms and active power,and gave the formulas of truncated error,rounding error and synchronous error.The paper also simulated the process of non-synchronous sampling in electronic instrument transformers.The simulation result and theoretical analysis came to the conclusion that numerical integration algorithm can satisfy the high accuracy request on certain condition.
Printability of alloys for additive manufacturing

Although additive manufacturing (AM), or three dimensional (3D) printing, provides significant advantages over existing manufacturing techniques, metallic parts produced by AM are susceptible to distortion, lack of fusion defects and compositional changes. Here we show that the printability, or the ability of an alloy to avoid these defects, can be examined by developing and testing appropriate theories. A theoretical scaling analysis is used to test vulnerability of various alloys to thermal distortion. A theoretical kinetic model is used to examine predisposition of different alloys to AM induced compositional changes. A well-tested numerical heat transfer and fluid flow model is used to compare susceptibilities of various alloys to lack of fusion defects. These results are tested and validated with independent experimental data. The findings presented in this paper are aimed at achieving distortion free, compositionally sound and well bonded metallic parts.