cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination of collagen scaffold with doxycycline for the treatment of cartilage and subchondral bone defects

The repair of cartilage and bone tissue post arthritis or injury in the knee joint is a challenge to the orthopedics. Both doxycycline and collagen scaffolds had been shown with positive influences on the repair of the tissue. Doxycycline inhibits catabolism related enzymes. Collagens provide tissue repair materials. In this study, the influence of doxycycline and jellyfish collagen (JFC) scaffold to the cells in vitro and tissue repair in vivo was studied. Doxycycline was found with a broad inhibition of the matrix metallopeptidases. It also had an enhancement to the progenitor chondrocytes but suppressed the maturation of chondrocytes. JFC (major type II collagen) was seen had improved both type I and type II collagen production during chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Both doxycycline and JFC enhanced the bone formation and had synergistic effects in a late-stage during the bone repair process. However, the cartilage repair was found with no significant influence after the implantations. Overall, the control of metabolism by doxycycline and providing stimulation to collagen production by the implantation of JFC only contribute to bone growth but had little influence on cartilage repair. This indicates the growth of cartilage tissue needs more delicate regulation. The subchondral bone repair, even with some chondrocytes and proteoglycan deposition in the extracellular matrix could not convert to a repair with mature hyaluronic cartilage tissue.
Personalized chordoma organoids for drug discovery studies

Abstract Chordomas are rare tumors of notochordal origin, most commonly arising in the sacrum or skull base. Primary treatment of chordoma is surgery, however complete resection is not always feasible due to their anatomic location, and recurrence rates remain high. Chordomas are considered insensitive to conventional chemotherapy, and their rarity complicates running timely and adequately powered trials to identify effective regimens. Therefore, there is a need for discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. Drug discovery efforts in chordoma have been mostly limited to cell line models. Patient-derived organoids can accelerate drug discovery studies and predict patient responses to therapy. In this proof-of-concept study, we successfully established organoids from seven chordoma tumor samples obtained from five patients presenting with tumors in different sites and stages of disease. The organoids recapitulated features of the original parent tumors and inter-as well as intra-patient heterogeneity. High-throughput screenings performed on the organoids highlighted targeted agents such as PI3K/mTOR, EGFR, and JAK2/STAT3 inhibitors among the most effective molecules. Pathway analysis underscored how the NF-kB and IGF-1R pathways are sensitive to perturbations and potential targets to pursue for combination therapy of chordoma.
DDA realizations of attitude algorithms.

Digital differential analyzer (DDA) realization of the direction cosine, Euler angle, and quaternion algorithms. It is shown that, for any one of the three attitude algorithms, 27 DDAs are needed. This number is considerably smaller than those obtained by others for the cases of Euler angle and quaternion algorithms.
Years at the University

This chapter provides insight around the intellectual and academic life of Austrian and German universities at the turn of the last century. Arthur Haas’ success at high school turned into struggle as he tried to become an experimental physicist. Gottingen provided him with an intellectually strong and scientifically challenging environment, which he enjoyed despite his dislike of German student culture. Failure in the progress of his PhD project took him back to Vienna to seek a PhD in theoretical physics with Ludwig Boltzmann. The suicide of Boltzmann curtailed this plan, leaving Haas to write and submit a thesis on the historical philosophical development of physics concepts.
A Monte Carlo integration approach to estimating drift and minorization coefficients for Metropolis–Hastings samplers

Bayesian statistical methodology has become highly popular in a myriad of applications over the past several decades. In Bayesian statistics, it is often required to draw samples from intractable probability distributions. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are common methods of obtaining samples from these distributions. When an MCMC algorithm is used, it is important to be able to obtain an answer to the question of how many iterations the chain must run before it is “close enough” to its target distribution to allow approximate sampling from this distribution. Several methods of approaching this question exist in the literature. Some rely on the output of the chain, and some are based on Markov chain theory. These techniques suffer from major practical limitations. This work provides a computational method of bounding the mixing time of a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. This approach extends the work of Spade (Statistics and Computing 26 (2016) 761–781) and Spade (Markov Processes and Related Fields 26 (2020) 487–516) to general versions of the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, while examining the convergence behavior of such samplers under symmetric and asymmetric proposal densities.
A database of Holocene nearshore marine mollusc shell geochemistry from the Northeast Pacific

Abstract. The shells of marine invertebrates can serve as high-resolution records of oceanographic and atmospheric change through time. In particular, oxygen and carbon isotope analyses of nearshore marine calcifiers that grow by accretion over their lifespans provide seasonal records of environmental and oceanographic conditions. Archaeological shell middens generated by Indigenous communities along the Northeast Pacific coast contain shells harvested over multiple seasons for millennia. These shell middens, as well as analyses of archival and modern shells, have the potential to provide multi-site, seasonal archives of nearshore conditions throughout the Holocene. A significant volume of oxygen and carbon isotope data from archaeological shells exists, yet is separately published in archaeological, geochemical, and paleoceanographic journals and has not been comprehensively analyzed to examine oceanographic change over time. Here, we compiled a database of previously published oxygen and carbon isotope data from archaeological, archival, and modern marine molluscs from the North American coast of the Northeast Pacific (32° N to 50° N). This database includes oxygen and carbon isotope data from over 550 modern, archaeological, and sub-fossil shells from 8880 years before present (BP) to the present, from which there are 4,845 total δ13C and 5,071 total δ18O measurements. Shell dating and sampling strategies vary among studies (1–118 samples per shell) and vary significantly by journal discipline. Data are from various bivalves and gastropod species, with Mytilus spp. being the most commonly analyzed taxon. This novel database can be used to investigate changes in nearshore sea surface conditions including warm-cool oscillations, heat waves, and upwelling intensity, and provides nearshore calcite δ13C and δ18O values that can be compared to the vast collections of offshore foraminifera calcite δ13C and δ18O data from marine sediment cores. By utilizing previously published geochemical data from midden and museum shells rather than sampling new specimens, future scientific research can reduce or omit the alteration or destruction of culturally valued specimens and sites. The data set is publicly available through PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.932671 (Palmer et al., 2021).
Effects of community-deliverable exercise on pain and physical function in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases: a meta-analysis.

Objective To use the meta-analytic approach to determine the effects of community-deliverable exercise on pain and physical function in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases (AORD). Methods Data sources consisted of 6 electronic databases, cross-referencing from retrieved studies and expert review. Study selection included 1) randomized controlled trials; 2) ≥1 exercise intervention group; 3) community-deliverable exercise interventions ≥4 weeks in duration; 4) control group; 5) adults ages ≥18 years with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, lupus, gout, or ankylosing spondylitis; 6) published and unpublished studies; 7) studies published in any language between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2008; and 8) data available for pain and/or physical function. Data abstraction included dual coding by 2 of the authors. Standardized effect sizes (g) and random-effects models were used to pool pain and physical function outcomes. Data were analyzed according to per-protocol and intent-to-treat (ITT) results. The minimally clinically important difference (MCID) and number needed to treat (NNT) were also calculated. Results Thirty-three studies representing 3,180 men and women (1,857 exercise, 1,323 control) with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia were included. Statistically significant and clinically important improvements were observed for pain (per-protocol g = −0.37 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −0.53, −0.21], MCID −18%; ITT g = −0.20 [95% CI −0.33, −0.07], MCID −9%, NNT 9) and physical function (per-protocol g = 0.37 [95% CI 0.21, 0.52], MCID 15%; ITT g = 0.34 [95% CI 0.25, 0.43], MCID 10%, NNT 5). Conclusion Community-deliverable exercise improves pain and physical function in adults with the types of AORD included in the analysis. Dose-response as well as studies in those with other types of AORD is needed.
Lessons from the great recession for developing countries

Many lessons can be taken from the Great Recession and the Euro crisis with respect to both pre-crisis and post-crisis policies. Appropriate measures can reduce the risk of crisis in individual countries, the severity of crises, and the magnitude of needed adjustments. These include an appropriate exchange rate policy (flexibility is highly desirable), ensuring the soundness of the financial system, not allowing expansion of credit at too high a rate, adopting structural fiscal budgeting policies, and avoiding dangerous sovereign debt build-up. On the crisis resolution side, the lesson that stands out is the desirability of decisive and credible action to address the causes of the crisis. The issues that arise when the banking and financial system is weakened in the run-up to crisis are extremely difficult, especially when sovereign debt is unsustainable. Therefore, while the important lesson is to avoid overly expansive credit build-up during good times, in the event of a crisis, it is important that the health of the banks be restored as quickly as possible and that a viable supervision and resolution framework be put in place.
Livers of choline-deficient pregnant and fetal rats.

A group of 30 pregnant rats was subdivided into three experimental groups of ten animals each. The first and second received choline-deficient and choline-supplemented diets respectively during the usual 21 days of gestation. The third was fed a choline-deficient diet an additional 30 days prior to insemination, and subsequently during the usual period of gestation. Groups of ten non-pregnant animals received the choline-deficient and choline-supplemented diets respectively for 21 days, a period comparable to that of gestation. Choline supplementation of the basal (choline-deficient) diet resulted in a complete absence of stainable lipid in the livers of pregnant and fetal rats. The stress effects of pregnancy on increased susceptibility to choline deficiency were assessed by comparing the amount of stainable fat (in frozen sections) in the livers of pregnant rats maintained on the choline-deficient diets during the period of gestation with that in livers of non-pregnant rats fed the deficient diet for the same length of time. Under the conditions of this experiment, the stress effects of pregnancy increased susceptibility to choline deficiency, as evidenced by the increased accumulation of fat in both maternal and fetal livers.
Hardware/software co-synthesis algorithms

This chapter surveys methodologies and algorithms for hardware-software cosynthesis. While much remains to be learned about co-synthesis, researchers in the field have made a great deal of progress in a short period of time. Although it is still premature to declare an authoritative taxonomy of co-synthesis models and methods, we can now see commonalities and contrasts in formal models and algorithms.
Evaluation of different burn control methods for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

A 0-D time-dependent particle and power balance code has been developed and used to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of controlling thermally unstable ignited and subignited operating points of the physics phase ITER machine. Based on the results of calculations, the authors conclude that operating the ITER at thermally unstable operating points is physically and technologically feasible. Auxiliary power modulation is recommended as the primary control method for high-Q subignited operation, and fueling modulation is recommended for the control of unstable ignited points, of edge-region phenomena on the dynamics and controllability of a burning plasma are also addressed. >
HRTS results from Spacelab 2

The High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) instrument flew on the Spacelab 2 mission and consisted of a 30-cm Gregorian telescope, a slit spectrograph covering the 1190-1680 A region with 0.05-A spectral resolution, a broadband (90 A FWHM) spectroheliograph tuned to 1550 A, and an H-alpha filter system. The spectrograph slit was 920 arcsec, approximately in length. Subarcsecond spatial resolution along the slit is possible, but because of jitter in the Spacelab Instrument Pointing System, good exposures actually achieved 1-2 arcsec resolution.
Immunohistochemical examination of plexiform-like complex vascular lesions in the lungs of broiler chickens selected for susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a disease of unknown cause that is characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and by extensive vascular remodelling. In human IPAH patients, remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature results in the formation of plexiform lesions in the terminal pulmonary arterioles. Various molecules are expressed in the human plexiform lesions, including alpha smooth muscle actin, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, survivin, tenascin, collagen, fibronectin, and various immune/inflammatory cells such as, cytotoxic lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, MHC class II cells, and monocytes/macrophages are also present. Plexiform lesions rarely develop in the lungs of laboratory animals, but plexiform-like complex vascular lesions (CVL) do develop spontaneously in the lungs of broiler chickens from an IPAH-susceptible line. To examine angioproliferative and immune-system-related activities associated with CVL in broiler lungs, paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung sections from 8-week-old to 24-week-old broiler chickens were stained immunohistochemically using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific for angioproliferative molecules and immune/inflammatory cells. The CVL in the lungs of broiler chickens exhibited positive staining for both angioproliferative molecules and immune/inflammatory cells. These observations combined with the close histological resemblance of broiler CVL to the plexiform lesions of human IPAH patients further validates chickens from our IPAH-susceptible line as an excellent animal model of spontaneous plexogenic arteriopathy.
Seasonal and Interannual Dynamics of Free-living Bacterioplankton and Microbially Labile Organic Carbon Along the Salinity Gradient of the Potomac River

Samples were collected at stations located in the mesohaline, oligohaline, and tidal fresh regions of the Potomac River, Maryland, between April 1998 and December 1999 to evaluate the seasonal distribution of bacterioplankton and microbially labile organic carbon (MLOC) in relation to hydrodynamic parameters (dissolved oxygen, salinity, and temperature). Bacterioplankton abundance (BA) averaged 13 × 106 cells ml−1 at all stations, a value that is higher than the average observed in many other temperate estuaries around the world, and were almost exclusively free-living. During the summer of 1998, BA often exceeded 30 × 106 cells ml−1 in the mesohaline region during periods of anoxia in subpycnocline waters. Dissolved MLOC typically accounted for 40% of total MLOC and on some occasions during summer and autumn accounted for 80%. A significant positive relationship between dissolved MLOC and BA was evident in the mesohaline Potomac River, the region where anoxia occurs each summer, but the regressions of particulate MLOC and chla on BA were not significant at this location. In the mesohaline Potomac River, BA regressed negatively and significantly on dissolved oxygen (r2=0.50, p<0.001). BA may be an important indicator of ecosystem health in this and other eutrophied estuaries, because of the relationships between BA, dissolved MLOC, and dissolved oxygen in the salinity stratified Potomac River and because free-living BA was elevated along the length of the river.
Mach bands and airplane shadows cast on dry terrain.

Luminous rings are often seen surrounding the shadow of a high-flying airplane. Some of these phenomena are due to water droplets (glories, the Heiligenschein), but a different sort of explanation is required when a luminous ring (sometimes simply a bright spot) is seen while the plane is flying over dry terrain. Demonstrations involving distances and shadows manyfold smaller than those of an airliner's shadow show that Mach bands can produce illusory luminance phenomena that greatly resemble those associated with a plane's shadow over dry terrain. Luminance rings have recently also been observed over dry, sparsely vegetated terrain, around the shadow of an adjacent airplane (i.e., far from the observer's antisolar point), thereby excluding all previous alternative interpretations; Mach bands are thus a likely explanation for at least some instances of dry-terrain luminous rings around airplane shadows.
Cholesteric blue phases of the cholesteryl n -alkanoates

The structures of the blue phases are investigated in the homologous series of cholesteryl $n$-alkanoates by the examination of Bragg reflections. Through the use of the selection rules developed by Hornreich and Shtrikman, evidence is presented for the first time for the existence of a body-centered-cubic structure of ${O}^{5}$ symmetry. The first direct demonstration by this technique for the existence of simple cubic structures is also given.
Quantitative studies by differential scanning calorimetry of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulose

Heat of reaction and kinetic parameters were determined by differential scanning calorimetry for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, reaction of hydrogen peroxide with lignocellulosic materials, glucose and pinitol, and for the reaction of the same materials with produced or introduced oxygen. The heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide obtained in N2 (720 cal/g H2O2) was in fair agreement with literature data, considering the different temperature and pressure conditions. The heats of reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocelluloses were higher when determined in N2 (1670–2500 cal/g H2O2) than in O2 (1450–2020 cal/g H2O2) atmosphere. The activation energy for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide amounted to 20.3 kcal/mol in N2 and 15.9 kcal/mol in O2 with frequency factors of 5.7 × 109 and 3.7 × 107 min−1, respectively. The activation energies for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulosic materials tested were similar and not influenced by the atmospheric composition, ranging overall between 19.7 and 22.4 kcal/mol. The corresponding frequency factors ranged between 2.77 × 109 and 2.23 × 1011.
The relation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle to bacterial infection. III. Comparison of survival time of mice infected with different pathogens and given Krebs cycle inhibitors and intermediates.

The survival time of infected mice is dramatically reduced by certain substances capable of interfering with, or altering, the "normal" functioning of the Krebs cycle (Berry and Mitchell 1953a, b, and c). A relationship of this type was postulated (Berry and Mitchell, 1953d) in an effort to account for the increased susceptibility to typhoid in mice exposed to simulated high altitude, since this greater susceptibility could not be explained by any demonstrable change in cellular defense or humoral defense. This postulate led to the experiments in which the Krebs cycle was modified by injecting, at appropriate intervals, sublethal amounts of one of three inhibitors or one of two intermediates (Berry and Mitchell, 1953b and c). The sodium salts of malonic, fluoroacetic, and arsenious acids were used as inhibitors, and sodium citrate and sodium succinate were used as intermediates. Infections with a standardized suspension of Salmonella typhimurium were artificially induced by injecting the bacteria into the abdominal cavity of the mice. Control animals similarly infected were administered a volume of isotonic sodium chloride solution equal to the volume in which the inhibitor or intermediate was carried. Thus, the one variable be-
Mediterranean valleys revisited : Linking soil erosion, land use and climate variability in the Northern Levant

Abstract This paper presents results of geomorphological and archaeological investigations undertaken in several small drainage basins in the Jebel al-Aqra region of southern Turkey. By focusing intensive archaeological settlement survey in basins where securely dated sequences of sedimentary valley fills have been recorded, spatially and temporally linked, high-resolution records of land use and soil erosion have been generated. Sedimentary data show that throughout most of the Holocene, floodplains remained rather stable, allowing deep soils to form. But in the past two millennia, probably from AD 150–700, a phase of severe soil erosion was initiated and resulted in the deposition of 3.5–5.0 m of alluvial sediments on valley floors. Archaeological and historical evidence suggest that while these areas were occupied by agrarian communities since at least 2800 BC, nearly three millennia of cultivation during the Bronze and Iron Ages had relatively little effect on soil erosion. The intensification of settlement throughout the region and the conversion of upland areas to intensive agricultural production during the Hellenistic, Roman and late Roman periods (300 BC–AD 650), however, created the necessary preconditions for severe soil erosion to occur. These data are compared against modern and paleoclimate studies of the eastern Mediterranean, which show an extremely variable precipitation regime and the effects that it can have on erosion. A 400-year lag between the initial settlement of upland areas and the first evidence of soil erosion suggest that it may have been the intersection of extreme precipitation events with particular land use conditions of the Roman and late Roman periods which worked together to drive soil erosion.
A Microscopic Comparison of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Idioblasts in Plant Parts and Callus Cultures of Psychotria punctata (Rubiaceae)

Summary Arrangement, morphology and ultrastructure of calcium oxalate raphide crystal idioblasts found in Psychotria punctata VATKE leaves and flowers and in cultured callus are compared. All parts from whole plants examined contain raphide crystal idioblasts which are of the same general size and exhibit an organ-specific orientation. The idioblasts of the callus are highly variable in size, shape, and crystal number and show no specific orientation. The callus raphide crystals are smaller than those from the intact plant and occasionally are flattened. Development of idioblasts is similar in callus and plant except that callus idioblasts do not elongate as do plant idioblasts. The latter may become much larger than surrounding cells. Idioblasts in callus are mostly found in a narrow band of tissue near its top surface. There is often a higher concentration of idioblasts above vascular nodules in the callus. Idioblasts are also found in a raised circle of callus around the base of roots developing from callus cultures and in the cortex of these roots. Ultrastructural features of crystal idioblasts in callus and plant are the same. Control of idioblast formation, size and orientation in plants is discussed.
From the School Health Education Study to the National Health Education Standards: Concepts Endure.

BACKGROUND The landmark School Health Education Study (SHES) project influenced by the conceptual approach to teaching and learning provides perspective on modern school health instruction. Conceptual education, the cornerstone of the SHES curriculum framework (CF), Health Education: A Conceptual Approach to Curriculum Design, fosters a student's understanding of information that develops with experience. METHODS Data were collected through content analysis of the SHES CF and the National Health Education Standards: Achieving Excellence (NHES), 2nd edition. Similarity of essential framework elements was established. Inter-rater reliability was established. RESULTS Alignment of the SHES components with the NHES reveals parallel conceptual structures around which to develop curriculum. CONCLUSIONS The conceptual approach to curriculum planning has enduring value. It provides a foundation for teaching and learning that is adaptable, flexible, and can maintain permanence in conjunction with emerging scientific evidence and cultural and political influences on health behavior.
Alcohol and Caffeine: The Perfect Storm

Although it is widely believed that caffeine antagonizes the intoxicating effects of alcohol, the molecular mechanisms underlying their interaction are incompletely understood. It is known that bot...
Magnetic field effects on recombination fluorescence in liquid iso‐octane

The 123.6 nm photoionization of deuterated isooctane at −10 °C in the presence of hexafluorobenzene has been studied by examining the effect of a magnetic field to alter the quantum yield of recombination fluorescence. This fluorescence results from geminate recombination of hexafluorobenzene anions with isooctane positive ions. The use of a deuterated as contrasted to a protonated alkane makes the intensity of the recombination fluorescence much more sensitive to the magnetic field and permits observation of two maxima in the fluorescence yield at field strengths of 0 and 411 G and a possible third maximum at 822 G. The theory of the hyperfine induced spin evolution predicts these resonances at selected multiples of the C6F−6 hyperfine constant of 137 G. Utilizing the diffusion theory of geminate recombination in a Coulomb field, the experimental magnetic field spectrum is found to be well predicted over most of the range of magnetic field strengths studied (up to 2.5 kG) by a simple, one parameter, exponential radial probability density of initial scavenged geminate pair separation distances.
DOUBLE VENTRICULAR PARASYSTOLE.

Abstract Two cases of intermittent double ventricular parasystole have been described in detail. Although double parasystolic rhythms due to artificial pacemakers have been reported by others, this is perhaps the first report of spontaneous double ventricular parasystole. As stated previously, it is quite possible that similar electrocardiograms have been seen over the years but have not been recognized as examples of this arrhythmia. Both patients in this report were males and had serious heart disease; one had generalized scleroderma. It is premature to judge whether the occurrence of double ventricular parasystole is associated with a worse prognosis than is the occurrence of single parasystole.
Nanoscale Thermal Transport in Plasmonic Nanofocusing Structure With Strong Nonlocality

Nanoscale optical energy concentration and focusing is crucial for many high-throughput nanomanufacturing applications, such as material processing, imaging and lithography. The use of surface plasmons has resulted in the rapid development of nanofocusing devices and techniques at spatial confinements as good as a few nanometers associated with strong nonlocal plasmonic response. However, operations of these plasmonic nanofocusing structures usually require extremely high optical energy density at nanoscale, which leads to intense structure heating and causes unreliable device functions and short device lifetimes. In many plasmonic applications, optical heating has become a very important issue, which has not been investigated intensively yet. In these structures, the ballistic transport and interface scattering of the energy carriers both become significant because the characteristic lengths of the devices are comparable to or smaller than the mean free paths of the carriers. A comprehensive model is desired to understand the heat generation and transport inside the plasmonic nanofocusing structures.This work studied the electromagnetic and optothermal responses of plasmonic nanofocusing nanostructures. At the nanometer length scale, the local optical response and diffusive thermal model are no longer sufficient to describe the device optothermal response because of the strong interactions between energy carriers and the ballistic nature of carriers. Here, we used the hydrodynamic Drude model to consider the nonlocality of plasmonic response and calculate the heat generation inside the metallic nanostructures. Starting from Boltzmann transport equation, we derived the energy transport equations for both electron and phonon systems under the relaxation-time approximations. The obtained multi-carrier ballistic-diffusive model was used to study the non-equilibrium heat transports inside the structures. We assume that the ballistic electrons originate from boundaries and the electron-photon couplings inside the structure, experiencing out-scattering only in the material. The optically-generated “hot” electrons are considered as ballistic and are treated separately from the “ordinary” electrons which are in local thermal equilibrium and have significantly lower energies. Meanwhile, the electron-phonon couplings are considered under the non-equilibrium conditions between the electron and phonon systems. Using our model, we further investigated the transient optothermal responses of a one-dimensional (1D) plasmonic nanofocusing structure. In comparison to the diffusive transport description, our multi-carrier ballistic-diffusive model can more accurately describe the optothermal responses of the plasmonic nanofocusing structures which are crucial for predicting the performance and the lifetime of the plasmonic nanofocusing devices.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Leader Acceptance of Responsibility for Group Action Under Conditions of Uncertainty and Risk

(1959). Leader Acceptance of Responsibility for Group Action Under Conditions of Uncertainty and Risk. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 57-66.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition protects hepatic integrity in hemorrhagic shock

Hemorrhagic shock increases cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and compromises hepatic function and integrity. The production of TNF-α involves a cascade reaction regulated by the enzyme TNF-a convertase. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI) (British Biotech 1101) in vivo on hepatic integrity in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 26) were divided as follows: hemorrhagic shock (group 1) and hemorrhagic shock plus MMPI (group 2). TNF-a, IL-6, and hepatic membrane potentials (Em) were obtained. The administration of MMPI significantly decreased TNF-a levels (P <0.001) and stabilized the membrane potential at —30 mV as compared to the depolarized membrane potential at -20 mV for hemorrhagic shock without MMPI. IL-6 levels were not affected by the MMPI. This study demonstrates that MMPI decreases TNF-α levels and protects hepatic integrity in hemorrhagic shock, as evidenced by the stabilization of the membrane potential, independent of the mean arterial pressure. The hepatic protection is closely related to the decrease in TNF-a levels seen in the portal circulation.
Spirituality and Student Development: Theoretical Connections.

Examining student development theories and the place for spiritual development within them is critical to the future of student affairs.
Nuclear coexistence in 18O

Abstract The deformed states which admix with the two-panicle states to produce the spectrum of low-lying levels in 18 O are manufactured by introducing a highly deformed intrinsic state, and projecting states of good angular momentum from this. The band-head energy of the deformed state is treated as a parameter. It is possible in this way to reproduce the correct number of low-lying even-parity states, as well as E2 transition probabilities and the magnetic moment of the 2 1 + states. We, as other investigators, are unable to reproduce the empirical quadrupole moment of the 2 1 + state.
The Polarizability of the Neutron in an Electrostatic Field

In an applied electrostatic field the meson-charge cloud about a neutron should become polarized. The dipole moment for a neutron in an electrostatic field E is $(\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}{g}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{3}})\mathrm{E}$. This should give rise to an attractive force between a neutron and a charged particle.
Largemouth Bass Virus in Texas: Distribution and Management Issues

Abstract In response to fish kills at prominent fishing sites for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, such as Lake Fork and Sam Rayburn Reservoir, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department began a systematic evaluation of state waters for the presence of largemouth bass virus (LMBV). The survey comprised 49 water bodies and 13 river basins, and a total of 2,876 adult bass were collected by electrofishing and angling during the summer and fall of 2000. The virus was initially detected by means of cell culture and its presence subsequently confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen reservoirs in eight river basins in eastern and central Texas tested positive for LMBV. Lake Fork was also tested to determine the prevalence of infection following a 1999 LMBV fish kill. The overall prevalence was low in all of the water bodies tested (1.50 ± 2.82% (mean ± SD)) as well as those determined to contain LMBV (5.00 ± 3.02%). Largemouth bass testing positive for LMBV had a significantly higher prevalence of swi...
Interaction between High Energy Radiation and Glasses

Effects of high energy radiation depend upon the dominance of particle radiation, primarily manifested in structural changes, or ionizing electronic changes; in practice radiations and damages are mixed. Neutron fluxes of 102 0nvt significantly alter crystalline and vitreous silica. High intensity y and x irradiation induces impurity and intrinsic color and spin centers in silica and complex oxide glasses, which can he differentiated and described in considerable detail. Induced changes can he used to prevent discoloration or, conversely, to read dosage. Such changes include absorption, luminescence and thermoluminescence. Space charges can lead to fracture when surfaces are violated. The understanding and use of other changes are in their infancy. Relatively low energy (light) in high intensity can cause mechanical damage. Thresholds are crucial in modem laser technology.
In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children.

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment of Mexican farm-workers9 children in California. METHODS. Participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study, a birth cohort study, included 360 singletons with maternal serum measures of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDE. Psychomotor development and mental development were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS. We found a ∼2-point decrease in Psychomotor Developmental Index scores with each 10-fold increase in p,p′-DDT levels at 6 and 12 months (but not 24 months) and p,p′-DDE levels at 6 months only. We found no association with mental development at 6 months but a 2- to 3-point decrease in Mental Developmental Index scores for p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT at 12 and 24 months, corresponding to 7- to 10-point decreases across the exposure range. Even when mothers had substantial exposure, breastfeeding was usually associated positively with Bayley scale scores. CONCLUSIONS. Prenatal exposure to DDT, and to a lesser extent DDE, was associated with neurodevelopmental delays during early childhood, although breastfeeding was found to be beneficial even among women with high levels of exposure. Countries considering the use of DDT should weigh its benefit in eradicating malaria against the negative associations found in this first report on DDT and human neurodevelopment.
SMALL-BOAT, MULTI-CHANNEL, HIGH-RESOLUTION SEISMIC-REFLECTION SURVEY IN PUGET SOUND AND THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA

The authors have collated and processed 461 km of multi-channel seismic-reflection lines in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the estuaries surrounding Puget Sound including Lake Washington. The survey was conducted to determine the geologic framework of the region as it relates to neotectonic processes and possible structures which could indicate the magnitude and recurrence of shallow earthquakes in the region. A number of possible Quaternary faults have been identified for further study.
REVERSIBLE ANTHER OPENING IN LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM (LILIACEAE): A POSSIBLE MEANS OF ENHANCING MALE FITNESS

Studies of Lilium philadelphicum on Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, show that thecae (pollen-containing sacs) of dehisced anthers close in the rain, thus protecting the pollen and prolonging the pollen donor phase of the flower. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthers with longitudinal dehiscence reclosing after opening. Individual flowers of L. philadelphicum are long lived (8-11 d), do not shorten their flowering period in response to successful fertilization of the ovules, and are primarily pollinated by butterflies. Butterflies do not forage in the rain and may first visit a flower several days after anthesis. Under such circumstances, strong selection may exist to protect pollen during unfavorable weather conditions in order to prolong the pollen donor phase. Flowers with long pollen donor phases are likely to contribute more offspring to the next generation than flowers with short pollen donor phases.
Multiple transcripts encode glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus ) microplus

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the production of NADPH. Here we describe the identification of four transcripts (G6PDH-A, -B, -C, and -D) that putatively encode the enzyme in the southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The genomic DNA that is spliced to produce G6PDH-A and -B is 8,600–9,000 bases in length and comprises 12 exons. Comparison of the R. microplusG6PDH gene structure with those available from insects and mammals revealed that the tick gene is most like that of humans. Detection of the four transcripts was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR using template from larvae, unfed adult females and males, salivary gland tissues from 2- to 3-day-fed adult females and males, and salivary gland tissue of 4- to 5-day-fed adult females. The G6PDH-A and -C transcripts were present in all templates, and both displayed induced expression in salivary gland tissue of fed, adult females but not matched males. The G6PDH-D transcript was detected only in unfed adults and in larvae, a stage in which it was most abundant relative to the other three transcripts. The G6PDH-B transcript, while detectable in all templates, was of low copy number suggesting it is a rare transcript. Induced expression of G6PDH-A and G6PDH-C in fed females may play a role in the tolerance of oxidative stress that is induced upon feeding, and the transcript abundance in fed females may be a function of bloodmeal volume and the time adult females spend on the host relative to adult males.
The Penetration of Light through Successive Layers of Tissue Paper

IN a letter to NATURE,1 J. R. Ashworth mentioned the use of a stepped wedge of fine quality tissue paper in describing a method of measuring ultra-violet light from the sky, photographically. In a later issue,2 P. W. Cunliffe pointed out that “a step wedge constructed of a diffusing medium, such as thin tissue paper, does not obey the logarithmic ‘law’ which is valid only for transparent media”. It so happens that I obtained data last spring which bear on this subject.
Constructing phylogenetic trees efficiently using compatibility criteria

Abstract The Character Compatibility Problem is a classical problem in computational biology concerned with constructing phylogenetic trees of minimum possible evolution from qualitative character sets. This problem arose in the 1970s, and until recently the only cases for which efficient algorithms were found were for binary (i.e. two-state) characters and for two characters at a time, while the complexity of the general problem remained open. In this paper we will discuss the remarkable progress on this problem since 1990.
Chicago Political Economy

Chicago Political Economy (CPE) is a body of literature which analyzes government from the perspective of price theory and positive economics. It is essentially the Chicago version of the modern development of public choice theory. In CPE the state is a mechanism which is used by rational economic agents to redistribute wealth. Wealth transfers are the essence of regulatory and governmental behavior in this approach. Government may, in fact, produce some real goods and services, but these are byproducts of effective schemes for wealth transfers.
Estimation of Spectra from Speckled Images

The effect of coherent speckling on the spectra of images and other signals is investigated. A method for estimating the spectrum of the unspeckled image is developed, and the errors inherent in such an estimate are analyzed. It is found that the error decreases when number of looks, number of averaged spectra, and contrast increase, and when spectral width decreases.
Biochemical and morphological effects of 20,25-diazacholesterol on cultured muscle cells

Abstract Effects of 20,25-diazacholesterol (DAC), a myotonia-inducing drug, were evaluated on certain biochemical and morphological properties of embryonic rat muscle cells grown in tissue culture. During DAC treatment, muscle fibers exhibited spontaneous contractions that changed from coarse twitches to finer fibrillation movements. The ultrastructural alterations produced by DAC were smeared Z-lines, disorganized myofibrils, occasional honeycomb appearance of membranes and large vacuoles connected to zipper-like structures. Biochemically, a microsomal fraction prepared from DAC-treated cells (compared to that of normal cells) showed a 30–45 per cent decrease in the isoproterenol-enhanced and the NaF-enhanced adenylate cyclase activity. However, the β-adrenergic receptors, through which isoproterenol activates the enzyme, showed no change in density or affinity as judged by the binding of [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. That indicated that DAC treatment caused an uncoupling of β-receptor-adenylate cyclase interaction. Guanylate cyclase and cyclic GMP-phosphodiesterase were both markedly increased in DAC-treated cells, indicating a greater turnover of cyclic GMP. Binding of [ 3 H]concanavalin A to DAC-treated muscle membranes was decreased 20–40 per cent. The data indicate that DAC exerts a direct influence on muscle fibers, affecting their functional, biochemical and morphological properties.
“It makes me feel like myself”: Person-centered versus traditional visual arts activities for people with dementia:

During a 15-month period between February 2010 and April 2011, video data on (n ¼38) people with dementia were collected during a person-centered and intergenerational arts activity program called Opening Minds through Art (OMA) at three different long-term care facilities in Ohio. A subsample of the OMA participants (n ¼10) were also video recorded during traditional visual arts activities (e.g. coloring books, scrapbooking). A modified version of the Greater Cincinnati Chapter Well-Being Observation Tool was used to code the intensity and frequency of observed domains of well-being (i.e. social interest, engagement, and pleasure) and ill-being (i.e. disengagement, negative affect, sadness, and confusion). Descriptive results indicate a high percentage of moderate or high intensities of well-being during OMA sessions with little to no ill-being. Paired-sample t-tests comparing OMA vs. traditional visual arts activities showed significantly higher intensity scores for OMA in the domain of engagement and pleasure, as well as significantly lower intensity scores for disengagement. The findings of this exploratory study contribute to the overall discussion about the impact of person-centered, creative-expressive arts activities on people with dementia.
PERCEIVED FACTORS AFFECTING DRIVER ROUTE DECISIONS

In this study, the route choice reasons of drivers making automobile work trips are analyzed in order to gain an insight into driver’s route choice perceptions. Statistical analyses of 32 route choice reasons are carried out by four methods: frequency analysis, correlation analysis, grouping techniques, and factor analysis. Analyzing the frequency of responses shows that there was not a single common pattern of the more important route selection reasons. The drivers often perceived four to six reasons together as the criterion for route selection. By using grouping techniques and factor analysis, the 32 reasons are consolidated into six comprehensive dimensions. The study of the factor scores shows that although most respondents used the same route to and from work, they did not always rank the route choice reasons with the same weight for each direction.
Blow-up of solutions to systems of nonlinear wave equations with supercritical sources†

In this article, we focus on the life span of solutions to the following system of nonlinear wave equations: in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ ℝ n with Robin and Dirichlet boundary conditions on u and v, respectively. The nonlinearities f 1(u, v) and f 2(u, v) represent strong sources of supercritical order, while g 1(u t ) and g 2(v t ) represent interior damping. The nonlinear boundary condition on u, namely ∂ν u + u + g(u t ) = h(u) on Γ, also features h(u), a boundary source, and g(u t ), a boundary damping. Under some restrictions on the parameters, we prove that every weak solution to system above blows up in finite time, provided the initial energy is negative.