cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Almost at-a-distance

We claim that the meaning of the adverbial almost contains both a scalar proximity measure and a modal that allows it to work sometimes when proximity fails, what we call the at-a-distance reading. Essentially, almost can hold if the proposition follows from the normal uninterrupted outcomes of adding a small enough number of premises to a selection of relevant facts. Almost at-a-distance is blocked when the temporal properties of the topic time and Davidsonian event prevent normal outcomes from coming true when they need to. This approach to almost differs from the two general approaches that have emerged in the literature, by replacing the negative polar condition (not p) with a positive antecedent condition that entails not p while avoiding the numerous well-documented complications of employing a polar condition. Since this approach to almost involves a circumstantial base with a non-interrupting ordering source, almost behaves in certain ways like the progressive, and shows contextual variability of the same kinds that we see with premise sets.
Health Outcomes After Disaster for Older Adults With Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review.

Background and objectives This review synthesizes the current literature surrounding chronic disease outcomes after weather- and climate-related disasters among older adults. The associations between exposure of older adults to weather- and climate-related disasters and the primary outcomes of diabetes, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were examined. Research design and methods A systematic review of studies reporting on clinical outcomes of four chronic diseases after disaster exposure was performed. Under the direction of an informationist, the databases PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Index) were searched from inception to July 2019. Results Of 5,229 citations identified, 17 articles met the study criteria. Included articles were retrospective observational in nature and focused on earthquakes (24%, n = 4), hurricane (41%, n = 7), and wildfire (35%, n = 6) disasters. Outcome data by disease process included COPD (35%, n = 6), ESRD (41%, n = 7), CHF (24%, n = 4), and diabetes (29%, n = 5). Three main categories were identified: access to health care, postdisaster health care utilization, and study rigor. The age-stratified analyses reported in this review found multiple instances where disasters have limited or insignificant effects on older adults relative to younger populations. Discussion and implications Disaster research faces unique methodological challenges, and there remains a need for data-driven conclusions on how best to care for older adults before, during, and after disasters. To encourage consistent dialogue among studies, we advocate for the use of rigorous and standardized scientific methodology to examine the health impacts of disasters on adults with chronic disease.
The Interactive Effect of Board Monitoring and Chief Information Officer Presence on Information Technology Investment

We investigate the impact of board monitoring on information technology (IT) investment, and the chief information officer (CIO) presence’ role on this relationship. We argue that firms with a vigi...
A pilot study of ex-vivo MRI-PDFF of donor livers for assessment of steatosis and predicting early graft dysfunction

Background The utility of ex vivo Magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) in donor liver fat quantification is unknown. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and utility in predicting early allograft dysfunction (EAD) of ex vivo MRI-PDFF measurement of fat in deceased donor livers using histology as the gold standard. Methods We performed Ex vivo, 1.5 Tesla MRI-PDFF on 33 human deceased donor livers before implantation, enroute to the operating room. After the exclusion of 4 images (technical errors), 29 MRI images were evaluable. Histology was evaluable in 27 of 29 patients. EAD was defined as a peak value of aminotransferase >2000 IU/mL during the first week or an INR of ≥1.6 or bilirubin ≥10 mg/dL at day 7. Results MRI-PDFF values showed a strong positive correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) when histology (macro-steatosis) was included (r = 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.57‐0.89, p<0.0001). The correlation appeared much stronger when macro plus micro-steatosis were included (r = 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.72‐0.94, p<0.0001). EAD was noted in 7(25%) subjects. AUC (Area Under the Curve) for macro steatosis (histology) predicted EAD in 73% (95% CI: 48–99), micro plus macro steatosis in 76% (95% CI: 49–100). AUC for PDFF values predicted EAD in 67(35–98). Comparison of the ROC curves in a multivariate model revealed, adding MRI PDFF values to macro steatosis increased the ability of the model in predicting EAD (AUC: 79%, 95% CI: 59–99), and addition of macro plus micro steatosis based on histology predicted EAD even better (AUC: 90%: 79–100, P = 0.054). Conclusion In this pilot study, MRI-PDFF imaging showed potential utility in quantifying hepatic steatosis ex-vivo donor liver evaluation and the ability to predict EAD related to severe allograft steatosis in the recipient.
Tradespace Exploration of Geometry for a Spacesuit Hip Bearing Assembly

Space suits are crucial to human spaceflight, but can restrict motion, require additional energy, and increase injury risk. Previous planetary suits were largely based on flexible components, which generate additional forces on the occupant as they resist volumetric changes from flexing components. The NASA Mark III suit addresses this problem using a Hip Brief Assembly (HBA), composed of rigid, constant-volume sections connected by bearings. However, due to the rigid components and fixed degrees of freedom (DoFs), the HBA and other hard-component joint assemblies (HCJAs) have stricter bounds on motion. For example, previous analysis shows that the hip multi-DoF range of motion (ROM) for an HBA occupant is not well-aligned with the nominal hip ROM during gait (gait NHROM). In this paper, a set of methods for describing HCJA geometry and the effect on occupant ROM is presented. A generalized model builds on Denavit-Hartenberg parameterization to describe HCJA structure, rotation, and surface shape. Also included is a computational approach to estimate the multi-DoF ROM for joints of an HCJA occupant, and compare and score the suit-restricted ROMs against nominal, unencumbered ROMs. These models are utilized to analyze HBA geometry and improve alignment between in-suit occupant ROM and gait NHROM. A set of design constraints based on feasible geometries and parameter bounds were devised and used to limit a tradespace analysis of alternate geometries in the HBA model. The geometries were evaluated and given a ROM score based on occupant access to gait NHROM. Over 1.3 billion alternate geometries were tested, with 100 million used to sample the tradespace. Of these designs, 52,276 met or bested the nominal geometry. The top-scoring geometry showed a more than sixfold improvement on access to gait NHROM, as well as a more natural neutral leg position, a significant increase in adduction range, and improved kneeling ability. The geometry also performed well across different anthropometries. The tradespace data set was used to analyze trends in HBA geometry, suggesting the most dominant factors behind a high ROM score is the cant angle in the Proximal and Distal sections.
The microbiome in obstructive sleep apnea.

Recent evidence has highlighted important associations between obstructive sleep apnea and the microbiome. Although the intricacies of the pathophysiologic mechanisms are not well understood, available evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between OSA and microbiota composition. Sleep fragmentation, intermittent hypoxia, and intermittent hypercapnia all play significant roles in altering the microbiome, and initial evidence has shown that alterations of the microbiota affect sleep patterns. Animal model evidence strongly supports the idea that the microbiome mediates disease states associated with OSA including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and obesity. The majority of evidence focuses on changes in the gut microbiome, which may result from OSA as well as contribute to sleep pattern changes, OSA-related CVD, and obesity. Meanwhile, a developing body of work suggests changes in the upper airway microbiome may be associated with OSA and periodontitis-related oral cavity microbiome changes may have significance in OSA-related CVD. Lastly, while evidence is limited, several studies suggest there may be a role for treatment of OSA and OSA-related comorbidities through alteration of the microbiome with probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiota transplantation. These early animal and human studies begin to characterize the interrelationships of the microbiome and OSA and may lead to new avenues for treatment.
A rare case of eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia.

Eptifibatide is a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist, used for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome with high-risk features or ongoing ischemia. Several case reports have described ...
Propagation of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) by stem cuttings

Studies were initiated to determine whether the winged bean can be propagated vegetatively by single node stem cuttings. Stock plants and cutting were exposed to different photoperiods various concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), and different high humidity environments. As measured by root number and dry weight, the rooting response of cuttings to the photoperiod to which they were subjected was dependent on the photoperiod to which the parent stock had been exposed. The best treatment for maximum rooting (measured by number and dry weight of roots) included 14 h daylengths for stock plants and cuttings, intermittent mist and IBA at both 0·3 and 0·8 per cent. Rooting under natural photoperiods close to the equinox and in high humidity Wardian type cases was also sufficient for establishing new plants. After ten weeks of growth, 92 per cent of the cuttings potted had successfully established shoot systems. Results indicated that winged bean clones can be propagated readily by stem cuttings.
The effects of electronic alert letters for internet surveys of academic scientists

Survey alert letters improve response rates and assure potential respondents that the research is legitimate and of high quality. Pre-notification by mail increases response rates for web surveys because it represents a second mode of communication and contributes to increases in respondent trust and study legitimacy. Due to work-from-home orders in response to COVID-19, postal alert letters are unlikely to reach research participants at their place of employment. We conducted three experiments testing the effects of sending academic scientists a pre-notification email message on web survey response rates as compared to no alert email message and variation in the timing of the pre-notification. The data comes from three random national samples of university-based scientists that were conducted during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two of three experiments suggest that email alert pre-notifications can have a minor effect on improving response rates to web surveys of academic scientists. The timing of those pre-notification messages, though, had no effect on survey response. These findings indicate pre-notification messages remain useful when studying academic scientists. Future research should compare the effects of electronic as compared to postal pre-notification on survey response among scientists, as postal pre-notification requires extensive resources.
Theory-Driven or Theory-Informed? A Review of Behavioural Economics in Design

The design community has an increasing interest in behaviour change and applying it intentionally in design processes. At the same time, practitioners from diverse fields such as health and policy ...
Mutagenesis, Malignancy and Genome Instability

Genomic instability is a widespread and essential feature of the common adult-onset cancers. For solid tumors to arise, several key genes must become mutated (to generate growth, facilitate invasion, enlist nutrient supply, evade the immune response, avoid apoptosis, and so on) and this degree of mutation requires abnormally high mutation rates. To achieve such rates, genes whose normal role is to maintain genomic integrity become mutated, leading to ongoing genomic instability. Exogenous mutagens (carcinogens) additionally contribute to overall genomic damage, particularly in tobacco smokers. Genomic destabilization slowly leads to cancer as cells with mutations in genes advantageous for tumor development become selected, expand their populations, and evolve further. A considerable majority of human genes are involved in multicellular coordination and are not essential for maintaining the viability and reproductive potential of individual cells; thus, a window exists wherein an appropriate degree of genomic instability leads to tumor progression, as somatic evolution selects cells driven by self-interest. As with Darwinian evolution, such somatic evolution inherently leads to genomic diversity, seen clinically as tumor heterogeneity. Although genomic instability and the ensuing genomic heterogeneity render therapeutic targeting difficult, measurement of the degree and form of genomic instability has considerable potential as a clinical prognostic tool. Keywords: Aneuploidy; Arbitrarily primed PCR and Inter-(Simple Sequence Repeat) PCR; Intrachromosomal Instability; Microsatellite Instability; Spectral Karyotype (SKY)
Association of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 with c-Src correlates with association between c-Src and cortactin.

The initiation of maximal DNA synthesis by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 requires the presence of the growth factor during the entire G0 to G1 transition period of the cell cycle (Zhan, X., Hu, X., Friesel, R., and Maciag, T. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9611-9620). During this time, the phosphorylation of several novel proteins on tyrosine residues occurs, and one of these phosphotyrosyl-containing proteins has been characterized as the murine homolog of the chicken cortactin gene (Zhan, X., Hu, X., Hampton, B., Burgess, W.H., Friesel, R., and Maciag, T. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 24427-24431), a putative substrate for v-Src. We have examined the possibility that FGF-1 employs c-Src or Src-like kinases as signaling intermediates during the mid and late G1 phase of the NIH 3T3 cell cycle using immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis. We have demonstrated that c-Src can associate with cortactin in a FGF-1-dependent manner. We have also demonstrated that a monoclonal antibody prepared against FGF receptor (R)-1 is able to co-precipitate Src-related proteins in lysates from FGF-1-treated NIH 3T3 cells. Furthermore, a kinase-active form of FGFR-1 expressed in a bacterial system was also able to associate with Src kinases in a manner dependent on the phosphorylation status of the FGFR-1 protein. Lastly, the Src homology (SH)-2 domain of v-Src was able to recognize a recombinant form of FGFR-1. Because (i) the association between FGFR-1 and Src-like kinases exhibits kinetics similar to those observed between the Src kinases and cortactin and (ii) the Src-SH2 domain is likely to be involved in the association with FGFR-1, we propose that the association of c-Src with activated FGF receptors may be responsible for the tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin during the mid to late G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Information Flows in Mutual Fund Families

Using a dataset of managers in fund families that offer affiliated funds of mutual funds (AFoMFs), I explore information flows in mutual fund families. I first show that AFoMFs allocate more capital to socially connected funds in the family. I then provide evidence that this investment behavior is information-driven. AFoMF managers increase (decrease) connected fund holdings that subsequently provide positive (negative) abnormal returns, thereby utilizing social connections to extract private information. Finally, I show that, in return for information sharing, AFoMF managers provide liquidity subsidization to connected, distressed funds, suggesting that an implicit contract equilibrium may exist.
Game-Based Curricula in Biology Classes: Differential Effects among Varying Academic Levels

Video games have become a popular medium in our society, and recent scholarship suggests that games can support substantial learning. This study stems from a project in which we created a video game enabling students to use biotechnology to solve a societal problem. As students engaged in the game, they necessarily interacted with the underlying biological principles. The study focused on the extent to which students learned biology concepts in the context of a game-based curriculum. In particular, we explored learning among high school students, stratified across different academic levels (i.e., general, honors, and advanced). We used a pre/post-test repeated measures multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) design and a multi-level assessment strategy with assessments positioned at variable distances from the curriculum to illuminate the nature of student learning and the potential interactions of academic level and learning associated with the game-based curriculum. A total of 647 students from 31 different biology classes, taught by 10 different teachers, participated in the study. Results indicated statistically and practically significant gains in student performance on both a proximal (curriculum-aligned) test and a distal (standards-aligned) exam of biological content knowledge. Students from classes across all three academic levels demonstrated gains with relatively large effect sizes on the proximal test. Whereas the honors and advanced students demonstrated less substantial gains on the distal exam, the general students demonstrated gains of similar effect size on both the proximal and distal assessments. These results suggest that, despite teacher concerns about the potential effectiveness of gaming to support learning among students in lower academic levels, game-based curricula can support learning of important biological content for students of varying academic levels and may, in fact, be most beneficial for lower level students. The affordances of employing a multi-level assessment model for the investigation of innovative curricula are discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 479-499, 2013
An Experimental Investigation Into the Relationship Between Temperature-Time History and Surface Roughness in the Spray Quenching of Aluminum Parts

Repeated heat-quench cycles of Al-1100 samples resulted in increased surface roughness and corresponding shifts in the temperature-time cooling curve towards shorter overall quench periods. Three different types of initial surface roughness were applied to the test samples: polished, particle blasted, and milled finishes. For each of the three test surfaces, cooling curve shifts during repeated heat-quench cycles were accompanied by surface roughening, the shift was smallest with the milled sample. The surface roughness was examined with the aid of scanning electron microscopy, surface contact profilometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface profiles obtained via the profilometer revealed, on a relative basis, significant changes in surface roughness on the polished and particle blasted surfaces but not on the milled (roughest) surface. The roughening was the result of (a) hydrogen diffusion associated with oxidation, (b) oxidation buildup, and, to a lesser extent, (c) expulsion of impurities along dendrite boundaries. The hydrogen diffusion caused localized pressure buildup within the surface and along grain boundaries resulting in the formation of both microscopic (1 to 10 {micro}m) features on the polished and particle blasted surfaces and relatively large (10 to 1,000 {micro}m) bumps and blisters on the particle blasted surface. It is shown how these widemore » spectrum surface roughness features affect cooling rate by (a) raising the Leidenfrost temperature separating the film and transition boiling regimes, (b) increasing the number of boiling sites on the quenched surface, and (c) altering the impact dynamics of the spray drops.« less
Time-resolved fluorescence spectra using time-correlated photon counting: Picosecond fluorescence in aqueous solutions of Cr(III) complexes at room temperature

Abstract A new procedure for measuring time-resolved emission spectra has been implemented. This technique has subnanosecond time resolution combined with the sensitivity and dynamic range needed to cope with extremely weak luminescence. Using this method the emissions of Cr(NH 3 ) 2 (NCS) 4 − and Cr(NCS) 6 3- in aqueous solution at room temperature have each been analyzed into two components. The fast component has a broad spectrum and is assigned to prompt fluorescence with lifetime below 100 ps. The slow component is dominated by phosphorescence but may include some delayed fluorescence. The phosphorescence lifetime is 5.5 ± 0.5 ns in Cr(NH 3 ) 2 (NCS) 4 − and 1.65 ± 0.1 ns in Cr(NCS) 6 3- . Order of magnitude estimates have been derived for other photophysical parameters.
Signals for minimal supergravity at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. II. Multilepton channels.

We use isajet to perform a detailed study of the multilepton signals expected from cascade decays of supersymmetric particle produced at the CERN LHC. Our analysis is performed within the framework of the minimal supergravity model with gauge coupling unification and radiative electroweak symmetry breaking. We delineate the regions of parameter space where jets plus missing energy plus 1, 2 (opposite-sign and same-sign dileptons), and 3 isolated lepton events should be visible above standard model backgrounds. We find that if any ${E}_{T}$ signal at the LHC is to be attributed to gluino and/or squark production, and if ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$ TeV, then several of these signals must be simultaneously observable. Furthermore, assuming 10 ${\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity, we find that the reach for supersymmetry in the $1\ensuremath{\ell}+\mathrm{jets}+{E}_{T}$ channel extends to ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}}\ensuremath{\sim}2300(1600)$ GeV for ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{q}}\ensuremath{\sim}{m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}}({m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{q}}\ensuremath{\sim}1.5{m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{g}})$, and exceeds the corresponding reach in the $0\ensuremath{\ell}+{E}_{T}$ channel. We show that measurements of the various topological cross sections, jet, and $B$-hadron multiplicities in these events, together with the charge asymmetry for single lepton and same-sign dilepton events, and flavor asymmetry for opposite-sign dilepton events, serve to narrow the allowed range of underlying SUGRA parameter values. We also delineate parameter regions where signals with clean isolated dilepton (from slepton production) and trilepton events (from chargino or neutralino production) are visible at the LHC, and examine the extent to which these signals can be separated from other SUSY sources.
A Monte Carlo Simulation Investigating the Validity and Reliability of Ability Estimation in Item Response Theory with Speeded Computer Adaptive Tests

Imposed time limits on computer adaptive tests (CATs) can result in examinees having difficulty completing all items, thus compromising the validity and reliability of ability estimates. In this study, the effects of speededness were explored in a simulated CAT environment by varying examinee response patterns to end-of-test items. Expectedly, ability estimates became increasingly negatively biased as the CAT became more speeded, with the bias magnitude depending on the speededness condition. Ability estimates for higher-ability examinees were also influenced more than estimates for low- and middle-ability examinees with the realistic item pool. This finding is likely linked to test operational characteristics since these results were not replicated with an ideal item pool. In any case, the CAT is relatively robust to the speededness assumption, assuming that only a few items are speeded. Results also suggested that if test developers score the test at the point of speededness, ability estimates remain un...
On the morphology and life-history of Derogenes varicus (Muller, 1784) Looss, 1901 (Trematoda, Hemiuridae).

The cystophorous cercaria ofDerogenes varicus (Muller, 1784) Looss, 1901 (=Cercaria appendiculata Pelseneer, 1906) develops in rediae inNatica spp. The cercaria is able to swim by undulating its furcate appendage. The free-swimming cercaria is eaten by calanoid or harpactacoid copepods. Mechanical pressure of the mouth limbs of the copepod causes the evagination of the long delivery tube, which in free-swimming cercariae is coiled up in the caudal vesicle. The cercarial body is pressed through the delivery tube and injected into the body cavity of the copepod.
Endogenous type C viral gene expression in cultures of fetal diploid baboon cells treated with 5′-bromodeoxyuridine1,2

Abstract Cultures of fetal diploid baboon fibroblasts treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine synthesized protein antigenically related to baboon endogenous type C viral gag gene product, p28. Cellular immunofluorescence studies revealed induction of viral p28 in greater than 10% of treated cells in two baboon cell lines. Radioimmunoassays detected p28 antigenic specificities indistinguishable from those of purified virus [M7 strain of baboon endogenous virus (BEV)]. However, viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase was not detected in culture fluids, and infectious virus was rarely recovered by cocultivation with susceptible heterologous cells. Extracellular particles containing p28 were not readily detected, further indicating that viral gag gene-coded proteins were synthesized independently of whole virus. Normal cultures of the same baboon cells exhibited endogenous expression of a glycoprotein antigenically related to BEV gp70, suggesting differential regulation of the endogenous gag and env gene-coded products. Baboon cell cultures exogenously infected with BEV produced extracellular particles having viral p28 and gp70 as measured by radioimmunoassays of culture fluids. Virus-infected cultures expressed about 0.01% of total lysate protein as p28, whereas bromodeoxyuridine-treated cultures expressed about 0.001% of their protein as p28. Since induced cultures have about 10% positive cells versus close to 100% for infected cultures, the amount of p28 per producing cell was about the same in both cell populations.
Relationship of refractive index to mass density and self-consistency of mixing rules for multicomponent mixtures like ambient aerosols

Abstract This paper focuses on two important yet poorly addressed aspects of ambient aerosols: relationship of refractive index to mass density (index–density relationship) and consistency of the mixing rules used to calculate these two quantities of a multicomponent mixture like ambient aerosols with the index–density relationship. Combined empirical and theoretical analyses show that a denser material generally tends to have a larger refraction index because the applied electric field induces a greater number of electric dipoles, and that the index–density relationship can be described reasonably well by the Lorentz–Lorenz relation. It is shown that the commonly used volume–mean mixing rule for calculating the effective mass density, the Lorentz–Lorenz mixing rule and the molar refraction mixing rule for calculating effective refractive index form a set of mixing rules that are consistent with the Lorentz–Lorenz relation. The molar fraction mixing rule and the Lorentz–Lorenz mixing rule are shown to be equivalent for the Lorentz–Lorenz mixture while the linear volume-mixing rule is an approximation of the Lorentz–Lorenz mixing rule for quasi-homogeneous mixtures wherein the refractive indices of the constituents do not differ much. The results highlight the need for consistency of the mixing rules for calculating the effective refractive index and mass density with the index–density relationship, which not only provides a theoretical guide for judiciously choosing the mixing rules to calculate effective properties of ambient aerosols but also poses new challenges to develop an effective medium theory that applies to more than one quantity. An empirical power-law expression is obtained from the published data that relates the effective specific refractive index to the effective mass density of aerosol particles.
Nasal endoscopy and control of epistaxis.

Purpose of reviewThis review is designed to update the reader on the current state of nasal endoscopy in the control of epistaxis. Recent articles are reviewed and demonstrate recent developments and results.Recent findingsThe use of endoscopy for control of anterior and posterior epistaxis is benef
Do Minority-owned Banks Pay Higher Interest Rates on CDs?

This paper analyzes whether minority-owned banks pass along an advantage in access to governmental deposits to the communities they serve in the form of higher interest rates paid on certificates of deposit (CDs). Although academic evidence has not confirmed increased profitability or efficiency of these banks since the creation of the Minority Bank Deposit Program, their unique positioning within communities may allow them to meet the needs of a clientele with lower and less stable income, and with higher than average expected future deposit withdrawals. Data from the regulatory reports provided by minority and non-minority owned banks are analyzed using five distinct time horizons for CDs. The results suggest that Black-owned banks consistently pay higher interest rates on CDs, with a lower premium for longer-term CDs, and used the premium to cushion the ill effects of the recent financial collapse on their customers. Asian-owned banks provide a smaller premium for short-term CDs, while the remaining category of minority-owned banks, including Native American, Hispanic, and Women-owned banks, also paid a premium on CDs, but shrank that premium substantially following the financial collapse. Note also that minority-owned banks may use this funding advantage in a variety of other ways to serve their respecitive communities.
Duodenocolic fistula due to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

A case of duodenocolic fistula due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma is presented. The causes and clinical and radiographic features of duodenocolic fistulae are discussed.
Studying Fluorescent Proteins in Living Cells: An Application for Segmented Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Fluorescence intensity fluctuations can provide insight into a multitude of molecular properties from localized concentration and transport mechanisms to characteristic rate constants of reactions. These measurements are possible because the movement of particles in solution gives rise to fluctuations in intensity as the fluorescent species traverse the focal volume. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a specialized technique for studying these fluctuations and provides high spatial resolution analysis of molecules at low concentrations.In homogeneous or even quasi-homogeneous samples, the molecular motions that give rise to these fluctuations are directly related to the molecule of interest. However in more complex environments such as the cell cytosol, there can be an abundance of autofluorescent material, or environment-induced aggregation of the labeled proteins of interest. These sparse, but larger fluorescent species distort the correlation curve by emitting large bursts of photons as they move through the observation region. To overcome this limitation we have developed segmented-FCS (sFCS). In sFCS, the raw data stream is screened for bursts of photons arising from large species allowing the uncontaminated data segments to be isolated. These small segments of the photon stream are then correlated, averaged and analyzed to provide insight into the fluorescent species of interest.We conducted measurements in RBL-2H3 cells stably transfected with GFP using lab built hardware and software. The customized setup is an economical and efficient solution for a variety of fluorescence measurements and is well suited for the post-acquisition software-based correlation of data. In addition, simulated data confirms the robustness of the sFCS protocol. Our data demonstrates that sFCS can accurately measure concentration and characteristic diffusion rate in contaminated signals and provides a solution for studying fluorescence fluctuations in cells.(NIH/NCI R01 CA116583 and NIH/NIBIB P41 RR04224.)
Radar Detection of Phobos

Radar echoes from the martian satellite Phobos provide information about that object's surface properties at scales near the 3.5-cm observing wavelength. Phobos appears less rough than the moon at centimeter-to-decimeter scales. The uppermost few decimeters of the satellite's regolith have a mean bulk density within 20 percent of 2.0 g/cu cm. The radar signature of Phobos (albedo, polarization ratio, and echo spectral shape) differs from signatures measured for small, earth-approaching objects, but resembles those of large (greater than 100-km), C-class, mainbelt asteroids.
Right ventricular adaptation to pressure overload.

Purpose of reviewPressure overload of the right ventricle results in right ventricular failure and death. Identifying right ventricular dysfunction at less severe stages, which would allow for more effective intervention, has been limited largely due to complex three-dimensional geometry, complex le
What is readily available during reading? A memory‐based view of text processing

Previous research has demonstrated that readers routinely maintain both local and global coherence. Four experiments are presented that test 2 views of how relevant global information becomes readily available to the reader. According to 1 view, readers make use of discourse pointers. These pointers restrict reactivation of backgrounded information to information that is scenario relevant. In contrast, according to the memory‐based text processing view, backgrounded information becomes available through a passive, fast‐acting resonance process. Information becomes available as a function of its degree of featural overlap with the current contents of working memory; relevance of that information is not a factor. The results of all 4 experiments demonstrated that backgrounded information became readily available to the reader if it shared features in common with the current contents of working memory. This occurred independent of whether the information was relevant or thematically related; comprehension wa...
Directions for Research Within Health Communication

(1989). Directions for Research Within Health Communication. Health Communication: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35-40.
Novel Resin-Based Ultrapurification System for Reprocessing IPA in the Semiconductor Industry

There is an urgent need for the development of energy-efficient recycling and ultrapurification processes for 2-propanol solvent wastes generated from the semiconductor industry. In this paper, experimental results are presented that set the stage for the development of efficient resin-based closed-loop recycling systems for 2-propanol drying applications in the semiconductor industry. The process employs ion exchange resins to reduce cations and anions to low and sub-part-per-billion levels. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out in 2-propanol to determine the adsorption isotherms of various ions on commercially available ion exchange resins. The results indicate that ion exchange resins indeed have both high affinity and capacity for ions in the relatively nonpolar 2-propanol solvent. Under dynamic flow conditions, columns of appropriate column diameter and length packed with the resins were indeed capable of reducing ionic impurities to low parts-per-billion levels. In fact, long-term experiment...
Effect of moderate to very low fat defined formula diets on serum lipids in healthy subjects

Serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were studied in healthy male and female subjects consuming for one-week periods a diet of conventional food (CF) providing 42% of energy as fat, principally butter fat, and then in random order nutritionally complete, defined formula diets of moderate (32%) to very low (1%) fat content. Compared to CF, the formula with 32% of energy as corn oil lowered serum cholesterol by 25% and the ratio of total to HDL-cholesterol by 13%. Low (9%) and very low (1–3%) fat formulas reduced HDL-cholesterol by as much as 40%, raised the total: HDL-cholesterol ratio by about 20% and raised serum triglyceride levels by as much as 100%. When low and very low fat formulas were ingested for three weeks, these effects persisted although maximal responses occurred during the first week. These results demonstrated that a moderate fat formula diet with a high P/S ratio had a more favorable effect on serum lipid levels than various low fat formulas. Low fat conventional food diets should be studied in long-term controlled metabolic experiments before such diets are recommended to the general population for coronary heart disease or cancer prevention.
The Exclusion of Limnetic Cladocera from Turbid Glacier-Meltwater Lakes

.Abstract. Glacial lakes, turbid (-5 nephleometric turbidity units) with suspended particles (1-30 Atm), have both lower May-November levels of chlorophyll a and temperatures compared to nonglacial systems. Macro-zooplankton densities are also lower and dominated by Cyclops and Diaptomus. Extensive surveys showed that, regardless of the presence or absence of planktivorous fish, filter-feeding cladocerans (e.g., Bosmina, Daphnia, and Holopedium) were only absent from the limnetic zooplankton community of the glacial lakes. Both laboratory and in situ biochamber experiments demonstrated that turbidity reduced Daphnia survival and recruitment. Nondiscriminating filter feeders ingest glacial silt (average diameter of 11 m) because the size-range overlaps that of the phytoplankton. We speculate that such an inefficient foraging strategy, especially when silt levels are high and algal numbers low, lowers energy extractable from ingested food below maintenance levels. Thus, the limnetic macro-zooplankton community of most Alaskan glacial lakes is restricted to either the selective herbivore Diaptomus and the raptorial feeding Cyclops, or to just Cyclops.
Influence of Mechanical Properties Relevant to Standoff Deflection of Hazardous Asteroids

Abstract The National Academy has recently produced reports on the potential hazard and mitigation strategies for near Earth objects (NEO) [1] , [2] . The NRC reported to Congress that nuclear explosives are the only current technology to protect the Earth from impact of large asteroids. This is mainly due to difficulties in predicting the impact with high confidence leading to a short time to impact. Thus, the velocity deflection required when they are determined to be potentially hazardous asteroids (PHA) can only be achieved with nuclear explosives. A standoff explosion, without direct contact with the Near Earth Object (NEO) is a robust option for a non-destructive push, which offers several advantages. We have investigated the efficiency of energy deposition and its dependence on porosity and strength properties of NEO. An Eulerian hydrocode (GEODYN) with an interface reconstruction algorithm, wide-range equation of states and a flexible constitutive model library was used for numerical studies. The largest difficulties in predicting deflection velocity and fragmentation of asteroids are related to uncertainty in composition and mechanical properties of NEO. To reduce this uncertainty, we performed simulations of normal impact cratering of an NEO surface and related results with observables such as the crater shapes, the critical crater diameter (necessary to remove previous craters) and the maximum crater size (necessary for asteroid break-up). The velocity distribution of the material ejected from the impact crater is also germane to the asteroid deflection problem where the ablated material provides the thrust resulting in a deflection velocity. We performed parametric studies on how porosity and strength of the asteroid would affect these results.
EVALUATION OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN AND PYRIDOXIN ADMINISTRATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

The principle objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan/pyridoxin administration upon the motor, social, language and intellectual development of young children with Down Syndrome. Infants with Down Syndrome were assigned in random fashion to Che placebo, pyridoxin, 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan/pyridoxin groups.
Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female.

Abstract Background Though paratubal and paraovarian cysts are rare in adolescent females, the influence of post-menarchal hormonal stimulation on these tubal derivates can produce large and clinically significant adnexal pathology. Ovarian torsion secondary to paratubal cysts is rare due to the cyst’s location and ipsilateral recurrence is uncommon. Case We report a case of an 11-year-old female with a large right paratubal cyst causing ovarian torsion on two separate occasions within one year and our approach to surgical management. Conclusion Excision of a paratubal or paraovarian cyst that causes ovarian torsion is necessary to decrease the risk of cyst recurrence and ovarian torsion in the future. Timely diagnosis and treatment of ovarian torsion enables preservation of ovarian function and patient fertility.
Moral judgment and attitudes toward authority of political resisters

Abstract In an exploration of the personal basis of resistance to authority, moral judgment and attitudes toward authority were examined in 183 men and women political resisters, including antinuclear, draft registration, and tax resisters, and anarchists, and compared to 34 liberal and 29 conservative activists. The measures used were the Defining Issues Test and a specially designed attitude survey. As predicted, the differences between resisters and nonresisters were in the realm of cognitive beliefs and values. Strong rejection of political and social authority, a belief that individual conscience is a better guide to conduct than the law, a professed unwillingness to be in positions of authority over others, and a lack of conventional religious affiliation significantly differentiated the resisters from the nonresisters. The resisters also measured high in level of moral judgment but were significantly different only from the conservatives.
Recursive automorphisms of recursive linear orderings

Abstract We characterize by classical order type those recursive linear orderings L such that every classically isomorphic recursive copy R of L has a non-identity recursive automorphism.
Macro Creatine Kinase Type 1: A Cause of Spuriously Elevated Serum Creatine Kinase Associated With Leukoencephalopathy in a Child

Macro creatine kinase type 1 is a complex formed by the creatine kinase isoenzyme BB and monoclonal IgG and occurs in about 1% of patients studied. First identified as a cause of spurious elevation of the total serum creatine kinase in patients suspected of myocardial infarction, the test has been largely replaced by the measurement of troponin levels. We present a child with delayed milestones and persistently elevated total serum creatine kinase measurements (∼ 1000-4000 IU) normal electromyogram and brisk myotatic reflexes. Creatine kinase isoenzymes and brain imaging showed the presence of macro creatine kinase type 1 and extensive signal abnormality of the cerebral white matter. Macro creatine kinase type 1 has been associated with several conditions though it has not been described in association with leukoencephalopathy or in patients this young. Macro creatine kinase type 1 can be a cause of elevated total creatine kinase in patients without primary muscle disease. The significance of the relationship of the macro creatine kinase to the leukoencephalopathy in this patient is unknown.
Simulation and optimization of the ohmic processing of highly viscous food product in chambers with sidewise parallel electrodes

Abstract Three dimensional numerical simulations of ohmic heating (OH) of highly viscous chicken chow mein sauce in typical and modified pilot scale ohmic heating chambers with sidewise parallel electrodes arrangement were undertaken. The fully coupled momentum, electrostatic and energy transfer partial differential equations were solved using commercial finite element modeling (FEM) software. The residence time (RT) of sauce in the OH treatment chambers was studied by solving the convection and diffusion equation for a tracer species injected in the system. The key parameters affecting the process, including electrical conductivity, σ, thermal conductivity, k, specific heat capacitance, Cp, density, ρ and viscosity, η, were measured experimentally. For the model validation, the predicted current delivered by each generator and temperatures in selected locations were compared with those obtained from trials performed under the same conditions. A good agreement was observed between experimental and simulated data with the coefficients of determination R2 = 0.987.
Mitigation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act: where it comes from, what it means

The requirement to mitigate impacts to wetlands and streams is a frequently misunderstood policy with a long and complicated history. We narrate the history of mitigation since the inception of the Clean Water Act Section 404 permit program in 1972, through struggles between the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Army Corps of Engineers, through the emerging importance of wetland conservation on the American political landscape, and through the rise of market-based approaches to environmental policy. Mitigation, as it is understood today, was not initially foreseen as a component of the Section 404 permitting program, but was adapted from 1978 regulations issued by the Council on Environmental Quality as a way of replacing the functions of filled wetlands where permit denials were unlikely. EPA and the Corps agreed in 1990 to define mitigation as the three steps of avoidance, minimization, and compensation, principles which must be applied to permit decisions in the form of the environmental criteria in EPA’s 404(b)(1) Guidelines. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the compensation component of mitigation has become nearly the sole focus of mitigation policy development, and has been the subject of numerous guidance documents and memoranda since 1990. Avoidance and minimization have received far less policy attention, and this lack of policy development may represent a missed opportunity to implement effective wetland conservation.
The effect of prednisolone and prednisone on the oxygen uptake of inflamed tissue.

Inflammation was induced in rats by injecting air followed by a solution of croton oil in corn oil under the skin of the backs of the animals. Forty‐eight hours after the injection of the croton oil some of the animals received 5.0 mg. of prednisone or prednisolone by injection into the inflamed area. Forty‐eight hours after injection of the steroids the animals were sacrificed, the inflamed tissue was removed, homogenized, and the Qo 2 determined by conventional manometric techniques. Some of the animals received no steroids and served as the controls. It was found that tissue from the animals treated with the steroids showed a higher Qo 2 than did tissue from animals which received no steroids. The results were found to be statistically significant.