cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the concentration of the toxic 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorobiphenylene in air after an electrical material fire

Abstract It is known that when fires or explosions involve electrical systems, along with PCDDs and PCDFs, polychlorinated biphenylenes (PCBPs) are also produced. These chlorinated tricyclic aromatic pollutants were noticed in fire rubbles and after the World Trade Center destruction. However, the analytical difficulties in developing an efficient method have limited the knowledge of their environmental distribution. In light of the equipotency of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP and 2,3,7,8-TeCDD, PCBPs call for more accurate investigations. In this paper, for the first time, the level and persistence of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP have been investigated in air samples (both indoor and outdoor) after a fire broke out in an industrial building. GC–MS/MS analysis revealed that 2,3,6,7-TeCBP concentrations after the fire (3046 fg/m3 at the “epicentre”) were remarkably higher than that of the 2,3,7,8-TeCDD. Moreover, the monitoring for over two years has demonstrated the persistent nature of this compound. 2,3,6,7-TeCBP was also analyzed in two different ambient air scenario: industrial and periurban areas and in both cases its concentrations were no matter of concern, confirming the correlation of 2,3,6,7-TeCBP with fire episodes. Collectively, 2,3,6,7-TeCBP, because of its toxicity, concentration and persistence, is a crucial compound in the evaluation of the health effects correlated with fires of electrical systems.
Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Receiving a Pelvic Examination or Pap Testing Under the Age of 21 Years.

Abstract Purpose Current guidelines recommend that individuals receive their first Pap test at age 21 years and only receive a pelvic examination before age 21 years for clinical indications. We sought to determine the prevalence and associated covariates of receiving a pelvic examination or Pap test before 21 years of age. Methods We analyzed the 2013–2015 National Survey of Family Growth. We conducted bivariate analyses comparing individuals who had and had not had a pelvic examination or Pap test and multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with having a pelvic examination or Pap test under 21 years. Results This study included 1,170 individuals. Of respondents, 30.8% received a pelvic examination and 25.1% received a Pap test before 21 years of age. Receiving a pelvic examination was associated with being sexually active (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 6.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8–11.7), having ever taken contraceptive pills (aOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6–4.1) compared with no contraceptive method, and being screened for sexually transmitted infections in the past 12 months (aOR: 12.6, 95% CI: 7.3–21.8). Receiving a Pap test was also associated being sexually active (aOR: 7.2, 95% CI: 3.7–14.0), having ever taken contraceptive pills (aOR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.9–4.7) compared with no contraceptive method, and being screened for sexually transmitted infections in the past 12 months (aOR: 8.94, 95% CI: 5.12–15.61). Conclusions Contrary to contemporary guidelines, a notable proportion of individuals under the age of 21 years continues to receive pelvic examinations and Pap testing.
The Southern California Lupus Registry: I. Baseline characteristics of lupus patients in uncharted territory.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the baseline characteristics of a multi-ethnic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort in Southern California established with the intent of addressing regi...
Treatment response in the intact primary renal mass (P-Rmass) and its relationship to the overall response to treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).

329Background: With the approval of more effective systemic treatments (syst Rx) such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), the impact of cytoreductive nephrec...
Psy-disciplines, Cybernetic Theory, and the Social Control of Human Subjects: Review of Cybernetic Psychology and Mental Health: A Circular Logic of Control Beyond the Individual, by Timothy J. Beck, Routledge, 2020, 176 pp. 978-0367252946 (e-book)

Though it is common for those in the “psy-disciplines” (psychology, psychiatry, social work, et al.) to concern themselves with the effects of technology—social media in particular—on mental well-b...
Be careful where you aim: craniomaxillofacial trauma from the utility of metal hammers

A hammer is a popular tool among the “do it yourself” (DIY) population who pursue home-improvement projects. While we are aware that hammers have health hazards, no study has yet to explore the craniomaxillofacial injuries that could arise from the use of hammers. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of craniomaxillofacial injuries from hammers. This is a 20-year cross-sectional study conducted using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Injuries from hammers were included in this study if they involved the head, face, eyeball, mouth, or ear. The study predictor was the mechanism of injury. The study outcome was the admission rate from the emergency department (ED) and anatomical site injured. Patient and injury characteristics were compared using chi-squared and independent sample tests. Our final sample had a total of 2967 hammer-induced injuries. Most of the sample consisted of white (55.3%) males (80.2%). Summer was the most injury-congested season (30.1%). The majority of the patients were over the age of 18 (65.6%). Laceration (47.3%) was the most common primary diagnosis, followed by contusion/abrasion (21.9%). The head (42.9%) was the most commonly injured craniomaxillofacial region followed by the face (29.0%). Craniomaxillofacial injury most frequently transpired at the patient’s home (63.6%). Concerning the mechanism of injury, accidentally self-induced injuries with a hammer were the most common (32.4%). Patients who were injured from the debris were more likely (P < 0.01) to be admitted (7.6%) relative to patients who were not (2.5%). The head was most likely to get injured from a falling hammer (P < 0.01). The face was most likely to get injured through accidental self-injury (P < 0.01). The eyeball was most likely to get injured from debris (P < 0.01). The mouth was, similar to the face, most likely to get injured through accidental self-injury (P < 0.01). Craniomaxillofacial injuries secondary to hammers illustrated a predilection to the head. Hammer falling from a height was most likely to injure the head. Debris from hammer strikes was the most dangerous mechanism of injury and was most likely to injure the eyeball. Hence, the authors urge the use of protective gear for the head (i.e., helmet) and eyeball (i.e., glasses) when handling hammers for constructive purposes.
Discrete Event Simulation: State of the Art

Discrete event simulation technologies have been extensively used by industry and academia to deal with various industrial problems. By late 1990s, the discrete event simulation was in doldrums as global manufacturing industries went through radical changes. The simulation software industry also went through consolidation. The changes have created new problems, challenges and opportunities to the discrete event simulation. This paper reviews the discrete event simulation technologies; discusses challenges and opportunities presented by both global manufacturing and the knowledge economy. The authors believe that discrete event simulation remains one of the most effective decision support tools but much need to be done in order to address new challenges. To this end, the paper calls for development of a new generation of discrete event simulation software.
Herbicide-Based Weed Management Programs in Erect, Thornless Blackberry

Field studies were conducted in 2009/2010 and 2011 in North Carolina to determine the influence of herbicide-based weed management programs on weed control and blackberry tolerance. Treatments consisted of five programs with a late fall-early winter herbicide application followed by (fb) an early spring herbicide application: flumioxazin fb flumioxazin, simazine fb terbacil, terbacil fb oryzalin plus simazine, norflurazon fb oryzalin plus simazine, and terbacil fb S-metolachlor plus simazine. A sixth program consisted of winter-applied dichlobenil. Crop tolerance and weed control were recorded at the physiological crop stages of budbreak, flowering, and harvest.
The Making of Mexican Migrant Youth Civic Identities: Transnational Spaces and Imaginaries

This article examines how Mexican youth's civic identities are being made in school and community settings in relation to discourses and practices of immigration. Taking a transnational approach, we argue that Mexican youth civic identities are an embodiment of security and fear, freedom and vulnerability. The discourse and practices of immigration essentialize their identities racially, while the youth seek to negotiate and create alternative identities. [civic identities, transnationalism, immigration, Mexican youth]
A mathematical procedure to estimate the impact of a change in method on discordance or misclassification at a decision limit in laboratory method comparison studies.

Abstract Background Laboratories often adopt new methods. It would be useful to have a statistical procedure to estimate the incremental impact of a change in assay. Methods Mathematical modeling, statistical analysis, and case example. Results We derived equations to estimate the proportion of discordant results that can be attributed to the new laboratory method. The calculations were demonstrated by comparing eGFR values based on creatinine values determined using the enzymatic method (existing method) and Jaffe method (new method). The discordance rate at the 60 ml/min eGFR decision limit was 3.15%. In this example, we estimated that 60% of the discordant results could be attributed to the Jaffe method. Conclusion The sources of discordance in a laboratory method comparison study can be divided into three categories: The baseline discordance due to imprecision in the established method, the incremental discordance due to imprecision in the new method, and lack of analytical specificity. Discordance due to imprecision can be attributed to each individual method. Discordance due to bias can be attributed to individual methods if information is available to estimate the rate of biased observations in either method. Such information can be used to estimate the incremental cost effectiveness associated with the adoption of a new method.
Quantification of myocardial oxygen consumption with 17O-CMR: initial study

Background Impaired myocardial oxygenation leading to ischemia is central to the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease and an important contributor to other common cardiovascular disease conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, renal heart disease and valvular heart disease. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can quantify myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), but has limited applications due to its relatively low spatial resolution, high cost, and ionizing radiation. Purpose
Aligned Co-Co2 Si eutectics

The addition of W, Ta, or Al to Co-rich Co-Si alloys suppresses the formation of Co3Si and produces stable eutectics between the Co2Si and the Co-rich solid-solution phase. The Co-Si-W and Co-Si-Ta alloys solidified as three-phase eutectics. The Co-Si-Al alloy solidified as a two-phase eutectic, but a third phase precipitated on cooling. Interesting morphological changes were produced by epitaxial precipitation of Co2Si from solid solution during cooling.
Synthesis and 1H-NMR spectra of 1,1-dideutero- and 2,2-dideutero-4-phenylbutane

The specifically deuterated bromides PhCH2CH2CD2CH2Br and PhCH2CH2CH2CD2Br have been prepared in good yields and high isotopic purity. The halides have been used to prepare the corresponding organomagnesium halides and then the solvated triorganochromium compounds. The NMR spectra and C-D stretching frequencies of the deuterated alkyl halides and of all the intermediates involved in their syntheses are recorded.
Increasing Exotropia and Decreasing Vision in a School-aged Boy

An 8-year-old boy presented with bilateral visual loss and an increasing exotropia, and later developed deteriorating school performance. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed bilateral, symmetric, T2, and FLAIR white matter abnormalities in the parieto-occipital regions. Elevated serum very long chain fatty acids confirmed the diagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the diagnosis in boys with visual loss, hyperactivity, behavioral changes, and deterioration in school performance. Visual loss may be the presenting or predominant feature in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Personal and Professional Growth Realized: A Self-Study of Curriculum Design and Implementation in a Secondary Science Classroom

This study focuses on the experience of designing and implementing an action research-based curriculum in a secondary science classroom. By systematically examining ourselves and our practices, we brought to light beliefs and values that were realized through this process, came to a deeper understanding of our own learning, and developed new awareness as teachers and researchers. Here, we provide our perspective on how the process of curriculum design and implementation facilitated our personal and professional growth, and we share this as an example of how teacher educators and kindergarten through grade 12 teachers can position one another as generators and disseminators of knowledge through collaborative self-study to inform their own and others' teaching practices.
Involvement and joking in conversation

Abstract This paper seeks to relate involvement and joking in conversation through close investigation of passages from everyday talk. Conversationalists maintain involvement - or the coherent give and take of talk in interaction - by signaling their understanding of and attitudes toward their jointly constructed discourse. Joking impinges on involvement in various ways, affecting coherence at the micro-level, expressing both rapport and aggression, and reframing the interaction as play. Thus word play tends to disrupt topical turn-by-turn coherence, though it signals rapport overall, just as exchanging personal anecdotes enhances positive affect. Sarcasm and mocking seem to signal negative affect, but even these aggressive forms of joking reframe the interaction as play like the other joking strategies, so they end up conveying solidarity and modulating involvement, especially among conversationalists who maintain a customary joking relationship.
Phase Equilibria and Interstitial Effects in the Ti-V-Mo Alloy System

The stability of theβ phase in the Ti-V, Ti-Mo, and Ti-V-Mo alloy systems was investi-gated, and theβ/α + β phase boundaries in these systems were determined in the range 300 to 600° C. The results indicate that Mo is more potent than V in stabilizing theβ phase with respect to α phase formation and in retarding the β → α reaction kinetics. It is shown that increasing the oxygen concentration in the alloys tends to enhance α phase formation in Mo-lean alloys (Mo contents < 15 wt pct), whereas it leads to the formation of an oxide phase in Mo-rich alloys (Mo contents ≥15 wt pct).
Optimal Abdominal Incision for Partial Hepatectomy: Increased Late Complications with Mercedes-type Incisions Compared to Extended Right Subcostal Incisions

Introduction The optimal abdominal incision for partial hepatectomy has not been established.
Transient microwave induced neurosensory reactions during superficial hyperthermia treatment.

Abstract A pattern of neural anomaly has emerged in 10 of the 200 patients treated with ionizing external beam radiation and 915 MHz microwave induced hyperthermia for superficial malignancies. Patients report various sensations in parts of the body which not only are far removed from the treated area, but also are not generated through pathways in the treated areas. The most common sensation was a numbness and tingling in the ipsilateral arm when the chest was being treated. In each case, the applicator was at least three aperture widths from the axilla; the angle with the axilla was approximately 90°, and the applicator was angled from 90–180 degrees to the affected arm. In each case, the sensation was only appreciated when the microwave energy was present. There was no correlation of sensation with level of power application. The sensation would saturate at power densities far below those used to achieve therapeutic heating. One patient reported such a severe “burning” sensation in the arm at the lowest measurable power from the generator that further treatment was discontinued. Only one patient had a demonstrable motor deficit. These effects were patient specific and repeated from treatment to treatment in at least two-thirds of the treatment sessions. Sensitive patients were sporadically distributed throughout the patient population.
A UPS and XPS investigation of the adsorption of sulfur on Mo(100): Adsorption site and lateral interactions

UV and X-ray photoemission spectroscopies have been used to study the sulfided Mo(100) surfaces, augmenting existing LEED, AES, TDS and work-function results. The results show that photoelectron spectroscopy is capable of distinguishing sulfur atoms chemisorbed in different sites at the Mo(100) surface by careful examination of the binding energies of the adlayer photoemission peaks. A model for the adsorbate-adsorbate interaction within the ordered sulfur overlayers is used to discuss the structure of these overlayers. At sulfur coverages 2 is shown to require diagonally adjacent four-fold hollow sites.
Late stenosis of bowel segment of ileac conduit (pipe-stem loop)

Abstract Two cases of stenosis of the intraperitoneal bowel segment of an ileac conduit, “pipe stem loop” have occurred between two and five years after the surgery. The long time interval between surgery and appearance of the stenosis makes the ischemic etiology difficult to explain. A retrograde ileostogram is required to establish the diagnosis. Surgical correction by creating a new loop or a more conservative operation gives satisfactory results.
Shriners Hospital Library Rocks On with the Rosetta Stone

This article addresses the need for health sciences libraries and hospital libraries in particular to be proactive in providing resources for learning a foreign language. Shriners Hospitals for Children–Tampa began using the Rosetta Stone program in the library in September of 2008. The installation of this program for employees facilitated learning a new language in the workplace setting in a fun and convenient way.
Aeolian tones associated with resonant vibration

Measurements of oscillating lift coefficient, spanwise correlation length, Strouhal number, and radiated sound intensity were made on the same cylinder under the same test conditions over a Reynolds number range of 4000 to 6450. These measurements verified that the Curle theory of dipole radiation as expressed by Phillips for the Aeolian tone holds for a cylinder resonantly excited by a periodic wake in air. For small amplitude vibration, the increase of the oscillating lift coefficient with Reynolds number accounts for the increase of sound intensity.
Measurement of mar resistance and study of marring mechanism of polymeric coatings with scanning probe microscope

A scanning probe microscope (SPM) equipped with a custom-made probe, consisting of a diamond tip and rectangular tungsten cantilever, was used to measure the mar resistance of crosslinked polymeric surface coatings at micron and submicron scales. The term “mar” is used to describe the surface damage of coatings, which may not be readily noticeable individually, however, the existence of many mars does degrade the appearance of coatings. Good mar resistance is a requirement for many coatings applications. With the unique high resolution of the SPM, the dimension of the mars can be measured with great accuracy, thus different responses of coatings to the marring stress, i.e., elastic recovery, plastic deformation, and abrasive wear, can be identified quantitatively. In addition, the dynamic process of marring, including viscoelastic creep, strain-hardening, micro-cracking, and surface fatigue, has also been studied with the SPM.
A Chemical Langevin Equation with Non-Gaussian Noise†

The noise that appears in the Langevin equation for “well-stirred” chemical reactions is found by considering how one would do a “gedanken” computer simulation of the reaction. The noise is not Gaussian.
Coping and sensitivity to aversive events

To test further the sensitivity to aversive events hypothesis, males and females varying in level of depressed mood listened to positive, negative, and neutral social scenes while psychophysiological measurements were obtained. In addition, the relations among response styles, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment were examined. Results indicated that only dysphoric females responded in ways consistent with the sensitivity hypothesis, exhibiting greater electrodermal responses to negative social scenes compared to nondysphoric females. No differences in psychophysiological sensitivity were found between dysphoric and nondysphoric males. Dysphoric students engaged in more ruminative type responses in reaction to their depressed mood and reported using more avoidant coping strategies in response to stress. In particular, females utilized more ruminative strategies in response to a depressed mood and more emotion-focused coping strategies in response to stressful events in general. The implications for these results are discussed within a diathesis-stress framework.
Throughput and average inventory in discrete balanced assembly systems

We consider an assembly system consisting of two input machines and an assembly machine, with finite buffers between each input machine and the assembly machine, where all machines operate at deterministic and equal rates, and input machines are subject to random failures. Under the assumption that probabilities of failure and repair are constant during each cycle time (i.e., failure times and repair times are geometric random variables), we derive the steady-state average throughput and inventories for the system.
IBM Enterprise Systems multimode fiber optic technology

This paper describes the first implementation of optical fiber technology for the I/O channel connections of the IBM Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON™) Architecture™. The ESCON optical link line rate is 200 megabits per second and is capable of transmission over distances of 3 km. The link is composed of a serializer, electro-optic transmitter, duplex fiber optic cable, electro-optic receiver, and deserializer. The serializer and deserializer respectively perform the conversions from parallel to serial and serial to parallel formats. The clock which is used to retime the serial data in the deserializer is extracted from the encoded serial signal using a phase-locked loop (PLL) technique. The optical link technology selected to achieve the data processing system requirements is InGaAsP/InP 1300-nm LED, InGaAsP/InP PIN photodiode, and multimode optical fiber. A duplex fiber jumper cable is designed with a rugged, low-profile, polarized connector, with a unique protective cap which recedes as it is mated. The optical link loss budget is determined by dividing the link into two major categories: available optical power and cable plant loss. The link design ensures that the minimum available power is greater than the maximum cable plant loss. The design parameters and trade-offs of the optical link are discussed in this paper. Unique measurement techniques and tools to ensure reliable and consistent link performance are described.
Cloning and expression of the MspI restriction and modification genes.

SUMMARY The genes for the MspI restriction (R) and modification enzymes (recognition sequence CCGG) have been cloned into Escherichiu coli using the vector pBR322. Clones carrying both genes have been isolated from libraries prepared with EcoRI, HindIII and BarnHI. The smallest fragment that encodes both activities is a 3.6kb Hind111 fragment. Plasmids purified from the clones are fully resistant to digestion by M$pI, indicating that the modification gene is functional in E. coli. The clones remain sensitive to phage infection, however, indicating that the endonuclease is dysfunctional. When the R gene is brought under the control of the inducible leftward promoter from phage R, the level of endonuclease increases and the level of methylase decreases, suggesting that the genes are transcribed in opposite directions.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome, Visceral Angiomatosis and Thrombocytopenia

Abstract This report is thought to be the first documented case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with visceral angiomatosis, both gastrointestinal and genitourinary, including the retroperitoneal space and genitalia. Despite persistent hemorrhage from multiple hemangiomata, thrombocytopenia remained mild and coagulation problems failed to develop.
Problem statements in seven LIS journals: An application of the Hernon/Metoyer-Duran attributes

Problem statements are an important component of research writings. Using the attributes of problem statements identified and discussed by P. Hernon and C. Metoyer-Duran, a content analysis of seven journals in the discipline of library and information science was performed. This article examines the results of this content analysis. The presence of problem statement attributes in the writings of a particular journal may provide guidance to those who are learning to write research proposals or articles and those who teach research methods courses by providing useful examples.
Expression of the platelet‐derived growth factor β receptor during organogenesis and tissue differentiation in the mouse embryo

In this study we used in situ hybridization to localize expression of the platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGF beta) receptor mRNA during organogenesis in the mouse embryo (E 9.5-16.5). Expression was first seen in periaortic mesenchyme (E 9.5-10.5). Later (E 12.5-E 16.5), the receptor was expressed in the mesenchymal component of many developing tissues and organs, particularly derivatives of the primitive gut. The expression was exceptionally high in mesenchyme directly supporting an epithelium, typical of many developing organs such as the trachea and intestine. However, as the mesenchyme differentiated into smooth muscle, PDGF beta receptor mRNA was no longer detected. The expression of the PDGF beta receptor mRNA in mesenchymal components of developing organs, along with its absence in epithelial tissues, indicates that it may play a role in mesenchymal-epithelial interactions during organ development. Somewhat unexpectedly, the PDGF beta receptor was highly expressed in the endothelium of small blood vessels and vascular structures such as the hyaloid plexus and choroid plexus. In large blood vessels, PDGF beta receptor mRNA was found in the mesenchyme surrounding the endothelium. This suggests that the PDGF beta receptor is involved in growth and development of blood vessels.
Electron Emission and Diffraction by a Copper Crystal

Correlation between changes in slope of secondary electron curve, and position of diffraction beams.---A narrow beam of electrons of variable speed is incident normally on the (100) face of a copper crystal. Measurements of the total secondary electron current are obtained under the same conditions as the angular distribution of scattered electrons for bombarding potentials from 0 to 250 volts, and after the crystal has been thoroughly degassed at red heat in an exceptionally good vacuum. The total secondary electron curve shows two maxima at 3 and 10.5 volts, respectively, and many sudden changes in slope in the region between 10.5 and 250 volts. Intense beams of full-speed electrons are found to issue from the crystal at such voltages as to account for the maxima, and for many of the changes in slope. Other beams are to be expected in the direction of the normal to the crystal, and hence are outside the solid angle of observation; they, however, contribute to the total secondary current, and appear sufficient to account for the remaining changes in slope. It thus appears that changes in the electron emission at potentials corresponding to energy levels within the atom are, at most, relatively unimportant in the production of sudden changes in slope in this region.Diffraction beams.---With two exceptions, all of the expected diffraction beams which are the x-ray analogues in the two principal azimuths, and in the range below 250 volts are found. In addition, 20 sets of beams are found, 12 of which satisfy the conditions required by a wave of one-half the length given by $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{h}{\mathrm{mv}}$, or by a double grating spacing. These beams appear not to be due to gas. A temperature effect is observed for both types of beams. One additional set of beams at 3 volts does not appear in either of the two principal azimuths, and is not accurately reproducible. Most of the beams are very intense and sharp. In the case of a 70-volt beam, the background scattering of full-speed electrons in azimuth under the best vacuum conditions is found to be only 4.3 percent of the maximum intensity of the beam.Refractive index.---Both types of classified beams require a refractive index greater than unity. The value of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, however, in the expression $\ensuremath{\mu}={(1+\frac{\ensuremath{\varphi}}{V})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is not constant, but increases from 6 or 7 volts for beams at the lowest voltages to about 25 volts for the beams above 200 volts.Energy of scattered electrons.---After making correction for an error inherent in the method of measurement, it appears that the diffraction beams are composed entirely of full-speed electrons. These electrons in the case of the 70 volt beam comprise about 50 percent of all the electrons moving in the direction of the beam. Evidence of a selective angular distribution of emitted electrons, differing from that of the scattered electrons, is also obtained.
On Putting Holism in MS: A Response to Raitt's Characterization of Systems Thinking

Robert A. Raitt has recently written an interesting and challenging article concerning the limitations of OR/MS and the systems approach [Raitt, Robert A. 1974. Must we revolutionize our methodology? Interfaces4 2, February 1--10.]. I take little exception with what Raitt has to say about OR/MS. Indeed, I applaud his outspoken and perceptive observations. OR/MS have not developed much beyond the burst of creative activity surrounding their birth some twenty odd years ago. OR/MS have limited themselves to a range of narrow problems, methodologies, and interests. Where I do take exception is regarding Raitt's characterization of the systems approach. In my view, Raitt has seriously misconstrued some of the fundamental philosophical premises underlying the systems approach. These premises are so fundamental that it is important to correct Raitt's misinterpretation of them. At the very least, it is important to respond to Raitt's view of these premises.
Damage Detection in Thin Plates and Aerospace Structures with the Electro-Mechanical Impedance Method:

The use of the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance method for health monitoring of thin plates and aerospace structures is described. As a nondestructive evaluation technology, the E/M impedance method allows us to identify the local dynamics of the structure directly through the E/M impedance signatures of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) permanently mounted to the structure. An analytical model for 2-D thin-wall structures, which predicts the E/M impedance response at PWAS terminals, was developed and validated. The model accounts for axial and flexural vibrations of the structure and considers both the structural dynamics and the sensor dynamics. Calibration experiments performed on circular thin plates with centrally attached PWAS showed that the presence of damage modifies the high-frequency E/M impedance spectrum causing frequency shifts, peak splitting, and appearance of new harmonics. Overall-statistics damage metrics and probabilistic neural network (PNN) are used to classify the spectral data and identify damage severity. On thin-wall aircraft panels, the presence of damage influences the sensors E/M impedance spectrum. When crack damage is in the PWAS medium field, changes in the distribution of harmonics take place and when crack damage is in the PWAS near field, changes in both the harmonics and the dereverberated response are observed. These effects are successfully classified with PNN and overall-statistics metrics, respectively. This proves that permanently attached PWAS in conjunction with the E/M impedance method can be successfully used in structural health monitoring to detect the presence of incipient damage through the examination and classification of the high-frequency E/M impedance spectra.
Removal of propylene glycol and correction of increased osmolar gap by hemodialysis in a patient on high dose lorazepam infusion therapy

We report a case of successful treatment of propylene glycol toxicity by discontinuation of propylene glycol administration and hemodialysis therapy. A critically ill woman receiving high dose intravenous lorazepam therapy is described. Although propylene glycol toxicity often resolves promptly after discontinuation of the causative parenteral source, renal or liver dysfunction may prolong the sequelae of propylene glycol infusion. Hemodialysis efficiently lowers propylene glycol serum concentrations in a manner analogous to extracorporeal therapy for other small molecular weight alcohol intoxications. Therefore, hemodialysis may be a useful component of therapy for critically ill patients exhibiting propylene glycol toxicity in the context of multiple organ dysfunction.
Methodological investigations for a multisite trial of auricular acupuncture for cocaine addiction: A study of active and control auricular zones ☆

Abstract We evaluated objective criteria for defining points for needle insertion prior to conducting a multisite clinical trial of auricular acupuncture for cocaine addiction. Thirty-four cocaine-abusing subjects participated in a study in which the trial's active zones (Shenmen, Liver, Lung, and Sympathetic) and control zones (located on the ear helix) were divided into quadrants and assessed along four dimensions: electrical resistance, skin discoloration, skin topography, and tenderness. Acute effects of needles inserted into points of low electrical resistance in one ear and high electrical resistance in the other were also assessed. Results showed that the active zones had lower overall electrical resistance and more subcutaneous ridges than control zones. Zones did not possess significant variability along any single dimension. Acute effects of needling high and low resistance points were similar, differing only for “fullness.” Based on these findings, and in view of the difficulty of accurately measuring electrical resistance at ear points, we do not recommend the use of electrical devices for point determination in the multisite study. At present, there seems to be little scientific basis for the preselection of specific points for needle insertion within auricular zones. Needle placement should be based upon clinical judgement.
Anaphylaxis: A review of causes and mechanisms

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell- and basophil-derived mediators into the circulation. Foods and medications cause most anaphylaxis for which a cause can be identified, but virtually any agent capable of directly or indirectly activating mast cells or basophils can cause this syndrome. This review discusses the pathophysiologic mechanisms of anaphylaxis, its causes, and its treatment.
Large animal models of congestive heart failure: A critical step in translating basic observations into clinical applications

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome in which pathophysiologic underpinnings include left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, remodeling, and increased neurohormonal activation. Accordingly, large animal constructs must be developed that mimic this disease process in order to define new pharmacologic and surgical treatment strategies. Multiple large animal species have been used for these purposes. For instance, canine coronary artery microembolization has been used to generate ischemia-induced LV dilation and dysfunction. Sheep have been subjected to total acute coronary artery occlusion to evaluate ischemia-induced mitral valve insufficiency. Rapid ventricular pacing has been used in both dogs and pigs to reproduce the characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy. Each model is associated with advantages and disadvantages. Therefore findings derived from the study of large animal models of LV failure must be carefully evaluated. With proper interpretation, important insights into the pathogenesis of CHF may be realized. Furthermore, these models may be used in conjunction with imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography to elucidate the identification of cellular and extracellular alterations associated with LV failure. Thus large animal models of CHF are critical components in the effort to translate basic observations into beneficial clinical applications. (J Nucl Cardiol 2003;10:77-86.)
Convulxin Binds to Native, Human Glycoprotein Ibα

Abstract Convulxin (CVX), a C-type snake protein from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, is the quintessential agonist for studies of the collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and its role in platelet adhesion to collagens. In this study, CVX, purified from venom, behaves as expected, i.e. it binds to platelet GPVI and recombinant human GPVI, induces platelet aggregation and platelet prothrombinase activity, and binds uniquely to GPVI in ligand blots of SDS-denatured proteins. Nonetheless, we find that CVX has a dual specificity for both GPVI and native but not denatured human GPIbα. First, CVX binds to human GPIbα expressed on the surface of CHO cells. Second, CVX binds weakly to murine platelet GPIbα but more strongly to human platelet GPIbα, as evidenced by comparative binding to wild-type, GPVI(–/–), FcRγ (–/–), and human GPIb transgenic mice. Third, the binding of CVX to human GPIbα is inhibited by soluble, recombinant human GPVI. Fourth, CVX binding to GPIbα is disrupted by phenylalanine substitutions at GPIbα tyrosine-276, tyrosine-278, and tyrosine-279, which also disrupts von Willebrand factor and α-thrombin binding to GPIbα. Fifth, CVX binding to GPIbα on Chinese hamster ovary cell transfectants is inhibited by function-blocking murine monoclonal anti-GPIbα antibodies. Lastly, CVX fails to bind to denatured GPIbα in detergent extracts of platelets. Three separate preparations of CVX (two purified by the authors; one obtained commercially) produced equivalent results. These results indicate that CVX exhibits dual specificity for both native GPIbα and GPVI. Furthermore, the binding site on GPIbα for CVX may be close to that for von Willebrand factor. Therefore, a contribution of GPIbα to CVX-induced platelet responses needs to be carefully re-evaluated.
Mineralization of nitrogen in fertilizer-acidified lime-amended soils

The application of NHinf4su+-based fertilizers to soils slowly lowers soil pH, which in turn decreases nitrification rates. Under these conditions nitrification and N mineralization may be reduced. We therefore investigated the impact of liming fertilizer-acidified soils on nitrification and N mineralization. Soil samples were collected in the spring of 1987 from a field experiment, initiated in 1980, investigating N, tillage, and residue management under continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The pH values (CaCl2) in the surface soil originally ranged from 6.0 to 6.5. After 6 years the N fertilizer and tillage treatments had reduced the soil pH to values that ranged between 3.7 and 6.2. Incubation treatments included two liming rates (unlimed or SMP-determined lime requirement), two 15N-labeled fertilizer rates (0 or 20 g N m-2), and three replicates. Field-moist soil was mixed with lime and packed by original depth into columns. Labeled-15N ammonium sulfate in solution was surface-applied and columns were leached with 1.5 pore volumes of deionized water every 7 days over a 70-day period. Nitrification occurred in all pH treatments, suggesting that a ferilizer-acidified soil must contain a low-pH tolerant nitrifier population. Liming increased soil pH values (CaCl2) from 3.7 to 6.2, and increased by 10% (1.5 g N m-2) the amount of soil-derived NO3--N that moved through the columns. This increase was the result of enhanced movement of soil-derived NO3--N through the columns during the first 14 days of incubation. After the initial 14-day period, the limed and unlimed treatments had similar amounts of soil N leaching through the soil columns. Lime increased the nitrification rates and stimulated the early movement of fertilizer-derived NO3--N through the soil.
Auditory-Visual Perception of Speech with Reduced Optical Clarity

Optical cues for visual and auditory-visual (A-V) perception of speech were varied by placing a sheet of rough-surfaced Plexiglas between talker and lipreader and systematically changing the distan...
Pion-nucleus single-charge exchange above the Δ resonance

Abstract Pion-nucleus single-charge exchange to the isobaric analogue state in the energy region from 300 MeV to 500 MeV is investigated utilizing a microscopic, momentum-space, isospin invariant optical potential. The optical potential utilizes fully relativistic kinematics, and the Fermi integration is performed exactly. The model used for the pion-nucleus interaction includes a new model for the resonant D-waves. Our results are compared to recent data for 0° excitation functions for the isobaric analogue state transitions in 14C and 90Zr. The observed rise in the cross section for energies above the resonance is reproduced by the theory, and, although not totally quantitative, the theoretical results indicate that the multiple scattering theory as defined and implemented here is significantly more convergent at the higher energie than at or below the resonance.
Spectral Induced Polarization Signatures of Hydroxide Adsorption and Mineral Precipitation in Porous Media

The spectral induced polarization (SIP) technique is a promising approach for delineating subsurface physical and chemical property changes in a minimally invasive manner. To facilitate the understanding of position and chemical properties of reaction fronts that involve mineral precipitation in porous media, we investigated spatiotemporal variations in complex conductivity during evolution of urea hydrolysis and calcite precipitation reaction fronts within a silica gel column. The real and imaginary parts of complex conductivity were shown to be sensitive to changes in both solution chemistry and calcium carbonate precipitation. Distinct changes in imaginary conductivity coincided with increased hydroxide ion concentration during urea hydrolysis. In a separate experiment focused on the effect of hydroxide concentration on interfacial polarization of silica gel and well-sorted sand, we found a significant dependence of the polarization response on pH changes of the solution. We propose a conceptual model describing hydroxide ion adsorption behavior in silica gel and its control on interfacial polarizability. Our results demonstrate the utility of SIP for noninvasive monitoring of reaction fronts, and indicate its potential for quantifying geochemical processes that control the polarization responses of porous media at larger spatial scales in the natural environment.
Lithium-induced ADH resistance in toad urinary bladders

Lithium-induced ADH resistance in toad urinary bladders. The toad urinary bladder was used to investigate the site of action, the underlying mechanism, and the means for production or prevention of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Short-circuit current (I) was used to measure net sodium transport in paired quarter-bladders. Osmotic water flow (W) was measured both volumetrically and gravimetrically. Mucosal [Li + ] at 11 mEq/liter produced inhibition of baseline I and both ADH-induced cAMP-mediated I and W. However, lithium did not inhibit propionate-induced I, or either dibutyryl cAMP-induced I or W, confirming that lithium acts primarily by inhibition of ADH-induced, cAMP-mediated responses. Serosal lithium had no effect at these concentrations. Either amiloride (10 -6 M) or triamterene (10 -5 M) prevented all lithium inhibition, proving that lithium acts from the mucosal surface. Increased urinary [K + ] or [H + ] prevented lithium inhibition of ADH-induced responses, suggesting that urinary composition may be important in both production and prevention of lithiuminduced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Resistance a l'ADH induite par le lithium dans les vessies urinaires de crapauds. La vessie urinaire de crapaud a ete utilised pour etudier le site d'action, les mecanismes intimes et les moyens de produire ou de prevenir le diabete insipide nephrogenique induit par le lithium. Le courant de court-circuit (I) a ete utilise pour mesurer le transport net de sodium par des quarts de vessie apparies. Le flux osmotique d'eau (W) a ete mesure a la fois par volumetrie et gravimetrie. Une concentration de Li de 11 mEq/l a la face muqueuse a produit une inhibition de la valeur basale de I et de l'action de l'ADH, mediee par la cAMP, sur I et W. Le lithium n'a inhibe, cependant, ni l'action du propionate sur I ni celle de dibutyril cAMP sur I et sur W, ce qui confirme que le lithium agit principalement par l'inhibition des reponses induites par l'ADH, mediees par cAMP. Ces concentrations de lithium a la face sereuse n'ont pas eu d'effet. L'amiloride (10 -6 M) ou le triamterene (10 -5 M) ont empeche toute l'inhibition par le lithium, ce qui indique que le lithium agit a partir de la face muqueuse. L'augmentation des concentrations urinaires de K + ou de H + ont empeche l'inhibition par le lithium des reponses a l'ADH, ce qui suggere que la composition de l'urine peut etre importante a la fois pour l'etablissement et la prevention du diabete insipide nephrogenique induit par le lithium.
Voluntary and involuntary schizophrenic patient admissions on the same general hospital psychiatric unit

The authors compare a group of voluntary schizophrenics to another group of involuntary schizophrenic patients with regard to their various clinical and management aspects. Both groups had been treated on the same unit, by the same staff, and within the same approximate time period. The involuntary group needed a slightly longer stay, a significantly higher dosage of neuroleptics, and more staff supervision and intervention. The involuntary schizophrenic patients were more likely to be violent, with agitation and destructive behavior, and to require restraints or seclusion.