cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutronic and thermal analysis of composite fuel for potential deployment in fast reactors

Abstract Composite fuels are promising candidates for high-burnup fast reactors because of their accommodation of swelling, limited fuel-cladding interactions and flexibility in design. While a proof-of-concept fuel consisting of granules of U-alloys and PuO 2 dispersed within a porous zirconium matrix was successfully manufactured and irradiated, its neutronic and thermal performance remains to be optimized as compared to currently utilized fuels. MCNP6, COMSOL and a sphere packing algorithm were employed to perform the analysis. We found that both the theoretical maximum burnup reached and the temperature profiles are comparable to that of the currently considered alternative fuel. The results are promising and do not indicate any substantial limitation to the deployment of composite fuel. The fuel type merits further research, including full-core simulations. The methodology followed herein also provides a basis for screening different material compositions and guiding materials selection in composite fuels.
Quick Determination of Residual Organic Solvents in Food by Headspace Gas Chromatography

Objective To simultaneously analyze residual organic solvents in food. Methods Headspace gas chromatography technology,capillary column(Rtx-225 30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm),and hydrogen flame ionization detector(FID) were applied in this study. Results The established method was used to simultaneously determine eleven residual organic solvents in food.The linearity range of the method reached two orders of magnitude(r0.997).The detection limits were 0.2～0.3 mg/kg.The recovery rate was between 91%~104%,and RSD was 3.8%~5.5%. Conclusions The method could be applied to separate and determine residual organic solvents in food,which is simple,rapid and practical.It fits the national standards for evaluation and has good reproducibility and satisfactory results.
Ratiometric Tension Probes for Mapping Receptor Forces and Clustering at Intermembrane Junctions.

Short-range communication between cells is required for the survival of multicellular organisms. One mechanism of chemical signaling between adjacent cells employs surface displayed ligands and receptors that only bind when two cells make physical contact. Ligand–receptor complexes that form at the cell–cell junction and physically bridge two cells likely experience mechanical forces. A fundamental challenge in this area pertains to mapping the mechanical forces experienced by ligand–receptor complexes within such a fluid intermembrane junction. Herein, we describe the development of ratiometric tension probes for direct imaging of receptor tension, clustering, and lateral transport within a model cell–cell junction. These probes employ two fluorescent reporters that quantify both the ligand density and the ligand tension and thus generate a tension signal independent of clustering. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the ratiometric tension probes to map the forces experienced by the T-cell receptor (TCR) ...
Pancreas transplant outcomes for United States (US) and non-US cases as reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and the International Pancreas Transplant Registry (IPTR) as of October 2002.

As of October 10, 2002, nearly 19,000 pancreas transplants had been reported to the IPTR, approximately 14,000 in the US and approximately 5,000 outside the US. An era analysis of US cases from 1987-2002 showed a progressive improvement in outcome (p 45 years old increased from 9-11% for 1987-92 to 25-30% for 1999-2002 cases, and the improved outcomes encompassed the older patients as well. Contemporary pancreas transplant outcomes were calculated separately for 1996-2002 US and non-US cases. The results of the US analysis are summarized first. US patient survival rates at one year were > or = 94% in each recipient category, with one-year primary pancreas GSRs of 84% for SPK (n = 5.784), 76% for PAK (n = 1,033), and 77% for PTA (n = 470) (p or = 80% in all 3 recipient categories. An analysis of GSRs according to type of anti-T-cell antibody agents (depleting vs. non-depleting vs. none) for induction therapy in TAC+MMF treated recipients did not detect significant differences in any of the categories. The absolute numbers and the proportions of US pancreas grafts that were retransplants in the SPK and PTA categories (1% and 10% respectively) were relatively small, while a large number of the PAK grafts were retransplants (n = 346; 32% of the total). The majority of the latter were done after isolated failure of a pancreas graft in SPK recipients. In the SPK (n = 78) and PTA (n = 53) categories, the retransplant GSRs were significantly (p --> 0.06) lower than those for primary transplants. In the PAK category, however, GSRs were not significantly different (p = 0.14) for retransplant versus primary cases (72% and 76%, respectively, at one year). Known causes of death in 1996-2002 US pancreas recipients were tabulated for each category. Most were from cardio-cerebro-vascular accidents (1.3-2.6% incidence) or from infections (1.2-1.4% incidence), while death from malignancy or PTLD was reported in or = 80% at one year in all categories of recipients (SPK, PAK, PTA). The solitary pancreas transplant outcomes continue to improve as more are done.
Review: leukotriene-receptor antagonists are less effective than intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis.

Source Citation Wilson AM, O’Byrne PM, Parameswaran K. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2004;116:338-44. 14984820
Subchannel analysis and correlation of the Rod Bundle Heat Transfer (RBHT) steam cooling experimental data

Abstract A subchannel analysis of the steam cooling data obtained in the Rod Bundle Heat Transfer (RBHT) test facility has been performed in this study to capture the effect of spacer grids on heat transfer. The RBHT test facility has a 7 × 7 rod bundle with heater rods and with seven spacer grids equally spaced along the length of the rods. A method based on the concept of momentum and heat transport analogy has been developed for calculating the subchannel bulk mean temperature from the measured steam temperatures. Over the range of inlet Reynolds number, the local Nusselt number was found to exhibit a minimum value between the upstream and downstream spacer grids. The presence of a spacer grid not only affects the local Nusselt number downstream of the grid but also affects the local Nusselt number upstream of the next grid. A new correlation capturing the effect of Reynolds number on the local flow restructuring downstream as well as upstream of the spacer grids was proposed for the minimum Nusselt nu...
Cyclin E as a potential therapeutic target in high grade serous ovarian cancer

Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) gene amplification occurs in approximately 20% of ovarian high grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and is associated with chemotherapy resistance and, in some studies, overall poor prognosis. The role of cyclin E1 in inducing S phase entry relies upon its interactions with cyclin dependent kinases (CDK), specifically CDK2. Therapies to target cyclin E1-related functions have centered on CDK inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors. While many studies have helped elucidate the functions and regulatory mechanisms of cyclin E1, further research utilizing cyclin E1 as a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer is warranted. This review serves to present the scientific background describing the role and function of cyclin E1 in cancer development and progression, to distinguish cyclin E1-amplified HGSC as a unique subset of ovarian cancer deserving of further therapeutic investigation, and to provide an updated overview on the studies which have utilized cyclin E1 as a target for therapy in ovarian cancer.
ADAPTABILITY IN A BHUTANESE REFUGEE COMMUNITY: NAVIGATING INTEGRATION AND THE IMPACTS ON NUTRITIONAL HEALTH AFTER U.S. RESETTLEMENT

OF DISSERTATION ADAPTABILITY IN A BHUTANESE REFUGEE COMMUNITY: NAVIGATING INTEGRATION AND THE IMPACTS ON NUTRITIONAL HEALTH AFTER U.S. RESETTLEMENT Increasing rates of overweight, obesity, and related metabolic diseases documented among refugee communities across the United States necessitate greater attention to how processes of integration impact refugee health. These nutritional health trends (e.g., increasing rates of obesity) suggest potential disconnects between refugees' past environments and their conditions after resettlement, which may contribute to adverse changes in energy balance (diet and exercise). While Bhutanese refugees were among the largest refugee groups entering the US during the five years leading up to this research, very few studies have examined how they have responded to integration and the impact of this transition on their health. Grounded in human adaptability and political economic theories, and adopting a biocultural approach, this dissertation investigates how Bhutanese refugees in “Prospect City” (pseudonym) negotiate changing and unfamiliar structural and sociocultural conditions after resettlement and the consequences for energy balance and nutritional status. The results reveal high rates of overweight and obesity compared to US averages. Age and caste related differences in nutritional status were also found. High rates of overweight and obesity corresponded with an energy imbalance due to overconsumption of energy dense traditional foods and limited understanding of the importance of regular exercise. Overconsumption of energy dense traditional foods stemmed from several interrelated factors: the abundance of foods in the US, prior experiences with food deprivation, a history of political exile that reinforced desires to preserve cultural food preferences, and joint family efforts to accommodate work-related time constraints by increasing food production and availability. Decreases in exercise appeared to stem from more sedentary lifestyles in the US as a result of work environments and available transportation, coupled with a lack of health knowledge regarding health benefits of physical activity. This dissertation’s findings are being reported to Prospect City’s Bhutanese Community Organization to help develop strategies for improving nutritional health in the community.
New Freshwater Gomphonemoid Diatoms from Streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA

Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of three new species of freshwater gomphonemoid diatoms are presented from mountain streams in California: Gomphonema californicum sp. nov ., Gomphonema sierrianum sp. nov . , and Gomphoneis oreophila sp. nov. Two of the species have morphological novelties related to the structure of the areolae, which are discussed in comparison with similar taxa. Gomphonema californicum shows a variety of areolar morphologies (i.e. lineola-like, c-shaped, and circular) within a single uniseriate stria. Unique to Gomphoneis oreophila, a member of the Herculeana subgroup, are the uniform areolae with circular openings without apparent occlusions. All of these species are distributed in remote streams of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, suggesting there are still new species to be found in this biodiversity-rich region.
Species limits, phylogeography and reproductive mode in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex.

An essential first step to elucidating the ecology and life histories of Metarhizium anisopliae-group species as entomopathogens, endophytes and soil-adapted fungi is the ability to define species limits and confidently infer a species phylogeny. In a multilocus phylogeny of the core Metarhizium anisopliae species complex, the majority of isolates sampled herein group within the currently defined limits of M. pingshaense, M. anisopliae, M. robertsii and M. brunneum, designated informally as the “PARB” clade. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal pervasive congruent hierarchical structure among the genomic regions analyzed, which suggest that current PARB species delimitations likely encompass additional cryptic complexes. Further, the interpolation of isolates from different continents throughout each species lineage indicates periodic inter-continental dispersals. Although no PARB species has yet been confirmed to produce a sexual state, we demonstrate the mutually exclusive incidence of the MAT1 and MAT2 mating type idiomorphs among individuals in all PARB species. This configuration of mating type is diagnostic of a heterothallic, obligately outcrossing mating system, indicating the conservation of and ongoing potential for sexual reproduction in all PARB species. As one example of the utility of IGS markers, the commercially registered M. anisopliae strain F52, which is widely used for pest control in North America, Canada and Europe, is shown to be a member of the M. brunneum complex. While current PARB species delimitations evidently encompass cryptic partitions, formal recognition of segregate species should be approached cautiously until further evidence of their phylogenetic exclusivity, ecological distinctiveness or other unique attributes is demonstrated. Nevertheless, acknowledgment of these intraspecific partitions will provide a useful conceptual framework to guide future investigations of the community structure, phylogeography, population genetics, ecology and reproductive biology of this recent species radiation.
Surgical Management of Osteochondrosis in Foals

Osteochondrosis is common in young, athletic horses. Some lesions respond to conservative therapy. Surgical management is the mainstay of treatment. Arthroscopic debridement is useful in the femoropatellar joint, tarsocrural joint, fetlock joint, and shoulder joint. Debridement is associated with good outcomes, except in the shoulder joint. Osteochondrosis lesions in the elbow may be difficult to access arthroscopically, thereby transosseous debridement. Surgical management of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle consists of debridement, debridement with grafting, transcondylar screws, and intralesional corticosteroid injection. Surgical management is indicated with lameness and persistent effusion, and in many horses intended for athletic use.
Artificial Hydration at the End of Life

Initiation or continuation of artificial hydration (AH) at the end of life requires unique considerations. A combination of ethical precedents and medical literature may provide clinical guidance on how to use AH at the end of life. The purpose of this review is to describe the ethical framework for and review current literature relating to the indications, benefits, and risks of AH at the end of life. Provider, patient, and family perspectives will also be discussed.
Cross-Subsidization of Teacher Pension Costs: The Impact of Assumed Market Returns

It is well-known that public pension plans exhibit substantial cross-subsidies, both within cohorts, e.g. from early leavers to those who retire at the “sweet spot”, and across cohorts, through unfunded liabilities. However, the cross-subsidies within and across cohorts have never been provided in an integrated format. This paper provides such a framework, based on the gaps between normal cost rates for individuals and the uniform contribution rates for the cohort. Since the unfunded liabilities and associated cross-subsidies across cohorts derive from overly optimistic actuarial assumptions, we focus on the historically most important such assumption, the rate of return. We present two main findings. First, an overly optimistic assumed return understates the degree of redistribution within the cohort. Second, persisting with an overly optimistic assumed return leads to steady-state contribution rates that exceed the true normal cost (let alone the low-balled rate), i.e. cross-subsidies from the current cohort to past cohorts. Using the case of California, we show how that negative cross-subsidy can easily swamp all positive cross-subsidies within the cohort, as contributions exceed the value of benefits received by even the most favored individuals – those who retire at the “sweet spot.”
Novel treatments for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of cerebral ischemia and poor outcomes in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of SAH, the pathophysiol-ogy of vasospasm is still poorly understood and outcomes remain disappointing. Recent advances in understanding the role of hemoglobin in initiating an inflammatory cascade in the subarachnoid space open new avenues for therapy. Preliminary experimental and clinical evidence indicate that targets in the inflammatory and oxidative cascades hold promise in reducing the incidence and impact of cerebral vasospasm.
Vitamin D Hydroxylation–Deficient Rickets, Type 1A: CYP27B1 Mutations

Abstract Vitamin D hydroxylation–deficient rickets, type 1A (VDDR1A, OMIM 264700 ) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CYP27B1 gene, leading to an inability to synthesize 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (calcitriol), the active hormonal form of vitamin D. VDDR1A was the first described inborn error of vitamin D metabolism and has contributed in a major way to our understanding of vitamin D biology. The treatment of choice is replacement therapy with calcitriol. Started in infancy, this treatment results in short- and long-term correction of all clinical, biochemical, and radiological abnormalities related to VDDR1A.
Does variability within natural turfgrass sports fields influence ground-derived injuries?

Natural turfgrass sports fields exhibit within-field variations due to climatic conditions, field construction, field management, and foot traffic patterns from field usage. Variations within a fie...
Constructionist visions: Hard fun with serious games

Abstract Making games is a prime example of constructionist learning, in particular in the age of digital play. Papert saw the relevance of making games for learning and literacy in terms of two powerful ideas: objects-to-think-with and hard fun. The article reviews reasons for the failure and successes of constructionist gaming over the last two decades.
Social aetiologies of type 2 diabetes.

For millions, type 2 diabetes is a disease of crisis and displacement not poor lifestyle choices
The Correlation Between Reported Changes in Cognitive Functioning and Objective Performance on Cognitive Screening in English- and Spanish-speaking Patients (P5.174)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the self-reported Eight-Item Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) scores and performance on the Blessed Information, Memory, and Concentration (BIMC) test in English and Spanish speaking patients. To ascertain if anxiety and depression impact the AD8 and BIMC relationship. Background: The AD8 is a screening measure used to detect functional decline due to cognitive changes. We recently demonstrated that the AD8 predicted BIMC performances in an English speaking clinical population. In that analysis, emotional factors impacted on but did not erase the relationship. We now aim to see if the relationship differs in our Spanish speaking population. Design/Methods: The Montefiore Memory Disorders Center provides multidisciplinary evaluations (including neuropsychology and neurology) to a culturally diverse group of patients. In its first year, 135 patients (64.5 % female, 43.7% Spanish speaking) completed the AD8 and the BIMC as well as other components of a brief neuropsychological battery. Bivariate correlations and regression analysis was completed to analyze the relationship between the AD8 and BIMC scores. Results: The AD8 and BIMC were positively correlated in the English (p=.012) and Spanish (p=.021) populations. Age and education, but not gender also had significant trends for BIMC and AD8 scores. Depression (p Conclusions: The self-reported AD8 is a good predictor of performance on BIMC in both English and Spanish speaking patients. Anxiety, depression, age and education may moderate the relationship but do not limit the clinical utility of the screening measure. Disclosure: Dr. Gottesman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weiss has nothing to disclose. Dr. Facchini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Valdesuso has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marquez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zwerling has nothing to disclose.
Mental Health and Welfare Transitions: Depression and Alcohol Abuse in AFDC Women

From a selection perspective, does prior dysfunction select women into welfare or serve as a barrier to leaving welfare? From a social causation perspective, does entering or exiting welfare lead to changes in well being? These questions were analyzed in panel data for over 3,600 women drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for the period 1992-94. Welfare is associated with both depression and alcohol consumption cross-sectionally. This link appears to derive in small part from selection into welfare by depression (in interaction with marital status), butdepression and alcohol abuse did not operate as barriers to leaving welfare. Entering welfare was clearly associated with increased depression and alcohol consumption, but confidence in an apparent beneficial effect on alcohol symptoms of leaving welfare for employment was limited by small sample sizes. These findings are located in the context of the 1996-welfare reform and the recent economic expansion. One implication is that community psychology should consider welfare entry as a risk factor similar to adverse employment changes such as job loss.
Differential Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by Continuous and Intermittent Hypoxia

Although continuous hypoxia (CH) and intermittent hypoxia (IH) cause reduction in oxygen availability, organisms adapt to the effects of chronic CH whereas IH adversely impacts autonomic functions. Catecholamines are expressed both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and they play important roles in the regulation of cardio-respiratory functions during hypoxia. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis. Several studies have examined the effects of hypoxia on catecholamines by focusing on the regulation of TH. In this article, we present a brief overview of the impact of chronic CH and IH on TH expression, activity and the associated cellular mechanism(s).
Broadening the focus.

Over the past dozen or so years neuroethics has become a rich and dynamic field that has brought together individuals from a variety of disciplines and interests to consider issues that lie at the intersection of ethics and neuroscience. During this period there has been a significant amount of important empirical and philosophical work on a range of topics at this intersection; however, there has been comparatively little work on this intersection as it applies to nonhuman animals. In fact, it is fair to say that neuroethics has had a distinct and almost exclusive “humanistic focus.” Our hope with this special section is to broaden this focus and to provoke and encourage discussion of nonhuman animals within neuroethics. There are a number of explanations for neuroethics’ humanistic focus. Disciplines Animal Studies | Bioethics and Medical Ethics | Neuroscience and Neurobiology | Neurosciences Comments Special Section: Neuroethics and Animals This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/neuroethics_pubs/105 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics (2014), 23 , 124–128 . © Cambridge University Press 2014. doi:10.1017/S0963180113000650 124 Special Section: Neuroethics and Animals
Research Writing Teams as a form of Mentoring for Graduate Students

Often graduate students believe that taking classes on how to conduct research is the best way to prepare to write their theses or dissertations. However, engaging in opportunities to conduct research with faculty members can also be an excellent way to prepare for both capstone experiences like theses and dissertations and for future faculty positions.
NASA Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) Observations for Testing Environmental Control of Hurricane Formation and Intensification

Abstract : The long-term goal is to utilize the NASA Global Hawk unmanned aircraft observations to advance understanding of Atlantic tropical cyclone formation and intensification. Advancement in the understanding and prediction of tropical cyclone formation and intensification requires observational studies of the combined effects of vertical wind shear, evaporational cooling in saturated convective-scale downdrafts, and the physical processes occurring along two air streams: (i) an equatorial source of warm, moist air with maximum winds in the lower troposphere; and (ii) a subtropical source of cool, dry air with maximum winds in the mid-troposphere. Although a mesoscale convective circulation is considered to be an essential element, it is hypothesized that the environmental properties in the two air streams control the timing and location of the formation of the tropical cyclone. Global Hawk observations are required along both air streams flowing into the region of the pre-tropical cyclone seedling. The objectives are to document the environmental conditions and the physical processes that lead to the spinup of the mesoscale vortex that becomes the inner core of the tropical cyclone to the southeast of the synoptic-scale circulation center, but inhibit formation to the northwest. The two long-duration, high altitude NASA Global Hawks devoted to Environmental and Over-Storm missions with various remote sensing instruments are uniquely suited for these required observational studies.
Text and Context: Using Wikis to Teach Victorian Novels

Having personally fallen victim to the romance of the archive, I love introducing students to primary sources that help them navigate the distant world of Victorian novels. Without contextual knowledge, they often find themselves puzzled or frustrated—why don’t ill-suited spouses just divorce each other? Why are aristocrats so clueless about the Stock Exchange? Hoping to improve upon conventional assignments, I tasked students with creating a wiki. To an online version of the novel, they attached their own essays, which they keyed to points of conflict or confusion in order to help future student readers understand the issues at stake. Students investigated the novelty of investment capitalism, attitudes towards Jews, the contested nature of the term ‘gentleman’, the history of medical reform, and domestic violence, among other topics.
Proficiency, Use of Context and Non-Native Speech Perception in Noise Performance

Purpose: The present study evaluated a novel method of quantifying relative use of bottom-up and top-down processing when perceiving speech in...
Glimepiride Administered in Chow Reversibly Impairs Glucose Tolerance in Mice

Sulfonylureas are a class of antidiabetes medications prescribed to millions of individuals worldwide. Rodents have been used extensively to study sulfonylureas in the laboratory. Here, we report the results of studies treating mice with a sulfonylurea (glimepiride) in order to understand how the drug affects glucose homeostasis and tolerance. We tested the effect of glimepiride on fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion, using glimepiride sourced from a local pharmacy. We also examined the effect on glucagon, gluconeogenesis, and insulin sensitivity. Unexpectedly, glimepiride exposure in mice was associated with fasting hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and decreased insulin. There was no change in circulating glucagon levels or gluconeogenesis. The effect was dose-dependent, took effect by two weeks, and was reversed within three weeks after removal. Glimepiride elicited the same effects in all strains evaluated: four wild-type strains, as well as the transgenic Grn−/− and diabetic db/db mice. Our findings suggest that the use of glimepiride as a hypoglycemic agent in mice should proceed with caution and may have broader implications about mouse models as a proxy to study the human pharmacopeia.
Molecular Basis of Mammalian Odor Discrimination: A Status Report.

Humans have 396 unique, intact olfactory receptors (ORs), G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) containing receptor-specific binding sites; other mammals have more. Activation of these transmembrane proteins by an odorant initiates a signaling cascade, evoking an action potential leading to perception of a smell. Because the number of distinguishable odorants vastly exceeds the number of ORs, research has focused on mechanisms of recognition and signaling processes for classes of odorants. In this review, selected recent examples will be presented of “deorphaned” mammalian receptors, where the OR ligands (odorants) as well as key aspects of receptor–odorant interactions were identified using odorant-mediated receptor activation data together with site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Based on cumulative evidence from OR deorphaning and olfactory receptor neuron activation studies, a receptor–ligand docking model rather than an alternative bond vibration model is suggested to best explain the mol...
Commentary on Improving Biospecimen Utilization by Classic Biobanks: Identifying Past and Minimizing Future Mistakes

Many classic biobanks collect more human tissues than they distribute, leading to increased inventories, unnecessary storage, increased expenses, and reduced chargeback income. This situation is a result of biobanks operating without well-defined goals, having incorrect views of the potential number of investigators who will utilize specimens, and collection of biospecimens without adequately considering the need for specific tissues by investigators. These deficiencies frequently lead to unrealistic plans for biospecimen utilization and biobanks that are larger than necessary. For example, tissue collections usually are not periodically compared with biospecimen distribution and modified accordingly. An ethical issue has arisen as to the acceptability of consenting patients for the use of their tissues in research without a realistic planned approach to distribution of the biospecimens and their ultimate utilization in supporting biomedical research. These issues and how to minimize them are discussed in this commentary focused on how classic biobanks can improve utilization of their biospecimens.
Implications of Ankyloglossia on Breastfeeding.

Objective The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize the literature on the relationship between infant breastfeeding and ankyloglossia. Data sources The search terms tongue-tie or ankyloglossia and breastfeeding were used via CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, Health Reference Academic, and PsycINFO. Primary research articles and clinical reviews were considered in the search parameters. Study selection Searches yielded 201 articles written in English and published between 1999 and 2018. After screening, 50 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, 43 of which were omitted for irrelevance. Three qualitative and four quantitative studies remained for inclusion in the review. Data extraction Studies were reviewed for information on the relationship between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding. Studies examining results of ankyloglossia treatment were omitted. Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Data synthesis Analysis revealed a varied degree of difficulties with breastfeeding when the infant has ankyloglossia. Prevalence is uncertain due to lack of universal screening guidelines, and infrequent use of screening tools. No studies were found that examined psychological ramifications of feeding difficulties with ankyloglossia. There are no validated screening tools for ankyloglossia. Conclusion More research is necessary on effects of breastfeeding difficulties of infants with ankyloglossia on the mother-infant relationship. A reliable screening tool needs to be developed and validated. Education for nurses to assess infants with ankyloglossia in a systematic fashion should be explored. Investigation of psychological sequelae, including maternal stress, postpartum depression, and mother-infant bonding is an important next step in the research of infants with ankyloglossia.
New shapes of primordial non-Gaussianity from quasi-single field inflation with multiple isocurvatons

We study a simple extension of quasi-single field inflation in which the inflaton interacts with multiple extra massive scalars known as isocurvatons. Due to the breaking of time translational invariance by the inflaton background, the theory includes kinetic mixings among the inflaton and isocurvatons. These mixings give rise to novel new features in the primordial non-Gaussianities of the scalar curvature perturbation. A noteworthy feature is that the amplitude of the squeezed bispectrum can grow nearly as $({k}_{s}/{k}_{l}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ while oscillating as $\mathrm{cos}\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{log}({k}_{s}/{k}_{l})$, where ${k}_{s}/{k}_{l}$ is the ratio of the lengths of the short and long wave vectors. Observation of such a shape would provide evidence for the existence of multiple isocurvatons during inflation. In addition, we consider the effects of these non-Gaussianities on large-scale structure.
A motivational approach toward the remediation of learning disabled boys.

A group of unmotivated third grade boys was diagnosed as having learning disabilities and was taught under three conditions. The boys served as their own controls. The dependent variables were read...
Wyoming’s Instructional Facilitator Program

In 2006, the Wyoming state government allocated monies for the Department of Education to fund the work of Instructional Facilitators, or coaches, in schools across the state (Wyoming Department of Education, 2008). In Spring 2009, after the program had been in place for two years, an ex-post facto study was designed to examine the impact of the program on teacher practice. An online survey was used to collect data from classroom teachers throughout Wyoming’s public schools. Teachers answered questions about the extent of their work with Instructional Facilitators, the activities that they worked on with Instructional Facilitators, and the impact of their work with Instructional Facilitators on their practice. Results indicate that while a large number of teachers reported spending a small amount of time working with Instructional Facilitators, a small number of teachers reported spending a great deal of time working with Instructional Facilitators. Although differences by teaching level were apparent, the majority of respondents indicated they wished to continue working with an Instructional Facilitator and that Wyoming is spending its money wisely on the program. Discussion of these findings includes implications for Instructional Facilitator workloads and the need to focus their work on specific outcomes.
Adherence to Dental Regimens

This chapter will cover some of what is known about adherence to dental regimens. Dental regimens are similar to other health-protective regimens that demand habitual behavior change. However, unlike the once-a-year mammogram, or the need to take medicine daily until a 3-week supply is exhausted, dental regimens typically require daily behavior change that may last a lifetime. Thus, dental regimens could have much in common with regimens such as those intended to control glucose levels and reduce complications from diabetes, to change diet and reduce obesity, or to increase exercise and lower high blood pressure. In a sense, when one intervenes to produce adherence to a dental regimen, one tries to create a habit.
Effects of a Dental Gel Over 6 Months on Periodontal Health in Subjects with Stage II and III (Mild and Moderate) Periodontitis.

Author(s): Lin, Kairong; Takesh, Thair; Lee, June Hee; Duong, Dominique Nhi; Nguyen, Audrey Hoang; Cheung, Ryan Kwan; Nguyen, Brian L; Wilder-Smith, Petra; Cobb, Charles M | Abstract: Objective:Overall aim of this prospective, randomized, positive controlled, double-blind in vivo study was to identify the effects of a test dental gel containing 2.6% edathamil with an added carrier and permeability enhancer vs. a positive control dentifrice on periodontal health measures in patients with Stage II and III periodontitis. Methods:In this prospective double-blinded, randomized study, 33 subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to brushing their teeth with either the test gel (LivFresh®, Livionex Dental Gel, Los Gatos, CA 95030) or the positive control toothpaste (Crest ProHealth®, PaG, Cincinnati, OH 45202).Full-mouth gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, and periodontal pocket probing depths were recorded for all teeth at baseline, and on days 90 and 180.Subjects brushed with the study material twice a day. Results:The test dental gel reduced gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket probing depths significantly more than a control dentifrice. Conclusions:In this pilot study in subjects with Stage II and III periodontitis, a test dental gel was found to improve gingival inflammation and bleeding, as well as periodontal pocket depths significantly better than a control dentifrice.
Tailhook ‘91: A Missed Research Opportunity in the Future Medical Effects of Sexual Assault in the Military Environment

In the realm of medical research regarding sexual assault, there is a paucity of data regarding the future medical consequences of such a traumatizing event. This lack of data occurs both in the mi...
A Multianalyte Panel Consisting of Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs and mRNAs, cfDNA, and CA19-9 Shows Utility for Diagnosis and Staging of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: To determine whether a multianalyte liquid biopsy can improve the detection and staging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Experimental Design: We analyzed plasma from 204 subjects (71 healthy, 44 non-PDAC pancreatic disease, and 89 PDAC) for the following biomarkers: tumor-associated extracellular vesicle miRNA and mRNA isolated on a nanomagnetic platform that we developed and measured by next-generation sequencing or qPCR, circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) concentration measured by qPCR, ccfDNA KRAS G12D/V/R mutations detected by droplet digital PCR, and CA19-9 measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We applied machine learning to training sets and subsequently evaluated model performance in independent, user-blinded test sets. Results: To identify patients with PDAC versus those without, we generated a classification model using a training set of 47 subjects (20 PDAC and 27 noncancer). When applied to a blinded test set (N = 136), the model achieved an AUC of 0.95 and accuracy of 92%, superior to the best individual biomarker, CA19-9 (89%). We next used a cohort of 20 patients with PDAC to train our model for disease staging and applied it to a blinded test set of 25 patients clinically staged by imaging as metastasis-free, including 9 subsequently determined to have had occult metastasis. Our workflow achieved significantly higher accuracy for disease staging (84%) than imaging alone (accuracy = 64%; P Conclusions: Algorithmically combining blood-based biomarkers may improve PDAC diagnostic accuracy and preoperative identification of nonmetastatic patients best suited for surgery, although larger validation studies are necessary.
5 – Synaptic Transmission

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of synaptic transmission. Synaptic transmission is the process at synapses by which a chemical signal (a transmitter) is released from one neuron and is diffuses to other neurons or target cells where it generates a signal that excites, inhibits, or modulates cellular activity. In general all synapses use the same basic mechanism to release transmitter and activate the target cell. When an action potential arrives at a synaptic ending, it causes the release of transmitter that is stored inside tiny vesicles called synaptic vesicles. A subpopulation of these vesicles is concentrated on the inside of the plasma membrane facing the synaptic cleft. The action potential stimulates an influx of Ca2+, which causes synaptic vesicles to attach to the release sites, fuse with the plasma membrane and expel their supply of transmitter. The transmitter diffuses to the target cell, where it binds to a receptor protein on the external surface of the cell membrane. The interaction of the transmitter and receptor stimulates the cell. After a brief period the transmitter dissociates from the receptor and the response is terminated.
Prenatal maternal stress and child hair cortisol four years later: Evidence from a low-income sample.

Abstract Background Maternal stress during pregnancy can influence the trajectory of fetal development, shaping offspring physiology and health in enduring ways. Some research implicates fetal programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis as a mediator of these effects. The present study is the first to examine child hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and maternal stress during pregnancy in a diverse, low-income sample. Methods The sample consisted of 77 healthy, low-income (M annual income: $13,321), mother-children pairs (M child age = 3.81 years, SD = 0.43). The children were 57 % girls, 43 % boys. Mothers were 65 % Latina/Hispanic, 28 % Non-Hispanic White, 7% Black/African American. Maternal prenatal stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale administered by interview in the second and third trimesters, and again approximately four years later when child hair samples for assaying HCC were collected. Results On average maternal perceived stress increased significantly across pregnancy, then returned to lower levels 4 years after birth. Regression analysis revealed that child HCC was not significantly predicted by maternal perceived stress at either single prenatal time point. Exploratory analysis revealed evidence of a relation between increases in maternal prenatal stress from second to third trimester and child HCC four years later (r = .37, p = .04). Conclusions These results suggest that measures of prenatal maternal stress at any one time point may not be predictive of offspring long-term HPA output in low-income child samples, but that increases in stress levels across pregnancy may provide important information undetected by individual time point measures.
Control of the Porosity in Manganese Trimer-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks by Linker Functionalization

Manganese complexes have attracted significant interest in chemical industries and academic research for their application as catalysts owing to their ability to attain a variety of oxidation states. Generally, sterically bulky ligands are required to isolate molecular homogeneous catalysts in order to prevent decomposition. Herein, we capitalize on the catalytic properties of Mn and circumvent the instability of these complexes through incorporation of Mn-atoms into porous crystalline frameworks, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are able to enhance the stability of these catalysts while also providing accessibility to the Mn sites for enhanced reactivity. We solvothermally synthesized two trinuclear Mn-based MOFs, namely [Mn3O(BDC)3(H2O)3]n (Mn-MIL-88, where H2BDC = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) and [Mn3O(BDC-Me4)3(H2O)3]n (Mn-MIL-88-Me4, where H2BDC-Me4 = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylterephthalic acid). Through comprehensive single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic, and magnetic studies, we revealed that both MOFs are in a Mn(II/III) mixed-valence state instead of the commonly observed Mn(III) oxidation state. Furthermore, the use of a methylated linker (BDC-Me4) allowed access to permanent porosity in Mn-MIL-88-Me4, which is an analogue of the flexible MIL-88 family, yielding a catalyst for alcohol oxidation.
Validity of the Multiple Auditory Processing Assessment–2: A Test of Auditory Processing Disorder

Purpose A normative study using the Multiple Auditory Processing Assessment–2 (MAPA-2; Schow et al., 2018) was recently completed. With access to these data, the authors extend that work and suppor...
Multivariate Rankin–Selberg Integrals on GL4 and GU(2, 2)

Inspired by a construction by Bump, Friedberg, and Ginzburg of a two-variable integral representation on for the product of the standard and spin -functions, we give two similar multivariate integral representations. The first is a three-variable Rankin-Selberg integral for cusp forms on representing the product of the -functions attached to the three fundamental representations of the Langlands -group . The second integral, which is closely related, is a two-variable Rankin-Selberg integral for cusp forms on representing the product of the degree standard -function and the degree exterior square -function.
Setting-Specific Treatment Issues

In this chapter, we review the interdisciplinary approaches relative to setting-specific treatment issues, for example, nursing homes, day care, special care units, and hospital settings.
Environmental nationalist: Andrew McNaughton and Canada–US relations in the Cold War:

Prior to 1945, General Andrew George Latta McNaughton had already made a name for himself as an army general, engineer, inventor, and cabinet minister. After 1945, McNaughton occupied a number of k...
Introduction to Microsoft Excel

This chapter aims to convey the rudimentary concepts of MS Excel for beginners. The chapter begins with the background of MS Excel, which includes the history, purpose, and importance of MS Excel. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) of Excel is elaborately described with the definition of every symbol on the interface. Worksheets and workbooks are also introduced in depth. Then the structure of the actual spreadsheet is discussed from scratch, with clear illustrations of what cells, rows, and columns mean in Excel. The ideas of absolute and relative cells, with the methods of cell referencing, are also highlighted in this chapter. This chapter is of the beginner level and everybody will find it easily comprehensible and equally useful.
Brief Report: Impact of COVID-19 in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Analysis of a National Private Claims Insurance Database.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a detrimental impact on individuals with disabilities. Data from FAIR Health’s FH® NPIC (National Private Insurance Claims) database, one of the nation’s largest databases of private insurance claim records, were analyzed to understand the experiences of individuals with ASD in the COVID-19 pandemic. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that individuals with ASD + ID were nine times more likely to be hospitalized following COVID-19 infection (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 6.9–12.5) and were nearly six times more likely to have an elevated length of hospital stay (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 3.5–10.1) compared to those without ASD + ID. These findings point to the need for prioritizing access to vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection and morbidities. This is the first study to illustrate a higher likelihood of hospitalization and elevated length of hospital stay from COVID-19 in individuals with ASD and other comorbidities.
Chronic canaliculitis with canaliculoliths due to Providencia stuartii infection.

Canaliculitis, inflammation of the lacrimal canaliculi, can be caused by numerous pathogens, most commonly bacteria from the genera Actinomyces, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Primary canalicul...
How Much for a Set: General Case of Decision Making Under Set-Valued Uncertainty

In real life, we often need to make a decision, i.e., we need to select one of the possible alternatives. In many practical situations, our objective is financial: we need to select an alternative that will bring us the largest financial gain. The problem is that usually, we only know the gain corresponding to each alternative with some uncertainty: instead of the exact numerical value of this gain, there is a whole set of possible values of this gain. How can we make decisions under such interval-valued uncertainty? An answer to this question is known for the case when these sets are closed. In this paper, we extend this result of the general case, when sets are not necessarily closed.