cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations of body mass index with sexual risk-taking and injection drug use among US high school students.

The purpose of this study was to determine if body mass index (BMI) is associated with behaviors that may increase risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among US high school students. We analyzed nationally representative data from the 2005–2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) to examine associations of BMI categories with sexual risk behaviors and injection drug use among sexually active high school students, using sex-stratified logistic regression models. Controlling for race/ethnicity and grade, among female and male students, both underweight (BMI < 5th percentile) and obesity (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) were associated with decreased odds of being currently sexually active (i.e., having had sexual intercourse during the past 3 months). However, among sexually active female students, obese females were more likely than normal weight females to have had 4 or more sex partners (odds ratio, OR = 1.59), not used a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR = 1.30), and injected illegal drugs (OR = 1.98). Among sexually active male students, overweight (85th percentile ≤ BMI < 95th percentile) was associated with not using a condom at last sexual intercourse (OR = 1.19) and obesity was associated with injection drug use (OR = 1.42). Among sexually active students, overweight and obesity may be indicators of increased risk for HIV and other STDs.
Self–measured (blood pressure) arterial stiffness index: A promising new measure of arterial stiffness

Abstract Increased arterial stiffness is predictive of increased cardiovascular risk. The ambulatory arterial stiffness index is a new measure derived from 24–hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring. We retrospectively studied 59 consecutive patients, (36 females; age 62 ± 12 years), evaluated for hypertension in an academic cardiology practice. All had eight or more self–measured BP recorded over a period of 2 through 8 weeks while stable. The self–measured arterial stiffness index (SMASI) was calculated according to the same formula as the ambulatory arterial stiffness index, 1 minus the regression slope of the regression line of diastolic plotted against systolic BP. Mean SMASI was 62 ± 0.20. SMASI correlated directly with age ( r = 0.27; P = .03), BP load ( r = 0.40; P = .002), home pulse pressure ( r = 0.47; P r = 0.44; P = .001). SMASI was higher in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and correlated with pulse wave velocity ( r = 0.45; P = .04) among 21 patients who underwent arterial tonometry. SMASI correlated with left ventricle (LV) mass/body surface area (BSA) ( r = 0.30; P = .035) in 50 patients. SMASI increases with age, is associated with weaker BP control, hypertensive organ damage and correlates with pulse wave velocity. SMASI obtained by self–measured BP may serve as a useful surrogate measure of arterial stiffness.
A precision ceramic-metal restoration with a facial butted margin

Abstract A simple technique for making highly esthetic, precision butted porcelain facial margins has been described.
Unified Approximation for Nonparabolic Drag Polars

where, by convention (excluding the k term), uppercase subscripts apply to wings and lowercase subscripts apply to airfoils. The first term on the right-hand side is the drag coefficient at zero lift and the second term represents the contribution of pressure drag (kpC 2 L for the airfoil) or pressure and induced (vortex) drag (kp iC l for the wing). For wings, both the pressure component of the profile drag coefficient kpC 2 L and the planform-dependent induced drag coefficient kiC 2 L vary with the square of the lift coefficient. This makes their separation difficult [thus the combination kp i parameter in Eq. (1b)]. Equations (1a) and (1b) are used as an approximation in performance estimates for preliminary design, as well as for interpretation and quantification of experimental and computational data. The form of Eq. (1) implies that the minimum drag of the configuration (airfoil or wing) occurs at zero lift. This is generally true for symmetrical airfoils or wings. For cambered airfoils or cambered section wings, a more representative approximation is of the form
Density functional calculations and analysis of the crystal structure of Pb 2 P 2 O 7

Density functional calculations of the atomic coordinates in crsytalline lead pyrophosphate $({\text{Pb}}_{2}{\text{P}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7})$ are reported. These calculations yield atomic positions differing from a prior x-ray refinement by up to $0.2\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. The main difference is a change in the orientation of the ${({\text{P}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7})}^{4\ensuremath{-}}$ units to bring certain O ions closer to Pb. An analysis of the resulting structure in terms of pair distribution functions is presented. These show that the most significant changes are in the local Pb coordination. The electronic structure is not significantly affected by the change in crystal structure.
Intersection of HPV and sexual assault: an opportunity for practice change

BACKGROUND: An opportunity exists for nurses to integrate HPV education and prevention strategies into the care for adolescent and young adult sexual assault patients. STUDY DESIGN: An exploratory, cross-sectional, E-mail survey was conducted to explore forensic nurses' (1) level of support and (2) facilitators and barriers that may influence nurses' level of support regarding incorporating HPV preventative strategies into their care. Eligibility for inclusion was nurse members of the International Association of Forensic Nurses who are stakeholders in the care of sexual assault patients. RESULTS: 541 nurses completed the survey. 98% were supportive of at least providing patients with written educational information regarding HPV and the HPV vaccine; 86% were supportive of providing written information plus making changes to the discharge instructions to incorporate HPV vaccination recommendations; and 53% were supportive of providing written information, making changes to the discharge instructions, and initiating HPV vaccination at the point of care. The strongest predictor of level of support was having positive perceived benefits for HPV vaccination. A one standard deviation increase in perceived benefit was associated with a 50% increased odds of having the highest level of support (OR = 1.5, CI [1.1, 1.9]). CONCLUSIONS: Nurses provide care for many adolescent and young adult sexual assault patients who are at risk for acquiring HPV and are within the age range for HPV vaccination. There is an opportunity to update current practice guidelines and recommendations. The nurses in this national sample were overwhelmingly supportive of integrating HPV prevention strategies into care. Language: en
Weight and weddings. Engaged men's body weight ideals and wedding weight management behaviors.

Abstract Most adults marry at some point in life, and many invest substantial resources in a wedding ceremony. Previous research reports that brides often strive towards culturally-bound appearance norms and engage in weight management behaviors in preparation for their wedding. However, little is known about wedding weight ideals and behaviors among engaged men. A cross-sectional survey of 163 engaged men asked them to complete a questionnaire about their current height and weight, ideal wedding body weight, wedding weight importance, weight management behaviors, formality of their upcoming wedding ceremony, and demographics. Results indicated that the discrepancy between men’s current weight and reported ideal wedding weight averaged 9.61 lb. Most men considered being at a certain weight at their wedding to be somewhat important. About 39% were attempting to lose weight for their wedding, and 37% were not trying to change their weight. Attempting weight loss was more frequent among men with higher BMI’s, those planning more formal weddings, and those who considered being the right weight at their wedding as important. Overall, these findings suggest that weight-related appearance norms and weight loss behaviors are evident among engaged men.
A constructive theory for shock-free, isentropic flow☆

Abstract We construct by finite differences solutions of the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear wave equation in one space dimension. We make certain monotonicity assumptions about the initial data, and we show that the resulting solution is Lipschitz continuous for positive times. In addition, we prove the uniqueness of the solution in a certain class, and we characterize its large-time behavior in terms of the equilibrium state for a corresponding Riemann problem. Finally, we show how our results can be extended to more general 2 × 2 systems of hyperbolic conservation laws which are genuinely nonlinear.
Nitrogen Critical Level Determination in The Woody Ornamental Shrub Euonymus fortunei

ABSTRACT We determined the critical nitrogen (N) level on greenhouse-grown winter creeper (Euonymus fortunei Hand. Mazz. ‘Colorata’) in one-gallon containers by adding N in doses of 0 to 400 mg/pot as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and growing plants for 50 days without leaching. At harvest, leaf N concentrations were similar in all treatments up to 150 mg/pot, but increased with applied N above 150 mg/pot. Yield increased with increasing leaf N up to about 1% N, but was relatively constant at higher leaf N. The leaf N critical level was 1.03%. Shoot:root ratio, based on new growth, decreased with applied N. This method for critical level determination provides an accurate description of the relationship between leaf N and growth and may be used by growers to improve fertilizer use efficiency.
Probing Cell-Free Gene Expression Noise in Femtoliter Volumes

Cell-free systems offer a simplified and flexible context that enables important biological reactions while removing complicating factors such as fitness, division, and mutation that are associated with living cells. However, cell-free expression in unconfined spaces is missing important elements of expression in living cells. In particular, the small volume of living cells can give rise to significant stochastic effects, which are negligible in bulk cell-free reactions. Here, we confine cell-free gene expression reactions to cell-relevant 20 fL volumes (between the volumes of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containers. We demonstrate that expression efficiency varies widely among different containers, likely due to non-Poisson distribution of expression machinery at the observed scale. Previously, this phenomenon has been observed only in liposomes. In addition, we analyze gene expression noise. This analysis is facilitated by our use of cell-free systems, w...
Characteristics of inpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions and concomitant injuries.

Purpose The purpose of this epidemiologic study was to quantify the incidence, expense, and concomitant injuries for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) procedures in the USA from 2003 to 2011 that required an inpatient stay. It was hypothesized that the relative reported rates of concomitant knee injuries would be greater with the MCL and menisci compared to all other concomitant knee injuries.
Outflow urinary resistance following a modified vaginal wall patch sling for patients with genuine stress incontinence

Abstract Introduction: Voiding detrusor pressure (VDP) determination and measurement of maximum flow rate (MFR) allow for the quantitative assessment of outflow urinary resistance following antiincontinence procedures. We studied preoperative and postoperative VDP and MFR in patients undergoing a modified vaginal wall patch sling for patients with genuine stress incontinence (GSI). Methods: Forty-four patients with a clinical and urodynamic diagnosis of GSI were studied. Voiding detrusor pressure and MFR were measured using a fluid-filled transducer catheter and a rotating disc, respectively. All urodynamic tests were repeated 6 months postoperatively. Results: Preoperative Postoperative P value MFR (mL/s) 24 SD ± 6 20 SD ± 8 NS VDP (cm H2O) 22 SD ± 8 25 SD ± 10 NS Conclusions: There were no significant changes in VDP or MFR postoperatively indicating absence of outflow obstruction. The vaginal wall patch sling technique provides elevation and support alongside most of the urethral length, and hence avoids a valvular effect at the level of the bladder neck. Thus, the patch sling sustains broad-based urethral compression with more even distribution of pressure extending over a long segment of the urethra. This has the advantage of avoiding focal compression that would be produced by using a narrow strip of fascia or synthetic material placed underneath the bladder neck or midurethra, and could be the main factor involved in the low incidence of postoperative voiding dysfunction and absence of outflow obstruction observed following the vaginal wall patch sling technique.
A Unilateral Cataract Produces a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in the Contralateral Eye

The relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was measured with neutral density filters in ten patients, each of whom had a dense cataract in one eye only. In each instance, the cataract reduced visual acuity to counting fingers or worse, whereas visual acuity in the other eye was 20/25 or better. All patients with mature or nuclear cataracts had a measureable RAPD in the other eye (mean, 0.44 log unit). In each instance, after extraction of the cataract, the RAPD disappeared. Thus, a dense cataract causes an RAPD in the contralateral eye by increasing the pupillomotor effectiveness of the stimulus light and that this is the reason why even a brunescent cataract does not cause an RAPD in the same eye. In addition, two clinical cases are reported. One case records the development of a cataract in an eye with a preexisting RAPD resulting from optic neuritis; as the cataract became more opaque, the afferent defect became smaller and finally was reversed. The other case shows that a traumatic cataract can produce an RAPD in the contralateral eye. Thus, when an afferent pupillary defect is seen in an eye with a cataract, a visual pathway defect in that eye should definitely be suspected.
Inverse Log-Linear Relationship between Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Free Thyroxine Measured by Direct Analog Immunoassay and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of free thyroxine (FT4) is important for diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders. Most laboratories measure FT4 by direct analogue immunoassay methods. The validity of these methods have recently been questioned. The inverse log-linear relationship between FT4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is well described and provides a physiological rationale on which to base an evaluation of FT4 assays. METHODS: The study included 109 participants for whom FT4 measurement was requested by their clinician. Samples were selected for inclusion to reflect a wide spectrum of TSH and albumin results. FT4 and TSH were measured by use of the Siemens Immulite immunoassay (IA). FT4 was also measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (MS-FT4). RESULTS: The inverse log-linear correlation coefficient between TSH and FT4 was significantly better ( P < 0.0001) for MS-FT4 (0.84, 95% CI, 0.77–0.88) than for IA-FT4 (0.45, 95% CI, 0.29–0.59). IA-FT4 showed a significant correlation with albumin (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.45, 95% CI, 0.29–0.5, P < 0.0001) and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.23, 95% CI, 0.05–0.41, P = 0.02). In contrast, FT4 measurement by LC-MS/MS did not show a significant correlation with albumin or TBG. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse log-linear relationship between FT4 and TSH was significantly better for FT4 measured by LC-MS/MS than by IA. The MS-FT4 method therefore provides FT4 results that agree clinically with those obtained for TSH. Additionally, the significant correlation between IA-FT4 with albumin and TBG suggests that this FT4 method depends on binding protein concentrations and consequently does not accurately reflect FT4.
Categorical perception of speech by children with specific language impairments

Previous research has suggested that children with specific language impairments (SLI) have deficits in basic speech perception abilities, and this may be an underlying source of their linguistic d...
Exercise and coping-oriented alcohol use among a trauma-exposed sample.

Abstract The present investigation examined the relation between exercise intensity and alcohol use coping motives among trauma-exposed adults. Participants were 114 adults (58 women; Mage = 22.31 years, SD = 8.89) who reported exposure to at least one traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) and alcohol use in the past 30 days. Partially consistent with expectation, engagement in vigorous-intensity activities (≥ 6 resting metabolic rate [MET] score) demonstrated a significant, incremental (negative) association with alcohol use coping motives. This incremental association was observed after accounting for current alcohol consumption, non-criterion alcohol use motives, anxiety sensitivity, posttraumatic stress symptom severity, as well as engagement in light- and moderate-intensity activities (
A null mutation of Hhex results in abnormal cardiac development,defective vasculogenesis and elevated Vegfa levels

The homeobox gene Hhex has recently been shown to be essential for normal liver, thyroid and forebrain development. Hhex(-/-) mice die by mid-gestation (E14.5) and the cause of their early demise remains unclear. Because Hhex is expressed in the developing blood islands at E7.0 in the endothelium of the developing vasculature and heart at E9.0-9.5, and in the ventral foregut endoderm at E8.5-9.0, it has been postulated to play a critical role in heart and vascular development. We show here, for the first time, that a null mutation of Hhex results in striking abnormalities of cardiac and vascular development which include: (1) defective vasculogenesis, (2) hypoplasia of the right ventricle, (3) overabundant endocardial cushions accompanied by ventricular septal defects, outflow tract abnormalities and atrio-ventricular (AV) valve dysplasia and (4) aberrant development of the compact myocardium. The dramatic enlargement of the endocardial cushions in the absence of Hhex is due to decreased apoptosis and dysregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Interestingly, vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) levels in the hearts of Hhex(-/-) mice were elevated as much as three-fold between E9.5 and E11.5, and treatment of cultured Hhex(-/-) AV explants with truncated soluble Vegfa receptor 1, sFlt-1, an inhibitor of Vegf signaling, completely abolished the excessive epithelial-mesenchymal transformation seen in the absence of Hhex. Therefore, Hhex expression in the ventral foregut endoderm and/or the endothelium is necessary for normal cardiovascular development in vivo, and one function of Hhex is to repress Vegfa levels during development.
Responses of early lactation cows fed winter and summer annual forages and undegradable intake protein.

Abstract Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were divided into six blocks of 4 cows based on their previous 305-d mature equivalent milk yield and were used in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment for the first 84 DIM. Objectives were to determine the effects of forage and RUP supplementation on DM and nutrient intakes and digestibilities, milk yield and composition, BW change, and plasma concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, NEFA, urea N, and protein. One cow from each block was assigned to wheat or sorghum silage plus one of three concentrates. Protein treatments were 1) all supplemental CP from soybean meal; 2) 33.3% of supplemental CP from heated soybean meal, fish meal, and corn gluten meal; and 3) protein treatment 2 plus an additional 4.6% CP from soybean meal. Intakes of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, NE L , and RUP were higher in cows fed sorghum silage; RUP tended to increase DMI, Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were higher for cows fed sorghum silage than for those fed wheat silage (42.3 vs. 40.0 kg/d and 41.2 vs. 38.7 kg/d, respectively). Milk protein, lactose, and SNF were increased by RUP. Insulin was increased, cortisol was decreased, and thyroid hormones were unaffected by RUP. Concentrations of NEFA were highest at wk 4. For early lactation cows fed diets containing sorghum or wheat silage, RUP is a necessity.
From GTO to the planets

Abstract Most Ariane 5 launches will provide slots for auxiliary payloads — up to eight payloads at 100 kg apiece. Recent analysis has established that these slots can be used to send small science payloads to Mars, Venus, or a range of near-Earth and main-belt asteroids. This paper discusses the Ariane 5 configuration, mission analyses, and launch scheduling issues associated with these opportunities and describes some applicable candidate mission concepts.
Saturation and Subcooled Boiling on Copper Nano-Dendrites Surfaces

Nucleate boiling of PF-5060 liquid on nano-dendrites surfaces is investigated at saturation and ΔTsub = 10, 20 and 30 K. The electrochemically deposited surfaces layers on 10 × 10 mm Cu substrates are ∼ 139, 171 and 220 μm thick. CHF and hMNB are significantly higher and occur at lower ΔTsat than has been reported on plane, macro-, micro- and nano-structured surfaces. CHF increases linearly 4.5%/K, while hMNB , occurring at end of the fully developed nucleate boiling region, decreases and corresponding ΔTsat increases with increased subcooling. For the 171 μm-thick surface: CHFsat of 27.8 W/cm2 increases to 63.25 W/cm2 at ΔTsub = 30 K, while saturation hMNB of 13.5 W/cm2 .K decreases to 12.7 W/cm2 .K at 30 K subcooling. ΔTsat at hMNB and CHF increases from 2.0 K and 2.16 K at saturation to 4.2 and 6.42 K at 30 K subcooling.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Understanding Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Ferredoxin: A Molecular Dynamics Study

An important question about electron-transfer proteins is how the environment of the redox site created by the protein’s matrix affects their electron-transfer properties. Here, we investigate intramolecular electron transfer in the [4Fe-4S] ferredoxins, which are a class of iron-sulfur electron-transfer proteins found in numerous electron transport chains, including the photosynthetic pathway. These proteins are characterized by having two [4Fe-4S] clusters, often but not always with the same reduction potential, and by the pseudo2-fold symmetry of the protein backbone. The nuclear polarization is calculated from molecular dynamics simulations of Clostridrium acidiurici ferredoxin, with a total of 6 ns of simulation, and is then used to calculate free energy reaction curves. In addition, we present here a new method, referred to as the Gaussian parabola method, for obtaining the reaction energy ¢G° and the reorganization energy I from the mean and fluctuations of the polarization, which is based on the linear response of a system with Gaussian fluctuations. For ferredoxin, the calculated outer sphere I is small (<200 meV) and is consistent with the lack of temperature dependence in experimental measurements of rates for this protein; however, the rate calculated from the calculated I is consistent with experimental values if the inner sphere I is large. The calculations also indicate that the contribution of the protein to I is smaller than that of the solvent, which implies that the protein enhances the rate of electron transfer by providing an environment that has a low reorganization energy.
Enhanced hydrogen sorption on carbonaceous sorbents under electric field

Abstract The effect of an applied electric field on hydrogen physisorption isotherm on carbonaceous sorbents was studied. Distinctive sorption enhancement was obtained by applying a positive electrical potential of 2000 V to platinum-supported carbon samples. The phenomenon was ascribed to stronger interactions between hydrogen and the sorbent. Theoretical studies suggested that, the interaction between hydrogen and neutral carbon is primarily the electrostatic attraction between the π-bonds of the aromatic rings and the σ-bonds of H2, which is classified as van der Waals interaction and is weak. However, the interaction between electrically charged carbon and hydrogen might involve orbital interactions between hydrogen and carbon, an interaction stronger than van der Waals attraction. Experimental studies indicated that the presence of platinum would induce dissociation of hydrogen molecules in to hydrogen atoms. The easier accessibility of the atomic orbital might favor the electron transfer from the atomic hydrogen to charged carbon.
Altered cortisol response in sober alcoholics: An examination of contributing factors

We have previously reported an attenuated plasma cortisol stress response in alcoholics abstinent from alcohol up to 4 weeks. The present study replicates and extends these findings by examining urinary cortisol levels in detoxified alcoholics (n = 40) and controls (n = 14) at rest and following mental arithmetic and isometric handgrip stress. Although the groups had similar baseline cortisol levels, the alcoholics showed an attenuated cortisol response to the combined stressors. This cortisol response reduction was unrelated to potential confounds such as smoking, liver function, age, depression, or anxiety. A multivariate model showed a trend for an association between severity of withdrawal and alcoholics' poststress cortisol levels. Although these results indicate decreased adrenocortical response to biobehavioral stress in alcoholics abstinent up to four weeks, higher stress cortisol values were seen in the patients with the most severe withdrawal symptoms.
Charge distribution and amyloid fibril formation: insights from genetically engineered model systems.

The influence of electrostatic interactions on protein amyloidogenesis has been investigated using de novo designed repetitive polypeptides YEHK21 [GH6[(GA)3GY(GA)3GE(GA)3GY(GA)3GE]21GAH6] and YE8 [GH6[(GA)3GY(GA)3GE]8GAH6]. The β-sheet forming polypeptides were designed with identical β-strands but with variable substitution at the turns that enable precise location of charged residues (Topilina et al. Biopolymers 2007, 86 (4), 261−264; Topilina et al. Biopolymers 2010, submitted for publication; Topilina et al. Biomacromolecules 2006, 7 (4), 1104−11). Solubility, folding, and aggregation of YEHK21 and YE8 were shown to be controlled by charge distribution. Under those conditions favoring the development of charge, YEHK21 and YE8 have significant propensities to form intermolecular β-sheet assemblies illustrating the potential of charged polypeptide chains to form ordered amyloid aggregates even in the absence of additional environmental factors such as the presence of polyelectrolytes, salts, and so on.
A new determination of the ultraviolet heating efficiency of the thermosphere

Experimental measurements of relevant parameters over the last five years have made possible an accurate reassessment of the thermospheric heating efficiency for solar ultraviolet photons. The outcome of a steady state calculation applicable to mid-latitudes is reported here. The results are found to be significantly different from an earlier determination, both in magnitude and in variation with altitude. The heating efficiency is approximately 50% near the peak of the extreme ultraviolet energy deposition and falls to approximately 10% near 400 km. The implications for the understanding of the thermospheric energy budget are significant. The various energy channels by which solar energy is transferred to the neutral atmosphere are quantified and summer/winter and solar maximum/solar minimum conditions are compared.
Requirement of Integrin β3 Tyrosine 747 for β3 Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Regulation of αvβ3 Avidity

Leukocytes and platelets require stimulation for optimal β3 integrin receptor function, whereas β3 function is constitutive in many other cells. The molecular mechanisms that enhance integrin function in stimulated hematopoietic cells are poorly understood. Phosphorylation of the β3 cytoplasmic tail is a recently described but prevalent phenomenon, with unknown effects on αvβ3function. Here, we show that mutation of the β3cytoplasmic tail tyrosine 747 to phenylalanine (Y747F) prevents β3 tyrosine phosphorylation in two cell lines. Whereas this mutation has no effect on αvβ3-mediated adhesion in a cell with constitutive β3 function, it completely abolishes adhesion and clot retraction by a cell that requires stimulation for β3 function. Ligand-induced conformational change as detected by LIBS-1 antibody occurs normally in Y747F mutant αvβ3. Thus, tyrosine 747 of β3 is required for stimulation of αvβ3-mediated adhesion, probably due to its phosphorylation. Because the motif in β3 required for tyrosine phosphorylation is shared by several integrin β-chains, this may be a conserved mechanism for regulation of integrin-dependent adhesion.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF LIVER CELLS INOCULATED WITH LIPOVIRUS.

Abstract The process of infection of liver cells with lipovirus apparently ends in the production of bodies appearing to be aggregates of hollow spheres. In thin sections these spheres appear like rings of very dense material. Nine days after infection, the nucleoplasm of cells contained individual rings about 15 mμ in diameter with a 10 mμ hole, as well as small clusters of rings. Large aggregates up to 100 mμ in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm and just outside the cell membrane. The location of the rings and of their aggregates of various sizes suggests that the elements arise in the nucleoplasm, form into clusters, and move through the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell. Pellets of cell-free material, known to be infective, were found to contain aggregates of ring elements similar in appearance to those found in the whole cells.
Key geochemical factors regulating Mn(IV)-catalyzed anaerobic nitrification in coastal marine sediments

Abstract The reduction of Mn(IV) oxides coupled to the anaerobic oxidation of NH 4 + has been proposed for more than a decade to contribute to the fixed nitrogen pool in marine sediments, yet the existence of this process is still under debate. In this study, surface sediments from an intertidal salt marsh were incubated with MnO2 in the presence of elevated concentrations of NH 4 + to test the hypothesis that the reduction of Mn(IV) oxides catalyzes anaerobic NH 4 + oxidation to NO 2 - or NO 3 - . Geochemical factors such as the ratio of Mn(IV) to NH 4 + , the type of Mn(IV) oxides (amorphous or colloidal MnO2), and the redox potential of the sediment significantly affect the activity of anaerobic nitrification. Incubations show that the net production of NO 3 - is stimulated under anaerobic conditions with external addition of colloidal but not amorphous MnO2 and is facilitated by the presence of high concentrations of NH 4 + . Mass balance calculations demonstrate that anaerobic NH 4 + oxidation contributes to the net consumption of NH 4 + , providing another piece of evidence for the occurrence of Mn(IV)-catalyzed anaerobic nitrification in coastal marine sediments. Finally, anaerobic nitrification is stimulated by the amendment of small concentrations of NO 3 - or the absence of sulfate reduction, suggesting that moderately reducing conditions favor anaerobic NH 4 + oxidation. Overall, these findings suggest that Mn(IV)-catalyzed anaerobic nitrification in suboxic sediments with high N/Mn concentration ratios and highly reactive manganese oxides may be an important source of NO 2 - and NO 3 - for subsequent marine nitrogen loss via denitrification or anammox.
Ethical Imperatives of CEOS: Creating the Virtuous Corporation

Companies that are going to thrive must have a soul. Those that are only concerned with “maximizing shareholder wealth” or “maximizing profit” will find themselves going the way Enron went. CEOs will have to lead the revolution and should be the ones exhorting executives to make spiritual values or virtue, not just profit, the core values of a firm. A true measure of corporate performance is multidimensional and has to include the short-term, the long-term, risk, environmental issues, society, employees, customers, suppliers, and government. This paper shows how a firm can acquire a soul and even be profitable doing it.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITIES OF RETINULAR CELLS MEASURED IN INTACT, LIVING BUMBLEBEES BY AN OPTICAL METHOD

The spectral sensitivity of the peripheral retinular cells R1–6 in nine species of intact flies was determined using non-invasive, optical measurements of the increase in reflectance that accompanies the pupillary response. Our technique is to chronically illuminate a localized region of the eye with a long wavelength beam, adjusted to bring pupillary scattering above threshold, then, after stabilization, to stimulate with monochromatic flashes. A criterion increase in scattering is achieved at each wavelength by adjusting flash intensity. Univariance of the pupillary response is demonstrated by Fig. 3.
Comparison of Dams’ Estimated Transmitting Abilities from First Lactation Herdmates or All Records of Herdmates to Predict Sons’ Milk Evaluations

Multiple regression of genetic evaluations for milk yields of first lactations of 159 Holstein bulls on sire, dam, and maternal grandsire evaluations indicates that the weight for estimated transmitting ability of the dam calculated from the first record of the dam and first records of her herdmates is about as theoretically expected and is markedly superior both to estimated transmitting ability computed from the first record of the dam and all records of her herdmates and to estimated transmitting ability computed from all records of the dam and her herdmates. The latter two procedures gave similar results.
Advances in quality of life and symptom management for head and neck cancer patients.

Purpose of reviewHead and neck cancer and its therapy are associated with marked symptom burden, functional impairment and decreased quality of life. This review will encompass the recent studies addressing supportive care issues facing head and neck cancer patients.Recent findingsAlthough it has lo
We claim this class for computer science: a non-mathematician's discrete structures course

We have recently launched a reorganized discrete structures course being taught in the computer science department for computer science majors. The main idea of the reorganization is to make the course relevant and productive for the computer science students. During the Spring of 2003, students who were taking both discrete structures and CS2 commented that taking both courses at the same time was helpful. An empirical investigation was conducted to see if there was a benefit to students taking both courses concurrently. The results show that there was a benefit to students taking both courses. The students who were taking both courses were performing better in discrete structures than those students who were not.
Transvesical Robotic Simple Prostatectomy: Initial Clinical Experience

Abstract Background Despite significant developments in transurethral surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), simple prostatectomy remains an excellent option for patients with large glands. Objective To describe our technique of transvesical robotic simple prostatectomy (RSP). Design, setting, and participants From May 2011 to April 2013, 25 patients underwent RSP. Surgical procedure We performed RSP using our technique. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Baseline demographics, pathology data, perioperative complications, 90-d complications, and functional outcomes were assessed. Results and limitations Mean patient age was 72.9 yr (range: 54–88), baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was 23.9 (range: 9–35), prostate volume was 149.6ml (range: 91–260), postvoid residual (PVR) was 208.1ml (range: 72–800), maximum flow rate (Q max ) was 11.3ml/s, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen was 9.4 ng/ml (range: 1.9–56.3). Eight patients were catheter dependent before surgery. Mean operative time was 214min (range: 165–345), estimated blood loss was 143ml (range: 50–350), and the hospital stay was 4 d (range: 2–8). There were no intraoperative complications and no conversions to open surgery. Five patients had a concomitant robotic procedure performed. Early functional outcomes demonstrated significant improvement from baseline with an 85% reduction in mean IPSS ( p p =0.014), and a 77% increase in mean Q max ( p =0.20). This study is limited by small sample size and short follow-up period. One patient had a urinary tract infection; two had recurrent hematuria, one requiring transfusion; one patient had clot retention and extravasation, requiring reoperation. Conclusions Our technique of RSP is safe and effective. Good functional outcomes suggest it is a viable option for BPH and larger glands and can be used for patients requiring concomitant procedures. Patient summary We describe the technique and report the initial results of a series of cases of transvesical robotic simple prostatectomy. The procedure is both feasible and safe and a good option for benign prostatic hyperplasia with larger glands.
Bench-scale membrane degumming of crude vegetable oil : Process optimization

Abstract Crude vegetable oils contain various minor substances such as phospholipids, coloring pigments, and free fatty acids (FFA) that may affect the quality of the finished oil. Reduction of energy costs and waste disposal are major concerns for many oil refiners who are looking for alternative methods to improve conventional refining methods, and during the last decade, energy-efficient membrane separation technology has evolved dramatically. This paper reports the cross-flow bench-scale crude vegetable oil membrane degumming test results using newly available, modified, hexane-resistant, high flux, and high selectivity non-aqueous membranes. Two membranes (DS-7 and AN03) were evaluated for their flux and rejection properties. Process parameters including pressure, temperature, feed velocity and volumetric concentration factor were examined. A 99.6% rejection of phospholipids and a flux of 26.8 l/m 2 h were achieved at pressure 300 psi, temperature 40°C, and feed velocity 220 l/h using DS-7 membrane, and significant reduction of coloring pigments was observed as well. Membrane fouling presented no big problem.
Abundances of Coplanted Native Bunchgrasses and Crested Wheatgrass after 13 Years

Abstract Crested wheatgrass ( Agropyron cristatum [L] Gaertm) has been seeded on more than 5 million hectares in western North America because it establishes more readily than native bunchgrasses. Currently, there is substantial interest in reestablishing native species in sagebrush steppe, but efforts to reintroduce native grasses into crested wheatgrass stands have been largely unsuccessful, and little is known about the long-term dynamics of crested wheatgrass/native species mixes. We examined the abundance of crested wheatgrass and seven native sagebrush steppe bunchgrasses planted concurrently at equal low densities in nongrazed and unburned plots. Thirteen years post establishment, crested wheatgrass was the dominant bunchgrass, with a 10-fold increase in density. Idaho fescue ( Festuca idahoensis Elmer), Thurber’s needlegrass ( Achnatherum thurberianum (Piper) Barkworth), basin wildrye ( Leymus cinereus [Scribn. & Merr.] A. Love), and Sandberg bluegrass ( Poa secunda J. Presl) maintained their low planting density, whereas bluebunch wheatgrass ( Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love), needle-and-thread ( Hesperostipa comata [Trin. & Rupr.] Barkworth), and squirreltail ( Elymus elymoides [Raf.] Swezey) densities declined. Our results suggest that densities of native bunchgrasses planted with crested wheatgrass are unlikely to increase and that some species may only persist at low levels. The high recruitment of crested wheatgrass suggests that coplanting of some native bunchgrasses may be a viable way of avoiding crested wheatgrass monocultures when this species is necessary for rehabilitation or restoration.
Orally Administered Leucine Stimulates Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Postabsorptive Rats in Association with Increased eIF4F Formation

We investigated the protein synthetic response of skeletal muscle to an orally administered dose of leucine given alone or in combination with carbohydrate. Male rats were freely fed (F) or food deprived for 18 h; food-deprived rats were then administered saline (S), carbohydrate (CHO), leucine (L) or a combination of carbohydrate plus leucine (CL). CHO and CL meals were isocaloric and provided 15% of daily energy requirements. L and CL meals each delivered 270 mg leucine. Muscle protein synthesis in S was 65% of F (P<0.01) 1 h after meal administration. Concomitant with lower rates of protein synthesis, phosphorylation of the translational repressor, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), was less in S, leading to greater association of 4E-BP1.eIF4E, and reduced formation of the active eIF4G.eIF4E complex compared with F (P<0.01). Oral administration of leucine (L or CL), but not CHO, restored protein synthesis equal to that in F and resulted in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation that was threefold greater than that of S (P<0.01). Consequently, formation of 4E-BP1.eIF4E was inhibited and eIF4G.eIF4E was not different from F. The amount of eIF4E in the phosphorylated form was greater in S and CHO (P<0.01) than in all other groups. In contrast, no differences in the phosphorylation state of eIF2alpha or the activity of eIF2B were noted among treatment groups. Serum insulin was elevated 2.6- and 3.7-fold in CHO and CL, respectively, but was not different in L, compared with S (P<0.05). These results suggest that leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by enhancing eIF4F formation independently of increases in serum insulin.
A high phylloquinone intake is required to achieve maximal osteocalcin γ-carboxylation

BACKGROUND Dietary vitamin K is usually inadequate to maximize serum osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation. Phylloquinone supplementation increases osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation; however, the amount required to maximize carboxylation is not known. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the ability of various doses of phylloquinone (vitamin K(1)) to facilitate osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation. DESIGN Healthy adults aged 19-36 y participated in 2 substudies. In an initial dose-finding study (substudy A), 6 women and 4 men received a placebo daily for 1 wk and then phylloquinone daily for 3 wk: 500, 1000, and 2000 micro g during weeks 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin were measured at baseline and after each week of supplementation. Subsequently, to further delineate the gamma-carboxylation response of osteocalcin to various doses of vitamin K, 58 women and 42 men were randomly assigned to receive placebo or phylloquinone supplementation (250, 375, 500, and 1000 micro g/d) for 2 wk (substudy B). The percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC) was measured at baseline and weeks 1 and 2. RESULTS In substudy A, %ucOC decreased with phylloquinone supplementation (P < 0.0001); a greater reduction was observed with 1000 and 2000 micro g than with 500 micro g (P < 0.05). In substudy B, %ucOC decreased in all supplemented groups by week 1 (P for the trend < 0.0001), which was sustained through week 2. Phylloquinone supplementation decreased %ucOC dose-dependently; %ucOC was significantly different between the 250- micro g and the placebo groups and between the 1000- and 500- micro g groups but not between the 250-, 375-, and 500- micro g groups. CONCLUSION A daily phylloquinone intake of approximately 1000 micro g is required to maximally gamma-carboxylate circulating osteocalcin.
The (Not So) New Corporate Social Responsibility: An Empirical Perspective

AbstractThere now exists a large and growing literature on what has come to be known as “corporate social responsibility” (CSR). The largest strand of this literature is devoted to studies that att...
A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of Col-3 (Metastat), an oral tetracycline derivative with potent matrix metalloproteinase and antitumor properties.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to assess the feasibility of administering Col-3, an oral chemically modified tetracycline derivative with potent inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinase activity and production, and recommend a dose on an uninterrupted once-daily schedule. The study also sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic behavior of Col-3 and seek evidence of anticancer activity. Experimental Design: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of Col-3 with dose level assignment according to an accelerated titration scheme. Because photosensitivity skin reactions were being reported in concurrent trials of Col-3, patients were instructed to apply sunscreen rigorously throughout the trial. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as the highest dose at which Results: Thirty-three patients were treated with 73 courses of Col-3 at four dose levels ranging from 36 to 98 mg/m 2 /day. Unacceptably high incidences of photosensitivity skin reactions and malaise were noted in the first 28-day courses of patients treated with Col-3 at doses exceeding 50 mg/m 2 /day. At 50 mg/m 2 /day, severe toxicity occurred in 2 of 12 new patients in first courses, and no additional dose-limiting toxicities were observed in subsequent courses. Other mild to modest adverse effects included nausea, vomiting, liver function tests abnormalities, diarrhea, mucositis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The pharmacokinetics of Col-3 were dose proportional, and mean trough concentrations at steady state were similar to biologically relevant concentrations in preclinical studies. Major responses did not occur, but durable disease stability was noted in 3 patients, one each with carcinosarcoma of the uterus, pancreas, and ovary, all of whom had experienced disease progression before Col-3 treatment. Conclusions: The recommended dose for Phase II studies of Col-3 administered once daily on an uninterrupted schedule is 50 mg/m 2 /day accompanied by efforts that promote adherence to the use of sunscreen and other photoprotective measures. Pharmacokinetic results indicate that plasma concentrations above biologically relevant concentrations are readily maintained at this dose, and additional disease-directed studies, particularly in patients with soft tissue sarcoma, should be considered.
Delayed-rectifier K channels contribute to contrast adaptation in mammalian retinal ganglion cells.

Summary Retinal ganglion cells adapt by reducing their sensitivity during periods of high contrast. Contrast adaptation in the firing response depends on both presynaptic and intrinsic mechanisms. Here, we investigated intrinsic mechanisms for contrast adaptation in OFF Alpha ganglion cells in the in vitro guinea pig retina. Using either visual stimulation or current injection, we show that brief depolarization evoked spiking and suppressed firing during subsequent depolarization. The suppression could be explained by Na channel inactivation, as shown in salamander cells. However, brief hyperpolarization in the physiological range (5–10 mV) also suppressed firing during subsequent depolarization. This suppression was selectively sensitive to blockers of delayed-rectifier K channels (K DR ). In somatic membrane patches, we observed tetraethylammonium-sensitive K DR currents that activated near −25 mV. Recovery from inactivation occurred at potentials hyperpolarized to V rest . Brief periods of hyperpolarization apparently remove K DR inactivation and thereby increase the channel pool available to suppress excitability during subsequent depolarization.