cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crime prevention programmes at the lower level of government in South Africa

This article examines the causes of high rates of crime in South Africa, and the role of local government and communities in combating crime. It argues that while inequalities among South African communities contribute greatly to the rise of crime, its actual causes can be traced back to the period of apartheid where criminal elements were tolerated in the name of fighting the apartheid system. This was compounded by the emergence of the lost generation of young South Africans who devoted their lives to the liberation struggle in the fight against inferior Bantu education which was designed for black people in South Africa. In post apartheid South Africa, this generation of young men and women were unemployable owing to a lack of education and skills. Lastly, inefficient policing and the adoption of the liberal Constitution which outlawed capital punishment, also have contributed to high rates of crime in South Africa. The article argues that crime prevention could be effective if the law enforcement bodi...
Regulation of the primate fetal adrenal gland and testis in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract In vitro experiments with the separated fetal zone (FZ) and definitive zone (DZ) of the human fetal adrenal (10–20 weeks) demonstrated ACTH stimulation of cortisol and binding in the DZ. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), produced primarily in the FZ, was stimulated inconsistently by ACTH, but consistently by hCG. Thus, the DZ appears regulated by ACTH, and the FZ principally by hCG in the first half of gestation. To assess adrenal regulation in the primate during the second half of gestation, under more physiologic circumstances, studies were carried out in a chronic fetal rhesus monkey preparation in utero in which fetuses (130–145 d gestation) were catheterized, replaced in the uterus, and the pregnancy allowed to continue up to 14 days. Dexamethasone administered to the fetus suppressed DHAS, cortisol and ACTH. Seven fetuses were challenged with ACTH. An increase in cortisol production was only observed in two; no significant stimulation was seen in the others. The challenge with ACTH was given to two infant monkeys on the first day of life. Cortisol levels increased 10-fold after ACTH stimulation. The data suggest some intrauterine factor which blocks the response to ACTH. In studies of fetal monkey testicular regulation, in vitro and in vivo, specific hCG binding was demonstrated in testicular homogenates and hCG stimulated testosterone (T) production in testicular minces. In utero intra-arterial administration of hCG to fetuses resulted in a 4-fold increase in fetal serum T. Other fetuses were challenged with bolus infusions of 10 and 50 μg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Only the higher dose resulted in fetal T stimulation. In newborn monkeys, the lower 10 μg dose of GnRH also caused an increase in serum T. Thus, the pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-gonadal axes appear functional in the third trimester in this species, and target gland sensitivity appears to increase after birth.
Effect of infant age on aminopyrine breath test results.

ABSTRACT: The aminopyrine breath test has been used in adults as a measure of hepatic N-demethylase activity. In order to study maturational changes in enzyme function, 13C aminopyrine (2 mg/kg) was administered orally to infants (n = 16) between the ages of 1 and 38 wk. Breath samples were collected for 6 h after administration of the labeled aminopyrine for the measurement of 13CO2 enrichment. Using a number of different scoring methods to quantitate 13CO2 elimination of breath, demethylation of aminopyrine was found to be positively correlated to age. By 20 wk of age, some infants had rates of elimination similar to those measured in adults. Absorption was excluded as a limiting variable, because no improvement in oxidation rates was found when the aminopyrine was readministered as an intravenous bolus. Changes in nutritional status and route of feeding (enteral versus parenteral) did not prevent the effect of maturation on aminopyrine elimination. Conclusions: 1) maturational differences are seen in the metabolism of aminopyrine; 2) these differences may reflect immaturity of N-demethylase activity or diversion of the liberated formaldehyde into biosynthetic rather than oxidative pathways.
Accurate measurement of high-speed, unsteady temperature fields by holographic interferometry in the presence of periodic pressure variations

This paper expands the applicability of holographic interferometry to measurements of unsteady temperature distributions for physical situations characterized by periodic pressure variations. For this purpose a new analytical model that accounts for pressure variations in the interpretation of the interferometric fringe pattern was elaborated. This model was then implemented into the newly developed evaluation procedure that is based on the measurement of the interference order as a continuous function of two spatial coordinates and time, by employing digital image processing algorithms. To validate the evaluation procedure, the oscillating temperature fields in a model of a thermoacoustic refrigerator were measured. These measurements proved the validity of the approach by indicating very good agreement with existing theory.
A flame-bubble analogue and its stability

Abstract Lean hydrogenair mixtures confined to a flammability tube can support “flame-bubbles”—very small, highly curved flames that rise because of buoyancy. An approximate description of the flow field associated with a single unbounded flame is provided by numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for distributed heat sources rising at constant speed in a gravitational field. Zeldovich has proposed a theoretical model valid at 0 g (zero Reynolds number) but it has only unstable solutions. We describe a “flame-cap” model, valid for finite g , and suggest that the flow field is an essential stabilizing mechanism.
Examination of Gallium Arsenide MOCVD Reaction Mechanisms

A mathematical model has been developed of the reactor used by Larsen et al. [1] to study the kinetics of gallium arsenide MOCVD.- Two different surface reactions were considered as the rate-limiting step in film growth below 500°C: (1) the desorption of methyl radicals from adsorbed trimethylgallium, and (2) the reaction of CH 3 and H groups from adsorbed trimethylgallium and arsine to make methane. The latter step is consistent with the experimental results. It explains the rapid acceleration of the precursor decomposition rates when they are fed together to the reactor. It also explains why methane is the only hydrocarbon generated from trimethylgallium and arsine decomposition in deuterium at V/Ill ratios greater than 1.0.
Variable Structure Observers for Linear and Nonlinear Uncertain Systems

The papers shortly describes the problems related to the robust variable observers for linear and nonlinear uncertain systems.
Innovations in proteomic profiling of cancers: Alternative splice variants as a new class of cancer biomarker candidates and bridging of proteomics with structural biology

Abstract Alternative splicing allows a single gene to generate multiple RNA transcripts which can be translated into functionally diverse protein isoforms. Current knowledge of splicing is derived mainly from RNA transcripts, with very little known about the expression level, 3D structures, and functional differences of the proteins. Splicing is a remarkable phenomenon of molecular and biological evolution. Studies which simply report up-regulation or down-regulation of protein or mRNA expression are confounded by the effects of mixtures of these isoforms. Besides understanding the net biological effects of the mixtures, we may be able to develop biomarker tests based on the observable differential expression of particular splice variants or combinations of splice variants in specific disease states. Here we review our work on differential expression of splice variant proteins in cancers and the feasibility of integrating proteomic analysis with structure-based conformational predictions of the differences between such isoforms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: From Genome to Proteome: Open Innovations.
Morphologic Variations Along the Length of the Monkey Vas Deferens

Gross and microscopic morphology of the vas deferens of sexually mature macaque monkeys were studied with special reference to the changes and modifications occurring throughout its entire length. The vas deferens was subdivided into four regional segments designated proximal, middle, distal, and ampulla. Each segment showed morphologic variations and it seemed to correspond roughly to the region located in a different part of the body which it traverses. The longitudinal folds of the epithelium are simple in the proximal region but gradually become more complex towards the distal region. In the ampulla, they often branch and form crypts. Stereocilia of epithelial cells are taller and more uniform in the proximal portion in comparison with the short, irregular stereocilia found in the more distal segment of the vas deferens. The luminal epithelial cells of the proximal part apparently have no granules or cytoplasmic blebbings, while the principal cells in the distal portion contain large numbers of cytoplasmic granules and apical blebs. Cells in the middle segments possess cytological features intermediate to the proximal and distal regions. These structural variations along the length of the vas deferens sug gest that this segment of the excurrent duct of the testis performs functions other than just as a passageway for spermatozoa.
A 43- to 54-Year Follow-Up of 1,000 Patients With Congenital Heart Disease

From 1952 to 1963, 1,000 consecutive children with congenital heart disease were evaluated by 1 of us (R.C.A.). Current information for 994 patients with 36,086 patient-years is available. Of these, 362 have died, 130 as adults, of whom 67 died from a cardiac cause. Of the remaining 638 patients, 632 were living, and 6 were lost to follow-up. The survival curves for ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary stenosis paralleled the normal curve. Cyanotic patients had a markedly reduced curve, with 19% alive at 50 years. Most patients were New York Heart Association class I, with only 3 in class IV, each from noncardiac causes. In conclusion, this experience should be helpful to physicians caring for adults with congenital heart disease and provide an optimistic outlook for the patients with less complex conditions.
Electrochemical study on nano-Sn, Li4.4Sn and AlSi0.1 powders used as secondary lithium battery anodes

It is believed that particle cracking resulting from phase transformation is responsible for the poor cycle performance of lithium alloy anodes. Pulverization effects may be reduced by using, (i) smaller active particles; (ii) active particle composites with different potentials for the onset of lithium alloy formation; and (iii) expanded alloys which have undergone a major increase during initial charging. Three alloys of the above types (nano-Sn, AlSi0.1 and Li4.4Sn) were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to determine their electrochemical kinetics and intrinsic resistance during initial lithium insertion-extraction. The electrodes were prepared by sandwiching a disk of active powder between two nickel screens, so that the contact resistance may be determined by EIS and from a d.c. voltage difference across the electrode (trans-electrode voltage). A large increase in contact resistance was found during lithium discharge (extraction) from nano-LixSn and LixAlSi0.1 alloys, compared with the small increase during the initial charge. This result suggest that the matrix materials should have a small coefficient of elasticity to give low stress on expansion of the active alloy, together with a large elastic deformation to compensate for volume reduction. This is contrary to generally accepted argument that the matrix should have a high ductility. EIS results for measurement of intrinsic resistance and reaction kinetics during initial lithium insertion into nano-Sn and AlSi0.1 alloys show that both solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films formed on particle surfaces, together with particle pulverization, are responsible for the high contact resistance. The electrochemical kinetics of both lithium charge and discharge are controlled by contact resistance at high states of charge. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ethics committee experience with emergency exception from informed consent protocols.

Since 1996, U.S. federal regulations allow research without informed consent to study emergency conditions, if there is currently no satisfactory treatment for the condition, no time to obtain advance consent from the patient or representative, and if there is community involvement through a public disclosure and community consultation process. REB experiences since then are unknown. We surveyed REB chairpersons at the 126 United States medical schools to quantify reviewed protocols and identify attitudes about the rule, to better understand the rule's impact on REBs. Sixty-nine surveys were returned (55%). Fifty-two respondents reviewing human research had heard of the Rule. Forty-eight percent (25/52) had reviewed such a study; 40% of those had rejected at least one. Seventy-eight percent believe the rule protects human subjects, and 88% feel prepared to implement them. REB views differed from public opinion on how best to enact notification and consultation.
Perpetually Out of Place: Michael Asher and Jean-Antoine Houdon at the Art Institute of Chicago*

OCTOBER 120, Spring 2007, pp. 71–86. © 2007 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1916 the Art Institute of Chicago placed an order with the Gorham Manufacturing Company of Providence, Rhode Island, to acquire a bronze cast of Jean-Antoine Houdon’s late-eighteenth-century statue of George Washington. The original marble statue had been commissioned in 1785 by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, as a result of its resolution the previous year to have a statue “erected as a monument of affection and gratitude to George Washington, who, uniting to the endowments of the hero, the virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in establishing the liberties of his country, has rendered his name dear to his fellow-citizens, and given to the world an immortal example of true glory.”1 Thomas Jefferson, who, along with Benjamin Franklin, was entrusted with the task of selecting the appropriate sculptor for the commission, reported from Paris on their selection of Houdon: “There could be no question raised as to the sculptor who should be employed; the reputation of Mons. Houdon, of this city, being unrivaled in Europe.”2 Describing Houdon’s fame and skill in a letter to Washington, Jefferson wrote, “A bust of Voltaire executed by him is said to be one of the finest in the world.”3 Prior to Houdon’s receiving the commission, Governor of Virginia Benjamin Harrison had arranged for Charles Willson Peale to paint a full-length portrait of Washington, which was sent to Jefferson in Paris.4 Houdon, however, preferred to model Washington from
Free‐falling Crystals: Biological Macromolecular Crystal Growth Studies in Low Earth Orbit

Spacecraft orbiting the earth experience a reduced acceleration environment due to being in a state of continuous free-fall. This state colloquially termed microgravity, has produced improved X-ray diffraction quality crystals of biological macromolecules. Improvements in X-ray diffraction resolution (detail) or signal to noise, provide greater detail in the three-dimensional molecular structure providing information about the molecule, how it works, how to improve its function or how to impede it. Greater molecular detail obtained by crystallization in microgravity, has important implications for structural biology. In this article we examine the theories behind macromolecule crystal quality improvement in microgravity using results obtained from studies with the model protein, chicken egg white lysozyme.
Directed acyclic graph based source modeling for data unit selection of streaming media over QoS networks

Regardless of the network loss process, a central problem in rate-distortion optimized video streaming is the modeling of the resulting distortion associated with the loss of different subsets of data units. When the dependency among data units is modeled by a directed acyclic graph, previous work has modeled the distortion contribution of a data unit based on only two events: whether or not the data unit and all its dependent data units are available. The restriction to only two events allows the use of a single scalar to represent the distortion contribution of a data unit, and at the same time limits its accuracy. We consider the general case when a data unit can assume different distortion contributions when different subsets of its dependent data units are available. Rate-distortion optimized streaming using the general model is performed to demonstrate the possible gains.
Metabolic adaptation of Trichomonas vaginalis to growth rate and glucose availability.

Summary: The parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis adapted the specific activities of twelve of the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism to the growth rate and glucose availability. These changes in enzyme activities were induced by culturing T. vaginalis in chemostats with glucose, present in rate-limiting or excess concentrations, as carbon and energy source. The specific activities were measured in pelleted cells at each steady state, while metabolic end products were determined in filtered culture fluid. The specific activities were lower in cells grown on growth-rate-limiting concentrations of glucose and higher in organisms cultured in the presence of excess glucose. In both cases enzyme activities were higher at increasing growth rates. For most enzymes the difference between the highest and lowest activities was an order of magnitude. The specific activities of eleven of the enzymes were strongly correlated to each other (correlation coefficients 0.83-0.99), the exception being lactate dehydrogenase. The rates of production of the three major end products, lactate, acetate and glycerol, increased with increasing growth rates. Alanine was not formed in measurable quantities. The ratio of the end products formed was strongly influenced by the growth rates and glucose availability. The rates of formation of acetate and glycerol correlated best with the specific activities of the enzymes catalysing the final reactions of their respective pathways. This suggests that the production of acetate and glycerol is rate-limited by these final steps. In contrast, the formation of lactate did not correlate with the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase but was determined by the rate of glucose consumption.
Synthesis of block copolymers containing poly(ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate) units

Ferrocenylmethyl methacrylate (FMMA) has been polymerized by using LiAlH4–tetramethyl-ethylenediamine initiation to form living polymers in high vacuum systems. The addition of methyl methacrylate or acrylonitrile to these living systems gave the block copolymers FMMA-block MMA and FMMA-block AN. The anions were not nucleophilic enough to initiate styrene polymerization. Therefore, living polystyrene was prepared (sodium naphthalide initiation in THF at −78°C) and upon FMMA addition, styrene-block FMMA copolymers were formed. Extraction, precipitation, and gel-permeation chromatography studies were performed to examine the purity of the block copolymers.
Clostridium difficile: Clinical Considerations

Clostridium difficile was originally reported as an agent of enteric disease in 1977. Subsequent work has shown this organism to be what many consider the most important bacterial pathogen of the gut in developed countries in terms of severity of disease and prevalence. A review of the literature indicates that almost all of the clinically relevant data for this organism were reported by 1981, including data on the spectrum of disease, clinical settings in which it is suspect, epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, distinction between toxin A and toxin B, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic guidelines. This report reviews the historical data that led to the discovery of C. difficile, current information that is clinically relevant, and remaining issues of concern as a guide for future studies.
Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of a lithium ion cell for hybrid electric vehicles

Abstract A 1D model based on physical and electrochemical processes of a lithium ion cell is used to describe constant current and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) data from a 6 Ah cell designed for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. An approximate solution method for the diffusion of lithium ions within active material particles is formulated using the finite element method and implemented in the previously developed 1D electrochemical model as an explicit difference equation. Reaction current distribution and redistribution processes occurring during discharge and current interrupt, respectively, are driven by gradients in equilibrium potential that arise due to solid diffusion limitations. The model is extrapolated to predict voltage response at discharge rates up to 40 C where end of discharge is caused by negative electrode active material surface concentrations near depletion. Simple expressions are derived from an analytical solution to describe solid-state diffusion limited current for short duration, high-rate pulses.
The Ranking of C-Schools Using the Criteria of ASC Publication

This research profiles, measures and ranks Associate Schools of Construction (ASC) publications as one way to create a system that would affect a C-school top-ranking solution. Past attempts highlight a peer-group evaluation process that is fraught with conflict between academic construction programs. This new methodology introduces a categorical ranking system that is end-user responsive. Although there are three potential end users of the ranking system (i.e., students, programs, and employers), these criteria will assist mainly the programs in cross C-school evaluation. The results provide two levels of rankings, 1) long-term and 2) current, calculated to affect selected equity weights that negate program size.
A real-time cloud modeling, rendering, and animation system

Modeling and animating complex volumetric natural phenomena, such as clouds, is a difficult task. Most systems are difficult to use, require adjustment of numerous, complex parameters, and are non-interactive. Therefore, we have developed an intuitive, interactive system to artistically model, animate, and render visually convincing volumetric clouds using modern consumer graphics hardware. Our natural, high-level interface models volumetric clouds through the use of qualitative cloud attributes. The animation of the implicit skeletal structures and independent transformation of octaves of noise emulate various environmental conditions. The resulting interactive design, rendering, and animation system produces perceptually convincing volumetric cloud models that can be used in interactive systems or exported for higher quality offline rendering.
Graphene drape minimizes the pinning and hysteresis of water drops on nanotextured rough surfaces.

Previous studies of the interaction of water with graphene-coated surfaces have been limited to flat (smooth) surfaces. Here we created a rough surface by nanopatterning and then draped the surface with a single-layer graphene sheet. We found that the ultrasheer graphene drape prevents the penetration of water into the textured surface thereby drastically reducing the contact angle hysteresis (which is a measure of frictional energy dissipation) and preventing the liquid contact line from getting pinned to the substrate. This has important technological implications since the main obstacle to the motion of liquid drops on rough surfaces is contact angle hysteresis and contact line pinning. Graphene drapes could therefore enable enhanced droplet mobility which is required in a wide range of applications in micro and nanofluidics. Compared to polymer coatings that could fill the cavities between the nano/micropores or significantly alter the roughness profile of the substrate, graphene provides the thinnest...
Endemic Strongyloidiasis in Northern Italy: Clinical and Immunological Aspects

One hundred and eighteen cases of S. stercoralis infection were detected by stool examination among 4203 patients seen over a period of three years at the Division of Infectious Diseases (IRCCS, San Matteo, University of Pavia) of a University Hospital in Northern Italy. Because chronic strongyloidiasis is often asymptomatic, a 3 per cent prevalence in this selected population indicates that the parasitosis may be much more frequent in the general population of the area. Parasite-specific humoral responses were studied in 48 patients. Strongyloides -specific IgG and IgA antibodies were found by ELISA in the serum of 40 (83.3 per cent) and 43 (89.5 per cent) patients, respectively, and specific IgE antibodies were detected by RAST in 39 (81.3 per cent). The specific IgG antigen recognition patterns of these patients were compared by immunoblotting with those of North and South American and Thai patients, and differences among the groups suggested the existence of separate geographic strains of S. stercoralis . This was further supported by the virtual absence in our patients of the larva currens, a common and highly characteristic sign of strongyloidiasis in subjects infected in southeast Asia. More awareness of the epidemiologic and clinical features of strongyloidiasis, with the use of serologic tests to screen candidates for immunosuppression, may result in the early detection of chronic uncomplicated strongyloidiasis and in the prevention of fatal opportunistic hyperinfections.
Divergence of Opinion, Arbitrage Costs and Stock Returns

In this paper we examine how divergence of opinion affect cross-sectional asset returns for different stocks with different arbitrage costs by employing a new proxy for divergence of opinion. We generalize Tauchen and Pitts' (1983) well-known Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis (MDH), which links asset volume and volatility in a way that derives a proxy for divergence of opinion among all individual investors. This new measure is a more reliable proxy for divergence of opinion among all individual investors than the existing proxies such as dispersion in analysts' earnings forecasts and turnover. We then use this measure of divergence of opinion in an empirical asset pricing analysis. In particular, we incorporate the crucial role of divergence of opinion in the determination of cross-sectional asset returns, establishing that when divergence of opinion is high, stock prices tend to be biased upwardly, resulting in lower future returns. These effects are especially pronounced for stocks with higher arbitrage costs including idiosyncratic risks, short sale costs, and other transaction costs, which are more difficult and costly to short sell. Hence the evidence for these stocks support Miller's (1977) view that, given short-sale constraints, observed prices overweight optimistic valuations. The predictions of recent theoretical work, such as Hong and Stein (2003), are valid only for stocks with less arbitrage costs. Also, our results suggest that the idiosyncratic risk, relative to other arbitrage cost measure, incrementally explain the divergence of opinon's effect on stock returns.
Thermal Plasma Synthesis of γ-FeN, Nanoparticles as Precursors for the Fe16N2 Synthesis by Annealing

An ordered Fe16N2 phase has been reported with iron moments as high as 3.2 μB. It is precipitated from nitrogen martensite structures ideally containing 10.5 at.% nitrogen. Due to the highly distorted crystal structure and metastability of this phase non-equilibrium processing routes are sought to synthesize this phase. Here we report on radio frequency (RF) plasma torch synthesis which is used to produce FeN. nanoparticles quenched into a body centered tetragonal bct) structure as precursors for further annealing studies to form α“- Fe16N2 phase. We have employed a Tekna PL-50 type 50 kW, RF plasma torch. A plasma gas mixture containing 40 standard liters per minute (slpm) Ar and 8 slpm Hydrogen - 70 slpm Ar gas was used as a sheath gas. Iron powder ( < 10 μm) was injected into the plasma stream using Ar flowing 15 slpm as a carrier gas. Nitrogen and Ammonia were used as a nitrogenization sources. Relatively low injection rates were used in order to achieve smaller particle sizes and thus faster quenching rates. We were able to produce particles containing up to 45 % of the quenched γ-phase. Observations based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) determination of lattice expansion and phase transition temperatures observed by differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that the quenched phase contains 6.5 atomic % nitrogen. Scherrer analysis of the fine particle broadening indicated that the average particle size for γ- phase is 27 nm, whereas this value is found to be 55 nm. for α-Fe. Nitrogen is well known for its grain size refinement in Fe thin films. Saturation magnetizations were found to be as low as 123 emu/g due to the presence of the nonmagnetic γ-FeNx phase.
Screening and Intervention for Alcohol and Illicit Drug Abuse: A Survey of Internal Medicine Housestaff

This study attempts to determine how internal medicine housestaff screen and intervene for problematic alcohol and illicit drug use, as well as identify factors correlating with favorable practices. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 93 medical housestaff. Of 64 (69%) respondents, 94% reported routinely screening new patients for alcohol or illicit drug use, while only 52% routinely quantified alcohol consumption and 28% routinely used a screening instrument. Housestaff were unfamiliar with national guidelines and felt unprepared to diagnose substance use disorders, particularly prescription drug abuse. Most routinely counseled patients with alcohol (89%) or illicit-drug problems (91%), although only a third of these patients were referred for formal treatment. More thorough screening practices were associated with greater treatment optimism, while favorable referral practices were associated with greater optimism about 12-step program benefit and difficulty with management. These findings suggest areas to be addressed in residency curricula on substance abuse.
The Use of Exponential and Linear Decay Models in the Evaluation of Controlled-Release Pheromone Formulations

Although mathematical models accurately describe release characteristics of controlled-release formulations of insect pheromones, and captures are proportional to the rate of release (McKibben et al. 1974), such models are not widely used by scientists in investigating these formulations. They either use no analysis or only use the Duncan's test to determine differences between treatment means. Those who separate the means with a multiple range test can show which treatments are statistically more effective overall or at regular intervals, an approach that provides relatively minimum information. Those who do no statistical analysis simply rank the treatments according to total captures and consider the one with the highest capture as the best, an approach that does have pitfalls. For example, a given formulation may be characterized by fast release of pheromone during the earlier part of the test, and the peak population of insects happens to coincide with this period; then that formulation will provide a disproportionately large percentage of the total catch. Indeed, the fact that its pheromone supply is depleted quickly could be masked if populations (and hence total captures) are low during the remainder of the test. Other, perhaps superior, formulations would not be able to “catch up” and a comparison of total captures at the end of the test would lead to false conclusions. Or, just the opposite situation might prevail.
Antibiotic-Tolerant Staphylococcus aureus

In 1977, Sabath, et al., described a new type of penicillin resistance in strains of Staphylococcus aureus. These strains were inhibited by low concentrations of nafcillin, but high concentrations of this antibiotic were not lethal. The ratio of the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 128 to 2000. The authors designated these strains as “tolerant” and suggested that tolerance is “a common, clinically important form of penicillin resistance, that differs from previously described forms of penicillin resistance, that due to /8-lactamase, and that due to ‘intrinsic’ (e.g., methicillin resistance) mechanisms.” This report examines some of the laboratory and clinical aspects of antibiotic-tolerant S. aureus.
Weighted flowtime on capacitated machines

It is well-known that SRPT is optimal for minimizing flow time on machines that run one job at a time. However, running one job at a time is a big under-utilization for modern systems where sharing, simultaneous execution, and virtualization-enabled consolidation are a common trend to boost utilization. Such machines, used in modern large data centers and clouds, are powerful enough to run multiple jobs/VMs at a time subject to overall CPU, memory, network, and disk capacity constraints.Motivated by this prominent trend and need, in this work, we give the first scheduling algorithms to minimize weighted flow time on such capacitated machines. To capture the difficulty of the problem, we show that without resource augmentation, no online algorithm can achieve a bounded competitive ratio. We then investigate algorithms with a small resource augmentation in speed and/or capacity. Our first result is a simple (2 + e)-capacity O(1/e)-competitive greedy algorithm. Using only speed augmentation, we then obtain a 1.75-speed O(1)-competitive algorithm. Our main technical result is a near-optimal (1+e)-speed, (1+e)-capacity O(1/e3)-competitive algorithm using a novel combination of knapsacks, densities, job classification into categories, and potential function methods. We show that our results also extend to the multiple unrelated capacitated machines setting.
More than an epistemic hedge: French je sais pas ‘I don’t know’ as a resource for the sequential organization of turns and actions

Abstract This paper examines the interrelatedness of grammar and social interaction in relation to speakers’ use of the construction je sais pas ‘I don’t know’ in French talk-in-interaction. Based on qualitative and quantitative evidence, the study documents an interconnection between the syntactic and morphophonological properties of the construction, its epistemic meaning, its placement within turn and sequence, and its interactional functioning, specifically elaborating on its use in responses to questions. Syntactically and morphophonologically full forms tend to be used as epistemic disclaimers while reduced forms tend to be discourse marker-like. The latter occur in various sequential environments in mid-turn position, accomplishing interactional purposes such as hedging, floor-holding or indexing approximation. By contrast, in turn-initial and turn-final position, they occur predominantly in responses to questions, and are specifically implicated in the sequential organization of turns and actions: In turn-initial position, they project a non-fitted response; in turn-final position they function as turn-exit devices at a moment when a responsive action has not reached conditional relevance. Results show the grammaticization of je sais pas as an interaction-organizational device that cannot be reduced to the role of epistemic hedge or stance-marker, but is profoundly implicated in the sequential organization of turns and actions.
P125 RNA Splicing in the Pathogenesis and Evaluation of Pulmonary Fibrosis

The set of proteins within a cell varies as a function of the stage of development and conditions, such as wound repair, and alternate splicing is a means of modulating the protein set. RNA splicing may result in gain or loss of protein function. Thus, next generation sequencing has the …
On the accuracy of commonly used loss models in SCVRs

It is shown in this work that the Slow Switching Limit (SSL) losses [1]-[2] in a Switched-Capacitor Voltage Regulator (SCVR) has limited validity. This important metric of SCVR performance was derived with the assumption of constant, ripple free, output voltage. However, for a typical SCVR output voltage signal with ripples, it is shown here that the actual losses are significantly less than the SSL loss prediction. It is shown that the loss in this case depends primarily on the switch resistance and approaches the SSL losses as the ripples are controlled.
Radiation-resistant characteristics of image fiber

γ ray irradiated characteristics of radiation resistant image fiber was mainly studied, and also core material and cladding material were investigated. We have got the following result.
Rich Representation Spaces: Benefits in Digital Auscultation Signal Analysis

When developing automated techniques for analysis of auscultation signals, the choice of a proper representational space that characterizes all attributes of interest in the signal is of paramount importance. In this paper, we investigate different feature representation methods and their benefits in distinguishing auscultation sounds. The importance of choosing an appropriate feature space is explored and validated using trained classifiers that distinguish between normal and abnormal respiratory sounds. Findings of this study are two-fold: i) an increased dimensionality in the feature space can provide a more complete and distinct representation of the delicate breath sounds and ii) dimensionality of the feature space alone is not enough to fully capture discriminative attributes: an informative feature space is even more crucial for extracting accurate, disease-specific characteristics of respiratory sounds.
Microfluidic eletrophoretic ion nutrient sensor

This paper reports on an electrophoresis based microfluidic ion nutrient sensor for the detection of anions in soil solution samples. The device offers the capability to analyze concentration of various ions in extracted soil samples in a rapid and sensitive way. The polydimethylsiloxane-glass electrophoretic microchip features microfluidics for sample and buffer solution manipulation and in-plane contactless conductivity detection electrodes. An external programmable high voltage power supply system was built to achieve precise electrophoretic control during sample/buffer injection and separation steps. A simple detection circuit was used to extract and transfer detection signals for further analysis. Soil samples were extracted and analyzed for ions to determine feasibility of using this sensor as a rapid analysis method for monitoring ions in soil solutions of an agriculture system. The identity of the detection peaks was also confirmed by simulation.
Reaction: Technological Aspects of Molecular Electronics

Dr. Emanuel Lortscher received his PhD with distinction (summa cum laude) in 2006 from the University of Basel in Switzerland and a master in physics in 2003 from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He has been a research staff member at IBM Research since 2008. He has received various prizes, including the Swiss Physical Society Award for Applied Physics in 2007 and the Faculty Prize of the University of Basel in the same year. His current research focuses on fabrication, electronics, optics, and chemistry at the nanoscale for applications in novel computing applications, biology, medicine, and the Internet of Things.
HIV Positive Gay Men, MSM, and Substance Use: Perspectives on HIV Prevention

Multiple factors interfere with the development and implementation of effective HIV prevention programs for HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM) who use substances. Chief among these is being a member of multiple communities (e.g., sexual minority, racial/ethnic minority, substance user, HIV positive) and concomitant challenges from stigma and discrimination that can produce a syndemic condition, in which the negative impact of the whole is greater than individual elements. HIV positive MSM who use substances face restricted access to antiretroviral (ARV) medications compared to non-substance users, which differentially compromises their health outcomes and increases potential for new infections. Few behavioral HIV prevention programs address the unique needs of HIV positive MSM who use substances. Given efficacious HIV prevention tools for non-substance users, it is time to marshal the political will to provide access to resources for ARVs and behavioral prevention programs that function as treatment and prevention for HIV positive MSM who use substances.
Support loss evasion in breathing mode high-order silicon disc resonators

In this paper, single crystalline silicon (SCS) anisotropy is exploited to suppress support loss in side-supported breathing-mode thin-film piezoelectric-on-silicon (TPoS) disc resonators for the first time. Contrary to the case of isotropic materials, for an SCS breathing-mode disc resonator, displacement is not uniform at the outer edges of the resonator. It is shown that for high order harmonics, there exists pseudo-nodal points at the side of the disc resonator body where tethers could be strategically placed achieving minimum acoustic energy leakage. A 3D model including a perfect matching layer (PML) is developed to simulate the support loss of side-supported disc resonators in COMSOL. Using this model, it is predicted that 8th-harmonic single-crystalline silicon disc resonators with tethers aligned to the [100] plane could achieve orders of magnitude smaller support loss compared to lower harmonics. TPoS disc resonators are fabricated on single crystalline silicon with tethers aligned to [100] and [110] crystalline planes. The frequency response of both types of resonators are measured and it is observed that: 1) for the resonator with tethers aligned to [100], unloaded quality factor improves from 433 for the second harmonic mode at 42 MHz to 9660 for the eighth harmonic mode at 195 MHz 2) the resonator with tethers aligned to [110] doesn't exhibit any notable resonance activity for mode numbers greater than 4 and for those low order harmonics the quality factors are all below 1000.
A Departure from Cognitivism: Implications of Chomsky’s Second Revolution in Linguistics

In 1957 Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures, expressing views characterized as constituting a "revolution" in linguistics. Chomsky proposed that the proper subject matter of linguistics is not the utterances of speakers, but what speakers and listeners know. To that end, he theorized that what they know is a system of rules that underlie actual performance. This theory became known as transformational grammar. In subsequent versions of this theory, rules continued to play a dominant role. However, in 1980 Chomsky began a second revolution by proposing the elimination of rules in a new theory: the principles-and-parameters approach. Subsequent writings finalized the abandonment of rules. Given the centrality of rules to cognitivism, this paper argues that Chomsky's second revolution constitutes a departure from cognitivism.
Bayesian Perturbation Diagnostics and Robustness

A Bayesian analysis may depend critically on the modeling assumptions which include prior, likelihood and loss function. A model that has been judged adequate in previous more or less similar situations may be assumed to be the standard. However one ought to consider the effect of perturbing the standard model in potentially conceivable directions especially if graphical procedures indicate the standard may only be marginally adequate. We discuss a variety of perturbation models and Bayesian diagnostics that can be helpful in a local or a more global analysis of the robustness of the sample.
All Charities Are Property-Tax Exempt, but Some Charities Are More Exempt Than Others

Attention from the media notwithstanding, the nonprofit sector continues to achieve remarkable success in state supreme courts and statehouses in defending property-tax exemptions. But budget pressures remain. While the intermediate use of “payments in lieu of taxes” has not yet become a systematic compromise solution, PILOTs are attracting growing interest from local taxing jurisdictions. This Article highlights three issues— who decides the parameters of exemption, legislatures or courts; what are the specific factors and vulnerable subsectors; and how exemption is granted or withheld in practice—and concludes with several PILOT case studies. The Appendix sets forth a fifty-one-jurisdiction review of state constitutions, statutes, and high-court decisions, and finds that the regimes generally are more similar than not. INTRODUCTION 622 I. Who Decides the Parameters of Exemption? 625 A. Courts Versus Legislatures 625 B. Intrastate Inconsistency 632 II. Specific Factors and Vulnerable Subsectors 634 A. Evolving Definition of Charity 634 B. Rationales for Exempting Charitable Property 638 C. Mandating Redistribution Versus Avoiding Private Benefit ...645  Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology. I thank Eric Lustig and the New England Law Review for inviting me to participate in their conference, and for the suggestions from my fellow presenters and attendees. I presented an earlier version of this article at “Shades of Virtue: Measuring the Comparative Worthiness of Charities,” Annual Conference of the National Center on Philanthropy and the Law, New York University School of Law (New York City, Oct. 29-30, 2009). I am grateful to that conference’s organizers, Harvey Dale and Jill Manny, for inviting me to write that draft, and to my discussants, Marion Fremont-Smith and Peter Swords, and to other participants for their helpful comments. BRODY_FINAL FOR PDF 6/24/2010 12:36:59 PM 622 NEW ENGLAND LAW REVIEW [Vol. 44:621 III. Exemption In Practice 654 A. Administering and Evaluating Property-Tax Exemption Schemes 654 B. Exemption Work-Arounds: User Fees and PILOTs 658 CONCLUSION: A TALE OF THREE CITIES 665 APPENDIX: FIFTY-ONE-JURISDICTION SURVEY 671 “The term ‘charity’ has become magical gibberish to sanctify any socially beneficial use of property that a court deems worthy of subsidy.” Provena Covenant Medical Center v. Department of Revenue
Subcriticality Measurements for Coupled Uranium Metal Cylinders Using the 252Cf-Source-Driven Neutron Noise Analysis Method

Experiments performed with two coupled uranium metal cylinders are the first application to coupled systems of the /sup 252/Cf-source-driven neutron noise analysis method for obtaining the subcritical neutron multiplication factor. These coaxial cylinders were separated axially by various thicknesses of either air or borated plaster between the flat surfaces. In all measurements, the /sup 252/Cf neutron source was located at the center of the outer flat surface of one cylinder, and the two detectors were located in three configurations. By comparing the subcriticality from the measurements performed with borated plaster separating the uranium cylinders to those separated by air, it was found that the neutron multiplication factor was always increased by the insertion of borated plaster between the cylinders, regardless of their separation.
The Uniqueness of "The Thunder: The Perfect Mind"

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "Although it is included in The Nag Hammadi Library, a complete collection of Gnostic Scriptures, The Thunder: The Perfect Mind is unique in its style and composition and some scholars even debate its classification as Gnostic. Regardless of its philosophical influences, this distinctive work contains both timeless principles and culturally defined statements that legitimize its analysis and consideration as a worthwhile piece of literature." This brief essay is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol7/iss2/12