cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the motion of growth: XVI. Clinical aspects of human growth and metabolism with special reference to infancy and preschool life

C LINICAL interest in human growth is centered upon three principal phases of the problem. The first is clearly concerned with the events of growth itself as these are displayed by data, collected in the mass or from observations upo,n individual subjects, which define the age trend of changing size in presumably healthy infants or children. The second relates to the highly important matters of nutrition, but more specifically to the success or to the failure of various nutritive substances in promoting and in supporting the processes of growth. The third phase, equally distinctive in its primary objects, though it is unmistakably linked with each of the former, deals with the phenomena of energy exchange as, judged especially by the production and liberation of heat. Taken together these three phases are intimately related to the general problem of income, balance, and outgo of energy. Each has been thorough]y and widely examined in the laboratory, as well as in the clinic, and the chief results have found extensive application in the routine care of infants and children. But in the absence of some single unifying principle, much of this information has been treated as discrete 0% when considered to be related, it has been treated only vaguely so. A fresh outlook, however, upon the many collateral problems in these three fields, as well as a clearer understanding of them ought now to be assured by the dynamic connection which we have been able to establish between the events of pure growth on the one hand and those of heat production or "metabolism" oft the other. ~ Cet~tain introductory features pertaining to the clinical side of the subject have: already been described. 2 Among other things we have placed special emphasis upon such basic matters as the definition of growth, the careful distinction between true growth and ordinary gain, the broad underlying scheme of energy exchange, and the differentiation between basal heat output and maintenance rate of heat production. With these results in mind we shall now work forward to a discussion of various problems of growth and metabolism which possess noteworthy elinieM importance, restricting our selection of these to sueh as arise
Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Optic Nerve Function in Patients With Craniosynostosis and Recurrent Intracranial Hypertension.

Purpose Assessment of combined impact of intracranial hypertension (ICH) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on optic nerve function in children with craniosynostosis (CS). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods Patients treated at Boston Children's Hospital for CS who had an ophthalmic examination that included pattern reversal (pr)VEP (2013-2014) and history of ICH based on direct measurement, papilledema, or classic features on neuroimaging and during cranial vault expansion were included. History of OSA was determined by polysomnography and associated conditions, including apnea and (adeno)tonsillectomy. Subjects were divided into 4 groups: group 1, resolved ICH absent history of OSA; group 2, resolved ICH with history of OSA; group 3, recurrent ICH absent history of OSA; and group 4, recurrent ICH with history of OSA. Predictor variables included latency of P100 component of pattern-reversal visual evoked potential, best-corrected visual acuity, optic nerve appearance, visual fields, and global retinal nerve fiber layer. Primary outcome was association of prolonged P100 latency with resolved vs recurrent ICH and OSA. Results Twenty-eight children met inclusion criteria (mean age 11.6 ± 6.9 years): group 1 (n = 3), group 2 (n = 6), group 3 (n = 8), and group 4 (n = 11). P100 latencies were not prolonged in groups 1 and 2. Three of 8 in group 3 and 9 of 11 in group 4 had prolonged P100 latency. Group 4 was significantly worse than group 3 (P = .005). Conclusions History of OSA, in addition to recurrent ICH, is associated with greatest risk of optic neuropathy with CS. Ophthalmologists should encourage early management of OSA as well as ICH to optimize ophthalmic outcomes.
Radiology in the Acute Bariatric Patient

Obesity continues to be an increasing problem with corresponding bariatric surgical procedures also becoming more prevalent. Knowledge of the various bariatric surgical procedures and their anatomical differences is key to understanding the complications that may arise following surgery. Imaging of the bariatric patient will vary based upon complications commonly encountered in the early postsurgical period versus those occurring months to years following surgery.
Pediatric Drug Induced Sleep Endoscopy: A Simple Sedation Recipe:

Objective:To describe a minimalist approach to sedating children for DISE proceduresMethods:We searched existing literature and derived and tested our algorithm on patients using evidence-based stu...
Combined equivalent circuits and distribution of relaxation times analysis and interfacial effects of (La0.60Sr0.40)0.95Co0.20Fe0.80O3-x cathodes

Abstract In this work, symmetrical cells with a commercial (La0.60Sr0.40)0.95Co0.20Fe0.80O3-x, (LSCF) cathode and electrolyte have been fabricated and studied using a combination of complex non-linear least square fitting (CNLS), distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and high resolution SEM/EDS techniques. The cathode has been fired at different temperatures from 1050 °C to 1125 °C at 25 °C intervals. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data indicate that at 1050 °C interfacial ionic resistances are dominant while chemical diffusion plays a larger role between 1075 °C and 1100 °C. At 1125 °C the cathode has over densified affecting both interfacial and diffusion resistances. Both CNLS and DRT have been used to identify the electrochemical processes; however, the resistance values obtained for the two methods are different in some cases. This problem is exacerbated when inductance is present in the data especially for resistance and constant phase elements equivalent circuits. In this case, CNLS analysis can give back the same values used for the simulation, while the DRT approach cannot produce the same values with negligible differences. SEM/EDS chemical maps show that no chemical interactions have occurred at the highest sintering step, reaffirming that gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) is a good barrier layer when fully dense.
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair in a Patient with Short Aortic Neck with Use of EndoAnchors

A 66-year-old female underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) using Endurant (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) graft for 5.8 cm abdominal aortic aneurysm (AP/Tr) with short aortic neck 8 mm. Four EndoAnchors were implanted. Follow-up CTA and duplex ultrasound imaging 5 years later have shown satisfactory outcome.
Storytelling for Making Cartographic Design Decisions for Climate Change Communication in the United States

Recent research in cartography has described how maps can tell stories; however, little research has empirically evaluated how storytelling can guide how map design decisions are made. I argue that...
Apprenticing Third Graders in Disciplinary Literacy in History

In this study, I sought to understand the disciplinary nature of an expert third-grade teacher’s practice as she apprenticed students into ways of reading, analyzing, and employing historical evide...
Implementation of Improved Parameterization of Terrestrial Flux in WRF-VPRM Improves the Simulation of Nighttime CO2 Peaks and a Daytime CO2 Band Ahead of a Cold Front

Enhanced CO2 mole fraction bands were often observed immediately ahead of cold front during the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)-America mission and their formation mechanism is undetermined....
The Vanishing Ethics of Husbandry

The ethics of food production should include philosophical discussion of the condition or welfare of livestock, including for animals being raised in high volume, concentrated production systems (e.g. factory farms). Philosophers should aid producers and scientists in specifying conditions for improved welfare in these systems. An adequately non-ideal approach to this problem should recognize both the economic rationale for these systems as well as the way that they constrain opportunities for improving animal welfare. Recent philosophical work on animal ethics has been dominated by authors who not only neglect this imperative, but also defeat it by drawing on oversimplified and rhetorically overstated descriptions of the conditions in which factory farmed animals actually live. This feature of philosophical animal ethics reflects a form of structural narcissism in which adopting a morally correct attitude defeats actions that could actually improve the welfare of livestock in factory farms to a considerable degree.
Chemistry of bone marrow. VIII. Composition of rabbit bone marrow in inanition.

Abstract The effects of inanition were studied in rabbits at several intervals following the restriction or removal of their food. Without food they survived about 25 days and showed a weight loss of 50%. At this time the lipide content of their marrow was decreased to less than 5%. It was replaced by a gelatinous substance having a high water content. The most cellular marrow samples contained the least water and the most lipide, which is a reversal of the order found in normal animals. The nitrogen and sulfur fractions were found to be below normal in concentration, and the inorganic phosphate had a low normal value.
Equity Anchoring in Simple Bargaining Games with Production

An interesting development in experimental studies of bargaining is that participants first must produce what they then can distribute via reaching an agreement. Examples for abstract games are, for instance, the studies by Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe (1995), Hackett (1993), Konigstein (1998a)1 as well as Konigstein and Tietz (1998)2; situations where this is part of a principal agent problem are investigated by Fehr, Gachter and Kirchsteiger (1997) as well as Guth, Klose, Konigstein and Schwalbach (1998).
Global heterochromatin loss: a unifying theory of aging?

The aging field is replete with theories. Over the past years, many distinct, yet overlapping mechanisms have been proposed to explain organismal aging. These include free radicals, loss of heterochromatin, genetically programmed senescence, telomere shortening, genomic instability, nutritional intake and growth signaling, to name a few. The objective of this Point-of-View is to highlight recent progress on the “loss of heterochromatin” model of aging and to propose that epigenetic changes contributing to global heterochromatin loss may underlie the various cellular processes associated with aging.
Coupling of MEMS ultrasonic transducers

MEMS ultrasonic transducers are potentially valuable in both medical and non-destructive testing applications. A prime advantage of these transducers is their wide bandwidth together with the potential for economical fabrication of detector arrays. In this paper, we discuss issues related to the coupling of these transducers to solid and liquid media. We will show that appropriate choice of the coupling medium thickness is required in order to prevent spurious pulses.
Reappraisal of Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation During Bystander-Initiated CPR

To the Editor: The “reappraisal” of the literature on mouth-to-mouth ventilation during bystander-initiated CPR, by a working group of the Basic Life Support and Pediatric Life Support subcommittees of the American Heart Association (AHA),1 is misleading and incomplete. There is no convincing evidence that the low incidence of initiation of CPR out of hospital by lay bystanders is the result of fear of becoming infected by mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Such fear should not be promoted. If such fear exists, however, it should be mitigated by explaining that initiating CPR is safe and by carrying a pocket-size barrier for ventilation of strangers. The errors in this article concerning behavioral, educational, epidemiological, and logistics issues will be summarized in a separate letter by Braslow and Brennan. Although the article says “… it is not intended to change any current AHA recommendations,” its publication has created confusion and the erroneous impression for laypersons and the media that in sudden coma, bystanders will save lives by merely pushing on the sternum (step C, circulation support). In cardiac arrest, oxygenated blood must be circulated to restore heartbeat and to keep the brain viable, requiring “head tilt plus blowing plus pumping.” The article suggests that mouth-to-mouth ventilation can be omitted in various forms of sudden loss of consciousness.1 Laypersons cannot differentiate between various forms of sudden coma and between the absence versus presence of a weak pulse. Coma always results in upper airway obstruction if the neck is flexed (references 26 to 31 in the article by Becker et al),2 3 4 5 6 as experienced by anesthesiologists every day. There are 20 million general anesthesias given in the United States each year. The data in Figure 1 are misleading1 because Gordon’s measurements of 1950 (reference 24 in the article by Becker et …
Abstract W P82: Natural History Simulation Models: Aneurysms Larger Than 9.5 mm and Aneurysms Growing Faster Than 0.36 mm/year Require Intense Clinical Care

Introduction: It is hard to understand aneurysm growth and rupture due to the difficulty of long-term follow-up studies. There are several Markov models which simulate long-term aneurysm growth and rupture, and our study aims to compare two such models and choose the ideal model for our aneurysm database. By understanding the prognosis of the aneurysms, we can identify which aneurysms require invasive treatment. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there is an ideal model which can accurately simulate the growth and rupture behavior of untreated aneurysms over time. Method: Based on longitudinal data, 290 aneurysms were analyzed in 29 males and 177 females. The mean aneurysm size was 4.5±3.45 mm, and the mean age was 61±13.22 years. We tested Growth Model I and Growth Model II to simulate the growth rate and yearly rupture rate for the next 30 years. For both models, growth and rupture were functions of aneurysm volume. At five-year intervals, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and used the One-Way ANOVA and Independent T-Test to measure differences in rupture rate for the initial aneurysm diameter and the amount of growth. Results: After 30 years, the mean aneurysm size was 9.18±2.37 mm for Growth Model I and 7.80±6.44 mm for Growth Model II. The mean 30-year rupture rate was 13.93±12.89% for Growth Model I and 14.15±21.96% for Growth Model II. For both models, there was a significantly (p<0.05) higher rupture rate for larger aneurysms and rapidly growing aneurysms at most five-year intervals. Over 30 years, aneurysms larger than 9.5 mm had a 60-80% rupture rate, and aneurysms between 3.5-9.5 mm had a 10-20% rupture rate. Aneurysms growing more than 0.36 mm/year had a 20-35% rupture rate. For aneurysms larger than 9.5 mm, the 30-year OR was 16.04 in Growth Model I and 91.43 in Growth Model II, and for aneurysms growing more than 0.36 mm/year, the 30-year OR was 2.01 in Growth Model I and 7.31 in Growth Model II. Conclusion: In conclusion, any aneurysm larger than 9.5 mm may need immediate surgical treatment. For aneurysms between 3.5-9.5 mm, early surgical intervention is recommended if the growth rate exceeds 0.36 mm/year. Growth Model I is the better model because although both simulations yield similar rupture rates, Growth Model II produces a few unrealistically large aneurysm sizes.
Early Observations on the Use of Riociguat in a Large, Metropolitan Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Treatment Center.

Introduction Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are rare, life-threatening diseases in which chronically elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries results in vascular remodeling and right heart failure. Treatment goals are to improve patient functioning, exercise capacity, and symptoms; delay disease progression; normalize the right ventricular function; and, ultimately, improve survival. Therapeutic management centers on the affected physiologic pathways and includes endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and prostacyclins. Recently, riociguat, a novel therapeutic agent that stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase via the nitric oxide pathway, was approved for the treatment of both PAH and CTEPH. Clinical trial data show that riociguat significantly improves exercise capacity as well as hemodynamic parameters in PAH/CTEPH.
Targeting Angiogenesis in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Over the past 40 years, treatments with standard chemotherapy agents have not resulted in substantial improvements in long-term survival for patients with advanced lung cancer. Therefore, new targets have been sought, and angiogenesis is a promising target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor, is the only antiangiogenic agent currently recommended by NCCN for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. However, several antibody-based therapies and multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently under investigation for the treatment of patients with NSCLC. This article summarizes the available clinical trial data on the efficacy and safety of these agents in patients with advanced lung cancer.
Influence of seawater temperature and shipping on the spread and establishment of marine fouling species

This study assessed the influence of summer seawater temperature and shipping on the introduction, establishment, and spread of nonindigenous fouling species on both local and regional scales in coastal regions of the USA. Using photographic surveys of 80 marinas on the east and west coasts of the USA, we defined thermal niches and ranges of summer sea surface temperature (SSST) for 27 abundant fouling species. We calculated percent cover of all abundant tunicates and bryozoans across sites and correlated species richness with water temperature and cargo shipping volume in each region. We quantified the relative importance of cargo shipping, seawater temperature, and distance between sites using Jaccard similarity between paired sites. Native species richness was positively correlated with SSST, while nonindigenous species (NIS) richness displayed a parabolic relationship with a peak at 20 °C. Temperature and cargo shipping traffic explained 53 % of variability in NIS richness, and only temperature was correlated with similarity between sites. We also found no link between similarity and distance between sites, and site–site comparisons showed no effect of NIS on native species richness on the scale of this study. It appears that cargo shipping may play a regional role in introduction of new species, but on local scales NIS distributions are more haphazard, possibly driven by local recreational boat traffic and associated larval dispersal or by other vectors affecting the local spread of these species. Our study demonstrates the importance of seawater temperature in allowing spread of NIS and influencing similarity between sites and regions.
Probabilistic Representation and Transmission of Nonstationary Processes in Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

A relatively simple and straightforward procedure is presented for representing nonstationary' random process data in a compact probabilistic format which can be used as excitation input in multi-degree-of-freedom analytical random vibration studies. The method involves two main stages of compaction. The first stage is based on the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix by the orthogonal Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The dominant eigenvectors are subsequently least-squares fitted with orthogonal polynomials to yield an analytical approximation. This compact analytical representation of the random process is then used to derive an exact closed-form solution for the nonstationary response of general linear multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic systems. The approach is illustrated by the use of an ensemble of free-field acceleration records from the 1994 Northridge earthquake to analytically determine the covariance kernels of the response of a two-degree-of-freedom system resembling a commonly encountered problem in the structural control field. Spectral plots of the extreme values of the rms response of representative multi-degree-of-freedom systems under the action of the subject earthquake are also presented. It is shown that the proposed random data-processing method is not only a useful data-archiving and earthquake feature-extraction tool, but also provides a probabilistic measure of the average statistical characteristics of earthquake ground motion corresponding to a spatially distributed region. Such a representation could be a valuable tool in risk management studies to quantify the average seismic risk over a spatially extended area.
Extensive myocardial and mitral annular calcification leading to mitral regurgitation and restrictive cardiomyopathy: An unusual case of caseous calcification of the mitral annulus.

A 62-year-old man with polymyalgia rheumatica and chronic atrial fibrillation with prior atrioventricular node ablation and pacemaker implantation presented with progressive exertional dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography showed restrictive filling as well as extensive calcification of the mitral annulus and severe mitral regurgitation from a restricted posterior leaflet. A round, hyperechoic lesion with central lucency was noted within the interventricular septum along with calcification of the basal anterior, lateral, and posterior segments of the left ventricle (Fig. 1; Supplementary Videos 1 2) unchanged since previous echocardiogram 2 years before. An electrocardiographic-gated dual-source cardiac CT (Somatom Definition
A current perspective on local excision of rectal cancer.

Abstract Local excision of rectal cancer is appealing because of its technical ease and excellent functional results, but concern over inadequate pathologic staging and inferior treatment outcomes when compared with radical surgery remain a major hurdle for its widespread use. Local failure rates in modern series for local excision are 4%–18% for T1 rectal cancers and 22%–67% for T2 cancers, and cancer cure rates are only 70%–80%. In addition, data from the past decade suggest that preoperative staging with endorectal ultrasound, use of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy, and aggressive salvage surgery have not been reliable methods of limiting local tumor recurrence or improving long-term cure rates. At present, highly stringent criteria for patient selection are recommended, yet such stringency decreases the utility of the procedure. What are needed are new approaches to an old problem. Novel strategies under evaluation include enhanced imaging modalities for lymph node metastases, neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy, and more liberal use of immediate salvage resection for high-risk pathologic features. Molecular profiling of tumors with genetic markers and better integration of traditional and gene-targeted systemic therapy are promising approaches for the future. This review of the literature evaluates the recent successes and failures of local excision of rectal cancer and provides a current perspective on the expanded use of local excision without compromising care.
Prolonged Perilesional Edema after Treatment of Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis: Methotrexate as a Corticosteroid-Sparing Agent

Treatment of neurocysticercosis with larvicidal agents is commonly complicated by seizures and transient neurologic deficits as a result of the host immune response to dying cysts. We report a case in which treatment with high-dose praziquantel resulted in prolonged perilesional edema requiring use of corticosteroids and corticosteroid-sparing agents for >1 year, suggesting a role for methotrexate in the management of this condition.
Development of a new model of subcoronary valvular aortic stenosis to create ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract There is need for the development of a simple, reproducible, clinically relevant model of aortic stenosis to study the effects of surgical intervention on ventricular hypertrophy. Present available models involve creation of thoracic aorta coarctation resulting in hypertensive coronary artery flow and are contrary to the clinical state. Simulated clinical bicuspid aortic stenosis was created in 12 adult mongrel dogs (15–20 kg) by exclusion of the non-coronary cusp under hypotensive anesthesia and inflow occlusion. Operative peak systolic transaortic gradient was 33.8 ± 3.1 mm Hg; operative mortality (30 days) was 33.3%. Postoperatively, all surviving animals had clinical evidence of aortic stenosis including a 20–30% weight loss, systolic ejection murmur, S 4 , a thrill, and 3 animals were treated for severe congestive cardiac failure. One animal developed syncopal episodes leading to sudden death 4 weeks postoperatively. Eight dogs were sacrificed 2–7 months postoperatively. These studies indicate that a clinically reproducible animal model of aortic stenosis can be created and raises the possibility of intraoperative myocardial protection studies on a hypertrophied rather than a normal ventricle.
Ischemia potentiates the reflex bronchodilation evoked by static muscular contraction in dogs.

Abstract In eleven anesthetized dogs, we found that static contraction of hindlimb muscles that were freely perfused decreased total lung resistance by 0.7 ± 0.1 cm H2O·L−1·sec, whereas static contraction of the same muscles rendered ischemic decreased total lung resistance by 1.5±0.4 cm H2O·L−1·sec (P 0.05). We conclude that a mismatch between blood supply and demand in working skeletal muscle increases the reflex bronchodilator response to static contraction. We also conclude that dynamic contraction evokes a reflex bronchodilation equivalent to that evoked by static contraction provided that the tension produced by the two modes of contraction are equal.
Studies of enzyme kinetics. I. The course of the reaction and the effect of a second addition of substrate on pyruvic carboxylase of yeast.

Abstract Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid by the pyruvic carboxylase of yeast, follows firstorder kinetics until the reaction is virtually complete in any specific solution of enzyme and substrate, but the velocity constant changes, increasing slightly then decreasing, as the initial substrate concentration is increased. If the substrate concentration is allowed to decrease, during the reaction, to about half its initial value, and then is restored to the original value by addition of more substrate, the rate constant immediately decreases to approximately the value it would have had if all the substrate had been added at once. This cannot be due to competition between substrate molecules as in excess substrate inhibition. The rate constant appears to be set by the initial concentration of substrate and to be unaffected by subsequent changes in it, except addition of more substrate. The bearing of this on enzyme kinetic theory is discussed.
The Leibnizian-Newtonian Debates: Natural Philosophy and Social Psychology

By the time of the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence of 1716 the Newtonian and Leibnizian systems of natural philosophy had reached maturity. Each system consisted of different physical as well as metaphysical principles which, taken together, formed a world view. At the time of their famous debates, Leibniz at 70 and Newton at 74, the founders of two highly developed scientific philosophies, were struggling to establish and defend the ontological and mechanical bases of differing bodies of organized knowledge.
Modeling the dynamics of stable isotope tissue-diet enrichment

Reconstructions of dietary composition and trophic level from stable isotope measurements of animal tissue rely on predictable offsets of stable isotope ratios from diet to tissue. Physiological processes associated with metabolism shape tissue stable isotope ratios, and as such the spacing between stable isotope ratios of diet and tissue may be influenced by processes such as growth, nutritional stress, and disease. Here, we develop a model of incorporation stable isotopes in diet to tissues by coupling stable isotope dynamics to a model of macronutrient energy metabolism. We use the model to explore the effect of changes in dietary intake, both composition and amount, and in energy expenditure, on body mass and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of tissue.
[D88] Is seeing warm, feeling warm?

It is hypothesized that when the information of the visual and tactile temperature stimuli are incongruent (warm-cold or cold-warm), the withdrawal reflex will be slower than when they are congruent (cold-cold or warm-warm). The visitors will have the opportunity to test during this demonstration whether a visual perception of a cup's temperature is either congruent or incongruent with the real tactile temperature of the cup. The visitors will be wearing the Oculus rift, a head-mounted display, and will be asked to grasp a virtual cup with their virtual hand that matches the real hand movements tracked by the Intel creative camera. Simultaneously, they will be touching a steel cup that could be either cold or warm. The temperature of the cup will be controlled by a Peltier thermo-device.
The effect of adrenal medullectomy on metabolic responses to chronic intermittent hypoxia

Obstructive sleep apnea causes intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. IH increases plasma catecholamine levels, which may increase insulin resistance and suppress insulin secretion. The objective of this study was to determine if adrenal medullectomy (MED) prevents metabolic dysfunction in IH. MED or sham surgery was performed in 60 male C57BL/6J mice, which were then exposed to IH or control conditions (intermittent air) for 6 weeks. IH increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, increased fasting blood glucose and lowered basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. MED decreased baseline epinephrine and prevented the IH induced increase in epinephrine, whereas the norepinephrine response remained intact. MED improved glucose tolerance in mice exposed to IH, attenuated the impairment in basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but did not prevent IH-induced fasting hyperglycemia or insulin resistance. We conclude that the epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla during IH suppresses insulin secretion causing hyperglycemia.
DETERRENCE, BRUTALIZATION, AND THE DEATH PENALTY: ANOTHER EXAMINATION OF OKLAHOMA'S RETURN TO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

A replication and extension of a weekly ARZMA analysis (1989–1991) by Cochran et al. (1994), which appeared in Criminology, confirms that Oklahoma's return to capital punishment in 1990, after a 25-year moratorium, was followed by a significant increase in killings involving strangers. Moreover, a multivariate autoregressive analysis, which includes measures of the frequency of executions, the level of print media attention devoted to executions, and selected sociodemographic variables, produced results consistent with the brutalization hypothesis for total homicides, as well as a variety of different types of killing involving both strangers and nonstrangers. No prior study has shown such strong support for the capital punishment and brutalization argument. However, there is also a suggestion of a possible lagged deterrent effect for the level of media coverage of executions for nonfelony murders involving strangers. The analysis indicates that the impact of capital punishment in Oklahoma during the 1989–1991 period was much more extensive than suggested by the earlier study. Recommendations are made for further research examining additional jurisdictions and time periods to determine the generalizability of the patterns found for Oklahoma.
Mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis in cortical malformations

The presence of developmental cortical malformations is associated with epileptogenesis and other neurological disorders. In recent years, animal models specific to certain malformations have been developed to study the underlying epileptogenic mechanisms. Teratogens (chemical, thermal or radiation) applied during cortical neuroblast division and migration result in lissencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia. Animals with these malformations have a lowered seizure threshold as well as histopathologies typical of those found in human dysgenic brains. Alterations that may promote epileptogenesis have been identified in lissencephalic brains, such as increased numbers of bursting types of neurons, and abnormal connections between hippocampus, subcortical heterotopia, and neocortex. A distinct set of pathological properties is present in animal models of 4-layered microgyria, induced with cortical lesions made during late stages of cortical neuroblast migration. Hyperexcitability has been demonstrated in cortex adjacent to the microgyrus (paramicrogyral zone) in in vitro slice preparations. A number of observations suggest that cellular differentiation is delayed in microgyric brains. Other studies show increases in postsynaptic glutamate receptors and decreases in GABA(A) receptors in microgyric cortex. These alterations could promote epileptogenesis, depending on which cell types have the altered receptors. The microgyrus lacks thalamic afferents from sensory relay nuclei, that instead appear to project to the paramicrogyral region, thereby increasing excitatory connectivity within this epileptogenic zone. These studies have provided a necessary first step in understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with cortical malformations.
THE SYMBOLISM OF JADE IN CLASSIC MAYA RELIGION

The Classic Maya esteemed jadeite not only for its preciousness and beauty but also as stone of great symbolic import. This paper examines the religious significance of jade and certain types of jade artifacts among the Classic Maya. In this study, I note that the Classic Maya ascribed a number of meanings to jade, including maize, centrality, and rulership, as well as a material embodiment of wind and the vitalizing breath soul. Because of its close relationship to the breath spirit, jade was an important component of funerary rites and the ritual conjuring of gods and ancestors. Carved in floral form, jade earspools were considered supernatural sources or passageways for the breath spirit, frequently portrayed as a bead or a serpent emerging from the center of the jade flare. A common Classic Maya death expression, och b'ih, pertains directly to resurrection of the soul through the symbolism of earspools. Many of the symbolic meanings and imagery found with Classic Maya jade also appears with other cultures of ancient Mesoamerica, including Teotihuacan, Xochicalco, and the contact-period Aztec. Rather than being wholly of Classic Maya origin, many aspects of this jade symbolism and related artifacts can be also found among the earlier Middle Formative Olmec.
The use of proteolysis to study the structure of nardilysin.

Abstract Treatment of a 128 kDa mouse nardilysin with trypsin initially produced an active 105 kDa N-terminally cleaved form. Continued trypsin digestion occurred at the C-terminus, producing inactive core species of ∼92, 76.5, and 62 kDa. Protease V8 digestion generated a stable ∼105 kDa form, nardilysin V8 , that was cleaved near the N-terminal trypsin site. The ∼105 kDa nardilysin V8 exhibited the same K m as did the uncleaved enzyme for substrates of the type Abz-GGFX 1 X 2 X 3 VGQ-EDDnp, where X residues were varied. However, k cat for nardilysin V8 was 5–6 times greater. Both uncleaved nardilysin and nardilysin V8 are inhibited by NaCl; however, nardilysin V8 exhibits an IC 50 of ∼2 mM compared to an IC 50 of ∼50 mM for uncleaved nardilysin. Nardilysin V8 is more sensitive to inhibition by phosphate buffer. Treatment of nardilysin V8 with trypsin generated primarily the 92 kDa form which was inactive. Attempts to express nardilysin as a 105 kDa truncated N-terminal form or as a C-terminally truncated form led to inactive proteins.
An adaptive image-segmentation process for the classification of lung biopsy images

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-based second opinion diagnostic tool that could read microscope images of lung tissue and classify the tissue sample as normal or cancerous. This problem can be broken down into three areas: segmentation, feature extraction and measurement, and classification. We introduce a kernel-based extension of fuzzy c-means to provide a coarse initial segmentation, with heuristically-based mechanisms to improve the accuracy of the segmentation. The segmented image is then processed to extract and quantify features. Finally, the measured features are used by a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to classify the tissue sample. The performance of this approach was tested using a database of 85 images collected at the Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. These images represent a wide variety of normal lung tissue samples, as well as multiple types of lung cancer. When used with a subset of the data containing images from the normal and adenocarcinoma classes, we were able to correctly classify 78% of the images, with a ROC AZ of 0.758.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: conventional surgical management

Surgical palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome has become standard therapy in many centers throughout the world. Significant improvements in management, from preoperative diagnosis and intraoperative technique to postoperative care, have resulted in a dramatic increase in survival. With this improved survival, however, come new challenges and unforeseen problems. The first stage of the reconstructive surgery remains the highest risk procedure for the reason that establishing a stable circulation that is dependent on a single, volume-overloaded right ventricle with the potential for jeopardized coronary blood flow remains a surgical challenge. In this review, current management strategies for the conventional reconstructive surgical approach are examined.
Group scheduling problem: key to flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract We present an efficient heuristic algorithm for determining the sequence which minimizes the makespan of a group scheduling problem at the first level. The problem, therefore, focuses on scheduling of parts (jobs) in a part family. In the generation of partial schedules at each iteration, a job with a high mean total processing time is given a higher priority than others. An example problem, chosen from a real world application, is used to implement, the algorithmic steps. For this example, it has also been shown that the makespan determine by the proposed heuristic is smaller than that determined previously by two documented algorithms.
Analysis of critical nuclear magnetic relaxation in KDP-type ferroelectrics

Abstract The extensive literature available on anomalies in NMR relaxation rate, near Tc, in KDP-type ferroelectrics, is analyzed both in terms of the “collective model-fluctuation dissipation theorem,” method, as well as in terms of critical indices. The first method gives a non-interacting dipolar relaxation time TC ∼ 5(10−13) sec, in reasonable agreement with available dielectric relaxation results. While previously reported data does not show unambiguous evidence for “true” critical regime behavior, new proton relaxation data in KH2ASO4 is better described by power law rather than logarithmic behavior. This may be a result of true critical effects.
Oropharyngeal Flora in Healthy Infants : Observations and Implications for Cystic Fibrosis Care

Objective The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine normal oropharyngeal flora in healthy, non-CF infants in order to help care givers better interpret culture results obtained from infants with CF. Methods Oropharyngeal cultures were obtained from 104 healthy infants <12 months old. Cultures were obtained using the same methods as for CF patients and were inoculated onto routine CF culture media. Approximately 20 infants from each of 5 age groups (0–2 days, 3 days to <3 months, 3 months to <6 months, 6 months to <9 months or 9 months to <1 year) were included in the well child sample. In addition, we reviewed serial results of upper airway cultures obtained during the first year of life from 20 CF-affected infants whose diagnosis was suggested by newborn screening. Results Well infants in the first 48 hr of life had very few pathogenic organisms found in their oropharyngeal cultures; 1/21 had S. aureus. Of the 83 samples from infants over 48 hr of age, we found that 27% (23/83) had S. aureus in their oropharyngeal cultures. Many infants had polymicrobial cultures. Eleven percent of culture samples had E. coli, E. cloacae, H. influenzae, or M. catarrhalis. Three of 83 cultures were positive for non-mucoid Ps. aeruginosa (3.6%), while 2 others were positive for Ps. putida. Conclusion Healthy infants can have multiple gram-negative and gram-positive organisms recovered from their oropharynx. S. aureus and enteric gram-negative organisms, including non-mucoid Ps. aeruginosa, can be found in the oropharynx of well children up to 1 year of age. Care should be taken to not over interpret the presence of some of these organisms in the oropharyngeal cultures of asymptomatic CF infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:497–502. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A central site for the hypothermic effects of (+)‐amphetamine sulphate and p‐hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide in mice

Abstract 1. In unanaesthetized mice, weighing 20-30 g, the effect of (+)-amphetamine sulphate and p-hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide on rectal temperature was examined. The drugs were injected intraperitoneally or into the cerebral ventricles. 2. Amphetamine produced hypothermia when injected intraperitoneally in doses of 1-5 mg/kg and intraventricularly in doses of 0·5 to 25 μg. Injections of larger doses—10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 400 μg intraventricularly—resulted in hyperthermia followed by hypothermia. 3. Hydroxyamphetamine produced hypothermia only when given by the intra-ventricular route; the effect was obtained with 0·5 to 25 μg. An intraventricular injection of 200 μg resulted in hyperthermia followed by hypothermia. When injected intraperitoneally the sole effect on temperature was hyperthermia, and this response was obtained with 5 and 10 mg/kg. 4. Hydroxyamphetamine injected intraperitoneally or intraventricularly in doses which produced hyperthermia reduced the noradrenaline but not the dopamine content of the brain. When injected intraventricularly in smaller doses which produced hypothermia no reduction in the noradrenaline content of the brain was obtained. 5. The hypothermia is attributed to an action on the anterior hypothalamus, and the possibility is discussed that it is brought about indirectly by the release of noradrenaline. The hyperthermia on the other hand is probably a peripheral effect.
A Kinetic Monte Carlo model for material aging: Simulations of second phase formation at Au/Bi2Te3 junction in oxygen environments

Electronic properties of semiconductor devices are sensitive to defects such as second phase precipitates, grain sizes, and voids. These defects can evolve over time especially under oxidation environments and it is therefore important to understand the resulting aging behavior in order for the reliable applications of devices. In this paper, we propose a kinetic Monte Carlo framework capable of simultaneous simulation of the evolution of second phases, precipitates, grain sizes, and voids in complicated systems involving many species including oxygen. This kinetic Monte Carlo model calculates the energy barriers of various events based directly on the experimental data. As a first step of our model implementation, we incorporate the second phase formation module in the parallel kinetic Monte Carlo codes SPPARKS. Selected aging simulations are performed to examine the formation of second phase precipitates at the eletroplated Au/Bi2Te3 interface under oxygen and oxygen-free environments, and the results are compared with the corresponding experiments.
WARC-92: Setting the agenda for the future

Abstract The landmark decisions made by WARC-92 define the agenda for the future of international spectrum policy. Three directions spelled out at WARC-92 are particularly important. First, WARC-92 was a battlefront for a spectrum war between mobile and fixed radio services. Mobile services emerged as a distinct winner and are likely to dominate the future course of radio communication development. Second, WARC-92 is the first such conference in which commercial rather than governmental services dominated the issues addressed. Industry influence in this primarily governmental meeting was unpredecented. Third, WARC-92 set a precedent for regional bloc voting. While the approach was not first exercised at this conference, it is the first time that the European- Community-led bloc was able to assert predominant influence at a WARC.
The bio-compatible dental implant designed by using non-stochastic porosity produced by Electron Beam Melting® (EBM)

Abstract The application of non-stochastic lattice structures for building a bio-compatible dental abutment is investigated. The bio-compatible dental implant should mimic the micro-motion of the natural tooth. Three different lattice structures including cross, honeycomb, and octahedral structures with different unit cell sizes were employed to produce lattice abutment made of Ti–6Al–4V by Electron Beam Melting® (EBM). According to the results, by increasing the unit cell size, abutments showed more deformation; however, the maximum tolerated normal force decreased. The octahedral lattice structure with 2 mm unit cell size showed the best mechanical behavior under 400 N normal biting force, and was selected to investigate the effect of biting force angle on the stress distribution developed in lattice abutment. Numerical analysis showed that α = 30° is a critical biting force angle, for which the maximum equivalent stress increased noticeably.
Cefazolin Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections

A new cephalosporin antibiotic, cefazolin, was administered by im injection to fifty patients with urinary tract infection. Dosage was 2-4 g per day for an average of eight days. The infecting organism was eradicated from 47 of the 50 patients, although superinfection with a resistant organism occurred in five instances. Relapse of infection occurred in five of the 42 patients with a negative urine culture after treatment. Therefore, the final rate of cure was 74%. Side effects and toxicity were minimal. Cefazolin, a new cephalosporin derivative for parenteral use, has antibacterial activity similar to that of other cephalosporins against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus, and some enterococcal strains [13]. Studies in man have indicated that cefazolin results in higher and more prolonged levels in serum than do equal doses of either cephalothin or cephaloridine [3, 4]. The present investigation describes the clinical and bacteriologic results of cefazolin therapy in 50 patients with urinary tract infections.
Leading Research Institutions Abroad—Where History Is Being Made

The technological revolution driven by various forces over the past century was instrumental in giving shape to higher institutions of learning and research all over the world. Japan has seen its i...
Cytological effects on Chinese hamster cells of synchronizing concentrations of hydroxyurea.

The cytological effects of 2 mM hydroxyurea upon Chinese hamster cells at various phases of the cell cycle were examined. Cells in the G1, G2, or M phases of the generation cycle treated with hydroxyurea showed no chromosomal aberrations. Cell treated in S phase became moribund and eventually lysed. Some of these moribund S cells reached mitosis much later and were found to have chromatid aberrations. Cells in the log phase of growth, surviving exposure to 2 mM hydroxyurea for six hours, also showed no aberrations. Thus, viable (colony-forming) cells, resulting from synchrony procedures with hydroxyurea are free of chromosomal aberrations.