cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Familial Alcoholism, Alcoholism Severity, and Psychopathology

The interrelationships among the severity of alcoholism, psychopathology/personality, and the degree of familial alcoholism were examined using the following four familial alcoholism classification schemes, which each differentiated three degrees of familial alcoholism: 1) conventional, compared alcoholics with no, nonparental, and parental alcoholic relatives; 2) lineality, distinguished between subgroups with alcoholism in neither, one, or both sides of their family; 3) generational, compared alcoholics having no, one, or two generations of familial alcoholism; 4) quantitative, credited one point for each first-degree and 1/2 point for each second-degree alcoholic relative. The subjects were 83 male alcoholic Veterans Administration inpatients 50 years of age or under. The Alcohol Use Inventory, various alcohol-related symptoms and behaviors, and laboratory values were used to evaluate the severity/pattern of alcoholism. Psychopathology/personality were measured by the MMPI, the Psychopathic State Inventory, the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale, the Childhood Problem Behaviors Questionnaire, and the percentage of patients with an antisocial personality disorder (ASP) diagnosis. Surprisingly few subgroup differences were revealed in the severity/pattern of alcoholism. Only age at time of treatment and use of nonalcoholic drugs were associated with increasing familial alcoholism. On the other hand, childhood behavior problems, particularly antisocial behavior, and an ASP diagnosis were found to be associated with an increasing degree of familial alcoholism. The diagnosis of ASP was most apparent in the two-generational and bilineal alcoholics, while an increased degree of familial alcoholism was not associated with ASP for the conventional classification. Bilineal familial alcoholics also exhibited an MMPI profile reflective of a characterological disorder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Soil temperature limitation to water use by field-grown winter wheat

Modification of crop water use patterns in response to the field soil temperature regime has important agronomic and environmental implications. A 2-yr field study was conducted to ascertain how soil temperature modification influenced seasonal soil water depletion for a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop near Bozeman, MT. Soil surface cover materials including clear plastic, white metal, and styrofoam were applied in the fall after germination and plant establishment. Soil temperature and water content profiles were monitored throughout the winter and spring growing seasons. Soil water depletion was significantly accelerated for those treatments having relatively warmer soil temperatures. Differences of up to 65 mm of cumulative soil water depletion were observed between warm and cool treatments during spring. Significant water extraction from a given depth within the soil profile did not occur until the soil temperature reached 10 to 11°C during 1985. Repeated rainfall during 1986 obscured any relationship between minimum soil temperature and water uptake in the upper soil profile, but the same relationship as during 1985 was noted at greater depths. Although the nature of our field data does not allow determination of whether cold temperatures constrained root growth, root water uptake, or both of these processes, our field results substantiate conclusions drawn by other investigators using controlled-environment techniques. It is clear that cultural practices or climatic changes affecting seasonal soil temperature can impact soil water utilization by winter wheat in thermally limited growing areas
Microbes, hemostasis and vascular biology

Abstract Microbes, Hemostasis and Vascular Biology, sponsored by the American Society for Microbiology, Texas A&M University, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases and the University of Texas, was held at Galveston, TX, USA, 29 March—1 April 1998.
Experimental measurements on configurational free energy change of the graphite-glassy carbon equilibrium

Abstract A precise thermodynamic measurement of the equilibrium: C graphite = C glassy carbon employing a solid oxide electrolyte in the temperature range 650°–1150°C was carried out to gain structural information on glassy carbons. The measured Gibbs free energy change yields configurational (residual quantities at zero Kelvin) enthalpy and entropy differences, which represent a two parameter measure of the structural differences between a given glassy carbon and graphite, since the above reaction involves vanishingly small differences in composition, specific heat, and hence vibrational contributions. Many of the experimental and commercially available samples of glassy carbons studied exhibited at elevated temperature thermodynamic carbon activities lower than graphite. For various samples studied, the zero point entropy varied from 3.1 to 11.3cal/g-mole-°K. The thermodynamic parameters are correlated with X-ray and density measurements. The configurational enthalpy and entropy changes are interpreted in terms of strain related and atomic disorder parameters, respectively.
The Magnification of Psychopathology Sequelae Associated With Multiple Chronic Medical Conditions 1

Recent literature indicates that chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD), as well as other chronic medical conditions, are associated with a high degree of concomitant psycho-pathology. Patients with TMD have been found to evidence a higher distribution of depressive symptoms, as compared with the general population. Moreover, one study examined prevalence rates of psychological disorders for 50 chronic TMD patients and found that 86% of them were diagnosed with at least one Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Axis I disorder; 46% received two or more Axis I diagnoses; and 40% met diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder. These high rates of psychiatric disorders far exceeded those for the general population, with a considerable disparity noted between the prevalence of major depression among TMD patients (74%) and the base rate of this disorder in the general population (5% to 26%).
IMPLEMENTING BACK-PROPAGATION- THROUGH-TIME LEARNING ALGORITHM USING CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS

In a programmable (multistage) cellular neural network (CNN) structure, the CPU is a CNN universal chip which supports massively parallel computations on patterns and images, including videos. In this paper, we decompose the structure of a class of simultaneous recurrent networks (SRN) into a CNN program and run it on a von Neumann-like stored program CNN structure. To train the SRN, we map the back-propagation-through-time (BTT) learning algorithm into a sequence of CNN subroutines to achieve real-time performance via a CNN universal chip. By computing in parallel, the CNN universal chip can be programmed to implement in real time the BTT learning algorithm, which has a very high time complexity. An estimate of the time complexity of the BTT learning algorithm based on the CNN universal chip is presented. For small-scale problems, our simulation results show that a CNN implementation of the BTT learning algorithm for a two-dimensional SRN is at least 10,000 times faster than that based on state-of-the-ar...
Ceftriaxone increases glutamate uptake and reduces striatal tyrosine hydroxylase loss in 6-OHDA Parkinson's model

Excess glutamatergic neurotransmission may contribute to excitotoxic loss of nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we determined if increasing glutamate uptake could reduce the extent of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in PD progression. The beta-lactam antibiotic, ceftriaxone, increases the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), a glutamate transporter that plays a major role in glutamate clearance in central nervous system and may attenuate adverse behavioral or neurobiological function in other neurodegenerative disease models. In association with >80 % TH loss, we observed a significant decrease in glutamate uptake in the established 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD model. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg, i.p.) increased striatal glutamate uptake with >5 consecutive days of injection in nonlesioned rats and lasted out to 14 days postinjection, a time beyond that required for 6-OHDA to produce >70 % TH loss (∼9 days). When ceftriaxone was given at the time of 6-OHDA, TH loss was ∼57 % compared to ∼85 % in temporally matched vehicle-injected controls and amphetamine-induced rotation was reduced about 2-fold. This attenuation of TH loss was associated with increased glutamate uptake, increased GLT-1 expression, and reduced Serine 19 TH phosphorylation, a calcium-dependent target specific for nigrostriatal neurons. These results reveal that glutamate uptake can be targeted in a PD model, decrease the rate of TH loss in a calcium-dependent manner, and attenuate locomotor behavior associated with 6-OHDA lesion. Given that detection of reliable PD markers will eventually be employed in susceptible populations, our results give credence to the possibility that increasing glutamate uptake may prolong the time period before locomotor impairment occurs.
An enantioselective approach to (−)-aphanorphine featuring a stereoselective oxidative amidation

A formal enantioselective synthesis of (−)-aphanorphine (91% ee), that culminates with the preparation of (+)-O-methyl aphanorphine, was achieved. The methodology involves the diastereoselective synthesis of a key 3,5-disubstituted pyrrolidinone intermediate by the intramolecular oxidative amidation of a suitably functionalized α-hydroxy pentenoic acid derivative. A late-stage N-formyl protection, which functions as a latent N-methyl group, is utilized as a simple alternative to a protecting group switch and subsequent N-methylation strategy implemented in all other syntheses of aphanorphine related to the present approach.
The Tenure Survey: Expectations for Research, Technology, and Service.

Abstract This study reports the findings of a survey that sought to measure the utility function placed by doctoral students and faculty members on research, teaching, and service within the promotion and tenure environment. The results indicate that doctoral students and faculty members are satisfied with expending only the requisite amount of effort to perform their teaching and service responsibilities adequately. The results imply that the present reward system encourages only minimum performance in the classroom; this finding is contradictory to new AACSB goals and initiatives for quality.
Immunological basis for susceptibility and resistance to pulmonary blastomycosis in mouse strains

Abstract The immunological basis for a >10-fold resistance of outbred CD-1 mice compared to inbred BALB/c mice to pulmonary blastomycosis was investigated. Bronchoalveolar macrophages (BAM) from CD-1 mice killed yeast cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis (Bd) by 25% and this increased to 59% when activated by IFN-γ. In contrast, BAM from BALB/c mice lacked significant killing (5%) of Bd but could be activated by IFN-γ for enhanced killing (19%). Peritoneal macrophages (PM) from CD-1 mice had significant fungicidal activity for Bd (43%) and this increased to 63% with IFN-γ treatment. By contrast, PM from BALB/c mice did not significantly kill Bd (14%) but were activated by IFN-γ for significant killing (24%). Fungicidal activity of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from CD-1 (87%) was greater than that of BALB/c (75%) ( P P
Net surface solar irradiance variability in the central equatorial pacific during 1982-1985

Abstract This paper examines the evolution of the net surface solar irradiance from March 1982 to October 1985 in an important region of the equatorial Pacific where the TROPIC HEAT Experiment took place (4.6°N to 7.4°S, 142.6° to 117.17°W). The investigation, which focuses on the dramatic modification of radiative processes as a consequence of the 1982-83 El Nino episode, analyzes annual and monthly net surface solar irradiance fields computed from geostationary satellite observations. An annual mean for the year October 1984-September 1985, the year most distant from the El Nino event during the study, is computed and compared with existing climatologies. It is found that, while our values compare well with those of Weare et al., they are significantly higher than those of Esbensen and Kushnir and those of Chou. In the case of Esbensen and Kushnir, a climatology often used to force numerical ocean circulation models, the discrepancy reaches 40 W m−2. Among the three annual fields computed, the two non-E...
Corticotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin gene expression is altered selectively in the male rat fetal thymus by maternal alcohol consumption

The present study was carried out to investigate how hormonal changes caused by chronic alcohol exposure of rats during the late period of gestation are coordinated with neuroendocrine functions of the fetal thymus, namely thymic expression of CRH and POMC genes. Alcohol consumption by pregnant dams led to a 5-fold elevation of plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and significantly decreased fetal CORT levels. This generally inverse correlation between maternal and fetal CORT was absent in alcohol-consuming dams and their male fetuses on day 19 of gestation. These day 19 fetuses also had an attenuated plasma testosterone surge that occurred in the male control (pair-fed) fetus on day 19 of embryonic life. Furthermore, fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) resulted in a significant increase in thymic CRH and a decrease in thymic POMC expression in the male fetuses only, specifically on embryonic day 19. Thus, the strong positive correlation between CRH and POMC gene expression in the thymus of pair-fed male and female FAE fetuses was abolished in the FAE males. However, regardless of embryonic age or treatment, a strong positive correlation between thymic POMC gene expression and plasma testosterone levels in the male fetuses was detected. These data suggest that the sexually dimorphic effect of FAE on the fetal thymic POMC and CRH expression in males is driven by testosterone and may be related, therefore, to the presence of alcohol at the time of the prenatal testosterone surge in the male fetuses.
Thermally reversible linking of halide‐containing polymers by potassium dicyclopentadienedicarboxylate

A novel crosslinker for thermally reversible covalent (TRC) linking of halide-containing polymers is suggested. Chlorine-containing polymers such as chloromethylstyrene copolymers, chlorinated polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, chlorinated polyisoprene, and polyepichlorohydrin were crosslinked with potassium dicyclopentadienedicarboxylate (KDCPDCA). The crosslinker was prepared by reacting potassium ethoxide with dicyclopentadienedicarboxylic acid. Because of the low solubility of KD-CPDCA in organic solvents, a phase transfer catalyst, benzyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, was employed for the crosslinking reaction. The crosslinking reaction occurred at a higher rate in a polar solvent, such as dimethylformamide, than in a nonpolar one, such as toluene, and was affected by the nature of the chlorine-containing polymer. Some of the polymers crosslinked even at room temperature. The chain-extending reaction between KDCPDCA and a α,ω-dihalide compound such as a,a'-dichloro-p-xylene, 1,4-dichlorobutane, or 1,4-dibromobutane also was carried out to obtain linear oligomers. The IR spectra indicated that the crosslinking and chain-extending reactions were based on the esterification between the halide-carbon bonds of the polymer and the COOK groups of KDCPDCA. The flowability at 195 °C and solubility on heating in a dichlorobenzen-maleic compound mixture of the crosslinked polymers indicated that the TRC crosslinking occurred via the reversible Diels-Alder cyclopentadiene/dicyclopentadiene conversion as long as the polymer was thermally stable and did not contain olefinic C=C bonds. The TRC linking also was confirmed by the rapid decrease of the specific viscosity of the obtained linear oligomers on heating.
Thermal Energy and the Origin of Life

Life has evolved on Earth with electromagnetic radiation (light), fermentable organic molecules, and oxidizable chemicals as sources of energy. Biological use of thermal energy has not been observed although heat, and the thermal gradients required to convert it into free energy, are ubiquitous and were even more abundant at the time of the origin of life on Earth. Nevertheless, Earth-organisms sense thermal energy, and in suitable environments may have gained the capability to use it as energy source. It has been proposed that the first organisms obtained their energy by a first protein named pF1 that worked on a thermal variation of the binding change mechanism of today's ATP sythase enzyme. Organisms using thermosynthesis may still live where light or chemical energy sources are not available. Possible suitable examples are subsurface environments on Earth and in the outer Solar System, in particular the subsurface oceans of the icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.
Food deprivation-induced activity in dietary obese, dietary lean, and normal-weight rats.

Dietary obesity and dietary leanness were produced in adult male rats by feeding them either an assortment of palatable foods, or an unpalatable quinine-adulterated diet. When deprived of food the dietary obese rats initially showed little change in wheel running activity but as their weight fell to below normal levels they displayed a terminal burst of activity similar to that seen in normal-weight control subjects. Dietary lean rats, on the other hand, increased their wheel running activity at an accelerated rate, relative to normal-weight controls, when food deprived. Expressing the activity data as a function of percentage normal body weight eliminated these group differences. The results demonstrate that body weight must fall to some relatively fixed, i.e., diet independent, critical level before activity increases during a fast. Therefore, as measured by deprivation-induced activity, dietary obese, dietary lean, and normal-weight rats do not equally defend their particular weight levels.
Development of Methodology for Qualifying Safety Critical A286 Threaded Fasteners

A test program was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to experimentally determine the cyclic fatigue life of pre-cracked A286 stainless steel fasteners which just survived a proof test to a prescribed fraction of their ultimate tensile strength. The functional dependency of the cyclic fatigue life of a fastener on the fatigue stress (mean and alternating stresses), fastener size, material tensile strength, and proof load was formulated using the NASA/FLAGRO computer program. It was found that proof load has the strongest effect on fatigue life, while the mean stress has the least effect. The fastener size only has a minor effect, but the alternating stress range has a strong influence on the fatigue life of fasteners. Limited experimental verification of the hypothesized functional relationship is provided in this program for the effect of proof load and fastener size in addition to the analytic verification.
On the Number of Registers Needed to Evaluate Arithmetic Expressions

The question of how many temporary storage registers are needed to evaluate compiled arithmetic and masking expressions is discussed. It is assumed that any combination of left-to-right, right-to-left, top-to-bottom, and bottom-to-top techniques may be used to evaluate an expression, but that no factoring or re-arranging of the expression may occur. On this basis, the maximum number of registers needed to evaluate nonparenthesized expressions isN+1, withN the number of dyadic operator precedence levels. For parenthesized expressions with a maximum ofK nested parenthetical subexpressions, the maximum number of registers needed is (K+1)N+1.
Defense and Object Relational Maturity on Thematic Apperception Test Scales Indicate Levels of Personality Organization

Psychoanalytic theories describe defense mechanisms and object relations as psychological structures that have functions vital to personality regulation. In theory, these structures develop in stages and emerge as a coordinated, stable system in early adulthood. However, different levels of maturity of systemic function predominate in various individuals so that people exhibit levels of personality organization (LPO; Kernberg, 1975) differing in degree of maturity. Moreover, the various LPO of adults parallel various developmental stages of maturity of these structures in childhood and predispose to varying psychopathologies. We call this the parallelism hypothesis: Adult LPO parallels the stages of childhood development of these structures. In 2 studies (Study 1, students, n = 301; Study 2, diagnosed and presumed normal people, n = 155), we compared indicators of LPO with relative maturity of defenses and object relations using Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) scales (Cramer, 1991; Westen, Lohr, Silk, Kerber, & Goodrich, 1989). We compared scores to other indicators of participants' LPO. The parallelism hypothesis was largely supported in both studies.
Immunology of Neurological Gene Therapy: How T Cells Modulate Viral Vector-Mediated Therapeutic Transgene Expression Through Immunological Synapses

Gene therapy has been shown to be a powerful new approach to the treatment of brain diseases. Brain neurodegenerations, brain tumors, inherited brain diseases, and autoimmune disorders are currently recognized as proper targets for gene therapeutics. Advances in the development of viral vectors (especially improvements in their immune profiles), the capacity to regulate transgene expression, and identification of appropriate therapeutic constructs have made the transition into clinical trials for gene therapy possible. One particular remaining challenge is the immune response that could be raised against either the viral vectors themselves or any regulatory or therapeutic transgenes. Because of the structure of brain immune responses, viral gene transfer into the brain can, under certain circumstances, be invisible to the systemic immune response and thus not generate a deleterious immune attack. If, however, the systemic immune system is primed against any vector antigen, the systemic immune response eliminates transgene expression and thus curtails the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy. Mechanistic studies of brain immune responses indicate that the adaptive arm of the immune system may indeed be able to kill transduced cells. To move neurological gene therapy into the clinic in an effective and safe manner, these are the developments needed: novel viral vectors that either display a reduced capacity to stimulate an adaptive immune response or become invisible to the immune system after the delivery of the vector genome to the nucleus of transduced cells, and ways either to steer the immune response away from cytotoxic responses or to induce tolerance to gene therapy products.
Airplanes for Geologic Explorations in Inaccessible Regions

Airplanes for carrying on geological investigations in difficultly accessible regions is recommended, and the practicability of this method of exploration is discussed. The problem of keeping a geologic party that has been transported by airplane also equipped and supplied by the same means of transportation and the utility of the airplane for reconnaissance by a geologist and for photographic purposes are treated. A considerable part of the paper is devoted to a description of the types of land and sea planes now in use by the United States Army Air Service and the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics that are serviceable for geological investigations in more or less remote regions. The amphibian in most cases will doubtless be the most serviceable and economical as well as the sa est type of plane for an oil or mining company to use in such work. It is reasonable to predict that it will be a relatively short time before a two-motor amphibian plane will be perfected and such a plane will be extremely servicable for geological expeditions into remote regions.
The study of attitudes about mental health in the community mental health center.

The assumption that a common ideology is shared by the staff of a community mental health center was tested using the Community Mental Health Ideology Scale. The scores of three groups were analyzed—service directors, line staff, and student aides. Marked discrepancies or lack of consensus in beliefs were found to exist among professional disciplines, between service units, and within each category. The implications of these findings on center functioning are discussed, and recommendations for additional studies are suggested.
Comparison of particulate verification techniques study

The efficacy of five particulate verification techniques on four types of materials was studied. Statistical Analysis Software/JMP 6.0 was used to create a statistically valid design of experiments. In doing so, 35 witness coupons consisting of the four types of materials being studied, were intentionally contaminated with particulate fallout. Image Analysis was used to characterize the extent of particulate fallout on the coupons and was used to establish a baseline, or basis of comparison, against the five techniques that were studied. The five particulate verification techniques were the Tapelift, the Particulate Solvent Rinse, the GelPak lift, an in-line vacuum filtration probe, and the Infinity Focusing Microscope (IFM). The four types of materials consisted of magnesium flouride (MgF2) coated mirrors, composite coated silver aluminum (CCAg), Z93 and NS43G coated aluminum, and silicon (si) wafers. The vacuum probe was determined to be most effective for Z93, the tapelift or vacuum probe for MgF2, and the GelPak Lift for CCAg and si substrates. A margin of error for each technique, based on experimental data from two experiments, for si wafer substrates, yielded the following: Tapelift - 67%, Solvent Rinse - 58%, GelPak- 26%, Vacuum Probe - 93%, IFM-to be determined.
Time-lapse CSEM Analysis of a Shaly Sandstone Simulated By Comprehensive Petro-electric Modeling

We simulate a poorly consolidated shaly sandstone reservoir model representing a prograding near-shore zone geological pattern. To account for the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties, an effective porosity model is first simulated by Gaussian geostatistics. Dispersed clay and dual water models are then efficiently combined with other well-known theoretical and experimental petrophysical correlations to consistently simulate reservoir model parameters. Next, the constructed reservoir model is subjected to numerical simulation of multi-phase fluid flow to replicate a waterflooding scenario on a black oil reservoir and to predict the spatial distributions of fluid pressure and saturation. Finally, a modified Archie’s equation for shaly sandstones is utilized to simulate rock resistivity. As a result, the comprehensive petro-electric model developed in this paper can be efficiently utilized in sensitivity analyses of CSEM (controlled-source electromagnetic) data to petrophysical properties and, ultimately, applied to reservoir characterization and monitoring research. As an example, we choose to present a time-lapse frequency domain CSEM feasibility study over the 2D reservoir model embedded in a 1D background resistivity model. Three sets of marine 2.5D CSEM data are simulated by a parallel adaptive finite element algorithm. Our analysis demonstrates that a detectable time-lapse signal after 5 years and a strong time-lapse signal after 10 years of waterflooding are attainable using the current CSEM technology.
A simple theory for the cuprates: the antiferromagnetic van Hove scenario

Abstract A model of weakly interacting hole quasiparticles is proposed to describe the normal state of the high temperature superconductors. The effect of strong correlations is contained in the dispersion relation of the holes, which is obtained using numerical techniques applied to the t-J model. Many-body effects induce anomalous quasiparticle flat bands similar to those observed in recent angle-resolved photoemission experiments. The density of states contains a large peak at the top of the valence band that induces a large critical temperature after interactions are introduced. The model predicts superconductivity in the dx2 − y2 channel, with a typical Tc of about 100K. The concept of “optimal doping” appears naturally in this model, as well as a large ratio 2Δ kT c ~ 5 .
The American Grocery Store: The Business Evolution of an Architectural Space

Acknowledgments The Public Market From General Store to Grocery Store The Chain Store Age The Supermarket Evolution The Supermarket Boom The Grocery Store Parade The Evolution of the Grocery Store Space Bibliography Index
Wetting behavior of bile salt–lipid dispersions and dissolution media patterned after intestinal fluids

The wetting properties of bile salt-lipid solutions and dispersions patterned after the contents of the upper intestine in the fed and fasted states were evaluated using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a model substrate. The surface tension of the solutions and their contact angles on PMMA were measured. Media compositions for the intestinal fed and fasted states were estimated on the basis of physiologic data. The effect of various individual lipids and media composition was also evaluated relative to the adhesional, immersional, and spreading stages of wetting. In micellar systems, both the type and concentration of lipid present in the bile salt solution had an influence on wetting. The wetting of media patterned after gastrointestinal contents showed marked differences with respect to the fed or fasted state compositions. For the fed state compositions, alteration of the solution pH from 7.5 to 5.0 resulted in a significant change in wetting. The surface tension of the medium representative of the fasted state was 15 mN/m higher than that of the fed state. The wetting properties of the physiologically representative media formulated in this study were markedly different compared with other media proposed in the literature. Analysis of the wetting behavior of individual lipids as a function of concentration in bile salt solutions showed that they adsorb in a manner that progressively reduces the expected wetting of the surface. The results have implications for the design and formulation of both biorelevant and surfactant-based dissolution media.
The Recombination of Propargyl Radicals and Other Reactions on a C6H6 Potential

Using a combination of electronic-structure methods, we have explored in some detail the regions of the C6H6 potential that are important for describing the recombination of propargyl (C3H3) radicals. Using this information in an RRKM-based master equation, we have been able to predict rate coefficients for a variety of elementary reactions, including the C3H3 + C3H3 recombination itself. Generally, the agreement between the theory and the limited amount of experimental information available is very good, although some discrepancies remain. The most important new feature of the present analysis (over our previous one) is the inclusion of a path on the potential that connects 1,2,4,5-hexatetraene to 1,3-hexadien-5-yne and then goes on to benzene and phenyl + H without passing through fulvene. The inclusion of this path in the analysis allows a number of experimental observations to be accounted for by the theory. From the results of the master equation calculations, we propose a simple, contracted model fo...
Online access AIDS for documentation: a bibliographic outline

Computer documentation poses three information management problems, access problems that readers face when they try to find answers to questions using the documentation. All three problems arise from a mismatch between what readers want or expect and what document authors provide in (1) vocabulary, (2) text structure, and (3) text scope.
Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype homozygosity in population samples genotyped at a high marker density.

Objective: Analyze the information contained in homozygous haplotypes detected with high density genotyping. Methods: We analyze the genotypes of ∼2,500 markers o
High-level reasoning, computational challenges for connectionism, and the Conposit solution

Sophisticated symbol processing in connectionist systems can be supported by two primitive representational techniques calledRelative-Position Encoding (RPE) andPattern-Similarity Association (PSA), and a selection technique calledTemporal-Winner-Take-All (TWTA). TWTA effects winner-take-all selection on the basis of fine signal-timing differences as opposed to activation-level differences. Both RPE and PSA are for the encoding of highly temporary associations between representations. RPE is based on the way activation patterns are positioned relative to each other within a network. Under PSA, two patterns are temporarily associated if they have (suitable) subpatterns that are (suitably) similar. The article shows how particular versions of the primitives are used to good effect in a system called Conposit/SYLL. This is a connectionist implementation of a slightly simplified version of a complex existing psychological theory, namely Johnson-Laird's account of syllogistic reasoning. The computational processes in this theory present a major implementational challenge to connectionism. The challenge lies in the mutability, multiplicity, and diversity of the working memory structures, and the elaborateness of the processing needed for them. Conposit/SYLL's techniques allow it to meet the challenge. The implementation of symbolic processing in Conposit/SYLL is an interesting application of connectionism partly because it significantly affects the design of the symbolic processing level itself. In particular, it encourages the use of associative as opposed to pointer-based data structures, and the use of random as opposed to ordered iteration over sets of data structures. In addition, the article discusses Conposit/SYLL's somewhat unusual variable-binding approach.
Very-high-flux research reactor concepts

Abstract Performance capabilities of liquid-metal-cooled, hard spectrum cermet cores are compared to those of water-cooled silicide and uranium-aluminum cores, as sources for very high, steady-state neutron fluxes. A novel core concept is introduced which has potential for overcoming conventional power density limitations, resulting in extremely high flux levels in steady-state.
Association of αs-casein C in the alkaline pH range

Abstract The molecular weight of the α s -casein C monomer was established as 26,900 by light-scattering experiments in anhydrous formic acid, chloroethanol, and 26% aqueous methanol. In 56% aqueous methanol, this protein exists in the form of a trimer. The state of association of α s -casein C has been studied at room temperature in aqueous solutions in the pH range of 8.0–9.5 and at ionic strengths between 0.02 and 0.30 (NaCl). The light-scattering and sedimentation data are characteristic of a rapidly reequilibrating system at ionic strengths of 0.1 and greater; the predominant species are dimer, tetramer, and hexamer. Lowering the ionic strength to 0.02 caused dissociation to monomer, the reequilibration being slow. Dissociation is favored by an increase in pH and a decrease in ionic strength. The variation of a number of properties, such as viscosity, sedimentation, and optical rotatory dispersion, suggest that α s -casein C has a structure more flexible than that of native globular proteins; the molecule, however, is much less flexible than those of “denatured” proteins, e.g., globular proteins in structure-breaking solvents.
Upregulation of nitric oxide synthase in cultured human keratinocytes after ultraviolet B and bradykinin

Kang-Rotondo CH, Major S, Chiang TM, Myers LK, Kang ES. Upregulation of nitric oxide synthase in cultured human keratinocytes after ultraviolet B and bradykinin. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1996: 12: 57–65. © Munksgaard, 1996. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of the skin has been reported to upregulate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity with enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) formation. Bradykinin, a known stimulator of NO production, is produced in the skin within minutes of UVB irradiation. The combined effect of UVB and bradykinin on NOS was therefore examined in a cultured human keratinocyte (KC) line. Activity was determined in KC homogenates by the recovery of [3H]l-citrulline using labeled l-arginine as the substrate in the presence of mM NADPH. Monoclonal antibodies to specific isoforms of NOS that cross-react with their human counterparts were used to determine the isoform(s) in control, UVB, bradykin treated and UVB and bradykinin treated KC. Human KC express NOS activity which is lowest at confluence and highest during proliferation. UVB increased NOS activity when a set dose of irradiation was administered from 32.2–48.3 mJ/cm2 but was inhibitory after 64.4 and 80.5 mJ/cm2. Thirty min after 10−6 M bradykinin, NOS activity nearly doubled followed by return of activity to control levels at 60 min. Activity after UVB and bradykinin was only slightly higher than that observed with bradykinin alone. Immunochemically, an isoform of Mr 155 kDa was detected in control cells with the antibody for the constitutive brain enzyme, bNOS. Recovery of this isoform increased after UVB treatment as well as after bradykinin which was time dependent. When both stimulants were used, the recovery of the 155 kDa enzyme was markedly enhanced, unlike the enzyme activity findings. These data indicate that the expression of NOS activity under unstimulated conditions in human KC in culture is due to the constitutive NOS found in neuronal tissue, bNOS. The recovery of bNOS increased after UVB and after bradykinin while the combination of both resulted in the synergistic increase in bNOS protein with only a marginal further increase in NOS activity.
S1 nuclease mapping of the phage Mu mom gene promoter: a model for the regulation of mom expression

The mom gene of bacteriophage Mu encodes a DNA modification function. Expression of this modification requires the host Escherichia coli Dam (DNA-adenine methylase) function and the transacting phage Mu Dad function. The mom gene was subcloned into a variety of sites on plasmid pBR322. Insertions were made into the HincII and PvuI sites within the amp gene and into the ClaI site of the tet gene promoter. The only clones found were those in which the orientation of the mom gene prevents its transcription from the vector promoter(s), suggesting that constitutive expression of mom from a foreign promoter can occur independently of Dad function but is lethal for the cell. Employing S1 nuclease mapping, we have identified two Mu mRNA transcripts: (1) the gin transcript extends into the gin-mon intercistronic divide and terminates downstream from the BclI site; and (2) the mom transcript appears to initiate about 74 bp upstream from the BclI site, 12 bp downstream from a promoter-like sequence. Production of the mom transcript is dependent on the host Dam activity and on Dad transactivation. In contrast, the gin transcript is produced independently of Dam and Dad functions; the gin transcript may extend into the mom gene, but it appears to be either degraded at the 3' end or differentially terminated. We propose that regulation of mom gene transcription involves both positive and negative regulatory proteins, and that binding of the Dad protein (a "late" Mu protein) is required for transcription initiation by the host RNA polymerase. However, Dad protein action may be inhibited by prior binding of a repressor to the mom operator, located farther upstream. We propose that this repressor (encoded by a phage or host gene) binds to the operator only when there is no active Dam enzyme present, i.e., when there is no methylation of (or methylase binding to) the G-A-T-C sites within the mom operator.
Canine Lymphoproliferative Disorders

The ultrastructural features of lymphoproliferative disorders from 18 dogs are described and compared with those recorded in the veterinary literature. A spectrum of diseases was selected for study to demonstrate the structural heterogeneity of these disorders. The most extreme variations were noted in nuclear contour, where bizarre cerebriform-appearing nuclei were characteristic of neoplasms of T-cell lineage, or single deep nuclear clefts suggested B-cell lineage. The lesions surveyed included acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, plasma cell neoplasms, cutaneous and multicentric malignant lymphomas, and cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders with histologic similarities to human mycosis fungoides.
Log K, ΔH, and TΔS values for the reaction of several uni- and bivalent metal ions with several unsubstituted cyclic polyethers and their benzo-substituted derivatives

Abstract Log K, ΔH, and TΔS values valid in methanol at 25 °C have been determined calorimetrically for the interaction of several uni- and bivalent metal ions with benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5), benzo-18-crown-6 (B18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6), dibenzo-21-crown-7 (DB21C7), dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8), and dibenzo-27-crown-9 (DB27C9). In addition, log K, ΔH, and TΔS values have been determined under the same conditions for interactions of Tl+ with 15-crown-5 (15C5), 18-crown-6 (18C6), and 21-crown-7 (21C7) and for interactions of Pb2+ with 15C5 and 21C7. For the interaction of a given cation with large ring macrocycles, e.g., DB24C8 and DB27C9, log K values are usually lower than with macrocycles whose cavity radius closely matches the cation radius. Generally, log K and - ΔH values decrease in the series un-, monobenzo-, dibenzo-substituted macrocycle. Log K values decrease in this series more for bivalent than for univalent cations.
THE RATES OF PHOTOLYSIS OF THE FOUR INDIVIDUAL TRYPTOPHAN RESIDUES IN UV EXPOSED CALF γ‐II CRYSTALLIN

Aqueous buffer solutions of the lens protein bovine gamma-II crystallin were irradiated at 295 nm in the presence of dithiothreitol to determine the individual photolysis susceptibilities of the four tryptophan residues. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography was utilized to compare the tryptic peptide maps before and after irradiation. Sequence analysis of collected tryptic peptides showed that the four tryptophans in calf gamma-II crystallin. TRP-42, TRP-68, TRP-131, and TRP-157 appeared in four distinct tryptic peptides. Fluorescence and absorption (diode array) monitoring of the eluting peptides allowed assessment of the changes in peptide absorbance and fluorescence following irradiation. Tryptophan fluorescence losses of (40 +/- 15)%, (17 +/- 4)%, (35 +/- 5)% and (15 +/- 4)% were observed for the peptides containing TRP-42, TRP-68, TRP-131 and TRP-157, respectively. Thus the four tryptophans in calf gamma-II crystallin did not all photolyze at the same rate. The rate differences are presumably related to the microenvironments of the individual tryptophan residues, and this is discussed in terms of the known crystal structure of calf gamma-II crystallin.
Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric identification of chlordane components in fish from Manoa stream, Hawaii

Abstract A series of chlordane-related compounds derived from impurities in the hexachlorocyclopentadiene starting material used to produce chlordane, were detected in fish from Hawaii. Identities were assigned to these compounds by using a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the electron impact and negative ionization modes.
A study on ethanol oxidation kinetics in laminar premixed flames, flow reactors, and shock tubes

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study on ethanol oxidation kinetics has been conducted. The laminar flame speeds of ethanol/air mixtures were determined by using the counterflow twin-flame technique at 1 atm pressure and for initial mixture temperatures between 363 and 453 K. A detailed kinetic scheme was subsequently compiled by grafting the latest information on ethanol kinetics onto a previously developed methanol scheme, and was found to be self-consistent in that it closely predicts not only the experimental laminar flame speeds of ethanol, but also those of methane, methanol, and all the C2-hydrocarbons. Further recognizing that prediction of the laminar flame speeds is not sufficient for the satisfactory validation of a kinetic mechanism, the present scheme has also been tested against experimental data in the literature on the species and temperature profiles in flow reactors and on the ignition delay times in shock tubes. Such studies demonstrate the importance of the CH3 and HO2 radical chemistry, and the present results suggest that the rate of CH3+HO2→ CH3O+OH may be slower while that of CH3+HO2→CH4+O2 may be faster than values frequently used in recent literature.
Jesus as Healer: An Image of Holistic Care for the Sick

This article presents an image of Jesus as healer of body, mind, society, and spirit. Drawing on recent studies of the historical Jesus as healer and exorcist and on theological interpretations of ...
Severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from linear gastric ulcers in large hiatal hernias: a large prospective case series of Cameron ulcers.

We report a case series of all consecutive patients hospitalized in our two tertiary referral medical centers over the past 17 years for Cameron ulcers causing severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (GIH) or severe obscure GIH. Cameron ulcers were diagnosed in 25 of the 3960 screened patients with severe upper GIH or severe obscure GIH (0.6 %). Of these, 21 patients had a prospective follow-up (median time 20.4 months [interquartile range: 8.5 – 31.8]). Patients were more often elderly women with chronic anemia, always had large hiatal hernias, and were usually referred for obscure GIH. Twelve of the 21 patients (57 %) were referred for surgery while being treated with high-dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The other 9 patients (43 %) continued PPIs without any rebleeding during the follow-up. Cameron ulcers in large hiatal hernias are an uncommon cause of severe upper GIH. The choice of medical vs. surgical therapy should be individualized.
Dynamic GATA Factor Interplay at a Multicomponent Regulatory Region of the GATA-2 Locus

Given the simplicity of the DNA sequence that mediates binding of GATA transcription factors, GATA motifs reside throughout chromosomal DNA. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis has revealed that GATA-1 discriminates exquisitely among these sites. GATA-2 selectively occupies the –2.8-kilobase (kb) region of the GATA-2 locus in the active state despite there being numerous GATA motifs throughout the locus. The GATA-1-mediated displacement of GATA-2 is tightly coupled to repression of GATA-2 transcription. We have used high resolution chromatin immunoprecipitation to show that GATA-1 and GATA-2 occupy two additional regions, –3.9 and –1.8 kb of the GATA-2 locus. GATA-1 and GATA-2 had distinct preferences for occupancy at these regions, with GATA-1 and GATA-2 occupancy highest at the –3.9- and –1.8-kb regions, respectively. Activation of an estrogen receptor fusion to GATA-1 (ER-GATA-1) induced similar kinetics of ER-GATA-1 occupancy and GATA-2 displacement at the sites. In the transcriptionally active state, DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSs) were detected at the –3.9- and –1.8-kb regions, with a weak HS at the –2.8-kb region. Whereas ER-GATA-1-instigated repression abolished the –1.8-kb HS, the –3.9-kb HS persisted in the repressed state. Transient transfection analysis provided evidence that the –3.9-kb region functions distinctly from the –2.8- and –1.8-kb regions. We propose that GATA-2 transcription is regulated via the collective actions of complexes assembled at the –2.8- and –1.8-kb regions, which share similar properties, and through a qualitatively distinct activity of the –3.9-kb complex.
A family of unusually spliced biologically active transcripts encoded by a Drosophila clock gene

Complementary DNA cloning of the transcripts of the Drosophila clock gene period reveals three distinct transcripts. These result from unusual splicing pathways, one involving a CG 3' splice site and one resulting in the use of two different reading frames in one exon, and they predict three separate proteins. Two of the cloned cDNAs can restore clock function to mutant arrhythmic flies.