cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the development of expertise in interpreting medical images

Medical images represent a core portion of the information clinicians utilize to render diagnostic and treatment decisions. Fundamentally, viewing a medical image involves two basic processes - visually inspecting the image (visual perception) and rendering an interpretation (cognition). The interpretation is often followed by a recommendation. The likelihood of error in the interpretation of medical images is unfortunately not negligible. Errors occur and patients' lives are impacted. Thus we need to understand how clinicians interact with the information in an image during the interpretation process. We also need to understand how clinicians develop expertise throughout their careers and why some people are better at interpreting medical images than others. If we can better understand how expertise develops, perhaps we can develop better training programs, incorporate more effective ways of teaching image interpretation into the medical school and residency curriculums, and create new tools that would enhance and perhaps speed up the learning process. With improved understanding we can also develop ways to further improve decision-making in general and at every level of the medical imaging profession, thus improving patient care. The science of medical image perception is dedicated to understanding and improving the clinical interpretation process.
Cytoplasmic Domain of E-selectin Contains a Non-tyrosine Endocytosis Signal

E-selectin is an activation-dependent, endothelial cell-restricted adhesion molecule that is internalized and degraded rapidly once expressed on the cell surface. Tyrosine-containing structural motifs play an important role in the internalization of a number of integral proteins, and the membrane-proximal E-selectin cytoplasmic tyrosine residue (Tyr582) conforms to the endocytosis motif proposed previously. To determine the endocytosis motif in E-selectin, we selectively introduced truncation, substitution, and deletion mutations to the cytoplasmic tail of E-selectin. We analyzed the internalization kinetics of surface-expressed wild-type and mutant E-selectin constructs in transiently transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells using 125I-labeled E-selectin monoclonal antibody (125I-P6E2) in an acid elution assay. Interestingly, truncation immediately membrane proximal to Tyr582 (DeltaDGS construct) did not alter internalization kinetics significantly (DeltaDGS versus wild-type, mean surface half-life = 42 versus 45 min, respectively). Thus, it appears that the tyrosine residues are not required for internalization of E-selectin. Additional analyses indicated that Ser581 was necessary but alone was insufficient for surface E-selectin endocytosis. Thus, we conclude that there exists a novel non-tyrosine-containing endocytosis signal in the cytoplasmic tail which involves Ser581 and residues membrane-proximal to it.
A review of the nomenclature of the genus Arachis L.

Confusion has arisen with regard to the correct botanical nomenclature for the taxa within the genus Arachis L. This paper discusses the proper usage, as mandated by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, of the epithets within the genus. Adherence to the rules described in this paper should reduce the present confusion in the nomenclature of Arachis.
Two-group classification of patients with obstructive sleep apnea based on analysis of brain recurrence

Abstract Objective To demonstrate that the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) could be predicted algorithmically by means of recurrence analysis of the sleep-staged electroencephalogram (EEG). Methods A randomly selected cohort of 20 sleep-staged patients with OSA (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) 5–30) was divided into mild and moderate sub-cohorts (AHI 5–15, 16–30, respectively), and the sleep EEG (C3) was analyzed using analysis of brain recurrence (ABR) (LSU cohort). Twenty distinct but related markers for sleep depth and fragmentation were computed from four ABR variables, and a marker function capable of classifying each patient into one of the two sub-cohorts was determined by linear discriminant analysis. Classification accuracy of individual patients was evaluated using area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUROC). As a control procedure, 20 additional sleep-staged patients with OSA whose polysomnographic data was obtained from an independent database were also evaluated (SHHS cohort). Results On average, markers for sleep depth were reduced and those for sleep fragmentation were increased in the patients with moderate OSA, as expected. All patients in both cohorts were correctly classified using as few as 5–6 markers. Significance The degree of severity of OSA was reflected in objective changes in the sleep EEG. Recurrence analysis of the EEG potentially has uses beyond identification of the degree of OSA.
Mono- and Bimetalated Rhenium and Manganese Carbonyl Derivatives of 1,2-Bis(indenyl)ethane

Heating a mixture of M2(CO)10 (M = Re, Mn) with 1,2-bis(indenyl)ethane in Decalin at ca. 180 °C provided both monometalated M(CO)3{(η5-C9H6)C2H4C9H7)} (1, M = Re; 3, M = Mn) and bimetalated (M(CO)3)2{μ-(η5-C9H6)C2H4(η5-C9H6)} (2, M = Re; 4, M = Mn) products, which were separated by chromatography, isolated as pure solids, and characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic methods. The bimetalated compounds 2 and 4 were formed as a mixture of meso and rac diastereomers; the rac form of 2 crystallized selectively, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. UV photolysis of 1 and 3 (or 4) yielded the compounds M(CO)2{(η5-C9H6)C2H4(η2-C9H7)} (5, M = Re; 6, M = Mn), in which a carbonyl ligand is replaced by the η2 coordination of the pendant indene group. UV photolysis of 2 gave primarily the rearranged isomer Re2(CO)6{μ-(η1:η2-C9H6)C2H4(η5-C9H6)} (7), in which one indenyl group bridges the two Re centers as an η1:η2-vinyl moiety. The molecular structures of compounds 6 and 7 al...
THE TRANSFIGURATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE

After more than forty years I still warmly recall the edifying conversations that I had in the episcopal palace in Bergamo with my revered bishop. Msgr. Radini Tedeschi. About the persons in the Vatican, from the Holy Father downwards, there was never an expression that was not respectful, no, never. But as for women or their shape or what concerned them, no word was ever spoken. It was as if there were no women in the world. This absolute silence, this lack of any familiarity with regard to the other sex, was one of the most powerful and profound lessons of my young life as a priest, and even today I thankfully keep the excellent and beneficial memory of that man who raised me in this discipline. Spiritual Diary of John XXIII, quoted in Uta Ranke-Heinemann, Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven: the Catholic Church and Sexuality (1990)
Generation of self-optimizing wireless network applications

Adaptable applications are difficult to develop and maintain especially if adaptive code, which implements the adaptive behavior, is tangled into functional code, which implements the imperative behavior. Our work investigates how to wrap existing applications transparently to generate such management components. Developing manageable components requires some mechanism to support adaptation in behavior. The predominant mechanism for implementing adaptation in object-oriented software is behavioral reflection, which can be used to modify how an object responds to a message. This work describes the application of TRAP/J to a multicast audio application. The audio-streaming application (ASA) is designed to deliver interactive audio from a microphone at one network node to multiple receiving nodes.
A Necessary Reemphasis on Integrating Explicative Research with the Pragmatics of Pediatric Psychology

Pediatric psychology is an amalgamation of applied practice and basic research concerned with medical and psychological problems affecting children and families. Both the applied and basic aspects of pediatric psychology are necessary. However, some distortion of emphasis may be implied by the results of a recent analysis of articles in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP). Roberts (1992) found that three quarters of the research articles focused on examinations of relationships among pediatric and psychological variables, as opposed to studies more directly targeted to applied or clinical concerns such as assessment, prevention, and intervention. The "explicative" research articles that predominate in JPP attempt to clarify how various variables are associated to produce a more comprehensive view of the factors related to medical or psychological conditions. Studies with an explicative purpose, for example, have considered the relationship of coping responses of children with pediatric conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease, cancer and leukemia, diabetes, spina bifida) and their families' adjustment to having a child who has a chronic illness. Explicative or relationship research programs have enhanced knowledge and understanding. Nonetheless, the current editor of JPP found this domination of the research pages troubling and called for more submissions of intervention research (La Greca & Vami, 1993). Although much of the preponderant explicative research is theory driven
On using SAT to ordered escape problems

Routing for high-speed boards is largely a time-consuming manual task today. The ordered escape routing problem is one of the key problems in board-level routing, and Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) based approach [1] is the only solution to this problem so far. In this paper, we first solve the major deficiency of the original SAT formulation so that the escape problem is completely resolved. Then we propose two techniques to extend SAT approach for large-scale problems. Experimental results on industrial benchmarks show that our methods perform well in terms of both speed and routability.
Physical and mental health correlates of pregnancy following breast cancer

Introduction: The safety of pregnancy after breast cancer is an important issue for many younger breast cancer survivors and their health care providers. Current research does not indicate that pregnancy negatively affects survival, but the ‘healthy mother bias,’ suggesting that survivors who go on to become pregnant are a self-selected healthier group based on their prognosis, has led to cautious interpretation of these findings. No studies have systematically evaluated the potential for this bias. Methods: This nested case–control study includes 81 younger participants from the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study (N=3088). Our sample includes 27 cases who had children after breast cancer and 54 controls, matched on age and stage at diagnosis. We used hierarchical linear modeling to accommodate longitudinal data with individuals nested within matched sets (cases and controls). The primary aim was to evaluate the association between summary scores of health and childbearing after breast cancer. Covariates were added for adjustment and to improve model precision. Results: Controlling for other variables in the model, physical health scores were not different between cases and controls (B=0.14, p=0.96). Mental health scores were marginally higher among cases (B=6.40, p=0.08), as compared with controls, a difference considered clinically significant. Conclusion: This preliminary study did not find evidence of a healthy mother bias based on physical health. However, mental health was 6 points higher (p=0.08) among those who had children, indicating that the role of mental health needs evaluation in future research. Larger studies are needed to verify these findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Moment Analysis in Assessing Rates of Absorption for Bioequivalency Studies

Moment analysis was utilized in the evaluation of equivalency between test and reference formulations with respect to the rate of absorption for four drugs having different pharmacokinetic characteristics. A confidence interval technique was applied to compare the three relevant absorption parameters, that is, peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (tmax), and mean absorption time (MAT). Equivalence in the absorption rate of drugs was found to be best evaluated by the combined use of MAT, tmax, and Cmax. Use of these parameters for assessing equivalency requires careful interpretation of the results of statistical analysis as well as appropriate consideration of efficacy and safety issues for individual drugs. In addition, the statistical moment method proves to be useful in the assessment of bioequivalency, particularly for drugs with multiple absorption maxima.
Preoperative Plasma Soluble E-Cadherin Predicts Metastases to Lymph Nodes and Prognosis in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: We have previously reported that high urinary levels of soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin) are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. We determined whether plasma levels of sE-cadherin are associated with bladder cancer stage and prognosis.Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 50 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for muscle invasive cancer or intravesical therapy refractory Tis, Ta, or T1 bladder cancer; and 40 men without cancer. Preoperative plasma levels of sE-cadherin were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.Results: Plasma sE-cadherin was higher in patients with bladder cancer than in healthy subjects (p <0.0001) and it was elevated in patients with metastases to regional and distant lymph nodes (p = 0.019 and 0.024, respectively). When adjusted for the effects of clinical stage and grade, preoperative sE-cadherin was independently associated with metastases to regional lymph nodes (p = 0.028) and disease pro...
Terahertz detection using optical parametric upconversion and geiger mode avalanche photodiodes

Terahertz radiation is nonlinearly upconverted to telecommunication wavelength. The resulting idler is coupled into fiber and detected with a photon counting receiver. Detection with 4.5 pW/Hz1/2 noise equivalent power and nanosecond temporal resolution is demonstrated.
The strengths and limits of ‘doing gender’ for understanding street crime:

This paper is an engagement with Messerschmidt’s structured action theory, and more generally with feminist criminologists’ applications of the concept ‘doing gender’ for understanding street crime. Specifically, I investigate the ways in which the attribution of gender difference and the near exclusive emphasis on normative practices has limited our use of the doing gender model in theorizing gender and crime. I discuss several avenues for enhancing this approach, including the imperative to avoid tautology, and suggestions for challenging gender dualism, investigating the import of social hierarchies, and conceptualizing the complexities of agency and social practice.
Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Caseins with Reverse‐Phase and Anion‐Exchange HPLC

Whole native caseinate (WNC) and casein (CN) fractions from preparative DE-52 cellulose urea columns were chromatographed using C-8 reverse-phase (RP) and DEAE-type anion-exchange (AEx) HPLC systems. With RP, αS2-CN and κ-CN eluted first as several small peaks; αS1-CN eluted later as two peaks, followed by β-CN peaks. With AEx, κ-CN eluted early as a group of peaks, β-CN eluted next, and αS1-CN and αS2-CN coeluted last. Standard curves were prepared for αS1-CN and β-CN using RP-PHLC and showed correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The caseins in WNC, nonfat dry milk casein, commercial casein(ates) and caseins from milks of individual cows were determined.
Thrombophlebitis and pseudothrombophlebitis in the ED

The patient presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a painful swollen lower extremity is considered to have deep venous thrombosis (DVT) until this diagnosis can be ruled out. This clinical presentation, however, is far from specific and the differential diagnosis includes symptomatic Baker's cyst, also known as pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome (PTP). This article presents two cases of PTP and reviews the literature relevant to diagnosis of DVT and PTP. Ultrasonography is now the diagnostic test of choice for both DVT and PTP, being safe, accurate, noninvasive, and rapid, and should ideally be available for use in the ED.
Plebeian Politics: Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising

In his Florentine Histories, Machiavelli offers an ambivalent portrayal of the revolt of the textile workers in late fourteenth-century Florence, known as the tumult of the Ciompi. On the face of i...
In vivo apparent pA2 analysis in rats treated with either clocinnamox or morphine.

Experiments tested the hypothesis that loss of agonist potency or effectiveness following irreversible antagonist or chronic agonist treatment may result from affinity changes at μ opioid receptors. Apparent affinity of naltrexone or nalbuphine for μ opioid receptors was measured in vivo in rats treated with either a single dose of the irreversible antagonist clocinnamox or repeated doses of morphine. Apparent affinity of each antagonist was estimated from its potency as an antagonist of discriminative stimulus or rate-decreasing effects of morphine in rats trained to discriminate 3.2 mg/kg morphine and saline. In control rats, apparent pA2 values for naltrexone and nalbuphine were 7.5–7.6 and 5.3, respectively. In clocinnamox-treated rats, apparent pA2 values for naltrexone were 7.2–7.7, suggesting that clocinnamox treatment did not alter affinity of naltrexone for sites through which morphine exerts behavioral effects. In rats treated repeatedly with morphine, apparent pA2 values for nalbuphine were 5.1–5.3, suggesting that repeated morphine treatment did not alter affinity of nalbuphine for these sites. The observation that neither clocinnamox nor repeated morphine treatment altered in vivo affinity estimates for naltrexone or nalbuphine, respectively, suggests that the reductions in agonist potency produced by these treatments do not result from changes in affinity at μ opioid receptors.
Increased incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in diabetic patients on the Bellevue Chest Service, 1987 to 1997.

Study objectives To investigate the characteristics of tuberculosis infection in diabetic patients at Bellevue Hospital. Design We conducted a case-control study retrospectively reviewing the records of patients at Bellevue Hospital Center from 1987 to 1997 with a discharge diagnosis of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. Setting Bellevue Hospital Center is a 1,200-bed, inner-city municipal hospital located in the Lower East Side of New York City. Patients Fifty-three identified patients had verified tuberculosis infection and diabetes; of these, 50 charts were available for review. One hundred five control cases were selected from nondiabetic patients with a discharge diagnosis of tuberculosis during the same time period. Measurements and results Thirty-six percent (18 cases) of the patients with diabetes and tuberculosis had multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) compared to only 10% (10 cases) in the control group (p Conclusions There was a significant association between diabetes and MDR-TB. Diabetes continues to be a risk factor for tuberculosis and was associated with MDR-TB in our patients.
Ligand-Dependent Disorder of the Ω Loop Observed in Extended-Spectrum SHV-Type β-Lactamase

Among Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to β-lactams is mediated primarily by β-lactamases (EC 3.2.6.5), periplasmic enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics. Substitutions at critical amino acid positions in the class A β-lactamase families result in enzymes that can hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins, thus demonstrating an “extended-spectrum” β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype. Using SHV ESBLs with substitutions in the Ω loop (R164H and R164S) as target enzymes to understand this enhanced biochemical capability and to serve as a basis for novel β-lactamase inhibitor development, we determined the spectra of activity and crystal structures of these variants. We also studied the inactivation of the R164H and R164S mutants with tazobactam and SA2-13, a unique β-lactamase inhibitor that undergoes a distinctive reaction chemistry in the active site. We noted that the reduced Ki values for the R164H and R164S mutants with SA2-13 are comparable to those with tazobactam (submicromolar). The apo enzyme crystal structures of the R164H and R164S SHV variants revealed an ordered Ω loop architecture that became disordered when SA2-13 was bound. Important structural alterations that result from the binding of SA2-13 explain the enhanced susceptibility of these ESBL enzymes to this inhibitor and highlight ligand-dependent Ω loop flexibility as a mechanism for accommodating and hydrolyzing β-lactam substrates.
.NET Security: IPSec vs. SSL

This paper presents the results of work by the author on application and comparative performance of IP Security (IPSec) and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocols in a Microsoft .NET 3-tier client-server network. To evaluate the performance of each security protocol, the author created a typical 3-tier client-server e-commerce model in which data communication passed through three distinct pathways: (1) channel between client and Web server over Internet, (2) channel between the Web server and application server, (3) channel between the application server and database server. The primary focus in this paper remains on the third channel where IPSec and SSL were used to connect the application server to the database server. A preliminary analysis of the collected data sheds light on performance of IPSec and SSL in Microsoft .NET environment. It also suggests that in pathways where SSL and IPSec could be used interchangeably, the selection of the most suitable security protocol ought to be dynamic.
Optimizing Stereo Separation in Color Television Anaglyphs

A method is described for minimizing the ghost images which normally appear when anaglyphs are presented on color television screens. This is done by careful adjustment of the phosphor levels in each of the anaglyph regions.
Insights into oxidative stress and potential novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer disease.

PURPOSE Since the description of his original patient Auguste D. with cognitive disability, Alois Alzheimer persisted in his clinical investigations to understand this complex disease. Although more than a century later the underlying cellular dysfunctions that can initiate and determine the course of this neurodegenerative disease remain evasive, significant strides continue to elucidate the complex nature of Alzheimer dementia and define potential effective strategies for its prevention and treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS In this article, we examine the cellular mechanisms that define Alzheimer disease. They are diverse in nature and involve pathways of oxidative stress that extend well beyond the pathological hallmarks of beta-amyloid aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles. Oxidative stress precipitates both nuclear DNA degradation and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure in neuronal and vascular cells to promote loss of cellular integrity, microglial phagocytosis, and thrombotic destruction. Critical in the ability to foster cell survival during oxidative stress is the modulation of the metabotropic glutamate system, cell cycle regulation in post-mitotic neurons, and control of GSK-3beta activity and presenilin integrity. These cellular pathways ultimately converge upon more central cellular mechanisms that involve maintenance of mitochondrial membrane permeability through Bcl-2 family members, trophic factors, and mitochondrial energy reserves. CONCLUSIONS By targeting critical elements that determine neuronal and vascular survival during Alzheimer disease, successful development of clinical applications can emerge for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Simulation-based design of modular QCA Circuits

The design of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuits and systems is still in an infancy stage; a modular technique which relies on building blocks referred to as tiles, is proposed in this paper. This approach consists of first analyzing the logic capabilities of the basic tiles (inclusive of simulation) followed by logic mapping and connecting the tiles to form the desired circuit. The 3/spl times/3 QCA grid is presented as an example of basic block. Five types of tiles can be constructed using the 3/spl times/3 grid. A logic characterization of these tiles is presented by using a coherence vector simulation engine. It is shown that the 3/spl times/3 grid is not only area efficient, but it also offers versatile logic operation. Various QCA circuits designed using the tile-based method are presented and compared with conventional gate-based design as well as the SQUARES methodology.
Microbial community composition and enzyme activities in a sandy loam soil after fumigation with methyl bromide or alternative biocides

A sandy loam soil was fumigated in microcosms for 24 h with methyl bromide and chloropicrin (MeBrCCP), propargyl bromide (PrBr), combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene and CP (InLine), iodomethane and CP (Midas), an emulsifiable concentrate of CP (CP-EC), or methyl isothiocyanate (MITC). The effects of these pesticides on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles and selected enzymatic activities were evaluated in fumigated soils and a nonfumigated control at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 90 days post-fumigation. Bacterial (a15:0, i15:0, i16:0, cy17:0, a17:0 and i17:0) and fungal (18:2u6, 18:3u6, 18:1u9) FAMEs were initially (1 day post-fumigation) reduced by fumigation with CP-EC, InLine, and Midas. Microbial communities of soils fumigated with MeBrCCP, MITC, and PrBr resembled those of the control soil. At 14‐28 days postfumigation, FAME profiles were changed in all fumigated soils relative to the control, with the exception of soils treated with MITC. At 90 days post-fumigation, FAME profiles suggested that actinomycetes (10 Me 16:0, 10 Me 17:0, 10 Me 18:0) and Gram-positive bacteria may recover preferentially after fumigation with most of the pesticides studied. Among the fumigants tested, InLine, Midas, and CP-EC had a higher potential to alter the microbial community structure in the longer term than MeBrCCP, PrBr and MITC, with MITC having the least effect. Soil enzyme activities in fumigated microcosms were significantly (P%0.037) different from the nonfumigated soil, with the exception of b-glucosidase in soils treated with PrBr and MITC, and dehydrogenase in MeBrCCP-fumigated soils. Over the 90-day study, soil fumigation (average of all fumigants and sampling dates) reduced the activities of arylsulfatase (62%), dehydrogenase (35%), acid phosphatase (22%), and b-glucosidase (6%), suggesting that S mineralization in soils and the total oxidative potential of microorganisms were more affected by fumigation than P and C mineralization. This study also indicates that soil fumigation with MeBrCCP alternative biocides has the potential to alter microbial communities
Disease State Differentiation and Identification of Tuberculosis Biomarkers via Native Antigen Array Profiling

A critical element of tuberculosis control is early and sensitive diagnosis of infection and disease. Our laboratories recently showed that different stages of disease were distinguishable via two-dimensional Western blot analyses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins. However, this methodology is not suitable for high throughput testing. Advances in protein microarray technology provide a realistic mechanism to screen a large number of serum samples against thousands of proteins to identify biomarkers of disease states. Techniques were established for separation of native M. tuberculosis cytosol and culture filtrate proteins, resulting in 960 unique protein fractions that were used to generate protein microarrays. Evaluation of serological reactivity from 42 patients in three tuberculosis disease states and healthy purified protein derivative-positive individuals demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative cavitary and noncavitary tuberculosis (TB) patients' sera recognized 126 and 59 fractions, respectively. Sera from HIV patients coinfected with TB recognized 20 fractions of which five overlapped with those recognized by non-HIV TB patients' sera and 15 were unique to the HIV+TB+ disease state. Identification of antigens within the reactive fractions yielded 11 products recognized by both cavitary and noncavitary TB patients' sera and four proteins (HspX, MPT64, PstS1, and TrxC) specific to cavitary TB patients. Moreover four novel B cell antigens (BfrB, LppZ, SodC, and TrxC) of human tuberculosis were identified.
Stakeholder Value Driven Threat Modeling for Off the Shelf Based Systems

As the trend of the usage of third party Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) and open source software continuously increases [2], COTS security has become a major concern for many organizations whose daily business extensively relies upon a healthy IT infrastructure. But, according to the 2006 CSI/FBI computer criminal survey, 47% of the surveyed organizations only spent no more than 2% of the IT budget in security. Often, competing with limited IT resources and the fast changing internet threats, the ability to prioritize security vulnerabilities and address them efficiently has become a critical success factor for every security manager.
Dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm in a 16-year-old

A 16-year-old boy presented with a one-hour history of left lower extremity pain and weakness, and was found to have a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The patient underwent emergency aortic angiography and immediate reparative aortic aneurysm surgery. He died on the fifth postoperative day. Because the majority of cases occur in the fifth to sixth decade of life, dissecting aortic aneurysm is a rare and usually fatal condition in adolescents. Potentially favorable outcome in this age group depends on prompt diagnosis and immediate medical and surgical intervention.
Rotor scale model tests for power conversion unit of GT-MHR

Abstract The gas turbine modular helium reactor (GT-MHR) combines a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) nuclear heat source with a closed Brayton gas-turbine cycle power conversion unit (PCU) for thermal to electric energy conversion. The PCU has a vertical orientation and is supported on electromagnetic bearings (EMB). The rotor scale model (RSM) tests are intended to directly model the control of EMB and rotor dynamic characteristics of the full-scale GT-MHR turbo-machine (TM). The objectives of the RSM tests are to: • Confirm the EMB control system design for the GT-MHR turbo machine over the full-range of operation. • Confirm the redundancy and on-line maintainability features that have been specified for the EMBs. • Provide a benchmark for validation of analytical tools that will be used for independent analyses of the EMB subsystem design. • Provide experience with the installation, operation and maintenance of EMBs supporting multiple rotors with flexible couplings. As with the full-scale TM, the RSM incorporates two rotors that are joined by a flexible coupling. Each of the rotors is supported on one axial and two radial EMBs. Additional devices, similar in concept to radial EMBs, are installed to simulate magnetic and/or mechanical forces representing those that would be seen by the exciter, generator, compressors and turbine. Overall, the lengths of the RSM rotor is about 1/3rd that of the full-scale TM, while the diameters are approximately 1/5th scale. The design and sizing of the rotor is such that the number and values of critical speeds in the RSM are the same as in the full-scale TM. The EMBs are designed such that their response to rotor dynamic forces is representative of the full-scale TM. The fabrication and assembly of the RSM was completed at the end of 2008. All start up adjustments were finished in December 2009. To-date the generator rotor has been supported in the EMBs and rotated up to 1800 rpm. Final tests are expected to start in the fall of 2011.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Vitamin E Deficiency

Publisher Summary Certain aspects of the pathology of vitamin E deficiency suggest that nucleic acid metabolism may be deranged. In tissues severely affected by the deficiency one sees various nuclear changes. These include an increase in numbers of nuclei in rabbit skeletal muscle, appearance of giant multinucleated cells in rat testes (Mason, 1933), and the appearance of many multinucleated erythroid precursors in vitamin E-deficient monkey bone marrow (Porter el al., 1962). It is of course well known that these tissues are dramatically affected by vitamin E deficiency in the various species. In the rabbit one sees nutritional muscular dystrophy, in the male rat sterility, and in the monkey macrocytic anemia. Authors investigated the influence of vitamin E deficiency on tissue nucleic acid concentrations in these species and on the synthesis of nucleic acids as measured by the incorporation of various radioactive precursors.
Care of the critically ill child: endotoxin shock.

F OR practical purposes we may consider that endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria are the cause of endotoxic shock. In general, endotoxins are produced by bacteria which form smooth colonies. However, it should be mentioned that small quantities of endotoxin have been found in colonially rough, gram-negative rods and in some gram-positive bacteria. Endotoxins are found in the outer layers of the bacterial cell wall. They are so closely associated with other constituents of this structure that their isolation requires strong chemical treatment.1 Endotoxins are macromolecules which readily form complexes with each other and with other macromolecules. The two major constituents of endotoxins are lipids and polysacchanides. Endotoxins also contain a small percentage of peptides, so we may consider that endotoxins are lipid-polysaccharide-peptide macromolecules. All endotoxins contain phosphorus also. The polysaccharide moiety is composed of a number of different carbohydrates, such as glucose, galactose and mannose, as well as pentoses, heptoses, and hexosamines.2 Also present are di-deoxy hexoses, which are found only in endotoxins. The lipid moiety contains even-numbered saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The chemical constituents of endotoxins are arranged in three major zones in the macromolecule: the polysaccharide, the lipid-rich, and the amino acid-rich moieties. The backbone of the molecule is polysaccharide, to which are attached amino acids. The fatty acids are also attached to the carbohydrate backbone; these are ester bound to OH groups or amide bound to NH2 groups of the carbohydrate, probably through such compounds as glucosamine.2 The endotoxin molecule is unique in its fatty acid-carbohydrate linkages, which have not been found in any other natural substance.3 Phosphoric acid is found in both the lipid and carbohydrate moieties.
Development of an Accurate Analysis Method for Predicting Axle Hypoid Gear System Deflection

Axle hypoid gear design needs axle system deformation data at mesh point under load to evaluate the contact pattern, contact pressure and bending stress of the gear pair. The system deformation data or gear deflection (GD), can be obtained through a standard test procedure defined several decades ago. The testing method has not been improved for data acquisition efficiency and reliability since then. Fundamentally it contains trade-offs that make contact pattern correlation difficult. It also cannot meet urgent axle development timing pressures and cost reduction requirements. Analysis methods have been developed in recent years to replace the testing method of GD calculation. However, published modeling methods have their own limitations, and still do not correlate well loaded contact pattern between testing and analysis. In this paper, existing approaches of GD calculation are first reviewed and compared. Then the development of a new method is outlined, which combines a general finite element software and a special gear bearing contact analysis tool in one process. The validation of the method is illustrated by comparing axle loaded contact pattern. Finally, two case studies are demonstrated. The first one shows the capability of the new method to investigate the compliance contribution of main axle components. The second one shows that during one gear rotation, GD experiences a significant variation which needs to be considered during gear design.Copyright © 2015 by General Motors
A Disk Type Piezoelectric Transformer with Crescent Shape Input Electrodes

For most PZT based piezoelectric materials the shear mode coupling constant is twice as large as the transverse mode coupling. From this motivation, a new circular piezoelectric transformer was designed. Non-concentric input electrodes and nonuniform output poling lead to the usage of shear mode piezoelectric effect at (3,0) radial mode resonance frequency. A prototype three layered transformer with 25.4-mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, operating at 153 kHz, was fabricated and its characteristics were measured. Characteristics, such as efficiency, step-up ratio and temperature rise of the proposed transformer are presented.
How Elasticity Property Plays an Important Role in the Cloud: A Survey

Abstract In a cloud environment, consumers can deploy and run their software applications on a sophisticated infrastructure that is owned and managed by a cloud provider (eg, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform). Cloud users can acquire resources for their applications on demand, and they have to pay only for the consumed resources. In order to take this advantage of cloud computing, it is vital for a consumer to determine if the cloud infrastructure can rapidly change the type and quantity of resources allocated to an application in the cloud according to the application's demand. This property of the cloud is known as elasticity. Ideally, a cloud platform should be perfectly elastic; ie, the resources allocated to an application exactly match the demand. This allocation should occur as the load to the application increases, with no degradation of application's response time, and a consumer should pay only for the resources used by the application. However, in reality, clouds are not perfectly elastic. One reason for that is it is difficult to predict the elasticity requirements of a given application and its workload in advance, and optimally match resources with the applications’ needs. In this chapter, we investigate the elasticity problem in the cloud. We explain why it is still a challenging problem to solve and consider what services current cloud service providers are offering to maintain the elasticity in the cloud. Finally, we discuss the existing research that can be used to improve elasticity in the cloud.
Bead Suspension Arrays for Identifying Fungal Pathogens

Fungal infections, on the rise for several decades, can prove deadly, particularly for immunocompromised patients. Among the most common fungal pathogens are yeasts such as Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans, and filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. In North America, Candida ranks as the fourth most common bloodstream pathogen, accounting for as many as 8–15% of such infections.
Force calibration using errors-in-variables regression and Monte Carlo uncertainty evaluation

An errors-in-variables regression method is presented as an alternative to the ordinary least-squares regression computation currently employed for determining the calibration function for force measuring instruments from data acquired during calibration. A Monte Carlo uncertainty evaluation for the errors-in-variables regression is also presented. The corresponding function (which we call measurement function, often called analysis function in gas metrology) necessary for the subsequent use of the calibrated device to measure force, and the associated uncertainty evaluation, are also derived from the calibration results. Comparisons are made, using real force calibration data, between the results from the errors-in-variables and ordinary least-squares analyses, as well as between the Monte Carlo uncertainty assessment and the conventional uncertainty propagation employed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The results show that the errors-in-variables analysis properly accounts for the uncertainty in the applied calibrated forces, and that the Monte Carlo method, owing to its intrinsic ability to model uncertainty contributions accurately, yields a better representation of the calibration uncertainty throughout the transducer's force range than the methods currently in use. These improvements notwithstanding, the differences between the results produced by the current and by the proposed new methods generally are small because the relative uncertainties of the inputs are small and most contemporary load cells respond approximately linearly to such inputs. For this reason, there will be no compelling need to revise any of the force calibration reports previously issued by NIST.
Working outside of your wheelhouse: Effects of incentives and framing on transactive memory systems and performance

People collaborate to address tasks that can often be decomposed into smaller components. These components beg different forms of expertise and may differ in value to the group. We show that transa...
War Land on the Eastern Front: Coming to war land

When the First World War broke out in the summer of 1914, the nightmare which had haunted German leaders and military men for decades became real – they faced war on two fronts. Undaunted by the scale of this disastrous gamble, enthusiastic recruits were rushed to battle, hoping for quick, decisive, and dramatic victories. They little suspected the hells they hurried towards, or what transformations awaited them there. After the failure of the Schlieffen Plan, which aimed for decisive victory in a blow to France, the Western Front bogged down into a prolonged war of position and entrenchment, with great battles of attrition fought over small, bloodied salients, gas attacks and bombardments lasting days. These ordeals formed a western front-experience which affected a generation of young Germans and was mythologized into a potent political idea. Out of this experience came the lunge for a new model of heroism in the elite storm-troops, idealized by writers of the front generation like Ernst Junger. This myth claimed that a new man was born in storms of steel, hammered into being by the poundings of industrial warfare and the “battle of materiel.” Shaped by “battle as an inner experience,” the hardened front soldier of the West seemed an answer to the modernity of war.
Thermal impact of CO2 injection on geomechanical response at the FutureGen 2.0 Site: A three-dimensional thermo-geomechanical approach

Abstract The impact of temperature variations of the injected CO2 on the mechanical integrity of a reservoir is an important problem but rarely addressed in the design of a CO2 storage site. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) thermo-geomechanical approach was developed to evaluate the possibility of fracturing the FutureGen 2.0 site due to injection of CO2 at different temperatures. The approach sequentially coupled the STOMP-CO2 code for flow and thermal analyses to the ABAQUS® finite element package for performing thermo-geomechanical analyses of this site. The 3D STOMP-CO2 model of the FutureGen 2.0 site contains four horizontal wells and variable layer thickness, flow and thermal properties. The 3D ABAQUS® finite element (FE) model for thermo-geomechanical analysis which exactly maps the STOMP-CO2 model contains variable thermo-geomechanical properties. Boundary conditions were prescribed to the FE model to achieve the strike-slip faulting stress regime observed at the FutureGen 2.0 site. The STOMP-CO2 model takes into account the results from modeling the heat exchange between the environment and CO2 during its transport in the pipeline and injection wells before reaching the reservoir, as well as its interaction with the reservoir host rock. Injection temperature in the reservoir, whose initial temperature was 36 °C, was varied, and two cases were simulated and modeled: 28 °C, the minimum possible temperature considered as an extreme case since it corresponds to winter conditions maintained during the 20 years of the injection, and 47 °C that represents the annual average injection temperature. The STOMP-CO2/ABAQUS® analyses indicate lower injection temperatures approaching 28 °C could locally induce shear slip activation close to the wells and confined to the reservoir. Thermally induced hydraulic fracture is not expected for the 28 °C–47 °C injection temperature range or higher.
Multi-input multi-output adaptive torque control of 9-DOF hyper-redundant robotic arm

In this paper, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) direct adaptive torque controller is presented that uses a conventional fuzzy system to provide asymptotic end-effector tracking of a reference path for a 9-DOF hyper-redundant manipulator. It is illustrated via simulations that the MIMO adaptive controller, which drives the torque of each joint to control end-effector dynamic variables, can highly improve the robotic performance considering both its kinematics and dynamics while executing motion control or tracking a reference in work space. Also, it increases the robustness with respect to disturbances, sensor noise and poorly understood dynamics. The efficacy of our control algorithm affects the accuracy, stability and robustness of both motion control and path tracking.
Chapter 6 Substance Use Among Women in Poverty

Substance use and abuse is a significant public health problem for women. Challenges of addiction are exacerbated for women living in poverty. Through our discussions with women in HPTN 064, we revealed that substance use (both drugs and alcohol) was consistently identified as a pervasive problem in their lives. Women described how drugs were ubiquitous in most aspects of their lives—from the environmental/neighborhood level to their social, sexual, and family networks. Other common themes regarding substance use and abuse were related to violence surrounding both the drug trade and addiction, the financial implications of drug and alcohol abuse, as well as resilience and strength in response to the addiction or sustaining recovery from their personal drug use. Policy implications include developing programs to improve women’s financial situations, decriminalize drugs, and focus on resiliency and self-efficacy.
Political realism meets civic republicanism

The paper offers five desiderata on a realist normative theory of politics: that it should avoid moralism, deontologism, transcendentalism, utopianism, and vanguardism. These desiderata argue for a...
Classroom Management Strategies: Are They Setting Events for Coercion?:

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the Patterson and Reid (1970) reciprocal/coercive interaction hypothesis as related to the classroom social interactions between teachers and studen...
A contrastive hierarchy approach to Tungusic and Mongolic labial harmony

Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2013), pp. 185-198