cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Field Effect on the Thermal Conductivity of High Purity Copper and a NiCrFe Alloy

A program is underway to study the effect of a magnetic field on the thermal conductivity of technically important materials such as Inconels, stainless steels, and superconductor stabilizing materials such as copper and aluminum. The apparatus used to measure the thermal conductivity in magnetic fields up to 80 kOe and in the temperature range 4 to 20 K is described. Results obtained for the NiCrFe alloy (Inconel 718) and a high purity copper specimen will be presented. These results indicate that for the alloy the field effect is small, as expected, since lattice conduction is dominant. The effect of an 80 kOe is to reduce the conductivity by 8% at 5 K and 3% at 19 K. The effect of an 80 kOe field is to reduce the conductivity of the high purity copper specimen by 77% at 5 K and 73% at 20 K.
TU-F-CAMPUS-J-01: Dosimetric Effects of HU Changes During the Course of Proton Therapy for Lung Cancer

Purpose: To characterize the changes in Hounsfield unit (HU) in lung radiotherapy with proton beams during the course of treatment and to study the effect on the proton plan dose distribution. Methods: Twenty consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with proton radiotherapy who underwent multiple CT scans including the planning CT and weekly verification CTs were studied. HU histograms were computed for irradiated lung volumes in beam paths for all scans using the same treatment plan. Histograms for un-irradiated lung volume were used as control to characterize inter-scan variations. HU statistics were calculated for both irradiated and un-irradiated lung volumes for each patient scan. Further, multiple CT scans based on the same planning CT were generated by replacing the HU of the lung based on the verification CT scans HU values. Using the same beam arrangement, we created plans for each of the altered CT scans to study the dosimetric effect using the dose volume histogram. Results: Lung HU decreased for irradiated lung volume during the course of radiotherapy. The magnitude of this change increased with total irradiation dose. On average, HU changed by −53.8 in the irradiated volume. This change resulted in less than 0.5mm of beam overshoot in tissue for every 1cm beam traversed in the irradiated lung. The dose modification is about +3% for the lung, and less than +1% for the primary tumor. Conclusion: HU of the lung decrease throughout the course of radiation therapy. This change results in a beam overshoot (e.g. 3mm for 6cm of lung traversed) and causes a small dose modification in the overall plan. However, this overshoot does not affect the quality of plans since the margins used in planning, based on proton range uncertainty, are greater. HU needs to change by 150 units before re-planning is warranted.
Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC): Clinical Use

Via a workshop and the concerted efforts of many investigators (and with support from the AAPM and ASTRO) the dose-volume relationships for many normal tissues sites have been examined and pulled together within the QUANTEC initiative. Here the summary recommendations of those studies are critiqued by members of the QUANTEC steering committee from a “physicist/treatment planner” perspective.
Client/Server Programming with Java and CORBA

Client/Server computing is of great importance for corporations trying to improve their company's competitive edge with computer systems. CORBA stands for Common Object Request Broker Architecture. CORBA objects are chunks of reusable intelligence that can exist anywhere on a network. This work combines client/server computing with the architecture and methodologies of CORBA and object-oriented programming. It provides programs and technical know-how to implement those concepts and theories into workable everyday business applications. Topics covered include: objects and the Web; a CORBA client/server style guide; coding examples in C++, Java and Joe (network Java); products and methodologies like SOM3 and CORBA 2.0. Programs that can run on Windows 95, Windows NT and OS/2 Warp Software are included on the CD, which include: 10 functional client/server programs that will run on Windows 95, Windows NT and OS/2 Warp; C++ and Java Orbs; and applications written in Joe.
Urodynamic effects of a vaginal pessary in women with stress urinary incontinence

Abstract The manner in which a vaginal pessary restores urinary continence is poorly understood. This report provides an explanation. Following placement of the vaginal pessary, detailed urodynamic studies in a group of 12 women with stress urinary incontinence demonstrated consistent and significant (p
Concept of Operations

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Objectives ConOps Purposes, Roles, Content, and Format Developing the ConOps Maintaining the ConOps Summary Applicable Standards Additional References
Option Pricing Theory: Historical Perspectives

This article traces the history of the option pricing theory from the turn of the twentieth century to the present. This historical perspective is divided into four sections. The first, entitled “the early years”, discusses the development of option pricing theory before the Black–Scholes–Merton model (1973). The second section discusses the Black–Scholes–Merton model and its extensions. The third section discusses the Heath–Jarrow–Morton model for pricing interest rate derivatives. The last section discusses credit risk derivative pricing models. Keywords: Black–Scholes model; HJM model; option pricing; interest rate derivatives; credit derivatives
The statistical mechanics of non-spherical polyatomic molecules

Collision integrals and equilibrium pressure and dielectric second virial coefficients are calculated for a non-spherical m-6-8 model potential energy function. The results are applied in a correlation of the physical properties of carbon dioxide. It is shown that the inclusion of non-spherical contributions in the calculation of the collision integrals has a small but significant effect with respect to the accurate representation of data. The Mason-Monchick approximation that non-spherical molecules collide with fixed relative orientations is briefly discussed. Agreement between calculated and experimental values for the viscosity coefficient, the thermal conductivity coefficient, the second virial coefficients and the isotopic thermal diffusion factor is generally satisfactory.
The role of gene regulation in evolution

Regulatory mutations that alter gene expression are likely to play key roles in phenotypic evolution. Because of the modular nature of cis-regulatory DNA, mutations can alter phenotypes without pleiotropic side effects, yet because regulatory mutations often result in systemic transformations of complex phenotypes, they can result in radical but functionally integrated changes to organismal form. Empirical evidence supports the importance of regulatory mutations with restricted pleiotropic effects in phenotypic evolution. Moreover, data suggest that more mutations affect gene expression than gene structure, so such mutations are likely to be a major source of the heritable phenotypic variation on which selection acts. Keywords: gene regulation; cis-regulatory DNA; pleiotropy; evolution; mutation
In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichén Itzá

In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichen Itza. Quetzil E. Castaneda. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.341 pp.
Female-specific expression of a hexamerin gene in larvae of an autogenous mosquito

Fourth-instar larvae of the autogenous mosquito, Aedes atropalpus, synthesize three hexamerins or hexameric storage proteins which are distinguished by different methionine and aromatic amino-acid contents. One protein, Hexamerin-1.2 (AatHex-1.2) is only found in female larvae and pupae. In order to investigate the molecular basis for this sex-specific accumulation, we have cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding AatHex-1.2 and isolated and sequenced over 1 kb of the 5' flanking region of the AatHex-1.2 gene. The AatHex-1.2 transcript encodes a 81.6-kDa hexamerin subunit which contains 19.8% phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan and 8.6% methionine residues. The single-copy AatHex-1.2 gene consists of three exons and two small introns located at its 5' end. A 2.3-kb AatHex-1.2 mRNA accumulates only in female larvae and pupae and is expressed at very low levels in adult female mosquitoes. The temporal expression profile of this transcript is typical of other mosquito hexamerin genes, with rapid disappearance of the mRNA shortly after pupation. Hence this is the first observation of exclusively female-specific gene activity during preadult development of an insect. In the 5' flanking region of the AatHex-1.2 gene, we identified putative binding sites for transcription factors, such as GATA, C/EBP and Doublesex, typically involved in fat body- and female-specific gene activity in Diptera. These findings suggest that mechanisms for sex-specific transcription in the fat body may be well conserved between flies and mosquitoes.
The effects of comorbidites among older people with vision impairment

Abstract This study uses the 1994 Health Interview Survey Supplement on Aging to identify the effects of comorbid conditions upon older people who report vision problems. The Supplement on Aging is a longitudinal survey of US non-institutionalized older people (≥ 70); the sample size is 9447. A summary vision variable was created to identify vision loss. In addition, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health ( World Health Organization, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Author, Geneva, 2001 ) was employed as a conceptual framework to portray the multidimensional characteristics of older people, and it creates activity limitations and participation restrictions as outcome measures. This paper examines the effect of depression, broken hip, and diabetes upon older visually impaired people compared to those without these conditions. Outcome measures include bathing, preparing meals, buying groceries, going places, visiting friends, phoning friends, and eating out. The findings indicate that vision impairment alone creates limitations in activity performance and participation measures. However, vision loss in combination with the comorbid conditions of depression, broken hip, and diabetes indicated substantially greater effects in the outcomes measures. Parentages, odds ratios, and confidence intervals are calculated. The paper suggests that efforts to treat and prevent comorbid conditions would have the potential to improve performance of people experiencing vision loss.
Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides involves widespread transcriptional reprogramming

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the world’s most important vegetable crops, is highly susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. Improving resistance through conventional breeding has been hampered by a shortage of resistant germplasm and difficulties in introgressing resistance into elite germplasm without linkage drag. The goal of this study was to explore natural variation among wild Solanum species to identify new sources of resistance to necrotrophic fungi and dissect mechanisms underlying resistance against B. cinerea. Among eight wild species evaluated for resistance against B. cinerea and A. solani, S. lycopersicoides expressed the highest levels of resistance against both pathogens. Resistance against B. cinerea manifested as containment of pathogen growth. Through next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly of the S. lycopersicoides transcriptome, changes in gene expression were analyzed during pathogen infection. In response to B. cinerea, differentially expressed transcripts grouped into four categories: genes whose expression rapidly increased then rapidly decreased, genes whose expression rapidly increased and plateaued, genes whose expression continually increased, and genes with decreased expression. Homology-based searches also identified a limited number of highly expressed B. cinerea genes. Almost immediately after infection by B. cinerea, S. lycopersicoides suppressed photosynthesis and metabolic processes involved in growth, energy generation, and response to stimuli, and simultaneously induced various defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), a beta-1,3-glucanase (glucanase), and a subtilisin-like protease, indicating a shift in priority towards defense. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed novel, uncharacterized genes that may play roles in defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in S. lycopersicoides. The expression of orthologous defense-related genes in S. lycopersicum after infection with B. cinerea revealed differences in the onset and intensity of induction, thus illuminating a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility. Additionally, metabolic pathway analyses identified putative defense-related categories of secondary metabolites. In sum, this study provided insight into resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in the Solanaceae, as well as novel sequence resources for S. lycopersicoides.
Modernization, Structural Characteristics, and Societal Rates of Crime: An Application of Blau's Macrosociological Theory

The objectives of this article are to examine the relationships between several structural characteristics associated with modernity and the ratio of property crimes to homicides, and to develop a ...
Coulomb excitation measurements of transition strengths in the isotopes 132,134 Sn

We describe an experiment optimized to determine the transition probabilities for excitation of the first excited 2+ state in 132Sn. The large excitation energy (4.04 MeV) and consequent small excitation cross-section, together with the modest beam intensity available makes this a challenging experiment. The preliminary result is B(E2; 0+ → 2+) = 0.11 ± 0.03e 2 b 2. The high efficiency and generalized nature of the setup enabled us to also measure the first 2+ state in the two-neutron nucleus 134Sn. We have determined a value of B(E2; 0+ → 2+) = 0.029 ± 0.005e 2 b 2 which shows no sign of the asymmetry with respect to the N = 82 shell closure exhibited by the Te isotopes.
Intramedullary Pressure in Syringomyelia: Clinical and Pathophysiological Correlates of Syrinx Distension

OBJECTIVE: The pathophysiological effects of syrinx distension are incompletely understood. Although it is generally assumed that the accumulation of fluid within syrinx cavities can contribute to neurological dysfunction, there are no reports describing intramedullary pressure in syringomyelia. The purpose of the current study was to measure syrinx pressures in patients with progressive clinical deterioration and to correlate these data with neurological deficits and intraoperative physiological findings. METHODS: Intramedullary fluid pressure was measured manometrically in 32 patients undergoing syrinx shunting procedures. The data were correlated with syrinx morphology, intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials, laser Doppler measurements of local spinal cord blood flow (six patients), and neurological findings before and after syrinx decompression. RESULTS: Syrinx pressures recorded under atmospheric conditions ranged from 0.5 to 22.0 cm H 2 O (mean = 7.7 cm). There was a significant elevation of the cardiac pulse (mean = 0.7 cm H 2 O) and the respiratory pulse (mean = 1.1 cm H 2 O) that was consistent with raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Syrinx pressures decreased to subatmospheric levels after surgical drainage. In 18 of 24 patients with predrainage somatosensory evoked potential abnormalities, syrinx decompression produced a consistent reduction of N 20 latencies (mean change = 0.49 ms ± 0.094 SE right, P = 0.002; 0.61 ms ± 0.089 SE left, P = 0.001) and a similar but less consistent increase in N 20 amplitudes (mean change = 0.17 mV ± 0.103 SE right, P = 0.115; 0.31 mV ± 0.097 SE left, P = 0.027). Measurements of local spinal cord blood flow revealed very low baseline values (mean = 12.2 arbitrary units ± 13.9 standard deviation), which increased to intermediate levels (mean = 144.7 arbitrary units ± 42.6 standard deviation) after syrinx decompression. Patients with syrinx pressures greater than 7.7 cm H 2 O tended to have more rapidly progressive symptoms, exhibited greater improvements after shunting, and had a higher incidence of postoperative dysesthetic pain. CONCLUSION: The current study is the first to measure intramedullary pressure in a human disease. Evidence is presented that distended syringes are associated with varying levels of raised intramedullary pressure that can accentuate or induce neurological dysfunction by the compression of long tracts, neurons, and the microcirculation. Symptoms referrable to raised intramedullary pressure are potentially reversible by syrinx decompression.
Generalizations of Abel's and Hurwitz's identities

In 1826 N. Abel found a generalization of the binomial formula. In 1902 Abel's theorem was further generalized by A. Hurwitz. In this paper we describe constructions that provide infinitely many identities each being a generalization of a Hurwitz's identity. Moreover, we give combinatorial interpretations of all these identities as the forest volumes of certain directed graphs.
Energy distributions of ions from the anode plasma of a pulsed vacuum arc

Abstract Energy distributions of ions emitted from pulsed vacuum arcs of 5–6 μsec duration have been measured using a cylindrical electrostatic analyzer. The arc characteristics include initiation rise times of less than 1 μsec, a total arc potential after initiation of approximately 50 V, and arc currents of approximately 60 A. The ion beam was not mass analyzed. The energy distributions consisted of a single, broad peak with a low-energy cutoff and a high-energy component that extended well beyond the total arc voltage during the period of the discharge when the ions were formed.
Spin dependent electron spectroscopies

Abstract The use of synchrotron radiation in the study of the electronic properties of magnetic systems is now becoming widespread. New compact spin detectors have allowed extensive studies of both the valence bands and core levels of clean ferromagnetic surfaces, adsorbates on the same surfaces, and thin films. Photon energy dependencies allow the identification of two dimensional magnetic states in both surface and interface regions. The core level studies allow information to be obtained about the local magnetic structure. The development of new techniques for the study of magnetic properties dependent on the polarization of the light is also discussed. Thus in certain experiments the use of circularly polarized light has an advantage that no spin detector is required.
Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NHE-2 gene promoter.

Abstract To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying NHE-2 regulation in the mammalian kidney and intestine, we cloned and sequenced 5.6 kb of the 5′-flanking region of the rat NHE-2 gene. DNA sequence analysis revealed multiple putative cis-acting regulatory elements including SP1, CK, NFY-CBF, Tant, GCN4, and one progesterone and several retinoic acid response elements. The upstream sequence lacked TATA and CAAT boxes, but contained a high G/C rich region within the first 300 bp. A single transcriptional initiation site was identified by primer extension in rat kidney and small intestine, ∼103 bp upstream of the previously identified 5′-end of the rat NHE-2 cDNA. Various regions of the promoter (from [−]5567 to [+]105 bp) were tested for their ability to drive expression of the luciferase reporter gene in transiently transfected murine Inner Medullary Collecting Duct (mIMCD-3) cells. Results demonstrated that [−]289, [−]1271 and [−]2630 bp constructs showed promoter activity that was significantly higher than the negative control construct (20-fold). These results also demonstrated that basal cis-acting elements are contained within [−]289 bp of the transcriptional start site. However, the functional activity of the [−]5567 bp construct was not significantly different from the negative control, suggesting that a negative regulatory element may be present between [−]2630 and [−]5567 bp of the promoter region.
Inhibitory effects of atropine and adrenergic antagonists on the changes in autonomic receptors and cyclic nucleotides of rat parotid and submandibular glands caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation

The changes in cyclic AMP (cAMP) concentration and density of beta-adrenoceptors caused by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to parotid and submandibular glands of rat did not occur when the alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists, phentolamine, and propranolol were administered 20 min prior to initiation of stimulation. They also did not occur when phentolamine, the beta-adrenergic antagonist, was administered alone prior to nerve stimulation, indicating that beta-adrenoceptors mediate these effects. Simultaneous administration of the alpha- and beta-antagonists also prevented the changes in densities of muscarinic receptors and cGMP concentrations usually induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation. Also, the changes in muscarinic receptors and cGMP did not occur when atropine was administered prior to nerve stimulation, nor did they occur with simultaneous administration of atropine, phentolamine + propranolol; with phentolamine alone, or propranolol alone, the effects were blocked to a large extent. Secretion was inhibited completely when both adrenergic antagonists were present during nerve stimulation, but flow rate was unchanged when atropine was present. The changes in both beta-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors reflect a desensitization caused by prolonged exposure to neurotransmitters released when the sympathetic nerve is stimulated. The changes are prevented when either atropine or adrenergic antagonists are present during nerve stimulation.
Metronidazole and amebiasis.

Previous reports indicate that metronidazole is highly effective in the therapy of colonic amebiasis and in the treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses when combined with aspiration. A retrospective review of 15 cases of intestinal amebiasis and 12 patients with amebic liver abscesses treated with metronidazole alone is reported. Based on the literature and the clinical response of the patients reported herein, metronidazole is the initial drug of choice in the therapy of amebic colitis because of its ease of administration, efficacy, and low toxicity. In the treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses, metronidazole alone is adequate therapy for most cases, but occasionally there will be progression of the disease despite standard dosages of the drug.
The Nature and Scope of Marketing

Can a new model of the scope of marketing help resolve the “nature of marketing” and “marketing science” controversies?
Studying the Effects of an EFL Curriculum for Young Adults in Brazil

The ability to speak English offers young adults in Brazil opportunities to prepare for the global job market and promotes cross cultural understanding, which are national curriculum goals for public education. The study reported in this article documents the implementation of the Empregabilidade, Tecnologia e Inglescurriculum, which was designed to expand educational and economic opportunity for young adults attending public schoolsin Salvador, Brazil by providing them with basic communicative proficiency in spoken English. The results of a mixed method curriculum study demonstrate that the published curriculum was implemented differently than intended. Results of the study of the relationship between the implemented curriculum and participants’ oral language proficiency in English demonstrated that while participants in two cohorts did not reach target levels of proficiency, proficiency levels for students in the second year of the implementation were higher than those of students in the first year. Participants had positive attitudes toward learning English at the end of the implementation. Learners’ level of language classroom anxiety may have affected the level of language proficiency acquired as measured by the oral language proficiency assessment designed for the study. School and teacher variables under investigation did not have a significant impact on student outcomes, though there was evidence that students with a teacher implementing the curriculum a second time scored higher on the oral language proficiency assessment than students of teachers in their first year of implementation.
Product type quadrature formulas

This paper is concerned with the numerical approximation of integrals of the forme f(x)g(x)dx by means of a product type quadrature formula. In such a formula the functionf (x) is sampled at a set ofn+1 distinct points and the functiong(x) at a (possibly different) set ofm+1 distinct points. These formulas are a generalization of the classical (regular) numerical integration rules. A number of basic results for such formulas are stated and proved. The concept of a symmetric quadrature formula is defined and the connection between such rules and regular quadrature formulas is discussed. Expressions for the error term are developed. These are applied to a specific example.
Does pretreatment anxiety predict response to either bupropion SR or sertraline

Abstract Background: A common clinical belief is that more sedating and/or serotonin-selective antidepressants are preferred for depressed patients with symptoms of anxiety compared with more activating and/or catecholamine-selective antidepressants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether higher baseline anxiety is associated with different antidepressant responses to bupropion sustained release (SR) or sertraline. Methods: A retrospective data analysis was conducted using pooled data from two identical 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter studies of bupropion SR (n=234), sertraline (n=225), and placebo (n=233) in adult outpatients with recurrent, major depressive disorder. Anxiety symptoms were measured using the 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. Results: Baseline anxiety levels were not related to antidepressant response to treatment with either bupropion SR or sertraline, nor did they differentiate between responders to bupropion SR and responders to sertraline. Conclusions: Baseline anxiety levels do not appear to be a basis for selecting between bupropion SR and sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with major depressive disorder.
Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.

Abstract ILTS is a rare inflammatory disease that results in a cicatricial stenosis of the cricoid and upper trachea. It occurs almost exclusively in women and is without known cause. Patients present with dyspnea on exertion that progresses to dyspnea at rest, often with stridor. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of patient history, physical examination, and radiography. Rigid bronchoscopy is usually reserved for the day of proposed surgery to confirm diagnosis and to plan the operative strategy. On occasion, the presence of active inflammation extending into the immediate subglottis or the patient's use of corticosteroids requires that surgery be postponed. In these cases, a patent airway is temporarily restored with careful bronchoscopic dilation. Single-staged laryngotracheal resection is successful in more than 90% of patients and is the most effective treatment when performed by experienced hands. Long-term follow-up shows stable airway and improvement in voice quality. Palliative procedures such as repeated airway dilations should be reserved for poor surgical candidates. Protective tracheostomy is rarely required.
Higgs Boson Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Hadronic Collisions

Abstract Production of Higgs bosons accompanied by a large transverse momentum jet at hadron colliders via a top quark loop is calculated to lowest order QCD. Analytic expressions for the matrix elements, including the decay H → VV → four massless fermions (V = W,Z), are presented. The dependence of the matrix elements on the mass of the top quark exchanged in the loop in all regions of phase space is studied in detail. The Hj signal is compared with the background arising from VVj and V+3 jet production for LHC and SSC energies.
Large Eddy Simulation of Rotating Finite Source Convection

Numerical simulations of turbulent convection under the influence of rotation will help understand mixing in oceanic flows. Though direct numerical simulations (DNS) can accurately model rotating convective flows, this method is limited to small scale and low speed flows. A large eddy simulation (LES) with the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model is used to compute the time evolution of a rotating convection flow generated by a buoyancy source of finite size at a relatively high Rayleigh number. Large eddy simulations with eddy viscosity models have been used successfully for other rotating convective flows, so the Smagorinsky model is a reasonable starting point. These results demonstrate that a LES can be used to model larger scale rotating flows, and the resulting flow structure is in good agreement with DNS and experimental results. These results also demonstrate that the qualitative behavior of vorticies which form under the source depend on the geometry of the flow. For source diameters that are small compared to the size of the domain, the vortices propagate away from the source. On the other hand, if the ratio of source diameter to domain size is relatively large, the vortices are constrained beneath the source. Though the results are qualitatively similar to a direct numerical simulation (DNS) and other LES, in this simulation the flow remains laminar much longer than the DNS predicts. This particular flow is complicated by the turbulence transition between the convective plume and the quiescent ambient fluid, and an eddy viscosity model is inadequate to accurately model this type of flow. In addition, the Smagorinsky model is not consistent in a noninertial reference frame. Thus the Smagorinsky model is not the optimal choice for this type of flow. In particular, the estimation model has demonstrated better results for other types of rotating flows and is the recommended subgrid scale model for future work.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS OF PRIMATES ON SOUTH-EAST ASIAN ISLANDS

Summary The number of primate species and genera on thirty-one south-east Asian islands west of the Wallace Line, including Sulawesi, is highly significantly related to surface area of the islands, as expected, but the z value (slope) of each relationship is low (0.21 for species). No association exists between number of taxa and distance to nearest mainland, or to nearest larger island. Excluding the non-Sunda Shelf islands only negligibly changes the relationships. A significant correlation exists between island size and median taxon's body mass, with taxa of 10 kg or more occurring on only the two largest islands. Hence, the primate community changes greatly with island size. The existence of several genera, but no congeners, on small islands, and a checkerboard distribution of the two nocturnal genera (Nycticebus and Tarsius), hints at interspecific competition as a cause of extinction. It is suggested that for comparative purposes, genera/area analyses might be more useful than species/area analyses, because genera are more taxonomically stable, perhaps more comparable across deeper taxa, and might be a better indication of degree of variability.
Carbon cycling by seafloor communities on the eastern Beaufort Sea shelf

Abstract Tight pelagic–benthic coupling on Arctic shelves suggests that resident benthic communities may be particularly important in the cycling of carbon and regeneration of nutrients. We sampled 16 stations in the eastern Beaufort Sea during Autumn 2003 and Summer 2004 to determine spatial patterns in sediment community carbon demand, and the manner in which that demand was partitioned among epifauna, macroinfauna, and meio-/microfauna. Sediment carbon demand in this relatively oligotrophic area was similar to that measured in more productive Arctic shelf sites, and was largely related to the distribution of phytodetritus in surface sediments. Epibenthic megafaunal communities were dominated by echinoderms and exhibited peak abundance (up to 240 ind. m − 2 ) and biomass at stations in the 60–90 m depth range. Partitioning of the carbon demand revealed the local importance of megafauna, accounting for up to 41% of the community demand. Macrofauna accounted for on average between 25 and 69% of the carbon demand, while meio-/microfauna were responsible for 31–75% of the demand. Total community carbon demand by the benthos is estimated to account for approximately 60% of the annual new production in the region, suggesting the great ecosystem importance of benthic communities on the Beaufort shelf, and potentially across the Arctic. Our study region is strongly influenced by the Mackenzie River, and ongoing climate change is likely to result in altered productivity regimes, changes in quality and quantity of available food, and higher levels of sediment deposition. Impacts of these events on benthic community structure and function will likely have repercussions throughout the ecosystem.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous solutions ofN,N- dimethylformamide andN,N- dimethylacetamide at temperatures from 278.15 to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar heat capacities Cp, φand apparent molar volumesVφ were determined for aqueous solutions of N, N - dimethylformamide andN , N - dimethylacetamide at temperatures from 278.15 to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. The molalities investigated ranged from 0.015 mol ·kg − 1to 1.0 mol · kg − 1. We used a vibrating-tube densimeter (DMA 512P, Anton PAAR, Austria) to determine the densities and volumetric properties. Heat capacities were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, Spanish Fork, UT, U.S.A.). The results were fit by regression to equations that describe the surfaces (Vφ,T , m) and (Cp, φ, T, m). Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V2oand heat capacitiesCp,2o were obtained over the range of temperatures by extrapolation of these surfaces to m = 0.
An In Situ assessment of the acute toxicity of urban runoff to benthic macroinvertebrates

Colonized Hester-Dendy substrates were deployed for 96 h in an urban river reach, storm drain channel and a control site to assess the toxicity of urban runoff. The mean macroinver-tebrate diversity during rain events was reduced from 1.7 at the control station to 1.0 at both urban stations. Snowmelt exerted the same effect on river substrate diversity, but only reduced channel values from 2.0 to 1.4. During periods of no runoff, however, mean channel and control diversities remained the same (1.5), while river values dropped to 0.8. Similarly, substrate population densities during rain were, respectively, two and seven times more limiting for the storm drain channel and river reach stations. The same trend was evident in heavy metals uptake, indicating that dry weather toxicity in urban river reaches originates from the sediments. Runoff, then, serves to reduce toxicity during input, but increases it over the long run.
Characterization and diagnostic value of amino acid side chain neutral losses following electron-transfer dissociation.

Using a large set of high mass accuracy and resolution ETD tandem mass spectra, we characterized ETD-induced neutral losses. From these data we deduced the chemical formula for 20 of these losses. Many of them have been previously observed in electron-capture dissociation (ECD) spectra, such as losses of the side chains of arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, asparagine, leucine, histidine, and carbamidomethylated cysteine residues. With this information, we examined the diagnostic value of these amino acid-specific losses. Among 1285 peptide–spectrum matches, 92.5% have agreement between neutral loss-derived peptide amino acid composition and the peptide sequences. Moreover, we show that peptides can be uniquely identified by using only the accurate precursor mass and amino acid composition based on neutral losses; the median number of sequence candidates from an accurate mass query is reduced from 21 to 8 by adding side chain loss information. Besides increasing confidence in peptide identification, our findings suggest the potential use of these diagnostic losses in ETD spectra to improve false discovery rate estimation and to enhance the performance of scoring functions in database search algorithms.
Follistatin production by skin fibroblasts and its regulation by dexamethasone

Activin and follistatin (FS) appear to play a role in the development of the skin and its appendages, in the inflammatory process, angiogenesis, and in wound healing. Although there is information on the expression of activin subunits and receptors in fibroblasts and keratinocytes, there are no reports on the regulation of FS expression in these cells. In the present study we analyzed the splicing variants of FS mRNAs in fibroblasts from genital and nongenital skin by RT-PCR and northern analysis, and examined the induction of FS mRNA and protein by hormones and growth factors in skin fibroblasts from human and nonhuman primates. FS mRNA was highly expressed in all fibroblast strains with similar expression regardless of donor species (human or monkey), donor age (neonate or adult), or the organ from which the fibroblast strains were established (skin or pituitary, genital or non-genital skin). Moreover, the band density corresponding to FS-288 was 1 nM) suppressed FS expression. On the other hand, androgens, activin and PACAP38 were without effect. These data establish cultured skin fibroblasts as a model to study FS gene expression in humans, and support a role for follistatin in the normal immune response and in the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids.
Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Results, Biology, and Development Strategies

Signaling by the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently deregulated in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), prompting evaluation of the rapamycin-analog (rapalog) mTOR inhibitors in multiple clinical trials. The drugs show activity as single agents, and the rapalog temsirolimus is now accepted as a therapeutic option in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Response rates, however, are typically below 50%, resulting in remissions that are neither complete nor durable. Results of preclinical studies shed important new light on resistance mechanisms that may explain results. Looking ahead, it is likely PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition will find expanded roles in NHL therapy due to 1) assessments of the rapalogs in combination with other therapies and in less heavily pretreated patients, 2) the development and evaluation of multiple novel inhibitors of the pathway that may increase specificity and potency, 3) alternative treatment strategies able to bypass particular resistance mechanisms, and 4) increased efforts to identify biomarkers for better pretreatment patient stratification.
Analysis of non-dimensional forms of singular perturbation structures for hypersonic vehicles

Abstract In guidance and control of many aerospace vehicles, based on the knowledge of the speed of the state variables or the dynamics and previous experience in working with particular problems, a singularly perturbed structure is assumed by artificial insertion of a small unit-valued parameter with highest derivative or some of the state variables of the nonlinear dynamical equations. However, attempts have been made to identify the singular perturbation structure in terms of the parameters of the nonlinear dynamical system leading to a natural occurrence of the small parameter responsible for the singular perturbation structure. In this paper, further investigations are explored in identifying the singular perturbation parameter by using non-dimensional forms for the nonlinear dynamical equations. In particular, four different structures of identifying the singular perturbation parameter are presented and the various features of these structures are discussed.
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Hexagonal Transition Metals: Titanium

The nuclear magnetic resonance of $^{47}\mathrm{Ti}$ and $^{49}\mathrm{Ti}$ has been observed in hexagonal close-packed titanium metal in the temperature range $T=1\ensuremath{-}4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. Measurements of the line profile and relaxation rates were carried out at 12.5 MHz by pulsed nuclear resonance techniques. Since the gyromagnetic ratios of $^{47}\mathrm{Ti}$ and $^{49}\mathrm{Ti}$ are nearly identical, the resonances of the two isotopes were superimposed. A partially resolved first-order quadrupole spectrum having a total width exceeding 8 kOe was observed, yielding a probable assignment ${h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{2}q{Q}^{47}\ensuremath{\approx}{h}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{e}^{2}q{Q}^{49}\ensuremath{\approx}7.7$ MHz. The average Knight shift is estimated to be $K=(+0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)%$. The spin-lattice relaxation times ${T}_{1}$, which are quite long (${T}_{1}T=150\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20$ sec\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), provide evidence that the conduction-electron states at the Fermi level are predominantly $d$-like. The theory of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in hexagonal transition metals is treated in the tight-binding approximation. Contact, core-polarization, orbital, and dipolar hyperfine interactions are considered. The magnitudes of the orbital and dipolar contributions to the spin-lattice relaxation rate depend on the orientation of the magnetic field relative to the hexagonal $c$ axis. In the presence of $s\ensuremath{-}d$ mixing, the contact contribution is found to interfere destructively with one of the components of the core-polarization contribution. The predicted total relaxation rates are shown to depend more strongly on the orbital admixture coefficients than is the case in cubic transition metals. The relatively large number of parameters in the theory precludes a unique fit to the experimental results for titanium. In general, however, the calculated rates exceed the observed rate by a factor of 2-3 over a wide range of parameter values. The apparent discrepancy is attributed to the combined effects of (1) the electron-phonon enhancement of the electronic specific heat and (2) $s\ensuremath{-}d$ interference effects. The former effect causes the "bare" electron density of states to be overestimated, while the latter leads to an overestimate of the sum of contact and core-polarization contributions to the relaxation.
Diagnostic accuracy of film-based, TIFF, and wavelet compressed digital temporomandibular joint images.

The purpose of this research was to determine if digitization and the application of various compression routines to digital images of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) radiographs would diminish observer accuracy in the detection of specific osseous characteristics associated with TMJ degenerative joint disease (DJD). Nine observers viewed 6 cropped hard-copy radiographic films each of 34 TMJs (17 radiographic series). Regions of interest measuring 2 in × 2 in were digitized using an 8-bit scanner with transparency adapter at 300 dpi. The images were placed into a montage of 6 images and stored as tagged image file format (TIFF), compressed at 4 levels (25∶1, 50∶1, 75∶1, and 100∶1) using a wavelet algorithm, and displayed to the observers on a computer monitor. Their observations regarding condylar faceting, sclerosis, osteophyte formation, erosion, and abnormal shape were analyzed using ROC. Kappa values were determined for relative condylar size and condylar position within the glenoid fossa. Indices were compared using ANOVA at a significance level ofP<.05. Although significant and substantial observer variability was demonstrated, there were no statistically significant differences between image modalities, except for condylar position, in which TIFF and wavelet (at all compression ratios) performed better than the original image. For faceting, wavelet 100∶1 performed better than radiographic film images. Little actual image file reduction was achieved at compression ratios above 25∶1.
Morbidity of Sentinel Node Biopsy: Relationship Between Number of Excised Lymph Nodes and Patient Perceptions of Lymphedema

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is associated with reduced morbidity, although lymphedema remains a significant complication. Previously, we found no association between number of excised lymph nodes (LNs) and measured lymphedema in SLNB patients. In this analysis, we examined the relationship between number of LNs excised during SLNB and patient-perceived lymphedema.
Laser-excited fluorescence spectroscopy of the jet-cooled copper trimer

Abstract Dispersed fluorescence spectra of the 2E″-2E' transition of gas phase Cu3 are reported. More than twenty distinct fluorescence bands are observed. These data characterize the vibronic levels of the Jahn-Teller distorted 2E' ground state, and indicate that the barrier to pseudorotation is not negligible.
EFFECTS OF MIXING ON CHAIN REACTIONS IN ISOTHERMAL PHOTOREACTORS

An analytical study of the interaction of mixing, radiation attenuation, and chemical kinetics in isothermal photoreactors is presented. For a particular chain reaction mechanism in the presence of stationary state kinetics and low conversion, the conditions required for the existence of mixing effects are formally stated, and the direction of change of conversion and quantum yield resulting from the introduction of mixing is established. Calculated results are presented for monoenergetic, unidirectional sources. Factors considered include mode of chain termination, radiation attenuation law, photoreactor geometry, state of mixing, and reactor optical thickness. Chemical and mixing time scale considerations are discussed.
In vivo functional photoacoustic microscopy of cutaneous microvasculature in human skin

Microcirculation is an important component of the cardiovascular system and can be used to assess systemic cardiovascular health. Numerous studies have investigated cutaneous microcirculation as an indicator of cardiovascular related diseases. Such research has shown promising results; however, there are many limitations regarding the employed measurement techniques, such as poor depth and spatial resolution and measurement versatility. Here we show the results of functional cutaneous microvascular experiments measured with photoacoustic microscopy, which provides high spatial resolution and multiparameter measurements. In a set of experiments, microvascular networks located in the palms of volunteers were perturbed by periodic ischemic events, and the subsequent hemodynamic response to the stimulus was recorded. Results indicate that during periods of arterial occlusion, the relative oxygen saturation of the capillary vessels decreased below resting levels, and temporarily increased above resting levels immediately following the occlusion. Furthermore, a hyperemic reaction to the occlusions was measured, and the observation agreed well with similar measurements using more conventional imaging techniques. Due to its exceptional capability to functionally image vascular networks with high spatial resolution, photoacoustic microscopy could be a beneficial biomedical tool to assess microvascular functioning and applied to patients with diseases that affect cardiovascular health. © 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.