cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetic-like retinopathy ameliorated with the aldose reductase inhibitor WAY-121,509.

Purpose. To evaluate the efficacy of WAY-121,509, a potent new aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI), in preventing the retinopathy that develops in the galactose-fed rat model of diabetic ocular complications. Methods. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into treatment and duration groups and fed diets with either 50% starch or 50% galactose with or without WAY-121,509 (25 mg/kg body weight per day). Progression of cataracts was monitored by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. After durations of 4, 8, 16, and 24 months, levels of plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin, as well as erythrocyte and retinal galactose and galactitol, were measured in rats of each group. Retinal vasculatures of the 24-month rats were isolated by elastase digestion and analyzed by computer-assisted morphometry. Results. Mature, diabetic-like cataracts developed within 5 weeks in all the galactose-fed, untreated rats, but only nonprogressive anterior cortical opacities were present in lenses of 85% of the ARI-treated galactosemic animals after 3 months. Plasma glucose remained the same in all groups. Erythrocyte and retinal galactose and glycated (galactosylated) hemoglobin were elevated with galactosemia and were unaffected by ARI treatment. Erythrocyte and retinal galactitol levels were decreased by 91% and 95%, respectively, with inhibitor treatment. At 24 months, capillary length, width, density, the number of microaneurysms, and the percent of capillary length involved in intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, expressed as hypercellular channels with diameters >20 //m, were significantly increased by galactosemia and were attenuated in the galactose-fed, ARI-treated group. Conclusions. A dose of WAY-121,509 sufficient to reduce retinal polyol levels by 95% ameliorated the development of galactose-induced cataracts and diabetic-like retinopathy but was insufficient to prevent early lens opacifications or all the diabetic-like retinal microangiopathies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:1149-1156. X he galactose-fed rat has been shown to be a reliable model for the specific type of retinal microangiopathy that develops in human diabetes, beginning with increased basement membrane thickening and pericyte loss and extending to the proliferative stage. 1 " 7 Galactosemia, like hyperglycemia, increases tissue formation of polyol (galactitol or sorbitol, respectively) and causes an accumulation of nonenzymatic glycation (galactosylation and glycosylation) products in tissues
Hitting Three Birds with One System: A Voice-Based CAPTCHA for the Modern User

CAPTCHA challenges are used all over the Internet to prevent automated scripts from spamming web services. However, recent technological developments have rendered the conventional CAPTCHA insecure and inconvenient to use. In this paper, we propose vCAPTCHA, a voice-based CAPTCHA system that would: (1) enable more secure human authentication, (2) more conveniently integrate with modern devices accessing web services, and (3) help collect vast amounts of annotated speech data for different languages, accents, and dialects that are under-represented in the current speech corpora, thus making speech technologies accessible to more people around the world. vCAPTCHA requires users to speak their responses, in order to unlock or use different web services, instead of typing them. These user responses are analyzed to determine if they were indeed naturally produced, and transcribed to ensure that they contain the challenge sentence. We build a prototype for vCAPTCHA in order to assess its performance and practicality. Our preliminary results show that we are able to achieve an attack success rate as low as 2.3% while maintaining a human success rate comparable to current CAPTCHAs, on ASVspoof datasets.
Understanding Habitat Quality for Preble's Meadow Jumping Mouse: How Survival Responds to Vegetation Structure and Composition

Abstract Habitat loss is the primary conservation concern for many rare species; yet, it is unclear what habitat components are vital for the persistence of many rare species. The Preble's meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius preblei (PMJM) was listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act because of habitat loss in Colorado and Wyoming. The PMJM is restricted to dense shrub cover and dense herbaceous vegetation along wetland and riverine systems. Although it is well established by researchers that PMJM infrequently leave these habitat types, it is unclear what riparian vegetation structure and composition is important to PMJM survival. We collected and analyzed a 14-y PMJM vegetation-monitoring data set and a PMJM mark–recapture data set to assess the influence of vegetation structure and composition on PMJM annual survival. Using individual, group, and site-specific covariates we estimated survival and evaluated the influence of such covariates on annual survival. Annual survival for PMJM was lo...
Abstract 416: Mnsod Cardiomyocyte-specific Knockout Live Up to Four Months: Role in Heart Failure Development and Progression

In our earlier investigation, we have shown that the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mimetic, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ distributes 3-fold more in mitochondria than in cytosol. The exceptional abilit...
Using Qualitative Research Methods for Advancement of Peace

Christie, Wagner, and Winter (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1–14, 2001) have described a four-way model of peace psychology that focuses on not only on direct violence, but also on structural violence; not only on peacekeeping, but deep and lasting peacemaking. Whereas direct violence is action with the intent of physical or psychological harm, structural violence is harm as the result of inequality and injustice. Peacekeeping focuses on conflict resolution and ending direct violence, while peacemaking is intended to address the structure-based inequalities that perpetuate structural violence.
Empirical Modeling and Analysis of Water-to-Air Optical Wireless Communication Channels

Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is attracting significant attention due to global climate monitoring, military applications, and exploration to study marine biology. Optical wireless communication (OWC) can provide the benefits of higher transmission data rate and bandwidth by using unlicensed bandwidth and light-weight transceivers having low power requirements. However, OWC suffers from many limitations such as absorption, scattering, and turbulence, which become harder when the channel includes a water-to-air (W2A) interface. In this paper, we focus on the modeling impulse response of a W2A-OWC channel under different turbulent water surface conditions. We empirically evaluate the statistical behavior of the channel and show fits to probabilistic distributions to understand the nature of the W2A-OWC channels.
Towards rectifying limitations on species delineation in dusky salamanders ( Desmognathus : Plethodontidae): An ecoregion-drainage sampling grid reveals additional cryptic clades

Dusky salamanders (Desmognathus) constitute a large, species-rich group within the family Plethodontidae, and though their systematic relationships have been addressed extensively, most studies have centered on particular species complexes and therefore offer only piecemeal phylogenetic perspective on the genus. Recent work has revealed Desmognathus to be far more clade rich-35 reciprocally monophyletic clades versus 22 recognized species-than previously imagined, results that, in turn, provide impetus for additional survey effort within clades and across geographic areas thus far sparsely sampled. We conceived and implemented a sampling regime combining level IV ecoregions and independent river drainages to yield a geographic grid for comprehensive recovery of all genealogically exclusive clades. We sampled over 550 populations throughout the distribution of Desmognathus in the eastern United States of America and generated mitochondrial DNA sequence data (mtDNA; 1,991 bp) for 536 specimens. A Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of the resulting haplotypes revealed forty-five reciprocally monophyletic clades, eleven of which have never been included in a comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction, and an additional three not represented in any molecular systematic survey. Although general limitations associated with mtDNA data preclude new species delineation, we profile each of the 45 clades and assign names to 10 new clades (following a protocol for previous clade nomenclature). We also redefine several species complexes and erect new informal species complexes. Our dataset, which contains topotypic samples for nearly every currently recognized species and most synonymies, will offer a robust framework for future efforts to delimit species within Desmognathus.
To hum or not to hum: Neural transcriptome signature of courtship vocalization in a teleost fish

For many animal species, vocal communication is a critical social behavior, often a necessary component of reproductive success. In addition to the role of vocal behavior in social interactions, vocalizations are often demanding motor acts. Through understanding the genes involved in regulating and permitting vertebrate vocalization, we can better understand the mechanisms regulating vocal and, more broadly, motor behaviors. Here, we use RNA-sequencing to investigate neural gene expression underlying the performance of an extreme vocal behavior, the courtship hum of the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus). Single hums can last up to two hours and may be repeated throughout an evening of courtship activity. We asked whether vocal behavioral states are associated with specific gene expression signatures in key brain regions that regulate vocalization by comparing transcript levels in humming versus non-humming males. We find that the circadian-related genes period3 and Clock are significantly upregulated in the vocal motor nucleus and preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus, respectively, in humming compared to non-humming males, indicating that internal circadian clocks may differ between these divergent behavioral states. In addition, we identify suites of differentially expressed genes related to synaptic transmission, ion channels and transport, hormone signaling, and metabolism and antioxidant activity that may permit or support humming behavior. These results underscore the importance of the known circadian control of midshipman humming and provide testable candidate genes for future studies of the neuroendocrine and motor control of energetically demanding courtship behaviors in midshipman fish and other vertebrate groups.
Multiaxial stress mapping and fatigue failure prediction of aircraft hydraulic pipes

Abstract Frequent fatigue failures of aircraft hydraulic pipes were caused by a stress concentration site in the form of a circumferential groove at the constrained pipe ends. The grooves were formed as a result of the crimping of a metallic sleeve on the pipes. Internal hydraulic pressure fluctuations during aircraft flight resulted in multiaxial and alternating stresses at the constrained (fractured) end. The complete stress state was found using FEM ‘Frame 3D’ MATLAB® code and analytical stress concentration factors. The calculated stresses not only mapped well with the fractured patterns of a failed pipe but also correlated to the computational stress analysis performed separately in an FEA software. The stress calculations were further utilised for fatigue life estimation of the pipe with and without the presence of circumferential groove. The load spectrum of the pipe was developed using 73 flying hours data of hydraulic fluctuations and converting those into stresses. Various stress amplitudes and load ratios were segregated from the cyclic stresses using the rainflow counting method. A linear constant lifeline diagram and Miner’s rule of damage accumulation were used for fatigue life estimation. A significant decrease (from 12,500 to 165 flying hours) in the service life of the pipe was predicted due to the presence of the stress concentration. The predictions matched well with the observed failure trend (life) of the pipe.
Bruch’s Membrane and the Choroid in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A healthy choroidal vasculature is necessary to support the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors, because there is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the components of the photoreceptor/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/Bruch’s membrane (BrMb)/choriocapillaris (CC) complex. This relationship is compromised in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by the dysfunction or death of the choroidal vasculature. This chapter will provide a basic description of the human Bruch’s membrane and choroidal anatomy and physiology and how they change in AMD.
COVID-19 antibody testing in employment

[...]mandatory medical testing of employees is “job relevant and consistent with business necessity,” and therefore does not violate the American with Disabilities Act (EEOC, 2020). [...]they continue that “employers should ensure that the tests are accurate and reliable” and recommend reviewing guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and other public authorities concerning the safety and accuracy of specific tests (EEOC, 2020). [...]the EEOC’s guidance has two pertinent factors to consider: (a) individuals with the virus pose a direct threat to the health of others and (b) employers should ensure that tests are accurate and reliable. [...]may pose a threat is not equivalent to posing a direct threat. [...]antibody tests seem not to meet the EEOC’s “direct threat to others” criteria, and any employer who uses an antibody test as a condition of employment or as an approach to bring employees back to the workplace is on shaky ground.
Bidirectional Brain-Systemic Interactions and Outcomes After TBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating disorder associated with chronic progressive neurodegeneration and long-term neurological decline. Importantly, there is now substantial and increasing evidence that TBI can negatively impact systemic organs, including the pulmonary, gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, renal, and immune system. Less well appreciated, until recently, is that such functional changes can affect both the response to subsequent insults or diseases, as well as contribute to chronic neurodegenerative processes and long-term neurological outcomes. In this review, we summarize evidence showing bidirectional interactions between the brain and systemic organs following TBI and critically assess potential underlying mechanisms.
Moral rebels: Measuring individuals' tendency for principled resistance to morally compromising situations

Abstract The tendency to be a moral rebel reflects an important characteristic assessing individuals' propensity to resist, oppose, and confront morally problematic situations when otherwise failing to do so would compromise their values. After constructing and establishing a measure of the tendency to be a moral rebel (studies 1 and 2), individuals' tendency to be a moral rebel was shown to predict their actual resistance to morally problematic situations (study 3). Further, individuals' tendency to be a moral rebel was shown to increase with age (study 4), as middle and older adults reported heightened tendencies for principled resistance to morally compromising situations relative to their younger adult counterparts. The tendency to be a moral rebel is a meaningful individual difference variable contributing to the limited, yet growing, literature committed to understanding this unique type of moral individual.
Viral manipulation of the host immune response

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a host for essential machinery to replicate and ultimately be transmitted to new susceptible hosts. At the same time, the immune system has evolved to protect the human body from invasion by viruses and other pathogens. To counter this, viruses have developed an arsenal of strategies to not only avoid immune detection but to actively manipulate host immune responses to create an environment more favorable for infection. Here, we describe recent advances uncovering novel mechanisms by which viruses skew host immune responses through modulation of cytokine and chemokine signaling networks, interference with antigen presentation and T cell responses, and preventing antibody production.
Synthesis of Miscellaneous Invertebrate Toxicity Tests

The increasing problem of toxic materials reaching aquatic ecosystems has stimulated interest in the development of standardized bioassay procedures for the purpose of protecting aquatic life. For a variety of reasons, fish have been the most frequently preferred organism for bioassay. However, the insistence of various agencies on using the most sensitive locally important species in a particular aquatic ecosystem opens the door for examining a variety of microinvertebrates and macroinvertebrates as potential standard bioassay animals. Many invertebrates are extremely sensitive to a broad spectrum of organic and inorganic toxicants, and most of the species tested exhibit graded responses to increasing or decreasing concentrations of specific toxicants. Commercial availability and the ease of culturing and maintenance frequently make invertebrates attractive alternatives to fish as bioassay animals. The species richness of invertebrate communities and cosmopolitan distribution of many species are additional factors that are attractive for potential bioassay animals. Finally, the life history characteristics and behavioral attributes of many invertebrates make them attractive for both acute and chronic bioassays.
Impact evaluation of series dc arc faults in dc microgrids

This paper evaluates possible impacts of series dc arc faults to dc microgrids. Series dc arc can happen at various locations of a dc microgrid and is associated with high impedance and low fault current level, which adds difficulty to detection and protection. This paper firstly presents dc arc fault modeling of both dc component and high frequency noise component. With the dc arc model, the impact of dc arc faults at various locations of a dc microgrid are then studied. Two different controllers are adopted to study the interaction between dc arc faults and microgrid controllers. It is found that current and voltage control strategies can have adverse impact to dc arc faults and dc arc faults at certain locations can be very difficult to detect with existing dc microgrid protection strategies. Additional dc arc fault detectors are of necessity to improve the overall safety of the microgrid.
“Double Vision”: Visual Practice and the Politics of Representation in Edward W. Said and Jean Mohr’s After the Last Sky

“Double vision,” a figure Edward W. Said invokes in the introduction to the photo-essay After the Last Sky , is a fitting name for the critical visual practice that the book engenders. A joint effort of Said and photographer Jean Mohr, After the Last Sky models a self-conscious vision that always also interrogates its own conditions of viewing. The book couples Said’s textual reflections on the plight of the Palestinians with photographs Mohr took in the Middle East over the course of several decades. Said’s text speaks to or with Mohr’s images, but not necessarily for them, and the images, in turn, alternately generate, illustrate, and frustrate the text. The doubleness at the heart of the book’s visual discourse and practice seeks to unsettle the affects, rhetorical figures, and political postures that fuel the violence of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and thus perpetuate suffering. As a model for ethical seeing, this critical double vision also has much to offer as a compelling answer to the all-too pervasive iconophobia—or suspicion and hostility toward the visual—that theorists such as W.J.T. Mitchell, Jacques Ranciere, and Rey Chow argue has characterized a great deal of cultural criticism over the last several decades. This way of seeing is both particular to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Said and Mohr’s unique relationship to it and supple enough to translate to other violent and politically complicated circumstances.
Intangible Assets and Corporate Signaling

Research and development (R&D) and advertising expenditures often result in patents, technologies and brand names which are difficult to accurately value. Under current generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) these intangible assets are generally not recognized in the financial statements, but instead are expensed in the period that they occur. Prior studies note that the market-to-book ratios of firms with significant levels of R&D and advertising expenditures suggest that investors, at least partially, value these assets. Researchers and practitioners argue that current GAAP, by not recognizing these intangible assets, reduces the usefulness and relevance of accounting reports.
CSR-1 RNAi pathway positively regulates histone expression in C. elegans.

Endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs) have been discovered in many organisms, including mammals. In C. elegans, depletion of germline-enriched endo-siRNAs found in complex with the CSR-1 Argonaute protein causes sterility and defects in chromosome segregation in early embryos. We discovered that knockdown of either csr-1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) ego-1, or the dicer-related helicase drh-3, leads to defects in histone mRNA processing, resulting in severe depletion of core histone proteins. The maturation of replication-dependent histone mRNAs, unlike that of other mRNAs, requires processing of their 3′UTRs through an endonucleolytic cleavage guided by the U7 snRNA, which is lacking in C. elegans. We found that CSR-1-bound antisense endo-siRNAs match histone mRNAs and mRNA precursors. Consistently, we demonstrate that CSR-1 directly binds to histone mRNA in an ego-1-dependent manner using biotinylated 2′-O-methyl RNA oligonucleotides. Moreover, we demonstrate that increasing the dosage of histone genes rescues the lethality associated with depletion of CSR-1 and EGO-1. These results support a positive and direct effect of RNAi on histone gene expression.
Polyploidy, Breeding Systems, and Genetic Differentiation in Homosporous Pteridophytes

The common name “pteridophyte” has been applied to plants composing four divisions (Bold et al., 1986): Psilotophyta, Microphyllophyta, Arthrophyta, and Pteridophyta. Most pteridophytes are homosporous, producing one type of spore that germinates to produce a potentially bisexual gametophyte. The homosporous pteridophytes are the whisk ferns, Psilotum and Tmesipteris (Psilotophyta); the lycopods, Lycopodium sensu lato and Phylloglossum (class Aglossopsida of the Microphyllophyta); the horsetails and scouring rushes, Equisetum (Arthrophyta); and most families of ferns (Pteridophyta). These are ancient lineages, some of which are regarded as living fossils (Bold et al., 1986). The lycopods, for example, can be traced back in the fossil record to the lower Devonian.
In Vivo Electrochemical Analysis of a PEDOT/MWCNT Neural Electrode Coating

Neural electrodes hold tremendous potential for improving understanding of brain function and restoring lost neurological functions. Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and dexamethasone (Dex)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coatings have shown promise to improve chronic neural electrode performance. Here, we employ electrochemical techniques to characterize the coating in vivo. Coated and uncoated electrode arrays were implanted into rat visual cortex and subjected to daily cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for 11 days. Coated electrodes experienced a significant decrease in 1 kHz impedance within the first two days of implantation followed by an increase between days 4 and 7. Equivalent circuit analysis showed that the impedance increase is the result of surface capacitance reduction, likely due to protein and cellular processes encapsulating the porous coating. Coating’s charge storage capacity remained consistently higher than uncoated electrodes, demonstrating its in vivo electrochemical stability. To decouple the PEDOT/MWCNT material property changes from the tissue response, in vitro characterization was conducted by soaking the coated electrodes in PBS for 11 days. Some coated electrodes exhibited steady impedance while others exhibiting large increases associated with large decreases in charge storage capacity suggesting delamination in PBS. This was not observed in vivo, as scanning electron microscopy of explants verified the integrity of the coating with no sign of delamination or cracking. Despite the impedance increase, coated electrodes successfully recorded neural activity throughout the implantation period.
Introduction to Vectors Derived from Filamentous Phages

Many vectors in current use are derived from filamentous phages. These vectors are used because DNA inserted into them can be recovered in two forms: double-stranded circles and single-stranded circles. This overview unit describes the lifecycle of filamentous phages along with the development and use of filamentous phage vectors.
Mortality trends among Canadian patients receiving dialysis

In this issue, 2 groups report on the outcomes of patients receiving dialysis in Canada. Given the intricacies of providing dialysis care, one would not expect easy answers from any evaluation. Using the Canadian Organ Replacement Register, investigators from both groups identify some potential
A comparative study of the bonding in heteroatom analogues of benzene

Inorganic benzenes X3Y3H6 are investigated, with X and Y chosen from Zn, B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, N, P, As, O, and S such that there are a total of 6 π electrons. Geometries and bond orders are used to qualitatively assess the degree of aromatic π bonding in these species. Bond orders are extracted from the CI density matrix over localized molecular orbitals, using methods pioneered by Ruedenberg. Second row elements C, N, O are found to be more effective at this bonding. The aromatic bonding is poorest when X and Y have a large electronegativity difference.
WE-B-ValA-01: Interventional Fluoroscopy Imaging Equipment — What to Know Before You Buy

The number of fluoroscopy‐guided interventional procedures performed continues to grow, accompanied by an increasing complexity in these clinical procedures. Technical improvement in the x‐ray imaging equipment utilized for these procedures continues at a fast pace as well, driven in part by the clinical requirements but also by the overall advance of computational technology. It remains a challenge for an interventional laboratory to ensure that its imaging equipment provides state‐of‐the‐art capabilities in a manner consistent with internal workflow and economic factors. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the replacement cycle for this equipment can be on the order of a decade ‐ an extraordinarily long time in the arena of technological advances. These factors place a high premium on careful analysis of the requirements and technical capabilities of the fluoroscopic and angiographic equipment being considered by a laboratory for purchase. The primary factors to be addressed in the purchase of modern interventional x‐ray imaging equipment remain the same as with any imaging equipment: the type of clinical procedures for which the equipment will be utilized. Since traditional clinical boundaries continue to evolve, equipment must be flexible to perform a range of procedures throughout a patient's anatomy. The specific concerns are the combination of cardiac, peripheral vascular, and neurovascular procedures to be performed. The answer to that question will have significant implications for the size of detector,image acquisition parameters, image processing options, and the display and storage requirements. As noted, the replacement cycle is long and these systems are not easily upgraded after purchase so identification of the procedure mix is important at the outset. Once the procedure requirement is determined, equipment can be evaluated with regard to how well it meets those requirements. Among the options related to the type of procedure are type of detector, field‐of‐view, x‐ray tube capacity, and image processing options. Functionality relevant for all types of procedures include: (i) patient exposure monitoring and exposure reduction methods; (ii) image analysis and quantification; (iii) storage capacity; (iv) options for archive and display. In addition, local factors such as service and maintenance must also be considered. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the relationship between clinical procedure requirements and the corresponding capabilities of interventional fluoroscopy equipment. 2. Understand the range of options available in fluoroscopy and angiography x‐ray systems. 3. Be able to assess and compare different imaging systems and prioritize local factors important for purchase decisions.
The effect of four jaw relations on electromyographic activity in human masticatory muscles

Significant differences were found in the electromyographic (EMG) activation between the masseter and temporalis muscles for the leaf gauge (LG), manually manipulated (CR) and neuromuscular (NM) bite positions during maximal static clench. The LG position consistently demonstrated the lowest EMG activity, while the NM position displayed the highest degree of muscle activity. Similarly, the ratio of the masseter/temporalis EMG activity during maximal clench was lower for the LG and CR positions and highest for the NM position. These data indicate that the NM position produced the greatest total muscle recruitment, with more masseter involvement during maximal clench, and enabled the subjects to generate greater clenching forces in the NM position as compared to the LG and CR positions.
Dimensionality of thoughts of death and suicide: evidence from a study of homeless adolescents

This study used data from a sample of 444 homeless adolescents to determine whether thoughts of death and suicide form one construct (unidimensionality) or two distinct but correlated constructs (multi-dimensionality). Thoughts of death and suicide were common in the sample; over two-thirds of the adolescents positively endorsed at least one of the eight death- or suicide-related items. Evidence regarding dimensionality was mixed. Exploratory factor analysis results and similarity coefficients supported one construct; confirmatory factor analysis and external consistency results provided evidence for two constructs. The results were reconciled by considering suicidality as a continuum from thoughts of death to suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide.
Modelling energy — economy interactions☆

Abstract The modelling of energy-economy interactions, an econometric technique barely five years old, has coincided with a sharp change in the pattern of energy prices. This article argues that the models' findings should be treated with caution, and suggests further efforts necessary to produce models that merit a greater degree of confidence than is presently justified.
Crystal clots, amphibole fractionation and the evolution of calc-alkaline magmas

Petrographic and microprobe investigations of calc-alkaline (CA) rocks from the High Cascade Range (i.e., Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Jefferson, Crater Lake and Mt. Shasta) of western North America show that crystal clots represent primary igneous phase assemblages and are not products of amphibole reactions with melt. For each eruptive complex, crystal clots display diverse modal proportions even within a single eruptive unit. Nevertheless, in all cases the crystal-clot minerals are also represented in the rock as phenocrysts or microphenocrysts. Basalts contain clots of ol+plag+mgt, ol+mgt, cpx+ plag+mgt, cpx+mgt and plag+mgt; andesites, clots of cpx+mgt, opx+mgt, cpx+opx+plag+mgt, cpx+plag+mgt, opx+plag+mgt and plag±mgt; and dacites, clots of opx+mgt, cpx+opx+plag+ mgt, opx+plag+mgt, amph+plag+mgt±ilm, amph+mgt±ilm and plag±mgt. The bulk compositions of most of these clot assemblages could not have been derived from amphibole percursors. Although some amphiboles in dacitic rocks display a breakdown reaction of amph=plag+cpx+opx +mag, these mineral clusters, unlike those of clots, typically have a relict amphibole crystal outline and a fine-grained metamorphic texture. Plagioclase grains in the mineral clusters lack oscillatory zoning which is typical of crystal clot plagioclase grains. The euhedral to subhedral shapes of most clot minerals and the oscillatory zoning present in most clot plagioclase grains are not likely to have formed from the breakdown of amphibole. Crystal clots are also observed in Hawaiian and ocean floor basalts, although amphibole fractionation has not been proposed for those lavas. Magnetite fractionation may be the controlling process limiting iron enrichment in CA magmas rather than amphibole fractionation. Textural evidence indicates that magnetite is an early-forming phase in CA magmas. V, which is concentrated in magnetite, shows a strong decrease with increasing silica in many CA rocks, supporting a magnetite fractionation model.
Tragedy and evil

L'A. s'attache a la question de Dieu et a celle du mal. A travers un raisonnement logique, il entend savoir s'il est raisonnable de penser que Dieu et le diable existent ensemble. Selon lui, la notion de tragedie implique que le bien et le mal soient des problemes centraux. Nous sommes responsables de notre reponse au mal; notre reponse joue un role determinant dans notre identite personnelle. Il y a une raison de penser que les maux tragiques soient compatibles avec l'existence de Dieu
A nanoindentation technique for functional evaluation of cartilage repair tissue

Cartilage repair is an ongoing challenge in orthopaedic research. Both biological and mechanical properties are needed for full functional characterization of a tissue replacement. However, assessment of cartilage repair tissue has relied primarily on histological markers because mechanical properties are difficult to measure in small tissue regions. Nanoindentation is a technique that is specialized for measuring local mechanical properties in small specimens. In this study, nanoindentation was used to measure the mechanical properties of cartilage repair tissue following microfracture treatment of chondral defects in three rabbit knees. The mechanical properties were then correlated with histology findings from the same tissue samples. Nanoindentation provided complementary information to histology. In particular, the nanoindentation results showed that the mechanical properties of the repair tissue were inferior to the control tissue properties, even though some tissue regions were histologically similar to the control tissue.
Infrared Spectrophotometric Determination of 13 C Enrichment

A study has been made of the feasibility of using the v3 band of 13CO2 as a basis for measurement of the extent of isotope enrichment in breath tests. Correlation and least-squares treatments were used. Considering the constraints of a small computer, the correlation approach is the more satisfactory. The results indicate that a method that is based on a single measurement at 170 Torr, with a standard curve for quantitation, will, give results that are adequate, considering the natural variation that occurs. Assuming the use of a beam condenser, the amount of sample required is less than that normally taken for this application.
Dynamics of the tyrosine triplet state from magnetic resonance-saturated phosphorescence decay measurements

Abstract Analysis of the phosphorescence decays measured during magnetic resonance saturation of sublevel populations has been carried out on tyrosine and tyrosinate triplet states at 1.17°K in zero field. The individual sublevel decay constants and spin-lattice relaxation rate constants are derived. Relative intersystem crossing rates to the sublevels are obtained from flash excitation microwave-induced delayed phosphorescence measurements. Intersystem crossing is not spin-selective in tyrosine, but becomes so upon ionization near pH = 12. The spin-selective intersystem crossing mechanism in tyrosinate is discussed in terms of a model proposed by Bersohn.
A simple and efficient preparation of deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites in situ

Abstract A highly selective activation of bis-(pyrrolidino) methoxyphosphine by 4,5-dichloroimidazole has been developed and successfully used in the preparation of deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites.
WORKING WITH FAMILIES OF AFRICAN CARIBBEAN ORIGIN: UNDERSTANDING ISSUES AROUND IMMIGRATION AND ATTACHMENT

Elaine Arnold, WORKING WITH FAMILIES OF AFRICAN CARIBBEAN ORIGIN: UNDERSTANDING ISSUES AROUND IMMIGRATION AND ATTACHMENT, London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2011, 160 pp., $36.95...
The herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP0 promoter is activated by viral reactivation stimuli in trigeminal ganglia neurons of transgenic mice

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a latent infection in sensory ganglia neurons in humans and in the mouse model. The ability of the virus to latently infect neurons and reactivate is central to the ability of HSV-1 to remain in the human population and spread to new hosts. It is possible that neuronal transcriptional proteins control latency and reactivation by modulating activation of the HSV-1 immediate-early (IE) gene ICP0. We have previously shown that factors in trigeminal ganglia neurons can differentially activate the IE ICP0 promoter and the IE ICP4 promoter in developing trigeminal ganglia neurons of transgenic mice. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and hyperthermic stress have been shown to result in HSV-1 reactivation from sensory neurons in the mouse model. Reporter transgenic mice were exposed to UV irradiation or hyperthermia to test whether stimuli that are known to reactivate HSV-1 could activate viral IE promoters in the absence of viral proteins. Measurement of β-galactosidase activity in trigeminal ganglia from these transgenic mice indicated that the ICP0 promoter activity was significantly increased by both UV irradiation and hyperthermia. The IE genes ICP4 and ICP27 and the late gene gC reporter transgenes failed to be activated in parallel experiments. These results suggest that the ICP0 promoter is a target for activation by host transcription factors in sensory neurons that have undergone damage. It further suggests the possibility that activation of ICP0 gene expression by neuronal transcription factors may be important in reactivation of HSV-1 in neurons.
Long-term follow-up study of a prospective multicenter sentinel node trial: molecular detection of breast cancer sentinel node metastases.

This prospective multicenter sentinel lymph node (SLN) trial investigated whether molecular analysis would improve the detection of SLN metastases and their prognostic value. We report mammaglobin quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results and clinical outcome for 547 patients (mean follow-up 7 years). Breast cancer patients (excluding stage IV disease or palpable nodes) were enrolled from 1996 to 2005 at 16 institutional review board-approved sites. Alternate 2-mm serial sections of each SLN were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining with or without immunohistochemistry at multiple levels or blinded and assayed by Taqman qRT-PCR according to previously established thresholds. Mammaglobin remains a highly specific (99%), sensitive (97% primary tumor; 82% N1 SLN) marker for breast cancer. Mammaglobin SLN expression was associated with other prognostic factors, was detected in most patients with distant recurrence (48 of 79; 61%), and was associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (log rank P < 0.0001). Molecular analysis upstaged 13% (52 of 394) node-negative (N0) patients who exhibited a significantly lower distant recurrence-free survival compared to node-negative, PCR-negative patients (80 vs. 91%; P < 0.04). N0 patients with PCR-positive SLN were 3.4 times more likely to experience relapse than PCR-negative patients (odds ratio 3.4; 95% confidence interval 1.6–7.1; P = 0.001). However, molecular staging failed to predict most of the N0 patient recurrences (25 of 34) and was not a statistically significant independent predictor of distant recurrence. To our knowledge, these data are the first to prospectively compare PCR detection of SLN metastases with long-term outcome in breast cancer patients. Molecular staging of SLN detected clinically significant disease missed by standard pathology. Further refinement and optimization of molecular staging is indicated to improve clinical utility.
Digital Processing of Differential Transducer Signals

A method is described for digitally processing two frequencies produced by placing a pair of differential transducers in parameter controlled oscillators. For frequencies that are either directly or inversely related to the measured variable, the output count is proportional to the measured variable. The method does not rely on the accuracy of an external clock, but instead uses the two frequencies themselves to determine the sampling period. As a result, the accuracy is independent of clock frequency and is unaffected by equal compression or stretching of the two signals during recording or transmission. In addition, errors due to the discrete nature of the counting process are less than similar errors in a more conventional method.
Processing and characterization of a carbon black-filled electrically conductive Nylon-12 nanocomposite produced by selective laser sintering

Abstract Selective laser sintering (SLS), a layered manufacturing technique was explored to process an electrically conductive polymer nanocomposite made of Nylon-12 reinforced with 4 wt% of carbon black. SLS process parameters were optimized in order to maximize the flexural modulus. The porosity and morphology were studied using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystalline state was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrical conductivity was determined using the four probe technique. Results indicate that carbon black-filled Nylon-12 nanocomposites can be successfully made by SLS. Maximum flexural modulus values of 1750 MPa and 1450 MPa were achieved for the neat polymer and the nanocomposite, respectively. A reduction in the flexural modulus of the nanocomposite is likely due to the formation of a segregated structure in the nanocomposite and a weak polymer–filler interface. The optimized neat polymer and the nanocomposites had average densities of around 97% and 96% relative to full density, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite was approximately 1 × 10−4 S/cm, which is five orders of magnitude higher than that of the neat polymer processed by SLS, and indicates that the onset of percolation behavior occurs below the 4 wt% loading of carbon black.
The second duals of certain spaces of analytic functions

Let ϕ be a continuous, decreasing, real-valued funtion on 0 ≦ r ≦ 1 with ϕ(1) = 0 and ϕ(r) > 0 for r < 1. Let E0 be the Banach space of analytic function f on the open unit disc D, such that f(z)φ(|z|) → 0 as |z| → 1, with norm , where we write ϕ(z) = ϕ(z) for z ∈ D. Let E be the Banach space of analytic functions f on D for which fφ is bounded in D, with the same norm as E0. It is easy to see that E is complete in this norm, and that E0 is a closed subspace of E.
Isolation of an Asymmetric Lanthanide Polyoxometalate, Na12H[(W5O18)Tb(H2W11O39)]·42H2O, Containing Two Distinct Isopolyanions

The structural characterization of a new, asymmetric polyoxoanion, Na12H[(W5O18)Tb(H2W11O39)]·42H2O, is reported herein. This new structure was isolated from a mixture of a number of compounds, including the symmetric Na9[Tb(W5O18)2] sandwich cluster, and the lanthanide-free cluster, Na10(H2W12O42). The major product of the reaction was Na9[Tb(W5O18)2], and the compound reported here is a minor product that is obtained reproducibly. The salts of these three clusters do not differ significantly in their crystal habit, size, and color. The crystal structure of Na12H[(W5O18)Tb(H2W11O39)]·42H2O was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and shows that the cluster is composed of a lacunary Lindqvist (W5O18)6− building block and an unusual lacunary metatungstate (H2W11O39)10− polyanion connected through a central Ln3+ cation. The central Tb3+ cation has a square antiprismatic symmetry, the lacunary metatungstate has a square pyramidal symmetry, and the lacunary Lindqvist polyanion exhibits a cuboctahedral symmetry. This is the first example of a crystallographically characterized sandwich cluster possessing a lacunary metatungstate (H2W11O39)10− ligand.
Calibrations and flight performance of the extreme ultraviolet opacity rocket

ABSTRACT A sounding rocket observation of G191-B2B, a hot white dwarf star, was made on 27 September 1999 over a wavelengthrange of 220-340 A with the Extreme ultraviolet Opacity Rocket (EOR), an EUV spectrograph. EOR acquired over 200seconds of data above 200 km. Two broadband multilayer-coated diffraction gratings in Wadsworth mounts provide EORwith a peak effective area of 2.5 cm2 near 280 A and spectral resolution of XJEX=2500-3000. Preliminary examination of theflight spectrum suggests the presence of absorption features which are not apparent in lower resolution spectra.Keywords: ultraviolet, spectrograph, multilayer coatings, sounding rocket INTRODUCTION Hot, metal rich, DA white dwarf stars are an interesting class of objects whose extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission cannot beunderstood thoroughly with observations made by current instrumentation. For example, observations of G191-B2B madewith The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) lack the spectral resolution to enable positive absorption line identificationsof individual metal species where the metal species have the strongest effect on the emergent EUV spectrum. Subsequently,current models are unable to measure abundances of the EUV absorbers unambiguously"2. To make positive identificationswill require new, higher resolution, EUV spectrographs.Instrument sensitivity is the greatest obstacle to performing EUV spectroscopy for two reasons: First, EUV sources are faint.
Magnetic textural deformation in rotating 3 He-A

An axial magnetic field is shown to deform the type I lattice of nonsingular vortices in rotating3He-A. At a critical field of orderH D (≈30 G), this texture becomes unstable with respect to an array of doubly quantized vortices, seen in experiments at 284 G.
Work-related stress and coping among correctional officers: Implications from organizational literature

Abstract Using self-report data from a sample of correctional officers at a medium security prison, this article examines two questions. First, are there similarities in the particular sources of stress for correctional officers and those described in the organizational literature as sources of stress among employees of other organizations? Second, given the particular sources of stress identified, what are the most effective coping mechanisms utilized by correctional officers? The analysis reveals that correctional officers experience many of the same organizational level stressors as those identified within the broader occupational literature, as well as those unique to their profession. Additionally, correctional officers appear to utilize personal coping mechanisms for successfully reducing overall levels of job stress. Those same coping mechanisms, however, do not appear to mediate the effects of organizational sources of stress. The findings support the inclusion of the broader occupational literature on stress and coping in correctional officer stress research. Additionally, the findings suggest the need for administrators of correctional facilities to develop resources to assist officers in dealing with stress.