cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heating of trapped ions from the quantum ground state

We have investigated motional heating of laser-cooled ${}^{9}{\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ions held in radio-frequency (Paul) traps. We have measured heating rates in a variety of traps with different geometries, electrode materials, and characteristic sizes. The results show that heating is due to electric-field noise from the trap electrodes that exerts a stochastic fluctuating force on the ion. The scaling of the heating rate with trap size is much stronger than that expected from a spatially uniform noise source on the electrodes (such as Johnson noise from external circuits), indicating that a microscopic uncorrelated noise source on the electrodes (such as fluctuating patch-potential fields) is a more likely candidate for the source of heating.
The influence of plaintiff's body weight on judgments of responsibility: the role of weight bias.

Summary Problem The current study investigated the influence of a plaintiff's weight and the location of an accident on a simulated jury's perceptions of plaintiff's personal responsibility for an accident. Methods Participants were 185 lean and overweight male and female adults (mean self-reported body mass index: 24.87 ± 5.45) who read one of three vignettes describing an accident that occurred while leaving one of three different establishments (fast food burger restaurant; fitness gym; department store) while viewing one of two silhouettes of the alleged plaintiff (a lean female; an obese female). Results Participants were significantly more likely to report the plaintiff's weight entered into their perceptions of personal responsibility when they viewed the overweight plaintiff compared to the thin plaintiff. As respondent's self-reported weight bias increased, participants were more likely to hold the plaintiff responsible and more likely to blame plaintiff characteristics for the accident. Conclusion The weight of a plaintiff may affect juror perceptions of personal responsibility particularly if the juror possesses self-reported weight bias.
Probing donor-acceptor interactions and co-conformational changes in redox active desymmetrized [2]catenanes.

We describe the synthesis and characterization of a series of desymmetrized donor−acceptor [2]catenanes where different donor and acceptor units are assembled within a confined catenated geometry. Remarkable translational selectivity is maintained in all cases, including two fully desymmetrized [2]catenanes where both donors and acceptors are different, as revealed by X-ray crystallography in the solid state, and by 1H NMR spectroscopy and electrochemistry in solution. In all desymmetrized [2]catenanes the co-conformation is dominated by the strongest donor and acceptor pairs, whose charge-transfer interactions also determine the visible absorption properties. Voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical experiments show that the catenanes can be reversibly switched among as many as seven states, characterized by distinct electronic and optical properties, by electrochemical stimulation in a relatively narrow and easily accessible potential window. Moreover in some of these compounds the oxidation of the elect...
Respiratory Amplitude Guided 4-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of prospectively guiding 4-dimensional (4D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image acquisition using triggers at preselected respiratory amplitudes to achieve T 2 weighting for abdominal motion tracking. Methods and Materials A respiratory amplitude-based triggering system was developed and integrated into a commercial turbo spin echo MRI sequence. Initial feasibility tests were performed on healthy human study participants. Four respiratory states, the middle and the end of inhalation and exhalation, were used to trigger 4D MRI image acquisition of the liver. To achieve T 2 weighting, the echo time and repetition time were set to 75 milliseconds and 4108 milliseconds, respectively. Single-shot acquisition, together with parallel imaging and partial k-space imaging techniques, was used to improve image acquisition efficiency. 4D MRI image sets composed of axial or sagittal slices were acquired. Results Respiratory data measured and logged by the MRI scanner showed that the triggers occurred at the appropriate respiratory levels. Liver motion could be easily observed on both 4D MRI image datasets by sensing either the change of liver in size and shape (axial) or diaphragm motion (sagittal). Both 4D MRI image datasets were T 2 -weighted as expected. Conclusions This study demonstrated the feasibility of achieving T 2 -weighted 4D MRI images using amplitude-based respiratory triggers. With the aid of the respiratory amplitude-based triggering system, the proposed method is compatible with most MRI sequences and therefore has the potential to improve tumor-tissue contrast in abdominal tumor motion imaging.
Assessing Mission-Related Learning Outcomes at Zoos and Aquaria: Prevalence, Barriers, and Needs

ABSTRACT The authors investigated the current practices for assessing mission-related learning outcomes at institutions that belong to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) in North America. A survey instrument was sent to 207 education directors in order to examine each institution's efforts in conducting audience research and evaluating the impact of their mission. Survey results from 97 institutions revealed that a large proportion of zoos and aquaria conduct visitor research; however, most only collect measures related to operational performance and not measures concerning mission-related learning outcomes such as knowledge gains, affective reactions to animals, or intended conservation actions. Large institutions tended to collect more information than smaller institutions. Most responding institutions also indicated a need for additional data to evaluate their mission performance. Not surprisingly, the most prevalent barriers for conducting visitor research were found to be inadequate staffing...
X-rays from the edge of infinity

The supermassive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy has a strong influence on its surroundings. Astronomers cannot yet see this beast directly but they now have a much better idea of its size.
The world's greatest debtor nation?

Abstract The widely repeated assertion that the United States has become “the world's greatest debtor nation” is based on reports of its “net international investment position.” This position relates not exclusively to debt but rather to the difference between net United States claims to foreign assets and net foreign claims to United States assets. Major portions are equities and direct investment, the latter valued at “book” or original cost. Estimates of the current value of direct investment, either market value on the basis of share prices or replacement cost, effect huge asymmetric adjustments. As United States direct investment abroad is generally much older, it has appreciated much more than foreign direct investment in the United States. With adjustments as well for the market value of gold and for bad debts, it is estimated that the United States net international investment position was more or less in balance at the end of 1987 and in only relatively small deficit at the end of 1988.
Abstract 401: CD5+CD23+ leukemic cell populations in Tcl1 transgenic mice show significantly increased proliferation and Akt phosphorylation

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common human leukemia. Deregulation of the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) oncogene in mouse B-cells causes a CD5 positive leukemia similar to aggressive human B-CLLs. We recently reported that TCL1 expression in B-CLL is regulated by miR29 and miR181. To determine whether treatment with microRNAs can inhibit B-CLL in mice by targeting TCL1 we generated TCL1 transgenic mice using a construct containing 3’ and 5’ UTRs of TCL1 under B-cell specific Eμ promoter (Eμ-TCL1fl). At the age of 12-18 months these mice showed B-CLL like disease. Immunophenotyping revealed accumulation of CD5+CD23+B220+ population in spleens and lymph nodes. Our results show that CD5+CD23+ B-cell populations from Eμ-TCL1fl mice actively proliferate and display significantly increased levels of phospho-Akt. Eμ-TCL1fl mice showed immunological abnormalities similar to human B-CLL, including hypoimmunoglobulinemia, abnormal levels of cytokines, and impaired immune response. These findings revealed biochemical and immunological similarities between Tcl1 driven B-CLL in mice and human B-CLL. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 401.
Strangers in a strange land: A psychobiological study of infant monkeys before and after separation from real or inanimate mothers.

Some rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) infants have a "despair" or depression-like response to mother-infant separation, while others do not. The presumed interrelation between early rearing conditions and the neurobiological status of the infant that might lead to increased risk for despair is not understood. In this study, the characteristics of the "mother" were controlled by rearing infant rhesus monkeys with their biological mothers, or with inanimate mothers. Behavioral data were collected before and after separation at 6-7 months of age. The neurobiological status of the infants was evaluated by measuring the concentration of norepinephrine, its major metabolite, and the metabolites of dopamine and serotonin in cerebrospinal fluid. The results suggest that despair is not simply a behavioral response to separation. Instead, despair may reflect the inability to cope with the separation environment. Coping with the separation environment appears to depend on neurobiological and behavioral characteristics of the infant that are related to, if not determined by, characteristics of the mother.
Al Capone and the Internal Revenue Service: State-sanctioned criminology of organized crime

The story of Al Capone's rise and fall as a Chicago gangster has always depended upon selective dissemination of federal agency records, particularly records of the Internal Revenue Service. Capone history, therefore, is state-sanctioned history. The IRS view of the Capone organization, and of the tax evasion conviction, cannot be easily challenged without access to the corpus of the IRS records. Unfortunately, these records remain sealed from public access, despite the fact that selective releases were made prior to 1977 to journalists, popular authors, film producers and historians. Continued secrecy over the Capone records perpetuates a state-sanctioned criminology of organized crime. Calder v. Internal Revenue Service1 attempted without success to unlock the corpus of IRS-Capone records to investigate the state-sanctioned view.
Radiation sources: Electrons and lasers sing THz tune

Control over the distribution of electrons in a relativistic particle beam enables the realization of a bright, narrow, tunable source of terahertz radiation.
Computer security: quality rather than quantity

The challenge of applying protection to systems, software, and networks with intrinsic vulnerabilities is a lofty, but ultimately realizable, one.
NONLINEAR AGE-DEPENDENT POPULATION GROWTH UNDER HARVESTING

We consider the nonlinear age-dependent population growth model introduced by Gurtin- MacCamy [Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. 54, 281–300 (1974)] to which is added a harvest of members at a rate which is constant in time but may depend on the age of members being harvested. This partial differential equation may be transformed by the method of characteristics into a pair of functional equations for the total population size and the birth rate. We discuss the behaviour of solutions when the birth and death moduli are functions of a single variable, either the age or the total population size.
Pure and Hybrid Intellectual Property Rights Capabilities

We develop the constructs of (a) first- and (b) second-order intellectual property rights (IPR) capabilities referring to the capability of firms to (a) use IPR to capture rents from their innovati...
The University of Massachusetts technique of radical retropubic prostatectomy

A modified technique of radical retropubic prostatectomy is described which takes advantage of combining the antegrade dissection of prostate described by Skinner and the early control of prostatic vasculature as publicized by Walsh. Integration of both techniques of radical retropublic prostatectomy has resulted in improved exposure and minimal blood loss. The average blood loss with this technique was 500 ml in contrast to the average blood loss of 1100 ml while performing over 300 radical retropubic prostatectomies by the standard technique. The average operating times have been 150 minutes. Because of improved exposure and reduced blood loss, it is easy to teach this technique of radical prostatectomy to the surgeon in training (resident or the registrar) without any compromise to the primary goal of surgery which is to remove all tumour. No intra-operative complications were encountered during the performance of this modified technique of radical retropubic prostatectomy.
The N-terminal, dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase domain of yeast cytoplasmic trifunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase requires the C-terminal, synthetase domain for the catalytic activity in vitro.

Abstract The yeast ADE3(1–333) gene which encodes a truncated protein containing the N-terminal 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate (THF) dehydrogenase (D)/5,10-methynyl-THF cyclohydrolase (C) domain of cytoplasmic trifunctional C1-THF synthase is able to complement all the phenotypes associated with ade3 mutations in vivo. However, expression of the ADE3(1–333) gene in an ade3 strain does not retain any D activity in vitro. Expression in a yeast ade3 strain of the ADE3(1–333) fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ gene or to the yeast SER2 gene allows detection of D and C activities in vitro. These results indicate that the N-terminal D/C domain of C1-THF synthase requires the C-terminal 10-formyl-THF synthetase domain for stable catalytic activity in vitro.
Arthrometric Measurement of Ankle-Complex Motion: Normative Values

Abstract Context: Valid and reliable measurements of ankle-complex motion have been reported using the Hollis Ankle Arthrometer. No published normative data of ankle-complex motion obtained from an...
Synthesis and structural characterization of the beryllium compounds [Be(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2(OEt2)], [Be{O(2,4,6-tert-Bu3C6H2)}2(OEt2)], and [Be{S(2,4,6-tert-Bu3C6H2)}2(THF)].cntdot.PhMe and determination of the structure of [BeCl2(OEt2)2]

The preparations of some new classes of beryllium compounds that have a coordination number of 3 at beryllium are reported. They were synthesized by the reaction of BeCl 2 (OEt 2 ) 2 with the appropriate lithium salt to give the products (BeMes 2 (OEt 2 )] (1; Mes=2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 ), (Be(OMes * ) 2 (OEt 2 )] (2; Mes * =2,4,6-t-Bu 3 C 6 H 2 ), and (Be(SMes * ) 2 (THF)].PhMe (3). The compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR and IR spectroscopy, C and H analysis, and X-ray crystallography.
Induced Maturation and Spawning of the Chinese Catfish Clarias fuscus

Chinese catfish (Clarias fuscus) were successfully spawned in Hawaii using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at dosage rates of two and four international units (IU) per gram body weight. Fish not injected with HCG did not produce viable eggs. Successful spawns with HCG occurred between May and October. Hatch rates of up to 80% were obtained during June, July, and August for those fish given either a 2 or 4 IU per gram body weight injection of HCG. Fish spawned in either May or October yielded significantly higher hatch rates when injected with 4 rather than 2 IU per gram body weight. Fish held at elevated temperatures (28 to 30 C) prior to the normal spawning season developed significantly larger oocyte diameters, 60 days earlier than fish held under ambient temperature conditions (21.5 to 24 C). Photoperiod manipulation at ambient temperature conditions was associated with earlier oocyte maturation, but photoperiod effects were much less important than temperature.
Cooperative-Based Learning and the Zone of Proximal Development

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to introduce cooperative-based learning and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development ZPD to the simulation literature as two important mutually supportive learning theories that may enhance the effectiveness of simulation-based instruction. Design/Methodology/Approach. A brief literature review of cooperative-based learning and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development ZPD is presented, along with a description of how these two important learning theories may be applied to improve simulation-based instruction. Findings. When learning new material or skills, learners sometimes need to be assisted with moving through the disequilibrium process that can occur when the new information contrasts with their existing frames of reference or ways of knowing. Cooperative-based learning and the zone of proximal development ZPD can be used to assist the learner with working through the disequilibrium process, including accommodating and assimilating the new skills and information into their own practice. Limitations/Implications. Gaps in the simulation literature, including ways to implement both theories into practice, can lead to incomplete or ineffective simulation-based instruction practices. Originality/Value. Many organizations have implemented simulation into their patient safety program, but have not considered how the zone of proximal development ZPD and cooperative-based learning can be used to improve educational outcomes.
Granulation of a fuzzy set: Nonspecificity

Granulation (decomposition) of a fuzzy set A defined on a finite set of objects X is studied. Two types of decomposition are considered: external granulation determined by a given equivalence relation on X and internal granulation created by clusters of elements from X with similar membership grades in A. Axiomatic definitions of measures of granular nonspecificity and granular specificity are proposed. Some general approaches to the construction of measures of granular nonspecificity (specificity) are suggested. Relationship between granular nonspecificity, roughness and nonspecificity of a fuzzy set is discussed.
Children's perceptions of gender discrimination

Children (N = 76; ages 5-10 years) participated in a study designed to examine perceptions of gender discrimination. Children were read scenarios in which a teacher determined outcomes for 2 students (1 boy and 1 girl). Contextual information (i.e., teacher's past behavior), the gender of the target of discrimination (i.e., student), and the gender of the perpetrator (i.e., teacher) were manipulated. Results indicated that older children were more likely than younger children to make attributions to discrimination when contextual information suggested that it was likely. Girls (but not boys) were more likely to view girls than boys as victims of discrimination, and children with egalitarian gender attitudes were more likely to perceive discrimination than were their peers.
Interior-point algorithms for monotone affine variational inequalities

Given ann×n matrixM, a vectorq in ℝ n , a polyhedral convex setX={x|Ax≤b, Bx=d}, whereA is anm×n matrix andB is ap×n matrix, the affinne variational inequality problem is to findx∈X such that (Mx+q) T (y−x)≥0 for ally∈X. IfM is positive semidefinite (not necessarily symmetric), the affine variational inequality can be transformeo to a generalized complementarity problem, which can be solved in polynomial time using interior-point algorithms due to Kojima et al. We develop interior-point algorithms that exploit the particular structure of the problem, rather than direictly reducing the problem to a standard linear complemntarity problem.
COMPLEXITY-SIMPLICITY: RANDOM VS NON-RANDOM ARRANGEMENT OF SHAPES

The first author has engaged in research on complexity-simplicity preferences in which Ss responded either to a random arrangement of shapes or, in other studies, a nonrandom arrangement, with each row representing an increase in complexity. The shapes employed have been asymmetical polygons taken from Vanderplas and Garvin (1959) and symmetrical polygons from Birkhoff (1933). Since stimulus variables may interact with situational and personality variables in determining preference, does it matter whether or not the shapes are presented randomly? Random presentation is important if a non-random presentation would lead to expressed preference based on the order in which the stimuli appear. Method.-Four samples of 21, 28, 7, and 30 undergraduates were individually presented with a photograph of polygons from the Vanderplas and Garvin (1959) 4-, 12-, and 24-point categories and polygons of 4, 8, and 10 points from Birkhoff (1933). There were three each of the Vanderplas and Garvin asymmetrical shapes and one each of the Birkhoff symmetrical forms, for a total of 12 polygons. Some Ss, n,, received a nonrandom arrangement of the shapes; complexity increased on three successive rows, the top row containing the simplest shapes. There were four polygons per row, the symmetrical Birkhoff shapes being in the last column. Other Ss, n,, were also presented a photograph of the 12 polygons, but polygons were arranged randomly. Complexity is defined by the number of points on the three most-preferred shapes minus the number of points on the three least-preferred polygons. Four different samples were employed as part of another study, to be reported in detail at a later date. It was felt that the present findings deserved some comment in their own right.
Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Non–ST elevation acute coronary syndromes are responsible for approximately 1 million admissions to U.S. hospitals and twice as many to European hospitals each year. Thus, they are among the most common serious illnesses in adults, and are associated with an in-hospital mortality of approximately 5%. The most common cause is rupture of an atherosclerotic coronary plaque, resulting in subtotal coronary occlusion. Diagnosis is based on the clinical picture of retrosternal chest pain, aided by electrocardiographic findings of ST segment deviations and biomarker abnormalities (elevation of troponin and natriuretic peptides) and cardiac imaging (myocardial scans showing perfusion defects). Treatment involves antiischemic agents (nitrates and β blockers), antiplatelet drugs (aspirin, P2Y12, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockers), and anticoagulants (unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins). Patients should undergo risk stratification, and those with high-risk factors should undergo coronary arter...
An upwind approach to unsteady flowfield simulation

A numerical method to determine unsteady solutions of the laminar, perfect gas Navier-Stokes equations has been developed. The structured finite-volume, approximately factored implicit scheme uses Newton subiterations to obtain the spatially and temporally second-order accurate time history of the interaction of blast-waves with stationary targets. The inviscid flux is evaluated using either of two upwind techniques, while the viscous terms are computed by central differencing. Comparisons of numerical, analytical, and experimental results are made in two and three dimensions. The results show accurate wave speed resolution and nonoscillatory discontinuity capturing.
Chemotherapy-Induced Late Transgenerational Effects in Mice

To our knowledge, there is no report on long-term reproductive and developmental side effects in the offspring of mothers treated with a widely used chemotherapeutic drug such as doxorubicin (DXR), and neither is there information on transmission of any detrimental effects to several filial generations. Therefore, the purpose of the present paper was to examine the long-term effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of DXR on the reproductive and behavioral performance of adult female mice and their progeny. C57BL/6 female mice (generation zero; G0) were treated with either a single intraperitoneal injection of DXR (G0-DXR) or saline (G0-CON). Data were collected on multiple reproductive parameters and behavioral analysis for anxiety, despair and depression. In addition, the reproductive capacity and health of the subsequent six generations were evaluated. G0-DXR females developed despair-like behaviors; delivery complications; decreased primordial follicle pool; and early lost of reproductive capacity. Surprisingly, the DXR-induced effects in oocytes were transmitted transgenerationally; the most striking effects being observed in G4 and G6, constituting: increased rates of neonatal death; physical malformations; chromosomal abnormalities (particularly deletions on chromosome 10); and death of mothers due to delivery complications. None of these effects were seen in control females of the same generations. Long-term effects of DXR in female mice and their offspring can be attributed to genetic alterations or cell-killing events in oocytes or, presumably, to toxicosis in non-ovarian tissues. Results from the rodent model emphasize the need for retrospective and long-term prospective studies of survivors of cancer treatment and their offspring.
Picosecond time-resolved absorption and fluorescence in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle: Vibrationally-excited species

Abstract A rate-equation model quantitatively describing the changes in the ground and excited electronic-state properties of the retinal chromophore during the initial 100 ps of the room temperature bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle is presented. The model is derived from both picosecond time-resolved absorption and fluorescence measurements made using a pump-probe laser configuration (2,3-6 ps pulses operating over the 565–650 nm range). A direct, quantitative correlation between the absorption and fluorescence signals is based on their sequential measurement from the same sample and under the same experimental conditions. Two new aspects of the room-temperature BR photocycle are evident from these results: (i) the rate-equation model derived from transient absorption data alone does not quantitatively simulate the time-dependent fluorescence and (ii) the inclusion in the model of vibrationally excited, ground-state species (e.g., vibrationally excited BR (BR′) formed during optical pumping and vibrationally excited K (K′) populated during the photocycle decay of J) provide excellent simulations of both transient absorption and fluorescence data.
Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt: Differentiating between acceleration mechanisms

[1] Many theoretical models have been developed to explain the rapid acceleration to relativistic energies of electrons that form the Earth's radiation belts. However, after decades of research, none of these models has been unambiguously confirmed by comparison to observations. Proposed models can be separated into two types: internal and external source acceleration mechanisms. Internal source acceleration mechanisms accelerate electrons already present in the inner magnetosphere (L < 6.6), while external source acceleration mechanisms transport and accelerate a source population of electrons from the outer to the inner magnetosphere. In principle, the two types of acceleration mechanisms can be differentiated because they imply that different radial gradients of electron phase space density expressed as a function of the three adiabatic invariants will develop. Model predictions can be tested by transforming measured electron flux (given as a function of pitch angle, energy, and position) to phase space density as a function of the three invariants, μ, K, and Φ. The transformation requires adoption of a magnetic field model. Phase space density estimates have, in the past, produced contradictory results because of limited measurements and field model errors. In this study we greatly reduce the uncertainties of previous work and account for the contradictions. We use data principally from the Polar High Sensitivity Telescope energetic detector on the Polar spacecraft and the Tsyganenko and Stern [1996] field model to obtain phase space density. We show how imperfect magnetic field models produce phase space density errors and explore how those errors modify interpretations. On the basis of the analysis we conclude that the data are best explained by models that require acceleration of an internal source of electrons near L* ∼ 5. We also suggest that outward radial diffusion from a phase space density peak near L* ∼ 5 can explain the observed correspondence between flux enhancements at geostationary orbit and increases in ULF wave power.
Inversion of partial melting through residual peridotites or clinopyroxenes

Abstract This paper presents two partial melting inversion methods that permit calculation of the degree of partial melting and source composition for cogenetic melting residues (residual peridotites or clinopyroxenes) : the concentration ratio (CR) method and the slope-intercept (SI) method. Neither method requires assumptions regarding source incompatible element concentrations or ratios. The CR method uses variations of between-residue concentration ratios for two incompatible trace elements that have different bulk distribution coefficients to obtain the degrees of partial melting. Source concentrations can be calculated after obtaining the partial melting degree. The SI method employs the slope and the intercept from the C ra C rb vs. C ra or 1 C rb vs. 1 C ra diagram to obtain their source concentrations. The degrees of partial melting can be calculated after obtaining the source concentrations. Theoretically, the CR method for residual peridotites or clinopyroxenes may be used for modal and nonmodal batch and nonmodal fractional melting. By comparison, the SI method for residual peridotites can only be applied for modal batch melting while this method for residual clinopyroxenes may be used for both modal and nonmodal batch melting. The CR method and the SI method for residual peridotites are illustrated using the orogenic lherzolites from Lanzo as an example. Results show that both the CR method and the SI method for batch melting can be used for the inversion of partial melting through residues after low degrees of partial melting.
Expertise and Intuitions about Reference

Many philosophers hold that experts' semantic intuitions are more reliable and provide better evidence than lay people's intuitions - a thesis commonly called "the Expertise Defense." Focusing on the intuitions about the reference of proper names, this article critically assesses the Expertise Defense.
Controlled growth of carbon nanotube films for high-current field emission

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer great potential for numerous cold-cathode field emission applications. A less studied need is for high-current cathodes. While work to date has focused on the use of tangled webs of single-wall CNTs, much understanding about field emission has occurred from studies using multi-wall CNTs with controlled geometries. However, the crystalline nature of these multi-wall CNTs typically is far inferior to that of single-wall CNTs. We use high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to demonstrate that growth at temperatures ≤ 630 °C via thermal chemical vapor deposition can produce highly crystalline multi-wall CNTs, with structures consisting entirely of concentric graphene cylinders. Conversely, growth at temperatures ≥ 650 °C results in crystalline CNTs embedded in a nanocrystalline graphite, or glassy carbon, sheath. This sheath material is likely a poor electrical conductor, due to phonon scattering, and will have deleterious effects on field emission. Field emission measurements taken from such films are consistent with the best field-emitting multi-wall CNT films in the literature, in terms of total current for a given applied field, but without the benefit of the preferred perpendicular orientation. These results are promising toward the development of reliable high-current field emission cathodes.
Simultaneous planar measurements of velocity and pressure fields in gas flows using laser-induced fluorescence.

The development of a nonintrusive spectroscopic technique is reported which permits simultaneous spatially resolved measurements of two velocity components and pressure in a plane of a compressible gaseous flow field. The technique is based on the detection of fluorescence from an absorption line excited with a narrow-bandwidth laser. Doppler shift and pressure broadening of the line are exploited to extract velocity and pressure information, respectively. The fluorescence is detected at a 90° angle with an image-intensified 100 × 100 element photodiode-array camera which is interfaced with a laboratory computer. Results of the implementation in a Mach 1.5 underexpanded supersonic jet are presented.
Structure Development in Melt Spinning and Cold Drawing of Poly(ethylene-co-octene) Copolymer

Abstract An experimental study of melt spinning and cold drawing of polyethylene and its Dow Chemical INSITEO catalyst octene copolymers was carried out. The structure and morphology of both melt spun and cold drawing fibers were investigated using wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and birefringence. Up to 5.9 mol.% octene, the fibers exhibit only the Bunn orthorhombic crystal structure. Fibers with 9.7 mol.% and 13.3 mol.% octene, whose DSC crystallinity is 0.23 and below, have an additional reflection at about 0.45nm. The Hermans-Stein orientation factors for the melt spun fibers were determined and correlated with spinline stress. Cold drawn polyethylene fibers exhibited additional reflection at 0.45, 0.38 and 0.35nm which may be associated with the Tanaka-Seto et al. monoclinic unit cell. The copolymers contained a decreased monoclinic level which disappears at about 5.9 mol.%. However, ...
GABA and glycine in retinal amacrine cells: combined Golgi impregnation and immunocytochemistry

Golgi-impregnated amacrine cells in the all-cone lizard retina (Anolis carolinensis) were characterized on the bases of dendritic and somatic criteria. Four major cell categories, comprising 23 types were identified: three non-stratified, 13 monostratified, five bistratified, and two tristratified types. Four of the cell types comprised two to four subtypes based on stratification of their dendrites within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Golgi impregnation strongly favoured monostratified amacrine cells with cell bodies at the proximal margin of the inner nuclear layer. The neurotransmitter content of each of the 23 amacrine cell types was examined by combined Golgi-immunocytochemistry after morphological classification. Putative neurotransmitters examined included gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine (GLY) and aspartate (ASP). Seventeen cell types showed GABA-immunoreactivity (IR), three cell types showed GLY-IR, and four cell types showed neither GABA-IR nor GLY-IR. No cell types showed ASP-IR. Each cell type had a characteristic neurochemical signature, with the exception of one monostratified cell type that showed three different neurochemical signatures. Postembedding immunocytochemistry on conventionally processed retinas confirmed the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the synthetic enzyme for GABA, to cells similar to several of the GABA-IR Golgi-stained types. Postembedding immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (the synthetic enzyme for catecholamines) and GABA on serial sections demonstrated colocalization of GABA and a catecholamine, probably dopamine, in a bistratified amacrine cell type. We conclude that GABA-IR amacrine cell types are more numerous and morphologically heterogeneous than GLY-IR amacrine cells. The morphological heterogeneity and, with one exception, exclusivity of GABA-IR and GLY-IR amacrine cell types indicate that both neurotransmitters play a variety and different functional roles in the lizard inner retina.
Potential impacts of climate change on the ecology of dengue and its mosquito vector the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)

Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns caused by global climate change may have profound impacts on the ecology of certain infectious diseases. We examine the potential impacts of climate change on the transmission and maintenance dynamics of dengue, a resurging mosquito-vectored infectious disease. In particular, we project changes in dengue season length for three cities: Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL and Lubbock, TX. These cities are located on the edges of the range of the Asian tiger mosquito within the United States of America and were chosen as test cases. We use a disease model that explicitly incorporates mosquito population dynamics and high-resolution climate projections. Based on projected changes under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1fi (higher) and B1 (lower) emission scenarios as simulated by four global climate models, we found that the projected warming shortened mosquito lifespan, which in turn decreased the potential dengue season. These results illustrate the difficulty in predicting how climate change may alter complex systems.
Beyond the “Me Decade”: Social Gerontology in the Eighties

As we stand on the threshold of a new decade, we are faced with dramatic changes in the demography of the elderly population; in the political power of special interest groups; in the values of society; and in the economic realities of life in the United States. These changes will undoubtedly have profound effects on perceptions of old age and the elderly, their roles and functions, their needs and the services appropriate to meet these needs and to help them age successfully. Social gerontology, as a “professional discipline” can play an important role in refining methodologies for assessing needs of the elderly and in suggesting appropriate services, and simultaneously continue to expand the general body of knowledge relevant to aging. If it is to fulfill this role, social gerontology must accept its dual nature as a basic discipline and as an applied profession. Furthermore, it must recognize the effects of environmental factors on the aging individual, a relationship that has so far received little attention in research and in literature.
Automated synthesis of configurable two-dimensional linear feedback shifter registers for random/embedded test patterns

A new approach to optimize a configurable two-dimensional (2-D) linear feedback shift registers (LFSR) for both embedded and random test pattern generation in built-in self-test (BIST) is proposed. This configurable 2-D LFSR based test pattern generator generates: 1) a deterministic sequence of test patterns for random-pattern-resistant faults, and then 2) random patterns for random-pattern-detectable faults. The configurable 2-D LFSR test generator can be adopted in two basic BIST execution options: test-per-clock (parallel BIST) and test-per-scan (serial BIST). Experimental results of test-per-clock BIST for benchmark circuits show with the configurable scheme the number of flip-flops of 2-D LFSR is reduced by 79%. The average number of faults detected by configurable 2-D LFSR is 9.27% higher than the conventional LFSR. Experimental results of test-per-scan BIST for benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in which high fault coverage can be achieved.
Minimal access closure of patent foramen ovale: is it also recommended for patients with paradoxical emboli?

Abstract Background To investigate the outcome of the port-access approach for patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure and to identify the long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events in the paradoxical embolus subgroup after closure. Methods Between 1997 and 2001, 31 patients underwent PFO closure using the port-access approach. Twelve of the 31 patients underwent PFO closure secondary to at least one paradoxical embolic event leading to either transient ischemic attack or cerebral infarction. All patients were followed longitudinally with office visits and telephone interviews. Results The mean age was 47 years (range 18 to 85 years). All procedures were completed successfully without conversion to median sternotomy. The mean duration of aortic occlusion and cardiopulmonary bypass for all patients (n = 31) was 32 minutes (range 17 to 55 minutes) and 72 minutes (range 40 to 124 minutes), respectively. Postoperative complications included pneumonia/pulmonary embolus (n = 1), transient atrial fibrillation (n = 3, 9.7%), and exploration for bleeding (n = 3, 9.7%). No deaths were recorded. All patients were assessed using transesophageal echocardiography, and the closure of the PFO was documented. The average length of hospital stay was 3.8 days (range 2 to 10 days) for patients with paradoxical emboli. The mean follow-up period for the paradoxical embolus subgroup was 23 months (range 4 to 45 months). One patient was lost to follow-up. Neither transient ischemic attack nor cerebral infarction recurred during follow-up. Conclusions The port-access approach to PFO closure is a safe and effective procedure, with acceptable initial experience outcome and excellent low-risk rate of recurrent thromboembolic events.
Coping with Climate Risks in Indonesian Rice Agriculture: A Policy Perspective

Policymakers responsible for agriculture, rural economic growth, and food security worldwide are confronted by a myriad of climate-related risks. This chapter provides a framework for using climate information in the design of policy to manage such risks, highlighting several tools of analysis that can be applied in the context of both climate variability and global climate change. The concepts are developed through a case study of the rice sector in Indonesia, a country directly affected by climate variability related to El Nino-Southern Oscillation events. The risk assessment model is based on the probability of climate events, critical thresholds of damage related to those events, and the role of policy in reducing climate-related impacts on agricultural systems. Because risk assessment involves estimation of both the probability of climate events and the expected consequences of those climate events, Bayesian analysis is applied to show how climate information can be used to update subjective probabilities over short and long time scales. Bayesian updating can help reduce the chances that policymakers will make the wrong policy decision given all of the available information. Even with these tools, however, the chapter shows that there is always the chance for Type I and Type II errors in policymaking, because the climate system is impossible to predict with certainty.
Crystal arthritis: Is HLAB genotyping the future of gout pharmacogenomics?

Pharmacogenomic advances have increased understanding of allopurinol-associated severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), demonstrating that HLAB*5801 is a strong risk factor for their development. In some populations, all patients with allopurinol-induced SCARs carry this allele. New treatment recommendations outline how this discovery should influence gout therapy, particularly the use of allopurinol.
Termination patterns of serotoninergic medullary raphespinal fibers in the rat lumbar spinal cord : an anterograde immunohistochemical study

Electrical and chemical stimulation given in the ventral medullary raphe nuclei inhibits spinal nociceptive reflexes and spinal nociceptive transmission; serotoninergic receptors have been demonstrated to partially mediate that inhibition. In the present study, the termination patterns of raphespinal fibers in the rat lumbar spinal cord demonstrating serotonin-like immunoreactivity were examined by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with immunohistochemistry. Fibers and terminations from the ventral medullary raphe nuclei (raphe magnus and raphe pallidus) demonstrating both PHA-L- and serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in all laminae of the dorsal horn and the ventral horn. Networks of large fibers, characterized by large boutons, and which did not demonstrate serotonin-like immunoreactivity, were identified in deeper laminae of the dorsal horn. The heterogeneous morphology of raphespinal fibers identified in the dorsal horn suggests that these fibers also may be heterogeneous in neurochemistry and function. Medial medullary sites outside the raphe nuclei were found to innervate the ventral horn and all laminae of the dorsal horn, with the exception of lamina I. Descending fibers and terminations also demonstrating serotonin-like immunoreactivity were identified in deep laminae (III, IV, V, VI) of the dorsal horn and in the ventral horn. Similarly, large fiber networks were identified which did not demonstrate serotonin-like immunoreactivity.
Cwc23, an Essential J Protein Critical for Pre-mRNA Splicing with a Dispensable J Domain

J proteins are structurally diverse, obligatory cochaperones of Hsp70s, each with a highly conserved J domain that plays a critical role in the stimulation of Hsp70's ATPase activity. The essential protein, Cwc23, is one of 13 J proteins found in the cytosol and/or nucleus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report that a partial loss-of-function CWC23 mutant has severe, global defects in pre-mRNA splicing. This mutation leads to accumulation of the excised, lariat form of the intron, as well as unspliced pre-mRNA, suggesting a role for Cwc23 in spliceosome disassembly. Such a role is further supported by the observation that this mutation results in reduced interaction between Cwc23 and Ntr1 (SPP382), a known component of the disassembly pathway. However, Cwc23 is a very atypical J protein. Its J domain, although functional, is dispensable for both cell viability and pre-mRNA splicing. Nevertheless, strong genetic interactions were uncovered between point mutations encoding alterations in Cwc23's J domain and either Ntr1 or Prp43, a DExD/H-box helicase essential for spliceosome disassembly. These genetic interactions suggest that Hsp70-based chaperone machinery does play a role in the disassembly process. Cwc23 provides a unique example of a J protein; its partnership with Hsp70 plays an auxiliary, rather than a central, role in its essential cellular function.
Image transmission with error concealment on a lossy packet network

We study image transmission on a lossy packet network in which the loss mechanism is modeled as buffer overflows. A simple error concealment strategy involving table lookups and a buffer allocation scheme with an optimally chosen virtual boundary for a 2 priority class system are described. Significant improvements are achieved by combining these two strategies.