cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baseline Sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, and Boscalid.

Wise, K. A., Bradley, C. A., Pasche, J. S., Gudmestad, N. C., Dugan, F. M., and Chen, W. 2008. Baseline sensitivity of Ascochyta rabiei to azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and boscalid. Plant Dis. 92:295-300. Ascochyta rabiei, causal agent of Ascochyta blight on chickpea (Cicer arietinum), can cause severe yield loss in the United States. Growers rely on applications of fungicides with sitespecific modes of action such as the quinone outside inhibiting (QoI) fungicides azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin, and the carboximide fungicide boscalid, to manage disease. In all, 51 isolates collected prior to QoI fungicide registration and 71 isolates collected prior to boscalid registration in the United States were tested in an in vitro assay to determine the effective fungicide concentration at which 50% of conidial germination was inhibited (EC50) for each isolate– fungicide combination. The effect of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on conidia of A. rabiei in the presence and absence of azoxystrobin also was assessed to determine whether the fungus is capable of using alternative respiration. Five of nine A. rabiei isolates tested had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) EC50 values when SHAM was not included in media amended with azoxystrobin, indicating that A. rabiei has the potential to use alternative respiration to overcome fungicide toxicity in vitro. EC50 values of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.0182 to 0.0338 µg/ml and from 0.0012 to 0.0033 µg/ml, with mean values of 0.0272 and 0.0023 µg/ml, respectively. EC50 values of boscalid ranged from 0.0177 to 0.4960 µg/ml, with a mean of 0.1903 µg/ml. Establishment of these baselines is the first step in developing a monitoring program to determine whether shifts in sensitivity to these fungicides are occurring in the A. rabiei pathogen population.
Birth cohort effects on abdominal obesity in the United States: the Silent Generation, Baby Boomers and Generation X.

Birth cohort effects on abdominal obesity in the United States: the Silent Generation, Baby Boomers and Generation X
Pupillary function after alteration of the preganglionic sympathetic innervation.

Abstract In twenty-one cats the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion was partially denervated by transecting sympathetic rami T1, T2, and T3. The procedure completely interrupts the preganglionic innervation of the pupil. The pupil became small immediately postoperatively and gradually returned to normal size after 36 weeks. This restoration of tonus was dependent upon the development of collateral sprouts from residual, nonpupillary fibers within the superior cervical ganglion because electrical stimulation of the thoracic sympathetic trunk caudad to T3 now elicited pupillary dilation (an effect never observed normally), and because the pupil became small again after severance of the thoracic sympathetic chain caudad to T3. Although these nonpupillary nerve fibers restored tonus to the pupil, they did not participate in sympathetic darkness reflexes (the dilation of the atropinized pupil in darkness and the consensual pupillary dilation elicited by occlusion of the contralateral pupil). Thus, the new peripheral terminations of the non-pupillary fibers did not induce any demonstrable change in the reflex connections of these neurons. These experiments support the view that in mammals there is no reorganization of central synaptic pathways in response to alterations of peripheral nerve terminations.
ELECTRONIC DISSEMINATION EXPERIENCES OF THE U.S. BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

This paper describes the experiences of the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in the electronic dissemination of its statistical products. Section I describes the institutional setting. Section 11, the heart of the paper, is based on a review BEA recently undertook with a view to improving its procedures and policies for disseminating its information to the public. Section III draws conclusions from the review and raises some questions as a basis for comparisons among agencies.
Exuding Liquid from Grain Boundaries in Alumina

Bicrystals of alumina with anorthite glass in the boundary were prepared by hot pressing. Annealing of the bicrystals leads to the migration of the intergranular liquid to the free surface of the sample. It is proposed that the migration is driven by the difference in the wetting behavior of the free surface and the boundary.
Host response to bovine respiratory pathogens

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) involves complex interactions amongst viral and bacterial pathogens that can lead to intense pulmonary inflammation (fibrinous pleuropneumonia). Viral infection greatly increases the susceptibility of cattle to secondary infection of the lung with bacterial pathogens like Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni. The underlying reason for this viral/bacterial synergism, and the manner in which cattle respond to the virulence strategies of the bacterial pathogens, is incompletely understood. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infection of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro enhances the binding of M. haemolytica and triggers release of inflammatory mediators that attract and enhance binding of neutrophils. An exotoxin (leukotoxin) released from M. haemolytica further stimulates release of inflammatory mediators and causes leukocyte death. Cattle infected with H. somni frequently display vasculitis. Exposure of bovine endothelial cells to H. somnii or its lipooligosaccharide (LOS) increases endothelium permeability, and makes the surface of the endothelial cells pro-coagulant. These processes are amplified in the presence of platelets. The above findings demonstrate that bovine respiratory pathogens (BHV-1, M. haemolytica and H. somni) interact with leukocytes and other cells (epithelial and endothelial cells) leading to the inflammation that characterizes BRD.
Some Effects of a Seamount on Oceanic Flows

Abstract To demonstrate some effects of a seamount an oceanic flows, we have considered a uniform, two-layer flow passing a right circular cylinder of arbitrary height in a rotating fluid. In the case of vanishing stratification, we first generalize previous results of low obstacles to an obstacle of finite height, and then show how the frictional regime provides a transition from partial to total blocking as the obstacle top approaches the surface. In the case of general stratification, we have discerned various dynamical regimes according to blockage of the flows, characterized by distinctive interface signatures. For example, as the obstacle top rises through the water column, the axisymmetric doming of the interface first gives way to a reduced fore-and-aft symmetry when the lower layer is partially blocked, then becomes a net depression when the lower layer is totally blocked, and finally returns to its unperturbed level as both layers become totally blocked. We have derived the critical stratificati...
Examination of the predictive validity of CVM using an attitude‐behavior framework

The contingent valuation method (CVM) has been used to assign monetary value to goods not normally bought and sold in the marketplace. Sometimes this value is used to make inferences about what a person might actually be willing to pay. The relationship between responses to willingness to pay (WTP) questions and a paying behavior was examined in this study using a conceptual framework from attitude theory. Willingness to pay was considered a behavioral intention to pay, and a mock vote on a sales tax initiative was considered a paying behavior. Two factors known to affect the intention‐behavior relationship were varied. Subjects were provided different levels of information about the good and were asked about their willingness to pay using different question contexts. Increasing the context correspondence between measures of intention and behavior strengthened the relationship. Information did not significantly increase the consistency between intention and behavior. Determining the meaning in behavioral ...
A Weak Donor−Strong Acceptor Strategy to Design Ideal Polymers for Organic Solar Cells

Polymers to be used in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells should maintain a low highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level as well as a narrow band gap in order to maximize the open circuit voltage (Voc) and the short circuit current (Jsc). To concurrently lower the HOMO energy level and the band gap, we propose to modify the donor−acceptor low band gap polymer strategy by constructing alternating copolymers incorporating a “weak donor” and a “strong acceptor”. As a result, the “weak donor” should help maintain a low HOMO energy level while the “strong acceptor” should reduce the band gap via internal charge transfer (ICT). This concept was examined by constructing a library of polymers employing the naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b’]dithiophene (NDT) unit as the weak donor, and benzothiadiazole (BT) as the strong acceptor. PNDT-BT, designed under the “weak donor−strong acceptor” strategy, demonstrated both a low HOMO energy level of −5.35 eV and a narrow band gap of 1.59 eV. As expected, a noticeably h...
Effect of dietary administration of genistein, nonylphenol or ethinyl estradiol on hepatic testosterone metabolism, cytochrome P-450 enzymes, and estrogen receptor alpha expression.

The objective of this study was to examine effects of estrogenic agents of varying potencies (genistein, p-nonylphenol, and ethinyl estradiol) on hepatic testosterone metabolism, cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzymes, and ERα expression. These endpoints were examined as potential biomarkers of, and contributors to, endocrine disruptive activity. Exposure occurred during critical developmental periods, from gestational day 7 through weaning via the mothers' diet. Thereafter, rats were exposed via their diet to the compounds until puberty (postnatal day 50). Testosterone hydroxylase and 5α-reductase activities, CYP2C and CYP3A levels were determined. In general, the compounds were more active in male rats than female rats. The only effect observed in female rats was at the 250 ppm genistein dose, in which an approximately 40% increase in 5α-reductase activity was observed. In male rats, genistein treatment had mixed effects on testosterone metabolism. The 1250 ppm dose decreased both CYP2C and CYP3A protein levels. Nonylphenol had the most profound effects on testosterone metabolism and CYP450 expression in male rats, with effects occurring at doses as low as 25 ppm. An increase in 5α-reductase activity and a decrease in the formation of 16α-OH-, 2α-OH-testosterone metabolites, CYP2C and CYP3A protein were observed. EE2 decreased the formation of several testosterone metabolites and CYP2C protein. All compounds had some effect on hepatic ERα expression, although a consistent effect was not observed. This study demonstrates that the test compounds can influence hepatic testosterone hydroxylase activity and CYP450 expression, as well as ERα expression, although these activities cannot be directly related to estrogenic activity.
Transcriptional Enhancer Elements in the Mouse Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus

Two regions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus were tested for their ability to enhance transcription of the SV40 early promoter. A portion of the intervening sequence between the heavy chain joining region (Jh) and the constant region of the mu chain (Cmu) can enhance transcription when it is cloned either 5' or 3' to the SV40 early promoter. The region between C alpha and the alpha switch site, which occurs 5' to the translocated c-myc oncogene in many murine plasmacytomas, does not show transcriptional enhancer activity in this assay.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Coronary Risk Factors in Women

ABSTRACT The relationship between oral contraceptive use and other coronary artery disease risk factors was examined in 215 nonsmoking women grouped as never, current, or previous users. Current oral contraceptive users had higher triglyceride levels (p ≤ 0.001) than other groups, higher systolic blood pressure, and lower plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (p ≤ 0.05) than previous users. The effect of oral contraceptive use on plasma triglyceride values persists on multivariate regression analysis independently of age, body mass index, dietary sodium and cholesterol intake, cigarette smoking, and level of physical activity. Oral contraceptive use also has an independent relationship to the plasma total cholesterol/HDL- cholesterol ratio. These findings indicate that oral contraceptive use is adversely associated with plasma lipid and lipoprotein values.
Testing of Vibrational Energy Harvesting on Flying Birds

Discrete animal-mounted sensors and tags have a wide range of potential applications for researching wild animals and their environments. The devices could be used to monitor location, metabolic output, or used as environmental monitoring sentinels. These applications are made possible by recent decreases in the size, mass, and power consumption of modern microelectronics. Despite these performance increases, for extended deployments these systems need to generate power in-situ. In this work, we explore a device that was recently deployed to test the concept of vibrational piezoelectric energy harvesting on flying birds. We explain the development of the device and introduce test results conducted on flying pigeons (Columba livia). The 12 g testing device consisted of a miniature data acquisition system and a piezoelectric energy harvester. The system recorded both the harvested power and the in-flight accelerations of the bird. The energy harvester included a wireless receiver, battery and linear servo. By remotely actuating the linear servo, we were able to arrest the energy harvester for portions of the flight. In doing so, we will be able to compare flight accelerations of a bird with a simple proof mass and with a dynamic mass without having to stop the flight of the bird. The comparison of these two cases allows for the assessment of the feasibility of employing vibrational energy harvesting on a flying bird. We present the initial results of this testing with regard to the harvested power and the in-flight acceleration profiles.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Conjugated polymers as photoredox catalysts: a new catalytic system using visible light to promote aryl aldehyde pinacol couplings

Abstract The conjugated polymer poly-(p)-phenylene (PPP) was synthesized and used as a photoredox catalyst to promote pinacol coupling of aryl-aldehydes with visible light. The reaction required the use of a sacrificial electron donor (Et3N), and was accelerated by the addition of Lewis and Bronsted acids. A distinct advantage of this photocatalytic system is the robust nature of the system, which is not overly sensitive to impurities, oxygen, or temperature, and proceeds cleanly with few side reactions. As a comparison with the PPP system, the reactivity of Ru(bpy)3Cl2, a popular photoredox catalyst was compared. The PPP system was superior to the Ru(bpy)3Cl2 for the pinacol couplings in both rate and yield.
Management outcome and follow-up of fetal tachycardia.

AbstractObjectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate fetal tachycardia and the efficacy of maternally administered antiarrhythmic agents and the effect of this therapy on delivery and postpart...
Effects of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) produced by the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora on its epiphytic algal community

A range of marine algae produce dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), but only a few species of higher plants, such as the salt marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora, are capable of producing this compound. However, its ecophysiological function in S. alterniflora has not been fully established yet. Our hypothesis for this study was thatDMSPacts as an antifouling agent. The epiphytic algal biomass along dead S. alterniflora stem sections (seven 15 cm-sections from the bottom-most to the upper-most part of the plant) was overall higher than on stem sections of living plants (t-test, P ≤ 0.04, α=0.05). Although an inverse relationship between DMSP concentrations and epiphytic algal biomass was found along the stem height of living S. alterniflora, experiments showed that increasing DMSP concentrations (0 – 30 μM) did not inhibit epiphytic respiration (t-test, 0.255<P<0.603, α=0.05) and production (t-test, 0.198<P<0.949, α=0.05). Dimethylsulfonioacetate (DMSA, a chemical compound structurally similar to DMSP) and acrylic acid (AA, one of the degradation products of DMSP) were also tested but did not affect epiphytic algal production either. This study was not able to elucidate the role of DMSP in S. alterniflora, but it ruled out its effect as an antifouling agent.
Pandora’s Presumption: Drones and the Problematic Ethics of Techno-War

Present American policy proclaims the compatibility of drone usage with the traditional Rules of Engagement and the Laws of War. Largely absent in this is an examination of how enemy combatants are being defined on both sides of drone activity: not just the targets and operators but also the relevance of drone technology proliferation. This work engages the void to reveal inconsistent and contradictory ethical standards in American drone policy, based largely on an assumed continued technical preeminence that is by no means guaranteed. The argument is not a humanitarian lament against hegemony: it is a realist argument addressing how ethical inconsistencies in defining American technological warfare compromise the ‘leadership high ground’ for the United States in a manner that carries fairly significant national security blowback potential. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol7/iss4/3
Self-rated health as a tool for estimating health-adjusted life expectancy among patients newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer: a preliminary study

Purpose Localized prostate cancer (LPC) patients are faced with numerous treatment options, including observation or watchful waiting. The choice of treatment largely depends on their baseline health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE). By consensus, physicians recommend treatment if the patient’s HALE is ten or more years. However, the estimation of HALE is difficult. Although subjective by nature, self-rated health (SRH) is a robust predictor of mortality. We studied the usefulness of SRH in estimating HALE in patients who are considering treatment for LPC.
The hard segment unit cell for MDI-BDO-based polyurethane elastomers

Abstract X-ray and electron diffraction data have been combined to determine the unit cell for the hard domains of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate/butanediol-based polyurethane elastomers. The analysis has been aided by manipulating digital intensity data obtained from two-dimensional densitometer scans of the diffraction patterns. A total of 22 reflections are resolved in the electron diffraction patterns, of which 11 are detected by X-rays. The unit cell is triclinic with dimensions a = 5.33, b = 5.26, c = 38.68 A , α = 113.6, β = 116.0, γ = 94.4°. The reflections in the X-ray fibre diagrams of stretched annealed film are displaced above and below the apparent layer lines, which points to inclination of the chain axis (c) away from the direction of the draw. Refinement of coordinates of the predicted reflections shows that the c axis is tilted by 2.5° away from the direction of draw, approximately in the −1 1 1 plane.
The Effect of Erythropoietin on Exercise Capacity, Left Ventricular Remodeling, Pressure-Volume Relationships, and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Anemia and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

A prospective, open-label, 3-month study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and short-term clinical effect of subcutaneous erythropoietin injections in patients with anemia and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (ejection fraction, 55%+/-2%). Using a dose-adjusted algorithm to effect a rate of rise in hemoglobin not to exceed 0.4 g/dL /wk, hemoglobin (10.8+/-0.3 to 12.2+/-0.3 g/dL) and red blood cell volume (1187+/-55 to 1333+/-38 mL) increased with an average weekly dose of 3926 units. Functional measures increased from baseline (6-minute walk test [289+/-24 to 331+/-22 m], exercise time [432+/-62 to 571+/-51 s], and peak oxygen consumption [8.2+/-0.7 to 9.4+/-0.9 mL/kg/min], all P<.05). End-diastolic volume declined significantly (8% volumetric decrease, 108+/-3 to 100+/-3 mL, P =.03), but there were no significant changes in left ventricular mass or estimated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Pressure-volume analysis demonstrated a reduction in ventricular capacitance at an end-diastolic pressure of 30 mm Hg without significant changes in contractile state.
Effective principal quantum numbers of valence atomic orbitals

Abstract Analysis of radial moments of Hartree-Fock atomic orbitals shows that their shape near the radial maximum implies an effective principal quantum number that remains small even for heavier elements.
Diabetes in adolescent patients: Diagnostic dilemmas

The classification of diabetes mellitus by types (1 or 2), or by age of onset (juvenile or adult), helps to clarify many aspects of pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapy. However, less-commonly encountered patients, presenting in childhood or adolescence, may not fit neatly into one or the other group. These include teenagers who present with new-onset diabetes with ketoacidosis, but who are later able to be managed permanently as type 2 patients. Other adolescent patients present with only minimal glucose intolerance, then proceed to develop type 1 diabetes, with evidence of autoimmune etiology, after a variable number of years. Four patients are presented to illustrate these diagnostic dilemmas.
Ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow in professional football quarterbacks

Background Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow can cause significant pain and disability in the overhead thrower. Most studies in the literature have focused on baseball players and demonstrated that surgical reconstruction is the most reliable way to allow these athletes to return to their previous level of performance. Little is known about whether or not surgical reconstruction is necessary for other types of elite throwing athletes. We hypothesize that professional football quarterbacks with UCL injuries of the elbow can return to competitive play after nonoperative management. Methods The NFL Injury Surveillance System (NFLISS) was reviewed for any UCL injuries of the elbow in quarterbacks from 1994 to 2008, including the type and mechanism of injury, player demographics, method of treatment, and time to return to play. Results A total of 10 cases of UCL injuries in quarterbacks were identified starting in 1994. Nine cases were treated nonoperatively and the mean return to play was 26.4 days. Conclusion UCL injuries of the elbow are uncommon injuries in professional quarterbacks. This group of overhead athletes can be successfully treated nonoperatively, in contrast to baseball players, who more commonly need surgical reconstruction to return to competitive play. The difference between the 2 groups of overhead athletes is most likely secondary to biomechanics and demand.
Discovering controlling factors of geospatial variables

Efficient means of determining factors controlling spatial distribution of an environmental class variable are of significant interest in Earth science. In this paper, we present a method for automated discovery of controlling factors by mining for emerging patterns in a database constructed from the fusion of several explanatory datasets. We introduce a new definition of pattern support to account for spatial character of the data and systematically evaluate the effectiveness of our technique using a real-world application pertaining to density of vegetation cover. Experimental results show that our method can successfully identify controlling factors for the presence of high vegetation cover.
Superconducting phases of Bi and Ga induced by deposition on a Ni sublayer

Thin films of Bi and Ga deposited at 300 K on thin Ni underlayers are strongly coupled superconductors at liquid-helium temperature. A layer of 0.1--5.0 nm of Ni apparently seeds a superconducting phase in each of these metals. For Bi films ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\le}4 K, with an energy gap 2\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\le}1.30 meV; for Ga films ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\le}7 K and 2\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\le}2.30 meV. For both elements 2\ensuremath{\Delta}/${\mathit{kT}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}4.2. The superconductivity of the Bi film was not confined to the interface, but extended throughout the film up to thicknesses of at least 40 nm, as was shown by tunneling studies on each surface of the film. X-ray diffraction shows that the Bi films grow pseudomorphically as an fcc phase with the lattice parameter of 5.71 \AA{}, in contrast to the orthorhombic structure of bulk Bi. Upper critical fields were measured as a function of temperature and were several teslas. Ga films with or without seeding with Ni show only a disordered structure by x-ray diffraction. Electron-spin-polarization tunneling studies indicate that the Ni underlayers up to a thickness of about 2.0 nm are not ferromagnetic.
Determination of monosaccharides and disaccharides in mucopolysaccharidoses patients by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.

The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders characterised by the storage of glycosaminoglycans. With the exception of Hunters syndrome (MPS II), which is X-linked, they are autosomal recessively inherited resulting in a defect in any one of 10 lysosomal enzymes needed to catabolise glycosaminoglycans. The type and size of the glycosaminoglycans stored in lysosomes are determined by the particular enzyme deficiency. These glycosaminoglycan elevations are subsequently observed in tissue, circulation, and urine. A method has been developed for the derivatisation and quantification of sulfated N-acetylhexosamine-containing mono- and disaccharides from patient samples by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Urine from most mucopolysaccharidoses types had significant increases in di- and monosulfated N-acetylhexosamines (GalNAc4,6S, GalNAc6S, GalNAc4S, or GlcNAc6S) and monosulfated N-acetylhexosamine-uronic acid disaccharides (GalNAc6S-UA, GalNAc4S-UA, or GlcNAc6S-UA). Analysis of plasma and dried blood spots on filter paper collected from mucopolysaccharidoses patients showed elevations of total monosulfated N-acetylhexosamines but less than that seen in urine. Urine samples from bone marrow transplant recipients, mucopolysaccharidosis IVA and mucopolysaccharidosis VI patients, showed decreases in HexNAcS, HexNAcS(2)/GalNAc4,6S, and HexNAcS-UA post-transplant. This decrease correlated with clinical improvement to levels comparable with those identified in patients with less severe phenotypes. These metabolic markers therefore have potential applications in diagnosis, phenotype prediction and monitoring of current and future therapies, particularly for the mucopolysaccharidosis IIID, IVA, VI, and multiple sulfatase deficiency. This paper reports a sensitive and simple method for the measurement of sulfated N-acetylhexosamines and sulfated disaccharides shown to be elevated in some mucopolysaccharidosis and multiple sulfatase deficient patients.
MHC restriction is imposed on a diverse T cell receptor repertoire by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during thymic selection

Mature αβ T cells recognize foreign antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules but do not recognize native antigenic proteins; features known as MHC restriction. How MHC restriction is imposed on αβ T cells has intrigued immunologists for several decades. One model proposes that germline-encoded elements in the T cell receptor (TCR) variable regions are evolutionarily conserved to only recognize MHC. However, we propose an alternative model that posits that MHC restriction is imposed by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during thymic selection. Thus, we think that TCRs are structurally able to recognize a huge diversity of ligands but only TCRs with MHC specificity survive thymic selection.
ISAR imaging of moving targets via the Gabor wavelet transform

We describe an approach for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging based on the Gabor wavelet transform. The Gabor basis function introduces three signal parameters which allow the components of a target signature to be mapped into a three-dimensional domain. Time, range, and frequency constitute the dimensions of this domain. Component distribution over the range and frequency dimensions corresponds to a snap shot of the target's scattering centers at a particular observation time. The snap shot resolution can be adjusted in each dimension by properly selecting the Gabor wavelet parameters. Parameter selection, as discussed in this paper, is used to minimize the quadratic phase distortion associated with moving target components. For multiple targets experiencing different velocities, selective motion compensation is incorporated to the Gabor wavelet transform approach, thus yielding focused imagery.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The kinetic method of making thermochemical determinations

This critical examination of the kinetic method is carried out as part of a dialog-in-print with Peter Armentrout and Laszlo Drahos and Karoly Vekey. We summarise the characteristics of the kinetic method and try to place it in the context of other thermokinetic methods of making thermochemical determinations, especially the threshold collision-induced dissociation method. We cover the approximations made in deriving the method and tabulate five forms of the method which have been used over the past 21 years. We show that many criticisms of the method apply to the simplest forms and, conversely, that a great deal of information can be obtained from those forms which do not assume that entropy effects cancel. A number of cases of apparent failure of the method are examined, including the alcohol/Li+ case described by Armentrout. We encourage continued use of each of the thermochemical methods but recommend that these uses be informed by knowledge of the subtleties of deriving thermochemical information from relative rate measurements. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic response of juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) to temperature and salinity: Physiological cost of different environments

Abstract Juvenile gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) occupy a wide range of estuarine and nearshore habitats that differ in physico-chemical properties. To quantify the energetic cost of inhabiting these different habitats, routine metabolism of individual gray snapper was measured in the laboratory at 20 combinations of temperature (18, 23, 28, and 33 °C) and salinity (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 psu). An open, flow-through respirometer was used, enabling trials to be run for long periods (∼16 h), while maintaining water quality (dissolved O2>70% saturation), and providing fish sufficient time to habituate to the chambers undisturbed. Video recordings of fish in the respirometer chambers were analyzed to quantify the spontaneous activity rate of individuals. Analysis of covariance, using fish weight and mean activity rate as covariates, indicated significant temperature and salinity effects on oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher at high salinities, and the salinity effect was temperature dependent. A polynomial equation describing oxygen consumption as a function of temperature and salinity indicated the increase due to salinity from 5 to 45 psu at high temperatures (30–33 °C) was equivalent to a 3 °C increase in temperature. At intermediate temperatures (24–26 °C), the increase due to salinity from 5 to 45 psu was less dramatic, equivalent to a 2 °C increase in temperature. At the lowest temperatures (18 °C), salinity did not have a significant effect on oxygen consumption. The increased metabolic costs in high salinities (∼7% at the high temperature) represent a significant energy cost for juveniles, that would need to be balanced by lower predation risk or greater food availability to result in similar juvenile production compared to lower salinity environments.
Leak Checking in ISABELLE

The Intersecting Storage Accelerator (ISABELLE) contains two completely independent vacuum systems. One known as Beam Vacuum operates at 1 x 10/sup -11/ Torr and maintains a very clean environment for the circulating proton beam. The other system known as Insulating Vacuum maintains superconducting magnet vessels at a pressure below 1 x 10/sup -6/ Torr. In this system all gasses except helium are cryocondensed on the cold surfaces of superconducting magnets and cryogenic circuits. Turbomolecular pumps pump the inadvertent small helium leaks. The helium background both in the MagCOOL area and in the ISABELLE tunnel limits the sensitivity of conventional leak detectors. Leak detection in ISABELLE is one of the most important functions, since there are thousands of bellows and welds operating at 4 K and at 15 atmosphere pressure and that many welds can only be leak checked at room temperature. Leak rates are known to increase by 4 orders of magnitude when cooled from 300 K to 4 K. Thus the required 10/sup -10/ Torr liters s/sup -1/ sensitivity is essential for proper operation and methods and equipment which permit the location of such leaks in large systems have been developed and tested on the First Cell and themore » refrigerators. They produced a completely leak free system, i.e. the helium background did not change when all pumps were closed for 24 hours. These methods and the equipment are discussed in detail.« less
Social Psychology and the Stimulation of Recycling Behaviors: The Block Leader Approach

Recycling has been touted as an important part of the solution to solid waste problems, yet most citizens still do not recycle, even when recycling is made easy by curbside pickups. This field experiment was designed to increase participation in a city-sponsored curbside recycling program. Citizens who consistently recycled with the city program were approached and asked to be “recycling block leaders.” Those who agreed were instructed to give approximately 10 nonrecycling neighbors a persuasive communication advocating recycling and special recycling bags. A second treatment group (of nonrecycling households) had bags and the communication left at their door. Results indicated that the curbside recycling of the two experimental groups differed significantly from one another (with the block leader group recycling more), and both differed significantly from a control group receiving no treatment. A discussion of past recycling intervention research and its feasibility for community application is included.
"Not in their right mind": the relation of psychopathology to the quantity and quality of creative thought.

The empirical link between psychopathology and creativity is often correlational and fraught with suspiciously causal interpretations. In this paper, we review research in favor of the position that certain forms of psychopathology that profoundly affect the neural substrates for rule-based thought (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) can significantly influence the quantity of creative production. Because highly productive individuals, irrespective of psychopathology, often produce work of greater quality, it seems that such an increase in the quantity of one’s output positively affects the likelihood of generating those statistically rare acts and achievements identified and celebrated as creative. We consider evidence that offers support for such a claim. In addition, we explore findings from neuroscience that can address how a neural mechanism, the flexibility of which relies on tradeoffs between rule-based (e.g., prefrontal cortex) and stimulus-based (e.g., sensorimotor cortex) brain regions, is influenced by psychopathology in ways that can alter dramatically the quantity and quality of creative output.
Defining the Term 'Absolute Music' Historically

In his influential book The Idea of Absolute Music , Carl Dahlhaus claimed there was ‘a comprehensive concept of “absolute” music which reveals the latent unity of musical aesthetics in the nineteenth century’. However, a history of the term ‘absolute music’, as opposed to the concept, leads in different directions that disrupt that latent unity. A reinvestigation of some of the ground covered in Dahlhaus’s book shows, first, that it is a myth that Hanslick championed the term. Absolute music emerged as a positive concept associated with Hanslick only around 1880, which is when it started being used to designate the opposite of programme music. I also present evidence that Wagner and Nietzsche did not use the term‘absolute music’ in a positive sense. A metaphysical ‘absolute music’ is found primarily in the writings of August Halm and Ernst Kurth. These theorists developed esoteric theories centred on Bruckner’s music as the most perfect embodiment of absolute music. Dahlhaus’s account of the idea of absolute music as the key aesthetic concept of the nineteenth century relies heavily on the twentieth-century writings of Halm and Kurth; it was only at this point that the term began to be used in combination with the concept. The conclusion addresses the question of why Dahlhaus constructed a unified idea of absolute music. The development of Dahlhaus’s thought is considered in the context of his position as a professor of music in West Berlin, waging an ideological battle against Marxist musicology and his East Berlin counterpart Georg Knepler.
The pessimistic induction: a bad argument gone too far

In this paper, I consider the pessimistic induction construed as a deductive argument (specifically, reductio ad absurdum) and as an inductive argument (specifically, inductive generalization). I argue that both formulations of the pessimistic induction are fallacious. I also consider another possible interpretation of the pessimistic induction, namely, as pointing to counterexamples to the scientific realist’s thesis that success is a reliable mark of (approximate) truth. I argue that this interpretation of the pessimistic induction fails, too. If this is correct, then the pessimistic induction is an utter failure that should be abandoned by scientific anti-realists.
Time-Optimal Reorientation of a Spacecraft Using an Inverse Dynamics Optimization Method

This paper proposes a rapid attitude trajectory generation method for satellite reorientation, which is suitable for both rest-to-rest and track-to-track maneuvers. The problem is first formulated and solved using academic software readily used for generating optimal guidance trajectories offline. Then, the problem is reformulated using a Bezier polynomial parametrization of the quaternion trajectory, which naturally satisfies the unit quaternion norm constraint. The parameters of the quaternion trajectory polynomial and of the speed profile are varied to arrive at a quasi-optimal solution that is both feasible and exactly matches the endpoint conditions specified in the problem. The reduction in the number of varied parameters due to the predetermined structure of the trajectory leads to a fast computational speed as well as a solution that satisfies the end constraints at each iteration. The paper includes numerical simulation results obtained for several cases.
Glutamine synthetase in cultured whole retinas from the embryonic chick: Enhancement of basal and induced activity by 4 °C storage☆

Abstract Storage of whole retinas from the embryonic chick for 24 h at 4 °C resulted in increased basal levels of glutamine synthetase (GS) during subsequent incubation at 37 °C in the absence of cortisol. GS levels in these retinas maintained initially at 4 °C (CS), in many cases, exceeded GS levels in cortisol-induced whole retinas incubated solely at 37 °C. The increase in basal GS activity is seen within 48 h of the transfer of the retinas from 4 to 37 °C. If cortisol (0.001 μg/ml = 2.8 n m or 0.01 μg/ml = 28 n m ) is added during the last 24 h of culture to CS retinas subsequently transferred to 37 °C, levels of GS are attained that are higher than those in the corresponding retinas cultured continually at 37 °C. However, the activity ratios (GS specific activity in cortisol-treated retinas/GS specific activity in retinas not exposed to cortisol) are similar for CS retinas and those maintained at 37 °C throughout. Monolayers of retinal cells display similar basal and cortisol-induced levels of GS independent of treatment. Retinal monolayers maintained at 4 °C for 24 h and subsequently incubated at 37 °C do not exhibit increases in either basal or cortisol-induced levels of GS over those in monolayers maintained at 37 °C throughout. The CS-promoted increase in the basal and cortisol-induced GS activity of whole retinas is eliminated by enzymatic dispersion of the retina just prior to 37 °C culture of the cells as monolayers. Both basal and cortisol-induced GS levels in the latter monolayers resemble those in retinal cells kept as monolayers throughout.
Sorting of β1-adrenergic receptors is mediated by pathways that are either dependent on or independent of type I PDZ, protein kinase A (PKA), and SAP97.

The β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) is a target for treatment of major cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension. Recycling of agonist-internalized β1-AR is dependent on type I PSD-95/DLG/ZO1 (PDZ) in the C-tail of the β1-AR and on protein kinase A (PKA) activity (Gardner, L. A., Naren, A. P., and Bahouth, S. W. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 5085–5099). We explored the effects of point mutations in the PDZ and in the activity of PKA on recycling of the β1-AR and its binding to the PDZ-binding protein SAP97. These studies indicated that β1-AR recycling was inhibited by PKA inhibitors and by mutations in the PDZ that interfered with SAP97 binding. The trafficking effects of short sequences differing in PDZ and SAP97 binding were examined using chimeric mutant β1-AR. β1-AR chimera containing the type I PDZ of the β2-adrenergic receptor that does not bind to SAP97 failed to recycle except when serine 312 was mutated to aspartic acid. β1-AR chimera with type I PDZ sequences from the C-tails of aquaporin-2 or GluR1 recycled in a SAP97- and PKA-dependent manner. Non-PDZ β1-AR chimera derived from μ-opioid, dopamine 1, or GluR2 receptors promoted rapid recycling of chimeric β1-AR in a SAP97- and PKA-independent manner. Moreover, the nature of the residue at position −3 in the PDZ regulated whether the β1-AR was internalized alone or in complex with SAP97. These results indicate that divergent pathways were involved in trafficking the β1-AR and provide a roadmap for its trafficking via type I PDZs versus non-PDZs.
Growth, evapotranspiration, and nitrogen leaching from young lysimeter-grown orange trees

Lysimeters constructed from polyethylene tanks were filled with Oldsmar fine sand soil. A single “Midsweet” orange on Carrizo citrange rootstock tree was planted in each lysimeter on May 5, 1991. Fertilization treatments included traditional fertilization using applications of dry-soluble fertilizer at 6-week intervals (TF), weekly fertigation applications (WF), and single annual applications of two different controlled-release materials (CR). Irrigation (by microsprinklers) and drainage volumes (collected weekly) were measured with totalizing flow meters. Trees fertilized with CR products achieved equivalent growth to trees on the TF and WF treatments, even though the CR treatment trees received only 44% of N as the other treatments. The fertigated trees averaged about 14% greater evapotranspiration (ET) during the period of study as compared to the nonfertigated trees. As the trees grew, the average ET increased from 2.8 and 2.3 mm day−1 during 1991/1992 for the fertigated and nonfertigated treatments, ...
Mortality and mental health: Evidence from the Midtown Manhattan restudy

Abstract Numerous studies have documented the relationship between hospitalization for mental illness and premature or excess mortality, and at least two have found elevated mortality rates among those persons in the community who were treated at psychiatric facilities, whether as inpatients or as outpatients. The present paper seeks to determine the extent to which the relationship between mental health and excess mortality manifests itself in a general population sample. The paper examines the effect of mental health, as rated by two psychiatrists in 1954 on the basis of a series of responses to a standardized questionnaire, on (a) the probability of dying during the next 20 yr, (b) cause of death, and (c) age at death. With other variables held constant, there is no association between the mental health rating and either the probability of dying or age at death. There are certain associations between the mental health rating and cause of death: those in poor mental health were more likely than those in better mental health to die of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease, and of a group of causes classified as “mental disorders”, and they were less likely than those in better mental health to die of cancer. We also found that the mental health rating significantly affected the probability of dying among those who rated themselves in “excellent” health in 1954. Aside from sex and age, self-rated health proved to be the most powerful predictor of mortality among the variables we examined. The present study makes clear that the associations previously reported between treated mental illness and premature or excess mortality do not prevail in the general population when variables related both to mental illness and to mortality are controlled. The difference between these results and those for treated mental illness may come about for several reasons. The most likely explanation is that mental illness is related to excess mortality only in its more severe manifestations, or only when it is accompanied by behavior injurious to health—e.g. alcohol abuse.
Effects of early day care experience on adjustment to a new environment.

Children who had been attending day care from infancy were matched case-for-case with children entering day care initially at three and four years of age. Ratings of affect, tension, and social interaction obtained on the first day and fifth week in a new facility contradicted the view that infant day care leads to emotional insecurity.
Probing of the Assembly Structure and Dynamics within Nanoparticles during Interaction with Blood Proteins

Fully understanding the influence of blood proteins on the assembly structure and dynamics within nanoparticles is difficult because of the complexity of the system and the difficulty in probing th...
An analysis of the operation of the magnetic second-harmonic modulator

The magnetic second-harmonic modulator has become a popular device for the detection and amplification of low-level d-c signals. The object of the work described in this paper is to provide analytical expressions of the operation of the magnetic second-harmonic modulator which will serve as a basis for the design of this type of device and the prediction of its performance.