cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 35 – Lymphoproliferative Diseases

Lymphocytes undergo malignant transformation and form tumors as do other somatic cells. The genetic events leading to cancer affect lymphocytes at all stages of differentiation from embryonic stem cells to fully mature antibody and cytokine secretors. Lymphoid tumors are classified as lymphomas, lymphocytic leukemias, or plasma cell dyscrasias based on criteria including anatomical location of the tumors, maturational stage of the lymphocyte, and presence or absence of secretory products. Each of these classifications comprises several discrete clinical diseases with unique patterns of genetic abnormalities. While all of these cancers have existed in the population for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, the initial pathological descriptions occurred during the nineteenth century. Thomas Hodgkin described the disease named after him in 1832. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence in the lymphoid tissue of unique multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells. Other examples of lymphoma lacking Reed–Sternberg cells were described and classified as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Rudolf Virchow introduced the term leukemia in 1847 to describe a disease characterized by circulating malignant cells of the blood. Lymphocytic leukemia refers to those pathological conditions in which lymphocytes are transformed. In 1844 Samuel Solly described patients with a clinical syndrome he termed “mollities ossium” (softening of the bones) that we now designate multiple myeloma, one of the plasma cell dyscrasias. Finally, in 1944 Jan Waldenstrom described two patients who presented with a cancer of antibody-producing lymphocytes; this Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is characterized by malignant transformation of IgM-synthesizing B lymphocytes. The study of these malignancies has provided a wider understanding of the maturation of the cells of the adaptive immune system and the genetic mechanisms involved in activating and regulating their response.
The Long View on the Responsibilities of Business and Marketers

Robert F. (Bob) Lusch has made many contributions to scholarly research on macromarketing, especially on how business —and especially marketing– can and should contribute to society. His insights a...
Primary Treatment Selection for Clinically Node-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

ObjectiveMerkel cell carcinoma practice guidelines recommend sentinel lymph node biopsy after wide local excision for the initial management of clinically node-negative disease without distant meta...
Measurement invariance of the World Assumptions Questionnaire across race/ethnic group, sex, and sexual orientation.

Objective The World Assumptions Questionnaire (WAQ) was developed to assess optimism and assumptions about the world, which often shift after traumatic events. However, no known study has investigated whether the WAQ holds similar meaning across demographic groups. The objective of this study was to investigate measurement invariance of the WAQ across race/ethnic group, sex, and sexual orientation. Method Participants consisted of 1,181 college students (75% female; 25% Black, 13% Latinx, 18% Asian, 45% White; 90% heterosexual) who completed an online survey on stress, personality, substance use, and mental health. We investigated a unidimensional and the 4-factor structure of the WAQ using confirmatory factor analysis, and configural, metric, and scalar invariance using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Results After dropping 3 items, a 4-factor structure fit the data well (comparative fit index = .92; root mean square error of approximation =.05; 95% confidence interval [.045, .054]; standardized root mean square residual = .06). Mean WAQ scores were higher for participants with probable posttraumatic stress disorder on 2 of the 4 factors. We also identified multiple items that were not invariant across race/ethnic group, sex, and sexual orientation. However, after invariant items were removed, evidence of configural, scalar, and metric invariance was found. Conclusions This study replicated the 4-factor structure, mapping onto the 4 WAQ subscales, and indicated that a unidimensional measure of world assumptions should not be used. After making the adjustments recommended herein, the WAQ can be used to investigate differences across race/ethnic group, sex, and sexual orientation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Pure Autonomic Failure

Bradbury and Eggleston, in 1925, provided the initial account of pure autonomic failure (PAF). The consensus statement in 1996 defined it as an idiopathic sporadic disorder with orthostatic hypotension, including widespread autonomic dysfunction and reduced supine norepinephrine levels without other neurological features. Autonomic investigations were consistent with efferent, likely postganglionic, adrenergic failure. Because patients with multiple system atrophy, a neurodegenerative disorder with poor prognosis, mimicked PAF during the initial few years after onset, clinical investigators in the 1980s and 1990s focused on developing tests that distinguished PAF (postganglionic dysfunction) from multiple system atrophy (preganglionic dysfunction). Earlier neuropathological studies observed Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, intermediolateral column cells of the spinal cord, and sympathetic ganglia. Later studies reported α-synuclein aggregates in PAF, idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, thus challenging the existence of PAF as an independent entity. PAF patients have a relatively benign course but with severe symptoms. Failure of nonpharmacologic modalities such as rapid water drinking, abdominal compression, and physical counter maneuvers requires use of drugs to reduce the impact of orthostatic hypotension. Midodrine and droxidopa are FDA-approved drugs, and fludrocortisone has been prescribed off label since 1959. Appropriate specialty consultation is warranted in patients with severe bladder or bowel disturbances.
High-resolution high-sensitivity small animal SPECT using an electron-multiplying CCD and multiple-pinhole collimation

666 Objectives: Photodetectors based on electron-multiplying CCDs (EMCCDs) offer improved quantum efficiencies (40 to 90%) over a broader range of wavelengths (400 to 900 nm) and higher intrinsic resolutions ( Methods: Due to the high cost of commercially available EMCCD cameras, we have opted to design and build our own. This reduces the cost per camera by an order of magnitude, thereby allowing us to surround the animal with multiple cameras at reasonable cost. Our camera uses a Texas Instruments Impactron EMCCD model TC253SPD-B0 (7.4 μm square pixels). The EMCCD and preamp are cooled under vacuum to -30 °C using a four stage Peltier cooler with air-cooled heat exchanger. Shuttered lens-coupling is used to image the optical light from the scintillation crystal. Precise clocking for the EMCCD is provided by a National Instruments FPGA (PCI-7811R) that was programmed using the LabVIEW FPGA module (version 8.0). A custom built electronics box contains the driver circuitry and video board for digital conversion of the video signal. The 16-bit video board uses correlated double sampling to optimize signal-to-noise performance and has a maximum rate of 200 kHz, which is adequate for light integration studies. The 3x3 multiple-pinhole collimator (0.5 to 1.0 mm diameter) has been designed such that the projected images do not overlap on the crystal surface, thereby reducing the complexity of source reconstruction. Results: A fully functional prototype has been designed and constructed. Initial characterization tests show the total noise variance to be less than the typical value ( Conclusions: EMCCD based photodetectors with properly designed multiple-pinhole collimators represent a new generation of detectors for use in small animal SPECT. Our promising initial results indicate a high performance yet cost effective EMCCD based SPECT camera can be built. This technology could be easily adapted to clinical applications. Research Support (if any): DOD BCRP Idea Award Grant No W81-XWH-0410551
A Case of Arrowroot Starch Adulteration: Importance of Independent Testing of Dietary Supplements in Clinical Nutrition Research

Objectives Adulteration of dietary supplements is widespread and can affect the quality and credibility of clinical nutrition research. In this case report, we describe the difficulties encountered with identity testing of one of our dietary supplements – arrowroot starch – chosen as the placebo for our nutrition intervention trial.
Associations between naloxone prescribing and opioid overdose among patients with acute and chronic pain conditions.

AIMS To assess whether naloxone prescribing in clinical contexts targeted pain patients most at risk for opioid overdose. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study using data from the Health Facts Database. SETTING Over 600 United States healthcare facilities. PARTICIPANTS Three patient groups were followed for 2 years during 2009 to 2017: individuals with shoulder or long bone fractures (n = 252 424), chronic pain syndrome (CPS) (n = 76 141), or non-traumatic low back pain (n = 792 956) who received an opioid prescription. Groups were chosen based on previous work. MEASUREMENTS The outcome was opioid overdose identified by International Classification of Diseases codes (ICDs) and the primary predictor was number of naloxone prescriptions identified by National Drug Codes (NDCs). FINDINGS Opioid overdoses occurred among 0.16% of fracture patients (average follow-up time to overdose [AFU] = 240 days), 1.28% of CPS patients (AFU = 244 days), and 0.30% low back pain patients (AFU = 264 days). A total of 58 083 bone fracture patients received naloxone prescriptions, and naloxone prescription was associated with subsequent opioid overdose (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.68-2.09), and number of subsequent overdoses (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.69-2.12). A total of 19 529 CPS patients received naloxone prescriptions, and naloxone prescription was associated with subsequent opioid overdose (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.61-1.78) and number of subsequent overdoses (IRR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.67-1.83). A total of 110 608 low back pain patients received naloxone prescriptions, and naloxone prescription was associated with subsequent opioid overdose (HR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.27-1.40) and number of subsequent overdoses (IRR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.29-1.41). CONCLUSIONS Receiving a naloxone prescription appears to be associated with increased risk of subsequent opioid overdose among patients with acute and chronic pain, suggesting prescribers often identify patients most in need of naloxone.
Think Star Performer, Think Male? Existence and Nature of Implicit Star Performer Theories

We conducted a research program involving four studies to generate new theoretical insights about the star performer gender gap. Based on inductive and deductive theorizing, experimental and non-ex...
Prognostic implications of epidermal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alterations in 2 cohorts of IDHwt glioblastoma.

Background Glioblastoma remains a deadly brain cancer with dismal prognosis. Genetic alterations, including IDH mutations, 1p19q co-deletion status and MGMT promoter methylation have been proven to be prognostic and predictive to response to treatment in gliomas. In this manuscript, we aimed to correlate other mutations and genetic alterations with various clinical endpoints in patients with IDH-wild-type (IDHwt) glioblastoma. Methods We compiled a comprehensive clinically annotated database of IDHwt GBM patients treated at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center for whom we had mutational data through a CLIA-certified genomic laboratory. We then added data that is publicly available from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center through cBioPortal. Each of the genetic alterations (mutations, deletions, and amplifications) served as a variable in univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results A total of 175 IDHwt GBM patients with available MGMT promoter methylation data from both cohorts were included in the analysis. As expected, MGMT promoter methylation was significantly associated with improved overall survival (OS). Median OS for MGMT promoter methylated and unmethylated GBM was 26.5 and 18 months, respectively (HR 0.45; P = .003). Moreover, EGFR/ERBB alterations were associated with favorable outcome (HR of 0.37 (P = .003), but only in MGMT promoter unmethylated GBM. We further found that patients with EGFR/ERBB alterations who also harbored PDGFRA amplification had a significantly worse outcome (HR 7.89; P = .025). Conclusions Our data provide further insight into the impact of genetic alterations on various clinical outcomes in IDHwt GBM in 2 cohorts of patients with detailed clinical information and inspire new therapeutic strategies for IDHwt GBM.
What Is the Best Method for Removing Biopsy-Proven Atypical Nevi? A Comparison of Margin Clearance Rates Between Reshave and Full-Thickness Surgical Excisions.

BACKGROUND It is a common practice to biopsy clinically atypical nevi, which may signify an individual's increased risk of developing melanoma. There is no consensus in the current literature, however, as to what the best method is to manage biopsy-proven atypical nevi. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare margin clearance rates between reshave excision and full-thickness surgical excision performed to manage biopsy-proven atypical nevi. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective observational study, histopathology specimens from 201 patients whose atypical nevi were surgically removed were analyzed. RESULTS For the majority (76%-79%) of the atypical nevi studied, all atypical melanocytes were removed by the initial shave biopsy. Of those atypical nevi with positive margins, shave re-excision was shown to have a lower clearance rate (76.2%) when compared with surgical excision (87.5%). CONCLUSION This study shows that in most cases, no residual atypical melanocytes are left after the initial shave biopsy. However, of the lesions where margins are not clear, full-thickness surgical excision may have a higher rate of success at eventual clearance than reshave excision.
Things to Emphasize in Personal Health Teaching

(1935). Things to Emphasize in Personal Health Teaching. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 14-63.
Functional classification for physical education in the upper elementary grades by peer assessment.

Abstract A paper and pencil peer rating of physical performance (Physical Performance Scale) was investigated for reliability and validity using 538 fifth and sixth grade boys and girls as subjects. Test-retest reliability was high. Correlation coefficients were .812 for fifth graders and .879 for sixth graders. In order to determine validity, Pearson product moment correlation, analysis of variance, and biserial correlation were used. The criterion used for validating the scale was average T-scores on selected AAHPER Youth Fitness Test items. The scale demonstrated good validity for discriminating between high and low levels of physical performance as determined by the Youth Fitness Test scores (rbis = .875 for boys and .930 for girls). In addition, when the subjects were grouped according to average physical performance T-scores, the mean peer rating scores were significantly different among the groups.
Removal of Salmonella and microbial indicators in constructed wetlands treating swine wastewater

Reductions of Salmonella bacteria and enteric microbial indicator organisms were measured in swine wastewater treated by a field-scale surface flow (SF) constructed wetland at a commercial hog nursery in North Carolina and in laboratory-scale SF and subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetland reactors. Overall reductions of Salmonella , fecal coliforms and E. coli were 96, 98 and 99%, respectively, in the two-cell field-scale wetland. Somatic and F-specific coliphage viral indicators were reduced by 99 and 98%, respectively. Reductions of Salmonella , fecal coliforms and E. coli were similar in the first cell of the field system and in the laboratory-scale SF wetland operated at a TKN loading of 25 kg ha-1 d-1 and 30°C (approximately 70, 90 and 90%, respectively). In the SSF wetland reactor, Salmonella and fecal coliform reductions were 80 and 98%, respectively, at a 40 kg TKN ha-1 d-1 loading and 99.8 and 99.99%, respectively, at a 10 kg TKN ha-1 d-1 loading. These results show that SF constructed wetlands can be effective for reducing enteric pathogens in swine wastewater and that greater removals can be achieved using SSF designs and lower TKN loading rates.
A hybrid vehicle evaluation code and its application to vehicle design

This report describes a hybrid vehicle simulation model, which can be applied to many of the vehicles currently being considered for low pollution and high fuel economy. The code operates interactively, with all the vehicle information stored in data files. The code calculates fuel economy for three driving schedules, time for 0-96 km/h at maximum acceleration, hill climbing performance, power train dimensions, and pollution generation rates. This report also documents the application of the code to a hybrid vehicle that operates with a hydrogen internal combustion engine. The simulation model is used for parametric studies of the vehicle. The results show the fuel economy of the vehicle as a function of vehicle mass, aerodynamic drag, engine-generator efficiency, flywheel efficiency, and flywheel energy and power capacities.
Hypertension in CB57BL/6J mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

The C57BL/6J (BL/6) mouse develops non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) when fed a high fat-high simple carbohydrate (HFHSC) diet, whereas A/J mice do not. The purpose of the study was to determine whether hypertension occurred with NIDDM and whether it was sustained by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity. After 3 mo on an HFHSC diet with a low Na content (0.06%), awake, tail-cuff systolic blood pressure (BP) increased 20% above the control diet in BL/6 (138 +/- 3 vs. 115 +/- 4) but not in A/J (115 +/- 6 vs. 113 +/- 2 mmHg) mice. On a normal Na (0.4%)-HFHSC diet, BL/6 mice had a higher BP than on 0.06% Na (149 +/- 3 at 3 mo, 162 +/- 6 at 4.5 mo). After 1 mo on the 0.06% Na-HFHSC diet, direct BP of anesthetized BL/6 mice was 18% higher than control. The hypotensive response to interruption of SNS activity by ganglionic blockade (chlorisondamine) increased in the BL/6 mice (50%), whereas the heart rate response increased in both strains (20-30%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on glucose detected significant effects of strain and diet and a strain x diet interaction (P = 0.0007). At 1 or 3 mo, HFHSC-fed BL/6 mice were hyperglycemic (> 11 mM) compared with diet or strain controls. The ANOVA on insulin detected strain and diet effects but not a strain x diet interaction (P = 0.3). HFHSC increased insulin above the control of 140-160 pM in A/J and BL/6 strain (20-70% at 1 mo, 400% at 3 mo).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modulation of Azaserine-Induced Pancreatic Foci by Phenolic Antioxidants in Rats

Effects of the dietary phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole [(BHA) CAS: 25013-16-5; (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol] and butylated hydroxytoluene [(BHT) CAS: 128-37-0; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol] on pancreatic tumorigenesis were examined. Male LEW inbred rats were given injections of 30 mg azaserine [CAS: 115-02-6; diazoacetate (ester) serine] per kg body weight once a week for 3 weeks and maintained on either a control diet or 0.45% BHA- or 0.45% BHT-supplemented control diet throughout the initiation and post-initiation phases of the experiment. At 4 months post initiation, pancreatic tissue sections were quantitatively examined for the number and size of preneoplastic foci. BHT and BHA treatments reduced the number of acidophilic foci per pancreas by 32 and 48%, respectively, but were without effect on focal size. By contrast, basophilic foci were not subject to modulation by these antioxidants. A constellation of enzyme activities involved in carcinogen inactivation and known to be perturbed by antioxidant treatment was examined in liver and pancreas. The hepatic activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferases were markedly elevated while catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were unchanged. Glutathione peroxidase activity was diminished. In the pancreas, only glutathione peroxidase activity was affected, and it was reduced in both the BHA and BHT treatment groups. Although the pancreas is refractory to the enzyme inductive effects of these antioxidants, morphometric analysis of foci demonstrated chemoprevention by BHA and BHT of azaserine-induced foci. Whether this reduction reflected inhibition of an initiation, postinitiation , or a combination of effects was not known.
Effects of Marijuana Use on Prefrontal and Parietal Volumes and Cognition in Emerging Adults

Rationale Chronic marijuana (MJ) use among adolescents has been associated with structural and functional abnormalities, particularly in developing regions responsible for higher order cognition.
Max weber and China’s transition under the new leadership

Some scholars have applied Max Weber’s three ideal types of authority (traditional charismatic and rational-legal) and general transition theory to China. This paper argues that the application of these Weberian concepts is faulty. Weber’s understanding of rationality is specific, a narrow reference to modern Western capitalist rationalization of action. When Weber’s account is forced upon the issues of Chinese political leadership, it simplifies the complexity of historical phenomena, and falls prey to the difficulties of universalism and dualism. Chinese political ideas and practices have developed in a distinctive cultural tradition and may not be able to be fully understood in Western terms and categories. This paper proposes an alternative tongbian interpretation of Chinese politics.
Radiation Use Efficiency in Dual Winter Cereal–Forage Production Systems

Winter cereal production systems in the northern USA are inefficient with respect to the capture of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during the year. Our objectives were to determine radiation use efficiency (RUE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (3 Triticosecale Wittmack) at low (67–125 plants m 22 ), medium (116–170 plants m 22 ), and high (205–332 plants m 22 ) plant densities and RUE of interseeded red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) during two growth periods after cereal harvest. During the linear phase of cereal growth (GS 30–80), RUE averaged across plant density was 3.50 g MJ 21 for wheat and 3.21 for triticale in 2004 and 3.37 for wheat in 2006. In 2006, triticale RUE was similar at the low and medium plant density (3.28 g MJ 21 ) but lower at the high plant density (2.84 g MJ 21 ). Red clover RUE following wheat and triticale differed by growth period and exhibited varying levels of plant density dependence within growth period. Following wheat at the high plant density, RUE ranged from 1.40 to 1.97 g MJ 21 across years and growth periods. Following cereal harvest in mid-July until early October, red clover interseeded in wheat intercepted on average 65% (2004) and 35% (2006) of incident PAR. The wheat–red clover system was more robust than triticale–red clover for grain RUE and intercepting PAR after cereal harvest.
A dynamic model of photosynthesis in varying light taking account of stomatal conductance, C3‐cycle intermediates, photorespiration and Rubisco activation

Abstract. A dynamic model of whole leaf C3 photosynthesis is constructed using a modified version of the Farquliar-von Caemmerer approach. The model is designed to provide a physiological basis to understand observations of assimilation in environments with varying photon flux densities, including induction phenomena. The model couples the effect of light activation and dark deactivation of enzymes, stomatal conductance responses, and variations in the pools of carbon cycle intermediates. The dynamic components are viewed on three time scales, the slowest of which (min to h) involves changes in stomatal conductance and the activation stale of Rubisco. On a time scale of seconds to a few minutes, adjustments in pools of biochemical components of the photosynthetic pathway occurs. The most rapid time scale corresponds to the equilibration time of intercelluar CO2 concentration through gaseous diffusion and is here assumed to occur instantaneously. The model form includes a single pool for reduced intermediates including RuBP, a single pool for components of the glycolate pathway, and a third component corresponding to the activation state of Rubisco. This is coupled to a previously described model for the dynamics of stomatal conductance, giving a final model form consisting of six non-linear ordinary differential equations, of which three control conductance dynamics and three control assimilation. The coupling between these occurs through the variable pi, the intercellular partial pressure of CO2. Only three of the parameters for the assimilation portion of the model require dynamic data to estimate. The remaining parameters are estimated from steady-state data. The model is calibrated using previously collected data on the tropical understory plant Alocasia macrorrhiza and is shown to have qualitatively similar behaviour to that of experimental measurements using simple changes in PFD, as well as a complex sequence of such changes.
Inhibition of the hypersensitive reaction of soybean leaves to incompatible Pseudomonas spp. by blasticidin S, streptomycin or elevated temperature

Sodium iodoacetate at I m M was the best abiotic glyceollin elicitor of several compounds infiltrated into primary leaves of cv. Harosoy soybeans. Heterologous Pseudomonas spp. (pathogenic to plants other than soybean) elicited a visible hypersensitive response (HR) and caused considerable accumulation of glyceollin and related isoflavonoid compounds. However, the quasi-pathogen P. aeruginosa and the saprophyte, P. fluorescens, elicited neither a visible HR nor glyceollin accumulation when inoculated into soybean leaves. Glyceollin accumulation and visible HR were blocked when leaves were infiltrated with blasticidin S (BcS) at the time of, or up to 9 h after, inoculation with incompatible Pseudomonas spp. BcS also blocked glyceollin when leaves were infiltrated with sodium iodoacetate. Rifampicin-resistant (rif) mutant strains of incompatible race 1 P. syringae pv. glycinsa and the heterologous pathogen P. syringae pv. pisi, multiplied in BcS-treated soybean leaves at rates similar to compatible P. syringae pv. glycinea races, consistent with the hypothesis that the HR/glyceollin mechanism normally accounts for restriction of their populations. This could not be concluded with certainty, however, since BcS also allowed multiplication of P. fluorescens rif in soybean leaves. In addition to blocking resistance in inoculated leaves, BcS caused an increased loss of water and nutrients from uninoculated leaf cells. To circumvent the problem of nonspecific effects due to BcS, elevated temperature was used to break resistance expression. A hypersensitive reaction and glyceollin accumulation occurred if plants inoculated with P. syringae pv. glycinea race 1 were maintained at 22 °C, but a fully compatible reaction with no visible HR or glyceollin resulted when plants were incubated at 31 °C. Hypersensitive reactions and phytoalexin production occurred at both temperatures in response to sodium iodoacetate, P. syringae pv. glycinea race 6 or P. syringae pv. pisi, therefore indicating that race 1 but not race 6 of P. syringae pv. pisi is a naturally occurring, temperature sensitive strain in cv. Harosoy leaves. Streptomycin did not inhibit HR and glyceollin accumulation in leaves infiltrated with sodium iodoacetate but blocked visible HR and glyceollin accumulation if infiltrated within 2 h after inoculation with incompatible Pseudomonas spp. The experiments indicated that incompatible living but not streptomycin-inhibited bacteria are initially recognized by soybean cells sometime before 2 h after inoculation and that the HR and glyceollin accumulation are associated with resistance expression.
Viral RNA gymnastics

Retroviruses have a stretch of RNA that dimerizes during viral particle formation. A new study suggests that RNA flexibility in the monomeric form may facilitate dimerization or other RNA-dependent viral functions.
The Geographical Organization of Production-Systems:

In this paper it is argued that a radical reorientation of organization theory and of industrial geography is needed, one that overcomes the limitations of studies that consider plant locations, agglomeration economies, geographies of enterprise, systems of cities, linkage analysis, and the like, separately. I call for a unified approach to industrial location and organization, or, rather, to the spatial division of labor and modes of organization. To do this one must first reopen the question of the division of labor and its obverse, the integration of complex production-systems. One must also go beyond the important inquiry by Scott and others, as to vertical integration/disintegration, to consider a wide range of possible means and modes of organization available, including variations on market exchange, several forms of workplaces, a wide range of firm size and scope, territorial complexes from the industrial district to the nation-state, and differing industry alignments. Last, one must treat geograp...
A method for clonal analysis of epidermal growth factor-responsive neural progenitors

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) responsive neural progenitors are defined by clonal growth from single cells. In previous studies we were unable to obtain clones at single cell densities using trypsinized cells and trituration alone always gave cellular aggregates. Here we report on single cell derived clones using a technique involving trituration of EGF responsive neurospheres, cell filtration, and single cell sorting using a MoFlo high speed fluorescence activated cell sorter. Single cell deposition was confirmed by labeling cells with Hoechst 33342 and Flow-check Fluorospheres, and visualization by fluorescence microscopy. The cells were deposited into liquid medium and grown from single cells in 10-20 ng/ml EGF for 12-14 days. This gave a cloning efficiency of 2.12%+/-0.37. New colonies occurred as late as day 18 post-sort. Tritiated thymidine suicide indicates that a percentage of these cells are cycling. Immunohistochemical analysis for oligodendrocytes, astroglia, and neuronal lineages performed on colonies at 10-14 and 21-28 days gave 39% uni-lineage, 36% bi-lineage, and 25% tri-lineage colonies. A total of five different types of progenitor cells were observed. In individual colonies, oligodendrons predominated with a lesser presence of astroglial or neuronal cell types. This approach establishes a reliable and reproducible method for single cell cloning of neurosphere cells.
An angle-resolved photoemission determination of the band-structure of platinum between Γ and X

Abstract Synchrotron radiation was used to record angle-resolved normal photoemission spectra of Pt(100) in the photon energy range 6 eV ⩽ h ν ⩽ 32 eV. Features were observed in the spectra that arise from both direct transitions and the one-dimensional density of states. Intensity resonances associated with final-state structure near Γ were observed, in accord with earlier data reported for Pt(111). The direct-transition features were used to derive an empirical valence-band structure of Pt between Γ and X, which is in generally good agreement with an existing RAPW calculation.
Management of Vascular and Nonvascular Complications After Renal Transplantation

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. Despite medical and surgical advances, vascular and nonvascular complications remain common post transplantation, occurring in 12%-20% of patients (Kobayashi K, Censullo ML, Rossman LL, et al: Radiographics 27:1109-1130, 2007; Orons PD, Zajko AB: Radiol Clin North Am 33:461-471, 1995). Complications of renal transplantation can range from minor complications, such as peri-graft fluid collections, to severe complications, such as renal vein thrombosis or transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). These complications may compromise graft function and cause significant morbidity. Most postoperative complications can be diagnosed by radiologic evaluation and oftentimes can be treated by minimally–invasive, interventional radiologic procedures. A thorough understanding of how the complications impair allograft function and survival is essential in allowing adequate treatment. Interventional radiology plays an invaluable role in the postoperative management of renal transplantation and related complications. The general indications for renal transplantation related procedures and the most commonly used and latest techniques are described in more detail.
Symbolic derivation of potential based constitutive equations

Structural alloys used in high temperature applications exhibit complex thermomechanical behavior that is inherently time dependent and hereditary, as the current behavior depends not only on current conditions but on the thermomechanical history. Derivation of mathematical expressions (constitutive equations) which describe this high temperature material behavior can be quite time consuming, involved, and error-prone, thus intelligent application of symbolic systems to facilitate this tedious processes can be of significant benefit. Here a computerized package, running under MACSYMA, capable of efficiently deriving potential based constitutive models, in analytical form (involving tensors, partial differentiation, invariants, and the like) is presented. Special purpose utility algorithms are designed and implemented to perform partial differentiation (chain rule), tensor manipulation, case distinction and simplification. Four constitutive theories reported in the literature are utilized to verify implementation accuracy. It is expected that this symbolic package can and will provide a significant incentive to the development of new constitutive theories.
A Novel Glucose 6-Phosphate Isomerase from Listeria monocytogenes

d-Arabinose 5-phosphate isomerases (APIs) catalyze the interconversion of d-ribulose 5-phosphate and d-arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P). A5P is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate (Kdo), an essential component of lipopolysaccharide, the lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The genome of the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes contains a gene encoding a putative sugar isomerase domain API, Q723E8, with significant similarity to c3406, the only one of four APIs from Escherichia coli CFT073 that lacks a cystathionine-β-synthase domain. However, L. monocytogenes lacks genes encoding any of the other enzymes of the Kdo biosynthesis pathway. Realizing that the discovery of an API in a Gram-positive bacterium could provide insight into an alternate physiological role of A5P in the cell, we prepared and purified recombinant Q723E8. We found that Q723E8 does not possess API activity, but instead is a novel GPI (d-glucose 6-phosphate isomerase). However, the GPI activity of Q723E8 is weak compared with previously described GPIs. L. monocytogenes contains an ortholog of the well-studied two-domain bacterial GPI, so this maybe redundant. Based on this evidence glucose utilization is likely not the primary physiological role of Q723E8.
Synthesis and conformational studies by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy of a novel, sterically constrained analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

A novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, [2, 4-MePro3]-TRH (2, 4-MePro: 2-carboxy-2, 4-methanopyrrolidine), has been synthesized using a rapid solid phase peptide synthesis method, and its conformational properties investigated by one- and two- dimensional (2D) nmr spectroscopy and by proton Overhauser measurements. Following a published approach, calibrated interproton Overhauser effects were used together with distance geometry analysis to deduce that the single conformation of the His-2, 4-MePro tertiary amide bond is trans in aqueous solution. This conclusion was corroborated by 2D dipolar-correlated (NOESY) spectroscopy. A preferentially extended conformation is indicated by the nmr data, similar to that of TRH. The ϕ, ψ conformational space of 2, 4-MePro is, however, significantly different from that of trans proline and the structural consequences of these differences at the C-terminus are discussed. The distribution of histidine side-chain conformation in the TRH analogue was deduced from coupling constants and from the short-range interaction between the imidazole ring and one of the prochiral faces of the 2, 4-MePro side chain.
When are nonwords easy to see

The influences of presentation mode (mixed vs. blocked trials) and target variability on the detection of targets in words and in random letter strings were examined. The results indicated that there was a substantial word superiority effect in mixed lists of words and nonwords, but that this effect was eliminated when pure lists of words and nonwords were compared. Also, target variability affected the shape of the serial position curve. When subjects searched repeatedly for a single target, the serial position curve had only a significant linear component. However, when the identity of the target varied from trial to trial, the serial position curve had a significant quartic component (i.e.. it was M-shaped). These results were interpreted in terms of strategies and feature learning.
Molecular characteristics of the novel intermediate filament protein paranemin. Sequence reveals EAP-300 and IFAPa-400 are highly homologous to paranemin.

Paranemin was initially found to copurify with the intermediate filament (IF) proteins vimentin and desmin from embryonic chick skeletal muscle and was described as an IF-associated protein (IFAP). We have purified paranemin from embryonic chick skeletal muscle, prepared antibodies, and demonstrated that they label at the Z-lines of both adult avian and porcine cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibrils. We determined the cDNA sequence of paranemin by immunoscreening a λgt22A cDNA library from embryonic chick skeletal muscle. Northern blot analysis revealed a single transcript of 5.3 kilobases, which is much smaller than predicted from the size of paranemin (280 kDa) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The derived amino acid sequence of paranemin (1,606 residues; 178,161 kDa) contains the conserved IF rod domain (308 amino acids), which has highest homology to the rod domains of nestin and tanabin. Thus, paranemin is an IF protein rather than an IFAP. Sequence analysis also revealed that the partial cDNA sequences of two proteins, namely EAP-300 and IFAPa-400, are almost identical to regions of the cDNA sequence of paranemin. The complete paranemin cDNA was expressed in a cell line (SW13) with, and without, detectable cytoplasmic IFs. Antibody labeling of these cells suggests that paranemin does not form IFs by itself, but rather is incorporated into heteropolymeric IFs with vimentin.
A daily adjustable progressive resistance exercise protocol and functional training to increase quadriceps muscle strength and functional performance in an elderly homebound patient following a total knee arthroplasty.

AbstractBackground and purpose: There is no routinely prescribed protocol to address quadriceps weakness and functional impairments following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this case report is to introduce and describe the early use of a daily adjustable progressive resistance exercise (DAPRE) protocol as an adjunct to standard rehabilitation to maximize quadriceps muscle strength and functional performance in an elderly homebound patient following a TKA. Case description: A 61-year-old female was referred to home care physical therapy for 6 weeks following left TKA due to functional deficits and inability to activate the weak left quadriceps muscle. In phase I, the patient received three visits with emphasis on edema management, improving left knee range of motion, and reducing pain. Phase II consisted of two main components: (1) a DAPRE protocol aimed at maximizing the quadriceps strength and (2) functional training aimed at improving normal gait patterns, transfers, and dynamic balance...
Task types for pervasive atomicity

Atomic regions are an important concept in correct concurrent programming: since atomic regions can be viewed as having executed in a single step, atomicity greatly reduces the number of possible interleavings the programmer needs to consider. This paper describes a method for building atomicity into a programming language in an organic fashion. We take the view that atomicity holds for whole threads by default, and a division into smaller atomic regions occurs only at points where an explicit need for sharing is needed and declared. A corollary of this view is every line of code is part of some atomic region. We define a polymorphic type system, Task Types, to enforce most of the desired atomicity properties statically. We show the reasonableness of our type system by proving that type soundness, isolation invariance, and atomicity enforcement properties hold at run time. We also present initial results of a Task Types implementation built on Java
Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming

The phenology of tick emergence has important implications for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. A long lag between the emergence of tick nymphs in spring and larvae in summer should increase transmission of persistent pathogens by allowing infected nymphs to inoculate the population of naive hosts that can subsequently transmit the pathogen to larvae to complete the transmission cycle. In contrast, greater synchrony between nymphs and larvae should facilitate transmission of pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections in hosts. Here, we use 19 years of data on blacklegged ticks attached to small-mammal hosts to quantify the relationship between climate warming and tick phenology. Warmer years through May and August were associated with a nearly three-week advance in the phenology of nymphal and larval ticks relative to colder years, with little evidence of increased synchrony. Warmer Octobers were associated with fewer larvae feeding concurrently with nymphs during the following spring. Projected warming by the 2050s is expected to advance the timing of average nymph and larva activity by 8–11 and 10–14 days, respectively. If these trends continue, climate warming should maintain or increase transmission of persistent pathogens, while it might inhibit pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections.
Continuous poling of PZT fibers and ribbons and its application to new devices

A new technique has been developed for poling PZT fibers and ribbons along the length by gradually advancing them past two flexible surface electrodes maintained at the required potential difference. The limitation on poling very thick ribbons posed by the surface electrodes has been determined experimentally. New possibilities in designing composite piezoelectric devices using prepoled PZT fibers and ribbons are presented.
Selective prolongation of QRS late potentials by sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmic drugs: Relation to slowing of ventricular tachycardia☆

AbstractSodium channel blocking antiarrhythmic drugs have preferential effects on diseased, slowly conducting myocardium, and slowing of tachycardia caused by these drugs may result primarily from ...
Adding bending stiffness to 3-D membrane FEM programs

The Element Bending Group (EBG) method, previously introduced for two-dimensional (2-D) problems, was developed to introduce an approximate bending stiffness in 3-D membrane, static-implicit, rigid-viscoplastic FEM programs. Inter-element stiffness with respect to change in mesh curvature was evaluated by assuming a standard linear variation of engineering strain through the thickness, without adding degrees of freedom to a membrane model. A constant curvature was utilized for the EBG in the plane normal to the edge common to the two elements in order to calculate bending forces and stiffnesses. Patch tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of this new technique when applied to standard problems, and good accuracy was obtained. The technique was then evaluated in three case studies (each with significant bending deformation). The EBG technique was found to approximate the real bending stiffness, thus enhancing the stability of membrane models and allowing simulation of bending-sensitive configurations, at much reduced computation times compared to standard shell approaches. However, well-developed wrinkling and springback cannot be handled adequately by this method because of mesh-orientation dependence and approximate 3-D bending stiffness.
An analysis of the long range operating characteristics of the MIL-STD-105D sampling scheme and some suggested modifications

Abstract : An integral part of the MIL-STD-105D scheme for sampling inspection by attributes is the transfer from normal inspection to reduced or tightened inspection when the historical record of inspected lots suggests unusually good or bad quality. The switching rules in MIL-STD-105D have been criticized, especially by Japanese manufacturers, as being too severe when what is defined as acceptable quality materials submitted. This paper examines the long range fraction of lots rejected for several MIL-STD-105D sampling plans by using the MIL-STD-105D switching rules, using a modification suggested by the Japanese Standards Association, and by using a second modification developed by the authors. The Japanese Standards Association switching rules are more complex than those in MIL-STD-105D. It is demonstrated that they lead to improved long-range properties for Normal-Tightened-Reduced schemes, but to poorer properties for Normal-Tightened schemes. A simplified set of switching rules is suggested, wherein the ''limit numbers in MIL-STD-105D are eliminated. In comparison to MIL-STD-105D, the simpler rules lead to a lower probability of rejection for good lots and a comparable probability of rejection for bad lots.
Effect of processing variables on the reaction kinetics of MgB2 fibers

The reaction kinetics for converting B fibers into MgB2 fibers are measured by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and ex situ by metallography as a function of the following processing variables: fiber diameter, fiber doping, fiber surface treatment, Mg flux (liquid or gaseous Mg), and thermal cycling. Changes to the fiber diameter, surface treatment and Mg flux affect little the rates of the reaction, while C-doping of fibers dramatically decreases reaction rate and thermal cycling increases the reaction rate.
Clinical applications of a pressurized xenon wire chamber gamma camera utilizing the short lived agent 178Ta

Abstract A pressurized xenon wire chamber camera has been developed for applications in nuclear medicine. The device employs a high speed delay-line readout and digital processing system providing a peak count rate of 850 000 cps, spatial resolution of 2.5 mm and highly uniform imaging characteristics. A short-lived generator produced radionuclide, 178 Ta, having an emission energy of 55–65 keV has also been developed. It provides greatly reduced radiation dosimetry compared with any commercial isotope in current use and is imaged very effectively with the wire chamber camera. Performance of this camera and isotope for first-pass radionuclide assessment of cardiac function compares favorably with the accepted standard of this technique, the multicrystal gamma camera and 99m Tc. Currently ongoing studies in exercise cardiac assessment, bedside imaging in myocardial infarction patients and pediatric cardiac imaging, point the way to unique applications of this technology in cardiology.