cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Letter: Economic modelling of the gateway effect

Although a significant number of empirical studies provide evidence of sequencing in drug use, economic theory remains focused on addiction to a single substance. This paper presents a general model of substance use that allows for the possibility of multi-commodity habit formation and can be used to analyse the intertemporal relationship between the consumption of legal and illicit drugs, or the gateway effect. A simple two-drug model is analysed and conditions for the existence of multi-commodity habit formation are examined. It is found in the case of multi-commodity habit formation that the marginal utility of initiating a new drug is higher when there is prior consumption of the other drug. Further, it is found that the individual will initiate drug consumption with that drug that has the lowest marginal cost. The particular sequencing of drug use that is observed in empirical data is explained by differences in the marginal cost of consuming legal and illegal drugs. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antitumor agents. 100. Inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase II by cytotoxic ether and ester derivatives of podophyllotoxin and alpha-peltatin.

Abstract A principal mechanism of action of the clinical antitumor drugs etoposide (1) and teniposide (2) is the inhibition of catalytic activity of type II DNA topoisomerase and concurrent enzyme-mediated production of lethal DNA strand breaks. Substitution of the glycosidic moiety of 1 or 2 by ester and ethers, as well as the esterification and etherification of alpha-peltatin (4) including its glucosidic ethylidene and thenylidene cyclic acetals (25 and 26), has afforded compounds of much less activity than that of 1. The in vitro cytotoxicity (KB) appears to have no correlation with the inhibitory activity of the human DNA topoisomerase II.
Behavioral and attitudinal change of residents exposed to human–bear interactions

Abstract Human–black bear (Ursus americanus) interactions (HBI) have been increasing in frequency and magnitude in North America since the 1960s, and many wildlife management agencies are turning to proactive management actions to reverse this trend. Information and education efforts (IEE) are the most common proactive management actions used; however, few studies monitor behavior and attitudes of residents exposed to HBI and IEE. We used a case study in the Rattlesnake Valley of Missoula, Montana, USA to describe the diversity of anthropogenic attractants available to black bears based on self-reported human behaviors, and to test for changes in resident behavior and attitudes over a 4-year exposure to HBI and IEE. We identified >5 non-vegetative attractants, and >12 species of native and non-native vegetation available to black bears. Comparing the responses from mail questionnaires in 2004 (n = 369, response rate = 74%) and 2008 (n = 560, response rate = 60.1%), we found that the prevalence of ...
Development of a 60‐Series Self‐Supporting Tire

Abstract Recent advances in rubber compounding as well as a more advanced understanding of deflated tire mechanics, combined with consumer demand for increased vehicle safety and convenience, have led to the development of self‐supporting tires. Self‐supporting tires, which are available for lightly loaded sport vehicles, are now available for the more common 60‐series tire and the luxury car segment. This paper highlights some of the methods used to develop the P225/60R16 MXV4 ZP and provides information on its application and performance. Modeling for the zero‐psi tire and factors that influence performance (speed, load, cornering, and ambient conditions) are discussed.
Radiotracers for a multi-target approach to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Development of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressively affects the overall functioning of the brain. Noninvasive imaging methods aiding early diagnosis will significantly improve benefits provided by treatments and possibly lead to prevention of AD. We report the development of PET radiotracer methods for β-amyloid plaques and tangles, nicotinic α4β2 receptors, serotonin 5HT1A receptors, dopamine D2/D3 receptors and norepinephrine transporters for the study of AD. This multi-target approach is currently being evaluated in AD transgenic mice models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ancient dna from pleistocene fossils: Preservation, recovery, and utility of ancient genetic information for quaternary research

Abstract Until recently, recovery and analysis of genetic information encoded in ancient DNA sequences from Pleistocene fossils were impossible. Recent advances in molecular biology offered technical tools to obtain ancient DNA sequences from well-preserved Quaternary fossils and opened the possibilities to directly study genetic changes in fossil species to address various biological and paleontological questions. Ancient DNA studies involving Pleistocene fossil material and ancient DNA degradation and preservation in Quaternary deposits are reviewed. The molecular technology applied to isolate, amplify, and sequence ancient DNA is also presented. Authentication of ancient DNA sequences and technical problems associated with modern and ancient DNA contamination are discussed. As illustrated in recent studies on ancient DNA from proboscideans, it is apparent that fossil DNA sequence data can shed light on many aspects of Quaternary research such as systematics and phylogeny. conservation biology, evolutionary theory, molecular taphonomy, and forensic sciences. Improvement of molecular techniques and a better understanding of DNA degradation during fossilization are likely to build on current strengths and to overcome existing problems, making fossil DNA data a unique source of information for Quaternary scientists.
Acute urticaria and bronchospasm following radiographic contrast media in a dog

An immediate-type systemic reaction in a dog following intravenous radiographic contrast media (RCM) manifested by urticaria and wheezing on one occasion and urticaria alone on another occasion is described. This reactivity disappeared spontaneously and plans to study the mechanisms of such a reaction were not possible. If such reactivity is more persistent in certain other dogs, a model for study of immediate type reactivity to RCM would be available.
An NMR study of thallium nitrate ion association in liquid ammonia

205Tl and1H magnetic resonance frequencies have been determined for liquid ammonia solutions of TlClO4 and TlNO3 as a function of electrolyte concentration (5×10−4 to 9.8 M) and temperature. The dependence of the resonance frequency on concentration suggests the presence of free, fully solvated thallium ions, ion pairs, and higher-order ion aggregates. Analysis of lowconcentration205Tl data between 0 and 30°C allowed the determination of TlNO3 ion-pair association constants and thermodynamic parameters (ΔHA=+6.5 kcal-mole−1, ΔSA=+36 e.u.). A preciptous decrease in205Tl resonance frequency was observed for NH3 to TlNO3 mole ratios below 3:1, suggesting the formula (NH3)3Tl+ NO3− for the fully solvated, contact ion pair.
Persistence of organic carbon in heated aerosol residuals measured during Tropical Composition Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4)

[1] The Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) single particle mass spectrometer was used to analyze the composition of the nonvolatile fraction of atmospheric aerosol in a number of different environments. The mass spectra of individual particles sampled through an inlet section heated to 300°C were compared to unheated particles during flights of the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the Tropical Composition Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) mission. Comparisons are presented of measurements made in the marine boundary layer, the free troposphere, and the continental boundary layer over the Colombian jungle. The heated section completely removed sulfate from the aerosols except for sodium sulfate and related compounds in sea salt particles. Organic material in sea salt particles was observed to be less volatile than chlorine. Biomass burning particles were more likely to survive heating than other mixed sulfate-organic particles. For all particle types, there was a significant contribution to the residues from carbonaceous material other than elemental carbon. These results demonstrate the remaining compositional complexity of aerosol residuals that survive heating in a thermal denuder.
Effectiveness of virtual learning environments in basic skills business education: a field study in progress

This paper describes research investigating the effectiveness of web-based virtual learning environments by comparing them to traditional classroom environments. A conceptual framework is proposed contrasting the effectiveness of these two environments using both objectivist and constructivist learning models. Although technology may serve as a mediator that enhances the implementation of certain features of a learning model, it is evident that the learning model—not the technology—is the primary cause of learning. Theory predicts that a higher level of “learner control” leads to more effective learning. Control and flexibility, among other advantages offered to the learner in virtual environments, lead us to propose that such environments are more effective than the traditional environments regardless of the learning model employed. Furthermore, it is proposed that virtual environments are even more effective when the constructivist model is employed. Learning effectiveness is measured based on performance, self-efficacy, and satisfaction. A field experiment was conducted to test the components of the proposed research model with about 200 business undergraduate students in an introductory MIS course. The findings will be of interest to both the education and business communities, who are striving to capitalize on information technologies to adequately meet the challenges of this information age.
A Routing Algorithm for Digraphs

Abstract : A new algorithm for routing data packets in networks of computers connected by communication links is given by Chyung and Reddy. Because they assume that the communication links are two-way, their result applies, properly, to routing messages in a graph. However, some communication networks have asymmetrical cross links either by design or because the radio circuits that must be paralleled in opposite directions to compose them may fail. Such networks are represented by digraphs and it is clear that they require a generalized routing algorith. A simple modification of Chyung and Reddy's routing algorithm, shown below, provides this generalization.
New insights into neuropeptide modulation of aggression: field studies of arginine vasotocin in a territorial tropical damselfish.

The neuropeptides arginine vasotocin (AVT) and arginine vasopressin are key modulators of affiliation and aggression among non-mammalian and mammalian vertebrates, respectively. Here, we explored A...
Sources and Distribution of Upper Pleistocene Sand, Eastern United States Atlantic Shelf: ABSTRACT

A 2-yr study of the sources and distribution of upper Pleistocene and Holocene sand on the eastern United States shelf between the Bay of Fundy and Cape Hatteras reveals that 3 sand types are found on this shelf: (1) glacially transported, very angular sands, (2) fluvially transported, well-rounded sands derived from unlithified coastal plain deposits, and (3) fluvially transported, moderately angular sands derived from lithified sedimentary and crystalline rocks of the Appalachian and New England areas. For the most part, the distribution of these sand types reflects the late Pleistocene paleogeography of this shelf. Glacial sands are found in the areas of upper Pleistocene till, moraine, and outwash-plain deposits east and northeast of the Hudson Canyon; the 2 fluvial s nds are found in coast-normal stripes that correspond to the ancestral paths of the many rivers that traversed this shelf during the late Pleistocene. The preservation of relict paleogeographic patterns of these sorts are an indication of diffusive transport of sand through most of this shelf. The exceptions to this are found in the shallow waters of Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank, where glacial sands are presently being advected to the southwest by the strong tidal currents that prevail. End_of_Article - Last_Page 278------------
The Courtship Process and Adolescent Sexuality

This article examines adolescent sexuality within the context of a life course developmental model and considers the causal interrelationships of sexual behavior with dating, courtship, and planning for marriage. Data from a sample of 18-year-old men and women document the importance of dating and courtship development on the initiation of intimate heterosexual relations. Young people who begin to date at an early age also tend to develop steady relationships relatively early and continue to date more frequently. Both the timing of the initiation of dating and the development of steady dating relationships have substantial implications for the development of sexual relations. Young women and men who begin dating early and who develop steady relations early are more likely to be sexually experienced, to have had sexual relations with more partners, to be more sexually active during their late teenage years, and to have more permissive attitudes concerning premarital sex. Among those who experience sexual i...
Noncomplementarity in base sequences between the cohesive ends of coliphages 186 and lambda and the formation of interlocked rings between the two DNA's.

The half molecules of 186 DNA have been isolated by the Hg(II)–Cs2SO4 density gradient centrifugal ion technique. The buoyant densities of the two halves in CsCI at 25°C. are 1.713 and 1.709 g./cm.3, corresponding to GC contents of 54% and 50%, respectively. Similarly, 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA halves were separated. The isolation of the four DNA halves made it possible to test for homology in base sequences between the cohesive ends of λ and those of 186. There was no indication of any significant homology in base sequences between the cohesive ends of the two DNA's, as indicated by the absence of a band with intermediate buoyant density in CsCI when either half of 186 DNA was annealed with either half of 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA and then centrifuged. The lack of cohesion between the two DNA's made it possible to demonstrate unequivocally the formation of interlocked rings (catenanes) between the two DNA's. The existence of a dimeric catenane is evidenced by the formation of a species of intermediate buoyant density when 5-bromouracil labeled λ DNA is cyclized in the presence of cyclic 186 DNA of a relatively high concentration. The molecular weight of one DNA relative to the other can be calculated from the position of the dimeric catenane in a density gradient by using the method of Baldwin. The result was in complete agreement with our previous measurements from the sedimentation coefficients and by electron microscopy. The probability of dimeric catenane formation when one DNA is cyclized in the presence of another DNA is discussed. The experimental results agree with the theoretical expectation.
Differential effect of steady versus oscillating flow on bone cells

Loading induced fluid flow has recently been proposed as an important biophysical signal in bone mechanotransduction. Fluid flow resulting from activities which load the skeleton such as standing, locomotion, or postural muscle activity are predicted to be dynamic in nature and include a relatively small static component. However, in vitro fluid flow experiments with bone cells to date have been conducted using steady or pulsing flow profiles only. In this study we exposed osteoblast-like hFOB 1.19 cells (immortalized human fetal osteoblasts) to precisely controlled dynamic fluid flow profiles of saline supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum while monitoring intracellular calcium concentration with the fluorescent dye fura-2. Applied flows included steady flow resulting in a wall shear stress of 2 N m(-2), oscillating flow (+/-2 Nm(-2)), and pulsing flow (0 to 2 N m(-2)). The dynamic flows were applied with sinusoidal profiles of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz. We found that oscillating flow was a much less potent stimulator of bone cells than either steady or pulsing flow. Furthermore, a decrease in responsiveness with increasing frequency was observed for the dynamic flows. In both cases a reduction in responsiveness coincides with a reduction in the net fluid transport of the flow profile. Thus. these findings support the hypothesis that the response of bone cells to fluid flow is dependent on chemotransport effects.
Ethical Decisions and Response Mode Compatibility: Weighting of Ethical Attributes in Consideration Sets Formed by Excluding versus Including Product Alternatives

Across four studies, including one involving an actual monetary decision, the authors demonstrate that forming a product consideration set by excluding versus including alternatives induces consumers to place more weight on ethical attributes, such as company labor practices and animal testing. This nonnormative difference reflects a compatibility between exclusion and ethics, and holds regardless of attribute framing or consumer emotion. In fact, consumers judge others' behavior more negatively for excluding ethical products than for including ethical products. These results have implications for the marketing of ethical products, both specifically (e.g., it is important to encourage exclusion modes) and generally (e.g., the failure to consider ethical products may reflect seemingly minor contextual issues guiding the decision process and not consumer disinterest in ethical issues).
Inactivation of a bacterial virulence pheromone by phagocyte-derived oxidants: new role for the NADPH oxidase in host defense.

Quorum sensing triggers virulence factor expression in medically important bacterial pathogens in response to a density-dependent increase in one or more autoinducing pheromones. Here, we show that phagocyte-derived oxidants target these autoinducers for inactivation as an innate defense mechanism of the host. In a skin infection model, expression of phagocyte NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase, or inducible nitric oxide synthase was critical for defense against a quorum-sensing pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, but not for defense against a quorum sensing-deficient mutant. A virulence-inducing peptide of S. aureus was inactivated in vitro and in vivo by reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, including HOCl and ONOO–. Inactivation of the autoinducer prevented both the up-regulation of virulence gene expression and the downstream sequelae. MS analysis of the inactivated peptide demonstrated that oxidation of the C-terminal methionine was primarily responsible for loss of activity. Treatment of WT but not NADPH oxidase-deficient mice with N-acetyl methionine to scavenge the inhibitory oxidants increased in vivo quorum sensing independently of the bacterial burden at the site of infection. Thus, oxidant-mediated inactivation of an autoinducing peptide from S. aureus is a critical innate defense mechanism against infection with this pathogen.
The genesis of a virtual world revisited

Constructing a virtual world requires certain technical skills and the ability to make difficult decisions regarding how the world will look and feel. However, the most difficult aspect of building a virtual world has less to do with the building of the virtual spaces and more to do the conceptualisation of how teaching and learning will occur in this new type of environment. This paper examines some of the issues involved in the process of planning a virtual learning world by focusing on key design questions that need to be asked prior to building virtual instructional spaces.
VGF expression in the brain.

VGF is a neuronal polypeptide first identified as a cDNA clone in a gene library from nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells. In the present paper, the expression of VGF is examined for the first time throughout the adult rat central nervous system with immunocytochemistry and Northern blot analysis. VGF RNA was found in all brain regions studied, including hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and cortex. In contrast to the relatively strong immunostaining of hypothalamic neurons, the level of VGF RNA expression in the hypothalamus was relatively low in comparison with other brain regions. With the aid of antisera raised against bacterially produced recombinant proteins containing parts of the VGF sequence, immunoreactive neurons were detected throughout the brain, including regions of the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, thalamus, cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, mid brain, and hippocampus. VGF-immunoreactive neurons did not contain detectable amounts of nerve growth factor receptor; other neurons that showed nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity expressed no VGF immunoreactivity. The lack of colocalization of VGF and nerve growth factor receptor suggests that, unlike expression in PC12 cells, VGF expression in neurons from the central nervous system does not require nerve growth factor stimulation. Within the hippocampus, the location of VGF-immunoreactive cells was suggestive of inhibitory interneurons. -VGFimmunoreactive axons and terminals were found throughout the brain. These observations extend our earlier work on VGF expression in the hypothalamus to other regions of the brain and support the conclusion that although VGF expression is only detected in subsets of neurons in each brain region, these subsets are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical results with gemfibrozil

Abstract Gemfibrozil has been found to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in both animal and clinical studies. Although a reduction in saturated fat intake and a concurrent increase in unsaturated fat intake may reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol values, the only dietary modification known to increase HDL is that resulting from significant weight loss. The framingham study showed that the risk associated with HDL cholesterol (lower values, higher risk) is independent of the risk relative to LDL cholesterol (higher values, higher risk). A multicenter trial in the United States showed a reduction of elevated serum triglyceride levels by more than 40% and of cholesterol to normal or by 20% in 50% of patients who received gemfibrozil, versus 25% of those who received a placebo. Gemfibrozil therapy reduced elevated serum very low density lipoprotein levels concurrently with triglyceride levels. It also increased serum HDL by approximately 20% and the HDL total cholesterol ratio by approximately 30%. HDL cholesterol levels continued to increase for up to 2 years in the multicenter study. The increase over baseline levels was seen in all 3 types of hyperlipoproteinemia (IIA, IIB and IV). The most common side effects were minor gastrointestinal symptoms and transient abnormalities in hepatic enzymes, which occurred in less than 3% of the patients. There were no other liver function abnormalities and no evidence that gemfibrozil induced liver toxicity. Gemfibrozil had a safety advantage over clofibrate, especially with regard to lithogenic potential. Gemfibrozil demonstrated a low side-effect profile and a positive influence on regulating lipoprotein levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
Research and Real Estate Editorial Board Membership

Selection for membership on the editorial board of an academic journal is recognition of research productivity and achievement. Hence, the research productivity of board members can signal the stre...
Black Entertainment Television: Creating, Building, Extending and Protecting a Brand

Robert L. Johnson accomplished what many thought couldn't be done: he founded a company that leveraged managerial talent, largely African American, and grew into one of the leading media companies in the world. This case allows for many teaching points from multiple functional perspectives. Students can learn about decisions necessary for a firm's start-up and can compare the start-up of Black Entertainment Television (BET) to businesses in other industries and markets. The case offers an opportunity to examine the strategic benefits of the BET brand to various consumer groups and to assess the growth and viability of each group and product category. Through BET, students can learn about the benefits and liabilities of various legal structures and the challenges of entering the public market. The financial and strategic decision making, particularly as related to offering shares of the company to the public and the market's valuation of the firm at various stages, can enrich students' understanding of entering and exiting capital markets. A multimedia version (UVA-S-0108M), with an interactive timeline and extensive video clips for student preparation and faculty use, is available that makes the case come alive. This case is one of two Darden case studies on BET. A Leadership and Organizational Behavior paper case (UVA-OB-0814) and its multimedia companion (UVA-OB-0814M) focus explicitly on BET's complex people and human-resource issues. The use of both case studies on the same day allows for an integrated learning experience.
Infectious Complications and Vaccinations in the Posttransplant Population

Infections remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity after both kidney and liver transplantation, and internists increasingly play a major role in diagnosing and treating these infections. Because of immunosuppression, solid organ transplant recipients do not often demonstrate classic signs and symptoms of infection and have a broader variety of common and opportunistic infections, many of which are generally more difficult to diagnose and treat. Although these patients have many risk factors for infection, a major determinant is the time after transplant as it relates to levels of immunosuppression, healing, and hospital or environmental exposures.
Aerocapture at Titan and Neptune: Navigation Sensitivity Study

I. Abstract This paper examines the sensitivity of the dead-reckoning navigation algorithm during aerocapture navigation to various accelerometer and gyro measurement errors (biases, random noise, etc.) provided by an on-board inertial measurement unit, as well as sensitivity to initial state knowledge uncertainties at the initiation of aerocapture at both Titan and Neptune. The navigation sensitivity is examined at the apoapsis of the post-aerocapture orbit. Navigation errors are shown to be most sensitive to accelerometer bias and scale factor error, and initial attitude uncertainty.
The Revolt Against Logical Atomism—I

Philosophical movements rise and fall, not excluding those that set out to end all movements or even philosophy itself. Having run its course, a movement is either found wanting or judged to have made a contribution. In either case, it is vigorous while the clever young men gather around its banner. And, of course, there are always many clever young men eager to enlist. Oxford is now the centre of a vigorous movement. Surely it is not the whole of contemporary British philosophy. Yet hardly anyone now philosophizing in Britain or, for that matter, in this country, is unaware of it. Urmson's1 recent book hails from Oxford. For at least two reasons it
The precipitation of α-phase in metastable β -phase Ti alloys

The isothermal decomposition of metastable β-phase in Ti-14 wt pct Mo-6 wt pct Al and Ti-11.6 wt pct Mo alloys has been studied by electron microscopy. Two distinct types of α-phase are observed as decomposition products. Type 1 α obeys the well-known Burgers orientation with respect to the β-phase matrix. Type 2 α, which is characterized by arced reflections in the electron diffraction patterns, does not obey the Burgers orientation relation, but rather can be described as being in a {10–12} 〈10–11〉 twin orientation with respect to Burgers orientation α. The Type 1 α forms initially at aging temperatures in the range of 400°C to 650°C, and is replaced ty Type 2 α after longer holding times at the aging temperature. The Type 1 α precipitates form as monolithic plates in the ternary alloy and as monolithic needles in the binary. The Type 2 precipitates in the ternary alloy occur as very fine, contiguous particles in a colony-like arrangement wherein the colony has a plate morphology. The Type 2 precipitates in the binary alloy form as a peripheral shell around the Type 1 needle. Two possible mechanisms describing the formation of Type 2 α from Type 1 α are considered. The first of these is mechanical twinning of Type 1 α plates, and the second is a nucleation and growth mechanism which is driven by a composition difference between Types 1 and 2. The former is concluded to be less likelv than the latter.
CONVERSION OF GLUTAMATE CARBON TO FATTY ACID CARBON VIA CITRATE IN RAT EPIDIDYMAL FAT PADS.

The incorporation of the C14 of glutamate-2-C14 and glutamate-5-C14 into fatty acids by epididymal fat pads and liver slices suggests the operation of the following metabolic pathway: α-ketoglutarate → isocitrate → cis-aconitate → citrate → acetyl CoA + oxalacetate (referred to as the backward reaction of the Krebs cycle). Fatty acid-C14 recoveries from glutamate-2-C14, glutamate-5-C14, and acetate-1-C14 in experiments with epididymal fat pads from rats fed a stock diet were increased by the addition of glucose to the incubation medium, and further increased by in vitro addition of insulin. From these experiments it was calculated that, of the total amount of glutamate metabolized via the Krebs cycle, 6% proceeded by way of the backward reaction in the absence of glucose, 17% in the presence of glucose, and 35% when both glucose and insulin were added to the incubation medium. Fatty acid-C14 yields from glutamate-5-C14 and acetate-1-C14 were highest when the epididymal fat was taken from rats that had been fasted and then refed a 60% glucose diet. The in vitro addition of glucose or glucose plus insulin to the latter type of fat pad had no appreciable effect on the fatty acid-C14 yields.
Amanita bisporgera. Ingestion and death from mistaken identity.

A triphasic onset of subacute gastrointestinal toxicity, followed by a false recovery period, and, subsequently, late-onset hepatic failure is pathogenomonic of poisoning with cyclopeptide-containing Amanita mushrooms. This article presents the case report of 7 Minnesota residents who developed symptoms of Amanita poisoning after consuming cooked mushrooms picked at a county park. The article includes a review of the pathophysiology and management of Amanita poisoning. Language: en
Clinical significance of atypical glandular cells in Pap tests: An analysis of more than 3000 cases at a large academic women's center

BACKGROUND The interpretation of atypical glandular cells (AGC) in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests and screening for glandular neoplasia remain challenging. METHODS Pap tests with an AGC interpretation from January 2008 to December 2013 were retrieved from a pathology database, and cases with histologic follow-up within 1 year were included in the study. RESULTS There were 589,830 Pap tests during the study period, and 3709 cases (0.6%) were reported as AGC, which included the following: AGC, not otherwise specified (52.0%); atypical endocervical cells (28.0%); and other categories. There were 3007 cases (81.1%) with histologic follow-up results within 1 year. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3), cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)/adenocarcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma were identified in 5.6%, 1.9%, and 5.5% of cases, respectively. Glandular neoplasia was more likely to be identified in cases with pure AGC subcategories than cases with AGC and squamous abnormalities. Endometrial neoplasia was more likely to be identified in cases with atypical endometrial cells than other categories. Overall, the most common severe abnormality on histologic follow-up was CIN2/3. Although CIN2/3 was the most common severe lesion in patients younger than 30 years (10.0%) and in patients aged 30 to 49 years (6.4%), endometrial carcinoma was the most common lesion in women who were 50 years old or older (13.7%). Endocervical glandular lesions (AIS and adenocarcinoma) occurred in only 1.9% of women. CONCLUSIONS AGC subtypes and ages significantly affect histological follow-up results; 90.5% of cases with carcinoma on histologic follow-up were either endometrial or metastatic carcinoma. This study supports the recommendation that women with AGC Pap test results should be followed up with both endocervical and endometrial sampling. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:589-95. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Gray correlation analysis and prevention of drilling tool failure in Hulunbeier area

Drilling tool failure often occurs during drilling process in Hulunbeier area of Daqing oilfield. This seriously affects the exploration and development progress in this area. In order to understand the essential reason, gray correlation method is used to analyze the possible factors of the failures. The result shows that the main reasons are high bottom hole temperature, corrosion of drilling tool during storage and drilling process, high value of formation drillability, and multi-fault. Measures for preventing drilling tool failure are presented.
Numerical Simulation Study of a Three-dimensional Unsteady Flow in a Fan Under Distorted Air Admission Conditions

Analyzed was a three-dimensional compressible model for calculating three-dimensional flow fields and performance of an axial-flow fan/compressor,in which a streamline curvature method was adopted to obtain a source term of a turbine doing work to air flows by blades.Subsequently,by seeking solutions to a three-dimensional unsteady Euler equation involving the source term,a simulation was performed of an inner three-dimensional flow field and performance of a fan/compressor.By using the model,the three-dimensional flow field and performance of a transonic fan rotor were numerically simulated and analyzed,especially,the three-dimensional inner flow fields and aerodynamic performance in the absence and presence of an abnormal inlet distortion were analyzed and compared.The research results show that the three-dimensional-theory-based prediction model can effectively analyze the influence of an inlet air distortion on the performance and stability of an axial-flow fan.
Nuclear Transfer for Stem Cells

Somatic cell nuclear transfer for pluripotent stem cells is established for animal species, in particular in the mouse and non-human primates. However, there have been major difficulties in deriving pluripotent stem cells by nuclear transfer in the human. Despite this difficulty, there are strong interests in establishing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in the human for study of early human development, production of gametes for infertile/sterile patients, comparisons of developmental and differentiation potential with induced pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs), and research in stem cell biology. The combination of oocyte derived factors and transcription factors for efficient and effective reprogramming of somatic nuclei for pluripotent stem cells is a strong inducement for further research in SCNT.
The Early Life of Oliver Eaton Williamson

Ronald Howard Coase and Oliver Eaton Williamson shared an unassuming and humble nature, and both of them championed a completely original and unconventional approach to the valuation of the corporate form. However, while Ronald Coase also had a humble name, his contemporary, Oliver Eaton Williamson, had a name that had a distinguished heritage.
Culex Species Mosquitoes and Zika Virus.

Abstract Recent reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) isolates from Culex species mosquitoes have resulted in concern regarding a lack of knowledge on the number of competent vector species for ZIKV transmission in the new world. Although observations in the field have demonstrated that ZIKV isolation can be made from Culex species mosquitoes, the detection of ZIKV in these mosquitoes is not proof of their involvement in a ZIKV transmission cycle. Detection may be due to recent feeding on a viremic vertebrate, and is not indicative of replication in the mosquito. In this study, susceptibility of recently colonized Culex species mosquitoes was investigated. The results showed a high degree of refractoriness among members of Culex pipiens complex to ZIKV even when exposed to high-titer bloodmeals. Our finding suggests that the likelihood of Culex species mosquitoes serving as secondary vectors for ZIKV is very low, therefore vector control strategies for ZIKV should remain focused on Aedes species mosquitoes. Our de...
Cancer Stem Cells: Issues with In Vitro Expansion and Model Systems

Despite tremendous progress, breast cancer (BC) still remains a clinical issue. Reports have confirmed the presence of a subset of BC cells (BCCs) with self-renewal ability, which are referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The CSCs can remain dormant for decades following either incomplete removal of the primary tumor or through resisting current chemo-, radio- and endocrine treatments. The biology of breast CSCs is poorly understood. These cells can persist either by completely withdrawing from the cell cycle or by continuing to proliferate at a slower rate. Therefore, developing methods to characterize breast CSCs may help develop innovative-targeted therapies to control or eliminate the resistant cells. Traditional in vitro studies for breast CSCs usually use two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer cultures. Moreover, in order to mimic the architectural features of the in vivo environment, most recent reports use thee-dimensional (3-D) culture systems to address some of the limitations of the 2-D monolayer culture. This chapter discusses the current methodologies used for cancer stem cells (CSCs). The methods are also discussed in the context of specific applications.
Exposing infrastructure: how activists and experts connect ambient air monitoring and environmental health

Ambient air monitoring is one way that community groups, environmental justice (EJ) activists, and environmental agencies assess the health effects of exposures to toxic chemicals. However, monitoring does not measure human exposure directly, leading to the question, how are air quality measurements connected to claims about exposure and health? Since activists and regulatory experts often clash over assessments of environmental health effects, how might the approaches taken by the two differ? Comparing reports on ambient air monitoring from social movement groups and government experts, we show that both make connections between monitoring data and health using a well-developed infrastructure for health assessment. EJ activists rely on the infrastructure to a greater extent than previously acknowledged, although they do challenge fundamental categories, especially distinctions between short- and long-term exposures. Experts working within the infrastructure exercise considerable discretion in how they in...
Recent Positive Selection in Genes of the Mammalian Epidermal Differentiation Complex Locus

The Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) is the most rapidly evolving locus in the human genome compared to that of the chimpanzee. Yet the EDC genes that are undergoing positive selection across mammals and in humans are not known. We sought to identify the positively selected genetic variants and determine the evolutionary events of the EDC using mammalian-wide and clade-specific branch- and branch-site likelihood ratio tests and a genetic algorithm branch test. Significant non-synonymous substitutions were found in filaggrin, SPRR4, LELP1, and S100A2 genes across 14 mammals. By contrast, we identified recent positive selection in SPRR4 in primates. Additionally, the genetic algorithm branch test discovered lineage-specific evolution for distinct EDC genes occurring in each of the nodes in the 14-mammal phylogenetic tree. Multiple instances of positive selection for FLG, TCHHL1, SPRR4, LELP1, and S100A2 were noted among the primate branch nodes. Branch-site likelihood ratio tests further revealed positive selection in specific sites in SPRR4, LELP1, filaggrin, and repetin across 14 mammals. However, in addition to continuous evolution of SPRR4, site-specific positive selection was also found in S100A11, KPRP, SPRR1A, S100A7L2, and S100A3 in primates and filaggrin, filaggrin2, and S100A8 in great apes. Very recent human positive selection was identified in the filaggrin2 L41 site that was present in Neanderthal. Together, our results identifying recent positive selection in distinct EDC genes reveal an underappreciated evolution of epidermal skin barrier function in primates and humans.
Single lens system for forward-viewing navigation and scanning side-viewing optical coherence tomography

The optical design for a dual modality endoscope based on piezo scanning fiber technology is presented including a novel technique to combine forward-viewing navigation and side viewing OCT. Potential applications include navigating body lumens such as the fallopian tube, biliary ducts and cardiovascular system. A custom cover plate provides a rotationally symmetric double reflection of the OCT beam to deviate and focus the OCT beam out the side of the endoscope for cross-sectional imaging of the tubal lumen. Considerations in the choice of the scanning fiber are explored and a new technique to increase the divergence angle of the scanning fiber to improve system performance is presented. Resolution and the necessary scanning density requirements to achieve Nyquist sampling of the full image are considered. The novel optical design lays the groundwork for a new approach integrating side-viewing OCT into multimodality endoscopes for small lumen imaging. KEYWORDS:
Subaortic Membrane and Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy in the Cardiac Catheterization Lab.

Obstruction of the left ventricular outflow can be caused by several lesions. These are classified by location as subvalvular, valvular, or supravalvular. Subvalvular aortic stenosis, which may have a dynamic component, may be due to a fibrous membrane, muscular obstruction, or a combination of the
Domain Theory and Measurement

Lecture notes on domain theory and measurement, driven by applications to physics, computer science and information theory, with a hint of provocation.
Abstract 1005: Rac1 Deletion Impairs Ischemic Preconditioning In Mouse Hearts

The small GTPase Rac1 plays an important role in activation of NADPH oxidase, the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heart following ischemia-reperfusion. The production of ROS is thought to be required for the induction of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). In this study, we examined whether Rac1 itself is essential for IPC cardioprotection. Temporally regulated cardiac-specific Rac1 deficient mice were generated by crossing Rac1 loxP/loxP mice with MHC-MerCreMer +/+ mice, expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase protein fused to two mutant estrogen-receptor ligand-binding domains (MerCreMer) under the control of the α-myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter. Rac1 deletion was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of tamoxifen in the experimental mice (Rac1 loxP/+ ;MHC-MerCreMer +/− ) and confirmed by Western blot analysis. Littermates with the same genotype were treated with vehicle as controls. No change in Rac1 levels occurred in the control mice. Wildtype mice were subjected to 30 min of ischemia (I-30) and 120 min of reperfusion (R-120) with or without IPC, which consisted of I-10/R-5. The conditional Rac1 deficient mice and their littermate controls were exposed to I-30/R-120 after IPC. IPC significantly reduced infarct size (IS) in the wildtype mouse hearts, expressed as a percent of the area at risk (RA) (IS/RA: no IPC/IPC = 46.0 ± 2.7/16.7 ± 3.8, p
Joint camera blur and pose estimation from aliased data.

A joint-estimation algorithm is presented that enables simultaneous camera blur and pose estimation from a known calibration target in the presence of aliasing. Specifically, a parametric maximum-likelihood (ML) point-spread function estimate is derived for characterizing a camera’s optical imperfections through the use of a calibration target in an otherwise loosely controlled environment. The imaging perspective, ambient-light levels, target reflectance, detector gain and offset, quantum efficiency, and read-noise levels are all treated as nuisance parameters. The Cramer–Rao bound is derived, and simulations demonstrate that the proposed estimator achieves near optimal mean squared error performance. The proposed method is applied to experimental data to validate the fidelity of the forward models as well as to establish the utility of the resulting ML estimates for both system identification and subsequent image restoration.
Flammer's exact solution for the circular conducting disk: A benchmark problem for EM software validation

Flammer's exact solution for electromagnetic scattering from a circular, perfectly conducting disk is reviewed and used to assess the performance of singular basis functions within numerical solutions of the electric field integral equation. The error in both the scattering cross section and current density is computed to demonstrate that singular bases provide improved accuracy and efficiency.
Hot Pressing of Nanodiamond Powder

Nanophase diamond is a material obtained in an explosion of carbon containing charge in a closed vessel. It consist of two phases: diamond and metastable carbon phase which can be transformed into diamond upon annealing. Nanodiamond powder was hot pressed at 7.7 GPa in the temperature range 750–1400 °C. The metastable carbon phase was transformed into diamond by this method. Hot pressing binds the nanocrystals and transforms the powder into a bulk material approaching diamond quality. There will be a variety of applications for such a diamond material in various industries from aerospace to manufacturing.