cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of sheep as a digestibility model for cattle when fed concentrate-based or forage-based diets.

The objectives were to determine the efficacy of sheep as a digestibility model for cattle feeding two diets, forage or concentrate based, under current genetics. Twelve Suffolk wethers were blocked into two periods with six wethers in each period. Within each period, wethers were fed a forage-based diet (n = 3) or a concentrate-based diet (n = 3). Six angus steers were also fed a forage-based diet (n = 3) or a concentrate-based diets (n = 3) in switchback design with two periods. All animals were adapted to diets for a minimum of 3 wk, then feed intake, refusals, and feces were collected. Feed and fecal dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and starch were analyzed. Refusals were analyzed for DM. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed in SAS with diet and species as fixed and period as a random effect. Dry matter intake as percentage of body weight for each animal within each period was used as a covariable. There was an interaction (P 0.18); however, when fed the forage-based diet, DM and OM digestibility was less (P 0.45) between species and diet for NDF and ADF digestibility. Regardless of the diet fed, NDF and ADF digestibilities were greater (P < 0.05) in steers than wethers. Present day sheep were not a good model for cattle when fed forage-based diets, but sheep were an acceptable model for cattle when fed concentrate-based diets.
Evacuation decision-making and behavior in wildfires: Past research, current challenges and a future research agenda

Abstract Wildfires are becoming more common around the world, and households are frequently advised to evacuate when these fires threaten nearby communities. Effective evacuation requires an understanding of human behavior in wildfires, which is an area that needs further exploration. The purpose of this article is to present current research performed and data collected on evacuation decision-making and behavior during wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, identify gaps in the research, and develop a future research plan for further data collection of important WUI fire evacuation topics. Research in this area can support developments of evacuation simulation models, and improvements in education programs, planning, decision-making, and design requirements for community-wide WUI fire evacuation.
Mechanisms and timing of injury to the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spine in simulated underbody blast PMHS impact tests.

Abstract During an underbody blast (UBB) event, mounted occupants are exposed to high rate loading of the spine via the pelvis. The objective of this study was to simulate UBB loading conditions and examine mechanisms of injury in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spine. Fourteen instrumented, whole-body, postmortem human subject (PMHS) experiments were performed using the WSU-decelerative horizontal sled system. The specimens were positioned supine on a decelerative sled, which then impacted an energy absorbing system mounted to a concrete barrier. Variables included the peak velocity and time-to-peak velocity for seat and floor, and the presence or absence of personal protective equipment (PPE) and seat padding. Post-test CT scans and autopsies were performed to identify the presence and severity of injuries. Acceleration and angular rate data collected at vertebra T1, T5, T8, T12, and S1 were used to assess injury timing and mechanisms. Additionally, joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) of the spinal Z acceleration of the sacrum and vertebrae was developed with the aim of verifying spinal fracture timing. Injuries observed in the spine were attributed to axial compression applied through the pelvis, together with flexion moment due to the offset in the center of gravity of the torso, and are consistent with UBB-induced combat injuries reported in the literature. The injury timing estimation techniques discussed in this study provide a time interval when the fractures are predicted to have occurred. Furthermore, this approach serves as an alternative to the estimation methods using acoustic sensors, force and acceleration traces, and strain gauges.
Post-wildfire Generation of Debris-flow Slurry by Rill Erosion on Colluvial Hillslopes

Overland flow self-organized into rills and eroded colluvium from steep hillslopes after a wildfire in the Santa Ynez Mountains. During 12-15 minutes of runoff, rill erosion generated a slurry that...
Incorporation of the Laws of War in the Mexican Legal Order

This chapter will briefly summarize the origin of the category of war crimes, as well as the branch of law from which they derive: International Humanitarian Law (IHL). A review will be made of the legal instruments that characterize IHL and the categories that derive from them, such as international armed conflict, non-international armed conflict or grave breaches. This chapter will also examine the IHL treaties to which Mexico is party and what the actual legal framework is. In order to conduct a thorough review of the legal framework, various codes of the 19th century were examined, as they relate directly to current criminal and military criminal codes. An achievement of this review was the realization that the 1871 Mexican Criminal Code already criminalized the violations during the conduction of war. Additionally, the review of the various military codes reveals how military discipline is the highest legal interest to be protected within the military order, superseding other legal interests like life or freedom. Lastly, the 1871 Mexican Criminal Code already granted combatant immunity and excluded superior orders as an exclusion of responsibility. This chapter will conclude, for example, that the provisions on “superior orders” and “violations against the duties of humanity” are not a result of the implementation of contemporary International Law or IHL. Rather, Mexico’s provisions are a product of its own legislative history and evolved concurrently with Mexican Law in the 19th century.
Anaerobic 3-methylhopanoid production by an acidophilic photosynthetic purple bacterium

Bacterial lipids are well-preserved in ancient rocks and certain ones have been used as indicators of specific bacterial metabolisms or environmental conditions existing at the time of rock deposition. Here we show that an anaerobic bacterium produces 3-methylhopanoids, pentacyclic lipids previously detected only in aerobic bacteria and widely used as biomarkers for methane-oxidizing bacteria. Both Rhodopila globiformis, a phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacterium isolated from an acidic warm spring in Yellowstone, and a newly isolated Rhodopila species from a geochemically similar spring in Lassen Volcanic National Park (USA), synthesized 3-methylhopanoids and a suite of related hopanoids and contained the genes encoding the necessary biosynthetic enzymes. Our results show that 3-methylhopanoids can be produced under anoxic conditions and challenges the use of 3-methylhopanoids as biomarkers of oxic conditions in ancient rocks and as prima facie evidence that methanotrophic bacteria were active when the rocks were deposited.
Case Report: Low Bone and Normal Lean Mass in Adolescents With Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.

Introduction Osteopenia and osteoporosis have been reported in adults with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). Little is known about changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents with CAIS and whether it is affected by early gonadectomy. Body composition data have not been reported. Methods Single-center, retrospective study of CAIS adolescents who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic, Horizon A). Body composition is presented as lean and fat mass indices (LMI, FMI). Z-scores for lumbar spine areal BMD (LBMD), total body less head (TBLH), bone mineral content (BMC), LMI, and FMI were calculated using female normative data. Results are expressed as median and min, max. Results Six females with genetically confirmed CAIS were identified-one with intact gonads and five with history of gonadectomy at 2-11 months. In the subject with intact gonads, LBMD-Z and TBLH BMC-Z were -1.56 and -1.26, respectively, at age 16 years. Among those with gonadectomy, LBMD-Z was -1.8 (-3.59 to 0.49) at age 15.6 years (12-16.8) and decreased in all three subjects who had longitudinal follow-up despite hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Adherence to HRT was intermittent. LMI-Z and FMI-Z were 0.1 (-1.39 to 0.7) and 1.0 (0.22 to 1.49), respectively. Conclusions These limited data indicate that adolescents with CAIS have bone mass deficit. Further studies are needed to understand the extent of BMD abnormalities and the effect of gonadectomy, especially early in childhood, and to establish the optimal HRT regimen for bone accrual. Data on lean mass are reassuring.
Go Wide before Closing in: A Safe Approach to Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy for a Large Broad Ligament Leiomyoma

Study Objective Demonstrate total laparoscopic hysterectomy technique for a large broad ligament leiomyoma. Design Surgical video Setting Tertiary-care operating room using standard equipment for laparoscopic surgery and four 5 mm trocars, a 30-degree laparoscope, and bipolar sealing device. Patients or Participants A 47-year-old female with pelvic pressure, bulkiness and occasional right sided pelvic pain found to have a twenty-centimeter broad ligament leiomyoma. Interventions She desired to have a definitive surgical treatment. She underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, and cystoscopy. Measurements and Main Results Although leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors of the female pelvis, broad ligament leiomyomas are rare. Broad ligament is the most common extrauterine site for the occurrence of leiomyoma with the incidence of Laparoscopy revealed a large pelvic mass extending through the right board ligament and retroperitoneal space consistent with radiographic imaging. The surgery began on the left side by ligating the blood supply to the uterus in the retroperitoneal space, disconnecting the suspensory ligaments of the uterus. On the right side, the round ligament transected and the incision extended parallel to the infundibulopelvic ligament to enter the right retroperitoneum. The uterine artery was ligated at its origin and the mass was carefully enucleated out of lateral pararectal space while preserving the branches of hypogastric nerve. We utilized the colpotomy cup to demarcate our anatomical landmark and complete the hysterectomy. Pathology revealed benign leiomyoma and reported no malignancy in uterus, cervix and bilateral fallopian tubes. Conclusion Board ligament leiomyomas may pose significant anatomical distortion and adhesive disease making minimally invasive surgical approach very challenging. Anatomic knowledge is imperative to safely gain access to the retroperitoneal space, ligate the blood supplies at its origin, preserve crucial pelvic nerves and excise these masses without increasing morbidity to the patient.
Prophylactic chemotherapy with fosfomycin trometamol versus placebo during transurethral prostatic resection.

A prospective randomized controlled double-blind study was performed on 61 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. The first group of 31 patients received 3 g fosfomycin trometamol p.o. each on the evening before and after the operation; the second group of 30 patients received a placebo. Urine samples were taken by catheter puncture 24 and 48 h postoperative. After removal of the catheter (day 5) the first midstream urine was collected for culture, and from that moment on all patients were treated with a nitrofurantoin derivative for two weeks. Although the same strict antiseptic measures were standard practice for both groups, the incidence of early postoperative urinary tract infections was significantly lower for the fosfomycin trometamol group (0/31 versus 6/30 in placebo recipients). None of the patients suffered from a major symptomatic or complicated infection. There were no side effects registered.
Copper Gallium Sulfide (CuGaS2)

Publisher Summary Copper Gallium Sulfide (CuGaS2) is a tetragonally bonded semiconductor with the chalcopyrite structure and a direct band gap of 2.49 eV at room temperature. The I-III-VI2 chalcopyrite lattice is equivalent to the II-VI zincblende semiconductor crystal structure but with ordering of the I and III components and so a doubling of the unit cell along the c -axis. It is observed that the chalcopyrite lattice is typically compressed along the c-axis leading to a crystalline electric field and birefringence with ne. Chalcopyrite semiconductors are also optically active because of varying degrees of tetragonal distortion. The CuGaS2 crystal structure, in particular, is compressed 2.0% along the c -axis. CuGaS2 exhibit a band gap of about 1.1 eV less than that of its analog, ZnS, which has a direct band gap of 3.6 eV in cubic form. This property is also displayed by other I-III-VI2 chalcopyrites and their analogs. This is attributed to p-d hybridization as a result of Cu d-orbitals in the valence band and to difference in the lengths of the Cu-S and Ga-S bonds.
Models and Methods for Managing Airline Irregular Operations

This chapter presents an approximation scheme and a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) for the irregular operations aircraft routing problem. The objective of this problem is to minimize the costs associated with reassigning aircraft to scheduled flights whenever a shortage of aircraft occurs. Flight cancellations, delays and aircraft substitutions are among the costs that must be considered for the new aircraft assignments that put an airline back on schedule by the end of the day’s operations. Two models are presented to illustrate the difficulty of this problem. The resource assignment model and the multicommodity flow model both elude efficient solution methods.
The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States

Objectives: To estimate the healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States and to examine the effect that a reduced sarcopenia prevalence would have on healthcare expenditures. Design: Cross-sectional surveys. Setting: Nationally representative surveys using data from the U.S. Census, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and National Medical Care and Utilization Expenditure Survey. Participants: Representative samples of U.S. adults aged 60 and older. Measurements: The healthcare costs of sarcopenia were estimated based on the effect of sarcopenia on increasing physical disability risk in older persons. In the first step, the healthcare cost of disability in older Americans was estimated from national surveys. In the second step, the proportion of the disability cost due to sarcopenia (population-attributable risk) was calculated to determine the healthcare costs of sarcopenia. These calculations relied upon previously published relative risk values for disability in sarcopenic individuals and sarcopenia prevalence rates in the older population. Results: The estimated direct healthcare cost attributable to sarcopenia in the United States in 2000 was $18.5 billion ($10.8 billion in men, $7.7 billion in women), which represented about 1.5% of total healthcare expenditures for that year. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the costs could be as low as $11.8 billion and as high as $26.2 billion. The excess healthcare expenditures were $860 for every sarcopenic man and $933 for every sarcopenic woman. A 10% reduction in sarcopenia prevalence would result in savings of $1.1 billion (dollars adjusted to 2000 rate) per year in U.S. healthcare costs. Conclusion: Sarcopenia imposes a significant but modifiable economic burden on government-reimbursed healthcare services in the United States. Because the number of older Americans is increasing, the economic costs of sarcopenia will escalate unless effective public health campaigns aimed at reducing the occurrence of sarcopenia are implemented.
English and Spanish oral cancer information on the Internet: a pilot surface quality and content evaluation of oral cancer Web sites

Objective: Oral and pharyngeal cancers are responsible for over 7,600 deaths each year in the United States. Given the significance of the disease and the fact that many individuals increasingly rely on health information on the Internet, it is important that patients and others can access clear and accurate oral cancer information on the Web. The objective of this study was threefold: a) develop an initial method to evaluate surface and content quality of selected English- and Spanish-language oral cancer Web sites; b) conduct a pilot evaluation; and c) discuss implications of our findings for dental public health. Methods: We developed a search strategy to find oral cancer sites frequented by the public using Medline Plus, Google, and Yahoo in English and Spanish. We adapted the Information Quality Tool (IQT) to perform a surface evaluation and developed a novel tool to evaluate site content for 24 sites each in English and Spanish. Results: English-language sites had an average IQT score of 76.6 (out of 100) and an average content score of 52.1 (out of 100). Spanish-language sites had an average IQT score of 50.3 and an average content score of 25.6. Conclusions: The study produced a quality assessment of oral cancer Web sites useful for clinicians and patients. Sites provided more information on clinical presentation, and etiology, and risk factors, than other aspects of oral cancer. The surface and quality of Spanish-language sites was low, possibly putting Hispanic populations at a disadvantage regarding oral cancer information on the Web. © 2011 American Association of Public Health Dentistry.
Culturally Important Issues and Science: A Gender and Science-Interest Investigation

Elementary science methods students nearing completion of their preservice teacher preparation are an important source for gauging views about science and its relation to culture. This research investigates gender and science interest as correlates of the valuation of science vis-a-vis nine culturally important categories as measured by the Thinking About Science Survey. Over one thousand male and female students at a large midwestern university took part in this study. One gender effect and an interest effect were found. Significantly more males expressed a high degree of interest in science, and males were more supportive of the assertion that race and gender are irrelevant in science. Interest in science, however, showed the more pronounced effect. Interest in science for both male and females was directly related to how science was valued with respect to six of the nine culturally important categories. Results suggest science interest might be improved by more contextual teaching approaches that seek to develop the valuation of science within a cultural context.
Studies in hypertension. III. Analysis of individual blood pressure changes.

The results of a questionnaire on conditions of blood pressure measurement, 5ent out prior to the reported study, revealed wide diversity of opinion as to the most satisfactory conditions for blood pressure measurement. This is an analysis of individual blood pressure changes over a period of 312 weeks measured daily at the same hour among 21 subjects observed at 5-minute intervals during a 25-minute period of rest. Fifteen subjects were examined three times on one or more days (9 a.m., 1:30 p.m. and 4:30 p.m.). Although a few of the subjects in the study had occasional readings above 90 mm. diastolic or 140 mm. systolic, none had sustained pressures above these levels. Among the 383 sessions, the initial casual diastolic reading (within 4 mm.) was the lowest in two-thirds of the sessions. There was little change in readings after 15 minutes of rest. In comparing the observations extending over 312 weeks, it was found that the majority of the subjects had reached both their lowest and highest levels within the first five days. Although there was some tendency for midday readings to be lower than the other, this pattern was not consistent.
Global Asymptotic Stability of Dynamic Dissipative Compensators for Multibody Flexible Space Structures

The stability characteristics of dynamic dissipative compensators are investigated for multibody flexible space structures having nonlinear dynamics. The problem addressed is that of proving asymptotic stability of dynamic dissipative compensators. The stability proof uses the Lyapunov approach and exploits the inherent passivity of such systems. For such systems these compensators are shown to be robust to parametric uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics. The results are applicable to a large class of structures such as flexible space structures with articulated flexible appendages.
Understanding Low Vision Reading

Reading difficulties usually accompany low vision. This article presents an overview of a series of psychophysical studies dealing with visual factors that influence normal and low vision reading. ...
The Kerr solution: A geometrical construction

We derive an expression for the metric tensorηij of Minkowski space-time in terms of a co-ordinate system adapted to a timelike world-tube and a shear-free, twisting congruence of null geodesicski emanating into the future from every event on the world-tube. By requiring the tube to represent the history of a rigid, unaccelerated, nonrotating, axially symmetric ellipsoid (in a technical sense) the null congruence is found to coincide with the null congruence of the Kerr solution which is tangent to the multiple Debever-Penrose direction of that solution. If one takes the Minkowski metric tensor as a «background» for a Kerr-Schild metric,ηij+2Hkikj, the Kerr solution is readily obtained by solving Einstein's vacuum field equations for the only remaining unknown—the scalar «potential»H. We prove that if the world-tube is static (unaccelerated and rigid) and has spatially compact normal sections, which are not necessarily axially symmetric, then the background geometry is flatif and only if the normal sections are axially symmetric ellipsoids. In so far as our work emphasizes the role of the properties of the basic world-tube in our construction, it may be considered as complementing the recent work of Newman and Winicour and of Vaidya on the same topic.
Mommy's Baby, Daddy's Maybe: A Closer Look at Regression to the Mean

Regression analysis is one of the most useful techniques we have in statistics, and it is applied in a large number of disparate situations. It is used to explain the influence (independent) variab...
Incorporation of endovascular training into a vascular fellowship program

Abstract Background : Despite expanding indications for endovascular therapy of peripheral vascular disease, vascular surgeons have largely remained bystanders in the use of this form of treatment for the disease, which is the focus of their profession. Lack of access to training in endovascular techniques is a major obstacle to increasing involvement by vascular surgeons. This paper reports our experience in the endovascular training of vascular surgical fellows without the involvement of radiologists. Methods : The results of vascular surgery fellows receiving instruction in endovascular diagnostic and therapeutic procedures from vascular surgery faculty were reviewed. Results : Endovascular training of vascular surgery fellows exceeded the case levels recommended by all involved societies. A diverse case mix of 355 endovascular diagnostic procedures were performed with a major complication rate of 0.3% and no procedure-related deaths. Two hundred six endovascular interventions were performed, with an initial technical success rate of 96.6%, a 30-day success rate of 93%, no major complications, and an overall intervention-related mortality rate of less than 1%. Conclusions : Vascular surgery fellows can receive endovascular training by vascular surgery faculty without the involvement of radiologists and can do so with acceptable success and complication rates. This experience is sufficient to qualify them to perform and teach endovascular therapy in their future practices.
Models of Clientelism and Policy Change: The Case of Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes in Mexico and Brazil

Clientelist systems vary, and this variation influences the adoption and evolution of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes. We find that vertically integrated, corporatist clientelism in Mexico and more locally oriented, bossist clientelism in Brazil differentially shape the choices of governments to turn piecemeal, discretionary CCTs into more expansive and secure benefits.
Loqs and R2D2 act sequentially in the siRNA pathway in Drosophila

The Drosophila small RNA interference pathways can be triggered by dsRNA from various sources, both exogenous and endogenous. Examination of mutations in flies now shows that two RNA-binding proteins, R2D2 and Loquacious, in fact act together in a common pathway used by dsRNAs from different sources.
Testing an intervention to reduce negative thinking, depressive symptoms, and chronic stressors in low-income single mothers.

Purpose:To test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention in reducing depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors in low-income, single mothers at risk for depression. Design and Methods:A randomized, controlled prevention trial was conducted with 136 low-income, single mothers with children between the ages of 2 and 6 years. Each participant was screened before enrollment and was determined to be at risk for depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. The experimental group was invited to participate in a 4- to 6-week cognitive-behavioral group intervention. Data on depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors were collected via self-report questionnaires from control and experimental groups at baseline, 1 month, and 6 months after the intervention to assess the effects of the intervention. Findings:Compared with those in the control group, women who received the intervention had a greater decrease in depressive symptoms, negative thinking, and chronic stressors; these beneficial effects were maintained over a 6-month period. Conclusions:The findings indicate the effectiveness of this cognitive-behavioral group intervention and show the beneficial effects of reducing negative thinking via the use of affirmations and thought-stopping techniques.
Rearrangements of host and viral DNA in mouse cells transformed by simian virus 40.

Abstract We have determined the structure of host DNA and viral DNA at the site of integration of Simian virus 40 (SV40) in a line of transformed Balb/c-3T3 cells (SVB400) isolated by single cell cloning after virus infection. Recombinant phage containing integrated viral DNA and flanking host DNA were purified from a genomic library and, in conjunction with restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of the transformed cell DNA, were used to determine the organization of the integrated viral sequences. There is heterogeneity in the arrangement of the viral sequences resulting from tandem duplications of all or part of the SV40 genome with preservation of the viral-host junctions. The predominant arrangement is the result of tandem duplication of 41% of the SV40 genome from 0·64 to 0·23. Analysis of the structure of integrated viral DNA in SVB400 at different passage numbers and in single cell clones derived from the 20th passage indicated that rearrangements of viral DNA occur after the integration event and continue with passage of the cells. The organization of host sequences before and after the integration of SV40 was determined by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of parental 3T3 DNA and SVB400 DNA, and by analysis of recombinant phage isolated from genomic libraries. A deletion of at least 15 × 10 3 bases of host DNA occurred at the site of integration, which indicates that viral integration was not a result of a simple insertion of SV40. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus-host junctions showed that retained SV40 sequences were colinear with the viral genome, and that the junctions with SV40 DNA occurred at nucleotide numbers 1377 and 3610. There was no evidence of duplications of viral or host sequences at the junctions, and a comparison of the flanking mouse sequences with the deleted SV40 sequences revealed no significant homology at the point of joining of the two genomes.
Circulatory responses of perinatal goats to prostaglandin precursors

Abstract The effects of precursors in the prostaglandin synthetic pathway as well as those of analogs of cyclic endoperoxide intermediates upon the pulmonary and systemic circulations of fetal and newborn goats were examined. Exogenous arachidonic acid increased pulmonary vascular resistance and decreased systemic arterial pressure of fetuses and newborns. The effects of dihomo-y-linolenic acid on the circulation are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than those of arachidonic acid. The cyclic endoperoxide analogs were strong pressors in both pulmonary and systemic circulations. The responses to the fatty acid precursors, which are totally blocked by indomethacin and meclofenamate, appear to indicate that they give rise to more than one vasoactive product. Furthermore, exogenous arachidonic acid produces effects which appear to be different from those produced by endogenous pulmonary arachidonic acid.
Analysis of the cost per kWh to store electricity

This paper presents a cost analysis of grid-connected electric energy storage. Various energy storage technologies are considered in the analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis is used. The results are presented in term of the cost added to electricity stored and discharged, in US$/kWh. Results are compared with wholesale and retail electricity costs, and with the cost of conventional pumped hydro storage.
Prostate cancer visualization from MR imagery and MR spectroscopy

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among males, and the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested for its detection. A framework is presented for scoring and visualizing various MR data in an efficient and intuitive manner. A classification method is introduced where a cumulative score volume is created which takes into account each of three acquisition types. This score volume is integrated into a volume rendering framework which allows the user to view the prostate gland, the multi-modal score values, and the surrounding anatomy. A visibility persistence mode is introduced to automatically avoid full occlusion of a selected score and indicate overlaps. The use of GPU-accelerated multi-modal single-pass ray casting provides an interactive experience. User driven importance rendering allows the user to gain insight into the data and can assist in localization of the disease and treatment planning. We evaluate our results against pathology and radiologists' determinations.
A simplified method for calculating the pulmonary valvular area.

Abstract In order to accurately assess the severity of pulmonary valvular stenosis, one must consider both the right ventricular systolic pressure and the cardiac output. The calculation for the pulmonary valvular area utilizes both of these factors, but has been time consuming to perform. A simplified method is presented for determining the pulmonary valvular area by calculating the pulmonary valvular resistance and relating this value to the pulmonary valvular area.
On the wave-induced loads used in checking the strength of aging ships

In this paper, a method is proposed for determining the wave-induced hull girder loads used in strength assessment of aging ships for any remaining service life and any probability of exceedence. The hull girder geometric properties are presented in a probabilistic format. The probabilistic distribution of the hull girder stresses is then obtained by the rules of the composition of the distribution laws of the constituent variables. The method allows for assessing not only the absolute values of the stresses but also their level of uncertainty/certainty. An example is given for the deck bending stresses due to wave-induced bending moment.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorimetric detection of amines in beer

Capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous ultraviolet absorbance and laser-induced fluorescence detection is applied to identify and quantify selected amines in beer following derivatization with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. Quantitation was performed using the method of standard addition in order to avoid pH-dependent variations in the reactivity of the derivatizing agent with the added benefit of verifying peak identity. An inexpensive and "easy-to-use" on-column fiber optic fluorescence detection cell is described and implemented in the analysis.
Dexfenfluramine neurotoxicity in brains of non-human primates.

Abstract Dexfenfluramine, a drug prescribed for appetite suppression, was evaluated in non-human primates for its potential to produce toxic effects on brain serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Squirrel monkeys received dexfenfluramine subcutaneously twice daily for four days at doses of 1·25 or 5·00 mg/kg. Two weeks later, a dose-related depletion of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was found, together with a reduced number of 5-HT uptake sites. Morphological studies showed acute pathological changes in 5-HT axons, followed by a persistent decrease in 5-HT axon density. Our findings indicate that dexfenfluramine damages central 5-HT neurons in monkeys and raise concern about the potential neurotoxicity of this drug in man.
Pedagogical balancing acts: Attempts to influence prospective teachers' beliefs

Abstract A teacher educator encountered problems in teaching an introductory teacher education course designed to challenge prospective teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. In his dual efforts both to engage his students' beliefs and to encourage their consideration of alternative beliefs stated in educational literature, he found it difficult to establish a satisfactory working relationship with them, to organize productive interaction between their current beliefs and potential alternatives, to aid them to do the intellectual work involved in such interaction, and to manage the ambiguities and risks that the course presented them.
New York City's Children First Networks: Turning Accountability on Its Head.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report findings from an exploratory study of New York's Children First Networks (CFNs); to examine what is known about the CFNs thus far, drawing on new empirical research, as well as document review and analysis of secondary sources.Design/methodology/approach – Organizational learning theory guided this qualitative study. As such, in‐depth interviews conducted with central office staff, network leadership teams, cluster leaders, and principals focused on the flow and management of information within the networks; the ways in which stakeholders developed shared meanings; how collective intelligence was built and transmitted; and organizational responses to the early experience of the CFNs.Findings – Findings highlight the tools and processes the NYC Department of Education (DOE) has put into place to operationalize the CFNs. Respondents identified as critical the replacement of supervisory leadership from the district with customization of services provided by th...
Properties of the Triplet State of N,N,Nî,Nî-Tetraethyloxonine

The triplet state of N,N,Ni,Ni-tetraethyloxonine, TEO+ generated by means of sensitization with 9,10-dibromoanthracene, was investigated in ethanol solution by laser flash photolysis-kinetic spectrometry employing the first harmonic of a Q-switched ruby laser at 347.2 nm. Quenching of both the protonated triplet, TEOH2+(T1), τ = 47 μs, and the unprotonated triplet, TEO+(T1), τ = 285 μs, by TEO+(S0) proceeds with substantial net electron transfer. No net electron transfer is detectable in the quenching of TEOH2+(T1), and TEO+(T1) by O2 or 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, processes which apparently involve transfer of energy. Specific rates of quenching are reported and the implications of the quenching processes for stability of TEO+ in devices for conversion or storage of solar energy are discussed.
PUBLIC TALES WAG THE DOG

This essay examines the case of Kelley Williams-Bolar—an African American single mother from Akron, Ohio—who in 2011 was arrested, charged with a felony, and jailed for sending her two daughters to a predominantly White suburban public school in Copley Township without meeting the township's residency requirements. This essay closely examines the case with particular attention paid to the important but often unacknowledged intersections of race, gender, economic privilege, spatial containment, and racialized criminalization that shaped the case. The Williams-Bolar case became a public site of contesting narratives, some obscuring these intersections, others acknowledging them. Those who supported Copley Township's prosecution of Williams-Bolar relied on a law and order mandate and fiscal responsibility that supported the dominant racial narrative while appearing to be race, gender, and class neutral. But many were critical of Williams-Bolar's arrest and the story used to justify it. Their response was a massive and heated online challenge that inspired existing and newly outraged parents and educational activists from a wide range of backgrounds, triggering petitions signed by hundreds of thousands of people requesting that the Governor of Ohio pardon Williams-Bolar.This essay places the case in the context of what I call the “invisible intersections of colorblind racism,” the racial privileges of housing and educational resource hoarding via private property taxes for suburban upper-middle-class Whites and the expanded application of the criminalization of the Black poor to Black mothers who receive state assistance by the judicial system, in political discourse and mass media narrative. Williams-Bolar's supporters used the power of social media to build community activism and to generate alternative narratives that countered the discursive and structural forces that were at work. Finally, this article considers the value and impact of alternative narratives about Williams-Bolar and her actions as generated by supporters.
Market and Direct Allocation of Labor Through Migration

Recent research suggests that the relationship between migration and labor allocation has changed in two ways: (1) fewer migrations are job-related; and (2) more of the remaining job-related migrations are job transfers instead of purely market-induced mobility. Data from the 1973–77 U.S. Annual Housing Surveys are used to compare characteristics of market-induced and job-transfer migrants/Both forms of migration occur among all income, education, and age groups. However, the income attainment processes for these migrants suggest that relocations are overrepresented among those primary jobs described by dual labor market theory. Since many of the benefits of primary jobs are age-related, both the increasing frequency of occupational relocations and weakening of the American economic position suggest that the benefits expected by those relocated may be difficult to provide.
Noetherian Connected Graded Algebras of Global Dimension 3

Abstract Let A be a noetherian connected graded algebra of global dimension 3. We show that A is regular in the sense of Artin and Schelter if one of the following conditions holds: (1) A is generated by two elements; (2) the graded simple module has a standard resolution; (3) the degrees of minimal relations are the same (this includes the quadratic case). Some general properties of A are studied without assuming regularity.
Epistatic interactions of genes influence within-individual variation of physical activity traits in mice

A number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) recently have been discovered that affect various activity traits in mice, but their collective impact does not appear to explain the consistently moderate to high heritabilities for these traits. We previously suggested interactions of genes, or epistasis, might account for additional genetic variability of activity, and tested this for the average distance, duration and speed run by mice during a 3 week period. We found abundant evidence for epistasis affecting these traits, although, recognized that epistatic effects may well vary within individuals over time. We therefore conducted a full genome scan for epistatic interactions affecting these traits in each of seven three-day intervals. Our intent was to assess the extent and trends in epistasis affecting these traits in each of the intervals. We discovered a number of epistatic interactions of QTLs that influenced the activity traits in the mice, the majority of which were not previously found and appeared to affect the activity traits (especially distance and speed) primarily in the early or in the late age intervals. The overall impact of epistasis was considerable, its contribution to the total phenotypic variance varying from an average of 22–35% in the three traits across all age intervals. It was concluded that epistasis is more important than single-locus effects of genes on activity traits at specific ages and it is therefore an essential component of the genetic architecture of physical activity.
Emergency Medicine Resident Research Requirements and Director Characteristics

Abstract. Objectives: To describe emergency medicine (EM) residency program research requirements, characterize research directors (RDs), and describe their research activities and productivity. Methods: A survey with questions addressing program research requirements, RDs' background, type of research productivity, time spent, and compensation was mailed to RDs at all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved programs. Results: One hundred of 111 (90%) RDs responded; 54 of the 100 respondents were from university programs. Research is a formal requirement in 80% of EM programs. Writing a manuscript (35%) and major involvement in a project (31%) are the most common minimum requirements. University and community programs had similar research requirements and were equally likely to have delayed/withheld certificates. Eighty-six percent of the RDs were male; 70% held this position for <5 years and 70% plan on being in the position for ≤5 additional years. More than half were junior faculty and 21 had completed a fellowship. Most (88%) did not serve in an associate RD position, and currently only 20 programs reported having this position. Fifty-four percent had protected time. Median hour/week time allocations are: clinical—22, own research—10, other people's research—6, administration—5, and department administration—5. Factors associated with research productivity were senior rank (OR 6.87), having a research assistant (OR 4.78), protected time for their own research (OR 3.06), and reporting that extramural funding was considered in the RD's performance evaluation (OR 2.69). Conclusions: Most programs have established research requirements. Most RDs are junior faculty, have limited research training, expect a short tenure in the position, and have variable access to research resources. EM needs to foster an environment that will enable us to thrive in the academic community and create opportunity for residents to participate in meaningful research. This requires that all RDs have protected time, and that a greater proportion be at the associate or full professor level, have qualified research assistants, and receive periodic evaluation reviewing their ability to generate external funds. Appointment of associate RDs may improve research training and help ensure qualified RDs.
The journal of cancer survivorship: informing health care providers and cancer survivors

As was the case when choosing the title for this journal, the term “cancer survivor” continues to be a source of controversy. Because of this continued concern, we reviewed how authors defined cancer survivor (i.e., case definition) in their paper. Reflecting the diversity of opinions in the field of cancer survivorship, the case definition of survivor has varied across publications. Definitions in the majority of publications met the criteria of post primary treatment. However, the case definition that had been used in many publications was based on number of months post diagnosis, rather than a statement providing explicit times post primary cancer treatment. Given the existence of multiple definitions of “cancer survivor,” future JCSU publications must provide a detailed case definition of cancer survivor in the methods section of the submission that includes time post primary cancer treatment. It is expected that papers will target those post primary treatment. This is particularly important given the potential variation in the temporal course of problems experienced by cancer survivors following primary treatment for cancer. The exact time from primary treatment of first, recurrent, or new cancers can also provide more specific knowledge of what can be expected over the long term and what we can target for improved primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention over time. Identification of variables that contribute to these temporal changes will hopefully lead to improved health and self-care efforts.
Comfort and conflict in the relationships of pregnant, minority adolescents: Social support as a moderator of social strain

Although there is growing recognition that social strain can be a source of considerable distress, few studies to date have examined the ways in which social support may moderate social strain. In this study, social strain was conceived of as a stressor in its own right, whose adverse effects were expected to be alleviated by social support. Participants were 157 pregnant, minority teenagers, all of whom were attending an alternative school for pregnant students. Life events and social strain were positively related to depression. In addition, a significant interaction between social strain and cognitive guidance was found. The pattern of findings suggests that cognitive guidance may intervene between the experience of problematic social exchanges and the onset of depression. Implications of these findings for future research and intervention are discussed.
Cardioadaptation Induced by Cyclic Ischemic Preconditioning Is Mediated by Translational Regulation ofde NovoProtein Synthesis

Repetitive episodes of brief ischemia induce myocardial adaptation to prolonged ischemia. To investigate whether this myocardial adaptive response involves gene transcription and de novo protein synthesis, this study examined the effects of actinomycin D (ActD) and cycloheximide (Chx) on the cardio-protection induced by repeated ischemic preconditioning. Isolated, perfused working rat hearts underwent cyclic ischemia (CI, four 5-min ischemic intervals, 37°C) with and without pretreatment with Chx (1.0 mg/kg, ip; translation inhibition) or ActD (1.5 mg/kg, ip; transcription inhibition) 3 hr prior to heart isolation. All hearts were subjected to 20 min global ischemia (37°C) and 40 min reperfusion (I/R). Coronary effluent was assayed for creatine kinase (CK) activity. Myocardial tissue was homogenized and crude protein content determined. CI preconditioning improved postischemic recovery of cardiac output (CO; 48 ± 5.1% vs 73 ± 2.8% for control and CI, respectively, P 0.05). We conclude that CI preconditioning induces protein synthesis-dependent myocardial protection against I/R injuries. CI-induced de novo protein synthesis in the myocardium appears to be regulated at the translational level rather than by gene transcription.