cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian change‐point analysis for atomic force microscopy and soft material indentation

Summary. Material indentation studies, in which a probe is brought into controlled physical contact with an experimental sample, have long been a primary means by which scientists characterize the mechanical properties of materials. More recently, the advent of atomic force microscopy, which operates on the same fundamental principle, has in turn revolutionized the nanoscale analysis of soft biomaterials such as cells and tissues. The paper addresses the inferential problems that are associated with material indentation and atomic force microscopy, through a framework for the change-point analysis of pre-contact and post-contact data that is applicable to experiments across a variety of physical scales. A hierarchical Bayesian model is proposed to account for experimentally observed change-point smoothness constraints and measurement error variability, with efficient Monte Carlo methods developed and employed to realize inference via posterior sampling for parameters such as Young's modulus, which is a key quantifier of material stiffness. These results are the first to provide the materials science community with rigorous inference procedures and quantification of uncertainty, via optimized and fully automated high throughput algorithms, implemented as the publicly available software package BayesCP. To demonstrate the consistent accuracy and wide applicability of this approach, results are shown for a variety of data sets from both macromaterials and micromaterials experiments—including silicone, neurons and red blood cells—conducted by the authors and others.
The physiology of marriage: pathways to health

Marriage is the central relationship for most adults and has beneficial effects for health. At the same time, troubled marriages have negative health consequences. This review outlines the physiological pathways through which marital relationships influence health based on a stress/social support model. In addition, we review recent findings suggesting that unhappy marriages are associated with morbidity and mortality. We then turn to studies of marital interaction that include assessment of physiological pathways through which marital functioning influences health: the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems. Across these studies, negative and hostile behaviors during marital conflict discussions are related to elevations in cardiovascular activity, alterations in hormones related to stress, and dysregulation of immune function. Using recent conceptualizations of the physiological impact of chronic stress, we illustrate how physiological changes associated with marital functioning in these studies have long-term implications for health outcomes. Finally, we discuss future implications of current research for understanding the relationships among marital functioning, physiology, and health.
TIME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS IN THE INCUBATION OF THE WHITEFISH, COREGONUS CLUPEAFORMIS (MITCHILL)

1. Whitefish eggs incubated in aerated lake water at controlled tempera tures of 0°, 0.5°, 2°, 4°, 6°, 8°, 10°, and 12°C., failed to hatch at either 0° or 12°C. 0.6 per cent hatched alive at 10°C., 72.67 per cent hatched alive at 0.5°C., and an intermediate proportion hatched at intermediate temperatures. 2. The percentage of abnormal embryos which developed to the hatching stage varied directly with temperature between 4° and 12°, all embryos being abnormal at 12°C.; but none were abnormal at either 0.5°, or 2°C. Normal development predominated from 0.5 to 6°C. The highest proportion of embryos to hatch alive was 72.67 per cent at 0.5°C., which is, hence, the optimum temperature. 3. Total incubation time ranged from 29.6 days at 10°C. to 141 days at 0.5°C. 4. The time (T) required to attain any given stage of development is expressed in equations See PDF for Equation where temperature, t, is a negative exponent of the constant, A, whose value differs above or below 6°C., a critical temperature. Values of A above 6° fluctuate about 1.13; those of A below 6° fluctuate about 1.19 as a mean. 5. Applying Arrhenius' equation µ values for the total incubation period are 27,500 below 6° and 27,100 above it. 6. The relative magnitude of A values of the exponential equation and µ values of Arrhenius' equation show corresponding changes from one developmental period to another. 7. When plotted, thermal increments show cyclic variations, with maxima during periods of cleavage and of organogenesis. These may indicate the interaction of two separate sets of embryonic processes, which give a maximal response to temperature differences during these two separate periods. 8. Above 6°, µ values during the hatching process are distinct from those of developmental stages and are regarded as being due to the action of hatching enzymes.
FT-IR Internal Reflection Spectroscopy Using Regular Polygonal Internal Reflection Elements

Regular polygonal reactive internal reflection elements (IREs) have been designed and fabricated for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) to study adsorption phenomena at the IRE surface. The geometric and optical features of these polygonal IREs are described with respect to the use of the FT-IR/IRS adsorption density equation. An octagonal internal reflection element of fluorite (CaF2) was prepared with 3 mm sides, and adsorption at the polygon faces was examined by FT-IR/IRS. Adsorption densities thus determined at the surface of the polygonal IRE were found to compare well with those determined at the surface of the parallelepiped IREs of the same material. The utility of regular polygonal IREs, including the advantages and disadvantages, is discussed.
Asymmetric flows over symmetric surfaces: capacitive coupling in induced charge electro-osmosis

We report curious asymmetric induced-charge electro-osmotic (ICEO) flows over a symmetric, planar gate electrode under applied ac electric fields, whereas symmetric, counter-rotating rolls are expected. Furthermore, the asymmetric component of the flow is consistently directed towards the grounded electrode. We propose that capacitive coupling of the gate electrode to the microscope stage—a comparatively large equipotential surface that acts effectively as a ground—is responsible for this symmetry breaking. This stray capacitance drives the formation of a double layer whose zeta potential is proportional to the potential drop from the electrolyte directly above the gate electrode to the external stage. Therefore, the charge in this 'stray' double layer varies in phase with the driving field, resulting in a rectified, steady flow as with standard ICEO. We experimentally vary the stray capacitance, the electric potential of the stage and the location of the gate electrode, and find that the effect on the stray flow is qualitatively consistent with the predictions of the proposed mechanism. In the process, we demonstrate that capacitive coupling offers an additional means of manipulating fluid flow over a polarizable surface.
Photocatalytic Functional Cotton Fabrics Containing Benzophenone Chromophoric Groups

In preparation of self-decontamination clothing materials in high reactivities against toxic agents, photoactive benzophenone chromophoric groups were incorporated into cotton fabrics. The cotton fabrics were treated by using 4-hydroxybenzophenone as a reagent, 1,2,3,4,-butanetetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) as a crosslinker, and sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst. The fabric treat- ment was conducted by a pad-dry-cure method. The benzophenone chromophoric group incorporated cotton fabrics were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and so on. The results confirmed the expected structures of the benzo- phenone chromophoric group modified and BTCA cross- linked cotton fabrics. The treated cotton fabrics demon- strated radical reactivities and antibacterial activity under UV irradiation. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 106: 2661-2667, 2007
The “Trial” of Lee Benson: Communism, White Chauvinism, and The Foundations of the “New Political History” in the United States

Lee Benson was one of the first American political historians to suggest a “systematic” revision of traditional political history with its emphasis on narrow economic class analysis, narrative arguments, and over-reliance on qualitative research methodologies. This essay presents Benson's contributions to the “new political history”—an attempt to apply social-science methods, concepts, and theories to American political history—as a social, cultural, and political narrative of Cold War-era American history. Benson belonged to a generation of ex-Communist American historians and political scientists whose scholarship and intellectual projects flowed—in part—out of Marxist social and political debates, agendas, and paradigmatic frameworks, even as they rejected and revised them. The main focus of the essay is the genesis of Benson's pioneering study of nineteenth-century New York state political culture, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy, with its emphasis on intra-class versus inter-class conflict, sensitivity to ethnocultural determinants of political and social behavior, and reliance on explicit social-science theory and methodology. In what follows, I argue that The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy has its roots in Benson's Popular Front Marxist beliefs, and his decade-long engagement and subsequent disenchantment with American left-wing politics. Benson's growing alienation from Progressive historical paradigms and traditional Marxist analysis, and his attempts to formulate a neo-Marxism attentive to unique American class and political realities, are linked to his involvement with 1940s radical factional politics and his disturbing encounter with internal Communist party racial and ideological tensions in the late 1940s at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Absolute configurations and conformations of the opioid agonist and antagonist enantiomers of picenadol

The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of the opiod picenadol [cis-1,3-dimethyl-4-propyl-4-propyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine; cis-3-methyl, 4-propyl] have been determined by an X-ray crystallographic study of the chloride salt of the (+)-enantiomer. The agonist (+)-enantiomer and the antagonist (−)-enantiomer were found to have the 3R, 4R and 3S, 4S absolute configurations, respectively. The conformational properties of the enantiomers were also examined with MM2–87 calculations. There was good agreement between the computed global minimum and the crystallographic structure with the phenyl ring approximately bisecting the piperidine ring by both methods. This orientation of the phenyl ring differs from that of related opioids such as the phenylmorphans, prodines, meperidine, and ketobemidone in which the phenyl ring tends to eclipse one edge of the piperidine ring. Because the phenyl ring bisects the piperidine ring in picenadol, there is little difference in the three-dimensional orientations of the phenyl rings of the two enantiomers when one superimposes the piperidine rings. The agonist (+)-enantiomer is ambiguous with respect to an opioid ligand model, which suggests that agonist activity requires a specific range of dihedral angles for the phenyl ring. While the global minimum of the agonist is not consistent with the model, a second conformer that is only 1.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum is consistent. An alternative explanation is that agonist or antagonist activity is solely due to the presence of the 3-methyl group on the different edges of the piperidine ring. MM2–87 calculations were also performed on the opioid agonist des-3-methyl analog of picenadol and the closely related trans-1,3,4-trimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines (trans-3-methyl, 4-methyl) in which both enantiomers are opioid antagonists. The conformational properties of these compounds are consistent with the ligand model. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RNA editing in the human ENCODE RNA-seq data

RNA-seq data can be mined for sequence differences relative to the reference genome to identify both genomic SNPs and RNA editing events. We analyzed the long, polyA-selected, unstranded, deeply sequenced RNA-seq data from the ENCODE Project across 14 human cell lines for candidate RNA editing events. On average, 43% of the RNA sequencing variants that are not in dbSNP and are within gene boundaries are A-to-G(I) RNA editing candidates. The vast majority of A-to-G(I) edits are located in introns and 3′ UTRs, with only 123 located in protein-coding sequence. In contrast, the majority of non–A-to-G variants (60%–80%) map near exon boundaries and have the characteristics of splice-mapping artifacts. After filtering out all candidates with evidence of private genomic variation using genome resequencing or ChIP-seq data, we find that up to 85% of the high-confidence RNA variants are A-to-G(I) editing candidates. Genes with A-to-G(I) edits are enriched in Gene Ontology terms involving cell division, viral defense, and translation. The distribution and character of the remaining non–A-to-G variants closely resemble known SNPs. We find no reproducible A-to-G(I) edits that result in nonsynonymous substitutions in all three lymphoblastoid cell lines in our study, unlike RNA editing in the brain. Given that only a fraction of sites are reproducibly edited in multiple cell lines and that we find a stronger association of editing and specific genes suggests that the editing of the transcript is more important than the editing of any individual site.
On the large deviation of resequencing queue size: 2-M/M/1 case

Protocols such as TCP require packets to be accepted, i.e., delivered to the receiving application, in the order they are transmitted at the sender. Packets that arrive at the receiving host may be mis-ordered for reasons such as retransmission of dropped packets or multi-path routing. In order to deliver the arrived packets in sequence, the receiver's transport layer is responsible to temporarily buffer out-of-order packets and to resequence them as more packets arrive. We analyze a model where the mis-ordering is caused by multi-path routing. Packets are generated according to a Poisson process. Then, they arrive at a disordering network modelled by two parallel M/M/1 queues, and are routed to each of the queues according to an independent Bernoulli process. A resequencing buffer follows the disordering network. In such a model, the packet resequencing delay is known. However, the size of the resequencing queue is unknown. We derive the probability for the large deviation of the queue size.
The p53-targeting human phosphatase hCdc14A interacts with the Cdk1/cyclin B complex and is differentially expressed in human cancers

The evolutionary conserved cyclin-dependent kinase phosphatase hCdc14A has been shown to play potential roles in the regulation of mitotic exit and in the centrosome duplication cycle. We have recently shown that hCdc14A also can interact with the tumor suppressor p53 both in vitro and in vivo and specifically dephosphorylates the ser315 site of p53 in vitro. In this study we developed antibodies against hCdc14A to investigate the expression and regulation of hCdc14A in human tissues and cancer cells. We show that hCdc14A is differentially expressed in human tissues and in 75 cancer cell lines examined. Treatments with the histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA, the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytodine or the proteasome inhibitor MG132 significantly induced expression of hCdc14A in cell lines expressing low or undetectable levels of hCdc14A. There was a strong bias for low expression of hCdc14A in cancer cell lines harboring wild-type p53, suggesting that high Cdc14A expression is not compatible with wild-type p53 expression. We present evidence for a role for hCdc14A in the dephosphorylation of the ser315 site of p53 in vivo and that hCdc14A forms a complex with Cdk1/cyclin B during interphase but not during mitosis. Our results that hCdc14A is differentially expressed in human cancer cells and that hCdc14A can interact with both p53 and the Cdk1/cyclin B complex may implicate that dysregulation of hCdc14A expression may play a role in carcinogenesis.
Parental Nonstandard Work, Family Processes, and Delinquency During Adolescence

Although past research suggests that nonstandard parental work arrangements have negative implications for children, researchers typically assess the effects of maternal and paternal work schedules independently, and studies among older adolescents are rare. Combining insights from family sociology and criminology, we evaluate the effects of household work arrangements on family processes and delinquency among a national sample of 10- to 17-year-old children. We find that children from households where both parents work nonstandard hours report weaker levels of family bonding, which in turn is associated with greater delinquency. Children from single-mother households in which the mother works evening or night shifts report weaker levels of parent–child closeness and family bonding, which fully mediate the association with greater delinquency. We also find that select maternal nonstandard schedules in conjunction with paternal standard schedules are associated with lower delinquency among children. We der...
PERINEURAL INVASION AND SEMINAL VESICLE INVOLVEMENT PREDICT PELVIC LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN MEN WITH LOCALIZED CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the contribution of *perineural invasion and seminal vesicle biopsy results in predicting pelvic lymph node metastases in men with T1 or T2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate.Materials and Methods: A total of 212 men with localized prostate cancer were evaluated for serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), clinical stage, Gleason score and the presence of *perineural invasion. Each patient had undergone seminal vesicle biopsies and a laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection before definitive therapy. The pretreatment prognostic values, presence of perineural invasion and seminal vesicle involvement were compared to the results of the laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection. Differences in proportions were tested using the Pearson chi-square test. The effect of multiple variables was tested using a stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results: PSA ranged from 1.6 to 190 ng./ml. (median 11), and 52% of patients had Gleason score 7 or greater and 67.5% had clinical stage T2b or gre...
Learning to use learning resources during medical school and residency

Objectives: This study (1) examined the natural history of learning to use learning resources by medical students and residents and (2) considered whether that history is consistent with the ways in which physicians approach their learning tasks. Methods: The authors conducted and analyzed thirty-two open-ended interviews of first-year and third-year medical students and first-year and senior residents in internal medicine, family medicine, or pediatrics. Results and Discussion: Learning to use learning resources occurs at the same time as learning done to address instructional and clinical problems that physicians-in-training face, with all kinds of learning following well-documented stages. Skills for using resources are developed gradually and by overcoming barriers such as time constraints and existing habits. Conclusions: Implications of the natural history of learning to use learning resources can be employed by librarians and medical teachers to facilitate self-directed learning for physicians-in-training. Specific recommendations are provided.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the environment and climate change

The trade and environment relationship is complex and presents both challenges and opportunities. For instance, trade can lead to increased economic growth can result in increased consumption of non-renewable resources and greater environmental harms. On the other hand, increased economic growth can generate the resources to address environmental damage. International trade can also be a pathway for the transmission of weaker environmental policies from one country to another. Additionally, a number of environmental harms, such as illegal logging and overfishing, can be magnified by international trade, which expands the market for these goods. As a twenty-first-century trade agreement, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) presents an important opportunity to address a range of environmental issues, from illegal logging to climate change and to craft rules that strike an appropriate balance between supporting open trade and ensuring governments can respond to pressing environmental issues.
West Nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities.

: West Nile virus was identified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the etiologic agent in four encephalitis fatalities in New York City in the late summer of 1999. Fever and profound muscle weakness were the predominant symptoms. Autopsy disclosed encephalitis in two instances and meningoencephalitis in the remaining two. The inflammation was mostly mononuclear and formed microglial nodules and perivascular clusters in the white and gray matter. The brain stem, particularly the medulla, was involved most extensively. In two brains, cranial nerve roots had endoneural mononuclear inflammtion. In addition, one person had acute pancreatitis. On the basis of our experience, we offer recommendations for the autopsy evaluation of suspected WNV fatalities.
Reconstituting the barrier properties of a water-tight epithelial membrane By design of leaflet-specific liposomes

To define aspects of lipid composition and bilayer asymmetry critical to barrier function, we examined the permeabilities of liposomes that model individual leaflets of the apical membrane of a barrier epithelium, Madin-Darby canine kidney type 1 cells. Using published lipid compositions we prepared exofacial liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids, and cholesterol; and cytoplasmic liposomes containing phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and cholesterol. The osmotic permeability of cytoplasmic liposomes to water (Pf ), solutes, and NH3 was 18–90-fold higher than for the exofacial liposomes (Pf(ex) = 2.4 ± 0.4 × 10−4 cm/s, Pf(cy) = 4.4 ± 0.3 × 10−3 cm/s;Pglycerol(ex) = 2.5 ± 0.3 × 10−8 cm/s,Pglycerol(cy) = 2.2 ± 0.02 × 10−6 cm/s; PNH3(ex) = 0.13 ± 0.4 × 10−4 cm/s,PNH3(cy) = 7.9 ± 1.0 × 10−3cm/s). By contrast, the apparent proton permeability of exofacial liposomes was 4-fold higher than cytoplasmic liposomes (PH+(ex) = 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10−2 cm/s, PH+(cy) = 2.7 ± 0.6 × 10−3 cm/s). By adding single leaflet permeabilities, we calculated a theoretical Pf for a Madin-Darby canine kidney apical membrane of 4.6 × 10−4 cm/s, which compares favorably with experimentally determined values. In exofacial liposomes lacking glycosphingolipids or sphingomyelin, permeabilities were 2–7-fold higher, indicating that both species play a role in barrier function. Removal of cholesterol resulted in 40–280-fold increases in permeability. We conclude: 1) that we have reconstituted the biophysical properties of a barrier membrane, 2) that the barrier resides in the exofacial leaflet, 3) that both sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids play a role in reducing membrane permeability but that there is an absolute requirement for cholesterol to mediate this effect, 4) that these results further validate the hypothesis that each leaflet offers an independent resistance to permeation, and 5) that proton permeation was enhanced by sphingolipid/cholesterol interactions.
Repeated Exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia Results in CD4+ T Cell-Dependent and -Independent Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling in a Mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 Microenvironment That Requires Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10

Pulmonary arterial remodeling is a pathological process seen in a number of clinical disease states, driven by inflammatory cells and mediators in the remodeled artery microenvironment. In murine models, Th2 cell-mediated immune responses to inhaled antigens, such as purified Aspergillus allergen, have been reported to induce remodeling of pulmonary arteries. We have previously shown that repeated intranasal exposure of healthy C57BL/6 mice to viable, resting Aspergillus fumigatus conidia leads to the development of chronic pulmonary inflammation and the coevolution of Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses in the lungs. Our objective was to determine whether repeated intranasal exposure to Aspergillus conidia would induce pulmonary arterial remodeling in this mixed Th inflammatory microenvironment. Using weekly intranasal conidial challenges, mice developed robust pulmonary arterial remodeling after eight exposures (but not after two or four). The process was partially mediated by CD4+ T cells and by interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, did not require eosinophils, and was independent of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-17. Furthermore, remodeling could occur even in the presence of strong Th1 and Th17 responses. Rather than serving an anti-inflammatory function, IL-10 was required for the development of the Th2 response to A. fumigatus conidia. However, in contrast to previous studies of pulmonary arterial remodeling driven by the A. fumigatus allergen, viable conidia also stimulated pulmonary arterial remodeling in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Remodeling was completely abrogated in IL-10−/− mice, suggesting that a second, CD4+ T cell-independent, IL-10-dependent pathway was also driving pulmonary arterial remodeling in response to repeated conidial exposure.
Ionic Calcium in Milk and Whey

Abstract A calcium-sensitive electrode was used to measure the Ca ++ in raw and processed milk. The standard deviation of measurement was±0.24 mmole per liter, and the coefficient of variation was 13%. The Ca ++ of milk was in the range of 1.4 to 2.5 mmole per liter and decreased as the milk was processed. After 24-hr storage at 4C, the Ca ++ returned to about the same concentration as before processing. Addition of nonfat dry milk solids to skimmilk in sufficient amount to increase the solids-not-fat to 9.8%, increased the Ca ++ to 4.2 mmole per liter. Rennet whey and milk had the same Ca ++ . Treatment of milk with anion exchange resin in the chloride form increased Ca ++ , presumably because of the removal of phosphates. The resin-treated milk reacted with rennet more rapidly than the untreated. Dilution of milk with water caused a logarithmic decrease in Ca ++ , with a correlation coefficient of −0.9.
ONE SEASON OF PASTURE EXPOSURE FAILS TO INDUCE A PROTECTIVE RESISTANCE TO CYATHOSTOMES BUT INCREASES NUMBERS OF HYPOBIOTIC THIRD-STAGE LARVAE

The development of acquired resistance to cyathostome challenge after 1 season's exposure to a cyathostome-contaminated pasture was investigated using 17 parasite-naive ponies, which were 2–3 yr of age. These were divided into 3 groups: 1 to graze a cyathostome-contaminated pasture for 4 mo (exposed ponies), 1 to graze a “clean” pasture not previously grazed by parasitized animals (nonexposed ponies), and 1 group to remain in the barn under helminth-free conditions (parasite-free ponies). After pasture exposure all ponies were housed in stalls in the barn and dewormed with ivermectin (200 μg/kg) and oxibendazole (100 mg/kg), a treatment that eliminated most cyathostomes encysted in the mucosa as well as all luminal parasites, on the basis of necropsies of 5 animals, after 17 days. Remaining ponies were challenged with 100,000 cyathostome-infective third-stage larvae (L3) per os 3 wk after anthelmintic treatment. Necropsies were performed 7 wk after the challenge. Total cyathostome burdens (luminal plus en...
The first record of the late Miocene Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides Zdansky (Carnivora : Hyaenidae) in Inner Mongolia and an evaluation of the genus

Abstract New dental material of the hyaenid Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides Zdansky, 1924 from the late Miocene Baogeda Ula Formation in central Inner Mongolia is described. An evaluation of the morphological trends and spatial and temporal ranges of the genus Hyaenictitherium follows. The unworn isolated teeth described here represent a nearly complete set of dentition. Furthermore, the Baogeda Ula material is the eastern-most record of this genus, and the only hyaenid record in eastern Asia associated with a layer of basalt capping the fossil producing sediments. Previous studies of the capping basalt and associated small mammal fauna constrain the age of the Baogeda Ula hyaenid at 8–7 Ma. In addition to the Baogeda Ula material, other occurrences of the genus in eastern Asia include Gansu, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces of northern China. Of the ten species currently thought to belong to the genus, two (H. intuberculatum and H. minimum) appear more primitive than the others. The rest seem to follow a morphol...
The Regulatory Adventure of the Two Norwood Builders: Sherlock Holmes Crosses Paths with Congress, the President, the Courts, and the Administrative State, in the Press

It was almost certainly some combination of law on the books and law in the works that inspired the New York World to publish its 1911 version of the Sherlock Holmes story, “The Adventure of the Norwood Builder,” in not one, but two, formats. (In its Sunday editions from April 9 to July 2, 1911, the World republished the thirteen stories from The Return of Sherlock Holmes in their original sequence, with “Norwood Builder” appearing on April 16.) The law on the books was a series of interpretations of the Mail Classification Act of 1879 by the U.S. Post Office Department (in 1901) and the U.S. Supreme Court (in 1904). The law in the works was the ongoing congressional and presidential interest in tinkering with postal service in general and second-class mail rates in particular — an interest that manifested itself in 1911 in the form of hearings conducted in New York City by a special federal Postal Commission headed by Justice Charles Evans Hughes. The results were: (a) a colorful, relatively small, booklet version of “Norwood Builder” (and similar booklets of the other stories in the series) for in-town readers of the World, and (b) black-and-white, relatively large, tabloid versions of the same stories for out-of-town subscribers to the newspaper. Unfortunately, decisions by several of America’s great libraries to discard their hard copies of the World have left us (at least for now) with the rather plain tabloid version of “Norwood Builder,” but not the colorful booklet version, to share with readers of the Green Bag Almanac & Reader.
Short-duration increases in intraluminal pressure improve vasoconstrictor responses in aged skeletal muscle feed arteries

We tested the hypothesis that exposure to a short-duration (1 h) increase in intraluminal pressure, to mimic pressure associated with a bout of exercise, would attenuate age-induced impairments of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) constrictor responses in soleus muscle feed arteries (SFA) via the Rho pathway. SFA from young (4 months) and old (24 months) Fischer 344 rats were cannulated and pressurized to 90 or 130 cmH2O for 1 h. Following the 1-h treatment, pressure in P130 arteries was lowered to 90 cmH2O for examination of vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (Ang II), and phenylephrine (PE). To assess the role of the Rho pathway, vasoconstrictor responses were assessed in the absence or presence of a RhoA-kinase inhibitor (Y27632) or RhoA-kinase activator (LPA). Vasoconstrictor responses to NE, Ang II, and PE were impaired in old P90 SFA. Pretreatment of old SFA with increased pressure improved vasoconstrictor responses to NE, PE and Ang II. The beneficial effect of the pressure pretreatment in old SFA was eliminated in the presence of Y27632. In the presence of LPA, vasoconstrictor responses to Ang II were improved in old SFA such that responses were not different than young P90 SFA. These results indicate that a short-duration exposure to increased intraluminal pressure, to mimic pressure associated with a bout of exercise, attenuates or reverses the age-related decrement in VSM constrictor responses in SFA and that the beneficial response is mediated through Rho kinase.
Individual contributions to cooperative nest care in the acorn woodpecker

Etude du role du statut reproducteur, du sexe, de l'age et de la taille du groupe sur la contribution individuelle a l'incubation, la couvaison, le nourrissage et le nettoyage du nid
Effects of Biotin Deficiency on Pyruvate Metabolism.

SummaryBiotin-deficient animals show a reduction in incorporation of pyruvate-214C into glucose with progressive onset of the deficiency. The oxidation and utilization of pyruvate is reduced by 50 per cent. The pyruvate carboxylase activity was greatly decreased whereas PEP carboxykinase activity was found to be slightly decreased in biotin deficiency. In vitro administration of biotin to biotin-deficient animals almost restored the pyruvate carboxylase activity and PEP carboxykinase activity was only slightly altered. In addition, it is observed that pyruvate carboxylase can be extracted from the mitochondria by homogenizing at room temperature and is quite stable under these conditions.
Fractal and Non-Fractal Surfaces in Ion Sputtering

Recently a number of experimental studies focusing on the scaling properties of surfaces eroded by ion bombardment provided apparently contradictory results. A number of experiments report the observation of self-affine fractal surfaces, while others provide evidence about the development of a non-fractal periodic ripple structure. To explain these discrepancies, here we derive a stochastic nonlinear equation that describes the evolution and scaling properties of surfaces eroded by ion bombardment. The coefficients appearing in the equation can be calculated explicitly in terms of the physical parameters characterizing the sputtering process. We find that transitions may take place between various scaling behaviors when experimental parameters, such as the angle of incidence of the incoming ions or their average penetration depth, are varied.
Effect of Grain Boundaries and Indentation Load on the Electrical Properties of Nickel Base Super-alloys

We have used impedance spectroscopy to evaluate the effect of the presence of grain boundaries and plastic deformation, as caused by hardness indentation, on the electrical response of several commercial nickel base super-alloys at room temperature. These alloys consist of a mostly nickel matrix that contains small precipitates of intermetallic phases such as Ni3Al or Ni 3 Ti(often referred to as gamma prime) as a reinforcing phase. Measurements were made as point contacts so that data could be tracked from point to point. Results indicate that the grain boundaries tend to have higher conductivities than the individual grains in most cases. It is speculated that this is due to the boundary regions having a different compositional profile than the center of the grains(as determined by gamma prime size, shape and distribution). Hardness indentation, on the other hand, had a more dramatic effect, by causing the magnitude of the imaginary impedance to change in size as well as position. Complementary microscopy results are included as supporting evidence for the effects discussed.
Prevalent features of measles and measles-elimination measure city in Sanming in 2006～2012

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles and progress in measles prevention and control in Sanming from 2006 to 2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were adopted to analyze the data on the epidemic status of measles and the establish surveillance system on measles in Sanming from 2006 to 2012. Results A total of 399 measles cases were reported from 2006 to 2012 and 58.90% of them were less than 15 years old. The main occupations of the cases were students,staff member and farmer. 80.20% of cases were not immunized and 5.51% without vaccination records. After measles booster vaccination,Public measles IgG antibody positive rate and GMT level increased significantly,and the average annual incidence of measles dropped by 97.83%. The proportion of eliminated cases increased from 0.91/100 000 to 2.48/100 000 reported by surveillance system,along with the increase of the sample collection rate,from 33.03% to 100%. The proportion of laboratory confirmed cases in the total confirmed cases increased from 16.49% to 100%. Conclusions It is essential to raise routine immunization coverage rate for control and elimination of measles.
Effect of sequential antibiotic therapy on infants with severe pneumonia

Objective To observe the effect of sequential antibiotic therapy on infants with severe pneumonia.Methods One hundred and twenty-three patients with severe pneumonia were divied into two groups,the second level antibiotics were used in control group untill children cured;sequential antibiotic therapy was adopted in observation group:the second level antibiotics were used first of all,after the complications were controled for 1～3 days,the first level antibiotics were used until children cured.Results The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in observation group(8.20%) was lower than this in control group(25.81%,P0.01).The average medical costs of therapy group(2467±150 yuan) was decreased than that of control group(2865±120 yuan,P0.01).There was no significant difference between the two groups in the duration of complications and pulmonary rales and the average length in hospital(P0.05).Conclusion Sequential antibiotic therapy is an effective way on infants with severe pneumonia and can decrease dual infection and medical costs.
Renewing the Ancients: Montaigne’s Retelling of the Tales of Antiquity

Renewing old material—retelling stories in a fresh, original manner— was in fact what Montaigne was doing when he recalls the tales once told by his classical masters from Greek and Latin Antiquity. He does not claim, as did some of his contemporary conteurs, that a tale borrowed from Antiquity was of recent origin, although he will on occasion recast a remote foreign setting in French tones to render the tale less remote and more universal in terms of human behavior. Marguerite de Navarre, who makes such claims to telling only true stories (“nulle nouvelle qui ne soit veritable histoire”), masks the remote medieval as well as fictional origins of the Seventieth Tale by sketching in the very efficient style of the nouvelle the familiar geographic setting of her tale (“En la duche de Bourgoingne”).1 Nor does he cast a tale borrowed from the remote Middle Ages as if it had taken place just a short while ago.
Boson-mediated quantum spin simulators in transverse fields: X Y model and spin-boson entanglement

The coupling of spins to long-wavelength bosonic modes is a prominent means to engineer long-range spin-spin interactions, and has been realized in a variety of platforms, such as atoms in optical cavities and trapped ions. To date, much of the experimental focus has been on the realization of long-range Ising models, but generalizations to other spin models are highly desirable. In this work, we explore a previously unappreciated connection between the realization of an $XY$ model by off-resonant driving of a single sideband of boson excitation (i.e., a single-beam M\o{}lmer-S\o{}rensen scheme) and a boson-mediated Ising simulator in the presence of a transverse field. In particular, we show that these two schemes have the same effective Hamiltonian in suitably defined rotating frames, and analyze the emergent effective $XY$ spin model through a truncated Magnus series and numerical simulations. In addition to $XY$ spin-spin interactions that can be nonperturbatively renormalized from the naive Ising spin-spin coupling constants, we find an effective transverse field that is dependent on the thermal energy of the bosons, as well as other spin-boson couplings that cause spin-boson entanglement not to vanish at any time. In the case of a boson-mediated Ising simulator with transverse field, we discuss the crossover from transverse field Ising-like to $XY\text{-like}$ spin behavior as a function of field strength.
IL-21-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells enhances protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

IL-21-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells enhances protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hydraulic Fracturing in the Upper Humboldt River Basin, Nevada, USA☆

Water-quality and isotopic data were collected in central Nevada, USA in an exploration hydraulic fracturing area with no previous oil or gas production. The target shales of the Elko Formation are unique fresh-water hydrocarbon reservoirs with relatively dilute source water (8.5 g/L total dissolved solids [TDS]). Additionally, the Elko Formation is underlain by a fresh-water carbonate aquifer (0.2-0.3 g/L TDS) that outcrops downgradient of the exploration area. The water quality and isotopic data were used to evaluate pre-hydraulic fracturing conditions in this undeveloped area. The same data were also collected for groundwater and surface-water sites about two months and one year after exploration hydraulic fracturing. No systematic differences in water chemistry were observed between pre- and post-hydraulic fracturing samples. Based on water chemistry of shallow groundwater, surface water, and from the production zone, the most useful constituents identified for monitoring for potential future incursion of reservoir-associated fluids into the near-surface environment are TDS (or electrical conductivity), chloride, propane, methanol, ethanol, and 2-butoxyethanol. Groundwater flow and transport models were developed to evaluate the potential movement of hydrocarbons and hydraulic fracturing fluids from the targeted zones, which are about 1800 to 3600 m beneath the land surface, to shallow groundwater (<300 m below land surface). Model simulations indicate that hydraulic fracturing fluid remains contained within the target shales for at least 1,000 years for most development scenarios.
Development of a survivorship needs assessment planning tool for head and neck cancer survivors and their caregivers: a preliminary study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize primary end-of-treatment challenges in head and neck cancer (HNC) to drive the development of a survivorship needs assessment planning (SNAP) tool and evaluate its acceptability and feasibility.
P12: The anaerobic bacterial reduction of Inorganic nitrate to cell-signaling nitrogen oxides in human saliva

Nitrogen oxides are important signaling molecules that are chemically reduced and oxidized in various ways throughout human physiology. Over the past decade, research shows that a high intake of dietary nitrate NO 3 - is beneficial to many common health risks such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and brain perfusion in older adults. Past research has shown that these benefits mainly stem from reduction of dietary NO 3 - to nitrite NO 2 - by oral bacteria. We hypothesized that the bacteria would also carry out other chemistry that could relate to these beneficial pathways. Here, we examine the chemistry of human saliva treated with high amounts of inorganic NO 3 - comparable to a high NO 3 - diet. Using chemiluminescence detection, we see the reduction of NO 3 - to NO 2 - -and NO 2 - to NO. Using headspace gas chromatography, we are able to see the increase of nitrous oxide (N2O) production in saliva from NO 3 - addition. Using a 0.22 μm bacterial filter, we’ve shown the complete loss of NO 3 - reduction in saliva. In addition, boiling our saliva samples to kill bacteria caused deactivation of NO 3 - reduction in saliva. This research is the first to present reduced nitrogen oxides from inorganic NO 3 - byway of anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity that is facilitated by deoxygenation of the saliva. These reduced nitrogen oxides may contribute to beneficial effects of dietary NO 3 - . In the future, we plan to detect any nitroxyl (HNO) and/or ammonia (NH3) production in saliva after NO 3 - addition. We seek to define the entire salivary nitrogen oxide pathway by identifying each nitrogen oxide and its kinetics after a high NO 3 - diet. Disclosure Supported by NIH grant HL058091 and the Translational Science Center of Wake Forest University.
An Extensible Ontology Modeling Approach Using Post Coordinated Expressions for Semantic Provenance in Biomedical Research

Provenance metadata describing the source or origin of data is critical to verify and validate results of scientific experiments. Indeed, reproducibility of scientific studies is rapidly gaining significant attention in the research community, for example biomedical and healthcare research. To address this challenge in the biomedical research domain, we have developed the Provenance for Clinical and Healthcare Research (ProvCaRe) using World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) PROV specifications, including the PROV Ontology (PROV-O). In the ProvCaRe project, we are extending PROV-O to create a formal model of provenance information that is necessary for scientific reproducibility and replication in biomedical research. However, there are several challenges associated with the development of the ProvCaRe ontology, including: (1) Ontology engineering: modeling all biomedical provenance-related terms in an ontology has undefined scope and is not feasible before the release of the ontology; (2) Redundancy: there are a large number of existing biomedical ontologies that already model relevant biomedical terms; and (3) Ontology maintenance: adding or deleting terms from a large ontology is error prone and it will be difficult to maintain the ontology over time. Therefore, in contrast to modeling all classes and properties in an ontology before deployment (also called precoordination), we propose the “ProvCaRe Compositional Grammar Syntax” to model ontology classes on-demand (also called postcoordination). The compositional grammar syntax allows us to re-use existing biomedical ontology classes and compose provenance-specific terms that extend PROV-O classes and properties. We demonstrate the application of this approach in the ProvCaRe ontology and the use of the ontology in the development of the ProvCaRe knowledgebase that consists of more than 38 million provenance triples automatically extracted from 384,802 published research articles using a text processing workflow.
Perioperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy

The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of both major types of resuscitation fluids: crystalloids and colloids. This includes a discussion of types of crystalloids and indications for the use of specific types of crystalloids. In addition, an overview of commonly used colloids (albumin and hetastarches) and their side effects is included. The concept of early goal-directed fluid therapy and the literature supporting its use is also presented. Finally, the difference between static and dynamic parameters of fluid responsiveness is discussed, including a description of the only available dynamic measure of fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients: the passive leg raising test. In a nutshell, the chapter reviews choice of fluid resuscitation type, amount of fluid that should be given, and mechanisms to assess adequacy of fluid resuscitation.