cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Academic Integrity in Online Classes by Fostering the Development of Self-regulated Learning Skills

Abstract Middle and secondary schools have increasingly offered distance-learning classes as a means of meeting diverse student needs and curriculum requirements while using instructional and budget resources efficiently. Little emphasis has been placed on the readiness of students to participate and succeed in these less conventional learning environments. The ill-prepared and apprehensive student may be prone to academic dishonesty. This investigation seeks to synthesize how pedagogical efforts to foster the development of self-regulated learning skills may reduce instances of cheating and plagiarism in online classes.
Arginine Auxotrophic Phenotype of Mutations in pyrA of Salmonella typhimurium: Role of N-Acetylornithine in the Maturation of Mutant Carbamylphosphate Synthetase

Mutations in pyrA that abolish catalytic activity of carbamylphosphate synthetase cause auxotrophy for both arginine and a pyrimidine. Eight pyrA mutants auxotrophic only for arginine (AUX) were isolated by the mutagenized phage technique; three of these required arginine only at low temperature (20°C). Explanations of the AUX phenotype based on bradytrophy were eliminated by the discovery that blocking the utilization of carbamylphosphate for pyrimidine biosynthesis by insertion of an additional mutation in pyrB (encoding aspartic transcarbamylase) did not reduce the requirement for arginine. In contrast, mutational blocks in the arginine biosynthetic pathway before N-acetylornithine (argB, argC, argG, or argH) did suppress the mutation in pyrA. This suggests that exogenous arginine permits growth of the AUX mutants by inhibiting the first step in the arginine pathway, thereby preventing accumulation of an intermediate that antagonizes mutant pyrA function. A mutation in argA (N-acetylornithinase) failed to suppress AUX, indicating that N-acetylornithine was the inhibitory intermediate. This intermediate had no effect on the catalytic or regulatory properties of carbamylphosphate synthetase from mutant cells grown under permissive conditions (37°C). However, the regulatory properties of carbamylphosphate synthetase synthesized under restrictive conditions (20°C) were demonstrably defective (insensitive to activation by ornithine); the enzyme synthesized under permissive conditions was activated by ornithine. A strain carrying an additional mutation (argC), which prevents the accumulation of N-acetylornithine, produced an ornithine-activatable enzyme at both growth temperatures. These results suggest that N-acetylornithine antagonizes the proper preconditioning or maturation of the mutant carbamylphosphate synthetase.
Effects of quantum noise on a two-level system in a single-mode cavity

The effects of quantum noise on a two-level system in the bad-cavity regime are considered perturbatively in the form of closure at the pair-correlation level. It is found that pair-correlation effects can reduce the level of semiclassical chaos. However, under the rotating-wave approximation (RWA), quantum noise can lead to chaos if there is an initial population inversion, while the full RWA Hamiltonian system remains integrable.
The evaluation of economic desegregation objectives in the context of current development planning procedures: A general methodology applied to Indianapolis

Abstract Spatial deconcentration of lower-income population was adopted as a community development objective in The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. This objective, however, appears to be in conflict with other development objectives, such as those promoted by assisted housing siting guidelines. A procedure is developed to analyze the extent of this conflict as manifest in a particular urban area. The results of an analysis focused on Indianapolis suggest that, in the short run, reasonable progress can be made toward the goal of economic desegregation, even in the face of restrictions such as siting guidelines. This is likely, however, only if the planning process for the provision of assisted housing includes an element explicitly directed towards achievement of economic desegregation goals.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in a liver transplantation population.

The development of a serologic assay to detect antibodies directed at an antigen (C-100-3) of the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) has been a major breakthrough in the long search for causative agents of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis. The frequency of HCV in those who have end-stage liver disease is not known. Moreover, the rate of recurrence after liver transplantation (OLTx) and the rate of acquisition of new HCV infection as a result of the OLTx experience is as yet unknown. This study was performed in an attempt to answer these questions. The prevalence of HCV in 372 patients undergoing OLTx at the University of Pittsburgh was determined. Those transplanted for HBV-related liver disease with hepatoma had the highest rate of HCV antibody positivity (45.4%) followed by those with metabolic liver disease (42.5%), putative NANB liver disease (41.4%), and cryptogenic cirrhosis (20.9%); those with cholestatic liver disease exhibited the lowest rate (16.2%). HCV antibody was positive in only 26.3% of patients with hepatoma. Of those patients who were negative prior to transplantation, 12.2% acquired HCV antibody post-OLTx. In the putative NANB group, no difference was detected in the AST and ALT prior to transplantation in either the HCV antibody-positive or-negative patients. In patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis, those who were positive for HCV antibody had higher transaminase levels prior to transplantation than did those patients who were HCV antibody negative.
Radiation-induced binding of DNA from irradiated mammalian cells to hydroxyapatite columns

In experiments designed to measure radiation-induced DNA damage using the DNA unwinding-hydroxyapatite chromatography technique, we observed that under some experimental conditions a significant proportion of the test DNA became tightly bound to the hydroxyapatite (HA) and could not be released even with a high concentration of phosphate buffer. Approximately 5-10% of DNA from unirradiated cells binds to the HA. With increasing radiation doses in air, the fraction of bound DNA increases, reaching about 30% at about 35 Gy. The binding exhibits many of the characteristics of a radiation-induced cell lesion: the proportion of DNA retained by the HA is less when cells are irradiated under hypoxic conditions or in the presence of the thiol radioprotector dithiothreitol; and the binding decreases when an incubation period is allowed between irradiation and harvest of the cells for assay. Studies to determine the nature of the lesion responsible for the binding demonstrated that lesion production requires a component found in cells since no binding was observed with irradiated isolated DNA or nuclear matrix; the binding is not a result of the production of DNA-protein crosslinks; and the bound DNA is single-stranded, based on its sensitivity to nuclease S1. Because of the dose dependence of the binding of DNA to HA, the slopes of the dose-response curves for DNA damage determined with this assay depend on the method used to calculate the fraction of double-stranded DNA. Our demonstration that the bound DNA is single-stranded guides the choice of the method for data analysis.
Secularization and maturity of religious beliefs.

Secular man and his secular city have arrived. The historically inevitable de tribalization and desacralization of society, by freeing man from "religious and metaphysical tutelage," enable him to achieve "real maturity." So asserts the theologian, Harvey Cox.1 Neither secular man nor the secular city exists; nor is either coming into being. Because man (innately?) seeks "to preserve the traditional, the pri mordial, the suprarational elements of his life, the secular city may never exist." Secularization cannot lead to greater maturity. So insists the sociolo gist, Andrew Greeley.2 The theologian replies. Yes, man and his city are partly tribal; there is no "wholly secular" man. But man is "turning his attention away from [super natural] worlds beyond and toward this world and this time."3 Urban civil ization liberates man.
Turbidite Reservoir Facies and Trap Types: ABSTRACT

End_Page 1702------------------------------Recognition of the turbidite nature of many petroleum-producing sands worldwide makes it imperative to understand both the facies types encountered and the trap types to be anticipated in future exploration and development work. Several facies models have been proposed, most of which are not readily usable with the data generally available in subsurface work. The facies analysis presented examines large-scale controls, such as climate, provenance, basin geometry, and tectonics, and then considers the various large to small-scale facies and sand-body geometries that result. Use of wire-line log pattern, dipmeter, and core descriptive data as criteria is emphasized. The newly recognized meander channel facies is shown to be important in prograded muddy slope areas. The concept of a "fac es" as referring to a mappable assemblage of beds of varying natures and origins is favored, in contrast to the practice of assigning a separate facies designation to each single successive bed, with resulting uncertainty as to overall significance. The author's trap-type classification, which includes canyon-dependent, fan-dependent, anticline-dependent, fault-dependent, and uplift topography-dependent traps, is used in conjunction with the facies analysis to predict the trap types most likely to be encountered in the various facies and basin settings. The trap classification itself is developed as a predictive tool rather than as a pigeonholing exercise. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1703------------
Nucleation and Growth of Cu-Al Intermetallics in Al-Modified Sn-Cu and Sn-Ag-Cu Lead-Free Solder Alloys

Lead-free solder alloys Sn-Cu (SC) and Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) are widely used by the microelectronics industry, but enhanced control of the microstructure is needed to improve solder performance. For such control, nucleation and stability of Cu-Al intermetallic compound (IMC) solidification catalysts were investigated by variation of the Cu (0.7–3.0 wt.%) and Al (0.0–0.4 wt.%) content of SC + Al and SAC + Al alloys, and of SAC + Al ball-grid array (BGA) solder joints. All of the Al-modified alloys produced Cu-Al IMC particles with different morphologies and phases (occasionally non-equilibrium phases). A trend of increasing Cu-Al IMC volume fraction with increasing Al content was established. Because of solidification of non-equilibrium phases in wire alloy structures, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments revealed delayed, non-equilibrium melting at high temperatures related to quenched-in Cu-Al phases; a final liquidus of 960–1200°C was recorded. During cooling from 1200°C, the DSC samples had the solidification behavior expected from thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Solidification of the ternary alloys commenced with formation of ternary β and Cu-Al δ phases at 450–550°C; this was followed by β-Sn, and, finally, Cu6Sn5 and Cu-Al γ1. Because of the presence of the retained, high-temperature phases in the alloys, particle size and volume fraction of the room temperature Cu-Al IMC phases were observed to increase when the alloy casting temperature was reduced from 1200°C to 800°C, even though both temperatures are above the calculated liquidus temperature of the alloys. Preliminary electron backscatter diffraction results seemed to show Sn grain refinement in the SAC + Al BGA alloy.
Formation of noninfectious viral hemagglutinins in ascites tumor cells

Abstract The replication of influenza virus in two strains of ascites tumor cells, Ehrlich's and Krebs 2, in vitro and in the mouse peritoneum was compared with growth of this virus in roller tube suspensions of minced chorioallantoic membrane. Extended incubation of tumor cells with influenza or Newcastle viruses resulted in a progressive cell destruction which was related in degree to the size of the inoculum. Titration of extracts from frozen and thawed tumor cells revealed replication of hemagglutinins which was especially marked in tumors in the mouse peritoneum, where there was little or no increase in infectivity titer. The formation of hemagglutinins in Ehrlich tumor cells was not appreciably diminished by anaerobiosis, but was slightly decreased by hypotonic medium or KCN. In roller tube suspensions of Krebs 2 cells, glutamine and lactate as substrates gave a higher yield of intracellular hemagglutinins than did glutamine and glucose. With the glucose medium, exclusion of oxygen favored the growth of virus in K2 cells.
The spectral distribution of firefly light. II

The in vivo emission spectra of sixteen species of Jamaican fireflies and four species of American fireflies have been measured with a photoelectric recording spectrometer. A simple technique of stimulation with ethyl acetate vapor was found to elicit bright continuous emission over a period of several minutes. Although the luciferin-luciferase cross-reactions were positive in all cases tested, peak intensity wavelengths show distinct species differences, ranging from 5520 to 5820 A. Widely separated emission peaks arise from the thoracic and abdominal organs respectively in the same animal, the click-beetle, Pyrophorus.
MULTIPLICATION AND SPREAD OF THE VIRUS OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS IN MICE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS FATE IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT.

1. Beginning at 24 hours after intravenous injection of about 10 million intracerebral LD50 of virus there was evidence of simultaneous, progressive multiplication in the brain and intestinal tract. 2. When the virus was introduced directly into the brain or the nasal cavities and mouth, none was found in the intestinal tract until there was general centrifugal spread from the central nervous system during the last stages of the infection at 96 or 120 hours after inoculation when the virus in the entire brain had reached a concentration of about 3 billion LD50. 3. Centrifugal spread began when the virus in the brain reached a concentration of about 400 million LD50 and virus appeared in the pharynx, tongue, and adrenals before it was demonstrable in the intestinal tract, blood, or viscera such as the spleen, liver, and kidneys. 4. Despite the high concentrations of virus which developed in the intestinal tract following intravenous inoculation, it was not demonstrable in the stools, differing in this respect from Theiler's virus in mice and poliomyelitis virus in human beings and monkeys. 5. No antiviral agent was found in the stools, but the urine of normal mice having a pH of 5.6, inactivated large amounts of St. Louis encephalitis virus. 6. There was no evidence of multiplication in the nasal mucosa of mice which succumbed with encephalitis following nasal instillation of the virus, the course of events being comparable in this respect to the behavior of the M.V. poliomyelitis virus in rhesus monkeys. 7. At the terminal stage of infection the virus content per milligram of tissue was as great in the leg muscles as in the sciatic nerves. Since this was also true for the urinary bladder, heart, lungs, and tongue among other tissues, and since the amount in the blood was too negligible to account for it, it would appear that the virus either accumulated in these tissues by diffusion from the nerve fibers, along which it was spreading from the central nervous system, or that it multiplied in some constituent other than the nerve fibers.
An in-depth look at the benefits of immersion cues on spatial 3D problem solving

We present a user study that takes an in-depth look at the effect of immersion cues on 3D spatial problem solving by combining traditional performance and experience measures with brain data.
Development and Application of the 2010 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load Model

The Phase 5.3 Watershed Model simulates the Chesapeake watershed land use, river flows, and the associated transport and fate of nutrient and sediment loads to the Chesapeake Bay. The Phase 5.3 Model is the most recent of a series of increasingly refined versions of a model that have been operational for more than two decades. The Phase 5.3 Model, in conjunction with models of the Chesapeake airshed and estuary, provides estimates of management actions needed to protect water quality, achieve Chesapeake water quality standards, and restore living resources. The Phase 5.3 Watershed Model tracks nutrient and sediment load estimates of the entire 166,000 km2 watershed, including loads from all six watershed states. The creation of software systems, input datasets, and calibration methods were important aspects of the model development process. A community model approach was taken with model development and application, and the model was developed by a broad coalition of model practitioners including environmental engineers, scientists, and environmental managers. Among the users of the Phase 5.3 Model are the Chesapeake watershed states and local governments, consultants, river basin commissions, and universities. Development and application of the model are described, as well as key scenarios ranging from high nutrient and sediment load conditions if no management actions were taken in the watershed, to low load estimates of an all-forested condition.
Enhancement of NMDA-induced current by the putative NR2B selective antagonist ifenprodil.

Ifenprodil has been widely used as an antagonist selective for NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit. Evidence suggests, however, that ifenprodil also increases NMDA receptor affinity. Using rat brain slices, we found that ifenprodil enhanced NMDA-induced current in both cortical and subcortical areas examined. To test whether the effect is due to an increase in NMDA receptor affinity, we compared the effect of ifenprodil on currents induced by different concentrations of NMDA. Consistent with the hypothesis, the enhancing effect (percent increase) was relatively constant at low NMDA concentrations. As NMDA concentration increased, however, the effect decreased. To test whether the effect is blocked when NMDA binding sites are saturated with NMDA, high concentrations of NMDA were applied. To partially block Ca(2+) influx and prevent cells from deteriorating, the experiments were performed in the presence of either MK801 or kynurenate, two noncompetitive antagonists. Under such conditions, ifenprodil not only failed to potentiate NMDA currents, but consistently suppressed the current. When the same concentration of NMDA was applied in the presence of the competitive antagonist CGP37849, ifenprodil regained its ability to potentiate NMDA currents. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of CGP37849 the more the NMDA current was potentiated by ifenprodil. These results, combined with previous studies, suggest that the enhancing effect is due to an increase in NMDA receptor affinity and is specific for responses induced by low NMDA concentrations. As NMDA concentration increases, the affinity-enhancing effect decreases. Consequently, the channel-suppressing effect becomes more prominent.
Signal depression in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry by nitrate and sulfate ions

Abstract The effects of nitrates and sulfates, which decompose to generate oxidants on heating, on the gaseous atom concentration for Ag,Cu and Ga have been investigated with a graphite filament atomizer and an optical arrangement which allows spatial information above the atomizer surface to be gathered. For the potassium and sodium salts, the largest signal depression, caused by gaseous atom oxidation, was found with the largest relative decomposition at the particular temperature, which therefore gives the largest partial pressure of the oxidants formed above the oxidizer. For the calcium salts, Ca metal was vaporized from the atomizer and competed successfully with the analyte, for any oxidants generated, thereby preventing oxidation of the analyte, so that, in some cases, the analyte atom concentration was increased.
Validation of the Radiometric Characteristics of Landsat 8 (LDCM) OLI Sensor using Band Aggregation Technique of EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Imagery

The quality of satellite imagery should be improved and stabilized to satisfy numerous users. The radiometric characteristics of an optical sensor can be a measure of data quality. In this study, a band aggregation technique and spectral response function of hyperspectral images are used to simulate multispectral images. EO-1 Hyperion and Landsat-8 OLI images acquired with about 30 minutes difference in overpass time were exploited to evaluate radiometric coefficients of OLI. Radiance values of the OLI and the simulated OLI were compared over three subsets covered by different land types. As a result, the index of agreement shows over 0.99 for all VNIR bands although there are errors caused by space/time and sensors.
Magnetic resonance urography and angiography in the evaluation of a horseshoe kidney with ureteropelvic junction obstruction

A 42-year-old man presented with gross hematuria, which prompted a urologic workup. Intravenous urogram (IVU) demonstrated a horseshoe kidney with fight-sided hydronephrosis. Furosemide renal scan confirmed an incomplete right ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Horseshoe kidney is the most common fusion anomaly, with an incidence of approximately i in 400 births and a predominance in men. It presents great variability in morphology, position, and vascular supply, making therapeutic approaches very challenging. Associated anomalies occur in at least one third of patients. These include UPJ obstruction, ureteral duplication, and reflux. To better evaluate the UPJ, a retrograde pyelogram was performed (Fig. 1). In this study, a gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhanced magnetic resonance urography (MRU) 1 was performed as an alternative to the invasive retrograde pyelogram (Fig. 2). A comparison of the IVU and the Gd-enhanced MRU is demonstrated in Figure 3. Lastly, a second bolus of Gd (30-mL Gd-DTPA) was administered to the patient for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which demonstrated multiple aberrant vascular supplies to the kidney (Fig. 4). This information is important to the surgeon in order that he may more accurately decide between the endourologic and open surgical approaches. A delayed MRU obtained after this second bolus provides superior imaging quality, allowing better delineation of the anatomy of the horseshoe kidney (Fig. 5). This case demonstrates the advantages of using MRU and MRA in the primary evaluation of renal obstruction. The technique offers superior imaging
Drug modulation of GABAA-mediated transmission

Abstract Synaptic transmission mediated by GABAA receptors is a target for a variety of centrally acting anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and convulsant drugs. Picrotoxin, a non-competitive antagonist of GABA, binds to a distinct site on the oligomeric complex and is allosterically coupled to GABA, benzodiazepine, barbiturate and steroid sites. Recent studies have shown that the picrotoxin site can be modulated both positively and negatively, in a manner analogous to the benzodiazepine receptor sites.
Leucine biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16: Influence of amino acid additions on the formation of active α-isopropylmalate synthase and α-acetohydroxy acid synthase

The α-isopropylmalate synthase of the chemolithoautotrophic Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 is apparently a soluble enzyme but is strongly adsorbed to cell particles in ruptured cell suspensions. This was not observed with α-acetohydroxy acid synthase or threonine deaminase. The formation of these regulatory enzymes of the branched chain amino acid biosynthesis pathway generally decreased with decreased growth rates. The addition of 5 mM valine plus isoleucine with and without 5 mM threonine caused a 6.6- and a 4-fold increase, respectively, in the formation of active α-isopropylmalate synthase, but caused a strong decrease in the α-actohydroxy acid synthase. The level of active α-isopropylmalate synthase is apparently regulated by the level of leucine; whereas, the level of the α-acetohydroxy acid synthase and threonine deaminase is influenced by the presence of several amino acids. A catabolic threonine deaminase was not encountered.
Retinoic acid regulates, in vitro, the two normal pathways of differentiation of human laryngeal keratinocytes

We have investigated the regulation of the two normal differentiation pathways followed by laryngeal epithelium. Using a tissue culture system that permits growth of cells at the air-liquid interface in serum-free medium, we found that modulating the concentration of retinoic acid is sufficient to determine which pathway is used. At 10(-8) M retinoic acid, the cells form a stratified squamous epithelium which expresses the differentiation-specific keratin K13. At 10(-7) M retinoic acid, the cells form a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, with no expression of K13. These results are distinct from those seen with foreskin keratinocytes, which have only a single pathway of normal differentiation.
On the Current Status of Rated Perceived Exertion

This paper chronicles the psychophysical principles which led to the development of the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale by Borg in 1970 and a concise, comprehensive summary of research on the scale. The current status of research is examined by discussion of several important areas within the field including psychophysical scaling, scale development, psychometrics, and applications. Physiological and psychological approaches are examined and the need for an interdisciplinary approach is addressed.
Enhancing the peroxidatic activity of KatG by deletion mutagenesis.

Abstract Catalase–peroxidase (KatG) enzymes use a peroxidase active site to facilitate robust catalase activity, an ability all other members of its superfamily lack. KatG's have a Met-Tyr-Trp covalent adduct that is essential for catalatic but not peroxidatic turnover. The tyrosine (Y226 in E. coli KatG) is supplied by a large loop (LL1) that is absent from all other plant peroxidases. Elimination of Y226 from the KatG structure, either by site directed mutagenesis (i.e., Y226F KatG) or by deletion of larger portions of LL1 invariably eliminates catalase activity, but deletion variants were substantially more active as peroxidases, up to an order of magnitude. Moreover, the deletion variants were more resistant to H 2 O 2 -dependent inactivation than Y226F KatG. Stopped-flow evaluation of reactions of H 2 O 2 with Y226F KatG and the most peroxidase active deletion variant (KatG[Δ209–228]) produced highly similar rate constants for formation of compounds I and II, and about a four-fold faster formation of compound III for the deletion variant as opposed to Y226F. Conversely, single turnover experiments showed a 60-fold slower return of Y226F KatG to its ferric state in the presence of the exogenous electron donor 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) than was determined for KatG(Δ209–228). Our data suggest that the peroxidatic output of KatG cannot be optimized simply by elimination of catalase activity alone, but also requires modifications that increase electron transfer between exogenous electron donors and the heme prosthetic group.
Social interdependence theory and university instruction - Theory into practice

University teaching has not changed significantly for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. The many attempts to reform university teaching have often demonstrated positive effects but have then been discontinued. One explanation for the resistance of teaching to change is that instructors fail to apply the same scientific rigor to their teaching as they do to their research. Professors as scientists and intellectuals typically ask for proof when a colleague presents a scientific conclusion, yet when it comes to what constitutes good teaching, professors often accept uncontested folklore and mythology. Many of the recommendations made about teaching, furthermore, are based more on stories and promising ideas rather than conclusions from rigorous research. What is lacking is the successful application of theory and research to instructional methods. This article presents cooperative learning as one example of theory validated by research applied to instructional practice.
Asymptotic Stability for a Class of Delay Differential Inclusions

Abstract In this work we provide sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of an equilibrium for a class of differential inclusions of finite retarded type where the right-hand side is a set-valued mapping having a bounded, closed, convex graph. In particular our result includes “linear differential inclusions” in which the right-hand side is a closed, convex process. This result partially generalizes an earlier result of Leizarowitz (1985, SIAM J. Control Optim. 23 , 514–522) in the non-delay case.
Radical Innocence: A Critical Study of the Hollywood Ten

On October 30, 1947, the House Committee on Un-American Activities concluded the first round of hearings on the allege Communist infiltration of the motion picture industry. Hollywood was ordered to "clean its own house," and ten witnesses who had refused to answer questions about their membership in the Screen Writers Guild and the Communist party eventually received contempt citations. By 1950 the Hollywood Ten, as they quickly became known, were serving prison sentences ranging from six months to a year. Since that time the group, which included writers, directors, and a producer, have been either dismissed as industry hacks or eulogized as Cold War martyrs, but never have they been discussed in terms of their profession. "Radical Innocence" is the first study to focus on the work of the Ten: their short stories, plays, novels, criticism, poems, memoirs, and, of course, their films. Drawing on myriad sources, including archival materials, unpublished manuscripts, black-market scripts, screenplay drafts, letters, and personal interviews, Bernard F. Dick describes the Ten's survival tactics during the blacklisting and analyzes the contribution of these ten individuals no only to film but also to the arts. "Radical Innocence" captures the personality of each of the Ten -- the arrogant Herbert J. Biberman, the witty Ring Lardner, Jr., the patriarchal Samuel Ornitz, the compassionate Adrian Scott, and the feisty Dalton Trumbo.
Techniques for verifying superscalar microprocessors

J.R. Burch and D.L. Dill (1994) described an automatic method for verifying a pipelined processor against its instruction set architecture (ISA). We describe three techniques for improving this method. We show how the combination of these techniques allows for the automatic verification of the control logic of a pipelined, superscalar implementation of a subset of the DLX architecture.
Thermal reflector to reduce thermal radiation in the entrance of cryogenic instruments

The entrance of a cryogenic instrument is often a major heat load, since the opening in the cold instrument has a large solid angle. We present a novel thermal reflector that, placed between two openings, reduces the load by reflecting radiation emitted in the hot opening and not directed toward the cold opening. In the Spartan IR Camera, this thermal reflector, placed between the vacuum window and the field stop, reduces the load by a factor of 2.5, which is 1.5 times the limit defined by the size of the field stop, the minimum window size, and the separation between the two.
Photochemical reactions leading to NO and NOx generation

Abstract Studies in this laboratory are concerned with elucidating chemical mechanisms relevant to roles played by nitrogen monoxide and other NOx species in mammalian bioregulation and immunology. Dynamic photochemical techniques have proved very useful in probing these mechanisms. We also have interest in strategies to deliver NO to biological targets upon demand for such goals as the sensitization of γ-radiation damage in hypoxic tissue. One such strategy would be to employ a precursor that displays relatively low thermal reactivity but is photochemically active to release NO. This proposition has led us to investigate the flash and continuous photolysis kinetics of a number of different nitrosyl complexes and other NO and NOx precursors such as metal nitrito complexes. The systems probed include several ruthenium salen and porphyrin nitrosyls, manganese(III) and chromium(III) nitrito complexes, ferri- and ferro-heme models and proteins, and iron-sulfur-nitrosyl clusters known as the Roussin's anions (e.g. Fe2S2(NO)42−) and esters (e.g., Fe2(μ-SR)2(NO)4, where R is an organic functional group). An overview of these studies is presented.
Adiabatic-following solutions for multisubband quantum wells excited by an ultrafast optical pump field.

The two-band effective semiconductor optical Bloch equations for a quantum well have been generalized to include multisubband effects. The ultrafast transient adiabatic-following solutions are obtained from the equations for interband polarizations, intersubband polarizations, and subband-carrier distribution functions of a ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs quantum well, excited by an ultrafast optical pump field. Two conservation laws for the multisubband case are derived. The steady-state response and the \ensuremath{\pi}-pulse response are studied. It is found that these multisubband equations lead to quantitatively different results from the conventional two-band approximation, particularly for wide quantum wells and asymmetric quantum wells.
Separability and separability flexibility of the CRESH function

The CRESH functional form has many desirable properties. It is globally regular for a wide range of parameter values, it includes the CES as a special case, and it has stable patterns of relative substitutability. However, while the CRESH form is defined to be implicitly additively separable, theordinary separability structure of the CRESH form has never been investigated. In this article, that deficiency is corrected by describing the separability structure of CRESH functions. In particular, it is shown that the CRESH form is separability flexible in the important three input case. This and its other properties may make the CRESH function the form of choice among existing three input production functions.
Studies of Education for Science and Engineering: Student Values and Curriculum Choice

The findings discussed in this report are drawn from a study of student backgrounds and values at a school of science and engineering. The results indicate many similarities in background for students in either science or engineering and some interesting differences when comparisons are made to certain liberal arts colleges. Aspirations and expectations that lie behind an initial commitment to a career in science and engineering are discussed, and contrasts among the values held by students in the various curricula are emphasized.
Technical and management notes: Is engineering management a profession?

Engineering is shown to meet all the requirements of being a profession, but management in general cannot make as good a case. Characteristics differentiating engineering management from other management disciplines are discussed. Unifying institutions that will enhance the growth of engineering management as an institution include a neew journal and textbooks, management divisions of technical societies, and the new American Society for Engineering Management.
Seismic waves in random media

Abstract Earthquake waves travel in a medium that is naturally stochastic. Stochasticity is manifested by introducing uncertainties into the model as well as reductions in the mean field and mean amplitudes through random mode coupling and physical scattering from the random irregularities. This survey shows the effect of the stochasticity in wave amplitudes, in standard deviations for defining reliability limits, summarizes various perturbation schemes, and draws attention to the differences between media with random values and stochastic media.
SU‐D‐17A‐01: Geometric and Dosimetric Evaluation of a 4D‐CBCT Reconstruction Technique Using Prior Knowledge

Purpose: To evaluate a 4D-CBCT reconstruction technique both geometrically and dosimetrically Methods: A prior-knowledge guided 4DC-BCT reconstruction method named the motion-modeling and free-form deformation (MM-FD) has been developed. MM-FD views each phase of the 4D-CBCT as a deformation of a prior CT volume. The deformation field is first solved by principal component analysis based motion modeling, followed by constrained free-form deformation.The 4D digital extended-cardiac- torso (XCAT) phantom was used for comprehensive evaluation. Based on a simulated 4D planning CT of a lung patient, 8 different scenarios were simulated to cover the typical on-board anatomical and respiratory variations: (1) synchronized and (2) unsynchronized motion amplitude change for body and tumor; tumor (3) shrinkage and (4) expansion; tumor average position shift in (5) superior-inferior (SI) direction, (6) anterior-posterior (AP) direction and (7) SI, AP and lateral directions altogether; and (8) tumor phase shift relative to the respiratory cycle of the body. Orthogonal-view 30° projections were simulated based on the eight patient scenarios to reconstruct on-board 4D-CBCTs. For geometric evaluation, the volume-percentage-difference (VPD) was calculated to assess the volumetric differences between the reconstructed and the ground-truth tumor.For dosimetric evaluation, a gated treatment plan was designed for the prior 4D-CT. The dose distributions weremore » calculated on the reconstructed 4D-CBCTs and the ground-truth images for comparison. The MM-FD technique was compared with MM-only and FD-only techniques. Results: The average (±s.d.) VPD values of reconstructed tumors for MM-only, FDonly and MM-FD methods were 59.16%(± 26.66%), 75.98%(± 27.21%) and 5.22%(± 2.12%), respectively. The average min/max/mean dose (normalized to prescription) of the reconstructed tumors by MM-only, FD-only, MM-FD methods and ground-truth tumors were 78.0%/122.2%/108.2%, 13%/117.7%/86%, 58.1%/120.8%/103.6% and 57.6%/118.6%/101.8%,respectively. Conclusion: The MM-FD method provides superior reconstruction accuracy both geometrically and dosimetrically, which can potentially be used for 4D target localization, dose tracking and adaptive radiation therapy. This research is supported by grant from Varian Medical Systems.« less
Chemisorption of monocarboxylic acids on alumina: A tunneling spectroscopy study

Abstract We present the tunneling spectra of the carboxylic acids: crotonic, tiglic, pentafluorobenzoic, o-deuterobenzoic, m-deuterobenzoic, p-deuterobenzoic, m-chlorobenzoic, thiosalicylic, p-cyanobenzoic, cinnamic, sorbic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acids, chemisorbed on alumina. Comparison of these and previously published tunneling spectra with infrared and Raman spectra of compounds of known structure shows that monocarboxylic acids chemisorb on alumina as symmetric, bidentate carboxylate ions.
Sequence Specific Radiolytic Footprinting Study of Monomer, Oligomeric and Fibrillar Amyloid Beta (1-42)

Increasing evidence suggests that soluble aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) are the pathogenic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, detailed structural information on these species remains scarce due to low levels of endogenous Aβ oligomers and uncertainties surrounding current in vitro model systems. Herein, we describe a hydroxyl radical footprinting (HRF) study of Aβ42 fibrils and a stable and homogeneous preparation of Aβ42 oligomers. Specific side chain solvent accessibilities of individual residues in the aggregated and fibril forms of Aβ42 are measured with respect to the same residues of Aβ42 in a fully exposed reference state. These data provide residue specific side chain solvent accessibility protection factors and are used in complement with biophysical characterizations and ss-NMR analyses of these systems. Results are discussed in the context of proposed NMR models of Aβ oligomers and fibrils with implications towards further development of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
Induction of Gsk3β-β-TrCP Interaction Is Required for Late Phase Stabilization of β-Catenin in Canonical Wnt Signaling

A pivotal step in canonical Wnt signaling is Wnt-induced β-catenin stabilization. In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin is targeted for β-transducin repeats-containing proteins (β-TrCP)-mediated degradation due to phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (Gsk3). How canonical Wnt signaling regulates Gsk3 to inhibit β-catenin proteolysis remains largely elusive. This study reveals novel key molecular events in Wnt signaling: induction of Gsk3β ubiquitination and Gsk3β-β-TrCP binding. We found that Wnt stimulation induced prolonged monoubiquitination of Gsk3β and Gsk3β-β-TrCP interaction. Monoubiquitination did not cause Gsk3β degradation nor affects its enzymatic activity. Rather, increased monoubiquitination of Gsk3β/Gsk3β-β-TrCP association suppressed β-catenin recruitment of β-TrCP, leading to long-term inhibition of β-catenin ubiquitination and degradation.
Microbial forensics: fiber optic microarray subtyping of Bacillus anthracis

The past decade has seen increased development and subsequent adoption of rapid molecular techniques involving DNA analysis for detection of pathogenic microorganisms, also termed microbial forensics. The continued accumulation of microbial sequence information in genomic databases now better positions the field of high-throughput DNA analysis to proceed in a more manageable fashion. The potential to build off of these databases exists as technology continues to develop, which will enable more rapid, cost effective analyses. This wealth of genetic information, along with new technologies, has the potential to better address some of the current problems and solve the key issues involved in DNA analysis of pathogenic microorganisms. To this end, a high density fiber optic microarray has been employed, housing numerous DNA sequences simultaneously for detection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including Bacillus anthracis, among others. Each organism is analyzed with multiple sequences and can be sub-typed against other closely related organisms. For public health labs, real-time PCR methods have been developed as an initial preliminary screen, but culture and growth are still considered the gold standard. Technologies employing higher throughput than these standard methods are better suited to capitalize on the limitless potential garnered from the sequence information. Microarray analyses are one such format positioned to exploit this potential, and our array platform is reusable, allowing repetitive tests on a single array, providing an increase in throughput and decrease in cost, along with a certainty of detection, down to the individual strain level.
Post-thrombocythemic myeloid metaplasia with pleural involvement and the duration of response to external beam radiation therapy: a case report and literature review

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) of the lung is a rare clinical phenomenon associated with chronic hemolytic anemias and myeloproliferative diseases. Pulmonary EMH has documented sensitivity to ionizing radiation which translates to an efficacious therapy. The optimal local management of EMH of the lung with radiotherapy is uncertain because of the low incidence of cases. Herein, we describe the case of a 93-year-old gentleman with a 30-year history of essential thrombocythemia who developed extramedullary hematopoiesis of the lung. He was treated with two separate courses of whole lung external beam radiation with a durable response of approximately 4 months on both occasions. We discuss his clinical course, management, and a comparison to the current literature.
Approximate nature of traditional fuzzy methodology naturally leads to complex-valued fuzzy degrees

In the traditional fuzzy logic, the experts' degrees of confidence in their statements is described by numbers from the interval [0,1]. These degree have a clear intuitive meaning. Somewhat surprisingly, in some applications, it turns out to be useful to also consider different numerical degrees - e.g., complex-valued degrees. While these complex-valued degrees are helpful in solving practical problems, their intuitive meaning is not clear. In this paper, we provide a possible explanation for the success of complex-valued degrees which makes their use more intuitively understandable - namely, we show that these degrees naturally appear due to the approximate nature of the traditional fuzzy methodology.
The concept of quasi-Fermi level and expansion of faulted loops in SiC under minority carrier injection

Degradation of 4H-SiC PiN diodes – a rapid increase in the forward voltage drop with operation time – has been a focus of research since it was first reported over a decade ago. It was soon discovered that associated with this degradation is a rapid increase in the number and extent of intrinsic stacking faults (SFs) in SiC. Further research showed that the expansion of SFs is due to the injection of electron–hole pairs (ehps) in the active region of the device under forward biasing. This effect indicated that recombination-induced dislocation glide – a phenomenon that was known to occur in many other semiconductors and in SiC – may play an important role in enhancing the motion of the leading partial dislocations and thus in expanding SFs in PiN diodes operated under forward bias conditions. This was later supported by enhanced nucleation and expansion of SFs by bandgap optical excitation in virginal SiC crystals itself – whether the material was of the 4H or 6H polytype – rather than in forward-biased SiC diodes. At the same time, we used the concept of quasi-Fermi energy – as the transient value of the electron population during excited states of 4H- or 6H-SiC – to explain the driving force for expansion of SFs. Recently, Caldwell et al. have used this concept to develop various experimental observations that have been made on these diodes, including SF expansion under forward biasing, saturation of the maximum forward voltage drift, annealing-induced contraction of SFs so generated and consequent drift recovery of the forward voltage drop. In this paper, we expand the concept of quasi-Fermi level to get a better understanding of faulted loop expansion in 4H-SiC bipolar devices and in virgin 4H- and 6H-SiC crystals.
The Kapitza resistance of metals in the normal and superconducting states

A calculation has been made of the transfer of heat across a metal-liquid helium interface. In the normal state an appreciable transfer of energy occurs directly from the conduction electrons to the phonons of the fluid. Three mechanisms have been considered: the phonon-electron interaction within the metal, the modulation of the position of the interface and the phonon-electron interaction of the electrons which have tunnelled into the helium. All appear to be important. In the superconducting state each of these becomes ineffective at temperatures appreciably below the transition temperature and, consequently, the heat flow is reduced. The effect is sensitive to band structure and to the anisotropy of the energy gap.
The Application of Classical Forecasting Techniques to Load Management

There are a number of techniques available to the electric utility industry for forecasting load management activities. These techniques have not, until now, been well documented, nor has their use been fully explored. This paper is an essential first step in this emerging new technology in that it attempts to identify and describe classical forecasting techniques and suggests categories of load management activities which may be forecasted using those techniques. The paper first describes the issues of customer acceptance, defines generically load management options, describes state-of-the-art techniques and finally discusses the application of those techniques to forecasting load management.
Preparation and metal-adsorption properties of silica-based adsorbent functionalized with iminodiacetic acid.

Preparation de l'adsorbant. Quantites d'ions metalliques adsorbes par spectrometrie d'absorption atomique