cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cretaceous and Cenozoic episodic denudation of the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica : New constraints from apatite fission track thermochronology in the Scott Glacier region

Apatite fission track thermochronology utilizing vertical sampling profiles, with results interpreted using the concept of exhumed partial annealing zones, is applied in the Scott Glacier area (86°S) of the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM). Patterns in age profiles indicate that episodes of denudation in the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous, and Cenozoic were separated by periods of relative tectonic stability. Thermal modeling of time-temperature histories compared to observed data indicates that denudation episodes commenced at ∼125 Ma, ∼95 Ma, and 50–45 Ma. Magnitude of denudation is constrained only as >700 m for the Early Cretaceous and from barely detectable to 1.5 km for the Late Cretaceous. Since the early Cenozoic, denudation within the TAM Front was similar in magnitude to other localities along the TAM (∼4–6 km), decreasing inland. Rock uplift was also a maximum at the coast, decreasing inland. Patterns of rock uplift and denudation are complicated by Cenozoic faulting, mostly by faults oriented ∼45° to the TAM Front. Along the length of the TAM there is an apparent systematic variation in the angle of these Cenozoic faults to the TAM Front, possibly reflecting greater components of dextral transtension southward along the TAM. The three denudation episodes correspond to regional tectonic events: Early Cretaceous southward translation of the Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains block of West Antarctica relative to East Antarctica; Late Cretaceous extension in the Ross Embayment between East and West Antarctica; and Cenozoic rejuvenated faulting, magmatism, and deformation within the Victoria Land Basin and its presumed southward extension under the Ross Ice Sheet.
Surface Effects on P Type High Purity Germanium Detectors at 77°K

Ellipsometry has been used to measure the thickness of the residual film on the germanium surface after etching. Residual film thicknesses of 4 A, 20 A and 500 A are obtained for the 10:1, 3:1 and 1:10 etches, respectively. A single detector was processed a total of 63 times using a variety of surface treatments. This study showed high breakdown voltage could be obtained with a variety of etches, but that the time the detector remains in the quenching solution should be minimized. The edge of the depletion region was scanned with a collimated 60 kV ? source after each surface treatment. The two scan results that could reprevroducibly be obtained were the type C, obtained with a 3:1 or 10:1 etch, a water quench, a brief evacuation and a rapid cool down, and the type B obtained using the same procedure with a 1:10 etch. The type C scan can be eliminated by heating in vacuum and restored by exposure to room air suggesting that it is caused by water vapor adsorbed on the surface. The type C scan is believed to result from hole trapping at the surface of the depletion region. An external electric field has been used to increase the breakdown voltage of the detector.
Interplay among platelet-activating factor, oxidative stress, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors modulates neuronal survival.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid messenger in the nervous system that participates in synaptic plasticity and in pathologic processes, including neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress plays important roles in neuronal cell death. To define the interaction between PAF and oxidative radicals in neuronal death, we studied the effects of PAF in the presence of oxidative radicals in primary neurons in culture. Exogenous PAF (50 μM) caused PAF receptor-independent injury to neurons. A nonneurotoxic PAF concentration (500 nM) potentiated neuronal death caused by hydrogen peroxide as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, Hoechst staining, and TUNEL analysis, but it did not potentiate neuronal death caused by menadione, a superoxide donor, or by the nitric oxide donors 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). This potentiation of the hydrogen peroxide effect was selectively blocked by a PAF membrane-receptor antagonist, BN52021 (5 μM). The neurotoxic effect of PAF and hydrogen peroxide was also completely blocked by ebselen and partially decreased by pretreatment with (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist. This study suggests that PAF-receptor antagonists may be useful for neuroprotection. A similar effect might also be obtained with group I mGluR agonists, probably by way of a different underlying mechanism. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antifeedant and larvicidal activities of Rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula L.

Antifeedant and larvicidal activities of rhein (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid) isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Cassia fistula flower were studied against lepidopteron pests Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera. Significant antifeedant activity was observed against H. armigera (76.13%) at 1000 ppm concentration. Rhein exhibited larvicidal activity against H. armigera (67.5), S. litura (36.25%) and the LC50 values was 606.50 ppm for H. armigera and 1192.55 ppm for S.litura. The survived larvae produced malformed adults.
THE ADRAR (= CHINGUETTI), MAURITANIA, FRENCH WEST AFRICA, METEORITE (CN = 0127,202)*

Arguments are advanced for accepting as valid the measurements, descriptions, and conclusions published in 1924 concerning the giant Adrar (= Chinguetti) meteorite, the very existence of which has long been a point at issue among scientists. Since any criticism of Adrar certainly should be based on the original data gathered by Ripert and presented by Lacroix, a translation of the latter's initial publication on the Adrar meteorite is included in the present paper (as part 2). This translation provides supporting evidence for many of the statements made in the critical commentary in part I. Not only because the original data published on the Adrar meteorite were so factually presented and so internally consistent, but also because all objections to its huge size that have appeared since the publication of Lacroix's paper have been shown to be quite without foundation, relocation of this exceptional meteorite would constitute an undertaking, the successful consummation of which would be of the greatest importance to meteoritics.†
The rational defensibility of being a traditional religious Jew

The paper has two major parts. The first part articulates a working definition of what is a traditional religious Jew. This includes a discussion of whether it is necessary to have certain beliefs in order to be a religious Jew. Given the definition in the first part, the second part argues that it is rationally defensible for some persons to be traditional religious Jews. Included is a discussion of the notion of rational defensibility. The paper closes by discussing whether different religions can be rationally defensible for different persons.
Evidence and Rigor Scrutinizing the Rhetorical Embrace of Evidence-Based Decision Making

The nation’s lawmakers have frequently voiced the basic principle that important policy decisions should be evidence based. In this commentary, the authors describe the approach the U.S. Department of Education has taken in its Increasing Educational Productivity project. The authors argue that the department’s actual practice in this instance has fallen short of the rhetorical embrace of evidence-based decision making, and they explain the potential harm done when leaders do not heed the importance of grounding policy in high-quality research.
Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations are concomitant with ragged red regions of individual, aged muscle fibers: analysis by laser-capture microdissection

Laser-capture microdissection was coupled with PCR to define the mitochondrial genotype of aged muscle fibers exhibiting mitochondrial enzymatic abnormalities. These electron transport system (ETS) abnormalities accumulate with age, are localized segmentally along muscle fibers, are associated with fiber atrophy and may contribute to age-related fiber loss. DNA extracted from single, 10 microm thick, ETS abnormal muscle fibers, as well as sections from normal fibers, served as templates for PCR-based deletion analysis. Large mitochondrial (mt) DNA deletion mutations (4.4-9.7 kb) were detected in all 29 ETS abnormal fibers analyzed. Deleted mtDNA genomes were detected only in the regions of the fibers with ETS abnormalities; adjacent phenotypically normal portions of the same fiber contained wild-type mtDNA. In addition, identical mtDNA deletion mutations were found within different sections of the same abnormal region. These findings demonstrate that large deletion mutations are associated with ETS abnormalities in aged rat muscle and that, within a fiber, deletion mutations are clonal. The displacement of wild-type mtDNAs with mutant mtDNAs results in concomitant mitochondrial enzymatic abnormalities, fiber atrophy and fiber breakage.
Spectral and spatial properties of polarized light reflections from the arms of squid (Loligo pealeii) and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.)

On every arm of cuttlefish and squid there is a stripe of high-reflectance iridophores that reflects highly polarized light. Since cephalopods possess polarization vision, it has been hypothesized that these polarized stripes could serve an intraspecific communication function. We determined how polarization changes when these boneless arms move. By measuring the spectral and polarizing properties of the reflected light from samples at various angles of tilt and rotation, we found that the actual posture of the arm has little or no effect on partial polarization or the e-vector angle of the reflected light. However, when the illumination angle changed, the partial polarization of the reflected light also changed. The spectral reflections of the signals were also affected by the angle of illumination but not by the orientation of the sample. Electron microscope samples showed that these stripes are composed of several groups of multilayer platelets within the iridophores. The surface normal to each group is oriented at a different angle, which produces essentially constant reflection of polarized light over a range of viewing angles. These results demonstrate that cuttlefish and squid could send out reliable polarization signals to a receiver regardless of arm orientation.
Solanocardinol: A steroidal alkaloid from Solanum neocardenasii

Abstract The structure of a new steroidal alkaloid from Solanum neocardenasii, solanocardinol, has been characterized by mass spectrometry, 2D-NMR and chemical methods. In contrast to the closely related spirofuranopiperidine the configuration of this compound at C-16 is β. The relevance of solanocardinol to the chemotaxonomy of Solanum species is discussed.
The relationship of trait to state motivation: The role of self‐competency beliefs

Even when people with schizophrenia describe themselves as generally motivated and eager to engage in activities, they may not actually be motivated in the present moment. In order to better understand the relationship between trait and state motivation, we aimed to assess trait motivation and state intrinsic motivation, and investigate their relations to each other and to criterion-related variables including cognition, negative symptoms, and beliefs about one's own competency-also known as perceived competency (PC). Further, we investigated whether PC mediates the relationships between state intrinsic motivation (IM) and trait motivation dimensions. Forty individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders were administered two self-report measures of motivation, the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (Kanfer, R., Ackerman, P., 2000. Individual differences in work motivation: further explorations of a trait framework. Appl. Psychol. 49 (3), 470-482) and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory for Schizophrenia Research (Choi, J., Medalia, A., 2010. Intrinsic motivation and learning in a schizophrenia spectrum sample. Schizophr. Res. 118, 12-19), as well as measures of PC, cognition and symptoms. The results showed that in people with schizophrenia, trait approach motivation, but not trait avoidance motivation, is positively correlated with state intrinsic motivation and PC. There was evidence that PC partially mediates the relationship between trait approach motivation and state intrinsic motivation to do the task. These results support the role of therapies that directly address self-competency beliefs and set the groundwork for future investigations on the impact of such treatments on motivation.
Some characteristics of the p-chlorophenylalanine-induced cataract

Abstract A description of the cataract produced in young rats by the injection of p-chlorophenylalanine and phenylalanine in terms of amino acid analysis and agar gel electrophoresis is presented. A decrease in all amino acids except aspartic acid, and a striking change in the electrophoretic pattern of the soluble protein in the cataractous lenses was noted. The glutathione content of cataractous lens was low as compared with the glutathione content of the contralateral, normal-appearing lens. Grossly visible cataracts appeared several months after the injections had ceased.
Silences as weapons: Challenges of a black professor teaching white students

(1996). Silences as weapons: Challenges of a black professor teaching white students. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 35, Situated Pedagogies: Classroom Practices in Postmodern Times, pp. 79-85.
Siderophile elements in planetary mantles and the origin of the Moon

The collisional ejection and the coaccretion hypotheses of lunar origin are examined in the context of theories of planetary accretion and of siderophile element abundances in planetary mantles. The information concerning the possible dynamical environments within which the terrestrial planets may have grown and the known abundances of siderophile and chalcophile elements in the mantles of the earth, the moon, and the hypothetical shergottite parent body is used to evaluate the existing hypotheses of lunar origin. The analysis indicates that none of the existing theories concerning lunar origin is fully consistent with observed siderophile element abundances in the lunar and terrestrial mantles.
A recording bridge viscometer.

Abstract A continuous recording viscometer using oscillating capillary tubes has been developed. The basic principles, general design, and construction details of the viscosity sensing device are given. Two such devices, mechanically coupled, comprise a bridge viscometer with which two fluids can be compared directly. A bridge viscometer complete with the electronic amplifier circuits is described. The general design is readily adaptable to automatic systems. The instrument has a wide dynamic range. The fluid under test may be allowed to flow through the system. The capacity of each arm of the viscometer bridge is less than 100 μl.
Comparative study of the timing techniques currently employed with Ge detectors

Abstract The three most commonly used techniques for timing with Ge detectors, namely the leading edge timing (LET), the extrapolated leading edge timing (ELET), and amplitude and rise time-compensated (ARC) timing are compared both theoretically and under identical experimental conditions. The effects of rise time variations and discontinuous slope changes at constant energy, as well as the energy-dependent time walks, are considered for the three timing modes. Two-parameter measurements of time variance vs energy with a planar and a coaxial detector serve to illustrate the advantages and limitations of each timing mode.
ACTH Secretion in Midbrain-Transected Rats

During the first 2 days after operation "resting" plasma corticosterone levels were high, but thereafter returned to normal in both midbrain-transected and sham-operated animals. Ether anesthesia induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone 48 hr after midbrain transection. Three days after operation dexamethasone suppressed plasma corticosterone levels to an equivalent level in both midbrain-transected and sham-operated rats. It is concluded that the hypothalamic-adenohypophysial complex is capable of regulating ACTH release in response to selected stimulatory and inhibitory influences in midbrain-transected rats. We found no evidence that the effect of a "tonic inhibitory neural center" on ACTH release is abolished by midbrain transection. (Endocrinology 77: 1091, 1965)
Performance management universals: Think globally and act locally

Abstract Performance management systems are pervasive worldwide. Herein, we describe five performance management universals—principles that lead to effective performance management regardless of cultural contexts: (1) congruence between job descriptions and organizational goals; (2) measurement of performance based on behaviors and results at the individual and collective levels; (3) training regarding performance management; (4) delivering performance feedback using a strengths-based approach; and (5) allocating rewards that are meaningful. We also describe five cultural dimensions that are particularly relevant to performance management: (1) individualism-collectivism; (2) power distance; (3) uncertainty avoidance; (4) masculinity-femininity; and (5) fatalism. Considering universals and cultural dimensions simultaneously allows us to think globally but act locally in terms of how to implement performance management systems that promote organizational effectiveness, as well as ethical behaviors and employee well-being.
Monoclonal antibody 9EG7 defines a novel beta 1 integrin epitope induced by soluble ligand and manganese, but inhibited by calcium.

The monoclonal antibody 9EG7 has been previously found to recognize an epitope induced by manganese on the integrin beta 1 chain (Lenter, M., Uhlig, H., Hamann, A., Jeno, P., Imhof, B., and Vestweber, D. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 9051-9055). Here we show that treatment of beta 1 integrins with manganese or soluble integrin ligands (e.g. fibronectin and RGD peptide) induced the 9EG7 epitope. This epitope was also induced upon EGTA treatment to remove calcium, and the addition of calcium inhibited 9EG7 epitope induction by manganese or by ligand. Further emphasizing the importance of the 9EG7 epitope, the 9EG7 antibody itself stimulated adhesion mediated by multiple beta 1 integrins, and conversely, ligands for alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 4 beta 1, and alpha 5 beta 1 all stimulated 9EG7 expression. Together these results support a model whereby (i) calcium inhibits beta 1 integrin function because it prevents the appearance of a conformation favorable to ligand binding and (ii) manganese enhances beta 1 integrin function because it induces the same favorable conformation that is induced by adding ligand, or removing calcium. Notably, other beta 1-stimulating agents (magnesium and mAb TS2/16) did not induce 9EG7 expression unless ligand was also present. Thus, although 9EG7 may reliable detect the ligand-bound conformation of beta 1 integrins, its expression does not always correlate with integrin "activation". Finally, mouse/chicken beta 1 chimeric molecules were used to map the 9EG7 epitope to beta 1 residues 495-602 within the cysteine-rich region, and antibody cross-blocking studies showed that the 9EG7 epitope is distinct from all previously defined human beta 1 epitopes.
Effect of native natural enemies and augmentative releases of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister and Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer

Abstract The impact of native natural enemies, supplemented by augmentative releases of the green lacewing, Chrysoperia rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and/or the cecidomyiid, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), on the population dynamics of the green apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae), was assessed in a series of experiments conducted in north central Washington State, USA. In one trial, C. rufiabris alone was released at a rate of 200 eggs or first instar larvae per tree per week for 6 weeks; in a second experiment, it was released in combination with A. aphidimyza at rates of 400 eggs and 250 pupae respectively per tree per week. In a final trial, A. aphidimyza alone was released at a rate of 200 pupae per tree per week for the duration of the growing season. The dominant native natural enemies in the study area were Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, A. aphidimyza. Onus sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), and various species of Syrphidae, Chamaemyii...
Processes Controlling the Mean Tropical Pacific Precipitation Pattern. Part I: The Andes and the Eastern Pacific ITCZ

Abstract The question of why the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is generally north of the equator in the tropical Pacific is addressed. Experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to idealized representations of the ocean show that the presence of the Andes is enough to lower sea surface temperature (SST) off the west coast of South America through evaporation, thus promoting a north–south asymmetry, with the ITCZ north of the equator, which is amplified by interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. The evaporative cooling results mainly from the subsidence of low specific humidity air, which is due in turn to the mechanical effect of the Andes on the zonal mean flow. The positive feedback from low-level clouds on SST is an important factor for the efficiency of the mechanism described. West of 120°W, the presence of the Rockies and Himalayas produces a comparable forcing to that of the Andes, but this is not enough to reverse or neutralize the north–south asymmetry se...
Gender and Orientations Toward the Future: Links to Motivation

Literature on future orientation and motivation was examined for gender differences. Research revealed gender differences from five theoretical orientations: achievement motivation, future time orientation, possible selves, expectancy-value, and social-cognitive. Some of those differences seemed best explained in terms of generational differences in gender role expectations. Gender differences were found in extension and density of future goals. Men had further extension but fewer goals than women. Evidence suggested that women's future expectations have become more similar to men's in the career realm, although women also have maintained their focus on interpersonal goals. An implication is that schools are a potentially powerful sociocultural context that can encourage students to envision futures that are not constrained by gender, race/ethnicity, or other stereotypes.
TNF receptor superfamily member 13b (TNFRSF13B) hemizygosity reveals transmembrane activator and CAML interactor haploinsufficiency at later stages of B-cell development.

Background Heterozygous C104R or A181E TNF receptor superfamily member 13b (TNFRSF13B) mutations impair removal of autoreactive B cells, weaken B-cell activation, and convey to patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) an increased risk for autoimmunity. How mutant transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) influences wild-type TACI function is unclear; different models suggest either a dominant negative effect or haploinsufficiency. Objective We investigated potential TACI haploinsufficiency by analyzing patients with antibody-deficient Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) who possess only 1 TNFRSF13B allele and antibody-deficient patients carrying one c.204insA TNFRSF13B null mutation. Methods We tested the reactivity of antibodies isolated from single B cells from patients with SMS and patients with a c.204insA TNFRSF13B mutation and compared them with counterparts from patients with CVID with heterozygous C104R or A181E TNFRSF13B missense mutations. We also assessed whether loss of a TNFRSF13B allele induced haploinsufficiency in naive and memory B cells and recapitulated abnormal immunologic features typical of patients with CVID with heterozygous TNFRSF13B missense mutations. Results We found that loss of a TNFRSF13B allele does not affect TACI expression, activation responses, or establishment of central B-cell tolerance in naive B cells. Additionally, patients with SMS and those with a c.204insA TNFRSF13B mutation display normal regulatory T-cell function and peripheral B-cell tolerance. The lack of a TNFRSF13B allele did result in decreased TACI expression on memory B cells, resulting in impaired activation and antibody secretion. Conclusion TNFRSF13B hemizygosity does not recapitulate autoimmune features of CVID-associated C104R and A181E TNFRSF13B mutations, which likely encode dominant negative products, but instead reveals selective TACI haploinsufficiency at later stages of B-cell development.
Self-aligned germanium MOSFETs using a nitrided native oxide gate insulator

The fabrication and performance of dummy-gate self-aligned germanium MOSFETs utilizing a native germanium oxynitride gate insulator is reported. Based on device characteristics, channel mobility at 300 K is estimated as 940 cm/sup 2//Vs. Common-source characteristics show good saturation and turn-off, and do not exhibit looping or other anomalies. It is felt these results suggest that integration of germanium MOSFETs with photodiodes for monolithic optical-fiber receivers operating at 1.3- mu m wavelength should be possible. The results also indicate that the bulk mobility advantage which germanium exhibits relative to silicon carries over in some measure to FET channel mobility. >
A bacterial mRNA leader that employs different mechanisms to sense disparate intracellular signals.

Summary Bacterial mRNAs often contain leader sequences that respond to specific metabolites or ions by altering expression of the associated downstream protein-coding sequences. Here we report that the leader RNA of the Mg 2+ transporter gene mgtA of Salmonella enterica , which was previously known to function as a Mg 2+ -sensing riboswitch, harbors an 18 codon proline-rich open reading frame—termed mgtL —that permits intracellular proline to regulate mgtA expression. Interfering with mgtL translation by genetic, pharmacological, or environmental means was observed to increase the mRNA levels from the mgtA coding region. Substitution of the mgtL proline codons by other codons abolished the response to proline and to hyperosmotic stress but not to Mg 2+ . Our findings show that mRNA leader sequences can consist of complex regulatory elements that utilize different mechanisms to sense separate signals and mediate an appropriate cellular response.
The Cry Wolf Effect and Weather-Related Decision Making

Despite improvements in forecasting extreme weather events, noncompliance with weather warnings among the public remains a problem. Although there are likely many reasons for noncompliance with weather warnings, one important factor might be people's past experiences with false alarms. The research presented here explores the role of false alarms in weather-related decision making. Over a series of trials, participants used an overnight low temperature forecast and advice from a decision aid to decide whether to apply salt treatment to a town's roads to prevent icy conditions or take the risk of withholding treatment, which resulted in a large penalty when freezing temperatures occurred. The decision aid gave treatment recommendations, some of which were false alarms, i.e., treatment was recommended but observed temperatures were above freezing. The rate at which the advice resulted in false alarms was manipulated between groups. Results suggest that very high and very low false alarm rates led to inferior decision making, but that lowering the false alarm rate slightly did not significantly affect compliance or decision quality. However, adding a probabilistic uncertainty estimate in the forecasts improved both compliance and decision quality. These findings carry implications about how weather warnings should be communicated to the public.
Implications of Expected Changes in the Seller's Price in Name-Your-Own-Price Auctions

The seller's threshold price in name-your-own-price auctions varies over time. However, consumers must bid without knowing when these variations occur because the threshold price is unobservable to them. This paper uses an analytical model and laboratory auctions to explore how the frequency of changes in the threshold price impacts consumer bidding behavior in name-your-own-price auctions. In particular, we consider how the frequency of these expected changes affects the optimal pattern of bid sequences (e.g., strictly increasing over time or following a nonmonotonic pattern). We find that when the probability of a price change is moderate, consumers may have an incentive to use nonmonotonic bidding patterns. Rather than steadily increasing their bids over time, consumers will, at some point in the bid sequence, decrease their bid. However, when the expected probability of a price change is very low or very high, consumers do not have an incentive to use nonmonotonic bidding patterns. Interestingly, impatient bidders are more likely to decrease their bids at some point in the bid sequence than patient bidders. Finally, we find that more frequent price changes may increase customer satisfaction.
New Silicone Rubber Insulation System for Turbine Generators

A new composite polyester-glass reinforced silicone rubber/mica insulation system, designated Mycone?, has been developed for high-voltage turbine generators. This system is capable of operating at Class F (155°C) temperatures, with a life expectancy comparable to that of a standard type modified asphaltmica insulation system operating at Class B (130°C) temperaturese. Use of the system will afford an increase in generator armature capability in the order of 15 percent. Although domestic industry standards do not yet include the operation of turbine-generator units above Class B (130°C) operating temperatures, many special situations exist where increased capability is of prime consideration.
Empirical comparison of graph classification algorithms

The graph classification problem is learning to classify separate, individual graphs in a graph database into two or more categories. A number of algorithms have been introduced for the graph classification problem. We present an empirical comparison of the major approaches for graph classification introduced in literature, namely, SubdueCL, frequent subgraph mining in conjunction with SVMs, walk-based graph kernel, frequent subgraph mining in conjunction with AdaBoost and DT-CLGBI. Experiments are performed on five real world data sets from the Mutagenesis and Predictive Toxicology domain which are considered benchmark data sets for the graph classification problem. Additionally, experiments are performed on a corpus of artificial data sets constructed to investigate the performance of the algorithms across a variety of parameters of interest. Our conclusions are as follows. In datasets where the underlying concept has a high average degree, walk-based graph kernels perform poorly as compared to other approaches. The hypothesis space of the kernel is walks and it is insufficient at capturing concepts involving significant structure. In datasets where the underlying concept is disconnected, SubdueCL performs poorly as compared to other approaches. The hypothesis space of SubdueCL is connected graphs and it is insufficient at capturing concepts which consist of a disconnected graph. FSG+SVM, FSG+AdaBoost, DT-CLGBI have comparable performance in most cases.
Tutorial: illusion of capacity - challenge of incorporating the complexity of FAB capacity (tool deployment & operating curve) into central planning for firms with substantial non-FAB complexity

Since the early 1990s, organizations have focused on making smarter decisions in their integrated supply chain central planning, but the representation of capacity and cycle time has remained static and linear in contrast to its complex nature. This includes central planning for firms with semiconductor fabrication facilities (FABS) as a component of a complex demand supply network(DSN) where much of the complexity is non-FAB. Developing more intelligent solutions for capacity in central planning within computational and process limitations is a critical challenge. For DSNs with FABS, twin challenges are tool deployment and the operating curve. Many in the FAB community are aware of these complexities; options proposed and some implemented within “aggregate FAB planning,” rarely within central planning. This tutorial reviews the current state of central planning with respect to capacity and cycle time, outlines the challenges these complexities place on central planning structures, and indicates possible solutions.
An efficient moderate-size vertical-incidence ionosonde antenna for 2-20-MHz polarization studies

A wide cone-angle conical spiral antenna which has been developed for use as a circularly polarized vertical-incidence ionosonde antenna is described. It exhibits an 80-degree beamwidth, 5-dB gain, axial ratio of 1.2:1 and SWR less than 2:1 typically over the band 2-20 MHz. The entire structure is only 38 meters high and 52 meters in diameter. Extensive measurements on models and the full-size antenna are presented which show that the polarization and radiation patterns are quite uniform over the entire operating band. In particular, the radiation pattern shows no evidence of sidelobes at low elevation angles which could cause unwanted oblique returns. The discovery of a beam-reversing phenomenon in spiral antennas is described along with its elimination by geometry control. An example of ionosphere mode selection by means of polarization control with the full-size antenna is presented.
Energy distributions for sampled and reconstructed periodic signals

By using Parseval's theorm for almost periodic functions an expression for the energy distribution in a sampled and reconstructed sinusoidal waveform is derived. The expression is then evaluated for zero- and first-order hold systems through use of the psi function and its derivatives.
Risks of "Cleaning" Electron Backscatter Diffraction Data

Collecting good data is an important task, but handling the data correctly is important also. How to handle data largely depends on what the analyst is going to do with it. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is no exception.
An overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language

This paper describes KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language designed for use in understander systems. It outlines both the general concepts which underlie our research and the details of KRL-0, an experimental implementation of some of these concepts. KRL is an attempt to integrate procedural knowledge with a broad base of declarative forms. These forms provide a variety of ways to express the logical structure of the knowledge, in order to give flexibility in associating procedures (for memory and reasoning) with specific pieces of knowledge, and to control the relative accessibility of different facts and descriptions. The formalism for declarative knowledge is based on structured conceptual objects with associated descriptions. These objects form a network of memory units with several different sorts of linkages, each having well-specified implications for the retrieval process. Procedures can be associated directly with the internal structure of a conceptual object. This procedural attachment allows the steps for a particular operation to be determined by characteristics of the specific entities involved. The control structure of KRL is based on the belief that the next generation of intelligent programs will integrate data-directed and goal-directed processing by using multi-processing. It provides for a priority-ordered multi-process agenda with explicit (user-provided) strategies for scheduling and resource allocation. It provides procedure directories which operate along with process frameworks to allow procedural parameterization of the fundamental system processes for building, comparing, and retrieving memory structures. Future development of KRL will include integrating procedure definition with the descriptive formalism.
Trace amount formaldehyde gas detection for indoor air quality monitoring

Formaldehyde is not only a carcinogenic chemical, but also causes sick building syndrome. Very small amounts of formaldehyde, such as those emitted from building materials and furniture, pose great concerns for human health. A Health Canada guideline, proposed in 2005, set the maximum formaldehyde concentration for long term exposure (8-hours averaged) as 40 ppb (50 μg/m3). This is a low concentration that commercially available formaldehyde sensors have great difficulty to detect both accurately and continuously. In this paper, we report a formaldehyde gas detection system which is capable of pre-concentrating formaldehyde gas using absorbent, and subsequently thermally desorbing the concentrated gas for detection by the electrochemical sensor. Initial results show that the system is able to detect formaldehyde gas at the ppb level, thus making it feasible to detect trace amount of formaldehyde in indoor environments.
Reflections on Political Parties and Political Development, Four Decades Later

Several generalizations about political parties that appear in the symposium volume, Political Parties and Political Development (1966), seem to be equally valid 40 years later, while some others d...
Direct conversion of triglycerides to olefins and paraffins over noble metal supported catalysts

Deoxygenation of methyl esters and triglycerides was studied for production of either α-olefins or diesel components. The reactions were carried out in a reactive distillation fashion in which products are quickly removed from the reaction mixture in flowing He. The effects of He flow rate, reaction temperature, active component and support were studied. PtSnK supported on silica was found to be the best catalyst for selective production of α-olefins. Palm kernel oil and coconut oil were also deoxygenated to produce α-olefins or diesel components, depending on reaction conditions.
Estrogen (EB) and EB + progesterone (P) induced changes in pituitary sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity (ATPase).

Estradiol-benzoate (EB) injected into previously ovariecto-mized (OVX) rats, increased pituitary ATPase activity 69% over controls, within one hour of treatment. Twelve hours after injection, ATPase activity was not significantly different from controls. Progesterone [(P): 5mg/100gBW] administered in conjunction with EB elicited an analogous response. AT at time of EB and EB+P induced increments in pituitary ATPase activity, plasma LH levels were dramatically reduced to normal, intact diestrous control levels. Post-castrational elevations in FSH were also suppressed after one hour of treatment with EB, but not following EB+P administration. The results suggest that the inhibitory actions of EB and EB+P on post-castrational LH levels may be related to modulation by these steroids of pituitary membrane ATPase activity.
Retreat from Transpubic Urethroplasty for Obliterated Membranous Urethral Strictures

Abstract A direct vision urethrotome was used to incise the perineal membrane and join the proximal bulbous urethra to the dorsal prostate in 4 men with totally obliterated posterior urethras following pelvic fractures. All 4 patients have maintained patent urethras for 2 to 9 months. Progressive dilation has not been required in 3 men. A repeat internal urethrotomy was necessary in 1 patient who currently requires urethral sounding every 6 weeks. A comparison with 8 previous transpubic urethroplasties for the same surgical problem revealed a significant decrease in blood loss and hospital stay with direct vision urethrotomy. Transurethral incision of the obliterated posterior urethra following a crushing injury to the pelvis may be a reasonable initial procedure for restoring urethral continuity prior to more extensive urethroplasty.
Economic Systems of Foraging, Agricultural, and Industrial Societies: Economic Systems of Agriculturalists

In this chapter, I show that agricultural societies featured four quite distinct economic systems. Each system had readily understandable organizing principles that were unrelated in large part to a variety of environmental, social, and political factors that many have alleged to be important. Despite the great differences between agricultural and foraging economies, most of these general conclusions about their economic systems are similar. On a more specific level, however, their differences were striking. The agriculturalists had a much higher average level of economic development than the foragers and the defining characteristics of their economic systems were also quite different. Moreover, in contrast to the apparent lack of influence of the foraging economic systems on a possible transition to agriculture, the type of agricultural economic system had an important impact on a possible transition to an industry/service economy, a topic discussed in the next chapter. In the following analysis, I first discuss the sample and the criteria for defining an agricultural economic system. Then, I carry out a cluster analysis to determine the types of systems and examine the most important features of each. An important finding is that the complementarities between different economic institutions and organizations were less strong than in foraging and industrial/service economies, so that the individual societies with the same economic system were dissimilar in some important respects. Finally, I examine the degree to which the four types of economic systems were – or were not – related to various environmental, social, and political variables.
Massive Rotator Cuff Arthropathy with Glenohumeral Arthritis

Rotator cuff tear arthropathy with glenohumeral osteoarthritis (CTA) represents the classic indication for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Historically, this disease process was frustrating and difficult to treat, with patients hoping to achieve what Charles Neer described as “limited goals” for functional outcomes. The introduction of RSA has revolutionized the treatment of CTA providing reliable and reproducible improvements in pain, function, and range of motion (ROM). The limitations of RSA relate to concerns over complication rates and implant longevity. As a relatively new procedure, a greater understanding of the changes in shoulder kinematics, biomechanical effects of the reverse articulation, surgical techniques, and implant designs will continue to improve. These changes have already led to improvements in patient outcomes and complication rates. This trend will likely continue. As more long-term data become available, questions regarding implant longevity will be clarified.
Mosquito Vectors and the Globalization of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a devastating public health problem. Recent discoveries have shed light on the origin and evolution of Plasmodium parasites and their interactions with their vertebrate and mosquito hosts. P. falciparum malaria originated in Africa from a single horizontal transfer between an infected gorilla and a human, and became global as the result of human migration. Today, P. falciparum malaria is transmitted worldwide by more than 70 different anopheline mosquito species. Recent studies indicate that the mosquito immune system can be a barrier to malaria transmission and that the P. falciparum Pfs47 gene allows the parasite to evade mosquito immune detection. Here, we review the origin and globalization of P. falciparum and integrate this history with analysis of the biology, evolution, and dispersal of the main mosquito vectors. This new perspective broadens our understanding of P. falciparum population structure and the dispersal of important parasite genetic traits.
Current and future prospects for hemophilia gene therapy

Here we review the recent literature on Hemophilia gene transfer/therapy. Gene therapy is one of several new technologies being developed as a treatment for bleeding disorders. We will discuss current and pending clinical efforts and attempt to relate how the field is trending. In doing so, we will focus on the use of recombinant Adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-mediated gene transfer since all currently active trials are using this vector. Recent exciting results embody nearly 20 years of preclinical and translational research. After several early clinical attempts, therapeutic factor levels that can now be achieved reflect several modifications of the original vectors. Patterns of results are slowly starting to emerge as different AAV vectors are being tested. As with any new technology, there are drawbacks, and the potential for immune/inflammatory and oncogenic risks have emerged and will be discussed.
Bayesian estimation of magma supply, storage, and eruption rates using a multiphysical volcano model: Kīlauea Volcano, 2000–2012

Abstract Estimating rates of magma supply to the world's volcanoes remains one of the most fundamental aims of volcanology. Yet, supply rates can be difficult to estimate even at well-monitored volcanoes, in part because observations are noisy and are usually considered independently rather than as part of a holistic system. In this work we demonstrate a technique for probabilistically estimating time-variable rates of magma supply to a volcano through probabilistic constraint on storage and eruption rates. This approach utilizes Bayesian joint inversion of diverse datasets using predictions from a multiphysical volcano model, and independent prior information derived from previous geophysical, geochemical, and geological studies. The solution to the inverse problem takes the form of a probability density function which takes into account uncertainties in observations and prior information, and which we sample using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Applying the technique to Kīlauea Volcano, we develop a model which relates magma flow rates with deformation of the volcano's surface, sulfur dioxide emission rates, lava flow field volumes, and composition of the volcano's basaltic magma. This model accounts for effects and processes mostly neglected in previous supply rate estimates at Kīlauea, including magma compressibility, loss of sulfur to the hydrothermal system, and potential magma storage in the volcano's deep rift zones. We jointly invert data and prior information to estimate rates of supply, storage, and eruption during three recent quasi-steady-state periods at the volcano. Results shed new light on the time-variability of magma supply to Kīlauea, which we find to have increased by 35–100% between 2001 and 2006 (from 0.11–0.17 to 0.18–0.28 km3/yr), before subsequently decreasing to 0.08–0.12 km3/yr by 2012. Changes in supply rate directly impact hazard at the volcano, and were largely responsible for an increase in eruption rate of 60–150% between 2001 and 2006, and subsequent decline by as much as 60% by 2012. We also demonstrate the occurrence of temporal changes in the proportion of Kīlauea's magma supply that is stored versus erupted, with the supply “surge” in 2006 associated with increased accumulation of magma at the summit. Finally, we are able to place some constraints on sulfur concentrations in Kīlauea magma and the scrubbing of sulfur by the volcano's hydrothermal system. Multiphysical, Bayesian constraint on magma flow rates may be used to monitor evolving volcanic hazard not just at Kīlauea but at other volcanoes around the world.