cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active faulting and growth folding in the eastern Santa Barbara Channel, California

We develop new methods to identify blind-thrust fault systems, determine fault slip rates, and estimate potential earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals in active fold-and-thrust belts. These methods are applied to compressive folds along the Offshore Oak Ridge and Blue Bottle trends, which overlie active blind-thrust faults in the eastern Santa Barbara Channel. These folds and their causative faults are interpreted using fault-bend fold theory and are represented in balanced models and cross sections that integrate surface and subsurface data. The structures are mapped using a new technique of axial-surface mapping in seismic reflection grids, which defines three-dimensional structural geometries and shows changes in slip and subsurface fault geometry along strike. Analysis of syntectonic (growth) sediments yields Pliocene and Quaternary fault slip rates of 1.3 mm/yr on a deep thrust (≥16 km) and 1.3 mm/yr on shallower faults (2-5 km). The combined 2.6 mm/yr slip rate represents only part of the 6 mm/yr of shortening measured by geodesy across the channel and estimated from relative Pacific-North American plate motions across the Transverse Ranges. Additional shortening is probably accommodated on other active thrusts in the western Transverse Ranges and in the northern channel along the Santa Barbara coast. Deformed seafloor sediments and a swarm of axial surface seismicity along the fold trends indicate that the underlying thrusts are active and may pose significant earthquake hazards to coastal southern California. Unsegmented fault surfaces are used through empirical relationships between fault surface area and rupture magnitude to estimate the sizes of potential earthquakes. This analysis suggests that a ramp in the Channel Islands fault beneath the Offshore Oak Ridge trend is capable of rupturing in a M s ≥7.2 earthquake. Earthquakes of this magnitude may release ∼2 m of slip, which, when combined with the estimated slip rate (1.3 mm/yr), yields an earthquake recurrence interval of ∼1500 yr for this Channel Islands fault ramp.
Pedi-cap color change precedes a significant increase in heart rate during neonatal resuscitation

Abstract Introduction Heart rate is the most important indicator of infant well-being during neonatal resuscitation. The Nellcor Pedi-Cap turns gold when exposed to exhaled gas with CO 2 >15mmHg. The aim of this study was to determine if Pedi-Cap gold color change during neonatal resuscitation precedes an increase in heart rate in babies with bradycardia receiving mask ventilation. Methods This was a single-center retrospective review of video recordings and physiologic data of newborns with bradycardia receiving mask positive pressure ventilation during neonatal resuscitation. Subjects were included if the baby's HR Results Forty-one newborns during the study period had HR p 2 increased from 45±17% prior to Pedi-Cap gold color change to 52±17% 30s after gold color change ( p =0.001). Conclusions Colorimetric CO 2 detection during mask positive pressure ventilation in neonatal resuscitation precedes a significant increase in heart rate and SpO 2 . The Pedi-Cap can be easily applied during resuscitation, requires no electricity, provides immediate feedback and may be a useful, simple tool early in resuscitation and may be especially useful in resource limited settings.
A new gas chromatographic retention index for pesticides and related compounds

A new gas chromatographic (GC) retention index based on a homologous series of tri-n-alkylamines is proposed for use in the detection of pesticides and related compounds because the standard n-paraffin hydrocarbons used for the Kovats index do not show up well on the nitrogen-phosphorus detectors commonly used in pesticide analysis. Using fused silica bonded phase capillary columns (DB-1 or DB-5), the trialkylamine indices of 106 selected pesticides and related compounds were measured and their relationship to the Kovats index determined.
Fragmented landscapes, habitat specificity, and conservation genetics of three lizards in Florida scrub

Dry, sandy scrub habitats of the Florida peninsula represent naturally fragmented remnants of xeric ecosystems that were widespread during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. This habitat is characterized by high endemism, and distribution of genetic and evolutionary diversity among scrub “islands” is of compelling interest because Florida scrub is rapidly disappearing under human development. We compare range-wide diversity in mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences for three scrub-associated lizards with contrasting levels of habitat specificity. All species show strong geographic partitioning of genetic diversity, supporting the hypothesis that scrub fauna is highly restricted by vicariant separations. The mole skink (Eumeces egregius), the least habitat specific, has the lowest phylogeographic structure among the lizards (φst = 0.631). The mtDNA geneology for E. egregius is not entirely concordant with the five recognized subspecies and supports a link between populations in central Florida (E. e. lividus) and the Florida Keys (E.e. egregius) rather than a previously proposed affiliation between northern and southern populations. The Florida scrub lizard (Sceloporus woodi) is the most habitat specific of the lizards and has the strongest phylogeographic structure (φst = 0.876). The sand skink (Neoseps reynoldsi) falls between the mole skink and scrub lizard in terms of habitat specificity and phylogeographic structure (φst = 0.667). For all three species, networks of mtDNA haplotypes coalesce on two central ridges that contain the oldest scrub. The geographic structure and deep evolutionary lineages observed in these species have strong implications for conservation, including strategies for translocation, reserve design, and management of landscape connectivity.
Boys' externalizing problems at elementary school age: Pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress.

Hard-to-manage preschool boys and comparison boys were studied at age 4 years and followed at ages 6 and 9 years. Externalizing problems at ages 4 and 9 were associated with concurrent family stress, but this relationship was partially mediated by negative maternal control. Cross-lagged regressions indicated that despite the high stability in children's problem ratings, observed negative maternal control at age 4 and self-reported negative discipline at age 9 predicted externalizing problems at age 9 years, controlling for earlier levels of symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that problems were more likely to persist in the context of chronic family stress, defined as negative life events, marital dissatisfaction, and maternal depressive symptoms. When problem boys who met diagnostic criteria for Oppositional Disorder and/or Attention Deficit Disorder were compared with boys who were improved by age 9 years, family stress and earlier symptom levels, as well as maternal control differentiated between them. Teacher ratings suggested that these boys were on a clear pathway to persistent problems by age 6 years. A small sample of comparison boys with emerging problems also were living in more dysfunctional families and their mothers reported using more negative discipline at age 9 years.
Driving Forces for Limited Tectonics on Venus

Abstract The very high correlation of geoid height and topography on Venus, along with the high geoid topography ratio, can be interpreted as local isostatic compensation and/or dynamic compensation of topography at depths ranging from 50 to 350 km. For local compensation within the lithosphere, the swell-push force is proportional to the first moment of the anomalous density. Since the long-wavelength isostatic geoid height is also proportional to the first moment of the anomalous density, the swell push force is equal to the geoid height scaled by −g2/2πG. Because of this direct relationship, the style (i.e., thermal, Airy, or Pratt compensation) and depth of compensation do not need to be specified and can in fact vary over the surface. Phillips (1990) showed that this simple relationship between swell-push force and geoid also holds for dynamic uplift by shear traction on the base of the lithosphere caused by thermal convection of an isoviscous, infinite half-space mantle. Thus for all reasonable isostatic models and particular classes of dynamic models, the geoid height uniquely determines the magnitude of the swell-push body force that is applied to the venusian lithosphere. Given this body force and assuming Venus can be approximated by a uniform thickness thin elastic shell over an inviscid sphere, we calculate the present-day global strain field using equations given in Banerdt (1986); areas of positive geoid height are in a state of extension while areas of negative geoid height are in a state of compression. The present-day model strain field is compared to global strain patterns inferred from Magellan-derived maps of wrinkle ridges and rift zones. Wrinkle ridges, which are believed to reflect distributed compressive deformation, are generally confined to regions with geoid of less than 20 m while rift zones are found primarily along geoid highs. Moreover, much of the observed deformation matches the present-day model strain orientations suggesting that most of the rifts on Venus and many of the wrinkle ridges formed in a stress field similar to the present one. In several large regions, the present-day model strain pattern does not match the observations. This suggests that either the geoid has changed significantly since most of the strain occurred or our model assumptions are incorrect (e.g., there could be local plate boundaries where the stress pattern is discontinuous). Since the venusian lithosphere shows evidence for limited strain, the calculation also provides an estimate of the overall strength of the lithosphere in compression and extension which can be compared with rheological models of yield strength versus depth. At the crests of the major swells, where evidence for rifting is abundant, we find that the temperature gradient must be at least 7 K/km.
Evaluating semantic similarity and relatedness over the semantic grouping of clinical term pairs

Display Omitted Objective: develop a method to quantify the similarity and relatedness of biomedical and clinical term pairs.Semantic similarity and relatedness measures exploit information extrapolated from the Unified Medical Language System.Evaluates the performance of similarity and relatedness measures over term pairs from various semantic groups.Evaluates combining semantic similarity and relatedness measures. IntroductionThis article explores how measures of semantic similarity and relatedness are impacted by the semantic groups to which the concepts they are measuring belong. Our goal is to determine if there are distinctions between homogeneous comparisons (where both concepts belong to the same group) and heterogeneous ones (where the concepts are in different groups). Our hypothesis is that the similarity measures will be significantly affected since they rely on hierarchical is-a relations, whereas relatedness measures should be less impacted since they utilize a wider range of relations. In addition, we also evaluate the effect of combining different measures of similarity and relatedness. Our hypothesis is that these combined measures will more closely correlate with human judgment, since they better reflect the rich variety of information humans use when assessing similarity and relatedness. MethodWe evaluate our method on four reference standards. Three of the reference standards were annotated by human judges for relatedness and one was annotated for similarity. ResultsWe found significant differences in the correlation of semantic similarity and relatedness measures with human judgment, depending on which semantic groups were involved. We also found that combining a definition based relatedness measure with an information content similarity measure resulted in significant improvements in correlation over individual measures. AvailabilityThe semantic similarity and relatedness package is an open source program available from http://umls-similarity.sourceforge.net/. The reference standards are available at http://www.people.vcu.edu/~{}btmcinnes/downloads.html.
Moderates in London Yearly Meeting, 1857-1873: precursors of Quaker liberals

The Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, which originated in England in the middle of the seventeenth century, has gone through many changes. After the exuberant, expansive early years, most Friends entered a period of quietism, in which they waited patiently for divine direction and largely withdrew from the society around them. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the majority of Friends on both sides of the Atlantic embraced the evangelical movement which had taken hold in both the Anglican church and the newer Methodist denomination. While some Quakers were caught up in such ultra-evangelical activities as revivals and the holiness movement, others turned away and accepted the new liberalism which appeared in Protestantism.
Some facts about “weapon focus”

“Weapon focus” refers to the concentration of acrime witness's attention on a weapon, and the resultant reduction in ability to remember other details of the crime. We examined this phenomenon by presenting subject-witnesses with a series of slides depicting an event in a fast-food restaurant. Half of the subjects saw a customer point a gun at the cashier; the other half saw him hand the cashier a check. In Experiment 1, eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed the slides. Results showed that subjects made more eye fixations on the weapon than on the check, and fixations on the weapon were of a longer duration than fixations on the check. In Experiment 2, the memory of subjects in the weapon condition was poorer than the memory of subjects in the check condition: In Experiment 1 similar, though only marginally significant, performance effects were obtained. These results provide the first direct empirical support for weapon focus.
Constructing Aligned Assessments Using Automated Test Construction

We describe an innovative automated test construction algorithm for building aligned achievement tests. By incorporating the algorithm into the test construction process, along with other test construction procedures for building reliable and unbiased assessments, the result is much more valid tests than result from current test construction practices. The test construction process is efficient and versatile in its application. The target domain could be state content standards, a particular curriculum, or even an intervention. The algorithm, which draws on Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC) procedures, can be employed in the context of English language arts and reading, mathematics, or science. We demonstrate the algorithm’s use and benefits for constructing tests, guiding item writing, and creating subtests from an existing test such that the subtests.
LiDAR-aided reconnaissance and reconstruction of lost landscapes: An example of freshwater shell mounds (ca. 7500–500 cal b.p.) in northeastern Florida

LiDAR datasets, from which high-resolution topographic maps can be generated, are becoming commonplace in archaeological analyses. Like any remote sensing technique, LiDAR records only a limited range of phenomena and the data are a snapshot of ground conditions at the time of collection. The temporally specific nature of LiDAR is problematic at sites with postdepositional destruction. This paper presents a method for identifying and recovering lost landscapes by combining LiDAR, archival aerial photographs, historical observations, and fieldwork. This method was developed to reconstruct the topography of ancient shell mounds constructed by hunter-gatherers on the St. Johns River in northeastern Florida (ca. 7500–500 cal b.p.) and altered by modern land use. The reconstructions demonstrate the influence of ancient communities on modern landscapes and can be used as a basis for further analyses of hunter-gatherer land use, social interaction, and cosmology.
A behavior-based approach to adaptive feature detection and following with autonomous underwater vehicles

This paper presents a technique for adaptively tracking bathymetric contours using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with a single altimeter sonar. An adaptive feature mapping behavior is developed to address the problem of how to locate and track features of unknown extent in an environment where a priori information is unavailable. This behavior is implemented as part of the layered control architecture used by the AUV Odyssey II. The new adaptive feature mapping behavior builds on previous work in layered control by incorporating planning and mapping capabilities that allow the vehicle to alter its trajectory online in response to sensor data in order to track contour features. New waypoints are selected by evaluating the expected utility of visiting a given location balanced against the expected cost of traveling to a particular cell. The technique is developed assuming sensor input in the form of a single, narrow-beam altimeter sensor attached to a non-holonomic, dynamically controlled survey-class AUV such as the Odyssey II. Simulations of the Charles River basin which have been constructed from real bathymetry data are used as test missions. The 7-m contour line of a prominent trench in the river serves as the target feature. The adaptive contour following behavior tracks the contour despite navigation error and environmental disturbances, supplying the capability of autonomously detecting and following distinctive bathymetric features using a point sensor. This behavior provides a foundation for future research in tracking of dynamic features in the water-column and for concurrent mapping and localization over natural terrain using a point sensor.
Observations on gynecologic malignancy treated with 5-fluorouracil.

Abstract Of 163 patients with progressing gynecologic malignancy treated systemically with 5-fluorouracil,33 had tumors that responded objectively. In addition, 24 patients with tumors responded subjectively. Whether objective or subjective, the period of response was brief in all but on" patient who is evidently free of tumor now 40 months after therapy. Tumor resistance to 5-fluorouracil appeared rather promptly. Age of patient, type of initial tumor therapy, time elapsing from initial therapy to start 0f chemotherapy, and pathologic grade of lesion apparently wert unrelated to effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil therapy.
Abstract 3705: Pioglitazone Augments Niacin-Induced Increases in Adiponectin in Non-Diabetics with Metabolic Syndrome and Low HDL

Background Niacin and pioglitazone (PIO) increase HDL by uncertain mechanisms. Both increase adiponectin, whose effects on carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism may benefit HDL indirectly. Little is known of the combined effects of the drugs on adiponectin and other adipokines. We hypothesized that PIO would complement changes in adipokines from niacin, and in turn, augment HDL. Methods In an open-label run-in, non-diabetics with low HDL titrated from 0 to 2 g extended-release niacin over 4 weeks, and were randomized to add PIO 30 mg or placebo in a double-blind manner. After 6 weeks, PIO was increased to 45 mg for another 6 weeks. We assessed changes in fasting adiponectin, resistin, complement C3 (the serum-detectable precursor of acylation stimulating protein), free fatty acids (FFA), hydroxy-butyrate (HBA), and triglycerides (TG), and their relationship to changes in HDL. Results Of 72 completers, 34 took niacin and placebo and 38 took niacin and PIO. The table shows absolute and relative change of each analyte from baseline to 16 weeks. Relative change in adiponectin was strongly correlated with change in HDL (Spearman’s rho +0.49, p Conclusion Pioglitazone augments niacin-induced changes in adiponectin and complement C3 thought to be favorable, and neutralizes niacin’s unfavorable increase in FFA. Adiponectin strongly predicted HDL after adjustment for TG. Since PIO had no independent effect on TG, we speculate that additional HDL-raising from PIO is mediated by the large increase in adiponectin. In summary, PIO enhances HDL-raising from niacin in proportion to increased adiponectin.
EU-Japan Meeting on the Development of Next Generation Climate Models

In this technical report we present the compilation of the abstract of the papers presented at the Joint EU-Japan meeting held in Venice, Dec 6-7, 2006.The European groups and the Frontier group have been cooperating now for almost ten years. The cooperation has been developing exploiting a string of EU projects (SINTEX, ENSEMBLES, CIRCE, DYNAMITE) and national initiatives and centers, like the Max-Planck Institut in Hamburg and the newly established Euromediterranean Center for Climate Change (CMCC) in Italy.The cooperation has been a very fruitful one, several important results have been obtained, many papers have been published, but most importantly a lasting scientific relation has been established.The quasi-annual meetings have marked this advance and served as a checking point for the development of our joint science.
Leadership versus management: translating pharmacists' abilities into quality performance.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the quality gap in health care as it was referred to in the Institute of Medicine’s reports, to try to harness pharmacy’s potential to improve the quality of drug therapy, and to provide insight into the elusive leadership, management, and dynamics of change. SUMMARY: Current health care is nowhere near ideal. Successful quality initiatives have included establishing a “culture of quality” (promoting a learning organization), having good leadership, and developing strong management. Ideally, all of these concepts must be applied concurrently for the best results because using only one will not spirit medicine across the gap. To close the gap, pharmacists need to understand various types of change and select a change mechanism that will continuously improve care. CONCLUSION: Optimizing drug therapy is both a great challenge and a great opportunity for pharmacy. AMCP’s Framework for Quality Drug Therapy is a continuous quality improvement model that gives us the tools to plan, implement, and evaluate strategies to improve the quality of patient care and cross the “quality chasm.”
The Influence of Human Rights and Basic Rights in Private Law in the United States

International human rights and notions of basic rights have had little influence on private law in the United States. Constitutional rights in the United States are almost exclusively viewed in terms of the individual’s relationship with the State, not individuals’ relations with each other. At the same time, U.S. self-sufficiency and international power has allowed the United States to favor its parochial culture over international human rights discourse, a tendency further encouraged by legally and socially entrenched federalism. Virtually the only private law areas heavily influenced by notions of basic rights are anti-discrimination law and defamation, and both are easily distinguished exceptions in a country primarily focused on individual autonomy, parochial politics rather than international pressures, and federalism. Incorporation of international human rights and basic rights into U.S. private law will likely remain very limited for the foreseeable future, with the U.S. Supreme Court especially concerned with preserving private law as an area of State legislation.
41 CHRONIC ETHANOL TREATMENT REDUCES BRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL CELL MIGRATION DURING WOUND REPAIR

We have shown that cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling is essential for early morphologic changes that occur in epithelial cell migration and repair. We hypothesize that chronic ethanol exposure causes down-regulation of PKA signaling in airway epithelial cells and reduces the ability of airway epithelial cells to spread and migrate during wound repair. Exposure of primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial cells to ethanol at the start of closure of mechanical wounds did not impair initial wound closure, consistent with the positive effect of ethanol on PKA activity. When ethanol was present for longer times, however, there was inhibition of PKA activity and impaired wound closure. Pretreatment of cells with 100 mM ethanol for 18 hours also made the cells unresponsive to stimuli of PKA that accelerate wound closure. Cell monolayers exposed to ethanol also did not increase migration in response to 1 μM isoproterenol (14 ± 5% wound closure vs. 68 ± 3% wound closure for cells treated with isoproterenol). No cell toxicity was observed with 100 mM ethanol treatment. We next examined the effect of ethanol on cell morphology during assays of attachment and spreading on collagen-coated dishes. Both 2 and 24 hr exposure to ethanol reduced cell surface area of attaching cells (26 ± 6% and 24 ± 5% respectively) compared to control cells and the number of attached cells (30 ± 3% and 39 ± 1% attachment respectively, compared to 48 ± 1% attachment for control cells). Ethanol reduces bronchial epithelial cell spreading and migration in in vitro wound repair assays.
Growth factors and the kidney: regulation of epithelial cell movement and morphogenesis

The control of epithelial cell movement and shape change is complex and requires regulation of a broad range of events including cell-cell adhesion contacts, cell-substratum interactions, and the actin cytoskeleton. Utilizing the hepatocyte growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor, c-met, the present review examines how growth factor receptors activate intracellular signaling pathways, which can then regulate the events necessary for epithelial cells to disassemble their existing structure, undergo extensive shape change and cell body movement, and reassemble into a polarized epithelium. The role of growth factor-mediated activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phospholipase C-gamma, c-src family members, and ras family members is addressed in relation to integrin-mediated cell-basement membrane contacts, cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesions, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
The Mouse Trisomies

Although a few reports of putative autosomal trisomy in the progeny of irradiated or drug-treated mice appeared in the mid-1960s (Cattanach, 1964; Griffen and Bunker, 1964, 1967), it was not until the next decade that effective methods for producing fully trisomic progeny were described. These methods are based on the utilization of parental stocks heterozygous for one or two Robertsonian fusion (metacentric) chromosomes. Analogous to the situation that occurs in humans, when an individual carrying a Robertsonian fusion (Rb) chromosome mates with a chromosomally normal individual, there is an increased probability of nondisjunction. This results in aneuploidy for one or the other of the chromosomes that make up the Rb chromosome. This approach was first used by Baranov and Dyban (1972) with the Rb(8.17)1lem chromosome to produce trisomies (Ts) 8 and 17, and soon after by Gropp et al. (1974) to produce trisomies for chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 10–13, 16, and 17. In the latter work Gropp et al. (1974) employed several Rb chromosomes that had been isolated from both feral mouse populations and laboratory mouse stocks. The use of the feral mouse Rb chromosomes to produce aneuploid progeny was first mentioned by Tettenborn and Gropp (1970).
Turnover of plasma lipoproteins.

Several different human plasma lipoprotein apoproteins have now been characterized. Though their physical chemical characteristics have been described it is knowledge of their metabolic fate and function that promises to help us understand human lipid transport, and its disorders. In vivo and in vitro studies of the different lipoprotein apoproteins their exchange, synthesis and catabolism will be discussed particularly in regard to what they have taught us regarding lipoprotein inter-conversions and the mechanisms behind several different lipid transport disorders.
Crimes Against Humanity: The Principles of Legality in the London Charter and Post-Charter Developments

Autoritas, non Veritas facit Legem. – T homas H obbes , L iviathan : S ive de M ateria , F orma , et P oestate C ivitatis E cclesiasticae et C ivilis III (1841) Introduction The principles of legality have been recognized in some form or another in all the world's criminal justice systems. This recognition ranges from the rigid positivistic approach of the Germanic and other Roman-Civilist legal systems to the more flexible common law system. The latter recognizes the principle of analogy in statutory interpretation, while the former systems reject analogy as a violation of the principles of legality. Some legal systems, like the Shari'a (Islamic legal system), apply the principles to certain crimes ( hudud crimes) as rigidly as the positivistic legal systems, but recognize the application of judicially made law for other crimes, like qisas and ta'azir crimes. The ex post facto clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the legislative branches of the federal and state governments from passing retroactive legislation. The principles of legality are not deemed by many systems to apply to procedural and evidentiary norms and standards, and there is diversity in legal systems as to judicial interpretation by analogy, and how far it can go. Due to the history and evolution of ICL, the principles of legality as they emerged from the world's major legal systems have always been treated with a degree of relativism.
Win-probabilities for comparing two Poisson variables

ABSTRACTThis article considers the problem of choosing between two possible treatments which are each modeled with a Poisson distribution. Win-probabilities are defined as the probabilities that a single potential future observation from one of the treatments will be better than, or at least as good as, a potential future observation from the other treatment. Using historical data from the two treatments, it is shown how estimates and confidence intervals can be constructed for the win-probabilities. Extensions to situations with three or more treatments are also discussed. Some examples and illustrations are provided, and the relationship between this methodology and standard inference procedures on the Poisson parameters is discussed.
Elastic and inelastic deformation of fluid-saturated rock

In situ rock is often saturated with fluid, the presence of which affects both elastic parameters and inelastic deformation processes. Techniques were developed for testing fluid-saturated porous rock under the limiting conditions of drained (long-term), undrained (short-term) and unjacketed (solid matrix) response in hydrostatic, axisymmetric and plane-strain compression. Drained and undrained poroelastic parameters, including bulk modulus, Biot and Skempton coefficients, of Berea sandstone were found to be stress dependent up to 35 MPa mean stress, and approximately constant at higher levels of loading. The unjacketed bulk modulus was measured to be constant for pressure up to 60 MPa, and it appears to be larger than the unjacketed pore bulk modulus. An elasto-plastic constitutive model calibrated with parameters from drained tests provided a first-order approximation of undrained inelastic deformation: dilatant hardening was observed due to pore pressure decrease during inelastic deformation of rock specimens with constant fluid content. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Energy and the subsurface’.
Evaluation of effects of electrical stimulation in the retina with optical coherence tomography

Retinal prostheses provide the capability to blind patients to detect motion and locate large objects. To avoid activating axons of passage, which can create streak-like perceptions, long pulse stimulation can be used to bypass axons and achieve focal retinal activation. Safety is a concern because long pulses require more charge than short pulses to elicit a response from neural tissue. Future implants will require smaller electrodes to improve resolution, but increased charge density may result, which is another safety concern. We developed a method to study the effects of electrical stimulation in the retina in real time using OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) imaging combined with micropositioning of a stimulating electrode over the retina in an animal model. When using a 250 μm diameter electrode and stimulating for 30 minutes (frequency: 333 Hz), charge density: 1.22 mC/cm2, we observed an increase in retinal thickness from 154.3 μΏ ± 7.04 μΏ to 179.67 μΜ ± 0.47 μΜ, a 16.66 % ± 5.49% increase compared to baseline. The region of increased thickness extended laterally for 0.56 mm ± 0.009 mm. When stimulating with a charge density of 1.63 mC/cm2, we observed an increase in retinal thickness from 160.3 μΜ ± 2.05 μΜ to 190 μΏ ± 0.81 μΜ, a 19.52 % ± 1.86% increase compared to baseline. The region of increased thickness expanded laterally for 1.27 mm ± 0.19 mm.
Ketamine accelerates fear extinction via mTORC1 signaling

Impaired fear extinction contributes to the persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and can be utilized for the study of novel therapeutic agents. Glutamate plays an important role in the formation of traumatic memories, and in the pathophysiology and treatment of PTSD, highlighting several possible drug targets. Recent clinical studies demonstrate that infusion of ketamine, a glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, rapidly and significantly reduces symptom severity in PTSD patients. In the present study, we examine the mechanisms underlying the actions of ketamine in a rodent model of fear conditioning, extinction, and renewal. Rats received ketamine or saline 24h after fear conditioning and were then subjected to extinction-training on each of the following three days. Ketamine administration enhanced extinction on the second day of training (i.e., reduced freezing behavior to cue) and produced a long-lasting reduction in freezing on exposure to cue plus context 8days later. Additionally, ketamine and extinction exposure increased levels of mTORC1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a region involved in the acquisition and retrieval of extinction, and infusion of the selective mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin into the mPFC blocked the effects of ketamine on extinction. Ketamine plus extinction also increased cFos in the mPFC and administration of a glutamate-AMPA receptor antagonist blocked the effects of ketamine. These results support the hypothesis that ketamine produces long-lasting mTORC1/protein synthesis and activity dependent effects on neuronal circuits that enhance the expression of extinction and could represent a novel approach for the treatment of PTSD.
TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER UTILIZING PARENT‐FACILITATED ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a modern form of cognitive behavior therapy that uses acceptance and mindfulness-based procedures to address clinical issues. A brief protocol of ACT was used with 3 children ages 10 and 11 years who were diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Results showed notable and clinically significant reductions of OCD across participants. These findings are noteworthy because the treatment was provided by a school psychologist, it is the first application of ACT for pediatric OCD, and it is one of a few studies using ACT with children. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Toward a Theory of Personalized Learning Communities

This chapter proposes a theory for the design and dynamics of personalized learning communities (PLCs), with examples drawn from, but not limited to, common classroom environments. The theory is meant to draw on an eclectic set of frameworks and to supplement and inform other approaches to learning community design. It relies on 11 principles that each distinctively contribute to PLC design. The theory suggests that the principles interact with one another in synergistic and self-propagating ways that blur the differences between cause and effect in classroom dynamics. An example that blends five technologies in a single platform illustrates the higher-order interactions that can underlie the development of personalized learning communities.
Preparation and evaluation of human choroid extracellular matrix scaffolds for the study of cell replacement strategies.

Abstract Endothelial cells (ECs) of the choriocapillaris are one of the first cell types lost during age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and cell replacement therapy is currently a very promising option for patients with advanced AMD. We sought to develop a reliable method for the production of human choroidal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds, which will allow for the study of choroidal EC (CEC) replacement strategies in an environment that closely resembles the native tissue. Human RPE/choroid tissue was treated sequentially with Triton X-100, SDS, and DNase to remove all native cells. While all cells were successfully removed from the tissue, collagen IV, elastin, and laminin remained, with preserved architecture of the acellular vascular tubes. The ECM scaffolds were then co-cultured with exogenous ECs to determine if the tissue can support cell growth and allow EC reintegration into the decellularized choroidal vasculature. Both monkey and human ECs took up residence in the choriocapillary tubes of the decellularized tissue. Together, these data suggest that our decellularization methods are sufficient to remove all cellular material yet gentle enough to preserve tissue structure and allow for the optimization of cell replacement strategies. Statement of Significance Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease affecting more than 600 million people worldwide. Endothelial cells of the choriocapillaris (CECs) are among the first cell types lost in early AMD, and cell replacement therapy is currently the most promising option for restoring vision in patients with advanced AMD. In order to study CEC replacement strategies we have generated a 3D choroid scaffold using a novel decellularization method in human RPE/choroid tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing decellularization of human RPE/choroid, as well as recellularization of a choroid scaffold with CECs. This work will aid in our development and optimization of cell replacement strategies using a tissue scaffold that is similar to the in vivo environment.
Prey-driven control of predator assemblages: zooplankton abundance drives aquatic beetle colonization.

Trophic interactions are critical determinants of community structure and ecosystem function. In freshwater habitats, top predators are traditionally viewed as drivers of ecosystem structure, shaping populations of consumers and primary producers. The temporary nature of small water bodies makes them dependent on colonization by many organisms, particularly insects that form highly diverse predator assemblages. We conducted mesocosm experiments with naturally-colonizing populations of aquatic beetles to assess how prey (zooplankton) abundances influenced colonization and assemblages of natural populations of aquatic beetles. We experimentally demonstrate that zooplankton populations can be proximate regulators of predator populations and assemblages via prey density-dependent predator recruitment. Our results provide support for the importance of prey populations in structuring predator populations and the role of habitat selection in structuring communities. We indicate that traditional views of predators as drivers of ecosystem structure in many systems may not provide a comprehensive picture, particularly in the context of highly disturbed or ephemeral habitats. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Noninvasive intermittent ventilation reduced intubation and mortality in immunosuppressed patients with acute respiratory failure

Source Citation Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F, et al. Noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 1...
Germ-free and barrier-raised TGFβ1-deficient mice have similar inflammatory lesions

Barrier-raised transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-deficient mice consistently die before 35 days of age of a severe multiorgan inflammatory disease that can affect the skeletal muscle, heart, liver, pancreas, salivary gland, lung, oesophagus and stomach. The underlying cause of this disease is not known. To determine whether abnormal responsiveness of the immune system to the presence of enteric flora plays a causative role, a colony of TGFβ1-deficient and wild-type mice were raised in a sterile environment. Seven germ-free TGFβ1-deficient and 5 germ-free TGFβ1 wild-type mice were examined. Lesion development was analysed and compared with historical data on 50 barrier-raised TGFβ1 mutant mice and 32 barrier-raised wild-type mice. All germ-free TGFβ1-deficient mice died shortly after weaning, as do their barrier-raised counterparts. There was a significant delay in death in germ-free TGFβ1-deficient mice compared with barrier-raised mutant mice. However, there was no difference in the type, severity or incidence of lesions between TGFβ1 mutant mice raised under germ-free or barrier conditions. Germ- free wild-type mice had no lesions. It is concluded that microorganisms play a minimal role in disease induction in TGFβ1-deficient mice
Comparative study of bicuspid vs. tricuspid aortic valve stenosis.

Aims To examine differences and similarities in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) stenosis occurring during the same age and whether any differences impact outcomes following aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods and results An age-matched cohort of 198 BAV stenosis and 198 TAV stenosis patients was identified from 888 consecutive patients undergoing AVR for severe AS. Mean age 68 ± 6 years; 68% male. Patients with BAV were less likely to have multiple comorbidities, as measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) >2 (3 vs. 10%, P = 0.007). Indexed aortic valve area (0.44 ± 0.09 vs. 0.42 ± 0.08 cm2/m2, P = 0.17) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were similar (62 ± 11 vs. 61 ± 12%, P = 0.12), but E/e' ≥15 (46 vs. 66%, P = 0.0002) was less common in BAV stenosis. A tissue aortic valve prosthesis was more commonly utilized in both groups (81 vs. 78%, P = 0.54). Overall indexed effective orifice area was larger in BAV compared with TAV (1.08 ± 0.33 vs. 0.96 ± 0.25 cm2/m2, P = 0.0008). Five-year survival following AVR was lower in TAV compared with BAV stenosis (61 vs. 79%, P = 0.02). Independent predictors of survival following AVR were LVEF 2 (HR: 3.1, P = 0.015), effective orifice area index ≤0.85 cm2/m2 (HR: 2.5, P = 0.004), and bioprosthesis (HR: 3.7, P = 0.02). Conclusion In an age-matched cohort, TAV compared with BAV stenosis is associated with greater prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac impairment and worse survival after AVR.
Cluster Performance Simulation for Spark Deployment Planning, Evaluation and Optimization

As the most active project in the Hadoop ecosystem these days [1], Spark is a fast and general purpose engine for large-scale data processing. Spark runs programs up to 100x faster than Hadoop MapReduce in memory, or 10x faster on disk [2]. However, Spark performance is impacted by many factors especially memory and JVM related, which makes capacity planning and tuning for Spark clusters extremely difficult. Current estimation based solution are highly dependent on experience which are trial-and-error and far from efficient and accurate. Here, we propose a novel Spark simulator based on CSMethod [3], extension with a fine-grained multi-layered memory subsystem, well suitable for this scenario. The whole Spark application execution life cycle is simulated, hardware activities derived from software operations are dynamically mapped onto architecture models for processors, storage, and network devices. Experimental results with several popular micro benchmarks and a real case IoT workloads demonstrate that our Spark Simulator achieves high accuracy with an average error rate below 7%, with light weight computing resource. Case studies are also demonstrated to show the simulator’s capability.
Influence of transmit beamforming parameters on image quality in quantitative elastography

A challenge in the clinical application of shear wave elastography is the level of measurement variance or noise compared to clinically significant changes in shear wave speed. For instance, liver fibrosis staging is challenged by the relatively high variance of shear wave velocity estimates in comparison to the modulus difference between early (F1-F3) fibrosis stages. Recent work has shown that ultrasound speckle can be a significant source of noise in shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) when small tracking windows and beam spacings are employed to achieve high spatial resolution. Single tracking location (STL) methods which use multiple or shaped push beams to generate shear waves of known wavelength, and which estimate the speed of these shear waves by timing their arrival at a single tracking location, appear to be nearly immune to speckle noise. Multiple tracking location (MTL) methods are more sensitive to speckle noise, but can allow for more rapid image formation. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of transmit beamforming parameters on STL and MTL image noise. These data will provide guidance for selection of STL or MTL in a particular imaging situation.
Deep neck space abscesses in children below 5 years of age and their complications

Abstract Objectives To study the outcomes and complications of deep neck space abscesses in children less than 5 years of age over a period of 15 years. Methods A retrospective analysis of children less than 5 years of age with deep neck space abscesses over a 15-year period was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients were evaluated with respect to the clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. All patients underwent surgical incision and drainage of the abscess and pus cultures were obtained. The incidence of complications was recorded. The collected data was tabulated and statistical analysis was done. Results A total of 510 children less than 5 years of age were identified who were admitted for deep neck space abscess over a 15-year period. The mean age was 23.6 months. The most common organism isolated in the pus was Staphylococcus aureus (21%). The incidence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 9%. Complications were reported in 10% patients. Conclusion Paediatric deep neck abscesses can be managed with prompt surgical management and intravenous antibiotics. Children less than 2 years of age, and those with multiple abscesses or retropharyngeal abscess were more prone to complications.
Atlanto-occipital hypermobility.

Summary Hypermobility of the atlanto-occipital joint can be seen following trauma or in a patient with congenital fusion of C1-C2 as a progressive problem. The lateral roentgenogram is the key to the diagnosis, and familiarity with the normal anatomy is necessary. In the trauma setting care should be taken not to increase the dislocation with traction. Treatment by a posterior craniocervical fusion has proved successful in both groups of patients.
Introduction to Rings and Ringoids

There are no prerequisites for this lab, although a brief introduction to the terminology related to rings might be beneficial.
Computers in Psychological Practice

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the birth of the Apple Computer and the IBM PC signaled the beginnings of a radical popularization of computer technology. In a few short years, personal computers became business necessities and invaded over 15% of American households (Squires, 1984). Nevertheless, practicing clinical psychologists have appeared to be ambivalent about computing. Although some psychologists eagerly and immediately welcomed computational methods into psychology, others were skeptical and were angered by the incursion of computers into clinical territories.