cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the relationship between the intra- and extramitochondrial [ATP]/[ADP] ratios using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

The ratio of free ATP to free ADP in the mitochondrial matrix [( ATPf]/[ADPf]) has been measured in suspensions of isolated mitochondria under conditions of active phosphorylation of extramitochondrial ADP. These measurements utilized phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase which is present in the matrix of mitochondria from the livers of guinea pigs, chickens, and pigeons. Mitochondria isolated from these sources also contain nucleoside diphosphate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate dehydrogenase or 3-OH-butyrate dehydrogenase. Together these enzymes catalyze the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate and CO2 from oxaloacetate with oxidative phosphorylation as an energy source. These reactions have been shown to be fully reversible in suspensions of mitochondria isolated from the above sources. With oxidative phosphorylation as the source of ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate was synthesized from malate and conversely addition of phosphoenolpyruvate, ADP, and CO2 led to synthesis of malate and ATP. The forward and reverse reactions were allowed to continue until the rate of change of metabolite concentrations was minimal and then the latter were measured. The intramitochondrial [Mg-ATPf]/[MgADPf] was calculated from the equilibrium constants for the reactions and the measured steady state concentrations of the metabolites in both the intra- and extramitochondrial spaces. The value of the intramitochondrial [MgATPf]/[MgADPf] was found to exceed the extramitochondrial value (adjusted to the same free Mg2+ concentration) by a factor (+/- S.E.) of 0.83 +/- 0.22 (n = 17) for the forward reaction and 1.81 +/- 0.54 (n = 11) for the reverse reaction. It is concluded that the adenine nucleotide translocase catalyzes electroneutral exchange of ATP for ADP and that this reaction does not contribute significantly to the energetics of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
A Hydro-mechanical Model and Analytical Solutions for Geomechanical Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Geological Sequestration

We present a hydro-mechanical model for geological sequestration of carbon dioxide. The model considers the poroelastic effects by taking into account the coupling between the geomechanical response and the fluid flow in greater detail. The simplified hydro-mechanical model includes the geomechanical part that relies on the linear elasticity, while the fluid flow is based on the Darcy’s law. Two parts were coupled using the standard linear poroelasticity. Analytical solutions for pressure field were obtained for a typical geological sequestration scenario. The model predicts the temporal and spatial variation of pressure field and effects of permeability and elastic modulus of formation on the fluid pressure distribution.
Craniocarpotarsal dysplasia syndrome (whistling face syndrome): Case reports and survey of clinical findings

Case histories of two patients with the whistling face syndrome are presented. The most striking features are microstomia, midface hypoplasia, scoliosis, and retarded growth. Family histories were unremarkable, except possibly in Patient K. B.'s family, where three miscarriages in six pregnancies were noted. Biochemical and chromosome analysis did not reveal obvious changes. The genetics implied a sporadic inheritance pattern.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on pyridine dinucleotides. The pH dependence of the carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of NAD+ analogs.

Abstract The pH dependence of the 13 C chemical shifts for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (TNAD + ), pyridine adenine dinucleotide (PyrAD + ), N -methyl-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (N-Me-NAD + ), acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide (AcPyAD + ), nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide (NHD + ), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) are reported. In these analogs the 13 C chemical shifts of the pyridinium moiety reflect the p K a of the opposing purine base, while the 13 C chemical shift dependence on pD for the pyridinium carbons of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN + ) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), 1,4-dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (N(a)AD + ) are not influenced by the adenine ring in the pD range tested. Through the use of 13 C-labeled NAD + , the source of the pH dependence of the 13 C chemical shifts was shown to be intramolecular in origin. However, serious doubt is cast on the utility of employing the pD dependence of chemical shift data to determine the nature of solution conformers or their relative populations.
A spectral description of inertial effects in fluid-loaded plates

The wavenumber-based formulation of the surface variational principle (SVP) describes the surface pressure and displacement as a comparatively small set of interacting waves. It enables one to pose questions of parametric sensitivity from a global perspective. The present paper is the first application of such an approach to the question of the level of detail to which a model must be constructed. It considers a two-dimensional problem of an elastic plate in an infinite baffle, with pinned boundary conditions. A study by Feit and Johnson (1991) demonstrated that the signal scattered by the plate is significantly altered by the presence of an attached mass, and that the distribution of mass as well as the total mass, is important. In order to explore these issues, a line mass attached to the plate is replaced in the SVP formulation by a continuous spatial distribution. The functional form of this distribution is described in a spectral manner using Fourier series, whose ascending orders represent successive stages in refinement of the scale to which a modeldescribes inertial effects. The excitation applied to the plate is taken as a concentrated line harmonic force. With the excitation held fixed, the influence of each spectral component of inertial distribution on the surface response and radiated power are assessed. Evaluations carried out for a range of frequencies shed light on how small scale inertial heterogeneities can influence macroscopic radiation features
The production of free radicals during the autoxidation of monosaccharides by buffer ions.

Abstract The production of free radicals during the autoxidation of simple monosaccharides at 37° has been studied by the electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) technique of spin trapping. In the presence of the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), monosaccharides undergoing autoxidation produced hydroxyl and 1-hydroxyalkyl radical-derived spin adducts, indicating that hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl free-radicals are involved in the autoxidation of monosaccharides. The pH profile for the production of free radicals from monosaccharides undergoing autoxidation revealed the formation of both hydroxyl and hydroxyalkyl radicals at relatively high pH, whereas at low pH, only the formation of hydroxyalkyl radicals was observed; the transition between these routes for the production of free radicals occurred at pH 8.0–8.5. Glycoaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, and erythrose are relatively rapidly enolised (to an ene-diol) and autoxidised with the concomitant production of free radicals. Ribose and glucose enolise and autoxidise very slowly without detectable production of free radicals. A comparison of the pH profiles of the rates of enolisation and the pH dependence of the production of free radicals from glyceraldehyde during autoxidation suggests that a change in reaction mechanism occurs at pH 8.2. Below pH 8.2, the rates of enolisation and autoxidation increase with increasing pH, with a concomitant increase in the formation of hydroxyalkyl spin-adducts. Above pH 8.2, glyceraldehyde undergoing autoxidation shows a much higher rate of enolisation than of autoxidation and, although the formation of hydroxyalkyl radicals is decreased, the production of hydroxyl radicals is also observed. A free-radical mechanism for the autoxidation of monosaccharides is proposed, to account for the pH-dependent characteristics of the production of free radicals and the relationships between the production of free radicals, autoxidation, and enolisation of the monosaccharides.
Buffalo Soldiers, Apaches, and Cultural Heritage Education

AbstractAn important problem confronting cultural heritage management in the USA is the under-representation of groups historically defined as minorities. The roots of this absence are complex, but can be traced in part to deficiencies in cultural heritage education. An innovative archaeological project uniting descendants of opposing sides in the late 1800s Apache Wars serves to initiate a discussion of these issues. From 2004–2006 African American, Apache, and European American students and staff excavated a campsite in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas used by Buffalo Soldiers and Apache alike. This project’s successes underscore the need for cultural heritage education that reaches all sectors of society. They also serve to illuminate some of the obstacles students, particularly those from under-represented groups, face in pursuing careers in disciplines, like archaeology, related to cultural heritage. Analysis of professional trends in these fields confirms that lack of representation is endemic. It a...
The swine flu immunization program: a comparison of inoculation recipients and nonrecipients.

The swine flu immunization program was a massive, government-sponsored effort in response to the threat of an expected epidemic. This program was surrounded by a great deal of controversy and uncertainty, and when the program ended only about one-third of the national target population had been immunized. Using the orienting framework of the Health Belief Model, this survey compares a sample of recipients with nonrecipients (n = 235). Inoculation is strongly and apparently non-spuriously associated with whether one's family, friends, and other peers have been inoculated. This personal influence does not act by increasing one's perceived risk of an epidemic. Perceived risk acts independently to increase the likelihood of inoculation. As in most preventive health behavior, SES is positively related to participation although not strongly. Married respondents are also more likely to receive a shot. The following factors apparently play no significant role in this sample: advice of physician, fear generated by...
The impact of leadership on participation and trust in virtual teams

As business continues to be conducted internationally, managers are expected to work in multinational environments and move from country to country (Early and Peterson 2004). Technology, globalization and travel costs have all caused organizations to rely more heavily on virtual teams (dePillis and Furumo 2007). The use of virtual teams has been used extensively for IT projects and particularly software development. In this research-in-progress study, three leadership conditions were analyzed. Preliminary results show that virtual teams led by Supportive leaders had higher levels of participation and trust among members than teams led by Commanding leaders.
The L 2 -L 3 Coster-Kronig transition probability at Z = 96

The total probabilityf23 for theL2–L2 Coster-Kronig transition atZ=96 was measured by theLα−Kα1,2 x-ray coincidence technique with a249Cf radioactive source. The value at Z=96 was found to bef23=0.209±0.022 (2σ, 95% confidence). This result is in agreement within the 2σ error limits with previous measurements which range from 0.188 to 0.226, and this spread cannot be reduced by improvements in the experimental technique primarily because of the large correction required for the effect of nuclear cascading in249Cf decay.
The immunochemical complexity of CEA: a golden dream or molecular nightmare?

Carcinoembryonic antigen is only a tumor associated antigen and is less clinically useful than the original report suggested. However, the CEA assays in clinical use utilize reagents operationally defined by old criteria. There is now abundant evidence that “CEA” consists of a heterogenous family of related glycoproteins with shared, as well as distinctive, antigenic determinants. Antigenic differences can be demonstrated between some cancer sera “CEA” and various operationally defined tissue “CEA” preparations. Further definition of the biochemical and antigenic characteristics of serum and tumor tissue “CEA” is required in order to determine whether a more tumor specific antigenic determinant can be identified.
Explaining the Past in 2010

In 2010, archaeologists investigated diverse, multilinear human histories and disagreed about what forces shaped these histories most powerfully. The varied new work covered in this review is organized into three broad themes. First, research on the relationship between people and environments included topics such as domes- tication and anthropogenic landscapes, social responses to environmental crisis, and adaptation. Second, archaeol- ogists studying nonstate societies discussed the basis of inequality, the dynamics of early villages, kin organization (incl. "house societies"), lineage commemoration, social memory, and monumentality. A third body of literature concerned the complex interactions within, between, and around states, including colonial powers; here, archae- ologists particularly emphasized the intersection of imperial or colonial processes with local actors. In all three themes, a focal interest concerns the extent to which local and regional histories were forged by conditions or by human actions and their chains of consequences. (archaeology, environment, inequality, archaic states, 2010 trends)
Solar cells: Pictures from the blended zone.

The morphology of semiconductor blends greatly affects their performance in solar cells. Advances in scanning probe potentiometry are making it possible to image directly the build up of charge after a cell is illuminated.
Interactive effects of light environment and herbivory on growth and productivity of an invasive annual vine, Persicaria perfoliata

Plant populations often exist in spatially heterogeneous environments with varying light levels, which can affect plant growth directly through resource availability or indirectly by altering behavior or success of herbivores. The plant vigor hypothesis predicts that herbivores are more likely to attack vigorously growing plants than those that are suppressed, for example in more shaded conditions. Plant tolerance of herbivory can also vary under contrasting resource availability. Observations suggest that damage by Rhinoncomimus latipes Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), introduced into the United States in 2004 as a biological control agent for mile-a-minute weed (Persicaria perfoliata [L.] H. Gross), is greater in the sun than in shade. We compared weevil densities and plant growth in paired plots in full sun or under shade cloth; a second experiment included insecticide-treated plots in sun and shade, to assess the ability of the plant to compensate for herbivore damage. Greater density of weevils and more node damage (indicating internal larval feeding) were found on P. perfoliata plants growing in sun than on those in shade. Nodes were 14% thicker in the sun, which may have provided better larval habitat. Biomass produced by plants without weevils in the sun was about twice that produced in any other treatment. Herbivory had a greater effect on plant growth in the high-light environment than in the shade, apparently because of movement into the sun and increased feeding there by the monophagous herbivore, R. latipes. Results support the plant vigor hypothesis and suggest that high weevil densities in the sunny habitats favored by P. perfoliata can suppress plant growth, negating the resource advantage to plants growing in the sun.
From Playing Child to Aging Mentor: The Role of Human Studies in my Development as a Scholar

Human Studies, the official journal of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences (SPHS), has been with me as a beacon, guide, comfort, and joy for more than twenty years. I first came to know of the journal and SPHS in the 1980s from Professor Richard Owsley, a philosophy colleague at the University of North Texas. He encouraged me to attend a meeting of SPEP (Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) at Northwestern University. (SPHS met along with SPEP.) When I used lack of travel funds as an excuse for not going, he said, "But you have a credit card, don't you?" At that time I was a professor at Texas Woman's University, where I taught graduate courses in phenomenology, hermeneutics and ethnomethodology in a Ph.D. program in sociology, under the rubric "qualitative methods." Within a few years, I became known as "the one who teaches phenomenology and all those other strange things." (These were the words of a friendly but staunchly positivist colleague.) Students from other graduate departments, such as dance, nursing, education, and psychology, often enrolled in my courses because they found that by using phenomenologically informed approaches they could find ways of researching what most interested them. As a respected scholarly journal, Human Studies validated what I was teaching, giving life and viability to reaching beyond what C. Wright Mills called "quantophrenia" and "abstracted grand theories" (Mills, 1959). Articles and issues featuring topics such as conversation analysis, hermeneutics, or current continental thinking provided avenues for students to access research rarely taught out? side of special enclaves. I had been interested in Schutz's phenomenological sociology since gradu? ate school, which I attended in the 1970's but there were no courses offered which included Schutz' work. As an American social scientist, I had been well trained in statistical techniques, including path and regression analysis, math? ematical modeling, experimental design, and survey research design. Path analysis diagrams show the degree of relationship between variables. We were required at that time to perform the regression beta coefficients on a hand
1H NMR of succinate binding to aspartate transcarbamylase a comparison of results in D2O and H2O

Abstract The interaction of succinate with aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli has been studied by magnetic resonance relaxation measurements of the dicarboxylic acid methylene protons in H2O solutions. The pH and temperature dependence of the relaxation in the presence of either native aspartate transcarbamylase or its catalytic subunit in H2O solutions is qualitatively very similar to the corresponding situation utilizing D2O as the solvent. From previous results of measurements in D2O [C.B. Beard and P.G. Schmidt, Biochemistry 12 (1973) 22551] a mechanism was proposed involving 2 protonated groups affecting succinate binding and titratable over the pH range 7–10. Quantitatively, fitting the data from H2O solutions to the mechanism yields values of the fitting parameters generally in good agreement with the D2O experiments. The main exceptions are the pKa values calculated for the two titratable groups. For these species, the values obtained in the presence of the catalytic subunit are 6.7 and 7.8 in H2O solutions versus 7.3 and 8.6 in D2O solutions. In the presence of native enzyme the corresponding values are 6.8 and 8.3 in H2O versus 7.6 and 9.2 in D2O. These observed differences are consistent with differences in ionization constants of weak acids in D2O relative to H2O. The results imply that succinate interaction with the enzyme active site is similar in the two solvents.
Infective and Inflammatory Diseases of Bone

Bone infections and inflammations constitute one of the most common and important indications of bone scanning, the sensitivity of which has been firmly established (Duszynski et al. 1975; Gilday et al. 1975). The offending organisms vary greatly in infective diseases, and the etiologies are obscure in nonspecific osteitides except radiation osteitis. For a scintigraphic description bone infections may be categorized according to the site of the initial or major affliction. Thus, the pyogenic infection in bone marrow is termed osteomyelitis, and the infections of the cortex, periosteum, and soft tissues, respectively, are referred to as infective osteitis, infective periostitits, and soft-tissue abscess. More often than not these three types of bone infections and also the soft-tissue affection become concurrent if the initial infection is not brought under prompt control.
An analysis of the critical conditions for diffusion-induced void formation in Ni-Cu laminate composites

Abstract An analysis that predicts, based on Kirkendall porosity formation, the critical composition difference that can exist without diffusion-induced porosity formation in laminate composites between solid-solution alloys is presented. Predictions based on laminate composites fabricated from pure nickel to nickel-copper solid-solution alloys indicate that porosity formation should be suppressed if the copper content in the solid-solution layer is below 40 at.%. The predictions are verified with metallographic observations on a series of annealed laminate composites. The implications of this study on the stability and mechanical properties of composites at high temperatures are discussed.
Chemical basis for alkali cation selectivity in potassium-channel proteins

The determination of the crystal structure of a K+-selective channel protein from Streptomyces lividans reveals how the rapid movement of K+ across membranes is catalyzed by a large family of pore-forming proteins. Many features of the structure mirror hypotheses, predictions and models of K+ channels developed over the past four decades of functional analysis.
The effect of surfactant on bubble and thread dynamics

Two examples from the dynamics of surfactant-laden interfacial flow are considered. In the first example, a bubble is rapidly stretched by an imposed flow to form a dumb-bell shape, then the imposed flow is relaxed, so that the bubble evolves solely under the action of surfactant-modified surface tension. In the second example, a surfactant-coated bubble is continually stretched by a steady extensional flow. At sufficiently small strain rates, steady bubble shapes are found, whereas at larger strain rates a long-wave model of the dynamics predicts behavior that is reminiscent of experimentally observed tip-streaming. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selenomethionine protects against adverse biological effects induced by space radiation

Ionizing radiation-induced adverse biological effects impose serious challenges to astronauts during extended space travel. Of particular concern is the radiation from highly energetic, heavy, charged particles known as HZE particles. The objective of the present study was to characterize HZE particle radiation-induced adverse biological effects and evaluate the effect of D-selenomethionine (SeM) on the HZE particle radiation-induced adverse biological effects. The results showed that HZE particle radiation can increase oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and cell transformation in vitro, and decrease the total antioxidant status in irradiated Sprague-Dawley rats. These adverse biological effects were all preventable by treatment with SeM, suggesting that SeM is potentially useful as a countermeasure against space radiation-induced adverse effects. Treatment with SeM was shown to enhance ATR and CHK2 gene expression in cultured human thyroid epithelial cells. As ionizing radiation is known to result in DNA damage and both ATR and CHK2 gene products are involved in DNA damage, it is possible that SeM may prevent HZE particle radiation-induced adverse biological effects by enhancing the DNA repair machinery in irradiated cells.
Empirical Influences on the 2010 Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors

This article provides an overview of the selected literature that informed the themes and areas of concentration for the revision of the Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors. It offers a review of the most recent research conducted on the core knowledge and competencies reported by practicing certified rehabilitation counselors, given that such research is one of the foundations of the revised code.
A workflow modeling system for capturing data provenance

Abstract A workflow is an abstraction of the steps associated with the underlying work process and is typically modeled as a directed graph. The workflow concept under its various manifestations has been used to model applications in diverse areas, including project planning, manufacturing, scientific experiments, execution of computer software, and publishing. While the Open Provenance Model Core Specification had laid the foundation for defining the key concepts in a workflow, a simplified high level graphical representation of a workflow that is widely applicable is not available. In this paper we describe a novel general framework for building workflows and implementing the associated actions, which will facilitate understanding of work processes across multiple disciplines. As such, most work processes are organized hierarchically with well defined control and management responsibilities. This framework will facilitate integration and coordination of activities across associated domains. Additionally, it will act as a template to refer to the associated metadata as well as reference to access the instance data from archives of completed workflow cases. When a specific case is in progress, a finite state machine will guide the user through the steps and provide up to date information about the current state. We describe the main building blocks in the framework, their functionalities and illustrate the integration of workflows between an experimental and a scientific process.
Infrared spectra of solid germane

Abstract An IR spectroscopic study has shown that GeH 4 molecules are situated on one set of sites of C , symmetry in phase IV. The III–IV transition at 63 K is apparently a second-order phase transition. In phases II and III the molecules are on sites of C 3 v . or C 3 symmetry. The II–III phase transition was observed at 67 K. In solid GeD 4 , phase transitions were observed at 68.5 and 77 K. In phases II and III the site symmetry is C I . The II–III phase transition in GeD 4 is apparently second order. There is evidence that the ν 1 , vibration of GeD 4 is IR active in the solid state.
The Mentoring Role of Professional Associations

ABSTRACT Mentoring is an important socializing process for the library profession. Although mentoring may involve ad hoc arrangements between individuals, professional associations play an important role in facilitating mentoring. This article reports on mentoring programs (formal and informal) in professional library associations.
The intimate relationships of mRNA decay and translation

The decay rate of an mRNA and the efficiency with which it is translated are key determinants of eukaryotic gene expression. Although it was once thought that mRNA stability and translational efficiency were directly linked, the interrelationships between the two processes are considerably more complex. The decay of individual mRNAs can be triggered or antagonized by translational impairment, and alterations in the half-life of certain mRNAs can even alter translational fidelity. In this review we consider whether mRNA translation and turnover are distinct or overlapping phases of an mRNA life cycle, and then address some of the many ways in which the two processes influence each other in eukaryotic cells.
Severe Precocious Emphysema in Intravenous Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Abusers

Intravenous (IV) drug abuse is known to cause pulmonary talc granulomatosis. Reports have documented a syndrome of pulmonary vascular sclerosis in long-term IV methylphenidate users. Although this would be expected to produce restrictive lung disease, we hereby report six patients who have severe obstructive lung disease. All had used IV methylphenidate for at least four years. One of these patients died of progressive respiratory insufficiency and the others are clinically disabled. Their symptoms and airflow obstruction are more severe than those of most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In these individuals, we cannot say that precocious obstructive lung disease is not due to a combination of smoking and other factors, nor can we be certain that methylphenidate is the offending agent. However, this cluster of cases among methylphenidate abusers suggests that long-term IV exposure to this drug might lead to early severe obstructive lung disease.
Is there a future in glucose-sensitive, responsive insulin delivery systems?

Considerable amount of work has been directed towards the development of optimal glucose-responsive devices for insulin release. Hydrogel-based devices offer a wide range of parameters that can be tuned to obtain easy control of the insulin release properties. Taking advantage of their unique swelling and release properties, we may be able to achieve the desirable steady state and dynamic nature of insulin release. We review previous attempts at developing glucose oxidase-based insulin delivery systems, and we conclude that there are significant problems that must be solved for an adequate development of a device for treatment of diabetics.
Pool Spacing, Channel Morphology, and the Restoration of Tidal Forested Wetlands of the Columbia River, U.S.A.

Tidal forested wetlands have sustained substantial areal losses associated with human land use, and restoration practitioners lack descriptions of ecosystem structures within these systems, in which surface water is a significant controlling factor on flora and fauna. In particular, the roles of large wood in tidal areas remain poorly described compared to terrestrial and riverine ecosystems. This study documents the role of large wood accumulations in forcing channel morphology in remnant Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)–dominated tidal freshwater wetlands (swamps) in the floodplain of the Columbia River, U.S.A., near the Pacific coast. The average pool spacing documented in channel surveys of three swamps near Grays Bay, 2.2–2.8 channel widths per pool, was not significantly different. There were higher numbers of pools on these tidal forested wetland channels (median 2.7 pools/100 m) than on a nearby diked agricultural site prior to restoration. Log jams were common in the swamps and nonexistent in the pasturelands prior to restoration. On the basis of pool spacing and observed sequences of log jams and pools, tidal forested wetland channels were classified consistent with a forced step-pool channel type. This new classification for tidal systems provides a basis for restoration project design involving placement of large wood and development of pool habitats for aquatic species. Modifications by beaver (Castor canadensis) observed on restoration and reference sites warrant further investigation to explore the interactions between these animals and restoration methods that affect channel structure and hydraulics in tidal forced step-pool channels.
Cross-sectional study of quality of life and symptoms in chronic renal disease patients: the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study.

The purposes of this study were to measure health-related quality of life in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease clinical trial; correlate quality of life measures with demographic, medical, and laboratory variables; and compare quality of life in various chronic diseases. The 1,284 patients enrolled in the baseline period of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study who completed at least one measurement of quality of life or symptoms served as the subjects of this study. The Quality of Well-Being (QWB) scale, which was a general health-related quality of life index, the Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90R), which provided a global measure of mental health, and the Patient Symptom Form, which assessed the frequency of symptoms specific to this population, were used as measurements. The mean ± SD QWB score was 0.74 ± 0.09. Using multivariate analysis, there was a significant negative correlation between the overall QWB score and age and female gender, and a significant positive correlation between the QWB and level of education, income, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). For the SCL-90R subscores, the mean normalized Global Symptom Index was 49.7 ± 9.6, the Positive Symptom Total was 47.9 ± 10.4, and the mean Positive Symptom Distress Index was 51.3 ± 12.6. Using multivariate analysis, significant inverse relationships were seen between each of the SCL-90R subscores and income, serum albumin level, and GFR. The most commonly reported medical symptoms in this cohort included tiring easily, weakness, lack of pep or energy, difficulty sleeping, and abdominal bloating or gas. Symptoms in which the severity index score had a negative correlation with GFR included tiring easily, weakness, lack of pep and energy, muscle cramps, easy bruising or bleeding, bad taste in mouth, and hiccoughs. In conclusion, patients with moderate to advanced renal insufficiency have a reduced quality of life and an increased frequency and severity of both symptoms and psychological distress, with the magnitude of these changes negatively correlated with GFR.
Out for life: Makeover television and the transformation of fitness on Bravo's Work Out

‘I'm Jackie Warner and this is my world. It's a world of hard bodies and beautiful faces.’ (Work Out 2006, 101) With this seductive voiceover, Bravo introduced Work Out , a new reality series based...
Transitory impairment of interferon production in stressed mice.

on host-parasite relationships, we have studied the influences of psychological or nonspecific stress on the susceptibility of animals to viral infections (Jensen and Rasmussen, 1963b; Johnsson and Rasmussen, 1965; Marsh et al, 1963; Rasmussen et al, 1957). The definition of psychological stress, given by Friedman and Glasgow (1966) as noxious stimuli which mediate responses by the central nervous system, is applicable in these studies. The central nervous system in turn stimulates various endocrinological and physiological responses. Some of the more readily observed responses that might influence susceptibility are increased activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis and atrophy of tissues of the reticuloendothelial system (Marsh and Rasmussen, 1960). In our studies on hostdefense mechanisms stress has been
Implementing microprocessors from simplified descriptions

Despite the proliferation of high-level synthesis tools, hardware description of microprocessors remains complex. We argue that much of the incidental complexity can be relieved by untangling the description into separate functional and microarchitectural components. Such an untangling can be achieved using a high-level microcode compiler that can generate not only microcode, but also the micro-instruction format and the interpretations of each control bit. Simplifying hardware description will help the designer make better design-space trade-offs, and close the design and verification loop faster. This paper takes the reader through an implementation of a simple Y86 processor to qualitatively illustrate the complexity reduction from the untangling.
Hispanics and juvenile court dispositions: a county‐level study

Research on the treatment of, and factors that affect, Hispanics in the juvenile justice system has been sparse and limited to the Southwest U.S. In this study we examine these issues in terms of juvenile court dispositional severity by comparing Hispanic juveniles to Whites in a Western county. Our findings show that Hispanic juveniles receive harsher dispositions than Whites. The overall finding survives the separate introduction of a number of control variables although the relationship becomes not significant under certain conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Carcinoembryonic antigen-identification of a tri-N-acetylchitotriosyl type structure as an immunodeterminant group☆

Abstract A number of mono- and oligosaccharides have been utilized as potential inhibitors in radioimmunoassay to identify immunodeterminant groups on the carcinoembryonic antigen molecule. Tri-N-acetylchitotriose, a trisaccharide of β 1 → 4 linked N-acetylglucosamine, result in up to 50 per cent inhibition of binding between carcinoembryonic antigen and its antibody in the radioimmunoassay whereas di-N-acetylchitobiose, N-acetylglucosamine and it β-anomer were less efficient inhibitors. Other monosaccharides, glycosides, and oligosaccharides were inactive or only slightly active at concentrations comparable to or much greater than the tri-N-acetylchitotriose used. These studies indicate that at least a portion of the anti-CEA antibodies have a combining site with an affinity for the trisaccharide unit of two N-acetylglucosamine residues in β → 4 linkage as well as another N-acetylglucosamine moiety or possibly the second β-anomeric linkage of tri-N-acetylchitotriose.
Anatomy and fine structure of neurons in the deutocerebral projection pathway of the crayfish olfactory system

Golgi impregnation and neurobiotin injection were used to examine details of the neural pathways in the olfactory system of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. Deutocerebral projection neurons (globuli cells) were directly injected with neurobiotin. These neurons have dendritic arborizations in the ipsilateral olfactory and accessory lobes, and they project axons to the lateral protocerebrum, where they terminate in microglomeruli of the hemiellipsoid body. The axons of the deutocerebral projection neurons are readily impregnated by Golgi procedures, and they terminate as an expanded membranous knot about 5 μm in diameter. Electron microscopy on Golgi-stained terminals has revealed that each knot makes several hundred synapses with small spine-like or shaft-like processes of postsynaptic neurons. Injection of neurobiotin into local interneurons of the hemi-ellipsoid body and subsequent examination of stained preparations with the electron microscope reveals that these cells are a major postsynaptic target of the deutocerebral projection neurons. Furthermore, the local interneurons make extensive efferent synaptic connections with unidentified neurons in the terminal medulla. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A content and structural assessment of oxidative motifs across a diverse set of life forms

Exposure to weightlessness (microgravity) or other protein stresses are detrimental to animal and human protein tissue health. Protein damage has been associated with stress and is linked to aging and the onset of diseases such as Alzheimer?s, Parkinson?s, sepsis, and others. Protein stresses may cause alterations to physical protein structure, altering its functional identity. Alterations from stresses such as microgravity may be responsible for forms of muscle atrophy (as noted in returning astronauts), however, protein stresses come from other sources as well.Oxidative carbonylation is a protein stress which is a driving force behind protein decay and is attracted to protein segments enriched in R, K, P, T, E and S residues. Since mitochondria apply oxidative processes to produce ATP, their proteins may be placed in the same danger as those that are exposed to stresses. However, they do not appear to be impacted in the same way.Across 14 diverse organisms, we evaluate the coverage of motifs which are high in the amino acids thought to be affected by protein stresses such as oxidation. For this study, we study RKPT and PEST motifs which are both responsible for attracting forms of oxidation across mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial proteins. We show that mitochondrial proteins have fewer of these oxidative sites compared to non-mitochondrial proteins. Additionally, we analyze the oxidative regions to determine that their motifs preferentially tend to make up the connection points between the four kinds of structures of folded proteins (helices, turns, sheets, and coils). HighlightsProtein is oxidized at RKPT and PEST motifs in protein during stress conditions.Mt respiration creates ROSs which are linked to oxidative damage.The frequencies of motifs attracting oxidation are shown to be reduced in Mt.These motifs are shown to be joints between turns, sheets, coils, and helices.
Multiple genes for cell surface cAMP receptors in Dictyostelium discoideum

We have cloned and characterized three genes (CAR1, CAR2, CAR3) encoding potential cell surface, cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate (AMP) receptors from Dictyostelium discoideum. The three proteins are predicted to be substantially similar in amino acid sequence throughout most of their transmembrane (TM) and loop domains but are distinctly different in their carboxyl terminal segments. In addition, all three genes possess an intron which interrupts an equivalent codon of TM3. CAR1 is expressed early in development when the cAMP relay system is being established. As development proceeds multiple size forms of CAR1 RNA are detected which apparently result from differences in their 5'-untranslated regions. Late in development levels of CAR1 RNA decrease. In contrast, CAR2 encodes a single sized RNA which is expressed only during postaggregative development. CAR3 expression is approximately 10% of CAR1 during early development, is maximal during tight aggregate formation but declines thereafter. Only one size class of CAR3 mRNA is detected throughout development. Because RNA for each of the three genes is present in postaggregative cells, it was of interest to determine the cell type distribution of each RNA. Gene-specific probes were hybridized to RNAs isolated from cells of Percoll gradient-enriched prespore and prestalk fractions and relative levels of hybridization compared. CAR1 and CAR3 show approximately the same pattern of accumulation; a 3-4 fold enrichment in prestalk cells. CAR2, however, is highly enriched in prestalk cells, more than 10 fold relative to prespore cells.
Assessing (Software) Reliability Growth Using a Random Coefficient Autoregressive Process and Its Ramifications

In this paper we motivate a random coefficient autoregressive process of order 1 for describing reliability growth or decay. We introduce several ramifications of this process, some of which reduce it to a Kalman Filter model. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach by applying these processes to some real life data on software failures. Finally, we make a pairwise comparison of the models in terms of the ratio of likelihoods of their predictive distributions, and identify the "best" model.
Posterior fossa decompression and clot evacuation for fourth ventricle hemorrhage after aneurysmal rupture: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Massive intraventricular hemorrhage due to aneurysmal rupture is associated with a dismal prognosis. An intraventricular clot causing fourth ventricle dilation can cause compression to the brainstem similar to other posterior fossa masses such as cerebellar hemorrhage or infarction. The presence of fourth ventricle dilation carries a very high risk of death within 48 hours, Neither ventricular drainage nor fibrinolytic infusion has been successful in eliminating clots of the fourth ventricle. Posterior fossa decompression and direct evacuation of the clot could have good results in relieving brainstem compression caused by the clot. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 45-year-old woman was admitted to our intensive care unit after experiencing an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The neurological examination at admission revealed that she was in Grade V according to the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grading system, but brainstem reflexes were present. Computed tomographic scanning revealed a massive intraventricular hemorrhage, with fourth ventricle dilation caused by an intraventricular clot. Bilateral external ventricular drains were placed to relieve elevated intracranial pressure. Cerebral angiography revealed a 1-cm basilar tip aneurysm, which was embolized with Guglielmi detachable coils (Boston Scientific, Boston, MA) during the same procedure. INTERVENTION: Given the patient's poor neurological condition, it was decided that brainstem compression should be relieved. A posterior fossa decompressive craniectomy was performed immediately after coil therapy, with direct evacuation of the intraventricular clot. The patient experienced a clear improvement in the level of consciousness and has achieved a good neurological result at early follow-up. CONCLUSION: Dilation of the fourth ventricle by an intraventricular clot is a sign of brainstem compression that can be relieved by posterior fossa decompression and direct clot evacuation.
THE DIVERSITY OF MASSIVE STAR OUTBURSTS. I. OBSERVATIONS OF SN2009ip, UGC 2773 OT2009-1, AND THEIR PROGENITORS

Despite both being outbursts of luminous blue variables (LBVs), SN 2009ip and UGC 2773 OT2009-1 have very different progenitors, spectra, circumstellar environments, and possibly physical mechanisms that generated the outbursts. From pre-eruption Hubble Space Telescope images, we determine that SN 2009ip and UGC 2773 OT2009-1 have initial masses of {approx}> 60 and {approx}> 25 M{sub sun}, respectively. Optical spectroscopy shows that at peak, SN 2009ip had a 10,000 K photosphere and its spectrum was dominated by narrow H Balmer emission, similar to classical LBV giant outbursts, also known as 'supernova impostors'. The spectra of UGC 2773 OT2009-1, which also have narrow H{alpha} emission, are dominated by a forest of absorption lines, similar to an F-type supergiant. Blueshifted absorption lines corresponding to ejecta at a velocity of 2000-7000 km s{sup -1} are present in later spectra of SN 2009ip-an unprecedented observation for LBV outbursts, indicating that the event was the result of a supersonic explosion rather than a subsonic outburst. The velocity of the absorption lines increases between two epochs, suggesting that there were two explosions in rapid succession. A rapid fading and rebrightening event concurrent with the onset of the high-velocity absorption lines is consistent with the double-explosion model. Amore » near-infrared excess is present in the spectra and photometry of UGC 2773 OT2009-1 that is consistent with {approx}2100 K dust emission. We compare the properties of these two events and place them in the context of other known massive star outbursts such as {eta} Car, NGC 300 OT2008-1, and SN 2008S. This qualitative analysis suggests that massive star outbursts have many physical differences that can manifest as the different observables seen in these two interesting objects.« less
Observations of root surfaces from patients with early-onset periodontitis and leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to report observations of the root surfaces of teeth from 2 siblings with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). In previous publications, the clinical, radiographic and immunologic findings in the family were presented. 38 permanent teeth from the 2 siblings were prepared for microscopic examination, 11 for light microscopy (LM), and 27 for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, 8 healthy teeth obtained from 2 patients requiring extractions for orthodontic treatment served as controls. LM observations on healthy teeth revealed cementum with normal structural appearance which exhibited a mosaic or mogul-like pattern with SEM. In LAD specimens, cementum apical to the dentogingival junction exhibited resorption lacunae and areas of poor structural definition characterized by aplasia and hypoplasia (hypomineralization). Areas of hypoplasia presented as distinct irregular surfaces with a pebbly or globular-like appearance. Alteration in cementum formation and maturation may play a role in the etiology of early-onset periodontitis.