cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Marital Rape’ in Marriage: The Need for Reform in Bangladesh

The notion of marital rape is not new and came from Hale’s theory. Although it is an old concept, but still some of the state parties of the United Nations are using this option as immunity. However, there are quite a few modern justifications that can actually defeat the Hale’s theory. Hence, the notion of Hale’s theory is not valid anymore in the 21st century. Currently, more than 100 countries have incorporated ‘marital rape’ as a criminal offence and punishing the offenders. Unfortunately, marital rape is not an offence under the Penal Law of Bangladesh unless the wife is under 13 years old. This article analysed the current Bangladeshi laws regarding rape, which is substandard to protect the marital rape victims. In addition, it also argues how current law is violating several international laws and the rights guaranteed under the Constitution of Bangladesh. The existing laws of rape under the Penal Law of Bangladesh are outdated and therefore, reform is the demand of time.
Practical Applications of Risky Corporate Bonds in 2021: A Bubble, or Rational Underwriting in a Low-Rate Environment?

In Risky Corporate Bonds in 2021: A Bubble, or Rational Underwriting in a Low-Rate Environment?, which appeared in the November 2021 issue of The Journal of Portfolio Management, authors Edward Altman (Stern School of Business, New York University, and NYU Salomon Center for the Study of Financial Institutions) and Mike Harmon (Gaviota Advisors, LLC) attempt to determine whether current market factors have driven a “bubble” in the US high-yield bond market. In order to determine whether the current market conditions in high yield truly represent those of a “bubble,” the authors analyze the highest-risk segment of this market. Based on historical average default and recovery rates, they conclude that the expected returns from the securities analyzed are not commensurate with the high risk associated with those securities. Furthermore, the authors’ analysis of key factors influencing future default and recovery rates yields the conclusion that there are more potential scenarios for investors to underperform than there are for investors to outperform. Although the conditions analyzed do not represent a true “bubble” as defined by the authors, they do express concern over other potential negative repercussions resulting from investors’ assumption of excessive risk.
Tactile Telepresence for Isolated Patients

For isolated patients, such as COVID-19 patients in an intensive care unit, conventional video tools can provide a degree of visual telepresence. However, video alone offers, at best, an approximation of a "through a window" metaphor—remote visitors, such as loved ones, cannot touch the patient to provide reassurance. Here, we present preliminary work aimed at providing an isolated patient and remote visitors with audiovisual interactions that are augmented by mediated social touch—the perception of being touched for the isolated patient, and the perception of touching for the remote visitor. We developed a tactile telepresence system prototype that provides a remote visitor with a tablet-based, touch-video interface for conveying touch patterns on the forehead of an isolated patient. The isolated patient can see the remote visitor, see themselves with the touch patterns indicated on their forehead, and feel the touch patterns through a vibrotactile headband interface. We motivate the work, describe the system prototype, and present results from pilot studies investigating the technical feasibility of the system, along with the social and emotional affects of using the prototype system.
Changes in the longitudinal profiles of glaciers during advance and retreat

The pattern of elevation change along the length of glaciers caused by retreat from Neoglacial maximum to present is investigated and described in terms of a profile-shape factor f defined as the ratio of the average thickness change to the local thickness change at the present terminus. The factor f is relevant to estimation of the change in volume of a glacier in relation to its change in length and the response time to a change in climate. Thickness-change profiles on a selection of 15 mountain valley glaciers give f in the range 0.1–0.4 with an average of 0.28. The elevation changes are in all cases largest near the terminus and decrease headward more rapidly than a linear variation with distance that would correspond to f of 0.50, a value assumed to be characteristic in the past. The smaller values of f indicate reduced estimates of changes in volume versus change in lengths and smaller response times for glaciers. Total volume change for glaciers and ice caps (excluding ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica) as estimated roughly by these means, is consistent with previous estimates from mass-balance measurements and supports the view that melting of these ice masses has made a significant contribution to sea-level change over the last century. The observed values of f do not explain an apparent discrepancy between alternative theoretical methods for estimating the response time of glaciers based on length and terminus velocity or based on the thickness and terminus-ablation rate. The discrepancy may be caused in part by the relationship between terminus velocity and ablation rate associated with strongly non-steady-state conditions during advance or retreat. The patterns of elevation change measured for short time intervals of a few decades or less correspond to a wide spread of profile-shape factor f from less than 0.1 to more than 1.2 indicative of transients in the short time-scale response.
The Paralyzing Paradox of Religious Neutrality

This short essay discusses why the ideal of governmental religious neutrality is regarded as essential and axiomatic in a pluralistic liberal democracy, and also why the ideal is unattainable and incoherent. Revisiting earlier arguments and addressing new defenses, the essay was written to order as a contribution to a project-in-progress (a Blackwell series volume on religious liberty).
Efficiency Gains from Time Refinement on AMR Meshes and Explicit Timestepping

We consider potential efficiency gains for time sub-cycling, or time refinement (TR), on Berger-Collela and oct-tree AMR meshes for explicit or local physics (such as explict hydrodynamics), where the work per block is roughly constant with level of refinement. We note that there are generally many more fine zones than there are coarse zones. We then quantify the natural result that any overall efficiency gains from reducing the amount of work on the relatively few coarse zones must necessarily be fairly small. Potential efficiency benefits from TR on these meshes are seen to be quite limited except in the case of refining a small number of points on a large mesh — in this case, the benefit can be made arbitrarily large, albeit at the expense of spatial refinement efficiency.
Seedbank Potential of Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera) in a Texas Bottomland Hardwood Forest

ABSTRACT: Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) is arguably one of the most deleterious exotic invasive plants in the southern United States, where it alters ecosystem structure and function, especially near the Gulf Coast. Chinese tallow continues to expand into riparian floodplain forests, which likely facilitate regional invasion by dispersing seeds during seasonal flooding and providing corridors of favorable habitat. We attempted to estimate existing Chinese tallow soil seedbank presence and density in a bottomland hardwood forest located at Old Sabine Bottom Wildlife Management Area (OSBWMA) in northeastern Texas, where heavy infestation has not occurred to date, though mature seed-bearing trees are present regionally. No Chinese tallow seeds were detected across the study area, despite the occurrence of mature, seed-bearing plants on adjacent properties. Based on this lack of detected seeds, combined with the lack of observed Chinese tallow plants at OSBWMA, it appears the species continues to oc...
Electrodeposited MnO2 For Pseudocapacitive Deionization: Relating Deposition Condition and Electrode Structure to Performance

Abstract Electrodeposited MnO 2 was screened as a possible pseudocapacitive material for use in a capacitive deionization (CDI) environment. Two simple electrochemical deposition conditions (galvanostatic and cyclic voltammetric) were used to produce MnO 2 coatings on porous carbon substrates with contrasting surface areas and morphologies. These samples were then tested in static half-cell test fixtures with the intention of probing how these types of substrates and coatings might work in a CDI flow cell. The results show that the best sodium ion uptake performance on per-mass basis was not necessarily the most compelling electrode-level solution for practical application, and that a high surface area nanoporous substrate displayed evidence of a self-limited deposition wherein the internal electrode volume was not able to participate in the ion removal reactions of interest.
A nonlinear digital optimizing program for process control systems

This paper deals with nonlinear programming. In particular, it summarizes a newly developed program suitable for optimization of a computer-controlled process. The program applies probing and constraint-following algorithms which permit solving the optimization problem in difficult cases. These cases include nonlinear or discontinuous objective functions, constraint functions, and nonconvex domains.The program has become known as the "Poor Man's Optimizer," as it requires relatively little storage for program and data. It is applicable to the relatively small digital computers now popular in process control.
OBSERVATION OF CRITICAL AMPLITUDE FLUCTUATIONS NEAR THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITION

We report results of transport measurements in the quantum critical regime of the disorder tuned, 2D superconductor-insulator transition (SIT) in homogeneously disordered films. We show that, as the superconducting transition temperature decreases, the transition width grows, appearing to diverge at the SIT. In addition, structure develops in the DC current-voltage characteristics of films closest to the SIT indicating that the 2D superconductivity is driven into a regime of extreme inhomogeneity. The data suggest a picture of the phase transition in which large amplitude fluctuations occur as the amplitude is suppressed to near zero by disorder.
Cholecystokinin and Bombesin Inhibit Ethanol and Food Intake in Rats Selectively Bred for Ethanol Sensitivity

Cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) and bombesin tetradecapeptide (BBS-14) are brain-gut neuropeptides shown to inhibit intake and choice of alcohol solutions and foods in a variety of species. Recently, Draski and colleagues selectively bred strains descended from N/Nih outbred Norway rats that differ in sleep time after injection of ethanol. The intake of 5% w/v ethanol, food, and water was measured in these rats with high, low, and control alcohol sensitivity (HAS, LAS, and CAS), after intraperitoneal injection of randomized sequences of doses of CCK-8 or BBS-14 (0-8 micrograms/kg). During baseline adaptation to water deprivation-induced consumption of alcohol, LAS rats consumed reliably more ethanol than HAS or CAS rats. Injection of CCK-8 or BBS-14 significantly and equivalently suppressed intake of ethanol and food at 30 min after presentation in each group of rats. Water intake and food intake at 30-60 min following alcohol access was not affected by prior injection of either neuropeptide. Large differences in alcohol neurosensitivity (HAS > CAS > LAS) were observed in these rats' resting behavior for 1 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1 g/kg of ethanol. These selectively bred alcohol neurosensitivity differences cannot be explained by corresponding differences in sensitivity to the inhibitory behavioral effects of CCK-8 or BBS-14. However, differences in alcohol intake and resting behavior do correspond to artificially selected sensitivities to ethanol's hypnotic effect.
T(r)Opes: Geographicus Interruptus

In this paper, I raise, in polemical terms, several possible responses to the question ‘What next?’ in human geography. I am particularly concerned to address matters from a radical/critical perspective, and to suggest ways of moving current theoretical, methodological, and substantive insights more consciously (rather than tacitly) into wider circulations of dialogue and activism. I examine extant hegemonic relations of academic production and reproduction, the relationships between academia and the ‘outside’ worlds in which we operate, and conclude with possible steps toward the development of an effective counterhegemony both within and without the academy.
Ethics in Journalism – Accuracy, Honesty, and Credibility

ersity 8195. In his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, the English author George Orwell (the nom de plume of journalist, critic, and commentator Eric Arthur Blair, 1903-1950) describes a world in which past history is rewritten to match the vision of the controlling Party. Under the constant surveillance of Big Brother, the people (“proles”) are forced to conform; evidence is destroyed, photographs are altered, and truth is what the Party decides it should be. Individualism and innovation are not tolerated. Even the language (“Newspeak”) is simplified and minimalist. For example, opposites are described using the same word and the prefix “un”; hence, cold is “cold” while hot is “uncold”. The people are encouraged to follow “goodthink” – that is, to believe in what the Party wants them to believe. “Crimethink” (thoughts contrary to the official perspective) are strongly opposed by the Thought Police (“thinkpol”). Fortunately, it is now 2008, and so far, Orwell’s vision of a world gone mad has not come to pass. In most of the modern world, people have the good fortune to live in an environment where accurate information is prized, where imagination and innovation are held in high esteem, and where we are encouraged to think for ourselves, investigate, learn, and share our knowledge with others. The digital revolution has made information ever more rapidly available. For my father’s generation, the search for news involved reading the newspaper, or perhaps listening to the radio. I recall getting our first television when I was quite young, and sometimes watching the news at 5 o’clock. Now, one can nowwatch news programs literally all day, every day (although when I have done this, the content does sound somewhat repetitive after a while); television certainly has become an important source for new information. For my children’s generation, the process of information access is totally different – they log onto the Internet, use a number of different search engines, visit countless websites, and can access almost anything, instantly (of course, this is not an unqualified bonus).
Enzymatic digestion improves the purity of harvested cerebral microvessels

The harvest of intact cerebral microvessel yields could permit the in vitro characterization of mechanisms that underlie numerous vascular-linked central nervous system (CNS) phenomena. Here, we test (1) the effect of mild enzyme digestion on microvessel purity and yield; and then (2) the effect of variable centrifugation and filtration methods on microvessel yields. The brains of female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks-old; n=38) were removed rapidly and homogenized. In Experiments 1 and 2, brain homogenates were incubated in DMEM or a solution of papain (2.5 U/ml), DNAse I (250 U/ml) and dispase II (1 U/ml) in DMEM for 15 min at 37 °C before microvessels were purified using differential (20% Ficoll) and then discontinuous (15/20% Dextran) centrifugation (@3500 × g) and collected with glass bead column filtration. Enzymatic digestion decreased microvessel yields (27 vs. 12 k/g tissue; p=0.053) but increased microvessel purity by decreasing adherent cells (p=0.002), which included NF-L(+) neurons (p 85% of harvested cells morphologically resembled microvessels and expressed the vascular proteins lectin and/or RECA-1. Finally, microvessels yields decreased when discontinuous centrifugation was omitted or nylon mesh filtration was employed. In summary, we found that digesting brain homogenates enzymatically could improve the purity of harvested microvessels that could be cultured for at least a week.
Calorimetric evidence of molecular hydrogen in irradiated lithium hydride

Abstract A calorimetric measurement employing the thermal arrest technique has independently confirmed the presence of molecular hydrogen in irradiated LiH previously detected by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The melting endotherm of the hydrogen indicates adsorption of hydrogen on the surfaces of the bubbles containing the hydrogen.
Recent measurements of the magnetic field in the outer magnetosphere and boundary regions.

EGO-1 /OGO-A/ satellite measurements of magnetic field in outer magnetosphere and boundary regions
Applications Of Thermal Modulation In Luminescence Spectroscopy

The utility of thermally modulated emission (TME) spectroscopy as a technique for elucidating the properties of the excited states of molecules and complexes with near-degenerate excited electronic states is reviewed. A description of the TME method, its realm of application, and the type of information obtained are given. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of infrared heating as a tool for observing spectra in diverse media.
Are the structure and function of an enzyme the same in aqueous solution and in the wet crystal

0-[β-(3-indole)acryloyl]-Ser195-α-chymotrypsin [I] is hydrolyzed via specific multifunctional intramolecular catalysis dependent on the specific configuration of the “native” polypeptide. When the polypeptide is in its native configuration the intense ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of the chromophoric acylenzyme (ester) is highly distinctive (atypical of indoleacryloyl esters). Cleavage of the indoleacryloyl residue by hydrolysis results in the elimination (at select wavelengths) of the above mentioned intense absorptivity. The absorption spectrum of (I) and its rate of disappearance (as indicated by the decrease in absorptivity) can be determined both in solution and in the wet crystal. Both the distinctive ultraviolet-visible spectrum of native I and its specific rate of catalyzed hydrolysis are independent of phase (solution or crystal). Hence, molecular inferences regarding the catalytic mechanism of enzyme action, derived from crystallographic diffraction studies of acyl-chymotrypsins, are validly extendable to aqueous solution.
Mitochondrial modulation of calcium signaling at the initiation of development

Fertilization triggers cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that activate mammalian eggs and initiate development. Extensive evidence demonstrates that Ca2+ is released from endoplasmic reticulum stores; however, less is known about how the increased Ca2+ is restored to its resting level, forming the Ca2+ oscillations. We investigated whether mitochondria also play a role in activation-associated Ca2+ signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP or antimycin A disrupted cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations, resulting in sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+, followed by apoptotic cell death. This suggests that functional mitochondria may participate in sequestering the released Ca2+, contributing to cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations and preventing cell death. By centrifugation, mouse eggs were stratified and separated into fractions containing both endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and fractions containing endoplasmic reticulum with no mitochondria. The former showed Ca2+ oscillations by activation, whereasthe latter exhibited sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ but no Ca2+ oscillations, suggesting that mitochondria take up released cytosolic Ca2+. Further, using Rhod-2 for detection of mitochondrial Ca2+, we found that mitochondria exhibited Ca2+ oscillations, the frequency of which was not different from that of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations, indicatingthat mitochondria are involved in Ca2+ signaling during egg activation. Therefore, we propose that mitochondria play a crucial role in Ca2+ signaling that mediates egg activation and development, and apoptotic cell death.
Nicotine abstinence genotyping: assessing the impact on smoking cessation clinical trials

Twin studies document substantial heritability for successful abstinence from smoking. A genome-wide association study has identified markers whose allele frequencies differ with nominal P<0.005 in nicotine-dependent clinical trial participants who were successful vs unsuccessful in abstaining from smoking; many of these results are also supported by data from two additional samples. More study is required to precisely determine the variance in quitting success that can be accounted for by the single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are currently identified and to precisely classify individuals who may display varying degrees of genetic vs environmental effects into quitters or nonquitters. However, the data at hand do allow us to model the effects of genotypic stratification in smoking cessation trials. We identify relationships between the costs of identifying and genotyping prospective trial participants vs the costs of performing the clinical trials. We quantitate the increasing savings that result from genetically stratified designs as recruiting/genotyping costs go down and trial costs increase. This model helps to define the circumstances in which genetically stratified designs may enhance power and reduce costs for smoking cessation clinical trials.
TLR9-Based Immunotherapy for Allergic Disease

A significant amount of data generated over the last few years supports the contention that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-based immunotherapy is effective in the prevention and treatment of animal models of allergic disorders. We will review here our experience with two distinct therapeutic strategies: TLR9-based immunomodulation and TLR9-based vaccination. Immunomodulation of allergic inflammation by TLR9 ligand (TLR9-L) is transient. It prevents both the early and late phases of the allergic reaction in experimental models of allergic asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis. It also reverses ongoing allergic inflammation. Indoleamine 2.3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan, is induced by TLR9-L and mediates, in part, these anti-inflammatory effects. TLR9-based immunomodulation is independent of allergens and, therefore, has a potential therapeutic advantage in a broad spectrum of allergic patients. On the other hand, TLR9-based vaccination therapy is an allergen-specific mode of immunotherapy, which provides long-term inhibition of allergen-specific hypersensitivities. Current clinical trials with TLR9-based immunotherapy demonstrate high immunogenic and therapeutic efficacy, as well as improved safety when compared with conventional allergen desensitization. Thus, if proven efficient, therapeutic strategies with TLR9-L may revolutionize the current treatment of allergic diseases.
ViPZonE: Hardware Power Variability-Aware Virtual Memory Management for Energy Savings

Hardware variability is predicted to increase dramatically over the coming years as a consequence of continued technology scaling. In this paper, we apply the Underdesigned and Opportunistic Computing (UnO) paradigm by exposing system-level powervariability to software to improve energy efficiency. We present ViPZonE, a memory management solution in conjunction withapplication annotations that opportunistically performs memory allocations to reduce DRAM energy. ViPZonE’s components consist of a physical address space with DIMM-aware zones, a modified page allocation routine, and a new virtual memory system call for dynamic allocations from userspace. We implemented ViPZonE in the Linux kernel with GLIBC API support, running on a real x86-64 testbed with significant access power variation in its DDR3 DIMMs. We demonstrate that on our testbed, ViPZonE can save up to27.80 percent memory energy, with no more than 4.80 percent performance degradation across a set of PARSEC benchmarks tested with respect to the baseline Linux software. Furthermore, through a hypothetical “what-if” extension, we predict that in futurenon-volatile memory systems which consume almost no idle power, ViPZonE could yield even greater benefits, demonstrating theability to exploit memory hardware variability through opportunistic software.
Weekly and consecutive day neonatal intubation training: comparable on a pediatrics clerkship

Purpose To determine whether medical student intubation proficiency with a neonatal mannequin differs according to weekly or consecutive day practice sessions during a six-week pediatric clerkship. Method From July 2010 through June 2011, the authors prospectively randomized 110 third-year medical students into three neonatal intubation practice groups: standard (control; no practice sessions), weekly (practice once/week for four consecutive weeks), or consecutive day (practice once/day for four consecutive days). At baseline, students performed intubation during individual sessions using a neonatal mannequin (SimNewB). Two reviewers, blinded to practice group, viewed videotapes of intubations and independently scored students on equipment selection, procedural skill steps, length of intubation attempts (in seconds), and the number of attempts (up to three) needed for a successful intubation. Videotaped individual final assessment intubation sessions during week six were evaluated in the same manner. Results Students in the weekly and consecutive day practice groups performed better at the final assessment on all variables than students in the standard group (P Conclusions Practice improved all aspects of neonatal intubation performance, including choosing the correct equipment, properly performing the skill steps, length of time to successful intubation, and success rate, for novice health care providers in a simulation setting. Over six weeks, neither practice format proved superior, but it remains unclear whether one format is superior for learning and skill retention over the long term or in actual practice.
Myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic adults with repaired aortic coarctation.

Abstract Background Coarctation of the aorta represents a unique mechanism of hypertension with reduced survival even after the anatomic lesion is fixed. Coronary artery disease has been cited as the cause of one-third of deaths in adults with repaired aortic coarctation, yet no prospective studies have identified the substrate for these events. We hypothesized that noninvasive angiography multi-slice computed tomography (CTA) of the coronary arteries and perfusion by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) would identify perfusion abnormalities without obstructive coronary disease in vivo in asymptomatic patients with repaired coarctation. Methods Twenty-seven repaired coarctation patients age 27±6 years and 10 age and gender-matched controls were prospectively enrolled to undergo clinical assessment, coronary CTA, and CMR. Myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) was quantified using the normalized upslope of myocardial signal enhancement during vasodilator stress versus rest. Results No patients had coronary artery atherosclerosis. Quantification of MPRI revealed significant impairment in endocardial to epicardial perfusion reserve ratio in patients versus controls (0.72±0.16 versus 0.91±0.08, respectively, p p =0.00013). Conclusion Adolescent and young adult patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta have abnormal myocardial perfusion reserve in the absence of coronary artery disease. These previously unrecognized findings in vivo may explain late-onset cardiac morbidity in this population.
Measles endemicity in insular populations: Critical community size and its evolutionary implication

Abstract Monthly measles case reports from 19 island communities covering periods up to 15 years have been analyzed. Breaks in the continuity of measles transmission were found for all communities of less than 500,000 population. The duration of epidemics was also affected by population density. It is postulated that populations sufficient to support continued propagation of this virus did not exist in primitive societies and that measles virus must have evolved since the development of early civilizations.
Dynamical Prediction at Medium-Extended Ranges Employing Low-Frequency PNA Mode

Abstract Experiments on dynamical extended-range forecasting (DERF) conducted at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) are analysed for the relationships between skill of medium-extended-range forecasts over the Pacific-North America region and the fluctuations of the Pacific-North American (PNA) mode of low-frequency variability. To isolate the effects of the prominent El Nino-Southern Oscillation anomalies that prevailed during the DERF period, the performance of forecasts is evaluated separately for the North Pacific and the North Atlantic sectors. Distinct features are observed. Much better skill in both dynamical and persistence forecasts is found for the Pacific sector than the Atlantic sector. The relationships between the polarity and amplitude of the PNA mode and the predictability of the prediction model are also investigated. The PNA circulation regime in the initial conditions as a predictor of forecast skill is contrasted in detail with the PNA mode in the forecasts. The statistical signif...
Automatic text categorization using a system of high-precision and high-recall models

This paper presents an automatic text document categorization system, HPHR. HPHR contains high precision, high recall and noise-filtered text categorization models. The text categorization models are generated through a suite of machine learning algorithms, a fast clustering algorithm that efficiently and effectively group documents into subcategories, and a text category generation algorithm that automatically generates text subcategories that represent high precision, high recall and noise-filtered text categorization models from a given set of training documents. The HPHR system was evaluated on documents drawn from two different applications, vehicle fault diagnostic documents, which are in a form of unstructured and verbatim text descriptions, and Reuters corpus. The performance of the proposed system, HPHR, on both document collections showed superiority over the systems commonly used in text document categorization.
Intra-ocular transplantation of carcinoid tumours from Mastomys and humans

Carcinoid tumours from man and Mastomys (Praomys) natalensis produce a variety of peptide hormones. The study of these peptide-secreting tumours has been difficult because of the small amount of tissue available and because of limitations with present cell culture systems. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental model where carcinoid tumours could be maintained and their hormone secretion studied. The intra-ocular transplantation technique was chosen for its simplicity and high rate of success. Gastric carcinoid tumours from mastomys (n=4) and human carcinoids (n = 2) (one bronchial and one ileal) were transplanted to the anterior eye chamber of SpragueDawley rats. Pieces of fresh tumour tissue were injected into the anterior eye chamber of rats and allowed to grow for 4–8 weeks. Rats transplanted with human tissue were immunosuppressed by daily injections with cyclosporin A (20 mg/kg). Eye chambers were inspected regularly and plasma from transplanted rats was collected for assay of peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon. Vascularization of transplants occurred within 1–2 days after transplantation in 70–80 per cent of all experiments. Microscopic analysis of transplants demonstrated a rich supply of blood vessels to tumour cells which contained characteristic neurosecretory granules. Transplanted rats had significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of PYY (44–165 pmol/1) and glucagon (67–162 pmol/l) in plasma as compared with sham-operated rats (PYY 28–40 pmol/1, glucagon 33–40 pmol/l), indicating that hormone secretion by tumour cells in oculo was maintained. Thus, carcinoid tumours from mastomys and humans can be grown in the anterior eye chamber of rats with preserved endocrine activity. The transplantation model may prove to be useful in the study of tumour cell bioactivity and prediction of therapeutic efficacy.
Diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture utilizing spiral computed tomographic reconstruction

A simple method to diagnose rupture of the diaphragm is described. Spiral computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen, with 5-mm slices through the diaphragmatic region, is performed. Coronal and sagittal reconstruction of the diaphragmatic region clearly demonstrates the diaphragmatic defect.
Positionality and the Pen: Reflections on the Process of Becoming a Feminist Researcher and Writer

During her years as a graduate student, the author was involved in not only the outward process of research but also the inward process of developing her own identity as a researcher. This article outlines her experiences as a woman and as a researcher engaging in the process of becoming a qualitative researcher and writer. It grapples with the issues she faced during her fieldwork, specifically, with concerns about her own positionality in relation to her research participants, and discusses how feminist methodology both challenged her and allowed her to see herself as part of a research community. By telling her story, she hopes both to create a more honest analytic process for her own research and to reassure other young feminist researchers that they are not alone.
Bourdieu's Disavowal of Lacan: Psychoanalytic Theory and the Concepts of “Habitus” and “Symbolic Capital”

Although Bourdieu is often seen as “a theorist who will have no truck with Freudian psychoanalytic theory,” he seemed to recognize in the last decade of his life (1930-2002) that psychoanalysis was intrinsic to his own project.2 The pressure of the Freudian tradition was first revealed in his writing by the recurrence of the words “unconscious” – used both as adjective and as noun – and “misrecognition” (meconaissance), a concept that received its most powerful formulation in the writing of Lacan.3 Bourdieu’s oeuvre accumulated a growing and ever more elaborate psychoanalytic vocabulary. His writing includes the following terms, all of them mainly associated with the Freudian tradition: projection, reality principle, libido, ego-splitting, negation (denegation), compromise formation, anamnesis, return of the repressed, and collective phantasy; in his “Autoanalyse” (published in German in 2002 and in French in 2004), he uses the phrases “disavowal, in the Freudian sense” and “community of the unconscious.”4 But Bourdieu’s relationship to this tradition was not untroubled. The conditions in which Freudian concepts appear in Bourdieu’s work can be understood partly in terms of the psychoanalytic concept of Verneinung or (de)negation. In his earliest studies of hysterics, Freud already recognized a particular kind of resistance to the deepest layers of repressed material in which the patient disavows memories “even in reproducing them.”5 Freud specified the process of Verneinung in a later paper: “the content of the repressed image or idea can make its way into consciousness, on condition that it is negated”; denegation involves “already a lifting of the repression, though not, of course, an acceptance of what is repressed.” The “intellectual function is separated from the affective process.” This allows the ideational aspect of the repression to be undone, accepted intellectually by the subject, and named, while at the same time the condemning affective judgment is retained. The subject still refuses to recognize the denegated object as an intrinsic part of herself.6 In some writings, especially the earlier ones, Bourdieu rejects psychoanalysis outright. In Outline of a Theory of Practice, for example, psychoanalysis is reduced to a
Behaviour separates potential and realized effects of decapod crustaceans in salt marsh communities

Abstract Experimental and observational studies of foraging behaviour and the impact of decapods in marine communities have been rather narrowly focused either by design or necessity. Often, foraging responses are measured relative to a very limited selection of prey (resource) types and environmental conditions. However, many decapods are opportunistic foragers, with their diets and impact on resources determined by a blend of behavioural responses sculpted by constraints imposed by ambient conditions. Measuring responses without regard for appropriate behavioural constraints may not adequately predict the magnitude of a species' impact, or its lack of impact, on a natural community. Examples, derived primarily from studies in salt marshes, illustrate several ways that predicted and realized effects of decapods on benthic and epibenthic prey assemblages may differ considerably. Although decapods have been excellent subjects for studies of foraging theory and predator-prey dynamics, experiments and sampling programs designed to assess their impacts within natural communities must include explicit consideration of the many biotic and abiotic elements that influence foraging behaviour at different temporal and spatial scales. Only through such a filter of behavioural constraints can realized impacts be separated from the many potential effects decapod crustaceans may have within natural communities.
The Alkylation of 6-Bromo-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-cinnolinecarboxylic Acid†

Alkylation of the title compound gave 3a, b + c and 2a, b + c in ca. equivalent yields. Intermediate 4a was isolated and its facile decarboxylation to 2a was studied.
Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of molybdenum disilicide

Molybdenum disilicide was synthesized from elemental reactants in argon and vacuum atmospheres by utilizing the exothermicity of the reaction using self-propagating high temperature synthesis. Experiments were carried out using powdered reactants and compacts with varying densities. The reaction front propagated at a finite velocity depending upon the atmosphere, the diameter of the pellet and the particle sizes of the reactants. The exothermicity of the reaction between molybdenum and silicon raised the temperature of the product to 1886 K, which is close to the theoretical adiabatic combustion temperature, 1900 K. X-ray diffraction analysis of the product confirmed the product to be a single phase MoSi2 crystallizing in a tetragonal structure. Microstructural examination revealed melting of Si and its capillary flow, and chemical analysis indicated that the product is much purer than the reactants.
Efficient algorithms for stochastic Stark-profile calculations

Abstract Algorithms to compute spectral line shapes including particle dynamics with a stochastic description of the plasma are proposed. Two stochastic models yielding different functional forms for the line shape are considered. The proposed algorithms are applied to the argon He-α and He-β lines plus associated lithium like dielectronic satellites at conditions typical of inertial confinement fusion experiments. These large-scale ion dynamics calculations using the proposed methods require significantly less computational effort than the corresponding quasi-static ion calculations with the conventional approach. It is stressed that the proposed algorithms do not introduce physical approximations to accelerate the calculations. In addition, the different behavior of the two stochastic models is explored. Finally, the examples suggest possible solutions to extant discrepancies between theoretical and experimental spectra.
An improved technique for selective silver staining of nucleolar organizer regions in human chromosomes

A reliable technique for staining human chromosomal nucleolar organizers (NOR's) with silver solutions is described. The NOR's can be selectively stained dark brown by silver solutions leaving the chromosome arms unstained and available for counterstaining with orcein or Giemsa dyes. Unequivocal identification of chromosome pairs bearing NOR's can be achieved using fluorescent banding techniques followed by silver staining. The silver staining procedure for NOR's was simplified and standardized through control of the chemical and physical conditions during silver impregnation and developing.
Transport of Heat from Metals to Insulators at Low Temperatures

The thermal relaxation times of thin indium and lead films evaporated on sapphire and quartz single-crystal substrates have been measured. These times are compared with the predictions of two models for the heat-loss process. The first assumes perfect thermal contact between the two materials and corresponds to perfect black-body phonon radiation from the film into the insulator. The second, which predicts a somewhat reduced rate of heat loss (up to \ensuremath{\sim}40% less), corresponds to an acoustic-mismatch model in which the reflection of phonons at the interface is considered. The possible relevance of these two models to the experimental situation in which a metal film is involved is discussed. Experimentally it is found that the results for the indium films approach the predictions for the perfect-thermal-contact model, while the results for the lead films show a slower rate of heat loss than either model predicts. Comparison to other experimental results is also made.
Leptonic octets and heavy-lepton decays in an SU(3) gauge theory

Unified weak-electromagnetic gauge theories based on the group SU(3) are discussed in some detail. In particular, the consequences of assigning the electron, the muon, and the newly discovered lepton of Perl et al. to an octet are explored. Almost uniquely, this leads to the prediction that the Perl particle decays preferentially into muons and neutrinos rather than into electrons and neutrinos. This means that in the e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation experiments there should be more ..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ pairs than e/sup +/e/sup -/ pairs, after subtraction of background. Such a situation would be very difficult to achieve naturally in the framework of an SU(2) x U(1) gauge theory. The hadron sector of the theory and neutral-current reactions are also discussed as well as some general considerations on the construction of weak-interaction gauge theories with large groups. (AIP)
Safety and efficacy of manual stepping and overlapping of beta-emitter for diffuse in-stent restenosis lesions.

Abstract Background: The effects of overlapping β-emitter sources on the treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) lesions as a result of manual stepping are unknown. Methods and results: In the BETA WRIST (Beta Washington Radiation for In-stent Restenosis Trial), 17 out of the 50 patients who received radiation treatment had diffuse ISR in native coronaries that required manual stepping of the β-emitter ( 90 Y) source in order to cover the lesion and the edges. Fourteen of those patients received radiation with an overlap of up to 3 mm in the middle of the stented segment. The prescribed dose was 20.6 Gy to a distance of 1.0 mm from the surface of the inflated balloon, and the calculated dose to the vessel wall at the overlapped area did not exceed 75 Gy. There was no difference in late total occlusion (7.1% vs. 9.0%, P =NS) and target lesion revascularization (28.5% vs. 27.2%, P =NS) between patients with stepping and those without stepping. At 6 months, there was no evidence of perforation or aneurysm at the overlapped segments. Quantitative coronary angiographic (QCA) analysis revealed significantly reduced late loss in the overlapped segment compared to the adjacent segment ( P =.04). Serial (postradiation vs. follow-up) IVUS measurement showed larger mean lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) ( P =.0035) and smaller mean intimal hyperplasia (IH) CSA ( P =.0010) in the overlapped segment compared to the adjacent segment. Conclusion: Manual stepping of β-emitter source with a short overlapped segment is safe for diffuse ISR. Further increase in lumen dimension and reduction in IH formation are observed at the overlapped segment.
Playing a Story: Narrative and Writing-Like Features in Scenes of Dramatic Play.

Abstract This paper describes the ways in which one group of Head Start children included narrative features in their naturally occurring dramatic play and engaged in behaviors similar to process writing. Young children can initiate and develop unassisted dramatic play and communicate with peers during this process (Allgeier, 1991; Roskos, 1988; Walker, 1992; Weinberger & Starkey, 1994). Young children can also include narrative features in their play (Roskos, 1988). This paper extends information about narrative features by describing play behaviors similar to mapping and revision (Graves, 1983; Routman, 1994). Findings presented are part of a larger non‐intervention observational study that focused on the nature of the children's play and its contexts for literacy development.
The effect of axial stretching on the three-dimensional stability of a vortex pair

The stability of a pair of counter-rotating vortices to three-dimensional disturbances in the presence of a stretching flow is studied for vortices of small circular cross-section. The problem is reduced to a system of two first-order, linear ordinary differential equations, which can be integrated numerically to obtain the change in the perturbation of the vortex pair with time. The stability of the vortex pair depends upon four dimensionless constants, two of which characterize the stretching flow. Computations indicate that stretching usually exerts a stabilizing influence on the vortex pair, although in many cases the perturbation amplitude may initially increase and then decrease at some later time due to the effects of stretching. The results of the study are applied to investigate stability of hairpin vortices that are typically observed in turbulent shear flows. An estimate of the percentage increase in perturbation amplitude of a hairpin vortex in a homogeneous turbulent shear flow is given as a function of the stretch of the hairpin for different values of the dimensionless perturbation wavenumber and the microscale Reynolds number Reλ = λq/ν (based on the Taylor microscale λ and the turbulent kinetic energy ½q2). The maximum percentage growth of a perturbation of the legs of a hairpin vortex in a turbulent shear flow is found to decrease with increase in Reλ.