cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a Gigabit Host-Network Interface

We have proposed a new architecture called Axon that meets the challenges of delivering high network bandwidth directly to applications. Its novel aspects include: an integrated design of host and network interface hardware, operating systems, and communication protocols; the proper division of hardware and software function; reorganisation of end-to-end protocols to take advantage of the increased functionality of the emerging high speed internetworks; and a pipelined interface between the network and host memory with no packet buffering.The pipelined network interface performs critical per packet processing in hardware as packets flow through the pipeline, without imposing any store-and-forward buffering of packets. This requires the design of error and flow control mechanisms to be simple enough for implementation in the network interface hardware, while providing the functionality required by applications.This paper describes the design of the host-network interface, and, in particular, the hardware design of the critical per packet processing with emphasis on error and flow control. An extensive simulation model of the network interface hardware has been used to determine the feasibility and performance of hardware implementation of these functions.
Abundances in Globular Clusters

Large inter- and intra-cluster abundance variations of several light elements are observed among Galactic globular cluster stars. Correlations among these abundances suggest that many of the chemical inhomogeneities have been caused by high temperature advanced proton-capture fusion reactions. The evidence for this proton-capture reshuffling is addressed, along with comments on possible sites for this nucleosynthesis.
Online Learning and Mentors: Addressing the Shortage of Rural Special Educators Through Technology and Collaboration

This article describes a promising model in comprehensive special education personnel preparation to support the recruitment and retention of special education teachers in rural areas. The approach...
Magnetic Islands in the Near Geomagnetic Tail and Its Implications for the Mechanism of 1054 UT CDAW 6 Substorm

During the 1054 UT CDAW 6 substorm event, two ISEE spacecraft observed dynamic changes in the magnetic field and in the flux of energetic particles in the near-earth plasma sheet. In the substorm growth phase, the magnetic field at both ISEE spacecraft became tail-like. Following expansion phase onset, two small scale magnetic islands were observed moving tailward at a velocity of about 580 km/s. The passage of these two magnetic islands was coincident with bursts of tailward streaming energetic particles. The length of the magnetic loops was estimated to have been about 2 to 3 earth radii while the height of the loops was less than 0.5 earth radii. The magnetic islands were produced by multipoint reconnection processes in the near tail plasma sheet which may have been associated with the formation of the near-earth neutral line and the subsequent formation of a large scale plasmoid. The near-earth neutral line retreated tailward later in the expansion phase, as suggested by the reversal of the streaming of energetic particles.
Maintaining professionalism: emotional labor among lawyers as client advisors

AbstractDominant professional ideology dictates that lawyers behave professionally toward clients by using logical, rational reasoning and expression and by leaving emotion and personal feelings out of their work. However, this ideology overlooks the fact that lawyers who work in settings that feature high client contact often labor under very emotionally charged circumstances. As a result, lawyers must use emotional labor to cope with their own feelings while maintaining their professional display. Using qualitative data based on semi-structured interviews with twenty lawyers in the Midwestern United States, I show that the lawyers interviewed in this study cope with their own feelings by using emotional labor to suppress the spontaneous expression of personal feelings, while working to evoke a display of emotions that does not run afoul of traditional standards of legal professionalism. Their use of emotional labor to cope with their feelings came in four forms: expression of genuine emotion, deep actin...
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Creating a Crosswalk with the Mini-Mental State Examination.

Objectives To establish Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores that correspond to well-established cut-points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting General medical service of a large teaching hospital. Participants Individuals aged 75 and older (N = 199; mean age 84, 63% female). Measurements The MoCA (range 0–30) and the MMSE (range 0–30) were administered within 2 hours of each other. The Abbreviated MoCA (A-MoCA; range 0–22) was calculated from the full MoCA. Scores from the three tests were analyzed using equipercentile equating, a statistical method for determining comparable scores on different tests of a similar construct by estimating percentile equivalents. Results MoCA scores were lower (mean 19.3 ± 5.8) than MMSE scored (mean 24.1 ± 6.6). Traditional MMSE cut-points of 27 for mild cognitive impairment and 23 for dementia corresponded to MoCA scores of 23 and 17, respectively. Conclusion Scores on the full and abbreviated versions of the MoCA can be linked directly to the MMSE. The MoCA may be more sensitive to changes in cognitive performance at higher levels of functioning.
Zinc deficiency-induced changes in rat parotid salivary proteins

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of zinc deficiency on rat parotid salivary proteins. Male rats were fed a pelleted diet containing either 40 ppm Zn (ad libitum- and pair-fed control groups) or 0.9 ppm Zn (zinc-deficient group) for a period of 4 weeks. At the time they were killed, stimulated parotid saliva was collected and analyzed for concentration and composition of secretory protein. In addition, gland specimens were examined ultrastructurally, and liver and serum samples were assayed for zinc concentration. The zinc-deficient group exhibited retarded body growth, decreased appetite and significantly lower serum and liver zinc concentrations. The most significant finding in the saliva of the deficient animals was the marked reduction in acidic proline-rich proteins. Parotid gland secretory activity also seemed reduced. Morphologically, distinctive secretory granules were observed in the acini of the deficient animals. The altered composition of salivary secretory proteins coupled with a diminished flow rate may, in part, be responsible for the increased susceptibility to dental caries in zinc-deficient rats.
Increased Colonic Luminal Synthesis of Butyric Acid Is Associated with Lowered Colonic Cell Proliferation in Piglets

Butyric acid is a product of the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate in the rumen of multigastric animals and in the colon of omnivores such as swine or humans (1). In cultured, colonic neoplastic cells, butyrate arrests the cell cycle and stimulates terminal cellular differentiation (2,3). The mechanisms for these effects have been studied at length. In cultured mammalian cells, butyrate inhibits histone deacetylase activity, which leads to histone hyperacetylation and transcriptional activation of the p21Waf1/Cip1 gene; this in turn leads to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity and arrest of the cell cycle (4–6). In contrast, the literature suggests that butyrate infused into the colonic lumen increases cell proliferation, although its stimulatory effects on cell proliferation may be confined to the crypt base (lower 40%) rather than the surface, the primary location of new cancers (7–11). Cell culture media concentrations of butyrate and glucose used in some studies, the use of neoplastic cells, and the artificial nature of in vitro studies (lack of a mucin barrier to absorption of substrates) could limit the clinical relevance of in vitro studies (3,12). However, one also could question the relevance of some in vivo studies if they are not based on known physiologic rates of entry of butyrate into the lumen because pharmacologic doses of butyrate, like other organic acids, may be toxic to the colonic mucosa (13–15). The main purpose of the present study was to assess the rate of colonic luminal butyrate production in an in vivo model of lactulose fermentation previously shown to decrease cecal cell proliferation and to determine whether abnormal synthesis of butyrate is associated with the changes observed in the proliferation of colonocytes (16,17). Previously, we used graded doses of lactulose, an indigestible disaccharide of fructose and galactose, to study fermentation and cecal cell proliferation and apoptosis in piglets (16–18). In 2 earlier studies (16,17), chronic feeding of lactulose at large doses sufficient to cause osmotic diarrhea did not affect weight gain or apparent dietary energy utilization but caused abnormally decreased cecal cell proliferation. In one study (17), prefeeding inulin, a fructooligosaccharide, then stopping this supplement and feeding lactulose, prevented the decline in cell proliferation. Based on the assumption that butyrate stimulates colonic cell proliferation in vivo, our main hypothesis was that lactulose feeding sufficient to cause diarrhea would impair butyrate synthesis. However, based on the results of our previous study (17), we also tested an additional hypothesis that pre-feeding and concurrent feeding of inulin would prevent this decrement in butyrate synthesis, possibly by stimulating compensatory bacterial fermentation (16,17).
Factors affecting larval tick feeding success: host, density and time

Background Ectoparasites rely on blood-feeding to sustain activity, support development and produce offspring. Blood-feeding is also a route for transmission of diverse vector-borne pathogens. The likelihood of successfully feeding is thus an important aspect of ectoparasite population dynamics and pathogen transmission. Factors that affect blood-feeding include ectoparasite density, host defenses, and ages of the host and ectoparasite. How these factors interact to affect feeding success is not well understood.
A Critical Review of Concept Mapping Research Literature: Informing Teaching and Learning Practices in GED Preparation Programs

Concept maps (Cmaps) are still underutilized in adult literacy programs and classes. The teaching and learning approaches that have been used historically in adult literacy programs to address the learning needs of these students have not kept pace with the literacy skill demands that have sprung from the increased pace of technological innovation. This study investigated published reports of empirical research studies that have tested the effects of Cmaps on the achievement ability of a wide variety of learners. The literature review included 55 refereed journal articles. Our findings provide useful information for adult literacy practitioners interested in utilizing concept mapping as an approach to teaching and learning in their classes.
THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION IN THE 21ST CENTURY: INTRODUCTION

After a long period of neglect, sociologists have rediscovered the study of religion in recent decades. This growing interest in religion can be traced to several factors. For example, daily news h...
Physical properties of individual coronal loops in a solar active region observed in the XUV

The physical properties of individual coronal loops in a solar active region observed in the XUV by the slitless objective grating spectroheliograph on board Skylab are investigated. Spectroheliograms of the normal active loop region McMath 12378 reveal three distinctive structural groups of loops in different temperature ranges, namely (1) small compact and smaller loops at temperatures of about 2,000,000 K observed in Fe XV and Fe XVI; (2) large Ne VII and Mg IX loops at temperatures from 500,000 to 1,000,000 K; and (3) chromospheric ribbons in He II and H alpha. The temperature of the active region is found to be uniform at about 2,000,000 K in the loops and background while loop density is found to be 3.5 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm in the loops and 2.5 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm in the surrounding background. Significant changes in the active region are observed in 24 h, although the gross temperature density structures of many loops do not show changes in 7 min. Gas pressure within the coronal loops is found to be about 40% greater than that of the background plasma. The observed loop parameters are noted to be consistent with flux-limited models of density enhancement in magnetic flux tubes and thus no esoteric heating function is required.
The contribution of intangible assets and expenditures to shareholder value

The present study investigates the role of intangible assets and expenditures in the search for shareholder value. Recognizing the limitation of traditional financial measures of performance, this study assesses the impact of intangible assets and expenditures on a direct measure of corporate shareholder accountability, market‐adjusted holding period returns. Utilizing a sample of 1,657 actively traded manufacturing firms, the results indicate that advertising, goodwill, and research and development do not have significant positive impact on shareholder value, as measured by holding period returns. Instead, only intangible assets other than goodwill, which include the value of patents, copyrights, licenses, and trademarks, have a positive impact on shareholder value.
Three Kinds of Constitutional Founding and Change: The Convention Model and Its Alternatives

Constitutional regimes may be divided into three types, the Single Lawgiver Model, the Immemorial Customs and Usages Model, and the Constitutional Convention Model. Each type provides for change differently. The first type of constitution, common in ancient regimes, is typically founded by a single individual, justified by divine authority, and difficult to change. The second model, with less discrete beginnings, claims to be the product of the distilled wisdom of time and experience. While in some such systems, the legislature is technically sovereign and the constitution is therefore quite "flexible," typically change proceeds quite slowly, and major changes may prove difficult to accommodate. In the third model, a constitutional convention writes a constitution superior to ordinary legislation and provides for formal changes in discrete increments. This model, formulated in America, has not been instituted in pure form, and shares characteristics of the other two. The overlap among these models continu...
Comment on “vibration to vibration energy transfer via short range forces”

Abstract Using a semiclassical model it is shown that the calculations of Stettler and Witriol, which purport to show that short range forces are responsible for the large cross sections, and their inverse temperature dependence, of resonant vibrational energy transfer, involve fallacious arguments. The limits of applicability of the impact parameter approximation, and of the perturbation approximation are discussed, in so far as they affect the validity of their model.
Self-control of chronic fingernail biting

Abstract Volunteer chronic fingernail biters participated in a behavioral self-control program that employed self-monitoring, self-punishment, and self-reward techniques. Gains in nail length and improved cosmetic appearance persisted through a follow-up evaluation. Although the comprehensive self-control program appears to be highly effective, the relative efficacy of individual treatment components was not clearly established.
The Steiner tree problem I: Formulations, compositions and extension of facets

In this paper we give some integer programming formulations for the Steiner tree problem on undirected and directed graphs and study the associated polyhedra. We give some families of facets for the undirected case along with some compositions and extensions. We also give a projection that relates the Steiner tree polyhedron on an undirected graph to the polyhedron for the corresponding directed graph. This is used to show that the LP-relaxation of the directed formulation is superior to the LP-relaxation of the undirected one.
Identifying willingness-to-pay for heterogeneous goods with factorial survey methods

Abstract It has been difficult to estimate underlying willingness-to-pay parameters for attributes of heterogeneous goods, such as environmental quality, though hedonic price functions. This paper links sociological factorial survey analysis with hedonic price analysis. Vignettes are multidimensional vectors, constructed orthogonally. Differences among vignette ratings allow estimation of individual valuations of the attributes. The paper establishes a theoretical framework linking the two analyses. Vignette and hedonic price functions are then estimated and linked at the margin to provide dollar values for marginal vignette ratings. Ratios of these ratings are then used to impute willingness-to-pay for attributes.
Property Tax Equalization Rates: Implications of Their Use in Tax Inequality Cases in the City of New York

. The New State Board of Equalization and Assessment annually determines for each taxing jurisdiction within the state, an estimate of the ratio of its assessed values to market values. The methods used in constructing such ratios are reviewed as well as the ways in which the ratios are used. Special emphasis is given to the use of the ratio by taxpayers in tax inequality or certiorari cases. Using data on New York City, it is estimated that maximum use of the ratio in such cases could lead to as much as a 22 percent reduction in the City's property tax base. As well, estimates are made of the redistributive effects across different property types in the city under the assumption that tax rates are increased to just offset the revenue effects of the tax base erosion. The most obvious effect is the increased burden on residential housing owner-occupiers.
Reflections on the organization‐communication equivalency question: The contributions of James Taylor and his colleagues

The work of James Taylor and his colleagues offers a promising alternative for changing the ways in which the communication‐organization relationship has been conceived. They eschew traditional container and production metaphors and posit an equivalency relationship, a radical turn that suggests that communication and organization are the same phenomena expressed in different ways. This article positions the work of Taylor and colleagues within the broader field of discursive approaches to organizational communication, discusses some central themes in their work, and addresses a few of the challenges that lie ahead.
THE EFFECT OF ŒSTROGEN UPON ASCENDING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN RATS

SUMMARY Rats were inoculated transurethrally with E. coli 14 days after treatment with ostrogen, 35 days after treatment with ostrogen, or without ostrogen therapy. The ostrogen produced gross hydronephrosis in 82 per cent, of the animais after 28 days of therapy and 100 per cent, by day 63. The animais inoculated 14 days after ostrogen treatment had begun handled their infections as well as the controls, but those that were treated for 35 days developed persistent high colony counts in the bladder and kidneys. Histological changes of the urinary tract produced by ostrogen therapy and possible correlations to the persistent bacteriuria of pregnancy are discussed.
Cervical spine outcomes questionnaire: its development and psychometric properties.

Study Design.A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze a convenience sample of patients seeking treatment for cervical spine conditions.Objective.To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a comprehensive, disease-specific questionnaire for characterizing complaints of neck pain a
The Neural Network Basis for Abnormalities of Attention and Executive Function in Major Depressive Disorder: Implications for Application of the Medical Disease Model to Psychiatric Disorders

The deficits in attention and executive function characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD) are reviewed. The networks underlying attention and executive function, the neuropsychological tests commonly used to evaluate these domains, and the neuroanatomy of MDD are also discussed. A neural network approach to the attentional and executive function deficits of MDD has ramifications for hypothesis-guided research, the cognitive model of depression, and application of the medical disease model to psychiatric disorders.
Functional testing of LSI/VLSI chipsߞA survey

Many approaches have been suggested in recent years for functional testing of LSI/VLSI chips. Most of these techniques are reviewed in this paper and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. Finally, some suggestions for future work in functional testing are made.
Analysis of a thin, silicon-oxide, silicon-nitride multilayer target by time-of-flight medium energy backscattering

Abstract Initial results of a program to optimize the resolution of a time-of-flight medium energy backscattering system for analyses of thin oxide and oxynitride films on silicon are reported. Through a redesign of the time-of-flight spectrometer, it has been possible not only to reduce the timing uncertainty attributable to differing path lengths but also, by deliberately introducing small path length differences correlated with scattering angle, to significantly reduce the kinematic dispersion resulting from the finite solid angle of the instrument. Straggling and the energy distribution of the secondary electrons which generate the start signal remain as the primary contributors to system timing uncertainty. Initial measurements of SiO2 and Si3N4 multilayer films in the 10 nm thickness range have been made using channeling in the 〈110〉 direction of the Si substrate to suppress background. The depth resolution of the measurements appears to be ≈ 2 nm.
On the mechanism of unsteady shock oscillation in shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

An experimental investigation into the mechanism of shock wave oscillation in compression ramp-generated shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions is presented. Particular emphasis is focused upon documenting the respective roles played by both burst-sweep events in the turbulent boundary layer immediately upstream of the interaction and the downstream separated shear layer upon unsteady shock front motion. Unlike the majority of compression ramp experiments which involve bulk separation and large-scale shock motion, consideration is given here to comparatively “weak” interactions in which the streamwise spatial excursion of the shock front is always less than one boundary layer thickness. In this manner any shock motion due to upstream burst-sweep events should be more apparent in relation to that oscillation associated with the separated region. A discrete Hilbert transform-based conditional sampling technique is used to obtain wall pressure measurements conditioned to burst-sweep events. The conditional sampling technique forms the basis by which the instantaneous shock motion is conditioned to the occurrence of upstream bursting. The relationship between the separation bubble and shock motion is also explored in detail. The results of the experiments indicate that the separation bubble represents a first-order effect on shock oscillation. Although it is demonstrated theoretically that the burst-sweep cycle can also give rise to unsteady shock motion of much lower amplitude, the experiments clearly demonstrate that there is no discernible statistical relationship between burst events and spanwise coherent shock front motion.
Effect of refractive dispersion on the trichromatic correlation of irradiances for atmospheric scintillation

Formulations of the trichromatic correlation of scintillating irradiance are corrected by introducing the cospectrum of the two different refractive indices in place of the refractive index power spectrum. Receiver aperture averaging is included in the formulation. The effect of dispersion on the bichromatic correlation coefficient is studied and quantified for four specific experimental cases. Dispersion of the water vapor refractive index between wavelengths in the visible and 10 µm window is of particular significance in this study. In most cases, the effect of dispersion on the bichromatic correlation coefficient is much less than on the ratio of monochromatic irradiance correlations, and is negligible for practical considerations. The exception is the case of such strong humidity fluctuations that they (as opposed to temperature fluctuations) cause most of the scintillation of the midinfrared radiation.
Filtering by Aliasing

In this manuscript we describe a fundamentally novel approach to the design of anti-aliasing filters. The approach, termed Filtering by Aliasing, incorporates the frequency-domain aliasing operation itself into the filtering task. The spectral content is spread with a periodic mixer and weighted with a simple analog filter before it aliases at the sampler. By designing the system according to the formulations presented in this manuscript, the sampled output will have been subjected to sharp, highly programmable anti-alias filtering. This manuscript describes the proposed Filtering by Aliasing idea, the effective programmable anti-aliasing filter, its design, and its range of frequency responses. The manuscript also addresses the implementation sensitivities of the proposed Filtering by Aliasing approach and provides a performance comparison against existing techniques in the context of reconfigurable anti-alias filtering.
Expression of angiogenesis-related genes during retinal development

We assessed expression patterns of angiogenesis-related genes in mouse retina during perinatal vascularization and in adulthood. Vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and its receptors flk, flt1, and neuropilins 1 and 2 are expressed in both vascularized and avascular areas. Within the expression domain for vegf, appearance of these receptors is spatially and temporally non-overlapping. Expression of flk, flt1, the matrix metalloproteinase mt1-mmp, and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase timp2, but not of mmp2, mmp9, timp1, or timp3, correlates with inner retinal vascularization. In particular, expression of flk, flt1 and mt1-mmp in the inner retina begins adjacent to the optic nerve head and extends anteriorly during the first week of life, roughly concordant with the growth of retinal vessels. Several genes (vegf, flk, flt1, timp2, possibly mmp9) appear to be expressed by retinal glia.
Computed tomography of the brain in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brain in a child with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome revealed enlargement of the ventricular system, hypoplasia of the cerebellum, and abnormal thickening of the gray matter, consistent with pachygyria. These findings have been previously noted in autopsies performed on patients with this disorder. We conclude that CT scanning is a valuable tool in the evaluation of children suspected of having the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. (J Child Neurol 1987;2:198-200).
Serum-effusion albumin gradient in dogs with transudative abdominal effusion.

A prospective clinical study in dogs with transudative abdominal effusions examined the clinical usefulness of the serum albumin-effusion albumin (SA-EA) gradient. In humans, the SA-EA gradient facilitates classification of abdominal effusion, with a gradient > or = 1.1 indicating the presence of portal hypertension. Gradient values proved useful for predicting therapeutic response to sodium restriction and diuresis in humans. Of 49 dogs evaluated, 25 had hepatobiliary disease (group 1) and 24 had other nonhepatobiliary conditions (group 2). Portal hypertension was clinically suspected in 24 of 25 dogs in group 1 and in 15 of 24 dogs in group 2. A broad range of SA-EA gradients was found. A gradient > or = 1.1 was found in 22 of 25 (88.0%) dogs with liver disease and in 14 of 24 (58.3%) dogs with other disorders. The median SA-EA gradient was higher in group 1 than in group 2, with values of 1.4 (range, 0.7-3.1) and 1.1 (range, 0.3-2.6), respectively (P < .04). Considerable overlapping of SA-EA gradients occurred between groups and among dogs with diverse conditions such that gradient values could not distinguish dogs with hepatobiliary disease from dogs with other conditions. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the SA-EA gradient in predicting portal hypertension in dogs with and without hepatobiliary disease (69.4%) exceeded that of hypoalbuminemia (57.1%). These findings suggest that portal hypertension is a predominant force in formation of transudative abdominal effusion in dogs with hepatobiliary disease and in dogs with other disorders. Whether the SA-EA gradient can be used to guide therapeutic mobilization of effusion in dogs remains to be proved.
Peyronie’s disease: Advances in basic science and pathophysiology

Peyronie’s disease is an idiopathic, localized connective tissue disorder of the penis that involves the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum and the adjacent areolar space. The tunica albuginea plays an important role in the mechanism of erection. Peyronie’s disease is characterized by local changes in the collagen and elastic fiber composition of the tunica albuginea. The formation of fibrotic plaques alters penile anatomy and can cause different degrees of bending, narrowing, or shortening of the penis. Moreover, a significant number of men with Peyronie’s disease develop erectile dysfunction. Penile blood flow studies in many patients with Peyronie’s disease suggest a strong association with veno-occlusive dysfunction. Although long recognized as an important clinical entity of the male genitalia, the etiology of this disease has remained poorly understood. The following review focuses on recent research on the pathophysiology of Peyronie’s disease.
Addressing network-on-chip router transient errors with inherent information redundancy

We exploit the inherent information redundancy in the control path of Network-on-Chip (NoC) routers to manage transient errors, preventing packet loss and misrouting. Outputs of the routing arbitration units in NoC routers can be used to determine arbitration failures, because the valid arbitration outputs are a subset of all possible values. This feature is exploited to detect and correct logic and register errors in the router arbitration control path. The proposed method is complementary to other error management methods for NoC routers. An analytical reliability model of our method is provided, including parameters such as logic unit size, different error rates for logic gates and registers, and the location of faulty elements. Compared to triple-modular redundancy (TMR), the proposed method improves the arbiter reliability by two orders of magnitude while reducing the total area and power by 43p and 64p, respectively. In the presented case studies, two traffic traces from the PARSEC benchmark suite are used to evaluate the average latency and energy consumption. Simulations performed on a 4× 4 NoC show that our method reduces the average latency by up to 50p and reduces average energy by up to 70p compared to other methods.
A preliminary study of joint surface changes after an intraarticular fracture: a sheep model of a tibia fracture with weight bearing after internal fixation.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the articular cartilage and subchondral bone after an osteotomy designed to simulate an articular fracture. Design The contribution of the cartilage and subchondral bone was evaluated twelve weeks after creating a 1.0-millimeter step-off in the medial plateau of the tibia of twelve adult domestic sheep. All animals surviving were labeled with fluorescent markers for bone production, oxytetracycline (fifty milligrams per kilogram), and calcein (twelve milligrams per kilogram) nine and 11.5 weeks after surgery. The knees were loaded in compression using an Instron materials tester with pressure-sensitive film to record joint contact pressures above and below the medial meniscus. Setting The studies were performed in the research laboratories of the Orthopaedic Laboratory at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington and the Madigan Army Medical Center in Tacoma, Washington. Animals Twelve adult domestic sheep. Intervention An intraarticular osteotomy of the medial tibial plateau with 1.0 millimeter of displacement was performed. The osteotomy was stabilized with 3.5-millimeter lag screws. Main Outcome Measures The contact pressures of the knee joint and articular histology were evaluated twelve weeks after surgery. Samples of the articular cartilage were analyzed by light microscopy and electron microscopy to evaluate the response of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the differential joint loading because of the irregularity in the articular surface caused by the osteotomy. Results The knees with an intraarticular step-off had two major contact areas with an intervening zone of reduced load corresponding to the edge of the depressed fragment. Coronal histologic sections through the articular surface showed the presence of thinning and fibrillation on the high side of the step-off and some compensatory hypertrophy of the cartilage. The subchondral bone was not responsible for restoring articular congruity because the rate of bone production was similar between the low side of the articular fracture (1.85 micrometers per day) and the high side of the fracture (1.67 micrometers per day). Scanning electron microscopy showed partial cartilage remodeling by deformation of the high side cartilage with bending of the vertical collagen fibrils, even in the unloaded state. Conclusions In this model with a small fracture displacement (1.0 millimeter), which was less than the thickness of the articular cartilage (1.5 millimeters), the contour of the joint improved despite residual articular surface incongruency after the fracture healing.
Extracting procedures from text

We present our progress on a fully automated system that extracts procedures from text. The system extracts a structured, plan-like graph that represents the procedure described in the text it was given. We hope such a system can be used to populate knowledge bases with real-world procedures that will fuel procedure representation and reasoning research geared towards everyday applications. The results obtained on the training data indicate that the task, and the method presented are feasible and should be investigated further.
Transcatheter CoreValve valve-in-valve implantation in a stentless porcine aortic valve for severe aortic regurgitation

Key Clinical Message We describe the first valve-in-valve Corevalve transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the St. Jude Toronto stentless porcine aortic valve in the United States, which enabled this 59-year-old patient with a history of bacterial endocarditis and aortic regurgitation to avoid heart transplant with complete resolution of his severe left ventricular dysfunction.
Development and reliability of the HAM-D/MADRS Interview: An integrated depression symptom rating scale

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), two widely used depression scales, each have unique advantages and limitations for research. The HAM-D's limited sensitivity and multidimensionality have been criticized, despite the scale's popularity. The MADRS, designed to be sensitive to treatment changes, is briefer and more uniform. A limitation of the MADRS is the lack of a structured interview, which may affect reliability. The HAM-D and the MADRS are often used conjointly as endpoints in depression trials. We designed a hybrid questionnaire that allows administration of MADRS and 31 HAM-D items simultaneously. Seventy mood disorder patients (60 bipolar I, 10 major depressive disorder) were administered the HAM-D/MADRS Interview (HMI) as part of a larger study. Interrater reliability for 50 patients was excellent for the HAM-D and the MADRS (ICC=0.97-0.98). MADRS item reliabilities (ICC=0.86-0.97) were higher than obtained in studies that did not use a structured interview. Reliability coefficients for seven HAM-D(31) 'atypical' symptoms ranged from 0.77 to 0.95. HMI was highly correlated with the Global Clinical Impressions Scale. This is the first study we know of to investigate the reliability of a structured interview of either the MADRS or of the HAM-D(31). The HMI provides an easily administered, reliable method of rating depression severity which may improve consistency and validity of study findings.
Carcinogenicity of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, dibenz[a,j]acridine and benzo[a]pyrene in mouse skin and liver following topical application

N-Heterocyclic aromatics are by-products of incomplete combustion of organic material. The overall objective of this study was to determine the relative carcinogenic potencies of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and dibenz[a,j]acridine (DBA) in a bioassay of complete carcinogenicity on mouse skin in a sensitive strain (Hsd:ICR(Br)) which has been used in metabolism and DNA binding studies of N-heterocyclic aromatics. No-treatment, acetone and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-treated animals were used as negative and positive control groups. DBC (50 nmol), DBA (50 nmol), BaP (50 nmol) or DBC plus BaP (25 nmol + 25 nmol) were applied twice weekly in 50 microliters acetone to the backs of 50 female mice/group for 99 weeks or until the appearance of a tumor. DBC, DBA, BaP and DBC plus BaP produced skin tumors in 43, 32, 49 and 42 of 50 mice each based on weekly visual observations with latent periods of 55.1, 62.2, 33.4 and 33.8 weeks, respectively. The histopathology data indicated primary skin lesions in 42, 27, 48 and 47 mice for DBC, DBA, BaP and DBC plus BaP, respectively. In addition, primary liver lesions in 37 mice were present in the DBC group. The morphological and morphometric data indicated a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) in mononuclear cells in the dermis for the BaP and DBC plus BaP groups relative to the control group. Significant increases (P < or = 0.05) were observed in the nuclear area, nucleoli per nucleus and cellular area of hepatocytes in the DBC treatment group relative to the control group. These data indicate that DBC is a potent liver carcinogen as well as a skin carcinogen following topical application.
Ironstack: Performance, Stability and Security for Power Grid Data Networks

Operators of the nationwide power grid use proprietary data networks to monitor and manage their power distribution systems. These purpose-built, wide area communication networks connect a complex array of equipment ranging from PMUs and synchrophasers to SCADA systems. Collectively, these equipment form part of an intricate feedback system that ensures the stability of the power grid. In support of this mission, the operational requirements of these networks mandates high performance, reliability, and security. We designed Iron Stack, a system to address these concerns. By using cutting-edge software defined networking technology, Iron Stack is able to use multiple network paths to improve communications bandwidth and latency, provide seamless failure recovery, and ensure signals security. Additionally, Iron Stack is incrementally deployable and backward-compatible with existing switching infrastructure.
The Location of Spinothalamic Axons within Spinal Cord White Matter in Cat and Squirrel Monkey

The locations of spinothalamic (STT) fibers in the spinal cord white matter have been identified in cat and squirrel monkey by light-microscopic visualization of labeled fibers following multiple thalamic injections of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Thalamic injections were combined with either a constricting dural tie or an intraspinal injection of colchicine to facilitate axonal labeling at more rostral spinal levels.In the cat, the ventral-to-dorsal distribution of labeled STT fibers was bimodal. In the ventrolateral white matter, labeled axons were coarse in nature and were primarily concentrated peripherally. In the dorsolateral white matter, labeled STT axons consisted of fine-caliber fibers concentrated in the ventral portion of the dorsolateral funiculus and were equally distributed throughout the medial and lateral white matter.In the squirrel monkey, the distribution of STT fibers was unimodal, extending from the ventral surface of the spinal white matter to the ventr...
Gender differences in enrollment in computer camps and classes

Informal reports suggest that computer literacy (computer awareness and programming skills) is sought more often by boys than girls. In order to gather more systematic data on this possibility, questionnaires were sent in the summer of 1982 to directors of summer camps and classes that offered training in programming for microcomputers. Twenty-three directors of summer programs, serving a total of 5,533 students, provided data on enrollment, type of sponsorship of programs (private, public schools, universities), level of difficulty of programming classes, cost, and residential versus day use. Three times as many boys as girls were enrolled in the total sample. The ratio of males to females increased with grade, cost of program, and level of difficulty of course offerings. Possible explanations for differences in enrollment are discussed.
Toward a quantum trajectory-based rate theory

We describe a new approach to incorporating quantum effects into chemical reaction rate theory using quantum trajectories. Our development is based on the entangled trajectory molecular dynamics method for simulating quantum processes using trajectory integration and ensemble averaging. By making dynamical approximations similar to those underlying classical transition state theory, quantum corrections are incorporated analytically into the quantum rate expression. We focus on a simple model of quantum decay in a metastable system and consider the deep tunneling limit where the classical rate vanishes and the process is entirely quantum mechanical. We compare our approximate estimate with the well-known WKB tunneling rate and find qualitative agreement.
How movements move: The dynamics of an ecoprotest campaign

Abstract While our knowledge of the structural conditions giving rise to movements has grown, our understanding of their dynamics remains limited. Such is particularly the case with respect to the new social movements of postindustrial polities. Two heuristic models of movement change are developed: vanguard mobilization and grassroots initiative. The models have different predictions about the (1) dynamics of community opinion, (2) differences between old and new adherents, and (3) variation among the new adherents. The predictions are tested with data from a quasi-panel survey of a western New York community concerning a nuclear waste facility. The grassroots initiative model best characterizes the dynamics. The broader implications for movement growth, cooptation, success, and demise are discussed.
Nighttime sleep duration and externalizing behaviors of preschool children

OBJECTIVE: To examine how many hours preschool children in the United States sleep at night and to test the hypothesis that children with shorter nighttime sleep duration are more likely to exhibit externalizing behaviors. METHODS: The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort is a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study that followed children born in 2001 through kindergarten. This cross-sectional study examines the preschool wave (n = ∼8950). We estimated nighttime sleep duration from parent's reports of their 4-year-old child's typical weekday bed and wake times. Parents rated their child on 6 different externalizing behaviors (overactivity, anger, aggression, impulsivity, tantrums, and annoying behaviors) on a scale from 1 through 5 using the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale-second edition. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the association between sleep duration and behavior scores and to control for possible confounders. RESULTS: Results are weighted to total United States population, ∼3,895,100 children born in 2001. Mean sleep duration was 10.47 hours. Mean bedtime was 8:39 PM and wake time was 7:13 AM. The adjusted odds ratios for children sleeping Language: en
High-level variable selection for partial-scan implementation

We propose a high level variable selection for partial scan approach to improve the testability of digital systems. The testability of a design is evaluated at the high level based on previously proposed controllability and observability measures. A testability grading technique is utilized to measure the relative testability improvement in a design, as the result of making a subset of the variables fully controllable and observable. The variables that cause the greatest testability improvement are selected and the selection process is performed incrementally until no further testability improvement can be achieved. Then the registers that correspond to the selected variables are placed in the scan chain for partial scan implementation. The experimental results show that the variable selection approach produces partial scan implementations that can achieve high fault coverage, while the logic overheads are fairly low.
Acidification of calf bedding reduces fly development and bacterial abundance.

Abstract Environmental stressors, such as high fly density, can affect calf well-being. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is an acidifier that reduces the pH of flooring and bedding, creating a medium that neither bacteria nor immature flies (also known as larvae or maggots) can thrive in. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the application of SBS to a mixture of rice hull calf bedding and calf slurry (BED) to reduce house fly ( Musca domestica L.) larval density and the abundance of bacteria. In experiment 1, dish pans containing 1L of BED and 3,000 house fly eggs were treated with SBS at concentrations of 0, 8.9, 17.7, and 26.5g of SBS/0.05m 2 of BED (CON, LOW, MED, and HIGH, respectively), with each SBS concentration applied to 4 individual pans (16 pans total). Reapplication of the same SBS concentrations in each pan occurred 3 times/wk throughout the 23-d trial. Larval house fly survival was significantly reduced in all pans with SBS relative to CON pans, with lowest survival rates in the MED and HIGH pans (99% and 100% reduction, respectively). The mean pH for each treatment was inversely related to the SBS concentration. In experiment 2, pans containing 1L of BED and 3,000 house fly eggs were treated with either 0g of SBS (CON), 8.9g of SBS/0.05m 2 of BED with reapplication of the acidifier 3 times/wk (SB3×), or 8.9g of SBS/0.05m 2 of BED applied only once at 48h before the end of the 8 d-trial (SB48). Larval house fly survival and bacterial concentrations were reduced (90% larval reduction and 68% bacterial reduction) in the SB3× treatment relative to the CON. Mean pH was also reduced in SB3× pans relative to CON or SB48 pans. Overall, acidification of calf BED using the acidifier SBS resulted in a reduction of bacteria and house fly larval survival. This form of fly control might be expected to reduce adult fly production and, therefore, fly-related stress in calves.
On the determinacy of motions for the displacement problem in the dynamics of elastic bodies with viscosity

For a class of materials in which the stress depends upon the deformation and its rate, we show-without the aid of linearizing assumptions-that the solution to the displacement initial boundary-value problem is unique.