cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Effects of a Vertical Time Threshold for a Class of Well-Clear Definitions

A fundamental requirement for the integration of unmanned aircraft into civil airspace is the capability of aircraft to remain well clear of each other and avoid collisions. This requirement has led to a broad recognition of the need for an unambiguous, formal definition of well clear. It is further recognized that any such definition must be interoperable with existing airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). A particular class of well-clear definitions uses logic checks of independent distance thresholds as well as independent time thresholds in the vertical and horizontal dimensions to determine if a well-clear violation is predicted to occur within a given time interval. Existing ACAS systems also use independent distance thresholds, however a common time threshold is used for the vertical and horizontal logic checks. The main contribution of this paper is the characterization of the effects of the decoupled vertical time threshold on a well-clear definition in terms of (1) time to well-clear violation, and (2) interoperability with existing ACAS. The paper provides governing equations for both metrics and includes simulation results to illustrate the relationships. In this paper, interoperability implies that the time of well-clear violation is strictly less than the time a resolution advisory is issued by ACAS. The encounter geometries under consideration in this paper are initially well clear and consist of constant-velocity trajectories resulting in near-mid-air collisions.
Modern foraging: Presence of food and energy density influence motivational processing of food advertisements

More energy dense foods are preferable from an optimal foraging perspective, which suggests these foods are more motivationally relevant due to their greater capability of fulfilling biological imperatives. This increase in motivational relevance may be exacerbated in circumstances where foraging will be necessary. This study examined how food energy density and presence of food in the immediate environment interacted to influence motivational processing of food advertisements. N = 58 adults viewed advertisements for foods varying in energy density in contexts where the advertised food was actually present in the viewing room or not. Advertisements for more energy dense foods elicited greater skin conductivity level compared to ads for less energy dense foods when food was not present. All ads elicited decreases in corrugator supercilii activation indicating positive emotional response resultant from appetitive motivational activation, though the greatest activation was exhibited toward higher energy density foods when food was present. This supports an optimal foraging perspective and has implications for healthy eating interventions.
Early Airway Intervention for Craniofacial Anomalies

This article reviews the presentation of children with craniofacial anomalies by the most common sites of airway obstruction. Major craniofacial anomalies may be categorized into those with midface hypoplasia, mandible hypoplasia, combined midface and mandible hypoplasia, and midline deformities. Algorithms of airway interventions are provided to guide the initial management of these complex patients.
A rational approach to select the number of field tests required to determine subgrade properties

AbstractThis paper presents a rational approach to answer the questions of how many field tests need to be performed at a test site to determine its subgrade strength properties, and what inference...
The Amorite Problem: resolving an historical dilemma

For decades, archaeologists and historians have debated explanations for the socio-cultural transitions that occurred throughout much of the Near East around the turn of the 2nd millennium BC. One culture-historical explanation that was popularized more than half a century ago is cultural diffusion via mass migration, particularly of the Amorites, an ambiguous population whom some consider responsible for initiating and spreading Middle Bronze Age culture. Although today’s scholarly consensus has, in the main, departed from such perspectives, the spectre of the Amorites persists. The present work scrutinizes the textual and material records upon which assumptions of Amorite ethnicity and shared material culture are based. Based on a longue duree contextual approach to the archaeological record, we test the problematic Amorite Hypothesis and underlying assumptions. We argue for mainly long-term indigenous trajectories toward social complexity from the perspective of the southern Levant.
Grey's Anatomy effect: television portrayal of patients with trauma may cultivate unrealistic patient and family expectations after injury.

Background Expectations of the healthcare experience may be influenced by television dramas set in the hospital workplace. It is our perception that the fictional television portrayal of hospitalization after injury in such dramas is misrepresentative. The purpose of this study was to compare trauma outcomes on television dramas versus reality. Methods We screened 269 episodes of Grey’s Anatomy , a popular medical drama. A television (TV) registry was constructed by collecting data for each fictional trauma portrayed in the television series. Comparison data for a genuine patient cohort were obtained from the 2012 National Trauma Databank (NTDB) National Program Sample. Results 290 patients composed of the TV registry versus 4812 patients from NTDB. Mortality was higher on TV (22% vs 7%, P Conclusions Trauma patients as depicted on television dramas typically go from ED to OR, and survivors usually return home. Television portrayal of rapid functional recovery after major injury may cultivate false expectations among patients and their families. Level of evidence Level III.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Predictors of Variation in Infection by Posthodiplostomum minimum MacCallum, 1921 (Trematoda) in Sunfishes ( Lepomis Rafinesque, 1819) from Eastern Ohio.

Abstract The trematode Posthodiplostomum minimum MacCallum, 1921 (white grub) is a common parasite of centrarchid fishes, frequently reaching high prevalence and intensity in local populations. However, significant variation in infection has been observed across Lepomis Rafinesque, 1819 sunfish species, which are common and abundant hosts for this parasite. Previous observations suggest both extrinsic factors (e.g., habitat-specific characteristics and environmental parameters) and intrinsic factors (e.g., host size, behavior, and susceptibility) as important predictors of infection in this parasite–host system. In the present study, we evaluated the prevalence and intensity of P. minimum in 6 sympatric species of Lepomis sunfish (total of 563 individuals) across 9 lakes in eastern Ohio, U.S.A., that range in surface area from 5.6 to 1,448.7 hectares, and assessed the importance of both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as predictors of infection. We found that collection site (extrinsic factor) and host bo...
Peripheral and Central Nutrient Sensing Underlying Appetite Regulation

The precise regulation of fluid and energy homeostasis is essential for survival. It is well appreciated that ingestive behaviors are tightly regulated by both peripheral sensory inputs and central appetite signals. With recent neurogenetic technologies, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of basic taste qualities, the molecular and/or cellular basis of taste sensing, and the central circuits for thirst and hunger. In this review, we first highlight the functional similarities and differences between mammalian and invertebrate taste processing. We then discuss how central thirst and hunger signals interact with peripheral sensory signals to regulate ingestive behaviors. We finally indicate some of the directions for future research.
A neural network based pattern recognition system for somatic embryos of Douglas fir

A pattern recognition system was developed to classify Douglas fir somatic embryos by employing an image analysis system and two neural network based classifiers. The contour of embryo images was segmented, digitalized and converted to numerical values after the discrete and fast Fourier transformation. These values, or Fourier features, along with some other shape factors, were used for embryo classification. The pattern recognition system used a hierarchical decision tree to classify Douglas fir embryos into three normal and one abnormal embryo classes. An accuracy of greater than 80% was achieved for normal embryos. This system provides an objective and efficient method of classifying embryos of Douglas fir. It will be a useful tool for kinetic studies and process optimization of conifer somatic embryogenesis.
Plasma hemoglobin-binding capacity in sickle cell disease.

Studies of the capacity of plasma proteins to bind hemoglobin were made in patients with sickle cell anemia (SS), sickle cell trait (SA), hemoglobin C disease and in patients with hemolytic anemias. Hemoglobin binding was quantitatively normal in sickle cell trait, but was greatly reduced or absent in sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin C disease and in other hemolytic disorders. These alterations have been attributed to a reduction in the level of hemoglobin-binding proteins in circulating plasma. The mechanism of this reduction was not established, but the observed changes were correlated with the presence of increased hemolytic activity. The binding of hemoglobin C and hemoglobin S by normal plasma was quantitatively normal.
On the origin of a species: evolution of health sciences librarianship.

Abstract The basic role of the health sciences librarian has not significantly changed throughout history. It has been- and remains-to collect information and organize it for effective use. What has changed is the environment in which this role is carried out and the tools used to accomplish the tasks. Over the one hundred-year history of the evolution of health sciences librarianship, we have used specialty education as the mechanism for differentiating ourselves from other types of librarianship and for acquiring the knowledge and skills to succeed in our profession. Changing conditions require a continual review of our specialty education and a willingness to modify it in order to prepare ourselves for changing environments. A review of specialty education for health sciences librarianship reveals that we have always adapted to new and changing conditions and will continue to do so in the future.
La- and La-/Ce-Doped BaF 2 Crystals for Future HEP Experiments at the Energy and Intensity Frontiers Part II

In addition to La-doped barium fluoride (BaF2) crystals, La/Ce co-doped BaF2 crystals were also investigated at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. Strong cerium-induced emissions peaked at 305 and 320 nm with a decay time of 25 ns were observed, in addition to the fast and slow scintillation at 220 and 300 nm, respectively. The La/Ce co-doping was also found effective in suppressing the slow component in BaF2. Compared to La-doped crystals, the La/Ce co-doped crystals have a better light output in both 50- and 2500-ns gate. The fast/slow ratio of La/Ce co-doped crystal was found to be about 1/1, similar to La-doping, which is also considered not sufficient for pile-up suppression. A 20-cm-long La/Ce co-doped BaF2 crystal shows also excellent optical quality and light response uniformity.
Abstract P5-11-09: Feasibility of tracking plasma DNA mutation kinetics in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer using a novel digital PCR amplicon sequencing assay

Estrogen Receptor 1 ( ESR1 ) gene mutations in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are associated with clinical resistance to endocrine therapy. A highly sensitive digital PCR (dPCR) assay was developed to evaluate the baseline abundance and kinetics of hotspot ESR1 mutations in plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from 58 ER+ MBC patients who had progressed on at least one line of prior endocrine therapy. Consistent with prior reports, we demonstrate that detection of hotspot ESR1 mutations in plasma ctDNA is associated with shorter progression-free survival. However, after patients initiated a new course of systemic therapy, changes in plasma ESR1 mutation abundance did not correlate with the duration of disease control. To investigate whether mutational heterogeneity may account for this lack of correlation, we developed a customized dPCR multiplexed amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay to detect plasma ctDNA mutations in the complete coding sequence of ESR1 and TP53 , as well as hotspot regions in PIK3CA . Assay validation revealed a 79% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting plasma ctDNA mutations with a lower limit of detecting a 1.6% mutant allele fraction. The NGS assay revealed non-hotspot ESR1 mutations in plasma DNA from 14 of 31 (45%) patients. We also observed dynamic changes in plasma ctDNA mutant allele fraction of PIK3CA and TP53 during systemic therapy. Changes in the cumulative mutant allele fraction of ESR1 , PIK3CA , and TP53 in plasma ctDNA correlated with duration of clinical treatment response in a limited subset of patients (n=8) for whom NGS was performed at two or more time points. Thus, mutational heterogeneity limits the clinical utility of monitoring individual hotspot mutations in ESR1 over time in ER+ MBC patients. However, a plasma ctDNA NGS assay targeting ESR1 , PIK3CA , and TP53 may be useful as an early predictor of response to systemic therapy. Citation Format: Kumar S, Lindsay D, Chen B, Garrett AL, Tan XM, Anders CK, Carey LA, Gupta GP. Feasibility of tracking plasma DNA mutation kinetics in estrogen receptor positive metastatic breast cancer using a novel digital PCR amplicon sequencing assay [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-09.
AN IPAD-BASED MEASURE OF PROCESSING SPEED IN OLDER ADULTS HOSPITALIZED FOR HEART FAILURE

In older adults hospitalized with heart failure (HF), cognitive impairment is associated with increased hospital readmission and mortality risk. There is no consensus on an objective, scalable method of cognitive screening in this population. The primary aim of this project was to determine the
Cloning of the cDNA for the Globin from the Clam, Barbatia Reeveana

The cDNA for the two domain globin from the clam, Barbatia reeveana, has been cloned and largely sequenced. The results show that the amino acid sequences which correspond to the E and F helices in vertebrate globins are 100% identical in the two domains even though other parts of the domains differ substantially. This finding is consistent with the possibility that the E and F helices form important intersubunit contacts in the clam hemoglobin.
Exploring the Funds of Knowledge with 108 Guatemalan Teachers

Using a reflective exercise designed for this study, Guatemalan educators explored their students’ and their own cultural capital. The cultural capsule exercise served as a vehicle to bring delicate issues that are difficult to discuss, but that are essential to effective schooling, to reflective conversations. A total of 108 teachers went beyond identifying problems and detailing frustrations, to exploring possibilities for action. Participants converged in sharing perspectives that Guatemala is a culture of silence, and used examples to illustrate how this perpetuates the limitations of the country’s schoolhouse. Findings reveal the teachers were challenged to focus on what can be accomplished. Qualitative data analyzes, conducted using symbolic convergence theory to establish recurrent and idea generation, suggest a need for further examination of how the sociocultural educational mandates delimit teachers’ ability to adjust the curriculum in consideration of learners’ funds of knowledge. Keywords: teachers’ voices, cultural capital, funds of knowledge, reflective educators, diverse indigenous cultures of Guatemala Resumen Docentes de una comunidad de Guatemala examinaron el capital cultural de sus estudiantes y de si mismos, usando un ejercicio desarrollado para este estudio. El ejercicio de la capsula cultural sirvio de vehiculo para aportar a la conversacion temas que, aunque delicados y dificiles de aproximar, son esenciales para establecer sistemas escolares efectivos. Un total de 108 maestros compartieron y detallaron sus frustraciones, y comenzaron a explorar cambios que ellos mismos podrian llevar a cabo. Los participantes convergieron en sus ideas para verificar sus puntos de vista que Guatemala es una cultura de silencio. Ellos ofrecieron ejemplos que detallaron el por que, este silencio perpetua y limita la escolarizacion. Datos cualitativos, documentados usando la teoria de la convergencia simbolica, se usaron para establecer temas que se repitieron y generaron ideas. Investigaciones futuras han de examinar el contexto educacional y sociocultural que evidentemente delimita como en Guatemala los maestros y sus estudiantes se desenvuelven en las escuelas, y consideran sus fondos de conocimientos. Palabras Claves: voces de los maestros, el capital cultural, educacion liberatoria, culturas indigenas de Guatemala
A Comprehensive Investigation of Modern Test Suite Optimization Trends, Tools and Techniques

Software testing is an important but expensive activity of software development life cycle, as it accounts for more than 52% of entire development cost. Testing requires the execution of all possible test cases in order to find the defects in the software. Therefore, different test suite optimization approaches like the genetic algorithm and the greedy algorithm, etc., are widely used to select the representative test suite without compromising the effectiveness. Test suite optimization is frequently researched to enhance its competences but there is no study published until now that analyzes the latest developments from 2016 to 2019. Hence, in this article, we systematically examine the state-of-the-art optimizations' approaches, tools, and supporting platforms. Principally, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to inspect and examine 58 selected studies that are published during 2016-2019. Subsequently, the selected researches are grouped into five main categories, i.e., greedy algorithm (seven studies), meta-heuristic (28 studies), hybrid (six studies), clustering (five studies), and general (12 studies). Finally, 32 leading tools have been presented, i.e., existing tools (25 tools) and proposed/developed tools (seven tools) along 14 platform supports. Furthermore, it is noted that several approaches aim at solving the single-objective optimization problem. Therefore, researchers should focus on dealing with the multi-objective problem, as multi-objective versions outperform the single-objective ones. Moreover, less attention has been given to clustering-based techniques. Thus, we recommend exploring the machine learning and artificial intelligence-based optimization approaches in the future. A broad exploration of tools and techniques, in this article, will help researchers, practitioners, and developers to opt for adequate techniques, tools, or platforms as per requirements.
Insider Horizon and Disclosure Policies

We investigate the relation between insider horizon and disclosure policy. First, we develop and analyze a rational expectations model where insiders commit to a disclosure policy. Counter to casual intuition, insiders with a short-horizon prefer more disclosure and are willing to bear costs of disclosure to reduce information asymmetries among capital market participants. We then empirically test our predictions in the setting of newly public firms and firms where the CEO is approaching retirement. We find that firms with insiders that have a shorter horizon disclose more and experience lower information asymmetry. Our study contributes to the understanding of firms' disclosure choices by suggesting that the horizon of insiders shapes a firm's disclosure policy.
Serious Jews: Cultural intimacy and the politics of Yiddish:

This article shows how the concept of cultural intimacy can help scholars better analyze ethnoracial identity politics in the United States. It draws on ethnographic research with Yiddish language ...
Carbon dioxide mitigation using renewable power

Energy is required to convert CO2 into useful products. Thermodynamic arguments can be made to show that, if the energy for the conversion of CO2 is provided by combustion of fossil feedstock, it is not possible to consume more CO2 than is produced. Renewable energy, specifically renewable power, is generally assumed to be the energy source for CO2 utilization. Various options are available for using renewable power for mitigation of CO2 emissions, including electroreduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons, electrolysis of water to hydrogen, and power for battery electric vehicles. Thermodynamic and practical arguments can be used to rank the effectiveness of renewable power for CO2 mitigation for these options, using power for light duty transportation as an example. Renewable power used to reduce water to hydrogen, which is then used to convert CO2 into liquid fuels, is only one-fourth as effective at mitigating CO2 emissions compared to use of the renewable power in a battery electric vehicle. The direct electroreduction of CO2 to liquid fuels, even if achieved with 100% thermal efficiency, is only one-third as effective at mitigating CO2 compared to the battery electric vehicle.
Observation-Based Simulations of Humidity and Temperature Using Quantile Regression

The human impacts of changes in heat events depend on changes in the joint behavior of temperature and humidity. Little is currently known about these complex joint changes, either in observations or projections from general circulation models (GCMs). Further, GCMs do not fully reproduce the observed joint distribution, implying a need for simulation methods that combine information from GCMs with observations for use in impact studies. We present an observation-based, conditional quantile mapping approach for the simulation of future temperature and humidity. A temperature simulation is first produced by transforming historical temperature observations to include projected changes in the mean and temporal covariance structure from a GCM. Next, a humidity simulation is produced by transforming humidity observations to account for projected changes in the conditional humidity distribution given temperature, using a quantile regression model. We use the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM1-LE) to estimate future changes in summertime (June - August) temperature and humidity over the Continental United States (CONUS), and then use the proposed method to create future simulations of temperature and humidity at stations in the Global Summary of the Day dataset. We find that CESM1-LE projects decreases in summertime humidity across CONUS for a given deviation in temperature from the forced trend, but increases in the risk of high dew point on historically hot days. In comparison with CESM1-LE, our observation-based simulation largely projects smaller changes in the future risk of either high or low humidity on days with historically warm temperatures.
A Scientist’s Personal 70-Year Discourse with Past, Present and Future Coastal Change

This story tracks the growth and history of a coastal marine scientist and his efforts to teach coastal dynamics to generations of students and public for over 50 years. It also encapsulates an incredible journey through hundreds of million years, summarizing the story of oceans and their coastal systems that helped to build our North American continent. The journey begins in the Pleistocene glacial world in northern Wisconsin, travels back to the Ordovician beach deposits of the central Mid-West and to the rocky coasts of the northern Appalachian Mountains of New England, and then travels forward to the great Cretaceous Sea in the eastern Rocky Mountain region. However, the core of this story concerns the 200 million year history of the Atlantic Ocean and formation of the southeastern US coastal margin, characterized by continental shelf, barrier island, estuarine, and riverine systems. Human occupation of this region, which began over 10 millennia ago, has recently evolved into a force capable of manipulating and changing the character and processes of modern coastal systems. The story culminates with a discussion of the “perfect conflict” between expanding human populations and the natural dynamic nature of our coasts.
The Lung Microbiome and Pneumonia.

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the globe. Increased understanding of the lung microbiome and its role in pneumonia has the potential to fundamentally change the way we study, prevent, diagnose, and treat pneumonia.
Community Participation for Transition- Aged Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

All people, including individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) deserve to actively participate in the community in which they live. For transition aged-youth (TAY) with IDD, attaining successful community participation can be difficult. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the literature specific to recreational therapy interventions in the U.S. aimed at improving community participation among TAY with IDD. Literature specific to two domains of community participation were explored: a) interpersonal life; and b) community, civic and social life. Eight studies were reviewed using a thematic synthesis approach to identify common themes across studies. Findings revealed three themes: 1) programs with collaboration and community supports, 2) leisure education, and 3) social skills training. Facilitators, barriers, and promising approaches regarding community participation of TAY with IDD are described. Implications and limitations of the current literature are also addressed.Subscribe to TRJ
LeGO: A Learning-Guided Obfuscation Framework for Hardware IP Protection

The security of hardware intellectual properties (IPs) has become a significant concern, as the opportunity for piracy, reverse engineering, and malicious modification is increasing. Hardware obfuscation has been studied as a potent method to protect against all these attack vectors. However, most of the existing obfuscation techniques have been successfully compromised, where many inherent functional or structural vulnerabilities in these techniques are utilized to reveal the obfuscation key or retrieve the original design. In this paper, we introduce LeGO, a learning-guided obfuscation framework that overcomes known vulnerabilities in a scalable and systematic manner, leading to a robust and lightweight locking mechanism. The proposed framework is guided by our security evaluation process that performs a thorough assessment of an obfuscated IP against various attacks and identifies the vulnerabilities. It then judiciously selects and applies a set of design modification steps or rules that can eliminate these vulnerabilities. Such a rule-based obfuscation process has the distinctive capability to address all existing as well as emerging attacks through the learning of appropriate design transformation steps that prevent these attacks. We present an efficient strategy to apply these rules on a design, while resolving any conflict. Our evaluation of the LeGO framework on a set of ISCAS85 and open-source IP benchmarks has shown promising results in terms of robustness against diverse attacks with an average of area, power and delay overhead of 39%, 45%, and 15%, respectively.
Goal-striving stress and repeated measures of adiposity in the Jackson heart study

Psychosocial stressors are determinants of increases in adiposity. Both psychosocial stressors and adiposity are higher among African Americans (AAs). Therefore, clarifying the stress-obesity link in AAs is important. The stress associated with goal striving is particularly relevant to AAs because opportunity for upward mobility is not always equal. Goal-striving stress (GSS) has not been assessed with adiposity, a potential result of GSS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether GSS would be associated with repeated measures of adiposity [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR)] in AAs. Linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between GSS with repeated measures of adiposity across three exam periods among 2902 AAs, and sex was assessed as a moderator. Models were adjusted for demographics, health behaviours, morbidities, and daily discrimination. GSS was positively associated with repeated measures of adiposity in women but not men: WC [estimate (standard error) p-value] [0.003 (0.001) p < 0.01] and WHR [0.003 (0.0007) p < 0.01]. This suggests that high stress due to goal striving may contribute to greater increases in adiposity in AA women over time. Community-based interventions should continue to consider focused support group models as viable options for goal-striving related stress reduction.
Safety Management and Challenges Associated with Industry 4.0 on Transportation and Logistics: A Systematic Literature Review

“Industry 4.0” has become the most significant subject of the emerging fields in manufacturing and industrial practices over the decade. It leverages the new smart technologies, including Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Autonomous Vehicles, Advanced Robots, etc. for the high involvement of automation. Such highly automated processes may raise different concerns from the traditional industry. They should have impacts on the safety management with adaption to the current development. Here we narrow down to the role of Industry 4.0 in the aspects of transformation and logistics and conducted a systematic literature review of the associated topics. We used various tools, such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer to analyze the metadata as well as several collected articles from the databases for trend, co-citation, and content analyses. We found that there is still an apparent lack of studies to incorporate the safety issues in Industry 4.0. And we suggest that safety management for Industry 4.0 on transportation and logistics should consider system design, data communication (as cybersecurity), and integration of intelligent technologies. Subjects of health and sustainability should be also included as challenges related to safety. Though many challenges are needed to be handled, emerging technologies can play significant roles to improve the safety of the work environment in the era of Industry 4.0.
Ways of Hoping: Navigating the Paradox of Hope and Despair in Chronic Pain

In this paper, we explore hope in the context of living with chronic pain. Individuals with chronic pain from temporomandibular disorder(s) were interviewed four to five times over the course of their 18-month participation in a clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine. We sought to understand shifts in participants’ descriptions of expectations and hopefulness, particularly with regard to the work involved in counterbalancing positive thinking with buffers against disappointment. We found hope to be a dynamic and multifaceted mindset as distinct from being a single entity to be measured. Drawing upon Polanyi’s concept of tacit knowing, we explore how different ways of hoping emerge and index one another in participant narratives. We offer a working typology of hope and raise as an issue the manner in which the paradox of hope—hoping enough to carry on while keeping hopes in check to avoid the ever-present possibility of despair—complicates simplistic notions of the relationship between positive thinking and the placebo response.
Distinct T Cell Developmental Consequences in Humans and Mice Expressing Identical Mutations in the DLAARN Motif of ZAP-70

The protein tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70, is pivotally involved in transduction of Ag-binding signals from the TCR required for T cell activation and development. Defects in ZAP-70 result in SCID in humans and mice. We describe an infant with SCID due to a novel ZAP-70 mutation, comparable with that which arose spontaneously in an inbred mouse colony. The patient inherited a homozygous missense mutation within the highly conserved DLAARN motif in the ZAP-70 kinase domain. Although the mutation only modestly affected protein stability, catalytic function was absent. Despite identical changes in the amino acid sequence of ZAP-70, the peripheral T cell phenotypes of our patient and affected mice are distinct. ZAP-70 deficiency in this patient, as in other humans, is characterized by abundant nonfunctional CD4+ T cells and absent CD8+ T cells. In contrast, ZAP-70-deficient mice lack both major T cell subsets. Although levels of the ZAP-70-related protein tyrosine kinase, Syk, may be sufficiently increased in human thymocytes to rescue CD4 development, survival of ZAP-70-deficient T cells in the periphery does not appear to be dependent on persistent up-regulation of Syk expression.
2 1/2—D depth-of-field simulation for computer animation

Publisher Summary Depth of field is defined as the area enveloping the focal plane in an optical lens system within which objects retain a definitive focal quality. Photographers and cinematographers have long used that aspect of the camera's lens and aperture to direct the viewer's attention to a particular part of the image away from the areas outside the field of interest. Because of that, it can be advantageous for a computer animation system to include depth-of-field effects in its repertoire. This chapter describes a 2 1/2 -D depth-of-field algorithm for simulating change-of-focus in computer-generated animation. The 2 1/2 -D depth-of-field algorithm is virtually independent of any hidden-surface removal technique. When gradually changing filters are applied to successive frames of an animation sequence, the effect is to pull the viewer's attention from one depth plane of the scene to another. The 2 1/2 -D depth-of-field algorithm can be considered a compromise between two methods: (1) when shading is integrated with depth of field and (2) when surface visibility is combined with depth of field in a restricted way.
Is There a Value Premium Among Large Stocks

According to Fama and French's (2012) price-to-book sorts, there is no global value premium among large stocks. Two simple departures from their methodology restore such premium: sorting stocks based on price-to-earnings rather than price-to-book ratios, and using global rather than regional value breakpoints. The resulting global value premium among large stocks, measured as the return spread between top 30% and bottom 30% stocks, increases from 17 (t-stat=1.09) to 64 (t-stat=2.61) basis points per month. Using price-to-earnings computed from earnings estimates rather than historical earnings further sharpens the value effect among large stocks. Not confined to small stocks, the value premium remains a key topic in Finance. Because valuation ratios are not interchangeable, researchers should look beyond price-to-book when studying, or controlling for, the value effect.
Affirmative Constitutional Commitments: The State's Obligations to Property Owners

This Essay, prepared for the 2012 Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference, argues that social obligation theories in property generate previously unrecognized obligations on the State. Leading property scholars, like Hanoch Dagan, Greg Alexander, and Eduardo Penalver, have argued that the institution of property contains affirmative duties to the community as well as negative rights. This Essay argues that those affirmative duties are two-way streets, and that moral bases for social obligations also generate reciprocal obligations on the State to protect property owners. The social obligation theories rely upon a dynamic not static vision of property rights. The community’s needs change, the conditions of ownership change, and the appropriate allocation of benefits and burdens within a society changes over time. Therefore, a legal obligation that is justified and permissible at the time it is enacted because it is consistent with moral obligations may become impermissible over time, even if the content of the legal obligation does not change. At the extreme, the State’s failure to respond to certain kinds of changes in the world can lead to a regulatory taking.
Adaptive Parallel Multigrid in Computational Fluid Dynamics

In this paper the numerical and parallel efficiency of the adaptive parallel strategy employed in a multigrid-solver package LiSS, developed in GMD-SCAI, are discussed. Two main aspects in these issues are adaptive criterion and data-redistribution concept for load-balancing. The adaptive criterion is based on the finite-element-residuals of governing equations. It can find refinement regions automatically, e.g. near shocks and geometric singularities. For parallelization new data in the adaptive phase can be re-distributed by sub-dividing and remapping the sub-blocks onto exisiting processors to obtain approximate load-balancing. The 2D exmaples of Euler equations and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in this paper show obviously high numerical and parallel efficiency of LiSS.
Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein promotes apolipoprotein A-I-mediated lipid efflux in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP) is a cytosolic protein of unknown function that catalyzes intermembrane transfer of phosphatidylcholines in vitro. Using stably transfected CHO cells, we explored the influence of PC-TP on apolipoprotein A-I- and high density lipoprotein 3 (HDL3)-mediated lipid efflux. In proportion to its cellular level of expression, PC-TP accelerated apolipoprotein A-I-mediated phospholipid and cholesterol efflux as pre-β-HDL particles. PC-TP increased rates of efflux of both lipids by >2-fold but did not affect mRNA levels or the activity of ATP-binding cassette A1, a plasma membrane protein that regulates apolipoprotein A-I-mediated lipid efflux. Overexpression of PC-TP was associated with only slight increases in HDL3-mediated phospholipid efflux and no changes in cholesterol efflux. In scavenger receptor BI-overexpressing cells, PC-TP expression minimally influenced apolipoprotein A-I- or HDL3-mediated lipid efflux. PC-TP did not affect cellular phospholipid compositions, phosphatidylcholine contents, or phosphatidylcholine synthetic rates. These findings suggest that a physiological function of PC-TP is to replenish the plasma membrane with phosphatidylcholines that are removed during pre-β-HDL particle formation due to the activity of ATP-binding cassette A1.
OVER-CONFIDENCE AND UNDER-PERFORMANCE: MEN'S PERCEIVED ACCURACY AND ACTUAL PERFORMANCE IN A COURSE '"

Summo~y.-The confidence and actual performance of 121 undergraduates in general social psychological knowledge was examined in an applied setting on a pretest measure and first examination score. Men indicated higher confidence in their performance on the pretest measure than women. Men overestimated and women underestimated their performance, although men's and women's scores were not dkferent. However, women scored higher than men on the class examination. The results are discussed in terms of how they dkfer from those of laboratory experiments. Researchers have reported that men report greater confidence in their abhties to perform well than do women (Sleeper & Nigro, 1987) although this effect is moderated by whether confidence estimates are made in public or private. Specifically, the sex hfference is presumed to disappear when confidence ratings are made in private (Daubman, Heatherington, & Ahn, 1992). However, there are elements laclung in the literature that need to be examined. For instance, few researchers have examined whether ratings of confidence are consistent with actual performance (Beyer, 1990) and whether the results of laboratory studies are consistent with those of real-lde set
The liver X receptor agonist T0901317 acts as androgen receptor antagonist in human prostate cancer cells

T0901317 is a potent non-steroidal synthetic liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. T0901317 blocked androgenic stimulation of the proliferation of androgen-dependent LNCaP 104-S cells and androgenic suppression of the proliferation of androgen-independent LNCaP 104-R2 cells, inhibited the transcriptional activation of an androgen-dependent reporter gene by androgen, and suppressed gene and protein expression of prostate specific antigen (PSA), a target gene of androgen receptor (AR) without affecting gene and protein expression of AR. T0901317 also inhibited binding of a radiolabeled androgen to AR, but inhibition was much weaker compared to the effect of the antiandrogens, bicalutamide and hydroxyflutamide. The LXR agonist T0901317, therefore, acts as an antiandrogen in human prostate cancer cells.
The post-thaw quality of ram sperm held for 0 to 48 h at 5 °C prior to cryopreservation ☆

The effects of holding diluted ram semen at 5 degrees C for up to 48 h prior to cryopreservation were investigated. Semen from six rams was collected by electro-ejaculation in the autumn and again from six different rams in the spring. The sperm concentration and motility were determined using spectrophotometry and computerized automated semen analysis, respectively. Samples were diluted at 23 degrees C to 400 x 10(6)cells/ml in a one-step Tris-egg yolk-glycerol (5%, v/v) media, cooled to 5 degrees C over 2h and maintained at 5 degrees C for the duration of the experiments. Aliquots were loaded into 0.5 ml French straws at 0, 24 or 48 h after cooling, frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor for 12-13 min, 4.5 cm above the liquid nitrogen, and plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage. After thawing, autumn samples frozen after 0, 24, or 48 h of storage exhibited similar percentages of motility (29, 31, 36%, respectively), progressively motility (16, 15, 17%, respectively), plasma membrane integrity (28, 35, 29%, respectively) and live acrosome-reacted cells (0.4, 0.6, 0.8%, respectively; P>0.05). In addition, the quantity of sperm that bound to hen's egg perivitelline membranes after being held at 5 degrees C for 0, 24, or 48 h was not significantly different when the values were expressed as means of the quantity of sperm (155, 177, 106 sperm, respectively) or as the proportion of sperm inseminated (0.39, 0.49, 0.34, respectively; P>0.05). Likewise, ram sperm collected in the spring and frozen at 0, 24 and 48 h after cooling had similar (P>0.05) total motility (21, 25, 20%, respectively), progressive motility (14, 15, 11%, respectively), plasma membrane integrity (26, 33, 31%, respectively) and live acrosome-reacted cells (3.7, 3.5, 3.2%, respectively; P>0.05). The 0 h holding time had significantly less sperm bound to a hen's egg perivitelline membrane compared to the 48 h holding time (250 and 470 sperm, respectively) although the 24h holding time was not different from the 0 or 48 h holding time (281 sperm; P 0.05). These results indicate that ram sperm can be held at 5 degrees C for up to 48 h prior to freezing with no injurious effects on motility, membrane integrity, or fertilizing potential as indicated by membrane binding ability.
Methodology for implementing patient-specific spatial boundary condition during a cardiac cycle from phase-contrast MRI for hemodynamic assessment

Abstract Pulmonary insufficiency (PI) can render the right ventricle dysfunctional due to volume overloading and hypertrophy. The treatment requires a pulmonary valve replacement surgery. However, determining the right time for the valve replacement surgery has been difficult with currently employed clinical techniques such as, echocardiography and cardiac MRI. Therefore, there is a clinical need to improve the diagnosis of PI by using patient-specific (PS) hemodynamic endpoints. While there are many reported studies on the use of PS geometry with time varying boundary conditions (BC) for hemodynamic computation, few use spatially varying PS velocity measurement at each time point of the cardiac cycle. In other words, the gap is that, there are limited number of studies which implement both spatially- and time-varying physiologic BC directly with patient specific geometry. The uniqueness of this research is in the incorporation of spatially varying PS velocity data obtained from phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) at each time point of the cardiac cycle with PS geometry obtained from angiographic MRI. This methodology was applied to model the complex developing flow in human pulmonary artery (PA) distal to pulmonary valve, in a normal and a subject with PI. To validate the methodology, the flow rates from the proposed method were compared with those obtained using QFlow software, which is a standard of care clinical technique. For the normal subject, the computed time average flow rates from this study differed from those obtained using the standard of care technique (QFlow) by 0.8 ml/s (0.9%) at the main PA, by 2 ml/s (3.4%) at the left PA and by 1.4 ml/s (3.8%) at the right PA. For the subject with PI, the difference was 7 ml/s (12.4%) at the main PA, 5.5 ml/s (22.6%) at the left PA and 4.9 ml/s (18.0%) at the right PA. The higher percentage differences for the subject with PI, was the result of overall lower values of the forward mean flow rate caused by excessive flow regurgitation. This methodology is expected to provide improved computational results when PS geometry from angiographic MRI is used in conjunction with PS PC-MRI data for solving the flow field.
Two-hit wonder: a novel genetic model to explain variable expressivity in severe pediatric phenotypes.

A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay Girirajan et al. (2010) Nature Genetics 42(3):203–209
Second-law analysis of solar-assisted heat pumps

Abstract In the present study, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied to solar-assisted heat-pump systems. Several relations between first- and second-law efficiency parameters (such as the coefficient of performance, primary energy ratio, exergetic and collector efficiencies) are derived. These relations are used to determine the system performance under realistic operating conditions. The performance of a solar-assisted heat-pump system is compared with that of a solar system without heat-pump. The sources of irreversibilities in the system are identified and their effects on system performance are discussed.
Damage and Failure in Unidirectional Ceramic–Matrix Composites

A study of the mechanical characteristics of a unidirectional fiber–reinforced calcium aluminosilicate matrix composite has been conducted. The properties have been related to the individual properties of the matrix, the fibers, and the interfaces, as well as the residual stress, using available models of matrix cracking and fiber fracture. Comparisons have been made with lithium aluminosilicate matrix composites. Predictions of initial matrix cracking and of ultimate strength using the models are found to correlate well with the measured values. However, deficiencies have been noted in the ability of the models to predict the evolution of matrix cracks, plus associated changes in the modulus.