cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Gross Total and Subtotal: Does Volumetric Resection Matter in Nonfunctioning Pituitary Macroadenomas?

Introduction No study has volumetrically examined resection degree and recurrence in pituitary macroadenoma (PMA). We analyzed the impact of volumetric tumor resection on prediction of tumor recurrence and retreatment in a cohort of patients with nonfunctioning PMA ≥2 cm. Methods Records were reviewed from 1998–2008 for patients with null cell or nonsecreting PMA ≥2 cm. Inclusion criteria were surgically resected PMA and ≥4 years' follow-up or recurrence before 4 years. Seventy-eight patients were found. PMA tissue volume preoperatively and postoperatively was quantified by a board-certified neuroradiologist. Extent of resection (EOR) was calculated. The primary end point was tumor recurrence with a secondary end point of treated tumor recurrence. Result Median age was 58 (20–85). Forty-one (53%) had no tumor recurrence at a median of 113 (48–203) months. Thirty-seven (47%) patients had tumor recurrence with a median time of 55 (9–176) months. On univariate analysis, increasing age, decreasing preoperative and postoperative volumes, and increasing EOR were statistically significant for decreasing the risk of recurrence or treated recurrence. On multivariate analysis, only age and EOR remained significant. Receiver operating characteristic showed EOR Conclusions We found younger age and increasing EOR are significant predictors of tumor regrowth and retreatment. These results indicate EOR assessment may have a role in large PMA. Further study with volumetric analysis is needed in a larger cohort of patients.
Disease Increase Rates for Scleroderris Canker in Lewis County, New York

Annual inspection, since 1975, of four permanent red pine plots provided a data base for calculating disease increase rates. Initial establishment of infection was estimated by projecting rate values back to first branch or first tree infected. Initial infection occurred within five years of plantation establishment and disease progressed to 90% infection within four to seven years of disease onset. These data show the extremely explosive potential forthe Scleroderris canker pathogen.
Incorporating User Perceptions and Product Attributes in Software Product Design and Evaluation

In order to better explain and predict consumers’ preferential choices of software products, we propose an integrated reconceptualization of IT that incorporates the tool, proxy and ensemble views of IT. We also develop a choice-based conjoint model to incorporate the product attributes, external control factors, user perceptions, and contextual factors to estimate users’ software preferences. The influences of product attributes on users’ perceptions of product characteristics are also examined. With a choice-based conjoint study, and the collection of additional data on users’ perceived product characteristics, we demonstrate that the proposed model can better explain and predict users’ software choices than the model with product attributes or with user perceptions exclusively, in terms of the in-sample fit and the holdout prediction hit rate at the individual-level and the aggregate-level. This study contributes to the literature by providing a better understanding of how various IT components jointly determine consumers’ software selection decisions.
The Science and Politics Problem: Policymaking, Climate Change and Hurricanes

In February 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Fourth Assessment Report that discussed the progress made in our understanding of the impact of natural and anthropogenic activities involving global warming and climate change. On the basis of this report, policy makers and citizens alike now have a scientific basis upon which to assess the problem of global climate change and should be encouraged to implement appropriate national and international actions in response to the warming of the planet. Given this background, this study will: 1) examine the “science and politics problem” as it relates to the subject of this book, 2) provide an overview of the scientific understanding of global warming, climate change and hurricanes, 3) focus on the political factors that influence environmental policy making with emphasis on the United States since it is a dominant global power and major producer of greenhouse gases, and 4) offer a framework that shows the conditions when science is more or less likely to have substantive input into the policy making process as it relates to global climate change.
Genome-Scale Characterization of Toxicity-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Primary Hepatocytes.

Context-specific GEnome-scale metabolic Network REconstructions (GENREs) provide a means to understand cellular metabolism at a deeper level of physiological detail. Here, we use transcriptomics data from chemically-exposed rat hepatocytes to constrain a GENRE of rat hepatocyte metabolism and predict biomarkers of liver toxicity using the Transcriptionally Inferred Metabolic Biomarker Response algorithm. We profiled alterations in cellular hepatocyte metabolism following in vitro exposure to four toxicants (acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, and trichloroethylene) for six hour. TIMBR predictions were compared with paired fresh and spent media metabolomics data from the same exposure conditions. Agreement between computational model predictions and experimental data led to the identification of specific metabolites and thus metabolic pathways associated with toxicant exposure. Here, we identified changes in the TCA metabolites citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate along with changes in carbohydrate metabolism and interruptions in ATP production and the TCA Cycle. Where predictions and experimental data disagreed, we identified testable hypotheses to reconcile differences between the model predictions and experimental data. The presented pipeline for using paired transcriptomics and metabolomics data provides a framework for interrogating multiple omics datasets to generate mechanistic insight of metabolic changes associated with toxicological responses.
Insights from Clinical Trials in Corneal Surgery

Advances in corneal surgery have been marked by the successive introduction of innovative techniques by pioneers in the field. Since Dr. Eduard Zirm performed the first successful penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in 1905 [1], a number of novel corneal transplantation techniques have been introduced including Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK), as well as advances in keratoprosthesis surgery (Fig. 28.1). Each technique once introduced by innovators has been subsequently refined with additional surgical experience, typically at the same single site, and with longer follow-up, resulting in greater insights as to factors impacting graft success, visual results, astigmatism, and endothelial cell loss. Larger case-control, cohort, and less commonly randomized clinical trials (RCT) frequently follow, performed in one or multiple centers, further validating the procedure and reporting outcomes.
The mouse-equivalent of the human BDNF VAL66MET polymorphism increases dorsal hippocampal volume and does not interact with developmental ethanol exposure.

Abstract A relatively common polymorphism in the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (Val66Met, which corresponds to Val68Met in mice) has been shown to modulate cognitive function and vulnerability to mental health disorders. This substitution impairs trafficking and activity-dependent release of BDNF. A number of studies with both humans and transgenic mice suggest that carriers of the Met allele have deficits in the structure and/or function of the hippocampal formation. Using a relatively new transgenic mouse model of this polymorphism, we recently demonstrated that it modulates the effects of developmental ethanol exposure in the hippocampus. Here, we further characterized the effect of this polymorphism on hippocampal morphology and its interaction with ethanol vapor exposure during the 2nd and 3rd trimester equivalents of human pregnancy. We found that BDNFmet/met mice have slightly larger hippocampal volumes than BDNFval/val mice. Ethanol vapor exposure during the 2nd and 3rd trimester equivalents of human pregnancy increased hippocampal volume in a single hippocampal subregion, the CA1 stratum radiatum. Ethanol exposure did not interact with BDNF genotype to affect volume in any hippocampal subregion. These results suggest that the Val66Met polymorphism does not reduce hippocampal size (i.e., it rather increases it slightly) or increase susceptibility to prenatal ethanol exposure-induced structural hippocampal damage during adulthood.
Chapter 5 – Karen Horney

Horney’s adolescent diary reflects a young woman’s active struggle with religion. She wrote that formal religions are frequently prejudiced toward women. Her concept of the real self is close to what many people mean by spirituality. When children are in a severe and/or chronic maladaptive environment, they develop ambivalent feelings of love and hate, which results in basic anxiety. Instead of their real self unfolding, they develop a rigid idealized self that culminates in one of three orientations: moving against, moving away, or moving toward people. The relationship between the cluster C traits (i.e., moving toward) and religiosity are mixed, dependent upon the measure of religion. In the brief years before her untimely death, Horney developed an appreciation of Zen Buddhism. Research supports two of the practices to which she adhered, meditation and mindfulness.
Knowledge-Governance Fit in Systems Development Projects

This study addresses the theoretically under explored question of how fit between project governance configurations, and the knowledge of specialized information technology (IT) and client departments influences information systems development (ISD) performance. It conceptualizes project governance configuration using two classes of project decisions rights-decision control rights and decision management rights. The paper then develops a middle-range theory of how governance-knowledge fit shapes ISD performance by influencing the effective exercise of these decision rights during the development process. Further, the two dimensions of ISD performance - efficiency and effectiveness - are shaped by different classes of project decision rights. Data from 89 projects in 89 firms strongly support the proposed ideas. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.
Endothelial Barrier Function is co-regulated at Vessel Bifurcations by Fluid Forces and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a blood-borne bioactive lipid mediator of endothelial barrier function. Prior studies have implicated mechanical stimulation due to intravascular laminar shear stress in co-regulating S1P signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Yet, vascular networks in vivo consist of vessel bifurcations, and this geometry produces hemodynamic forces that are distinct from laminar shear stress. However, the role of these forces at vessel bifurcations in regulating S1P-dependent endothelial barrier function is not known. In this study, we implemented a microfluidic platform that recapitulates the flow dynamics of vessel bifurcations with in situ quantification of the permeability of microvessel analogues. Co-application of S1P with impinging bifurcated fluid flow, which was characterized by approximately zero shear stress and 38 dyn cm-2 stagnation pressure at the vessel bifurcation point, promotes vessel stabilization. Similarly, co-treatment of carrier-free S1P with 3 dyn cm-2 laminar shear stress is also protective of endothelial barrier function. Moreover, it is shown that vessel stabilization due to laminar shear stress, but not bifurcated fluid flow, is dependent on S1P receptor 1 or 2 signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the endothelium-protective function of fluid forces at vessel bifurcations and their involvement in coordinating S1P-dependent regulation of vessel permeability.
Effects of in ovo probiotic administration on the incidence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in broilers and an evaluation on its virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties.

Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis in poultry, which has been traditionally controlled by the prophylactic in-feed supplementation of antibiotics. However, antibiotics are being removed from poultry diets owing to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefore, alternatives to control APEC are required. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in ovo inoculation of probiotics on the incidence of APEC in broilers and evaluate the virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties of the APEC isolates. On embryonic day 18, 4 in ovo treatments (T) were applied: T1 (Marek's vaccine [MV]), T2 (MV and Lactobacillus animalis), T3 (MV and Lactobacillus reuteri), and T4 (MV and Lactobacillus rhamnosus). A total of 180 male broilers per treatment were randomly placed in 10 pens. The heart, liver, spleen, and yolk sac were collected on day 0, 14, 28, and 42. Presumptive E. coli isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR. The positive isolates were screened for the APEC-related genes (iroN, ompT, hlyF, iss, and iutA), and E. coli isolates containing one or more of these genes were identified as APEC-like strains. A total of 144 APEC-like isolates were isolated from 548 organ samples. No differences (P > 0.05) among treatments were observed for the incidence of APEC-like strains in all organs when averaged over sampling days. However, when averaged over treatments, the incidence in the heart, liver, and yolk sac was different among sampling days; a significant increase was observed in these organs on day 14 compared with day 0. Twenty-five antimicrobial resistance genes were evaluated for all APEC-like isolates, and 92.4% of the isolates carried at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. Thirty-seven isolates were then selected for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; MDR strains accounted for 37.8% of the isolates. In conclusion, the in ovo inoculation of a single probiotic strain did not confer protection against APEC strains in broilers. The high prevalence of MDR isolates indicates that further research on antibiotic alternatives is required to prevent APEC infections in broilers.
Differential T cell reactivity to seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in community and health care workers

Herein we measured CD4 + T cell responses against common cold corona (CCC) viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk health care workers (HCW) and community controls. We observed higher levels of CCC reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative HCW compared to community donors, consistent with potential higher occupational exposure of HCW to CCC. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 reactivity of seronegative HCW was higher than community controls and correlation between CCC and SARS-CoV-2 responses is consistent with cross-reactivity and not associated with recent in vivo activation. Surprisingly, CCC reactivity was decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected HCW, suggesting that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might interfere with CCC responses, either directly or indirectly. This result was unexpected, but consistently detected in independent cohorts derived from Miami and San Diego.
Bortezomib in first-line therapy is associated with falls in older adults with multiple myeloma.

Abstract Background Bortezomib is a common multiple myeloma therapy that can cause treatment-related peripheral neuropathy, a risk factor for falls. The relationship between bortezomib and falls in older patients with multiple myeloma is unknown. Methods We analyzed the SEER-Medicare database for patients aged 65 or older diagnosed with multiple myeloma between 2007 and 2013. Claims were analyzed for myeloma treatments, falls, and covariates of interest. We evaluated accidental falls occurring within 12 months after starting first-line multiple myeloma treatment with bortezomib. Results Bortezomib was used in first-line therapy for 2052 older adults with new diagnoses of multiple myeloma. Claims for falls were reported in 157 (8%) patients within 12 months after starting bortezomib, compared to 102 (5%) patients not receiving bortezomib (p Conclusion In older adults with multiple myeloma, bortezomib was associated with an increased risk of having a diagnostic code for falls. Decreased overall survival was seen in those who fell within the year of starting therapy. Prospective trials involving fall assessments and fall-prevention interventions are needed in this population.
Clinical Utilization of Ultrasound in Vascular Disease

As the practice of diagnostic imaging has grown over recent decades, ultrasonography has proven its effectiveness in a wide range of applications across specialties. It is relatively low cost, portable, and poses no known risk to patients making it attractive to non-radiologist physicians. In vascular disease, ultrasonography is particularly useful in the evaluation of carotid, abdominal aortic, renal and peripheral vasculature. This chapter will discuss the usefulness of ultrasound in the screening and diagnosis of pathologic states focusing on vascular diseases.
Transgender-related discrimination and substance use, substance use disorder diagnosis and treatment history among transgender adults.

Abstract Background Substantial research gaps exist regarding the relationship between transgender-related discrimination and substance use outcomes for transgender adults, with few studies accounting for other experiences of victimization. Methods Transgender adults (N = 600) from Massachusetts and Rhode Island completed a survey online or in-person. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models examined the association between lifetime experiences of transgender-related discrimination using the validated 11-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (theoretical range = 0–44) and substance use outcomes: past 12-month substance use frequency, lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis, and substance use treatment (SUTx) history. All models were adjusted for age, gender identity, race, survey modality, childhood physical/sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and discrimination attributable to other reasons than being transgender. Results The mean transgender-related discrimination score was 20.8 (SD = 9.6, range = 0–44). Overall, 11.8 % of the sample had a SUD diagnosis and 11.0 % had received SUTx. In separate multivariable models adjusted for sociodemographic and victimization experiences, the highest quartile of transgender-related discrimination was significantly associated with higher past 12-month substance use (B = 1.44; aR2 = 0.13; p = .009), SUD diagnosis (aOR = 3.64; 95 % CI = 1.46−9.07; p = .006), and lifetime treatment history (aOR = 3.93; 95 % CI = 1.50−10.21; p = .005). Conclusions There was a significant positive association between experiencing high levels of transgender-related discrimination and substance use outcomes among the transgender adults sampled. Longitudinal research is needed to understand the specific mediators driving these relationships and to address the implications of transgender-related discrimination on SUD treatment utilization.
1–2–3 Benchtop to Laptop: Teamwork of an Educator and Instructional Designer to Convert a Popular Ksp and Titration Lab to an Online Module

The calcium hydroxide solubility product constant (Ksp) lab is a familiar lab experiment outlined in the Advanced Chemistry with Vernier handbook. In an on-campus laboratory setting, students are afforded the opportunity to examine techniques, such as titration of a saturated base solution (Ca(OH)2) with a strong acid (HCl), as well as visualize concepts like solubility, solubility product constant, aqueous solutions, and change in pH (with phenolphthalein indicator), and are introduced to a variety of lab equipment and software (LabQuest or LoggerPro). Presently, an untimely adjustment to distance learning (and online learning environments) has many faculty considering new approaches for student practices in place of on-site chemistry laboratories. This article details the collaborative efforts of an educator for a nonmajors chemistry for health professions lab course and a virtual lab instructional designer to develop an immersive, economical, and simple to use module for the “Determining of Ksp for Ca(OH)2” lab, allowing students to explore all aspects of experimentation without the cumbersome issues of faulty equipment, broken glassware, caustic reagents, other safety concerns, or a high degree of tech acumen (“tech savviness”). This adapted approach complements the online lab module with pre- and postlab assignments and lab report submission offered through a learning management system, for a fully encompassing lab experience that technologically parallels the on-campus approach. With the aid of video conferencing software, the prelab lectures (and monitoring student progress) can continue almost seamlessly, allowing students and faculty to migrate from an on-campus teaching laboratory setting to a virtual learning space.
Teacher Perspectives on Peer-Peer Collaboration and Education Technologies in Rural Tanzanian Classrooms

Teachers’ perspectives are critical for understanding classroom culture. They create and enforce rules in classrooms and are responsible for educating students using methods that they perceive to be most effective. Therefore, creating supplementary education technologies without understanding teachers and the culture they promote may lead to interventions that are underutilized or ineffective. Our research specifically investigates how technologies that foster student collaboration fit into teachers’ views of learning in a rural context with limited existing collaboration scaffolds. We interviewed 24 teachers and observed 39 classrooms in a rural Tanzanian village to understand how teachers value peer-peer collaboration in their teaching practice, and the unique challenges they face educating students in rural classroom settings. We uncover insights that inform the design and deployment of supplementary education technologies to support teachers in rural Tanzania and similar demographics.
Rare cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 infection and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine with a unique pattern similarity.

In December 2019, a new emerging virus causing mild-to-severe pneumonia was detected in China. The virus was described as a variant of SARS-CoV and was called SARS-CoV-2, then declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020. Millions of people contracted the virus and presented with a symptomatology of variable severity, including upper respiratory tract symptoms, systemic symptoms and diarrhea. We herein report a rare skin presentation in a 33-year-old female that occurred both during COVID-19 infection and after receiving the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine.
Impacts of climate change on electric power supply in the Western United States

Power providers do not account for climate change in their development plans. But 46% of power stations in the western United States are vulnerable to long-term changes in streamflow, air temperature, water temperature, humidity and air density.
ADVANCED DYNAMIC SPARK IGNITION ENGINE MODELLING FOR DIAGNOSTICS AND CONTROL

For years, control engineers have used engine models with constant mass moments of inertia to simulate internal combustion engines. These models showed satisfactory results at low–speed operations but deviated from real engine operations at high speed. Also, there are some problems in using the constant inertia models for engine diagnostics because of inaccurate estimates of inertial forces at high speed, and many of the components that degrade or fail in an engine are not modelled with that methodology. In this paper, two approaches are used to formulate more accurate nonlinear engine models; one applies the Newtonian method; the other uses the Lagrangian method to derive the nonlinear governing equations for internal combustion engine kinematics and dynamic forces. Also included is the discussion of the discrepancy between the nonlinear time–varying inertia model and previous constant inertia model in their shaft velocity and acceleration fluctuations, and in the reconstructed cylinder pressure using the Sliding Observer.
Hot Electron Ballistic Transport in Two Dimensional Structures

Quasi ballistic transport in a 2 dimension electron gas was explored and tunneling through an electrostatic barrier induced by metallic gates on the top of the heterostructure was demonstrated. For energies above 36 meV we observed the LO phonon emission, 1eading to a short mean free path. At energies below the phonon energy we find a mean free path of the order of 2 μm, about an order of magnitude longer than expected theoretically for electron interactions. The angular distribution of hot electrons injected from a point source was shown to be collimated and could be steered by controling the electrostatic profile of the injector. In addition we demonstrated operation of electrostatic 1ens which opens a new branch in semiconductor physics, namely, electronoptics in solids.
Deriving vocal tract shapes from electromagnetic articulograph data via geometric adaptation and matching.

In this paper, we present our efforts towards deriving vocal tract shapes from ElectroMagnetic Articulograph data (EMA) via geometric adaptation and matching. We describe a novel approach for adapting Maeda’s geometric model of the vocal tract to one speaker in the MOCHA database. We show how we can rely solely on the EMA data for adaptation. We present our search technique for the vocal tract shapes that best fit the given EMA data. We then describe our approach of synthesizing speech from these shapes. Results on Mel-cepstral distortion reflect improvement in synthesis over the approach we used before without adaptation.
Cyclopropane hydrogenation on Ru and RuAu catalysts

The rate of reaction between cyclopropane and hydrogen was measured in a flow system on unsupported Ru, Ru/SiO,, and Ru/MgO. The effect of the addition of Au to Ru/MgO was also investigated. The temperature was in the range 30-170°C; partial pressures were 0.01 5 P,, 5 0.1 atm, 0.1 5 P,,, 5 0.5 atm; and total pressure was 1 atm. The reaction proceeded via three different routes, namely:
Rapid and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for quantification of lamotrigine in human plasma: application to a human pharmacokinetic study

A highly sensitive, specific and fully validated LC-MS/MS method as per general practices of industry has been developed for estimation of lamotrigine (LAM) with 100 μL of human plasma using flucanozole as an internal standard (IS). The API-4000 LC-MS/MS was operated under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using electrospray ionization. A simple liquid–liquid extraction process was used to extract LAM and IS from human plasma. The total run time was 2.0 min and the elution of LAM and IS occurred at 1.25 and 1.45 min; this was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid–methanol (20:40:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on a Discovery CN (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column. The developed method was validated in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 0.1 ng/mL for LAM. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 0.1–1500 ng/mL (r > 0.998) for LAM. The intra- and inter-day precision values for LAM met the acceptance as per Food and Drug Administration guidelines. LAM was stable in the set of stability studies, viz. bench-top, autosampler and freeze–thaw cycles. The developed assay method was applied to an oral bioequivalence study in humans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adrenodoxin with a COOH-terminal deletion (des 116-128) exhibits enhanced activity.

Adrenodoxin, purified from bovine adrenal cortex, was subjected to trypsin cleavage to yield a trypsin-resistant form, designated TT-adrenodoxin. Sequencing with carboxypeptidase Y identified the trypsin cleavage site as Arg-115, while Edman degradation indicated no NH2-terminal cleavage. Native adrenodoxin and TT-adrenodoxin exhibited similar affinity for adrenodoxin reductase as determined in cytochrome c reductase assays. In side chain cleavage assays using cytochrome P-450scc, however, TT-adrenodoxin demonstrated greater activity than adrenodoxin with cholesterol, (22R)-22-hydroxycholesterol, or (20R,22R)-20,22-dihydroxycholesterol as substrate. This enhanced activity is due to increased affinity of TT-adrenodoxin for cytochrome P-450scc; TT-adrenodoxin exhibits a 3.8-fold lower apparent Km for the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. TT-Adrenodoxin was also more effective in coupling with cytochrome P-45011β, exhibiting a 3.5-fold lower apparent Km for the 11 β-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone. In the presence of partially saturating cholesterol, TT-adrenodoxin elicited a type I spectral shift with cytochrome P-450scc similar to that induced by adrenodoxin, and spectral titrations showed that oxidized TT-adrenodoxin exhibited a 1.5-fold higher affinity for cytochrome P-450scc. These results establish that COOH-terminal residues 116–128 are not essential for the electron transfer activity of bovine adrenodoxin, and the differential effects of truncation at Arg-115 on interactions with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochromes P-450 suggest that the residues involved in the interactions are not identical.
Energy Flow Observables

A few comments are made on the role of nonperturbative and perturbative power corrections. This is followed by a description of energy flow observables and correlations that may provide a flexible approach to rapidity distributions in hadronic scattering.
Bone Density Screening and Re-screening in Postmenopausal Women and Older Men

Clinical practice guidelines universally recommend bone mineral density (BMD) screening to identify osteoporosis in women aged 65 years and older. Risk assessment is recommended to guide BMD screening in postmenopausal women under age 65. Insufficient data are available to inform standard ages to start and stop BMD screening in postmenopausal women. Based on longitudinal studies of incident osteoporosis and fracture in postmenopausal women, an initial BMD test should be ordered for all women aged 65, and the frequency of re-screening should be based on age and BMD T score (more frequent testing for older age and lower T score). Although clinical practice guidelines recommend BMD screening according to risk factors for fracture in postmenopausal women under age 65, no standard approach to risk assessment exists. Minimal evidence is available to guide osteoporosis screening in men, but some experts recommend initiation of BMD screening in men at age 70.
Measurement of the rate of flow of pancreatic secretion in the anesthetized chicken

Abstract 1. 1. When the pancreatic duct(s) of the chicken are cannulted, partial or complete blockage invariably develops within an hour or so. 2. 2. The observed flow rate over short periods may be falsely high or falsely low. 3. 3. Attempts to overcome the blockage are described. 4. 4. The relation between intraductal pressure and rat of flow has been examined, 5. 5. There appears to be no significant functional interconnection between the two larger pancreatic ducts.
Spatial and seasonal distribution of potential vectors of hemorrhagic disease viruses to peninsular bighorn sheep in the Santa Rosa Mountains of southern California.

Blood-feeding midges (Culicoides sp. and Leptoconops sp.) were sampled in the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, California (USA), to determine which species might be involved in the transmission of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses to peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates). Host-seeking midges were sampled with CO2-baited suction traps over a period of 30 mo. Nineteen species of Culicoides and seven of Leptoconops were collected. Five of the Culicoides sp. recovered are previously undescribed. The most abundant and widely distributed Culicoides sp. during spring (presumed virus transmission period to lambs) were C. (Selfia) brookmani, C. variipennis, C. (Avaritia) sp. (a new species near C. pusillus), and C. lahontan. Of these, C. brookmani (all elevations) and C. (Avaritia) sp. (elevations >750 m) were common in the mountainous terrain inhabited by bighorn sheep. Culicoides variipennis, a vector of bluetongue virus in agricultural settings, and C. lahontan were nu...
Phenomenal Causality II: Integration and Implication

The empirical literature on phenomenal causality (the notion that causality can be perceived) is reviewed. Different potential types of phenomenal causality and variables that influence phenomenal causality were considered in Part I (Hubbard 2012b) of this two-part series. In Part II, broader questions regarding properties of phenomenal causality and connections of phenomenal causality to other perceptual or cognitive phenomena (different types of phenomenal causality, effects of spatial and temporal variance, phenomenal causality in infancy, effects of object properties, naive physics, spatial localization, other illusions, amodal completion, Gestalt principles of perceptual grouping, effects of context, differences between physical and social causality, effects of learning and experience, individual differences, effects of predictability, asymmetry in phenomenal causality, differences between perceived causality and perceived force, phenomenal causality in nonhuman animals) are considered. Potential mechanisms of phenomenal causality (inference from contiguity, a priori understanding, ampliation, perceptual learning, stimulus activity, beliefs regarding kinematics, haptic experience, beliefs regarding impetus, postdiction, innateness, modularity, specific neural structures) are also considered.
Similarity analysis of shellcodes in drive-by download attack kits

Drive-by downloads have become the primary attack vehicle for malware distribution in recent years. With the rise of targeted attacks, the vulnerabilities within the cloud based services and web based collaboration frameworks might end up as the principal targets for hosting drive-by download attacks. In this paper, we studied the similarity of the shellcodes among different attack kits. Shellcode is the malicious code used as the payload in drive-by download attacks. Specifically, we collected 15 different drive-by download attack kits and identified shellcodes used in each kit. As the shellcodes are transmitted to the browser as Javascript strings, we measured the similarity between regular strings and shellcodes defined in Javascript. We disassembled the shellcodes and computed the mean of Cosine Similarity, Extended Jaccard Similarity and Pearson Correlation measures based on the frequencies of the opcodes. Our analysis shows that the shellcodes, used as payloads, across different attack kits were similar with other shellcodes and dissimilar with benign Javascript strings. We observe that some of the attack kits released across different years had same shellcodes. The performance of similarity analysis was compared to an emulation based approach and observed reduction of 75% in the analysis time. Based on the results, the similarity measure of the shellcodes could be an effective static mechanism in detecting the shellcode based drive-by download attacks.
The Impact of Being Homeless on Young Children and Their Families

Families with young children are the fastest growing population of the homeless. Homeless young children (under the age of 5) are especially vulnerable as early childhood professionals consider the early years to be the most critical developmental period in all domains (cognitive, social-emotional, physical, and language). The disruptions to a sense of stability and security and the lack of cognitive stimulation that comes with homelessness have a large impact on young children and their development. This article defines homelessness, summarizes what we know about the experiences of homeless children, reviews some of the educational rights offered to them, and offers a few strategies in working with homeless children and their families.
Perilesional linear atrophic streaks associated with intralesional corticosteroid injections in a psoriatic plaque.

: Perilymphatic atrophy can be a complication of intralesional corticosteroid injections given for the treatment of conditions such as psoriasis, alopecia areata, and keloids, and intraarticular corticosteroid injections given in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. It may become manifest as perilesional linear, depigmented, atrophic streaks, which are usually most prominent in patients with dark-colored skin.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: is there a difference between the antenatally and postnatally diagnosed cases?

Background: The majority of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) lesions are diagnosed antenatally. A few cases however may not be recognised antenatally and present in infancy or later childhood with chest symptoms, including chest infection. Objective: To review the clinical and radiological spectrum of CCAM, comparing the antenatally with the postnatally diagnosed cases. Materials and methods: Fifteen cases of antenatally and/or postnatally diagnosed and histopathologically proven CCAM were retrospectively identified over a period of 4 years. Clinical notes, chest radiograph and chest CT were reviewed in all cases. Results: Nine patients were diagnosed antenatally and six postnatally. All antenatally diagnosed patients were asymptomatic at birth, six remained asymptomatic until they had elective surgery and the remaining three developed symptoms before the age of 2 years. In the postnatally diagnosed group, one patient was symptomatic at birth and one patient presented at 16 years; the remaining four presented before the age of 2 years. Depending on the type of lesion, we recognised five radiographic patterns of CCAM. CCAM lesions were classified as CT Stocker type I in seven cases, type II in seven cases and type III in one case. Conclusions: No significant difference was found between the two groups. Recognition of these lesions antenatally would benefit patients by avoiding delay in making the diagnosis, which can lead to serious complications. CT was successful in accurately diagnosing and grading CCAM lesions.
SPECTRA AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF TRIFLUORONITROSOMETHANE ADSORBED ON ALKALI HALIDE FILMS

The infrared spectrum of trifluoronitromethane (CF3NO2) physically adsorbed on sublimated alkali halide (NaCl, NaBr, KCl, and KBr) films in submonolayer and multilayer coverages, and isolated in argon and nitrogen matrices, has been observed. The fundamental vibrations exhibit some surface-specific shifts, and there is indication that rotation about the CN bond is hindered upon adsorption. As in the gas phase, ultraviolet irradiation of the adsorbed species leads to the production of adsorbed carbonyl fluoride (CF2O), but an adsorbed FNO photoproduct was not observed, presumably lost to a secondary photolysis. Quantum efficiencies for photolysis were determined for submonolayer and multilayer species and were found to be independent of temperature (Φ = 0.20 ± 0.20 adsorbed; 0.29 ± 0.20 multilayer), reduced from that of the matrix-isolated species. These quantum efficiencies were used to determine rate constants for surface-induced relaxation of the adsorbate as a function of surface composition and temper...
Hydrophobic forces in thin aqueous films and their role in film thinning

The thin film pressure balance (TFPB) technique was used to study the kinetics of film thinning in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the Reynolds equation. During the initial stages, the film thinning was controlled by the capillary pressure. As the film thickness is reduced, the process is controlled by surface forces. The thickness at which the surface forces begin to control the film thinning process vanes with the surfactant and electrolyte concentrations. At low surfactant and electrolyte concentrations, there was an excellent fit between the film thinning experiment and the Reynolds equation corrected for the contributions from the hydrophobic forces to the disjoining pressure. In the present work, the magnitudes of the hydrophobic forces were determined from the equilibrium film thicknesses using the TFPB technique. At low surfactant and high electrolyte concentrations, where it was difficult to determine the equilibrium film thicknesses, contributions from the hydrophobic forces were determined by fitting the film thinning data to the Reynolds equation. The hydrophobic forces determined in the present work decreased with increasing SDS and NaCl concentrations. It may, thus, be the role of surfactant and electrolyte to dampen the hydrophobic force and thereby to retard the film thinning process. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
New algorithms for the continuous approximate solutions of ordinary differential equations and the upgrading of the order of the processes

Three different continuous processes are described. The main algorithms in all the three methods are the embedded type six stage fifth order Runge-Kutta formulas. The principal objective of this work is the continuous approximate solution of second and higher orderdifferential equations and implicit differential equations of any orders. A method for upgrading the orders of the approximate solutions will be established. Thus, in the case of the explicit differential equations of order n and the implicit equations of order n - 1, it is possible to generate with the upgraded processes, based upon a main fifth order six stage algorithm, continuous approximations of order n + 3 over the entire interval of application including the endpoints. Additionally they have continuous derivatives through order n - 1. The upgraded formulas provide excellent error approximations.
Little Strangers: International Adoption and American Kinship. A Review Essay

In Victorian England, the phrase “little stranger” was used to refer to the unborn child one had not yet met. Though it has fallen out of use today, the expression is not inapt for describing the children who enter new families, new ethnic or cultural identities, new social classes, and new nations via international adoption. Over time, and through a series of social practices designed both to “kin” the child and parents, siblings, and other relatives and to explain the child's presence to an inquisitive public, the “little stranger” comes to be more or less incorporated and acculturated: less strange, more familiar. Because international adoption makes those processes visible through its very unfamiliarity and its recourse to legal and cultural strategies, it has become a centerpiece of recent writing on kinship, reproduction, and childhood (Yngvesson 2010; Marre and Briggs 2009; Kim 2010; Wade 2007; Howell 2006; Marre and Bestard 2004; Dorow 2006; Bowie 2004; Volkman 2005; Howell 2009; Leinaweaver and Seligmann 2009; Hubinette and Tigervall 2009; Briggs 2012).
The cost and quality paradox.

In the debate over health care costs, the tired statement that ‘everyone does not need a Cadillac when a Chevy will do’ is all too frequently cited. One implication of this statement is that high quality equals high cost. In fact, health care should turn to another automotive slogan, ‘Quality is Job 1’. In health care, high quality care often results in lower costs and improved outcomes. Consider the example of central line infections that have been reduced to previously unimaginable levels through simple process changes (1). It is within this context, that the article by Englesbe and colleagues should be considered (2).
Emerging technologies for healthcare and aging

The aging population is growing rapidly and technology has great potential to meet older adults' healthcare needs. However, the technologies being developed must take into account older adults' needs and related interaction issues. This workshop explores interaction issues such as accepting, integrating, efficacy, sharing, and privacy for emerging health technologies, including tablets, ambient systems, robotics, electronic medical records, mobile systems, and tracking and monitoring devices. We also consider the user characteristics of care recipients, informal caregivers, and formal caregivers. An outcome of this workshop will be the development of use cases to provide guidance for designing technologies for older adults and their caregivers.
Diurnal rhythm disorder of behavioral activity in SAMP1 mice is partially normalized by spontaneous wheel running

Abstract We examined the diurnal rhythms of food and water intake, spontaneous wheel running (SWR), and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) in the SAMP1 strain, a mouse model of accelerated senescence. Without SWR exercise, food, and water intake in the SAMP1 mice was significantly higher during the light (L)-phase of the light–darkness (LD) cycle than in the control SAMR1 strain. Additionally, SWR and SMA activity rhythms were split in SAMP1 mice, as demonstrated by the appearance of a secondary peak starting from the end of the dark (D)-phase. SWR exercise significantly increased the percentages of nocturnal food and water intake and SMA in the SAMP1 mice, although food and water intake did not reach the level of control SAMR1 mice. Thus, the disordered diurnal rhythms in SAMP1 mice can be normalized, even if only partially, by SWR exercise.
Age-class differences in shoot photosynthesis and water relations of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), southern Appalachian Mountains, USA.

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) is an endemic tree species found only in refugial mountain-top forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Very few studies have investigated the ecophysiology of this species in its nat- ural environment. We measured and compared photosynthetic gas exchange and water relations of understory germinant seedlings ( 3 years old and ~0.15-1 m tall), and saplings (>10 years old and ~1-2 m tall) on a leaf-level basis. No significant differences in gas exchange were found among the age classes, although midday xy- lem water potentials were significantly different among the age classes. Differences in maximum photosynthesis (Amax) were 3 ans et ~0,15-1 m de haut) et des jeunes tiges (SA, >10 ans et ~1-2 m de haut) dans le sous-bois. Aucune difference significative dans les echanges gazeux n'a eteobservee entre les differentes classes d'age malgreles differences significatives entre les differentes classes d'age dans le cas du potentiel hydrique du xyleme a midi. Les differences dans la photosynthese maximum (Amax )etaient inferieures a 13% et variaient de 2,4 a 2,7 mmolm -2 s -1 (P = 0,26). La conductance foliaire maximum (gmax) variait de 0,16 a` 0,18 molm -2 s -1 , soit une variation de moins de 13% (P = 0,15). Le potentiel hydrique du xyleme a midi des SE et des SA etait semblable (-1,2 a` -1,4 MPa) mais les valeurs des GS etaient significativement moins negatives (-0,2 a` -0,5 MPa). Par consequent, les echanges gazeux et les relations hydriques dans ces classes d'age en sous-bois semblent similaires indiquant qu'il n'y a aucune contrainte particuliere chez la regeneration preetablie quelle que soit la classe d'age. (Traduit par la Redaction)