cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of “Therapeutic Complication” as a Manner of Death

Analyses of deaths due to therapeutic complications (TCs) provide important quality of care information for medical providers. In New York City, 463 deaths were investigated by the Office of Chief Medical Examiner and certified with TC as the manner of death in 2003. The TC manner of death is used for fatalities due to predictable complications of appropriate medical therapy. All death certificates and select autopsy, hospital, and investigation reports were reviewed. Data concerning cause of death, contributing conditions, age, race, and sex were extracted. The types of complications and the causes of death were classified into various types of surgical and nonsurgical categories of complications. These included: postoperative infections, pulmonary emboli, and technical and medication complications. The use of TC as a manner of death has benefits and limitations. Without the TC option, one is forced to certify certain deaths (e.g., penicillin anaphylaxis) either as natural or accident. The TC option allows easy identification and tracking of medical complications for public health purposes and also allows more consistent reporting of natural and medical-accidental deaths. In general, complications that occur during emergency surgeries/procedures for natural disease, tend to be certified with a natural manner. The "but for" test may be used to distinguish natural from TC deaths. There are criteria for distinguishing TC from accidents and homicides. TCs that occur during treatment of a potentially life-threatening injury, are superseded by the manner dictated by the circumstances of the initiating injury. The certification of TC usually does not address errors of omission, clinical judgement/management, or missed diagnoses.
The Effectiveness of the Door-in-the-Face Compliance Strategy on Friends and Strangers

The author examined the impact of the door-in-the-face procedure on concerns about self-presentation and hypothesized that (a) when a friend made door-in-the-face requests, the procedure would increase the participant's concern about self-presentation more than would a single request and (b) when a stranger made door-in-the-face requests, the procedure would not increase the participant's concern about self-presentation more than would a single request. Either friends or strangers presented requests to the participants. Half the requests were in a door-in-the-face format, and the other half were single requests. After receiving the request(s), the participants completed measures of self-presentation concerns and compliance with the request. The results supported the hypothesis.
Sensor controls see the light

Light-based signal-processing and control mechanisms open up new capabilities for next-generation phased-array sensors. The focus of this article is on some of the recently developed optical control techniques for sensors, with the underlying active control technology being large area, multipixel, thin-film, liquid-crystal (LC) devices used as polarization-sensitive elements.
Peak torque and electromyographic responses during fatiguing concentric muscle actions with eyes-open versus eyes-closed.

Summary.—This study compared peak torque and electromyographic (EMG) mean frequency responses during fatiguing muscle actions with eyes-open vs eyes-closed. On four separate days, 21 men (M age = 23 yr.) performed 100 repeated maximal concentric muscle actions of the forearm flexors with eyes-open, eyes-closed, eyes-closed for first 50 muscle actions, and eyes-closed for the last 50 muscle actions while surface EMG signals were collected from the biceps brachii. The data were examined with seven separate repeated measures analyses of variance. There were no mean differences among the conditions for initial, average, and final peak torque, percent decline, the linear slope coefficient for the decline in peak torque, as well as the linear slope coefficient and y-intercept for the normalized EMG mean frequency vs repetition number relationships. These findings indicate performance during fatiguing muscle actions is not influenced by whether participants have their eyes open or closed throughout testing.
Annual carbon flux from woody debris for a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence

[1] This study examined the distribution and respiration dynamics of woody debris (WD) in a black spruce-dominated fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The chronosequence included seven stands that burned between 1870 and 1998; each stand contained separate well-drained and poorly drained areas. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the distribution of WD, by diameter and decay class, in well-drained and poorly drained stands across the chronosequence, (2) measure the evolution of CO2 from WD samples and model the effects of moisture, size and decay on respiration, and (3) model annual WD respiration and compute decay constants for each site. Coarse woody debris biomass ranged from 1.4 Mg ha−1 to 177.6 Mg ha−1, generally declining in the older stands of the chronosequence. More decayed WD had significantly (α = 0.05) higher moisture, lower density, and higher respiration rates than less decayed WD. Moisture and decay class were significant predictors of respiration when moisture was below 43%. Above this level, moisture was not significant, but stand soil drainage was significant, with drier sites having higher WD respiration. Year of burn was not significant in the respiration models. Modeled annual carbon emissions from WD ranged from 0.11 to 1.92 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Modeled annual decay rates, between k = 0.01 and k = 0.06, changed across the age sequence. Thus a single-exponential decay model may not be appropriate for the age sequence. Calculating k directly from wood respiration measurements, as done here, may be useful in allowing examination of year-to-year changes in k.
Familial glucocorticoid insufficiency

A familial syndrome manifested by glucocorticoid insufficiency but with normal mineralocorticoid activity has been attributed to an inherited defect in the adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent system of the adrenal gland. 1 Five siblings with this syndrome have been studied. Two of these siblings had increased urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in response to ACTH stimulation at an early age. Both children subsequently developed the clinical and biochemical changes of the syndrome. An infusion of ACTH to two children in this family caused an increase in urinary excretion of aldosterone. These findings suggest that the pathogenesis of the syndrome in this family is due to an inherited degenerative process and not to primary unresponsiveness to ACTH.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT UTERUS AND ITS EARLY RESPONSE TO ESTROGEN.

Abstract The synthesis of rapidly labeled RNA in the rat uterus, measured by in vivo cytidine-H 3 incorporation into RNA for a 20-minute period, was increased by approximately 88% within 1 hour after estrogen administration. Fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of RNA from the uterus synthesized in 20- and 60-minute time periods in vivo indicated that estrogen increased the synthesis of all RNA fractions. The percentage of RNA which would form hybrids with DNA was less than 5% and did not indicate that estrogen was having an effect on any specific DNA loci. It is concluded that methods having greater resolving power are necessary to determine whether the synthesis of specific RNA molecules in the rat uterus is involved in early estrogen action.
Orthogonal splitting and class numbers of quadratic forms

Abstract Orthogonal splitting for lattices on quadratic spaces over algebraic number fields is studied. It is seen that if the rank of a lattice is sufficiently large, then its spinor genus must contain a decomposable lattice. Also, splitting theory is used to obtain a lower bound for the class number of a lattice (in the definite case) in terms of its rank, via the partition function.
Studies on the Coulter Counter — part III. Applications of the IITRI sensing system

Abstract This paper describes two applications of the IITRI modified Coulter Counter. The first part describes its use in the development of a multi-tube Coulter system capable of analyzing a suspension of particles with a wide size range. The second part describes its use and development as a fiber counter. In this application it is used to count and size fibers in the presence of other particle shapes. This capability suggests a potential use in the rapid shape analysis of powders. Such studies are currently in progress.
INGUINAL HERNIA SIMULATING CARCINOMA OF THE COLON ON ROENTGENOLOGIC EXAMINATION AFTER BARIUM ENEMA.

A report is made of an inguinal hernia which mimicked a carcinoma of the sigmoid flexure on x-ray study after administration of a barium enema. A simple technic of examination is suggested whereby error of interpretation might be avoided in the routine preoperative sigmoidoscopic and roentgenologic examination of the colon in patients undergoing elective inguinal herniorrhaphy.
Sunspot dynamics - Gravitational draining - A cooling mechanism

The inward and downward flow of cooled material below sunspots is considered as a possible explanation of the stability, temperature and heat flow characteristics of sunspots. It is suggested that the flow of material inwards towards the center of the sunspot and then downwards towards the center of the sun through magnetic field conduits plays a role in the cooling of sunspots as it does in pores and magnetic knots, although due to the larger size of a sunspot the downflow takes place below the photosphere. In this view, the inflow and cooling of sunspots are sustained by the release of energy by the convecting gas, which then becomes cooler and denser as it returns to the heat source. The lack of a bright ring around sunspots is explained by the entrainment of upward moving heat flux by the downward moving gases. The temperature and density distributions predicted by the present model are shown to be satisfactory agreement with the empirical model of Van't Veer (Tandberg-Hansen, 1966).
Gravitational demand on the neck musculature during tablet computer use

Tablet computer use requires substantial head and neck flexion, which is a risk factor for neck pain. The goal of this study was to evaluate the biomechanics of the head–neck system during seated tablet computer use under a variety of conditions. A physiologically relevant variable, gravitational demand (the ratio of gravitational moment due to the weight of the head to maximal muscle moment capacity), was estimated using a musculoskeletal model incorporating subject-specific size and intervertebral postures from radiographs. Gravitational demand in postures adopted during tablet computer use was 3–5 times that of the neutral posture, with the lowest demand when the tablet was in a high propped position. Moreover, the estimated gravitational demand could be correlated to head and neck postural measures (0.48 < R 2 < 0.64, p < 0.001). These findings provide quantitative data about mechanical requirements on the neck musculature during tablet computer use and are important for developing ergonomics guidelin...
The Effect of Environmentally Modified and Conventional Housing Types on Broiler Shrinkage

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of environmentally modified versus conventional curtain sided housing on broiler shrinkage. Broilers were reared on the same commercial diet, feeding schedule, and lighting program in either a windowless environmentally modified house or a conventional curtain-sided house. At 50 days of age the birds were caught at 0330 (Experiment 1), 0930 (Experiment 2), or 0300 hr (Experiment 3), weighed, and cooped. The birds were then weighed every 2 hr for 12 hr to determine shrink loss after which they were processed to determine yield in Experiments 1 and 3. The broilers reared in the environmentally modified house had a significantly greater weight loss (shrinkage) over the 12-hr period when caught at night than did the broilers reared in the curtain-sided house. There were no significant differences between the housing types when the birds were caught during the day. It appears that birds in the environmentally modified house exhibited greater shrink due to different water and feed consumption patterns and a more pronounced effect due to the stress of catching.
Evolutionary constraints associated with functional specificity of the CMGC protein kinases MAPK, CDK, GSK, SRPK, DYRK, and CK2α

Amino acid residues associated with functional specificity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs), and CDK-like kinases (CLKs), which are collectively termed the CMGC group, were identified by categorizing and quantifying the selective constraints acting upon these proteins during evolution. Many constraints specific to CMGC kinases correspond to residues between the N-terminal end of the activation segment and a CMGC-conserved insert segment associated with coprotein binding. The strongest such constraint is imposed on a “CMGC-arginine” near the substrate phosphorylation site with a side chain that plays a role both in substrate recognition and in kinase activation. Two nearby buried waters, which are also present in non-CMGC kinases, typically position the main chain of this arginine relative to the catalytic loop. These and other CMGC-specific features suggest a structural linkage between coprotein binding, substrate recognition, and kinase activation. Constraints specific to individual subfamilies point to mechanisms for CMGC kinase specialization. Within casein kinase 2α (CK2α), for example, the binding of one of the buried waters appears prohibited by the side chain of a leucine that is highly conserved within CK2α and that, along with substitution of lysine for the CMGC-arginine, may contribute to the broad substrate specificity of CK2α by relaxing characteristically conserved, precise interactions near the active site. This leucine is replaced by a conserved isoleucine or valine in other CMGC kinases, thereby illustrating the potential functional significance of subtle amino acid substitutions. Analysis of other CMGC kinases similarly suggests candidate family-specific residues for experimental follow-up.
Postoperative survival and the number of lymph nodes sampled during resection of node-negative non-small cell lung cancer

Study objective To examine the association between postoperative survival and the number of lymph nodes (LNs) examined during surgery among persons who underwent definitive resection of node-negative (stage IA or stage IB) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Design and setting Information on postoperative survival and the number of LNs examined during surgery for stage I NSCLC treated with definitive surgical resection was retrieved from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database for the period from 1990 to 2000. The association between survival and the number of LNs was examined using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for age, race, sex, type of surgery performed, and tumor size, grade, and histology. Results A total of 16,800 patients were included in the study. The overall survival analysis for patients without radiation therapy (RT) demonstrated that in comparison to the reference group (one to four LNs), patients with five to eight LNs examined during surgery had a modest but statistically significant increase in survival, with a proportionate hazard ratio (HR) of 0.90 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.84 to 0.97. Similar results for 9 to 12 LNs and 13 to 16 LNs examined produced further increases in survival, with HRs of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.90), respectively. There appeared to be no incremental improvement after evaluating > 16 LNs. The corresponding results for lung cancer-specific mortality and for patients receiving RT were not substantially different. The highest median survival (97 months) occurred in patients with 10 to 11 LNs evaluated. Conclusions Our results indicate that patient survival following resection for NSCLC is associated with the number of LNs evaluated during surgery. This is likely due to reduction of staging error: a decreased likelihood of missing positive LNs with an increasing number of LNs sampled. Although we are reluctant to recommend a definitive "optimal number," our data support the conclusion that an evaluation of nodal status should include somewhere from 11 to 16 LNs.
Used Fuel Disposition Campaign – Objectives, Mission, Plans and Current Activities

The safe management and disposition of used nuclear fuel and/or high level nuclear waste is a fundamental aspect of the nuclear fuel cycle. The United States currently utilizes a once-through fuel cycle where used nuclear fuel is stored on-site in either wet pools or in dry storage systems with ultimate disposal in a deep mined geologic repository envisioned. However, a decision not to use the proposed Yucca Mountain Repository will result in longer interim storage at reactor sites than previously planned. In addition, alternatives to the once-through fuel cycle are being considered and a variety of options are being explored under the U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cycle Technologies Program. These two factors lead to the need to develop a credible strategy for managing radioactive wastes from any future nuclear fuel cycle in order to provide acceptable disposition pathways for all wastes regardless of transmutation system technology, fuel reprocessing scheme(s), and/or the selected fuel cycle. These disposition paths will involve both the storing of radioactive material for some period of time and the ultimate disposal of radioactive waste. To address the challenges associated with waste management, the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy established the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign in the summer of 2009. The mission of the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign is to identify alternatives and conduct scientific research and technology development to enable storage, transportation, and disposal of used nuclear fuel and wastes generated by existing and future nuclear fuel cycles. The near-and long-term objectives of the Fuel Cycle Technologies Program and its' Used Fuel Disposition Campaign are presented.
Three Dimensional Neutronics Analysis of the ITER First Wall/Shield Module 13

Radiation shielding and energy removal for ITER are provided by an array of first wall/shield modules (FWS). Nuclear analysis of the shield modules is important for understanding their performance and lifetime in the system. While one-dimensional (1-D) analysis provides an adequate first approximation, three-dimensional (3-D) analysis is needed to validate the 1-D analysis and resolve fine geometric details that result from heterogeneities in the module. Using MCNPX-CGM, a coupling of traditional MCNPX with the Common Geometry Module (CGM), high-fidelity 3-D neutronics analysis is now possible. Particles are transported in the CAD geometry reducing analysis time, eliminating input error, and preserving geometric detail. A detailed 3-D CAD model of FWS module 13 is inserted into a 1-D radial approximation including homogenized representations of the inboard FWS, plasma, and vacuum vessel (VV). A 14.1 MeV uniform source between the inboard and outboard sides is used to simulate the ITER plasma. Reflecting boundary conditions approximate the full extent of ITER in the poloidal and toroidal directions. Heating, radiation damage, and helium production profiles through module 13 are determined using high-resolution mesh tallies. In the front manifold of the shield block, heating and helium production were found to be lower in steel than the homogenized 1-D model suggests. Peaking in nuclear heating and helium production in steel is observed at the interface with adjacent water zones.
The Effect of the sh(2) Factor on Carbohydrate Reserves in the Mature Endosperm of Maize.

The gene sit1 is the basis for the " sugary " endosperm which is characteristic of our present commercial varieties and hybrids of sweet corn and of many strains of maize indigenous to Mexico, South America and our Southwest ( STURTEVANT 1899). Previous studies ( PEARL and BARTLETT 191 1 ; LINDSTROM and GERHARDT 1926, 1927; ANDREW, BRINK and NEAL 1944) have established that mature sugary endosperms (su su su) have from two to three times as much total sugar as those of starchy (Su Su Su). In view of the higher sugar level associated with su and of an anticipated effect of shrunken-2 (hereafter designated shrunken or sh) on the distribution of carbohydrate reserves, the present study was carried out with progenies permitting a valid comparison of the effects of both factors. Accordingly, two different plants of commercial Golden Cross Bantam (su su Sh Sh) were crossed with a single plant of the constitution Su Su sh sh. The F1 plants from these two ears were grown in two families in the summer of 1952 and self-pollinated. Since both normal alleles carried by the F1 plants are dominant, four phenotypic classes
Gold nanocages for cancer detection and treatment

Gold nanocages represent a novel class of biocompatible vectors with potential applications in drug delivery, tumor/tissue imaging and photothermal therapy. They are prepared through the galvanic-replacement reaction between Ag nanostructures and HAuCl(4). By controlling the amount of HAuCl(4) added, we can tune the surface-plasmon resonance peaks of the Au nanocages into the near-infrared, where the attenuation of light by blood and soft tissue is relatively low. Here, we highlight recent advances in the synthesis and utilization of Au nanocages for cancer detection and treatment. We have tailored the optical properties of Au nanocages for use as contrast agents in optical coherence tomography and as transducers for the selective photothermal ablation of cancer cells. Our results show improved optical coherence tomography image contrast when Au nanocages are added to tissue phantoms as well as the selective photothermal destruction of breast cancer cells in vitro when immunotargeted Au nanocages are used.
Building a Web Site

How does a major museum build and maintain a large Web site? What are the points to bear in mind and the pitfalls to avoid? Jim Angus provides a step-by-step approach based on his strong professional experience. Manager of Information Technology and Web Development at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, he is part of a small cadre of pioneers who led the way in museum Web site design late in 1993. He is the author of more than seven major Web sites and notably, the Natural History Museum’s Web site, which was selected for ‘best educational use’ at the first ‘Museums and the Web’ conference in 1997.
Molecular Detection and Ecological Significance of the Cyanobacterial Genera Geitlerinema and Leptolyngbya in Black Band Disease of Corals

Black band disease (BBD) is a pathogenic, sulfide-rich microbial mat dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria that infect corals worldwide. We isolated cyanobacteria from BBD into culture, confirmed their presence in the BBD community by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and demonstrated their ecological significance in terms of physiological sulfide tolerance and photosynthesis-versus-irradiance values. Twenty-nine BBD samples were collected from nine host coral species, four of which have not previously been investigated, from reefs of the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, St. Croix, and the Philippines. From these samples, seven cyanobacteria were isolated into culture. Cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene using universal primers indicated that four isolates were related to the genus Geitlerinema and three to the genus Leptolyngbya. DGGE results, obtained using Cyanobacteria-specific 16S rRNA primers, revealed that the most common BBD cyanobacterial sequence, detected in 26 BBD field samples, was related to that of an Oscillatoria sp. The next most common sequence, 99% similar to that of the Geitlerinema BBD isolate, was present in three samples. One Leptolyngbya- and one Phormidium-related sequence were also found. Laboratory experiments using isolates of BBD Geitlerinema and Leptolyngbya revealed that they could carry out sulfide-resistant oxygenic photosynthesis, a relatively rare characteristic among cyanobacteria, and that they are adapted to the sulfide-rich, low-light BBD environment. The presence of the cyanotoxin microcystin in these cultures and in BBD suggests a role in BBD pathogenicity. Our results confirm the presence of Geitlerinema in the BBD microbial community and its ecological significance, which have been challenged, and provide evidence of a second ecologically significant BBD cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya.
Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Strategy: “Ready Made” or “Tailored”?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia leading to hospital admissions. Catheter ablation has evolved as an effective treatment strategy; however, ablation strategies continue to evolve due to the complex and multifactorial nature of atrial fibrillation. A standardized and primarily anatomical approach may not be sufficient to eliminate all mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. A tailored ablation strategy can target specific triggers and drivers of atrial fibrillation; however, it is limited by the accuracy and sensitivity of the methods used in identifying specific mechanisms of atrial fibrillation.
Semi-empirical SPICE models for carbon nanotube FET logic

To evaluate the potential of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) to replace silicon CMOS technology, we develop a SPICE model of CNFET nanoelectronics. Our model is parameterizable, and it enables composition of models of various aspects of nanoelectronic behavior. Comparing CNFET nanoelectronics against current CMOS technology and future projections for CMOS, we demonstrate that CNFET nanoelectronics can achieve significantly greater performance at a fraction of the switching energy.
The journey from elite society to government geologist: Henry de la Beche's (1796-1855) powerful impact on the importance of observation within an emerging professional science

Henry De la Beche (1796-1855) entered the scientific realm within an elite group of gentleman geologists. As a firm advocate of observation, De la Beche's philosophy of science involved the collection of fects, from which satisfactory theories or solutions to geological problems could only arise after accumulated observations were compiled. He authored many texts, but insisted that he recorded only fects and did not support particular theories, which often relied on scant observation. When De la Beche's finances floundered, his persistence at procuring government support for his mapping projects resulted in his eventual appointment (1835) as director of what would become the British Geological Survey. As a government scientist, De la Beche maintained a staunch advocacy of observation. He used his position to promote field work, and ensured quality in the deliberate recording of accurate information. He provided clear instructions to local survey directors, and advocated a "general mode of observing and re...
Data-Based Control of a Free-Free Beam in the Presence of Uncertainty

System uncertainty can arise from a number of sources including disturbances, noise, unmodeled dynamics, and nonlinearities. Linear control design techniques typically neglect uncertainty in the system response. This may result in a reduction in performance or even instability of the closed loop system. The goal of this research is to account for measured uncertainty in control design. In contrast with standard robust control design techniques, our approach is to tune a baseline controller using a cost function that balances performance and robustness given measured system uncertainty. The frequency-domain data-based uncertainty accommodating control approach is demonstrated on a free-free beam.
Intimacy issues: sexuality, fertility, and relationships.

Objectives : To provide a review of the intimacy issues, (sexuality, fertility, and interpersonal relationships) that have an impact on the lives of cancer survivors. Data Sources : Published articles, research studies, and textbook chapters. Conclusion : The experience of living with cancer impacts the survivor's interpersonal relationships, sexuality, and fertility. As cancer treatments become more effective in prolonging life, options that preserve sexual function and fertility will be more prevalent. Implications for Nursing Practice : It is the responsibility of the oncology health care professional to become educated about options that preserve sexual function and fertility and inform patients before treatment decisions are made.
Experimental igneous petrology

Experimentation in all aspects of petrology has increased dramatically in the past four years. To hold the bibliography of U.S. contributions to manageable proportions, the scope of this report has for the most part been arbitrarily confined to studies in which silicate liquids were produced; to determinations of subsolidus relations having a direct bearing on the formation or crystallization of magmas; and to fluid phases coexisting, with melts or with solid phases at high temperatures. The most important casualties of these restrictions are studies of sulfide systems and of low- to intermediate-temperature hydrothermal alteration. Furthermore, no theses or dissertations are cited; and I have omitted the abstracts of oral papers and the contributions to the Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook that subsequently have been published in more extended form. It might also be noted that, because of a change in publication date, the contributions to the C.I. W. Yearbook 65 were incorrectly dated 1966 (correct year is 1967) in the previous report [Eugster, 1967]; consequently, only three years of that publication (Yearbooks 66, 1968; 67, 1969; and 68, 1970) need be considered here. Within these limits, the bibliography has been made as complete as possible, but only representative works are cited in the text.
Service Provider Views of Oxycontin Use on an Indian Reservation: Traumatic Effects on the Tribal Community

This qualitative research study on a Great Lakes Indian reservation used semistructured interviews of American Indian (n = 8) and non-American Indian (n = 2) providers of behavioral and physical he...
Depth measurement of remote sources using multipath propagation

A submerged acoustic source radiates narrowband Gaussian noise. Its signal propagates to a remote, large aperture vertical array over a multipath channel whose characteristics may or may not be fully known. The primary concern of this study is the accuracy of source depth estimates obtainable from the array output. Cramer-Rao bounds for the depth estimate are calculated. When the velocity profile is known exactly, the value of the bound is quite insensitive to the precise form of the velocity profile. A bound calculated from a constant velocity profile yields an excellent approximation for many situations likely to be encountered in practice. Introduction of an unknown parameter into the velocity profile has little effect on the Cramer-Rao bound for depth. However, a maximum likelihood estimator of depth working with an inaccurate value of the unknown parameter performs poorly. To obtain satisfactory performance, one must estimate the unknown parameters along with the source depth. Simulations demonstrate the success of this approach. >
The American forces Vietnam network

Despite the attention of television, radio and the print media to the war in Vietnam, few Americans other than veterans of this conflict are aware of the American Forces Vietnam Network, which attempts to use radio and television to entertain and inform troops serving in Southeast Asia. Major Ovid L. Bayless initially researched this article in Vietnam in the summer of 1967. Although most of the data in this article stem from that time, there has been some updating of information. Major Bayless (B.A., M.A., Baylor University, Ph.D., University of Denver) presently serves as associate professor of speech and English and deputy director of instructional technology at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs.
Structure, petrology, and petrogenesis of the Treasurevault stock, Mosquito Range, Colorado

The Treasurevault stock intrudes high-grade metamorphic rocks approximately 10 km east of Leadville, Colorado, in the northern Mosquito Range. The stock is roughly circular in exposed plan and about 3 km in diameter. It consists of quartz monzonite that is remarkably uniform in mineralogical and chemical composition. Three textural facies occur in roughly concentric zones: medium-grained rocks occur between fine-grained rocks at the contacts and coarse-grained rocks near the center of the stock. Primary flow structure near the contact suggests that the upper part of the stock is hemispherical. Primary radial and diagonal joints are well developed near the contact. Both flow structures and joints probably formed just before and after consolidation as a result of compression perpendicular to contacts. The K-Ar age of the stock is 1,430 ± 45 m.y. (Precambrian Y), indicating emplacement during the Silver Plume magmatic event. A model for the petrogenesis of the Treasurevault stock includes derivation of the parent magma by partial melting of lower crustal rocks at a depth of ∼40 km, emplacement of the magma due to gravitational instability to a depth of ∼10 km, and crystallization of most of the magma under conditions of water undersaturation. A water-saturated pegmatite magma developed after more than 97 percent of the stock had crystallized.
Clinicopathological Studies of Gastrointestinal Disease in Macaques

Evaluation of mortality during a two-year period at a primate colony indicated that 34% of nonexperimental deaths in macaques one year of age and older were due to gastrointestinal disease. Of deaths related to gastrointestinal disease, 12% had acute gastric dilatation, 18% had shigellosis, 12% had nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, and 58% were of undetermined cause. Histologic evaluation of the alimentary tract indicated that the large intestine was the most common site of anatomical change in monkeys that had diarrhea at the time of death. Monkeys that had a single terminal episode of diarrhea had less gastric inflammatory lesions than those that had multiple episodes of diarrhea in the last year of life.
Community Media: Tracing the global through the local: perspectives on community media

Globalisation can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. This is a dialectical process because such local happenings may move in an obverse direction from the very distanciated relations that shape them. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity Drawing on scholarship aimed at theorizing globalization from a cultural perspective, this chapter employs community media in an effort to trace the global through the local (see Ang 1990; Cvetkovich and Kellner 1997). Specifically, I use community media as a lens to examine the dialectical (if uneven) process between global forces and conditions and the everyday lived experience of local communities. Throughout, I take up the argument laid out in Chapter 1 related to issues of cultural imperialism. That is, I want to challenge the notion that local populations are simply subject to, or dominated by, national, regional, and increasingly transnational political and economic arrangements, structures, policies, and prerogatives. That said, I am keenly aware of the dangers associated with overstating popular resistance to global incursions on local economies, social relations, and cultural sensibilities. Media scholar David Morley sums up this quandary as “a question of steering between the dangers of an improper romanticism of ‘consumer freedom’ on the one hand, and a paranoiac fantasy of ‘global control’ on the other” (1991: 1).
Indexes of subclinical atherosclerosis: signposts on the highway to disease.

Cardiovascular events are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, so it is not surprising that over the past 3 decades there have been many attempts to identify groups of persons at higher risk than others and to refine individual risk prediction. The Framingham Heart Study risk
High resolution on-chip optical filter array based on double subwavelength grating reflectors

An optical filter array consisting of vertical narrow-band Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators formed by two highly reflective high contrast subwavelength grating mirrors is reported. The filters are designed to cover a wide range of operation wavelengths (Δλ/λ = 5%) just by changing the in-plane grating parameters while the device thickness is maintained constant. Operation in the telecom band with transmission efficiencies greater than 40% and quality factors greater than 1,000 are measured experimentally for filters fabricated on the same substrate.
Use of genetic variants to predict clinical outcome in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with first-line 5-FU or capecitabine in combination with oxaliplatin and bevacizumab (FOLFOX/BV or XELOX/BV)

4070 Background: Recent studies suggested polymorphisms involved in angiogenesis related genes associated with clinical outcome in pts treated with the VEGF-inhibitor bevacizumab. (Schneider et al. JCO 2008, Manegold et al ASCO 2008). We evaluated functional polymorphisms involved in angiogenesis- (VEGF, KDR, IL-6, CXCR1 and-2), apoptosis (p53) and cell-proliferation (MMP2,-7 and-9, ICAM)-related pathways in an expanded patient cohort for their potential prognostic or predictive role in clinical outcome. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 79 mCRC pts (treated with first-line FOLFOX/BV or XELOX/BV at USC) from peripheral blood. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP assays or direct sequencing. Results: 79 pts (47 men, 32 women) with a median age of 56 years (range 29–81), were treated with either FOLFOX/BV (33 pts) or XELOX/BV (46 pts). Radiologic response: 2/79 pts (3%) CR, 41/79 pts (52%) PR, 32/79 pts (41%) SD and 3/79 pts (4%) DP. At a median follow-up of 32.0 months (range: 1.4- 47.8 months), t...
Factors Related to Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines in Active College Students: A Social Cognitive Perspective.

ABSTRACTObjective: To examine the relations of sex, exercise self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and social support with meeting physical activity guidelines (PAGs). Participants: Three hundred ninety-six college students participated in this study in the summer 2013. Methods: Students completed online questionnaires that assessed physical activity behaviors and psychosocial factors (ie, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and social support). Students' physical activity profile was categorized as meeting no PAGs, meeting aerobic PAGs only, meeting muscle-strengthening PAGs only, or meeting both PAGs. Results: A multinomial logistic regression revealed that students' sex and psychosocial factors significantly affected the odds of meeting any and all PAGs. Sex significantly moderated the relationship between outcome expectancy and meeting aerobic PAGs and between outcome expectancy meeting muscle-strengthening PAGs. Conclusions: Results indicate that interventions designed to increase psychosocial factor...
A pathologic and bacteriologic study of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis treated with streptomycin and isoniazid.

healed open cavities, sometimes with conversion to large cysts, has increased under the influence of isoniazid. 2 ' •». B, 7. Q. 10 This study deals with bacteriologic and pathologic observations on resected pulmonary specimens from 57 patients who were treated (1) with combined streptomycin and isoniazid throughout a long term, or (2) with large doses of streptomycin for a short term and isoniazid for a long term. The frequencies of atypical histologic alterations and of endog­ enous spread of pulmonary tuberculosis observed in the one form of therapy are compared with those observed in the other regimen. The changes observed during the healing of cavities in the open state are described as are the circumstances under which such healing occurred. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Final Report: Laser-Material Interactions Relevant to Analytic Spectroscopy of Wide Band Gap Materials

We summarize our studies aimed at developing an understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry in terms of laser materials interactions relevant to laser-based sampling and chemical analysis of wide bandgap materials. This work focused on the determination of mechanisms for the emission of electrons, ions, atoms, and molecules from laser irradiation of surfaces. We determined the important role of defects on these emissions, the thermal, chemical, and physical interactions responsible for matrix effects and mass-dependent transport/detection. This work supported development of new techniques and technology for the determination of trace elements contained such as nuclear waste materials.
Anti-Conservation Incentives

Several recent empirical studies have indicated that the Endangered Specifies Act (ESA) discourages species conservation on private land. This is because the law encourages landowners to shoot, shovel and shut up before federal authorities discover the species are present or may move onto the land. Most worrisome, the studies suggest that the net effect of the ESA on private land could be negative. Habitat loss and fragmentation represent the greatest threat to endangered species because private land is indispensable to environmental conservation.
Trap-response heterogeneity of house mice (Mus musculus) in outdoor enclosures

We studied extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting trap-response heterogeneity in house mice ( Mus musculus ) in eight 0.1-ha outdoor enclosures. Changes in density did not significantly affect proportions of mice captured. Overall, greater proportions of males than females were captured. Adults were captured more often than subadults, and subadults were captured more often than juveniles. Extrinsic factors including relative humidity, temperature, and decreased vegetative cover affected proportions of mice captured for various age and sex classes. Two measures of individual trap-response heterogeneity were used: percentage of times an individual could have been captured that it actually was and mean number of trap sessions between captures. Significant yearly variation occurred in both measures. Trap response heterogeneity among sexes did not emerge until the mice were subadults or adults. There was significant yearly variation in proportions of recruits entering traps as juveniles, subadults, or both. Our findings indicate that there is substantial intrinsic heterogeneity, modified by external factors, in capture rates of the house mouse. Data collected to assess population size, survival rates, home range, and other life-history characteristics collected by live trapping warrant cautious interpretation.
Effective routing algorithm for airborne network

This paper introduced the concept of Ad hoc for the platform and the elements forming the airborne network.Considering the moving characteristic of the platform,presented a new dynamic routing algorithm.The algorithm can improve the link stability and insure the battlefield information delivering reliably.
Role of the Pediatrician in the Management of Learning Disorders

Major changes in the concepts and practices related to intervention in the management of children with learning disorders have generated the expectation that the developmental rate and maladaptive behaviors of all such children can be modified through specified forms of environmental intervention. A complex extramedical service system has developed in support of the learning and behavioral development of these children, necessitating a redefining of the pediatrician’s role in management. The uniqueness and specificity of the pediatrician’s contributions are reviewed within this framwork.
DYNAMIC SELF-ORGANIZATION OF THE CEREBRAL NETWORK: EVIDENCE FROM NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

Among the neurosciences, neuropsychology, the study of the brain basis of mental processes, comes closest to addressing critical questions of broad interest, such as the following: What kind of a device is the brain, how is it organized, by what means does it instantiate consciousness, and is it self-directed or subject to superordinate control or supervision? Neuropsychology originated in the midnineteenth century, when it was isolated from the rest of what is now called cognitive neuroscience. Consequently neuropsychologists were reduced to invoking arbitrary models, based on their world views, and barely constrained by what little the other neurosciences could at that time tell them about how the brain is organized. It is only quite recently that neuropsychology has become open to, and drawn upon by, the broader brain sciences. The old hierarchical models, more resembling the contemporaneous social organizations than anything biological, no longer serve, but rather obstruct. Every science is guided by its current models, even ones that are implicit, and even if the investigator disowns them, and purports to base his conclusions solely on empirical grounds. The dominant models also constrain investigation; largely they channel inquiry in directions that will confirm the models. Outcomes that are unpredicted or even contradictory are typically, assimilated to the prevailing schemes by post hoc provisos and subroutines. This way of dealing with challenges to preconceptions aberrant, but quite typical of human hypothesis formation. It is amply clear both in perception and in concept formation, that once one takes a view, one exploits and defends it to the extent possible.
The effectiveness of functional massage on pain and range of motion measurements in patients with orthopedic impairments of the extremities

Objectives: Functional Massage (FM) is a therapeutic technique that incorporates joint motion with massage to treat musculotendinous pain and impairments. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of FM to decrease pain and improve range of motion (ROM) in patients.Methods: A test re-test design was utilized to identify the effects of FM as measured by the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and ROM. Twenty patients were treated by one of three participating orthopedic manual physical therapists (OMPT) and data was collected for five sessions.Results: One hundred and five data points collected from the twenty patients included: shoulder (55), knee (40), and ankle (10). The average change in NPRS (1.68) was statistically significant but not clinically significant (change ≥2). The majority of the FM treatments resulted in a positive NPRS change 82/105(78.1%). The average change in ROM (7.08°) was statistically (P 4°).Conclusions: FM resulted in st...
A Review of Vihvelin's Causes, Laws, and Free Will

If Vihvelin is right, compatibilism might have been better off if Frankfurt’s Black and Jones had never appeared on the printed page; her work is a continuation of the compatibilist thread as it developed before the Frankfurt break. The main line of her argument takes us from paradigm cases through the Consequence Argument to her own account of freedom. The challenge, I think, is for her to be able to put to rest the question that undid the Conditional Analysis: “But supposing that the ability to act otherwise depends upon the ability to try (choose, decide) to act otherwise, the question remains: could she have tried (chosen, decided) to do otherwise?” For me, at least, her resolution is not entirely satisfactory.