cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatile emissions of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and the influence of hemlock woolly adelgid

The volatile emissions of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, were identified and quantified using standard and chiral gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. All of the identified compounds were monoterpenes, and included α-pinene, myrcene, tricyclene, camphene, α-phellandrene, β-pinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, terpinolene, and bornyl acetate. α-Pinene, myrcene, and camphene comprised greater than 75% by mass of the total release. Infestation by the exotic insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand), resulted in an increased release rate of monoterpenes from branch tips. Release rate was negatively correlated to the amount of the branch tip sample that was new growth, suggesting that release rate is greater from previous-year foliage. Additionally the percent composition of the volatile profile is slightly altered by infestation, with α-pinene comprising 57% of volatiles from infested foliage and 66% from uninfested foliage.
Scale Structure: Processing Minimum Standard and Maximum Standard Scalar Adjectives.

Gradable adjectives denote a function that takes an object and returns a measure of the degree to which the object possesses some gradable property [Kennedy, C. (1999). Projecting the adjective: The syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison. New York: Garland]. Scales, ordered sets of degrees, have begun to be studied systematically in semantics [Kennedy, C. (to appear). Vagueness and grammar: the semantics of relative and absolute gradable predicates. Linguistics and Philosophy; Kennedy, C. and McNally, L. (2005). Scale structure, degree modification, and the semantics of gradable predicates. Language, 81, 345-381; Rotstein, C., and Winter, Y. (2004). Total adjectives vs. partial adjectives: scale structure and higher order modifiers. Natural Language Semantics, 12, 259-288.]. We report four experiments designed to investigate the processing of absolute adjectives with a maximum standard (e.g., clean) and their minimum standard antonyms (dirty). The central hypothesis is that the denotation of an absolute adjective introduces a 'standard value' on a scale as part of the normal comprehension of a sentence containing the adjective (the "Obligatory Scale" hypothesis). In line with the predictions of Kennedy and McNally (2005) and Rotstein and Winter (2004), maximum standard adjectives and minimum standard adjectives systematically differ from each other when they are combined with minimizing modifiers like slightly, as indicated by speeded acceptability judgments. An eye movement recording study shows that, as predicted by the Obligatory Scale hypothesis, the penalty due to combining slightly with a maximum standard adjective can be observed during the processing of the sentence; the penalty is not the result of some after-the-fact inferencing mechanism. Further, a type of 'quantificational variability effect' may be observed when a quantificational adverb (mostly) is combined with a minimum standard adjective in sentences like "The dishes are mostly dirty", which may receive either a degree interpretation (e.g., 80% dirty) or a quantity interpretation (e.g., 80% of the dishes are dirty). The quantificational variability results provide suggestive support for the Obligatory Scale hypothesis by showing that the standard of a scalar adjective influences the preferred interpretation of other constituents in the sentence.
Mechanisms Of Antimicrobial Peptide Action Determined Using Chemical And Collisional Quenching Assays

Peptide-lipid interactions are pertinent to antimicrobial peptides (AMP) activity, stringency, and selectivity. The ability of AMPs to disrupt the target cell's lipid bilayer has been described using the nonspecific “carpet” model or using models that assume stable transbilayer pores (e.g. barrel stave pores). With the carpet model, there is a strong electrostatic and hydrophobic attraction between peptide and the lipid interfacial groups such that the peptides blanket the cell membrane. Carpet model peptides can then kill the organism by disrupting the lipid bilayer and causing loss of cellular contents. The stable pore model consists of fixed transmembrane structures that rely on an amphipathic amino acid sequence to form membrane-spanning pores. Included with these models, peptides can also induce flip-flop of bilayer lipids or form transient pores. We have developed chemical and collisional quenching assays that help determine the mode of lipid disruption associated with naturally occurring and synthetically designed AMPs. The assays require large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with fluorophore-attached lipid head groups in both inner and outer leaflets of the bilayer. Only peptides with stable pore-forming or detergent-like activity allow quenchers access to the inner leaflet. The combination of these quenching assays with leakage experiments and cryo-electron microscopy allows for a more complete description of the mechanism of membrane disruption by peptides.
Alteration of P450 distal pocket solvent leads to impaired proton delivery and changes in heme geometry

Distal pocket water molecules have been widely implicated in the delivery of protons required in O-O bond heterolysis in the P450 reaction cycle. Targeted dehydration of the cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) distal pocket through mutagenesis of a distal pocket glycine to either valine or threonine results in the alteration of spin state equilibria, and has dramatic consequences on the catalytic rate, coupling efficiency, and kinetic solvent isotope effect parameters, highlighting an important role of the active-site hydration level on P450 catalysis. Cryoradiolysis of the mutant CYP101 oxyferrous complexes further indicates a specific perturbation of proton-transfer events required for the transformation of ferric-peroxo to ferric-hydroperoxo states. Finally, crystallography of the 248Val and 248Thr mutants in both the ferric camphor bound resting state and ferric-cyano adducts shows both the alteration of hydrogen-bonding networks and the alteration of heme geometry parameters. Taken together, these results indicate that the distal pocket microenvironment governs the transformation of reactive heme-oxygen intermediates in P450 cytochromes.
Enhancing quality of life through Universal Design.

Objectives: To inform clinicians, caregivers and researchers involved with assessing and treating individuals with neurological disabilities of the benefits of universal design in enhancing quality of life. The improvement of quality of life has the potential to benefit the individuals with neurological disabilities and those whose lives overlap and intersect with those individuals. Methods: Literature and design reviews are used as a foundation for a model for incorporating and leveraging universal design to the benefit of the patient's social sphere, which includes caregivers, family members and medical staff. By matching patients varied abilities with universal design solutions, the model of universal design benefitting the patients' social sphere will be demonstrated. Recommendations: Recommendations are made for clinicians and researchers that they may use in their practices and investi- gations in three areas: 1) educating patients about the benefits of universal design, 2) helping inform patients how to leverage universally designed products and approaches in their lives and living spaces and 3) understanding how to incorporate universal design principles into research and clinical spaces as demonstration pieces for patients.
Research Report: Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults

The present study examined the link between neuroticism, extraversion, as well as presentation of the real, the ideal, and the false self on Facebook. Self-reports were collected from 261 young adults (ages 18-30) about personality, online self-presentation, and Facebook use. Level of extraversion was positively associated with Facebook activity level. A series of regression analyses revealed that young adults high in neuroticism reported presenting their ideal and false self on Facebook to a greater extent whereas those low in extraversion reported engaging in greater online self-exploratory behaviors. Findings suggest that young adults who are experiencing emotional instability may be strategic in their online self-presentation perhaps to seek reassurance, and those who have self-doubt further explore their self online.
Integrated sensor and range-finding analog signal processor

The authors present experimental results from an array of cells, each of which contains a photodiode and the analog signal-processing circuitry needed for light-stripe range finding. Prototype circuits were fabricated through MOSIS in a 2- mu m CMOS p-well double-metal, double-poly process. This design builds on some of the ideas that have been developed for ICs that integrate signal-processing circuitry with photosensors. In the case of light-stripe range finding, the increase in cell complexity from sensing only to sensing and processing makes the modification of the operational principle of range finding practical, which in turn results in a dramatic improvement in performance. The IC array of photosensor and analog signal processor cells that acquires 1000 frames of light-stripe range data per second-two orders of magnitude faster than conventional light-stripe range-finding methods. The highly parallel range-finding algorithm used requires that the output of each photosensor site be continuously monitored. Prototype high-speed range-finding systems have been built using a 5*5 array and a 28*32 array of these sensing elements. >
Mechanism-based QSAR approach to the study of the toxicity of endocrine active substances*

Mechanism-based QSAR models for interactions between various ligands and the estrogenic receptor are developed by using well-developed physicochemical parameters. Common features of these QSARs are identified, and deficiencies in some datasets are high- lighted. The relative binding affinities of various substituted hexestrols to estrogen receptors are examined in terms of their steric, electronic, and hydrophobic attributes. Different QSARs for hexestrols and tamoxifens reveal that steric effects are of overriding importance in variations of binding affinity. In the few cases where a large number of diverse substituents are located on aromatic rings, electronic effects emerge and suggest that electron-donating groups enhance binding to the receptor while hydrophobicity plays a marginal role in de- creasing binding affinity. With substituted phenols bearing alkyl-type substituents and sub- stituted hydroxy-biphenyls, the binding is strictly dependent on hydrophobicity and size. These QSAR models are described in detail and examined together to illustrate the utility of lateral validation in mechanistic interpretation.
Regulation of Tissue Factor–Mediated Initiation of the Coagulation Cascade by Cell Surface Grp78

Objective— To test the hypothesis that Grp78 negatively regulates cell surface tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity and whether this is mediated by physical interaction. Methods and Results— Biopanning with phage-displayed peptidyl libraries has identified peptide probes that bind selectively in vivo to the surface of atherosclerotic plaque endothelium. The highest affinity peptide, EKO130, binds 78-kDa glucose regulated protein (Grp78). Grp78 participates in numerous pathological processes, including the regulation of the coagulation cascade, but the mechanism of Grp78 regulation of coagulation is unknown. To characterize this function, we analyzed the effect of Grp78 on TF-mediated procoagulant activity on murine brain endothelial cells (bEND.3) and macrophage-like (RAW) cells, which are relevant in mediation of atherothrombosis. We show that Grp78 is present on the surface of endothelium and monocyte/macrophage-like cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Inhibition of Grp78 resulted in increased procoagulant activity. We demonstrate that Grp78 negatively regulates procoagulant activity by interacting physically with the TF extracellular domain on the cell surface. Conclusions— The evidence indicates that Grp78 negatively regulates TF functional activity via direct binding to and functional inhibition of TF. Identification of the mechanism by which Grp78 regulates TF function may advance insight into the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and associated arterial thrombosis.
Caffeine Formulation for Avian Repellency

Abstract Nonlethal management alternatives are needed to reduce avian depredation of agricultural crops. Caffeine has promise as an effective, economical, and environmentally safe avian repellent, yet formulation improvements are needed for field applications. We included sodium benzoate in subsequent formulations to enhance the solubility of caffeine. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) discriminated between untreated rice and rice treated with 250 ppm or 10,000 ppm caffeine and sodium benzoate in captivity. We observed a positive concentration–response relationship among birds offered rice treated with 250 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 2,500 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 10,000 ppm, or 20,000 ppm caffeine and sodium benzoate. Relative to the pretreatment of the concentration–response test, repellency was >85% for rice treated with our 2,500- to 20,000-ppm treatments. We conducted seed germination experiments and associated residue analyses to evaluate the potential phytotoxicity of various caffeine formulations under contr...
Monitoring Protein-Drug Interactions with Mass Spectrometry and Proteolysis Protein Mass Mapping as a Drug Assay

Presented is a new approach for assaying the effects of drug candidates against protein targets. Human rhinovirus, HRV14, has been analyzed in the presence of both known and potential antiviral drug agents using enzymatically active mass spectrometer sample plates. The combination of automated mass spectrometry with proteolytic digestion provides for the rapid, high-throughput, and sensitive screening of protein-drug interactions. Multiple drug candidates can be assayed from MALDI sample plates containing 100 wells and, to further increase the number of drugs assayed, multiple drugs can be pooled into each solution (10 candidates per well, 1000 candidates per plate). Wells producing spectra indicative of drug activity can be further analyzed to discern the active compound or be tested with alternative assays.
Prevalence of the multiple antibiotic resistance operon (marRAB) in the genus salmonella.

The multiple antibiotic resistance operon (marRAB) is a member of the multidrug resistance (mdr) systems. Similar to other mdr systems, this operon when induced encodes resistance to structurally and functionally unrelated antibiotics. marRAB has been shown to be conserved in the family Enterobacteriaceae, but within the genus Salmonella certain species appeared to be lacking this operon. To investigate how conserved the marRAB operon was in Salmonella, 30 veterinary isolates were examined by PCR, Southern blot, and dot blot analysis. Using DNA primers based on the marRAB operon of S. typhimurium, a predicted 2.3-kb amplicon resulted after PCR in 16 of the 30 organisms. The 2.3-kb DNA band from S. enteritidis was cloned and sequenced and shown to possess 99% sequence homology to marRAB from S. typhimurium. Using a labeled marRAB gene probe from S. enteritidis, Southern blot and dot blot analysis confirmed the presence of the operon in all 30 Salmonella species examined. Furthermore, when these isolates were induced with low levels of either tetracycline or chloramphenicol, increased antimicrobial resistance was observed to structurally and functionally unrelated antibiotics. Thus, the widespread occurrence of the marRAB locus in this genus prescribes judicious use of antimicrobials to avoid induction of a mdr phenotype.
Early Home Language Use and Later Vocabulary Development.

This longitudinal study examined the association between early patterns of home language use (age 4.5 years) and vocabulary growth (ages 4.5 to 12 years) in English and Spanish for 180 Spanish-speaking language minority learners followed from ages 4.5 to 12 years. Standardized measures of vocabulary were administered to children from ages 4.5 to 12 years, and home language use was assessed via parent survey at study entry. Three predominant home language use patterns were identified: mostly Spanish, equal amounts of Spanish and English, and mostly English. Individual growth modeling results demonstrated initial English vocabulary differences between the three language groups, with the mostly English group outperforming the other two language groups. However, the rate of growth for the equal amounts and mostly Spanish groups surpassed that of the mostly English group; by age 12 years, the gaps among the 3 groups had narrowed, but participants' vocabulary skills remained below national norms. In contrast, students' patterns of Spanish vocabulary growth did not vary, resulting in parallel but widening gaps through age 12 years. Results suggest that early Spanish use in language minority learners' homes, in and of itself, does not interfere with the development of English vocabulary. However, despite their English instructional context, all learners' vocabulary knowledge was below average and the gap compared with national norms persisted
Using fluid models to prove stability of adversarial queueing networks

A digital communication network can be modeled as an adversarial queueing network. An adversarial queueing network is defined to be stable if the number of packets stags bounded over time. A central question is to determine which adversarial queueing networks are stable under every work-conserving packet routing policy. Our main result is that stability of an adversarial queueing network is implied by stability of an associated fluid queueing network.
Availability of new drugs and Americans' ability to work.

Objective: The objective of this work was the investigation of the extent to which the introduction of new drugs has increased society’s ability to produce goods and services by increasing the number of hours worked per member of the working-age population. Methods: Econometric models of ability-to-work measures from data on approximately 200,000 individuals with 47 major chronic conditions observed throughout a 15-year period (1982–1996) were estimated. Results: Under very conservative assumptions, the estimates indicate that the value of the increase in ability to work attributable to new drugs is 2.5 times as great as expenditure on new drugs. Conclusions: The potential of drugs to increase employee productivity should be considered in the design of drug-reimbursement policies. Conversely, policies that broadly reduce the development and utilization of new drugs may ultimately reduce our ability to produce other goods and services. (J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:373–380)
Too Many Cooks? Intrinsic and Synaptic Homeostatic Mechanisms in Cortical Circuit Refinement

Maintaining the proper balance between excitation and inhibition is critical for the normal function of cortical circuits. This balance is thought to be maintained by an array of homeostatic mechanisms that regulate neuronal and circuit excitability, including mechanisms that target excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and mechanisms that target intrinsic neuronal excitability. In this review, I discuss where and when these mechanisms are used in complex microcircuits, what is currently known about the signaling pathways that underlie them, and how these different ways of achieving network stability cooperate and/or compete. An important challenge for the field of homeostatic plasticity is to assemble our understanding of these individual mechanisms into a coherent view of how microcircuit stability is maintained during experience-dependent circuit refinement.
An overlay approach for enabling access to dynamically shared backbone GMPLS networks

In this paper, we address the question of how to introduce new Quality-of-Service enhancements into the existing Internet. Specifically, dynamically shared circuit-switched/virtual-circuit (VC) networks are being deployed in some of the backbone research and education networks. We describe an overlay solution for enabling access of end hosts that are not physically connected to these networks to nevertheless benefit from their services. Our solution is to use Web proxy servers that are dually connected to the Internet and these backbone circuit/VC networks. We implemented and demonstrated our solution on a wide-area experimental GMPLS network called CHEETAH. Building on our prior results, which show the benefits of using this network for wide-area transfers of large files, we demonstrated performance benefits for Web clients. For example, in an experimental setup, we showed that for a 10-MB file, the Web throughput improves from 17 Mb/s to 61 Mb/s by using this overlay solution. In addition, this technique offers a method for introducing new QoS-oriented network services in a backbone network to non-connected users.
Mapping Canadian wetlands using L-band radar satellite imagery S

Previously, we have developed a robust algorithm for mapping boreal wetlands using L-band satellite radar imagery, and in particular have used the method to produce a complete vegetated wetlands map of Alaska using the JERS radar data. In this work, we apply this algorithm to produce a static map of Canadian wetlands from the 1997–98 era JERS radar data at 100-m resolution, to be followed in the future by 2007-era ALOS/PALSAR maps.
The Effect of Nintendo Wii on Balance: A Pilot Study Supporting the Use of the Wii in Occupational Therapy for the Well Elderly

ABSTRACT This study explored the benefits that Nintendo's Wii Fit activities may have on the balance of 22 community living older adults. Over 4 weeks, participants completed twelve 20-min sessions using various programs in the Wii Fit. Pretest and posttest measurements were obtained using the Berg Balance Scale with participants scoring an average of 9.14 points higher on the postintervention. Posttest balance scores were significantly greater [t (21) = -9.861, p < .01] than pretest scores. Reports from the participants supported the positive use and possible improvements in quality of life. The results of this study suggest the potential effectiveness of utilizing the Nintendo Wii as a therapeutic agent in occupational therapy practice.
JOURNAL CLUB: Evaluation of Near-Miss Wrong-Patient Events in Radiology Reports

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of reported near-miss wrong-patient events in radiology at two large academic hospitals and its relation to imaging modality, clinical setting, and time of occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An institutional imaging report database was searched for reports between January 1, 2009, and May 30, 2013, that contained the phrases “incorrect patient” or “wrong patient.” These imaging reports were categorized into either mislabeled or misidentified patient or wrong dictation or report events. The mislabeling-misidentification events involved patients whose images were incorrectly placed in another patient's folder. In wrong dictation or report events, a patient's images were placed in the correct imaging folder, but another patient's images were used in error for dictation of the report. The time to detect each of these events was also evaluated. RESULTS. Overall, 67 eligible reports were identified among 1,717,713 examinations performed during ...
Impact of American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 and National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-32 trial results on surgeon practice in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Background Recent clinical trials have suggested no survival benefit for completion axillary node dissection (CALND) after sentinel lymph node biopsy (American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011) and no clinically meaningful benefit for the routine use of immunohistochemistry (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-32) in clinically node-negative breast cancer. Methods A 12-question electronic survey was distributed to members of 3 Pacific Northwest surgical societies. Surgeons were queried regarding the impact of the trial results on their surgical management of breast cancer. Results The 181 respondents reported performing fewer CALNDs (63%), fewer intraoperative frozen sections (21%), and no immunohistochemistry (12%) because of trial data. However, 28% of surgeons continued to perform CALND in patients with 1 to 2 positive sentinel lymph nodes undergoing lumpectomy and postoperative radiation. Conclusions Recent trial data have impacted the performance of CALNDs and the pathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes among Pacific Northwest surgeons. Our results suggest a need for regional surgical societies to disseminate practice-changing trial data to members.
Systematic review: association of polycystic ovary syndrome with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 801–814 Summary Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder for women of child-bearing age and is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Aim To assess the literature for associations between polycystic ovary syndrome and non-alcholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods We performed a systematic review using PubMed-search for peer-reviewed articles related to polycystic ovary syndrome and NAFLD. Articles were summarised and grouped according to different sections defining interactions of polycystic ovary syndrome with metabolic syndrome and non-alcholic fatty liver disease as well as risk factors, pathogenic pathways and treatment options. Results Obesity is a common factor involved in both polycystic ovary syndrome and non-alcholic fatty liver disease. Obesity causes non-alcholic fatty liver disease and aggravates hirsutism and menstrual disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome is observed in 50–80% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and patients with non-alcholic fatty liver disease. Recent findings suggest that women with polycystic ovary syndrome may be at risk for developing non-alcholic fatty liver disease and conversely, non-alcholic fatty liver disease may be a risk for polycystic ovary syndrome. Based on the association of polycystic ovary syndrome and other metabolic abnormalities, such as insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, obesity and non-alcholic fatty liver disease, the candidate genes have been speculated for polycystic ovary syndrome. Closer scrutiny of these genes placed most of their proteins at the crossroads of three highly inter-related conditions: metabolic syndrome, obesity and non-alcholic fatty liver disease. In most studies, the prevalence of both polycystic ovary syndrome and non-alcholic fatty liver disease rises proportionally to the degree of insulin resistance and increases in the mass of adipose tissue. Conclusions Non-alcholic fatty liver disease is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Similarly, it seems appropriate to consider polycystic ovary syndrome as the ovarian manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Both these conditions can co-exist and may respond to similar therapeutic strategies.
Validation of the Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test in Children with Central Nervous System Lesions

The pediatric speech intelligibility (PSI) test was administered to 21 children with a variety of documented central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Ages ranged from 3 to 8 years. PSI test results demonstrated both high sensitivity and high specificity. Results were consistently (1) abnormal in children with lesions in areas of the brain important for auditory function (CNS auditory disorders) and (2) normal in children with lesions in areas anatomically remote from auditory nuclei and pathways (nonauditory CNS disorders).
Maturity Mismatching and “Market Failure”

The present article is a continuation of the debate two sets of authors (Bagus and Howden vs. Barnett and Block) have been engaging in regarding one type of maturity mismatching: borrowing short and lending long (BSLL). All four authors had agreed that this practice can set up the Austrian Business Cycle; the present author denies that BSLL would be a legitimate commercial interaction in the free society; Bagus and Howden continue to maintain that it would be licit. Our main criticism of Bagus and Howden is a reductio ad absurdum: that this opens them up to the charge of embracing the doctrine of market failure; this is something highly problematic for the two of them, since all four contributors to this debate are well-known supporters of laissez faire capitalism.
Natural Language Query Refinement for Problem Resolution from Crowd-Sourced Semi-Structured Data

We study the problem of natural language query generation for decision support systems (DSS) in the problem resolution domain. In this domain, a user has a task he is unable to accomplish (eg. bluetooth headphone not playing music), which we capture using language structures. We show how important units that define a problem can robustly and automatically be extracted from large noisy online forum data, with no labeled data or query logs. We also show how these units can be selected to reduce the number of interactions and how they can be used to generate natural language interactions for query refinement.
Abstract 1635: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Ischemic heart disease, especially myocardial infarction, is an important cause for heart failure. However, therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for myocardial or pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is not well studied. MSC were tested for their ability to prevent warm IR injury. Methods: Bone marrow cells from Lewis rat were cultured in plastic tissue culture flasks for 72 hours; cells in suspension were discarded and the adherent cells (MSC) were expanded. Experimental design: following 120 minutes of left lung ischemia, Group A, rats received MSC (~2 x 10 6 ; i.v.; passage 2– 6); Group B, rats received fibroblasts (~2 x 10 6 ; i.v.) ; Group C, received saline; and Group D received no ischemia or MSC. Left lung ischemia was performed by clamping left pulmonary artery/vein/bronchus at end inspiration. At 4h, 24h and 72h following ischemia, blood was collected from left and right pulmonary veins, separately. Results : Mean blood oxygenation (PaO2/FIO2 ratio, mmHg) at 24h was significantly (P Ex vivo expanded MSC (passage 2) were highly positive for stem cell markers CD29, CD90, and CD44 (70–95%) and weakly positive for CD31, CD45 and CD11b (6 –24%). Conclusions: Autologous MSC therapy to prevent IR injury and improve lung function in cardiopulmonary diseases seems promising.
74 DISTRIBUTION AND CORRELATES OF ARTERIAL COMPLIANCE MEASURES IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

Background Impaired arterial compliance is an independent predictor of early vascular damage and related adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcome. However, information is scant on the distributions and correlates of measures of arterial pulsatile function in a community-based, biracial cohort of young adults. Methods This study examined 800 black and white subjects (71% white, 43% male) aged 18-44 years enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. In addition to traditional CV risk factor variables, pulsatile arterial function was assessed in terms of large artery (capacitive) compliance, small artery (oscillatory) compliance, systemic vascular resistance and vascular impedance by noninvasive radial artery pressure pulse contour analysis. Results Blacks vs whites and females vs males had lower large and small artery compliances and higher systemic vascular resistance and vascular impedance (p Conclusions The observed deleterious impact of traditional CV risk factors on the arterial wall dynamics in asymptomatic young adults has important implications for preventive cardiology. Characterizing radial artery waveform morphology by a practical noninvasive device may be helpful for evaluation of early vascular damage in a high-risk young population group.
Gastrointestinal potassium binding–more than just lowering serum [K+]: patiromer, potassium balance, and the renin angiotensin aldosterone axis

Hyperkalemia limits the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis (RAAS) blockers in patients with renal insufficiency. This can be managed by efforts to increase kaliuresis and by gastrointestinal potassium binding with sodium polystyrene sulfonate, a relatively ineffective agent. Now with the availability of patiromer, RAAS blockers can be used more liberally. In addition, potassium reduction decreases aldosterone, which may be beneficial. Adverse nonepithelial aldosterone effects such as endothelial dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis may be ameliorated.
A new test of general relativity

The emission of gravitational radiation by the recently discovered binary pulsar system will cause its orbital periodP to decrease at a rate which can now be predicted to beP−1dP/dt= −(3 ± 2) × 10−9yr−1 if the only orbital perturbations are of general-relativistic origin. It is shown that other sources of period change are probably less important. The accuracy of this prediction as well as the possibility of its verification will improve greatly over the next few years. This is the first observation that can test general relativity beyond the post-Newtonian approximation.
Psychological Mechanisms of PTSD and Its Treatment

Psychological mechanisms can be defined as processes or events that are responsible for specific changes in psychological outcomes. In psychotherapy research, mechanisms are the factors through which interventions produce change. In this article, we explain the importance of identifying psychological mechanisms, describe methods for identifying them, and analyze recent literature on the psychological mechanisms underlying the development and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Based on the findings of recent investigations (from 2013 to present), we focus on four putative mechanisms: emotional engagement, extinction and contextualization, distress tolerance, and negative posttraumatic cognitions. Future directions for psychological mechanism research are also outlined, including possible opportunities for capitalizing on the most promising mechanisms identified to date.
Dabigatran ameliorates post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus development after germinal matrix haemorrhage in neonatal rat pups.

We aim to determine if direct thrombin inhibition by dabigatran will improve long-term brain morphological and neurofunctional outcomes and if potential therapeutic effects are dependent upon reduc...
Policy Research on School-Based Counseling in the United States: Establishing a Policy Research Agenda

School counseling has great potential to contribute to the public good by improving the educational outcomes for students in the USA. Following a review of recent, major policy studies concerning school-based counseling in the USA, this chapter proposes a policy research agenda to guide and support the practice of counseling in schools. These agenda include eight important policy research questions that need to be addressed: (1) What are the major policy objectives for school counseling at the national, state, and local levels in the USA? (2) What should be the goals toward which school counseling activities and programs are directed? (3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of different organizational models for school counseling? (4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of different staffing patterns for school counseling programs? (5) How are policy objectives, goals, organizational models, and staffing patterns the same and different for different public school contexts? (6) How are policy objectives, goals, organizational models, and staffing patterns the same and different at the elementary, middle, and high school levels? (7) Which school counseling activities and interventions are most effective? (8) How can US state departments of education best promote effective school counseling practice? A revisioning of school counseling in the USA is necessary in order to establish an approach to practice that fits with current education policy objectives and models of schooling and that frees practice from the historical constraints that limit possibilities for development and change. Policy research is needed to guide and support this revisioning.
Organization theory and stages of decline: the case of the afl-cio, 1955-2005

Despite the appeal of studying successful organizations, valuable tools have also been developed by social scientists for understanding organizations that fail. This study applies one such tool − a model of stages of decline − to the case of the AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations), an organization that has arguably been in decline for decades. The AFL-CIO is an interesting case due to the lack of agreement among key constituencies about the appropriate criteria for measuring organizational performance. Reformers and conservatives have struggled over this issue, each viewing the conflict over performance criteria as crucial in determining who will ultimately control the organization. As the AFL-CIO has moved through successive stages of decline, struggle over the organizational mission has grown increasingly intense, finally leading to the exit of major constituencies. This study confirms the value of the concept of stages of decline, and underscores the role of internal politics, especially in a non-profit organization, in setting the criteria for evaluating performance.
Higher order stability in the coefficients of the colored Jones polynomial

We discuss the higher order stabilization of the coefficients of the colored Jones polynomial. In particular, we find an expression for the second stable sequence of the colored Jones polynomial of...
Using SPM 12's Second-Level Bayesian Inference Procedure for fMRI Analysis: Practical Guidelines for End Users.

Recent debates about the conventional traditional threshold used in the fields of neuroscience and psychology, namely P < .05, have spurred researchers to consider alternative ways to analyze fMRI data. A group of methodologists and statisticians have considered Bayesian inference as a candidate methodology. However, few previous studies have attempted to provide end users of fMRI analysis tools, such as SPM 12, with practical guidelines about how to conduct Bayesian inference. In the present study, we aim to demonstrate how to utilize Bayesian inference, Bayesian second-level inference in particular, implemented in SPM 12 by analyzing fMRI data available to public via NeuroVault. In addition, to help end users understand how Bayesian inference actually works in SPM 12, we examine outcomes from Bayesian second-level inference implemented in SPM 12 by comparing them with those from classical second-level inference. Finally, we provide practical guidelines about how to set the parameters for Bayesian inference and how to interpret the results, such as Bayes factors, from the inference. We also discuss the practical and philosophical benefits of Bayesian inference and directions for future research.
High pressure processing (HPP) of aronia berry purée: Effects on physicochemical properties, microbial counts, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacities

Abstract The effect of high pressure processing (HPP) at 200 to 600 MPa for 2.5 or 5 min on physicochemical properties (color, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content/TSSC, pulp content, particle size distribution, and viscosity), microbial counts (aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold counts), bioactive compounds (total phenolic and anthocyanin contents), and antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power) of aronia berry puree were investigated. All measurements were compared between HPP treated and untreated purees. TSSC and viscosity decreased significantly when pressurized above 400 MPa for 2.5 min and at all HPP conditions, respectively. Other physicochemical properties changed insignificantly after HPP. Pressurization at 400 and 600 MPa both effectively reduced yeasts and molds to below 1 log CFU/g, and reduced aerobic bacteria to Industrial relevance Puree is a feasible form of aronia berry used as food product, considering the astringent taste of whole aronia berry. The results of this study suggest that HPP will significantly reduce the microbial counts of aronia berry puree, while retaining antioxidant capacities and most physicochemical properties of aronia berry puree. The outcomes could help the food industry apply HPP to the commercial production of aronia berry puree-based food products to meet the quality standards with safety ensured.
Neuroscience learning from longitudinal cohort studies of Alzheimer's disease: Lessons for disease-modifying drug programs and an introduction to the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience.

Abstract The development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease is an urgent public health emergency. Recent failures have highlighted the significant challenges faced by drug-development programs. Longitudinal cohort studies are ideal for promoting understanding of this multifactorial, slowly progressive disease. In this section of the special edition, we review several important lessons from longitudinal cohort studies which should be considered in disease-modifying therapy development. In the final section, we introduce the clinical cohort of the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience. This newly established longitudinal study aims to provide new insights into the neuroimaging and biological marker (biomarkers) correlates of cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD).
Studies of Bone Marrow and Sera of Cats Recovering from Leukemia Following Protein A Therapy

The feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a contagious retrovirus of cats that causes leukemia-lymphoma and various neoplastic diseases including immunosuppression and a regenerative anemia (1). We have shown that FeLV infected cats with leukemia are hypocomplementemic (2) and have elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (CICs) (3). More recently, we have treated some FeLV leukemic cats by ex vivo immunoadsorption therapy using Staphylococcus Protein A filters (4) and some by intraperitoneal injections using purified Protein A.
The Standardized Pediatric Expedited Encounters for ART Drugs Initiative (SPEEDI): description and evaluation of an innovative pediatric, adolescent, and young adult antiretroviral service delivery model in Tanzania.

As countries scale up antiretroviral therapy (ART) for children, innovative strategies to deliver quality services to children are needed. Differentiated ART delivery models have been successful in adults, but no such program has been described in children. We describe the Standardized Pediatric Expedited Encounters for ART Drugs Initiative (SPEEDI). Descriptive analysis of patients eligible for SPEEDI was done via retrospective review of children, adolescents, and young adults on ART at the Baylor Centre of Excellence (COE) in Mbeya, Tanzania between January 2013 and December 2015. Eligibility for SPEEDI visits included the following: stable children, adolescents, and young adults on ART for approximately 3 months or longer, no medical or social complications, good adherence to ART, and presence of reliable caregiver. During a SPEEDI visit, patients were fast tracked in triage to collect medications directly without physically seeing a clinician. SPEEDI patients came to clinic every two months, and alternated SPEEDI visits with standard visits. Baseline characteristics, mortality, and lost-to-follow up rates of SPEEDI patients were analyzed. One thousand one hundred sixty-four patients utilized SPEEDI, totaling 3493 SPEEDI visits. SPEEDI reached 51.3% (1164/2269) of pediatric ART patients, accounting for 7.7% (3493/44489) of total patient encounters. SPEEDI patients were 52% (605/1164) female, median age of 11.7 years (range 1.2–25.5 yr), median time on ART of 21 months (range 4–130 months) and 83.5% (964/1155) categorized as no or mild HIV-associated immunodeficiency. SPEEDI patients had good outcomes (98.8%), low LTFU (0.1%) and low mortality rates (0.61 deaths per 100 patient-years). SPEEDI was an effective model for delivering ART to children, adolescents, and young adults in our setting, leading to good clinical outcomes, low mortality, and low LTFU. The SPEEDI program safely and effectively expedited and spaced out ART visits for children, adolescents, and young adults, and can serve as an adaptable ART delivery model for other resource limited settings.
Weak Grid Impacts on the Design of Voltage Source Inverters —Virtual Inductance

In this paper, a virtual inductance control scheme is proposed to improve the stability of voltage source inverters (VSIs) in weak grids. The large grid impedance in weak grids can make grid-tied VSIs unstable. To keep VSIs stable in weak grids, control and circuit parameters can be designed to expand the stable operating region of VSIs. In this paper, a closed-loop state-space model is developed for PQ-controlled VSIs with the virtual inductance term in the controller. Using the root locus analysis, impacts of the LCL filter inductance, as well as the virtual inductance feedforward controller on the stability of VSIs are studied. The performance of the virtual inductance is then verified for both symmetrical and asymmetrical grid impedance setups through hardware tests carried out on a three-phase grid-tied VSI in the laboratory.
Inductance and Alternating Currents

An alternating current (“ac”) is one that reverses itself periodically in time; the typical dependence is sinusoidal, as in the adjoining figure. This chapter discusses basic aspects of ac circuits.
Robotic First Rib Resection: Paget-Schroetter Syndrome

Effort-induced thrombosis of the upper extremity is a relatively rare condition and one aspect of thoracic outlet syndrome. It accounts for 10% of all deep venous thromboses. In the vast majority of cases the etiology is repetitive motion of the upper extremity resulting in trauma to the axillo-subclavian vein as it passes through the thoracic outlet resulting in injury to the venous intima and the surrounding supportive tissue. A secondary cause is catheter-induced injury from central venous instrumentation. Patients usually present with swelling of the affected upper extremity and complaints of heaviness and pain. Diagnosis is confirmed by duplex ultrasonography and/or contrast venography. Computed tomogram and magnetic resonance imaging are complimentary. Treatment usually involves a combination of anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and surgical decompression. Of the different techniques to surgically decompress the axillo-subclavian vein, robotic technology offers an opportunity to precisely resect the first rib and a portion of the anterior scalene muscle along with the division of the costoclavicular ligament and surrounding venous scar. The details of the technique are described with a description of the outcomes.
Caregiving, Recovery, and Death After Incident ADL/IADL Disability Among Older Adults in the United States:

This study assesses patterns of caregiving, death, and recovery after incident disability in older adults. We used the Health and Retirement Study to follow of a cohort of adults age ≥65 years in the United States with incident disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs; n = 8,713). Rates of care and function state were assessed biennially: deceased, nursing home dwelling, at home with paid help, at home with both paid and unpaid help, at home with unpaid help, at home with no assistance and recovered. In the 2 years after incident disability, 22.1% recovered and 46.8% died. Transitions between care and function states occurred frequently, with more than 20% of the cohort living at home with no assistance despite disability at least once. This study demonstrates the high levels of care and function state fluctuation and unmet needs after functional disability.