cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demographic effects of pesticides on biological control of Pacific spider mite (Tetranychus pacificus) by the western predatory mite (Galendromus occidentalis).

The western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), is a predator of Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae), in California vineyards. We evaluated the effects of six pesticides on biological control of T. pacificus on grape plant microcosms in a two-way design: presence and absence of G. occidentalis crossed with presence and absence of pesticide. The insecticide imidacloprid did not affect T. pacificus population growth rate, but it led G. occidentalis populations close to extinction. As a result, T. pacificus populations grew significantly higher in microcosms with release of G. occidentalis and treated with imidacloprid than with G. occidentalis alone. The fungicide wettable sulfur significantly decreased T. pacificus population growth rate but it did not affect G. occidentalis. Consequently, T. pacificus populations were significantly lower in microcosms with release of G. occidentalis and treated with wettable sulfur than with G. occidentalis alone. The insecticide buprofezin had no effect on T. pacificus population growth rate. Although buprofezin did not impact the ability of G. occidentalis to suppress T. pacificus, it negatively affected G. occidentalis population growth rate. The fungicides trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole and the insecticide methoxyfenozide had no influence on T. pacificus or G. occidentalis population growth rates. Furthermore, none of the pesticides affected the sex ratio of G. occidentalis, but buprofezin, methoxyfenozide and trifloxystrobin affected its stage structure. Our study demonstrates that simultaneous testing of the demographic effects of pesticides on pests and natural enemies is essential for a full assessment of pesticide impacts on biological control.
Complex Systems and Educational Change: Towards a new research agenda

How might we usefully apply concepts and procedures derived from the study of other complex dynamical systems to analyzing systemic change in education? In this article we begin to define possible agendas for research toward developing systematic frameworks and shared terminology for such a project. We illustrate the plausibility of defining such frameworks and raise the question of the relation between such frameworks and the crucial task of aggregating data across ‘systemic experiments’, such as those conducted under the Urban Systemic Initiative sponsored by the US National Science Foundation. Our discussion includes a review of key issues identified by groups of researchers regarding (1) Defining the System, (2) Structural Analysis, (3) Relationships Among Subsystems and Levels, (4) Drivers for Change, and (5) Modeling Methods.
African-American males prefer a larger female body silhouette than do whites

African-American and white college males volunteered to participate in a study of preferences for a side-view silhouette of a female figure. The figures were on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 to 8, with 1 being a very thin figure and 8 being an obese figure. The subjects indicated their thinnest and largest acceptable and preferred female body shape for women in several roles: date, sexual partner, wife, mother, sister, teacher, employer, grandmother, girlfriend, and female friend. African-American males were predicted to select larger body shapes than were whites because of cultural differences in standards of attractiveness. In general, the results confirmed these hypotheses: African-American males always chose a larger ideal female silhouette and were not as tolerant as whites of very thin figures. These results were suggested to be a potential variable accounting for racial differences in females’ body dissatisfaction.
Neural network for passive acoustic discrimination between surface and submarine targets

This paper concerns the design, training, test, and evaluation of a feed-forward neural network for classifying acoustic signals emitted by ships in transit. The signals were collected by an omnidirectional hydrophone. Relatively noisy surface ships, moving rapidly at medium to long range, emit signals which superficially resemble those of quieter submarines, moving more slowly and closer to the listening device. The neural network approach is motivated by an obvious analogy to the sonar classifier of Gorman and Sejnowski, who trained a neural network to classify active sonar returns from two undersea objects. The present problem can be solved by a similar network architecture, the outputs indicating which target type (if any) is present. The inputs represent the evolution of spectral densities for each of a number of time lags. Yet the number of target types and encounter geometries is far greater than could possibly be covered in any representative way by a training set comprised of real-world data. Thus, the task is to connect the network to a high fidelity, model-based digital simulator and to show that, by training on the output of the simulator, the neural network can learn to pass realistic tests. This paper describes a neural network design-and-testing exercise based on a simplistic model that captures a few of the salient features of the problem.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Delivery delay variation in multi-echelon inventory problems

Mathematical models for controlling multi-echelon inventory and production levels have been developed for entire interconnected systems rather than myopically for each point in the inventory or production system. With such models come the additional burden of considering the lead times and delays associated with the movement of items through the network. The delays develop when a backorder state occurs and are often considered in models by approximating the mean delay by an application of Little's Law and without consideration of the delay variation. In this article a general methodology for incorporating the variation of the delay is derived and incorporated into a backorders optimisation model. The result of incorporating delay variation into the model is a tolerance interval for order quantities that may be utilised for tighter inventory control.
A Rule-Based Design Specification Language for Synthetic Biology

Synthetic Biology is an engineering discipline where parts of DNA sequences are composed into novel, complex systems that execute a desired biological function. Functioning and well-behaving biological systems adhere to a certain set of biological “rules”. Data exchange standards and Bio-Design Automation (BDA) tools support the organization of part libraries and the exploration of rule-compliant compositions. In this work, we formally define a design specification language, enabling the integration of biological rules into the Synthetic Biology engineering process. The supported rules are divided into five categories: Counting, Pairing, Positioning, Orientation, and Interactions. We formally define the semantics of each rule, characterize the language's expressive power, and perform a case study in that we iteratively design a genetic Priority Encoder circuit following two alternative paradigms—rule-based and template-driven. Ultimately, we touch a method to approximate the complexity and time to computationally enumerate all rule-compliant designs. Our specification language may or may not be expressive enough to capture all designs that a Synthetic Biologist might want to describe, or the complexity one might find through experiments. However, computational support for the acquisition, specification, management, and application of biological rules is inevitable to understand the functioning of biology.
A sulfur-33 spin-lattice relaxation time study of sulfolane, 3-sulfolene, and methylsulfone. Temperature and solvent effects

Abstract The 33 S spin-lattice relaxation times have been determined for the compounds, sulfolane, 3-sulfolane, and methylsulfone, in DMSO and CDCl 3 , as a function of temperature using the inversion-recovery technique. The relaxation time is different for each molecule and is a function of both temperature and solvent. Direct evidence has been obtained for the existence of 2 J( 1 H, 33S) spin-spin coupling in these compounds.
Explaining the postwar suburbanization of population in the United States: the role of income.

Abstract Data from the public use sample of the 1950 census reveal a significant positive effect of household income on the probability of a suburban residence. Slightly less than half of population suburbanization between 1950 and 1980 can be attributed to rising household incomes.
Spiral Cracks in Glass Tubes

ANYONE dropping very hot glass tubing into cold water expects it to shatter. However, one does not expect it to shatter in a simple geometric pattern such as a spiral. I was surprised to observe such fracture, and to find that the spiral pattern is a preferred one. (The experiments were limited to ‘Pyrex’ glass, since soda glass was not available.)
trans-Diaquabis(N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine-κ2N,N′)nickel(II) dichloride dihydrate: a redetermination at 90 K

The crystal structure of the centrosymmetric title compound, [Ni(C4H12N2)2(H2O)2]Cl2·2H2O, has been reported previously at room temperature by Ihara, Satake, Fujimoto, Senda, Suzuki & Uehara [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn (1991), 64, 2349–2352]. At room temperature, the five-membered chelate ring displays disorder over gauche and eclipsed conformations, whereas at 90 K no such disorder is observed. The present redetermination shows better agreement of bond lengths with expected values.
The β function, scaling, and improved action for SU (3) lattice gauge theory

We present a detailed analysis of the nonperturbativeβ function along the Wilson axis for theSU(3) pure gauge theory using the Monte Carlo renormalization group method. The scaling behavior of the string tension, the deconfinement transition temperature, and the O++ glueball mass obtained from published data is compared. The results show that there is no asymptotic scaling forK F=(6/g 2)<6.1. We also estimate the renormalized action generated by the √3 block transformation for use in future calculations.
Simulation of Methane Production from Hydrates by Depressurization and Thermal Stimulation

Recently methane hydrates have attracted attention due to their large quantity on the earth and their potential as a new resource of energy. This paper describes a one-dimensional mathematical model and numerical simulation of methane hydrate dissociation in hydrate reserves by both depressurization and thermal stimulation using a one-dimensional radial flow system (axisymmetric reservoir). A moving front that separates the hydrate reserve into two zones is included in this model. A numerical coordinate transformation method was used to solve the moving boundary problem. The partial differential equations were discretized into ordinary differential equations using the method of lines. Our simulations showed that the moving front location and the gas flow rate production are strong functions of the well pressure and reservoir temperature. The impermeable boundary condition at the reservoir results in very low temperature at the moving front and the formation of ice. The formation of ice, which plugs the po...
Numerical simulation of mass injection for the formation of prominence magnetic field configurations. I - Asymmetric injection

A two-dimensional ideal MHD numerical model is used to investigate chromospheric mass injection into an overlying coronal dipole magnetic field. Such injection is shown to produce magnetic field deformations conducive to the formation of active region prominences. The results support a model in which an absorptive strand is formed by chromospheric asymmetric mass injection into the overlying coronal magnetic field. A necessary condition for the accumulation of the strands is that the mass injection forms a Kippenhahn-Schluter-type (1957) field configuration.
Detection of shielded radionuclides from weak and poorly resolved spectra using group positive RIVAL

Abstract This paper is concerned with the identification of nuclides from weak and poorly resolved spectra in the presence of unknown radiation shielding materials such as carbon, water, concrete and lead. Since a shield will attenuate lower energies more so than higher ones, isotope sub-spectra must be introduced into models and into detection algorithms. We propose a new algorithm for detection, called group positive RIVAL, that encourages the selection of groups of sub-spectra rather than the selection of individual sub-spectra that may be from the same parent isotope. Indeed, the proposed algorithm incorporates group positive LASSO, and, as such, we supply the consistency results of group positive LASSO and adaptive group positive LASSO. In an example employing various shielding materials and material thicknesses, group positive RIVAL is shown to perform well in all scenarios with the exception of ones in which the shielding material is lead.
Secular trends in stroke in the Framingham study

Abstract Trends in stroke incidence, prevalence, fatality, and severity were examined in Framingham Study subjects, aged 55 to 64, during 3 successive decades beginning in 1953, 1963, and 1973. There was no significant decline in incidence or prevalence of total stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). In women, but not men, incidence of completed ischemic stroke declined significantly. Stroke severity did decrease significantly and severe neurologic deficit was less frequent in later decades; fewer patients with stroke were unconscious on admission to the hospital. There was no substantial change in the case mix and no significant decline in hemorrhage to account for the decline in severity. The proportion of isolated TIAs increased significantly over the 30 years studied, yielding an apparent decline in case-fatality rates, which was significant only in men. Secular trends in stroke incidence and fatality did not follow a clear pattern. There was a significant decline in stroke severity, but incidence of infarction fell only in women. The decline in total case-fatality rate occurred only in men, resulting largely from an increased incidence of isolated TIAs.
Evaluation of the impact of news coverage of an HIV multiclass drug-resistant cluster in Seattle, Washington.

Objectives. In February 2007, Public Health–Seattle and King County issued a press release describing a cluster of multiclass drug–resistant HIV cases among men who had sex with men (MSM). We evaluated the effect of the press release among MSM in the Seattle area.Methods. We administered a rapid assessment survey at venues where MSM congregate. Eligible participants were men who had sex with men in the past year, were older than 18 years, and were residents of western Washington State.Results. Among 325 participants, 57% heard or saw messages related to the press release. Of these, 87% remembered 1 or more key points, but only 5% remembered key prevention messages. Ninety-eight percent of participants thought it was important for the health department to get the message out about drug-resistant HIV.Conclusions. The press release was found to be a useful and well-received method to inform the public about an HIV drug–resistant cluster. Low retention and nonprominent coverage of key prevention messages sugg...
Surface diffusion in temporally and spatially inhomogeneous systems

Abstract Non-equilibrium processes in an overlayer with the system evolving between two different states (i.e., ordering, disordering, adsorption) can be used to study surface diffusion. Diffraction experiments on O W(110) at high coverage measure an activation energy E d = 0.6 ± 0.05 eV during ordering and E d = 1 ± 0.05 eV during disordering. These results are consistent with other diffusion experiments carried out with the fluctuation and Boltzmann-Matano methods. The difference between the measured activation energies can be accounted for in terms of the interactions which contribute differently in different overlayer configurations. Computer simulations on lattice gas models illustrate the dependence on the configuration, by comparing diffusion coefficients obtained with different methods.
Healing of DSP Circuits Under Power Bound Using Post-Silicon Operand Bitwidth Truncation

Increasing device parameter variations in nanometer CMOS technologies cause large spread in circuit parameters such as delay and power, leading to parametric yield loss. For digital signal processing (DSP) hardware, variations in circuit parameters can significantly affect the quality of service (QoS). Existing post-silicon calibration and repair approaches rely on adaptation of circuit operating parameters such as voltage, frequency, or body bias and typically incur large delay or power overhead. This paper presents a novel low-overhead approach of healing DSP chips by commensurately truncating the operand width based on their process shifts. The proposed approach exploits the fact that critical timing paths in typical DSP datapaths originate from the least significant bits. Hence, truncation of these bits, by setting them at constant values, can effectively reduce the delay of a unit, thereby avoiding delay failures. The proposed technique is applied to two common DSP blocks, namely discrete cosine transform (DCT) and finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Simulation results show significant reduction in critical path delay along with a graceful degradation in the QoS. They also show large improvement in manufacturing yield (41.6%) with up to 5X savings in power compared to existing approaches such as voltage scaling and body biasing.
The current state of empirical support for the pharmacological treatment of selective mutism.

This article reviews the current state of evidence for the psychopharmacological treatment of children diagnosed with selective mutism within the context of its link to social anxiety disorder. An increased focus on potential medication treatment for this disorder has resulted from significant monetary and resource limitations in typical practice, parental choice in utilizing treatment from medical personnel, and children who fail to respond to psychosocial interventions. A total of 21 publications within the English literature were located. From these, data for only 57 children between the ages of 4 to 17 years have been reported, with the majority of studies utilizing single-case design or case study methodology. Yet, pharmacological data appear promising for treatment resistant cases of selective mutism. The need for additional research via efficacy/effectiveness methodologies remains.
Electronic structure and itinerant magnetism in ZrZn2 and TiBe2

The electronic and magnetic structure of the Cl5 compounds ZrZn2 and TiBe2 has been determined by means of self‐consistent spin‐polarized LMTO band calculations. The spin‐densities and neutron magnetic form factors are compared with neutron scattering data for ZrZn1.9 and TiBe1.8Cu0.2. The moments are found to reside almost entirely on the Zr/Ti atoms, and are found to be 0.14 and 0.21 μB per formula unit respectively.
Built-in electric field minimization in (In, Ga)N nanoheterostructures.

(In, Ga)N nanostructures show great promise as the basis for next generation LED lighting technology, for they offer the possibility of directly converting electrical energy into light of any visible wavelength without the use of down-converting phosphors. In this paper, three-dimensional computation of the spatial distribution of the mechanical and electrical equilibrium in nanoheterostructures of arbitrary topologies is used to elucidate the complex interactions between geometry, epitaxial strain, remnant polarization, and piezoelectric and dielectric contributions to the self-induced internal electric fields. For a specific geometry—nanorods with pyramidal caps—we demonstrate that by tuning the quantum well to cladding layer thickness ratio, hw/hc, a minimal built-in electric field can be experimentally realized and canceled, in the limit of hw/hc = 1.28, for large hc values.
Linear Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn Treated with the Carbon Dioxide Laser

: A 10-year-old boy from Guiana was born with a linear nevus sebaceus covering his entire nose from the glabella area to the tip. Cosmetic appearance, which was the major concern of the patient and his family, was greatly Improved by the use of the carbon dioxide (C02) laser. The CO2? laser has not been reported previously as a treatment modality for nevus sebaceus.
Insights into IBD Pathogenesis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by dysregulated immune responses in a genetically predisposed individual. Recent accumulating data, including genome-wide association studies, have identified more than 50 distinct genetic loci that confer susceptibility. We highlight the role of microbial-host interaction, particularly with respect to the overlap of common genetic and pathophysiologic mechanisms of CD and UC, interleukin-22-producing natural killer cells, autophagy, and TL1A, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, in gut homeostasis and IBD pathogenesis. This article focuses on the recent advances in understanding of IBD from the past year, including advances in genetics and immunobiology.
Radiation's outer limits

Some types of tumors respond well to radiation therapy, whereas others are refractory to treatment. The molecular underpinnings of these differences are now coming to light ( pages 484–490 ).
Asymmetrical Facial Expressions: A Different Interpretation

Facial expressions produced under emotional circumstances have been the subject of considerable research effort. Research concerning hemispheric later­ alization as a cause of expressive asymmetry has generated no small amount of controversy, in part because there is disagreement as to the extent and reliability of asymmetrical expressiveness itself (Ekman, Hagar and Friesen, 1981). In their recent investigation, "Asymmetry of facial expression in spontaneous emotion," Dopson, Beckwith, Tucker and Bullard-Bates (1984) compared the symmetry of facial expressions representing happy and sad emotions using procedures designed to produce either spontaneous or posed expressions. According to their abstract:
An enzymatic assay for calmodulins based on plant NAD kinase activity

NAD kinase with increased sensitivity to calmodulin was purified from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L., Willet Wonder). Assays for calmodulin based on the activities of NAD kinase, bovine brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and human erythrocyte Ca2+-ATPase were compared for their sensitivities to calmodulin and for their abilities to discriminate between calmodulins from different sources. The activities of the three enzymes were determined in the presence of various concentrations of calmodulins from human erythrocyte, bovine brain, sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), mung bean seed (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), and Tetrahymena pyriformis. The concentrations of calmodulin required for 50% activation of the NAD kinase (K0.5) ranged from 0.520 ng/ml for Tetrahymena to 2.20 ng/ml for bovine brain. The K0.5's ranged from 19.6 ng/ml for bovine brain calmodulin to 73.5 ng/ml for mushroom calmodulin for phosphodiesterase activation. The K0.5's for the activation of Ca2+-ATPase ranged from 36.3 ng/ml for erythrocyte calmodulin to 61.7 ng/ml for mushroom calmodulin. NAD kinase was not stimulated by phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, or palmitoleic acid in the absence or presence of Ca2+. Palmitic acid had a slightly stimulatory effect in the presence of Ca2+ (10% of maximum), but no effect in the absence of Ca2+. Palmitoleic acid inhibited the calmodulin-stimulated activity by 50%. Both the NAD kinase assay and radioimmunoassay were able to detect calmodulin in extracts containing low concentrations of calmodulin. Estimates of calmodulin contents of crude homogenates determined by the NAD kinase assay were consistent with amounts obtained by various purification procedures.
Low Delay Scheduling in Wireless Network

In a wireless network, a sophisticated algorithm is required to schedule simultaneous wireless transmissions while satisfying interference constraint that two neighboring nodes can not transmit simultaneously. The scheduling algorithm need to be excellent in performance while being simple and distributed so as to be implementable. The result of Tassiulas and Ephremides (1992) imply that the algorithm, scheduling transmissions of nodes in the 'maximum weight independent set' (MWIS) of network graph, is throughput optimal. However, algorithmically the problem of finding MWIS is known to be NP-hard and hard to approximate. This raises the following questions: is it even possible to obtain throughput optimal simple, distributed scheduling algorithm? if yes, is it possible to minimize delay of such an algorithm? Motivated by these questions, we first provide a distributed throughput optimal algorithm for any network topology. However, this algorithm may induce exponentially large delay. To overcome this, we present an order optimal delay algorithm for any non-expanding network topology. Networks deployed in geographic area, like wireless networks, are likely to be of this type. Our algorithm is based on a novel distributed graph partitioning scheme which may be of interest in its own right. Our algorithm for non-expanding graph takes O (n) total message exchanges or O(l) message exchanges per node to compute a schedule.
Lepton and quark decay width and asymmetries at the Z

The leptonic decay width of Z0 has been determined to be Γ11 = 83 to 84 MeV by four experiments at LEP, strongly confirming the electroweak theory. The measured asymmetries of e+e−, μ+μ−, τ+τ−, and b+b− agree well to the predictions. The couplings gA gV are in accordance with neutrino experiments, measurements of Γhad conform to the expectation from five quarks. Individual determinations of Γbb = 378 ± 31 MeV and Γcc = 273 ± 62 MeV have been obtained. From measurements of Γz, Γhad and Γ11 three species of neutrino are deduced with Γνν = 165 ± 6 MeV each. This is in excellent agreement to the Standard Model as well as the ratio of ΓhadΓ11 = 20.8 ± 0.3. From Γ11, Γhad, and Mz follows sin2⊖w = 0.231 ± 0.002 (stat) ± 0.002 (syst) in accorda with recent neutrino measurements. The estimated limit for top is mt <200 GeV.
The establishment of B versus T cell identity

In B cell progenitors, E-proteins E2A and HEB (HeLa E-box binding protein) are crucial for the induction of a B lineage-specific program of gene expression and for orchestrating the assembly of the immunoglobulin loci. In the thymus E2A and HEB act differently, activating the expression of genes closely associated with the establishment of T cell identity and promoting the rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) loci. These findings have raised the question as to how E-proteins exert these different activities. We review here the distinct regulatory networks that establish B versus T cell identity, and how genomic architecture and location of genes is modulated in these lineage decisions. We conclude by proposing a model wherein stochasticity in the nuclear location of the early B cell factor 1 (Ebf1) locus in multipotent progenitors determines this lineage choice.
Student Perceptions of the Value of a Prewriting Problem-Solving Plan.

This study attempted to determine student perceptions of the value of using a prewriting problem-solving plan and its relationship to their success in writ ing. The business communication students in the study felt that the plan was beneficial, particularly for persuasive messages, individual writing, and small- group writing. In addition, participants seemed to feel that the plan was worth preparing even when not required as part of the assignment. The results sug gest that the problern-solving plan can be a useful tool for complicated assign ments and group work but that it should probably be optional for simple assignments.
Postoperative ST-segment elevation: was vasospasm caused by anaphylaxis or by its treatment with epinephrine?

Background Anaphylaxis must be recognized and treated promptly to avoid significant morbidity and mortality. In this clinical setting, electrocardiographic changes can be multifactorial. Objective To discuss vasospasm as a cause of myocardial ischemia and its possible triggering by anaphylaxis itself or by the administration of epinephrine. Methods We describe a patient with multiple previous allergies who received intravenous epinephrine to treat suspected anaphylaxis. She immediately developed crushing chest pain with ST-segment elevations in the inferior leads. Throughout the discussion, we address differential diagnoses, physiologic features, and treatment. Results Her symptoms and electrocardiographic changes were consistent with vasospasm, which resolved after treatment with sublingual nitroglycerin. However, the reaction was sufficient to cause an elevation in the troponin T level and, therefore, myocardial damage on the cellular level. Conclusions Cardiovascular complications, including electrocardiographic changes, may be induced by anaphylactic mediators or by medications used for its treatment.
The dynamic differential forms of the Klein-Gordon field and the conformal group

Abstract Dynamic differential forms are the natural generalization of conserved currents. We discover the entire class for the real Klein-Gordon field, and find that each dynamic form is equivalent to a Noetherian form, that is, a form based on a canonical symmetry. Going to the complex case, we classify also its dynamic currents. It appears that some of them are definitely not equivalent to Noetherian forms.
Information in the Mark and the Marketplace: A Multivocal Account

Trademark theory implicitly assumes that laws favoring the interests of the producer will inevitably serve the interests of the consumer. Such a claim justifies the way that trademark law privileges the voice of the producer in the marketplace. Historical work has tended to endorse this view, explaining the development of trademarks and trademark law in terms of the information needed for consumers in the modern marketplace. Taking both a historical and “informational” perspective, this essay argues that the producer’s and the consumer’s interests do not so easily align. It speculates that a less varnished history of the mark shows more of a struggle between producers, who seek to have their voice heard without dissent, and consumers, who often want to find alternative yet informed voices to endorse or qualify the information provided by the mark. This alternative view would help explain why, as the paper seeks to show, despite conventional evolutionary narratives, the history of trademarking in the United States is in fact far from linear.
Similar Frequency of Rhinovirus-Infectible Cells in Upper and Lower Airway Epithelium

Rhinovirus (RV) infections can alter lower airway physiology and inflammation, yet the characteristics of RV replication in lower airway cells are incompletely understood. An RV serotype 16 (RV16)-specific monoclonal antibody was identified. Immunohistochemistry and an infectious center assay were used to quantitate the infectivity of RV16 in primary bronchial and adenoidal epithelial cells. The proportion of infectible epithelial cells increased with the inoculum but did not exceed 10%. Analysis of bronchial tissue samples infected ex vivo demonstrated a small subset of RV-infected cells in the epithelial layer. These data confirm previous reports that RV infects only a small subset of epithelial cells in upper airway tissues and indicate that lower airway epithelial cells have a similar susceptibility to RV infection. In confirming that RV can infect cells in the lower airway, these results suggest that lower airway dysfunction occurs through this mechanism in susceptible persons.
Acquisition, tracking, and pointing technology development for bifocal relay mirror spacecraft

The purpose of the research is to develop acquisition, tracking, and pointing technologies for the Bifocal Relay Mirror Spacecraft and verify these technologies with the experimental test-bed. Because of the stringent accuracy requirement of the laser beam and the agile maneuverability requirement, significant research is needed to develop acquisition, tracking, and pointing technologies for the Bifocal Relay Mirror Spacecraft. In this paper, development of the Bifocal Relay Mirror Spacecraft experimental test-bed is presented in detail. The current operational results are also presented including precision attitude control of the spacecraft for fine tracking and pointing.
Developing a Stakeholder Approach for Recruiting Top-Level Sales Students

With growing industry demand for sales professionals, recruitment at colleges and universities that have a sales education focus has increased remarkably over the past few years. However, results indicate that hiring organizations face an uphill task in filling sales positions. Recruiters and students struggle to build critical person–job fit during a relatively brief period of interaction. To address these issues, the present article presents a two-staged ideal recruitment process based on a stakeholder perspective. A set of 16 propositions is provided for improving key outcomes of the sales student recruitment process.
Measuring the Dose of Nursing Intervention

PURPOSE. To increase awareness of the many issues involved in measuring the dose of nursing intervention in nursing interventions effectiveness research. METHODS. Identify critical issues in measurement of the dose of nursing intervention and discuss decisions regarding dosage measurement made in a study of the effectiveness of nursing interventions. FINDINGS. A single method can be applied to resolve two critical issues in intervention dosage measurement. CONCLUSIONS. Those conducting nursing interventions effectiveness research must think explicitly about how intervention dosage will be measured and reported so that dosage can be replicated in research and practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Measuring and reporting the dose of nursing intervention in research is essential to the development of an evidence base adequate to support practice.
Using FIRST LEGO League to enhance engineering education and to increase the pool of future engineering students (work in progress)

FIRST LEGO League (FLL) is an international initiative to encourage students aged 9-14 to pursue careers in technological fields. In its four years of existence, the competition has grown dramatically. During the Fall 2001 semester, several Michigan Technological University students served as mentors for local FLL teams. This paper presents details about the national FIRST LEGO League program, and statistics from a survey of FLL coaches in Minnesota are summarized to shed light on the current state of the program. Michigan Tech's FLL mentorship program is described along with the desired outcomes and summarized assessment results. The paper then presents several issues Universities must consider if they would like to begin an FLL mentorship program. Finally, preliminary conclusions are drawn based on the first year of the Michigan Tech program.
Social Rejection, Control, Numbness, and Emotion: How Not to be Fooled by Gerber and Wheeler (2009)

Emotional numbness remains an empirically supported and theoretically intriguing pattern of response to social exclusion that warrants further research, and it would be a loss to the field if such research were prematurely terminated or hampered by the unwarranted conclusions from misleading meta-analyses. The meta-analyses by Gerber and Wheeler (2009, this issue) are based on a biased sample that omits much relevant work. Worse, the authors misinterpret what evidence they do assemble, even interpreting strong evidence for numbness as if it contradicted numbness. Their conclusions about control are similarly unfounded and misguided.
iDEAS: a delay estimator and transistor sizing tool for CMOS circuits

The iDEAS algorithm incorporates a delay estimator that uses both the rise and fall delay to find the critical path through a given circuit. A method that attempts to minimize the area-delay product of the circuit is developed to optimize the sizes of transistors along the critical path. These two steps are repeated until the specified delay and area requirements for the circuit are met. This algorithm is designed for use on combinational circuits, and is also applicable to clocked circuits, where each stage of the clocked circuit is combinational. >
Harvesting HLA Region for Multiple Sclerosis Effects

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region is one of the most complex regions of the human genome. What’s more, the HLA region has an extremely high rate of genetic variation, with an extremely extensive and long-range linkage disequilibrium (correlation between genetic variants). Further complicating things, there are HLA “classical alleles,” such as class I (which take peptides from within the cell and present them to T cells) and class II (which take antigens from outside the cell and present them to T cells) alleles, as well as additional genes that perform other biological functions in the region. These factors make identifying which genetic variants and biological mechanisms are actually influencing risk challenging when a significant association is present. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the strongest genetic signals have mapped to the HLA region; the strongest classical allele association has been demonstrated for the class II allele, HLA-DRB1*15:01 . Patsopoulos and colleagues replicate this finding and other class II allele associations in the region, such as DRB1*03:01 , *13:03 , *04:04 , *04:01 , and * 14:01. Interestingly, when controlling for the DRB1 associations the DQB1 and DQA1 alleles do not appear to confer risk, which is counter to some earlier work. Beyond the class II alleles, the authors also examined evidence for class I association, replicating HLA-A*02:01 and DPB1*03:01 , as well as confirming HLA-B associations at B*37:01 and B*38:01 . For these classical alleles, the authors engaged in a series of amino acid tests in order to further narrow down the potential binding positions that might alter risk. These tests are consistent with the disease model that an inflammatory demyelination process is being induced by altered T cells, on the basis of differences in binding driven by these amino acid changes. Beyond these classical associations, the authors also established the presence of a risk haplotype that spans the HLA region that does not appear to be associated with any of the classical HLA alleles activity. This long-range haplotype appears to act independently of the other HLA associations in the region, which is also known to harbor associations to other autoimmune diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Sjogren’s syndrome. Fine-mapping within this region is beset by the challenges described above, but the authors note that three genes in this region— TNF , LTA , and LTB —are ligands for TNFR SF1A , a previously established risk gene for MS. N. A. Patsopoulos et al. , Fine-mapping the genetic association of the major histocompatibility complex in multiple sclerosis: HLA and non-HLA effects. PLOS Gen. 9 , e1003026 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003926
The Enduring Relationship Between the American (National Security) State and the State of the Discipline

University of Florida T he American Political Science Association (APSA) was established at the dawn of a century that Time Magazine publisher Henry Luce would proclaim "the American Century." The 20th century, Luce famously declared in 1941, "is America's first century as a dominant power in world affairs." Luce stressed that America's dominance was not only material but "intellectual, scientific and artistic." He urged Americans to envision a "picture of an America which will send out throughout the world its technical and artistic skills. En-
Myofibrillar and nonmyofibrillar myocardial proteins of copper-deficient rats.

Myofibrillar and nonmyofibrillar proteinsfrom hearts of copper-adequate (n â€"9) and copper-deficient (n = 10) rats were compared. Maleweanling Long-Evans rats were fed copper-deficientor copper-adequate diets for 9 wk. Twelve additional rats were fed similar diets and cardiac tissue was evaluated by transmission electron mi croscopy. Ventricularmyocytes were glycerinatedand ho mogenized in 0.IM KC1and 1.5% TritonX-100, and sus pensions were centrifugedat 1100 x g. The supernatant was removed and designated TritonX-100â€"solublenon myofibrillarprotein, and the pellet was resuspended and recentrifuged several times to obtain myofibrillarprotein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropho- resis (SDS-PAGE) analysis was conducted on both protein fractions. Densitometer scans of SDS-PAGE pherograms of myofibrillar protein revealedno significant differencebe tween copper-adequate and copper-deficientgroups. Sim ilaranalysis of nonmyofibrillar proteinrevealeda consistent decrease or diminishedlevelof a 23-kDa potypeptideamong copper-deficient rat hearts. These results may be consist ent with the findings that demonstrated fragementationof mitochondria!cristae and an increased area occupied by mitochondriain copper-deficientrathearts. J. fiutr. 119: 1683-1690, 1989.
Measuring right ventricular function in the normal and hypertensive mouse hearts using admittance-derived pressure-volume loops

Mice are a widely used animal model for investigating cardiovascular disease. Novel technologies have been used to quantify left ventricular function in this species, but techniques appropriate for...
Problems and Solutions in Estimating the Demand for and Value of Rural Outdoor Recreation

An improved methodology for estimating demand functions for outdoor recreation and evaluating the outdoor recreation resource by use classification is presented. The illustrative framework is a large-scale empirical study of all outdoor recreation activities in all areas of Arizona. The use of the improved procedures produces estimates of resource values which are much larger than in most previous studies and which are about the size of estimates of gross variable expenditures. It is argued that the time has come to relax the search for improved estimating methodology and concentrate on interpretation of the estimates in studies of resource allocations.
Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation and Edema Formation During Pregnancy in Anesthetized Rats

Eclampsia is considered a form of hypertensive encephalopathy in which an acute elevation in blood pressure causes autoregulatory breakthrough, blood-brain barrier disruption, and edema formation. We hypothesized that pregnancy predisposes the brain to eclampsia by lowering the pressure of autoregulatory breakthrough and enhancing cerebral edema formation. Because NO production is increased in pregnancy, we also investigated the role of NO in modulating autoregulation. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation was determined by phenylephrine infusion and laser Doppler flowmetry. Four groups were studied: untreated nonpregnant (n=7) and late-pregnant (days 19 to 21; n=8) Sprague-Dawley rats and nonpregnant (n=8) and late-pregnant (n=8) animals treated with an NO synthase inhibitor (N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester; 0.5 to 0.7 g/L). Brain water content and blood-brain barrier permeability to sodium fluorescein were determined after breakthrough. Pregnancy caused no change in autoregulation or the pressure of breakthrough. However, treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor significantly increased the pressure of autoregulatory breakthrough (nonpregnant: 183.6+/-3.0 mm Hg versus 212.0+/-2.8 mm Hg, P<0.05; late-pregnant: 180.8+/-3.2 mm Hg versus 209.3+/-4.7 mm Hg, P<0.05). After autoregulatory breakthrough, only late-pregnant animals showed a significant increase in cerebral edema formation, which was attenuated by NO synthase inhibition. There was no difference in blood-brain barrier permeability between nonpregnant and late-pregnant animals in response to acute hypertension, suggesting that pregnancy may predispose the brain to eclampsia by increasing cerebral edema through increased hydraulic conductivity.
Fair channel-adaptive rate scheduling in wireless networks with multirate multimedia services

In this paper, we study the fundamental problem of allocating with efficiency and fairness the available resources in a code-division multiple-access wireless system that supports multirate multimedia services. Our proposed approach adopts the use of dynamically assigned data rates that match the channel capacity in order to improve the system throughput and overcome the problems associated with the location-dependent and time-dependent errors and channel conditions, the variable system capacity and the transmission power limitation. We introduce and describe two new algorithms, namely the channel adaptive rate scheduling (CARS) and fair channel adaptive rate scheduling (FCARS) algorithms. CARS improves the system throughput by adjusting the transmission rates according to the varying channel conditions and performs an iterative procedure to determine the power index that a user can accept by its current channel condition and transmission power. Based on the assignment of CARS, FCARS achieves the objective of fairness by further compensating the lagging users, while still maintaining all the constraints imposed by the system. The performance evaluation process confirms that our approach achieves, simultaneously, the design objectives of both high throughput and fairness and demonstrate the corresponding improvements.
Faster dimension reduction

Data represented geometrically in high-dimensional vector spaces can be found in many applications. Images and videos, are often represented by assigning a dimension for every pixel (and time). Text documents may be represented in a vector space where each word in the dictionary incurs a dimension. The need to manipulate such data in huge corpora such as the web and to support various query types gives rise to the question of how to represent the data in a lower-dimensional space to allow more space and time efficient computation. Linear mappings are an attractive approach to this problem because the mapped input can be readily fed into popular algorithms that operate on linear spaces (such as principal-component analysis, PCA) while avoiding the curse of dimensionality.The fact that such mappings even exist became known in computer science following seminal work by Johnson and Lindenstrauss in the early 1980s. The underlying technique is often called "random projection." The complexity of the mapping itself, essentially the product of a vector with a dense matrix, did not attract much attention until recently. In 2006, we discovered a way to "sparsify" the matrix via a computational version of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. This led to a significant speedup, which also retained the practical simplicity of the standard Johnson-Lindenstrauss projection. We describe the improvement in this article, together with some of its applications.
Ascertainment through community leaders

Offering further insight into the continually vexing problem of ascertainment of community needs (covered in some length in the JOURNAL'S Fall 1972 [16: 4] issue) is the following discussion which tries to more clearly identify who and what a “community leader” is. In many cases, the community and station management have very different definitions. Stuart Surlin is on the journalism faculty at the University of Georgia while Les Bradley teaches at Roane State Community College in Harriman, Tennessee.