cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility of corundum in aqueous KOH solutions at 700 °C and 1 GPa

Abstract The solubility of corundum in aqueous KOH solutions was measured at 700 °C and 1 GPa, using a piston-cylinder apparatus and a weight-loss method. Total potassium molality (mK) ranged from 0.0011 to 3.9. At the lowest mK, corundum solubility (mAl) was 0.0016 ± 0.0004 molal, which is slightly higher than that in pure H2O at the same conditions (0.0011 molal). Corundum solubility increased with added KOH to a maximum of mAl = 2.66 at the highest mK. At mK ≥ 0.03, mAl increased linearly with mK, with dmAl / dmK = 1. The results were combined with previous work to evaluate the stability of the neutral ion-pair KAlO2,aq at 700 °C and 1 GPa. We obtained an optimal fit to the experimental data with an equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction KOHaq = K+ + OH− of 10− 1.206, which was extrapolated from the data of Ho and Palmer [Ho, P.C. and Palmer, D.A., 1997. Ion association of a dilute aqueous potassium chloride and potassium hydroxide solutions to 600 °C and 300 MPa determined by electrical conductance measurements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 15, 3027–3040.] using linear isothermal correlations between the logarithms of H2O density and K. This gave an equilibrium constant for the reaction KAlO2,aq = K+ +AlO2− of 10− 0.299. The results permit assessment of the dominant aqueous species in K–Al–O–H fluids at high pressure and temperature. We find that the dominant Al-bearing species in such fluids is predicted to be the neutral hydrate (HAlO2,aq) at mK 8), which corresponds to KOH molality of > 10 at 700 °C and 1 GPa. Thus, KAlO2,aq is not a major reservoir for dissolved aluminum in low-chloride crustal and mantle aqueous fluids.
Strategies for Genotyping

The identification of genomic loci linked to or associated with human disease has been greatly facilitated by the evolution of genotyping strategies and techniques. The success of these strategies continues to be based upon clear clinical assessment, accurate sample handling, and careful data management, but also increasingly upon experimental design. Technological advances in the field of genotyping have permitted increasingly complex and large population studies to be performed. An understanding of publicly available genetic variation databases, including an awareness of the limitations of these data, and an appreciation of the strategic approaches that should be used to exploit this information will provide tremendous insight for researchers are aiming to utilize this accessible technology. As genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and Next Generation (NextGen) sequencing become the mainstays of genetic analyses, it is important that their technical strengths and limitations, as well as their impact on study design, be understood before use in a linkage or genetic association study. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 68:1.3.1-1.3.22 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: genotyping; linkage; association; PCR; microarray
Neural Network Characterization of Geophysical Processes With Circular Dependencies

This paper describes a method for training neural networks to learn circular dependencies. Variables with circular structure (e.g., time of day, day of year, and Earth location) appear in many different contexts within geoscience and remote sensing. Some common representations of circular variables (e.g., time of day in hours) can introduce discontinuities or topological distortions in estimation problems. They do not necessarily prevent a neural network from learning a relationship with circular dependencies. However, using topologically appropriate representations of circular variables can reduce the complexity necessary for a neural network to accurately learn such a relationship despite possibly increasing the number of inputs thereby reducing training times. In this paper, neural networks are trained to learn fictitious geophysical functions of time of day, of geolocation, and of time of year. In all three examples, using topologically appropriate representations of time and geolocation instead of conventional representations as inputs significantly reduced rms errors. Neural networks are also trained to learn the variations of air temperature observations with time of day and day of year, and one-month averages of sea surface temperature with geolocation. The improvement achieved by using topologically appropriate representations was limited by a natural random behavior in the data. However, there is a small but significant improvement in estimating the sea surface temperatures. Using the topologically appropriate representations of circular data when training the neural networks could be important in global Earth science remote sensing contexts, where significant diurnal, seasonal, or geographical variations exist. The studies presented also suggest the development of a more general framework for training neural networks that considers the topology of variables.
(Z)-2-(3-Nitrobenzylidene)-1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)- octan-3-one

The title compound, C14H14N2O3, was prepared by the base-catalyzed condensation reaction of 3-nitro­benzaldehyde with 1-aza­bicyclo­[2.2.2]octan-3-one. The 3-nitro­phenyl ring is twisted by 27.29 (19)° with respect to the plane of the C=C double bond connected to the aza­bicyclic ring. The mol­ecule adopts the Z configuration.
Thermal ionization rates and energies of electrons and holes at silver centers in silicon

The thermal ionization rates of electrons and holes at the silver centers in silicon have been measured using the dark-capacitance transient technique. The ionization energies of the first donor and first acceptor state of silver are determined from the temperature dependences of the ionization rates. These are ED – EV = 0.395 eV and EC – EA = = 0.578 eV, respectively. The electric field dependences of the thermal ionization rates are also given. Die thermischen Ionisationsraten von Elektronen und Lochern an Silberzentren in Silizium wurden gemessen. Dabei wurde die Kapazitatsmethode benutzt. Die Ionisationsenergien des ersten Donatorniveaus und des ersten Akzeptorniveaus von Silver werden mit Hilfe der Temperaturabhangigkeit der Ionisationsraten bestimmt. Sie betragen ED – EV = 0,395 eV und EC –EA = 0,578 eV. Die Abhangigkeit der thermischen Ionisationsraten vom elektrischen Feld wird ebenfalls angegeben.
Effects of monomer shape on the formation of aggregates from a power law monomer distribution

The coagulation of dust aggregates is an important process in many physical systems such as the Earth's upper atmosphere, comet tails and protoplanetary discs. Numerical models which study the aggregation in these systems typically involve spherical monomers. There is evidence, however, via the polarization of sunlight in the interstellar medium, as well as optical and LIDAR observations of high-altitude particles in Earth's atmosphere (70–100 km), which indicate that dust monomers may not necessarily be spherical. This study investigates the influence of different ellipsoidal monomer shapes on the morphology of aggregates given various distributions of monomer sizes. Populations of aggregates are grown from a single monomer using a combination of ballistic particle–cluster aggregation and ballistic cluster–cluster aggregation regimes incorporating the rotation of monomers and aggregates. The resulting structures of the aggregates are then compared via the compactness factor, geometric cross-section and friction time.
Efficient Risk Estimation via Nested Sequential Simulation

We analyze the computational problem of estimating financial risk in a nested simulation. In this approach, an outer simulation is used to generate financial scenarios, and an inner simulation is used to estimate future portfolio values in each scenario. We focus on one risk measure, the probability of a large loss, and we propose a new algorithm to estimate this risk. Our algorithm sequentially allocates computational effort in the inner simulation based on marginal changes in the risk estimator in each scenario. Theoretical results are given to show that the risk estimator has a faster convergence order compared to the conventional uniform inner sampling approach. Numerical results consistent with the theory are presented. This paper was accepted by Gerard Cachon, stochastic models and simulation.
Sterile pretibial abscess after anterior cruciate reconstruction from bioabsorbable interference screws: a report of 2 cases.

Abstract We report 2 cases of extra-articular pretibial sterile abscesses with minimal osteolysis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with poly-L-lactic acid bioabsorbable interference screw fixation. No joint involvement was evident in either case. Both patients underwent surgical exploration for incision, drainage, and excision with debridement of the biodegradable screw debris from the tibial bone tunnel. The cystic area in case 1 contained 8 mL of chalky white fluid with fragments of particulate matter. Microscopic evaluation revealed birefringent foreign material in a benign histiocyte-lined cyst. We encountered 20 mL of chalky white material during surgical debridement in case 2. Intraoperative cultures and Gram's stain were negative. Both patients had an uneventful recovery after surgical debridement and were able to return to their athletic activities. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a local reaction to poly-L-lactic acid bioabsorbable interference screws after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Moxalactam-tobramycin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

In vitro studies have shown synergistic killing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) with the combination of an aminoglycoside and moxalactam, a new beta-lactam agent. We describe three patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with PA isolates that were resistant to all single-agent antibiotics, but sensitive to the combination of moxalactam-tobramycin. Initially, all patients had a good clinical response to this combination. However, during a second course of therapy, there was clinical deterioration coincident with the rapid emergence of moxalactam-tobramycin-resistant PA isolates.
Contextualized Approach to Language and Literacy (Project CALL): Capitalizing on Varied Activities and Contexts to Teach Early Literacy Skills.

In a federally funded early literacy project, various instructional activities were embedded into an array of classroom contexts to provide supplemental literacy instruction and to contrast childre...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis SigF Regulates Genes Encoding Cell Wall-Associated Proteins and Directly Regulates the Transcriptional Regulatory Gene phoY1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis SigF is homologous to stress response and sporulation sigma factors in many bacteria. Consistent with a possible role in mycobacterial survival under stress conditions, M. tuberculosis sigF is strongly induced within cultured human macrophages and upon nutrient starvation, and SigF has been implicated in M. tuberculosis entry into stationary phase. On the other hand, SigF appears to contribute to the immune pathology of tuberculosis (TB), and a sigF-deficient mutant has altered cell membrane properties. Using an M. tuberculosis sigF deletion mutant, we show here that sigF is not required for bacillary survival under nutrient starvation conditions and within activated murine macrophages or for extracellular persistence in an in vivo granuloma model of latent TB infection. Using a chemically inducible recombinant strain to conditionally overexpress sigF, we did not observe arrest or retardation of growth in exponentially growing cultures or reduced susceptibility to rifampin and isoniazid. Consistent with our hypothesis that SigF may mediate TB immunopathogenesis by altering cell membrane properties, we found that overexpression of sigF resulted in the differential regulation of many cell wall-associated proteins, including members of the MmpL, PE, and PPE families, several of which have been shown to influence host-pathogen interactions. The most highly upregulated gene by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR at all time points following sigF induction was Rv3301c (phoY1), which encodes a probable transcriptional regulatory protein homologous to PhoU proteins involved in regulation of phosphate uptake. Using in vitro transcription analysis, we show that SigF directly regulates phoY1, whose proposed promoter sequence is GGATTG-N16-GGGTAT.
Living On Tortoise Time: Alternative Travel as the Pursuit of Lifestyle

This article is an enthnographic account of an alternative bus tour through the American Southwest with the Green Tortoise travel company. In a narrative reconstruction which integrates participant-observation fieldnotes and recollections from other tour participants, I describe and analyze how a leisure journey provides a context for experimenting with alternative forms of social organization. As a mode of alternative travel, the Green Tortoise tour self-consciously situates itself in opposition to the organizing structures typically associated with more conventional forms of mass tourism. The tour described here is modeled on an idealized image of community that emphasizes a notion of resistance to mass tourism through performance, symbol, and spectacle, and centers around the pursuit of lifestyle and identity.
Revisiting Phonotactic Generalizations in Australian Languages

Australian languages are famous for their uniform phonological systems. Cross-linguistic surveys of (or including) Australian languages have reinforced this view of Australian inventories and phonotactics. Such uniformity is surprising and unusual given the phylogenetic diversity in the country (28 phylic families). Moreover, although Australianists have assumed that uniformity in phonemic inventory is coupled with unity in phonotactics, this has not been tested. Here we statistically test the generalizations current in the literature on Australian languages by deriving inventory information from lexical data (rather than grammatical descriptions). We utilize a comparative database of lexical items from predominantly Pama-Nyungan languages in order to test published generalizations about phoneme inventories, phonotactics, and other phenomena (such as root internal vowel harmony patterns). By using lexical materials to derive inventories and segment frequencies, we are able to assemble a nuanced picture of the diversity of systems present among the languages. Inventory studies confirm, to some degree, the impression of uniformity. However, phoneme frequencies vary substantially across the sample even among languages with similar inventory types. This work is of particular importance to phonological typologies of Australian languages, but it has implications for wider phonological theory as well. The survey used here is the largest comparative database of a single language family. Rarely do we have the opportunity to conduct a large-scale typological investigation of related languages in this way. We also make a contribution to the role of typology in Optimality Theory. A large-scale survey of markedness patterns (in related languages) allows us to study occurring and non-occurring grammars. Finally, we can investigate the predictions of competing theories.
Some Dynamical Applications of Shock Wave Propagation in Solids

A theory of crater formation by impact is compared with the process of shock propagation in solids, especially for waves with spherical symmetry. Previous approaches which led to a 2/5-th power law for penetration versus velocity also lead, on the basis of the similarity transformation known as the method of progressing waves, to results on the non-steady motion of metallic spheres initiated by explosive blasts in a spherical cavity. Although a polytropic equation of state is required to satisfy the constant energy condition, the quasi-polytropic state is investigated as far as possible. Integrations are carried out for four metals and R-T-diagrams, and pressure and radius relations are obtained. An expansion suitable for the initial stage of crater formation is described together with some numerical calculations, and the impulsive nature of the shock process is discussed, as well as the limitations on the method of progressing waves.
Hyperoxic ventilation exacerbates lung reperfusion injury.

Objective It is well known that hyperoxia can be potentially harmful to the ventilated patient, although little is known about the potential effects in the setting of lung reperfusion. We hypothesized that hyperoxic ventilation at the time of reperfusion could worsen the effects of lung reperfusion injury. Methods Using an ex vivo, blood perfused, isolated rabbit lung system, we evaluated the effects of hyperoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen=100%, n=10) versus normoxic (room air, n=10) ventilation after 18 hours of cold ischemia. Lungs were ventilated and perfused for 2 hours. A control group was immediately perfused and ventilated with a fraction of inspired oxygen of 100%. Results Lung wet/dry ratios demonstrated lower tissue edema in the normoxic group compared with in the hyperoxic group (6.72 ± 0.89 vs 7.62 ± 1.14 [mean ± standard error of the mean], P = .04). Lung ventilation was also significantly better in the normoxic group versus the hyperoxic group (Pco 2 = 28.96 ± 2.01 vs 36.68 ± 3.20 mm Hg, P = .04). Conversely, lung oxygenation after 2 hours of reperfusion (normoxic group ventilated for the last 15 minutes on 100% fraction of inspired oxygen) was not significantly different between groups (Po 2 = 590.2 ± 50.1 vs 499.6 ± 67.5 mm Hg, P = .25). Conclusions Ventilating lungs with 100% fraction of inspired oxygen at the time of reperfusion could increase the risk of lung reperfusion injury at the time of transplantation. Thus the patient should be ventilated with as low a fraction of inspired oxygen as possible to achieve adequate oxygen saturations during this critical reperfusion period.
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between a metal–azide (Ph3PAuN3) and a metal–acetylide (Ph3PAuCCPh): an inorganic version of a click reaction

This report describes the synthesis and characterization of 1,5-bis-triphenylphosphinegold(I) 1,2,3-triazolate (3(1,5)). The synthesis of the dinuclear complex 3(1,5) is achieved via an unprecedented inorganic click (iClick) reaction between the metal–azide PPh3AuN3 (1) and the metal–acetylide PPh3Au–CCPh (2). Characterization of 3(1,5) includes multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, combustion analysis, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Experimental characterization is complemented with density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations which indicate the 1,4-isomer 3(1,4) is less stable by 3.3 kcal mol−1. The energetic difference lies primarily in the ability of the phenyl group in the 4-position of 3(1,5) to lie coplanar with the triazolate to create a delocalized π-bonding HOMO orbital.
Multivariate complexity analysis of 3D surface form and function of centric diatoms at the Eocene–Oligocene transition

Abstract Complexity is important in the course of evolution, but consensus of what complexity analysis entails is elusive. In this study, multivariate complexity is measured and analyzed in terms of magnitude of change and the trends behind those changes. Multivariate morphological and functional complexities were analyzed using 3D surface models of centric diatom genera from the Eocene to Oligocene, a transitional time when temperatures cooled, sea levels rose, and glaciation increased. Diatoms were chosen for study because of their importance in biostratigraphy, biogeochemical cycling, productivity, food web dynamics, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Probabilistic analysis using a Markov chain indicated an increase in total complexity across the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT). Causal inference via structural equation modeling indicated weakly driven functional and morphological complexity trends over the EOT. Morphological and functional complexity trends differed with respect to predation resistance as responses to ecological complexity as environmental and climate change occurred across the EOT. Macroevolutionary patterns of morphological and functional complexity with respect to ecological complexity did not necessarily coincide over time.
On Consistency of Estimators Based on Random Set Vector Observations

In this paper, the characterization of the joint distribution of random set vector by the belief function is investigated. A routine of calculating the bivariate coarsening at random model of finite random sets is obtained. In the context of reliable computations with imprecise data, we show that the maximum likelihood estimators of parameters in CAR model are consistent. Several examples are given to illustrate our results.
Impact of Connective Tissue Disease on Oncologic Breast Surgery and Reconstruction.

BackgroundThe impact of connective tissue disease (CTD) on outcomes following breast surgery and reconstruction is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of both CTDs and systemic immunomodulatory therapy on outcomes following breast surgery and reconstruction.MethodsA retrosp
About the File Management and Secretarial Work in Basic Education

File management and secretarial work seems two separated fields,and there are no links between them.But in fact,there are some connections,especially in the operation level,because achievements of the two fields often exist in the same carrier.At present,file management and secretarial work is often done by the amanuensis under the modern condition in primary and middle schools.In order to achieve mutual promotion,mutual correspondence and common development,how to handle the relation between them has become an issue all amanuenses have to face.
Evaluation of occupational hazards control effect in a factory of limited company for automotive exterior decorating systems in Shenyang City

[Objective]To identify the occupational hazards in the production process in a factory of limited company for automotive exterior decorating systems in Shenyang City,to indicate the occupational hazards in the production process and discuss the control and protection measures.[Methods]The data and information were collected by occupational hygiene field investigation,occupational hygiene monitoring and other methods to evaluate this project.[Results]The main occupational hazards in the producing process that workers exposed to are dust(polypropylene dust),toxicants(toluene,xylene,butyl acetate,butanol,butanone) and noise.Except for short-term exposure concentration of toluene,xylene in painting area of primer coat room and varnish room and noise in crushed room,the results of occupational hazards tests in other operating positions were qualified.[Conclusion]Occupational hazards protective measures in this project are effective and feasible,the occupational health management and integrated measures for anti-noise should be strengthened.
Influences of polysaccharide nucleic acid fraction of bacillus Calmette Guerin and specific immunotherapy on immunological function in asthmatic children

Objective To explore the effects of polysaccharide nucleic acid fraction of bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG-PNA) and specific immunotherapy (SIT) on serum IgE level and secretion of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-13 in asthmatic children. Methods After treatments with BCG-PNA, SIT, and combination of these two in 36 asthmatic children, serum IgE level and the production of IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-13, and IL-12 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by ELISA. Results Both BCG-PNA and SIT could enhance the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-12, but decrease IL-4, IL-13, and serum IgE levels in asthmatic children. Combination of BCG-PNA and SIT could depress IL-13 level but increase IFN-γ level in a synergistic way. Conclusion BCG-PNA and SIT can improve Th1 response but reduce Th2 response, and regulate the balance between Th1 and Th2 in asthmatic children.
Study on Dynamic Frequency Characteristics and Coordinative Under-Frequency Load Shedding Scheme for Nationwide Interconnected Power Grid of China

At present an interareal synchronization interconnected power grid that consists of Northeast China power grid, North China power grid involving Shandong power system and Central China power grid involving Shichuan?Chongqing power grid is formed. By use of time-domain power system transient stability simulation program and automatic under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) scheme, a single-machine calculation model is designed, by which the transient stability characteristics of power system frequency under various interconnected operation modes or isolated operation mode as well as the adaptability of existing UFLS schemes adopted in various power grids to secure operation of power grid frequency from 2005 to 2007 are overall analyzed and evaluated while large amount of power shortage occurs. On this basis a coordinative UFLS scheme for above-mentioned interareal synchronization interconnected power grid is proposed, this scheme is not only suitable to different interconnection modes, but also to various isolated operation modes. When the disturbances of power shortages from 5% to 45% happen, the interconnected power grid can perform coordinative load shedding correspondingly to ensure that the lowest power frequency is not lower than 48.0 Hz and power frequency can be recovered to 49.5 Hz within 10 seconds. Thus, the unified coordinative load shedding can be implemented, and system frequency stability as well as the security of tie-lines and large capacity units can be ensured.
Grooving in the ludic foodscape: Bridled revelry in collegiate tailgating

Throughout North America, the open air public feasting and drinking that surrounds an athletic event, most commonly football, is labeled “tailgating.” In this article, we explore how consumers infu...
Semi-implicit numerical simulations of geometrically nonlinear beam, plate, and shell dynamical systems

ABSTRACTThe following article serves three purposes: (i) it presents a simple semi-implicit numerical formulation for nonlinear structural dynamics problems, which is computationally inexpensive and simple to use in nonlinear dynamics and chaos simulations; (ii) it serves as an introduction to numerical studies of nonlinear structural dynamics for engineering students; and (iii) it formulates a nonlinear structural dynamical system for studies of nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Numerical formulations along with results are presented for nonlinear oscillators, beams, Foppl–von Karman plates, and thin shallow shells.
Reset-based recovery for real-time cyber-physical systems with temporal safety constraints

In traditional computing systems, software problems are often resolved by platform restarts. This approach, however, cannot be naively used in cyber-physical systems (CPS). In fact, in this class of systems, ensuring safety strictly depends on the ability to respect hard real-time constraints. Several adaptations of the Simplex architecture have been proposed to guarantee safety in spite of misbehaving software components. However, the problem of performing recovery into a fully operational state has not been extensively addressed. In this work, we discuss how resets can be used in CPS as an effective strategy to recover from a variety of software faults. Our work extends the Simplex architecture in a number of directions. First, we provide sufficient conditions under which safety is guaranteed in spite of fault-induced resets. Second, we introduce a novel technique to express not only state-dependent safety constraints, as typically done in Simplex, but also time-dependent safety properties. Finally, through a proof-of-concept minimal implementation on a small R/C helicopter and simulation-based system modeling, we show the effectiveness of the proposed recovery strategy under the assumed fault model.
The Association Between Hospital Capacity Strain and Inpatient Outcomes in Highly Developed Countries: A Systematic Review.

Background Increases in patient needs can strain hospital resources, which may worsen care quality and outcomes. This systematic literature review sought to understand whether hospital capacity strain is associated with worse health outcomes for hospitalized patients and to evaluate benefits and harms of health system interventions to improve care quality during times of hospital capacity strain.
Operative repair of proximal humerus fractures in septuagenarians and octogenarians: Does chronologic age matter?

Abstract Background With an expected doubling of the geriatric population within the next thirty years it is becoming increasingly important to determine who among the elderly population benefit from orthopaedic interventions. This study assesses post-operative outcomes in patients aged seventy or greater who sustained a proximal humerus fracture and were treated surgically as compared to a younger geriatric cohort to determine if there is a chronologic age after which post-operative outcomes significantly decline. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for 201 patients who sustained fractures of the proximal humerus (OTA 11A-C) and were treated operatively by open reduction and internal fixation. Data from 132 independent, active patients aged fifty-five or older was identified and analyzed. Forty-seven patients age 70 or older were compared to 78 patients aged 55–69. Average length of follow-up was 19.5 months. All complications were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to assess for differences between groups. Results 95% of patients achieved fracture union within 6 months. No significant differences were found between cohorts with regard to gender, fracture severity, or CCI (p = 0.197, p = 0.276, p = 0.084, respectively). Functional outcome scores, shoulder range of motion, and complications rates for patients aged 70 and older were not significantly different from patients aged 55–69. There were 10 complications in the older elderly cohort (21%), 6 of which required re-operation and 13 complications in the young elderly cohort (17%), 8 of which required re-operation. Conclusions Operative fracture repair using locked plating of the proximal humerus in septuagenarians and octogenarians can provide for excellent long-term outcomes in appropriately selected patients. These patients tend to have long term functional outcome scores, post-operative range of motion, and complication rates that are comparable to younger geriatric patients. Physicians should not exclude patients for repair of proximal humerus fractures based on chronological age cutoffs.
Transient Stability Enhancement of Power Grid With Integrated Wide Area Control of Wind Farms and Synchronous Generators

This paper presents a Wide Area Control (WAC) design to enhance the transient stability of Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) integrated power grid. The proposed WAC design is based on a nonlinear optimal control algorithm using Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Neural Networks (NNs), which optimizes the closed-loop performance of the wind integrated power grid through Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP). The aim of the WAC is to estimate the global energy function of the system, independent of the contingency, and derive supplementary damping control to augment the excitation system of synchronous generators and local active and reactive power control of DFIG. The controller objective is evolved from transient energy function terms developed for synchronous generators and wind farms within the framework of a coupled oscillatory system. The theoretical results are verified by conducting simulation studies on the modified IEEE 68-bus system with three aggregated wind farms modeled in electromagnetic transient simulator test-bed. It has been shown that the method improves transient stability of the test system and damps the interarea oscillations faster, including the active and reactive power support from DFIG during grid transient conditions.
A methodology for estimating memory lifetime using a system-level accelerated life test and error-correcting codes

Since memory cells tend to become more unreliable as technology scales down, to guarantee reliable operations of circuits/systems, prior to committing a design to manufacturing we need to accurately estimate the lifetime of a memory system by considering system usage. We propose to estimate the lifetime of a memory system using system-level accelerated life tests, where failures are detected with error-correcting codes. The difference from the standard approach to accelerated life tests of circuits/systems is that wearout simulation of circuits is used to select test conditions that are optimal for each wearout mechanism. In a case study, we investigate the reliability of a memory system in a microprocessor degraded by time-dependent dielectric breakdown, which is one of the major contributors to aging failures in modern computer systems. We estimate the probability of failure of the memory system at various stress conditions to define acceptability regions for TDDB for system-level accelerated life tests. The acceptability regions provide test conditions for each TDDB mechanism. We propose to use built-in self-test with fault detection via error-correcting codes during accelerated life tests, so that stress during accelerated test can track realistic usage patterns.
Pseudoprogression manifesting as recurrent ascites with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in urothelial bladder cancer

Immunotherapies targeting the PD-1 checkpoint pathway have recently gained regulatory approval in numerous cancer types. With the widespread use of immune checkpoint therapies, varying patterns of responses and immune-related adverse events are being observed. In this case, we highlight a patient who developed recurrent, large-volume ascites, while simultaneously having a 49% reduction in peritoneal tumor lesion size by RECIST criteria. Sampling of the fluid revealed high levels of IL-6 and IL-15. Cytology revealed no malignant cells on 4 separate paracenteses over a period of 6 weeks. Cell counts revealed that 45% of cells were lymphocytes, and further analysis was performed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The majority of lymphocytes were CD8+, of which 78% were PD-1+ and 43% were HLA-DR+ indicating an activated phenotype. In summary, treatment with anti-PD-1 therapy may result in pseudoprogression manifested by ascitic fluid accumulation due to the influx of activated T cells. Since worsening of ascites is typically associated with disease progression, it is important to consider the possibility of pesudoprogression in such patients undergoing therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
A Multimodal Skin Cancer Prevention Program for Heart Transplant Patients.

Background:Immunosuppressant medications are essential for long-term survival following transplantation but increase the risk of developing skin cancer. Prevention and early detection of skin cance...
Fetal CNS: a systematic approach.

Prenatal sonography is routinely used to evaluate fetal biometry and anatomy between 16 and 20 weeks. Ventriculomegaly is easily seen on these routine views and is commonly associated with numerous intracranial anomalies. Although ventriculomegaly can be isolated, it should always prompt a detailed search to evaluate for an underlying cause. Using a systematic approach to evaluate the intracranial structures can help the clinician arrive at a correct diagnosis for many abnormalities of central nervous system.
Organizing Perspectives and Conditions of Engaging in Self-Guided Evolution

In Section 8.1, I introduce key evolutionary perspectives that have the potential to guide our thinking about creating an evolutionary epistemology, and selecting approaches and methods of guiding evolution. In Section 8.2, I propose that we have already stepped over the threshold of conscious evolution. We now see at many places and in many forms the emergence of groups and communities, whose ideas and work manifest conscious evolution. However, these groups are disconnected from each other. In Section 8.3, I propose that conditions of acting upon conscious evolution include the individual and collective acquisition of evolutionary competence, and the development of will and determination to engage in conscious evolution.
Effect of Test Setting on Baseline Clinical Reaction Time Assessment in Collegiate Athletes (IN5-1.005)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether athlete performance on baseline clinical reaction time (RTclin) assessment differs when tested individually versus in groups. BACKGROUND: When using objective test results as part of a concussion management program, it is critical that the athlete9s baseline data represents their optimal performance. RTclin is a simple and reliable tool that is sensitive to the effects of sport-related concussion. While carrying out baseline assessments in groups is often more practical, the effect of individual versus group setting on baseline RTclin performance is unknown. DESIGN/METHODS: 102 NCAA athletes (85 males, 83%) completed baseline RTclin assessments in both group and individual test settings during their pre-participation physical examinations. Mean RTclin was calculated over 8 trials, by converting the distance a rigid vertical body released by the examiner fell before being arrested by the athlete into a reaction time (ms), using the known acceleration of gravity. The order of testing was haphazardly assigned with 73 (72%) athletes being tested in the group setting first. RESULTS: RTclin was 7 ms faster when tested in the individual versus the group setting (198 + 21 vs. 205 + 15 ms, p = .0016 for unadjusted paired t-test). When test order was controlled for using a linear mixed model, this difference failed to reach statistical significance (p = .0947) due to the presence of an order effect (second RTclin assessment averaged 10ms faster than first; p=.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline RTclin results in collegiate athletes did not differ when athletes were tested in a group versus individual setting. This suggests that group testing, which may be more practical during pre-participation physical examinations, is acceptable. The significant order effect identified suggests that a learning effect may be present. Additional practice trials should be considered to decrease the influence of this learning effect on baseline RTclin results. Supported by: University of Michigan Summer Biomedical Research Program. Disclosure: Dr. Ladue has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eckner9s institution has received research support from Elminda LTD. Dr. Kutcher has received personal compensation for activities with the National Hockey League Players9 Association, and the National Basketball Association Concussion Program. Dr. Kutcher has received research support from ElMindA, Ltd.
The Hydrogen Economy of Methanosarcina barkeri: Life in the Fast Lane.

ABSTRACT Two recent studies (T. D. Mand, G. Kulkarni, and W. W. Metcalf, J. Bacteriol 200:e00342-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00342-18, and G. Kulkarni, T. D. Mand, and W. W. Metcalf, mBio 9:e01256-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01256-18) analyzed an impressive array of hydrogenase-deficient mutant strains of Methanosarcina barkeri not only to describe H2-based growth but also to demonstrate the conservation of energy with intracellular hydrogen cycling, a novel strategy for creating a proton motive force to support ATP synthesis.
Human Perception of Color

As we have established that color is in the eye of the beholder, it is appropriate to begin our discussion by examining human vision, perception and methods of specifying color. This chapter investigates the properties of human vision and basic color science metrics that will be useful to understand multi-primary displays. We begin by reviewing the basic anatomy of the human eye and the functions of the basic structures which are important to our discussion. We then discuss color processing in the human eye-brain system at a high level, providing a general sense of some of the important aspects of the human eye-brain system beyond the eye which influence our perception of color. We will then turn our attention to common metrics for understanding and measuring luminance and color. We will use many of these metrics throughout this book to help understand the utility and differences between different lighting and display technologies, as well as help us understand some important differences between traditional three color primary displays and multi-primary displays.
Forage or Biofuel: Assessing Native Warm-Season Grass Production among Seed Mixes and Harvest Frequencies within a Wildlife Conservation Framework

Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) are gaining merit as biofuel feedstocks for ethanol production with potential for concomitant production of cattle forage and wildlife habitat provision. However, uncertainty continues regarding optimal production approaches for biofuel yield and forage quality within landscapes of competing wildlife conservation objectives. We used a randomized complete block design of 4 treatments to compare vegetation structure, forage and biomass nutrients, and biomass yield between Panicum virgatum (Switchgrass) monocultures and NWSG polycultures harvested once or multiple times near West Point, MS, 2011–2013. Despite taller vegetation and greater biomass in Switchgrass monocultures, NWSG polycultures had greater vegetation structure heterogeneity and plant diversity that could benefit wildlife. However, nutritional content from harvest timings optimal for wildlife conservation (i.e., late dormant season-collected biomass and mid-summer hay samples) demonstrated greater support for biofuel production than quality cattle forage. Future research should consider testing various seed mixes for maximizing biofuel or forage production among multiple site conditions with parallel observations of wildlife use.
Assessing mine water quality using a hierarchy fuzzy variable sets method: a case study in the Guojiawan mining area, Shaanxi Province, China

It is essential to assess mine water quality before this resource can be comprehensively utilized. The objective of this paper was to develop an integrated approach that can be applied for mine water quality assessment. An improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) method was used to calculate the weights of evaluation parameters, while fuzzy variable sets were used to determine the classification of mine water quality. Guojiawan mining area in Shaanxi Province, China, was chosen as the study area for this research and concentrations of total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, and arsenic, as well as pH were utilized as water quality assessment factors. A total of 16 water samples, 13 samples from Guojiawan coal mine and three samples from Beiniuchuan River near the mine, were collected. The results show that four of these samples belonged to class III (roof water and river water) and encompass 25% of the total, and it can be used for domestic drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes, directly. While three belonged to class V and were derived from the auxiliary and main haulage roadways as well as the 51140 face cutting. They can be used for some industrial purpose after corresponding treatment. This latter group of samples accounted for 18.75% of the overall total, while the remaining nine were evaluated as class IV, encompassing 56.25% of the total, and they can be used for irrigation directly and domestic drinking after proper treatment.
Recursive Binary Template Embedding for Face Image Sets

In this paper, we focus on the task of generating compact binary templates for face image sets. Existing set-based templates are extracted from a high-dimensional real-value feature space, and sometimes with complex structure. The process is not very efficient for large-scale applications. Existing binary templates are generated via either a sequence or a tree of projections. The recursive tree structure achieves higher recognition performance, but the number of projections increases exponentially with the binary code length. Thus, we propose a recursive binary embedding algorithm exhibiting an increased recognition power while restricting the number of projections to increase linearly with the code length. Moreover, the proposed embedding can be easily plugged into the modern deep learning architectures for set-based face recognition. Experimental results using the challenge IJB-A dataset illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed template for face verification, closed set identification, and open set identification.
Using the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT) to classify morphoea by severity and identify clinically significant change.

Background Validated scoring measures in morphoea can facilitate clinical trials. Objectives To ascertain the clinical significance of scores on the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT) and identify the change in scores correlated with clinically meaningful change. Methods A prospective study of 120 participants from the Morphea in Adults and Children (MAC) cohort was undertaken. Physician's subjective assessments of severity and of improvement were completed at each visit. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined LoSCAT scores corresponding with mild, moderate and severe disease, and absolute and percentage changes in scores corresponding with improved or worsened disease activity or damage. Results Mild, moderate and severe activity corresponded with LoSCAT activity index (LoSAI) scores of 0-4, 5-12 and 13 and over, and with Physician's Global Assessment of activity (PGA-A) scores of 0-10, 11-30 and 31 and over. Mild, moderate and severe damage corresponded with LoSCAT damage index (LoSDI) scores of 0-10, 11-15 and 16 and over, and with PGA of damage (PGA-D) scores of 0-18, 19-30 and 31 and over. Improved activity was best indicated by LoSAI decrease of at least 2 points or 27·5%, or PGA-A decrease of at least 6 points. Improved damage was best indicated by LoSDI score decrease of at least 2 points. Worsening activity was best indicated by LoSAI increase of at least 2 points or 19·5%, or PGA-A increase of at least 4 points. Worsening damage was best indicated by LoSDI increase of at least 25·5%. Conclusions The LoSCAT can be used to classify patients with morphoea by disease severity, and identify clinically significant improvement in activity. What's already known about this topic? The Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool (LoSCAT) is a clinical tool that separately quantifies disease activity and damage in morphoea, and prior studies have demonstrated validity and reliability. What does this study add? The LoSCAT can be used to classify patients with morphoea by disease severity into mild, moderate and severe groups, and to identify clinically significant improvement in disease activity in patients with morphoea. The LoSCAT may be limited in its ability to detect clinically significant changes in disease damage.
Proportional-Retarded (PR) Protocol for a Large Scale Multi-agent Network with Noisy Measurements; Stability and Performance

A distributed Proportional-Retarded (PR) protocol is studied for leaderless coordination of a large scale multi-agent network with undirected links and noisy measurements. The protocol, already developed for SISO systems, introduces a time delay to mimic a derivative action allowing improvement of agents’ transient responses but being insensitive to high-frequency signals. The main contribution of this chapter is the stability analysis of the closed-loop network system of arbitrarily large scale, in terms of PR protocol parameters. Next, this is connected to our recent results in [28] from which we summarize how PR protocol can be tuned for the network system to achieve certain performance as dictated by its rightmost eigenvalues. Over a case study, the results are demonstrated.