cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Disabled Children's Conversational Competence: Responses to Inadequate Messages.

This study examined learning disabled children's understanding of conversational rules for initiating the repair of a communicative breakdown. Learning disabled and normal children in grades 1 through 8 played the listener role in a referential communication task requiring them to select referents based on messages varying in informational adequacy. Learning disabled children were less likely to request clarification of inadequate messages and, consequently, made fewer correct referent choices than normal children. Only young learning disabled girls were less able than their normal age-mates to appraise message adequacy. Analyses of response latencies and request type also suggest that the failure to request clarification cannot be attributed solely to linguistic deficits. Results are discussed in terms of the relative contributions of syntactic-semantic ability and social knowledge to conversational competence.
Evidence of zeolite-solution equilibrium for isomorphous substitution using aqueous metal fluoride complexes☆

Abstract The reversibility of isomorphous substitution of tetrahedral framework metal ions using aqueous A1F 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 SiF 6 treatments on zeolite ZSM-5 is reported. 19 F NMR studies of A1F 3 and SiF 6 2− D 2 O solutions after reaction at 85 °C which NH 4 ZSM-5 showed formation of corresponding Si and A1 flouride species. Flouride material balances were reasonable within experimental error. These experiments qualitatively suggest an equilibrium condition exists between Al 3+ and Si 4+ using mild aqueous metal fluoride treatment and imply a general synthetic pathway to isomorphously substituted zeolites. As a further example, [Ga]ZSM-5 containing framework Ga 3+ was prepared by substitution of framework Al 3+ using aqueous GaF 3 treatment. The framework Ga 3+ was characterized by solid-state static and magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR and the observed Ga chemical shift (155 ± 5 ppm) was consistent with tetrahedral framework Ga 3+ reported previously. Quantitation by Ga and Si NMR and temperature-programmed NH 3 desorption (TPAD) showed excellent agreement.
Effects of PTH and Ca2+ on renal adenyl cyclase

The effects of calcium ion on the adenylate cyclase system was studied in isolated, renal basal-lateral plasma membranes of the rat. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) and a guanyl triphosphate analogue, Gpp(NH)p were used to stimulate cyclase activity. Under conditions of maximal stimulation, calcium ions inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, the formation rate falling exponentially with the calcium concentration. Fifty percent inhibition of either bPTH- or Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity was given by approximately 50 ..mu..M Ca/sup 2 +/. Also the Hill coefficient for the inhibition was close to unity in both cases. The concentration of bPTH giving half-maximal stimulation of cAMP formation (1.8 x 10/sup -8/M) was unchanged by the presence of calcium. These data suggest that calcium acts at some point other than the initial hormone-receptor interaction, presumably decreasing the catalytic efficiency of the enzymic moiety of the membrane complex.
Mutations in LMF1 cause combined lipase deficiency and severe hypertriglyceridemia.

This is an issue edsumm for 24. Identification of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum in a marine sedimentary sequence shows that sea surface temperatures near the North Pole increased from roughly 18 degrees Celsius to over 23 degrees Celsius — such warm values imply the absence of ice and thus exclude the influence of ice-albedo feedbacks on this Arctic warming.
Facilitated uptake of streptomycin by Kupffer cells during phagocytosis.

PHAGOCYTOSIS and intracellular digestion of bacteria have been investigated primarily with blood leucocyte or peritoneal macrophages derived from experimental animals. Many attempts have been made to isolate the intracellular events by the addition of bactericidal concentrations of streptomycin to the extracellular menstruum after the phagocytic cells have ingested the bacterial particles. The assumption made is that streptomycin by virtue of its relative impermeability exerts no bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect on those bacteria which are established intracellularly. Data concerning penetration of streptomycin into mammalian cells, however, are not consistent and seem to depend on the types of cell and the methods of assay for streptomycin which are used. The general conclusion is that the antibiotic is not concentrated intracellularly in quantities large enough to be bactericidal1–3. A critical examination of the data, however, shows that such a conclusion may not be entirely warranted in all cases4–7, and consequently the extent of bactericidal activity which streptomycin exhibits for intracellular bacteria remains conjectural.
Expression and distribution of two isoforms of tyrosine hydroxylase in macaque monkey brain

Abstract In humans, the RNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, can undergo alternative splicing to produce four different types of mRNA. Each of the predicted TH protein forms has been shown to be expressed in human brain, but constraints inherent in human postmortem studies require the use of an animal model to further explore the functional significance of multiple TH isoforms. Since the anatomical organization of catecholaminergic systems in Old World macaque monkeys appears to accurately predict their organization in humans, we used antibodies that selectively recognize each of the human TH isoforms to determine the expression and distribution of TH isoforms in monkey brain. Blot immunolabeling and immunocytochemical techniques demonstrated that catecholaminergic neurons of monkey brain express both type 1 and type 2 TH, but not type 3 or type 4. Thus, monkeys differ in the number of TH isoforms expressed in brain both from rodents (type 1 TH only) and humans (types 1–4 TH). In some catecholaminergic neurons and axon terminals of human brain, only type 1 TH immunoreactivity was detectable, suggesting that the selective expression of a single isoform could occur or that TH isoforms might differ in their accessibility to or engagement with cell trafficking mechanisms. However, in monkeys there was no evidence for the selective expression or distribution of either type 1 or type 2 TH in any of the catecholaminergic cell bodies or terminal fields examined. In addition, quantitative blot immunolabeling studies demonstrated that type 1 and type 2 TH were present in the same relative abundances in monkey substantia nigra and caudate nucleus. Furthermore, studies in monkeys designed to model the human postmortem state revealed that the apparently selective distribution of TH isoforms seen in the human study could be created by postmortem effects. In summary, in contrast to nonprimate species, multiple protein isoforms of TH are expressed in monkey brain as well as in human brain. Although the precise functional role of each isoform has not been determined, their presence suggests that the regulation of catecholamine biosynthesis may be more complex and subject to alternative modes of regulation in primates than in nonprimate species. In addition, the difference between monkeys and humans in the number of TH isoforms may provide insight into a molecular basis for species differences in cognitive and other brain functions. However, both type 1 and type 2 TH, the two predominant isoforms of human TH, are expressed in monkey brain. Thus, the macaque monkey is a useful model for clarifying questions that arise in human postmortem studies regarding TH isoforms and may prove to be an effective system for exploring the functional significance of multiple TH isoforms.
Dynamic Assessment of Algebraic Learning in Predicting Third Graders’ Development of Mathematical Problem Solving

Dynamic assessment (DA) involves helping students learn a task and indexing responsiveness to that instruction as a measure of learning potential. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of a DA of algebraic learning in predicting third graders' development of mathematics problem solving. In the fall, 122 third-grade students were assessed on language, nonverbal reasoning, attentive behavior, calculations, word-problem skill, and DA. On the basis of random assignment, students received 16 weeks of validated instruction on word problems or received 16 weeks of conventional instruction on word problems. Then, students were assessed on word-problem measures proximal and distal to instruction. Structural equation measurement models showed that DA measured a distinct dimension of pretreatment ability and that proximal and distal word-problem measures were needed to account for outcome. Structural equation modeling showed that instruction (conventional vs. validated) and pretreatment calculation skills were sufficient to account for math word-problem outcome proximal to instruction; by contrast, language, pretreatment word-problem skill, and DA were needed to forecast learning on word-problem outcomes more distal to instruction. Findings are discussed in terms of responsiveness-to-intervention models for preventing and identifying learning disabilities.
Managing Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

Childbearing is a period in the life cycle during which some women may gain weight, become overweight, or become obese. Despite guidelines issued in 1990 for gestational weight gain, many women exceed them. Women who are overweight before pregnancy are most vulnerable to excessive gestational weight gain. Prenatal interventions to prevent excessive gain have had mixed results. During the postpartum period, 14% to 20% of women may retain weight from pregnancy, which elevates risk of later health problems. Although postpartum weight loss interventions have been shown to have efficacy, these have been tested primarily with White women. Continued efforts are needed in practice and research to develop effective approaches for managing weight during pregnancy and postpartum, especially for low‐income and ethnic minority women.
A Reconsideration of the Typification of Rafinesque Generic Names Allied to Salix L.

Abstract Past typifications of the 27 generic names allied to Salix (Salicaceae) published by Rafinesque in 1817 and 1838 are reconsidered in light of the current rules of nomenclature. A lectotype is proposed here for Diplima. Some generic names previously designated as lectotypes are here corrected to neotypes: Diplopia, Disynia, Oisodix, Opodix, Vetrix, and Vimen. Full bibliographic citations are given for each of Rafinesque's new names or combinations. Amerina balduiniana is lectotypified with a Baldwin specimen (ph) from Florida, and Vetrix linearifolia, a name that predates S. interior (1900), is lectotypified with a Nuttall collection (ph). However, a new combination in Salix is prohibited by the existence of S. linearifolia Rydb. (1901). To assure this, a step-two lectotypification is proposed for S. linearifolia. Oisodix fulva has been proposed for rejection. A John Bradbury collection, the type of Amerina missurica, has not been located, but if it proves to be a collection of S. amygdaloides And...
Fine-grained mobility characterization: steady and transient state behaviors

Recent popularization of personal hand-held mobile devices makes it important to characterize the mobility pattern of mobile device users, so as to accurately predict user mobility in the future. Currently, the user mobility pattern is mostly characterized at a coarse-grained level, in the form of transition among wireless Access Points (APs). There is limited research effort on the fine-grained characterization of geographical user movement. In this paper, we present a novel approach to characterize the steady-state and transient-state user mobility behaviors at a fine-grained level, based on the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) formulation of user mobility. By applying our approach on both realistic mobility traces and synthetic mobility scenarios, we show that our approach is effective in characterizing user mobility pattern and making accurate mobility prediction. We also experimentally demonstrate that fine-grained user mobility knowledge is more effective to improve the performance of a variety of mobile computing applications.
JUSTICE AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METHODS OF MONITORING AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

This study examined relationships among three methods of leader monitoring, employee perceptions of workplace justice, and employee citizenship behavior. We hypothesized that monitoring would negatively affect citizenship because close control may keep employees from performing duties seen as extra and perhaps not leading to rewards. However, we also hypothesized that monitoring's focus on gathering unbiased information would positively influence employees' perceptions of fairness, which have been found to predict citizenship behavior. Results of structural equations modeling used to test direct and indirect relationships among the variables indicated that the monitoring method of observation negatively influenced citizenship but also had a positive influence through its effect on perceptions of fairness.
Respiration of the tissues of some invertebrates and its inhibition by cyanide.

A study of the metabolism of Bermuda marine invertebrates at 25 degrees C. shows that the respiratory rates of many of the tissues approximate those of vertebrate tissues at the same temperature. There is no apparent correlation between respiratory rate and phylogenetic development: tissues from some of the simpler forms use as much oxygen per unit weight as those from certain of the more highly developed animals. Cyanide inhibition experiments reveal a great variation in the amount of oxygen consumption which is dependent upon sensitive heavy metal systems. Three types of tissues, the jellyfish Cassiopea frondosa, the branchial tree of the sea cucumber, Stichopus mobii, and two kinds of tunicates, were completely unaffected by even 10(-2)M HCN. Other tissues such as sea urchin sperm, squid gills, and lobster nerve and muscle were almost completely inhibited by much lower concentrations. Most of the materials retained 20 to 40 per cent of the normal respiratory rate in 10(-2)M HCN. The possibility that vanadium may play a part in the oxidation-reduction systems of the completely resistant animals is discussed. There is a thousandfold variation in the concentration of cyanide required to produce 50 per cent inhibition of respiration in the different tissues. Sea urchin sperm is 50 per cent inhibited by 10(-6)M HCN: the sea fan requires 10(-3)M for the same effect. Other tissues lie at intermediate points. When the logarithm of the ratio of the inhibited to the uninhibited respiration is plotted against the concentration of cyanide the resulting line has a slope which in most cases approximates 1. This indicates that one mole of enzyme ordinarily combines with one mole of inhibitor. Eggs of the sea urchin, Tripneustes esculentus, show a three- to fivefold increase in the rate of oxygen uptake on fertilization. The respiration of both the fertilized and unfertilized eggs is almost entirely inhibited by 10(-4)M HCN. Cell division in the fertilized eggs is blocked by somewhat less than 10(-5)M cyanide, a concentration which reduces respiration to 40 per cent of the normal level.
Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest.

Clearcutting creates habitat for many species of early successional songbirds; however, little information is available on bird use of small forest openings created by group selection harvests. Group selection harvests are increasing on the White Mountain National Forest due to negative public response to clearcutting. The objective of this study was to determine if avian species richness and composition differ between clearcut and group selection openings, and between mature stands and the uncut portions of group selection stands. Point count surveys were conducted during the 1992 and 1993 breeding seasons within six study blocks in the White Mountain National Forest, NH. Each block consisted of a clearcut stand, a group selection stand and a mature stand. Species richness per stand was significantly higher in clearcut openings (p = 0.010) than in group selection openings. Forested areas surrounding group selection openings were similar to mature stands in species richness (p = 0.848) and composition. Our data suggest that, relative to avian use, the group selection system does not provide habitat similar to that created by clearcutting in extensive northern hardwood stands. The group selection system appears to retain much of the mature forest bird community while providing for a limited number of early successional bird species. Gradual replacement of clearcutting with group selection harvests could result in reduced avian diversity across large forested tracts.
A study of the cyclotron gas-stopping concept for the production of rare isotope beams

The proposed cyclotron gas-stopping scheme for the efficient thermalization of intense rare isotope beams is examined. Simulations expand on previous studies and expose many complications of such an apparatus arising from physical effects not accounted for properly in previous work. The previously proposed cyclotron gas-stopper geometry is found to have a near null efficiency, but extended simulations suggest that a device with a much larger pole gap could achieve a stopping efficiency approaching roughly 90% and at least a 10 times larger acceptance. However, some of the advantages that were incorrectly predicted in previous simulations for high intensity operation of this device are compromised.
L2 Cache Performance Analysis and Optimizations for Processing HDF5 Data on Multi-core Nodes

It is important to design and develop scientific middleware libraries to harness the opportunities presented by emerging multi-core processors that are available on grid and cloud environments. Scientific middleware libraries not adhering or adapting to this programming paradigm can suffer from severe performance limitations while executing on emerging multi-core processors. In this paper, we focus on the utilization of a critical shared resource on chip multiprocessors (CMPs), the L2 cache. The way in which an application schedules and assigns processing work to each thread determines the access pattern of the shared L2 cache, which may result in either enhancing or diminishing the effects of memory latency on a multi-core processor. Therefore, while processing scientific datasets such as HDF5, it is essential to conduct fine-grained analysis of cache utilization, to make informed processing and scheduling decisions in multi-threaded programming. In this paper, using the TAU toolkit for performance feedback from dual- and quad-core machines, we analyze and recommend methods for effective scheduling of threads on multi-core nodes to augment the performance of scientific applications processing HDF5 data. We discuss the benefits that can be achieved by using L2 Cache-Affinity and L2 Balanced-Set based scheduling algorithms for improving L2 cache performance and effectively the overall execution time.
The effect of sodium bicarbonate on propranolol-induced cardiovascular toxicity in a canine model.

Study Objective: To evaluate the potential utility of sodium bicarbonate in an established model of acute propranolol toxicity. Methods: Two minutes after the completion of a propranolol infusion (10 mg/kg), a bolus of 1.5 mEq/kg of sodium bicarbonate solution (1 mEq/mL) followed by an infusion of 1.5 mEq/kg over the next 26 minutes (n = 6) or an equivalent timing and volume of 5% dextrose solution (n = 6) was administered in each dog. Targeted cardiovascular parameters included heart rate, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular dP/dtmax, and QRS interval. Results: Propranolol infusion significantly depressed heart rate (p < 0.0001), mean arterial pressure (p < 0.0001), dP/dtmax (p < 0.0001) and prolonged the QRS interval (p < 0.0001). Sodium bicarbonate failed to significantly improve these targeted parameters when compared to control animals. Conclusion: In this canine model of propranolol toxicity, intravenous sodium bicarbonate appears to be an ineffective single therapy. Furthermore, these results ...
MFP scanner diagnostics using a self-printed target to measure the modulation transfer function

In the current market, reduction of warranty costs is an important avenue for improving profitability by manufacturers of printer products. Our goal is to develop an autonomous capability for diagnosis of printer and scanner caused defects with mid-range laser multifunction printers (MFPs), so as to reduce warranty costs. If the scanner unit of the MFP is not performing according to specification, this issue needs to be diagnosed. If there is a print quality issue, this can be diagnosed by printing a special test page that is resident in the firmware of the MFP unit, and then scanning it. However, the reliability of this process will be compromised if the scanner unit is defective. Thus, for both scanner and printer image quality issues, it is important to be able to properly evaluate the scanner performance. In this paper, we consider evaluation of the scanner performance by measuring its modulation transfer function (MTF). The MTF is a fundamental tool for assessing the performance of imaging systems. Several ways have been proposed to measure the MTF, all of which require a special target, for example a slanted-edge target. It is unacceptably expensive to ship every MFP with such a standard target, and to expect that the customer can keep track of it. To reduce this cost, in this paper, we develop new approach to this task. It is based on a self-printed slanted-edge target. Then, we propose algorithms to improve the results using a self-printed slanted-edge target. Finally, we present experimental results for MTF measurement using self-printed targets and compare them to the results obtained with standard targets.
Teaching for Social Justice and K-12 Student Outcomes: A Conceptual Framework and Research Review

Redressing educational inequity requires taking a comprehensive and systemic approach to education reform, a practice increasingly framed as “social justice (in) education.” However, while state and federal accountability mandates require any reform intended for K-12 classroom implementation to have a demonstrable impact on student achievement, published accounts of classroom-level “teaching for social justice” are widely varied and scantly evaluated. This article examines the conceptual foundations of teaching for social justice, presents a concrete framework for teaching for social justice in K-12 classrooms, and examines how elements of teaching for social justice are supported by existing research on secondary students’ academic, behavioral/motivational, and attitudinal outcomes. In conducting this review, the author hopes to provide both a rationale for teaching for social justice in K-12 classrooms and a foundation for future empirical research on how doing so affects student outcomes.
Soybeans, Development and Conservation on the Amazon Frontier

Bolivia's rate of deforestation throughout the 1990s was among the most rapid anywhere in the Amazon Basin. This drastic clearing stood in sharp contrast to the relatively slow rates of landscape change that had prevailed in previous decades. This article reviews the models used for explaining deforestation, and argues that the new context of globalization, structural adjustment, regional integration and rapid technological change contributed to accelerated forest cutting during the 1990s. The author suggests that many environmental policy approaches developed during the 1970s and 1980s no longer address the current clearing situation effectively, and that today's frontiers differ profoundly from previous ones. The widely held idea that intensive production per se reduces forest destruction may not be valid on tropical agro-industrial frontiers, such as the soybean zones of Bolivia and Brazil.
Knot tying with single piece fixtures

Knot tying poses a challenge to robotic and human manipulation due to the need to regrasp a flexible string. Without sensing, it becomes nearly impossible to guess where the string is. However, by using a fixture, the string can be continually grasped during the entire tying process. We have developed fixtures for a simple overhand knot and a square knot, and have started developing a fixture for the two half hitches knot. We can tie knots in different types of wire and fishing line using these fixtures. In addition, we used a Cobra i600 SCARA arm to autonomously tie multiple overhand knots in sequence without sensing, using solder as the string-like material.
LPP-1 infection of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. II. Viral deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and host deoxyribonucleic acid breakdown.

Abstract Host and viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism in LPP-1-infected Plectonema boryanum was studied by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients. Approximately 50% of the host DNA is degraded to acid-soluble material between 3 and 7 hr after infection. Most of the acid-soluble product is reincorporated into viral DNA. Incorporation of exogenous 3H-adenine into viral DNA can be detected very early after infection (within the first 2 hr), but the bulk of viral DNA synthesis occurs between 6 and 8 hr. Both the breakdown of host DNA and the synthesis of viral DNA require protein synthesis during the first few hours of infection.
Improving Cloaking Detection using Search Query Popularity and Monetizability.

Cloaking is a search engine spamming technique used by some Web sites to deliver one page to a search engine for indexing while serving an entirely different page to users browsing the site. In this paper, we show that the degree of cloaking among search results depends on query properties such as popularity and monetizability. We propose estimating query popularity and monetizability by analyzing search engine query logs and online advertising click-through logs, respectively. We also present a new measure for detecting cloaked URLs that uses a normalized term frequency ratio between multiple downloaded copies of Web pages. Experiments are conducted using 10,000 search queries and 3 million associated search result URLs. Experimental results indicate that while only 73.1% of the cloaked popular search URLs are spam, over 98.5% of the cloaked monetizable search URLs are spam. Further, on average, the search results for top 2% most cloaked queries are 10x more likely to be cloaking than those for the bottom 98% of the queries.
Tourism and dependency: An analysis of Bigodi village, Uganda

Rural development is a priority in Uganda, East Africa and tourism is being promoted there for that purpose. However, in Uganda’s Bigodi village tourism appears to have encouraged a dependency on Westerners—a situation contrary to development objectives like self-reliance. The research presented here investigated the relationship between tourism and dependency in Bigodi. Using qualitative methods, data were collected and analyzed during 10 months of fieldwork. Results show Bigodi’s dependency is not a direct result of tourism. Instead, it results from a social-psychological condition known as an external locus of control. This condition has resulted from traumatic events in the village’s past, such as civil strife and the creation of a nearby national park, which were acting on residents well before the introduction of tourism. This finding highlights the importance of understanding the socialpsychological context into which any tourism development intervention will be injected. Management implications are discussed.
Effect of Chlorpromazine on Hepatic Clearance and Excretion of Bile Acids by the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

AbstractChlorpromazine (2.5 × 10-4M) significantly diminished the rate of bile acid excretion when added to the perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver during a constant infusion of sodium taurocholate (40 μmol/hr). The inhibition of bile acid excretion was associated with a significant reduction of the clearance and extraction efficiency of bile acids and with an immediate and progressive increase in the perfusate concentrations of both glutamic pyruvic and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activities. The reduced hepatic perfusion which followed the drug administration only partly accounted for the diminished bile acid excretion, as these effects of chlorpromazine on bile acid extraction and transaminase release could not be reproduced by comparable mechanical restriction of portal perfusate flow in control livers. The present findings together with previous observations demonstrating alterations in hepatic function and ultrastructure (12, 31), suggest that the inhibition of bile acid excretion by c...
The orphan nuclear receptors at their 25-year reunion

The nuclear receptor superfamily includes many receptors, identified based on their similarity to steroid hormone receptors but without a known ligand. The study of how these receptors are diversely regulated to interact with genomic regions to control a plethora of biological processes has provided critical insight into development, physiology, and the molecular pathology of disease. Here we provide a compendium of these so-called orphan receptors and focus on what has been learned about their modes of action, physiological functions, and therapeutic promise.
Economic analysis of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) management options.

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), plays a significant role in the health and extent of management of native North American ash species in urban forests. An economic analysis of management options was performed to aid decision makers in preparing for likely future infestations. Separate ash tree population valuations were derived from the i-Tree Streets program and the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers (CTLA) methodology. A relative economic analysis was used to compare a control option (do-nothing approach, only removing ash trees as they die) to three distinct management options: 1) preemptive removal of all ash trees over a 5 yr period, 2) preemptive removal of all ash trees and replacement with comparable nonash trees, or 3) treating the entire population of ash trees with insecticides to minimize mortality. For each valuation and management option, an annual analysis was performed for both the remaining ash tree population and those lost to emerald ash borer. Retention of ash trees using insecticide treatments typically retained greater urban forest value, followed by doing nothing (control), which was better than preemptive removal and replacement. Preemptive removal without tree replacement, which was the least expensive management option, also provided the lowest net urban forest value over the 20-yr simulation. A “no emerald ash borer” scenario was modeled to further serve as a benchmark for each management option and provide a level of economic justification for regulatory programs aimed at slowing the movement of emerald ash borer.
Protective Immunity to Chlamydial Genital Infection: Evidence from Animal Studies

In all animal models for chlamydial infection, there is strong evidence for immunity to reinfection; however, immunity is only complete (ie, preventing infection) in the short term. In the long term, animals are only partially immune (ie, they can be reinfected, but infections are usually abbreviated and less intense than the primary infection). This review will target the mechanisms responsible for long-term versus short-term immunity and explore the roles of various components of the host response in immunity to chlamydial genital infection.
Pharmacogenetic treatments for drug addiction: alcohol and opiates.

Aims: Psychiatric pharmacogenetics involves the use of genetic tests that can predict the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients with mental illness such as drug dependence. This review aims to cover these developments in the pharmacotherapy of alcohol and opiates, two addictive drugs for which we have the majority of our FDA approved pharmacotherapies. Methods: We conducted a literature review using Medline searching terms related to these two drugs and their pharmacotherapies crossed with related genetic studies. Results: Alcohol's physiological and subjective effects are associated with enhanced β-endorphin release. Naltrexone increases baseline β-endorphin release blocking further release by alcohol. Naltrexone's action as an alcohol pharmacotherapy is facilitated by a putative functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the opioid mu receptor gene (Al18G) which alters receptor function. Patients with this SNP have significantly lower relapse rates to alcoholism when treated with n...
Foot rotation indicator (FRI) point: a new gait planning tool to evaluate postural stability of biped robots

The focus of the paper is the problem of foot rotation in biped robots during the single support phase. Foot rotation is an indication of postural instability and should be carefully treated in a dynamically stable walk and avoided altogether in a statically stable walk. We introduce the foot rotation indicator (FRI) point which is a point on the foot/ground contact surface where the net ground reaction force would have to act to keep the foot stationary. To ensure no foot rotation, the FRI point must remain within the convex hull of the foot support area. In contrast with the ground projection of the center of mass (GCoM), which is a static criterion, the FRI point incorporates the robot dynamics. As opposed to the center of pressure (CoP)-better known as the zero moment point (ZMP) in the robotics literature-which may not leave the support area, the FRI point may. Due to these important properties the FRI point helps not only to monitor the state of static stability of a biped robot during the entire gait cycle, but indicates the stability robustness or the severity of instability of the gait as well. In response to a recent need the paper also resolves the misconceptions surrounding the CoP/ZMP equivalence.
Implementation challenges for feedback active noise cancellation

This work describes the factors limiting the performance in practical implementations of digital active noise cancellation (ANC) in commercial systems. This includes the codec delay, the secondary path variability, and the acoustic limitations. The causes for each limiting factor are studied and solutions are proposed that significantly improve system performance and robustness.
Effect of Teaching Metacognitive Learning Strategies on Performance in General Chemistry Courses.

College students often find general chemistry to be a very challenging rite of passage on their way to degrees in various science, technology, and mathematics disciplines. As teachers, we make efforts to simultaneously patch gaps in students' prior knowledge and instill valuable learning strategies and sound study habits. In this paper, we describe effective metacognitive learning strategies for students in general chemistry courses. Many students experience difficulty because they are focused on memorizing facts and formulas instead of understanding concepts and developing problem-solving skills. However, students can be successful if they are taught how to shift their efforts from low-level to higher-order thinking. We present outcomes from a 50 min lecture on learning strategies presented to a population of nearly 700 science major first-year students after the first examination. The average final grade for the students who attended the lecture was a full letter grade higher than that of those who were absent, while the performance on the first examination was not statistically significantly different for the two groups. Student survey response data indicated that the students who attended the lecture changed their behavior as a result of gaining new information about learning. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the ANCOVA approach.
Variations in strontium isotope abundances in minerals Part 2: Radiogenic Sr87 in biotite, feldspar, and celestite

Mass spectrometric analysis of Sr concentrates from biotites, phlogopite, muscovites, feldspars, and celestites show that variations exist in the relative abundance of Sr87. Biotites contain up to 12 pct radiogenic Sr and should prove useful for geologic age determinations. Certain ancient feldspars, of age greater than 1500 million years, containing negligible amounts of Rb, yield Sr87/Sr88 ratios less than 2.5 pct smaller than that for a geologically young strontium standard. The celestite samples analyzed show even smaller deviations from the standard Sr87 abundance. These analyses strongly indicate that the source material from which these crystalline rocks were derived had a Sr/Rb ratio larger by factors of five and ten, respectively, than those now accepted for average surface igneous rock or granite, but similar to those found for basalt, or chondritic material. The present limited data favor a basalt-like ratio; further work using well-dated samples is planned to narrow the permissible range of compositions and make a choice of source material possible.
Psychological and Functional Vulnerability Predicts Fraud Cases in Older Adults: Results of a Longitudinal Study

Using cross sectional data Psychological vulnerability was identified as a correlate of older adult's being defrauded. We extend that research by examining fraud prevalence using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, and to identify the best predictors of fraud longitudinally across a 4-year time frame. Whereas reported fraud prevalence was 5.0% in a 5-year look-back period in 2008, it increased to 6.1% in 2012. The rate of new-incident fraud across only a 4-year look-back was 4.3%. Being younger-old, having a higher level of education, and having more depression significantly predicted the new cases of fraud reported in 2012. Psychological vulnerability was a potent longitudinal predictor of fraud, with the most vulnerable individuals being more than twice as likely to be defrauded. Results indicate that fraud victimization among older adults is rising, and that vulnerability variables, along with some demographic variables, predict new cases of fraud.
Not Old or Borrowed: The Truly New Blue Federalism

Under the framework of “blue state federalism,” states are reemerging as leaders in progressive policymaking. This Article argues that in contrast to earlier forms of federalism, the new federalism entails a dynamic, interactive relationship between the states and the federal government. While older “dual federalism” emphasized judicially constructed barriers dividing the states from the national government, blue state federalism aligns with a “polyphonic” conception of federalism, which calls for a creative partnership between state and federal officials. The early achievements of blue state federalism in fields including environmental protection, lending regulation, gay rights, health care, and international human rights reflect the importance of the federal-state interaction. The successful initiatives of states in these areas do not depend on forging enclaves of state prerogative free from encroachment by the federal government. To the contrary, the state programs presuppose a significant federal role. Accordingly, the recent “federalism” decisions of the United States Supreme Court that enforce rigid boundaries between state and federal realms actually hinder state policies. The Article acknowledges the potential hazards of an absence of boundaries between state and federal domains, but contends that the perils are overstated in relationship to the potential benefits of dynamic interaction.
Urban Mass Transit and Housing Price in China: An Exploratory Analysis of Guangzhou, Wuhan and Chengdu

This study investigates the spatial impact of urban transit systems on housing prices with a focus on three Chinese metropolitan areas -- Guangzhou, Wuhan and Chengdu. Based on a dataset of 7,348 housing properties located in 14 cities, a spatial hedonic modeling approach is adopted to assess the accessibility impact of three different types of urban mass transit systems -- bus, metro and intercity passenger rail -- on housing values. After controlling for physical characteristics of housing property, characteristics of the neighboring environment and locational accessibility, our study finds that the spatial impact of urban transit systems vary substantially across different metro areas as well as by different types of service. While a developed metro system in cities such as Guangzhou, tends to have a positive impact on housing prices, a negative impact is also confirmed in cities like Chengdu, where major metro networks are still under development. Conversely, the impact of the newly deployed intercity passenger rail services on housing prices are confirmed to be significant, although varied across different regions.
Activation of c-Src in cells bearing v-Crk and its suppression by Csk.

Abstract The protein product of the CT10 virus, p47gag-crk (v-Crk), which contains Src homology region 2 (SH2) and 3 (SH3) domains but lacks a kinase domain, is believed to cause an increase in cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. A candidate tyrosine kinase, Csk (C-terminal Src kinase), has been implicated in c-Src Tyr-527 phosphorylation, which negatively regulates the protein tyrosine kinase of pp60c-src (c-Src). To investigate how c-Src kinase activity is regulated in vivo, we first looked at whether v-Crk can activate c-Src kinase. We found that cooverexpression of v-Crk and c-Src caused elevation of c-Src kinase activity, resulting in an increase of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and morphological transformation of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts. v-Crk and c-Src complexes were not detected, although v-Crk bound to a variety of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in cells overexpressing v-Crk and c-Src. Overexpression of Csk in these transformed cells caused reversion to normal phenotypes and also reduced the level of c-Src kinase activity. However, Csk did not cause reversion of cells transformed by v-Src or c-Src527F, in which Tyr-527 was changed to Phe. These results strongly suggest that Csk acts on Tyr-527 of c-Src and suppresses c-Src kinase activity in vivo. Because Csk can suppress transformation by cooverexpression of v-Crk and c-Src, we suggest that v-Crk causes activation of c-Src in vivo by altering the phosphorylation state of Tyr-527.
Reducing Sketch Inhibition During Concept Generation: Psychophysiological Evidence of the Effect of Interventions

This research investigated the effect of warm-up activities on cognitive states during concept generation. Psychophysiological tools including electroencephalography (EEG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were used along with self-report measures (NASA TLX). Participants were divided into 3 test conditions: 1) no warm-up activity; 2) simple warm-up activities; 3) sketchinhibition reducing activities. All participants did the same short design task. Results show that those who did a warm-up prior to ideation had a decrease in stress, especially for those who were not personally familiar with the design problem. The art activities especially improved engagement for younger participants. We also saw that females who used the art-based activities reported lower mental workload during ideation and greater pride in their sketches. However, the warm-ups did not produce any difference in the number of ideas or other metrics of performance. These preliminary results indicate that warm-up activities, especially the art-based ones, help reduce inhibition by calming the cognitive state.
Education and happiness: an alternative hypothesis

ABSTRACTRecent research has documented a negative relationship between education and happiness. We test the hypothesis that the extent to which education makes an individual happy depends on their current age in life. We find suggestive evidence that people with higher education are more likely to be happier, on average, than their less educated counterparts starting in their early to mid-30s.
Helping Minority Students From Rural and Disadvantaged Backgrounds Succeed in Nursing: A Nursing Workforce Diversity Project

Introduction : Retention and graduation rates among minority nursing students continue to be a challenge in nursing education. While multiple strategies have been implemented to increase diversity in the nursing workforce, disadvantaged minorities from rural backgrounds often face challenges that create barriers to their academic success. The RUN 2 Nursing program, a nursing workforce diversity program funded by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, recognized the need to use faculty mentoring and peer tutoring to make a difference in the academic success of minority nursing students from rural and disadvantaged backgrounds. Methods : Data were collected from a convenience sample of 62 minority students and 22 faculty mentors. Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation were used to report the aggregate data from the mentoring survey. Findings : Retention rate of 93% and NCLEX-RN pass rate of 93% were achieved for the minority students enrolled in the nursing workforce diversity project. These findings suggest the peer and faculty mentoring were effective support strategies. Conclusions : Preparing a well-skilled, competent and diverse workforce of health professionals is a priority in eliminating health disparities, particularly in rural and medically underserved communities. NWD programs, such as the RUN 2 Nursing program, with well-structured mentoring and peer tutoring services can make a difference in nursing workforce diversity. Keywords : Faculty mentoring, minorities, nursing workforce diversity, peer tutoring, rural, disadvantaged DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v16i1.362
A Spatial Scale Analysis of the Geographical Distribution Pattern of Wild Giant Pandas

In this paper,a preliminary analysis is made of the formative mechanisms of geographical distribution patterns of giant pandas according to geographical,landscape and habitat scales.The geographical distribution pattern of wild giant pandas was an integrative result from human society,economic development and natural geography,territorial climates and habitat structures.So,in process of the estimating the quality of panda habitats,building the corridors of pandas and managing the nature reserves,the integrate theories and system theories should be adopted in researches.
Serum Malassezia-specific IgE in dogs with recurrent Malassezia otitis externa without concurrent skin disease

Immediate-type hypersensitivity (ITH), mediated by IgE, to Malassezia pachydermatis is recognized in atopic dogs with recurrent yeast dermatitis and otitis externa (OE). Malassezia-associated OE commonly occurs in dogs without other signs of atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim of this study was to detect Malassezia-specific IgE in the sera of dogs with recurrent Malassezia OE without concurrent skin disease. Sera from healthy dogs were used for comparison. An FceRIα-based ELISA was used to measure Malassezia-specific IgE. There was no significant difference between number of positive affected dogs (6/21, 29%) and number of positive unaffected dogs (15/86, 17%) (P=0.36). There was also no significant difference in the concentrations of Malassezia-specific IgE between the two groups (P=0.97). Malassezia-specific IgE did not distinguish between patient groups so, as with other canine allergens, serum IgE reactivity for Malassezia could not be used to differentiate between diseased and healthy patients. The presence of Malassezia-specific IgE in some of the affected dogs might indicate ITH to Malassezia in those dogs. Evaluation of ITH via intradermal test reactivity and response to allergen-specific immunotherapy might clarify the role of Malassezia-associated ITH in similarly affected dogs.
Portals in Duchamp and Pynchon

Paris: November 6, 1995 (AP) –Prominent French philosopher, writer and university professor Gilles Deleuze committed suicide by leaping from the window [s'est defenestrel of his Paris apartment, his family said Sunday.