cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hiroshima as Politics and History

History has often been enlisted in the service of politics, but the history of United States diplomacy, so frequently influenced by the memoirs of government officials, has been particularly vulnerable. How Americans came to understand their government's decision to use atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki is a classic case of a historical narrative shaped by government insiders to serve their view of the national interest. The controversy over the planned exhibition, centering on the Enola Gay (the plane that bombed Hiroshima), at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) on the fiftieth anniversary of the end of World War II is a reminder that, even in the post-Cold War United States, history remains a hostage to politics, past and present. Henry L. Stimson, secretary of war from 1940 to 1945, was the most important formulator of the history of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; in modern political parlance, its chief "spin doctor." Writing in 1947 to President Harry S. Truman, Stimson explained that his seminal article, "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb," was in part "intended to satisfy the doubts of that rather difficult class of the community which will have charge of the education of the next generation, namely educators and historians."' To satisfy those potential doubters, Stimson explained that the Truman administration faced the choice of either using atomic bombs or invading Japan. The sole motivation for the atomic attacks, he wrote, was to save American lives by ending the war as quickly as possible. Missing was the idea, frequently discussed in his diary, that a dramatic wartime demonstration of the bomb would help control Joseph Stalin's postwar ambitions. Nor did he discussJapanese messages intercepted by United States military intelligence indicating that the Japanese had been trying to surrender "conditionally" since June 1945. Assisted by the chilling effect that the Cold War had on debate and the long delay before the relevant documents became available to historians, Stimson achieved his goal. Many Americans -and for a long time perhaps most educators and historians -accepted his explanation.2
Amylase in cow's milk.

Summary Milk from normal cows has been shown to possess starch liquefying, starch dextrinizing and starch saccharifying activity. Although it did not seem feasible to make optical rotation studies, because of the high lactose concentration and rather weak diastatic activity of milk, it appears justifiable to assume that milk contains an α-amylase as well as a β-amylase. The former is less heat stable than the latter, being considerably inactivated by heating at 55° C. for 30 minutes. The β-amylase of milk maintains its original activity after a period of 30 minutes at 65° C. The optimum temperature of incubation for determining the α-amylase potency of milk is in the zone 30–40° C, that for the β type is approximately 50° C. Milk from cows showing evidences of chronic mastitis is characterized by a high, though variable, diastatic activity.
Pesticide exposure among migrant workers in southern New Jersey.

Migrant workers represent a substantial percentage of farm workers in South New Jersey. Although the general health level for the migrants examined appears to be good, this finding must be interpreted with caution because of the relatively young age of the population studied. There is evidence that some of the health problems which were found (frequent headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, a general feeling of weakness, and depressed plasma cholinesterase activity) could be related to excessive exposure to pesticides. Further testing is needed to establish more precisely the extent of this problem in New Jersey. Clearly, this “captive” group stands at risk from the chronic effects of pesticide exposure because of their general lack of awareness of dangers and symptoms, and the lack of availability of treatment. In particular, there may be little opportunity for the improvement of the health of the individual migrant worker because the mobility inherent in his occupation prevents him from receiving continuing medical care from the same sources. To date there has been little effort towards remedying the specific health problems of our migrant population. In effect, they have been given the lowest priority in terms of health and social services. Obviously, programs to improve this situation are needed in New Jersey.
Natural Sequences in Speech and Writing in Adult Second Language Acquisition.

Abstract The intent of this study was to see whether second language acquirers would correct their production on a carefully constructed written test. The SLOPE Test was administered twice to 80 adult students of ESL in the United States, once with responses given orally and once with responses given in writing. It was hypothesized that the order and accuracy of the grammatical structures on the written test would be different from that on the oral test, with the written order reflecting the application of conscious grammatical rules. However, a single order of acquisition of the structures was obtained. This result suggests the hypothesis that a discrete-point grammar test is necessary to encourage extensive use of the conscious grammar for most individuals. This being the case, it is further suggested that we evaluate the emphasis placed on grammar teaching and learning, and adjust our philosophy and practice to reflect the importance of natural communication in adult second language acquisition.
Off‐resonance pulsed magnetization transfer in clinical MR imaging: Optimization by an analysis of transients

Significant degrees of magnetization transfer (MT) have been observed in the magnetic resonance imaging of biological materials by conventional clinical imaging sequences, as well as by sequences specifically designed to enhance MT image contrast. Two aspects of these procedures distinguish them from the classic spectroscopic MT experiments using either so-called "hard" radiofrequency (RF) pulses of short duration and high power, or continuous wave RF irradiation of low power. First, clinical sequences must make exclusive use of "soft" pulses of intermediate length and power. Second, biological materials are modeled by a two-spin system involving magnetization transfer between a narrow and a broad homogeneous spectral component. Such materials are a relatively restricted group within the larger family of materials studied with MT by spectroscopy. The current paper addresses these two issues with a theory that gives a new transient analysis of the off-resonance pulsed MT problem for biological materials. It leads to predictions for optimal magnetization transfer in the context of medical imaging that have been verified by computer modeling.
Life-Space Constriction, Development of Frailty, and the Competing Risk of Mortality The Women's Health and Aging Study I

Frailty is a common clinical syndrome in older adults that carries an increased risk for poor health outcomes. Little is known about the behavioral antecedents of frailty. In this study, the authors hypothesized that constriction of life space identifies older adults at risk for frailty, potentially a marker of already-decreased physiologic reserve. The authors analyzed the 3-year (1992-1995) cumulative incidence of frailty using a previously validated clinical phenotype in relation to baseline life-space constriction among 599 community-dwelling women aged 65 years or older who were not frail at baseline. Frailty-free mortality (i.e., death prior to observation of frailty) was treated as a competing risk. Multivariate survival models showed that, compared with women who left the neighborhood four or more times per week, those who left the neighborhood less frequently were 1.7 times (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.4; p < 0.05) more likely to become frail, and those who never left their homes experienced a threefold increase in frailty-free mortality (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 7.7; p < 0.01), after adjustment for chronic disease, physical disability, and psychosocial factors. Together, these data suggest that a slightly constricted life space may be a marker and/or risk factor for the development of frailty that may prove useful as a screening tool or a target of intervention.
High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the thiobarbituric acid adducts of malonaldehyde and trans,trans-muconaldehyde

Abstract A reversed-phase HPLC method is described for the separation and analysis of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) adducts of the reactive aldehydes muconaldehyde (MUC) and malonaldehyde (MDA). The TBA adduct of malonaldehyde was synthesized, purified, and its structure elucidated, for use as standard in quantitative HPLC studies. A detection limit of 1 × 10 −14 mol was achieved for the MUC:TBA and MDA:TBA adducts using the double monochromator fluorometric detector; 7 × 10 −13 mol was the detection limit using a variable wavelength uv-visible detector. Direct on-line identification of the eluting aldehyde:TBA adducts was achieved by the use of a diode-array uv-visible detector. The chromatographic behavior of the adducts under different mobile phase conditions was also examined. This HPLC methodology was used for the identification of muconaldehyde as a product of benzene oxidation in a hydroxyl radical generating system.
Modification of self‐concept in patients with a left‐ventricular assist device: an initial exploration

Aims and objectives To explore how patients with left-ventricular assist devices (LVAD) meet the health-deviation requisite of modifying self-concept to accept this form of treatment and restore normalcy. Background LVAD are becoming a standard option to improve the quality of life for patients with advanced heart failure. Past research focused on technology issues and survival rates, but limited research has addressed the effect of LVADs on patients' perceptions of self. Orem's theory of self-care provides a framework to investigate how patients manage threats to self-concept to safely live with such a device. Design Hermeneutic phenomenology based on van Manen's method. Method Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was achieved with nine participants (seven men; two women), 31–70 years of age who lived with a LVAD at home for at least three months. Thematic analysis was ongoing, and final themes were consensually validated. Results Two themes constructed from the data were consistent with the requisite of modifying self-concept. First, Having a LVAD means living. Participants described they ‘feel alive again’, and they ‘had the rest of [their] lives that they didn't have before’. The second theme: A desire to be ‘normal’ in public, arose from participants descriptions of how the LVAD brought unwanted attention to them and that their appearance was ‘shocking’ to others. Conclusion Participants accepted the LVAD as necessary to live making it easier for them to modify their self-concept and accept the changes to their bodies and daily lives. Attaining a sense of normalcy was more difficult in public and required additional lifestyle modifications. Relevance to clinical practice Findings advance self-care knowledge in LVAD management and can heighten nurses' awareness about self-concept as a vital component for maintenance of health and well-being.
Evidence for vacancy-driven phase transitions in BaMnF 4 at elevated temperatures

Abstract Anomalies near 370 K and/or 400 K in dielectric constant, diffuse x-ray scattering, C11 elastic coefficient, electrical conductivity, and piezoelectric resonance have been reported for BaMnF 4. Particularly curious is the dielectric constant along the ac-diagonal, which rises from 15 at 300 K to a sharp peak of 73 at 400 K. These anomalies are discussed in terms of 2D ionic conduction mechanisms (fluorine vacancy hopping), and the disappearance of short-range antiferroelectric order at temperatures above 400 K. At 650 K the crystals lose all piezoelectricity, which is interpreted as a 3D vacancy-driven C2v – D2h, transition.
Who Benefits from Surgery for Brain Metastases

ith improved systemic treatments of different cancers, improved radiologic imaging techniques, and an W aging population, the incidence of brain metastases is increasing. In the early 20th century, the diagnosis of a brain metastasis was considered terminal with survivorship being measured in weeks. However, improvements in microsurgical techniques, whole-brain and stereotactic radiosurgery, neuronavigation, and intensive care have dramatically improved survival times inpatientswithbrainmetastases.Manyof thesepatients die of their systemic rather than their neurologic disease.
Inducing and Imaging Thermal Strain Using a Single Ultrasound Linear Array

For the first time, the feasibility of inducing and imaging thermal strain using an ultrasound imaging array is demonstrated. A commercial ultrasound scanner was used to heat and image a gelatin phantom with a cylindrical rubber inclusion. The inclusion was successfully characterized as an oil-bearing material using thermal strain imaging.
EPIPHYTE‐GRAZER INTERACTIONS ON ZOSTERA MARINA (ANTHOPHYTA: MONOCOTYLEDONES): EFFECTS OF DENSITY ON COMMUNITY FUNCTION1

Interactions between algal epiphytes and their grazers can have a signajicant impact on the structure and function of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows. In Puget Sound, the herbivorous gastropod Lacuna variegata Carpenter and its congeners appear to remove large quantities of the epiphytic community from eelgrass blades. When snails at typical field densities were used in microcosms, Lacuna signtjicantly reduced epiphytic biomass and areal productivity. Biomass-specijic productivity of the epiphytic community showed an increasing trend with increasing snail density. Epiphytic productivity increased nonlinearly with increasing epiphytic biomass. The commonly used logistic population growth formula adequately descn‘bed this relationship. Grazing rate also increased nonlinearly with increasing epiphytic biomass. The Holling equation adequately described the relationship between grazing rate and epiphytic biomass. The proportion of the epiphytic biomass found on the oldest blade of an eelgrass shoot was related linearly to epiphytic biomass, suggesting that a constant fraction of the epiphytic community is lost regardless of epiphytic density. Lacuna clearly removed large quantities of epiphytic material @om eelgrass blades, significantly altm‘ng community function. Modijied Lotka-Voltema equations, incorporating the logistic growth form and Holling grazing equation, shout% prove use@ in modeling the epi
EXPANDABLE SEPIOLITE FROM NINETYEAST RIDGE, INDIAN OCEAN

The structure of sepiolite from a piston core obtained on Ninetyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean was modified by exposure to ethylene glycol vapor. With ethylene glycol, the sepiolite Oil X-ray powder diffraction peak expanded from 12.4 to 12.8 A, and the 130 peak contracted from 4.53 to about 4.45 A. The cell modification is consistent with concomitant expansion along the c-axis and contraction along the c-axis. This structural distortion is not permanent, however, inasmuch as the sepiolite returned to its original state 6 to 12 hr after it was removed from the ethylene glycol-saturated atmosphere.
On conditions for defining a closed cover to verify progress for communicating finite state machines

The closed-cover technique for verifying progress for two communicating finite-state machines exchanging messages over two lossless, FIFO channels is considered. The authors point out that the definition of a closed cover in M.G. Gouda (ibid., vol.SE-10, no.6, p.846-55, Nov. 1984) may be too restrictive, while that in M.G. Gouda and C.K. Chang (ACM Trans. Prog. Lang., vol.8, no.1, p.154-82, Jan. 1986) is not correct. They then show how a condition of the closed-cover definition can be modified to relax restriction to various degrees. They also discuss the similarities and relationship between the structural partition technique and the closed-cover technique. >
Cystectomy Delay More Than 3 Months From Initial Bladder Cancer Diagnosis Results in Decreased Disease Specific and Overall Survival

Purpose: Some groups hypothesize that a delay in cystectomy may result in higher pathological stage and possibly alter survival in patients with bladder cancer. The timing of this delay has been somewhat arbitrary. We evaluated the timing from T2 bladder cancer diagnosis to cystectomy, its impact on survival and potential causes of delay.Materials and Methods: A contemporary cohort of 214 consecutive patients presented with clinical T2 bladder cancer and underwent radical cystectomy as primary therapy. Clinicopathological parameters were maintained in an institutional database. A review of time to cystectomy, pathological stage, disease specific survival and OS was performed. Variables were tested in univariate and multivariate analyses. The log rank test was used for exploratory analyses to determine meaningful delay cutoff points.Results: Mean followup and time to cystectomy in the entire cohort was 40 months and 60 days, respectively. A significant disease specific survival and OS advantage was observe...
Relative position of UGVs in constrained environments using low cost IMU and GPS augmented with ultrasonic sensors

This paper presents a low cost approach to improve the relative position accuracy of unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) in a constrained environment through the use of ultrasonic sensors. A low cost MEMS IMU is integrated with a low cost GPS module to estimate the absolute position of the UGVs using an Extended Kalman Filter. The inherent limitations of GPS and MEMS sensors limit the estimatepsilas utility for determining the relative position of a pair of UGVs in close proximity. The estimator is augmented with range and bearing measurements from the ultrasonic sensors to overcome these limitations. The PPS from the GPS provides a common time to the ultrasonic sensors on each of the UGVs. This approach removes the necessity to differentiate between multiple returns for measuring the distance between UGV. Experiments were performed with a pair of sensors in urban terrain to evaluate the accuracy of the relative position estimate using this method. The results display the accuracy and precision of the relative position achieved. The results are compared with estimates from a pair of navigation estimators to illustrate the performance gains.
Targeting the mTOR-DEPTOR pathway by CRL E3 ubiquitin ligases: therapeutic application.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival, and autophagy. The mTOR pathway is frequently activated in many human cancers, mainly resulting from alterations in the upstream regulators, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT activation, PTEN loss or dysregulation of mTOR-negative regulators (e.g., TSC1/2), leading to uncontrolled proliferation. Thus, inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways is widely considered as an effective approach for targeted cancer therapy. Recently, we and others found that DEPTOR, a naturally occurring inhibitor of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, was degraded by SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F box proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligase, the founding member of cullin-RING-ligases (CRLs), resulting in mTOR activation and cell proliferation. In addition to DEPTOR, previous studies have demonstrated that several other negative regulators of mTOR pathway are also substrates of CRL/SCF E3s. Thus, targeting CRL/SCF E3s is expected to cause the accumulation of these mTOR signal inhibitors to effectively block the mTOR pathway. In this review, we will discuss mTOR signaling pathway, how DEPTOR regulates mTOR/AKT axis, thus acting as a tumor suppressor or oncogene in some cases, how DEPTOR is ubiquitinated and degraded by SCFβ-TrCP E3, and how MLN4924, a small-molecule indirect inhibitor of CRL/SCF E3 ligases through blocking cullin neddylation, might be useful as a novel approach of mTOR pathway targeting for cancer therapy.
Thiete 1,1‐dioxide and 3‐Chlorothiete 1,1‐dioxide

Thiete 1,1-dioxide and 3-chlorothiete 1,1-dioxide intermediate: Thietane 1,1-dioxide (14.0 g, 0.132 mol) intermediate: 3-chlorothietane 1,1-dioxide (8.0 g, 0.057 mol) intermediate: 3,3-dichlorothietane 1,1-dioxide (4.0 g, 0.023 mol) product: thiete 1,1-dioxide product: 3-Chlorothiete 1,1-dioxide Keywords: elimination, dehydrohalogenation; elimination, dehydrohalogenation; halogenation, chlorination; halogenation, chlorination; oxidation, S SO2; photochemical reactions; photochemical reactions; toluene
Treatment of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

A 20-year-old otherwise healthy male, with a known family history of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) presents with acute visual loss in one eye. He is accompanied at his appointment by his elder brother who lost vision in both eyes 3 years earlier and by his sister who is asymptomatic. They all ask you what can possibly be done. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the clinical presentation, genetics and even the pathophysiology of LHON, a maternally inherited cause of usually blinding bilateral visual loss caused by point mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (Newman, 2005; Yu-Wai-Man et al ., 2009, 2011; Fraser et al ., 2010). However, investigations into potential therapies for LHON and other mitochondrial disorders are still in their nascency. In this issue of Brain , Klopstock et al. (2011) report on the first randomized placebo-controlled treatment trial of any agent in patients with LHON. This trial also represents one of the first adequately powered randomized controlled treatment trials for any mitochondrial DNA disease. In most patients with LHON, visual loss is devastating and permanent, with acuities typically worse than 20/200 in both eyes (Newman, 2005; Yu-Wai-Man et al ., 2009, 2011; Fraser et al ., 2010). Approximately 50% of patients with visual loss from LHON will experience sequential eye symptoms, with intervals between affected eyes ranging from days to months, but typically at an interval of 2–4 months (Newman et al ., 1991; Riordan-Eva et al ., 1995). At least 97% of patients with visual loss in one eye will have the second eye involved within 1 year (Newman et al. , 2005). In some patients, visual recovery may occur after acute visual loss, sometimes manifested as a ‘fenestration’ within a visual field defect …
Analysis of an anti-Hebbian adaptive FIR filtering algorithm

In this brief, a recently proposed adaptive FIR filtering algorithm based upon an anti-Hebbian learning scheme is analyzed. Approximate evolution equations for the mean coefficient vector and coefficient correlation matrix are derived assuming noise-corrupted input and desired response signals. From our analysis, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can achieve an unbiased estimate of the unknown system in a system identification task if the input noise is uncorrelated with the same variance as the output noise. In more general situations, the solution obtained by the algorithm is biased. Moreover, the adaptive filter coefficients can diverge if the signal-to-noise ratio of the desired response signal is sufficiently small. Simulations verify the theoretical predictions and indicate the range of behaviors of the anti-Hebbian learning scheme for FIR system identification tasks.
The Effect of Finite Pressure-Pulse Duration on the Uniform Deformation of a Long Cylindrical Shell

Abstract : A long cylindrical shell without end loads or restraints is considered to be loaded uniformly by external pressure applied as a rectangularshaped pulse in time. It is assumed that the shell material is elastic and perfectly plastic, that the material points in the shell move only in the radial direction, and all points on the mid-surface of the shell have the same motion in time. This investigation is directed towards determining the impulse which must be delivered to the shell to cause it to fail. The criterion imposed is that the shell can be said to fail if the nondimensional radial displacement is brought to a prescribed displacement at failure. This value can be attained by applying to the shell a nondimensional pressure, P sub o, over a nondimensional pulse duration time, T. The product of these two values is the impulse at failure. For fixed values of displacement at failure and pulse duration time, the failure impulse is that impulse for which dw/dt>0 for 0<t<t sub f, and dw/dt=0 at t=t sub f. This will be taken henceforth as the definition of impulse at failure. (Author)
Tumor-suppressive effects of MBP-1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. Only ∼15% of people diagnosed with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survive this disease beyond 5 years. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve the clinical management of this devastating disease. We have previously shown the antiproliferative effect of MBP-1 on several human cancer cells. In this study, we have examined the potential of MBP-1 as a gene therapeutic candidate in regression of non–small cell lung tumor growth. We have observed that exogenous expression of MBP-1 in NSCLC cells (H1299) induces massive cell death. To determine the gene therapeutic potential of MBP-1, replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing MBP-1 was given intratumorally in human lung cancer xenografts in nude mice. Our results showed a significant regression of lung tumor growth and prolonged survival on treatment with MBP-1 compared with the control groups (saline or dl312). Subsequently, the mechanism of MBP-1–mediated H1299 cell death was investigated. Our results suggested that MBP-1 induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in H1299 cells; however, treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor did not protect against MBP-1–induced cell death. Cells transduced with MBP-1 displayed early plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial damage without cytochrome c release, and extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation, yielding a morphotype that is typical of necrosis. Taken together, this study suggests that MBP-1 expression induces a novel form of necrosis-like cell death and MBP-1 could be a potential gene therapeutic candidate against non–small cell lung tumor growth. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11907-12)
Cross-Crystal Averaging with Search Models to Improve Molecular Replacement Phases

SUMMARY The application of molecular replacement (MR) in macromolecular crystallography can be limited by the‘‘modelbias’’problem.Hereweproposeastrategy to reduce model bias when only part of a new structure is known: after the MR search, structure determinationoftheunknownpartofthenewstructurecanbe facilitated by cross-crystal averaging of the known part of the new structure with the search model. This strategy dramatically improves electron density in the unknown part of the new structure. It has enabled us to determine the structures of two coronavirus receptor-binding domains each complexed with their receptoratmoderateresolutions.Inatestcase,italso enabled automated model building when >50% of an antigen-antibody complex was absent. These results suggest that this averaging strategy can be routinely used after MR to enhance the interpretability of electron density associated with missing model.
Training medical students in bag-valve-mask technique as an alternative to mechanical ventilation in a disaster surge setting

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the rapid training of medical students and their ability to provide effective manual ventilation using the bag-valve-mask technique. Methods A rapid training session highlighting essential aspects of the correct bag-valve-mask technique was given to 31 medical students. This was followed by a simulated experience with a certified respiratory therapist, monitored according to a checklist of essential bag-valve-mask (BVM) competency requirements. Pre-test and post-test surveys assessed the medical students' knowledge and ability to provide adequate BVM technique. Results Thirty-one students participated. Pre-survey results demonstrated a clear identification of the potential risk for a disaster (pandemic, natural, bioterrorist) with 55% of students responding that a definite risk did exist. Their usefulness in such an event also was ascertained with 55% of students replying they would assist with basic medical tasks, assist doctors, or assist with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Post-survey results administered after a 30-minute didactic session on the basic features of resuscitation equipment and the essential components of BVM technique demonstrated that a majority of students knew the proper head positioning maneuvers in cases not involving trauma (93%) and in cases involving trauma (72%). All students completed and passed the competency checklist. Conclusions Medical students can be rapidly trained and be utilized as a potential resource to carry out the potentially lifesaving task of manual ventilation using the BVM technique in a disaster situation in which the availability of mechanical ventilators and respiratory therapists may be limited.
Analysis of dual-V/sub T/ SRAM cells with full-swing single-ended bit line sensing for on-chip cache

This paper compares different high-V/sub T/ and dual-V/sub T/ design choices for a large on-chip cache with single-ended sensing in a 0.13 /spl mu/m technology generation. The analysis shows that the best design is the one using a dual-V/sub T/ cell, with minimum channel length pass transistors, and low-V/sub T/ peripheral circuits. This dual-V/sub T/ circuit provides 20% performance gain with only 1.3/spl times/ larger active leakage power, and 2.4% larger cell area compared to the best design using high-V/sub T/ cells with nonminimum channel length pass transistors.
Pesticide Use and Cutaneous Melanoma in Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Heath Study

BackgroundMelanoma rates continue to increase; however, few risk factors other than sun sensitivity and ultraviolet radiation (including sun exposure) have been identified. Although studies of farm...
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases

Gastrointestinal (GI) presentations are common manifestations of systemic disease. Diabetics manifest delayed gastric emptying, poorly correlated with symptoms and linked to poor glycemic control. Treatment with metoclopramide and domperidone for antiemesis may cause central nervous system side effects. Diarrhea, constipation, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth are recognized to occur in diabetics. Amyloid deposition in the small bowel may present with diarrhea, steatorrhea, or pain. Liver disease, although common, usually has few symptoms but may present with hepatomegaly and a raised alkaline phosphatase. The GI manifestations of thyroid disease range from hypomotility in hypothyroidism to hypermotility in hyperthyroidism, and associated autoimmune gastritis. Sarcoidosis commonly involves the liver; elevated alkaline phosphatase levels are associated with disease ranging from granulomas to biliary cirrhosis. The esophagus is commonly affected in scleroderma with heartburn, dysphagia, and regurgitation. Delayed gastric emptying, small bowel dysmotility with bacterial overgrowth, colonic inertia, and weakness of the internal anal sphincter with fecal incontinence are common in scleroderma. Chronic heart disease may cause congestive hepatopathy, hypoxic hepatitis, malabsorption, and protein-losing enteropathy. Chronic kidney disease is associated with GI bleeding, hypergastrinemia, constipation, pancreatic abnormalities, and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.
Roles of Ubiquitinylation in Proteolysis and Cellular Regulation

Most eukaryotic organisms respond to starvation, nutrient deprivation, and/or stress by increasing the rates of intracellular proteolysis. The amino acids released may be reutilized for synthesis of important proteins, or directly for the production of energy. This enhanced proteolysis is also required for repair of cellular damage due to environmental insults such as heat shock, free radicals, viral infection, or mutation. Finally, intracellular proteolysis is important in determining the steady-state levels of a wide variety of regulatory proteins, particularly those regulating the cell cycle. The ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system participates in all of these functions. In spite of its cytoplasmic localization, this system is selective and acts only on a limited set of substrates. This review discusses the mechanisms of this selectivity and the potential roles of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
Cognitive Functioning in Adults Aging with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cognitive Subtypes and Influential Factors.

OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined cognitive subtypes and influential factors in HIV-positive (HIV+) adults. METHOD Two-step cluster analysis was conducted on a neurocognitive test battery in a sample (N = 78) of adults and older adults with HIV (Mage = 46.1). Next, cognitive, functional, and mental and physical health differences were compared between the HIV+ clusters and an HIV- reference group (N = 84; Mage = 47.9). RESULTS A two-cluster solution emerged, with a lower performing cluster exhibiting poorer performance across all domains except psychomotor speed, and a "normal" cluster displaying similar performance as the HIV- group. The most influential factors to classification in the lower performing cluster were older age and presence of stroke and hypertension. There were trends for longer duration of HIV-infection, higher unemployment rates, and greater prevalence of Hepatitis C co-infection in the lower performing cluster. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that there are not unique cognitive subtypes in HIV, but rather a subset of individuals who exhibit globally normal performance and those with below average performance. Older age and the related cardiovascular comorbidities of both aging and HIV medications may be key influential factors to variability in neurocognitive functioning in this population and thus should be considered in future studies. Implications for research and practice are provided.
Adaptive Leadership and Person-Centered Care A New Approach to Solving Problems

Successfully transitioning to person-centered care in nursing homes requires a new approach to solving care issues. The adaptive leadership framework suggests that expert providers must support frontline caregivers in their efforts to develop high-quality, person-centered solutions.
Study of the flow field near the AOA sensor of an A320 aircraft

The flow field near the angle of attack (AOA) sensors of an Airbus A320 aircraft was modeled numerically, simulating low speed and high-speed cruise conditions. Because of concerns about the effect of a cargo door installation on the performance of these sensors, an imperfection caused by the gap between the door and the fuselage was modeled. Consequently, by comparing the two computational models, the differences in the flow field could be studied. The main objectives of this study were to correlate the local streamline angle with the airplane geometrical AOA, and to quantify the effect of such surface imperfections due to the cargo door installation. At this initial phase, the study was limited to zero sideslip flight conditions. Computed results indicate that the AOA sensor height is on the order of the local boundary layer thickness, but nearby flow direction is unaffected by the door groove perturbation. The main conclusion therefore is that the cargo door groove has no significant effect on the flow direction near the AOA sensors and on the local boundary layer thickness.
Light safety in ophthalmic instruments

Tutorial on the mechanisms of light damage to the retina (thermal, photochemical, and thermo-acoustic) and on the application of safety standards to ophthalmic instruments and to experimental devices for noninvasive assessment of the retina.
Synthesis of silver proteinates for neurological staining.

Soluble derivatives of the AgNO3 precipitates of various split protein products were prepared by dissolving the precipitate in a 30-40% aqueous solution of pharmaceutical peptone (Cudahy). The split proteins used included pepsin, trypsin and papain digests of albumin, globulin, gelatin, casein, protamine, and tissue proteins from heart, liver and brain; also, an Escherichia coli digest of casein, and commercial products: Amigen (Mead), casein hydrolysate (Squibb) and pharmaceutical peptone (Cudahy). Staining reactions of the silver derivatives were tested on mammalian nervous tissue. The objective of finding a silver-protein compound that stained axis cylinders selectively was attained only with redissolved silver precipitates of pharmaceutical peptone and bacterially digested casein. It was concluded that the manner of degrading a protein prior to combining it with silver was the most important factor in determining the subsequent staining reaction.
Search for neutrinoless double-electron capture of Dy 156

Background: Multiple large collaborations are currently searching for neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay, with the ultimate goal of differentiating the Majorana-Dirac nature of the neutrino.Purpose: Investigate the feasibility of resonant neutrinoless double-electron capture, an experimental alternative to neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay.Method: Two clover germanium detectors were operated underground in coincidence to search for the de-excitation $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays of $^{156}\mathrm{Gd}$ following the neutrinoless double-electron capture of $^{156}\mathrm{Dy}$. 231.95 d of data were collected at the Kimballton underground research facility with a 231.57 mg enriched $^{156}\mathrm{Dy}$ sample.Results: No counts were seen above background and half-life limits are set at $O({10}^{16}\text{--}{10}^{18})$ yr for the various decay modes of $^{156}\mathrm{Dy}$.Conclusion: Low background spectra were efficiently collected in the search for neutrinoless double-electron capture of $^{156}\mathrm{Dy}$, although the low natural abundance and associated lack of large quantities of enriched samples hinders the experimental reach.
Enhancement of the Localization Accuracy of AE Source by Using Narrow-band Information Extraction Technology

To enhance the measurement accuracy of time of arrival(TOA) of the stress wave,wavelet transform is used to extract the steady and clear narrow-band response from original wide-band non-stationary AE signals.Hilbert transform is further used to get the envelop of the narrow-band signals.The first peak of the envelop is taken as the arrival time of the stress wave.The new method can greatly remove the noise effect and the dispersion effect of stress wave,therefore a clear waveform can be acquired.A test system is setup to verify the effect of the proposed method.Results show the localization error of the simulated stress wave source is reduced from original 15 mm to 4.9 mm.
Gene-product designations for amino acid transporters.

The molecular cloning of genes that encode amino acid transporters presents the scientific community with the opportunity to name their gene products using a scheme that could usefully recall the well-defined transport system most similar in properties to the newly identified cloned gene product. To avoid the problem of rising confusion, we propose to take advantage of established designation methods that indicate the types of amino acids transported and the co-substrate ion requirement of their transport. The economy obligated by the necessity to keep the number of symbols in a gene name to a minimum will rarely permit a listing of the full range of substrates, since amino acid transport systems have broad substrate specificities with co-substrate requirements that can differ in a substrate-specific manner. Hence, the use of established systems to codify groups of amino acid transport systems, which allow identification of the substrate range by using 1-3 letters, e.g. A, L or even ASC, could be integrated with a system used to indicate the ion-dependence of transport. The discoverers of transporters are mainly proceeding with commendable reserve and are inviting discussion, a desire which this essay urges be facilitated by more formal arrangements for further planning. These discoverers have also shown, along with an expressed desire for guidance, well-advised spontaneity in making reference to the substrate range, two trends that together suggest that a good set of designations can evolve that will be highly descriptive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An approach to student experience and knowledge development in Rocket Propulsion and support systems

The Experimental Rocket Propulsion Lab (ERPL) at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University focuses on student-run, undergraduate research that offers members the chance to develop key skills and knowledge by designing, building, and testing rocket subsystems. Members are encouraged to submit ideas for new projects so that they can develop experimental propulsion and support systems. Current projects include a modular hybrid research engine, an integrated flight hybrid engine, a liquid rocket engine, computational fluid dynamics research, a guided rocket parachute, as well as several others. Each of the projects offers a detailed insight to a specific component of a rocket system. Practicing developmental understanding through experiments has become a crucial way ERPL builds its members' knowledge on subsystems operation in the world of rocketry.
Abstract LB-259: Bone targeted parathyroid hormone antagonist for prevention of breast cancer bone metastases

Breast cancer metastasis to bone is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients. Local erosion of bone increases risk of fracture and decreases mean survival time. Currently patients are treated with bisphosphonates and denosumab. Breast cancer bone metastases secrete high local concentrations of a parathyroid hormone (PTH) analog termed parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). PTHrP stimulates bone turnover creating cavities in the bone allowing tumor growth in the resulting space. PTH antagonists directed towards bone metastatic breast cancer have failed clinically due to drug turnover and failure to concentrate in bone. We synthesized two novel classes of PTHrP antagonists that consist of modifications to the native PTH peptide fused to the inert collagen binding domain (CBD) of ColG collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum. Fusion with the CBD directs PTH analog delivery to the bone matrix and blocks PTHrP action in vitro. Antagonist PTH(7-33)-CBD is an N-terminally truncated analog of PTH, and PTH([-1]-33)-CBD is an N-terminally extended analog of PTH. PTH(7-33)-CBD and PTH([-1]-33)-CBD bound to collagen type 1 in vitro. Neither compound induced cAMP accumulation in SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells indicating no PTH agonist action. Both compounds partially antagonized PTH(1-34) agonist-induced cAMP accumulation in SaOS-2 cells. We used an established mouse model of breast cancer invasion of bone using a bone-trophic variant of estrogen receptor negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing luciferase (MDA-MB-231-BM/luc+) injected into the tibia marrow of nude mice (Day 1) to assess in vivo efficacy of PTH(7-33)-CBD. PTH(7-33)-CBD (1000 μg/kg administered IP on Day 7 and Day 28) reduced overall tumor burden in bone by 78% (P Support: Breast Cancer Research Program (BCRP) Breakthrough Award, BC150685 awarded to BGR and RCG. Citation Format: Brian G. Rowan, Tulasi Ponnapakkam, Murali Anbalagan, Yibin Kang, Robert C. Gensure. Bone targeted parathyroid hormone antagonist for prevention of breast cancer bone metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-259.
Situating Participatory Video in Theories

I provide a conceptual overview of participatory video and discuss its theoretical framework at the intersection of literacy studies and adult education. Based on this discussion, I call attention to the role that participatory video can play in community-based adult education and posit a set of theoretical propositions that undergird my approach to participatory video. First, I see participatory video as an instrument to facilitate a multimodal literacy practice. Second, participatory video can invite adult learners to experience alternative media production. Lastly, participatory video can contribute to emancipatory adult education by prompting learners to reflect on their experiences in relation to oppressive social structures and to address their challenges together.
Introduction: The Classical Empirical Survival Debate

This book is a philosophical exploration of postmortem survival. In the broad sense, “postmortem survival” refers to the continued existence of the self or some significant aspect of our mental life or psychology after biological death. More precisely stated, this book is a philosophical examination of certain arguments that have been proposed in favor of postmortem survival during the past century, what the twentieth-century Cambridge philosopher C.D. Broad called “empirical arguments for survival” (1960: 514–51). These arguments aim to infer survival from various ostensible features of the empirical world, the publicly observable world known through sense experience.
Warning Triggers in Environmental Hazards: Who Should Be Warned to Do What and When?

Determining the most effective public warnings to issue during a hazardous environmental event is a complex problem. Three primary questions need to be answered: Who should take protective action? What is the best action? and When should this action be initiated? Warning triggers provide a proactive means for emergency managers to simultaneously answer these questions by recommending that a target group take a specified protective action if a preset environmental trigger condition occurs (e.g., warn a community to evacuate if a wildfire crosses a proximal ridgeline). Triggers are used to warn the public across a wide variety of environmental hazards, and an improved understanding of their nature and role promises to: (1) advance protective action theory by unifying the natural, built, and social themes in hazards research into one framework, (2) reveal important information about emergency managers' risk perception, situational awareness, and threat assessment regarding threat behavior and public response, and (3) advance spatiotemporal models for representing the geography and timing of disaster warning and response (i.e., a coupled natural-built-social system). We provide an overview and research agenda designed to advance our understanding and modeling of warning triggers.© 2016 Society for Risk Analysis. Language: en
Design considerations for an axion detector

The Axion Dark Matter experiment (ADMX) is conducting a search for dark-matter axions trapped in the halo of the Milky Way Galaxy. Axions, originally postulated to solve the strong CP problem in particle physics, would have been created as cold (non-relativistic) very weakly interacting particles in the early stages of the expansion of the universe. If their mass is in the range 2 to 50 microeV, axions could be a significant component of the dark matter in the universe. The discovery of the axion, or placing limits on its abundance, would therefore have very important implications for understanding the nature of dark matter, which is one of the most significant problems in contemporary physics.