cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging in a Vacuum, or, Once More, Without Feeling: How Justice Scalia’s Jurisprudential Approach Repeats Errors Made in Plessy v. Ferguson

Justice Antonin Scalia recently declared that the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause simply does not apply to discrimination based on sex or sexual orientation. Though Justice Scalia’s statement is not exactly news, as he had previously suggested as much in dissenting opinions in Romer v. Evans and United States v. Virginia, it does provide an opportunity to consider how he arrived at these conclusions. Justice Scalia argues that he is simply applying the original meaning of the Equal Protection Clause, deferring to tradition and the will of the people until and unless democratic action provides new instructions. This article argues that Justice Scalia’s conclusions can be understood in a different way. Scalia’s dissenting opinions in cases involving sex and sexual orientation discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause, as well as in cases involving the Establishment Clause, represent a failure to learn and apply the fundamental lessons of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education. As this article will discuss in Parts I-III, Brown can be seen as a triumph of empathy with Plessy, by contrast, an example of judicial decisionmaking in a vacuum, cut off from vital social and historical context. When Justice Scalia disdains empathy and ignores context, as he does in his dissenting opinions in Romer, U.S. v. Virginia, Lee v. Weisman, and Edwards v. Aguillard, discussed in Part IV, he ends up following Plessy’s reasoning, not Brown’s, writing opinions in a judicial vacuum that fail to take reality into account. Others have written about empathy and social context as tools for judging, and others have suggested that Justice Scalia is following Plessy’s approach in specific opinions. This article does something new by connecting these ideas to argue that (a) Brown corrected Plessy’s errors by relying on social and historical context and by engaging in empathy; and (b) judges who fail to recognize that this is the crucial distinction between Plessy and Brown run the risk of repeating Plessy’s errors, though surely unintentionally, in different areas of the law, as Justice Scalia does in the Equal Protection and Establishment Clause cases I discuss in Part IV. My conclusion is that, if we want justices who will truly follow Brown, not Plessy, future Senate confirmation hearings must seek to discover whether nominees understand the crucial distinctions in reasoning between Brown and Plessy. Justices who narrowly reject only Plessy’s holding will be more likely to repeat its substantive errors and will fail to do justice, as the Court failed in Plessy itself.
Contact Expiration and Sales Price

This paper represents the first empirical attempt to detect the relationship between sales price and listing (or contract) period. Specifically, we examine the relationship between sales price and contract expiration days. Our hypothesized positive relationship between sales price and contract expiration days is borne out by the results of this study. These results show that the homeseller is able to exact a price premium of 0.04% per contract day that he/she is able to preserve. Alternatively states, he/she will concede a price discount of 0.04% per day, on average, as the sales contract approaches its expiration. Simple analyses of time on the market (TOM) without controlling for listing period may yield misleading signals.
Cultivating Civility: Practical Ways to Improve a Dysfunctional Library: Jo Henry, Joe Eshleman, & Richard Moniz. (2020). Chicago, IL: ALA, 232 pages, $59.99, softcover, ISBN: 978-0-8389-4716-6.

In 2018, Henry, Eshleman, and Moniz coauthored a book entitled The Dysfunctional Library: Challenges and Solutions in Workplace Relationships. One of the follow-up actions from that book was a surv...
Developing and evaluating a team development intervention to support interdisciplinary teams.

Introduction: Incentivizing the development of interdisciplinary scientific teams to address significant societal challenges usually takes the form of pilot funding. However, while pilot funding is likely necessary, it is not sufficient for successful collaborations. Interdisciplinary collaborations are enhanced when team members acquire competencies that support team success. Methods: We evaluated the impact of a multifaceted team development intervention that included an eight-session workshop spanning two half-days. The workshop employed multiple methods for team development, including lectures on empirically supported best practices, skills-based modules, role plays, hands-on planning sessions, and social interaction within and across teams. We evaluated the impact of the intervention by (1) asking participants to assess each of the workshop sessions and (2) by completing a pre/postquestionnaire that included variables such as readiness to collaborate, goal clarity, process clarity, role ambiguity, and behavioral trust. Results: The content of the team development intervention was very well received, particularly the workshop session focused on psychological safety. Comparison of survey scores before and after the team development intervention indicated that scores on readiness to collaborate and behavioral trust were significantly higher among participants who attended the workshop. Goal clarity, process clarity, and role ambiguity did not differ among those who attended versus those who did not. Conclusions: Multicomponent team development interventions that focus on key competencies required for interdisciplinary teams can support attitudes and cognitions that the literature on the science of team science indicate are predictive of success. We offer recommendations for the design of future interventions.
Distributed State Estimation under Heterogeneous Time-Varying Communication Delays

Abstract In this paper we study the distributed leader state estimation problem in leader-follower multi-agent systems over a deterministic network and under time-varying communication delays. In this work we propose a distributed estimation technique that allows the follower agents to collectively reconstruct the leader agent states by communicating their estimates with neighboring agents. Additionally, we assume that the communications between the leader and followers are subject to heterogeneous time-varying delays. By using the low gain methodology, sufficient stability conditions of the estimation error dynamics in the presence of network latency are derived, including an upper bound for the delay magnitude. Lastly, the proposed distributed state estimation method is applied to develop a solution to the leader tracking problem in leader-follower multi-agent systems. An illustrative example is also presented to verify the effectiveness of our theoretical results.
Maternal caffeine intake and DNA methylation in newborn cord blood.

Background Epigenetic mechanisms may underlie associations between maternal caffeine consumption and adverse childhood metabolic outcomes. However, limited studies have examined neonate DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns in the context of preconception or prenatal exposure to caffeine metabolites. Objective We examined preconception and pregnancy caffeine exposure with DNAm alterations in neonate cord blood (n = 378). Design In a secondary analysis of the Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction Trial (EAGeR), we measured maternal caffeine, paraxanthine, and theobromine concentrations from stored serum collected preconception (on average 2 months before pregnancy) and at 8 weeks of gestation. In parallel, self-reported caffeinated beverage intake was captured via administration of questionnaires and daily diaries. We profiled DNAm from the cord blood buffy coat of singletons using the MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We assessed associations of maternal caffeine exposure and methylation β-values using multivariable robust linear regression. A false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Results In preconception the majority of women reported consuming one or fewer servings/day on average and caffeine and paraxanthine metabolite levels were 88 and 36 µmol/L, respectively. Preconception serum caffeine metabolites were not associated with individual CpG sites (FDR > 5%), though pregnancy theobromine was associated with DNAm at cg09460369 near RAB2A (β = 0.028; SE = 0.005; FDR P = 0.012). Preconception self-reported caffeinated beverage intake compared to no intake was associated with DNAm at cg09002832 near GLIS3 (β = -0.013; SE = 0.002; FDR P = 0.036). No associations with self-reported intake during pregnancy were found. Conclusions Few effects of maternal caffeine exposure on neonate methylation differences in leukocytes were identified in this relatively low caffeine consumption population.Clinical Trial Registry: #NCT00467363.
The Structure of Eukaryotic Ribosomes

I begin with a litany of the gospel. The grand design in research on eukaryotic ribosomes is to know the structure and the function of the organelle: to be able to specify the coordinates, and to define the activity, of each of the molecules in the particle, A subsidiary aim is to compare the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes. There are significant differences between the two classes of particles. Those differences are the basis of what has been called the “central dilemma”. Eukaryotic ribosomes are appreciably larger: they contain a greater number of proteins, seventy-eighty rather than fiftytwo, and they have an extra molecule of RNA as well. Moreover, the proteins and nucleic acids are, on the average, larger. The difference in size is a paradox since eukaryotic ribosomes perform the same general function, namely to catalyze the synthesis of protein; more to the point, they appear to employ appreciably the same partial reactions, although there may be real differences in the means by which the initiation of peptide synthesis is accomplished. One would like to know the nature of the evolutionary pressure for the accretion of the extra proteins in eukaryotic ribosomes- whether there are functions of the particle still be to uncovered. It has not escaped attention that knowledge of the conserved features may be of help in understanding the function of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.
What health care providers know: a taxonomy of clinical disagreements.

Some assume that respecting patient autonomy means clinicians should refrain from expressing opinions about what’s in a patient’s best interests. But depending on the kind of medical decision the patient is making, a clinician may have expertise vital to the patient’s best interests and even if she doesn’t, she may still know what is best.
Improving the Accuracy and Precision of Analytical Procedures Using Multilocation Data

According to SAS No. 56, Analytical Procedures, the use of disaggregate, individual location data can improve the effectiveness of analytical procedures used in multilocation audits. Using disaggregate data obtained from a multilocation company, we examine two issues: 1) whether the accuracy and precision of analytical procedures is enhanced by including contemporaneous observations of the account balance in the prediction model, and 2) whether expectations developed using disaggregate data are more accurate and precise than expectations based on aggregate data only. We find that the contemporaneous models are consistently more accurate and precise and that the summation of individual location account balance forecasts based on disaggregate, contemporaneous models are superior to expectations developed using aggregate, company-wide data only. The results indicate that when auditors are generating expectations of company-wide balances, that disaggregate, contemporaneous models will provide predictions that are both more accurate and more precise than company-wide, aggregate models.
Reducing Nitrogen Pollution on Long Island Sound: Is There a Place for Pollutant Trading?

The purpose of this article is to examine the legal adequacy of proposals now under consideration for a nitrogen trading program on Long Island Sound, and to assess the likelihood of success in light of the experience with other trading programs, both for water and air pollution. Part I outlines the current environmental condition of Long Island Sound and explains the factors which have led proponents of trading to believe such a program could be effective. In Part II we consider the essential elements of a trading program, and the lessons to be learned from the Clean Air Act programs. Part III examines the federal policy framework within which water pollutant trading may take place, while Part IV analyzes the legal framework and explains the ways by which a trading program may be crafted to fit within it. Part V reviews existing water trading programs and the lessons to be learned from their successes and failures. Part VI undertakes a rigorous analysis of the specific proposal under consideration for Long Island Sound, evaluating both its legal adequacy and the likelihood that a sufficient market driver would be created to provide economically efficient environmental results. Part VII concludes that although a Long Island Sound pollutant trading program can be accommodated within the frarnework of the Clean Water Act, the factual predicates for such a program have yet to be established, and practical and policy concerns make such a trading program problematic.
Introducing machine learning via baseball's hall of fame

Machine Learning via Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is often introduced in a one-semester course on Artificial Intelligence. Baseball's annual Hall of Fame election provides a simple, tractable, data-rich domain for learning how to use ANNs for predictive analytics. We describe how we use the Fast Artificial Neural Network (FANN) toolkit for a course assignment that predicts which players are likely to be elected to Baseball's Hall of Fame.
Clinical features of bipolar disorder comorbid with anxiety disorders differ between men and women

Background Anxiety disorders are commonly comorbid with bipolar disorder (BP) and may worsen course of illness, but differential impact of specific anxiety disorders in men and women remains unknown. Methods We measured the impact of comorbid panic disorder (PD), social phobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 460 women and 276 men with Bipolar I Disorder (BPI) or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type from the National Institute of Mental Health Bipolar Genetics Initiative. We compared clinical characteristics in BPwith and without each anxiety disorder in men and women separately correcting for family relatedness. Results Comorbid PD, OCD, and specific phobia were more common in women with BPthan men. Comorbid social phobia correlated with increased risk of alcohol abuse in BPwomen, but not men. Women with comorbid PDattended fewer years of school. Comorbidity with OCDwas associated with earlier age at the onset of BPfor both genders. Comorbid PD, OCD, and specific phobia were associated with more antidepressant trials in BP, across both genders, compared to BPpatients without these anxiety disorders. Conclusion In BP, comorbid anxiety disorders are associated with increased risk for functional impairment, and women had differently associated risks than men. Clinicians should be aware of an increased risk for comorbid PD, OCD, and specific phobia in women with BP, and an increased risk of alcohol abuse in women with BDand comorbid social phobia.
Transparent inorganic/organic copolymers by the sol-gel process: Thermal behavior of copolymers of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES) and (meth)acrylate monomers

Three types of inorganic/organic copolymers have been prepared in a one-step sol-gel process, and their thermal stabilities have been studied. The one-step sol gel process was carried out in mixtures of three monomeric components: HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-VTES (vinyl triethoxysilane)-TEOS (tetraethyl orthsilicate), HDDA (hexanediol diacrylate)-VTES-TEOS and GPTA (glycerol propoxy triacrylate)-VTES-TEOS. Copolymers with HEMA, which is able to form a linear organic polymer, were the least thermally stable materials. They lost the highest proportion of weight during heat treatment to 600°C and exhibited the lowest decomposition temperatures. Copolymers with HDDA and GPTA, which are able to form crosslinked organic polymers, had higher decomposition temperatures, and their weight loss during heat treatment to 600°C was small. The skeletal densities of all copolymers increased slightly during heat treatment.
Improved differentiation between hepatic hemangioma and metastases on diffusion-weighted MRI by measurement of standard deviation of apparent diffusion coefficient.

Abstract Background Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MR) can be useful in the differentiation of hemangiomata from liver metastasis, but improved methods other than by mean apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC) are needed. Methods A retrospective review identified 109 metastatic liver lesions and 86 hemangiomata in 128 patients who had undergone DW-MR. For each lesion, mADC and the standard deviation of the mean ADC (sdADC) were recorded and compared by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Mean mADC was higher in benign hemangiomata (1.52±0.12 mm 2 /s) than in liver metastases (1.33±0.18 mm 2 /s), but there was significant overlap in values. The mean sdADC was lower in hemangiomata (101±17 mm 2 /s) than metastases (245±25 mm 2 /s) and demonstrated no overlap in values, which was significantly different ( P Conclusions Hemangiomata may be better able to be differentiated from liver metastases on the basis of sdADC than by mADC, although further studies are needed.
The Direct Assignment Option as a Modular Design Component: An Example for the Setting of Two Predefined Subgroups

Background. A phase II design with an option for direct assignment (stop randomization and assign all patients to experimental treatment based on interim analysis, IA) for a predefined subgroup was previously proposed. Here, we illustrate the modularity of the direct assignment option by applying it to the setting of two predefined subgroups and testing for separate subgroup main effects. Methods. We power the 2-subgroup direct assignment option design with 1 IA (DAD-1) to test for separate subgroup main effects, with assessment of power to detect an interaction in a post-hoc test. Simulations assessed the statistical properties of this design compared to the 2-subgroup balanced randomized design with 1 IA, BRD-1. Different response rates for treatment/control in subgroup 1 (0.4/0.2) and in subgroup 2 (0.1/0.2, 0.4/0.2) were considered. Results. The 2-subgroup DAD-1 preserves power and type I error rate compared to the 2-subgroup BRD-1, while exhibiting reasonable power in a post-hoc test for interaction. Conclusion. The direct assignment option is a flexible design component that can be incorporated into broader design frameworks, while maintaining desirable statistical properties, clinical appeal, and logistical simplicity.
Effect of Vitamin D3 and Calcium on the Reproductive Characteristics of the Turkey Hen

Abstract Nine groups of 12 Small-type White turkey hens each were used to study dietary vitamin D3 and calcium and their effect on egg production, eggshell quality, and hatchability. The 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments consisted of three levels of calcium (1.16, 2.25, and 3.34%) and three levels of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) at 900, 6,900, and 12,900 International Units per kg. of diet. Increasing dietary calcium to 2.25% significantly improved body weight, egg production and feed efficiency (feed/kg. eggs). The 3.34% level of calcium stimulated an increase in percentage hatchability of fertile eggs and produced the lowest percentage of 28-day embryonic mortalitites. Dietary vitamin D3 in excess of established requirements had no statistically significant effects on any of the parameters studied. Positive correlations were noted between beta-backscatter counts, shell weight, shell thickness and percentage calcium content of the egg. Percentage hatchability of fertile eggs was negatively associated with percentage moisture loss during the first seven days of incubation. The data presented in this paper show no beneficial action in the turkey hen from vitamin D3 fed in excess of recommendations, but dietary calcium in excess (3.34%) promoted an increase in hatchability and a decrease in embryonic mortality.
Natural history and treatment of varicella-zoster in high-risk populations☆

Rigorous clinical trials have established that both acyclovir and vidarabine favourably alter the clinical course of herpes zoster and chicken-pox in immunocompromised patients. In one comparative study, acyclovir was shown to be superior to vidarabine for zoster in bone marrow transplant recipients. These data, plus the fact that acyclovir is easier to administer than vidarabine, and perhaps less toxic, have made intravenous acyclovir the recognized drug of choice for treatment of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir sodium sterile powder received Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval for this indication in 1990 in the United States. Since complications of zoster occur in only a minority of immunocompromised patients, most physicians would prefer to initiate therapy with an orally-administered drug and avoid the cost and inconvenience of hospitalization. Future studies will compare the efficacy and safety of orally administered bromovinyl arabinosyl uracil and acyclovir in treatment of varicella-zoster virus infections.
Data graphs and addressing schemes

A data graph is obtained from a data structure by masking out the specific data items at the nodes of the structure and concentrating only on the linkages in the structure. This factoring operation is done implicitly when one refers to ''tree structures'' or ''arrays'' as generic objects. Structural uniformities in data graphs can often be exploited to facilitate and systematize the accessing of nodes in the graph and the implementation of the graph in a computer. This paper presents a model for data graphs which can be used to study such uniformities. The main results reported algebraically characterize, in terms of structural uniformities, those classes of data graphs which can be implemented by ''relative addressing'' and by ''relocatable realizations''.
On formation of the intermediate water in the Northern Pacific Ocean

Meridional cross sections of temperature, salinity and oxygen of the North Pacific Ocean are prepared to show location of the intermediate water, which is formed at the polar front and spreads on constantsigma-t surfaces. Geostrophic flow in a meridional plane is obtained by dynamic calculation. Friction-driven meridional circulation is determined from the zonally averaged density distribution. The latter flow seems to be more appropriate for explanation of mechanism of spread of the water.
Deformation and fracture behaviour of wheat starch plasticized with glucose and water

The mechanical properties of wheat starch and the effects of plasticizers upon them are studied in flexure at 293 K. For compositions low in water and glucose the material is glassy, with a flexural modulus between 0.7 and 5.0 GPa. The addition of water and glucose to wheat starch plasticizes the material through its glass transition into a rubbery state. The flexural moduli of the rubbery samples are in the range 50 to 200 MPa, which is indicative of a partially crystalline polymer. For starch-water mixtures the glass transition occur in the water content range 18 to 20%. The addition of glucose progressively shifts the glass transition to lower water contents. At strains below 0.04 brittle failure is only observed in the glassy samples. The surface morphology of the fractured samples shows features typical of pure synthetic glassy polymers.
For what it's worth: regional equity, community organizing, and metropolitan America

Regional equity has taken off as a field of research and activism in recent years. Within the general field, three important variants have emerged: community development regionalism, in which the m...
Saturated‐unsaturated flow to a well with storage in a compressible unconfined aquifer

[1] Mishra and Neuman (2010) developed an analytical solution for flow to a partially penetrating well of zero radius in a compressible unconfined aquifer that allows inferring its saturated and unsaturated hydraulic properties from responses recorded in the saturated and/or unsaturated zones. Their solution accounts for horizontal as well as vertical flows in each zone. It represents unsaturated zone constitutive properties in a manner that is at once mathematically tractable and sufficiently flexible to provide much improved fits to standard constitutive models. In this paper we extend the solution of Mishra and Neuman [2010] to the case of a finite diameter pumping well with storage; investigate the effects of storage in the pumping well and delayed piezometer response on drawdowns in the saturated and unsaturated zones as functions of position and time; validate our solution against numerical simulations of drawdown in a synthetic aquifer having unsaturated properties described by the van Genuchten [1980]–Mualem [1976] model; use our solution to analyze 11 transducer-measured drawdown records from a seven-day pumping test conducted by University of Waterloo researchers at the Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario, Canada; validate our parameter estimates against manually-measured drawdown records in 14 other piezometers at Borden; and compare (a) our estimates of aquifer parameters with those obtained on the basis of all these records by Moench [2008], (b) on the basis of 11 transducer-measured drawdown records by Endres et al. [2007], (c) our estimates of van Genuchten–Mualem parameters with those obtained on the basis of laboratory drainage data from the site by Akindunni and Gillham [1992], and (d) our corresponding prediction of how effective saturation varies with elevation above the initial water table under static conditions with a profile based on water contents measured in a neutron access tube at a radial distance of about 5 m from the center of the pumping well. We also use our solution to analyze 11 transducer-measured drawdown records from a 7 day pumping test conducted by University of Waterloo researchers at the Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario, Canada. We validate our parameter estimates against manually measured drawdown records in 14 other piezometers at Borden. We compare our estimates of aquifer parameters with those obtained on the basis of all these records by Moench (2008) and on the basis of 11 transducer-measured drawdown records by Endres et al. (2007), and we compare our estimates of van Genuchten–Mualem parameters with those obtained on the basis of laboratory drainage data from the site by Akindunni and Gillham (1992); finally, we compare our corresponding prediction of how effective saturation varies with elevation above the initial water table under static conditions with a profile based on water contents measured in a neutron access tube at a radial distance of about 5 m from the center of the pumping well.
Aortic valve repair by sinotubular junctional remodeling to eliminate aortic regurgitation in donor cardiac allograft.

Donor hearts for cardiac transplantation are scarce resources and their availability limits the number of heart transplants performed annually. When feasible, repairing donor hearts allows maximal use of these resources. Valvular heart disease has previously been considered a contraindication to use of a donor heart. However, several centers have reported use of donor hearts with aortic valve disease. Back bench aortic valve replacement has been used in donor hearts with a bicuspid aortic valve and aortic stenosis. Subcommissural annular plication has been used to correct aortic insufficiency (AI) in a heart with an aortic
Footnote to ember

thinking, with which it is about time anthropologists concern themselves. Then, perhaps, we could fruitfully debate a posteriori (i.e., as a result of a careful analysis of specific data), and not by a priori deduction, which one of the two has more relevance to the shaping of politicohistorical events (cf. the section on "Ritual symbolism and the meaning of history," ch. 11, Buchler 1981). This is why, in my view, structural analysis can have heuristic value and contribute to the sociology of perception and the semiology of iconic messages. A last note. It may be relevant to mention that the book is a translation from the French
A novel type of glial cell in the retina is stimulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 and may exacerbate damage to neurons and Müller glia.

Recent studies have demonstrated that insulin can have profound affects on the survival of neurons within the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine how insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) influences retinal cells; in particular, the glial cells. We identify a novel type of glial cell in the avian retina and provide evidence that these cells can respond to acute damage and IGF1. In normal retinas, we found a distinct cell-type, scattered across the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers that express Sox2, Sox9, Nkx2.2, vimentin, and transitin, the avian homologue of mammalian nestin. These glial cells have a unique immunohistochemical profile, morphology, and distribution that are distinct among other known types of retinal glia, including microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Muller glia. We termed these cells nonastrocytic inner retinal glia-like (NIRG) cells. We found that the NIRG cells may express the IGF1 receptor and respond to IGF1 by proliferating, migrating distally into the retina, and upregulating transitin. In addition, IGF1 stimulated microglia to become reactive and upregulate lysosomal membrane glycoprotein and CD45. With microglia and NIRG cells stimulated by IGF1 there were elevated levels of cell death and numerous focal detachments across the retina in response to excitotoxic damage. Cell death was prominent within the areas of detachment coinciding with a stark loss of Muller glia and accumulation of NIRG cells. We conclude that NIRG cells are a novel type of retinal glia that is sensitive to IGF1 and whose activity may impact the survival of neurons and Muller glia.
Distribution of basalt, basanite, andesite and dacite in a normative equivalent of the QAPF double triangle

Abstract A chemical analogue of the QAPF projection is essential if volcanic rocks are to be fitted into the classification scheme for plutonic rocks proposed by the I.U.G.S. Subcommission on Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Frequency distributions of Cenozoic basalts, basanites, dacites and andesites in such an analogue, based on the C.I.P.W. norm, suggest desirable changes in the bounds of classes 9, 10, 13 and 14 and in the names of classes 4, 5 and 13.
A new mechanism for nitric oxide- and cGMP-mediated platelet inhibition

[Comment on Antl et al, page 553][1]In this issue of Blood , Antl and colleagues identify inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor–associated protein (IRAG) as a protein important in the signaling pathway by which nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediate platelet inhibition
Mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine plus cyclosporine for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study.

BACKGROUND One potential mechanism of drug resistance to chemotherapy is the overexpression of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes coding for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which leads to reduced intracellular retention of chemotherapy. This study tested the efficacy and toxicity of mitoxantrone, etoposide, and intermediate dose cytarabine (MEC) with cyclosporine (CSP) as an MDR modulator in patients with recurrent and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, and also correlated P-gp expression in leukemia cells with response. METHODS Thirty-eight eligible patients who were in first recurrence after < 6 months of complete remission (CR) (11 patients), refractory to initial induction therapy or to one attempt at reinduction after recurrence (18 patients), in second recurrence (4 patients), or in recurrence after either allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation (5 patients) received either MEC alone (13 patients) or MEC-CSP (25 patients). CSP was given as a loading dose of 6 mg/kg for 2 hours intravenously (i.v.) starting 2 hours before the first dose of etoposide, followed by a continuous i.v. infusion of 18 mg/kg/day for 98 hours. RESULTS Three of the 13 patients (23%) who received MEC achieved CR, as did 6 of the 25 patients (24%) who received MEC-CSP. The median remission duration for all patients who achieved CR was 149 days (range, 26–466 days), 91 days (range, 81–172 days) for the 3 patients who received MEC, and 189.5 days (range, 26–466 days) for the patients treated with MEC-CSP. The median survival for the patients treated with MEC and MEC-CSP was 104 and 72 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS No significant association was found between P-gp expression and response. No apparent benefit in the CR rate, remission duration, or survival was observed with the addition of CSP to MEC. Cancer 1999;85:358–67. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
House, fire, gender

ABSTRACTIn this article I examine the Samburu house (pastoralists, northern Kenya) and its fire as the sacred locus of right moral practices—as feminine objects consecrated through proper use. I begin by way of counter-example, however, describing the moral entailments of a particular event, a woman's house that caught fire in contentious circumstances. Following this elucidation of houses made sacred or desecrated through use, I will conclude with a discussion of the Samburu house in relation to Samburu understandings of “modernity.” Here, I will point out the re-gendering of the Samburu house in the wake of an intriguing trend—the accelerating proliferation of the “modern” house that has frequently become a man's house in a society for which the house has long been a quintessentially feminine space.
Statistical cataloging of archival data for luminosity class IV-V stars - II. The epoch 2001 [Fe/H] catalog

This paper describes the derivation of an updated statistical catalog of metallicities. The stars for which those metallicities apply are of spectral types F, G, and K, and are on or near the main sequence. The input data for the catalog are values of [Fe/H] published before 2002 February and derived from lines of weak and moderate strength. The analyses used to derive the data have been based on one-dimensional LTE model atmospheres. Initial adjustments which are applied to the data include corrections to a uniform temperature scale which is given in a companion paper (see Taylor [CITE]). After correction, the data are subjected to a statistical analysis. For each of 941 stars considered, the results of that analysis include a mean value of [Fe/H], an rms error, an associated number of degrees of freedom, and one or more identification numbers for source papers. The catalog of these results supersedes an earlier version given by Taylor ([CITE]).
Analysis of nonselective poisoning: reaction selectivity and reactor performance in some nontrivial polyfunctional systems

Abstract This study is concerned with the influence of nonselective catalyst poisoning on bifunc- tionally catalyzed reactions in which conversions and product distributions can be limited by thermo- dynamic equilibria. The general class of such reactions has been described as “nontrivial” polyfunctional catalysis by Weisz. Of particular interest are the relationships of optimal catalyst formulation and reaction selectivity to the physical and chemical properties of the reaction system, and the comparison of deactivation effects with those in simpler reactions. It is shown that equilibrium limitations can have signal influence on deactivation rates and selectivities under certain circum- stances, which are discussed. When activity decline is compensated for by increasing the reaction temperature, probably the most important factor in determining the behavior of the reaction system is the relative, magnitude of the forward and reverse reaction activation energies.
Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities, 1636–1968

(1969). Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities, 1636–1968. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 408-409.
On the possible relation of sialic acid to the Rh factor.

An investigation of the sialic acid content of erythrocyte stroma demonstrating Rh activity has been made. The sediment contains 0.6–0.8% sialic acid initially. Sequential treatment by a papain-chymotrypsin mixture followed by neuraminidase, or treatment in the reverse order, decreases the level to less than 0.1%. At this lower level there is a shift in the absorption maximum for the color which develops in the thiobarbituric acid assay, indicating that contaminants are playing a more important role in color development than sialic acid itself. With good Rh activity still demonstrable in preparations containing sialic acid levels too low to be measured accurately, it may be concluded that this substance probably plays no role of importance in the structure of the Rh antigenic determinant.
Neutron Resonance Scattering Shows Specific Binding of Plutonium to the Calcium-Binding Sites of the Protein Calmodulin and Yields Precise Distance Information

We have successfully substituted 240Pu3+ for Ca2+ in the calcium-binding protein calmodulin and used neutron resonance scattering from the bound 240Pu to demonstrate that the Pu binds specifically to the Ca2+ sites and also to measure the distance between the ion binding sites within individual domains of the protein. 240Pu has a strong nuclear resonance at 0.278 A, and at this wavelength the coherent scattering from 240Pu is >1000 times that of any other nucleus present in a protein. The ionic radius of Pu3+ is very similar to that of Ca2+, and hence we chose this species to substitute for Ca2+ in the protein. We identified solution conditions that stablize Pu3+ in solution at near neutral pH for 6−7 h in order to form the Pu/calmodulin complex under conditions favorable for both complex formation and maintaining the structural integrity of the protein. We collected small-angle neutron scattering data from solutions of 4(240Pu3+)·calmodulin, which contain periodic terms that are directly related to the d...
Torsional Control of Epoxidation Stereoselectivity in 1,2-Dihydronaphthalenes. Transition State Modeling with Semiempirical Quantum Mechanics.

Recently, highly diastereoselective epoxidations of chiral 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes were reported. Crystallographic characterization of the major product indicated that the selectivity cannot be attributed to long-range steric effects. We examined this system through ab initio and semiempirical quantum mechanical modeling. Corroborating experimental data, our investigations explain the apparent irrelevance of direct interactions with substituents and address the insensitivity of the stereoselectivity to oxidant structure. Furthermore, extension of this model to other related epoxidation reactions indicates that π-facial discrimination may be interpreted as a result of a preference for a staggered asynchronous transition state, obtainable only through axial attack.
To Build a New World: toward two case studies on transfer in the twentieth century

(1983). To Build a New World: toward two case studies on transfer in the twentieth century. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 43-59.
Geology of the Volcan Chico Area on Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapagos Islands

Recent eruptions of Sierra Negra, a basaltic shield volcano, have been along fissure zones circumferentially oriented around the northern side of the caldera near the volcano summit. Two fissure zones, the Caldera Rim fissure and the Volcan Chico fissure, have produced more than 85 percent of the lava exposed on the north side of the volcano. Radial fissures are not common on this portion of Sierra Negra, and they have contributed only minor amounts of lava and pyroclastic material. Most of the recent activity has been localized along the broad zone of the Volcan Chico fissure, in areas of previous fumarolic activity. In 1963 an initial explosive phase produced a thin, widespread blanket of frothy pumice that was followed by the formation of agglutinate cones and voluminous lava flows. Late-stage slumping occurred and fumarolic activity continues. The well-defined Caldera Rim fissure has been the locus of caldera collapse in the Volcan Chico area; to the west it forms an eruptive zone along the caldera rim. This fissure zone has been the source of surface lava flows between the Volcan Chico fissure and the present caldera. The area between the two major fissure zones has not been a source area for eruptions or fumarolic activity. This area does include several linearly arranged collapse depressions that imply subsurface magmatic activity. The exposures of thick, massive, widespread flows, at shallow depths in the depressions and in the caldera walls, have two important implications: (1) These earlier flows had sources that were located within the present caldera previous to its collapse along the Caldera Rim fissure, and (2) later activity has not contributed significantly to the construction of the rim of Sierra Negra. The features examined in the Volcan Chico area are typical of Sierra Negra9s recent activity and indicate the mechanisms of volcano growth and caldera development late in the history of a Galapagos volcano.
High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of YAlO3 perovskite

Abstract The equation of state and structural changes of YAlO3 perovskite, a GdFeO3-type perovskite with Pbnm symmetry, have been investigated to 8.5 GPa in a diamond-anvil cell at room temperature using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A fit of a third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state to the P–V data yields values of K T0 =192(2) GPa and K′0=7.3(4), with compressional moduli of the axes, Ka0=220(7) GPa, Kb0=157(3) GPa and Kc0=212(2) GPa, and their pressure derivatives, K′a0=12(2), K′b0=4.4(6)(6) and K′c0=8.7(4). The evolution of the structure with pressure shows that compression of the YO12 site is strongly anisotropic with the four longest Y–O separations more compressible than the eight shorter Y–O bond lengths. Consequently the distortion of the YO12 site decreases with increasing pressure. In contrast, the AlO6 site undergoes nearly isotropic compression and is more compressible than the YO12 site. The interoctahedral angles, ∠Al–O1–Al and ∠Al–O2–Al, show a significant increase with pressure, reflected in the movement of O1 along 〈100〉. The structure of YAlO3 perovskite therefore becomes less distorted with increasing pressure, in contrast with other Pbnm perovskites such as CaSnO3.
Cluster model approach to the fission of 28Si

Abstract The electron induced fission of 28 Si is described in the alpha cluster model with angular momentum and parity projection. An intermediate state with significant clustering into 12 C + 16 O is found to be compatible with the recent experimental data.
Dominant Second-Order Dipole-Moment Contribution in the Infrared Absorption of III-V Compounds

It is shown that a relationship exists between the coefficient describing the infrared lattice absorption and the ionic contribution to the second-order electric susceptibility in a polar noncentrosymmetric crystal. By analyzing the available data of the latter it is concluded that two-phonon sidebands in the infrared absorption are due to the second-order dipole moment in all the III-V compounds and to the third-order potential in ZnO and CdS. Further, the magnitude of the integrated infrared absorption coefficient in a cubic homopolar IV-IV semiconductor is discussed.
Peer review and the ex ante assessment of societal impacts

Funding agencies and research councils around the world rely on peer review to assess the potential impacts of proposed research. This article compares the procedures of two major public science agencies — the US National Science Foundation and the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme — for evaluating ex ante the potential societal impact of research proposals. In this paper we survey the state of the art and discuss some of the conceptual questions that arise in using ex ante peer review to assess the societal impact of scientific research. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Forested Wetland Communities as Indicators of Tidal Influence along the Apalachicola River, Florida, USA

On coastal rivers, tidal freshwater forested wetlands occur at the upriver extent of tidal influence. How far upriver is uncertain, because tidal conditions gradually diminish and it is unknown how forest species and edaphic conditions shift in response. Forested wetlands along the lower Apalachicola River were evaluated for the influence of tidal hydrology on community composition, structure, and soil conditions. A total of 37 forest plots were established along a tidal gradient and classified as tidal or non-tidal based on data from water level recorders and wetland proximity to the river mouth. Canopy trees were measured to calculate species importance values and four distinct communities (two tidal and two non-tidal) were discerned based on a two-way cluster analysis. Forest structure differed between wetlands, with tidal wetlands having smaller tree diameters and greater density. Surface soils in tidal wetlands contained higher percent carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Soil electrical conductivity was also higher in tidal wetlands and, along with concentrations of extractable Na and Mg, corresponded with 2-dimensional ordination axes for species analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling. Forest communities clearly differed in composition, structure, and soil conditions, and provided a good indicator of tidal hydrology along the Apalachicola River.