cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opioid and GABA modulation of accumbens-evoked ventral pallidal activity

The principle output of the nucleus accumbens innervates the ventral pallidum and rostral substantia innominata. GABA and opioid peptides are among the neurotransmitter candidates for this projection. The goal of the present experiments was to delineate further the physiology and pharmacology of the accumbens projection to the ventral pallidum. The trans-synaptic responsiveness of ventral pallidal and rostral substantia innominata neurons to electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens was examined concurrently with the ability of microiontophoretically applied morphine (an opioid agonist), naloxone (an opioid antagonist) and bicuculline (a GABA antagonist) to modulate evoked responses. Accumbens stimulation altered the firing rate in 60% of the 132 neurons tested. Fifty-two percent of responding neurons exhibited simple excitations or inhibitions in response to accumbens stimulation, while 48% exhibited complex response sequences with two or more evoked components. Predominant responses consisted of a short latency ( 80%) of neurons evoked by accumbens stimulation also exhibited a current-dependent and naloxone-sensitive increase in spontaneous firing to microiontophoretically applied morphine. Morphine shortened the duration of the accumbens-evoked, short latency excitation and attenuated the magnitude of the long-latency inhibition. Evoked responses in the presence of morphine were opposite to those observed with naloxone, but similar to bicuculline. Thus, opioid receptor activation may be functionally antagonistic to GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral pallidum. The prominence of accumbens-evoked and morphine-sensitive neurons within the ventral pallidum corroborates the density of accumbens and opioid input to this brain region, and demonstrates that opioids serve as an important influence on neuronal activity and information processing in the ventral-striatopallidal pathway.
Methane interactions with polyaniline/butylmethylimidazolium camphorsulfonate ionic liquid composite.

In our previous report, a polyaniline (PAn) and ionic liquid butylmethylimidazolium camphorsulfonate (BMICS) composite was used as a methane sensing material which significantly increased the sensitivity for methane detection using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducers. In this paper, we focus on the interactions within the PAn/BMICS composite and between the composite and methane. UV−vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic results indicated that the anion of BMICS, camphorsulfonate, could form hydrogen bonds with the “nitrogen” sites of protic acid doped PAn. These hydrogen bonds align the camphorsulfonate anions in a comblike manner along the PAn backbone and therefore enhance the long-range π-orbital conjugation of PAn. Methane molecules absorbed into the PAn/BMICS may sit in the “space” between the aligned anions and cations of BMICS. By measuring the methane absorption in PAn/BMICS at a temperature range of 25−65 °C, the entropy and enthalpy of dissolution were obtained follow...
Does Charter Status Determine Preferences? Comparing the Hiring Preferences of Charter and Traditional Public School Principals

Abstract The academic success of any school depends on its teachers. However, relatively little research exists on the qualities principals value in teacher hiring, and we know almost nothing about charter school principals’ preferences. This article addresses this gap in the literature using survey results for a matched sample of charter and traditional public school principals. We compare regression-adjusted survey responses of charter and traditional public school principals to examine whether charter school principals report placing more emphasis on teacher hiring than principals in traditional public schools and whether principals’ preferences for teacher qualifications and characteristics vary between charter and traditional public schools. While we find some mean differences in principals’ reported hiring focus and preferences across charter and traditional public schools, regression results indicate that these differences are driven not by charter status but by school characteristics, such as aver...
Chlorinated Urban Water: A Cause of Dialysis-Induced Hemolytic Anemia

Unexplained acute hemolytic anemia is sometimes seen in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Chloramines, which are oxidant compounds made up of chlorine and ammonia and are widely used as bactericidal agents in urban water supplies, have been found responsible for two recent epidemics, in dialyzed uremic patients, of acute hemolytic anemia characterized by Heinz bodies. Chloramines produce denaturation of hemoglobin, both by their direct oxidizing capacity and their ability to inhibit red cell reductive (hexose monophosphate shunt) metabolism.
Individual-level lateralization in the asymmetrical gaits of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): implications for hand preference and skeletal asymmetry?

We examined lateral biases in the asymmetrical gallop gaits of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) approaching trees to drum in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. This is the first study of chimpanzee fast gaits under natural conditions. Analyzing digital video recordings collected over a 12-year period, we were able to determine lateral bias in 153 gallop bouts for the eight most frequently sampled males. For 89 of these bouts, symmetry and duty factor measurements were also possible for at least one stride cycle. Seven of eight males were lateralized, and the eighth was ambi-preferent. The degree of lateralization was comparable to that reported for chimpanzee hand preference during complex, bi-manual object manipulation, and similar to that reported for galloping in domestic horses. No group-level directional bias was found. Although little is known about lateral biases in the asymmetrical gaits of mammals in the wild, we speculate that predator-prey dynamics would select against group-level lateral biases but for the ability to switch leads. The absence of lead switching by chimpanzees in this study may reflect selection for maximum speed to reach arboreal escape routes. We discuss the possibility that locomotor lateralization could constrain the emergence of group-level biases in hand preference in chimpanzees, and could be implicated in the development of limb long bone asymmetries.
Performance evaluation of concurrent collections on high-performance multicore computing systems

This paper is the first extensive performance study of a recently proposed parallel programming model, called Concurrent Collections (CnC). In CnC, the programmer expresses her computation in terms of application-specific operations, partially-ordered by semantic scheduling constraints. The CnC model is well-suited to expressing asynchronous-parallel algorithms, so we evaluate CnC using two dense linear algebra algorithms in this style for execution on state-of-the-art multicore systems: (i) a recently proposed asynchronous-parallel Cholesky factorization algorithm, (ii) a novel and non-trivial “higher-level” partly-asynchronous generalized eigensolver for dense symmetric matrices. Given a well-tuned sequential BLAS, our implementations match or exceed competing multithreaded vendor-tuned codes by up to 2.6×. Our evaluation compares with alternative models, including ScaLAPACK with a shared memory MPI, OpenMP, Cilk++, and PLASMA 2.0, on Intel Harpertown, Nehalem, and AMD Barcelona systems. Looking forward, we identify new opportunities to improve the CnC language and runtime scheduling and execution.
Analysis of resource lower bounds in real-time applications

Tasks in a real-time application usually have several stringent timing, resource, and communication requirements. Designing a distributed computing system which can meet all these requirements is a challenging problem. In this paper, we alleviate this problem by proposing a technique to determine a lower bound on the number of processors and resources required to meet the constraints of the application. We also extend the technique to estimate the cost of a system which meets all the application constraints. The proposed technique deals with most constraints found in real-time applications including deadlines, release times, resource requirements, precedence relationships, and non-zero communication times. It also derives these bounds for two different models of distributed systems.
Plasmon-Induced Circular Dichroism of a Chiral Molecule in the Vicinity of Metal Nanocrystals. Application to Various Geometries

The Coulombic interaction between a chiral molecule and a nonchiral metal nanocrystal creates new plasmonic lines in a circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. In many cases, optical lines in CD spectra of chiral molecules and plasmon absorption bands in metal nanocrystals are not in resonance. Typically, CD lines of chiral molecules are in the UV spectral range, whereas plasmon bands of metal nanocrystals are in the visible range. Nevertheless, plasmon excitations can strongly interact with dipoles of chiral molecules and become chiral. We demonstrate this effect theoretically and derive a general equation for the CD spectrum of a complex composed of metal nanocrystals and a single chiral molecule. In our theory, new plasmon peaks in the CD spectra come from an effect of interference between external and induced fields inside a hybrid complex. Our models involve single spherical nanoparticles, nanoparticle pairs, and nanoshells. The results obtained here can be used to design new optical materials and hybrid na...
Source and channel coding for homogeneous sensor networks with partial cooperation

A sensor networks in which two nodes communicate a remote measurement to an access point is investigated (CEO problem). The focus is on assessing the performance advantages of cooperative encoding strategies as enabled by out-of-band and finite-capacity communication links between the sensors. The analysis assumes Gaussian source and observation noises, a quadratic (MSE) distortion metric and homogeneous sensors. With rate-constrained links between each sensor and the access point, an achievable rate-distortion trade-off is derived that reduces to known rate-distortion characterizations in the cases without and with perfect cooperation. This result is then extended to a Gaussian multiple access channel scenario by deriving achievable distortions with separate or joint source-channel coding. It is concluded that, for both scenarios, even modest values of the capacity of the inter-sensor links enable the optimal performance with full sensor cooperation to be approached.
A Model for the Optimal Allocation of Trucks for Solid Waste Management

Solid waste collection and disposal costs constitute 75-80% of a city's solid waste management budget. Therefore, even a small improvement in the waste collection and transfer operations can lead to significant savings in costs. Trucks collect refuse from different parts of cities and transport to incinerators, landfills and transfer stations. These trucks spend a considerable amount of time travelling and waiting at disposal sites which could otherwise have been used for refuse collection. In this paper, a simulation-optimization model is described that helps to allocate trucks to disposal sites so as to reduce travelling and waiting time costs. This model can help city administrators to make long-term decisions relating to the number, capacities, and locations of waste disposal sites, routing of trucks, crew sizes etc. This model can also be of significant use to make short-term operational decisions, including those relating to diversion of trucks if their normal disposal site is not operational.
Genomics in the neonatal nursery: Focus on ROP

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a complex disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several small studies have found genetic variants in EPAS1, VEGF, SOD, and members of the WNT family in association with ROP. Design in genetic studies is challenging because of changing recommendations for the management of prematurity and ROP, the fact ROP is rare, and that availability of resources for managing premature infants can vary throughout the world. In addition, there is a shortage of ophthalmologists with the ability to diagnose and characterize severe ROP. Careful determination of the degree of prematurity is important when evaluating genetic studies. Controlling for significant epidemiologic factors and multiple comparisons is also important to consider when evaluating genetic studies. One large candidate gene study controlled for degree of prematurity, significant epidemiologic factors, and multiple comparisons and found variants within the intron of BDNF associated with severe ROP. Future studies using unbiased techniques to assess genetic risk are important as are in-depth study of BDNF through deep sequencing and associated mechanistic studies using appropriate experimental models.
Transduction of primary human hepatocytes with amphotropic and xenotropic retroviral vectors.

Abstract Experiments in animal models suggest that it is feasible to consider hepatic gene therapy using a strategy in which hepatocytes would be isolated by partial hepatectomy, transduced with recombinant retroviral vectors containing genes of therapeutic importance, and then transplanted back into the patient by autologous hepatocellular transplantation. The application of this strategy in clinical trials will require adapting these methods to human cells. We describe the transduction of primary human hepatocytes with two forms of retroviral vectors: amphotropic vectors, which have been used previously in clinical trials, and xenotropic vectors, which have a different host range. Human hepatocytes were harvested from organs preserved in Belzer's solution and were cultivated in a serum-free, tyrosine-free, hormonally defined medium. These cells proliferated for 3-5 days in culture, exhibited characteristic hepatocyte morphology, and expressed liver-specific functions, including phenylalanine hydroxylase, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and glutamine synthase. Transduction with an amphotropic LNL6 retroviral vector resulted in stable incorporation of the provirus into 1% of the cells as estimated by semiquantitative PCR. Consistently higher transduction efficiencies (as much as 10% of the cells) were observed with a xenotropic N2 vector. These data support the feasibility of using LNL6 as a marker gene in clinical trials of hepatocellular transplantation. These data also suggest that the efficiency of transducing hepatocytes with amphotropic vectors in animal models may not accurately reflect the utility of these vectors for human applications. Consideration should be given to the use of xenotropic vectors for optimizing the efficiency of transduction for human applications.
Gender [Im]Balance: Perspectives, Issues, and Opportunities

A large discrepancy between males and females involved in the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Intelligent Vehicles (IV) fields has been a trend for the last four years at every annual IEEE IV symposium. Significantly fewer females are involved in this field, and causes for this uneven distribution may arise from lack of exposure to intelligent systems, associating engineering as a difficult subject which detracts women from studying it, or perhaps current salary level. Young, successful, and motivated female engineers at the 2010 IEEE IV symposium, as well as renowned professors of engineering gave us their opinions about the perspectives, issues, and opportunities for females in the intelligent vehicles field. Raising the level of females in the field and possibly equating it with that of the males in the future will not only increase diversity for engineering areas, but also increase creativity-something that is essential in engineering and IV/ITS fields [1]. This paper seeks to bring to awareness this issue by analyzing the perspectives of three female students and professors and identifying opportunities for women involvement.
Fire and Biotic Factors Afecting Germination

Most plant communities are so complex that a clear-cut analysis of the relative importance of these 7 mechanisms is either very difficult or impossible. By working with simplified systems or with natural conditions where already a number of these mechanisms are excluded or inoperative, the significance of the other mechanisms can be assessed. By working with communities of annual plants, or first-year establishment of perennials, particularly in their early stages of development, mechanisms 3 and 7 can be eliminated. This is the significance of the study of desert annuals (Went 1948). By taking the problem into the laboratory, mechanisms 4, 5 and 6 can be eliminated, using the same medium (sterile sand and vermiculite) on which small amounts of soil are spread, and placing the containers in greenhouses or laboratories with controlled climate in the absence of pests and diseases. This was also done with desert soils (Went 1948). In the latter case surface samples of desert soils were used, containing a natural mixture of seeds. In the present paper data are recorded on the germination of weeds and chaparral species in relation to fire, climate and competition. A few general conclusions had been drawn previously concerning the effect of fire on a chaparral vegetation (Sampson 1944). Shrubs were divided into species resprouting from the root crown after a fire (Adenostoma fasciculaturn, Ceanothus leucodermis, Quercus spp.) and nonsprouting species (other Ceanothus). Growth of annuals and particularly germination of shrub species was strongly increased as the result of a fire. According to Sampson, however, "an unusually dry or wet season preceding or following burning may unpredictably affect the plant population of burned areas." The following experiments were carried out to find out more about germination as influencing re-establishment of vegetation after a fire. Several areas in the neighborhood of Pasadena, where fires had destroyed the chaparral cover, were investigated. The Bryant fire occurred on August 5, 1947, burning an area of 3,500 acres with a range of elevations between 500 and 1,600 m. No appreciable rain occurred until December, when a total of 72 mm. (2.83") fell, followed in February, March and April by 69 mm. (2.71"), 112 mm. (4.40") and 86 mm. (3.38") (see Table I). Observations the following season showed that on areas adjacent to the burn there was practically no germination of either annuals or perennials (1 Salvia mellifera) while on the burn a fairly typical area showed the extensive germination of Eriodictyon, 10 or more seedlings per square meter of Adenostoma and Salvia mellifera, 20-50 per square meter of Ceanothus, up to 200 of Dendromecon rigida, and 1 per square meter of Rhus laurina. There were thick stands of annuals.
Effects of disulfiram on growth, longevity, and reproduction of the albino rat

Chronic oral ingestion of disulfiram at concentrations of 1:1000 and 1:2000 in powdered food retards the growth and reproductive capacity of the albino rat; a concentration of 1:1000 also decreases longevity. Enhancement of diet with ascorbic acid has no antidotal action on the growth and reproductive effects. Chronic disulfiram feeding appears to have no significant effects on whole animal oxygen consumption, blood counts, tissue xanthine oxidase activity, and liver molybdenum content. Calcium deposition in the cerebellum was absent.
Application of sequential haplotype scan methods to case-control data.

Haplotype association analysis based on arbitrarily chosen markers might lower statistical power because of the larger number of degrees of freedom caused by irrelevant makers.
Perceived Housework Equity, Marital Happiness, and Divorce in Dual-Earner Households:

This study uses a nationally representative sample of individuals involved in dual-earner marriages to examine the relationship between perceived fairness of housework completion, marital happiness, and divorce. The authors expected to find that perceived inequality in the division of housework causes tension between spouses that leads to decreased marital quality for both men and women. They further speculated that an unfair division of household labor might contribute to a greater likelihood of divorce. Results indicate that perceived inequity in the division of household labor is negatively associated with both husbands[#X2019] and wives[#X2019]reported marital happiness but is positively associated with the odds of divorce among wives only. Little evidence indicates that marital happiness mediates this relationship. The authors propose that unfair perceptions of the division of household labor not only decrease women[#X2019]s marital quality but also lead to role strain that makes them more likely to ...
Propagation measurements for 1.9 GHz high-gain antenna design

This paper addresses the benefits achievable with advanced base station antennas for 1.9 GHz personal communications services (PCS). High-gain antennas, multiple sub-aperture diversity combining, and adaptive array processing are all parts of the advanced antenna concept. A measurement program was carried out in urban and suburban environments to preview the performance achievable with large antennas. Results indicate that very tall narrow antenna subarrays can produce the desired high gain while minimizing the amount of beam-steering and beamforming required.
Solvation and complexation of carbenes – a perspective

Complexes of several carbenes with aryl ethers are documented by laser flash photolysis with UV-visible spectroscopic detection. The carbenes include methylchlorocarbene, benzylchlorocarbene, phenylchlorocarbene, p-nitrophenylchlorocarbene, and dichlorocarbene, whereas the complexing ligands are anisole, various methylanisoles, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzofuran, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. The carbene complexes are characterized both by spectroscopy and computation. Complexation retards the additions of the carbenes to olefins. The complexation of phenylchlorocarbene by 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene is shown to be an equilibrium process, and the pertinent thermodynamic parameters are obtained by experiment and computed from theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Rotation of Barred and Spiral Galaxies Interpreted byMethods of Hyperstereology (i.e. Extrapolation from n-to (n+1)-Dimensional Space)

“How bombastic!” will some of you have exclaimed when reading the word Hyperstereology. The prefix “Hyper” when used in mathematics, however, has a specific meaning. It designates an amplitude of at least one dimension more than an analogous structure would have in our own, three-dimensional space. A hypersurface, for example, is a manifold of n-dimensions suspended in (n + 1) dimensional space if n ≥ 3. Although known only to a minority of mathematicians, hypergeometry exists since 1843 (Cayley) and thus antedates by five years the first publications in stereology (Delesse).
A SWOT Analysis Of Competitive Knowledge From Social Media For A Small Start-Up Business

The analysis of data from social media sites can provide useful decision-making information for businesses; however, can small businesses with limited budgets and limited technical expertise compete in this new social media driven market? This study provides a proof of concept for increasing a company’s competitive knowledge through the use of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) framework model by gathering qualitative data about the use of social media from employee interviews. By increasing the competitive knowledge through evaluating the results of the SWOT analysis, this small start-up company will have a strategic plan for increasing their competitive advantage. The authors present the results of the study in the form of practical recommendations for short-term and long-term implementation. Several of the shortterm and long-term recommendations are substantiated through prior research studies. Future research could include a follow-up study of this company using a SWOT framework tool or other methodologies to indicate what social media tools and strategies provide the most beneficial competitive knowledge for a small business, and why. Additionally, comparing the results from this study with a similar study of a different small start-up business could lead to the design of a model for other small businesses trying to increase their competitive knowledge through the effective use of social media.
Does Social Security Affect Women's Retirement Decisions?

This paper estimates a model of the retirement decision of women using data from the RAND version of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). In light of the changing nature of women’s labor force participation, earnings, and marital status over the past few decades, a greater proportion of women face retirement decisions than in the past. Furthermore, due to the rise in women’s earnings, they are eligible to receive larger Social Security benefits. This paper tests the hypothesis that Social Security plays a nontrivial role in women’s retirement decisions. The results indicate that eligibility to receive Social Security benefits significantly affects women’s retirement decisions. The findings also suggest that the level of Social Security benefits significantly impacts women’s retirement decisions. However, the negative coefficient on Social Security benefits is likely driven by the link between earnings and benefits. The relationship between Social Security eligibility and a women’s probability of retirement suggests that an increase in the early retirement age will cause women to remain in the labor force longer and will delay their collection of Social Security benefits. Further analysis providing greater distinction between earnings and Social Security benefits is needed before policy implications can be drawn regarding the effect of Social Security benefit levels on women’s retirement decisions. Rachel Greszler Public Policy Institute Georgetown University Washington, DC 20007 reu2@georgetown.edu
Clinical Trial Assessment of Infrastructure Matrix Tool to Improve the Quality of Research Conduct in the Community.

QUESTION ASKED:Is there a tool for sites engaged in cancer clinical research to use to assess their infrastructure and improve their research conduct toward exemplary levels of performance beyond the standard of Good Clinical Practice (GCP)?SUMMARY ANSWER:The NCI Community Cancer Center Program (NCCCP) sites, with NCI Clinical Trial advisor input, created a “Clinical Trials Best Practice Matrix” self-assessment tool to assess research infrastructure. The tool identified nine attributes (eg, physician engagement in clinical trials, accrual activity, clinical trial portfolio diversity), each with three progressive levels (I – III) for sites to score infrastructural elements from less (I) to more (III) exemplary. For example, a level-one site might have active Phase III treatment trials in two to three disease sites and review their portfolio diversity once a year, whereas a level-three site has active Phase II and also Phase I or I/II trials across five or more disease sites and reviews their portfolio quar...
Fundamental Aspects of Thixotropy in Soils

Thixotropic phenomena and previous investigations on behavior of thixotropic systems are summarized; hypothesis for thixotropic behavior based on initial nonequilibrium of interparticle forces after remolding or compaction, and effects of nonequilibrium on subsequent structure changes within soil, is offered as possible explanation of phenomenon; thixotropic strength increases warrant consideration in design. (31 refs.)
The Vitamin E Antioxidant Cycle in Health and Disease

Vitamin E is the major chain breaking antioxidant in membranes and is present in extremely low concentrations. Nevertheless it is very efficient in protection against lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E is actually a very dynamic molecule tied in intimately with the cells’ metabolism and is involved in a series of antioxidant cycles. This occurs through the interactions between water- and lipid- soluble substances; by non-enzymatic and enzymatic mechanisms, which regenerate vitamin E from its radical (tocopheroxyl- or tocotrienoxyl-) form back to the initial biological antioxidant form. Under conditions where these auxiliary systems act synergistically to keep the steady state concentration of vitamin E radicals low, the loss or consumption of vitamin E is prevented. These provide efficient mechanisms for regeneration of vitamin E in membranes and low density lipoproteins (LDL). This lies at the heart of its effectiveness as a biological antioxidant. Vitamin E slows the course of degenerative diseases, and is useful for antioxidant protection in therapy in acute clinical conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury or protection of tissues against the toxicity generated by redox cycling drugs (e.g. Doxorubicin) used to treat infections or to target tumors where the side effects on healthy tissues can be minimized by higher levels of vitamin E in the diet.
Fidelity of Intervention of English/Language Arts Elementary Curriculum for Gifted Students: An Exploratory Investigation in Different Service Delivery Models.

Recent research has shown that implementation of innovative programs at the classroom level continues to be a major challenge. The purpose of this study was to examine the types of modifications made during implementation of two curriculum units in two different setting types (i.e., self-contained, pull-out) to identify areas that should be considered when developing curriculum for gifted learners served through various service delivery models. Following two cohorts of third-grade teachers implementing two language arts units, results indicate that teachers made choices to modify the curricula in detrimental ways more often than in productive ways, with pull-out classroom teachers making more negative modifications. Findings of the study suggest that modifying curriculum appears to be inevitable. To utilize research-based curriculum in educational settings, teachers should be provided knowledge about how to modify the curriculum for their setting to not detract from the intended learning goals, as well as...
NC-01ATTENTIONAL AND LANGUAGE FUNCTIONING IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH GLIOMA: A VOXEL-BASED LESION-SYMPTOM MAPPING STUDY

OBJECTIVE: We statistically examined the relationship between lesion presence and neurocognitive performance on tasks of attention and language on a voxel-by-voxel basis in adult brain tumor patients using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM). VLSM is an innovative technique that has primarily been used in studies of stroke patients. METHODS: 98 right-handed adult patients with glioma were administered a neuropsychological battery comprised of 10 tasks: Digit Span Forward & Backward from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Verbal Fluency (FAS, Animals), Woodcock-Johnson III Word Attack, and subtests of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination: Boston Naming Test, Complex Ideational Material, Commands, Responsive Naming, and Reading Sentences & Paragraphs. T2-weighted images were registered to a T1-weighted MNI atlas and the tumor region was contoured using a semi-automated thresholding technique. For a voxel, a general linear model was run to determine the relationship between cognitive performance and lesion presence, with medical and demographic characteristics specified as covariates. This analysis was repeated for each voxel with each subtest. Suprathreshold cluster-based analysis was used to correct for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: VLSM analysis identified several clusters of voxels with a significant relationship (p < .05) between lesion presence and neurocognitive performance on tasks of attention and language, and these significant clusters were depicted on high resolution statistical maps (1 mm3). Three composite maps were then generated, identifying the key anatomic structures involved in the attention/working memory cognitive domain (primarily frontal regions including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), the expressive language cognitive domain (primarily lateral temporal regions), and the receptive language cognitive domain (primarily lateral and mesial temporal regions along with auditory cortex). CONCLUSION: These findings identify some of the key anatomic structures involved in attentional and language functioning in adult patients with glioma using an innovative lesion analysis technique.
Effect of Fusarium tricinctum on Growth of Soybean and a Molecular-based Method of Identification

Chitrampalam, P., and Nelson, B. D., Jr. 2014. Effect of Fusarium tricinctum on growth of soybean and a molecular-based method of identification. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-RS-14-0014 Infection of soybean seedlings by Fusarium tricinctum and effects of isolates on growth and yield were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments in Fargo, North Dakota. Twenty one isolates from soybean roots collected in the field-infected cortical root tissue of soybean seedlings within 40 h at 23°C. In two field experiments conducted in 2012 and 2013, selected isolates significantly reduced emergence by 38 to 59% at three weeks after planting compared with noninoculated control. In 2013, isolates 91-1-8 and 91-319-3 significantly reduced plant height, number of plants with trifoliate leaves, and root biomass, but the reduction was significantly greater with isolate 91-1-8. Percent yield reduction with isolate 91-1-8 was significantly higher (90%) than with isolate 91-319-3 (31%) compared with noninoculated control. Primers specific for F. tricinctum were developed, and the presence of the pathogen in roots was verified in PCR. The problems associated with identification of F. tricinctum are discussed and a method for verifying identification of this species is suggested to aid identification of this pathogen from field samples. Results indicate F. tricinctum may have an important role in soybean root health in the northern soybean production area.
On the Resistance of Neurospora Crassa

Material from Colonia Palmarito, Central Trinidad, Santa Clara Province, Cuba, after being kept dried for nearly three years was revived, cultured and studied under laboratory conditions.The materi...
A Redescription of the Male of Siteroptes Reniformis Krantz 1957 with Notes on the Family Pyemotidae (Acarina)

The male of Siteroptes reniformis is redescribed from type material. Key generic characters used by earlier authors for the Pyemotidae are discussed and revised, and a key is given to all genera of the family except Phthiroides.
College Students’ Perceptions of Similarity in Children's Play Activities

While much is known regarding children's preferences for different types of play activities, relatively little is known regarding similarities and differences among the activities. In the present study, 33 undergraduate college students (19 women, 14 men) were recruited from the University subjects pool. They were given a list of 20 common children's activities, selected from norms reported by Sunon-Smith and Rosenberg (1961). Instructions indicated that subjects were to sort the activities into categories, putting activities that were "the same in some way" into the same category. Following the procedure described by Miller (1969), data were pooled across subjects to produce a 20 X 20 similarity matrix. This matrix was then subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis using the iterated correlation technique of Breiger, Boorman, and Arabie (1975). Convergence was achieved after five iterations, with a criterion of .90, resulting in two clusters: A (bicycle riding, jumping rope, basketball, swimming, football, hopscotch, baseball, roller skating, cops and robbers, snowball throwing, hide and seek. tag, cowboys) and B (rooking, dolls, cards, marbles, checkers, jacks, bingo). Cluster A was in turn analyzed; convergence was achieved after six iterations, with a criterion of .go, resulting in two subclustets: A1 (bicyde riding through roller skating above), and A? (cops and robbers through cowboys). Analysis of Cluster B was less informative: convergence was achieved after two iterations, with a criterion of .90, but subcluster B1 consisted only of cooking, and B2 contained ail other activities comprising B. Results using Johnson's (1967) hierarchical clustering procedure were judged comparable. While labels appropriate for clusters necessarily reflect the invesr~gator's intuition, college students perceive three basic categories of play activities: those ~nvolving physical exertion (cluster A1), those involving one child chasing another (cluster An), and sedentary games (cluster B) . Although Miller's ( 1969) sorting technique is best known in the context of semantic structure. it appears to have great potential for study of extra-linguistic domains as well.
MR spectroscopy in children: protocols and pitfalls in non-tumorous brain pathology

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) delivers information about cell content and metabolism in a noninvasive manner. The diagnostic strength of MRS lies in its evaluation of pathologies in combination with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRS in children has been most widely used to evaluate brain conditions like tumors, infections, metabolic diseases or learning disabilities and especially in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. This article reviews some basic theoretical considerations, routine procedures, protocols and pitfalls and will illustrate the range of spectrum alterations occurring in some non-tumorous pediatric brain pathologies.
Chemotactic responses by macrophages to a directional source of a cytokine delivered by a micropipette

Macrophages, which are organized throughout every tissue, represent a key component of the immune system and the recruitment of macrophages to specific sites is important in normal host defense. However, when inappropriately recruited macrophages may damage or destroy healthy tissue; this is seen in several autoimmune diseases such as arthritis. Many cytokines, including CSF-1 and chemokines, are often upregulated in inflamed tissues and can induce the directional migration of macrophages towards the highest concentration of the cytokine in a process called chemotaxis. Chemokines were first described as chemoattractant cytokines synthesized at sites of inflammation that stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes and mediate inflammation. Whereas specific receptors for chemoattractants reside over the entire cell surface, macrophages can detect very shallow chemotactic gradients leading to spatially defined responses to the chemoattractant such as the extension of directed protrusions leading to cell migration. In this chapter we describe a method for the localized delivery of chemoattractants via a micropipette needle to macrophages in culture followed by methods for imaging and an outline of quantifying macrophage responses.
Children with chronic asthma: care by the generalist and the specialist.

The author outlines a system in which pediatricians, working in cooperation with the specialist and the family of the ill child, can improve and fine-tune their approach to the management of chronic asthma and give greater attention to the holistic management of the child.
Comparative Study of Pollen Sources of Honeybees and Bumble Bees

SUMMARYThe pollens collected by 12 colonies of honeybees and 9 of bumble bees in southern Wisconsin were studied in July and August. The major sources for honeybees were, in descending order, corn, red clover, sweet clover, white clover and Brassica; those for bumble bees were red clover and alfalfa.
We Are All Animals/We Are Not Animals

Impassioned disputes over the animal practices of racialized others open a window onto the synergistic workings of the taxonomies of race and species in the contemporary United States. Historically conjoined, the two logics continue to sustain and energize one another in the joint project of producing the human and the subhuman, not-human, less than human – with all of the entailments of moral considerability, physical vulnerability, and grievability that follow. The live animal market, whaling, and dogfighting conflicts discussed here appear at first glance to be zero-sum games, compelling us to choose between the interests and needs of racialized humans and the interests and needs of nonhuman animals. But this is a false choice, I have argued. In fact, the ultimate fates of these two groups of beings are irretrievably caught up together in the skein of power that traverses and binds the taxonomies of race and species. In 2005, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched a traveling exhibit entitled Animal Liberation Project: We Are All Animals. Following on the heels of an earlier PETA exhibit that had likened modern industrial farming to the Holocaust, this one featured oversized panels juxtaposing images of the violence done to animals in industrial farming, scientific research, and the circus with the violence done to marginalized human others (slaves, lynching victims, subjects of the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, displaced Native Americans, force-fed suffragettes, and more) throughout U.S. history. Reactions were quick and fierce across the board, with Black civil rights leaders and the mainstream media alike excoriating the exhibit as racist, offensive, and outrageous (Kim 2011). In an official apology, PETA’s president Ingrid Newkirk argued that the exhibit did not use the association of animals and nonwhites to denigrate the latter, but rather to uplift animals. The point of the exhibit, she claimed, was to expose the “might makes right” thinking underlying both types of oppression and to show how both groups have been seen as “deficient and thus disposable” (Newkirk 2005). As criticism persisted, Newkirk shut down the traveling exhibit but placed a virtual version of it on the organization’s Web site, where it has gone through various iterations in the years since.
Analyzing Linear Programs

Dozens of different computer packages can be used to compute optimal solutions to linear programs. From this chapter, you will learn how to make effective use of these packages.
Imaging of in vitro parenteral drug precipitation

Solid particulate matter introduced into the bloodstream as a result of parenteral drug administration can produce serious pathological conditions. Particulate matter that cannot be eliminated by pre-infusion filtration is often the result of drug precipitation that occurs when certain parenteral formulations are mixed with blood. A new device is designed to model the mixing of drug formulations with flowing blood utilizing a uniquely designed flow cell and a CCD camera to view the formulation as it is mixed with a blood surrogate in real time. The performance of the proposed device is measured using 3 commercially available parenteral formulations previously tested using a validated in vitro model.
High Resolution Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction of YBa2Cu3O7−x

Experimental high resolution electron micrographs and computer simulation experiments have been used to evaluate the visibility of the atomic constituents of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x . In practice, the detection of oxygen has not been possible in contradiction to that predicted by modelling of perfect crystalline material. Preliminary computer experiments of the electron diffraction patterns when oxygen vacancies are introduced on the Cu-O sheets separating Ba layers show the diffuse streaks characteristic of short range ordering.
Spiking Neural Network with 256 × 256 PCM Array

Spiking neural network has potential to provide power efficiency and additional functionality compared to conventional artificial neural network (ANN) due to its distinctive features such as spike representation and computation capability using time. The incompatibility of spiking neural network (SNN) to conventional von Neumann computing architecture necessitates development of novel computing architecture for spiking neural network. Neuromorphic computing architecture with nonvolatile memory devices storing synaptic weights can lead to area- and power-efficient hardware implementation for spiking neural network. We will discuss one such neuromorphic chip implementation which has 256 on-chip neuron circuits and 64 k PCM synaptic cells with on-chip learning capability. The two-transistor one-resistor synaptic unit cell structure enables each synaptic cell in the array to operate in asynchronous and parallel fashion, which facilitates scaling up to a larger neural network.
Mental Chronometry in Officer Involved Shootings

Mental chronometry or the examination of the time it takes a human to perceive and react to a stimulus has been studied by researchers for more than a century The reaction time to commence and cease shooting a firearm varies to some extent by individual and is impacted by internal psychological and physiological aspects of the person and by external environmental factors Public safety officers and others such as combat deployable military personnel must be cognizant of the factors affecting high stakes decision making and reactionary threat response This extends to the design of training programs the development of comprehensive policy regarding force usage and defensive tactics and the necessary knowledge for after action investigation of such events While the psychological literature is robust on the issue of attention and mental chronometry public safety trainers and the curriculums in law enforcement recruit academies have not adequately expanded topics to explain the relevance for law enforcement officers Because of this gap within the criminal justice literature the paper does not focus solely on previous research evidence
Tuberculin Skin Test Conversions and Occupational Exposure Risk in US Healthcare Workers

Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) undergo occupational tuberculosis screening at regular intervals. However, the risk of contracting tuberculosis at the workplace in a setting with a low background tuberculosis incidence is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the risk of tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion and the risk of occupational tuberculosis infection among HCWs in such a setting. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of employees of a large tertiary medical center in the US Midwest who had undergone TST screening during the study period 1 January 1998 to 31 May 2014. Results Among 40142 HCWs who received a TST, only 123 converted over 16.4 years. Only 9 (7%) of the converters had a suspected tuberculosis exposure at the workplace and none developed active tuberculosis. The majority of TST converters (66%) had a negative QuantiFERON-TB test at the time of the conversion. Conclusions In one of the largest cohorts of HCWs in a low-tuberculosis-incidence setting, we demonstrated an extremely low risk of occupational tuberculosis exposure among TST converters and no resulting active tuberculosis cases. In this setting, the approach of testing HCWs at baseline and after tuberculosis exposure, rather than at regular intervals, should be considered.
LEVANTADO DO CHÃO: O ROMANCE COMO RECUPERAÇÃO DA HISTÓRIA / RAISED FROM THE GROUND: NOVEL FICTION AS HISTORY

RESUMO: Este ensaio analisa as implicacoes historicas do primeiro grande romance de Jose Saramago, Levantado do Chao . Muito embora tenha publicado livros ate pouco tempo, parece importante, diante do panorama atual, reavaliar as criticas desenvolvidas nesta e a partir desta narrativa ficcional. Para tanto, valho-me tambem de outras obras do autor, bem como de Verissimo e Garcia Marquez, sem descurar do carater original que a historia portuguesa assume aqui. Propoe-se uma discussao sobre a representacao do sujeito e a revisao de temas como discurso hegemonico, identidade, justica e disparidade social, na busca de liberdade de expressao e da reavaliacao de uma parcela da historia portuguesa.