cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHILDREN, EDUCATION AND RECONCILIATION

This paper examines truth and reconciliation commissions that have made reference to a longer-term role for education in coming to terms with the past and contributing towards future reconciliation. The countries reviewed are Guatemala, Liberia, Peru, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Timor-Leste. Some have developed strategies for children‟s participation and made recommendations for inclusion in the formal school curriculum. However, recommendations regarding a role for education have usually been very general in nature, with little specification of what is expected of educators in practical terms and little follow-through by education authorities. The paper therefore identifies a number of challenges if education is to have a role in truth and reconciliation. It also identifies potential areas for educational development and recommendations for future actions.
Metal slot waveguide with silicon for deep subwavelength confinement and on-chip integration

We demonstrate a low loss metal slot waveguide of deep subwavelength confinement (~lambda/10) and efficient coupling with standard silicon wire waveguides for on chip integration.
AAC: Bonding the Uncertain Mosaic

(1993). AAC: bonding the uncertain mosaic. Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-9.
Performance evaluation of exception handling in I/O libraries

Lack of data quantifying the performance cost of implementing good exception handling often causes developers to skimp on exception handling based on its overestimated perceived cost. In an effort to remedy this problem we provide performance data on the cost of building good exception handling into software. We use the Safe Fast IO library as a basis for this study. SFIO improves robustness by a factor of 3 to 10 over STDIO without sacrificing performance. We were able to improve the robustness of the critical SFIO functions by another factor of 5, thus quantifying and reducing robustness failure rates by a factor of up to 70 from standard I/O functions, with an average performance penalty of 1% as measured by the original SFIO benchmark scheme. Future processor architecture improvements will further improve checking speed, essentially eliminating performance as an obstacle to improving software robustness.
Hyponatremia and cerebrovascular spasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background: Hyponatremia develops in approximately a third of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Studies have been conflicting about the association between hyponatremia and cerebrovascular spasm (CVS). Aims: To investigate whether hyponatremia can signal the onset of CVS. Settings and Design: Retrospective chart review of all patients with SAH treated at a tertiary-care university hospital from January to May 2002. Materials and Methods: 106 patients were included in the study. Serum sodium levels were recorded from days 1 to 14 of hospitalization. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium level 4 meq/l from the admission sodium level. The presence of CVS was determined by transcranial doppler sonography. Patients were assigned to one of four groups based on the presence or absence of CVS and hyponatremia. Statistical Analysis: Student's t-test was used for comparison of means. A logistical regression model was constructed and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results: 41 patients developed hyponatremia and 44 developed CVS. Among the 41 with hyponatremia, 22 (54%) had evidence of CVS, whereas among the 65 patients without hyponatremia, 22 (34%) had evidence of CVS ( P =0.023). Among those with hyponatremia, the mean sodium drop was 7.9 meq/L in those with CVS compared to 7.0 meq/L in those without CVS ( P = 0.068). More than half of those with hyponatremia and CVS (13/22) developed hyponatremia at least a day before CVS was diagnosed. Conclusion: In patients with SAH, hyponatremia is associated with a significantly greater risk of developing CVS and may precede CVS by at least one day.
Superinfection exclusion by P22 prophage in lysogens of Salmonella typhimurium: II. Genetic evidence for two exclusion systems

Abstract Mutants of the Salmonella phage P22 which, as prophages, do not prevent the growth of superinfecting virulent P22 phage were isolated. These mutants, called sieA− retain some ability to exclude the heteroimmune phages L and MG178. Prophages carrying mutations at another locus, sieB, lose entirely the ability to exclude the heteroimmune phages. The sie− mutants of Rao (1968) were shown to be sieA−-sieB− double mutants. The sieA and sieB loci are located on the P22 genetic map near the immI and immC regions. The exclusion properties of sieA and sieB alleles are independent of the immunity specificity of the prophage. The A exclusion system (defined by sieA− mutants) appears to be nonspecific and excludes phages P22, MG178, or L. The A exclusion system is entirely responsible for the exclusion of generalized transducing particles by P22 lysogens. The B system, on the other hand, acts only on the heteroimmune phages. The two exclusion systems appear to act independently.
A New Definition Of A Business Model

This paper discusses the lack of agreement on the definition of a business model which is a recent addition to management literature since the dot com era. An abbreviated literature review was discussed that emphasizes the different perspectives of business model definitions. There are categories such as auction, subscription, or advertising business models which describe the processes between a buyer and seller (Rappa, 2005). Business models have also been defined in the literature as a system with components (Afuah&Tucci, 2001) or a method to make money (Weill&Vitale 2001). They have also been categorized as business to business models or business to consumer models (Haag, 2004) This author has developed a new definition of a business model that focuses on the transaction between the buyer and seller, regardless of whether it is a traditional transaction, an electronic transaction or the type of transaction. The paper has provided six comparisons of the difference between a traditional transaction between a buyer and a seller and an electronic transaction between a buyer and a seller. The direct comparisons of traditional and e-commerce business models illustrate the major component of a business model—the transaction that occurs between the seller and buyer and that the transaction must be included in the definition of a business model.
Using the IPython notebook as the computing platform for signals and systems courses

The use of open-source Python as opposed to traditional computing platforms such MATLAB, Mathematica, and C/C++, is becoming more and more noticeable as all forms of opensource software develop. The Python user community itself is very vibrant, but what really stands out for those of us in signals and systems, is what is happening in the numerical computing side of Python. This paper will describe how in particular, the IPython notebook can be used as an analysis and simulation tool for teaching signals and systems courses. Specific code modules have been developed to augment existing Python code contained in the scipy.signal module. Case studies will be used to demonstrate the capabilities of the IPython notebook to augment lecture material with live calculations and simulations. Additionally, examples of how the IPython notebook has been successfully used by students for homework problems, computer projects and lab reports will be illustrated. Both student and industry team members in subcontract work, have responded favorably to the use of Python as an engineering problem solving platform.
Accumulation of tectonic strain in California

The shear-strain accumulation in five tectonically-active areas of California has been calculated from triangulation data supplied by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Three of the areas lie along active sections of the San Andreas fault. Near Hollister, no appreciable strain accumulation was detected for the period 1930 to 1962. The movement of the fault blocks there appears to be accommodated by slip on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults. Near Cholame, the only appreciable accumulation of shear strain in the period 1932 to 1962 appears to be associated directly with slip on the San Andreas north of Cholame, slip which probably occurred during the 1934 Parkfield earthquake. Significant strain accumulation was confined to a zone centered on the San Andreas fault and extending 10 km on either side. Some of this strain was released in the 1966 Parkfield earthquake. In Imperial Valley, an average accumulation of γ = 0.4 μstrain per year right-lateral (referred to vertical planes parallel to the Imperial fault) shear strain extends over a zone perhaps 100 km wide centered on the Imperial fault. It appears that this shear pattern may be resolved into two zones of shear, one concentrated near the Imperial fault and the other near the San Andreas fault. No appreciable shear-strain accumulation was detected in the two areas that do not lie on the San Andreas fault—Santa Barbara channel for the period 1880 to 1923 and Owens Valley for the period 1934 to 1956.
New Japanese-Style Management in a Changing Era

Even as interest in defining and employing characteristic Japanese management techniques has grown, the changing Japanese economy and international business environment are requiring significant changes. In this article, the causes and new directions of these changes are explored.
Emerging Industry Issues and Trends Influencing the Branding of Media Content

Rarely can one media firm possess a piece of equipment, computer software, organizational structure, business model or distribution platform that cannot be copied by rivals. On the other hand, exclusive and legally protected branded content is far more likely to offer a genuine competitive advantage. This chapter looks at emerging trends and issues influencing the branding of media content from an industry perspective. Using the overlapping lenses of technology, economics and regulation, the chapter consolidates hundreds of contemporary industry trade articles published in the U.S into a parsimonious “literature review” of basic themes. The work concludes with a recommendation that academics routinely study industry trade articles as a means to keep their research and teaching agendas relevant to the real world of media brand management.
Three New Genera and Species of Hermit Crabs (Crustacea: Anomura: Paguridae) from Hawaii

ABSTRACT Three new genera and species of very small hermit crabs, Pygmaeopagurus hadrochirus, Micropagurus devaneyi, and Nanopagurus reesei, are described and illustrated. These are the first shallow-water genera with male sexual tubes to be reported from the Hawaiian Islands.
Development and Application of Cardiotomy Suction Relief Valve

OBJECTIVE In order to reduce the damage of negative pressure from cardiotomy suction on red blood cell and endocardium during extracorporeal circulation(ECC),we developed a cardiotomy suction relief valve and applied clinically.METHODS Sixty children suffering from ventricular septal defect were randomly divided into decompression group and control group,and each group included thirty cases.Cardiotomy suction relief valve was applied in decompression group and not in control group during ECC.Cardiotomy suction negtive pressure was determined by vacuo meter during ECC.Free hemoglobin concentration in plasma,hematocrit,hemoglobin and red blood cell count were determined at ten minute and one hour after bypass.Pathology of right atrium endocardium was also observed.RESULTS Free hemoglobin concentration in plasma was significantly higher in control group than that in decompression group at one hour after bypass.There was no significant difference in hematocrit,hemoglobin and red blood cell count between two groups at both ten minute and one hour after bypass.In addition,endocardium damage was found in control group,and was not found in decompression group during bypass.CONCLUSION Application of cardiotomy suction relief valve reduces the negative pressure of cardiotomy suction,consequently prevents endocardium and red blood cell from hematoclasis and endocardium damage.
Optimal $$L_2$$L2-norm empirical importance weights for the change of probability measure

This work proposes an optimization formulation to determine a set of empirical importance weights to achieve a change of probability measure. The objective is to estimate statistics from a target distribution using random samples generated from a (different) proposal distribution. This work considers the specific case in which the proposal distribution from which the random samples are generated is unknown; that is, we have available the samples but no explicit description of their underlying distribution. In this setting, the Radon---Nikodym theorem provides a valid but indeterminable solution to the task, since the distribution from which the random samples are generated is inaccessible. The proposed approach employs the well-defined and determinable empirical distribution function associated with the available samples. The core idea is to compute importance weights associated with the random samples, such that the distance between the weighted proposal empirical distribution function and the desired target distribution function is minimized. The distance metric selected for this work is the $$L_2$$L2-norm and the importance weights are constrained to define a probability measure. The resulting optimization problem is shown to be a single linear equality and box-constrained quadratic program. This problem can be solved efficiently using optimization algorithms that scale well to high dimensions. Under some conditions restricting the class of distribution functions, the solution of the optimization problem is shown to result in a weighted proposal empirical distribution function that converges to the target distribution function in the $$L_1$$L1-norm, as the number of samples tends to infinity. Results on a variety of test cases show that the proposed approach performs well in comparison with other well-known approaches.
Risk Assessment: Arid and Semiarid Lands Perspective

The water crisis facing the Western U.S. may be as serious, if not more so, than the energy crisis, because water is critical and limiting to any further growth and development in our western and Great Plains drylands.
Profiling the New Flagship Model

What are the contemporary characteristics, values, and practices of a group of institutions we can identify as Flagship Universities? This chapter provides an initial profile of the model, framed by the tripartite mission of research-intensive universities: teaching and learning, research and knowledge production, and public service.1
Pierre Manent and the Politics of the Possible

ABSTRACTPierre Manent's recent works are marked by what he describes as a sense of realistic political possibility, which he uses to form a political response to the challenge of Islamic radicalism. Manent's “politics of the possible” differs from the usual alternatives that propose to integrate Islamic communities on liberal-individualist terms, or to repatriate Islamic immigrants to their countries of origin. Neither of those alternatives involves “politics” in the sense of articulating a political form within the polity given to us—a polity that now includes a sizable antiliberal minority. Manent's proposal to incorporate Muslim communities formally into the French polity by way of a certain social contract is thus a “politics of the possible” even if it is unlikely to be pursued. This article outlines Manent's account of political possibility and discusses two difficulties with his approach. First, the modern state's success and account of its legitimacy have distanced it from the foundational experie...
Anticoagulation Management in Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation

Catheter ablation procedures carry both thrombotic and hemorrhagic risks that must be balanced in the periprocedural anticoagulant plan. Anticoagulation intensity should be reduced at the time of procedure, but maintained therapeutically before and after procedure to minimize risks.
Efficient Distributed All-Pairs Algorithms: Management Using Optimal Cyclic Quorums

All Pairs problems occur in many research fields. The all-pairs problem requires all data elements to be paired with all other data elements. With the advent of new data intensive big data applications and increase in data size, methods to reduce memory foot print and distribute to work equally across compute nodes are needed. In this paper, we propose cyclic quorum sets for all-pairs algorithm computations to reduce memory foot print. We show that the cyclic quorum sets have a unique all-pairs property that allows for minimal data replication. The cyclic quorums set based computing requires only $N/\sqrt{P}$ size memory, up to 50 percent smaller than the dual $N/\sqrt{P}$ array implementations proposed earlier, and significantly smaller than solutions requiring all data in each node. Computation can be distributed efficiently and more importantly and are communication-less after initial data distribution, which is a huge advantage in minimizing computation time. Scaling from 16 to 512 cores (1 to 32 compute nodes), our application experiments on a real dataset demonstrated scalability with greater than 150x (super-linear) speedup with less than 1/4th the memory usage per node in our experiments.
Cutting Through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech

The case examines the scope, history, and scale of the fintech industry, while also defining what fintech may be…and what it is not. The protagonist, management consultant Carolina Costa, is tasked to advise a client bank executive regarding alternative paths into fintech that he could choose. The material includes an overview of the fintech market, including analysis of entrants from start-up incubators, banks, and technology companies. The case figures and exhibits provide data to allow students to analyze the current market saturation and consumer needs in regard to fintech products. This case was designed for a second-year MBA elective course on financial institutions and markets but can also be taught in a first-year module on banking and financial institutions/financial landscape or as an opener to a core financial management course on strategic options, investment strategy, and value creation. Excerpt UVA-F-1767 Rev. Jul. 7, 2017 Cutting through the Fog: Finding a Future with Fintech Then comes a strange moment, the sort of thing that happens often at Microsoft, which seemingly within moments turns disaster into salvation. Talk has turned to broader trends in banking. Where's it going, what's in it for us? Banks are dinosaurs, says Gates. We can “bypass” them. The Raptor is unhappy with an alliance involving a big bank-card company. “Too slow.” Instead he proposes a deal with a small—and more easily controllable—check-clearing outfit. “Why don't we buy them?” Gates asks, thinking bigger. It occurs to him that people banking from home will cut checks using Microsoft's software. Microsoft can then push all those transactions through its new affiliate, taking a fee on every one. Abruptly, Gates sheds his disappointment with Money. He's caught up in a vision of Microsoft at the center of the “transformation of the world financial system.” It's a “pot of gold,” he declares, pounding the conference table with his fists, triumphant and hungry and wired. “Get me into that and goddamn, we'll make so much money!” Carolina Costa was a consultant at Florida Optimum Group (FOG), which, funnily enough, aimed to “help our clients cut through the fog.” She was working on engagement, advising a large global bank. The weather had turned and after leaving the client's office at 7:00 p.m., Costa was able to enjoy a walk to both clear her head and synthesize her thoughts. To many, fintech was still a buzzword with foggy definitions and an unclear path forward. Luckily, Costa had caught the itch to learn more about fintech during the second year of her MBA at a major business school. She had been asked to lead a team to advise Alex Linger-Turpin, a senior managing director, on the strategic path that the bank should take in the wake of fintech growth. . . .
Low carbohydrate diets may increase risk of neural tube defects

BACKGROUND Folic acid fortification significantly reduced the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the United States. The popularity of "low carb" diets raises concern that women who intentionally avoid carbohydrates, thereby consuming fewer fortified foods, may not have adequate dietary intake of folic acid. METHODS To assess the association between carbohydrate intake and NTDs, we analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study from 1,740 mothers of infants, stillbirths, and terminations with anencephaly or spina bifida (cases), and 9,545 mothers of live born infants without a birth defect (controls) conceived between 1998 and 2011. Carbohydrate and folic acid intake before conception were estimated from food frequency questionnaire responses. Restricted carbohydrate intake was defined as ≤5th percentile among controls. Odds ratios were estimated with logistic regression and adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, alcohol use, folic acid supplement use, study center, and caloric intake. RESULTS Mean dietary intake of folic acid among women with restricted carbohydrate intake was less than half that of other women (p < .01), and women with restricted carbohydrate intake were slightly more likely to have an infant with an NTD (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.67). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the association between carbohydrate intake and NTDs among pregnancies conceived postfortification. We found that women with restricted carbohydrate intake were 30% more likely to have an infant with anencephaly or spina bifida. However, more research is needed to understand the pathways by which restricted carbohydrate intake might increase the risk of NTDs.
Behavioral Treatment of Feeding Disorders in Children

Behavioral feeding problems in children are defined as those disorders which lead to the lack of ingestion of a nutritionally or developmentally appropriate diet in children who are not prevented from eating for medical reasons. Onset of the problems usually occurs between 6 months and 5 years of age, with many problems traced to the 6- to 24- month time period. Feeding problems can occur in the normally developing child, but are often found in children with known medical conditions or in the developmentally disabled population. Feeding problems in children can be some of the most troublesome to parents as their ability to feed their child and to have him or her grow normally is used as an index of their effectiveness as parents. Due to the absence of a standard classification system for childhood feeding disorders, incidence and prevalence rates very widely. The prevalence of feeding disorders has been estimated as high as 25% to 35% in younger children (Palmer & Horn, 1978). Dahl (1987) suggests that 1% to 2% of infants and children have eating problems severe enough to result in impaired growth. Surveying a nonclinical sample of 413 parents of infants and toddlers in regard to behavioral problems, O’Brien (1996) found that mealtime difficulties was rated 8th on a list of 20 daily hassles encountered in parenting, and Refusing to Eat Food, an item on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, was endorsed by nearly 33% of parents responding to the survey. In the same sample, when asked about their needs, 35% indicated a need for further information about nutrition and feeding, and 60% needed additional information about behavior problems. These data, from a nonclinical sample, suggest that feeding problems are common and that parents are in need of information about nutrition and feeding practices and about behavioral problems in general.
A Query-Level Examination of End User Searching Behaviour on the Excite Search Engine

This study presents an analysis of selected characteristics of a large set of queries submitted by end users to the Excite search service. Characteristics examined include the frequency distribution of queries, browsing persistence at the query level based on query size, and browsing persistence at the session level based on query session length. Findings reveal that users submit largely unique queries and engage in similar, non-persistent browsing habits. Users are not browsing much beyond the first one or two pages of results regardless of the effort they put into their queries or the number of queries submitted during a search session.
INTRODUCTION TO FOOD SCIENCE

This chapter discusses the relationships between chemical and physical properties of food. Water is a dispersion medium in foods. Fat is also a dispersion medium in water-in-oil emulsions. The dispersed particles in a colloidal dispersion are large. The particles are not large enough to be observed with an optical microscope as they are in suspensions. Destabilization is the removal of the stabilizing factor and consequent aggregation into particles of larger than colloidal dimensions. Colloidal dispersions stabilized by hydration are destabilized by the competitive removal of the water layer. Proteins represent a major group of colloids in food. The acidity of foods or of the medium in which they are cooked also has an important effect on certain qualities of the product. Enzyme activity in foods is important from the standpoint of the enzymes present in plant and animal tissues used as food and the enzymes added during food processing. Browning, which is a common occurrence in food, is undesirable in some cases and is desirable in others. Food preparation and food processing involve energy in many ways. Energy in the form of heat is transferred into and out of food in heating and cooling, respectively.
Role of food and nutrition in the health perceptions of young children.

Sixty healthy children, 4 to 7 years of age, were interviewed to evaluate their health perceptions in general and to determine the degree to which they included food and eating behavior in their perceptions. Individual interviews with children incorporated both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Concept maps were used to analyze interview transcripts. The pretest/posttest experimental design randomly assigned children to experimental and control groups. Children in the experimental group completed a 4-week, home-based, nutrition education program to determine the feasibility of changing children’s health perceptions with an educational intervention. Pretest and posttest health perception scores were compared by analysis of covariance. Results indicated that children perceived nutrition as a meaningful concept in relation to their health perceptions at pretest, but that after program participation, children significantly increased their perception that health and nutrition were related concepts. Our findings indicate that young children are cognitively ready to learn more about food, nutrition, and health than previously thought, but closed-ended questions may not be sensitive enough to evaluate their learning at this age.
Changes in the Relationship between Marriage and Preterm Birth, 1989–2006:

Objective.Maternal marriage has historically been protective against preterm birth (PTB); however, social norms and behaviors surrounding marriage have changed over time in the United States. We an...
The Analytic Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in the United States: History, Problems, and Prospects

This paper considers the historical and current reception of Husserl’s phenomenological project within the tradition of analytic philosophy, especially in the United States. Despite the fact that both Husserlian phenomenology and the analytic tradition have centrally undertaken systematic analysis and clarification of structures of meaning or sense, the project of phenomenological analysis and reflection has never been centrally or comprehensively integrated into the most characteristic projects of the analytic tradition. This resistance owes in part to the strong elements of naturalism, conventionalism, reductionism, and realism characteristic of the projects of the analytic tradition. I argue that there remains little hope for a comprehensive rapprochement between Husserlian phenomenology and analytic philosophy that retains without significant distortion the most characteristic methods of both. Nevertheless, it is possible to envision a contemporary development of a phenomenologically informed “post-analytic” philosophy that would integrate phenomenological methods and ideas (such as the ideas of world, reflective awareness, consciousness, givenness, presence, and the “first person” perspective) to supplement the analytic project just where some of its constitutive limitations are, today, becoming most evident.
Rates and timing of subsequent amputation after initial minor amputation.

Abstract Objective Studies evaluating major amputation after initial minor amputation are few with rates of subsequent major amputation ranging from 14% to 35% with limited understanding of associated comorbidities and time to limb loss. The aim of this study is to determine the major amputation rates for patients who had already undergone an initial minor amputation and determine which factors are associated with the need for subsequent major amputation. Methods Using statewide data between 2005 and 2013, patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and combined PAD/DM who had a lower extremity ulcer and who had also undergone a minor amputation were identified. These patients were evaluated for the rate of subsequent major amputation and competing risk Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to study which factors were associated with the risk of subsequent limb loss. Results The cohort consisted of 11,597 patients (DM, n = 4254; PAD, n = 2142; PAD/DM, n = 5201) with lower extremity ulcers who underwent an initial minor amputation. The rate of any subsequent amputation was highest in patients with PAD/DM (23% vs DM = 17%, PAD = 17%; P = not statistically significant). The rate of subsequent minor amputation was 16% in the PAD/DM versus 15.2% in PAD and 12.2% in patients with DM (P Conclusions Patients with ulcers and combined PAD and DM have a higher risk for secondary major and minor amputation than patients with either disease alone with half of the limb loss occurring at approximately 1 year after the initial minor amputation. Additionally, early diagnosis and appropriate referral may result in decreased limb loss for these patients.
Multilevel Goal Model for Decision-Making in UAS Visual Inspections in Construction and Infrastructure Projects

AbstractMany studies have discussed unmanned aircraft system (UAS) applications for infrastructure conditions and construction project inspections. However, the industry currently faces significant...
Endovascular Solution to Endoleak Phenomenon After Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has quickly outpaced open treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and iliac artery aneurysms, relegating most open AAA repair for either young patients with long life expectancy or patients with extreme anatomic constraints. Typically, open repair involves opening the aneurysm sac with suture ligation of back-bleeding vessels. However, in situations where an aortobifemoral repair is performed, proximal and distal ligation can be performed leaving behind a "remnant" aorta and iliac arteries. Usually, major palpable vessels are ligated and small lumbars spontaneously thrombose. However, failure of this to occur can lead to a rare situation in which there is persistent filling of a remnant aorta and aneurysm sac leading to a situation similar to a type II endoleak after EVAR. Typically, this leak has been repaired by open ligation. We present a technique for endovascular coiling and thrombin injection to correct a "type II endoleak" from a back-bleeding lumbar artery after open aortoiliac and femoral aneurysm repair.
Sources of Organizational Failure

This chapter turns to the sources of failure and dysfunction that arise within existing organizations. If organizations were automata governed by exceptionless rules and procedures, the world we live in would be very different. All the individuals within the organization would fulfill the assignments of their roles, and the organization would function fully as designed. However, individuals are not automata, and their interests, plans, understandings, and priorities commonly diverge in various ways from the organization’s designs. The chapter considers the social realities of conflict of interest, loose coupling, principal-agent problems, and failures of communication as sources of organizational dysfunction. The chapter focuses on a key consequence of the social realities of government presented to this point: the fact that agencies and bureaucracies represent loosely-linked groups of actors who have a variety of different interests, only imperfectly subject to control by the central executive.
Integrated Cooling (i-Cool) Textile of Heat Conduction and Sweat Transportation for Personal Perspiration Management.

Perspiration evaporation plays an indispensable role in human body heat dissipation. However, conventional textiles show limited perspiration management capability in moderate/profuse perspiration scenarios, i.e. low evaporation ability, ineffective evaporative cooling effect, and resultant human body dehydration and electrolyte disorder. Here, we propose a novel concept of integrated cooling (i-Cool) textile of heat conduction and sweat transportation for personal perspiration management based on unique functional structure design. By integrating heat conductive pathways and water transport channels decently, this textile not only shows the capability of liquid water wicking, but also exhibits superior evaporation rate than traditional textiles. Furthermore, compared with cotton, about 2.8 $^\circ$C cooling effect causing less than one third amount of dehydration has also been demonstrated on the artificial sweating skin platform with feedback control loop simulating human body perspiration situation. Moreover, the practical application feasibility of the i-Cool textile design principles has been validated as well. Owing to its exceptional personal perspiration management performance in liquid water wicking, fast evaporation, efficient cooling effect and reduced human body dehydration/electrolyte loss, we expect this i-Cool textile provides promising design guidelines for next-generation personal perspiration management textile.
Intraoperative MRI for Adult and Pediatric Neurosurgery.

Intraoperative MRI (iMRI) technology and its use in both adult and pediatric neurosurgery have advanced significantly over the past 2 decades, allowing neurosurgeons to account for brain shift and optimize resection of brain lesions. Combining the risks of the MR environment with those of the operating room creates a challenging, zero-tolerance environment for the anesthesiologist. This article provides an overview of the currently available iMRI systems, the neurosurgical evidence supporting iMRI use, and the anesthetic and safety considerations for iMRI procedures.
Three-dimensional surface strain analyses of simulated defect and augmented spine segments: A biomechanical cadaveric study

Abstract While several studies have investigated fracture outcomes of intact vertebrae, fracture properties in metastatically-involved and augmented vertebrae are still far from understood. Consequently, this study was aimed to use 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) method to investigate the failure properties of spine segments with simulated metastatic lesions, segments augmented with poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), and compare the outcomes with intact spines. To this end, biomechanical experiments accompanied by 3D-DIC were performed on spine segments consisting of three vertebrae and two intervertebral discs (IVDs) at loading rates of 0.083 mm/s, mimicking a physiological loading condition, and 200 mm/s, mimicking an impact-type loading condition such as a fall or an accident. Full-field surface strain analysis indicated PPF augmentation reduces the superior/inferior strain when compared with the defect specimens; Presence of a defect in the middle vertebra resulted in shear band fracture pattern. Failure of the superior endplates was confirmed in several defect specimens as the superior IVDs were protruding out of defects. The augmenting PPF showed lower superior/inferior surface strain values at the fast speed as compared to the slow speed. The results of our study showed a significant increase in the fracture force from slow to fast speeds (p = 0.0246). The significance of the study was to determine the fracture properties of normal, pathological, and augmented spinal segments under physiologically-relevant loading conditions. Understanding failure properties associated with either defect (i.e., metastasis lesion) or augmented (i.e., post-treatment) spine segments could potentially provide new insights on the outcome prediction and treatment planning. Additionally, this study provides new knowledge on the effect of PPF augmentation in improving fracture properties, potentially decreasing the risk of fracture in osteoporotic and metastatic spines.
From the Fringe to the Fore: An Algorithmic Ethnography of the Far-Right Conspiracy Theory Group QAnon:

In this article, I examine the convergence of the socio-technological processes that enabled members of far-right conspiracy theory QAnon to expand beyond the “echo chambers” of the online fringe a...
Solidarity as an Aspirational Basis for Partnership with Tribal Communities.

Saunkeah et al. (2021) argue convincingly that although respect for Tribal sovereignty is often invoked as a core justification for Tribal research protections, an expanded ethical framework is req...
Covered cloacal extrophy- a diagnostic dilemma

Abstract Background Covered cloacal extrophy (CCE) is extremely rare condition. It requires a high index of suspicion for its diagnosis. External features are quite similar to that of common cloaca i.e. intact lower abdominal wall and single perineal opening whereas visceral features are similar to cloacal extrophy (CE). Case presentation 3 day old female neonate presented to the emergency department with single perineal opening and stool coming out of umbilicus as well as perineal opening. Abdominal wall was intact. After detailed workup, she underwent exploratory laparotomy and was diagnosed as covered cloacal extrophy. Conclusion Wide spectrum of cloacal malformation makes covered cloacal extrophy a diagnostic challenge and early diagnosis is helpful in strategizing future reconstructions.
Customization and automation in the future of digital forensics: live OS forensics with FENIX (forensic examiner unix)

FENIX (Forensic Examiner uNIX) is a Linux based live OS (Operating System) created to be used in remote environments for incident response and digital forensics. Between a joint effort between the Center for Information Protection (CIP) and the Iowa State University Police Department (ISUPD), FENIX has been tailored to suit the needs and requests of law enforcement forensic specialists. The very basis for FENIX is to allow ISU police officers the ability to carry an easy to operate and customize forensic toolkit with them at the scene of a crime allowing for better acquisitions and a deeper analysis to be conducted in an investigation. FENIX isn’t a standard forensic toolkit as others are. FENIX is a custom build of the Linux kernel with several of its own applications created for specific OS and forensic purposes and designed for a user friendly interface. However, since most users will be more familiar with existing tools those tools have the ability to interface easily with FENIX.
Manufacturing Employment and Imports: Low-Wage Country Imports Versus Overall Imports

This paper analyzes the effects of imports on employment in the US manufacturing sector in the 1980s and 1990s, focusing on the 'technique' effect of foreign competition on employment. This effect represents within industry changes in labor demand that may arise as domestic producers shift towards more capital intensive production methods in the face of growing imports. I estimate separate effects for production, non-production and total employment. Using the Arellano-Bond estimator, the results show that imports were negatively correlated with total employment in the 1980's, while in the 1990's non low-wage imports had a negative impact on non-production employment.
Image processing of head CT images using neuro best contrast (NBC) and lesion detection performance

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to objectively compare lesion detection performance of head CT images reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) algorithms with those reconstructed using NBC. Method: The observer study was conducted using the 2-AFC methodology. An AFC experiment consists of 128 observer choices and permits the computation of the intensity needed to achieve 92% correct (I 92% ). High values of I 92% corresponds to a poor level of detection performance, and vice versa. Head CT images were acquired at an x-ray tube voltage of 120 kVp with a CTDI vol value of 75 mGy in a helical scan. Nine randomly selected normal images from three patients and at three anatomical head locations were reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and neuro-best-contrast (NBC) processing. Circular lesions were generated by projecting spheres onto the image plane, followed by blurring function, with lesion sizes of 2.8 mm, 6.5 mm and 9.8 mm used in these experiments. Four readers were used, with 18 experiments performed by each observer (2 processing techniques × 3 lesion sizes × 3 repeats). The experimental order of the 18 experiments was randomized to eliminate learning curve and/or observer fatigue. The ratio R of the I 92% value for NBC to the corresponding I 92% value for FBP was calculated for each observer and each lesion size. Values of R greater than unity indicate that NBC is inferior to FBP, and vice versa. Results: Analysis of data from each observer showed that a total of four data points had R less than unity, and eight data points were greater than unity. Eleven of the twelve individual observer R values with one standard deviation of unity. When data for the four observers were pooled, the resultant average R values were 0.98 ± 0.38, 0.96 ± 0.33 and 1.15 ± 0.45, for the 2.8 mm, 6.5 mm and 9.8 mm lesions respectively. The overall average R for all three lesions sizes was 1.03 ± 0.67. Conclusion: Our AFC investigation has shown no evidence that use of Neuro Best Contrast to process head CT images improves detection of circular, low contrast lesions less than 10 mm.
The symmetry of the CS condition on one-sided ideals in a prime ring

Let R be a prime ring and e∈R be an idempotent. We show that eRR is nonsingular, CS and 1<u-dim(eRR)<∞ if and only if ReR is nonsingular, CS and 1<u-dim(ReR)<∞.
"Fungi" - A Radon Measuring Instrument with Fast Response

The FUNGI uses an electrostatic field to collect the daughter products of radon decay, and a solid state detector to resolve the energies of radium A (218po) and radium C' (214po) alpha particles. This permits a great degree of flexibility in the measurement of radon and radon daughters. In addition, by limiting the instrument response to the radium A channel only, the response to changes in radon concentration of this instrument is ten times faster than other instruments, making it suitable for radon survey applications.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Cyclohexene Ozonolysis: Effect of OH Scavenger and the Role of Radical Chemistry

To isolate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in ozone-alkene systems from the additional influence of hydroxyl (OH) radicals formed in the gas-phase ozone-alkene reaction, OH scavengers are employed. The detailed chemistry associated with three different scavengers (cyclohexane, 2-butanol, and CO) is studied in relation to the effects of the scavengers on observed SOA yields in the ozone-cyclohexene system. Our results confirm those of Docherty and Ziemann that the OH scavenger plays a role in SOA formation in alkene ozonolysis. The extent and direction of this influence are shown to be dependent on the specific alkene. The main influence of the scavenger arises from its independent production of HO_2 radicals, with CO producing the most HO_2, 2-butanol an intermediate amount, and cyclohexane the least. This work provides evidence for the central role of acylperoxy radicals in SOA formation from the ozonolysis of alkenes and generally underscores the importance of gas-phase radical chemistry beyond the initial ozone-alkene reaction.
Ultraviolet action spectrum with a prism-grating monochromator.

SUMMARY.— A prism-grating monochromator has been assembled for use with various xenon or xenon–mercury radiation sources. The main advantage of the double monochromator is the low level of stray radiation. The disadvantage of the double instrument is the lowered intensity of radiation at the final exit; comparisons of various arc sources showed that a 2·5 kW xenon–mercury lamp gave adequate output in the ultraviolet (UV) range for action spectra studies. The UV action spectra were determined in normal subjects at 8 and 24 hr. and the results have been compared with those of other investigators.
Digitalis receptor desensitization in rat ventricle: ouabain produces two inotropic effects

Abstract In rat ventricular strips at 35° and 37°C, at 1 Hz and 3 Hz stimulation rate and in Krebs-Henseleit and Tyrode solution, cumulative dose/response curves of ouabain revealed two apparent positive inotropic effects, a “low-dose” effect with a half maximal increase in contractile force (ED 50 ) of 0.5 μM ouabain representing about 30% of the total inotropy and a “high-dose” effect of 19 to 35 μM ouabain representing about 70% of total inotropy. The overall or combined ED 50 was 16 μM ouabain. The “low-dose” effect was not prevented by α or β adrenergic blockade, by reserpinization, or by histamine H 2 antagonist. However, when the tissue preparations were washed for 60 to 120 min after completion of the first dose/response experiment, a second dose/response curve with ouabain revealed an absence or disappearance of the “low-dose” effect and a normal “high-dose” effect. The “low-dose” effect is apparently related to pretreatment with ouabain. We refer to this phenomenon as “desensitization”.
Management of acute cholecystitis in cancer patients: a comparative effectiveness approach.

Host factors and therapy characteristics predispose cancer patients to a high risk of acute cholecystitis. Management of cholecystitis is often difficult given complex decision making involving the underlying cancer, possible interruption of treatment, and surgical fitness of the patient. A management pathway was developed for cholecystitis in cancer patients which incorporated patient-specific survival and risks of recurrence. Estimates were obtained from a multistage systematic review. A decision tree with a lifetime horizon was constructed to compare conventional strategies [conservative treatment (CT), percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) and definitive cholecystectomy (DC)] with the new pathway (NP). The decision tree was optimized for highest estimated survival. Sensitivity analyses were performed. In low surgical risk patients with cancer-specific survival of 12 months, the NP yielded estimated survivals of 11.9 versus 11.8 (CT) versus 11.8 (PC) versus 11.9 months for the DC arm. For high-risk patients, the estimated survival was 11.6 (NP), 9.9 (DC), 11.4 (PC), and 11 (CT) months, respectively. The decision to perform a DC at 6 weeks after a PC was optimum in patients expected to survive 24 months (23.2 months from the NP) or with a shorter expected survival but a high recurrence risk (>20 %). Model estimates were robust in sensitivity analyses. Incorporation of the surgical risk and the risk of recurrent cholecystitis, while balancing the patient-specific survival and the impact of antineoplastic therapy in the management of cholecystitis yields improved survival. This work provides measures to evaluate surgical judgment, and can augment the physician–patient decision making.