cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A market approach to real-time departure runway scheduling

Departure runway usage is a major source of delay in the US National Airspace System. Additionally, the current first-come-first-served paradigm for allocating departure runway usage produces strong incentives to airlines to spend all this delay time on the taxiway, even though this can result in wasted fuel. In this paper, a novel dynamic second-price auction method for allocating runway usage is developed. Analytical and simulated results are obtained that suggest the proposed method does not increase total delay, and that almost all delay is spent at the gate (thereby saving fuel). Thousands of simulations of a realistic scenario at John F. Kennedy International Airport indicate that this new mechanism offers two benefits over the current first-come-first-served mechanism. The first benefit suggests this mechanism can reduce airline costs (beyond the savings on fuel). The second benefit suggests the auction mechanism can generate more equitable spread of delay across airlines by an appropriate parametrization over budget constraints.
Maximum-likelihood methods for meta-analysis: A tutorial using R

The method of maximum likelihood provides a versatile way to estimate and conduct inference about moderators of effect size in meta-analytic models. The metafor package for the open-source statistical software R offers easy access to this method. We discuss inferential choices that the meta-analyst must make, and advocate the general choice of random-effects methods. We demonstrate the use of the metafor package using data from two meta-analyses that address group processes. These demonstrations illustrate two contrasting approaches to meta-analytic inference: a priori random-effects inference and conditionally random inference. The examples show that these approaches typically lead to the same conclusions when applied correctly.
MIS array potential calculation

Abstract A numerical Green's function technique is used to obtain the depletion layer profile of a two-dimensional MIS array. The depletion layer profile is approximated by a piecewise linear curve. Once the depletion layer profile is obtained, the surface potential is calculated by use of Green's function.
Exploring computer science: computational practices in action (abstract only)

The ECS program includes an inquiry-based college-preparatory curriculum that introduces students to the creative nature of computing, technology as a tool for solving problems, and the relevance and impact of CS. This workshop will provide participants the opportunity to engage in activities from the ECS curriculum that highlight the six computational practices common to ECS and CS Principles. We will explicitly model the inquiry-based design of the activities and facilitate discussions that highlight how inquiry manifests itself in the computational practices. This workshop is appropriate for K-12 educators and college/university faculty who are interested in deepening their understanding of how teacher pedagogy is critical to broadening participation in computing. Laptop Optional.
Fetal Homeostasis in Maternal Malnutrition. II. Magnesium Deprivation

Extract: In rats, supplied with an adequate dietary intake of magnesium, the mean fetal magnesium concentration in plasma was 2.4 mEq/liter compared with a maternal concentration of 1.6 mEq/liter. Equilibrium dialysis experiments resulted in a disappearance of the fetal to maternal gradient, with maternal levels becoming slightly higher than fetal levels. Determination of ultrafiltrable magnesium concentrations also demonstrated a slightly lower binding capacity for magnesium in fetal plasma so that the fetal to maternal gradient reflected the unbound magnesium. When a diet containing magnesium in a concentration of 0.88 mEq/kg (compared with a control diet containing 120 mEq/kg) was introduced on day 2 of gestation, only one of eight pregnant rats bore a litter to term. If the diet was introduced on day 10 of gestation, pregnancy continued until term but there was an increased resorp-tion rate and the surviving fetuses were small, weak, and anemic. Analyses of maternal muscle for magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium revealed normal concentrations, even though magnesium concentrations in plasma rapidly fell to 20% of the normal level. There appeared to be a reduction in bone magnesium. The significant changes in the fetus were a reduction in magnesium levels in plasma with a disappearance of the fetal to maternal gradient and an elevation in sodium levels. Analysis of the total fetus demonstrated a reduction in magnesium and potassium and an increase in calcium concentrations. The last was also evident in the placenta. Speculation: “Fetal parasitism” as a general concept appears to be. an over-simplification which can be denned with accuracy only by the study of deprivations of specific nutrients, and eventually by the interaction of such nutrients.
Masking independent of both separation and spatial frequency

Abstract A briefly presented single dark bar lowered the apparent contrast of a subsequently flashed patch of grating regardless of the spatial separation of the two patterns, up to 4° of visual angle. This forward masking effect occurred when the bars of the two patterns were identically oriented—but not when their orientation differed by 90% Such an orientation-selective interaction effect between widely separated patterns could result from Fourier-like distribution of visual information, but the magnitude of the masking effect is not affected by the patterns' similarity in the Fourier domain. Pattern coding by local features might explain only the orientation specificity and the lack of frequency tuning, while pattern coding by Fourier features might explain only the orientation specificity and the distribution effect. Therefore, neither class of features completely describes the initial coding of visual patterns.
Design and Scaling Calculations for the ZR Vacuum Insulator Stack

The ZR z-pinch driver is being upgraded to deliver 26 MA into a standard load, a substantial increase compared to the present Z maximum of 20 MA into the same standard load. The upgraded accelerator has basically the same foot print as the existing Z, thus bringing a number of challenges, one of the critical ones being the insulator stack. The present stack is formed by 4 levels, the top two with 5 insulators each and the bottom 2 with 6 insulators each, all of them at 5.715 cm (2.25") in height per insulator. Circuit simulations show that some levels of the new stack will need to operate at or above 5 MV, and that simply increasing the number of insulators significantly increased the inductance, thus a careful scaling and analysis needed to be done. Based on the flashover behavior/data from the Z stack, using available Rexolite data, and previous flashover experiments on Z, we scaled the JCM constant from 175 to 221. We show how this number was then further scaled by using the results of an anode field relief plug experiment; and how, with a Weibull analysis of this data, we estimated the applicable area dependence. After properly scaling the JCM equation, the multistage g-matrix approach from Ian Smith was used to project the stack reliability. A set of options were developed in which the effect of adding insulator stages vs stage voltage increase, due to the increased inductance, is compared with the reliability predictions. All calculations were done under the assumption that MFI will not make a contribution to the stack performance. The resulting stack design uses 6 insulators on the upper two levels and seven insulators on the lower two levels (6677), and uses an anode field relief plug to give a projected reliability better than the design requirement.
Religious Movements in Central Africa: A Theoretical Study

A shared sense of discovery and frustration prompts us to write this article. Independently, from our anthropological, historical and sociological research in Zaire over a period of many years, we have been impressed with the pivotal role of religion and magic in that society. The recurrence and development of religious movements in Zaire throughout its known history is an archetypical expression of that predominance. In our view, these movements are an integral dimension of the cultures common to most parts of Zaire and to contiguous areas in Central Africa. A systemic feature of these cultures is that they are conducive to the emergence and evolution of movements with distinctive symbols, rites, beliefs and values. In turn, these movements constantly enrich the underlying cultures from which they emanate.
Expression of terrain and surface geology in high-resolution helicopter-borne gravity gradient (AGG) data: Examples from Great Sand Dunes National Park, Rio Grande Rift, Colorado

Airborne gravity gradient (AGG) data are rapidly becoming standard components of geophysical mapping programs because of their advantages in cost, access, and resolution over measurements of the gravity field on the ground. Unlike conventional techniques that measure the gravity field, AGG methods measure derivatives of the gravity field. This means that effects of terrain and near-surface geology are amplified in AGG data, and that proper terrain corrections are critically important for AGG data processing. However, terrain corrections require reasonable estimates of density for the rocks and sediments that make up the terrain. A recommended philosophical approach is to use the terrain and surface geology, with their strong expression in AGG data, to the interpreter's advantage. An example of such an approach is presented here for an area with difficult ground access and little ground gravity data. Nettleton-style profiling is used with AGG data to estimate the densities of the sand dunefield and adjacen...
Purification of acid ethanol-extracted human lymphoid interferons by Blue Sepharose chromatography.

Abstract Human leukocyte and lymphoblastoid (Namalva) interferons were purified by a modified acid ethanol extraction procedure and chromatography of the dilute ethanolic interferon solution on Blue Sepharose. Both interferons were purified more than 1000-fold, with recoveries ranging from 35 to 40%.
A comparison of heaps and the TL structure for the simulation event set

Following publication of our paper [2], questions arose with respect to the superiority of the TL structure over heaps,1 particularly in the face of the remarks of Gonnet [3], concerning the use of heaps for the physical realization of the simulation event set. Gonnet's communication was in response to the Vaucher and Duval paper [5], and suggested the heap to be a more efficient structure than any proposed in [5]. As regards a comparison of heaps and the TL structure we can make the following remarks:
Dileucine and PDZ-binding Motifs Mediate Synaptic Adhesion-like Molecule 1 (SALM1) Trafficking in Hippocampal Neurons *

Synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) are a family of cell adhesion molecules involved in neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Of the five family members, only SALM1, -2, and -3 contain a cytoplasmic C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. We have found that SALM1 is unique among the SALMs because deletion of its PDZ-binding motif (SALM1ΔPDZ) blocks its surface expression in heterologous cells. When expressed in hippocampal neurons, SALM1ΔPDZ had decreased surface expression in dendrites and the cell soma but not in axons, suggesting that the PDZ-binding domain may influence cellular trafficking of SALMs to specific neuronal locations. Endoglycosidase H digestion assays indicated that SALM1ΔPDZ is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in heterologous cells. However, when the entire C-terminal tail of SALM1 was deleted, SALM1 was detected on the cell surface. Using serial deletions, we identified a region of SALM1 that contains a putative dileucine ER retention motif, which is not present in the other SALMs. Mutation of this DXXXLL motif allowed SALM1 to leave the ER and enhanced its surface expression in heterologous cells and neurons. An increase in the number of protrusions at the dendrites and cell body was observed when this SALM1 mutant was expressed in hippocampal neurons. With electron microscopy, these protrusions appeared to be irregular, enlarged spines and filopodia. Thus, enrichment of SALM1 on the cell surface affects dendritic arborization, and intracellular motifs regulate its dendritic versus axonal localization.
The Buddha counsels a theist: A reading of the Tevijjasutta (Dīghanikāya 13)

Abstract The dominant culture in India in the Buddha's day, Brahmanical culture, took as axiomatic the existence of a supernatural creator deity. This deity, termed ‘Brahmā, was conceived as being ‘the all-seeing, the allpowerful, the Lord, the maker and creator, ruler, appointer and orderer, father of all that have been and will be’. Although the Buddha completely rejected such apparent metaphysical speculation as a ‘thicket of views’, he nowhere formulated a systematic repudiation of theism. In one canonical text, however, the Buddha, encountering a young Brahmin espousing theistic beliefs, gives a series of analogies and similes that help to illuminate his views on the matter. In short, the Buddha saw such a belief as being dangerously reflexive, and hence as a symptom of a debilitating conceptual and affective disorder. Thus, in the dialogue, the Buddha aims to ease this ailment of his interlocutor through a threefold strategy: (1) displaying the language usage that under girds the problem; (2) reorie...
Effect of parathyroid hormone and calcium ions on substrate oxidation by isolated glomeruli of the rat.

Abstract Effect of Ca2+ and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on 14CO2 production from certrain metabolic substrates by isolated glomeruli of rat kidney were examined. Increasing calcium concentration in the incubation medium inhibited 14CO2 production from 14C-labeled α-ketoglutarate and succinate, stimulated 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose and [1-14C]glutamate, but was without effect on that from [6-14C]glucose. PTH in the presence but not in the absence of Ca2+ inhibited 14CO2 production from from labeled glucose. Additions of cyclic AMP was well as hormonal agents known to act directly on the glomureli, such as histamine, epinephrine, prostaglandin E2, vasopresin, angiotensin II and insulin, did not alter 14CO2 production from labeled α-ketogutrate. These show the presence the calcium-dependent inhibitory actions of PTH on oxidation of α-ketoglutrate and glutamate which may be independent of cyclic AMP. These metabolic effects of PTH may underlie the alteration in the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient and glomerular filtration induced by the hormone.
Moving Beyond Our Progressive Lenses Recognizing and Building on the Strengths of Teachers of Color

Through in-depth interviews with a group of accomplished teachers of color who emphasized the need for their students to access the “culture of power” as a means to work toward racial justice, I at...
Terrorizing Violence and the Iraq War: Civilian Victimization, Humanitarian Norms, and Social Science

The extent to which global humanitarian norms can matter in terms of nation-state behavior is a much-debated topic among those who study the international order. This article argues that even long-standing and deeply held norms outlawing the targeting of civilians in war have not stopped the United States from regularly using such violence. In particular, this article examines two instances of what is described as terrorizing violence—targeting civilians in order to create fear or cause intimidation—in the Long Iraq War: the sanctions regime from 1990 to 2002 and the U.S. counterinsurgency strategy used after the 2003 invasion. These cases demonstrate the need for a theoretical perspective that places humanitarian norms within a larger cost–benefit analysis war makers use when considering the deployment of violence. U.S. officials make decisions about war and peace in an economy of political risk. They may choose to undertake policies that violate humanitarian norms when they believe that there could be gains, provided that the potential losses can be kept low if such violence is carried out indirectly or through other less discernible means. Social scientists have important work to do in terms of calling attention to terrorizing violence and bringing it into the light.
Preconference, 1984: collection management in public libraries the LAPT report

Ce compte rendu du congres preliminaire est divise en plusieurs themes: la planification, l'evaluation des collections, l'acces et la fourniture de documents, le partage des ressources, les technologies nouvelles
UPTAKE OF COBALT AND VITAMIN B12 BY TROPICAL MARINE MACROALGAE1,2

SUMMARY Using gamma spectroscopy, measurements were made of the uptake of cobalt and vitamin B12 by a number of species of tropical macroalgae, particularly Laurencia corallopsis and Enteromorpha lingulata. Data were gathered on the manner in which uptake rates are influenced by illumination and how they change with time during incubation and with substrate concentration. Some information is included on uptake rates when cobalt and vitamin B12 were provided separately and together.
Excited-State Photophysics of Hypericin and Its Hexamethoxy Analog: Intramolecular Proton Transfer as a Nonradiative Process in Hypericin

The excited-state photophysics of the light induced antiviral agent, hypericin, are compared with those of its methylated analog, hexamethoxyhypericin. This comparison is instructive in understandi...
Lean Homebuilding: Lessons Learned from a Precast Concrete Panelizer

This paper serves as a resource to prefabricated construction managers who are attempting to implement lean thinking to improve their production operations by eliminating waste. Lean is both a general way of thinking and a specific production management approach that emphasizes using less of everything to satisfy the customer by delivering the highest quality at the lowest cost in the shortest time. While providing an overview of lean principles, this paper focuses on two fundamental lean concepts, standardization and continuous flow. To develop these concepts, this paper uses a case-study approach to describe the experiences of a large homebuilder confronted by rising production costs as they migrate wall-building operations from the construction site into a factory. Lean production principles are successfully applied, yielding a 47% increase in productivity and a 25% reduction in lead time. This study also found employee involvement and the supplier relationship as key factors for successful lean implem...
Quantum kinetic-equation approach to semiconductor hot-carrier screening

The Kadanoff-Baym formulation of quantum transport is used to derive a formulation for non- equilibrium carrier screening. The approach extends the Boltzmann-equation approach for calculating carrier-screening phenomena to include quantum effects due to the spatial nonlocality of the electron. To simplify calculations, the quantum relaxation-time approximation for the collisions used by Mermin is adapted for use in this quantum transport equation. As an example, we use this formulation and the quantum relaxation-time approximation to study the linear screening of a parabolic-band semiconductor in a high electric field, and we compare the results for this formulation with the classical Boltzmann-equation formulation of nonequilibrium screening. We find that the Boltzmann-equation method gives reliable results for the susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(q,\ensuremath{\omega}) when q is much smaller than the average electron wave vector, but is unreliable for q much larger than the average electron wave vector. For q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, \ensuremath{\chi} approaches a Lindhard-like formula for the susceptibility, but with the equilibrium distribution functions replaced by the nonequilibrium ones.
Projective representations from quantum enhanced graph symmetries

We define re-gaugings and enhanced symmetries for graphs with group labels on their edges. These give rise to interesting projective representations of subgroups of the automorphism groups of the graphs. We furthermore embed this construction into several higher levels of generalization using category theory and show that they are natural in that language. These include projective representations of the re-gauging groupoid and a novel generalization to all symmetries of the graph.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Knoller-Betz Effect

The ability of a sinusoidally plunging airfoil to produce thrust, known as the Knoller-Betz or Katzmayr effect, is investigated experimentally and numerically. Water-tunnel experiments are performed providing flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry data of the unsteady wakes formed by the plunging foils. Vortical structures and time-averaged velocity profiles in the wake are compared with numerical computations from a previously developed inviscid, unsteady panel code that utilizes a nonlinear wake model
A Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problem in Hydrodynamics

In this note we use a result of M. Shinbrot [l] to investigate the existence and completeness of eigenfunctions for a boundary value problem that arises in the theory of small amplitude motions of a stratified polytropic gas. It has been noted before, in some other problems of hydrodynamic stability, that the “eigenvalue” parameter may be present in a nonlinear way in the differential operator, or may be present in the boundary condition. (See, for example, [l-5].) The particular problem discussed here has not been con- sidered before. (The references mentioned above are concerned with incom- pressible fluids.) Thus let us consider an inviscid, nonheat-conducting, polytropic, ideal gas under gravity. (A polytropic gas is one in which the internal energy is proportional to the temperature.) We assume that in equilibrium (no motion) the gas is stratified as a result of the action of gravity; that is, the equilibrium values of pressure, entropy and density depend only on the coordinate, say x, along the axis antiparallel to the gravitational force. The equations are the equations of conservation of momentum, of mass, and of energy; and the equation of state for a polytrope. As these are well known we do not write them down here. These equations, when linearized about the equilibrium values, have solutions of the form exp(ot + i& ‘2) multiplied by a function of x. Here t is time and y is the horizontal coordinate. We call R = 1 b 1 the wave-number. Let the equilibrium value of entropy at x be denoted s(x). Then as in [6], we introduce a new variable where c,, is the specific heat at constant pressure and x, is arbitrary. The above equation can be solved for x in terms of z (uniquely), say x = g(x). It is convenient to introduce J(Z) = exp( - s(g(x))/c,). 616
‘Hasta la vista, baby!’ The Solar Grand Plan, environmentalism, and social constructions of the Mojave Desert

Proposals for large-scale solar thermal plants in Southern California have won enthusiastic government support. Public debate on this technology's environmental consequences has been notably muted, however. Why have environmentalists found it so difficult to secure ecologically sound siting processes for large-scale solar thermal plants? Instead of representing a shift toward environmental stewardship and sustainability, the discourse of the ‘Solar Grand Plan’ to develop renewable energy in Southwestern deserts parallels high-modernist narratives of the past century. Using discourse analysis, three different conceptions of space and place that shape the debate are identified. The Grand Solar Plan champions solar development as clean energy. This has generated a conservationist narrative that seeks to minimize habitat and landscape destruction but has yet to have a substantial impact on policy – although this may be starting to change. This lack of impact is explicable in terms of a third, culturally domin...
Pro‐inflammatory role of natural killer cells in the development of allergic airway disease

Background Natural Killer (NK) cells have been implicated in the development of allergic airway inflammation. However the in vivo role of NK cells has not been firmly established due to the lack of animal models with selective deficiencies in NK cells.
On the electronic structure of CeN and CeAl2

Abstract The electronic band structures of CeN and CeAl 2 are studied using the selfconsistent augmented plane wave method. By artificially shifting logarithmic derivatives of the self-consistent potential, we are able to demonstrate that (N p)-(Ce f) hybridization is substantial in CeN. The calculated valence band densities of states are in good agreement with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data on CeN and UV photoelectron spectroscopy data on CeAl 2 . The effects of interatomic f-f overlap interactions in these compounds (mixed valent and Kondo lattice respectively) are identified.
Segregation and structural transformations at Σ = 3 grain boundaries in NiAl: A Monte-Carlo study

Abstract Grain boundary structure and grain boundary segregation in stoichiometric and Ni-rich compositions of NiAl are studied by molecular statics and grand-canonical Monte-Carlo simulations in conjunction with an embedded-atom potential. Significant Ni segregation is found at the Σ = 3(1 1 1) and Σ = 3(2 1 1) grain boundaries, with segregation isotherms showing a saturation effect. The amount of Ni segregation increases and the excess free energy of the grain boundaries decreases with increased Ni bulk concentration. In strongly Ni-rich bulk compositions, both boundaries undergo transformations to new structures capable of accommodating more excess Ni atoms than the initial structures. The structural transformation is clearly manifested by a non-monotonic behavior of the segregation isotherm. In the Σ = 3(2 1 1) grain boundary, the transformation is accompanied by a relative tangential translation of the grains.
Large-amplitude fast motions in double-stranded DNA driven by solvent thermal fluctuations.

The nature of the internal dynamics of double-stranded DNA in aqueous environment remains to be established. We consider the motions to stem from thermal fluctuations/dissipations of the harmonic modes of beads (bases and sugars) in a cylindrical geometry that are tracked through the stochastic Langevin trajectories; these are characterized by parameters obtained from published data. The present approach has allowed a comparative study of the dynamics for DNA lengths in the range of 20–600 base pairs. For this range, we find that rotational motions about directions parallel to the helix axis (opening, twist) and perpendicular to it (propeller-twist, roll) contribute significantly to the dynamics. For a 20-mer at a solvent viscosity of 1 cP, the calculated fluorescence anisotropy profile exhibits a fast decay in the subnanosecond range due to large-amplitude fluctuations at the mesoscopic level. This feature reproduces the experimental behavior well, and suggests a possible way for the initiation of biological processes: they may be suddenly triggered on this scale through the occurrence of favorable thermal fluctuations. This analysis also reveals that, as is the case for a 20-mer, the dynamics of longer N-mers are dominated by internal motions, and are modulated by the viscosity of the solvent, in agreement with our previous experimental observations. Moreover, the model indicates that occurrence of partially concerted rotations of the bases due to thermal fluctuations can possibly be sustained over a DNA length of the order of 100 A at 1 ns, suggesting a possible mechanism for action-at-a-distance in transcription. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 450–463, 2006 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Ego measurements of patients and staff on a medical ward.

Abstract A group of 25 female patients and 15 female staff members of a general medical service was tested for differences of ego strength, body boundary and somatic concern. Each subject was administered the Barron Ego-Strength scale of the MMPI and the Rorschach. The Rorschach protocols were scored for Body Boundary with Fisher's technique, and were also scored for Primary vs. Secondary process expression of Bodily Preoccupation, using a modification of Holt and Havel's scoring system. Staff and patients demonstrated similar Bodily concern, but the staff had significantly higher Ego-Strength and Body Boundary scores, which was considered a measure of ego defensive processes. It is argued that in order to maintain the integrity of their defenses the staff may push the patients into an unnecessarily regressive position. If the patient complies, he is a good patient; if he resists he is labeled a “crock” or psychiatric and receives less than the best the staff have to offer. To promote quicker recovery and more effective staff involvement, it is suggested that the staff be helped to find ways to maintain their ego strength and enhance it in patients as well.
Normal serum reduces whole body X-irradiation enhanced growth of a mammary carcinoma in rats

Abstract Whole body X-irradiation (WBI) of experimental animals prior to transplantation of strongly immunogenic tumors frequently results in acceleration of tumor growth because of host immunosuppression. The growth of primary tumor ( p p = 0.006) can be enhanced by WBI (500–600 rad) of W/FU rats one day prior to inoculation with syngeneic ME/H mammary carcinoma cells that previously had been shown to be weakly- or non-immunogenic by usual excision-challenge methods. Spleen cells removed 1 day post WBI contained an increased proportion of neutrophilic granulocytes, increased capacity for in vitro cell mediated cytotoxicity, and caused enhanced growth of primary and metastatic tumor in the Winn assay. 34 Normal serum injections post WBI abrogated irradiation-enhanced tumor growth and irradiation-enhanced neutrophilic granulocytes. We suggest that both enhanced tumor growth in vivo and enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro are mediated by increased levels of neutrophilic granulocytes, presumably because of radiation destruction of a granulopoeisis inhibiting factor present in serum, which is restorable by normal serum.
THE NEOLIBERAL IMPERATIVE OF TOURISM: RIGHTS AND LEGITIMIZATION IN THE UNWTO GLOBAL CODE OF ETHICS FOR TOURISM

This article discusses the emergence of tourism ethics in tourism studies. It focuses on the contradictions that are expressed in the United Nations World Tourism Organization's (UNWTO) Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (World Tourism Organization 2007[1999]). These contradictions lead to politically contentious issues involving heritage and point to ethical conflict for anthropologists who study tourism and, particularly, for those who are involved in tourism development projects.
TRANSOVARIAL TRANSMISSION OF LACROSSE VIRUS IN AEDES TRISERIATUS

As part of a continuing investigation on the ecology of LaCrosse virus in Wisconsin, field and laboratory studies were conducted to explore the possibility that the virus is transmitted transovarially in A. triseriatus mosquitoes. In laboratory experiments, A. triseriatus mosquitoes were infected by ingesting LaCrosse virus in defibrinated blood. LaCrosse virus was recovered from F1 eggs, larvae, and adults that originated from the infected parent mosquitoes. In a subsequent field study aimed at determining if transovarial transmission accounted for the survival of LaCrosse virus during the winter season, larvae that originated from overwintering A. triseriatus eggs were collected from a LaCrosse virus enzootic area in southwestern Wisconsin. LaCrosse virus was isolated from these larvae and from adult A. triseriatus that were reared from field-collected larvae. These findings strongly imply that A. triseriatus is the reservoir of LaCrosse virus and that transovarial transmission is the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the virus during the winter season in the north central region of the United States.
Curtailing cyber and information security vulnerabilities through situational crime prevention

Information can be considered as an invaluable commodity for all business entities, and has brought about the development of various security architectures devoted to its protection. Corporations have tended to react to the exploitation of information security (InfoSec) vulnerabilities through the implementation of technological measures. Indeed, most security policies and procedures are highly technologically inclined, making use of hardware and software to protect and safeguard the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Unfortunately, these tactics have achieved limited success because of inattention to the opportunistic aspects of crime commission. Situational crime prevention can address the importance of these aspects by concentrating on the circumstances associated with a crime, and how the setting, conditions and context can be modified to preclude its manifestation. Its specific application to cyber and InfoSec in a corporate setting is advantageous in developing competent proactive strategies to reduce the presence and attractiveness of criminal possibilities for would-be offenders.
Complex carbohydrates at the ocular surface of the mouse: an ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of mouse cornea and conjunctiva fixed with picric acid-paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (PA-P-G) mixture revealed a thin layer of amorphous material covering the microvilli of the corneal surface cells. At the transmission electron microscopic (TEM) level, this layer of material stained positively with dialyzed iron, alcian blue and cationized ferritin, all of which are markers for anionic sulfate or carboxyl groups. The croneal surface was negative for high iron diamine, which specifically stains sulfate groups. These results indicate that the murine ocular surface is rich in carboxyl groups. Treatment with neuraminidase prior to fixation significantly reduced (P < 0·005) cationic ferritin binding, suggesting that most of the carboxyl groups at the ocular surface are associated with sialic acid residues. The corneal surface also stained positively at the TEM level when a periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver protein sequence (PA-T-SP) was applied. This result indicated the presence of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive glycoprotein and glycolipid at the ocular surface.
Time-domain representation of frequency-dependent foundation impedance functions

Abstract Foundation impedance functions provide a simple means to account for soil–structure interaction (SSI) when studying seismic response of structures. Impedance functions represent the dynamic stiffness of the soil media surrounding the foundation. The fact that impedance functions are frequency dependent makes it difficult to incorporate SSI in standard time-history analysis software. This paper introduces a simple method to convert frequency-dependent impedance functions into time-domain filters. The method is based on the least-squares approximation of impedance functions by ratios of two complex polynomials. Such ratios are equivalent, in the time-domain, to discrete-time recursive filters, which are simple finite-difference equations giving the relationship between foundation forces and displacements. These filters can easily be incorporated into standard time-history analysis programs. Three examples are presented to show the applications of the method.
Risk of Emergent Bradycardia Associated with the Use of Carvedilol and Metoprolol in Routine Clinical Practice

Abstract Background Large randomized trials have reported mixed results regarding the risk of bradycardia between metoprolol and carvedilol. We compared the incidence of emergent bradycardia (measured by an emergency department visit or hospitalization due to bradycardia) for patients initiating metoprolol and carvedilol. Methods Adult beneficiaries of Medi-Cal, the State of California Medicaid program, without a diagnosis of bradycardia who initiated metoprolol or carvedilol between May 1, 2004, and November 1, 2009, were included. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to model the time to first occurrence of emergent bradycardia after initiation of the study drugs as a dependent variable and the study drug (metoprolol vs carvedilol) as the primary predictor with adjustments for total daily metoprolol-equivalent dose, formulations, and use of nonstudy drugs as time-varying covariates, as well as demographics and comorbidities. Results Among 38,186 subjects, 77.7% initiated metoprolol and 22.3% initiated carvedilol. The incidence of emergent bradycardia was low and comparable between the drugs (18.1 per 1000 person-years using metoprolol vs 17.7 per 100 person-years using carvedilol; unadjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-1.49). However, carvedilol users had substantially different population characteristics compared with metoprolol users. After adjustments for demographics, comorbidities, metoprolol-equivalent dose, formulations, and use of nonstudy drugs, initiation of metoprolol was associated with an increased risk of emergent bradycardia compared with that of carvedilol (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.36). Conclusions Initiation of metoprolol is associated with an increased risk of emergent bradycardia compared with carvedilol, although the overall incidence of emergent bradycardia is low in routine clinical practice.
Integration of Pharmacy Students within a Level II Trauma Center

Objective. To integrate fourth-year doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students within a level II trauma center team to improve their patient care and professional communication skills.Design. PharmD students completed 2 consecutive 4-week internal medicine APPEs during the course of their fourth year, which included approximately 5 weeks working on an interprofessional trauma team. During patient rounds with the interprofessional trauma team, students provided patient care in a stepwise approach, drug information responses, patient counseling, and other services requested by team members.Assessment. Ability-based outcomes (ABOs) assessment, faculty evaluations, and student self-assessment were conducted in the following areas: effective communication, drug therapy assessment and decision making, critical thinking and problem solving, and drug information retrieval. Students’ mean score in these areas was 3.8 on a 5-point scale. Areas in which students needed improvement included: providing recommendations in a ...
Isolation and Characterization of a Stilbene-degrading Strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Production of Antioxidant Compounds by Stilbene Metabolism

In this study, we consider the use of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria that degrade trans-stilbene as a novel approach for synthesizing potentially bioactive hydroxylated stilbenes. A trans-stilbene-degrading bacterium, MN2, was isolated from activated sludge through enrichment culture, and identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens using conventional techniques. Degradation of trans-stilbene by this strain yielded two metabolites that had significant antioxidant activity.
Population structure and phylogeography of an acorn barnacle with induced defense and its gastropod predator in the Gulf of California

Using sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I locus, we estimated the population structure and phylogeography of the intertidal acorn barnacle, Chthamalus anisopoma, and its gastropod predator, Mexacanthina lugubris angelica. Both are endemic to the Gulf of California, being derived from taxa on the Pacific coast of the Baja peninsula, and both exhibit phenotypic plasticity for traits affecting their coevolutionary interactions. Consistent with expectations based on differences in dispersal, C. anisopoma populations generally lack geographic structure, while those of M. l. angelica are more strongly structured. However, the variable degree of differentiation in both species suggests that the extent of reciprocal selection and local adaptation in the species will vary geographically, a result consistent with the concept of a geographic mosaic of coevolution. The pattern of variation in C. anisopoma shows clear evidence of recent spatial expansion, possibly due to increased habitat availability following the last glacial maximum. Phylogeographic analyses suggest that M. l. angelica diversified into three distinct clades after the colonization of the Gulf. Overall, our results illustrate how dispersal potential, geological and climatic events, and recent population growth have impacted the pattern of sequence variation in the two species.
A high-throughput solid phase screening method for identification of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from environmental isolates

The development of cost-effective biofuels will require improvements in the efficiency of biomass deconstruction, a process typically carried out by lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Environmental microbes represent an abundant and diverse source of lignocelluloses-degrading enzymes for use in biotechnology. However, identification of microorganisms that possess these enzymes has been slowed by a lack of rapid screening methodologies, particularly those that utilize native lignocellulosic substrates. In this report, we describe a new, solid-phase screening system for the identification of microbes capable of lignocellulose degradation. The critical component of this screening system is the use of acrylamide, instead of agar, as the solidifying agent. Our results show that this screening method allows for the identification of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that possess cellulose and hemicellulose degrading activities from environmental isolates.
Automated synthesis and use of N‐chloroacetyl‐modified peptides for the preparation of synthetic peptide polymers and peptide‐protein immunogens

A method to incorporate N-chloroacetyl moieties at the amino termini of synthetic peptides using a standard program with an automated peptide synthesizer has been developed. The N-chloroacetyl-modified peptides react well with sulfhydryl containing proteins such as 4-mercaptobutyrimide-modified bovine serum albumin to form stable protein-peptide conjugates. By incorporating cysteine into the synthetic peptide, autopolymerization or cyclization of the synthetic peptide occurs by reaction of the free sulfhydryl with the chloroacetyl group. N-Chloroacetyl-derivatized peptides may be useful as reagents for potential peptide immunogens and vaccines.
Thermodynamics of the mechanical properties of cellulose fibers

Measurements are reported for the reversible changes in force with temperature at constant length of wet and dry viscose rayon and wet ramie. It was found that the force was a reversible function of the temperature although the components of its thermodynamic equivalent, the product of modulus and coefficient, are very time dependent. The entropies of stretching obtained as the negative slopes of the force-temperature curves are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of reversible stretching. Completely dry rayon is glasslike and shows no slippage of chains but only deformation of valence bonds and angles on reversible stretching. Wet rayons exhibit a rubberlike slippage of chains above 50°C. but below this temperature chain movement is restricted. This inhibition of the chains produces at low temperatures a yield point in the wet stress-strain curves and poor work recovery. Sodium hydroxide, although speeding up stress relaxation, has no effect on the reversible stretching of the amorphous wet cellulose. In room air, the entropy of stretching is opposite to that of completly dry rayon even up to 92°C. Wet ramie appears to be in the glassy state like the completely dry rayon.
Praying for Mr. Right? Religion, Family Background, and Marital Expectations Among College Women:

This study explores the relationship between multiple aspects of religious involvement—affiliation, church attendance, subjective religiosity—and marital expectations among college women. In addition, the authors investigate whether religious involvement mediates the link between family background and marital expectations. These issues are addressed using data from a nationally representative sample of approximately 1,000 college women surveyed in 2000. Results indicate that the importance of marriage as a personal goal is positively associated with subjective religiosity. The estimated net effects of subjective religiosity are also stronger for women in two-parent families versus those in other family structures. Conservative Protestant women anticipate marrying earlier than others; church attendance and subjective religiosity are also positively related to expectation of earlier marriage. These associations are not contingent on family background. A number of implications and directions for future resea...
Bayesian Regularization Applied to Ultrasound Strain Imaging

Noise artifacts due to signal decorrelation and reverberation are a considerable problem in ultrasound strain imaging. For block-matching methods, information from neighboring matching blocks has been utilized to regularize the estimated displacements. We apply a recursive Bayesian regularization algorithm developed by Hayton et al. [Artif. Intell., vol. 114, pp. 125-156, 1999] to phase-sensitive ultrasound RF signals to improve displacement estimation. The parameter of regularization is reformulated, and its meaning examined in the context of strain imaging. Tissue-mimicking experimental phantoms and RF data incorporating finite-element models for the tissue deformation and frequency-domain ultrasound simulations are used to compute the optimal parameter with respect to nominal strain and algorithmic iterations. The optimal strain regularization parameter was found to be twice the nominal strain and did not vary significantly with algorithmic iterations. The technique demonstrates superior performance over median filtering in noise reduction at strains 5% and higher for all quantitative experiments performed. For example, the strain SNR was 11 dB higher than that obtained using a median filter at 7% strain. It has to be noted that for applied deformations lower than 1%, since signal decorrelation errors are minimal, using this approach may degrade the displacement image.
New mono-dinitrogen complexes of molybdenum☆

Abstract The synthesis is reported of a mono-dinitrogen complex of molybdenum, Mo(N2)(triphos)(PMe2Ph)2, where triphos = PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2, that yields significant yields of ammonia and hydrazine when treated with HCl or HBr in organic solvents. Generally, increasing the temperature increases the combined yield of ammonia and hydrazine.
Detection of Opiates in Urine by Means of Thin-Layer Immunoassay

The use of thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) for the direct detection of opiates in unextracted urine is described. This novel immunoassay is capable of detecting less than 1 ng of opiates, rapidly and inexpensively, without the use of radioactive materials or sophisticated analytical instrumentation. The method was evaluated in a study of 68 post mortem urines and found to be reliable for the detection of opiates in this type of sample.
Addressing Economic Stress in the Treatment of Depression

This study investigates the importance of addressing issues of economic stress in standardized treatments for major depression. Using a sample from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, the study found high levels of patient introduction of economic stress topics, with relatively high levels of therapist approach of this material. There was significant evidence for a positive association between therapist approach of these economic stress topics and outcome. There was very little evidence for socioeconomic status differences in any of these findings.