cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic aorta

Forty-one patients with a variety of suspected aortic lesions underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic aorta. Patients were separated into 2 groups: Group A included 19 patients who underwent MRI after arteriography for comparison purposes and were evaluated retrospectively. Surgical confirmation was obtained in 9 of these patients. Group B included 22 patients who were studied prospectively because of abnormal chest x-ray, ultrasound or computerized tomographic findings and did not undergo arteriography before MRI. Two patients from this group had surgery. In group A, MRI correlated with the surgical or angiographic findings in 18 of 19 patients (95%). In group B, MRI was considered of diagnostic quality in all patients and no other invasive or noninvasive imaging modalities were needed for diagnosis and treatment. Thus, MRI will replace arteriography in a large proportion of patients with suspected thoracic aortic lesions.
Effects of Nickel, Cobalt, and Molybdenum on Performance of Methanogenic Fixed-Film Reactors

The conversion of acetic acid to methane and carbon dioxide by a mixed methanogenic population from an anaerobic fixed-film digestor was stimulated by the addition of nickel (100 nM) and cobalt (50 nM) and especially by the addition of these elements in combination. Molybdenum addition (50 nM) was only slightly stimulatory when added in combination with both nickel and cobalt. The addition of these trace metals to anaerobic fixed-film digestors, which treat food processing waste, greatly enhanced reactor performance. Total gas and methane productions were increased 42%, greater volumes of waste could be effectively treated, and reactor residence time was shortened. However, the lag period for reactor start-up was not reduced. Tests showed that reactor performance was increased because trace nutrient addition allowed accumulation of a thicker methanogenic fixed film.
Characterization of UV irradiated space application polymers by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Materials deployed on long-duration space missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the proposed International Space Station (ISS) are subject to high ultraviolet (UV) radiation fluences. Some UV radiation present in space has photon energy high enough to dissociate organic polymer molecular bonds. Induced chemical structure modifications can cause changes in optical, structural, and thermal properties. The present work investigates UV radiation effects on DuPont Kapton® H polyimide, polyarylene ether benzimidazole (PAEBI), and DuPont Teflon® fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP). UV irradiated polymers were characterized with in situ and ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Ellipsometric data acquired on UV modified polymers were best modeled as an exponentially graded layer, as opposed to a single layer or linearly graded layer model. Because photon intensity decays exponentially as a function of depth into absorbing materials, an exponentially graded model should be the most physically realistic. Ellipsometric data provided information about changes in UV absorption spectra, depth of damage, and growth trends in the damaged layer.
Average power effects in parametric oscillators and amplifiers

Thermally induced phase mismatch and thermally induced lensing will limit the average power available from a parametric oscillator or amplifier. Expressions are derived that describe both of these average power effects for the commonly used radial heat extraction as well as for longitudinal heat extraction. It is shown that the effects of thermally induced phase mismatch can be mitigated by a judicious selection of the phase-matching conditions.
Countryside Biogeography of Tropical Butterflies

Although most conservation efforts focus on preserving biodiversity in relatively pristine ecosys- tems, we investigated possible conservation opportunities in human-dominated landscapes. We evaluated butterfly diversity in a tropical countryside that was converted about four decades ago from continuous for- est to a mosaic of coffee farms, pasture, and forest fragments. We compared the butterfly fauna in coffee plan- tations with that in a forest remnant, the Las Cruces Reserve (227 ha). We used coffee plantation sites located "near" ( � 2.5 km) and "far" ( � 6 km) from the large forest remnant to test the effects of distance from the remnant on butterfly diversity. We also tested the effects of immediately adjacent habitat by selecting coffee plantation sites that were either contiguous with "small" (2.5-9.5 ha) forest fragments (coffee/forest) or lack- ing adjacent forest (coffee). Both coffee/forest and coffee habitats near the Las Cruces Reserve differed from those far from the reserve in species composition but not in species richness. Overall, coffee/forest habitats had significantly higher mean species richness and higher mean abundance of species than coffee and re- serve sites. Further, butterflies with narrow geographic ranges were less likely to be found in coffee planta- tions than were those with larger geographic ranges. Area of forest cover within a radius of 50 to 100 m of the sampling site was significantly correlated with species richness of frugivorous butterflies during the dry season but was not correlated with richness of frugivorous butterflies in the wet season or of nonfrugivorous butterflies in either season. Nonetheless, species richness of frugivorous and nonfrugivorous butterflies was positively correlated overall; thus, frugivorous butterflies may be good indicators of the status of the entire butterfly community in a region. Our work suggests that small, isolated forest fragments may help retain but- terfly diversity in the tropical countryside and increase the conservation value of agricultural landscapes. Rel- atively large tracts of forest remain important, however, because they maintain rare and endemic species.
A majorization approach to downlink multiuser VBR video streaming

In this paper, we investigate the problem of optimal power control for multiuser variable bit rate (VBR) video streaming in a cellular network with orthogonal channels. We adopt a deterministic model for VBR video traffic that incorporates video frame and playout buffer characteristics, and formulate a constrained stochastic optimization problem. We then develop a majorization-based solution approach. For the case of a single VBR video session with relaxed peak power constraint, we develop a power optimal algorithm with low complexity. We prove the power optimality of the proposed algorithm and the uniqueness of the global optimum, and demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is also smoothness optimal. For the case of multiuser VBR video streaming, we develop a heuristic algorithm that selectively suspends some video sessions when the peak power constraint is violated. In addition to the traditional VBR video streaming application, we also consider the case of interactive video streaming, and show that the proposed schemes can be easily adapted and applied. The proposed algorithms are evaluated with trace-driven simulations, and are shown to achieve considerable power savings and improved video quality over a conventional ''lazy'' scheme.
Maternal syphilis: pathophysiology and treatment

Despite the long history of medical interest in syphilis and its effects on pregnancy outcome, many fundamental questions about the pathophysiology and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy remain unanswered. However, understanding has been advanced by recent scientific reports such as those which delineate the complete sequence of the genome of the syphilis spirochaete, provide a more precise description of fetal and neonate infection by use of rabbit infectivity tests and describe the gestational age distribution of fetal death secondary to syphilis. It appears that fetal syphilitic involvement progresses in a rather predictable fashion, and although there is disagreement about the optimal prenatal treatment regimen, programmatic efforts to prevent fetal death must provide seropositive pregnant women with a recommended treatment early in pregnancy, and certainly before the third trimester.
Intersections of Power and Privilege: Long-Term Trends in Managerial Representation

This article examines post–Civil Rights Act trends in private sector managerial representation for white men, white women, black men, and black women. We examine how three factors affect changing a...
Restriction of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus by Ref1, Lv1, and Primate TRIM5α Proteins

The Ref1 and Lv1 postentry restrictions in human and monkey cells have been analyzed for lentiviruses in the primate and ungulate groups, but no data exist for the third (feline) group. We compared feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to other restricted (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1], equine infectious anemia virus [EIAV]) and unrestricted (NB-tropic murine leukemia virus [NB-MLV]) retroviruses across wide ranges of viral inputs in cells from multiple primate and nonprimate species. We also characterized restrictions conferred to permissive feline and canine cells engineered to express rhesus and human TRIM5α proteins and performed RNA interference (RNAi) against endogenous TRIM5α. We find that expression of rhesus or human TRIM5α proteins in feline cells restricts FIV, impairing pseudotyped vector transduction and viral replication, but rhesus TRIM5α is more restricting than human TRIM5α. Notably, however, canine cells did not support restriction by human TRIM5α and supported minimal restriction by rhesus TRIM5α, suggesting that these proteins may not function autonomously or that a canine factor interferes. Stable RNAi knockdown of endogenous rhesus TRIM5α resulted in marked increases in FIV and HIV-1 infectivities while having no effect on NB-MLV. A panel of nonprimate cell lines varied widely in susceptibility to lentiviral vector transduction, but normalized FIV and HIV-1 vectors varied concordantly. In contrast, in human and monkey cells, relative restriction of FIV compared to HIV-1 varied from none to substantial, with the greatest relative infectivity deficit for FIV vectors observed in human T-cell lines. Endogenous and introduced TRIM5α restrictions of FIV could be titrated by coinfections with FIV, HIV-1, or EIAV virus-like particles. Arsenic trioxide had complex and TRIM5α-independent enhancing effects on lentiviral but not NB-MLV infection. Implications for human gene therapy are discussed.
Indirect Effects of a Keystone Herbivore Elevate Local Animal Diversity

Abstract We quantified indirect effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on ground-dwelling herpetofauna and invertebrates in Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Ohio, USA. We placed cover boards at 12 sites, each consisting of a 10 × 10-m fenced (exclosure) plot and an unfenced (control) plot. Periodically, during May–December 2004 and May–September 2005, we counted salamanders, snakes, and a variety of invertebrate taxa. Salamander, snake, and gastropod abundance as well as invertebrate richness (no. of species or higher level taxa) were higher in control than exclosure plots. Our findings suggest that management actions taken to regulate deer densities could have the unintended effect of reducing local animal diversity.
Morphological features of coronary arteries and lesions in hearts from five species of sharks collected from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Morphological features of coronary arteries and incidental lesions are reported from hearts in five species of sharks, the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrhinchus Rafinesque, thresher shark Alopias vulpinus (Bonaterre), blue shark, Prionace glauca L., the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis (Mitchill), and spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias L. Sharks were collected from the northwestern Atlantic between June and August from 1996 to 2010. They were necropsied dockside and the hearts were preserved in buffered formalin. Routine sections including ventricle/conus arteriosus and the atrio-ventricular junctions were embedded in paraffin, stained with common histological and immunohistochemical methods and examined by brightfield microscopy. Myointimal hyperplasia, medial myo-myxomatous hyperplasia and bifurcation pads were observed commonly, and medial muscle reorientation and epicardial myeloid tissues were rare. All the above features differed in severity, prevalence and distribution depending on anatomical site and shark species/size. Morphometric analysis indicated that myomyxomatous hyperplasia is associated with luminal narrowing of blood vessels. As suggested previously, the described morphological features are most likely physiological responses to blood flow characteristics. Vascular and cardiac lesions were uncommon and included, granulomatous proliferative epicarditis with fibroepitheliomas, myxomatous epicardial expansions, medial arterial vacuolation, myocardial fibrosis, acute ventricular emboli and parasitic granulomas. The lesions of embolism, proliferative and granulomatous epicarditis and myocardial fibrosis were in all sharks associated with capture events including retained fishing hooks. The significance and aetiopathogenesis of medial vacuolation and epicardial myxomatous expansions remains unclear.
The role of large-scale vortical structures in transient convective heat transfer augmentation

The physical mechanism by which large-scale vortical structures augment convective heat transfer is a fundamental problem of turbulent flows. To investigate this phenomenon, two separate experiments were performed using simultaneous heat transfer and flow field measurements to study the vortex–wall interaction. Individual vortices were identified and studied both as part of a turbulent stagnation flow and as isolated vortex rings impacting on a surface. By examining the temporal evolution of both the flow field and the resulting heat transfer, it was observed that the surface thermal transport was governed by the transient interaction of the vortical structure with the wall. The magnitude of the heat transfer augmentation was dependent on the instantaneous strength, size and position of the vortex relative to the boundary layer. Based on these observations, an analytical model was developed from first principles that predicts the time-resolved surface convection using the transient properties of the vortical structure during its interaction with the wall. The analytical model was then applied, first to the simplified vortex ring model and then to the more complex stagnation region experiments. In both cases, the model was able to accurately predict the time-resolved convection resulting from the vortex interactions with the wall. These results reveal the central role of large-scale turbulent structures in the augmentation of thermal transport and establish a simple model for quantitative predictions of transient heat transfer.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in a Physical Therapy Program

Two educators provide an overview of what they have learned about the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning related to the education of future physical therapists and describe how they and their colleagues on faculty are integrating it into their academic lives.
The Routing and Re-Routing of Difficult Knowledge: Social Studies Teachers Encounter When the Levees Broke

The author explores the articulations of six social studies student/teachers after a viewing of When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts. The film, a documentary about the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on the people in and around New Orleans, constitutes an encounter with what Deborah Britzman (1998) calls “difficult knowledge”—representations of social/historical trauma in pedagogical situations. Drawing on ideas from psychoanalytic theory, the author elaborates on the ways that this difficult knowledge (i.e., the viewing of injustice, suffering, and death) gets “routed” and “re-routed” through the participants' discussions about the film. The author's overall objective, then, is to explore the rich complexity of the ways that social and historical traumas are felt, experienced, understood and then made pedagogical. Because a great deal of social studies curriculum is, in fact, constituted by difficult knowledge (e.g., studying wars, famines, genocides, injustices, slavery), it is important to cons...
Stability of Inorganic Fluorine‐Bearing Compounds: I, Binary Metallic Fluorides

Because of the practical importance in connection with the loss of fluorine from slags and enamels, the stabilities of NaF, KF, MgF2, CaF2, and ZnF2 in dry and moist atmospheres at elevated temperatures were studied by following the loss in weight of 0.25- to 2.0-gm. samples. The principal reaction was shown to be hydrolysis of the salts in moist atmospheres. The activation energies for the hydrolysis were calculated. NaF and KF were hydrolyzed little or not at all below 1000°C., MgF2 was hydrolyzed readily in the range 1050° to 1150°C., CaF2 was hydrolyzed slowly in the range 1200° to 1350°C., and ZnF2was completely hydrolyzed in the range 680° to 750°C.
La subjetividad y la mirada

The experience in which other one reveals me as subject from the look and the shame, which is effected(carried out) in the being-for-other and in the being-for-self phenomenological, is worth saying, the human reflexive(reflective) being and autoconscious mulberry tree(morality) of his(her,your) possibilities, of the world and of others, opposite to other one (s) being (is) a human being (s) reciprocally (s) to his(her,your) knowledge, existence and activity in the daily world, where they are recognized, allows the shock of the consciences in a common space, so much corporal, morally and reflexively(reflectively) from the acceptance and the fight in the sense of object - subject phenomenological and politician developed into an individual and community.
Power, Peasants and Political Development: Reconsidering State Construction in Africa

Recent writing on political development in Africa has shown a marked tendency to de-privilege the state. We might discern three broad, related, reasons for this trend. The first is the deepening political crisis involving what Crawford Young has described as “shrinkage in the competence, credibility and probity of the state.” The second is the growing dissatisfaction among scholars with the narrow analytical focus of state-centered scholarship on state structures and elites. The third is the re-emergence of civil society as an analytical concept (sparked by political crises in Eastern Europe) and a renewed emphasis on market institutions as appropriate arbiters of social provision.Many scholars, despairing of the political and economic decline of African countries and seeking more compelling explanations, have moved the state out of the explanatory spotlight. They have stressed the fragmentation of politics, processes of economic disengagement from the realm of state control, and expanding areas of social life that fall outside of the ambit of state authority. For some, the relationship between the state and civil society has offered a more appealing focus for analysis.2 Society-centered research has even suggested that the state is not (or is no longer) the main organising principle of politics in Africa.
Applications of OBE Algorithms to Speech Processing

Many algorithms for identification of speech models are directly or indirectly based on linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis.† LPC analysis is tantamount to identification of an autoregressive (AR) model using short-term batch processing of the observations.(1) The LPC model, therefore, is a special case of the discrete-time linear-in-parameters models treated in foregoing chapters. Accordingly, many speech processing tasks represent natural domains for applying bounded-error methods. This chapter discusses the fundamental principles requisite to application of optimal-bounded-ellipsoid (OBE) processing to problems in speech analysis, recognition and coding. The focus is the general problem of LPC identification of speech using OBE methods, including the significant issue of tracking the time-varying parameters of this very dynamic signal. Potential applications of this work in specific speech-processing endeavors include: 1. General modeling and analysis by predictive methods for spectral (formant) estimation, pitch detection, glottal waveform deconvolution, and pathology detection.(1) 2. Automated recognition of speech in which LPC parameters, or related parameters to which LPC coefficients are converted, are used as features in classifying phones, words, or complete messages in isolated utterances or continuous speech. 3. Speaker recognition, or speaker verification, in which the speaker’s identity is determined or verified, respectively, through parametric feature analysis. 4. Compression and synthesis of speech in which LPC parameters are used in strategies which remove redundancy in the acoustic waveform as a means of bandwidth compression or improving storage requirements. Similarly, spectral compression based on LPC analysis can be used for translation of the spectrum for hearing aids.
Fatigue thermique d'un acier inoxydable austénitique : influence de l'état de surface par une approche multi-échelles

Quelques cas de fissurations de composants en acier inoxydable austenitique 304L dus a un phenomene de fatigue thermique ont ete recenses, en particulier sur les circuits de Refroidissement du Reacteur a l'Arret (RRA) des Reacteurs a Eau Pressurisee (REP). EDF a lance un programme de R&D afin de comprendre et d'evaluer les risques de dommages dans ces circuits. Le test developpe a EDF, INTHERPOL, est un essai de fatigue thermique de type structure sur maquette tubulaire et soumis a un chargement periodique. Ces essais sont realises sous differents niveaux de chargement, etats de surface et soudures afin de rendre compte de ces parametres sur l'amorcage des fissures. L'objectif de cette etude est de definir une methodologie permettant la justification d'un critere de fatigue tenant compte de l'influence de l'etat de surface, a l'aide d'une approche multi-echelle. La premiere partie du travail consiste a caracteriser le materiau (304L) et particulierement sa surface. Les premiers resultats de la caracterisation de la surface montrent un fort gradient d'ecrouissage initial du materiau sur 250 microns en profondeur. Ce gradient n'evolue pas avec le cyclage thermique. Pour cette caracterisation, des mesures de microdureteet des observations de la microstructure (MET) ont ete realisees. La deuxieme partie est la modelisation macroscopique des essais INTHERPOL permettant de determiner les champs de contrainte et deformation issus des cycles thermiques. La troisieme partie du travail consiste ensuite a evaluer l'effet de la rugosite de surface et du gradient d'ecrouissage a echelle plus fine a l'aide d'une modelisation a l'echelle du polycristal, basee sur la variation des densites de dislocations. Un objectif pour l'avenir est d'aider, par ces modelisations polycristallines, au choix de criteres de fatigue prenant en compte l'influence de l'etat de surface (criteres energetiques ou de types plan critique par exemple).
Robust control under parametric uncertainty. Part I: analysis

The following sections are included: introduction; notation and preliminaries; real parameter stability margin; extremal results in RPRCT; frequency-domain results in RPRCT; concluding remarks; acknowledgments; and references.
Toward a Theory of Leisure-Spending Behavior:

Empirical data from the 1950 Study of Consumer Expenditures, Incomes and Savings and from the 1955–56 LIFE Study of Consumer Expenditures make possible the testing of economic and sociological theo...
Noble Metal Nanowires: From Plasmon Waveguides to Passive and Active Devices

Using chemical synthesis, researchers can produce noble metal nanowires with highly regular, crystalline properties unachievable by alternative, top-down nanofabrication methods. Sitting at the intersection of nanochemistry and nanooptics, noble metal nanowires have generated intense and growing research interest. These nanostructures combine subwavelength transverse dimensions (50–100 nm) and longitudinal dimensions that can reach tens of micrometers or more, which makes them an ideal platform to launch surface plasmon waves by direct illumination of one end of the structure. Because of this property, researchers are using noble metal nanowires as a tool for fundamental studies of subwavelength plasmon-based optics and the properties of surface plasmon guided wave propagation in highly confined geometries below the classical optical diffraction limit. In this Account, we review some of the recent developments in plasmonic nanowire fabrication, nanowire plasmon imaging, and nanowire optical components and...
Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Mg 2 Si, Mg 2 Ge, and Mg 2 Sn

The electronic band structure and optical constants of ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Si, ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Ge, and ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Sn are calculated using the empirical pseudopotential method. The results are compared with experiment.
Mercury antagonists: Effects of sodium chloride and sulfur group (VIa) compounds on excystment of the brine shrimp artemia

Brine shrimp excystment, although highly resistant, is severely inhibited by mmolar mercuric chloride. The presence of 100 mmolar NaCl largely prevents the toxic response. The chloride effect can be explained if the toxic Hg species, neutral HgCl2, is converted into HgCl inf3 sup2− and HgCl inf4 sup2− since charged species not likely to penetrate cyst walls.
Work, Age and the Perception of Age among Workers in Five Nations

Health care workers from five nations (Brazil, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine, USA) completed the Survey of Health Care Professionals, which includes measures of on-the-job and off-the-job conditions/concerns, as well as self-ratings of work demands, work skills and performance, work-related stress and measures of chronological and personal age. Consistent with previous research, feeling old relative to one's chronological age was positively associated with several indicators of experienced job-related stress; the magnitude of the relationships differed among national samples. Findings support further investigation of this operationalization of personal age as an indicator of unrelieved stress. Levels of concern about stressful workplace conditions and stressful off-the-job conditions (survival needs, home environment, and societal stressors) also differed among nations. In addition, our analyses revealed interesting similarities and differences among nations in the patterns of relationships between stressful w...
Creep constitutive equations of P92 steel welded joint

The welding heat thermal cycle was simulated through the heat treating method,and the simulated microstructures of the coarse grain heat-affected zone(CGHAZ),fine grain heat-affected zone(FGHAZ) and intercritical heat-affected zone(ICHAZ) of P92 steel were prepared by using a furnace at 3.53 K/s of heating rate.The uniaxial creep data of the base metal,deposited metal and simulated CGHAZ,FGHAZ and ICHAZ specimens were obtained through the creep tests under the temperature of 923 K,and the creep constitutive equations of each material were obtained too.The result shows that the creep strain rate of FGHAZ is higher than the other zones of the welded joint under the low stress.So the creep rupture is easy to occur in the FGHAZ.In addition,the creep properties are obviously different among the CGHAZ,FGHAZ and ICHAZ,which indicate the HAZ has the obvious material heterogeneity.
Effect of freeze-thaw treatment on the structure and texture of soft and firm tofu

Abstract The effects of freeze-thaw treatments on the microstructural and textural properties in two kinds of commercial tofu were studied. Tofu samples obtained from a commercial supplier were placed in a freezer at −16 °C for various times, then removed and thawed at 20 °C for 20 min. Subsequently, the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess the structural changes during the freeze-thaw treatment. Static compression tests and texture profile analysis were conducted on both freeze-thawed and fresh tofu samples. An analysis of the tofu structure based on the Gibson-Ashby model indicated that freeze-thawed tofu exhibits a reduction in water content compared to fresh tofu. The texture profile analysis results indicated that tofu was harder, springer, gummier and more cohesive after the freeze-thaw treatment. This increase in textural properties of tofu may satisfy consumer preferences for a harder and springier tofu.
Pictures and Politics: Using Co-Creative Portraits to explore the social dynamics of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Co-creative portraits open space to explore the interaction of photographic subjects and photographers as they collaborate to create intentional images. This still photographic method explores how the space of photographic creation and the resulting photographs not only respond to, but also engage and reflect the immediate inter-subjective, and broader, regional politics. Particularly, I examine this method, and the photographs it produces, in the context of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo - one of the densest spaces of humanitarian aid in the world. In North Kivu province, photography is produced daily for the purposes of fundraising, advocacy, and accountability. Aid agencies rely on the notion of photographs and their ability to ‘witness’ through portrayals of ‘documentary reality’. However, the visual imagescape of the eastern DRC is not bound by humanitarian imagery alone. In fact it is home to a thriving local photographic enterprise. Through co-creative portraits I examine the overlapping fields of ‘daily vernacular’ and ‘humanitarian photography,’ focusing on how individuals tack back and forth across these types of representation in front of the camera, particularly in response to dialectic social factors including space, time, and in their anticipations of their photographer. Therein, this article makes a two-pronged argument: 1) I argue that co-creative portraits contribute to the production of experiential, anthropological knowledge through photography. 2) With attention to the explanations, movements, and negotiations that produce the photographs, I argue that this method shows the constructed, subjective nature of photography, even in spaces of humanitarian aid.
Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Abstract This chapter introduces the nanoarchitechtonics of biomaterials used in the context of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests. It starts by defining POC diagnostic tests and presenting their significance. It then describes two major classes of clinical POC diagnostic tests: protein targeting (immunoassay) and nucleic acid targeting. Then it discusses recent developments of both classes of POC diagnostic tests, examples of commercially available technologies, and the main steps involved in each class of POC diagnostic test (sample preparation, amplification, and detection). Finally, impactful contributions from nanotechnology on each of these steps are explained.
The Social Psychology of Inter- and Intragroup Conflict in Governmental Politics

Conflict within and between groups is a pervasive part of bureaucratic political life. Bureaucratic structures divide individuals into groups such as agencies, departments, bureaus, and committees. These structures are optimal for accomplishing complex tasks with broad implications. The interests, however, of such groups and their individual members are rarely perfectly aligned, so the same interdependence that facilitates productivity in bureaucratic settings also makes conflict inevitable.
Lattice Theory of the Poset of Regions

Hyperplane arrangements (collections of codimension-1 subspaces) have long been an object of study in combinatorics, topology, and geometry. This chapter explores the lattice theory of the poset of regions of a (real) hyperplane arrangement. We discuss the open problem, first posed by Bjorner, Edelman, and Ziegler [70], of characterizing by local geometric conditions which posets of regions are lattices. We give a local geometric characterization (“tightness”) of which posets of regions are semidistributive lattices. Along the way, we discuss a local condition for checking that a partially ordered set is a lattice, along with analogous local conditions for determining lattice-theoretic properties. In the case of simplicial arrangements (which are in particular tight), we characterize the regions of the arrangement in terms of two notions of combinatorial convexity.
Ontology-based urban data exploration

Cities are actively creating open data portals to enable predictive analytics of urban data. However, the large number of observable patterns that can be extracted as rules by techniques such as Association Rule Mining (ARM) makes the task of sifting through patterns a tedious and time-consuming task. In this paper, we explore the use of domain ontologies to: (i) filter and prune rules that are variations of a more general concept in the ontology, and (ii) replace groups of rules by a single general rule with the intent of downsizing the number of initial rules while preserving the semantics. We show how the combination of several methods reduces significantly the number of rules thus effectively allowing city administrators to use open data to generate patterns, use them for decision making, and better direct limited government resources.
Seminormal systems of operators in Clifford environments

The primary goal of our article is to implement some standard spin geometry techniques related to the study of Dirac and Laplace operators on Dirac vector bundles into the multidimensional theory of Hilbert space operators. The transition from spin geometry to operator theory relies on the use of Clifford environments, which essentially are Clifford algebra augmentations of unital complex \(C^*\)-algebras that enable one to set up counterparts of the geometric Bochner-Weitzenbock and Bochner-Kodaira-Nakano curvature identities for systems of elements of a \(C^*\)-algebra. The so derived self-commutator identities in conjunction with Bochner's method provide a natural motivation for the definitions of several types of seminormal systems of operators. As part of their study, we single out certain spectral properties, introduce and analyze a singular integral model that involves Riesz transforms, and prove some self-commutator inequalities.
Human Leukocyte Antigen–Disease Associations in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The cause and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are influenced by environmental and genetic risk factors. Shared epitope-coding human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles increase RA risk and severity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. In contrast, several other DRB1 alleles protect against RA. Additionally, genome-wide association studies suggest that RA associates with other, HLA and non-HLA, genes; but the relative contributions of such risk loci to RA are incompletely understood. Future research challenges include integrating the epidemiologic and genomic data into validated arthritogenic pathways and determining the mechanisms of interaction between RA risk genes and environmental influences.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication

Patient 2 An intoxicated 50-year-old female was brought to the emergency center by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel. She stated that her husband was not allowing her to drink alcohol so she drank “a lot of mouthwash.” She stated that she could not get alcohol any other way and she just wanted a drink. She denied drinking alcohol as a suicide attempt. The patient had a 1-year history of alcohol abuse. She denied treatment and/or rehabilitation for alcohol abuse.
Topographic, edaphic, and vegetative controls on plant-available water

Soil moisture varies within landscapes in response to vegetative, physiographic, and climatic drivers, which makes quantifying soil moisture over time and space difficult. Nevertheless, understanding soil moisture dynamics for different ecosystems is critical, as the amount of water in a soil determines a myriad ecosystem services and processes such as net primary productivity, runoff, microbial decomposition, and soil fertility. We investigated the patterns and variability in in situ soil moisture measurements converted to plant-available water across time and space under different vegetative cover types and topographic positions at the Marcell Experimental Forest (Minnesota, USA). From 0 – 228.6 cm soil depth, plant-available water was significantly higher under the hardwoods (12%), followed by the aspen (8%) and red pine (5%) cover types. Across the same soil depth, toeslopes were wetter (mean plant-available water = 10%) than ridges and backslopes (mean plant-available water was 8%), although these differences were not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Using a mixed model of fixed and random effects, we found that cover type, soil texture, and time were related to plant-available water and that topography was not significantly related to plant-available water within this low-relief landscape. Additionally, during the three-year monitoring period, red pine and quaking aspen sites experienced plant-available water levels that may be considered limiting to plant growth and function. Given that increasing temperatures and more erratic precipitation patterns associated with climate change may result in decreased soil moisture in this region, these species may be sensitive and vulnerable to future shifts in climate.
Emerging memory technologies for high density applications

Comparison of most mature and promising emerging memory technologies respect to mainstream NAND and DRAM and challenges for the introduction in the market for high density applications.
A 2.33GHz, −133 dBc/Hz, 8-phase VCO RFIC in 130nm CMOS RF SOI

This paper presents a multi-phase clock generation technique, which employs coupled oscillators with capacitive-coupling to achieve both low-power and low-noise characteristics. An oscillator core equipped with both dual tanks and adaptive biasing feedback is proposed. To prove the concept, a four-core coupled oscillator is fabricated in a 130nm CMOS RF SOI process. The VCO RFIC achieves measured phase noise of −133 dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset from the 2.33 GHz operating frequency. The current consumption for each oscillator core is 10 mA from a 1V supply voltage. The Figure of Merit (FoM) of the 8-phase VCO circuit is 184.4 dBc/Hz while it is 193.3 dBc/Hz per phase.
Algorithmic Insights into Finite-State Robots

Modern technology has enabled the deployment of small computers that can act as the “brains” of mobile robots. Multiple advantages accrue if one can deploy simpler computers rather than more sophisticated ones: For a fixed cost, one can deploy more computers, hence benefit from more concurrent computing and/or more fault-tolerant design—both major issues with assemblages of mobile “intelligent” robots. This chapter explores the capabilities and limitations of computers that execute simply structured finite-state programs . The robots of interest operate within constrained physical settings such as warehouses or laboratories; they operate on tesselated “floors” within such settings—which we view formally as meshes of tiles. The major message of the chapter is that teams of (identical) robots whose “intellects” are powered by finite-state programs are capable of more sophisticated algorithmics than one might expect, even when the robots must operate: (\(a\)) without the aid of centralized control and (\(b\)) using algorithms that are scalable, in the sense that they work in meshes/“floors” of arbitrary sizes. A significant enabler of robots’ algorithmic sophistication is their ability to use their host mesh’s edges—i.e., the walls of the warehouses or laboratories—when orchestrating their activities. The capabilities of our “finite-state robots” are illustrated via a variety of algorithmic problems that involve path planning and exploration, in addition to the rearranging of labeled objects.
Probing the extended lipid anchorage with cytochrome c and liposomes containing diacylphosphatidylglycerol lipids

Abstract Experiments investigating the adsorption and desorption of cytochrome c onto and from liposomes containing 50 mol% 1,2-diacylphosphatidylglycerol lipids [10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:1(Δ9 cis)] with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) in pH 7.4 buffered solutions of low to moderate ionic strength are reported. Fluorescence experiments show that cytochrome c has a similar adsorption affinity for the five labeled 50 mol% PG liposome systems investigated. Fluorescence recovery experiments reveal the extent of cytochrome c desorption upon the addition of >10× excess of unlabeled 100% 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) liposomes is dependent on the lipid's acyl chain length. The extent of desorption is also shown to be independent of temperature, albeit over a narrow range. The differences in the extent of cytochrome c desorption from liposomes containing PG lipids with different acyl chain lengths is attributed to the varying contribution of the binding motif involving the extended lipid anchorage in response to lipid packing stress.
Data from: Statistically testing the role of individual learning and decision-making in trapline foraging

In a strategy known as traplining, foragers including bees, bats, and hummingbirds visit replenishing food sources in repeated patterns to decrease travel times. Few null models exist to test the statistical significance of traplines driven by memory and learning as opposed to patterns emerging from resource layouts and random movements. Our method, which tests empirical data against the behavior of computer simulated foragers, is a powerful tool for testing hypotheses related to inherently spatial processes.
Building a Profession of Teaching

The experience of [high-performing] school systems suggests that three things matter most: 1) getting the right people to become teachers; 2) developing them into effective instructors and; 3) ensuring that the system is able to deliver the best possible instruction for every child. (Barber & Mourshed, 2007)
Challenges in Integrating Voice of the Customer in Advanced Vehicle Development Process – A Practitioner’s Perspective

Traditional automotive product development can be segmented into the Advanced and Execution phases. This paper focuses on three specific aspects of the Advanced Vehicle Development Process. Voice of the Customer is an important and integral part of the Advanced Vehicle Development Process. We highlight the different issues involved in understanding and incorporating the Voice of the Customer in the product development process. A catalog of questions is provided to help the decision maker understand better the information provided and make the right decisions.
Molecular Detection of Head and Neck Cancer

Publisher Summary The explosion of information about the molecular basis of neoplastic transformation has provided numerous opportunities for progress in understanding and managing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). With the advent of the polymerase chain reaction, small samples of DNA could be amplified to provide sufficient material for study. This technique, together with numerous sophisticated methods for manipulating DNA to gain insight into the function of individual genes, yields evidence for some of the decisive events that produce malignancy. An ideal tumor marker for molecular detection must have distinct attributes. It must be highly sensitive and highly specific and also able to distinguish between cancer and noncancerous tissue accurately. The event that produces the marker should occur relatively early in the malignant transformation process so that the appearance of the marker heralds the presence of disease at its initial stages. Methods for high-throughput analysis at low cost are on the horizon, including silicon-chip microarray technologies and fluorescent tags permitting automated detection. These methods can provide oncologists with an opportunity to identify patients during the earliest and most amenable stages for treatment and cure with the currently available treatment modalities.
Bacterial (Suppurative) Lymphadenitis

Acute lymphadenitis is caused by bacterial infection. Opportunistic bacterial infections can involve regional lymph nodes and lead to acute lymphadenitis that may become suppurative. Infections are often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and, less often, group A streptococcus.
Recent Research on the Role of the Teacher

Some years ago, when the world was young and federal grants were easier to come by, a group of colleagues and I set out to study role expectations that were then held for teachers in a major metropolitan area in the United States (see Biddle, Rosencranz, & Rankin, 1961; Biddle, Rosencranz, Tomich, & Twyman, 1966; Biddle & Twyman, 1963; Biddle, Twyman, & Rankin, 1962). Since we knew that different kinds of people have a’ stake’ in education, we began by asking questions of various persons who might have important things to say about teachers: students in schools, their parents, school principals, officials in school district offices, school board members, staff persons in schools, teacher trainees, faculty involved in teacher education, and — needless to say-teachers themselves. And because we did not want to impose our own concepts on these good people (at least at the beginning), we began by asking them simply to ‘tell us about teachers.’ ‘When you think about teachers, what are your concerns?’ ‘What for you are the most important aspects of the role of the teacher?’
Mass psychogenic illness in a shoe factory. A case report.

An investigation was conducted in a USA industrial plant where 50–75 workers reported experiencing symptoms of headache, lightheadedness, and dizziness among others apparently in response to a strange odor in the workplace. Since environmental testing in the plant produced essentially negative results, a behavioral factors evaluation was undertaken. The results of interviews with affected workers and analysis of survey data indicated that those workers who reported experiencing more symptoms during the outbreak also reported more dissatisfaction with the work environment, more physical and psychological stress on the job, and more stress from financial pressure at home. It was concluded that the outbreak represented a case of industrial mass psychogenic illness which was precipitated by a combination of physical and psychological job stress and other life stresses.
Age-dependent differences in learning to control a robot arm using a body-machine interface

Body-machine interfaces, i.e. interfaces that rely on body movements to control external assistive devices, have been proposed as a safe and robust means of achieving movement and mobility; however, how children learn these novel interfaces is poorly understood. Here we characterized the learning of a body-machine interface in young unimpaired adults, two groups of typically developing children (9-year and 12-year olds), and one child with congenital limb deficiency. Participants had to control the end-effector of a robot arm in 2D using movements of the shoulder and torso. Results showed a striking effect of age - children had much greater difficulty in learning the task compared to adults, with a majority of the 9-year old group unable to even complete the task. The 12-year olds also showed poorer task performance compared to adults (as measured by longer movement times and greater path lengths), which were associated with less effective search strategies. The child with congenital limb deficiency showed superior task performance compared to age-matched children, but had qualitatively distinct coordination strategies from the adults. Taken together, these results imply that children have difficulty learning non-intuitive interfaces and that the design of body-machine interfaces should account for these differences in pediatric populations.