cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedural Due Process: The Missing Casebook Chapter

This is a selection of lightly edited cases and brief notes intended to serve as the equivalent of a casebook chapter on procedural due process in a constitutional law or related course. Most of the best constitutional law casebooks pay very little attention to procedural due process. Ordinarily, the topic is consigned to a very short section tacked onto the end of a much more substantial discussion of substantive due process, Lochner, etc. This neglect misses the practical, theoretical, doctrinal, and pedagogical importance of procedural due process. In an attempt to remedy this situation, I am making this supplementary material free of charge to all comers, not only for my own students, but for other faculty as well. For the latter, I encourage you to make use of it in your own courses, or even modify or distribute it, if you would like, in other materials. I only ask that you provide appropriate attribution and drop me an e-mail to let me know how it’s been useful to you. I would also greatly appreciate any feedback. This is an experimental document. It is meant to be suitable for use in any course covering procedural due process, regardless of the casebook or official title of the course (e.g., constitutional law, public benefits law, constitutional criminal procedure, civil procedure). Because I intend the supplement to be useful in a wide variety of courses and with numerous casebooks, I have erred on the side of length; this supplement is not intended to be assigned in its entirety. Current version: 1.1, updated December 1, 2013, with addition of Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
Fabric wrinkle evaluation using laser triangulation and neural network classifier

Wrinkling is one of the most important fabric performance properties, which are routinely evaluated in reference to a set of visual standards in the textile industry. The visual evaluation is unreliable and time-inefficient. An industrial need for objective and automatic evaluation methods has been increasing markedly in the recent years. An image analysis system is developed to meet this need. The laser line triangu- lation method is used to measure the 3D surface data of a wrinkled fabric, and a neural network is built to execute the wrinkle classification with respect to the visual standard. Due to the directionality of wrinkles, a rotary stage is used to change the sample's orientation under the cam- era so that multiple images of the sample can be captured at different angles and more wrinkle data can be extracted for classification. The wrinkle classifications provided by the system are highly consistent with the visual standards, showing the potential for replacing human graders in fabric wrinkling evaluations. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)01810-3)
Immunohistochemical localization of chromogranin A in normal tissues from laboratory animals.

To analyze the distribution of Chromogranin A in endocrine cells of various species of laboratory animals (dog, gerbil, guinea pig, hamster, monkey, mouse, and fetal, neonatal, and adult rats), normal tissues were stained immunohistochemically with polyclonal anti-bovine Chromogranin A antiserum (SP- 1). Selected tissues (pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, brain, peripheral nerve, stomach, small and large intestine, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph node, and liver) from these species and from the rabbit were stained with two monoclonal anti-human Chromogranin A antibodies (LK2H 10 and PHES) to compare the immunoreactivities of the monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antiserum. Staining with the polyclonal anti- serum (SP- 1) resulted in a broader spectrum of immunoreactivity but had more nonspecific background staining than either monoclonal antibody. Immunoreactivity and staining intensity with SP- 1 varied between species, but most endocrine tissues (pituitary cells in the anterior and intermediate lobes, thyroid "C" cells, adrenal medulla, parathyroid, pancreatic islets, and enterochromaffin cells) from most species stained positively. In some species, pancreatic alpha cells stained more intensely, and two populations of adrenal medullary cells with different staining intensities were observed. Sciatic nerve (axonal area) was immunoreactive with monoclonal antibodies and/or the polyclonal antiserum in several species. The spectrum of immunoreactive tissues from fetal and neonatal rats increased with age. There was good cross-reactivity between species with SP-1, but not with either LK2H10 or PHES. These results indicate that many endocrine cells with secretory granules in laboratory animals express Chromogranin A and that a polyclonal antiserum, such as SP- 1, is more sensitive in detecting this protein in various species than monoclonal antibodies such as LK2H10 or PHES. Antibodies and antisera to Chromogranin A (CGA) have proven to be excellent broad spectrum markers for cells of the dispersed neuroendocrine ~y~tem~~,~~,~~)~ ~,~~ and their For several years, the function of the family of chromogranins re- mained an enigma, but chromogranins are now thought to function as hormone precursor^.^,^^,^^ Recently, CGA was shown to be a precursor to pan~reastatin.~~ .~~ Por-
Progress on high-energy 2-micron solid state laser for NASA space-based wind and carbon dioxide measurements

Sustained research efforts at NASA Langley Research Center during last fifteen years have resulted in a significant advancement in 2-micron diode-pumped, solid-state laser transmitter for wind and carbon dioxide measurement from ground, air and space-borne platform. Solid-state 2-micron laser is a key subsystem for a coherent Doppler lidar that measures the horizontal and vertical wind velocities with high precision and resolution. The same laser, after a few modifications, can also be used in a Differential Absorption Lidar system for measuring atmospheric CO 2 concentration profiles. Researchers at NASA Langley Research Center have developed a compact, flight capable, high energy, injection seeded, 2-micron laser transmitter for ground and airborne wind and carbon dioxide measurements. It is capable of producing 250 mJ at 10 Hz by an oscillator and one amplifier. This compact laser transmitter was integrated into a mobile trailer based coherent Doppler wind and CO 2 DIAL system and was deployed during field measurement campaigns. This paper will give an overview of 2-micron solid-state laser technology development and discuss results from recent ground-based field measurements.
Structurally Integrated Versus Structurally Segregated Memory Representations: Implications for the Design of Instructional Materials

Students regularly receive conceptually related information from several different sources. For example, a student might study several textbook chapters concerning U.S. involvement in World War II. All of the studied information would be related at a general topical level. In addition, some of the information would be related in more specific ways. For example, the student might learn that the U.S. took various actions during the war, including bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki, liberating France, giving monetary aid to China, etc.
Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection in the United States, 1988–1994

BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading cause of congenital illness and disability, including hearing loss and mental retardation. However, there are no nationwide estimates of CMV seroprevalence among pregnant women or the overall population of the United States. METHODS To determine CMV prevalence in a representative sample of the US population, we tested serum samples for CMV-specific immunoglobulin G from participants aged > or =6 years (n=21,639) in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). RESULTS The prevalence of CMV infection was 58.9% in individuals > or =6 years old. CMV seroprevalence increased gradually with age, from 36.3% in 6-11-year-olds to 90.8% in those aged > or =80 years. CMV seroprevalence differed by race and/or ethnicity as follows: 51.2% in non-Hispanic white persons, 75.8% in non-Hispanic black persons, and 81.7% in Mexican Americans. Racial and/or ethnic differences in CMV seroprevalence persisted when controlling for household income level, education, marital status, area of residence, census region, family size, country of birth, and type of medical insurance. Among women, racial and/or ethnic differences were especially significant; between ages 10-14 years and 20-24 years, seroprevalence increased 38% for non-Hispanic black persons, 7% for non-Hispanic white persons, and <1% for Mexican Americans. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of these results, we estimate that each year in the United States approximately 340,000 non-Hispanic white persons, 130,000 non-Hispanic black persons, and 50,000 Mexican American women of childbearing age experience a primary CMV infection. Given the number of women at risk and the significance of congenital disease, development of programs for the prevention of CMV infection, such as vaccination or education, is of considerable public health importance.
Is the sutureless cataract incision a valve for bacterial inoculation

Many cataract surgeons perform sutureless surgery to decrease operating time, postoperative astigmatism, and healing time. Anecdotal case reports of postoperative endophthalmitis after sutureless surgery prompted our investigation of this type of wound closure and its possible relationship to an increased incidence of infection. This in vitro study addressed the question: Is sutureless more likely than sutured cataract surgery to provide a route for inoculation of microbial organisms into the eye? Twenty-eight human eyes obtained postmortem were randomly divided into 14 pairs and successively incubated for 90, 150, 210, and 270 minutes each in a suspension of Staphylococcus epidermidis in physiologic media. Cultured aqueous aspirates yielded no significant differences between sutured and unsutured eyes in colony counts at any time interval. This suggests that both sutured and unsutured wounds resist bacterial ingrowth equally and that a properly constructed unsutured wound is not a significant valve for bacterial inoculation in an eye pressurized to physiological conditions.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VERSATILE FIELD PROGRAM FOR MEASURING TRITIUM IN "REAL-TIME"

Robust sample handling and liquid scintillation counting (LSC) procedures have been developed to routinely monitor tritium in the field relative to the 20,000 pCi/L drinking water standard. This procedure allows tritium to be monitored hourly during 24 hour drilling operations at depths in the saturated zone potentially contaminated by sub-surface nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site. Using retrofitted, shock hardened, vibration damped counters and strict analytical protocols, tritium may be measured rapidly in the field under hostile conditions. Concentration standards and “dead” tritium backgrounds are prepared weekly in a central laboratory and delivered to remote drilling locations where they are recounted daily as a check on counter efficiency and calibration. Portable LSC counters are located in trailers and powered off a battery pack and line filter fed by mobile generator. The samples are typically groundwaters mixed with drilling fluids returned after circulation through a drill string. Fluids are aerated and de-foamed, filtered, mixed with scintillation cocktail and dark adapted before counting. “Real-time” monitoring affords drilling and field personnel early warning against intercepting down-gradient plumes of radioactivity. For routine operations, the tritium activity may not exceed a 10,000 pCi/L threshold.
Cherry-Red Spot-Myoclonus Syndrome

A 21-year-old woman had typical clinical and biochemical findings of the cherry-red spot-myoclonus syndrome. She had 20/50 acuity in each eye, flutter-like ocular oscillations, rebound nystagmus, and transient vertical dissociation. Cherry-red maculas and optic atrophy were present. Although electroretinographic signals were normal, visual evoked potentials were almost absent. Levels of neuraminidase were significantly reduced in cultured ebroblasts from the patient and her parents, while lysosomal inclusions probably containing oligosaccharides were found in her conjunctival fibroblasts.
Patterns of reproduction in slave-making ants

Sex ratios in slave-making ants have been posed as important test cases for the hypothesis that eusociality evolved via kin selection in insects. Trivers and Hare proposed that sex ratios in slave-makers should reflect the queen's interests whereas sex ratios in free-living host ants should reflect the workers' interests. We analyse patterns of allocation to males versus females, as well as allocation to growth versus reproduction for slave-making ants in the tribe Formicoxenini. We find little support for the hypothesis of exclusive queen control; instead, our results implicate queen–worker conflict in slave-making ants, both over male allocation ratios and over allocation to growth versus reproduction.
Desensitization for power reduction in sequential circuits

We describe a technique for power reduction in sequential circuits. Existing signals in the circuit are used to selectively disable some of the registers so that a portion of the circuit will be deactivated. Consequently, average power consumption in the circuit is reduced at a cost of small increases in area and delay. We present an algorithm for determining the desensitizing signal for each register. A significant amount of power reduction is achieved in a number of benchmark circuits according to our experimental results.
Mammary and Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention and Mechanisms of Action of Resveratrol and Genistein in Rodent Models

1. Almost 200,000 men and women in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate and breast cancers, respectively, this year alone. It has become increasingly clear that environmental exposures, including diet, influence the risk of both breast and prostate cancers.
Diffusion of topological charge in lattice QCD simulations

We study the autocorrelations of observables constructed from the topological charge density, such as the topological charge on a time slice or in a subvolume, using a series of hybrid Monte Carlo simulations of pure SU(3) gauge theory with both periodic and open boundary conditions. We show that the autocorrelation functions of these observables obey a simple diffusion equation and we measure the diffusion coefficient, finding that it scales like the square of the lattice spacing. We use this result and measurements of the rate of tunneling between topological charge sectors to calculate the scaling behavior of the autocorrelation times of these observables on periodic and open lattices. There is a characteristic lattice spacing at which open boundary conditions become worthwhile for reducing autocorrelations and we show how this lattice spacing is related to the diffusion coefficient, the tunneling rate, and the lattice Euclidean time extent.
Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography At Valhall

Although permanent ocean-bottom cables installed at the Valhall field record high-quality and repeatable active seismic surveys, even in absence of active seismic shooting the array can record an abundance of seismic energy. Seismic interferometry of 29 hours of passive seismic data generates omnidirectional Scholte-wave virtual-sources at very low frequencies (0.4−1.75 Hz). Scholte-wave group arrival times are inverted using both eikonal tomography and straight-ray tomography to reveal features that match with known geology in the upper 100 m beneath the ocean floor. This technique can form a very low-cost near-surface monitoring system using seismic noise recorded by permanent ocean-bottom arrays.
Current Trends in Identifying Rapidly Acting Treatments for Depression

Traditional antidepressant medications generally take weeks-to-months to achieve effect. However, the breakthrough finding of ketamine's rapidly acting antidepressant properties has inspired a decade-and-a-half of progress towards the identification of treatments that work quickly-within hours-to-days. This paradigm-shift in the discovery of antidepressant therapies has significantly changed the current landscape of antidepressant drug development. Building on this, the current review briefly highlights the recent trends in research towards identifying rapidly-acting antidepressants. Specifically, ketamine, GLYX-13, nitrous oxide, metabotropic glutamatergic receptor modulators, scopolamine, opioid-receptor modulators, and low field magnetic stimulation are discussed.
Analysis on locomotive crew's mental health status in high-speed railway

Objective To understand the mental health status of high-speed railway locomotive crew,improve the high speed railway locomotive working conditions,and preventive measures. Methods Using cluster sampling method,all of Guangzhou high speed railway locomotive crew-170 men and ordinary common train locomotive crew of 284 men were recruited. The Self-reporting Inventory( SCL-90) was administered to these locomotive crews. Results 45. 88% of high speed railway locomotive crew's score was over 160. The high-speed railway locomotive crew had significantly higher scores in Self-reporting Inventory( SCL-90) than ordinary common train locomotive crew( all P 0. 05). Multiple regression analyses were performed on the influencing factors of score. Age,smoking,drinking,culture,seniority of locomotive driving, seniority of high-speed rail driving had effects on SCL-90 score. Conclusions Compared with the ordinary train locomotive crew,high-speed rail locomotive attendants suffer notable psychological pressure.
Comparative Study between Non-invasive and Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure in Infants

Objective To investigate the reliability of non-invasive measurement of arterial pressurein infants . Methods 17infants needed to monitor invasive arterial pressure during operation wereselected. Axilla artery was catheterized to monitor invasive arterial pressure continuously. Non-invasive arterial pressure were monitored at humerus artery of the same arm. Compare the results ofinvasive and non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure.Results There is no significant differ-ence between invasive and non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure. Mean error of systolicpressure and diastolic pressure is -0.03846 and -2.52198 respectively, Standard deviation of systolicpressure and diastolic pressure is 4.673146 and 6.097464 respectively.Conclusion Non-invasivemeasurement of arterial pressure could reflect precisely blood pressure level of patients in infants.
Error Recovery in Multitasking While Driving

Human-technology interactions involving errors undermine acceptance and performance. The effect of errors and the ability to recover from them represent a particularly important consideration for design in safety-critical multitasking situations. However, few studies have considered the recovery process of errors in multitasking situations, such as their contribution to driver distraction. This paper investigates errors that drivers make interacting with an infotainment system. In this study, participants (N = 46) drove a stimulated vehicle and performed word entry tasks on a touch screen. Errors undermined driving and task performance. We also identified four different error recovery strategies and found that the accumulated information related to the driving situation and the characteristics of an infotainment system affected the choice of strategy. Implications for in-vehicle interface design, driver models, and general multitasking design are discussed.
Quinone Reduction in Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical CO2 Separation

We report the redox activity of quinone materials, in the presence of ionic liquids, with the ability to bind reversibly to CO2. The reduction potential at which 1,4-naphthoquinone transforms to the quinone dianion depends on the strength of the hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the ionic liquid solvent; under CO2, this transformation occurs at much lower potentials than in a CO2-inert environment. In the absence of CO2, two consecutive reduction steps are required to form first the radical anion and then the dianion, but with the quinones considered here, a single two-electron wave reduction with simultaneous binding of CO2 occurs. In particular, the 1,4-napthoquinone and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide, [emim][tcm], system reported here shows a higher quinone solubility (0.6 and 1.9 mol·L–1 at 22 and 60 °C, respectively) compared to other ionic liquids and most common solvents. The high polarity determined through the Kamlet–Taft parameters for [emim][tcm] explains the measured solubilit...
Trends in Kaposi's Sarcoma in Miami Beach From 1987–2007

Abstract 4830 Introduction Kaposi9s sarcoma (KS) is a rare low-grade vascular tumor associated with the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). The demographics, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment for Kaposi9s sarcoma changed significantly over the past 30 years with the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s, the widespread introduction of combination highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) in the mid 1990s, and finally the advanced aging of the United States population seen in the 2000s. Our Miami Beach community had a very unique position during this time span: It served an extensive elderly population while also serving a population that was one of the epicenters for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. Materials and Methods Upon review of the Mount Sinai Medical Center tumor registry database in Miami Beach, FL, 143 cases of KS were identified between January 1 st 1987 and December 31 st 2007. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the demographic and background variables. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard statistical methods were used to estimate overall survival and clinical variables. A chart review was performed for confirmation of CD4 counts. Results Of the 143 KS patients identified in the database, the majority were non-Hispanic white (60.1%) non-smoking (42.7%) males (90.2%) diagnosed between 1987–1996 (57.3%). More than half of our study population was HIV positive (52.4%), with an equal percentage of patients diagnosed with local or distant disease (40.6%), and most of the patients receiving no chemotherapy (80.4%) or radiation (65%). The overall survival at 5 years was 27% with a median survival time of 24 months. No significant differences in survival were observed among patients based on sex, age at diagnosis, or treatment received. There was a trend towards improved survival among current smokers and patients presenting with local versus distant disease stage. Multivariate analysis and analysis of maximum likelihood estimates revealed that among patients with KS, Hispanic whites were significantly less likely to die than non-Hispanic whites (HR=0.47, 95% CI=(0.29, 0.78), p =0.003). Patients diagnosed between 1997–2007 had a significantly longer survival than those diagnosed between 1987–1996 (HR=0.38 (95% CI 0.24, 0.60), p Conclusion The majority of KS patients identified through our database were young, non-smoking, HIV positive, non-Hispanic white males diagnosed during the peak of the HIV epidemic between 1987 and 1996. Hispanic patients diagnosed with KS during this time period had superior outcomes when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Patients diagnosed from 1997–2007 had superior outcomes when compared to those diagnosed from 1987–1996. There was a trend toward a significance difference in survival among patients based on smoking status and tumor stage at diagnosis. There were no significant differences in survival among patients based on sex, age, or treatment received. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Effectively preparing students for international field placements through a pre-departure class

AbstractGoals of international social work internships include greater cross-cultural sensitivity, professional growth, increased awareness of the impact of culture on the helping process, and a greater degree of intercultural adaptability, however, purposeful preparation is required to these desired goals. Therefore, a US BSW program developed a semester-long pre-departure class for students preparing to complete international internships. Theories of intercultural development and cross-cultural competence shaped the curriculum to help students increase self-awareness and critical reflection on their home culture; develop an understanding of cultural values about helping and social work as a profession in the destination country; and learn practical aspects of international travel and living abroad. Utilizing a non-randomized comparison group, significant differences were found on the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory.
Why I am not an Evolutionary Psychologist: On the Imperative Nature of Motivational Endowments

In Chap. 1, I attempted to show why propositional-attitudes take evolutionary psychology down wrong path. In this chapter, I intend to address the role that motivational endowments, or what Millikan (1993) refers to as imperatives, play in the explanation of behavior. Some philosophical psychologists have attempted to conceptualize motivational endowments in terms of intentionality. Sterelny (2003), for example, refers to motivational endowments as ‘preference-like’ states in a way that corresponds to his formulation of cognitive states as ‘belief-like’ states.
Stem cell derived phenotypic human neuromuscular junction model for dose response evaluation of therapeutics.

There are currently no functional neuromuscular junction (hNMJ) systems composed of human cells that could be used for drug evaluations or toxicity testing in vitro. These systems are needed to evaluate NMJs for diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy or other neurodegenerative diseases or injury states. There are certainly no model systems, animal or human, that allows for isolated treatment of motoneurons or muscle capable of generating dose response curves to evaluate pharmacological activity of these highly specialized functional units. A system was developed in which human myotubes and motoneurons derived from stem cells were cultured in a serum-free medium in a BioMEMS construct. The system is composed of two chambers linked by microtunnels to enable axonal outgrowth to the muscle chamber that allows separate stimulation of each component and physiological NMJ function and MN stimulated tetanus. The muscle's contractions, induced by motoneuron activation or direct electrical stimulation, were monitored by image subtraction video recording for both frequency and amplitude. Bungarotoxin, BOTOX® and curare dose response curves were generated to demonstrate pharmacological relevance of the phenotypic screening device. This quantifiable functional hNMJ system establishes a platform for generating patient-specific NMJ models by including patient-derived iPSCs.
Vanishing Vacuum Energies for Nonsupersymmetric Strings

We review a mechanism which has been proposed for the vanishing of the cosmological constant in nonsupersymmetric superstring theories. We discuss in particular how the idea might work at two and three loops, although no concrete model is proposed. One of the main difficulties with the approach is finding explicit models exhibiting the mechanism: only two examples in two uncompactified dimensions are known.
Two-Level Logic Minimization in PLAs

Random logic and structured logic provide two distinct approaches for implementing digital logic circuits. Random logic implementations, in general, provide lower silicon area utilization and also faster operation times. On the other hand, structured logic implementations allow for a shorter design cycle and easier testing of the implemented logic. Depending on the design requirements, a mix of structured and random logic is used to implement today’s digital circuits.
C-Scan Mapping of Elastic Modulus in a Stepped Aluminum Bar Casting

Aluminum castings can contain pinholes caused by porosity from a number of sources, including the presence of gas or from shrinkage. These pinholes, although normally small in size and number, can greatly influence the properties of the casting, often resulting in the scrapping of the part. While many factors are involved in the formation of porosity in aluminum castings, such as the influences of hydrogen and aluminum oxide (A12O3) on gas-porosity, this study investigates the effects of cooling rate and section thickness. These factors are studied by using a sand cast aluminum bar with different section thicknesses which undergo different cooling rates during casting [1,2].
Not Your Daddy's Data Link: Musings on Datalink Communications

Viewgraphs about musings on Datalink Communications are presented. Some of the topics include: 1) Keen Eye for a Straight Proposal (Next Gen Data Link); 2) So many datalinks so little funding!!!; 3) Brave New World; 4) Time marches on!; 5) Through the Looking Glass; 6) Dollars & Sense Cooking; 7) Economics 101; 8) The Missing Link(s); 9) Straight Shooting; and 10) All is not lost.
Organic Chemical Pollutants in the Oceans and Groundwater: A Review of Fundamental Chemical Properties and Biogeochemistry

Physical-chemical parameters derived from equilibrium partitioning are described and discussed within the context of biogeochemical cycles of pollutant organic chemicals in ground water and marine ecosystems. A few examples of actual field data are used to illustrate current state-of-knowledge regarding application of these parameters (Kow, Koc BCF-biological concentration factors) and concepts to ground water, estuarine and open ocean ecosystems. Further research and assessment considerations are discussed within the context of comparison of land and ocean disposal of wastes containing organic compounds of environmental concern.
A Fall Risk mHealth App for Older Adults: Development and Usability Study.

Background: Falls are the leading cause of injury-related death in older adults. Due to various constraints, objective fall risk screening is seldom performed in clinical settings. Smartphones offer a high potential to provide fall risk screening for older adults in home settings. However, there is limited understanding of whether smartphone technology for falls screening is usable by older adults who present age-related changes in perceptual, cognitive, and motor capabilities. Methods: A fall risk app was developed that consists of a health history questionnaire and 5 progressively challenging mobility tasks to measure individual fall risk. An iterative design-evaluation process of semistructured interviews was performed to determine the usability of the app on a smartphone and tablet. Participants also completed a Systematic Usability Scale (SUS). In the first round of interviews, 6 older adults participated, and in the second round, 5 older adults participated. Interviews were videotaped and transcribed, and the data were coded to create themes. Average SUS scores were calculated for the smartphone and tablet. Results: There were 2 themes identified from the first round of interviews, related to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. While instructions for the balance tasks were difficult to understand, participants found it beneficial to learn about their risk for falls, found the app easy to follow, and reported confidence in using the app on their own. Modifications were made to the app, and following the second round of interviews, participants reported high ease of use and usefulness in learning about their risk of falling. Few differences were reported between using a smartphone or tablet. Average SUS scores ranged from 79 to 84. Conclusions: Our fall risk app was found to be highly usable by older adults as reported from interviews and high scores on the SUS. When designing a mHealth app for older adults, developers should include clear and simple instructions and preventative strategies to improve health. Furthermore, if the design accommodates for age-related sensory changes, smartphones can be as effective as tablets. A mobile app to assess fall risk has the potential to be used in home settings by older adults.
An Analytical Framework for Security-Tuning of Artificial Intelligence Applications Under Attack

Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, as the core technology in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, such as self-driving vehicles, make important decisions by performing a variety of data classification or prediction tasks. Attacks on data or algorithms in AI applications can lead to misclassification or misprediction, which can fail the applications. For each dataset separately, the parameters of ML algorithms should be tuned to reach a desirable classification or prediction accuracy. Typically, ML experts tune the parameters empirically, which can be time consuming and does not guarantee the optimal result. To this end, some research suggests an analytical approach to tune the ML parameters for maximum accuracy. However, none of the works consider the ML performance under attack in their tuning process. This paper proposes an analytical framework for tuning the ML parameters to be secure against attacks, while keeping its accuracy high. The framework finds the optimal set of parameters by defining a novel objective function, which takes into account the test results of both ML accuracy and its security against attacks. For validating the framework, an AI application is implemented to recognize whether a subject's eyes are open or closed, by applying k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm on her Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. In this application, the number of neighbors (k) and the distance metric type, as the two main parameters of kNN, are chosen for tuning. The input data perturbation attack, as one of the most common attacks on ML algorithms, is used for testing the security of the application. Exhaustive search approach is used to solve the optimization problem. The experiment results show k = 43 and cosine distance metric is the optimal configuration of kNN for the EEG dataset, which leads to 83.75% classification accuracy and reduces the attack success rate to 5.21%.
Bayesian inference as iterated random functions with applications to sequential inference in graphical models

We propose a general formalism of iterated random functions with semigroup property, under which exact and approximate Bayesian posterior updates can be viewed as specific instances. A convergence theory for iterated random functions is presented. As an application of the general theory we analyze convergence behaviors of exact and approximate message-passing algorithms that arise in a sequential change point detection problem formulated via a latent variable directed graphical model. The sequential inference algorithm and its supporting theory are illustrated by simulated examples.
The Impact of Horizontal Mergers on the Operational Performance in the U.S. Airline Industry

We study the effect of horizontal mergers on the operational performance of the merging firm and its competitors in the U.S. airline industry. We argue that the changes in operational performance f...
Palliative chemotherapy decision-making: A holistic perspective

Palliative chemotherapy can be conceptually confusing to patients and their families. When presented as an option at end of life, the decision-making process can be particularly stressful as patients and their families struggle to understand the goals of palliative chemotherapy, and examine their own values, wishes, and expectations for care. Lacking a clear definition in the literature, palliative chemotherapy is highly individualized to patients. However, applying holistic strategies during the decision-making process can mitigate stress, protect patients and families from misinformation, and ensure that they do not miss the opportunity to evaluate their options. In this narrative review for clinical application, the authors highlight key issues in palliative chemotherapy and palliative chemotherapy decision-making, and present evidence-based strategies for supporting patients and families through the decision-making process from a holistic perspective.
Frequency of Eating Disorder Pathology Among Patients With Chronic Constipation and Contribution of Gastrointestinal-Specific Anxiety

ABSTRACT Background Aims Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) frequently have constipation-related symptoms, although the mechanisms of this relationship are not clear. We examined the frequency of and relation between EDs and constipation in patients with chronic constipation referred for anorectal manometry. Methods We analyzed data from 279 patients with chronic constipation (79.2% female) seen at a tertiary center from June 2017 through September 2018. Participants completed a standardized psychometric assessment (patient assessment of constipation symptoms questionnaire and hospital anxiety and depression scale and visceral sensitivity index analyses) and anorectal manometry. A subset of patients completed colonic transit testing. Participants with clinically significant ED pathology were identified based on scores of 20 or more on the eating attitudes test-26. We performed logistic regression analysis to examine factors associated with likelihood of having ED pathology. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated based on continuous variables. We examined the contribution of anxiety to the relationship between severity of ED pathology and symptoms of constipation (such as abdominal pain) using a regression-based bootstrapping approach. Results Of the study participants, 53 (19.0%) had clinically significant ED pathology. The presence of ED pathology was associated with greater general anxiety scores, based on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05–1.38), and greater gastrointestinal-specific anxiety scores, based on the visceral sensitivity index (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03–1.09). Gastrointestinal-specific anxiety fully mediated the relationship between the severity of ED pathology and constipation (standardized β, 0.11–0.16; P=.026–.024). We found no differences in anorectal manometry or colonic transit between patients with vs without ED pathology. Conclusions In an analysis of patients with chronic constipation, we found that 19% had clinically significant ED pathology. Our preliminary finding indicate that ED pathology might contribute to constipation via gastrointestinal-specific anxiety. Clinicians should consider screening patients with chronic constipation for EDs—especially patients who report symptoms such as bloating and abdominal pain.
Intricate Interplay of Entwined Metabolic and Inflammatory Life-threatening Processes in Tumor Lysis Syndrome Complicating Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review with a Single Institution Experience.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs in rapidly proliferating tumor cells, either spontaneously or after cytotoxic therapy. It has been well-documented in hematological diseases but is extremely rare in solid neoplasms, particularly in prostate cancer (PRCA). In the presence of risk factors, it can cause metabolic disturbances and be potentially fatal. We searched PubMed, Medline, ScienceDirect, and Scopus for "tumor lysis syndrome" and "prostate cancer" and conducted a systematic review with a pooled analysis for the published literature and cases from our institution. Twenty-two TLS cases were identified (18 published in the literature and four cases from our institution). The patients' median age was 68 years (range 16-82), and most cases were prostate adenocarcinoma. The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 374 (range 66.7-10,867). Ten cases (45.5%) had spontaneous TLS (STLS) while 12 cases (54.5%) were treatment-related (TTLS). All patients had elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with other biochemical variables, and all underwent aggressive supportive therapy. Eleven patients underwent hemodialysis, 12 patients received rasburicase, while three patients received allopurinol. The mortality rate was 75% among 12 cases of TTLS, and it was 30% of the 10 cases with STLS. Among patients with PRCA, both TTLS and STLS linked to very high mortality. Early identification of TLS would substantially attain improved survival outcomes. Hence, physicians should consider TLS as a differential diagnosis when evaluating AKI and electrolyte abnormalities, particularly in patients with metastatic PRCA and high disease burden, even before the initiation of cytotoxic therapy.
Getting Back on the List: Development of Guidelines for Bariatric Surgery in Patients with LVADs

Purpose Patients in end stage heart failure with a BMI >35 are considered unacceptable candidates for heart transplantation due to increased morbidity and mortality after transplant. Those with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may struggle losing weight (and often gain weight) and may be inactivated on the waiting list (or denied listing) until weight loss is achieved. To assist these patients in weight loss with a goal of reactivation on the transplant list, we created clinical guidelines for laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Methods A multidisciplinary collaboration to develop clinical guidelines was conducted with members from cardiology, cardiac surgery, bariatric surgery, nutrition, nursing, anesthesia, perfusion and anticoagulation management. Patients were admitted preoperatively for Heparin bridge (aspirin was not held) and to adjust antihypertensives and diuretics to prevent post-operative complications. Postoperatively antihypertensives were resumed based on MAP, diuretics were held, intravenous fluids given until patient was euvolemic on exam, and warfarin was resumed 24 hours after surgery. Results A clinical protocol was implemented, and 4 male patients underwent successful bariatric surgery between April 1, 2019 and September 30, 2019. The median age was 47 (range 31-61) with a median BMI of 40.27 (range 36.03 to 50.09). Patients were scheduled for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with 3 successful surgeries performed. One surgery was aborted secondary to the HeartMate II (HMII) obstructing the gastrosplenic ligament, however, the patient successfully underwent laparoscopic magenstrassa mill procedure days later. The median preoperative length of stay was 3 days with a median post-operative length of stay of 7 days. There were no complications or re-admissions associated with the bariatric surgery and all patients lost weight after surgery (median 12.5kg; range 4.9 to 25.3kg at 1-5 months). Two of the four patients were able to be reactivated on the heart transplant waiting list at 1 and 4 months after surgery. Conclusion Our experience demonstrates that bariatric surgery can be safely performed on patients with an LVAD. Consideration may be required for patients with a HeartMate II related to device positioning. Multidisciplinary collaboration in establishing a clinical protocol ensures that VAD management strategies are addressed.
Comparing machine learning and neural network-based approaches for sign detection and classification in autonomous vehicles

We compare two algorithms, Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) with linear Support Vector Machine (SVM) and You Look Only Once (YOLO), to the task of sign detection and classification from imagery from the LISA dataset. Comparisons are made in terms of execution time, accuracy, and readiness for use on GPU or FPGA hardware for acceleration. We find the neural network-based approaches like YOLO have superior accuracy but run slower on general purpose CPUs without acceleration. On the other hand, while less accurate the SVM-based are faster without acceleration.
RET Fusion: Joining the Ranks of Targetable Molecular Drivers in NSCLC.

Abstract The era of precision medicine has resulted in the identification of a number of genomic alterations that can be targeted with novel therapies. In lung adenocarcinomas, a histology structure that accounts for nearly 50% of all cases of lung cancer, and a number of genomic targets have been linked with effective targeted therapies. For patients with advanced-stage lung adenocarcinomas, molecular testing is now a standard part of diagnostic workup; for patients that have specific driver molecular events, targeted therapies have resulted in substantial improvement in efficacy without excessive toxicity. RET gene fusions are present in approximately 1% to 2% of NSCLC. It is emerging as a new targetable driver for this population. Despite sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy and conflicting small reports regarding the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, there have been limited treatment approaches for this subset of patients. Multiple nonselective RET tyrosine kinase inhibitors exhibited modest anti-RET activity with an increased off-target toxicity profile that often required dose interruption, reduction, or treatment cessation. Recently, novel selective RET inhibitors pralsetinib (BLU-667) and selpercatinib (LOXO-292) have exhibited promising clinical activity with low adverse effect profile in early clinical trials. These new agents are poised to represent a new hope for this special subgroup with unmet needs.
The impact of false data injection attacks against remedial action schemes

Abstract Deployment of energy management systems in electric utilities has resulted in improvement of situational awareness in power systems. However, additional cyber security issues are introduced in real-time operations. Substantial research has since been dedicated towards the feasibility and formulation of coordinated cyber-physical attacks against power systems. However, the full extent of their impacts contributing to cascading failures is not widely explored. This paper investigates to what extent such coordinated attacks against power system state estimation lead to large scale blackouts. To consider the worst case scenarios, false data injection attacks against parameter-based remedial action schemes are investigated on realistic power networks under large inter-area power transfers. Additionally, three indices are proposed to quantify the severity of the post-attack impacts: Loss of Observability after Cascading Failures, Loss of Observability after Controlled Islanding and Lines Recoverable after Controlled Islanding. The three indices will enable system operators to estimate the extent of recoverability of the grid after attacks have adversely impacted the power grid. All simulations are carried on synthetic Illinois 200-bus and South Carolina 500-bus systems.
Hindcasting the Functional Loss and Restoration of the Napa Water System Following the 2014 Earthquake Using Discrete-Event Simulation

AbstractModels that simulate postearthquake functional loss and restoration of water distribution systems support the development and implementation of more informed resilience-enhancing strategies...