cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Butch Bottom-Femme Top? An Exploration of Lesbian Stereotypes

Lesbian gender labels (i.e., butch, soft butch, butch/femme, femme, and high femme) have set the stage for assumptions about lesbian attractions to sexual behaviors. This study explored the intersection of lesbian gender labels and attraction to sexual behaviors in 214 lesbian-identified women. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 69 with 48% being women of color. Contrary to stereotypes about sexual behavior in the lesbian community, very few differences emerged in regard to lesbian gender label. Overall, results do not support stereotypes about lesbian gender labels and suggest that behaviors in the lesbian community are fluid across labels.
A reevaluation of dimethyl disulfide as a sex attractant in golden hamsters

Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is present in hamster vaginal secretion and has been reported to be responsible for a sizable proportion of a male hamster's attraction to vaginal secretion. We evaluated this claim by testing two predictions that follow from its purported pheromonal role: (a) male hamsters should spend more time than females investigating DMDS; and (b) attraction to DMDS by males should be dependent on testosterone. In the first experiment, males investigated vaginal secretions more than females, but no sex difference was apparent in investigation of DMDS or a control odor. In the second experiment, gonadectomized males with testosterone implants investigated vaginal secretion more than castrates without testosterone; however, these hormone manipulations did not affect the attraction of males to DMDS or the control odor. We conclude that DMDS does not elicit sex differences in attraction and that in males the attraction to DMDS is not dependent on gonadal hormones. These results suggest that DMDS is not a sex attractant by itself nor is it a major component of an attractant mixture.
The Selective Dopamine β -Hydroxylase Inhibitor Nepicastat Attenuates Multiple Aspects of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior

Although norepinephrine (NE) does not typically modulate cocaine self-administration under traditional schedules of reinforcement, it is required for different inducers of the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior via activation of multiple adrenergic receptor subtypes. We predicted that blockade of NE synthesis would attenuate all known modalities of reinstatement and showed previously that the selective dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor, nepicastat, had no effect on either maintenance of operant cocaine self-administration maintained on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule or reinstatement of food seeking but did abolish cocaine-primed reinstatement. In the present series of studies, we first evaluated the dose-dependent effect of nepicastat (5, 50, or 100 mg/kg) on novelty-induced locomotor activity and found that it blunted exploration only at the highest dose. Next, we assessed the ability of nepicastat (50 mg/kg) to reduce breakpoint responding for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule and reinstatement induced by drug-associated cues and stress. We found that nepicastat significantly lowered the breakpoint for cocaine, but not for regular chow or sucrose, and attenuated cue-, footshock-, and yohimbine-induced reinstatement. Combined, these results indicate that nepicastat can reduce the reinforcing properties of cocaine under a stringent schedule and can attenuate relapse-like behavior produced by cocaine, formerly cocaine-paired cues, and physiological and pharmacological stressors. Thus, nepicastat is one of those rare compounds that can reduce reinforced cocaine seeking as well as all three reinstatement modalities, while sparing exploratory behavior and natural reward seeking, making it a promising pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction.
Adenovirus-directed expression of a nonphosphorylatable mutant of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) adversely affects the survival, but not the differentiation, of rat granulosa cells.

Although usually considered to be a constitutively expressed protein, in the primate ovary the expression of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is extinguished after ovulation, and its loss is temporally associated with the cessation of proliferation of luteal cells and the ultimate commitment of the corpus luteum to undergo regression. To determine the cellular consequences of the loss of CREB expression, we expressed a nonphosphorylatable mutant of CREB (CREB M1) in primary cultures of rat granulosa cells using a replication-defective adenovirus vector. Expression of CREB M1 did not block granulosa cell differentiation as assessed by acquisition of the ability to produce estrogen and progesterone in response to FSH or forskolin. However, granulosa cells expressing CREB M1, but not adenovirus-directed β-galactosidase or enhanced green fluorescent protein, exhibited a 35% reduction in viability that was further reduced to 65% after stimulation with 10 μm forskolin. These results demonstrate that...
Psychophysiology in Driving Research

The focus of this symposium, co-sponsored by the Psychophysiology in Ergonomics interest group of the International Ergonomics Association, is to illustrate how psychophysiological measurement can contribute to a broad sample of research issues in driving. Papers from Japan, France, and the United States will be presented that examine diverse research questions in driver workload, sleepiness, affect, and attention. The papers report how a variety of psychophysiological measures (e.g., ocular activity, and skin, cardiovascular, and electroencephalographic responses) that were obtained in research environments ranging from laboratory part-task and driving simulation to field studies can supplement and complement more traditional performance and subjective measures of driver behavior. The papers will present both past and present uses of psychophysiology in driving research as well as discuss potential uses of psychophysiology for future research.
Use of glass ionomers as retrofilling materials.

Many materials have been used as retrofillings. Because of the bonding property of glass ionomer cement, this study was conducted to evaluate its possible use as a retrofilling material. Seventy human maxillary anterior teeth were chosen. The root canal systems were cleansed and shaped, and the teeth were assigned to six groups of 10 each. The root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and Grossman sealer, and the apical 2 mm of each root was resected. In all groups a retrofiling preparation was made to a depth of a number 331 bur. The apical preparations were filled in the following manner: silver amalgam (group I), silver amalgam plus two layers of varnish (group II), Ketac-Silver plus two layers of varnish (group III), Ketac-Silver without varnish (group IV), Ketac-Fil plus two layers of varnish (group V), Ketac-Fil without varnish (group VI), and Ketac-Bond (group VII). All the root surfaces with the exception of 2 mm from the resected line were coated with two layers of clear varnish. All the teeth were immersed in methylene blue for 24 hours. After vertical sectioning, dye penetration was measured under a dissecting microscope. The mean apical leakage (in millimeters) was as follows: I = 0.57, II = 0.39, III = 0.22, IV = 0.54, V = 0.11, VI = 0.46, and VII = 0.17. One-way analysis of variance performed on the group means indicated that Ketac-Fil with varnish (group V) and Ketac-Bond (group VII) had significantly less leakage than other groups (p < 0.05). This study indicates that Ketac-Fil and Ketac-Bond may have potential as retrofilling materials.
Heterochromatin in mitotic chromosomes of theVirilis species group ofDrosophila

The amount of heterochromatin in the genome of ten members of thevirilis species group was determined as the length of C-band chromosome material relative to the total karyotype length. Thevirilis phylad (Drosophila virilis, D. novamexicana, D. americana americana, andD. americana texana) has significantly greater amounts of heterochromatin in the genome than do members of the montana phylad (D. montana, D. lacicola, D. flavomontana, D. borealis, D. ezoana, D. littoralis). Thus, the significant karyotypic change accompanying diversification of these species has involved reduction in their total constitutive heterochromatin. These changes have apparently involved reductions in the amount of centromeric heterochromatin in the autosomes.
Type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, and chronic urticaria.

: A 12-yr-old boy initially presented with chronic urticaria. Autoimmune thyroid disease was then diagnosed during routine evaluation. He developed type 1 diabetes shortly after thyroid hormone replacement was initiated. This case emphasizes the importance of routine screening for other autoimmune disorders in patients in whom one disorder is already present.
Intrinsic ductility and environmental embrittlement of binary Ni3Al

Polycrystalline, B-free Ni[sub 3]Al (23.4 at.% Al), produced by cold working and recrystallizing a single crystal, exhibits room temperature tensile ductilities of 3-5% in air and 13-16% in oxygen. These ductilities are considerably higher than anything previously reported, and demonstrate that the intrinsic' ductility of Ni[sub 3]Al is much higher than previously thought. They also show that the moisture present in ordinary ambient air can severely embrittle Ni[sub 3]Al (ductility decreasing from a high of 16% in oxygen to a low of 3% in air). Fracture is predominantly intergranular in both air and oxygen. This indicates that, while moisture can further embrittle the GBs in Ni[sub 3]Al, they persist as weak links even in the absence of environmental embrittlement. However, they are not intrinsically brittle' as once thought, since they can withstand relatively large plastic deformations prior to fracture. Because B essentially eliminates environmental embrittlement in Ni[sub 3]Al - and environmental embrittlement is a major cause of poor ductility in B-free Ni[sub 3]Al - it is concluded that a significant portion of the so-called B effect must be related to suppression of moisture-induced environmental embrittlement. However, since B-doped Ni[sub 3]Al fractures transgranularly, whereas B-free Ni[sub 3]Al fractures predominantly intergranularly,more » B must have the added effect that it strengthens the GBs. A comparison with the earlier work on Zr-doped Ni[sub 3]Al shows that Zr improves the ductility of Ni[sub 3]Al, both in air and (and even more dramatically) in oxygen. While the exact mechanism of this ductility improvement is not clear at present, Zr appears to have more of an effect on (enhancing) GB strength than on (suppressing) environmental embrittlement.« less
Sample size determination for the confidence interval of mean comparison adjusted by multiple covariates

The current method of determining sample size for confidence intervals does not accommodate multiple covariate adjustment. Under the normality assumption, the effect of multiple covariate adjustment on the standard error of the mean comparison is related to a Hotelling T 2 statistic. Sample size can be calculated to obtain a desired probability of achieving a predetermined width in the confidence interval of the mean comparison with multiple covariate adjustment, given that the confidence interval includes the population parameter.
A Structural Model Depicting Salespeople's Job Stress:

The study develops and tests a model of salespeople’s job stress relative to its proposed determinants and outcomes. The study findings shed light on four questions concerning possible links between job stress and its precursors. The evidence gained suggests that job stress may influence intention to leave through reduced organizational commitment and that job satisfaction intervenes between salespeople’s role perceptions and job stress.
Modeling and characterization of adaptive microlenses: focal length measurement using z-scan

In the second paper of two papers that address the modeling and characterization of adaptive microlenses, we report the theoretical basis for characterization of such lenses based on the z-scan method. In addition we compare the experimental measurement results with the simulated results obtained using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) utilizing FEMLABTM in the first paper. Some of the method advantages and limitations will be briefly addressed.
The Writing of Nurse Managers: A Neglected Area of Professional Communication Research

The practice and teaching of nurse management writing has received little attention in professional communication journals. This study is based on sec ondary research, examination of documents written by nurse managers, and interviews with 54 nurse managers and 13 nurse educators. It indicates that writing a variety of business communications is a crucial career task jor nurse managers, directly affecting their professional power. However, most nurse managers interviewed believed their undergraduate education had not pre pared them adequately for their workplace writing and perceived a need for professional writing instruction in four-year nursing programs.
Mary Margaret McBride, talk show host: The perfect proxy for radio listeners

Mary Margaret McBride, under the pseudonym Martha Deane, sparked controversy when she began her broadcasting career on WOR (New Jersey) in 1934. Yet her interviews kept listeners coming back for more, and only two years later, her compelling on‐air presence earned her a medal from the Women's National Exposition of the Arts and Industries for the year's “greatest contribution to radio.” The author explores McBride's interviewing technique—developed through her years of experience as a newspaper reporter—and her ability to win over listeners.
Radionuclide imaging in orthopedic infections

In otherwise normal bone, Three Phase Bone Scintigraphy is sensitive and specific for osteomyelitis. In patients with underlying osseous abnormalities the specificity of the study is decreased. The four phase bone scan, bone/gallium scintigraphy, leukocyte imaging, leukocyte/bone and leukocyte/marrow studies have all been reported to increase specificity. The techniques, strategies, and limitations are discussed. No single study is equally useful in all situations. Labeled leukocyte imaging is of little value in vertebral osteomyelitis because this entity often presents as a nonspecific photopenic defect. The preferred technique for the spine is bone/gallium imaging. Intense uptake, on bone scintigraphy, in two adjacent vertebrae with loss of the disc space is highly suggestive of spinal osteomyelitis. Gallium not only enhances the specificity of the diagnosis but provides information about surrounding soft tissue infection. In the diabetic foot, labeled leukocyte imaging alone is sufficient to determine the presence of osteomyelitis in the forefoot. In the midfoot and hindfoot it may be necessary to combine leukocyte scintigraphy with bone scintigraphy to precisely localize the infection. Labeled leukocytes accumulate in the uninfected neuropathic joint and preliminary data suggest that leukocyte/marrow imaging may be useful to determine the significance of such uptake. For the painful joint replacement, if infection is the primary concern, leukocyte/marrow scintigraphy should be performed initially. If any post-operative complication, regardless of type, is the concern, it is reasonable to begin with bone scintigraphy because a normal study rules strongly against any complication. An abnormal bone scan will require additional studies to more precisely determine the cause of that abnormality.
Prognostic value of initial prostate-specific antigen levels after salvage cryoablation for prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prognostic value of initial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after salvage cryoablation (SCA) for the long-term biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) in patients with prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 455 hormone-naive patients from the Cryo On Line Data Registry, and treated with whole-gland SCA were assessed for PSA-based bPFS using the Phoenix criteria. The initial PSA level measured after SCA was considered the nadir. Kaplan-Meier plots of bPFS for initial PSA level of 5.0 ng/mL were constructed and plotted to 60 months. RESULTS In all, 280 patients had an initial PSA level of <0.6 ng/mL after SCA. At 12, 24 and 36 months 80%, 73.6%, and 67% of patients, respectively, were progression-free. For 118 patients with an initial PSA level after SCA of ≥0.6–≤5 ng/mL, 28% and 50% of these patients at 6 and 12 months, respectively, had PSA progression. Of 57 patients with an initial PSA level of ≥5 ng/mL, 64% progressed at 6 months. The PSA level before SCA and Gleason score correlated with bPFS by Spearman correlation (P < 0.001 and 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSION Curative therapy in prostate cancer not responding to radiotherapy is extremely challenging. There is no definition of success for cryosurgical treatment. The available data indicate that an initial PSA level of <0.6 ng/mL after SCA portends a favourable (67% at 36 months) bPFS. Individuals with initial PSA levels of ≥0.6 ng/mL after SCA are at risk of short-term biochemical progression (50% at 12 months).
A Potential Use of the National Death Index for Postmarketing Drug Surveillance

A particularly difficult problem for both the Food and Drug Administration and the pharmaceutical manufacturer is evaluation of the importance of spontaneous reports of suspected drug-associated fatalities. These reports are rare, and usually no accurate denominator data on drug use exist. This article proposes that the National Death Index be used to calculate mortality rates for selected drugs as part of the postmarketing surveillance efforts of the government and manufacturers. When hypotheses are generated from spontaneous reports and/or the mortality data, additional studies can be conducted on the cohorts that were identified for mortality follow-up. ( JAMA 1985;253:1292-1295)
Internal and External Integration for Product Development: The Contingency Effects of Uncertainty, Equivocality, and Platform Strategy

Effective product development requires firms to unify internal and external participants. As companies attempt to create this integrated environment, two important questions emerge. Does a high level of internal integration lead to a higher level of external integration? In the context of product development, this study considers whether internal integration in the form of concurrent engineering practices affects the level of external integration as manifested by customer integration, supplier product integration, and supplier process integration. External integration, in turn, may influence competitive capabilities, namely product innovation performance and quality performance. Second, using contingency theory, do certain contextual variables moderate the linkages between integration strategy (external and internal) and performance? Specifically, this study considers whether uncertainty, equivocality, and platform development strategy change the relationships among internal integration, external integration, and competitive capabilities. Data collected from 244 manufacturing firms across several industries were used to test these research questions. The results indicate that both internal and external integration positively influence product innovation and quality and ultimately, profitability. With respect to contingency effects, the results indicate that equivocality moderates the relationships between integration and performance.
New approach to cryogenic optical testing the James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope is a 6.5 meter segmented cryogenic telescope scheduled to be launched in 2013. A key development challenge has been the cost and complexity of cryogenic optical testing of the telescope and observatory. A new approach to cryogenic optical testing the telescope and observatory has been developed that eliminates the need for a complex and expensive cryogenic optical test tower and which also allows all critical test equipment to be external to the chamber and accessible during testing. This paper summarizes the motivation for this change, the conceptual design of it, and status of implementing it.
Calcium-dependent pro-cholecystokinin V-9-M immunoreactive peptide release from rat brain slices and CCK-secreting rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cells in culture

The release of peptides immunoreactive for a synthetic peptide (V-9-M) contained in the amino-terminal of pro-CCK was examined. The potassium-evoked release of V-9-M immunoreactive peptides from rat cerebral cortical slices in vitro was calcium dependent. Cholecystokinin-secreting rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cells also secreted significant quantities of these peptides. Sephadex column chromatography of the release media from slices and cells showed two V-9-M immunoreactive peptides, one larger and one smaller than V-9-M itself. Previous behavioral studies have suggested that V-9-M has a distinct neuropharmacological profile. These results demonstrate that V-9-M-like peptides are released along with CCK-8 and are consistent with the hypothesis that V-9-M-like peptides may be neurotransmitters or neuromodulators or may be involved in the sorting or transport of CCK-8.
Effective Diameter of Agglomerates for Radiative Extinction and Scattering

This study examines the extinction and scattering characteristics of randomly oriented agglomerates consisting of closely-packed small identical spherical particles such as soot in flames. An equivalent sphere is introduced as one that exhibits similar scattering or extinction cross-section as the agglomerate and has the same refractive index as the primary particles. A simple analytical reasoning is presented that establishes the ratio of the diameter of this sphere to the diameter of the primary particles to be proportional to the cube root of the number of particles in the agglomerate. Simple expressions for the proportionality constants for various morphologies are developed. Previous studies in literature have used extensive numerical computations to empirically correlate the above proportionality without considering the proportionality constants. Scattering patterns for various morphologies are also predicted which have significance for optical diagnostic techniques.
Unified Framework for Training Point Selection and Error Estimation for Surrogate Models

A unified framework for surrogate model training point selection and error estimation is proposed. Building auxiliary local surrogate models over subdomains of the global surrogate model forms the basis of the proposed framework. A discrepancy function, defined as the absolute difference between response predictions from local and global surrogate models for randomly chosen test candidates, drives the framework, thereby not requiring any additional exact function evaluations. The benefits of this new approach are demonstrated with analytical test functions and the construction of a two-dimensional aerodynamic database. The results show that the proposed training point selection approach improves the convergence monotonicity and produces more accurate surrogate models compared to random and quasi-random training point selection strategies. The introduced root-mean-square discrepancy and maximum absolute discrepancy exhibit close agreement with the actual root-mean-square error and maximum absolute error, r...
EFFECTIVE LATTICE MODELS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM ANTIFERROMAGNETS

We introduce a 2+1 dimensional lattice model, S0, of N complex scalars coupled to a compact U(1) gauge field as a description of quantum fluctuations in SU(N) antiferromagnets. Duality maps are used to obtain a single effective action for the Neel and spin-Peierls order parameters. We examine the phases of S0 as a function of N: the N→∞ limit can be deduced from previous work. At N=1, S0 describes monopoles and their Berry phases, spin-Peierls order, but not the Neel field: Monte-Carlo simulations show a second-order transition from a spin-Peierls phase to a Higgs phase which is the remnant of the Neel phase.
Children's physical and interpersonal characteristics that effect student-teacher interactions.

AbstractResearch on the impact of student characteristics on the quality of the teacher-student interaction was investigated in an ecological setting. Ss for the study were classrooms and teachers at the kindergarten, fourth, and seventh-grade levels. Ratings of teacher-student interactions were analyzed as a function of the characteristics of the child. Analysis of the data suggested that physical characteristics of the child had a more potent influence on the teacher-student interaction during the first week of the school year.
Improving the performance of quantum key distribution apparatus

Results of active phase tracking system deployment for quantum communication are presented. The system allows high-visibility single photon interferometry over 100 km of standard optical fibre. Single photon detector optimization is performed and the estimates for long-distance quantum key distribution with heralded single photon source are presented.
The research team concept: An approach to graduate training

This article first describes the structure and operations of the graduate student teams used for research training at Michigan State University. Several advantages of the approach are next considered, including the opportunity to pursue programmatic research and the continuity provided by having first‐, second‐, and third‐year students on each of the teams. The article concludes by discussing some limitations of the research team concept, chief among them being perceptions of work‐load inequity on the part of some team members.
Bonding elastomer layers together by a surface oxidation reaction

An experimental study has been carried out of the self-adhesion of thin layes of three crosslinked elastomers: cis-polyisoprene (natural rubber) and two polybutadienes. For the polybutadiene materials, the strength of self-adhesion was found to be strongly dependent upon the time of exposure of the two surfaces to air before they were brought into contact. The strength rose dramatically after the first hour or so of exposure so that in some instances the layers could not be forcibly separated later. When the surfaces were exposed to air for longer periods before joining them, the strength of self-adhesion fell to low levels again. This remarkable enhancement in self-adhesion, caused by prior exposure to air for short periods, did not take place on exposure to nitrogen or for samples of cis-polyisoprene, and it was reduced or delayed in samples containing antioxidant. It is therefore attributed to surface oxidation reactions that can lead to the formation of interfacial covalent bonds with polybutadiene but not with polyisoprene. Some possible reaction schemes are discussed.
The degree use of the possessive verb yǒu in Mandarin Chinese: a unified analysis and its theoretical implications

The structure and meaning of possessive verbs have received competing analyses in the literature. Almost all the analyses were developed based on the English have and intended to apply cross-linguistically. In this paper, I consider the rather unique degree use of the Mandarin Chinese possessive verb yǒu, in the “X + yǒu + Y + G(radable phrase)” construction. This construction has some peculiar empirical properties that are worth in-depth elaboration. I argue that the construction is an equative construction, semantically comparable to the English as…as degree construction. Yǒu in this construction takes a covert small clause as the underlying object that specifies a sub-interval/subset relation between X’s and Y’s degrees on the dimension specified by the G element. The sub-interval/subset relation is warranted by considering the ontological representation of degrees as intervals on a scale. The degree use of yǒu makes only formal, but not content, contributions to the semantics of the “X + yǒu + Y + G” construction. It shares the same structure and meaning as non-degree uses of yǒu. No other analysis of possessive verbs than the small clause-based analysis can capture this degree use of yǒu. Hence, through examining a language-specific phenomenon, the paper locates among several competing analyses of possessive verbs the most explanatorily adequate one.
Purchasing textbooks online

In a sample of 72 undergraduate students at a university, purchasing textbooks online was predicted by possession of computer/Internet skills, having a retentive attitude towards money and dissatisfaction with the university bookstore.
Efficient and cost-effective techniques for browsing and indexing large video databases

We present in this paper a fully automatic content-based approach to organizing and indexing video data. Our methodology involves three steps: Step 1: We segment each video into shots using a Camera-Tracking technique. This process also extracts the feature vector for each shot, which consists of two statistical variances VarBA and VarOA. These values capture how much things are changing in the background and foreground areas of the video shot.Step 2: For each video, We apply a fully automatic method to build a browsing hierarchy using the shots identified in Step 1.Step 3: Using the VarBA and VarOA values obtained in Step 1, we build an index table to support a variance-based video similarity model. That is, video scenes/shots are retrieved based on given values of VarBA and VarOA.The above three inter-related techniques offer an integrated framework for modeling, browsing, and searching large video databases. Our experimental results indicate that they have many advantages over existing methods.
What's the Difference? Industrial Privatisation and Agricultural Land Reform in Russia, 1990-1996

IN LATE 1990 THE PARLIAMENT of the Russian Republic voted to follow its own radical reform path, rejecting the more conservative plan of the Union leadership. By 1996 attempts at comprehensive, rapid economic transformation in Russia had begun to subside, and in their place came relatively more mundane efforts to achieve sustained growth in the new system. While still potentially explosive, debates were no longer about remaking the entire economic foundation of the country, but rather improving the performance of an emerging economy. During the struggle to overturn the old order, industrial privatisation and agricultural land reform stood at the centre of the whirlwind. Scholars and other analysts disagree over the efficacy of these property rights reforms in Russia. Some give a rosy picture and speak of the successful creation of the basis for market competition. They point, for example, to the paper transfer of a large portion of the country's productive capacity to private hands by the end of 1994. Others are less positive, emphasising the snail-like pace of industrial restructuring, the absence of a free land market, or the general failure of radical market reforms to deliver on their promise of prosperity in the short run. Virtually all observers, though, agree that industrial privatisation enjoyed much greater success during this period than agricultural land reform. By the mid-1994 end of voucher privatisation, for example, the state had sold off nearly all the enterprises initially slated for auction. Well over half of Russia's industrial production was coming from enterprises that, if not entirely private, were much closer to that status than they had been a few years earlier. Meanwhile, in agriculture, after a few years of rapid growth the number of private farms in Russia levelled off. By 1995 there were still fewer than 300 000, a far cry from the one million that advocates had predicted. In fact, many of the new 'private farmers' turned out to be urban residents who were using the new 'farms' as glorified versions of the private plots they had held in the Soviet era. At no time during this period did the private farm sector contribute more than 10% of the country's agricultural output. Thus, whether one thinks the industrial privatisation glass is half full or half empty, it all but runneth over in comparison with land reform. The task of this article is to explore reasons for this disparity between sectors. After questioning two other potential explanations, I argue that the different interests and resources of elites in the
Lack of involvement of polyphenol oxidase in ortho‐hydroxylation of phenolic compounds in mung bean seedlings

Complete elimination of polyphenol oxidase activity in hypocotyls and leaves of developing mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek cv. Berkin) seedlings by tentoxin had no effect on the content of the ortho-hydroxylated flavonoids delphinidin and rutin. Tentoxin completely eliminated polyphenol oxidase-mediated ortho-hydroxylation of p-coumaric acid to caffeic acid. Despite this, tentoxin had no effect on caffeic acid derivative contents in the seedlings. High performance liquid chromatography profiles indicated that elimination of polyphenol oxidase had no effect on either the quality or the quantity of soluble phenolic compounds, These data strongly indicate that polyphenol oxidase is not involved in metabolism of phenolic compounds in developing plant tissues.
Early tolerance of different organs to fast fractionation in clinical practice

Purpose : To assess the feasibility of accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of breast, abdominal cavity, and pelvic tumors. Methods and Materials : Between August 1989 and March 1993, 39 patients were treated in Portsmouth by an accelerated, hyperfractionated regimen giving 45 to 54 Gy three times a day over 12 days. Twenty patients had abdominal cavity or pelvic tumors and 19 patients breast carcinoma, 9 of whom were treated prophylactically after local excision. Results : No local recurrence has been observed in the 19 patients with breast carcinoma, and out of the 20 with abdominal or pelvic tumors, 6 showed complete regression and so far no severe late damage has been observed. In those patients who had pelvic or abdominal tumors treated, the acute toxicity varied widely from minimal to very intensive. No surgical intervention was necessary and most reactions settled within a 6-week period. Conclusion : Accelerated fractionation by small increments is well tolerated by the breast, pelvic, and abdominal organs.
A Molecular Dynamics and Quantum Mechanics Analysis of the Effect of DMSO on Enzyme Structure and Dynamics: Subtilisin

This report describes a 745-ps molecular dynamics simulation of the enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg in a periodic box of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The starting coordinates for subtilisin and crystallographic waters were taken from the aqueous X-ray crystal structure. Although the overall structure of subtilisin is stable throughout the simulation, some structural perturbations are observed. The five N-terminal residues of the protein migrate away from the rest of the protein; whether this movement is the start of partial unfolding in DMSO is unclear. We compare these findings with recent simulations of this enzyme in CCl4, acetonitrile, and water. The simulation results indicate that DMSO is capable of stripping waters and metal ions away from the protein surface. The total number of intraprotein hydrogen bonds is increased in DMSO compared to in water. Eighteen DMSO binding sites were identified based on root-mean-square fluctuations, most of which were hydrogen bonded to a protein amide hydrogen atom. Quan...
A simple model of the low temperature excitation spectra of poly(di-n-hexylsilane)

The fluorescence excitation spectrum of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) doped into a glass at low temperatures is modelled in the following manner: Each polymer chain is assumed to consist of all-trans segments broken by non-trans defects or by distributed inhomogeneities that limit the excitation coherence length. The probability of a segment consisting of n consecutive all-trans bonds is determined statistically given a fraction of defects. The energy at which such a segment of length n will absorb light is assumed to have the empirically determined form A+B/n. By using this expression for the transition energies, and assuming that the transition for each chain segment length will also be inhomogeneously broadened due to the disordered nature of the glassy environment, the spectrum can be calculated and compared with experiment. Changes in the lineshape following narrowband irradiation at 1.5 K can be modelled in the same manner by including energy transfer and chain scission subsequent to the absorption of light. This very simple model can also be used to describe the two-photon absorption spectrum.
An Expanded View on Consultation Competencies for Educators Serving Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Exceptional Students

The purpose of this article is to define educational consultation, review competencies needed by educational consultants, and specify those competencies essential for educators who serve children with special needs who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
A D-C Telemeter or D-C Selsyn for Aircraft

This paper describes a d-c telemeter which is particularly adapted for transmitting to the instrument board indications of pressure, temperature, liquid level and of the position of the various controlling members of the airplane. The description comprises the principle, variations, characteristics, and application of this telemetering system. Although the applications described are primarily in connection with aircraft, the versatile nature of this device makes it suitable for many other applications. The large number of indications which must be transmitted accurately to the instrument board of an airplane has created a demand for a telemetering system of small size and light weight. For many years the a-c Selsyn telemetering system has given excellent service in marine applications. Variations of this system are used successfully on aircraft. A search for a simpler and lighter system which will operate on direct current has led to the development of the d-c Selsyn telemetering system.
Non-Debye dielectric behavior and near-field interactions in biological tissues: When structure meets function

Abstract The Maxwell–Wagner theory of interfacial polarization treats dielectric particles suspended in homogeneous media and subjected to alternating fields as systems of independent induced dipoles, and therefore predicts simple Debye-type dispersion in which both permittivity and conductivity vary between low- and high-frequency plateaus. Unfortunately, Maxwell–Wagner theory cannot replicate its own success when applied to more concentrated and structured (i.e., non-random) systems of cells such as tissues. The effective medium theory, devised to incorporate contributions of the induced dipoles to the average far-field, brought about some improvement, but the general shape of the dielectric spectra remained that of a simple Debye – in contrast with experimental data. Supracellular organization of tissues induces non-Debye behavior due to near-field interactions between neighboring cells. Specifically, biological cells may perturb each other’s electrical environment via dipolar (multipolar) fields or conductance bridges (such as pores and gap junctions) between cytoplasms and across cell membranes. We substantiate this hypothesis by presenting comparatively data from yeast and red blood cell suspensions, blood forming reversible supra-cellular structures, called ‘rouleaux’, breast tissues, as well as from brain treated with anesthetics that are known to affect the gap-junctional connectivity between cells.
Electronic and steric effects on the mechanism of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of 2-aminopyrroles with 1,3,5-triazines: identification of five intermediates by 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F NMR spectroscopy.

The inverse electron demand Diels−Alder (IEDDA) reaction of 1-tert-butyl-2-aminopyrrole with 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine in THF-d8 to give a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine was studied by 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F NMR spectroscopy, and five intermediates were identified. A zwitterion was the first intermediate detected, and it cyclized to a tricyclic adduct and its conjugate acid. It also gave a neutral imine via a proton switch. The tricyclic adduct underwent a retro-Diels−Alder reaction, but the expected CF3CN was not detected. NMR indicated that the amino group of the 2-aminopyrrole was bonded to the CF3CN to form a trifluoroacetoamidinium ion. The products of the retro-Diels−Alder reaction reacted rapidly with each other to give the final intermediate observed. Acid-catalyzed loss of an amidine gave the final aromatic product. This is the first study in which direct experimental evidence for the order of the steps in the IEDDA cascade reaction of 1,3,5-triazines with amino-containing dienophiles h...
Oral volitional movements in children with language impairments

Abstract Isolated oral movements (Isol-VOM), repeated oral movements (Rept-VOM), and series of different movements (Seq-VOM) were compared in children with normal language (LN), children with both language and speech impairment (LI-A), and children with language impairment only (LI-0). Accuracy / coordination of movement was correlated with scores on nonword repetition and phoneme identification. The children with LI-A had greater difficulty with Isol-VOM and Rept-VOM than did the children with LN. The children with LI-0 had greater difficulty with Seq-VOM than did the children with LN. Performance on Isol-VOM was significantly correlated with nonword repetition in both LI groups; performance on Seq-VOM was significantly correlated with phoneme identification in the LI-0 group only.
Minimal change glomerulonephropathy and interstitial infiltration with mycosis fungoides

The nephrotic syndrome developed in a patient with mycosis fungoides shortly after systemic involvement by his tumor occurred. Renal biopsy examination revealed atypical lymphocytic interstitial infiltration and changes consistent with minimal change glomerulonephropathy. The patient's proteinuria decreased following steroid therapy. This is the first report of an association between minimal change glomerulonephropathy and a proven T-cell malignant lymphoma. The implications are discussed with reference to the literature.
Quantitative selection of variation reduction plans

Quality has been a rallying call in design and manufacturing for the last two decades. One way to improve quality is through variation reduction (VR). VR teams use tools such as Design of Experiments (DoE) and robust design to improve product performance and quality by reducing variation introduced by manufacturing processes. Because VR teams are typically resource constrained, they must carefully select where to focus their efforts. Planning for VR is complex because reduction efforts are executed on individual features and processes but benefits are accrued when the overall product quality improves. The problem is further complicated by the existence of multiple performance criteria and hundreds of processes and dimensions that effect each performance requirement. Consequently, VR teams typically use qualitative assessments to prioritize and schedule their efforts. This paper provides a mathematical model capable of optimally allocating VR resources for a complex product. The VR model has three parts: a model of variation propagation, a model of variation costs, and a model of variation reduction costs. These models are used to directly calculate the optimal resource allocation plan and schedule for a product with multiple product quality requirements. An example from the aerospace industry is used to demonstrate the theory.
An update on the use of NOD mice to study autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes

The widely used nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes mellitus shares multiple characteristics with the human disease, and studies employing this model continue to yield clinically relevant and important information. Here, we review some of the recent key findings obtained from NOD mouse investigations that have both advanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and suggested new therapeutic targets and approaches. Areas discussed include antigen discovery, identification of genes and pathways contributing to disease susceptibility, development of strategies to image islet inflammation and the testing of therapeutics. We also review recent technical advances that, combined with an improved understanding of the NOD mouse model’s limitations, should work to ensure its popularity, utility and relevance in the years ahead.
Local Sparse Bump Hunting

The search for structures in real datasets, for example, in the form of bumps, components, classes, or clusters, is important as these often reveal underlying phenomena leading to scientific discoveries. One of these tasks, known as bump hunting, is to locate domains of a multidimensional input space where the target function assumes local maxima without prespecifying their total number. A number of related methods already exist, yet are challenged in the context of high-dimensional data. We introduce a novel supervised and multivariate bump hunting strategy for exploring modes or classes of a target function of many continuous variables. This addresses the issues of correlation, interpretability, and high-dimensionality (p ≫ n case), while making minimal assumptions. The method is based upon a divide and conquer strategy, combining a tree-based method, a dimension reduction technique, and the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM). Important to this task, we show how to estimate the PRIM meta-parameters. U...
Selection system algorithm for microcomputer: training and education seminars (TE)

Abstract The selection of computer systems can be a frustrating process. The overall satisfaction derived from a system depends on matching system specifications to user needs. This case study describes a product evaluation and selection system (PESS) that correlates user needs to system specifications. This case illustrates the selection of Training and Education Seminars (TE). A recommendation report ranks the TE in descending order of their correlations to user needs. Implications for users, consultants and vendors are discussed and illustrated.
CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF ROUTINE PEDIATRIC VACCINES WITH COMVAX™[HAEMOPHILUS b CONJUGATE (MENINGOCOCCAL PROTEIN CONJUGATE) AND HEPATITIS B(RECOMBINANT) VACCINE] † 785

CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF ROUTINE PEDIATRIC VACCINES WITH COMVAX™[HAEMOPHILUS b CONJUGATE (MENINGOCOCCAL PROTEIN CONJUGATE) AND HEPATITIS B(RECOMBINANT) VACCINE] † 785
The influence of thermoregulation on behavioural recovery from exercise in a lizard

1. Past work on the thermal preferences of Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Biard & Giard) has indicated that intense, exhaustive exercise causes these lizards to select a body temperature (33·5 °C) which is cooler than their preferred activity temperature of 40°C during the first 1–2 h of exercise recovery. 2. In order to test the hypothesis that the thermal regime selected by exhausted D. dorsalis is beneficial to the process of exercise recovery, lizards were forced to undergo both exhaustive and sprinting exercise at their preferred body temperature of 40°C. The peak speeds attained and the total distances travelled by these animals during these two different exercise protocols were measured and the animals were then forced to undergo a second bout of either sprinting or exhaustive exercise, following a 30–330 min recovery at either 20°C, 40°C or under a variable thermal regime which duplicated that selected by animals following exercise. 3. Animals recovering at a constant 40°C regained their ability to repeat exhaustive activity in less than 85 min, while animals recovering under the other two thermal regimes required between 85 and 100 min of recovery to be able to repeat this activity. Animals recovering at both 40°C and under the variable thermal regime regained their ability to repeat sprint behaviour within 60 min of recovery, while animals recovering at 20°C required more than 100 min of recovery to be able to repeat sprint behaviour. 4. These results formed the basis of the conclusion that the post-exercise behaviour selected by D. dorsalis retards the rate at which the animals recover their ability to repeat exhaustive exercise when compared with recovery at a constant 40°C but does not retard their ability to repeat sprint exercise.