cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Failure to Communicate: Agenda Setting in Media and Policy Studies

In this article, we review two research programs that could benefit from a more extensive dialogue: media and policy studies of agenda setting. We focus on three key distinctions that divide these two robust research programs: the agenda(s) under investigation (public versus policymaking), the typical level of analysis (individual versus systemic), and framing effects (individual versus macro level). We map out these differences and their impacts on understanding the policy process. There is often a policy disconnect in the agenda-setting studies that emanate from the media tradition. Though interested in the effects of political communication, scholars from this tradition often fail to link the media to policy outcomes, policy change, or agenda change. Policy process scholars have increasingly rejected simple linear models in favor of models emphasizing complex feedback effects. This suggests a different role for the media—one of highlighting attributes in a multifaceted political reality and involvement...
Inhibition of T4 growth by an RNA polymerase mutation of Escherichia coli: Physiological and genetic analysis of the effects during phage development☆

Abstract We have previously reported that an RNA polymerase mutation, rif R 2, of Escherichia coli retards T4 bacteriophage development. The effect of rif R 2 on phage production is partially suppressed in β-glucosyl transferaseless mutants of T4 and β-glucosylation of the parental DNA alone is sufficient to inhibit phage growth. Both physiological studies and the map positions of other suppressing T4 mutations (in genes 45 and maybe 55) support the conclusion that there are two effects of rif R 2 during phage development: a direct effect on T4 DNA replication and a direct effect on late gene expression. Both of these defects seem in part to be due to a failure of the mutant RNA polymerase to perform a reaction(s) which physically alters or changes the association of parental and then, probably, some progeny DNA. This reaction is required early for T4 DNA replication and throughout infection for late gene expression.
Protein Kinase C-ζ Phosphorylates Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, -3, and -4 But Not -2: Isoform Specific Determinants of Specificity in Insulin Signaling

Protein kinase C-zeta, a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 on serine residues impairing activation of PI3K in response to insulin. Because IRS-1 is upstream from PI3K, this represents a negative feedback mechanism that may contribute to signal specificity in insulin action. To determine whether similar feedback pathways exist for other IRS isoforms, we evaluated IRS-2, -3, and -4 as substrates for PKC-zeta. In an in vitro kinase assay, purified recombinant PKC-zeta phosphorylated IRS-1, -3 and -4 but not IRS-2. Similar results were obtained with an immune-complex kinase assay demonstrating that wild-type, but not kinase-deficient mutant PKC-zeta, phosphorylated IRS-1, -3, and -4 but not IRS-2. We evaluated functional consequences of serine phosphorylation of IRS isoforms by PKC-zeta in NIH-3T3(IR) cells cotransfected with epitope-tagged IRS proteins and either PKC-zeta or empty vector control. Insulin-stimulated IRS tyrosine phosphorylation was impaired by overepxression of PKC-zeta for IRS-1, -3, and -4 but not IRS-2. Significant insulin-stimulated increases in PI3K activity was coimmunoprecipitated with all IRS isoforms. In cells overexpressing PKC-zeta there was marked inhibition of insulin-stimulated PI3K activity associated with IRS-1, -3 and -4 but not IRS-2. That is, PI3K activity associated with IRS-2 in response to insulin was similar in control cells and cells overexpressing PKC-zeta. We conclude that IRS-3 and -4 are novel substrates for PKC-zeta that may participate in a negative feedback pathway for insulin signaling similar to IRS-1. The inability of PKC-zeta to phosphorylate IRS-2 may help determine specific functional roles for IRS-2.
Wavelet estimation and Einstein deconvolution

Digital seismic processing transforms raw data into computer-generated images of the subsurface, and each processing method is based on a specific model that explains the propagation of seismic waves. The wavelet is a basic building block of these seismic models, and wavelet estimation plays a fundamental role in geophysics.
IN VITRO ANALYSIS OF HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITORS IN THE SYNDROME OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA WITH ABSENT RADIUS

The syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radius (TAR) is an autosomal recessive condition with poorly-understood hematologic abnormalities including a leukemoid reaction and hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. We studied bone marrow and serum from an infant with TAR using soft agar and plasma clot cultures of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Consistent with the near absence of CFU-Meg in this patient was the observation that the serum level of megakaryocyte colony stimulating activity (Meg-CSA) was markedly increased. TAR serum stimulated the growth of normal CFU-Meg from adult peripheral blood (82 colonies with TAR serum v. 0 colonies with normal AB serum). These in vitro data suggest that the hematologic defect in TAR is at the level of the megakaryocyte stem cell, and that normal humoral regulation of megakaryopoiesis is retained. Study of the patient's parents is in progress.
Making a Virus Visible: Francis O. Holmes and a biological assay for tobacco mosaic virus.

In the early twentieth century, viruses had yet to be defined in a material way. Instead, they were known better by what they were not – not bacteria, not culturable, and not visible with a light microscope. As with the ill-defined “gene” of genetics, viruses were microbes whose nature had not been revealed. Some clarity arrived in 1929 when Francis O. Holmes, a scientist at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (Yonkers, NY) reported that Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) could produce local necrotic lesions on tobacco plants and that these lesions were in proportion to dilutions of the inoculum. Holmes’ method, the local lesion assay, provided the first evidence that viruses were discrete infectious particles, thus setting the stage for physicochemical studies of plant viruses. In a field where there are few eponymous methods or diseases, Holmes’ assay continues to be a useful tool for the study of plant viruses. TMV was a success because the local lesion assay “made the virus visible” and standardized the work of virology towards determining the nature of the virus.
Iron deficiency alters discrete proteins in rat caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens.

: Young rats (21 days old) made nutritionally iron deficient, by feeding them a semisynthetic diet containing skimmed milk for 5 weeks, had significantly lowered hemoglobin levels (5.2 ± 4 g/100 ml). The nonheme iron content in caudate nucleus was decreased by 47%. The behavioral response of iron-deficient rats to apomorphine (2 mg/kg) and the density of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) D2 receptors, as measured by [3H]spiperone binding in caudate nucleus, were significantly reduced by 70 and 53%, respectively. The possibility that nutritional iron deficiency may affect protein content in brain was investigated by measuring the apparent concentration of proteins in caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens from iron-deficient and control animals using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The data indicate that iron deficiency can affect content in these two brain regions. Significant changes in the content of 10 proteins were noted in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens in iron-deficient rats. The albumin level was significantly increased in both regions studied, whereas the neuron-specific enolase level was increased in the nucleus accumbens and the glial fibrillary acidic protein level was reduced in the caudate nucleus. The significance of these protein content changes, as well as a reduction in content of a 94-kilodalton protein (a molecular size similar to that of the D2 dopamine receptor), remains to be established.
Do response time advantage and interference reflect the order of processing of global- and local-level information?

Navon’s (1977) global precedence hypothesis was based primarily on the joint occurrence of two effects: a response time (RT) advantage for identifying global targets, and interference by global distractors on responding to local targets. Although the hypothesis has been questioned on the basis of experiments in which it has been shown that a local RT advantage and local interference can occur, it is still frequently assumed that these two effects are a valid measure of the order in which local and global levels of structure are processed. In the present experiment, this assumption was examined. Subjects identified target letters that occurred randomly at the global or local level in a divided-attention task. The visual angle subtended by the stimulus pattern was varied, a manipulation known to affect the relative speed of response to local- or global-level information. Local targets were identified faster than global targets at the larger visual angles, but there was no difference in RT at the smallest visual angle. Despite this change in RT advantage, the interference effect did not change as a function of the visual angle of the stimulus pattern. Moreover, global distractors interfered with responding to local targets but local targets had no effect on responding to global targets, which is exactly the opposite of the finding one would expect if RT advantage and interference reflected order of processing. These findings are not consistent with the assumption that RT advantage and interference reflect order of processing in a simple way.
An in situ weighing study of the mechanism for the formation of the adsorbed oxygen monolayer at a gold electrode

Abstract The mechanism for the formation of the first monolayer of electrosorbed oxygen at a gold electrode was shown to proceed via the three step reaction sequence: (a) Au-(H2O)ads → Au-OH+H++ e−. (2) Au-OH → Au=O+H++ e−, and finally the place exchange reaction (3) Au=O+H2O → O=Au-(H2O)ads in which a water molecule adsorbs on the gold atom. The mechanism was established by determining the in situ change in weight of the gold electrode concomitantly with the cyclic voltammogram using the oscillating quartz crystal method.
Gender Inequality in Interaction--An Evolutionary Account.

In this article I argue that evolutionary theorizing can help sociologists and feminists better understand gender inequality. Evolutionary theory explains why control of the sexuality of young women is a priority across most human societies both past and present. Evolutionary psychology has extended our understanding of male violence against women. Here I add to these theories and present a sexual selection argument to postulate possible evolved predispositions that promote young female deference to adult males in interaction and the converse, lack of male deference to young females. According to this argument, the pattern of greater female deference disappears when the women involved are past menopause. Put together, these ideas form an evolutionary account of gender inequality that complements and extends traditional sociological and feminist theories. There is much experimental evidence from both sociological and nonsociological studies that gender is a potent differentiating factor in small group interactions. Controlled laboratory experiments with mixed-sex groups of college students show how women defer to men, while men do not defer to women. Women participate less in non-sex typed experimental tasks, have lower levels of influence, receive lower evaluations of their performance, and are allocated fewer rewards than men (Pugh and Wahrman 1983; Wood and Karten 1986; Smith-Lovin, Skvoretz and Hudson 1986; Driskell et. al. 1993; Griffith, Sell and Parker 1993; Walker et. al. 1996; Wagner and Berger 1997; Carli 1999; Troyer 2001; Hopcroft 2002). Research also shows that it is only in mixed-sex interactions that the sex difference in deference behavior emerges. Absolute rates of deference in all male groups are similar to deference rates in all female groups (Foschi, Enns and Lapointe 2001). These findings are consistent with those of other experimental studies that show an effect of gender on the number of interruptions in conversations (see Kollock, Blumstein and Schwartz 1985; Smith-Lovin and Brody 1989), on jury decision-making (Propp 1995), and on compliance to authority (Ridgway and Berger 1986; Driskell et. al. 1993; Carli 1999).
Managing new satellite data

With the first satellite in the $6.5-billion U.S. National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOEES) scheduled for launch as early as 2008, some critics are concerned that planning efforts to manage and archive satellite data are lagging. Experts at a 24 July hearing of the House of Representatives science subcommittee on environment, technology, and standards called for more progress in managing data from NPOESS. The system is expected to produce more than 200 terabytes annually and also produce more types of data products than NOAAs existing Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) data management system. By comparison, POES was designed to accommodate about 2 terabytes of data per year.
Strain in the anteromedial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament under combination loading

Strain within the anteromedial bundle (AMB) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was measured in 13 human knee specimens in order to determine the combination of external loads most likely to cause injury. Using a load application system that allowed 5 df with the flexion angle being fixed, pure loads of anterior/posterior force, medial/lateral force, varus/valgus torque, and internal/external axial torque were applied at three flexion angles: 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees. Combined loads were applied in pairs at two flexion angles: 0 degrees and 30 degrees. Liquid mercury strain gauges were used to measure strain in the ACL. Anterior tibial force was the primary determinant of strain in the anteromedial bundle. This strain was significantly larger at 30 degrees flexion than at 0 degrees. The strain sensitivity of the AMB to medial force was approximately one-half that to pure anterior force. The effect of anterior and medial forces was additive when applied in combination. Neither pure axial torque nor pure varus/valgus torque was observed to strain significantly the AMB at any of the flexion angles investigated. However, valgus torque in combination with anterior force resulted in a significantly larger strain than pure anterior force. Internal axial torque in combination with anterior force also resulted in a larger strain than pure anterior force.
WHAT CONSTITUTES GH DEFICIENCY

Classic GH deficiency is defined on the basis of provocative tests in the appropriate clinical setting. Some authors have proposed that a suitable nocturnal GH level is a useful physiologic index in normal children. Using standard provocative as well as physiologic (q20 min × 24h) testing, we have studied 18 GH deficient and 11 short (ht <1%tile) control children. The GH deficient group was divided into 3 based on the highest peak GH after provocative tests: severe (< 5.0 ng/ml), moderate (5.0-6.9 ng/ml) and partial (7.0-9.9 ng/ml) GH deficiency. The data are summarized: Our data confirm that GH deficiency can be diagnosed with standard provocative tests, however, physiologic GH measurements such as nocturnal (and even daytime) sampling can sometimes be misleading. Twenty-four hour studies (and integrated GH cone.) are helpful in better understanding the neuroregulatory control of GH secretion as well as giving a more precise analysis of GH output.
Part II. Metallurgical factors governing the H-assisted intergranular cracking of peak-aged Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (Beta-C)

A previous study (Part I) showed that the solution-treated and aged (STA) (i.e., peak-aged) condition of Beta-C Ti, (σ0.2 pct y = 1260 MPa) possesses an enhanced hydrogen (H) embrittlement susceptibility compared to the solution-treated (ST) condition, (σ0.2 pct y = 865 MPa), as measured by reductions in the fracture initiation stress with predissolved H content and the introduction of an intergranular (IG) fracture mode. It was also shown that yield-strength elevation and the subsequent enhancement in the local hydrostatic stresses within the notch root are not the controlling factors in the H-assisted* IG fracture initiation of the STA condition. Previous work (Part I) implicates a microstructural feature or condition associated with the 500 °C aging treatment. In this study, it is shown that localized internal hydride precipitation at the grain boundaries or alpha beta interfaces was not detected by a variety of experimental methods over the range of internal H contents for which IG fracture initiation was observed. It was also shown that grain-boundary alpha colonies or films are not responsible for the IG fracture initiation in the STA condition. A measured increase in hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility as a function of aging time at 500 °C is consistent with the segregation or depletion of a critical species at the grain boundary. However, grain-boundary segregation/depletion could not be detected with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) of specimens fracturing in a vacuum. Compression tests used to characterize and compare the alloys’ slip behavior showed that plastic deformation is concentrated at or near the grain boundaries in the STA condition. Therefore, a possible intergranular fracture initiation mechanism that includes the effects of hydrogen and localized deformation is discussed.
Photon neutron mixed-beam radiotherapy of locally advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose : In this article we present the results of mixed-beam, photon/neutron radiation therapy in 45 patients with locally advanced, bulky, or postoperative recurrent prostate cancer treated at the University of Chicago between 1978 and 1991. Survival, disease-free survival, local control, and long-term complications are analyzed in detail. Methods and Materials : Between 1978 and 1991, 45 patients with locally advanced (> 5 cm Stage B2, Stage C, or Stage D1) prostate cancer underwent mixed-beam (photon/neutron) radiation therapy. Forty percent of the treatment was delivered with neutron irradiation at either the University of Chicago or Fermilab. Sixty percent of treatment was delivered with photons at the University of Chicago. Initially, the whole pelvis was irradiated to 50 photon Gy equivalent. This was followed by a boost to the prostate for an additional 20 photon Gy equivalent. Results : The median follow-up for patients in this series is 72 months. The overall 5-year actuarial survival was 72%, and the 5-year disease-free survival was 45%. Thus far, 18 patients have died. Eleven patients have died from prostate cancer and 7 from other medical illness. Twenty-seven patients are alive, and 12 of these patients have recurrent and or metastatic disease. The local control rate was 89% (40 out of 45). Histologic material was available on 18 patients following treatment (i.e., prostate biopsy in 16 patients and autopsy in 2 patients) and was negative for carcinoma in 13 (72%). Significant Grade 3-5 complications occurred in 36% (16 out of 45) of the patients treated with mixed-beam radiation therapy and were related to dose and beam quality. Factors related to survival, disease-free survival, local control, and complications are analyzed. Conclusions : The survival and local control results of mixed-beam radiation therapy at the University of Chicago appear to be superior to those series using photon radiation in patients with locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Mixed-beam radiation therapy should remain an alternative to studies using dose escalation or implant techniques as a method to increase local control and survival at institutions with this capability. However, appropriate plans with high-energy neutrons are necessary to minimize complications.
Fabrication, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation of cranberry procyanidins-zein nanoparticles

Cranberry procyanidins (CPs)-zein nanoparticles were fabricated using a modified liquid–liquid dispersion method. The CPs were purified using chromatographic methods and analyzed using HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector (FLD) and mass spectrometer (MS). The purified CPs had a purity of 64.7% (w/w) and contained procyanidin oligomers (from dimers to decamers) and polymers, with polymers being the predominant component (38.7%, w/w). The particle size of the CPs-zein nanoparticles increased from 392 nm to 447 nm with the increase of the CPs-to-zein mass ratios from 1:8 to 1:2. Morphologically, the CPs-zein nanoparticles were spherical as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The loading efficiency of CPs in the CPs-zein nanoparticles decreased with an increase of CPs-to-zein mass ratios from 1:8 to 1:2, and ranged from 10% to 86%. The oligomers with higher degree of polymerization (DP) showed higher loading efficiency than the oligomers with lower DP, suggesting a greater binding affinity on zein proteins. The loading capacity of the CPs-zein nanoparticles fabricated using a high CPs-to-zein mass ratio (1:2) was significantly higher than those using a low mass ratio (1:8). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested that the primary interactions between the CPs and zein were hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. Cell culture studies using human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells showed that the CPs encapsulated in nanoparticles had decreased cytotoxicity compared to the CPs.
Peritoneal dialysis solution biocompatibility: Definitions and evaluation strategies

It is well established that materials employed for medical diagnostic and therapeutic purposes require biocompatibility testing before human use, as evidenced by the comprehensive and general guide to biocompatibility testing published in the International Standard ISO-10993 [1]. Similarly, in hemodialysis, biocompatibility profiling has become a prerequisite for any new membrane that is developed [2‐5]. This requirement has been in response to the recognition that biocompatibility may play an important role both in acute intradialytic symptoms and chronic morbidities associated with hemodialysis therapy, such as susceptibility to infection, osteodystrophy, and amyloidosis. Today, biocompatibility profiling of peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions has become an important feature of both conventional and new dialysis solution performance [6‐11]. It is now over 20 years since the in vitro detrimental effects of commercial dialysis solution on phagocyte function were first described [12]. Since this time, there has been a plethora of reports describing a wide variety of approaches, techniques, and results of biocompatibility PD solution testing. The impetus for this proliferation of research is the growing belief that the first generation of commercially available PD solutions that have low pH, high lactate and glucose concentrations, are hyperosmolar, and contain glucose degradation products that may be causally associated with some of the complications of PD therapy [7, 8, 13‐19]. Examples of the latter are pain upon infusion in the acute setting and loss of ultrafiltration in the long-term patient. The aim of this review is to discuss definitions of biocompatibility, the hierarchical testing schemes that are often selected for biocompatibility testing, how these schemes relate to contemporary models of structural and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane, and the associated clinical consequences. Finally, an example of how the results of such a biocompatibility testing scheme helped to
The Polyural Skeleton of Lepisosteus and Certain Other Actinopterygians

A description is given of the caudal skeleton in Lepisosteus founded on two specimens of L. osseus (L.) and figures and sketches of other species of the genus. A comparison is made with caudal skeletons of the Mesozoic genera Ionoscopus, Oligopleurus, Urocles and Caturus and the Recent Amia. They are all referred to a polyural type in a wider sense, different in principle from the diural type, characteristic of primitive living teleosts. A polyural caudal skeleton from the U. Jurassic of Cerin, France, is described; its identification with one of the known species from this locality is not possible.
Millar on Slavery

John Millar's The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks is best known for its first chapter in which Adam Smith's favorite student traces the social status of women as it changed at various historical stages. Millar's concern is strictly with description and explanation. In the less discussed final chapter he examines the authority of a master over his servants. His treatment of slavery differs from the account of the rank of women in several notable ways, most significantly, perhaps, by including normative judgments on the immorality of slavery. This article begins with Millar's examination of the master-servant/slave relation, and then turns to his arguments against slavery. These arguments go substantially beyond those of his mentor Smith, and there are several particular points regarding slavery on which they disagreed. The paper concludes with a discussion of these contrasts.
The Musical Playpen: An immersive digital musical instrument

A digital musical instrument, the “Musical Playpen”, was developed in an effort to provide children with immersive musical experiences. The instrument senses children's motion inside a playpen filled with plastic balls and maps their gestures to musical output. This allows the players to use familiar and fun play activities while exploring the musical consequences of their actions. Observations of children's play patterns in the instrument suggest that immersive musical experiences can introduce infants and toddlers to a variety of creative and expressive musical experiences, rarely offered by traditional musical instruments.
Cyclodextrin-based liquid chromatographic enantiomeric separation of chiral dihydrofurocoumarins, an emerging class of medicinal compounds.

Abstract A set of 28 racemic dihydrofurocoumarins in which the stereogenic center is located in the furan ring have been synthesized. Currently no effective asymmetric synthesis of this class of compounds exists, although their enantiomers are produced biologically by certain plants. Their diverse medicinal properties are being investigated in several laboratories. The enantioselective separation of these dihydrofurocoumarins by three native and six derivatized cyclodextrins has been evaluated in the reversed-phase mode, the polar organic mode, and normal-phase mode. The hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin is the most effective chiral stationary phase (CSP) at separating the dihydrofurocoumarins into enantiomers, showing some enantioselectivity for 22 dihydrofurocoumarins, and baseline resolving 16 of the 28 compounds in the reversed-phase mode. The acetyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2,3-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin also showed enantioselectivity for a large number (18 and 17, respectively) of dihydrofurocoumarins in the reversed-phase mode. The native cyclodextrins are ineffective and the aromatic derivatized β-cyclodextrins are only marginally effective at separating the furocoumarin enantiomers in the reversed-phase mode. The polar organic mode and the normal-phase mode have also been evaluated with these CSPs, but no enantioseparations were observed.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy used to Detect Palladium metal Dispersed in Cellulose Membranes

Metals dispersed in membranes have been used as active electrodes in fuel cell technology. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to detect palladium in cellulose membranes. Different concentrations of palladium solution were used in the uptake of palladium into cellulose films. We have correlated the palladium concentration in various cellulose membranes to the standard laboratory technique of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
Modelling finite geometries on surfaces

The usual model of the Fano plane has several deficiencies, all of which are remedied by imbedding the complete graph K7 on the torus. This idea is generalized, in two directions: (1) Let q be a prime power. Efficient topological models are described for each PG(2,q), and a study is begun for AG(2,q). (2) A 3-configuration is a geometry satisfying: (i) each line is on exactly 3 points; (ii) each point is on exactly r lines, where r is a fixed positive integer; (iii) two points are on at most one line. Surface models are found for 3-configurations of low order, including those of Pappus and Desargues. Special attention is paid to AG(2,3). A study is begun of partial geometries which are also 3-configurations, and four general constructions are given.
New Synthesis of Glycolesters

A CONTINUED investigation of the ‘crossed’ Cannizaro reaction1 has been undertaken. It was possible to effect a condensation for the first time between an aliphatic saturated and an unsaturated aldehyde, with the aid of co-ordination catalysts of the type of magnesium aluminium ethoxide, Mg[Al(OC2H5)4]2. Two molecules of butyraldehyde and one of crotonaldehyde condensed to form an unsaturated glycolester, the structure of which was shown to be the following :
Purification of the baculovirus Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus by tangential flow ultrafiltration.

Abstract Membrane-based virus filtration is used in biotechnological processes due to advantages such as easy scale-up but is currently lacking standardized validation protocols. Thus, ultrafiltration (UF) of a rod-shaped virus was assessed to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the characterization of virus filtration. A recombinant baculovirus of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (Ac M NPV), vHSGFP, expressing egfp was filtered using polyethersulfone membranes ranging from 30 to 1000 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and filtration parameters were previously assessed for their potential to affect virus stability. Ac M NPV was concentrated 20-fold in the retentate using 100–1000 kDa membranes. However, evidence for a superposition of cake formation and pore plugging through viruses and other solution components (likely proteins) causing partially irreversible fouling of membranes dependent on the MWCO was observed. Results support UF using a 300 kDa MWCO to concentrate Ac M NPV with minimized membrane fouling.
Electronic Control of Pump Pressure for a Small Haptic Backhoe

AbstractThe use of haptic interfaces to control mobile hydraulic machinery has several enhancing features over traditional human-machine interfaces comprised of joysticks/levers. This paper presents and analyzes schemes for controlling pump pressure designed for coordinated haptic control. Typical of many small backhoes and excavators, the hydraulic system used on the test-bed is comprised of a constant displacement pump and proportional directional control valves. In this type of system, a main pressure regulator is needed to supply the other closed-centre valves with pressure and to dump the additional flow generated by the pump to tank. An energy-saving solution has a load-sensing pressure regulator that maintains the system pressure to a preset margin above the highest active load pressure. Using these valves for haptic applications requires closed-loop control. Applying closed-loop control to these valves can excite instabilities in the valve assembly due to complex interactions and nonlinearities in...
Decreased Temporal Lobe Dose with 5-Field IMRT for Pituitary Macroadenoma Treatment

Materials/Methods: Exempt review was granted by our cancer hospital institutional review board for the collection of data of patients with radioresistant brain metastases treated with gamma knife (GK)-based SRS in our department. In the period of 2000 to 2007, a total of 97 patients with radioresistant brain metastases were treated with SRS. Out of the 97 patients, 27 (15 male and 12 female) had single metastasis. Five patients received WBRT in addition to SRS. The median age was 58 years (range, 39-81 years). Nine and 18 patients had renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma brain metastases, respectively. Twenty-four patients who had metastases were located in the supratentorial areas. Distribution of RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes was as follows: I, 1 patient; II, 25 patients; and III, 1 patient. Out of 27 patients, 4 had stable extracranial disease. Results: The median marginal dose was 20 Gy (range, 15-22 Gy). The target volume ranged from 0.054 to 17.3 cm 3 . At follow-up intervalsrangingfrom1.8to23.2months,theradiographicresponseswereasfollows:progressionin7patients;stablein5patients; and shrinkage in 15 patients. Fifteen patients (56%) developed distant brain failure. Seven of the 27 patients were alive at last follow-up. The 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 18-month local control (LC) rates were 82.8%,77.9%,69.3%,69.3%, and 55.4%,respectively.The corresponding distant brain control (DBC) rates were 74.4%, 60.2%, 54.1%, 40.6%, and 22.6%. The corresponding progressionfree survival (PFS) rates were 63%, 42.5%, 38%, 28.5%, and 12.7%. The corresponding overall survival (OS) rates were 85.25, 53.6%, 48.7%, 43.8%, and 26.3%. Conclusions:Approximately 30% of the patients failed locally and 60% had distant brain failure within 1 year. Stable extracranial disease was associated with better DBC, PFS, and OS although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.21, 0.12, 0.24). None of the 5 patients who received WBRT developed distant brain failure although the follow-up intervals were short (range, 0.6-13.7 months; median, 5.1 months). The WBRT did not appear to affect LC, PFS, and OS (p = 0.32, 0.87, 0.69).
On the March: Social and Political Contexts of the Expansion of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps

This article examines the social and political struggles out of which emerged the proposal to expand the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC). Situating the proposal in the contexts of the 1992 presidential campaign and the aftermath of the Los Angeles Uprising, the article discusses how particular struggles and debates structured the policy field in such ways as to make possible the program's expansion. The article also examines how arguments in favor of JROTC expansion functioned to win popular support for conservative analyses of public problems, unite diverse groups under Republican leadership, and (re)articulate conservative constructions of government—citizen relationships.
Molecular dynamics calculations for solid bicyclo (2.2.2) octane

The properties of bicyclo (2.2.2) octane (BCO) are investigated using constant pressure molecular dynamics calculations and various intermolecular potentials based upon atom-atom or site-site interactions. Starting from an assumed low temperature trigonal structure, isobaric heating at low pressures yields a structural phase transition to a cubic rotator phase at about 170 K, in excellent agreement with experiment. The reorientational dynamics of individual BCO molecules have been investigated in the resulting cubic rotator phase. The relaxtation time τ4, for reorientation of the molecular C 3 axis from one [111] direction to another has been studied along with the reorientation time, τ3, associated with molecular rotation about the C 3 axis. Both relaxation times, which are model dependent, are longer than a picosecond, in fair agreement with experiment. Finally, the power spectra associated with translational and rotational motions have been computed. The merits of the various intermolecular force model...
Design equations for the reflectivity of deep-etch distributed Bragg reflector gratings

This paper reports a computationally efficient, grid-independent method for calculating the reflectivity of deep-etch distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) gratings. The method employs Gaussian beam propagation in conjunction with a Fabry-Perot model that includes the effects of multiple reflections in multiple cavities. We include both, grating pitch and number of Bragg pairs in our analysis. We obtain very good agreement with results generated by a Helmholtz equation solver.
Mesenchymal stem cells contribute to vascular growth in skeletal muscle in response to eccentric exercise

The α7β1-integrin is an adhesion molecule highly expressed in skeletal muscle that can enhance regeneration in response to eccentric exercise. We have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs...
Blowing the Whistle on Sexual Harassment: Test of a Model of Predictors and Outcomes:

Earlier research on whistle-blowing in organizations has usually investigated whistle-blowing about wrongdoing of various types, with the possibility that results are influenced by the great variety of types of wrongdoing reported by whistle-blowers. Earlier research on sexual harassment has focused primarily on antecedents of the event and outcomes for the individual only, rather than organizational consequences. In this study we attempted to examine both questions: is sexual harassment different from other forms of organizational wrongdoing in its consequences for whistle-blowers and their organizations, and does examination of the sequential process of whistle-blowing about sexual harassment provide a fuller understanding of consequences as well as antecedents for whistle-blowing generally? Results of LISREL modeling of questionnaire data collected in 1994 from some 13,000 US government employees were similar to findings from earlier studies of organizational wrongdoing and whistle-blowing, where the n...
New era for the consumer health informatics research agenda

Advances in information technology have signified a shift from institution-centric systems to patient- or consumer-centric ones that support not only disease management but also wellness promotion. These trends are a catalyst for the growth of Consumer Health Informatics (CHI), a sub-domain of biomedical and health informatics that focuses on understanding consumer preferences and information needs in the health care context, and on designing and implementing tools and systems to meet these needs. One of the promising CHI applications is the personal health record (PHR). Several challenges such as the effective interoperability between personal health records and electronic medical record systems, the barriers of the digital divide, various levels of health literacy and access to care, need to be carefully examined in the context of designing, implementing and evaluating PHR systems. Ethical, legal and practical implications of innovative technologies such as wearable sensors and other home-based monitoring technologies also require an in-depth analysis of unintended consequences. This position paper outlines opportunities for CHI researchers to further the evidence base in this ever growing domain of health informatics.
Amyloid β-sheet mimics that antagonize protein aggregation and reduce amyloid toxicity

The amyloid protein aggregation associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and type II diabetes (among many others) features a bewildering variety of β-sheet-rich structures in transition from native proteins to ordered oligomers and fibres. The variation in the amino-acid sequences of the β-structures presents a challenge to developing a model system of β-sheets for the study of various amyloid aggregates. Here, we introduce a family of robust β-sheet macrocycles that can serve as a platform to display a variety of heptapeptide sequences from different amyloid proteins. We have tailored these amyloid β-sheet mimics (ABSMs) to antagonize the aggregation of various amyloid proteins, thereby reducing the toxicity of amyloid aggregates. We describe the structures and inhibitory properties of ABSMs containing amyloidogenic peptides from the amyloid-β peptide associated with Alzheimer's disease, β(2)-microglobulin associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis, α-synuclein associated with Parkinson's disease, islet amyloid polypeptide associated with type II diabetes, human and yeast prion proteins, and Tau, which forms neurofibrillary tangles.
INFORMATION POOLS AND RACIALIZED NARRATIVE STRUCTURES

The concept of narrative structures is theorized as cultural master frames and is distinguished from the concept of story, which refers to anything reported that contains a plot. Drawing from the literature on African American folklore, the Church's Chicken story was presented to respondents as an instance of conspiracy and contamination narrative structures. Data show that story availability and believability are clearly race-based. The data ground a model of racialized narrative structures in which story content and story believability are conflated. It is argued that believability is not solely a function of storytelling performance and competence insofar as narrative structures prefigure believability. Racialized narrative structures are discussed as one element of the deep racial gulfs in America that co-exist with increases in cross-racial contact and friendship patterns.
The Social Side of Creativity: A Static and Dynamic Social Network Perspective

We explore the association between the context of social relationships and individual creativity. We go beyond a one-dimensional treatment of social relationships, highlighting the importance of both static and dynamic social network concepts. We argue that weaker ties are generally but not always beneficial for creativity, propose the network positions that facilitate and constrain creative work, and describe three moderators. A spiraling model is presented, capturing the cyclical relationship between creativity and network position. Collectively, our propositions describe an individual's creative life cycle in terms of network position.
Poverty, Personality, and Sensitivity to Residential Stressors

This study evaluates two theories of poverty, one which asserts that poverty and the behavior of the poor are explained by such situational variables as occupation, status, and income and the other which explains poverty in terms of personality traits associated with the so-called Culture of Poverty. Specifically, we test the relative importance of both situational and personality attributes associated with poverty in explaining variations in the individual's evaluation of the residential environment. The study shows that although situational variables are the more important ones, both attributes are indeed significant in the evaluation process.
Ultrawideband radio design: the promise of high-speed, short-range wireless connectivity

The paper provides a tutorial overview of ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology for high-speed wireless connectivity. Subsequent to establishing a historical and technological context, it describes the new impetus for UWB systems development and standardization resulting from the FCC's recent decision to permit unlicensed operation in the 3.1-10.6 GHz band subject to modified Part 15 rules and indicates the potential new applications that may result. Thereafter, the paper provides a system architect's perspectives on the various issues and challenges involved in the design of link layer subsystems. Specifically, we outline current developments in UWB system design concepts that are oriented to high-speed applications and describe some of the design tradeoffs involved.
Yeast P4-ATPases Drs2p and Dnf1p Are Essential Cargos of the NPFXD/Sla1p Endocytic Pathway

Drs2p family P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are required in multiple vesicle-mediated protein transport steps and are proposed to be phospholipid translocases (flippases). The P4-ATPases Drs2p and Dnf1p cycle between the exocytic and endocytic pathways, and here we define endocytosis signals required by these proteins to maintain a steady-state localization to internal organelles. Internalization of Dnf1p from the plasma membrane uses an NPFXD endocytosis signal and its recognition by Sla1p, part of an endocytic coat/adaptor complex with clathrin, Pan1p, Sla2p/End4p, and End3p. Drs2p has multiple endocytosis signals, including two NPFXDs near the C terminus and PEST-like sequences near the N terminus that may mediate ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent endocytosis. Drs2p localizes to the trans-Golgi network in wild-type cells and accumulates on the plasma membrane when both the Ub- and NPFXD-dependent endocytic mechanisms are inactivated. Surprisingly, the pan1-20 temperature-sensitive mutant is constitutively defective for Ub-dependent endocytosis but is not defective for NPFXD-dependent endocytosis at the permissive growth temperature. To sustain viability of pan1-20, Drs2p must be endocytosed through the NPFXD/Sla1p pathway. Thus, Drs2p is an essential endocytic cargo in cells compromised for Ub-dependent endocytosis. These results demonstrate an essential role for endocytosis in retrieving proteins back to the Golgi, and they define critical cargos of the NPFXD/Sla1p system.
A Tuning Strategy for Unconstrained Multivariable Model Predictive Control

Move suppression coefficients serve a dual purpose in the model predictive controller (MPC) architecture. These include suppressing aggressive control action and conditioning the system matrix prior to inversion. The work presented here exploits this dual effect in deriving an analytical expression that computes appropriate move suppression coefficients as a function of process model parameters, other MPC design parameters, and partitioned block condition numbers of the system matrix. The development is based upon an approximate mosaic Hankel matrix structure of the multivariable system matrix. The primary contribution of this work is the derivation of the analytical expression for computing move suppression coefficients and its demonstration in an overall MPC tuning strategy (Table 1). The examples presented show that the move suppression coefficient remains properly scaled as the other MPC design parameters and process characteristics change to produce a consistent closed loop performance. This tuning m...
Critical Sociology in K-16 Early Intervention: Remaking Latino Pathways to Higher Education:

This article examines the pathways to higher education of two working-class Latino students participating in an intervention program at a diverse, metropolitan high school. Using critical narrative...
Antiviral and immunomodulatory treatment for AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma: AIDS Malignancies Consortium pilot study 019.

Abstract Purpose A consistent association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) distinguishes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) from that which occurs in the general population. Recent descriptions of long-term remissions in patients with posttransplantation EBV-associated PCNSL who received EBV-specific therapy suggest some antitumor effect is anti-EBV mediated. Patients and Methods We enrolled 4 patients with AIDS-related PCNSL into a novel antiviral and immunomodulatory protocol. An additional patient was treated in a similar fashion off protocol. Treatment consisted of intravenously administered zidovudine (1.5 g twice daily), ganciclovir (5 mg/kg twice daily), and interleukin-2 (2,000,000 U twice daily). After 2 weeks of therapy, patients were switched to oral ganciclovir (1 g 3 times daily), patient-specific, highly active, antiretroviral therapy, and subcutaneous interleukin-2 (2,000,000 U 3 times weekly). A final patient was treated with intravenous zidovudine and hydroxyurea. All 6 patients had advanced-stage AIDS as reflected by a CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count of 4 years' follow-up. Results Three patients died from complications of progressive PCNSL. Two patients treated off protocol exhibited favorable responses and remain in complete remission at 28 months and 52 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 myelosuppression was uniformly noted, but there were no clinically significant hemorrhagic or infectious complications. Conclusion We conclude that for patients with AIDS and PCNSL, treatments with dual efficacy against HIV and EBV merit further investigation. Our experience provides a platform for future studies.