cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selecting observation platforms for optimized anomaly detectability under unreliable partial observations

Diagnosers for keeping track on the occurrences of special events in the framework of unreliable partially-observed discrete-event dynamical systems were developed in previous work. This paper considers observation platforms consisting of sensors that provide partial and unreliable observations and of diagnosers that analyze them. Diagnosers in observation platforms typically perform better as sensors providing the observations become more costly or increase in number. This paper proposes a methodology for finding an observation platform that achieves an optimal balance between cost and performance, while satisfying given observability requirements and constraints. Since this problem is generally computational hard in the framework considered, an observation platform optimization algorithm is utilized that uses two greedy heuristics, one myopic and another based on projected performances. These heuristics are sequentially executed in order to find best observation platforms. The developed algorithm is then applied to an observation platform optimization problem for a multi-unit-operation system. Results show that improved observation platforms can be found that may significantly reduce the observation platform cost but still yield acceptable performance for correctly inferring the occurrences of special events.
A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF TITANIUM SILICIDE FORMATION BY RAPID THERMAL PROCESSING

A parametric study of titanium silicide formation by rapid thermal processing was conducted to determine the effects of annealing temperature (650 °C, 750 °C), annealing time (30 s, 60 s), wet etching (no HF dip, with HF dip), sputter etching (no sputter etch, with sputter etch), and annealing ambient (Ar, N2) on the completeness of conversion of 60 nm Ti on (111)-Si to C54–TiSi2 based on sheet resistance and the uniformity of the sheet resistance measurements across the entire wafer. Statistical analysis of the results showed that temperature, annealing ambient, and sputter etching had the greatest influence. Increasing the temperature and using argon gas instead of nitrogen promoted conversion of the film to C54–TiSi2. On the other hand, sputter etching retarded it. The results also indicated significant interactions among these factors. The best uniformity in sheet resistance was obtained by annealing at 750 °C without sputter etching. The different sheet resistance profiles showed gradients that were consistent with expected profile behaviors, arising from temperature variations across the wafer due to the effect of a flowing cold gas and the effects of the wafer edge and flats.
THYMINELESS DEATH IN ESCHERICHIA COLI: STRAIN SPECIFICITY.

Thymineless death of various ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli B and K-12 was investigated. It was found that E. coli B, B s−12 , K-12 rec-21 , and possibly K-12 Lon − , all sensitive to UV, were also sensitive to thymine starvation. However, other UV-sensitive strains of E. coli were found to display the typical resistant-type kinetics of thymineless death. The correlation of these results with various other cellular processes suggested that the filament-forming ability of the bacteria might be involved in the mechanism of thymineless death. It was apparent from the present results that capacity for host-cell reactivation, recombination ability, thymine dimer excision, and probably induction of a defective prophage had little to do with determining sensitivity to thymine deprivation. Images
MediaBench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems

Significant advances have been made in compilation technology for capitalizing on instruction-level parallelism (ILP). The vast majority of ILP compilation research has been conducted in the context of general-purpose computing, and more specifically the SPEC benchmark suite. At the same time, a number of microprocessor architectures have emerged which have VLIW and SIMD structures that are well matched to the needs of the ILP compilers. Most of these processors are targeted at embedded applications such as multimedia and communications, rather than general-purpose systems. Conventional wisdom, and a history of hand optimization of inner-loops, suggests that ILP compilation techniques are well suited to these applications. Unfortunately, there currently exists a gap between the compiler community and embedded applications developers. This paper presents MediaBench, a benchmark suite that has been designed to fill this gap. This suite has been constructed through a three-step process: intuition and market driven initial selection, experimental measurement to establish uniqueness, and integration with system synthesis algorithms to establish usefulness.
Morphogenesis of conjunctival papillae from normal and scaleless chick embryos

Morphogenesis of avian conjunctival papillae follows a predictable temporal and spatial pattern and is in some manner directly related to the induction of the underlying scleral ossicles. We have been able, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), to correlate all of Murray's ('43) histological stages (1–6) of papillae development, with changes in elevation and morphology of the surface of the conjunctiva. The first indication of morphogenesis is the formation of “papillae primordia”. The centers of these primordia exhibit decreased intercellular contact, and become elevated as radially symmetrical humps whose surfaces are composed of rounded cells with numerous microvillar projections. As the papillae become asymmetrical and elongate, cells near the tip of the papillae enlarge and develop microridges. During regression of the papillae, single clusters of cells appear to become lost from the surfaces of the papillae into the surrounding fluid. In contrast to normal chick embryos, those homozygous for the “scaleless” gene (Abbott and Asmundson, '57) display reduction in the number of papillae and underlying scleral ossicles (Palmoski and Goetinck, '70). SEM of the mutant conjunctival surface indicates that these papillae do not exhibit all of Murray's ('43) histological stages and are morphologically abnormal. Data from the present SEM study of the normal and scaleless conjunctiva are discussed in relation to those data of other investigators, and we suggest that Stage 4 in papillae development is critical to scleral ossicle formation.
Quantification of non-specific binding of magnetic micro- and nanoparticles using cell tracking velocimetry: Implication for magnetic cell separation and detection.

The maturation of magnetic cell separation technology places increasing demands on magnetic cell separation performance. While a number of factors can cause suboptimal performance, one of the major challenges can be non-specific binding of magnetic nano or micro particles to non-targeted cells. Depending on the type of separation, this non-specific binding can have a negative effect on the final purity, the recovery of the targeted cells, or both. In this work, we quantitatively demonstrate that non-specific binding of magnetic nanoparticles can impart a magnetization to cells such that these cells can be retained in a separation column and thus negatively impact the purity of the final product and the recovery of the desired cells. Through experimental data and theoretical arguments, we demonstrate that the number of MACS magnetic particles needed to impart a magnetization that is sufficient to causes non-targeted cells to be retained in the column to be on the order of 500 to 1,000 nanoparticles. This number of non-specifically bound particles was demonstrated experimentally with an instrument, cell tracking velocimeter, CTV, and it is demonstrated that the sensitivity of the CTV instrument for Fe atoms contained in magnetic nanoparticles on the order of 1 × 10−15 g/mL of Fe.
The Concentration of Synaptically Released Glutamate Outside of the Climbing Fiber–Purkinje Cell Synaptic Cleft

AMPA receptors and glutamate transporters expressed by cerebellar Bergmann glial cells are activated by neurotransmitter released from climbing fibers (). Based on anatomical evidence, this is most likely the result of glutamate diffusing out of the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic clefts (). We used the change in the EC50 of the Bergmann glia AMPA receptors produced by cyclothiazide (CTZ) to estimate the concentration of glutamate reached at the glial membrane. The decrease of the EC50 gives rise to a concentration-dependent potentiation of the AMPA receptor-mediated responses (). By comparing the increase in amplitude of the AMPA receptor response in the Bergmann glia (840 +/- 240%; n = 8) with the shift in the glutamate dose-response curve measured in excised patches (EC50, 1810 microM in control vs 304 microM in CTZ), we estimate that the extrasynaptic transmitter concentration reaches 160-190 microM. This contrasts with the concentration in the synaptic cleft, thought to rapidly rise above 1 mM, but is still high enough to activate glutamate receptors. These results indicate that the sphere of influence of synaptically released glutamate can extend beyond the synaptic cleft.
Why cultural sociology is not 'idealist : A reply to Mclennan

I make use of this reply to McLennan to offer an overall perspective on the development of my work, normatively, empirically and theoretically, and in its earlier neofunctionalist and later cultural-sociological phase. I argue that, despite periodic suggestions that my cultural sociology seeks to push sociology towards an absolute subjectivity, the social-epistemological framework of ‘multidimensionality’ around which I organized my first work, Theoretical Logic in Sociology, still holds. Cultural sociology introduces a method and theory for understanding a dimension of social life, it is not an attempt to explain every part of social life. There is still structural power according to this perspective, but the nature and force of this power must be understood differently. It is a mistake for social science to take a ‘realist’ path, either in its epistemology or in its mode of explanation.
Air permeameter investigation of surficial dune structures in the Nebraska Sand Hills

A permeameter was designed and constructed, and its theory of operation was developed; it has a subsurface probe for internal permeability measurements in poorly consolidated sediments. It was used to measure the permeability of sand at five depths in the upper 1.3 m (4.3 ft) of structural features on a large vegetated composite crescentic dune in the Nebraska Sand Hills. Permeability measurements were taken at 34 locations on the dune's steep leeward face, its long windward slope, fans below the leeward face, blowouts, peaks, crests, transverse ridges, benches, and the heads of gullies. Correlation of the permeabilities with the morphology of the dune is illustrated by a plot of the depth-averaged permeabilities and dune profile along a transect perpendicular to the lee face. Some of the permeabilities do not match the values anticipated on the basis of the theory of sedimentation (and experimental results) for active crescentic dunes. Although the large-scale features of the dune studied were evidently because of the original eolian sedimentation, the permeability was found to be strongly influenced by dune degradation processes involving running water and animal activity.
Obesity and smoking: Are they modulators of cough intravesical peak pressure in stress urinary incontinence?

Purpose: SUI (Stress Urinary Incontinence) results from sudden increases in intravesical peak pressures exceeding urethral resistance leading to involuntary urine loss. Obesity and smoking are well established reversible risk factors for SUI and may alter intravesical peak pressures. BMI, smoking status, and other clinical factors were studied to determine their relationship to CIPP (maximal Intravesical Peak Pressures generated by Cough) in SUI complaining women. Materials and Methods: Three hundred nineteen women complaining of SUI were evaluated with medical history and urodynamics. Age, parity, comorbidities, previous surgery, BMI and history of smoking were obtained. The maximal intravesical peak pressures generated by cough (CIPP) and cough leak point pressure (CLPP) were acquired. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted. Results: Current smokers and former smokers had similar CIPP (170cmH2O and 170cmH2O; p = 0.5, respectively); Those individuals who had never smoked had significantly lower CIPP (140cmH2O; p = 0.000 and p = 0.009 respectively). BMI was directly related to CIPP (r = 0.41; p = 0.000). Vaginal deliveries (r = -0.15, p = 0.08) and diabetes (r = 0.15, p = 0.016) were also directly related to CIPP on univariate analysis. Only smoking status (p = 0.000) and BMI (p = 0.000) were independently significantly related to CIPP on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Obesity and smoking showed increased CIPP (maximal Intravesical Peak Pressures generated by Cough). While reduced BMI is related to lower CIPP, smoking cessation does not appear to diminish CIPP. These findings suggest that weight loss may reduce incontinence by CIPP modulation. However, the benefits of smoking cessation without additional lifestyle modification, may have no benefit to improve urinary incontinence.
Effects of volatile anesthetics on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cardiac muscle cells.

The myocardial depressant effects of the three halogenated volatile anesthetics, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane, have been well documented clinically and experimentally.1–4 In recent years multiple mechanisms of action of these agents have been demonstrated. The results of a number of studies have pointed to anesthetic effects on transmembrane signalling in a variety of cell types as a central facet of anesthetic action (for brief review see Maze5). Many efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms by which these agents alter excitation-contraction coupling in the heart to produce negative inotropy. Halothane, for example, has been observed to depress myocardial contractility4 through depletion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores of calcium (Ca2+).6–9 The evidence suggests that the negative inotropic effect of halothane is mediated by enhancement of Ca2+ efflux through SR Ca2+ release channels.10 Halothane’s effects to limit availability of Ca2+ for contraction do not appear restricted to actions on SR Ca2+ release, however. Direct effects of halothane on myocardial Ca2+ channels have also been proposed,11 although it remains unclear whether this is a direct effect on the L-type Ca2+ channels, or instead the indirect effect of a change in some intracellular mediator. Halothane may also alter Ca2+ uptake by the myocardial SR12,13 and have effects on mitochondrial Ca2+ metabolism and storage. These various putative mechanisms may act alone or in combination to limit Ca2+ availability for contraction in the heart.
Conflict in the pediatric setting: clinical judgment vs. parental autonomy.

Over the past several decades, conflicts between physicians and patients or patient surrogates concerning continued treatment or the withdrawal of treatment have received public and legal attention. In more recent years, there have been several prominent Instances in which physicians have refused to provide treatment requested by patient surrogates because such treatment was judged to be futile. The claim that a treatment is futile has far reaching consequences. It serves to justify the withholding or withdrawal of treatment and thus, perhaps, to also justify the rationing of healthcare. It limits the autonomy of the patient or patient surrogate by reducing their participation in the decision making process.
Comparative phylogeography of the two pink salmon broodlines: an analysis based on a mitochondrial DNA genealogy.

Over most of their natural northern Pacific Ocean range, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) spawn in a habitat that was repeatedly and profoundly affected by Pleistocene glacial advances. A strictly two-year life cycle of pink salmon has resulted in two reproductively isolated broodlines, which spawn in alternating years and evolved as temporal replicates of the same species. To study the influence of historical events on phylogeographical and population genetic structure of the two broodlines, we first reconstructed a fine-scale mtDNA haplotype genealogy from a sample of 80 individuals and then determined the geographical distribution of the major genealogical assemblages for 718 individuals sampled from nine Alaskan and eastern Asian even- and nine odd-year pink salmon populations. Analysis of restriction site states in seven polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified mtDNA regions (comprising 97% of the mitochondrial genome) using 13 endonucleases resolved 38 haplotypes, which clustered into five genealogical lineages that differed from 0.065 to 0.225% in net sequence divergence. The lineage sorting between broodlines was incomplete, which suggests a recent common ancestry. Within each lineage, haplotypes exhibited star-like genealogies indicating recent population growth. The depth of the haplotype genealogy is shallow (∼0.5% of nucleotide sequence divergence) and probably reflects repeated decreases in population size due to Pleistocene glacial advances. Nested clade analysis (NCA) of geographical distances showed that the geographical distribution observed for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes resulted from alternating influences of historical range expansions and episodes of restricted dispersal. Analyses of molecular variance showed weak geographical structuring of mtDNA variation, except for the strong subdivision between Asian and Alaskan populations within the even-year broodline. The genetic similarities observed among and within geographical regions probably originated from postglacial recolonizations from common sources rather than extensive gene flow. The phylogeographical and population genetic structures differ substantally between broodlines. This can be explained by stochastic lineage sorting in glacial refugia and perhaps different recolonization routes in even- and odd-year broodlines.
GRAIL: a multi-agent neural network system for gene identification

Identifying genes within large regions of uncharacterized DNA is a difficult undertaking and is currently the focus of many research efforts. We describe a gene localization and modeling system, called GRAIL. GRAIL is a multiple sensor-neural network-based system. It localizes genes in anonymous DNA sequence by recognizing features related to protein-coding regions and the boundaries of coding regions, and then combines the recognized features using a neural network system. Localized coding regions are then "optimally" parsed into a gene model. Through years of extensive testing GRAIL consistently achieves about 90% of coding portions of test genes with a false positive rate of about 10% A number of genes for major genetic diseases have been located through the use of GRAIL, and over 1000 research laboratories worldwide use GRAIL on regular bases for localization of genes on their newly sequenced DNA.
Glycosyl transfer by isopropenyl glycosides: Trisaccharide synthesis in one pot by selective coupling of isopropenyl and n-pentenyl glycopyranosides

Abstract O-Isopropenyl glycosides bearing ester protecting groups are activated as glycosyl donors by a variety of electrophiles. Diastereomerically pure β-glycoside products are formed in good yields. Selective activation of O-isopropenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-β-glucopyranoside in the presence of O-pent-4-enyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-glucopyranoside allows two successive glycosyl couplings to be performed in a single pot to give trisaccharide in 25% yield.
Asthma Morbidity After the Short-Term Use of Ibuprofen in Children

Objective. To test the hypothesis that short-term use of ibuprofen increases asthma morbidity in children. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, acetaminophen-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Children who had asthma and a febrile illness were randomly assigned to receive either acetaminophen suspension or ibuprofen suspension for fever control. Rates of hospitalization and outpatient visits for asthma during follow-up were compared by randomization group. Results. A total of 1879 children receiving asthma medications were studied. Rates of hospitalization for asthma did not vary significantly by antipyretic assignment; compared with children who were randomized to acetaminophen, the relative risk for children who were assigned to ibuprofen was 0.63 (95% confidence interval: 0.25–1.6). However, the risk of an outpatient visit for asthma was significantly lower in the ibuprofen group; compared with children who were randomized to acetaminophen, the relative risk for children who were assigned to ibuprofen was 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.34–0.95). Conclusions. Rather than supporting the hypothesis that ibuprofen increases asthma morbidity among children who are not known to be sensitive to aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, these data suggest that compared with acetaminophen, ibuprofen may reduce such risks. Whether the observed difference in morbidity according to treatment group is attributable to increased risk after acetaminophen use or a decrease after ibuprofen cannot be determined. These data provide evidence of the relative safety of ibuprofen use in children with asthma.
Oxidation‐reduction potentials in a salt marsh: Spatial patterns and interactions with primary production1

Spurtina alterniflora oxidizes the sediments in which it grows through both passive oxygen release and active metabolic processes. Eh is higher in the root zone of this grass than in the sediment below the root zone or in unvegetated sediments. Sediments underlying the tall form of S. aZterniJorcl are more oxidized than those under the short form, and sediment redox condition and S. aZterni$oru production are related through a positive feedback loop. Reducing conditions inhibit aboveground grass production. But also, more productive plants have a greater capacity for sediment oxidation, as shown by the increased Eh in fertilized plots. Waterlogged sediments inhibit plan growth by decreasing passive oxygen release and thereby lowering Eh.
Determination of crystallinity of swollen poly(vinyl alcohol) by laser Raman spectroscopy

Laser Raman spectra of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) after heat treatment and/or swelling in water have been obtained. An amorphous Raman band is observed at 1124 cm−1, while a crystalline Raman band is found at 1147 cm−1. A new method for crystallinity determination is proposed, in which the amorphous band is used instead of the crystalline band. The method is superior to others for water-swollen PVA samples. Laser Raman spectra of swollen PVA revealed that swelling causes destruction of a major fraction of the crystalline regions and the remaining intact crystalline part increases with increasing temperature of heat treatment.
Molecular simulation and theoretical modeling of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) molecules are unique nanometre-size inorganic/organic hybrid structures based on a (SiO1.5)8 core. Depending on the functionalization of the POSS cages, the resulting systems can be solid or liquid, or, upon crosslinking, turned into a network. While much is known experimentally about the chemical synthesis of POSS systems, very little theoretical understanding exists at the molecular level or beyond. Of particular interest is the study of the effect of tether groups on the thermodynamic properties and phase behaviour of POSS fluids, which is addressed in this work through both molecular simulation and the statistical associating fluid theory for potentials of variable attractive range (SAFT-VR). In this application of SAFT-VR to POSS molecules the hetero-SAFT-VR approach is used. The POSS cage is represented as a single sphere and the tether groups by one or more smaller spheres, depending on chain length. Since very limited experimental data is available for t...
Kreisprozesse der Gasturbine

Die vielfachen Vorschlage zur Verwirklichung der Gasturbine beruhen einerseits auf dem gewaltigen Erfolg, den die Dampfturbine erfahren hat, andererseits auf dem Bedurfnis, eine Maschine fur die gasformigen und flussigen Brennstoffe zu schaffen, die gegenuber den bisherigen Verbrennungsmotoren ahnliche Vorteile aufweist, wie die Dampfturbine gegenuber der Kolbendampfmaschine. Diese Vorteile bestehen in erster Linie im viel kleineren Gewicht der Turbine, in der hohen Drehzahl, im Wegfall der hin- und hergehenden Massen usw.
Alterations in cerebral blood flow immediately after brief periods of stasis.

In the 1960s, Ames and his coworkers (1–4), described an obstructive process in cerebral microvessels that followed periods of experimental stasis as short as 7 minutes. Called no-reflow, the phenomenon was of interest because it appeared within the time frame of the development of an irreversible ischemic brain injury. Subsequent study has led to the belief that the obstruction is caused mainly by sludging of erythrocytes and can be overcome by a blood pressure pulse of approximately 100 mmHg in the immediate postischemic period. Once flow is restarted, autoregulation, however, is lost so that the passive dependence of flow on pressure results in postischemic cerebral blood flows of more than twice preischemic levels when blood pressure is restored to the preischemic value (5).
Pressure Effects on Submicrosecond Phospholipid Dynamics Using a Long-Lived Fluorescence Probe

The effects of applied external hydrostatic pressure on submicrosecond lipid motions in DPPC4 bilayers have been examined using coronene (a long-lived planar fluorescent molecule) and DPH. Steady-state fluorescence emission anisotropy (EA) values ( ) obtained for probe-labeled DPPC SUVs measured at different fixed temperatures above Tc as a function of increasing hydrostatic pressure reveal pressure-induced lipid phase transition profiles. For coronene-labeled samples, the observed lipid “melt” profiles are broad and shifted to higher midpoint EA pressure values (P1/2) compared with corresponding DPH-labeled SUVs at the same temperature. The data suggest lipid motions occurring on the submicrosecond time scale, detected only by using a long-lived fluorescence probe, which occur well above the normally reported “fluid–gel” lipid phase transition. Slopes of the pressure-to-temperature equivalence plots (dP1/2/dT = 39 bar/K) obtained for DPH-or coronene-labeled DPPC SUVs are identical within experimental error and reflect probe independence. For DPH, the slope of the P1/2(T) plot provides the expected phase transition phospholipid volume change. However, intercept values (at P1/2 = 1 bar) or apparent phase transition temperatures obtained from the equivalence plots for the two probes are not equal. Differences appear to arise due to the very disparate fluorescence lifetime values of the two probes, which result in rotational sensitivity of coronene to gel lipid volume fluctuations occurring during the extended time window provided by coronene fluorescence.
Effect of WIC supplemental feeding on hemoglobin and hematocrit of prenatal patients

Participation of pregnant women in a WIC program positively and significantly influenced their final hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements.
Analysis on the surveillance results of kara-azar in Shufu county of Kashgar in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2012

Objective To analyze the surveillance results of kara-azar in Shufu county, and provide advices for developing control strategy of kara-azar. Methods All the reported kara-azar cases and active surveillance results from 2005 to 2012 in Shufu were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 84 kara-azar cases were reported and the annual average incidence was 3.27 per 100,000. Most of kara-azar cases occurred in the eastern part of Shufu and in the period from February to July. The children aged 15 were the high risk group. The occupations of most cases were students and farmers.In a mass screening among 33 375 students and farmers, 32 kara-azar cases were diagnosed and treated. Conclusion The burden of kara-azar in Shufu is heavy. It is suggested that preventive and control measures should be taken continuously.
Analysis on measles and rubella antibody levels in migrant population in Fuzhou City,2007

Objective To investigate the levels of measles and rubella antibodies in migrant population of Fuzhou City and to formulate the immunization strategies of measles and rubella.Methods The measles and rubella antibodies of migrant population aged 0-44 years were detected by a ELISA method.Results The seropositive rate of measles antibody was 81.34%,and the seropositive rate of rubella antibody 80.71%.There were no significant differences in seropositive rate of measles antibody among different age groups(χ2=0.760,P0.05).The seropositive rate of rubella antibody was significantly lower in the migrant population below 15 years of age than in those above 15 years of age(χ2=49.483,P0.01);the seropositive rates of measles and rubella antibodies was significantly lower in the urban migrant population than in rural ones(χ2=15.478,P0.01).There was no significant difference in seropositive rate of rubella antibody between the urban and rural areas(χ2=0.049,P0.05).The seropositive rate of measles was significantly higher in the migrant population whose relocation time was less than one year than in those whose relocation time was more than one year(χ2=5.342,P0.05).The seropositive rate of measles was signiflcantly higher in the migrant population who come from the other provinces than in those who come from Fujian Province(χ2=7.208,P0.05).Conclusion The children under 15 years of age,especially those below 1.5 years,are the main target groups of measles and rubella control.It is important to conduct the supplementary immunization activity of measles and rubella vaccine in migrant population.
Electron spin resonance study of the autoxidation of 6-aminodopamine.

Although the mechanism of neurotoxicity of 6-aminodopamine and 6-hydroxydopamine is generally agreed to be initiated by the nonenzymatic oxidation of these compounds by molecular oxygen, most studies have focused on subsequent chemical and biological events. This ESR study indicates that this initial reaction can be described as a one-electron transfer from the neurotoxins to molecular oxygen to form their respective semiquinone (or semiquinone-imine) free radicals. Using a combination of deuterium isotope substitution and a resolution enhancement technique, a nearly complete assignment of the hyperfine splitting constants of the ESR spectrum of the 6-aminodopamine has been made. A relatively large interaction of the unpaired electron with the nitrogen of the amino group attached to the phenyl ring emphasizes the semiquinone-imine character of this free radical. The analysis of the ESR spectrum excludes any possibility that this free radical is a secondary product of autoxidation such as the 5,6-dihydroxyindole semiquinone-imine free radical.
Superluminal Expansion of 3C 273

Figure 1 shows hybrid maps of the core of 3C 273B at five epochs, made with arrays of 4 or 5 VLBI antennas. The maps span a period of 3.5 years. They all show a bright eastern peak and a lower-brightness extension to the west. There is a local maximum in the western extension between 6 and 8 milliarcsec from the main peak. This “blob” moves steadily further away from the main peak along a roughly straight line in PA -116° ± 2°. Compare this with the position angle of the 25-arcsec optical jet, -137°. The maps show a slight curvature to the south with increasing separation from the main peak. Lower-resolution VLBI maps at lower frequencies show that this curvature continues at greater separations, suggesting a smooth connection between the milli-arcsecond position angle and the position angle of the optical jet. In our latest map (1981.09) the blob is no longer detectable with the limited dynamic range of the VLBI network (about 20:1).
Children's Play and Culture Learning in an Egalitarian Foraging Society.

Few systematic studies of play in foragers exist despite their significance for understanding the breadth of contexts for human development and the ontogeny of cultural learning. Forager societies lack complex social hierarchies, avenues for prestige or wealth accumulation, and formal educational institutions, and thereby represent a contrast to the contexts of most play research. Analysis of systematic observations of children's play among Aka forest foragers (n = 50, ages 4-16, M = 9.5) and Ngandu subsistence farmers (n = 48, ages 4-16, M = 9.1) collected in 2010 illustrates that while play and work trade off during development in both groups, and consistent patterns in sex-role development are evident, Aka children engage in significantly less rough-and-tumble play and competitive games than children among their socially stratified farming neighbors.
In vivo insulin action in genetic models of hypertension

Insulin resistance has been described in nonobese subjects with essential hypertension. At present it is unknown whether hypertension per se may lead to the onset of insulin resistance. To examine this question we studied in vivo insulin action in two rat models of genetic hypertension. Four groups of conscious rats were studied: Milan hypertensive (MHS), Milan normotensive (MNS), spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Mean arterial pressure was increased in SHR vs. WKY in both the fed (184 +/- 5 vs. 126 +/- 6 mmHg; P less than 0.001) and fasting (160 +/- 5 vs. 129 +/- 5; P less than 0.001) states. During high-dose insulin clamps, total body glucose uptake (mg.kg-1.min-1) was similar in MNS (28.7 +/- 1.4) vs. MHS (33.6 +/- 3.0) and in WKY (34.6 +/- 1.8) vs. SHR (35.7 +/- 2.4). During low-dose insulin clamps, suppression of hepatic glucose production (3.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) and stimulation of glycolysis (12.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 14.4 +/- 1.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) were similar in WKY vs. SHR, whereas glucose uptake (24.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 18.3 +/- 1.2 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.01) and muscle glycogenic rate (10.2 +/- 1.1 vs. 6.5 +/- 1.1 mg.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.05) were increased in SHR vs. WKY. In conclusion, 1) feeding markedly augments blood pressure in hypertensive but not in normotensive rats, and 2) hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity are normal or increased in two different rat models of genetic hypertension. These results provide evidence that high blood pressure per se does not invariably lead to the development of insulin resistance.
Myosin 1e promotes breast cancer malignancy by enhancing tumor cell proliferation and stimulating tumor cell de-differentiation

// Jessica L. Ouderkirk-Pecone 1 , Gregory J. Goreczny 1 , Sharon E. Chase 1 , Arthur H. Tatum 2 , Christopher E. Turner 1 , Mira Krendel 1 1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA 2 Department of Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Correspondence to: Mira Krendel, email: krendelm@upstate.edu Keywords: myosin, breast cancer, tumor promotion and progression, animal models of cancer, therapeutic targets Received: May 05, 2015 Accepted: June 01, 2016 Published: June 17, 2016 ABSTRACT Despite advancing therapies, thousands of women die every year of breast cancer. Myosins, actin-dependent molecular motors, are likely to contribute to tumor formation and metastasis via their effects on cell adhesion and migration and may provide promising new targets for cancer therapies. Using the MMTV-PyMT murine model of breast cancer, we identified Myosin 1e (MYO1E) as a novel tumor promoter. Tumor latency in mice lacking MYO1E was significantly increased, and tumors formed in the absence of MYO1E displayed unusual papillary morphology, with well-differentiated layers of epithelial cells covering fibrovascular cores, rather than solid sheets of tumor cells typically observed in this cancer model. These tumors were reminiscent of papillary breast cancer in humans that is typically non-invasive and often cured by tumor excision. MYO1E-null tumors exhibited decreased expression of the markers of cell proliferation, which was recapitulated in primary tumor cells derived from MYO1E-null mice. In agreement with our findings, meta-analysis of patient survival data indicated that MYO1E expression level was associated with reduced recurrence-free survival in basal-like breast cancer. Overall, our data suggests that MYO1E contributes to breast tumor malignancy and regulates the differentiation and proliferation state of breast tumor cells.
Severity of Kyphosis and Decline in Lung Function: The Framingham Study

Background Hyperkyphosis reduces the amount of space in the chest, mobility of the rib cage, and expansion of the lungs. Decline in pulmonary function may be greater in persons with more severe kyphosis; however, no prospective studies have assessed this association. We conducted a longitudinal study to quantify the impact of kyphosis severity on decline in pulmonary function over 16 years in women and men. Methods Participants included a convenience sample of 193 women and 82 men in the Framingham Study original cohort (mean age: 63 years; range: 50-79 years), who had measurements of kyphosis angle from lateral spine radiographs obtained in 1972-1976 and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) from spirometry taken four times over 16 (±1.87) years from 1972 through 1988. Results Kyphosis severity was associated with greater decline in FEV1 in women but not in men. Adjusted mean change in FEV1 over 16 years was -162, -245, and -261mL (trend, p = .02) with increasing tertile of kyphosis angle in women and -372, -297, and -257mL (trend, p = .20) in men, respectively. Conclusions This longitudinal study found that kyphosis severity increased subsequent decline in pulmonary function in women but not in men. Reasons for an association between kyphosis and pulmonary function in women but in not men may be due, at least in part, to the small number of men in our study. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that preventing or slowing kyphosis progression may reduce the burden of pulmonary decline in older adults.
AC Electrokinetic Fast Mixing in Non-Parallel Microchannels

A novel ultra-fast micromixer of a quasi T-channel with electrically conductive sidewalls is presented here and some new phenomena in its mixing process are observed and reported. The mixing is about 102–103 times faster than that by purely molecular diffusion, and about 102 times faster than that in existing micromixers, which are based on the electrokinetic instability (EKI). Both parallel and non-parallel channel are investigated and compared by evaluating their mixing. Mixing behaviors in the microchannels are studied in terms of scalar concentration distributions. It is found that with a small angle (about 5° in this case) between the two electrodes sidewalls, mixing can be enhanced rapidly at even low AC voltage. The influence of the applied AC voltage phase shift between the two electrodes on the mixing process is also explored. The result reveals that the mixing is the strongest under a 180° signal phase shift. Fast mixing is also achieved under high AC frequency in this micromixer. Fluorescent mi...
High tobacco use prevalence with significant regional and sex differences in smokeless tobacco use among Western Alaska Native people: the WATCH study

ABSTRACTTobacco use prevalence among Alaska Native (AN) people living in Alaska is greater than the general population prevalence statewide and nationally. Better understanding of regional tobacco use is needed to improve cessation efforts and reduce prevalence. Using self-reported baseline data from the Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health study, we describe tobacco use patterns among AN people in two western Alaska regions. Data were stratified by age group and sex. Dual- and multi-product use in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) region was stratified by concurrent vs sequential use. Overall, 87% of the cohort reported having used tobacco. In Norton Sound, cigarette (98%) was the predominant tobacco type. In Y-K 71% smoked, 76% used smokeless tobacco (ST), with 47% reporting use of both products. ST use in Y-K consisted of commercial ST and homemade iqmik. Y-K women reported more ST product use, while men reported more cigarette use. Among dual- and multi-product users, the majority reported concurren...
The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Edited by Sean McGlynn and Elena Woodacre. (Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. Pp. v, 331. $90.99.)

The study of monarchy was sidelined for much of the latter twentieth century in favor of pursuing more modish social and economic questions. It is now clear—perhaps the result of the cyclical natur...
Investigating Predictors of Cognitive Decline Using Machine Learning.

Objectives Genetic risks for cognitive decline are not modifiable; however their relative importance compared to modifiable factors is unclear. We used machine learning to evaluate modifiable and genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), to predict cognitive decline. Methods Health and Retirement Study participants, aged 65-90 years, with DNA and >2 cognitive evaluations, were included (n = 7,142). Predictors included age, body mass index, gender, education, APOE e4, cardiovascular, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES), and AD risk genes. Latent class trajectory analyses of cognitive scores determined the form and number of classes. Random Forests (RF) classification investigated predictors of cognitive trajectories. Performance metrics (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) were reported. Results Three classes were identified. Discriminating highest from lowest classes produced the best RF performance: accuracy = 78% (1.0%), sensitivity = 75% (1.0%), and specificity = 81% (1.0%). Top ranked predictors were education, age, gender, stroke, NSES, and diabetes, APOE e4 carrier status, and body mass index (BMI). When discriminating high from medium classes, top predictors were education, age, gender, stroke, diabetes, NSES, and BMI. When discriminating medium from the low classes, education, NSES, age, diabetes, and stroke were top predictors. Discussion The combination of latent trajectories and RF classification techniques suggested that nongenetic factors contribute more to cognitive decline than genetic factors. Education was the most relevant predictor for discrimination.
A Rationale for Music Training to Enhance Executive Functions in Parkinson’s Disease: An Overview of the Problem

Music listening interventions such as Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation can improve mobility, balance, and gait in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Yet, the impact of music training on executive functions is not yet known. Deficits in executive functions (e.g., attention, processing speed) in patients with PD result in gait interference, deficits in emotional processing, loss of functional capacity (e.g., intellectual activity, social participation), and reduced quality of life. The model of temporal prediction and timing suggests two networks collectively contribute to movement generation and execution: the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network (BGTC) and the cerebellar-thalamocortical network (CTC). Due to decreases in dopamine responsible for the disruption of the BGTC network in adults with PD, it is hypothesized that rhythmic auditory cues assist patients through recruiting an alternate network, the CTC, which extends to the supplementary motor areas (SMA) and the frontal cortices. In piano training, fine motor finger movements activate the cerebellum and SMA, thereby exercising the CTC network. We hypothesize that exercising the CTC network through music training will contribute to enhanced executive functions. Previous research suggested that music training enhances cognitive performance (i.e., working memory and processing speed) in healthy adults and adults with cognitive impairments. This review and rationale provides support for the use of music training to enhance cognitive outcomes in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD).
Anterior and Posterior Innominate Osteotomy in Exstrophy Repair

Children with exstrophy are born with the bladder exposed and an open pelvic ring. Several types of pelvic osteotomies have been developed to decrease the stress on the initial exstrophy closure through closing the pelvic ring. Shultz (1958) first described the bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as part of a two-stage repair of bladder exstrophy.11 The earliest outcomes studies of this osteotomy were done by O’Phalen (1963) and Aadalen (1979).8,1 This pelvic osteotomy so far has been shown to lower rates of wound dehiscence and to help obtain a more secure and better genitourinary reconstruction.8,1
Integrating Metacognitive Prompts and Critical Inquiry Process Display to Support Development of Problem-Solving Skills

In this chapter, we present a problem-solving support software system (ActionOrganizer) that we created to cultivate students’ development of inquiry skills in problem-based learning (PBL). ActionOrganizer is designed to scaffold college students’ metacognitive control of problem solving. We begin our chapter with the PBL context and a review of current research on scaffolding and its design challenges. Next, we review relevant literature on metacognition and its relationship to PBL—how it can facilitate meaningful problem-solving strategies that learners use in coordinating existing understanding with new evidence, helping to explain how knowledge is attained. We then describe our design approach and its theoretical underpinning—how we first used Barrows’ four PBL phases (1986) and Livermore’s integrative scientific inquiry approach (1964) as the critical problem-solving steps to help us model the structure of an ideal problem-solving approach and then incorporated a set of metacognitive prompts and cognitive cues in each phase to scaffold students’ metacognitive processing. After showing how the system works, we end our chapter with a formative evaluation study that used the tool with graduate students.
Historic Land Use and Social Policy Affecting Large-Scale Changes in Forest Cover in the Midwest United States

The land-cover patterns we see in the United States today are the product of a long legacy of government-sponsored initiatives and local-level land-use practices by a diverse array of private landowners. Federal and state governments have been important actors in encouraging conservation and reforestation, particularly in the 20th century. Through the development and implementation of conservation programs, and the purchase of extensive agricultural areas that were abandoned from the 1930s to 1950s, the amount of forested land in the United States has increased in the last century. Collectively, these large-scale projects have had important implications for land resources, some with very long-lasting effects. Global economic conditions are factors in the development of these past policy initiatives and also impact land-use decision-making of individual private landowners. An understanding of the complex pattern of land cover in the U.S. requires a historical perspective that encompasses the dynamics associated with both short- and long-term processes at multiple spatial scales of analysis.
Psychiatric Disability: A Model for Assessment

The inability to work as a result of psychiatric illness whether temporary or permanent is a serious crisis. Occupational disability can become a chronic and treatment-resistant psychosocial condition. People who become disabled lose self-esteem, become discouraged, hopeless, and deconditioned, making the prospect of returning to work increasingly challenging. The longer an individual is unable to work, the less likely it is that he or she will be able to return to work.