cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The physical properties of DNA from T2 and T4 bacteriophage

The project was designed to provide a molecular characterization of the DNA of the T-even bacteriophages, T2 and T4. It also attempted to clarify the problem of a possible bipartite distribution suggested by autoradiographic experiments. The phage were grown on E. coli strain B in synthetic glycerol medium. Highly purified phage stocks were obtained by premature lysis and centrifugation. DNA was released from the phage by osmotic shock and cadmium cyanide-lysine treatment. The DNA solutions were deproteinized (except for whole shockates) by treatment with chloroform-amyl alcohol. Sedimentation studies on purified DNA preparations revealed a single, fairly sharp boundary with a median sedimentation coefficient of 30 s. The intrinsic viscosity was 114 dl./g. The molecular weights determined by light scattering and by density gradient centrifugation were 14 × 10 6 and 11 × 10 6 respectively. These values are within the range expected for DNA with the above sedimentation coefficient and intrinsic viscosity. The molecular weight distribution calculated from the sedimentation boundary was found to be much narrower than a Flory (most probable) distribution. An analysis of the sedimentation patterns of whole shockates revealed no evidence for a discrete, large component as suggested by the autoradiograph experiments. A subsequent investigation (Davison, 1959) suggests that the use of a syringe in sedimentation studies may degrade large molecules of DNA. The relationship between the 30 s DNA and that existing within the phage may therefore be uncertain.
On Ericksen’s model for liquid crystals

We consider a new mathematical model for nematic liquid crystal proposed by J. Ericksen using Landau’s order parameter approach. In this model, the static configuration of liquid crystal can be described by a map minimizing certain degenerate variational integral. Here we prove that minimizers exist and are Holder continuous.
FLAVOR OSCILLATIONS IN CHARM

We discuss recent experiments on mixing. Some theoretical comments on these measurements are made, and possible interpretations of the data are given.
A phase II study of continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin with weekly cisplatin in metastatic colorectal carcinoma

Background. Prolonged infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and bolus 5-FU modulated by leucovorin are associated with higher response rates than bolus 5-FU alone. Cisplatin enhances 5-FU cytotoxicity in some preclinical models. Methods. The authors tested the feasibility of combining concurrent infusional leucovorin (500 mg/m2/d) with protracted infusional 5-FU (200 mg/m2/d) and weekly bolus cisplatin (20 mg/m2) in 22 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Results. Four partial responses (PR) were noticed among 21 evaluable patients (19%). The median time to treatment failure and median survival were 6 months and 11 months, respectively. All but two patients required 5-FU dose reduction after a median of 2 weeks because of mucositis. However, severe mucositis and diarrhea occurred in only 18% and 5% of the patients, respectively. Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia of mild to moderate severity occurred in 55% of patients. Megaloblastic changes were evident in the peripheral blood during therapy, and may reflect prolonged DNA-directed toxicity of 5-FU. The median tolerated dose level of 5-FU was 113 mg/m2/d (range, 64–150 mg/m2/d). Mean steadystate plasma concentrations (Cpss) of 5-FU appeared to increase linearly from 0.19 μM to 0.39 μM over the dose range 64 to 200 mg/m2/d. Patients with grade 2 gastrointestinal toxicity had significantly higher 5-FU Cpss than patients with grade 0 or 1 toxicity. Conclusions. The early onset of toxicity with this regimen of protracted infusional 5-FU/high-dose leucovorin and weekly cisplatin required marked attenuation of the 5-FU dose intensity, and the results were no better than that expected with infusional 5-FU alone.
SU-E-I-35: Using Six-Sigma Methodology for Practice Quality Improvement Projects

Purpose: To illustrate the utility of Six‐Sigma tools for Practice Quality Improvement Projects Methods: Practice Quality Improvement (PQI) Projects are required as a component of Maintenance of Certification (MOC). The methodology of Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) is particularly well suited for PQI. An example of the DMAIC approach is presented using the CT pulmonary embolism protocol. Within DMAIC the Define phase consists of stating the problem and the processes involved in the task. During Measure phase the baseline performance of the process is established. Analyze phase involves looking at the data collected and proposing methods to enhance the process. The Improve phase comprises the changes that are made to the process. Control phase consists of follow‐up to insure that improvements are robust and remain in place over time. For the CT pulmonary embolism example:Define: For dose reduction purposes kV is switched from 120 to 100 resulting in higher mA values than desired by the Radiologist. Manual mA is utilized instead of mA modulation techniques.Measure: Baseline CTDIvol values across patient sizes for pulmonary embolism.Analyze: What modulation algorithm will Result in similar doses? Improve: Pilot studies with adjusted mA modulation parameters. Control: Establish a database to continually monitor doses from pulmonary embolism protocol. Results: Baseline measurements demonstrate four dose levels 2.1 mGy, 3.9 mGy, 4.9 mGy, and 10.9 mGy, depending on patient size measured laterally on a localizer radiograph. After a size‐based protocol chart is implemented dose values are variable ranging from 1.02 mGy to 12.19 mGy. Conclusion: The DMAIC approach can successfully be implemented during Practice Quality Improvement Projects.
The relationship between interfacial shear and flow patterns in vertical flow

Abstract The relationship between interfacial shear and the flow patterns observed in the vertical upflow and downflow of vapor-liquid mixtures has been explored. It was found that the flow pattern transitions in adiabatic flow could be related to the interfacial shear. New observations of the two-phase flow behavior of refrigerant 113 in heated lines indicated that the void fraction vs quality curves and the location of some flow pattern transitions differ under adiabatic and diabatic conditions. The shifts seen in the flow pattern transitions are consistent with the changed interfacial shear derived from the revised void fraction vs quality curves.
Processing parameter effects on solution precursor plasma spray process spray patterns

Abstract Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is a promising process for making thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) with improved durability. The improved durability of SPPS TBCs results from the novel microstructural features, (i) absence of splat boundaries, (ii) generation of through-thickness vertical cracks (iii) existence of uniformly distributed porosity. In this process, the coating is built up by the overlapping and stacking of layers deposited in each pass of the plasma torch across the substrate. Information concerning the lamella is generally referred to as the spray pattern. The spray patterns from SPPS of 7wt.%Y 2 O 3 –ZrO 2 precursor were studied via a fixed scan spray method, where the plasma torch repeatedly scans on a single line across the substrate. The surface of the resulting spray patterns can be divided into adherent deposits and powdery deposits that correspond to the hot and cold regions of the plasma jet, respectively. The penetration depth of the liquid into the plasma jet has a significant effect on the position of the adherent deposits and the deposition efficiency. The structure of the adherent deposits across the section normal to the motion of plasma torch is symmetric about its center. It becomes more porous and the thickness of the deposits is reduced towards the edges. Implications of these results for understanding and improving the SPPS process are discussed.
Does a positive sentinel lymph node always require completion dissection

Over the past 10–15 years, sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care in the management of breast cancer, limiting completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) to patients with positive sentinel nodes. Non-SLN metastases are present in 40–50% of SLN-positive patients [1,2] and are predicted by the same variables that may predict metastasis to the SLN, the most important being tumor size and lymphovascular invasion. Several groups have developed models for patients with a positive SLN to predict the likelihood of having additional positive non-SLNs. A widely used nomogram developed at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center (NY, USA) by Van Zee et al. is an online tool that calculates the estimated risk of positive non-SLNs based on the following factors, pathologic primary tumor size, tumor histology and grade, number of positive SLNs, number of negative SLNs, presence of lymphovascular invasion, multifocality, estrogen receptor (ER) positivity, and method of detection of SLN metastasis [3]. The nomogram has been validated by other institutions [4–6] and predicts non-SLN metastases much more accurately than expert clinicians’ best estimates [7]. Furthermore, the residual axillary nodal disease may be well controlled and perhaps eradicated with current multimodality treatment, particularly when radiation therapy is delivered. With the ability to stage patients as nodepositive or -negative through SLNB in an era of improved multimodality therapy, the next clinical question to be addressed was the need for cALND for local control and its impact on survival in the face of positive SLNB. The prospective American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z11 trial randomized breast cancer patients who underwent lumpectomy and SLNB and were found to have positive nodes for cALND, versus no further surgery. The study was limited to clinically node-negative women with cancers ≤5 cm in size treated with lumpectomy and radiation therapy with ≤2 positive nodes and no extracapsular extension. Additional positive axillary nodes were found in 27% of the cALND arm. With a median followup of 6.3 years, there were no significant
Combined effects of elevated free-stream turbulence and streamwise acceleration on flow and thermal structures in transitional boundary layers

Abstract The combined effects of elevated free-stream turbulence intensity (FSTI) and streamwise acceleration on flow and thermal structures in transitional boundary layers were investigated experimentally on a heated flat plate with elevated FSTI levels ranging from 3 to 7%. The acceleration strength, based on the parameter, K [≡ (ν/ U ∞ 2 )d U ∞ /dx] , rangedfrom 0.39 × 10 −6 to 4.1 × 10 −6 . A three-wire probe was used to measure detailed momentum and thermal boundary layer structures, including the streamwise and cross-stream velocity fluctuations, temperature fluctuation, Reynolds stresses, Reynolds heat fluxes, eddy viscosity, turbulent thermal diffusivity, and turbulent Prandtl number. The results show that FSTI has a greater effect than streamwise acceleration on flow and thermal structures in transitional boundary layers. However, the effect of streamwise acceleration on increasing the transition length is significant. Furthermore, streamwise acceleration suppresses the magnitude of uv and slows down the uv transition process relative to u ′ even when elevated FSTI seems to have a dominant effect. Acceleration is also shown to suppress ϵ H more than ϵ M in the transitional region.
Thinking Outside of the Box When the Box Is Missing: Role Ambiguity and Its Linkage to Creativity

Integrating cognitive evaluation theory with creativity literature, this study theorized and found a curvilinear relationship between role ambiguity and creativity, with a moderate amount of role ambiguity being the most conducive to work creativity. Tolerance of ambiguity moderated this curvilinear relation, suggesting that employees who have a high tolerance of ambiguity exhibit higher creativity in the situation of intermediate role ambiguity than those who have a lower tolerance of ambiguity. To further build the theory linking the interactive effect of role ambiguity and tolerance of ambiguity on creativity, this study investigated and found a mediating effect of creative self-efficacy. Two hundred and forty-two graduate students in business or a related field participated in the laboratory experiments. Two different experimental tasks were used to address the inherent limitations and bias associated with a single task in experimental studies. It is the first study that demonstrates an inverted U-sha...
Insights from a semester of collaborative teaching

ABSTRACT This article presents a summary of insights gained by the authors after a semester of collaborative teaching.
Morphologic and taxonomic relationships of the Psilotaceae relative to evolutionary lines in early land vascular plants

Examination of the fossil record shows that there is no direct evidence regarding the origins and early evolution of the Psilotaceae. Past comparisons betweenPsilotum orTmesipteris and certain fossil plants are reviewed. The major types of early land vascular plants are surveyed in order to demonstrate their basic characteristics and evolutionary trends and to point out the absence of any direct links with the Psilotaceae. Fossil plants of problematical affinities which appear to be important in the early diversification of ferns or plants closely related to ferns are discussed. The nature of stem-leaf relationships of some primitive, extant filicalean ferns and possibly the Psilotaceae is considered in terms of possible similar occurrences among fossil plants.
Geometry of the intersection ring of the moduli space of flat connections and the conjectures of Newstead and Witten

Abstract We develop geometric techniques to study the intersection ring of the moduli space g(t1, …, tn) of flat connections on a two-manifold Σg of genus g with n marked points p1, …, pn. We find explicit homology cycles dual to generators of this ring, which allow us to prove recursion relations in g and n for their intersection numbers. The recursion relations in the genus g are related to generalizations of the Newstead Conjecture and of some recursion relations due to Donaldson. The recursion relations in the number n of marked points yield analogs of the recursion relations appearing in the work of Witten and Kontsevich on moduli spaces of punctured curves.
Delayed Sleep Timing and Symptoms in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled Actigraphy Study

Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms. Determination of whether sleep disturbance and/or circadian disruption are differentially associated with symptom severity is necessary to guide development of future treatment strategies. Therefore, we measured sleep and ADHD symptoms in participants aged 19-65 who met the DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision) criteria for ADHD and insomnia without psychiatric comorbidities by monitoring actigraphy and daily sleep logs for 2 wks, as well as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), and a clinic-designed sleep behavior questionnaire. Principal components analysis identified correlated circadian- and sleep-related variables in all participants with ADHD who completed the study (n = 24). The identified components were entered into a backwards stepwise linear regression analysis, which indicated that delayed sleep timing and increased sleepiness (ESS) (but not sleep duration or sleep efficiency) significantly predicted greater severity of both hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive ADHD symptoms (p < .05 for partial regression coefficients). In addition, combined subtypes had the most impaired age-adjusted sleep quality (PSQI scores; p < .05 compared with healthy controls; n = 13), and 91.7% of them reported going to bed late due to being "not tired/too keyed up to sleep" compared with 57.2% and 50% of inattentive and symptom-controlled participants, respectively (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that ADHD symptom severity correlates with delayed sleep timing and daytime sleepiness, suggesting that treatment interventions aimed at advancing circadian phase may improve daytime sleepiness. In addition, ADHD adults with combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive symptoms have decreased sleep quality as well as the delayed sleep timing of predominately inattentive subtypes.
Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity Is Increased in Obese Zucker Rats

Abstract A low level of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to brown adipose tissue has been found in genetically obese Zucker rats and may promote obesity through decreased thermogenesis. In contrast, acquired obesity is reportedly associated with increased SNA. To determine whether low SNA levels in obese Zucker rats extend to the kidney, we compared baseline levels of renal SNA in obese and lean conscious unrestrained Zucker rats fed for 2 weeks on low salt (0.4% NaCl) and high salt (8.0% NaCl) diets. Baseline renal SNA was calculated from multifiber recordings obtained before death under conscious, resting conditions and after death. Body weight averaged 490±12 g (mean±SEM) in obese rats (n=17) and 339±7 g in lean rats (n=19). Mean arterial pressure did not differ in obese and lean Zucker rats fed the low salt diet. However, on the high salt diet, mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in obese rats (n=8) than in lean rats (n=9) (113±3 and 101±3 mm Hg, respectively; P P
Dipeptidyl peptidase I regulates the development of collagen-induced arthritis.

Objective To examine the role of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), a widely expressed lysosomal cysteine protease, in the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods Wild-type (WT) and DPPI-deficient (DPPI−/−) mice backcrossed to DBA/1J mice for 10 generations were immunized with bovine type II collagen (CII), and disease susceptibility and severity were assessed over time. Collagen-specific B cell and T cell responses and the production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6) were measured. In addition, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT, CII-sensitized mice was performed to evaluate the specific role of DPPI−/− T lymphocytes. Results The majority of DPPI−/− mice were resistant to CIA induction, although clinical disease (i.e., evidence of inflammation and bone erosions) did develop in a small number of DPPI−/− mice. The protection against disease development was not attributable to a defect in the B and T cell response to collagen immunization, because both anticollagen antibody production and T cell proliferation in response to CII were normal. Release of the proinflammatory cytokines was largely unaffected in CII-stimulated DPPI−/− splenocytes. In addition, when cells isolated from the joints of DPPI−/− mice were stimulated in vitro, they had no intrinsic defect in their ability to release inflammatory cytokines. Last, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from WT, CII-immunized mice into naive WT and DPPI−/− mice led to development of arthritis in WT mice but not in DPPI−/− mice. Conclusion These results indicate that DPPI regulates a critical step in the development of CIA that is independent of T cell and B cell functions.
On energy management, load balancing and replication

In this paper we investigate some opportunities and challenges that arise in energy-aware computing in a cluster of servers running data-intensive workloads. We leverage the insight that servers in a cluster are often underutilized, which makes it attractive to consider powering down some servers and redistributing their load to others. Of course, powering down servers naively will render data stored only on powered down servers inaccessible. While data replication can be exploited to power down servers without losing access to data, unfortunately, care must be taken in the design of the replication and server power down schemes to avoid creating load imbalances on the remaining "live" servers. Accordingly, in this paper we study the interaction between energy management, load balancing, and replication strategies for data-intensive cluster computing. In particular, we show that Chained Declustering -- a replication strategy proposed more than 20 years ago -- can support very flexible energy management schemes.
Strong Morita Equivalence of Certain Transformation Group C*-Algebras

In the course of extending certain results of Takesaki [11], Nielsen obtained [6] a generalization of a theorem of Mackey [5] and Blattner [1] concerning intertwining operators for induced representations. Nielsen's generalization concerns intertwining operators for the restrictions of induced representations to a subgroup. Now in [7] it was shown that the theorem of Mackey and Blattner is a large part of the statement that the inducing process establishes a Morita equivalence, that is, an equivalence between the representation theories [8], for certain C*-algebras related to induced representations. In fact, the equivalence is a strong Morita equivalence in the sense that it is implemented by what is called in [7] an "imprimitivity bimodule". All this suggests that perhaps Nielsen's theorem is a reflection of the fact that certain algebras associated with the situation he considers are strongly Morita equivalent. We show here that this is in fact the case. Specifically, let G be a locally compact group, and let H and K be closed subgroups of G. Let K act on the left on G/H and let C*(K, G/H) be the corresponding transformation group C*-algebra [4]. Similarly, let H act on the right on K\G and let C*(H,K\G) be the corresponding C*-algebra. We show that there is a natural imprimitivity bimodule establishing a strong Morita equivalence between these two C*-algebras. tn particular, it follows that these two algebras have equivalent representation theories. We then show that Nielsen's theorem follows from this. Our proofs are essentially algebraic -- requiring little more measure theory than those facts about Haar measure needed to define transformation group algebras and their representations. In particular, our results give a proof of Nielsen's theorem which avoids the measure-theoretic details involving liftings of measures in which his proof becomes embroiled. Some of the formulas developed here can be used to motivate a considerably more elementary proof of Takesaki's results [11] concerning generalized commutation relations (as extended by Nielsen). But the theorems obtained here are not needed for that purpose, and so this matter will be treated elsewhere [9].
On the mode of amine uptake by the Auerbach plexus of guinea pig small intestine

Abstract The uptake of the 2 erythro-isomers of metaraminol (l-MA, d-MA) by the Auerbach plexus of the guinea pig small intestine exhibits a Na+-dependency. Kinetic studies reveal that the effect of lowered [Na+] on l-MA uptake is to decrease Vmaxwithout altering the apparent Km, suggesting that a stoichiometric system is involved. The inhibitory effect of a high [K+] on l-MA uptake was examined kinetically and the results were similar to that seen upon lowering [Na+]. A comparison of the efficacy of desipramine to inhibit l-MA uptake at both 20.0 and 148.4 mM Na+ was undertaken and the drug was observed to be approximately 10 times less potent at the lowered [Na+]. The plot of d-MA uptake vs. [N+] resulted in a single linear function, whereas a similar plot for l-MA was biphasic. Reserpine, 18 hr after injection, had no effect on d-MA uptake but greatly decreased l-MA uptake in both normal conditions and low [Na+]. After reserpine, one phase of the l-MA uptake vs. [Na+] curve was abolished, resulting in a single linear function. The effect of reserpine on l-MA uptake is relatively short-lived as compared with the effect of the drug on endogenous catecholamine levels. Thus, 48 hr after injection, reserpine had no significant effect on l-MA uptake.
Pathogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Equine encephalids have high mortality rates and represent a significant zoonotic public health threat. Of these the most pathogenic viruses to equids are the alphaviruses in the family Togaviridae. The focus of this review Venezualen equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has caused the most widespread and recent epidemic outbreaks of disease. Circulation in naturally occuring rodent-mosquito cycles, results in viral spread to both human and equine populations. However, equines develop a high titer viremia and can transmit the virus back to mosquito populations. As such, the early recognition and control of viral infection in equine populations is strongly associated with prevention of epidemic spread of the virus and limiting of disease incidence in human populations. This review will address identification and pathogenesis of VEEV in equids vaccination and treatment options, and current research for drug and vaccine development.
Computers and the future of human creativity

The effects of computer science on human society can be usefully viewed within the framework of scale change. A number of examples of scale change are considered: in design, mathematics, social organization, medicine, and most especially, in the modeling and perception of the complex biological and social world in which we live. The common feature in these examples is the computer's ability to allow humans to return to modes of thought that are crucial to both the psychological and historical origins of scientific and engineering activities, but that were deemphasized in the classical scientific paradigm because of limitations on information processing. The explicit appreciation of the scale-changing power of the computer has important implications for computer science education and for its role in fully releasing the creative possibilities in the human-computer relationship.
OFDM carrier frequency offset correction based on Type-2 control loop

In this paper, we propose a robust data-aided carrier frequency offset (CFO) tracking algorithm for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The problem is solved as a sequence of estimation and correction steps. We find the major contributors to the CFO measurement uncertainty are the additive white noise together with the inter-carrier interference (ICI). Our derivation results show the noise variance can be reduced via averaging while the ICI introduced uncertainty can be decreased by iterative CFO compensations. These considerations lead us to a Type-2 correction loop. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show our proposed algorithm is robust and able to compensate and track comparably large CFO.
Environmental and genetic effects on the formation of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in cottonwoods

Although both environment and genetics have been shown to affect the mycorrhizal colonization of host plants, the impacts of these factors on hosts that can be dually colonized by both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are less understood. We examined the influence of environment and host crosstype on the EM and AM colonization of cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia and natural hybrids) by comparing levels of colonization of trees growing in common gardens that differed in elevation and soil type. We also conducted a supplemental watering experiment to determine the influence of soil moisture on AM and EM colonization. Three patterns emerged. First, garden location had a significant impact on mycorrhizal colonization, such that EM colonization was 30% higher and AM colonization was 85% lower in the higher elevation garden than the lower elevation garden. Second, crosstype affected total (EM + AM) colonization, but did not affect EM or AM colonization. Similarly, a significant garden x crosstype interaction was found for total colonization, but not for EM or AM colonization. Third, experimental watering resulted in 33% higher EM colonization and 45% lower AM colonization, demonstrating that soil moisture was a major driver of the mycorrhizal differences observed between the gardens. We conclude that environment, particularly soil moisture, has a larger influence on colonization by AM versus EM fungi than host genetics, and suggest that environmental stress may be a major determinant of mycorrhizal colonization in dually colonized host plants.
The Stability of Viscous Flow in a Curved Channel in the Presence of a Magnetic Field

The stability of viscous flow between two coaxial cylinders maintained by a constant transverse pressure gradient is considered when the fluid is an electrical conductor and a uniform magnetic field is impressed in the axial direction. The problem is solved and the dependence of the critical number for the onset of instability on the strength of the magnetic field and the coefficient of electrical conductivity of the fluid is determined.
The PZP Domain of AF10 Senses Unmodified H3K27 to Regulate DOT1L-Mediated Methylation of H3K79

AF10, a DOT1L cofactor, is required for H3K79 methylation and cooperates with DOT1L in leukemogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which AF10 regulates DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation is not clear. Here we report that AF10 contains a "reader" domain that couples unmodified H3K27 recognition to H3K79 methylation. An AF10 region consisting of a PHD finger-Zn knuckle-PHD finger (PZP) folds into a single module that recognizes amino acids 22-27 of H3, and this interaction is abrogated by H3K27 modification. Structural studies reveal that H3 binding triggers rearrangement of the PZP module to form an H3(22-27)-accommodating channel and that the unmodified H3K27 side chain is encased in a compact hydrogen-bond acceptor-lined cage. In cells, PZP recognition of H3 is required for H3K79 dimethylation, expression of DOT1L-target genes, and proliferation of DOT1L-addicted leukemic cells. Together, our results uncover a pivotal role for H3K27-via readout by the AF10 PZP domain-in regulating the cancer-associated enzyme DOT1L.
Near-field communication using phase-locking and pulse signaling for millimeter-scale systems

An inductive coupling based proximity communication system is proposed for data readout of remote powered sensor systems with ultra small form factor in nmm3 range for implantable applications. The passive transponder is powered with a 1×1mm on-chip inductor, which also enables readout signaling using pulse signaling. The required resonance frequency for pulse signaling is obtained using a transponder PLL that locks to the incoming frequency transmitted by the reader system. Communication with a passive 1mm2 sensor node implemented in 0.13µm technology is demonstrated.
Assessment of scoliotic deformity using spinous processes: comparison of different analysis methods of an ultrasonographic system.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of 5 analysis methods in quantifying scoliotic deformity, using the spatial positions of SP tips acquired by a custom-developed ultrasound-based system, with different curve fitting methods and angle metrics in terms of their correlation with Cobb angle, test-retest reliability, vulnerability to digitization errors, and accuracy of identifying end vertebrae and convexity direction. Methods Three spinal column dry bone specimens were randomly configured to 30 different scoliotic deformities. Raw spatial data of the SP tips were processed by the following 3 methods: (1) fifth-order polynomial fitting, (2) locally weighted polynomial regression (LOESS) with smoothing parameter (α) = .25, and (3) LOESS with α = .4. Angle between the 2 tangents along the spinal curve with the most positive and negative slopes (ie, posterior deformity angle) and summation of the angles formed by every 2 lines joining 3 neighboring SPs between the end vertebrae (ie, accumulating angle) were computed to quantify scoliotic deformity. Their performances were compared in terms of their correlation with Cobb angle, test-retest reliability, vulnerability to digitization errors, and accuracy of identifying end vertebrae. Results Posterior deformity angle calculated from the spinal curve constructed by LOESS with α = .4 excelled in every aspect of the comparison (ie, Cobb angle, test-retest reliability, vulnerability to digitization errors, and accuracy of identifying end vertebrae and convexity direction), making it the method of choice of those tested for processing the spatial data of the SP tips in this ultrasonography study using dry bone specimens. Conclusions The ultrasound-based system and the LOESS (0.4)–posterior deformity angle method developed for this study offer a viable technology for quantifying scoliotic deformity in a reliable and radiation-free manner. However, further validation using scoliosis subjects is needed before they can be used to quantify spinal deformity in the clinical setting.
Simulated annealing for motion correction in digital subtraction angiography

Simulated annealing, a heuristic technique for function optimization, is adapted to minimize the motion artifacts in digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The mask image is transformed before subtracting it from the contrast image, and the amount of misregistration between the transformed mask and the contrast is measured by a nonlinear function. This function is minimized in a discretized multidimensional space of one-to-one bilinear geometric transformations. Heuristic strategies are used to fix initial and subsequent temperatures, to decide on thermal equilibrium at a temperature, and to generate search points. The results are compared to those obtained by genetic algorithms. >
Beyond the Board of Directors

The law of corporate governance places the board of directors at the top of the corporate decisionmaking structure. So, accountability for corporate decisions rests primarily on the shoulders of part-time employees who lack the time and thorough knowledge of the firm necessary to perform the board’s duties effectively. Corporate governance scholarship is similarly preoccupied with the board of directors. Scholars have debated whether to enhance or diminish the board’s authority within the firm, but all accept that a board of directors should preside over corporate decisionmaking. This Article argues that scholars on both sides of the debate have missed the mark. The modern board of directors is ineffective to achieve its purposes. The time has come to envision a world beyond the board of directors. In the modern public corporation, the board has been marginalized in favor of the powers exercised by the firm’s investors and senior officers. That reality is the product of market choices and is part of the natural evolution of corporate governance. Modern regulatory responses to various corporate scandals stand in the way of that sensible evolution toward more effective corporate governance. While the board structure we have now may be the product of prior market choices, it is the law, not the market, that preserves the vestigial board of directors’ role at the top of the corporate hierarchy. This Article argues that obstacles to the evolution of corporate governance should be removed and sketches a path that evolution may take leading to the eventual elimination of the board of directors. Eliminating the board of directors would mark a fundamental shift in the understanding of corporate governance, but, at the same time, would realign the law of corporate governance with the natural evolution the market has already initiated.
The second sound in pulmonary embolism: an experimental study

The authors study the cause of the wide splitting of the second heart sound in experimental obstruction of small pulmonary arteries. It is demonstrated that the obstruction causes a retrograde flow at the beginning of diastole, which slows the drop of pressure in the right ventricle and delays the closure of the pulmonary valve.
Image-based Measurement of Phase Transfer Function

A method for measuring the Phase Transfer Function (PTF) from a high-contrast edge image is proposed and the advantages of utilizing the knowledge of PTF in computational, sparse aperture and multiplexed imaging are discussed.
Prospects for elasticity reconstruction in the heart

The elastic moduli in anisotropic media can be estimated using either direct mechanical or sound speed measurements. Here we compare moduli in the passive heart estimated with different methods and demonstrate that high-frequency (i.e., ultrasonic) sound speed measurements are inconsistent with static deformations and low-frequency shear wave results. Both tissue fixation and the high-operating frequency of ultrasonic measurements contribute to these discrepancies. Moreover, the precision of ultrasonic sound speed measurements required to estimate elastic moduli describing static deformations of a nearly incompressible anisotropic medium such as the heart appears to be beyond the scope of current methods. We conclude that an incompressible anisotropic elastic model is appropriate for elasticity reconstruction in the heart, in which three independent constants characterize small strain behavior, but four are needed for a fully nonlinear description of finite deformations.
Ocean systems for managing the global carbon cycle

Abstract Carbon dioxide is formed in all processes utilizing fossil fuels. Controlling the emissions of CO 2 from a number of processes by forming CO 2 hydrates (clathrates), may be an effective approach for both absorbing CO 2 from multicomponent gas streams (Flue gases, Anaerobic digester gases, etc.) and sequestering CO 2 in the deep oceans. Further, ocean marine farms may be an effective process for extracting CO 2 from the atmosphere and forming both valuable products and rejecting excess CO 2 , in the form of clathrates, to the deep ocean. Preliminary engineering analyses indicates that clathrate formation for controlling both conventional fossil fuel gaseous CO 2 emissions and those associated with marine farm anaerobic digester gases may provide a meaningful control strategy for CO 2 .
RESIDUAL STRESSES IN BULK METALLIC GLASSES DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL COOLING OR THERMAL TEMPERING

Due to their very low thermal conductivities and large thermal expansion values, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) undergo differential cooling during processing. Large thermal gradients are generated across a specimen leading to residual stress buildup. A thin surface layer contains compressive stresses balanced by tension in the middle. Such stresses can not only influence the mechanical behavior of BMGs, but they can also lead to problems during manufacturing of large or intricate components. Analytical and finite element modeling was used to predict the values and distribution of such stresses as a function of processing conditions. Neutron diffraction measurements were then performed on model specimens which included crystalline phases as "strain gages". It was shown that significant stresses, on the order of several hundred MPa, can be generated in BMGs. Modeling and diffraction results are presented and their implications discussed.
ROLE OF GIBBERELLINS IN THE CONTROL OF INTERCALARY GROWTH AND CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN DEVELOPING AVENA INTERNODES

Recently, it was found that exogenously supplied gibberellic acid causes a marked acceleration in the rate of internodal extension in excised Avena shoots and intercalary meristem (I.M.) segments (Kaufman, 1965b). The cellular basis for this response is an increase in rate of cell lengthening in the intercalary meristem cells of the elongating internode. Coupled with this is a rapid cessation of cell division activity within the intercalary meristem and a blocking of all further cellular differentiation within and above the intercalary meristem at the site of the internodal epidermis. In this paper, new information is presented on (1) the effects of different concentrations of GA, and IAA on growth and cell elongation in Avena stem segments; (2) the effects of different gibberellins on growth in Avena intercalary meristem segments; and (3) the striking suppression of GA,-promoted growth in these segments elicited by IAA. METHODS AND MATERIALS
Detection limits and goodness-of-fit measures for the two-component model of chemical analytical error

The utility of analytical chemistry measurements in most applications is dependent on an assessment of measurement error. This paper demonstrates the use of a two-component error model in setting limits of detection and related concepts and introduces two goodness-of-fit statistics for assessing the appropriateness of the model for the data at hand. The model is applicable to analytical methods in which high concentrations are measured with approximately constant relative standard deviation. At low levels, the relative standard deviation cannot stay constant, since this implies vanishingly small absolute standard deviation. The two-component model has approximately constant standard deviation near zero concentration, and approximately constant relative standard deviation at high concentrations, a pattern that is frequently observed in practice. Here we discuss several important applications of the model to environmental monitoring and also introduce two goodness-of-fit statistics, to ascertain whether the data exhibit the error structure assumed by the model, as well as to look for problems with experimental design.
Particle‐hole gel'fand states and quasidegenerate perturbation theory

The unitary group formulation of many-body theory is based on particle-hole Gel'fand states, states labeled only by the excitation process: h(hole orbitals)-p(particle orbitals). The particle-hole Gel'fand states are constructed from generator states, states obtained by applying weight-lowering products of generators to the highest weight state and then evaluating the matrix elements Lie algebraically. We make application to spin-projected, quasidegenerate perturbation theory.
Individual Differences in Ability to Control Heart Rate: Personality, Strategy, Physiological, and Other Variables

Three experiments (total N = 102) are reported which examined the relationship between individual ~ in ability to control heart rate (HR) with feedback and differences in self-reported cognitive strategies. penooallty variables (locus of control, state and trait anxiety), physiological variables (respiration. somatic activity, basal HR and HR variability, and initial ability to control HR withoutfeedback). and several awdliary variables (e.g., weight, smoking, gender, exercise, and meditation). Two sets of analyses were performed. In the fim set, differences in cognitive strategies and physiological concomitants between HR decrease and HR increase were studied revealing disparate patterns of cognitive strategies and physiological concomitants for the two directions of HR control. in the second set, the group of cognitive, strategy, personality, physiological, and auxiliary variables was searched to determine if any variables were related to individual differences in ability to decrease or increase HR. Cognitive strategies, personality. and auxiliary variables were generally unrelated to ability to control HR in either direction. Use of two cognitive strategies was foond to be associated with lack of ability to increase HR, and non-smokers were better able to decrease HR. Strong relationships were found for somatic activity and ability to control HR without feedback, both of whlcli successfully predicted dlft'erences in ability to decrease and increase HR with feedback. Implications of these findings for past and future studies of voluntary control of HR are discussed. DESCRIPTORS: Individual differences, Heart rate, Voluntary control, Biofeedback, Cognitive strategy, Locus of control, Anxiety.
Identifying uncertainty regions in Support Vector Machines using geometric margin and convex hulls

Like most classification techniques, the existing support vector machines (SVM) approaches are challenged to correctly classify their input when the data points are either very close to the decision boundary or very dissimilar from the training data set. In both situations, most classifiers including SVMs will still give a prediction by assigning the test point to one of the classes. However, when a test instance is very close to the decision boundary, the side of the boundary on which the instance lies, and hence the predicted class, will depend in many instances more on the choices of the tuning or training parameters rather than a clear differences in features. Furthermore, if a test instance is substantially different from all instances used during the training, the classical SVM classifiers will still assign it to a class although there is little evidence to support such assignment. In both cases, it is very useful for a classifier to be able to assess its ability to classify a given instance by identifying those regions of the feature space in which the class assignments are less certain. In this paper, we propose two novel approaches based on: i) a geometric uncertainty margin and ii) the convex hulls of the training points in the feature space. Our proposed techniques improve upon the existing SVM-based approaches by adding the ability to identify ldquouncertaintyrdquo areas where the assignment of a test instance to a class cannot be guaranteed. We illustrate both the problems and our novel techniques on the Iris data set from the UCI machine learning repository.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Electromagnetic Drying Processes

Electromagnetic drying processes have been used in industrial applications for many years. New materials with different properties and structures have been recently developed which required the development of new drying systems capable of effectively drying the new materials. In this paper, we use Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) to model and simulate realistic electromagnetic drying processes including induction heating and RF drying. The power deposition patterns obtained from the FDTD code is also used in a finite-difference heat transfer code to evaluate the temperature distribution pattern and optimize rates of drying. Sample parameters used to analyze the RF drying and the induction heating processes include the sample conductivity, dielectric constant along with size, orientation and the geometric arrangement. Specifically, we analyzed the operating frequency, coil pitch, sample to coil diameter ratio, and the possible placement of multiple samples in an induction heating process. Effects investigated in a parallel plate RF drying system include: electrode spacing, electrode length and width, and the spacing between multiple samples. Results of electromagnetic power distributions and temperature patterns are presented.