cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipath TCP traffic diversion attacks and countermeasures

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an IETF standardized suite of TCP extensions that allow two endpoints to simultaneously use multiple paths between them. In this paper, we report vulnerabilities in MPTCP that arise because of cross-path interactions between MPTCP subflows. First, an attacker eavesdropping one MPTCP subflow can infer throughput of other subflows. Second, an attacker can inject forged MPTCP packets to change priorities of any MPTCP subflow. We present two attacks to exploit these vulnerabilities. In the connection hijack attack, an attacker takes full control of the MPTCP connection by suspending the subflows he has no access to. In the traffic diversion attack, an attacker diverts traffic from one path to other paths. Proposed vulnerabilities fixes, changes to MPTCP specification, provide the guarantees that MPTCP is at least as secure as TCP and the original MPTCP. We validate attacks and prevention mechanism, using MPTCP Linux implementation (v0.91), on a real-network testbed.
Ontogenetic Niches and the Development of Body Shape in Juvenile Sea Turtles

Many marine organisms (invertebrates, fishes) produce large numbers of small offspring (larvae) that differ in appearance and behavior from adults. That outcome occurs because larvae as they grow occupy one or more ontogenetic niches that select for phenotypes that differ from those that promote adult survival. Our purpose in this study was to determine whether similar associations also occur in marine turtles. To find out, we examined relationships between juvenile appearance (body shape) and the ontogenetic niches occupied by 3 species of marine turtles: leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) and 2 cheloniids (green turtles, Chelonia mydas; loggerheads, Caretta caretta). Our measurements indicate that juvenile body shape differs the least from adult body shape in leatherbacks and the most from adults in the 2 cheloniid species. We present evidence from other studies showing that juvenile leatherbacks occupy ontogenetic niches that resemble adult niches, whereas during their ontogeny, both juvenile green turtles and loggerheads make radical niche shifts as they transition between oceanic and neritic habitats. These results are thus consistent with the hypothesis that many morphological and behavioral characteristics expressed by juvenile marine turtles, like those of other larval forms, are best understood as evolved responses shaped by the characteristics of their ontogenetic niches.
The pure rotational spectrum of the T-shaped AlC2 radical (: X 2A1)

The pure rotational spectrum of the AlC2 radical (2A1) has been measured using Fourier transform microwave/millimeter-wave (FTMmmW) techniques in the frequency range 21–65 GHz. This study is the first high-resolution spectroscopic investigation of this molecule. AlC2 was created in a supersonic jet from the reaction of aluminum, generated by laser ablation, with a mixture of CH4 or HCCH, diluted in argon, in the presence of a DC discharge. Three transitions (NKa,Kc = 101 → 000, 202 → 101, and 303 → 202) were measured, each consisting of multiple fine/hyperfine components, resulting from the unpaired electron in the species and the aluminum-27 nuclear spin (I = 5/2). The data were analyzed using an asymmetric top Hamiltonian and rotational, fine structure, and hyperfine constants determined. These parameters agree well with those derived from previous theoretical calculations and optical spectra. An r0 structure of AlC2 was determined with r(Al–C) = 1.924 A, r(C–C) = 1.260 A, and θ(C–Al–C) = 38.2°. The Al–C bond was found to be significantly shorter than in other small, Al-bearing species. The Fermi contact term established in this work indicates that the unpaired electron in the valence orbital has considerable 3pza1 character, suggesting polarization towards the C2 moiety. A high degree of ionic character in the molecule is also evident from the quadrupole coupling constant. These results are consistent with a T-shaped geometry and an Al+C2− bonding scheme. AlC2 is a possible interstellar molecule that may be present in the circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich AGB stars.
Pelvic and Hip Fractures

With an aging population, hip and acetabular fractures have become an increasingly more significant global healthcare concern. Not only are hip and acetabular fractures often life-altering, if not life-ending, but they represent a complex clinical entity requiring a continuum of multidisciplinary care. Although surgical treatment remains the standard of care for these fractures, it has become increasingly more apparent that these injuries necessitate care beyond the operative suite or even the orthopedic surgeon. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this type of injury, it is imperative to focus on both surgical treatment as well as the management of all coexisting medical issues. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment that incorporates orthopedic (both trauma/fractures and arthroplasty), geriatric, rehabilitation, endocrine, and social work services will help increase the potential for successful patient outcomes after these devastating injuries.
Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of ferromagnetic nickel nanoparticles

We synthesized Ni nanoparticles with an atmospheric-thermal chemical vapor deposition method and investigated their lattice distortions and defects using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging. Because the strain can alter the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials, it is important to study the lattice distortion and structural imperfection. As a result of the Bragg coherent diffractive imaging, we found that the Ni nanocubes have a deformation-free zone in the middle. In addition, the defects such as dislocation and twin domain defects were detected in other Ni nanoparticles based on the Bragg diffraction images and patterns. The imaging of nanoparticles can contribute to a better understanding of their growth mechanisms and improve the design and synthesis of nanoparticles.
Discrete Fourier Transform

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is a frequency domain representation of finite-length discrete-time signals. It is also used to represent FIR discrete-time systems in the frequency domain. As the name implies, DFT is a discrete set of frequency samples uniformly distributed around the unit circle in the complex frequency plane that characterizes a discrete-time sequence of finite duration. DFT is also intrinsically related to the DTFT, as we will see in this chapter. Because DFT is a finite set of frequency samples, it is a computational tool to perform filtering and related operations. There is an efficient algorithm known as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to perform filtering of long sequences, power spectrum estimation, and related tasks. We will learn about the FFT in this chapter as well.
ROENTGEN: case-based reasoning and radiation therapy planning.

Abstract ROENTGEN is a design assistant for radiation therapy planning which uses case-based reasoning, an artificial intelligence technique. It learns both from specific problem-solving experiences and from direct instruction from the user. The first sort of learning is the normal case-based method of storing problem solutions so that they can be reused. The second sort is necessary because ROENTGEN does not, initially, have an internal model of the physics of its problem domain. This dependence on explicit user instruction brings to the forefront representational questions regarding indexing, failure definition, failure explanation and repair. This paper presents the techniques used by ROENTGEN in its knowledge acquisition and design activities.
Transcription and Recombination in Giardia

Our understanding of the transcription and recombination of Giardia has evolved substantially with recent experimental, genomic and population genetic data. Earlier assumptions that Giardia is an asexual organism have been called into serious question by the fi nding of the meiotic genes in the genome, the documentation that genetic material can be transferred from one nucleus to another during the process of encystation, and the evidence from population genetic data supporting the occurrence of meiotic recombination within Genotype A2. The different genotypes vary signifi cantly in the way they handle introduction of plasmid DNA and their levels of allelic heterozygosity, indicating differences in their processes of DNA recombination. Transcription in Giardia is typical of that of other eukaryotes with its use of a 5′ cap, polyadenylated tail, and its (rare) use of introns. However, it follows the minimalist approach that Giardia follows in many areas of metabolism, with an apparently abbreviated set of transcription factors and promoters that vary signifi cantly from those of other eukaryotes and may also be simplifi ed in their structure and function. The answers to how Giardia handles transcription and recombination with its minimalist approach may also shed light on the more complex systems used by other organisms.
Role of kidney in the catabolic clearance of human platelet antiheparin proteins from rat circulation.

Stimulated platelets release at least two antiheparin proteins: platelet factor 4 (PF4) and low affinity platelet factor 4 (LA-PF4) from which beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) is derived. We have found previously marked elevation of LA-PF4/beta TG antigen in platelet poor plasma of patients with chronic renal failure, whereas levels of PF4 remained normal. Therefore, we examined the role of the kidneys in the metabolic clearance of LA-PF4/beta TG and PF4. The supernates of aggregates of thrombin-stimulated human platelets were injected into sham operated control rats, nephrectomized rats, and into rats with acute ureteral ligation. The disappearance of human LA-PF4/beta TG antigen and PF4 in rat plasma determined by specific radioimmunoassays followed biphasic exponential curves. The half-lives (t1/2) for the fast and slow components of LA-PF4 in control rats were 6.4 and 68.4 min. Nephrectomy significantly increased these times to 9.7 and 144 min, while ureteral ligation resulted in no significant change. Comparison of the level of LA-PF4/beta TG antigen and of creatinine in aorta and in renal vein showed 25%-30% extraction of these compounds by the kidney. Less than 0.1% of the total LA-PF4 antigen injected was recovered in the urine of control rats. In contrast to these results, the clearance of PF4 was not affected by nephrectomy. In conclusion: (1) functional renal tissue is necessary for normal clearance of LA- PF4/beta TG, but renal excretion does not play a major role in its elimination suggesting that the protein is catabolized by the kidney; and (2) catabolic clearance of PF4 does not depend on functioning kidney tissue.
MODEL APPLICATIONS IN 1-D

The simplest applications of the finite element method involve problems that are independent of time. This chapter discusses the programming of the problem-dependent subroutines associated with the application of interest. It presents several representative examples of the application of the finite element method to steady state problems. Generally, an element that can be defined by a single spatial variable in the local coordinates is relatively simple to implement. Thus, the typical illustrative applications begin with this class of element. This does not mean that the global coordinates must also be one-dimensional. For example, a set of one-dimensional truss elements can be utilized to construct a three-dimensional structure.
Fission Product Transport Behavior

Some recent advances in the knowledge base with respect to the ability to calculate fission product transport behavior in the reactor coolant system (RCS) and the containment for light water reactor severe accident conditions are discussed. Only minor advances are noted with respect to aerosol behavior. These include improvement in the understanding and modeling of impaction behavior, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, vapor/aerosol interactions, hygroscopic behavior of aerosols, and decomposition of CsI in the presence of hydrogen flames. The focus is the influence of chemical phenomena on the behavior of fission product iodine. A review is given of new work on the chemical forms released from the RCS as they are affected by gas-phase chemical kinetics, reactions with surfaces, the presence of boric acid, and revaporization from surfaces. Also reviewed is recent work on hydrolysis and radiolysis reactions in water pools in containments to determine the potential for revolatilizing iodine species back into the containment atmosphere.
Cell Transplantation for Ischemic Heart Disease

Cardiomyocyte regeneration may occur during physiological and pathological states in the adult heart; these data highlight the possibility that myocardial regeneration may occur via cardiomyocyte proliferation and/or differentiation of putative cardiac stem cells. To date, various cell types have been used for cardiac repair, including skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, cardiac stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. This chapter will review each of these different stem cell populations in regard to the potential treatment of heart disease. It begins by examining the in vitro and in vivo animal studies, and then briefly discusses the cell therapy clinical trials that are currently underway for treating ischemic heart disease.
Role of IL12 Family in Regulation of Antitumor Immune Response

The efficacy of immune therapy is partially dependent upon the tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment could either promote or demote tumor growth. Cytokines, which are secreted either by tumor, immune, or stromal cells, are key players that govern the outcome of this microenvironment. One such cytokine family is interleukin (IL)12 and the members of this family include IL12, IL27, IL23, and IL35. In this review, the expression and function of these family members and the cognate receptors in tumor microenvironment and other tissues are summarized and discussed. Our review indicates that, although these heterodimeric cytokines share subunits p35, p40, p19, EBI3, and p28 among these family members, each of them have distinct function. The same gene may also play different function when the expression is localized in different tissues.
SULFASALAZINE-INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIA IN A PATIENT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE

ABSTRACT Objective: To demonstrate important points regarding the possible hypoglycemic effects of sulfasalazine and suggest possible underlying mechanism(s) accounting for sulfasalazine-induced hy...
A Novel Competing Risk Analysis Model to Determine the Role of Cervical Lordosis in Bony and Ligamentous Injuries.

Objective To determine role of lordosis in cervical spine injuries using a novel competing risk analysis model. Methods The first subgroup of published experiments (n = 20) subjected upright human cadaver head-neck specimens to impact loading. The natural lordosis was removed. The second (n = 21) and third (n = 10) subgroups of published tests subjected inverted specimens to head impact loading. Lordosis was preserved in these 2 subgroups. Using axial force and age as variables, competing risks analysis techniques were used to determine the role of lordosis in the risk of bone-only, ligament-only, and bone and ligament injuries. Results Bony injuries were focused more at 1 level to a straightened spine, and ligament injuries were spread around multiple levels. Age was not a significant (P Conclusions Increased risk of bony injuries in a preflexed spine and ligament injuries in a lordotic spine may have implications for military personnel, as continuous use of helmets in the line of duty affects the natural curvature; astronauts, as curvatures are less lordotic after missions; and civilian patients with spondylotic myelopathy who use head protective devices, as curvatures may change over time in addition to the natural aging process.
Symptom Science Research in the Era of Big Data: Leveraging Interdisciplinary Resources and Partners to Make It Happen.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the concept of team science as well as its benefits and challenges, within the framework of how including new ways of knowing can advance nursing science. Design An exemplar highlights the experiences and strategies utilized by researchers at one school of nursing as they increasingly became involved in team science. Methods Presented are the steps and processes that occurred as team science became the norm, expanding to include a network of linked investigators. Conclusions Although challenges to conducting team science exist, a reflection on how team science fits into the theoretical framework of Carper's Patterns of Knowing highlights its potential to drive nursing research forward. Clinical relevance Leading or participating in team science can expand the lens by which nursing scientists conduct research that is meaningful to patients and families.
Optimizing bone wound healing using BMP2 with absorbable collagen sponge and Talymed nanofiber scaffold

Bone is a highly vascularized and resilient organ with innate healing abilities, however some bone injuries overwhelm these attributes and require intervention, such as bone tissue engineering strategies. Combining biomaterials and growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), is one of the most commonly used tissue engineering strategies. However, use of BMP2 has been correlated with negative clinical outcomes including aberrant inflammatory response, poor quality bone, and ectopic bone. In the present study, a novel poly-n-acetyl glucosamine (pGlcNAc, trade name Talymed) scaffold was utilized in addition to the commonly used acellular collagen sponge (ACS) BMP2 delivery system in a murine calvarial defect model to investigate whether the innate properties of Talymed can reduce the noted negative bone phenotypes associated with BMP2 treatment. Comparison of murine calvarial defect healing between ACS with and without Talymed revealed that there was no measurable healing benefit for the combined treatment. Healing was most effective utilizing the traditional acellular collagen sponge with a reduced dose of BMP2. The results of this investigation lead to the conclusion that excessive dosing of BMP2 may be responsible for the negative clinical side effects observed with this bone tissue engineering strategy. Rather than augmenting the currently used ACS BMP2 bone wound healing strategy with an additional anti-inflammatory scaffold, reducing the dose of BMP2 used in the traditional delivery system results in optimal healing without the published negative side effects of BMP2 treatment.
Navigation using VLF signals with artificial neural networks

This examines the use of very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals with artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate two-dimensional location. The VLF source positions and type of signals are not known in advance. VLF signals were collected from the environment using a mobile antenna while the user manually tagged the true location. Data were collected over several months. The signals were divided into time segments, and features were generated for the ANN from the spectral power of the signals over time. The ANN uses long short-term memory (LSTM) layers and fully connected layers and was trained using the time-series spectral features of the VLF signal and the true location data. The position estimates are an indoor locale-classification problem. Our task was to determine which of 50 rooms or hallway segments the sensor was in for a given building. The system achieved an average accuracy over 76% in determining discrete rooms or hallways. The approach achieved these exceptional accuracies with very little a priori knowledge of the VLF signals using only supervised learning.
Affective interference in borderline personality disorder: The lethality of suicidal behavior predicts functional brain profiles.

Abstract Background : Negative affective interference with executive cognition is associated with emotion dysregulation and behavioral dyscontrol in BPD, including a diathesis to suicidal and self-injurious behavior. While clinically well described, the neural basis of affective interference with central executive network function, and resulting suicidal behavior is poorly understood. Method : In an fMRI study, 23 BPD suicide attempters completed an affectively modified Continuous Performance Task(X-CPT), in which targets and distractors were rendered on Negative, Positive and Neutral Ekman faces, with a Distorted image as a behavioral baseline. Responses to targets were contextualized by the affective context of the face. Lethality Rating Scale scores (LRS) were modeled as the primary regressor of interest on activation peaks, with HamD scores covaried. Results : In the Negative vs. Neutral contrast, LRS scores were inversely related to activation in the ACC, parietal precuneus, BG and OFC, with no positive relationships. Results were similar in the Negative vs Positive contrast. In the Neutral vs. Positive contrast, activations were much less extensive, with mixed positive and negative relationships. Contextualizing responses based on the effects of valence decreased participant's ability to distinguish between targets and distracters; however, no differences were observed between valence contexts. fMRI-estimated effects were not confounded by differences in behavioral sensitivity across contexts. Limitations In this female-only sample, possible gender differences were not addressed. Conclusions : With negative affective interference, increased lethality of suicidal behavior in BPD predicted diminished neural activation in areas critical to executive cognitive function. Therapies diminishing affective interference may reduce risk of suicidal behavior.
Resolution of new left bundle branch block and ventricular tachycardia with immunosuppressive therapy in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis

About 5% of patients with sarcoidosis have symptomatic cardiac involvement while 20%–25% of the patients have cardiac involvement in the absence of symptoms.1, 2 These patients may present with conduction system abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, or heart failure symptoms. Patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) are known to have a worse prognosis compared to those without cardiac involvement.3 We report a case of left bundle branch block and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in a patient with CS that resolved with immunosuppressive therapy.
Neurology Clerkship: Predictors of Objective Structured Clinical Examination and Shelf Performance

Background:We sought to determine whether the following factors are associated with stronger performance on the medical school neurology clerkship: (1) structure of the outpatient rotation (working...
The Krein–Milman Theorem and Hansen’s Variant of the Hansen–Pedersen Proof

In this chapter, we will present a proof of Loewner’s theorem due to Hansen–Pedersen that relies on the Krein–Milman theorem; we follow a variant of Hansen [133].
A study on the effect of joint detection of biochemical markers and electrophysiological examination in the early diagnosis of children with Green-Barre syndrome.

BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of early diagnosis in children with GreenBarre syndrome (GBS) via joint detection of biochemical markers and electrophysiological examination. METHODS A total of 90 children with (GBS collected from the Department of Neurology, intensive care unit (ICU), Rehabilitation Department of Cerebral Palsy of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Department of Pediatrics of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Province People's Hospital were selected as the research objects. According to their onset time, they were divided into group A (n=30) hospitalized within 3 days of onset, group B (n=30) hospitalized from 4 to 7 days of onset, and group C (n=30) hospitalized after more than 7 days of onset. The titer levels of serum antiganglioside immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, the motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV), Hoffmann reflex (Hreflex) condition and serum immunoglobulin in all groups of children were compared. RESULTS The levels of serum antiganglioside IgG antibodies in three groups of children from low to high were group A < group B < group C. MCV decreasing rates in group A, B and C were successively 3.33%, 16.66% and 29.99%, namely group A < group B < group C. 60 cases of H reflex were detected in each group, and the abnormal rates were successively 76.66%, 81.66% and 95% respectively in group A, group B and group C, namely group A < group B < group C. The serum levels of immunoglobulin in three groups of children from low to high were group A < group B < group C (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Anti-ganglioside antibody, electrophysiological parameter and serum level of immunoglobulin can be helpful in the diagnosis of GBS, and the changes in them can be monitored clinically so as to carry out the early treatment effectively for children and improve the prognosis.
14 – Human Activities

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on people's professions and their changing structure. In any labor force, the most skilled people, such as the architects, authors, teachers, doctors, engineers, and lawyers, are called professionals. This group, including the specialist technicians that go with them, comprises about 8% of the civilian labor force in the United States, and roughly one in five is an engineer. Another 10% are laborers. About 8% perform general service functions, for example, firemen, policemen, barbers, and waiters. Clerical personnel comprise 12%. Craftsmen such as bakers, carpenters, mechanics, and structural workers make up 14%. The largest group, about 20%, consists of the operatives who keep things running. These include packers, attendants, drivers, painters, sailors, weavers, machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. Managers, officials, and proprietors comprise about 16%, of whom some 7% are associated with farms. Another 7% are sales personnel, and almost 3% work in private households.
Software-Defined Microgrid Control: The Genesis of Decoupled Cyber-Physical Microgrids

Nowadays, microgrid controllers are often embedded in specialized hardware such as PLC and DSP. The hardware-dependency and fit-and-forget design make it difficult and costly for microgrid controllers to evolve and upgrade under frequent changes such as plug-and-play of microgrid components. Furthermore, different distributed energy resources in a microgrid require customized controllers, leading to long development cycles and high operational costs for deploying microgrid services. To tackle the challenges, a software-defined control SDC) architecture for microgrid is devised, which virtualizes traditionally hardware-dependent microgrid control functions as software services decoupled from the underlying hardware infrastructure, fully resolving hardware dependence issues and enabling unprecedentedly low costs. A generic SDC prototype is designed to generate microgrid controllers autonomously in edge computing facilities such as distributed virtual machines. Extensive experiments verify that SDC outperforms traditional hardware-based microgrid control in that it empowers a decoupled cyber-physical microgrid and thus makes microgrid operations unprecedentedly affordable, autonomic, and secure.
Charge transport and mobility relaxation in organic bulk heterojunction morphologies derived from electron tomography measurements

The charge carrier mobility is one of the most critical electronic materials properties that determines the ultimate performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, it is also a property with complex dependencies on the charge carrier density, electric field, lengthscale, and timescale, which can each vary depending on the chemical structure, molecular order and orientation, phase morphology, etc. These issues have made it extremely challenging to develop quantitative structure–property relationships that would allow rational molecular and materials design for next generation OPVs. Using a unique combination of advanced experimental morphology characterization (electron tomography) and recently developed open-source computational tools for morphology analysis and kinetic Monte Carlo charge transport simulations, we investigate how the microstructural features in real bulk heterojunction blends impact charge transport physics. This work demonstrates that simulated charge transport in real morphologies can differ significantly from that found with the commonly used Ising-based model. However, most significantly, there are fundamental differences in the mobility relaxation dynamics between homogeneous neat materials and bulk heterojunction blends. The tortuosity of the bulk heterojunction domain network causes electric-field-induced dispersion that can significantly prolong the mobility relaxation dynamics. These morphological effects must be considered when analyzing experimental mobility results and when choosing the appropriate measurement technique.
Effect of bunch shape on its transverse mode coupling instability spectrum and threshold with high space charge

The transverse mode coupling instability of a bunched beam is investigated in the paper at different forms of the bunches, with space charge included. An equation of transverse motion of the bunch in the parabolic potential well of synchrotron oscillations is derived and analyzed. The bunch of constant density (flat bunch) is examined in detail to make a comparison with the square well model. It is shown that both models result in very close instability thresholds of the flat bunch. Then different form bunches are investigated in the parabolic potential well. It is shown that decrease of the bunch RMS length leads to the growth of its threshold, that is the flat bunch model gives only a minimal estimation of the threshold. The results are treated in terms of Landau damping due to a spread of the space charge tune shift.
Predictors of SUDEP counseling and implications for designing interventions.

Abstract Objective We aimed to describe how often and why clinicians counsel people with epilepsy about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Understanding counseling gaps can help design interventions. Methods We searched clinical notes of 77,924 patients from 2010 to 2014 from six hospitals to find examples of SUDEP counseling and seizure safety counseling. Visits were coded for patient, clinician, and visit factors, and documented reasons for counseling. We evaluated factors associated with SUDEP vs. seizure safety counseling, and reasons for counseling using bivariate and multivariable statistics. Reasons for counseling included: poor medication adherence, lifestyle factors (e.g., poor sleep, drinking alcohol), patient/family reluctance to make recommended medication adjustment, epilepsy surgery considerations, and patient education only. Results Analysis was restricted to two of six hospitals where 91% of counseling occurred. Documentation of SUDEP counseling was rare (332 of 33,821 patients, 1.0%), almost exclusively by epileptologists (98.5% of counseling), and stable over time, X2 (4, n = 996) = 3.81, p = 0.43. Adult neurologists were more likely to document SUDEP counseling than pediatric (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12–2.44). Most SUDEP counseling was documented with a goal of seizure reduction (214 of 332, 64.5%), though some was for patient education only (118 of 332, 35.5%). By the time SUDEP counseling was documented, the majority of patients had refractory epilepsy (187 of 332, 56.3%) and/or a potentially modifiable risk factor (214 of 332, 64.5%). Neurologists with more years of clinical experience (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.12–4.25) and more senior academic titles (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.27–3.99) were more likely to document SUDEP counseling for patient education only. People with ≥2 anti-seizure medications (ASM) were more likely to receive counseling for patient education (OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.49–4.97). Conclusions Documentation of SUDEP is rare, and varies by clinician, hospital, and patient factors. Efforts to increase SUDEP counseling should focus on junior clinicians, and emphasize starting the conversation soon after onset of epilepsy
Tidal cues reduce thermal risk of climate change in a foraging marine snail

Abstract Accurate predictions of the effects of warming temperatures under climate change on an individual species require an accurate characterization of its current and future thermal environment. Behavioral responses to environmental heterogeneity are an important but poorly understood determinant of species’ body temperatures and thermal risks. In this paper we describe the steps necessary for determining a species’ opportunities for behavioral buffering of climate change, and provide examples using a combination of previously published studies and new results for the intertidal snail Nucella ostrina. We find that N. ostrina’s current patterns of daily microhabitat selection have the potential to buffer it from warming temperatures under climate change. N. ostrina’s foraging behavior is highly correlated with the 14.5 d semilunar tidal cycle, shielding it from both current and future thermal stress.
Learning Stable Deep Predictive Coding Networks with Weight Norm Supervision

Predictive Coding Network (PCN) is an important neural network inspired by visual processing models in neuroscience. It combines the feedforward and feedback processing and has the architecture of recurrent neural networks (RNNs). This type of network is usually trained with backpropagation through time (BPTT). With infinite recurrent steps, PCN is a dynamic system. However, as one of the most important properties, stability is rarely studied in this type of network. Inspired by reservoir computing [28], we investigate the stability of hierarchical RNNs from the perspective of dynamic systems, and propose a sufficient condition for their echo state property (ESP) [4]. Our study shows the global stability is determined by stability of the local layers and the feedback between neighboring layers. Based on it, we further propose Weight Norm Supervision, a new algorithm that controls the stability of PCN dynamics by imposing different weight norm constraints on different parts of the network. We compare our approach with other training methods in terms of stability and prediction capability. The experiments show that our algorithm learns stable PCNs with a reliable prediction precision in the most effective and controllable way.
Long-Term Dynamics of Neighborhoods and Crime: The Role of Education Over 40 Years

Over the last 40 years, considerable changes have occurred in both education and crime, and in this study, we examine the longer-term consequences of education for violence in communities. We argue that the impact of education on crime depends on the temporal and spatial context of educational levels. Specifically, we focus on whether the type of educational attainment matters and the broader historical context. We also examine whether these patterns are robust for different regions of the city and racial/ethnic compositions of neighborhoods. Using longitudinal neighborhood data over 40 years in St. Louis, Missouri, we test whether education has consequences for violent crime with a series of two-way fixed effects models. Neighborhoods with more college degrees in more recent time periods are generally associated with reductions in violent crime, especially in the white, southern region of the city. In contrast, neighborhoods with greater reliance on high school degrees were associated with violence reduction in the past, especially in the Black, northern part of the city, but the relationship no longer holds in the modern era. Both time and place therefore matter for education’s association with crime in neighborhoods. The findings provide evidence that educational attainment has important consequences for neighborhood crime, but this relationship depends on the kind of education, historical temporal period, and region of the city. Overall, communities with more college degrees are consistently associated with reductions in violence in more recent decades.
Electrocardiographic monitoring in toxicological studies: principles and interpretations.

After a long period when reviews of cardiovascular toxicology were sporadic (Bohle, 1966; Wenzel, 1967; Selye, 1970: Chung and Dean, 1972; Davies and Gold, 1977) the literature has been dramatically enriched during the past 18 months by the appearance of three monographs devoted to cardiotoxicity (Bristow, 1980; Balazs, 1981; Van Stee, 1982). Although there is some sharing of authors and, of course, topics in these three works, they are not excessively repetitious and each collection of articles makes its own unique contribution.
Feasibility of seizure risk prediction using intracranial EEG measurements in dogs

Patients with refractory epilepsy would greatly benefit from an accurate seizure forecasting system. This paper introduces a seizure prediction algorithm based on a random forest classifier that uses features computed from continuous intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) measurements in dogs with naturally occurring epilepsy. Results suggest that the proposed model can distinguish between interictal (baseline) and preictal (pre-seizure) periods and provide an intuitive measure of seizure risk that may have practical utility.
Waveguiding in photonic crystals consisting of dielectric pillars near 1550 nm

An experimental demonstration of bandgap guiding, at wavelengths in the infrared near 1550 nm, is presented for photonic crystal waveguides created using dielectric pillars. An adiabatic taper is implemented to increase coupling efficiency.
Completion for Constrained Term Rewriting Systems

A framework for rewriting with membership, equality, and inequality constraints is presented. A ground completion procedure is described which modifies the standard critical pair lemma. One consequence is the desire to rewrite terms in a set represented by a grammar, which leads to strong requirements on the conditional rules. Examples of the use of a completed constrained term rewriting system are presented, including an instance of an inductive theorem.
THE SUMMER WATER BUDGET AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE ALPINE TUNDRA OF COLORADO

Preliminary evidence is presented from plant phenology, plant productivity and enhanced snowpack, soil bacterial populations, and hydrology and stream water chemistry to demonstrate some ways in which water availability is a limiting factor in the alpine tundra of Colorado. We also consider the hypothesis that responses to perturbations will tend to facilitate ecosystem changes toward a state commensurate with the present climate. It is demonstrated that the water budget concept is effective, and has considerable potential, in aiding the understanding of ecological conditions of the alpine tundra.
Structure of grepafloxacin relative to activity and safety profile

A comparison of the structure of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin shows that the two compounds are similar, with two exceptions: grepafloxacin has a methyl group at the 5 position and a methyl group attached to the 7-piperazinyl substituent. At the 1 position, both compounds have a cyclopropyl group, which is important for potency, but limits anaerobic activity. The methylpiperazine at position 7 in grepafloxacin is associated with its enhanced Gram-positive activity and long half-life. The methyl group at R5 is also thought to enhance Gram-positive activity. Ciprofloxacin's piperazine group at the 7 position is associated with good Gram-negative activity. Grepafloxacin's Gram-negative activity is comparable to that of ciprofloxacin's against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and enteric Gram-negative bacilli. Studies of resistance development to fluoroquinolones suggest that grepafloxacin is associated with a reduced selection of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus , which is possibly related to the inhibition or avoidance of efflux transport by NorA.
Sensitivity analysis and performance estimation of refractivity from clutter techniques

[1] Refractivity from clutter (RFC) refers to techniques that estimate the atmospheric refractivity profile from radar clutter returns. A RFC algorithm works by finding the environment whose simulated clutter pattern matches the radar measured one. This paper introduces a procedure to compute RFC estimator performance. It addresses the major factors such as the radar parameters, the sea surface characteristics, and the environment (region, time of the day, season) that affect the estimator performance and formalizes an error metric combining all of these. This is important for applications such as calculating the optimal radar parameters, selecting the best RFC inversion algorithm under a set of conditions, and creating a regional performance map of a RFC system. The performance metric is used to compute the RFC performance of a non-Bayesian evaporation duct estimator. A Bayesian estimator that incorporates meteorological statistics in the inversion is introduced and compared to the non-Bayesian estimator. The performance metric is used to determine the optimal radar parameters of the evaporation duct estimator for six scenarios. An evaporation duct inversion performance map for a S band radar is created for the larger Mediterranean/Arabian Sea region.
Dynamic Changes of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Upright and Recumbent Shunted Experimental Animals

The effect of positional change on intracranial CSF pressure, valve flow rates and atrial pressures were studied in 40 experimental dogs. The flow rate with a 30 to 60 mm H2O Holter valve c
Measurement of 1/f Noise of HgCdTe, PtSi, and InSb

This paper describes a preliminary investigation of l/f noise in three infrared detector materials used in the MWIR (3-5um). Noise measurements of HgCdTe, PtSi, and InSb detectors were conducted and the results are presented. The various noise sources are discussed.
Optical technique for direct measurement of power spectra in compressible turbulence

We present exploratory tests of a new optical method which measures directly two components of the 3-D power spectrum of the refractive-index fluctuation. The method was applied to a Mach 2 turbulent shear layer. Length scales of 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm were resolved within a shear-layer thickness ranging from 5 mm to 10 mm. At low-to-moderate wavenumbers, the spectral behavior is roughlyκ−3, while at higher wavenumbers it isκ−3.7. These spectral slopes are in agreement with prevailing theoretical predictions for anisotropic (low-wavenumber) and isotropic (high-wavenumber) turbulence.
Songs composed for use in music therapy: a survey of original songwriting practices of music therapists

While researchers have documented the efficacy of clinical songwriting in music therapy, limited research has been conducted on songs composed by music therapists that address clinical goals. The purpose of this research was to examine the original songwriting practices of music therapists. Professional music therapists (N = 1,364) received a 14-question survey via email asking each to identify client populations and clinical goals addressed by original songs, their length of time in clinical practice, and specifics about their acquisition of songwriting skills. The data collected from 302 completed surveys revealed that respondents who used original songs were most likely to work with children and adolescents in schools or the developmental disability field and wrote songs in order to individualize treatment. Music therapists working with persons over 65 years of age in long term care or assisted living programs were the least likely to use original songs in clinical practice, opting for interventions utilizing the client's familiar music. Most music therapists found songwriting generally easy, but only 37% indicated that they acquired this skill during their undergraduate degree. Additional research on the clinical efficacy of original songs and therapist's compositional processes is needed to identify best practices models for strategic songwriting.
Establishment and characterization of an osteocyte-like cell line, MLO-Y4.

Much attention has focused on osteoblast and osteoclast biology, but little research has been performed on the cell that composes 90% of all bone cells—the osteocyte. Osteocyte function has been difficult to study because these cells are embedded in mineralized tissue and are difficult to obtain in reasonable numbers and purity. Establishment of an osteocyte cell line makes it possible to study osteocyte function more readily and easily by the application of protein chemistry and molecular biology. We have established a cell line that appears to have the properties of primary osteocytes [1].
A recurrence relation for the square root

Abstract The behavior of the sequence x n + 1 = x n (3N − x n 2 ) 2N is studied for N > 0 and varying real x0. When 0 0 1 2 the sequence converges quadratically to N 1 2 . When x 0 > (5N) 1 2 the sequence oscillates infinitely. There is an increasing sequence β r , with β −1 = (3N) 1 2 which converges to (5N) 1 2 and is such that when βr (−1) r N 1 2 . For x0 = 0, β−1, β0,… the sequence converges to 0. For x 0 = (5N) 1 2 the sequence oscillates: x n = (−1) n (5N) 1 2 . The behavior for negative x0 is obtained by symmetry.
Primary source attribution and analysis of α-pinene photooxidation products in Duke Forest, North Carolina

Abstract Samples of fine particulate organic matter were collected outside Durham, NC in the Duke Research Forest as part of the CELTIC study in July 2003. Particulate samples were collected on quartz filters using high volume air sampling equipment, and samples were analyzed for polar and non-polar organic species. Among compounds analyzed, oxidation products of α -pinene, namely pinic acid and pinonic acid, were identified in all samples. Pinic acid, being a dicarboxylic acid, has a low vapor pressure of the order of 10 −8 Torr and is expected to contribute significantly to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the oxidation of α -pinene. Source contribution estimates from primary organic aerosol emissions were computed using the organic species as molecular markers with the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The unapportioned organic carbon (OC) was determined as the difference between measured OC and OC apportioned to primary sources. This unapportioned OC was then correlated with pinic and pinonic acid to get a better understanding of the role of monoterpene oxidation products to form SOA. A reasonably good fit between pinic acid concentrations and unapportioned OC levels is indicative of the contribution of α -pinene oxidation products to SOA formation in ambient atmosphere. The results are significant considering the role of monoterpene emissions to global atmospheric chemistry.
Differential gene expression in male and female rainbow trout embryos prior to the onset of gross morphological differentiation of the gonads

Background There are large differences between the sexes at the genetic level; these differences include heterogametic sex chromosomes and/or differences in expression of genes between the sexes. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) qRT-PCR studies have found significant differences in expression of several candidate sex determining genes. However, these genes represent a very small fraction of the genome and research in other species suggests there are large portions of the transcriptome that are differentially expressed between the sexes. These differences are especially noticeable once gonad differentiation and maturation has occurred, but less is known at earlier stages of development. Here we use data from a microarray and qRT-PCR to identify genes differentially expressed between the sexes at three time points in pre-hatch embryos, prior to the known timing of sexual differentiation in this species.