cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taste aversion to sugars by the gerbil.

Abstract Some conditioned taste aversion experiments were undertaken to determine how the gerbil responds to disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols. We observed the following: animals taught an aversion to 0.1 M sucrose generalized the avoidance to most sugars, the exception being galactitol; animals taught to avoid 0.01 M hydrochloric acid generalized the avoidance towards lactose, cellobiose, maltitol, methyl α- d -galactopyranoside, methyl α- d -mannopyranoside, methyl β- d -glucopyranoside, and glycerol; animals taught to avoid 0.001 M quinine·HCl generalized the avoidance towards methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, methyl β- d -glucopyranoside, glycerol, ethylene glycol and erythritol. In no case did animals taught to avoid 0.1 M sodium chloride avoid any of the sugars. Moreover, it was observed that the gerbil's behavior with most reducing sugars was different than with equivalent methyl glycosides. For example, animals that were taught to avoid sucrose generalized the avoidance towards reducing sugars, such as, d -galactose, d -glucose, and d -mannose. However, the methyl glycosides, such as methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, methyl β- d -glucopyranoside, methyl α- d -galactopyranoside and methyl α- d -mannopyranoside, in addition to being avoided by animals taught to avoid sucrose, were also avoided by animals taught to avoid quinine·HCl or hydrochloric acid. In addition, we have observed that the control animals consumed differing amounts of sugars and have concluded, therefore, that the sugars were not equally pleasant despite our attempt to use concentrations which produced equally intense neural responses in the gerbil's chorda tympani nerve.
Organonickel Chemistry at the Edge of Naphthalene

Reaction of 1,8-diiodo- or 1,8-dibromonaphthalene with a mixture of Ni(COD)2 and trimethylphosphine gives the oxidative addition product Ni(PMe3)2(X)(C10H6X) (X = Br, I), which on reduction with Na...
The Apparent Size of the Sun

THE illusion described by Dr. Vaughan Cornish in NATURE of December 25, 1937 (140, 1082) can be seen if the sun is looked at for an instant and then the observer turns and looks towards the horizon. An after-image will be seen. Carry this up in the sky, and it will be seen to shrink.
The early Cretaceous platform off northwest Florida: controls on morphologic development of carbonate margins

Abstract An analysis of approximately 3500 km of multifold and 1000 km of singlefold seismic reflection data correlated with two exploration wells and other available geologic information records the morphologic development of the Early Cretaceous carbonate platform margin off northwest Florida. Early Cretaceous depositional patterns apparently controlled the concurrent formation of gently dipping (declivities 10°) carbonate platform margin slopes in the vicinity of DeSoto Canyon, northeastern Gulf of Mexico. We suggest that the pronounced along-strike change in morphology reflects variations in platform width, input of terrestrial clastics and overall sediment availability to the platform's seaward margin slope. Southeast of the canyon, the Early Cretaceous slope bordered a relatively broad platform removed from terrigenous sediment input. Environmental conditions favored the uninterrupted development of skeletal and nonskeletal buildups along the paleo-shelf edge, which effectively prevented large quantities of shelf-derived clastic sediments from moving seaward. Consequently, as the carbonate platform grew and its height increased, the declivity of its seaward slope also increased, as predicted by models of long-term carbonate platform development. In contrast, northwest of the canyon, the slope bordered a narrower platform adjacent to a source of terrigenous clastics. More vigorous cross-platform transport of clastics and resultant adverse environmental conditions at the paleo-shelf edge inhibited consistent development of carbonate buildups, thereby creating only an intermittent sediment barrier to the adjacent slope. Resultant higher sedimentation rates on the slope caused it to aggrade and prograde along with the carbonate platform, allowing the margin slope to maintain its gentle morphology throughout the Early Cretaceous.
UV and IR spectroscopy of cold protonated leucine enkephalin

Abstract We have applied ultraviolet and infrared–ultraviolet (IR–UV) double resonance photofragment spectroscopy in a tandem mass spectrometer for the spectroscopic characterization of cryogenically-cooled protonated leucine enkephalin (H+-YGGFL), for the purposes of elucidating its three-dimensional structure. The primary UV-induced photofragmentation pathway following excitation of the tyrosine chromophore is loss of the tyrosine side chain (107 Da). IR-enhanced photofragmentation via this channel makes IR–UV depletion spectroscopy difficult, and IR photofragment gain spectroscopy is used instead to record the infrared spectrum in the hydride stretch and amide I/II regions. By comparing the experimental spectrum with the predictions of DFT M05-2X/6-31+G(d) calculations, a single backbone structure was assigned that is similar to, but distinct from, that assigned in the recent work of Polfer et al. [15] . Additionally, the assigned structure’s theoretical cross-section is comparable to previous ion mobility results. The structure is characterized by a compact hydrogen-bonding architecture in which the peptide backbone self-solvates the N-terminal ammonium group carrying the charge. In addition to H-bonds to the tyrosine π cloud and the second glycine carbonyl oxygen, the ammonium group is involved in a series of cooperatively strengthened H-bonds between the N and C termini, linking the COO H group to the F L peptide bond. The resulting structure suggests some relevance to the fragmentation pathways of protonated YGGFL.
Maturation of Secreted Meprin α during Biosynthesis: Role of the Furin Site and Identification of the COOH-Terminal Amino Acids of the Mouse Kidney Metalloprotease Subunit

Abstract The α subunit of meprin A is synthesized as a type I integral membrane protein; however, the mature form contains no membrane-spanning region due to COOH-terminal proteolytic cleavage during biosynthesis. Previous studies with transfected mouse meprin α subunit cDNA, showed that the inserted (I) domain in the COOH-terminus was essential for proteolytic processing and transport of the subunit out of the endoplasmic reticulum. A furin site in the I domain was implicated as the site of cleavage in the rat meprin α subunit, however, this site was shown not to be required in the homologous mouse subunit. The present studies were designed to determine whether there is a species difference in the use of the furin site for processing of the subunit, and whether the different mutations used in the previous studies could account for the different conclusions regarding the importance of the furin site. When the furin sites in mouse and rat cDNAs were mutated, using similar amino acid substitutions, and expressed in human 293 cells, all mutants were secreted, and had comparable activities compared to the wild-types against a protein (azocasein) and peptide (bradykinin analog) substrate. These data revealed no difference between processing of the rat and mouse subunits, and indicated that the furin site is not essential for COOH-terminal processing in either species. Additional transfection investigations with brefeldin A or low temperature confirmed that COOH-terminal processing occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, further supporting the contention that furin-type enzymes localized to the Golgi apparatus are not responsible for processing this subunit. COOH-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the mature detergent-purified membrane form of meprin α from ICR mouse kidney indicated that the subunit ends at Arg615, which is NH 2 -terminal to the I domain in the AfterMATH domain. Mutation of Arg615 to an Ala did not affect secretion of the protein from 293 cells. The results indicate that the I domain enables or directs the final COOH-terminal processing of meprin α to a region NH 2 -terminal to the I domain, and that there are no essential dibasic, furin, or single base processing sites.
Land-surface scheme validation using the Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) and Oklahoma Mesonet data: Preliminary results

The Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) is a recently-developed observational system that collects, archives, and quality controls atmospheric, surface, and soil data in real-time from 90 stations across Oklahoma. Ten of the 90 sites, termed “super sites”, are equipped with additional sonic anemometry and four-component net radiometers to provide complete observations of the surface energy balance. Oklahoma Mesonet and OASIS data are used in this study to validate the sensitivity and accuracy of a land-surface scheme within a numerical prediction model.
AN INTERPRETATION OF THE ROTATORY DISPERSION DATA FOR HEMOCYANIN AND OXYHEMOCYANIN.

Abstract The rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism and viscosity of hemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin are reported. These data indicate that no appreaciable change in protein conformation occurs on oxygenating hemocyanin.
Role for the Target Enzyme in Deactivation of Photoreceptor G Protein in Vivo

Heterotrimeric guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)–binding proteins (G proteins) are deactivated by hydrolysis of the GTP that they bind when activated by transmembrane receptors. Transducin, the G protein that relays visual excitation from rhodopsin to the cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (PDE) in retinal photoreceptors, must be deactivated for the light response to recover. A point mutation in the γ subunit of PDE impaired transducin-PDE interactions and slowed the recovery rate of the flash response in transgenic mouse rods. These results indicate that the normal deactivation of transducin in vivo requires the G protein to interact with its target enzyme.
Growth-Temperature-Controlled Optical Properties of Textured Mg x Zn 1− x O Thin Films

Pulsed laser deposition was used to grow magnesium zinc oxide thin films on amorphous fused silica substrates at several temperatures between room temperature and 750°C. In this study, the effect of growth temperature on the optical properties of textured Mg x Zn1−x O thin films was examined. The optical properties of the films were measured using absorption and photoluminescence spectrometry. Absorption spectra revealed that the bandgap values of textured Mg x Zn1−x O thin films were enhanced in films grown at higher temperatures. The absorption spectra near the absorption edge were fitted using the Urbach equation in order to investigate the effects of growth temperature on exponential band tail and bandgap. The photoluminescence spectra were measured for magnesium zinc oxide thin films deposited at 250°C, 350°C, 450°C, 550°C, and 650°C. The film grown at 350°C provided the highest excitonic peak intensity. On the other hand, the film grown at 250°C exhibited the lowest excitonic peak intensity. The excitonic peak intensity was considerably reduced in magnesium zinc oxide thin films grown at temperatures greater than 350°C. The ability to perform substrate-temperature-dependent bandgap engineering of Mg x Zn1−x O will enable use of this material in next-generation optical and optoelectronic devices.
The Development of Visual Acuity in the Cat

* Accepted for publication by Leonard Carmichael of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on December 15, 1936.
What Is Sexual Empowerment? A Multidimensional and Process-Oriented Approach to Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment

Theorists disagree about how to define the concept of empowerment. This disagreement extends to discussions of adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment. Feminists struggle with whether sexual empowerment should be conceptualized as a subjective internal feeling of power and agency or an objective measure of power and control. Defining sexual empowerment as a subjective state may mistakenly equate feelings of agency with cultural and institutional power. Yet, a subjective definition of sexual empowerment is advantageous in that it validates girls’ own experiences and perceptions. This commentary argues that sexual empowerment might best be conceptualized as a continuous and multidimensional construct. This would allow for the recognition of sexual empowerment as a developmental process, and it would allow for the acknowledgement of ambivalent empowerment.
Franklin as electrician

Benjamin Franklin's electrical work is reviewed, much of it through his own words. Emphasis is placed on the important role new instrumentation-the improved electrostatic machine and the Leyden jar-played in the development of his theoretical views.
My vision for Computer

Editor-In-Chief (EiC) Carl K. Chang offers a look at his plans for Computer magazine's future.
A comparison of gastrojejunal anastomoses with or without buttressing in a porcine model

The addition of staple-line reinforcements on circular anastomoses has not been well studied. We histologically and mechanically analyzed circular- stapled anastomoses with and without bioabsorbable staple-line reinforcement (SeamGuard®, W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) in a porcine model. Gastrojejunal anastomoses were constructed using a #25 EEA Proximate ILS® (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) mechanical stapling device with and without Bioabsorbable SeamGuard® (BSG). Gastrojejunal anastomoses were resected acutely and at 1 week, and burst-pressure testing and histological analysis were performed. Standardized grading systems for inflammation, collagen deposition, vascularity, and serosal inflammation were used to compare the two anastomosis types. Acute burst pressures were significantly higher with BSG than with staples alone (1.37 versus 0.39 psi, p = 0.0075). Burst pressures at 1 week were significantly lower with BSG than with staples alone (2.24 versus 3.86 psi, p = 0.0353); however, both readings were above normal physiologic intestinal pressures. There was no statistical difference in inflammation (13.4 versus 15.6, p = 0.073), width of mucosa (3.2 mm versus 3.2 mm, p = 0.974), adhesion formation (0 versus 0.5, p = 0.575), number of blood vessels (0.5 versus 1.0, p = 0.056), or serosal inflammation (2.0 versus 1.0, p = 0.27) between the stapled anastomoses and those buttressed with BSG. Stapled-only anastomoses had statistically more collagen (2.0 versus 1.0, p = 0.005) than the anastomoses supported with BSG. The addition of BSG as a staple-line reinforcement acutely improves the burst strength of a circular anastomosis but not at 1 week. At 1 week, a decrease in collagen content with the BSG-buttressed stapled anastomosis was the only difference in the histologic parameters studied with no difference in vascularity, adhesions, or inflammation. The long-term effect of BSG on anastomotic strength or scarring is yet to be determined. The clinical implications may include decreased stricture formation and also decreased strength at anastomoses.
Augmentation of nitrogen mustard induced leukopenia by cortisone.

Summary1. Cortisone is ineffective in preventing HN2-induced leukopenia in rabbits. On the contrary, cortisone induces a greater leukopenia as a result of increased lymphopenia. 2. Administration of cortisone to rabbits receiving L-cysteine prior to HN2 administration results in a more severe leukopenia and neutropenia than administration of L-cysteine and HN2 alone. 3. The combined use of cortisone and HN2 therapeutically may induce a dangerous depression of hematopoietic tissue.
Analysis of backoff protocols for multiple access channels

In the paper, we analyze the stochastic behavior of backoff protocols for multiple access channels such as the Ethernet. In particular, we prove that binary exponential backoff is unstable if the arrival rate of new messages at each station is l/N for any number of stations N exceeding 1 and any overall arrival rate l exceeding .567 + 1/4N - 2. More importantly, we also prove that any superlinear polynomial backoff protocol (e.g., quadratic backoff) is stable for any set of arrival rates that sum to less than one, and any number of stations. The results significantly extend the previous work in the area, and provide the first examples of acknowledgement based protocols known to be stable for a nonnegligible overall arrival rate distributed over an arbitrarily large number of stations. The results also disprove a popular assumption that exponential backoff is the best choice among acknowledgement based protocols for systems with large overall arrival rates. Finally, we prove that any linear or sublinear backoff protocol is unstable if the arrival rate at each station is l/N for any fixed l and sufficiently large N.
Antineoplastic evaluation of pacific basin marine algae

Extracts of 107 marine alga specimens from Pacific islands were tested for P-388 lymphocytic leukemia and Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. Several specimens showed high antitumor activity in both systems, with some featuring a notable lack of toxicity.
Attributes driving the selection of trucking services and the quantification of the shipper’s willingness to pay

This paper investigates the selection of trucking services by shippers that require the movement of truck shipments. A set of pragmatic attributes are postulated to describe trucking services. They are used in a stated choice experiment that collects data and preferences from shippers. A mixed logit model is estimated in order to test the attributes and quantifying the shipper willingness to pay for them. The results are used to provide meaningful negotiation guidance for truck-related shippers and carriers, a significant contribution to literature in transportation, logistics, and supply chain management. A numerical example illustrates the use of the model.
INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING PROPHYLACTIC PHENOBARBITAL IN PRETERM INFANTS: A CONTROLLED TRIAL

We studied the efficiency of phenobarbital(P)administration in the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) in 62 preterm infants with birthweights below 1500g. Thirty-four infants (BW 1119±264G,GA 30±3wk)were randomly assigned to the treatment group and 28 (BW 1120±218g, GA 29±2 wks) to controls. The treatment group received an IV loading dose of 20 mg/kg of P on day 1, followed by 5 mg/kg/day for one week. P Level before first maintenance dose was 25.2±9.4 mg/l, and 34.4±19.2 mg/l after 3 to 5 days of therapy. The two groups were comparable with respect to sex, race, type of delivery and Apgar score. Twenty-one studies (62%)and 19 control (68%) infants required assisted ventilation. Episodes of hypoxia (PO2 40 mmHg),hyperoxia (PO2 120 mmHg), hypocapnia (PCO2 30 mmHg), hypercapnia (PCO2 60 mmHg) or acidosis (pH 7.20) were comparable. Incidence of pneumothorax,hypotension, thrombo-cytopenia, PDA and administration of sodium bicarbonate or indo-methacin were also similar. IVH incidence and severity, or motality were not significantly different in the groups. We conclude that in these infants P was neither effective in protecting against IVH nor in reducing its mortality.
Telomeres and telomerase: at the end, it all comes together

New findings presented at this meeting have now laid the groundwork for future areas of investigation. The introduction of a new model for telomere end structure raises the crucial questions of what implications such a structure has not only for protecting chromosomal termini but also for regulating other events at the telomere. A further ongoing focus will be the identification of additional telomerase-associated proteins and other factors required at the telomere, as the field has not yet completed the task of identifying all the players. Finally, the simple model of telomere length as the molecular clock responsible for cellular senescence has unexpected complexities, with telomere dysfunction now recognized as a crucial trigger for apoptosis and genetic catastrophe. These are but a few of the areas we can anticipate insight into when the field convenes again.
An experimental study of rotor-filter pump performance

The performance of a rotor-filter pump has been studied experimentally. To develop an understanding of pump performance, and in particular to discern the mechanism of hydraulic pulsing, flow visualization in the rotor, vibration analyses of the pump, frequency analysis of the pump hydraulic pressure pulsation, and analyses of flow characteristics for different pick-up tubes in combination with different impellers and cover plates were conducted. The frequencies of the pump's hydraulic pulsation is shown to be a function of the number of pick-up arms and the motor speed. The pump vibration and its pulsation amplitude were reduced by increasing the number of pick-up arms or by adding a radial impeller. These actions increased the lowest frequency of pulsation and decreased the chance of excitation of the pump system parts.
The behavior of manufacturers’ inventories: Evidence from US industry level data

Abstract Recent empirical research on inventory behavior makes extensive use of disaggregated data, both from the 20 two-digit manufacturing industries identified in the standard industrial classification (SIC) system and physical product data from lower levels of aggregation. Economists have traditionally grouped these industries by durability of final product or by the presence or absence of unfilled orders for comparison. Recent research by Mattey and Strongin (Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2 (1997) 3–17) suggests that production technology affects the flow of material through the production process and the use of labor and capital in manufacturing. A review of the empirical inventory literature reveals patterns that can be explained by differences in production technology in studies that use both two-digit industry data and disaggregated physical product data from four- and five-digit industries. Thus, there may be more heterogeneity in disaggregated inventory data than was previously thought.
Modeling and optimization of luminescent solar concentrator for micro cell array module

Monte Carlo ray tracing modeling is used for design optimization of luminescent solar concentrator for micro solar cell arrays. Key parameter is identified as luminophore self-absorption. For DCM dye the optimum dimension is at the scale of millimeters.
Semiparametric Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Models and Their Applications

Nonlinear mixed effects models (NLMMs) and self-modeling nonlinear regression (SEMOR) models are often used to fit repeated measures data. They use a common function shared by all subjects to model variation within each subject and some fixed and/or random parameters to model variation between subjects. The parametric NLMM may be too restrictive, and the semiparametric SEMOR model ignores correlations within each subject. In this article we propose a class of semiparametric nonlinear mixed effects models (SNMMs) that extend NLMMs, SEMOR models, and many other existing models in a natural way. A SNMM assumes that the mean function depends on some parameters and nonparametric functions. The parameters provide an interpretable data summary. The nonparametric functions provide flexibility to allow the data to decide some unknown or uncertain components, such as the shape of the mean response over time. A second-stage model with fixed and random effects is used to model the parameters. Smoothing splines are us...
Effect of bursectomy on development of a spontaneous postnatal amelanosis.

Abstract The delayed amelanotic (DAM) chicken line has been developed as a model of human vitiligo. The DAM line displays a spontaneous postnatal amelanosis which is characterized by the absence of normal pigmentation in emerging feathers. Bursectomy on the day of hatching significantly decreased the incidence and severity of amelanosis in birds examined 12 to 20 weeks after hatching. The results suggest that bursa-dependent lymphocytes play an important role in the development of delayed amelanosis in the DAM chicken.
Brain maturation and its relevance to understanding criminal culpability of juveniles

The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding of the process of maturation in human brains during the juvenile period to young adulthood. We describe the methods used in such investigations, and outline the main findings regarding the course of brain development. There is much that we do not know about brain maturation, but there is congruence of evidence indicating that brain maturation is not complete until young adulthood (approximately age 21 years). Furthermore, the main index of maturation, which is rate of myelination, points to large variability in the rate of maturation among brain regions. Generally, maturation of association cortex is not complete by late adolescence, and within this cortex the prefrontal regions are last to mature. The review concludes by discussing the behavioral implications of these findings. The role of myelination is to focus and refine the operation of neural networks regulating behavior, and the frontal lobes specifically modulate and inhibit impulses, shaping behavior within the context of the environment in relation to planned action and long-term goals. Because the brain anatomy data indicate that people are not biologically prepared to exercise mature executive control required for full criminal intent until they reach adulthood, juveniles have diminished capacity in this regard and should not be eligible for the most severe punishment available for their crime.
XPG protein has a structure-specific endonuclease activity

Abstract Biochemically active human DNA repair protein, xeroderma pigmentosum G (XPG), was overexpressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant baculovirus produced XPG with a mobility of ∼ 185 kDa in a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Indirect immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the recombinant full-length XPG protein was expressed predominantly as a nuclear protein. The recombinant XPG protein was purified to apparent homogeneity using Q-sepharose, S-300 size exclusion, and Mono Q column chromatography. XPG protein showed a structure-specific DNA endonuclease activity, and a preferential affinity to single-stranded DNA and RNA compared to double-stranded DNA.
Steady state analysis of the duty cycle controlled series resonant converter

Fixed frequency operation of the series resonant converter is desirable because it allows the size of the transformers and reactive filter components to be minimized. The output characteristics of the converter operating at arbitrary fixed frequency and variable switch duty cycle in steady state are found by phase plane analysis. Solution for all modes occurring above resonance and the most important modes below resonance are found analytically in closed form. The results are verified experimentally.
Automation of Process Planning for Boring of Turned Components With Arbitrary Internal Geometry From a Semi-Finished Stock

This paper describes a novel method for automated process planning for boring of turned components with arbitrary internal geometry from a semi-finished stock. Earlier work has been reported on process planning for boring of components with monotonic internal geometry made from bar stock. This paper addresses the more general problem of process planning of parts with nonmonotonic internal geometry from arbitrary given the initial geometry, i.e., from a casting or from a semi-finished stock. With the algorithms developed, we are able to achieve full automation of all aspects of the process plan, including operations sequencing, parameter selection, numerical control (NC) code generation, etc. Thus, it becomes possible to go from design to NC code in a fully automated fashion. In the present work we focus on a tightly defined part family, which results in very simple but robust automation algorithms. This is in contrast to much of the reported work on automated process planning, which generally targets broad part families, leading to complex algorithms that fall short of complete design-to-NC automation.
Annular Array Technology: Application to Cardiac Imaging

Summary Annular array imaging combines desirable features of both phased-array and mechanical transducer technology. Its major advantage is dual-plane electronic focusing, which contributes to deeper penetration, improved lateral resolution, and a thinner tomographic slice. All of these features help to improve image quality in the majority of patients. Areas of improvement observed with annular array imaging in the clinical setting include increased depth of field, better endocardia1 definiton, greater detail of valvular structures, more accurate recording of intracardiac masses, and generally improved signal-to-noise ratio. These aspects of improved image quality make annular array technology an important advance in ultrasonic cardiac imaging.
Tumor‐associated antigens in bilateral breast cancer

The purpose of our present study is to determine whether monoclonal antibodies can define an antigenic phenotype which expresses itself in a concordant fashion in synchronous bilateral breast cancer. The monoclonal antibodies DF.3 and B72.3 were reacted (ABC immunoperoxidase) with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of bilateral synchronous breast cancers from 19 patients. MAb DF.3 demonstrated a P less than .01 correlation of right-sided vs left-sided reactivity. This suggested that MAb DF.3 could be used as a biologic marker for synchronous bilateral breast cancer. We hypothesized that the majority of clinically asynchronous breast cancers are really biologically synchronous. We used the immunoperoxidase technique in a similar fashion on bilateral metachronous tumors in 17 patients. DF.3 antigen expression correlated (right to left side) at P less than .01 value. This data, supported by previous information, suggests that the term "metachronous" breast cancer is a clinically arbitrary definition but that biologically most "metachronous" cancers may well be synchronous.
Irradiation induced changes in small angle grain boundaries in mosaic Cu thin films

We studied the effect of irradiation on small angle grain boundaries in mosaic structured Cu thin films. The films showed a decrease in mosaic spread via a narrowing of the full width at half maximum in XRD rocking curves and a smaller minimum yield of RBS channeling after irradiation. These data indicate the irradiation decreased the misorientation angles between mosaic blocks separated by small angle grain boundaries. Mechanisms involving interactions between grain boundary dislocations and irradiation induced defects are discussed.
The Telescoped Overdenture: Advantages and Limitations

A case is reported in which the telescoped overdenture was chosen instead of conventional techniques in treatment of a patient's maxillary teeth. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed.
A molecular basis for phosphorylation-dependent SUMO conjugation by the E2 Ubc9

Phosphorylation and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation contribute to the spatial and temporal regulation of substrates containing phosphorylation-dependent SUMO consensus motifs (PDSMs). Myocyte-enhancement factor 2 (MEF2) is a transcription factor and PDSM substrate whose modification by SUMO drives postsynaptic dendritic differentiation. NMR analysis revealed that the human SUMO E2 interacted with model substrates for phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated MEF2 in similar extended conformations. Mutational and biochemical analysis identified a basic E2 surface that enhanced SUMO conjugation to phosphorylated PDSM substrates MEF2 and heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), but not to nonphosphorylated MEF2 or HSF1, nor the non-PDSM substrate p53. Mutant ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC9 isoforms defective in promoting SUMO conjugation to phosphorylated MEF2 in vitro and in vivo also impair postsynaptic differentiation in organotypic cerebellar slices. These data support an E2-dependent mechanism that underlies phosphorylation-dependent SUMO conjugation in pathways that range from the heat-shock response to nuclear hormone signaling to brain development.
Structural and dynamical characterization of tubular HIV-1 capsid protein assemblies by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy

The wild-type HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) self-assembles in vitro into tubular structures at high ionic strength. We report solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron microscopy measurements on these tubular CA assemblies, which are believed to contain a triangular lattice of hexameric CA proteins that is similar or identical to the lattice of capsids in intact HIV-1. Mass-per-length values of CA assemblies determined by dark-field transmission electron microscopy indicate a variety of structures, ranging from single-wall tubes to multiwall tubes that approximate solid rods. Two-dimensional (2D) solid state (13)C--(13)C and (15)N--(13)C NMR spectra of uniformly (15)N,(13)C-labeled CA assemblies are highly congested, as expected for a 25.6 kDa protein in which nearly the entire amino acid sequence is immobilized. Solid state NMR spectra of partially labeled CA assemblies, expressed in 1,3-(13)C(2)-glycerol medium, are better resolved, allowing the identification of individual signals with line widths below 1 ppm. Comparison of crosspeak patterns in the experimental 2D spectra with simulated patterns based on solution NMR chemical shifts of the individual N-terminal (NTD) and C-terminal (CTD) domains indicates that NTD and CTD retain their individual structures upon self-assembly of full-length CA into tubes. 2D (1)H-(13)C NMR spectra of CA assemblies recorded under solution NMR conditions show relatively few signals, primarily from segments that link the alpha-helices of NTD and CTD and from the N- and C-terminal ends. Taken together, the data support the idea that CA assemblies contain a highly ordered 2D protein lattice in which the NTD and CTD structures are retained and largely immobilized.
Implications of Thermal Discharge Limits on Future Power Generation in Texas

The recent drought in Texas revealed the vulnerability of curtailment for some power plants due to cooling water supplies being too hot. Assessing the risk of reduced operations at thermoelectric power plants associated with thermal discharge limits, as well the potential for cooperation between power plants, can increase the resiliency of the electricity grid in Texas and aid future planning. This evaluation compares the observed effluent discharge water temperatures from thermoelectric power plants in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) interconnection with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) discharge temperature limits. Results indicate that at least two major power plants representing over 3,000 MW of cumulative generation capacity have operated at or near these temperature limits in the past. Predicted warming from heat waves, droughts, or climate change might increase ambient air temperature (one of the primary factors affecting effluent temperature) causing even higher derating in the future.We modeled current and future average monthly cooling water effluent temperature for open loop and recirculating cooling pond systems in ERCOT using current climate data and predictions of ambient air temperature, electricity generation, dew point, and wind speed for 2027–2032. While there are some power plants that are projected to be exposed to thermal effluent-related curtailment, we estimate that there is six times as much electricity generation potential available from other existing generators that can meet demand without reaching thermal effluent temperature limits. That is, this work’s analysis indicates that other existing power plants could generate additional electricity to offset the curtailment of the particular power plants at greatest risk from derating to maintain grid reliability.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Al-Matrix Composites Reinforced with Ti 3 SiC 2 Particulates

In this paper, we report for the first time, the synthesis and characterization of novel Ti3SiC2 reinforced Al-matrix composites. All the composites were cold pressed and sintered in the temperature range of 700–750 °C for 5–30 min in an inert Ar atmosphere. Microstructure analysis by scanning electron microscopy and phase analysis by x-ray diffraction confirmed that there was minimal interfacial reaction between Ti3SiC2 particles and Al. The addition of Ti3SiC2 enhanced the mechanical performance of the composites. For example, the pure Al samples had a yield strength of 97 ± 6 MPa, where as the volume fraction of Ti3SiC2 was increased to 5 and 10 vol.% in the composites, the yield strength increased significantly to 212 ± 27 and 273 ± 52 MPa, respectively. As the volume fraction of Ti3SiC2 was further increased to 20 and 35 vol.%, the yield strength mildly increased to 278 ± 48 MPa, and then decreased to 134 ± 20 MPa, respectively. The decrease in yield strength after 35 vol.% Ti3SiC2 addition in the Al matrix was attributed to the presence of higher amount of porosity in these samples. The addition of Ti3SiC2 particles also had a beneficial effect on the tribological performance of these composites against alumina substrates.
Novel insights on the structure and composition of pseudostomata of Sphagnum

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The occurrence of stomata on sporophytes of mosses and hornworts is congruent with a single origin in land plants. Although true stomata are absent in early-divergent mosses, Sphagnum has specialized epidermal cells, pseudostomata, that partially separate but do not open to the inside. This research examined two competing hypotheses that explain the origin of pseudostomata: (1) they are modified stomata, or (2) they evolved from epidermal cells independently from stomata.• METHODS Capsule anatomy and ultrastructure of pseudostomata were studied using light and electron microscopy, including immunolocalization of pectins.• KEY RESULTS Cell walls in pseudostomata are thin, two-layered, and rich in pectins, similar to young moss stomata, including the presence of cuticle on exterior walls. Outer and ventral walls have a thick cuticle that suggests that initial separation of ventral walls involves cuticle deposition as in true stomata. Further mechanical separation between ventral walls does not form a pore and occurs as the capsule dries.• CONCLUSIONS As in moss stomata, pseudostomata wall architecture and behavior facilitate capsule dehydration, shape change, and dehiscence, supporting a common function. The divergent structure and fate of pseudostomata may be explained by the retention of Sphagnum sporophytes within protective leaves until nearly mature. Ultrastructural and immunocytological data suggest that pseudostomata are related to stomata but do not conclusively support either hypothesis. Solving the relationship of early land plants is critical to understanding stomatal evolution. Pseudostomata are structurally and anatomically unique, but their relationship to true stomata remains to be determined.
Proteomics Analysis Reveals Stable Multiprotein Complexes in Both Fission and Budding Yeasts Containing Myb-Related Cdc5p/Cef1p, Novel Pre-mRNA Splicing Factors, and snRNAs

Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc5p and its Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog, Cef1p, are essential Myb-related proteins implicated in pre-mRNA splicing and contained within large multiprotein complexes. Here we describe the tandem affinity purification (TAP) of Cdc5p- and Cef1p-associated complexes. Using transmission electron microscopy, we show that the purified Cdc5p complex is a discrete structure. The components of the S. pombe Cdc5p/S. cerevisiae Cef1p complexes (termed Cwfs or Cwcs, respectively) were identified using direct analysis of large protein complex (DALPC) mass spectrometry (A. J. Link et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 17:676-682, 1999). At least 26 proteins were detected in the Cdc5p/Cef1p complexes. Comparison of the polypeptides identified by S. pombe Cdc5p purification with those identified by S. cerevisiae Cef1p purification indicates that these two yeast complexes are nearly identical in composition. The majority of S. pombe Cwf proteins and S. cerevisiae Cwc proteins are known pre-mRNA splicing factors including core Sm and U2 and U5 snRNP components. In addition, the complex contains the U2, U5, and U6 snRNAs. Previously uncharacterized proteins were also identified, and we provide evidence that several of these novel factors are involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Our data represent the first comprehensive analysis of CDC5-associated proteins in yeasts, describe a discrete highly conserved complex containing novel pre-mRNA splicing factors, and demonstrate the power of DALPC for identification of components in multiprotein complexes.
Building the bridge from pediatric to adult diabetes care: making the connection.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured transition program by measuring clinical and psychometric properties related to transition and adherence to follow...
Forest and Pasture Carbon Pools and Soil Respiration in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Our ability to estimate the changes in carbon (C) pools and fluxes due to forest conversion is hampered by a lack of comparative studies. We measured above- and belowground C pools and soil respiration flux at four forested and four pasture sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Above- and belowground C pools were significantly larger (P < 0.01, t-test) at forested sites relative to pasture sites. The largest differences were in aboveground live biomass, which averaged 152 Mg ha-' C at the forested sites and 1.9 Mg ha-' at the pasture sites. Coarse root and stump C and surface detritus were also substantially different, averaging 41.3 and 32.6 Mg ha-' C, respectively, at the forested sites, and less than 1 Mg ha-' at the pasture sites. Fine root C was higher and mineral soil C lower at pasture sites relative to comparable forested sites, but neither difference was statistically significant. Soil respiration at a given temperature was generally lower at pasture sites relative to forest sites. However, soil temperatures at pastures were consistently higher than at forest sites. Estimated annual soil respiration flux averaged 10.9 Mg C ha- ' at the pasture sites and 12.6 Mg C ha-' at the forested sites. FOR. SCI. 51(4):372-383.
Critical Role of SerpinB1 in Regulating Inflammatory Responses in Pulmonary Influenza Infection

The serine proteases elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3 are increasingly recognized as modulators of inflammation (reviewed in [1]). These enzymes, commonly called neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), enter the lungs of infected mice as components of recruited monocytes and neutrophils. At the molecular level, they are related enzymes with distinct but, to a large extent, overlapping activities; they have broad capacity to regulate protective immune functions but, when neutrophils or monocytes are in excess, are key agents of inflammatory damage. We characterized SerpinB1 as a specific and efficient inhibitor of elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3, all 3 of the NSPs [2]. We also deleted the murine gene encoding this common inhibitor to create a model in which the activities of the 3 NSPs would be coordinately increased [3]. Study of the serpinB1−/− mice makes it possible to identify pathological parameters of an infection that have their basis in exaggerated NSP action. Innate immune cells, particularly myeloid cells, are extremely important in containing influenza [4]. Neutrophils can clear the virus in vitro and in vivo [5, 6]. Depletion of either alveolar macrophages or neutrophils before sublethal infection with a pandemic virus resulted in uncontrolled viral replication and increased mortality [7, 8]. However, myeloid cells can be detrimental to the host, contributing to morbidity and mortality through inflammatory injury [7, 9, 10]. Infection by highly pathogenic strains, such as 1918 H1N1 and avian H5N1, caused massive recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes and/or macrophages [11, 12]. These cells interfere with air exchange and rapidly release high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as part of the cytokine storm [7, 10, 13] associated with severe lung pathology in patients infected with avian H5N1 [11, 14]. A previous study of gene-targeted mice revealed a critical role for serpinB1 in protecting pulmonary antibacterial defense [3]. In response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, serpinB1−/− mice showed defective clearance of bacteria, increased neutrophil death, elevated proinflammatory cytokines, and depletion by proteolysis of surfactant protein D (SP-D). This pulmonary collectin (collagenous lectin) opsonizes bacteria, neutralizes strains of influenza virus bearing high mannose carbohydrates on hemagglutinin, and maintains the anti-inflammatory environment of the lung [15–17]. In the present study, we evaluated the role of serpinB1 in influenza infection with the SP-D sensitive strain A/Philadelphia/82 (H3N2) (Phil/82), a human isolate that replicates injurious features of highly pathogenic influenza, including high-level recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes.
Breaking the ℓ 1 recovery thresholds with reweighted ℓ 1 optimization

It is now well understood that l 1 minimization algorithm is able to recover sparse signals from incomplete measurements [2], [1], [3] and sharp recoverable sparsity thresholds have also been obtained for the l 1 minimization algorithm. In this paper, we investigate a new iterative reweighted l 1 minimization algorithm and showed that the new algorithm can increase the sparsity recovery threshold of l 1 minimization when decoding signals from relevant distributions. Interestingly, we observed that the recovery threshold performance of the new algorithm depends on the behavior, more specifically the derivatives, of the signal amplitude probability distribution at the origin.
Quantifying signal dispersion in a hybrid ice core melting system.

We describe a microcontroller-based ice core melting and data logging system allowing simultaneous depth coregistration of a continuous flow analysis (CFA) system (for microparticle and conductivity measurement) and a discrete sample analysis system (for geochemistry and microparticles), both supplied from the same melted ice core section. This hybrid melting system employs an ice parcel tracking algorithm which calculates real-time sample transport through all portions of the meltwater handling system, enabling accurate (1 mm) depth coregistration of all measurements. Signal dispersion is analyzed using residence time theory, experimental results of tracer injection tests and antiparallel melting of replicate cores to rigorously quantify the signal dispersion in our system. Our dispersion-limited resolution is 1.0 cm in ice and ∼2 cm in firn. We experimentally observe the peak lead phenomenon, where signal dispersion causes the measured CFA peak associated with a given event to be depth assigned ∼1 cm sh...