cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A smear technic for some species of Leguminosae.

Carnoy's No. 2 fluid (absolute alcohol-glacial acetic acid-chloroform) modified by saturation with mercuric chloride was found to be an effective killing and fixing agent for microsporocytes of Trifolium pratense, T. incarnatum, T. repens, T. hybridum, and Glycine max. Microsporocytes so fixed were softened in a 0.1N HCl solution at 45°C. for approximately 10 minutes, then smeared by die standard aceto-carmine technic. The modifications enabled chromosome counts to be made successfully in microsporocyte smears, whereas satisfactory smears could not be made when standard technics of killing and fixing were used.
Dynamics of single‐cell gene expression

Cellular behavior has traditionally been investigated by utilizing bulk-scale methods that measure average values for a population of cells. Such population-wide studies mask the behavior of individual cells and are often insufficient for characterizing biological processes in which cellular heterogeneity plays a key role. A unifying theme of many recent studies has been a focus on the development and utilization of single-cell experimental techniques that are capable of probing key biological phenomena in individual living cells. Recently, novel information about gene expression dynamics has been obtained from single-cell experiments that draw upon the unique capabilities of fluorescent reporter proteins.
Tracking of unresolved targets in infrared imagery using a projection-based method

The conventional two-dimensional Hough transform technique is generalized into a projection- based transform method by using the modified Radon transform for estimating a three- dimensional target tracks embedded in a time-sequential set of image frames. The target of concern are dim, unresolved point targets moving along straight paths across a same field of view. Since the target signal-to-noise is low and the spatial extend of the target is less than a pixel, one must rely on integration over a target track which span over many image frames. Instead of processing the entire 3-D data set, a set of projections are taken using the modified 3-D Radon transform. The projection frames are processed further to extract the track parameters using the Hough transform. This projection-based method not only lowers the data dimensionality but maintains a comparable estimation performance to that of using the entire 3-D data by successfully incorporating all available knowledge obtained from the set of projections. The simulation results are presented for the synthetic and real infrared image sequences containing synthetically generated 3-D target tracks under various signal-to-noise conditions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How (and where) does moral judgment work

Moral psychology has long focused on reasoning, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than deliberate reasoning. Here we discuss recent findings in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, including several studies that specifically investigate moral judgment. These findings indicate the importance of affect, although they allow that reasoning can play a restricted but significant role in moral judgment. They also point towards a preliminary account of the functional neuroanatomy of moral judgment, according to which many brain areas make important contributions to moral judgment although none is devoted specifically to it.
The induction of cytochrome P-450 by hypoxia.

A number of apparently unrelated observations have led us to look for daily fluctuations in the level of liver cytochrome P-450. We have observed that there seems to be a rather wide variation in P-450 concentrations in different animals of the same sex, age, and species. In addition the Chouteau phenomenon is pronounced in men after midnight, whereas the same stress has no effect in the afternoon. The third observation is that the response to certain drugs is greater in man after midnight than during the day, whereas in nocturnal species the same phenomenon is seen twelve hours out of phase. Since cytochrome P-450 appears to play an important role in both tissue oxygen transport and drug inactivation, these latter effects could be associated with a diurnal variation in the concentration of this pigment.
The impact of ultrasound examinations on the management of children with suspected appendicitis: a 3-year analysis.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography in the routine management of children with suspected appendicitis in a children's hospital. Methods: Data from surgical, radiologic, and pathologic databases were cross referenced retrospectively to allow for review of all children undergoing appendectomy and all children undergoing an ultrasound scan to rule out appendicitis in the 3-year period August 1, 1996 to July 31, 1999. Results: Pathology reports were available for 1,007 of 1,032 patients undergoing appendectomy. Eighty-four percent had acute appendicitis (26% of these were perforated). Fifty-eight percent of all children undergoing appendectomy had at least 1 preoperative ultrasound scan. Eighty-six percent of those having ultrasound scans had acute appendicitis compared with 82% of those who did not have an ultrasound scan ( P 2 Test). During the same period, 2,056 ultrasound examinations were performed by staff radiologists who were available 24 hours a day to rule out appendicitis. Ultrasonography in this setting had a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 86%, and a negative predictive value of 96% (true-positives, n=496; false-positive, n=81; true-negative, n=1,417; false-negative, n=62). An alternate ultrasound diagnosis was offered in 157 children. Conclusions: Ultrasound scan improves diagnostic accuracy in children with suspected appendicitis. The high negative predictive value of ultrasound scan, especially when used repeatedly, may reduce the need for admission to hospital for clinical observation to rule out appendicitis. J Pediatr Surg 36:303-308. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Differences in Preference for Subtle Dynamic Nuance between Conductors, Middle School Music Students, and Elementary School Students:

This study began as a systematic replication of two previous studies in which a significant proportion of elementary and middle school music students preferred versions of American folk songs with explicit variation in dynamics over versions of the same folk songs where the dynamics were held constant. In the present study, the preference test used in the previous studies was modified to reflect a more realistic representation of dynamic nuance. Dynamic variation was reduced by one-third, and smoother curvatures were applied to the crescendos and decrescendos of the expressive versions of the 10 folk songs. This revised test was administered to 288 Grade 1–5 students, 78 middle school music students, and 22 conductors. The results of the study indicate that age and/or musical experience may affect perception and preference for subtle dynamic nuance in music.
Redirecting technology to support sustainable farm management practices

Agricultural technology has increased farm production to unprecedented levels. However, return on investment is diminishing and environmental concerns conflict with current input intensive farm practices. Conventional technologies and their application such as crop breeding and management practices have focused on monocultural systems that are dependent on chemical inputs to produce optimum yields. Current profit margins are low or non-existent with these conventional non-sustainable practices and must be changed if the family farm is to survive. We propose an ecologically based approach to farm management that strives to reduce reliance on chemically intensive inputs through better use of multiple attributes inherent within agroecosystems. This approach requires a redirection in the development and application of current and emerging technologies. Examples of redirections in research and development programs for pest management practices, genetic engineering, and precision agriculture necessary to provide a more ecologically-based and sustainable farming approach are illustrated.
A Pseudo-Replicate Estimator of the Variance of a Function of Sample Means

Consider a finite population P of vectors divided into L strata, and a parameter θ= f(Y1,Y2,...,YL.) where Y1.is the mean of the vectors from stratum i .Let α2(n) denote the variance of where y1.is the average of a sample of n vectors drawn from stratum i .A family of pseudo-replicate estimators of α2(n) is developed oped, based on the expected value of the average squared difference of the pseudo-replicate estimates of θ from .when f is linear equals the standard unbiased estimate of α2(n-1) The results of simulation experiments are presented, which compare with other standard methods of estimating α2(n) in terms of the performance of associated confidence intervals for θ.
Biological Activities and Medical Applications of Metal-Containing Macromolecules

The potential and actual applicability of metal-containing polymers as drugs in medical and nonmedical applications is described. Synthetic variations are presented focusing on the ability to generate a wide variety of biologically active polymers emphasizing a coupling of desired biological activity and polymer structure. A number of modes of activity are presented and discussed in view of published data.
Both Younger and Older Adults Have Difficulty Updating Emotional Memories

Objective. The main purpose of the study was to examine whether emotion impairs associative memory for previously seen items in older adults, as previously observed in younger adults. Method. Thirty-two younger adults and 32 older adults participated. The experiment consisted of 2 parts. In Part 1, participants learned picture–object associations for negative and neutral pictures. In Part 2, they learned picture–location associations for negative and neutral pictures; half of these pictures were seen in Part 1 whereas the other half were new. The dependent measure was how many locations of negative versus neutral items in the new versus old categories participants remembered in Part 2. Results. Both groups had more difficulty learning the locations of old negative pictures than of new negative pictures. However, this pattern was not observed for neutral items. Discussion. Despite the fact that older adults showed overall decline in associative memory, the impairing effect of emotion on updating associative memory was similar between younger and older adults.
HyTime as the muItimedia document model of choice

The integration of time dependent media into traditional documents requires a scheme to specify temporal constraints. Every multimedia system develops its own scheme. This fact leads to incompatible systems and applications. This paper argues for considering HyTime as the document model of future multimedia systems or as one the proprietary model can easily be converted to. Therefore the problem of specifying temporal constraints is discussed followed by an introduction into HyTime's approach. Special attention is given to HyTime's separation between the logical level of media items and the level of actual storage entities which facilitates the reuse of media resources. A discussion of the temporal constraints schemes of three major multimedia systems found in literature and how they could be mapped to HyTime ends the paper. >
Reflecting on forced medication.

There are multiple concerns regarding the practice of forced medication of clients with mental illness. Clients often report that side effects outweigh the benefits of psychotropic medication, while mental health clinicians often think the client may become dangerous without medication. Who should have the right to decide whether a client takes medication? Nursing plays an integral role in the decision making by considering alternative therapies and current research, addressing the diversity among our clients, and ensuring comprehensive assessments. This article presents circumstances that may lead to forced medication and explores beliefs of clients, mental health clinicians, and mental health advocacy groups.Building upon Johns’ (2008) model for structured reflections of clinical experiences, this article reflects upon the experience of forced medication in psychiatric nursing practice. First, the process and consequences of forced medication are explored. Next, the factors influencing the thoughts and ...
Interferon-β 1a and SARS Coronavirus Replication

A global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a novel coronavirus began in March 2003. The rapid emergence of SARS and the substantial illness and death it caused have made it a critical public health issue. Because no effective treatments are available, an intensive effort is under way to identify and test promising antiviral drugs. Here, we report that recombinant human interferon-beta 1a potently inhibits SARS coronavirus replication in vitro.
Thin-tube vortex simulations for sinusoidal instability in a counter-rotating vortex pair

SUMMARY A thin-tube vortex method is developed to investigate the intrinsic instability within a counter-rotating vortex pair system and the eects from the core size and the wavenumbers (or wavelengths). The numer- ical accuracy and the advantages of the scheme are theoretically estimated. A nearest-neighbour-image method is employed in this three-dimensional vortex simulation. Agreement with Crow's instability analysis has been achieved numerically for the long-wave cases. A short-wave instability for the zeroth radial mode of bending instability has also been found using the thin-tube vortex simulations. Then, the combinations of long- and short-wave instability are investigated to elucidate the non-linear eects due to the interactions of two dierent modes. It is shown that instability is enhanced if both long- and short-wave instabilities occur simultaneously. Although the method used in the paper is not capable of including eects such as axialow, vortex core deformation and other complicated viscous eects, it eectively predicts and claries therst-order factor that dominates the sinusoidal instability behaviour in a vortex pair. Copyright ? 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of Davisco's Lake Norden Cheese Plant

This paper addresses the regional impact of the Davisco Foods International cheese plant in Lake Norden, South Dakota. Since opening in November 2003, the $40 million plant has exerted a growing influence on dairying throughout eastern South Dakota and adjacent areas, as well as influencing the community of Lake Norden, the cultural landscape, the economy, and the environment in various ways. Each topic is investigated from a geographic perspective based primarily on field research. As the plant continues to expand, its impact on the covered topics deepens, both negatively and positively. INTRODUCTION In November, 2003, Davisco Foods International opened a $40 million cheese plant in the small South Dakota community of Lake Norden. Davisco, a firm that has owned and operated a food ingredient plant in Lake Norden since 1983, announced plans to build the new cheese plant in late 2001. This multi-million dollar operation affects both the community and region economically, environmentally, and in other ways. Mark Davis, CEO of Davisco stated, "This is a major investment. . .[one] that represents an expanded partnership between the state of South Dakota, Lake Norden, Davisco, Land O'Lakes, and area milk producers." Land O'Lakes, which markets the cheese made in Lake Norden, partnered with Davisco in milk purchasing for the plant. The Davisco operation also has given area farmers a steady and reliable market for milk. Lake Norden was chosen as the site of the new cheese plant for various reasons. The food ingredient plant, which processes whey, was already located in the community. Before the cheese plant was built, the food ingredient plant received whey from several other South Dakota cheese plants, including Land O'Lakes in Volga (prior to its shutting down several years ago), Cass Clay in Hoven, and Dairy Concepts in Pollock. Building the cheese plant in Lake Norden would reduce the need to transport whey from these other plants. Another factor contributing to the Lake Norden site was the close proximity of Interstate 29, located 24 miles to the east. This makes trucking the milk in and cheese out more efficient. Additionally, the greatest number of dairy farms are located in Eastern South Dakota close to the 1-29 corridor (Figure 1). 48 IMPACTS OF DAVISCO'S LAKE NORDEN CHEESE PLANT South Dakota Dairy Farms Legend • Dairy Farm Location Courtesy of the SD Department of Agriculture
A sutureless technic for bilateral partial vasectomy.

In a series of 400 consecutive bilateral partial vasectomies using medium size tantalum clips and one 4 mm transverse incision there have been no failures infections or hemorrhage. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia. The vas is divided and two clips are placed on each side of the division. The clip next to the divided end is firmly applied. The adjacent clip is applied in an occluding noncrushing manner. There are no skin sutures used.
Chloroquine does not exert insulin-like actions on human forearm muscle metabolism.

Insulin's anabolic action on skeletal muscle and whole body protein is attributable to its action to slow tissue proteolysis. The antimalarial chloroquine inhibits lysosomal proteolysis and is reported to improve glycemia in poorly controlled diabetic patients. We infused chloroquine into the brachial artery of seven healthy postabsorptive volunteers over 3 h during a steady-state infusion of L-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine (Phe) to study its effect on muscle glucose and protein turnover. Compared with basal, chloroquine increased forearm blood flow (P < 0.01) but did not change glucose uptake or lactate release. Neither Phe released from muscle by proteolysis (78 +/- 15 vs. 94 +/- 16 nmol Phe.min-1.100 ml-1) nor Phe balance (-37 +/- 7 vs. -50 +/- 6 nmol.min-1.100 ml-1) was reduced from basal. We conclude that in postabsorptive human skeletal muscle: 1) lysosomal proteolysis does not make a major contribution to proteolysis; and 2) chloroquine does not cause an acute increase in glucose uptake. These findings suggest that the inhibition of postabsorptive muscle protein degradation provoked by physiological increases in plasma insulin is likely mediated by a nonlysosomal proteolytic pathway.
Using Two Frameworks to Promote E-Leadership and Teacher Development

Working in partnership with Microsoft, a team of university faculty created the Technology Enriched Instruction (TEI) professional development workshop to promote the effective use of technology in the classroom. This workshop was originally aimed at teacher educators in an effort to support best practices based on theory and research about using technology in teaching. After piloting, the TEI workshop was extended to meet the needs of all higher education faculty. Two conceptual frameworks form the cornerstone of the workshop: TPACK and 21CLD. These frameworks provide the intellectual and practical grounding for all workshop activities. This chapter explores the application of TPACK and 21CLD as well as the decision-making behind and implications for expanding the focus of TEI.
Do Term Limits Restrain Spending? Using Synthetic Controls to Uncover Causal Effects

Proponents of legislative term limits contend that they restrain government spending by curtailing lengthy stays in office, dis-incentivizing reelection-minded legislators from procuring particularistic monies for their constituents (Kousser 2005; Bandow 1995). However, empirical evidence has been mixed, with some studies finding that term limits actually increase spending (e.g. Erler 2007; Escaleras and Calcagno 2009) while others suggest a negative relationship (Carey et al. 1998). Evaluating the effects of term limits on fiscal outcomes is empirically difficult because states endogenously select political institutions. To address non-random selection, I employ synthetic control methods (Abadie et al. 2007) in which I compare the trajectory of spending in term-limited states pre- and post-intervention to 'synthetic' controls, or counterfactuals created by weighting non-term-limited states based on observable characteristics. Using this approach, I find that term limits generally have no detectable impact on spending, particularly when not accompanied by other institutional mechanisms of fiscal restraint.
The intranasal ethmoidectomy: a 12-year perspective.

Two hundred thirty-six intranasal ethmoidectomies were performed on 123 patients during a 12-year period. Four complications representing an incidence of 1.7% are reported with no mortality, blindn...
Authors’ Reply: Estimate of Body Composition Not Anaerobic Performance

We appreciate the authors’ interest in our published article [1], but we do not necessarily see the significance of our work as it relates to theirs [2]. The authors state that they were particularly interested in our conclusions that stated; ‘The BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) device investigated in this study did not provide a valid estimate of fat free mass index (FFMI) in male and female collegiate athletes. Although there was a general tendency for the BIA to underestimate FFMI compared to DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), 98% of the estimates were within plus or minus 2 kg/ m2. Therefore, while slightly biased, BIA may provide a reasonable (± 2 kg/ m2) estimate of nutritional status for practitioners who are unable to afford more expensive equipment’. The authors then go on to discuss differing methods of determining resistive force selection during anaerobic exercise [2]. While interesting, it does not relate well to the purpose of our study which was to investigate whether or not BIA offered a valid estimate of a DEXA derived FFMI [1]. Therefore, we do not believe that the results of our study should be used to accept or reject any hypotheses related to anaerobic performance.
Scientific Characters: Rhetoric, Politics, and Trust in Breast Cancer Research, by Lisa Keränen

Scientific Characters articulates an innovative method for unpacking the rhetorical dynamics of public controversies about science. This method focuses on the “process of characterization” (6) or t...
Streetcar Resurgence in the United States: Transit Strategy, Growth Machine Tactic, or Some of Both?:

Streetcars have returned to many cities in the United States, and dozens of cities are contemplating making their own streetcar investments. Yet most streetcars carry relatively few riders per unit of service at a relatively high cost per ride. The streetcar’s poor transportation performance thus raises questions about the purpose of these investments. From a case study of five cities, the authors seek to better understand the streetcar’s appeal in the face of the mode’s poor transportation performance. The authors draw on interviews with developers, business leaders, local officials, transit planners, streetcar advocates, and other key respondents, as well as on documentary sources, and find that private actors with business and development interests in downtown and nearby areas are the main drivers behind the streetcar resurgence. These actors operate within growth-oriented public–private coalitions (growth machines) and typically regard streetcars as economic development, image-making, and tourism prom...
Cl− channels in basolateral renal medullary membranes XII. Anti-rbClC-Ka antibody blocks MTAL Cl−channels

Cl− channels in the medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) studied by either patch-clamp technique or reconstitution into lipid bilayers are activated by increases in intracellular Cl−concentrations...
Revival of the Nootka Sound Doctrine

On February 1, 1793 France declared war on Great Britain. Prior to this, the European conflict had been largely irrelevant to the partisan struggles in Philadelphia, and had only a beneficial effect on the commercial interests of the United States. American maritime industry was unaffected by land campaigns, and Americans could realistically anticipate rising continental demands for their mostly agricultural exports. But after the addition of Great Britain to the coalition of nations fighting revolutionary France, the European war became the single most important factor in American economic and political life. England, a commercial sea power, was to fight France in a way that would place many curbs on American navigation and commerce. France, in turn, would strike back by harassing England’s trade with neutral powers, particularly in the West Indies. Because the United States, though it had little military power, was the most important neutral carrier, its commercial shipping would suffer seizures and confiscations at the hands of the European giants who were trying to prevent each other from obtaining American supplies.
The Trouble with Force

It is one of the ‘crowning achievements’ of western rationality that appearance has been severed from reality. One can even say that rationality itself rests on this dualization. Without separating nature from what merely stands on the face of it, rationality is left without a task. If we are faced with mere phenomena, then they simply appear as such. Indeed, we would not even call them phenomena, for there would be nothing other than their manifestation. Unless there is some other to the manifestation of things, then we do not have a way to explain that manifestation. Reason relies on, if it does not in fact posit, that dualization. But the dualization already presupposes that something is suspect with regard to what manifests itself to us outside of reason. Or, to speak from the other side, and with Adorno, the separation of the face of nature from itself is the first step to overcoming nature, to mastering nature, a step that finds its culmination in our mastery of ourselves.1 When Hobbes tells us that the end of philosophy comes in the application of bodies to bodies and effects to effects for the well-being of human industry, he stands in a long line of thinkers that constitute the western tradition’s attempt to overcome the force of nature through reason.2 Hobbes’ notion of the goal of philosophy exposes most clearly that the cosmos in which force is constitutive and irreducible is one in which our existence as humans is always threatened.
Variation of Laboratory Cheesemaking Procedures.

The variability of yield for Cheddar cheese manufactured in 7- and 390-kg-size vats and cottage and direct-acid-set cheese manufactured in 7-kg-size vats was compared. The direct-acid-set cheese had less variability than Cheddar or cottage cheese (% coefficient of variation was .91, 1.79 and 4.69, respectively) manufactured in 7-kg-size vats and Cheddar cheese manufactured in 360-kg-size vats (% coefficient of variation was .91 and 1.98, respectively). Cottage cheese had the largest variability between replications using small vats because of additional stirring and curd manipulation required in its manufacture. Therefore, when cheese variety is of no concern, the direct-acid-set cheese procedure would reduce variation between replication more than traditional Cheddar procedures when used in an experimental design. In addition, a greater number of vats of cheese could be manufactured per day using the small vat system.
Imaging electric field dynamics with graphene optoelectronics

The use of electric fields for signalling and control in liquids is widespread, spanning bioelectric activity in cells to electrical manipulation of microstructures in lab-on-a-chip devices. However, an appropriate tool to resolve the spatio-temporal distribution of electric fields over a large dynamic range has yet to be developed. Here we present a label-free method to image local electric fields in real time and under ambient conditions. Our technique combines the unique gate-variable optical transitions of graphene with a critically coupled planar waveguide platform that enables highly sensitive detection of local electric fields with a voltage sensitivity of a few microvolts, a spatial resolution of tens of micrometres and a frequency response over tens of kilohertz. Our imaging platform enables parallel detection of electric fields over a large field of view and can be tailored to broad applications spanning lab-on-a-chip device engineering to analysis of bioelectric phenomena.
ALGORITHM FOR EVALUATION OF THE PAINFUL TSA: SEARCHIN' FOR SEPSIS

There are unfortunately many reasons a TSA can be painful after implantation, but the most common reason is sepsis. Making the diagnosis can be a major challenge, but the biggest challenge is to think of that as a diagnosis! The most important steps are to first obtain plain radiographs one week after surgery so that you can compare subsequent radiographs to the immediate post-operative films. Progressive radiolucent lines in the glenoid or especially around the humerus are important hints. A loose humeral component is infected until proven otherwise. Next blood work to include CRP and ESR are critical. Other markers of infection have not been used on a widespread basis. If there is concern that there might be rotator cuff pathology and not sepsis, then we obtain an arthrogram CT scan at the time of aspiration. A cell count is helpful but often there is a dry tap. It is important to create a “p. acnes protocol” at your hospital to take cultures out 15 days. If still not sure and revision is necessary then we aspirate the joint at the time of surgery for cell count. The WBC cell count at the time of surgery keeps changing but over 3000 is considered diagnostic. Multiple specimens are sent for frozen section, culture and permanent section. The more WBC per high powered field the more likely there is an infection. Gram stains are worthless and we do not rely on them. We have no experience with implant sonification or use of IL-6.
Effect of Post-Exercise Whole Body Vibration with Stretching on Mood State, Fatigue, and Soreness in Collegiate Swimmers

Static stretching (SS) during whole body vibration (WBV) has been suggested for exercise recovery. The purpose was to compare post-exercise self-ratings of fatigue (FAT), mood state (BAM), soreness (SOR), and perceived exertion (RPE) between SS and WBV+SS in swimmers (9 women, mean ± SD: 19.3 ± 1.3 year, 171 ± 5.7 cm, 67.6 ± 7.2 kg, 26.6 ± 4.1 %body fat (%BF); 10 men, mean ± SD: 19.7 ± 1.0 year, 183 ± 5.5 cm, 77.1 ± 4.2 kg, 13.1 ± 2.2 %BF). Athletes were divided by sex, event (sprint, distance), and assigned to SS or WBV+SS. Both conditions consisted of SS performed on the WBV platform with or without WBV (50 Hz, 6 mm). Sessions consisted of: pre and post measures of BAM, FAT, SOR; the condition; and RPE. Mixed factorial ANOVA were run. A significant condition by pre/post interaction was observed (p = 0.035). Post hoc analyses showed WBV+SS elicited lower post-exercise ratings of FAT (p = 0.002) and the BAM affective states, of tension (p = 0.031), and fatigue (p = 0.087). RPE did not differ between conditions. Of interest is the decrease in tension and fatigue noted by the BAM. Mood state can be indicative of how athletes adapt to training volume and intensity.
IMC-PID Controller Design - An Extension

Abstract PID controller design based on Internal Model Control (IMC) design procedure by Rivera and co-workers has been extended to cover a wider range of process models. PID tuning parameters for processes up to second-order with first-order numerator dynamics and dead time will be given with only one tuning parameter (closed-loop time constant). In order to obtain the PID formulation, dead time is approximated by either a first-order Pade or a first-order Taylor series expansion depending on whether a PI or PID controller is desired. Various industrial PID implementations which require different PID settings will also be examined in this paper. Several examples including a first-order plus dead time, second-order plus dead time and inverse response, an industrial level control problem, and a nonlinear distillation column model will be used to compare the performance of IMC-PID controller design with more traditional tuning rules, eg, Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, and frequency response maximum peak criterion. Model mismatches in process gain, dead time, and time constant will also be introduced to compare the robustness of various controller design methods.
Indications and contraindications to transoral thyroidectomy.

Patient motivation to avoid neck scarring has been a strong impetus in the development of remote access approaches to the thyroid, including transoral robotic or endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOR/ETVA). TOR/ETVA continues to become more prevalent given its early success in North America and the demonstration of its safety and efficacy in Asia. As more surgeons perform this procedure, it is important that specific and uniform indications and contraindications exist to prevent surgical complications due to poor patient selection. In this article, we review the existing English literature regarding TOR/ETVA and compile the inclusion and exclusion criteria of individual authors for both robotic and endoscopic techniques to date. We then resolve differences in the existing literature to provide recommended indications and contraindications to TOR/ETVA based on both our review and our own experience with TOR/ETVA to date. The following are our resultant recommended indications for TOR/ETVA: patient history of hypertrophic scarring or motivation to avoid a cervical neck incision with a maximal thyroid diameter ≤10 cm and dominant nodule ≤6 cm, with one of the following pathologic criteria; benign lesion, multinodular goiter, indeterminate nodule, or suspicious lesions/well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas ≤2 cm. Recommended contraindications to TOR/ETVA are as follows: history of head & neck surgery, history of head, neck, or upper mediastinal irradiation, inability to tolerate general anesthesia, evidence of clinical hyperthyroidism, preoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension including tracheal or esophageal invasion, oral abscesses, substernal thyroidal extension, or failure to meet inclusion criteria as above. Relative contraindications include smoking and other oral pathology, and surgeons should be aware that morbid obesity may make it difficult to raise skin flaps.
Molecular Toolkit for Gene Expression Control and Genome Modification in Rhodococcus opacus PD630

Rhodococcus opacus PD630 is a non-model Gram-positive bacterium that possesses desirable traits for lignocellulosic biomass conversion. In particular, it has a relatively rapid growth rate, exhibits genetic tractability, produces high quantities of lipids, and can tolerate and consume toxic lignin-derived aromatic compounds. Despite these unique, industrially relevant characteristics, R. opacus has been underutilized because of a lack of reliable genetic parts and engineering tools. In this work, we developed a molecular toolbox for reliable gene expression control and genome modification in R. opacus. To facilitate predictable gene expression, a constitutive promoter library spanning ∼45-fold in output was constructed. To improve the characterization of available plasmids, the copy numbers of four heterologous and nine endogenous plasmids were determined using quantitative PCR. The molecular toolbox was further expanded by screening a previously unreported antibiotic resistance marker (HygR) and construc...
A parametric electrostatic resonator using repulsive force

Abstract In this paper, parametric excitation of a repulsive force electrostatic resonator is studied. A theoretical model is developed and validated by experimental data. A correspondence of the model to Mathieu's Equation is made to prove the existence and location of parametric resonance. The repulsive force creates a combined response that shows parametric and subharmonic resonance when driven at twice its natural frequency. The resonator can achieve large amplitudes of almost 24 μm and can remain dynamically stable while tapping on the electrode. Because the pull-in instability is eliminated, the beam bounces off after impact instead of sticking to the electrode. This creates larger, stable trajectories that would not be possible with traditional electrostatic actuation. A large dynamic range is attractive for MEMS resonators that require a large signal-to-noise ratio.
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

This chapter discusses the normal distribution. The normal distribution is a continuous, unimodal, and symmetric distribution that is loosely described as a bell-shaped curve. The standard deviation of sample means is called the standard error of the mean. The means of sufficiently large samples are normally distributed, or at least approximately so. A distribution of sampled statistics is called a sampling distribution. The chapter discusses the sampling distributions of means. In statistical inference, a pattern of chance events is identified in the form of some probability distribution. The tails of the normal distribution never actually touch the X axis. This implies that outcomes defined on even the most extreme intervals of the X axis are possible, though improbable. Many of the real-life events that are otherwise approximately normally distributed violate this assumption, that is, they do not have the possibility of infinitely large or small values. When the probabilities of outcomes are desired, a table that is derived from the equation for the normal distribution is used.
Styles of Ideology

Style so far has been viewed as a physical expression of notions of relative identity through which groups are both incorporated and differentiated. There is another level to studying style, however, which attempts to understand how a constellation of groups might come to exist in those particular patterns and not others, and what those particular expressions of social identity might convey about the participant’s construction of the world and the relative positioning of people within it. It is time to move beyond pattern recognition and focus upon the processes of pattern generation (Conkey 1990, 15). It is time to talk about ideology.
Isoprostane Activation of the Nuclear Hormone Receptor Ppar

Isoprostanes (iPs) are chemically stable prostaglandin isomers that are generated by a free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid. They include all members of prostaglandin classes and are generated initially in cell membranes at the site of free radical attack’. They are cleaved, presumably by phospholipases, circulate in plasma, and are excreted in urine2. F2-iPs are isomers of PGF2a a natural product derived from COX and PGF synthase. Depending on the site of the original arachidonyl radical formed; four groups of regioisomers of the F2-iPs may be produced upon rearrangement, oxygenation and reduction3. Given the mechanism of their formation and clearance, isoprostanes may reflect lipid peroxidation at the tissue site of free-radical generation or in body fluids like plasma and urine. Altered generation of iPs has been reported in a wide variety of syndromes putatively associated with oxidative stress including ischemia reperfusion syndromes4, atherosclerosis5 and Altzheimers disease6. The iPs are elevated in human atherosclerotic plaques’, where they are localized to monocyte/macrophages and smooth muscle cells, in circulating low density lipoprotein as well as in the urine of hypercholesterolemic subjects8. While reflecting lipid peroxidation in vivo they also act as specific and saturable incidental ligands for membrane prostaglandin receptors9. Suppression of elevated iPs retards atherogenesis and reverses established atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice10
Solid State Effects on Thermal Neutron Cross Sections and on Low Energy Resonances

The neutron total cross sections of several single crystals (Si, Cu, sapphire), several polycrystalline samples (Cu, Fe, Be, C, Bi, Ta), and a fine powder copper sample have been measured from 0.002 to 5 eV. The Cu powder and polycrystalline Fe, Be and C data exhibit the expected abrupt changes in cross section. The cross section of the single crystal of Si is smooth with only small broad fluctuations. The data on two “single” Cu crystals, the sapphire crystal, cast Bi, and rolled samples of Ta and Cu have many narrow peaks ~ 10−3 eV wide. High resolution (0.3%) transmission measurements were made on the 1.057−eV resonance in 240Pu and the 0.433−eV resonance in 180Ta, both at room and low temperatures to study the effects of crystal binding. Although the changes in Doppler broadening with temperature were apparent, no asymmetries due to a recoilless contribution were observed.
Radiofrequency‐Triggered Drug Release from Nanoliposomes with Millimeter‐Scale Resolution Using a Superimposed Static Gating Field

Drug delivery to a specific site in the body typically relies on the use of targeting agents that recognize a unique biomarker. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to identify unique molecular signatures that exist only at the site of interest. An alternative strategy is to deliver energy (e.g., light) to locally trigger release from a drug carrier; however, the use of this approach is limited because energy delivery to deep tissues is often impractical or invasive. In this work, radiofrequency-responsive superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used to trigger drug release from nanoscale vesicles. Because the body is inherently nonmagnetic, this approach allows for deep tissue targeting. To overcome the unfavorable meter-scale diffraction limit of SPION-compatible radiofrequency (RF) fields, a strong static gating field containing a sharp zero point is superimposed on the RF field. Only drug carriers that are at or near the zero point are susceptible to RF-triggered drug release, thereby localizing drug delivery with millimeter-scale resolution. This approach induces >40% drug release from thermally responsive doxorubicin-loaded liposomes within a 3.2 mm radius of the zero point with 2.5 therapeutic index in Huh 7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Review of Anya Plutynski’s Explaining cancer: finding order in disorder (Oxford, 2018)

Anya Plutynski’s Explaining Cancer extends the insights of contemporary philosophy of biology to research on cancer and cancer treatment. Cancer is conceptualized as a complex process for which a pluralist theoretical approach is the most appropriate. This review essay explores implications for philosophy of science and cancer research.
Abstract 4360: ALDH2 and the TGF-β/SMAD3 adaptor, Sptbn1 suppress hepatic steatosis and obesity

Background: Previously we have demonstrated that TGF-β-deficient mutants derived from the loss of Smad3 and the Smad adaptor β2SP (Sptbn1) phenocopy a human cancer stem cell syndrome, are exquisitely sensitive to alcohol, with dysregulation DNA damage repair and have raised levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). Moreover, β2SP and β2SP/Smad3 mutant mice develop multiple liver abnormalities that include steatosis, chronic hepatitis, inflammation, and cancer. ALDH2 is a key intermediate enzyme for aldehyde and alcohol metabolism. We, therefore, hypothesized that disruption of TGF-β signaling combined with ALDH2 deficiency would increase the susceptibility of liver cancer. Methods: Aldh2 knockout mice were intercrossed with Sptbn1 heterozygous knockout mice to explore the role of Aldh2 and Sptbn1 in liver steatosis and liver cancer. Conditional knockout of Sptbn1 mice was generated by the intercross of Albumin-Cre mice with mice carrying Loxp sites flanked exons of Sptbn1. Sptbn1 conditional mice were fed with high-fat diet or chow diet. Further analysis included blood lipid panel analysis and tissue profiles including western and RNA analysis, lipidomics and metabolomics analysis of liver tissues from the mutant mice and wild-type controls. Results: Interestingly, we found that Aldh2‐/‐Sptbn1+/- mice on a normal diet demonstrated early signs of truncal obesity. Within 6 months of age, we observed a greater than 23% increase in body weight, with predominantly abdominal fat accumulation in Aldh2‐/‐Sptbn1+/- mice compared to Aldh2-/- mice or wild type (WT) mice (Aldh2‐/‐Sptbn1+/- vs Aldh2-/- or WT, p Conclusions: Our data suggest that the TGF-β pathway plays an important role in maintaining normal glucose metabolism homeostasis and patients with SPTBN1 and ALDH2 defects may have increased susceptibility to obesity as well as fatty liver (NASH), and cancer. Citation Format: Shuyun Rao, Sobia Zaidi, Wilma Jogunoori, Shoujun Gu, Jon White, Bibhuti Mishra, Chu-Xia Deng, Patricia Latham, Lopa Mishra. ALDH2 and the TGF-β/SMAD3 adaptor, Sptbn1 suppress hepatic steatosis and obesity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4360.
Challenges in Lift-Off Process Using CAMP Negative Photoresist in III–V IC Fabrication

In III–V IC processing, lift-off patterning is universally used. Historically used negative resist has its limitations; hence the image reverse process using positive tone resist has been utilized as the main work horse in lift-off applications. Metal lift-off processes using a specially designed chemically amplified (CAMP) negative tone resist have been evaluated for thin and thick metal layers to have a varying degree of success. Lift-off using CAMP photoresists has made it possible to reduce cycle time (~57% reduction in $1\times$ theoretical cycle time per layer) and reduce cost (due to elimination of steps) as compared to the image reverse process. However, achieving consistent lift-off and critical dimension (CD) control presents challenges, which are discussed in this paper.
A microtranslatome coordinately regulates sodium and potassium currents in the heart

ABSTRACT Catastrophic arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death can occur with even a small imbalance between inward sodium currents and outward potassium currents, but mechanisms establishing this critical balance are not understood. Here, we show that mRNA transcripts encoding INa and IKr channels (SCN5A and hERG, respectively) are associated in defined complexes during protein translation. Using biochemical, electrophysiological and single-molecule fluorescence localization approaches, we find that roughly half the hERG translational complexes contain SCN5A transcripts. Moreover, the transcripts are regulated in a way that alters functional expression of both channels at the membrane. Association and coordinate regulation of transcripts in discrete “microtranslatomes” represents a new paradigm controlling electrical activity in heart and other excitable tissues.
RPE Histopathology and Morphometry

Normal human retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of cuboidal cells in which the cytoplasm is filled with melanin pigment granules. The basal surface of an RPE cell faces the Bruch’s membrane, a five-layer structure lying between the retina and choroid. The apical surface borders the subretinal space, the apical microvilli interdigitate with the photoreceptor outer segments. The special apical-basal polarized nature of the RPE is required for the proper development of the photoreceptors and choroid. This polarization allows for multiple functions of the RPE cells. RPE cells also contain lipofuscin granules, which increase in number and size throughout life due to outer segment phagocytosis.