cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
At Home in the Great Northern Wilderness: African Americans and Freedom's Ecology in the Adirondacks, 1846-1859

In the fall of 1846, the first of 3,000 African American settlers set foot on their 40-acre plots in the Great Northern Wilderness of New York State, a place we now call the "forever wild" wilderness of the Adirondack State Park. These black settlers were the initial wave of a social experiment meant to destroy both slavery and, more generally, racism throughout the entire United States through the redemptive practice of a utopian agrarianism. The settlers understood that nature and culture, wilderness and society, were thickly, dialectically intertwined. And they weren't alone: their efforts were seeded by the white abolitionist, Gerrit Smith; fertilized by the utopian socialist communes that covered the Northeast in the 1840s; and nurtured by abolitionists, both black and white. To United States environmental history, I add two threads less frequently seen: African American history and an intellectual history of radical politics. Following these threads has led me beyond the disciplinary confines of history and into larger debates about the cultural politics of wilderness. In this article I argue that the critical wilderness paradigm currently reigning both in and beyond historical scholarship has obscured nuanced, sometimes radical visions of the natural world. Instead of an ironic, deconstructed notion of a troubling wilderness, I suggest another heuristic, the ecology of freedom, which highlights past contingency and hope, and can furthermore help guide our present efforts, both scholastic and activist, to find an honorable, just way of living on the earth.
Under-resourced, undervalued, and underutilized: Making the case for teachers in refugee and emergency contexts

Teachers are a critical resource for children in refugee and emergency settings. Yet few studies have examined what motivates or demotivates teachers, especially in refugee and emergency contexts. In this article we explore the key findings from field research conducted in Algeria and Ethiopia by the American Institutes for Research (AIR) as part of a study for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The findings are organized according to seven critical factors: teacher recruitment, selection, and deployment; the teaching environment; certification; professional development; incentives; management structures; and, status and social recognition.
Modulators of Myofibrillar Function: Implications in Myocardial Failure

In this study, the contribution of key myofibrillar contractile elements in myocardial failure was investigated. Specifically, we assessed the mechanical implications of myosin isoform shifting, troponin T isoform shifting, and troponin I phosphorylation by protein kinase A. The two cardiac myosin isoforms have distinct functional differences which appear to be preserved across mammalian species. V1 cardiac myosin translocates actin filaments 2–3 times faster than V3 myosin but only generates one half the force. Calculated power estimates for the cardiac myosin isoforms are similar. The two adult beef troponin T isoforms have compositional similarities when compared to the two human isoforms differentially expressed in the transition to myocardial failure. Using the in vitro motility assay, no functional differences were elicited between the two isoforms in terms of unloaded shortening, isometric force, calcium sensitivity, or cooperative activation. Lastly, protein kinase A phosphorylation of troponin I resulted in a large increase in the calcium sensitive activation of the thin filament with no change in maximal activation. These results are interpreted in the context of a molecular model of contractile protein function and applied to evolving concepts of the role of the myofibril in myocardial failure.
Implicitly Normative Punishment Theory

This draft is Chapter Two of a book entitled, "A Theory of Just Punishment." One initial premise of the book is that current punishment theory is misguided in two respects. First, ordinary punishment theory tries to provide moral justifications for legal punishment, instead of trying to describe just norms for punishment. This is to work in the wrong direction. A moral justification for punishment will not provide us with a description of norms for just punishment. It will not tell us how to formulate self defense, why provocation manslaughter is a partial defense instead of an offense, or whether negligence is a kind of criminal fault. But to describe just norms for punishment does tell us how legal punishment is morally justified. Second, ordinary punishment theory tries to provide a moral justification by reference to punishment's functions – principally, deterrence and retribution. But legal punishment manifestly serves a large number of functions simultaneously. The functionalist approach makes it necessary to order these many functions, bringing them into conflict, placing one over the other, or denying one or another of them. This war is both pointless and incoherent. Therefore, "A Theory of Just Punishment" takes a fresh start on the problem, attempting to describe just punishment norms. Explaining this fresh start requires a bit of metatheory at the beginning. Chapter Two's contribution to this task is to explain several kinds of normative punishment theory, focusing on implicitly normative punishment theory.
Differential Casimir measurements on an engineered sample: Some experimental details

An experimental technique has been recently developed to measure forces differentially between two samples with similar but not identical compositions. The implementation of this approach, with the important reduction in common background effects is reported. An Au-covered rotating sample composed of Au and Ni sectors interacts with either Au-or Ni- covered spheres. Emphasis is paid to the discussion of remnant systematic effects and their impact on the measurements. It is observed that a residual impulsive motion of the axis of rotation of the apparatus remain, contributing at the 0.1 fN level. Apparently random oscillations of the axis of rotation also increase the minimum detectable force by a factor near two. Finally, the remnant magnetic interaction between not completely demagnetized Ni is reduced beyond detection by using a spatial and temporal averaging of the contribution.
Inhibition of ellagic acid-activated Hageman factor (factor XII) and Hageman factor fragments by popcorn inhibitor.

AbstractAn inhibitor derived from popcorn prolonged the partial thromboplastin time of normal human plasma. The effect of this agent was localized to its inhibition of activated Hageman factor (fac...
Generation of multiple reservoir facies models from production and seismic data using multistart optimization technique

Uncertain reservoir geology presents a key challenge in development decisions. Field data are either high resolution at limited locations (wells) or low resolution field wide (seismic). Hence, multiple geological models can match the data within tolerance, all of which should be analyzed for decision making. We present a fairly efficient reservoir inversion methodology for generating multiple geological models. The optimization problem remains ill-conditioned due to large number of unknowns (porosity, permeability and/or seismic velocity at each grid cell) compared to observation points. Model reduction is required and is achieved by spatial principal component analysis (PCA), projecting the optimization search space to a subspace of much smaller dimension. We use a pattern search based local optimizer combined with multiple starting guesses to obtain multiple minima in the search space. The minima identified represent geological models consistent with the production and seismic data considered. The methodology has been tested on a synthetic reservoir section. Production history for 90 days and cross-well seismic tomography data are used to invert the reservoir model and the solution is compared against the (known) reference. We test the use of production data alone and production & seismic data taken together, to highlight the importance of distinct datasets. The methodology generates multiple data-consistent models, some are similar to the reference model, but also many of those are different. Field situations with unknown reference require all multiple models for robust decisions.
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuation in Power Distribution System Using D-STATCOM

Electrical Power Quality is becoming intensity concerned from both electric utilities and customers. Voltage Fluctuations is a major power quality problem as it has a significant impact on both the equipment and production environment. This work describes the voltage control technique of mitigation of voltage fluctuations and clearing fault using Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM). The test system used is IEEE 9-bus distribution system clarified optimal location of DSTATCOM by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink software to obtain the results.
Research progress and application of rodents antifertility agents

Rodents are important vectors and can spread variety disease.As a method for controlling rodents,antifertility agents reduce the population of rodents by reducing the fertility of the population.Compared to traditional rodenticides,antifertility agents have some advantages,such as not to slow down the survival pressure of rodent community,not to stimulate population growth and longer aftereffect.This article reviews the developing history and the theoretical basis of antifertility agents,evaluation methods and standards of the effect of the antifertility agents control and gives an overview of the practical prospects of new BIO botanical rodenticide.
Dual effects of a phorbol ester on calcium-dependent chloride secretion by T84 epithelial cells.

Ca(2+)-dependent secretagogues (e.g., carbachol, histamine, ionomycin, and 4-bromo-A23187) have relatively transient effects on chloride secretion, even if there is a sustained increase in cytosoli...
Robust Adjusted Likelihood Function for Image Analysis

Model misspecification has been a major concern in practical model based image analysis. The underlying assumptions of generative processes usually can not exactly describe real-world data samples, which renders the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and the Bayesian decision methods unreliable. In this work we study a robust adjusted likelihood (RAL) function that can improve image classification performance under misspecified models. The RAL is calculated by raising the conventional likelihood function to a positive power and multiplying it with a scaling factor. Similar to model parameter estimation, these two new RAL parameters, i.e. the power and the scaling factor, are estimated from the training data using minimum error rate method. In two-category classification case, this RAL is equivalent to a linear discriminant function in log-likelihood space. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this RAL, we first simulate a model misspecification scenario, in which two Rayleigh sources are misspecified as Gaussian distributions. The Gaussian parameters and the RAL parameters are estimated accordingly from the training data, and the two RAL parameters are studied separately. The simulation results show that the Bayes decisions based on maximum-RAL yield higher classification accuracy than the decisions based on conventional maximum-likelihood. We further apply the RAL in automatic target recognition (ATR) of SAR images. Two target classes, i.e. t72 and bmp2, from MSTAR SAR target dataset are used in this study. The target signatures are modeled using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) with five mixtures for each class. Image classification results again demonstrate a clear advantage of the proposed approach.
Two-Step Sintering Effects on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Forsterite Scaffolds

In this study, we evaluate the effects of two-step sintering on the microstructure, compressive strength and porosity of forsterite scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Forsterite slurry was prepared and pre-cut foams were immersed in the slurry for 1 h. The saturated foams were then annealed at various times and temperatures using the two-step sintering method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results showed that two-step sintering method can prevent the grain growth which occurs during the sintering process of scaffolds at high temperatures and subsequently provides higher compressive strength compared to conventional sintering method. The first step of the sintering process, which occurs at a higher temperature, is to provide initial binding through sintering and localized melting between the contact surfaces of adjacent grains and the second step at a lower temperature is to strengthen and complete the sintering process.
Workplace Incivility, Culture of Honor, and Aggression: Precarious Manhood and the Demoralized Male

The present study tested a moderated mediational model of the relationship between workplace incivility, demoralization, and male aggression as a function of U.S. regional differences in culture of honor. Eight-five male restaurant employees from the Southern (an honor culture) and Northern (a non-honor culture) U.S. completed measures of uncivil treatment at work, feelings of demoralization, and instrumental and hostile aggression. Results revealed that feelings of demoralization mediated the relationship between workplace incivility and instrumental and hostile aggression, particularly for men from the Southern U.S. compared to men from the Northern U.S. These relationships were especially pronounced for instrumental aggression. These findings suggest that demoralization is an important explanatory mechanism linking experiences of workplace incivility and aggression for male targets, especially men from cultures of honor.
Analysis of means approach for random factor analysis

Analysis of means (ANOM) is a powerful tool for comparing means and variances in fixed-effects models. The graphical exhibit of ANOM is considered as a great advantage because of its interpretabili...
Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by indigenous microbial populations in Everglades soils.

The Everglades in South Florida are a unique ecologicalsystem. As a result of the widespread use of pesticides andherbicides in agricultural areas upstream from these wetlands,there is a serious potential for pollution problems in theEverglades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate theability of indigenous microbial populations to degradexenobiotic organic compounds introduced by agricultural andother activities. Such biodegradation may facilitate theremediation of contaminated soils and water in the Everglades.The model compound selected in this study is 4-nitrophenol, achemical commonly used in the manufacture of pesticides. Themineralization of 4-nitrophenol at various concentrations wasstudied in soils collected from the Everglades. Atconcentrations of 10 and 100 µg/g soil, considerablemineralization occurred within a week. At a higherconcentration, i.e., 10 mg/g soil, however, no mineralizationof 4-nitrophenol occurred over a 4-month period; such a highconcentration apparently produced an inhibitory effect. Therate and extent of 4-nitrophenol mineralization was enhancedon inoculation with previously isolated nitrophenol-degradingmicroorganisms. The maximum mineralization extent measured,however, was less than 30% suggesting conversion to biomassand/or unidentified intermediate products. These resultsindicate the potential for natural mechanisms to mitigate theadverse effects of xenobiotic pollutants in a complex systemsuch as the Everglades.
IMPROVED EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE Si/SiO2 INTERFACE

ABSTRACT The well-established quasistatic and conductance methods are improved by using (i) effectively thin composite insulators, (ii) low carrier concentration substrates, and [most importantly] (iii) low-level illumination at a wavelength that creates electron-hole pairs. Items (i) and (ii) extend the dynamic range of the interface-state density measurement to four decades. Item (iii) decreases the response time of the slow states (for n-type samples, those in the lower part of the band gap), so the optically driven electronic system follows a slow voltage ramp “quasistatically,” and the conductance method can be used on all the states throughout the band gap. The sample investigated had a 250-A, thermally grown oxide prepared in dry oxygen. It was never exposed to H2 or H2O at an elevated temperature. The composite gate insulator was completed by having an e-gun-deposited, 250-A layer of LaF3. The resulting interface, subjected to the improved experimental model at 77°K and 298°K, yields a wealth of distinctive structure, rather than the often-reported featureless, U-shaped interface-state density. Sharp interface peaks resulting from 20 ppm of fluorine on the interface are also seen.
THE ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPIATE RECEPTOR AND ENKEPHALIN IN RAT BRAIN

Abstract An opiate receptor, as measured by the stereospecific binding of [3H] naloxone, appears in the fetal rat brain 1 week before birth and attains 40% of adult concentration by birth. In the brain regions, a rostral to caudal sequence of development occurs. The developmental profile for endogenous morphine-like factor (MLF), measured by a receptor displacement assay, is similar to that of the opiate receptor. The MLF in the newborn as in the adult brain appears to be enkephalin.
Oil for Debt: A Unique Proposal for the Unique Challenge that is Restructuring Venezuela's Debt

This proposal offers a unique solution for a unique challenge: using oil to pay for Venezuela’s debt. Venezuela and PDVSA’s creditors currently receive little in the way of coupon payments and have minimal means of recourse over limited assets located outside Venezuela’s borders. We suggest using a creditor trust to consolidate creditors into a single entity that would purchase the oil from Venezuela with bonds tendered by the creditors to the trust. This transaction would give the creditors trust a priority claim over oil as title holders. It allows a restructuring process with relatively few changes to current bonds, thus reducing the possibility of litigation. In addition to the legal and structural benefits offered to both Venezuela and the creditors, this proposal offers something that no other proposal does — the potential for successful execution under current U.S. sanctions based on the issuance of a specific license from OFAC. Although there is no assurance as to whether such license would be obtained, it is arguable that this structure runs outside the scope of the Executive Order No. 13,808, and that there is precedent supporting the issuance of such a license authorizing commercial transactions.
Enhancing Cardiac Reprogramming by Suppressing Specific C-C Chemokine Signaling Pathways

Reprogramming fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) is a potentially promising strategy for heart regeneration. Yet a major challenge is the low conversion rate. To address this challenge, we screened and identified four chemicals, insulin-like growth factor-1, Mll1 inhibitor MM589, transforming growth factor-β inhibitor A83-01, and Bmi1 inhibitor PTC-209, termed as IMAP, that coordinately enhanced reprogramming efficiency. Using α-muscle heavy chain-green fluorescent protein mouse embryo fibroblasts as the staring cell type, we observed a six-fold increase of iCM formation with IMAP treatment. IMAP stimulated higher cardiac troponin T and α-actinin expression and more sarcomere formation with up-regulation of many cardiac genes and down-regulation of fibroblast genes. Furthermore, IMAP promoted higher spontaneous beating and calcium transient activities of iCMs derived from neonatal cardiac fibroblasts. Intriguingly, we identified that many genes involved in immune responses, particularly those in specific C-C chemokine signaling pathways, were repressed with IMAP treatment. We next tested C-C chemokine ligands Ccl3, Ccl6, and Ccl17 in cardiac reprogramming and observed inhibitory effect on iCM formation, while corresponding inhibitors of Ccr1, Ccr4, and Ccr5 had the opposite effect. These results indicated that suppression of specific C-C chemokine signaling pathways was a direct down-stream event of IMAP treatment that enhanced cardiac reprogramming. In conclusion, we identified a combination of four chemicals IMAP in suppressing specific C-C chemokine signaling pathways and facilitating MGT-induced cardiac reprogramming. Our studies revealed the role of these specific C-C chemokine signaling pathways in cardiac reprogramming and provide potential targets in iCM formation and its clinical applications.
The Future of Soil Taxonomy

The press for a universal soil classification system and the increased popularity of the WRB has put pressure on Soil Taxonomy as a future global soil classification system. The increased complexity of the system has been criticized not only by international soil taxonomists but also by ecologists and geologists using the system in the USA. For ST to survive in the next several decades, the following changes may be necessary: (1) simplification and expansion of the number of diagnostic epipedons, (2) reconsideration of the use of soil climate at the suborder level or the definition of soil-temperature and soil-moisture classes for more widespread application outside the USA, and (3) addition of new orders based on new or existing diagnostic subsurface horizons.
Prevalence and Expenses of Outpatient Opioid Prescriptions, With Associated Sociodemographic, Economic, and Work Characteristics:

Information on opioids obtained by workers is important for both health and safety. We examined the prevalence and total expenses of obtaining outpatient opioid prescriptions, along with associated...
Sex-related Differences in Spatial Ability and Signal Detection Task Performance:

Sex-related differences in spatial ability have regularly shown a slight performance advantage among males on standard tests; however, the impact of these differences in real-world tasks that may d...
Posing Fundable Questions in Mathematics and Science Education

In this article, the authors describe critical issues related to the pursuit of rigorous and innovative research in the fields of mathematics and science education. The paper is framed to help researchers consider aspects of both their research project and their research proposal. The authors describe features of high-quality and fundable research projects and whether the research is intended to support descriptive, design-oriented, or causal interpretation. They discuss the critical role of grounding proposed research in existing literatures; attending to relevant research from associated fields; and posing research questions that are clear, specific, and feasibly addressable. The goals of the research should cohere with the methodological and analytic design proposed. The authors also discuss the multidisciplinary nature of research that has implications for practice in general and for educational practice more specifically. The authors touch on the characteristics of more and less successful interdisciplinary research teams, especially those that draw from education, cognitive science, methodology, educational psychology, the learning sciences, and relevant STEM disciplinary fields. Examples of STEM education research questions from different genres of research are considered and the authors describe how the questions themselves give rise to specific design choices, methodologies, measures, study samples, and analytical models as well as how they can reflect the disciplinary orientations of the researchers. Implications of these issues for successful educational research grant proposal writing are discussed.
Addressing Attribute Value Substitution in Discrete Choice Experiments to Avoid Unintended Consequences

Choice experiments are a popular method of generating stated preference data for a variety of fields from marketing to health, transportation and environmental economics. They allow researchers to systematically vary choice attributes in a manner that can both increase estimation efficiency and allay endogeneity concerns. An increasing number of studies have included elicited subjective beliefs in their stated preference models. We discuss why this strategy may be warranted in some cases, specifically when the researcher suspects subjects will engage in attribute value substitution or scenario adjustment. While there are multiple ways one could integrate subjective beliefs, in all cases a proper understanding of the econometric ramifications of their inclusion is necessary. We show that excluding subjective beliefs yields biased parameter estimates yet policy-relevant welfare measures, whereas including subjective beliefs yields unbiased parameter estimates but can generate less policy-relevant welfare estimates. We demonstrate how policy-relevant welfare measures should be calculated from models that include subjective beliefs and illustrate our theory with an application to payment for ecosystem services to farmers.
Biophysical Informatics Approach For Quantifying Phenotypic Heterogeneity In Cancer Cell Migration In Confined Microenvironments.

Motivation Cancer cell heterogeneity can manifest genetically and phenotypically. Bioinformatics methods have been used to analyze complex genomics and transcriptomics data, but have not been well-established for analyzing biophysical data of phenotypically heterogeneous tumor cells. Here, we take an informatics approach to analyze the biophysical data of MDA-MB-231 cells, a widely used breast cancer cell line, during their spontaneous migration through confined environments. Experimentally, we vary the constriction microchannel geometries (wide channel, short constriction, and long constriction) and apply drug treatments. We find that cells in the short constriction are similar in morphology to the cells in the wide channel. However, their fluorescence profiles are comparable to those in the long constriction. We demonstrate that the cell migratory phenotype is correlated more to mitochondria in a non-confined environment and more to actin in a confined environment. We demonstrate that the cells' migratory phenotypes are altered by ciliobrevin D, a dynein inhibitor, in both confined and non-confined environments. Overall, our approach elucidates phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer cells under confined microenvironments at single-cell resolution. Results Here, we apply a bioinformatics approach to a single cell invasion assay. We demonstrate that this method can determine distinctions in morphology, cytoskeletal activities, and mitochondrial activities under various geometric constraints and for cells of different speeds. Our approach can be readily adapted to various heterogeneity studies for different types of input biophysical data. In addition, this approach can be applied to studies related to biophysical changes due to differences in external stimuli, such as treatment effects on cellular and subcellular activities, at single-cell resolution. Finally, as similar bioinformatics methods have been widely applied in studies of genetic heterogeneity, biophysical information extracted using this approach can be analyzed together with the genetic data to relate genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Reducing treatment toxicity in Waldenström macroglobulinemia

Introduction: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by the presence of IgM-secreting clonal lymphocytes, plasma cells, and lymphoplasmacytic cel...
Networks, Culture, Transactions Costs and Discrimination

This paper starts out with a survey of various formal theories that have focused on discrimination in the labor market. Argues that Becker’s traditional taste for discrimination model, the various statistical discrimination models and the new cultural communication cost models ultimately yield analytically and observationally equivalent predictions. In particular, these models all imply that we may find occupational segregation across firms. This, in turn, suggests that it is not easy to identify the true causes of discriminatory wage differentials in the labor market and thus that we may have a very hard time sorting out which of these models applies best. Finally, speculates, in the context of Kremer’s model of economic growth, about how changing technologies and structure of production could possibly exacerbate the inequalities predicted by these models of discrimination in the labor market.
Neural Ribbons Stabilize Network Formation for CNS Delivery

As a renewable source of progenitor and mature cell types, human iPSCs offer promise to replace or restore impaired neural circuits in the injured nervous system. CNS delivery of neural stem cell suspensions lacking pre-connected networks requires their differentiation, maturation, and connectivity in vivo. By contrast, integrating specified neural networks and their support cells with biomaterials allows the advancement of tailored transplantation strategies. Here, we demonstrate encapsulated 3D electrically-active and glutamate-responsive neural ribbon networks using differentiated hiPSC-derived spinal motor neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitor support cells. We apply comprehensive multi-parameter analysis in vitro to interrogate synaptogenesis, myotube innervation, action potential firing and relevant bioinformatics profiles. As proof-of-principle for spinal cord delivery, we inject neural ribbons within the contused injury cavity in rat and qualitatively demonstrate cell viability. Neural ribbons therefore constitute a tunable method to deliver pre-configured, physiologically-matched functional cytoarchitectures to the CNS.
Credentialing and certification: Overview, science, and impact on policy, regulation, and practice

AIM To engage the global nursing community in sharing knowledge, experiences, and lessons learned about credentialing of individual nurses to improve nursing practice, patient safety, and quality of care. BACKGROUND Although the United States has a long and robust history of credentialing individual nurses, the opportunity exists to expand the dialogue globally, and is supported by globally focused governing bodies who call for increased or expanded investment in nursing certification and credentialing. Foundational work to define and operationalize certification for research purposes and develop an administrative home for stakeholders interested in certification can be leveraged by countries and regions globally. Existing frameworks for credentialing research may be used to drive theory-based research in the future. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE PubMed, International Council of Nurses, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, World Health Organization, American Nurses Association, American Nurses Credentialing Center, and the authors' own experiences. DISCUSSION Credentialing as a form of self-governance, as a method for public protection, and as a foundational element in the increasingly new forms of healthcare delivery is intensifying in importance. Credentials provide an opportunity to evaluate relationships between key elements such as nursing practice, environments where nursing care is delivered, and nursing programs with outcomes of interest for the profession such as safety, quality of care, and patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Establishing rigorous credentials for nurses demonstrates a commitment to excellence. Credentialing frameworks that are universally applied could enable nurses to move seamlessly across geographic boundaries, permit regulators and employers of nurses to have a common set of standards and expectations, and ensure a level of competency for nursing practice that can be interpreted and trusted by various stakeholders. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY Policymakers have a pivotal role in advancing credentialing in nursing worldwide. Countries developing credentialing programs in nursing need to study their results to help inform how practice might be required to change over time.
High-resolution rainfall-runoff modeling using graph neural network.

Time-series modeling has shown great promise in recent studies using the latest deep learning algorithms such as LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory). These studies primarily focused on watershed-scale rainfall-runoff modeling or streamflow forecasting, but the majority of them only considered a single watershed as a unit. Although this simplification is very effective, it does not take into account spatial information, which could result in significant errors in large watersheds. Several studies investigated the use of GNN (Graph Neural Networks) for data integration by decomposing a large watershed into multiple sub-watersheds, but each sub-watershed is still treated as a whole, and the geoinformation contained within the watershed is not fully utilized. In this paper, we propose the GNRRM (Graph Neural Rainfall-Runoff Model), a novel deep learning model that makes full use of spatial information from high-resolution precipitation data, including flow direction and geographic information. When compared to baseline models, GNRRM has less over-fitting and significantly improves model performance. Our findings support the importance of hydrological data in deep learning-based rainfall-runoff modeling, and we encourage researchers to include more domain knowledge in their models.
Exploiting Symmetry in Parallel Computations for Structural Biology

In this paper we outline a technique to carry out parallel computations for objects which exhibit a high degree of symmetry. We describe an algorithm used for the computation of the envelope of a spherical virus with icosahedral symmetry and discuss its performance. The algorithm is quite general and it is advantageous if folding back is computationally less intensive than the original computation.
Citizen's demand for permits and Kwerel's incentive compatible mechanism for pollution control

An interesting feature of pollution permit markets is that citizens may purchase permits to directly lower the levels of pollution. Kwerel's mechanism (Review of Economic Studies~1977) is not incentive compatible when citizens demand permits. We show that a modification of Kwerel''s mechainism, the minimum-price mechanism, is incentive compatible when citizens demand permits, even in the case where there is uncertainty about the damages from pollution.
Can corner-cube absolute gravimeters sense the eects of Special Relativity?

Relativistic treatment of the nite speed of light correction in absolute gravimeters, as evolved by Rothleitner and Francis in Metrologia 2011, 48 442-445, following the initial publication in Metrologia 2011, 48 187-195, leads to spurious conclusions. The double Doppler shift implemented in the gravimeters obliterates the dierence between its relativistic and non-relativistic formulation. Optical heterodyning used in Michelson-type interferometers makes the quadratic Lorenz-like term of the double Doppler shift discernable against the linear term, while in relativistic experiments the quadratic term has to be detected against the unit. The disturbance of the registered trajectory caused by the nite speed of light includes tracking signal delay as intrinsic part not reducible to the Doppler shifts.
Estrogen action in vitro. Induction of the synthesis of a specific uterine protein.

Abstract Physiological concentrations of estradiol added in vitro to immature rat uteri in Eagle's HeLa medium induced the near maximal (compared to in vivo) synthesis of a specific uterine protein (induced protein (IP)). The magnitude of IP induction closely corresponded to the amount of nuclear bound [3H]estradiol at different estradiol concentrations. Maximal IP induction and maximal binding of [3H]estradiol to nuclear receptor were obtained with 2 to 3 x 10-8 m estradiol; 2 to 3 x 10-9 m estradiol gave a 50% response with both; and at 10-10 m, induction and binding were minimal. The greatest in vitro response at 2 x 10-8 m estradiol was about 85% of that obtained in vivo. The coincidence of the induced proteins synthesized after either in vivo or in vitro hormone administration was shown by coelectrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Likewise, the over-all pattern of newly synthesized soluble proteins was the same in uteri stimulated with estrogen either in vitro or in vivo. The time course of the rate of IP synthesis (a measure of amount of IP-synthesizing capacity) in vitro (detectable by 15 min; 50% by 20 to 30 min) was similar to that obtained in vivo. In both situations, the increase in IP-synthesizing capacity is actinomycin D sensitive. Also, the rate of accumulation of IP-synthesizing capacity is highest initially and falls off rapidly with time (by 30 min) whether accumulation occurs in vitro or in vivo; at this time, however, the amount of estradiol is continuing to increase or remains at a high level in the nucleus. Induction of IP synthesis shows a strict hormonal specificity. Only estrogenic compounds induced, whereas progesterone, testosterone, and insulin did not. The efficacy of induction was 17 β-estradiol g diethylstilbestrol g estriol g 17 α-estradiol. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and N6, O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, at 10-3 or 10-5 m, did not induce IP and neither enhanced nor diminished the induction of IP due to estradiol. These findings clearly indicate that estrogen can directly stimulate the uterus without the requirements of intact vascular or nervous systems.
MUTATIONAL SYNERGISM BETWEEN RADIATIONS AND METHYLATED PURINES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Doneson, Ira N. (University of Kansas, Lawrence), and Delbert M. Shankel. Mutational synergism between radiations and methylalted purines in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 87:61-67. 1964.-A synergistic mutational effect was demonstrated between low doses of ultraviolet light and the methylated purines caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Caffeine produced the greatest effect and theobromine the least effect. The magnitude of the synergism was inversely related to the ultraviolet dosage. A large percentage of the synergistic effect could be "photoprevented" by exposure of the ultraviolet-treated cells to white light prior to exposure to the analogues. The consequence of the combined treatment occurred only when the chemical treatment followed the ultraviolet treatment. Furthermore, it was necessary to administer the chemical treatment soon after the ultraviolet treatment or the mutants were "lost." When cells were treated with low dosages of ultraviolet light and of X irradiation (X ray), the result was merely additive, and combinations of X ray and chemical treatment yielded no synergism. Synchronous growth studies indicated that a particular growth stage of the organisms was most susceptible to the synergistic effect. The mutation studied was that of Escherichia coli B/r to high-level streptomycin resistance.
A novel maglev system

Stability and controllability are the core topics for any maglev system. An active magnetic array is introduced and used in the novel maglev configuration. The proposed passive EDS system uses Halbach arrays for self-regulation and levitation with active magnet arrays for stability and ride comfort control. The system is self-regulated in the lateral, roll, pitch, and yaw directions. The system configuration, stiffness, and levitation dynamic are investigated.
Rosario Castellanos y los discursos de identidad

This essay examines the way Rosario Castellanos dealt with the issue of Mexican feminine condition. The author considers a fundamental thing in order to study Castellanos’ writing, to follow three cathegories of thought and expression: humour, meditation and the contact with national historical roots.
Characteristics and Estimates of Double Parton Scattering at the Large Hadron Collider

We evaluate the kinematic distributions in phase space of 4-parton final-state subprocesses produced by double parton scattering, and we contrast these with the final-state distributions that originate from conventional single parton scattering. Our goal is to establish the distinct topologies of events that arise from these two sources and to provide a methodology for experimental determination of the relative magnitude of the double parton and single parton contributions at Large Hadron Collider energies. We examine two cases in detail, the bb{sup -} jet-jet and the 4 jet final states. After full parton-level simulations, we identify a few variables that separate the two contributions remarkably well, and we suggest their use experimentally for an empirical measurement of the relative cross section. We show that the double parton contribution falls off significantly more rapidly with the transverse momentum p{sub T}{sup j1} of the leading jet, but, up to issues of the relative normalization, may be dominant at modest values of p{sub T}{sup j1}.
The disorderly study of ordered recruitment

Activated transcription in eukaryotes requires the aid of numerous co-factors to overcome the physical barriers chromatin poses to activation, bridge the gap between activators and polymerase, and ensure appropriate regulation. S. cerevisiae has long been a model organism for studying the role of co-activators in the steps leading up to gene activation. Detailed studies on the recruitment of these co-activators have been carried out for more than a dozen promoters. Taking a step back to survey these results, however, suggests that there are few generalizations that could be used to guide future studies of uncharacterized promoters.
The clinical and financial impact of oral triptans - an updated meta-analysis

SummaryIn a previous meta-analysis we demonstrated that rizatriptan 10 mg is a clinically and cost-effective treatment option in acute migraine, when compared with other available oral triptans. The current paper updates this analysis, to include data for almotriptan and eletriptan.A literature search identified all placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials involving oral triptans published up to February 2002. The proportion of patients rendered pain-free over 2 hours was identified for each agent, and the results pooled using a random-effects model. Numbers needed to treat (NNT) were calculated for each agent. Using current UK drug costs, an estimate of the expenditure required per patient rendered pain free at 2 hours was also made.Twenty-nine studies, involving 45 active treatment arms were identified. Based on the NNT analysis, significantly more patients achieved pain-free status at 2 hours with rizatriptan 10 mg than with sumatriptan 100 mg (p<0.02), sumatriptan 50 mg (p<0.01) eletriptan 40 mg ...
Dynamics of alkyl ammonium intercalants within organically modified montmorillonite: Dielectric relaxation and ionic conductivity.

The low-frequency (0.01 Hz−10 MHz) dynamic characteristics of alkyl quaternary ammonium exchanged montmorillonite (SC20A) were investigated to determine the correlation between temperature-dependent changes in the interlayer structure and collective mobility of the surfactant. From 25 to 165 °C, SC20A exhibits two interlayer transitions, one ascribed to the melting of the intercalated alkyl chains of the surfactant (20−40 °C) and another associated with an abrupt decrease in the interlayer's coefficient of thermal expansion (100 °C). For this temperature range, the excess surfactant and residual electrolytes present in commercially manufactured SC20A enhance the direct current conductivity and increase low-frequency space-charge polarization, which is believed to occur across percolation paths established by the surfaces of the SC20A crystallites. In contrast, a higher-frequency relaxation, which was less sensitive to process history and impurity content, is ascribed to relaxation within the interlayer at...
Dynamic range enhancing technique for form, waviness and roughness measurements using fringe projection

Optical techniques are used for non contact, high precision measurement tools. The most common optical technique is classical laser interferometry. Although laser interferometers offer high resolution, they suffer from limited dynamic range since the range is related to the wavelength of light. Other optical techniques like scanning white light interferometry and holography overcome this limitation. In this paper we propose a technique to enhance the vertical measurement range of a fringe projection system without reduction in its vertical resolution. It is based on the principle of inverse fringe projection, where the surface form is first measured by projecting a low frequency straight grating, and then used to create high frequency fringes with the proper inverse profile to project back on the surface and measure the surface finish without the impact of the form. The proposed technique is modeled, simulated and tested to measure the form, waviness and roughness of surfaces.
Steam/oxygen gasification system for the production of clean syngas from switchgrass

Abstract A pilot-scale 25 kg/h fluidized bed, oxygen/steam blown gasifier and syngas cleaning system was developed to convert switchgrass into clean syngas. The system is rated for operation at gage pressures up to 1 bar. The reactor vessel incorporated a novel guard heating system to simulate near-adiabatic operation of large commercial-scale gasifiers, and was effective for gasification temperatures up to 900 °C. After removing particulate from the gas stream via cyclones, a warm-gas cleaning operation based on oil scrubbing was used to remove tars. Sulfur compounds were removed via solid-phase adsorption. Ammonia was removed by water scrubbing. Baseline gasification tests with steam and oxygen were conducted at equivalence ratios (ER) between 0.21 and 0.38 using switchgrass as fuel. Measurements on the raw and cleaned syngas included permanent gas composition, C2 hydrocarbons, water, heavy and light tars, gasification residues (char and ash), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon disulfide (CS2), ammonia (NH3), and the first reported measurements of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) for oxygen/steam blown gasification. Heavy tars were removed with high efficiency by the method employed, although more difficult to remove light tars reduced overall tar removal efficiency to less than 80%. The sulfur scrubbing system demonstrated 99.9% removal efficiency, resulting in less than 200 ppb of H2S in the cleaned gas. The NH3 scrubbing system also accomplished greater than 99.9% removal efficiency, resulting in final NH3 concentrations of less than 1 ppm.
Two-photon excited autofluorescence imaging of freshly isolated frog retinas

The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular sources of autofluorescence signals in freshly isolated frog (Rana pipiens) retinas. Equipped with an ultrafast laser, a laser scanning two-photon excitation fluorescence microscope was employed for sub-cellular resolution examination of both sliced and flat-mounted retinas. Two-photon imaging of retinal slices revealed autofluorescence signals over multiple functional layers, including the photoreceptor layer (PRL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Using flat-mounted retinas, depth-resolved imaging of individual retinal layers further confirmed multiple sources of autofluorescence signals. Cellular structures were clearly observed at the PRL, ONL, INL, and GCL. At the PRL, the autofluorescence was dominantly recorded from the intracellular compartment of the photoreceptors; while mixed intracellular and extracellular autofluorescence signals were observed at the ONL, INL, and GCL. High resolution autofluorescence imaging clearly revealed mosaic organization of rod and cone photoreceptors; and sub-cellular bright autofluorescence spots, which might relate to connecting cilium, was observed in the cone photoreceptors only. Moreover, single-cone and double-cone outer segments could be directly differentiated.