cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedding with Low Viscosity Nitrocellulose

The gelation and cutting of embedding masses of low viscosity nitrocellulose (L. V. N.) and of celloidin were compared. L. V. N. forms a firmer mass which can be cut into thinner sections than celloidin. It tolerates considerable water (up to 6%) in a solvent system of alcohol-water-ether, thereby permitting the use of 95% alcohol instead of absolute for making up the solution. The fluidity of its solutions permits transfer of tissue directly from alcohol-ether to a 20% embedding solution. Faults of L. V. N. are: the nitrated cotton lint contains some grit (hence its solution should be allowed to settle), the sections cut from it are somewhat more easily torn than celloidin sections, and it is sufficiently soluble in absolute alcohol to preclude the use of this fluid in handling sections.
The liver of fishes as a target organ of toxic chemicals: a new look at unique structure and function in one of the ‘other’ vertebrates

Abstract With 25,000 species of fishes, it is accurate to say that most of the livers of the world are tubular in architecture. Architectural similarity exists between the adult teleost hepatic tubule, the exocrine pancreatic acinus, and elements of the fetal and juvenile forms of mammalian liver. The hepatic tubule with its associated microvasculature likely represents the smallest functional unit of this important organ. Vascular–epithelial relationships unique to the tubular architecture may explain differences in acute toxicity following exposure to reference hepatotoxicants. In a dynamic manner, structure/function relationships of this organ will be presented in the context of responses to pollutants. In vitro and in vivo studies will be presented which illustrate the utility of these organs for environmental toxicologic investigations. Analysis of livers of these vertebrates will likely lead to a better appreciation of the origin of the mammalian portal lobule, the classic lobule and the acinus. Gaps exist in our understanding of cell, tissue and liver biology of fishes, and these need to be addressed if we are to understand pollutant responses in marine organisms
Evidence that hadronic interiors have a denser matter than charge distribution

Abstract An analysis of high-energy elastic and inelastic diffraction scattering provides strong evidence that the charge and matter densities of hadrons are different. When hadrons are treated as composite objects, then a correct Glauber analysis leads to an optical model with important corrections due to the hadronic wave function: One expects inelastic diffraction due to the fluctuations in the matter density of hadrons. Conversely, the experimental existence of dissociation processes gives phenomenological information about the hadronic wave function. We find the distribution of matter in nucleons to be denser than the observed charge distribution. This result has a natural interpretation from a constituent description of hadrons made from spin 1 2 quarks and colored vector gluons, which is a generalization of the Chou-Yang picture of diffraction scattering.
The Impacts of Different Meteorology Data Sets on Nitrogen Fate and Transport in the SWAT Watershed Model

In this study, we investigated how different meteorology data sets impacts nitrogen fate and transport responses in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. We used two meteorology data sets: National Climatic Data Center (observed) and Mesoscale Model 5/Weather Research and Forecasting (simulated). The SWAT model was applied to two 10-digit hydrologic unit code watersheds in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont zones of North Carolina. Nitrogen cycling and loading response to these meteorological data were investigated by exploring 19 SWAT nitrogen outputs relating to landscape delivery, biogeochemical assimilation, and atmospheric deposition. The largest difference in model output using both meteorology data sets was for large loads/fluxes. Landscape delivery outputs (e.g., NO− 3 watershed discharge, groundwater NO− 3 flux, soil NO− 3 percolation) showed the largest difference across all values. Use of the two weather data sources resulted in a nearly twofold difference in NO− 3 watershed discharge and groundwater NO− 3 flux. Differences for many nitrogen outputs were greater than those for sub-basin flow. Nitrogen outputs showed the greatest difference for agricultural land covers and there was no flow-related pattern in output differences across sub-basins or over time (years). In general, nitrogen parameter models that had a greater number of nitrate concentration, flow, and temperature terms (equation variables) in each transport model showed the greatest difference between both meteorology applications.
Luminescent Organic Complexes of the Rare Earths

Abstract In recent years the rapid advances in the understanding of the nature of chemical bonds and in the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems have imparted a great impetus to studies of luminescent materials, studies which have been primarily directed toward the elucidation of the electronic structures of the molecules. Great strides have been made in the understanding of organic materials employing the complementary studies of absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence, the latter a comparatively recent development.1
Reversible Switching in Thin Amorphous Chalcogenide Films-Electronic Effects

Experimental results suggest that (1) switching in thin chalcogenide glass films is fundamentally electronic, and (2) the regime of pure electronic initiation has been exposed.
A Computer-Based Brain Stimulation System to Investigate Sensory Prostheses for the Blind and Deaf

Electrical stimulation of the visual cortex of the brain results in punctate photic sensations called ``phosphenes.'' This suggests the concept of producing artificial vision for the blind by implanting arrays of electrodes, producing scoreboard-like displays. Electrical stimulation of the cochlea, VIIIth nerve, and auditory cortex produces analogous auditory sensations called ``audenes,'' which might be used to provide artificial hearing for the deaf.
Retention of Community College Students: Related Student and Institutional Characteristics

Public community colleges were established to improve access to higher education. However, access for all often results in low student retention and in the loss of effort, time, and money for students and institutions. This institutional specific retention study, which examined student factors, both demographic and academic, and institutional factors, was completed at a public community college in New England. Working from an existing database, the data on a cohort of first-time full-time students (N = 1,729) were tracked through the period fall 1998 through fall 2003 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and logistic regression analysis. The findings resulted in a set of recommended changes in institutional policies and practices aimed at improving student retention and, thereby, greater success for the students and the institution.
Biological Control of the Alfalfa Weevil in Massachusetts

Studies of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) larval populations in Hampshire County from 1965 through 1968 for parasite activity revealed increases in the duration and magnitude of parasitism by Balhyplecles curculionis (Thomson) and decreases by Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg). Neither parasite, either singly or in combination, appears capable of preventing damage. Similar results were found in other Massachusetts counties.
Design of experiments and integer linear programming-assisted conjugate-gradient optimisation of high-κ/metal-gate nano-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor static random access memory

Low-power consumption and stability in static random access memories (SRAMs) is essential for embedded applications. This study presents a novel design flow for power minimisation of nano-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor SRAMs, while maintaining stability. A 32 nm high-k/metal-gate SRAM has been used as an example circuit. The baseline circuit is subjected to power minimisation using a dual-threshold voltage assignment based on novel combined design of experiments and integer linear programming (DOE-ILP) approach. However, this leads to a 15% reduction in the static noise margin (SNM) of the cell. The conjugate gradient optimisation overcomes this SNM degradation, while reducing the power consumption. The final SRAM design shows 86% reduction in power consumption (including leakage) and 8% increase in the SNM compared with the baseline design. The variability analysis of the optimised cell is performed by considering the effect of 12 parameters. SRAM arrays of different sizes are constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed SRAM cell. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study which makes use of DOE-ILP and conjugate gradient method for simultaneous stability and power optimisation in high-k/ metal-gate SRAM circuits.
GENETIC ANALYSIS UTILIZING SINGLE GERMSPORANGIA IN TWO SPECIES OF RHIZOPUS

Three-factor crosses in both Rhizopus stolonifer and R. microsporus gave results which supported the hypothesis that normal sexual functions (karyogamy and meiosis) were operating in these species. However, not all meiotic products are recovered in the germsporangium of each germinating zygospore. When the number of germsporangia containing each genotype were scored, the sizes of the eight possible genotypes obtainable from a three-factor cross were found to be approximately equal. Likewise, allelic recovery values were approximately equal. Parental/recombinant figures indicate that none of the loci studied (3 in R. stolonifer and 4 in R. microsporus) were linked. Classification of each germsporangium according to the number and kinds of genotypes recovered revealed that 35% of those in R. stolonifer and 17% of those in R. microsporus contained products of more than one meiosis.
Ferroic metal-oxide films grown by polymer assisted deposition

Polymer assisted deposition is a versatile technique to grow simple and complex metal-oxide thin films. In this paper we report the structural and electrical properties of ferroic materials, namely La0.67M0.33MnO3 (M=Sr and Ca) and Ba1 −xSrxTiO3 (x=0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) prepared using this process. The films were prepared on single crystalline LaAlO3 substrates. The films were highly c-axis oriented and epitaxial in nature. The ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films show intrinsic transport properties with maximum magnetoresistance values (at applied field of 5 T) of −50% and −88%, respectively. The highest dielectric constant (∼1010) and tunability (∼69%) of Ba1 −xSrxTiO3 film occurs at x=0.3 for films, which is at the phase boundary of tetragonal and cubic. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Optimal cost-effective timing of cranial ultrasound screening in low-birth-weight infants

Our aim in this study was to determine whether delaying the initial screening cranial ultrasound on infants of low birth weight until the 2nd week of life affects clinical diagnosis and cost of patient care. Data were reviewed on all premature infants of less than 33 weeks gestation or less than 1500 g birth weight admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January 1989 and August 1992. Babies admitted before August 1991 were screened on day 4 or 5 with a second scan frequently performed on day 14; babies admitted after that date were screened once between days 10–14. Populations were compared for (1) proportion of ultrasound findings considered normal on final diagnosis; (2) incidence of major and minor abnormalities; (3) periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); (4) change in diagnosis from 1st to 2nd week; and (5) number of studies performed per patient. The study group was composed of 499 eligible infants. Demographic features of infants screened in the 1st vs. 2nd week of life were similar, with comparable diagnoses of major and minor intracranial hemorrhage and ventricular dilatation; however, more patients screened in the 1st week had questionable PVL diagnosed (p=0.04). There was a significant decrease in the number of scans per patient in the group screened in the 2nd week (p<0.004). Routine screening may be delayed until the 2nd week without compromising patient care. Widespread use of a similar screening protocol would result in significantly fewer studies being performed, with an estimated saving, in the USA, of more than $3 million annually.
CONTINUATION METHODS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF ZEROS OF SZEGO POLYNOMIALS

Abstract Let { φ j } ∞ j = 0 be a family of monic polynomials that are orthogonal with respect to an inner product on the unit circle. The polynomials φ j arise in time series analysis and are often referred to as Szego polynomials or Levinson polynomials. Knowledge about the location of their zeros is important for frequency analysis of time series and for filter implementation. We present fast algorithms for computing the zeros of the polynomials φ n based on the observation that the zeros are eigenvalues of a rank-one modification of a unitary upper Hessenberg matrix H n (0) of order n . The algorithms first determine the spectrum of H n (0) by one of several available schemes that require only O ( n 2 ) arithmetic operations. The eigenvalues of the rank-one perturbation are then determined from the eigenvalues of H n (0) by a continuation method. The computation of the n zeros of φ n in this manner typically requires only O ( n 2 ) arithmetic operations. The algorithms have a structure that lends itself well to parallel computation. The latter is of significance in real-time applications.
Surface structure refinements of 2HMoS2, 2HNbSe2 and W(100)p(2 × 1)O via new reliability factors for surface crystallography

Abstract We define five formulae which evaluate the reliability of a given surface structure analysis by calculating numerical values based on the degree of agreement between calculated and measured low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensity-voltage ( I – V ) curves. These so-called reliability factors (R-factors) are tested on three surface systems previously investigated by visual judgment. It is found that in each case, the R-factors are able to pick out unambiguously a single optimal surface structure. The five R-factors, used collectively, are sensitive to all features in an I – V curve deemed important in a theory-experiment comparison. Furthermore, the R-factors can determine best choices of dynamical inputs used in LEED calculations, e.g. the inelastic damping, inner potential, etc. These R-factors are easy to calculate and program. The program can be conveniently attached to any plotting routine of I – V curves, thus allowing simultaneous generation of I – V spectra and R-factor plots.
Age Differences in Resolving Power and Decision Strategies in a Weight Discrimination Task

Current theories of aging suggest that at least part of the decline in performance on psychophysical tasks, commonly observed in older subjects, may be the result of their becoming more cautious about sensory decisions. This conclusion has been supported by experiments in which the criterion index, beta, from signal detection theory is shown to be higher (indicating a strict criterion) for older subjects. A weight-discrimination experiments is reported which failed to replicate the earlier results; older subjects' criteria were the same or more lax than those of younger controls on that task. The possibility that extreme caution on the part of older people may be specific to certain classes of task is discussed.
Electron-beam technology for open/short testing of multichip substrates

We discuss the need for noncontact electrical testing of high-performance multi-chip substrates and describe an electron-beam tester developed for this application. We describe the operational principles of the tester and compare and contrast its performance with that of mechanical probe testers. Finally, we discuss the motivations and technical issues involved in extending the electron-beam test method to future high-performance packages.
Hypertension-induced organ damage in african americans: Transforming growth factor-β1 excess as a mechanism for increased prevalence

Hypertension is prevalent world-wide, and it affects over 50 million individuals in the United States alone. African Americans (blacks) have a high prevalence of hypertension, develop it at an earlier age, and suffer excessively from severe or malignant hypertension. They also have a high prevalence of target organ damage attributable to hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, stroke, endstage renal disease (ESRD) and coronary artery disease. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is particularly more prevalent in blacks compared to whites, and there is evidence that factors in addition to elevated blood pressure contribute to its pathogenesis. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a fibrogenic cytokine that has been implicated in the development and progression of experimental and human renal diseases. We have demonstrated that blacks with ESRD have higher circulating levels of TGF-β1 protein compared to whites with ESRD. We have also found that hyperexpression of TGF-b1 is more frequent in blacks with hypertension than in whites. We propose that TGF-β1 hyperexpression may be an important mediator of hypertension and hypertensive nephrosclerosis. We hypothesize also that the increased frequency of TGF-β1 hyperexpression may contribute to the excess burden of ESRD in blacks. Based on our hypotheses, and the observations that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists reduce angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of TGF-β1 production, we propose that treatment with these agents might be efficacious in preventing or slowing the progression of target organ damage in hypertensive blacks.
Glass interposer with high-density three-dimensional structured TGV for 3D system integration

An epoch-making glass interposer having high-density three-dimensional structured through glass via (TGV) was proposed and demonstrated. By using femtosecond laser-assisted etching and plating, TGVs including bent (crank-shaped) portions were successfully fabricated inside single silica substrate. The diameter of the TGV was 15 μm and the length was 2 mm, respectively. Therefore the aspect ratio becomes 130 approximately. The pitch between the neighbor TGVs was 40 μm. Since an arbitrary interconnects can be achieved by the interposer, higher performance and more design freedom three-dimensional (3D) system integration can be expected.
The evolution of kin inclusivity levels

Altruism is a ubiquitous strategy among organisms ranging from microbes to mammals. Inclusive fitness theory indicates that altruistic strategies can be beneficial when an altruist acts to benefit organisms that share its genes. It is common for such altruistic strategies to be negatively affected by cheaters that do not act altruistically. A more subtle form of cheating involves altruists that are more selective. For example, a selective organism may benefit from a distant kin's altruistic actions without reciprocating. We consider an organism's kin inclusivity level to be the maximum number of mutational differences where the other organism will be considered kin. We use evolving computer programs (digital organisms) to explore competitions among organisms with different kin inclusivity levels. Using competition assays that vary environmental parameters, we find that high mutation rates favor more inclusive colonies. When we competed colonies with a wide range of kin inclusivity levels, we found that moderate mutation rates and populations sizes led to intermediate inclusivity levels winning the competitions, indicating that extreme inclusivity levels were not always optimal. However, when organisms could set their own kin inclusivity level, we found that high mutation rates selected for highly inclusive organisms.
The relative stability of cohabiting and marital unions for children

Children are increasingly born into cohabiting parent families, but we know little to date about the implications of this family pattern for children's lives. We examine whether children born into premarital cohabitation and first marriages experience similar rates of parental disruption, and whether marriage among cohabiting parents enhances union stability. These issues are important because past research has linked instability in family structure with lower levels of child well-being. Drawing on the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we find that white, black and Hispanic children born to cohabiting parents experience greater levels of instability than children born to married parents. Moreover, black and Hispanic children whose cohabiting parents marry do not experience the same levels of family stability as those born to married parents; among white children, however, the marriage of cohabiting parents raises levels of family stability to that experienced by children born in marriage. The findings from this paper contribute to the debate about the benefits of marriage for children.
One-day bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol 3350: an effective regimen for colonoscopy in children.

Background Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 is commonly used and has been proven safe and effective for the treatment of chronic constipation and as a 4-day bowel preparation in children. A 1-day PEG 3350 bowel preparation regimen has been recently developed for adults; however, data regarding its use in children are lacking. Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a 1-day PEG 3350 regimen for bowel preparation in children before colonoscopy. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary-care center. Patients This study involved all children prescribed a 1-day PEG 3350 bowel preparation regimen before colonoscopy at our center in 2008. Intervention We reviewed medical records of patients (≤18 years of age) who underwent colonoscopy during 2008 and received the 1-day bowel preparation regimen. Main Outcome Measurements Adequate preparation for colonoscopy, success of colonoscopy, and factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation. Results Inclusion criteria were met by 272 patients. The median age of the children receiving the 1-day PEG 3350 preparation regimen was 13.7 years (range 1.08-17.92 years). Fifty-two percent were male; 48% were female. The most common indications for colonoscopy included abdominal pain (65%), bloody stools (29%), diarrhea (21%), and weight loss (18%). The 1-day bowel preparation regimen was effective in 253 patients (93%). The indication for colonoscopy, the age of the child, or a history of constipation did not significantly alter the success rate of colonoscopy. Limitations A retrospective study at one tertiary-care center. Conclusion The 1-day PEG 3350 bowel preparation regimen is safe and effective and should be considered for use as preparation for colonoscopy in children.
Questioning Whether You Have a Contemporary School Counseling Program.

(2004). Questioning Whether You Have a Contemporary School Counseling Program. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 73-77.
Can ‘Baby Bonds’ Eliminate the Racial Wealth Gap in Putative Post-Racial America?:

Despite an enormous and persistent black-white wealth gap, the ascendant American narrative is one that proclaims that our society has transcended the racial divide. The proclamation often is coupled with the claim that remaining disparities are due primarily to dysfunctional behavior on the part of blacks. In such a climate it appears the only acceptable remedial social policies are those that are facially race neutral. However, even without the capacity to redistribute assets directly on the basis of race, our nation still can do so indirectly by judiciously using wealth as the standard for redistributive measures. We offer a bold progressive child development account type program that could go a long way towards eliminating the racial wealth gap.
Tinysex and gender trouble [Internet world]

Most of us, most of the time, neatly fit ourselves and others into one of two mutually exclusive social categories. We are either men or women; we cannot be both at once. This is something we take for granted. In a discussion of ethnography in the Internet world, the author examines how that world has created forms of human interaction that cannot rely on such taken-for-granted knowledge. When a person is online, one's gender identity must be actively constructed and presented within an interaction. The author's discussion of gender-swapping and virtual cross-dressing suggest ways in which computer technologies can provide unique opportunities for exploring how we enact our gender identities and what we require of others as they enact theirs. A word on acronyms. Multi-User Domains (MUDs) are Internet locations, virtual spaces in which participants interact anonymously. Most are text-based, but some use graphical icons. They are computer programs organized around different themes, games and interests but they share the characteristic that MUD players participate through the process of creating themselves within the community activity. Lambda MOO is a specific MUD (MOO is "MUD Object oriented").
Rigidity and stress analyses of external fracture fixation devices—A theoretical approach

The rigidity and stresses in external fracture fixation devices were studied by means of the finite element method. Different geometries and material parameters were simulated using a beam element model. Axial, bending and torsional loads were applied through the bone ends and the displacement obtained at the fracture sites was used to calculate the fracture fixation stiffness. The key parameters which increased fixation rigidity were identified. High pin stresses were predicted under certain application conditions. Possible clinical implications for the use of such apparatus are discussed in the light of bone fracture healing. The present results are expected to have a significant impact on future design modifications and clinical applications of this popular instrument in orthopedic surgery and traumatology.
Tumor Motion Prediction and Tracking in Adaptive Radiotherapy

Respiratory and cardiac motions induce displacement and deformation of the tumor-volume in various internal organs. To accommodate this undesired movement and other errors, physicians incorporate a large margin around the tumor to delineate Planning Target Volume (PTV), so that the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) receives the prescribed radiation dose under any scenario. Consequently, a large volume of healthy tissue is irradiated and sometimes it is difficult to spare critical organs adjacent to the tumor. In this study we have proposed a novel approach to 4D Active Tracking and Dynamic Delivery (ATDD) together with tumor motion prediction. Proposed algorithm can predict tumor position and the robotic system can continuously track the tumor during radiation dose delivery, so that a precise dose is given to a moving target while reducing dose to nearby critical organs for improved patient treatment outcome. The efficacy of the proposed method has been investigated by extensive computer simulation. The results have been presented in this article.
Using benefit harm tradeoffs to estimate sufficiently important difference: the case of the common cold.

Context.The term “sufficiently important difference” (SID) refers to the overall amount of benefit that people consider sufficient to justify the costs and risks of treatment. Little is known about...
Spherical model for turbulence.

A new set of models for homogeneous, isotropic turbulence is considered in which the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow are generalized to a set of N coupled equations in N velocity fields. It is argued that in order to be useful these models must embody a new group of symmetries, and a general formalism is laid out for their construction. The work is motivated by similar techniques that have had extraordinary success in improving the theoretical understanding of equilibrium phase transitions in condensed matter systems. The key result is that these models simplify when N is large. The so-called spherical limit, N → ∞ can be solved exactly, yielding a closed pair of nonlinear integral equations for the response and correlation functions. These equations, known as Kraichnan's Direct Interaction Approximation (DIA) equations, are, for the first time, solved fully in the scale-invariant turbulent regime, and the implications of these solutions for real turbulence (N = 1) are discussed. In particular, it is argued that previously applied renormalization group techniques, based on an expansion in the exponent, y, that characterizes the driving spectrum, are incorrect, and that the Kolmogorov exponent ς has a nontrivial dependence on N, with ς(N → ∞) = 3/2 This value is remarkably close to the experimental result, ς ≈ 5/3, which must therefore result from higher order corrections in powers of 1/N. Prospects for calculating these corrections are briefly discussed: though daunting, such a calculations would, for the first time, provide a controlled perturbation expansion for the Kolmogorov, and other, exponents. Our techniques may also be applied to other nonequilibrium dynamical problems, such as the KPZ equation for interface growth, and perhaps to turbulence in nonlinear wave systems.
Comparison of Neutron Removal from 7 Li by π +/- with Free Pion-Nucleon Results

Total cross sections for the knockout reactions $^{7}\mathrm{Li}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}},{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n)^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+},{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n)^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ to 3.56-MeV ${0}^{+}$ $T=1$ state have been measured at ten energies between 50 and 290 MeV by detecting the direct $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ de-excitation. As found in previous work, the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}},{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+},{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n)}$ on the (3,3) resonance is significantly less than the value of 3 expected from free pion-nucleon results.
Helicon induced D.C. voltage in InSb

Abstract We have observed a d.c. voltage induced in the direction of a Poynting vector when helicon waves propagated in a single-crystal slab of n-type InSb. The experiment was performed at a frequency of 70 Gc/s and 77°K on a sample with an extrinsic carrier concentration of 1 × 10su14cm-3. The sign of the voltage was independent of the sign of the applied d.c. magnetic field. When the microwaves were amplitude-modulated, it was found that the resulting a.c. voltage in the Poynting vector direction was independent of modulation frequency for frequencies as high as 10 kc/sec. The voltage observed as a function of d.c. magnetic field displayed oscillatory behavior due to standing helicon waves in the sample. The voltage amplitude was proportional to microwave power; a typical value was 10μV for 30 mW of incident microwave power. We have interpreted this voltage as arising from the Lorentz force on a carrier due to the microwave magnetic field.
Perceived effects of the Master of Music in music education on P—12 teaching practice:

The purpose of this study was to examine teacher perceptions (N = 9) of the effect of the Master of Music (MM) in Music Education degree on teaching practice and student (P—12) achievement. Research questions included: (1) How do graduates discuss the connections between their teaching practices and their coursework? (2) What changes in P—12 musical achievement do they perceive may be effects of graduate education? Data sources included: an online survey, participant journals, and individual interviews. All data sets were reviewed and coded for common themes. Findings suggest that participants discussed music performance, connecting research with practice, and a ‘re-interaction’ with undergraduate content as they drew connections between their MM studies and teaching practice. Participants did believe there was a relationship between the graduate degree and student achievement; however, they were unable to pinpoint a direct link. We also discuss: (1) the thesis or exam as a powerful connection between cou...
Toolbox approach to the search for effective ligands for catalytic asymmetric Cr-mediated coupling reactions.

Chromium catalysts derived from chiral sulfonamides represented by A effect the couplings of aldehydes with vinyl, allyl, or alkyl halides. With three distinct sites for structural modification, A affords access to a structurally diverse pool of chiral sulfonamides. The Cr catalysts derived from these sulfonamides exhibit a broad range of catalyst−substrate matching profiles. A strategy is presented to search for a satisfactory chiral sulfonamide for a given substrate. In order to demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of this approach, five diverse C−C bond-forming cases have been selected from the halichondrin synthesis. For each of the cases, two ligands have been deliberately searched for, to induce the formation of (R)- and (S)-alcohols, respectively, at the arbitrarily chosen efficiency level of “≥80% yield with ≥20:1 stereoselectivity in the presence of ≤20 mol % of a Cr catalyst”. For 9 out of the 10 cases studied, a satisfactory catalyst has been found within this pool of sulfonamides. Even...
Hemilingual spasm: Pathophysiology

In the present offering, the authors provide evidence for the role of the hypoglossal motonucleus in causing a cranial nerve hyperactivity syndrome, namely hemilingual spasm. During a microvascular decompression operation to treat hemilingual spasm, transcranial stimulation elicited a delayed electromyographic (EMG) response from the tongue. This late volley of EMG activity occurred with a latency of approximately 40 ms, lasted approximately 50 ms, and disappeared when the offending vessel was displaced away from the exit zone of the hypoglossal nerve root along medulla oblongata. This late tongue EMG response resembles those found in facial muscles of the patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS). In HFS, electrical stimulation of a branch of facial nerve may elicit an EMG response with a latency of approximately 10 ms in muscles innervated by another branch of the nerve, followed by a variable volley of EMG activity that may last 100 ms or longer. This abnormal response, known as the lateral spread response, is a characteristic sign for hemifacial spasm that disappears after the offending vessel is moved off the facial nerve root. The results of the present study indicate that the EMG signs of hemilingual spasm are similar to those of HFS and that the tongue spasms are most likely caused by hyperactivity of the hypoglossal motonucleus. Based on the authors' knowledge, the above detailed electrophysiological findings related to hemilingual spasm have not been previously reported in the literature.
Gene Expression Evolves under a House-of-Cards Model of Stabilizing Selection

Divergence in gene regulation is hypothesized to underlie much of phenotypic evolution, but the role of natural selection in shaping the molecular phenotype of gene expression continues to be debated. To resolve the mode of gene expression, evolution requires accessible theoretical predictions for the effect of selection over long timescales. Evolutionary quantitative genetic models of phenotypic evolution can provide such predictions, yet those predictions depend on the underlying hypotheses about the distributions of mutational and selective effects that are notoriously difficult to disentangle. Here, we draw on diverse genomic data sets including expression profiles of natural genetic variation and mutation accumulation lines, empirical estimates of genomic mutation rates, and inferences of genetic architecture to differentiate contrasting hypotheses for the roles of stabilizing selection and mutation in shaping natural expression variation. Our analysis suggests that gene expression evolves in a domain of phenotype space well fit by the House-of-Cards (HC) model. Although the strength of selection inferred is sensitive to the number of loci controlling gene expression, the model is not. The consistency of these results across evolutionary time from budding yeast through fruit fly implies that this model is general and that mutational effects on gene expression are relatively large. Empirical estimates of the genetic architecture of gene expression traits imply that selection provides modest constraints on gene expression levels for most genes, but that the potential for regulatory evolution is high. Our prediction using data from laboratory environments should encourage the collection of additional data sets allowing for more nuanced parameterizations of HC models for gene expression.
Biological Control of Aflatoxin Contamination of Crops

Aflatoxin contamination of crops compromises the safety of food and feed supplies and causes significant economic losses each year. Of the many research approaches being studied to reduce and, ultimately, eliminate aflatoxin contamination, biological control is one of the more promising, particularly for the near‐term. Numerous organisms have been tested for biological control of aflatoxin contamination including bacteria, yeasts, and nontoxigenic strains of the causal organisms, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Most of the field successes to date have been achieved by applying certain nontoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus to soil of susceptible crops, such as peanuts, cotton, and corn. The applied strains occupy the same niche as the naturally occurring toxigenic strains and competitively exclude them when crops are susceptible to infection. Various formulations have been used to apply the nontoxigenic strains to soil, but the most effective methods have been to combine the desired s...
Stance and intertextuality in written discourse

Abstract Previous theory of social aspects of intertextual meanings has not fully examined the role of cultural meanings inherent in writers' or readers' ideological stances. The purpose of this study of intertextuality in teachers' peer dialogue journal exchanges was to determine how intertextual meanings are constituted by partners' cultural attitudes or stance that link disparate aspects of journals. It also examined the degree to which teachers were willing to explore ambivalences associated with their stance. And, it examined the influence of teachers' social relationships on their willingness to challenge each other's ideas and opinions. Results of the analysis of two pairs of teachers exchanging entries in a composition methods course indicated that each pair explored intertextual meanings in terms of a particular stance. Two female teachers explored the relationships between journal writing, gender differences, and their own personal experiences in terms of a feminist stance. Two male teachers examined the relationships between student behavior, school rules, and their own classroom behavior in terms of their stance towards teaching. In both cases, having developed a strong social relationship through their exchanges, teachers were willing to challenge each other and to explore ambivalences associated with their stances.
Sigma factor is not released during transcription in Bacillus subtilis.

The relationship between sigma (σ) and delta (δ) factors of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase has been analyzed during initiation of RNA synthesis. When core enzyme (E) containing delta factor (Eδ) binds to DNA, the delta factor is released with the formation of an E-DNA complex. The addition of sigma to the E-DNA complex results in the formation of a stable Eσ-DNA complex which can synthesize RNA upon addition of nucleoside triphosphates. Sigma factor, significantly, is not released from the core during RNA synthesis. These results suggest that delta and sigma factors can act sequentially during initiation of RNA synthesis with delta acting as a DNA recognition factor and sigma acting as an initiation factor. The results do not preclude the possibility that Eσ can initiate RNA synthesis correctly since Eσ alone can bind to DNA and initiate RNA synthesis.
The Timing of the Adrenal—Ovarian Interaction Period in the Prepuberal Rat

Our previous reports indicate the existence of a period terminating between 25 and 35 days of age, during which adrenocortical secretions play a role in the maturation of the rat brain-pituitary-ovarian axis (Corski and Lawton, 1973). In the present study, this period was delineated into an adrenalectomy-induced delay period and a sham-induced advancement period. Animals were bilaterally adrenalectomized at 24-29, 31, and 33 days of age or sham-operated (subjected to ether and laparotomy stress) at 25-35 days of age and autopsied at vaginal opening. All surgeries were performed from 8:00 to 9:00 AM. Adrenalectomy at 24 or 25 days of age significantly delayed vaginal opening but had no effect when performed after Day 25. Laparotomy at 25 and 31-35 days of age had no effect on puberty onset, but when performed at 26-30 days of age puberty was significantly advanced. Days 25 and 26 were, therefore, further investigated by performing treatments at 8:00-9:00 AM and 9:30-10:30 PM on Day 25 and at 1:00-2:00 AM and 8:00-9:00 AM on Day 26. Adrenalectomy at either time on Day 25 and at 1:00-2:00 AM but not at 8:00-9:00 AM on Day 26 delayed vaginal opening. The sham procedure induced an advancement of puberty in the groups treated at either time on Day 26 but not in the groups treated on Day 25. Thus, adrenalectomy performed prior to 2:00 AM on Day 26 delays vaginal opening and laparotomy performed after 1:00 AM on Day 26 until Day 30 advances puberty. In 30/46 control animals, vaginal opening was coincident with the first ovulation; animals laparotomized at any age or adrenalectomized at 27-33 days of age were not different in this respect. In contrast, incidence of ovulation was significantly depressed in animals adrenalectomized at 24-26 days of age. A decreased ova count in estrous animals adrenalectomized up to 28 days of age was also noted. Thus, even when adrenalectomy is ineffective in delaying puberty it interferes with the functioning of the system. Body weights were significantly lower the earlier the animals came into puberty in allgroups. Adrenalectomized animals did not differ from either the shams or controls at any age but the shams were smaller than the controls at 34-35 and 38-39 days of age. Uterine and adrenal weights showed no difference among sham groups or between sham and controls. These results demonstrate a definite interaction of the adrenal axis with the maturation and functioning of the reproductive system; removal of adrenal influences at specific times in the developmental period result in a delay in puberty onset and desynchronization of cyclic events.
Hydrolysis in the aluminum sec-butoxide-water-isopropyl alcohol system. II: Aging and microstructure

Solutions representing a wide range of compositions in the aluminum sec-butoxide-water-isopropyl alcohol system were prepared. Solutions were mixed at room temperature, then gelled and evaporated at 80°C. Regions within this system were distinguished where translucent gels formed instead of precipitates or powders. Translucent gels formed in compositions with high water content and high isopropyl alcohol content. The stages of sol-gel process were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the early stages and in gels before and after solvent evaporation. The microstructure was characterized by nitrogen sorption analysis.
Membrane Attachment of R-Factor Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Compatible and Incompatible Cell Pairs Following Conjugation

Superinfection of an Escherichia coli R(+) strain with a closely related R-factor was associated with the accumulation of replicative intermediates of the superinfecting deoxyribonucleic acid. This deoxyribonucleic acid remains associated with a rapidly sedimenting cell component.
A novel speed sensorless technique for obtaining the speed-torque characteristics of induction motors for commissioning

This paper proposes a new approach for obtaining the induction motor speed-torque curve. The approach is based on the acceleration method presented in the IEEE Std. 112. The motor starting torque is calculated using two line currents and voltages. An algorithm to track the speed related saliency induced harmonics from the machine line current spectrogram is presented. The difficulties encountered using such an approach are addressed and the suggested solution is provided. The complete algorithm is then used to obtain the induction motor speed-torque curve at the steady state. Experimental results corroborating the proposed algorithm are presented, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach is given.
Oximetry of oxygen supersaturated solutions using nitroxides as EPR probe.

The broadening of the three hyperfine EPR nitroxide lines in oxygen supersaturated solutions was examined. The solutions were supersaturated with oxygen either by thermal decomposition of 1,4-peroxy-1,4-dimethylnaphthalene or by pressurizing molecular oxygen above the sample solution. The linear relationship between the Lorentzian component of the line width and the O 2 concentration was proven to hold even when the hyperfine splitting is unresolved. In this region of line broadening, the requirement for spectral simulation is discussed.
Characterizing partial upwellings and surface circulation at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA with thermal infrared images

Thermal infrared data from recently launched satellite instruments provide an opportunity to address key scientific questions and develop new applications, which could not be addressed or developed with data from earlier instruments. The satellite instruments that provide these data include ASTER, Landsat ETM+, and MODIS, and this study demonstrates how data from them can be used to map upwelling and circulation associated with the transport of heat, solutes, and particles in lakes. Upwelling in a density-stratified water body such as a lake or reservoir results from a surface wind stress being balanced by a horizontal pressure gradient, causing denser water to rise at the upwind lake boundary. Upwellings are considered partial when intermediate-depth water reaches the surface and total when bottom water surfaces. Upwellings are an important part of ecosystem functioning, since they transport nutrients from deeper in the lake, where they accumulate, to the surface layer, where they facilitate phytoplankton growth. Thermal infrared images acquired by ASTER, ETM+, and MODIS can be used to observe partial upwelling events in lakes and provide insight into their spatial variability and horizontal distribution, information totally lacking from conventional in situ measurements. At Lake Tahoe, partial upwellings were found to occur every few days throughout the spring and summer, transporting water from 10–30 m below the surface to the surface layer. They commonly display a jet-like appearance, traveling from the upwind to the downwind side of the lake, with current speeds of 12–17 cm/s. Partial upwellings were found to generally decrease lake clarity, although deeper upwelling events can increase clarity. Sinking zones, other convergence areas, and divergence areas were also observed. The temperature variability associated with upwelling, which could be clearly mapped in the thermal infrared satellite images, illustrates the advantage of synoptic thermal infrared satellite measurements over in situ point measurements alone for detecting upwelling events, since, depending on location, an in situ instrument might not capture an upwelling event. The spatial information conveyed by the synoptic satellite measurements can be used to help improve monitoring of the clarity and general water quality of Lake Tahoe.