cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality types of accounting students and faculty: comparisons and implications

Abstract This exploratory study presents and discusses differences found in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) types (personality preferences) of undergraduate and graduate accounting students, as well as accounting faculty members as they apply to two concerns. The first is the ability of today's accounting education programs to attract the types of students demanded by the profession. The second is the propensity of accounting faculty to expand traditional teaching modalities beyond those aimed at disseminating technical accounting knowledge. The results (using chi square tests) indicate significant differences in certain MBTI types among the groups, which have implications for accounting programs as they attempt to implement fundamental changes advocated by the profession and the Accounting Education Change Commission. The implications are discussed as they relate to accounting students who are predominantly extraverts, sensors, thinkers, and judgers, as well as to attracting and retaining a more diverse group of students. The implications of expected changes in teaching modalities are also discussed as they relate to accounting faculty who are predominantly introverts, sensors, thinkers, and judgers.
Anticipated developments: East Africa's private universities and privatisation of public universities in the global context

The growth and development of private universities has been one of the most dramatic features of African higher education in the last two decades. Using the three East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda as a case in point, this analysis examines the extent to which developments in the region echo international trends, as well as how they illustrate contrasts. The analysis focuses on three key themes: (a) growth and historical antecedents; (b) institutional developments in terms of continuity and innovation; and (c) internationalism. While only relatively recent phenomena, private universities in East Africa and the increasing privatisation of public universities mirror developments in other parts of the world with a longer tradition of private university developments in terms of growth and historical antecedents, continuity and innovation in institutional development, as well as in internationalism. However, there are some situations in which the East African case is exceptional.
The oxygen binding properties of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin: Effect of p-mercuribenzoate and perchlorate ion☆

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen binding parameters of hemerythrins from the coelom and muscle of the sipunculid Themiste zostericola have been measured. 2. 2. Myohemerythrin was found to have a higher affinity for oxygen (P50 = 1.08 mmHg, N = 1.02) than does coelomic hemerythrin (P50 = 3.41 mmHg, N = 1.13). 3. 3. Covalent chemical modification of one cysteine residue in myohemerythrin with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate resulted in a marked increase in oxygen affinity (P50 = 0.64 mmHg). 4. 4. Non-covalent interaction with low concentrations of perchlorate ion had a similar effect (P50 = 0.80 mmHg). 5. 5. In contrast, low concentrations of perchlorate effected a small decrease in the oxygen affinity of the coelomic protein. 6. 6. Perchlorate ion at higher concentrations perturbs the equilibrium between aquomet- and hydroxymethemerythrin but has no effect on this reaction in myohemerythrin. 7. 7. The sites for binding of perchlorate must therefore be different in these two proteins.
CLEARance wars: PolyQ strikes back

Polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor, causing X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, impairs its function as a transcriptional coactivator regulating an extensive network of proteins involved in protein clearance.
Atomic Structure and Chemistry of Si/Ge Interfaces Determined by Z-Contrast Stem

The technique of Z-contrast STEM provides a fundamentally new and powerful approach to determining the atomic scale structure and chemistry of interfaces. The images produced do not show contrast reversals with defocus or sample thickness, there are no Fresnel fringe effects at interfaces, and no contrast from within an amorphous phase. Such images are unambiguous and intuitively interpretable. In this paper, the technique has been used to directly image subnanometer interdiffusion in ultrathin (SimGen)p superlattices. The Z-contrast image of a (Si8Ge2)p superlattice grown by MBE at 400°C clearly shows significant broadening of the Gerich layer. Also, film formation and misfit accommodation in epitaxial Ge films on (001)Si produced by implantation and oxidation of Si wafers was studied. It was found that the Ge films, which are constrained to grow layer-by-layer, remain completely coherent with the Si substrate to a thickness of 5–6 nm. This is 3 to 6 times thicker than the observed critical thickness for Ge films grown on Si by MBE. It is observed that misfit accommodating dislocations nucleate at the film surface as Shockley partials. The Z-contrast images show these partials can combine to form perfect dislocations whose cores are found to lie entirely in the elastically softer Ge film.
Solid-State 13C NMR reveals annealing of raft-like membranes containing cholesterol by the intrinsically disordered protein α-synuclein

Misfolding and aggregation of the intrinsically disordered protein α-Synuclein (αS) in Lewy body plaques are characteristic markers of late-stage Parkinson's disease. It is well established that membrane binding is initiated at the N-terminus of the protein and affects biasing of conformational ensembles of αS. However, little is understood about the effect of αS on the membrane lipid bilayer. One hypothesis is that intrinsically disordered αS alters the structural properties of the membrane, thereby stabilizing the bilayer against fusion. Here, we usedtwo-dimensional 13 C separated local-field NMR to study interaction of the wild-type α-Synuclein (wt-αS) or its N-terminal (1–25) amino acid sequence (N-αS) with a cholesterol-enriched ternary membrane system. This lipid bilayer mimics cellular raft-like domains in the brain that are proposed to be involved in neuronal membrane fusion. The two-dimensional dipolar-recoupling pulse sequence DROSS (dipolar recoupling on-axis with scaling and shape preservation) was implemented to measure isotropic 13 C chemical shifts and 13 C– 1 H residual dipolar couplings under magic-angle spinning. Site-specific changes in NMR chemical shifts and segmental order parameters indicate that both wt-αS and N-αS bind to the membrane interface and change lipid packing within raft-like membranes. Mean-torque modeling of 13 C– 1 H NMR order parameters shows that αS induces a remarkable thinning of the bilayer (≈6 A), accompanied by an increase in phospholipid cross-sectional area (≈10 A 2 ). This perturbation is characterized as membrane annealing and entails structural remodeling of the raft-like liquid-ordered phase. We propose this process is implicated in regulation of synaptic membrane fusion that may be altered by aggregation of αS in Parkinson's disease. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In situ Investigation of Carboxylate Adsorption at the Fluorite/Water Interface by Sum Frequency Spectroscopy

This work presents a study of carboxylate adsorption at the fluorite/water interface by vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy. A homologous series of monocarboxylic ions including formate, acetate, propionate, hexanoate, and dodecanoate was studied in frequency regions corresponding to the νCH and νCO/δCH response. Previously reported vibrational and Raman modes were investigated for their sum frequency activity. For a more reliable band assignment, sum frequency measurements on systematically deuterated compounds were completed and compared with calculated band positions and intensities. Different polarization configurations were utilized, together with symmetry properties of bands derived from a normal-mode analysis, to classify the observed fundamentals and overtones. Differences in chain length led to striking changes in the spectral signatures of the compounds studied and were related to the molecular structure of the adsorbates and interfacial water molecules.
Non-statistical energy partitioning in the decomposition of chemically activated CF3OH and CH2FOH molecules

Abstract The vibrational energy distributions of the HF produced in the following two reactions: O( 1 D) + CHF 3 → [CF 3 OH†] → HF† + CF 2 O, O( 1 D) + [CH 3 → [CH 2 FOH† + CH 2 O have been determined by measuring the appearance times of laser pulses resulting from various vibration-rotation transitions in a grating-tuned laser cavity. This technique has been explicitly corroborated for the HF† produced by the O( 1 D) + CHF 3 reaction using a Statz and deMars rate equation model The observed HF† vibrational energy distributions in both systems were found to be considerably hotter than those predicted by simple statistical models, indicating that the excited fluoromethanol intermediates are short-lived and the available energies in these reactions have not been completely randomized.
A Study of Two Northern Pike-Bluegill Populations

Abstract Northern pike and bluegill populations were established and maintained for 3 years in two small lakes closed to fishing. Growth of pike was slightly less than the average for pike in Michigan; growth of bluegills ranged from 3.6 to 7.4 cm (1.4 to 2.9 inches) below state average. High densities of pike (68 to 78 per hectare; 28 to 32 per acre) did not control an abundance of bluegills. Survival of pike from the initial stocking was extremely high (44–60%), whereas survival from subsequent plantings was low (0.8–9.2%).
π and σ-Phenylethynyl Radicals and Their Isomers o-, m-, and p-Ethynylphenyl: Structures, Energetics, and Electron Affinities

Molecular structures, energetics, vibrational frequencies, and electron affinities are predicted for the phenylethynyl radical and its isomers. Electron affinities are computed using density functional theory, −namely, the BHLYP, BLYP, B3LYP, BP86, BPW91, and B3PW91 functionals−, employing the double-ζ plus polarization DZP++ basis set; this level of theory is known to perform well for the computation of electron affinities. Furthermore, ab initio computations employing perturbation theory, coupled cluster with single and double excitations [CCSD], and the inclusion of perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] are performed to determine the relative energies of the isomers. These higher level computations are performed with the correlation consistent family of basis sets cc-pVXZ (X = D, T, Q, 5). Three electronic states are probed for the phenylethynyl radical. In C2v symmetry, the out-of-plane (2B1) radical is predicted to lie about 10 kcal/mol below the in-plane (2B2) radical by DFT methods, which becomes 9.4 kcal...
Testing Speaking Ability in the Classroom: The Semi-Direct Alternative.

Although a significant amount of research has been done to improve testing techniques and scoring procedures for oral proficiency testing, only limited discussion has focused on ways to improve oral achievement tests. In the following discussion, the author describes an alternative to direct, face-to-face oral achievement testing. The technique, semi-direct testing, provides a way for classroom teachers to assess the oral ability of individual students without the commitment of class time involved in direct testing. Additional advantages of semi-direct tests are also mentioned. A study was conducted to compare achievement scores of semi-direct and direct tests of German and Spanish. An affect questionnaire was also given to each of the students to determine student attitudes toward the two testing procedures. Results of the study are presented.
A Mathematical Model for Vibration-Induced Loosening of Preloaded Threaded Fasteners

A mathematical model is proposed for studying the vibration induced loosening of threaded fasteners that are subjected to harmonic transverse excitation, which often causes slippage between the contact surfaces between engaged threads and under the bolt head. Integral equations are derived for the cyclic shear forces as well as the bearing and thread friction torque components. They depend on the ratio of the relative rotational to translational velocities. The relationship between the dynamic thread shear force and bending moment is developed. When the external transverse excitation is large enough, it causes the threaded fasteners to loosen. Numerical results show that the dynamic transverse shear forces on the underhead contact surface, and between the engaged threads, decrease the bearing, and thread friction torque components. The effect of bolt preload, bearing and thread friction coefficients, the amplitude of the harmonic transverse excitation, and the bolt underhead bending on the bolt loosening are investigated. Experimental verification of the analytical model results of the bolt twisting torque is provided.
On the Renminbi: The Choice between Adjustment Under a Fixed Exchange Rate and Adjustment Under a Flexible Rate

Summary of key points: A fixed exchange rate and a flexible exchange rate each have its own advantages. A country should have the right to choose the regime best suited to its circumstances. Nevertheless, the de facto dollar peg may now have outlived its usefulness for China. China's economy has recently crossed over into the overheating side of internal balance, and appreciation would help easy inflationary pressure. A second reason to allow appreciation and thereby reduce the balance of payments surplus is that, although foreign exchange reserves are a useful shield against currency crises, by now China's current level is fully adequate, and US treasury securities do not pay a high return. Another reason is that it becomes increasingly difficult to sterilize the inflow over time, exacerbating inflation. Although external balance could be achieved by expenditure reduction, e.g., by raising interest rates, the existence of two policy goals (external balance and internal balance) in general requires the use of two independent policy instruments (e.g., the real exchange rate and the interest rate). While a very small open economy might be able to rely on adjustment in the price level, and thus to keep the exchange rate fixed, a large economy like China is better off achieving adjustment in the real exchange rate via flexibility in the nominal exchange rate. There are other arguments for flexibility as well. The experience of other emerging markets suggests that it is better to exit from a peg when times are good and the currency is strong, than to wait until times are bad and the currency is under attack. Since May 2004, investors' demand for emerging market debt has suddenly begun to ease, in anticipation of an imminent period of rising US interest rates. It might be worth waiting to see if China's balance of payments surplus persists after the tightening of US monetary policy has begun, before further financial liberalization. From a longer-run perspective, prices of goods and services in China are low - not just low relative to the United States (.23), but also low by the standards of a Balassa-Samuelson relationship estimated across countries (which predicts .36). In this specific sense, the yuan was undervalued by approximately 35% in 2000, and is by at least as much today. Typically across countries, such gaps are corrected halfway, on average, over the subsequent decade. The correction could take the form of either inflation or nominal appreciation, but the latter is preferable. These arguments for increased exchange rate flexibility need not imply a free float. China is a good example where, contrary to the popular corners hypothesis, an intermediate exchange rate regime like a target zone is more appropriate.
Endotoxin-induced release of interleukin-6 from rat medial basal hypothalami.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine that stimulates T-cell activation and B-cell differentiation. We recently reported that picomolar concentrations of IL-6 stimulated PRL, GH, and LH release in vitro. These data suggested that IL-6 may function as a hypothalamic releasing factor for anterior pituitary hormones. Medial basal hypothalami (MBH) were incubated for 60-90 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer supplemented with 0.025% BSA, and the conditioned medium was assayed for IL-6 concentrations by the 7TD1 cell growth factor assay. It was found that MBH released IL-6 in vitro. Although depolarizing concentrations of K+ (56 DIM) did not increase IL-6 release, somatostatin release from the MBH was increased significantly. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1–100 ng/ml) induced significant increases in IL-6 release from the MBH. The presence of IL-6 in the hypothalamus suggested a possible role for this cytokine in the regulation of neuropeptide release; however, the release of s...
Evaluation of hospital medication inventory policies

As supply chain costs constitute a large portion of hospitals’ operating expenses and with $27.7 billion spent by the US hospitals on drugs alone in 2009, improving medication inventory management provides a great opportunity to decrease the cost of healthcare. This study investigates different management approaches for a system consisting of one central storage location, the main pharmacy, and multiple dispensing machines located in each department. Each medication has a specific unit cost, availability from suppliers, criticality level, and expiration date. Event-driven simulation is used to evaluate the performance of several inventory policies based on the total cost and patient safety (service level) under various arrangements of the system defined by the number of drugs and departments, and drugs’ criticality, availability, and expiration levels. Our results show that policies that incorporate drug characteristics in ordering decisions can address the tradeoff between patient safety and cost. Indeed, this study shows that such policies can result in higher patient safety and lower overall cost when compared to traditional approaches. Additional insights from this study allow for better understanding of the medication inventory system’s dynamics and suggest several directions for future research in this topic. Findings of this study can be applied to help hospital pharmacies with managing their inventory.
Molecular Self-Assembly of Multifunctional Nanoparticle Composites with Arbitrary Shapes and Functions: Challenges and Strategies

The assembly of nanoparticles into complicated, anisotropic shapes has much promise for advanced materials and devices. Developing effective and efficient anisotropic mono-functionalization strategies is an imperative step in realizing this potential. By functionalizing DNA one at a time to the nanoparticle, a DNA-nanoparticle building block could have distinct DNA sequences at different locations on the surface of the particle. Since this technology could incorporate nanoparticles of different composition, generating toolboxes of various nanoparticle building blocks (“nano-toolboxes”) with DNA at defined locations and in defined 3D orientations on a nanoparticle, it promises not only complicated shapes, but also the ability to tune the function of the assembly. The challenges of programmable and scalable multifunctional nanostructure self-assembly with DNA conjugated to nanoparticles are reviewed. The first difficulty is to control the assembly process so that designed products are formed, and unwanted products are minimized. The design problem for nanostructure construction is both physically and computationally complex. Thus, the other major challenge is to devise design methodologies that move nanostructure construction from trial and error to principled approaches. Strategies to overcome these challenges are also presented by realizing greater control over the final shapes and functions of the self-assembled nanostructures. Finally, the future perspectives of nano-toolboxes and their promise in applications such as multifunctional, multicolor, and multimodal contrast nanoagents for medical therapy and diagnostics (theranostics) are described.
Selection of food sites by Callicebus moloch and Saimiri sciureus under spatially and temporally varying food distribution

Abstract The choice behavior of eight titi monkeys ( Callicebus moloch ) and eight squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) was examined in an eight-arm maze under varying conditions of spatial and temporal food abundance at the goals. When every choice of any of the eight goals resulted in the same food reward, neither species exhibited a tendency to avoid goals previously selected in a daily session. Callicebus , however, did exhibit a spatial bias under this condition. Both species exhibited the ability to avoid previously selected goals when returns to a goal within a daily session were not rewarded. Under conditions in which the goals differed in food abundance, both species tended to select goals so as to maximize the amount of food obtained. When the food abundance at each goal changed abruptly, neither species accommodated rapidly to the changes. Only transitions in abundance of large magnitude significantly influenced goal preferences.
Transverse vibrations of a rotating twisted Timoshenko beam under axial loading

Transverse bending vibrations of a rotating twisted beam subjected to an axial load and spinning about its axial axis are establihed by using the Timoshenko beam theory and applying Hamilton's principle. The equation of motion of the twisted beam are derived in the twist nonorthogonal coordinate system. The finite element method is employed to discretize the equations of motion into time dependent ordinary differential equations that have gyroscopic terms
Regreening the Metropolis: Pathways to More Ecological Cities: Keynote Address

: Eighty percent of the American population now lives in metropolitan regions whose geographic extent continues to expand even as many core cities and inner-tier suburbs lose middle-class populations, jobs, and tax base. Urban sprawl and the socioeconomic polarizing of metropolitan America have been fostered by public policies including (1) federal subsidies for new infrastructure on the urban fringe; (2) tax policies that favor home ownership over rental properties; (3) local zoning codes; and (4) federal and state neglect of older urban neighborhoods. In the face of diminished access to “nature” outside of metropolitan areas, locally based efforts to protect and restore greenspaces within urban areas seek to make older communities more habitable and more “ecological.” Some pathways to more ecological cities include the following: (1) the notion of rus in urbe (“the country in the city”); (2) the “usable outdoors”; (3) garden cities and eco-villages; (4) green buildings and green roofs; (5) urban biodiversity; (6) ecological services; and (7) space, nature, and place.
Control sets on context-free grammar forms

For a context-free grammar form G , the result of the G -control operator acting on a family of languages ℒ is defined as the family of languages formed by using members of ℒ to control left-to-right derivations of all grammars which are interpretations of G . If G is left derivation bounded, the G -control operator takes a full semiAFL ℒ into a full semiAFL which can be characterized by homomorphic replications on members of ℒ and takes context-free full semiAFLs into quasi-realtime full semiAFLs, quasi-realtime full semiAFLs into quasi-realtime full semiAFLs and context-sensitive full semiAFLs into context-sensitive full semiAFLs. If G is nonterminal bounded and self-embedding and ℒ is a full semiAFL not closed under the G -control operator then repeated applications of the G -control operator produce a strictly increasing chain of full semiAFLs. If G is not left derivation bounded the G -control operator can take the family of linear context-free languages onto the family of r.e. languages even if G is not self-embedding and all interpretations of G generate regular sets.
Hyponatremia: Answered and Unanswered Questions

N EARLY a quarter century has now passed since the clinical syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was formally defined by Bartter and Schwartz in 1967. I Recognition of the effects of hypoosmolality on cellular, organ, and whole body physiology predates even this landmark publication: neurological dysfunction as a result of acute water intoxication was first described by Rowntree in 1922,2 the ability of the brain to adapt to hypoosmolality via electrolyte losses was discovered by Yannet in 1940, the relation between urinary Na+ excretion and the water retention produced by exogenous administration of vasopressin was shown by Leaf et al in 1953,4 and careful metabolic balance studies in the 1950s and 1960s characterized the changes in water and electrolyte metabolism resulting from induced hypo-osmolality in both animals5 and humans.4,6-9 Since these pioneering studies, subsequent investigations over the last two decades have expanded, refined, and redefined our understanding of water and electrolyte metabolism during hypo-osmolar states. Given this rich history of tangible accomplishments over a sustained period of intensive study, one would expect that by now we would fully understand the pathophysiology underlying clinical hypo-osmolality and hyponatremia, Certainly we know well the accepted criteria for differential diagnosis of hyponatremic states, we recognize and understand the established guidelines for evaluating the etiology of the underlying disorders causing hyponatremia, and we have been made acutely aware of the arguments and indications for rapid versus slow correction of hyponatremia. 1O Nonetheless, we still feel uncomfortable with many hyponatremic patients,
Glutamine and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivities in Schwann cells of the rat glabrous skin

We have shown recently that glial cells of the peripheral nervous system contain substrates and enzymes related to the glutamine cycle, e.g. glutamine, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase (Miller et al., Brain Res 2002: 945: 202–11). The present study used immunohistochemistry to determine the cellular distribution of glutamine and glutamine synthetase in the rat glabrous skin. Normal adult Sprague–Dawley rats were used for these studies. Glutamine and glutamine synthetase were localized with both immunoperoxidase and immunofluoresent techniques. Glutamine and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivities were abundant in Schwann cells of large dermal nerve bundles. An enrichment of glutamine and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivies occurred in terminal and near-terminal Schwann cells in dermal papilla and at the dermal–epidermal interface. We hypothesize that the peripheral glial glutamine cycle is important for supplying neuronal energy demands in dermal nerve fibers. Furthermore, the peripheral glial glutamine cycle in terminal Schwann cells most likely produces glutamine for sensory terminal uptake. This glutamine would be converted to glutamate for release from sensory afferents. Glutamate released from sensory afferents may be important for the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Terminal Schwann cells, therefore, are potential targets for modulating sensory afferent sensitivity during acute and chronic pain. Supported by NIH AR47410 (KEM).
Protein folding – simplicity in complexity

Understanding and predicting protein folding would elucidate how misfolded proteins cause aggregation and amyloid formation, for example in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the seemingly bewildering complexity of protein biology, simple analytic models can still capture the basic physics and predict the fundamental limits for protein domain size and folding speed.
An SCR horizontal deflection and high voltage circuit

In the past the use of semiconductors in the horizontal deflection circuitry of television receivers presented one of the most difficult application problems. Several types of germanium and silicon transistors have been used with varying degrees of success. The long turn-off time of these power switching transistors resulted in considerable power dissipation during turn-off, which produced an overall low circuit efficiency as well as power-device unreliability. Although silicon power transistors with suitable switching times are now available which perform well in typical circuits, the present cost of these devices precludes their use in commercial applications.
Variables affecting well success in a Kentucky limestone aquifer

Ten variables were examined using non parametric statistical tests (Mann-Whitney U and χ2) to evaluate the influence of these variables on ground water supply in the Centerville Quadrangle, Kentucky. Variables found to be significant were those directly related to lithology (wellhead stratigraphy and well-bottom stratigraphy) and those interpreted as being strongly influenced by lithology (well depth, wellhead elevation, and well-bottom elevation). In addition, wells judged adequate for water supply were closer to surface streams and bottomed closer to stream level than dry holes. Adequate wells were also closer to synclinal axes than dry holes. There was no significant difference between dry holes and adequate wells in their distance from sinkholes or regional structural position. Wells producing H2S-containing water differed from adequate wells only with regard to variables related to lithology but saline-water wells were more abundant in areas distant from surface streams as well as in unfavorable lithology.
A REVIEW OF THE UTILITY OF SELF-MIXING DISPERSANTS IN RECENT YEARS

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the development during the past two years of self-mixing chemical dispersants to minimize damage from oil spills. Some history regarding the acceptance (or lack thereof) of previous conventional dispersants requiring mixing energy is covered so that the progress manifested by the current self-mix dispersant approach can be readily appreciated. The utility of the self-mix dispersant system is based upon both the elimination of the laborious mixing requirement and the formation of submicron diameter size oil droplets. The role of droplet size in the behavior and movement of dispersed oil as well as the effect of droplet size on the toxicological and ecological impact of the dispersed oil, are significant aspects that are discussed. The planned research to determine the fate of dispersed oil under actual field conditions is outlined. This will permit a more accurate and objective assessment of the impact of dispersed oil on the marine environment than is now available from the ext...
Potential Barriers to Diabetes Care

To examine a potential reason why physicians sometimes fail to adhere to standards of care with which they are in agreement, 103 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus were interviewed immediately after their doctor9s appointment in a general medicine clinic of a city/county hospital. The mean age of the patients was 57 yr and the average duration of diabetes was 9 yr. Sixty percent of these patients had their feet examined. A major factor in determining the physicians9 behavior was whether the nurse or aide had the patient remove his shoes and socks before being seen by the physician. Physicians were more than three times as likely to perform foot examinations when patients were presented barefoot than when presented wearing shoes and socks. Rarely in medical and continuing medical education do we consider how clinic routines can influence physicians9 behavior in the management of diabetes.
4(1H)-Quinolones with Liver Stage Activity against Plasmodium berghei

With the exception of primaquine, tafenoquine, and atovaquone, there are very few antimalarials that target liver stage parasites. In this study, a transgenic Plasmodium berghei parasite (1052Cl1; PbGFP-Luc(con)) that expresses luciferase was used to assess the anti-liver stage parasite activity of ICI 56,780, a 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1H)-quinolone (PEQ), as well as two 3-phenyl-4(1H)-quinolones (P4Q), P4Q-146 and P4Q-158, by using bioluminescent imaging (BLI). Results showed that all of the compounds were active against liver stage parasites; however, ICI 56,780 and P4Q-158 were the most active, with low nanomolar activity in vitro and causal prophylactic activity in vivo. This potent activity makes these compounds ideal candidates for advancement as novel antimalarials.
Fast Transient Micro-Boiling Characterization

The dynamics of Thermal Ink Jet (TIJ) micro-bubble life cycles is characterized through bubble area measurements for small planar heaters (41 μm × 45 μm). A laser visualization technique is used to measure the bubble area viewed from above. The bubbles are generated in water by 2–4 μs heating pulse and survive for 8–10 μs after the pulse. The bubble life-cycle consists of a short initiation time, fast growth, a period of maximum size, and a rapid collapse. Effect of the power inputs (2–4 W) total energy releases (8.8–13.3 μJ) and operational frequencies of 2–3 kHz is observed. Direct observations of bubble area indicate that bubble initiation time and initial growth rate correlates to the input power. The maximum bubble size and overall longevity correlates to the total energy release.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pathophysiologic Approach to Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia, a serum sodium concentration less than 135 mEq/L is one of the most common electrolyte disorders encountered in clinical medicine. Fortunately, it is a disorder in which diagnosis and treatment rest firmly on physiologic principles. Review of a few basic physiologic concepts should facilitate the development of a rational approach to hyponatremia: (1) Sodium is the dominant cation of the extracellular fluid (ECF). (2) Sodium balance determines ECF volume. Protection of ECF volume is the first priority of the kidney. (3) Tonicity of body fluids is in equilibrium across all membranes and is regulated by water balance. Since sodium is the dominant cation of the ECF, the sodium concentration is a reflection of ECF and, therefore, intracellular fluid tonicity. (4) Tonicity may vary independently of ECF volume. Thus, hyponatremia may occur with increased, decreased, or normal ECF volume. (5) Since the serum sodium concentration tells nothing about ECF volume,
Compression creep rupture behavior of a glass/vinyl ester composite laminate subject to fire loading conditions

Abstract The growing use of polymer matrix composites in civil infrastructure, marine and military applications provides the impetus for developing mechanical models to describe their response under combined mechanical and fire loading. A viscoelastic stress analysis using classical lamination theory is conducted on an E-glass/vinyl ester composite. The model includes a characterization of the non-linear thermo-viscoelasticity and its inclusion into a compression strength failure criterion for the prediction of laminate failure under combined compressive load and temperature profile simulating fire exposure. By accounting for the viscoelastic non-linearity at T g , the proposed model yields good predictions for lifetimes of the studied composite ([0/+45/90/−45/0] S ).
The Effect of Aluminum Powder on the Heat Insulation of Goose Down

The effect on the thermal insulation value of goose down was examined when dif ferent amounts of aluminum powder were added by dusting. At low density considerable improvement was found to be possible.
Metered end-use consumption and load shapes from the ELCAP residential sample of existing homes in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Hourly end-use data have been collected from 454 residences and 140 commercial buildings in the Pacific Northwest. The data presented here provide an overview of electricity consumption patterns for 288 homes in the End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP) Residential Base Study. The Base Study is a sample of 454 regional single-family, owner-occupied, electrically space-heated houses. Metered residential electrical end-use loads collected as part of the ELCAP are summarized. The ELCAP was conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory for the Bonneville Power Administration. This paper addresses a number of load research questions: • What are the mean annual loads for specific end uses? • How much do end-use loads vary across residences? • Are load shares less variable across residences than end-use loads? • How do end-use loads vary with respect to common demographic variables, such as income level or number of occupants? • To what degree do end-use loads vary by time of year? • What are average hourly end-use load shapes? • What are the estimates of average annual end-use loads and load shares for the residential sector after applying assumed appliance and fuel saturation rates to the metered loads? Descriptions are presented of the metered hourly end-use loads aggregated across time and across time and across the sample of homes. Observations are made regarding common assertions about energy consumption patterns, but models or detailed statistical analyses of these loads are not included because they are the subject of other current and pending analyses.
Regulatory aspects of fire toxicology.

Abstract Fire creates a complex toxic environment involving flame, heat, oxygen depletion, smoke, and toxic gases. The nature of that environment is dependent upon not only the materials present but on the fire event, that is, the fire scenario. Materials have different toxic gas profiles under different conditions; therefore, toxic fire gas generation is not intrinsic to any one material. Large fires in buildings constitute a severe toxic threat regardless of the materials being burned. In the past, building codes in the United States included the phrase, “no more toxic than wood,” in reference to fire gases from building materials. Such phrases have recently been deleted, because of the lack of either an accepted definition or test methodology to assess toxicity. While several states have attempted regulatory activity, the most recent approach (taken by the state of New York) has been the establishment of a data bank on toxic potency of building and furnishing materials. The utility of such a data bank without available hazard analysis methodology is open to discussion, since toxic potency data are not directly applicable to toxic hazard assessment. A number of small-scale animal exposure tests have been developed to assess the potency of the toxic combustion products from combustible materials. Criticism of these tests relates to the relevance of the combustion module (a smoke generation apparatus) and the appropriateness of the animal model, particularly for irritant gases. Recent data from more than 2000 fire fatality cases and carbon monoxide exposure cases are discussed in this paper to help put small-scale laboratory test results into perspective. Toxicity is only one of the several fire properties related to materials. All fire parameters are interrelated, that is, they are not independent variables. Thus, predicting the toxicity of burning materials is a problem without a comprehensive solution. Measures have been taken, however, to reduce the number of fires and to reduce fire severity.
From black mud to earth system science: A scientific autobiography

To my wife, Elizabeth Kay Berner, for her unstinting encouragement and understanding throughout the many years of my devoting myself to my research, and for her collaboration in the writing of three books. This autobiography covers the past 55 years of my research in geochemistry. I try to show how
Reaction of Silicate Minerals To Form Tetramethoxysilane

Several silicon dioxide sources were used as reagents in the base-mediated reaction with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to make tetramethoxysilane (Q‘). Several commercially available diatomaceous earth materials were investigated. High throughput screening was employed to explore over 200 silicate rocks and minerals as alternative silicon dioxide sources for formation of Q‘ from DMC and base. Amorphous silicon dioxide materials are effective reagents for the Q‘ forming reaction. Effective silicon dioxide sources in addition to the diatomaceous earth materials include opal and various synthetic silicates (Li, Co, and Ca).
Normal Incidence Spectrophotometer Film Thickness Measurement Tool

AbstractThe Normal Incidence Spectrophotometer (NIS) Measurement Tool is used to automaticallymeasure the thickness of transparent films on silicon wafers. Under the control of an IBMSystem 7 computer, both wafer handling and the thickness measurement are performed auto-matically. Wafers are transported through the tool on a covered airtrack, and after posi-tioning in a vacuum chuck, are moved under the measurement head to pre -programmed measure-ment sites. Reflectivity data from the wafer surface, as a function of wavelength, isused by a software algorithm to calculate film thickness. This tool is used on advancedmanufacturing lines at IBM in both East Fishkill, N.Y. and Burlington, Vt.IntroductionIn the East Fishkill Quick Turn Around Time (QTAT) Line,1'2'3 NIS Tools are used to mea-sure the thickness of quartz and photoresist. The thickness data is used to determinewhether or not a film is within tolerance limits, or the data can bg used inosubsequentprocessing of the wafer. The tool has a measurement range of 10000A - 70000A (quartz oversilicon), using the measurement algorithm described here. The measurement spot size is.03mm (.0012 inches) and the underlying substrate can be silicon or aluminum. The waferhandling rate is 30 wafers per hour.Tool configurationThe NIS Tool is shown in Figure 1 with covers on. The measurement head occupies theupper portion of the tool. Access to the tool is from the front only so that other toolsmay be located immediately adjacent to this tool. All front covers swing open for access.Figure 1: NIS Measurement Tool Figure 2: NIS Tool with covers removed
Neoadjuvant interferon‐based chemoradiation for borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreas cancer: a Phase II pilot study

Objectives: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a viable treatment strategy for patients with pancreatic cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the Virginia Mason Protocol (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, interferon-α and radiation) given in the neoadjuvant setting for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods: A Phase II pilot study evaluating interferon-based neoadjuvant CRT in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer was performed. Results: A total of 23 patients were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 58.6 years. Of the 23 patients, seven (30.4%) completed all treatments. In the remaining 16 (69.6%) patients, treatment was interrupted as a result of toxicity. The most commonly reported effects of toxicity were leucopoenia/cytopoenia (n = 19, 82.6%) and gastrointestinal effects (n = 19, 82.6%). Surgical resection was successful in seven (30.4%) patients. Margins were negative in six (85.7%) of these seven patients. Positive lymph nodes were identified in three (42.9%) of seven patients. Overall survival was 11.5 months. Surgery provided improved survival (22.6 months) compared with CRT alone (8.8 months). Disease-free survival in resected patients was 17.2 months. Conclusions: Interferon-based neoadjuvant CRT may allow for resection of locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but with significant toxicity. In the absence of surgical resection, survival remains dismal.
Decreased aggressive behavior in the offspring of ACTH-treated mice.

ACTH administration to pregnant mice, at both 1- and 8-IU dosages, altered the subsequent aggressive behavior of the offspring. The proportion, intensity, and duration of fighting in males were decreased in comparison to those in controls. A second experiment found that the female offspring of ACTH-treated pregnant animals also were deficient in the aggressive behavior initiated by exposure to testosterone propionate in adulthood. The possible long-term effects of the ACTH treatment on androgen responsiveness and brain chemistry are discussed.
IL-1β Augments TNF-α–Mediated Inflammatory Responses from Lung Epithelial Cells

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediate the development of numerous inflammatory lung diseases. Since IL-1β is typically activated in situations where TNF-α is produced, it was hypothesized that IL-1β alters TNF-α–induced proinflammatory epithelial cell function by altering TNF receptor shedding and surface abundance. In this study, the impact of IL-1β on TNF-α–mediated chemokine production as well as TNF receptor surface expression and shedding were investigated from mouse pulmonary epithelial cells (MLE-15). Interleukin-1β rapidly and persistently enhanced soluble and surface TNFR2. These effects were dependent on TNFR1 expression. TNFR2 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) shifted IL-1β responses, significantly increasing surface and shed TNFR1 implying IL-1β selectively modifies TNF receptors depending on cellular receptor composition. mRNA expression of both receptors was unaltered by IL-1β up to 24 h or in combination with TNF-α indicating effects were post-transcriptional. Interleukin-1β pretreatment enhanced TNF-α–induced macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC mRNA expression as well as MIP-2 and KC protein levels at the same time point analyzed. Experiments utilizing siRNA against the TNF receptors and a TNFR1 neutralizing antibody demonstrated TNF-α induced MIP-2 through TNFR1, whereas both receptors may have contributed to KC production. These data suggest IL-1β modulates TNF-α–mediated inflammatory lung diseases by enhancing epithelial cell TNF receptor surface expression.
Motion of Oscillatory Currents Past Isolated Topography

Abstract With the aim of developing increasingly realistic physical models of the interaction of ocean currents with isolated seamounts, laboratory experiments concerning the flow of an oscillatory current past a cosine-squared body of revolution in the presence of background rotation and stratification are considered. The pertinent parameters governing the motion are the Rossby, temporal Rossby, Burger and Ekman numbers, the ratio of the magnitude of the oscillatory velocity component to the mean current and various geometrical parameters. With the exception that the present experiments distort the vertical coordinate, the studies are conducted in regions of parameter space of relevance to the real ocean; future communications will investigate relatively undistorted geometries. The experiments demonstrate that three fundamentally different flow regimes can be identified and that these are highly sensitive to the value of the Rossby number, Ro. These include, (i) at low Ro a regime in which the flow is fu...