cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-performance all-solid-state asymmetric stretchable supercapacitors based on wrinkled MnO2/CNT and Fe2O3/CNT macrofilms

High-performance stretchable energy storage devices are urgently needed due to the rapid development of portable, wearable, and stretchable electronics. However, most of the stretchable single-cell energy storage devices suffer from a relatively low operating voltage and thus a low energy density. Here, we report an all-solid-state asymmetric stretchable supercapacitor (ASS) with high energy density using the wrinkled manganese dioxide (MnO2)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid film as a positive electrode and the wrinkled iron oxide (Fe2O3)/CNT composite film as a negative electrode in a neutral Na2SO4–poly(vinyl alcohol) (Na2SO4/PVA) gel electrolyte. Due to the high specific capacitance and excellent rate performance of MnO2/CNTs and Fe2O3/CNTs, as well as the synergistic effects of the two electrodes with an optimized potential window, the asymmetric stretchable cell exhibits superior electrochemical and mechanical performances. An optimized ASS can be reversibly cycled in the voltage window between 0 and 2 V, and shows a supreme energy density of 45.8 W h kg−1 (corresponding power density of 0.41 kW kg−1). Additionally, the ASS also exhibits exceptional cycling stability and durability, with 98.9% specific capacitance retained even after 10 000 electrochemical cycles at multiple strains. These encouraging results show its great potential in developing stretchable energy storage devices with high energy and power densities for wearable and implantable electronic applications.
Affine object representations for calibration-free augmented reality

We describe the design and implementation of a video based augmented reality system capable of overlaying three dimensional graphical objects on live video of dynamic environments. The key feature of the system is that it is completely uncalibrated: it does not use any metric information about the calibration parameters of the camera or the 3D locations and dimensions of the environment's objects. The only requirement is the ability to track across frames at least four feature points that are specified by the user at system initialization time and whose world coordinates are unknown. Our approach is based on the following observation: given a set of four or more non coplanar 3D points, the projection of all points in the set can be computed as a linear combination of the projections of just four of the points. We exploit this observation by: tracking lines and fiducial points at frame rate; and representing virtual objects in a non Euclidean, affine frame of reference that allows their projection to be computed as a linear combination of the projection of the fiducial points.
Quality Improvement: Preventing Readmission After Ileostomy Formation

Readmission after surgery is a problem that is increasingly recognized by surgeons, patients, insurers, and hospitals. It exposes patients to additional risk and increases expense in a variety of predictable ways. Readmission can occur for a number of reasons but in colorectal surgery it falls into a few broad categories: complications related to the operative procedure, functional complications as a result of the procedure, and medical complications unrelated to the procedure but related to hospitalization, anesthesia, or patient comorbidities. Relatively common reasons for readmission following discharge after elective colorectal operation include surgical site infection (wound infection and anastomotic leak or intra-abdominal abscess), high ileostomy output and dehydration, and symptomatic venous thrombosis events. In recent years, a focus on quality metrics has highlighted deficiencies that are possible to target by planned interventions resulting in improvement in patient clinical outcomes as well as health system resource allocation. Surgical site infection and venous thrombosis prevention have been the subject of numerous studies. There are evidence-based guidelines and recommendations focused on creating pathways and specific interventions for these issues already and a chapter on evidence and recommendations could easily be written on each of these problems. Acceptable interventions for ileostomy dehydration are not as well studied and therefore consensus is more difficult.
Outcomes following implantation of mechanical circulatory support in adults with congenital heart disease: An analysis of the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS)

Background Adults with congenital heart disease represent an expanding and unique population of patients with heart failure (HF) in whom the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has not been characterized. We sought to describe overall use, patient characteristics, and outcomes of MCS in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). Methods All patients entered into the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) between June 23, 2006, and December 31, 2015, were included. Patients with ACHD were identified using pre-operative data and stratified by ventricular morphology. Mortality was compared between ACHD and non-ACHD patients, and multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of death after device implantation. Results Of 16,182 patients, 126 with ACHD stratified as follows: systemic morphologic left ventricle ( n = 63), systemic morphologic right ventricle ( n = 45), and single ventricle (n = 17). ACHD patients were younger (42 years ± 14 vs 56 years ± 13; p p p p atients on BiVAD/TAH support were INTERMACS profile 1 compared with patients on systemic left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support (35% vs 15%; p = 0.002). ACHD and non-ACHD patients with LVADs had similar survival; survival was worse for patients on BIVAD/TAH support. BiVAD/TAH support was the only variable independently associated with mortality (early phase hazard ratio 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–11.1; p = 0.001). For ACHD patients receiving MCS, ventricular morphology was not associated with mortality. Conclusions ACHD patients with LVADs have survival similar to non-ACHD patients. Mortality is higher for patients requiring BiVAD/TAH support, potentially owing to higher INTERMACS profile. These outcomes suggest a promising role for LVAD support in ACHD patients as part of the armamentarium of therapies for advanced HF.
Unma(s)king Education in the Image of Business: A Vivisection of Educational Consumerism:

Configuring students as consumers and higher education as a commodity have been widely suggested as ways to empower students and improve efficiency. This critical autoethnography challenges the ass...
Language Assessment With Children Who Speak Nonmainstream Dialects: Examining the Effects of Scoring Modifications in Norm-Referenced Assessment.

Purpose We compared outcomes from 2 measures of language ability in children who displayed a range of dialect variation: 1 using features that do not contrast between mainstream American English (M...
Longitudinal Gender Disparity in Female Urology Resident Primary Authorship at an American Urological Association Sectional Meeting.

Objective To further evaluate the academic representation of female urology residents in the United States, we reviewed abstracts from the Mid-Atlantic American Urological Association (MA-AUA) sectional meetings to determine if the recent increase in the number of female urology residents mirrored an increase in this group's abstract authorship. Materials and Methods Full text abstracts from the MA-AUA meetings were analyzed from 2008 to 2014 excluding 1 joint section meeting. First-author gender was determined by querying publicly available institutional websites, social media platforms, and the U.S. News & World Report. First-author gender was indeterminable in 10 abstracts based on search criteria and these were excluded. Individual abstracts were broadly categorized based on keywords into 1 of several topics. Chi-square statistical tests examined the relationship between first-authorship gender, publication year, and abstract category. Results The number of female urology residents in the MA-AUA increased over the study period. A total of 484 abstracts were analyzed. Three hundred ninety-three abstracts (81%) included a male first-author, whereas 81 abstracts (17%) included a female first-author. Female first-authorship ranged from 13% to 25% annually. Comparison of male-to-female first-authorship was statistically significant in all years evaluated ( P .001). There was a statistically significant difference between male and female first-authorship in all topic categories ( P .01), except Education/Other ( P = .56). Conclusion Despite continued gains and increasing female representation in urology, these data highlight significantly fewer female first-authors at the regional Mid-Atlantic section meetings. Larger studies are necessary to identify contributing factors and further areas for improvement toward decreasing gender imbalances within the academic community.
The role of embodiment and symbolization in supporting physics learning with games and virtual worlds for young children

Research Goals and Theoretical Framework. Newtonian mechanics is not typically taught to first and second grade students. In fact, these concepts are even difficult to teach to high school students (White, 1993). However, the Semiotic Pivots and Activity Spaces for Elementary Science Project (SPASES) overcame this barrier using technology to transition students from embodied games to scientific modeling. This transition was supported by the use of embodiment as a tool for representing students' ideas (Danish, 2009), and then helping students refine their ideas by progressively symbolizing them and then refining those symbols (Enyedy, 2005).
Social Media Links on Magazine Advertisements: When Do We Need Them?

In recent years, social media has become one of the most popular mediums with widespread linkages from traditional media formats to social media. The expected advertising spend in this area is $14 billion by 2018 (Hoelzel ,The social media advertising report: Growth forecasts, market trends and the rise of the mobile. Retrieved January 1, 2015 from http://www.businessinsider.com/social-media-advertising-spending-growth-2014-9, 2014). In fact, the marketers are using more than one advertising channel to reach a target audience (Romaniuk, Beal, & Uncles, Journal of Advertising Research, 53:221–230, 2014). A common example of cross-channel advertising is the usage of social media links on magazine advertising. This descriptive study explores the determinants of the usage of social media links on print magazine advertisements, with a focus on reference group theory, demographics, and product-related dimensions. We believe that advertisers must consider using social media links in their advertising campaigns if they target female consumers, younger consumers, and ethnic consumers. Moreover, we propose that for nonnecessity, visible products, social marketing campaigns, and social events, these links are essential.
Chapter 18 – Useful Radiation Effects

Publisher Summary Radiation in the form of gamma rays, beta particles, and neutrons is being used in science and industry to achieve desirable changes. Radiation doses control offending organisms, including cancer cells and harmful bacteria, and sterilizes insects. Local energy deposition can also stimulate chemical reactions and modify the structure of plastics and semiconductors. Neutrons and X-rays are used to investigate basic physical and biological processes. This chapter describes some of these important applications of radiation. Diseases such as cancer can be treated by gamma rays. Food spoilage is reduced greatly by irradiation. Medical supplies are rendered sterile within plastic containers. Sewage sludge can be disinfected by irradiation. New and improved crops are produced by radiation mutations. The sterile insect technique has controlled insect pests in many areas of the world. Radiation serves as a catalyst in the production of certain chemicals. Properties of fibers and wood are enhanced by radiation treatment. Desirable impurities can be induced in semiconductor materials by neutron bombardment. The scattering by neutrons provides information on magnetic materials, and interference of neutron beams is used to examine surfaces. Scattered neutrons yield estimations of location and size of minute biological structures. Synchrotron X-rays are required for detailed study of biological molecules.
Can Business Rights Alleviate Group-Based Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Understanding the Limits to Reform

Africa’s indigenous minorities face unique constraints, particularly in terms of engaging in even the most basic business activities. They typically lack business rights, but, even where such right...
Income Inequality and Class Divides in Parental Investments

Historic increases in income inequality have coincided with widening class divides in parental investments of money and time in children. These widening class gaps are significant because parental investment is one pathway by which advantage is transmitted across generations. Using over three decades of micro-data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the American Heritage Time Use Survey linked to state-year measures of income inequality, we test the relationship between income inequality and class gaps in parental investment. We find robust evidence of wider class gaps in parental financial investments in children—but not parental time investments in children—when state-level income inequality is higher. We explore mechanisms that may drive the relationship between rising income inequality and widening class gaps in parental financial investments in children. This relationship is partially explained by the increasing concentration of income at the top of the income distribution in state-years with hi...
A Human Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Associated with M Phase-Promoting Factor

Prior to the discovery that cdc2 kinase was the catalytic subunit of M-phase promoting factor (MPF) (Anion et al., 1988), evidence had suggested that MPF might be a protein kinase (Laskey et al., 1983; Schlegel et al., 1987). Accordingly, the protein kinases present in extracts of human mitotic cells were compared with those present in interphase extracts using a native gel assay (Halleck et al., 1987). Antibodies prepared against two of the several mitosis-specific kinases that were identified each recognized the same protein with a molecular weight of 65 kDa, called p65 (Meikrantz et al., 1990). However, the protein was neither specific to mitotic cells, nor was it a protein kinase. Rather, it had a different molecular form at mitosis (disulfide-linked homodimer) than in interphase (reduced monomer), and was a tyrosine (and threonine) phosphatase (Meikrantz et al., 1991b).
Multimodal Interaction in Gaming

Gaming environments are applications that have the great potential to increase people engagement in a participatory and collaborative way. Players interact with games under various situations, where the content, the form, and the modalities will be manipulated to fit the player’s behaviours. This paper provides a multimodal environment for gaming by using a grammar-based approach for supporting the interaction process in the application scenario of scope card game, instantiating grammar by the elements and the rules of the game. Moreover, the paper focuses on the correct interpretation of the player’s input during the game by the use of a HMM-based approach.
Sludge Management Systems: Optimal Planning

A mathematical model for the optimal cost planning of sludge handling and disposal systems in water and wastewater treatment plants is presented. The model can be applied both to single plants and groups of plants with or without centralized treatment. It uses mixed integer programming to determine the types of sludge handling processes, their capacities and locations, the locations of the ultimate disposal sites, and the transportation modes among the sites. Mixed integer programming enables the model to handle economies of scale, mutually exclusive flows between processes, and discrete sizes for sludge processing units. The utility of such optimization models will substantially increase with tightening regulations governing sludge disposal
Can in utero Zika virus exposure be a risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring

Objectives: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness that has been purported to be causally related to in utero infection of neurotropic organisms. For obvious ethical reasons, this hypothesis...
Understanding refugee naturalization as partnership

Acquisition of citizenship may be viewed as an end point of immigrant integration, but recent research suggests that early naturalization catalyzes further incorporation (1, 2). In the United States, naturalized citizens acquire legal advantages, including protection from deportation; broader rights in the judicial system; greater access to social benefits; the ability to vote and travel on a US passport; and eligibility for certain jobs in government, the military, and the defense industry (3). Advantages may also extend beyond formal law, providing new citizens with a stronger sense of social standing and signaling inclusion to would-be employers, landlords, and others, dynamics that may translate into higher wages, stronger national identity, and more democratic participation (4). Thus, for policy makers, evidence that refugees acquire US citizenship quickly and at high rates not only provides evidence of integration but also raises the possibility of other long-term positive effects (5). Methodologically, the research by Mossaad et al. (5) highlights the value of data partnerships. Theoretically, the findings open a conversation to view naturalization as an outcome of migrant–host society partnership. In 1985, the National Academies investigated the US government’s immigration data collection and prospects for evidence-based analysis of integration (6). The report’s subtitle, “ A Story of Neglect ,” communicates its major findings that “inadequate, incomplete and often unreliable information” means that “policy has been made in a data vacuum.” Internal data quality has improved, but 30 y later, the National Academies again called on the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to improve data quality and, especially, access (3). Independent analyses of immigrant integration have been hampered by an almost impenetrable administrative wall shutting microdata collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and USCIS away from nonagency staff, with only a handful of exceptions (7). The immigration data wall has forced researchers … [↵][1]1Email: bloemr{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
MRI to guide biopsies or avoid biopsies

Purpose of reviewTo discuss contemporary data on the value of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) for guiding the decision to biopsy men at risk for prostate cancer, as well as its utility in active surveillance programs.Recent findingsAlthough a systematic 12-core biopsy is the current standard of care for
Long-term trends in the foraging ecology and habitat use of an endangered species: an isotopic perspective

Evaluating long-term drivers of foraging ecology and population productivity is crucial for providing ecological baselines and forecasting species responses to future environmental conditions. Here, we examine the trophic ecology and habitat use of North Atlantic leatherback turtles (St. Croix nesting population) and investigate the effects of large-scale oceanographic conditions on leatherback foraging dynamics. We used bulk and compound-specific nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) to estimate leatherback trophic position (TP) over an 18-year period, compare these estimates with TP estimates from a Pacific leatherback population, and elucidate the pre-nesting habitat use patterns of leatherbacks. Our secondary objective was to use oceanographic indices and nesting information from St. Croix leatherbacks to evaluate relationships between trophic ecology, nesting parameters, and regional environmental conditions measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. We found no change in leatherback TP over time and no difference in TP between Atlantic and Pacific leatherbacks, indicating that differences in trophic ecology between populations are an unlikely driver of the population dichotomy between Pacific and Atlantic leatherbacks. Isotope data suggested that St. Croix leatherbacks inhabit multiple oceanic regions prior to nesting, although, like their conspecifics in the Pacific, individuals exhibit fidelity to specific foraging regions. Leatherback nesting parameters were weakly related to the NAO, which may suggest that positive NAO phases benefit St. Croix leatherbacks, potentially through increases in resource availability in their foraging areas. Our data contribute to the understanding of leatherback turtle ecology and potential mechanistic drivers of the dichotomy between populations of this protected species.
Systems biology analysis reveals new insights into invasive lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) is a pre-invasive lesion in the lung and a subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. The patients with AIS can be cured by resecting the lesion completely. In contrast, the patients with invasive lung adenocarcinoma have very poor 5-year survival rate. AIS can develop into invasive lung adenocarcinoma. The investigation and comparison of AIS and invasive lung adenocarcinoma at the genomic level can deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying lung cancer development. In this study, we identified 61 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) invasive-specific differentially expressed genes, including nine long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) based on RNA sequencing techniques (RNA-seq) data from normal, AIS, and invasive tissue samples. These genes displayed concordant differential expression (DE) patterns in the independent stage III LUAD tissues obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-seq dataset. For individual invasive-specific genes, we constructed subnetworks using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on protein-protein interactions, protein-DNA interactions and lncRNA regulations. A total of 19 core subnetworks that consisted of invasive-specific genes and at least one putative lung cancer driver gene were identified by our study. Functional analysis of the core subnetworks revealed their enrichment in known pathways and biological progresses responsible for tumor growth and invasion, including the VEGF signaling pathway and the negative regulation of cell growth. Our comparison analysis of invasive cases, normal and AIS uncovered critical genes that involved in the LUAD invasion progression. Furthermore, the GA-based network method revealed gene clusters that may function in the pathways contributing to tumor invasion. The interactions between differentially expressed genes and putative driver genes identified through the network analysis can offer new targets for preventing the cancer invasion and potentially increase the survival rate for cancer patients.
The effect of thyroidectomy and thyroparathyroidectomy upon phosphorus homeostasis in the goat: a hypothesis for the cause of hypophosphataemia.

The effect of thyroparathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy upon phosphorus (P) homeostasis was investigated in adult male goats immediately after removal of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. After thyroparathyroidectomy there was: a reduced dietary P intake, due to a reduction in appetite for concentrate; no change in the % of dietary P absorbed; a reduction in the amount of endogenous P excreted in the faeces, and a marked reduction in the plasma inorganic P (Pi) concentration. In one goat which had an unusually high P excretion in urine, thyroparathyroidectomy resulted in a marked reduction in the amount of P excreted. After thyroidectomy there was a temporary fall in plasma Pi, and a reduction in the amount of endogenous P excreted in the faeces. In 2 goats with high urinary P content thyroidectomy also produced a marked reduction in the amount of P excreted. A hypothesis is suggested for the cause of hypophosphataemia in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) goats.
To Share or Not? A Critical View on Personal Mobility

In their book Reinventing the Automobile, William Mitchell, Chris Borroni-Bird, and Larry Burns unravel a fascinating vision for technologically driven, shared, on-demand, mobility systems. Today, ...
Retinal Vessel Segmentation based on Fully Convolutional Networks.

The morphological attributes of retinal vessels, such as length, width, tortuosity and branching pattern and angles, play an important role in diagnosis, screening, treatment, and evaluation of various cardiovascular and ophthalmologic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and arteriosclerosis. The crucial step before extracting these morphological characteristics of retinal vessels from retinal fundus images is vessel segmentation. In this work, we propose a method for retinal vessel segmentation based on fully convolutional networks. Thousands of patches are extracted from each retinal image and then fed into the network, and data argumentation is applied by rotating extracted patches. Two architectures of fully convolutional networks, U-Net and LadderNet, are used for vessel segmentation. The performance of our method is evaluated on three public datasets: DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE\_DB1. Experimental results of our method show superior performance compared to recent state-of-the-art methods.
Perspectives and Ongoing Challenges

This new Rubber Tree Genome book includes the latest information on the status and application of modern molecular and genomic approaches and resources for natural rubber production, in multiple species, as well as detailed historical information on the origin and development of the current Hevea brasiliensis natural rubber industry. Furthermore, it includes new information on rubber particle ontogeny using the analogous species, Taraxacum kok-saghyz. In this chapter, I present some perspectives and challenges to our essential supplies of natural rubber, touching on the detailed information in this book and what I believe must be done in the future to ensure continued global rubber security. Also, I discuss some important research directions, rooted in the fundamental biology of rubber production, some of which are currently underdeveloped or largely ignored.
Chapter 64 – Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Publisher Summary The term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) refers to a group of metabolic syndromes in which biochemical hypoparathyroidism such as hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, is due not to deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH) but rather to unresponsiveness of target tissues to the biological actions of PTH. Plasma levels of PTH are increased in patients with PHP, a feature that distinguishes these patients from those with true hypoparathyroidism, in whom parathyroid insufficiency is associated with low plasma levels of PTH. PTH regulates mineral metabolism and skeletal homeostasis by modulating activity of specialized target cells that are present in bone and kidney. PTH action first requires binding of the hormone to specific receptors that are expressed on the plasma membrane of target cells. The diagnostic classification of PHP is further extended by the existence of additional variants in which patients manifest PTH resistance and biochemical hypoparathyroidism but lack any of the features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Administration of PTH to subjects with the less common form of the disorder, PHP type 2, produces a normal increase in urinary cAMP, but fails to elicit an appropriate phosphaturic response. This observation has suggested that PTH resistance in PHP type 2 results from a biochemical defect that is either unrelated or distal to the PTH-stimulated generation of cAMP. Subjects with PHP type 1 have increased serum levels of phosphate owing to an inability of FFH to decrease phosphate reabsorption in the kidney. Hypocalcemia per se may also contribute to the development of hyperphosphatemia, as very low levels of intracellular calcium impair renal phosphate clearance.
Power prior models for treatment effect estimation in a small n, sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial

A small n, sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (snSMART) is a small sample, two-stage design where participants receive up to two treatments sequentially, but the second treatment depends on response to the first treatment. The treatment effect of interest in an snSMART is the first-stage response rate, but outcomes from both stages can be used to obtain more information from a small sample. A novel way to incorporate the outcomes from both stages applies power prior models, in which first stage outcomes from an snSMART are regarded as the primary data and second stage outcomes are regarded as supplemental. We apply existing power prior models to snSMART data, and we also develop new extensions of power prior models. All methods are compared to each other and to the Bayesian joint stage model (BJSM) via simulation studies. By comparing the biases and the efficiency of the response rate estimates among all proposed power prior methods, we suggest application of Fisher's exact test or the Bhattacharyya's overlap measure to an snSMART to estimate the treatment effect in an snSMART, which both have performance mostly as good or better than the BJSM. We describe the situations where each of these suggested approaches is preferred.
Technical Personality as Related to Intrinsic Personality Traits

Technical personality is introduced and defined as a profile of the broad technical preferences of an individual. Intrinsic personality is the customary personality profile as measured by a standard personality test such as the Big Five personality test. The relationship between intrinsic and technical personalities is evaluated in this research. The proposed technical personality traits are defined, and statistical data about each technical trait is provided and evaluated in order to identify any correlation between intrinsic and technical personality traits. The result of this research provides a useful tool for self-discovery and can also confirm or dispel certain stereotypes in fields related to information technology.
Makers vs. takers: perceived challenges to food production among agriculturalists in the United States

Numerous factors currently challenge food production in the United States, and these are likely to intensify. We sought to understand what challenges US agriculturalists find to be most salient as ...
On the Octonionic Nahm Equations and Self-Dual Membranes in 9 Dimensions

While circumstances have prevented us from being in festive and beautiful Bregenz on this happy occasion, along with our best wishes we are delighted to contribute this article as a small token of our friendship and admiration for Professor L. C. Biedenharn on his 70th birthday. Our topic relates to one of the projects on which we have been working during the past year - we hope that it may appeal to Larry as it makes use of some exceptional objects dear to him, namely octonions and, appropriately enough, may hint at a bridge between rotations of tops and quantum algebras. These pages contain some of our preliminary results.
The Zoning of Enterprise

This chapter seeks to make two principal points. The first is that upward mobility on the part of disadvantaged persons in the cities has been, is being, and doubtlessly will be, hampered by laws and regulations the manifest purpose of which is to make them better off. The second is that as our society becomes more sensitive to social injustices (real and imagined) it thereby becomes less capable of coping with certain of its problems; indeed, it increasingly confronts the dilemma that a good society, if it is to remain one, must sometimes do things that are incompatible with its goodness.
THE EFFECT OF THYMINE DEPRIVATION ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. HETEROGENEITY OF RESPONSE AMONG MEMBERS OF A RANDOM POPULATION.

Abstract The distribution of capacity for protein synthesis among individual cells in normal and in thymine-deprived cultures of the thymine- and phenylalanine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli strain 15T − PA − was measured by autoradiographic methods. Whereas nearly all of the normal cells were found to be able to incorporate significant amounts of [ 3 H]eucine into protein during a defined time interval, less than half of the thymine-deprived cells were able to do so. A similar heterogeneity was found in thymine-deprived cultures as regards capacity for synthesis of β-galactosidase ((β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23). Less than half of such cells were able to form significant amounts of this enzyme, while all of the members of a normal population were able to do so.
The Drosophila genes timeless and period collaborate to promote cycles of gene expression composing a circadian pacemaker.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the genes and proteins controlling circadian rhythms in drosophila . Thus far, two genes, timeless ( tim ) and period ( per) have been identified that are essential for production of all known behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms. Therefore, the molecular changes associated with the arrhythmic and certain long-period and short-period mutations are known. For per , mutations changing period length thus far have been associated with single amino acid substitutions in the encoded protein. As might be expected from these effects of gene dosage on period length, transient increases in the titer of per RNA can shift the phase of the circadian rhythm. As comparable shifts in phase can be induced by Zeitgeber, such as entraining light pulses, the results suggest that the changes in the abundance or activities of PER proteins may be a part of the normal mechanism by which circadian behavioral rhythms are endogenously generated and reset by environmental stimuli. In the absence of such a delay, constitutive application of feedback regulation will specify an equilibrium state associated with constant levels of per and tim RNA and proteins. In contrast, by separating the phases of RNA and protein accumulation through a requirement for PER–TIM interaction, feedback control is applied at only some times of day. Sustained cycling of RNA and protein levels is expected if nuclear PER inhibits per and tim RNA synthesis.
Conservatism flow and the pricing of credit risk

I study the relation between the pricing of credit default swaps (CDSs) and three recently proposed firm-year measures of conditional conservatism or conservatism flow: asymmetric timeliness of earnings, asymmetric behavior of accruals, and conservatism ratio. Using CDS pricing data from Fitch, I show that there is a negative association between CDS price with maturities from one to ten years, and the first two metrics of conservatism flow. I also document that the strength of the association decreases as maturity increases. My results are consistent with the hypothesis that managers practicing timely accounting recognition of economic losses tend to avoid ex ante negative NPV projects and more quickly abandon projects that turn out to be negative NPV ex post. These, in turn, lead to an association with CDS price, via a reduction of information asymmetry between firm insiders and outsiders, the provision of a reliable estimate of future firm wealth, and a reduction in probability of bankruptcy. I also show that the effect of asymmetric timeliness is incremental to the book-to-tax ratio, which is thought to be a measure of conservatism by the literature on taxation.
Ultrastructural changes in bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced by human hemoglobin

Recently published studies showed that human hemoglobin (Hb) forms stable complexes with bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and that these complexes have much greater biological activity than LPS alone. LPS in LPS-Hb complexes has greater filterability, is less turbid, and has a lower sedimentation velocity compared to LPS alone, changes consistent with smaller LPS size. To further characterize the physical changes in LPS induced by Hb, we examined the ultrastructure of LPS alone and LPS-Hb complexes by negative staining. We studied two rough (Re) LPS and one smooth LPS, before and after incubation with purified human HbA0. Salmonella minnesota (Re) 595 LPS was visibly turbid, and was composed mostly of ribbon-like and mesh-like structures. In addition, this LPS contained large irregular membrane-like masses, and a few smaller discoidal particles. After incubation with Hb, none of the large mesh-like, ribbon-like or membrane-like structures remained; the resultant LPS particles were discoidal ...
A novel sine-curve mobility model for intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks

Intrusion detection is prominently important for civil and military applications in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To date, related works address the problem by assuming a straight-line intrusion path and a Boolean sensing model. However, a straight-line intrusion path is often not the case in reality, and the Boolean sensing model cannot resemble a real-world sensor precisely. Results based on these assumptions are therefore not applicable with desirable accuracy in practice. In view of this, we propose a novel sine-curve mobility model that can simulate different intrusion paths by adjusting its features (amplitude, frequency, and phase) and can be integrated into the random WSN model for intrusion detection analysis. It can also be applied to different sensor models and makes influencing factors tractable. With the model, we examine the effects of different intrusion paths on the intrusion detection probability in a random WSN, considering both Boolean and realistic Elfes sensing models. Further, we investigate the interplays between network settings and intruder's mobility patterns and identify the benefits and side effects of the model theoretically and experimentally. Simulation outcomes are shown to match well with the theoretical results, validating the modeling, analysis, and conclusions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated sample preparation systems for miniaturized biochemical analysis

This work is focused on the development of miniaturized formats for integrated biochemical sample preparation. The formats discussed in this work include micromachined pipette arrays, a micro thermal field flow fractionation system, and a micro electrical field flow fractionation system. The micromachined pipette arrays are used for macro scale manipulation of pL-/spl mu/L volumes of samples/reagents and for interfacing with micro scale biochemical analysis systems. The micro thermal field flow fractionation system is a chromatographic separation technique for fractionating samples based on the heat capacity, thermal conductivity and size of the particles. The micro electrical field flow fractionation system fractionates samples based on the size and zeta potential of the sample constituents. Electrical and thermal micro FFF systems are capable of separating samples with constituents in the diameter range from approximately 1 nm to 1 /spl mu/m. In each case, the need for mechatronics technologies is demonstrated for manipulation and placement of the biochemical samples being delivered to/from these preparation systems.
Court‐ordered cesarean sections: A judicial standard for resolving the conflict between fetal interests and maternal rights

(1989). Court‐ordered cesarean sections: A judicial standard for resolving the conflict between fetal interests and maternal rights. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 211-249.
Comparison of Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Collision-Induced Dissociation of Supercharged Peptides in Ion Traps

The number and types of diagnostic ions obtained by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) were evaluated for supercharged peptide ions created by electrospray ionization of solutions spiked with m-nitrobenzyl alcohol. IRMPD of supercharged peptide ions increased the sequence coverage compared with that obtained by CID for all charge states investigated. The number of diagnostic ions increased with the charge state for IRMPD; however, this trend was not consistent for CID because the supercharged ions did not always yield the greatest number of diagnostic ions. Significantly different fragmentation pathways were observed for the different charge states upon CID or IRMPD with the latter yielding far more immonium ions and often fewer uninformative ammonia, water, and phosphoric acid neutral losses. Pulsed-Q dissociation resulted in an increase in the number of internal product ions, a decrease in sequence-informative ions, and reduced overall ion abundances. The enhanced sequence coverage afforded by IRMPD of supercharged ions was demonstrated for a variety of model peptides, as well as for a tryptic digest of cytochrome c.
Periodic states of adsorption cycles. I: Direct determination and stability

Abstract A method is presented for the direct determination and stability analysis of periodic states of adsorption cycles. The method is shown to be more versatile than the traditional method of successive substitution and computationally more efficient for cycles which converge slowly to the periodic state. Examples of unconstrained and constrained cycles are given based on the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) model of Ritter and Yang. For the constrained case, the first and only periodic state found satisfies a design specification.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome is Favorable in Neonatal Cerebral Stroke 1909

Little information is available about neurodevelopmental outcome and associated risk factors in neonatal stroke. We are reviewing patients with neonatal stroke to correlate stroke characteristics with perinatal risk factors and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. A cohort of patients from 1989-1991 were identifed from a radiology database. We collected data from inpatient and outpatient records on demographics, maternal risk factors, delivery, clinical presentation, laboratory, EEG and imaging studies. Infants were followed for a mean of 22 m (range 6 m-66 m) in a clinic where detailed neurologic and psychologic testing was performed. Of the 18 patients identified, 16 were full-term; the others were 33 and 36 weeks' gestation. No known risk factors were identified that would have predicted neonatal stroke. Five of 18 (27%) infants were delivered by emergency C/section and 8/18 (44%) had a 5 minute Apgar score <6. Seizures were the presentation in all cases, 38% occurring within 24h of birth and 69% within 72h. Strokes were bilateral in 8 (44%), left-sided in 6 (33%) and right-sided in 4 (22%). Two patients died, one had multiple congenital abnormalities and the other was taken off life-support on day 6. Stroke etiology was not determined in any case, but the evaluations were limited. Of the survivors, 11 (69%) were normal and 5 had cognitive and/or motor delays (4 moderate, 1 severe). Bayley exams were done on 9/16 patients of whom 2 had cognitive delay. Five patients had poor head growth on serial measurements. Of these, 4 had continued seizures and/or developmental impairment. One patient with moderate neurological delay and seizures had normal head growth. We conclude that stroke etiology should be investigated, outcome is generally good, and seizures beyond the neonatal period or poor head growth are associated with poor outcome.
Peak exercise and immediate postexercise imaging for the detection of left ventricular functional abnormalities in coronary artery disease.

Abstract Eleven patients without significant coronary artery disease (CAD) (group A), 22 patients with significant CAD and no prior myocardial infarction (MI) (group B), and 10 patients with CAD and a previous MI (group C) were imaged at rest, at peak exercise and immediately after exercise by first-pass radionuclide angiography. At peak exercise, mean left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) did not change significantly in group A or C and decreased significantly in group B. However, in all groups mean LVEF increased significantly immediately after exercise. Examination of potential criteria for an abnormal LVEF response showed that changes from rest to peak exercise were sensitive for detection of CAD but were not specific. Postexercise criteria were more specific but relatively insensitive: 15 of 32 patients (47%) with CAD showed a normal (>5% increase over rest) response after exercise. Similarly, a regional abnormality at peak exercise was 100% sensitive, compared with a sensitivity of 78 % after exercise for the whole group, and only 68% in patients without prior MI. Seven patients would have been misclassified as normal if postexercise imaging alone had been performed. The likelihood of an abnormal postexercise EF response was related to the extent of CAD: No patient with 1-vessel, 8 of 17 with 2-vessel and 9 of 12 with 3-vessel CAD showed such a response. Peak exercise imaging is necessary to achieve maximal sensitivity for the detection of CAD, and a high false-negative rate will be obtained if postexercise imaging only is used. The combination of peak exercise and postexercise imaging may be of value in assessing the severity of CAD.
Lipid distribution imaging in in-vitro artery model by 1.7-μm spectroscopic spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate visualization of lipid distribution in in-vitro artery model by 1.7-μm spectroscopic spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In the demonstration, we measure spectral fringes by a spectrometer with an extended InGaAs line sensor and a super-continuum (SC) light source whose spectrum is arranged to have its maximum intensity in 1.7-μm band. The OCT system has an axial resolution of 21μm, a measurement range of 5mm and a sensitivity of 108dB with an A-scan rate of 0.96kHz, which is limited by the noise of the available SC light source. The in-vitro model is made by injecting lipid into swine carotid artery, which is compared to intact artery. We perform Bscan of the model in water by connecting an OCT probe to the OCT system and pulling the probe back at 0.027mm/sec with a rotation rate of 112rpm. For visualizing lipid distribution, we adopt a spectroscopic OCT algorism where the detected spectral fringe is divided into six sub-bands, the set of the sub-band A-scans are fitted to a model accounting absorption characteristics of lipid with its peak at 1726nm, and the content of lipid is estimated as lipid score. As a result, the p-value of the lipid score between normal artery and plaque one is less than 1E-10 in 1-mm depth from the surface, which is significant of visualization of lipid distribution.
Development of a Dual-Pump CARS System for Measurements in a Supersonic Combusting Free Jet

This work describes the development of a dual-pump CARS system for simultaneous measurements of temperature and absolute mole fraction of N2, O2 and H2 in a laboratory scale supersonic combusting free jet. Changes to the experimental set-up and the data analysis to improve the quality of the measurements in this turbulent, high-temperature reacting flow are described. The accuracy and precision of the instrument have been determined using data collected in a Hencken burner flame. For temperature above 800 K, errors in absolute mole fraction are within 1.5, 0.5, and 1% of the total composition for N2, O2 and H2, respectively. Estimated standard deviations based on 500 single shots are between 10 and 65 K for the temperature, between 0.5 and 1.7% of the total composition for O2, and between 1.5 and 3.4% for N2. The standard deviation of H2 is ~10% of the average measured mole fraction. Results obtained in the jet with and without combustion are illustrated, and the capabilities and limitations of the dual-pump CARS instrument discussed.