cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence and Gene Regulation

This chapter describes the virulence and regulation of chaperone-usher pathway (CUP) pili, focusing on type 1 and P pili in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC and E. coli in general heavily rely on CUP pili to mediate attachment to biotic and abiotic surfaces. The pathogenesis of community-acquired UPEC UTI is thought to begin with UPEC colonization of the periurethral area from the fecal flora. Depending on the specific niche UPEC inhabits, it encounters different elements of the immune response as well as different environmental pressures, necessitating precise gene regulation. The ability of UPEC to transcend the acute population bottleneck is described in detail. In addition to up-regulation of genes involved in general metabolism, several genes classified as being involved in removal of reactive oxygen species and hydrophobic compounds were also upregulated. Further, negative cross-regulatory interactions between pili may serve to divert resources to the conditions most effective for persistence or transit throughout hosts. Antivirulence compounds such as pilicides and mannosides represent novel strategies to translate basic knowledge from the investigation of pilus structure and function into new therapeutics that may have efficacy in treating UTIs by affecting CUP expression and function.
THE "PROTECTIVE" INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASES Quagmire or Opportunity for Neuroepidemiology?

The negative association between smoking and both Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases is a consistent epidemiologic finding. This observation has prompted many investigators to conclude that cigarette smoking must be "biologically protective" against AD and PD. Rather than suggesting some as-yet-undefined pathogenetic clue, however, this negative association more likely is indicative of the under-appreciated influence of differential survival in epidemiologic studies.
Slides, sushi, and sixth-graders: a case study of elementary student art-based learning in a museum setting

This poster presents findings from an ethnographic study about elementary students' art-based learning in accordance with students' personal, physical, and sociocultural contexts of learning (Falk and Dierking, 2000). Findings include that while art activities integrated learning about Japanese art history and aesthetics and engaging in artistic production by creating sushi and watercolors, as a community of practice, (Hapgood and Palincsar, 2002,) the group engaged in traditional classroom-based behavior and conversational structures (Cazden, 1988; Phillips, 1972).
Translation of the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ) into Japanese: A cultural adaptation

AbstractObjective: While there are several Japanese, qualitative, case studies examining psychotherapy outcome, there is a growing need for quantitative psychotherapy outcome research in Japan. This study adapted the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ), one of the most common quantitative measures of clinical outcome, for use in Japan. Method: With the help of 6 translators and 116 native Japanese pilot respondents, the original OQ was translated into Japanese following Beaton et al.’s methodology and includes forward translation, synthesis, back translation, and expert committee meetings. Results: The study produced four pre-final versions, two pretest version, and one pilot version of the Japanese OQ. With permission from the original questionnaire developers, a few items were modified to achieve cultural equivalence. The rigorous translation and adaptation processes, evaluated through the Translation Validity Index and Content Validity Index provided semantic, content, and conceptual equivalence between the ...
Seismic and drilling constraints on velocity structure and reflectivity near IODP Hole U1309D on the central dome of Atlantis Massif, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 30°N

[1] The seismic structure of the upper ∼1 km of the central dome of Atlantis Massif is investigated in the context of lithologies known from seafloor drilling and physical property measurements obtained within the borehole and on core samples. A new analysis of seafloor refraction data and multichannel reflection data acquired in the immediate vicinity of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1309 was motivated by a discrepancy between initial seismic interpretations, which indicated mantle velocities at shallow depth, and the gabbroic sequence recovered by drilling. A new seismic velocity model is derived that is consistent with the full suite of geological and geophysical data in the central dome area; all of these data show that mafic intrusive rocks dominate the upper portion of the footwall of this oceanic core complex and that laterally extensive zones of ultramafic rocks are not required by the data. The origin of subseafloor reflectivity beneath the central dome was also considered. We find that seafloor scattering complicates the interpretation of multichannel seismic data acquired near Site U1309 but that detectable subsurface impedance contrasts do occur. Downhole variations in alteration may generate reflections observed from the upper kilometer of the central dome.
Cardiovascular disease after renal transplantation.

Although cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation, its pathogenesis and treatment are poorly understood. We conducted separate analyses of risk factors for ischemic heart disease, cerebral, and peripheral vascular disease after 706 renal transplants, all of which functioned for at least 6 months. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis to examine the effects of multiple pretransplant and posttransplant risk factors and included time-dependent variables measured at 3, 6, and 12 months, and annually to last follow-up at 7.0 +/- 4.2 yr. The independent relative risk (RR) of diabetes was 3.25 for ischemic heart disease, 3.21 for cerebral vascular disease, and 28.18 peripheral vascular disease (P
The Markoff equation X2 + Y2 + Z2 = aXYZ over quadratic imaginary fields

The Markoff equation Ma: X2 + Y2 + Z2 = aXYZ has been extensively studied. Markoff showed that M3(Z) is generated from (1, 1, 1) by automorphisms, and Zagier gave a precise asymptotic formula for the number of points in Ma(Z) with height less than H. In this paper we prove similar results for Ma(R), where R is an order in a quadratic imaginary field K. In particular, we show that if K ≠ Q(i), and if |a| ≥ 3, then the only solutions come from Markoff's solution. (If |a| > 3, there are no solutions.) And for R = Z[i] we give an asymptotic formula similar to Zagier's result.
A model of cyanotic heart disease: functional, pathological, and metabolic sequelae in the immature canine heart.

To assess the etiology of depressed ventricular function in cyanotic congenital heart disease, an experimental model in immature puppies was devised in which the left atrial appendage is directly anastamosed to the distally banded pulmonary artery. The preparation results in significant cyanosis during a 3-month study period (PO2 = 91 ± 4 vs 43 ± 3, hematocrit = 33 ± 3 vs 55 ± 5). Compared to age- and weight-matched unoperated controls, cyanotic animals developed significant depression of biventricular ejection fraction (P < 0.05), increased heart weight indexed for body weight (P < 0.05), increased right ventricular weight (P < 0.02), and increased right ventricular free wall thickness (P < 0.05). There was no alteration in ventricular volumes. In addition, mean myocardial stores of highenergy phosphate compounds were unaltered. The model allows a reproducible level of hypoxemia to be produced in young animals, utilizes no prosthetic materials, and allows future experiments to be performed to ascertain the metabolic response of the cyanotic myocardium to exercise or surgically induced ischemia.
Dysfunctions in Circadian Behavior and Physiology in Mouse Models of Huntington's Disease

Many patients with Huntington's disease (HD) exhibit disturbances in their daily cycle of sleep and wake as part of their symptoms. These patients have difficulty sleeping at night and staying awake during the day, which has a profound impact on the quality of life of the patients and their care-givers. In the present study, we examined diurnal and circadian rhythms of four models of HD including the BACHD, CAG 140 knock-in and R6/2 CAG 140 and R6/2 CAG 250 lines of mice. The BACHD and both R6/2 lines showed profound circadian phenotypes as measured by wheel-running activity. Focusing on the BACHD line for further analysis, the amplitude of the rhythms in the BACHD mice declined progressively with age. In addition, the circadian regulation of heart rate and body temperature in freely behaving BACHD mice were also disrupted. Furthermore, the distribution of sleep as well as the autonomic regulation of heart rate was disrupted in this HD model. To better understand the mechanistic underpinnings of the circadian disruption, we used electrophysiological tools to record from neurons within the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The BACHD mice exhibit reduced rhythms in spontaneous electrical activity in SCN neurons. Interestingly, the expression of the clock gene PERIOD2 was not altered in the SCN of the BACHD line. Together, this data is consistent with the hypothesis that the HD mutations interfere with the expression of robust circadian rhythms in behavior and physiology. The data raise the possibility that the electrical activity within the central clock itself may be altered in this disease.
Electron microscopy of infection by Saprolegnia spp. in channel catfish.

Abstract Saprolegnia sp. isolated from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus grew slower than S. parasitica on cornmeal agar (CMA). Oogonia in Saprolegnia sp. appeared frequently, whereas oogonia were rarely seen in S. parasitica on CMA. In experimental exposures of injured channel catfish to fungal spores, infections were apparent after 3–4 d, but were most common after 7–9 d. Multiple lesions were usually seen in naturally infected fish, whereas a single lesion appeared at the injured site of experimentally infected fish. No obvious differences were found between lesions caused by S. parasitica and those caused by Saprolegnia sp. Most of the epidermal cells in fungusinfected lesions were necrotic. In some lesions, the epidermis was completely sloughed and the dermis was exposed. Both Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia sp. penetrated the dermis, causing damage to fibroblasts and collagen lamellae.
Planar microstrip monopole antenna for UPCS and UWB applications

This letter presents a microstrip-fed antenna that is compact, low profile, and planar.The antenna is suitable for UPCS (1.85–1.99 GHz) and UWB applications. The antenna occupies an area of 20 × 40 mm2. The antenna exhibits dual frequency bands at 1.8–2 GHz and 3.825–8.177 GHz with good radiation pattern characteristics. The antenna radiation pattern is almost as the radiation pattern of a monopole antenna, and the gain remains nearly constant within UPCS and UWB bands. The antenna is suitable for application to wireless communication systems. Finally, there is good agreement between the measured and the simulated results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:496–500, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26564
Alternative modes of population growth inhibition in a human lymphoid cell line growing in suspension

Abstract Using a human lymphoid cell line grown under continuous culture conditions, two distinct plateau states were induced, either by lack of sufficient medium-supplied nutrient, or by other unknown mechanisms dependent on cell density. Flow microfluorometric measurements show that growth arrest due to nutritional insufficiency results in an accumulation of cells with G1 DNA content. In contrast, growth arrest due to high cell density is not associated with an altered distribution of cells with respect to DNA content as the population progresses from exponential to plateau state growth. Cell size decreases with progression of the plateau state induced by either type of growth arrest. Cells in a plateau state induced by high cell density utilize glucose and incorporate exogenous amino acid into protein at approximately the same rate as exponential cells. Proliferating, high cell density, plateau state cells have cell cycle phase durations similar to exponential cells. The stable, plateau state cell density is maintained by cell loss. No stable, unbound growth inhibitory factor was found in the medium of density-inhibited plateau state cultures.
Inorganic-organic shape memory polymer (SMP) foams with highly tunable properties.

Thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials that can return from a temporary to a permanent shape with the application of heat. Porous SMP foams exhibit unique properties versus solid, nonporous SMPs, enabling their utility in different applications, including some in the biomedical field. Reports on SMP foams have focused on those based on organic polymer systems. In this study, we have prepared inorganic–organic SMP foams comprising inorganic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) segments and organic poly(e-caprolactone) PCL segments. The PCL segments served as switching segments to induce shape changing behavior whereas the length of the PDMS soft segment was systematically tuned. SMP foams were formed via the photochemical cure of acrylated (AcO) macromers AcO-PCL40-block-PDMSm-block-PCL40-OAc (m = 0, 20, 37, 66 and 130) using a revised solvent casting/particulate leaching (SCPL) method. By varying the PDMS segment length, PDMS-PCL foams having excellent shape memory behavior we...
How will Sarbanes‐Oxley affect foreign companies?

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) will impact far more than just U.S. domiciled companies, says the author. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity in human tumors

Summary RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity is present in specimens of freshly excised human medulloblastoma. This activity is demonstrated in the cell homogenates and activity remains in the supernatant fluid at 30,000g after 30 minutes and pellets at 100,000g in 2 hrs. Detergent is necessary to elicit significant activity. The enzyme activity was determined using a poly(A)·oligo(dT) template. Retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma and ocular malignant melanoma also showed activity but in much lower amounts than medulloblastoma. Normal human orbital connective tissue, cerebellum and retina, similarly studied, failed to show activity with this template. Thus, by these methods a RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase activity is demonstrated in human tumors, but not in the corresponding normal tissues.
Farewell to the Space Shuttle

The US Space Shuttle program helped start many careers and companies and initiate countless breakthroughs in computing hardware and software, medicine, life sciences, materials research, propulsion, and electromechanical technologies. The author looks at the program's legacy and ponders how we'll fill the void left behind. This department is part of a special issue on NASA contributions to IT.
Microspectrophotometry and digestibility of alkali-treated walls in bermudagrass cell types

Phenolic compounds within plant cell walls reduce forage quality, hut information on the site and type of these compounds is needed to determine precise mechanisms influencing forage digestibility. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the loss of phenolic compounds from walls of various cell types after treatment with NaOH using microspectrophotometry and to relate this loss to digestibility by rumen microorganisms. Cell walls of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [ (L.) Pers.] leaf-blade sections were untreated or treated successively with 0.1 and 1.0 NaOH to release phenolic acids. Sections were then digested in vitro with rumen fluid. Walls of parenchyma bundle sheath, sclerenchyma, and mestome sheath from undegraded sections were examined by ultraviolet (UV) absorption microspectrophotometry and evaluated with histochemical stains for phenolics. Walls of untreated parenchyma bundle sheaths gave UV absorption spectra similar to -coumaroyl or feruloyl arabinoxylotrisaccharides, and the absorption was low after 0.1 NaOH treatment and essentially absent after 1.0 NaOH treatment. A crude estimation of ferulic acid equivalents was calculated from Beer's Law assuming that all absorbance in parenchyma bundle sheath was due to -coumaroyl or feruloyl groups. Sclerenchyma and mestome sheath walls contained esterified and/or etherified -coumaric and/or ferulic acids and a relatively high proportion of lignin (i.e., condensed phenolic polymers). Cell walls appeared to be substantially distorted and partially degraded after 0.1 NaOH treatment; digestion of walls treated with 1.0 NaOH resulted in mostly unrecognizable residues. Absorption maxima were still present in undegraded mestome walls after 1.0 NaOH treatment. Microspectrophotometry of alkali-treated walls indicated that -coumaroyl and feruloyl groups appeared to be mostly responsible for limiting digestion in certain cell types (e.g., parenchyma bundle sheath), while the more refractory walls (e.g., mestome sheath) contained esterified and/or etherified -coumaric and ferulic acid and more recalcitrant aromatic compounds.
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and endothelium-dependent responses in porcine cerebral arteries.

We sought to determine the effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cerebrovascular endothelium-dependent responses in studies performed on isolated porcine basilar arteries.Male Yorkshire pigs (6-8 weeks old) were kept for 4 weeks on a standard diet (control group, n = 12) or on chow supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, 3.5 g/day, or docosahexaenoic acid, 1.5 g/day; treated group, n = 12). Isometric tension recording of the basilar artery was carried out and responses were compared between the two groups.The regimen resulted in a decrease in the plasma arachidonic acid level and an increase in eicosapentaenoic acid. Endothelium-dependent relaxations induced by bradykinin and adenosine diphosphate were augmented in the basilar arteries of the treated group. Incubation with indomethacin (10(-5) M) prevented the augmentation of the relaxations induced by bradykinin, but not those caused by adenosine diphosphate. The indomethacin-sensitive, endothelium-depende...
A rationally-based correlation of mean fragment size for drop secondary breakup

A correlation was derived for the Sauter mean diameter of fragments produced in the bag and multimode drop breakup regimes for drops having Ohnesorge numbers less than 0.1. Development of the correlation focused on the growth of capillary instabilities on the toroidal rim seen during the final stages of bag breakup. The model linked the time scale for drop breakup and the time scale associated with growth of the unstable waves. The instability scale was approximated from the results of linear stability theory for capillary waves on liquid cylinders. The drop breakup scale was based on correlations available in the literature for drops subjected to a rapid (relative to drop deformation time scales) rise in relative velocity. Though development focused on bag breakup, the resultant expression was also shown to correlate the multimode regime data reasonably well.
symMMU: symbolically executed runtime libraries for symbolic memory access

Symbolic execution calls for specialized address translation. Unlike a pointer on a traditional machine model, which corresponds to a single address, a symbolic pointer may represent multiple feasible addresses. A symbolic pointer dereference manipulates symbolic state, potentially submitting many theorem prover requests in the process. Hence, design and management of symbolic accesses critically affects symbolic executor performance, complexity, and completeness.We demonstrate a symbolic execution extension, the symMMU, which separates access dispatch mechanism from policy by servicing memory accesses with symbolically executed runtime software handlers. This runtime code concisely represents access policies including pointer concretization, address forking, and symbolic indexing. These policies are competitive with a baseline hard-coded memory policy. Furthermore, the symMMU cleanly supports handlers for profiling, heap analysis, and demand allocated symbolic buffers. In practice, the symMMU flags hardware-validated bugs for over a thousand Linux program binaries.
Animal play and the evolution of morality : An ethological approach

In this paper we argue that there is much to learn about “wild justice” and the evolutionary origins of morality – behaving fairly – by studying social play behavior in group-living mammals. Because of its relatively wide distribution among the mammals, ethological investigation of play, informed by interdisciplinary cooperation, can provide a comparative perspective on the evolution of ethical behavior that is broader than is provided by the usual focus on primate sociality. Careful analysis of social play reveals rules of engagement that guide animals in their social encounters. Because of its significance in development, play may provide a foundation of fairness for other forms of cooperation that are advantageous to group living. Questions about the evolutionary roots of cooperation, fairness, trust, forgiveness, and morality are best answered by attention to the details of what animals do when they engage in social play – how they negotiate agreements to cooperate, to forgive, to behave fairly, and to develop trust. We consider questions such as why play fairly? Why did play evolve as it has? Does “being fair” mean being more fit? Do individual variations in play influence an individual’s reproductive fitness? Can we use information about the foundations of moral behavior in animals to help us understand ourselves? We conclude that there is likely to be strong selection for cooperative fair play because there are mutual benefits when individuals adopt this strategy and group stability may also be fostered. Numerous mechanisms have evolved to facilitate the initiation and maintenance of social play, to keep others engaged, so that agreeing to play fairly and the resulting benefits of doing so can be readily achieved.
Some potential applications of solid state nuclear track detectors in aerospace

Abstract The induction of upsets or soft errors in computer microcircuits by charged particles is described. While protons apparently cannot directly cause such upsets, their nuclear reactions and elastic scattering recoils in silicon have a sufficiently large LET to be effective. The effects in a high-radiation space environment are explored. Finally, the application of SSNTDs to dosimetry in experiments designed to measure upsets is considered. They appear to be eminently suitable for such studies.
Potential Anticancer Compounds with Structural Relation to Podophyllotoxin: Synthesis of 5-(4′,5′,6′-Trimethoxyphenyl)-bis-lactone (3-Hydroxymethyl-4-carboxy and 1-Hydroxymethyl-6-carboxy)-3,6-cyclohexadiene and Related Compounds

Compounds with structural relation to podophyllotoxin and the peltatins were synthesized as potential anticancer reagents.
First-Principles Prediction of Intermediate Products in the Decomposition of Metal Amidoboranes

The nonvolatile products remaining after the thermal decomposition of metal amidoboranes (MAB, M = metal) are amorphous and incompletely characterized, increasing the complexity of devising regeneration strategies for these potential hydrogen storage materials. Utilizing the combined prototype electrostatic ground state search and density-functional theory (PEGS+DFT), we find that potential reaction products ([NHBH2]−, [NBH]−, [N3H2B3H3]−, and polymer-M[NHBH2] anion groups) in the decomposition of LiAB and CaAB are calculated to be significantly endothermic, in contrast to the experimentally measured nearly thermoneutral values [∼−4 kJ/(mol H2) in LiAB and 3.5 kJ/(mol H2) in CaAB], suggesting that there are alternative products formed. The dianion group [NHBHNHBH3]2– has recently been suggested to form in the decomposition of a calcium amidoborane complex in solution. In LiAB and CaAB, we use PEGS+DFT to predict intermediate metal–dianion compounds, and the static H2 release enthalpy is 27.4 and 27.3 kJ/(...
Development and evaluation of alternative habitat suitability criteria for brook trout

Abstract We developed habitat suitability criteria (HSC) for mean column velocity and depth from a foraging model (foraging-model HSC) that incorporated the energetic costs and benefits of a foraging location for drift-feeding brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Hunt Creek, Michigan. We compared these criteria to HSC developed from frequency-of-use data (use HSC) collected in Hunt Creek. Foraging-model HSC predicted that a single mean column velocity was optimal and depended on fish size, whereas a range of optimal mean column velocities was predicted from frequency-of-use data. The optimal velocities predicted from foraging-model HSC for yearling and older brook trout (range 32–49 cm·s−1) were greater than the highest optimal velocity (27 cm·s−1) predicted by use HSC. The optimal-velocity values predicted from foraging-model HSC for age-0 fish (23 and 29 cm·s−1 for 5- and 7.5-cm fish, respectively) were within the range of optimal velocities (6–30 cm·s−1) predicted from use HSC. The predicted range of u...
Cytokine-mobilized allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplants in children result in rapid engraftment and a high incidence of chronic GVHD

Between October 1995 and October 1998, 24 children aged 9 months to 17 years (median 11 years) underwent cytokine-mobilized allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation for treatment of hematological disorders. All of the transplants were the first allogeneic transplant for the recipient. Twenty patients were transplanted for hematological malignancies (ALL = 8, AML = 6, CML = 4, MDS = 2) and four patients were transplanted for non-malignant disease (thalassemia major = 2, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome = 1, Kostmann's syndrome = 1). Nineteen donors were HLA-identical siblings, four were HLA-matched or single antigen mismatched parents, and one was a syngeneic transplant. Donors aged 8 to 38 years (median 15 years, 14 donors v18 years) received g-csf 10 μg/kg/day subcutaneously beginning 4 days before pbsc collection and were submitted to one to three leukapheresis collections. the median cd34+ cell yield was 7.8 × 106 cells/kg recipient body weight. all patients achieved an anc >0.5 × 109/l after a median of 13 days (range 10–21). Twenty-three patients eventually achieved platelet transfusion independence. One patient died on day 63 without ever achieving platelet transfusion independence. Four patients received platelet transfusions to maintain a platelet count well above 20 × 109/l due to bleeding complications. Of the 19 evaluable patients, the median time to a non-transfused platelet count of 20 × 109/l was 12 days (range 0–44). Ten of 23 at-risk patients developed acute GVHD grades II to IV, with grades III to IV in four patients. Twelve of 19 patients followed for at least 100 days have developed chronic GVHD (extensive = 2, limited = 10) with an actuarial risk of chronic GVHD of 75% at 1 year. The Kaplan–Meier estimate of event-free survival is 65% at 2 years. Four patients died (GVHD = 3, VOD = 1), three patients relapsed, and one patient with thalassemia major had a late graft failure with autologous recovery. Based upon our experience, allogeneic PBSCT is safe for both pediatric donors and recipients and engraftment of neutrophils and platelets is rapid. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000) 25, 13–18.
Web-based document image processing

Increasing numbers of research libraries are turning to the Internet for electron interlibrary loan and for document delivery to patrons. This has been made possible through the widespread adoption of software such as Ariel and DocView. Ariel, a product of the Research Libraries Group, converts paper-based documents to monochrome bitmapped images, and delivers them over the Internet. The National Library of Medicine's DocView is primarily designed for library patrons are beginning to reap the benefits of this new technology, barriers exist, e.g., differences in image file format, that lead to difficulties in the use of library document information. To research how to overcome such barriers, the Communications Engineering Branch of the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, an R and D division of NLM, has developed a web site called the DocMorph Server. This is part of an ongoing intramural R and D program in document imaging that has spanned many aspects of electronic document conversion and preservation, Internet document transmission and document usage. The DocMorph Server Web site is designed to fill two roles. First, in a role that will benefit both libraries and their patrons, it allows Internet users to upload scanned image files for conversion to alternative formats, thereby enabling wider delivery and easier usage of library document information. Second, the DocMorph Server provides the design team an active test bed for evaluating the effectiveness and utility of new document image processing algorithms and functions, so that they may be evaluated for possible inclusion in other image processing software products being developed at NLM or elsewhere. This paper describes the design of the prototype DocMorph Server and the image processing functions being implemented on it.
A Pilot Study of Shoulder Placement for Actigraphy in Children

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders may have difficulty tolerating devices that monitor sleep, presenting challenges in measuring sleep disturbances in this population. Although wrist actigraphy has advantages over polysomnography, some children remain unable to tolerate wrist placement. This study piloted an alternative site for actigraphy in 8 children with autism, ages 6–10 years. Results are presented from the 2 locations (custom pocket shoulder location and wrist location) using Bland–Altman limits of agreement and other statistical measures to compare sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset. The use of an alternative actigraphy site for children with autism, who have difficulty tolerating actigraphy placement, appears promising and worthy of further study.
Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies of B12 Coenzymes: Influence of Solvent on the Photolysis of Adenosylcobalamin

Femtosecond-to-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the photolysis of coenzyme B12, 5‘-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, as a function of solvent environment comparing water, ethylene glycol, and mixtures of water and ethylene glycol. Photolysis in ethylene glycol is characterized by the clean formation of a cob(II)alamin species on a time scale ≤ 28 ps. Competition between cage escape and geminate recombination of the initial radical pair leads to a nanosecond photolysis quantum yield of ca. 8%. This is in contrast to the photolysis of adenosylcobalamin in water, where an additional intermediate state is identified, and the net quantum yield for photolysis is three times higher. The additional intermediate observed in aqueous solution may correspond to a base-off alkylcobalamin or to a cob(II)alamin-like state having an enhanced rate for ground-state recovery. The competition between cage escape and geminate recombination for adenosyl and cob(II)alamin radical pairs is investigated b...
Selective antiviral activity of human interferons on primate oncogenic and neurotropic herpesviruses

Human lymphoblastic, leukocytic and fibroblastic interferons were found to have marked antiviral activity on the replication of Herpes virus saimiri and Herpes virus ateles when used at a concentration of 500 IU/ml or greater but only minimal activity against two neurotropic viruses, viz. Herpes-virus platyrrhine and herpes simplex virus. All three interferons were equally effective as antiviral agents against the oncogenic herpesviruses. Pretreatment of cells with interferons before virus infection was not required as it failed to enhance or retard the antiviral action of interferon, particularly in the case of the oncogenic herpesviruses. The m.o.i. of virus ranging from 100 to 0.0002 did not alter the effectiveness of the antiviral ability of interferon which was maintained at these virus concentrations. Interferon was equally effective in suppressing the replication of the two oncogenic viruses at low and high m.o.i. (20 to 0.00002). Interferon was able to suppress the advancement of virus-induced cell cytopathic effect of HVS- and HVA-infected cell monolayers. This event could be repeated continuously over a period of several months by addition and withdrawal of interferon. Virus-infected cell monolayers exhibiting advance (75%) of cell cytopathology could be treated with 10,000 IU/ml interferon to attain cell confluency. These treated cells subsequently could be subcultivated (if maintained on 2000 IU/ml interferon) for over 14 months and 20 subpassages with an absence of virus, viral antigens or virus particles. These same cells, if maintained in the absence of interferon during each subpassage level, will produce virus; however, from the 14th subpassaged cell cultures virus appears to have been repressed or lost in the absence of interferon, suggesting that long-term application of interferon may have a therapeutic effect in ‘eliminating’ virus infection. Owl monkey kidney cells infected with HVS or HVA at a m.o.i. of > 1 (2 and 20) or m.o.i. < 1 (to induce a multicycle infection) were successfully treated with interferon.
Infrared spectroscopic observation and characterization of surface ethylidyne on supported palladium on alumina

Abstract The first detailed characterization of the surface ethylidyne species adsorbed on a supported transition metal surface , namely, Pd Al 2 O 3 (10%) is reported. Upon addition of C 2 H 4 or C 2 H 2 to Pd Al 2 O 3 at 300 K, there is an immediate irreversible formation of surface ethylidyne ( CCH 3 ), as evidenced by the development of three characteristic bands in the infrared spectrum [ δ s ( CH 3 ) = 1333 cm -1 , ν ( C  C ) = 1088 cm -1 , and ν s ( CH 3 ) = 2867 cm -1 ]. This assignment is further supported by HD exchange experiments involving chemisorbed ethylidyne which correlate with analogous experiments on Rh(111). Thermal conversion from ethylene adsorbed at low temperatures to surface ethylidyne begins at = 240 K; the surface ethylidyne species is stable up to about 400 K. These vibrational data, as well as the thermal stability data, are in excellent agreement with previous results on the Pd(111) and Rh(111) single-crystal surfaces.
Towards design principles for effective context- and perspective-based web mining

A practical and scalable web mining solution is needed that can assist the user in processing existing web-based resources to discover specific, relevant information content. This is especially important for researcher communities where data deployed on the World Wide Web are characterized by autonomous, dynamically evolving, and conceptually diverse information sources. The paper describes a systematic design research study that is based on prototyping/evaluation and abstraction using existing and new techniques incorporated as plug and play components into a research workbench. The study investigates an approach, DISCOVERY, for using (1) context/perspective information and (2) social networks such as ODP or Wikipedia for designing practical and scalable human-web systems for finding web pages that are relevant and meet the needs and requirements of a user or a group of users. The paper also describes the current implementation of DISCOVERY and its initial use in finding web pages in a targeted web domain. The resulting system arguably meets the common needs and requirements of a group of people based on the information provided by the group in the form of a set of context web pages. The system is evaluated for a scenario in which assistance of the system is sought for a group of faculty members in finding NSF research grant opportunities that they should collaboratively respond to, utilizing the context provided by their recent publications.
Role of oxygen vacancies in visible emission and transport properties of indium oxide nanowires

We report on the effect of oxygen vacancies on the defect-related emission and the electronic properties of In2O3 nanowires. The nanowires were synthesized by vapor phase transport and had diameters ranging from 80–100 nm and lengths over 10–20 μm, with a growth direction of [0 0 1]. The as-grown nanowires connected in an FET type of configuration show n-type conductivity, which is ascribed to the presence of intrinsic defects like oxygen vacancies in the nanowire. The resistivity, transconductance, field effect mobility and carrier concentration of the In2O3 nanowires were determined to be 1.82 × 10−2 Ω cm, 11.2 nS, 119 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 4.89 × 1017 cm−3, respectively. The presence of oxygen vacancies was also confirmed by photoluminescence measurements, which show a strong UV emission peak at 3.18 eV and defect peaks in the visible region at 2.85 eV, 2.66 eV and 2.5 eV. We present a technique of post-growth annealing in O2 environment and passivation with (NH4)2S to reduce the defect-induced emission.
Fixing that Great Hodgepodge: Health Care for the Poor in the U.S.

SUMMARY Like many of the poverty-based initiatives that emanated from the 1960s, America's commitment to providing health care for the poor is inconsistent at best. This paper highlights the evolution of health care coverage for the poor during the last half of the 20th century. Documentation on health care coverage preceding 1965 indicates that our initial commitment to the poor focused on a segment of the poor—the aged, the blind, the disabled and needy families—while neglecting working-age adults. This set the stage for the development of the Medicaid program in 1965 and remains the core of the groups who are covered by Medicaid today. It is suggested that the only way to meet the health care needs of all of the disadvantaged is by scrapping the current private and public health insurance mechanisms in favor of a more global, nonemployment-based health insurance coverage for all Americans.
Rapid analysis of docetaxel in human plasma by tandem mass spectrometry with on-line sample extraction

Abstract A simple, rapid, and sensitive analytical method for the measurement of docetaxel in human plasma was developed and validated. The method is based on positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI + –MS–MS) with on-line sample extraction. It uses paclitaxel as internal standard for calibration. The on-line sample extraction minimizes sample handling and is readily adopted for automation. Quantitation of plasma docetaxel was done by the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method had a linear calibration range of 1.00–3000 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient >0.9999. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for docetaxel in plasma was 1.00 ng/mL. The on-line extraction recovery of docetaxel was between 86.1–94.7%, with %CV ≤ 6.1%. This method has high accuracy (90.1–96.3%), and excellent intra-assay (0.6–3.8%) and inter-assay (2.0–5.7%) precision. Its applicability to clinical samples was demonstrated by measuring patient plasma samples after treatment of weekly docetaxel at 25 mg/m 2 as 60-min infusion.
The ligand properties of tetraethyldithiooxamide

Abstract The syntheses of some complexes of tetraethyldithiooxamide (TEDTO) with the formulas [M(TEDTO) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , where M  Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II), [Pd(TEDTO) Cl 2 ], and [Sn(TEDTO)Cl 4 ], are reported. The physical properties of the complexes indicate that TEDTO functions as a bidentate ligand with coordination probably occurring through the thiocarbonyl groups.
The Temporal Requirement of Progesterone on Proestrus for Extinction of the Estrogen-Induced Daily Signal Controlling Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Rat

The release of a large quantity of progesterone which accompanies the LH surge during proestrus serves to abolish the expression of the 24-h periodicity in the LH release apparatus initiated by estrogen. Simulation of a portion of the proestrous surge of progesterone with Silastic implants of the steroid from 1400–2100 h during proestrus in pentobarbital-(PB)- blocked rats did not prevent elaboration of an LH surge on estrus. Placement of progesterone implants from 1400–2400 h resulted in LH surges on estrus in only 63% of the animals. On the other hand, placement of the implants in PB-treated rats for the 13-h interval during which the animal normally releases a surge of progesterone (1400 h proestrus to 0300 h estrus) resulted in failure of the LH release mechanism on both estrus and diestrus-1. Placement of progesterone implants during an earlier 13-h interval (0800–2100 h) also prevented delayed LH surges on either estrus or diestrus-1. Thus, the length of time, rather than the time of day, is the cri...
Dynamics of Globally-, Dissipatively-Coupled Resonators

Examples of coupled resonator and oscillator arrays in engineering, scientific and mathematical contexts are diverse and abundant. However, when the technical scope is limited to mechanical systems, research typically focuses on arrays of resonators in which the coupling between the sub-units is conservative and nearest-neighbor in nature. In these arrays, if the sub-units are nominally identical, and the coupling is weak, collective behaviors such as localization, the spatial confinement of energy in distinct or limited regions, can be observed. In contrast, if the coupling is global and dissipative, very different collective dynamics are observed, namely, group resonance, confined attenuation, and group attenuation, the latter two of which are associated with the local absence of energy. This paper investigates these dynamic phenomena within the context of a generic, globally-, dissipatively-coupled system, which is motivated by recent work related to electromagnetically-coupled microresonator arrays. The results of this work have direct applicability in new single-input, single-output resonant mass sensors, and, with extension, a variety of other sensing and signal processing applications.© 2013 ASME
INTERACTION OF LEGENDRE CURVES AND LAGRANGIAN SUBMANIFOLDS

It is proved in [8] that there exist no totally umbilical Lagrangian submanifolds in a complex-space-form Mn(4c), n >_ 2, except the totally geodesic ones. In this paper we introduce the notion of Lagrangian Humbilical submanifolds which are the "simplest" Lagrangian submanifolds next to the totally geodesic ones in complex-space-forms. We show that for each Legendre curve in a 3-sphere S 3 (respectively, in a 3-dimensional antide Sitter space-time H3), there associates a Lagrangian H-umbilical submanifold in CP n (respectively, in CH n ) via warped products. The main part of this paper is devoted to the classification of Lagrangian H-umbi|ical submanifolds in CP n and in C/'/n . Our classification theorems imply in particular that "except some exceptional classes", Lagrangian H-umbilical submanlfolds of CP n and of CH n axe obtained from Legendre curves in S 3 or in/-13 via warped products. This provides us an interesting interruption of Legendre curves and Lagrangian H-umbilicM submanifolds in non-fiat complex-space-forms. As an immediate by-product, our results provide us many concrete examples of Lagrangian H-umbilical isometric immersions of real-space-forms into non-fiat complex-space-forms.
Gender differences in the responses to noxious stimuli

Many clinical pain conditions, including migraine, fibromyalgia, and temporomandibular disorders, occur more frequently among females than males. Greater pain sensitivity among females has been considered as one possible explanation for these differences. Despite considerable clinical and experimental research on the topic, no consensus has emerged on the existence or nature of gender differences in response to noxious stimuli. In this Focus article the authors take the position that females exhibit greater sensitivity to noxious stimuli than males. In support of this position, they review the experimental literature on gender and pain responses. Then, they present and discuss a schematic model of several systems involved in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information, which may contribute to gender-associated differences in pain sensitivity. Finally, the authors highlight several issues to be addressed by future research in this area.
Commercial bank and thrift interdependence and local market competition for retail certificates of deposit

Because of prior data limitations, the interdependence between banks and thrifts in their rate-setting activities have never been empirically examined. These relationships are important in order to understand the structure of deposit markets and to evaluate the competitive effects of deregulation. This study applies vector autoregressive modeling techniques to analyze six-month retail CD rate data for large banks and thrifts in six major cities during 1983 through 1985. A structure of rate-setting behavior is observed that is consistent with oligopolistic markets where banks, as stronger institutions, dominate the price-setting decisions of thrifts.
THE SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN URBAN LEFT‐WING VOTING IN ENGLAND AND WALES IN 19511

Seven independent variables statistically explain eighty-one per cent of the spatial variation in the 1951 Labour vote in the 157 largest towns of England and Wales. These are: 1) nearness to coalfields, 2) per cent of the population in mining and manufacturing, 3) persons in Social Classes I and II, 4) persons living in nonprivate households, 5) persons in Social Classes IV and V, 6) females per 1,000 males, and 7) per cent of population age 15–24 in full-time attendance at an educational establishment. The regression model reveals that the Labour vote is positively associated with the first three of these variables, and negatively associated with the last four. Four additional variables were also tested, but these were found to be duplicating the effects of others (collinearity) and were deleted in the combined factor model through the use of multiple regression with elimination.
Selective activation of nuclear factor kappa B in the cochlea by sensory and inflammatory stress.

Abstract Damage response pathways triggered by mechanical stress might reasonably be expected to be conserved throughout evolution. However, using a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) reporter mouse we show here that this phylogenetically recent transcription factor plays a major role in the response to mechanosensory stress in the mammalian inner ear. The protective action of NF-κB is exerted in neither sensory nor non-sensory epithelial cells, but rather in connective tissue cells within the spiral ligament and spiral limbus. In the spiral ligament, predominantly type I fibrocytes are activated following noise exposure, whereas type II fibrocytes are activated following systemic inflammatory stress. Immune-mediated and acoustic trauma-mediated hearing loss syndromes in humans may in part result from the vulnerability of type II and type I fibrocytes to systemic inflammatory stress and acoustic trauma, respectively. Unexpected cell-specific and stress-specific NF-κB activation found in the inner ear in this in vivo study suggest that this approach may have wide applications in demonstrating similar specializations of stress responses in other tissues, including the brain.