cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of high-temperature flare plasma. II Comparison with observations

In Emslie, (1985) scaling law's which relate peak loop temperature to injected nonthermal electron flux in electron-heated models of the flare corona are derived. These predicted relationships are compared with recent coordinated observations in hard X-rays and soft X-rays. Satisfactory agreement is found for large events, while for smaller events the plasma electron temperature determined by soft X-ray spectral fitting is too high. A possible resolution of this apparent discrepancy through careful examination of the method used to determine the temperature of the soft X-ray emitting plasma is discussed. It is concluded that temperatures determined by spectral fitting over a series of lines are not necessarily representative of the true temperature of the plasma, since the fitting technique is plagued by the same difficulties as a more straightforward technique involving a single spectral line or portion of continuum (Craig and Brown, 1976). The differences between actual and derived temperatures are sufficiently large to remove the above discrepancy between observations and modeling of electron-heated coronae.
Culture and Activism: Animal Rights in France and the United States

(2018). Culture and Activism: Animal Rights in France and the United States. Anthrozoos: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 517-518.
An innovative approach to educating nurses to clinical competence: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Aim This study examined the effect of mastery learning on new graduate nurses’ skill and self-regulation practices for indwelling urinary catheter insertion in a simulated learning environment. Background Clinical competence is a patient safety imperative, it is therefore important to use the most effective approaches to prepare competent nurses resulting in improved patient care and clinical outcomes. Catheter associated Urinary Tract Infections (CaUTI) are a nursing quality indicator, and account for 30% of all Hospital-Acquired Conditions (HAC) annually in the US. Design A longitudinal randomized control trial to compare two learning groups. Setting Large acute care health system. Participants 40 Nurses with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing (BSN) and who were new graduate nurses. Method Participants were randomized into the experimental group (mastery learning) or the control group (traditional learning). Both groups were asked to complete a self-paced computerized instructional module that reviewed the procedural steps for the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter in a female prior to the initial assessment. This study examined performance of insertion of a urinary catheter initially and at one-month post intervention and the self-regulation practices of all participants. Results The mean Survey of Academic Self-Regulation (SASR) scores between groups was significant, p = .035. The mean change in the Performance Assessment Tool (PAT) 17-critical steps scores between groups was also significant, p = .013. Conclusion Retention of the critical steps is valuable because if performed incorrectly, these steps may cause harm to the patient. Self-regulation practices promote confidence and an intrinsic motivation to ask for help when clinical practice questions arise.
Conflicts of interest in multi-fund management

The simultaneous management of multiple mutual funds can create distortions in the delegated asset management industry misaligned with the interests of investors and regulators. At the core of this study is the finding that multi-fund managers cross-subsidize top performing funds at the expense of low performing funds. I find that the degree in which a fund manager engages in cross-trading or opposite trading with other funds that he/she manages has a strong positive relationship with abnormal returns for high return funds and a strong negative relationship with abnormal returns for low return funds. Moreover, multi-fund managers promote high year-to-date return funds without sacrificing the performance of low year-to-date funds. A sensitivity analysis focusing on opposite trading behavior between single-fund managers is inconsistent with cross-fund subsidization, calling attention to cross-trading or opposite trading as a cross-fund subsidization mechanism for managers with multiple funds.
Abstract WP25: Trends in the Use of Intravenous tPA and Mechanical Thrombectomy [MT] Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Objective: Early treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) followed by mechanical thrombectomy [MT] is the new standard of care for stroke patients with proximal arterial occlus...
Structural and Magnetic Properties of CoPd Alloys for Non-Volatile Memory Applications

We have intensively studied perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) CoPd alloys, both structurally and magnetically, as a simple means of pinning MgO-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) for spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MRAM) applications. A compositional study of the Co x Pd100-x alloys at 50 nm thickness showed that the maximum coercivity and anisotropy was found for Co 25 Pd 75 . Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction stacks were deposited using different compositions of CoPd. Current-in-plane tunneling measurements indicated that the TMR values roughly correlated with the coercivity and anisotropy of the single layers. A thickness study indicated that the alloy was fully perpendicular for thicknesses as low as 20 nm. Various seed layers were employed to optimize the coercivity of the Co 25 Pd 75 layer. Magnetometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to relate the magnetic and structural properties of these layers.
Competition Policy Implications of Sharing Economy Enterprises

As the sharing economy increases its share of the aggregate of overall productivity in nations around the globe, it is natural that it will attract competition policy concerns. Long experience shows that new firm and enterprise structures, contract relationships, and industries attract law enforcement and regulator attention — both because they upend traditional norms governing the way economies are believed to function and because they may violate legal rules developed around those norms. Experience also shows the danger of stifling innovation in business practices by hewing to a traditional view of the “right” way for economies to operate. Such stifling may undermine growth and development where old ways are preferred to innovation. Stifling may have asymmetric impacts on those not currently in the market. The law must accommodate the immutable goal of market access. The sharing economy presents a particular challenge because, as I define it below, the foundational enterprise structure challenges traditional norms, disrupting regulatory systems to achieve greater economic efficiency. The degree of intervention to limit activity by sharing economy enterprises that is appropriate depends on the legitimacy of the regulatory structure being disrupted. That in turn might best be understood as the accessibility of the jurisdiction’s markets in the status quo ante. The paper outlines a structure for analyzing the impact of sharing economy enterprises on economic outcomes across a variety of jurisdictions, including both the developing and the developed world. Part I gives a “first principles” look at the role of competition policy in protecting markets, suggesting that the need for competition policy in the context of the sharing economy depends on the regulatory state of affairs in the industry it is disrupting. Part II considers the sharing economy as an enterprise structure, including its seven defining characteristics and how those characteristics may confound traditional competition law principles. Part III discusses the benefits to markets the sharing economy promises and set those against the apparent competition policy concerns.
Advanced techniques in complex cervical spine surgery.

The cervical spine is the most mobile region of the spinal column and serves an integral role in activities of daily living. With an aging world population, cervical spine pathology is becoming an increasingly important cause for disability and reduced quality of life. In recent decades, advances in surgical techniques and instrumentation, development of new technologies such as stereotactic navigation and robotics, maturing understanding of cervical and global spinal alignment, as well as advancement in other fields of medicine have enabled spine surgeons to safely treat increasingly more complex pathology.
An Unusual Case of Prolonged Site Bleeding After Lumbar Puncture in an Infant

CASE PRESENTATION: A 2 month-old boy presented to the emergency department with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which ceased after receiving a dose of Lorazepam 0.1mg/kg IV. Laboratory evaluation revealed a serum sodium level of 125mmol/L and so he was administered two normal saline boluses of 20mL/kg each. His temperature was 100.8F, which provoked a sepsis work-up, including a lumbar puncture (LP). The LP was complicated by prolonged bleeding and a lumbar hematoma, so he was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for further monitoring. In the …
Site directed mutagenesis as a precision tool to enable synthetic biology with engineered modular polyketide synthases

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) are a multidomain megasynthase class of biosynthetic enzymes that have great promise for the development of new compounds, from new pharmaceuticals to high value commodity and specialty chemicals. Their colinear biosynthetic logic has been viewed as a promising platform for synthetic biology for decades. Due to this colinearity, domain swapping has long been used as a strategy to introduce molecular diversity. However, domain swapping often fails because it perturbs critical protein-protein interactions within the PKS. With our increased level of structural elucidation of PKSs, using judicious targeted mutations of individual residues is a more precise way to introduce molecular diversity with less potential for global disruption of the protein architecture. Here we review examples of targeted point mutagenesis to one or a few residues harbored within the PKS that alter domain specificity or selectivity, affect protein stability and interdomain communication, and promote more complex catalytic reactivity.
Thermo-optic coefficient of B 2 O 3 and GeO 2 co-doped silica fibers

New measurements of the thermo-optic coefficients (TOCs) in ternary GeO2 and B2O3 co-doped silica core optical fibers are presented. Material additivity models are applied to the measurements to shed more light on the relative contributions by each constituent. Three of the ternary fibers studied are drawn at different temperatures, but from the same preform, providing insight into the influence of fabrication conditions. It is found that the TOC of the B2O3 constituent is somewhat less negative than previously reported and trends towards more negative values with increasing draw temperature. Two approaches are taken in determining the TOC of one of the fibers, including measuring the LP11 cutoff wavelength as a function of temperature. The latter suggests an attractive application for fiber cores with a TOC lower than the cladding: fibers whose V-number intrinsically decreases with increasing temperature. Such thermally-mode-reducing optical fibers could be of great consequence for high-energy laser applications.
An Overview of Mathematical Models for RNA Sequence-based Glioblastoma Subclassification

Molecular marker-based glioblastoma (GBM) subclassification is emerging as a key factor in personalized GBM treatment planning. Multiple genetic alterations, including methylation status and mutations, have been proposed in GBM subclassification. RNA-Sequence (RNA-Seq)-based molecular profiling of GBM is widely implemented and readily quantifiable. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have been reported as an applicable method that can consistently subgroup GBM. In this study, we systematically studied the applicability of the commonly used ML algorithms based on The Cancer Genome Atlas Glioblastoma Multiforme (TCGA-GBM) dataset and cross-validated in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset. ML algorithms studied include Binomial and multinomial Logistic Regression, Linear discriminant analysis, Decision trees, K-Nearest Neighbors, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines, Gradient Boosting, Voting Ensemble, Multi-Layer Perceptron. RNA-Seq data of 44 biomarkers were passed through the algorithms for performance evaluation. We found ML algorithms Support Vector Machines, Multi-Layer Perceptron s, and Voting Ensemble are best equipped in assigning GBM to correct molecular subgroups of GBM without histological studies.
Geological Afterlives of Sand in the Taiwan Strait

This essay foregrounds the processes and ramifications of sand’s extraction, displacement, and reassembly as critical material and political junctures to unfold the cross-strait geo-political impasse between the “two Chinas.” These processes, termed “geological afterlives of sand,” brought the gulf of waters between Xiamen and Kinmen to the fore. In this fluid space where border is ideologically fraught, sand has become a critical bordering entity that enables the encounter between geology and cross-strait politics. By focusing on sand’s mobile and malleable agency in rearranging geo-political order in this region, this essay draws on cartographic technology and documentary depiction of sand’s multifaceted metamorphoses to present and negotiate what it means for human and nonhuman actors to live through sand's afterlives of displacement.
Using social media and direct marketing as a platform to increase awareness of lung cancer screening in a Hispanic urban population in the post-COVID period

339Background: Uptake in lung cancer screening (LCS) in high-risk patients including minority populations has been low despite efforts to increase awareness in the community. During the COVID pande...
Epigenetic Heterogeneity in Friedreich Ataxia Underlies Variable FXN Reactivation

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is typically caused by homozygosity for an expanded GAA triplet-repeat in intron 1 of the FXN gene. The expanded repeat induces repressive histone changes and DNA hypermethylation, which result in epigenetic silencing and FXN transcriptional deficiency. A class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi-109) reactivates the silenced FXN gene, although with considerable inter-individual variability, which remains etiologically unexplained. Because HDAC inhibitors work by reversing epigenetic silencing, we reasoned that epigenetic heterogeneity among patients may help to explain this inter-individual variability. As a surrogate measure for epigenetic heterogeneity, a highly quantitative measurement of DNA hypermethylation via bisulfite deep sequencing, with single molecule resolution, was used to assess the prevalence of unmethylated, partially methylated, and fully methylated somatic FXN molecules in PBMCs from a prospective cohort of 50 FRDA patients. Treatment of the same PBMCs from this cohort with HDACi-109 significantly increased FXN transcript to levels seen in asymptomatic heterozygous carriers, albeit with the expected inter-individual variability. Response to HDACi-109 correlated significantly with the prevalence of unmethylated and partially methylated FXN molecules, supporting the model that FXN reactivation involves a proportion of genes that are amenable to correction in non-dividing somatic cells, and that heavily methylated FXN molecules are relatively resistant to reactivation. FXN reactivation is a promising therapeutic strategy in FRDA, and inter-individual variability is explained, at least in part, by somatic epigenetic heterogeneity.
Assumptions and limitations associated with microbial source tracking methods.

This chapter provides a critical evaluation of microbial source tracking (MST) methods, including an analysis of the current expectations of MST tools. The ultimate goal of all microbial source tracking studies is to link fecal contamination with its host source, whether contamination is a concern in water or food. Characteristics considered desirable for an “ideal” MST tool are presented in the chapter, followed by a discussion of the assumptions made about tools currently used, research studies that have addressed these assumptions, and known limitations of the tools. Host specificity of commensal and mutualistic microflora of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may, however, be the exception rather than the rule, particularly among the culturable fraction of the inhabitants of the GI tract. MST methods as related to food are also concerned with direct detection and tracking of the source of food-borne pathogens, some of which are zoonotic and are easily transmitted from animal hosts to humans. An MST tool that is adopted for beach water quality monitoring, total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessment, and food quality programs throughout the United States should meet the assumptions listed in the chapter. Several studies on the distribution of Escherichia coli species/pattern/markers (SPMs) in primary versus secondary habitats noted distinct differences in the populations.
Cluster influences on the internal dynamics of a galaxy

A cluster is a dangerous place for a galaxy. The same force field that holds the cluster together causes galaxies to orbit within the cluster, but it also stresses a galaxy and affects its internal dynamics. Galaxies are flabby objects that can easily be distorted by external forces, even disrupted in extreme cases. As part of a study of cluster influences, we have started to map out damage to a galaxy under several different kinds of buffeting a galaxy suffers as it sweeps along its orbit through a cluster. Galaxies are often treated as particles whose internal structure cannot be changed in cluster dynamics studies by few-body techniques. This requires assumptions about immunity to changes in the internal dynamics of each galaxy. Information telling when galaxies are damaged, and how badly they are damaged, is important to define the cases where few-body approximations may be useful. Motion pictures will be used to show some cluster effects on the internal dynamics of a galaxy.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Background High-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is frequently upstaged after surgery and is associated with uniformly poor survival. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may offer a way to improve clinical outcomes. We compare the survival rates of UTUC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery with patients who did not.
Role of T cells in EBV-infected systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Gross et al. ([1][1]) have provided new data demonstrating that the immunological response to EBV is abnormal in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases and reviewed previous studies over the past decade with similar observations. Abnormalities of T cell
Phosphatidylinositol kinase activity associates with viral p60src protein.

Abstract Immunoprecipitates of p60v-src proteins from chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with Rous sarcoma virus were assayed for phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase activity in the absence of detergents. The product of the PI kinase reaction, phosphatidylinositol monophosphate (PIP), migrated slightly slower than did the authentic phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate marker in thin-layer chromatography and was indistinguishable from phosphatidylinositol-3-monophosphate produced by PI kinase type I. Furthermore, the deacylated product comigrated with glycerophosphoinositol-3-phosphate in high-performance liquid chromatography. Both sucrose gradient fractionation and the heat stability of PI kinase activity from cells infected with temperature-sensitive mutants suggest that the PI kinase activity is not intrinsic to p60v-src but is a property of another molecule complexed with p60v-src. All transforming variants of p60src were associated with PI kinase activity, whereas this enzyme activity was hardly detectable in immunoprecipitates from cells infected with nontransforming viruses encoding p60c-src or an enzymatically inactive variant. However, PI kinase activity was found in p60src immunoprecipitates from cells infected with nonmyristylated, nontransforming mutants as well as temperature-sensitive mutants at the nonpermissive temperature, which indicated that simple association of PI kinase activity with p60src is not sufficient for cell transformation.
Swelling of the abdomen and legs.

A 57-year-old woman presented because of swelling of the abdomen and legs for several weeks. There was a history of “elevated blood count.” Several years earlier, a bone marrow biopsy was performed and was reported as “mildly hypocellular” with erythroid hyperplasia and decreased iron stores. For diagnosis and discussion, see the following page. DIAGNOSIS: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) secondary to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria.
Frequency and spectrum of myopathies in patients with psoriasis

Introduction: Psoriasis is a T-cell–mediated skin disorder with uncommon extracutaneous manifestations. Rare patients with psoriasis and myopathy have been reported. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of psoriasis patients seen at the Mayo Clinic during the period from January 1, 1996 to May 31, 2011. Patients who had pathologically confirmed myopathy or lymphocytic infiltrates in muscle were included. Results: Among 11,370 psoriasis patients, 13 had pathologically confirmed myopathies. Seventy percent were inflammatory myopathies, and 2 had focal inflammation in the muscle. Psoriasis preceded myopathy onset in two-thirds of the patients (median 14.7 years). Half of the patients had psoriatic arthritis; 60% had other autoimmune disorders. Patients who received anti–tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti–TNF-α) therapy had a higher risk for developing myopathy or inflammation in muscle (odds ratio = 4.45). Conclusions: Myopathy or inflammation in muscle affects an average of 1.32 of every 1000 psoriasis patients. Concomitant autoimmune disorders, psoriatic arthritis, and exposure to anti–TNF-α therapy may be associated with increased risk of developing myopathy in psoriasis patients. Muscle Nerve 48:716–721, 2013
Identification and implication of a perimeter tunneling current component in advanced self-aligned bipolar transistors

The identification of a perimeter tunneling current in the base-emitter junction of advanced double-poly self-aligned bipolar transistors has been verified by measuring based current as a function of temperature, bias voltage, and device perimeter-to-area ratio. The perimeter tunneling current at forward bias is found to be predominantly an excess tunneling that depends on the sidewall oxide interface properties, while that at reverse bias is due to band-to-band tunneling resulting from the emitter and extrinsic base profile overlap. Based on experimental results and an analysis of base-leakage-current trade-offs at forward and reverse bias, a device design concept was developed to enhance device performance and processing yield in scaled bipolar transistors. >
Ethylene glycol ether free solder paste development

There are growing concerns in the electronics industry for not only finding alternatives to lead but also other potentially hazardous materials as well. This paper summarizes the development of ethylene glycol ether (EGE)-free solder flux for the formulation of lead-free solder pastes. Replacing the toxic components in the flux was only the first challenge, the criteria of commercially proven pastes also had to be met. Both commercial and in-house solder paste formulations were evaluated for printability, reflow, wetting, flux residue removal, and solder void characteristics. Two critical issues, solder bump boids and flux residue removal, were identified and associated with the high temperature reflow of Pb-free pastes. These issues were not effectively improved by the existing commercial EGE-free solder pastes. New solder paste formulations were developed utilizing alternative chemistry than those found in traditional solder paste fluxes. These pastes, some, of which are also water soluble, reduced void frequency and size by more than 4x as compared to vendors' pastes. Solder bump height uniformity of 135 4 m within each die was consistently achieved. Thermal-mechanical reliability tests were performed on various lead-free solder alloys using the new flux formulations. The reliability of flip chip assembled DCA on organic boards with both OSP/Cu and Cu/Ni/au pad metallizations were comparable to eutectic Sn63Pb37 bumped assemblies using commerical pastes.
Rapid enumeration of viable bacteria by image analysis

A direct viable counting method for enumerating viable bacteria was modified and made compatible with image analysis. A comparison was made between viable cell counts determined by the spread plate method and direct viable counts obtained using epifluorescence microscopy either manually or by automatic image analysis. Cultures of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated at 35 degrees C in a dilute nutrient medium containing nalidixic acid. Filtered samples were stained for epifluorescence microscopy and analysed manually as well as by image analysis. Cells enlarged after incubation were considered viable. The viable cell counts determined using image analysis were higher than those obtained by either the direct manual count of viable cells or spread plate methods. The volume of sample filtered or the number of cells in the original sample did not influence the efficiency of the method. However, the optimal concentration of nalidixic acid (2.5-20 micrograms ml-1) and length of incubation (4-8 h) varied with the culture tested. The results of this study showed that under optimal conditions, the modification of the direct viable count method in combination with image analysis microscopy provided an efficient and quantitative technique for counting viable bacteria in a short time.
On the Relation between Reconnected Magnetic Flux and Parallel Electric Fields in the Solar Corona

Analytical theory and kinematic models are applied to magnetic reconnection in the solar corona. The emphasis of the present investigation is on the relation between the reconnection electric field, the reconnection rate, and the change in magnetic connectivity among photospheric magnetic footpoints. The results are not tied to the presence or absence of specific topological features of the magnetic field, such as a separatrix layer or separators. It is shown that the critical element in determining the location of ribbon-like bright features on the solar surface may be the parallel electric field, integrated along magnetic field lines. A general relation between the change of the reconnected magnetic flux and the integrated parallel electric field is derived. The results of this analysis are applied to the solar coronal case by means of two kinematic models, one of which affords a fully analytical treatment. The results show that reconnection-induced changes of magnetic connectivity on the corona-photosphere interface are directly related to the maximum value of the field line-integrated parallel electric field.
INDEX: The statistical basis for an automatic conceptual phrase-indexing system

In recent years researchers have become increasingly convinced that the performance of information retrieval systems can be greatly enhanced by the use of key phrases for automatic conceptual document indexing and retrieval. In this article we describe two programs, INDEX and INDEXD, which locate repeated phrases in a document, gather statistical information about them, and rank them according to their value as index phrases. The programs show promise as the basis for a sophisticated conceptual indexing system. The simpler program, INDEX, ranks phrases in such a way that frequently occurring phrases which contain several frequently occurring words are given a high ranking. INDEXD is an extension of INDEX which incorporates a dictionary for stemming, weighting of words and validation of syntax of output phrases. Sample output of both programs is included, and we discuss plans to combine INDEXD with linguistic and artificial intelligence techniques to provide a general conceptual phrase-indexing system that can incorporate expert knowledge about a given application area. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron impact dissociation cross sections for C2F6

Absolute total dissociation cross sections for electron impact, σt,diss, from 8 to 700 eV are reported for C2F6. A dense set of data was obtained in the technologically important 8–30 eV energy range relevant to modelling the type of plasmas used in both fundamental and applied scientific investigations. The threshold for dissociation was found to be 12.0 ± 0.2 eV and appears to be associated with a Rydberg state. Estimated values for the total neutral dissociation cross section, σneut,diss, were obtained by subtracting the ionization cross sections (all ionizing events cause dissociation) from the total dissociation cross section. It is shown that a calibration error in a paper by one of us (HFW) caused a distortion of several previous investigations. When the data from the present work are used to recalibrate data from swarm experiments, agreement becomes quite reasonable. There is now a consistent set of data obtained from several investigators which describe the dissociation of C2F6. Neutral dissociation cross sections are obtained from electron-impact excitation calculations and found to be in reasonable agreement with measurements over most of the energy range.
Rats self-inject a dopamine antagonist in the lateral hypothalamus where it acts to increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Local injection of sulphide to block dopamine (primarily D2type) receptors in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (pf-LH) can induce locomotion, feeding, and drinking, and in the present study, local sulphide induced reward and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens. Sulpiride injected bilaterally (4, 8, and 16 μg/0.3 μl), ipsilaterally, or contralaterally (8 μg) in the pf-LH increased extracellular levels of DA and its metabolites in the accumbens. Bilateral sulpiride injected posterior and medial to the pf-LH controlled for diffusion to the ventricle or ventral midbrain. Rats self-injected sulpiride (210 ng/21 nl/2 s) in the pf-LH (111 resp/2 h on drug lever vs. 20 resp on a blank lever). Thus, cells in the pf-LH establish connections with mesolimbic DA neurons involved in the behavior reinforcement process. Evidently hypothalamic cells with DA receptors normally inhibit aspects of behavior reinforcement. Disinhibition with hypothalamic sulpiride is reward for self-injection and cause of overeating that can lead to obesity.
We Find Ourselves in the Middle: Navajo Relocation and Relocatee-Host Conflicts

Only relatively recently have human migration and resettlement processes been studied in an effort to understand, in depth, the effects of resettlement on the relocatees and their hosts. This paper focuses on the relations between Navajo relocatees from the Former Joint Use Area, their initial relations with their Navajo reservation hosts, the various disputes that ensued, followed by comments "20 years later" on the long-term impacts of the land dispute and the forced relocation. This paper then examines the Navajo case in the context of forced relocation cases from around the world.
High quality InP single crystal from Sumitomo electric

Abstract InP single crystals are primarily used as the conductive substrates for optical devices such as LEDs and lasers etc, in optoelectronics. Recently, active research for the improvement of MISFET, HEMT, HBT, RHET and OEICs has been demanding the development of a semi-insulating, SI, InP substrate on which these devices can be fabricated. The improvement of quality and reliability of these devices is being vigorously promoted, so high purity and low defect density are required of InP single crystal substrates. At Sumitomo Electric, the LEC method to grow InP single crystals with low defect density has been developed.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Promote Tissue Factor–Dependent Angiogenic Switch and Tumor Progression

Progression to an angiogenic state is a critical event in tumor development, yet few patient characteristics have been identified that can be mechanistically linked to this transition. Antiphospholipid autoantibodies (aPLs) are prevalent in many human cancers and can elicit proangiogenic expression in several cell types, but their role in tumor biology is unknown. Herein, we observed that the elevation of circulating aPLs among breast cancer patients is specifically associated with invasive-stage tumors. By using multiple in vivo models of breast cancer, we demonstrated that aPL-positive IgG from patients with autoimmune disease rapidly accelerates tumor angiogenesis and consequent tumor progression, particularly in slow-growing avascular tumors. The action of aPLs was local to the tumor site and elicited leukocytic infiltration and tumor invasion. Tumor cells treated with aPL-positive IgG expressed multiple proangiogenic genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue factor (TF), and colony-stimulating factor 1. Knockdown and neutralization studies demonstrated that the effects of aPLs on tumor angiogenesis and growth were dependent on tumor cell–derived TF. Tumor-derived TF was essential for the development of pericyte coverage of tumor microvessels and aPL-induced tumor cell expression of chemokine ligand 2, a mediator of pericyte recruitment. These findings identify antiphospholipid autoantibodies as a potential patient-specific host factor promoting the transition of indolent tumors to an angiogenic malignant state through a TF-mediated pathogenic mechanism.
Heuristic Algorithms for Broadcasting in Point-to-Point Computer Networks

We examine the problem of broadcasting in a point-to-point computer network where a message, originated by one node, is transmitted to all nodes, subject to the restriction that an informed node can call only one of its neighbors Auring a given time unit. A dynamic programming formulation for optimal broadcasting in general networks is given, and an exact algorithm based on it is developed. Since this algorithm is not very efficient for larger networks, we present a number of heuristics for achieving efficient near-optimal algorithms. In particular, we discuss in detail a class of heuristics which require finding at each step a least-weight maximum matching in a bipartite graph.
ROBUSTNESS OF A VALUE‐ADDED ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL EFFECTIVENESS

This paper reports on a study conducted to investigate the consistency of the results between 2 approaches to estimating school effectiveness through value-added modeling. Estimates of school effects from the layered model employing item response theory (IRT) scaled data are compared to estimates derived from a discrete growth model based on the analysis of transitions along an ordinal developmental scale. The data were extracted from the longitudinal records maintained in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) archive for students remaining in the same school from the beginning of kindergarten through the end of Grade 3. The results of different comparisons indicated that the estimates from the 2 approaches are moderately consistent.
On having no reason: dogmatism and Bayesian confirmation

Recently in epistemology a number of authors have mounted Bayesian objections to dogmatism. These objections depend on a Bayesian principle of evidential confirmation: Evidence E confirms hypothesis H just in case Pr(H|E) > Pr(H). I argue using Keynes’ and Knight’s distinction between risk and uncertainty that the Bayesian principle fails to accommodate the intuitive notion of having no reason to believe. Consider as an example an unfamiliar card game: at first, since you’re unfamiliar with the game, you assign credences based on the indifference principle. Later you learn how the game works and discover that the odds dictate you assign the very same credences. Examples like this show that if you initially have noreason to believe H, then intuitively E can give you reason to believe H even though Pr(H|E) ≤ Pr(H). I show that without the principle, the objections to dogmatism fail.
Removal of threading dislocations from patterned heteroepitaxial semiconductors by glide to sidewalls

We have shown that threading dislocations can be removed from patterned heteroepitaxial semiconductors by glide to the sidewalls, which is driven by the presence of image forces. In principle, it should be possible to attain highly mismatched heteroepitaxial semiconductors which are completely free from threading dislocations, even though they are not pseudomorphic, by patterned heteroepitaxial processing. There are two basic approaches to patterned heteroepitaxial processing. The first involves selective area growth on a pre-patterned substrate. The second approach involves post-growth patterning followed by annealing. We have developed a quantitative model which predicts that there is a maximum lateral dimension for complete removal of threading dislocations by patterned heteroepitaxy. According to our model, this maximum lateral dimension is proportional to the layer thickness and increases monotonically with the lattice mismatch. For heteroepitaxial materials with greater than 1% lattice mismatch, our model predicts that practical device-sized threading dislocation-free regions may be realized by patterned heteroepitaxial processing.
The role of thermodynamic phase diagrams and lattice matching in superlattice growth

Abstract Metallic superlattices exhibit a correlation between the epitaxial growth temperature and temperatures extracted from the equilibrium thermodynamic phase diagram. This correlation together with molecular dynamics simulation of epitaxial growth indicates that thermodynamics plays an important role in the growth of epitaxial films, particularly in limiting the sharpness of the interfaces.
First-Principles Calculation of Transport Properties of a Molecular Device

We report first-principles calculations of the current-voltage ( $I\ensuremath{-}V$) characteristics of a molecular device and compare with experiment. We find that the shape of the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curve is largely determined by the electronic structure of the molecule, while the presence of single atoms at the molecule-electrode interface play a key role in determining the absolute value of the current. The results show that such simulations would be useful for the design of future microelectronic devices for which the Boltzmann-equation approach is no longer applicable.
The calpains in aging and aging-related diseases

Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases under complex cellular regulation. By making selective limited proteolytic cleavages, they modulate the activity of enzymes, including key signaling molecules, and induce specific cytoskeletal rearrangements, accounting for their roles in cell motility, signal transduction, vesicular trafficking and structural stabilization. Calpain activation has been implicated in various aging phenomena and diseases of late life, including cataract formation, erythrocyte senescence, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, arthritis, and neurodegenerative disorders. The early and pervasive involvement of calpains in Alzheimer's disease potentially influences the development of beta-amyloid and tau disturbances and their consequences for neurodegeneration and neuronal cell loss.
Development of Semi-Synthesis Methods to Incorporate Fluorophore/Thioamide Pairs into Proteins

A thioamide, a single atom substitution on the peptide backbone, can be used as a minimally perturbing probe for various applications. Previously, the incorporation of thioamides has been limited to synthetic small peptides. Here, we demonstrate that thioamides in both C-terminal thioesters and N-terminal Cys fragments are compatible with native chemical ligation conditions. Recently, we have shown that p-cyanophenylalanine is quenched by a backbone thioamide in a distance-dependent fashion. Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and native chemical ligation can be used together to site-specifically incorporate this minimally perturbing spectroscopic pair into a protein of interest. As a proof of principle, we have generated thioamide labeled versions of the amyloid protein α-synuclein and monitored its conformational changes during aggregation by fluorescence quenching.
The Gibbs phenomenon for piecewise-linear approximation

(1991). The Gibbs Phenomenon for Piecewise-Linear Approximation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 47-49.
Microsatellite markers for species of the genus Dionda (Cyprinidae) from the American southwest

Thirty-eight microsatellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic DNA library of the cyprinid fish (minnow) Dionda episcopa. The microsatellites include 31 perfect-repeat motifs (29 dinucleotide, 1 trinucleotide, and 1 tetranucleotide) and 7 imperfect-repeat dinucleotide motifs. The microsatellite primers were used to amplify microsatellites from five related congeners: D. argentosa, D. diaboli, D. episcopa, D. nigrotaeniata, and D. serena. One species (D. diaboli) is listed as threatened and critically imperiled and two species (D. argentosa and D. serena) are listed as imperiled; the conservation status of D. nigrotaeniata is unknown. The number of experimentally tractable microsatellite markers varied from 28 for D. diaboli to 34 for D. episcopa. The number of polymorphic microsatellites conforming to Hardy–Weinberg expectations (following Bonferroni correction) ranged from 19 (D. diaboli) to 27 (D. argentosa). One pairwise comparison of microsatellites (in D. nigrotaeniata) deviated significantly from expectations of genotypic equilibrium. The microsatellite markers will be useful for conservation and population-genetic studies of these and other species in genus Dionda.
Illumination of chloroplast thylakoids in the presence of ATP causes the binding of ADP to one of the large subunits of coupling factor 1

Abstract Coupling factor 1 (CF1) purified from spinach chloroplast thylakoids briefly illuminated in the presence of [14C]ATP contained most of the radioactive nucleotide which is firmly bound to the thylakoids. ADP accounted for more than 90% of the nucleotide bound to CF1. Prolonged digestion of CF1 with trypsin yields an active ATPase devoid of the three smaller subunits. Much of the ADP associated with CF1 remained bound after trypsin treatment, suggesting that one of the two larger subunits contains this nucleotide binding site.
Contrast Invariance in the Human Lateral Occipital Complex Depends on Attention

Summary The human visual system has a remarkable ability to successfully operate under a variety of challenging viewing conditions. For example, our object-recognition capabilities are largely unaffected by low-contrast (e.g., foggy) environments. The basis for this ability appears to be reflected in the neural responses in higher cortical visual areas that have been characterized as being invariant to changes in luminance contrast: neurons in these areas respond nearly equally to low-contrast as compared to high-contrast stimuli [1, 2]. This response pattern is fundamentally different than that observed in earlier visual areas such as primary visual cortex (V1), which is highly dependent on contrast [3–5]. How this invariance is achieved in higher visual areas is largely unknown. We hypothesized that directed spatial attention is an important prerequisite of the contrast-invariant responses in higher visual areas and tested this with functional MRI (fMRI) while subjects directed their attention either toward or away from contrast-varying shape stimuli. We found that in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), a visual area important for processing shape information [6–10], attention changes the form of the contrast response function (CRF). By directing attention away from the shape stimuli, the CRF in the LOC was similar to that measured in V1. We describe a number of mechanisms that could account for this important function of attention.
Changes in Vesicle Morphology Induced by Lateral Phase Separation Modulate Phospholipase A2 Activity

The action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toward zwitterionic bilayers is modulated by lateral phase separation of reaction products and substrate. The experiments here address the mechanism of this modulation. PLA2 is particularly active toward lipid dispersions containing reaction products and substrates in which lateral phase separation has occurred. Here, we study PLA2 activity in two related model systems: first in a system in which lateral phase separation can be produced a priori, and second in a system in which the action of PLA2 produces sufficient reaction product in situ such that lateral phase separation occurs. The dispersions in which lateral phase separation occurs a priori form either disk micelles or disk vesicles, not canonical vesicles. When lateral phase separation occurs due to in situ PLA2 activity, there is an abrupt change in vesicle structure and a simultaneous profound increase in catalytic rate. This observation is surprising in light of several reports that vesicles remain intact ...
Ecdysones and synthetic analogs: Molting hormone activity and inhibitive effects on insect growth, metamorphosis and reproduction.

Abstract Five ecdysones and 19 ecdysone analogs were assessed for molting hormone activity in the house fly assay. When these 5β-steroids were further tested in the house fly, the confused flour beetle, the yellow fever mosquito, and the German cockroach, many of the compounds inhibited growth, development and/or reproduction. The relationship of structure to both the molting hormone and inhibitive activity of these compounds is discussed.
Value and limitation of biplane rest and exercise radionuclide angiography for assessing individual bypass grafts: a prospective study.

This prospective study evaluated the ability of serial biplane rest and exercise radionuclide angiography to predict the status of individual coronary bypass grafts in 20 patients 2 to 6 months after surgery. The preoperative coronary angiogram was used to assign vessels to 10 regions of distribution on the radionuclide angiogram. Predictions of graft adequacy for individual vessels were based on a detailed assessment of rest and exercise wall motion in their regions of supply. Of 59 grafts, 38 were judged adequate (patent with Thus, a detailed analysis of regional wall motion by rest and exercise radionuclide angiography can be used to predict the status of individual coronary artery bypass grafts. Reliable predictions can be made for most successful anterior descending grafts, and may permit cardiac catheterization to be deferred in certain cases. However, the method is limited by the need to perform preoperative exercise studies, by the low number of right and circumflex coronary artery grafts that can be evaluated and by the poor specificity of predictions of graft failure.
Global analysis of an Ebenman's model of population with two competing age classes

Several global conclusions about an Ebenman's model of a population with competing juveniles and adults are derived in this paper. The problems about the number of non-trivial fixed points, the number of synchronous 2-cycles, and the number of attracting synchronous cycles are resolved. In a special case, the twice iteration of the 2-dimensional map can be reduced to a 1-dimensional map, and the existence of one or more continua of non-synchronous 2-cycles is pointed out. Numerical calculations are used to draw orbit diagrams which show complicated dynamics of this non-invertible 2-dimensional map. Experimental and field observational evidence is also discussed.
Lipoxygenases and leukotrienes.

Abstract Some characteristics of lipoxygenases in general and 5-lipoxygenases in particular are discussed.