cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtraction hemiarthoplasty in basal joint arthritis: A case report.

Background Basal joint arthritis is a common disease which is especially present in post-menopausal women. A variety of procedures have been described once conservative treatment has failed. The purpose of our study is to present a novel surgical technique based on a clinical case with three-year follow-up which is highly effective, even after failure of previous procedures. Case summary We present a case of a 39 year-old-woman who suffered from recurring, persistent, sharp left thumb pain for several years After two operative procedures, she presented again with intolerable, sharp pain over the trapeziometacarpal joint, and wished to proceed with a pain relieving procedure or arthroplasty. Intraoperatively, the articular surfaces appeared well, without any bare areas of bone or eburnation, resulting in the decision to perform a "subtraction hemiarthroplasty". A shortening osteotomy of the os trapezium was performed by removing a slice of 8-9 mm bone, without damaging the joint cartilages. The osteotomy was stabilized using two screws, the ligament and capsular tissue was suture imbricated, and a cut down on the translation and a dorsal radial ligament reconstruction were performed. Three years after the final procedure, a long-term follow-up demonstrates excellent results, pain free with full range-of-motion. Conclusion Subtraction hemiarthroplasty with ligament tightening imbrication and reconstruction of the radial ligament led to excellent results in motion and pain.
Frequency Tuning of Two-Dimensional Nanoelectromechanical Resonators Via Comb-Drive Mems Actuators

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of atomically-thin, frequency-tunable graphene resonators by controlling their built-in tension levels using integrated comb-drive actuators based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Taking advantage of the MEMS actuation and the deterministic all-dry transfer method, we demonstrate multilayer graphene nanomechanical resonators in the high-frequency band with resonances continuously tuned by comb-drive actuators. Multimode resonances up to 55 MHz are measured with different frequency tuning ranges up to Δf/f = 4.1%. The results pave a way toward coupling strain with two-dimensional (2D) nanoelectromechanical and optomechanical devices.
Dimensionality Reduction Based Method for Design and Optimization of Optical Nanostructures Using Neural Network

Here, we leverage a machine learning technique as an efficient alternative approach to traditional optimization techniques to significantly reduce the computation cost of the forward design problem in the optimization process of optical devices.
CUSTODIAL KNOWLEDGE AND LEGAL PERCEPTION AMONG GRANDPARENTS RAISING THEIR GRANDCHILDREN

The current study examines the ways in which grandparents raising their grandchildren (GRCs) understand custody, perceive the legal system, and access resources related to their grandchild(ren)’s welfare. Due to the detrimental impact of the opioid crisis over the last decade, the number of skipped generation households is growing significantly not only in Alabama, but across the U.S.. Many GRCs lack crucial information regarding custody arrangements in a general sense or as it applies to education, healthcare, mental health, and financial aid. Critical gaps remain present in the GRC literature necessary to aid in future intervention studies and promote more effective support, resources, and policy for this population. The present study sought to examine the unique needs and experiences of GRCs, and to specifically explore legal aspects associated to their grandchild(ren)’s welfare. Using a mixed methods approach, GRCs in Tuscaloosa, Alabama completed a quiz of custodial knowledge, a survey on legal perception, and a semi-structured interview. Quantitative data revealed the most and least commonly understood aspects of custody, as well as opinions on associated legal systems related to a child’s “best interest.” Qualitative data analysis revealed the common themes related to custody to be unexpected assistance, ineffective assistance, leniency for parental deviance, fear of losing custody, and time and cost demands.
Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy

Vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) is a technique of percutaneous image-guided biopsy developed to remove larger cores of breast tissue than those obtained with core-needle biopsy (CNB) with a standard Tru-Cut needle. The expectation is that VAB specimens will be sufficient to obviate surgical excision of many benign lesions and provide sufficient information to diagnose and guide the treatment of malignant and borderline lesions. Like specimens from CNB with a standard Tru-Cut needle but unlike fine-needle aspirates, VAB cores can be interpreted by pathologists without the need for special training in cytopathology. In addition to enhancing the diagnosis of certain lesions, VAB introduced the capability of complete excision of small breast lesions. Stand-alone systems and miniaturized battery-powered systems are available. Advantages and limitations of VAB are discussed. While it is the standard technique with which to sample clusters of microcalcifications, US-guided VAB is not needed for the diagnosis of the vast majority of breast masses.
Neurological Prognostication in Children After Cardiac Arrest

Early after pediatric cardiac arrest, families and care providers struggle with the uncertainty of long-term neurological prognosis. Cardiac arrest characteristics such as location, intra-arrest factors, and postarrest events have been associated with outcome. We paid particular attention to postarrest modalities that have been shown to predict neurological outcome. These modalities include neurological examination, somatosensory evoked potentials, electroencephalography, and neuroimaging. There is no one modality that accurately predicts neurological prognosis. Thus, a multimodal approach should be undertaken by both neurologists and intensivists to present a clear and consistent message to families. Methods used for the prediction of long-term neurological prognosis need to be specific enough to identify indivuals with a poor outcome. We review the evidence evaluating children with coma, each with various etiologies of cardiac arrest, outcome measures, and timing of follow-up.
Estimating Critical Hopf Bifurcation Parameters for a Second-Order Delay Differential Equation with Application to Machine Tool Chatter

Nonlinear time delay differential equations are well known to havearisen in models in physiology, biology and population dynamics. Theyhave also arisen in models of metal cutting processes. Machine toolchatter, from a process called regenerative chatter, has been identifiedas self-sustained oscillations for nonlinear delay differentialequations. The actual chatter occurs when the machine tool shifts from astable fixed point to a limit cycle and has been identified as arealized Hopf bifurcation. This paper demonstrates first that a class ofnonlinear delay differential equations used to model regenerativechatter satisfies the Hopf conditions. It then gives a precisecharacterization of the critical eigenvalues on the stability boundaryand continues with a complete development of the Hopf parameter, theperiod of the bifurcating solution and associated Floquet exponents.Several cases are simulated in order to show the Hopf bifurcationoccurring at the stability boundary. A discussion of a method ofintegrating delay differential equations is also given.
CHAPTER XX – VOMITING

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on vomiting. Vomiting is a complicated act which can be started from trigger zones in a number of parts of the body. The voluntary muscles of the abdominal wall help in the process. Regurgitation is effected by contractions of the digestive tract alone. Retching can take place in the absence of a stomach or of the whole digestive tract. Among the trigger zones from which vomiting can be started are the sensitive points in the pharynx, the semicircular canals, parts of the brain, the common bile duct, the mesenteric vein, the duodenum, the jejunum, and the pars pylorica of the stomach. The pars pylorica tends to contract and to push material into the corpus from whence it is forced into the esophagus. The cardia appears to be relaxed actively. Occasionally there is reverse peristalsis in the esophagus. Usually some of the food forced into the esophagus is returned to the stomach. Commonly, before vomiting takes place there is reverse peristalsis in the bowel, which may push material into the stomach.
Telehealth for Limiting Readmission Rates of COPD Patients: An Assessment Based on Medicare Data

Objective: Telemedicine has developed as an innovative way to remotely view and treat patients without necessitating for patients to physically come into a physicians’ office or healthcare facility. This study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of integrating telemedicine in medical facilities, where patients have high hierarchical condition category (HCC) risk scores. Design: This study utilized two raw datasets: (1) a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) dataset created from the 2017 Medicare Physician and Other Supplier National Provider Identity Aggregate Report and (2) a National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) dataset created from the NCES table on the number and percentage of households in each state with computer and internet access. A regression analysis was carried out on the CMS dataset to determine the correlation between HCC risk scores and the reimbursement lost by healthcare facilities, where over 50% of their patients are diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A second analysis was conducted with the NCES dataset to show which states had a high proportion of both households with internet access and COPD patients. A final regression analysis was run and translated into an interactive map in order to determine which regions of the United States could most benefit from telemedicine adoption. Results: This study discovered a number of physicians and healthcare facilities in the eastern region of the United States that could benefit significantly from telemedicine applications. These findings were supported by the locations and data abstracted from facilities with high numbers of COPD patients, which were found to have poor HCC risk scores and thus high reimbursement losses. Conclusions: This study confirmed the association between HCC risk scores and reimbursement losses. In order to alleviate those losses, this study identified states across the United States that should choose to incorporate telemedicine into how they diagnose and treat patients based on the needs of healthcare facilities and the internet capabilities of households in those states, because telemedicine integration presents the potential to improve patient HCC risk scores and reimbursement amounts by lowering readmission rates while also promoting higher patient and physician satisfaction. Future efforts should develop specific strategies to assist with telemedicine implementation and should track the observed effects of its adoption on reimbursements and quality of care.
Cellular Structures of Arbitrary Plan Geometry

A method of analysis and computer program are presented for cellular structures of constant depth with arbitrary geometry in plan view. The development is based on the finite element method. Special elements are developed to capture both the membrane and plate bending behavior of the deck and web components. The well established direct stiffness method is used for the element assembly. The structure may be subjected to a variety of force and displacement boundary conditions such as distributed dead and live loads in addition to concentrated nodal loads and prescribed nodal displacements. After solving for the unknown nodal displacements, the reactions are computed in addition to the internal forces which are output at points selected by the user.
Characterization of herpesvirus sylvilagus glycoproteins released into the culture medium of infected cells: antisera to gp13 and gp32 neutralize viral infectivity in vitro and identify antigens on plasma membranes of infected cells.

Abstract Polypeptides released into the culture medium of herpesvirus sylvilagus-infected cells were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracellular fluid from [35S]methionine- and [3H]glucosamine-labeled cell cultures. Virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 (molecular weights of 62,000, 59,000, and 54,000, respectively) were the most abundant species and appeared predominantly in the culture medium. This observation, together with the known cell-associated nature of herpesvirus sylvilagus, suggested that virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 were specifically released. Immunization of rabbits with virus-induced glycoproteins 13 (molecular weight of 130,000) and 32 resulted in the production of antibodies that neutralized viral infectivity in vitro. Both antiserum to gp13 and antiserum to gp32 immunoprecipitated gp13, gp26, gp33a, gp45, and virus-induced polypeptide 39 (molecular weights of 130,000, 77,000, 49,000, 27,000, and 36,000, respectively) from [35S]methionine-labeled cell extracts as well as virus-induced glycoproteins 31, 32, and 33 from the culture medium. In addition, membrane immunofluorescence assays indicate that an antigen(s) reactive with anti-gp13/32 serum was located on the plasma membrane of infected cells.
Navier-Stokes equations and fluid turbulence

An Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to incompressible fluids that is convenient for both analysis and physics is presented. Bounds on burning rates in combustion and heat transfer in convection are discussed, as well as results concerning spectra.
Molecular physiology: Key clockwork component cloned

The body has many repetitive electrical activities — such as brain waves — that depend on the rhythmic firing of neurons. This is achieved, in part, by the action of T-type calcium channels, inappropriate activity of which can lead to epileptic seizures. Understanding of how these channels work should now be advanced with the cloning of one T-type subunit, known as α1G. And this could lead to the development of agents that treat hypertension by specifically blocking these channels.
Optical field study in solid immersion lens

Solid Immersion Lens (SIL)[1,2,3] is a candidate to improve areal density in optical data storage. To design efficient SIL systems, better knowledge ofthe optical field and physical understanding is required. In this paper, a new method for the estimation of the optical field is developed[4]. With this method, a number of physical phenomena are modeled, including the observation that light polarization rotation angle oscillates as the air gap varies.
Neural modeling and functional neuroimaging

Two research areas that so far have had little interaction with one another are functional neuroimaging and computational neuroscience. The application of computational models and techniques to the inherently rich data sets generated by "standard" neurophysiological methods has proven useful for interpreting these data sets and for providing predictions and hypotheses for further experiments. We suggest that both theory- and data-driven computational modeling of neuronal systems can help to interpret data generated by functional neuroimaging methods, especially those used with human subjects. In this article, we point out four sets of questions, addressable by computational neuroscientists whose answere would be of value and interest to those who perform functional neuroimaging. The first set consist of determining the neurobiological substrate of the signals measured by functional neuroimaging. The second set concerns developing systems-level models of functional neuroimaging data. The third set of questions involves integrating functional neuroimaging data across modalities, with a particular emphasis on relating electromagnetic with hemodynamic data. The last set asks how one can relate systems-level models to those at the neuronal and neural ensemble levels. We feel that there are ample reasons to link functional neuroimaging and neural modeling, and that combining the results from the two disciplines will result in furthering our understanding of the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This Article is a US Goverment work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United State of America.
Consistent protection from pancreatitis in canine pancreas allografts treated with 5-fluorouracil.

Abstract A consistent protection from pancreatitis and a significant prolongation of survival was observed in canine pancreas allograft recipients treated with azathioprine and 5-FU. Dogs that were treated only with azathioprine did not survive nearly as long as the treated dogs and pancreatitis and peritonitis were the cause of death in more than 50% of the animals. Untreated animals survived an average of 5 days and most of the animals died as a consequence of severe pancreatitis or an associated infectious process.
Epidermoid cancer of the anorectum.

The optimal treatment for squamous and cloacogenic tumors of the anorectum is controversial. Radical surgery, limited surgery, and radiotherapy (XRT) are all potentially curative. This study was undertaken to determine which patients are candidates for each type of treatment and which would benefit from combined treatment. The records of 192 patients treated at this institution between 1954 and 1979 with the diagnosis of squamous or cloacogenic carcinoma of the anorectum were retrospectively reviewed. A subgroup of 132 patients undergoing abdominal perineal resection (APR) was analyzed to determine prognostic factors for these tumors. No survival difference was observed between the two histologic types (P = 0.51). Prognostic variables significant at P = 0.05 or better were sex, size, nodal status, and level of invasion. A new staging system is proposed that utilizes tumor size, invasion, grade, and nodal status. Actuarial 10-year survival was 100%, 76%, 29%, and 0% for Stages A, B, C and D, respectively (P values 0.22, 0.0007, and 0.01, respectively). Twelve patients undergoing APR received postoperative XRT; when compared by stage with APR alone no survival difference can be shown, although there is a trend towards fewer local recurrences. Of 26 patients (14 Stage B, 12 Stage C) receiving preoperative XRT (average 4000 R) before APR, 10 had inoperable tumors prior to XRT. All became operable. Eight patients had negative surgical margins and survival was equivalent stage for stage to the operable group (Stage B 78%, 5-year survival; Stage C 43%, 5-year survival). Eleven patients had no demonstrable primary tumor after XRT, although three had nodal metastasis. Five-year survival was 83% for this group. Thirty-one local recurrences were retreated for cure by surgery, XRT, or combination. Actuarial 5-year survival after retreatment was 38%. Thirty metachronous inguinal metastases were seen, 20 were retreated for cure, 18 by inguinal lymphadenectomy. Actuarial 5-year survival was 42%. Using a new staging system based on analysis of prognostic parameters for this disease, the outcome of combined surgery and XRT is compared. The efficacy of preoperative XRT for inoperable tumors is demonstrated. An appreciable salvage rate for local or inguinal recurrence was observed. Cancer 53:1285-1293, 1984.
TRANSCUTANEOUS O 2 SATURATION VS O 2 TENSION MONITORING

A new mode of continuous O2 surveillance (pulse oximetry) is rapidly gaining popularity over traditional transcutaneous PO2 monitoring in this country. Both techniques continuously and transcutaneously monitor oxygenation status - one monitors 02 saturation while the other O2 tension: we compared the two techniques (TcSO2 by Nellcor pulse oximeter and TcPO2 by the Litton oxymonitor) in terms of (1) preparation time, (2) response to changes in physiological conditions and, (3) continuity of monitoring in 26 patients .Results: (1) TcSO2 monitor took an average time of 25.8±8.1 sec but TcPO2 monitor required 10.3±2.3 minutes of preparation and calibration time. (2) Initial response time to physical disturbances ( heel prick or ET suction) was slower in TcPO2 compared with TcSO2 (1.07±0.82 min vs 0.69±.50 min, p<0.01). Skin hypoperfusion encountered in shock made both techniques inoperative. (3) Only TcPO2 monitoring required interruption (site change every 2 hours) to avoid skin burn. No interruption was needed in TcSO2 monitoring. Total interruptions averaged 123 min per 24 hours per patient. Monitoring areas for TcSO2 are restricted to hands, feet, fingers and toes. Movement of extremities disrupted TcSO2 reading. This is not a problem for TcPO2 monitoring. NICU nursing & medical staff uniformly preferred the pulse oximetry because of its advantages demonstrated in this study, specifically ease of application, absence of skin burns, quicker response times, and fewer interruptions of monitoring.
A multiple stable isotope record of Late Quaternary limnological changes and chironomid paleoecology from northeastern Iceland

We present results from multiple stable isotope analyses (δ18O of chironomid larval head capsules, chironomid adult thoraxes and other insect remains and δD, δ13C, δ15N of total organic matter—TOM) of a lake sediment core (04-SVID-03) taken from Stora Vidarvatn in northeastern Iceland to reconstruct past environmental, limnological and δ18O of past lake water changes during the Holocene. Core 04-SVID-03 represents a ∼12,000 cal. yrs BP to present record. Large magnitude changes in δ18O occurred during the Holocene at the site. Downcore shifts in δ18O of chironomids did not correlate with measurements of the δ13C and δ15N of chironomid head capsules, implying that the δ18O changes were not primarily driven by changes in chironomid diet during the Holocene. The δD of TOM provided a proxy of relative lake-water δD changes at the site and also showed large magnitude changes during the record. This approach was supported by analyses of a modern training set where δDTOM analyses were conducted using surface sediments from a suite of freshwater lakes over a large latitudinal gradient. The magnitude of changes in both the δ18O and δD and the relatively negative δ18O values throughout much of the core suggest that the proxies represent more paleoenvironmental information than solely temperature. Additional possible influences on lake-water isotopic composition are discussed, including changes in the seasonality of precipitation, in the patterns of air masses supplying precipitation to Iceland and in the dominant mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Association mining of search tags in PubMed search sessions

Background: Previous studies have shown that use of search tags in PubMed can significantly improve the performance of information retrieval. The objective of this study was to discover associations among search tags in typical PubMed search sessions. Methods: We performed session segmentation on a full-day PubMed query log, identified the search tags within those sessions, and applied association mining to identify strong associations of search tags. Results: A total of eight maximal frequent-itemsets (i.e. search tags) and 34 strong association rules from these itemsets were discovered. We also estimated that the query refinement occurs frequently (i.e. one query per minute on average) for any session length. Conclusions: The association rules consisting of PubMed search tags can be used to develop an interactive and intelligent PubMed search interface so that the users can build the search query using proper search tags and reduce the frequency of query refinement.
Antifibrotic effects of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine in a mouse model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation.

Objectives The objective was to determine the effects of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on reversal and attenuation of established interstitial fibrosis in the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) mouse model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) mutation. Background Interstitial fibrosis is a characteristic pathological feature of HCM and a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. The cTnT-Q92 transgenic mice, generated by cardiac-restricted expression of human HCM mutation, show a two- to four-fold increase in interstitial fibrosis. Methods We randomized the cTnT-Q92 mice to treatment with a placebo or NAC (250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg/day) and included non-transgenic mice as controls (N = 5 to 13 per group). We performed echocardiography before and 24 weeks after therapy, followed by histologic and molecular characterization. Results There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the groups. Treatment with NAC reduced myocardial concentrations of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal, markers of oxidative stress, by 40%. Collagen volume fractions comprised 1.94 ± 0.76% of the myocardium in non-transgenic, 6.2 ± 1.65% in the placebo, and 1.56 ± 0.98% in the NAC (1,000 mg/kg/day) groups (p Conclusions Treatment with NAC reduced myocardial oxidative stress, stress-responsive signaling kinases, and fibrosis in a mouse model of HCM. The potential beneficial effects of NAC in reversal of cardiac phenotype in human HCM, the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in the young, merits investigation.
Measurement of the Uranium-238 Capture Cross Section for Incident Neutron Energies up to 100 keV

AbstractThe neutron capture cross section of 238U was measured for incident neutron energies between 5 eV and 100 keV using a pulsed electron Linac neutron source and the time-of-flight technique. Capture gamma rays were detected by a large liquid scintillator located on a 40-m flight path. The incident neutron flux was monitored by a 10BF3 ionization chamber. The cross section was normalized by the saturated resonance technique.The data have uncertainties which increase from ∼5% at 1 keV to 10% at 100 keV. These data are compared with results from other measurements and with various evaluations.
Risk of Learning and Behavioral Disorders Following Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated Drinking Water

This population-based retrospective cohort study examined the association between developmental disorders of learning, attention and behavior and prenatal and early postnatal drinking water exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Subjects were identified through birth records from 1969 through 1983. Exposure was modeled using information from town water departments, a PCE leaching and transport algorithm, EPANet water flow modeling software, and a Geographic Information System (GIS). Mothers completed a questionnaire on disorders of attention, learning and behavior in their children and on potential confounding variables. The final cohort consisted of 2086 children. Results of crude and multivariate analyses showed no association between prenatal exposure and receiving tutoring for reading or math, being placed on an Individual Education Plan, or repeating a school grade (adjusted Odds Ratios (OR)=1.0-1.2). There was also no consistent pattern of increased risk for receiving a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Hyperactive Disorder (HD), special class placement for academic or behavioral problems, or lower educational attainment. Modest associations were observed for the latter outcomes only in the low exposure group (e.g., adjusted ORs for ADD were 1.4 and 1.0 for low and high exposure, respectively). (All ORs are based on an unexposed referent group.) Results for postnatal exposure through age five years were similar to those for prenatal exposure. We conclude that prenatal and early postnatal PCE exposure is not associated with disorders of attention, learning and behavior identified on the basis of questionnaire responses and at the exposure levels experienced by this population.
Applications of monolayer techniques to biological systems: symptoms of specific lipid-protein interactions.

Abstract Four examples of specific lipid-protein interaction are described as they are revealed by monolayer techniques. One, interaction of a purified antilactoside antibody with a lecithin monolayer containing 20 mole % fN-acyl dihydrosphingosyl lactoside resulted in blocking of the ΔΠ-mechanism for the penetration of protein into the lipid film; addition of lactose to the subphase rextored the large ΔΠ value typical of the nonspecific free penetration of γ-globulin. Two, mitochondrial structural protein (MSP) at low concentration (2 αg/ml) does not penetrate monolayers of either phosphatidyl choline or mitochondrial phospholipid, most likely for the same reason that this protein does not form a film by surface denaturation; however, a dramatic rise in film pressure took place when mitochondrial phospholipid and mitochondrial structural protein were mixed together in the bulk phase in the lipid/protein ratio 1 4 by weight. Three, in contrast, a marked absence of film pressure was observed when the apoprotein was mixed in the bulk phase with the total lipid of the lipoprotein from rat serum in a lipid/protein ratio 1 1 ; the marked loss of pressure, as compared with the pressure produced by either the lipid alone or the lipid-protein mixtures at other ratios, is explained by a model in which the lipid character is lost probably because the lipid is removed by interaction with the protein at that critical ratio. The sharp pressure changes occurred at lipid/protein ratios of known significance, namely, 1 1 for rat lipoprotein and 1 4 for the lipid-MSP complex. Four, and finally, the accessibility of phosphatidyl choline of films of high-density lipoprotein to phospholipase A from Crotalus atrox snake venom varied with different animal species; the results were interpreted as reflecting differences in the molecular organization of the native lipoproteins and particularly in the specific interfacial conformations of the apoprotein. Accordingly, the accessibility of egg lecithin in lecithin-protein films was influenced markedly (1) by the nature of the protein, namely, specific vs. nonspecific, and (2) by the order of addition of lipid and protein at the interface. The data are consistent with variations in the relative orientation of lipid and protein, in a model in which a mosaic structure is prevailing with lipid packages surrounded by protein. Differences in lipase effect among animal species and among experimental conditions are related to variations in the degree of masking of the lecithin surface by the specific configurations of the apoproteins.
Ionicity Analysis of Silylamine-Type Reversible Ionic Liquids as a Model Switchable Electrolyte

Separation of the electrochemical product from an electrolyte can add challenges to the overall process. Use of a switchable electrolyte offers the possibility to reduce or eliminate these separation challenges while maintaining high conductivity. Reversible ionic liquids (RevILs) are a type of switchable solvent that could be used as a switchable electrolyte. Switchable solvents are solvents that can have dramatic step-changes in their properties with the introduction of an external stimulus, in this case CO2. In order to determine the feasibility of using TEtoxySA-RevIL, which behaves similarly to protic ionic liquids, as an electrolyte an ionicity analysis utilizing binary mixtures of the RevIL and organic solvents were studied to determine the ionic behavior of the system. Both protic and aprotic solvents with a broad range of dielectric constants were used in order to elucidate the ionicity of the RevIL mixtures. When in the pure RevIL state, the conductivity is prohibitively low due to a heightened viscosity and poor ion mobility due to hydrogen bonding and coulometric attraction. We found that in the presence of protic solvents with high dielectric constants the conductivity of the RevIL increased by up to four orders of magnitude and achieved ideal ionicity. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0521507jes] All rights reserved.
Whole-Brain Mapping of Direct Inputs to Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

Recent studies indicate that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) convey distinct signals. To explore this difference, we comprehensively identified each area's monosynaptic inputs using the rabies virus. We show that dopamine neurons in both areas integrate inputs from a more diverse collection of areas than previously thought, including autonomic, motor, and somatosensory areas. SNc and VTA dopamine neurons receive contrasting excitatory inputs: the former from the somatosensory/motor cortex and subthalamic nucleus, which may explain their short-latency responses to salient events; and the latter from the lateral hypothalamus, which may explain their involvement in value coding. We demonstrate that neurons in the striatum that project directly to dopamine neurons form patches in both the dorsal and ventral striatum, whereas those projecting to GABAergic neurons are distributed in the matrix compartment. Neuron-type-specific connectivity lays a foundation for studying how dopamine neurons compute outputs.
Assessing participant learning in online environments

Assessing participant learning in online environments provides benefits and challenges. Fortunately, the available technology tools allow for a wide range of assessment techniques.
Understanding virus filtration membrane performance

Abstract Virus filtration membranes are used to obtain virus clearance during the purification of biopharmaceutical products. These direct flow (also referred to as dead end or normal flow) filtration membranes are designed to reject virus particles and yield >98% product recovery for proteins less than 170 kDa. Virus filtration feed streams generally have high purity and high product concentrations. Decrease in permeate flux during virus filtration, which reduces filter capacity, is most likely due to fouling by small aggregates of the product species present in the feed stream. Retrovirus and parvovirus filtration membranes, as well as two ultrafiltration membranes with NMWCOs of 300 and 10 kDa (kg mol−1), were tested using feed streams consisting of minute virus of mice (MVM) in the presence and absence of 1% (w/v) BSA. A novelty of our work comes from the fact that we directly compare the performance of these membranes using realistic model feed streams consisting of MVM (an FDA recommended model virus) and BSA. This approach provides an industrially relevant benchmark of the engineering performance of virus filters with respect to a limited set of structural and operational variants. All asymmetric membranes were operated in direct flow, constant pressure mode with the filtration surface (i.e. skin surface) facing away from the feed stream as is industrial practice for virus filtration. In addition, the 10 kDa ultrafiltration membrane was also operated with the skin surface facing the feed stream as is industrial practice for ultrafiltration. While little rejection of virus particles was observed for the 10 kDa membrane when the skin surface faced away from the feed stream, significant (in excess of 3 log) virus rejection was observed when the skin surface faced the feed stream. Changes in permeate flux with filtrate volume were determined along with parvovirus rejection. Decreases in permeate flux were shown to result from fouling in the presence of BSA. No decrease in permeate flux was observed in the absence of BSA. The decrease in permeate flux has been analyzed in terms of classical pore blockage models. The results of this work, which compare the performance of virus filtration and similar ultrafiltration membranes, provide insights into designing virus filtration membranes.
Occurrence of snakeweeds (Gutierrezia: Compositae) and their natural enemies in Argentina: Implications for biological control in the United States

Abstract Snakeweeds, Gutierrezia spp. (Compositae), are native plants that are serious weeds in rangelands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Although the genus apparently originated in North America, 7 species occur in Argentina and 5 in Chile. In Argentina, we found 79 species of insects, 1 mite, and 1 plant pathogen on the 3 species of Gutierrezia most similar to the North American snakeweeds; 33 of these species were observed feeding or had a high probability of feeding on Gutierrezia . Of these, 17 species of insects appear to have narrow host ranges and are possible candidates for biological control of snakeweeds in the southwestern United States. The insects that caused the most obvious damage were 5 species of root borers: the sesiid moth Carmenta haematica (Ureta); the weevil Heilipodus ventralis (Hustache); and 3 buprestids, Dactylozodes alternans Chevrolat, D. okea Gory, and Agrilus leucostictus Klug. Other insects that may have biological control potential were two species that fed on flowers and seed heads, a pyralid moth ( Homoeosoma n. sp.) and a tephritid fly ( Trupanea patagonica (Brethes)); a leaf beetle ( Stolas ingrata (Boh.)); and 2 species of stem-gall formers, an unidentified gelechiid moth and a tephritid fly, Strobelia baccharidis Rondani. The factors that may limit control, the ecosystem effects of controlling these native plants, and the approaches that can be taken are discussed.
RELIEF WORK IN A REFUGEE CAMP FOR BANGLADESH REFUGEES IN INDIA

Abstract An account is given of relief measures taken by Indian Government and voluntary agencies in a camp for Bangladesh refugees near Calcutta between June, 1971, and February, 1972. Data were collected by house-to-house survey in order to establish the total camp population, age structure, and mortality by age-group, approximately five months after the opening of the camp. Among a population of 170,000 in the camp, mortality was highest in the very young and lowest among adults. Total mortality in this group of refugees from the beginning of their migration to India in March/April, 1971, until their return to Bangladesh in February, 1972, is estimated at not less than 4000, most of them small children— many more than might normally have died even considering the high infant mortality of this population. A review of the records of all 2607 patients admitted to the main wards of the Save the Children Fund hospital between July, 1971, and February, 1972, indicated that most deaths in small children were due to intestinal infections precipitating and complicating protein-calorie malnutrition. It is suggested that the relative ineffectiveness of the relief effort in preventing this considerable child mortality was due to the failure to collect data about the prevalence of malnutrition and disease, and to ignorance of suitable methods of distribution of materials and services on a massive scale at low cost.
The Sociology of Arnold M. Rose

My purpose here is to document the way Arnold M. Rose' self-consciously sought to continue and improve what he believed were the central traditions in sociological theory, substantive sociology, and sociological method.2 As I proceed I will indicate how his major writings were coherent parts of this integrated life-work. Rose was always explicit about his intellectual traditions. To him sociol-
Compressive yield strengths of nanocrystalline Cu and Pd

High strength material can be produced by refining the grain structure into the tens-of-nanometer size range. It has become evident that imperfections in n-samples (flaws, porosity, impurities, etc.) have a profound effect on mechanical properties. For example, Vickers hardness values in n-Cu made by inert gas condensation (IGC) increased about 50% with synthesis improvements. This paper reports initial findings from compression tests on nanocrystalline Cu and Pd produced by IGC.
Cross Sections for the Formation of Excited States in a Helium Target by the Impact of 0.15- to 1.0-MeV Protons and Deuterons. II. Comparison with Theory

Experimental data on the excitation of helium by the impact of protons in the energy range 0.15-1.0 MeV, published in the preceding paper, are compared with available theoretical predictions. The general predictions of the Bethe-Born approximation are examined, and empirical values are determined for the constants in the equations which will allow the prediction of the behavior to be expected at higher energies and for different projectiles. In the case of quadrupole transitions, the accuracy of available Born-approximation predictions is poor, but reasonable agreement is found with the experimental data. Accurate calculations in the distortion approximation are available for the excitation of dipole transitions, and these are found to agree very well with experiment down to 75-keV impact energy. The data for the simultaneous removal of one electron and the excitation of the remaining electron are examined qualitatively in the light of theoretical predictions and compared with other two-electron excitation processes.
U.S. Space Station platform - Configuration technology for customer servicing

Features of the Space Station coorbiting and polar orbiting platforms (COP and POP, respectively) are described that will allow them to be configured optimally to meet mission requirements and to be assembled, serviced, and modified on-orbit. Both of these platforms were designed to permit servicing at the Shuttle using the remote manipulator system with teleoperated end effectors; EVA was planned as a backup and for unplanned payload failure modes. Station-based servicing is discussed as well as expendable launch vehicle-based servicing concepts.
Study of Statistical Electromagnetics and Modeling of Surrogate IED Blasting Caps

Summary form only given. Preliminary research is being conducted to facilitate the development of a system for remotely detonating an IED using directed microwave energy. A detailed understanding of the coupling of electromagnetic energy into the blasting cap of an IED must first be established in order to analyze the interaction of coupled energy with components and materials located within the cap. This analysis will include analytic as well as numerical modeling of a blasting cap along with impedance measurements and experimental validation of its electromagnetic properties. The presence of IED's within enclosures and other complicated environments will require additional system analysis using statistical electromagnetics. The statistical examination will be used to determine the probability of sufficient electromagnetic energy being present near critical components, such as the blasting cap, to detonate a device.
Site-selective polarized spectroscopy of trivalent holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet.

Site-selective, polarized measurements of laser-induced fluorescence of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ ions in a specially oriented sample of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) are reported. To overcome the optical isotropy of the cubic YAG host, a sample was cut from a ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$:YAG boule in a manner that favored the excitation and detection of fluorescence from ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ ions residing in specifically oriented sites in the YAG crystal lattice. Careful selection of crystal orientation, excitation and detection wavelengths, excitation-detection geometry, and polarization of incident and emitted radiation permitted analysis of ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ ions on those sites. This approach facilitated the identification of the electric or magnetic dipole character of 25 selected excitation and emission transitions, and also provided data that support previous assignments of symmetry labels of the Stark levels involved in those transitions.
Rapid induction of localized bone resorption in the auditory bulla of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, by increased air pressure.

Osteoclastic bone resorption can be induced within the auditory bulla of the Mongolian gerbil by minute increases in air pressure. The objective of this study was to determine the rate at which osteoclasts are induced in areas of resorption and to compare the rate of osteoblast recruitment. Stainless steel tubes were implanted into the middle ears of 31 male gerbils through which a static pressure of 10 mm Hg above atmospheric was applied. The animals were killed at intervals (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) and the ventral wall of the bulla was studied histomorphometrically. The osteoclast area and osteoclast number were measured along the inner surface of the bone of the bulla; the activity of osteoblasts of the outer surface was also estimated. A significant increase in osteoclasts was found over time (P<0.0001). There was no significant increase in osteoclasts at 1 day (P=0.5) but at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days there was a significant increase (P<0.03). Osteoblast activity on the outside of the bulla wall paralleled osteoclast activity. In this quantifiable, experimental system, a localized modeling process may be induced within 2 days without the confounding elements of localized trauma or inflammation inherent in other models of localized bone remodeling.
Dynamic Instability in a DNA-Segregating Prokaryotic Actin Homolog

Dynamic instability-the switching of a two-state polymer between phases of steady elongation and rapid shortening-is essential to the cellular function of eukaryotic microtubules, especially during chromosome segregation. Since the discovery of dynamic instability 20 years ago, no other biological polymer has been found to exhibit this behavior. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we observe that the prokaryotic actin homolog ParM, whose assembly is required for the segregation of large, low-copy number plasmids, displays both dynamic instability and symmetrical, bidirectional polymerization. The dynamic instability of ParM is regulated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis, and filaments are stabilized by a cap of ATP-bound monomers. ParM is not related to tubulin, so its dynamic instability must have arisen by convergent evolution driven by a set of common constraints on polymer-based segregation of DNA.
Resonance production in π+d reactions at 5.4 GeV/c☆

The reactions π+n → pπ+π−, π+n → pπ+π−πo and π+n → pK+K− have been studied at 5.4 GeV/c. Cross sections (normalized to the reaction π−p → nπ+π−) are estimated as 1.60 ± 0.25 mb, 1.43 ± 0.24 mb and 0.14 ± 0.03 mb, respectively. Resonance parameters, production cross sections, and density-matrix elements are presented for the ϱo and fo produced in the pπ+π− final state; cross sections are given for ϱ, Δ(1236), ωo, ηo and A2o resonances produced in the pπ+π−πo final state. Density-matrix elements are presented for the ωo and the variation of these elements as a function of beam momentum is discussed. Evidence is presented for a low-mass enhancement in the pπ−πo system produced diffractively in the reaction π+n → (pππ)oπ+. We see no indication of φo(1020) or S∗ (1070) production in the K+K− system.
Cytokines and mucosal immunity.

Elucidating the complexity of cytokine signaling within the normal mucosa and during acute and chronic inflammation will be a pivotal step towards understanding the pathogenesis of immune-mediated gut diseases, and developing effective therapies to treat them.