cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Note: Effects of Monensin Feeding and Withdrawal on Fat Pad Adipocyte Size in Female Broilers

Abstract Abdominal fat pad adipocyte size was determined in two experiments to evaluate the effect of monensin feeding and withdrawal on female broilers. In Experiment 1 at 49 days of age mean adipocyte sizes were: 49.2 μm, unmedicated controls; 50.0 μm, medicated controls; 55.6 μm, medicated birds with 5-day withdrawal period; and 55.1 μm medicated birds with 10-day withdrawal period. In Experiment 2, adipocyte sizes of medicated controls were 62.5 and 63.5 μm at 44 and 51 days, respectively. All medicated birds received 120 ppm dietary monensin. In broilers subjected to drug withdrawal for 7 days, adipocyte size was 60.1 μm at 44 days and 68.8 μm at 51 days after the drug withdrawal period. There were no significant differences (P
Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children

The insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X, metabolic syndrome) has become the major health problem of our times. Associated obesity, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes conspire to shorten life spans, while hyperandrogenism with polycystic ovarian syndrome affect the quality of life and fertility of increasing numbers of women. Whereas a growing number of single genetic diseases affecting satiety or energy metabolism have been found to produce the clinical phenotype, strong familial occurrences, especially in racially prone groups such as those from the Indian subcontinent, or individuals of African, Hispanic, and American Indian descents, together with emerging genetic findings, are revealing the polygenetic nature of the syndrome. However, the strong lifestyle factors of excessive carbohydrate and fat consumption and lack of exercise are important keys to the phenotypic expression of the syndrome. The natural history includes small for gestational age birth weight, excessive weight gains during childhood, premature pubarche, an allergic diathesis, acanthosis nigricans, striae compounded by gynecomastia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, premature atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and focal glomerulonephritis appearing increasingly through adolescence into adulthood. Type 2 diabetes, which develops because of an inherent and/or an acquired failure of an insulin compensatory response, is increasingly seen from early puberty onward, as is atheromatous disease leading to coronary heart disease and stroke. A predisposition to certain cancers and Alzheimer's disease is also now recognized. The looming tragedy from growing numbers of individuals affected by obesity/insulin resistance syndrome requires urgent public health approaches directed at their early identification and intervention during childhood. Such measures include educating the public on the topic, limiting the consumption of sucrose-containing drinks and foods with high carbohydrate and fat contents, and promoting exercise programs in our nation's homes and schools.
Cow biological type affects ground beef colour stability.

Abstract To determine the effects of cow biological type on colour stability of ground beef, M. semimembranosus from beef-type (BSM) and dairy-type (DSM) cows was obtained 5 d postmortem. Three blends (100% BSM, 50% BSM + 50% DSM, 100% DSM) were adjusted to 90% and 80% lean points using either young beef trim (YBT) or beef cow trim (BCT), then packaged in high oxygen (High-O 2 ; 80% O 2 ) modified atmosphere (MAP). The BSM + YBT patties had the brightest colour initially, but discoloured rapidly. Although DSM + BCT patties had the darkest colour initially, they discoloured least during display. Metmyoglobin reducing ability of ground DSM was up to fivefold greater than ground BSM, and TBARS values of BSM was twofold greater than DSM by the end of display (4 d). Though initially darker than beef cow lean, dairy cow lean has a longer display colour life and may be advantageous to retailers using High-O 2 MAP.
Scaling electromechanical sensors down to the nanoscale

Traditional MEMS sensing systems do not scale down well to the nanoscale due to resolution and fabrication limitations. Therefore, new sensing systems need to be developed in order to meet the range and resolution requirements of nanoscale mechanical systems. Several nanoscale mechanical sensing systems have emerged that take advantage of nanoscale phenomena to improve the quality of nanoscale sensors. In this paper, we will discuss some of the fundamental limitations in scaling mechanical sensors down to the nanoscale and some of the emerging technologies for nanoscale sensing.
Lack of effect of corticosteroids in W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice : these strains are not a model for steroid-responsive Diamond-Blackfan anemia

W/W v and Sl/Sl d mice with macrocytic anemias are a potential model for human inherited pure red cell anemia, called Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). The W mutation involves the gene for c-kit, and the Sl mutation the gene for the kit ligand, called mast cell growth factor, steel factor, or stem cell factor. Since many children with DBA respond to treatment with corticosterrids, we administered steroids to these genetically anemic mice, to determine whether they might provide a model for the human disease. There was no improvement in the murine anemia, consistent with other evidence suggesting that mutations in kit or steel may not be involved in Diamond-Blackfan anemia
Victimization and PTSD in Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Gender and Racial Differences

There is a paucity of studies concerning the prevalence of crime-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CR-PTSD) in individuals with substance use disorders, despite documentation of particularly high prevalence rates of sexual and physical assault in this population. A central objective of the present investigation was to assess victimization experiences and CR-PTSD among individuals receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders and evaluate gender and racial differences in assault characteristics CR-PTSD prevalence rates. A total of 95 inpatients (34 men and 61 women; 41 African-Americans, 52 Caucasians, and 2 other minorities) were administered a structured interview to assess substance abuse/dependence, trauma, and PTSD. Approximately 90% of the participants had a lifetime history of sexual and/or physical assault, and approximately 50% had CR-PTSD. With the exception of rape, no gender differences in assault or CR-PTSD prevalence rates were observed. Women were more likely than men to perceive their life as endangered during a rape. Men were younger than women when they experienced their first (or only) aggravated assault and were more likely to have been assaulted by a family member. No racial differences were detected for assault or PTSD, although African-American patients were significantly more likely to identify cocaine as their primary drug than Caucasian patients. Given the strikingly high rate of comorbid CR-PTSD among substance use disordered patients, exploration of the type and timing of interventions would be of clinical interest.
Impact of ascorbic acid on selenium-induced growth inhibition of canine mammary tumor cells in vitro

Abstract Ascorbic acid (50 or 125 μmol/L) accentuated the in vitro growth inhibition of canine mammary tumor cell line 13 (CMT-13) induced by sodium selenite (12.6 μmol/L). While selenate was less effective than selenite in inhibiting growth of these cells, its inhibitory effect was also amplified by supplemental ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid did not modify the anti-proliferative effects of selenomethionine. Both ascorbic and D-isoascorbic acid (an ascorbate analogue without anti-scorbutic properties) were equally effective in increasing the toxic effects of selenite against CMT-13 cells. Ascorbic acid (125 μmol/L) increased cellular selenium retention. These data show that the antitumorigenic effects of selenite and selenate can be enhanced by supplemental ascorbic acid or a related reducing compound.
A robust rabbit model of human atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis

Disruption and thrombosis of atherosclerotic plaques cause most acute cardiovascular events, but their systematic study has been hampered by the lack of suitable animal models. To assess the value of a modified rabbit model of atherothrombosis, we performed detailed histology of rabbit aortic plaques. Atherosclerosis was induced with a high cholesterol diet fed 2 weeks prior to and 6 weeks after balloon injury of the aorta, followed by 4 weeks of normal diet. We found six out of eight types of plaques cataloged by the American Heart Association in the rabbit aorta. Vulnerable plaques were defined as those with attached platelet and fibrin-rich thrombi after pharmacological triggering with Russell's viper venom and histamine. Ruptured plaques had, as also described for human plaques: i) marked medial and adventitial changes, including neovascularization and inflammation; ii) cholesterol monohydrate crystals and liquid crystalline cholesterol esters in the intima and the fibrous cap; and iii) inflamed, thin fibrous caps. Increased cholesterol monohydrate area, internal elastic lamina area, positive remodeling, fibrous cap inflammation, adventitia breakdown, and inflammation were independent predictors of plaque disruption. Our findings reveal novel insights into plaque vulnerability and could guide the design of noninvasive imaging approaches for detecting and treating high-risk plaques.
Renewal of a Flagging Environmental Engineering Program: Start at the Beginning

Environmental engineering is in popular demand with students and employers. Despite the demand, the environmental engineering program at the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR) had declined in recent years. A concerted effort is now being made to improve the attractiveness and quality of UMR's program, beginning with the introductory environmental engineering course offered by the Civil Engineering Department. An experimental section of the introductory course offered in the 1994 spring semester used a semester-long design project, team exercises, field trips and imaginative demonstrations, active learning strategies, and extensive discussions of environmental engineering practice to improve student learning and interest. Results were encouraging. Students performed well and gave the course good evaluations; interest in the environmental program appears to be on the upswing.
Effect of Ce Doping on the Performance and Stability of Strontium Cobalt Ferrite Perovskites as SOFC Anode Catalysts

The bulk structure, surface characteristics, catalytic properties, button cell performance, and stability of perovskite-type oxides with the formula Sr1−xCexCo0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (x = 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) were investigated as potential anode electro-catalysts for solid oxide fuel cells. In situ X-ray diffraction results indicated that the structural stability of the cerium-doped perovskites was enhanced with increasing cerium concentration. The catalysts with lower cerium concentration transformed from the initial cubic structure to a lower symmetry structure at high temperatures in a reducing environment. All the catalysts, however, were restored to the original cubic structure after re-oxidation. Electronic conductivity tests showed that the cerium-doped samples break down at higher temperatures, but display potential in terms of structural integrity and high conductivity at temperatures lower than 600 °C. The new materials showed better performance than Ni–YSZ in catalytic methane oxidation tests. The sulfur tolerance is significantly enhanced with the cerium-doped perovskites, showing no deactivation for up to 10 h of operation under 50 ppm H2S. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis on the poisoned samples suggests that the sulfur may exist on the surface primarily as strontium sulfate. The sample with a cerium loading of 15 % (x = 0.15) showed a particularly high sulfur tolerance during chronoamperometry tests and its button cell performance matched well with that of Ni–YSZ anode. Sr1−xCexCo0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (x = 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) samples may have potential for low or intermediate temperature SOFC operation in which sulfur-containing hydrocarbon fuels are used, although they would not be stable at higher temperatures.
Inactivation of EF-hands Makes GCAP-2 (p24) a Constitutive Activator of Photoreceptor Guanylyl Cyclase by Preventing a Ca2+-induced “Activator-to-Inhibitor” Transition

Guanylyl cyclase activator proteins GCAP-1 and GCAP-2 (Dizhoor et al. , 1995, Gorczyca et al., 1995) are members of a recently identified subclass of EF-hand type Ca2+-binding proteins that respond to Ca2+ differently than any other known members of the EF-hand superfamily. GCAPs acquire an activating conformation only in their Ca2+-free form. Free Ca2+ concentrations corresponding to levels in dark-adapted vertebrate photoreceptors inhibit the ability of GCAPs to activate photoreceptor guanylyl cyclases (RetGCs). We studied the effects of mutations that block binding of Ca2+ to the EF-hands of GCAP-2. Unlike other EF-hand proteins, which fail to activate their target when their EF-hands are inactivated by mutations, GCAP-2 with any single EF-hand inactivated remains active and is 3-6 times less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of Ca2+. Inactivation of any two or all three EF-hands produces active forms of GCAP-2 that are insensitive to inhibition by physiological intracellular concentrations of Ca2+. Unexpectedly we also found that activation of RetGCs by a Ca2+-insensitive mutant is inhibited by Ca2+-loaded wild type GCAP-2. We propose the following. 1) GCAP-2 can exist in two extreme functional forms: an apo form that activates RetGCs and a Ca2+-loaded form that blocks activation of RetGCs. 2) All three EF-hands of GCAP-2 contribute to the inhibitory effect of Ca2+. 3) Inactivation of two or three EF-hands is sufficient to shift the "activator-inhibitor" transition outside the physiological range of intracellular free Ca2+.
Ethylene combustion on unsupported and supported Pd: a comparative study

Ethylene combustion is studied at elevated pressures on Pd(100) and compared with supported Pd catalysts. Specific rates of CO2 formation were determined on Pd(100), 1 wt% (dPd = 2.5 nm) and 5 wt% (dPd = 4.2 nm) Pd/SiO2 catalysts as a function of the O2/C2H4 ratio over the temperature range 428–473 K. Reaction rates and apparent activation energies on these catalysts are particle size and reactant ratio dependent. The surface carbon concentration on Pd(100) depends on the ratio of the reactants and decreases with increasing O2 pressure. The combustion kinetics is related to the corresponding surface carbon coverage; the highest reaction rate was achieved for relatively low coverage of surface carbon.
Everyday Compassion: Mr. Rogers and Käthe Kollwitz

This article studies Mr. Rogers and Kathe Kollwitz, two lovers of humankind who conveyed their compassion through their artistry and ministry. How are they alike and how are they different in the w...
Purification of Rat 2′,3′‐Cyclic Nucleotide 3′‐Phosphodiesterase

2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP, EC 3.1.4.37) has been isolated from rat brain myelin by chromatography on successive columns of phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, CM-Sepharose CL-6B, and 8-(6-aminohexyl) amino-2'AMP-Sepharose 4B. From 15 g of rat brain, approximately 400 micrograms of pure CNP was obtained, with a specific activity of 1,200 (2',3'-cyclic AMP) units/mg protein. The Km of the rat enzyme was 3.7 mM, using 2',3'-cAMP as the substrate. Isoelectric focusing of the enzyme indicated a broad isoelectric range of 8.5-9.0. On SDS polyacrylamide gels, rat CNP appears as two protein bands of approximately 48,000 and 50,000 M.W., with an upper band intensity of about 1/10 that of the lower band. The relative intensities of the bands for CNP and the molecular weights correspond to the Wolfgram proteins W1 and W2 described by other investigators. The amino acid analysis of the purified rat enzyme compared favorably with reported determinations for the bovine enzyme and also with reported values for the rat Wolfgram proteins W1 and W2.
Oxidation of liquid zircaloy by steam

Abstract Oxidation kinetics of liquid Zircaloy in contact with steam is analyzed as a two-medium moving-interface diffusion problem. The course of the corrosion process is strongly influenced by the state of the metal when it melts, in particular on the thickness of the oxide skin and the fractional oxygen saturation of the metal phase at this time. If the latter is small, the oxide skin rapidly thins by dissolution into the molten metal. However, the skin never vanishes as long as exterior steam is present; after attaining a minimum thickness, the ZrO 2 layer grows until all of the metal is consumed. If the average oxygen contact of the α + β phases prior to melting is close to saturation of the liquid metal, the initial oxide layer grows monotonically with time. Calculation of the times for the skin-thinning process and for complete consumption of the metal by oxygen depend upon estimates of oxygen diffusion coefficients in the high-temperature phase of ZrO 2 as well as in the liquid metal.
Breslow thickness and clark level in melanoma: support for including level in pathology reports and in American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging.

BACKGROUND Thickness is known to be an important survival prognosticator for cutaneous melanoma, but controversy exists as to whether Clark level of invasion retains prognostic significance once thickness has been accounted for. A recent proposal to eliminate Clark level from the staging system for melanoma of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) prompted the authors to investigate whether level adds useful prognostic information to Breslow thickness. They used the data base of the New York University Melanoma Cooperative Group (NYU-MCG) Registry. METHODS The analysis was based on 919 patients with AJCC Stage I or II melanomas diagnosed between 1972 and 1982 and followed for an average of 10.9 years. Melanoma thicknesses were divided into 4 categories (≤0.75, 0.76–1.50, 1.51–4.00, and >4.00 mm). Patients were cross-classified according to tumor thickness and Clark level (II–V). For each combination of thickness and level, the Kaplan–Meier survival curve and 10-year survival proportion were computed, using death from melanoma as the outcome. The impact of Clark level on survival was evaluated for each of the thickness categories. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the simultaneous effect of thickness and level on survival while controlling for other important prognostic factors, i.e., age, tumor location, and presence or absence of ulceration. RESULTS Level of invasion was a significant predictor of death from melanoma in each of the four thickness categories. Likewise, in the Cox analyses, level was a significant prognostic variable, even after thickness was included in the model and regardless of whether thickness was treated as a categoric or a continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that both tumor thickness and level of invasion are important independent prognostic factors in AJCC Stage I and II melanomas. The authors recommend that Clark levels be kept as criteria in the AJCC staging system and be included in pathology reports. [See editorial on pages 491–6, this issue.] Cancer 2000;88:589–95. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Influence of nucleotide derivatives on lipolysis and lipid peroxide formation in vitro.

Abstract The influence of the nucleotide derivatives on lipolysis and lipid peroxide formation in rat adipose tissue in vitro was examined. The decreased epinephrine-induced lipolysis observed during incubations with RNA, adenosine, and nicotinic acid was associated with increased lipid peroxide formation. Quercetin, a potent antioxidant, suppressed lipid peroxide formation and reduced significantly the effect of RNA on lipolysis. However, it is unlikely that the increased peroxides formed during incubations with RNA are responsible for the reduced lipolysis since adenine, which also increases lipid peroxides, augments epinephrine-induced lipolysis. An impressive seasonal variation in the effect of the nucleic acid derivatives on lipolysis was observed.
Impact of observed vegetation root distribution on seasonal global simulations of land surface processes

[1] Using a global root distribution derived from observations, results from June to August ensemble simulations are presented. The new root distribution shifts the location of roots in the soil in most regions of the world. Root relocation depends on land use type with some roots located shallower (e.g., grasslands) and others deeper (e.g., tropical forests). Comparison of the boreal summer results of 1988 and 1993 for a control simulation and simulation with the new root distribution produces, in several regions of the world, statistically significant differences of up to 40 W/m2 in the components of the surface energy budget. Analysis of the eastern and western United States shows statistically significant changes of over 1 K in surface air temperature and over 25 W/m2 in surface energy components for both seasonal averages and diurnal cycles. Comparison with observations shows that the new root distribution improves the surface air temperature simulation, especially in 1993, but any precipitation improvement is statistically insignificant.
LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF AGGRESSION IN HIGH SCHOOL AGE ATHLETES: PROVOCATION IN A NONSPORTING CONTEXT

This study investigated the relationship between aggression and type of sports involvement in high school age boys. Athletes (16 boys), ages 15 to 18 years, were separated into two groups, one of 8 athletes who participated in sports with high physical contact, e.g., football and basketball, and the other of 8 athletes who participated in low contact sports, e.g., track and baseball. Students participated in six 25-min. Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm sessions. The paradigm is an established laboratory model of aggression with three response options: (1) a point-maintained response, (2) an aggressive response, and (3) an escape response. Analysis indicated that the only difference between the groups was that individuals who participated in high contact sports emitted significantly more aggressive responses than individuals who participated in low contact sports. Similarly, psychometric measures of aggression indicated that individuals in the former group self-reported more behavioral incidents of ag...
Transgresiones de vida y arte en Cartas de amor a Stalin, de Juan Mayorga

Cartas de amor a Stalin (2000), like all postmodern plays, centers on the problematic of artistic representation, rejects the possibility of constructing a single objective worldview, and dismisses outright the notion of an absolute authority. Mayorga's play challenges both the traditional hegemony of reality and its mimetic quality by exploring the ontological implications of artistic creation.
Enhanced oxygen reduction activity on surface-decorated perovskite thin films for solid oxide fuel cells

Surface-decoration of perovskites can strongly affect the oxygen reduction activity, and therefore is a new and promising approach to improve SOFC cathode materials. In this study, we demonstrate that a small amount of secondary phase on a (001) La0.8Sr0.2CoO3−δ (LSC) surface can either significantly activate or passivate the electrode. LSC (001) microelectrodes prepared by pulsed laser deposition on a (001)-oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrate were decorated with La-, Co-, and Sr-(hydr)oxides/carbonates. “Sr”-decoration with nanoparticle coverage in the range from 50% to 80% of the LSC surface enhanced the surface exchange coefficient, kq, by an order of magnitude while “La”-decoration and “Co”-decoration led to no change and reduction in kq, respectively. Although the physical origin for the enhancement is not fully understood, results from atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that the observed kq enhancement for “Sr”-decorated surfaces can be attributed largely to catalytically active interface regions between surface Sr-enriched particles and the LSC surface.
Reducing the presence of navigation risk eliminates strong environmental illusions.

Many researchers have assumed that navigational costs, as opposed to the visual stimuli per se, produce several large-magnitude distance illusionsVin spite of the absence of experimental data. We used virtual reality to remove the presence of realistic falling costs, while leaving the visual information otherwise intact. This resulted in removal of the distance illusions proposed to have evolved in response to falling costs. These data hold important implications in vision research and ecological psychology, as well as in applied settings such as aviation.
Differences in cerebral morphology in 2 stocks of mutant mice heterozygous for the loop-tail (Lp)-gene

Adult loop-tail heterozygotes (Lp/+) from a stock ofLp-mice which consistently fail to show head wobbling exhibit normal brain morphology with respect to size and shape of lateral ventricles and nearby nuclei. Loop-tail heterozygotes from a head wobbling stock ofLp-mice show enlargement and deformity of the lateral ventricles.
Hypertensice response to saline microinjection in the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat

Abstract We investigated the blood pressure response elicited by microinjection of various hypertonic solutions into the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the brainstem, an area rich in catecholaminergic neurons. Equiosmolar solutions of NaCl, dextrose, LiCl and KCl were employed. NaCl produced a prolonged blood pressure rise; LiCl and normal saline produced a similar rise of short duration; and KCl produced epileptic-type seizures with postictal hypertension. Dextrose had no effect and neither had NaCl microinjection in areas relatively distant from the NTS. The rise in blood pressure was not reversed by a vasopressin antagonist injected systemically, but was totally abolished by systemic α-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine. These findings suggest that sodium can cause hypertension by direct stimulation of the central sympathetic nervous system without participation of peripheral mechanisms such as fluid volume expansion or alteration of the vascular wall.
Comparison of the anticonvulsant efficacies and neurotoxic effects of valproic acid, phenytoin, and the ketogenic diet.

Summary: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure quantitatively the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet (KD) in comparison to two clinically important anticonvulsant drugs (AEDs), valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT), and to evaluate possible associated neurotoxicity. Methods: Rats were maintained on either a calorie-restricted, KD or calorie-restricted, rodent-chow diet for 3–5 weeks, after which neurobehavioral and seizure testing was completed. AEDs (either VPA or PHT) were injected acutely at the time to peak effect before neurotoxic and seizure assessment. Seizures were induced by timed infusion of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES). Results: VPA protected from both MES- and PTZ-induced seizures, whereas the KD only elevated PTZ seizure threshold; PHT only attenuated MES-induced seizures. The KD was as effective as a high dose of VPA (i.e., 300 mg/kg) and combined treatment (i.e., KD + VPA) showed an additive increase in PTZ seizure threshold. No observed neurobehavioral deficits were associated with either diet treatment; however, drug-related side effects were noted with high doses of either VPA or PHT. Conclusions: These data suggest that the KD ranks among VPA and PHT as an effective treatment for seizures, without observed drug-associated neurobehavioral contraindications. In combination with AEDs, our results indicate that the KD plus VPA work synergistically to increase seizure threshold, whereas the KD plus PHT may be complementary, elevating seizure threshold (KD) and reducing seizure severity (PHT). These findings may provide insights into future directions for rational polytherapy; however, it is important to be aware that the KD has been shown to elevate VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Combating Ageism: Change in Student Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Aging

This study examined the ability of a lifespan course to create positive change in both knowledge of, and attitudes toward, aging of undergraduate students. Additionally, we questioned whether students define the point at which one is considered to be old in similar ways. Findings indicated positive change in both knowledge and attitudes, but perceptions of old age were best predicted by attitudes alone. Knowledge and attitudes were not associated at Time 1 or Time 2, implying ageism may continue to exist within student populations. Suggestions for educators to combat ageism are provided.
The heterogeneity of the osteopetroses reflects the diversity of cellular influences during skeletal development

Experimental studies of the mammalian osteopetroses, characterized by generalized skeletal sclerosis, have illuminated a variety of mechanisms by which bone resorption can be reduced. We review recent data implicating a diverse group of growth factors, proto-oncogenes, and immune regulators that can influence skeletal development and account for the heterogeneity of the osteopetroses. Furthermore, similar studies are likely to continue to provide for improved clinical management of both osteopetrotic children and the localized and generalized osteopenias.
Optical rectification and terahertz emission in the semiconductors excited above the bandgap

A rigorous theory of the optical rectification in the zinc-blende semiconductors is developed. This theory combines the bonding orbitals representation of the electrons in the semiconductor with the band structure representation. It is shown that when the semiconductor is excited above the absorption edge there is a strong resonant enhancement of the optical rectification signal and connected with it emission of the terahertz radiation. Both the magnitude and the temporal characteristics of this signal are closely related to the intraband relaxation processes in the valence band.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
U.S. Government (depository items)

Abstract The following publications have been selected by examination of documents received by depository libraries during the period between column deadlines. Many are for sale by the Government Printing Office. Those for which ordering information was available are listed with stock number and/or price. Stock numbers and prices for other publications may be available at a later date. Finally, all unpriced publications should be available in limited quantities from their issuing agencies.
Ion-molecule reactions of oxygenated chemical ionization reagents with vincamine

The ion-molecule reactions of ions from acetone, dimethyl ether, 2-methoxyethanol, and vinyl methyl ether with vincamine were investigated. Reactions with dimethyl ether result in [M+13](+) and [M+45](+) products, reactions with 2-methoxyethanol produce [M+13](+) and [M+89](+) ions, and reactions with acetone or vinyl methyl ether ions generate predominantly [M+43](+) ions. Collision-activated dissociation and deuterium labeling experiments allowed speculation about the product structures and mechanisms of dissociation. The methylene substitution process was shown to occur at the hydroxyl oxygen and the phenyl ring of vincamine for dimethyl ether reactions, but the methylene substitution process was not favored at the hydroxyl oxygen for the 2-methoxyethanol reactions, instead favored at the 12 phenyl position. The reaction site is likely different for the 2-methoxyethanol ion due to its capability for secondary hydrogen-bonding interactions. For the [M+45](+) and [M+89](+) ions, evidence suggests that charge-remote fragmentation processes occur from these products. In general, the use of dimethyl ether ions or 2-methoxyethanol ions for ionmolecule reactions prove highly diagnostic for the characterization of vincamine; both molecular weight and structural information are obtained. Limits of detection for vincamine with dimethyl ether chemical ionization via this technique on a benchtop ion trap gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer are in the upper parts per trillion range.
Global health and the business of illness

There is increased recognition of both glaring disparities in the health of populations among countries around the globe and startling differences in per capita spending on ‘health’ among these same countries. This awareness raises disturbing questions about the relationship between global health and business opportunity. Historically, business opportunity has flourished in the domain of medical care, which is only one part of the larger domain of health. How feasible is it to imagine a world in which opportunity can flourish in the business of health as well as medical care? Improvements in global health depend on finding meaningful answers to this question.
Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry

The 1989–1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano produced medium-K calc-alkaline andesite and dacite of limited compositional range (58.2–63.4% SiO2) and entrained quenched andesitic inclusions (55% SiO2) which bear chemical similarities to the rest of the ejecta. The earliest (December 15) magmas are pumiceous, often compositionally banded, and the majority is relatively mafic (< 59% SiO2). The most silicic magmas of the eruption are the late December to early January domes (up to 63.4% SiO2). Subsequent magmas formed domes and rare pumices which converge on 60% SiO2. Chemical variations among ejecta comprise tight, linear, two-component arrays for all elements for which the analytical uncertainty is much less than the compositional range. The two-component arrays are interpreted as mixing arrays between unrelated magmas because several of the arrays are at steep angles to the normal liquid line of descent. Additionally, the felsic endmember cannot be easily related to the mafic endmember by normal high-temperature igneous processes (e.g., the silicic endmember has higher Zr yet lower Hf than the mafic endmember). Also relative enrichments of highly incompatible elements are dramatically different across the arrays. The mixing event must have preceded eruption by a significant, yet unspecified amount of time because groundmass glass compositions are homogeneous for all post-December samples (Swanson et al., 1994-this volume), in spite of the whole-rock chemical diversity. This implies time for additional crystallization after the mixing event. Swanson et al. (1994-this volume) discuss evidence for a potentially different mixing event recorded only in December 15 magmas. Cognate cumulate xenoliths composed of pl+cpx+opx+hb+mt+melt were recovered from January and April deposits. These blocks differ from local batholithic country rock in their low concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Rb 60 wt.%). They have Mg, Cr, Ni, Sc, and V contents higher than the andesites, but lower than Redoubt basalts and basaltic andesites. Thus, they may be crystallization products of andesites, but do not represent the cumulate residue of basalt fractionation. The xenoliths were probably derived from a shallow or intermediate crustal chamber.
Piecewise and Wiener Filter-Based SAR Techniques for Monostatic Microwave Imaging of Layered Structures

In this paper, two new techniques for microwave imaging of layered structures are introduced. These techniques were developed to address the limiting issues associated with classical synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging techniques in generating focused and properly-positioned images of embedded objects in generally layered dielectric structures. The first method, referred to as piecewise SAR (PW-SAR), is a natural extension of the classical SAR technique, and considers physical and electrical properties of each individual layer and the discontinuity among them. Although this method works well with low loss dielectric media, its applicability to lossy media is limited. This is due to the fact that this method does not consider signal attenuation. Moreover, multiple reflections within each layer are not incorporated. To improve imaging performance in which these important phenomena are included, a second method was developed that utilizes the Green's function of the layered structure and casts the imaging approach into a deconvolution procedure. Subsequently, a Wiener filter-based deconvolution technique is used to solve the problem. The technique is referred to as Wiener filter-based layered SAR (WL-SAR). The performance and efficacy of these SAR based imaging techniques are demonstrated using simulations and corresponding measurements of several different layered media.
Clinical studies with iron as adjunct to pollen immunization and antihistaminic therapy in hay fever

Abstract 1.1. Satisfactory and comparable results were obtained from pollen therapy with Trimeton alone and with pollen therapy with Trimeton plus iron therapy. 2.2. These studies indicate that iron has no therapeutic value in hay fever nor does it enhance the action of antihistaminics.
Rotationally Invariant Holographic Tracking System

A multi-channel holographic correlator has been constructed which can identify and track objects of a given shape across the input field independent of their in-plane rotation. This system, derived from the classic Vander Lugt correlator, incorporates a hololens to store an array of matched spatial filters (MSFs) on thermoplastic film. Each member of the MSF array is generated from a different incrementally rotated version of the training object. Rotational invariant tracking is achieved through superposition of the corresponding array of the correlations in the output plane. Real time tracking is accomplished by utilizing a liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) illuminated with a CRT to process video input signals. The system can be programmed to recognize different objects by recording the MSF array on re-usable thermoplastic film. Discussion of the system architecture and laboratory results are presented.
Family-peer connections: the roles of emotional expressiveness within the family and children's understanding of emotions.

The purpose of this study was to explore patterns of parent and child emotional expressiveness within the family context, to examine links between these patterns and children's peer relations, and to examine whether these links might be mediated by children's understanding of emotions. Subjects were 61 kindergarten and first-grade white, middle-class children and their parents. Parent and child expressiveness were assessed in a laboratory ring-toss game designed to elicit a range of emotional responses. Parent expressiveness in the home was also assessed with Halberstadt's Family Expressiveness Questionnaire. The questionnaire, completed by both mother and father, assesses a range of emotions in a variety of settings typical of many families, and consists of items tapping both positive and negative expressiveness. Children were interviewed about their understanding of emotions across a broad range of areas. Results indicated that maternal expressiveness (home) and paternal expressiveness (home and laboratory) but not children's expressiveness with parents were associated with children's peer relations. Although children's understanding of emotions was generally not asssociated with family expressiveness, understanding predicted children's peer relations. In addition, children's understanding influenced the links between maternal expressiveness in the home and peer relations and between paternal expressiveness in the laboratory and peer relations. This pattern of results underscores the importance of the emotional climate of the family for the development of children's social relations with peers.
Popular Religion and the Laboring Classes in Nineteenth-Century Europe

The notion of studying the history of the religious beliefs and experiences of ordinary people was comparatively unfamiliar thirty years ago. The idea that the evolution of "popular religion," whatever that was, might somehow inform the history of the emerging collective consciousness of the European laboring classes was even strang er, certainly to social historians who tacitly or expressly accepted the Marxian conviction that class consciousness necessarily implied the working classes' emanci pation from the religious opiates the dominant classes had contrived in their own interest. The next decade changed all that. In 1963 E. P. Thompson published his monumental The Making of the English Working Class. In a thousand pages of flowing prose, Thompson argued that even if the Wesleyan Methodist movement served as an opiate for its working-class converts, an older and deeper tradition derived from the Puritan radicals of the seventeenth century continued to provide a cultural and religious context for the artisans' and laborers' political awakening during the French Revolution and the first decades of industrialization. Meanwhile, Eric Hobsbawm was writing about working-class sensibilities that were variously manifested in banditry,
Specific repression of in vitro transcription by the Cro repressor of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage λ is a repressor needed for regulation of lytic growth. The experiments presented here show that Cro represses specifically transcription in vitro of the N , c I and fro genes, initiated at the promoter sites p L , p rm and p R , respectively, but does not affect transcription of 4 S RNA (also called oop RNA) and 6 S RNA. To carry out its repression function Cro protein must interact with the operator sites, o l and o r , since mutations in o L and o R abolish or reduce Cro-mediated repression. The interaction of Cro with the O R region ( o R1 o R2 o R3 ) was studied in detail, using a restriction fragment which carries parts of the c I and the cro genes with the promoter-operator region in the middle. Cro protein was shown to have functional diversity: at low concentrations, Cro represses transcription of the c I gene and slightly stimulates transcription of the cro gene; at higher concentrations, Cro represses transcription of the cro gene. From these experiments, we argue that Cro binds to the o R 3 site first and then occupies the o R 2 and o R1 sites, a binding sequence opposite to that of cI repressor. The two repressors, Cro and cI, compete for the operator sites at the appropriate concentration. These results can explain the immune and anti-immune states demonstrated in vivo for phage λ and also provide a general model for quasi-stable regulatory switches.
The Effect of Pelleting on the Nutritional Value of Ground Soybeans for the Chick

Abstract THE poor availability of soybean oil in ground soybean s limits their usefulness as a source of energy as well as protein for the chick. In a previous study (Carew et al., 1961) ground soybeans had a metabolizable energy value that was only 86% of that which would be anticipated on the basis of the composition of ground soybeans. However, in this same study it was found that the availability of soybean oil in soybeans for chicks could be markedly improved by compressing cracked dehulled soybeans into very thin flakes prior to including them in diets for chicks. Flaked, heat-treated dehulled soybeans were found to be equal to equivalent amounts of soybean oil meal and soybean oil in their ability to promote growth in chicks and improve efficiency of feed utilization. Apparently, the maximum value from heat-treated soybeans as a poultry feed ingredient can be obtained only if a processing …
Energy transport effects on rapid bimolecular chemical reactions

Mass diffusion is known to affect the rate of rapid bimolecular chemical reactions in solution. Rate constants are decreased with respect to their collisional values, an effect which can renormalize the bare rate constant by a factor as large as 100. In this paper we explore the added effect of the thermal diffusivity on rapid reaction rates. This effect arises from the coupling of energy fluctuations to density fluctuations either through the activation energy for reaction or from the heat of reaction. Calculations presented here, using statistical nonequilibrium thermodynamics to calculate the nonequilibrium radial distribution function, show that this effect vanishes in dilute solution. In more concentrated solutions the effect remains negligible unless the diffusion constant is much larger than the thermal diffusivity. Even then the effect is only of the order of 10% of the size of mass diffusion effects in concentrated solutions.
Nutritional risk, status, and intake of individuals with venous ulcers: A pilot sutdy

Chronic leg ulcers occur in at least 1% of the adult population. The healing of these ulcers remains a clinical challenge. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the nutritional risk, status, and intake of seven patients with venous ulcers. The Public Awareness Checklist categorized two subjects as being at low risk, two as moderate risk, and three subjects as high nutritional risk. Biochemical indicators of nutritional status identified abnormalities in hemoglobin and/or hematocrit, albumin, transferrin, zinc, and total lymphocyte count. Mean daily intake was inadequate to meet caloric needs in five of six subjects. By conservative estimates (RDA), two subjects had an inadequate protein intake. Data suggest that at least some individuals with venous ulcers are at nutritional risk, have abnormalities in their nutritional status, and/or have an inadequate intake to support healing. Future research is needed to explore the relationship between nutrition and rate of healing in individuals with venous ulcers.
The Power War: Male Response to Power Loss Under Equality

As many authors have pointed out, the relationship between the sexes is based on power, males having greater power than females. The continuing demand by women for equality is actually a demand for equal power, and if these strivings are successful, they will mean a loss of power for men. The male response to this anticipated power loss is the focus of this analysis. First, the scope of male power is described. Second, the importance of power to men is analyzed in terms of the male sex-role stereotype and the metamorphic effects of power use (Kipnis, 1976). Third, some likely responses of men to a loss of power are hypothesized. Finally, some suggestions for future research are outlined.
Molecular dynamics study of low energy cascades in solids: desorption from solid molecular oxygen

Abstract Classical dynamics calculations were made to describe the desorption induced following the excitation of a molecule to a repulsive, dissociating state, a process of interest in electronically stimulated desorption. Yields of ejected atoms/molecules versus depth of excitation were calculated for a solid sample of oxygen molecules and energy spectra of the ejecta were calculated. The relaxation of the repulsive state produces a collision sequence resulting in ejection with an efficiency slightly smaller than that for an amorphous atomic argon solid due to energy transfer to vibrational excitation.
8.3.2 Practical Approach to Increasing State Space Coverage for System Testing

This paper presents a practical solution to improving system level Verification and Validation (V&V) tests, those tests which exercise end-to-end functionality of a physical system, for complex hardware/software systems. The proposed method to improve system level testing is to increase the total number of system configurations that are tested in a way such that the state space coverage is explored in a systematic and evenly-distributed fashion. We describe a method for adapting the combinatorial software test strategy known as t-wise testing to complex hardware/software systems V&V testing. Practical requirements and potential test selection architecture are provided to demonstrate the utility of the proposed t-wise testing method. Some methods for test selection and prioritization are outlined for instances when complete t-wise testing is impractical.