cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Detect Hardware Trojan Attacks on Primary Data Inputs

Hardware security is an important component of any chip design intended for use by critical infrastructure or any scenario where a malicious party may want to cause trouble. A possible avenue of attack is to insert tiny Hardware Trojan (HT) logic at the primary data inputs which the attacker can trigger undetected. A detection architecture and approach is proposed where initial data generation from analog to digital values is coupled with generation of a unique signature prior to passing the data (and associated signature) for later processing. A specific situation of providing the data to a cipher chip motivates and demonstrates the approach which regenerates the signature in the cipher chip and compares against the signature input with the data; a mismatch indicates that there is a problem. The practical impact of the approach in foiling attacks by tiny HT logic can be further strengthened by the select use of reconfigurable logic for off-chip signature generation and on-chip comparison/test as the attacker can only place a small amount of HT logic and remain "tiny."
Galactose as a gratuitous inducer of GAL gene expression in yeasts growing on glucose.

Abstract The promoters of the highly expressed and stringently regulated GAL genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , are useful for expressing proteins in this organism. However, two problems complicate their use. First, because growth on glucose causes prolonged repression of GAL expression, cells are most rapidly induced after growth on nonfermentable carbon sources, conditions which usually support poor growth. Second, because the inducer of the GAL genes (galactose) also serves as a carbon source, the level of inducer is continually diminishing during growth of a Gal + strain, which may lead to reduced GAL expression. To solve the first problem, we have employed strains that carry the regl -501 mutation, which eliminates glucose repression of GAL expression. This gene has been shown to be located on the right arm of chromosome IV, distal but tightly linked to the TRP 1 gene. We demonstrate that expression from GAL promoters is efficiently and rapidly induced in these reg 1 strains by the addition of galactose to a culture growing in glucose medium. Levels of galactose as low as 0.02% can be used to obtain a 1500-fold induction of gene expression from GAL promoters in this strain. To surmount the second problem, we have used a gal 1 mutant, deficient in the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of galactose utilization. We show that high levels of expression from GAL promoters are achieved rapidly in these mutants, for which galactose is a gratuitous inducer. With the goal of producing proteins during continuous fermentation of immobilized, nondividing cells, we also show that two proteins, intracellular bacterial β-galactosidase and secreted mouse amylase, are produced efficiently in reg 1-501 cells arrested with the yeast peptide hormone, α-factor.
Behavioral validation of the Children's Action Tendency Scale

The concurrent validity of the Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS), a self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness, was assessed using behavioral observations in naturalistic settings. Forty-five third- to fifth-grade children were observed over an 8-month period in a wide variety of school (and school-related) activities. Scores on the CATS sub-scales were found to correlate significantly with a variety of behavioral indices of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness; these correlations tended to be higher for boys than for girls. Explanations for these sex differences and recommendations for the questionnaire's use are offered.
Effect of Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade on Racing Performance of Greyhounds with Normal and with Denervated Hearts

A field study was made of the effect of β-adrenergic receptor blockade (propranolol; Ko 592) on the racing performance of six normal greyhounds and three with chronic extrinsic cardiac denervation. Records were made of the time to race a 5/16-mile course before and after blockade; the heart rate was recorded by telemetry. After the administration of the β-adrenergic receptor-blocking agent to the normal greyhound, racing time was slightly increased, and maximal heart rate was slighdy decreased. After blockade in the cardiac denervated greyhounds, racing time was prolonged, cardiac acceleration was severely limited, and the animals finished running in a state of collapse. The data indicated diat die cardiostimulant action of both sympathetic nerves and circulating catecholamines was necessary for maximal performance. After blockade of one or the other of these mechanisms, racing performance was slightly reduced from normal. Withdrawal of both adjuvants severely limited the performance of maximal exercise.
The influence of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced cell proliferation on mouse lung damage after x rays or fission neutrons.

To examine the relative importance of endothelial cells vs type II alveolar cells in the development of lung damage, we irradiated the lungs of mice with X rays either 2 or 6 days after treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and determined ${\rm LD}_{50/180}$ values. ${\rm LD}_{50/180}$ was 959 rad when no BHT was given, 269 rad when 2 days elapsed after BHT treatment, and 1445 rad at 6 days after BHT. The pattern of response was similar after fission neutron irradiation to the thorax. ${\rm LD}_{50/180}$ after fission neutrons alone was 476 rad, but at 2 and 6 days after BHT, the ${\rm LD}_{50/180}$ values were 98 and 575 rad, respectively. Clearly 2 days after BHT, when radiation injury to type II cells predominated, the sensitivity to both X rays and fission neutrons increased markedly, suggesting that injury to alveolar epithelial cells may be of primary importance in the development of lung damage in the mouse....
Conflicts over industrial tree plantations in the South: Who, how and why?

Industrial tree plantations for wood, palm oil and rubber production are among the fastest growing monocultures and are currently being promoted as carbon sinks and energy producers. Such plantations are causing a large number of conflicts between companies and local populations, mostly in the tropics and subtropics. Within a political ecology framework, the present paper investigates the nature of such conflicts as related to the alleged impacts of the plantations, the protesters involved, and the modalities of the conflicts with a special emphasis on their outcomes. Relying on the most comprehensive literature review to date, corresponding to 58 conflict cases, I find that the prominent cause of resistance is related to corporate control over land resulting in displacements and the end of local uses of ecosystems as they are replaced by monocultures. Resistance includes the “weapons of the weak” and ranges from dialogue to direct confrontation and from local to international. It often involves NGOs, especially for legal issues. Demonstrations, lawsuits, road blockades and tree uprooting have been reported in several countries. Authorities have responded by repression in about half of the cases analysed, while popular struggles have been able to stop plantations in about one fifth, mainly through winning lawsuits or massive social unrest. While these movements can be regarded as classical land conflicts, they usually also have an ecological content, corresponding to forms of the “environmentalism of the poor”. The documented large number of such conflicts suggests that policies promoting large-scale tree plantations should be reappraised.
Crohn’s disease

Inflammatory bowel disease descriptively consistent with Crohn’s disease apparently was observed three hundred years ago, possibly earlier in Carson’s “Iliac Passion.”279 Wilhelm Fabry280 (Guilhelmus Fabricius Hildanus) of Hilden-Cologne, Germany (1560–1629), had noted at autopsy in a boy who had experienced persistent “subhepatic pain” that “the cecum (was) contracted and invaginated into the ileum⋯ such that it was not possible for anything to pass from the proximal intestine into the colon.” On extracting the cecum, it was ulcerated and fibrous. J.H. Baron,281 in a review of early instances of possible Crohn’s disease, cites J.J. Bernier et al.282 on La Maladie de Louis XIII. Baron writes “⋯ Louis XIII is known to have been prone to attacks of diarrhea for decades, associated with fever and a rectal abscess that discharged spontaneously. In 1642, he experienced bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain and a perianal abscess or fistula. He died the following year, at age 42. Autopsy revealed ulcerations of small and large bowel, with abscesses and fistulas, compatible with ileocecal tuberculosis or regional enteritis.” The noted pathologist G.B. Morgagni283 of Forli, Italy (1682–1771) in his “De Sedibus et Causis Morborum” in 1761, described ulcerations and perforation of an inflamed, narrowed distal ileum and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes in a young man of 20 with a history of diarrhea and fever culminating in death after 14 days
Mitigation of oxygen-induced retinopathy in α2β1 integrin-deficient mice.

Purpose. The α2β1 integrin plays an important but complex role in angiogenesis and vasculopathies. Published GWAS studies established a correlation between genetic polymorphisms of the α2β1 integrin gene and incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Recent studies indicated that α2-null mice demonstrate superior vascularization in both the wound and diabetic microenvironments. The goal of this study was to determine whether the vasculoprotective effects of α2-integrin deficiency extended to the retina, using the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Reversible metastable configurations in amorphous silicon

Abstract We present experimental evidence for reversible metastable alloy atom configurations in amorphous silicon. In a-Si:F we identify reversible transitions between samples with SiFSi bridging configurations and samples containing only conventional silicon-fluorine bonding structures.
Social Threats, Happiness, and the Dynamics of Meaning in Life Judgments

Four studies examined social relatedness and positive affect (PA) as alternate sources of information for judgments of meaning in life (MIL). In Studies 1 through 3 (total N = 282), priming loneliness increased reliance on PA and decreased reliance on social functioning in MIL judgments. In Study 4 (N = 138), daily assessments of PA, relatedness needs satisfaction (RNS), and MIL were obtained every 5 days over 20 days. Multilevel modeling showed that on days when RNS was low, PA was strongly related to MIL. Results suggest the dynamic ways that social relationships and PA inform judgments of MIL. Informational and motivational accounts of these results are discussed.
Celebrating diversity in early care and education settings: moving beyond the margins

As the USA continues to live up to its historical reputation as a nation of immigrants, early childhood professionals are increasingly faced with the challenge of supporting children and families from diverse cultural milieu. However, to truly celebrate diversity in early childhood settings, early childhood teachers and caregivers must engage in a careful examination of their own cultural biases and assumptions, and be willing to consider differences not as deficient but as potential sources of strength. In short, providing care and education in which all children can thrive requires moving diversity out of the margins of the curriculum, and infusing principles of diversity, equity and social justice into our teaching and our interactions with children and families.
Macrophage Apoptosis in Advanced Atherosclerosis

Plaque necrosis in advanced atheromata, which triggers acute atherothrombotic vascular events, is caused by the apoptosis of lesional macrophages coupled with defective phagocytic clearance of the dead cells. The central enabling event in macrophage apoptosis relevant to advanced atherosclerosis is the unfolded protein response (UPR), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. The UPR effector CHOP (GADD153) amplifies release of ER Ca(2+) stores, which activates a central integrator of apoptosis signaling, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII, in turn, leads to activation of pro-apoptotic STAT1, induction of the death receptor Fas, and stimulation of the mitochondria-cytochrome c pathway of apoptosis. While these pathways are necessary for apoptosis, apoptosis occurs only when the cells are also exposed to one or more additional "hits." These hits amplify pro-apoptotic pathways and/or suppress compensatory cell-survival pathways. A second hit relevant to atherosclerosis is activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as scavenger and toll-like receptors. In vivo relevance is suggested by the fact that advanced human lesions express markers of UPR activation that correlate closely with the degree of plaque vulnerability and macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, studies with genetically altered mice have shown that ER stress and PRR activation are causative for advanced lesional macrophage apoptosis and plaque necrosis. In summary, a key cellular event in the conversion of benign to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques is ER stress-induced macrophage apoptosis. Further understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of this event may lead to novel therapies directed at preventing the clinical progression of atheromata.
Selective toxicity of exogenous l-lysine to cyanobacteria, relative to a chlorophyte and a diatom

Abstract Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrogen assimilation supports algal growth. Recently, however, Kaya & Sano [Phycologia 35 (6, supplement): 117–119 (1996)] reported that l mg l−1 were required for inhibition. Additions of < 400 mg l−1 of lysine did not significantly reduce Chl a accumulation by Scenedesmus dimorphus(Chlorophyta). Cyclotella meneghiniana (Bacillariophyta) was not affected by 400 mg l−1 L-lysine addition...
Mitochondrial NAD dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase either from yeast or human replaces yeast cytoplasmic NADP dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase for the aerobic growth of yeast on ethanol.

Abstract Background In a previous study, we deleted three aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes, involved in ethanol metabolism, from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that the triple deleted yeast strain did not grow on ethanol as sole carbon source. The ALDHs were NADP dependent cytosolic ALDH1, NAD dependent mitochondrial ALDH2 and NAD/NADP dependent mitochondrial ALDH5. Double deleted strain ΔALDH2+ΔALDH5 or ΔALDH1+ΔALDH5 could grow on ethanol. However, the double deleted strain ΔALDH1+ΔALDH2 did not grow in ethanol. Methods Triple deleted yeast strain was used. Mitochondrial NAD dependent ALDH from yeast or human was placed in yeast cytosol. Results In the present study we found that a mutant form of cytoplasmic ALDH1 with very low activity barely supported the growth of the triple deleted strain (ΔALDH1+ΔALDH2+ΔALDH5) on ethanol. Finding the importance of NADP dependent ALDH1 on the growth of the strain on ethanol we examined if NAD dependent mitochondrial ALDH2 either from yeast or human would be able to support the growth of the triple deleted strain on ethanol if the mitochondrial form was placed in cytosol. We found that the NAD dependent mitochondrial ALDH2 from yeast or human was active in cytosol and supported the growth of the triple deleted strain on ethanol. Conclusion This study showed that coenzyme preference of ALDH is not critical in cytosol of yeast for the growth on ethanol. General significance The present study provides a basis to understand the coenzyme preference of ALDH in ethanol metabolism in yeast.
U.S. National Diagnostic Reference Levels: Closing the Gap

The University of California investigators have demonstrated meticulous efforts to define dose benchmarks for the University of California system; their efforts will help them to optimize their local practices and demonstrate a process that others can use.
Structural Studies on Ribosomal Proteins: Peptides from Cyanogen Bromide Cleavage and Tryptic Digestion

Ribosomal proteins were prepared from E. coli B and A 19 ribosomes and ribosomal subunits following Spitnik-Elson’s method [Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 19, 557 (1965)]. Spectral properties indicated that less than 1 % residual RNA was present. Amino acid analysis of proteins derived from whole ribosomes showed 2.5 % of the residues to be methionine. The ribosomal proteins were subjected to cleavage at the C-terminal side of the methionine residues by treatment with cyanogen bromide in 0.1 N HCl for 30 h at 30° C [Gross and Witkop : J. biol. Chem. 237, 1856 (1962)]. Under these conditions only 30% of the material became dializable, as checked by the recovery of amino acids and by the distribution of counts when 14C labeled proteins were used. This fraction contained about 60 % of the original methionine recovered as homoserine and its lactone. The remainder was a high molecular weight substance which showed a similar sedimentation pattern as the untreated material. It contained approximately 35 % methionine, recovered as homoserine and its lactone. The total extend of the cleavage reaction approached, therefore, 100 %. On Polyacrylamide gel run at pH 4.5 in 8 M urea [Leboy et al.: Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 52, 367 (1964)] the high molecular weight material showed only about 15 bands as opposed to the 35 bands observed with untreated protein (Fig. 1 and 2). A similar reduction of the number of bands was observed when proteins from the 30 S or 50 S subunits only were used.
An approach for implementing efficient superscalar CISC processors

An integrated, hardware/software co-designed CISC processor is proposed and analyzed. The objectives are high performance and reduced complexity. Although the x86 ISA is targeted, the overall approach is applicable to other CISC ISAs. To provide high performance on frequently executed code sequences, fully transparent dynamic translation software decomposes CISC superblocks into RISC-style micro-ops. Then, pairs of dependent micro-ops are reordered and fused into macro-ops held in a large, concealed code cache. The macro-ops are fetched from the code cache and processed throughout the pipeline as single units. Consequently, instruction level communication and management are reduced, and processor resources such as the issue buffer and register file ports are better utilized. Moreover, fused instructions lead naturally to pipelined instruction scheduling (issue) logic, and collapsed 3-1 ALUs can be used, resulting in much simplified result forwarding logic. Steady state performance is evaluated for the SPEC2000 benchmarks, and a proposed x86 implementation with complexity similar to a two-wide superscalar processor is shown to provide performance (instructions per cycle) that is equivalent to a conventional four-wide superscalar processor.
Personal accountability in healthcare: searching for the right balance

While the patient safety field has emphasised ‘systems thinking’ as its central theme, experts have pointed to the need to balance this ‘no blame’ approach with the need for accountability in certain circumstances, such as failure to heed reasonable safety standards. Our growing appreciation of the importance of accountability raises several new questions, including the relative roles of personal versus institutional accountability, and the degree to which personal accountability should be enforced by outside parties (such as peers, patients, healthcare systems or regulators) versus professionals themselves (‘professionalism’). Identifying the appropriate locus for accountability is likely to be highly influenced by the structure and culture of the healthcare system; thus, answers in the UK will undoubtedly be different from those in the USA. Ultimately, a robust approach to patient safety will balance ‘no blame’ with accountability, and will also parse the correct target for accountability in a way that maximises fairness and effectiveness.
Poliomyelitis Virus in Tissue Culture VI. Use of Kidney Epithelium Grown on Glass.

Summary1. Monkey kidney epithelial cells can be cultured on glass without a plasma clot. The kidney fragments are induced to adhere to the wall of the test tube by preheating of the tube (45°C), and partial drying after introduction of tissue. These cultures compare well with cultures prepared in plasma clots, and respond as readily to the introduction of poliomyelitis virus. A great advantage is realized in the simplicity of preparation of these cultures, and their incubation in stationary racks. Exclusive of preliminary preparations and subsequent stoppering of the tubes, two trained workers can prepare well over 1000 cultures in 1 hour. About 2000 such cultures can be provided from a single monkey. 2. Bottle cultures can be prepared by the same technic, and have yielded poliomyelitis virus titers of about 10-6 per 0.1 ml inoculum. Titers in tubes or bottles reach their maximum in 24 to 72 hours depending upon the dose of virus inoculated. 3. After a culture has grown to satisfactory dimensions, origina...
Understanding the contribution of synonymous mutations to human disease.

Synonymous mutations — sometimes called 'silent' mutations — are now widely acknowledged to be able to cause changes in protein expression, conformation and function. The recent increase in knowledge about the association of genetic variants with disease, particularly through genome-wide association studies, has revealed a substantial contribution of synonymous SNPs to human disease risk and other complex traits. Here we review current understanding of the extent to which synonymous mutations influence disease, the various molecular mechanisms that underlie these effects and the implications for future research and biomedical applications.
Network-on-Chip Design for Heterogeneous Multiprocessor System-on-Chip

With burgeoning growth of mobile systems, multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) connected via Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become ubiquitous. A typical MPSoC in mobile applications consists of multiple CPU cores of varying capabilities, GPU cores, DSP cores, and crypto accelerators and such cores differ widely in their physical size and their bandwidth requirements. Traditional mesh based NoC systems work well for regular structures, but do not map well to heterogeneous MPSoCs. In MPSoC programming model, an application consists of tasks, that represent a unit of work on a core which can be executed asynchronously. The communication between tasks is represented in the form of a directed acyclic graph. The temporal burstness of data which arise from programming model provide opportunity for multiplexing communication between cores, which may be advantageous in reducing network size. Often a task graph needs to meet a real-time deadline. The actual execution time may vary based on the application data. The uncertainty in the execution time may be modeled by a statistical distribution, which further complicates the NoC design. In this paper, we present a synthesis method for hierarchical design of NoC for a given task graph system deadline, that optimizes for router area. A 2-phase design flow is proposed, which consists of topology generation and statistical analysis in an iterative loop. We adopt proportion of Monte-Carlo test cases that meet the deadline as a metric for goodness. The proposed solution is compared against static design approach and simulated annealing (SA) based network generation. On an average, a performance benefit of 10% over SA, 16% over standard mesh and 30% over static design was obtained and a total router area benefit of 59% over SA, 48% over mesh and 55% over static design was observed
Ultra wide band slotline hybrid ring couplers

The design procedure and results for two newly developed hybrid ring couplers using microstrip-coupled slotline rings are presented. The couplers have a wider bandwidth with an excellent power dividing balance and a fairly good isolation compared to the conventional microstrip hybrid ring coupler. The slotline cross-over hybrid ring coupler exhibits greater than 35-dB isolation and a good power dividing balance of +or-0.2 dB over an 80% bandwidth from 1.8 to 4.2 GHz. The experimental results agree very well with the theoretical prediction. With the advantage of allowing easy series or shunt insertion of devices, these couplers are useful in many applications for MICs (microwave ICs) and MMICs (monolithic MICs). >
An integrative approach to phylogeography: investigating the effects of ancient seaways, climate, and historical geology on multi-locus phylogeographic boundaries of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris)

Phylogeography is an important tool that can be used to reveal cryptic biodiversity and to better understand the processes that promote lineage diversification. We studied the phylogeographic history of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris), a wide-ranging species endemic to the California floristic province. We used multi-locus data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of A. lugubris and to discover the geographic location of major genetic breaks within the species. We also used species distribution modeling and comparative phylogeography to better understand the environmental factors that have shaped the genetic history of A. lugubris. We found six major mitochondrial clades in A. lugubris. Nuclear loci supported the existence of at least three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to populations north of the San Francisco Bay and in the Sierra Nevada, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and in the central coast and southern California. All of the genetic breaks in mitochondrial and nuclear loci corresponded to regions where historical barriers to dispersal have been observed in other species. Geologic or water barriers likely were the most important factors restricting gene flow among clades. Climatic unsuitability during glacial maximum may have contributed to the isolation of the mitochondrial clades in the central coast and southern California. A projection of our species distribution model to a future scenario with a moderate amount of climate change suggests that most of the range of A. lugubris will remain climatically suitable, but climatic conditions in the Sierra Nevada and low elevation areas in Southern California are likely to deteriorate. Aneides lugubris contains substantial cryptic genetic diversity as a result of historical isolation of populations. At least two (and perhaps three) evolutionarily significant units in A. lugubris merit protection; all six mitochondrial clades should be considered as management units within the species.
Fit Into College II: Physical Activity and Nutrition Behavior Effectiveness and Programming Recommendations

Purpose: To determine whether residency (living on campus versus off campus) was related to the effects of Fit into College on students’ health behaviors, and to understand interns’ perceptions of their roles in mentoring their trainees. Design: Pre-experimental, one-group, pretest-posttest design and a posttest focus group interview. Setting: University-offered health and internship courses. Subjects: Twenty-four students (trainees) participated in the intervention, nine of whom lived on campus. Five student-interns served as their mentors. Intervention: Fit into College was a 14-week intervention in which trainees teamed up with an intern to improve and/or maintain healthy nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Measures: Trainees’ nutrition and physical activity behaviors and perceptions were quantitatively assessed through surveys at preintervention and postintervention. Interns’ mentoring perceptions were qualitatively assessed through a focus group interview after the intervention. Analysis: Two-factor repeated measure ANOVAs and qualitative theme identification. Results: Regardless of their residency location, the trainees’ perceptions of the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables improved during the intervention. However, for trainees living on campus, the intervention was not effective in increasing the number of fruits and vegetables consumed or the planning for food preparation. The interns perceived that they did not have adequate access to healthy foods, the knowledge or skills to prepare healthy foods, or the competency to teach food preparation strategies to their trainees. For trainees living on campus, the intervention was more effective in decreasing perceived exercise barriers than trainees living off campus. Conclusion: Future iterations of Fit into College may focus on 1) improving college students’ planning and preparation of healthy foods, 2) segmenting trainees into more homogeneous groups for the interns to tailor their areas of expertise (campus vs. off-campus and/or freshman vs. upperclass students), and 3) collaborating with university-partners to improve environmental conditions to promote physical activity and healthy nutrition.
Palpitations in a 64-year-old man

A 64-year-old man presented with several weeks of intermittent irregular palpitations. He had no prior history of cardiac disease, hypertension or syncope. A 12-lead ECG revealed sinus rhythm with premature atrial and ventricular contractions and high QRS voltages consistent with LV-hypertrophy. Cardiac MR revealed asymmetrical septal hypertrophy and marked mid-myocardial hyperenhancement of the interventricular septum.
Immunohistochemistry of angiogenesis mediators before and after pulsed dye laser treatment of angiomas.

Author(s): Laquer, Vivian T; Dao, Belinda M; Pavlis, Janelle M; Nguyen, Amy N; Chen, Tina S; Harris, Ronald M; Rugg, Elizabeth L; Kelly, Kristen M | Abstract: Background and objectiveTissue effects of vascular lesion laser treatment are incompletely understood. Injury caused by pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment may result in altered expression of mediators associated with angiogenesis.Materials and methodsEight human subjects had one angioma treated with PDL (7 mm, 1.5 millisecond pulse duration, 9 J/cm(2), cryogen spray cooling of 30 millisecond with a 30 millisecond delay). One week later, three biopsies were taken: normal skin, untreated angioma, angioma post-PDL. Tissue was frozen and sections processed for immunohistochemistry staining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), and angiopoietin 2 (ANG-2). Images were graded in a blinded fashion by a board certified dermatopathologist.ResultsThere were no clear trends in VEGF expression in the epidermis, dermis, or endothelial cells. As compared to normal skin, angiomas demonstrated the following: bFGF was decreased in the epidermis; MMP-9 was decreased or unchanged in the epidermis and increased in the endothelial cells; ANG-2 was increased in the endothelial cells. When comparing normal skin to angiomas + PDL, bFGF was decreased in the epidermis and increased in the dermis; MMP-9 was decreased or unchanged in the epidermis; ANG-2 was again increased in the endothelial cells. Comparison of staining in angioma to angioma + PDL samples revealed increased dermal bFGF expression.ConclusionAlterations in angiogenesis mediators were noted after PDL. Angiogenesis mediator changes associated with PDL treatment differed from those previously reported for incisional biopsies. This pilot study can guide future work on laser-induced alterations in vascular lesions and such information may ultimately be used to optimize treatment outcomes.
Performance of an automated radar target discrimination scheme using E pulses and S pulses

Previous studies have demonstrated the viability of natural resonance based target discrimination using extinction pulses (E pulses) and single-mode pulses (S pulses). These studies qualitatively demonstrated the principles of resonance annihilation by forcing the interrogating pulse to have zeros at the complex natural resonance frequencies of the target. Here a quantitative scheme for evaluating discrimination using the E pulse and the S pulse is given. The performance of an automated E-pulse and S-pulse discrimination scheme is evaluated using numerically derived scattering data with varying amounts of noise. >
Lasers for Machining

The laser is clearly the most critical component of any laser machining system. This chapter provides an overview of the operation of the various types of lasers used in machining. First, the basic mechanisms required to produce laser light, such as stimulation, amplification, and population inversion are explained. The unique properties of laser light, including monochromacity, coherence, diffraction, and radiance are also described. Lasers can be classified by the type of lasing medium used: solid, liquid or gas. The beam each type of laser produces has a characteristic wavelength and power range. The most common types of lasers used for machining are CO2, Nd:YAG, and excimer lasers. Possible configurations for these three laser types are detailed.
Structure of the Gene 5 DNA Binding Protein from Bacteriophage fd and its DNA Binding Cleft

The gene 5 product of bacteriophage fd is a small DNA binding protein of 9,800 daltons containing 87 amino acids (Alberts et al. 1972; Oey and Knippers 1972). Its primary physiological role is the stabilization and protection of the single-strand DNA daughter virions from duplex formation following replication in the host (Salstrom and Pratt 1971). Because of the highly cooperative nature of its binding to DNA, it has the capacity to unwind or destabilize native DNA. Under low ionic strength conditions in vitro, it will melt double-stranded homopolymers and will reduce the melting temperature of native double-strand calf thymus DNA by 40°C (Salstrom and Pratt 1971).
Cytogenetics of Acute Leukemia

Cytogenetic abnormalities are important aspects of patient diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment in acute leukemia. Characteristic genetic abnormalities are recognized as important for disease classification and are a significant element of the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification [1]. Some aberrations are involved in the initiation whereas others participate in the progression of different acute leukemias.
Ultrasonic Determination of Tissue Macrostructure by Frequency Sweeping

Ultrasound may be used to determine the acoustic structure of tissue on a scale corresponding to the wavelengths employed. The underlying concept is the relation between the spacing of tissue elements, ultrasonic wavelength, and scattered signal. There is selective reinforcement or cancellation of certain frequencies depending on the relation of wavelength and reflector spacing. A Fourier analysis of the received signal as a function of frequency reveals the variation in acoustic impedance which corresponds to structure. By employing a swept-frequency ultrasonic signal, data similar to that obtained by angle scanning at a fixed frequency in x-ray diffraction is obtainable. Frequency scanning appears more readily applicable for diagnostic purposes in patients. The theory is illustrated by two specific reflector configurations. One is for regular periodic structures in which point reflectors are represented as rapid changes in impedance and yield well-known Bragg diffraction effects. The other is for a random variation in acoustic impedance in which the structure information is obtained as an impedance correlation function. The frequency scanning results are identical with those for angle scanning when the medium is statistically regular or isotropic.
213: High-throughput SiRNA screen to identify novel signaling molecules in the IL-17RA signaling pathway

IL-17A and IL-17F are pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by Th17 cells and many innate cells such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, and lymphoid-tissue inducer (LTi) cells. IL-17A and IL-17F can be secreted as homodimers or as an IL-17A/F heterodimer. IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17A/F play important roles in host defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi, and have been shown to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17A/F signal through a heteromeric receptor complex comprised of IL-17RA and IL-17RC, which is expressed on the surface of epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. IL-17RA is also required for the signaling response to IL-25 and IL-17C, IL-17 superfamily members that promote Th2-type inflammatory responses and epithelial cell responses, respectively. While the biological effects of IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17A/F have been intensely studied, much is still unknown about the signaling pathways used by IL-17RA. To better understand IL-17RA signaling, we undertook a high-throughput siRNA screen in IL-17A stimulated human lung epithelial cells to identify novel signaling molecules in this pathway. In addition, since many of the signaling proteins reported to be used by IL-17RA are also used in the signaling pathways of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, we also examined the effects of our siRNA screen hits for effects on TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta-induced cellular responses. Using this approach we identified a number of molecules involved in both the positive and negative signaling pathway of IL-17RA, some of which have been described previously and some which are novel.
Impact of Users’ Security Awareness on Desktop Security Behavior: A Protection Motivation Theory Perspective

This article uses the protection motivation theory to study the impact of information security awareness on desktop security behavior. It contributes to the literature by examining the roles played by awareness, an important antecedent to the cognitive processes in the protection motivation theory. The findings indicate that security awareness significantly affects perceived severity, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost. Constructs in the coping appraisal process except response cost, in turn, significantly impact recommended security behavior.
224 EXCESSIVE TIME TO TREATMENT DELAY IN RURAL NATIVE AMERICANS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: TEMPORAL TRENDS 1999-2006.

Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Native American (NA) communities. Time to presentation in NA with AMI in a large national database is minimally longer than in the general US population. However, the sample studied does not reflect the largely rural population served by the Native American Cardiology Program (NACP) at the University of Arizona. This prospective study was designed to examine the time to treatment (T2T) of rural NA patients and any longitudinal trends in T2T over the past 8 years. Methods Three hundred twenty-two NA patients with AMI were evaluated at rural facilities and transferred to NACP from February 1999 through June 2006. Data obtained included T2T (symptom onset to clinical presentation at initial treating facility) measured continuously for patients presenting within 12 hours and as a count of patients arriving after 12 hours. Three longitudinal trends were evaluated: T2T among patients arriving at 6 and 12 hours. Results T2T information was available on 293 patients. The overall median and mean times to presentation were 360 and 572 minutes. Cox proportional hazards model suggested no significant changes in T2T by year (p = .880) in the cohort presenting under 12 hours. Binary logistic regression indicated no significant changes in the proportions of patients coming in 6 (p = .939) or 12 (p = .986) hours over the 8 years of the study. Conclusions Based on the above data, time to presentation in rural NA patients with AMI is longer than nationally reported and has not improved in 8 years. This T2T delay places NA patients at risk for poorer outcomes and increased mortality. Public education about the importance of rapid clinical presentation and symptoms of AMI would reduce the burden of AMI in rural NA communities.
Effect evaluation on tuberculosis health education in schools

Objective To evaluate the effects of health education on tuberculosis(TB) in school,and to provide guidance for outlining TB health education standard for school.Methods A 6-month's health education intervention in 12 schools was carried out according to the 8-core-information of TB published by the Ministry of Health;a questionnaire was designed and conducted for survey before and after intervention,separately.Meanwhile,an evaluation for TB knowledge awareness was done by comparing TB intervention prior to and after the intervention.Results After the health education intervention,students' knowledge of TB were significantly increased,the knowledge awareness rates of primary school student group and junior high school student group had been increased for nearly 40%;the failed rate indicating the questionnaire for all the 3 groups had been decreased,especially declined obviously in the primary school student group and junior high school student group,the percentage of getting better knowledge of TB(above 80 scores) increased sharply.The phenomena of discrimination against patients with pulmonary tuberculosis had also been reduced significantly.Conclusion The health education intervention helped to improve the students on TB related knowledge significantly,the health education of critical infectious diseases among students should be strengthened.
Prevention Work against AIDS in Travel Cities

[Objective] To explore the comprehensive preventive system for the health education, high risk population intervene, medical first aid and social caring in order to control the spread of AIDS. [Methods]Comprehensive preventive model work against AIDS was carried out according to the unified project of the Ministry of Health in Dunhuang between July 2004 and July 2007. [Results] Through three years' endeavor, the government had established a preventive system against AIDS guided by government, led by the relevant departments, participated by all sorts of departments, centered on health education and intervene; the witting rate of AIDS, utilization ratio of condom and the coverage rate of intervention activity in this city increased from 53.5%, 59.63% and 0 respectively before the project implementation to 81.2%, 72.36% and 88.20% respectively at present; 1 case of AIDS virus carrier and 2 AIDS patients were found. [Conclusion]The management mechanism based on the government's guidance and multi-department coordination is the powerful safeguard for the prevention and control of AIDS; health education and intervention in the recreation places are the basis and core of the prevention work in travel cities.
Preparation and properties of FeCoAlN soft magnetic films

FeCoAlN films were prepared by reactive radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering technique in mixture atmosphere of argon and nitrogen, followed by magnetic vacuum annealing, and their microstructure, magnetic properties and thermal stability were investigated. The FeCoAlN films deposited at N2/(Ar+ N2) gas flux percentage of 9% have good soft magnetic properties. The magnetic thermal stability of the FeCoN films can be obviously improved with increasing Al content. The(Fe64.8Co35.2)86.5Al13.5N films annealed at 400℃ for 60 min exhibit good magnetic soft properties with a saturation magnetization(?0Ms) of 1.21 T, an easy axis coercive field(Hce) of 0.68kA/m, and an anisotropy field(Hk) of 2.8 kA/m.
Human oviductal fluid proteins. VI. Correlation between alpha-fetoprotein and serum levels of ovarian hormones

Objective To determine the relationship, if any, between the ovarian hormonal status of women and levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in their oviductal fluid. The threshold questions were the following: (1) does the presence of AFP in human oviductal fluid (hOF) represent a generalized phenomenon and (2) if so, is there any relationship between AFP in hOF and the ovarian hormones, estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P)? Design Eleven women who elected minilaparotomy tubal ligations volunteered to donate hOF and serum samples for this study. AFP, E 2 , and P were determined be radioimmunoassay. Setting Procedures were performed in an academic research environment. Patients This study encompasses only those patients who elected minilaparotomy tubal ligation and volunteered to donate hOF and sera. Clinical features of these patients are described. Interventions Patients undergoing tubal ligations had Foley catheters inserted into the fimbriated ends of each oviduct, and hOF was collected for 24 hours. Concomitantly, blood was drawn for analyses of serum. The Investigational Review Board of the Erie County Medical Center approved this study requiring the collection of oviductal fluid from human subjects. Results Levels of AFP in hOF did not correlate with the serum concentrations of E 2 and P per se. However, there was a highly significant correlation between levels of AFP in hOF and serum E 2 :P ratio. The concentration of AFP in hOF progressively increased with respect to the ratio of serum E 2 :P. Although AFP was present in all samples of hOF, it was undetectable in corresponding sera. Conclusions Based on these data, it is concluded that AFP is generally present in hOF. Furthermore, it is suggested that AFP in hOF may be under the control of ovarian steroids.
Factors contributing to the retention of clinical laboratory personnel.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors contributing to retention of clinical laboratory practitioners. DESIGN: A paper survey addressing retention was distributed to a potential of 4000 clinical laboratory professionals. SETTING: The survey was distributed to subjects by their laboratory manager to be completed at the worksite or home. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: 599 usable surveys were received from non-supervisory individuals employed in clinical laboratory science (CLS) for five years or more. INTERVENTIONS: Surveys were mailed to laboratory managers in March 2003 with directions to distribute to practitioners with five or more years of work experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentages of respondents agreeing and disagreeing with Lickert-type opinion items were determined. The means, ranges, and standard deviations were calculated for the number of hours of continuing education, years of experience, percentage of time spent on tasks, and years in the current job. The means for job satisfaction were calculated and compared statistically based on respondents9 job function, satisfaction with salary, job independence, sense of appreciation, and responsibility for continuing education. Open-ended responses were tabulated and categorized. RESULTS: Committed practitioners believe their work is important and find it challenging. Those who are most satisfied with their jobs believe they make a good salary (p = 0.000), have work independence (p = 0.000), and feel that their work is appreciated (p = 0.000). Job satisfaction does not differ for CLTs vs. CLSs. Salaries comparable to nurses and appreciation from physicians, nurses, and hospital administrators are cited by respondents as the most important factors to retaining laboratory staff. CONCLUSION: Committed practitioners believe that salaries comparable to nurses are needed to improve retention of staff. Respondents said that being appreciated by hospital administrators, nurses, and physicians would also contribute to improved retention. ABBREVIATIONS:ASCLS = American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science; ASCP = American Society of Clinical Pathology; CE = continuing education; CLMA = Clinical Laboratory Managers Association; CLS = clinical laboratory science; CLSs = clinical laboratory scientists; CLTs = clinical laboratory technicians.