cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma and tissue enzyme activities of banded water snakes (Nerodia fasciata) and diamondback water snakes (Nerodia rhombifer).

Objective To measure plasma and tissue activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase, and γ-glutamyltransferase in 2 snake species. Animals 6 banded water snakes (Nerodia fasciata) and 6 diamondback water snakes (Nerodia rhombifer). Procedures Blood was collected via the ventral tail vein to measure plasma enzyme activities. Animals were then euthanized, and samples of 9 tissues were collected from each snake: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, testicle, pancreas, and gallbladder. Tissues were frozen for 30 days, then homogenized and processed. Supernatants were collected and analyzed within 24 hours of processing. A linear mixed model was used to determine differences in enzyme activity between tissues and species and assess interactions between tissues and species. Results Activities of all enzymes were found to differ significantly among tissues. There were also significant differences between species for all enzyme activities, except AST activity. The kidney had the highest alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly highest in liver and kidney tissues than in other tissue. Creatine kinase activity was highest in skeletal muscle, followed by cardiac muscle and kidney. AST activity was present in all tissues evaluated, but was highest in liver, kidney, and cardiac muscle in both species. Clinical relevance Results reinforced the importance of characterizing the origin of tissue enzymes in reptiles to improve our understanding of biochemistry results and highlighted the differences that can exist in tissue enzyme activities between closely related species.
125I-Labeled gold nanorods and biodistribution

1478 Objectives Gold nanorods (GNRs), as one important member of the noble-metal nanoparticles, are attracting intensive interest for their unique properties and potential applications. To advance GNRs toward clinical application, it is becoming urgent to understand how they interact with biological systems. We report here, to the best of our knowledge, the first I-125 labeled GNRs to investigate the in vivo behavior of gold nanorods. Methods Gold nanorods were mixed with diluted [125I] sodium iodide, shaken for 30 minutes, and washed with water by two cycles of centrifugation and redispersion. UV absorbance of GNRs was measured before and after radiolabeling, using a UV-Vis spectrometer. Three different GNRs were tested, normal GNR, PEGylated GNR with PEG 5,000 (mw) and PEG 20,000. 125I-GNRs were injected into rats through the tail vein. Blood samples and γ-images were collected at different time points. Radioactivity in blood samples was counted using a γ-counter. In vivo imaging was performed using the Gamma Imager and quantified by drawing regions of interest. Results Radiochemical yields of labeling were 55-75%. UV spectra showed that 125I-GNRs had the same optical property as unlabeled GNRs. The activities of blood sample vs time showed that PEGylated GNRs had much longer circulation times compared to bare GNRs. Time activity curves of γ-imaging indicated that PEGylated GNRs stayed in blood longer, but were metabolized and cleared out, while bare GNRs accumulated in liver and spleen within 5 minutes post-injection and then did not clear out after 6 days. Conclusions GNRs were labeled using [125I] sodium iodide in simple and fast manner with high yields and without disturbing optical properties. Radiolabeled GNRs were successfully visualized, allowing longitudinal studies in the same animal using γ-imaging. The preliminary animal studies showed that PEGylated GNRs have much longer blood circulation times and clear out faster, while bare GNRs accumulated in liver. Detailed biodistribution and longer observation periods are under investigation
SU‐E‐P‐08: Establishment of Local Diagnostic Reference Levels of Routine Abdomen Exam in Computed Tomography According to Body Weight

Purpose: The national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) is an efficient, concise and powerful standard for optimizing radiation protection of a patient. However, for each hospital the dose-reducing potential of focusing on establishment of local DRLs (LDRLs). A lot of study reported that Computed tomography exam contributed majority radiation dose in different medical modalities, therefore, routine abdomen CT exam was choose in initial pilot study in our study. Besides the mAs of routine abdomen CT exam was decided automatic exposure control by linear attenuation is relate to body shape of patient. In this study we would like to establish the local diagnostic reference levels of routine abdomen exam in computed tomography according to body weight of patient. Methods and Materials: There are two clinical CT scanners (a Toshiba Aquilion and a Siemens Sensation) were performed in this study. For CT examinations the basic recommended dosimetric quantity is the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI). The patient sample involved 82 adult patients of both sexes and divided into three groups by their body weight (50–60 kg, 60–70 kg, 70–80 kg).Carried out the routine abdomen examinations, and all exposure parameters have been collected and the corresponding CTDIv and DLP values have been determined. Themore » average values were compared with the European DRLs. Results: The majority of patients (75%) were between 50–70 Kg of body weight, the numbers of patient in each group of weight were 40–50:7; 50–60:29; 60–70:33; 70–80:13. The LDRLs in each group were 10.81mGy, 14.46mGy, 20.27mGy and 21.04mGy, respectively. The DLP were 477mGy, 630mGy, 887mGy and 959mGy, respectively. No matter which group the LDRLs were lower than European DRLs. Conclusions: We would like to state that this was a pioneer work in local hospital in Chiayi. We hope that this may lead the way to further developments in Taiwan.« less
Towards a Model for Data Breaches: An Universal Problem for the Public

Abstract The topic of data breaches, protection of information and data security salient to business and criminal justice researchers, practitioners in all profit and nonprofit organizations, consumer advocate groups and legislators throughout the world. This article analyzes the trends in data breaches in the United States and classifies them into five general industry sectors and eighteen sub-sectors using a new model recently developed by the authors and also provides basic recommendations for information and security personnel in every industry throughout the world to use to improve data protection and thus help protect public information for consumers and all types of organizations. The 2,280 data breaches tracked by the Privacy Rights Clearinghouse from 2005 through 2010 were used in the study. The findings indicate that the trends for the annual number of data breaches for the five general industries and their sub-sectors have increased, although inconsistently, over the six-year period. The analysis and classification of data breaches by general and sub-sector industries with the use of this new data breach model provides an awareness of the data breach problem for information managers and security personnel in public and private sector organizations throughout the world and also provides a workable methodological framework to help them develop innovative and useful policies for safeguarding personal information of consumers, clients, employees and other entities. The topic of data breaches and information management remains salient to business and criminal justice researchers, practitioners in all profit and nonprofit organizations, consumer advocate groups and legislators throughout the world. Keywords – Data breaches, public information, data protection, identity theft. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
La politique américaine en matière de drogues et l’état des connaissances sur le cannabis

L’impact du cannabis sur la sante est faible, comparativement aux drogues legales. Il n’y a pas de dose letale pour cette plante. Malgre la croyance populaire, elle ne reduit pas la motivation, elle n’incite pas a consommer des drogues dites dures et elle n’affecte pas la structure du cerveau. Son association aux maladies mentales suggere que les personnes qui souffrent de desordres psychotiques devraient eviter le cannabis de meme que tous les psychotropes. L’usage chronique quotidien cree des problemes potentiels sur la performance rapide des tâches complexes. Lors d’un usage chronique quotidien, il y a deviation des fonctions cerebrales – mais pas plus que celle observee chez les alcooliques. L’inhalation quotidienne de la fumee peut abimer les poumons, mais les nouvelles techniques de vaporisation pourraient ne pas les abimer. L’usage occasionnel par des adultes en sante ne cree pas de maladies. Un petit pourcentage d’usagers reguliers rapporte une dependance au cannabis mais ce desordre ne semble pas aussi aversif que la dependance a d’autres drogues. Le cannabis semble avoir moins d’effets negatifs sur la sante que les drogues legales comme l’alcool, la cafeine ou le tabac et il tue moins de personnes. Les impacts negatifs des penalites imposees a la possession de cannabis semblent depasser les impacts negatifs de la drogue elle-meme, suggerant que la politique anti-drogue des Etats-Unis pourrait etre amelioree en decriminalisant la possession de cannabis et en permettant a chaque adulte de cultiver quatre plants pour son usage personnel. Cette nouvelle approche permettrait d’economiser des milliards de dollars sur l’application de la loi, sur le temps d’administration de la justice de meme qu’un nombre incalculable d’irritants.
Questioning Children: The Effects of Suggestive and Repeated Questioning

This is a critical review of several of the most extensively researched issues regarding children's suggestibility. I discuss the research on suggestive questions, repeated questions, and repeated interviews. For each topic I isolate the factors that make children more or less suggestible, in order to facilitate consideration of the applicability of the research to individual cases. I highlight how the research may be interpreted in different ways, leading one to be less skeptical of children's reports than is currently the norm.
A transposable approach to RNA-seq from total RNA

The rapid progress of RNA-seq technology requires the development of simple, versatile tools that competently reflect RNA levels in the cell. We have developed the TotalScript™ RNA-Seq Kit, a new, transposome-based directional library prep method suitable for a variety of RNA sample types and a range of input. TotalScript libraries exhibit high complexity, ∼97–99% directionality and low rRNA contamination. The method is scalable and robust, allowing input amounts of ∼100 pg of poly(A)+ RNA or ∼5 ng of total RNA.
Corporate Governance and Organizational Performance in the Nigerian Banking Industry

The failure associated with corporate governance has assumed multifarious dimensions, as a. In spite of several reforms put together by government to strengthen this sector, banks appear result the survival and stability of any financial sector appear to be dependent on the quality of its governance still prone to failure. The broad objective of this study is the impact of corporate governance on organizational performance in the Nigerian Banking Industry. Specifically the study also focused on the effect of ethical conduct on employees' productivity. The survey research design method was employed. The research instrument was a validated structured questionnaire. The major analytical tools comprised the correlation and multiple regression analysis. It is revealed that unethical behavior by employees seems to affect individuals, work teams, and even the organization. The study concludes that corporate governance through ethical behavior has positive effect on employees' productivity. Corporate governance is about ensuring transparency, building credibility and ensuring accountability as well as maintaining an effective channel of information disclosure that would enhance good corporate performance. Faithful adoption of corporate governance practices will help in contributing to effective organizational performance of the banking sector and the stability of the economy. It is recommended that organizations should emphasize on moral conduct of individual employees to avoid negative effect.
Synaptic Integration in Striate Cortical Simple Cells

Simple cells in the visual cortex respond to the precise position of oriented contours (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). This sensitivity reflects the structure of the simple receptive field, which exhibits two sorts of antagonism between on and off inputs. First, simple receptive fields are divided into adjacent on and off subregions; second, within each subregion, stimuli of the reverse contrast evoke responses of the opposite sign: push–pull (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962;Palmer and Davis, 1981; Jones and Palmer, 1987; Ferster, 1988). We have made whole-cell patch recordings from cat area 17 during visual stimulation to examine the generation and integration of excitation (push) and suppression (pull) in the simple receptive field. The temporal structure of the push reflected the pattern of thalamic inputs, as judged by comparing the intracellular cortical responses to extracellular recordings made in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Two mechanisms have been advanced to account for the pull–withdrawal of thalamic drive and active, intracortical inhibition (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962; Heggelund, 1986; Ferster, 1988). Our results suggest that intracortical inhibition is the dominant, and perhaps sole, mechanism of suppression. The inhibitory influences operated within a wide dynamic range. When inhibition was strong, the membrane conductance could be doubled or tripled. Furthermore, if a stimulus confined to one subregion was enlarged so that it extended into the next, the sign of response often changed from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. In other instances, the inhibition modulated neuronal output subtly, by elevating spike threshold or altering firing rate at a given membrane voltage.
Go West -- Or East

Law students are encouraged to make the time and conserve the resources to travel in the world in furtherance of their personal and professional development.
Dislocation Evolution in Fe-10% Cr

The dislocation microstructure found in the binary ferritic alloy, Fe-10% Cr, has been characterized for damage levels ranging from 0.3 to 100 dpa. The specimens were irradiated at 850/sup 0/K with a ''triple beam'' of HE/sup +/, D/sup +/, and 4 MeV Fe/sup + +/ ions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that dislocation loops were dominant in the dislocation microstructure from 0.3 to 3 dpa. At 0.3 dpa the loops were round to slightly rectilinear in shape, whereas at higher doses the majority of the loops had a convoluted shape that indicated preferential growth in the directions. Analyses showed that ll of the loops at low doses and the convoluted loops at 3 dpa were near-edge interstitial loops with b = a . At 3 dpa, round interstitial loops with b = a/2 were also observed. Network segments with b = a/2 were found at the intersection of a and a/2 loops. At damage levels greater than 10 dpa, the structure consisted of a coarse distribution of network segments along with a few loops with b = a/2 . At 30 and 100 dpa a relatively low dislocation density, < 10/sup 14/ m/sup -2/, was found. The effects of segregation on themore » observed dislocations and the implications of the observations on the current understanding of dislocation evolution and damage mechanisms in ferritic materials are discussed.« less
Microbial diversity in nonsulfur, sulfur and iron geothermal steam vents

Fumaroles, commonly called steam vents, are ubiquitous features of geothermal habitats. Recent studies have discovered microorganisms in condensed fumarole steam, but fumarole deposits have proven refractory to DNA isolation. In this study, we report the development of novel DNA isolation approaches for fumarole deposit microbial community analysis. Deposit samples were collected from steam vents and caves in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Yellowstone National Park and Lassen Volcanic National Park. Samples were analyzed by X-ray microanalysis and classified as nonsulfur, sulfur or iron-dominated steam deposits. We experienced considerable difficulty in obtaining high-yield, high-quality DNA for cloning: only half of all the samples ultimately yielded sequences. Analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that sulfur steam deposits were dominated by Sulfolobus and Acidianus, while nonsulfur deposits contained mainly unknown Crenarchaeota. Several of these novel Crenarchaeota lineages were related to chemoautotrophic ammonia oxidizers, indicating that fumaroles represent a putative habitat for ammonia-oxidizing Archaea. We also generated archaeal and bacterial enrichment cultures from the majority of the deposits and isolated members of the Sulfolobales. Our results provide the first evidence of Archaea in geothermal steam deposits and show that fumaroles harbor diverse and novel microbial lineages.
The yeast alpha 1 and MCM1 proteins bind a single strand of their duplex DNA recognition site.

Abstract The yeast cell type regulator alpha 1 cooperates with a constitutive factor, MCM1 protein, to recognize the promoter and activate transcription of several alpha-specific genes. I show here that the alpha 1 and MCM1 proteins bind specifically to one of the two strands of their recognition sequence. This single-strand-binding activity shares several characteristics with the duplex-binding properties of these proteins: (i) the MCM1 protein binds alone to single-stranded and duplex sequences of both the alpha-specific (P'Q) and a-specific (P) binding sites; (ii) the alpha 1 protein requires both the MCM1 protein and the Q sequence to bind either single-stranded or duplex DNA; (iii) the alpha 1 protein stimulates binding of the MCM1 protein to both single-stranded and duplex DNAs; and (iv) the affinities of the proteins for single-stranded and duplex DNAs are comparable.
Extraction of Proteins from Gels: A Brief Review

Gel electrophoresis is an important methodology employed for protein analysis. It is often necessary to elute and recover proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The procedure involves localizing the protein of interest on the gel following SDS-PAGE, eluting the protein from the gel, removing SDS from the eluted sample, and finally renaturing the protein (enzymes, for example) for subsequent analysis. Proteins are extracted from gels by several methods. These include dissolution of the gel matrix, passive diffusion, and electrophoretic elution. Proteins eluted from gels have been used successfully in a variety of downstream applications, including protein chemistry, proteolytic cleavage, determination of amino acid composition, polypeptide identification by trypsin digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy, as antigens for antibody production, identifying a polypeptide corresponding to an enzyme activity and other purposes. Protein yields ranging from nanogram levels to 100 μg have been obtained.
Bile is essential for lipid assimilation in Leach's storm petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa

A tritium-labeled glycerol triether was tested as a non-absorbable lipid marker for studies of neutral lipid absorption in normal and cholestryamine-induced steatorrhic chicks of Leach's storm petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). Absorption of triacylglycerol and wax ester (96 +/- 4.2 and 94 +/- 2.1%, respectively) in normal chicks was indistinguishable. Absorption of neutral lipids decreased with increasing quantities of resin, and with the highest dosage (14% wt/wt) less than 30% of dietary lipids were assimilated. The concentration of bile salts (greater than 500 mM) in the gallbladder of Leach's storm petrel is among the highest recorded. The bile salts are predominantly taurine conjugates of chenodeoxycholate and cholate. Biliary cholesterol levels are within the range observed in humans although biliary phospholipid levels are lower and triglyceride levels are higher. Extensive retrograde movement of duodenal contents and biliary secretions to the gizzard and proventriculus were found. Although similarities in fat and bile salt assimilation exist between seabirds and mammals, there do exist differences that make non-polar lipid assimilation (i.e., wax esters) more efficient in seabirds.
Red chlorophyll: the new barium?

Imaging of gastrointestinal (GI) motility remotely through the abdominal wall has always been a tradeoff between resolution and invasiveness. Skin reflects and/or absorbs wavelengths of radiation in the ultraviolet and visible ranges, but is largely transparent to both high-energy radiation (Gamma to X-rays; <0.1–10 nm) and low-energy radiation (infrared to radio waves; 700 nm–10 m). Imaging using short wavelength radiation such as X-ray cinematography has excellent spatial and temporal resolution, but ionization can produce acute and long-term deleterious effects to the patient or animal. Other ‘slice-based’ imaging techniques such as ultrasound/MRI/CT minimize tissue damage, but are limited in the planar area that can be imaged in a timely fashion. This viewpoint article will summarize and explore the implications of recent advances in infrared imaging of the GI tract, in particular, an article published in this issue of NGM entitled ‘In vivo dynamic imaging of intestinal motions using diet-related autofluorescence’ in which the authors have used infrared imaging in combination with that most elusive ingredient, standard mouse chow, to capture the motions of the mouse GI tract.
Rhetoric in the Light of Plato's Epistemological Criticisms

Plato's chief argument against rhetoric is epistemological. Plato claims that rhetoric accomplishes what it does on the basis of experience, not knowledge. In this article I examine Plato's criticisms of rhetoric in the Gorgias and the Phaedrus . I argue that Plato is right to identify rhetoric's empirical basis, but that having this epistemic basis does not constitute an argument against rhetoric. On the contrary, Plato's criticism of rhetoric serves to give us an epistemological explanation of rhetoric's success.
Addressing “Difficult Patient” Dilemmas: Possible Alternatives to the Mediation Model

Fiester raises two crucial points in her important paper: recognition that patients’ perceptions of having been morally wronged may underlie their “difficult” behaviors; and that a mandate to addre...
Moving Beyond Seating-centered Learning Environments: Opportunities and Challenges Identified in a POE of a Campus Library

Abstract Colleges increasingly are recognized as student workplaces, inspiring campus leaders to create healthier campus environments. Yet challenging this vision is burgeoning research regarding the health risks of sedentary behavior, an under-studied college health concern that implies deleterious health outcomes and, by extension, academic impediments as well. Can movement be incorporated into academic activities such as studying or reading? This question—particularly relevant to libraries due to their increasing use as study spaces—requires the expansion of standard methods of evaluating student health needs and behaviors. We propose Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) methods as a novel way to investigate sedentary behaviors in a campus library and identify designs and practices to help promote movement. In 2012 and 2013, as part of an undergraduate architecture class, we conducted two POEs of Berkeley's newest library to learn how the space is used and, inspired by new research about the perils of sedentary behavior, we also considered how the library could be used. Through our findings we confirmed the changing role of campus libraries as study spaces, observed social and built environment contexts of sedentary behaviors in library settings, and identified possible interventions to introduce postural variation and physical activity into observed patterns of library use.
Growth control of stoichiometry in LaMnO3 epitaxial thin films by pulsed laser deposition

We have studied structural, magnetic, and optical transport properties of LaMnO3 (LMO) thin films grown on SrTiO3. While the stoichiometric LMO is an insulating antiferromagnet, it tends to be a ferromagnetic insulator when grown as thin films. By exploring the majority of growth parameters, we have found that the bulk-like electronic and magnetic phases can be stabilized by growing thin films under reducing atmospheres and by using more energetic laser processes. These conditions are found to reduce the La deficiency in the film resulting in the greatly improved cation stoichiometry. Since oxides are prone to reduce the oxygen content and to alter the cation ratio under such growth conditions, it suggests that the cation and oxygen stoichiometries in complex oxide thin films can be improved by properly optimizing the growth parameters.
Collaboration using Mobile Technologies (MCTs): When is it essential?

With the growing popularity of mobile technologies and the increasing use of groups within organizations (with members often distributed globally, and constantly "on-the-go"), question remains as to whether mobile collaboration technologies (MCTs) provide any additional benefits (over face-to-face and conventional CMC technologies) to such collaborations. We attempt to address this specific question by comparing features of MCTs with those of F2F and CMC technologies, and creating a typology of group collaboration that would benefit (or need) MCTs. Overall, the paper hopes to highlight the benefits of MCTs, and the contexts in which it will be most beneficial (perhaps even essential).
Effects of transforming growth factors on bone cells.

Bone formation results from the anabolic and catabolic functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts within bone. The activities of these cell populations are controlled by complex interacting effects generated by local (bonederived) and systemic (hormone) growth regulators. One of the more abundant growth regulators produced by bone cells and associated with bone matrix is transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Recent studies indicate that TGF-β controls the abundance and the biochemical function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Also, both TGF-β production by bone cells, and its effects on bone cell activity, can be influenced by other local growth factors and osteotropic hormones.
Linear energy dependence of the interface peak intensity

Abstract The MeV He ion channeling technique was utilized for characterizing the interfacial defects at MBE grown CaF2/Si (111) interfaces. The Ca interface peak (IP) intensity was measured as a function of the incident energy (E). The energy dependence of the IP intensity was observed to be E1 .This E1 dependence cannot be explained by scattering from random defects or by dechanneling. The E1 dependence is explained by considering direct scattering of channeled ions from curved atomic strings in misfit dislocation network regions.
Peripheral mobilization of recipient bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells enhances pancreatic islet revascularization and engraftment after intraportal transplantation.

Abstract Background. Pancreatic islet transplantation has been validated as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, a high number of islets is required to establish euglycemia. Transplantation of islets leads to loss of islet vasculature, which requires revascularization to ensure adequate survival. Islet vascular density in transplanted islets is markedly decreased compared with endogenous islets. The feasibility of revascularization of ischemic tissues by mobilizing endothelial progenitor cells or angioblasts has been demonstrated. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic potential of angioblast mobilization for stimulation of islet revascularization and therefore engraftment after transplantation. Methods. FVB/NJ mice underwent bone marrow transplantation from transgenic mice constitutively expressing β-galactosidase encoded by LacZ under regulation of the endothelial cell-specific promoter TIE-2 (FEV/NJ-TIE-2-LacZ). Three weeks after reconstitution, animals received an intrahepatic islet syngeneic infusion (FVB/NJ donors). The contribution of angioblasts into sites of islet revascularization was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity, and immunohistochemistry. Islet vascular density was assessed morphometrically followed by in situ BS-1 lectin staining and functional islet mass after transplantation by metabolic studies. Angioblasts were mobilized with murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (0.5 μg/day/7 days). Results. An islet dose-dependent increase in β-gal was demonstrated after transplantation. These results were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. GM-CSF increased the number of peripheral angioblasts and their localization into sites of islet revascularization. A significant increase in islet vascular density was observed in animals treated with GM-CSF versus controls. Higher functional islet mass was demonstrated in animals treated with GM-CSF. Conclusions. Augmentation of angioblasts in the peripheral circulation resulted in higher islet vascular density and engraftment. This novel strategy may improve the results in clinical islet transplantation. (Surgery 2003;134:390-8.)
Mechanism of sound change in Optimality Theory

In this article I examine the ongoing loss of palatalization assimilation in Modern Standard Russian within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) (McCarthy & Prince, 1993a; Prince & Smolensky, 1993) and show that this theory offers new, meaningful explanations for the role of markedness and naturalness in the mechanism of a sound change. I also argue that OT provides new possibilities for relating quantitative patterns to the formal principles of grammatical organization. In particular, in OT, suggested cross-linguistically invariant relations between phonological factors predict a general pattern of influence that these factors have on the quantitative outcome of a change. I suggest that a change operates as a gradual weakening or strengthening of whole subhierarchies of constraints with universally fixed rankings (constraint families, which implement markedness scales in OT). In an examination of variable data, I argue that the major differences in quantitative patterns mirror the fixed constraint ranking within such constraint families and constraint violation/nonviolation in OT grammar. I also discuss the problem of modeling variable data within OT, which, like other formal phonological theories, permits no output variation. I examine a grammar competition model explored in OT literature and argue instead for constraint competition with constraint weight in production.
Stethoscope-based detection of detorqued bolts using impact-induced acoustic emissions

Non-invasive impact analysis can be used to detect loosened bolts in a steel structure composed of construction-grade I beams. An electronically enhanced stethoscope was used to acquire signals from a moderate to light impact of a hammer on a horizontal steel I beam. Signals were recorded by placing the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the flange of either the horizontal beam or the vertical column proximal to a bolted connection connecting the two members. Data were taken using a simple open-loop method; the input signal was not recorded, nor was it used to reference the output signal. The bolted connection had eight bolts arranged in a standard configuration. Using the “turn of the nut” standard outlined by the Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC, TDS-012 2-18-08), the bolted joint was tested in three conditions: turn of the nut tight, finger tight, and loose. We acquired time-based data from each of 52 patterns of the eight bolts in three conditions of tightness. Results of both time and frequency-based analyses show that open-loop responses associated with detorqued bolts vary in both amplitude decay and frequency content. We conclude that a basic mechanism can be developed to assess the structural health of bolted joints. Results from this project will provide a framework for further research, including the analysis of welded joints using the same approach.
Effect of thermal treatment in oxygen, nitrogen, and air atmospheres on the electrical transport properties of zinc oxide thin films

Abstract The effects of thermal treatment in oxygen, air, and nitrogen gas atmospheres, at temperatures ranging from 573 to 1173 K, on the electrical transport properties of thin films of zinc oxide, prepared by sputtering deposition, have been investigated. These experiments have been carried out in preparation for future ion implantation doping studies in zinc oxide. As-prepared samples were slightly oxygen-deficient (Zn: 51%, O: 49%), due to a relatively low concentration of oxygen in the sputtering gas, and exhibited n-type conductivity (sheet resistance ∼3 × 102 Ω/square, sheet carrier concentration ∼8 × 1014 cm− 2, carrier concentration 4 × 1019 cm− 3, and mobility ∼30 cm2/V s). Heat treatment in oxygen atmosphere led to a decrease in carrier concentration with increasing temperature. Upon annealing at 1173 K the carrier concentration was ∼1 × 1017 cm− 3 and the mobility was ∼7 cm2/V s, while heat treatment in nitrogen atmosphere, at the same temperature, resulted in almost no change in carrier concentration but with significant decrease in mobility to ∼1 cm2/V s. Heat treatment in air led to values of carrier concentration and mobility, intermediate between those observed upon annealing in oxygen or nitrogen gases. These results suggest that the electrical transport properties of zinc oxide thin films are extremely dependent upon deposition conditions and post-deposition treatments and these effects should be carefully considered in any doping attempt by ion implantation.
Gas-Light Journeys: Bayard Taylor and the Cultural Work of the American Travel Lecturer in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract Travel lectures were a popular part of the American self-culture movement of the mid-nineteenth. Audiences enjoyed travel lectures because they possessed analogical potential rooted in narratives of self-discipline and mastery to aid in the adaption to the socio-economic changes of the market and consumer society. Audiences viewed the lecturer Bayard Taylor as a model of liberal/republican masculinity. His career also reveals the role that metaphors of mobility served in the transformation from the ethos of character to the later outer-directed, “personality” driven, pursuit of personal self-realization.
MANAGEMENT OF THE CHILD WITH SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS: Medical, Surgical, Hearing Aids, Cochlear Implants

The management of infants and children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), particularly if newly identified, should involve the coordinated efforts of pediatricians, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and aural habilitation specialists, to cite a few. Parent counseling and interaction with local school districts to advocate for the child with a hearing loss may also be required as the family is confronted by a series of difficult choices about the child's care, treatment, and education. Advances in vaccine technology have decreased the prevalence of many previously common nongenetic causes of SNHL, such as measles, mumps, rubella and Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis. As a result, the underlying etiology of SNHL in a child may be uncertain in as many as 40% of cases. Parental denial, guilt, and concern about the possibility of further deterioration of their child's hearing are issues often raised during routine clinic visits. This article addresses the management of common problems, such as otitis media in children with SNHL, and provides an overview of sensory aids, such as conventional hearing aids and cochlear implants.
A note on plane pointless curves

Let d(q) denote the minimal degree of a smooth projective plane curve that is defined over the finite field F"q and does not contain F"q rational points. We are interested in the asymptotic behavior of d(q) for q->~. To the best of the author's knowledge the problem of estimating the asymptotic behavior of d(q) was not considered previously. In this note we establish the following bounds:(1)14=~log"qd(q)= 3 we construct a sequence of pointless Fermat curvesx^d^"^k+y^d^"^k+z^d^"^k=0,over F"p"^"m"^"""^"k, such that lim"k"->"~log"p"^"m"^"""^"kd"k=1/3.
Cardiac device infections complicated by erosion

Implantation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) can be complicated by infection and device erosion. It is unclear if the clinical features of patients who have device erosion differ from those without erosion. We retrospectively examined the records of all patients referred for explantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator from January 2000 to May 2005. We examined demographic variables including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) as well as clinical variables related to erosion and procedural variables. Seventy-two patients with infected pacemakers or ICDs were identified. Of these cases, 30 (42%) developed infection complicated by erosion, of which 8/28 (29%) were related to ICDs, and 22/44 (50%) were related to pacemakers. Device erosion was significantly associated with the presence of a non-systemic infection as opposed to cases without erosion. This finding may have implications in the timing of device re-implantation.
Peptide containing microspheres from low molecular weight and hydrophilic poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)

Abstract Biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymers of molecular weight lower than 30 000 Da and free terminal carboxylic acid end groups were evaluated for incorporation of a peptide. These low molecular weight hydrophilic polymers require characterization for carboxylic acid content and fraction of water soluble polymer, both of which significantly affected the structure and peptide incorporation. The polymers from different suppliers have different properties due to their methods of synthesis. The glass transition temperature increased with increase in the molecular weight, where as the carboxylic acid content and the bulk density of the microspheres decreased with an increase in the molecular weight. The particle size of the microspheres increased with molecular weight. The total yield of microspheres decreased with an increase in the water soluble fraction of the polymer. The 75:25 lactide/glycolide polymers showed a decrease in peptide incorporation with molecular weight but the 50:50 did not. The peptide not incorporated into the microsphere was extracted by the aqueous continuous phase during the microsphere preparation. Microspheres with higher molecular weight show lower initial peptide release. The peptide incorporation in low molecular weight polymers can be controlled by modification in the microsphere preparation process. The results suggest that peptide microspheres can be prepared from low molecular weight hydrophilic lactide/glycolide polymers.
Comparison of Single- and Multiple-Trait Selected Sires — Response of Heifer Growth

Abstract Body weights and linear body measurements were on 386 heifers whose sires were selected according to two criteria: 1) Yield, selection only on milk yield Predicted Difference from daughters' first lactations; 2) Merit, selection on a combination of milk yield Predicted Difference (all daughters), udder type, and percentage of daughters leaving herd in first lactation. No significant differences existed between Yield and Merit heifers for body weights at various ages through first calving or in heart girth or withers height through 18 mo of age. Heifers born to dams first parity were lighter at birth but were not significantly different from other parities of dam for weight, withers height, or heart girth at later ages. Differential selection for milk yield as in this study did not change body weight of heifers.
COMBINED TEST OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY FUNCTION IN GROWTH RETARDED CHILDREN TREATED WITH GROWTH HORMONE I. Secretion of Growth Hormone and Somatomedin before and after Treatment

. Kastrup, K. W., Andersen, H., Eskildsen, P. C., Jacobsen, B. B., Krabbe, S. and Petersen, K. E. (Children's Hospital, Fuglebakken and Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark). Combined test of hypothalamic—pituitary function in growth retarded children treated with growth hormone. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl 277: 9, 1979.—In 23 growth retarded children two consecutive insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed to establish a diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Nine children did not respond (GH peak value less than 8 mU/l), whereas 14 were classified as having partial GH deficiency (GH peak value less than 20 mU/l). All were treated for an average period of 40 months with human growth hormone (HGH). In a combined stimulation test at the end of the treatment period 9 children demonstrated a persistent GH deficiency, whereas a normal response was found in 14 of the previous partial GH deficient children. During treatment the monthly growth rate rose from 0.21 cm to 0.58 cm in the GH deficient children and from 0.31 cm to 0.70 cm in the partial deficient children, in most of whom spontaneous pubertal development occurred during treatment. Somatomedin (SM) values were decreased in the GH deficient children before and after treatment but increased to normal levels during treatment. Growth velocity in these children during treatment was correlated to SM values before treatment. In the partial GH deficient children SM values were subnormal before but normal after treatment. This supports the assumption that in some children with constitutional delay in puberty a reversible functional hypopituitarism exists, which is normalized after the onset of puberty, due to androgens sensitizing growth hormone releasing mechanisms. Treatment with HGH may induce increased growth velocity in some of these patients.
Nonlinear ionization of organic molecules in high intensity laser fields

We use a series of 23 organic molecules to study ionization of complex media caused by their interaction with intense 40 fs, 0.8 mm pulses. All molecules reach saturated ionization at higher intensities than would be expected for atoms of the same ionization potential, reminiscent to what has been reported for dielectric breakdown with femtosecond pulses. Dependence of the ionization rate on the alignment of the molecule with the laser field is ruled out as the cause of the high saturation intensities. All molecules allow a significant range of intensities between the region of approximately 100% ionization and before the second and subsequent electrons are removed.
Marx, materialism and the limits of philosophy

In creating 'orthodox' Marxism in the 1880s and 1890s, Friedrich Engels and his chief disciples, G. V. Plekhanov, Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein, formulated certain philosophical presuppositions which together constitute both an ontological and an epistemological materialism, that is, the claims that all existing things are comprised of matter in its various forms or com binations and that aU such material things exist independently of human cognition, respectively. Both the orthodox and their non-Marxist opponents typicaUy aUege that this set of philosophical claims accurately represents the views not only of Engels and his successors, but of Marx as well, to whom is usuaUy attributed the founding of orthodox Marxism itself. Since the pubUcation of Georg Lukacs' History and Class Consciousness (1923), however, there has been growing criticism of this attribution to Marx of orthodoxy in philosophical (as well as practical) matters, although the con troversy is by no means fully resolved today. At times it would even appear that the dogmatism of the orthodox is matched by an opposed dogmatism of those for whom Marx's anti-materialism is beyond question. One of the purposes of this article is to ascertain the sense(s) ? and the rather limited extent ? to which Marx's views on ontological and epistemological questions might properly be regarded as materialist, and to examine the somewhat 'Spinozist' (in my terminology: 'non-dualist') ontology which he held in the mid-1840s and then abandoned in favor of the cluster of non-ontological notions which posterity has termed 'historical materialism'. There have been many consequences of the attribution of ontological and epistemological materialism to Marx. Among these have been (1) the ease with which Marx's method of socio-historical analysis ('historical mate riaUsm') has been assumed to be deterministic, reductionistic (as so-called 'economic materialism'), and ultimately 'scientific' in a sense not inconsistent with a Darwinian conception of nature (all of which Marx's texts concerning historical materiaUsm may or may not sustain); (2) the ease with which the orthodox have disassociated Marx from Hegel and replaced his dialectical method with an allegedly scientific ontology called 'dialectical materialism';
Model-independent distance measurements from gamma-ray bursts and constraints on dark energy

Gamma-ray bursts (GRB) are the most energetic events in the Universe and provide a complementary probe of dark energy by allowing the measurement of cosmic expansion history that extends to redshifts greater than 6. Unlike type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), GRBs must be calibrated for each cosmological model considered, because of the lack of a nearby sample of GRBs for model-independent calibration. For a flat universe with a cosmological constant, we find {omega}{sub m}=0.25{sub -0.11}{sup +0.12} from 69 GRBs alone. We show that the current GRB data can be summarized by a set of model-independent distance measurements, with negligible loss of information. We constrain a dark energy equation of state linear in the cosmic scale factor using these distance measurements from GRBs, together with the ''Union'' compilation of SNe Ia, WMAP five-year observations, and the SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) baryon acoustic oscillation scale measurement. We find that a cosmological constant is consistent with current data at 68% confidence level for a flat universe. Our results provide a simple and robust method to incorporate GRB data in a joint analysis of cosmological data to constrain dark energy.