cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency department factors associated with survival after sudden cardiac arrest.

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death in the US. Recent innovations in post-arrest care have been demonstrated to increase survival. However, little is known about the impact of emergency department (ED) and hospital characteristics on survival to hospital admission and ultimate outcome. Objective We sought to describe the incidence of SCA presenting to the ED and to identify ED and hospital characteristics associated with survival to hospital admission. Methods We identified patients with diagnoses of atraumatic cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation (ICD-9 427.5 or 427.41) in the 2007 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), a nationally representative estimate of all ED admissions in the United States. We defined SCA as cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital or ED settings. We used the NEDS sample design to generate nationally representative estimates of the incidence of SCA that presents to EDs. We performed unadjusted and adjusted analyses to examine the relation between patient, ED, and hospital characteristics and outcome using logistic regression. Our primary outcome was survival to hospital admission. Survival to hospital discharge was a secondary outcome. Data are presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Of the 966 hospitals in the NEDS, 933 (96.6%) reported at least one SCA and were included in the analysis. We identified 38,593 cases of cardiac arrest representing an estimated 174,982 cases nationally. Overall ED SCA survival to hospital admission was 26.2% and survival to discharge was 15.7%. Greater survival to admission was seen in teaching hospitals (OR 1.3 95% CI 1.1–1.5, p =0.001), hospitals with ≥20,000 annual ED visits (OR 1.3 95% CI 1.1–1.6, p =0.003), and hospitals with percutaneous coronary intervention capability (OR 1.6 95% CI 1.4–1.8, p 40 annually) was associated with lower survival overall (OR 0.7 95% 0.6–0.9, p =0.010), but not when transferred patients were excluded from the analysis (OR 0.8 95% CI 0.6–1.1, p =0.116). Conclusions An estimated 175,000 cases of SCA present to or occur in US EDs each year. Percutaneous coronary intervention capability, ED volume, and teaching status were associated with higher survival to hospital admission. Emergency departments with higher annual SCA volume had lower survival rates, possibly because they transfer fewer patients. An improved understanding of the contribution of ED care to survival following SCA may be useful in advancing our understanding of how best to organize a system of care to ensure optimal outcomes for patients with SCA.
Replication of cauliflower mosaic virus and transcription of its genome in turnip leaf protoplasts.

Abstract The replication of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) was studied in turnip leaf protoplasts infected in culture with virus and in protoplasts isolated from infected plants. Production of mature virus in protoplasts infected in culture was synchronous but slow, requiring more than 4 days following infection. Virus assembly time in asynchronously infected cells (protoplasts from infected plants) was much shorter (10–15 hr), the difference considered to be the time in synchronous infection needed for the completion of replication cycle events prerequisite to virus assembly. About 2.5 days following synchronous infection in culture, a stable RNA species (apparent molecular weight of 1.5-1.8 × 10 6 ) coded by the CaMV genome appeared in infected protoplasts. The RNA species represented the coding capacity of a considerable portion (50–80%) of the CaMV genome as demonstrated by RNA-driven RNA-DNA hybridization reactions and by the hybridization of the viral RNA to Eco RI restriction fragments of the CaMV genome. The viral-coded RNA was the apparent product of asymmetrical transcription of the CaMV genome since it hybridized to only one DNA strand, the strand with one discontinuity. Other properties of the large viral-coded RNA suggest that it may serve a messenger function.
Oxygen self-diffusion in calcite: Dependence on temperature and water fugacity

Oxygen self-diffusion in natural calcite single crystals was studied hydrothermally at 400–800°C and 10–350 MPa confining pressure. Diffusion coefficients (D) were determined from18O concentration profiles measured with an ion microprobe. At 100 MPa confining pressure, the Arrhenius parameters yield an activation energy (Q) = 173 ± 6 kJ/mole and pre-exponential factor (D0) = 7 × 10−9 m2/s over the temperature range 400–800°C, and there is no measurable anisotropy. Constant temperature experiments at 700°C indicate that there is a strong linear correlation (slope = 0.9) of D with water fugacity over the range 4–240 MPa, consistent with the interpretation that, in the presence of water, the dominant oxygen-bearing transport species in calcite is molecular water. A sample containing 1180 ppm Mn shows a marked increase in observed D values at temperatures below ∼ 600°C. However, when pre-annealed at ⩾ 700°C the D values obtained at 550°C are within a factor of four of the value obtained for the low (100 ppm) Mn sample. The results of this study confirm that in contrast to carbon, oxygen diffusion rates in calcite are greatly enhanced when water is present. The difference in the effect of water on Doxygen and Dcarbon in calcite may provide valuable information for evaluating the role of fluids in the thermal histories of calcite-bearing rocks.
Emergence of pediments, tors, and piedmont junctions from a bedrock weathering–regolith thickness feedback

Sediment erosion laws form the basis for most landscape evolution models and guide geomorphologists in the pursuit of understanding how landscapes evolve. This focus on the alluvial surface, however, ignores the role of intrinsic feedbacks between sediment transport and bedrock weathering in shaping Earth's landforms. Here, we present a new, parsimonious explanation for the origin and maintenance of pediments, piedmont junctions, and tors, which emerge spontaneously in a numerical model coupling bedrock weathering and sediment transport. The spatial uniformity of the thin regolith mantle that often characterizes pediments is a manifestation of a negative feedback between bedrock weathering and regolith thickness: if regolith thins (thickens) by sediment transport, the regolith production rate will increase (decrease), maintaining an equilibrium regolith thickness on the piedmont. We propose that high infiltration capacities and the instability of ephemeral channel banks in arid and semiarid environments suppress fluvial incision and promote the smoothness of pediments. A positive feedback between bedrock weathering and regolith thickness causes tor growth: if regolith thins locally below a critical value, regolith production slows while surrounding areas continue to weather and erode more rapidly. We suggest that many pedimented and tor-studded landscapes may therefore be a consequence of intrinsic sediment transport–weathering feedbacks mediated by climatic and tectonic conditions, not by lithologic templates.
The Distribution of Subtypes in Various Swedish Populations Positive for Hepatitis B Antigen

AbstractSera from various previously described populations positive for hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) have been investigated with respect to their antigenic subspecificities. Two dialysis unit epidemics were found to be associated with HBAg (Y), and thus, by inference, with hepatitis B virus of subtype Y (HBV-Y). The same subtype was found among addicts. HBV-D, however, was predominant among blood donors, and was also the only subtype found among carriers at a hospital for the mentally retarded and in a small outbreak at a home for the aged. These findings confirm earlier investigations showing that both D and Y subtypes are found in Western societies, but with uneven distribution, reflecting the epidemic and endemic spread of the different genotypes of hepatitis virus. Of potential epidemiological interest is the finding of a new HBAg variant carrying both d and y specificities on the same particles. This antigen was found in serum from a mentally retarded 49-year-old male patient. Of 35 sera tested with re...
Mega-urban Regions and World City Formation: Globalisation, the Economic Crisis and Urban Policy Issues in Pacific Asia

In Pacific Asia, the globalisation of trade, production and finance underlies an accelerated urban transition focusing on a limited number of mega-urban regions. Intercity competition for world cit...
APPRECIATION OF A VELOCITY-DEPENDENT POTENTIAL TO THE NUCLEAR PHOTOEFFECT

Calculations of the total photonuclear absorption cross sections have been carried out for a number of nuclei throughout the periodic table. The shell model, with a velocity-dependent potential, has been used. This potential is proportional to the kinetic energy of the nucleons, and gives rise to a changed effective nucleon mass. One of the effects of such an effective mass is to change the frequencies of the giant gamma-ray absorption resonances. Previous independent-particle model calculations had resulted in frequencies consistently lower than the observed values.With an effective nucleon mass inside the nucleus of about 55% of the normal mass, very good agreement with the experimental values is obtained for medium and heavy nuclei. Within the limits of the assumptions made in the calculations, the forms of the observed excitation curves are closely reproduced, and are peaked at roughly the correct energies. Furthermore, the cross sections integrated over excitation energies, which are nearly model-independent quantities in the changed-mass case, are, except for the very light nuclei, consistent with the experimental values.
Gibbs Free Energy of Formation of Zircon from Measurement of Solubility in H2O

We exploited the large difference in the solubility of SiO 2 and ZrO 2 in H 2 O to constrain precisely the Gibbs energy of formation of zircon (ZrSiO 4 ). Solubility in H 2 O was determined at 800°C, 1.2 GPa, by weight loss of synthetic zircon crystals. The experiments yielded fine-grained monoclinic ZrO 2 as an incongruent solution product uniformly coating zircon crystals. Experiments on the ZrO 2 -coated zircon crystals were also carried out with an initially slightly SiO 2 -oversaturated fluid, causing weight gain by zircon regrowth. The mean SiO 2 concentration for forward and reverse experiments was 0.069′0.010 mol/kg H 2 O (2σ). When combined with precise activity-composition measurements for aqueous SiO 2 , the data constrain the Gibbs free energy of zircon from its oxides at 298 K, 10 5 Pa, to be -19.30′1.16 kJ/mol (2σ). This determination is comparable in precision to the best measurements obtainable by more conventional methods, which suggests that determination of the thermochemical properties of other important ceramic materials may also be amenable to this method.
Efficient dynamic program monitoring on multi-core systems

Dynamic program execution monitors allow programmers to observe and verify an application while it is running. Instrumentation-based dynamic program monitors often incur significant performance overhead due to instrumentation. Special hardware supports have been proposed to reduce this overhead. However, most of these supports often target specific monitoring requirements, and thus have limited applicability. Recently, with multi-core systems becoming mainstream, executing the monitored program and the monitor simultaneously on separate cores has emerged as an attractive option. However, due to the large amount of information forwarded to the monitor, existing approaches of dynamic monitoring on multi-core still suffers from significant performance overhead, unless adapt special-purpose hardware support. In this paper, we present a novel dynamic execution monitoring model on the multi-core architecture. This model is based on two observations: (1) a monitor only requires specific information from the monitored program; (2) some information can be easily computed by the monitor from information that have already been communicated. Based on these observations, we propose hardware and software support to build a dynamic execution monitoring system that only communicates information that is relevant to monitoring purposes. Furthermore, we developed optimization techniques that decide the set of data to forward to the monitor and the data set to compute by the monitor, so that the total execution time of the monitor is minimized. We evaluate the performance impact of the proposed dynamic program monitoring system with SPEC2006 integer benchmarks for two intensive monitoring tasks: taint-propagation and memory-bug-detection. Compared with instrumentation-based monitors, the proposed techniques is able to reduce the performance overhead of the two monitors by 3.7x and 2.2x, respectively.
Earthquakes along the East African Rift System: A multiscale, system‐wide perspective

[1] On the basis of a comprehensive data set of precisely determined depths of 121 large to moderate-sized earthquakes along and near the entire East African Rift System (EARS), there are three distinct patterns in focal depths which seem to correlate with progressive stages in the development of the largest active rift in the world. First, away from both ends of the western, younger branch of the EARS, very large (Mw ≥ 7) earthquakes occurred in the top 15 km of the crust where surficial expressions of rifting are yet to appear. Curiously, there are unusually deep aftershocks reaching down to 35 ± 3 km. Second, under well-developed but amagmatic rift segments, focal depths show a bimodal distribution, with peaks centered near depths of about 15 ± 5 km and 35 ± 5 km. This pattern is present both under the main axis of the EARS, where rift zone have lengths approaching 1000 km, and beneath rift units 10 times shorter in length. Underside reflections off the Moho indicate that at least part of the second peak in seismicity is due to mantle earthquakes down to 44 ± 4 km, attesting to high differential stress in the mantle lithosphere which is capable of accumulating seismogenic, elastic strain (the “jelly sandwich” rheology). Third, beneath magmatic segments of well-developed rifts, seismicity is largely confined to the upper 15 km of the crust as observed previously, akin to the pattern along mid-ocean ridges where plastic flow due to high temperature inhibits accumulation of shear stress deep in the lithosphere.
Digital tropospheric scatter

An old communications tool is put to new use by combining it with new concepts in propagation. Using simple, proven binary detection methods ? such as frequency shift keying ? substantial range improvement is shown over multichannel FM (frequency-modulated) or SSB (single-side-band) tropospheric scatter schemes, at the sacrifice of analog capability. Alternatively, over shorter distances, substantial reduction in equipment complexity can be achieved over other modes. Measurements made on a feasibility circuit of 150 miles using very simple equipment has shown the practicality of this concept.
Hard magnetic properties of rapidly annealed NdFeB/Co films and intergrain interactions

Abstract The properties of sputtered (Nd2Fe14B)/Co are reported as a function of Co content (x) up to 22 weight % after crystallization via a rapid (30 s) anneal. We have previously shown that a rapid anneal leads to better permanent magnet properties than a longer time anneal. The added Co forms a soft phase and we find evidence in X-ray diffraction that some of the Co replaces Fe in the Nd2Fe14B phase. Adding Co also decreases the crystallization temperature of the Nd2Fe14B phase. The largest coercivity, μ0Hc of 2.5 T, is obtained for samples with x of zero. The largest energy product is obtained for samples with intermediate values of x (6%) where we also find the exchange coupling between phases to be strong. The above results along with the magnetic reversibility and irreversibility are discussed in terms of three types of interface exchange interactions (Co–Co, Co–Nd2Fe14B and Nd2Fe14B–Nd2Fe14B) between grains.
Beta-delayed proton precursors with 59≦Z≦62

The new, beta-delayed proton emitters128Pr(3.2 −0.4 +0.5 s),130Pm(2.2 −0.4 +0.6 s), and132Pm(5.0 −0.6 +0.8 s) have been observed at the on-line isotope separator OASIS. Also studied were129Nd and133Sm.
Prediction of Weak-Coupling Structure from a Shell-Model Basis

Mixed-configuration shell-model wave functions predict the sort of two-nucleon transfer phenomena which has been interpreted as evidence for weak coupling to excited ${0}^{+}$ states.
Export Sectors and Rural Development

The export base hypothesis is that a region’s growth is led by export demand, given perfectly elastic factor supplies. It is a rationale for “sector-based” rural development policies, and it is formalized by input-output models. But it is contested by modern trade, migration, and growth theories, and there is little research about its empirical relevance. We investigate the hypothesis for contemporary U.S. rural development by estimating the influence of export sector employment on subsequent rural development outcomes. The results reject the hypothesis that emphasizing traditional export employment results in rural growth, reject the assumption of perfectly elastic factor supply, and support alternative explanations. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Wind Tunnel Testing of Various Disk-Gap-Band Parachutes

Two Disk-Gap-Band model parachute designs were tested in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The purposes of these tests were to determine the drag and static stability coefficients of these two model parachutes at various subsonic Mach numbers in support of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The two model parachute designs were designated 1.6 Viking and MPF. These model parachute designs were chosen to investigate the tradeoff between drag and static stability. Each of the parachute designs was tested with models fabricated from MIL-C-7020 Type III or F-111 fabric. The reason for testing model parachutes fabricated with different fabrics was to evaluate the effect of fabric permeability on the drag and static stability coefficients. Several improvements over the Viking-era wind tunnel tests were implemented in the testing procedures and data analyses. Among these improvements were corrections for test fixture drag interference and blockage effects, and use of an improved test fixture for measuring static stability coefficients. The 1.6 Viking model parachutes had drag coefficients from 0.440 to 0.539, while the MPF model parachutes had drag coefficients from 0.363 to 0.428. The 1.6 Viking model parachutes had drag coefficients 18 to 22 percent higher than the MPF model parachute for equivalent fabric materials and test conditions. Model parachutes of the same design tested at the same conditions had drag coefficients approximately 11 to 15 percent higher when manufactured from F-111 fabric as compared to those fabricated from MIL-C-7020 Type III fabric. The lower fabric permeability of the F-111 fabric was the source of this difference. The MPF model parachutes had smaller absolute statically stable trim angles of attack as compared to the 1.6 Viking model parachutes for equivalent fabric materials and test conditions. This was attributed to the MPF model parachutes larger band height to nominal diameter ratio. For both designs, model parachutes fabricated from F-111 fabric had significantly greater statically stable absolute trim angles of attack at equivalent test conditions as compared to those fabricated from MILC-7020 Type III fabric. This reduction in static stability exhibited by model parachutes fabricated from F-111 fabric was attributed to the lower permeability of the F-111 fabric. The drag and static stability coefficient results were interpolated to obtain their values at Mars flight conditions using total porosity as the interpolating parameter.
Rational-choice hermeneutics

Abstract Rational choice and hermeneutics seem at odds, but the tension can be fruitfully resolved. The conflict between them closely mirrors the earlier conflict between historicism and positivism. In inter-war Vienna, an influential group of social scientists tried to combine the best elements of both approaches. Rational choice was united with Verstehen and the method of ideal types, as evidenced by the works of Lionel Robbins and Alfred Schutz, among others. Although the two methodologies have again diverged, it is possible to merge them. Drawing on the insights of Alfred Schutz, this article constructs a framework for modern rational-choice hermeneutics.
Fate of N-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds and microbial mutagenicity in SRC-II products on storage

Abstract Samples of a solvent refined coal II fuel oil blend were stored at 100 °C in air for 16 weeks, at room temperature, both diluted in methylene chloride and undiluted, for one year, and under nitrogen, diluted in methylene chloride, for three years. These conditions were chosen to increase the rates of the reactions producing chemical changes, and to mimic worst case storage conditions for samples subjected to microbial mutagenicity and other bioassay test systems. The samples kept at 100 °C were fractionated by neutral alumina column chromatography to obtain nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound fraction to determine the fate of nitrogen species on storage under these conditions. The test samples after storage were compared by high resolution gas chromatography to samples which had been stored at −20 °C under nitrogen for the same length of time. The amino-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and indole concentrations were found to have significantly decreased in the materials stored at 100 °C. There was a corresponding significant decrease in the mutagenicity of these samples as measured in a histidine reversion bioassay. The samples stored at room temperature and diluted at −20 °C also showed significant decreases in microbial mutagenicity believed to be caused by a decrease in amino-PAH concentration after storage. A sample of SRC-II heavy distillate was sub-sampled from varying levels of an undisturbed 60 dm 3 Teflon-lined stainless steel drum after storage for four years at 4 °C under nitrogen. A sludge had formed on the bottom of the container with the major chemical constituent being carbazole. Microbial mutagenicity analysis showed no significant mutagenicity differences in the samples taken from varying levels of the drum.
Group Work with Adult Offenders: An Overview.

Abstract A variety of literature on groups for persons in correctional institutions is surveyed. Treatment issues and research findings are discussed.
Cyproheptadine Effects on Pituitary Function

Excerpt To the editor: The report of Wortsman and colleagues in the June issue (1) concludes that cyproheptadine in a dose of 16 to 24 mg/d for 8 to 16 weeks can effectively lower serum prolactin (...
Steady-state vibration evoked potentials: description of technique and characterization of responses

Steady-state scalp evoked potentials were recorded in response to amplitude modulated vibration applied to the fingers and palmar surface of one hand. Evoked response dependence on the frequency of amplitude modulation in the 2-40 Hz range was studied in a group of normal young adult volunteers. Response amplitude was greatest at low amplitude modulation frequencies. The greatest signal to EEG noise ratios were found at modulation frequencies near 26 Hz. At modulation frequencies near 26 Hz the steady-state response latency was found to be 58 +/- 14 msec. Inverse dipole modeling localized the steady-state evoked response generators in or near somatosensory cortex with the dipole moment orientation being predominantly in the anterior-posterior direction.
Generalized oscillator strength for the transition A1B2u ← X1A1g in benzene at initial kinetic energies 400 eV and 500 eV

Abstract Generalized oscillator strengths, ƒ, for the transition A 1 B 2u ← X 1 A 1g in benzene, determined by electron impact methods, are reported as a function of the momentum change. At scattering angles down to 2.5° helium was used as the comparison gas. Determinations are also reported at θ = 0° using mercury as the comparison gas. The oscillator strength curve has both a minimum and a maximum due to the superposition of electric dipole and octupole transitions. The band envelope is studied and is shown to remain unchanged in shape but is shifted by h ν 6 ≈ 0.065 eV with increasing angle due to the shift from electric dipole to octupole scattering.
HTLV-III-like particles within a cell process surrounded by a myelin sheath in an AIDS brain

HTLV-III-like particles were observed within a cell process surrounded by a myelin sheath, in the brain of a 4-year-old boy with AIDS encephalopathy. Similar particles were also observed in the mononuclear macrophage-like cells.
Base substitution mutants of the lac operator: in vivo and in vitro affinities for lac repressor.

Abstract 16 single-site mutations and a 1-bp deletion in the lac operator have been cloned and examined with regard to repressor binding. A 13-bp, central ‘core’ operator sequence, bp 5–17 of the natural operator, was also synthesized and cloned. Repressor affinity was assessed in vivo by quantitating the level of β-galactosidase activity resulting from chromosomal operon derepression and in vitro by measuring the stability of repressor-operator complexes. Our results support the general conclusion that the repressor-operator interaction is asymmetric, particularly across the center of the operator sequence, with little or no specific contact at position 12. Some sequence changes in the right side of the operator markedly reduced repressor affinity, indicating that although binding to this half of the sequence has been suggested to be less important than the left half, it still significantly contributes to the binding affinity.
Glycoprotein structure: the carbohydrate of bovine corneal collagen.

Abstract 1. 1. Compositional studies using gas-liquid chromatography performed on bovine corneal collagen indicated that this molecule is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 5.78%. 2. 2. The sugar components present were identified as glucosamine, 0.47%; galactosamine, 3.08%; fucose, 0.02%; mannose, 0.21%; xylose, 0.31%; glucose 0.57%; galactose, 1.09%; and sialic acid 0.05%. 3. 3. Digestion of the corneal collagen with collagenase and pronase, and column chromatography yields two distinct glycopeptides with differing carbohydrate composition.
Modulation of Adhesion-Dependent cAMP Signaling by Echistatin and Alendronate

We measured intracellular cAMP levels in cells during attachment and spreading on different extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Increases in cAMP were observed within minutes when cells attached to fibronectin, vitronectin, and a synthetic RGD-containing fibronectin peptide (Petite 2000), but not when they adhered to another integrin alpha nu beta 3 ligand, echistatin. Because echistatin also inhibits bone resorption, we measured the effects of adding another osteoporosis inhibitor, alendronate, in this system. Alendronate inhibited the cAMP increase induced by ligands that primarily utilize integrin alpha nu beta 3 (vitronectin, Peptite 2000), but not by fibronectin which can also use integrin alpha 5 beta 1. These results show that cell adhesion to ECM can increase intracellular cAPM levels and raise the possibility that inhibitors of osteoporosis may act, in part, by preventing activation of this pathway by integrins.
Social connectedness, social appraisal, and perceived stress in college women and men

This study examined the effects of social connectedness, social appraisal of the campus climate, and perceived stress of college women and men. Drawing from self-verification theory, social appraisal was hypothesized to mediate the effects of connectedness on perceived stress. Two hundred and fourteen college students were surveyed. Results support a partial mediation effect for women. Men, however, were more likely to negatively appraise the campus climate, and social connectedness was more negatively related to perceived stress for men than for women. Results are interpreted according to gender differences in independent and interdependent self-construal. The need to clearly define and measure social connectedness and social appraisal is also discussed. Counseling implications focus on the promotion and assessment of connectedness on campus.
Salt tolerance of corn in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California

A three year field experiment was conducted to establish the salt tolerance of corn in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. The study was essential because of the grave consequences of allowing the surface waters in the Delta to become excessively saline and the absence of salt tolerance information on organic soils. The relative yield (Y r) of corn grain was found to be related to soil salinity (the average electrical conductivity of soil water in the root zone during the growing season, $$\overline {EC}$$ sw ) by Y r=100−14 ( $$\overline {EC}$$ sw−3.7) when $$\overline {EC}$$ sw ≧3.7. Below an $$\overline {EC}$$ sw of 3.7 dS/m, grain yield was equivalent statistically to nonsaline conditions. As $$\overline {EC}$$ sw . exceeded the threshold value of 3.7 dS/m, Y r was reduced at the rate of 14%/(dS/m). Excess salinity reduced yield by reducing both kernel mass and, to a lesser extent, plant density. An almost identical relationship was found between $$\overline {EC}$$ sw , and total shoot growth on a relative basis. Thus, to prevent loss in corn yield, the salinity of the applied water and management practices (including irrigation timing, irrigation amount, and leaching) must prevent $$\overline {EC}$$ sw from exceeding 3.7 dS/m, on the average, during the growing season.
Toward a Black Feminist Criticism

Synopsis When Black, feminist, lesbian writers have not been ignored, they have frequently been devalued. This is an attempt to break the ‘massive silence≐ which has surrounded the work of these women writers and to make some connections between the politics of Black women's lives, their subject matter, and their situation as artists. The way in which the writing of Black women has been treated by outsiders is discussed and the need for a Black feminist criticism is outlined.
Interior-Point Algorithms, Penalty Methods and Equilibrium Problems

In this paper we consider the question of solving equilibrium problems--formulated as complementarity problems and, more generally, mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPECs)--as nonlinear programs, using an interior-point approach. These problems pose theoretical difficulties for nonlinear solvers, including interior-point methods. We examine the use of penalty methods to get around these difficulties and provide substantial numerical results. We go on to show that penalty methods can resolve some problems that interior-point algorithms encounter in general.
Anxiety sensitivity and posttraumatic stress among traumatic event-exposed youth.

Abstract Total and factor scores of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) were examined in relation to posttraumatic stress symptom levels within a community-based sample of 68 (43 females) traumatic event-exposed youth between the ages of 10 and 17 years (Mage=14.74 years). Findings were consistent with hypotheses; global anxiety sensitivity (AS) levels, as well as disease, unsteady, and mental incapacitation concerns, related positively to posttraumatic stress levels, whereas social concerns were unrelated to symptom levels. These results suggest that fears of the physical and mental consequences of anxiety are associated with relatively higher levels of posttraumatic stress subsequent to traumatic event exposure. Findings are discussed in terms of potential implications for the role of AS in developmentally sensitive etiological models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The Toxic Continuum From Incivility to Violence: What Can HRD Do?

The frequency, intensity, and duration of uncivil behavior should be a concern to leaders in any organization.All too often seemingly isolated, subtle uncivil incidents (e.g., instigating a joke) c...
Splenic-gonadal fusion and adrenal cortical rest associated with bilateral cryptorchism.

A patient with bilateral cryptorchisnt had ectopic splenic tissue adherent to his left testicle and an adrenal cortical rest adherent to his right testicle. The embrylogic basis for these disorders is discussed and the literature reviewed. Either ectopic splenic or adrenal tissue is occa- sionally found in the scrotal compartment or adherent to the gonadal-mesonephric struc- tures. Herein we report the first case of both entities occurring in the same patient.
New Acceleration Methods

But a glance at the Livingston chart, Fig. 1, of accelerator particle energy as a function of time shows that the energy has steadily, exponentially, increased. Equally significant is the fact that this increase is the envelope of diverse technologies. If one is to stay on, or even near, the Livingston curve in future years then new acceleration techniques need to be developed.
Darwin and domestication: Studies on inheritance

While Wallace disagreed with Darwin that domesticates provided a great deal of useful information on wild populations,71 Darwin continued to draw on his domesticated animals and plants to inform him on the workings of his theory. Unlike Wallace, his exposure to natural populations was extremely limited after his return from the Beagle voyage. By the 1850s, he had settled into a life at Down House and was becoming more and more withdrawn from London scientific circles. He turned to his network of informants, visits from colleagues such as Hooker and T. H. Huxley, subscriptions to various journals, and his own experimental studies at Down. This work on domesticates was clearly related to other natural history studies conducted by Darwin and others during the same period. For example, during the 1850s when Darwin worked on domesticates, he was also engaged in questions of geographic distribution. To study the dispersal and subsequent viability of introduced seeds, he soaked various seeds in a tub filled with seawater and counted which of the seeds floated after a given period; later he planted the seeds in the yard at Down to look for potential viability. There was no attempt at controlled, replicated experiments in these studies, or in his work with domesticates, nor should there have been. To Darwin the results of one experiment represented a potential truth of nature, and he was quick to seize upon these results as supporting evidence for his theory. I have suggested in this paper that his work on domesticates was not simply meant to provide an analogy for natural selection but rather became a research program to investigate other aspects of his natural selection theory, especially inheritance and variability; these subjects were integral parts of his theory of natural selection, but by 1859 he had not found a mechanism to account for them. The experiments brought home the difficult problems of inheritance, and Darwin specifically formulated pangenesis to account for these problems. Pangenesis was not an afterthought but an integration of several decades of thinking on inheritance. It was a unified theory to explain the complicated results he witnessed in his own experiments. Much of the Darwin scholarship has focused on Darwin's path toward the discovery of natural selection. Natural selection per se was a major interest, but not the only area of interest to Darwin. Inheritance was an area of serious concern for him both before and after he had formulated natural selection. His experimentation with domesticates was an attempt to look beyond natural selection and to concentrate on the difficult subject of inheritance. He found inheritance especially troublesome, requiring a “provisional hypothesis” to account for it. To see domesticates, as they are described in the Origin, as merely an analogy for natural selection, does not account for the importance Darwin placed on them. For him they were not man's monstrous productions, but worthy experimental subjects providing him with crucial information on inheritance.
Pulmonary vascular disease after systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operations

More than 1,100 patients underwent a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt operation at The Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, from 1946 to 1974. Of these patients, 294 were studied to assess the presence of pulmonary vascular disease and the time of its occurrence after surgery. They were selected either because lung tissue was available for histologic grading of pulmonary vascular disease (114 patients) or because hemodynamic studies were performed after the shunt operation (180 patients). The shunts, all patent at the time of the study, ranged in duration from 1 month to 23 years. After a subclavian-pulmonary arterial shunt (75 patients) there was little evidence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease in either histologic (2 of 25 patients) or hemodynamic (1 of 50 patients) studies. After an aortic-pulmonary arterial shunt (44 Waterston, 175 Potts) there was small likelihood of advanced pulmonary vascular disease with a shunt duration of less than 5 years (1 of 35 histologic, 0 of 27 hemodynamic studies). With a shunt duration of more than 5 years the incidence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease increased significantly (15 of 54 histologic, 17 of 103 hemodynamic studies). A mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg or greater strongly suggests the presence of advanced pulmonary vascular disease. When a systemic-pulmonary arterial shunt has provided effective palliation with decreased pulmonary pressure there is small likelihood that advanced pulmonary vascular disease will develop, even with a long shunt duration of 20 to 25 years.
Order Without Design: Information Production and Policy Making

this article presents a review of the book “Order Without Design: Information Production and Policy Making,” by Martha S. Feldman.
Regulatory Roles of High‐Affinity Metal‐Binding Proteins in Mediating Lead Effects on δ‐Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase

The present series of studies demonstrate that several high-affinity metal-binding proteins regulate essential metal availability and play a role in metal detoxication. Rat kidney PbBP and ZnMT were shown to mediate both the interaction of Zn and Pb to a Zn metalloenzyme, that is, ALAD. The mechanism for this interaction involves the donation of Zn from PbBP and ZnMT to ALAD and chelation of Pb to these proteins. In addition to activating ALAD via donation of Zn from ZnMT to the enzyme, kidney apothionein was shown to deactivate ALAD. Thus, these proteins may provide an intracellular reservoir for essential metals such as Zn and Cu, serving as a homeostatic control mechanism to readily dispense and sequester these cations to meet cellular metabolic requirements, such as the regulation of metalloenzymes, including ALAD. Although Pb does not effectively induce the synthesis of PbBP or ZnMT, these proteins, via binding of Pb, alter the biological activity of Pb toward a highly sensitive target molecule for Pb, that is, ALAD. Finally, when ALAD is utilized as a biological indicator for Pb exposure, the effect of ZnMT on Pb availability and ALAD activity must be taken into consideration. Tissue-specific differences in these high-affinity, metal-binding proteins and Zn status may alter the expected relationships between total tissue Pb concentrations and inhibition of ALAD.
Influence of method of presentation on results of plant-host preference tests with two species of grasshopper

Leaf material of two Piper spp. (Piperaceae) was presented to two different generalist herbivores (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to determine whether method of leaf presentation in preference trials affects choice. For the grasshopper Leptomerinthoprora brevipennis, the method of presentation had no effect on preference ranking: more of Piper sancti-felicis was eaten than of P. arieianum, regardless of whether leaf material was presented as leaf disks, whole leaves supplemented with water, or whole leaves without water. In contrast, preference of the grasshopper Abracis flavolineata depended on presentation method. In that case, whole leaves of P. sancti-felicis supplemented with water were preferred over the same of P. arieianum, while dry weight consumption of leaf disks of P. arieianum was greater than that for disks of P. sancti-felicis. When presented with leaves not supplemented with water, A. flavolineata showed no significant preference for one plant species over another. RESUME Influence du dispositif experimental sur la selection des plantes-hotes et le choix des aliments. Des feuilles provenant de deux especes de Piper (Piperacae) ont ete proposees a deux Orthopteres, Acrididae, herbivores generalistes, pour determiner si la methode de presentation des feuilles modifiait le choix. Pour Leptomerinthoprora brevipennis, la methode de presentation est sans influence sur l'ordre de preference; la consommation de Piper sancti-felicis est toujours superieure a celle de P. arieianum, quelque soit le mode de presentation: disques de feuilles, feuilles entieres humidifiees, ou feuilles entieres sans addition d'eau. A l'oppose, l'ordre de preference de Abracis flavolineata depend du type de presentation; les feuilles entieres humidifiees de P. sancti-felicis sont preferees a Celles de P. arieianum proposees de la meme facon, tandis que la consommation de disques secs de P. arieianum est plus importante que celle des disques secs de P. sancti-felicis. En presence de feuilles entieres humidifiees, A. flavolineata ne manifeste aucune preference.
A Classic Continued Up to the Present

In this third volume of her historical survey of American women scientists, Rossiter highlights their circumstances, tribulations, and successes since the early 1970s.
Cavity dynamics of smooth sphere and golf ball at low Froude numbers, part 2: PIV analysis

In this work, water entry developments of smooth sphere and golf ball were investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Through the attempts of use of PIV, velocity contour plots were generated. PIV results were compared to raw images of water entry profiles and challenges with regard to experimental errors were discussed.
Analysis of transient sorption and permeation in heterogeneous media

Experimental data on hexane vapor sorption in phase-segregated polybutadiene/polystyrene blends are reported, which exhibit seemingly non-Fickian characteristics that previous workers with styrene/butadiene copolymer attributed to a diffuse interphase. These data, plus results derived from a model of sorption in heterogeneous media containing a slowly permeable dispersed phase, indicate that the mere presence of two phases with different diffusion time constants is a sufficient condition for apparently non-Fickian overall behavior. Consequently, definitive morphological inferences cannot be drawn from such observations. In addition, results of modeling the corresponding permeation process are analogous to those obtained in an earlier study of permeation with immobilizing chemical reaction.
The chemisorptive bonding of hydrogen on nickel

Published experimental results plus a limited amount of new data show that chemisorbed hydrogen on nickel must consist of an atom carrying a negative charge. The nickel atom most affected retains a magnetic moment but loses its ability to participate in ferromagnetic exchange interaction. It retains most of its other properties as part of the metal particle. The stoichiometry is one hydrogen to one nickel with minor peripheral effects. There is no change of stoichiometry, or of bonding mode, over the whole range of surface coverage or, within limits, of temperature change. The bonding is quite different from that in nickel hydride.
Quantitatively Enhanced Reliability and Uniformity of High-κ Dielectrics on Graphene Enabled by Self-Assembled Seeding Layers

The full potential of graphene in integrated circuits can only be realized with a reliable ultrathin high-κ top-gate dielectric. Here, we report the first statistical analysis of the breakdown characteristics of dielectrics on graphene, which allows the simultaneous optimization of gate capacitance and the key parameters that describe large-area uniformity and dielectric strength. In particular, vertically heterogeneous and laterally homogeneous Al2O3 and HfO2 stacks grown via atomic-layer deposition and seeded by a molecularly thin perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride organic monolayer exhibit high uniformities (Weibull shape parameter β > 25) and large breakdown strengths (Weibull scale parameter, EBD > 7 MV/cm) that are comparable to control dielectrics grown on Si substrates.
Distributed transducers, collocation, and smart structural control

Collocated sensors and actuators offer significant robustness and design benefits in distributed parameter vibration control. It is shown that sensors and actuators are collocated in this sense when they are both physically coincident and their spatial derivative orders are equal. These requirements are expressed more generally as an integral equation that constrains the transducers' "modified" spatial distributions. Distributed parameter collocation is demonstrated by a transducer placement study for a nondimensional cantilever beam. The first configuration uses two disthbuted piezoceramic actuators and two accelerometer sensors. This combination typically leads to input/output frequency response functions having slow nonminimum phase transmission zeros and poor singular value frequency response characteristics, with high sensitivity to placement. The problem is exacerbated when the accelerometers and distributed actuators are "collocated". The second configuration uses two distributed piezoelectric actuators, now combined with two distributed strain gage sensors. When these equivalent-order distributed transducers are collocated the resulting frequency response matrices are strictly minimum phase, and have desirable singular value characteristics determined solely by the actuator placement's coupling into the beam's modal curvatures. These characteristics are maintained for small strain sensor apertures centered over larger actuator apertures, including some misalignment, for low frequencies. A generalization is developed to facilitate the collocation of transducers having dissimilar spatial derivative order.
Neoliberal racism: the ‘Southern Strategy’ and the expanding geographies of white supremacy

This paper examines the US-based ‘Southern Strategy,’ an electoral scheme which created conditions that resurrected a broadly conservative agenda in the USA during the 1970s. While scholars have long studied the Southern Strategy from the standpoint of the electoral and political geography of the USA, its role in transforming the political economy of the USA is underappreciated. By reworking the nature of racism from the overt white supremacy of previous eras the Southern Strategy speaks to the changing socio-spatial manifestations of racism in the USA and the workings of the US political economy. By connecting the Southern Strategy with a broad economic argument this paper crystallizes the role race plays in the development of the US political economy as well as implications for understanding the way race and capitalism in the USA are co-constituted with one another. Through an examination of the Southern Strategy we can trace both the changing coordinates of the US political economy and race as the USA ...
Reinforcing Variability in Adolescents with Autism.

Five adolescents with autism, 5 adult control participants, and 4 child controls received rewards for varying their sequences of responses while playing a computer game. In preceding and following phases, rewards were provided at approximately the same rate but were independent of variability. The most important finding was that, when reinforced, variability increased significantly in all groups. Reinforced variability could provide the necessary behavioral substrate for individuals with autism to learn new responses.