cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business Driven Information Systems with Premium Content Card

The Baltzan and Phillips approach in Business Driven Information Systems discusses various business initiatives first and how technology supports those initiatives second. The premise for this unique approach is that business initiatives drive technology choices in a corporation. Therefore, every discussion addresses the business needs first and addresses the technology that supports those needs second. This approach takes the difficult and often intangible MIS concepts, brings them down to the student’s level, and applies them using a hands-on approach to reinforce the concepts. BDIS provides the foundation that will enable students to achieve excellence in business, whether they major in operations management, manufacturing, sales, marketing, etc. BDIS is designed to give students the ability to understand how information technology can be a point of strength in an organization. Table of contents Module One: Business Driven Information SystemsChapter 1: Information Systems in BusinessChapter 2: Strategic Decision MakingChapter 3: E-Business Module Two: Fundamentals of Information SystemsChapter 4: Ethics and Information SecurityChapter 5: IT ArchitecturesChapter 6: Databases and Data WarehousesChapter 7: Networks, Telecommunications, and Mobile Technology Module Three: Enterprise Information SystemsChapter 8: Operations Management and Supply Chain ManagementChapter 9: Customer Relationship Management and Business IntelligenceChapter 10: Enterprise Resource Planning and Collaboration Systems Module Four: Developing Information SystemsChapter 11: Systems Development and Project ManagementChapter 12: Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and 21st Century Global BusinessEndnotesGlossaryIndex
Kinetic Turbulence in Relativistic Plasma: From Thermal Bath to Nonthermal Continuum

We present results from particle-in-cell simulations of driven turbulence in magnetized, collisionless, and relativistic pair plasmas. We find that the fluctuations are consistent with the classical k_{⊥}^{-5/3} magnetic energy spectrum at fluid scales and a steeper k_{⊥}^{-4} spectrum at sub-Larmor scales, where k_{⊥} is the wave vector perpendicular to the mean field. We demonstrate the development of a nonthermal, power-law particle energy distribution f(E)∼E^{-α}, with an index α that decreases with increasing magnetization and increases with an increasing system size (relative to the characteristic Larmor radius). Our simulations indicate that turbulence can be a viable source of energetic particles in high-energy astrophysical systems, such as pulsar wind nebulae, if scalings asymptotically become insensitive to the system size.
Addressing the "Double Chin:" Trends in Submental Contouring

The dreaded ldquo double chin rdquo is a result of excess submental fat This appearance is often psychologically dissatisfying to patients and as such they seek consultation to adjust their submental profile to a more aesthetically pleasing one A recent survey of patients demonstrated that of patients presenting to their dermatologist or plastic surgeon were concerned about submental fat and of patients wanted it reduced Bothsurgical and non invasive options are available however finding the right approach is of the utmost importance to yield the best possible outcome Often times multiple modalities are used to address the various components of the aging face Injectable fillers liposuction laser lipolysis and a host of other methodologies can be combined to rejuvenate the face
Fecal parasite identification by microscopy and PCR in scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah , managed at two sites.

The scimitar-horned oryx, Oryx dammah, an endangered species extinct in the wild, is managed in various captive management programs and is the focus of reintroduction efforts. Management variability can contribute to substantial parasite load differences, which can affect deworming programs and potentially transfer parasites to different regions with translocations. Parasite studies in O. dammah are lacking. In this study, we determined fecal egg/oocyst counts of O. dammah in two captive herds, Fossil Rim Wildlife Center (FRWC) and Kansas City Zoo (KCZ). Fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on O. dammah feces collected seasonally using the modified McMaster method, and microscopy provided additional identification of parasite genera ova and oocysts. To identify parasites to species level, homogenized fecals provided DNA subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genus specific primers. Microscopy and sequencing results indicated the presence of Strongylus (Strongylus vulgaris, Angiostrongylus cantonensis), Trichostrongylus (Haemonchus contortus, Camelostrongylus mentulatus), Trichuris (T. leporis, T. ovis, and T. discolor), Isospora (Isospora gryphoni) and Eimeria (E. zuernii and E. bovis), with Strongylus being the most common. Nematodirus was identified through microscopy at FRWC. Fecal egg counts were significantly higher in (FRWC) than in (KCZ) in all samplings (P = <0.001). No significant difference was seen between parasite load and seasons (P = 0.103), nor site and season (P = 0.51). Both study sites maintained most animals within commonly accepted FEC levels found in domestic livestock. Individuals with high numbers of EPG or OPG were subordinate males, pregnant females, or neonates. Several significant interactions were found between genera of parasites, age, sex, season, and pregnancy status in the FRWC herd. Sampling limitations prevented further analysis of the KCZ herd. Understanding interactions between parasite loads and physiological, environmental, and regional differences can help determine inter-specific transfer of parasites, and establish appropriate anthelmintic programs for O. dammah herds.
IV. PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY1

Three methods were examined for their suitability to measure proteolysis brought about by microbial activity in soymilk. The Anson (or Hull) method, a colorimetric measurement of tyrosine and tryptophan, was not able to measure changes detectable by other methods and hence did not appear applicable for this work. Determination of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) to follow proteolytic changes in soymilk was feasible but was time- and labor-consuming. Dye-binding methods were found most workable. Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Streptococcus thermophilus exhibited proteolytic activity in soymilk but Lactobacillus casei did not. Two other microorganisms, Bacillus cereus and Micrococcus conglomeratus, and rennet were comparatively more proteolytic in soymilk than the lactic cultures.
Towards rebuilding vaginal support utilizing an extracellular matrix bioscaffold.

Abstract As an alternative to polypropylene mesh, we explored an extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffold derived from urinary bladder matrix (MatriStem™) in the repair of vaginal prolapse. We aimed to restore disrupted vaginal support simulating application via transvaginal and transabdominal approaches in a macaque model focusing on the impact on vaginal structure, function, and the host immune response. In 16 macaques, after laparotomy, the uterosacral ligaments and paravaginal attachments to pelvic side wall were completely transected (IACUC# 13081928). 6-ply MatriStem was cut into posterior and anterior templates with a portion covering the vagina and arms simulating uterosacral ligaments and paravaginal attachments, respectively. After surgically exposing the correct anatomical sites, in 8 animals, a vaginal incision was made on the anterior and posterior vagina and the respective scaffolds were passed into the vagina via these incisions (transvaginal insertion) prior to placement. The remaining 8 animals underwent the same surgery without vaginal incisions (transabdominal insertion). Three months post implantation, firm tissue bands extending from vagina to pelvic side wall appeared in both MatriStem groups. Experimental endpoints examining impact of MatriStem on the vagina demonstrated that vaginal biochemical and biomechanical parameters, smooth muscle thickness and contractility, and immune responses were similar in the MatriStem no incision group and sham-operated controls. In the MatriStem incision group, a 41% decrease in vaginal stiffness (P = 0.042), a 22% decrease in collagen content (P = 0.008) and a 25% increase in collagen subtypes III/I was observed vs. Sham. Active MMP2 was increased in both Matristem groups vs. Sham (both P = 0.002). This study presents a novel application of ECM bioscaffolds as a first step towards the rebuilding of vaginal support. Statement of Significance Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition related to failure of the supportive soft tissues of the vagina; particularly at the apex and mid-vagina. Few studies have investigated methods to regenerate these failed structures. The overall goal of the study was to determine the feasibility of utilizing a regenerative bioscaffold in prolapse applications to restore apical (level I) and lateral (level II) support to the vagina without negatively impacting vaginal structure and function. The significance of our findings is two fold: 1. Implantation of properly constructed extracellular matrix grafts promoted rebuilding of level I and level II support to the vagina and did not negatively impact the overall functional, morphological and biochemical properties of the vagina. 2. The presence of vaginal incisions in the transvaginal insertion of bioscaffolds may compromise vaginal structural integrity in the short term.
AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Abdominal, Pelvic, and Urogenital Pain: Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Abstract In conjunction with the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks public-private partnership with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the American Pain Society, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy (AAPT) initiative strove to develop the characteristics of a diagnostic system useful for clinical and research purposes across disciplines and types of chronic pain conditions. After the establishment of these characteristics, a working group of clinicians and clinical and basic scientists with expertise in abdominal, pelvic, and urogenital pain began generating core diagnostic criteria and defining the related extraintestinal somatic pain and other symptoms experienced by patients. Systematic diagnostic criteria for several common abdominal, pelvic, and urogenital pain conditions are in development. In this report, we present the proposed AAPT criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), the most common chronic, noncancer abdominal pain condition. A systematic review and synthesis was conducted to complement the Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for IBS. Future efforts will subject these proposed AAPT criteria to systematic empirical evaluation of their feasibility, reliability, and validity. The AAPT IBS criteria are part of an evidence-based classification system that provides a consistent vocabulary regarding diagnostic criteria, common features, comorbidities, consequences, and putative mechanisms of the disorder. A similar approach is being applied to other chronic and often debilitating abdominal, pelvic, and urogenital pain conditions. Perspective The AAPT's goal is to develop an evidence-based taxonomy for chronic pain on the basis of a consistently applied multidimensional framework, and encourage experts to apply this taxonomy to specific chronic pain conditions. In this report, the taxonomy is applied to IBS, a chronic abdominal pain condition.
Like Peas and Carrots: Combining Wellness Policy Implementation With Classroom Education for Obesity Prevention in the Childcare Setting.

Objectives:We evaluated an intervention combining policy training and technical assistance for childcare teachers with a nutrition education curriculum to improve (1) the knowledge and self-efficacy of childcare teachers in implementing obesity prevention policies and practices, (2) the quantity and quality of nutrition and physical activity education, and (3) the childcare wellness environment.Methods:Thirteen teachers and 8 administrators (2 of whom were also teachers) from 8 childcare programs in Clarke County, Georgia, participated in the Healthy Child Care Georgia intervention during June-October 2015. The intervention included (1) training and technical assistance on obesity prevention policies, systems, and practices and (2) direct education by teachers using the Eat Healthy, Be Active curriculum. We assessed changes in program wellness policy adoption and teacher knowledge and self-efficacy from pre- to post-intervention through self-report questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups.Results:Teac...
PhIP-DNA adducts as a biomarker for prostate carcinogenesis

2057 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant heterocyclic amine in the human diet, and is formed during the cooking of meat. PhiP-DNA adducts provide a measure of chemical-specific genetic damage that has been associated with increased risk of cancer. This study examined the relationship between PhiP-DNA adducts measured by immunohistochemistry in nontumorous and tumorous prostatic epithelial cells. Study subjects were 125 men who underwent prostatectomy and were part of the Henry Ford Health System, in Detroit, Michigan. . The mean level of PhiP-DNA adducts in prostatic epithelial nontumor cells was significantly higher than the mean level of PhiP-DNA adducts in tumor cells (0.055 units) (p
Contemporary Utilization of Resuscitative Thoracotomy: Results From the AAST Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (AORTA) Multicenter Registry.

Introduction Several reviews of resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) use over the last five decades have been conducted, most recently the evidence-based practice management guideline (PMG) of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST). The present study was designed to examine contemporary RT utilization and outcomes compared with historical data (n = 10,238) from the EAST PMG review from published series 1974 to 2013. Methods The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Aortic Occlusion for Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (AORTA) registry was utilized to identify patients undergoing RT in the emergency department (ED) from November 2013 to December 2016. Demographics, injury data, physiologic presentation, and outcomes were reviewed and compared with those of the EAST PMG review. Results Three-hundred ten RT patients from 16 contributing AORTA centers were identified. The majority were injured by penetrating mechanisms (197/310, 64% [gunshot (163/197, 83%)]). Signs of life (SOL) (organized electrical activity, pupillary response, spontaneous movement, or appreciable pulse/blood pressure) were present on arrival in 47% (147/310). When compared with the EAST PMG results, there was no difference in either hospital survival (5% vs. 8%) or neurologically intact survival between historical controls or AORTA registry patients in any category combination of mechanism/anatomic location/presenting signs of life. Blunt injuries W/O SOL on admission continue to constitute 14% (45/310) of RTs in the ED, without documented survivors. Conclusion Comparison of historical RT controls to more contemporary patients from the AORTA registry suggests that practices and outcomes following RT have not changed. Despite a wealth of accumulated data over several decades, RT continues to be performed for patients after blunt mechanisms of injury who present W/O SOL despite lack of demonstrated hope for survival benefit.
Experimental Weight Gain Increases Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Healthy Subjects: Implications of Visceral Fat Accumulation.

Abstract Objective To examine whether experimentally induced weight gain raises ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in healthy subjects and identify any relationship between changes in BP and changes in regional fat distribution. Patients and Methods Twenty-six normal weight subjects were randomized to 8 weeks of weight gain through overfeeding (n=16; age, 30.4±6.6 years) or to weight maintenance (controls; n=10; age, 27.1±7.7 years) between July 2004 and August 2010. Measures of body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, circulating biomarkers, and 24-hour ambulatory BP were obtained at baseline and after the 8-week experimental phase. Results Overfeeding resulted in 3.7 kg (95% CI, 2.9-4.5) increase in body weight in weight gainers, with increments in total (46.2 cm2; 95% CI, 27.6-64.9), visceral (13.8 cm2; 95% CI, 5.8-21.9), and subcutaneous fat (32.4 cm2; 95% CI, 13.5-51.3). No changes occurred in the maintenance group. Increases in 24-hour systolic BP (4 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.6-6.3), mean BP (1.7 mm Hg; 95% CI, 0.3-3.3), and pulse pressure (2.8 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4) were evident after weight gain in the experimental group, whereas BP remained unchanged in controls. Changes in mean BP correlated only with changes in visceral fat (ρ=0.45; P=.02), but not with changes in other body composition measures. Conclusion Modest weight gain causes elevation in 24-hour BP in healthy subjects. The association between increased BP and abdominal visceral fat accumulation suggests that visceral deposition of adipose tissue may contribute specifically to the enhanced risk of hypertension associated with weight gain.
A Local Relaxation Method for Nonlinear Facility Location Problems

A common problem that arises is the number and placement of facilities such as warehouses, manufacturing plants, stores, sensors, etc., needed to provide service to a region. Typically, the greater the number of facilities, the cheaper the cost of providing the service but the higher the capital cost of providing the facilities. The location of a facility is usually limited to a number of fixed locations. Consequently, when modeling such problems, binary variables are introduced to indicate whether or not a facility exists at a particular location. The resulting problem may then be modeled as a discrete optimization problem and could, in theory, be solved by general purpose algorithms for such problems. However, even in the case of a linear objective, such problems are \( \mathcal{N}\mathcal{P} \)-hard. Consequently, fast algorithms for large problems assured of finding a solution do not exist. Two alternatives to exact algorithms are heuristic algorithms and α-approximation algorithms. The latter esure that a feasible point is found whose objective is no worst than a multiple of α times the optimal objective. However, there has been little success in discovering α-approximation algorithms [Hoc97] when the problem has a nonlinear objective. Here we discuss a generic heuristic approach that exploits the fact that the number of facilities is usually small compared to the number of locations. It also takes advantage of the notion that moving a facility to a neighboring location has a much smaller impact on the cost of service compared to that of moving it to a distant location. A specific form of this algorithm is then applied to the problem of optimizing the placement of substations in an electrical network.
French Louisiana Music from Home and Dance Hall to Radio and Fred’s Lounge

Fred’s Lounge, a tiny, concrete-block bar in the isolated village of Mamou, Louisiana, on the southern prairies of Evangeline Parish, seems an unlikely place to be memorialized as the starting point of the “French Renaissance” in America, as the plaque beside its front door reads. The building has the architecture of a bunker and the decor of a juke joint, and although Fred’s is a music venue, there is no stage for musicians. A handwritten sign on the wall reads “This is not a dance hall.” Its doors are only open on Saturday mornings, when third shift oil refinery workers crowd the bar beside crawfish farmers and men who work in the rice mills. It is not a dance hall, but the men have come to Fred’s to two-step and waltz with their wives and girlfriends, and posted signs ask patrons not to stand on the tables or the cigarette machine to get a better view of the dance floor.
Intravascular Ultrasound in the Creation of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts: Review of the Literature and Future Directions

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is a well-established interventional radiology procedure for treating sequelae of portal hypertension involving shunting portal blood flow to the hepatic vein bypassing the liver through a stent graft. Creating a TIPS can be a complex and radiation-intensive procedure due to the technically challenging step of cannulating the portal vein from the hepatic vein. As this is the most unpredictable step in TIPS creation, multiple techniques have been described for visualizing the portal vein to facilitate its access. The use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has gained significant interest over the last few years due to reports of improved procedural metrics such as shortened procedural time and radiation dose. The purpose of this article is to review the literature and detail technical advances utilizing IVUS in TIPS creation. Intravascular ultrasound has been shown to be a safe and reproducible means of real-time image guidance for TIPS creation. The use of IVUS has been associated with improved procedural metrics including a decreased number of intrahepatic needle passes, shorter portal vein access times, decreased contrast usage, and a decrease in radiation dose. Due to technical advances and real-time portal vein visualization using IVUS, TIPS creation at our institution has dramatically changed. Our institutional practice has nearly completed shifted to the sole use of IVUS for portal vein access in TIPS creation due to significantly improved procedural metrics including radiation dose and contrast usage.
“Unable to Determine”: Limits to Metrical Governance in Agricultural Supply chains:

Metrics have long served as tools for governing at a distance. In the food industry, major manufacturers have embraced metrics as tools to govern the sustainability of the farms producing their com...
Adjustment to Hearing impairment. II: Audiological and demographic correlates

To study adjustment to hearing impairment, clinical records from a five-center consortium (N = 1,008) were used to create a heterogeneous clinical database with results of audiometric tests, demographic and case history information, and responses to the Communication Profile for the Hearing Impaired (CPHI; Demorest & Erdman, 1986, 1987). Normative findings have been described previously (Erdman & Demorest, 1998). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that audiometric variables were moderately correlated with communication performance, behavioral strategies, and personal adjustment. With hearing impairment controlled statistically, age and education effects were evident in many areas of adjustment; correlations between adjustment and gender were relatively weak; and marital status, employment status, and race/ethnicity were rarely significant correlates.
Assisted reproductive technology use in the United States: a population assessment.

Objective To study social and demographic differentiation of assisted reproduction technology (ART) use at the population level in the United States. Design Population-based study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Women 15–49 years old in the American Community Survey and National Vital Statistics Birth Certificate data from 2010–2017. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) Birth rate after ART by major sociodemographic categories and likelihood of having an ART birth. Result(s) Net of education, age, period, and marital status, the incidence rates of ART births are lower for black women (0.57 times; 95% CI, 0.52–0.62) and Hispanic women (0.67 times; 95% CI, 0.57–0.62) relative to white women's rates; for Asian women, the incidence rates are 1.21 times that of white women's rates. Further, the incidence rates of ART births are higher for women with more than a 4-year degree (2.08 times; 95% CI, 1.90–2.27) relative to women with a 4-year degree, and are lower for women with less education. Women who are married have an incidence rate of ART that is 5.72 times (95% CI, 5.37–6.09) that of unmarried women. The incidence rates for 2013–2016 are statistically significantly higher than for 2010 by a factor of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02–1.31), 1.16 (95% CI, 1.03–1.31), 1.27 (95% CI, 1.12–1.43), and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.43–1.82), respectively. The educational differences in ART exist across all age groups from 20 to 49, but are the largest among the 35–39 and 40–44 age groups. Conclusion(s) Large differences in the risk of an ART birth and the proportion of births and the total fertility rate due to ART exist across period, age, race, education, and marital status groups in the United States. Current measures of ART births may disguise an unmet need for ART.
Alvimopan as an essential component of ERAS protocol to decrease length of hospital stay.

517Background: Radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer is the gold standard. However, it is frequently associated with a prolonged length of hospital stay (LOS). We study the effect o...
Mechanism of action of antimalarial drugs: inhibition of antigen processing and presentation.

Recent studies have elucidated the steps involved in the association of antigenic peptides with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encoded proteins and have suggested how antimalarial compounds might influence this important site of immune activation. These steps of antigen presentation in the macrophage (or other antigen-presenting cells) include: (a) the partial proteolytic degradation of endogenous and exogenous proteins into peptides within the lysosome; (b) the synthesis of MHC class II (i.e. HLA-D associated) alpha, beta, and invariant (Ii) chains in the endoplasmic reticulum; (c) the initial association of alpha-Ii and beta-Ii chains in the endoplasmic reticulum and the transport of these complexes to the primary endosome; (d) the fusion of lysosomal vacuoles and endosomal vacuoles, allowing the mixtures of lysosomal enzymes, peptides, alpha-Ii and beta-Ii; (e) the displacement of Ii chains by peptides to form alpha-beta-peptide complexes in the endosome; and (f) the migration of alpha-beta-peptide complexes to the macrophage cell surface where they can stimulate CD4 T cells, resulting in release of cytokines. A low pH is required for digestion of the protein by acidic hydrolases in the lysosome, for assembly of the alpha-beta-peptide complex and for its transport to the cell surface. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are weak diprotic bases that can diffuse across the cell membrane and raise the pH within cell vesicles. This background provides the underlying basis for the theory that antimalarials may act to prevent autoimmunity by the following putative mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Continuity of the Itô-Map for Holder Rough Paths with Applications to the Support Theorem in Holder Norm

Rough Path theory is currently formulated in p-variation topology. We show that in the context of Brownian motion, enhanced to a Rough Path, a more natural Holder metric π can be used. Based on fine-estimates in Lyons’ celebrated Universal Limit Theorem we obtain Lipschitz-continuity of the Ito-rnap (between Rough Path spaces equipped with π). We then consider a number of approximations to Brownian Rough Paths and establish their convergence w.r.t. π. In combination with our Holder ULT this allows sharper results than the p-variation theory. Also, our formulation avoids the so-called control functions and may be easier to use for non Rough Path specialists. As concrete application, we combine our results with ideas from [MS] and [LQZ] and obtain the Stroock-Varadhan Support Theorem in Holder topology as immediate corollary.
The Oklahoma public archaeology network: Reflections from a graduate student

Public (and community) archaeology are growing fields in the United States, but they are not yet given much attention in traditional university education. It is essential for archaeology students t...
Barriers and Facilitators to Public Transportation Use for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the barriers and facilitators of public transportation use and participation from the perspectives of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabi...
Feedback Control Design for Robust Comfortable Sit-to-Stand Motions of 3D Lower-Limb Exoskeletons

Lower-limb exoskeletons provide people who suffer from lower limb impairments with an opportunity to stand up and ambulate. Standing up is a crucial task for lower-limb exoskeletons as it allows the user to transfer to the exoskeleton from a wheelchair, with no assistance, and can be a precursor to walking. Achieving a safe sit-to-stand motion for the exoskeleton + user system can be challenging because of the need to balance user comfort while respecting hardware bounds and being robust to changes in the user characteristics and the user’s environment. We successfully achieve safe sit-to-stand motions by using constrained optimization to generate two types of dynamic sit-to-stand motions based on two hybrid system descriptions for the exoskeleton, Atalante. Due to the highly constrained nature of the equations of motions, we introduce a method to systematically design virtual constraints for highly constrained systems. We also design two quadratic program-based computed-torque controllers to achieve the sit-to-stand motion and to safely come to a stop in a standing position. We then analyze the closed-loop behaviors of the two sit-to-stand motions under the two controllers using physically motivated robustness tests. The criteria used to determine a successful sit-to-stand motion are: tracking error, the pitch acceleration of the torso, the amount of user force needed to perform the motion, and the adherence to the Zero Moment Point (ZMP), friction, and joint constraints.
Minority Tax Reform - Avoiding Overtaxing Minorities When We Need Them Most.

Minority Tax Reform Black faculty members are often expected to engage in diversity initiatives, a drain on their time and resources known as the “minority tax.” But taxes can be reformed, and seve...
Robustness of Adaptive Measurement of Change to Item Parameter Estimation Error

Adaptive measurement of change (AMC) is a psychometric method for measuring intra-individual change on one or more latent traits across testing occasions. Three hypothesis tests—a Z test, likelihoo...
Rounding the Corner on Trade Dress: A Tribute to the Jurisprudence of Judge Richard D. Cudahy

Judge Richard Cudahy’s dissenting opinion in the 1993 trade dress case, Kohler Co. v. Moen Inc., dealt with the importance of the “right to copy” unpatented designs. This Essay argues that this opinion foreshadowed the Supreme Court’s recent shift away from an overly simplistic view of intellectual property as the sole engine of innovation to a renewed understanding of the interplay between property and competition as innovation drivers.
The frequency of arteriosclerotic and hypertensive heart disease among ostensibly healthy working populations in Finland. An electrocardiographic and clinical study.

Abstract An attempt was made to apply electrocardiography (ECG) as a tool in epidemiologic investigation. Five geographically and occupationally different groups comprising a total of 985 ostensibly healthy Finnish men in the age range from 20 to 59 years were examined. Strictly defined and standardized techniques and criteria were used in the ECG, history, and clinical examination. Substantial differences occurred in the frequency of ECG abnormalities among the groups with a range from 28.9 per cent among the Helsinki Fire Brigade to 13.1 per cent among lumberjacks of East Finland. The differences were essentially due to left ventricular preponderance, S-T depressions, and T wave abnormalities. The frequency of coronary involvement varied from 8.9 to 4.0 per cent, with a significant difference between eastern (8.9 per cent) and western (4.1 per cent) rural men. The difference was largely due to angina pectoris and to the category of possible myocardial infarction. Hypertension also showed significant differences, the range being from 37.2 to 11.4 per cent in the different groups. Correspondingly, hypertensive heart disease varied from 9.3 per cent among firemen to 0 in lumberjacks. High voltage R waves compatible with left ventricular hypertrophy occurred with the same frequency in men with hypertension, moderately elevated or normal blood pressure. It is concluded that population differences may be described with the aid of electrocardiography. The causes of the observed differences are discussed.
Individual-Focused Approaches to the Prevention of College Student Drinking

Alcohol consumption is prevalent among college students and can become problematic for some. Numerous randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of individual preventive interventions in reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related problems in college student populations. Consistent with earlier reviews, the balance of the evidence from studies conducted during the past 3 years strongly supports the efficacy of brief motivational interventions combined with personalized feedback interventions (PFIs) and personalized normative feedback (PNF), as well as of stand-alone PFI/PNF interventions. Recent analyses also continue to support the efficacy of alcohol expectancy challenge interventions, although the findings are less consistent. In addition, recent analyses offer mixed support for feedback-based interventions focused solely on blood alcohol concentration and for multicomponent, alcohol education–focused interventions that include elements of PFI/PNF. No evidence of efficacy was found for programs that only included alcohol education.
Teoría de la globalización: bases Fundamentales

En el articulo se plantea la globalizacion como una teoria, cuya premisa fundamental es el mayor grado de interdependencia, en todos los campos, entre las regiones y paises del mundo, sobre la base de los adelantos tecnologicos en el campo de las comunicaciones y las consecuencias economicas y socioculturales que de ello se derivan. Igualmente se establecen las similitudes y diferencias de la teoria de la globalizacion con otras corrientes del pensamiento economico y social. Finalmente se enumeran los aspectos que actualmente son objeto de estudio por parte de la corriente teorica de la globalizacion.
The psychiatric interview

The psychiatric interview : , The psychiatric interview : , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Error Probabilities for Optical Receivers That Employ Dynamically Biased Avalanche Photodiodes

A novel theory was recently reported for the avalanche multiplication process in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) under dynamic reverse-biasing conditions. It has been shown theoretically that the bit-synchronized, periodic modulation of the electric field in the multiplication region can offer improvements in the gain-bandwidth product by reducing intersymbol interference in optical receivers. This paper reports a rigorous formulation of the sensitivity of optical receivers that employ dynamically biased APDs. To enable the sensitivity analysis, a recurrence theory is developed to calculate the joint probability distribution function (PDF) of the stochastic gain and avalanche buildup time in APDs that are operated under dynamic biasing. It is shown that in an ideal buildup-time limited scenario, a minimum receiver sensitivity of −20 dBm is predicted at an optimal gain of approximately 47 for a 60 Gb/s communication system, compared to a minimum of 0 dBm in the static-bias case. The receiver sensitivity analysis also reveals that, as the peak-to-peak voltage of the dynamic reverse bias increases, the device optimal gain increases while maintaining a short avalanche buildup time and reduced ISI. Of course, a point of diminishing return exists in practice when the tunneling current in the multiplication region becomes dominant.
Cervical carcinoma in pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. Sixty-four cases of cervical carcinoma in 18,200 deliveries are presented, 51 in situ and 13 invasive. 2. 2. Invasive cervical carcinoma, in the pregnant patient, is diagnosed 15 years earlier than in the general population. 3. 3. Full cervical examination in the prenatal patient is mandatory at any time of gestation including cytologic screening and necessary punch biopsies and conizations. 4. 4. Patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy should be delivered vaginally. The only definitive therapy is total abdominal hysterectomy with a wide vaginal cuff. Any other therapy carries a potential risk. 5. 5. The treatment of invasive cervical carcinoma is dependent upon the stage of the lesion and the trimester of gestation. Delivery of the infant should be by classical cesarean section. 6. 6. Pregnancy only alters the prognosis of invasive cervical carcinoma if the lesion is not diagnosed prior to delivery.
Tracking painted pebbles: Short‐term rates of sediment movement on four Mojave Desert piedmont surfaces

[1] To quantify short-term sediment movement rates across Mojave Desert piedmonts, 1600 painted and numbered pebbles were laid out in paired, orthogonal, 20 m lines at 4 sites and resurveyed five times over 2 years and revisited 2 years later. Pebble lines cross shallow (5–15 cm), ephemeral channels and adjacent unconsolidated interfluves, the latter being the dominant landform at all sites. Two sites are located on surfaces that have been or are impacted by military training activities, including the use of tracked vehicles. The two other sites have not been disturbed by human impact. Three different processes transport pebbles. Episodic streamflow in ephemeral channels transports a few pebbles long distances (decimeters to meters) down gradient. Bioturbation moves many pebbles small distances (centimeters) in any direction, and vehicular disturbance transports pebbles varying distances (centimeters to meters) in any direction. Significant down-gradient sediment movement occurred dominantly in channels where flowing water was concentrated. Interfluves were stable surfaces where little transport occurred. Off-road vehicle use is coincident with accelerated pebble movement. Pebbles moved further and faster down gradient at the disturbed Iron Mountain and East Range Road sites (mean speeds of 0.18 and 0.34 m yr−1, respectively) than at the undisturbed Chemehuevi and Goldstone sites, (mean speeds of 0.17 and 0.02 m yr−1, respectively). Mean pebble movement is highly and negatively correlated with vegetation density. Short-term pebble movement rates are several times lower than long-term (103 to 104 year) rates, suggesting the importance of rare, extreme precipitation events for sediment transport such as those of fall and winter 2004.
Developmental control of transcriptional and proliferative potency during the evolutionary emergence of animals

It is proposed that the evolution of complex animals required repressive genetic mechanisms for controlling the transcriptional and proliferative potency of cells. Unicellular organisms are transcriptionally potent, able to express their full genetic complement as the need arises through their life cycle, whereas differentiated cells of multicellular organisms can only express a fraction of their genomic potential. Likewise, whereas cell proliferation in unicellular organisms is primarily limited by nutrient availability, cell proliferation in multicellular organisms is developmentally regulated. Repressive genetic controls limiting the potency of cells at the end of ontogeny would have stabilized the gene expression states of differentiated cells and prevented disruptive proliferation, allowing the emergence of diverse cell types and functional shapes. We propose that distal cis-regulatory elements represent the primary innovations that set the stage for the evolution of developmental gene regulatory networks and the repressive control of key multipotency and cell-cycle control genes. The testable prediction of this model is that the genomes of extant animals, unlike those of our unicellular relatives, encode gene regulatory circuits dedicated to the developmental control of transcriptional and proliferative potency.
Internuclear transfer of genetic information in kar1-1/KAR1 heterokaryons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Heterokaryons of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been constructed utilizing the kar1-1 mutation, which prevents nuclear fusion during conjugation (J. Conde and G. Fink, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:3651-3655, 1976). Each heterokaryon contained two haploid nuclei that were marked on several chromosomes. They segregated haploid progeny (cytoductants), most of which have the nuclear genotype of one or the other of the heterokaryon parents, but they occasionally segregated progeny having a recombinant genotype (exceptional cytoductants). Exceptional cytoductants receive the majority of their genome from one parent (the recipient) and a minority from the other (the donor). Transfer of two markers from the donor nucleus to the recipient is rarely coincident for markers located on different chromosomes but is nearly always coincident for those markers located on the same chromosome, suggesting that whole chromosomes are transferred from the donor nucleus to the recipient. In crosses of kar1-1 X KAR1 parents, either nucleus may act as a recipient or donor with equal probability. Recipient nuclei acquired 9 of the 10 chromosomes examined, with frequencies which were inversely correlated with the size of the chromosome. When a chromosome is acquired by the recipient nucleus, it either replaces its homolog or exists in a disomic condition. Haploid progeny emanating from kar1 X KAR1 crosses are frequently inviable. I tested whether this inviability might be the result of chromosome loss by donor nuclei. Viability of progeny from kar1 X KAR1 heterokaryons was improved when the parental nuclei were diploid to an extent consistent with the hypothesis, and diploid progeny which had become monosomic were recovered from these heterokaryons. The following sequence of events accounts for chromosome transfer in kar1 X KAR1 heterokaryons. After cell fusion, each nucleus in the heterokaryon has a probability of about 0.38 of losing one or more chromosomes. A nucleus sustaining such a loss can become a donor in a chromosome transfer event. If the other nucleus does not sustain a mortal chromosome loss, it can become a recipient in a transfer event. The chance of acquiring a chromosome lost by the donor is greater for smaller chromosomes than for larger ones and is about 0.05 for the average chromosome.
HOMELESSNESS IN AMERICA

ABSTRACT: A second wave of books on homelessness in American has emerged since the crisis was first documented in the early 1980s. A dozen of these books are reviewed in this article. One conclusion of the review is that the urban dimensions of homelessness have yet to receive adequate treatment. An agenda for research on urban homelessness is offered, emphasizing the need to study the role of place in the lives of homeless people, the forces creating urban spatial reorganization, differences in social networks across homeless subpopulations, and the changing geographic organization of shelter and services targeted to the homeless.
Grid optimization for the boundary element method

The quality of solution obtained using the boundary element method (BEM) is dependent on how the boundary is discretized. This is particularly true in domains of complex geometry. A rule for grid optimization for the BEM is derived on the bases of an asymptotic measure of the boundary element error that preserves the number of elements (degrees of freedom). Three example problems are provided to show the advantages of grid optimization in terms of accuracy and cost.
Mitosis hit with an ATM transaction fee: aurora B-mediated activation of ATM during mitosis.

In this issue of Molecular Cell , Yang et al. (2011) demonstrate that Aurora B phosphorylates ATM, leading to its mitotic activation and ability to phosphorylate Bub1 and regulate the spindle checkpoint, thus maintaining genomic integrity.
Mediastinal lymphangioma: Mayo Clinic experience of 25 cases

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical findings, treatment outcomes, disease recurrence rates, and survival of patients with pathologically confirmed mediastinal and cervicomediastinal lymphangioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS There are 2 patient cohorts. Cohort A consisted of 12 Mayo Clinic patients with pathologically confirmed mediastinal or cervicomediastinal lymphangioma identified from 1986 to 1999. Cohort B consisted of 13 additional patients with mediastinal lymphangioma who had been previously reported from the Mayo Clinic (from 1976 to 1986). All patients were retrospectively identified, and follow-up was performed by either telephone or medical record review. RESULTS The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 36.5 years, with a male-female ratio of 1:3. All but 3 patients were symptomatic at presentation, with dyspnea being the most common symptom. Computed tomographic scans commonly revealed a homogeneous, low-attenuation mass that often involved vascular or airway structures. Although 3 patients were initially observed, all patients had surgical intervention because of symptoms or enlargement of the mass. Thoracotomy with resection was the most common surgical intervention. Five recurrences were noted. Recurrence was minimized by complete excision of the lymphangioma. On follow-up that spanned 23 years, 75% of patients were alive. These survival rates were not statistically different from the expected survival rates of the same age- and sex-matched controls. Only 1 death was attributed to complication from lymphangioma. CONCLUSION Mediastinal and cervicomediastinal lymphangioma are rare lesions that can be treated successfully with surgical excision. Prognosis appears to be excellent because no difference in survival was found between patients and age- and sex-matched controls.
A historian looks at gender and science

Gender theorists such as Evelyn Fox Keller suggest that science, through its association with objectivity, is inherently masculine. According to this theory women who enter science do so at considerable cost to their psyches. Such a view rests on weak evidence and is historically untenable; it can only hinder, and not help, efforts to improve women's position in society.
Revising documentation deliverables based on usability evaluation findings: a case study

As various usability-testing methods continue to gain in popularity in software development organizations, it is time to examine how software documentation can also benefit from usability evaluation. This short paper briefly describes a case study in which a software documentation team used the findings from a usability study of their software installation manual to justify a large change in the architecture of their information deliverables. Specifically, the team chose to cease delivery of their installation documentation in a printed manual format in favor of context-sensitive online help delivered directly in the installation wizard interface. The online help version of the installation instructions meets the users' usability requirements by allowing users to access information directly from the interface itself.