cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH-B-224-02: PET Image Segmentation for Radiation Therapy

Positron emission tomography(PET) brings to radiation therapy of cancer the critical advantage of defining the tumor based on its molecular properties. However, delineating the gross tumor volume (GTV) with PET is problematic due to the uncertainties in the biological and physiological processes governing the tracer uptake and to the instrumental inaccuracy of the PETimages. Despite this, the delineation of tumors in PETimages is used in radiation therapy for target definition, dose painting and treatment outcome assessment. The lecture will provide examples of the different tumor segmentation tasks and point to the different requirements they may present. It will further point to the segmentation challenges arising from the PETimage specifics, inaccuracies and uncertainties. It will also propose a classification of the auto‐segmentation methods used in PET and provide examples of few auto‐segmentation methods representative of the different classes. Finally, the need of evaluation and validation of the segmentation techniques will be discussed. Learning objectives: 1. Understand the different requirements to PET segmentation set by the specific goal. 2. Be aware of the physical properties of PETimages which affect segmentation accuracy. 3. Be able to provide a simple classification of the auto‐segmentation tools and explain the need for validation.
A comparison: the efficacy of sevoflurane-nitrous oxide or propofol-nitrous oxide for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia

Abstract Study Objective: To compare sevoflurane-nitrous oxide with propofol-nitrous oxide for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and to determine the rates of recovery following each anesthetic. Design: Randomized, controlled study. Setting: Teaching hospital. Patients: 50 ASA physical status I and II patients, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years. Interventions: General anesthesia was induced with either sevoflurane or propofol and maintained with 60 % to 70% nitrous oxide and either sevoflurane or a propofol infusion and supplemental fentanyl. At the conclusion of surgery, the oxygen flow was increased to 6 L/min and all anesthetics were discontinued simultaneously. Patients were monitored for the nature and speed of induction and emergency from anesthesia. Measurements and Main Results: Induction of anesthesia was significantly slower in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group (2.0 ± 1.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5 min, respectively). The ease of induction and the time required for emergence from anesthesia were the same in both study groups (eye opening: 9.0 ± 4.4 min vs. 8.0 ± 5.0 min; following commands: 11.2 ± 5.0 min vs. 9.8 ± 6.9 min; extubation: 9.1 ± 4.5 min vs. 8.6 vs. 5.1 min in the sevoflurane and propofol groups, respectively). Patients in the sevoflurane group experienced nausea and vomiting more frequently than patients in the propofol group (13 and 5 patients vs. 3 and 0 patients in the sevoflurane and propofol groups, respectively), which were not related to the administration of neostigmine or intraoperative opioids. Conclusion: Sevoflurane allows for rapid inhalation induction of, and emergence from, general anesthesia.
EFFECT OF EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION ON SURVIVAL OF INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

To determine the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on the survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, we undertook a retrospective review of 31 infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated at Children's National Medical Center. Infants were categorized by means of the Bohn quadrant analysis to determine the impact of ECMO on infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and a “poor prognosis”. All infants assigned to the Bohn 100% mortality quadrant required ECMO. The survival rate in this group was 86% (6/7) when assessed preoperatively and 67% (6/9) when assessed postoperatively. Comparison of the change occurring in ventilation index and arterial carbon dioxide pressure demonstrated that after repair the clinical condition of 48% of infants deteriorated, 40% improved, and 12% remained unchanged. Of the 12 infants whose condition was worse after surgery, 11 eventually required ECMO. Our review demonstrates that ECMO improved survival significantly in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who had a “poor prognosis” by the criteria of Bohn et al. We recommend consideration of ECMO for all infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia for whom maximal medical therapy has failed.
Use of analysis of covariance in clinical trials: a clarification.

Abstract Criteria are discussed for using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and t-tests in analysis of clinical trials. Revisions are suggested in the guidelines given recently by Egger et al. (Controlled Clin Trials 6:12–24, 1985). Specifically, if one assumes that treatment groups have been successfully balanced by randomization, then ANCOVA is more powerful than the t-test under a broad range of conditions; this is true even in the model assumed by the t-test, and regardless of the presence of measurement error. If the balance cannot be assumed, then under certain conditions the t-test should be preferred over ANCOVA on grounds of validity.
Over-Education: What Influence Does the Workplace Have?.

Abstract The wage and job satisfaction impacts for over-educated workers have been well-documented; yet little attention has been paid to the consequences for firms. In this paper we examine over-education from the perspective of the workplace. Using linked employer–employee data for the United Kingdom, we derive the standard worker-level penalties on wages and job satisfaction. We then show how over-education rates across workplaces adversely influence workplace pay and workplace labor relations. For individual workers who may be at-risk of over-education, we also distinguish between workforce composition effects and workplace labor practices, such as hiring. The effect of over-education on job satisfaction is particularly strong and its effects are evident at the workplace level. Our results suggest that investigations of over-education at the level of the firm are a promising area of inquiry.
CARPE DIEM: seizing the day and reaping the benefit of student involvement in tools development

Employing students in your I.T. organization presents many management challenges, but offers at least as many opportunities as well, not the least of which are the daily opportunities we have to promote the core academic values of our institution: collegiality, creativity, intellectual and social engagement, innovation, and mutual respect.At Indiana University's Residential I.T. Services, we employ approximately 60 students each year to support technology in campus housing and in the residential technology centers. However, our management challenges, far from being unique to ResNet, cross organizational boundaries: how to train on limited budgets, how to instill good customer service skills and values; communication across a wide range of geographical locations, and cultural identities; scheduling shifts against an ever-changing backdrop of student availability, and last but not least, how to report, track, and conclude trouble tickets. In our program we "seized" the opportunity to let our students participate in the design and development of many of our organizational and business tools and processes. We will illustrate both the automated and dynamic tools we use for problem reporting, shift scheduling, skills development, knowledge management, communications, and team building, as well as reflect upon the bounty of good that can come from facilitating and leveraging student involvement in tools development and business processes.
Functional Fidelity, Context-Matching, and Individual Differences in Performance

Conventional personality questionnaires are often only weak predictors of operational performance. A major problem is that personality effects are moderated by contextual factors which may be mismatched across laboratory and real-world studies. Context mismatch threatens the ‘functional fidelity’ of laboratory performance tasks; the extent to which the individual behaves as they would in the operational environment. Three research strategies for enhancing the functional fidelity of laboratory studies of individual differences are proposed. First, contexts relevant to specific personality traits may be developed in the laboratory. For example, socially threatening environments may be necessary to find meaningful effects of neuroticism. Second, traits linked to a specific performance context may be employed. The validity of traits for driver stress vulnerability supports this approach. Third, psychophysiological responses to simulations of the cognitive demands of the work environment may be used. Our recen...
Ethane: a marker of lipid peroxidation during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans

Abstract The goals of this study were to (1) determine the utility of quantification of ethane as a marker of ischemia-reperfusion during human cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); and (2) determine, using an animal model for this surgical procedure, whether the mode of surgical approach produced increases the quantity of exhaled ethane. Human CPB was initiated following standard anesthetic and monitoring regimens. Samples of gas were collected at baseline and at multiple defined time points throughout the studies. Ethane was determined using cryogenic concentration and gas chromatography. Sternotomy increased exhaled ethane compared to baseline (p
The efficacy and tolerability of divalproex sodium in elderly demented patients with behavioral disturbances

Behavioral disturbances are commonly encountered in elderly demented patients. The records of all patients admitted to a geropsychiatric inpatient unit within a 2-year period who had a primary diagnosis of dementia and an accompanying behavioral disturbance treated with divalproex sodium were reviewed. Of the 13 patients identified, all tolerated divalproex sodium without significant side-effects. General psychiatric symptoms, overall agitation, physical aggression and non-aggressive physical agitation decreased significantly, but verbal agitation did not. Divalproex sodium is well tolerated and may be effective in ameliorating certain behavioral disturbances in elderly demented patients with agitation.
A Randomization Procedure for "Trickle-Process" Evaluations.

This note suggests a solution to the problem of achieving randomization in experimental settings where units deemed eligible for treatment "trickle in, " that is, appear at any time. The solution maximizes assurance of true random assignment and minimizes costs in administration. It also permits replication of the experiment in order to test for time- dependent effects.
Ring effect studies: Rayleigh scattering, including molecular parameters for rotational Raman scattering, and the Fraunhofer spectrum.

Improved parameters for the description of Rayleigh scattering in air and for the detailed rotational Raman scattering component for scattering by O2 and N2 are presented for the wavelength range 200 ‐1000 nm. These parameters enable more accurate calculations to be made of bulk molecular scattering and of the Ring effect for a variety of atmospheric radiative transfer and constituent retrieval applications. A solar reference spectrum with accurate absolute vacuum wavelength calibration, suitable for convolution with the rotational Raman spectrum for Ring effect calculations, has been produced at 0.01-nm resolution from several sources. It is convolved with the rotational Raman spectra of O2 and N2 to produce an atmospheric Ring effect source spectrum. © 1997 Optical Society of America
DECLINING SOCIAL CAPITAL AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: CONSEQUENCES FOR SMALL TOWNS AFTER WELFARE REFORM

In 1997, welfare reform replaced the federal system of entitlement with a workfare system based on the values of self-sufficiency and personal responsibility. Proponents of reform argue that if social services are needed, local nonprofit organizations (NPOs) such as food banks can provide them. But claims that local NPOs can expand programs in the wake of welfare cuts merit closer scrutiny. This paper investigates two questions. First, why is the nonprofit sector being touted as a replacement for the welfare state? Second, is there sufficient social capital—the willingness of people to donate their time and money in a community—for NPOs to expand social services with less state funding? The answer to the first question explains how the crisis of Fordism led to welfare spending cuts. In its place arose a more flexible “shadow state” comprised of NPOs. The rise of the “shadow state” signals a conscious effort to reduce government spending. It also means providing less assistance to the poor because the volu...
Fault-aware application scheduling in low-power embedded systems with energy harvesting

In this paper, we propose a hybrid design-time and run-time framework for reliable resource allocation, i.e., mapping and scheduling of applications, in multi-core embedded systems with solar energy harvesting. Our framework is designed to cope with the complexity of an application model with data dependencies and run-time variations in solar radiance, execution time, and transient faults, with support for flexible schedule templates at design-time, and lightweight online adjustment mechanisms to monitor run-time dynamics and make adjustments to task execution strategy. Our experimental results indicate improvements in performance and adaptivity using our framework, with up to 29.5% miss rate reduction compared to prior work and 55% performance benefits from adaptive run-time workload management, under stringent energy constraints and varying system conditions at run-time.
Single and double electron capture from He by Ar16+ studied using cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy

Single and double electron capture from He targets by ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{16+}$ ions have been studied at projectile velocities from 0.3 to 1.5 a.u. Cold-target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy was used to record the energy gain and scattering angle simultaneously. For single capture, the reaction window is found to spread in width approximately as the square root of the projectile velocity and to shift slightly toward smaller energy-gain values as the velocity increases. The angular distributions center at the half Coulomb angle over most of the velocity range covered, but differ in shape from multichannel Landau-Zener model results. For double capture, transfer ionization dominates and feeds primarily $n$-symmetric states, where n is the principal quantum number. True double capture feeds mainly $n$-asymmetric states. The angular distributions for double capture lie outside the half Coulomb angle, indicating the importance of two-step processes in populating doubly excited states.
Augmented Reality-Based Manual Assembly Support With Visual Features for Different Degrees of Difficulty

This research investigates different visual features for augmented reality (AR)–based assembly instructions. Since the beginning of AR research, one of its most popular application areas has been manual assembly assistance. A typical AR assembly application indicates the necessary manual assembly operations by generating visual representations of parts that are spatially registered with, and superimposed on, a video representation of the physical product to be assembled. Research in this area indicates the advantages of this type of assembly instruction presentation. This research investigates different types of visual features for different assembly operations. The hypothesis is that in order to gain an advantage from AR, the visual features used to explain a particular assembly operation must correspond to its relative difficulty level. The final goal is to associate different types of visual features to different levels of task complexity. A user study has been conducted in order to compare different v...
A VLSI architecture for two-dimensional Radon transform computations

A unified Radon-transform/back-projection IC that is capable of performing the forward Radon transform and back-projection computations in a multiprocessor array architecture is being designed in a CMOS technology. The architecture of the IC and related design considerations are presented. This chip would make possible high-quality image reconstruction to 12-b resolution at video rates. >
Demand for data communications

The published facts about traditional data communications are assembled, with a view to combining this information with similar information about voice and video, to obtain an overall view of telecommunications traffic and revenues. The data presented are in the form of national aggregates. The information is used to estimate public and private network data communication revenues for the next five years. >
Examining Relationship Satisfaction and Individual Distress for Low-to-Moderate Income Couples in Relationship Education

Although economic disadvantage is linked to poor relationship quality and increased individual distress, emerging literature supports couples and relationship education as effective at improving re...
Exploiting clock skew scheduling for FPGA

Clock skew scheduling (CSS) is an effective technique to optimize clock period of sequential designs. However, these techniques are not effective in the presence of certain design structural constraints that limit the CSS. In this paper, we present an analysis of several design structural constraints that affect the CSS and propose techniques to resolve these constraints. Furthermore, we propose a CSS FPGA architecture and a novel clock-period optimization (CPO) flow that tackles some of these constraints by exploiting the re-configurability of FPGAs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FPGA architecture with the CPO flow achieved an average performance improvement of 24.4% which was an average performance improvement of 10.7% over the CPO flow without considering the constraints.
Aposematic coloration, luminance contrast, and the benefits of conspicuousness

Many organisms use warning, or aposematic, coloration to signal their unprofitability to potential predators. Aposematically colored prey are highly visually conspicuous. There is considerable empirical support that conspicuousness promotes the effectiveness of the aposematic signal. From these experiments, it is well documented that conspicuous, unprofitable prey are detected sooner and aversion learned faster by the predator as compared with cryptic, unprofitable prey. Predators also retain memory of the aversion longer when prey is conspicuous. The present study focused on the elements of conspicuousness that confer these benefits of aposematic coloration. Drawing on current understanding of animal vision, we distinguish 2 features of warning coloration: high chromatic contrast and high brightness, or luminance, contrast. Previous investigations on aposematic signal efficacy have focused mainly on the role of high chromatic contrast between prey and background, whereas little research has investigated the role of high luminance contrast. Using the Chinese mantid as a model predator and gray-painted milkweed bugs as model prey, we found that increased prey luminance contrast increased detection of prey, facilitated predator aversion learning, and increased predator memory retention of the aversive response. Our results suggest that the luminance contrast component of aposematic coloration can be an effective warning signal between the prey and predator. Thus, warning coloration can even evolve as an effective signal to color blind predators. Copyright 2007.
Substantial variation in the interpretation of financial disclosure policies for orthopaedic society meetings.

Background: Physician disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is currently controversial. To address this issue, orthopaedic societies have implemented a variety of guidelines related to potential conflict-of-interest disclosure. Transparency is crucial to address the concerns about potential conflict-of-interest disclosure. Nonetheless, prior studies have noted substantial discrepancies in disclosures to societies for individual authors who present their research work at multiple conferences. Our goal was to evaluate the ability of orthopaedic surgeons to interpret disclosure policy statements regarding project-specific or global disclosure instructions. Methods: The disclosure policy statements of the ten conferences most frequently attended by this group were collected, and selected statements were compiled into a questionnaire survey that was administered to orthopaedic faculty and trainees at our institution. Subjects were asked to read each statement and identify whether they interpreted the policy to be requesting project-specific disclosures (potential conflict of interest related to the research work in the abstract being submitted) or global disclosure (inclusive of all potential conflicts of interest, including those not associated with the abstract being submitted). The correct responses were identified by communicating with the individual societies and determining the responses desired by the society. Results: The study had a 100% return rate from seventeen orthopaedic faculty, twenty-five orthopaedic residents and fellows, and twenty-five medical students. The average number of incorrect responses to the ten questions was 2.8. Forty-six percent of respondents had three or more incorrect responses, 24% had two incorrect responses, 19% had one incorrect response, and 10% had no incorrect responses. There was no significant difference in responses between those of different training levels. Subjects were no more likely to answer a project-specific question incorrectly than they were to answer a global question incorrectly. Conclusions: This study clearly demonstrated a discrepancy between what societies intend to identify with disclosure policies and what the orthopaedist interprets is intended. Almost half of those completing the survey did not correctly understand the intention of three or more of the policies, even with expected study intent bias. This study showed that the language used in disclosure policy statements and the lack of a uniform policy may be a cause of substantial discrepancies in potential conflict-of-interest disclosure.
Price Endogenous Mathematical Programming As a Tool for Sector Analysis

The question, "Why use a mathematical programming model at the sectoral level?" is addressed. To address this question, discussion is presented mathematically and verbally upon mathematical programming sector models in which both price and quantity are endogenous variables. The discussion covers both the theoretical properties and the empirical concerns which must be faced in applying such models. Discussion is also presented upon the usefulness of the modeling approach for policy analysis. Selected bibliograpic citations' use of the approach in policy analysis are given.
A Programmable Transducer Self-Assembled from DNA.

A transducer consists of an input/output alphabet, a finite set of states, and a transition function. From an input symbol applied to a given state, the transition function determines the next state, and an output symbol. Using DNA, we have constructed a transducer that divides a number by 3. The input consists of a series of individually addressable 2-state DNA nanomechanical devices that control the orientations of a group of flat 6-helix DNA motifs; these motifs have edge domains tailed in sticky ends corresponding to the numbers 0 and 1. Three-domain DNA molecules (TX tiles) act as computational tiles that correspond to the transitions that the transducer can undergo. The output domain of these TX tiles contains sticky ends that also correspond to 0 or 1. Two different DNA tiles can chelate these output domains: a 5 nm gold nanoparticle is attached to the chelating tile that binds to 0-domains and a 10 nm gold nanoparticle is attached to the chelating tile that binds to 1-domains. The answer to the division is represented by the series of gold nanoparticles, which can be interpreted as a binary number. The answers of the computation are read out by examination of the transducer complexes under a transmission electron microscope. The start or end points of the output sequence can be indicated by the presence of a 15 nm gold nanoparticle. This work demonstrates two previously unreported features integrated in a single framework: a system that combines DNA algorithmic self-assembly with DNA nanomechanical devices that control that input, and the arrangement of non-DNA species, here metallic nanoparticles, through DNA algorithmic self-assembly. The nanomechanical devices are controlled by single-stranded DNA strands, allowing multiple input sequences to be applied to the rest of the system, thus guiding the algorithmic self-assembly to a variety of outputs.
The effect of duty hour regulation on resident surgical case volume in otolaryngology.

ObjectiveEvaluate the effect of duty hour regulation on graduating otolaryngology resident surgical case volume and analyze trends in surgical case volume for Accreditation Council for Graduate Med...
Nonmydriatic Ocular Fundus Photography Among Patients with Focal Neurologic Deficits in an Emergency Department (ED) (P3.096)

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the frequency of and the predictive factors for abnormal ocular fundus findings among ED patients who presented with focal neurologic deficits. BACKGROUND: While several large cohort studies have associated ocular fundus abnormalities with the long-term risk of stroke, the value of ocular fundus examination in patients presenting with focal neurologic deficits, particularly suspected transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke, has not been evaluated. The ABCD2 score is widely used for the risk stratification of patients with suspected TIA, but does not include fundus findings. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of prospectively enrolled adult patients presenting to our ED with a chief complaint of focal neurological deficits. Ocular fundus photographs were obtained using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Demographic and neuro-imaging information were collected, including the ABCD2 score components. Two neuro-ophthalmologists independently reviewed photographs for acute retinopathic/vasculopathic findings (i.e., retinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, grade III/IV hypertensive retinopathy, and retinal vascular occlusions). The results were analyzed using univariate statistics and logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: We included 257 patients (median age: 52 years, 63% women), among whom 81 (32%) had cerebrovascular disease (CVD; 22 strokes, 59 TIAs) and 17 (7%;95%CI:4-11%) had acute retinopathic/vasculopathic findings. Acute retinopathic/vasculopathic findings were associated with CVD among patients with focal neurologic deficits (odds ratio [OR]=3.4;95%CI:1.2-9.3;p=0.02), and a trend toward association remained after controlling for ABCD2 score and abnormal diffusion weighted imaging (DWI; OR=2.5;95%CI=0.8-7.2;p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular fundus abnormalities were found in 7% of patients presenting with focal neurologic defects to our ED, and predicted CVD among these patients, probably even after accounting for ABCD2 score and DWI lesions. This suggests that inclusion of non-mydriatic ocular fundus photographs in the evaluation of patients with focal neurologic deficits could assist in the differentiation of high-risk CVD from other causes of focal neurologic deficits and warrants additional study. Disclosure: Dr. Bruce has received personal compensation for activities with Kaiser Permanente. Dr. Bruce has received research support from Pfizer, Inc. and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Vuong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thulasi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Biousse has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Up To Date. Dr. Wright has recieved royalty payments from Emory University. Dr. Wright has held stock and/or stock options in Zenda Technologies. Dr. Newman has received personal compensation for activities with Santhera.
Enhanced drug delivery via hyperthermal membrane disruption using targeted gold nanoparticles with PEGylated Protein-G as a cofactor

Abstract Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with near infrared (NIR) plasmon resonance have been promisingly used in photothermal cancer therapy as a less invasive treatment. Recombinant Protein-G (ProG) was PEGylated to act as a cofactor to immobilize immunoglobulins (IgGs) on GNPs by the F c region, resulting in optimal orientation of IgGs for efficient cancer targeting. In-vitro studies showed that HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells, SK-BR-3, were efficiently targeted and ablated at a laser power of 900 J/cm 2 (5 W/cm 2 for 3 min). However, as a means of enhancing treatment efficacy by increasing cellular sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, we showed that GNP exposure to lower power laser resulted in small disruptions of cell membrane due to localized hyperthermia. This did not lead to cell death but provided a mechanism for killing cancer cells by providing enhanced uptake of drug molecules thus leading to a new avenue for hyperthermia-anticancer drug combined cancer therapeutics. From the Clinical Editor PEGylated recombinant Protein-G was used as a cofactor to optimize the orientation of IgGs providing “target seeking” properties to gold nanoparticles used in photothermal cancer therapy. The system demonstrated excellent properties in cancer therapy, with the hope and expectation of future clinical translation.
Energy Eigenstates of Spherically Symmetric Potentials Using the Shifted 1/$N$ Expansion

We show that an excellent analytic approximation to the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schr\"odinger equation can be obtained using the shifted $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion, where $N$ is the number of spatial dimensions. This technique, which was physically motivated for power-law potentials, is extended in this paper to general spherically symmetric potentials. The calculations are carried out for states with arbitrary quantum numbers $n$ and $l$ using fourth-order perturbation theory in the shifted expansion parameter $\frac{1}{\overline{k}}$, where $\overline{k}=N+2l\ensuremath{-}a$. We obtain very accurate agreement with numerical results for a variety of potentials for a very large range of both $n$ and $l$. Our results using the shift $a$ are consistently better than those previously obtained using the unshifted expansion parameter $\frac{1}{k}$, $k=N+2l$. The shifted $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion is seen to be applicable to a much wider class of problems than are most other approximation methods.
The Harrower collection and its place in the history of ophthalmic pathology.

Abstract A set of ophthalmic pathology slides made in 1882 by Dr. David Harrower, a Massachusetts physician who studied at Moorfields Eye Hospital, and Mr. W. Jennings Milles, the curator at Moorfields, are reviewed. They are of historical significance, as they were made at a time when microscopic examination of ocular tissues was first being introduced, and they represent one of the earliest examples of the use of celloidin for embedding ocular tissue. The slides are well preserved and contain cases demonstrating a wide spectrum of ocular pathology. The Harrower collection is possibly the oldest existing slide collection of ophthalmic histopathology.
Behavioral feedback as a catalyst for emergence in multi-agent systems

Swarm algorithms rely on randomness to produce solutions for complex problems. The random selection of actions and chance interactions of agents force a swarm to attempt many behavioral possibilities - reinforcing the productive ones and dampening the dead ends. Randomness however, is a dual-edged sword: it is necessary to insure a wide range of agent behavior, but also a source of inefficiency and wasted resources. Using behavioral feedback, we reinforce effective use of randomness - using it to select from a restricted list of useful actions. By observing an agent's behavior over the three domains of time, space, or category, we establish a context for the application of randomness. The set of possible agent actions can be reduced to only those that are potentially beneficial. With this constraint, our results show we can dramatically improve performance and induce faster emergence from swarm algorithms using behavioral feedback
THE EFFECTS OF INJECTING 2,3,5,‐TRIIODOBENZOIC ACID INTO KALAMCHOE DAIGREMONTIANA

Summary Low concentrations of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) injected into Kalanchoe daigremontiana induced hyponasty while high concentrations induced epinasty. Changes in oxygen uptake preceded any visible morphological changes. Both hyponasty and oxygen uptake varied directly with the concentration of TIBA. Following injection very little lateral movement of TIBA occurred. Virtually all the TIBA initially moved directly up or down from the point of injection. This movement could be correlated with the vascular anatomy of K. daigremontiana. Explanations are advanced to account for the hyponasty, epinasty and oxygen uptake induced by TIBA.
The kinetics of dihydrostreptomycin uptake in Pseudomonas putida membrane vesicles: absence of inhibition by cations

Dihydrostreptomycin was taken up in isolated cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Pseudomonas putida by an active transport mechanism. Saturation kinetics were observed with an apparent Km and Vmax of 15 mM and 50 nmol/min/mg of protein respectively. The evidence suggested that the observed kinetics was that of the energy-dependent phase I component of dihydrostreptomycin uptake. Neither magnesium nor the polyamine, spermine, inhibited dihydrostreptomycin transport. Thus, the inhibition of aminoglycoside uptake in intact cells of Gram-negative bacteria and the increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence of multivalent cations and polyamines were interpreted to be effects that take place at the outer membrane level.
The neural circuit basis of Rett syndrome

Rett syndrome is an Autism Spectrum Disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG binding protein (MeCP2). Following a period of normal development, patients lose learned communication and motor skills, and develop a number of symptoms including motor disturbances, cognitive impairments and often seizures. In this review, we discuss the role of MeCP2 in regulating synaptic function and how synaptic dysfunctions lead to neuronal network impairments and alterations in sensory information processing. We propose that Rett syndrome is a disorder of neural circuits as a result of non-linear accumulated dysfunction of synapses at the level of individual cell populations across multiple neurotransmitter systems and brain regions.
The Power and the Promise of Restimulation-Induced Cell Death in Human Immune Diseases

Controlled expansion and contraction of lymphocytes both during and after an adaptive immune response are imperative to sustain a healthy immune system. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of lymphocyte apoptosis are programmed to eliminate cells at the proper time to ensure immune homeostasis. Genetic disorders of apoptosis described in mice and humans have established Fas and Bim as critical pro-apoptotic molecules responsible for T-cell death in response to T-cell receptor restimulation and cytokine withdrawal, respectively. Emerging evidence prompts revision of this classic paradigm, especially for our understanding of restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) and its physiological purpose. Recent work indicates that RICD employs both Fas and Bim for T-cell deletion, dispelling the notion that these molecules are assigned to mutually exclusive apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, new mouse model data combined with our discovery of defective RICD in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) patient T cells suggest that RICD is essential for precluding excess T-cell accumulation and associated immunopathology during the course of certain infections. Here, we review how these advances offer a refreshing new perspective on the phenomenon of T-cell apoptosis induced through antigen restimulation, including its relevance to immune homeostasis and potential for therapeutic interventions.
Law, Language and Love: James Boyd White's Living Speech: Resisting the Empire of Force

This essay reviews James Boyd White’s LIVING SPEECH: RESISTING THE EMPIRE OF FORCE. Particular attention is given to exploring White’s claims about the relationship of law, language and love. The essay concludes by addressing questions that emerge from text concerning the sacral, even theological, grounding of law.
Distributed spanner with bounded degree for wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a new distributed algorithm that constructs a sparse spanner subgraph of the unit disk graph efficiently for wireless ad hoc networks. It maintains a linear number of links while still preserving some power-efficient routes for any pair of nodes. We prove that this new topology not only has a bounded node degree k but also has a bounded power stretch factor 2 in civilized graph. Finally, we give some simulation results to verify its performance in practice and conclude the paper with the discussion of possible future works.
Fluoride Varnish: a Useful New Tool for Public Health Dentistry

Since first shown to be effective by Bibby in 1942, professionally applied topical fluorides have been used successfully as a caries-preventive intervention. In the United States, the acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gels have been the most widely used agent for over two decades. While effective, APF has several practical disadvantages, including unpleasant taste and the risk of fluoride overingestion. The use of APF on infants and very young children is not practical or safe. Recently, fluoride varnish has become available in the United States. It has been used widely in Europe and Scandinavia for 25 years. Its effectiveness and safety are documented in over 50 clinical trials. Fluoride varnish is easy to apply, is well accepted by children, and eliminates the risk of overingestion of fluoride. Fluoride varnish is approved by the FDA as a "device" and must be used "off label" for the prevention of caries. Because of the large body of published data documenting its effectiveness and safety, there is no legal risk in using fluoride varnish off label. In fact, the American Dental Association has granted its seal of approval to Duraphat, one of the varnish products. Varnish offers considerable advantages in the dental public health setting. Of particular note, it is practical and safe to apply to the teeth of infants and very young children.
A qualitative study of smokers’ responses to messages discouraging dual tobacco product use

Cigarette companies increasingly promote novel smokeless tobacco products to smokers, encouraging them to use smokeless tobacco in smoke-free environments. New messages may counteract this promotion. We developed 12 initial anti-smokeless message ideas and tested them in eight online focus groups with 75 US smokers. Those smokers who never tried smokeless tobacco were unaware of health risks of novel smokeless tobacco products, perceived scary messages as effective and acknowledged the addictive nature of nicotine. Smokers who had tried smokeless tobacco shared their personal (mainly negative) experiences with smokeless tobacco, were aware of health risks of novel smokeless tobacco products, but denied personal addiction, and misinterpreted or disregarded more threatening messages. Portraying women as smokeless tobacco users was perceived as unbelievable, and emphasizing the lack of appeal of novel smokeless tobacco products was perceived as encouraging continued smoking. Future ads should educate smokers about risks of novel smokeless tobacco products, but past users and never users may require different message strategies.
The Next-Order Corrections to Quasigeostrophic Theory

Quasigeostrophic theory is an approximation of the primitive equations in which the dynamics of geostrophically balanced motions are described by the advection of potential vorticity. Quasigeostrophy also represents a leading-order theory in the sense that it is derivable from the full primitive equations in the asymptotic limit of zero Rossby number. Building upon quasigeostrophy, and the centrality of potential vorticity, a systematic asymptotic framework is developed from which balanced, next-order corrections in Rossby number are obtained. The simplicity of the approach is illustrated by explicit construction of the next-order corrections to a finiteamplitude Eady edge wave.
Hand Function and Imaging Outcomes

Hands are critical for daily functioning for humans but are also a common part of the skeleton to be involved in arthritic processes. Several modalities are available for imaging the hand in confirming the diagnosis, disease progression monitoring, as well as for predicting future function in arthritic conditions. Simple radiography (X-rays), the long-standing gold standard for hands imaging, is cheap, easily available, and well validated for diagnosis and monitoring various arthritic processes by documenting primarily changes in the bones. However, to visualize the pathology in the soft tissues (synovium, tendons, ligaments, etc.) and cartilage, modern imaging modalities such as ultrasonography (US)—gray scale and Doppler—computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are required. US, CT, and MRI have also been shown to be more sensitive for diagnosing and monitoring early stages of arthritis than simple X-rays. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and digital X-ray radiogrammetry assess disease progression in RA by quantifying changes in hand bone density. Finally, serial hand imaging by any modality is a surrogate measure for future hand function, the important outcome from a patient’s point of view. This chapter reviews the evidence for correlations between hand imaging by different modalities with hand function.
Vulnerability and chronic illness management in pediatric kidney and liver transplant recipients

Context—Solid-organ transplant is the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure and requires a transition from management of a life-threatening condition to a chronic illness. Despite research focusing on quality of life after transplant, there is a gap addressing the role of managing a chronic illness focusing on vulnerability and impact on family. Objective—Identify patient and family patterns of adaptation among kidney and liver transplant recipients in regard to (1) vulnerability, (2) impact of illness on the family, (3) family functioning, and (4) quality of life (parent and child report). Design—Cross-sectional study enrolling children 5 to 18 years old and their parent at a single time point after kidney or liver transplant. Validated self-report tools were completed. Results—In all, 47 participants (24 kidney and 23 liver) were recruited. Mean age at transplant was 4.0 (kidney) and 2.1 (liver) years. Mean age at report was 12.1 (kidney) and 7.1 (liver) years. Child vulnerability correlated n...
Ending Book Hunger: Social Publishing and the Power of Mission-Driven Innovation

Around the world, billions of people find that books are too expensive, too difficult to find, or are simply not being published in the languages that they speak. The problem of “book hunger” is pervasive across the developing world, and for lower-income adults and children in the United States. This market failure comes at an enormous social cost. The lack of affordable and appropriate reading material is holding back education as a path out of poverty. Fortunately, a solution exists. This book examines the growing sector of “social publishing,” an emerging non-profit sector driven by the belief that all people should enjoy opportunities to read, regardless of their income or native language. This book offers a descriptively rich, accessible account of the inspiring world of social publishing, drawing upon extensive interviews with organizational leaders driving the evolution of this emerging sector. Case studies of organizations both in the United States and abroad explore the many challenges social publishers face – including geographic, cost, and language barriers – and the innovative solutions they are developing to forge a new business model for low-cost, multilingual, truly multicultural publishing. The book’s central objectives are to document the emerging practices of social publishers, to generate insight about what makes their efforts successful or unsuccessful, and to derive broader lessons from this particular case study of social innovation. A key theme of this research is the role of social mission in driving business model innovation. To deliver books that are appropriate, attractive, and affordable to neglected readerships, social publishers cannot simply imitate the established business models of for-profit publishers. Instead, they are forced to innovate radically different strategies in the areas of content acquisition, production, and marketing. These innovations include free-to-the-reader pricing, digital distribution, open licensing, and distributed authorship. A full appreciation of these innovative business models for social publishing is central to solving the problem of book hunger sustainably and at scale. More broadly, understanding the phenomenon of “mission-driven innovation” can also inform other initiatives in philanthropy, nonprofit management, social innovation, public policy, and corporate social responsibility.
How bad is occupational coding error? A task-based approach

Studies of occupational choice and mobility are often plagued by rampant occupational coding error. Use of task-based occupation measures, such as O*Net, may mitigate the bias caused by coding error if the occupation is misclassified as an occupation similar to the true occupation. Measuring occupational changes in “task space”, I find that task-based measures reduce the problems of coding error, but only slightly. If one does not correct for coding error, one overestimates traditional occupational mobility rates by about 90%; using task-based measures, the overestimate of mobility is still 75%. I also show that when tasks are used as regressors and coding error is not corrected, estimates will be attenuated by 15%–20%. Task-based measures are a slight improvement over census occupation codes but are no panacea for dealing with coding error.
Increases in NKG2C Expression on T Cells and Higher Levels of Circulating CD8+ B Cells Are Associated with Sterilizing Immunity Provided by a Live Attenuated SIV Vaccine

Vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are highly effective immunogens in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus macaque animal model and offer the possibility of studying correlates of protection against infection with virulent virus. We utilized a tether system for studying, in naive macaques and animals vaccinated with a live-attenuated vaccine, the acute events after challenge with pathogenic SIV. This approach allowed for the frequent sampling of small blood volumes without sedation or restraining of the animals, thus reducing the confounding effect of sampling stress. Before challenge, vaccinated animals presented significantly higher levels of proliferating and activated B cells than naive macaques, which were manifested by high expression of CD8 on B cells. After SIV challenge, the only changes observed in protected vaccinated macaques were significant increases in expression of the NK marker NKG2C on CD4 and CD8 T cells. We also identified that infection of naive macaques with SIV resulted in a transient peak of expression of CD20 on CD8 T cells and a constant rise in the number of B cells expressing CD8. Finally, analysis of a larger cohort of vaccinated animals identified that, even when circulating levels of vaccine virus are below the limit of detection, live attenuated vaccines induce systemic increases of IP-10 and perforin. These studies indicate that components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems of animals inoculated with a live-attenuated SIV vaccine respond to and control infection with virulent virus. Persistence of the vaccine virus in tissues may explain the elevated cytokine and B-cell activation levels. In addition, our report underpins the utility of the tether system for the intensive study of acute immune responses to viral infections.