cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Role of Arachidonate Lipoxygenases in Regulating Apoptosis

Aoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a genetically encoded cell suicide program defined by characteristic morphologic, biochemical, and molecular changes resulting in nonpathologic cell loss. A large number of distinct cellular phenotypes set apoptosis apart from another cell death process, i. e., necrosis.1,2 Apoptosis plays a key role in physiological processes such as embryonic development, maturation of the host immune system, and in maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis. Apoptosis has also been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions exemplified by cardiac infarction, atherosclerosis, Alzeimer’s disease and other neurodegenic diseases, HIV, tumorigenesis and tumor progression. A multitude of factors have been implicated in regulating/modulating apoptosis; these include: (i) oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes exemplified by p53, bcl-2 family (bcl-2, bcl-XL, bcl-Xb, bcl-XS, bax, BAG-1, bad, bak, Al, Mcl-1), myc, ras, abl, raf, Rb-1, and Waf-1; (ii) growth factor/growth factor receptors represented by NGF/NGF receptor, TNF-α/Fas, TGF-β/TGF receptor, IGF-1/IGF receptor, and PDGF/PDGF receptor; (iii) intracellular signal transducers such as protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases and protein phosphatases, lipid signaling molecules such as ceramide, and Ca2+; (iv) cell cycle regulators exemplified by cdc-2 and E2F; (v) reactive oxygen species; (vi) extracellular matrix regulators/signal transducers (extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and transmembrane integrin receptors); (vii) specific endonucleases such as Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent DNase; and (viii) cytoplasmic proteases typified by ICE (interleukin 1-converting enzyme) family.1–10 The major impact of apoptosis on cancer research is manifested primarily in three areas: oncogenesis, tumor homeostasis, and the mechanism of action of c ytotoxic antitumor drugs.11 Most anti-tumor agents such as radiation (by generating oxygen radicals) and chemotherapeutic drugs kill tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. Likewise, development by tumor cells of resistance to these treatments is mostly a result of loss of response to apoptosis induction.1,11
An estimation-theoretic approach to video denoiseing

A novel denoising scheme is proposed to fully exploit the spatio-temporal correlations of the video signal for efficient enhancement. Unlike conventional pixel domain approaches that directly connect motion compensated reference pixels and spatially neighboring pixels to build statistical models for noise filtering, this work first removes spatial correlations by applying transformations to both pixel blocks and performs estimation in the frequency domain. It is premised on the realization that the precise nature of temporal dependencies, which is entirely masked in the pixel domain by the statistics of the dominant low frequency components, emerges after signal decomposition and varies considerably across the spectrum. We derive an optimal non-linear estimator that accounts for both motion compensated reference and the noisy observations to resemble the original video signal per transform coefficient. It departs from other transform domain approaches that employ linear filters over a sizable reference set to reduce the uncertainty due to the random noise term. Instead it jointly exploits this precise statistical property appeared in the transform domain and the noise probability model in an estimation-theoretic framework that works on a compact support region. Experimental results provide evidence for substantial denoising performance improvement.
X-ray lasers: past, present, and future

X-ray lasers now exist with wavelengths and output powers in the 20-nm and megawatt ranges, respectively.1 Normal operation is in a single pass amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) mode. All successful experiments to date have used plasmas as the lasing medium, created by focused high power visible/IR lasers.
Stereotactically guided thrombolysis of deep cerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results

BACKGROUND The neurologic outcome from conventional medical or surgical therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is poor; however, stereotactically guided instillation of thrombolytic agents to dissolve parenchymal clots due to hypertensive hemorrhage has recently produced results equal to or better than those obtained with conventional therapies. OBJECTIVE To determine whether stereotactic thrombolysis of deep ICH is safe and effective. METHODS We administered urokinase to clots in four patients with hypertensive ICH. After the hemorrhage was localized using angiography and computed tomography-assisted stereotactic technique, a ventricular catheter was used to administer urokinase to the clot. RESULTS Preliminary results showed dramatic reduction in clot volume within 48 hours of initiating treatment and modest clinical improvement in all four patients. No further hemorrhages were seen after treatment. Three patients ultimately died of non-neurologic causes. CONCLUSIONS With careful patient selection, stereotaxy-assisted thrombolytic therapy may be an advance in the treatment of certain cases of ICH. Results of this study support others’ findings that the volume of the hematoma in intracerebral hemorrhage can be safely and dramatically reduced without resorting to open surgery.
Study and Application of the De-icing Methods for Transmission Lines in Guizhou Power Grid

Summarizing the de-icing methods for the transmission lines at the 110 kV vogtage and below levels in Guizhou Power Grid in 2011,this paper analyzes the application scope of each method,and compares their advantages and disadvantages.Based on the practice in Guizhou Power Grid,it is proposed that two methods,i.e.,vehicle-based DC-Dicer and deicing transformer,can be mainly adopted for the 110 kV and below transmission line de-icing,and the corresponding prototypes have been developed.The field tests of these prototypes demonstrate the feasibility of proposed mehtod.
Update on infections involving permanent pacemakers. Characterization and management

From January, 1974, to December, 1983, 75 patients with infections related to permanent pacemakers were successfully treated. Demographic characterization, mode of presentation, types of infecting organisms, potential predisposing factors, significance of a retained infected pacemaker lead, and various medical and surgical treatment methods were analyzed. Likely infecting organisms depended on the mode of presentation and the time of the infection. Dermatologic diseases accounted for a significant number of secondary infections. Removal of the entire infected pacing system was required for eradication of infection in 74 of 75 patients. In 31 patients, the infected system was removed at the same time that the new system was implanted. In 26 patients, a two-stage procedure was used that included a period of temporary pacing between explantation of the old system and implantation of the new. No difference in complications or incidence of reinfection was found between these two groups. Infections occurring within 2 weeks after operation accounted for 15% of the cases. In these patients, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism. In patients with later infections, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common.
DNAdraw: a program for preparing DNA and protein data for publication.

DNAdraw is a Macintosh® program designed to prepare DNA and protein data for publication. In additional to providing standard ways of highlighting data, e.g., fonts, styles and shading, DNAdraw has special features for formatting sequence data and for handling aligned sequence data. Output for the program is to a Postscript Tm printer. A simple example is presented to illustrate DNAdraw formatting and highlighting, and an example for aligned data is given. This new version of the program that has been written for other machines is the first to run under a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and incorporates many new features.
More than a Story: My Life Came Back to Life

Purpose Social models of aphasia rehabilitation emphasize the importance of supporting identity renegotiation, which can be accomplished in part through personal narrative construction. The purpose...
Optimal Strain Paths in Linear Viscoelasticity: The Effect of the Past History

ABSTRACT Consider a one-dimensional linear viscoelastic material which has been subjected to a given past history h(t) of strain up to time t = 0. The work W(e) needed to produce a given strain eT in a given time T depends on the strain path e(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ T, connecting h(0) with eT. We here ask the question: Of all strain paths of this type, is there one which is optimal in the sense of least work? In answer to this question we show that:1 These results, for h ≡ 0, were given by Gurtin, MacCamy, and Murphy [1]. A formal construction of the optimal path, again for h ≡ 0, was given earlier by Breuer [2] for the special case in which the relaxation function is the sum of exponentials. This optimal path was also presented (without derivation) by Ponter [3] at about the same time.
An atom probe tomography investigation of Ti–MoS2 and MoS2–Sb2O3–Au films

Atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy are used to analyze magnetron-sputtered MoS2 films containing Ti and Au/Sb2O3 as a model system for tribological coatings. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the Ti–MoS2 film is dense and featureless whereas Sb2O3/Au–MoS2 film is less dense and have columnar morphology. Three-dimensional atom probe reconstructions revealed that the Ti–MoS2 films have a homogeneous composition and contain about 15 at.% Ti, which is uniformly distributed throughout the MoS2 matrix without any evidence of Ti precipitation. Sb2O3/Au–MoS2 films also showed homogeneous distribution of Sb2O3 throughout the MoS2 matrix and the presence of Au-rich precipitates. The complementary techniques of atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy indicate that Ti and Sb2O3 incorporation in the deposition of MoS2 produces amorphous microstructures, whereas the addition of Au forms nano-sized and well-dispersed precipitates.
On a cyberinfrastructure platform for multidisciplinary, data-intensive scientific research

Development of a cyberinfrastructure (CI) was envisioned to support a large research team geographically spread across the state of Nevada and elsewhere to conduct truly multidisciplinary research in the areas of solar energy, water and environment as well as many related social and economic activities. Although constrained by financial and human resources available, this cyberinfrastructure, named as Southern Nevada Research Cloud (SNRC), features an advanced, sustainable end-to-end data acquisition and processing system that encompasses remote data sensors and research sites, high speed computer networks, and big data processing capabilities. Built upon the integration and fine-tuning of off-the-shelf hardware and many open source software packages, SNRC is currently being tested by the researchers and other stakeholders in support of their research and educational missions.
Hoverboards: A new cause of pediatric morbidity.

Abstract Introduction The hoverboard, a self-balancing powered scooter, was introduced to the market in 2015 and quickly became one of the most popular purchases of the year. As with similar products, this scooter brought a host of concerns surrounding injuries. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of injuries that coincided with the popularity of hoverboard. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried from 2011 through 2015 for injuries related to scooters/skateboards, powered (product number, 5042), which includes the hoverboard. Patient data on sex, age, race, diagnosis, most severely injured body part, location where the injury occurred, and narrative of the injury were collected. The estimated injury incidence was calculated and compared on a yearly and monthly basis. Google Trends was used to determine the popularity of the hoverboard over the same time period. Results During the 5-year study period, there were an estimated 47,277 injuries associated with the hoverboard. In 2015, there was an average 208% (range, 167–278%; standard deviation (SD), 51.8%) increase in the number of injuries compared to any of the previous 4 years. Further analysis of these injuries revealed a significant increase in the number of forearm (475%; range, 310–662%; SD, 159%), leg (178%; range, 133–206%; SD, 34%), and head and neck (187%; range, 179–197%; SD, 7.6%) injuries in 2015 compared to the previous 4 years. The most common type of injury in 2015 was a fracture (38.9%). Analysis of the sites of these fractures between 2014 and 2015 revealed a 752% increase in forearm fractures, which included over a 4000% increase in the number of wrist fractures. Conclusions Given the number of injuries caused by these products, safety equipment, such as wrist guards and helmets, should be worn in an attempt to reduce the number of injuries. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of physicians keeping up to date with current trends to best advise their patients on safe practices.
Stylometric Authorship Attribution of Collaborative Documents

Stylometry is the study of writing style based on linguistic features and is typically applied to authorship attribution problems. In this work, we apply stylometry to a novel dataset of multi-authored documents collected from Wikia using both relaxed classification with a support vector machine (SVM) and multi-label classification techniques. We define five possible scenarios and show that one, the case where labeled and unlabeled collaborative documents by the same authors are available, yields high accuracy on our dataset while the other, more restrictive cases yield lower accuracies. Based on the results of these experiments and knowledge of the multi-label classifiers used, we propose a hypothesis to explain this overall poor performance. Additionally, we perform authorship attribution of pre-segmented text from the Wikia dataset, and show that while this performs better than multi-label learning it requires large amounts of data to be successful.
Poorer outcomes among cancer patients diagnosed with Clostridium difficile infections in United States community hospitals

Cancer predisposes patients to Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) due to health care exposures and medications that disrupt the gut microbiota or reduce immune response. Despite this association, the national rate of CDI among cancer patients is unknown. Furthermore, it is unclear how CDI affects clinical outcomes in cancer. The objective of this study was to describe CDI incidence and health outcomes nationally among cancer patients in the United States (U.S.). Data for this study were obtained from the U.S. National Hospital Discharge Surveys from 2001 to 2010. Eligible patients included those at least 18 years old with a discharge diagnosis of cancer (ICD-9-CM codes 140–165.X, 170–176.X, 179–189.X, 190–209.XX). CDI was identified using ICD-9-CM code 008.45. Data weights were applied to sampled patients to provide national estimates. CDI incidence was calculated as CDI discharges per 1000 total cancer discharges. The in-hospital mortality rate and hospital length of stay (LOS) were compared between cancer patients with and without CDI using bivariable analyses. A total of 30,244,426 cancer discharges were included for analysis. The overall incidence of CDI was 8.6 per 1000 cancer discharges. CDI incidence increased over the study period, peaking in 2008 (17.2 per 1000 cancer discharges). Compared to patients without CDI, patients with CDI had significantly higher mortality (9.4% vs. 7.5%, p < 0.0001) and longer median LOS (9 days vs. 4 days, p < 0.0001). CDI incidence is increasing nationally among cancer patients admitted to U.S. community hospitals. CDI was associated with significantly increased mortality and hospital LOS.
Use of Trimmed Duplicates Derived from Laboratory Data To Estimate Standard Deviation

Improved standard deviation estimates from possibly biased duplicate measurements can be derived from appropriately trimmed plots of standard deviation estimates using pairs of replicates vs the quantiles of a half-normal distribution. Simulated studies show that these estimates exhibit generally lower mean-squared errors and biases than do more standard robust estimators of location-3/4 times the interquartile range and 3/2 times the mean absolute deviation from the median
An evaluation of student performance and perceptions within an integrated pharmaceutics course sequence.

Abstract Background and purpose To describe the design of an integrated pharmaceutics course sequence and to assess the sequence by evaluating both student performance and perceptions. Educational activity and setting The non-sterile products portion of a pharmaceutics course sequence was designed to integrate the disciplines of physical pharmacy, dosage forms, pharmacy compounding, and pharmaceutical calculations and to include the respective topics deemed most relevant to doctor of pharmacy curriculum. The appropriate course content was organized in a modular format that began with the general concepts of drug product administration, preparation, stability, and performance and then specifically applied these concepts to a variety of non-sterile dosage forms. Findings Student performance was assessed through several cumulative exams and lab practicals. Mean performance on these assessments was at a level generally considered to be adequate within the study institution. However, students performed better on the assessments having a lesser emphasis on physical pharmacy (p Summary The collected data indicate that the integrated course design facilitated the learning of applicable pharmaceutics-related topics and support the use of a number of different design elements. In addition, this study provides valuable insights for others providing professional-level pharmaceutics-related education and has helped guide our own course improvement efforts.
Ge-on-Si wavelength division multiplexing components near 4.7 μm

Wavelength division multiplexing components based on Ge-on-Si waveguides are presented for operation near 4.7 μm wavelength. Transmission characteristics of 1 × 1 and 2×2 MZIs (35 dB extinction) and AWGs (25.7 dB cross-talk) are reported.
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) for upper limb function after stroke

Abstract Functional electrical stimulation is used to treat arm and hand motor impairment after stroke. This chapter discusses the purposes and methods of applying functional electrical stimulation for upper limb stroke rehabilitation. It then summarizes clinical research studies on the efficacy of various functional electrical stimulation approaches and gives recommendations for future work.
Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A.

A total synthesis of the cytotoxic polyketide marine natural product callystatin A is described. The route features chiral allenylmetal additions to construct the polypropionate C15−22 segment and an sp2−sp3 Suzuki coupling to join the C1−C11 and C12−C22 subunits.
Globalism in Star Trek

Star Trek indicates three distinct politics resulting from the creation of a global society: (1) Federation; (2) Empire; and (3) Neoliberalism. The federation path to world government is predicated on the concept of justice known in the academic literature on Star Trek as “liberal humanism”—a classless society, free of gender/ethnic bias. The justice (i.e. liberal humanism) evident in federation inspires others to become part of the global polity. The Empire strategy of establishing global governance relies on national, religious (for Star Trek “species”) identity. Within Empire, a particular identity group seeks to politically impose themselves on other (species) societies. They do so through military (violent) means and deception—claiming racial/political superiority in the process. The proponents of neoliberalism argue for a global regime based on practical considerations—expanding trade relations and bolstering international security. Star Trek indicates that a political basis of neoliberalism is the WE/THEY distinction—a la Carl Schmitt. Utilizing these templates, as set out in Star Trek, it can be concluded that the American-led global hegemonic system contains characteristics from all three templates. Star Trek suggests, however, that only the federation route to global government is viable.
Three HIV Drugs, Atazanavir, Ritonavir, and Tenofovir, Coformulated in Drug-Combination Nanoparticles Exhibit Long-Acting and Lymphocyte-Targeting Properties in Nonhuman Primates

Abstract Drug-combination nanoparticles (DcNPs) administered subcutaneously represent a potential long-acting lymphatic-targeting treatment for HIV infection. The DcNP containing lopinavir (LPV)-ritonavir (RTV)-tenofovir (TFV), Targeted-Long-Acting-Antiretroviral-Therapy product candidate 101 (TLC-ART 101), has shown to provide long-acting lymphocyte-targeting performance in nonhuman primates. To extend the TLC-ART platform, we replaced TLC-ART 101 LPV with second-generation protease inhibitor, atazanavir (ATV). Pharmacokinetics of the ATV-RTV-TFV DcNP was assessed in macaques, in comparison to the equivalent free drug formulation and to the TLC-ART 101. After single subcutaneous administration of the DcNP formulation, ATV, RTV, and TFV concentrations were sustained in plasma for up to 14 days, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 8 to 14 days, compared with 1 to 2 days in those macaques treated with free drug combination. By 1 week, lymph node mononuclear cells showed significant levels for all 3 drugs from DcNPs, whereas the free controls were undetectable. Compared with TLC-ART 101, the ATV-RTV-TFV DcNP exhibited similar lymphocyte-targeted long-acting features for all 3 drugs and similar pharmacokinetics for RTV and TFV, whereas some pharmacokinetic differences were observed for ATV versus LPV. The present study demonstrated the flexibility of the TLC-ART's DcNP platform to include different antiretroviral combinations that produce targeted long-acting effects on both plasma and cells.
Loss of hematopoietic diversity with age.

In this issue of Blood, Ganuza et al describe decreased clonal contributions to hematopoiesis during steady-state aging and after transplant-induced stress in mice. Using an in vivo Confetti tracking model, they attribute murine clonal dominance to mutations in genes not previously associated with clonal hematopoiesis.
Glint Correction of Unmanned Aerial System Imagery

Glint in aquatic imagery captured by Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is a limiting factor when performing spectral analysis. It cannot be corrected by methods developed for space-based imaging systems, meaning new approaches are required. Two processes using in-situ radiometric data were developed augmenting an established method for removing atmospheric effects from imagery, the Empirical Line Method (ELM), to remove glint from multispectral UAS imagery. The results of this correction showed good agreement with in-situ spectroradiometer measurements and similar accuracy to atmospherically compensated satellite measurements. The Root-Mean-Square Error of the UAS retrieved remote sensing reflectance was as low as 0.0004 sr-1 and outperformed the traditional ELM.
Distance Makes Losses Less Painful: Distance and Construal on Reactions to Organizational Changes

Organizational changes are routine in organizational life, and recent work has highlighted the importance of recipients’ reactions as critical to the success of those changes. The current work expl...
A Quality Improvement Initiative: Developing a Multi-Disciplinary Team for Infective Endocarditis.

Background As guidelines do not describe how to develop a multi-disciplinary team(MDT), we provide a model using quality improvement tools to design a MDT for infective endocarditis (IE). Methods Primary service, specialty teams and whether they had surgery or not (indications, reasons, outcomes and complications) were recorded for IE patients for January-December 2016. Criteria: age >18years and definite IE per modified Duke criteria. Results Of all cases, 29/82 met criteria. Primary service: internal medicine 18(62.1%), medical intensive care and cardiology 4(13.8%) each, family medicine 2(7.9%) and pediatrics 1(3.4%). Surgery was indicated in 21(72.4%), 9 (42.9%) underwent surgery, 12 (57.1%) did not [6/9(66.67%) left side IE died, all right side IE (3,25%) survived] and 2 (22.2%) had missed opportunities and this was chosen as the leverage point. MDT was developed to reduce the number of left sided IE patients not undergoing surgery despite indications. Conclusions Quality improvement and team development tools help in developing MDT for IE.
Role of mass spectrometry in establishing safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements

As in drug discovery and development, mass spectrometry has become essential at all stages for establishing the safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements. Applications of mass spectrometry to the development of botanical dietary supplements include preclinical studies of the mechanisms of action (e.g., proteomic target identification and validation); identification of active natural products using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry; chemical standardization using UHPLC-MS/MS; and studies of metabolism, absorption and toxicity of active compounds using high resolution and UHPLC-MS/MS. Clinical applications of mass spectrometry include evaluation of the potential for drug-botanical interactions; investigation of the pharmacokinetics of active compounds; and quantitative analysis of biomarkers of efficacy during Phase I and II and clinical trials of safety and efficacy of botanical dietary supplements.
Strategies to improve treatment utilization for substance use disorders: A systematic review of intervention studies.

Abstract Background Many people who need specialty treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) do not receive it. Clinical interventions could increase treatment utilization but are not routinely used. This systematic review aimed to describe clinical interventions that may increase SUD specialty treatment utilization (i.e., treatment initiation, attendance, meaningful engagement) and to determine which intervention(s) most consistently increase treatment utilization. Methods We conducted a systematic review of clinical intervention studies (published in English between 2000 and 2017) reporting outcomes relevant to specialty SUD treatment utilization. Outcomes were treatment initiation, attendance, and meaningful engagement. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with bias scores Results Twenty-three RCTs had low risk of bias and were synthesized. Among intervention types with two or more studies, cognitive-behavioral (100% majority-positive) and coordinated care (67% majority-positive) interventions were most likely to increase treatment initiation, while 12-step promotion interventions were most likely to increase treatment attendance (50% majority-positive). One study (12-step promotion) measured meaningful engagement, with majority-positive outcomes. Conclusions A systematic review and narrative synthesis of clinical interventions promoting specialty SUD treatment utilization provided preliminary evidence that cognitive-behavioral and coordinated care interventions may increase treatment initiation, while 12-step promotion interventions may promote treatment attendance. More quality studies and greater consistency in treatment utilization measurement are needed.
Empathy and ethical becoming in biomedical engineering education: a mixed methods study of an animal tissue harvesting laboratory

Biomedical engineering presents a unique context for ethics education due to the human-centric nature of biomedical engineering coupled with the pervasiveness of animal-based practices. This study ...
A Low-Cost 3D Printed Meterstick Caliper Jaw

In high school and elementary college physics labs the measurement of vertical distance is often required. Measuring the distance an object falls or the vertical displacement of springs in a Hooke’s law experiment are commonplace. Determining these distances to perhaps a millimeter or two of precision is difficult without an expensive height gauge or a “jaw” attached to a meterstick. Figure 1 shows a new meterstick caliper jaw in use measuring spring elongation. This article presents an easy self-made replacement of the author’s design fabricated on a 3D printer. The printer files are available free as described.
Exploring the effectiveness of drainage water management on water budgets and nitrate loss using three evaluation approaches

Abstract Subsurface (tile) drainage is a necessary practice for economic crop production in humid, poorly drained regions of the world. Drainage water management (DWM), also known as controlled drainage, is among the suite of practices designed to mitigate water quality issues associated with subsurface drainage. Studies evaluating DWM generally include field experiments or simulation models to estimate water quality impacts. Combining field studies with model simulations can provide a more comprehensive assessment. Furthermore, using multiple approaches can provide a range of effectiveness rather than a single estimate, which can help define the uncertainty associated with DWM effectiveness. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the variability in estimated DWM effectiveness using 10 years of measured data and a calibrated hydrologic model. The study field, located in central Ohio, was under a free drainage (FD) mode from 2005 through 2008, and under DWM from 2009 through 2014. We used three approaches to compare discharge and nitrate concentrations and loads: before-and-after, paired-field, and DRAINMOD-NII simulated scenarios. Based on the three evaluation approaches, DWM increased surface runoff by 50% (∼13 mm), reduced annual drainage discharge between 8 and 23% (∼19 to 69 mm), annual mean NO3-N concentrations between −1 and 2.5%, and NO3-N loads between 9 and 25% (∼2.8 to 10.3 kg ha−1 yr−1). DWM also reduced the frequency of drainage discharge, and increased magnitudes of surface runoff, evapotranspiration, and seepage losses. The true magnitude of DWM effectiveness remains somewhat uncertain, especially in fields prone to seepage and runoff losses. However, using a combined assessment approach can help address the uncertainty associated with estimated DWM effectiveness at watershed and regional scales.
Reassessment of molecular and morphological variation within the Anagrus atomus species complex (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae): egg parasitoids of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Europe and North America

Members of the Anagrus atomus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) species complex within the atomus species group of the nominate subgenus of Anagrus Haliday are common egg parasitoids of typhlocybine le...
Quantifying methane emissions in Delaware from field-based mid-IR sensors and satellite observations

It is estimated that about 60 percent of total global methane emissions are thought to be from anthropogenic sources and about 40 percent from natural sources. Anthropogenic sources encompass a wide range of human activities, including food and energy production and waste disposal. Livestock (through fermentation processes in their digestive system that generates methane and manure management), rice cultivation, landfills, and sewage account for 55-57 percent of global anthropogenic emissions. This paper investigates methane emissions from agricultural land-use and livestock (e.g., poultry and cattle) farming practices in Delaware. Laser-based point sensing can provide a higher spatial and temporal resolution that can complement satellite observations to identify individual sources and broader geographical areas. A detailed understanding of their sources and sinks is necessary to model emissions profile accurately. This paper shows field measurements of methane using mid-IR laser-based sensors and validation with satellite data. We conducted our field deployment locally in the Delaware, Kent, and Sussex county regions focusing on high methane emitting areas. We used the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) methane satellite data to get a unified emissions map of methane production in Delaware by comparing our ground-based measurements with the satellite data. Furthermore, we examined the satellite data for long-term methane emissions trends to quantify 2020 average methane emissions.
A Thurston boundary and visual sphere of the universal Teichmüller space

A Thurston boundary of the universal Teichmuller space T(ⅅ) is the space PMLbdd(ⅅ) of projective bounded measured laminations of ⅅ. A geodesic ray in T(ⅅ) is of generalized Teichmuller-type if it shrinks the vertical foliation of a holomorphic quadratic differential. We consider the limit points in PMLbdd(ⅅ) of certain geodesic rays induced by non-integrable holomorphic quadratic differentials. In particular, we show that there is a geodesic ray in T(ⅅ), such that the limiting projective measured lamination is supported on a geodesic lamination, whose leaves are not homotopic to leaves of either vertical or horizontal foliation of the corresponding holomorphic quadratic differential.
Max-Type and Sum-Type Procedures for Online Change-Point Detection in the Mean of High-Dimensional Data

We propose two procedures to detect a change in the mean of high-dimensional online data. One is based on a max-type U-statistic and another is based on a sum-type U-statistic. Theoretical properties of the two procedures are explored in the high dimensional setting. More precisely, we derive their average run lengths (ARLs) when there is no change point, and expected detection delays (EDDs) when there is a change point. Accuracy of the theoretical results is confirmed by simulation studies. The practical use of the proposed procedures is demonstrated by detecting an abrupt change in PM2.5 concentrations. The current study attempts to extend the results of the CUSUM and Shiryayev-Roberts procedures previously established in the univariate setting.
Response of soil organic matter to cover cropping in water-limited environments

Abstract Cover crops are promoted to improve soil health and soil carbon (C) sequestration in agroecosystems, yet responses of various soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) components to cover cropping have not been quantified for water-limited environments. This study evaluated the response of SOC and N components to different cover crops and mixtures in limited irrigation winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)-fallow rotation. Cover cropping treatments included pea (Pisum sativum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.); mixtures of pea + oats (POmix), pea + canola (PCmix), pea + oats + canola (POCmix), and a six-species mixture (SSmix) of pea + oats + canola + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) + forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.) + barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); and a fallow. Cover crop treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design within each phase of the crop rotation. Soil samples were collected in the summer of 2019 and 2020 from the 0–15 cm depth of study plots established in fall 2015 and analyzed for various soil organic matter (SOM) components. Soil inorganic N was 7–36% lower with cover crops than fallow. The PCmix had 48–73% greater 24-h-carbon dioxide-carbon (CO2-C) than fallow, canola, and SSmix at termination time. Thirty-six days after termination, particulate organic carbon (OC) content was 61–69% higher with pea, SSmix, and POCmix than fallow. The SOC content was 9.3–22% greater with oats than pea, canola, POmix, and SSmix. Similarly, total N content with oats was 10% and 22% higher than with SSmix and canola, respectively. The increase in SOC and total N were primarily observed in intermediate-size aggregates (250 μm–2 mm and 53–250 μm). However, the minimum data set of soil health included SOC, soil pH, labile organic nitrogen (LON), mineral-associated organic nitrogen (MAON), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). While this study showed a diverse response of SOC and N components to various cover crop treatments, oats and their mixture as cover crops had greater SOC and total N than other cover crops. Cover cropping could improve soil health in crop-fallow rotations in water-limited environments.
Lyapunov exponent of finite-density inertial particles subjected to Stokes drag

When placed in a canonical flow (straining, rotational, and vortex stretching corresponding to the top, middle, and bottom row), finite-density particles can follow various paths. The present article analytically predicts their long-term behavior, namely, whether they will cluster or disperse or whether their trajectories cross.
Non-Autonomous Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the existence and stability of periodic solutions and describes the more recent works including the equations of Mathieu, Hill, van der Pol, and Duffing to portray the present state of the field and to present several representative and significant contributions. Equations continue to be perturbation schemes or expansions in small parameters for slightly nonlinear systems and topological arguments for studying overall properties of general systems. The topological results are particularly useful for engineering applications where the knowledge of such properties as the number and stability of periodic solutions for a system may reduce, or even preclude, a numerical analysis. The chapter discusses the topological transformation, stability of periodic solutions, indices of fixed points, and systems of class D.
STREPTOCOCCAL L FORMS V. : Acid-Soluble Nucleotides of a Group A Streptococcus and Derived L Form.

Edwards, John (University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, and Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.) and Charles Panos. Streptococcal L-forms. V. Acid-soluble nucleotides of a group A Streptococcus and derived L form. J. Bacteriol. 84:1202–1208. 1962.—This report deals with a comparison of the acid-soluble nucleotides from a group A, type 12, β-hemolytic streptococcus and a derived stable L form. This is the first report of the presence of a cell-wall precursor (uridine diphosphate-muramic acid-peptide) in a stable L form. Cells of each organism were obtained during their logarithmic phases of growth, harvested by centrifugation, and washed with osmotically protective NaCl solutions. The analytical procedures were essentially those of Franzen and Binkley. Calculated values indicated that these results could not be accounted for by dry-weight differences due to loss of the streptococcal cell wall. It was found that both organisms contained the same amount of total nucleotide material. The L form contained no uridine monophosphate (UMP), a large concentration of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-muramic acid-peptide, and a significant increase of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. A similar nucleotide containing muramic acid-peptide was not demonstrable in the parent coccus. Instead, UMP and an unidentified uridine nucleotide were resolved in this region. Analyses of extracts from this streptococcal L form indicate the probable presence of two of the three nucleotides originally isolated by Park from penicillin-treated Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of the UDP-muramic acid-peptide cell-wall precursor in the L form cultured in the continual absence of penicillin points to an inability of this form to resynthesize the rigid cell wall and indicates that this synthetic mechanism has been permanently impaired.
Consistent assessments of pathways toward sustainable development and climate stabilization

Many of the numerous difficult issues facing the world today involve relationships entailing trade-offs and synergies. This study quantitatively assesses some alternative scenarios using integrated assessment models, and provides several indicators relating to sustainable development and climate change, such as indicators of income (per capita GDP), poverty, water stress, food access, sustainable energy use, energy security, and ocean acidification, with high consistencies among the indicators within a scenario. According to the analyses, economic growth helps improve many of the indicators for sustainable development. On the other hand, climate change will induce some severe impacts such as ocean acidification under a non-climate intervention scenario (baseline scenario). Deep emission reductions, such as to 2°C above the pre-industrial level, could cause some sustainable development indicators to worsen. There are complex trade-offs between climate change mitigation levels and several sustainable development indicators. A delicately balanced approach to economic growth will be necessary for sustainable development and responses to climate change.
Pumice and pumicite

Domestic Production and Use: The estimated value of pumice and pumicite sold or used in 2008 was about $29 million. Domestic output came from 21 producers in 7 States. Pumice and pumicite were mined in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, and Kansas, in descending order of production. Approximately 50% of all production came from Arizona and California. About 58% of mined pumice was used toward the production of construction building block. Horticulture consumed nearly 14%; concrete admixture and aggregate, 7%; abrasives, 7%; and the remaining 14% was used for absorbent, filtration, landscaping, laundry stone washing, and other applications.
Galactose oxidase: probing radical mechanism with ultrafast radical probe

The detection of radical intermediates in reaction mechanisms can be difficult. Many radicals are highly reactive species and have very short lifetimes. Many well established methods exist to detect radical intermediates, including direct electron spin resonance (ESR) detection and spin-trapping methods. Still, there are many problems in enzyme reaction mechanisms where such methods are not effective in addressing mechanistic questions. A radical at an enzyme active site will be short-lived if it is generated in the active site in close proximity to other radicals. This is not an uncommon situation. One selected example that illustrates this is in the reaction mechanism of flavin-containing monoamine oxidase enzymes. Electron transfer from the amine substrate to the flavin coenzyme generates a transient amine radical cation and flavin semiquinone radical. Further reactions can then lead to nonradical products and a normal catalytic turnover. This mechanism was determined through the use of radical clock radical-probing substrates to detect radical intermediates in the radical reaction mechanism. Ultrafast, hypersensitive radical-probing radical rearrangements represent the ultimate in the detection of radical intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Such probes can detect radical intermediates that cannot be detected by any other expelfmental technique. The ultrafast, hypersensitive trans -2-phenylcyclopropylcarbinyl radical rearrangement, 5 to 6, has been applied to the study of several enzymes including galactose oxidase, the chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago , an alkane monooxygenase from Pseudomonas oleovorans , and cytochromes P450.
Cytochemical Reactions of Bovine Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma

Summary By using accepted cytochemical techniques the following reactions were observed in bovine spermatozoa: Acid phosphatase was present throughout with a slight reaction in the equatorial segment when sodium glycerophosphate was used as a substrate at pH 5.0. Alkaline phosphatase was present, with the exception of the neck, when the same substrate was employed at pH 9.0. Enzymatic activity was found in the neck, middle-piece and tail when adenosine triphosphate was used at pH 5.0. The occurrence of an enzyme acting upon hexose diphosphate (fructose-l,6-diphosphate) at pH 9.0 was noted in the head, neck, middle-piece and tail. Gram's stain and the Feulgen reaction were positive throughout the head, indicating the presence of both ribonucleic and desoxy-ribonucleic acids. Metachromatic staining was not obtained with toluidin blue, indicating the absence of mucopolysaccarides. Fat, including phospholipid, was localized in the middle-piece. The acrosome was characterized by a slight positive reaction with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction which was not due to glycogen, glycolipid or mucopolysaccharide. Furthermore, the protoplasmic droplet which occasionally was present on the tail gave an intense reaction with the periodic acid-Schiff procedure. Seminal plasma gave the following reactions: Acid phosphatase was positive with sodium glycerophosphate as a substrate at pH 5.0 and alkaline phosphatase was characterized by a weak response with hexose diphosphate (fructose-1,6-diphosphate) at pH 9.0. Gram's stain and toluidin blue gave no reactions. Baker's acid hematein test for phospholipid was negative, but the control preparations were characterized by a bluish-grey stippling and a positive test was obtained with Sudan black B. No reaction was observed with Bodian's protargol method. A slight positive reaction was obtained with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction.
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Defects of Platelet Function

A 71-year-old woman had von Willebrand's disease, an inheritable abnormality of platelet activity, and developed diabetic retinal neovascularization. A 59-year-old man had a myeoloproliferative disorder with thrombocythemia but may have had retinal changes before the development of his platelet dysfunction. The occurrence of diabetic proliferative retinopathy in patients with reduced platelet activity suggests that platelet induced microcirculatory abnormalities may not be required for neovascularization.
The “Political” philosophy of logical empiricism

LOGICAL empiricists, of course, have no philosophy of politics beyond what they have suggested in footnotes and asides; and these say only that political questions which do not fit into the unity of science are noncognitive. But this is not my point. It is rather that logical empiricism quite explicitly is, if it does not have, what may properly be called a political or social philosophy, and that this fact is both genuinely and generally important. My discussion begins with two recent papers by leading architects of this branch of analytic philosophy. These articles are especially significant for philosophers of whatever persuasion; for instead of using a technical apparatus to solve problems of detail that occur within a conceptual scheme or framework of principles, these deal with principles themselves and with the ways in which they may be established, tested, and defended. Since, as philosophers, we are all concerned with principles, and since philosophical controversies turn primarily upon commitments to principles and the
A history of the human fetal globin gene duplication.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of 11.4 kilobase pairs (kb) of human DNA that includes the two fetal globin genes, G γ and A γ , shows that they are part of a 5 kb tandem duplication. A small segment of DNA occurs three times, on either side of and between the two duplicates. We present two models that account for these observations. One model is simple but requires the assumption of a preexisting repetitive element; the other is more complex but does not require the assumption of preexisting repeats. Over much of the 5 kb duplicated region, the present duplicate copies differ by an average of 14% of their bases, from which we calculate that the duplication was first formed about 34 million years ago. However, 1.5 kb of DNA are vitually identical in the two genes analyzed here, probably as a consequence of an intergenic exchange (gene conversion) that replaced part of the diverging A γ gene with the corresponding part of the G γ gene. This conversion took place around 1 million years ago. A sequence of repeated dinucleotides may be one signal involved in exchanges leading to this and similar conversions. Cycles of duplication, triplication, deletion and gene conversion are probably common in many multigene families.