cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates lysyl oxidase through STAT3 in hyperoxia-mediated neonatal lung injury.

Introduction Neonatal lung injury as a consequence of hyperoxia (HO) therapy and ventilator care contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Increased expression and activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a key enzyme that cross-links collagen, was associated with increased sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) in human BPD. We, therefore, examined closely the link between LOX and SPHK1 in BPD. Method The enzyme expression of SPHK1 and LOX were assessed in lung tissues of human BPD using immunohistochemistry and quantified (Halo). In vivo studies were based on Sphk1−/− and matched wild type (WT) neonatal mice exposed to HO while treated with PF543, an inhibitor of SPHK1. In vitro mechanistic studies used human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). Results Both SPHK1 and LOX expressions were increased in lungs of patients with BPD. Tracheal aspirates from patients with BPD had increased LOX, correlating with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels. HO-induced increase of LOX in lungs were attenuated in both Sphk1−/− and PF543-treated WT mice, accompanied by reduced collagen staining (sirius red). PF543 reduced LOX activity in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and supernatant of HLMVECs following HO. In silico analysis revealed STAT3 as a potential transcriptional regulator of LOX. In HLMVECs, following HO, ChIP assay confirmed increased STAT3 binding to LOX promoter. SPHK1 inhibition reduced phosphorylation of STAT3. Antibody to S1P and siRNA against SPNS2, S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) and STAT3 reduced LOX expression. Conclusion HO-induced SPHK1/S1P signalling axis plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation of LOX expression via SPNS2, S1P1 and STAT3 in lung endothelium.
Novel risk scoring system for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with cabozantinib.

Abstract Background Cabozantinib is an effective treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The international mRCC database consortium (IMDC) criteria is the gold standard for risk stratification in mRCC. We created a risk scoring system specific for mRCC patients treated with cabozantinib. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 87 patients with mRCC treated with cabozantinib at Winship Cancer Institute from 2015 to 2019. Overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were used to measure clinical outcomes. Upon variable selection in multivariable analysis (MVA), elevated baseline monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), sarcomatoid histologic component, ECOG PS > 1, and absence of bone metastases were each assigned 1 point. A three-group risk scoring system was then created: low (score=0–1), intermediate (score=2), and high risk (score=3–4). The Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier method were used for survival analyses. Results The median age was 62 years-old and the majority were males (71%) with clear-cell RCC (75%). Most (67%) received at least 1 prior line of systemic therapy. High risk and intermediate risk pts had significantly shorter OS (high risk HR: 13.84, p Conclusions RCC patients treated with cabozantinib may benefit from specific risk stratification criteria using RCC histology, ECOG PS, sites of metastatic disease, and MLR. These variables are easily accessible in the clinical setting and may be helpful to determine which mRCC patients may benefit from treatment with cabozantinib.
Estimating leaf wetness duration with machine learning and climate reanalysis data

Abstract Estimating leaf wetness duration (LWD) is fundamentally important for crop disease monitoring and early warning. This study developed and evaluated a novel framework based on machine learning techniques with climate reanalysis data to estimate leaf wetness. We compared the Random Forest, kernelized Support Vector Machine, Feed-forward Neural Network, and Classification and Regression Tree models with hourly surface and near-surface meteorological inputs from state-of-the-art climate reanalysis datasets, ERA5 and MERRA2. The models were trained and cross-validated using three-year hourly leaf wetness observation data at nine agricultural sites in Alabama and six sites in California. The models were intercompared with each other and with a simple model based on observed relative humidity (with 90% used as threshold, referred as RH). The results indicated that the machine learning models based on ERA5 showed better performance than the MERRA2-based models as well as the observation-based RH model. In particular, the ERA5-based Random Forest model showed the best performance for estimating hourly leaf wetness occurrence (Accuracy = 83%, Precision = 78.2%) and daily LWD (MAE =2.8 h, RMSE = 4 h) than the other approaches. In comparison with the RH method, the ERA5-driven Random Forest model showed at least 2 h smaller MAE and RMSE than the other methods for estimating daily LWD, suggesting a great potential for practical applications. The results also showed that the ERA5-driven Random Forest model accurately predicted the leaf wetness occurrence in space (with 70 to 87% accuracy), suggesting a potential for large-scale crop disease surveillance and climate impact assessment, particularly for regions with sparse in situ observation data.
Authentication of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplements using a trnLUAA mini-barcode.

Garlic (Allium sativum), a widely distributed plant with great cultural and medicinal significance, is one of the most popular herbal dietary supplements in Europe and North America. Garlic supplem...
Super-channel architectures for in-service capacity expansion of CWDM/DWDM systems

Super-channel architectures enable many narrow spaced wavelengths to be nested into one CWDM (coarse WDM) or DWDM channel at the rates up to 10 Gb/s. This gives a low-cost, growth on demand, capacity upgrades as an overlay to existing CWDM/DWDM systems.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Trial

It was a warm spring Saturday in New York City, March 25, 1911. On the top three floors of the ten-story Asch Building just off of Washington Square, employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory began putting away their work as the 4:45 p.m. quitting time approached. Most of the several hundred Triangle Shirtwaist employees were teenage girls. Most were recent immigrants. Many spoke only a little English. Just then somebody on the eighth floor shouted, Fire! Flames leapt from discarded rags between the first and second rows of cutting tables in the hundred-foot-by-hundred-foot floor. Triangle employee William Bernstein grabbed pails of water and vainly attempted to put the fire out. As a line of hanging patterns began to burn, cries of fire erupted from all over the floor. In the thickening smoke, as several men continued to fling water at the fire, the fire spread everywhere - to the tables, the wooden floor trim, the partitions, the ceiling. A shipping clerk dragged a hose in the stairwell into the rapidly heating room, but nothing came - no pressure. Terrified and screaming, girls climbed through streamed down the narrow fire escape and Washington Place stairway or jammed into the single passenger elevator. In the hell of the ninth-floor, 145 employees, mostly young women, would die. Those that acted quickly made it through the Greene Street stairs, climbed down a rickety fire escape before it collapsed, or squeezed into the small Washington Place elevators before they stopped running. The last person on the last elevator to leave the ninth floor was Katie Weiner, who grabbed a cable that ran through the elevator and swung in, landing on the heads of other girls. A few other girls survived by jumping into the elevator shaft, and landing on the roof of the elevator compartment as it made its final descent. The weight of the girls caused the car to sink to the bottom of the shaft, leaving it immobile. For those left on the ninth floor, forced to choose between an advancing inferno and jumping to the sidewalks below, many would jump. Others, according to survivor Ethel Monick, became frozen with fear and never moved. Two weeks after the fire, a grand jury indicted Triangle Shirtwaist owners Isaac Harris and Max Blanck on charges of manslaughter.
Emerging array antenna technologies at JPL

JPL/NASA's Earth remote sensing and deep-space exploration programs have been placing emphasis on their spacecraft's high-gain and large-aperture antennas. At the same time, however, low mass and small stowage volume are demanded in order to reduce payload weight and reduce shroud size and thus reduce launch cost. To meet these goals, the concept of an inflatable parabolic reflector was introduced about two decades ago. However, the full implementation of this concept is still hampered by the inability to achieve the required surface accuracy. Even with the technologies of rigidizable membrane, stretchable aluminum, UV-cured polymer, and hardenable gel, it is believed that it will be difficult to maintain the desired parabolic surface accuracy for the duration of long space missions To mitigate the effect of curvature, a new class of planar array technology is being developed. It is believed that it will be significantly easier to maintain the required surface tolerance of a flat structure, such as the planar array, than a curved structure such as a parabola. In addition, a planar array offers the possibility of wide-angle beam scanning which cannot be easily achieved by a parabolic reflector. At JPL, three planar array antenna technologies are being developed. These are microstrip reflectarray[1,2,3], inflatable planar array[4,5], and foldable frame-supported thin-membrane array[4]. They are separately discussed in the following paragraphs.
Midshelf fronts in the South Atlantic Bight and their influence on seabird distribution and seasonal abundance

AbstractRelationships of seabird distribution and abundance to continental shelf fronts off the southeastern United States were studied during a 15-month period in 1983–1984. Surface thermal fronts occur in the middle shelf domain (20–40- m depths) on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Canaveral, Florida). Midshelf fronts propagate south of Cape Hatteras following coolings events and persist from October through March. The monthly mean abundance of seabirds in the midshelf domain was correlated with the frequency of occurrence and extent of these fronts. Seabird abundance within the midshelf domain peaked during fall and winter when fronts were also most numerous and extensive (attaining 1,800-km lengths). Seabirds aggregate within 10 km of the front, with greatest densities (> 150/km2) on the shoreward side. Seabird guilds displayed different affinities for the fronts. Zooplanktivorous phalaropes (Phalaropus) had a clumped distribution, highly correl...
Basic Concepts and Terminology

The four words most used in multiple criteria decision making literature are: attributes, objectives, goals and criteria. There are no universal definitions of these terms as stated by Keeney and Raiffa [BM-12]. Some authors make distinctions in their usage while many use them interchangeably. We shall make some distinctions among these words in terms of their usage.
Outcome after laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis: Part II: Radiographic changes and clinical correlations

The pre- and postoperative lumbar spine radiographs of 119 patients who underwent decompressive lumbar laminectomy were studied to evaluate radiographic changes and to correlate them with clinical outcome. An accurate and reproducible method was used for measuring pre- and postoperative radiographs that were separated by an average interval of 4.6 years. Levels of the spine that underwent laminectomy showed greater change in spondylolisthesis, disc space angle, and disc space height than unoperated levels. Outcome correlated with radiographic changes at operated and unoperated levels. This study demonstrates that radiographic changes are greater at operated than at unoperated levels and that some postoperative symptoms do correlate with these changes. Lumbar fusion should be considered in some patients who undergo decompressive laminectomy. The efficacy of and unequivocal indications for lumbar fusion can only be determined from randomized, prospective, controlled trials, however, and these studies have not yet been undertaken.
Diplomatics for Photographic Images: Academic Exoticism?

The author considers the basic building blocks of diplomatics as they might pertain to a more nuanced analysis of visual images. She argues that diplomatics offers archivists an orientation by which to consider the photographic process through its refined notions of what constitutes authority, authenticity, purpose, and extrinsic and intrinsic elements. By creating and applying a typology for institutionally based photographic media according to these notions, archivists could better appraise, preserve, and represent these images.
Ecocriticism and Eighteenth‐Century English Studies

Although many ecocritical works written by Romanticists and others have neglected the importance of 18th-century English literature in the development of environmental concern, more recent ecocritical work has begun to pay closer and more sympathetic attention to writers from the end of the 17th century through the 1780s. New approaches to 18th-century poetry have emphasized an appreciation of natural beauty and fragility as well as utility, and a critical recognition of the distinction between georgic and pastoral views has begun to highlight nature as a working world (georgic) rather than an archaic refuge. Appropriately, studies of working-class poetry have now entered the field, and ecofeminism has begun to play a significant role in some recent revaluations. Postcolonial ecocriticism promises fuller development. A richer range of ecocritical readings of 18th-century texts should begin to lead not only to reassessments of individual works or authors but of the history of environmental consciousness.
Sealed rotors for in situ high temperature high pressure MAS NMR

Here we present the design of reusable and perfectly sealed all-zirconia MAS rotors. The rotors are used to study AlPO4-5 molecular sieve crystallization under hydrothermal conditions, high temperature high pressure cyclohexanol dehydration reaction, and low temperature metabolomics of intact biological tissue.
Expected Earnings and the Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift

This paper studies competing explanations for the Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift (PEAD) anomaly. We decompose analyst-forecast error into a component predictable by prior stock returns and a surprise component, with the predictable component interpreted as expected earnings. Under the investment-based asset-pricing explanation for PEAD, both components are related to future earnings and thus to expected returns. In contrast, under the investor underreaction explanation, PEAD is driven only by the surprise component. We find that purging the expected earnings component reduces PEAD profits by up to 54%, which suggests that a substantial part of the PEAD is consistent with investment-based asset pricing.
The Maghribi traders: a reappraisal?1

Previous studies concluded that a private-order institution based on a multilateral reputation mechanism was particularly important in governing agency relations among the Maghribi traders who operated in the Muslim Mediterranean. The legal system and a bilateral reputation mechanism were particularly important among the Genoese traders. Initial cultural, social, and political factors led to this institutional distinction, while the incorporation of culture in the resulting institutions influenced subsequent institutional developments. In particular, the particularities of the late medieval European institutions contributed to the rise of the modern—impersonal—markets in Europe. The analysis also substantiates the contention that private-order institutions can support sophisticated exchange and market-promoting policies should take this into account, particularly in countries lacking an effective court system. An article by Edwards and Ogilvie challenges this analysis. It alleges that the Maghribis, like European traders, relied on court enforcement and a bilateral reputation mechanism in which a narrow social circle responded to opportunism. This article shows that Edwards and Ogilvie's analysis and conclusions are wrong. It refutes each of their empirical claims and presents additional pieces of evidence supporting the institutional distinction conjecture. The discussion is structured around the methodological challenge associated with comparative and historical institutional analysis.
Brain ischemic lesions of the newborn

Ischemia is the most frequent pathogenetic mechanism of brain lesions in infancy. The authors give a brief report on the recent advances achieved in knowledge of the underlying neuropathology, clinical manifestations, strategies of management and outcome of ischemic brain lesions in the newborn. A better knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms is necessary so that prevention can be made more effective and outcomes improved. As far the vulnerability to ischemic insults in term and preterm infants is concerned, the different types of brain damage cause various neurological consequences at different gestational ages. Thus, the authors deal separately with white matter lesions, which are typical of infants born prematurely, and cortical brain ischemic lesions, which are found in full-term newborns.
Fluidized bed and freeboard heat transfer studies with vertical tube bundles

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients between fluidized sand beds ( d p = 222, 488 and 778 μ m ) and a bundle of six vertical stainless steel tubes ( D T = 25.4 mm ) are measured as a function of air fluidizing velocity in the maximum temperature range of 311–475K. The results are interpreted to infer the dependence of heat transfer coefficient on gas velocity, bed temperature and particle diameter. Freeboard heat transfer is also investigated by employing a bundle of six nested vertical hair-pin tubes ( D T = 12.7 mm ). Heat transfer coefficient is found to decrease to a minimum value as the gas velocity is increased but thereafter increases slowly with increase in gas velocity. The dependence of heat transfer coefficient on temperature in the range investigated here is found to be weak.
Modulation of audiogenic seizures by histamine and adenosine receptors in the inferior colliculus.

Abstract Susceptibility to behaviorally similar audiogenic seizures (AGS) occurs genetically and is inducible during ethanol withdrawal (ETX). Comparisons between AGS mechanisms of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s) and ethanol-withdrawn rats (ETX-Rs) are yielding information about general pathophysiological mechanisms of epileptogenesis. The inferior colliculus (IC) is the AGS initiation site. Excitatory amino acid (EAA) abnormalities in the IC are implicated in AGS, and histamine and adenosine receptor activation each reduce EAA release and inhibit several seizure types. Previous studies indicate that focal infusion of an adenosine receptor agonist into the IC blocked AGS in GEPR-9s, but the effects of adenosine receptor activation in the IC on AGS in ETX-Rs are unknown. The effects of histamine receptor activation on either form of AGS are also unexamined. The present study evaluated effects of histamine or a nonselective adenosine A1 agonist, 2-chloroadenosine, on AGS by focal microinjection into the IC. Ethanol dependence and AGS susceptibility were induced in normal rats by intragastric ethanol. Histamine (40 or 60 nmol/side) significantly reduced AGS in GEPR-9s, but histamine in doses up to 120 nmol/side did not affect AGS in ETX-Rs. 2-Chloroadenosine (5 or 10 nmol/side) did not affect AGS in ETX-Rs, despite the effectiveness of lower doses of this agent in GEPR-9s reported previously. Thus, histamine and adenosine receptors in the IC modulate AGS of GEPR-9s, but do not modulate ETX-induced AGS. The reasons for this difference may involve the chronicity of AGS susceptibility in GEPR-9s, which may lead to more extensive neuromodulation as compensatory mechanisms to limit the seizures compared to the acute AGS of ETX-Rs.
Bands and/as Music Education: Antinomies and the Struggle for Legitimacy.

This article serves to extend a critique initiated by Allsup and Benedict in their 2008 PMER article, "The Problems of Band." Using the work of Michael Foucault as a theoretical and methodological basis, I consider ways in which today's large ensemble paradigm, particularly that of the wind band, has resulted in an ongoing antinomy in school music between those who view bands as a medium of music education and those who view bands as a medium for music education. I argue that the emergence of the pedagogical band world in the United States and Canada altered the nature of wind band practices, and that the resultant bands-as-music-education paradigm can be understood in terms of issues of power and legitimacy. I strive to demonstrate how future directions in music education might benefit from a reflexive engagement with the discourses of our profession.
Experimentally observed phenomena on cardiac energetics in heart failure emerge from simulations of cardiac metabolism.

The failing heart is hypothesized to suffer from energy supply inadequate for supporting normal cardiac function. We analyzed data from a canine left ventricular hypertrophy model to determine how the energy state evolves because of changes in key metabolic pools. Our findings—confirmed by in vivo 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy—indicate that the transition between the clinically observed early compensatory phase and heart failure and the critical point at which the transition occurs are emergent properties of cardiac energy metabolism. Specifically, analysis reveals a phenomenon in which low and moderate reductions in metabolite pools have no major negative impact on oxidative capacity, whereas reductions beyond a critical tipping point lead to a severely compromised energy state. The transition point corresponds to reductions in the total adenine nucleotide pool (TAN) of ≈30%, corresponding to the reduction observed in humans in heart failure [Ingwall JS, Weiss RG (2004) Is the failing heart energy starved? On using chemical energy to support cardiac function. Circ Res 95(2):135–145]. At given values of TAN and the total exchangeable phosphate pool during hypertrophic remodeling, the creatine pool attains a value that is associated with optimal ATP hydrolysis potential. Thus, both increases and decreases to the creatine pool are predicted to result in diminished energetic state unless accompanied by appropriate simultaneous changes in the other pools.
Empirically Driven Computer Simulations of Solar Thermal Systems for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water

The Desert Research Institute (DRI) has developed a Renewable Energy Deployment and Display Facility (REDD) which utilizes solar and wind to create a net zero energy residence for research, education, and outreach. The facility is a demonstration of the integration of many renewable energy technologies into a residential setting such that technology developers can show proof-of-concept, students and trade workers can get hands-on experience, and public organizations can see renewable energy components implemented into a residential setting. A major technological aspect of the facility is the use of solar thermal energy to provide space heating, Domestic Hot Water (DHW), and solar cooling. Data are monitored from three separate solar thermal systems, each with their own hot water storage, to evaluate optimized utilization of solar thermal energy into residential applications.The three solar thermal systems differ in their working fluids. System 1 uses a conventional mixture of glycol and water in 200 ft2 of ground mounted collector area, System 2 uses DHW in 210 ft2 of roof mounted collector area, and System 3 uses air in a 578 ft2 collector built into the roof. Each system is configured to be used for space heating and DHW. Systems 1 and 2 are built into the HVAC system of the 1200 ft2 house, and System 3 is built into the HVAC system of the 600 ft2 detached workshop. Data collected from each system provide the basis for year-long energy and economic simulations using TRNSYS for comparison. The results from the simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of site-built solar air collectors, which have the advantage of using conventional materials, and avoid the issues of liquid collectors associated with boiling and freezing. This paper describes the experimental setup of the solar thermal systems, how the data are used as inputs to the computer simulations, and the configuration of the computer simulations.The REDD Facility, as well as the use of TRNSYS will continue to be used by DRI researchers to investigate not only the most feasible integration of components for a solar thermal residential system, but also as a tool to properly size and implement solar thermal systems.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Sensitivity Analysis of One-Dimensional Heat Transfer in Tissue With Temperature-Dependent Perfusion

Design criteria for implantable, heat-generating devices such as the total arfificial heart require the determination of safe thresholds for chronic heating. This involves in-vivo experiments in which tissue temperature distributions are obtained in response to known heat sources. Prior to experimental studies, simulation using a mathematical model can help optimize the design of experiments. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of heat transfer is presented that describes the dynamic, one-dimensional distribution of temperature from a heated surface. Loss of heat by perfusion is represented by temperature-independent and temperature-dependent terms that can reflect changes in local control of blood flow. Model simulations using physiologically appropriate parameter values indicate that the temperature elevation profile caused by a heated surface adjacent to tissue may extend several centimeters into the tissue. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis indicates the conditions under which temperature profiles are sensitive to changes in thermal diffusivity and perfusion parameters. This information provides the basis for estimation of model parameters in different tissues and for prediction of the thermal responses of these tissues.
Genetic Variation and the Effectiveness of Early-Generation Selection for Soft Winter Wheat Quality and Gluten Strength

Selection for milling and baking quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) head-rows could increase the efficiency of most soft winter wheat (SWW) breeding programs. We evaluated whole grain-wheat meal (WM) assays for their ability to select lines with acceptable SWW quality and high gluten strength in early-generations and estimated heritability of SWW quality and gluten strength. One hundred fourteen lines from a cross of strong and weak gluten parents was assessed over three location-years. Flour quality and gluten strength were measured using flour and WM measures. Correlations between WM assays on head-rows and flour-based assays conducted on replicated trials from two locations were significant (P < 0.05). Wheat meal sedimentation volume (WM-SED) was correlated with flour lactic acid solvent retention capacity (SRC; r = 0.37). Wheat meal sodium carbonate SRC (WM-SRC) was correlated with flour sucrose (r = 0.37), flour sodium carbonate (r = 0.46) and flour water (r = 0.47) SRC and negatively correlated with wire-cut cookie diameter (r = -0.33) and flour yield (r = -0.40). Soft winter wheat quality and gluten strength improved when selections were based on WM-SRC and WM-SED, respectively. Early-generation selection for SWW quality and gluten strength using WM tests should increase the frequency of SWW selections with desirable quality characteristics in replicated yield trials.
Perceptual distortions produce multidimensional stress profiles in novice users of an endoscopic surgery simulator.

Objectives: We determine the impact of perceptual-motor distortions on multidimensional stress dynamics in novice users of an endoscopic/laparoscopic surgery simulator during performance of a peg-transfer task. Background: Surgeons find the endoscopic/laparoscopic surgery procedure to be more mentally stressful than open surgery. This investigation was designed to identify specific stress dimensions associated with these procedures and to determine the contributions to that stress made by loss of depth information resulting from image-guided views of the surgical field and by disruption of eye-hand mapping. Because stress reactions might depend upon familiarity with these procedures, the study focused upon novice participants. Method: An endoscopic box-simulator featured in surgical training was used in conjunction with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, a well-validated multidimensional stress state instrument. A control group (no perceptual distortions) viewed the simulated “surgical field” directly...
Light scattering by spinodal decomposition. The dependence on the method of quench

Abstract It is suggested that the outcome of light scattering experiments studying spinodal decomposition in fluids may depend on the method of quench. A simple theoretical argument is given to explain the origin of this dependence. For short times the magnitude of this effect is explicitly calculated.
Security dilemmas of small states

How 'small' is small? Does the qualifying adjective apply to area? Or to population? Or to resources and wealth? Some states, like Singapore, are tiny but hardly weak. Others appear large, rich, populous and powerful but turn out to be so politically fragile that a small group of determined men can effectively hijack the state, just as with the small and weak, as with Iran. The problem, therefore, is that the upper end of the small-state band is very hard to define. We all think that we know what we mean when we talk about micro-states and there are some candidates for everyone's list, but a definitional approach even a complex one which takes account of size, population and wealth is probably unproductive, at least in a predictive sense. Yet even if we have the greatest difficulty in agreeing what a small state 'is' , we do have some sense of relative weakness and so of the security problems created by that weakness . It doesn ' t make much sense to begin at the other end , however , and say that a weak state is a state that needs external security support . In that sense , west European states are weak states for we feel the need to invoke the power of the United States to offset the power of our Soviet neighbour.
Delimitedness and trajectory-of-motion events

The first part of the paper develops a novel, sortally-based approach to the problem of aspectual composition. The account is argued to be superior on both empirical and computational grounds to previous semantic approaches relying on referential homogeneity tests. While the account is restricted to manner-of-motion verbs, it does cover their interaction with mass terms, amount phrases, locative PPs, and distance, frequency, and temporal modifiers. The second part of the paper describes an implemented system based on the theoretical treatment which determines whether a specified sequence of events is or is not possible under varying situationally supplied contraints, given certain restrictive and simplifying assumptions. Briefly, the system extracts a set of contraint equations from the derived logical forms and solves them according to a best-value metric. Three particular limitations of the system and possible ways of addressing them are discussed in the conclusion.
Engineering management education — Status and goals of University degree programs

By mid-career the majority of the engineers have progressed to management positions. Management programs designed for engineers are offered under a variety of names and formats in many engineering schools. Three classes of such programs are defined and discussed. As a discipline in engineering education, engineering management suffers from lack of common identity. An important vehicle for communication and mutual problem solution is the ASEE Constituent Committee on Engineering Management which has now been officially active for 16 months. Some goals proposed for this committee and progress toward them during this initial period are described.
Auswirkung örtlich sehr hoher Dotierstoffkonzentrationen in Silicium-Einkristallen

Es ist bekannt, das bei hohen Dotierungsgraden in zonen- oder tiegelgezogenen Siliciumeinkristallen die Dotierstoffatome nicht mehr homogen in radialer Richtung verteilt sind, sondern sich zu Zonen konzentrischer Ringe hoherer Dotierung anordnen. Dieser Effekt ist aus der Beobachtung des Rekombinationsleuchtens und aus Atzeffekten bekannt. Bei sehr hohen Dotierungsgraden konnen in diesen ringformigen Zonen Anhaufungen in dem Mase auftreten, das sich Stapelfehler bilden.
Indwelling electrodes for use in therapeutic coagulation and physiological studies of the brain in patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders.

Abstract A method is described for construction and placement of chronically implanted electrodes in human.
Age of Uraninites from Crystallographic Data

IN a recent communication, Wasserstein1 has suggested a new method of age determinations on uraninites by means of X-ray techniques. This thesis is that radioactive decay results in the replacement of the tetravalent uranium ion by the smaller lead ion, the calculated shrinkage in cube edge due to this process being approximately 0.004 A. per hundred million years. Wasserstein classifies uraninites into three groups: γ(U4O7, type), α(UO2 type) and β(U3O7 type), and suggests that thorianites, which resemble γ-uraninites in their properties, may have Th4O7 as their prototype.
Predicting long-term outcome in poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage patients utilising the Glasgow Coma Scale

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most universally accepted system for grading level of consciousness. Predicting outcome is particularly difficult in poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) patients. We hypothesised that the GCS and individual examination components would correlate with long-term outcome and have varying prognostic value depending on assessment time points. GCS scores of 160 aSAH patients presenting in stupor or coma were prospectively recorded on admission and each subsequent day until hospital day 14. Early treatment was planned for each patient unless the patient's family refused aggressive intervention or the patient died before surgery. Outcomes were assessed by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 14 days, 3 months, and one year. All patients who did not receive surgical treatment died within one year. Of the 104 patients who received surgical treatment, 13.5% of them had a favourable outcome at 14 days, 38.5% at 3 months, and 51% at one year (p<0.0001). Admission GCS scores significantly correlated with outcome (Spearman rank test, rs=0.472, p<0.0001). On admission, motor examination correlated best with one-year outcome (rs=0.533, p<0.0001). Each point increase in motor examination predicted a 1.8-fold increased odds of favourable long-term outcome (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-2.3). At discharge, eye examination (rs=0.760, p<0.0001) correlated best with one-year outcome, and a one point increase in eye examination predicted a 3.1-fold increased odds of favourable outcome (95% CI, 1.8-5.4). During hospitalisation, the best eye exam (rs=0.738, p<0.0001) and worst motor exam (rs=0.612, p<0.0001) were the most highly correlated with the one-year outcome. Long-term follow-up is necessary when evaluating recovery after aSAH, as outcomes improve significantly during the first year. The GCS and its individual components correlate well with long-term outcome. Admission motor examination and spontaneous eye opening during hospitalisation are most predictive of favourable recovery.
Conditioned suppression of free-operant avoidance.

The responses of white rats were maintained on an unsignalled free-operant avoidance schedule. Superimposed on the avoidance schedule was a blinking white light followed immediately by response-independent electric shock. Duration of the light stimulus was either 1 or 3 min. Avoidable shock was 1.5 mA; response-independent shock was 7.5 mA. Suppression of responding during the light stimulus (both durations) developed over sessions. Responding immediately following the response-independent light-shock sequence was neither suppressed nor accelerated. The similarity is noted between the present result and findings of “positive conditioned suppression”.
A 130nm low power Software-Defined radio receiver

A low power Software-Defined radio receiver operating between 400MHz and 1.5GHz is presented, with the property to be robust to out-of-band blockers, thanks to the 4-path passive mixer architecture which acts as a high-Q bandpass filter for RF signals. The filter formed by the mixer at baseband fixes the receiver bandwidth at 10MHz. A common-gate cross-coupled LNA realizes a wideband input matching. The receiver works under 1.2V while consuming less than 10mW. The analog part consumes 4.8mW and the digital part consumes less than 5mW. The receiver has been implemented on a chip and occupies only 0.7mm2 silicon area.
COULTER S+IV THREE PART DIFFERENTIAL SCREEN IN SELECTED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Using descrimination of WBC volumes, the Coulter S+IV provides an automated three part differential (3PD). The validity of the 3PD is checked by computer via a system of algorithms that confirm the shape of the WBC volume histograms and flag the abnormalities into R-flag, (abnormal WBC volume distribution) and Backlight flag, (high WBC count, abnormal size distribution or mononuclear count > 1.5×103/ul). We compared the 3PD in 525 samples from children age 1 mo. to 24 yrs. to those obtained by manual counting of 100 WBC cells. Samples were collected by finger-stick (n=109) or by vein (n=402) from a)same day surgery (n=162); b)general pediatric medical clinic (GPMC) (n=156); c)cardiology clinic (n=43); and d)hematology-oncology clinic (n=164). Specifically excluded were specimens from neonates and in-patients. The relationships between the manual and automated 3PD for S+IV using simple linear regression for venous samples was lymph r=.922, gran r=.919, mono r=.197, and for capillary samples was lymph r=.936, gran r=.914, mono r=.315. 49.9% of all specimens were flagged: 42.8% R flag + 7.1% backlight flag. The most frequent % flagging occured in the capillary specimens (63%) and in patients from hem/one (55.8%). The least amount of flagging was in cardiology (29.5%) and GPMC (30.3%) regardless of collection method. Current Coulter methodology makes the 3PD useful for only a small subsection of routine outpatient differentials.
Marital Homophily on Illicit Drug Use among Young Adults: Assortative Mating or Marital Influence?

We assess the similarity between marital partners on the use of illegal drugs prior to marriage and within the most recent year of marriage, and the dynamic processes underlying observed similarity. Similarity after marriage may result from assortative mating or socialization or both. Concordant and discordant patterns of drug use at each time between spouses/partners in a sample of 545 pairs (X age husbands = 30, X age wives = 28) are cross-tabulated to generate a 16-fold table. Similarity at one point in time and selection and socialization effects underlying change over time are estimated without controls for population heterogeneity through loglinear models, and with controls for heterogeneity through latent trait models. While there is evidence for assortative mating, the socialization effect documented by the loglinear models disappears in the latent trait models.
VEE DIPOLES WITH RESISTIVE LOADING FOR SHORT-PULSE GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR

The worldwide crisis due to land mines has given rise to a need for better detection technologies. One means of detecting buried land mines is the short-pulse ground-penetrating radar (GPR). A short-pulse GPR system requires broadband directive antennas. Resistively loaded Vee dipoles, with either constant or linearly tapered conductivity, offer a simple means of achieving such antennas. Vee dipoles have greater directivities than conventional linear dipoles, and the resistive loading can greatly reduce unwanted signals (clutter) due to reflections from the open ends of the dipole arms and multiple reflections between the antenna and the surface of the ground. This clutter can obscure real targets. In most cases, the Vee dipole with a linearly tapered conductivity offers the best performance. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Functional deficits and symptoms of long-term survivors of colorectal cancer treated by multimodality therapy differ by age at diagnosis.

Background With advances in multimodality therapy, colorectal cancer survivors are living longer. However, little is known about the quality of their long-term survival. We investigated the functional outcomes and symptoms among long-term survivors.
Experimental and theoretical study of propeller spinner/shank interference

A fundamental experimental and theoretical investigation into the aerodynamic interference associated with propeller spinner and shank regions was conducted. The research program involved a theoretical assessment of solutions previously proposed, followed by a systematic experimental study to supplement the existing data base. As a result, a refined computational procedure was established for prediction of interference effects in terms of interference drag and resolved into propeller thrust and torque components. These quantities were examined with attention to engineering parameters such as two spinner finess ratios, three blade shank forms, and two/three/four/six/eight blades. Consideration of the physics of the phenomena aided in the logical deduction of two individual interference quantities (cascade effects and spinner/shank juncture interference). These interference effects were semi-empirically modeled using existing theories and placed into a compatible form with an existing propeller performance scheme which provided the basis for examples of application.
Community psychology in Cuba: A literature review

The literature in community psychology published between 1976 and 1982 in the Journal of the Psychiatric Hospital of Habana and limited other sources was reviewed. The review indicated that much research in community psychology is being carried out in Cuba. The review covers social issues such as drug and alcohol use, aging, education, traffic problems, adolescence, and juvenile delinquency. In the health area, the extensive work published on psychosocial factors in disease, and the physician-patient relationship is reviewed, as well as some work on health services evaluation. In the mental health area, researchers have explored psychosocial aspects of mental illness and emphasized therapeutic communities and psychoballet. Research in community psychology focused more on problems than solutions, although this is less true of the mental health area than that of social issues.
Is laparoscopic resection of colorectal polyps beneficial

Background: We set out to compare the results of laparoscopic and open resections of colorectal polyps.
THE EFFECTS OF COLCHICINE ON A PEYRONIE'S-LIKE CONDITION IN AN ANIMAL MODEL

AbstractPurpose: We have developed an animal model of Peyronie's disease by injecting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) into the rat penis. Our objective is to study the effects of colchicine on the Peyronie's condition in an animal model.Materials and Methods: Thirty six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received TGF-beta injections into the tunica albuginea and were divided into two groups (n = 18 each). Rats in the first group were divided into three subgroups (n = 6 each).Each rat in the three subgroups received the following:Subgroup 1 received colchicine, subgroup 2 received ibuprofen, and subgroup 3 received regular water. The rats were euthanized after 6 weeks. Rats in the second group were also divided into three subgroups. These rats received the same treatments as the rats in the first group, but treatments began 6 weeks after TGF-beta injection. These rats were euthanized after 12 weeks. Tunical tissue samples were collected and examined using Hart and trichrome stains, electron microsco...
Lymphocyte subsets in HTLV-II-infected former blood donors: Relationship to spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation

Abstract Previous studies showed that over 70% of HTLV-seropositive blood donors from the Los Angeles area are infected with HTLV-II; further, mononuclear cells from about half of these HTLV-II + donors exhibit spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SLP) during in vitro culture. To determine if HTLV-II + SLP + donors exhibit more marked immune system changes than HTLV-II + SLP − donors, lymphocyte subsets for these two HTLV-II + groups were compared to an uninfected control group. The percentage of lymphocytes expressing CD3 was significantly increased and the percentage expressing a CD16/56 + CD3 − phenotype (natural killer cells) was significantly decreased in the HTLV-II + SLP + group ( N = 34) versus the control group ( N = 49). On the basis of absolute numbers, the lymphocyte number was significantly higher in the HTLV-II + SLP + group than in the control group and reflected significant increases in the numbers of both CD4 and CD8 subsets of T cells. Analysis of proportional changes in CD4 and CD8 cell subsets revealed significant increases in the proportions of CD4 cells expressing HLA-DR, CD8 cells expressing HLA-DR, and CD8 cells expressing CD45RO for the HTLV-II + SLP + group versus the control group. For all phenotypic parameters measured, no significant differences were noted when comparing the HTLV-II + SLP − group ( N = 21) and the control group. Cell culture experiments utilizing purified CD4 cells and CD8 cells from a subsets of each study group revealed that in vitro spontaneous proliferative capacity resides within both the CD4 cell and CD8 cell populations from SLP + individuals. These findings show that changes in circulating lymphocyte subsets in HTLV-II infection are found only in association with SLP, and that the capacity to exhibit SLP characterizes both CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subsets.
Mean Vertical Motions Seen by Radar Wind Profilers

Abstract Radar wind profilers have been used to measure directly the vertical motion above the radar site. Mean values of vertical motions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere reported at sites in and near mountains are often several centimeters per second and have often been attributed to the effects of quasi-stationary lee waves. However, observations now available at sites in the plains, far from any mountains, also show mean values of several centimeters per second. For example, monthly mean values seen by the Flatland VHF radar near Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, range from about −3 to −7 cm s−1, with largest magnitudes during the winter. The authors examine several of the hypotheses that have previously been advanced to explain these observations and find that each is inconsistent with the observations in some respect, except that quasi-horizontal flow along gently sloping isentropic surfaces leads to mean downward motion as large as 12 cm s−1. In this paper the authors suggest that the effects o...
LISA data acquisition

The method for measuring changes in the lengths of the three arms for the LISA gravitational-wave detector is described. Accurate phase measurements are required on signals with Doppler shifts of about 1 MHz for the two main arms of the interferometer, and up to 15 MHz for the third arm. This is accomplished by shifting the signal frequencies down to near 100 kHz, filtering and then timing zero crossings of the signals. The basic methods for correcting for the laser phase noise and for phase noise in the ultra-stable oscillators used to derive various radio frequencies are described briefly. The corrections are made on the spacecraft, before the data are telemetred to the ground.