cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do peritraumatic emotions differentially predict PTSD symptom clusters? Initial evidence for emotion specificity.

Summary.—This study investigated whether specific peritraumatic emotions differentially predict PTSD symptom clusters in individuals who have experienced stressful life events. Hypotheses were developed based on the SPAARS model of PTSD. It was predicted that the peritraumatic emotions of anger, disgust, guilt, and fear would significantly predict re-experiencing and avoidance symptoms, while only fear would predict hyperarousal. Undergraduate students (N = 144) participated in this study by completing a packet of self-report questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with PCL-S symptom cluster scores as dependent variables and peritraumatic fear, guilt, anger, shame, and disgust as predictor variables. As hypothesized, peritraumatic anger, guilt, and fear all significantly predicted re-experiencing. However, only fear predicted avoidance, and anger significantly predicted hyperarousal. Results are discussed in relation to the theoretical role of emotions in the etiology of PTSD following...
Volume Effect Photoemission: Application to Silver at Low Photon Energies

A perturbative evaluation is developed of the volume effect approximation to the general elastic photoemission current. The formulae are applied to the (111) and (001) crystal faces of silver for photon energies less than 8 eV. Treating bulk and surface umklapp scattering on an equal footing, the emission efficiency of primary and secondary cones is calculated. The results are compared with experiment, and the successes and failures of the theory discussed. Several further experimental tests of the model are suggested. Es wird eine Storungsberechnung fur die Volumeneffektnaherung des allgemeinen elastischen Photoemissionsstroms entwickelt. Diese Formeln werden fur die (111)- und (001)-Kristallflachen des Silbers fur Photonenenergien weniger als 8 eV angewendet. Indem die Volumen- und Oberflachenumklappstreuung gleichgestellt werden, wird die Emissionsausbeute des Primar- und Sekundarkegels berechnet. Die Resultate werden mit dem Experiment verglichen, und die Erfolge und das Versagen dieser Theorie diskutiert. Mehrere weitere experimentelle Tests dieses Modells werden vorgeschlagen.
Wide dynamic range electron-capture detection using the electron-capture detector pulse frequency signal

Abstract A method has been developed that extends the dynamic range of the Varian constant-current, pulse-modulated detector by employing pulse frequency as the chromatographic output signal. A description of the technique of acquiring and utilizing the pulse frequency signal for gas chromatography-electron capture detection analysis is presented. Application of the system for the measurement of perfluorocarbon tracer compounds in ambient air samples is demonstrated.
Permeation of organic molecules of widely differing solubilities and of water through isolated cuticles of orange leaves

Water penetrated through isolated leaf cuticles of dwarf orange (Citrus mitis Blanco, ‚Calamondin’) as undissociated molecules because both [18O] water (1H218O) and HTO (1H3H16O) permeated at the same rate. HTO penetrated to 3 to 21% of the theoretical equilibrium value (TEV) in an unstirred system within 10 days for astomatous cuticles and 50 to 60% of TEV for stomatous cuticles. The permeability coefficient (k) of HTO through astomatous cuticles at 25°C was 6.8 × 10−7 cm s−1. Two highly water-soluble 14C-labelled compounds, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine [aminotriazole (BSI) or amitrole (ISO)], and two nearly water-insoluble 14C-labelled compounds, 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline (dicloran), were compared to HTO as a reference standard in permeation studies. All four organic molecules permeated without decomposing. The relative k values for TCA, aminotriazole, carbaryl, HTO and dicloran were 0.32, 0.47, 0.71, 1.0, and 1.5 respectively. Although this suggested that the permeation of organic molecules may be inversely related to water solubility, this could not be established with certainty due to large variations in the data. The k values were obtained for 12 other organic compounds through a variety of biological and model membranes or were calculated from the literature. Any relationships between k and various molecular characteristics were unclear because a wide variety of cuticle sources and experimental design was used by different investigators working in this area. The calculation of k is considered essential in all permeability studies so that comparisons can be made between laboratories.
The surface chemistry of molybdenum in states of lower oxidation on alumina

The interaction of Mo(CO) 6 with γ-alumina has been studied in the temperature range of −17 to 1000 °C. It is likely that most of the dominant surface species formed during the decomposition of the complex have been identified. Activation in flowing helium at 100 °C of Mo(CO) 6 on partially hydroxylated alumina results in the formation of Mo(CO) 3 ads which is 100% dispersed and probably molecularly dispersed. Above 200 °C, the remaining CO of Mo(CO) 3 ads is liberated but detectable amounts of Mo(CO) 2 ads and Mo(CO)ads do not accumulate. It is likely that “(σ-O − ) 2 Mo” is the dominant species after activation near 270 °C. After heating to 500 °C, the average oxidation number of the decarbonylated Mo is about 5.6. The oxidation of the originally zero-valent Mo occurs due to reaction with surface hydroxyl groups of the alumina. Mo(VI) also results from heating Mo(CO) 2 O 2 ads and “Mo(CO)(O 2 ) 2 ads” [both formed by reaction of Mo(CO) 3 ads with O 2 ] to 500 °C. Alumina pretreated at 950 °C behaves as a quite different support. Due to the absence of hydroxyl groups, heating Mo(CO) 6 on this material leads to the formation of molybdenum mostly in oxidation number zero. Since Mo(0) supported on alumina is difficult to prepare by other techniques, dehydroxylated alumina may provide a useful synthesis for this type of catalyst.
Effect of ammonium fertilizer on NH3 loss and Ca, Mg, ammonium and nitrate content in a calcareous soil solution

This study examined the effects of NH inf4 + fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2HPO4, CO(NH2)2, NH4OH, and NH4NO3] on NH3 loss and the quantity of Ca + Mg, NH inf4 + and NO inf3 sup− in the solution of a calcareous soil (Harkey sicl, Typic Torrifluvent). Various NH4 fertilizers applied at a depth of 5 cm in the soil produced differing NH3 loss characteristics. Applying (NH4)2SO4 (AS) resulted in high volatile NH3 losses as compared with NH4OH (AH) and (NH4)2CO3 (AC). The AS treatment formed an equal molar amount of CaSO4, which increased the mobility of ammonium, while AH and AC treatments caused Ca precipitation and decreased ammonium mobility. Leaching the AS system before NH3 loss could occur resulted in the most rapid nitrification rate. Lower nitrification rates were found with AH and AC than AS under the same conditions. Surface placement of NH4 fertilizers resulted in variable leachate contents of Ca + Mg. Ammonium sulfate reacted with CaCO3 either to solubilize some Ca + Mg or simply to replace exchangeable Ca + Mg with NH4, while AH, AC, and (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP) precipitated essentially an equivalent molar amount of soluble and adsorbed Ca + Mg. Use of NH4NO3, which does not form an insoluble calcium precipitate, resulted in the leaching of an equivalent molar amount of exchangeable Ca + Mg from the Harkey soil.
Runtime and quality tradeoffs in FPGA placement and routing

Many applications of FPGAs, especially logic emulation and custom computing, require the quick placement and routing of circuit designs. In these applications, the advantages FPGA-based systems have over software simulation are diminished by the long run-times of current CAD software used to map the circuit onto FPGAs. To improve the run-time advantage of FPGA systems, users may be willing to trade some mapping quality for a reduction in CAD tool runtimes. In this paper, we seek to establish how much quality degradation is necessary to achieve a given runtime improvement. For this purpose, we implemented and investigated numerous placement and routing algorithms for FPGAs. We also developed new tradeoff-oriented algorithms, where a tuning parameter can be used to control this quality vs. runtime tradeoff. We show how different algorithms can achieve different points within this tradeoff spectrum, as well as how a single algorithm can be tuned to form a curve in the spectrum. We demonstrate that the algorithms vary widely in their tradeoffs, with the fastest algorithm being 8x faster than the slowest, and the highest quality algorithm being 5x better than the least quality algorithm. Compared to the commercial Xilinx CAD tools, we can achieve a 3x speed-up by allowing 1.27x degradation in quality, and a factor of 1.6x quality improvement with 2x slowdown.
Epilepsia partialis continua in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Objectives - We describe a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) and complex partial seizures. Material, methods and results - The patient presented with semi-rhythmic jerking movements of the right upper extremity. Serial EEG findings showed progressive changes with initial periodic lateralizing epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) on the left hemisphere which evolved into more generalized periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) at later stage. Video-EEG monitoring recorded complex partial seizures originating from the left hemisphere in addition to EPC. Conclusions - A diagnosis of CJD should be considered when a rapidly progressive dementia is accompanied by abnormal movements. EPC, although rare, may present as an initial manifestation of CJD.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy of Intracellular Glucose Dynamics

Background: One of the major hurdles in studying diabetes pathophysiology is the lack of adequate methodology that allows for direct and real-time determination of glucose transport and metabolism in cells and tissues. In this article, we present a new methodology that adopts frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FD-FLIM) to visualize and quantify the dynamics of intracellular glucose within living cells using a biosensor protein based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Method: The biosensor protein was developed by fusing a FRET pair, an AcGFP1 donor and a mCherry acceptor to N- and C- termini of a mutant glucose-binding protein (GBP), respectively. The probe was expressed and biosynthesized inside the cells, offering continuous monitoring of glucose dynamics in real time through fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurement. Results:
CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH PROTAMINE INSULIN IN ITS VARIOUS MODIFICATIONS1

Protamine insulin although already extensively used in this country, is still in its experimental stage. Experiences are reported here, based on the use of this new product and its several modifications in about 100 patients with diabetes of various degrees of severity. Some of these had been under my close supervision for a number of years previous to the development of the new type of insulin and therefore presented a good group for study. Some had been treated with insulin before. Protamine insulin2 has been used since January 1936 and several methods with the various protamine preparations as well as with crystalline insulin have been tried on the same patients for long intervals. The most of the patients were treated in the clinic and at the office; only a small number were hospitalized. The use of insulin in ambulatory cases presents problems not encountered in hospital patients. While the observations made on these patients were not under absolutely controlled conditions, the conclusions are of pra...
A Foucauldian analysis of “A Neuroskeptic's Guide to Neuroethics and National Security”

The purpose of this commentary is to provide a Foucauldian analysis of the article by Jonathan Marks (2010). In particular, it highlights two areas of intersecting concern. The first is that Marks'...
Time–bandwidth engineering

We describe compression and expansion of the time–bandwidth product of signals and present tools to design optical data compression and expansion systems that solve bottlenecks in the real-time capture and generation of wideband data. Applications of this analog photonic transformation include more efficient ways to sample, digitize, and store optical data. Time–bandwidth engineering is enabled by the recently introduced Stretched Modulation (SM) Distribution function, a mathematical tool that describes the bandwidth and temporal duration of signals after arbitrary phase and amplitude transformations. We demonstrate design of time–bandwidth engineering systems in both near-field and far-field regimes that employ engineered group delay (GD), and we derive closed-form mathematical equations governing the operation of such systems. These equations identify an important criterion for the maximum curvature of warped GD that must be met to achieve time–bandwidth compression. We also show application of the SM Distribution to benchmark different GD profiles and to the analysis of tolerance to system nonidealities, such as GD ripples.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010: An update

ABSTRACT Background The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, by taking into consideration evidence-based nutritional science, changes in the food supply and environmental influences. Conclusions The 2010 guidelines emphasize the importance of maintaining caloric balance to support a healthy weight and selecting nutrient-dense foods and beverages to ensure adequate nutrient intakes. Americans’ compliance with previous dietary guidelines has been poor, and the 2010 guidelines acknowledge the need for collaboration among individuals, the community, government and industry to ensure consumers’ access to and acceptance of appropriate foods. Clinical Implications As part of the greater community, the oral health practitioner will find that familiarity with the 2010 guidelines will enable him or her to assist patients in making better food choices for oral and systemic health.
Rational escalation of costs by playing a sequence of unfavorable gambles: the martingale

Playing the martingale strategy is an anomaly, reverse to that observed in the St. Petersburg paradox. This paper rationalizes the demonstrated irrationality of playing, by characterizing necessary and sufficient conditions under which a utility maximizing decision maker would play the strategy. An individual willing to play the martingale may not be deterred by a finite cap on wagers. Individuals will continue with the strategy in the face of mounting consecutive losses which is, thus, sequentially rational. These results give insight into instances of escalating commitment to a losing cause, by analyzing one specific instance of such behavior.
Measuring and interpreting neuronal correlations

Recent work suggests that the correlations between neurons are important for encoding information, but there has been significant discrepancy among studies. The authors review this rapidly growing body of literature, examine the potential sources of the discrepancies and offer guidelines for how to interpret data about neuronal correlations.
Acute haemodynamic response to sleeping head-up at 6 inches in older inpatients

Our aim was to investigate the effect of monotherapy of sleeping head-up (SHU) at 6 in. in a group of older inpatients with OH from all causes. We recruited nine consecutive inpatients (mean age (SD) 76(5) years) with persistent, symptomatic OH with a mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) drop on standing and nadir SBP of 68 (27.8) and 94 (19.2) mmHg respectively. All patients underwent SHU for 1 week. Beat-to-beat haemodynamics during lying and standing, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure, supine haematocrit, urea/electrolytes, plasma renin activity and aldosterone were measured before and after intervention. One week after SHU, SBP, stroke volume and cardiac output increased significantly (all P < 0.05) by 12 mmHg, 15 ml and 1.3 l/minutes respectively while heart rate and total peripheral resistance were significantly reduced by 3.6 bpm and 0.355 dynes/s/cm5 respectively during 2 minute of standing. Serum creatinine was also significantly lower. Five patients improved in their mobility following SHU. SHU for 1 week at 6 in. was well tolerated by older in-patients with OH, associated with improved orthostatic tolerance, and with haemodynamic changes in keeping with increased extracellular volume. SHU at 6 in. has a role in the acute treatment of OH for patients in hospital, but its longer-term effects and in the out-patient setting require further study.
Theoretical study of the interaction of benzene with platinum atom and cation

Abstract An extensive ab initio study of the benzene-Pt and benzene-Pt+ complexes is presented. The benzene-Pt complex has been found to have a Cs equilibrium structure with Pt bonded to one of the CC bonds in a bridged position above the plane of benzene, while the cationic complex has a C6v structure. Covalent forces lead to the formation of the Pt-benzene molecular complex, while electrostatic interactions prevail in the case of the benzene-Pt+ complex. The reaction pathway of Pt+ towards benzene has been studied in both the ground and lowest excited states.
Unwrapping of transient responses from high rate overlapping pattern electroretinograms by deconvolution.

Abstract Objective Due to overlapping, temporal information is mostly lost in high rate steady-state pattern electroretinograms (PERG SS ). This study develops a deconvolution method and a display/recording system to "unwrap" PERG SS and obtain a transient, "per stimulus" response (PERG tr ) regardless of reversal rate. Methods Processing and instrumentation, including high temporal resolution display and acquisition were developed for deconvolving PERGs acquired at high rates by slight jittering of reversal onsets at a given mean rate. Results The system was successfully tested at eight rates from 2.2 to 78.1rps. At medium rates (17.4–41.2rps) recordings with conventional morphology (N35–P50–N95) but earlier peaks and higher amplitudes were extracted up to 40rps. At higher rates, smaller triphasic responses were obtained, exhibiting similar peak latencies, but reversed polarity. Oscillating potentials (OPs) were also recorded at all rates after deconvolution. Conclusions Transient PERGs and OPs can be extracted from quasi steady-state PERG recordings obtained at high rates with a deconvolution algorithm using high temporal resolution display and acquisition systems. Significance The methodology to extract transient and oscillatory responses from steady-state PERGs could be useful in understanding high rate responses and diagnosis of various retinal diseases by revealing temporal information on waveform components which cannot be normally observed.
Practical design optimization of wing/body configurations using the Euler equations

The development of a practical method for the aerodynamic design of isolated wing and wing/body configurations is achieved through the coupling of existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis codes and a quasi-Newton numerical optimization method. The direct design method is generalized to treat three-dimensional aerodynamic optimization problems subject to inviscid, rotational, compressible flow conditions imposed by the Euler equations. The method couples either the FLO57 or the TEAM flow solver with a modified version of the QNMDIF numerical optimization algorithm. The method is applied, but is not limited, to supersonic design problems. A case study is presented illustrating the method's effectiveness in maximizing the lift-to-drag ratio, subject to a variety of constraints, of selected supersonic configurations at cruise conditions.
If you don't want to be late, enumerate: Unpacking reduces the planning fallacy

Abstract People tend to underestimate how long it will take to complete tasks. We suggest that one reason people commit this planning fallacy is that they do not naturally “unpack” multifaceted tasks (e.g., writing a manuscript) into subcomponents (completing the literature review, general discussion, references section, etc.) when making predictions. We tested this interpretation by asking participants to estimate how long it would take them to complete one of several tasks: holiday shopping in Experiment 1, “getting ready” for a date in Experiment 2, formatting a document in Experiments 3 and 5, and preparing food in Experiment 4. Participants prompted to unpack the task provided longer—and, in Experiments 3–4, less biased—estimates of how long the task would take than did participants who did not. Experiment 5 showed that the debiasing influence of unpacking is moderated by task complexity: the more multifaceted the task, the greater the influence of unpacking.
How late-adolescent friends share stories about relationships: The importance of mitigating the seriousness of romantic problems

This narrative study explored how late adolescents (N = 64 dyads) jointly told stories about romantic relationships during casual conversations with same-sex friends. Stories about romantic problems were four times more prevalent than stories about romantic nonproblems, and relationship instability was the most frequent type of romantic problem. Furthermore, discussions of romantic problems (versus nonproblems) were particularly likely to be softened or mitigated by projecting a detached, relaxed, or unknowing stance. Case studies of such conversational mitigation vividly illustrate how these primarily White, heterosexual, late adolescents conavigated the vagaries of developing serious and intimate bonds without appearing too invested or troubled by their romantic problems. The findings have implications for understanding the co-construction of social and personal identities.
Montmorillonite-catalysed formation of RNA oligomers: the possible role of catalysis in the origins of life

Large deposits of montmorillonite are present on the Earth today and it is believed to have been present at the time of the origin of life and has recently been detected on Mars. It is formed by aqueous weathering of volcanic ash. It catalyses the formation of oligomers of RNA that contain monomer units from 2 to 30–50. Oligomers of this length are formed because this catalyst controls the structure of the oligomers formed and does not generate all possible isomers. Evidence of sequence-, regio- and homochiral selectivity in these oligomers has been obtained. Postulates on the role of selective versus specific catalysts on the origins of life are discussed. An introduction to the origin of life is given with an emphasis on reaction conditions based on the recent data obtained from zircons 4.0–4.5 Ga.
Best Practice in Developing Critical Analyses: An Empirical Study of Self-Efficacy from an Interdisciplinary Perspective

Despite substantial usage of case study analyses as learning tools in diverse fields of study, business graduate students often arrive with little to no prior knowledge in how to effectively use this tool. Using the Sams efficacy model (2009) strategic to business education this study identified a dearth in the usage of case study analyses in business graduate courses and also provides a step-by-step process to increase critical analysis and efficacy through the usage of case studies. Findings demonstrate that critical analysis is developed through a combination of teaching tools through additive strategies to impact more learning modalities at the graduate education level. A counter-intuitive finding was that formative written feedback did not significantly increase the development of case study analyses skills; this finding supports the additive model. This research brings forward universal best practices for developing critical analysis, as self-efficacy in business applications also increases.
In Defense of Value Pluralism in Public Administration

A response to Overeem and Verhoef’s criticism of value pluralism, arguing that my value pluralist approach is useful in understanding the role that politics should play in how we think about, teach...
Pristine or altered: low-Mg calcite shells survived from massive dolomitization? A case study from Miocene carbonates

Low-Mg calcite shells have been widely used to reconstruct the chemistry of ancient seawater. There is always a question: are the shells chemically pristine? This paper presents the isotope and elemental geochemistry of low-Mg calcite bivalve shells in late Miocene platform carbonates, SE Spain. The platform carbonates were extensively dolomitized, and limestone is restricted to older stratal units, and to units mainly in topographically higher and more landward strata. Low-Mg calcite oyster shells were completely dissolved out in the basinward dolomite, but are well preserved in the limestone. These shells appear to retain the original growth microstructures, based on hand samples. Under the microscope, however, dissolution and recrystallization, as well as pristine growth lines are all present. Sr isotopes in these shells range from that of normal Miocene seawater to radiogenic values. δ18O and δ13C values, and Mg, Sr, and Na concentrations in these shells are rather variable. The high end members are consistent with the typical values of modern/late Miocene normal-seawater low-Mg calcite shells, whereas the low end members are close to those of diagenetic calcite cements, which have low δ18O, δ13C, Sr and Na values, and radiogenic Sr. The Nijar shells were altered physically and chemically to different degrees by diagenesis, although these shells are consistent with some “criteria” of unalteration. The isotopic and trace-element data collected in altered and pristine (or less altered) portions coexisting in the same shells are clearly differentiable. Quantitative simulation of covariations of geochemical pairs indicates that solid mixing of unaltered and altered portions by sampling is consistent with the variations in isotopic and elemental data recorded in the Nijar shells. The geological significance of this study is that ancient fabric-retentive calcite shells may have been altered geochemically although they may appear pristine. Calcite shells that underwent intensive diagenesis should be examined rigorously under the microscope, coupled with investigations of multiple geochemical proxies to assess chemical alteration. Only the data of unaltered shells can be used to reconstruct the chemistry of ancient seawater.
Skin infection in children colonized with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Summary Objectives The relationship between community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) nasal colonization and subsequent infection in children is unknown. We sought to define risk factors for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) in community children. Methods A prior study measured S. aureus nasal colonization prevalence for 1300 community children. To detect subsequent SSTI in these children or a household member, surveys were administered 6 and 12 months following enrollment. Results SSTIs were reported by 56/708 (8.1%) respondents during the initial 6-month interval. SSTI developed in 6/26 (23%) initially colonized with MRSA, 16/194 (8%) with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus colonization, and 34/474 (7%) not colonized with S. aureus (MRSA vs. not MRSA, univariate analysis, p =0.014). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with SSTI included history of SSTI in the child during the year preceding enrollment ( p p p =0.08). Conclusions In the current era of community MRSA transmission, SSTI is a disease of households, with recurrences in index cases and occurrences among household contacts. Children with MRSA colonization may be at risk for subsequent SSTI. Further study of MRSA transmission dynamics in households and preventive strategies should receive high priority.
Can Change in Prolonged Walking Be Inferred From a Short Test of Gait Speed Among Older Adults Who Are Initially Well-Functioning?

Background The ability to walk for short and prolonged periods of time is often measured with separate walking tests. It is unclear whether decline in the 2-minute walk coincides with decline in a shorter 20-m walk among older adults. Objective The aim of this study was to describe patterns of change in the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk over 8 years among a large cohort of older adults. Should change be similar between tests of walking ability, separate retesting of prolonged walking may need to be reconsidered. Design A longitudinal, observational cohort study was conducted. Methods Data were from 1,893 older adults who were well-functioning (≥70 years of age). The 20-m walk and 2-minute walk were repeatedly measured over 8 years to measure change during short and prolonged periods of walking, respectively. Change was examined using a dual group-based trajectory model (dual model), and agreement between walking trajectories was quantified with a weighted kappa statistic. Results Three trajectory groups for the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk were identified. More than 86% of the participants were in similar trajectory groups for both tests from the dual model. There was high chance-corrected agreement (kappa=.84; 95% confidence interval=.82, .86) between the 20-m walk and 2-minute walk trajectory groups. Limitations One-third of the original Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study cohort was excluded from analysis due to missing clinic visits, followed by being excluded for health reasons for performing the 2-minute walk, limiting generalizability to healthy older adults. Conclusions Patterns of change in the 2-minute walk are similar to those in the 20-m walk. Thus, separate retesting of the 2-minute walk may need to be reconsidered to gauge change in prolonged walking.
The Entry of Foreign Compounds into the Thoracic Duct Lymph of the Rat

Abstract1. Several series of structurally related radioactively labelled compounds were administered intraduodenally to rats with cannulated thoracic ducts and the radioactivity appearing in 24-hour thoracic duct lymph measured and identified.2. Radioactivity appeared in lymph following treatment with simple aromatic compounds, a series of short- and long-chain aliphatic compounds, steroids, a group of drugs, and DDT. In most cases this radioactivity was only a small percentage of the total amount absorbed from the intestinal tract. It is suggested that this appearance of radioactivity in the lymph is due to the distribution of the compounds in the total body water, of which lymph is a part.3. For compounds which enter lymph more readily (cholesterol, octadecanoic acid, octadecanol and p, p'-DDT), lipid solubility appears to be an important factor, and metabolic alterations affecting lipid solubility can affect the distribution of these compounds within the lipid and aqueous fractions of lymph. The lympha...
Hardware support for real-time embedded multiprocessor system-on-a-chip memory management

The aggressive evolution of the semiconductor industry --- smaller process geometries, higher densities, and greater chip complexity --- has provided design engineers the means to create complex high-performance Systems-on-a-Chip (SoC) designs. Such SoC designs typically have more than one processor and huge memory, all on the same chip. Dealing with the global on- chip memory allocation/de-allocation in a dynamic yet deterministic way is an important issue for the upcoming billion transistor multiprocessor SoC designs. To achieve this, we propose a memory management hierarchy we call Two-Level Memory Management. To implement this memory management scheme --- which presents a paradigm shift in the way designers look at on-chip dynamic memory allocation --- we present a System-on-a-Chip Dynamic Memory Management Unit (SoCDMMU) for allocation of the global on-chip memory, which we refer to as Level Two memory management (Level One is the operating system management of memory allocated to a particular on-chip Processing Element). In this way, processing elements (heterogeneous or non-heterogeneous hardware or software) in an SoC can request and be granted portions of the global memory in a fast and deterministic time (for an example of a four processing element SoC, the dynamic memory allocation of the global on-chip memory takes sixteen cycles per allocation/deallocation in the worst case). In this paper, we show how to modify an existing Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) to support the new proposed SoCDMMU. Our example shows a multiprocessor SoC that utilizes the SoCDMMU has 440% overall speedup of the application transition time over fully shared memory that does not utilize the SoCDMMU.
Adult Learner Participation in an Online Degree Program: A program‐level study of voluntary computer‐mediated communication

Several studies examining computer‐mediated communications (CMC) in online courses have found low levels of participation under both voluntary (ungraded) and mandatory (graded) conditions. This is troubling since student participation is widely considered to have a positive impact on performance. Program‐level data were analyzed to explore the relationship between three factors—(1) experience with previous online courses, (2) the course itself, and (3) the instructor—and subsequent participation. All three factors separately impacted participation levels in this voluntary CMC setting. Based on the findings, the authors recommend that researchers using CMC participation level as a study variable consider controlling for three global factors: previous online course experience, course, and instructor. Finally, the relationship between participation level and subsequent performance is tested, and the potential benefits of conducting future CMC research in voluntary discussion settings and with program‐level d...
Fiscal Impact on Intrametropolitan Residential Location: Further Insight on the Tiebout Hypothesis

This article focuses on the degree to which fiscal variations in a metropolitan area influence intrametropolitan residential location. Efforts to explain this aspect of locational behavior have essentially resulted in the empirical testing of the Tiebout hypothesis. The theoretical model in this article ties the localfiscal sector to traditional models of residential location. Within this framework, the Tiebout hypothesis and accessibility and neighborhood factors are examined. An important conclusion from this analysis is that it is optimal for upper income households to locate in the central city under certain conditions, despite fiscal advantages and greater neighborhood amenities in the suburbs. Essentially, location becomes an "inferior" good. Significant results are also drawn from the empirical model. First, the determinants of residential location were found to vary substantially by income groups. Second, the Tiebout hypothesis may not be valid in certain types of metropolitan areas.
Resistance of crayfish (Procambarus spp.) populations to wetland drying depends on species and substrate

AbstractWetland or stream drying can be a severe disturbance for aquatic animals, but the severity of a drying disturbance is context dependent. We used a controlled drying experiment to investigate the resistance of populations of 2 crayfish species (Procambarus fallax and Procambarus alleni) found in south Florida wetlands in 3 sediment types (sand, marl, and peat). The species had different putative burrowing abilities, and we tested the hypothesis that the severity of drying disturbance for populations of burrowing crayfish would be species and substrate dependent. Observations of initial burrowing success indicated that the species could burrow equally well in peat, whereas P. alleni burrowed more effectively than P. fallax in marl and sand. No P. fallax burrowed in the dense sand substrate. The number of crayfish surviving 2 mo underground was a function of particular combinations of species and substrate. Survival of both species was high in peat (∼66%) and similarly high for P. alleni in marl. Sur...
Generic physical mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis: A common basis for development and evolution

Morphological evolution is usually considered to occur by the selection of small heritable variations in the expression of anatomical traits, on the basis of improved adaptation to new environmental conditions. An alternative mode of morphological evolution is proposed here: the production of a spectrum of forms by the action of intrinsic physical properties of cell aggregates, followed by intense selection for biochemical mechanisms that make the generation of a subset of viable morphologies, and pathways of transition between morphologies, more reliable. This view provides an account of the origins of important features of metazoan body plans and organ forms, including gastrulation and other types of tissue multilayering, lumen formation, and segmentation. It also implies that most major morphological innovations would occur early in phylogeny, often more than once, with much subsequent genetic selection being of a stabilizing or canalizing variety. Consistent with recent findings, this view predicts that functional redundancy among developmentally important genes and genetic circuits should be prevalent.
Condorcet fusion for improved retrieval

We present a new algorithm for improving retrieval results by combining document ranking functions: Condorcet-fuse. Beginning with one of the two major classes of voting procedures from Social Choice Theory, the Condorcet procedure, we apply a graph-theoretic analysis that yields a sorting-based algorithm that is elegant, efficient, and effective. The algorithm performs very well on TREC data, often outperforming existing metasearch algorithms whether or not relevance scores and training data is available. Condorcet-fuse significantly outperforms Borda-fuse, the analogous representative from the other major class of voting algorithms.
Structural Dynamics Experimental Activities in Ultra-Lightweight and Inflatable Space Structures

This paper reports recently completed structural dynamics experimental activities with new ultra-lightweight and inflatable space structures (a.k.a., "Gossamer" spacecraft) at NASA Langley Research Center, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Nine aspects of this work are covered: 1) inflated, rigidized tubes, 2) active control experiments, 3) photogrammetry, 4) laser vibrometry, 5) modal tests of inflatable structures, 6) in-vacuum modal tests, 7) tensioned membranes, 8) deployment tests, and 9) flight experiment support. Structural dynamics will play a major role in the design and eventually in-space deployment and performance of Gossamer spacecraft. Experimental research and development such as this is required to validate new analysis methods. The activities discussed in the paper are pathfinder accomplishments, conducted on unique components and prototypes of future spacecraft systems.
ZrO 2 nano-additives to bone cement increase osteoblast adhesion and proliferation

Zirconia particles were introduced into a methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) liquid and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads during polymerization to develop novel bone cement substrates. Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) were seeded at a density of 3500 cells/cm2 and were cultured on unmodified bone cements comprising of only PMMA, bone cements modified with micron ZrO 2 additives, bone cements modified with evenly dispersed ZrO 2 nano-additives, and bone cements modified with evenly dispersed ZrO 2 nano-additives functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate for four hours and twenty-four hours. Cells were subsequently stained and counted. It was found that after four hours, osteoblast adhesion was significantly greater on bone cements containing unfunctionalized nano-ZrO 2 and bone cements containing functionalized nano-ZrO 2 as compared to unmodified bone cements with no additives. After twenty-four hours, osteoblast proliferation was shown to be significantly greater on all bone cements containing ZrO 2 additives as compared to unmodified bone cements with no additives. Additionally, osteoblast proliferation was found to be significantly greater on bone cements containing unfunctionalized nano-ZrO 2 bone cements and functionalized nano-ZrO 2 as compared to bone cements containing micron ZrO 2 . Such data provided strong evidence of the increased cytocompatibility properties of PMMA with evenly dispersed ZrO 2 nano-particles and, thus, these materials should be further studied for orthopedic applications.
Geometry and brittle deformation of the subducting Nazca Plate, Central Chile and Argentina

SUMMARY We use data from the Chile Argentina Geophysical Experiment (CHARGE) broad-band seismic deployment to refine past observations of the geometry and deformation within the subducting slab in the South American subduction zone between 30 ◦ S and 36 ◦ S. This region contains a zone of flat slab subduction where the subducting Nazca Plate flattens at a depth of ∼100 km and extends ∼300 km eastward before continuing its descent into the mantle. We use a grid-search multiple-event earthquake relocation technique to relocate 1098 events within the subducting slab and generate contours of the Wadati-Benioff zone. These contours reflect slab geometries from previous studies of intermediate-depth seismicity in this region with some small but important deviations. Our hypocentres indicate that the shallowest portion of the flat slab is a
Examining the proteome of Drosophila across organism lifespan.

A survey of the proteome of Drosophila melanogaster at nine time points across the adult lifespan based on several mass-spectrometry-based techniques is presented. In total, there is evidence for 5...
Structured encoding of the singing voice using prior knowledge of the musical score

The human voice is the most difficult musical instrument to simulate convincingly. Yet a great deal of progress has been made in voice coding, the parameterization and re-synthesis of a source signal according to an assumed voice model. Source-filter models of the human voice, particularly linear predictive coding (LPC), are the basis of most low bit rate (speech) coding techniques in use today. This paper introduces a technique for coding the singing voice using LPC and prior knowledge of the musical score to aid in the process of encoding, reducing the amount of data required to represent the voice. This approach advances the singing voice closer towards a structured audio model in which musical parameters such as pitch, duration, and phonemes are represented orthogonally to the synthesis technique and can thus be modified prior to re-synthesis.
Associations of risk factors with somatic cell count in bulk tank milk on organic and conventional dairy farms in the United States

In the past decade, the demand for organic agricultural products has increased rapidly in the United States and worldwide. Milk quality research is of major interest to both consumers and dairy farmers alike. However, scientific data on milk quality, herd management methods, and animal welfare on organic farms in the United States has been lacking before the research from this study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of bulk tank milk somatic cell count (SCC) with management characteristics on organic and conventional dairy farms in New York, Oregon, and Wisconsin. Data from similarly sized organic farms (n = 192), conventional nongrazing farms (n = 64), and conventional grazing farms (n = 36) were collected at a single farm visit. Of the 292 farms visited, 290 bulk tank milk samples were collected. Overall, no difference in SCC was observed between the conventional and organic grazing systems. Two models were created to assess the effects of various management and herd characteristics on the logarithmic transformation of the SCC (LSCC), one using data from all herds and one using data from organic herds only. From the total herd model, more grain fed per cow per day was negatively associated with LSCC, whereas a positive bulk tank culture for Staphylococcus aureus and years that a farmer reported being in the dairy business were both positively associated with LSCC. In the organic herd model, a seasonal effect indicated that LSCC tended to increase in the summer and decrease in the winter. Grain fed per cow per day, the use of anionic salts in transition-cow diets, the use of gloves during milking, and regular use of a quarantine unit at milking were all negatively associated with LSCC. Similar to the total herd model, a Staph. aureus-positive bulk tank culture was positively associated with LSCC in the organic model. Standard plate count was also positively associated with LSCC in the organic model. Several variables that were associated with management using external resources were combined to create an external input score. In the total herd model, use of more external resources was negatively associated with LSCC. Conventional herds in the study tended to use more outside management resources than organic herds.
Bandelier: Behind and Beyond the Journals

Bandelier: The Life and Adventures of Adolph Bandelier, by Charles H. Lange and Carroll L. Riley, 1996 A surge in publication has accompanied the recent, renewed interest in the history of American anthropol­ogy, and the Bulletin is one manifestation of this. Another notable aspect is the publication of biographies and collections of biographical essays of late-19th through mid-20th century archaeologists and other anthropologists. One interesting and sometimes surprising aspect of this output of new biography is how much more we learn about those whom we thought we knew well. For example, I have read two, book-length biographies of Ruth Benedict and Alfred Kidder as well as several biographical essays. Nevertheless, new publications about these anthropologists, and others, continue to provide additional insights and greater understanding, even though they cover much the same basic data as· earlier works. Different perspectives often yield novel ideas and conclusions, and the discovery of new, biographical and other historical data frequently requires a major reassesesment and revision of both the biography and general history. Furthermore, my own experi­ence (Reyman n.d.) suggests that, when we write biography, we also learn much about ourselves and pro­vide readers with insights about us (often unintentionally), as well as about our subjects.