cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Margins of Underdog Sociology: Implications for the “West Coast AIDS Project”

Based upon participant-observation in a research project that conducted AIDS prevention among street-based drug injectors, this paper analyzes the challenges presented in the application of an underdog sociological perspective in a quasi-human service agency. The directors of the AIDS Project incorporated the principles of Becker's labeling theory (1963) and the epistemological foundations of naturalist ethnography into the agency's outreach and research design. As such, this paper explores the bounds of the promoted “underdog sympathy.” In addition, since the agency hired mostly former “underdogs” to conduct street outreach, the author examines conflicts in theoretical knowledge claims between the administration and staff. Whereas the outreach staff members embraced more lay-oriented psychological and therapeutic concepts, their experiential authority was dismissed by the sociologist administrators, belying formal claims to privileging underdog perspectives. Inasmuch as the directors dismissed the outreach workers' experiential knowledge, the directors were engaged in “ontological gerrymandering” (Woolgar and Pawluch 1985): selectively distinguishing objective reality from subjective claims. This paper focuses on two issues that represent the difficulty in applying an underdog sociology: 1) the dynamic construction of drugs, addiction, and recovery; and 2) collective representations of drug using clients. Employing Gouldner's (1967) critique of labeling theory, this paper deconstructs empirically the role of interests in the production of knowledge and contradictory sociological sentiments toward “deviants” in an applied setting.
The invisible dermatoses.

† The central tenet of invisible dermatology is that visible lesions represent a late stage of development. The eye is an unreliable instrument for judging the normalcy of skin. In chronic widespread dermatoses, the uninvolved skin is at least physiologically abnormal. Recently healed skin is always abnormal. Recognition of occult changes will have a substantial impact on the prevention and treatment of diseases of the skin. ( Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:1375-1382)
Development of stabilized zero valent iron nanoparticles

Abstract Many organic micropollutants have recently been identified in natural water sources and treated drinking water. Often, these compounds are not successfully degraded or removed by current water treatment processes. There is an increasing interest in developing new water treatment technologies based on catalytic nanoparticles to take advantage of enhanced particle reactivity at the nanoscale. Our current research focuses on the development and characterization of zero valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles to improve nanoparticle design and enhance particle reactivity. The focus of this study was to evaluate two different iron salts as starting materials and to evaluate three different carboxymethyl cellulose stabilizers. The stabilizers were evaluated for their ability to stabilize ZVI nanoparticles during synthesis and to produce dispersed nanoparticles with narrow size distributions. Nanoparticles with a modal particle diameter of less than 50 nm were obtained. Particles were characterized using electr...
Selecting a &#x1d49f;-Optimal Follow-Up Experiment Among Candidate Choices

ABSTRACT Augmenting an initial screening experiment with additional runs is often needed to resolve ambiguities involving aliasing of effects. &#x1d49f;-optimal augmentation is an efficient means of selecting a follow-up experiment that provides for precise estimation of a user-specified model by selecting runs such that the combined design maximizes the determinant of the information matrix. Optimal design augmentation offers greater flexibility with respect to run size and model specification than traditional follow-up strategies such as foldover and semifoldover. In this article, we consider the use of multiple criteria for selecting among candidate &#x1d49f;-optimal follow-up designs. For situations in which optimization is an objective of experimentation, we also suggest a Bayesian posterior predictive approach to help select among candidate follow-up experiments through the computation of probabilities that follow-up treatment combinations achieve some desirable quality level or meet required specifications. The ap...
A report of one family with four autistic siblings and four families with three autistic siblings.

Abstract This is the first report of four autistic siblings. Four previously unreported families with three autistic siblings are also described. Careful review of pre-, peri-, and postnatal medical data failed to reach any common potentially pathological events in these 16 autistic siblings or their families. Taken together with other recently documented multiple incidence families, they are consistent with the possibility of a genetically determined type of autism.
Current Concepts in the Surgical Management of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common pancreatic malignancy comprising approximately 85% of cases. Many aspects of surgical resection of pancreatic cancer have been evaluated as to their effects on morbidity and mortality, including evaluation of anastomotic techniques, the role of extended lymphadenectomies, and the use of vascular reconstruction. Progress in the perioperative care of those undergoing pancreatic resection for PDA has resulted in improved outcomes. This review discusses the preoperative evaluation of a patient with pancreatic cancer and addresses the surgical management of these patients, with special attention to recent areas of progress and controversy.
Fever in the new millennium: a review of recent studies of markers of serious bacterial infection in febrile children.

Purpose of review Evaluation of a febrile infant or child for serious bacterial infections (SBI) can be a challenging task; there is no single reliable predictor of SBI in infants. This review examines some of the recent work evaluating the usefulness of indicators for SBI, such as white blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Recent findings While WBC is traditionally used as an indicator of serious infection, it appears to be the least specific and sensitive test in children. CRP and PCT are the most promising, but neither is an ideal single indicator by itself, especially in infants. There has been very limited experience with PCT in this country, however. IL-6 is more useful than WBC but less accurate than either CRP or PCT. Summary Much progress has been made in recent years in finding more accurate indicators of SBI than WBC. However, while recent developments have given clinicians some new tools in evaluating febrile infants and children, it remains a formidable undertaking. In the especially vulnerable infant population, the holy grail of a single ideal SBI indicator remains elusive.
Titanium complexes with chiral amino alcohol ligands: synthesis and structure of complexes related to hydroamination catalysts

Abstract Titanium complexes with chiral amino alcohol ligands are useful precatalysts for the intramolecular hydroamination of aminoallenes. They can be synthesized via protonolysis of titanium dimethylamide starting materials with the free ligand. In most cases, the resulting materials are not isolable due to their oily nature. However, several complexes were prepared in pure form and isolated as solid materials. [Ti(Cl)(NMe 2 )(–OCH 2 CH(Ph)N(CHMe 2 )–] 2 was prepared at room temperature from TiCl(NMe 2 ) 3 and the corresponding N -substituted d -amino alcohol; the dimeric nature of the complex was established by X-ray crystallography. [Ti(NMe 2 ) 2 (–OCH 2 CH(Ph)N(2-Ad)–)] 2 (2-Ad = 2-Adamantyl) was prepared from Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 and the corresponding N -substituted l -amino alcohol after prolonged heating. An intermediate complex that could not be purified or isolated is believed to be Ti(NMe 2 ) 3 (–OCH 2 CH(Ph)NH(2-Ad)). Two complexes with the composition TiCl 2 (–OCH 2 CH(R*)N(CHMe 2 )–)(HNMe 2 ) (where R* = CH 2 Ph or CHMe 2 ) were prepared at room temperature by protonolysis of TiCl 2 (NMe 2 ) 2 with the corresponding N -substituted l -amino alcohols. These two complexes exhibit dynamic behavior on the NMR timescale that is believed to be a dimer–monomer equilibrium, but they decompose at elevated temperatures.
Primer Vector on Fixed-Time Impulsive Trajectories

In this paper, the definition of the primer vector is extended to include nonoptimal as well as optimal trajectories. With this definition, simple tests are developed which determine how a given trajectory can be improved (in terms of velocity requirements). This problem arose in the study of the use of impulsive trajectories to generate approximate adjoint initial conditions for finite thrust vehicles. To do this, the optimum fixed-time impulsive trajectory must be found. However, since many mission analyses are done on an impulsive basis, a wider application is foreseen. Necessary conditions are developed for when an additional impulse can improve the trajectory; how interior impulses of a multi-impulse trajectory can be moved so as to decrease the cost; and when initial and/or final coasts improve the trajectory. In the case of transfers between circular, coplanar orbits a geometric interpretation is given. For the case of an inverse-square gravitational field, the components of the primer vector can be calculated analytically. Using Floquet theory, a convenient form of this solution is presented.
The neural correlates of spatial language in English and American Sign Language: a PET study with hearing bilinguals.

Abstract Rather than specifying spatial relations with a closed-class set of prepositions, American Sign Language (ASL) encodes spatial relations using space itself via classifier constructions. In these constructions, handshape morphemes specify object type, and the position of the hands in signing space schematically represents the spatial relation between objects. A [15O]water PET study was conducted to investigate the neural regions engaged during the production of English prepositions and ASL locative classifier constructions in hearing subjects with deaf parents (ASL-English bilinguals). Ten subjects viewed line drawings depicting a spatial relation between two objects and were asked to produce either an ASL locative classifier construction or an English preposition that described the spatial relation. The comparison task was to name the figure object (colored red) in either ASL or in English. Describing spatial relations in either ASL or English engaged parietal cortex bilaterally. However, an interaction analysis revealed that right superior parietal cortex was engaged to a greater extent for ASL than for English. We propose that right parietal cortex is involved in the visual–motoric transformation required for ASL. The production of both English prepositions and ASL nouns engaged Broca's area to a greater extent than ASL classifier constructions. We suggest that Broca's area is not engaged because these constructions do not involve retrieval of the name of an object or the name of a spatial relation. Finally, under the same task conditions, only left parietal activation was observed for monolingual English speakers producing spatial prepositions (H. Damasio et al., 2001, NeuroImage, 13). We conclude that the right hemisphere activation observed for ASL-English bilinguals was due to their life-long experience with spatial language in ASL.
The effect of secrecy on the international educational exchange of scientific knowledge

Abstract Three trends related to secrecy and international educational exchange of scientific knowledge are identified. These trends are (1) an increased dependence in the United States on foreign scientists for research and development; (2) a trend toward increased restriction of scientific information as secret or confidential; and (3) a shift away from university-based science toward research and development in governmental or private sector settings. The combined effect of these three trends on international educational exchange of scientific knowledge are discussed.
Application of the generalized constant coupling approximation to the geometrically frustrated antiferromagnets ZnCr2O4 and ZnCr2−2xGa2xO4

Abstract In this paper, we utilize the quantum version of the generalized constant coupling approximation, which we have extended to include nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions, to calculate the magnetic susceptibility of the geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet ZnCr2O4, and its diluted counterpart, ZnCr2−2xGa2xO4. Comparison is made with available experimental results. The existence of a ‘spin gap’ between the singlet ground state and the triplet excited states is discussed.
Bilobalide modulates serotonin-controlled behaviors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Dysfunctions in the serotonergic system have been implicated in several neurological disorders such as depression. Elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with clinical depression show elevated cases of neurodegenerative diseases. This has led to suggestions that modulating the serotonin (5-HT) system could provide an alternative method to current therapies for alleviating these pathologies. The neuroprotective effects of bilobalide in vitro have been documented. We aim to determine whether bilobalide affects the 5-HT system in the nematode C. elegans. The wild type worms, as well as well-characterized 5-HT mutants, were fed with bilobalide in a range of concentrations, and several 5-HT controlled behaviors were tested. We observed that bilobalide significantly inhibited 5-HT-controlled egg-laying behavior in a dose-dependent manner, which was blocked in the 5-HT receptor mutants (ser-4, mod-1), but not in the 5-HT transporter (mod-5) or synthesis (tph-1) mutants. Bilobalide also potentiated a 5-HT-controlled, experience-dependent locomotory behavior, termed the enhanced slowing response in the wild type animals. However, this effect was fully blocked in 5-HT receptor mod-1 and dopamine defective cat-2 mutants, but only partially blocked in ser-4 mutants. We also demonstrated that acetylcholine transmission was inhibited in a transgenic C. elegans strain that constitutively expresses Aβ, and bilobalide did not significantly affect this inhibition. These results suggest that bilobalide may modulate specific 5-HT receptor subtypes, which involves interplay with dopamine transmission. Additional studies for the function of bilobalide in neurotransmitter systems could aid in our understanding of its neuroprotective properties.
Comparative electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscles during planar motions: Anterior glenohumeral instability versus normal

This study compared the electromyographic activity of rotator cuff and scapular muscles between subjects with anterior instability and subjects with normal shoulders. Thirty-eight patients were studied; 23 had anterior instability that was subsequently surgically confirmed, and 15 had normal shoulders. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into the subscapularis (upper and lower portions), supraspinatus, infraspinatus, rhomboid, serratus anterior, and trapezius (upper and lower portions) muscles. Abduction, scapular plane abduction (scaption), and forward flexion were performed over the range of motion and later divided into 30 degrees intervals. In both abduction and scaption, the supraspinatus demonstrated significantly less electromyographic activity from 30 degrees to 60 degrees in shoulders with anterior instability compared with normal shoulders (p < 0.05). During all three motions, shoulders with anterior instability demonstrated significantly less electromyographic activity in the serratus anterior when compared with normal shoulders (p < 0.05). This occurred at 30 degrees to 120 degrees of abduction and at 0 degree to 120 degrees of scaption and forward flexion. None of the other muscles demonstrated significant differences. These differences during planar motions were similar to those demonstrated during challenging overhead sport motions. Early rehabilitation efforts should focus both on the rotator cuff and scapular muscles to establish smooth, coordinated shoulder motion.
Career Decision Self-Efficacy, Career Barriers, and College Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence

Relationships between college women’s experiences of violence from intimate partners, career decision self-efficacy, and perceived career barriers were assessed using social cognitive career theory as a theoretical guide. Among 129 students, sexual coercion was negatively associated with three aspects of career decision self-efficacy (self-appraisal, goal-selection, and problem solving) after adjustment for symptoms of depression, whereas negotiation (a positive conflict tactic) was positively associated with goal-selection self-efficacy. Psychological aggression, physical assault, and injury were not uniquely associated with career decision self-efficacy. Intimate partner abuse was generally unrelated to perceived barriers, with the exception of disability/health concerns, which were negatively related to psychological aggression, sexual coercion, and negotiation. Ideas for future research and implications for career counselors who work with female college students are presented.
Performing Lo Chicano

Divergent perceptions and long-standing disagreements over the meaning of Chicano ethnicity in relation to the dominant culture continue to divide scholars of Chicano Studies. Specifically at issue is whether (or how far) the politics of Chicano identity entail a bid for Mexican American inclusion in "the American dream," or conversely, a radical rejection of its premises (Jankowski 201). In the cultural sphere, scholars who favor the inclusionary impulse have, over the past decade, emphasized a theme of "cultural hybridity." The literary critic Rafael Perez-Torres, for instance, asserted in 1995 that "rather than excluding or denying, ... Chicano poetry incorporates and includes. This signals a movement toward mestizaje, toward a hybridization and crossbreeding on a cultural level that reflects the racial mestizaje which has produced the Chicano people" (8). This trope of hybridity locates a common "middle ground" (White x) with the dominant culture in a rearticulated and extended definition of the American dream that rejects older assimilationist models in favor of a vision of mestizaje. The discourse of cultural hybridity envisions the collapse of colonialism's structural inequalities into a polyglot global culture, where cultural difference becomes the basis for creative syntheses. Instead of a boundary line where different identities meet and conflict, it imagines a "border zone" where identities mix and enrich each other. As Perez-Torres continued, "Rather than enforce the circumscription of borders, we might shift our critical focus away from the distinctions that demarcate the cultural terrains of Euramerica and Chicano America and toward points of interrelationship" (28). Many critics informed by poststructuralist linguis
The toxic spill index (emergency response index)

Abstract An index has been devised to indicate the magnitude of a toxic spill. The index is a product calculation that varies from 0–96. It incorporates an estimate of the magnitude of the spill, the spill type (unknown, leak, spill), the medium affected, and the magnitude of the hazard represented. The method of calculation appears to be straightforward, based upon a survey of persons who performed trial calculations.
Direct sequencing of bacteriophage T4 DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.

Abstract We present a simple and convenient protocol for the direct sequencing of bacteriophage T4 genomic DNA. The method utilizes the thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ( Taq ) and 32 P-end-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers to produce extension products that allow the analysis of at least 200 nucleotides (nt) on a single sequencing gel. Single-nt changes in the template were easily detectable following an overnight exposure of the autoradiograms. Comparison of sequences from fully modified T4 DNA containing glucosylated hydroxymethyldeoxycytosine or from templates containing cytosine showed little difference in sequence clarity. These techniques considerably simplify the molecular analysis of T-even bacteriophages and should be compatible with automated sequencing methods which employ 5′-end-labeled primers.
Ion-enhanced gas-surface chemistry: The influence of the mass of the incident ion

Abstract There are many examples of situations in which a gas-surface reaction rate is increased when the surface is simultaneously subjected to energetic particle bombardment. There are several possible mechanisms which could be involved in this radiation-enhanced gas-surface chemistry. In this study, the reaction rate of silicon, as determined from the etch yield, is measured during irradiation of the Si surface with 1 keV He + , Ne + , and Ar + ions while the surface is simultaneously subjected to fluxes of XeF 2 or Cl 2 molecules. Etch yields as high as 25 Si atoms/ion are observed for XeF 2 and Ar + on Si. A discussion is presented of the extent to which these results clarify the mechanisms responsible for ion-enhanced gas-surface chemistry.
Nontransplantation options for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a complex, heterogeneous group of myeloid malignancies. The last decade has brought a revolution both in our ability to classify these disorders and in the number of nontransplantation therapeutic alternatives available for patients with MDS. In general, patients with MDS are classified using the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) into lower-risk and higher-risk categories. Approximately two-thirds of MDS patients are in the lower-risk category at initial presentation. There is a tendency to observe these patients until they become transfusion-dependent. We recently developed a prognostic model that allows the identification of patients with lower-risk disease but poor prognosis [1] .T his model is based on a score that considers patient age, cytogenetics, percentage of marrow blasts, hemoglobin level, and platelet count. Depending on the score value, the median survival of the patients with lower-risk disease can range fromlessthan12monthstonotachieved.Ofnote,alarge majority of the patients referred to M.D. Anderson Cancer Center are in the poor-prognosis lower-risk category.Validationandprospectiveuseofthismodelcould facilitate allow the development of early interventions, including allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Current therapeutic alternatives for patients with lower-risk disease [2] include supportive care (eg, transfusions, growth factors, antibiotics) and directed therapies, such as lenalidomide in patients with alterations of chromosome 5 and anemia [3]. The role of hypomethylating agents is lesswell establishedin these patients; these agents are commonly used in patients who have not benefited from growth factor-or lenalidomidebased therapy. Several ongoing studies are currently investigating the use of lower doses of either decitabine or 5-azacitidine (including an oral formulation) in these patients[4-6].Theseinterventionshavenotbeenclearly shown to modify the natural history of patients with lower-risk disease, however. The treatment approach for patients with higherriskdiseasehasevolvedsignificantlyoverthelast5years. Previously,mostofthesepatientseitherwerenottreated or were exposed to an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-like induction program. This type of strategy is associated with higher mortality and short duration of response. The introduction of hypomethylating agents has led to significant changes in the treatment of these patients. Both decitabine and 5-azacitidine have clinical activity in higher-risk MDS, and a recent randomized
Ethical and legal standards for research in prisons

Biobehavioral research, especially that which is conducted with prisoners, has become much more closely regulated in the last 30 years. State and federal law, as well as professional standards, regulate the conduct of many types of research; in the case of prisoners, this regulation is even more stringent. However, currently no mandatory, uniform, national regulatory or oversight process exists, and many privately funded research endeavors are operating in a regulatory void. In response to this, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission has argued for the creation of a single, national, independent regulatory body to oversee all human participant research, regardless of funding source. As ethicolegal research standards evolve alongside advances in science and technology, an appreciation of the history of prisoner research and an awareness of current standards is critical to conducting ethical prison research.
Genome-wide scan for CAG/CTG repeat expansions in Pimas with early onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract The expansion of polymorphic CAG/CTG repeats in specific genes causes several neurodegenerative disorders and in many instances the length of the disease-causing repeat correlates with the onset age and/or severity of symptoms. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has features in common with diseases resulting from trinucleotide repeat expansion, including a variable age of disease onset and penetrance. We have investigated whether CAG/CTG repeat expansion contributes to the genetic etiology of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indians, a population with the highest reported prevalence of this disease. Using the Repeat Expansion Detection (RED) method, we determined the size range in nondiabetic Pimas to be between (CAG)20and (CAG)130(mean repeat length = 195 bp), which is significantly larger than the mean size reported in Caucasians (150 bp). We compared the distribution of CAG/CTG repeat lengths among 40 Pimas with an early onset of type 2 diabetes ( 55 years). A 240-bp CAG/CTG RED product was found more frequently in early onset diabetics relative to nondiabetic controls (26% vs 11%), whereas a 210-bp band was more prominent in unaffected subjects (29% vs 13%); however, these differences were not statistically significant. In one Pima kindred, we also identified large RED products (≥360 bp) that displayed intergenerational instability among family members. However, these expansions were not associated with diabetes or any other clinical abnormalities in the carriers. We conclude that this unstable CAG/CTG repeat may represent a novel locus, consisting of large, but apparently nonpathogenic, unstable sequences.
A portrait of the GET pathway as a surprisingly complicated young man

Many eukaryotic membrane proteins have a single C-terminal transmembrane domain that anchors them to a variety of organelles in secretory and endocytic pathways. These tail-anchored (TA) proteins are post-translationally inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum by molecular mechanisms that have long remained mysterious. This review describes how, in just the past 5 years, intense research by a handful of laboratories has led to identification of all the key components of one such mechanism, the guided entry of TA proteins (GET) pathway, which is conserved from yeast to man. The GET pathway is both surprisingly complicated and yet more experimentally tractable than most other membrane insertion mechanisms, and is rapidly revealing new fundamental concepts in membrane protein biogenesis.
Annealing and the normalized N-cut

We describe an annealing procedure that computes the normalized N-cut of a weighted graph G. The first phase transition computes the solution of the approximate normalized 2-cut problem, while the low temperature solution computes the normalized N-cut. The intermediate solutions provide a sequence of refinements of the 2-cut that can be used to split the data to K clusters with 2=
Constraints and development: A reply to Nelson (1988)

Abstract This article is a response to Nelson's (1988) critique of constraints theories of word learning. It is argued that when constraints are conceptualized as factors that narrow the range of possible interpretations children can give to new words rather than the severely limiting factors Nelson portrays them to be, then many of Nelson's arguments against constraints theories lose much of their force. Data on early lexical development are reanalyzed, and are shown to be consistent with constraints positions. Developmental constraints theory is presented as an integrative account of previous constraints positions. It is argued that constraints theories can account for both the vast consistencies in lexical development across children and languages as well as the individual differences that have been documented in the literature. Constraints theories, while emphasizing the role of constrained systems within the child and the language, in no way exclude the important contributions of the social/communicative context in which word learning occurs.
Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC), Hormones, and Hypertension *

This minireview examines both the basic science and clinical observations over the past 20 years to show how and why overstimulation of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) expressed by epithelial principal cells of the renal collecting duct may be responsible for a large portion of hypertension in modern society. This idea is based on the finding that, in Liddle syndrome, a mutation of the β- and/or γ-subunits of ENaC produces an activated ion channel, in turn resulting in severe hypertension that is resistant to most forms of conventional antihypertensive therapy. ENaC can also be stimulated to conduct sodium by two hormones: aldosterone and insulin. These hormones are both often elevated in obese individuals with therapy-resistant hypertension. Thus, overstimulation of ENaC by metabolic abnormalities in obese individuals may be a likely cause of the hypertension that accompanies obesity. The molecular mechanisms underlying both Liddle syndrome and obesity-related hypertension are different (i.e. genetic and hormonal, respectively), but both have the same end result, namely increased ENaC activity.
Superconductivity above 90 K in magnetic rare earth-barium-copper oxides

Abstract We report measurements of the superconducting and magnetic behavior of GdBa2Cu3Ox. Superconductivity occurs below Tc = 95 and 93 K, respectively, for these compounds with large Meissner effects observed. The Gd-based compound has an upper critical field slope -dH c2 d T greater than 1.2 T/K. Both compounds exhibit Curie-Weiss behavior above Tc with free-ion effective moments and small, negative temperature intercepts. In addition, the Gd-based compound orders antiferromagnetically below 2.24 K with an entropy consistent with the ordering of seven unpaired spins.
Numerical Rule-Learning in Ring-Tailed Lemurs (Lemur Catta)

We investigated numerical discrimination and numerical rule-learning in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Two ring-tailed lemurs were trained to respond to two visual arrays, each of which contained between one and four elements, in numerically ascending order. In Experiment 1, lemurs were trained with 36 exemplars of each of the numerosities 1-4 and then showed positive transfer to trial-unique novel exemplars of the values 1-4. In Experiments 2A and 2B, lemurs were tested on their ability to transfer an ascending numerical rule from the values 1-4 to novel values 5-9. Both lemurs successfully ordered the novel values with above chance accuracy. Accuracy was modulated by the ratio between the two numerical values suggesting that lemurs accessed the approximate number system when performing the task.
A generalized q-binomial Vandermonde convolution

A generalization of the Vandermonde convolution is proved for q-binomial coefficients. When specialized, it yields some well-known identities.
Wear of bauxite-particle-reinforced aluminum alloys

Abstract Amounts of 1–20 wt.% bauxite particles were incorporated into Al-12Si-1.4Cu-1.3Mg alloy by the rheocasting method. Bauxite is a starting raw material of alumina with excellent chemical and thermal stability at high temperatures, a low coefficient of thermal expansion and high hardness. The abrasive wear resistance increased with increasing amounts of particulate addition. Under low and moderate loads, the wear resistance of the composite containing 20 wt.% bauxite was comparable with that of carbon steel. However, under high loads, carbon steel was superior to the composites in wear resistance. Particle clustering was observed in the composites owing to the small size of the bauxite particles (—300 mesh); it had little influence on the wear resistance and the mechanical strength of the composites. The sliding wear of the composite containing both bauxite and graphite particles, the matrix alloy and a hypereutectic Al-18Si alloy were also tested.
Aflatoxin B1 acute effects on three hepatic urea cycle enzymes using semiautomated methods: A model for Reye's syndrome☆

Abstract Urea cycle enzyme activities may be determined through the colorimetric analysis of urea and citrulline, which are intermediates in the cycle. A new semiautomated method was used to measure the activities of carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and arginase in liver samples from male Fischer rats (120–150 g) given a toxic dose of aflatoxin B 1 . Carbamyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase activities were 61 and 67%, respectively, of control values, 24 hr after a 3 mg/kg dose. Arginase activity was within the normal range. This pattern of ureas cycle enzyme activities is similar to that reported in biopsy specimens from children with Reye's syndrome.
Health-Related Hardiness in Individuals With Chronic Illnesses:

The aims of this study were to (a) describe health stressors, health-related hardiness, perception of illness impact, self-perception of health status, and psychosocial adjustment to illness in individuals living with an inherited bleeding disorder; (b) determine relationships between health stressors, health-related hardiness, perception of illness impact, self-perception of health status, and psychosocial adjustment to illness; and (c) determine if perception of illness impact had a direct and/or mediating effect on the relationship between health stressors, health-related hardiness, and self-perception of health status and psychosocial adjustment to illness. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Sixty participants composed the sample. Participants completed five questionnaires. Higher health stressors were associated with higher perception of illness impact, lower perception of health status, and poorer psychosocial adjustment to illness. Individuals with higher perception of illness impact were associated with lower self-perception of health status and poorer psychosocial adjustment to illness.
Factors affecting temperature of fire‐exposed concrete slabs

The influence of the various factors that determine temperatures in fire-exposed concrete slabs is examined, in particular that of material properties. Both experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out. From these a set of thermal properties has been derived that is representative of the properties of siliceous concrete and suitable for use in fire resistance calculations.
Twisted vertex representations of quantum affine algebras

Recent interests in quantum groups are stimulated by their marvelous relations with quantum Yang-Baxter equations, conformal field theory, invariants of links and knots, and q-hypergeometric series. Besides understanding the reason of the appearance of quantum groups in both mathematics and theoretical physics there is a natural problem of finding q-deformations or quantum analogues of known structures. Quantum groups were first defined by Drinfeld [2] and Jimbo [9] (also see [4]) as a q-deformation of the universal enveloping algebras of the KacMoody algebras in the work of trigonometric solutions of Yang-Baxter equations. In the same spirit it was shown in [13], [14], that there exists a 1 1 correspondence between the integrable highest weight representations of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras and those of the corresponding quantum groups, where both spaces have the same dimension in the case of generic q (i.e. q is not a root of unity). Moreover, one can be very explicit in the case of quantum gl(n) to write down the irreducible highest weight representations. Quantum affine algebras are the quantum groups associated to affine Lie algebras. Following Drinfeld's realization [-3] of q-analog of loop algebras, the vertex representation of untwisted simply laced quantum affine algebras was constructed in Frenkel-Jing [6], which is a q-deformation of Frenkel-Kac [7] and Segal [15] construction in the theory of affine Lie algebras. Subsequently, the same was done for the quantum affine algebra of type B in [1]. In the present work we construct vertex representations of quantum affine algebras twisted by an automorphism of the Dynkin diagram, which generalizes certain important cases in the ordinary twisted vertex operator calculus [-5,
Rapid Loss of Tolerance Induced in Weanling NZB and B/ W F1 Mice

Young adult mice (30 to 43 days old) of autoimmune NZB and BIW F 1 strains failed to develop immunologic tolerance when treated with ultracentrifuged bovine gamma globulin and then challenged 12 days later. By contrast, weanling NZB and B/ W F 1 mice (18 to 25 days) as well as weanling C3H mice (16 to 19 days) became tolerant and had no serum antibody 12 days after challenge. The C3H mice remained unresponsive, but NZB and B! W F 1 mice produced antibody between days 27 and 41. The rapid loss of previously established tolerance to foreign antigens could have its parallel in the loss of tolerance to autoantigens with subsequent development of lupus nephritis and Coombs9 positive hemolytic anemia in these animals.
Increased hydrogen peroxide downregulates soluble guanylate cyclase in the lungs of lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Similar to infants born with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), there is an increase in circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) and decreased cGMP-mediated vasodilation in an ovine mo...
Centrifugal pathways to the retina: Influence of the optic tectum

Two types of centrifugal pathways to the retina have been found in the vertebrates, according to the location of the cell bodies and presence or absence of connections with the optic tectum. One type is represented by the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of birds and, therefore, termed “ION-type” retinopetal system. The other type is termed “non-ION-type” retinopetal system. The ION-type retinopetal systems have been found in the cyclostomes, teleosts, reptiles, and birds. This review describes the anatomy and physiology of the ION-type retinopetal systems, mainly of birds and teleosts. On the basis of anatomical and physiological evidence cited in this review, the ION-type retinopetal systems can be regarded as the tectofugal pathways to the retina. The function of the ION-type retinopetal systems is discussed in detail, with special emphasis on their relation to the role of the tectum in mediating visuomotor behavior.
An efficient 3-D spectral-element method for Schro/spl uml/dinger equation in nanodevice simulation

A three-dimensional (3-D) spectral-element method (SEM) based on Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL) polynomials is proposed to solve the Schro/spl uml/dinger equation in nanodevice simulation. Galerkin's method is employed to obtain the system equation. The high-order basis functions employed are orthogonal and the numerical quadrature points are the same as the GLL integration points, leading to a diagonal mass matrix and a more sparse stiffness matrix. Thus, the proposed method leads to a regular eigenvalue problem, rather than a generalized eigenvalue problem, greatly reducing the computer-memory requirement and central-processing-unit (CPU) time in comparison with the conventional finite-element method (FEM). Furthermore, the SEM is implemented for high geometrical orders, where curved structures can be modeled up to the accuracy comparable to the interpolation accuracy afforded by the basis functions. Numerical examples verify a spectral accuracy with the interpolation orders, and confirm that higher geometrical orders are essential for curved structures to achieve overall spectral accuracy. Examples of quantum dots in various structures, including a waveguide, are analyzed with mixed boundary conditions. Numerical results show that the SEM is an efficient alternative to conventional FEM and to the finite-difference method (FDM) for nanodevice simulation.
On the Titchmarsh–Weyl m -function

The Weyl theory assets that there exist circles, possibly degenerate, in the complex plane which are associated with Sturm–Liouville equations. Closely related to these circles is the Titchmarch–Weyl m-function which plays a major role in the theory of Sturm-Liouville equations. In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the m-function and derive results of the formfor λ in a certain subset of the compledx plane.
Autonomous motorcycles for agile maneuvers, part II: Control systems design

In this paper, we present trajectory tracking and balancing of autonomous motorcycles for agile maneuvers. Based on the newly developed autonomous motorcycle dynamics in the companion paper, we present a nonlinear control design. The control systems design is based on the external/internal convertible (EIC) dynamical structure of the motorcycle dynamics. The control design of the EIC systems guarantees an exponential convergence of the motorcycle trajectory to a neighborhood of the desired profiles while the roll motion converges to a neighborhood of the desired equilibria that are estimated for a given desired trajectory. The effectiveness of the integrated control systems are demonstrated and validated by numerical examples based on a racing motorcycle prototype.
Forging the Smart Grid: From theory to practice

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: energy market; smart grid; meter data management system; automatic meter reading; automatic fault prevention; and green technology.
Relationship of flumazenil and glucose PET abnormalities to neocortical epilepsy surgery outcome

Background: Cortical areas showing abnormal glucose metabolism and [11C]flumazenil (FMZ) binding are commonly seen on PET scans of patients with intractable partial epilepsy, but it is unclear whether these must be totally resected to achieve seizure control. Objective: To analyze whether the extent of cortex showing 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) or FMZ PET abnormalities correlates with the outcome of resective epilepsy surgery. Methods: Cortical FDG and FMZ PET abnormalities in 15 young patients (mean age, 12.2 ± 7.0 years) with intractable partial epilepsy of neocortical origin were marked as regions with abnormal asymmetry using an objective semiautomated software package. These marked regions were then projected and measured on the brain surface reconstructed from the coregistered high-resolution MRI. Following cortical resection, the size of nonresected cortex with preoperative PET abnormalities was also measured (calculated separately for marked areas in the lobe of seizure onset as defined by long-term video EEG monitoring, and in remote cortical areas). Extent of preoperative PET abnormalities and postoperative nonresected cortex abnormalities on PET were correlated with outcome scores. Results: Large preoperative FMZ PET abnormalities were associated with poor outcome (r = 0.57; p = 0.025). Larger areas of nonresected cortex with preoperative FMZ PET abnormalities in the lobe of seizure onset were also associated with worse outcome in the whole group (r = 0.66; p = 0.007) as well as in patients with extratemporal resection (r = 0.73; p = 0.007), and in those with no lesion on MRI (r = 0.60; p = 0.049). Patients with seizure-free outcome had significantly smaller nonresected cortex with preoperative FMZ PET abnormalities than those who continued to have seizures (p = 0.022). No significant correlations between nonresected FDG PET abnormalities and surgical outcome were found. Conclusions: Extensive cortical abnormalities on FMZ PET predict poor outcome in neocortical epilepsy surgery. Resection of FMZ abnormalities in the lobe of seizure onset is associated with excellent outcome even in the absence of a structural lesion. In contrast, although FDG PET abnormalities regionalized the epileptogenic area, their size was not related to the extent of epileptogenic tissue to be removed.
Purification of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate by Density Gradient Centrifugation in Sodium Bromide

Fractionation of fully sporulated cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis by density gradient centrifugation in NaBr produced two bands which were identified as poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. This technique generated high yields of membrane-bound and unbound granules of exceptional purity and degree of polymerization.
Dynamic Transfer of Computation to Processor Cache for Yield and Reliability Improvement

VLSI systems in the nanometer regime suffer from high defect rates and large parametric variations that lead to yield loss as well as reduced reliability of operation. An architectural framework that ensures proper system operation when few functional units are defective or unreliable under process-induced or temporal parametric variations can be effective in improving manufacturing yield and overall system reliability. In this paper, we propose a novel memory-based computational framework that exploits the on-chip memory to perform computation on demand using a lookup table (LUT)-based approach. The framework achieves reliable operation by transferring activity to embedded memory of a processor from a defective or unreliable functional unit. This allows the die to run at a reduced (but acceptable) performance level instead of being completely discarded due to unit failure (in case of defective functional unit) or being throttled (in case of temporal parameter variations, e.g., temperature induced variations). We note that although the worst-case latency of memory based computation can be considerably higher than regular operation latency, the average latency is only modestly higher due to the abundance of narrow-width operands. Furthermore, the operands for a specific instruction (e.g., integer add, multiply, or floating point add) experience high locality of reference and thus require loading only part of the LUTs in the cache. Simulation results for a set of benchmark applications show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve yield and reliability at the cost of only a small loss in performance (on an average 0.8%) and 10 × less area overhead compared to hardware duplication based defect tolerance approach.
Methionine biosynthesis in yeast.

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the final reaction in the biosynthesis of methionine involves a direct methylation of homocysteine to yield methionine. The transmethylase enzyme is lacking in certain methionine-requiring strains. Repression in this reaction is also demonstrated. Two additional steps have been defined in the methylation of homocysteine. Direct evidence for the serine hydroxymethylase enzyme was obtained. A biosynthetic scheme consistent with all the genetic and enzymic data is given to demonstrate the proposed pathway for metbionine biosynthesis in yeast.