cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Space Infrared Facility (SIRTF): A New Probe for Study of the Birth and Evolution of Galaxies in the Early Universe

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is the fourth and final element in NASA’s family of orbiting “Great Observatories. SIRTF will offer order-of-magnitude improvements in capability over existing programs in the wavelength region between 3 and 180 microns. The combination of large-format detector arrays, with the intrinsic sensitivity of a cryogenic telescope, and the high sky visibility of a solar orbit, makes SIRTF an ideal instrument to carry out a number of very significant surveys to study the birth and evolution of galaxies in the early Universe. More than 75% of SIRTF’s observing time will be available to the worldwide scientific community, with the first call for proposals in July, 2000. SIRTF will be launched in December 2001, with an anticipated lifetime of 5 years.
Serotonin Clearance In Vivo Is Altered to a Greater Extent by Antidepressant-Induced Downregulation of the Serotonin Transporter than by Acute Blockade of this Transporter

Serotonin uptake, mediated by the serotonin transporter (SERT), is blocked acutely by antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but such blockade does not correlate temporally with the onset of therapeutic improvement. Treatment with SSRIs for 21 d induced downregulation of the SERT (Benmansour et al., 1999). The time course of SERT downregulation as well as the time course for its recovery after cessation of treatment with the SSRI sertraline were investigated using tritiated cyanoimipramine to measure SERT binding sites. To determine if there was a temporal correlation between the time when sertraline induced downregulation of the SERT and when marked alteration in SERT function occurred, clearance of locally applied 5-HT into the CA3 region of hippocampus was achieved using in vivo electrochemistry. After 4 or 10 d treatment with sertraline, SERT binding sites decreased very little (15-30%), and the chronoamperometric signals for serotonin in sertraline-treated rats were comparable with ones obtained in control animals. By contrast, after 15 d of treatment, when SERT binding sites were markedly reduced by 80%, there was robust decrease in the clearance of 5-HT. Moreover, the functional consequences of SERT downregulation as measured by chronoamperometry were significantly greater than those seen after acute blockade of the SERT by SSRIs. SERT binding sites decreases are not a consequence of reduced SERT gene expression, as revealed by in situ hybridization measurements. SSRI-induced downregulation of the SERT may be a key component for the clinical response to SSRIs.
A Concise History of Japan: Japan’s Post-War History, 1945–Present

Japan emerged from the Pacific War in tatters, but the small island country, showing Meiji-era resolve and with US support, quickly began rebuilding. By the 1950s, Japan had entered the era of ‘high speed growth’ and washing machines, refrigerators, and televisions, the ‘three sacred jewels’ of post-war consumerism, started to inhabit most Japanese homes, or at least most consumer imaginations, brightening once-glum lives. Government agencies, working in tandem with corporations and labour, and sheltered by the US security umbrella, orchestrated the economic recovery that birthed such global powerhouses as Toyota Motor Corporation and Sony. Politically, the conservative Liberal Democratic Party dominated the Diet for decades. It revised US occupation reforms and later pushed for constitutional changes, as well as further privatization of the economy. But as Japan entered the 1970s, environmental pollution tainted its celebrated economic success. Although the ‘big four’ pollution cases of Niigata and Minamata methyl-mercury poisoning, Yokkaichi asthma, and cadmium poisoning in Toyama stole most national and international headlines, smaller, equally devastating pollution problems occurred wherever industrial development went unchecked. In the name of the post-war economic recovery, which preoccupied Japanese politics for decades, the nation appeared willing to poison its most vulnerable people and environments. If Japan’s manufactured exports, ranging from the Toyota Corona to the Sony Walkman, characterized the decades after the Pacific War, pop culture exports have characterized recent decades. Whether in the urban exploits of Godzilla or the animated films of Miyazaki Hayao (b. 1941), Japan’s cultural production reflects many Japanese anxieties about nuclear warfare and industrial pollution. But Japan has emerged as a major exporter of culture. Today, the island nation is as much celebrated for its graphic novels as it is for the ‘sacred war’ it fought against the US and its staggeringly successful post-war economy.
On the capacity of a discrete, constant channel

This paper is concerned with an iterative method for calculation of the capacity of a discrete, constant channel. Unlike the standard reference (Muroga 1953), in which Lagrange multipliers are used in the conventional form, the method described is based on techniques of mathematical programming. In addition, input signals of different duration are admitted. The algorithm proposed is very simple and has the advantage that it yields converging lower and uppper bounds for the capacity.
Review of the tribology of diamond-like carbon

Abstract Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are characterized by very low friction coefficients, high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. Depending upon the testing environment, the coefficient of friction can be as low as 0.01. As-deposited films are wear resistant in vacuum as well as in atmospheric ambient. However, the tribological properties of DLC are strongly affected by the deposition method. This paper reviews the friction and wear properties of DLC, and of similar materials derived from DLC, as a function of the preparation method and testing environment. Mechanisms proposed to explain the tribological properties are presented and discussed.
Argon Adsorption at 77 K as a Useful Tool for the Elucidation of Pore Connectivity in Ordered Materials with Large Cagelike Mesopores

It is shown that argon adsorption at 77 K is convenient for the elucidation of pore connectivity in ordered materials with large cagelike mesopores and is capable of providing valuable structural information that may not be available from commonly used nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The discussed approach is based on the phenomenon of pore blocking upon desorption. The nature of this phenomenon is that the capillary evaporation from a particular pore is retarded until either the pore develops an access to the surrounding gas through a continuous path of unfilled pores, or the lower pressure limit of hysteresis for the pore is reached. When the former of these behaviors is observed, the capillary evaporation pressure provides information about the widest continuous path of pore entrances connecting the given pore with the surrounding gas, that is, about the smallest pore entrance size along this widest path. In the case where the capillary evaporation is delayed to the lower limit of hysteresis, it is possib...
Determining the potential productivity of food crops in controlled environments

The quest to determine the maximum potential productivity of food crops is greatly benefitted by crop growth models. Many models have been developed to analyze and predict crop growth in the field, but it is difficult to predict biological responses to stress conditions. Crop growth models for the optimal environments of a Controlled Environment Life Support System (CELSS) can be highly predictive. This paper discusses the application of a crop growth model to CELSS; the model is used to evaluate factors limiting growth. The model separately evaluates the following four physiological processes: absorption of PPF by photosynthetic tissue, carbon fixation (photosynthesis), carbon use (respiration), and carbon partitioning (harvest index). These constituent processes determine potentially achievable productivity. An analysis of each process suggests that low harvest index is the factor most limiting to yield. PPF absorption by plant canopies and respiration efficiency are also of major importance. Research concerning productivity in a CELSS should emphasize: (1) the development of gas exchange techniques to continuously monitor plant growth rates and (2) environmental techniques to reduce plant height in communities.
Sacral osteomyelitis: an unusual complication of abdominal sacral colpopexy.

Background Abdominal sacral colpopexy using permanent mesh is an established technique for repair of vaginal vault prolapse. Infection is not a frequent complication. We report two cases of lumbosacral osteomyelitis treated with intravenous antibiotics without mesh removal. Cases The first patient had known advanced degenerative arthritis. Unremitting severe low back pain 5 years after abdominal sacral colpopexy prompted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealing osteomyelitis and diskitis. The second patient developed symptoms 2 months postoperatively, and MRI indicated osteomyelitis with epidural abscess. Both patients received intravenous antibiotics, and neither required surgical debridement or mesh removal. Conclusion Osteomyelitis can present remote from the operation and can be difficult to diagnose. Protracted parenteral antibiotic therapy can be definitive treatment without mesh removal.
New insights in the physics of resonant tunneling

Abstract The time response in resonant tunneling has been investigated in terms of the derivative of the phase of the transfer function. Results show that at resonance, the response is drastically slowed down. The effects of damping, or finite mean free path, are accounted for by introducing a relaxation term into the Schrodinger equation which is similar to the use of the density operator with relaxation time. The quasi-states are not unique but depend on the mode of excitation.
EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON METHOTREXATE DISPOSITION IN MICE

SUMMARY 1. Morphine has been shown to slow the renal excretion of other drugs. The present study in mice evaluated the effects of morphine on the disposition of methotrexate (MTX), an antimetabolite eliminated by the kidneys. 2. Mice were injected with morphine (20 mg/kg) or saline s.c. After 30 min, 20–80 mg/kg MTX was injected i.v. Blood and urine samples were assayed for MTX by HPLC. 3. Morphine reduced plasma clearance (CL) of MTX from 0.147 ± 0.015 to 0.061 ± 0.009 mL/min per g bodyweight (P < 0.01). The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) was raised by morphine from 151 ± 18 to 369 ± 36 µg·mL per min (P < 0.01). Without morphine administration, 22–27% of an MTX dose was excreted into the urine in 30 min. The corresponding fractions excreted into the urine after morphine were reduced to 15–18% (P < 0.01). 4. Plasma levels of MTX administered intravenously to mice are elevated by the concomitant administration of morphine, which reduces renal elimination of MTX.
Detection and scaling of statistical differences between visual textures

Stochastically textured patterns were used to investigate the sensitivity of Ss to differences in the statistical distributions of locally defined properties of element density and shape. The results of the study indicate that when the textures were most structured, in terms of their variance, Ss were most accurate at detecting dissimilarities between pairs of patterns. Ss also rated the similarity of the statistical distributions of elements of patterns differing in local properties. Multidimensional scaling analysis of the ratings showed two dimensions, representing monotonic orderings of the stimuli.
Bridging the divide between sensory integration and binding theory: Using a binding-like neural synchronization mechanism to model sensory enhancements during multisensory interactions

Neural information combination problems are ubiquitous in cognitive neuroscience. Two important disciplines, although conceptually similar, take radically different approaches to these problems. Sensory binding theory is largely grounded in synchronization of neurons responding to different aspects of a stimulus, resulting in a coherent percept. Sensory integration focuses more on the influences of the senses on each other and is largely grounded in the study of neurons that respond to more than one sense. It would be desirable to bridge these disciplines, so that insights gleaned from either could be harnessed by the other. To link these two fields, we used a binding-like oscillatory synchronization mechanism to simulate neurons in rattlesnake that are driven by one sense but modulated by another. Mutual excitatory coupling produces synchronized trains of action potentials with enhanced firing rates. The same neural synchronization mechanism models the behavior of a population of cells in cat visual cortex that are modulated by auditory activation. The coupling strength of the synchronizing neurons is crucial to the outcome; a criterion of strong coupling (kept weak enough to avoid seriously distorting action potential amplitude) results in intensity-dependent sensory enhancement—the principle of inverse effectiveness—a key property of sensory integration.
AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF AN APPROXIMATE RESULT IN RANDOM GRAPH THEORY

A technique for evaluating the non-randomness of a proximity matrix prior to a cluster analysis has been suggested by Ogilvie which incorporates an asymptotic result developed by Erdos & Renyi for the size of the largest connected component in a random graph. On the basis of Ogilvie's Monte Carlo comparisons, the use of Erdos & Renyi's asymptotic formula appears justified even when the number of objects in the set to be clustered is small. Several additional empirical comparisons are given in this paper that would indicate a more cautious attitude toward the use of the Erdos-Renyi asymptotic formula in a non-asymptotic context.
Diminished growth in fetuses born preterm after spontaneous labor or rupture of membranes

Abstract We examined biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, and birth weight in 148 preterm infants to assess fetal growth. A statistically significant proportion of preterm fetuses had biparietal diameter and abdominal circumference values below the fiftieth and tenth percentile levels as compared with that expected in normal fetuses. Similarly, birth weight of infants in the study fell significantly below the fiftieth and tenth percentiles relative to Brenner's curve. We corclude that diminished fetal growth is associated with early delivery secondary to preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes or both. Additionally, since biparietal diameters in preterm fetuses are smaller than those of normal fetuses the prediction of gestational age by cephalometry should be advanced by 7 to 10 days.
A General Description of the Hail Problem in the Po Valley of Northern Italy

Abstract The Italian Po Valley hail problem is examined and a description is presented of its economic, dimensions, its climatology, and some of the meteorological factors which influence it. A brief history of hail prevention in Italy is presented, covering ancient beginnings and tracing the development of the use of explosives employed by farmers at the present time in the Po Valley. Italy has the worst hail problem in the world, the estimated average low being $1333 per square mile W annum, nationwide, with an average loss reaching $7106 per square mile on a smaller scale in the Po Valley of North Italy. The great crop loss to hail is not due to excessively frequent hall. Point and areal hail-day frequencies are lower than many other hail areas in the world. The great loss value is due to a combination of 1) high crop value, 2) high hall frequency during the growth season, 3) storms that are large in areal extent, 4) frequent large hail, 5) long hailfall durations, and 6) large numbers of hailstones pe...
Lipopolysaccharide from Gram‐negative bacteria enhances polyclonal B cell activation and exacerbates nephritis in MRL/lpr mice

Depletion of B cells in mice bearing the lymphoproliferation (lpr) gene reduces lymphoproliferation and polyclonal B cell activation (PBA) and attenuates mononuclear cell vasculitis. We sought to verify whether the obverse was true, i.e. whether enhancement of B cell activity might exacerbate the nephritis of MRL/lpr (MRL) mice, a lupus-prone strain. The experimental approach was designed to address three questions: whether naturally occurring PBA in MRL mice could be further enhanced; whether enhanced PBA would exacerbate nephritis; and whether the mechanism of nephritis exacerbation involved interference with mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) function. To enhance B cell activity, we injected MRL mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, a potent B cell activator. To determine whether nephritis was exacerbated, we performed immunopathologic studies and tests of renal function. To verify whether nephritis exacerbation involved impairment of MPS function, we probed the kinetics of immune complex removal from the circulation, their uptake by the liver and spleen, and their localization in kidney tissue. The results indicate that in MRL mice: (i) spontaneous PBA can be enhanced by LPS; (ii) enhancement of PBA by LPS exacerbates nephritis; and (iii) the MPS is already saturated, presumably due to excessive production of endogenous immune complexes. Thus, further increase in immune complex formation due to enhanced PBA by LPS results in increased localization of immune complexes in kidneys and exacerbated nephritis.
Recent advances in relating macroscopic electrical relaxation data to microscopic movements of the ions in ionically conducting materials

Abstract The question of how to relate the macroscopic conductivity relaxation measurement ( e ∗( ω ), σ ∗( ω ) or M ∗( ω )) to the microscopic movement of the ions is a problem that must be resolved. Comparing with the results of a stochastic transport theory of charged carriers, we find that among the other choices the electric modulus, M ∗( ω ), is the most appropriate representation of the macroscopic data to describe the microscopic movement of the ions. It is found that M ∗( ω ) faithfully reproduces the shape of the dispersion of the microscopic ionic movement except that the entire electric modulus relaxation time spectrum is shifted uniformly away from the microscopic ionic hopping relaxation time spectrum by a calculable frequency-independent factor. Nuclear spin relaxation is a microscopic probe of ionic movement. A combined study of ionic motion using electrical relaxation and nuclear spin relaxation in a crystalline ionic conductor provides the means to verify the theoretical relation between the macroscopic electric modulus spectrum and the microscopic ionic hopping relaxation spectrum. Finally, we present some recent advances in our understanding of the experimental data that indicate the importance of ion– ion interactions in many ionically conducting crystals, glasses and melts.
In vitro esterification of plant sterols by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat.

The in vitro esterification of plant sterols,β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, by the esterifying enzyme of the small intestine of rat was studied in the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Campesterol esterification was highest, followed by sitosterol and stigmasterol irrespective of the type of fatty acid. Both campesterol and sitosterol esterification was greater with unsaturated fatty acids than with saturated fatty acids.
The Effect of Technology and Testing Environment on Speech Perception using Telehealth with Cochlear Implant Recipients

Purpose In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of remote system and acoustic environment on speech perception via telehealth with cochlear implant recipients. Method Speech perception was measured in quiet and in noise. Systems evaluated were Polycom visual concert (PVC) and a hybrid presentation system (HPS). Each system was evaluated in a sound-treated booth and in a quiet office. Results For speech in quiet, there was a significant effect of environment, with better performance in the sound-treated booth than in the office; there was no effect of system (PVC or HPS). Speech in noise revealed a significant interaction between environment and system. Subjects' performance was poorer for PVC in the office, whereas performance in the sound-treated booth was not significantly different for the two systems. Results from the current study were compared to results for the same group of subjects from an earlier study; these results suggested that poorer performance at remote sites in the previous study...
Marinopyrrole A Target Elucidation by Acyl Dye Transfer

The targeting of marinopyrrole A to actin was identified using a fluorescent dye transfer strategy. The process began by appending a carboxylic acid terminal tag to a phenol in the natural product. The resulting probe was then studied in live cells to verify that it maintained activity comparable to marinopyrrole A. Two-color fluorescence microscopy confirmed that both unlabeled and labeled materials share comparable uptake and subcellular localization in HCT-116 cells. Subsequent immunoprecipitation studies identified actin as a putative target in HCT-116 cells, a result that was validated by mass spectral, affinity, and activity analyses on purified samples of actin. Further data analyses indicated that the dye in the marinopyrrole probe was selectively transferred to a single residue K115, an event that did not occur with related acyl phenols and reactive labels. In this study, the combination of cell, protein, and amino acid analysis arose from a single sample of material, thereby, suggesting a means ...
Connecting Model Species to Nature: Predator-Induced Long-Term Sensitization in Aplysia californica

Previous research on sensitization in Aplysia was based entirely on unnatural noxious stimuli, usually electric shock, until our laboratory found that a natural noxious stimulus, a single sublethal lobster attack, causes short-term sensitization. We here extend that finding by demonstrating that multiple lobster attacks induce long-term sensitization (≥24 h) as well as similar, although not identical, neuronal correlates as observed after electric shock. Together these findings establish long- and short-term sensitization caused by sublethal predator attack as a natural equivalent to sensitization caused by artificial stimuli.
Mechanistic Studies of Solvation Dynamics in Liquids

This chapter deals with several aspects of theory and computer simulation of solvation dynamics (SD), the solvent response to a change in solutesolvent interactions brought about by a solute electronic transition. The chapter starts with an overview of recent progress in SD research and with the basic assumptions that are used as a starting point in most SD theories and simulations. Instantaneous normal mode and time-domain methods of analysis of the solvation response applicable within the linear response approximation are then presented. Their use in uncovering several aspects of the molecular mechanism of SD, including the relative contributions of different molecular degrees of freedom, the collective nature of the response, the dependence of the response on the range and symmetry of the perturbation in solute-solvent interactions and the resemblance between SD and other experimentally-accessible solvent dynamics, is illustrated. It is shown how the results of this analysis can be used to develop approximations to SD in terms of single-solvent-molecule and pure solvent dynamics. Several causes of breakdown of the linear response approximation, relevant to SD in real systems, are discussed. Analysis of molecular dynamics simulation data on SD in benzene-acetonitrile mixtures is used to illustrate how to uncover the molecular mechanisms leading to nonlinear response and to show that significant nonlinearities can arise even for modest changes in the solute dipole.
Medical students' experiences with and perceptions of chronic illness prior to medical school

Summary. Concerns have been expressed about the failure of the medical curriculum to address the health-care needs of the chronically ill. It has been shown in the literature that medical students develop cynicism and negative feelings towards chronic illness as they progress through their training, perhaps as a result of the attitudes and frustrations of their teachers. What has been inadequately addressed are the experiences with and perceptions about chronic illness that medical students have before entering medical school. Some recommendations are made for curriculum changes based on the findings reported.
Geometric Isomers of Platinum Coordination Compounds: An NMR Experiment for the Undergraduate Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

This experiment illustrates the value of using NMR spectroscopy to study geometric isomers, and the synthetic utility of the trans effect in inorganic reaction mechanisms. The syntheses of cis- and trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) are carried out on a small scale, using both 14N and 15N ammine ligands. Students use 195Pt and 15N NMR spectroscopies to study the coordination complexes prepared. The 195Pt chemical shift is indicative of the metal’s coordination environment. Furthermore, the 195Pt-15N coupling constant is sensitive to the nature and geometry of the ligands bound to the metal, and this is also explored.
Co-scheduling computational and networking resources in elastic optical networks

Today's applications such as cloud computing and e-science involve the processing of complex jobs consisting of several inter-dependent tasks executing on heterogeneous clusters of computing resources, which are interconnected by high-speed optical networks. The emerging technology of flexible grid through the use of Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OOFDM) allows fiber bandwidth to be more suitably matched up with application requirements, thereby making the network more elastic. This is done by partitioning the bandwidth into hundreds or even thousands of OFDM subcarriers that may be allocated to services. An important problem in such applications is the joint scheduling (or co-scheduling) of computational and network resources. In this paper, we formulate a problem of co-scheduling computational and networking resources to multiple jobs in elastic optical networks. We consider both static and dynamic versions of the problem; in the static case, our objective is to minimize the makespan of all the jobs, while minimizing the job blocking is the aim when jobs arrive dynamically. We formulate an integer-linear program for the static version of the problem. Two efficient heuristics are then proposed and compared. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Amantadine and equine influenza: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and neurological effects in the horse.

Summary Amantadine is an antiviral agent effective against influenza A viruses. We investigated 1) the antiviral efficacy, 2) analytical detection, 3) bioavailability and disposition, 4) pharmacokinetic modelling and 5) adverse reactions of amantadine in the horse. In vitro, amantadine and its derivative rimantadine suppressed the replication of recent isolates of equine-2 influenza virus with effective doses (EDs) of less than 30 ng/ml. Rimantadine was more effective than amantadine against most viral isolates; we suggest a minimum plasma concentration of 300 ng/ml of amantadine for therapeutic efficacy. In vivo an i.v. dose of amantadine 15 mg/kg bwt produced mild, transient CNS signs which were no longer apparent after 30 min. Amantadine administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg bwt was established as the maximum safe single i.v. dose. However, if repeated i.v. administration of amantadine is required no more than 10 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. should be used. The maximal safe plasma concentration of amantadine was not evaluated but is probably greater than 2000 ng/ml and possibly greater than 4000 ng/ml. On the other hand, horses with lower seizure thresholds, or those on medications that lower seizure thresholds, may be at increased risk of amantadine-induced seizures, which show few premonitory signs and are rapidly fatal. After i.v. administration of amantadine 10 mg/kg bwt, the disposition kinetics were well fitted by a 2-compartment open model. The estimated peak plasma concentration after this dose was about 4500 ng/ml, the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was (mean ± s.d.) 4.9 ± 1.9 l/kg bwt and the β phase half-life was 1.83 ± 0.87 h. Computer projections of plasma amantadine concentrations after i.v. administration of amantadine at a dose of 10 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. at 8 h intervals suggest peak plasma concentrations of 4000–5000 ng/ml and troughs of less than 300 ng/ml will be achieved. Amantadine administered orally at 10 mg/kg bwt and 20 mg/kg bwt showed mean oral bioavailability of about 40–60% and a plasma half life of 3.4 ± 1.4 h; however, there was substantial inter-animal variation in bioavailability. Projections based on the kinetics observed in individual animals suggest that some animals readily maintain effective plasma concentrations of amantadine after oral administration of 20 mg/kg bwt t.i.d. On the other hand, animals in which amantadine is poorly bioavailable may require up to a 6-fold (120 mg/kg bwt) increase in the oral dose to achieve effective blood concentrations. Withholding food for 15 h did not reduce these inter-animal differences in bioavailability. Our results showed that simple dosing with oral amantadine will not yield effective plasma concentrations in all animals. While i.v. administration yielded more reproducible plasma concentrations, care should be taken to see that the seizure threshold is not exceeded. In acute situations, i.v. administration (5 mg/kg bwt) every 4 h should maintain safe and effective plasma and respiratory tract concentrations of amantadine.
2,7-Substituted hexafluoroheterofluorenes as potential building blocks for electron transporting materials.

A series of 2,7-substituted hexafluoro-9-heterofluorenes was synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNArF) reactions of phenyllithium, thienyllithium, and lithium phenylacetylide with various octafluoroheterofluorenes and 2,2′-dibromooctafluorobiphenyl. These compounds are of interest as possible building blocks for materials with useful electron transport properties, since they possess relatively low LUMO energy levels. The HOMO−LUMO energy gaps, as determined by UV−vis spectroscopy, range between 3.0 and 3.9 eV, while photoluminescence emission spectra reveal λems values in the range of 365 to 420 nm (corresponding to ultraviolet to violet/blue emission). Dilute solution state quantum yields vary significantly with the nature of the heteroatom and the 2,7-substituents, and approach unity for a number of the di(phenylethynyl) derivatives. The experimentally determined LUMO energy levels (−2.7 to −3.3 eV as determined by differential pulse voltammetry) suggest that these compounds may be good...
Perceived income adequacy and selected financial management practices among families in Chile and Mexico

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceived adequacy of families' incomes and selected financial management practices (food budgetin debt, saving) in two Latin American countries. An interview survey was used to gather socioeconomic and demographic information from 537 families in Chile and Mexico. There were major differences between Chile and Mexico in the income adequacy responses and also major differences within countries between income levels. Implications of the findings for policy makers and curriculum planners who work in developing countries with inflationary conditions and income inadequacies are discussed.
Heinz Kohut as I Knew Him

This is a recount of the professional and personal relationship of the author with Heinz Kohut. It began during the author's psychoanalytic training at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis and spans the years from 1965 until Kohut's death in 1981. The focus of the article is the author's own experience of his relationship with one of the most important figures in his own professional development and in psychoanalysis.
Parameter of spontaneous and X-ray-induced reversion of the white-ivory mutant of drosophila

Abstract The white-ivory mutant of Drosophila melanogaster reverts frequently to wild type both in germinal and somatic cells. Spontaneous germinal reversion is restricted to meiosis and is dependent on synapsis with a structurally normal homologue. Reversion in mitotic cells, both premeiotic germinal and somatic, shows no such restriction and is, furthermore, greatly enhanced by X-irradiation. In somatic cells, the frequency of induced reversion is a linear function of the X-ray dose. The effectiveness of X-rays is, however, much greater in somatic than in premeiotic germ cells. The properties of the white-ivory mutant suggest that it is the result of the addition of genetic material to the white locus although the nature of this addition remains an intriguing mystery.
Transient effects in dynamic modulus measurement of silicone elastomers 1. Zero mean strain measurements

The strain-dependent dynamic storage modulus of a poly(dimethyl-siloxane-co-methylvinyl-siloxane-co-methylphenyl-siloxane) based silicone elastomer, which is reinforced with fumed silica and crosslinked with peroxide, is investigated. The dependence of the resulting dynamic storage modulus on the duration of cycling at a particular test condition is investigated and compared to static stress relaxation measurements in the same strain range. The dynamic modulus results are shown to depend on the time of cycling at the current test conditions as well as the time of cycling at prior conditions of lower strains. The relaxation is shown to be related to the time of cycling rather than the number of cycles performed. The pattern of behavior of the relaxation of the dynamic modulus with respect to peak strain amplitude is different than that observed in a static stress relaxation test, both of which show significant nonlinear effects in strain. The observed phenomena are interpreted in terms of the role of the polymer phase on the dynamic behavior of the elastomer material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1001–1009, 2005
The Masculine Yardstick of Physical Competence: U.S. Police Academy Fitness Tests

State and local law enforcement training academies differ in a myriad of ways, including the content of their classes, the type of instruction received, and the tests mandated for graduation. The focus of this study is the physical fitness test and how it affects the proportion of women to men matriculating from these academies. A predictive model of academy completion rates is derived from a sample of 96 police training academies. The presence of gendered physical testing requirements was found to be positively related to the proportion of women to men graduating from training. In addition to the empirical models, data on the specific content of these tests are provided. The variability of tests suggests that gendered physical requirements are an illusionary panacea, as they do not address the fundamental assumptions of the tests themselves.
Techniques for stress- and strain-controlled homogenization of inelastic periodic composites

Abstract A framework is developed within the context of the displacement finite element method for applying periodic boundary conditions to uni-period basic cells under the influence of applied macroscopically homogeneous stresses. The resulting approach supplements the more common strain-controlled method which is also presented and which relies on an additive decomposition of the displacement field into linear (imposed) and periodic (unknown) contributions. As implemented here, the stress-controlled method employs a penalty formulation to insure that the displacement solution satisfies the linearperiodic decomposition. The performance of both the stress and strain driven methods are demonstrated and assessed on a complete set of homogenization computations for an elasto-plastic composite.
Nutritional Screening Tools for HIV-Infected Patients: Implications for Elderly Patients:

Background: Nutrition is a crucial issue for elderly HIV-infected patients. Screening tools (‘‘DETERMINE your nutrition health checklist’’ [NSI], the Mini-Nutritional Assessment [MNA], the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool [MUST] test, and the modified version of the Subjective Global Assessment [SGA]-HIV) might not detect problems in visceral fat accumulation, visceral protein loss, and lipodystrophy in elderly HIV-positive populations. Methods: Literature review of articles in English, French, and Spanish published in Medline and Cochrane databases through January 2010. Results: New studies question the use of body mass index (BMI) and weight loss as proxies for nutritional problems in HIV-positive patients. In the case of elderly HIV-infected patients, screening tools to deal with the aforementioned issues are currently being investigated. Conclusion: The authors suggest that a unique nutritional screening test that contains measures including BMI, weight loss, waist-to-hip (W/H) ratio, and mid-arm...
Effect of steroid dose and steroid ratio on plateauing in the adrenalectomized rat receiving a growth hormone-containing pituitary extract.

CHRONIC treatment, with a constant dose per animal or per kg., of either purified bovine anterior pituitary growth hormone, or crude growth hormone containing extracts of bovine or rat pituitaries, fails to produce continuous growth, indefinitely, in either intact or hypophysectomized Norway rats (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Treatment with growth hormone at a high dose level will give continuous growth for as long as a year and produce rats as large as 2.5 times normal adult size, yet plateauing still occurs (6, 7). That this phenomenon of plateauing on a constant dose of growth hormone is not merely a reflection of age changes in the animals is shown by the fact that senile rats, older than any used in any of the above mentioned experiments, show as great a growth response to growth hormone as do young adults (5). It has been shown by Selye that plateauing occurs at a higher weight level if DCA is given along with growth hormone in the intact rat (2), and that the initial growth response to growth hormone in the adr...
Muonic Interactions in Zn 66 and Zn 68

We have looked for the ${J}^{P}={0}^{+}$ nuclear excitation of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{68}$ in muonic atoms as suggested by Henley and Wilets. ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{68}$ was chosen because the energy of the ${0}^{+}$ excitation is close to the energy difference of the $2s\ensuremath{-}1s$ muonic levels, thus allowing a dynamic interaction between a muon in a $2s$ state and the nucleus in the ground state. We find that the $2s\ensuremath{-}1s$ level difference is 20 keV less than the nuclear excitation energy and, as a result, the dynamic interaction is too small for us to observe. We measure the ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{66}$-${\mathrm{Zn}}^{68}$ isotope shift to be $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}R}{\ensuremath{\delta}{R}_{\mathrm{std}}}=0.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$.
Notiz zur Solvatochromie von Azo‐Farbstoffen

Die Lage (λmax) und die Intensitat (ϵmax) des langwelligsten ππ*-Uberganges einer fruher beschriebenen Reihe von Azo-Verbindungen wurden auf ihre Losungsmittelabhangigkeit hin neu untersucht, wobei sich signifikante Abweichungen zu den seinerzeit veroffentlichten Werten ergaben.
X-ray Crystal Structures of 70S Ribosome Functional Complexes

Structures of 70S ribosome complexes containing messenger RNA and transfer RNA (tRNA), or tRNA analogs, have been solved by x-ray crystallography at up to 7.8 angstrom resolution. Many details of the interactions between tRNA and the ribosome, and of the packing arrangements of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helices in and between the ribosomal subunits, can be seen. Numerous contacts are made between the 30S subunit and the P-tRNA anticodon stem-loop; in contrast, the anticodon region of A-tRNA is much more exposed. A complex network of molecular interactions suggestive of a functional relay is centered around the long penultimate stem of 16S rRNA at the subunit interface, including interactions involving the “switch” helix and decoding site of 16S rRNA, and RNA bridges from the 50S subunit.
The validity of the Computer Face Scale for measuring pediatric pain and mood.

Summary Objective The aim was to assess the validity of the Computer Face Scale. Methods Forty children (5–13 years old) rated pain and mood prior to and twice following tonsillectomy. The children used the Computer Face Scale to adjust a cartoon face to rate pain and mood. During sessions one and two, the children also chose an expression on the Wong-Baker Faces Scale to rate their pain, and they reported their mood verbally on a seven-point scale. Results On average, the children reported no pain and a positive mood prior to surgery. Soon after surgery, they reported mild pain and a slightly negative mood. An hour later, they reported decreases in pain and return to a positive mood. The differences between presurgery and postsurgery ratings were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001) for all measures. The correlation between the two mood measures was 0.88 before surgery and 0.78 afterward. The correlation between the two measures of pain was 0.83 after surgery (P's < 0.001). Conclusions The results support the validity of the Computer Face Scale. The mean ratings of pain and mood followed the expected pattern from pre- to postsurgery, and there was a significant association between ratings obtained by different methods. The Computer Face Scale provides a simple-to-use scale with more resolution and electronic capture, which may provide advantages in numerous clinical and research applications.
In the eye of the beholder: pretesting the effectiveness of health education materials.

Abstract Health educators at the University of Massachusetts evaluated five posters to determine whether students comprehended, identified with, and were motivated by the messages, which dealt with aspects of safer sex, alcohol use, and stress management. Pretesting, they suggest, provides an opportunity for remedying design flaws before distributing materials, improving effectiveness, and saving money by assuring that the target audience receives the intended message. Six suggestions for improving effectiveness and acceptability of printed health education materials are offered.
Culture and society in new order Indonesia

In power since 1965, Indonesia's New Order government has formulated distinctive policies for cultural development. What effect have these policies had on individual artists and on art forms? This collection of fifteen essays explores the theme in the areas of literature, drama, film, television, painting, contemporary art, architecture, music, and language. The essays touch on current debates about the role of the artist in Indonesian society and discuss recent trends in the various genres.
Variation in salamander tail regeneration is associated with genetic factors that determine tail morphology

Very little is known about the factors that cause variation in regenerative potential within and between species. Here, we used a genetic approach to identify heritable genetic factors that explain variation in tail regenerative outgrowth. A hybrid ambystomatid salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum x A. andersoni) was crossed to an A. mexicanum and 217 offspring were induced to undergo metamorphosis and attain terrestrial adult morphology using thyroid hormone. Following metamorphosis, each salamander's tail tip was amputated and allowed to regenerate, and then amputated a second time and allowed to regenerate. Also, DNA was isolated from all individuals and genotypes were determined for 187 molecular markers distributed throughout the genome. The area of tissue that regenerated after the first and second amputations was highly positively correlated across males and females. Males presented wider tails and regenerated more tail tissue during both episodes of regeneration. Approximately 66-68% of the variation in regenerative outgrowth was explained by tail width, while tail length and genetic sex did not explain a significant amount of variation. A small effect QTL was identified as having a sex-independent effect on tail regeneration, but this QTL was only identified for the first episode of regeneration. Several molecular markers significantly affected regenerative outgrowth during both episodes of regeneration, but the effect sizes were small (<4%) and correlated with tail width. The results show that ambysex and minor effect QTL explain variation in adult tail morphology and importantly, tail width. In turn, tail width at the amputation plane largely determines the rate of regenerative outgrowth. Because amputations in this study were made at approximately the same position of the tail, our results resolve an outstanding question in regenerative biology: regenerative outgrowth positively co-varies as a function of tail width at the amputation site.
A Role for the Endogenous Opioid Peptides in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Primate

This short review discusses the gonadotropin-releasing hormone ‘pulse generator’ in the female rhesus monkey and the important modulatory role which the endogenous opioid peptides exert in the control
Growth parameters for aligned microstructures in directionally solidified aluminum-bismuth monotectic

Microstructures are shown for directionally solidified Al-3.4 wt pct Bi alloys with 0.2 wt pct Fe and 0.6 wt pct Fe additions. The third element causes the LI/SI + LII growth interface to become cellular. The bismuth forms at the cell nodes, appearing either as uniformly spaced arrays of spheres in the case of 0.2 wt pct Fe, or as an irregular net-work in the case of 0.6 wt pct Fe. Changes in the growth conditions which are known to control cellular structure are seen to have a similar effect on the bismuth spacing, with the cross sectional spacing varying as the inverse ofG (Temperature gradient) .R (Growth rate).
The SLAC Beam Switchyard Control Computer

A computer system has been developed at SLAC in the beam switchyard for on-line beam transport control. The system consists of an SDS '925' computer and various specially designed interface devices. The system scans and records changes in interlocks and status signals; sets up, monitors, and maintains magnet currents and controls collimator and slit apertures. In addition to standard card and teletype input-output, the system has special panels for operator control of magnet currents and slit and collimator settings. A link to another computer provides for remote information access and control for experimenters. An important feature of the system is the operator oriented language which is provided for operator/computer interaction. The language is arranged so that an inadvertent action of the operator cannot adversely affect the computer program. A single computer instruction can vary a group of magnets simultaneously to change the beam energy while maintaining a given beam focussing condition. A fine-tune control has been provided so that the current in an arbitrary group can be controlled by a single switch. The operator can write instructions in the language which are synchronized in time to 1/360 of a second, and/or repeated at prescribed time intervals.