cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between Non‐Lethal Injury, Body Size, and Foraging Ecology in an Amphibian Intraguild Predator

Theoretical treatments of intraguild predation and its effects on behavioral interactions regard the phenomenon as a size-structured binary response wherein predation among competitors is completely successful or completely unsuccessful. However, intermediate outcomes occur when individuals escape intraguild (IG) interactions with non-lethal injuries. While the effects of wounds for prey include compromised mobility and increased predation risk, the consequences of similar injuries among top predators are not well understood, despite the implications for species interactions. Using an amphibian IG predator, Ambystoma opacum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae), we examined associations between non-lethal injuries and predator body size, foraging strategy, microhabitat selection, and intraspecific agonistic interactions. Wounds were common among IG predators, generally increasing in frequency throughout larval ontogeny. Non-lethal injuries were associated with differences in predator body size and behavior, with injured predators exhibiting smaller body sizes, increased use of benthic microhabitats, reduced agonistic displays, and increased risk of intraspecific aggression. While such effects were not ultimately associated with reduced foraging success, non-lethal injury could contribute to niche partitioning between injured and healthy predators via habitat selection, but injured predators likely continue to exert predatory pressure on IG and basal prey populations. Our results indicate that studies of top-down population regulation should incorporate injury-related modifications to both prey and predator behavior and size structure.
A scaled, performance driven evaluation of the layered-sensing framework utilizing polarimetric infrared imagery

The layered sensing framework, in application, provides a useful, but complex integration of information sources, e.g. multiple sensing modalities and operating conditions. It is the implied trade-off between sensor fidelity and system complexity that we address here. Abstractly, each sensor/source of information in a layered sensing application can be viewed as a node in the network of constituent sensors. Regardless of the sensing modality, location, scope, etc., each sensor collects information locally to be utilized by the system as a whole for further exploitation. Consequently, the information may be distributed throughout the network and not necessarily coalesced in a central node/location. We present, initially, an analysis of polarimetric infrared data, with two novel features, as one of the input modalities to such a system. We then proceed with statistical and geometric analyses of an example network, thus quantifying the advantages and drawbacks of a specific application of the layered sensing framework.
Improvement in the Nutritional and Pulmonary Profiles of Cystic Fibrosis Patients Undergoing Bilateral Sequential Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal genetic disease of the white population and is associated with malnutrition. In patients undergoing thoracic surgery, poor nutrition is a risk factor for postoperative complications. The aim of this study is to characterize the nutritional profiles of CF patients undergoing pulmonary transplantation (heart-lung or bilateral lung) at our medical center between 1988 and 1996 and to assess the significance of their nutritional status on posttransplantation outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of the 31 CF patients who underwent lung transplantation. Body mass index (weight/height2) was calculated for the adult patients as an index of their relative body fat before transplantation. Preoperative biochemical nutritional parameters and pulmonary function tests were assessed. The data were then compared with data collected at 1 year after transplantation. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the relationship between preoperative parameters and transp...
Phase error estimation and correction in acoustic microscopy

Consideration is given to the phase error estimation and correction problem in tomographic acoustic microscopy. In a recent paper, Z.C. Lin and G. Wade (ibid., vol.ASSP-35, p.1037-45, July 1987) modeled the phase error as a constant and proposed a single-sideband technique for its correction. The present authors point out that the phase error is not a constant, and that the single-sideband technique removes only the effect of the error in the displayed image. They propose a new method for estimating and correcting the spatially varying phase error. The method is demonstrated for experimental data from the scanning laser and acoustic microscope. >
The RACK1 Ortholog Asc1 Functions as a G-protein β Subunit Coupled to Glucose Responsiveness in Yeast

According to the prevailing paradigm, G-proteins are composed of three subunits, an alpha subunit with GTPase activity and a tightly associated betagamma subunit complex. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are two known Galpha proteins (Gpa1 and Gpa2) but only one Gbetagamma, which binds only to Gpa1. Here we show that the yeast ortholog of RACK1 (receptor for activated protein kinase C1) Asc1 functions as the Gbeta for Gpa2. As with other known Gbeta proteins, Asc1 has a 7-WD domain structure, interacts directly with the Galpha in a guanine nucleotide-dependent manner, and inhibits Galpha guanine nucleotide exchange activity. In addition, Asc1 binds to the effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase (Cyr1), and diminishes the production of cAMP in response to glucose stimulation. Thus, whereas Gpa2 promotes glucose signaling through elevated production of cAMP, Asc1 has opposing effects on these same processes. Our findings reveal the existence of an unusual Gbeta subunit, one having multiple functions within the cell in addition to serving as a signal transducer for cell surface receptors and intracellular effectors.
Effects of nonlinguistic knowledge on language production

In Part 1 of the experiment described herein, Ss wrote descriptions of the second panel of two-panel cartoons. Half of the cartoons were immediately preceded by the appropriate first panel and half were not. In Part 2, Ss described single-panel cartoons for one of two types of readers: (1) a person who could not see the cartoon or (2) a person looking at the cartoon with S but not “getting it.” Both manipulations gave the predicted results. Ss who saw panel 2 after panel 1 and Ss who could assume common perceptual information with the reader wrote shorter descriptions and used fewer definite articles than Ss who saw panel 2 only and Ss who could not assume common perceptual information. Results are used to argue against linguistic-object theories and for an interactive theory of the higher mental processes.
From extension of Loop's approximation scheme to interpolatory subdivisions

The minimum-supported bivariate C^2-cubic spline on a 6-directional mesh constructed in our previous work [Chui, C.K., Jiang, Q.T., 2003. Surface subdivision schemes generated by refinable bivariate spline function vectors. Appl. Comput. Harmonic Anal. 15, 147-162] can be used to extend Loop's approximation subdivision scheme to introduce some parameter for controlling surface geometric shapes. This extension is achieved by considering matrix-valued subdivisions, resulting in subdivision templates of the same 1-ring template size as Loop's scheme, but with 2-dimensional matrix-valued weights. Another feature accomplished by considering such an extension is that the two components of the refinable vector-valued spline function can be reformulated, by taking certain linear combinations, to convert the approximation scheme to an interpolatory scheme, but at the expense of an increase in template size for the edge vertices. To maintain the 1-ring template size with guarantee of C^2 smoothness for interpolatory surface subdivisions, a non-spline solution is needed, by applying some constructive scheme such as the procedure discussed in our recent work [Chui, C.K., Jiang, Q.T., 2005b. Matrix-valued symmetric templates for interpolatory surface subdivisions I. Regular vertices. Appl. Comput. Harmonic Anal. 19, 303-339]. The main objective of this paper is to develop the corresponding matrix-valued 1-ring templates for the extraordinary vertices of arbitrary valences, for all of the three schemes mentioned above: the extended Loop approximation scheme, its conversion to an interpolatory scheme, and the non-spline 1-ring interpolatory scheme. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is applied to analyze the spectral properties of the corresponding subdivision matrices, assuring that the eigenvalues of the subdivision matrices satisfy certain conditions for C^1 smoothness at the extraordinary vertices for all of the three considerations in this paper.
Shared and unique morphological responses of stream fishes to anthropogenic habitat alteration

Understanding population-level responses to novel selective pressures can elucidate evolutionary consequences of human-altered habitats. Stream impoundments (reservoirs) alter riverine ecosystems worldwide, exposing stream fishes to uncommon selective pressures. Assessing phenotypic trait divergence in reservoir habitats will be a first step in identifying the potential evolutionary and ecological consequences of stream impoundments. We tested for body shape divergence in four stream-adapted fishes found in both habitats within three separate basins. Shape variation among fishes was partitioned into shared (exhibited by all species) and unique (species-specific) responses to reservoir habitats. All fishes demonstrated consistent significant shared and unique morphological responses to reservoir habitats. Shared responses were linked to fin positioning, decreased body depths and larger caudal areas; traits likely related to locomotion. Unique responses were linked to head shape, suggesting species-specific responses to abiotic conditions or changes to their trophic ecology in reservoirs. Our results highlight how human-altered habitats can simultaneously drive similar and unique trait divergence in native populations.
Angular correlation studies of intermediate width structures in 16O + 12C

Abstract An angular correlation technique has been utilized to study the spins of several intermediate width resonances in the inelastic scattering of 16 O + 12 C in the range 19 ⩽ E cm ⩽ 23 MeV. An analysis of the correlations and previously reported angular distributions strongly indicates that interpretations of these structures in terms of a single rotational band are inadequate.
Hydrogen bonding in bis(triphenylphosphine-P)iminium hydrogensulfate chloroform solvate.

The title compound, C36H30NP2+·HSO4−·CHCl3, consists of discrete ions and well separated chloroform solvate molecules. The central feature of the structure is O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between two hydrogensulfate ions related by a crystallographic inversion centre. The chloroform solvate molecule takes part in a well defined C—H⋯O hydrogen bond.
Perinatal outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients matched by body mass index.

Objective: Given that both type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and often coexist, we sought to determine if outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients are related to the presence of diabetes or to maternal obesity. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined perinatal outcomes of type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic patients matched by prepregnancy body mass index January 2000 to July 2008. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U and t-tests were used to compare groups. The association between type 2 diabetes and adverse perinatal outcomes was evaluated through logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Results: 213 pairs of type 2 and non-diabetic patients were compared. Diabetic patients had overall worse composite pregnancy, delivery, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Specifically, diabetic patients had higher rates of preeclampsia, poly- and oligohydramnios, cesarean delivery, shoulder dystocia, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm delivery, LGA infa...
Studying the costs of crime across offender trajectories

Research Summary Longitudinal studies of delinquency and crime have generated an important source of descriptive information regarding patterns of offending across the life course, and have helped inform and spur theoretical and methodological contributions. One particular method that has received considerable attention is based on offending trajectories, but applications of this method have not extended much beyond descriptive accounts of offending. This study links offender trajectories to monetary costs associated with criminal offending by members of the Second Philadelphia Birth Cohort. RESULTS indicate that chronic offenders who frequently commit crimes when they are young turn to more serious crimes when they are adults and impose far greater costs than low-frequency chronic offenders and those whose offending peaks during adolescence. Policy Implications Preventing individuals from becoming high-rate chronic offenders would yield significant cost savings of more than $200 million. In terms of overall costs, offending frequency accounts for the bulk of costs in the juvenile years, whereas the seriousness of individual crimes drives total costs in the adult years. Moreover, because some trajectory groups impose higher costs in their juvenile years, whereas others impose higher costs in their adult years, policies that target particular (high-rate chronic) trajectory groups as opposed to all at-risk youth, for example, have the potential to provide significantly greater benefits at lower costs. These findings suggest that the allocation of prevention and intervention efforts should be targeted differentially across the offender population, with those individuals exhibiting early, frequent, and chronic offending deserving the most attention. Promising programs aimed at such individuals include early childhood prevention programs, such as those based on family-parent training, self-control improvement, and cognitive therapies. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice Language: en
Thermal studies on Cr-doped V2O3 crystals☆

Abstract Studies on heat capacity (Cp) of (CrxV1−x)2O3 system, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.12, revealed a sharp Cp anomaly in each composition in the range 150–190 K. With increasing temperature, the transition temperature at first increased from 173 K (x = 0) to 187 K (x = 0.033) and then decreased steadily to 151 K for x = 0.12. Similarly, the enthalpy of transition increased from 2025 J/mole for V2.3O to 2355 J/mole-CrV2O3 for x = 0.02 and then decreased steadily to 1130 J/mole-CrV2O3 x = 0.12. 1 at. % Cr-doped samples exhibited an additional anomaly in the range 325–360 K. The Cp transitions may be correlated with corresponding electrical anomalies in the same temperature ranges. Our study on V2O3 failed to confirm the anomalies reported by Jaffray and Lyand.
Design Aspects for the Development of Mixed-Metal Supramolecular Complexes Capable of Visible Light Induced Photocleavage of DNA

Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes that couple ruthenium or osmium based light absorbers to a central rhodium(III) core have been designed which photocleave DNA upon irradiation with visible light. The complexes [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5, [{(bpy)2Os(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)5, and [{(tpy)RuCl(dpp)}2RhCl2](PF6)3, where bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine, tpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine, and dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, all exhibit intense metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) based transitions in the visible but possess lower lying metal to metal charge transfer (MMCT) excited states. These supramolecular complexes with low lying MMCT states photocleave DNA when excited into their intense MLCT transitions. Structurally similar complexes without this low lying MMCT state do not exhibit DNA photocleavage, establishing the role of this MMCT state in the DNA photocleavage event. Design considerations necessary to produce functional DNA photocleavage agents are presented herein.
Variance component analysis based fault diagnosis of multi-layer overlay lithography processes

The overlay lithography process is one of the most important steps in semiconductor manufacturing. This work attempts to solve a challenging problem in this technique, namely error source identification and diagnosis for multistage overlay processes. In this paper, a multistage state space model for the misalignment errors of the lithography process is developed and a general mixed linear input–output model is then formulated to incorporate both fixed and random effects. Furthermore, the minimum norm quadric unbiased estimation strategy is used to estimate the mean and variance components of potential fault sources, and their asymptotic distributions are used to test the hypothesis concerning the statistical significance of each potential fault. Based on the above procedures, the root cause of misalignment errors in a multi-layer overlay process can be detected and diagnosed with physical inference. A number of simulated examples are designed and tested to verify the validity of the presented approach in ...
Spiral wound, hollow fiber membrane modules: A new approach to higher mass transfer efficiency

Abstract A new type of transverse flow, hollow fiber module was evaluated for membrane separation. First, small sections of fabric were woven using silicone rubber hollow fiber membranes and monofilament nylon. Water deoxygenation experiments were conducted on each fabric in a flat cell, yielding mass transfer coefficient (k) values. An optimal fabric construction was identified based on k values exceeding 0.01 cm/s at moderate velocities, low pressure drop, and high membrane packing density. Spiral wound prototype modules were made and tested, each with a fabric wrapped in layers around a central permeate tube. For O2 removal from water, k values for the prototypes were slightly below those obserbved in the flat cell tests. Wrapping the fabric tightly around the permeate tube was less effective than looser wrappings. Pervaporation experiments with trichloroethylene were attempted, but the performance was reduced, apparently due to leaching of petroleum jelly used in module construction and redeposition on the membrane. The k values observed for oxygen transfer were at least 20% higher than those achieved with traditional spiral wound modules, and the membrane packing densities achieved in the prototypes were 300 to 400% higher. This module design could prove to be practical and advantageous for membrane separation processes in which the mass transfer coefficient on the feed side of the membrane limits flux.
Ink-Jet Printing System--An Analytical Computer Model

An analytical computer model of an ink jet printing system was created. Based upon the values of 13 input parameters, the program delivers predictions of the forces acting on individual drops and their resulting dynamic behavior. Predictions of drop displacements and flight times were used to infer drop pattern appearance resulting from a given input signal. The computer model was based upon theoretical work plus extensive empirical measurements. Drop behavior was predicted with modest accuracy. An improved understanding of ink jet printing systems and numerous recommendations for their use were also derived in this study.
A general resolution for grade four Gorenstein ideals

Gorenstein rings occur in a multitude of different guises: as rings of invariants, as coordinate rings of certain determinantal varieties and symmetric semigroup curves, as representatives of linkage classes, and so on. In an attempt to unify this motley collection of examples (at least for finite projective dimension) one seeks a generic free resolution whose specializations yield all examples of given embedding codimension. The present paper describes a resolution for codimension four, not generic, but general enough to encompass many diverse examples. The structure of this resolution is intimately related to the differential, graded, commutative algebra that it supports, and to the deformation theory of codimension four Gorenstein algebras. These ideas are brought together in the determination of the singular locus of certain codimension four Gorenstein varieties. More generally they suggest a classification of codimension four Gorenstein rings that begins to impose some order on the examples.
Chem0immunotherapy of implanted murine bladder cancer

Abstract The unaltered incidence of recurrence of superficial bladder tumor after discontinuation of intravesical chemotherapy has prompted a search for effective adjuvant therapy. The technique of cauterization and implantation of tumor cells was performed in C3H/He mice to simulate the early stage of bladder cancer to evaluate a regimen. of intravesical mitomycin C followed by the systemic immunopotentiator, levamisole. Mice received either normal saline (control), mitomycin C (MMC), levamisole (Leva), or MMC plus Leva. Chemotherapy was given intravesically on days 6 and 13. Immunotherapy was given intraperitoneally on days 7 and 14. All mice were sacrificed on day 21. In the treatment groups, the incidences of bladder tumor varied from 50 to 63 per cent whereas that of the control group was 91 per cent. An increase in spleen weight was observed in the treatment groups of Leva and MMC plus Leva as well as the control group but not observed in the group receiving MMC. Our study suggests that although Leva did not reduce the tumor incidence, an immunostimulator might be of benefit when used in conjunction with MMC.
The VCSELS are coming

The paper addresses the current status of 850nm VCSELs in data communications systems, and the outlook for adoption of VCSELs in other applications. In particular, recent experimental results obtained by research and development activities at Honeywell are discussed.
Measurement of the Equivalent Luminous Intensity of Rotating Beacons1,2

This paper describes a method of measuring the apparent change in the intensity of a beacon as its rate of rotation is altered. The equivalent intensity of several beacons is plotted against the duration of the flash. It is found that Blondel and Rey’s law for abrupt flashes also seems to describe the equivalent intensity of service beacons to a first degree of approximation.
Crystallization of amorphous NiTiCu thin films

The effect of copper additions (1.3 at%) on the crystallization of amorphous nickel-titanium thin films was explored. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the overall activation energy and crystallization temperatures were found to be similar to pure NiTi. However, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the nucleation and growth behaviors were markedly different. NiTiCu exhibited a lower nucleation rate, suggesting a higher activation energy in comparison to NiTi. The large grains in NiTiCu microstructures are consistent with a lower growth activation energy. These data suggest copper additions create higher interfacial energies. This paper presents experimental measurements that corroborate this mechanism.
Generating enhanced natural environments and terrain for interactive combat simulations (GENETICS)

Virtual battlefields devoid of vegetation deprive soldiers of valuable training in the critical aspects of terrain tactics and terrain-based situational awareness. Creating believable landscapes by hand is notoriously expensive, requiring both proprietary tools and trained artists, which hampers rapid scenario generation and limits reuse. Our approach constructs large-scale natural environments at run-time using a procedural image-based algorithm without the need for artists or proprietary tools.This paper discusses the current state of the open source project GENETICS (Generating Enhanced Natural Environments and Terrain for Interactive Combat Simulations) and how simulationists can use GENETICS to quickly and cheaply build large-scale natural environments to improve training effectiveness. It will also briefly touch upon level-of-detail techniques and ecotype modeling.
A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of the Cataclysmic Variable SX Leonis Minoris in Quiescence and Superoutburst

We present CCD imaging, CCD photometry on long and short timescales, and time-resolved spectroscopy of SX LMi, a new SU Ursae Majoris type dwarf nova. The quiescent optical spectrum shows broad double-peaked Balmer, He I, and He II emission lines, similar to other quiescent dwarf novae. Absorption lines from a late-type secondary are not detected. Time-resolved spectra obtained in quiescence reveal radial velocity variations of the Balmer emission lines on a period of 0.06717 ± 0.00011 days, or 96.72 ± 0.16 minutes, with only a slight possibility of a daily cycle-count error. Optical photometry obtained between 1987 and 1991 shows flickering with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.18 mag. The binary orbital period can sometimes be seen in the photometric record. Long-term photometric monitoring by Indiana University's robotic telescope RoboScope for a 3 year period between 1992 October and 1995 June shows seven well-defined outbursts and marginally detects a few others. The outburst interval varies between 34 and 64 days. During the 1994 December outburst, optical photometric observations show that SX LMi exhibited superhumps with a period of 0.06893 ± 0.00012 days, which is 2.6% ± 0.2% longer than the orbital period, as expected for a normal SU UMa star at this period. Spectra obtained during superoutburst show dramatic variations in the emission-line profiles on timescales of 10 minutes. Profile fits indicate that underlying absorption contributes to the shape of the Balmer emission-line profiles during superoutburst as in other dwarf novae in outburst or superoutburst. Direct images in good seeing show a ~19 mag companion star 195 from SX LMi.
The oral hair: An extremely rare phenomenon

Abstract A proven case of true hair occurring naturally in the mouth has been reported only once previously. A second case of this rare anomaly is reported here. In this case a single hair was found at the base of the attached gingiva in the mandibular cuspid region of a 45-year-old white man.
Tissue production of androgens in women with acne

Precursor and target tissue-produced androgens were measured in the plasma of eighteen women with mild to moderate acne. Mean plasma levels of the precursor androgens (total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) were similar to levels in a group of carefully selected acne-free and hirsute-free, age-matched female controls. In contrast, plasma 3α-androstanediol glucuronide (3α-diol G) values were elevated in 13 of the patients, with a mean value for the entire group nearly threefold that of the normal controls (117 vs 43 ng/dl; p
Some Factors Influencing Seasonal Changes in Angler Catch in a Minnesota Lake

Abstract An investigation was undertaken in a small Minnesota lake to determine the relationship between angler success for northern pike (Esox lucius), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and food availability and food selectivity by these species. Fishing success was determined by creel census and food selectivity by stomach analysis of angler-caught fish. Food availability was determined by bottom sampling and shore seining for small fish. Over a 3-year period anglers' catch was highest in June and lowest in late summer. Angling success was inversely related to food availability and food intake, but changes in physical and chemical factors did not appear to be related to rate of angler take.
Noise and Low-Level Dynamics Can Coordinate Multicomponent Bet Hedging Mechanisms

To counter future uncertainty, cells can stochastically express stress response mechanisms to diversify their population and hedge against stress. This approach allows a small subset of the population to survive without the prohibitive cost of constantly expressing resistance machinery at the population level. However, expression of multiple genes in concert is often needed to ensure survival, requiring coordination of infrequent events across many downstream targets. This raises the question of how cells orchestrate the timing of multiple rare events without adding cost. To investigate this, we used a stochastic model to study regulation of downstream target genes by a transcription factor. We compared several upstream regulator profiles, including constant expression, pulsatile dynamics, and noisy expression. We found that pulsatile dynamics and noise are sufficient to coordinate expression of multiple downstream genes. Notably, this is true even when fluctuations in the upstream regulator are far below the dissociation constants of the regulated genes, as with infrequently activated genes. As an example, we simulated the dynamics of the multiple antibiotic resistance activator (MarA) and 40 diverse downstream genes it regulates, determining that low-level dynamics in MarA are sufficient to coordinate expression of resistance mechanisms. We also demonstrated that noise can play a similar coordinating role. Importantly, we found that these benefits are present without a corresponding increase in the population-level cost. Therefore, our model suggests that low-level dynamics or noise in a transcription factor can coordinate expression of multiple stress response mechanisms by engaging them simultaneously without adding to the overall cost.
Calcium and Cation Sorption by Cladophora from the Great Lakes

Abstract In evaluating Cladophora as a scavenger of exotic cations, the study of calcium sorption leads to an understanding of the alga's cationic sorption in general. Total calcium uptake by Cladophora grown in batch cultures under defined conditions was directly proportional to concentration of the ion in the medium at low levels (2-20 mg Ca/l) but became saturated at high levels (13 mg Ca/g algae at 20-100 mg Call). This uptake was largely an ion-exchange reaction, favoring polyvalent cations of small hydrated radius. Therefore, strontium uptake mimicked that of calcium, but the plant preferentially adsorbed strontium over calcium by a factor of 1.25. Because exotic cations bound to Cladophora could largely be lost through ion-exchange and dilution in the absence of their source, such accumulations may not be so important as was previously thought. Analysis of variance of calcium and strontium sorption data showed that Cladophora samples from each of the Great Lakes had the same cationic sorptive capacity. Results from experiments with a Lake Michigan isolate should, therefore, be applicable to natural populations of the alga. Turbulence and pH contributed to the variability of calcium sorption by Cladophora through affecting diffusion gradients and solubility of calcium respectively.
Motor‐end‐plate and nerve distribution in a histochemically compartmentalized pennate muscle in the cat

Previous investigations in this laboratory have shown the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) of the cat to be compartmentalized with regard to the distribution of muscle fiber types. This study was undertaken to determine whether each compartment of the FCR had a distinct motor innervation band, or whether there was only one innervation band, as has been reported previously for other muscles. In order to assess variation in motor innervation banding patterns, the innervation bands were correlated with the muscle-tendon architecture. Each compartment of the FCR possessed a distinct innervation band. In addition, it was observed that the nerve to the FCR divided into a number of separate intramuscular branches which were distributed to the different histological compartments. It is possible that muscle fibers innervated by a single intramuscular nerve branch, and possessing a discrete innervation band, are locally organized within subdivisions of the FCR. It is hypothesized that the compartmental organization of the FCR would allow discrete regions of the muscle to function independently when performing different motor tasks.
Evidence that hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression and NPY levels in the paraventricular nucleus increase before the onset of hyperphagia in experimental diabetes

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most potent endogenous orexigenic signal. Several lines of evidence indicate that the site of NPY action in transducing feeding signal may reside in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and neighboring sites in the hypothalamus. To test the hypothesis that an increase in NPY activity in the ARC-PVN pathway precedes the onset of diabetic hyperphagia, we evaluated NPY levels in seven hypothalamic nuclei and NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus at 48, 72 or 96 h after streptozotocin (STZ) treatment in rat. In STZ-treated diabetic rats, NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus and NPY levels only in the PVN significantly elevated at 48 h, while hyperphagia occurred sometimes after 48 h post-injection. These results show that augmentation in NPY neuronal activity in the ARC-PVN axis precedes the onset of increased food intake produced by STZ-induced insulinopenia. These findings affirm the hypothesis that increased NPY neurosecretion in the PVN may underlie the diabetes-induced hyperphagia.
Retinoic acid modulates the ability of macrophages to participate in the induction of the angiogenic phenotype in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Angiogenesis, an essential step in the development of neoplasia, is a complex process that involves the interaction of tumor cells with stromal cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can participate in the induction of angiogenesis and are of prognostic value in some neoplasms. Specimens from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) often contain large numbers of TAMs. In addition, experimental evidence has demonstrated that HNSCC tumor cells can attract and activate macrophages to participate in the expression of the angiogenic phenotype. These findings suggest that antiangiogenic therapies for HNSCC must include strategies that will block the recruitment of macrophages into the tumor microenvironment. We investigated the ability of retinoic acid (RA) to modulate the ability of tumor cells to recruit and activate monocytes for participation in tumor angiogenesis. Owing to a decrease in the secretion of MCP-1 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), tumor cells treated with RA were unable to induce peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) chemotaxis. Also, as a result of the decrease in TGF-beta 1 secretion, RA-treated tumor cells were unable to activate macrophages for secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). In addition to its affects on tumor cells, RA also directly altered the ability of monocytes to participate in the tumor angiogenesis process. PBM exposed to RA were unable to migrate toward inducers of PBM such as MCP-1 and TGF-beta 1. Finally, RA decreased the ability of tumor-activated macrophages to secrete IL-8 and VEGF. These data demonstrate alternative mechanisms by which RA may modulate angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, it underscores the necessity to develop antiangiogenic treatment protocols that can block each of the ways in which new blood vessel growth is induced in tumor microenvironments.
Cheek and eyelid reconstruction: the resurrection of the angle rotation flap.

Background: Reconstruction of larger cheek and eyelid defects may pose a dilemma for surgeons, since flaps used in reconstruction may be difficult to design, be unreliable, require extensive dissection, and result in neck scarring. Consequently, the authors wish to simplify and expand an overlooked flap, the angle rotation flap, which moves tissue in both a medial and upward direction. Methods: Twenty patients with cheek and eyelid defects were treated by the angle rotation flap. In this flap design, the angle designed below the ear was closed primarily and the neck tissue previously there was rotated upward and forward to lie in front of the ear. The portion of the flap that was in front of the ear was transposed to the lower lid/cheek area. This flap was modified in several patients by elevation in the deep plane and first-stage tissue expansion. Results: In all cases, good coverage was provided for medial cheek and lower eyelid defects with minimal scarring on the neck. There were no flap losses of any kind. There were no major complications, and all minor incidences were treated by minimal procedures without long-term sequelae. Conclusion: The modified angle rotation flap is a useful tool for cheek and eyelid defects.
Implantable Defibrillators Configured for Hybrid Therapy of Persistent and Permanent Atrial Fibrillation: Initial Clinical Experience with a Novel Lead System∗

Aim: Hybrid therapy strategies have combined antiarrhythmic drugs (AAD) with pacemakers, atrio-ventricular defibrillators (AV ICD) or atrial ablation individually. The feasibility combining AAD with dual site RA pacing (DAP) in an AV ICD has not been examined.
Impact of antral mechanoreceptor activation on the vago-vagal reflex in the rat: functional zonation of responses.

1. Activation of gastric sensory afferents alters gastric motor and secretory function via the gastric vago-vagal reflex. In this report, we investigated in the rat the impact of gastric mechanoreceptor activation on the brain stem components of the reflex, which are located in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), i.e. the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the subjacent dorsal motor nucleus (DMN). 2. In our extracellular recordings of single-cell activity in the DVC, we observed a relation between the response to antral distention and the location of the cell in the DVC. Specifically, cells that were excited by antral distention (ON cells) were located dorsal to those that were inhibited (OFF cells) by the same stimulus (mean depth = 536 +/- 15 and 627 +/- 14 microns for ON and OFF cells, respectively). 3. For a subset of DVC cells, the location was marked by ionophoretic ejection of Pontamine Blue from the recording barrel. Histological analysis indicated that ON cells were located in the NTS, and OFF cells were located in the ventral NTS or within the boundaries of the DMN. Together, these data led to the hypothesis that ON and OFF cells are functionally different groups of neurones, i.e. ON cells may be NTS neurones, and OFF cells may be DMN neurones. We tested this directly by employing both an intragastric balloon and a non-traumatic vagal stimulating electrode to determine whether inflation-related cells were NTS or DMN cells via orthodromic and antidromic activation, respectively. 4. Almost all ON cells (12/13) were orthodromically activated by vagal stimulation, i.e. they were NTS neurones. One ON cell was antidromically activated, and therefore was a DMN neurone. Of the twenty-eight OFF cells that were encountered, ten were classified as NTS neurones because they were orthodromically inhibited by vagal stimulation. The remaining eighteen OFF cells were orthodromically inhibited and antidromically activated (i.e. DMN neurones). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that ON and OFF cells can be functionally distinct populations of neurones, in that almost all ON cells are NTS cells and approximately 2/3 of the OFF cells are DMN neurones. 5. The response to mechanoreceptor activation was different for NTS and DMN neurones. NTS cells were activated (55%) or inhibited (45%) by balloon distention of the stomach, whereas DMN cells were almost exclusively inhibited (95%) by this stimulus. This information provides insight into the organization of excitatory and inhibitory connections of the brain stem components that mediate gastric vago-vagal reflexes.
Effects of direct or displaced cathartic aggression on subsequent aggression.

The effect of an initial opportunity for aggression upon subsequent aggression was tested with 42 male undergraduates. All those in the experimental groups received both a direct and displaced target. The order of the two targets was counterbalanced. Half the subjects knew they would have two targets, while half thought they would have only one. In two other control groups, subjects waited for 5 min. before receiving either a direct or displaced target. The initial opportunity for aggression had neither a cathartic nor a facilitative effect on subsequent aggression. Direct aggression was greater than that displaced in the control conditions and when subjects expected to aggress against only one target. Foreknowledge of the two targets' availability resulted in an equalization of aggression to both.
Item Parameter Estimation for the MIRT Model: Bias and Precision of Confirmatory Factor Analysis—Based Models

The accuracy of item parameter estimates in the multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) model context is one that has not been researched in great detail. This study examines the ability of two confirmatory factor analysis models specifically for dichotomous data to properly estimate item parameters using common formulae for converting factor loadings and thresholds to discrimination and difficulty indices. The two MIRT estimation methods included in this research, unweighted least squares (ULS) and robust weighted least squares (RWLS), and the unidimensional estimation approach used are accessible in the widely distributed software packages NOHARM, Mplus, and BILOGMG, respectively. These techniques have been assessed in terms of the overall accuracy, bias, and standard error of item parameter estimates under a variety of sample sizes, test lengths, intertrait correlations, pseudo-guessing, and latent trait distribution conditions. Results indicate that there exists a complex relationship between the...
Cervical cancer screening and management practices among providers in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP).

BACKGROUND. This study was conducted to describe clinicians serving women in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) with regard to demographic and practice characteristics and their usual practices in cervical cancer screening and abnormal cytology management, as well as human papillomavirus (HPV) test use. METHODS. The authors analyzed data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 2004 of providers practicing 7 specialties that commonly offer cervical cancer screening. The program providers were compared with nonprogram providers. RESULTS. Program providers were found to be significantly more likely than nonprogram providers to be midlevel providers and to serve low-income, racial/ethnic minorities who are insured by Medicaid. In addition, they had significantly more patients with abnormal Papanicolaou tests and were more likely to offer onsite colposcopy (57% vs 40%). Program providers were less likely to use liquid-based cytology (LBC) as their sole method for cytology. Approximately 20% of program and nonprogram providers used HPV DNA testing as an adjunct to screening cytology and two-thirds used HPV tests to manage patients with abnormal cytology results. However, many also used HPV testing for reasons not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as for screening women age <30 years. CONCLUSIONS. As of mid-2004, program providers served racially and ethnically diverse, low-income patients who are at high risk for cervical cancer compared with nonprogram providers, as intended by this program. Because many providers offered on-site colposcopy, used LBC, and used HPV tests for patients with abnormal cytology results, they are well equipped to reduce the risk of cervical cancer. Many program providers used the HPV test for reasons that were not approved of by the FDA or reimbursed by the NBCCEDP. The results of this survey have informed training materials for program providers, reimbursement policies for LBC and HPV tests, and interventions to discourage inappropriate HPV testing. (See editorial on pages 000–000, this issue.) Cancer 2007. Published 2007 by the American Cancer Society.
STUDIES ON ANTIGENICITY. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ENZYMATIC DEGRADABILITY OF HAPTEN-POLYLYSINE CONJUGATES AND THEIR ANTIGENICITIES IN GUINEA PIGS.

The enzymatic degradation of fluorescein conjugates of poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, and exhaustively succinylated poly-L-lysine by aqueous extracts of spleens from "responder" (guinea pigs which can develop immune responses to hapten-poly-L-lysine conjugates) and "non-responder" guinea pigs was investigated. The in vivo degradation of H3-tagged dinitrophenyl conjugates of these synthetic polyamino acids was also studied by measuring urinary excretion of radioactive low molecular weight degradation products of these conjugates after their intraperitoneal injection. It was found that both responder and non-responder guinea pigs can degrade succinylated and unsuccinylated poly-L-lysine conjugates into small molecular fragments, but they cannot degrade hapten-poly-D-lysine conjugates. These studies demonstrate that in addition to the known requirements for antigenicity of macromolecules, i.e. the presence of antigenic determinants, and their capacity to be degraded by immunological tissues, the resulting degradation products must undergo certain additional, as yet unidentified, specific metabolic steps in order to induce an immune response.
Consumer satisfaction with health-care services: The influence of involvement

The impact of involvement and ambiguity on satisfaction judgments for high-credence property services such as health care has not been studied. This study examines the level and process effects of involvement on satisfaction with two dimensions of a health-care service. We found that higher levels of customer involvement were associated with greater expectations and performance ratings for the ambiguous dimension of the service (physicians). Customer involvement had no influence on ratings for the nonambiguous aspects of the service (access mechanisms). Perceived performance was found to be the most influential predictor of satisfaction for low-involvement subjects. High-involvement subjects used disconfirmation and performance to evaluate physicians and only disconfirmation in forming satisfaction judgments for access mechanisms. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Defining tradition: variations on the Hawaiian identity

Both anthropologists and ethnic nationalists use the concept of tradition to define a cultural identity. While both view the rural community as representative of an authentic inheritance, the attempts by nationalists to discover this heritage usually produce cultural creations. The Hawaiian cultural revival advances an eclectic version of tradition, modeled partly on the lifestyle of rural Hawaiians. This paper argues that tradition is inevitably invented because it enters into the construction of social identity. Even for the rural “folk,” tradition is self-conscious and changing. [tradition, ethnicity, nationalism, symbolic anthropology, Polynesia, Hawaii]