cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Formal Representation of Doubts and Feelings

Consider an individual $${A_1} = {a^{{a^{\bar b}}}} + b.$$ (6.1) A l sees his partner B 2=b; in addition, A 1 sees himself seeing \({B_3} = \bar b.\) Thus, the partner exists in A l’ s inner world in two roles: as ‘reality’ (B 2) and as an image or a model of this reality (B 3). A 1, can see that his image B 3 differs from the ‘reality’ B 2. In this structure the individual can say, ‘I am mistaken’. Of course, the structure itself does not display modality; we cannot fix the formal differences between situations where an individual ‘is sure’ that he is mistaken and ‘supposes’ that he is mistaken. Open image in new window Fig. 6.1. Structure of an individual who doubts the correctness of his image of his partner.
Characterization of the Structure and Evolution of the Adh Region of Drosophila Hydei

Drosophila of the repleta group have a duplication of the gene which encodes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). We report the nucleotide sequence of an 8.4-kb region of genomic DNA of Drosophila hydei which includes the entire Adh region. Analysis of this sequence reveals similarity in organization to the Adh region of Drosophila mojavensis and Drosophila mulleri of the mulleri subgroup, with three genes ordered 59 to 39, Adh-psi, Adh-2, Adh-1. Deletion of a nucleotide in the second codon of each pseudogene suggests that the first Adh duplication occurred before the divergence of the hydei and mulleri subgroups. However, Adh-1 and Adh-2 of D. hydei are significantly more alike than Adh-1 and Adh-2 of D. mojavensis. Models to account for the difference in similarity between the coding genes were tested by orthologous and paralogous comparisons of the extent of sequence divergence. A model which proposes that independent duplication events generated Adh-1 and Adh-2 in the two lineages is supported by these data. The D. hydei pseudogene is transcribed and the transcript is processed in a complex manner. An intron of greater than 6.2 kb exists between the first "coding" exon and an upstream exon which is approximately 250 nucleotides in length.
Offshoring and the Skill‐premium: Evidence from Individual Workers’ Data

During the 1980s the United States has experienced an increase in both international trade and the skill-premium. The association between these two phenomena has proven elusive in the early empirical literature on the subject. Indeed, the consensus among labour economists seems to be that trade has not been the main cause of such increase in the skill-premium. This view has been challenged by Feenstra and Hanson (1999, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 3, 907) who find that offshoring sizably affects the skill-premium. I revisit this debate using individual workers’ data from the March Current Population Survey combined with industry-level trade data. This strategy improves upon the work of Feenstra and Hanson who do not control for the demographic characteristics of the labour force. In my results, offshoring can explain between 9 and 30 per cent of the increase in the college wage premium, relative to high-school workers. In addition, I find that offshoring can explain 21 per cent of the increase in the relative employment of skilled labour. These results suggest that offshoring may play an important role in the increase in the relative demand of skilled workers.
Crystal structure of the Atx1 metallochaperone protein at 1.02 A resolution.

Abstract Background: Metallochaperone proteins function in the trafficking and delivery of essential, yet potentially toxic, metal ions to distinct locations and particular proteins in eukaryotic cells. The Atx1 protein shuttles copper to the transport ATPase Ccc2 in yeast cells. Molecular mechanisms for copper delivery by Atx1 and similar human chaperones have been proposed, but detailed structural characterization is necessary to elucidate how Atx1 binds metal ions and how it might interact with Ccc2 to facilitate metal ion transfer. Results: The 1.02 A resolution X-ray structure of the Hg(II) form of Atx1 (HgAtx1) reveals the overall secondary structure, the location of the metalbinding site, the detailed coordination geometry for Hg(II), and specific amino acid residues that may be important in interactions with Ccc2. Metal ion transfer experiments establish that HgAtx1 is a functional model for the Cu(I) form of Atx1 (CuAtx1). The metal-binding loop is flexible, changing conformation to form a disulfide bond in the oxidized apo form, the structure of which has been solved to 1.20 A resolution. Conclusions: The Atx1 structure represents the first structure of a metallochaperone protein, and is one of the largest unknown structures solved by direct methods. The structural features of the metal-binding site support the proposed Atx1 mechanism in which facile metal ion transfer occurs between metal-binding sites of the diffusible copper-donor and membrane-tethered copper-acceptor proteins. The Atx1 structural motif represents a prototypical metal ion trafficking unit that is likely to be employed in a variety of organisms for different metal ions.
Web application for thermal comfort visualization and calculation according to ASHRAE Standard 55

Thermal comfort is one of the fundamental aspects of indoor environmental quality and it is strongly related to occupant satisfaction and energy use in buildings. This paper describes a new web application for thermal comfort visualization and calculation according to ASHRAE Standard 55-2013. Compared to existing software, the web application is free, cross-platform, and provides a visual and highly interactive accurate representation of the comfort zone. Its main features are: dynamic visualization of the comfort zone on psychrometric, temperature-relative humidity, and adaptive charts; new implementation of the Elevated Air Speed model; local thermal discomfort assessment; compliance document automation for LEED thermal comfort credits; metabolic activity and clothing insulation tables and dynamic models; and compliance with the standard. The tool can be used by architects, engineers, building operators, educators, and students.
The Cylindrical Electrostatic Liquid Film Radiator for Heat Rejection in Space

A new space radiator concept has been proposed by H. Kim et al. in which a thin film of hot liquid, flowing along the inside of a closed membrane, rejects waste heat by radiation to the surroundings. In previous versions, the radiator rotates, supplying most of the driving force for the liquid flow. In the present design, the cylinder is stationary, and the liquid flows circumferentially under its initial momentum. Moderately large Reynolds numbers are required to overcome viscous drag, and prevent excessive thickening of the film. The major design consideration involves the application of an internal electrostatic field to pull the liquid away from the site of a membrane puncture due to micrometeorite impact. Calculations are presented that show that leaks can be stopped with a safety factor of two or more, while the surface wave thus produced is washed harmlessly out of the system. Some preliminary heat transfer performance characteristics are presented. The advantages of this concepts include the absence of moving parts and the ease of deployment, compared to rotating units, and a factor of at least three for the reduction of the weight per unit surface area compared to heat pipes. 10 refs., 4 figs.
Correlation between seismicity and the distribution of thermal and carbonate water in southern and Baja California, United States and Mexico

A comparison of the distribution of thermal and thermal-related springs and wells in southern California, United States, and Baja California, Mexico, with the abundance of earthquakes of magnitude 4 or greater shows as close a relationship between thermal waters and the distribution of seismicity as to the distribution of active faults. It appears that the distribution of thermal water variations in the geothermal gradient in turn influences the stress accumulation capability of the rocks at depth. Thus, areas with abundant thermal waters (and hence steep geothermal gradients) release stress by frequent moderate earthquakes; areas lacking thermal waters, such as the central Transverse Ranges, accumulate stresses that are released by infrequent large earthquakes.
The Use of Sandtray Therapy With Adoptive Families

Providing mental health services to adoptive families is an increasing need, and research indicates that many mental health professionals are not proficient in issues commonly affecting adoptive families. Research shows that adopted children exhibit more emotional, behavioral, and social struggles than non-adopted children, often as the result of abuse and neglect in early life. Primarily, though, the needs in adoptive families are relational and identified as needing focus on family dynamics, attachment styles, and trauma exposure. This article suggests using sandtray therapy as a therapeutic method that is trauma-informed, attachment-friendly, and supportive of adoptive families.
Disjunctive programming and a hierarchy of relaxations for discrete optimization problems

We discuss a new conceptual framework for the convexification of discrete optimization problems, and a general technique for obtaining approximations to the convex hull of the feasible set. The concepts come from disjunctive programming and the key tool is a description of the convex hull of a union of polyhedra in terms of a higher dimensional polyhedron. Although this description was known for several years, only recently was it shown by Jeroslow and Lowe to yield improved representations of discrete optimization problems. We express the feasible set of a discrete optimization problem as the intersection (conjunction) of unions of polyhedra, and define an operation that takes one such expression into another, equivalent one, with fewer conjuncts. We then introduce a class of relaxations based on replacing each conjunct (union of polyhedra) by its convex hull. The strength of the relaxations increases as the number of conjuncts decreases, and the class of relaxations forms a hierarchy that spans the spec...
Distributed generation: Voltage stability analysis

With the increasing use of distributed generation, which is usually connected to distribution or sub-transmission networks, the voltage stability phenomenon can be expected to occur when a system is operating with a high load. It is rarely mentioned in the literature that the problem can be associated with voltage-controlled buses or that voltage control can have the opposite effect to what is expected in generators. This study investigates voltage stability when a generator is connected to a distribution network. Using an analytical tool that can monitor voltage stability, this paper describes a case study of a 3-bus test system where the phenomenon is shown to occur. Then, using the IEEE 34-bus test system, tests are carried out to evaluate the impact of the connection of distributed generation on the voltage stability problem, active power loss and voltage profile.
Detector design issues for compact nuclear emission cameras dedicated to breast imaging

Abstract Certain gamma ray and positron emitting radiotracers have shown great promise for use in the detection, diagnosis and staging of breast cancer. Unfortunately, standard nuclear emission cameras (SPECT, PET) found in the clinic are not practical for breast imaging of these emissions due to inadequate spatial and energy resolutions and sensitivity, large and awkward size, and relatively high cost per study. High spatial and energy resolutions and sensitivity are needed for good lesion detectability. Due to these limitations of standard cameras, there has been recent research into the development of small, compact nuclear emission imagers dedicated for close-proximity breast imaging. The small detector head size means a variety of exotic detectors or collimators may be implemented to improve spatial and energy resolution and sensitivity performances at a reasonable cost. In this paper, we will present some of the compact gamma ray and annihilation photon imaging detector designs that have been proposed and/or developed for dedicated breast imaging. We will review the physics and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various detector configurations. Finally we will estimate the fundamental spatial resolution potential available with close-proximity nuclear emission imaging and discuss how one may approach those limits through proper detector design.
Vertical Heat Transfer in the Lower Atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean During Clear-sky Periods

A diagnostic study of heat transfer within the lower atmosphere and between the atmosphere and the surface of the Arctic Ocean snow/ice pack during clear-sky conditions is conducted using data from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment. Surface heat budgets computed for four cloudy and four clear periods show that, while the net turbulent heat fluxes at the surface are small during the cloudy periods, during the clear-sky periods they are a considerable source of surface heating, balancing significant portions of the conductive heat fluxes from within the snow/ice pack. Analysis of the dynamics and thermodynamics of the lower atmosphere during the clear-sky periods reveals that a considerable portion of the heat lost to the surface by turbulent heat fluxes is balanced by locally strong heating near the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) top due to the interaction of subsiding motions with the strong overlying temperature inversions surmounting the ABL. This heat is then entrained into the ABL and transported to the surface by turbulent mixing, maintained by a combination of vertical wind shear and wave-turbulence interactions. The frequency of stable, clear-sky periods, particularly during the winter, combined with these results, suggests that the downward transfer of heat through the lower atmosphere and into the surface represents an important component of the heat budgets of the lower atmosphere and snow/ice pack over the annual cycle
Efficient integrity verification of replicated data in cloud using homomorphic encryption

The cloud computing is an emerging model in which computing infrastructure resources are provided as a service over the internet. Data owners can outsource their data by remotely storing them in the cloud and enjoy on-demand high quality services from a shared pool of configurable computing resources. However, since data owners and the cloud servers are not in the same trusted domain, the outsourced data may be at risk as the cloud server may no longer be fully trusted. Therefore, data confidentiality, availability and integrity is of critical importance in such a scenario. The data owner encrypts data before storing it on the cloud to ensure data confidentiality. Cloud should let the owners or a trusted third party to check for the integrity of their data storage without demanding a local copy of the data. Owners often replicate their data on the cloud servers across multiple data centers to provide a higher level of scalability, availability, and durability. When the data owners ask the cloud service provider (CSP) to replicate data, they are charged a higher storage fee by the CSP. Therefore, the data owners need to be strongly convinced that the CSP is storing data copies agreed on in the service level contract, and data-updates have been correctly executed on all the remotely stored copies. To deal with such problems, previous multi copy verification schemes either focused on static files or incurred huge update costs in a dynamic file scenario. In this paper, we propose a dynamic multi-replica provable data possession scheme (DMR-PDP) that while maintaining data confidentiality prevents the CSP from cheating, by maintaining fewer copies than paid for and/or tampering data. In addition, we also extend the scheme to support a basic file versioning system where only the difference between the original file and the updated file is propagated rather than the propagation of operations for privacy reasons. DMR-PDP also supports efficient dynamic operations like block modification, insertion and deletion on replicas over the cloud servers. Through security analysis and experimental results, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme is secure and performs better than some other related ideas published recently.
The evolution of a weakly nonlinear, weakly damped, capillary-gravity wave packet

L'analyse de Longuet-Higgins du transfert d'energie dans un spectre etroit d'ondes de gravite avec des phases approximativement non correlees, est generalisee pour tenir compte de la capillarite et de l'amortissement faible. L'analyse est basee sur l'equation d'evolution de Zakharov (1968) pour les paquets d'ondes de gravite faiblement non lineaires en eau profonde
Improving automation software dependability: A role for formal methods?

The growth of manufacturing control software from simple NC and PLC-based systems to concurrent networked systems incorporating PCs, PLCs, CNCs, and enterprise databases has created new challenges to the design, implementation, and maintenance of safe and dependable manufacturing systems. Key milestones in this evolution, and the prospects for the use of formal verification methods in achieving enhanced dependability of future manufacturing software, are examined in this paper and presentation.
A fractional step method based on a pressure Poisson equation for incompressible flows with variable density

Abstract A new fractional time technique for solving incompressible flows with variable density is proposed. The main feature of the method is that, as opposed to other known algorithms, the pressure is computed by solving a Poisson equation, which greatly reduces the computational cost. The method is proved to be stable and is numerically illustrated. To cite this article: J.-L. Guermond, A. Salgado, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 346 (2008).
On monopoly in business ethics: Can philosophy do it all?

Arguing that the grounding of philosophical ethics is more complex than De George's reference to reason and human experience reflects, and that religious ethics is less doctrinaire and less given to indoctrination than De George suggests, Camenisch maintains that De George has portrayed an artifically wide gap between the two fields. Rejecting De George's typology of religious ethics as unhelpful, Camenisch suggests that the crucial distinction between philosophical and religious/theological ethics is the community or lived nature of the latter. The implications of this dimension of religious ethics for business ethics is briefly explored in relation to the use of cases, the role of the lives of moral exemplars, corporate responsibility, and obligations to future generations, to indicate not that religious ethics generates answers different from those of philosophy, but that it provides a different perspective on some central moral matters.
Functional compressive mechanics of a PVA/PVP nucleus pulposus replacement

Emerging techniques as an alternative to the current treatments of lower back pain include nucleus replacement by an artificial material, which aims to relieve pain and restore the normal spinal motion. The compressive mechanical behavior of the PVA/PVP hydrogel nucleus implant was assessed in the present study. PVA/PVP hydrogels were made with various PVP concentrations. The hydrogels were loaded statically under unconfined and confined conditions. Hydrogels were tested dynamically up to 10 million cycles for a compression fatigue. Also, hydrogel nucleus implants with a line-to-line fit, were implanted in the human cadaveric intervertebral discs (IVD) to determine the compressional behavior of the implanted discs. Hydrogel samples exhibited typical non-linear response under both unconfined and confined compressions. Properties of the confinement ring dictated the observed response. Hydrogel moduli and polymer content were not different pre- and post-fatigues. Slight geometrical changes (mostly recoverable) were observed post-fatigue. In cadavers, hydrogels restored the compressive stiffness of the denucleated disc when compared with equivalent condition of the IVD. The results of this study demonstrate that PVA/PVP hydrogels may be viable as nucleus pulposus implants. Further studies under complex loading conditions are warranted to better assess its potential as a replacement to the degenerated nucleus pulposus.
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromodynamics with confinement and asymptotic freedom

Abstract We calculate the quark self-energy from dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in quantum chromo-dynamics using an ansatz for the proper quark-gluon vertex and the dressed gluon propagator which is consistent with the Slavnov-Taylor identities in the quark sector. In this way much of the symmetry information of quantum chromodynamics is retained, including, for example, chiral symmetry. Both confinement and asymptotic freedom are included in the gluon propagator. We find that it is straightforward to obtain good results for the pion decay constant ƒ π , the quark condensate 〈qq〉, and the scale parameter of quantum chromodynamics ΛQCD.
A simple current injector: Its application to coulomb titration of chloride

The construction of a simple current injector is described. The special feature of this current injector is its versatile application in electrophysiological experiments. The current output from this current injector is independent of the microelectrode impedance and tip potential. The magnitude and waveform of the current output depend on the input voltage to the current injector, and can be either d.c. or a.c. The coulomb titration of chloride is demonstrated as one of the applications of this simple current injector.
Similarities between cognitive and humanistic approaches to psychotherapy

It is suggested that humanistic and cognitive therapies share some similar goals. Both see the employment of rigid absolutistic “shoulds” as generative of dysfunctional behavior. Both value “self-acceptance,” in the form of discouraging the client from forming negative overgeneralized trait-like self-judgements. Both value viewing one's failures and mistakes as part of a process of exploration and coping. Hypothesis-testing and “holding constructs tentatively” is also valued. At the level of practice some of Beck's cognitive strategies appear to help the client learn to stick to his/her “moment to moment experiencing,” and to be more phenomenological. Similarly Rogers' client-centered interventions appear to lay bare the client's negative self-statement process, and to counter and correct overgeneralized negative cognitions.
Low-FODMAP Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Is It Ready for Prime Time?

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease, which adversely affects the quality of life. Its prevalence has been reported to be around 10-15 % in North America and constitutes the most common cause for gastroenterology referral. Unfortu- nately, the pathophysiology of IBS is not completely understood. Not surprisingly, the management strategies can leave the patients with inadequate symptom control, making IBS a debilitating gastrointestinal syndrome. Die- tary interventions as a treatment strategy for IBS have been recently evaluated. One such intervention includes dietary restriction of fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). FODMAPs define a group of short-chain carbohydrates that are incompletely absorbed in small intestine and later fermented in the colon. Evi- dence in the form of randomized controlled trials and observational studies have evaluated the mechanism of action and efficacy of low-FODMAP diet. This dietary intervention has showed promising results in symptom reduction in IBS patients. However, latest trials have also shown that the low-FODMAP diet is associated with marked changes in gut microbiota specifically reduction in microbiota with prebiotic properties. Implications of such changes on gastrointestinal health need to be further eval- uated in future trials.
Training under Imposed Communication Delays Benefits Performance Effectiveness of Distributed Teams

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate whether introduction of auditory transmission delays during skill acquisition can benefit the performance effectiveness of distributed teams. Two-person university student teams (N = 40) performed a simulated firefighting task throughout which intra-team communications were systematically perturbed with closed-loop transmission delays ranging from 2 to 6 seconds. On average, team performance improved with practice, but significant differences in performance were observed depending on the length and manner delays were introduced: short (2s blocked) practice delay was associated with mediocre performance throughout, whereas longer (4s, 6s) practice delays were associated with improved performance during practice and also in the final transfer trial with a novel 4s delay, regardless of presentation schedule (blocked versus random). Results suggest introduction of relatively long or random communication delays can accelerate team skill acquisition and benefit te...
Expression of Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper (GILZ) in Cardiomyocytes

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently prescribed pharmacological agents most notably for their immunosuppressive effects. Endogenous GCs mediate biological processes such as energy metabolism and tissue development. At the cellular level, GCs bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a cytosolic protein that translocates to the nuclei and functions to alter transcription upon ligand binding. Among a long list of genes activated by GCs is the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). GC-induced GILZ expression has been well established in lymphocytes and mediates GC-induced apoptosis. Unlike lymphocytes, cardiomyocytes respond to GCs by gaining resistance against apoptosis. We determined GILZ expression in cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro. Expression of GILZ in mouse hearts as a result of GC administration was confirmed by Western blot analyses. GCs induced dose- and time-dependent elevation of GILZ expression in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, with dexamethasone (Dex) as low as 0.1 μM being effective. Time course analysis indicated that GILZ protein levels increased at 8 h and peaked at 48 h after exposure to 1 μM Dex. H9c2(2-1) cell line showed a similar response of GILZ induction by Dex as primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, providing a convenient model for studying the biological significance of GILZ expression. With corticosterone (CT), an endogenous form of corticosteroids in rodents, 0.1-2.5 μM was found to induce GILZ in H9c2(2-1) cells. Time course analysis with 1 μM CT indicated induction of GILZ at 6 h with peak expression at 18 h. Inhibition of the GR by mifepristone led to blunting of GILZ induction by GCs. Our data demonstrate GILZ induction in cardiomyocytes both in vivo and in vitro by GCs, pointing to H9c2(2-1) cells as a valid model for studying the biological function of GILZ in cardiomyocytes.
Relative production of fluorescent and UV-absorbing steroids by incubated rat adrenal glands.

Silber's fluorometric method for corticosteroids was used concurrently with Saffran's UV-absorption method for Δ 4-3-keto-steroids to determine the relative production of fluorescent and UV-absorbi...
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Phenotypes and the Risk for Hypertension

Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring provides valuable information on a person’s BP phenotype. Abnormal ambulatory BP phenotypes include white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, nocturnal nondipping, nocturnal hypertension, and high BP variability. Compared to people with sustained normotension (normal BP in the clinic and on ambulatory BP monitoring), the limited research available suggests that the risk of developing sustained hypertension (abnormal BP in the clinic and on ambulatory BP monitoring) over 5 to 10 years is approximately two to three times greater for people with white-coat or masked hypertension. More limited data suggest that nondipping might predate hypertension, and no studies, to our knowledge, have examined whether nocturnal hypertension or high ambulatory BP variability predict hypertension. Ambulatory BP monitoring may be useful in identifying people at increased risk of developing sustained hypertension, but the clinical utility for such use would need to be further examined.
Personality as an Indicator of ‘Goodness of Fit’ Between the Elderly Individual and the Health Service System

ABSTRACT An individual's personality style affects the way s/he engages help and receives services. This paper presents the notion of ‘goodness of fit’ as it applies to the interaction between personality traits of the individual and those traits endorsed by the system providing care. While personality traits have been shown to be robust and enduring throughout life, they have been underidentified and underutilized in planning for the elderly individual requiring health care services. Changes in contexts and tasks that occur during old age are presented as contributing to whether die individual is diagnosed with a Personality Disorder or as having a personality style. ‘Styles’ may become ‘disorders’ when what the individual needs to be changes and where s/he needs to do it changes. It is suggested that consideration of personality be included in the clinical assessment of the individual to inform treatment and health care service options.
The U.S. promotes electric vehicles: An energy department program is designed to encourage research and support experiments

On September 17, 1976, the U.S. Congress overrode a Presidential veto, thus giving birth to public law 94–413, the “Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976.” The act authorizes a Federally funded program to promote electric and hybrid vehicle technologies and to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of electric and hybrid vehicles. And it calls for a two-part demonstration program under which 7500 such vehicles are to be placed in service on U.S. highways. In addition, a program of financial incentives involving planning grants and loan guarantees to vehicle manufacturers is to be implemented. Directing and monitoring this entire effort is the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
Vaccination with CD20 peptides induces a biologically active, specific immune response in mice.

CD20 is a 33-kD B-cell antigen that is expressed from the early pre–B-cell stage of development and is lost on differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Because CD20 is expressed strictly by B cells, it is an attractive target for B-cell lymphoma therapy. Monoclonal antibodies to CD20 have been used successfully in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas. We hypothesized that a vaccine consisting of CD20 peptide sequences might be capable of inducing an active, specific, humoral immune response to the protein. Vaccine therapy would have the advantage of generating a polyclonal response to the antigen in contrast to the monoclonal response of an infused antibody. Balb/c mice were vaccinated with prototype vaccine constructs that consisted of peptides representing the human or mouse CD20 extracellular sequences conjugated to carrier proteins and mixed with QS21 adjuvant. Sera from the vaccinated mice demonstrated high-titer, specific antibodies to various epitopes on the immunizing peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, weaker antibody binding to native CD20 on cells by flow cytometry, and antibody-mediated complement killing of CD20+ cells in some cases. Specific proliferation and secretion of interleukin 4 and interferon γ by mouse spleen cells in response to the immunizing peptides were also demonstrated. Mice vaccinated with the CD20 peptide keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates had a 25% decrease in CD19+ splenic B cells relative to control mice. These data indicate that a biologically active, specific immune response to CD20 can be elicited in mice vaccinated with CD20 peptide conjugates.
Internal-external control and assertiveness of subjects high and low in social desirability.

The present study investigated the relationship between locus of control and assertiveness in a 2 × 2 factorial design (N = 28 per group) employing students both high and low in social desirability...
Magnitude scaling factors in liquefaction triggering procedures

Abstract A revised magnitude scaling factor (MSF) relationship for CPT-based and SPT-based liquefaction triggering analyses is presented in this paper. The revised MSF relationship incorporates functional dependency on the soil characteristics [represented by clean sand equivalent penetration resistances in the present form] as well as on earthquake magnitude. The revisions in MSF are based on the examination of cyclic testing results for a broad range of soil types and densities, analyses of strong ground motion records to develop relationships for the equivalent number of loading cycles for different soil properties, and the synthesis of those results into an MSF relationship suitable for implementation in practice. A separate study [2] showed that use of the revised MSF relationship in CPT-based and SPT-based liquefaction triggering procedures is well-supported by the case history databases. Other factors known to fundamentally influence the MSF are discussed.
Measurement of self-disclosure: note on format and content of items.

-Jourard's 40-item self-disclosure instrument requires responses from Ss concerning reported past disclosure and/or willingness for future disclosure. A 48-item self-disclosure inventory was developed in which a respondent provided actual disclosure. Scores on this inventory for actual disclosure were related to scores on the Jourard past and future form for 83 Ss. The inventory for m a 1 disclosure correlated significantly with the Jourard future form but not with the past form. Scores on past and future forms correlated significantly.
The Unsteady Response of a Blade Row From Measurements of the Time-Mean Total Pressure

An experimental procedure is described which permits the unsteady response of a rotating blade row to spatial variations in its inlet flow to be determined from measurements of the time-mean total pressure. This procedure has been employed to determine the unsteady circulation of a non-lifting rotor as a function of reduced frequency for two values of space-chord ratio. Comparisons of these experimental data are made with a recent theoretical analysis of the indirect or design problem of unsteady lift in a moving two-dimensional cascade. Both the experimental and theoretical data are shown to exhibit the same trends with variations in space-chord ratio and reduced frequency. These results demonstrate that the unsteady blade interference effects are significant, and that the representation of the unsteady response of a turbomachine blade row as an isolated airfoil is not valid for reduced frequencies less than 1.2.Copyright © 1973 by ASME
On homo politicus and the instant referendum

It is the purpose of this note to suggest a crude categorization of the types of "political man" in our society and to suggest some of the implication of this categorization for the future of the instant referendum. In a recent issue of Public Choice, James C. Miller [1] wrote in somewhat optimistic terms about the possibilities of the new technology. I believe that some sort of computerized participation by large numbers of the public in opinion formation and direct policy making is in the cards in the next ten to twenty years. It may be that we will be able to turn this new technology to the improvement and defense of democratic institutions. I hope so. However, it is by no means evident that this will be the result.
Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Recombination at the Glucocerebrosidase Gene Region: Implications for Complexity in Gaucher Disease

Gaucher disease results from an autosomal recessive deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. The glucocerebrosidase gene is located in a gene-rich region of 1q21 that contains six genes and two pseudogenes within 75 kb. The presence of contiguous, highly homologous pseudogenes for both glucocerebrosidase and metaxin at the locus increases the likelihood of DNA rearrangements in this region. These recombinations can complicate genotyping in patients with Gaucher disease and contribute to the difficulty in interpreting genotype-phenotype correlations in this disorder. In the present study, DNA samples from 240 patients with Gaucher disease were examined using several complementary approaches to identify and characterize recombinant alleles, including direct sequencing, long-template polymerase chain reaction, polymorphic microsatellite repeats, and Southern blots. Among the 480 alleles studied, 59 recombinant alleles were identified, including 34 gene conversions, 18 fusions, and 7 downstream duplications. Twenty-two percent of the patients evaluated had at least one recombinant allele. Twenty-six recombinant alleles were found among 310 alleles from patients with type 1 disease, 18 among 74 alleles from patients with type 2 disease, and 15 among 96 alleles from patients with type 3 disease. Several patients carried two recombinations or mutations on the same allele. Generally, alleles resulting from nonreciprocal recombination (gene conversion) could be distinguished from those arising by reciprocal recombination (crossover and exchange), and the length of the converted sequence was determined. Homozygosity for a recombinant allele was associated with early lethality. Ten different sites of crossover and a shared pentamer motif sequence (CACCA) that could be a hotspot for recombination were identified. These findings contribute to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in Gaucher disease and may provide insights into the mechanisms of DNA rearrangement in other disorders.
Monte Carlo calculations of nuclear cascades and associated Cerenkov radiation in extensive air showers

We present a Monte Carlo calculation, with observed cross sections and multiplicities, of the nuclear component of small extensive air showers (EAS) with primary energies ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{\ge}{10}^{3}$ GeV. The simulations were completely three-dimensional and were initiated by cosmic rays sampled from both their primary energy and mass spectra. Resulting particle spectra sampled at 564 g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ agree with extrapolations from observations of EAS with ${E}_{0}g{10}^{4\ensuremath{-}6}$ GeV. The optical \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov radiation calculated for the nuclear-active particles and muons in these EAS is found to be comparable to that expected from the electrons and distinguishable for particular detector configurations. Implications for EAS observations of cosmic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays and cosmic-ray composition are mentioned.
Calculating ESR G tensors of doublet radicals by the semiempirical INDO/S method

The interpretation of the EPR spectra of radicals can be a powerful tool in obtaining structural information. There are many examples of this in the field of molecular biology, and we are particularly interested in a reliable method for modeling G tensors as a function of different structures. We begin this study by examining simple organic radicals and testing how accurate the intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO/S) semiempirical model can be when put to this purpose. The INDO/S model is fast and has been used with some success in examining the photochemistry of very large systems. Since this model is accurate in predicting electronic spectra, we suspect also that the propagator needed to estimate the orbital Zeeman–spin–orbit cross terms might be quite accurate. In addition, since this model is also parameterized for many elements of the periodic table, we expect this model to be of general utility. We begin here with a preliminary study of G tensors calculated for simple radicals, testing the accuracy of the calculated results and their sensitivity to geometry. We also report preliminary results on calculated G tensors for the special pair radical cation formed as the first step in the electron transfer in photosynthesis. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 75: 577–584, 1999
High-Resolution, High-Pressure NMR Studies of Proteins

Advanced high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional NMR techniques, combined with high pressure capability, represents a powerful new tool in the study of proteins. This contribution is organized in the following way. First, the specialized instrumentation needed for high-pressure NMR experiments is discussed, with specific emphasis on the design features and performance characteristics of a high-sensitivity, high-resolution, variable-temperature NMR probe operating at 500 MHz and at pressures of up to 500 MPa. An overview of several recent studies using 1D and 2D high-resolution, high-pressure NMR spectroscopy to investigate the pressure-induced reversible unfolding and pressure-assisted cold denaturation of lysozyme, ribonuclease A, and ubiquitin is presented. Specifically, the relationship between the residual secondary structure of pressure-assisted, cold-denatured states and the structure of early folding intermediates is discussed.
Recurrences without closed orbits

The results of quantum photoabsorption calculations are presented for H, K, and Cs atoms in static electric fields. The recurrence spectra for {l_angle}L{sub z}{r_angle}{ne}0 show features at scaled actions an order of magnitude shorter than for any classical closed orbit of this system. Two interesting manifestations are presented, and some of the systematics of the peak strengths are explored. These features suggest that closed-orbit theory may need to be generalized to account for these effects. A heuristic formula is presented that reproduces some of these effects. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mechanisms Generating Dual-Component Nicotinic EPSCs in Cortical Interneurons

Activation of cortical nicotinic receptors by cholinergic axons from the basal forebrain (BF) significantly impacts cortical function, and the loss of nicotinic receptors is a hallmark of aging and neurodegenerative disease. We have previously shown that stimulation of BF axons generates a fast α7 and a slow non-α7 receptor-dependent response in cortical interneurons. However, the synaptic mechanisms that underlie this dual-component nicotinic response remain unclear. Here, we report that fast α7 receptor-mediated EPSCs in the mouse cortex are highly variable and insensitive to perturbations of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), while slow non-α7 receptor-mediated EPSCs are reliable and highly sensitive to AChE activity. Based on these data, we propose that the fast and slow nicotinic responses reflect differences in synaptic structure between cholinergic varicosities activating α7 and non-α7 classes of nicotinic receptors.
The Spatial and Developmental Relationships in the Macrophage Family

A classic study in 1968 proposed that bone marrow-dwelling promonocytes differentiate to monocytes, which then intravasate, circulate, and, on tissue entry, differentiate to sessile macrophages. Since then, understanding of the macrophage family relationship has undergone substantial enhancement and occasional revision. It is currently recognized that in addition to their role in the bone marrow, hematopoietic progenitors circulate and give rise to their descendants in extramedullary niches. Monocytes, of which there are several subsets, are not merely circulating macrophage precursors but participate in the immune response in their own right. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and, as recent studies indicate, can arise in the absence of a monocyte intermediate. These spatial and developmental relationships reveal a complex interactive network and underscore the importance of context in evaluating biological systems. The observations have significant implications for how we image, target, and treat disease.
Expression of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and their common receptor genes in human umbilical cords

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), present in amniotic fluid and/or in fetal blood, could potentially regulate cord functions. The present study investigated the possible presence of functional receptors and EGF and TGF alpha themselves in umbilical cord. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blotting demonstrated that human umbilical cords contain EGF, TGF alpha, and EGF/TGF alpha messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcripts. In situ hybridization revealed that these mRNA transcripts are present in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle, amnion, and myofibroblasts in Wharton's jelly. Western immunoblotting showed that the cords contain a 170-kilodalton EGF/TGF alpha receptor protein. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that all of the cells that contained mRNA transcripts also contained corresponding proteins. Umbilical amnion contains more EGF, TGF alpha, and their receptors than any other part of the cord. In the cord, ...
Does cost of schooling affect enrollment by the poor? Universal primary education in Uganda

Abstract The paper evaluates the impact of Uganda’s program of “Universal Primary Education” which, starting from 1997, dispensed with fees for primary enrollment. We find that the program was associated with a dramatic increase in primary school attendance, that inequalities in attendance related to gender, income, and region, were substantially reduced, and that school fees paid by parents decreased at the primary but not at the secondary level. At the same time, the general decline in the quality of education suggests that, in order to lead to sustained improvements in attendance and to transform these into higher levels of human capital, the policy needs to be complemented by improvements in school quality and accessibility of secondary education.
Education, Educators and Financing Modalities: Reflections on Experience in Uganda

This paper discusses the impact of a number of external influences on targets for education in developing countries and on national plans for the development of the education sector. Both the external pressure to develop Poverty Reduction Strategies in developing countries and the Millennium Development Goal process influence national education targets and plans. The paper argues that key inputs to education are increasingly driven by non-educators and examines the influence of non-educators on teacher recruitment and deployment, classroom construction and textbooks. The paper identifies the trend among multilateral and bilateral donors to provide financial assistance through general budget support and examines some of the international evidence on the impact on education systems of: (i) stand-alone projects, (ii) assistance provided within sector-wide approaches, and (iii) general budget support. World Bank evaluations of each mode of support to education within Uganda are then examined and discussed. The paper concludes with some lessons for educators. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.