cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematics of large-scale tectonics and age progressions in Alpine and Circum-Pacific blueschist belts☆

Abstract The early Alpine tectonics and relatively high-pressure metamorphic parageneses of the Helvetic, Pennine and Sesia—Lanzo realms are compared with analogous circumpacific terranes in western California, southwestern Japan, west-central Chile, and southern Alaska. Petrotectonic relationships appear to be compatible with a process involving syntectonic recrystallization and pervasive deformation in an imbricated subduction zone for each of these regions. Successive underthrusting of younger portions of the downgoing low-density material, followed by decoupling and rise towards the surface may account for the systematic decrease in both age and metamorphic intensity proceeding away from the old plate junction in these terranes. The environs of the present Aleutian trench serve as a modern analogue. Several other circumpacific blueschist belts (i.e., New Zealand, New Caledonia and eastern Papua) exhibit possible departures of timing, metamorphic polarity or direction of tectonic transport from that appropriate to the imbricated convergent plate-junction model presented in this paper, but the overall metamorphic sequences and tectonic settings are nevertheless strikingly similar. Many relatively high-pressure belts seem to be characterized by the occurrence of a major post-metamorphic transcurrent fault. This phenomenon suggests that blueschist belts, which must be exhumed rapidly in order to preserve the relatively high-pressure, low-temperature mineral assemblages, typically are obliterated through higher-temperature recrystallization unless a profound change from convergent to conservative plate motion occurs. Variation in convergence rate is yet another important factor, more rapid underflow promoting generation of blueschistic metamorphic parageneses, slower underflow favoring shallow decoupling and buoyant return towards the earth's surface of the successive underplatings. Other things being equal, a steeper angle of underflow would provide lower temperatures at a given depth for the subducted slab, thus promoting glaucophane schist-type metamorphism.
Effects of dieting history saliency on self-esteem and perceived body image in college women.

Body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem are central factors in developing eating disorders. Experimentally induced dieting failures lead to decreases in self-esteem, which may make subsequent restraint efforts more difficult. To the extent that this is a cognitively mediated process, an introspective review on one's attempts at dieting (and failures) could decrease self-esteem and increase body image dissatisfaction. To evaluate this hypothesis, 64 college women first reported their perceived body size and completed a measure of self-esteem. Two weeks later, they completed measures assessing food- and weight-related issues (restraint, disinhibition, hunger, body image dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and dieting history/success). Immediately afterwards, they again reported their perceived body size and self-esteem. Self-esteem was decreased by making dieting history salient (p=0.06). Women also reported slightly larger body sizes after being queried of their dieting history (mean increase=3%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Changes in perceived body size, however, were significantly associated with changes in self-esteem, as indicated by repeated-measures ANCOVA (p
Search reduction in hierarchical distributed problem solving

Knoblock and Korf have determined that abstraction can reduce search at a single agent from exponential to linear complexity (Knoblock 1991; Korf 1987). We extend their results by showing how concurrent problem solving among multiple agents using abstraction can further reduce search to logarithmic complexity. We empirically validate our formal analysis by showing that it correctly predicts performance for the Towers of Hanoi problem (which meets all of the assumptions of the analysis). Furthermore, a powerful form of abstraction for large multiagent systems is to group agents into teams, and teams of agents into larger teams, to form an organizational pyramid. We apply our analysis to such an organization of agents and demonstrate the results in a delivery task domain. Our predictions about abstraction's benefits can also be met in this more realistic domain, even though assumptions made in our analysis are violated. Our analytical results thus hold the promise for explaining in general terms many experimental observations made in specific distributed AI systems, and we demonstrate this ability with examples from prior research.
Spermidine in Regenerating Liver: Relation to Rapid Synthesis of Ribonucleic Acid

The spermidine in rat liver increases after partial hepatectomy, and the rate of polyamine accumulation closely approximates the increased rate of synthesis of RNA in regenerating liver. The uptake by the liver of intravenously injected putrescine and the biosynthesis of spermidine are accelerated within 2 hours after the operation. The uptake of spermidine also increases during early regeneration.
Sensitization to acute procedural pain in pediatric sickle cell disease: modulation by painful vaso-occlusive episodes, age, and endothelin-1.

Abstract The impact of pain early in life is a salient issue for sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic condition characterized by painful vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) that can begin in the first year of life and persist into adulthood. This study examined the effects of age and pain history (age of onset and frequency of recent VOEs) on acute procedural pain in children with SCD. Endothelin-1, a vaso-active peptide released during VOEs and acute tissue injury, and its precursor, Big Endothelin, were explored as markers of pain sensitization and vaso-occlusion. Sixty-one children with SCD (ages 2 to 18) underwent venipuncture at routine health visits. Procedural pain was assessed via child and caregiver reports and observational distress. Pain history was assessed using retrospective chart review. Three primary results were found: 1) younger age was associated with greater procedural pain across pain outcomes; 2) higher frequency of VOEs was associated with greater procedural pain based on observational distress (regardless of age); and 3) age was found to moderate the relationship between VOEs and procedural pain for child-reported pain and observational distress for children 5 years of age and older. Associations between the endothelin variables and pain prior to venipuncture were also observed. Perspective For children with SCD, the child's age and recent pain history should be considered in procedural pain management. The endothelin system may be involved in preprocedure pain, but additional research is needed to understand the role of endothelins in pain sensitization.
Expectancy effects versus demand characteristics: An empirically unresolvable issue

In psychotherapy theory, client expectancies and demand characteristics function as artifacts which constrain the attribution of causal qualities to therapy procedures. More recently, an expectancy-versus-demand issue has emerged in psychotherapy research literature. An examination of the elements of that issue in relation to available research methodologies indicates, however, that the issue is not empirically resolvable. Rather, the expectancy-versus-demand issue is a specific instance of the clash between the more general environmental-behavioral and cognitive-motivational paradigms.
Labor and training issues in advanced technology industrial development

The United States, together with other advanced industrial societies is having to address the skill and training requirements which stem from occupational change as a result of technological innovation. This article examines the major labor questions for policy-makers in the USA now and in the near future.
New contributions to the problem of capture

Libration-point capture is analyzed in the framework of the restricted three-body problem in order to obtain general results capable of predicting the major features of an arbitrary postcapture orbit, with specific reference to capture as the presumed mode of origin of Jupiter's outer satellites. Some examples of libration-point capture are computed, the time a body remains captured is estimated, and a long-term numerical integration of orbits is carried out which shows that the equation used to estimate capture lifetimes is quite conservative. An extended capture criterion is proposed and used to demonstrate that direct postcapture orbits lie outside retrograde ones. Mass change involving one or both primaries is evaluated as a means of producing permanent capture, it is found that mass-change effects can produce 'pull-down capture', and consideration is given to the orbital evolution of Jupiter's outer satellites. The effect of drag in the solar nebula or in a nebula around proto-Jupiter on the capture process is briefly investigated. It is concluded that a capture origin for the outer satellites is improbable within the last 4.6 billion years but that either mass change or nebula drag could have been effective in producing capture.
Host interference with viral gene expression: Mode of action of bacterial factor i

The mechanism of interference with R17 viral RNA expression by a host protein, factor i, was studied. Formation of initiation complexes on native bacteriophage R17 RNA molecules, as well as translation of R17 RNA in vitro, is blocked almost quantitatively by factor i. This inhibition is readily overcome by the addition of excess R17 RNA. Extensive complex formation between factor i and R17 RNA occurs during inhibition of initiation complex formation. Moreover, the extent of inhibition of R17 RNA translation correlates closely with the extent of complex formation between factor i and R17 RNA, and exhibits the same sigmoid concentration dependence on factor i. Although initiation complex formation is totally dependent upon initiation factor IF-3, neither this function of IF-3, nor its ability to prevent the association of 30 S and 50 S ribosomal subunits into single ribosomes, is affected by factor i. IF-3, even when present in tenfold molar excess over factor i, fails to relieve the inhibition of initiation on R17 RNA. It is concluded that factor i is a translational represser acting directly on messenger RNA. It is suggested that this repression is cistron-specific, affecting only viral coat protein synthesis. Messenger RNA discrimination by factor i does not involve initiation factor IF-3.
Treatment of cutout of a lag screw of a dynamic hip screw in an intertrochanteric fracture.

Sixteen consecutive patients with cutout of a lag screw of a dynamic hip screw fixation in an intertrochanteric fracture were treated with reinsertion of a lag screw, bone cement supplementation in the neck-trochanter, and subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy. Postoperatively, patients were permitted to ambulate with protected weight-bearing. Fourteen patients were followed-up for at least 1 year (median 2 years; range 1–3 years), and all had a solid union. The union period took a median of 5 months, with a range of 3–7 months. Usually, union of an intertrochanteric fracture was faster than that of subtrochanteric osteotomy (P < 0.01). There were no complications of wound infection, loss of reduction, cutout of a lag screw, or osteonecrosis of the femoral head. From clinical and theoretical considerations, we conclude that despite cutout of a lag screw of a dynamic hip screw fixation being difficult to treat, out technique still can provide an excellent outcome. Therefore, we strongly recommend its wide use.
Integrated processes responsible for soft tissue healing

Wounded soft tissues undergo repair through a complex series of interrelated events that involve both physical and chemical activities. These processes are currently undergoing extensive investigation as efforts are directed toward achieving augmented and accelerated healing. Early wound-healing research focused on expanding traditional histologic descriptions of tissue healing by attempting to characterize the environment and biologic mediators responsible for healing. These initial studies successfully identified a number of agents and physiochemical factors present in healing wounds, but their precise roles and importance remain largely unknown. This review article summarizes the current literature on soft tissue healing. An effort has been made to correlate the activities of the major growth factors and cytokines with the individual reparative processes including the inflammatory response, hemostasis, fibroplasia, angiogenesis, and remodeling. Explanations and characteristics of growth factor function as well as brief descriptions of several major factors and their spectrum of activity are also provided.
Putting systems thinking into practice

The dynamic systems perspective illuminates some of the core challenges in organizational learning. If learning occurs through experience, there are good reasons why organizations often fail to learn. In particular, large organizations face a class of systemic decision-making situations in which learning is extremely unlikely. The systems perspective teaches us that cause and effect are often not close in time and space, that obvious interventions do not always produce obvious outcomes, and that long time delays, and systemic effects of actions can make it almost impossible to judge the effectiveness of those actions. This article presents a framework for organizational learning, outlines several breakdowns that thwart the learning process, and discusses how systems thinking can play an important role in helping organizations overcome the learning breakdowns through the design and implementation of managerial practice fields.
The problem of a Chinese aesthetic

Introduction 1. Th e question of Chinese allegory 2. The other side of allegory 3. The prefaces as introduction to the Book of Odes 4. The Odes as exemplary readings 5. Hegel's Chinese imagination 6. Conclusion: comparative comparative literature Notes Bibliography Chinese character list Index.
Castable Aluminium Alloys for High Temperature Applications

Most traditional aluminium casting alloys are based on the aluminium-silicon eutectic system because of its excellent casting characteristics. However, the solidus in this system does not exceed 577 °C and the major alloying elements used with silicon in these alloys have high diffusivity in aluminium. Therefore, while these elements enhance the room temperature strength of the alloy, they are not useful at elevated temperatures. Considering nickel-base superalloys, whose mechanical properties are retained up to temperatures that approach 75% of their melting point, it is conceivable that castable aluminium alloys can be developed on the same basis so that they are useful at temperatures approaching 300 °C. In this publication, we present the thought process behind developing a new castable aluminum alloy that is designed specifically for such high temperature applications and we present the alloy’s measured castability characteristics and its elevated temperature tensile properties.
Intensity fluctuations and cross correlations in coupled-mode optical systems

In nonlinear multimode optical systems, stochastic fluctuations of the intensities of the competing modes have signatures (characteristic moments, cumulants, and cross correlations) that depend on the number of modes and on any constraints on the total intensity. For the cases of maximum entropy fluctuations within a constant total intensity and within a fluctuating total intensity, we derive the intensity probability distribution functions and calculate the moments, cumulants, and cross correlation. The latter two are shown to be sensitive indicators of the number of interacting modes. When the modes are statistically equivalent, particular relations between the variance of one mode and the cross correlation of any two modes can indicate the type of mode coupling independent of their number. The predictions of these models are compared to recent experimental measurements on a multimode source of amplified spontaneous emission. Statistical results for a system that randomly jumps among single-mode states while maintaining constant total intensity are also calculated and are compared with the statistics of a (deterministic) two-mode bidirectional ring-laser simulation. The results are widely applicable to other coupled-mode systems including multimode lasers.
Stimulation of eukaryotic flap endonuclease-1 activities by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is independent of its in vitro interaction via a consensus PCNA binding region.

Interaction between human flap endonuclease-1 (hFEN-1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) represents a good model for interactions between multiple functional proteins involved in DNA metabolic pathways. A region of 9 conserved amino acid residues (residues Gln-337 through Lys-345) in the C terminus of human FEN-1 (hFEN-1) was shown to be responsible for the interaction with PCNA. Our current study indicates that 4 amino acid residues in hFEN-1 (Leu-340, Asp-341, Phe-343, and Phe-344) are critical for human PCNA (hPCNA) interaction. A conserved PCNA interaction motif in various proteins from assorted species has been defined as Q1X2X3(L/I)4X5X6F7(F/Y)8, although our results fail to implicate Q1 (Gln-337 in hFEN-1) as a crucial residue. Surprisingly, all hFEN-1 mutants, including L340A, D341A, F343A, and F344A, retained hPCNA-mediated stimulation of both exo- and flap endonuclease activities. Furthermore, our in vitro assay showed that hPCNA failed to bind to the scRad27 (yeast homolog of FEN-1) nuclease. However, its nuclease activities were significantly enhanced in the presence of hPCNA. Four additional Saccharomyces cerevisiae scRad27 mutants, including multiple alanine mutants and a deletion mutant of the entire PCNA binding region, were constructed to confirm this result. All of these mutants retained PCNA-driven nuclease activity stimulation. We therefore conclude that stimulation of eukaryotic hFEN-1 nuclease activities by PCNA is independent of its in vitrointeraction via the PCNA binding region.
Ca2 + -ATPases in the Cochlear Duct

Differing levels of the Ca(2+)-ATPase enzymes that reside on the plasma membrane (PM) and on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were identified in individual rat cochlear tissues by the use of a semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unlike other studies, a specific antibody to PM Ca(2+)-ATPase was used to detect significantly greater levels (about 2x) of PM Ca(2+)-ATPase in the stria vascularis (SV) than that in the spiral ligament (SL) and organ of Corti (OC) tissues. Similarly, levels of ER Ca(2+)-ATPase were also significantly higher in the SV than in the SL and OC tissues. The presence of ER Ca(2+)-ATPase in the tissues of the SV has not been demonstrated previously. Given the importance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the inner ear, the statistically significantly higher densities of both PM and ER Ca(2+)-ATPase measured in the SV relative to the SL and OC regions would indicate tissue-specific responses to fluctuations in systemic and local Ca2+ concentrations.
Quantization effects in the complex LMS adaptive algorithm: Linearization using dither-theory

This paper describes the use of dither to linearize the gradient quantizer in a digitally implemented LMS adaptive algorithm. When the LMS algorithm is implemented in a fixed-point digital processor, a choice must be made between rounding the gradient estimate before addition to the contents of the weight accumulator, or rounding the weight at the accumulator output and operating a double-precision accumulator. Because of hardware constraints, the former approach is often elected. However, when the weight accumulator input is quantized, care must be exercised to prevent the algorithm from stalling. To overcome this difficulty, a sequence of random vectors, called "dither," is used to "linearize" the gradient quantizer. A difference equation for the weight covariance matrix is derived, and a solution for transient mean-square error is obtained that includes both the effects of dither and quantization noise.
Conformation-Based Hidden Markov Models: Application to Human Face Identification

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) and their variants are capable to classify complex and structured objects. However, one of their major restrictions is their inability to cope with shape or conformation intrinsically: HMM-based techniques have difficulty predicting the n-dimensional shape formed by the symbols of the visible observation (VO) sequence. In order to fulfill this crucial need, we propose a novel paradigm that we named conformation-based hidden Markov models (COHMMs). This new formalism classifies VO sequences by embedding the nodes of an HMM state transition graph in a Euclidean vector space. This is accomplished by modeling the noise contained in the shape composed by the VO sequence. We cover the one-level as well as the multilevel COHMMs. Five problems are assigned to a multilevel COHMM: 1) sequence probability evaluation, 2) statistical decoding, 3) structural decoding, 4) shape decoding, and 5) learning. We have applied the COHMMs formalism to human face identification tested on different benchmarked face databases. The results show that the multilevel COHMMs outperform the embedded HMMs as well as some standard HMM-based models.
A prospective study of the effects of female and male marijuana use on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) outcomes.

Objective This study was undertaken to examine whether marijuana use affects in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer (IVF/GIFT). Study design Prospective study of 221 IVF/GIFT couples. Results Amount of lifetime heavy marijuana use adversely affected IVF/GIFT. Women smoking more than 90 times in their lifetime had 27% fewer oocytes retrieved ( P = .03) and 1 fewer embryo transferred ( P P = .01) smaller at birth. If men smoked marijuana 11 to 90 times in their lifetime, there was a 15% decrease in infant birth weight ( P = .03); if this increased to more than 90 times, there was a 23% decrease ( P = .01). Timing also played a role. Women smoking marijuana 1 year before IVF/GIFT had 25% fewer oocytes retrieved ( P = .03), whereas couples had 28% ( P = .04) fewer oocytes fertilized. Women and men who smoked in the past 15 years, had 12%( P = .04) and 16% ( P = .03) smaller infants, respectively. Conclusion Both timing and amount of marijuana use negatively affected IVF/GIFT.
Morphology of intracellularly labeled interneurons in the dentate gyrus of the immature rat

Although many aspects of the morphological development of interneurons in the dentate gyrus have been described, the full extent of their dendrites and local axon projections in immature rodents has not been examined. Here intracellular labeling was used to assess the branching patterns of interneurons in the dentate gyrus of rat pups between 7 and 9 days of age. Labeled neurons were located within or just below the granule cell layer, and most were classified as GABAergic basket neurons on the basis of their dendritic morphologies. All labeled interneurons exhibited immature characteristics. Spines were present on cell bodies and dendrites, and growth cones were visible on some dendrites and axons. In spite of these immature features, the dendrites and axon arbors of the labeled neurons were extensive. Many apical dendrites reached the top of the molecular layer, and a number of basal dendrites extended to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus. Elaborate axon plexuses were present within the dentate gyrus itself, and axon collaterals of several neurons extended beyond the dentate gyrus to branch within regions CA3 and CA1 of the hippocampus. These results indicate that the dendrites and axon collaterals of dentate interneurons are extensive at a time when the principal neurons, the granule cells, are still proliferating. These data are consistent with the idea that GABAergic interneurons may influence granule cell development in the dentate gyrus, as well as pyramidal cell maturation in the hippocampus proper.
Trust-Mistrust: Conflicts of Interest and Nurse Research

Professional nurses have special obligations and responsibilities to society, especially in choices regarding participating in and utilizing and promoting nurse research as evidence for practice. Potential conflicts of interest are ever-present and may interfere with healthcare recipients' desires and wishes. The author of this research column begins a discussion of potential conflicts of interest in nurse research that may have an impact on the confirmability of research findings.
Spatiotemporal Stability of Cu-ATSM and FLT Positron Emission Tomography Distributions During Radiation Therapy

Purpose In dose painting, in which functional imaging is used to define biological targets for radiation therapy dose escalation, changes in spatial distributions of biological properties during treatment can compromise the quality of therapy. The goal of this study was to assess the spatiotemporal stability of 2 potential dose painting targets—hypoxia and proliferation—in canine tumors during radiation therapy. Methods and Materials Twenty-two canine patients with sinonasal tumors (14 carcinoma and 8 sarcoma) were imaged before hypofractionated radiation therapy with copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for hypoxia and 3′-deoxy-3′- 18 F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET/CT for proliferation. The FLT scans were repeated after 2 fractions and the Cu-ATSM scans after 3 fractions. Midtreatment PET/CT images were deformably registered to pretreatment PET/CT images. Voxel-based Spearman correlation coefficients quantified the spatial stability of Cu-ATSM and FLT uptake distributions between pretreatment and midtreatment scans. Paired t tests determined significant differences between the patients' respective Cu-ATSM and FLT correlations coefficients. Standardized uptake value measures were also compared between pretreatment and midtreatment scans by use of paired t tests. Results Spatial distributions of Cu-ATSM and FLT uptake were stable through midtreatment for both sarcomas and carcinomas: the population mean ± standard deviation in Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.88 ± 0.07 for Cu-ATSM and 0.79 ± 0.13 for FLT. The patients' Cu-ATSM correlation coefficients were significantly higher than their respective FLT correlation coefficients ( P =.001). Changes in Cu-ATSM SUV measures from pretreatment to midtreatment were histology dependent: carcinomas experienced significant decreases in Cu-ATSM uptake ( P P >.20). Both histologies experienced significant decreases in FLT uptake ( P Conclusions Spatial distributions of Cu-ATSM were very stable after a few fractions of radiation therapy. FLT spatial distributions were generally stable early in therapy, although they were significantly less stable than Cu-ATSM distributions. Canine tumors had significantly lower proliferative activity at midtreatment than at pretreatment, and they experienced histology-dependent changes in Cu-ATSM uptake.
Modeling and Simulation of Anchoring Processess for Small Body Exploration

This paper describes recent work done in modeling and simulation of anchoring processes in granular media, with applications to anchoring on a Near Earth Object (NEO), where the forces due to interactions with the regolith are much stronger than the local surface gravity field. This effort is part of a larger systems engineering capability developed at JPL to answer key questions, validate requirements, conduct key system and mission trades,and evaluate performance and risk related to NEO operations for any proposed human or robotic missions to a NEO.
Asymptotic efficiency of a competing risks model: A two-sample case

A generalized Cox regression model is studied for the covariance analysis of competing risks data subject to independent random censoring. The information of the maximum partial likelihood estimates is compared with that of maximum likelihood estimates assuming a log linear hazard function.The method of generalized variance is used to define the efficiency of estimation between the two models. This is then applied to two-sample problems with two exponentially censoring rates. Numerical results are summarized ane presented graphically.The detailed results indicate that the semi-parametric model wrks well for a higher rate of censoring. A method of generalizing the result to type 1 censoring and the efficiency of estimating the coefficient of the covariate are discussecd. A brief account of using the results to help design experiments is also given.
Modeling studies of the coastal circulation off Northern California: shelf response to a major Eel river flood event

Abstract The region surrounding Cape Mendocino is the subject of a high-resolution multiply nested modeling study. The highest resolution model (1 km) is used for a 40-day simulation containing the major Eel River flood event of December 30, 1996–January 3, 1997. The complex forcing due to rapidly shifting storm-driven winds, flood-induced river discharge and rugged bathymetry and coastline generate energetic coastal circulation off northern California during this time. The Eel River plume mixes significantly in the down-stream direction and influences the velocity structure of the shelf flow. Coastline irregularities are important in generating an eddy over the Eel River margin through the establishment of an alongshore pressure gradient. Time series and statistics of the modeled alongshore velocity field show good agreement with observed values at the S60 and G65 ADCP sites.
Electromagnetic induction in the Earth by moving ionospheric current systems

Summary. Ground-based observations of magnetic disturbance fields at auroral latitudes, as well as at lower latitudes, have, for a number of years, led workers to infer the rapid spatial movement of electric current systems in the ionosphere. However, relatively little attention has been directed toward understanding the associated electromagnetic induction problem, namely the effects on electric- and magnetic-field components observed at the Earth’s surface, caused by time-varying current systems moving above the earth of finite conductivity. The following discussion considers this problem and presents a method for determining the electromagnetic field components at the surface and within the interior of an n-layered earth for a current system flowing east-west and moving with a uniform velocity to the north or south. The results for a line current source, which are given in detail, are used to derive expressions for the fields of a Gaussian electrojet, a ribbon electrojet and several asymmetric electrojets. This development differs substantially from previous work in that one can allow independent time variations of the source strength itself, which are essentially decoupled from the effects of its motion. Based on our own routine inspection of high-latitude magnetogranis, we have found that moving sources are the rule and stationary sources are the exception. Theoretical calculations imply significant spectral broadening of temporal variations from moving sources relative to their stationary counterpart. Synthetic magnetograms visually demonstrate temporal contraction of ground-based observations relative to the true temporal morphology of the source itself. Moreover, there are significant phase lags and leads introduced between local field maxima observed on the ground and the time of the actual maximum strength of the source itself. Finally, magnetotelluric measurements are affected in a positive way by moving sources, in that the source appears to have a larger ‘effective width’ through averaging induction effects over a larger volume of the Earth during its lateral movement. For a harmonically time-varying source having a width of 500 km and a lateral movement of 500 mls, the magnetotelluric relation appears valid to periods as long as 5 hr.
Rapid AV Nodal Re‐entrant Tachycardias Presenting with Syncope or Pre‐syncope: Use of Eiectrophysioiogicai Studies to Select Therapy

Five patients with recurrent syncope or pre-syncope due to rapid supraventricular tachycardias underwent electrophysiological study. In each patient, an AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia could be induced. By leaving a coronary sinus catheter in place, the effects of drugs on the ability to induce tachycardia could he tested on sequential days. Drug effects were highly variable, but in each patient it was possible to determine a drug which prevented induction of tachycardia. Patients treated with this drug have had no recurrent symptoms or tachycardias with a followup of 4–21 months. Although AV nodal re-entry is highly dependent on autonomic tone, electrophysiological study appears to be a useful means of selecting therapy in patients with severe, symptomatic tachycardias. (PACE, Vol. 5, March-April, 1982)
Profiles of Women Survivors: The Development of Agency in Abusive Relationships

Systematic analysis of interview data for 6 African American and 4 European American women who were survivors of battering and who are marginalized in society indicated that the women used active strategies (e.g., social support resources) to preserve their sense of self and agency within the conditions of violence. Previous experiences of abuse and early entry into relationships made the women more vulnerable to abuse, and limited economic resources, high levels of stress, social norms, and lack of support resources contributed to the women's feeling of entrapment in their relationships.
Intakes of selected foods and beverages and the incidence of gastric cancer among the Japanese residents of Hawaii: a prospective study

Conclusions The results related to fruit and vegetable intake are consistent with an antinitrosating effect of these foods, while the unexpected association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer is difficult to explain and may represent a chance finding.
Hepatitis C virus-host interactions, replication, and viral assembly.

As a relatively simple virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV) depends extensively on its host to infect, replicate and disseminate. HCV has evolved host interactions that result in a restricted tropism, both in terms of cell type and species. Efforts into identifying and validating HCV–host interactions have been hampered by a limited number of infectious virus clones and cell lines that support HCV infection. Despite these limitations, consensus HCV–host interactions have emerged that help define the entry, replication, assembly, and tropism of HCV. This has had important implications in expanding our in vitro and in vivo systems to study HCV replication and pathogenesis. Additionally, a number of these host factors are being targeted for therapeutic development. In this review, we focus on medically relevant pro-viral host factors, their role in HCV biology, and their importance in expanding our model systems.
Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

Abstract The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties. Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm 2 , BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm 2 , RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm 2 , BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm 2 , RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm 2 , BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm 2 , RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.
Optimal and Heuristic Models for Lot Splitting in a Flow Shop

This paper investigates optimal lot-splitting policies in a multiprocess flow shop environment with the objective of minimizing either mean flow time or makespan. Using a quadratic programming approach to the mean flow time problem, we determine the optimal way of splitting a job into smaller sublots under various setup times to run time ratios, number of machines in the flow shop, and number of allowed sublots. Our results come from a deterministic flow shop environment, but also provide insights into the repetitive lots scheme using equal lot splits for job shop scheduling in a stochastic environment. We indicate those conditions in which managers should implement the repetitive lots scheme and where other lot-splitting schemes should work better.
Cryptic indirect effects of exurban edges on a woodland community

Exurban development (e.g., second homes) in woodlands spreads urban land use impacts beyond suburbs, but because exurban developments often retain many components of original ecosystem structure—such as a forest canopy rather than open lawn—their ecological impacts may be underestimated. Changes in seed-dispersing ant behavior prompted by exurban land use, such as edge avoidance, may pose deleterious impacts on the woodland plants (myrmecochores) they disperse, and hence the floristic diversity of exurban forests. We examined the effects of exurbanization on seed- dispersing ant nesting and foraging, seed retrieval, dispersal direction and subsequent impact on myrmecochores. We used a matrix of forested and exurbanized habitats to test whether (1) exurban edges decrease ant nest colonization and seed foraging, (2) ants disperse seeds away from exurban edges, and (3) consequently, there is lower ant-dispersed plant abundance nearer exurban edges. We found that exurban development poses little impact on keystone seed-dispersing ants because they foraged, colonized and thrived in fragmented woodland habitats as well as they did in intact forests. Exurban edges changed ant behavior, however, so that they generally moved seeds toward forest interiors, and, hence, away from edges. Corresponding to this behavioral change, we found that ant-dispersed plants declined with proximity to edges, whereas other woodland herbs with dispersal modes other than ants were unaffected. Exurbanization poses little threat to seed-dispersing ant viability, but, by changing foraging patterns (specifically, limiting the directionality of dispersal), it indirectly threatens the plants they disperse. Edge effects on biota commonly are associated with cascades through abiotic resources, but we show a deleterious biotic cascade between exurban edge, keystone ants and herbaceous plants. Species-mediated services, such as seed dispersal and pollination, are key resources, and assessing the full consequences of land use change therefore necessitates evaluation of impacts on biotic interactions.
On pigs and packers: Radically contextualizing a practice of science with Mexican immigrant students

This paper reports on instructional practices observed in a high school English Learner (EL) Science course serving newcomer Mexican immigrant youth. The school is located in a rural Midwestern meatpacking community in which labor at the hog plant is economically- and racially-segmented; it is the town’s Mexican residents, many of them undocumented, who comprise most of the unskilled labor force. The general purpose of the paper is to document how the economic and racial context of this community influences science instruction in the EL Science course and to describe how this presents particular challenges in achieving equitable science instruction for Mexican immigrant youth in these rural, globalizing places. Entering the data via critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, 1995) and then utilizing Barton’s (2003) “practice of science” perspective, with an eye toward achieving “radical contextuality” (Grossberg, 1997), we describe the science events, identities, and structures of the pig dissection lesson and detail how what these students could do with science, as rendered by that lesson, was limited by the roles the teacher attributed to the students, her inability to draw on their funds of knowledge as resources for learning, and the voice and position she allowed them to take up. The data reinforce conventional understandings of schools as sites of cultural reproduction (Bowels & Gintis, 1976), as well as of resistance (Giroux, 1983), but afford us a glimpse of the particularity of those mechanisms within the demographically-transitioning American Heartland, iconic of the era of global capitalism.
Stateless Application-Level Multicast for Dynamic Group Communication

Group communication in large-scale interactive applications such as real-time conferencing and collaboration, networked virtual environments (e.g. massively multi-player games) requires efficient, low-overhead group communication mechanisms. In this paper we consider the application-level (or end-system) multicast and propose a stateless group communication mechanism together with its tree building algorithms. Stateless multicast reduces the control signaling of dynamic multicast groups linearly with the group size. To support interactive applications involving a large number of dynamic multicast groups, the application level multicast uses stateless forwarding within clusters of network nodes and hierarchical aggregation of multicast group membership. We show that dynamic tree construction achieve low computation overhead with a controlled degradation of the end-to-end data path performance.
Assessing Mindfulness in Multiple Contexts: a Comment on Christopher, Woodrich, and Tiernan (2014)

This paper comments on a recent study by Christopher et al. (Mindfulness 5:145–160, 2014), in which 14 Zen Buddhist priests and laypersons residing in a monastery in the Northwestern US were interviewed about the extent to which the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Toronto Mindfulness Scale capture the nature of mindfulness as they understand and practice it. Participants identified strengths and weaknesses of both questionnaires; findings were discussed in terms of the cultural validity of the measures. Because mindfulness is taught, practiced, and studied in both Buddhist and Western contexts, including contemporary medical, mental health, educational, and research environments, this commentary argues that at least three domains of knowledge are important in developing measures of mindfulness with broad applicability: (1) knowledge of mindfulness as described, taught, and practiced in Buddhist traditions; (2) knowledge of mindfulness as described, taught, and practiced in contemporary Western interventions and training programs; and (3) knowledge of psychological assessment, especially psychometrics and questionnaire construction. A balanced perspective that explicitly acknowledges the value for health and well-being of both Buddhist and Western psychological conceptions of mindfulness is recommended.
Inhibition of Thyroid Hormone Induction of Mitochondrial α-Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase in Riboflavin Deficiency

The induction of liver mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (LMGPDH) by thyroid hormone was studied in rats which were made riboflavin deficient. The basal activity of this FAD-linked enzyme, and particularly the levels induced by thyroid hormone, decreased progressively as the duration of riboflavin deficiency increased. The impaired induction of LM-GPDH exhibited by riboflavin-deficient rats was not due to a dose effect of thyroid hormone. Impaired enzyme induction was not demonstrable in normal rats which had been starved for several days. Enzyme induction in deficient animals could be restored to normal by the administration of riboflavin orally and intraperitoneally for several days. Realimentation with riboflavin was completely effective in normalizing enzyme induction regardless of whether food intake was simultaneously restricted to the levels of deficient rats. These studies demonstrate that riboflavin is required for the induction of hepatic mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogena...
Knowledge of Results and the Proportion of Positive Feedback on Tests of Ability

Students were administered one of three conventional or one of three stradaptive vocabulary tests with or without knowledge of results (KR). The three tests of each type differed in the expected proportion of correct responses to the test items and thus in the expected proportion of positive feedback. Results indicated that the mean maxi mum-likelihood estimates of individuals' abilities varied as a joint function of KR-provision and test difficulty. Students receiving KR scored highest on the most-difficult test and lowest on the least-dif ficult test; students receiving no KR scored highest on the least-difficult test and did most poorly on the most-difficult test. Although the students per ceived the differences in test difficulty, there were no effects on mean student anxiety or motivation scores attributable to difficulty or proportion of positive feedback alone. Regardless of the propor tion of positive feedback, students reacted very favorably to receiving KR, and its provision in creased the mean ...
The politics of consensual decoIonization

Decolonization, as generally understood, refers to the transfer of political authority from colonial rulers to indigenous leaders within the framework of State sovereignty.