cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atom Probe Tomography Unveils Formation Mechanisms of Wear-Protective Tribofilms by ZDDP, Ionic Liquid, and Their Combination

The development of advanced lubricant additives has been a critical component in paving the way for increasing energy efficiency and durability for numerous industry applications. However, the formation mechanisms of additive-induced protective tribofilms are not yet fully understood because of the complex chemomechanical interactions at the contact interface and the limited spatial resolution of many characterizing techniques currently used. Here, the tribofilms on a gray cast iron surface formed by three antiwear additives are systematically studied; a phosphonium-phosphate ionic liquid (IL), a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), and an IL+ZDDP combination. All three additives provide excellent wear protection, with the IL+ZDDP combination exhibiting a synergetic effect, resulting in further reduced friction and wear. Atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to interrogate the subnm chemistry and bondi...
Behavioral Responses Associated with Animal Hypnosis

Successful conditioning of hypnotized rabbits was demonstrated in this behavioral study of animal hypnosis. The method involved heart rate conditioning, with a paired 10-sec tone, 3-sec shock, and 2-minute intertriai interval. Although hypnotized Ss reached criterion levels of conditioning at the same rate as controls, the response magnitude was greater for the hypnotized animals. Studies on light preference, interest, activity, and memory in the immediate posthypnotic state revealed similar performances in the hypnotic and control groups, indicating a lack of residual effect from the hypnosis. The evidence of the present and previous research is consistent with the concept that animal hypnosis could serve as an experimental model of human hypnosis.
Thoughts after marital conflict and punch biopsy wounds: Age-graded pathways to healing

Abstract Thoughts and emotions following marital conflict have received little attention but almost certainly contribute to marriage’s long-term health effects. Consistent with emotion theories of aging, we expected the effects of post-conflict thoughts on important neuroendocrine and immune outcomes, cortisol levels and full-thickness wound healing, to differ by age. An age-diverse sample of married couples received a punch biopsy wound and discussed a marital problem, then privately recorded their thoughts and rated their mood. Salivary cortisol was sampled throughout the day, and wound healing was measured for 32 days. Older adults reported more positive mood post-conflict than younger adults. Thoughts with more positive emotional content related to lower subsequent cortisol levels. Only older adults who expressed more positive thoughts after conflict experienced faster wound healing, not younger adults. These findings point to the increased physiological importance of regulatory post-stressor processes in older age, and broaden our understanding of social-emotional age differences in close relationships. These data also stimulate questions of whether marriage has more widespread health consequences for older partners, undetected in studies of short-term outcomes.
Psychosocial Distress and Quality of Life Impairment Are Associated With Symptom Severity in PPI Non-Responders With Normal Impedance-pH Profiles

Psychosocial Distress and Quality of Life Impairment Are Associated With Symptom Severity in PPI Non-Responders With Normal Impedance-pH Profiles
Opportunity Gaps Lead to Achievement Gaps: Encouragement for Talent Development and Schoolwide Enrichment in Urban Schools:

The SEM and related services and programs described in this article focus on the development of both academic and creative talents through enrichment and engaging learning experiences. The research that provides compelling evidence has been summarized in the hope that urban educators will consider implementing this approach. The research supports the use of enrichment and gifted education pedagogy to provide enjoyable learning experiences as well as increased achievement scores for urban students and also presents evidence that this approach may be more effective than the use of other types of programs. Overemphasis on test preparation and mechanistic instruction and the use of remedial materials has made many urban classrooms dreary places to learn. When enrichment pedagogy is extended to urban students, these high-end opportunities can provide more advanced and enriched learning experiences that promote creativity and engagement, as well as enable students to apply thinking skills and use knowledge in a...
Industrial Mathematics: Modeling in Industry, Science and Government. By Charles R. MacCluer/Applied Mathematical Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Approach. By D. R. Shier and K. T. Wallenius

(2000). Industrial Mathematics: Modeling in Industry, Science and Government. By Charles R. MacCluer/Applied Mathematical Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Approach. By D. R. Shier and K. T. Wallenius. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 10, pp. 964-967.
Using High-Speed Stereophotogrammetry Techniques to Extract Shape Information from Wind Turbine/Rotor Operating Data

Stereophotogrammetry techniques used in concert with 3D point tracking (dynamic photogrammetry) software are advantageous for the collection of operating data on large wind turbines (or helicopter rotors) over conventional accelerometer-data acquisition systems (DAQ) for several reasons. First, this is a non-contacting technique that doesn’t require the use of mounted accelerometers and electrically noisy slip rings. Second, the optical targets (measurement points) that are mounted to the blade surfaces can remain in place for long periods of time and be used for subsequent measurements without extended/overly complicated setup time. Third, deflection data can be collected on many more points on a turbine/rotor surface beyond what is capable of a conventional multi-channel data acquisition system and accelerometer setup. Operating data has previously been collected on a 1.17 m Southwest Windpower Air BreezeTM wind turbine [1] using Stereophotogrammetry and this data has been used to extract operating deflection shapes from the structure. The purpose of this work is to improve upon the experimental methods used on the 1.17 turbine by Warren [2] and apply these improved methods to a larger, 2.56 m diameter turbine/rotor analog, and collect operating data on the structure. This data was collected outdoors and shape information was extracted from this operating data and compared to that taken with a standard, impact test.
Highlights from the literature: inflammatory bowel disease

CALM trial compared endoscopic and clinical outcomes in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease who were managed with a tight control algorithm, using clinical symptoms and biomarkers, versus patients managed with a clinical management algorithm.1 This was an open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 study, done in 22 countries which evaluated adult patients with active endoscopic Crohn’s disease, and no previous use of immunomodulators or biologics. Patients were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to tight control or clinical management groups, stratified by smoking, weight and disease duration after 8 weeks of prednisone induction therapy, or earlier if they had active disease. Treatment was escalated in both groups in a stepwise manner, from no treatment, to adalimumab induction followed by adalimumab every other week, adalimumab every week and, lastly, to both weekly adalimumab and daily azathioprine. In the tight control group the therapy escalation was initiated if a patient’s Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score was at …
Implementation of pulmonary ultrasound training for critical care advanced practice providers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of pulmonary ultrasound (US) in the critical care setting has been increasing over the past 2 decades. The use of advanced practice providers (APPs) in the critical care setting is also increasing. Limited data exist regarding the clinical and educational impact of a formal pulmonary US training course for APPs working in critical care settings. METHODS A preimplementation and postimplementation comparative design focused on the development and implementation of a formal pulmonary US course for novice critical care APPs. CONCLUSIONS Eleven APPs underwent formal pulmonary US training. There was a significant increase in pulmonary US knowledge after the course, with pretest median of 13 and posttest median of 22 (p < .001; maximum score = 23). Presurvey and postsurvey comparison showed overall increase in skill and clinical use of pulmonary US. After the course, participating APPs reported a greater frequency of clinical decision-making based on US examination as measured by presurvey and postsurvey results. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Implementation of a formal pulmonary US course for critical care APPs improved pulmonary US knowledge, skill, and utilization, and impacted clinical decision-making and should be a highly recommended addition to the practice setting.
Management of Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Direction

Nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) comprises a relatively narrow niche of advanced prostate cancer, but the treatment landscape for men with nmCRPC has drastically changed over the past year. Prior to the SPARTAN and PROSPER trials, men with nmCRPC were commonly treated with first-generation androgen receptor antagonists, such as bicalutamide or flutamide, or with estrogens or ketoconazole, none of which were associated with any proven survival benefit. The SPARTAN trial evaluated apalutamide versus placebo for men with nmCRPC and found that apalutamide significantly improved metastasis-free survival (MFS), the primary endpoint of this trial. Similarly, the PROSPER trial showed that enzalutamide significantly improved MFS compared with placebo for men with nmCRPC. In both trials, the data for overall survival was immature at the time of analysis. The SPARTAN and PROSPER trials led to the approval of apalutamide and enzalutamide, respectively, for men with nmCRPC. More recently, the phase 3 trial ARAMIS showed that darolutamide, a novel androgen receptor antagonist, also improves MFS compared with placebo for men with nmCRPC, and this trial is expected to garner regulatory approval for darolutamide in the nmCRPC setting. Novel imaging modalities are becoming more prevalent for the diagnostic evaluation of men with prostate cancer and are more sensitive than conventional bone or CT scans for detection of oligometastatic disease that previously was undetected. These modalities are likely to reduce the incidence and prevalence of nmCRPC in the near future. Ultimately, the treatment options for men with nmCRPC have significantly improved over the past 2 years.
LVAD Survival May Be Predicted by Preoperative Lymphopenia

Purpose In patients with an established diagnosis of heart failure, lymphopenia can predict survival up to 1 year after measurement. Lymphocytes can be depleted through enteric losses secondary to splanchnic congestion or through exaggerated physiologic stress response. However, the prognostic role of lymphopenia in the outcome of LVAD patients has not been explored. We sought to examine the impact of lymphopenia on all-cause mortality in this population over a 24-month period post implantation. Methods At a single center, 170 patients received LVAD therapy between June 2011 and July 2018. 99 of these patients met criteria for lymphopenia on admission as defined as an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) 4800/μL and nine with incomplete data. A Kaplan-Meir plot and log-rank statistics were used to compare survival across patient groups with and without lymphopenia. The association between lymphopenia and 24-month all-cause mortality was examined via unadjusted and adjusted cox models. Results In the lymphopenic group, mean ALC was 909.6± 331.9 and median (Interquartile range) of 910 (684.0 - 1164.8) versus 2073.6±501.1 and 1941.0(1679.5 - 2340.0) in the non-lymphopenic group. 24-month mortality was significantly higher in the lymphopenic group (Log-Rank p=0.009). On Cox-modelling, the lymphopenic patients had worse unadjusted survival [HR= 2.14 (1.19 - 3.82) (p=0.01)] and adjusted survival [2.01 (1.12 - 3.60) (p=0.02)] when age, race, gender, eGFR, INTERMACS category, serum sodium and LVEF were adjusted for. Conclusion Worse survival was seen in LVAD patients with lymphopenia at up to 24-months post procedure. Lymphocyte levels may be an important prognostic indicator and therapeutic target with future immune modulator therapy.
On Inverse Boundary Value Problem for a Fredholm Integro-Differential Equation with Degenerate Kernel and Spectral Parameter

In this paper are considered the questions of unique solvability and redefinitions of a nonlocal inverse problem for the Fredholm integro-differential equation of the second order with degenerate kernel, integral condition, and spectral parameter. Calculations of the value of the spectral parameter are reduced to the solve of trigonometric equations. Systems of algebraic equations are obtained. The singularities that arose in determining arbitrary constants are studied. A criterion for unique solvability of the problem is established and the corresponding theorem is proved.
Understanding the conversion of ethanol to propene on In2O3 from first principles

Abstract It is highly desirable to convert bioethanol to value-added chemicals. As such, conversion of ethanol to propene (ETP) is attractive because propene is an important raw material for the production of plastics. In2O3 has shown promising catalytic performance for ETP conversion. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this work, we use density functional theory (DFT) to investigate ETP reaction pathways on the In2O3 (110) surface. We find that the ETP reactions proceed through three major stages: ethanol to acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde to acetone, and acetone to propene. The ethanol-to-acetaldehyde step is kinetically facile. Comparing the two pathways from acetaldehyde to acetone, we show that the aldol reaction pathway via direct coupling of two acetaldehyde is more favorable than the acetate-ketonization pathway. The acetone-to-propene process is found to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction. This work provides a detailed mechanistic view of the ETP chemistry on In2O3(110) that paves the way for further exploration of effects such as surface termination, surface doping, and co-feeding of H2 and H2O on selectivity and catalyst stability.
Iccosomes and induction of specific antibody production in vitro.

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are immune accessory cells, located in lymphoid follicles1. FDCs can trap and retain antigen antibody complexes on their long slender dendrites for a long periods of time2 and it appears that antigen retained on FDCs can induce primed B cells to make specific antibody3. FDCs can form liposome-like immune complexes coating bodies (iccosomes)4. These iccosomes may be released and then engulfed by adjacent B lymphocytes. The engulfed iccosomes appeared to disintegrate in the B cells close to Golgi complex. We believed the iccosomal Ag is being processed and Ag fragments are being delivered to the B cell surface for presentation to T cells5. Antibody forming cells (AFC) emerge in germinal centers 3 to 4 days after antigen challenge6. The coincidence of iccosome release and AFC emergence led to the hypothesis that antigen bearing iccosomes might be able to induce B cells to differentiate into AFC7. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that iccosomal Ag is involved in the induction of specific Ab production. Iccosomes were prepared from FDCs 3 days after OVA challenge by sonicating FDCs or shaking them in the upper chamber of a transwell apparatus with a 3.0 um pore diameter filter and collecting icccosomes from the lower chamber of the apparatus. Both iccosome preparations were able to induce OVA primed lymphocytes to produce anti-OVA. However intact FDCs were critical for optimal Ab production.
Stress induces the transcription of toxin-antitoxin systems but does not activate toxin

Abstract Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacterial genomes, but their functions are controversial. Although they are frequently postulated to regulate cell growth following stress, few null phenotypes for TA systems have been reported. Here, we show that TA transcript levels can increase substantially in response to stress, but toxin is not liberated. We find that the growth of an Escherichia coli strain lacking 10 TA systems encoding endoribonuclease toxins is not affected following exposure to six stresses that each trigger TA transcription. Additionally, using RNA-sequencing, we find no evidence of mRNA cleavage following stress. Stress-induced transcription arises from antitoxin degradation and relief of transcriptional autoregulation. Importantly, although free antitoxin is readily degraded in vivo, antitoxin bound to toxin is protected from proteolysis, preventing release of active toxin. Thus, transcription is not a reliable marker of TA activity, and TA systems likely do not strongly promote survival following stress.
Hospital admission for stroke or transient ischemic attack among First Nations people with diabetes in Ontario: a population-based cohort study.

Background First Nations people have high rates of diabetes mellitus, which is a risk factor for stroke. We studied the rates of hospital admission, processes of care and outcomes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in First Nations people in Ontario. Methods Using linked administrative databases, we identified annual cohorts of people aged 20-105 years in Ontario with prevalent diabetes between Apr. 1, 1995, and Mar. 31, 2015. We identified Status First Nations people in Ontario from the Indian Register. We compared age- and sex-standardized rates of hospital admission for stroke or TIA, processes of care and case fatality among First Nations versus other people in Ontario with diabetes. Results Overall, 28 874 people with diabetes (of whom 536 were First Nations people) were admitted to hospital with a stroke or TIA between Apr. 1, 2011, and Mar. 31, 2016. Admission rates for stroke or TIA declined over the study period but were higher among First Nations people than other Ontarians in most years after 2005/06. First Nations people admitted with stroke or TIA were as likely as other Ontarians to undergo neuroimaging within 24 hours (94.6% v. 96.0%), be discharged to inpatient rehabilitation (31.8% v. 34.8%) and receive carotid revascularization (1.4% v. 2.7%), but were less likely to receive thrombolysis (6.3% v. 11.0%). Age- and sex-standardized stroke case fatality was similar in First Nations people and other Ontarians at 7 days (12.0% v. 8.5%), 30 days (19.2% v. 16.0%) and 1 year (33.8% v. 28.1%). Interpretation Rates of hospital admission for stroke or TIA were higher among First Nations people than other people with diabetes in Ontario. Future work should focus on determining Indigenous-specific determinants of health related to this disparity and implementing appropriate interventions to mitigate the risks and sequelae of stroke in First Nations people.
Barriers and Facilitators to Clinician Readiness to Provide Emergency Department-Initiated Buprenorphine

Importance Treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) with buprenorphine decreases opioid use and prevents morbidity and mortality. Emergency departments (EDs) are an important setting for buprenorphine initiation for patients with untreated OUD; however, readiness varies among ED clinicians. Objective To characterize barriers and facilitators of readiness to initiate buprenorphine for the treatment of OUD in the ED and identify opportunities to promote readiness across multiple clinician types. Design, Setting, and Participants Using data collected from April 1, 2018, to January 11, 2019, this mixed-methods formative evaluation grounded in the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework included 4 geographically diverse academic EDs. Attending physicians (n = 113), residents (n = 107), and advanced practice clinicians (APCs) (n = 48) completed surveys electronically distributed to all ED clinicians (n = 396). A subset of participants (n = 74) also participated in 1 of 11 focus group discussions. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2018, to February 22, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Clinician readiness to initiate buprenorphine and provide referral for ongoing treatment for patients with OUD treated in the ED was assessed using a visual analog scale. Responders (268 of 396 [67.7%]) were dichotomized as less ready (scores 0-6) or most ready (scores 7-10). An ED-adapted Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment (ORCA) and 11 focus groups were used to assess ratings and perspectives on evidence and context-related factors to promote ED-initiated buprenorphine with referral for ongoing treatment, respectively. Results Among the 268 survey respondents (153 of 260 were men [58.8%], with a mean [SD] of 7.1 [9.8] years since completing formal training), 56 (20.9%) indicated readiness to initiate buprenorphine for ED patients with OUD. Nine of 258 (3.5%) reported Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 training completion. Compared with those who were less ready, clinicians who were most ready to initiate buprenorphine had higher mean scores across all ORCA Evidence subscales (3.50 [95% CI, 3.35-3.65] to 4.33 [95% CI, 4.13-4.53] vs 3.11 [95% CI, 3.03-3.20] to 3.60 [95% CI, 3.49-3.70];P Conclusions and Relevance Only a few ED clinicians had a high level of readiness to initiate buprenorphine; however, many expressed a willingness to learn with sufficient supports. Efforts to promote adoption of ED-initiated buprenorphine will require clinician and system-level changes.
Racial Inequality in Psychological Research: Trends of the Past and Recommendations for the Future:

Race plays an important role in how people think, develop, and behave. In the current article, we queried more than 26,000 empirical articles published between 1974 and 2018 in top-tier cognitive, developmental, and social psychology journals to document how often psychological research acknowledges this reality and to examine whether people who edit, write, and participate in the research are systematically connected. We note several findings. First, across the past five decades, psychological publications that highlight race have been rare, and although they have increased in developmental and social psychology, they have remained virtually nonexistent in cognitive psychology. Second, most publications have been edited by White editors, under which there have been significantly fewer publications that highlight race. Third, many of the publications that highlight race have been written by White authors who employed significantly fewer participants of color. In many cases, we document variation as a function of area and decade. We argue that systemic inequality exists within psychological research and that systemic changes are needed to ensure that psychological research benefits from diversity in editing, writing, and participation. To this end, and in the spirit of the field's recent emphasis on metascience, we offer recommendations for journals and authors.
Incorporation of Heterogeneity in a Case-Control Study Through a Mixture Model

Most common human diseases and complex traits are etiologically heterogeneous. Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) aim to discover common genetic variants that are associated with complex traits, typically without considering heterogeneity. Heterogeneity, as well as im-precise phenotyping, significantly reduces the power to find genetic variants associated with human diseases and complex traits. Disease subtyping through unsupervised clustering techniques such as latent class analysis can explain some of the heterogeneity; however, subtyping methods do not typically incorporate heterogeneity into the association framework. Here, we use a finite mixture model with logistic regression to incorporate heterogeneity into the association testing framework for a case-control study. In the proposed method, the disease outcome is modeled as a mixture of two binomial distributions. One of the component distributions refers to the subgroup of the population for which the genetic variant is not associated with the disease outcome and another component distribution corresponds to the subgroup for which the genetic variant is associated with the disease outcome. The mixing parameter corresponds to the proportion of the population for which the genetic variant is associated with the disease outcome. A simulation study of a trait with differing levels of prevalence, SNP minor allele frequency, and odds ratio was performed, and effect size estimates compared between the models with and without incorporating heterogeneity. The proposed mixture model yields lower bias of odds ratios while having comparable power compared to classical logistic regression.
SPIN PHYSICS WITH STAR

The STAR collaboration aims to study polarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC. The emphasis of the spin run this year is on transverse single spin asymmetries. Beyond 2001, we aim to determine directly and precisely the gluon polarization, as well as the polarizations of the u, $\bar u$, d and $\bar d$ quarks in the proton by measuring in addition longitudinal and double spin asymmetries. Furthermore, we aim to measure for the first time the quark transversity distributions. These measurements will improve substantially the knowledge and understanding of the spin structure of the nucleon.
Improved guarantees and a multiple-descent curve for Column Subset Selection and the Nystr\"om method

The Column Subset Selection Problem (CSSP) and the Nystr\"om method are among the leading tools for constructing small low-rank approximations of large datasets in machine learning and scientific computing. A fundamental question in this area is: how well can a data subset of size k compete with the best rank k approximation? We develop techniques which exploit spectral properties of the data matrix to obtain improved approximation guarantees which go beyond the standard worst-case analysis. Our approach leads to significantly better bounds for datasets with known rates of singular value decay, e.g., polynomial or exponential decay. Our analysis also reveals an intriguing phenomenon: the approximation factor as a function of k may exhibit multiple peaks and valleys, which we call a multiple-descent curve. A lower bound we establish shows that this behavior is not an artifact of our analysis, but rather it is an inherent property of the CSSP and Nystr\"om tasks. Finally, using the example of a radial basis function (RBF) kernel, we show that both our improved bounds and the multiple-descent curve can be observed on real datasets simply by varying the RBF parameter.
An interview with Stuart M. Sotsky, MD, MPH

Stuart Sotsky, MD, MPH received his BA with honors in 1968 and his MD and MPH in 1971 from The Johns Hopkins University. He completed his psychiatry residency at Yale University School of Medicine ...
Nondestructive volumetric tumor yield assessment and tissue classification in lung nodule core biopsy using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography

Inadequacy of tumor tissue in transthoracic core needle biopsy (CNB) and transbronchial biopsy specimens, often due to contamination by fibrosis and normal lung elements, precludes accurate diagnosis, tumor subtyping and molecular testing, and impedes biobanking for research. Frozen section and touch prep methods are not utilized for adequacy assessment because they are destructive and consume tissue. We investigate polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), including birefringence and degree of depolarization uniformity metrics, for non-destructive, volumetric quantification of tumor yield in lung CNB specimens. PS-OCT distinguishes tumor, fibrosis and lung parenchyma with high accuracy, demonstrating potential for rapid CNB adequacy assessment.
Land Market Frictions and Manufacturing in India

This paper examines how frictions in the market for land hinders the growth of manufacturing firms in developing economies. Using unique manufacturing census data from India, I document how firms acquire many small parcels of land over time. I call this the small land bite strategy. Land market frictions are the result of increased land fragmentation, poor land records and restrictive land use policies. I estimate a model of dynamic land acquisition where land adjustment costs vary spatially, by ownership and on the size of adjustment. I find private establishments pay substantially more for land aggregation than government-affiliated firms. I use the model to calculate the lost producer profits due to land frictions and analyze the effects of proposed government land pooling policies on firm growth and land misallocation.
Modeling of jellyfish-inspired robot enabled by dielectric elastomer

Bio-mimetic robots can provide better camouflage effect to explore the seabed by mimicking the swimming locomotion of aquatic creatures. Jellyfish-like robot is a type of unmanned underwater robot can help us explore marine ecosystems and complex underwater ecology efficiently since they can swim steadily with its symmetrical structure that has been optimized in nature and generate sufficient jet propulsion with low power input. The developed jellyfish robot in this paper exhibits contracting muscle-like behaviour. It combines a dielectric elastomer (DE) diaphragm actuator with a transmission mechanism, which can provide compliant thrust force to propel the jellyfish robot to transit through water. This paper presents the design, fabrication, modeling, and experimental characterization of the novel jellyfish robot. A sawtooth signal with specific amplitude and frequency is chosen as input signal that leads to expansion and shrinking of the jellyfish bell. The simulation results from the observed two steps in a cycle of movement are quantitatively similar with the experimental outputs. A data-driven model is developed to capture the vibration in the first step. The process of contracting the bell and producing thrust force is captured by a physical model in the second step. The preliminary results show the jellyfish robot can swim underwater effectively in the vertical direction. The average speed of the robot is about 5 mm/s when a sawtooth signal with 5 kV amplitude and 2 Hz frequency is applied to the DE actuator.
Countertransference Issues When the Therapist Is Ill or Disabled

Significant illness or disability in the therapist will have complex repercussions upon the treatment process. This discussion focuses primarily on the multiple possible countertransference respons...
Forest Integrity at Anthropogenic Edges: Air Pollution Disrupts Bioindicators

The response of corticolous lichens, bryophytes, and vascular plants to anthropogenic edges in northern hardwood forest preserves is compared in east-coast and mid-west (NW Minnesota) sites, using micro-epiphytes on red oak (Quercus rubra) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). The drastically attenuated lichen flora in the east, apparently due to regional air pollution, restricts the usefulness of these bioindicators, even 120 km from New York City. The forest edge is not necessarily equated with increased light. Established edges may have pronounced shoot growth that shades epiphytes. In the absence of air pollution, lichen and bryophyte species exhibit individual responses to light, humidity, and substrate chemistry. Thus summary variables such as total cover or species richness have limited value as bioindicators of forest integrity.
Optical and Infrared Images of Galaxies: What’s to be Learned?

Multiwavelength imaging surveys of galaxies are of great value for investigations of their structure and stellar content. The advent of large format near-IR (NIR) arrays means that such surveys need no longer be confined to the optical. There are major advantages in concurrently carrying out a survey in the optical and NIR. While optical light traces the young blue stellar content of a galaxy, the NIR images will be effective tracers of the older stars and hence, as we will argue, of the stellar mass distribution. In the NIR the effects of dust extinction are minimized. The variation in appearance of structures such as spiral arms, bars, and disks as they are viewed from 0.4 to 2.2μm can set constraints on theories of their formation and evolution. The effects of internal dust absorption and scattering on the observed properties of a galaxy can be better studied. The effects of stellar and dynamical evolution on observations of distant galaxies can be better predicted. This review will give examples of applications of multicolor galaxy surveys and show some results from a partially completed OSU survey of ∼230 spiral galaxies in BVRJHK. A new technique developed to detect dynamical structures in disk galaxies based on observed color gradients will be discussed in some detail.
Catalytic subunit of the polycation-stimulated protein phosphatase. Effect of proteolysis on polycation stimulation.

Abstract The phosphorylase phosphatase activity of the holoenzyme form of phosphatase 2A isolated from extracts of porcine renal cortex or bovine heart was stimulated 600% and 500%, respectively, by the addition of histone H1. After conversion of the phosphatase to the catalytic subunit form by treatment with ethanol at room temperature, histone H1 stimulated activity by about 150% only. Purification of the catalytic subunit from porcine renal cortex yielded two forms of the enzyme which were separated by heparin-Sepharose chromatography. These forms were designated peak 1 and peak 2 according to their order of elution from the column. Peak 1 catalytic subunit was stimulated by more than 400% by histone H1, whereas peak 2 was stimulated by about 50% only. Based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, peak 2 had a slightly higher M r value than peak 1 (35 500 vs. 35 000). Incubation of the peak 2 phosphatase with trypsin converted it to a form that was similar to peak 1 with respect to M r and stimulation by histone H1. When the catalytic subunit of phosphatase 2A was purified from bovine heart only one form was obtained. Bovine heart enzyme was similar to renal peak 2 in that it had an apparent M r of 35 500 and was only slightly stimulated by histone H1. Treatment of the bovine heart catalytic subunit with trypsin, chymotrypsin or type 2 Ca 2+ -dependent proteinase decreased the apparent M r by about 500 and increased histone H1 stimulation to about 500%. Thus, when a small peptide was removed by proteolysis, histone H1 stimulation of the ‘nicked’ catalytic subunit was similar to that obtained with the holoenzyme.
Ethical gaps in studies of the digital divide

There are many reports about the digital divide and many discrepant interpretations of what the reports indicate. This pattern of competing analyses, often in relation to identical data sets, has endured for a good part of the last decade. It is argued here that a major problem with much of the digital divide research is a failure to include ethical concerns as an explicit part of analyzing and interpreting digital divide gaps. If researchers include more recognition of ethics with their findings about divide gaps, it is likely that they will produce better research and findings as well as more defensible linkages between study reports and policy deliberations.
Computational complexity of /spl mu/ calculation

The structured singular value /spl mu/ measures the robustness of uncertain systems. Numerous researchers over the last decade have worked on developing efficient methods for computing /spl mu/. This paper considers the complexity of calculating /spl mu/ with general mixed real/complex uncertainty in the framework of combinatorial complexity theory. In particular, it is proved that the /spl mu/ recognition problem with either pure real or mixed real/complex uncertainty is NP-hard. This strongly suggests that it is futile to pursue exact methods for calculating /spl mu/ of general systems with pure real or mixed uncertainty for other than small problems. >
Designing vaccines that are robust to virus escape

Drug and vaccination therapies are important tools in the battle against infectious diseases such as HIV and influenza. However, many viruses, including HIV, can rapidly escape the therapeautic effect through a sequence of mutations. We propose to design vaccines, or, equivalently, antibody sequences that make such evasion difficult. We frame this as a bilevel combinatorial optimization problem of maximizing the escape cost, defined as the minimum number of virus mutations to evade binding an antibody. Binding strength can be evaluated by a protein modeling software, Rosetta, that serves as an oracle and computes a binding score for an input virus-antibody pair. However, score calculation for each possible such pair is intractable. We propose a three-pronged approach to address this: first, application of local search, using a native antibody sequence as leverage, second, machine learning to predict binding for antibody-virus pairs, and third, a poisson regression to predict escape costs as a function of antibody sequence assignment. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, and exhibit an antibody with a far higher escape cost (7) than the native (1).
Energy minimization based segmentation and denoising using a multilayer level set approach

This paper is devoted to piecewise-constant segmentation of images using a curve evolution approach in a variational formulation. The problem to be solved is also called the minimal partition problem, as formulated by Mumford and Shah [20]. The proposed new models are extensions of the techniques previously introduced in [9], [10], [27]. We represent here the set of boundaries of the segmentation implicitly, by a multilayer of level-lines of a continuous function. In the standard approach of front propagation, only one level line is used to represent the boundary. The multilayer idea is inspired from previous work on island dynamics for epitaxial growth [14], [4]. Using a multilayer level set approach, the computational cost is smaller and in some applications, a nested structure of the level lines can be useful.
Mapping Human History

Analyzing genetic markers in the DNA of individuals from different parts of the world can reveal the migrations of our ancestors. In their Perspective, [King and Motulsky][1] discuss a new statistical analysis that-without using prior information about individuals' origins-identifies genetic clusters corresponding to five major geographic regions of the world ([Rosenberg][2] et al .). The same analysis confirms that more than 90% of human genetic variation is within populations rather than among groups. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5602/2342 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/298/5602/2381
Simultaneous Determination of Trimethadione and Its Metabolite, Dimethadione, by Gas—Liquid Chromatography

A simple gas chromatographic procedure is described for the measurement of trimethadione and its major metabolite, dimethadione, in serum. The method, with which compounds can be determined on a single extraction and injection, is reliable and free from interference caused by other drugs, particularly those that the patient is likely to be taking in combination with trimethadione.
Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest

Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest. Steven A. LeBlanc. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1999 400 pp.
Coupled solutions and monotone iterative techniques for some nonlinear initial value problems on time scales

A unified approach to monotone iterative technique concerning the existence of coupled maximal and minimal solutions for dynamic IVP's on time scales is developed in the case of the nonlinear term involved admitting a splitting of a difference of two monotone functions. Besides pointing out the relevance of such problems in mathematical biology involving both differential and difference equations, the results involved prove to be useful in the sense of including several known results as well as some interesting new results in the monotone iterative scheme theory, especially in the case of the corresponding difference equations.
On the independence number of random cubic graphs

We show that as n∞, the independence number α(G), for almost all 3-regular graphs G on n vertices, is at least (6 log(3/2) – 2 – ϵ)n, for any constant ϵ>0. We prove this by analyzing a greedy algorithm for finding independent sets. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conway B. Leovy (1933–2011)

Conway Leovy, professor of atmospheric sciences and geophysics at the University of Washington (UW) and AGU member since 1961, died in Seattle on 9 July 2011, a week before his 78th birthday. His career of understanding planetary atmospheres spanned more than 40 years. Conway's interest in atmospheres was kindled soon after he received a degree in physics and mathematics from the University of Southern California in 1954. He was a U.S. Air Force weather forecaster from 1954 to 1958, which included service at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., and in Seoul, South Korea. After completing a Ph.D. in meteorology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1963, Conway did research at the Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., on ozone chemistry, the planetary boundary layer, and mesosphere dynamics. Each area served as a springboard for subsequent activities. Knowledge of stratospheric chemistry allowed Conway to advise the U.S. Senate in the early 1970s about the effects of supersonic transport. Similarly, his research into dynamics and radiation informed a lifetime's work in these fields. Also at Rand, Conway began research about Mars, a significant topic for much of his career.
The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein associated with DNA binding activity

The human gene (RB) that determines susceptibility to hereditary retinoblastoma has been identified recently by molecular genetic techniques. Previous results indicate that complete inactivation of the RB gene is required for tumour formation. As a 'cancer suppressor' gene, RB thus functions in a manner opposite to that of most other oncogenes. Sequence analysis of RB complementary DNA clones demonstrated a long open reading frame encoding a hypothetical protein with features suggestive of a DNA-binding function. To further substantiate and identify the RB protein, we have prepared rabbit antisera against a trypE-RB fusion protein. The purified anti-RB IgG immunoprecipitates a protein doublet with apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of 110,000-114,000. The specific protein(s) are present in all cell lines expressing normal RB mRNA, but are not detected in five retinoblastoma cell lines examined. The RB protein can be metabolically labelled with 32P-phosphoric acid, indicating that it is a phosphoprotein. Biochemical fractionation and immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that the majority of the protein is located within the nucleus. Furthermore, the protein can be retained by and eluted from DNA-cellulose columns, suggesting that it is associated with DNA binding activity. Taken together, these results imply that the RB gene product may function in regulating other genes within the cell.
PRAGMATICS AND LANGUAGE LEARNING (VOL. 5). Lawrence Bouton and Yamuna Kachru (Eds.). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, 1994. Pp. v + 315. $12.00 paper.

This book, like its four predecessors, consists of invited articles selected from presentations at the previous year's International Conference on Pragmatics and Language Learning. In a review of this length, it would be unreasonable to attempt to do justice to all 18 articles, so I will concentrate on a few of the theoretically oriented discussions and provide a brief overview of the rest.
Epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics: a second look at 26,127 cases.

A second look at epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics, five years after our first three-year report, confirms the findings that the procedure outlined above is a highly satisfactory one Technical skill can be easily acquired The incidence of potentially serious complications is minimal It seems to be the safest method of obstetrical analgesia known at the present tune
The Polis as Rhetorical Community

Abstract: Although “community” has become an important critical concept in contemporary rhetoric, it is only implicit in ancient rhetorics. In the rhetorical thought of the sophists, Plato, and Aristotle, the polis stands as a presupposition that was both fundamental and troublesome. Various relationships between the faculty of speech and the social order are revealed in different tellings of the history of civilization by Protagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as in more formal discussions of rhetoric and politics. These ancient disagreements about the nature of community can help us reformulate the current debate between liberalism and communitarianism. A rhetorical community as a site of contention can be both pluralist and normative.
Behavioural thermoregulation in two species of robber flies occupying different grassland microhabitats

1. 1.|The robber flies Machimus occidentalis and Machimus formosus are ambush predators that occur sympatrically in grassland habitats of southwestern Montana, U.S.A., although the former occurs earlier in the season. 2. 2.|Early in daily foraging periods, when ambient temperatures are relatively low, the two species exhibited similar behaviours. They perched in a crouched posture on fully insolated bare soil surfaces and oriented their longitudinal and dorsoventral axes to maximize the incident solar radiation intercepted by the broad lateral surface of the thorax. Measurements of operative body temperature of flies in different locations, orientations, and postures indicate that such basking can significantly raise body temperature. 3. 3.|Their thermoregulatory tactics diverged as daily temperatures and solar radiation loads rise. 4. 4.|Like previous grassland species studied, M. occidentalis moved upward onto vegetation, where crouched postures and orientation to the sun disappeared. 5. 5.|Machimus formosus, on the other hand, took refuge in the shaded portions of ground squirrel (Citellus sp.) and badger (Taxidea taxus) burrows. 6. 6.|In both cases, the vertical movements resulted in lower body temperatures than would occur if flies remained on the fully insolated soil surfaces. 7. 7.|We compare the tactics of these two species with those of previous grassland species studied.
The breeding behavior and patterns of movement of horseshoe crabs,Limulus polyphemus, in the vicinity of breeding beaches in Apalachee Bay, Florida

Breeding activity of the horseshoe crab,Limulus polyphemus, was quantitatively monitored in Apalachee Bay, Florida, throughout one breeding season. Breeding peaked at times of full and new moon at the hour of high tide. Breeding activity was heavier on night tides than on corresponding day tides of the same date. Males routinely outnumbered females and indications of sperm competition were present. Many horseshoe crabs buried in the intertidal zone throughout the subsequent low tide and returned to the beach to breed again on the following high tide. A tagging study of the horseshoe crab indicated that male animals return to breeding beaches more frequently than females. Most animals tagged at breeding beaches did not move away from the tagging site during a breeding season and were recovered at the point of release. No long-range movements were noted. The sex ratio of animals tagged near breeding beaches was predominately male while it was predominately female for animals collected and tagged 3–6 miles offshore. A nine percent recovery rate was achieved. Existing localized populations are potentially subject to depletion due to heavy collecting pressure on breeding beaches.