cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Tests of Gravitational Physics Using a Cryogenic Torsion Pendulum

Progress and plans are reported for a program of gravitational physics experiments using cryogenic torsion pendula undergoing large amplitude torsional oscillation. The program includes a UC Irvine project to measure the gravitational constant G and joint UC Irvine - U. Washington projects to test the gravitational inverse square law at a range of about 10 cm and to test the weak equivalence principle.
Flame extinction limits in CH2F2/air mixtures

To optimize the efficiency and safety of mixtures of nonozone-depleting refrigerant replacements, precise measurements of the lean flammability limits of pure refrigerants and the critical flammability ratio of their mixtures are crucial. Current test methods that model the accidental ignition of a volume of premixed fuel and air provide ambiguous results when measuring the limiting behavior of weakly flammable refrigerants. An alternative approach using the extrapolation of the global extinction stretch rates to zero as measured in a premixed counterflow burner has been tested. In this work the approach, accuracy, and precision of the technique as it applies to CH{sub 2}F{sub 2} (difluoromethane, R-32) are presented. Comparisons are made to the behavior of CH{sub 4} in the same burner and to published data on the lean limiting equivalence ratio, {Phi}{sub 0}. The lean flammability limit of CH{sub 2}F{sub 2} in dry air is found to be {Phi}{sub 0} = 0.78 {+-} 0.04. Concurrent computational modeling of the combustion of a one-dimensional, unstrained flame of CH{sub 2}F{sub 2} in air, individually and in mixtures with CH{sub 4}, has been performed. Initial estimates of the laminar flame speed for CH{sub 2}F{sub 2}/air mixtures from stoichiometric to lean are reported and interpreted inmore » light of the experimental results.« less
Chronic shifts in the length and phase of the light cycle increase intermittent alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J mice

Introduction: Shift workers – e.g., health care professionals, truck drivers, and factory workers – are forced to maintain daily cycles at odds with their natural circadian rhythms and as a consequence need to frequently readjust these cycles. This shift work-induced circadian desynchrony (CD) is associated with increased sleep disorders and with alcohol abuse. Nonetheless, it has proven difficult to model CD-induced changes in alcohol consumption in mouse models, which is an important step toward identifying the mechanisms by which CD increases alcohol intake. This study examined whether frequent changes in the light cycle could increase free access alcohol intake in a mouse line that readily consumes alcohol. Methods: Free access alcohol intake, water intake, and wheel-running activity patterns of male C57BL/6J mice were measured while the mice were maintained on a normal 12HR photoperiod for baseline data for two weeks. The mice were then exposed to an alternating photoperiod of 12 hours and 18 hours, with light onset advanced 8 hours during the 18HR photoperiod. The photoperiods rotated every three days, for 21 days total. Results: The repeated pattern of phase advances and delays, with a concurrent change in the length of the photoperiod, shifted mice to a pattern of bingeintermittent drinking alcoholalcohol drinking without altering water intake. Wheel running activity demonstrated that mice were unable to reset their behavioral clocks during CD, showing constant, low-level activity with no peak in activity at the start of the dark phase and greater activity during the morning light phase. Conclusion: It is possible to model CD effects on alcohol intake in C57BL/6J mice using a pattern of phase shifts and changes in the photoperiod. Using this model, we demonstrate that mice begin intermittent drinking during CD, and this increase in alcohol intake does not correlate with an increase in overall activity or in overall fluid intake.
The far infrared spectra of some tetrahalometalates

Abstract The far i.r. spectra of (phenH) 2 ( MX 4 ) · H X and (bipyH 2 ) ( MX 4 ) type compounds are reported, where M = Zn (II) and Cd (II) and X = Cl, Br, and I. The stereo-chemistry of the anions is inferred from the M−X frequency assignments. The phenH complexes tend to be tetrahedral, while the bipyH 2 complexes are believed to be halogen bridged binuclear species.
Enzymic hydrolysis of tissues before XAD-2 extraction in poisoning cases.

Samples of blood, liver and brain taken from 13 cases of fatal poisoning with barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazines and anticonvulsants were digested with trypsin and β-glucuronidase. The concentrations of drugs were higher in hydrolyzed livers in barbiturate and phenothiazine poisonings. In the case of diazepam, phenytoin, carbamazepine, amitriptyline, imipramine and chloroprothixene poisonings the results obtained after enzymic hydrolysis were the same or worse than in controls. The blood levels of drugs in non-fatal poisonings with diazepam, doxepin and chlorpromazine were similar in samples digested with trypsin and in controls. All samples were extracted with Amberlite XAD-2 resin by XAD-2 Bag technique.
Results with Cryopreserved and Glutaraldehyde-Preserved Allograft Trachea as an Arterial Conduit

The authors evaluated rat tracheas as biological arterial conduits. Forty-eight Wistar rats were used; 24 received cryopreserved trachea (CT) and 24 received glutaraldehyde-treated trachea (CT). The homograft tracheas were procured from two-to-three-week old donor Wistar rats. The homograft tracheal grafts were implanted end-to-end in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The mean aortic cross- clamp time was thirty-three minutes (range twenty-seven to forty minutes). Four animals from each group were evaluated and sacrificed at weeks 1,2,3,6,12, and 24 after implantation. At necropsy, hemodynamic, angiographic, and histopatho logic examinations were performed. In the CT group, 5 animals (20.8%) had aneurysmal changes in the graft, resulting in 2 sudden deaths. In the GT group, all grafts were patent, and there was no incidence of aneurysm formation or abnormal pressure gradients across the grafts. Histopathologic examinations showed that GT had much slower degeneration of the graft. The cross linking of collag...
The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 prevents long-lasting non-associative morphine tolerance in the rat.

Several studies have demonstrated that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist MK-801 attenuates the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. These studies employed repeated morphine injections to induce tolerance, a procedure in which learning has been suggested to play a significant role in tolerance development. MK-801 has been reported to block some types of learning, and it is unclear, therefore, whether the effect of MK-801 on tolerance development is due to its antagonism of associative (learning) or non-associative factors. Moreover, previous studies have tested the effects of MK-801 on morphine tolerance only up to 48 h after its induction; yet morphine tolerance can persist for many months, and it is not known whether MK-801 can block long-lasting tolerance. In the present study, therefore, we adopted a model of morphine tolerance in which the involvement of learning is minimized by using a single injection of morphine in a sustained-release preparation, and we tested tolerance for up to 56 days. In the first experiment, simultaneously administering MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.) and morphine (60 mg/kg, s.c.), each in a sustained-release preparation, abolished tolerance that lasted at least 12 days. Analgesia was measured in the hot-plate test following a test dose of morphine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). In the second experiment, delivering MK-801 and morphine as before, the duration of morphine-induced catalepsy and analgesia was prolonged. Nevertheless, 24 h later one symptom of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was significantly attenuated in these same animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Material Adherent to Probes During a Periodontal Examination: Light and Electron Microscopic Observations

The material adherent to a periodontal probe during the examination of deep periodontal pockets was studied with light and electron microscopy. Most of the specimens contained bacteria with a morphology which has been associated with a pathogenic flora. The findings suggest that periodontal probes may have the potential of transmitting pathogenic bacteria from involved sites to other sites in the mouth, although it remains to be demonstrated that this will result in actual implantation of the organisms at the new sites.
Spectral investigation of normal skin tissue in vivo via fiber-optical evanescent wave Fourier transform infrared (FEW-FTIR) spectroscopy

New applications for the Fiberoptic Evanescent Wave Fourier Transform (FEW-FTIR) method have been developed for the diagnostics of skin surfaces. Our technique allows for the detection of functional groups in the molecular structure of skin tissue noninvasively and in vivo. The FEW-FTIR spectroscopic method is direct, nondestructive, and fast. Our optical fibers for the middle infrared (MIR) range are nontoxic, nonhygroscopic, flexible, and characterized by extremely low losses. This combination of traditional FTIR spectroscopy and advanced fiber technology has enabled us to noninvasively investigate normal skin tissue in vivo in the range of 900 to 4000 cm-1. The second derivative spectra of the baseline-corrected and normalized data have been calculated to determine the peak positions. We have obtained for the first time a more detailed understanding of normal skin tissue fusing FTIR spectroscopy. Despite the complex nature of human skin tissue, the MIR spectra of normal human skin surface tissue has some basic characteristics seen in all cases. The results of our surface analysis of skin tissue are discussed in terms of spectral parameters, band assignments, and molecular structural similarities and differences. Our results have revealed that our spectral parameters can be separated into four distinct classes, providing us with a preliminary model of normal human skin tissue.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two-photon polymerization/micromolding of microscale barbs for medical applications

Tissue barbs are small-scale structures that may be used for sutureless joining of tissues. In this study, several types of tissue barbs were fabricated using two-photon polymerization/micromolding, including two-pronged tissue barbs, eight-pronged tissue barbs, 10-pronged tissue barbs, and 16-pronged tissue barbs. Tissue barb penetration in porcine tissue was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Constructs containing medical tape and tissue barbs were created by applying tissue barbs in a parallel arrangement to Transpore™ medical tape. These results suggest that two-photon polymerization/micromolding is an indirect rapid prototyping approach that may be used for high-throughput replication of tissue barbs and other microstructured solid wound sealants.
CNUW MAKES NOISE AT SCOTTSDALE COMMUNITY COLLEGE

The Center for Native and Urban Wildlife (CNUW) at Scottsdale Community College (SCC) was established to teach students the philosophy and techniques of conservation biology through active particip...
Report from the second international workshop on games and software engineering (GAS 2012)

The Second International Workshop on Games and Software Engineering (GAS 2012) was held in June 2012, collocated with ICSE 2012 in Zurich, Switzerland. GAS 2012 explores issues that crosscut the software engineering and the game engineering communities. Advances in game engineering techniques can be adopted by the software engineering community to develop more engaging applications across diverse domains: education; healthcare; fitness; sustainable activities (e.g., recycling awareness); and so on. Successful computer games feature a property that is not always found in traditional software: they are highly engaging. Engaging games enthrall players and result in users willing to spend increasing amounts of time and money playing them. Nine submissions were accepted for the workshop, which also featured a panel session and an informal poster session.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the heat shock protein HSP70 gene(s) in pigs

Pigs from a population consisting of eight US breeds or strains and three Chinese breeds were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the heat shock protein HSP70 gene(s). Limited polymorphisms with PstI and PvuII restriction enzymes were observed, but there were no polymorphisms with BamHI and BglI.
Nursing and the chronically ill patient in the acute-care hospital.

The purpose of this exploratory interview study was to delineate the experience of nurses in a large acute-care/teaching hospital who provided nursing care to patients whose condition is characterized by: (a) chronicity, (b) severe functional debilitation, (c) whose care needs require maximum staff effort, and (d) whose potential for improvement was minimal. These patients are of significance for nurses because their predominant care needs are nursing, yet most nurses in the acute setting find the experience of providing care to these patients to be burdensome and discouraging. However, based on the data to be reported on here, there were nurses in the study who found the experience to be both challenging and rewarding. Discussion is on the experience of nurses who found a challenge and reward in the experience and focuses on (a) what they found in the nursing care of these patients to be a challenge and rewarding and why, (b) how their expectations for the patient and their perspective on the patient's progress enhanced provision of care to these patients, and (c) their impact on the ward vis-a-vis their peers. Implications for nursing practice are discussed.
Linear ARMA Predictors for the Lossless Compression of Two-Dimensional Signals

Abstract An algorithm for the lossless compression of two-dimensional signals is proposed. This approach is based on modeling the original signal by a rational function which consists of poles and zeros, or equivalently an auto-regressive moving average process. The equation-error structure, which approximates the signal by minimizing the error in the least square sense, is used to obtain the optimal coefficients of the transfer function. This technique is implemented in the frequency domain. The performance of the proposed approach for the lossless compression of different classes of images is evaluated and compared with the lossless linear predictor. The residual sequence of these schemes is coded using arithmetic coding. The suggested approach yields compression measures, in terms of bits per pixel, lower than the lossless linear predictor for compressing 8-bit gray-scale images.
Dynamic Processor Allocation for Parallel Algorithms in Image Processing

Because image processing is numerically intensive, there has been much interest in parallel processing for image analysis applications. While much of low-level vision can be attacked by SIMD mesh-connected architectures, intermediate and high-level vision applications might be able to make effective use of MIMD and distributed architectures. We have taken a standard parallel connected components algorithm, and applied it to image segmentation using an MIMD architecture. The resulting version of the Shiloach/Vishkin algorithm runs on the prototype NYU Ultracomputer. We will describe the implementation and the results of some experiments. We take note of the lesson learned from this implementation: that processor power should be focused dynamically to those portions of the image requiring greatest attention. We then consider the implications of this lesson to other image processing tasks.
A high speed time-to-amplitude converter using integrated circuits☆

Abstract A high speed TAC is described which is based on the use of integrated circuits. The TAC is of the start-stop type employing the Weisberg “delayed start” arrangement to permit sampling for valid coincidence time events before time-to-amplitude conversions are initiated. Circuit performance in terms of differential and integral non linearity is presented for a series of random time spectra. A pulse-pair resolution measurement indicates a time resolution capability of less than 60 ps for the TAC.
Abstract 3233: Inhibition of aldose reductase prevents lung cancer cell growthin vitroandin vivo

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. Although, tobacco smoking is the dominant etiologic factor responsible for the vast majority of lung cancers, other factors such as asbestos, pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nutritional and dietary factors which can cause pulmonary inflammation can also drive carcinogenesis by altering cellular and molecular targets and pathways that are crucial to normal tissue homeostasis. However, the molecular signaling events specific to the pulmonary inflammation and their effects on pulmonary cells leading to carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Hence, we investigated the role of polyol pathway enzyme aldose reductase (AR), an oxidative stress response protein that catalyzes the reduction of lipid peroxidation -derived lipid aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates, in the mediation of carcinogenic signals leading to lung cancer. We examined the effect of pharmacological and siRNA -mediated inhibition of AR on in vitro human lung carcinoma cell line A549 growth as well as tumor growth in nude mice xenografts. We have also examined the molecular mechanisms by which AR inhibition prevents carcinogenic signaling events that cause lung cancer cell growth. Treatment of A549 cells with AR inhibitors prevented the activation of NF-kB and expression of NF-kB- dependent inflammatory markers such as iNOS and Cox-2. AR inhibition also prevented the proliferation of cultured human lung cancer cells. Further, AR inhibition significantly arrested the tumor growth in nude mice bearing lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. Similar results were observed in AR-siRNA treated nude mice xenografts. Immunohistochemical analysis of nude mice tumor cross sections indicated that AR inhibition prevents activation of iNOS, Cox-2, AR and NF-kB. Our studies thus strongly suggest that AR may be a critical regulator of signaling pathway(s) that cause lung cancer. Hence, disrupting these signals by AR inhibition could be a novel preventive approach in lung cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3233.
Effects of soil-borne organisms on spring alfalfa establishment in an alfalfa rotation system.

In 1983 and 1984, plots were established with various combinations of soil borne organisms to determine mortality factors that affect spring-seeded alfalfa seedlings in an alfalfa-following-alfalfa cropping system. In 1983, soil-borne insects caused a 43.8% decrease in seedling density 22 days after seeding, while soil-borne fungi reduced stand density by 40.5%. Stand density was reduced below a threshold level for reseeding at 61 days after seeding in plots with both pest groups occurring at natural densities. In 1984, fungi primarily stressed seedlings at emergence (6–9 days after seeding), while losses in stand density from insects occurred 15 days after seeding. Seedling height was reduced by stresses from natural populations of insects and soil-borne fungi during both years. Observations showed that the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus (F.), was the insect responsible for seedling loss in 1984. Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), damage was primarily from leaf feeding. Substantial numbers of dipteran larvae, Delia sp., were also found, but these larvae fed on decaying alfalfa roots from the previous stand. In both years, Fusarium spp. were the most frequently isolated fungi from diseased seedlings. Stresses from fungi and insects in 1984 significantly reduced dry weight yields by 49.5 and 19.0%, respectively.
Ethnic and gender variations in the associations between family cohesion, family conflict, and depression in older Asian and Latino adults.

To examine the associations between family conflict, family cohesion and late-life depression in Latino and Asian populations and test if these associations vary by race/ethnicity and gender. We used a subsample of older adults from the National Latino Asian American Study (N = 395). All analyses were weighted and adjusted for individual and clinical characteristics. Greater family cohesion was associated with decrease in risk for depression in Latino and Asian older adult populations (OR: 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.54, 0.84). These associations varied by gender, with men being more sensitive to family cohesion and family conflict than women. Asian older adults were more sensitive to family conflict, whereas Latino older adults were more sensitive to family cohesion. The quality of family relationships is strongly associated with late-life depression. Further research is needed to better understand the complex interplay between social support, ethnicity, and gender in latelife depression outcomes.
Across- tissue expression and evolution of genes controlled by the Aire transcription factor

Aire (autoimmune regulatory protein) enhances expression of certain genes in thymic medullary epithelial cells (MECs). Using publicly available data, we examined expression patterns, across 82 distinct tissue types, of genes previously identified as Aire-activated, Aire-repressed, and Aire-independent. Consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of Aire in MECs is to increase expression of tissue-specific genes, Aire-activated genes had a low overall level of expression but a large range between the lowest and the highest levels of expression in different tissues. By contrast, Aire-repressed genes tended to have a high overall level of expression and less marked differences between the highest and the lowest levels of expression. Nonetheless, the expression scores of Aire-repressed genes showed broader ranges of values than those of Aire-independent genes. Phylogenetic analyses of members of two gene families that included two Aire-activated genes illustrated two contrasting patterns of the relationship of Aire-activated genes within the same family. The two Aire-activated members of the major urinary protein family arose through a recent gene duplication (after the rat-mouse divergence), whereas the most recent common ancestor of the two Aire-activated members of cytochrome p450 family 2 duplicated prior to the radiation of the eutherian orders. In the latter family, the Aire-activated Cyp2a4 gene and the Aire-independent Cyp2a5 gene arose through a recent duplication, after the rat-mouse divergence. Thus the set of Aire-activated genes is subject to change over evolutionary time and includes genes of recent origin.
Links between climate change, water-table depth, and water chemistry in a mineralized mountain watershed

Recent studies suggest that climate change is causing rising solute concentrations in mountain lakes and streams. These changes may be more pronounced in mineralized watersheds due to the sensitivity of sulfide weathering to changes in subsurface oxygen transport. Specific causal mechanisms linking climate change and accelerated weathering rates have been proposed, but in general remain entirely hypothetical. For mineralized watersheds, a favored hypothesis is that falling water tables caused by declining recharge rates allow an increasing volume of sulfide-bearing rock to become exposed to air, thus oxygen. Here, we test the hypothesis that falling water tables are the primary cause of an increase in metals and SO4 (100–400%) observed since 1980 in the Upper Snake River (USR), Colorado. The USR drains an alpine watershed geologically and climatologically representative of many others in mineralized areas of the western U.S. Hydrologic and chemical data collected from 2005 to 2011 in a deep monitoring well (WP1) at the top of the USR watershed are utilized. During this period, both water table depths and groundwater SO4 concentrations have generally increased in the well. A numerical model was constructed using TOUGHREACT that simulates pyrite oxidation near WP1, including groundwater flow and oxygen transport in both saturated and unsaturated zones. The modeling suggests that a falling water table could produce an increase in metals and SO4 of a magnitude similar to that observed in the USR (up to 300%). Future water table declines may produce limited increases in sulfide weathering high in the watershed because of the water table dropping below the depth of oxygen penetration, but may continue to enhance sulfide weathering lower in the watershed where water tables are shallower. Advective air (oxygen) transport in the unsaturated zone caused by seasonally variable recharge and associated water table fluctuations was found to have little influence on pyrite oxidation rates near WP1. However, this mechanism could be important in the case of a shallow dynamic water table and more abundant/reactive sulfides in the shallow subsurface. Data from WP1 and numerical modeling results are thus consistent with the falling water table hypothesis, and illustrate fundamental processes linking climate and sulfide weathering in mineralized watersheds.
History of marijuana use and tobacco smoking topography in tobacco-dependent adolescents

Adolescent tobacco smokers have higher rates of marijuana (MJ) use than nonsmokers. Because MJ smoking typically involves deeper inhalation and longer breathholding than tobacco smoking, we hypothesized greater puff volume, longer puff duration and puff interval, and higher puff velocity during tobacco smoking among (1) MJ-using teens; (2) teens whose onset of MJ smoking occurred before tobacco (MBT). One hundred and three tobacco-dependent adolescents presented for smoking cessation treatment (66.0% female, 71.0% European American, mean age 15.3±1.25 years) smoked one cigarette of their own brand in the laboratory prior to study entry. Topography and associated physiological measures among current recreational (<5 days in a 14-day period) MJ users (n=25), current heavy (≥5 days in a 14-day period) MJ users (n=22) and current non-MJ-smoking teens (n=56) were compared. There were no differences in tobacco smoking topography or physiological measures by recent MJ-smoking history or by order of substance initiation. Significantly more African American than European American adolescent smokers reported MJ use before tobacco. Our findings in adolescent smokers are consistent with results from adult studies in which history of MJ smoking was not associated with changes in tobacco smoking topography.
Inside Cover: Multicompartmental Microcylinders (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 25/2009)

Multicompartmental microcylinders can be produced by a combination of electrohydrodynamic co-spinning and microsectioning, as described by J. Lahann et al. in their Communication on page 4589 ff. The number of individual compartments, relative compartment orientation, chemical composition and functionality, and aspect ratio can be precisely tuned. Each color in the longitudinal and cross-sectional micrograph images depicts an individual compartment.
User-aware object-based video transmission over the next generation Internet

In this paper, we present a new user-aware adaptive object-based video transmission approach to heterogeneous users over the next generation Internet. Firstly, we describe a new transport framework for complex multimedia applications over the next generation Internet, which provides differentiation functionality within one IP session as well as among different IP sessions. It includes application-aware intelligent resource control at the edge of the network, fast transcoding and signaling in the network. Secondly, we propose a new bitstream classification, prioritization and packetization scheme in which different types of data such as shape, motion and texture are reassembled, assigned to different priority classes, and packetized separately based on their priorities. Thirdly, we present a simple but effective mechanism of object-based dynamic rate control and adaptation by selectively dropping packets in conjunction with differentiated services (Diffserv) to minimize the end-to-end quality distortion. Finally, we perform the queuing analysis for our mechanism and explore how to extend our approach to the multicast case. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness of our proposed approach.
■ REVIEW : Chaos Theory and Epilepsy

Recently, interest has turned to the mathematical concept of chaos as an explanation for a variety of complex processes in nature. Chaotic systems, among other characteristics, can produce what appears to be random output. Another property of chaotic systems is that they may exhibit abrupt intermittent transitions between highly ordered and disordered states. Because of this property, it is hypothesized that epilepsy may be an example of chaos. In this review, some of the basic concepts of nonlinear dynamics and chaos are illustrated. Mathematical techniques developed to study the properties of nonlinear dynamical systems are outlined. Finally, the results of applying these techniques to the study of human epilepsy are discussed. The application of these powerful and novel mathematical techniques to analysis of the electroencephalogram has provided new insights into the epileptogenic process and may have considerable utility in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. The Neuroscientist 2:118-126, 1996
Current and Emerging Directions in the Treatment of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are a significant source of psychiatric morbidity in young women and demonstrate high comorbidity with mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Thus, clinicians may encounter eating disorders in the context of treating other conditions. This review summarizes the efficacy of current and emerging treatments for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Treatment trials were identified using electronic and manual searches and by reviewing abstracts from conference proceedings. Family based therapy has demonstrated superiority for adolescents with AN but no treatment has established superiority for adults. For BN, both 60 mg fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have well-established efficacy. For BED, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, CBT, and interpersonal psychotherapy have demonstrated efficacy. Emerging directions for AN include investigation of the antipsychotic olanzapine and several novel psychosocial treatments. Future directions for BN and BED include increasing CBT disseminability, targeting affect regulation, and individualized stepped-care approaches.
Newlywed Reports of Social Support During Engagement: What Worked and What Failed

This study investigated newlywed reports of social support during the engagement period via qualitative, in-depth interviews with 36 recently married heterosexual couples (N ¼72 total interviews). Specifically, the study examined what worked and what failed in the social support process for engaged couples. Overall, results revealed that helpful support is generally more plentiful during the engagement period than unhelpful support, and emotional support is the most prevalent of the various types of social support. The most common providers of social support to engaged individuals were family members and friends. Finally, the study revealed that most people felt a sense of perceived support in their social networks if they were in need of it at any point during their engagements.
Observation of the reaction π - p --> at 6 GeV / c

Abstract In studying a sample of events representing the π − p→ π − p π − π + reaction with high momentum transfer to the final proton, we have observed a nucleon isobar with mass near 1700 MeV decaying into π + pπ − .
Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Stress Testing in Older Persons

OBJECTIVE: To review the diagnostic and prognostic utility of exercise and pharmacologic stress testing in older individuals. DATA SOURCE: A computer-assisted search of the literature, followed by a manual reference review of pertinent articles. STUDY SELECTION: Studies addressing the use of exercise and pharmacologic stress testing for coronary artery disease (CAD) detection and prognosis were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on those studies applying these procedures to older populations. DATA EXTRACTION: Pertinent data were extracted regarding the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and safety of exercise and nonexercise stress testing techniques in older patients. DATA SYNTHESIS: Available data from relevant articles were summarized and the merits and limitations of the available techniques discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous studies over the past 2 decades support the usefulness of the exercise ECG and exercise thallium-201 perfusion scan for detecting CAD in older populations. Although exercise echocardiography generally appears to have diagnostic and prognostic accuracy similar to thallium-201 imaging, greater technical difficulty with this technique is frequently encountered in older patients. Non-exercise forms of stress testing, particularly those employing pharmacologic agents such as dipyridamole, adenosine, or dobutamine, combined with either thallium-201 scintigraphy or echocardiography, allow accurate CAD diagnostic and prognostic assessment in even very frail older patients. Additional studies are needed to compare the accuracy and cost-benefit ratio of the many stress testing modalities now available for older patients.
The elastic energy and character of quakes in solid stars and planets

The quadrupolar mechanical energy of a rotating axially symmetric solid planet (with or without a liquid interior) is calculated using methods previously developed for neutron stars in which an elastic reference tensor is introduced to describe the build-up of elastic energy in the star. The basic parameters of the theory (the gravitational energy A and elastic energy B) depend upon the internal structure of the planet and may be calculated from specific planetary models. Explicit expressions are obtained for the Love numbers, and for the planetary wobble frequency. The theory provides a simple relationship between changes in shape or axis of figure of the planet and elastic energy release. The theory is extended to describe the Earth by taking into account isostasy, triaxiality and the observed lithospheric configuration.
Anomalous sorption in poly(ethyl methacrylate)

Vapor sorption data were obtained for the ethylbenzene–poly(ethyl methacrylate) system at 120°C. Successive step-change sorption experiments carried out at two-film thicknesses indicate the presence of maxima in the sorption curves. The fractional amount of overshoot decreased as the final pressure or weight fraction of the experiment increased and as the sample thickness increased. It is proposed that the maxima in the sorption curves are caused by structural rearrangements produced by relaxation of polymer chains.
Parabrachial-hypothalamic interactions are required for normal conditioned taste aversions

Rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) fail to acquire a conditioned taste aversion (CTA), yet they retain the ability to express a CTA learned prior to incurring the damage. Rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) also have CTA learning deficits. The PBN have reciprocal neural connections with the LH. This suggests that these CTA deficits may be functionally related. Electrolytic lesions damage fibers of passage, as well as intrinsic neurons. Thus, these LH lesions might also interrupt reciprocal connections between the PBN and other ventral forebrain areas, such as the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. To distinguish the source of the LH-lesion deficit, we tested for CTA first after bilateral excitotoxic lesions of LH and subsequently with a second set of animals that had asymmetric excitotoxic PBN and LH lesions. The rats with bilateral excitotoxic LH lesions showed deficits when acquiring a postlesion CTA. The asymmetrical PBN-LH lesions not only slowed acquisition of a CTA but also sped up extinction. This implies that interaction between the two structures, at minimum, facilitates CTA learning and may have a role in its consolidation.
Activating mTOR Mutations in a Patient with an Extraordinary Response on a Phase I Trial of Everolimus and Pazopanib

Understanding the genetic mechanisms of sensitivity to targeted anticancer therapies may improve patient selection, response to therapy, and rational treatment designs. One approach to increase this understanding involves detailed studies of exceptional responders: rare patients with unexpected exquisite sensitivity or durable responses to therapy. We identified an exceptional responder in a phase I study of pazopanib and everolimus in advanced solid tumors. Whole-exome sequencing of a patient with a 14-month complete response on this trial revealed two concurrent mutations in mTOR, the target of everolimus. In vitro experiments demonstrate that both mutations are activating, suggesting a biologic mechanism for exquisite sensitivity to everolimus in this patient. The use of precision (or "personalized") medicine approaches to screen patients with cancer for alterations in the mTOR pathway may help to identify subsets of patients who may benefit from targeted therapies directed against mTOR.
Evolution Beyond Entailing Law: The Roles of Embodied Information and Self Organization

It is argued that no law entails the evolution of the biosphere. Biological evolution rests on both quantum random and classical non-random natural selection and whole-part interactions that render the sample space of adjacent biological possibilities unknowable. This would seem to create an insurmountable problem for intelligent design in biology. Nonetheless, the evolution of ensembles of interacting systems can be modeled by statistical laws that have strong self-organizational properties. Some compelling examples modeling evolutionary self-organization in biology are presented and it is concluded that a new science of order and organization beyond entailing law is required.
What is missing? Cultural processes and causal pathways to inequality

Thispaperprovidesaframeworkforunderstandingthewaysinwhichsocialprocesses produce social inequality. Specifically, we focus on a particular type of social process that has received limited attention in the literature and in which inter-subjective meaning-making is central: cultural processes. Much of the literature on inequality has focused on the actions of dominant actors and institutions in gaining access to material and non-material resources, or on how ecological effects cause unequal access to material resources. In contrast, we focus on processes that contribute to the production (and reproduction) of inequality through the routine and takenfor-granted actions of both dominant and subordinate actors. We highlight two types of cultural processes: identification and rationalization. We describe and illustrate four processes that we consider to be significant analytical exemplars of these two types of cultural processes: racialization and stigmatization (for identification) and standardization and evaluation (for rationalization). We argue that attention to such cultural processes is critical and complementary to current explanations of social inequality.
Surface nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of polymers

As a second-order nonlinear optical process, sum-frequency generation (SFG) is forbidden in media with inversion symmetry but allowed at surfaces or interfaces. It can therefore be used effectively as a surface probe. Scanning the infrared input over surface vibrational resonance yields a surface vibrational spectrum. Analysis of the spectra obtained with different input/output polarization combinations provides information about orientations of the different molecular groups at the surface.
THE DETERMINATION OF MULLITE IN A PORCELAIN BODY1

An attempt was made to separate mullite crystals in a porcelain by the use of hydrofluoric, sulphuric, and phosphoric acids. Chemically pure mullite was treated in the same manner. The results of such a separation were not satisfactory.
Human lmmunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Gay Community: Counseling and Clinical Issues

The gay community has been and continues to be disproportionately affected by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Need for risk-reduction education, mental health service provision, and assistance in grieving the ongoing loss of loved ones continues to exist among members of the gay community. Clinicians who work with gay clients should be aware of the critical issues confronting gay men who are at risk for infection, those who may already be infected with HIV, and their loved ones. This article highlights critical issues in introducing prevention in therapy and counseling, in supporting asymptomatic seropositive gay men and gay men with AIDS-related complex (ARC) and AIDS in their attempts to cope, and in assisting in the grieving process for those who have lost loved ones to AIDS-related illnesses.
Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Manage Complex Water Problems

Many water management decisions have evolved from addressing simple problems, such as accessing water near its source, to complex problems of managing and allocating water in the face of multiple and competing demands in the natural, societal and political domains. The Water Diplomacy Framework (WDF) is emerging as an alternative to traditional techno- or values-focused approaches to water management. The WDF is an approach that diagnoses water problems, identifies intervention points, and proposes sustainable resolutions that incorporate diverse viewpoints and uncertainty as well as changing and competing demands. As such, WDF rests upon diverse forms of contextual inquiry of and intervention in complex water problems, with negotiation functioning as the fulcrum of diagnosis and intervention. Several case studies from this volume are used to highlight the utility of this framework for understanding and managing complexity, uncertainty and contingency when addressing complex water problems. We invite the reflective water community to identify and analyze water case studies - from different places, settings, and scales - that will contribute to our collective effort of developing actionable approaches to manage complex water problems in our AquaPedia database.
Sequence variation at cpDNA regions of watermelon and related wild species: implications for the evolution of Citrullus haplotypes.

Sequencing analysis of one coding and four noncoding cpDNA regions was conducted to infer biogeographic and evolutionary relationships in the genus Citrullus. Eighteen taxa from diverse geographical areas were included. A low number of parsimony informative characters (1.1%) was observed at the ;4 kb section of cpDNA. Variability within Citrullus was detected primarily at noncoding regions of high A 1 T content. Substitution rates varied from 0‐0.48% for ndhF with A 1 T content of 68.4% to 0.39‐ 1.69% for the intergenic region of atpA with A 1 T content of 82.8%, mainly resulting in indels and transversions. Indels at several regions acted as valuable parsimony informative markers. Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, the cultivated watermelon, and C. ecirrhosus and C. rehmii from Namibia, lacked molecular variability. The genus Citrullus is supported monophyletically and shows two main clades, one of which contains C. colocynthis. In the other clade, C. rehmii is sister to a clade containing C. ecirrhosus and C. lanatus. Two clades were recovered within C. lanatus, consisting of domesticated watermelon and wild citron, var. citroides. Five haplotypes within C. colocynthis were used to deduce colonization routes of the species. Biogeographic patterns point to separate colonization events into Africa and the Far East.
Demystifying Heparan Sulfate–Protein Interactions

Numerous proteins, including cytokines and chemokines, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and membrane receptors, bind heparin. Although they are traditionally classified as heparin-binding proteins, under normal physiological conditions these proteins actually interact with the heparan sulfate chains of one or more membrane or extracellular proteoglycans. Thus, they are more appropriately classified as heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs). This review provides an overview of the various modes of interaction between heparan sulfate and HSBPs, emphasizing biochemical and structural insights that improve our understanding of the many biological functions of heparan sulfate.
Can Lack of Improvement in Vitamin A Status Indicators Be Explained by Little or No Overall Change in Vitamin A Status of Humans

Changes in vitamin A status using conventional indicators, i.e., serum and breast milk retinol concentrations and the modified relative dose response test, following a vitamin A intervention have not always been shown. A simplified model to predict calculated changes in vitamin A status after intervention is described. The model shows that changes in indicator values cannot be expected if the change in vitamin A status is only marginal. A critical review of several papers using vitamin A status assessment indicators was undertaken. Assumptions that included current knowledge concerning vitamin A absorption and metabolism were made and applied to the data. Based on current recommended daily allowances for women and children, one cannot necessarily expect a change in indicators if an overall change in vitamin A status was not achieved. Thus, when designing vitamin A intervention studies, the following parameters should be considered if applicable to the population to be enrolled in the study: average body weight, estimated liver weight, amount of vitamin A administered, estimated loss in breast milk and study duration.
Social Status Identity: Antecedents and Vocational Outcomes

This study extended the literature on potential antecedents and outcomes of perceived social status, or differential status identity (DSI). Fouad and Brown’s DSI was used as a conceptual lens for examining the relation of supports and barriers to an individual’s perceived social status and subsequent career indecisiveness and career decision self-efficacy. Results from a path model using 299 diverse undergraduate students provided general support for the hypothesized model, which included self-reported race/ ethnicity, social class, experiences with racism and classism and primary caregiver support as antecedents of DSI, and indecisiveness and career decision self-efficacy as outcomes of it. Differential status identity was tested as a mediator of the relations between the antecedents and vocational outcomes. Overall, the model was determined to fit the data well, but some paths were unsupported. Implications for research and practice using DSI as a conceptual framework are discussed.
NO generation and action during changes in salt intake: roles of nNOS and macula densa

Micropuncture studies of single nephrons have shown that macula densa solute reabsorption via a furosemide-sensitive pathway activates nitric oxide (NO) generation via neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). ...