cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aesthetic Post-Communist Subject and the Differend of Rosia Montana

By challenging the state and corporate prerogatives to distinguish between “good” and “bad” development, social movements by and in support of inhabitants of Rosia Montana (Transylvania) are subverting prevailing perceptions about Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)’s liberal path of development illustrating its injustice in several ways that will be detailed in this article under the heading “inhibitions of political economy” or Balkanism. The significance of the “Save Rosia Montana” movement for post-communism is that it invites post-communist subjects to reflect and revise their perception about issues such as communism, capitalism and development and to raise questions of global significance about the fragile edifice of justice within the neo-liberal capitalist economy. However, r esistance to injustice (and implicitly affirmations of other senses of justice) is an ambiguous discursive practice through which Rosieni make sense as well as partake their sense of Rosia Montana. The movement brings about a public dispute which may be compared with a differend : (in Lyotard’s words), a conflict that cannot be confined to the rules of “cognitive phrases,” of truth and falsehood. This article argues that while post-communist events of “subjectification” are unstable and thus, are to be viewed aesthetically, this same ambiguous multiplication of political subjectivity may facilitate the creation of social spaces for imagining alternative possibilities of development.
Lithium Aluminum Hydride–Boron Trifluoride Etherate

(LiAlH4) [16853-85-3] AlH4Li (MW 37.96) InChI = 1S/Al.Li.4H/q-1;+1;;;; InChIKey = OCZDCIYGECBNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (BF3ċEt2O) [109-63-7] C4H10BF3O (MW 141.95) InChI = 1S/C4H10O.BF3/c1-3-5-4-2;2-1(3)4/h3-4H2,1-2H3; InChIKey = KZMGYPLQYOPHEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reducing agent for esters,2 thiol esters,3 acetals, and ketals;4 also a reagent for hydroboration of alkenes5) Physical Data: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Boron Trifluoride Etherate Solubility: most reactions are performed in ether or THF. Preparative Method: for reductions, a solution of the carbonyl compound and BF3ċEt2O in ether is added to a cooled suspension of LiAlH4 in ether.2 For hydroborations, BF3ċEt2O is added to a solution of the alkene in ether or THF followed by the addition of LiAlH4 in ether at 0 °C.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Boron Trifluoride Etherate.
Species-specific evolution of MHC class I genes in the higher primates.

Summary: Humans express three highly polymorphic ‘classical’ (HLA-A,B and C) and three conserved ‘non-classical’ (HLA-E, F and G) MHC class I genes. Their comparison with the MHC class I genes of apes and monkeys reveals the differential extent to which MHC class I genes have been preserved during primate evolution. African apes have orthologues of all six human genes, and although allelic lineages of the A and C loci are shared, these species share none of the human alleles. In Asian apes, several MHC class I genes show significant differences from the human genes, a trend which continues with the Old World monkeys, and even more so in the New World monkeys, where E and F are the only human gene orthologues. The C locus is confined to humans and apes. Multiple A-related and B-related loci have been identified in apes and Old World monkeys showing that duplication of these loci has been a common event during primate evolution. Certain of the daughter loci exhibit low polymorphism, suggesting they have adopted a non-classical function. The differing rates at which MHC class I genes have evolved during primate evolution likely reflects their differing functions in the immune response.
Interaction of azide with beef heart mitochondrial ATPase.

Abstract This study examined the inhibition of azide as a probe of the magnesium regulation of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F 1 ) catalysis. Azide elicited a slow hysteretic effect on both ATP and ITP hydrolysis of F 1 . This hysteretic effect was shown to be due to the consecutive binding of magnesium and azide, and to be independent of catalytic turnover. The azide binding site was also shown to be separate from the anion binding HCO 3 − site on F 1 . The results presented indicate that metal binding is important in the inhibition of the hydrolytic activity and regulation of F 1 . A model is presented which is consistent with the hysteretic inhibition of F 1 by azide, in which there is a slow equilibration between free enzyme and the enzyme-magnesium-azide complex.
DNA profile of the spore of Blastocladiella emersonii: evidence for -particle DNA.

Procedures were developed for isolating DNA from zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii, critical steps being the use of non-frozen cells, enzymatic elimination of polysaccharide, and a combined treatment with T1RNAse and pancreatic RNAse for complete removal of RNA. Methods for isolating γ-particles from spores were also established. Extraction of DNA directly from purified γ-particles substantiated previous assumptions that they contain DNA. Heat denaturation and preparative CsCl equilibrium sedimentation studies of whole spore DNA revealed the presence of four distinct components, I–IV, with buoyant densities of 1.731, 1.715, 1.705, and 1.687 g/cm3. The major species appeared to be nuclear chromatin. Nucleolar and mitochondrial sites were tentatively assigned to species II and III, respectively. Evidence was presented that species IV resided in γ-particles. Some possible roles for γ-particle DNA were discussed.
Organic and Elemental Carbon in Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter in an Animal Agriculture Intensive Area in North Carolina: Estimation of Secondary Organic Carbon Concentrations

Carbonaceous components contribute significant fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Study of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5 may lead to better understanding of secondary organic carbon (SOC) formation. This year-long (December 2008 to December 2009) field study was conducted in an animal agriculture intensive area in North Carolina of United States. Samples of PM2.5 were collected from five stations located in an egg production facility and its vicinities. Concentrations of OC/EC and thermograms were obtained using a thermal-optical carbon analyzer. Average levels of OC in the egg production house and at ambient stations were 42.7 μg/m3 and 3.26 - 3.47 μg/m3, respectively. Average levels of EC in the house and at ambient stations were 1.14 μg/m3 and 0.36 - 0.42 μg/m3, respectively. The OC to total carbon (TC) ratios at ambient stations exceeded 0.67, indicating a significant fraction of SOC presented in PM2.5. Principal factor analysis results suggested that possible major source of in-house PM2.5 was from poultry feed and possible major sources of ambient PM2.5 was from contributions of secondary inorganic and organic PM. Using the OC/EC primary ratio analysis method, ambient stations SOC fractions ranged from 68% to 87%. These findings suggested that SOC could appreciably contribute to total PM2.5 mass concentrations in this agriculture intensive area.
Enzymatic activation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate via conversion to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate

Abstract The ATP-dependent conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (folinate) to the 5,10-methenyl derivative, catalyzed by 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (EC 6.3.3.2), is of considerable importance in cancer chemotherapy, since it provides the basis for the administration of folinate to counteract the deleterious effects of high-dose Methotrexate regimens. Methenyltetrahydrofote synthetase has been purified 10,000-fold from L. casei using sequential affinity chromatography on immobilized folinate and ATP. The monomeric enzyme is homogeneous upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has a molecular weight of 23,000 (confirmed by gel filtration), and contains a single cysteine residue. The turnover number is ca. 250 min −1 , and the K m values at pH 6 for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and Mg-ATP are 0.6 and 1.0 μM, respectively; the equilibrium constant is 0.7–1.0 mM. Methotrexate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and folate are not inhibitory. The mechanism for the reaction is proposed to involve phosphorylation of the formyl group to create an enol phosphate; subsequent attack on the methenyl carbon by N-10 would generate a tetrahedral intermediate, with release of the phosphate providing the driving force for ring closure.
Ideal mixing in polyelectrolyte complexes and multilayers : Entropy driven assembly

Calorimetry and variable temperature equilibrium doping methods independently show complexation of common polyelectrolytes to be essentially entropy-driven. The complimentary techniques provide enthalpy and free energies of formation or mixing. These findings highlight the importance of polyelectrolyte complexes as ideally mixed polymer blends.
Early events in apomyoglobin unfolding probed by laser T-jump/UV resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Early events in the unfolding of apomyoglobin are studied with time-resolved ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy coupled to a laser-induced temperature jump (T-jump). The UVRR spectra p...
Direct measurement of intercapillary distance in beating rat heart in situ under various conditions of O2 supply

Abstract Intercapillary distance was measured from stop-motion color photographs of rat heart beating in situ . When PaO 2 is 100 mm Hg intercapillary distance is 20 μ and about half the available capillaries are open. If hypoxia is induced (a) by lowering pO 2 in myocardial tissue at normal PaO 2 or, (b) by lowering PaO 2 , intercapillary distance decreases significantly. Conversely, if PaO 2 is raised above the normal value, intercapillary distance increases significantly. The mechanism by which oxygen influences the function of precapillary sphincters, and hence the number of open capillaries, is discussed.
Production of semidwarf and dwarf sunflower in the northern Great Plains of the United States

Abstract The introduction of semidwarf (SD) and dwarf (DS) sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) plant types into production areas of the U.S. northern Great Plains prompted the initiation of research to provide answers for sunflower producers. Prior to the introduction of SD and DS types, the taller standard (SH) types were grown. Several studies comparing the agronomic performance of SD and SH types and to a lesser extent DS types were conducted. Agronomic performance of the SD and SH types were similar. The data suggest that SD types evaluated in our studies are able to tolerate higher populations than the SH type. Responses to differing planting patterns were similar. Rooting pattern and rooting depth of SD and SH sunflower hybrids of similar maturity indicated differences do exist among sunflower genotypes. Differences noted in our studies, however, were not related to plant type. Preliminary data comparing early-maturing SD and DS hybrids to later-maturing SD and SH hybrids indicate the former have shallower root systems. If early-maturing types reach maximum rooting depth at anthesis as do all other types that have been evaluated, their shallower root system would be expected.
Effects of hyperketonemia on mouse embryonic and fetal glucose metabolism in vitro.

The ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (B-OHB) has been shown to be teratogenic to early-somite mouse embryos, although the mechanism responsible for these defects has not been determined. In an attempt to define this mechanism, the present study investigated the normal pattern of both glucose and B-OHB utilization in the developing embryo and fetus. Furthermore, the metabolic interaction of these two substrates, i.e., the potential for B-OHB to inhibit glycolysis, was studied. All studies compared early and late embryonic periods of development as well as fetal stages. The results show that the early embryo relies almost exclusively on glycolysis for energy metabolism and suggests that there is an increasing importance of the Krebs cycle with increasing gestational age. Similarly, the early embryo has a low capacity to metabolize B-OHB, whereas later gestational stages display a greater rate of utilization. Finally, there appears to be no inhibition of glycolysis by B-OHB (via so-called "substrate interactions") during early embryonic stages. However, the compound significantly inhibits glycolysis during later embryonic and fetal stages. These studies suggest that the teratogenicity of B-OHB in the early embryo is not due to its effects on modulating glycolysis, although this mechanism may be operating at later periods of gestation.
Current Knowledge and Perceptions of Cancer Held by African American Seniors in the District of Columbia

BackgroundCancer is a disease that is perceived negatively, especially in the African American community. Cultural attitudes, beliefs, and the lack of relevant health information all play a role in the extent of the negative perceptions of this multifaceted disease.PurposeTo conduct a qualitative assessment of the perceptions of cancer of African American senior citizens in the District of Columbia.MethodsFollowing a literature review on the knowledge and perceptions of cancer held by African Americans over 55 years of age living in Washington, DC, 4 focus groups were conducted, one from each of the 4 quadrants of the city, to determine the participants' (1) basic knowledge of cancer; (2) source(s) of cancer information; (3) beliefs and perceptions about cancer; and (4) suggestions of motivating activities that are likely to induce healthier lifestyles.Results and ConclusionResults indicated that the majority of the participants perceived that cancer always produces a negative outcome. Many identified tha...
Deformable Mirror Light Modulators For Image Processing

The operational characteristics of deformable mirror device (DMD) spatial light modulators for image processing applications are presented. The two DMD pixel structures of primary interest are the torsion hinged pixel for amplitude modulation and the flexure hinged or piston element pixel for phase modulation. The optical response characteristics of these structures are described. Experimental results detailing the performance of the pixel structures and addressing architectures are presented and are compared with the analytical results. Special emphasis is placed on the specification, from the experimental data, of the basic device performance parameters of the different modulator types. These parameters include modulation range (contrast ratio and phase modulation depth), individual pixel response time, and full array address time. The performance characteristics are listed for comparison with those of other light modulators (LCLV, LCTV, and MOSLM) for applications in the input plane and Fourier plane of a conventional coherent optical image processing system. The strengths and weaknesses of the existing DMD modulators are assessed and the potential for performance improvements is outlined.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Charge transport at metal-molecule interfaces: A spectroscopic view

How an electron crosses a metal−molecule interface has been a longstanding question in many disciplines. The prevalence of this question is illustrated by the different terms used to describe essentially the same process: interfacial electron transfer, charge injection, charge transport, and electron attachment to name a few. The recent surge of interest in molecule-based electronics has renewed the need for quantitative answers to this question. In molecule-based conventional electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes, the metal−molecule interface determines the charge-injection efficiency. The importance of the interface only increases as device dimensions shrink to the scale of a single molecule or a small group of molecules (i.e., molecular electronics). This account takes an experimentalist's view and discusses recent progress in understanding electron transport at metal−molecule interfaces using two-photon photoemission (2PPE) spectroscopy. A 2PPE experiment probes interfacial electr...
Atheism: by-product of cognitive styles of independent learning and systemizing

Johnson's taxonomy of evolutionary hypotheses for atheism is comprehensive and informative, but his illustrations of what behaviors or traits may actually have been adaptive are skeletal. Johnson r...
Unsuspected clinically important findings detected with a small portable ultrasound device in patients admitted to a general medicine service.

Abstract Objective We sought to determine whether physicians with training in echocardiography could successfully use a small echocardiographic device to detect occult cardiovascular disease in patients admitted to a general medical service. Methods In all, 103 consecutive patients had a physician-performed bedside echocardiographic examination with a small portable ultrasound device. Results Of patients, 70% did not have a clinical indication for echocardiography and of these patients, 39% had an abnormal study with the portable ultrasound device. There was a high rate of false-positive examinations, but approximately 17% of patients without a clinical indication for echocardiography had an important cardiac abnormality detected, including 10% with unsuspected left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Conclusions Many patients on a general medical hospital ward have unsuspected, clinically important cardiac findings such as left ventricular dysfunction that can be screened for by physicians with training in echocardiography using small portable ultrasound devices.
A late gene product of phage P22 affecting virus infectivity

Abstract Gene 14 is a recently discovered late gene of phage P22, mapping between the DNA injection and head completion genes (P. Youderian and M. Susskind 1980, Virology 107 , 258–269). The gene 14 product has not been detected in phage particles. We have studied the defective phenotype of amber mutants in gene 14 to determine the role of gp14. The yield of physical particles from 14 − infections is normal, but the infectivity of those particles is reduced by 60–80%. The noninfectious particles adsorb to but do not kill the host cell, as if they were defective in DNA injection. No differences in morphology, DNA composition, DNA permutation, or protein composition have been detected between 14 − and wild-type particles. Procapsids, the capsid precursor to DNA packaging, exhibit a similar reduction in viability when isolated from 14 − infected cells, assayed by in vitro DNA packaging. This is consistent with the gene 14 product functioning in the assembly or maturation of the procapsid. The three DNA injection proteins, encoded by genes 7, 16, and 20, are assembled into the particle at the procapsid stage. The defect in 14 − particles may arise from improper organization or modification of one or more of the three proteins needed for DNA injection.
Studies of the Renal Excretion of the Hydroxyl Analogue of Methionine by the Chick

Abstract Athens-Canadian Random Bred adult cockerels and chicks were used to compare the metabolism of the free acid form of the methionine hydroxyl analogue (HMB-FA) to L-methionine (LMET). The first experiment was to determine whether HMB-FA was excreted by the kidneys, thus reducing the amount available for protein synthesis. Fasted adult male chickens were given a single oral dose of HMB-FA or LMET containing a radioactive tracer. Urine was collected and analyzed for the amount of radioactive tracer present; blood samples were subjected to blood gas analyses to assess the physiological status of the bird. It was concluded that LMET was the major methionine analogue excreted from roosters dosed with either HMB-FA or LMET, and that HMB-FA was not excreted by the avian kidney. The second experiment was to determine whether the acid-base status of the diet influences the utilization of HMB-FA. Two levels of dietary LMET or HMB-FA and six levels of dietary base were fed to chicks in a complete 2 × 2 × 6 factorial design for a period of 20 days, after which weight gain and feed consumption were determined. The results indicated that the acid-base status of the diet can play a role in maximizing the gain of chicks fed HMB-FA. Optimal dietary conditions for comparing the efficacy of HMB-FA with LMET and the poor performance of HMB-FA in crystalline amino acid diets are discussed.
The Liberal Arts College and Adult Continuing Education: A Rationale.

Discussion concentrates on feasibility of private liberal arts college involvement with adult and continuing education. Evidence of need is provided by national and local surveys. Basic model is that developed by Saint Mary's College, Winona, Minnesota, which sponsors an Employee Learning Program with support from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education. Experiences of the exploratory period indicate positive support from college administration and faculty, increasing response to course offerings (life-coping skills and personal enrichment), cautious involvement by business and industry, and meager interest from organized labor. The program continues to define the model in its second year of operation.
Capping of peripheral blood lymphocyte C3 receptors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Relationship to chemotherapy

The data show that in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) there are elevated numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) capable of rosette formation (complement-rosetting lymphocytes, CRL) with bacteria (B)-antibody-(A)-complement (C) (BAC) complexes. In most of the CLL patients studied, large percentages of CRL were impaired in their ability to undergo BAC-C3R cap formation compared to normal donors. The degree of impairment varied from one patient to the next. A consideration of clinical information suggested that the variation was related to the clinical response of patients to chemotherapy. Four categories of CLL patients could be identified on the basis of clinical data: (1) patients who had never received therapy for CLL; (2) those whose clinical history indicated a failure to respond to ongoing chemotherapy; (3) patients who had received successful prior chemotherapy and who were asymptomatic or stable and were receiving no therapy at the time of study; and (4) those who were undergoing therapy at the time of study and who subsequently became stable or asymptomatic and were removed from therapy. The first two categories of patients failed to show significant BAC-C3R capping, whereas the last two were able to form C3R caps on significant percentages of CRL No direct relationship could be discerned between C3R capping and currently accepted classifications or stages (Rai) of CLL. These results suggest that monitoring the percentages of BAC-C3R cap-forming CRL may be useful in determining the success of chemotherapy of CLL patients. The microtubule-disrupting agent colchicine enhanced BAC-C3R capping in all CLL patients to normal levels, whereas the microfilament-disrupting agent cytochalasin B (CB) had no effect on CLL PBL C3R capping. CB totally abolished C3R capping of CRL from normal donors. These results suggest that abnormalities exist in both cytoskeletal and contractile systems of CRL from CLL peripheral blood.
Action-Oriented Spatial Reference Frames in Cortex

Preparation of this review was supported by the National Science Foundation (IBN-9753013) and the James S. McDonnell Foundation (97-20). I thank M. E. Goldberg and M. Behrmann for comments on the manuscript.
The Risk for Systemic Embolization Associated with Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty in Adults: A Prospective Comprehensive Evaluation

Study objective To prospectively investigate the evidence for embolic phenomena associated with percutaneous mitral and aortic valvuloplasty. Design Prospective, consecutive case series before and after balloon valvuloplasty. Setting Referral center hospital and cardiac catheterization laboratory. Patients Consecutive sample of 32 patients having balloon valvuloplasty for critical symptomatic stenosis of the mitral or aortic valve. Twenty-six patients had aortic stenosis; 6 had mitral stenosis. Intervention Computed tomography of the head, funduscopy, and electrocardiography were done in all patients before and after valvuloplasty. Cardiac isoenzymes were measured serially in 19 patients. Measurements and main results Previous cerebral infarction was seen in nine patients, with three showing a new abnormality after aortic valvuloplasty. In one of these patients a funduscopic hemorrhage was detected by photography. Total creatinine kinase and MB fraction were elevated in 1 of 19 patients. Serial electrocardiograms were unchanged in all patients. Conclusions The incidence of cerebral neurologic events and myocardial injury are acceptably low after balloon valvuloplasty of calcific aortic and mitral stenosis. Both episodes of symptomatic cerebral infarction occurred in patients with apparent bicuspid aortic valvular stenosis, suggesting that calcific bicuspid aortic stenosis may be associated with more neurologic events after aortic valvuloplasty.
Online adaptive decoding of intended movements with a hybrid kinetic and kinematic brain machine interface

Traditional brain machine interfaces for control of a prosthesis have typically focused on the kinematics of movement, rather than the dynamics. BMI decoders that extract the forces and/or torques to be applied by a prosthesis have the potential for giving the patient a much richer level of control across different dynamic scenarios or even scenarios in which the dynamics of the limb/environment are changing. However, it is a challenge to train a decoder that is able to capture this richness given the small amount of calibration data that is usually feasible to collect a priori. In this work, we propose that kinetic decoders should be continuously calibrated based on how they are used by the subject. Both intended hand position and joint torques are decoded simultaneously as a monkey performs a random target pursuit task. The deviation between intended and actual hand position is used as an estimate of error in the recently decoded joint torques. In turn, these errors are used to drive a gradient descent algorithm for improving the torque decoder parameters. We show that this approach is able to quickly restore the functionality of a torque decoder following substantial corruption with Gaussian noise.
Pressure dependence of the isotopic phase separation temperature in solid 3 He- 4 He mixtures

The isotopic phase separation temperature of solid mixtures of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ in $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ has been measured as a function of pressure ($31 \mathrm{atm}\ensuremath{\lesssim}P\ensuremath{\lesssim}42 \mathrm{atm}$) for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ mole fractions $x$ greater than 0.900. The phase separation temperature was found to increase with decreasing pressure, as predicted by Mullin. The results are compared with other experiments and with theoretical calculations.
Directing cluster formation of Au nanoparticles from colloidal solution.

Discrete clusters of closely spaced Au nanoparticles can be utilized in devices from photovoltaics to molecular sensors because of the formation of strong local electromagnetic field enhancements when illuminated near their plasmon resonance. In this study, scalable, chemical self-organization methods are shown to produce Au nanoparticle clusters with uniform nanometer interparticle spacing. The performance of two different methods, namely electrophoresis and diffusion, for driving the attachment of Au nanoparticles using a chemical cross-linker on chemically patterned domains of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) thin films are evaluated. Significantly, electrophoresis is found to produce similar surface coverage as diffusion in 1/6th of the processing time with an ∼2-fold increase in the number of Au nanoparticles forming clusters. Furthermore, average interparticle spacing within Au nanoparticle clusters was found to decrease from 2–7 nm for diffusion deposition to approximately 1–...
Frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire: Effects of axial conduction

Theoretical expressions are derived for the steady‐state frequency response of a supported thermocouple wire. In particular, the effects of axial heat conduction are demonstrated for both a supported one material wire and a two material wire with unequal material properties across the junction. For the case of a one material supported wire, an exact solution is derived which compares favorably with an approximate expression that only matches temperatures at the support junction. Moreover, for the case of a two material supported wire, an analytical expression is derived that closely correlates numerical results.
Pharmacologic Aspects of Synthetic Angiotonin

The synthetic octapeptide angiotonin evoked systolic and diastolic pressure responses in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs identical with those due to a natural, largely decapeptide, angiotonin, and responses to both angiotonins were modified in the same manner by a variety of procedures. Infusion of synthetic angiotonin caused hypertension sustained for the durations of the infusions and tachyphylaxis was not observed. Induced tachyphylaxis to a crude renin preparation was accompanied by loss of response to both synthetic and natural angiotonin but not to norepinephrine.
Biology of CCR5 and its role in HIV infection and treatment

Chemokine receptors are found on cell surfaces and promote cellular migration by chemotaxis. The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is used by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to infect cells. Strategies that target human CCR5 are therefore being developed to prevent and treat HIV infection. Antiviral strategies that target a host element necessary for viral replication may be predicted to interfere with the function of that element and may therefore adversely affect the host. We conducted a review of the literature between November 2005 and April 2006 with a focus on articles addressing the genetics and function of CCR5, the effects of CCR5 deletion in human and murine systems, and treatment strategies for HIV infection that target this coreceptor. English-language articles in the human and murine literature published between March 1996 and April 2006 were identified through a search of MEDLINE using CCR5 as the search term. Relevant articles as judged by their titles and abstracts were reviewed in detail. In addition, based on our knowledge of the field and with permission, unpublished work was also reviewed. In this article, we explore the effects that targeting CCR5 may have on host defenses in individuals with immunity already compromised by HIV infection.
Morphology and relaxation in InyGa1−yAs/GaAs multi-layer structures

Metastable InGaAs/GaAs multi-layer structures (MLS) on GaAs substrates with a constant interfacial strain and number of periods varying from 14 to 75 are studied by high-resolution X-ray reciprocal-space maps (HRXRSM), transmission electron microscopy, and dierential contrast microscopy. These characterization techniques are used to monitor both the magnitude of relaxation and the change in crystalline state from a coherent ‘‘pseudomorphic’’ growth to a dislocated condition as the number of periods increases. For 14-periods, the diuse intensity emanating from the entire MLS region arises from periodic, coherent crystallites. For 17- and 30-period, the displacement fields around the active region transition to coherent random crystallites (mosaic blocks). At 50-periods, displacement fields of overlapping dislocations from relaxation of the random crystallites cause the initial stages of relaxation of the active region. At 75-periods, relaxation of the strained region becomes bi-modal characterized by overlapping dislocations caused by mosaic block relaxation and periodically spaced misfit dislocations formed by 608-type dislocations. The relaxation of the MLS has an exponential dependence on the diuse scatter length-scale which is shown to be a sensitive measure of the onset of relaxation. # 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
“A Year's Progress in Remedial Loan Work”: Arthur H. Ham's Report on the Russell Sage Foundation's Efforts to Promote Small Loan Reform in the Progressive Era

In response to the financial problems experienced by many in the current recession, promoting clients' financial capability is increasingly a priority for social workers. Problems of excessive mort...
Redundancy effects in the perception and memory of visual objects

Is visual representation of an object affected by whether surrounding objects are identical to it, different from it, or absent? To address this question, we tested perceptual priming, visual short-term, and long-term memory for objects presented in isolation or with other objects. Experiment 1 used a priming procedure, where the prime display contained a single face, four identical faces, or four different faces. Subjects identified the gender of a subsequent probe face that either matched or mismatched with one of the prime faces. Priming was stronger when the prime was four identical faces than when it was a single face or four different faces. Experiments 2 and 3 asked subjects to encode four different objects presented on four displays. Holding memory load constant, visual memory was better when each of the four displays contained four duplicates of a single object, than when each display contained a single object. These results suggest that an object's perceptual and memory representations are enhan...
Treatment of alcoholism in a community based alcohol rehabilitation programme.

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of a community based alcohol rehabilitation programme serving a four county area in the Mid-Western U.S. The programme's objective is to return the alcohol abuser to as normal functioning in the community as possible, and to reduce the burden on law enforcement, correctional institutions, and other social agencies in the community. To accomplish this, the programme offers a comprehensive range of indirect and direct services to alcohol abusers and their families, as well as to the community. Para-professionals were utilised in the programme for intensive follow-up with respect to basic physical and psychological needs. Professionals as well as para-professionals of ten function as client advocates to facilitate the reintegration of their clients into the community. An evaluation of the effectiveness of this programme is offered. The data is based on a sample of fifty alcohol abusers randomly selected from a population of 460 referrals who had used this treatment service from July, 1972 through September, 1974. Some demographic characteristics of the clients are presented. Because a change in drinking status suggests but does not confirm the effectiveness of a treatment programme, additional objective measures are offered. Unobtrusive measures including changes in court offences, health care, employment status, and a cost analysis of the treatment components have been utilised. The results generally indicate that the programme successfully approached many of these criterion.
Thermoelectric Generator for a Stationary Diesel Plant

This paper describes the development and testing of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) using the exhaust heat of a 50-kW stationary diesel power plant. The generator consists of six units that represent primary generators for each diesel engine cylinder. Each primary generator comprises five sections with gas heat exchangers, thermoelectric modules, and liquid heat exchangers. The sections were optimized for the exhaust gas operating temperatures. The generator electric power was 2.1 kW at rated power of 2.2 kW, corresponding to 4.4% of the diesel plant electric power.
Testing for the Presence of a Maverick Judge

Abstract The presence of a maverick judge, one whose rankings differ greatly from the other members of a panel, can result in incorrect rankings and a sense of unfairness among contestants. We develop and explore the properties of a likelihood ratio test, assuming a Mallows type distribution, for the presence of a maverick judge when each judge selects his or her best k out of n objects, k ≤ n. Detection of a maverick judge, who may be viewed as a multivariate outlier, turns out to be very difficult unless the judges are very consistent and there are repeat observations on the panel.
Result Integrity Check for MapReduce Computation on Hybrid Clouds

Large scale adoption of MapReduce computations on public clouds is hindered by the lack of trust on the participating virtual machines, because misbehaving worker nodes can compromise the integrity of the computation result. In this paper, we propose a novel MapReduce framework, Cross Cloud MapReduce (CCMR), which overlays the MapReduce computation on top of a hybrid cloud: the master that is in control of the entire computation and guarantees result integrity runs on a private and trusted cloud, while normal workers run on a public cloud. In order to achieve high accuracy, CCMR proposes a result integrity check scheme on both the map phase and the reduce phase, which combines random task replication, random task verification, and credit accumulation, and CCMR strives to reduce the overhead by reducing cross-cloud communication. We implement our approach based on Apache Hadoop MapReduce and evaluate our implementation on Amazon EC2. Both theoretical and experimental analysis show that our approach can guarantee high result integrity in a normal cloud environment while incurring non-negligible performance overhead (e.g., when 16.7% workers are malicious, CCMR can guarantee at least 99.52% of accuracy with 33.6% of overhead when replication probability is 0.3 and the credit threshold is 50).
Surface roughness investigations of thin film disks used in magnetic recording technology

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to study the surface roughness of thin film magnetic recording disks obtained from various vendors. The height distributions of the disk surfaces are obtained and the bearing area curves are examined using `probability scaling.'' Skewness and kurtosis of the individual disk surfaces are calculated and deviation of the height distributions and bearing area curves from Gaussian behavior is determined. Surface roughness data from scanning tunneling microscopy measurements are compared qualitatively with those obtained from optical noncontact profilometry.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On-chip whispering-gallery-mode microlasers and their applications for nanoparticle sensing

Whispering-Gallery-Mode (WGM) resonators are emerging as an excellent platform to study optical phenomena resulting from enhanced light-matter interactions due to their superior capability to confine photons for extended periods of time. The monolithic fabrication process to achieve ultra-high-Q WGM resonators without the need to align multiple optical components, as needed in traditional design of resonators based on precise arrangement of mirrors, is especially attractive. Here we explain how to process a layer of thin film doped with optical gain medium, which is prepared by wet chemical synthesis, into WGM structures on silicon wafer to achieve arrays of ultra-low threshold on-chip microlasers. We can adjust the dopant species and concentration easily by tailoring the chemical compositions in the precursor solution. Lasing in different spectral windows from visible to infrared was observed in the experiments. In particular, we investigated nanoparticle sensing applications of the on-chip WGM microlasers by taking advantages of the narrow linewidths and the splitting of lasing modes arising from their interactions with nano-scale structures. It has been found that a nanoparticle as small as ten nanometers in radius could split a lasing mode in a WGM resonator into two spectrally separated lasing lines. Subsequently, when these lasing lines are photo-mixed at a photodetector a heterodyne beat note is generated which can be processed to signal the detection of individual nanoparticles. We have demonstrated detection of virions, dielectric and metallic nanoparticles by monitoring the changes in this self-heterodyning beat note of the split lasing modes. The built-in self-heterodyne method achieved in this monolithic WGM microlaser provides an ultrasensitive scheme for detecting and measuring nanoparticles at single particle resolution, with a theoretical detection limit of one nanometer.
In2S3 Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Application as a Sensitizer on TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Solar Energy Conversion

In2S3 atomic layer deposition (ALD) with indium acetylacetonate (In(acac)3) and H2S was studied with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. Subsequent In2S3 ALD on TiO2 nanotube arrays defined a model semiconductor sensitized solar cell. For In2S3 ALD on initial Al2O3 ALD surfaces, the In2S3 ALD displayed a nucleation period of ∼60−70 cycles followed by a linear growth region. These results were obtained under ALD conditions that were not completely self-limiting for the In(acac)3 exposure because of the low In(acac)3 vapor pressure. The growth per cycle decreased at higher temperature over the temperature range from 130 to 170 °C at these same reactant conditions. The growth per cycle was 0.30−0.35 A per cycle at 150 °C as determined by QCM and XRR measurements at higher In(acac)3 exposures where the surface reactions were self-limiting chemistry versus In(acac)3 and H2S exposures. The FTIR examinations revealed that the...
Stochastic Aspects of Biological Locomotion

Various aspects of random walks undertaken by motile bacteria and migrating leukocytes are discussed, including the motions of these cells when responding to gradients of chemoattractants. Brief reference also is made to studies of particle movements within the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells.
Nonorganic failure to thrive: developmental outcomes and psychosocial assessment and intervention issues

Serious growth problems, such as Nonorganic Failure to Thrive (NFTT), place an infant/toddler at significant risk for poor developmental outcomes. Evidently, an NFTT child's malnutrition and subsequent poor growth and development are accentuated by a family context of impoverishment, dysfunctional relationships, inadequate education, and a dearth of developmentally enriching experiences. The purpose of this review is to describe NFTT, to present development outcomes, and to discuss psychosocial assessment and intervention issues relevant to this developmental disability of early childhood. An ideographic approach to case conceptualization, evaluation, and treatment is suggested to achieve successful developmental outcomes and to guide research endeavors.
Permeability of open-cell foams under compressive strain

Abstract A model for the behavior of low-density, open-cell foam under compressive strain is proposed. Using this model, a tractable relationship between the normalized permeability and the applied strain is developed. An experimental study of the effect of strain on the permeability of open-cell polyurethane foams is presented. The experiments are performed using a Newtonian fluid in the fully laminar regime, where viscous forces are assumed to dominate. The model is found to describe the experimental data well and be independent of the foam cell size, the direction of flow with respect to the foam rise direction, and the properties of the saturating fluid. In a companion paper, the model for the permeability of open-cell foam is combined with Darcy’s law to give the contribution of viscous fluid flow to the stress–strain response of a reticulated foam under dynamic loading.
Hybrid particle methods in frictionless impact-contact problems

The dual particle dynamic (DPD) methods which employ two sets of particles have been demonstrated to have better accuracy and stability than the co-locational particle methods, such as the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The hybrid particle method (HPM) is an extension of the DPD method. Besides the advantages of the DPD method, the HPM possesses features which better facilitate the simulation of large deformations. This paper presents the continued development of the HPM for the numerical solution of two-dimensional frictionless contact problems. The interface contact force algorithm which employs a modified kinematic constraints method is used to determine the contact tractions. In this method, both the impenetrability condition and the traction condition are simultaneously enforced. In the original kinematic constraints method, only the former condition is satisfied. A new formulation to find stress derivatives at stress-free corners by imposing stress-free boundary conditions is also developed. The results for 1-D and 2-D contact problems indicate good accuracy for the contact formulation as well as the corner treatment when compared to analytical solutions and explicit finite element results using the commercial code LS-DYNA. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton magnetic resonance studies on wheat germ agglutinin-amino sugar interaction. Evidence for involvement of a tryptophan residue in the binding process.

Abstract The binding of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid to the lectin wheat germ agglutinin was studied employing proton magnetic resonance titration of the N-acetyl methyl group. A 1:1 association complex fitted the data for the binding of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine ( K ass = 238 M −1 ) and for N-acetylneuraminic acid ( K ass = 560 M −1 ), but not for N-acetylgalactosamine, which exhibited different binding characteristics. The upfield chemical shift of the bound form of all three substrates implied that the N-acetyl methyl group is located near the face of an aromatic ring. Reaction of wheat germ agglutinin with a tryptophan modifying agent, dimethyl (2-methoxy)-5 nitrobenzyl-sulfonium bromide, eliminated the binding of the monosaccharides, and thus showed the aromatic residue at the binding site to be tryptophan.
Influence of substratum on non-native clam recruitment in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA

Two non-native clam species (Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Eastern soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria) vary in density throughout intertidal habitats in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. We used these species to test a fundamental ecological question, long addressed in marine systems, of whether the observed patterns were due to settlement choice or post-settlement mortality. A series of four experiments revealed habitat-specific mortality of young clams to be the dominant driver of distributions for both species. In contrast, settlement, which occurred over an extended reproductive period (June–Sept), appeared insensitive to substrate modification through additions of rock or shell (Expt 1–3). In Expt 2 and 3, sampled after winter when clams had reached ~ 1 cm shell length, densities were lower in soft sediments characterizing much of the bay, and higher with rock or shell addition, especially with mesh bag protection. In Expt 4, which involved a crossed design of vegetation removal and substrate addition, one-year-old R. philippinarum densities increased with substrate addition more often than M. arenaria, and neither changed in response to removal of vegetation alone. In the case of one substratum, round rock, both vegetation removal and substrate addition were required to raise clam densities. Netting and gravel addition are standard practices in clam aquaculture to protect plantings of larger clams (e.g. > 1 cm), but in our study substrate modification reduced losses of smaller (< 1 mm) newly-settled clams. Overall, top-down control appears to be more important than settlement choice in determining local densities of Willapa Bay's non-native clams. Our findings open the possibility of improved aquaculture yields across all substrate types via natural settlement combined with interventions to reduce early losses due to predation.