cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of Bullying in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood: An Ecological Perspective

The negative consequences of bullying victimization extend across victims’ entire ecology. In the current chapter, the third iteration of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, the Process–Person–Context–Time (PPCT) model, is modified slightly (i.e., to Person–Process–Context–Time) and used to organize and understand the consequences associated with bullying involvement. Person refers to individual characteristics that impact development and the current chapter discusses the individual mental health and neurobiological impacts of victimization. Process refers to social interactions that impact development and the current discussion of bullying victimization highlights the negative peer relationships and social interactions experienced by victims. Context refers to the surrounding environment that impacts development; given that bullying commonly occurs in the school context victims often dislike school and the negative impact of bullying on the school context is discussed. Time refers to the ongoing process of development and the current chapter discusses cumulative victimization that is ongoing over time as well as the longitudinal impacts of bullying victimization.
Effect of Sex and Ankle Brace Design on Knee Biomechanics During a Single-Leg Cut.

Background:Despite success at preventing ankle sprain, prophylactics that restrict ankle plantarflexion motion may produce deleterious knee biomechanics and increase injury risk.Purpose:To determin...
INHIBITION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a key regulatory role in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by controlling the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Some TIMPs have a second function as well, unrelated to their antiMMP activity, which affects cell proliferation and survival. The role of these inhibitors in cancer has been the subject of extensive investigations that have examined their biological activity in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of human cancer.
Framework for multi-purpose utility tunnel lifecycle cost assessment and cost-sharing

Abstract The traditional method of buried utilities (i.e. water, sewer and gas pipes, and electrical and tele-communication cables) has been using for many decades particularly in urban areas. Repeated excavations are needed to access these underground utilities for maintenance, repair, and renewal activities. Urban areas have been experiencing many street closures and traffic disruptions because of excavation for maintaining underground utilities. These construction works have imposed major costs on public and private utility providers as well as on citizens and local businesses (social cost). Multi-purpose Utility Tunnel (MUT) was introduced as a solution that not only avoids these excavations, but also facilitates inspection and protects utilities. However, MUT is not widely used in most of the countries, because of the high initial investment, safety and security issues, complicated design and construction, and complex coordination of utility companies. Despite the higher design and construction cost of MUT, operational cost-savings can justify the investment from the project point of view. From the organization's point of view and based on cost-sharing, MUT should be more economical as well and the MUT benefits should be distributed fairly, to convince utility companies to participate in the MUT project. Lifecycle Cost (LCC) analysis of MUT and buried utilities method is complicated because of various factors that influence LCC. This paper aims to develop a comprehensive and systematic model for MUT and buried utilities LCC analysis by considering the influencing factors. The output of this model determines the LCC of MUT and buried utilities to ensure the project decision-makers that MUT is the economic method. This model also proposes a model of MUT cost-sharing to ensure the decision-makers of utility companies that MUT is the economic method for their company and also all the utility companies benefit from MUT fairly. This model defined the fairness based on three principals: (a) balance of risk, (b) balanced benefit-cost ratio, and (c) balance in contributed benefit and gained benefit. It is expected that the proposed model promotes using MUT by facilitating economical analysis and decision making for MUT projects from project and organization points of view.
Evaluating the Role of Lower Dose Dasatinib in Newly Diagnosed Early Chronic Phase-Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML-CP)

Abstract Introduction: Dasatinib is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of BCR-ABL . It is currently approved for the treatment of all phases of CML. Approved dose in the chronic phase is 100mg daily. This is however associated with notable side effects mainly myelosuppression and pleural effusion, leading to dose reductions/interruptions. Lower doses of dasatinib have been shown to be effective in elderly CML patients. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity profile of lower dose dasatinib, at 50 mg orally daily in patients with early CML-CP. Methods: All patients presenting to our institution in early CML-CP were eligible to participate. Prior TKI therapy for up to 1 month was allowed. Responses were assessed according to the European LeukemiaNet guidelines (Baccarani et al. Blood 2013 122.872:884). Results: From March 2016 to July 2017, 56 patients have been enrolled. Median age is 46 years (range 22-80). Patients categorized by Sokal risk are: low 34; intermediate 16 and high 6. Nine patients received prior TKI (for At 3 months, 93% patients had achieved early molecular response (BCR-ABL PCR Nine patients had treatment interruption of up to 14 days in the 1st 3 months of therapy: gastrointestinal bleed 2; thrombocytopenia 3; transaminitis 2; renal dysfunction 2. None of these patients required dose modification and tolerated dasatinib once it was resumed. Seven of these 9 patients with dose interruption have achieved early response to therapy while 2 patients have not yet reached the 3 month follow-up. Therapy was discontinued in 1 patient secondary to subdural hemorrhage (traumatic), while 1 patient at 6 months was deemed a failure due to lack of cytogenetic response and BCR/ABL PCR > 10%, requiring an increase in dasatinib dose to 100mg daily. None of the patients have developed pleural effusion so far. Conclusion: Dasatinib at 50 mg daily dose is active and well-tolerated in newly diagnosed CML-CP. It should be further explored as a new potential dose-schedule option in CML. Download : Download high-res image (212KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Cortes: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Consultancy, Research Funding; ImmunoGen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sun Pharma: Research Funding; ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding. Jabbour: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy. Pemmaraju: Cellectis: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Stemline: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; LFB: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Consultancy, Honoraria. Bose: Incyte Corporation: Honoraria. Thompson: Pharmacyclics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kantarjian: Delta-Fly Pharma: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Bristol-Meyers Squibb: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding.
A Rabbit Model for Optimization of Amniotic Fluid Components in the EXTrauterine Environment for Newborn Development (EXTEND) System.

In this model article, we present a protocol for continuous amniotic fluid exchange in rabbits using a novel system to test the effects of growth factor-deficient, artificial amniotic fluid on bowel development. Background Ideally, the EXTrauterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) will provide physiologic support to the extreme premature infant. An important component of that environment is the amniotic fluid. Thus, we developed an animal model to study the growth factors found within amniotic fluid and inform design of a synthetic fluid to optimize fetal development. Methods We designed a model of amniotic fluid exchange within the pregnant rabbit, continuously removing the natural fluid from around 2 fetuses per doe and replacing it with a physiologic electrolyte solution during the final 100 h of gestation. Two fetuses from the contralateral uterine horn were used as sham-operated controls. Thirty-eight fetuses were analyzed, 19 in each group. We analyzed the fetal growth and bowel development. Results Ultrasound after 100 h of exchange showed equivalent fluid volumes, p = 0.63. Cultures were negative for bacterial colonization. Final fluid protein concentrations were 11.6% that of control fluid (mean 1,451 ± 224.2 vs. 12,491 ± 849.2 μg/mL). There was no significant difference in fetal growth, with experimental weights 91.4% of control weights, p = 0.07. Fetal bowel weights (90.1%, p = 0.16) and lengths (94.2%, p = 0.49) were also not significantly less compared to controls. There was no significant difference in villous height or crypt depth measurements between the groups, and absorptive capacity of the bowel was not different between groups, p = 0.44. Conclusion This animal model allows for manipulation of the components of amniotic fluid. Marked reduction of natural amniotic fluid proteins during gestation does not appear to significantly impair fetal growth or bowel development. Further work with this model will assess the importance of amniotic fluid components for normal development to inform design of a synthetic fluid for use during EXTEND.
Clinical Characteristics Associated with Reduced Selective Voluntary Motor Control in the Upper Extremity of Individuals with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.

Selective voluntary motor control (SVMC) in the upper extremity is often impaired in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and can be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using the Test of Arm ...
Conclusion and the Way Forward

This chapter looks to provide a synopsis of what the book covered and provides recommendations that NATO might consider for its future.
Current Trends in HPV Vaccine Uptake: Wisconsin and United States, 2016-2019.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a recognized cause of cancer in both males and females. HPV vaccination prevents development of HPV-associated diseases. Methods Wisconsin HPV vaccination rates (2016-2019) were obtained from the Wisconsin Immunization Registry. Data was stratified by age, sex, Medicaid status, race/ethnicity, and ZIP code. Wisconsin vaccination rates were compared with national trends using data from the 2016, 2018, and 2019 National Immunization Survey-Teen. Results Wisconsin HPV vaccination rates remain consistently below national averages. HPV vaccination rates are improving-especially among males; however, vaccine coverage at the recommended age of 11-12 remains low. Rates of vaccine uptake differ by race/ethnicity, rurality/urbanicity, and Medicaid status. Conclusion Further initiatives are needed to increase awareness and acceptance of HPV vaccination for cancer prevention throughout Wisconsin.
Managing Creative People: Lessons in Leadership for the Ideas Economy

(2008). Managing Creative People: Lessons in Leadership for the Ideas Economy. International Journal of Advertising: Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 922-924.
Estimating Fiscal Health of Cities: A Methodological Framework for Developing Countries

The main objective of the paper is to propose a framework in which fiscal health conditions can be assessed and the main determinants affecting fiscal health can be identified, inspite of severe data constraints. The paper draws on big urban agglomerations in India as well as smaller cities as a sample and attempts to identify the difference, if any, in the main determinants for variations in fiscal health conditions across different size classes of cities. To compensate for the lack of statistical rigor in the estimations of expenditure needs and revenue capacities, we propose a framework which analyses the ratio of expenditure needs to revenue capacity by fitting an econometric model. It is a two-step method, in the first stage we estimate the expenditure need and revenue capacity separately by simple methods discussed above. In the second stage we take the ratio of expenditure need and revenue capacity as an indicator of financial performance of a ULB and fit an econometric model to explain the performance of ULBs on the basis of factors which are likely to affect the performance of the ULBs. We find that the role of the higher tiers of the government is important in bigger and smaller size class of cities in their financial management. However, for bigger cities we find that the own source revenues can also play an important role in bringing down the fiscal ratio. In the smaller ULBs the role of the demand indicators is not that prominent but the cost indicators play a relatively prominent role. In case of bigger agglomerations, the demand indicators are more prominent than the cost indicators.
An efficient conditional random field approach for automatic and interactive neuron segmentation

We present a new graphical-model-based method for automatic and interactive segmentation of neuron structures from electron microscopy (EM) images. For automated reconstruction, our learning based model selects a collection of nodes from a hierarchical merging tree as the proposed segmentation. More specifically, this is achieved by training a conditional random field (CRF) whose underlying graph is the watershed merging tree. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) prediction of the CRF is the output segmentation. Our results are comparable to the results of state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, both the inference and the training are very efficient as the graph is tree-structured. The problem of neuron segmentation requires extremely high segmentation quality. Therefore, proofreading, namely, interactively correcting mistakes of the automatic method, is a necessary module in the pipeline. Based on our efficient tree-structured inference algorithm, we develop an interactive segmentation framework which only selects locations where the model is uncertain for a user to proofread. The uncertainty is measured by the marginals of the graphical model. Only giving a limited number of choices makes the user interaction very efficient. Based on user corrections, our framework modifies the merging tree and thus improves the segmentation globally.
Examining Beliefs and Practices of Self and Others: Pivotal points for change and growth for mathematics teacher educators

In this article six mathematics teacher educators describe a collaborative self-study that examined personal beliefs about mathematics teacher education. We were striving to understand more fully our beliefs and belief structures, including how these beliefs influence our instructional practices. We describe four beliefs about mathematics teacher education which we shared and which were instrumental in further examination of our beliefs and practices: (1) mathematics is problematic and generated through sense-making; (2) a community of learners enhances learning; (3) mathematics teacher educators need to be explicitly aware of the learner in different contexts; and (4) teaching is complex at all levels. By considering our own beliefs and practices as well as those of others, we came to see features that might have otherwise remained invisible. In the process of self-study, we became aware that some of our fundamental beliefs were not as evident in our practice as we expected. As a result, we each made con...
Platelet refractoriness in acquired hemophagocytic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Acquired hemophagocytic syndrome (AHPS) is a severe inflammatory disorder often caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Proliferation of activated macrophages produces uncontrolled cytokine production. Thrombocytopenia is common in AHPS, previously attributed to inadequate or ineffective marrow platelet (PLT) production. PLT transfusion response is not well reported. Two patients with fatal AHPS developed unexplained PLT transfusion refractoriness before definitive diagnosis. CASE REPORTS: PLT refractoriness was noted during the care of two patients. The refractoriness was determined to be nonimmune and both demonstrated various clinical signs and laboratory findings consistent with AHPS. The first patient's AHPS was attributable to EBV infection. In the other patient, no underlying cause could be found. Both patients had an aggressive clinical course and succumbed to this relatively rare syndrome. The PLT refractoriness was evident before the AHPS diagnosis was made. DISCUSSION: AHPS is not generally a consideration in the evaluation of nonimmune PLT refractoriness. However, these illustrative cases make an argument for its consideration in the differential diagnosis of PLT refractoriness in severely ill patients. Once present, it is unclear if the refractoriness can be reversed by AHPS-targeted therapy.
Response of a two-layer ocean with a baroclinic current to a moving storm, part II

A circular storm moves with a constant speedc along a geostrophic flow similar to a western boundary current in the upper layer of a two-layer ocean with the motionless lower layer. The linear inertia terms are retained. Effects of the current becomes more conspicuous for smallerc and insignificant forc above 10 m s−1. The inertia effects are manifested in cellular patterns of the interface perturbations with cell lengths ofπ(c−vf−1 in a wake of the storm with a radius of an order of 100 km, wherev is the current velocity. On the left hand edge where the flow has a strong shear, the interface displacements have large amplitudes which increase with a distance along the path in a wake of the storm. These disturbances propagate to the left of the edge within an angle of cot−1 (c2/geH0−1), wherege is the reduced gravity andH0 is the depth of the interface at the edge of the current. Comparison with the observations during Typhoon Trix in 1971 south of Japan suggests that fluctuations of the daily mean sea level with several days' periods observed along the southern coast of Japan may be due to the stationary oscillations of the Kuroshio caused by the inertia undulations along its left edge or due to the propagating perturbations to the left.
Biochemical Studies on Adenovirus Multiplication XIII. Synthesis of Virus-Specific Ribonucleic Acid During Infection with Human Adenovirus Type 12

Abstract The transcription of virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) was studied in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 12 (strain Huie). Viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis began at 12 to 15 hr after infection, and virus maturation occurred between 20 and 50 hr after infection. The rate of incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA per infected cell was stimulated, reaching a maximum of 1.6 times that of uninfected cells at 20 hr after infection. “Early” viral messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) constituted 0.1% of RNA synthesized at 11 hr, and “late” viral mRNA constituted 50% of RNA synthesized at 45 hr after infection, as determined by hybridization of viral DNA with labeled RNA from infected cells pulse labeled with 3H-uridine. The species of virus-specific RNA synthesized at 22 hr after infection (when virus maturation has just begun) and at 45 hr (when virus maturation is nearly complete) were studied further: (i) 22- and 45-hr RNA had the same average guanine plus cytosine content, 47%, (ii) 22- and 45-hr RNA contained mostly the same viral nucleotide sequences, (iii) 45-hr RNA had a five times higher concentration of virus-specific RNA molecules than did 22-hr RNA, and (iv) 22- and 45-hr RNA contained virus-specific nucleotide sequences transcribed from all, or nearly all, of the viral genome.
Vagal afferent and efferent contributions to the inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin

To assess the role of subdiaphragmatic vagal afferent and efferent fibers in the mediation of the inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin (CCK), we compared the ability of a dose range (1-16 microg/kg), of CCK to affect 30-min liquid glucose (0.125 g/ml) intake in rats with either total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, selective subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation, selective subdiaphragmatic vagal deefferentation, or sham surgery. Selective vagal deafferentation and deefferentations were produced by combinations of unilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and contralateral afferent or efferent rootlet transection as fibers enter the caudal medulla. CCK produced a dose-related suppression of glucose intake in sham animals, and this action was eliminated in rats with total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. CCK suppression of intake was attenuated in rats with vagal deafferentation, such that there was a loss of sensitivity to CCK. Vagal deefferentation resulted in lower levels of baseline intake and a truncation of the feeding-inhibitory actions of CCK. These data demonstrate that CCK's suppression of intake depends on actions of both vagal afferent and efferent fibers. We interpret these data as suggesting that 1) the actions of low doses of CCK depend on activation of vagal afferent CCK receptors and 2) the greater efficacy of higher CCK doses is the result of the potentiation of these vagal afferent actions due to local physiological gastrointestinal effects of the peptide that rely on vagal efferent input.
Aortic arch operation: Current treatment and results

Between January 13, 1987, and December 31, 1993a, 227 patients were treated surgically for aortic disease involving the transverse aortic arch. Forty-eight patients (21.14%) had acute aortic dissection (group A), 69 (30.40%) had chronic dissection (group B), and 110 (48.46%) had nondissecting fusiform or saccular aneurysms (group C). The replacement of the transverse arch involved 194 graft replacements, 27 elephant trunk procedures, and 6 patch graft repairs. Concomitantly, 22 patients had aortic valve resuspension, 18 patients had composite valve graft insertions, and 75 had separate aortic valve replacement. The frequency of prior cardiac operation was 20.83% (10 patients) in group A, 69.57% (48 patients) in group B, and 15.45% (17 patients) in group C. Profound hypothermic circulatory arrest was used in all patients during their transverse arch procedures. The mean circulatory arrest times (in minutes) were 29.18 ± 1.39, 36.62 ± 1.91, and 29.25 ± 1.46 for groups A, B, and C, respectively. Retrograde cerebral perfusion through the superior vena cava cannula was used in 111 (48.9%) patients during the circulatory arrest period. In-hospital mortality was 6.17% (14 deaths). Long-term follow-up was 100% complete. There were 20 late deaths, with a long-term mortality rate of 9.26% (20/216).
Applicability of computer simulation to solving of waste and wastewater management, and pollution prevention problems

Concepts and methodologies of model building, modelling and computer simulation are presented. First, analysis of model types, classification and modelling philosophy are outlined. Next, special emphasis is given to the conceptual and technical tools applied in computer simulation. Finally, some examples of computer simulation application to solving of environmental problems are discussed.
Bede: On Genesis (Texts for Historians 48)

CALVIN B. KENDALL (Trans.) Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2008 xii + 359 pp., ISBN: 978-1-84631-088-1, £16.95 The study of Bede has been transformed by the many annotated English translatio...
When Pt meets BaTiO3: Interaction between metal nanoparticles and oxide thin films

Abstract With the help of a focused ion beam, we can control the location of BaTiO 3 (BTO) grains during pulsed laser deposition by the use of metal nanoparticles seeds as templates. The metal nanoparticles act as nucleation sites on which to grow the BTO grains. Combined with recent work where control of BTO grain orientation was successfully demonstrated [Thin Solid Films, 518, 5806 (2010)], we can widely use the method to deposit various oxide nanoparticles in particular locations with controlled size and orientation. Such an approach could be useful for nanotechnology and device fabrication.
Neonatal stability and one-month behavior☆

Abstract To explore the functional advantage of behavioral variability in newborns, 49 infants were tested twice with the Brazelton Scale over the first month postpartum. With regard to performance across examinations, degree of stability predicted the observed infant and mother behaviors, but their relationship appeared as somewhat curvilinear. Based on these results, the merits of variability versus stability are discussed.
Evaluation of giant cell tumor by computerized tomography

The use and value of computerized tomography in giant cell tumor is demonstrated. The usefulness of computerized tomography, in the evaluation of giant cell tumor, rests upon its ability to demonstrate the presence and extent of its soft tissue component, as well as its intraosseous extent, more accurately than conventional methods. Computerized tomography is a non-invasive procedure, and in the postoperative state can demonstrate more accurately the presence and extent of residual or recurrent disease.
The l(1)ogre gene of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in postembryonic neuroblasts.

Previous genetic studies showed that the wild-type function of the lethal (1) optic ganglion reduced (l(1)ogre) gene in Drosophila melanogaster was needed, apparently specifically, for the generation and/or maintenance of postembryonic neuroblasts, i.e., those neuroblasts in the optic formation centers (primordia of the adult optic lobes) and giant neuroblasts scattered over the periphery of cortices of the larval central nervous system (CNS). In the present study temporal and spatial specificity of l(1)ogre expression was investigated by in situ hybridization and also immunofluorescence with polyclonal anti-l(1)ogre antibodies. l(1)ogre protein was detected, as expected, in the optic formation centers and giant neuroblasts in the larval CNS. l(1)ogre expression, however, was not specific to these neuroblasts: expression was also detected in a wide range of tissues including the CNS at many developmental stages. Examination of transcriptional pattern indicates that l(1)ogre is expressed in derivatives of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (but not in the germ line) in two developmental contexts: (i) during and shortly after the proliferative phase and (ii) during histolysis of some larval tissues.
Cognitive outcomes after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a review of initial studies and recommendations for future research.

Modern ablative surgery for movement disorders probably results in less frequent and severe cognitive morbidity than seen in early surgical series. Nonetheless, recent studies indicate that neurobehavioral functions commonly compromised in Parkinson's disease (PD) (e.g., executive functions, verbal fluency, and memory) are negatively impacted in some patients by lesion placement. The potential reversibility of cognitive dysfunction after chronic electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) for PD has lead some to favor this treatment modality over ablation. This paper reviews the initial studies of the cognitive effects of thalamic, pallidal, and subthalamic DBS. These studies suggest that DBS is relatively safe from a cognitive standpoint and that the benefits of motor improvements probably outweigh the cost of minimal cognitive morbidity. This conclusion must be offered with caution, however, given the small numbers of studies to date and their methodological limitations. Neurobehavioral research has yet to adequately address (1) outcome relative to appropriate control groups; (2) effects of electrode placement versus stimulation; (3) laterality- and site-specific effects of DBS; (4) long-term effects of DBS; (5) effects of stimulation parameters; (6) risk factors for cognitive dysfunction with DBS; (7) whether cognitive dysfunction associated with DBS is reversible; and (8) comparative neurobehavioral outcome after DBS and ablation. DBS affords an exciting opportunity to clarify the neurobehavioral role of the basal ganglia.
Accuracy and precision of a laser-spectroscopy approach to the analysis of δ2H and δ18O in human urine

The isotope ratio analysis of body water often involves large sample numbers and lengthy sample processing. Here we demonstrate the ability of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) to rapidly and accurately analyse the isotope ratios of water in urine. We analysed water extracted from human urine using traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and compared those values with IRIS-analysed extracted water and un-extracted urine. Regression analyses for δ²H and δ¹⁸O values between (1) extracted water analysed via IRMS and IRIS and (2) urine and extracted water analysed via IRIS were significant (R²=0.99). These results indicate that cryogenic distillation of urine was not required for an accurate estimate of the isotopic composition of urine when using IRIS.
Clinical measurement of mechanical ankle instability

Clinicians commonly use the anterior draw test (ligament laxity) and distal fibular position (lateral malleolus displacement), to measure ankle instability. The purpose of this study was to establish intra-rater and inter-rater reliability for the anterior draw test and distal fibular position in a clinical setting. The anterior draw test (AD) was measured with a plastic Goniometer, and was defined as the linear displacement of the foot as it is drawn anteriorly with the ankle held in 20 degrees of plantar-flexion. Distal fibular position (DFP) was measured in standing using a digital vernier caliper and was the relative linear distance between the lateral and the medial malleoli. 20 participants aged 21-28 volunteered for the study and were measured on both ankles. It was found that Intra-tester reliability (ICC) ranged from 0.88 to 0.97 for AD and DFP; while inter-tester reliability (ICC) was 0.6 for AD and 0.77 for DFP. In addition for measures across trials, the standard error of the measurement (SEM) was, on average 0.66 mm for AD and 1.7 mm for DFP. While the limits of agreement (LOA) was ±0.17 mm for AD and ±4.03 mm for DFP. However, the SEM and LOA between testers was 2.27 mm and ±2.27 mm respectively for AD; and for 3.1 mm and ±10.4 mm for DFP. Overall the results suggest that both measures, as defined in this study exhibit moderate to good reliability and low standard error of measurement, suggesting a high degree of repeatability across trials.
The relationship of Mo, molybdopterin, and the cyanolyzable sulfur in the Mo cofactor.

Abstract Reconstitution of the apoprotein of the molybdoenzyme nitrate reductase in extracts of the Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1 with molybdenum cofactor released by denaturation of purified molybdoenzymes is efficient in the absence of exogenous MoO42− under defined conditions. Evidence is presented that this molybdate-independent reconstitution is due to transfer of intact Mo cofactor, a complex of Mo and molybdopterin (MPT), the organic constituent of the cofactor. This complex can be separated from denatured protein by gel filtration, and from excess MoO42− by reverse-phase HPLC. Sulfite oxidase, native xanthine dehydrogenase, and cyanolyzed xanthine dehydrogenase are equipotent Mo cofactor donors. Other well-studied inactive forms of xanthine dehydrogenase are also shown to be good cofactor sources. Using xanthine dehydrogenase specifically radiolabeled in the cyanolyzable sulfur, it is shown that this terminal ligand of Mo is rapidly removed from Mo cofactor under the conditions used for reconstitution.
Evolution of a chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy in the chicken

Abstract The evolving subcellular response in the avian heart to administration of an aminoquinoline derivative was observed electron microscopically. Chloroquine was injected daily into young chicks for a period of 6 weeks. At weekly intervals, myocardial tissue was prepared for microscopic examination. The earliest morphologic alteration, demonstrable only with the electron microscope, 1 week following initiation of treatment, consisted of electron-dense foci within the interfibrillar sarcoplasm, in close apposition to the endoplasmic reticulum. During the second week, this initial manifestation was followed by the formation of membranous lamellations at adjacent cellular sites. Subsequently, these lamelliform structures began to sequester portions of the sarcoplasm. Progressive intensification and fusion of these abnormalities was noticeable by the fourth week. Beyond this time, exposure of myocardial tissue to the drug culminated in the development of an extensive vacuolation of muscle fibers, paralleling the vacuolar myopathy reported in mammalian muscle. These ultrastructural changes are interpreted to represent morphologic expressions, temporally and spatially distinct, of two separate cellular effects exerted by chloroquine: stimulation of the myocardial lysosomal system and derangement of phospholipid metabolism.
Prevalence of HIV antibody in a noninner-city university hospital emergency department.

Study hypothesis: To determine the prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in trauma and nontrauma patients not identified as having known HIV infection in a noninner-city university teaching hospital emergency department, and to determine the frequency with which treating emergency physicians are knowledgeable of patients' risk factors for HIV infection. Population: ED patients between 18 and 59 years old with injuries that met trauma center triage criteria or with nontrauma-related illness who had blood drawn for physician-requested laboratory tests and for whom an extra aliquot of blood was available for HIV antibody testing. Methods: All serum samples were first tested for antibody to HIV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. If positive, the specimen was retested. All repeatedly reactive specimens were analyzed by Western blot test. The treating physician completed a questionnaire regarding the patient's illness and risk factors for HIV infection after the patient's care was completed. Results: Two of 100 major trauma patients (confidence interval, 0% to 5%) and seven of 100 nontrauma patients (confidence interval, 2% to 12%) had antibody to HIV The seropositive rate by age and clinical group varied from 0% to 12.5%, with the highest rates in the 30- to 39-year-old group of nontrauma patients. The difference in proportions of seropositivity between the sexes was not statistically significant. Physicians obtained information regarding homosexual or bisexual behavior, IV drug use, and hemophilia from 52% of the nontrauma patients and only 17% of trauma patients. None of 30 trauma patients for whom data were available and only two of the 100 nontrauma patients gave a history of any high-risk behavior. Conclusion: Although the sampling technique we used has limitations, the prevalence of HIV infection in our noninner-city ED is similar to that recently reported from inner-city EDs. This is in contrast to previous reports of low rates of HIV infection among ED patients in nonurban settings. Physician assessment of risk factors was incomplete in the majority of our patients. Patients rarely acknowledged any high-risk behavior. It is essential that emergency health care workers take maximum diligence to prevent exposure to blood and other body fluids from all ED patients.
Contemporary Environmental Ethics From Metaethics to Public Philosophy

In the past thirty years environmental ethics has emerged as one of the most vibrant and exciting areas of applied philosophy. Several journals and hundreds of books testify to its growing importance inside and outside philosophical circles. But with all of this scholarly output, it is arguably the case that environmental ethics is not living up to its promise of providing a philosophical contribution to the resolution of environmental problems. This article surveys the current state of the field and offers an alternative path for the future development of environmental ethics toward a more publicly engaged model of applied philosophy.
The organization of multisegmental pulls made by standing humans: I. Near-maximal pulls.

Previously, an autonomous oscillator model with three parameters was derived that describes the relationship between anterior-posterior center of mass motions and pulling force for near-maximal, bimanual pulls made by standing subjects (Michaels, Lee, Pai, 1993). The present study evaluated the extent to which a full range of pulling forces could be fit by the model and how the model's three parameters changed with intended pulling force. How much variation in force each parameter could contribute was determined by simulating the model. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of pulls made by 6 well-practiced subjects at 5prcent;, 10prcent;, 20prcent;, 40prcent;, 60prcent;, 80prcent;, and 95prcent; of their maximum pulling force revealed that the model holds well, except for the least forceful pulls of some subjects. Two parameters appeared to be controlled; one, related to the position of the center of pressure, varied most among less forceful pulls; the second, related to the position of the center of mass at the time of handle-force onset, varied most among more forceful pulls. How these parameters might be set is discussed.
Pink1, the first ubiquitin kinase

Pink1 and Parkin, identified through studies of hereditary early onset Parkinson's disease, are involved in mitochondria quality control. Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is activated by Pink1 kinase activity, although the mechanism is still elusive. Three recent reports uncover a surprising mechanism in which Pink1 directly phosphorylates ubiquitin to boost Parkin activity.
Modeling the SHG activities of diverse protein crystals.

A symmetry-additive ab initio model for second-harmonic generation (SHG) activity of protein crystals was applied to assess the likely protein-crystal coverage of SHG microscopy. Calculations were performed for 250 proteins in nine point-group symmetries: a total of 2250 crystals. The model suggests that the crystal symmetry and the limit of detection of the instrument are expected to be the strongest predictors of coverage of the factors considered, which also included secondary-structural content and protein size. Much of the diversity in SHG activity is expected to arise primarily from the variability in the intrinsic protein response as well as the orientation within the crystal lattice. Two or more orders-of-­magnitude variation in intensity are expected even within protein crystals of the same symmetry. SHG measurements of tetragonal lysozyme crystals confirmed detection, from which a protein coverage of ∼84% was estimated based on the proportion of proteins calculated to produce SHG responses greater than that of tetragonal lysozyme. Good agreement was observed between the measured and calculated ratios of the SHG intensity from lysozyme in tetragonal and monoclinic lattices.
Between love and property: Voice, sentiment, and subjectivity in the reform of daughter's inheritance in Nepal

In this article, I trace the relation between the figure of voice and subjectivity by examining a Nepali reform movement that sought to give daughters a birth right to ancestral property. At its heart was a contest over emerging class and gender subjectivities that were repeatedly defined through the figure of the voice and related practices of address, hailing, and recognition. The competing formations of voice I discuss here entail shifting notions of intimacy. To challenge property relations thus meant to change existing practices of speech, sentiment, and the meaning of voice itself. [voice, sentiment, property, subjectivity, Nepal, gender, class distinction]
SU-FF-T-116: Calibration of the Perkin Elmer AG9 Flat Panel Portal Imager for Exit Dosimetry

Purpose: The new and highly sensitive amorphous‐silicon AG9 flat panel portal imager by Perkin Elmer allows imaging with extremely low doses. The purpose of this work is to establish the dosimetric response of the panel. Dosimetric calibration of the detector is also a necessary step for a dose reconstruction program under investigation. Methods and Materials: A convolution model was developed to map the flat panel images to equivalent dose in water at a depth of 1.5cm. The three model parameters are the flat‐panel and water energy‐deposition kernels, the flat‐panel‐to‐water‐dose conversion function, and the pixel sensitivity matrix. They account for differing flat‐panel and water energy responses, field size effects, and the panel's pixel nonuniformity. To determine these parameters, identical setups with the flat panel and with a water phantom were used to carry out numerous measurements. To validate the model, 10cm and 5cm square fields were delivered through 16cm of solid‐water slabs and a cylindrical solid‐water QA phantom. The flat‐panel converted dose profiles were compared with that measured in the Wellhofer water tank. Results: Both the flat‐panel and water kernels decrease sharply with distance. The magnitude of the flat‐panel kernel was greater, possibly due to the additional scatter in the high‐density panel material. The conversion function varies with the off‐axis distance and is nearly linear as the attenuation thickness varies. The sensitivity matrix values were approximately within 1% of unity, demonstrating good pixel uniformity of the panel. Validation tests showed that the model‐extracted dose agrees with measurements to within 1%. Conclusion: A good understanding of the dosimetric response of the AG9 flat panel was achieved. The developed convolution model was shown to be accurate and suitable for generating energy‐fluence maps for 3D dose reconstruction. Conflict of Interest: Research supported by Siemens.
A Novel X-ray Diffraction –based Technique for Complete Stress State Mapping of Packaged Silicon Dies

Fundamental understanding of the silicon stresses and their changes with traditional wire-bonded and flip chip packages is critical to address the performance and reliability improvements in new technologies. Recently we have developed a novel technique for non-destructive measurements of complete strain state (and thereby the stress state) of the single crystal (bulk Si) by tracing the relative change in direction of an x-ray beam diffracted from a stressed crystal. This is based on the relationship between the stress state in a crystal and the local lattice plane orientation. Experimentally, this can be achieved by using a large area synchrotron white beam in conjunction with a precision grid of x-ray absorbing material placed in the path of the beam. The grid breaks the X-ray beam into an array of micro-beams that are diffracted by the single crystal sample to produce an integrated x-ray topograph on which the inverse grid image is distorted due to changes in the paths of diffracted microbeams i.e. an x-ray reticulograph is created. The distortions are a result of the variations in the diffracting lattice plane orientation produced by strain present in the crystal. By measuring this distortion on multiple topographs through the electronic package and applying the ray tracing principle, the entire strain state of the silicon can be calculated and mapped for the entire sample. We have carried out stress mapping of the silicon device in the package by applying this non-destructive and non-invasive technique.
The effects of fluids in the aircraft environment on a polyetherimide

Fluid absorption studies have been made for a polyetherimide thermoplastic film and a unidirectional composite of the thermoplastic with graphite fibers immersed in water. JP4 jet fuel, ethylene glycol, and hydraulic fluid. The changes in the weight, thickness, and tensile properties were measured for the film. The changes in the flexural properties of the composite were measured for specimens whose fiber orientation was transverse to their length. Only the hydraulic fluid, which caused an erosion or dissolving of the resin at the specimen surface, affected the film's properties. Both the water and the hydraulic fluid affected the flexural properties of the composite, due to capillary absorption along the fiber-resin interface.
The genitive alternation in Chinese and German ESL learners: Towards a multifactorial notion of context in learner corpus research

This paper exemplifies an approach to learner corpus data that adopts a multifactorial definition of ‘context’. We apply a logistic regression to 2,986 attestations of genitive alternation (the squirrel’s nest vs. the nest of the squirrel) from the Chinese and German sub-sections of the International Corpus of Learner English and the British component of the International Corpus of English that were coded for 12 factors. Importantly, the speakers’ L1 was included as a predictor to be able to compare properly the native speakers with the learners as well as the two learner groups with each other. The final regression model predicts all speakers’ genitive choices very accurately (> 93%) and suggests that (i) the learners rely heavily on processing-related factors, which can be overridden by semantic constraints, and (ii) learners’ choices are differentially modulated by their L1. We close with a discussion of how this context-based, multifactorial approach goes beyond traditional learner corpus research.
Note on Implementing the New Sphere Method for LP Using Matrix Inversions Sparingly

A new IPM (interior point method) for LPs has been discussed in Murty (Algorithmic Oper Res 1:3–19, 2006; Tutorials in OR, INFORMS, pp 1–36, 2006) based on a centering step that attempts to maximize the radius of the inscribed sphere with center on the current objective plane, and using descent directions derived without using matrix inversions. The method is a descent method and may be called the sphere method for LP. In contrast to all the existing IPMs which involve heavy matrix inversions in each step, an advantage of the new method is that it can be implemented with no matrix inversions, or using them only sparingly. We discuss various techniques for implementing this method. These implementations offer the prospect of extending the superior performance of existing software systems for LP, to models that do not have the property of being very sparse.
Test-Driven Development of Relational Databases

In test-first development, developers formulate and implement a detailed design iteratively, one test at a time. Test-driven development (also called test-driven design) combines TFD with refactoring, wherein developers make small changes (refactorings) to improve code design without changing the code's semantics. When developers decide to use TDD to implement a new feature, they must first ask whether the current design is the easiest possible design to enable the feature's addition. Implementing test-driven database design involves database refactoring, regression testing, and continuous integration. TDDD is an integrated part of the overall development process, not a standalone activity that data professionals perform in parallel with application TDD. Although from a technical view point, TDDD is relatively straightforward, we must overcome several challenges to its whole sale adoption throughout the IT community