cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Electrochemical Property Correlations of Metallic Nitride Endohedral Metallofullerenes

Structural and electrochemical property correlations of metallic nitride endohedral metallofullerenes (MN EMFs) were studied in detail. The electrochemical properties of these compounds are strongly dependent on the symmetry of the carbon cage and, except for the Sc3N cluster, are independent of the nature of the metallic cluster due to the localization of the HOMO and LUMO on the carbon cage. The X-ray structure of Gd3N@C86 shows that the cage obeys the isolated pentagon rule and uses a cage with D3 symmetry, in agreement with previously published data for Tb3N@C86, the only other structurally characterized C86 MN EMF. The electrochemical properties of different MN EMFs are used to probe the structural features of these compounds. Electrochemistry was used to determine the relative abundances of the D5h and Ih isomers of M3N@C80 compounds, whereas HPLC allowed the analysis of larger MN EMFs. The binding energies (BEs) were computed for different MN EMFs, and a strong correlation between the BE (of the cl...
2Q NMR of 2H2O ordering at solid interfaces

Abstract Solvent ordering at an interface can be studied by multiple-quantum NMR. Quantitative studies of 2 H 2 O ordering require clean double-quantum (2Q) filtration and an analysis of 2Q buildup curves that accounts for relaxation and, if randomly oriented samples are used, the distribution of residual couplings. A pulse sequence with absorption mode detection is extended for separating coherences by order and measuring relaxation times such as the 2Q filtered T 2 . Coherence separation is used to verify 2Q filtration and the 2Q filtered T 2 is required to extract the coupling from the 2Q buildup curve when it is unresolved. With our analysis, the coupling extracted from the buildup curve in 2 H 2 O hydrated collagen was equivalent to the resolved coupling measured in the usual 1D experiment and the 2Q to 1Q signal ratio was in accord with theory. Application to buildup curves from 2 H 2 O hydrated elastin, which has an unresolved coupling, revealed a large increase in the 2Q signal upon mechanical stretch that is due to an increase in the ordered water fraction while changes in the residual coupling and T 2 are small.
Multicritical Phase Diagram of Gases Adsorbed on Graphite: Temperature Variation and Finite-Size Effects

Multicritical phase diagrams for krypton and nitrogen submonolayers adsorbed on graphite are calculated from a position-space renormalization, with flows in a 22-parameter space. Quantitative agreement with experiment is excellent, with no adjustable parameter. Temperature variation and finite-size effects are taken into account, causing a cusped coexistence boundary at the multicritical point. Incipient liquid-gas criticality is derived.
Auditory space representation in the superior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus

Abstract The auditory response areas of 123 superior collicular (SC) units of Eptesicus fuscus were studied under free-field acoustic stimulus conditions. A stimulus was delivered from a loudspeaker placed 14 cm in front of a bat. The best frequency of a unit was determined by changing the stimulus frequency until the minimum threshold was measured. A best frequency stimulus was then delivered as the loudspeaker was moved across the auditory space to determine the response center of the auditory response area of each unit. The response center was defined as the direction at which the unit had its lowest minimum threshold. The stimulus intensity was then raised 2–20 dB above the lowest minimum threshold of the unit and the response area for each stimulus intensity was determined. The response area of a unit expands with stimulus intensity, but the expansion is not even in all directions. The size of the response area of a unit does not correlate with its minimum threshold, best frequency, or recording depth. Response centers of 7 units were located directly in front of the animal, but most response centers were located in a limited portion of the contralateral auditory space. Although each unit has a response center which is the point of maximal sensitivity, the point-to-point representation of the auditory space is not systematically organized. We suggest that an animal with highly mobile external pinnae may not need an orderly auditory space map in its neural tissue for accurate sound localization.
Box products of ordered spaces

Abstract A box product of countably many compact ordered spaces need not be normal. This answers a question of Scott Williams.
THE ROLE OF ACCESSIBILITY IN BASIC TRANSPORTATION CHOICE BEHAVIOR

Accessibility measures reflect the level of service provided by transportation systems to various locations. Basic transportation choice behavior is defined to include those decisions of how many automobiles to own and how many trips to which destinations to make by automobile and by public transit. Here, these decisions are assumed to be made jointly by urban households and are conditional upon residential location decisions. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the role of accessibility as a causal factor in such basic transportation choice behavior. An economic utility theory model of choice behavior is postulated in which the benefits from making trips to specific destinations are reflected by measures of destination attraction. Through determination of utility-maximizing trip frequencies, indirect utility functions are developed which include accessibility concepts. Behavioral implications of these concepts are proposed and contrasts are drawn to accessibility measures used in conventional segregated models of trip distribution, modal choice, and automobile ownership. Sensitivity analyses of alternative empirical definitions of accessibility in the choice model are conducted using data from the Detroit Regional Transportation and Land Use Study — covering counties in southeastern Michigan. These analyses employ a multinomial logit estimation technique and focus on definitions of trip attraction. Results of these analyses indicate that more complicated attraction measures can be replaced by measures involving the proportion of either urban area population or urban area employment within a traffic analysis zone. Also, evidence is found that decision-makers in the case study area consider trips of up to 60 or even 90 minutes duration when evaluating accessibilities offered by alternative public and private transportation systems.
Mounting and alignment of full-shell replicated x-ray optics

We are developing grazing-incidence x-ray optics for astronomy. The optics are full-cylinder mirror shells fabricated using electroformed-nickel replication off super-polished mandrels. For space-based applications where weight is at a premium, very-thin-walled, light-weight mirrors are required. Such shells have been fabricated at MSFC with greater than 15 arcsec resolution. The challenge, however, is to preserve this resolution during mounting and assembly. We present here a status report on a mounting and alignment system currently under development at Marshall Space Flight Center to meet this challenge.
Anticancer sesquiterpene lactones of Michelia compressa (magnoliaceae)

Abstract Investigation of the cytotoxic active components of Michelia compressa afforded two new cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones, michelenolide and micheliolide. Parthenolide, costunolide, santamarine, reynosin and liriodenine were also isolated and exhibited cytotoxic activity. The known sesquiterpene lactones, lanuginolide and dihydroparthenolide, were isolated but were not active. Two other new inactive sesquiterpene lactones, compressanolide and dihydroreynosin, were also obtained. The structures of michelenolide and micheliolide were confirmed by partial synthesis from parthenolide and the structure of compressanolide by partial synthesis from dihydroparthenolide.
Demonstration and structural comparison of receptors for insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and -II) in brain and blood-brain barrier

Specific receptors for insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II on microvessel-free rat brain cell membranes (RBCM) and in the microvessels that constitute the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were identified and characterized by means of affinity cross-linking techniques and specific anti-receptor antibodies. Two different models of BBB were examined: isolated rat brain capillaries and cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. Cross-linking with 125-I-IGF-I, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), revealed an alpha subunit of apparent Mr = 138,000 in both BBB preparations, compared to 120,000 in RBCM. Cross-linking was inhibited by unlabeled IGF and insulin, but not by antibody directed against the IGF-II receptor. When 125-I-IGF-II was cross-linked, followed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, a major band of apparent Mr = 250,000 was identified in RBCM and both BBB preparations. This band, which migrated with an approximately equivalent Mr in both brain and BBB membranes, was inhibited by unlabeled IGF and by antibody specific for the IGF-II receptor. Thus, both rat and bovine brain microvessels possess classical Type I and II IGF receptors. While the alpha subunit of the Type I receptor of brain is smaller than that of the BBB, the Type II receptor of brain and BBB appear to be structurally and immunologically identical.
Preliminary study of ciprofloxacin in active Crohn's disease

Based on limited reports of the successful use of antibiotics in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and on the possibility that intestinal bacteria may be one of the etiologic factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of this condition, we undertook a study to evaluate the use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in CD. Our team studied the efficacy of adding the antibiotic ciprofloxacin to the treatment of moderately active, but resistant cases of CD. Forty-seven adults with moderately active CD were randomly assigned treatment with ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily versus placebo twice daily for 6 months. The primary endpoint was the change in scores on the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) from baseline to month 6. Although 47 patients were randomized, at 1 month of follow-up 28 patients received ciprofloxacin and 19 received placebo. The mean entry CDAI scores were not significantly different: 187 for the ciprofloxacin group versus 230 for the placebo group (p = 0.638). Mean CDAI scores at the completion of study were 112 for the ciprofloxacin group (n = 25) and 205 for the placebo group (n = 12), (p < 0.001). Disease remission is defined as a decrease in the CDAI score to less than 150 points. Our preliminary study suggests that ciprofloxacin may be an effective agent when added to the treatment of moderately active, resistant CD.
Hormone Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in the Genetically Obese-Diabetic Mouse (db/db): Glucose Metabolism in the Perfused Hindquarters of Lean and Obese Mice

Glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle of genetically obese-diabetic mice ( db / db ) 5-6 wk of age (an early stage of the diabetes-obesityc syndrome) were examined using an in situ perfused hindquarter preparation. Rates of glucose uptake, 14CO2 production from (U-14C) glucose, and lactate production from glucose were all lower in muscles from dbldb mice than those from their lean littermates. Lactate production in muscle perfused without exogenous glucose was similar in both lean and obese mouse hindquarters. Likewise, epinephrine, which activated phosphorylase equally in both lean and obese mouse muscle, also elevated the tissue glucose-6-phosphate level and lactate production from endogenous source(s) to a similar degree in the two preparations. However, epinephrine was less effective In stimulating glucose uptake in the db / db mouse preparation. Glucose uptake was lower in the obese mouse hindquarter at all insulin concentrations tested (0-1000 μU/ml). The half-maximally effective dose of insulin (50 μU/ml) remained unaltered, however, indicating a decrease in insulin responsiveness rather than sensitivity. Both basal and insulin (1 mU/ml)-stimulated (3H)-D-allose uptake In the dbldb mouse hindquarter were below normal. No difference in assayed hexokinase activity was observed. Muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase and glycogen synthase activities were elevated by insulin (1 mU/ml) to a similar extent in both lean and obese mice. These findings suggest that at an early phase of development when obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia are moderate, a defect in glucose transport plays a major role in the “insulin resistance” of the skeletal muscles of dbldb mice.
Concurrent software fault detection

A graph theoretic model for software systems is presented which permits a system to be characterized by its set of allowable execution sequences. It is shown how a system can be structured so that every execution sequence affected by a control fault is obviously in error, i.e., not in the allowable set defined by the system model. Faults are detected by monitoring the execution sequence of every transaction processed by the system and comparing its execution sequence to the set of allowable sequences. Algorithms are presented both for structuring a system so that all faults can be detected and for fault detection concurrent with system operation. Simulation results are presented which support the theoretical development of this paper.
Effects of compliance of hydrodynamic thrust bearings in hard disk drives on disk vibration

For cantilever-shaft design 2-disk hydrodynamic bearing spindle motors, the compliance of the thrust bearing has little effect on the radial operating vibration amplitudes which are the major contributor to the track misregistration in hard disk drives. At the low frequency range (<300 Hz), the compliance of the thrust bearing has great effect on the axial vibration amplitudes. However, the disk flexibility and/or disk clamping condition have more effects than the compliance of the thrust bearing on the axial operating vibration amplitudes at the frequency range of 300/spl sim/800 Hz. Magnetic preload may contribute equivalent vibration amplitudes but consumes much less power than the hydrodynamic preload does.
On Spatial Reuse and Capture in Ad Hoc Networks

Neighbors of both the transmitter and the receiver must keep quiet in a 802.11 wireless network as it requires bidirectional exchange, i.e., nodes reverse their roles as transmitters and receivers, for transmitting a single DATA frame. To reduce role reversals and to improve spatial reuse, a piggybacked acknowledgment based approach has been proposed to enable concurrent transmissions. Recent findings on physical layer capture show that it is possible to capture a frame of interest in the presence of concurrent interference and that the SINR threshold is dependent on the relative order in which the frame and the interference arrive at the receiver. In this paper, we show that it is possible to exploit capture and increase concurrent transmissions in wireless adhoc networks. We develop a distributed channel access scheme and demonstrate that it offers significant throughput gain particularly at lower data rates.
NPY-induced feeding: pharmacological characterization using selective opioid antagonists and antisense probes in rats.

Abstract The ability of neuropeptide Y to potently stimulate food intake is dependent in part upon the functioning of μ and κ opioid receptors. The combined use of selective opioid antagonists directed against μ, δ or κ receptors and antisense probes directed against specific exons of the MOR-1, DOR-1, KOR-1 and KOR-3/ORL-1 opioid receptor genes has been successful in characterizing the precise receptor subpopulations mediating feeding elicited by opioid peptides and agonists as well as homeostatic challenges. The present study examined the dose-dependent (5–80 nmol) cerebroventricular actions of general and selective μ, δ, and κ 1 opioid receptor antagonists together with antisense probes directed against each of the four exons of the MOR-1 opioid receptor gene and each of the three exons of the DOR-1, KOR-1, and KOR-3/ORL-1 opioid receptor genes upon feeding elicited by cerebroventricular NPY (0.47 nmol, 2 ug). NPY-induced feeding was dose-dependently decreased and sometimes eliminated following pretreatment with general, μ, δ, and κ 1 opioid receptor antagonists. Moreover, NPY-induced feeding was significantly and markedly reduced by antisense probes directed against exons 1, 2, and 3 of the MOR-1 gene, exons 1 and 2 of the DOR-1 gene, exons 1, 2, and 3 of the KOR-1 gene, and exon 3 of the KOR-3/ORL-1 gene. Thus, whereas the opioid peptides, β-endorphin and dynorphin A 1–17 elicit feeding responses that are respectively more dependent upon μ and κ opioid receptors and their genes, the opioid mediation of NPY-induced feeding appears to involve all three major opioid receptor subtypes in a manner similar to that observed for feeding responses following glucoprivation or lipoprivation.
A computer model of non-dispersion-limited stimulated Raman scattering in optical fiber multiple-channel communications

The development of a computer model for non-dispersion-limited stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in optical fiber multiple-channel communication systems is reported. The model takes into account the pump depletion due to SRS and the different attenuation coefficients at different wavelengths of operation. It can calculate the SRS effects in any fiber, provided the Raman gain profile for that fiber is known. Thus, the model is general in nature and can be used for a number of problems. It can be used to calculate the output power of all the channels, given the input of every channel and its operating wavelength. It can also be used, at least in principle, to determine the input power level if a desired level of output power is required. Moreover, it can be used to estimate the optical amplification of a signal due to SRS. This is possible because the governing equations for all of these processes are similar and therefore can be solved using the same approach. >
Effects of recovery beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance.

The restorative capacities of a high carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) beverage containing electrolytes and a traditional 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage (SB) were assessed after glycogen-depleting exercise. Postexercise ingestion of the CHO-PRO beverage, in comparison with the SB, resulted in a 55% greater time to exhaustion during a subsequent exercise bout at 85% maximum oxygen consumption (VO(2)max). The greater recovery after the intake of the CHO-PRO beverage could be because of a greater rate of muscle glycogen storage. Therefore, a second study was designed to investigate the effects of after exercise CHO-PRO and SB supplements on muscle glycogen restoration. Eight endurance-trained cyclists (VO(2)max = 62.1 +/- 2.2 ml.kg(-1) body wt.min(-1)) performed 2 trials consisting of a 2-hour glycogen-depletion ride at 65-75% VO(2)max. Carbohydrate-protein (355 ml; approximately 0.8 g carbohydrate (CHO).kg(-1) body wt and approximately 0.2 g protein.kg(-1) body wt) or SB (355 ml; approximately 0.3 g CHO.kg(-1) body wt) was provided immediately and 2 hours after exercise. Trials were randomized and separated by 7-15 days. Ingestion of the CHO-PRO beverage resulted in a 17% greater plasma glucose response, a 92% greater insulin response, and a 128% greater storage of muscle glycogen (159 +/- 18 and 69 +/- 32 micromol.g(-1) dry weight for CHO-PRO and SB, respectively) compared with the SB (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that the rate of recovery is coupled with the rate of muscle glycogen replenishment and suggest that recovery supplements should be consumed to optimize muscle glycogen synthesis as well as fluid replacement.
Nonlocal Flow of Control and Kleene Algebra with Tests

Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) is an equational system for program verification that combines Kleene algebra (KA), or the algebra of regular expressions, with Boolean algebra. It can model basic programming and verification constructs such as conditional tests, while loops, and Hoare triples, thus providing a relatively simple equational approach to program equivalence and partial correctness. In this paper we show how KAT can be used to give a rigorous equational treatment of control constructs involving nonlocal transfer of control such as unconditional jumps, loop statements with multi-level breaks, and exception handlers. We develop a compositional semantics and a complete equational axiomatization. The approach has some novel technical features, including a treatment of multi-level break statements that is reminiscent of de Bruijn indices in the variable-free lambda calculus. We illustrate the use of the system by giving a purely calculational proof that every deterministic flowchart is equivalent to a loop program with multi-level breaks.
“Tolerating” Adolescent Needs: Moving Beyond Zero Tolerance Policies in High School

The authors contend that zero tolerance discipline policies are inconsistent with adolescent developmental needs for authoritative, as distinguished from authoritarian, discipline. Previous research has applied the notion of authoritative parenting to teaching styles in classrooms, and a similar model of authoritative discipline can guide schoolwide discipline policies and practices (Gregory & Weinstein, 2004; Walker, 2008; Wentzel, 2002). Schoolwide authoritative discipline combines high levels of both structure and support. The authors conceptualize school structure as adequate supervision of students and consistent and fair enforcement of school rules. They conceptualize school support as the availability of positive adult–student relationships, help for struggling students, and programs to address students' nonacademic needs. With its firm but fair and supportive approach, authoritative discipline can create a safe and secure learning environment conducive to student engagement and achievement.
On saying “Enough already!” in SQL

In this paper, we study a simple SQL extension that enables query writers to explicitly limit the cardinality of a query result. We examine its impact on the query optimization and run-time execution components of a relational DBMS, presenting two approaches—a Conservative approach and an Aggressive approach—to exploiting cardinality limits in relational query plans. Results obtained from an empirical study conducted using DB2 demonstrate the benefits of the SQL extension and illustrate the tradeoffs between our two approaches to implementing it.
Cooling effects on a model rennet casein gel system: part II. Permeability and microscopy.

Microscopy and permeability studies were performed to further illustrate the cooling effects on rennet casein gel structure and help interpret the rheological observations in the first part of this paper. Samples of gels cooled from 80 to 5 °C at four rates (0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 °C/min) were studied with a confocal laser scanning microscope. A larger number of smaller flocs were generated at slower cooling rates, creating more cross-links within a network and corresponding to a stronger gel. Formation of a larger number of smaller flocs was hypothesized to result from a greater degree of doublet formation because the system spent more time within the temperature region where doublet formation is favored when cooled at slower rates. The doublets represent sites available for floc growth, similar to nucleation sites for crystal growth. Microscopy results further substantiated that the cooling effects were different from the aging effects because cooling affected floc size, and aging enabled the addition of idle flocs into the casein network. The conclusions for the cooling effects on floc size were further supported by permeability tests. A smaller permeability coefficient resulted from smaller flocs obtained with a slower cooling schedule. This study showed the importance of controlling floc numbers to modulate the strength of a gel, and cooling rates provide an approach of modulating functional properties when the chemical composition of a system is fixed.
Increased portion sizes from energy-dense foods affect total energy intake at eating occasions in US children and adolescents: patterns and trends by age group and sociodemographic characteristics, 1977–2006

Background: Larger portion sizes of foods and beverages could affect overall energy intake at meals and promote overeating. Objective: We investigated trends in portion sizes of energy-dense foods and energy intakes at eating occasions in US children and adolescents. Design: Four US nationally representative surveys from 1977 to 2006 were analyzed (n = 31,337). We measured trends in portion sizes (kcal, g, and mL) of selected foods [sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), salty snacks, desserts, French fries, burgers, pizzas, and Mexican fast foods] and energy intake (kcal) at eating occasions during which selected foods were consumed. Trends were reported by age group (2–6-, 7–12-, and 13–18-y-olds), sex, and socioeconomic status. Results: In 2003–2006, the selected foods accounted for 38% of daily energy intake in 13–18-y-olds, 35% of the daily energy intake in 7–12-y-olds, and 28% of the daily energy intake in 2–6-y-olds. In all age groups, larger portion sizes of pizza coincided with higher energy intakes at eating occasions during which pizzas were consumed. In 7–12- and 13–18-y-olds, higher energy intakes at meals coincided with larger portion sizes of SSBs, French fries, or salty snacks. In all age groups, nonsignificant larger portions of Mexican fast foods were related to higher energy intakes at meals. Adolescent boys consumed larger portion sizes of the selected foods and had higher energy intakes at meals for all periods than did girls (P , 0.01). The percentage of kilocalories from pizza within a meal increased more sharply in non-Hispanic African Americans, in Hispanics, and in the group with a low household education than in the other groups. Conclusions: Adolescents are more susceptible to increased portion sizing than are younger children. The group of non-Hispanic African Americans and Hispanics and individuals with a lower education represents key concerns for public health policies. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1324–32.
Graphical models and message-passing algorithms for network-constrained decision problems

Inference problems, typically posed as the computation of summarizing statistics (e.g., marginals, modes, means, likelihoods), arise in a variety of scientific fields and engineering applications. Probabilistic graphical models provide a scalable framework for developing efficient inference methods, such as message-passing algorithms that exploit the conditional independencies encoded by the given graph. Conceptually, this framework extends naturally to a distributed network setting: by associating to each node and edge in the graph a distinct sensor and communication link, respectively, the iterative message-passing algorithms are equivalent to a sequence of purely-local computations and nearest-neighbor communications. Practically, modern sensor networks can also involve distributed resource constraints beyond those satisfied by existing message-passing algorithms, including e.g., a fixed small number of iterations, the presence of low-rate or unreliable links, or a communication topology that differs from the probabilistic graph. The principal focus of this thesis is to augment the optimization problems from which existing message-passing algorithms are derived, explicitly taking into account that there may be decision-driven processing objectives as well as constraints or costs on available network resources. The resulting problems continue to be NP-hard, in general, but under certain conditions become amenable to an established team-theoretic relaxation technique by which a new class of efficient message-passing algorithms can be derived. From the academic perspective, this thesis marks the intersection of two lines of active research, namely approximate inference methods for graphical models and decentralized Bayesian methods for multi-sensor detection. The respective primary contributions are new message-passing algorithms for (i) "online" measurement processing in which global decision performance degrades gracefully as network constraints become arbitrarily severe and for (ii) "offline" strategy optimization that remain tractable in a larger class of detection objectives and network constraints than previously considered. From the engineering perspective, the analysis and results of this thesis both expose fundamental issues in distributed sensor systems and advance the development of so-called "self-organizing fusion-layer" protocols compatible with emerging concepts in ad-hoc wireless networking. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The sigma E subunit of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase is present in both forespore and mother cell compartments.

Abstract Bacillus subtilis cells harvested 3.5 h after the onset of sporulation (t3.5) were fractionated into extracts enriched in either mother cell or forespore components and were analyzed immunologically for sigma E and its precursor protein, P31. We determined by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis that equivalent amounts of P31 and sigma E were present in both mother cell and forespore extracts. This result implies that, although sigma E is not synthesized until a stage in development when the cell is partitioned into progenitor forespore and mother cell compartments, it probably directs the transcription of genes that are expressed in both of these structures.
High-resolution spatial modeling of daily weather elements for a catchment in the Oregon Cascade Mountains, United States

Abstract High-quality, daily meteorological data at high spatial resolution are essential for a variety of hydrologic and ecological modeling applications that support environmental risk assessments and decision making. This paper describes the development, application, and assessment of methods to construct daily high-resolution (∼50-m cell size) meteorological grids for the 2003 calendar year in the Upper South Santiam Watershed (USSW), a 500-km2 mountainous catchment draining the western slope of the Oregon Cascade Mountains. Elevations within the USSW ranged from 194 to 1650 m. Meteorological elements modeled were minimum and maximum temperature; total precipitation, rainfall, and snowfall; and solar radiation and radiation-adjusted maximum temperature. The Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) was used to interpolate minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation. The separation of precipitation into rainfall and snowfall components used a temperature-based regression...
CO2 asphyxia increases plasma norepinephrine in rats via sympathetic nerves.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the plasma norepinephrine (NE) increase in rats exposed to CO2 asphyxia was due to adrenal gland release or sympathetic nerve ending (SNS) relea...
Modern Methods for Obtaining Anthropometric Data

Modern concepts and methods are summarized for obtaining measurements of human body static form, dynamic characteristics and muscular strength. A philosophy of moderation is advocated in selecting methods which meet two conflicting goals: (1) Permit predictive analysis of biometric trends by continuing selective usage of traditional anthropometer and tape methods; (2) Take advantage of more powerful stereophotogrammetric techniques to develop 3-dimensional, whole-body, simultaneous records which are easily referenced to consistent cartesian or polar axis systems and thus are better suited to engineering workspace design and analysis. A further consideration is the use of mockups which represent or position the human body in specific and typical workspace conditions, appropriate to the purposes for the anthropometric surveys. In all cases, recording formats should be readily compatible with data analysis by computer. Also described are procedures for organization of personnel and equipment for conducting surveys of civilian personnel in the United States. Trades between accuracy or population description and sample size are considered. Key sources for the information contained in this paper are the following references. Language: en
Playing Cowboys and Iranians: Selective Colorblindness and the Legal Construction of White Geographies

This Article examines the selective invocation of colorblindness in legal and political discourse and argues that the trope has served as a powerful vehicle for the creation, perpetuation and patrolling of white geographies — spaces characterized by an implicit hierarchy privileging white racial identity. After assessing the new rhetoric of race in the Age of Obama, the Article focuses on identifying and deconstructing the modern paradox of colorblindness jurisprudence. On the one hand, the courts have increasingly hewed to a colorblind vision of the Constitution when weighing the permissibility of race-based admissions and hiring programs for traditionally disadvantaged minorities. And, yet, on the other hand, when confronted with invidious racial targeting — in the name of patrolling our borders, keeping our streets safe from crime, or protecting the homeland from acts of terrorism — the obstreperous advocates of the categorically colorblind Constitution go strikingly silent. Drawing upon the examples of S.B. 1070 (Arizona’s “show-me-your-papers” immigration law), H.B. 2281 (Arizona’s legislation outlawing ethnic studies programs in public schools) and a series of racial profiling cases interpreting the Supreme Court’s Brignoni-Ponce decision, this Article argues that the discriminate entreaty for post-racialism has, in fact, helped consolidate subordination practices in critical social, economic and political spaces. In the end, therefore, while we are colorblind in theory, we are color bound in fact. Government regularly uses race in a variety of troubling contexts. Indeed, the very same courts that tell us that we have a colorblind Constitution have also held that one’s Latino appearance is a relevant factor in determining reasonable suspicion for an immigration sweep, one’s Middle Eastern heritage is a perfectly suitable consideration when ascertaining whether transportation of a passenger is ‘inimical to safety,’ and one’s African-American descent can serve as an acceptable indicia of criminality without running afoul of the Fourth Amendment. At a minimum, these practices call into question our fealty to notions of colorblindness that have dominated legal and political discourse in recent years. More perniciously, however, the resulting uneasy gestalt perpetuates long-standing inequities (and forges new ones) by empowering a racialized social geography that continues to privilege white identity.
Spinor Space and Line Geometry

Synopsis. This is the first of two papers dealing with the projective theory of spinors. It contains the algebraic introduction to the projective spinor analysis which will be dealt with in the second paper.
A Closer Look at the Effects of Repeated Cocaine Exposure on Adaptive Decision-Making under Conditions That Promote Goal-Directed Control.

It has been proposed that compulsive drug seeking reflects an underlying dysregulation in adaptive behavior that favors habitual (automatic and inflexible) over goal-directed (deliberative and highly flexible) action selection. Rodent studies have established that repeated exposure to cocaine or amphetamine facilitates the development of habits, producing behavior that becomes unusually insensitive to a reduction in the value of its outcome. The current study more directly investigated the effects of cocaine pre-exposure on goal-directed learning and action selection using an approach that discourages habitual performance. After undergoing a 15-d series of cocaine (15 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline injections and a drug withdrawal period, rats were trained to perform two different lever-press actions for distinct reward options. During a subsequent outcome devaluation test, both cocaine- and saline-treated rats showed a robust bias in their choice between the two actions, preferring whichever action had been trained with the reward that retained its value. Thus it appears that the tendency for repeated cocaine exposure to promote habit formation does not extend to a more complex behavioral scenario that encourages goal-directed control. To further explore this issue, we assessed how prior cocaine treatment would affect the rats’ ability to learn about a selective reduction in the predictive relationship between one of the two actions and its outcome, which is another fundamental feature of goal-directed behavior. Interestingly, we found that cocaine-treated rats showed enhanced, rather than diminished, sensitivity to this action-outcome contingency degradation manipulation. Given their mutual dependence on striatal dopamine signaling, we suggest that cocaine’s effects on habit formation and contingency learning may stem from a common adaptation in this neurochemical system.
Multivariate Analysis of Soybean Insect Pests

The relative impact on soybeans of 24 arthropod species in 18 states is analyzed using the multivariate technique of reciprocal averaging (RA). This ordination technique is related to both weighted averages and to principal components analysis and other eigenvector techniques. The advantages of RA are discussed in comparison to results obtained by cluster analysis. RA is a useful method in the analysis of complex entomological data.
Analysis of Clinical and Pathological Features of 72 Children with IgA Nephropathy

Objective To explore the clinical and pathological features of IgA nephropathy(IgAN) in children and analyze their mutual relationships. Methods The clinical manifestations,clinical types,pathohistological and immunological changes and their mutual relationships of 72 children with IgAN confirmed by renal biopsy were analyzed retrospectively,who were admitted in Xi′an Children′s Hospital from May 2005 to Aug.2011. Results Among 72 children,48 children were male and 24 children were female,and the average age of the children was(8.99±2.94) years and the average course of disease at admission was 12.86 months.The onset of disease was hematuria in 58 patients(including gross hematuria of 38 patients and hematuria associated with edema of 5 patients),simple edema in 12 patients and simple proteinuria in 2 patients.As for clinical types,isolated hematuria type was detected in 19 patients(26.39%),isolated proteinuria type in 2 patients(2.78%),hematuria-proteinuria type in 13 patients(18.05%),acute nephritis type in 10 patients(13.89%) and nephrotic syndrome type in 28 patients(38.89%).As for pathologic changes,40 patients showed mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis,6 patients with endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis,25 patients with focal proliferative glomerulonephritis,and only 1 patient had crescentic glomerulonephritis.Seventeen patients had crescent formation(23.61%).Immunohistochemistry showed that all kinds of immunoglobulins deposits could be observed:IgA deposit in 8 cases,IgA+IgG+C3 deposit in 2 cases,IgA+IgM+C3 combined deposit in 44 cases,IgA+IgM+IgG+C3 combined deposit in 17 cases,full-house type deposit in 1 case only. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of patients with IgAN are diverse,and severity of the disease is not related to the types of onset.The common pathological diagnosis is mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis,and the common immunoglobulin deposit type is combined deposit types.Those patients who were presented with nephrotic syndrome or hematuria and proteinuria both have more severe pathology,so their renal biopsy should be performed as soon as possible and effective treatment shall be given timely.
Back to the Future: Radial Basis Function Network Revisited

Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks are a classical family of algorithms for supervised learning. The most popular approach for training RBF networks has relied on kernel methods using regularization based on a norm in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS), which is a principled and empirically successful framework. In this paper we aim to revisit some of the older approaches to training the RBF networks from a more modern perspective. Specifically, we analyze two common regularization procedures, one based on the square norm of the coefficients in the network and another one using centers obtained by $k$ k -means clustering. We show that both of these RBF methods can be recast as certain data-dependent kernels. We provide a theoretical analysis of these methods as well as a number of experimental results, pointing out very competitive experimental performance as well as certain advantages over the standard kernel methods in terms of both flexibility (incorporating of unlabeled data) and computational complexity. Finally, our results shed light on some impressive recent successes of using soft $k$ k -means features for image recognition and other tasks.
Resection of Nonrenal Retroperitoneal Tumors with Large Vena Caval Thrombi Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a useful adjunct in the operative management of renal cell carcinoma associated with large vena caval thrombi. We present 2 patients with nonrenal retroperitoneal tumors and extensive vena caval thrombi who underwent successful surgical treatment with this method. The primary tumor was a leiomyosarcoma of the vena cava in 1 patient and a pheochromocytoma with hepatic invasion in 1. Cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is effective in decreasing the operative risk and improving the feasibility of resection in complex surgical cases. Consideration should be given to its use in a wider range of indicated procedures.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. An update.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has revolutionized the treatment of urinary calculi. It should be considered the treatment of choice for renal stones smaller than 2 cm and for the majority of ureteral calculi, under which circumstances success rates approaching 80 to 90 per cent may be anticipated. Larger renal calculi or impacted ureteral stones probably should be managed by endoscopic techniques with or without adjunctive intracorporeal (ultrasonic or electrohydraulic) lithotripsy or laser fragmentation. Recent modifications in lithotripter design have been focused on the development of pain-free lithotripsy. Concomitant with a decrease in power, however, is an attendant decrease in the efficiency with which stones can be fragmented, resulting in an increase in the number of lithotripsy treatments required for adequate stone fragmentation. Additionally, sonography is assuming an increasing role in stone localization, and its use will require sonographic training on the part of the urologist. Biliary lithotripsy has been promising in preliminary European studies, with success rates approaching 90 per cent. It must be noted, however, that the U.S. experience has not been as impressive. Moreover, only 20 to 30 per cent of patients referred for biliary lithotripsy appear to be optimal candidates for this new technique. Adjunctive dissolution of gallstones with chronic oral medical therapy may be required after biliary lithotripsy, and long-term follow-up studies still need to be performed. Finally, the potential deleterious effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy must always be kept in mind. Although the majority of clinical and animal investigations have documented no significant long-term alterations in renal function, care must still be exercised when performing lithotripsy with the knowledge of the potential for long-term injurious effects on the functioning renal parenchyma.
A spatially-explicit technique for evaluation of alternative scenarios in the context of ecosystem goods and services

Abstract Ecosystems contribute to maintaining human well-being directly through provision of goods and indirectly through provision of services that support clean water, clean air, flood protection and atmospheric stability. Transparently accounting for biophysical attributes from which humans derive benefit is essential to support dialog among the public, resource managers, decision makers, and scientists. We analyzed the potential ecosystem goods and services production from alternative future land use scenarios in the US Tampa Bay region. Ecosystem goods and service metrics included carbon sequestration, nitrogen removal, air pollutant removal, and stormwater retention. Each scenario was compared to a 2006 baseline land use. Estimated production of denitrification services changed by 28% and carbon sequestration by 20% between 2006 and the “business as usual” scenario. An alternative scenario focused on “natural resource protection” resulted in an estimated 9% loss in air pollution removal. Stormwater retention was estimated to change 18% from 2006 to 2060 projections. Cost effective areas for conservation, almost 1588 ha, beyond current conservation lands, were identified by comparing ecosystem goods and services production to assessed land values. Our ecosystem goods and services approach provides a simple and quantitative way to examine a more complete set of potential outcomes from land use decisions.
Cognitively Plausible Information Visualization

This chapter proposes a framework for the construction of cognitively plausible semantic information spaces and emphasizes on the ways in which the framework may be applied towards the design of cognitively adequate spatializations. A cognitively plausible Information Visualization is designed such that it matches human's internal visualization capabilities. The proposed framework focuses on the use of geographic space as a data generalization strategy (ontology) and the use of spatial representations or maps to depict these data abstractions. The building blocks of this spatialization framework are informed by geographic information theory and include principles of ontological modeling such as semantic generalization (spatial primitives), geometric generalization (visual variables), association (source–target domain mapping through spatial metaphors), and aggregation (hierarchical organization). Spatialization is defined as a data transformation method based on spatial metaphors, with the aim of generating a cognitively adequate graphic representation for data exploration and knowledge discovery in multi-dimensional databases. Spatialization not only provides the construction of visual descriptions and summaries of large data repositories but also creates opportunities for visual queries and sense-making approaches.
FUNDAMENTAL MOTIONS NEAR COLLINEAR LIBRATION POINTS AND THEIR TRANSITIONS

Recent theoretical and numerical advances in trajectory design in the three-body problem have suggested several new mission possibilities. Many of the advances have come from the application of dynamical systems theory. Where the majority of the design applications thus far are based solely on the stable and unstable manifolds associated with libration point orbits, this study seeks to utilize the center manifold. First, a reexamination of some of the fundamental motions near the libration point is presented in the context of dynamical systems theory. This approach may illuminate the relationships and transitions between the various types of motions that exist in this region of space. Additionally, the motion on certain types of tori is explored. A numerical investigation of some such tori leads to an understanding of a certain periodic configuration that may be useful in the development of new mission concepts.