cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opinion formation and information preferences in an adversary situation

Abstract The basic hypothesis was that people are more likely to take a strong position on a controversial issue when exposed to both sides than when exposed to only one side, even when both sides advance persuasive arguments. The reasoning was that a confident choice requires a comparative evaluation of the merits of each side. Four predictions based on this view were tested: (1) Subjects exposed initially to one side's arguments would seek exposure to the other side's arguments; (2) Subjects familiar with neither side's arguments would seek a nonpartisan two-sided presentation; and subjects exposed to both sides' arguments, compared with those exposed to either or neither side, would (3) evaluatively differentiate more between the two opposed protagonists; and (4) form stronger opinions on the issue. The test was conducted in a mock jury situation. Substantial support was provided for the first three hypotheses, and weak support for the fourth. Some contrasts and parallels between these data and standard attitude-change findings and principles were discussed.
Residual Milk from Oxytocin Injections Throughout the Lactation

Summary The changes in residual milk during the first 10 mo. of lactation have been studied in ten cows of the Jersey and Holstein-Friesian breeds. The amount of residual milk obtained by injecting 10 I. U. of oxytocin intravenously varied roughly as the normal milk yield within breeds. The differences in residual milk yield between breeds were not significant. The fat test of the residual milk varied inversely as the fat test of the normal milk throughout the lactation within breeds, but Jerseys had higher fat tests than Holstein-Friesians. The results of these experiments are interpreted to indicate a progressive decrease in amount of active secretory tissue in the udder from the peak to the end of lactation, with a marked decrease during the last 2 mo.
The Eyes Have It: Surveillance and How It Evolved

This article presents a brief history of surveillance, technological and otherwise. It includes a discussion of some of the issues technologists should consider when building software and hardware to capture and analyze personal characteristics, habits, movements, and more.
A model for backscattering characteristics of tall prairie grass canopies at microwave frequencies

Abstract We have developed a discrete microwave scattering model, describing the radar backscattering coefficient from two treatments (burned and unburned) of tall prairie grass canopies at VV (electric field vector of the transmitted and received signals are vertically oriented) and HH (electric field vector of the transmitted and received signals and horizontally oriented) polarizations, based on the physical, biophysical, and geometrical characteristics of such canopies. Grass blades are modeled as thin and finite dielectric ellipsoids with arbitrary orientations. Scattering by an individual grass blade is formulated using a generalization of the Rayleigh—Gans approximation with a quasistatic solution for the expansion of the interior field. By associating, with each grass blade, various appropriate distribution functions, the relative orientation, location, height, cross section, and permittivity of each grass blade is taken into account. This makes for a more realistic overall description of the canopy. Kirchhoff's surface scattering is used to model the backscatter from the soil surface. An incoherent summation of the effect of grass blades and soil surface is adopted to obtain the total canopy backscattering coefficient, taking into account the attenutaion experienced by the signal as it travels through the canopy. The results of this model are given for 1.5, 5, and 10 GHz (L-, C-, and X-band). Although for the shorter wavelengths (X-band) the Rayleigh—Gans criteria is not totally satisfied, nevertheless, the limited available measured X-band data compare relatively well with the results of this model both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Neutron inelastic scattering from 40Ca at 21.7 and 25.5 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for the scattering of neutrons from 40 Ca for states up to 5 MeV excitation energy have been measured at 21.7 and 25.5 MeV. The analysis is done using a coupled channel formalism in terms of a vibration collective model. The results using a usual standard Woods-Saxon form factor for the transitions are compared with those obtained using form factors derived from a model-independent analysis to the elastic cross sections.
Low energy ππ-phase shifts from coulomb interference

Abstract We have determined ππ s-wave phase shifts in the I =2 state, δ 0 2 , and I =0 state, δ 0 0 , at low ππ masses by looking at interference between nuclear and Coulomb amplitudes.
Nonlocal behavior in phonon transport

Nonlocal behavior is accommodated in the framework of thermal lagging to describe heat transport in phonon systems. In steady state the emphasis is on capturing the linear dependence of the effective thermal conductivity of thin nanowires on their radius. In ultrafast transient validation of the nonlocal/lagging model is furnished by its precise correlations with the thermomass model. A new type of thermal wave results from the first order nonlocality. Entering the second-order effects of nonlocality, special features include diminution of the sharp wavefront, a localized zone with a finite width, and much wider affected regions due to phonon scattering.
Linguistic considerations in the simplification/clarification of insurance policy language∗

The simplification/clarification of document language is discussed from a linguistic point of view. It is argued that a priori principles of what clear writing involves are often mistaken and counterprodutive. It is hypothesized that the clarity of document prose depends in large part on the extent to which it adheres to the principles of ordinary discourse, allowing readers to successfully apply their tacit linguistic knowledge at all levels. Some popular notions of how to clarify documents in some aspects of document discourse structure are examined in this light, using examples from insurance policy language.
Transported trees from the 1982 Mount St. Helens sediment flows: Their use as paleocurrent indicators

Abstract Sediment flows resulting from the 1980 and 1982 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington, transported and oriented numerous stumps and logs. Counts taken soon after the 1982 eruption on unaltered portions of the sediment flow provide meaningful statistics for comparison with fossil wood deposits. Of the transported stump and log population, 4–13% was deposited as upright stumps and 78–94% as horizontal logs with a few diagonal and upside-down stumps. The horizontal logs were oriented parallel to the river channel, showing that trees can be good paleocurrent indicators. Features useful in differentiating transported stumps from in-situ ones are a wide root system (trunk/root ratio
Utilization of a peptide lead for the discovery of a novel PTP1B-binding motif.

Examination of the PTP1B inhibitory potency of an extensive series of phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) mimetics (Xxx) expressed in the EGFr-derived hexapeptide platform Ac-Asp-Ala-Asp-Xxx-Leu-amide previously...
Microfossil biostratigraphy of prograding Neogene platform-margin carbonates, Bahamas: Age constraints and alternatives

Abstract Benthic and planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils were recovered in shallow-water carbonate rock cores from two continuous boreholes drilled 7.5 km apart on the west platform margin of the Great Bahama Bank. The microfossils define six biostratigraphic units in each hole. One unit in each hole represents a correlative condensed section. Seven foraminiferal biozones are recognized in 11 of the units between the holes: middle Miocene Globorotalia fohsi robusta Zone N12, late Miocene G. acostaensis Zone N16 and G. humerosa Zone N17, early Pliocene G. margaritae evoluta Subzone N19, late Pliocene G. exilis Subzone N21 and, tentatively, G. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21, and early Pleistocene G. crassaformis viola Subzone N22. The twelfth unit is inferred to be of G. crassaformis viola Subzone N22 age. The oldest unit is onshore, the youngest is offshore. As presently interpreted, the nannofossil and foraminiferal zonations are partially correlative. Although the microfossils unequivocally constrain the series ages of the sediments, the incompleteness of the fossil record allows for alternative biozonal age models within the series. The Miocene and Pliocene biozones are common to both holes, but the greatest similarities between the holes are the significant mixing of middle and late Miocene, and late Miocene-early Pliocene faunas, the greatly condensed intervals at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and the early Pliocene influx of deep-water benthic and pelagic foraminifera. Of particular importance is the tentative recognition of late Pliocene G. tosaensis tosaensis Zone N21 in one borehole. Subsequent data not available to this phase of the study indicate that much of the zone is likely missing. Its absence will lend support to speculations of a regional unconformity in the Bahamas. The microfossils indicate that (1) several transgressions occurred from the middle Miocene to at least the earliest Pleistocene (> 11.5–> 0.46 Ma), during which banktop-derived sediments accumulating at the margin prograded the platform seaward; (2) a condensed interval on the bank top may represent a late Miocene lowstand, a period of sediment bypassing, or a lack of accommodation space; (3) the slope received thin layers of pelagic sediments in a condensed interval during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, while the bank top accommodated early Pliocene (4.2–3.4 Ma) deep-water indicators prior to a likely period of exposure (2.35 - 1.89 Ma); (4) two cycles of banktop sediment production and starvation occurred during the Pliocene; (5) the Pliocene transgression was punctuated by stillstands or low-amplitude reversals during which parts of biozones did not accumulate; and (6) the sediments containing the most complete microfossil-datum record are the thin pelagic strata that mark interruptions in the regular shedding of transgressive deposits from the platform. Sedimentation-rate patterns varied but were generally higher offshore than onshore.
Similarity of nuclear and microsomal cytochromes P-450 in the in vitro activation of aflatoxin B1.

Abstract The metabolism of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by rat liver nuclear and microsomal preparations was examined using covalent binding of AFB1 to nucleic acids as an index of activation. Nuclear activation of AFB1 was induced by treatment of rats with either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. The nuclear enzymes catalyzed AFB1 binding to endogenous nucleic acids (principally DNA) but the binding was considerably enhanced over a wide concentration range of AFB1 (2–500 μM) by the addition of microsomal enzymes. Antibodies, prepared to microsomal cytochromes P-450, inhibited metabolism of both AFB1 and the model substrate 7-ethoxycoumarin in microsomal and nuclear preparations; antigen-antibody specificity was observed with regard to induction of the animals used for preparation of the enzymes. Immunodiffusion studies also indicated that microsomal and nuclear cytochromes P-450 are similar. The AFB1-dna adducts produced by nuclei and microsomes were identical as judged by high pressure liquid chromatography of hydrolysates.
Effect of polycations and polyanions on cell division of cultured mammalian cells

Abstract The polycations (H1 histone and polylysine) and polyanions (heparin and various RNA preparations) stimulate cell division of cultured mammalian cells. The mechanism by which both polycations (H1 histone and polylysine) and polyanions (heparin and RNA) may increase the rate of cell division are discussed.
Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5α-reductase deficiency—A model for the role of androgens in both the development of the male phenotype and the evolution of a male gender identity

Abstract Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5α-reductase deficiency is reviewed. At birth, the affected males (46 XY) have a clitoral-like phallus, bifid scrotum and urogenital sinus with the testes in the inguinal canals or labial-scrotal folds. At puberty, a muscular male habitus develops with growth of the phallus and without gynecomastia. When compared to aged matched male controls the mean plasm testosterone (T) levels in affected adults are significantly higher; while the mean plasma 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels are significantly lower. The plasma T:DHT ratios range from 24 to 84, compared to a normal range of 8–16. After administration of hCG, the T:DHT ratios in the affected prepubertal male children range from 35 to 172 compared to a range of 3–26 in the controls. The metabolic clearance rates of T and DHT are normal, but the conversion ratio of T to DHT is decreased to less than 1%. The endogenous mean urinary etiocholanolone (5β) to androsterone (5α) ratios, and the urinary 5β to 5α ratios after infusion of radioactive T are significantly higher than in normal males. Studies with cortisol and corticosterone (11-oxo, C-21) Δ4–11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-deoxy, C-19) and testosterone and androstenedione (11-deoxy, C-19) have shown that the fractional conversion of the infused parent steroids to 5α reduced produced products is markedly decreased in individuals with 5α-reductase deficiency and may reflect a generalized defect in steroid metabolism. Decreased 5α-reductase activity has been demonstrated in fibroblasts cultured from nongenital and genital skin of affected subjects, in cell free extracts from epididymis and fibroblasts cultured from genital skin and in genital skin slices. Characterization of the enzyme activity in four kindreds reveals that 5α-reductase enzyme activity in each kindred has different properties. Pedigree analysis from the large Dominican kindred reveals inheritance to be autosomal recessive. This model of inheritance is further documented by the fact that some sibling sisters show the same biochemical defect, and obligate carrier parents show an intermediate defect. The affected subjects provide a clinical model for delineating the roles of T and DHT in sexual differentiation and development. Because of the appearance of the genitalia at birth, 18 of the affected males from the Dominican kindred were raised as girls. Extensive psychosexual evaluation was conducted by interviewing the affected subjects, parents, siblings and wives, and it was found that in spite of the rearing as female throughout childhood 16 of 18 changed gender identity and role with puberty. We conclude that in the formation of male gender identity, normal T exposures of the brain in utero and at puberty are major contributing factors. Thus, in normal males the formation of gender identity is at least partially androgen induced.
NEW GENUS ALLOCATION FOR THE CAVERNICOLE NICOLETIIDS (INSECTA: ZYGENTOMA) OF ARUBA AND DESCRIPTION OF THEIR PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN MALES

Abstract Cubacubana arubana Mendes 1986, was described from only two female specimens. We describe the male morphology for the first time. Males have the diagnostic articulated submedian appendages on urosternum IV found in specimens of the genus Anelpistina, and Anelpistina arubana, n. comb., is proposed. DNA sequences of 16S rRNA also indicate that the species is widely distributed throughout caves of Aruba and not restricted to the single type locality cave.
Fabrication of segmented nanofibers by template wetting of multilayered alternating polymer thin films

Segmented polystyrene (PS) and poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanofibers were fabricated by wetting nanoporous alumina templates with multilayered polymer thin films. The order and thickness of the polymers within the thin films affected the resulting nanofiber morphology, PS and PMMA segment properties, and created unique core-shell structure in the PMMA segments. The core-shell structure suggests a complex wetting phenomenon. Fabrication of polymer nanostructures by wetting of layered thin films opens the arena of multifunctional, one-dimensional, polymer nanostructures with segments having individual and specific functionalities.
C−H Bond Activation with Actinides: The First Example of Intramolecular Ring Bite of a Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Methyl Group

Thermolysis of (C5Me5)2U(NAd)2, 1 (Ad = 1-adamantyl), in benzene or hexane results in the intramolecular C−H bond activation of a methyl group on a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand across the two imido functional groups. The product of this reaction has been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. The activation product is a reduced U(IV) metallocene bis(amide) complex with an N-bound methylene unit derived from the methyl group attached to one amide group. The activation parameters for this process have been determined; the results are consistent with a simple unimolecular process. This is the first example of intramolecular activation of a (C5Me5) methyl C−H bond in an actinide complex.
Airline in-flight entertainment: the passengers’ perspective

Abstract Following relaxation of economic regulation in many aviation markets, the competition amongst airlines has intensified in recent years. This has resulted in improvements in airline products, especially in the in-flight services. One of the areas on which airlines have focused their attention is the provision of personal in-flight entertainment (IFE). In 1998, airlines spent $1.8 billion on IFE. However, the industry is faced with a number of questions in relation to such levels of investment: Are the investments justified? Does IFE influence passengers’ choice of airline? Does IFE have a revenue-generating potential? What does the future hold as far as the IFE services are concerned? This paper addresses these questions based on a passengers survey and literature review. The results indicate that while IFE is not amongst the primary factors affecting passengers’ choice, it contributes greatly to passengers’ satisfaction with airline services. While provision of IFE can currently act as a differentiating factor, in the future it will become part of passengers’ expectations. It has also become apparent that, while IFE has the potential to generate some revenue, it would not be enough to cover the total costs associated with the installation and running of IFE systems. The impact of IFE would be felt, indirectly, through increase in passenger loyalty which should have a positive impact on airline revenues.
Endocrine Mechanisms of Puberty in Heifers: Estradiol Negative Feedback Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

The hypothesis that luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in prepubertal females is responsive to estradiol negative feedback and that decreased feedback occurs as puberty approaches was tested in heifers. In the first experiment, seven heifers were maintained prepubertal by dietary energy restriction until 508 days of age (Day 0). All heifers were placed on a high-energy diet on Day 0 at which time they received no additional treatment (CONT), were ovariectomized (OVX) or were ovariectomized and subcutaneously implanted with estradiol-17 beta (OVX-E2). This feeding regimen was used to synchronize reproductive state in all heifers. A second experiment was performed with 16 prepubertal heifers using the same treatments at 266 days (Day 0) of age (CONT, OVX and OVX-E2) but no dietary intake manipulation. In both experiments, LH secretion increased rapidly following ovariectomy in OVX heifers. In the initial experiment, LH secretion was maintained at a low level in OVX-E2 heifers until a synchronous rapid increase was noted coincidental with puberty in the CONT heifer. In the second experiment, LH secretion increased gradually in OVX-E2 heifers and attained castrate levels coincidental with puberty in CONT heifers. A gradual increase in LH secretion occurred as puberty approached in CONT heifers. These results indicate that: a) LH secretion in prepubertal heifers is responsive to estradiol negative feedback; and b) estradiol negative feedback decreases during the prepubertal period in beef heifers.
Maintaining connected components for infinite graph streams

We present an algorithm to maintain the connected components of a graph that arrives as an infinite stream of edges. We formalize the algorithm on X-stream, a new parallel theoretical computational model for infinite streams. Connectivity-related queries, including component spanning trees, are supported with some latency, returning the state of the graph at the time of the query. Because an infinite stream may eventually exceed the storage limits of any number of finite-memory processors, we assume an aging command or daemon where "uninteresting" edges are removed when the system nears capacity. Following an aging command the system will block queries until its data structures are repaired, but edges will continue to be accepted from the stream, never dropped. The algorithm will not fail unless a model-specific constant fraction of the aggregate memory across all processors is full. In normal operation, it will not fail unless aggregate memory is completely full.Unlike previous theoretical streaming models designed for finite graphs that assume a single shared memory machine or require arbitrary-size intemediate files, X-stream distributes a graph over a ring network of finite-memory processors. Though the model is synchronous and reminiscent of systolic algorithms, our implementation uses an asynchronous message-passing system. We argue the correctness of our X-stream connected components algorithm, and give preliminary experimental results on synthetic and real graph streams.
Three-dimensional microfluidic collagen hydrogels for investigating flow-mediated tumor-endothelial signaling and vascular organization.

Hyperpermeable tumor vessels are responsible for elevated interstitial fluid pressure and altered flow patterns within the tumor microenvironment. These aberrant hydrodynamic stresses may enhance t...
Sphaleron production in high energy two particle collisions

Abstract I estimate the amplitude for producing a classical vector (W) field configuration with non-zero Chern-Simons number in a high energy q q collision. The calculation is performed within a Minkowski framework, with use made of amplitudes derived for multigluon processes in unbroken gauge theories. The degree of suppression (or non-suppression) of the process depends on the detailed structure of the field configuration. Thus, although it is difficult to assess whether the amplitude is sizeable in the 10 TeV region, there seems to be no a priori reason why electroweak baryon number violation (which, in a Minkowski space formulation, requires the generation of the field configurations considered here) should be suppressed in high energy collisions.
Medications, Comorbidities, and Medical Complications in Stroke Survivors: The CAReS Study

Stroke survivors enter rehabilitation units with many medical comorbidities and often experience significant complications during their stays. The 97 stroke survivors discharged home in this study received prescriptionsfor a mean of 11.3 medications from 5.4 different drug classifications. There were significant correlations between the number of comorbidities and after stroke complications and the number of different classifications of drugs that were ordered. This article (1) identifies the types of medications prescribed for stroke survivors who are being discharged home from rehabilitation, (2) explores correlations between medication prescriptions and the number of stroke-related comorbidities and medical complications, (3) identifies the cost of medications and the potential effect of medication costs on stroke survivors, and (4) discusses the nurse's role in preparing stroke survivors and their caregivers for medication use after discharge. Rehabilitation nurses bear the major responsibility for teaching stroke survivors and their caregivers about their discharge medications.
Urinary and faecal excretion of metabolizes of tyrosine and phenylalanine in a patient with cystic fibrosis and severely impaired amino acid absorption

In a patient with severely impaired amino acid absorption and cystic fibrosis, the urinary excretion of metabolites of phenylalanine and tyrosine was found to be highly increased. Presumably, for the greater part, these metabolites are products of bacterial degradation of the amino acids in the intestinal lumen. The main urinary metabolites were phenylacetic (con j.+ free), benzoic (conj.+ free), p-hydroxyphenylacetic and p-hydroxybenzoic (conj.+ free) acids; the first two represent a considerable percentage of phenylalanine intake and the latter two that of tyrosine intake. Minor urinary metabolites, probably typical for tyrosine malabsorption, were p-hydroxyphenylpropionic and p-hydroxyphenylacrylic acids; the latter compound, however, occurs seldom or never. In the faeces were found small amounts of p-hydroxyphenylpropionic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-hydroxybenzoic and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acids, all derived from tyrosine. Also small quantities of the phenylalanine metabolites phenylacetic and benzoic acid were present. Faecal excretion of the metabolites was clearly less than their urinary elimination. The analytical data obtained from urine and faeces indicate that the tyrosine ammonia-lyase pathway and possibly also the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway are important metabolic routes of intestinal bacteria. The urinary excretion of phenyl acids and p-hydroxyphenyl acids may be an important parameter for phenylalanine and tyrosine malabsorption.
Acylhydroperoxide oxidations of the anticancer agent hexamethylmelamine

Abstract The clinically effective anticancer agent hexamethylmelamine undergoes an unusual acylhydroperoxide oxidative transformation to give the novel product 2,4-bis(dimethylamino)-6-[(dimethylamino)oxy]-1,3,5-triazine.
Effects of short‐term crowding on aggression in captive groups of pigtail monkeys (macaca nemestrina)

Agonistic behaviors of 14 groups of pigtail monkeys were monitored under 2 spatial conditions, normal living space and half that amount of space. Aggression occurred less frequently in the crowded than in the relatively less crowded condition. The results of this study resemble those of some analogous research on human children, and they suggest that nonhuman primate models of crowding stress and aggression may be especially appropriate.
The Hospital's Role in Improving Survival of Patients With Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health problem. Unfortunately, in spite of recurring updated guidelines, survival of patients with OHCA had been unchanged for decades. Recently, new approaches to patients with OHCA during the community and prehospital phases of therapy for cardiac arrest have resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival. Further improvement in survival has resulted from hospitals designated as Cardiac Receiving Centers. These centers are committed to the treatment of post-cardiac arrest syndrome by providing 24/7 therapeutic mild hypothermia, urgent cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention, evidence-based termination of resuscitation protocols that limit premature withdrawal of care, protocol to address organ donation, commitment of cardiocerebral resuscitation training in their community, and a commitment and proven ability of data collection to assure that instituted changes result in improved survival. This newer aspect of hospital practice is an aspect that needs to be embraced by either becoming a Cardiac Receiving Center or partnering with other hospitals that can provide this critically important service.
Quality of reporting on randomised controlled trials of auriculotherapy for pain

Objective The authors investigated the quality of reporting for randomised controlled trials of auriculotherapy for pain before and after the implementation of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. Methods The authors identified randomised controlled trials of auriculotherapy that measured pain or pain medication use as a primary outcome and were published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Proportions of studies that reported STRICTA and CONSORT items were compared for the years before and after implementation of STRICTA (2001) using Fisher9s exact tests. Global differences across all study factors were investigated using hierarchical clustering and principle component analysis (PCA). Results 15 studies met our inclusion criteria. On average, 11 studies (74%) reported STRICTA items and eight studies (54%) reported CONSORT items. Differences in reporting between pre and post-STRICTA studies were found for two CONSORT items (randomised sequence and treatment provider) but no STRICTA items. However, the results of cluster analysis and PCA detected global differences over time for both STRICTA and CONSORT items. Conclusion Quality of reporting for studies of auriculotherapy for pain appears to have generally improved since the implementation of STRICTA and CONSORT guidelines.
Motivating the uninvolved worker: some conceptual and empirical observations

This paper focuses on the issue of whether less involved workers are affected by conventional management practices such as group involvement, merit pay, and participative management. The findings suggest that while these management practices have some influence on the performance of uninvolved employees, that uninvolved employees are behaviorally distinct from more actively involved workers. As a consequence, it may be prudent for managers in the public sector to develop management practices and approaches specifically designed to stimulate low involvement employees.
SU‐FF‐T‐60: Accuracy of Varian Eclipse Dynamic Conformal Arc Dose Calculation

Purpose: Dynamic conformal arc (DCA) treatments, in which the aperture is continuously modified to conform to the beams‐eye‐view of the target as the gantry rotates, are potentially the fastest and most efficient method of delivering a conformal treatment, while still achieving results comparable to IMRT. DCA could make stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) more practical and cost‐effective. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the accuracy of the DCA algorithm of the Varian Eclipse radiation treatment planning system (RTPS).Method and Materials: DCA plans were made for patients who had already received SBRT for Stage I NSCLC or IMRT for prostate cancer. The accuracy of the dose calculation was tested by two methods: The plan was mapped onto a cylindrical plastic phantom, the dose distribution in the phantom was calculated using the same monitor units. Then an ionization chamber was placed in the center of the phantom, the phantom was set up with the chamber at isocenter and the treatment was performed. In the second method, a DCA plan was mapped to a two‐dimensional (2D) ionization chamber array, with the plane of the array at isocenter. The dose distribution was calculated in the plane of the array. This phantom was also set up with the isocenter in the center of the chamber array and the treatment was performed. Results: The point doses measured with an ionization chamber in a cylindrical phantom agreed within ±2% with those predicted by the Eclipse RTPS. The gamma factor for the comparison between the measured and calculated doses in the plane of the 2D chamber array was less than 1 for 95% of the pixels. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the Eclipse DCA can accurately predict dose distributions. Research sponsored by Varian Medical Systems.
A Computational Model of Nitric Oxide Production and Transport in a Parallel Plate Flow Chamber

We developed a mathematical model to investigate the production and transport of nitric oxide (NO) generated by a monolayer of cultured endothelial cells exposed to flow in a parallel plate flow chamber. The objectives were to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting experimental observations and to suggest a quantitative relationship between shear stress and NO production rate. NO production was described as a combination of a basal production rate term and a shear-dependent term. Our results show that the shear stress-dependence of the production of NO by the endothelium influences the nature of mass transport within the boundary layer. We found that the steady state NO concentration near the endothelial surface exhibits a biphasic dependence on shear stress, in which at low flow, NO concentration decreases owing to the enhanced removal by convective transport while only at higher shear stresses does the increased production cause an increase in NO concentration. The unsteady response to step changes in flow exhibits transient fluctuations in NO that can be explained by time-dependent changes in the diffusive and convective mass transport as the concentration profile evolves. Our results indicate that this model can be used to determine the relationship between shear stress and NO production rate from measurements of NO concentration.
Changes in willingness to self-manage pain among children and adolescents and their parents enrolled in an intensive interdisciplinary pediatric pain treatment program

The importance of willingness to adopt a self-management approach to chronic pain has been demonstrated in the context of cognitive-behaviorally oriented interdisciplinary pain treatment programs for adults, both as a treatment outcome and as a process that facilitates functional improvements. Willingness to self-manage pain has not been studied in pediatric interdisciplinary pain treatment settings. Study aims were (1) to investigate willingness to self-manage pain among children and parents undergoing intensive interdisciplinary pain treatment and (2) to determine whether increased willingness to self-manage pain influenced functional treatment outcomes. A total of 157 children ages 10 to 18 and their parents enrolled in a pediatric pain rehabilitation program completed the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ youth and parent versions) at pretreatment, posttreatment, and short-term follow-up. They also reported on pain, functional disability, depressive symptoms, fear of pain, and use of passive and accommodative coping strategies. Results show that willingness to self-manage pain increased during treatment among both children and parents, with gains maintained at follow-up. Increases in children's readiness to self-manage pain from pretreatment to posttreatment were associated with decreases in functional disability, depressive symptoms, fear of pain, and use of adaptive coping strategies. Increases in parents' readiness to adopt a pain self-management approach were associated with changes in parent-reported fear of pain but not with other child outcomes. Few associations emerged between pretreatment willingness to self-manage pain and posttreatment outcomes. Findings suggest that interdisciplinary pediatric pain rehabilitation may facilitate increased willingness to self-manage pain, which is associated with improvements in function and psychological well-being.
High-energy 595 nm pulsed dye laser improves refractory port-wine stains.

BACKGROUND Port-wine stains respond quite well to 585 nm pulsed dye laser treatment, but often clearance is not complete. We investigated a prototype, a high-energy 595 nm pulsed dye laser capable of delivering up to 9.5 J/cm2 using a 10 mm circular spot, with a 1.5 ms pulse duration. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine if the high-energy, 595 nm, variable-pulse duration pulsed dye laser could improve port-wine stains that had become refractory to conventional treatment. METHODS Twenty patients were entered into the study and treated with the high-energy, 595 nm, variable-pulse duration pulsed dye laser using fluences ranging from 7.5 to 9.5 J/cm2, a 1.5 ms pulse duration, and a 10 mm spot size. RESULTS Average improvement was rated as 40% prior to the initiation of the study after an average of 8.8 treatments at an average energy of 7.9 J/cm2 with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser and 76% following an average of 3.1 treatments with the high-energy 595 nm pulsed dye laser using an average fluence of 7.9 J/cm2. Dermal spectrometer erythema measurements improved from 2.2-fold that of normal skin to 1.5-fold that of unaffected skin. CONCLUSIONS The high-energy 595 nm pulsed dye laser improves port-wine stains that have become refractory to the conventional 585 nm pulsed dye laser.
Evidence for dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of prolactin cell function in the female Syrian hamster.

Since the exact nature of the hypothalamic regulation of prolactin (PRL) cell activity in the photosensitive female Syrian hamster is unknown, the present investigation was designed to determine whether dopamine (DA), a physiological PRL-inhibitory hormone in the rat, inhibits the synthesis and release of female hamster PRL in vitro via a DA receptor-mediated mechanism. Anterior pituitary glands from long photoperiod-exposed adult female Syrian hamsters were incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of DA (5 nM, 500nM and 50 uM) in Kreb's Ringer Bicarbonate medium for 2 hours following a preincubation period of 1 hour in medium not containing DA. While PRL synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine into PRL, was unaffected by DA, the release of immunoreactive (RIA)-PRL into the medium was inhibited by 55% and 53% by 500 nM and 50 uM DA, respectively; however, these same concentrations of DA inhibited the release of H-PRL into the medium by only 25% and 23%, respectively. The DA...
Artificial feeding of neonatal rats.

Newborn rats, fed either cow's milk or rat's milk by tube, developed a "bloat" and the time required for emptying the stomach increased. When these animals were allowed to suckle on nonlactating foster mothers, no evidence of this syndrome was observed. Based on these observations, a technique was developed for the artificial feeding of newborn rats. When the diet was rat's milk, growth equivalent to that of animals fed solely by lactating females was obtained. A diet of cow's milk did not support adequate growth.
A Route to Water‐Soluble Molecularly Templated Nanoparticles Using Click Chemistry and Alkyne‐Functionalized Hyperbranched Polyglycerol

Cored polymeric nanoparticles were prepared using an adenosine template and allylated hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs). The HPGs contained a single alkyne that was capable of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a decaazido aden- osine template to facilitate the rapid synthesis of HPGs containing a large number of allyl end-groups. Ring closing metathesis (RCM) mediated cross-linking at high dilution using a Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst produced single polymer nanoparticles containing a single template. These particles were rendered water-soluble through treatment with osmium tetroxide and NMO co-oxidant. After hydrolytic removal of the template, the nanoparticles were tested for their ability to bind a variety of nucleosides and nucleobases and showed a preference for purine bases over pyrimi- dine bases. This is the first reported use of hyperbranched polymers for the synthesis of monomolecularly imprinted polymers (mMIPs) as well as the first time monomo - lecular imprinting has been applied to a homogeneous aqueous system.
Laboratory verification of modeling for a cycloconverter-fed microprocessor-controlled self-synchronous motor

The first known numerical simulation is presented of a cycloconverter-link self-synchronous motor drive operated by a discrete-time speed controller. Theoretically predicted and laboratory-measured transient and steady-state performances are compared to assess the accuracy of the model. The correlation between predictions made by the average value of motor phase current base simulation and the laboratory-measured performance shows that the model is quite adequate for steady-state analysis. Furthermore, the model offers close prediction of speed during transient conditions, indicating that the associated half-cycle average values of current and torque were reasonably accurate, although the capability of measuring the variables was not available. In addition, the general describing equations of motor phase currents during the commutation overlap interval are derived and numerically solved. Measured and predicted commutation overlap intervals for steady-state conditions are compared. >
Rod bipolar array in the cat retina: Pattern of input from rods and GABA‐accumulating amacrine cells

The potential and actual connections between rod and rod bipolar arrays in the area centralis of the cat retina were studied by electron microscopy of serial ultrathin sections. In the region studied there were about 378,000 rods/mm2 and 36,000-47,000 rod bipolars/mm2. The tangential spread of rod bipolar dendrites was 11.2 pm in diameter, and the "coverage factor" for the rod bipolar cell was 3.5-4.6. We estimate that about 37 rods potentially converge on a rod bipolar cell and that one rod potentially diverges to about four rod bipolar cells. The actual connections, however, are less than this by about half: 16-20 rods actually converge on a bipolar cell and one rod actually diverges to slightly less than two rod bipolar cells. The degree of convergence appears to reflect a compromise between the need to signal graded stimulus intensities (requiring wide convergence) and the need to maintain a good signalhoise ratio (requiring narrow convergence). Amacrine varicosities that provide reciprocal contact at the rod bipolar dyad were studied in serial electron microscopic autoradiograms following intraocular administration of 3H-GABA or 3H-glycine. More that 90% of the reciprocal amacrine processes accumulated GABA in a specific fashion. This information, in conjunction with Nelson's recordings from the rod bipolar and amacrine cells postsynaptic at the dyad (Nelson et al: Invest. Ophthab mol. 15:946-953, '76; Kolb and Nelson: Vision Res. 23:301-312, '831, suggests that feedback at the rod bipolar output might be positive.
Multipath energy combining for fast UWB acquisition without channel knowledge

In this paper, we study the effectiveness of the multipath energy combining for the coarse acquisition of UWB signals. The performances of different detectors, including single pulse correlator (SPC), energy detector (ED), and transmittedreference (TR), are derived and compared in terms of the mean acquisition time (MAT) and the false acquisition rate (FAR) using flow graph analysis in a two-step random search framework. The results show that both the ED and the TR can achieve a lower acquisition time than the SPC under the same FAR constraint due to their multipath energy combining capabilities. Simulation results also reveal that the ED scheme is more vulnerable to multiuser interference than the TR and the SPC schemes.
Flexible multimodal camera using a light field architecture

We present a modified conventional camera that is able to collect multimodal images in a single exposure. Utilizing a light field architecture in conjunction with multiple filters placed in the pupil plane of a main lens, we are able to digitally reconstruct synthetic images containing specific spectral, polarimetric, and other optically filtered data. The ease with which these filters can be exchanged and reconfigured provides a high degree of flexibility in the type of information that can be collected with each image. This paper explores the various tradeoffs involved in implementing a pinhole array in parallel with a pupil-plane filter array to measure multi-dimensional optical data from a scene. It also examines the design space of a pupil-plane filter array layout. Images are shown from different multimodal filter layouts, and techniques to maximize resolution and minimize error in the synthetic images are proposed.
Comparison of subcapsular and total orchiectomy for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether subcapsular orchiectomy provides suboptimal treatment of metastatic prostate cancer when used to avoid the psychologic consequences of the empty scrotum that results from total orchiectomy. Methods We compared testosterone and prostate-specific antigen levels and survival of 37 patients who underwent total orchiectomy and 37 patients who underwent subcapsular orchiectomy for metastatic prostate cancer. Results The two groups of 37 patients were similar by clinical parameters. Postoperatively, testosterone levels were 21 ± 11 ng/dL for subcapsular versus 21 ± 9 ng/dL for total orchiectomy patients. Tumor response was similar in the two groups when assessed by prostate-specific antigen measured 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. Survival was similar when assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis ( P = 0.76). Conclusions Subcapsular orchiectomy is a viable option for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. UROLOGY ® 47 : 402–404, 1996.
Powering the Planet

The following article is an edited transcript based on the plenary presentation given by Nathan S. Lewis (California Institute of Technology) on April 11, 2007, at the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting in San Francisco.
Gendering the Market Temporality, Work, and Gender on a National Futures Exchange

Drawing on ethnographic data collected on the trading floor of a large, Midwestern commodities exchange, I show how attention to variations in the pace of work within an overwhelmingly male-dominated workplace reveals different repertoires of gender. During periods of market activity, gender is constituted within a language of competence. Seemingly gender-neutral categories such as handling pressure, being aggressive, and being physical mask a gendered logic. By contrast, during downtime in the market, gender reemerges as a more overtly sexualized form of difference. Jokes and references to women's bodies make gender a more overtly salient characteristic of the trading floor. More careful attention to the meanings of gender draws attention to both overt and covert gendered logics in the construction of a gendered workplace.
Bioadhesive analysis of controlled-release systems. IV. An experimental method for testing the adhesion of microparticles with mucus

Abstract A new and simple method for testing and classifying the bioadhesive behavior of polymeric microparticles with or without drugs is presented. The method is used to determine the adhesive forces between solid polymeric microparticles of diameter up to 200 μm in contact with natural mucosa or with a mucin gel. A theoretical analysis is presented in order to calculate the adhesive characteristics of spherical microparticles in contact with mucus.