cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participant perspectives on mitigated interactions: The impact of imposition and uncertainty

Abstract The present study, regarding the influence of imposition and uncertainty on mitigation, explored speakers’ and listeners’ perspectives on mitigation in interaction. Participants assessed the video playbacks of their own role play interactions, relating to four contexts. The four contexts, which combined imposition and certitude to manipulate mitigation, provoked interactions about: a missing car (severe imposition/uncertain), a stolen car (severe imposition/certain), a missing glass pitcher (mild imposition/uncertain), and a broken glass pitcher (mild imposition/certain). Following creation of 56 dyadic role plays, participant perspective data was collected using playback comments. The comments about the interactions, categorized initially through a grounded approach to qualitative analysis, expressed emotion words, discourse purposes, and discourse evaluations. Some of the notable findings were that too much mitigation may be detrimental and that speakers and listeners differ in the emotion words used to characterize their interactions and also their tendency to address discourse purposes or evaluations. Recommendations for future mitigation research included using both role play and naturally occurring interactions, an increased consideration of emotion in mitigation research, and further examination of the role of speaker and listener in mitigated interactions.
Life Histories of Some Kansas “Backswimmers.”

The “backswimmers” or Notonectidae consists of ten genera and approximately one hundred fifty described species. The life histories of scarcely half a dozen are known. That of only one American species has been in any way completely followed.
Occupational differentiation by typological analysis

Abstract The study aims were (a) to test by typological analysis whether members of six occupational groups could be distinguished on the basis of their interest profiles; and (b) to compare the relative effectiveness of summary scores and items in distinguishing among the six occupational groups. SVIBs were available on samples of artists, farmers, ministers, physicists, real estate salesmen, and newsmen. A typological analysis was applied separately to the 14 interest scores and the 198 item responses of 40 members of the six occupational groups. The analysis recovered all six occupational groups when total scores were used but only five groups when items responses were used as descriptors.
Axial nonuniformities and flow in columns for capillary electrochromatography.

Unlike in capillary zone electrophoresis and microscale high-performance liquid chromatography, columns in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) have discontinuities of the electric field strength and the flow velocity at the interface of the packed and open segments of the column. The goal of the present work is to offer a framework for measuring and interpreting the relevant electrochromatographic parameters such as the electric field strength, the potential drop, and the flow velocity in the packed segment of a CEC column. This would help us gain further insight in the electrochromatographic process and facilitate the design of CEC separation technology and comparison of data from different sources. First, the flow of ions that is governed by the conservation of current is analyzed and the potential drop across the packed and open segments of the column calculated. Then, conservation of volumetric flow rate is used to calculate the flow velocities through the two segments and, further, to estimate the ...
57Fe Mössbauer effect evidence for magnetostriction in UFe2

Abstract Temperature dependent 57Fe Mossbauer experiments on UFe2 have shown that above Tc (158 K) the logarithm of the reoil-free fraction is a linear function of temperature, with θM = 325 K. Below Tc there is a non-linear increase in z.hsl which is interpreted in terms of a reduction in the mean square amplitude of the iron atom motion associated with magnetostriction of the unit cell.
Improvements in robotic natural orifice surgery with a novel material handling system

Background Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has many potential advantages over other minimally invasive surgical techniques, but it presents a number of challenges introduced by the restrictive natural access points. Fully insertable dexterous in vivo robots have been developed that eliminate the spatial restrictions of the entry point, but they also are isolated within the abdomen. A material handling system (MHS) developed to bridge the gap between the in vivo robots and the surgical team promises a number of improvements over other current technologies.
Kinematical and orbital properties for selected southern high — Velocity stars

Using the model of the Galaxy presented by Eggen, Lynden-Bell and Sandage (1962), plane galactic orbits have been calculated for several southern high-velocity stars which possess parallax, proper motion, and radial velocity data. Extensive lists of both raw and computed data for these stars are included. Published values ofU-B andB-V for some of these stars were used in plots of each of the orbital parameters versusU-B, B-V, or the ultraviolet excess δ(U-B). Also, a comparison is made between the H-R diagrams for the southern high-velocity star group and that of M3, a globular cluster, and again for M67, an old open cluster. The high-velocity star group is found to resemble an old open cluster more than a globular cluster.
On asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators for parabolic stochastic PDE's

We investigate asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimators for parameters occurring in parabolic SPDEs of the form $$du(t,x) = (A_0 + \theta A_1 )u(t,x)dt + dW(t,x),$$ whereA 0 andA 1 are partial differential operators andW is a cylindrical Brownian motion. We introduce a spectral method for computing MLEs based on finite dimensional approximations to solutions of such systems, and establish criteria for consistency, asymptotic normality and asymptotic efficiency as the dimension of the approximation goes to infinity. We derive the asymptotic properties of the MLE from a condition on the order of the operators. In particular, the MLE is consistent if and only if ord(A 1)≧1/2(ord(A 0+θA 1)−d).
Trauma Interventions and Systems Change in Rural Areas: The Role of the Juvenile Court Judge in Collaboration with Mental Health Professionals

This article will focus on the evolution of the collaborative work of the Louisiana Rural Trauma Services Center (LRTSC), a Center within the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, and the 23rd Judicial District, a jurisdiction in south Louisiana serving three rural parishes. We will describe how the collaboration and joint efforts, and the changes that have been made in terms of availability of evaluation and treatment resources, seem to be influencing both the educational and judicial systems in St. James Parish and potential sustainability of some of the identified resources. The article will examine how the court and the LRTSC work together with emphasis on the evaluation, reporting and recommendation processes, outcomes and benefits to date, and challenges for the future.
Fine structure energies for the 1s2s 3S-1s2p 3P transition in helium-like ions

We have measured the 1s2s 3S1-1s2p 3P0 and 1s2s 3S1-1s2p 3P2 fine structure transition wavelengths in the helium-like Ar16+ ion, using the beam-foil spectroscopy technique with position-sensitive photon detection. The wavelength results have precisions of < 30 ppm and are sensitive to the total QED corrections to < 0.5%. The measurements confirm the significance of (Zα)4-dependent relativistic corrections to the n = 2 state fine structures suggested by recent calculations. The small remaining discrepancies between these measurements and the accurate theoretical values suggest that the magnitude of uncalculated higher order QED terms is about 0.15(Zα)4 a.u. The status of our experimental search for the 3S13P0 transition in Ni26+ is discussed.
Copper T 380A IUD and magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Background Concerns about women who have implanted or in situ medical devices undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging engender the need for testing. Prior testing of the Copper T 380A intrauterine device (IUD) has been done using MR systems of 1.5 T or less. This study was performed to test this IUD in a MR system of 3.0 T. Materials and Methods In vitro safety testing was done via the Copper T 380A IUD using a GE Signa LX 3.0-T MR system. Variables tested included deflection, torque, heating and artifact. Results No significant deflection, torque, heating or artifact was found in this in vitro testing model. Conclusion The outcomes measured revealed no safety concerns for the use of the Copper T 380A IUD at 3.0 T under the conditions of testing. This finding is compatible with the new standards adopted by the American Society for Testing and Materials and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with a rating of “MR Conditional.”
A struggle to contextualize photographic images: American print media and the “Burning Monk”

On June 11, 1963, Thich Quang Duc sat in a lotus position in the middle of a busy Saigon intersection and set fire to himself. His self‐immolation was caught in an award‐winning series of photographs by Malcolm Browne. The “Burning Monk”; photographs — now recognized as some of the most powerful visual images to have come out of this period of history — became a frame through which many Americans perceived the events unfolding in South Vietnam during the Summer and Fall of 1963. This essay suggests that although these visual images engaged the American audience, their meaning — and thus the frame they provided — was the subject of a dispute within the American print media. How this frame was constructed depended largely upon whether the images were situated against a backdrop of religious oppression, or a war for freedom against the communists.
Urinary tract infection in pediatric renal transplantation.

Abstract Urinary tract infection is a frequent complication following renal transplantation and represents a potential focus for systemic infection in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient. The incidence, etiologic factors, temporal pattern, bacteriology, and prognostic significance of urinary tract infection were determined by analysis of 85 renal allografts in 69 patients. Significant bacteriuria occurred after 49 of 85 transplants (58 per cent). The incidence of infection was not related to success or source of the allograft, but was related to patient gender. Urinary tract infections developed in 68 per cent of females, while only 43 per cent of males became infected (p
Nocturnal regulation of free fatty acids in healthy young and elderly men.

To determine the effects of age on nocturnal fuel regulation, we measured spontaneous plasma glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) levels as well as counterregulatory hormones in healthy young (n = 9, mean age 26 ± 3 years) and old (n = 10, mean age 69 ± 3 years) men from midnight to 8 am. FFA levels rose from midnight (660 ± 80 mEq/L for young subjects, 545 ± 55 mEq/L for old) to a peak mean level of 866 ± 110 mEq/L at 3 am in young and 713 ± 120 mEq/L at 1:30 am in old (P < .05). FFA levels declined thereafter for both groups. FFA levels were lower in older subjects (P < .05) but integrated glucose (P < .05) and insulin (P < .05) levels were higher. FFA levels were inversely related to integrated insulin (r = −0.46, P < .05) and glucose concentrations (r = −0.66, P < .05). Integrated insulin levels were significantly higher in older subjects, which may explain the lower FFA levels as may lower growth hormone levels in the older subjects. While fasting glucose responsivity to endogenous insulin is impaired in healthy older men, the FFA response appears to be preserved.
Characterization of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase from dark‐grown soybean seedlings

Purified preparations of NAD(H)-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH. EC 1.4.1.2) were assayed to determine the effects of mono- and divalent cations, nucleotides and elect carbon compounds on NAD(H)-dependent GDH activity. The amination reaction was stimulated 2- to 17-fold by divalent cations (Ca 2+ > Cd 2+ > Co 2+ > Mg 2+ > Mn 2+ > Zn 2+ between I and 1000 μM), but the reaction was unaffected by monovalent cations (Na + and K ). The amination reaction was most responsive to changes in Ca 2+ in a NADH-dependent manner. The addition of EDTA or EGTA nullified the stimulatory effects of Ca 2+ . Calmodulin alone or in combination with calmodulin antagonists did not affect the amination reaction. Divalent cations (at 1 mM) inhibited the rate of the deamination reaction by 15 to 25 while monovalent cations had no effect. ATP inhibited the amination reaction by 10 to 60 while ADP had little or no effect. ATP or ADP decreased the rate of the deamination reaction 23 to 60 or 20 to 38%, respectively. Many tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates inhibited the amination reaction, 20 to 50% of the inhibition could be attributed to the chelating capacity o intermediate Converse most of the carbon sources tested did not affect the deamination reaction, the only appreciable differences were increases in activity with sucrose (21%) and glucose (41%) and a decrease in activity with pyruvate (34%). Inhibitors of sulfhydryl groups were used to examine the importance of reduced thiol groups in the amination or deamination reactions. The amination was not dependent on reduced thiol groups, whereas the deamination reaction was dependent on reduced thiol groups.
Explicit momentum‐conserving integrator for dynamics of rigid bodies approximating the midpoint Lie algorithm

We reformulate the midpoint Lie algorithm, which is implicit in the torque calculation, to achieve explicitness in the torque evaluation. This is effected by approximating the impulse imparted over the time step with discrete impulses delivered at either the beginning of the time step or at the end of the time step. Thus, we obtain two related variants, both of which are explicit in the torque calculation, but only first order in the time step. Both variants are momentum conserving and both are symplectic. Consequently, drawing on the properties of the composition of maps, we introduce another algorithm that combines the two variants in a single time step. The resulting algorithm is explicit, momentum conserving, symplectic, and second order. Its accuracy is outstanding and consistently outperforms currently known implicit and explicit integrators.
A Multicenter Comparison of Outcomes Associated with Intravenous Nitroprusside and Nicardipine Treatment Among Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

No clinical data exist to compare outcomes between patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treated with different intravenous antihypertensive agents. This study was performed to compare outcomes among patients with ICH who were treated with intravenous infusion of different antihypertensive medications during the first 24 hours after admission. We analyzed one-year data (2005–2006) from the Premier database which is a nationally representative hospital discharge database containing data pertaining to admissions in the United States. We compared discharge outcomes, length of stay, and cost of hospitalization between groups of patients who were treated using either intravenous nicardipine or nitroprusside infusion. Chi-square and ANOVA were used for univariate analysis. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to adjust for baseline risk of mortality between the two groups. A total of 12,767 admissions with primary diagnosis of ICH were identified. Nicardipine was administered in 926 patients (7.3%) and nitroprusside was administered in 530 (4.3%) patients. There was no difference in baseline disease severity or risk of mortality among patients who were administered nicardipine or nitroprusside. After adjustment for baseline risk of mortality, the risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3–2.2) was higher among patients treated with nitroprusside compared with nicardipine. The risk of in-hospital mortality was also higher after adjustment for baseline risk of mortality and hospital characteristics in patients treated with nitroprusside (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1). After exclusion of patients who died during hospitalization, there was no difference in length of stay and total hospital cost in the multivariate analysis. Use of nicardipine compared with nitroprusside infusion during the first 24 h after ICH may be associated with reduced risk of in-hospital mortality without any increase in the hospitalization cost or length of stay.
In Vitro Genetic Recombination of Bacteriophage λ

DNA of bacteriophage λ recombines in a cell-free extract prepared from an induced Escherichia coli lysogen of bacteriophage λ. The assay for recombination in vitro takes advantage of the ability of such an extract to package λ DNA and to assemble complete phage particles. For example, when λ DNA that has been extracted from phage with the immunity of 434 is added to an extract, infectious λ imm 434 particles are produced. The precursor DNA molecule in this packaging reaction is a multichromosomal polymer; circular monomers, for example, are not packaged. Nevertheless, when 434 circular DNA monomers are added to an extract, some phage that contain the imm 434 marker are produced. In this case, the circular DNA had recombined with λ DNA in the extract and thereby had become part of a polymeric structure, which by the normal packaging process could give rise to infectious particles with the imm 434 marker. Genetic recombination is demonstrated when imm 434 circular monomer DNA carries amber mutations in genes A and B ; then most of the 434 plaque formers produced in vitro are A + B + , the genotype of the endogenous λ DNA. Genetic crossing-over occurs through a region that contains the prophage attachment site, suggesting that recombination is carried out by the λ Int functions. The 434 recombinant plaque formers are particles physically identical to wild-type 434 particles, as judged by their buoyant density in a CsCl equilibrium gradient.
Internet discussions as a source for consumer product customer involvement and quality information: an exploratory study

Abstract As quality management has become increasingly important, linking quality management efforts to customer wants and needs has also expanded. For consumer product manufacturers this has resulted in a need to develop more direct links to the customer. Anecdotal reports indicate that firms are beginning to tap into Internet discussions as a source for this type of information. For this exploratory study, the entire network of usenet groups was monitored for 1 year for messages containing the name of one company. The messages were analyzed and a detailed description of this type of information is provided to evaluate its potential for use in this manner and to provide the basis for research questions that may guide further efforts in theory development.
Women catch up: gender differences in learning programming concepts

This paper describes a multi-institutional study that used categorization exercises (known as constrained card sorts) to investigate gender differences in graduating computer science students' learning and perceptions of programming concepts. Our results show that female subjects had significantly less pre-college programming experience than their male counterparts. However, for both males and females, we found no correlation between previous experience and success in the major, as measured by computer science grade point average at graduation. Data also indicated that, by the time students completed their introductory courses, females reported nearly equal levels of mastery as males of the programming concepts. Furthermore, females generally considered the programming concepts to be no more difficult than did the men.
Interference of Amino Acids in Pulsed Amperometric Detection of Peanut Sugars1

Abstract High performance anion exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometry were used to separate and quantify peanut sugars extracted with methanol: chloroform:water (60:25:15, V/V/V), a highly polar solvent which solubilizes other seed components including amino acids. Free sugars were separated on an anion exchange column using a sodium hydroxide gradient and detected with a pulsed amperometric detector equipped with a gold electrode. Free amino acids in the seed extract interfered with sugar analysis by causing peak shifting and co-elution of some amino acids with sugars. Free arginine co-eluted with inositol resulting in a peak area which was 42% of the actual total area for both compounds. Proline co-eluted with fructose. Serine eluted on the leading edge of sucrose. Peak areas of these interfering amino acids were either “additive” or “subtractive” to sugar peaks. Altering the gradient elution or using cation syringe filters to remove contaminant amino acids permitted the accurate identification...
Chromium Photophysics – A Prototypical Case History

Science, in general, and chemistry in particular advances by methods that are difficult to codify. The availability of theories (models) and instrumentation play an important role but indefinable motivations to study individual phenomena are also involved. The area of chromium photophysics has a rich history that spans 150 years. A case history of the progression from the natural history stage to its present state reveals the way in which several factors that are common to much physical science research interact.
Plasma Waves Observed at Low Altitudes in the Tenuous Venus Nightside Ionosphere

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter Electric Field Detector (OEFD) measured many plasma wave bursts throughout the low altitude ionosphere during the final entry phase of the spacecraft. Apart from 100 Hz bursts observed at very low altitudes (approx. 130 km), the bursts fall into two classes. The first of these is a wideband signal that is observed in regions of low magnetic field, but average densities, in comparison to the prevailing ionospheric condition. This wideband signal is not observed in the 30 kHz channel of the OEFD, but is restricted to the 5.4 kHz channel and lower. Since these bursts are observed with roughly constant burst rate above 160 km altitude, we attribute them to ion acoustic mode waves generated by precipitating solar wind electrons. The second type of signal is restricted to 100 Hz only, and is observed in regions of low electron beta, consistent with whistler-mode waves. These waves could be generated by lightning in the Venus atmosphere if the vertical component of the magnetic field greater than 3.6 nT. Unfortunately, the spacecraft spin axis is mainly horizontal, and only that component of magnetic field can be measured. Alternatively, the 100 Hz bursts could be generated locally through gradient drift instabilities, provided the ambient magnetic field is horizontal. Because the ionosphere is very different during the entry phase, compared to the ionosphere as observed early in the Pioneer Venus mission, any conclusions regarding the source of the plasma waves detected during entry phase cannot be applied directly to the earlier observations.
Interaction between nanoparticles generated by zinc chloride treatment and oxidative responses in rat liver.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction of zinc chloride (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [ip]) in rat liver in terms of the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Zinc treatment increased zinc content in rat liver. Analysis of fluorescence revealed the presence of red fluorescence in the liver following zinc treatment. Interestingly, the co-exposure to zinc (3 mg/kg, ip) and selenium (0.20 mg/L, per os [by mouth]) led to a higher intensity of red fluorescence compared to zinc-treated rats. In addition, X-ray diffraction measurements carried out on liver fractions of zinc-treated rats point to the biosynthesis of zinc sulfide and/or selenide nanocomplexes at nearly 51.60 nm in size. Moreover, co-exposure led to nanocomplexes of about 72.60 nm in size. The interaction of zinc with other mineral elements (S, Se) generates several nanocomplexes, such as ZnS and/or ZnSe. The nanocomplex ZnX could interact directly with enzyme activity or indirectly by the disruption of mineral elements’ bioavailability in cells. Subacute zinc or selenium treatment decreased malondialdehyde levels, indicating a drop in lipid peroxidation. In addition, antioxidant enzyme assays showed that treatment with zinc or co-treatment with zinc and selenium increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Consequently, zinc complexation with sulfur and/or selenium at nanoscale level could enhance antioxidative responses, which is correlated to the ratio of number of ZnX nanoparticles (X=sulfur or X=selenium) to malondialdehyde level in rat liver.
The extension of polystyrene chains: Dependence on molecular weight and solvent

The relation between molecular size and weight for polystyrene in cyclohexane at 34, 43, and 57°C. and toluene at 20°C. has been determined by a light scattering method. For the molecular weight range, half-million to five million, the data suggest a linear relationship: L2 = κ (M − b) where κ and b are parameters which have their higher values in better solvents.
Defensive loop tiling for multi-core processor

Loop tiling is a compiler transformation that tailors an application's working set to fit in a cache hierarchy. On today's multicore processors, part of the hierarchy, especially the last level cache (LLC) is shared. In this paper, we show that cache sharing requires special types of tiling depending on the co-run programs. We analyze the reasons for the performance difference and give a defensive strategy that performs consistently the best or near the best. For example, when compared with conservative tiling, which tiles for private cache, the performance of defensive tiling is similar in solo-runs but up to 20% higher in program co-runs, when tested on an Intel multicore processor.
In vivo attenuation and equivalent scatterer size parameters for atherosclerotic carotid plaque: Preliminary results

Abstract We have previously reported on the equivalent scatterer size, attenuation coefficient, and axial strain properties of atherosclerotic plaque ex vivo . Since plaque structure and composition may be damaged during a carotid endarterectomy procedure, characterization of in vivo properties of atherosclerotic plaque is essential. The relatively shallow depth of the carotid artery and plaque enables non-invasive evaluation of carotid plaque utilizing high frequency linear-array transducers. We investigate the ability of the attenuation coefficient and equivalent scatterer size parameters to differentiate between calcified, and lipidic plaque tissue. Softer plaques especially lipid rich and those with a thin fibrous cap are more prone to rupture and can be classified as unstable or vulnerable plaque. Preliminary results were obtained from 10 human patients whose carotid artery was scanned in vivo to evaluate atherosclerotic plaque prior to a carotid endarterectomy procedure. Our results indicate that the equivalent scatterer size obtained using Faran’s scattering theory for calcified regions are in the 120–180 μm range while softer regions have larger equivalent scatterer size distribution in the 280–470 μm range. The attenuation coefficient for calcified regions as expected is significantly higher than that for softer regions. In the frequency bandwidth ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 MHz, the attenuation coefficient for calcified regions lies between 1.4 and 2.5 dB/cm/MHz, while that for softer regions lies between 0.3 and 1.3 dB/cm/MHz.
Active plasmonic devices enhanced by waveguide dispersion engineering

Plasmonic devices, based on surface plasmons propagating at metal-dielectric interfaces, have shown the potential to manipulate light at deep subwavelength scales. One of the main challenges in plasmonics is achieving active control of optical signals. In this paper, we introduce active plasmonic devices enhanced by waveguide dispersion engineering. We consider plasmonic waveguide systems consisting of a metal-dielectric-metal waveguide (MDM) side-coupled to arrays of MDM stub resonators. The MDM waveguide and stubs are filled with an active material whose absorption coefficient can be modified with an external control beam. Such plasmonic waveguide systems can be engineered to support slowlight modes. We find that, as the slowdown factor increases, the sensitivity of the effective index of the mode to variations of the refractive index of the active material increases. Such slow-light enhancements of the sensitivity to refractive index variations lead to enhanced performance of active plasmonic devices such as switches. To demonstrate this, we consider absorption switches based on Fabry-Perot cavity structures, consisting of slow-light plasmonic waveguide systems sandwiched between two conventional MDM waveguides. We find that increased slowdown factor leads to increased induced change of the propagation length of the slow-light mode for a given refractive index variation, and therefore to increased modulation depth. Compared to conventional MDM absorption switches, slow-light enhanced switches achieve significantly higher modulation depth with moderate insertion loss. We use a scattering matrix theory to account for the behavior of the devices which is in excellent agreement with numerical results obtained with the finitedifference frequency-domain method.
Dynein regulates epithelial polarity and the apical localization of stardust A mRNA.

Intense investigation has identified an elaborate protein network controlling epithelial polarity. Although precise subcellular targeting of apical and basolateral determinants is required for epithelial architecture, little is known about how the individual determinant proteins become localized within the cell. Through a genetic screen for epithelial defects in the Drosophila follicle cells, we have found that the cytoplasmic Dynein motor is an essential regulator of apico–basal polarity. Our data suggest that Dynein acts through the cytoplasmic scaffolding protein Stardust (Sdt) to localize the transmembrane protein Crumbs, in part through the apical targeting of specific sdt mRNA isoforms. We have mapped the sdt mRNA localization signal to an alternatively spliced coding exon. Intriguingly, the presence or absence of this exon corresponds to a developmental switch in sdt mRNA localization in which apical transcripts are only found during early stages of epithelial development, while unlocalized transcripts predominate in mature epithelia. This work represents the first demonstration that Dynein is required for epithelial polarity and suggests that mRNA localization may have a functional role in the regulation of apico–basal organization. Moreover, we introduce a unique mechanism in which alternative splicing of a coding exon is used to control mRNA localization during development.
Natural Product Disaccharide Engineering through Tandem Glycosyltransferase Catalysis Reversibility and Neoglycosylation

A two-step strategy for disaccharide modulation using vancomycin as a model is reported. The strategy relies upon a glycosyltransferase-catalyzed ‘reverse’ reaction to enable the facile attachment of an alkoxyamine-bearing sugar to the vancomycin core. Neoglycosylation of the corresponding aglycon led to a novel set of vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide variants. While the in vitro antibacterial properties of corresponding vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide analogs were equipotent to the parent antibiotic, the chemoenzymatic method presented is expected to be broadly applicable.
Relative factors influencing membrane filtration effects in geologic environments

Abstract Shales serve as semi-permeable membranes. These membrane properties result from the electrostatic properties of clays and kerogen. Kerogen may be extremely important to the membrane properties of shales but there are no data at present with which to assess its importance. The factors that probably influence the relative transport rates of dissolved species through shale membranes are assessed as to their relative importance. The probable effect of temperature, pressure, and chemical concentrations of the aqueous solutions on the total efficiency of the shale membrane and the relative passage rates of the dissolved species also are discussed. Important parameters for a better understanding of membrane behavior that require experimental and field investigation are presented.
Multiple cranial nerve palsies in an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation.

SUMMARY A case of Arnold-Chiari malformation associated with cranial nerve palsies and proving refractory to adequate management of hydrocephalus is reported. This complication of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in infancy and the role of posterior fossa decompression as treatment are discussed. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird uber einen Fall mit Arnold-Chiari-Misbildung und Hirnnervenlahmungen berichtet, der auf eine adaquate Behandlung des Hydrocephalus nicht ansprach. Diese Komplikation der Arnold-Chiari-Misbildung im Kindesalter und die Bedeutung einer Dekompressionsbehandlung der hinteren Schadelgrube werden diskutiert. RESUMEN Se comunica un caso de malformacion de Arnold-Chiari asociada con paralisis de nervios craneales y probada contumacia al tratamiento adecuado de la hidrocefalia. Se discute esta complicacion de la malformacion de Arnold-Chiari en el lactante y el papel como tratamiento de la descompresion de la fosa posterior.
Cyber Resilience-by-Construction: Modeling, Measuring & Verifying

The need of cyber security is increasing as cyber attacks are escalating day by day. Cyber attacks are now so many and sophisticated that many will unavoidably get through. Therefore, there is an immense need to employ resilient architectures to defend known or unknown threats. Engineer- ing resilient system/infrastructure is a challenging task, that implies how to measure the resilience and how to obtain sufficient resilience necessary to maintain its service delivery under diverse situations. This paper has two fold objective, the first is to propose a formal approach to measure cyber resilience from different aspects (i.e., attacks, failures) and at different levels (i.e., pro-active, resistive and reactive). To achieve the first objective, we propose a formal frame- work named as: Cyber Resilience Engineering Framework (CREF). The second objective is to build a resilient system by construction. The idea is to build a formal model of a cyber system, which is initially not resilient with respect to attacks. Then by systematic refinements of the formal model and by its model checking, we attain resiliency. We exemplify our technique through the case study of simple cyber security device (i.e., network firewall).
The role of production and teamwork practices in construction safety: A cognitive model and an empirical case study

Abstract Problem In construction, the challenge for researchers and practitioners is to develop work systems (production processes and teams) that can achieve high productivity and high safety at the same time. However, construction accident causation models ignore the role of work practices and teamwork. This study investigates the mechanisms by which production and teamwork practices affect the likelihood of accidents. Method The paper synthesizes a new model for construction safety based on the cognitive perspective (Fuller's Task-Demand-Capability Interface model, 2005) and then presents an exploratory case study. The case study investigates and compares the work practices of two residential framing crews: a 'High Reliability Crew' (HRC)—that is, a crew with exceptional productivity and safety over several years, and an average performing crew from the same company. Results The model explains how the production and teamwork practices generate the work situations that workers face (the task demands) and affect the workers ability to cope (capabilities). The case study indicates that the work practices of the HRC directly influence the task demands and match them with the applied capabilities. These practices were guided by the 'principle' of avoiding errors and rework and included work planning and preparation, work distribution, managing the production pressures, and quality and behavior monitoring. Summary The Task Demand-Capability model links construction research to a cognitive model of accident causation and provides a new way to conceptualize safety as an emergent property of the production practices and teamwork processes. The empirical evidence indicates that the crews' work practices and team processes strongly affect the task demands, the applied capabilities, and the match between demands and capabilities. Impact on Industry The proposed model and the exploratory case study will guide further discovery of work practices and teamwork processes that can increase both productivity and safety in construction operations. Such understanding will enable training of construction foremen and crews in these practices to systematically develop high reliability crews.
A Survey of Supersonic Retropropulsion Technology for Mars Entry, Descent, and Landing

This paper presents a literature survey on supersonic retropropulsion technology as it applies to Mars entry, descent, and landing (EDL). The relevance of this technology to the feasibility of Mars EDL is shown to increase with ballistic coefficient to the point that it is likely required for human Mars exploration. The use of retropropulsion to decelerate an entry vehicle from hypersonic or supersonic conditions to a subsonic velocity is the primary focus of this review. Discussed are systems-level studies, general flowfield characteristics, static aerodynamics, vehicle and flowfield stability considerations, and aerothermodynamics. The experimental and computational approaches used to develop retropropulsion technology are also reviewed. Finally, the applicability and limitations of the existing literature and current state-of-the- art computational tools to future missions are discussed in the context of human and robotic Mars exploration.
Seasonal detection of three types of “pygmy” blue whale calls in the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is an area in which a rich suite of cetacean fauna, including at least two subspecies of blue whale, is found; yet little information beyond stranding data and short-term surveys for this species is available. Pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus spp.) call data are presented that provide novel information on the seasonal and geographic distribution of these animals. Acoustic data were recorded from January 2002 to December 2003 by hydrophones at three stations of the International Monitoring System, including two near the subequatorial Diego Garcia Atoll and a third southwest of Cape Leeuwin, Australia. Automated spectrogram correlation methods were used to scan for call types attributed to pygmy blue whales. Sri Lanka calls were the most common and were detected year-round off Diego Garcia. Madagascar calls were only recorded on the northern Diego Garcia hydrophone during May and July, whereas Australia calls were only recorded at Cape Leeuwin, between December and June. Differences in geographic and seasonal patterns of these three distinct call types suggest that they may represent separate acoustic populations of pygmy blue whales and that these “acoustic populations” should be considered when assessing conservation needs of blue whales in the Indian Ocean.
Tooth function and replacement in early Mesozoic ornithischian dinosaurs: implications for aestivation

Thulborn (1978, Leihaia II) suggests that ornithischian dinosaurs of the upper Stormberg Series (Late Triassic-Early Jurassic) of southern Africa underwent aestivation during an annual dry season. His argument, based on an interpretation of tooth function and replacement in heterodontosaurids, is: (1) unequivocal evidence of tooth replacement is not seen, and (2) piecemeal replacement of the dentition would be incompatible with maintenance of a fore-aft grinding function of the teeth; therefore, the entire dentition must have been rapidly replaced as a unit during periods of non-feeding, i.e. during aestivation. However, study of tooth wear patterns in Lanasaurus, Lycorhinus, and Heterodontosaurus show that jaw movements during mastication were orthal (open-and-close) and lateral to medial, not forwards and backwards. Differences in degree of tooth wear would not interfere with masticatory movements. Patterns of differential wear indicate that tooth replacement was not periodic but continuous, as in other reptiles. Zahnreihen, with a Z-spacing of about 3.0, are recognizable. Replacement ceased in mature individuals. The dentition shows adaptations for prolonging its effective life despite heavy wear. Differential tooth wear is incompatible with the idea of replacement of the entire dentition as a unit during an hypothesized period of aestivation. Thulborn's suggestion of aestivation in fabrosaurid ornithischians is also shown to be unlikely.
Anesthetics Impact the Resolution of Inflammation

Background Local and volatile anesthetics are widely used for surgery. It is not known whether anesthetics impinge on the orchestrated events in spontaneous resolution of acute inflammation. Here we investigated whether a commonly used local anesthetic (lidocaine) and a widely used inhaled anesthetic (isoflurane) impact the active process of resolution of inflammation. Methods and findings Using murine peritonitis induced by zymosan and a systems approach, we report that lidocaine delayed and blocked key events in resolution of inflammation. Lidocaine inhibited both PMN apoptosis and macrophage uptake of apoptotic PMN, events that contributed to impaired PMN removal from exudates and thereby delayed the onset of resolution of acute inflammation and return to homeostasis. Lidocaine did not alter the levels of specific lipid mediators, including pro-inflammatory leukotriene B(4), prostaglandin E(2) and anti-inflammatory lipoxin A(4), in the cell-free peritoneal lavages. Addition of a lipoxin A(4) stable analog, partially rescued lidocaine-delayed resolution of inflammation. To identify protein components underlying lidocaine's actions in resolution, systematic proteomics was carried out using nanospray-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Lidocaine selectively up-regulated pro-inflammatory proteins including S100A8/9 and CRAMP/LL-37, and down-regulated anti-inflammatory and some pro-resolution peptides and proteins including IL-4, IL-13, TGF-â and Galectin-1. In contrast, the volatile anesthetic isoflurane promoted resolution in this system, diminishing the amplitude of PMN infiltration and shortening the resolution interval (Ri) approximately 50%. In addition, isoflurane down-regulated a panel of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, as well as proteins known to be active in cell migration and chemotaxis (i.e., CRAMP and cofilin-1). The distinct impact of lidocaine and isoflurane on selective molecules may underlie their opposite actions in resolution of inflammation, namely lidocaine delayed the onset of resolution (T(max)), while isoflurane shortened resolution interval (Ri). Conclusions Taken together, both local and volatile anesthetics impact endogenous resolution program(s), altering specific resolution indices and selective cellular/molecular components in inflammation-resolution. Isoflurane enhances whereas lidocaine impairs timely resolution of acute inflammation.
Intraspecific Variation in Maximum Ingested Food Size and Body Mass in Varecia rubra and Propithecus coquereli

In a recent study, we quantified the scaling of ingested food size (Vb)—the maximum size at which an animal consistently ingests food whole—and found that Vb scaled isometrically between species of captive strepsirrhines. The current study examines the relationship between Vb and body size within species with a focus on the frugivorous Varecia rubra and the folivorous Propithecus coquereli. We found no overlap in Vb between the species (all V. rubra ingested larger pieces of food relative to those eaten by P. coquereli), and least-squares regression of Vb and three different measures of body mass showed no scaling relationship within each species. We believe that this lack of relationship results from the relatively narrow intraspecific body size variation and seemingly patternless individual variation in Vb within species and take this study as further evidence that general scaling questions are best examined interspecifically rather than intraspecifically.
Ethical Climates and Their Effects on Organizational Outcomes: Implications From the Past and Prophecies for the Future

Executive Overview Ethical climate theory was first proposed by Victor and Cullen (1987, 1988). Ever since, it has been useful in increasing our knowledge on a variety of organizational outcomes such as workplace bullying, organizational commitment, ethical behavior, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. In this paper, we scrutinize the extant research on ethical climates to provide an understanding of what has been observed thus far, and what else ethical climate theory could be harnessed to examine. We also provide a critique of the ethical climate theory literature base and suggest a future research agenda for ethical climate theory.
Analysis of extractables from one euphorbia

Chemical analyses have been made of the heptane extractable material ofEuphorbia lathyris, a plant which has been proposed as an “energy farm” candidate. The heptane extract is 4–5% of the dry plant weight and has a heat value of ≈18×103 BTU/Ib. This reduced photosynthetic material consists almost entirely of polycyclic triterpenoids.
X-537A ionophore-mediated calcium transport and calcium phosphate formation in Pressman cells.

The present study examined precipitate development induced in phosphate solutions by the ionophoric translocation of Ca2+ across a bulk organic solvent barrier. Experiments were conducted at pH 7.4 and 25 or 37° in a three-compartment Pressman cell. The aqueous reaction (0, 2.2 or 22 mM phosphate, 100 mM K+) and donor (1.3 or 13 mM Ca2+, 0.8 mM Mg2+, 100 mM Na+) compartments were separated by a CHCl3 compartment rendered permeable to cations by the addition of the carboxylic ionophore X-537A (2 or 20 mM). The resultant cation movements increased Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ concentrations in the reaction compartment at the expense of K+ loss to the donor compartment. The magnitude of the K+ counterflow and the efficiency of the ionophore-mediated Ca2+ ↔ 2K+ exchange reaction resulted in appreciable Ca2+ overshoots in the reaction compartment. In the absence of phosphate, Ca2+ increases exceeded donor levels by several-fold. With phosphate present, the Ca2+ flux was sufficient to induced precipitation. Generally, the first solid formed was amorphous. The amorphous precipitate, however, was unstable and converted to an apatite-like crystalline phase. Both carbonate (26 mM) and Mg2+ (0.8 mM) in the reaction solution delayed but did not prevent the conversion. The possible relevance of these findings to matrix vesicle calcification is discussed.