cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single connection emulation (SCE): an architecture for providing a reliable multicast transport service

We present a novel architecture for providing a reliable multicast transport service over existing protocol stacks. These protocol stacks ordinarily support reliable unicast transport layer connections over a network layer which is capable of providing an unreliable multicasting service. We propose the addition of a new single connection emulation (SCE) sublayer between the unicast transport layer and the multicast network layer. This added layer mimics the single destination network layer interface to the transport layer and interfaces with the multicast network layer to provide the necessary multicast functionality. The new architecture also enables interactions between applications and the SCE, thus allowing the applications to control the semantics of the reliable multicast connection. We discuss the design issues that need to be considered when such a sublayer is to be introduced. We also discuss an implementation of this new approach using the TCP/IP protocol stack and present some preliminary experimental results.
Eclampsia in three generations of the same family

Abstract Three cases of eclampsia occurring in three generations of the same family have been presented. All three patients survived and are living today and two of the babies survived. None of the patients has been left with any residual involvement of the renal or cardiovascular systems. This raises the question of a possible familial predisposition to the development of eclampsia.
International Guidelines on Acute Coronary Syndrome: Practical Application and Current News in Cardiology

For the last few years, the main scientific international societies have enacted guidelines regarding the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), with the aim of promoting the best diagnostic and therapeutic methods in cardiology. These guidelines have been frequently revised according to scientific evidence of randomized clinical studies [1, 2]. Among other issues, they have addressed the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, low-molecular-weight heparin, the prescription of clopidogrel, and criteria for the selection of patients for very aggressive or less aggressive early treatment.
Perspective Reformulation and Applications

In this paper we survey recent work on the perspective reformulation approach that generates tight, tractable relaxations for convex mixed integer nonlin- ear programs (MINLP)s. This preprocessing technique is applicable to cases where the MINLP contains binary indicator variables that force continuous decision variables to take the value 0, or to belong to a convex set. We derive from first principles the perspective reformulation, and we discuss a variety of practical MINLPs whose relaxation can be strengthened via the perspective reformulation. The survey concludes with comments and computations comparing various algorithmic techniques for solving perspective reformulations.
Functional interaction of GATA1 with erythroid Kruppel-like factor and Sp1 at defined erythroid promoters

GATA and CACC elements commonly are codistributed within the regulatory domains of a variety of erythroid genes. Using Drosophila S2 cells, the actions of GATA1, Sp1, and erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) at these elements within model erythroid promoters have been assessed. For each promoter studied (erythroid pyruvate kinase, glycophorin B, and a murine betamaj globin-derived construct, GCT) Sp1 and EKLF each activated transcription despite differences in CACC element sequence, orientation, and positioning. However, GATA1 acted in apparent cooperativity with Sp1 at the pyruvate kinase promoter; with EKLF at the betamaj globin-derived GCT promoter; and with either Sp1 or EKLF at the glycophorin B promoter. Thus, GATA1 may functionally interact with each of these Kruppel-like factors depending on promoter context; and at the GCT promoter, transcriptional activation by GATA1 and EKLF was > or = 10-fold higher than levels attributable to additive effects. The possibility that interactions between these activators may be direct was supported by the specific binding of baculoviral-expressed EKLF to GATA1. This report underlines the likelihood that discrete roles exist for Sp1 and EKLF in erythroid gene activation, and supports a mechanism of direct cooperativity for EKLF and GATA1 as coregulators.
Party organizational strength and technological capacity The adaptation of the state-level party organizations in the United States to voter outreach and data analytics in the Internet age

In their study of the state-level party organizations in the US, Cotter et al. (1984) introduce a theory of party organizational strength, arguing that the strongest parties exhibit both organizati...
Application and Research on Project Teaching Method in Course of Market Investigation and Forecast

Research and Forecasting is an professional course in the major of marketing,combining features of profession and application to train talents. Students' learning interest and ability are improved by project teaching method, which helps students' work practice after graduation. This paper analyzes the application and research of project teaching method in Research and Forecasting by discussing the following parts: establishment of project, preparation of project, guidance of project, evaluation of achievement, and application of result.
Modelling the evolution of a random set utilizing covariate information with applications to nowcasting

ABSTRACTWe propose models that allow us to capture the evolution of objects over time and more importantly, we provide forecasts to describe an object at future unobserved states utilizing information from the current state along with covariate information. We view objects as random sets and proceed to model them in a hierarchical Bayesian framework and estimate the model parameters using a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme. We illustrate the methodology with an application to nowcasting of severe weather precipitation fields as obtained from weather radar images, where the severe storm cells are treated as random sets and the wind velocity is used to inform the distributions of the model parameters.
External Financing in India: Sources and Types of Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into India have been steadily rising in importance since the early 2000s. Based on United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) data, in absolute terms, net FDI inflows to India peaked at over US$ 45 billion (bn) in 2008–09 just before the global financial crisis (GFC), representing around 3 per cent of the share in world FDI flows (Figure 6.1). FDI’s growing significance to the Indian economy can also be observed in its gradual but sustained rise in its share of gross domestic product (GDP) as well as gross fixed capital formation (GFCF). FDI as a share of GDP and GFCF reached a high of 4 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively, in 2008, before the slowdown caused by the GFC (Figure 6.2).
Cultured keratinocyte allografts fail to induce sensitization in vivo

Background. The use of cultured keratinocyte (CK) allografts for burn wounds offers a potentially unlimited supply of skin. It is unknown, however, whether CK allografts induce rejection in vivo. This study investigated the induction of immune responsiveness to CK allografts as measured by mixed lymphocyte response and serum cytotoxic antibody. Methods. Female CBA mice (n=160) were randomized to four equal groups, each receiving a 3 cm 2 flank graft of autologous CBA CK (Auto CK), allogeneic C57BL/6 CK (Allo CK), C57BL/6 full thickness skin (Allo FT), or Sham. Graft take was assessed by gross and histologic examinations
Extending the Context of Innovation: The Co-creation and Institutionalization of Technology and Markets

This chapter extends traditional, as well as systemic, views of innovation, by advancing an ecosystems perspective on innovation that is based on value co-creation. We draw on a service-ecosystems view, which is grounded in service-dominant (S-D) logic, to integrate and extend prior views on innovation. In particular, we argue that both technologies and markets are shaped by value co-creation and the ongoing negotiation and recombination of overlapping and intersecting institutions. This points toward institutionalization—the development, maintenance, and change of institutions—as a central process by which multiple actors, in dynamic social systems, contribute to the development of new technologies and markets. This co-creative and institutional approach extends the context of innovation beyond firms’ activities and potentially provides a robust, parsimonious, and dynamic context for studying the underlying drivers of innovation. This systemic approach reveals important insights into how collaborative practices that drive the co-creation of value can guide innovation as well.
UWB Uniplanar Antenna

This chapter covers the design and performance of a low-cost, compact UWB uniplanar antenna operating across the entire UWB of 3.1–10.6 GHz, which can be easily integrated with the designed CMOS UWB transmitter and receiver. Especially, various impulse time-domain measurements are conducted to demonstrate the performance and suitability of the designed UWB uniplanar antenna for transmitting and receiving impulse signals that contain all frequency components from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, which are essential for UWB impulse systems. The UWB uniplanar antenna is further integrated with the previously developed CMOS tunable pulse generator to form the UWB transmit prototype. This UWB transmit prototype can transmit monocycle pulses with pulse duration tunable from 160–350 ps with the impulses supplied from the integrated pulse generator. The received pulses maintain good symmetry with no serious distortion and ringing. The UWB transmit prototype can also transmit signals having shape similar to the first derivative of the monocycle pulses provided by the integrated pulse generator. Both the impulse and monocycle-pulse transmission results clearly demonstrate the workability of the CMOS-based tunable UWB transmit prototype for UWB impulse systems.
Race Does Not Affect Tumor Control, Adverse Effects, or Quality of Life after Proton Therapy

Abstract Purpose: To compare 5-year biochemical control, toxicity, and patient-reported quality of life (QOL) outcomes for African American and White patients treated with proton therapy (PT) for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 1,066 men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Patients were treated with definitive PT between 2006 and 2010. Patients received a median radiation dose of 78 Gy (RBE) with conventional fractionation (1.8- 2 Gy [RBE] per fraction). Sixty-eight (6.4%) men self-identified as African American and 998 (93.6%) self-identified as White. Five-year rates of biochemical control, grade 3 genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity, and patient-reported QOL are reported and compared between African American and White patients. Results: Median biochemical follow-up was 5.0 years for both African American and White patients. Median follow-up for toxicity was 5.0 and 5.2 years, respectively. On multivariate analysis, race was not a significant pre...
Total Syntheses of (+)- and (−)-Tetrapetalones A and C

Described herein are syntheses of the naturally occurring polyketides (−)-tetrapetalones A and C and their respective enantiomers. The employed strategy involves initial assembly of a masked N-aryl tetramic acid which is advanced via a highly selective conjugate addition/intramolecular Friedel–Crafts acylation sequence to deliver a key azepine intermediate. Application of recently developed C–H activation chemistry and subsequent Heck cyclization delivers the aglycone framework in an overall 12 steps. Resolution of the aglycone via stereospecific glycosylation with an enantiopure glycosyl donor followed by separation of the derived diastereomers enables further advancement to either (+)- or (−)-tetrapetalones A and C.
Daily land use regression estimated woodsmoke and traffic pollution concentrations and the triggering of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a case-crossover study

Prior work has reported acute associations between ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and short-term increases in airborne particulate matter. Subsequently, the association between STEMI and hourly measures of Delta-C (marker of woodsmoke) and black carbon (marker of traffic pollution) measured at a central site in Rochester, NY, were examined, but no association was found. Therefore, land use regression estimates of Delta-C and black carbon concentrations at each patient’s residence were developed for 246 STEMI patients treated at the University of Rochester Medical Center during the winters of 2008–2012. Using case-crossover methods, the rate of STEMI associated with increased Delta-C and BC concentration on the same and previous 3 days was estimated after adjusting for 3-day mean temperature and relative humidity. Non-statistically significant increased rates of STEMI associated with interquartile range increases in concentrations of BC in the previous 2 days (1.10 μg/m3; OR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.93, 1.35) and Delta-C in the previous 3 days (0.43 μg/m3; OR = 1.16; 95% CI 0.96, 1.40) were found. Significantly increased rates of STEMI associated with interquartile range increases in concentrations of BC (1.23 μg/m3; OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.24) or Delta-C (0.40 μg/m3; OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.85, 1.09) on the same day were not observed likely due, in part, to temporal misalignment. Therefore, sophisticated spatial-temporal models will be needed to minimize exposure error and bias by better predicting concentrations at individual locations for individual hours, especially for outcomes with short-term responses to air pollution (< 24 h).
Polyphenolic Compounds Alter Stress-Induced Patterns of Global DNA Methylation in Brain and Blood

Scope Stress is a known contributor to various forms of disease in humans and animals, although mechanisms are still unknown. In animals, psychosocial stress-induced depression/anxiety phenotypes are coincidental with increased inflammation in both brain and blood. The authors recently showed that a novel treatment with a select bioactive polyphenol preparation promotes resilience to stress-mediated depression/anxiety phenotypes mice. Moreover, selective bioactive phenolic compounds within the polyphenol preparation are identified that are effective in mitigating the behavioral effects of bone marrow transplantation from stressed mice. Methods and results Here, an animal model of adult stress and bone marrow transplantation is used to identify an epigenetic signature of repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) that is passed through bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells to naive mice, revealing the maintenance of epigenetic memory following stress both centrally and peripherally. Further, polyphenols are administered to naive and stress-susceptible mice, demonstrating that polyphenol treatment in mice from both susceptible and naive donors alters global DNA methylation in the central nervous system and periphery and likewise has an effect on human blood cells after immune challenge. Conclusions Findings highlight the enduring molecular memory of stress and the possible mechanism by which select bioactive polyphenols may promote resiliency to stress. Polyphenols may be an efficacious alternative to traditional pharmacological treatments in psychiatry.
Understanding slow-growing alumina scale mediated by reactive elements: Perspective via local metal-oxygen bonding strength

Abstract Interatomic bonding strength/energy can be quantified by stretching force constants (SFC) after first-principles phonon calculations. Here, we show that the slow-growing alumina (α-Al 2 O 3 ) scale mediated by reactive elements (REs) can be understood via the strong RE O bonding energy from the present SFC model applied to oxides (Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , Ti 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , HfO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , and La 2 O 3 ), Al 3 M, and Al 47 MO 72 (M = Cr, Ti, Zr, Hf, Y, and La). The present model indicates that Hf is the best RE in retarding alumina scale growth, agreeing with the analyses from bulk modulus, melting point, and enthalpy of formation of oxides, and experimental observations.
Parental First Concerns and Timing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis

Specific developmental concerns can distinguish between an early versus later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Caregiver survey responses of children ≥ 9 years-of-age (2012) with ASD were used to evaluate developmental concerns and associations with age of diagnosis [early (< 3 years: n = 106) vs. later (≥ 3 years: n = 432)] using logistic regression. Concerns arose at mean age 18 and 35-months for children diagnosed early versus later, respectively. Concerns about poor eye contact (aOR 1.81, CI 1.08, 3.05), pointing/gesturing (aOR 2.74, CI 1.60, 4.70), response to own name (aOR 3.03, CI 1.75, 5.23), and babbling/speaking (aOR 1.67, CI 0.98, 2.82) were associated with an early diagnosis. Caregivers and pediatricians are critical in early identification and timely entry into intervention.
Perception, Phenomenology and the Object as Actor: The Evidence of Form in Redmoon Theater’s Hunchback

When a human actor performs on stage, a relationship is established between that human actor and the human beings in the audience. Sometimes we say that the actor is “standing in” for the audience, sometimes we say that audience identifies with the character, sometimes we say that an empathic bond is created between the human beings on either side of the stage. When we use these terms we are grasping for a way to address the phenomenological relationship of intersubjectivity. We, in the audience, come to know the character on stage because that character is presented by a human being who has a body like ours, who moves and encounters things as we do, who has intentions, desires, emotions as we might have if we were there instead of him or her. When the performance is not one of human theater, but of object theater, that is, when all or part of the human actor is replaced by an object, a puppet, or a mask, we have to reconsider the kind of relationship that is formed between actor and audience, and how that relationship comes to be. The basis for the intersubjective relationship, the human body, is no longer fully available to us. What is given instead is an object or objects. A mask is an object that substitutes for the human face, and may or may not reveal the human body. A puppet replaces the human body in its entirety, and it may or may not reveal the bodies of the human puppeteers who animate it. Our response to an object character is necessarily different from our response to that character when played by a human actor.
Comparative Study of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in CDMA Communication Systems

In this paper adaptive algorithms that may be used for spatial filtering or spatio-temporal filtering in a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication system are compared on the basis of signal-io-interference-and-noise-raiio (SINE,) improvements, algorithm convergence rates, capacity enhancement, and computational complexity. Algorithms that have already been proposed as well as some new algorithms are presented for this application. These algorithms fall into two categories: (1) conventional algorithms and (2) channel estimation algorithms. The conventional algorithms use knowledge of a desired reference signal and measurements of the received signal to adapt the antenna weights. In contrast, the channel estimation algorithms use properties of the underlying code structure of DS-CDMA systems to estimate the array response vectors. The estimated array response vectors are then used to determine appropriate antenna weights, either directly or via Capon beamforming.
Readability of Colorectal Cancer Online Information: A Brief Report.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. A decline in deaths caused by CRC has been largely attributable to screening and prompt treatment. Motivation, shown to influence cancer-related screening and treatment decisions, can be shaped by information from the Internet. The extent to which this information is easily readable on cancer-related websites is not known. The purpose of this study was to assess the readability levels of CRC information on 100 websites. Methods: Using methods from a prior study, the keyword, “colorectal cancer,” was searched on a cleared Internet browser. Scores for each website (n = 100) were generated using five commonly recommended readability tests. Results: All five tests demonstrated difficult readability for the majority of the websites. Conclusions: Online information related to CRC is difficult to read and highlights the need for developing cancer-related online material that is understandable to a wider audience.
Demystifying the growth of superconducting Sr2RuO4 thin films

We report the growth of superconducting Sr2RuO4 thin films by molecular-beam epitaxy on (110) NdGaO3 substrates with transition temperatures of up to 1.8 K. We calculate and experimentally validate a thermodynamic growth window for the adsorption-controlled growth of superconducting Sr2RuO4 epitaxial thin films. The growth window for achieving superconducting Sr2RuO4 thin films is narrow in growth temperature, oxidant pressure, and ruthenium-to-strontium flux ratio.
The Basic Science of Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a group of progressive and incurable cardiopulmonary disorders characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling and increased mean pulmonary artery pressure le...
Sheathing of the liquid sampling – Atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma from ambient atmosphere and its implications for optical emission spectroscopy

Abstract The use of a borosilicate glass cylinder to sheath the operational area of the liquid sampling-atmospheric glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma from ambient atmosphere and its effects on optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is described. A positive influence of the glass sheath on analyte and background emission characteristics is realized, along with minor drawbacks in terms of analytical performance (i.e., repeatability) and physical restraint. Sheathing the plasma significantly reduces the ambient atmosphere background spectral contributions, especially those of nitrogen species, resulting in improved measurements of interfered Pb (I) and Ag (I) transitions. Qualitatively, the background reduction by means of glass sheathing is comparable to that of a post-acquisition, mathematical background subtraction method. In addition, the noise associated with atmospheric background species is reduced as well, unlike what is observed in the post-acquisition background correction. Limits of detection (LOD) improvements for silver, lead, and cadmium are observed, while those of sodium and lithium were compromised. By virtue of the alleviation of N2 emission from the background, the LOD of lead improved by multiple orders of magnitude after sheathing the plasma. Future development will be focused toward both improving the analytical performance of the LS-APGD-OES and better understanding the mechanism of the improvements seen by sheathing the plasma.
Task Completion Detection: A Study in the Context of Intelligent Systems

People can record their pending tasks using to-do lists, digital assistants, and other task management software. In doing so, users of these systems face at least two challenges: (1) they must manually mark their tasks as complete, and (2) when systems proactively remind them about their pending tasks, say, via interruptive notifications, they lack information on task completion status. As a result, people may not realize the full benefits of to-do lists (since these lists can contain both completed and pending tasks) and they may be reminded about tasks they have already done (wasting time and causing frustration). In this paper, we present methods to automatically detect task completion. These inferences can be used to deprecate completed tasks and/or suppress notifications for these tasks (or for other purposes, e.g., task prioritization). Using log data from a popular digital assistant, we analyze temporal dynamics in the completion of tasks and train machine-learned models to detect completion with accuracy exceeding 80% using a variety of features (time elapsed since task creation, task content, email, notifications, user history). The findings have implications for the design of intelligent systems to help people manage their tasks.
Bayesian Error Analysis for Feature Selection in Biomarker Discovery

We present a novel Bayesian validation paradigm with several validation metrics tailored to biomarker discovery, including moments (the mean and variance) of the number of false discoveries, the number of missed discoveries, and the false discovery rate. All of these validation metrics can be used with a variety of Bayesian variable selection methods already available in the literature. When used in conjunction with Bayesian models with independent Gaussian features, we call these validation metrics optimal Bayesian feature filtering moments (OBFMs). We find closed-form expressions for OBFMs and show that they are asymptotically Gaussian and consistent even when the modeling assumptions are violated. In both synthetic simulations and real data analysis, OBFMs perform very well in biomarker discovery relative to other methods from the literature.
Proteomic Analysis of Infants Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Using Contemporary Ontological Tools.

Abstract Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is essential for the repair of many congenital cardiac defects in infants but is associated with significant derangements in hemostasis and systemic inflammation. As a result, hemorrhagic complications and thrombosis are major challenges in the management of children requiring CPB or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Conventional clinical laboratory tests capture individual hemostatic derangements (low platelets, elevated fibrinogen) but fail to describe the complex, overlapping interactions among the various components of coagulation, including cellular interactions, contact activation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. Given recent advances in analytic tools for identifying protein-protein interactions in the plasma proteome, we hypothesized that an unbiased proteomic analysis would help identify networks of interacting proteins for further investigation in pediatric CPB. Materials and methods Infants up to 1 y of age were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 1, 4, and 24 h after CPB. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins undergoing changes in concentration after CPB, and STRING and ToppGene tools were used to identify biological networks. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis identified changes in protein concentrations. Inflammatory markers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the same time points. Results Ten infants with cardiac anomalies requiring surgery and CPB were enrolled; no major complications were recorded (median age, 127.5 d; interquartile range, 181.25 d). Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, >1400 individual protein spots were observed, and 89 proteins demonstrated change in concentration >30% with P Conclusions Infants manifest a robust response to CPB that includes overlapping, complex pathways. Further investigation of interactions among immune, coagulation, and cell signaling systems may lead to novel therapeutics or biomarkers useful in the management of infants requiring CPB.
High-resolution bathymetry estimates via X-band marine radar: 2. Effects of currents at tidal inlets

Abstract In this second of two papers, the high spatial resolution cBathy depth estimate algorithm is extended to account for the existence of currents aligned with the wave directions. The extended algorithm is applied using X-band radar image time series collected at two hydrodynamically and morphologically complex environments: an ebb-tidal shoal (New River Inlet, NC) and an estuarine river mouth (Columbia River, OR/WA). Even without accounting for Doppler effects, the depth estimates are capable of discerning the location of channels and shoals over domain sizes of 4 km2 at the ebb-tidal shoal and 25 km2 at the estuary mouth. However, the tidal currents at these sites are shown to strongly modulate depth estimate accuracy when only the intrinsic linear wave dispersion relation (neglecting Doppler shift effects) is inverted. Low-pass filtering of the depth estimate time series, via an uncertainty-weighted tidal average, explicitly attenuates the error oscillations beyond that of the uncertainty-weighted Kalman filter. This post-hoc method of compensating for the unmodeled Doppler term achieves 0.35 m RMSE and 0.02 m shallow bias at the shallow ebb tidal shoal as compared to a concurrent sounding survey, but substantial bias remains at the estuary mouth due to asymmetric Doppler effects for large following or opposing currents at large relative water depths. Simultaneous estimation of depth and currents via inversion of the dispersion relation including Doppler shifts is more effective at the deep estuary mouth, where currents more strongly affect the incident wave field. In the estuary channel with locations as deep as 27 m, Kalman-filtered depths achieve 0.92 m RMSE and 0.38 m deep bias as compared to a concurrent sounding survey (95% of estimates are within 10% of those surveyed). Independent of the Doppler compensation technique, Kalman filtered depths can be used to more tightly constrain high-resolution current velocity estimates.
A Robust Regularizer for Multiphase CT

Joint image reconstruction for multiphase CT can potentially improve image quality and reduce dose by leveraging the shared information among the phases. Multiphase CT scans are acquired sequentially. Inter-scan patient breathing causes small organ shifts and organ boundary misalignment among different phases. Existing multi-channel regularizers such as the joint total variation (TV) can introduce artifacts at misaligned organ boundaries. We propose a multi-channel regularizer using the infimal convolution (inf-conv) between a joint TV and a separable TV. It is robust against organ misalignment; it can work like a joint TV or a separable TV depending on a parameter setting. The effects of the parameter in the inf-conv regularizer are analyzed in detail. The properties of the inf-conv regularizer are then investigated numerically in a multi-channel image denoising setting. For algorithm implementation, the inf-conv regularizer is nonsmooth; inverse problems with the inf-conv regularizer can be solved using a number of primal-dual algorithms from nonsmooth convex minimization. Our numerical studies using synthesized 2-phase patient data and phantom data demonstrate that the inf-conv regularizer can largely maintain the advantages of the joint TV over the separable TV and reduce image artifacts of the joint TV due to organ misalignment.
The Case for High-Quality Colonoscopy Remaining a Premier Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategy in the United States.

Most colorectal cancer screening in the United States occurs in the opportunistic setting, where screening is initiated by a patient-provider interaction. Colonoscopy provides the longest-interval protection, and high-quality colonoscopy is ideally suited to the opportunistic setting. Both detection and colonoscopic resection have improved as a result of intense scientific investigation. Further improvements in detection are expected with the introduction of artificial intelligence programs into colonoscopy platforms. We may expect recommended intervals or colonoscopy after negative examinations performed by high-quality detectors to expand beyond 10 years. Thus, high-quality colonoscopy remains an excellent approach to colorectal cancer screening in the opportunistic setting.
Chapter 2 – Bone Cells

Bone development and the adaptation of the adult skeleton to mechanical needs and hormonal changes depend on the ability of bone cells to resorb and form bone in the right places and at the right time. Bone growth, modeling, or remodeling are defined by the spatial and temporal relationship between bone resorption and bone formation. Osteoclasts resorb bone, osteoblasts form bone, and osteocytes detect the need for bone augmentation or reduction and coordinate the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts are the primary bone resorptive cells and originate from precursors of the hematopoietic lineage upon stimulation with the RANK ligand [tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11/receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL)] and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (M-CSF). The rate of osteoclast generation determines the extension of the basic multicellular unit, whereas the life span of osteoclasts determines the depth of resorption. Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation and originate from mesenchymal progenitors that also give rise to chondrocytes, muscle cells, and adipocytes. Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that remain within the mineralized bone matrix and form a network that senses mechanical and hormonal environmental cues, and orchestrates the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This chapter discusses the current knowledge on the generation, fate, and function of bone cells.
THE FINAL APPROACH SPACING TOOL

A system for assisting terminal area air traffic controllers in the management and control of arrival traffic, referred to as the Final Approach Spacing Tool (FAST), is being developed at NASA Ames Research Center. In a cooperative program. NASA and the FAA have efforts underway to install and evaluate the system at the Dallas/Fort Worth Terminal Radar Approach Control facility beginning in 1994. This paper will review the algorithmic components, the human-machine interface, and the results of recent simulations.
Examining COVID-19 and HIV: The impact of intersectional stigma on short- and long-term health outcomes among African Americans

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the health disparities and structural racism among African Americans. We examined overlaps between the COVID-19 pandemic and HIV epidemic using an intersection...
A Discrete Dendrite Dynamics Model for Epitaxial Columnar Grain Growth in Metal Additive Manufacturing with Application to Inconel

Abstract Epitaxial columnar grain growth is a prevalent microstructural feature in the additive manufacturing (AM) of metal components such as Inconel, with cubic unit cell crystal lattice structure (face centered cubic (FCC) or body centered cubic (BCC)). These columnar grains evolve from the partly molten grains in the substrate or the solidified metal. This work proposes an efficient model to simulate the competitive growth of epitaxial columnar dendritic grains. The proposed model tracks the dynamic changes in the dendrites emanating from discrete points along the solid/liquid interface of a quasi-steady melt pool (MP). These dynamic changes include convergence and divergence of growing dendrites. The model is extended to predict the microstructure of large 3D parts and experimentally validated by comparing the simulation results for laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) processes. The microstructure and pole figures are predicted for Inconel 718 samples produced by L-PBF and Inconel 740H samples produced by WAAM processes. The model predictions compare well with the observed microstructure and pole figures results for both the L-PBF and WAAM processes.
Predicting the U.S. environmental protection agency’s criminal enforcement outcomes, 1983–2019

Studies of environmental enforcement in the United States focus on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) civil enforcement actions. We develop a fuller understanding of why the agency en...
SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape

Abstract Wide-scale SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing is critical to monitoring and understanding viral evolution during the ongoing pandemic. Variants first detected in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Brazil have spread to multiple countries. We have developed a software tool, Variant Database (VDB), for quickly examining the changing landscape of spike mutations. Using this tool, we detected an emerging lineage of viral isolates in the New York region that shares mutations with previously reported variants. The most common sets of spike mutations in this lineage (now designated as B.1.526) are L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K or S477N, D614G, and A701V. This lineage appeared in late November 2020, and isolates from this lineage account for ~25% of coronavirus genomes sequenced and deposited from New York during February 2021.
The unremarked optimum: whiteness, optimization, and control in the database revolution

The 1970s saw major transformations in how computerized databases were conceived, developed, and designed. Part of a broader shift in how software applications were developed, these transformations...
Endothelium-specific depletion of LRP1 improves glucose homeostasis through inducing osteocalcin.

The vascular endothelium is present within metabolic organs and actively regulates energy metabolism. Here we show osteocalcin, recognized as a bone-secreted metabolic hormone, is expressed in mouse primary endothelial cells isolated from heart, lung and liver. In human osteocalcin promoter-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein signals are enriched in endothelial cells lining aorta, small vessels and capillaries and abundant in aorta, skeletal muscle and eye of adult mice. The depletion of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 induces osteocalcin through a Forkhead box O -dependent pathway in endothelial cells. Whereas depletion of osteocalcin abolishes the glucose-lowering effect of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 depletion, osteocalcin treatment normalizes hyperglycemia in multiple mouse models. Mechanistically, osteocalcin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor are in the same complex with osteocalcin and required for osteocalcin-promoted insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, our results reveal an endocrine/paracrine role of endothelial cells in regulating insulin sensitivity, which may have therapeutic implications in treating diabetes and insulin resistance through manipulating vascular endothelium. The vascular endothelium contributes to metabolic regulation, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here the authors show that endothelial low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 regulates glucose homeostasis via osteocalcin expression.
Early block in maturation is associated with thymic involution in mammary tumor-bearing mice.

We previously reported that mice implanted with mammary tumors show a progressive thymic involution that parallels the growth of the tumor. The involution is associated with a severe depletion of CD4+8+ thymocytes. We have investigated three possible mechanisms leading to this thymic atrophy: 1) increased apoptosis, 2) decreased proliferation, and 3) disruption of normal thymic maturation. The levels of thymic apoptosis were determined by propidium iodide and annexin V staining. A statistically significant, but minor, increase in thymic apoptosis in tumor-bearing mice was detected with propidium iodide and annexin V staining. The levels of proliferation were assessed by in vivo labeling with 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The percentages of total thymocytes labeled 1 day following BrdU injection were similar in control and tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the percentages of CD4−8− thymocytes that incorporated BrdU during a short term pulse (5 h) of BrdU were similar. Lastly, thymic maturation was evaluated by examining CD44 and CD25 expression among CD4−8− thymocytes. The percentage of CD44+ cells increased, while the percentage of CD25+ cells decreased among CD4−8− thymocytes from tumor-bearing vs control animals. Together, these findings suggest that the thymic hypocellularity seen in mammary tumor bearers is not due to a decreased level of proliferation, but, rather, to an arrest at an early stage of thymic differentiation along with a moderate increase in apoptosis.
Expectations versus reality, social support, and the well-being of medical students.

Abstract This longitudinal study of medical students assessed the relationship between their mental and social well-being, the discrepancy between their expectations and the reality of the learning environment, and social support, after controlling for baseline characteristics that may affect students' perceptions. Finding, at the end of the first year, that the quality of the learning environment was better than expected was positively associated with social well-being but negatively associated with mental well-being. Finding less stress than expected was positively associated with both mental and social well-being. Social support had only a direct positive association with social well-being. There was a suggestion, although it was not statistically significant, of a negative association between social support and mental well-being and a positive interaction between social support and students' perception of the environment's quality. These findings suggest that stressors and mediators of stress may show...
Comparison of antigens and serological methods in Aspergillus fumigatus antibody detection.

Summary: Using antigens from three strains of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), 97 sera were studied for specific antibodies by agar gel double diffusion (DD), indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed wide variation in the reactivity of the different antigens and different methods. It is also evident from the results that several different AF antigens and serological methods are useful in demonstrating antibodies in the sera and in avoiding false positive and negative results. However, it is not possible to make a diagnosis solely from the serological results, as a majority of the sera from non-AF-induced lung diseases showed comparable reactions to those of aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This study confirms the necessity of standardized antigens for reliable and dependable results irrespective of the methods employed. Zusammenfassung: Unter Verwendung der Antigene von drei Stammen von Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) wurden 97 Seren mit Hilfe der folgenden Methoden auf spezifische Antikorper untersucht: Agar-Gel-Doppeldiffusion (DD), indirekte Imminfluoreszenz (IIF) und Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine grose Streubreite der Reaktionen unter Verwendung verschiedener Antigene und verschiedener Methoden. Aus den Ergebnissen ist weiterhin ablesbar, das eine Reihe verschiedener AF-Antigene und verschiedener serologischer Methoden fur den Nachweis von Antikorpern benutzt werden konnen und dasihre Kombination nutzlich ist fur die Vermeidung falsch positiver oder falsch negativer Ergebnisse. Dennoch ist es nicht moglich, eine Diagnose ausschlieslich aufgrund der serologischen Befunde zu stellen, da eine grose Zahl der Seren von Patienten mit Lungenerkrankungen, die nicht durch AF hervorgerufen waren, Reaktionen zeigten, wie sie auch beim Aspergillom oder bei der allergischen bronchopulmonalen Aspergillose auftraten. Aus der Studie wird deutlich, das es unabhangig von der angewendeten Methode erforderlich ist, zur Gewinnung verlaslicher Ergebnisse standardisierte Antigene zu benutzen.
Transcriptional activation of fibroblast collagenase gene expression by a novel lymphokine, leukoregulin.

Leukoregulin (LR) is a novel T-cell derived cytokine with unique anti-tumor properties. We have recently demonstrated that LR is also able to modulate the biosynthetic repertoire of normal human skin fibroblasts in culture (Mauviel, A., Redini, F., Hartmann, D.J., Pujol, J.-P., and Evans, C.H. (1991) J. Cell Biol. 113, 1455-1462). In this study, we have examined in detail the effects of LR on collagenase gene expression in human skin fibroblast cultures. The results indicated time- and dose-dependent induction of collagenase mRNA steady-state levels, the maximum elevation being approximately 35-fold. In contrast, the mRNA levels for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases remained unchanged in the same RNA preparations. The enhancement of collagenase mRNA levels was shown to be dependent on protein synthesis, and it could be counteracted by dexamethasone or all-trans-retinoic acid. Transient transfections of cultured fibroblasts with a human collagenase promoter/reporter gene construct indicated up-regulation of the promoter activity, which could be blocked by dexamethasone and all-trans-retinoic acid. The observation suggested regulation at the transcriptional level of collagenase gene expression. LR was also shown to induce the mRNA levels for junB, suggesting possible involvement of the AP-1 complex in the regulation. The ability of LR to selectively induce collagenase gene expression in skin fibroblasts suggests that this cytokine may significantly contribute to the degradation of the extracellular matrix in physiological situations, such as tissue development and repair, and in diseases characterized by excessive degradation and turnover of collagen.
Effects of EMD 57033 on Contraction and Relaxation in Isolated Rabbit Hearts

Background Ca 2+ sensitizers are reported to enhance contractility with modest effects on energy utilization. In the present study we assessed the effects of the relatively “pure” Ca 2+ sensitizer EMD 57033 on mechanical performance and energy consumption in the beating heart. Methods and Results In 10 isolated, red blood cell–perfused rabbit hearts the effects of EMD 57033 (5.0 to 5.8 μmol/L) on left ventricular (LV) pressure and O 2 consumption (Vo 2 ) were examined at heart rates of 100 and 150 beats per minute (bpm) and perfusate [Ca 2+ ] ([Ca 2+ ] o ) of 2.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (isovolumic contractions). LV developed pressure and maximum dP/dt increased, but less so at 150 bpm or 1.0 mmol/L [Ca 2+ ] o . End-diastolic pressure also increased, more so at 150 bpm or 1.0 mmol/L [Ca 2+ ] o . EMD 57033 decreased time to peak isovolumic pressure (T max ) and prolonged time to 50% pressure decline (T 1/2 ). These changes were greater at slower heart rate or lower [Ca 2+ ] o . The magnitude of increased Vo 2 with EMD 57033 was greater at 100 bpm than 150 bpm but unaffected by [Ca 2+ ] o . We then investigated the influence of ejection on the response to EMD 57033 (n=7). The increase in developed pressure with EMD 57033 was greater for ejecting than isovolumic beats (25.5±10.2 versus 14.7±7.5 mm Hg at 100 bpm, P P =NS). The increase in Vo 2 was significantly greater for ejecting than isovolumic beats (0.027±0.013 versus 0.020±0.009 mL O 2 /beat per 100 g at 100 bpm, P Conclusions EMD 57033 enhances contractility and prolongs relaxation. Its effects are modulated by heart rate, [Ca 2+ ] o , and contraction mode, with positive inotropic effects being more prominent for ejecting beats.