cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of a synthetic vision system with airborne laser range scanner-based terrain referenced navigation for precision approach guidance

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) provide pilots with a virtual visual depiction of the external environment. When using SVS for aircraft precision approach guidance systems accurate positioning relative to the runway with a high level of integrity is required. Precision approach guidance systems in use today require ground-based electronic navigation components with at least one installation at each airport, and in many cases multiple installations to service approaches to all qualifying runways. A terrain-referenced approach guidance system is envisioned to provide precision guidance to an aircraft without the use of ground-based electronic navigation components installed at the airport. This autonomy makes it a good candidate for integration with an SVS. At the Ohio University Avionics Engineering Center (AEC), work has been underway in the development of such a terrain referenced navigation system. When used in conjunction with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a high accuracy/resolution terrain database, this terrain referenced navigation system can provide navigation and guidance information to the pilot on a SVS or conventional instruments. The terrain referenced navigation system, under development at AEC, operates on similar principles as other terrain navigation systems: a ground sensing sensor (in this case an airborne laser scanner) gathers range measurements to the terrain; this data is then matched in some fashion with an onboard terrain database to find the most likely position solution and used to update an inertial sensor-based navigator. AEC's system design differs from today's common terrain navigators in its use of a high resolution terrain database (~1 meter post spacing) in conjunction with an airborne laser scanner which is capable of providing tens of thousands independent terrain elevation measurements per second with centimeter-level accuracies. When combined with data from an inertial navigator the high resolution terrain database and laser scanner system is capable of providing near meter-level horizontal and vertical position estimates. Furthermore, the system under development capitalizes on 1) The position and integrity benefits provided by the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to reduce the initial search space size and; 2) The availability of high accuracy/resolution databases. This paper presents results from flight tests where the terrain reference navigator is used to provide guidance cues for a precision approach.
Variation in management of duplex system intravesical ureteroceles: a survey of pediatric urologists.

Purpose: Controversy exists in ureterocele management and the literature lacks clear management guidelines. We surveyed pediatric urologists to understand practice patterns and perceptions of managing duplicated system intravesical ureterocele.Materials and Methods: The survey consisted of 3 case scenarios, including upper pole obstruction without reflux, ureterocele without hydronephrosis and reflux after incision. The survey evaluated management at patient age 3 months and used a Likert scale to evaluate management strategies later in life.Results: We analyzed 233 responses. There was agreement in prophylactic antibiotic use and diagnostic evaluation. When managing a duplicated system intravesical ureterocele with poor upper pole function, 50.6% of respondents advocated puncture at age 3 months. However, when followed conservatively for 18 months, the preference changed to surgical management with partial nephrectomy preferred by 61.8% of respondents. When managing the condition without hydronephrosis, ...
The visible and the invisible hand: Resource allocation in the industrial sector

The standard economic analysis holds that resource allocation in the industrial sector is primarily a market process operating through the capital markets. The current political resurgence of free market economics has popularized this approach. Contrary to this approach the authors demonstrate that: (1) trends in the size, diversity and administrative complexity of firms; (2) structural features of the capital markets; and (3) the emergence of the state as a major source of capital in developed countries imply that internal organizational and political/ ideological considerations are also vital to understanding resource allocation in the economy.
An efficient multiband envelope function approximation method for spintronics

We have developed an eight-band finite-difference envelope function approximation model capable of reproducing in almost all situations the true D2d or C2v symmetry of [001] grown zinc-blende heterostructures. We have used our model to study the relative contributions of the bulk inversion asymmetry (BIA) and structural inversion asymmetry to the spin splitting in the conduction band of asymmetric AlSb/GaSb/InAs/AlSb quantum wells, and clarify apparently contradictory statements about the relative magnitude of the two contributions. We show that, in the system under study, the inclusion of BIA effects changes considerably the angular dependence and the magnitude of the splitting. We also investigate how BIA changes the transmission properties of a resonant tunnelling structure.
X-ray-line-profile analysis of titanium alloys

X-ray-line-profile analysis has been used to investigate the dislocation structures resulting from severe plastic deformation in a series of titanium alloys. The effect of oxygen level (up to 0.33 wt pct) on the dislocation arrangements in titanium as well as in a series of titanium-aluminum alloys (4, 6, and 9 wt pct Al) was the principal thrust of the investigation. Although correlations were found between the stacking fault probability and alloying elements, the dislocation arrangements can not be interpreted solely in terms of stacking fault energies. Short-range order definitely plays an important role, and solute-dislocation interactions may be active.
Dense–bed column crystallizer: An experimental and analytical study

The performance of a continuous, vertical, dense-bed column crystallizer is evaluated by comparing experimental and predicted column temperature profiles and by examining product composition at various operating conditions. The separation obtained in an eutectic system is modeled by a component conservation equation coupled with a nonadiabatic energy balance equation. The critical parameter in the analysis is the axial dispersion coefficient and the measured values of this coefficient were similar in magnitude to those reported for ice washing columns. The dense-bed column apparently achieves nearly ideal plug flow.
Capacity optimization for ricean correlated MIMO channels with decorrelator receiver

This paper addresses the capacity optimization problem for MIMO wireless channels with a non-zero mean and transmit antenna correlation. With a decorrelator receiver, the capacity of the MIMO system is a function of the diagonal elements of an inverted noncentral Wishart distributed matrix. Hence, finding the average capacity is difficult. We simplify the problem by approximating the SNR of each spatial stream by a standard noncentral Chi-squared random variable. Using the moments of the SNR, we obtain a Taylor series approximation for the average capacity that is significantly better than the commonly used bound via Jensen's inequality. The obtained Taylor series approximation is used to design a linear precoder that maximizes the total average capacity of the system. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance gain.
Basal and IL-1β-stimulated cytokine and neuropeptide mRNA expression in brain regions of young and old Long–Evans rats

Abstract Young and old Long–Evans rats respond with fevers of equal magnitude and duration to the brain administration of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Here, we characterized brain regional mRNA expression of cytokine and neuropeptide components in response to the brain administration of IL-1β. We used specific and highly sensitive RNase protection assays to determine mRNA changes for IL-1β, IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI), IL-1R accessory proteins I and II (IL-1R AcP I and II), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), glycoprotein 130 (gp 130), leptin receptor (OB-R), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the cerebellum, parieto-frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain of male young (3–5 months) and old (24–26 months) Long–Evans rats. In both young and old rats, IL-1β induced a significant up-regulation of cerebellar IL-1Ra, IL-1RI, and TGF-β1 mRNAs; hippocampal TGF-β1 mRNA; hypothalamic IL-1β, IL-1Ra, TGF-β1, and gp 130 mRNAs; and midbrain IL-1β and TGF-β1 mRNAs. There were no age-related differences in any cytokine mRNA levels under basal or IL-1β-stimulated conditions. Levels of hypothalamic POMC mRNA were different between age groups under basal and stimulated conditions. IL-1R AcP I and leptin receptor did not change in any brain region from either young or old rats, suggesting specificity of transcriptional changes. The data show that old Long–Evans rats are not defective in their capacity to develop an appropriate cytokine response to the brain administration of IL-1β. The implications of these findings for neuroimmunological–neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic/neurodegenerative processes are discussed.
Immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase-III in reproductive organs of female rats during the oestrous cycle.

Constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS III) expression during the oestrous cycle was mapped immunocytochemically on 5 μm-thick paraffin sections of rat female reproductive organs. Ovarian NOS III immunoreactivity increased with follicular maturation (strongest in dioestrus corpora lutea), suggesting that nitric oxide may regulate folliculogenesis and luteal functions. Oviductal NOS III, localized in mucosal epithelium and muscular wall, was maximal during pro-oestrus and oestrus, suggesting that nitric oxide may impart periovulatory quiescence for reception, retention and fertilization of ovulated oocytes. Uterine NOS III, localized in endometrial and glandular epithelium, and in myometrial smooth muscle cells, was abundantly expressed during pro-oestrus and oestrus. The peri-implantation period in pregnant rats corresponds to the periovulatory period and the elevated NOS, and thus nitric oxide may provide uterine relaxation to facilitate embryo implantation following fertilization. Cervical NOS III, localized in the mucus-secreting epithelium and smooth muscle cells, exhibited enzyme abundance during pro-oestrus and oestrus, probably indicating cervical preparation to facilitate sperm entry following mating. Vaginal NOS III, found in the stratified squamous epithelial lining and in smooth muscle cells, was maximal during oestrus and pro-oestrus, suggesting that nitric oxide may stimulate vaginal secretions. Differential expression of NOS III by different reproductive organs during the oestrus cycle suggests a role for nitric oxide in modulating reproduction.
Characterization and Modeling of Dynamic Sensing Behavior in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys

This paper is focused on the characterization and modeling of a commercial Ni-Mn-Ga alloy for use as a dynamic deformation sensor. The flux density is experimentally determined as a function of cyclic strain loading at frequencies from 0.2 Hz to 160 Hz. With increasing frequency, the stress-strain response remains almost unchanged whereas the flux density-strain response shows increasing hysteresis. This behavior indicates that twin-variant reorientation occurs in concert with the mechanical loading, whereas the rotation of magnetization vectors occurs with a delay as the loading frequency increases. The increasing hysteresis in magnetization must be considered when utilizing the material in dynamic sensing applications. A modeling strategy is developed which incorporates magnetic diffusion and a linear constitutive equation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Phonation Threshold Power in Ex Vivo Laryngeal Models

Summary This study hypothesized that phonation threshold power is measureable and sensitive to changes in the biomechanical properties of the vocal folds. Phonation threshold power was measured in three sample populations of 10 excised canine larynges treated with variable posterior glottal gap, variable bilateral vocal fold elongation, and variable vocal fold lesioning. Posterior glottal gap varied from 0 to 4mm in 0.5 mm intervals. Bilateral vocal fold elongation varied from 0% to 20% in 5% intervals. Vocal fold lesion treatments included unilateral and bilateral vocal fold lesion groups. Each treatment was investigated independently in a sample population of 10 excised canine larynges. Linear regression analysis indicated that phonation threshold power was sensitive to posterior glottal gap ( R 2 =0.298, P R 2 =0.052, P =0.003). A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that phonation threshold power was sensitive to the presence of lesions ( P
Health Effects of Oxygenated Fuels

The use of oxygenated fuels is anticipated to increase over the next decades. This paper reviews the toxicological and exposure information for methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel additive, ...
Cloning of a novel alpha 1-subunit of the voltage-dependent calcium channel from the beta-cell.

To study the molecular regulation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) in the beta-cell, we have cloned a cDNA for the alpha 1-subunit from a hamster insulin-secreting cell line (HIT-T15). The cDNA (HCa3a) encodes a 1610-amino acid protein with four repeating membrane domains and an overall structure characteristic of other alpha 1-subunits. Although the cDNA shows a high degree of sequence homology (97%) with a rat brain alpha 1-subunit (RB alpha 1), the C-terminal 15 amino acids of HCa3a share no similarity with any cloned alpha 1 protein. High stringency Northern blot analysis revealed a single transcript of approximately 8.6 kilobases in HIT cells and hamster pancreas. A similarly sized species was detected in hamster brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. Using polymerase chain reaction and a primer set unique to HCa3a, this alpha 1 isoform was found to be expressed in islet cell lines derived from rat, mouse, and hamster. The HIT cell alpha 1-subunit is also expressed in discrete regions of the ra...
Measures of Self-Esteem by Preschool Children:

20 preschoolers were given four self-esteem measures to estimate correlations among measures and with selected demographic variables. Results were consistent with previous findings that self-evalua...
Two-, three-, and four-particle spatial correlations among tertiary cosmic ray muons☆

Abstract Showers of muons which result from interactions of primary cosmic rays high in the atmosphere appear deep underground as bundles of nearly parallel muons. For threshold energies of 1 TeV and arrival zenith angles of 45 degrees, those events having a small mean number of muons are described by a power law distribution in shower size having an exponent of ≅−3.7 and a radial density distribution that decreases with distance R from the shower axis a little less rapidly than exp(− R /5.4 m). Comparison of new data on four muon spatial correlations in terms of the same phenomenology with data on two and three muon spatial correlations from previous experiments suggests that the shower size distribution steepens and the shower radial density distribution broadens with increasing shower size (i.e., with increasing mean energy of the primary cosmic ray at a given threshold energy of the muons observed). These results might be explained by a basically geometrical effect due either to a total inelastic cross section which rises with energy or by an enhanced contribution from the interactions of secondaries. If the effect does not have a geometrical origin, then it may be necessary to reformulate the input to shower development calculations which have assumed that interaction products are described by factored, uncorrelated single particle statistical distributions. The relationships between the inclusive distributions predicted by theory and those of the empirical phenomenology are explored in some detail.
Application of thermographic temperature measurements in injection molding and blow molding of plastics

Infrared thermal analysis is used to characterize and optimize injection moulding and blow moulding of plastic parts colored with 2 - 4% carbon black. Thermographic and ultrasonic data show that during injection moulding shrinkage of the plastic in the mould creates a gap between the part and mould which produces a thermal contact resistance thereby reducing the cooling efficiency of the mould. The effect of shrinkage was minimized by using high packing pressures. Thermal analysis of blow moulding provides evidence of a 'skin' on the surface of the parison which affects the wetting of the part and mould. A high blow rate is required to maintain a parison that wets the mould surface well to promote the transfer of heat out of the part. In addition, under fixed operating conditions. The temperature field on thin walled parts can be used to obtain on-line thickness distributions and measure blow ratios. Results of the study have been applied to the analysis of automotive parts.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strengthening Connections Between Schools and Communities: A Method of Improving Urban Schools.

Strategies, successful, and unsuccessful, for community involvement in the schools: outcomes, foreseen and unforeseen.
Neural networks for image modeling by two-dimensional random fields with application to image compression for target acquisition

The problem of target acquisition is considered to be a very involved process and is a serious challenge for the researchers. For several applications of target acquisition, it is worthwhile to compare the compressed and uncompressed images and the perceptual difference between the two images is also significant. A new neural network technique of image modeling by 2-D random fields formulated in the form of an autoregressive moving average process driven by input white Gaussian noise with known statistics is presented. The proposed technique consists of two stages: (1) estimating the parameters of the model and (2) regeneration of the image with the knowledge of the model, its parameters, initial conditions, and white noise. The problem of estimating the model parameters is formulated as an optimization problem solved by a single-layer neural network. Once the model parameters have been estimated as the adaptive weights of the network, the second stage reconstructs the picture from the model. This stage consists of recursively constructing the image using the initial conditions of the original image, the parameters of the model, and white Gaussian noise. Due to the adaptive nature and the computational capability of the neural network, a high-quality image is obtained with this approach. The proposed algorithm reduces the computational complexity and is recommended for the on-line image compression required in target-acquisition-type applications. As the image is constructed using fewer pixel values of the given image in the form of initial conditions, and a few parameters of the model, very effective image compression is achieved. Several computer simulation examples are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Pulvinar and affective significance: responses track moment‑to‑moment stimulus visibility

Research on emotion has considered the pulvinar to be an important component of a subcortical pathway conveying visual information to the amygdala in a largely “automatic” fashion. An older literature has focused on understanding the role of the pulvinar in visual attention. To address the inconsistency between these independent literatures, in the present study, we investigated how pulvinar responses are involved in the processing of affectively significant stimuli and how they are influenced by stimulus visibility during attentionally demanding conditions. Subjects performed an attentional blink task during fMRI scanning involving affectively significant (CS+ ) and neutral stimuli (CS−). Pulvinar responses were not influenced by affective significance (CS+ vs. CS−) per se. Instead, evoked responses were only modulated by affective significance during hit trials, but not during miss trials. Importantly, moment-to-moment fluctuations in response magnitude closely tracked trial-by-trial detection performance, and thereby visibility. This relationship was only reliably detected during the affective condition. Our results do not support a passive role of the pulvinar in affective processing, as invoked in the context of the subcortical-pathway hypothesis. Instead, the pulvinar appears to be involved in mechanisms that are closely linked to attention and awareness. As part of thalamocortical loops with diverse cortical territories, we argue that the medial pulvinar is well positioned to influence information processing in the brain according to a stimulus’s biological significance. In particular, when weak and/or brief visual stimuli have affective significance, cortico-pulvino-cortical circuits may act to coordinate and amplify signals in a manner that enhances their behavioral impact.
Three-dimensional SAR distributions computed in a multilayered cylindrical model for electromagnetic hyperthermia

A model consisting of multilayered, concentric, circular cylinders is used to investigate numerically specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions for electromagnetic hyperthermia. The fields in the cylinders are expanded in eigenfunctions, and axial confinement is achieved via Fourier transformation. Only axisymmetric SAR distributions are considered. TM/sub 0/ modes have SAR distributions that appear to be most useful for hyperthermia of deep-seated tumors. As the SAR is more confined axially: (1) the radial components of the TM/sub 0/ mode fields increase, and (2) the attenuation in the radial direction increases. Differences in SAR distributions are more apparent near the surface of a model than they are near the core. The effect of axial confinement on the optimal frequency of operation is discussed. >
Spatial patterns in phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing in the Arabian Sea during monsoon forcing

Abstract Spatial patterns in the rates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing were investigated in the Arabian Sea during the Southwest Monsoon (August–September) and early Northeast Monsoon (December) seasons in 1995 using the seawater dilution technique. Nutrient-enhanced growth rates ( μ n ) averaged 1.2 d -1 in the upper euphotic zone for both cruises and were similar between higher and lower nutrient stations, the former (>1.0 μM NO 3 ) being characteristic of the upwelling-influenced western coastal portion of the study region and the latter ( 3 ) being typical of the central basin. Growth rates without added nutrients ( μ 0 ) were also comparable between cruises but strongly related to ambient nutrient conditions, averaging 1.1 d -1 (91% of μ n ) at the higher nutrient stations and 0.5 d -1 (44% of μ n ) at the lower nutrient stations. The rate estimates for phytoplankton losses to microzooplankton grazing ( m ) averaged 0.6 d -1 for the upper euphotic zone and did not vary systematically between low- and high- nutrient stations. As a consequence, μ 0 and m were largely in balance for the more oligotrophic stations, while the eutrophic stations showed a growth differential over grazing of about 0.6 d -1 . These experimental results are consistent with observed differences in community structure, namely the dominance of picoplankton in oligotrophic offshore regions and the increased importance of the large diatom-mesozooplankton grazing pathway in the richer coastal areas. Overall, the spatial patterns, if not magnitudes, of the community responses to Southwest and Northeast Monsoon forcing were remarkably similar in this study, allowing for a relatively simple interpretation of the influence of enhanced nutrient supply on the rates and fates of phytoplankton production.
The Digital Media Landscape - Addressing the Challenge

This paper discussed the three key themes which the companies should address by 2012: (1) ubiquitous IP networks which will allow for hub centric content delivery, and content access cross-platform; (2) the personalization dimension that adds complexity to the traditional content versus distribution competitive struggle; and (3) supply of content that proliferates, consumer choice and commercial opportunities to expand, and the powerful customer sits at the centre of all this. Understanding and identifying digital media assets valuable to the customers will be critical as will the ability to effectively manage those media assets, addressing issues such as monetization, rights management, and security.
Dopamine D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (haloperidol) antagonists in drug-naive monkeys

The ability of dopamine D1 antagonists to produce acute extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) in nonhuman primates is unclear. Some studies in monkeys show that D1 antagonists produce acute dystonia, whereas other studies do not report these effects. The central issues that have yielded conflicting results revolve around prior treatment status (neuroleptic-naive versus neuroleptic sensitized) and route of administration (oral versus parenteral). In this study, separate groups of neuroleptic drug-naive cebus monkeys were tested once weekly with intramuscularly administered SCH 23390, a D1 antagonist, or haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, across a dose range of 0.01–0.25 mg/kg, and a saline control. Both active drugs, but not saline, produced clinically identical syndromes of acute dystonia and bradykinesia, though haloperidol induced higher symptom scores over a longer duration. Sedation and locomotor activity were unchanged by SCH 23390, but decreased with haloperidol. Factors regarding acute EPS liability in nonhuman primate models and clinical implications in man are discussed.
Further studies on a highly purified glycoprotein from the intimal region of porcine aorta

Abstract Highly purified glycoprotein from the intimal region of porcine aorta was isolated with minor modifications of the procedure described previously. The molecular weight of the glycoprotein as determined by sedimentation equilibrium method either in presence of 0.1 M NaCl or 6 M guanidine · HCl containing β-mercapto-ethanol was 72 000. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native glycoprotein and its S-carboxyamidomethyl derivative at different acrylamide concentrations showed no difference in the molecular weight indicating the absence of subunits. Attempts to determine the identity of the amino-terminal acid by a dansylation technique indicated that the amino group is not free. The carboxy-terminal amino acid was found to be serine after treatment of the glycoprotein with carboxy-peptidase A. The glycoprotein did not contain an alkali-labile (O-glycosidic) carbohydrate-protein linkage as tested by the β-elimination reaction. The release of monosaccharides from the glycoprotein as a function of time was studied employing mild acid hydrolysis (0.5 M HCl, 80 °C) and also by the use of neuraminidase, α- d -and β- d -glucosidases and β- d -N- acetylglucosaminidase . From the observations on the release of monosaccharides and analogy with standard features determined by other investigators on soluble aortic glycoproteins, a prediction has been made as to the general features of the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein.
A numerical study of unsteady self-propagating reactions in multilayer foils

Self-propagating reactions in multilayer foils are analyzed using an unsteady computational model. The reactions are described in terms of the energy conservation equation and the evolution equation for a conserved scalar. The model is applied to analyze combustion waves in reacting foils that consist of alternating layers of Ni and Al. The individual layers have thicknesses, 2δ, in the range 20 to 200 nm, and the foils are 1 to 100 μm thick. The interfaces between the layers are assumed to be diffuse, with a characteristic mixed-zone thickness of 4Ω. The propagation of the flame is analyzed in terms of δ and Ω. Consistent with experimental observations and steady-state calculations, computed results show that the flame speed increases with decreasing δ, until a critical value, δ c , is reached. Below δ c , the trend is reversed—that is, the flame speed decreases with δ. Meanwhile, the flame speed increases monotonically with decreasing Ω. However, the calculations show that propagation of the reaction occurs in an unsteady fashion. Periodic and quasi-periodic, large-amplitude oscillations in the burning rate and the flame width are observed. As the flame speed increases, the amplitude of the oscillations increases and their characteristic period decreases. The occurrence of superadiabatic temperatures within the flame suggests that the oscillations result in an average propagation speed that is larger than the steady-state prediction.
The Atomic Force Microscope as a Nanoscale Stereo Lithography Machine

Atomic force microscope (AFM) based anodization nanolithography on semiconducting layers is a useful tool for nanoscale fabrication. A custom AFM patterning technique has been created that couples CAD with the lithographic capabilities of the AFM. Designed nanostructures to be deposited on a silicon substrate are rendered as a three-dimensional model using CAD. AFM based anodization nanolithography is then used to replicate the features at the nanoscale using automated voltage bias and humidity modulation as prescribed by the model and dictated by the system. The work presented outlines the advantages and limitations when three-dimensional modeling is combined with nanoscale lithography using an AFM.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Potentiation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Action by IGF-Binding Protein-3: Studies of Underlying Mechanism*

In this study we investigated the mechanism(s) by which insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) potentiates IGF-I action in cultured bovine fibroblasts. Preincubation of cells with glycosylated or nonglycosylated recombinant human IGFBP-3 enhanced responsiveness to IGF-I in a time-dependent manner. A preincubation period of at least 24 h with IGFBP-3 was required to see a significant effect. Pretreatment with IGFBP-3 for 72 h resulted in a 2- to 4-fold augmentation of IGF-I-stimulated [3H]aminoisobutyric acid uptake; IGFBP-3 had no effect on basal [3H]aminoisobutyric acid uptake. During the preincubation period, exogenous IGFBP-3 associated with the fibroblast surface and exhibited time-dependent processing to lower mol wt forms that retained the ability to bind radiolabeled IGF-I. Initial surface adherence (preincubation time of 24 h or less) was readily reversible. However, IGFBP-3, once processed, appeared to be closely associated with the cell. After 72 h of exposure to bovine fibroblas...
Electronically Driven Superlattice in the Cuprates

Upon doping the Mott–Hubbard insulator, an intermediate phase may be formed before the system reaches the Fermi-liquid phase. The pseudogap state and the spin/charge stripe phase are the possible examples of such a phase. We propose a new intermediate phase that has the form of the superlattice with \(2\sqrt{2}a\times 2\sqrt{2}b\) in the CuO2 plane, and allows the coexistence of the Mott–Hubbard insulator and the Fermi-liquid. This hypothesis is supported by neutron diffraction data, the phonon dispersion determined by neutron scattering and the recent ARPES data. The implications of such a phase on the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity are discussed.
Inhibition of neutrophil response by mepacrine.

Clinical and experimental evidence supports neutrophil involvement in the pulmonary complications of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Preliminary evidence indicates that mepacrine salvages pulmonary function in experimental models of adult respiratory distress syndrome, possibly by inhibiting neutrophil activation [E.M. Canham et al., Am. Rev. resp. Dis. 127, 594 (1983)]. This study examines the effect of mepacrine on neutrophil responses involved in pulmonary dysfunction associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome. A comparison is made between the ability of mepacrine to inhibit a specific neutrophil response utilizing different stimuli and the ability to inhibit different neutrophil responses to a single stimulus. Neutrophils were activated by a soluble stimulus, phorbol myristic acetate, and a particulate stimulus, heat-inactivated opsonized group B streptococcus. Mepacrine inhibited Superoxide production in response to both phorbol myristic acetate (IC50 = 5.3 ± 1.2 μM) or opsonized group B streptococcus (16.1 ± 1.7 μM). Chemotaxis in response to n-formylmethion-ylleucylphenylalanine was also inhibited (41.1 ± 2.2 μM). Finally, aggregation stimulated by either streptococcus or phorbol myristic acetate was inhibited by mepacrine (73.0 ± 9.8 μM and 77.0 ± 19.2 μM respectively). A comparison of the IC50 values demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of mepacrine is response dependent and stimulus independent. The results of this study are consistent with the proposal that mepacrine protects against the pulmonary complications associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome by its action as an inhibitor of neutrophil function.
Analysis of early events in acetylcholine receptor assembly.

Mammalian cell lines expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit cDNAs from Torpedo californica were used to study early events in AChR assembly. To test the hypothesis that individual subunits form homooligomeric intermediates before assembling into alpha 2 beta gamma delta pentamers, we analyzed the sedimentation on sucrose density gradients of each subunit expressed separately in cell lines. We have shown previously that the acute temperature sensitivity of Torpedo AChR subunit assembly is due, in part, to misfolding of the polypeptide chains (Paulson, H.L., and T. Claudio. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:1705-1717). We use this phenomenon to further analyze putative assembly-competent intermediates. In nonionic detergent at an assembly-permissive temperature, the majority of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subunits sediment neither as 3-4S monomers nor as 9S complexes, but rather as 6S species whether synthesized in fibroblasts, myoblasts, or differentiated myosyncytia. Several results indicate that the 6S species are complexes comprised predominantly of incorrectly folded subunit polypeptides. The complexes represent homoaggregates which form rapidly within the cell, are stable to mild SDS treatment and, in the case of alpha, contain some disulfide-linked subunits. The coprecipitation of alpha subunit with BiP or GRP78, a resident protein of the ER, further indicates that at least some of these internally sequestered subunits also associated with an endogenous protein implicated in protein folding. The majority of subunits expressed in these cell lines appear to be aggregates of subunits which are not assembly intermediates and are not assembly-competent. The portion which migrates as monomer, in contrast, appears to be the fraction which is assembly competent. This fraction increases at temperatures more permissive for assembly, further indicating the importance of the monomer as the precursor to assembly of alpha 2 beta gamma delta pentamers.
An Explanation for Increased Interferon Production At Low Multiplicities of Infection

SummaryRelatively low multiplicities of Semliki Forest virus induce optimal yields of interferon in chick embryo cell cultures. High multiplicities apparently inhibit interferon synthesis; however, a different mechanism is shown to be responsible. The increase yield of interferon at low multiplicities is shown to be associated with a prolongation of interferon synthesis due to multiple cycles of virus replication. The possibility of interferon induced in the first cycle of replication having a priming effect on interferon production in subsequent cycles is suggested.
The MicroBooNE Experiment

Abstract MicroBooNE is a new experiment, currently under development, that will use a large, liquid-argon, time-projection chamber in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam with the goal of studying the origin of the MiniBooNE anomalous signal of excess electron-like events in a muon-neutrino beam, which are not consistent with neutrino oscillations; it will also measure low-energy neutrino cross sections and has the potential to detect supernova neutrinos. At the same time, the project provides important R&D and proof-of-principle for potential, larger, detectors for studies of long-baseline neutrino oscillations and other physics.
Determining the effect of the A-current on the activity phase of a follower neuron in an inhibitory network

Background The A-current is a transient outward potassium current that is present in most vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. When a neuron is subject to a strong inhibitory synapse, the activity time following the rebound from inhibition can be set by the conductance and kinetics of the A-current. As such, the A-current plays an important role determining the activity phase of neurons in rhythmic networks that involve inhibitory synapses. The precise influence of the A-current in setting the activity of neurons depends on its interaction with the inhibitory synaptic inputs and with other intrinsic properties of the neuron. We examine the role of the A-current in determining the phase of activity of a follower neuron in a rhythmic inhibitory network. Our modeling results are compared with the activity of the follower pyloric constrictor (PY) neurons in the rhythmically active crustacean pyloric network (Fig 1a). We examine the role of the A-current in a MorrisLecar (ML) model plus an A-current with instantaneous activation kinetics, resulting in a 3D model with 2 variables (v and w) from the ML system and one variable h describing A-current inactivation. The response of the model to an inhibitory input from a square-wave presynaptic voltage is shown in Fig 1b.
Alcoholism as Sickness and Wrongdoing

It is now commonplace to call persons sick when their wrongdoing becomes entrenched, extensive, and extreme. This mixing of moral and therapeutic categories seems incoherent if we uncritically embrace a morality-therapy dichotomy: Behavioral problems like alcoholism are either moral or therapeutic matters, but not both. This paper dissolves the dichotomy by arguing that chronically abusive drinking is simultaneously a sickness and wrongdoing. Alcoholism is at least partly a self-inflicted impairment of responsible agency that has unhealthy consequences and usually requires therapeutic interventions. Morality and therapy are not inherently opposed. Morality enjoins compassionate helping and nonjudgemental therapy, and therapy is rooted in moral values of caring and respect. The polarized positions of Herbert Fingarette in Heavy Drinking and George E. Vaillant in The Natural History of Alcoholism are reconciled by paying close attention to their accounts of the condition, causes, consequences, and cure of alcoholism.
The Clinical Impact of Computed Tomography Immediately Following Primary Chemotherapy in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Purpose: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends computerized tomography (CT) for monitoring patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) as clinically indicated. We sought to evaluate the impact of the initial post-treatment CT scan on subsequent therapy in patients with EOC. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively identified patients diagnosed with EOC between January 2000 and December 2007. Eligible patients underwent debulking or staging and received postoperative chemotherapy. Following chemotherapy, disease status was assessed using physical examination, measurement of carcinoma antigen (CA)-125 levels, and CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis. The Student t test and χ 2 test were used to determine statistical significance. Results: A total of 187 patients had a complete clinical response to primary chemotherapy as determined by normal physical exam and CA-125 levels. Of this cohort, 127 patients (68%) had a normal CT, 51 patients (27%) had an equivocal CT, and 9 patients (5%) had an abnormal CT. Of the 51 patients with an equivocal CT, 11 had a positron emission tomography scan or repeat CT scan performed; however, no patient received immediate surgery or chemotherapy. Fifty-seven percent of the patients with a normal post-treatment CT compared with 72% of the patients with an equivocal CT experienced a recurrence (P = .07). Patients with normal and equivocal CT scans had similar median times to recurrence, 12.2 months versus 12.6 months, respectively. Conclusion: Immediately following completion of primary chemotherapy, few patients with a complete clinical response will have an abnormal CT scan. Although a significant number of patients will have an equivocal CT scan, it is rare that this finding alters the clinical management of patients with EOC. Although CT scans are useful as a baseline for future imaging studies, they seldom change management in this patient population.
Solving Equations, an Elegant Legacy

Solving equations-one of the primary themes in mathematics. In discussing this my secondary theme is that classical and modern mathematics are tightly intertwined, that contemporary mathematics contributes real insight and techniques to understand traditional problems. In the long second section I discuss some procedures that help to solve equations. There the discussion of symmetry is extensive because it is treated so inadequately as a fundamental thread throughout mathematics courses. The third section gives two different techniques to prove that equations have solutions. Most of the sections are independent; thus you can skip to examples that are more appealing. One ingredient in solving equations that I have not emphasized adequately is the basic role of inequalities. They are lurking here and there: the Euclidean algorithm and the application of the Brouwer fixed point theorem, to name two less obvious instances. To give inequalities their due would have changed the character of this article, which is drawn from the longer version [10]. 1. INTRODUCTION. Although by 1535 mathematicians had a formula to solve the cubic p(x) = X3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, even without the formula it is easy to show that if the roots are x1, X2, X3, then expanding p(x) = (x - x)(x- x2) (x-X3) we get for instance x1+X2+X3=-b. (1) An immediate consequence is that if the coefficients in a cubic polynomial are rational and if two of the roots are rational, then so is the third root. This result introduces one thread in our story: even without a formula for the solution of an equation it may be possible to obtain useful information. Shortly after the cubic, the general quartic polynomial was solved. The next challenge was the quintic. If the coefficients of are real, for all large positive x we have p(x) > 0, while for all large negative x we have p(x) < 0. Thus if you graph the polynomial y = p(x), it is geometrically evident that it crosses the x-axis at least once and hence there is at least one real root x1 of p(x) = 0. The polynomial q(x) =p(x)/(x - x1) is then a quartic
Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase in the regulation of inflammatory signaling.

Since the cloning and characterization of PAP-1 by Carman’s group, a preponderance of new information has emerged pertaining to the molecular function of the enzyme and its physiological function in lipid metabolism (Carman et al., 2006; Donkor et al., 2007). As a consequence of this development, PAP-1 and lipin research have informed us further regarding lipid metabolism and adipose tissue development (Carman et al., 2006; Reue et al., 2008). In recent years, the field of inflammatory lipid signaling has undergone a great expansion and has come to identify a wide variety of protein and metabolic inflammatory mediators, including PAP-1 as well as PLD, PKC, PLC and DAG. The focus of this review was to summarize experimental evidence supporting a role for PAP-1 in inflammatory signaling, which is summarized in Scheme 2 (Grkovich et al., 2008). Further clarification is needed to identify the precise signaling functions and downstream targets of DAG forming enzymes, such as PLD/PAP-1 and PLC, as evidence supports both as participants in inflammatory signaling in different systems. Clarification of these regulatory questions should lead to a more complete understanding of inflammatory signaling while helping to identify future pharmacological targets. Scheme 2 Role of PAP-1 in TLR-4 activation of eicosanoid signaling in macrophages. Adapted from (Grkovich et al., 2008). Summary LIST OF POSSIBLE MAJOR TOPICS Inlfammatory signaling Lipopolysaccharide Phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase 1 Lipin Diacylglycerol Group IVA Phospholipase A2 Cyclooxygenase 2 Phospholipase C Phospholipase D Toll-like recptor 4 Lipid signaling Phosphatidic acid Triacylglycerol Phospholipid NF kappaB Acknowledgments Support was provided by NIH grant GM64611.
Racial Identity and Racial Treatment of Mexican Americans

How racial barriers play in the experiences of Mexican Americans has been hotly debated. Some consider Mexican Americans similar to European Americans of a century ago that arrived in the United States with modest backgrounds but were eventually able to participate fully in society. In contrast, others argue that Mexican Americans have been racialized throughout U.S. history, and this limits their participation in society. The evidence of persistent educational disadvantages across generations and frequent reports of discrimination and stereotyping supports the racialization argument. In this paper, we explore the ways in which race plays a role in the lives of Mexican Americans by examining how education, racial characteristics, social interactions, relate to racial outcomes. We use the Mexican American Study Project, a unique data set based on a 1965 survey of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles and San Antonio combined with surveys of the same respondents and their adult children in 2000, thereby creating a longitudinal and intergenerational data set. First, we found that darker Mexican Americans, therefore appearing more stereotypically Mexican, report more experiences of discrimination. Second, darker men report much more discrimination than lighter men and than women overall. Third, more educated Mexican Americans experience more stereotyping and discrimination than their less educated counterparts, which is partly due to their greater contact with whites. Lastly, having greater contact with whites leads to experiencing more stereotyping and discrimination. Our results are indicative of the ways in which Mexican Americans are racialized in the United States.
Stuck in circulation: children, ‘waithood’ and the conflict narratives of Israelis and Palestinians

Recent scholarship on the circulation of children and on the plight of youth trapped in transition in Africa and the Middle East recognizes – from two separate vantage points – how the circulation of children extends from and then reproduces violence. Displacement (forced and voluntary) and stuckness (the inability to transition from childhood to adulthood due to exclusionary economic and political structures) are two related outcomes for young people in contexts of armed conflict and structural violence. Drawing on insights from these two research streams, this paper examines how Israeli and Palestinian youth perceive and represent themselves in relation to the different contested spaces that they occupy. Surface plays of power and territoriality are disrupted as well as reinforced by specific mobilizations of children and youth (as people), and by the circulation of ideas about children and childhood.