cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy of cancer: a new approach that kills cancer cells and enhances anti-cancer host immunity

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently developed hybrid cancer therapy that directly kills cancer cells as well as producing a therapeutic host immune response. Conventional immunotherapies, such as immune-activating cytokine therapy, checkpoint inhibition, engineered T-cells and suppressor cell depletion, do not directly destroy cancer cells, but rely exclusively on activating the immune system. NIR-PIT selectively destroys cancer cells, leading to immunogenic cell death that initiates local immune reactions to released cancer antigens from dying cancer cells. These are characterized by rapid maturation of dendritic cells and priming of multi-clonal cancer-specific cytotoxic T-cells that kill cells that escaped the initial direct effects of NIR-PIT. The NIR-PIT can be applied to a wide variety of cancers either as monotherapy or in combination with conventional immune therapies to further activate anti-cancer immunity. A global Phase 3 clinical trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03769506) of NIR-PIT targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer is underway, employing RM1929/ASP1929, a conjugate of anti-EGFR antibody (cetuximab) plus the photo-absorber IRDye700DX (IR700) NIR-PIT has been given fast-track recognition by regulators in the USA and Japan. A variety of imaging methods, including direct IR700 fluorescence imaging, can be used to monitor NIR-PIT therapy. As experience with NIR-PIT grows, additional antibodies will be employed to target additional antigens on other cancers or to target immune-suppressor cells to enhance host immunity. NIR-PIT will be particularly important in patients with localized and locally advanced cancers and may help such patients avoid side-effects associated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
Abstract B06: Candidate differentiation stall in epithelial mesenchymal transition in H3K27M diffuse midline glioma

The purpose of our study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the histone H3 K27M mutation drives tumorigenesis of pediatric gliomas. Though it has potential implications on the treatment of diffuse midline glioma as a disease driver, the timing, cell type of origin, and effect of the H3K27M mutation on early embryonic brain development are not fully characterized. Here, we performed differential expression analysis on a cohort of H3K27M and H3WT pediatric gliomas, revealing that genes in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway were significantly differentially expressed. SNAI1, the EMT master regulator, was significantly overexpressed in the H3K27M tumor cohort. Overall, pre-EMT genes were overexpressed in H3K27M tumors while post-EMT genes were underexpressed. We hypothesized that H3K27M may lead to gliomagenesis by stalling an EMT in early brain development and employed single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data from cerebral organoids at multiple developmental timepoints to test this hypothesis. We observed that a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) signature identified as transiently expressed in early brain development was preferentially expressed in H3K27M tumors. Cell type-specific lncRNA signatures had higher expression in H3K27M tumors for pre-EMT cell types, and higher expression in H3WT tumors for post-EMT cell types. Finally, t-SNE clustering of single-cell glioma RNA sequencing data with single-cell organoid data revealed transcriptional similarities between H3K27M and pre-EMT neural stem cells. In conclusion, we observed aberrant activity of the EMT in H3K27M gliomas. Our data suggest that the H3K27M mutation is associated with a pre-EMT cell phenotype, and that this mutation may cause EMT arrest or de-differentiation. Citation Format: Allison R. Cheney, Lauren M. Sanders, Lucas Seninge, Holly C. Beale, Ellen Towle Kephart, Jacob Pfeil, Katrina Learned, A. Geoffrey Lyle, Isabel Bjork, David Haussler, Sofie R. Salama, Olena M. Vaske. Candidate differentiation stall in epithelial mesenchymal transition in H3K27M diffuse midline glioma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B06.
Geometrical modification of quaternionic quantum mechanics

We present an axiomatic modification of quaternionic quantum mechanics with a possible-worlds semantics capable of predicting essential "nonquantum" features of an observable universe model - the dimensionality and topology of spacetime, the existence, the signature and a specific form of a metric on it, and certain naturally distinguished directions (vistas) in spacetime unrelated to its metric properties.
Unknown cytomegalovirus serostatus in primary immunodeficiency disorders: A new category of transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus of recipient (R) and donor (D) influences hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) outcome. However, it is not a reliable indicator of CMV infection in primary immunodeficiency disorder (PIDD) recipients who are unable to make adequate antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) or who receive intravenous Ig (IVIg) prior to testing. OBJECTIVE Since no data exist on PIDD with unknown CMV serostatus, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between pre-HSCT recipient and donor serostatus and incidence of CMV infection in recipients with unknown serostatus. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all pediatric PIDD HSCTs (2007-2018) was performed at University of California San Francisco. Recipients were separated into categories based on pre-transplant serostatus: 1) seropositive (R(+)), 2) seronegative (R(-)), and 3) unknown serostatus (R(x)). Patients with pre-HSCT active CMV viremia were excluded. RESULTS A total of 90 patients were included, 69% male. The overall incidence of CMV infection was 20%, but varied in R(+), R(-), and R(x) at 80%, 0%, and 14%, (P-value = .0001). Similarly, 5-year survival differed among groups, 60% R(+), 100% R(-), and 90% of R(x) (P-value = .0045). There was no difference in CMV reactivation by donor serostatus (P-value = .29), however, faster time to clearance of CMV was observed for R(x)/D(+) group (median 9.5 days (IQR 2.5-18), P-value = .024). CONCLUSION We identify a novel group of recipients, R(x), with an intermediate level of survival and CMV incidence post-HSCT, when compared to seropositive and seronegative recipients. No evidence of CMV transmission from D(+) in R(-) and R(x) was observed. We believe R(x) should be considered as a separate category in future studies to better delineate recipient risk status.
Generalizable Physics-constrained Modeling using Learning and Inference assisted by Feature Space Engineering

This work presents a formalism to improve the predictive accuracy of physical models by learning generalizable augmentations from sparse data. Building on recent advances in data-driven turbulence modeling, the present approach, referred to as Learning and Inference assisted by Feature-space Engineering (LIFE), is based on the hypothesis that robustness and generalizability demand a meticulously-designed feature space that is informed by the underlying physics, and a carefully constructed features-to-augmentation map. The critical components of this approach are: (1) Maintaining consistency across the learning and prediction environments; (2) Tightly-coupled inference and learning by constraining the augmentation to be learnable throughout the inference process; (3) Identification of relevant physics-informed features in appropriate functional forms to enable significant overlap in feature space for a wide variety of cases to promote generalizability; (4) Maintaining explicit control over feature space to change the augmentation function behavior only in the vicinity of available datapoints. To demonstrate the viability of this approach, it is used in the modeling of bypass transition. The augmentation is developed on skin friction data from two flat plate cases from the ERCOFTAC dataset. Piecewise linear interpolation on a structured grid in feature-space is used as a sample functional form for the augmentation to demonstrate the capability of localized learning. The augmented model is then applied to a variety of flat plate cases which are characterized by different freestream turbulence intensities, pressure gradients, and Reynolds numbers. The predictive capability of the augmented model is also tested on single-stage high-pressure-turbine cascade cases, and the model performance is analyzed from the perspective of information contained in the feature space.
Profit Sharing for Data Producer and Intermediate Parties in Data Trading over Pervasive Edge Computing Environments

Innovative edge devices (e.g., smartphones, IoT devices) are becoming much more pervasive in our daily lives. With powerful sensing and computing capabilities, users can generate massive amounts of data. A new business model has emerged where data producers can sell their data to consumers directly to make money. However, how to protect the profit of the data producer from rogue consumers that may resell without authorization remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a smart-contract based protocol to protect the profit of the data producer while allowing consumers to resell the data legitimately. The protocol ensures the revenue is shared with the data producer over authorized reselling, and detects any unauthorized reselling. We also introduce a data relay process that can enhance data accessibility in wireless edge networks. We formulate a revenue sharing problem to maximize the profit of both the data producer and resellers/relayers. We formulate the problem into a two-stage Stackelberg game and determine a ratio to share the reselling revenue between the data producer and resellers/relayers. Extensive simulations show that with resellers and relayers, our mechanism can achieve up to 49.5% higher profit for the data producer and resellers/relayers.
Risks of subsequent primary cancers among breast cancer survivors according to hormone receptor status

Background This study was aimed at examining the risks of subsequent primary cancers (SPCs) among breast cancer survivors by hormone receptor (HR) status and age at diagnosis. Methods Data from 12 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries were used to identify 431,222 breast cancer survivors (at least 1 year) diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 84 years from 1992 to 2015. Risks of SPCs were measured as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the excess absolute risk (EAR) per 10,000 person-years. Poisson regression was used to test the difference in SIRs by HR status. Results In comparison with the general population, the risk of new cancer diagnoses among survivors was 20% higher for those with HR-positive cancers (SIR, 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.21; EAR, 23.3/10,000 person-years) and 44% higher for those with HR-negative cancers (SIR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.41-1.47; EAR, 45.2/10,000 person-years), with the risk difference between HR statuses statistically significant. The higher risk after HR-negative cancer was driven by acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and breast, ovarian, peritoneal, and lung cancers. By age at diagnosis, the total EAR per 10,000 person-years ranged from 15.8 (95% CI, 14.1-17.5; SIR, 1.11) among late-onset (age, 50-84 years) HR-positive survivors to 69.4 (95% CI, 65.1-73.7; SIR, 2.24) among early-onset (age, 20-49 years) HR-negative survivors, with subsequent breast cancer representing 73% to 80% of the total EAR. After breast cancer, the greatest EARs were for ovarian cancer among early-onset HR-negative survivors, lung cancer among early- and late-onset HR-negative survivors, and uterine corpus cancer among late-onset HR-positive survivors. Conclusions Risks of SPCs after breast cancer differ substantially by subtype and age. This suggests that more targeted approaches for cancer prevention and early-detection strategies are needed in survivorship care planning.
An Empirical Study of Will Substitutes: The Creation of New Knowledge to Challenge Old Assumptions

The authors set out to challenge conventional views about wills and will substitutes by conducting an empirical survey to assess public attitudes about will substitutes. Donors make transfers by will substitute whenever they both retain possession of the transferred property and the power to revoke the gifts during their lives. Current law insists that the donative intent expressed in a will substitute has no relevance when a state designs an intestacy statute to reflect the likely intent of a decedent dying without a will. The central purpose of our study is to test the intestacy statutes' exclusive reliance on traditional family trees to dispose of a decedent's probate estate and to use empirical methods to consider the potential for will substitutes to revolutionize intestacy statutes and the very meaning of heirs. The survey consists of telephone interviews where interviewers ask about a respondent's estate planning practices and how they would distribute a probate estate if they were in the same situation as the decedent described in a series of scenarios involving will substitutes. The survey instrument uses a factorial research design to measure attitudes. This approach allows us to make questions about will substitutes and donative intent concrete by setting out specific fact patterns. It also allows us to measure the effects of multiple independent variables (alone and in combination) on the respondents' preferences. This is the first study to consider the relationship between estate planning preferences revealed in will substitutes and intestacy statutes designed to reflect the intent of persons who die without having expressed their estate planning wishes. It is also the first study to determine public attitudes about will substitutes notwithstanding that these instruments are widely used by persons of varying wealth and sophistication. The results of this study will produce new knowledge that can lead to revolutionary legal reforms tailored to further the likely intent of those who die without a will.
Correction of Metopic Craniosynostosis Using Limited Incision Strip Craniectomy Versus Open Fronto-Orbital Reconstruction: An Assessment of Aesthetic Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Metopic craniosynostosis is traditionally repaired with fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) or, alternatively, limited short scar strip craniectomy (LSSSC) followed by helmet therapy. There is controversy among surgeons regarding resultant head shape outcomes between the 2 methods. This study aims to assess how surgeons perceive the postoperative aesthetic results of the 2 metopic craniosynostosis repair methods. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 13 (n = 6 LSSSC; n = 7 FOA) patients who presented for surgical correction of isolated metopic craniosynostosis via either LSSSC (followed by helmet therapy) or FOA. Clinical photographs at 1 year postop were shown to 10 craniofacial surgeons who rated the aesthetic outcomes on a Likert scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) and guessed which surgical method was performed. RESULTS Mean age at the time of the procedure was younger in LSSSC than FOA (3.1 ± 1.0 versus 17.5 ± 8.5 months; P < 0.001). Mean blood loss was significantly lower with LSSSC versus FOA (202.0 ± 361.2 versus 371.43 ± 122.9 mL; P < 0.001), as was mean blood transfusion requirement (92.5 ± 49.9 versus 151.3 ± 51.2 mL; P < 0.001) and mean duration of the operation (3:06 ± 0:24 versus 7:53 ± 0:31 hours; P < 0.001). Mean surgeon scores of aesthetic outcomes were similar between groups: LSSSC, 3.27 ± 1.09; FOA, 3.51 ± 0.95 (P = 0.171). When asked to identify which procedure patients had received, only 63.8% of responses were correct. CONCLUSIONS Limited short scar strip craniectomy offers an important alternative to traditional open FOA and should be considered as an option for children diagnosed with metopic craniosynostosis.
Foundations in Cancer Research Chromosomes and Cancer: the Evolution of an Idea

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the contributions in the field of cancer research, focusing on the cytogenetics of tumors for more than 40 years. It summarizes the developments about the relationship between chromosome abnormalities and cancer over the past century and the ways in which chromosome studies have helped to understand the fundamental nature of the neoplastic process. After 50 years of speculation, technical advances, and data collection––it is established that most tumors arise from a single cell through sequential alterations in a series of critical genes, with many of these alterations recognizable as karyotypic abnormalities. The application of modern molecular methods, originally developed in other systems, permits to begin the unraveling of the specific ways in which particular cytogenetic alterations contribute to the development of individual tumors. The chromosome banding and clonal evolution lead to the emergence of useful clinical applications of studies in human tumors, and particularly for leukemias. The chapter also summarizes the stemline concept, modern and molecular cytogenetics, and the early findings in the prebanding era.
Synthesis and high-pressure behavior of C 6 N 9 H 3 •HCl: A graphitic material with a two-dimensional C-N network

A novel carbon nitride compound, with storchiometry C6N9H4Cl and structurally related to the proposed graphitic phase of C3N4, has been synthesized at moderate pressures in a bulk well-crystallized form The new material was prepared through the polymerization of melamine based precursors in the presence of a liquid flux between 1.0-2.0 GPa and 500-550 °C m a piston cylinder device. Xray and electron diffraction measurements indicate a hexagonal space group (P63/m) with cell parameters of a = 8.4379(10) A and c = 6.4296(2) A. The composition was determined by bulk chemical analysis and confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Our structure model is consistent with the infrared and 13C NMR spectra. The cell parameters were obtained as a function of pressure to 34 GPa from energy dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements. The compressional behavior of the carbon nitride material is highly amsotropic and similar to that of graphitic carbon
Sticking Mechanisms in Hot-Gas Filter Ashes

Large-scale hot-gas filter testing over the past 10 years has revealed numerous cases of cake buildup on filter elements that has been difficult, if not impossible, to remove. At times, the cake can bridge between candle filters, leading to filter failure. Physical factors, including particle-size distribution, particle shape, the aerodynamics of deposition, and system temperature, contribute to the difficulty in removing the cake, but chemical factors such as surface composition and gas–solid reactions also play roles in helping to bond the ash to the filter and to itself. In order to develop methods to predict the formation of sticky ash in hot-gas filtration systems, the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) worked with EPRI and a consortium of companies in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the factors causing hot-gas cleanup filters to develop deposits that can bridge the filters and cause them to fail. The primary deliverable was the Filter Bridging Index Code, a graphics-driven computer code to tie all of the knowledge together and make possible the prediction of rates of filter bridging based on coal, sorbent, filter, and system parameters. The objectives of this project were threefold:
Abstract 14036: An Algorithm to Guide Prognosis Based on the Combination of Peak VO2 and VE-VCO2 slope in Patients with HFrEF: The Henry Ford HospITal CardioPulmonary EXercise Testing (FIT-CPX) Project

Many studies have reported the prognostic significance of peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and V E -VCO 2 slope in patients with heart failure (HF). However, there are limited data stratifying risk based on a combination of these measures and how to best use them. Purpose: Describe 1 and 3-y event rates for the composite endpoint of mortality, left ventricular assist device (LVAD), or cardiac transplant (CT) based on the combined evaluation of peak VO 2 and V E -VCO 2 slope in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (≤ 40%; HFrEF). Methods: Patients (n= 1,116; 33% female; age= 54 ± 13 y) with a cardiopulmonary exercise test between 1997 and 2010 and confirmed HFrEF were identified. Endpoint data was obtained through 2011. Patients were grouped based on peak VO 2 ( 18 mL/kg/min) and (V E -VCO 2 slope ≥ 34 or E -VCO 2 slope ≥ 34 within each peak VO 2 group. Results: The 1 and 3-y event rates are shown in the Table. Among patients with a peak VO 2 E -VCO 2 slope ≥ 34 represented more than twice the risk at both 1 y (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.09, 5.38) and 3 y (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.33, 4.05). Among patients with a peak VO 2 12 to 18, 1 and 3-y events were 14% and 30%, respectively. Within this group, a V E -VCO 2 slope ≥ 34 was associated with increased risk at both 1 y (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.13, 2.87) and 3 y (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.30, 2.50). Among patients with peak VO 2 > 18, 1 and 3-y events were 2% and 10%, respectively, and V E -VCO 2 slope was not statistically associated with increased risk. Conclusion: Among patients with a peak VO 2 ≤ 18, V E -VCO 2 slope ≥ 34 further refines the risk for a composite endpoint of mortality, LVAD, or CT at both 1 and 3 y.
Muscle mass scaling in primates: an energetic and ecological perspective.

Body composition is known to vary dramatically among mammals, even in closely related species, yet this issue has never been systematically investigated. Here, we examine differences in muscle mass scaling among mammals, and explore how primate body composition compares to that of nonprimate mammals. We use a literature-based sample of eutherian and metatherian mammals, and combine this with new dissection-based data on muscularity in a variety of strepsirrhine primates and the haplorhine, Tarsius syrichta. Our results indicate an isometric scaling relationship between total muscle mass and total body mass across mammals. However, we documented substantial variation in muscularity in mammals (21–61% of total body mass), which can be seen both within and between taxonomic groups. We also found that primates are under-muscled when compared to other mammals. This difference in body composition may in part reflect the functional consequences of arboreality, as arboreal species have significantly lower levels of muscularity than terrestrial species. Am. J. Primatol. 74:395-407, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Framework for Index Bulk Loading and Dynamization

In this paper we investigate automated methods for externalizing internal memory data structures.We consider a class of balanced trees that we call weight-balanced partitioning trees (or wp-trees) for indexing a set of points in Rd.Well-known examples of wp-trees include kd-trees, BBD-trees, pseudo-quad-trees, and BAR-trees. Given an efficient external wp-tree construction algorithm, we present a general framework for automatically obtaining a dynamic external data structure. Using this framework together with a new general construction (bulk loading) technique of independent interest, we obtain data structures with guaranteed good update performance in terms of I/O transfers. Our approach gives considerably improved construction and update I/O bounds for e.g. external kd-trees and BBD-trees.
Preoperative coronary angiography within one day of valve surgery is not associated with postoperative acute kidney injury in patients with preserved renal function.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after cardiac surgery. Associations between the time interval (TI) from preoperative coronary angiography (CAG) to cardiac surgery have been investigated, although with conflicting results. Methods We evaluated data collected from a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent preoperative CAG and heart valve surgery at our institution between September 2008 and February 2013. A total of 426 patients met the study criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to the length of time between preoperative CAG and valve surgery: within one day (group A) or longer than one day (group B). Logistic regression was applied to analyze the relationships between TI and postoperative AKI. Results Of 426 patients, 140 (33%) underwent CAG on preoperative day 1, while 286 (67%) underwent CAG on preoperative day 2 or sooner. AKI occurred in 19 (13.6%) patients in group A and in 35 (12.2%) patients in group B (p = 0.70). CAG on preoperative day 1 was not associated an increased risk of AKI relative to CAG on preoperative day 2 or sooner (p = 0.49; odds ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.66 to 2.41). Conclusions Preoperative CAG within one day of elective heart valve surgery is not associated with an increase in postoperative AKI in patients with normal renal function. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12445 (J Card Surg 2015;30:7–12)
Waste Isolation Performance Assessment — A Status Report

The assessment of system performance following emplacement of the waste is a key activity in the development of nuclear waste isolation systems. The assessment results provide a technical basis for decisions concerning site selection, repository design, package design, and system acceptability, and they bear directly on the central issue of nuclear waste isolation, “Do the proposed isolation systems sufficiently protect humans from the waste?” The objec-tive of this paper is to describe the performance assessment problem, outline general approaches to its solution, and describe the status of the development, verification, and application of performance assessment technology. The objective of nuclear waste isolation performance assessment is to evaluate the effectiveness of nuclear waste isolation systems in preventing adverse radiological effects to present and future humans and their environments.
Solid-state mechanical properties of crystalline drugs and excipients

Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) of crystalline drugs and excipients in their pre-melt temperature range performed in this study corroborate their newly found linear dielectric conductivity properties with temperature. TMA of crystalline active pharmacy ingredients (APIs) or excipients shows softening at 30–100 °C below the calorimetric melting phase transition, which is also observed by dielectric analysis (DEA). Acetophenetidin melts at 135 °C as measured calorimetrically by DSC, but softens under a low mechanical stress at 95 °C. At this pre-melting temperature, the crystals collapse under the applied load, and the TMA probe shows rapid displacement. The mechanical properties yield a softening structure and cause a dimensionally slow disintegration resulting in a sharp dimensional change at the melting point. In order to incorporate these findings into a structure–property relationship, several United States Pharmacopeia (USP) melting-point standard drugs were evaluated by TMA, DSC, and DEA, and compared to the USP standard melt temperatures. The USP standard melt temperature for vanillin (80 °C) [1], acetophenetidin (135 °C) [2], and caffeine (235 °C) [3] are easily verified calorimetrically via DSC. The combined thermal analysis techniques allow for a wide variety of the newly discovered physical properties of drugs and excipients.
K+ CHANNEL STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AND MECHANISMS OF DRUG-INDUCED QT PROLONGATION

Pharmacological intervention, often for the purpose of treating syndromes unrelated to cardiac disease, can increase the vulnerability of some patients to life-threatening rhythm disturbances. This may be due to an underlying propensity stemming from genetic defects or polymorphisms, or structural abnormalities that provide a substrate allowing for the initiation of arrhythmic triggers. A number of pharmacological agents that have proven useful in the treatment of allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disorders, and psychotic disorders, among others, have been shown to reduce repolarizing K+ currents and prolong the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. Understanding the structural determinants of K+ channel blockade may provide new insights into the mechanism and rate-dependent effects of drugs on cellular physiology. Drug-induced disruption of cellular repolarization underlies electrocardiographic abnormalities that are diagnostic indicators of arrhythmia susceptibility.
Secure target localisation in sensor networks using relaxation labelling

In this paper, a new strategy is proposed to defend against colluding malicious nodes in a sensor network. The strategy is based on a new relaxation labelling algorithm to classify nodes into benign or malicious ones. Only reports from benign nodes can then be used to perform localisation and obtain accurate results. Experimental results based on simulations and field experiments illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
Standards for use of the gust scale.

(1949). Standards for Use of the Gust Scale. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 411-419.
The synthesis of certain ribofuranosylindazoles

The synthesis of 1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)indazole (4), 2-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)indazole (5) and 6-, 5-, and 4-nitro-2-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)indazole (8a, 8b, and 8c, respectively), has been accomplished in good yield by the condensation of the appropriate N-trimethylsilylindazole (1, 6a, 6b, and 6c) with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D -ribofuranosyl bromide (2) followed by subsequent deacetylation of the reaction products. The site of ribosylation and the assignment of anomeric configuration for all nucleosides reported is discussed. This has furnished the first indazole nucleosides with assigned anomeric configurations and the site of ribosylation has been established on the basis of uv comparisons with model methyl compounds.
Path regularity for solutions of backward stochastic differential equations

In this paper we study the path regularity of the adpated solutions to a class of backward stochastic differential equations (BSDE, for short) whose terminal values are allowed to be functionals of a forward diffusion. Using the new representation formula for the adapted solutions established in our previous work [7], we are able to show, under the mimimum Lipschitz conditions on the coefficients, that for a fairly large class of BSDEs whose terminal values are functionals that are either Lipschitz under the L ∞ -norm or under the L 1 -norm, then there exists a version of the adapted solution pair that has at least cadlag paths. In particular, in the latter case the version can be chosen so that the paths are in fact continuous.
Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, and Zidovudine Transfer into Rat Milk

Treatment with antiviral agents that accumulate in breast milk may offer a novel approach to reduce the rates of vertical transmission of important viruses and the risk of clinical illness in suckling neonates. The present study evaluated the extent and mechanism of transfer of three antiviral nucleoside analogues into milk in a lactating rat model system. Acyclovir (0.26 mg/h), ganciclovir (0.13 mg/h), and zidovudine (0.5 mg/h) were each infused to steady-state concentrations in six rats 15 to 16 days postpartum. The observed ratios of the concentrations in milk to the concentrations in serum (observed milk-to-serum ratio), calculated from the ratio of the steady-state concentration in serum to the steady-state concentration in milk, determined the extent of drug transfer into milk. To identify the mechanism of transfer into milk, the observed milk-to-serum ratio was compared to a predicted milk-to-serum ratio estimated from an in vitro passive diffusion model of transfer of each drug into milk. High-pressure liquid chromatography methods determined milk and serum drug concentrations. Mean ± standard deviation observed milk-to-serum ratios for acyclovir, ganciclovir, and zidovudine were 5.1 ± 1.4, 1.6 ± 0.33, and 1.0 ± 0.29, respectively, compared with their corresponding predicted ratios of 1.1, 0.85, and 0.71. These results suggest that acyclovir accumulates in milk due to active transport mechanisms, while passive diffusion processes govern the transfer of both ganciclovir and zidovudine into milk. The presence of all three antiviral drugs in milk and the potential for active drug transfer into milk warrants further investigation of the accumulation of other antiviral drugs in milk and their therapeutic benefits in reducing the vertical transmission of viruses and clinical sequelae in the breast-feeding infant.
“Controlling” internal microstructure of nanopatterned oxides via soft electron beam lithography (soft-eBL)

A nanoscale patterning approach for ceramic oxides, based on the combination of electron beam lithography and liquid precursor (so-called soft-electron beam lithography, soft-eBL), is elaborated in the context of control over “internal microstructure”. Soft-eBL synergistically combines the traditional top-down approach with the emerging bottom-up method. Depending on the thermal treatment, a wide variety of “tailored” microstructures can be obtained, ranging from nanoscale porosity to single-crystal epitaxy. Such exquisite control over the size, shape, materials diversity and the internal microstructure of nanopatterns provides an excellent platform for further detailed and quantitative understanding of the role of spatial and dimensional constraints on fundamentals of nucleation, growth and external shape evolution of oxides.
An integrated system simulation approach for wireless networked control systems

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), such as networked control systems, are increasingly deployed over wireless networks. Given the sensitivity of control systems to networking conditions such as packet drops, delays and jitters, it is important to verify and evaluate the control system properties under realistic wireless networking deployment scenarios. However, current research is often based on simplistic models of the wireless network physical layer behaviors. In this paper, we point out deficiencies in the existing simulation methods for the performance evaluation of wireless networked control systems and present a novel simulation framework for wireless network control systems. Our approach aims at capturing the effects in the physical layer more accurately than state-of-art simulators are capable of. An integrated simulation tool, based on open-source solutions, is presented and a case study of a networked control system is also provided to illustrate the capabilities of our simulation tool.
Protective effect of cysteine and methylprednisolone in lead acetate-endotoxin induced shock

Abstract To delineate possible mechanisms of lead acetate enhancement to endotoxin shock, liver parenchymal, and Kupffer cell function were evaluated in lead acetate-treated rats receiving low doses of S. enteritidis endotoxin. Additionally, the influence of methylprednisolone and cysteine, agents which have been demonstrated to prevent lead-induced endotoxin lethality was ascertained. Rats receiving lead acetate demonstrated profound hyperreactivity to endotoxin as denoted by increased mortality, impairment of bromsulphalein (BSP) removal, hypoglycemia, and increased blood lactate and pyruvate. Plasma activity of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and alkaline phosphatase was strikingly elevated. Serum activity of beta-glucuronidase and plasma acid phosphatase was also elevated. Methylprednisolone or cysteine treated rats were essentially refractory to the lethal effects of lead acetate and endotoxin. The enhanced survival of lead-endotoxin treated rats following administration of methylprednisolone or cysteine was associated with reduced impairment in BSP removal, a normal blood glucose, and significant reductions in blood lactate and pyruvate. Plasma activity of GPT, GOT, and alkaline phosphatase was also reduced. Slight reductions were observed in plasma activity of acid phosphatase although serum beta-glucuronidase activity was not significantly altered. Phagocytic activity, as measured by hepatic uptake of gelatinized RE test lipid emulsion, indicated a hypofunctional state of Kupffer cells in lead acetate-endotoxin treated rats. Since neither methylprednisolone, nor cysteine treatment modified the hypophagocytic state, Kupffer cell phagocytic dysfunction does not appear to play a major role in enhanced endotoxin susceptibility of lead acetate treated rats. The maintenance of parenchymal cell function in methylprednisolone or cysteine treated rats injected with lead and endotoxin supports the hypothesis of a contributory role for hepatic parenchymal cells in the pathophysiology of lead-endotoxin interaction.
The influence of moderate exercise in diabetic and normal pregnancy on material and fetal outcome in the rat

The effect of treadmill exercise prior to and during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcome was studied in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Animals were exercised daily on a motorized treadmill (16.1 m/min, 45 min/d) for three weeks prior to mating and throughout gestation. The catabolic state of diabetes was evidenced by changes in maternal body composition. Overall, fetuses of diabetic dams were smaller, lighter, had less calcified skeletons and had more malformations compared to control fetuses. Exercise in the nondiabetic dams resulted in a retardation of skeletal ossification compared to fetuses from sedentary controls. However, exercise improved fetal outcome in diabetic rats, resulting in increased fetal weight and a lower frequency of malformations compared to fetuses from sedentary diabetic dams.
Measurements in support of air quality improvement—some historical insights

Abstract A brief historical summary of developments in a select few areas of atmospheric measurements is given to illustrate how they have led to an improvement in our ability to effect meaningful, effective control strategies by improving our knowledge of the atmospheric chemistry of trace gases and particles. Conversely, some examples will also be given of how measurement deficiencies led to misleading conclusions concerning the nature and extent of environmental pollution, and permitted the development of ineffective control strategies. Measurement artifacts for prominent particulate constituents—sulfate, nitrate and organic species—are discussed, focusing on key measurement principles that were developed to overcome those artifacts. The use of tracers and source apportionment techniques to quantify the contributions of sources of pollutants and their precursors is another example of measurement science enabling effective control strategies. The intent of this paper is to illustrate how better measurement science leads to more accurate assessment of pollutant formation and transport processes, and hence to the development of more effective pollutant control strategies.
Heat-capacity study of bilayer ethane films adsorbed on graphite.

We have made heat-capacity measurements on ethane films adsorbed on graphtie for coverages between n=1.3 and 3.7 layers and for temperatures between 65 and 95 K. Two phase transitions are observed in the vicinity of the bilayer melting point. We propose an interpretation for our results based on an analogy with the behavior of bulk ethane. Comparisons are made between our results and those of an ellipsometric-isotherm study of this system.
Role of Fever in Disease

Infection, trauma, and injury result in a stereotypical response that includes loss of food appetite, increased sleepiness, muscle aches, and fever. For thousands of years fever was considered a protective response, and fevers were induced by physicians to combat certain infections. But with the advent of antipyretic drugs, physicians started to reduce fevers, and fever therapy was virtually abandoned. As a result of (1) studies on the evolution of fever, (2) further understanding of just how tightly the process of fever is regulated, and (3) detailed studies on how fever affects host morbidity and mortality, the view of fever as a host defense response has reemerged. However, data indicate that not all fevers are protective and that high fevers are maladaptive. These issues are discussed in the context of the evolution of host defense responses versus modern medical technology. In short, we speculate that patients who would not have survived severe sepsis in the past are now being kept alive and that the occasionally high fevers seen in these patients may be maladaptive.
Ultrasound molecular imaging: Moving toward clinical translation

Ultrasound is a widely available, cost-effective, real-time, non-invasive and safe imaging modality widely used in the clinic for anatomical and functional imaging. With the introduction of novel molecularly-targeted ultrasound contrast agents, another dimension of ultrasound has become a reality: diagnosing and monitoring pathological processes at the molecular level. Most commonly used ultrasound molecular imaging contrast agents are micron sized, gas-containing microbubbles functionalized to recognize and attach to molecules expressed on inflamed or angiogenic vascular endothelial cells. There are several potential clinical applications currently being explored including earlier detection, molecular profiling, and monitoring of cancer, as well as visualization of ischemic memory in transient myocardial ischemia, monitoring of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease, and assessment of arteriosclerosis. Recently, a first clinical grade ultrasound contrast agent (BR55), targeted at a molecule expressed in neoangiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2; VEGFR2) has been introduced and safety and feasibility of VEGFR2-targeted ultrasound imaging is being explored in first inhuman clinical trials in various cancer types. This review describes the design of ultrasound molecular imaging contrast agents, imaging techniques, and potential future clinical applications of ultrasound molecular imaging.
The inka language in the colonial world

(1992). The inka language in the colonial world. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 1, No. 1-2, pp. 77-108.
Indicator Organisms in Meat and Poultry Slaughter Operations: Their Potential Use in Process Control and the Role of Emerging Technologies

Measuring commonly occurring, nonpathogenic organisms on poultry products may be used for designing statistical process control systems that could result in reductions of pathogen levels. The extent of pathogen level reduction that could be obtained from actions resulting from monitoring these measurements over time depends upon the degree of understanding cause-effect relationships between processing variables, selected output variables, and pathogens. For such measurements to be effective for controlling or improving processing to some capability level within the statistical process control context, sufficiently frequent measurements would be needed to help identify processing deficiencies. Ultimately the correct balance of sampling and resources is determined by those characteristics of deficient processing that are important to identify. We recommend strategies that emphasize flexibility, depending upon sampling objectives. Coupling the measurement of levels of indicator organisms with practical emerg...
Minimum principles for linear elastodynamics

Two minimum principles which take into account inhomogeneous initial conditions are presented within the context of the linear dynamic theory of elasticity. One principle, formulated in terms of displacements alone, is the dynamic counterpart to the static principle of minimum potential energy; the other principle is formulated in terms of stresses alone, but has no counterpart in elastostatics. Both principles are motivated by taking Laplace transforms of the field equations and boundary values and then using established minimum functionals in the “transform domain”. The introduction of an appropriate “weight function” enables one to get back to the original time domain while preserving the minimum character of the transformed functionals.
Alteration of Micaceous Minerals by Sulfide Solutions1

A mineralogical study by the Bureau of Mines and the University of Utah of the shale beds on the 1600 ft level of the Ophir Hill mine, Utah, disclosed that the micaceous minerals in the shale were altered as a function of proximity to the sulfide ore zones. The principal mineral in the shale distant from ore is 2M serieite. Within 100 ft along the bedding plane and 15 ft normal to the bedding plane, the serieite was altered successively to a modified form of serieite, two polymorphs of chlorite, and finally phlogopite. A general sequence of the mineral changes from barren to ore-bearing ground was: (I) serieite; (2) modified serieite; (3) modified serieite and 7A chlorite; (4) modified serieite, 14A chlorite, and phlogopite; (5) 14A chlorite and phlogopite; and (6) phlogopite. This sequence of alteration of serieite in the shale was not noted in the mine areas barren of ore.
Current status of ion implantation equipment and techniques for semiconductor IC fabrication

Abstract The status of the use of ion implantation for IC fabrication is described in terms of the history of ion implantation system sales, operating regions for beam currents and energies and new applications for advanced IC structures. Key aspects of process limiting effects such as charging, heating, channeling, particle contamination and uptime are discussed. New technologies such as MeV implantation, direct formation of buried dielectric layers, focused ion beams and advances in the use of computer controls are described.
Does spirituality add to personality in the study of trait forgiveness

Forgiveness has historically been considered a theological construct and has only recently received significant empirical study outside of the professional religion literature. Much of the recent study by psychologists has looked at the relationship between personality and forgiveness. Recent evidence indicates that personality plays a strong role in the study of forgiveness, but the literature has been limited. This study sought to determine whether spirituality, as measured by the Spiritual Well-Being Scale and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale, accounted for a significant portion of the variance beyond that of personality in the study of dispositional forgiveness. Results using multiple regression models indicated that spirituality explained a significant amount of the variance but was contained primarily in only one factor. Additionally, forgiveness of others was significantly correlated with all of the spirituality subscales whereas forgiveness of self was related to only one subscale. The two spirituality instruments showed some overlap but appear to be measuring different facets of spirituality. Results are discussed in light of self and other forgiveness motivations.
Binding of streptonigrin to DNA

Abstract 1. This is a report of investigations on the nature and the site of binding of streptonigrin to DNA and some of the factors which influence this interaction in vitro and in vivo . 2. There are at least two types of binding of streptonigrin to calf-thymus DNA in vitro : one, which is reversible by dialysis and the other, which is irreversible. The extent of stably bound streptonigrin to DNA was estimated to be 1 mole per 2000 moles deoxynucleotides. 3. More streptonigrin was bound to denatured DNA, apurinic acid and poly dC: poly dG than to native DNA. It was associated preferentially with the dCMP moiety of DNA. Reduction of streptonigrin was not found to be required for binding. 4. Alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation showed evidence of single strand breaks in streptonigrin-treated DNA, and increased denatured state was indicated by hyperchromicity at 260 nm and increased buoyant density by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. 5. With synchronized tissue culture cells, streptonigrin was bound preferentially to DNA during the S (DNA synthesis) period of the cell cycle.
Post‐communist Bulgaria's Ethnopolitics

(2001). Post‐communist Bulgaria's Ethnopolitics. Global Review of Ethnopolitics: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 37-53.