cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of the Orientational Order and Nonlinear Optical Response of the Push-Pull Chromophore RuPZn via Specific Incorporation into Densely Packed Monolayer Ensembles of an Amphiphilic Four-Helix Bundle Peptide: Characterization of the Peptide―Chromophore Complexes

"Push-pull" chromophores based on extended pi-electron systems have been designed to exhibit exceptionally large molecular hyperpolarizabilities. We have engineered an amphiphilic four-helix bundle peptide to vectorially incorporate such hyperpolarizable chromophores having a metalloporphyrin moiety, with high specificity into the interior core of the bundle. The amphiphilic exterior of the bundle facilitates the formation of densely packed monolayer ensembles of the vectorially oriented peptide-chromophore complexes at the liquid-gas interface. Chemical specificity designed into the ends of the bundle facilitates the subsequent covalent attachment of these monolayer ensembles onto the surface of an inorganic substrate. In this article, we describe the structural characterization of these monolayer ensembles at each stage of their fabrication for one such peptide-chromophore complex designated as AP0-RuPZn. In the accompanying article, we describe the characterization of their macroscopic nonlinear optical properties.
Comparisons of experimental and numerical results for axisymmetric vortex breakdown in pipes

Experimental data for the bubble mode of breakdown in pipe flows is compared with calculations of the axisymmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations. The location of breakdown in the calculations is found to be extremely sensitive to the inlet conditions; however, generally good agreement between the experimental and numerical breakdown locations is obtained. Detailed comparisons of the velocity distributions show that the bubble form of breakdown is well approximated by the axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations for the flow upstream of the middle of the recirculation region. In the bubble tail, larger discrepancies exist between the experiment and calculation suggesting that the bubble form of breakdown is unstable to non-axisymmetric disturbances in the tail. Also, high Reynolds number bubble structures are found to exhibit periodic vortex ring shedding from the tail of the breakdown bubble.
Rational swarms for distributed on-line Bayesian search

We present a novel scheme for distributed search in mobile sensors networks that is inspired by collective forms of intelligence present in many biological systems. Unlike the established paradigms of swarm intelligence, we posit a form of individual rationality governing each agent's decision. In the scheme proposed, a network of mobile sensors is tasked to find several targets over a search area. The sensing technology is imperfect so there are non-negligible probabilities for false positives and false negatives. Mobile sensors leave two data 'trails' across potential target locations that have been explored. One trail is associated with the frequency with which a given location has been probed while the other relates to the Bayes updated likelihood that a target is present. These trails are stored in a geographically distributed array of stationary motes. Each sensor processes the implicit information encapsulated in the two trails and chooses a decision that is aimed at maximizing the chance of detecting a target without unnecessary duplication in probing. By endowing mobile sensors with this simple optimization rule, we show that a form of 'rational swarm' intelligence emerges as sensors successfully coordinate indirectly (i.e. they achieve a one-to-one allocation of agents and targets) through active manipulation of the trails. This feature guarantees the proposed scheme is both reconfigurable and scalable.
A plane theory of inextensible transversely isotropic elastic composites

Abstract A plane strain or plane stress configuration of an inextensible transversely isotropic linear elastic material, with the axis of symmetry in the plane, leads to a harmonic lateral displacement field in stretched coordinates. Various displacement and traction conditions lead to standard and nonstandard boundary value problems of potential theory. Examples for a rectangular plane, half-plane and infinite plate with elliptic hole, are presented in illustration.
Computer modelling of mineral processing equipment using fuzzy mathematics

Abstract Fuzzy mathematics is used to produce computer models directly from engineering data acquired from mineral processing systems. A fuzzy model is developed that uses linguistic terms to describe the relationships between the variables in select mineral processing systems. Such fuzzy linguistic models rely exclusively on data collected from the systems being modelled; they do not presuppose an understanding of the physics of the system. The lack of requirement for fully understanding the physics of the system being modelled is important in the mineral processing industry where these relationships are complex and difficult to acquire. The linguistic computer models that are developed are tuned with a genetic algorithm which is employed to simultaneously select linguistic rules and tune fuzzy membership functions. The result is an extremely flexible approach to modelling that is applicable in a variety of mineral processing systems. The effectiveness of this approach to modelling is demonstrated using data from two pieces of mineral processing equipment: (1) a grinding circuit and (2) a hydrocyclone.
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Is Very Prevalent in Lactating Guatemalan Women and Their Infants at Three Months Postpartum

Vitamin B-12 status was evaluated in 113 Guatemalan women and their infants at 3 mo of lactation. Plasma vitamin B-12 was deficient or low in 46.7% of the mothers, and holotranscobalamin II (holo TC II) concentrations were low in 32.3%, which may indicate vitamin B-12 malabsorption. Only 9% had deficient or low plasma folate. Breast milk vitamin B-12 was low in 31%, and negatively correlated with infant urinary methylmalonic acid (UMMA, r = -0.22, P < 0.05, n = 88); UMMA was elevated in 12.2% of the infants, indicating vitamin B-12 deficiency. Mothers of the infants with elevated UMMA had significantly lower concentrations of vitamin B-12 in their breast milk compared with mothers of infants with normal UMMA concentrations (410.7 +/- 247.7 vs. 705.3 +/- 487.5 pmol/L, P = 0.05, n = 87). Mean maternal dietary intake of vitamin B-12 was significantly correlated with plasma vitamin B-12 (r = 0.20, P = 0. 05, n = 94) and was the main determinant of plasma vitamin B-12 in a linear regression model. Determinants of maternal holo TC II concentrations included dietary intake of vitamin B-12 and Giardia lamblia infection. There were no statistically significant determinants of infant UMMA concentrations. We conclude that vitamin B-12 deficiency is highly prevalent in these lactating women and is associated with depletion of the vitamin in their infants. The cause of the maternal deficiency is unknown, but malabsorption exacerbated by low dietary intake of the vitamin is a possibility.
Uranium in Framboidal Pyrite from a Naturally Bioreduced Alluvial Sediment

Samples of a naturally bioreduced, U-contaminated alluvial sediment were characterized with various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques and wet chemical extraction methods. The objective was to investigate U association and interaction with minerals of the sediment. Bioreduced sediment comprises approximately 10% of an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River, in Rifle, CO, that was the site of a former U milling operation. Past and ongoing research has demonstrated that bioreduced sediment is elevated in solid-associated U, total organic carbon, and acid-volatile sulfide, and depleted in bioavailable Fe(III) confirming that sulfate and Fe(III) reduction have occurred naturally in the sediment. SEM/EDS analyses demonstrated that framboidal pyrites (FeS(2)) of different sizes ( approximately 10-20 microm in diameter), and of various microcrystal morphology, degree of surface weathering, and internal porosity were abundant in the <53 microm fraction (silt + clay) of the sediment and absent in adjacent sediments that were not bioreduced. SEM-EMPA, XRF, EXAFS, and XANES measurements showed elevated U was present in framboidal pyrite as both U(VI) and U(IV). This result indicates that U may be sequestered in situ under conditions of microbially driven sulfate reduction and pyrite formation. Conversely, such pyrites in alluvial sediments provide a long-term source of U under conditions of slow oxidation, contributing to the persistence of U of some U plumes. These results may also help in developing remedial measures for U-contaminated aquifers.
Lactase persistence DNA variant enhances lactase promoter activity in vitro: functional role as a cis regulatory element.

Lactase persistence is a heritable, autosomal dominant, condition that results in a sustained ability to digest the milk sugar lactose throughout adulthood. The majority of the world’s human population experiences a decline in production of the digestive enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase during maturation. However, individuals with lactase persistence continue to express high levels of the lactase gene into adulthood. Lactase persistence has been strongly correlated with single nucleotide genetic variants, C/T� 13910 and G/A� 22018, located 13.9 and 22 kb upstream from the lactase structural gene. We aimed to characterize a functional role for the polymorphisms in regulating lactase gene transcription. DNA in the region of the C/T� 13910 or G/A� 22018 human lactase variants was cloned upstream of the 3.0 kb rat lactase gene promoter in a luciferase reporter construct. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were transfected with the lactase variant/ promoter–reporter constructs and assayed for promoter activity. A 200 bp region surrounding the C� 13910 variant, associated with lactase non-persistence, results in a 2.2-fold increase in lactase promoter activity. The T� 13910 variant, associated with lactase persistence, results in an even greater 2.8-fold increase. The DNA sequence of the C/T� 13910 variants differentially interacts with intestinal cell nuclear proteins on EMSAs. AP2 co-transfection results in a similar repression of the C/T� 13910 variant/promoter–reporter constructs. The DNA region of the C/T� 13910 lactase persistence/non-persistence variant functions in vitro as a cis element capable of enhancing differential transcriptional activation of the lactase promoter. Such differential regulation by the C and T variants is consistent with a causative role in the mechanism specifying the lactase persistence/ non-persistence phenotypes in humans.
Interface structure of multilayer ZnO acoustic transducers

The authors have developed thin-film multilayer ZnO acoustic transducers for bulk acoustic wave generation at frequencies as high as 100 GHz. The transducers consist of vacuum-sputtered layers of ZnO with alternating crystal structure and, consequently, alternating piezoelectric constant. The conversion efficiency and maximum operating frequency depend on the sharpness of the transition between the crystal layers. The interface between the layers is examined using electron microscopy and Auger spectroscopy to determine the distance required for the c-axis of the ZnO to reorient into the crystal structure. It is shown that the transition between the layers occurs over a distance of approximately 50 AA. If the piezoelectric constant changes within that distance, this technique is capable of generating phonons at frequencies as high as 300 GHz. Electron diffraction studies indicate that both the 'normal' and 'tilted' layers are oriented with the c-axis parallel to the surface normal. The results of the interface studies are used in theoretical calculations of the conversion efficiency and maximum operating frequency. >
Functional Organization of Neuronal and Humoral Signals Regulating Feeding Behavior

Energy homeostasis—ensuring that energy availability matches energy requirements—is essential for survival. One way that energy balance is achieved is through coordinated action of neural and neuroendocrine feeding circuits, which promote energy intake when energy supply is limited. Feeding behavior engages multiple somatic and visceral tissues distributed throughout the body—contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles in the head and along the upper digestive tract required to consume and digest food, as well as stimulation of endocrine and exocrine secretions from a wide range of organs. Accordingly, neurons that contribute to feeding behaviors are localized to central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. To promote energy balance, feeding circuits must be able to identify and respond to energy requirements, as well as the amount of energy available from internal and external sources, and then direct appropriate coordinated responses throughout the body.
A Unified Procedure for Deriving the Differential Equations of Electrical and Mechanical Systems

Based on energy considerations, it is possible to obtain the differential equations of motion of any physical system. A statement of equilibrium involving operations on energy functions is the Lagrange equation d / OT\ a7' D aOV dt (aq,) -aq aq + aq. Providing that the kinetic energy T, potential energy V, and dissipation function D can be written, the differential equations of the system are obtained by following a straightforward systematic procedure. It is not necessary to employ Kirchhoff's laws or Newton's force law to obtain the equations of electrical and mechanical systems. Rather, the two kinds of systems fall within the scope of this general method. The energy method is particularly useful in dealing with electromechanical systems and with mechanical systems that combine rotation and translation. Nonlinear as well as linear systems can be handled with equal ease. Versatility of the method is shown by its application to various examples, chosen in more or less increasing order of complexity. A set of tables is provided, listing the energy functions for each basic type of electrical, mechanical and electromechanical element. Those charged with teaching students the different disciplines of dynamics and electric circuits should find herein a common meeting ground wherein one general method suffices to yield the necessary differential equations.
Mechanisms that regulate growth rates of phytoplankton in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota1

1 Mean concentrations of chlorophyll a at six localities in Shagawa Lake ranged from 15 to 25 mg m-’ during June and July, increased to a maximum of 150 mg-m-a during a bloom of Aphanixomenon that occurred in August, and dccrcased rapidly in early September. Theoretical limits for integral photosynthesis and the total annual integral photosynthesis wore calculated from estimates of attenuation coefficients for illumination, specific photosynthetic rates, and chlorophyll concentrations. Mechanisms responsible for the phytoplankton bloom are inferred from the changes of specific rates of production and specific rates of loss of particulate organic carbon in the mixed layer. Both rates decrcascd as the bloom devclopccl, the latter decreasing faster than the former. The bloom ended when the specific loss rate suddenly increased. The specific production rate may have decreased during the bloom as nutrient utilization was inhibited by self-shading; buoyancy changes may have been primarily responsible for the changes of specific loss rates, acting as a critical mechanism of population regulation. The effects on phytoplankton populations of changing specific production and loss rates are demonstrated by comparing the integral photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll concentrations that would prevail under steady state conditions. Growth rates of phytoplankton populations cannot be estimated by measuring only rates of photosynthesis or of nutrient uptake, since growth rates are differences between rates of production and loss. But if the sizes of phytoplankton populations are suitably defined and measured in the same units as integral photosynthetic rates, then rates of growth, production, and loss can be estimated, and growth is resolved into components influenced by the environment or by the physiological condition of the population. Rates of growth, production ( births), and loss have all been estimated for zooplankton populations and used to discern the effects of variable food supply, temperature, and predation rate (e.g. Hall 1964; Edmondson 1965; Wright 1965; Tappa
Performance of Different Microtexture Shapes for Textured Gas Lubricated Parallel Slider Bearings

The tribological performance of different microtexture shapes is evaluated for the case of gas lubricated textured parallel slider bearings. The geometry of each shape is optimized in terms of load carrying capacity, after which the performance of different shapes is compared relative to each other. The ellipsoidal shape is found to generate the largest load carrying capacity.© 2012 ASME
Computational observer design techniques for linear systems with unknown inputs using the concept of transmission zeros

Computational observer design techniques for linear systems subject to unknown inputs are presented. Complete and intuitive geometric conditions for the solution of the problem which result in design matrix equations are provided. These design equations are solved in a computationally efficient way. The synthesis of the reduced-order observer takes full advantage of the concept of transmission zeros. In particular, the necessary and sufficient conditions obtained are given in terms of the transmission zeros of the triple (A,D,C). >
Stem Cell Models of Cardiac Development and Disease

The past few years have witnessed remarkable advances in stem cell biology and human genetics, and we have arrived at an era in which patient-specific cell and tissue models are now practical. The recent identification of cardiovascular progenitor cells, as well as the identification of genetic variants underlying congenital heart disorders and adult disease, opens the door to the development of human models of human cardiovascular disease. We review the current understanding of the contribution of progenitor cells to cardiogenesis and outline how pluripotent stem cells can be applied to the modeling of cardiovascular disorders of genetic origin. A key challenge will be to implement these models in an efficient manner to develop a molecular understanding of how genes lead to disease and to screen for genes and drugs that modify the disease process.
Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Alters the Effect of Serum Basic Protein I on Triacylglycerols and Cholesterol Differently in Normal and HyperapoB Fibroblasts

We studied whether the stimulatory effect of human serum basic protein I (BP I) on the formation of cell triacylglycerols and cholesterol may be mediated through protein tyrosine kinase in normal fibroblasts, and whether there was a deficiency in such a process in cells from subjects with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (hyperapoB). Genistein, a highly specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, was used as a probe. When BP I (428.0 nmol/L) alone was added to F-12 medium without genistein, the mean mass of cell triacylglycerols doubled in six normal cell lines from healthy subjects, an effect that was decreased by 50% in six cell lines from subjects with hyperapoB (P = .007). The addition of genistein with BP I to normal cells decreased the stimulation of triacylglycerol formation by BP I by about 50% (P = .008), whereas genistein had little effect in the BP I-treated hyperapoB cells. The effect of genistein on the stimulation of triglyceride and cholesterol production by BP I was shown to be both time and concentration (92.5 nmol/mL medium nadir) dependent. In normal fibroblasts. BP I stimulated the rate of incorporation of both [14C]acetate (P = .0001) and [3H]mevalonolactone (P = .002) into unesterified cholesterol, an effect that was markedly deficient in the hyperapoB cells (P = .0001 for [14C]acetate and P = .0002 for [3H]mevalonolactone). In normal but not hyper-apoB cells, genistein inhibited the significant stimulation by BP I of the rates of both [14C]acetate (P = .0001) and [3H]mevalonolactone (P = .04) incorporation into unesterified cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evidence that NOS2 acts as a trigger and mediator of late preconditioning induced by acute systemic hypoxia.

Chronic systemic hypoxia (SH) enhances myocardial ischemic tolerance in mammals. We studied the delayed cardioprotection caused by acute SH and associated signaling mechanism. Conscious adult male ...
Reliable Blast UDP : predictable high performance bulk data transfer

High speed bulk data transfer is an important part of many data-intensive scientific applications. This paper describes an aggressive bulk data transfer scheme, called Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP), intended for extremely high bandwidth, dedicated- or Quality-of-Service-enabled networks, such as optically switched networks. This paper also provides an analytical model to predict RBUDP's performance and compares the results of our model against our implementation of RBUDP. Our results show that RBUDP performs extremely efficiently over high speed dedicated networks and our model is able to provide good estimates of its performance.
Clinical prediction rule to diagnose post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children.

Rationale Infant pulmonary function testing has a great value in the diagnosis of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (BOs), because of characteristic patterns of severe and fixed airway obstruction. Unfortunately, infant pulmonary function testing is not available in most pediatric pulmonary centers. Objective To develop and validate a clinical prediction rule (BO-Score) to diagnose children under 2 years of age with BOs, using multiple objectively measured parameters readily available in most medical centers. Methods Study subjects, children under 2 years old with a chronic pulmonary disease assisted at R. Gutierrez Children's Hospital of Buenos Aires. Patients were randomly divided into a derivation (66%) and a validation (34%) set. ROC analyses and multivariable logistic regression included significant clinical, radiological, and laboratory predictors. The main outcome measure was a diagnosis of BOs. The performance of the BO-Score was tested on the validation set. Results Hundred twenty-five patients were included, 83 in the derivation set and 42 in the validation set. The BO-Score (area under ROC curve = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.9–1.0%) was developed by assigning points to the following variables: typical clinical history (four points), adenovirus infection (three points), and high-resolution computed tomography with mosaic perfusion (four points). A Score ≥7 predicted the diagnosis of BOs with a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 79–100%) and a sensitivity of 67% (95% CI, 47–80%). Conclusions The BO-Score is a simple-to-use clinical prediction rule, based on variables that are readily available. A BO-Score of 7 or more predicts a diagnosis of post-infectious BOs with high accuracy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1065–1069. ©2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mitigation of Control Channel Jamming under Node Capture Attacks

Availability of service in many wireless networks depends on the ability for network users to establish and maintain communication channels using control messages from base stations and other users. An adversary with knowledge of the underlying communication protocol can mount an efficient denial of service attack by jamming the communication channels used to exchange control messages. The use of spread spectrum techniques can deter an external adversary from such control channel jamming attacks. However, malicious colluding insiders or an adversary who captures or compromises system users is not deterred by spread spectrum, as they know the required spreading sequences. For the case of internal adversaries, we propose a framework for control channel access schemes using the random assignment of cryptographic keys to hide the location of control channels. We propose and evaluate metrics to quantify the probabilistic availability of service under control channel jamming by malicious or compromised users and show that the availability of service degrades gracefully as the number of colluding insiders or compromised users increases. We propose an algorithm called GUIDE for the identification of compromised users in the system based on the set of control channels that are jammed. We evaluate the estimation error using the GUIDE algorithm in terms of the false alarm and miss rates in the identification problem. We discuss various design trade-offs between robustness to control channel jamming and resource expenditure.
Resolving the Dryland Decomposition Conundrum: Some New Perspectives on Potential Drivers

Decomposition of organic matter is a crucial component of biogeochemical cycles that strongly controls nutrient availability, productivity, and community composition. The factors controlling decomposition of litter in arid and semi-arid systems remain poorly understood, with an unresolved disconnect between meas- ured and modeled decay rates. In contrast, decay rates in mesic systems are gener- ally quite successfully predicted by models driven by climatic variables. Here, we explore the reasons for this disconnect by reviewing literature on the biotic and abiotic controls over dryland decomposition. Recent research on decomposition in drylands suggests that several key drivers of dryland decomposition have been historically overlooked and not included in models. In particular, UV photodegra- dation and soil transport processes, both a function of vegetation structure, may strongly influence dryland decomposition dynamics. We propose an expanded framework for studying dryland decay that explicitly addresses vegetation structure and its influence on decomposition. Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in dryland systems necessitates considering how the spatial and temporal context of vegetation influences soil transport patterns and UV photodegradation, both of which may in turn affect abiotic and biotic decomposition processes.
Recent MCNP developments

The authors report both the status and developments in the Monte Carlo neutron-photon (MCNP) radiation transport computer code and two items of more general interest to computational physics: the accuracy of modern physics computer codes and the performance of scientific workstations. Benchmark studies indicate not only that MCNP is accurate but also that modern computer codes can give answers basically as accurate as the physics data that go into them. Even deep penetration problems can correct to within a factor of two after 10 to 25 mean free paths of penetration. Monte Carlo calculations, once thought to be too expensive to run routinely, can now be run effectively on desktop computers which compete with the supercomputers of yesteryear. >
The effect of lower extremity selective voluntary motor control on interjoint coordination during gait in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

Damage to motor tracts in the periventricular white matter is a primary etiology in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). These tracts are responsible for the production of selective voluntary motor control (SVMC). Lower extremity motor control has been suggested as being an important predictor of improvement following interventions. While there are multiple impairments in spastic CP, the inability to perform purposeful voluntary movement is a critical factor in determining functional ability that merits investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between SVMC ability and hip and knee coordination during the swing phase of gait in participants with spastic CP. Gait analysis and SVMC assessments were conducted for 15 participants with CP. Relative phase analysis was used to calculate the minimum relative phase (MRP) angle during swing; a measurement of interjoint coordination between the hip and the knee. SVMC ability was measured using the Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE) tool. Significant correlations were found between SCALE scores and both MRP values (p < 0.0001) and duration of out-of-phase movement (p < 0.005) during swing. These findings supported our hypothesis that SVMC ability is related to a patient's ability to move in an uncoupled pattern during the swing phase of gait (i.e., extending the knee while flexing the hip). An understanding of influence of SVMC on swing phase gait mechanics may help establish appropriate goals for interventions, in particular hamstring lengthenings.
Other People’s Money: Adapting Entrepreneurial Techniques to Build Capital in Challenging Economic Times

Drawing on the “predator” model of entrepreneurship put forward by Villette and Vuillermot in their 2009 book “From Predators to Icons,” this article argues that challenging economic times reveal that self-funded, collaborative information literacy models have in many cases unsustainably overstretched staff and budgets. In such circumstances, it is necessary for librarians to shift to an entrepreneurial approach that seeks profitable opportunities funded by parties other than the library in order to build capital for current and future instructional services. Following Villette and Vuillermot, the article seeks to refute a cultural myth that sees the entrepreneur as someone who is first and foremost a “do-gooder” or marketer of helpful products, and it also advocates that librarians adopt a view of the entrepreneur as one who preys on unexploited, low-cost/high-profit opportunities to leverage “other people's money” to build capital for later innovation. The article considers the economics of information ...
The effects of in vivo administration of 10-propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione on rat ovarian aromatase and estrogen levels.

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that 10-propargylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione (PED) functioned as an irreversible inhibitor of rat ovarian aromatase in vitro. These studies were undertaken to examine the in vivo effects of PED on rat ovarian aromatase activity and estrogen production. In the current experiments, a single injection of PED (0.5 or 2.5mg/kg) was found to maximally inhibit aromatase at 3h regardless of dose. Significant inhibition of enzyme activity by PED was observed beyond 18 h, although some recovery was noted at the lower dose (0.5mg/kg). Concomitantly, ovarian estrogen levels were also maximally reduced at 3 h, however ovarian estrogen levels returned toward control values prior to the recovery in enzyme activity. Even though significant inhibition of enzyme activity was observed at 12 h following a single injection of PED, the effect of double injections of the inhibitor at 12 h intervals was surprisingly not cumulative. Similarly, continued multiple injections of PED revealed signifi...
Female Use of Cosmetics: Is Feminist Orientation Important in the Decision to Purchase?

This paper reports on a survey of females which examined the relationship of feminine role orientation to purchase and use of cosmetics. Females of pro-feminist orientation were expected to generally use less cosmetics. A sample of 182 coeds at two colleges were measured for feminist orientation using the Attitude Toward Women Scale and their use of various cosmetic products was recorded. Significant relationships were found, having potential interest to cosmetics marketers.
Random Vibration of a Compliant Wall

A random vibration analysis for the response of a compliant wall, consisting of an elastic base plate, a low modulus viscoelastic substrate and stretched skin, subjected to turbulent boundary layer excitation is presented. Compliant walls have the potential to reduce aerodynamic drag in flight vehicles. The cross-power spectral density of surface displacement is calculated as a function of design variables . Three examples are presented and their response statistics are examined in relation to wave drag and roughness drag. Both subsonic and supersonic turbulence is considered. The work should be useful as a guideline for the experimental investigation of the drag reduction concept by the use of a compliant wall.
A multiplex PCR assay for determination of mating type in isolates of the honey bee fungal pathogen, Ascosphaera apis

Detection of mating type (MAT) in fungi is very important for a better understanding of fungal biology, reproduction, and pathogenicity. Here we describe a new PCR-based identification of mating ty...
Behavioral Interactions Between Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs and an Entomopathogenic Nematode (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) within Turf Microcosms

Distribution of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, grubs and dispersal of an entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar ‘Oswego’ strain (an isolate from New York state), were examined for 5 wk within soil-filled flats containing grass. Japanese beetle grubs uniformly dispersed to all sections of the flats not infested with H. bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ strain. In flats infested with H. bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ strain, however, greater proportions of Japanese beetle grubs were recovered in sections near the nematode release site or center sections of the flats. H. bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ strain dispersed to all sections of the flats but dispersed more rapidly within the flats infested with Japanese beetle grubs than in flats not infested with Japanese beetle grubs.
EOCENE CRINOIDS FROM SEYMOUR ISLAND, ANTARCTIC PENINSULA: PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHIC AND PALEOECOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACr-On the basis of recent collections from the Upper Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, the morphology, systematic position, taphonomy, and paleoecology of the isocrinid Metacrinus fossilis are investigated. A new species, Notocrinus rasmusseni, is described as the first comatulid crinoid known from the Antarctic fossil record. The systematic assignment of M. fossilis is maintained. Basal abrasion of calyxes and absence of long attached columns suggest that M. fossilis might have lost most of the column in adult stages and lived directly on the substratum, supported by some arms and a few cirri, similar to comatulids. About 10 percent of M. fossilis individuals show brachial regeneration, in contrast to regeneration frequencies of 7090 percent among moder Japanese isocrinids. The anomalous occurrence of isocrinids in shallow-water facies of the La Meseta is attributed to a combination of reduced predation pressure, the presumed stalkless mode of life, and a favorable temperature regime in Antarctic surface waters prior to the onset of cooling at the close of the Eocene.
Charge-transfer contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a molecular junction: Time-dependent correlations

Raman spectroscopy of molecular junctions is a promising diagnostic and control tool. We present a model for charge-transfer contribution to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, generalizing previous considerations to strong laser pulses of arbitrary time dependence. The approach paves a way to realistic simulations of Raman spectroscopy experiments in molecular junctions. We demonstrate that the optical response of molecular conduction junctions is correlated with the electron transport. Feynman diagrams responsible for such similarity are analyzed, and a possible explanation for observed (anti)correlated behavior of Stokes signal and conductance is proposed.
Forest Operations and Woody Biomass Logistics to Improve Efficiency, Value, and Sustainability

This paper reviews the most recent work conducted by scientists and engineers of the Forest Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the areas of forest operations and woody biomass logistics, with an emphasis on feedstock supply for emerging bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts applications. This work is presented in the context of previous research in this field by the agency and is measured against the goals and objectives provided by several important national-level initiatives, including the USDA Regional Biomass Research Centers. Research conducted over the past 5 years in cooperation with a diverse group of research partners is organized in four topic sections: innovative practices, innovative machines, sustainability, and integration. A wide range of studies in operations and logistics address advances in harvest and processing technology, transportation systems, scheduling and planning, feedstock quality, biomass conversion processes, and environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions. We also discuss potential future research to address persistent knowledge gaps, especially those in fire and fuel management. Overall, the research reviewed here aligns well with broad national goals of providing the USA with sustainable and efficient forest biomass management and production systems, specifically including: (1) improved harvest, collection, handling, and transportation systems for woody biomass; (2) cost and equipment information and options for field processing biomass to improve efficiency and mitigate impacts; and (3) forest biomass management systems and technologies to offset impacts and enhance environmental outcomes. However, as needs evolve, professionals in this field must strive to adapt research, development, and dissemination to address relevant future challenges and strengthen capabilities to solve critical problems in the forest sector.
Non-invasive Fluorescence Based Portable Sensor for Studying O2 Changes in Extracellular Metabolism

The measurement of cellular metabolism involves observation of multiple metabolites. Chemical reaction pathways which occur within the cell may be measured in the extracellular matrix. A fluorophore/polymer based portable sensor was developed which does not consume metabolites, is noninvasive, improves sensor measurements and may be used in standard 24-well plates. The sensor rapidly detects physiological changes without contaminating cell cultures with fluorescent dyes. The sensor uses an oxygen sensitive fluorophore, platinum octaethylporphyrin, embedded in a polymer matrix to measure extracellular O2 concentration changes in response to an external physiological antagonist. The sensor design was able to acquire real-time measurement of metabolite concentration changes in the extracellular matrix.
Application characterization at scale: lessons learned from developing a distributed open community runtime system for high performance computing

Since 2012, the U.S. Department of Energy's X-Stack program has been developing solutions including runtime systems, programming models, languages, compilers, and tools for the Exascale system software to address crucial performance and power requirements. Fine grain programming models and runtime systems show a great potential to efficiently utilize the underlying hardware. Thus, they are essential to many X-Stack efforts. An abundant amount of small tasks can better utilize the vast parallelism available on current and future machines. Moreover, finer tasks can recover faster and adapt better, due to a decrease in state and control. Nevertheless, current applications have been written to exploit old paradigms (such as Communicating Sequential Processor and Bulk Synchronous Parallel processing). To fully utilize the advantages of these new systems, applications need to be adapted to these new paradigms. As part of the applications' porting process, in-depth characterization studies, focused on both application characteristics and runtime features, need to take place to fully understand the application performance bottlenecks and how to resolve them. This paper presents a characterization study for a novel high performance runtime system, called the Open Community Runtime, using key HPC kernels as its vehicle. This study has the following contributions: one of the first high performance, fine grain, distributed memory runtime system implementing the OCR standard (version 0.99a); and a characterization study of key HPC kernels in terms of runtime primitives running on both intra and inter node environments. Running on a general purpose cluster, we have found up to 1635x relative speed-up for a parallel tiled Cholesky Kernels on 128 nodes with 16 cores each and a 1864x relative speed-up for a parallel tiled Smith-Waterman kernel on 128 nodes with 30 cores.
OBRUCHEVELLA AND OTHER MICROFOSSILS IN THE BURGESS SHALE: PRESERVATION AND AFFINITY

Charles D. Walcott's thin sections of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada, have yielded many specimens of the helically coiled microfossil Obruchevella delicata, as well as fragments of the cyanobacteria Marpolia and Morania, sphaeromorph acritarchs, and sclerites of the enigmatic metazoan Wiwaxia. Obruchevella of the Burgess Shale displays a spectrum of preservation styles ranging from tangled masses to well-developed helixes. All Obruchevella specimens are preserved in three dimensions, which suggests original skeletalization or early post-mortem mineralization of the organism. Morphologic analysis of Obruchevella supports an affinity with modern helical cyanobacteria. Study of all reported occurrences of Obruchevella indicates that: 1) the genus has been overly split into seventeen species; 2) no correlation between size and age of Obruchevella exists; and 3) most Obruchevella specimens are tightly coiled and have helix diameters four to six times their filament diameters.
Immanuel Kant and the Highest Good

We now turn to Immanuel Kant, with the same intent as governed our examination of Bloch. What does Kant offer as an understanding of ultimate hope and fundamental hope? Of the three questions enunciated in the Critique of Pure Reason, it is the third, “What may I hope?” that frames our subject.1 Not all of Kant’s writings are under review. Our investigation proceeds in three phases, roughly corresponding to three of Kant’s works, and yielding three somewhat different presentations of the objective of hope. His treatise Perpetual Peace presents as a sound hope civil peace; the Critique of Practical Reason presents the individual’s highest good; and Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone suggests that ultimate hope is for the ethical commonwealth and kingdom of God.2 In each case we are dealing with only that hope which is sound. To ask “What may I hope?” is to ask neither the de facto question “For what do I hope,” nor the question of moral obligation, “What ought I to hope for.” What I may hope for is that which I am entitled to or justified in desiring because it is possible. Indeed, much of Kant’s efforts in dealing with hoping’s objective is devoted to explaining how it is that what is proposed is not illusory. Explaining what makes such hope not impossible, by pointing to what it is that is capable of effecting what is hoped for, and how we can recognize this, is one of Kant’s principal cares.
Drug-Induced Seizures

Recreational drug-induced seizures in 47 patients seen at the San Francisco General Hospital between 1975 and 1987 were reported by the Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Identification of endometrial cancer methylation features using combined methylation analysis methods.

Background DNA methylation is a stable epigenetic mark that is frequently altered in tumors. DNA methylation features are attractive biomarkers for disease states given the stability of DNA methylation in living cells and in biologic specimens typically available for analysis. Widespread accumulation of methylation in regulatory elements in some cancers (specifically the CpG island methylator phenotype, CIMP) can play an important role in tumorigenesis. High resolution assessment of CIMP for the entire genome, however, remains cost prohibitive and requires quantities of DNA not available for many tissue samples of interest. Genome-wide scans of methylation have been undertaken for large numbers of tumors, and higher resolution analyses for a limited number of cancer specimens. Methods for analyzing such large datasets and integrating findings from different studies continue to evolve. An approach for comparison of findings from a genome-wide assessment of the methylated component of tumor DNA and more widely applied methylation scans was developed. Methods Methylomes for 76 primary endometrial cancer and 12 normal endometrial samples were generated using methylated fragment capture and second generation sequencing, MethylCap-seq. Publically available Infinium HumanMethylation 450 data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were compared to MethylCap-seq data. Results Analysis of methylation in promoter CpG islands (CGIs) identified a subset of tumors with a methylator phenotype. We used a two-stage approach to develop a 13-region methylation signature associated with a “hypermethylator state.” High level methylation for the 13-region methylation signatures was associated with mismatch repair deficiency, high mutation rate, and low somatic copy number alteration in the TCGA test set. In addition, the signature devised showed good agreement with previously described methylation clusters devised by TCGA. Conclusion We identified a methylation signature for a “hypermethylator phenotype” in endometrial cancer and developed methods that may prove useful for identifying extreme methylation phenotypes in other cancers.
Effect of texture and elastic anisotropy of copper microstructure on reliability

Copper in spite of being face centered cubic crystal has significant mechanical anisotropy. The elastic constants of copper vary considerably for different crystallographic orientations. Typically, the copper metal conductor lines in integrated circuits are polycrystalline in nature. The polycrystalline microstructure is known to impact the reliability and is yet to be thoroughly understood. In this work we used Voronoi tessellation to model the polycrystalline microstructure for the copper metal lines in test structures. Each of the grains was then assigned an orientation with distinct probabilistic texture with (111) as the preferred orientation and corresponding anisotropic elastic constants based on the assigned orientation. By subjecting the test structure through a thermal stress, we observed over 70% variation in hydrostatic stresses along the grain boundaries depending on the orientation, dimensions, surroundings, and location of the grains. This may introduce new weak points within the metal interconnects leading to failure. Hence, inclusion of microstructures and corresponding anisotropic properties for copper grains is crucial to conduct a realistic study of both the stress voiding and electromigration phenomena, especially at smaller nodes where the anisotropic effects are significant.
Stabilization of the Craniocervical Junction Following Resection of Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Skull Base and Spine

Abstract Until the last decade of the 20th century, craniocervical junction (CCJ) stabilization was achieved largely through simple instrumentation such as spinous process and lateral mass wiring. The introduction of rigid fixation anchors, including lateral mass and pedicle screws and improved occipital fixation, ushered in marked improvements for stabilization following resection of CCJ lesions, such as chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Tumor characteristics and the extent of resection impact CCJ stability and call for careful preoperative decision making. This chapter details our surgical technique for CCJ stabilization and summarizes the literature investigating this area.
Are American Jews Hyperpolitical

Abstract: Although American Jews are often perceived as extremely active if not hyperpolitical, scholars have seldom studied the degree to which Jews in the US actually participate in public life. Two leading theories of political participation — one emphasizing the importance of ethnic communities, the other stressing resources that reduce participation costs — offer divergent predictions about whether Jews are likely to overparticipate. Using Roper surveys from 1989-1992 with a sample of Jews and a comparison sample of non-Jews selected by propensity matching, this study compares the political activism of the two groups. The results indicate that Jews actually participate less than comparable non-Jews, an outcome not anticipated by either theory. The paper concludes with discussion about why Jewish participation is so commonly over-stated.