cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of alloxan, and alloxan-induced diabetes on the kidney.

Alloxan is known to induce diabetic renal changes as well as causing nephrotoxic alterations. However, no ultrastructural study has been performed to differentiate diabetic verses toxic affects of alloxan to the tubule and/or glomerulus. Therefore the present study used the "protected" kidney model to prevent one kidney from being exposed to the alloxan while allowing the other to receive the drug immediately. In all experimental animals the right renal hilum was gently occluded for 5 minutes and then released. This was performed prior to the injection of alloxan. Subsequently, the left renal hilum was occluded at the time of, and for 5 minutes after, alloxan administration (40 mg/kg i.v.). The experimental rats were divided into three groups: untreated diabetics, diabetics treated with protamine-zinc-insulin, and alloxan-treated rats that failed to become diabetic. Three groups of controls were included: one group received an equal volume of saline diluent as the experimental rats but no clamping of either renal hilum; another group received the saline and had the left renal hilum occluded for 5 minutes; and a third group had both the right and left renal hila occluded. All animals were followed and sacrificed after 9 weeks. Endogenous creatinine clearance did not change among groups. Alloxan-treated nondiabetic rats displayed marked interstitial nephritis in unprotected kidneys, while protected kidneys were normal. The diabetic state resulted in mesangial proliferation and focal glomerular basement membrane thickening as well as glomerular capillary endothelial abnormalities and visceral epithelial foot-process fusion. The endothelial changes consisted of focal areas showing a reduction in the size of endothelial fenestrae. All glomerular changes were ameliorated by insulin treatment. We conclude: 1) alloxan per se is distinctly nephrotoxic; and 2) the glomerular endothelium and epithelium are involved early in the course of experimental diabetes.
The Effects of Temperature upon Contraction and Ionic Exchange in Rabbit Ventricular Myocardium Relation to control of active state

The mechanical responses (active and resting tension, dP/dt, TPT) and ionic exchange characteristics (Ca++, K+, Na+) which follow upon a variation in temperature, rate, and [K+]0 were studied in the rabbit papillary muscle and arterially perfused rabbit interventricular setpum. Abrupt changes in temperature provided a means of separating the contributions of rate of development (intensity) of active state and duration of active state to total active tension development (approximated by isometric tension). Threefold changes in duration of active state with proportional changes in active tension can be induced without evidence for alteration of Ca++, K+, or Na+ exchange. Abrupt cooling produced a moderate (∼15%) increase of dP/dt which suggests an augmentation of active state intensity. Evidence is presented to suggest that this increase of dP/dt is based upon an increase in membrane Ca++ concentration which occurs secondary to inhibition of active Na+ transport. The alterations in ionic exchange and active state produced by variation of temperature are discussed in terms of a five-component control system.
Animal energetics: A proposed model of cattle and buffalo in the Indian subcontinent

Abstract The role of cattle and buffalo in terms of their energy input into agriculture in the Indian subcontinent is briefly reviewed. The average bullock can produce work at about 500 W during a typical working year of 6 hours per day for 200 days, although this depends on the availability of fodder and the health of the animal. A model is presented which enables work done to be related to feed input energy and is used to estimate the limitations to work input for processes such as ploughing and water pumping which can be achieved for given fodder inputs. The implicit limits of agriculture imposed by use of animals in this way is assessed.
ONTROVERSIES IN ABDOMINAL IMAGING

Traditionally, imaging of the abdomen in children has been performed by plain film radiography and barium contrast studies. In many clinical situations, this approach has been modified or replaced by ultrasound examination. A review of imaging of the infant with vomiting with an emphasis on malrotation and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and the investigation of children with suspected intussusception is used to illustrate controversies and evolving strategies for imaging in children.
Obstetrician-gynecologists' knowledge of sickle cell disease screening and management.

Although obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYNs) play an important role in sickle cell disease (SCD) screening and patient care, there is little information on knowledge of SCD or sickle cell trait (SCT) or related practices in this provider group. Our objective was to assess SCD screening and prenatal management practices among OB/GYNs. Twelve hundred Fellows and Junior Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (the College)a were invited to complete a mailed survey, of which half (n = 600) belonged to the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network.b Participants answered questions regarding appropriate target patient groups for prenatal SCD screening, folic acid requirements, practice behaviors and adequacy of their medical school and residency training. A total of 338 CARN members (56.3%) and 165 non-CARN members (27.5%) returned a survey. Of the 503 responders, 382 provided obstetric services and were included in the analyses. Forty percent of these respondents (n = 153) reported seeing at least 1 patient with SCD in the last year. Of these, 97.4% reported regularly screening people of African descent for SCD or SCT, whereas 52.9% reported regularly screening people of Mediterranean descent and 30.1% reported regularly screening people of Asian descent. Only 56.2% knew the correct recommended daily dose of folic acid for pregnant women with SCD. The proportion of respondents that rated training on SCD screening, assessment and treatment as barely adequate or inadequate ranged from 19.7% to 39.3%. The practice of many OB/GYNs who care for patients with SCD are not consistent with the College Practice Guidelines on the screening of certain target groups and on folic acid supplementation. There may be an opportunity to improve this knowledge gap through enhanced medical education.
Kinesis: a security incident response and prevention system for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents Kinesis, a security incident response and prevention system for wireless sensor networks, designed to keep the network functional despite anomalies or attacks and to recover from attacks without significant interruption. Due to the deployment of sensor networks in various critical infrastructures, the applications often impose stringent requirements on data reliability and service availability. Given the failure- and attack-prone nature of sensor networks, it is a pressing concern to enable the sensor networks provide continuous and unobtrusive services.Kinesis is quick and effective in response to incidents, distributed in nature, and dynamic in selecting response actions based on the context. It is lightweight in terms of response policy specification, and communication and energy overhead. A per-node single timer based distributed strategy to select the most effective response executor in a neighborhood makes the system simple and scalable, while achieving proper load distribution and redundant action optimization.We implement Kinesis in TinyOS and measure its performance for various application and network layer incidents. Extensive TOSSIM simulations and testbed experiments show that Kinesis successfully counteracts anomalies/attacks and behaves consistently under various attack scenarios and rates.
A new deterministic data aggregation method for wireless sensor networks

The processing capabilities of wireless sensor nodes enable to aggregate redundant data to limit total data flow over the network. The main property of a good aggregation algorithm is to extract the most representative data by using minimum resources. From this point of view, sampling is a promising aggregation method, that acts as surrogate for the whole data, and once extracted can be used to answer multiple kinds of queries (such as AVG, MEDIAN, SUM, COUNT, etc.), at no extra cost to the sensor network. Additionally, sampling also preserves correlations between attributes of multi-dimensional data, which is quite valuable for further data mining. In this paper, we propose a novel, distributed, weighted sampling algorithm to sample sensor network data and compare to an existing random sampling algorithm, which is the only algorithm to work in this kind of setting. We perform popular queries to evaluate our algorithm on a real world data set, which covers climate data in the US for the past 100 years. During testing, we focus on issues such as sample quality, network longevity, energy and communication costs.
Modulation transfer analysis for the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS-AM)

The accuracy of the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS-AM) end data products is affected by the spatial response in the form of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). This effect is most noticeable near spatial transition periods where the contrast changes are high. This research effort estimates the MODIS MTF using a simplified model, based on Santa Barbara Research Center's MTF model. The simplified MTF model is incomplete, and, MTF validation laboratory data are used to complete the model by estimating the unknown parameters. The laboratory data were taken using the Internal Alignment Collimator, a line spread function calibration instrument. Using the completed MTF model, a MTF correction filter is derived. The filter corrects the along-scan and along-track optical blurring and the along-scan non-zero integration time. The filter reduces the Point Spread Response (PSR) footprint by sharpening the response. The correction filter is demonstra ted on MODIS level 1B data, using a scene from Mono Lake September 29, 2000 and a scene from the Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC) September 26, 2000.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sellars and the measure of all things

The general weakening of the distinction between observation and theory challenges the image of rival scientific theories competing over a neutrally expressed body of data. Some philosophers see each theory as standing on its own, defiming its own self-enclosed world which of these worlds we live in seems a matter of arbitrary choice or historical fate. Others see each theory as a complementary way of describing a world which cannot be captured by any one of them. On either view, science approaches no one perfect description of the world. Even though he accepts many of the premises of such historicist views, Wilfrid Sellars has long argued for the unity, perfectibility and primacy of science. In this essay I will examine how and at what cost his theory of language brings this about. The historicist trends in the philosophy of science have added force to those who refuse science itself any primacy among our various ways of talking. Religion, science, art, mysticism, myth, common sense all these are seen as standing on their own, describing their own self-enclosed worlds. These various worlds may sometimes be said to be independent of one another; more often each is spoken of as including, aspects of reality which are not combinable into one large unified picture.
Chronic and severe phenobarbital intoxication in a child treated with primidone and diphenylhydantoin

Plasma levels of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin were followed in a 6-month-old infant chronically intoxicated with primidone. Extraordinarily high plasma levels of phenobarbital (202 μg per milliter) derived from primidone were found within one day after cessation of primidone therapy. This level of phenobarbital was not associated with respiratory depression, although marked sedation was noted. The plasma level of phenobarbital initially declined nonexponentially and then after five days exhibited a first-order decay: T 1/2=39 hours. Concomitant DPH plasma levels fell from 12 μg per milliliter, on admission, to a plateau of about 2 to 3 μg per milliliter on Day 6 through Day 17, and then rose to a new steady-state level of 4.5 to 6.5 μg per milliliter. These observations suggest that the elimination of phenobarbital may have been capacity limited by biotransformation processes at plasma levels above 70 μg per milliliter. The low levels of diphenylhydantoin (administered daily) associated with a decreased level of phenobarbital may have been mediated by prior induction of liver drug metabolic enzymes. Initially, however, high plasma levels of phenobarbital were associated with a higher level of diphenylhydantoin than would be expected for age or dosage, suggestive of inhibition of drug metabolism. Questions are raised about appropriate dosage and metabolic fate of primidone when used alone or with other anticonvulsants in young children.
Expression of Laminin 5, Fibronectin, and Epithelium-associated Integrins in Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers

Recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is characterized by an ulcerated lesion that persists longer than traumatic ulcers of similar size. This delayed healing phase of the lesion was investigated for extracellular matrix components and matrix receptors (integrins). The hypothesis tested was that aphthous ulcers may lack key extracellular matrix components, or their receptors, that are necessary for the migration of marginal keratinocytes from the ulcer edge. We immunocytochemically stained biopsy specimens of RAUs and non-involved mucosal specimens from HIV+ and non-infected individuals to investigate the presence and distribution of molecules reported to be associated with reepithelialization of mucosal and cutaneous wounds. Fibronectin, laminin type 5 (kalinin), and integrin subunits beta 1, beta 4, alpha 6, and alpha v were consistently found at the margins of RAU, as they are in traumatic ulcers. The alpha 5 and beta 6 subunits were not always present. We also found alpha v in the intact stratified squamous epithelium adjacent to ulcers. Immunohistochemical stains showed distruption in the deposition of laminin 5 and an apparent lack of fibronectin at the edges of some ulcers. Although these tissue results do not determine which integrin subunits are paired with each other, they do show some alterations in their expression in RAU. Absence of one or more of these molecules at the migrating front may contribute to delayed epithelial regeneration. It is likely that the absence or inappropriate expression of keratinocyte integrins or their extracellular matrix receptors occurs after the causative factors (currently unknown) of the lesion are gone. The reason for the altered expression of these molecules may be related to the secretory products (including lymphokines and proteinases) of the lymphocytic infiltrate.
Image Algebra - Induced Operators And Induced Subalgebras

Image algebra - induced operators and induced subalgebrasEdward R. Dougherty and Charles R. GiardinaFairleigh Dickinson University / Singer -Kearfott CompanyTeaneck, New Jersey, Wayne, New Jersey1. INTRODUCTIONThe primary goal of an image algebra is the development of a mathematical environmentin which to express the various algorithms employed in image processing. From a practicalstandpoint, this means that the algorithms should appear as strings in an operationalcalculus, where each operator can ultimately be expressed as a string composed of somecollection of elemental, or "basis," operators and where the action of the string upon acollection of input images is determined by function composition. For instance, ratherthan defining operations such as convolution and dilation in a pointwise manner, we desireclosed -form expressions of these operators in terms of low -level operations that are closeto the algebraic structure of the underlying mathematical entities upon which images aremodeled. It is precisely such an approach that will yield a natural symbolic language forthe expression of image processing algorithms.If viewed from the proper perspective, the formulation of a satisfactory image algebrais actually a particular instance of a more general algebraic problem concerning functionspaces. Indeed, an image (signal) is simply a function defined on a subset of some univer-sal set. Thus, once the function space is specified, the determination of the desiredalgebra depends on the collection of operations we wish to induce from the structure of thedomain and range spaces. In digital image processing, the domain space is usually consid-ered to be the integral lattice ZxZ, while the range space is either the set R of realnumbers or the set Z of integers. Of significance is that when the underlying problem ofalgebra development is viewed from the appropriate perspective, the particulars of the sub-ject matter involved are of minor importance; rather, it is the methodology of developmentthat is important.2. INDUCEMENTTo begin with, we consider two sets X and Y and define an abstract image as a function
Antigen-specific t-cell activations distinguished by in vivo anti-CD4 antibody treatment

Abstract This study identifies activation characteristics of PPD-responsive T-cells that emerge after treatment with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (Mab). PPD-stimulated T-cell proliferations, OX40 phenotype and protein tyrosine phosphorylations involving p56 lck (pp56 lck ) were compared to Con A stimulations using T-cells isolated from spleen and draining lymph node of CFA/PPD-immunized rats either untreated or treated in vivo with anti-CD4 Mab. Splenocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) showed correlated increases in proliferation, levels of pp56 lck , and OX40 expression; these parameters were not correlated in splenocytes after PPD-stimulations. T-cells isolated from lymph nodes draining the site of CFA/PPD immunization proliferated in response to stimulation by either PPD or Con A, but only PPD-responsive cells showed correlation to the OX40 activation phenotype and increased levels of pp56 lck . CD4 + T-cells isolated from either tissue compartment after anti-CD4 Mab treatments showed higher background and PPD-stimulated proliferations, and expressed lower levels of OX40. In contrast, anti-CD4 Mab treatments reduced (60%) and abolished Con A-stimulated proliferations of splenocytes and lymph node T-cells, respectively. The effects of anti-CD4 Mab treatment on pp56 lck levels correlated only to the changes observed for Con A stimulations of splenocytes. These results demonstrate that PPD antigen-specific T-cell populations recovered from different tissue compartments were resistant to in vivo anti-CD4 Mab treatments and did not show the activation changes characteristic of CD4 + T-cells after Con A stimulation.
Choice of accounting method by not-for-profit institutions accounting for investments by colleges and universities

Abstract This study reports a preliminary empirical investigation into the relation between the choice of investment accounting method used by colleges and universities and factors such as type of institution, endowment size and returns, and debt. Because these institutions use fund accounting, the effects of the choice of investment accounting method can reasonably be isolated from other accounting decisions. The results indicate that the selection of investment accounting method is influenced by type of institution, endowment size and returns, but not by debt covenants.
Great Expectations: An Innovation Solution to the Contemporary Economic Crisis

The causes and cures of the contemporary economic crisis have been a matter of intense debate since 2007-2008, but the persisting signs of decline in virtually all economic sectors question the effectiveness of the measures adopted so far. Stimulus packages have been the most common policy tool for government intervention aimed to revive economic growth, but their success is difficult to assess, and is further complicated by political considerations and an insufficient time frame to observe longer-term results. The cautious approach adopted by many governments, focusing mostly on less resource-intensive and austerity policy measures, has failed to bring about the expected recovery, and now there is a growing call for a bold government intervention to spur economic growth. The papers selected for this Special Issue emphasize a number of ideas that we believe are essential in promoting an innovation-based solution to the economic crisis: (i) targeted and integrated innovation policies are an essential complement to the structural and financial adjustments proposed so far as solutions to the crisis; (ii) large-scale government funding, combined with international donor resources, is needed to secure the investment necessary for the growth of new industries with high job creation potential, and to encourage private investors to follow suit; and (iii) valuable lessons can be drawn from the experience of the past and used to inspire policy actions in the present.
Effects of CSs for food and water upon rats barpressing for different magnitudes of food reinforcement

Forty-eight albino rats were first exposed to randomly intermixed, noncontingent presentations of one pellet, six pellets, and water. For each of three groups, a CS+ was paired with one of the reinforcers, while the other two reinforcers and a CS− were presented alone. Then half the subjects experienced a six-pellet reward and half experienced a one-pellet reward for leverpresses during a light SD. Finally, on test trials, the CS+ or CS− was compounded with the light. Latencies on test trials indicated that responding for the one-pellet reward was significantly more disrupted by a CS+ for six pellets than by the CS+ for one pellet or the CS+ for water. Responding for the six-pellet reward was disrupted by the CS+ for one pellet somewhat more than by the CS+ for six pellets or water, but not significantly so. This pattern of results is partially consistent with an associative model of transfer and appears to contradict a motivational account of such effects.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog produced by oral phenazopyridine hydrochloride

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is a widely used urinary analgesic in man. Its use in the dog is followed by ketatoconjunctivitis sicca. The clinical, cytological and histopathological features of this keratoconjunctivitis sicca and toxic adenopathy of the lachrymal and nictitans gland and the glands of Moll are presented. Resume. L'hydrochloride phenazopyridine est un analgesique urinaire tres utilise chez l'homme. Son emploi chez le chien entraine une Keratoconjonctivite seche. On presente les caracteristiques cliniques, cytologiques et histopathologiques de cette Keratoconjonctivite seche et de I'adenopathie toxique de la glande lacrimale et nictitante et de la gland de Moll. Zusammenfassung. Phenazopyridin hydrochlorid ist beim Menschen ein weitgebrauchtes Harnanalgetikum. Seinem Gebrauch im Hund folgt Keratoconiunctivitis sicca. Die klinischen, cytologischen und histopathologischen Merkmale von diesen Keratoconiunctivitis sicca und toxischer Adenopathie der Tranen- und Nictitansdruse und der Molldruse wurde dargestellt.
Anisotropic Shape‐Memory Elastomeric Composites: Fabrication and Testing

Anisotropic shape-memory elastomeric composites (A-SMEC) are fabricated by infi ltrating an aligned electrospun fi brous web with an elastomer, and curing. Mechanical testing proves strong anisotropy in Young’s modulus ( E Y ), strain-to-failure ( e f ), and yield stress ( σ y ) observed with averages of E Y = 48.4 and 4.0 MPa, e f = 198 and 351%, and σ y = 4.6 and 0.9 MPa for longitudinal and transverse loading directions, with respect to the fi brous web’s orientation. Shapememory (SM) characterization reveals modest anisotropy in the shape fi xing ratios ( R f ), yet seemingly isotropic shape recovery ( R r ) nearing completeness. Such soft, anisotropic materials may be used in laminated composite elastomers.
Chromatic flicker fusion frequency as a function of chromaticity difference.

The critical color fusion frequency (ccff) was measured for each of fifteen pairs of six colors at equal luminance. Measurements were made at five levels of luminance ranging from 9 to 67 trolands. Two subjects were used. The six colors were of high chromatic purity. Their dominant wavelengths covered the range of 445 mμ to 670 mμ in nearly equal steps. The relative chromatic separation between the members of each pair was estimated from Judd’s RUCS and from Wright’s data on the size of equally noticeable color steps in the CIE chromaticity diagram.The results show that log reciprocals of cff and ccff are nearly parallel and linear functions of luminance in log trolands. The product-moment correlation between persistence (1/ccff) and log chromatic separation on the RUCS was 0.84 and 0.91 when log chromatic separation was computed from Wright’s data.
Amino acid sequence of the rabies virus glycoprotein deduced from its cloned gene.

Abstract Double-stranded complementary DNA was synthesized from rabies virus-specific glycoprotein mRNA and inserted into the Pst I site of pBR322. The glycoprotein inserted sequence contains ∼1.75 kilobase pairs and lacks only ∼35 nucleotides from the 5′ terminus of the glycoprotein mRNA. The nucleotide sequence indicates a polypeptide of 524 amino acids beginning with an initiation codon ATG and ending with a termination of codon TGA. The first 19 amino acids make up a signal peptide preceding the sequence lys-phe-pro-ile-tyr-thr- which has been identified by the N-terminal analysis of amino acids of the purified rabies virus glycoprotein.
Selected questionnaire size and color combinations were significantly related to mailed survey response rates

Abstract Objective To determine the degree to which mailed survey response rates, response times, and nonresponse bias are affected by questionnaire size and color. Study Design and Setting Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 2,000 Mayo Clinic patients in one of four size/color “test” groups. One thousand three hundred nine surveys were completed, approximately two-thirds in each group. Results A small (6⅛ × 8¼ in) questionnaire booklet on white paper had a higher response rate (68.4%) than a similarly sized questionnaire on blue paper (62.3%). A large (8¼ × 11 in) questionnaire on white paper had a 62.7% rate, whereas a large, blue questionnaire had a response rate of 68.6%. Median response times did not differ by questionnaire size/color. No evidence of differential nonresponse bias was observed across the four test groups. Conclusion This study supports the use of a small/white questionnaire format advocated by the Total Design Method advanced by Don Dillman at Washington State University. We observed a favorable response rate for a large questionnaire printed on blue paper; however, if time and resources are limited, use of a small/white questionnaire appears preferable.
Free-Space Optical Interconnection: A Technology Comparison of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers and Multiple-Quantum-Well Modulators

We evaluate current vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and multiple-quantum-well (MQW) modulator technologies for low-fanout system applications. Si-CMOS transimpedance receiver circuits are used in the comparison. The aggregate bandwidth per unit area is calculated from the bandwidth and the total on-chip power dissipation. The results indicate that the electrical power dissipation in the receiver circuits dominates at low operating frequencies. At high operating frequencies the receiver gain drops significantly, thus more electrical power is dissipated in the transmitter to provide more optical power to the receiver to satisfy the voltage requirement at the receiver output. In VCSEL based systems, the optical power is generated entirely on-chip. Thus, only VCSELs with low threshold current and low series resistance would be able to provide the same aggregate bandwidth as the MQW modulator based systems.
Biofilm Formation and Control in Food Processing Facilities

Microorganisms on wet surfaces have the ability to aggregate, grow into microcolonies, and produce biofilm. Growth of biofilms in food processing environments leads to increased opportunity for microbial contamination of the processed product. These biofilms may contain spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms within biofilms are protected from sanitizers increasing the likelihood of survival and subsequent contamination of food. This increases the risk of reduced shelf life and disease transmission. Extracellular polymeric substances associated with biofilm that are not removed by cleaning provide attachment sites for microorganisms newly arrived to the cleaned system. Biofilm formation can also cause the impairment of heat transfer and corrosion to metal surfaces. Some of the methods used to control biofilm formation include mechanical and manual cleaning, chemical cleaning and sanitation, and application of hot water.
On the probability that integrated random walks stay positive

Abstract Let S n be a centered random walk with a finite variance, and consider the sequence A n : = ∑ i = 1 n S i , which we call an integrated random walk. We are interested in the asymptotics of p N ≔ P { min 1 ≤ k ≤ N A k ≥ 0 } as N → ∞ . Sinai (1992) [15] proved that p N ≍ N − 1 / 4 if S n is a simple random walk. We show that p N ≍ N − 1 / 4 for some other kinds of random walks that include double-sided exponential and double-sided geometric walks, both not necessarily symmetric. We also prove that p N ≤ c N − 1 / 4 for integer-valued walks and upper exponential walks, which are the walks such that Law ( S 1 | S 1 > 0 ) is an exponential distribution.
Rolling contact fatigue using solid thin film lubrication

Abstract This paper addresses rolling contact fatigue (RCF) testing in ultra high vacuum (UHV) under high speed conditions. A ball–rod RCF test platform has been adapted for testing in UHV conditions that allows rapid accumulation of stress cycles, over 10 million cycles within 5 h of testing at 130 Hz rotation. The UHV environment and solid lubrication enables good vibration detection for the onset of spall. In this paper, approximately 0.2 μm of silver is applied to the balls and provides sufficient lubrication for up to 25 h of testing, or 50 million stress cycles in high vacuum at 130 Hz. Seventy-nine RCF tests using thin-film silver lubrication have been completed covering two ball sizes, and two rod and ball materials. 9.53 mm diameter Rex 20 steel and silicon-nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) rods were tested against 7.94 mm diameter Rex 20 and 12.7 mm diameter M50 steel balls. It was found that ball size and material hardness did not affect the stress cycle life over a Hertzian contact stress range of 2.1–4.2 GPa and Rockwell C hardness range of 62–77. Rather, the key limiter to test length is lubrication depletion based on 79 tests and an average silver thickness of 0.2 μm. One of the two failure modes were observed for all tests: (i) early life spall of the silver coating, and (ii) depletion of silver lubrication followed by spall failure of both the ball and rod surfaces. A third-body storage model along with the Control Volume Fraction Coverage (CVFC) assumption and analysis was used to predict lubrication availability between asperities on the third body. There is good agreement between calculated and measured post-test lubrication thickness using the third-body storage model.
Pituitary-adrenal function in depressed patients: Resistance to dexamethasone suppression☆

Abstract Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function is activated by physical stress and anxiety. This laboratory and others have reported elevated plasma cortisol levels in depressed patients. We report here the response to 48 hr and overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in markedly depressed patients. In twenty-seven 48-hr tests, 0·5 mg dexamethasone was given orally every 6 hr for 8 doses (4 mg total). 0900 plasma cortisol level was determined after 24 and 48 hr. In 55 overnight tests, 1, 2, or 8 mg dexamethasone was given at 2300 hr and 0900 plasma sampled 10 hr later. Seventy-four % of patients showed marked resistance to suppression in the 48 hr tests (second 0900 plasma > 5 μg/ 100 ml). Eighteen of 22 patients did not suppress to
The Taxation of Intangible Wealth in Maryland

General considerations leading to a change in the method of assessment, 196–198.—Origin and history of former methods, 198–200.—Working of the new method, 201–203.—Further possibilities, 203–207.—Summary, 207–209.
Are There Sex Differences in Affective Modulation of Spinal Nociception and Pain

Abstract Sex differences in the processing and experience of emotion exist. The present study examined whether sex differences in emotion lead to sex differences in affective modulation of pain and spinal nociception (assessed by nociceptive flexion reflex, NFR). Participants were healthy men (n = 47) and women (n = 73). Prior to affective modulation testing, electrocutaneous pain sensitivity was assessed (NFR threshold, pain threshold, pain tolerance). Affective modulation of pain and NFR was then assessed by presenting pictures that vary in emotional valence and arousal (mutilation, attack, death, neutral, families, adventure, erotica) during which suprathreshold electrocutaneous stimulations were delivered. Subjective emotional reactions were assessed after every picture, and nociceptive reactions were assessed after every suprathreshold stimulus. Results indicated women had greater pain sensitivity and also responded more negatively to attack pictures and less positively to erotic pictures. But despite these differences, affective modulation of pain/NFR was not moderated by sex: erotic pictures inhibited pain/NFR and mutilation pictures enhanced pain/NFR. Together, this implies subjective emotional experience does not completely mediate picture-evoked modulation of pain/NFR, a supposition that was further supported by exploratory analyses that demonstrated picture-evoked modulation of pain/NFR was present even after controlling for intra- and inter-individual differences in emotional reactions to pictures. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. Perspective Evidence suggests that women are more sensitive to experimental and clinical pain, but the mechanisms contributing to these sex differences are poorly understood. Affective processes are known to play a role in regulating pain signaling and pain experience; therefore, the present study examined whether sex differences in affective experience contribute to sex differences in pain. Results indicate that in healthy individuals affective processes may not contribute to sex differences in pain.
Measurement stability of time-optimal feedback control of two-input strictly normal linear systems

Abstract The concept of “stability with respect to measurement” was introduced by H. Hermes to characterize those feedback control systems which are tolerant of errors in state variable measurement within the feedback loop. This paper considers autonomous linear strictly normal systems with two-dimensional controls and develops necessary and sufficient conditions for local measurement stability of the time-optimal feedback control system.
Optic nerve glioma and optic neuritis mimicking one another : Case report

Objective and importance The clinical and radiographic presentations of optic nerve gliomas and optic neuritis are for the most part distinct and their diagnoses straightforward. We present two cases illustrating the occasional difficulty one can encounter in distinguishing neoplastic from inflammatory optic neuropathies. Clinical presentation Patient 1 is a 17-year-old girl who presented with acute onset of pain and rapidly progressive visual loss in the right eye. Patient 2 is a 38-year-old man who presented with painless progressive visual loss in the left eye. Intervention Patient 1 was initially diagnosed with idiopathic retrobulbar optic neuritis. Interval increase of the optic nerve on magnetic resonance imaging prompted a biopsy of the optic nerve, which revealed a pilocytic astrocytoma. Patient 2 was found to have left optic nerve enhancement most consistent with an optic nerve glioma. Before a biopsy, the patient spontaneously improved without treatment, indicating an inflammatory process. Conclusion Differentiating between optic nerve neoplasm and inflammation may be difficult. On occasion, the classic clinical finding of pain with eye movement and the radiographic finding of enlargement and enhancement of the optic nerve may be misleading. Open biopsy of the optic nerve is indicated only after a completely negative metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory workup; interval increase of the optic nerve on magnetic resonance imaging; and failure of the patient to recover vision.
Radical reversal of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors during early lymphopoiesis

Successful thymocyte maturation is essential for normal, peripheral T cell function. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide which is highly expressed in the thymus that has been shown to modulate thymocyte development. VIP predominantly binds two G protein coupled receptors, termed vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) and VPAC2, but their expression profiles in CD4(-)/CD8(-) (double negative, DN) thymocyte subsets, termed DN1-4, have yet to be identified. We hypothesized that a high VPAC1:VPAC2 ratio in the earliest thymocyte progenitors (ETP cells) would be reversed during early lymphopoiesis as observed in activated, peripheral Th(2) cells, as the thymus is rich in Th(2) cytokines. In support of this hypothesis, high VPAC1 mRNA levels decreased 1000-fold, accompanied with a simultaneous increase in VPAC2 mRNA expression during early thymocyte progenitor (ETP/DN1)→DN3 differentiation. Moreover, arrested DN3 cells derived from an Ikaros null mouse (JE-131 cells) failed to completely reverse the VIP receptor ratio compared to wild type DN3 thymocytes. Surprisingly, VPAC2(-/-) mice did not show significant changes in relative thymocyte subset numbers. These data support the notion that both VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors are dynamically regulated by Ikaros, a master transcriptional regulator for thymocyte differentiation, during early thymic development. Moreover, high VPAC1 mRNA is a novel marker for the ETP population making it enticing to speculate that the chemotactic VIP/VPAC1 signaling axis may play a role in thymocyte movement. Also, despite the results that VPAC2 deficiency did not affect thymic subset numbers, future studies are necessary to determine whether downstream T cell phenotypic changes manifest themselves, such as a propensity for a Th(1) versus Th(2) polarization.
Effect of carotid artery geometry on the magnitude and distribution of wall shear stress gradients

Purpose: Recent informatioin indicates that large, sustained wall shear stress gradients are a dominant hemodynamic parameter associated with the location and severity of atherosclerosis and myointimal hyperplasia. This study computes the spatial values of wall shear stresses and their gradients for three carotid artery bifurcation geometries. Methods: A computational fluid dynamics program was used to solve the transient two-dimensional partial differential equations that describe fluid flow. Blood was treated as both a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian incompressible fluid. Solutions for the velocities, wall shear stresses, and wall shear-stress gradients were obtained for three carotid bifurcation geometries: a normal carotid bifurcation (similar to a primarily carotid bifurcation geometries: a normal carotid bifurcation (similar to a primarily reconstructed carotid endarterectomy), a patch-reconstructed carotid endarterectomy, and a gradually tapered, low-angle carotid bifurcation (no carotid bulb). Results: Computed velocity profiles closely match published experimental ones. Disturbed flow velocities are largest in the bulb segment of the normal carotid bifurcation. Peak and minimum wall shear stresses and peak shear stress gradients occurred in the lateral internal carotid artery wall. These were binodal in the normal or primarily reconstructed carotid artery, localized at the distal end of the patch-reconstructed carotid bifurcation, and minimal in the smooth, tapered carotid bifurcation. Wall shear stresses and their gradients were slightly higher for non-Newtonian than Newtonian fluids in the normal carotid artery but were similar in the other two geometric configurations. Conclusion: These results indicate that flow disturbances in general and wall shear stress gradients in particular are markedly reduced in carotid artery bifurcations that are smooth and gradually tapered and do not have a bulb. Abrupt geometric wall changes such as those occurring in the normal carotid blub and at the distal end of a patch-reconstruction after carotid endarterectomy are harbingers of disturbed flow and high wall shear stress gradients. These results suggest that carotid endarterectomy reconstruction geometry characterized by a gradually tapered internal carotid artery may minimize the hemodynamically induced component of early myointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis and late atherosclerotic restenosis
Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona

Detailed stratigraphy and isotopic dating of stratigraphic sections in the Colorado River extensional corridor support a regional correlation of highly faulted Tertiary stratigraphic sequences and provide a chronologic framework for interpreting the evolution of low-angle normal (detachment) faults. On the basis of this correlation, we define six tilting domains in the upper plate of the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Rawhide detachment faults and identify three discrete episodes of detachment faulting that began in the early Miocene and ended in middle Miocene time. Episodes of rapid detachment faulting are indicated by extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and overlying Miocene sequences, fanning dips of basinal deposits, and angular unconformities that represent short time gaps in the accumulation of syntectonic sequences. During the first episode of detachment faulting at about 20 Ma, the upper plate segmented to form the domains. Basin subsidence and extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and syntectonic deposits characterized the eastern Topock, Crossman, Aubrey, Parker Dam, and Buckskin-Rawhide domains, whereas the western Mopah domain was the site of abundant volcanic activity but no basins or tilting. A second episode of extension at about 18 Ma produced extreme tilts in the Buckskin-Rawhide domain but upper-plate blocks in the Mopah domain tilted moderately. A third regionwide faulting episode between 14 and 12 Ma was due to localized uplift of middle and lower crust and eventual exposure of the detachment faults and their footwalls. The upper-plate fault blocks responded passively to localized slip on the detachment faults. Rapid extension began on the Whipple-Chemehuevi detachment fault at 20 Ma and had shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault by 18 Ma; volcanic activity also shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide domain at this time. The southward shift of rapid extension and volcanism probably represents buildup and release of strain at localized sites in the lower plate. Otherwise, stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that the locations of upper-plate basins, faulting and tilting of upper-plate blocks, and position of the breakaway zone remained stable throughout the major phases of extension.
Exploring the limits of leakage power reduction in caches

If current technology scaling trends hold, leakage power dissipation will soon become the dominant source of power consumption. Caches, because of the fact that they account for the largest fraction of on-chip transistors in most modern processors, are a primary candidate for attacking the leakage problem. While there has been a flurry of research in this area over the last several years, a major question remains unanswered---What is the total potential of existing architectural and circuit techniques to address this important design concern? In this paper, we explore the limits in which existing circuit and architecture technologies may address this growing problem. We first formally propose a parameterized model that can determine the optimal leakage savings based on the perfect knowledge of the address trace. By carefully applying the sleep and drowsy modes, we find that the total leakage power from the L1 instruction cache, data cache, and a unified L2 cache may be reduced to mere 3.6, 0.9, and 2.3p, respectively, of the unoptimized case. We further study how such a model can be extended to obtain the optimal leakage power savings for different cache configurations.
EFFECTS OF PITUITARY HORMONES AND NADPH ON ACETATE UTILIZATION IN OVARIAN AND ADRENOCORTICAL TISSUES.

In the course of the biosynthesis de novo of progesterone by corpus luteum slices in vitro, acetate-l-14C is incorporated into the steroid. Both the amounts of steroid formed (measured photometrically) and the incorporation of radioactivity are increased by exogenous gonadotropin, LH. Although exogenous NADPH (as a generating system) increases the quantity of progesterone formed de novo, it does not increase the incorporation of acetate-l-14C. The same phenomenon occurs in the biosynthesis of corticosteroids by adrenal cortex slices, with NADPH. It is concluded that the tropic hormone stimulates steroid biosynthesis from small molecule precursors, and that exogenous NADPH does not. (Endocrinology 74: 599, 1964)
Orientation imaging microscopy in two-dimensional crystals via undersampled microscopy

A novel microscopy analysis technique is presented, with applications in imaging two-dimensional grains and grain boundaries. The method allows the identification of grain shapes and orientations from large area micrographs, via the moire pattern obtained in a raster image. The observed moire pattern originates from the aliasing between a micrograph’s regular sampling raster and the inherent periodicity of the elements forming the grain under study. The technique presented is very general, allowing grain analysis via many types of microscopy. We demonstrate it in this paper by using Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy on diblock copolymer thin films.
Some Sources Of Reading Problems For Foreign‐Language Learners 1

According to Kenneth Goodman (1967), reading is a psycholinguistic process in which the reader, guided by (he knowledge of the language being read, reconstructs an encoded message by selecting syntactic and semantic cues as he proceeds. To read in a foreign language, we use basically the same method, even though native language interference and unfamiliarity with the code make the process much more complex. Foreign students consider vocabulary their most serious handicap in reading English; because of the nature of the reading process, words are the smallest physical meaningful units of the message and they play a more important role and constitute more of a problem than we are sometimes willing to concede. Current pedagogical approaches to dealing with this problem could be modified with a more accurate understanding of the reading process. Several specific suggestions are made.