cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber transmission for sub-500-fs pulses using a dispersion-compensating fiber

We report transmission of /spl sim/60-fs and /spl sim/245-fs pulses, respectively, over 42-m and 2.5-km fiber links which consist of standard single-mode fibers (SMF) concatenated with dispersion-compensating fibers (DCF). The experiments using very short pulses (/spl sim/60 fs) over a short fiber length (/spl sim/42 m) demonstrate the ability to achieve simultaneous dispersion and dispersion slope compensation using this technique. Femtosecond spectral interferometry measurements of this 42-m link show that its residual dispersion slope is approximately six times lower than that of the dispersion-shifted fiber. Finally, to demonstrate that the dispersion-limited propagation distance is proportional to the cube of the pulsewidth, we transmit /spl sim/245-fs pulses over a 2.5-km SMF-DCF link and achieve comparable pulse restoration as with the shorter fiber experiments.
Is warm retrograde blood cardioplegia better than cold for myocardial protection

Abstract Background . This study tests the hypothesis that continuous normothermic retrograde blood cardioplegia is superior to cold intermittent blood cardioplegia in protecting the left and right side of the heart transmurally during an extended cross-clamping period. Methods . Twelve anesthetized, open chest dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and randomized to receive continuous warm (n = 6) or intermittent cold cardioprotection (n = 6) during a 3-hour aortic cross-clamp period. Transmural left ventricular muscle biopsy specimens were taken before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and 90 and 180 minutes after cross-clamping. Right ventricular (RV) biopsy specimens were taken 180 minutes after aortic cross-clamping. Biopsy specimens were analyzed for adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate, and lactate levels and for morphologic changes via electron microscopy. Results . At the end of 180 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass, the adenosine triphosphate contents of endocardial and epicardial halves of the left ventricular myocardium were only slightly degraded in both cardioplegia groups; a significantly greater reduction in adenosine triphosphate levels occurred in the RV of the warm compared with the cold group ( p p p Conclusions . These results suggest the following: (1) Chemical arrest is a major contributor of myocardial preservation during diastolic arrest as used in clinical cardiac surgery. (2) Both methods preserve the ultrastructure of the myocytes transmurally during 3 hours of aortic cross-clamping. (3) Both techniques protect the RV and left ventricle; however, to provide optimal protection of the RV, alternated retrograde and antegrade perfusion might be beneficial over retrograde cardioplegia flow alone, in particular with warm cardioplegia. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:98–104)
Peripheral T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-NHL) are uncommon malignancies accounting for 10% to 15% of all NHL. Geographic variation has been well documented, but the geographic variation may reflect exposure to specific pathogenic viruses, such as Epstein Barr Virus and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 in Asian countries. The World Health Organization classification specifies 16 major subtypes of T-NHL. Each of the major subtype of peripheral T-NHL has unique characteristics and are addressed separately in this article.
Negative Emotional Reactions to Project Failure and the Self‐Compassion to Learn from the Experience

Project failure is likely to generate a negative emotional response for those involved in the project. But do all people feel the same way? And are some better able to regulate their emotions to learn from the failure experience? In this paper we develop an emotion framework of project failure that relies on self-determination to explain variance in the intensity of the negative emotions triggered by project failure and self-compassion to explain variance in learning from project failure. We discuss the implications of our model for research on entrepreneurial and innovative organizations, employees' psychological ownership, and personal engagement at work.
International monetary arrangements: the European Union and the euro

Monetary unification within Europe appears to be on target. Eleven nations pegged their currency to the euro in 1999. The euro‐zone is experiencing varying levels of growth related to GDP. Balancing policy for 11 nations will be difficult. The true test will take place when asymmetric shocks hit one or several of the nations and unemployment rises to unmanageable levels forcing the European Union and European Central Bank to make tough decisions. Cultural issues and national identities are ever present. Optimum currency areas and comparative advantage discussed. The paper is divided into four major sections – reasons for unification, benefits, issues and conclusion.
On the possibility of piezoelectric nanocomposites without using piezoelectric materials

Abstract In this work, predicated on nanoscale size-effects, we explore the tantalizing possibility of creating apparently piezoelectric composites without using piezoelectric constituent materials. In a piezoelectric material an applied uniform strain can induce an electric polarization (or vice-versa). Crystallographic considerations restrict this technologically important property to non-centrosymmetric systems. Non-uniform strain can break the inversion symmetry and induce polarization even in non-piezoelectric dielectrics. The key concept is that all dielectrics (including non-piezoelectric ones) exhibit the aforementioned coupling between strain gradient and polarization—an experimentally verified phenomenon known in some circles as the flexoelectric effect. This flexoelectric coupling, however, is generally very small and evades experimental detection unless very large strain gradients (or conversely polarization gradients) are present. Based on a field theoretic framework and the associated Greens function solutions developed in prior work, we quantitatively demonstrate the possibility of “designing piezoelectricity,” i.e. we exploit the large strain gradients present in the interior of composites containing nanoscale inhomogeneities to achieve an overall non-zero polarization even under an uniformly applied stress. We prove that the aforementioned effect may be realized only if both the shapes and distributions of the inhomogeneities are non-centrosymmetric. Our un-optimized quantitative results, based on limited material data and restrictive assumptions on inhomogeneity shape and distribution, indicate that apparent piezoelectric behavior close to 10% of Quartz may be achievable for inhomogeneity sizes in the 4 nm range. In future works, it is not unreasonable to expect enhanced performance based on optimization of shape, topology and appropriate material selection.
Mechanisms Leading to and the Consequences of Altering the Normal Distribution of ATP(CTP):tRNA Nucleotidyltransferase in Yeast

Abstract CCA1 codes for mitochondrial, cytosolic, and nuclear ATP(CTP):tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Studies reported here examine the mechanisms leading to and the consequences of altering the distribution of this important tRNA processing enzyme. We show that the majority of Cca1p-I, translated from the first in-frame ATG, is in mitochondria but surprisingly, there is a small contribution to nuclear and cytosolic tRNA processing by this form as well. The majority of Cca1p-II and Cca1p-III, translated from ATG2 and ATG3, respectively, is in the cytosol but both are also located in the nucleus for processing precursors. Altering the cytosolic/nuclear distribution of Cca1p by fusing the SV40 nuclear localization signal to the 5′ end of CCA1 causes a growth defect and results in the accumulation of end-shortened tRNAs in the cytosol. These results suggest an important role for Cca1p in the cytosol of eukaryotes, presumably in the repair of 3′ CCA termini. These experiments also demonstrate that individual tRNAs are affected differently by reduced cytosolic nucleotidyltransferase and that cells resuming exponential growth are more severely affected than those continuing exponential growth.
Comparing two failure time distributions in the presence of dependent censoring

SUMMARY In a randomised clinical trial to compare two groups of patients, suppose that the time to disease occurrence, the major response variable, may be subject to dependent censoring by death or selective patient withdrawal, while the patients who have reached the disease endpoint are followed for their secondary endpoints or survival information. To adjust for the dependent censoring in assessing the group difference in disease occurrence, we assume that, on a logarithmic scale, the times to disease occurrence and dependent censoring for the two groups satisfy a bivariate location-shift model with a completely unspecified underlying distribution. Rank-based procedures are constructed for making inferences about the location-shift parameter. Model checking techniques are also developed. Numerical studies show that the proposed methods are appropriate for practical use. An illustration with data taken from a recent AIDS clinical trial is provided.
Risk factors for amphotericin B- induced nephrotoxicity

The association of amphotericin B with nephrotoxicity is well known, but risk factors for this complication are not well characterized. One hundred and seventy-eight patients who received > 3 days of intravenous amphotericin B and a minimal total cumulative dose > 100 mg were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age, average cumulative dose of amphotericin B and duration of therapy were 46 +/- 22 years, 536 +/- 547 mg and 16.6 +/- 8.2 days, respectively. Eighty-six percent of patients received amphotericin B for empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia. Various definitions of nephrotoxicity were used; these were as follows (the incidence of nephrotoxicity as determined by the given definition is given in parentheses): definition 1, a change in creatinine of > 46 mumol/L over baseline (50%); definition 2, a doubling of creatinine over baseline (49%); definition 3, a change in creatinine of > 92 mumol/L (29%); definition 4, a doubling and/or a change in creatinine of > 92 mumol/L (49%); definition 5, an increase in creatinine to > 230 mumol/L (8%). Multivariate analysis showed that nephrotoxicity was associated with a greater cumulative dose of amphotericin B and receipt of concomitant nephrotoxic drugs for all definitions (P 230 mumol/L), cyclosporin therapy was the most significant risk factor (odds ratio 18.8, P = 0.022). Haemodialysis was necessary in one patient, but multiple concomitant risk factors for renal dysfunction were present. No patient experienced irreversible nephrotoxicity. These findings allow for stratification of patients at risk for amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity and rational use of alternative agents.
A phenotype-based screen for embryonic lethal mutations in the mouse

The genetic pathways that control development of the early mammalian embryo have remained poorly understood, in part because the systematic mutant screens that have been so successful in the identification of genes and pathways that direct embryonic development in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish have not been applied to mammalian embryogenesis. Here we demonstrate that chemical mutagenesis with ethylnitrosourea can be combined with the resources of mouse genomics to identify new genes that are essential for mammalian embryogenesis. A pilot screen for abnormal morphological phenotypes of midgestation embryos identified five mutant lines; the phenotypes of four of the lines are caused by recessive traits that map to single regions of the genome. Three mutant lines display defects in neural tube closure: one is caused by an allele of the open brain (opb) locus, one defines a previously unknown locus, and one has a complex genetic basis. Two mutations produce novel early phenotypes and map to regions of the genome not previously implicated in embryonic patterning.
Growth Performance and Intestinal Transit Time of Rats Fed Purified and Natural Dietary Fibers

The effects of some selected purified fibers were compared to those derived from cereals or legume seeds. Rats were fed for at least 9 weeks and measurements were taken to determine feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency ratios (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), apparent protein digestibility, and rate of transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Most diets were designed to contain approximately 10% dietary fiber and 10% protein. Compared to the fiber-free diet, pectin reduced weight gain, FER, PER and apparent protein digestibility values. Cellulose, xylan and raffinose had no influence on feed intake, weight gains or FERs. However, cellulose and xylan increased PER values and the rates of food passage but decreased the apparent protein digestibility values. Feed utilization, protein digestibility and growth were similar for the wheat bran, corn bran and fiber-free diets. These cereal fibers caused the rates of transit to be significantly increased relative to the fiber-free control diet. The hull and cell-wall-fiber fractions of beans, when compared to the fiber-free diet, had little effect on feed consumption, growth, FER or PER. The cell-wall-fiber fraction reduced apparent protein digestibility and the hull fraction accelerated food passage relative to the fiber-free diet.
Restricting exchangeable nonparametric distributions

Distributions over matrices with exchangeable rows and infinitely many columns are useful in constructing nonparametric latent variable models. However, the distribution implied by such models over the number of features exhibited by each data point may be poorly-suited for many modeling tasks. In this paper, we propose a class of exchangeable nonparametric priors obtained by restricting the domain of existing models. Such models allow us to specify the distribution over the number of features per data point, and can achieve better performance on data sets where the number of features is not well-modeled by the original distribution.
Comparison of two calcium blockers on hemodynamics, left ventricular mass, and coronary vasodilatory in advanced hypertension

Abstract Dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCB) differ in pharmacologic characteristics. Few clinical studies distinguish effects of CCB as monotherapy. We conducted a comprehensive comparison of two CCB on patients with moderate to severe hypertension. Thirty patients with pretreatment diastolic blood pressures ≥100 mm Hg were randomly assigned to either nifedipine–GITS or verapamil-SR. Dose titration achieved a diastolic blood pressure of ≤95 mm Hg or a decrease of ≥15 mm Hg over 4 weeks. Clinic blood pressure (BP), 24-h ambulatory BP, exercise BP, left ventricular mass, systolic and diastolic function by echocardiography, and coronary flow reserve by split-dose thallium-201 imaging with adenosine were assessed at baseline, end of titration, 3 months and 6 months of treatment. Plasma renin activity, atrial natriuretic peptide, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were assayed. Both drugs caused similar reductions in clinic and 24-h ambulatory BP and similar reductions in left ventricular mass index. Compared to nifedipine–GITS, verapamil-SR produced a significantly lower resting and peak exercise heart rate. Nifedipine–GITS elicited a lower peak exercise systolic BP. At end titration nifedipine–GITS produced lower plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels, no longer apparent by 6 months. Plasma norepinephrine was lower with verapamil-SR, also at end titration and at 3 months, but not at 6 months. Plasma epinephrine and plasma renin activity were unchanged by either drug. There was no difference for systolic or diastolic left ventricular function or coronary flow reserve between the two treatments. Once daily nifedipine–GITS and verapamil-SR are equally effective for reduction of arterial pressure in moderate to severe hypertension. Differences in their hemodynamic profiles and neurohormonal responses are consistent with preclinical pharmacologic characteristics. The clinical implications of their similarities and differences remain to be fully evaluated in outcome studies.
Syndecan-4 signaling at a glance.

Syndecan-4, a ubiquitous cell surface proteoglycan, mediates numerous cellular processes through signaling pathways that affect cellular proliferation, migration, mechanotransduction and endocytosis. These effects are achieved through syndecan-4 functioning as both a co-receptor for the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1–FGFR4) and its ability to independently activate signaling pathways upon ligand binding. As an FGFR co-receptor, syndecan-4 strengthens the duration and intensity of downstream signaling upon ligand binding; this is particularly evident with regard to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In contrast, syndecan-4 also functions as an independent receptor for heparin-binding growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs). These signaling cascades affect canonical signaling components, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), AKT1 and the Rho family of GTPases. In combination with the integrin family of proteins, syndecan-4 is also able to form physical connections between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal signaling proteins, and it has a key role in regulation of integrin turnover. This unique versatility of the interactions of syndecan-4 is characterized in this Cell Science at a Glance article and illustrated in the accompanying poster.
Self-injection of monthly combined hormonal contraceptive.

Abstract Objectives The monthly injectable contraceptive is usually administered in the office. We aimed to compare home self-injection with office administration with respect to satisfaction, compliance, and time and money spent on contraceptive behavior. Methods We enrolled 16 subjects and taught them self-injection for a prospective cohort trial with crossover. Subjects performed three self-injections at home and then had three office injections by the nurse. Results Ten subjects completed the protocol. They reported similarly low pain and anxiety with nurse injections and self-injections. Women reported spending less money and similar time for home injections. Most subjects strongly preferred giving themselves injections at home to office injections and would recommend self-injection to other women. Conclusions Self-injection of the monthly contraceptive at home is a preferable alternative to office administration for these subjects. This study demonstrates the feasibility of teaching women self-injection. Future studies should look at how best to teach women self-injection and to select women who will be successful with self-injection of contraceptives.
Genetic association studies in Alzheimer's disease research: challenges and opportunities.

Genetic association studies have identified important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other diseases. However, the ease with which these methods can be applied and the shear number of polymorphisms in the human genome has led to a well-characterized multiple comparison problem—given the number of genetic variants being tested, it is likely that many of the positive findings reported in the literature to date will prove to be false positive findings explained simply by random fluctuation in data and type I error. The disparity of findings in initial positive reports versus subsequent negative replication studies observed in the Alzheimer's disease literature underscores this problem. The problem of a high false positive rate can be addressed in part by using statistical correction for multiple comparisons in larger and statistically more powerful samples and in meta-analyses of smaller samples. National initiatives are now being considered to address this problem by encouraging sharing of genetic material. Of equal concern in planning future initiatives are methodological issues that are the domain of the epidemiologist. In fact, it is possible that disparate findings across case–control studies reported to date may be explained in part by problems in the design, analysis and interpretation of these studies. The involvement of epidemiologists may improve the situation in this regard. For example, population stratification bias, control selection bias and prevalent case bias can be minimized by careful study design and by appropriate statistical analysis. Regarding interpretation of case–control studies, a more careful consideration of the strength of evidence for a given genetic variant may help to temper enthusiasm for, or appropriately qualify, positive findings. Epidemiologists have well-developed causal criteria for this purpose. This paper reviews the current state of case–control studies of genetic variants in Alzheimer's disease from the epidemiological perspective. The problem of multiple comparisons and a high false positive rate is reviewed. The potential for bias in case–control studies of Alzheimer's disease is reviewed by way of example. Future initiatives to promote case–control studies of genetic variants in Alzheimer's disease can only benefit from increased awareness the tools of epidemiology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photon correlation spectroscopy of hemoglobin: diffusion of oxy-HbA and oxy-HbS.

Translation diffusion coefficients have been measured for oxyhemoglobin A and oxyhemoglobin S over the concentration range 0.1–37 g/dl by means of photon correlation spectroscopy. The solutions were 0.1 M in KCl and in each case the pH was adjusted to the isoelectric point of the hemoglobin species present. No significant differences were found between the HbA and HbS results; and after correction to water at 20°C, the diffusion coefficients could be described by the equation where Do = (6.93 ± 0.06) × 10−7 cm2/sec and c ids the concentration in units of g/dl. No evidence was found for the aggregation of oxy-HbS at high concentrations which was reported by Lindstrom et. al. [(1976) Biophys. J.16, 679–689].
Characteristics and paleoenvironmental significance of a thin, dual-sourced loess sheet, north-central Wisconsin

Abstract We provide the first extensive data on the characteristics, distribution, and origin(s) of a thin but extensive loess sheet in north-central Wisconsin, USA. Unlike the relatively thick loess deposits downwind of broad meltwater valleys that reflect ice sheet dynamics, thin loess sheets far from such rivers may provide unique information about local paleoenvironmental change due to their smaller, and often environmentally sensitive, source areas. Silt loam textured and thin ( 70 cm) and coarsens towards the west and northwest, such that, on its western margins, the loess mantle is dominated by very fine and fine sands. Collectively, data on loess particle size distributions, thickness, and silt mineralogy suggest that this loess sheet had sources in two distinct and disjunct landscapes: (1) the late Wisconsin terminal moraine to the northwest, and (2) the sandstone-dominated landscapes to the west and southwest. Post-glacial thawing of these permafrost-affected landscapes probably led to draining of ice-walled lake plains on and behind the moraine, as well as destabilization of slopes on the sandstone landscape; in both cases, exposing large quantities of sediment for deflation. Our study makes two significant contributions to aeolian research: (1) we determine that the north-central Wisconsin loess sheet, unlike almost all others, has two distinctly different and disjunct loess sources, and (2) neither of these two loess sources fall within the traditional mode of “glacial meltwater valley.”
Nonblocking transactions without indirection using alert-on-update

Nonblocking implementations of software transactional memory (STM) typically impose an extra level of indirection when accessing an object; some researchers have claimed that the cost of this indirection outweighs the semantic advantages of nonblocking progress guarantees. We consider this claim in the context of a simple hardware assist, alert-on-update (AOU), which allows a thread to request immediate notification if specified line(s) are replaced or invalidated in its cache. We show that even a single AOU line allows us to construct a simple, nonblocking STM system without extra indirection. At the same time, we observe that per-load validation operations, required for intra-object consistency in both the new system and in lock-based (blocking) STM, at least partially negate the resulting performance gain. Moreover, inter-object consistency checks, also required in both kinds of systems, remain the dominant cost for transactions that access many objects. We therefore present a second nonblocking STM system that uses multiple AOU lines (one per accessed object) to eliminate validation overhead entirely, resulting in a nonblocking, zero-indirection STM system that outperforms competing systems by as much as a factor of 2.
Potentiation of hypoxic ventilatory response by hyperoxia in the conscious rat: putative role of nitric oxide

In humans, the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) is augmented when preceded by a short hyperoxic exposure (Y. Honda, H. Tani, A. Masuda, T. Kobayashi, T. Nishino, H. Kimura, S. Masuyama, and T. Ku...
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents versus RBC transfusion in MDS: comparison of long-term outcomes.

Impaired erythropoiesis and refractory anemia are clinical hallmarks of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). As the disease evolves, a steady decline in hemoglobin in these disorders invariably results in dependence on packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion. Such chronic transfusion dependence has been associated with iron overload causing cardio–hepatic toxicity and alloimmunization, and can result in reduced survival in these patients. The use of hematopoietic growth factors, particularly erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), has been reported to reduce the need for PRBC transfusion, raise hemoglobin and improve quality of life, at least in patients responding to such a therapy. Importantly, the clinical benefits of ESA are well balanced, with an apparently favorable safety profile in MDS, thus providing an eminent therapeutic option to delay or avoid transfusion dependence in these patients. The present report provides a detailed comparative profile of long-term PRBC transfusions and the balance ...
Kinematics of Inner Shelf Motions during the Summer Stratified Season off New Jersey

Abstract Subinertial currents on a wide (∼100 km), shallow (∼20 m), but nevertheless vertically stratified shelf off the Atlantic seaboard of the United States are investigated at spatial scales of about 20 km in the alongshore and 10 km in the across-shore direction. During the summer of 1996 the inner shelf off New Jersey was stratified due to both temperature and salinity that varied vertically by more than 12°C and 4 psu, respectively. Upwelling favorable winds and an intermittent buoyancy-driven Hudson coastal current impact this stratification inshore of the 15-m isobath. Waters offshore were always stratified except during the passage of Tropical Storm Bertha. Mean currents are weak because wind-forced upwelling and buoyancy-forced downwelling events occurred about evenly during the observational study period. At monthly to daily timescales currents always veered counterclockwise with depth in a bottom Ekman-layer sense by more than 30° inshore and 50° offshore. Complex empirical orthogonal functio...
Quasigeometric Distributions and Extra Inning Baseball Games

Each July, the eyes of baseball fans across the country turn to Major League Baseball’s All-Star Game, gathering the best and most popular players from baseball’s two leagues to play against each other in a single game. In most sports, the All-Star Game is an exhibition played purely for entertainment. Since 2003, the baseball All-Star Game has actually ‘counted’, because the winning league gets home field advantage in the World Series. Just one year before this rule went into effect, there was no winner in the All-Star Game, as both teams ran out of pitchers in the 11th inning and the game had to be stopped at that point. Under the new rules, the All-Star Game must be played until there is a winner, no matter how long it takes, so the managers need to consider the possibility of a long extra inning game. This should lead the managers to ask themselves what the probability is that the game will last 12 innings. What about 20 innings? Longer? In this paper, we address these questions and several other questions related to the game of baseball. Our methods use a variation on the well-studied geometric distribution called the quasigeometric distribution. We begin by reviewing some of the literature on applications of mathematics to baseball. In the second section we will define the quasigeometric distribution and examine several of its properties. The final two sections examine the applications of this distribution to models of scoring patterns in baseball games and, more specifically, the length of extra inning games.
Electrochemical study on the effects of epigenetic cytosine methylation on anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide damage at TP53 oligomers.

Anti-benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8-dihydrodiol-t-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE) is a known carcinogen that damages DNA, and this damage is influenced by the DNA sequence and epigenetic factors. The influence of epigenetic cytosine methylation on the reaction with anti-BPDE at a known hotspot DNA damage site was studied electrochemically. Gold electrodes were modified with thiolated DNA oligomers spanning codons 270–276 of the TP53 gene. The oligomers exhibited 5-carbon cytosine methylation at the codon 273 location on the bound probe, the acquired complementary target, or both. Redox active diviologen compounds of the form C12H25V2+C6H12V2+C12H25 (V2+ = 4,4′-bipyridyl or viologen, C12-Viologen) were employed to detect anti-BPDE damage to DNA. DNA was exposed to racemic (±)- or enantiomerically pure (+)-anti-BPDE solutions followed by electrochemical interrogation in the presence of C12-Viologen. Background subtracted square wave voltammograms (SWV) showed the appearance of two peaks at approximately −0.38 V and −0.55 ...
Discussion on Intellectual Property Rights Administration in Colleges and Universities

Intellectual property rights administration is important in colleges and universities and it is faced with crises.The enthusiasm on invention creativeness should be stimulated and protected and intellectual property rights administration in colleges and universities should be improved through improving teachers and students' protection consciousness of intellectual property rights and establishing and consummating rules and systems of intellectual property rights administration in colleges and universities.
High throughput chemical library screening identifies a novel p110-δ inhibitor that potentiates the anti-myeloma effect of bortezomib.

// Ehsan Malek 1, 2 , James J. Driscoll 2, 3, 4 1 Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 3 The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 4 University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA Correspondence to: James J. Driscoll, email: driscojs@uc.edu Keywords: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, p110-delta, multiple myeloma, proteasome, bortezomib resistance Received: February 25, 2016 Accepted: May 04, 2016 Published: May 24, 2016 ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable plasma cell malignancy and drug resistance persists as the major cause of treatment failure leading to fatal outcomes. The phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is constitutively hyperactivated in MM to promote disease progression and drug resistance. While inhibiting PI3K induces apoptosis in MM and is predicted to increase tumor susceptibility to anticancer therapy, early-generation pan-PI3K inhibitors display poor clinical efficacy as well as intolerable side effects. Here, we found that PI3K activity is significantly upregulated in MM cell lines and patient tumor cells resistant to bortezomib and that the majority of PI3K activity in MM cells is dependent upon the p110-δ isoform. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of p110-δ substantially reduced myeloma viability and enhanced cellular sensitivity to bortezomib. Chemical library screens then identified a novel compound, DT97, that potently inhibited p110-δ kinase activity and induced apoptosis in MM cells. DT97 was evaluated in the NCI-60 panel of human cancer cell types and anticancer activity was greatest against MM, leukemia and lymphoma cells. Co-treatment with DT97 and bortezomib synergistically induced apoptosis in MM patient cells and overcame bortezomib-resistance. Although bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) promote MM growth, the pro-survival effects of BMSCs were significantly reduced by DT97 treatment. Co-treatment with bortezomib and DT97 reduced the growth of myeloma xenotransplants in murine models and prolonged host survival. Taken together, the results provide the basis for further clinical evaluation of p110-δ inhibitors, as monotherapy or in synergistic combinations, for the benefit of MM patients.
Body Fat Composition: A Predictive Factor for Sleep Related Breathing Disorder in Obese Children

Introduction:The association between body fat composition as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning and pediatric sleep related breathing disorder (SRBD) is not well establish...
SSC Dipole Magnet Accelerated Life Test Program

An accelerated life test program is proposed to verify reliable operation of the SSC dipole magnet over its designed useful lifetime. A shortened series of thermal, magnetic, quench, vibration and environmental exposure cycles will be applied at above rated stress levels to demonstrate the integrity of the collider dipole magnet design. A statistical model is presented as the basis of our approach to reducing the span-time and cost of this testing. Details of the test plans including automation of the cyclic stimuli and data acquisition are addressed.
Hybrid propulsion in-situ resource utilization test facility results for performance characterization

Hybrid propulsion presents a promising alternative to conventional systems for in-space propulsion applications using In-Situ Propellant Production (ISPP). A hybrid propulsion test facility has been built at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) with the capability of evaluating ISPP oxidizers (gaseous mixtures of O2 and CO2) and modifying fuel type and chamber geometry. This work is the result of a continuing e ort at JPL to characterize the burn characteristics and performance of different propellant combinations and motor configurations in order to re ne and support preliminary designs. Twelve tests using gaseous oxygen and two paraffin based fuels (Black Paraffin and SP1X) from the 2015 campaign are presented. Different reduction techniques are compared in an e ort to determine the uncertainty associated with deriving a regression rate law and evaluating c* efficiency with the collected data.Hybrid motors are mechanically and chemically simple propulsion systems that have the potential forlong-term storability with low gross mass. The oxidizer (such as gaseous O2) can be produced in-situ,signicantly reducing the landed mass. The solid, inert fuel is stored in the combustion chamber in its most dense state, further reducing the total structural mass and volume. Considerable eorts have been focusedon ISPP for Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and human exploration of Mars.At optimum oxidizer to fuel ratio (O/F), about 70% of the total propellant mass could be produced in-situ.Paran based fuels exhibit a fast regression rate behavior due to the formation of a thin liquid layer on thefuel surface.1 A high burn rate is necessary in order to reach a medium to high thrust range. In order toachieve an O/F ratio close to optimum performance (between 2.1 and 2.7 for the O2/Paran combination),the fuel mass ow needs to be suciently large compared to the oxidizer ow. The slow regression rateof classical hybrid rocket fuels leads to long fuel grain designs or complicated multi-port structures. Singleport, high regression rate fuels have the potential to reduce residual propellant mass and have a grainlength to diameter ratio (L/D) more favorable for packaging. However, hybrid motors remain at a fairly lowTechnology Readiness Level (TRL), and solutions to accurately measure and increase performance are stilllacking, especially for small-scale motors that are constrained to tight packaging.A total of 12 hotres were performed and analyzed in this campaign. All of these tests were conductedat pressures above the critical pressure of paran wax, approximately 6.7 bar (97 psi).2 Three dierentmotor congurations were explored while conserving a single cylindrical port fuel grain. Additionally, sincethrottling is a crucial advantage of hybrid rocket propulsion systems, low oxidizer mass ows (60 - 100 g/s)and uxes (5 - 30 g/cm2/s) were investigated to determine the performance impact in this regime.
Chapter 1 – Getting Started with Electronic Commerce

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of Internet as the foundation of the information superhighway and e-commerce. The backbone of the information superhighway and e-commerce is the Internet. The Internet is a collection of millions of computers and network systems of all sizes. One can simply refer to the Internet as the “network of networks”. Navigational tools allow the user to surf the Web, and search engines provide access to various resources available on the Web, such as library searches for writing a term paper or making a reservation for an airline ticket. Directories use indexes of information based on keywords in the document. The lack of bandwidth or network capacity may soon become an issue with increasing number of users, high volume e-commerce activities, and large files such as multimedia applications. New multimedia capabilities such as transmitting live video consume extensive Internet resources. The chapter also provides a brief history of the Internet, reviews various access options such as domain name systems, navigational tools, directories, and search engines. The chapter concludes with an outlook for the future development of the Internet, a discussion of Internet 2, and highlights Netscape Corporation as the industry connection.
Disclosing HIV Status

HIV disclosure is the verbal or nonverbal transmission of one's HIV status to friends, family, or casual/main sexual partners. It is a form of interpersonal health communication that, due to the unique nature of HIV/AIDS as a disease, has been studied in distinction to other types of disclosures. In this entry, the 34-year history of HIV disclosure is presented, from Kaposi's sarcoma as the first form of HIV disclosure, to the Earvin “Magic” Johnson press conference, to how men and women living with HIV disclose today. Following a dual-continua model, which frames individuals’ use of verbal/nonverbal and direct/indirect methods to disclose their status, explains the myriad ways a seropositive status can be transmitted to a person or persons. The historic and current theoretical frames for the when and why individuals HIV disclose are identified and deconstructed. Finally, the entry ends with some suggestions and research questions for further scrutiny regarding HIV disclosure. Most notably, given that HIV has moved from terminal- to chronic-disease classification, is HIV disclosure even necessary anymore? Readers should be able to understand how HIV disclosure developed as a construct, how it can appear as a communication event, and the reasons and impetuses for individuals’ disclosure or concealment of their seropositive status. Keywords: alienation; anxiety; disclosure; empowerment; gay and lesbian health; health communication; language and social interaction; privacy/secrecy; stigmatization
Real-Time Flow Deformability Cytometry via Resistive Pulse Sensing

We present resistive pulse and optical data of cancer cells deforming while passing through microsized constrictions. Cell stiffness, the degree to which cells deform under strain forces, is known to be an important physical parameter that along with other physical and chemical biomarkers can be used to differentiate cell types and enable clinical detection of cancerous cells. Many desirable applications, such as detecting metastatic circulating tumor cells, rely on a high throughput of measurements, since the specimen of interest may comprise only a total fraction of the total number of particles in a sample. Capable of measuring 1000s of cells/sec, real-time flow deformability cytometry is a high throughput method for determining a cell's stiffness that works by inducing cell deformation under strain forces in the pressure-driven laminar flow through a microfluidic channel. Currently, real-time flow deformability cytometry relies on taking high-speed camera data of the sample, which is expensive to acquire and analyze. We propose to measure cell stiffness using resistive pulse sensing, whereby a particle's physical properties are measured from the change in the transchannel electrical current during the particle's transit. By using a microfluidic channel with regions differing in diameter, the particle is deformed to different degrees, distorting the resistive pulse signal relative to the signal expected of a hard sphere. We show resistive pulse data taken of hard spheres and cells with varying degrees of deformability, and using high speed video, show cells deforming in the channel.
Neural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and the circadian mechanisms that control their timing. We also outline key models for the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep, how mutual inhibition between specific pathways gives rise to these distinct states, and how dysfunction in these circuits can give rise to sleep disorders.
Linguistic Annotation in/for Corpus Linguistics

This article surveys linguistic annotation in corpora and corpus linguistics. We first define the concept of ‘corpus’ as a radial category and then, in Sect. 2, discuss a variety of kinds of information for which corpora are annotated and that are exploited in contemporary corpus linguistics. Section 3 then exemplifies many current formats of annotation with an eye to highlighting both the diversity of formats currently available and the emergence of XML annotation as, for now, the most widespread form of annotation. Section 4 summarizes and concludes with desiderata for future developments.
Structural characterization of the P1+ intermediate state of the P-cluster of nitrogenase

Nitrogenase is the enzyme that reduces atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) in biological systems. It catalyzes a series of single-electron transfers from the donor iron protein (Fe protein) to the molybdenum–iron protein (MoFe protein) that contains the iron–molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) sites where N2 is reduced to NH3. The P-cluster in the MoFe protein functions in nitrogenase catalysis as an intermediate electron carrier between the external electron donor, the Fe protein, and the FeMo-co sites of the MoFe protein. Previous work has revealed that the P-cluster undergoes redox-dependent structural changes and that the transition from the all-ferrous resting (PN) state to the two-electron oxidized P2+ state is accompanied by protein serine hydroxyl and backbone amide ligation to iron. In this work, the MoFe protein was poised at defined potentials with redox mediators in an electrochemical cell, and the three distinct structural states of the P-cluster (P2+, P1+, and PN) were characterized by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by computational analysis. These analyses revealed that the three oxidation states differ in coordination, implicating that the P1+ state retains the serine hydroxyl coordination but lacks the backbone amide coordination observed in the P2+ states. These results provide a complete picture of the redox-dependent ligand rearrangements of the three P-cluster redox states.
Synthesis and properties of copper and samarium doped yttria-bismuth oxide powders and membranes

Powders of Bi1.5Y0.5−yCuyO3−δ (BYC) and Bi1.5Y0.3Sm0.2O3 in the fluorite phase structure were prepared by the citrate method. The chemical reactions involved in the synthesis of these powders were proposed and verified experimentally. Dense BYC and BYS membranes were prepared from the powders by the press and sintering method. The optimum conditions for powder preparation as well as for membrane fabrication were determined in this study with the aid of various characterization methods. The BYC and BYS membranes were gas-tight to helium. These doped bismuth-yttrium (BY) oxide membranes show similar ionic conductivity but much higher oxygen permeability (electronic conductivity) as compared to the undoped BY membrane.
Introduction: Major Themes, Technologies, and Timeline

The long-term imperative of the SimCalc project has been to democratize access to the Mathematics of Change and Variation (MCV) (Kaput, 1994)—especially algebraic ideas underlying calculus (Kaput and Roschelle, 1998)—using a combination of new dynamic technologies for representing and communicating mathematics with new curriculum materials for grades 6–13 and aligned teacher professional development.
Spatial dependence of global income inequality: The role of economic complexity

There is extensive literature investigating the macroeconomic sources of income inequality. To our knowledge, this literature ignores the spatial dimension of global income inequality, specifically...
Making MIDFIELD More Accessible: A Workshop for R Beginners

This workshop introduces data and tools for investigating undergraduate persistence metrics using R. Student record data are from MIDFIELD, a database of registrars’ data from US institutions. The stratified data sample includes demographic, term, course, and degree information for 98,000 students from 1987 to 2016. The midfieldr package provides functions for determining persistence metrics such as graduation rates or program stickiness and for grouping findings by institution, program, sex, and race/ethnicity. The goal of the workshop is to share our data, methods, and metrics for intersectional research in student persistence. The workshop is designed for R beginners.
Utilizing Solid-Phase to Enable High-Throughput, Site-Specific Conjugation and Dual-Labeled Antibody and Fab Conjugates

For therapeutic and diagnostic applications, site-specific antibody conjugates have proven superior for both the ease of characterization as well as for optimal biophysical and therapeutic properties. Screening multiple antibodies on multiple sites with multiple linker-drugs can become very tedious and time-consuming. As solid-phase reactions are best suited to simplify multistep reactions, readily available protein A/L agarose beads can be utilized to generate site-specific, antibody -drug conjugates on engineered cysteines. Multiple site-specific labels on an antibody with either fluorophore or other-linker drugs is highly desired to evaluate antibody trafficking or payload-synergy for therapeutics. Utilizing solid-phase conjugation, a simple method to generate dual-labeled, site-specific antibody and Fab conjugates from antibody with engineered cysteine is also been described.