cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Automating Design and Development of Inference Enterprise Models

In this paper, a process improvement approach, which provides automated assistance in designing and developing Inference Enterprise Models (IEM), is described. An IEM forecasts and evaluates the performance of the modeled enterprise and can be used to improve the operational quality of an enterprise making mission-focused inferences. As part of developing the IEM methodology, a team of researchers built several Inference Enterprise Models and acquired a breadth of knowledge in the domain of modeling insider threat detection systems. Although there are many different ways this type of inference enterprise can be modeled, there are common elements that are reused from case to case. We propose a solution for formalizing and reusing this IEM domain knowledge by developing an IEM Process Ontology and Workflow Generator.
A benchmark for event-race analysis in android apps

Over the past few years, researchers have proposed various program analysis tools for automated detection of event-race conditions in Android. However, to this date, it is not clear how these tools compare to one another, as they have been evaluated on arbitrary, disjointed set of Android apps, for which there is no ground truth, i.e., verified set of event races. To fill this gap and support future research in this area, we introduce BenchERoid, a set of 34 Android apps with injected event-race bugs. The current version of benchmark contains 36 types of event-race bugs that were identified by analyzing Android concurrency literature and publicly available issue repositories. We believe that our framework is a valuable resource for both developers and researchers interested in concurrency bug analysis in Android. BenchERoid is publicly available at: https://github.com/seal-hub/bencheroid.
A Signaling Figure of Merit (s-FoM) for Advanced Packaging

In this letter, we propose a novel signaling figure of merit (s-FoM) for comparison of signaling schemes across different packaging technologies. It considers all the essential metrics that affect system performance and efficiency and combines them in a simple, easily quantifiable manner. These include energy per bit, data-bandwidth per unit shoreline, latency, length of the link, and real-estate overhead. This tool captures all the performance trade-offs and enables a fair comparison across different packaging platforms and integration schemes.
Engaging Empirical Dynamic Modeling to Detect Intrusions in Cyber-Physical Systems

Modern cyber-physical systems require effective intrusion detection systems to ensure adequate critical infrastructure protection. Developing an intrusion detection capability requires an understanding of the behavior of a cyber-physical system and causality of its components. Such an understanding enables the characterization of normal behavior and the identification and reporting of anomalous behavior.
Efficient Hardware Malware Detectors that are Resilient to Adversarial Evasion

Hardware Malware Detectors (HMDs) have recently been proposed to make systems more malware-resistant. HMDs use hardware features to detect malware as a computational anomaly. Several aspects of the detector construction have been explored, leading to detectors with high accuracy. In this paper, we explore whether malware developers can modify malware to avoid HMDs detection. We show that existing HMDs can be effectively reverse-engineered and subsequently evaded. Next, we explore whether retraining using evasive malware would help and show that retraining is limited. To address these limitations, we propose a new type of Resilient HMDs (RHMDs) that stochastically switch between different detectors. These detectors can be shown to be provably more difficult to reverse engineer based on recent results in probably approximately correct (PAC) learnability theory. We show that indeed such detectors are resilient to both reverse engineering and evasion, and that the resilience increases with the number and diversity of the individual detectors. Furthermore, we show that an optimal switching strategy between the RHMDs base detectors not only reduces misclassification on evasive malware but also maintains high classification accuracy on non-evasive malware. Our results demonstrate that these HMDs offer effective defense against evasive malware at low additional complexity
A randomized controlled trial comparing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and fusion protein inhibitors singly and in combination on the histopathology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has substantial morbidity in young calves, and closely parallels human RSV in infants. We performed a randomized controlled trial in five to six-week-old Holstein calves (Bos taurus). comparing fusion protein inhibitor (FPI) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) singly and in combination at three and five days after experimental BRSV infection. Thirty-six calves received one of six treatments; Ibuprofen started on day 3, Ibuprofen started on day 5, FPI started on day 5, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 3, FPI and Ibuprofen started on day 5, or placebo. We have previously reported significant clinical benefits when combined FPI and NSAID treatment was started at three and five days after bovine RSV infection. Necropsy was performed on Day 10 following infection and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on sections from each lobe. Histology was described using a four-point scale. We performed canonical discrimination analysis (CDA) to determine the structural level where differences between treatments occurred and mixed effects regression to estimate effect sizes. Separation from placebo was maximal for dual therapy at the levels of the alveolus, septum, and bronchus in CDA. We found that the clinical benefits of combined FPI and NSAID treatment of BRSV extend at least partially from histopathological changes in the lung when treatment was started three days after infection. We found decreased lung injury when ibuprofen was started as monotherapy on day 3, but not day 5 following infection. Combined therapy with both an FPI and ibuprofen was always better than ibuprofen alone. We did not prove that the clinical benefits seen starting FPI and ibuprofen five days after infection can be solely explained by histopathological differences as identified on H&E staining.
Enterprise-Wide Strategic Management: Achieving Sustainable Success through Leadership, Strategies, and Value Creation

List of figures List of tables List of boxes List of abbreviations Introduction Part I. Context: Laying the Foundation and the Underpinnings of ESM: 1. Enterprise-wide strategic management: underpinning and context 2. Strategic management: historical aspects and contemporary perspectives 3. Enterprise-wide strategic leadership: creating value and sustainable success 4. The business environment: a global perspective on leading change 5. Market spaces: the intersection of the economic and business forces Part II. Constructs: Strategic Management Process and Essential Elements: 6. Strategic management framework and strategic analysis 7. Strategic management: strategic formulation - options, mission statements and objectives 8. Strategy formulation - business strategies and action plans 9. Strategic implementation and execution 10. Reflections and concluding comments Index.
Using Token Reinforcement to Increase Walking for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of token reinforcement, using an ABAB reversal design, for increasing distance walked for adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities at an adult day-training center. Five participants earned tokens for walking 50-m laps and exchanged tokens for back-up reinforcers that had been identified through preference assessments. Token reinforcement resulted in a substantial increase from baseline in laps walked for 4 participants.
A Minimalist Approach to Receiver Architecture

New signal processing techniques are described for Deep Space Network radios and a proposed receiver architecture is presented, as well as experimental results on this new receiver's analog front end. The receiver's design employs direct downconversion rather than high speed digitization, and it is just as suitable for use as a space based probe relay receiver as it is for installation at a ground antenna. The advantages of having an inexpensive, shoe box size receiver, which could be carried around to antennas of opportunity, used for spacecraft testing or installed in the base of every antenna in a large array are the force behind this project.
Desert and the Eighth Amendment

What would a constitutional right based on desert look like? If "the people" believe that, say, child rapists should receive the death penalty, on what basis can one make an Eighth Amendment argument that says that "the people" got the desert question wrong? In order to answer this question, this Essay addresses a set of related questions, one step removed: What should be the significance of ordinary intuitions about what people deserve when criminal law scholars theorize about what people deserve? If a popular belief about a question of desert does not match up with conclusions arrived at through theorizing and reflections about desert, who should revise their views - the people or the theorists? The answer, I suggest in this Essay, is twofold. First, statements about desert that fail to capture the core of ordinary moral intuitions cannot be ultimately successful. Second, it is a mistake to believe that answers to questions about desert can be simply read off public opinion surveys or inferred from laws passed by legislatures. The role of theories about desert is to take various particular convictions held by people about what people deserve and test them against broad principles, while warning against various sources of confusion and excess that frequently infect desert judgments, such as prejudice and vindictiveness. The relationship between desert theories and popular sentiments is thus quite complex, and we must be suspicious of simple assertions either in favor of dismissing theories as irrelevant or in favor of disregarding popular sentiments as base or irrational.
A 65 nm CMOS technology for mobile and digital signal processing applications

This paper presents a 65 nm CMOS technology that achieves a logic density of 900 k-gates/mm/sup 2/ and a SRAM memory density of 1.4 Mb/mm/sup 2/ using a sub-0.49 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ bitcell. Key features of a low cost technology option for mobile products (MP) and a high performance technology option (HP) for DSP based applications are described.
Scheduling in third generation wireless networks

Third generation wireless networks research appears in response to the growing need for any time, anywhere, integrated voice and data services. To support these new user demands, the third generation wireless networks of the future might be quite different from their predecessors. One of the places where changes are expected is in the mechanisms used to share the uplink among the variable composition of isochronous and bursty users in a cell; or, viewed from a different perspective, the mechanisms that schedule the utilization of the pool of uplink transmission slots in a cell. As a first step towards comparing different proposed schemes, this paper presents an enumeration of the desirable properties of schemes for uplink packet scheduling in third generation wireless networks. With this list of desirable properties in mind, we summarize the main characteristics of three of the proposed schemes: PRMA, STDD, and RAMA.
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM ION ON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF MICROCOCCUS SODONENSIS

Abstract Campbell, J. N. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.), James B. Evans, Jerome J. Perry, and C. F. Niven, Jr. Effect of ammonium ion on growth and metabolism of Micrococcus sodonensis. J. Bacteriol. 82:823–827. 1961.—When Micrococcus sodonensis was grown in a synthetic medium deficient in ammonia, large quantities of α-keto acids, chiefly α-ketoglutaric, accumulated in the medium. The addition of ammonium chloride to this medium prevented such accumulation and also supported increased growth, even in the presence of excess glutamate. Neither potassium nor sodium would substitute for ammonia in producing this effect. The results indicate that this microorganism has a specific requirement for the ammonium ion in its growth and metabolism. If not supplied exogenously, ammonia is made available by deamination of glutamic acid. The exact route of incorporation of ammonia is unknown.
Finite elements, design optimization, and nondestructive evaluation: A review in magnetics, and future directions in GPU-based, element-by-element coupled optimization and NDE

Abstract : Most important journal papers in magnetics are selected from conference records with quick review and subject to stringent page limits. The literature as a result is unsatisfactory, inadequately attributing previous works and without sufficient details to replicate work presented. This paper therefore reviews mathematical optimization in synthesis and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) by the finite element method in magnetics. The review identifies the earliest papers. Thereafter this paper proposes and establishes the feasibility of coupled problem optimization using the genetic algorithm to avoid mesh induced minima which hurt gradient based methods. The genetic algorithm, while avoiding the need for derivatives, results in having to undertake even more numerous finite element solutions. Although the genetic algorithm has been applied in optimization, in coupled systems the number of object function evaluations doubles. We there examine the use of graphics processing units (GPUs) to handle the immense computational load. GPUs have recently been introduced in finite element analysis but their memory limits are often not recognized and are critically limiting when parallelizing the several solutions required in optimization. To overcome this limit, element-by-element finite element matrix processing is employed, making coupled problems practicable on GPUs. We overcome the memory limits faced by others.
Localization and stability of technetium-99m-Sn-pyrophosphate in rat neutrophils.

Technetium-99m has been suggested as an alternative radiolabel for white cells, and while its physical characteristics are nearly ideal, its stability and site of localization in this procedure are unclear. We examined these parameters by radiolabeling 10(8) neutrophils from rat peritoneum with 74 to 370 MBq technetium-99m-Sn-pyrophosphate. We found that the percentage of initial activity bound to neutrophils was quite variable, possibly because the radiolabel associated with several subfractions: 19.8 +/- 11.5% (mean +/- s.d.) with nuclei and plasma membranes, 25.6 +/- 3.9% with mitochondria, 26.6 +/- 9.8% with microsomes, and 29.2 +/- 6.9% with cytosol. Approximately 80-90% of the radioactivity associated with neutrophils was not bound to protein and only about one-half of the activity localized to cell membranes was removable over 4 hr by pepsin digestion. We concluded that the variable labeling efficiency was due to the radiolabel's rather loose association with several cellular subfractions rather than specific binding to a unique substrate.
Evaluation of threshold limit methods for sensory data

Current approaches to sensory thresholds, such as geometric means and logistic regression, ignore any formal consideration of uncertainty and variability. Various alternative methods based on approximate confidence and prediction intervals about the logistic regression were examined. All methods tended to provide the same ranking among different analyte/media combinations evaluated. Formal statistical conclusions could be made for thresholds based on interval analyses, but not for geometric mean or logistic regression. Methods based on prediction intervals consistently estimated the highest thresholds. Interval-based methods varied with the level of confidence required, as well as the number of panelists and concentrations tested. The geometric mean method yielded the most consistent estimates across a range of panel sizes.
Phonological characteristics of young stutterers and their normally fluent peers: Preliminary observations

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the phonological processes exhibited by children who stutter to those exhibited by their normally fluent peers, and to relate these phonological processes to typical measures of stuttering and other speaking variables. Subject were 30 stuttering children (mean = 4 yr, 4mo) and like number of age- and sex-matched (±3 mo) normally fluent children (mean age = 4 yr, 6mo). Results indicate that the stutterers exhibited a greater number and variety of phonological processes than their normally fluent peers. Furthermore, the young stutterers also exhibited more “typical” processes than their normally fluent peers. Findings are taken to suggest that young stutterers who exhibit disordered phonology may represent a subgroup of stutterers. It is further suggested that the nature and course of remediation may be different for these children than for stutterers without disordered phonology.
Free energy minimization calculations of negative thermal expansion in AlPO4-17

Abstract The free energy minimization approach has been applied to hexagonal AlPO 4 -17 to calculate its thermal expansion. Strong negative thermal expansion (NTE) is calculated for both the a and c cell edges in agreement with experiment. This structure allows rocking motions of rigid polyhedra; however, our calculated phonon density of states indicates that vibrations of this type are not important for NTE in this compound. Our calculations confirm that the NTE is due to apparent decreases in bond distances rather than a decrease in Al–O–P angles. This in turn is related to the transverse thermal motion of oxygen in the Al–O–P linkages.
"Safeguarding National Credibility": Founding the Bank of China in 1912

The Bank of China led China’s modern-style banks during the Republican era, supporting the Chinese state through war and peace and financing China’s industrialization in the first half of the twentieth century. This article explores the founding of this institution in 1912 in the context of building the modern Chinese nation state following the 1911 Revolution. It argues that the events that made possible the Bank of China’s founding illustrate the contingent nature of state building. Furthermore, emphasis is on the critical relationship between finance and political legitimacy in state building. The article also shows how the creation of an institution such as the Bank of China, which was originally intended to be the new Republic’s central bank, gave the fledgling state the opportunity to support the transfer of legal rights in regime change.
Mothers' acceptance of behavioral interventions for children: The influence of parent race and income *

The present study assessed the effects of race and income on mothers' ratings of the acceptability of five child management interventions. Positive reinforcement, response cost, time out, spanking, and medication were evaluated using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (TEI). It was predicted that income would account for a differential acceptance of treatments between parent groups. The major findings of this study included: (a) parents consistently favored response cost and positive reinforcement over the other treatments and (b) low and middle-upper income parents differentially rated the treatments.
Generalized Anisotropic Inverse Mechanics for Soft Tissues

Elastography which is the imaging of soft tissues on the basis of elastic modulus (or, more generally, stiffness) has become increasingly popular in the last decades and holds promise for application in many medical areas. Most of the attention has focused on inhomogeneous materials that are locally isotropic, the intent being to detect a (stiff) tumor within a (compliant) tissue. Many tissues of mechanical interest, however, are anisotropic, so a method capable of determining material anisotropy would be attractive. We present here an approach to determine the mechanical anisotropy of inhomogeneous, anisotropic tissues, by directly solving the finite element representation of the Cauchy stress balance in the tissue. The method divides the sample domain into subdomains assumed to have uniform properties and solves for the material constants in each sub-domain. Two-dimensional simulated experiments on linear anisotropic inhomogeneous systems demonstrate the ability of the method, and simulated experiments on a nonlinear model demonstrate the ability of the method to capture anisotropy qualitatively even though only a linear model is used in the inverse problem. As with any inverse problem, ill-posedness is a serious concern, and multiple tests may need to be done on the same sample to determine the properties with confidence.
Evaluation of co-located and distributed collaborative visualization

Collaboration is prevalent for network security teams to protect networking environments, yet few network visualization tools are designed for collaborative analysis. With the increasing complexity and volume of dynamic networks, it is important to adopt strategies of joint decision-making through developing collaborative visualization approaches. In this paper, we present a formal user study to evaluate how paired users collaborate under co-located and distributed collaboration environments to tackle the problems of intrusion detection. Ten paired participants are requested to use network visualization patterns to identify attacks existed in the datasets. We observe participants behaviors and collect their performances from the aspects of coordination and communication, which include prioritizing goals and directions, dividing and balancing workloads, and negotiating analysis decisions while maintaining situational awareness. Based on the results, we conclude several coordination strategies and summarize the values of communication for collaborative detection. We also discuss human-related factors in the process of joint decision-making. Our study provides useful information for future design and development of collaborative visualization systems.
Clinical and Physiological Effects of Stimulation of the Paleocerebellum in Humans

: Chronically implanted electrodes allowed the repeated stimulation, with different rates and intensities and for variable durations, of the paleocerebellum in 4 patients with intractable muscular hypertonia and also in a patient with epilepsy resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Chronic stimulation of the anterior cerebellum at high rates (100–200 cycles per second) inhibited muscular hypertonus. Chronic stimulation at 10 cycles per second in the patient with epilepsy inhibited the seizures.
XAFS study of the low-temperature tetragonal phase of La 2-x Ba x CuO 4 : Disorder, stripes, and T c suppression at x=0.125

Angular dependent x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements of all La, Ba, and Cu sites determined the origin and nature of the intrinsic disorder present in the low temperature tetragonal (LTT) structural ground state of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ with $x=0.125,0.15$ at $T=10 \mathrm{K}.$ Ba doping induces major local distortions that extend as far as 5 \AA{} from its lattice site. Despite the low Ba content the large distortions significantly affect the XAFS of the majority La and Cu sites. The distribution of the local LTT tilt angle of ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{6}$ octahedra was directly determined from single and multiple scattering contributions to the XAFS of La and Cu sites. This angle, which regulates the strength of electron-lattice and spin-spin coupling in this material, was found to exhibit large, random fluctuations with rms $[〈(\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}〈\ensuremath{\theta}〉{)}^{2}〉{]}^{1/2}\ensuremath{\approx}2〈\ensuremath{\theta}〉,$ $〈\ensuremath{\theta}〉$ being the average tilt angle determined by diffraction techniques. These fluctuations originate in the large, random, static disorder introduced with Ba doping. Their presence has implications for the plausibility of a mobility gap causing ${T}_{c}$ suppression at $x=0.125$ in only the LTT phase, and for the correlation length of the postulated charge and spin stripes.
Stabilization of a nonlinear system by multiplicative noise.

The effect of multiplicative colored noise on the stabilization of a bistable system is studied numerically. In particular, numerical simulation of a much discussed theoretical study carried out by Graham and Schenzle [Phys. Rev. A 26, 1676 (1982)] is presented. To corroborate this study, analog simulation studies have been undertaken to date which concluded that there are substantial limitations of the theory. Subsequently, to commensurate with those numerical studies, a variant theoretical interpretation was also made. On the other hand, it is also discussed in the literature that the inherent presence of weak additive stochastic forces in analog-simulation measurements may have prevented the substantiation of the theory. With the present status thus being inconclusive, in this Rapid Communication digital-simulation results are presented that provide a variant perspective for the theoretical study. Importantly, the study also sheds new light on the old controversies: interpretation of Stratonovich and Ito calculi and adiabatic elimination. It is also pointed out that contrary to existing notion in the literature\char22{}that digital simulation is biased on the algorithm selected (Ito or Stratonovich)\char22{}one algorithm is capable of distinguishing the two interpretations. And this is possible due to the inclusion of inertia in the formulation by Graham and Schenzle.
Analysis of Mechanical Seal Behavior During Transient Operation

A mathematical model that predicts the transient behavior of gas or liquid lubricated hydrostatic mechanical seals has been developed. The analysis includes an evaluation of the fluid, contact, and deformation mechanics of a mechanical seal subject to constant or varying rotational speed and sealed pressure. Squeeze film effects are included. For gas seals, slip at the walls is also taken into account. Results include predictions of film thickness distributions, contact forces, leakage rates, pressure distributions, heat generation rates, thermal deformation, and mechanical deformation.
Hydrogen production and uptake by pea nodules as affected by strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum

Hydrogen evolution from root nodules has been reported to make N2 fixation by some legume-Rhizobium symbiotic systems inefficient. We have surveyed the extent of H2 evolution and estimated relative efficiencies of nodules of Austrian winter peas formed by 15 strains of R. leguminosarum. Their rates of H2 evolution in air were about 30% of the rates of H2 evolution under an atmosphere in which N2 was replaced by Ar. Relative efficiency values based on C2H2 reduction rates ranged from 0.55 to 0.80. With some of the strains, hydrogenase activities were demonstrated in intact nodules and in bacteroids, but the levels of activity were insufficient to recycle all the H2 evolved by the nitrogenase system. In both intact nodules and bacteroids the hydrogenase is less sensitive to O2 damage than the nitrogenase system, so H2 uptake capacity was observed in intact nodules by suppressing the nitrogenase-dependent H2 evolution with an atmosphere containing a high O2 concentration, and in bacteroids by using aerobically prepared bacteroid suspensions. The hydrogenase activity of both was dependent on O2 consumption. A Kmfor H2 of near 4 μM was determined in suspension of bacteroids from nodules formed by strains 128C53 and 128C56.
Electron and ion transport in SC-SEP cells with semiconductor thin film electrodes

Abstract Several combinations of electrodes in semiconductor septum electrochemical photovoltaic (SC-SEP) cells were investigated. Semiconductor layers on metal, separating two aqueous solutions were prepared using two methods, either by painting and annealing or by vacuum evaporation. The most stable and efficient of all the investigated cells seems to be the GC/3-S/CdSe/CdS/Mo/H2SO4GC system. It was established that for hydrogen production applications, a vacuum deposited layer seems to be more promising than a painted one. The mechanism of ion transport in the investigated cells was explained in terms of their energy band scheme and the equivalent electrical circuit model.
Correlation between serum enzymes, isozyme patterns and histologically detectable organ damage

Abstract Serum enzyme levels and isozyme profile were utilized as a measure of hepatotoxic response to carbon tetrachloride, mercuric chloride, diethanolamine and thioacetamide. The sensitivity of these measurements was compared with the degree of morphological damage to the liver or kidney as assessed by light and electron microscopy. Morphological damage was present at dosage levels considerably below those necessary to induce detectable enzyme alterations. Generally, advanced degenerative change, including necrosis, had occurred in both the liver and kidney before enzyme alterations were seen.
Carbon Implanted in Optical Grade Fused Silica: Annealing Effects in Reducing and Oxidizing Atmospheres

Carbon is implanted into fused silica with doses of 1, 3, 6, 10X10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}. Infrared spectroscopy identified the formation of CO and CO{sub 2} molecules in the implanted glasses. Relations among concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon doses are established by the infrared measurements. Annealing under different atmospheres have dramatic effects on CO and CO{sub 2} concentrations.
Stochastic modeling of a fluidized‐bed reactor

In this work dispersive mixing and chemical reactions are treated simultaneously by resorting to the theory of stochastic processes. A fluidized-bed reactor is modeled by discretizing it into ideally stirred tanks of various sizes corresponding to bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases. All parameters in the model are correlated with known or experimentally obtainable quantities. Examples using a complex chemical reaction are given to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
Fostering applications opportunities for the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission

The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission will provide global observations of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state from space. We outline how priority applications contributed to the SMAP mission measurement requirements and how the SMAP mission plans to foster applications and applied science.
The Design Elements of Medieval Books of Hours

The commonsense principles of modern document design are direct descendants of the principles used in the Books of Hours, a hybridized religious instruction manual created in the commercial scriptoria of the 13th century. This article analyzes the design of Books of Hours and discusses how these medieval documents fit within the four design criteria (supertextual, extra-textual, intratextual, and intertextual) put forth by Kostelnick and Roberts [1]. The analysis reveals the early user of good document design features as the medieval scriptoria worked to address the audience and task requirements of the Books of Hours.
Design and evaluation of hyperspectral algorithms for chemical warfare agent detection

Remote sensing of chemical warfare agents (CWA) with stand-off hyperspectral imaging sensors has a wide range of civilian and military applications. These sensors exploit the spectral changes in the ambient photon flux produced by either sunlight or the thermal emission of the earth after passage through a region containing the CWA cloud. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to discuss a simple phenomenological model for the radiance measured by the sensor in the case of optically thin clouds. This model provides the mathematical framework for the development of optimum algorithms and their analytical evaluation. Second, we identify the fundamental aspects of the data exploitation problem and we develop detection algorithms that can be used by different sensors as long as they can provide the required measurements. Finally, we discuss performance metrics for detection, identification, and quantification and we investigate their dependance on CWA spectral signatures, sensor noise, and background spectral variability.
Detrital Feeding in Natural Zooplankton Communities: Discrimination Between Live and Dead Algal Foods

Freshwater Zooplankton species differ in their consumption of live and dead algal cells when tested in situ. Using isotopicallylabeled living and heat-killed Chlamydomonas reinhardti as models for phytoplankton and detrital ses ton, respectively, we tested differential feeding on these foods by 3 rotifers and 2 microcrustaceans. Keratella cochlearis selectively feeds on ‘detrital’ materials while 2 sympatric rotifer species, Conochilus dossuarius and Kellicottia bostoniensis show no ability to discriminate between the living and dead foods. Both the copepod Diaptomus spatulocrenatus and a cladoceran, Bosmina sp., differentially consume living cells.
What constitutes a relevant animal model of the ketogenic diet

Animal models of human disease have been enormously important in improving our understanding of the pathophysiological basis and the development of novel therapies. In epilepsy, modeling using both in vivo and in vitro preparations has provided insight into fundamental neuronal mechanisms. Indeed, much of our understanding of seizure mechanisms comes from animal studies. The conceptual advances in understanding basic mechanisms of epilepsies have been largely validated in humans, attesting to the validity of the rationale and providing a basis for bridging the gaps between experimental and human data. While the ketogenic diet is clearly efficacious in a wide variety of seizure types and syndromes, the mechanism of action of the diet has not been established. Animal models will continue to be enormously important in furthering our understanding of how dietary therapy can help individuals with epilepsy.
A comparison of electrophoretic resolution for snapshot and finish-line imaging.

Finish-line imaging, in which DNA or other macromolecules are detected after electrophoresis for a constant distance, usually improves resolution compared to snapshot imaging, in which molecules are electrophoresed for a constant time in an apparatus of comparable dimensions. Resolving power, which is an objective measure of the ability of different separatory methods to detect closely spaced molecular species, can be used to compare directly the performance of systems employing both snapshot and finish-line imaging [E. A. Ribeiro and J. C. Sutherland,Anal. Biochem.210, 378–388 (1993)]. Experimentally determined values of resolving power are influenced both by the method of imaging (snapshot vs finish-line) and by instrument-specific factors that affect resolution. Previous comparisons of the resolving power obtained with finish-line and snapshot imaging involved data sets acquired by different instruments with different instrumental resolutions. To reduce the influence of instrumental effects, we constructed a scanning laser fluorometer that can measure both snapshot and finish-line images of fluorochrome-labeled DNA. Snapshot and finish-line images of a DNA sample containingHaeII restriction fragments of the DNA from bacteriophage T7, which range in length from 474 to 6514 base pairs, were obtained under otherwise identical electrophoretic conditions. Snapshot and finish-line imaging give similar resolving powers for DNA molecules up to about 1.5 kbp long. For both imaging modes, maximum resolving power was achieved for DNA molecules between 2 and 3 kbp in length. For larger DNA molecules, finish-line imaging provided higher resolving power. The ratio of the resolving power of finish-line images to that of snapshot images increased monotonically as a function of DNA length. For the longest restriction fragments studied (6514 bp), the resolving power for finish-line images exceeded that of snapshot images by about 50%.
Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the terebellid polychaete Pista pacifica Berkeley.

Abstract 1. The terebellid polychaete Pista pacifica is normally ammonotelic. However, it will produce ammonia and urea when starved. 2. Arginase is present in the tentacles, body wall, and gut tissues of this polychaete. Bacteria were shown to be an unlikely source of arginase in the gut and body wall tissues. 3. Three other enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism were examined, and their possible physiological role is discussed.
Discussion on "Change-Points: From Sequential Detection to Biology and Back" by David Siegmund

Abstract Motivated by Professor Siegmund's article and his other works in the area of change-point analysis and its biomedical applications, we discuss approaches to change-point–related problems that involve parameters of unknown dimension.
A Study of the Generalized Schwinger Model in the Hamiltonian Formulation

We study in detail the quantum dynamics of a generalized Schwinger model with different left and right couplings in the Hamiltonian formalism. Based on the Dirac brackets formalism for constrained systems, the commutation, equal-time algebra for the dynamical variables is obtained. We regain the Lorentz invariance for the model through the algebra of the generators of the Poincare group.
Determination of the Effective Stress Law for Deformation in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs

Effective stress laws and their application are not new, but are often overlooked or applied inappropriately. The complexity of using a proper effective stress law increases when analyzing stress variation in coal as a result of gas production or mining. In this paper, an effective stress law is derived analytically for coalbed methane reservoirs, combining the concepts of matrix shrinkage/swelling and external stress by including the effect of sorbing gas pressure on the elastic response of the reservoir. The proposed law reduces to that of Terzaghi when the compressibility of bulk material is sufficiently greater than the compressibility of the solid grain, and without the strain associated with matrix shrinkage/swelling effect. Moreover, it is shown that the Biot coefficient (α) can have a value larger than unity for self-swelling/dilation materials, such as coal. The proposed stress–strain relationship was validated using experimental results. Overall, the effective stress law for deformation was extended for sorptive materials, providing a new and unique technique to analyze the elastic behavior of coal by reducing three variables, namely, external stress, pore pressure and matrix shrinkage/swelling along with the associated stress, down to one variable, “effective stress”.
Precision surface mount assembly

The demand for miniaturised electronic components has surged and new production methods have had to keep pace. Manual assembly of miniature SMDs is a highly repetitive task with costly parts and uneven quality
Postural orientation during courtship in the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis s. sirtalis

Male eastern garter snakes (Thamnophis s. sirtalis) were tested for head and tail orientation during courtship. Groups of four to six males were placed with a garter snake (male or female) that had a skin tube, previously removed from another snake, slipped over its trunk. These test snakes were in four categories: female with male skin tube, female with female skin tube, male with male skin tube, and male with female skin tube. The tested males were found to respond to these test animals in one of five ways: (i) Reversal: skin tube contact followed by turnabout; (ii) Head-Lift/Dismount: skin tube contact followed by head-lifting and/or dismount; (iii) Bypass/Courtship: progression over skin tube followed by active courtship; (iv) Contact/Courtship: skin tube contact followed by active courtship and no further advances; and (v) Negative Response: male showing no apparent interest in test animal. Results of the test show that in addition to the demonstration of a definitive dorsal skin-mediated sex recognition through chemosensation, a head-head orientation is not necessary for the normal progression of courtship in this species and its adaptive significance may lie in its natural en masse mating behavior.
ADHD Dimensions and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms in Relation to Self-Report and Laboratory Measures of Neuropsychological Functioning in College Students.

Objective: This study examined ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms in relation to self-report and laboratory measures of neuropsychological functioning in college students. Method: Col...
SIGCSE speaker's fund program

Since 2005, the SIGCSE Speaker's Fund Program has funded presentations at in-cooperation conferences. Speakers from previous SIGCSE conferences, including the Symposium, ITiCSE, and ICER, can be invited by the organizers of non-ACM conferences that have in-cooperation status with SIGCSE. The fund pays for up to $1000 of travel support for the speakers and is intended to disseminate outstanding presentations from SIGCSE conferences to other venues.
Measurement Scales and Resolution IV Designs: A Note

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThree measurement scales and models are considered, namely standardized, original, and centered. It is argued that the effects at the midpoint (of the experimental area) are relevant. Effects per unit and effects over the whole range are distinguished. Resolution IV designs permit unbiased estimation of these effects, even if quantitative factors are present.
ICSBP Directs Bipotential Myeloid Progenitor Cells to Differentiate into Mature Macrophages

Abstract During hematopoiesis, myeloid progenitor cells give rise to granulocytes and macrophages. To study the role for ICSBP, a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor in myeloid cell development, the gene was introduced into myeloid progenitor cells established from ICSBP −/− mice. ICSBP retrovirus-transduced cells differentiated into mature macrophages with phagocytic activity, which coincided with the induction of specific target DNA binding activity. Similar to macrophages in vivo, ICSBP-transduced cells were growth arrested, expressed many macrophage-specific genes, and responded to macrophage activation signals. Contrary to this, ICSBP transducion led to repression of granulocyte-specific genes and inhibited G-CSF-mediated granulocytic differentiation in these and other myeloid progenitor cells. Together, ICSBP has a key role in the myeloid cell lineage selection and macrophage maturation.
Effect of physical and biological parameters on enumeration of bioaerosols by portable microbial impactors

Abstract A clear understanding of microbial sampler's ability to recover culturable bioaerosols is essential for better exposure estimate and design of future advanced samplers. This research investigated the physical and biological parameters affecting overall performance of portable microbial samplers when collecting different bioaerosol species. Seven portable samplers with impaction velocity from 1 to 15 m/s and jet-to-plate distance from 1.7 to 6 mm were used. Three bacterial and fungal species were aerosolized and collected by the samplers under controlled humidity, 40–45%. The ability of portable impactors to recover culturable bioaerosols was compared to that of an Andersen-type impactor and a Button Aerosol Sampler equipped with gelatin filter and their relative overall performance was determined. Experimental data indicated that performance of portable microbial samplers varied from model to model, and depended on investigated bioaerosol species. When sampling bacterial species, the relative overall performance of the impactors was highly correlated with their collection efficiency (adjusted R 2 = 0.74 – 0.94 ) and inclusion of samplers’ jet velocity and jet-to-plate distance into multiple liner regression did not affect the adjusted R 2 values. In contrast, when sampling fungi, use of the collection efficiency in the linear regression as the sole predictor of the impactors’ relative overall performance yielded adjusted R 2 values ranging from 0.61 to 0.73; inclusion of jet velocity and jet-to-plate distance into multiple liner regression increased the adjusted R 2 values to the range of 0.75–0.89. The data demonstrate that in addition to collection efficiency, jet velocity and jet-to-plate distance also play an important role in the enumeration of bioaerosols by microbial impactors. The results from this investigation could be helpful in selecting and designing microbial samplers for assessing bioaerosol load in various environments.
Implications of the stereotyping and modification of sex role.

Abstract This article discusses and questions a study by Rekers and Lovaas (1974), which sought to "normalize" a young boy's sex-role behavior. The reasons given for treatment and the treatment itself are questioned. The ethical implications of the treatment and its outcome are then discussed, and alternative treatment procedures are suggested. Finally, the experimenters' description of the feminine sex-role is criticized.
Fostering Resilience: Protective Agents, Resources, and Mechanisms for Adolescent Refugees' Psychosocial Well-Being.

BACKGROUND Adolescent refugees face many challenges but also have the potential to become resilient. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the protective agents, resources, and mechanisms that promote their psychosocial well-being. METHODS Participants included a purposively sampled group of 73 Burundian and Liberian refugee adolescents and their families who had recently resettled in Boston and Chicago. The adolescents, families, and their service providers participated in a two-year longitudinal study using ethnographic methods and grounded theory analysis with Atlas/ti software. A grounded theory model was developed which describes those persons or entities who act to protect adolescents (Protective Agents), their capacities for doing so (Protective Resources), and how they do it (Protective Mechanisms). Protective agents are the individuals, groups, organizations, and systems that can contribute either directly or indirectly to promoting adolescent refugees' psychosocial well-being. Protective resources are the family and community capacities that can promote psychosocial well-being in adolescent refugees. Protective mechanisms are the processes fostering adolescent refugees' competencies and behaviors that can promote their psychosocial well-being. RESULTS Eight family and community capacities were identified that appeared to promote psychosocial well-being in the adolescent refugees. These included 1) finances for necessities; 2) English proficiency; 3) social support networks; 4) engaged parenting; 5) family cohesion; 6) cultural adherence and guidance; 7) educational support; and 8) faith and religious involvement. Nine protective mechanisms identified were identified and grouped into three categories: 1) Relational (supporting, connecting, belonging); 2) Informational (informing, preparing), and; 3) Developmental (defending, promoting, adapting). CONCLUSIONS To further promote the psychosocial well-being of adolescent refugees, targeted prevention focused policies and programs are needed to enhance the identified protective agents, resources, and mechanisms. Because resilience works through protective mechanisms, greater attention should be paid to understanding how to enhance them through new programs and practices, especially informational and developmental protective mechanisms.