cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Politicians Confront the Court: Party against Partisanship

The Chase impeachment set an ideal of judicial independence as political neutrality, but it hardly resolved the underlying antagonism with the judiciary. By showing that the federal judiciary could not easily be brought into alignment with the other branches, the impeachment began to unravel the idea of regime unity among political leaders; however, it did not diminish their hope that it could be achieved. As this chapter details, the Framers' presumptions of such unity and corresponding fears about federal consolidation against states' rights continued to color politicians' actions well into the next generation. But ideas about opposition also continued to evolve, and with them came a new attitude toward the judiciary. This chapter examines that evolution during the Jacksonian era (1828–60), which witnessed changes in how politicians viewed parties, the opposition's right to rule, and the advantages and threats posed by judicial power. More specifically, it draws out connections among these dynamics. The Jacksonian era lacked the explosive anti-judicial hostilities of the early Jeffersonian years. This was a relative calm, at best, but the contrast with what came before is indicative of a newly emergent state of affairs. These years mark an intermediate stage between Jeffersonian attempts to undermine judicial authority when it could not be brought to heel and later Lincolnian attempts to manipulate judicial power to implement a particular political party's constitutional vision.
Programmatic Implementation of Environmental Education in an Elementary Educator Preparation Program: A Case Study

This chapter provides an overview of research regarding preservice teachers’ perceptions and beliefs about the environment and describes one approach to engaging future teachers in environmental education within an educator preparation program curriculum. The successes and challenges of retooling one educator preparation program to include EE are discussed. Also, findings of a national survey conducted to determine the extent of the inclusion of EE in educator preparation programs are reported. Based on this research and survey findings, it is recommended as initial steps that educator preparation programs tap into the greatest identified supports for inclusion of EE, namely collaboration between formal and non-formal education agencies and organizations, student interest, and available curriculum materials.
A large dataset of synthetic SEM images of powder materials and their ground truth 3D structures

Abstract This data article presents a data set comprised of 2048 synthetic scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of powder materials and descriptions of the corresponding 3D structures that they represent. These images were created using open source rendering software, and the generating scripts are included with the data set. Eight particle size distributions are represented with 256 independent images from each. The particle size distributions are relatively similar to each other, so that the dataset offers a useful benchmark to assess the fidelity of image analysis techniques. The characteristics of the PSDs and the resulting images are described and analyzed in more detail in the research article “Characterizing powder materials using keypoint-based computer vision methods” (B.L. DeCost, E.A. Holm, 2016) [1] . These data are freely available in a Mendeley Data archive “A large dataset of synthetic SEM images of powder materials and their ground truth 3D structures” (B.L. DeCost, E.A. Holm, 2016) located at http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/tj4syyj9mr.1 [2] for any academic, educational, or research purposes.
Weighing the Options: Discrimination Against Fat Golfers

In drawing from multiple theoretical frameworks, including stigma theory (Goffman, 1963; Paetzold, Dipboye, & Eslbach, 2008) and social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), the purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of weight discrimination among coaches of NCAA women’s golf teams. Coaches participated in an experimental study, where they reviewed the resumes of high school golfers and indicated the likelihood of offering the golfer an athletic scholarship. The resumes varied by weight of the golfer and skill level, and coaches’ social dominance orientation was also measured. Fat golfers were less likely to be offered a scholarship than were thinner golfers. Player skill level moderated these effects, as did the coaches’ social dominance orientation. Contributions, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Myosin-driven transport network in plants is functionally robust and distinctive.

Directional transport of intracellular cargoes by cytoskeleton-based motors is one of the signature features of eukaryotic cells. It was proposed that the last common ancestor of eukaryotes possessed several prototype motor proteins, including evolutionarily related kinesins and myosins (1, 2). Among these, there was an ancient myosin lineage that includes extant class V myosins conserved in animals, fungi, and Amoebozoa, and closely related class XI myosins conserved in green algae and plants (3, 4). Together with other recent studies, the paper by Kurth et al. in PNAS (5) uncovers a brand new mechanism underlying intracellular transport of myosin cargoes. Most importantly, the Kurth et al. paper shows that the green branch of the tree of life has evolved a very dense and largely unique endomembrane transport network empowered by myosins XI. It is well recognized that long-range cargo transport is actin-centric in fungal and plant cells but mostly relies on microtubule-based motors in vertebrates (6, 7). The transport systems based on myosins V and XI exhibit remarkable variability in their functions and molecular organization in fungi and plants, respectively. First of all, myosin XI motors have much higher velocities, often greater than one order-of-magnitude faster, than myosin V (8). Most of what is known on myosin V-driven transport in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has to do with the delivery of secretory vesicles and organelles to a growing bud of the daughter cell (6, 9). On the other hand, plants harness both diffuse and polar cell growth mechanisms and exhibit vigorous intracellular dynamics in their fully expanded cells (10). Despite these differences, it seems instructive to compare the myosin V-dependent transport of secretory vesicles in yeast to the myosin XI-dependent transport of endomembrane vesicles in plants based on the novel data and concepts presented by Kurth … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: vitaly.citovsky{at}stonybrook.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Central Slip Fracture: Results of Operative Treatment of Volar Fracture Subluxations/Dislocations of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

Purpose Fractures of the base of the middle phalanx are particularly challenging. Dorsal fracture-subluxations/dislocations of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint are relatively common, but the volar fracture-subluxation/dislocation, the so-called "central slip fracture," is quite rare. The current study presents our experience with surgically treated patients with central slip fracture subluxation/dislocation with a minimum of 1 year follow-up. We hypothesized that the majority of patients with a central slip fracture-subluxation/dislocation have poor outcomes. Methods Thirteen patients with central slip fracture-subluxations/dislocation were identified from departmental billing records between 2003 and 2013. Nine patients completed the study follow-up examination and 8 were included in the final analysis. Clinical data assessed included age at injury, sex, mechanism of injury, injured digit, type of treatment, additional intervention(s), complications, length of follow-up, and range of motion follow-up. Fluoroscopic images and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand surveys were obtained at study follow-up. Results All patients underwent at least 1 surgery and 7 of 8 underwent open reduction. The average age at the time of injury was 41 years (range, 25–60 years). All injuries were closed. The average follow-up was 43 months (range, 17–67 months). Average passive and active range of motion of the PIP joint at follow-up were 62° and 54°, respectively. Six of 8 patients developed radiographic evidence of arthritic change and 4 experienced an outcome that required additional interventions. Conclusions Patients should be counseled about the outcomes following surgical treatment of this uncommon, difficult injury. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic V.
Combating HIV with bNABs

Since the discovery of the HIV as the causative agent for AIDS, many attempts have been directed towards a vaccine or prophylactic measure. Our immune system has evolved to attack foreign molecules, but viruses like HIV have found ways to hide their unique parts and masquerade as human molecules. One of the mechanisms involves carbohydrate masking. Surface glycoproteins of viruses are synthesized in infected cells; therefore they are made up of the same sugar chains that cover proteins in humans. This provides them with an effective camouflage, burying the actual functional sites of the viral protein deep within these sugars and making it difficult for antibodies of the immune system to reach the target. In addition to this, the viruses have developed error-prone replication machinery. This generates a great diversity in the viral glycoproteins over few generations. So even though the immune system eventually succeeds in making the correct antibodies to neutralize the infecting agents, future generation of viruses rapidly mutate to change the site that is recognized. Amazingly, the immune system in a few select individuals is able to fight back. Some people develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to combat viral infection. The term “broadly” signifies that the antibodies attack many strains of the virus, and “neutralizing” indicates ability to bind key functional sites in the virus. There is now rising promise that bNAbs will pave the path forward for AIDS treatment and vaccine development.
To Cut is to Cure: The Surgeon's Role in Improving Value.

SURGEONS WILL INCREASINGLY BEAR FINANCIAL RISK WITH NEW PAYMENT MODELSValue-based reimbursement is supplanting traditional fee-for-service payment. Forward thinking payers, providers, and patients are redesigning care delivery to maximize patient experience and population-level health at an affordab
Spread of aggregates after olfactory bulb injection of α-synuclein fibrils is associated with early neuronal loss and is reduced long term.

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons and by intraneuronal aggregates, primarily composed of misfolded α-synuclein. The α-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson’s patients are suggested to first appear in the olfactory bulb and enteric nerves and then propagate, following a stereotypic pattern, via neural pathways to numerous regions across the brain. We recently demonstrated that after injection of either mouse or human α-synuclein fibrils into the olfactory bulb of wild-type mice, α-synuclein fibrils recruited endogenous α-synuclein into pathological aggregates that spread transneuronally to over 40 other brain regions and subregions, over 12 months. We previously reported the progressive spreading of α-synuclein aggregates, between 1 and 12 months following α-synuclein fibril injections, and now report how far the pathology has spread 18- and 23-month post-injection in this model. Our data show that between 12 and 18 months, there is a further increase in the number of brain regions exhibiting pathology after human, and to a lesser extent mouse, α-synuclein fibril injections. At both 18 and 23 months after injection of mouse and human α-synuclein fibrils, we observed a reduction in the density of α-synuclein aggregates in some brain regions compared to others at 12 months. At 23 months, no additional brain regions exhibited α-synuclein aggregates compared to earlier time points. In addition, we also demonstrate that the induced α-synucleinopathy triggered a significant early neuron loss in the anterior olfactory nucleus. By contrast, there was no loss of mitral neurons in the olfactory bulb, even at 18 month post-injection. We speculate that the lack of continued progression of α-synuclein pathology is due to compromise of the neural circuitry, consequential to neuron loss and possibly to the activation of proteolytic mechanisms in resilient neurons of wild-type mice that counterbalances the spread and seeding by degrading pathogenic α-synuclein.
Effects of shared book reading focusing on letters and sounds versus vocabulary for low–income prekindergarten children

A total of 29 low-income, prekindergarten children, attending a summer school program, participated in a six-week shared book-reading (SBR) intervention. Children were randomly assigned to one of f...
KIF5B-RET: Discovery of a novel fusion oncogene in lung adenocarcinomas by a systematic screen for tyrosine kinase fusions and identification of patients for a RET targeted therapy trial.

7578 Background: The mutually exclusive pattern of major targetable driver oncogenes in lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) suggests that other similar driver oncogenes may exist. We therefore performed a s...
Chapter 40 – CR2

Complement receptor 2 (CR2) is a member of the regulators of complement activation family that plays critical roles in normal humoral immune responses and the development of autoimmunity. It has three known protein isoforms in humans and is expressed primarily on mature B cells and follicular dendritic cells. Its expression is regulated in a cell type- and stage-specific developmental pattern using both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. A single case of CR2 deficiency has been described in humans, and mice with natural functional polymorphisms and gene-targeted deficiency also exist and share similar phenotypes. Functional polymorphisms in human CR2 have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hydrothermally robust Ti/SiO2 epoxidation catalysts via surface modification with oligomeric PMHS

Abstract We investigate grafting of poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) onto Ti/SiO2 catalysts for improving their robustness to water, using olefin epoxidation catalysis with organic hydroperoxide as oxidant as a relevant probe reaction. Our approach involves triggering catalyst deactivation with added water in the reactants as a means to simulate catalyst deactivation, thereby causing grafted Ti-site aggregation. When using harsh aqueous Soxhlet extraction conditions as a trigger for this aggregation, significant differences are observed via diffuse-reflectance UV–vis spectrscopy on samples before and after treatment, for Ti/SiO2 catalysts containing grafted PMHS. Not only was there a lack of appearance of red-shifted bands in the UV-Vis spectrum following Soxhlet extraction, the batch catalytic activity for catalysts before and after PMHS grafting remained virtually unchanged. This was in stark contrast to an unmodified Ti/SiO2 catalyst, which showed a more than 60% decrease in catalytic activity following Soxhlet extraction as a result of aggregation, as ascertained by red shifts in its UV–vis spectrum after Soxhlet extraction. Similar red shifts were also observed for a hydrophobically modified TMS Ti/SiO2 catalyst. However, when comparing these catalysts under more gentle olefin epoxidation catalysis conditions with added water in a flow reactor, it was more difficult to differentiate the TMS Ti/SiO2 and grafted PMHS catalysts. Both catalysts exhibited similar activity and selectivity after a prolonged time on stream, though the rate of initial deactivation in the latter was less pronounced. Altogether, our data demonstrate that grafted PMHS catalysts are positively differentiated from conventional catalysts based on either TMS surface modification or no surface modification, under conditions involving aggregation induced via extreme hydrothermal environmentst. Thus, we expect that PMHS grafting of Lewis acid catalysts can offer an alternative approach for endowing hydrolytic stability to such catalysts, as demonstrated here for Ti/SiO2 epoxidation catalysts.
Why Not Run? How The Demands of Fundraising Undermine Ambition for Higher Office

A core question in the study of democratic politics is what factors influence the decision to run for office. A full accounting of the process of candidate emergence requires understanding the individual-level factors that influence potential candidates. Yet, existing studies typically focus on a single factor in isolation or study aggregate outcomes, rather than individual-level decisions. To overcome these limitations, we embed a conjoint experiment into a survey of local officials — a population from which candidates for from which candidates for higher office often emerge. We vary election scenarios and measure interest in running for the given office. Politicians are more sensitive to variation in the fundraising burden than any other factor considered — including legislative salary. Politicians are also deterred by the presence of an incumbent and by negative advertising. We find little evidence that they are directly responsive to their opponent’s ideology.
Unbiased Identification of Immunogenic Staphylococcus aureus Leukotoxin B-Cell Epitopes

Unbiased identification of individual immunogenic B-cell epitopes in major antigens of a pathogen remains a technology challenge for vaccine discovery. We therefore developed a platform for rapid phage display screening of deep recombinant libraries consisting of as few as one major pathogen antigen. Using the bicomponent pore-forming leukocidin (Luk) exotoxins of the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus as a prototype, we randomly fragmented and separately ligated the hemolysin gamma A (HlgA) and LukS genes into a custom-built phage display system, termed pComb-Opti8. Deep sequence analysis of barcoded amplimers of the HlgA and LukS gene fragment libraries demonstrated that biopannng against a cross-reactive anti-Luk monoclonal antibody (MAb) recovered convergent molecular clones with short overlapping homologous sequences. We thereby identified an 11-amino-acid sequence that is highly conserved in four Luk toxin subunits and is ubiquitous in representation within S. aureus clinical isolates. The isolated 11-amino-acid peptide probe was predicted to retain the native three-dimensional (3D) conformation seen within the Luk holotoxin. Indeed, this peptide was recognized by the selecting anti-Luk MAb, and, using mutated peptides, we showed that a particular amino acid side chain was essential for these interactions. Furthermore, murine immunization with this peptide elicited IgG responses that were highly reactive with both the autologous synthetic peptide and the full-length Luk toxin homologues. Thus, using a gene fragment- and phage display-based pipeline, we have identified and validated immunogenic B-cell epitopes that are cross-reactive between members of the pore-forming leukocidin family. This approach could be harnessed to identify novel epitopes for a much-needed S. aureus-protective subunit vaccine.
Thermodynamics and static response of anomalous one-dimensional fermions via a quantum Monte Carlo approach in the worldline representation

A system of three-species fermions in one spatial dimension (1D) with a contact three-body interaction is known to display a scale anomaly. This anomaly is identical to that of a two-dimensional (2D) system of two-species fermions. The exact relation between those two systems, however, is limited to the two-particle sector of the 2D case and the three-particle sector of the 1D case. Here, we implement a nonperturbative Monte Carlo approach, based on the worldline representation, to calculate the thermodynamics and static response of three-species fermions in 1D, thus tackling the many-body sector of the problem. We determine the energy, density, and pressure equations of state and the compressibility and magnetic susceptibility for a wide range of temperatures and coupling strengths. We compare our results with the third-order virial expansion and interpret the classical-quantum crossover as the onset of trimer degrees of freedom.
Molotov-Ribbentrop-Aragon: the Nazi-Soviet pact, French newspapers, and the French Communist Part

This article explores how Louis Aragon became the symbol for the reaction of the French Communist Party (PCF) to the August 1939 pact of non-aggression between the USSR and Nazi Germany. The party’...
Prejudice and the Ethical Code

This chapter focuses on mental health practitioner cultural competence and how it impacts the clinician’s ability to make sound ethical decisions. Authors use case studies to illuminate various ethical dilemmas and outline ethical code standards from various mental health professions to show what is outlined by the code and what barriers can impede mental health professional’s ethical decision-making. Authors provide definitions to ethical practice, discuss barriers to ethical practice, and make the argument linking cultural competence to ethical practice and decision-making A discussion regarding key issues practitioners must be aware is also provided.
Perioperative Opioid Use Predicts Postoperative Opioid Use and Inferior Outcomes After Shoulder Arthroscopy.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to define the impact of preoperative opioid use on postoperative opioid use, patient-reported outcomes, and revision rates in a cohort of patients receiving arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods Patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy were identified from an institutional database. Inclusion criteria were completion of preoperative and postoperative patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) at 1-year follow-up and completion of a questionnaire on use of opioids and number of pills per day. Outcomes assessed included postoperative PROM scores, postoperative opioid use, persistent pain, and achievement of the patient acceptable symptomatic state. A matched cohort analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of opioid use on achievement of postoperative outcomes, whereas a multivariate regression was performed to determine additional risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to establish threshold values in oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) that predicted each outcome. Results A total of 184 (16.3%) patients were included in the opioid use (OU) group and 1,058 in the no opioid use (NOU) group. The OU and NOU groups showed statistically significant differences in both preoperative and postoperative scores across all PROMs (P 1430 mg/d in the perioperative period (area under the curve, 0.76) and perioperative daily OME >32.5 predicted postoperative opioid consumption (area under the curve, 0.79). Conclusions Patients with a history of preoperative opioid use can achieve significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. However, preoperative opioid use negatively impacts patients’ level of satisfaction and is a significant predictor of pain and continued opioid usage. Level of evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study
Discriminative Models for Predicting Deception Strategies

Although a large body of work has previously investigated various cues predicting deceptive communications, especially as demonstrated through written and spoken language (e.g., [30]), little has been done to explore predicting kinds of de- ception. We present novel work to evaluate the use of textual cues to discriminate between deception strategies (such as exaggeration or falsification), concentrating on intention- ally untruthful statements meant to persuade in a social media context. We conduct human subjects experimenta- tion wherein subjects were engaged in a conversational task and then asked to label the kind(s) of deception they employed for each deceptive statement made. We then develop discriminative models to understand the difficulty between choosing between one and several strategies. We evaluate the models using precision and recall for strategy prediction among 4 deception strategies based on the most relevant psycholinguistic, structural, and data-driven cues. Our single strategy model results demonstrate as much as a 58% increase over baseline (random chance) accuracy and we also find that it is more difficult to predict certain kinds of de- ception than others.
Improving the Reach of Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Experimental Investigation of Message Framing on User Engagement:

Despite strong evidence for the efficacy of PTSD treatments, most affected individuals are not receiving these treatments, in part because they may not know that evidence-based treatments exist. The American Psychological Association published a website to disseminate information about their Clinical Practice Guideline for treating PTSD. In Study 1, Google Optimize was used in a field study to examine whether altering the subheadings to three of the website pages would increase site visitor engagement. On the main page and page describing treatments, no subheading alterations improved engagement. On the Patients and Families page, the subheading "say goodbye to symptoms" improved engagement on three outcome variables, including clicking a link to find a psychologist (though there were a small number of clicks). In a preregistered conceptual replication in a sample not actively seeking information about the PTSD guideline (N=578), results did not replicate. Results highlight challenges of evidence-based treatment information dissemination.
Imaging the rapid yet transient accumulation of regulatory lipids, lipid kinases, and protein kinases during membrane fusion, at sites of exocytosis of MMP-9 in MCF-7 cells.

The regulation of exocytosis is physiologically vital in cells and requires a variety of distinct proteins and lipids that facilitate efficient, fast, and timely release of secretory vesicle cargo. Growing evidence suggests that regulatory lipids act as important lipid signals and regulate various biological processes including exocytosis. Though functional roles of many of these regulatory lipids has been linked to exocytosis, the dynamic behavior of these lipids during membrane fusion at sites of exocytosis in cell culture remains unknown. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) was used to observe the spatial organization and temporal dynamics (i.e. spatial positioning and timing patterns) of several lipids, and accessory proteins, like lipid kinases and protein kinases, in the form of protein kinase C (PRKC) associated with sites of exocytosis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in living MCF-7 cancer cells. Following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to promote exocytosis, a transient accumulation of several distinct regulatory lipids, lipid kinases, and protein kinases at exocytic sites was observed. This transient accumulation centered at the time of membrane fusion is followed by a rapid diffusion away from the fusion sites. Additionally, the synthesis of these regulatory lipids, degradation of these lipids, and the downstream effectors activated by these lipids, are also achieved by the recruitment and accumulation of key enzymes at exocytic sites (during the moment of cargo release). This includes key enzymes like lipid kinases, protein kinases, and phospholipases that facilitate membrane fusion and exocytosis of MMP-9. This work suggests that these regulatory lipids and associated effector proteins are locally synthesized and/or recruited to sites of exocytosis, during membrane fusion and cargo release. More importantly, their enrichment at fusion sites serves as an important spatial and temporal organizing “element” defining individual exocytic sites.
Chemotherapy in combination with resection for colorectal liver metastases – current evidence

Abstract Colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) occurs in a significant number of patients with colorectal cancer. Over several decades, surgical methods and chemotherapy improved, making it possible to extend the life of CLM patients. Currently, the multitude of treatment options and sequences make it challenging to choose the most appropriate regimen for each patient. The current review is based on available randomized trials, other impactful studies, and several national guidelines regarding chemotherapy and surgery for CLM patients. Amid the options available, it is necessary to emphasize the still dominant role of surgery in the treatment of CLM. Moreover, a multidisciplinary team approach is required to develop the best surgical and systemic treatment plans for the many CLM patients that do not fall under general guidelines.
Return to Work After Distal Femoral Varus Osteotomy

Background:Distal femoral varus osteotomy (DFVO) is a well-described procedure to address valgus deformity of the knee. There is a paucity of information available regarding patients’ ability to re...
LogDet rank minimization with application to subspace clustering

Low-rank matrix is desired in many machine learning and computer vision problems. Most of the recent studies use the nuclear norm as a convex surrogate of the rank operator. However, all singular values are simply added together by the nuclear norm, and thus the rank may not be well approximated in practical problems. In this paper, we propose using a log-determinant (LogDet) function as a smooth and closer, though nonconvex, approximation to rank for obtaining a low-rank representation in subspace clustering. Augmented Lagrange multipliers strategy is applied to iteratively optimize the LogDet-based nonconvex objective function on potentially large-scale data. By making use of the angular information of principal directions of the resultant low-rank representation, an affinity graph matrix is constructed for spectral clustering. Experimental results on motion segmentation and face clustering data demonstrate that the proposed method often outperforms state-of-the-art subspace clustering algorithms.
Exploring the Creative Possibilities of Infinite Photogrammetry through Spatial Computing and Extended Reality with Wave Function Collapse

Modern extended reality systems that merge virtual and augmented reality provide a unique design space for creative applications. These devices have begun to incorporate spatial computing, or methods of runtime digital photogrammetry which translate the physical world into the virtual. In this study, we examine the use of extended reality for "infinite photogrammetry," a system of mapping the physical world into a virtual experience and procedurally generating an infinite version of the scanned architecture. We explore our system through a use case of mapping a residential home for infinite photogrammetry with the Magic Leap Spatial Computing Headset, Wave Function Collapse Algorithm, and Unity Game Engine. We conclude with a discussion on the creative applications of infinite photogrammetry and considerations for future research.
The relationship of court clinics to correctional mental health services: opportunities for cooperation and potential sources of conflict.

When the ends of law and the ends of medicine coincide, cooperation between clinical and forensic psychiatry is likely. When the ends of law and the ends of medicine diverge, cooperation may not be feasible. This is demonstrated by the relationship between the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic fbr the New York Criminal and Supreme Courts (First Department) and the Prison Mental Health Service of the City of New York. It is suggested that the experience of these two agencies is generalizable to all who attempt to provide mental health services to defendant populations.
Responding to the Challenge: Preparing Mental Health Professionals for the New Millennium

Publisher Summary Given the cultural diversity of the United States population in the coming decades, it is increasingly likely that mental health professionals will be providing services to clients whose cultural backgrounds are different from theirs. This chapter examines the competencies required for effective mental health practice with culturally and linguistically diverse clients. It also explores curriculum development and training strategies for implementing these competencies, which are crucial for preparing graduate students as well as professionals to respond to the challenges posed by the demographics of the new millennium. It also presents an integrated etic-emic approach that acknowledges the right and the need for individual ethnic groups to be recognized, but at the same time, discusses their issues in conjunction with other groups who share a common cultural heritage. Among the most useful tools develope d to help one understand and assess cultural proficiency is the cultural competence continuum by Terry Cross, which can be applied to institutions as well as individuals. This paradigm defines six positions along a continuum, ranging from cultural destructiveness on the negative end, to cultural incapacity, cultural blindness, cultural precompetence, cultural competence, and finally cultural proficiency on the positive end. Cultural destructiveness is represented by attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are inherently damaging to targeted cultures and to the individuals within those cultures. Individuals in this position are typically those espousing racism, believing that a dominant race and culture is superior and seeking to suppress or eradicate other "lesser" cultures.
Brief announcement: a decentralized algorithm for distributed trigger counting

Consider a distributed system with n processors, in which each processor receives some triggers from an external source. The distributed trigger counting problem is to raise an alert and report to a user when the number of triggers received by the system reaches w, where w is a user-specified input. The problem has applications in monitoring, global snapshots, synchronizers and other distributed settings. The main result of the paper is a decentralized and randomized algorithm with expected message complexity O(n log n log w). Moreover, every processor in this algorithm receives no more than O(log n log w) messages with high probability.
Cellular differentiation and individuality in the 'minor' multicellular taxa.

Biology needs a concept of individuality in order to distinguish organisms from parts of organisms and from groups of organisms, to count individuals and compare traits across taxa, and to distinguish growth from reproduction. Most of the proposed criteria for individuality were designed for ‘unitary’ or ‘paradigm’ organisms: contiguous, functionally and physiologically integrated, obligately sexually reproducing multicellular organisms with a germ line sequestered early in development. However, the vast majority of the diversity of life on Earth does not conform to all of these criteria. We consider the issue of individuality in the ‘minor’ multicellular taxa, which collectively span a large portion of the eukaryotic tree of life, reviewing their general features and focusing on a model species for each group. When the criteria designed for unitary organisms are applied to other groups, they often give conflicting answers or no answer at all to the question of whether or not a given unit is an individual. Complex life cycles, intimate bacterial symbioses, aggregative development, and strange genetic features complicate the picture. The great age of some of the groups considered shows that ‘intermediate’ forms, those with some but not all of the traits traditionally associated with individuality, cannot reasonably be considered ephemeral or assumed transitional. We discuss a handful of recent attempts to reconcile the many proposed criteria for individuality and to provide criteria that can be applied across all the domains of life. Finally, we argue that individuality should be defined without reference to any particular taxon and that understanding the emergence of new kinds of individuals requires recognizing individuality as a matter of degree.
Design under constraints of availability and energy for sensor node in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has been getting a lot of attention in recent years due to its low-cost, portability, easy deployment, self-organisation, and reconfigurability. Two main challenges faced by designers are availability and power/energy management for WSN. This paper presents a design for a wireless sensor node, which provides automated reconfiguration for both availability and energy-efficient use. This design introduces an original device named Power and Availability Manager (PAM) combined with a FPGA. The first one is considered as the intelligent part for the best use of energy and fault-tolerance, while the other enhances the availability in case of hardware failure for a node. Simulation model of these solutions together is based on General Stochastic Petri Net (GSPN). The results indicate a gain of availability from 9% to 31% for sensor node over twelve years, from 9% to 46% for sensor cluster over eighteen years, from 11% to 45% for whole network over fifty years. Our approach also results in significant energy-saving : up to 61% by using DPM policy, and up to 62.5% by using DPM and DVFS policies over seven days. These results allow us to evaluate and to show a design of WSN node for increased availability as well as energy-saving by using our approach.
Role of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment in the resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies

Angiogenesis, a key process for the growth of human cancers, has recently been exploited for the development of a novel class of cancer therapeutics that was thought to have wide applications and not to induce resistance in the clinical setting. Indeed, anti-angiogenic therapy has become an important option for the management of several human malignancies. However, a significant number of patients either do not respond to anti-angiogenic agents or fairly rapidly develop resistance. In addition, the benefit of anti-angiogenic therapy is relatively short-lived and the majority of patients eventually relapses and progresses. Several mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy have been recently proposed. The current review focuses on the role of intra-tumor hypoxia as a mechanism of resistance to anti-angiogenic agents and speculates on therapeutic approaches that might circumvent resistance and thereby improve clinical outcome.
Short-Term Climatic Variability of the Arctic

Abstract The circulation of the Arctic atmosphere undergoes large fluctuations about its monthly and annual means. The statistics of Arctic sea level pressure and temperature are evaluated in order to place Arctic atmospheric variability into the context of fluctuations elsewhere. The persistence of monthly sea level pressure anomalies in the Arctic is smaller than in the subtropics but greater than in middle latitudes. This persistence is strongest in winter. Air temperature anomalies are less persistent in the Arctic than in lower latitudes, except during the autumn freeze-up season. Monthly Arctic pressure anomalies show a relatively strong association with concurrent anomalies in the North Atlantic, especially during the winter half of the year. Associations with North Pacific anomalies are weak. During the past twenty years, the greatest warming has occurred over Alaska, the North Atlantic marginal ice zone, and north central Asia. Cooling has occurred over much of Europe, especially Scandinavia. The...
Boron dimer: dissociation energy and ionization potentials

Abstract An ab initio molecular orbital study at the G1 level of theory has been carried out on B 2 and B + 2 . The dissociation energy of the 3 Σ − g ground state of B 2 is calculated to be 2.71 eV. The adiabatic ionization potentials of B 2 to B + 2 ( 2 Σ + g ) and B + 2 ( 2 Π u ) are 8.99 and 9.27 eV, respectively. Comparison is made to recent theoretical and experimental studies of these quantities.
Vertical and radial motions in a tropical cyclone

The vertical and radial motions associated with a given tangential velocity and temperature distribution corresponding to a tropical cyclone are calculated using a diagnostic equation. The equation is derived by introducing the hydrostatic and gradient wind approximations systematically into the meteorological equations. The computed circulation pattern appears to reproduce most of the important characteristics of a mature cyclone such as the eye and the eyewall. The results also show that the sinking motion in the eye is thermally controlled. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb01352.x
Antimicrobial Resistance with Streptococcus Pneumoniae in the United States

Among antimicrobial agents that have consistently been efficacious in treating infections due to specific bacteria over extended periods of time, there are few better examples than Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin. Until recently in the United States (U.S.), this combination had remained nearly uniformly effective. The sole issue mitigating for or against use of penicillin (or ampicillin) in the management of systemic pneumococcal infections, or oral ampicillin (or amoxicillin) in treating localized, nonlife-threatening pneumococcal infections, was the penicillin allergy status of the patient. In the nonallergic patient, penicillin or its congeners, have been the drugs of choice largely because resistance to these agents remained uncommon. All of that changed dramatically in the U.S. during the early part of the decade of the 1990s with the emergence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance with S. pneumoniae, and concomitantly, the recognition of diminished efficacy when certain other antimicrobials were used to treat pneumococcal infections. The intent of this discussion is to address a variety of specific issues that pertain to the problem of antimicrobial resistance with S. pneumoniae. The format chosen is a selection of the most asked questions regarding S. pneumoniae and antimicrobial resistance, and then answers are provided.
Normal corneal staining with fluorescein.

Abstract When fluorescein solution was instilled into the eye of normal rabbits, in nearly all cases some staining was observed on the surface of the cornea. The staining showed a wide range of variation, from slight to intense. A stain-free cornea was found only on rare occasions. Intense and slight staining occurred at alternate times on the same cornea. The interval between two consecutive heavy stainings was variable (1–11 days). Shape, size and location of the staining also changed from time to time. Staining phenomena in the two eyes of rabbits appeared to be correlated. Similar staining phenomena in rabbits were observed when goggles were worn over the eyes. However, the interval between two consecutive heavy stainings was prolonged markedly on the covered eye (9–16 days). Alternation of the slight versus strong staining occurred more rapidly (1–5 days) in young rabbits. It is concluded that these fluorescein staining phenomena are related to the normal process of physiological desquamation of the corneal epithelium, and that such staining is to be distinguished from the staining that results from corneal abnormalities.
Remanent Magnetism in Jurassic Red Limestones and Radiolarites from the Alps

Summary Red Jurassic limestones and radiolarites from the Kammerkohr range on the Austrian-German frontier show rather consistent remanent magnetic vectors. The average North Pole position for lower Jurassic rocks (red limestones) is latitude 53" N, longitude I 12O E and for Middle Jurassic rocks (red radiolarites) latitude 58"-5 N, longitude 128O E. I. Introduction In the Northern Calcareous Alps the major portion of the Jurassic system is represented by a rather thin section (of the order of 100-200m) of fine-grained marine rocks, varying from grey and red limestones (the Kieselknollenkalk, red cephalopod limestone, red Knollenkalk, Adneth beds, etc.) to maroon or greenish grey radiolarites-impure, calcareous cherty rocks replete with the remains of radiolarian tests. In 1957 Fischer measured a detailed section of this sequence, and collected oriented samples for magnetic analysis. This was carried out by Hargraves, with a "spinner"-type magnetometer, kindly made available by the Geophysical Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, through the courtesy of Dr James R. Balsley. For financial support we are indebted to the Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc., and its affiliate, the Magnolia Petroleum Company, and to funds of the Eugene Higgins Trust allocated to Princeton University; for stimulation and encouragement to Professors A. F. Buddington and Franklyn B. Van Houten. 2. Location The profile sampled is exposed on the west face of the Scheibelberg in the Kammerkohr range. It lies essentially on the German-Austrian frontier, and very near the boundary between the Austrian provinces of Salzburg and Tirol. The co-ordinates are 47O 37''s N, 12O 34''s E. The structure of the area is rather simple. The rocks sampled are flat-lying, from the axis of an open syncline which plunges gently eastward, to vanish at Lofer, some Iokm to the east, under the Berchtesgaden thrust sheet. There is some question as to whether this syncline and the adjacent rocks are essentially in place, or transported as part of a thrust sheet. Various thrusts have been mapped farther north, .along the Alpine margin, and by analogy with the western Alps various geologists have believed these to be essentially flat. The adherents of this view assume that one or more of these thrusts are present at a depth below the
Enthalpies of water + methanol mixtures between 180 K and 320 K

Abstract Enthalpy increments relative to 298.15 K were measured using a thermoelectric flow calorimeter for six water + methanol mixtures between 180 K and 320 K. Excess Gibbs energies were derived as a function of temperature and composition from the measured enthalpies and vapor-liquid equilibrium results reported in the literature. The excess Gibbs energies are calculated relative to hypothetical liquid water below 273.15 K; the properties of the hypothetical liquid also are reported.
Urea denaturation of the immobilized proteases of Streptomyces griseus (pronase)

Abstract The protease preparation (pronase, EC 3.4. group) from Streptomyces griseus has been covalently immobilized on porous succinamidopropyl glass using a carbodiimide carboxyl activation procedure. The separate activities of the individual proteases in this preparation were assayed using specific synthetic substrates. Stabilities of both soluble and immobilized preparations were determined and compared by assaying for each activity in urea solutions of various concentration. The loss of activity by the immobilized enzymes was shown to be reversible under most conditions. Analysis of the data in terms of a two-state transition showed that the urea concentration resulting in 50% loss of activity was increased for each enzyme as a result of immobilization. Also the m -value in the relation ΔG D = ΔG H 2 O D - m[urea] decreased for each enzyme upon immobilization. Thus, all of the enzymes were stabilized by immobilization and the apparent broadening of the transitions, as measured by the decreased m -value, was interpreted as the formation of a population of molecules with different stabilities. The degree of apparent stabilization upon immobilization varied with the magnitude decreasing as: aminopeptidases > carboxypeptidase ≅ trypsin > proteases A and B. Furthermore, it is suggested that stabilization may result from multipoint attachment since the magnitude was correlated with the number of potential enzyme reaction sites as reflected by their lysine contents.