cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and histologic features of vulvar carcinomas analyzed for human papillomavirus status: Evidence that squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva has more than one etiology

The association between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and malignant neoplasms of the uterine cervix is well established; however, its role in the pathogenesis of vulvar cancer has not been well defined. This study correlates the clinical and histopathologic features of 21 invasive carcinomas of the vulva with the presence of HPV DNA as detected by Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. By one or both techniques, HPV DNA was detected in 10 of the 21 tumors analyzed; all HPVs containing tumors hybridized with HPV-16 probes, although PCR also detected HPV-6 in two of the HPV-16-containing tumors. No HPV-18 DNA was detected in any tumor by PCR or Southern blot hybridization. Both the invasive cancer and the surrounding intraepithelial disease tended to display histopathologic features that usually could distinguish HPV-associated cancers from those without HPV DNA. The intraepithelial lesions associated with HPV-containing tumors were of the bowenoid type with koilocytosis, while tumors lacking HPV generally demonstrated a simplex type of intraepithelial lesion. Invasive tumors with no viral DNA were more frequently keratinizing than the HPV-containing cancers. Race, parity, hormonal therapy, and alcohol use did not affect the HPV status; however, HPV DNA was more prevalent in the tumors of younger women and in those with a history of tobacco use. Human papillomavirus status had no impact on the stage of disease or its prognosis. These findings identify two subsets of vulvar carcinoma cases based on HPV hybridization data and the histopathologic characteristics of the tumor.
Material Constitutive Modeling Under High Strain Rates and Temperatures Through Orthogonal Machining Tests

This paper presents a procedure to characterize deformation behavior applicable to various engineering materials in machining processes. Orthogonal machining tests are used to obtain the relationship between shear stress, strain, strain rate and temperature. Shear plane temperature is measured by an infrared thermal imaging system and compared with the Loewen and Shaw model. A new procedure to determine strain rate in the shear zone is proposed based on a triangular shear zone model and grain boundary determined by optical microscopy. Finally, a constitutive model for a low carbon steel, determined by the procedure, is presented and compared with existing results.
A 14-MeV FNAA system for oxygen analysis using a PC microcomputer and multiscaling

A 14-MeV FNAA system for oxygen analysis has been developed in which both data collection and processing are controlled by a PC-type computer equipped with an ORTEC ACETM-MCS multichannel scaler card. A single loop pneumatic transfer system automatically moves samples to the irradiation position and returns them to a counting position between two NaI(Tl) detectors operated through a summing amplifier. Software for data processing has been developed. Dead times of the BF3 neutron monitor and gamma-ray counting system have been separately determined. Results are presented for a variety of standard samples.
Real-time surface slope estimation by homography alignment for spacecraft safe landing

This paper offers a real-time approach for simultaneously determining spacecraft motion and multiple 3D planar surfaces for spacecraft safe landing. The approach contains three algorithms: a multiple homography alignment algorithm, which constructs homographies under unified epipolar geometry; a closed-form motion estimation algorithm; and a simple routine for surface slope estimation. This approach has three significant advantages: first, it works well for both a simple planar scene and more complex 3D world containing many smaller planar surfaces; second, it decomposes a very large optimization problem into much smaller sub-problems that are computationally less expensive. This computational advantage means that this approach can be exploited in real time robotic operations such as during time critical spacecraft landing. Finally, this approach is very reliable and accurate. The effectiveness of this approach is determined quantitatively through extensive simulations and qualitatively with actual images
Sensitivity to gum acacia, with a report of ten cases of asthma in printers

Abstract 1. A group of ten patients in whom direct exposure to acacia initiated severe asthmatic seizures have been studied. All were exposed to this material by offset sprays used in the printing industry. 2. Apparently acacia (gum arabic) is an industrial hazard, and sensitization to it is not rare. It is suggested that dextrose be substituted for acacia in offset sprays. 3. The time of gross exposure to this spray material before the onset of asthmatic symptoms varied from two weeks to twelve months. 4. Eight of the ten patients were adult males ranging in age from 22 to 53 years. This high incidence of males may be explained by the fact that relatively few females are employed in the printing industry. 5. The increasing use of gum arabic in the printing of magazines, ☐ labeling, and other industrial sources presents the possibility of more widespread allergy to acacia.
Discrete-Trial Functional Analysis and Functional Communication Training with Three Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Problem Behavior

We conducted a sequence of two studies on the use of discrete-trial functional analysis and functional communication training. First, we used discrete-trial functional analysis (DTFA) to identify the function of problem behavior in three adults with intellectual disabilities and problem behavior. Results indicated clear patterns of problem behavior for each participant. Second, we used a modified multiple baseline design across participants to assess the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) on the acquisition of a replacement communicative response. We conducted postacquisition discrimination probes to evaluate the discriminated use of the new response. Results indicated that FCT was effective in producing acquisition and discriminated use of the replacement response for all participants. The study has relevance because of the empirical evidence of DTFA and its applicability to adults with intellectual disabilities.
A noncompetitive peptide inhibitor of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Conus purpurascens venom.

A paralytic peptide, ψ-conotoxin Piiie has been purified and characterized from Conus purpurascens venom. Electrophysiological studies indicate that the peptide inhibits the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). However, the peptide does not block the binding of α-bungarotoxin, a competitive nAChR antagonist. Thus, ψ-conotoxin Piiie appears to inhibit the receptor at a site other than the acetylcholine-binding site. As ascertained by sequence analysis, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, the peptide has the following covalent structure: HOOCCLYGKCRRYOGCSSASCCQR* (O = 4-trans hydroxyproline; * indicates an amidated C-terminus). The disulfide connectivity of the toxin is unrelated to the α- or the αA-conotoxins, the Conus peptide families that are competitive inhibitors of the nAChR, but shows homology to the μ-conotoxins (which are Na+ channel blockers).
Differences in occlusal morphology and molar size in frugivores and faunivores

Abstract This study examined the form/function relationship in the dentitions of mammalian frugivores and faunivores. Total molar shearing was quantitatively examined in 17 species of small-bodied primates, marsupials, and micro-chiropterans. Ratios were constructed based on the sum of all shearing crests over the cubed root of body mass. Results demonstrated that at any given body mass, faunivorous taxa from all three orders have more well-developed molar shearing than any frugivorous species, thus representing three independent tests of this association in taxa with diverse phylogenetic histories. Aside from body mass, two other approximations of body size were examined, molar area and molar length. These particular body size surrogates were chosen because, unlike ratios based on body mass, these measures can be used to extrapolate this analysis to the fossil record. Ratios based on measures of molar shearing and these size estimates generally partitioned frugivores from faunivores; however, they were not as effective as the ratio based on mass, especially among primates. In many cases frugivores were found to have relatively smaller molars (both in area and length) than faunivores. Therefore, compared to the ratios based on mass, those corrected by molar area and length tend to overestimate the shearing potential of frugivores while underestimating the shearing potential of faunivores.
Predicting students’ homework environment management at the secondary school level

The present study examined empirical models of variables posited to predict students’ homework environment management at the secondary school level. The participants were 866 8th graders from 61 classes and 745 11th graders from 46 classes. Most of the variance in homework environment management occurred at the student level, with classmates’ shared homework interest as the only significant predictor at the class level. At the student level, homework environment management was positively associated with learning-oriented reasons (i.e. doing homework for reinforcing school learning and developing a sense of responsibility), homework interest, family homework help, academic achievement and teacher feedback. On the other hand, homework environment management was negatively associated with the amount of time spent on television and peer-oriented reasons (i.e. doing homework for working with and seeking approval from peers).
Auxiliary technologies related to transport and communication for obstetric emergencies

Objectives: To review the evidence on appropriate transport and communications technologies for obstetrical referrals in developing countries. Methods: Review of articles published in peer-reviewed journals and gray literature, supplemented by email and telephone consultations with key informants and field programmers. Results: A wide range of transportation options have been attempted. Initial approaches—such as those relying on ambulances owned and operated by health systems—have evolved into recommendations that emphasize community-based solutions. There are fewer options within the realm of communications technologies, and the recommendations are more consistent. Public health researchers are only beginning to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of different options. Conclusions: One of the greatest barriers to effective use of transport and communications for obstetric emergencies is the short time interval necessary for action, which limits options for obstetric referrals more than for other medical referrals. Although evidence is still scarce, experience suggests that motorized transport is likely to be the most acceptable and effective transportation option. More sophisticated communications technologies such as cell phones are both practical and effective, and are increasingly becoming the technologies of choice for low-resource settings.
Systems Thinking: A Case for Second-Order-Learning.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that changes in social systems do not occur randomly. They are consistent with what has gone on before, with the history and identity of the system. As long as the organizing principles of a dominant culture remain unchallenged, behavior of all the social‐units originating from this culture will remain unchanged.Design/methodology/approach – The concepts developed in this paper are the results of 30 years of real life experimentation with organizations and cultural transformations in different cultures. The paper demonstrates how an analytical culture, despite its well‐known shortcomings, keeps reproducing the same set of non‐solutions all over again.Findings – To change, systems need to go through an active process of unlearning. Unlearning is an iterative and collective process of the second‐order learning. A participative and iterative design process with the aim of replacing the distorted shared images is the most effective learning tool to produce a seco...
Short Interpregnancy Interval Associated with Preterm Birth in US Adolescents

A short interpregnancy interval (IPI) is a risk factor for preterm delivery among women of reproductive age. As limited data exist concerning adolescents, we aimed to examine the association between short IPIs and preterm birth among adolescents using a majority of US births. Using 2007–2008 US natality data, we assessed the relationship between IPIs <3, 3–5, 6–11, and 12–17 months and moderately (32–36 weeks) and very (<32 weeks) preterm singleton live births among mothers <20 years, relative to IPIs 18–23 months. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) adjusted for maternal race, age, previous preterm deliveries, marital status, smoking and prenatal care were determined from a multivariable multinomial logistic regression model. In 2007–2008, there were 85,077 singleton live births to women aged <20 who had one previous live birth, 69 % of which followed IPIs ≤18 months. Compared with IPIs 18–23 months, short IPIs were associated with moderately preterm birth for IPIs <3 months (aOR 1.89, 95 % CI 1.70–2.10), 3–5 months (aOR 1.33, 95 % CI 1.22–1.47), and 6–12 months (aOR 1.11, 95 % CI 1.02–1.21). IPIs <3 and <6 months were also associated with very preterm birth, with aORs of 2.52 (95 % CI 1.98–3.22) and 1.68 (95 % CI 1.35–2.10) respectively. Many adolescent mothers with repeat births have short IPIs, and shorter IPIs are associated with preterm birth in a dose-dependent fashion. Increasing adolescent mothers’ use of effective contraception postpartum can address both unintended adolescent births and preterm birth.
Sequence analysis of the S gene of recombinant MHV-2/A59 coronaviruses reveals three candidate mutations associated with demyelination and hepatitis

Coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains, exhibit various degrees of neurotropism and hepatotropism following intracerebral (IC) infection of 4-week-old C57Bl/6 mice. Whereas MHV-A59 produces acute meningitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, and chronic demyelination, a closely related strain, MHV-2, produces only acute meningitis and hepatitis. We previously reported that the spike glycoprotein gene of MHV contains determinants of demyelination and hepatitis. To further investigate the site of demyelination and hepatitis determinants within the S gene, we sequenced the S gene of several nondemyelinating recombinant viruses. We found that three encephalitis-positive, demyelination-negative, hepatitis-negative recombinant viruses have an MHV-A59-derived S gene, which contains three identical point mutations (I375M, L652I, and T1087N). One or more of the sites of these mutations in the MHV-A59 genome are likely to contribute to demyelination and hepatitis.
FatNemo: Building a Resilient Multi-source Multicast Fat-Tree

This paper proposes the idea of emulating fat-trees in overlays for multi-source multicast applications. Fat-trees are like real trees in that their branches become thicker the closer one gets to the root, thus overcoming the “root bottleneck” of regular trees. We introduce FatNemo, a novel overlay multi-source multicast protocol based on this idea. FatNemo organizes its members into a tree of clusters with cluster sizes increasing closer to the root. It uses bandwidth capacity to decide the highest layer in which a peer can participate, and relies on co-leaders to share the forwarding responsibility and to increase the tree’s resilience to path and node failures.
Competitive Analysis of Energy-Constrained Real-Time Scheduling

In this paper, we undertake the competitive analysis of the online real-time scheduling problems under a given hard energy constraint. Specifically, we derive worst-case performance bounds that apply to any online algorithm, when compared to an optimal algorithm that has the knowledge of the input sequence in advance. First, by focusing on uniform value-density settings, we prove that no online algorithm can achieve a competitive factor greater than $1 -\frac{e_{max}}{E}$, where $e_{max}$ is the upper bound on the size of any job and $E$ is the available energy budget. Then we propose a variant of {\em EDF} algorithm, {\em EC-EDF}, that is able to achieve this upper bound. We show that a priori information about the largest job size in the {\em actual input sequence} makes possible the design of a {\em semi-online algorithm} $EC$-$EDF^*$ which achieves a constant competitive factor of $0.5$. This turns out to be the best achievable competitive factor in these settings. We also extend our analysis to other settings, including those with non-uniform value densities and Dynamic Voltage Scaling capability.
Characterization of Tetrahymena Histone H2B Variants and Posttranslational Populations by Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD) Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS)

This work describes the nature and sequence information content of the electron capture dissociation mass spectra for the intact Tetrahymena histone H2B. Two major variants of this protein were present bearing nominal modifications of both +42 and +84 Da. This work describes identification of the nature of these two modifications. For example, using gas-phase selection and isolation of the +42-Da modified species, from a background of two H2B variants each present in six or more posttranslationally modified isoforms, we were able to determine that this +42-Da modification isoform bears trimethylation rather than acetylation. LC-CIDMS analysis was also employed on digested preparations to obtain complementary detail of the nature of site-specific posttranslational modifications. This study establishes that integration of the information from these two datasets provides a comprehensive map of posttranslational occupancy for each particular covalent assemblage selected for structural investigation.
An Age-Based Mobilisation: The Emergence of Old Age in American Politics

Older people became a highly visible force in the American politics of the 1930s. The Townsend organisation mobilised one tenth of the U.S. elderly population prior to their direct representation in the polity as an interest group. This article utilises several theoretical social movement models to analyse how and why mobilisation occurred. It demonstrates that many factors, including phenomena associated with the social dimension of age, influenced the mechanisms of mobilisation and the movement's shape. Characteristics of this cohort of older people, including its size, life expectancy, spatial distribution, shared traditions, and symbolic frameworks were conducive to club formation and mobilisation. The period event of the Depression also triggered collective action, by exacerbating trends of changing old-age institutional supports. But the organisation expanded most where it channelled inducements to participants and evoked the cohorts' symbolic frameworks and ideals. Mobilisation also occurred within a political environment, the national stage of U.S. politics, where non-represented interest groups (such as elderly people) find it difficult to receive benefits.
Ultra-high critical heat flux (CHF) for subcooled water flow boiling—II: high-CHF database and design equations

Abstract A high-CHF (critical heat flux) database for subcooled flow boiling of water in tubes was compiled from the world literature. The bulk of the database is for high mass velocity flow ( G ⩾5000 kg m −2 s −1 ) in small diameter tubes ( D ⩽ 3 mm) . Over half of the 1596 valid data points in the database had CHF values in excess of 25 MW m −2 . The database included the highest CHF for uniform heating ever reported in the literature, 276 MW m −2 , which was obtained in Part I of the present study. A pressure drop model applicable to subcooled flow boiling in tubes with inlet and outlet plenums was developed in order to determine the pressure at the end of the heated length where burnout (CHF) was observed. The pressure at this location is often significantly different from that measured downstream in the outlet plenum. A subcooled high-CHF correlation superior to previously published correlations was systematically developed using data only from the authors institution and Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Kiev, Ukraine. The correlation was validated with data covering a broad range of pressures (from atmospheric to near the critical point) and mass velocities (1500–134 000 kg m −2 s −1 ) which are required in the cooling of high-heat-flux components, such as those in fusion reactors. Although it was developed by examining the parametric trends exhibited by a small fraction of the database, the correlation had a root-mean-square error of 19.5% for the entire database, lowest among the correlations tested. In sharp contrast to other correlations, this new, dimensionless CHF correlation consisted of a single equation having only five adjustable constants.
An optical fiber monolith reactor for photocatalytic wastewater treatment

A two-dimensional (2-D) mathematical model to describe the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous-phase organic compounds in a multichannel optical fiber monolith reactor (OFMR) was developed and validated by experimental results. The model incorporated an empirical radiation field submodel, an annular flow dynamics submodel, and a Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics submodel. Parameters for the radiation field submodel were derived experimentally. The rate constant in the model accounted for both surface adsorption rate and intrinsic reaction rate. The model presented may be used for the design and optimization of the OFMR. Satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and experimental results over a range of experimental conditions was observed. The effects of the reactor geometry including the fiber diameter, the ratio of the fiber diameter, and the channel diameter and the reactor length were investigated. Higher efficiency of degradation was observed for the reactor with the larger fiber and smaller ratio of the fiber diameter to the channel diameter at the expense of a lower liquid throughput. The reactor efficiency was higher in the upflow mode than in the downflow mode for the water stream. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 52: 2271–2280, 2006
Plasmonic nano-laser based on metallic bowtie cavity

We propose a nano-laser utilizing a cylindrical bowtie cavity. The low threshold current and nanometer-scale confinement of the lasing mode are achievable due to the field enhancement from plasmonic and curvature effects of bowtie tips.
Semiconductor device reliability in extreme high temperature space environments

Reliability at high temperatures is one of the most important problems for electronic components operating in extreme space environments. High temperature operation not only reduces the performance of electronic devices, but also greatly shortens their lifetime. The electronic devices are usually designed for room temperature performance. In this paper a review is made of high temperature reliability testing of solid-state electronic components. To date, most of this work has been concerned with high temperature stressing, usually for short periods of time (less than 100 hours) to demonstrate stability. Comprehensive high temperature reliability studies will be required to field high temperature devices for future space exploration.
Note on the Complexity of the Shortest Path Models for Column Generation in VRPTW

In this note we prove that the relaxation approach in designing the subproblem of pricing out only the feasible routes for the set partition formulation of the VRPTW is justified on complexity grounds. That is, the first dynamic programming model presented in M. Desrochers, J. Desrosiers and M. Solomon 1992, that is able to price out all feasible routes, is NP-hard in the strong sense.
The Supply and Demand of Marketing Contracts under Risk

Bernoullian decision theory is used to characterize a firm's willingness to purchase or sell a good under contract. Contract supply and demand functions are then specified in which willingness to contract is related to contract-pricing provisions, to decision maker risk aversion, to open market opportunities, and to other factors. On the basis of these relations, a theory of exchange is proposed which incorporates decision making under risk. Implications of the analysis differ by contract type; cost-plus and fixed-price forward deliverable contracts are emphasized.
ACE: An Emergent Algorithm for Highly Uniform Cluster Formation

The efficient subdivision of a sensor network into uniform, mostly non-overlapping clusters of physically close nodes is an important building block in the design of efficient upper layer network functions such as routing, broadcast, data aggregation, and query processing.
Data-driven signal detection and classification

In many practical detection and classification problems, the signals of interest exhibit some uncertain nuisance parameters, such as the unknown delay and Doppler in radar. For optimal performance the form of such parameters must be known and exploited as is done in the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). In practice, the statistics required for designing the GLRT processors are not available a priori and must be estimated from limited training data. Such design is virtually impossible in general due to two major difficulties: identifying the appropriate nuisance parameters and estimating the corresponding GLRT statistics. We address this problem by using results that relate joint signal representations (JSRs), such as time-frequency and time-scale representations, to quadratic GLRT processors for a wide variety of nuisance parameters. We propose a general data-driven framework that: (1) identifies the appropriate nuisance parameters from an arbitrarily chosen finite set, and (2) estimates the second-order statistics that characterize the corresponding JSR-based GLRT processors.
Material properties of sheep trabecular bone determined by nanomechanical testing

How the material properties of trabecular bone relate to its bulk mechanical behavior is not well understood. Multiple trabeculae in four cubic samples harvested from the distal femora of sheep were evaluated using a nanoindentation testing device. The average modulus and hardness was 20.2/spl plusmn/4.0 GPa and 1.1/spl plusmn/0.4 GPa, respectively. These values were consistent across surface region, specimen, and feature, thereby exhibiting a very homogenous quality at this level. The source of the highly anisotropic trabecular continuum, therefore, does not directly derive from its material properties.
On moist quasi-geostrophic barotropic instability

Abstract The analytic theory of quasi-geostrophic baroclinic instability is generalized with the consideration of condensational heating. The heating is parameterized in terms of the vorticity field of the baroclinic wave itself, on the basis of the postulate that the baroclinically induced, low-level convergence sustains the moisture supply to the condensational processes. This heating parameterization is expressed in terms of an integral relationship between the baroclinically induced vertical velocity at a low level, say 900 mb, and the whole vorticity field. This formulation is tested with a model of baroclinic instability in its purest form. An exact characteristic equation is obtained with which all instability properties can be precisely determined. The solution reveals that as the heating intensity parameter is increased, the most unstable wave's growth rate significantly increase, its wavelength significantly decreases and its phase speed increases. The first two trends diminish as the heating in...
Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes by carvacrol and eugenol encapsulated in surfactant micelles.

Growth inhibition of four strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (H1730, F4546, 932, and E0019) and Listeria monocytogenes (Scott A, 101, 108, and 310) by essential oil components (carvacrol and eugenol) solubilized in nonionic surfactant micelles (Surfynol 465 and 485W) was investigated. Concentrations of encapsulated essential oil components ranged from 0.02 to 1.25% depending on compound, surfactant type, and surfactant concentration (0.5 to 5%). Eugenol encapsulated in Surfynol 485W micelles was most efficient in inhibiting growth of the pathogens; 1% Surfynol 485W and 0.15% eugenol was sufficient to inhibit growth of all strains of E. coli O157:H7 and three of four strains of L. monocytogenes (Scott A, 310, and 108). The fourth strain, L. monocytogenes 101, was inhibited by 2.5% Surfynol and 0.225% eugenol. One percent Surfynol 485W in combination with 0.025% carvacrol was effective in inhibiting three of four strains of E. coli O157:H7. Strain H1730 was the most resistant strain, requiring 0.3% carvacr...
Regulation of mitochondrial translation of the ATP8/ATP6 mRNA by Smt1p

Expression of the mitochondrially encoded ATP6 and ATP8 genes is translationally regulated by F1 ATPase. We report a translational repressor (Smt1p) of the ATP6/8 mRNA that, when mutated, restores translation of the encoded Atp6p and Atp8p subunits of the ATP synthase. Heterozygous smt1 mutants fail to rescue the translation defect, indicating that the mutations are recessive. Smt1p is an intrinsic inner membrane protein, which, based on its sedimentation, has a native size twice that of the monomer. Affinity purification of tagged Smt1p followed by reverse transcription of the associated RNA and PCR amplification of the resultant cDNA with gene-specific primers demonstrated the presence in mitochondria of Smt1p-ATP8/ATP6 and Smt1p-COB mRNA complexes. These results indicate that Smt1p is likely to be involved in translational regulation of both mRNAs. Applying Occam's principle, we favor a mechanistic model in which translation of the ATP8/ATP6 bicistronic mRNA is coupled to the availability of F1 for subsequent assembly of the Atp6p and Atp8p products into the ATP synthase. The mechanism of this regulatory pathway is proposed to entail a displacement of the repressor from the translationally mute Smt1-ATP8/ATP6 complex by F1, thereby permitting the Atp22p activator to interact with and promote translation of the mRNA.
Oracle's Acquisition of Siebel Systems: The Battle of Two Silicon Valley Titans Comes to an End

In September 2005, after years of bitter competition, Siebel Systems Inc. finally agreed to be acquired by Oracle Corporation. The two companies preferred different forms of consideration as payment for Siebel Systems and used a deal structure known as a double dummy to satisfy both parties. The case requires students to examine how the unique deal structure meets the tax and non-tax preferences of the corporations and their shareholders.
Factors Causing Construction Litigation in Saudi Arabia

The problem of litigation and disputes in the construction sector is a major impediment to a country’s development goals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problem of high legal costs and long delays that arise due to litigation involving project owners, designers, contractors and other construction parties worldwide and in Saudi Arabia, as well as give recommendation according to the outcomes of this research. The causes of litigious behavior in Saudi Arabia and around the world were identified and documented; also the differences in litigation of the Saudi Arabian construction industry as compared to other countries were identified. Preliminary investigations revealed that there is some level of similarity in the nature of the causes. Thus, these causes were grouped into three main categories, which are expectation factors, communications factors and documentation factors. Further research based on existing literature showed that the practices used to minimize litigation in the construction industry were investigated. The following delivery processes were researched: Design-Build (DB) Delivery Method, Alliance Contracting, Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR), Best Value Model (BVM), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and the Best Value Performance Information Procurement System (BV PIPS). Many of these delivery methods were found to have issues, which means the methods by observation do not seem to be the ideal solution to minimize litigation in the construction industry. The only delivery method found to have no litigation issues was the BV PIPS approach.
The absence of plasma free fatty acid response to epinephrine in vitamin-C-deprived guinea pigs

Plasma concentrations of free fatty acid (FFA) and blood glucose were measured in normal and 25-day scorbutic guinea pigs 15 minutes after injection of either saline or epinephrine. The normal group showed a large increase in FFA after epinephrine and a smaller increase after saline as compared to no injection at all. The scorbutic animals had no increase of FFA either after saline or epinephrine. The injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid intraperitoneally into 25-day scorbutic guinea pigs 5 hours before sacrifice restored to this group the normal response to epinephrine and saline. The mean plasma 17-OH corticosteroid concentration was 206.5 μg/100 ml for six 25-day scorbutic guinea pigs and was 71.5 μg/100 ml for six normal guinea pigs. Scorbutic animals had marked increases of glucose both after saline and epinephrine injections as compared to uninjected scorbutic animals.
The Validation of an Airfoil in the Ground Effect Regime Using 2-D CFD Analysis

There has been interest shown in a recreational glider which operates primarily in the flight regime known as ground effect. Ground effect traditionally occurs when the airfoil is at an attitude that is within a chords length above the ground. It is well known in existing literature that when the airfoil is present in ground effect the lift force is increased and the drag force is reduced on the lifting surfaces, in turn increasing the L/D ratio. This study focused on using data from previous experimental studies for airfoils in ground effect to validate methods used in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze the same geometry using a 2-D CFD model of the airfoil. This design tool was then used to analyze the selected 2-D airfoil’s performance in ground effect. These methods can then be used to create a cost efficient design tool. The example airfoil was the Wortmann FX 63-137, which was evaluated at angles of attack from 0 to 6 degrees. The airfoil was also moved up and down above a ground plane for a range of height-to-chord ratios. The CFD results show, as expected, that the airfoil experiences additional lift and reduced drag as the airfoil gets closer to the ground and helped to validate the use of this airfoil section for a ground effect aircraft.
Protruding Features of Viral Capsids Are Clustered on Icosahedral Great Circles

Spherical viruses are remarkably well characterized by the Triangulation (T) number developed by Casper and Klug. The T-number specifies how many viral capsid proteins are required to cover the virus, as well as how they are further subdivided into pentamer and hexamer subunits. The T-number however does not constrain the orientations of these proteins within the subunits or dictate where the proteins should place their protruding features. These protrusions often take the form of loops, spires and helices, and are significant because they aid in stability of the capsid as well as recognition by the host organism. Until now there has be no overall understanding of the placement of protrusions for spherical viruses, other than they have icosahedral symmetry. We constructed a set of gauge points based upon the work affine extensions of Keef and Twarock, which have fixed relative angular locations with which to measure the locations of these features. This work adds a new element to our understanding of the geometric arrangement of spherical viral capsid proteins; chiefly that the locations of protruding features are not found stochastically distributed in an icosahedral manner across the viral surface, but instead these features are found only in specific locations along the 15 icosahedral great circles. We have found that this result holds true as the T number and viral capsids size increases, suggesting an underlying geometric constraint on their locations. This is in spite of the fact that the constraints on the pentamers and hexamer orientations change as a function of T-number, as you need to accommodate more hexamers in the same solid angle between pentamers. The existence of this angular constraint of viral capsids suggests that there is a fitness or energetic benefit to the virus placing its protrusions in this manner. This discovery may have profound impacts on identifying and eliminating viral pathogens, understanding evolutionary constraints as well as bioengineering for capsid drug delivery systems. This result also suggests that in addition to biochemical attachment restrictions, there are additional geometric constraints that should be adhered to when modifying protein capsids.
Managing preeclampsia buys time for a safe delivery.

A seemingly normal pregnancy can be suddenly threatened by this dangerous disorder. Here's how to identify early signs and intervene to save the pregnancy.
Financial characteristics of acquiring firms and their relation to the wealth effects of acquisition announcements

This paper examines the sources of value to acquiring firms to expand the understanding of mergers and acquisitions. The firmspecific rationale that motivate firms to acquire other firms are examined, along with how these rationale impact the shareholder wealth of acquiring firms when the acquisitions are announced. A logit regression model is utilized to compare financial characteristics of acquiring firms to those of non-acquiring firms. The relation of these characteristics to the shareholder wealth effects experienced by acquiring firms when they announce acquisitions is also examined. The results support hypotheses that firm size and cash-flow payout impact the decision to acquire. Capital structure, management performance, and cash-flow payout are related to the wealth effects of acquisition announcements. Better fitting models result when industry effects are controlled by measuring firm characteristics as relative deviations from industry values.
The ChemPro-1000: An Evaluation Using Measurements of Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride

We evaluated the ChemPro-1000 for the measurements of sodium, potassium, and chloride in plasma by the direct potentiometric method, ie, analyzing undiluted specimens with ion-selective electrodes. For various concentrations of serum-based control materials, the total precision (CV) ranged from 0.9% to 1.7% for sodium, 2.0% to 3.6% for potassium, and 1.3% to 2.2% for chloride. The system demonstrated acceptable performance in linearity and carryover. Patients' results from the ChemPro-1000 correlated well with those from the Beckman ASTRA-8. The instrument, which utilizes disposable test cards, is very easy to use and requires no maintenance or reagents. It should be well suited for use in the physician's office and satellite (peripheral) laboratories in the medical center.
DRIVING FORCES AND PREDICTION ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN GAOCHUN COUNTY

Base on the data from land use change survey in Gaochun Country from 1996 to 2008,this paper focuses on the research of land use change and its driving forces in Gaochun during past 12years.Main conclusions included:(1) The tendency of land use change is that the amount of cultivated land are decreasing largely and most construction land are rapidly increasing;(2) By the canonical correlation analysis of NOSA.,it is shows that the increase of the economy and urbanization that influences the whole land use change most;(3) The prediction GM(1,1) is applied to predict land use change trend in the future.The results show that the general tendency of land use change will be that the cultivated land and barren land will decrease and construction land will be steadly increasing.Garden plot and forest and will be stalde relatively in the future.
Temperature-sensitive DNA mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells with a thermolabile ribonucleotide reductase activity.

Abstract JB3-B is a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant previously shown to be temperature sensitive for DNA replication (J. J. Dermody, B. E. Wojcik, H. Du, and H. L. Ozer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4594-4601, 1986). It was chosen for detailed study because of its novel property of inhibiting both polyomavirus and adenovirus DNA synthesis in a temperature-dependent manner. Pulse-labeling studies demonstrated a defect in the rate of adenovirus DNA synthesis. Measurement of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools as a function of time after shift of uninfected cultures from 33 to 39 degrees C revealed that all four dNTP pools declined at similar rates in extracts prepared either from whole cells or from rapidly isolated nuclei. Ribonucleoside triphosphate pools were unaffected by a temperature shift, ruling out the possibility that the mutation affects nucleoside diphosphokinase. However, ribonucleotide reductase activity, as measured in extracts, declined after cell cultures underwent a temperature shift, in parallel with the decline in dNTP pool sizes. Moreover, the activity of cell extracts was thermolabile in vitro, consistent with the model that the JB3-B mutation affects the structural gene for one of the ribonucleotide reductase subunits. The kinetics of dNTP pool size changes after temperature shift are quite distinct from those reported after inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase with hydroxyurea. An indirect effect on ribonucleotide reductase activity in JB3-B has not been excluded since human sequences other than those encoding the enzyme subunits can correct the temperature-sensitive growth defect in the mutant.
Optical Mapping of Multisite Ventricular Fibrillation Synchronization

Defibrillation with strong shocks of several hundred volts is still the most effective way to terminate life-threatening cardiac rhythm abnormalities such as ventricular fibrillation (VF). The standing puzzle that has lasted for several decades is why defibrillate with such a high voltage when the activation threshold of cardiac myocytes is much less than 100mV. Such a conceptual conflict has prompted many theoretical and experimental studies to understand the action of strong shocks. An important goal in defibrillation study is to reduce the shock energy requirement. Because the quality of life in patients carrying implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) is significantly affected by the occurrence of shocks, efforts have been made to decrease the shock energy for less pain and battery drain. Major progress came in the 1980s when it was realized that biphasic shocks were far superior to monophasic shocks for defibrillation. Since then, empirical studies of defibrillation waveforms have identified only marginal improvements, suggesting that empirical variation of defibrillation waveform is unlikely to result in conceptual breakthroughs or significant improvements in defibrillation efficacy. Alternatively, defibrillation theories may be used to guide the defibrillation optimization efforts. Although no comprehensive theory of defibrillation presently relates mechanisms, shock timing, and waveform optimization, recent advances in the understanding of electrical stimulation and the initiation and maintenance of VF may serve as a signpost. The bidomain model of both intraand extracellular spaces has provided insights into the mechanism of tissue activation with direct implication for the defibrillation mechanism. Cardiac conduction and activation have been modeled mathematically using complex representations of cardiac cells with detailed ionic currents connected in networks. Predictions of these
Mechanizing the Pivot Shift Test

The pivot shift test is a widely used test for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and has a high specificity. However, the test is subjective and has high interobserver variability. In order to overcome these disadvantages, we developed a mechanized pivot shift test. In this mechanized pivot shift, a modified continuous passive motion apparatus applies valgus force and internal rotation in human cadavers during the flexion–extension arc, while a navigation system tracks and quantifies the motion path. This standardized and mechanized setup was found to have an intraobserver test–retest reliability of 0.99. With this machine it was determined that ACL deficiency resulted in an 8.4 mm (mm) increase in lateral compartment anterior tibial translation (ATT) and that the difference between grade 0 pivot shift and grade ≥1 (positive) pivot shift has a threshold value of 6–7 mm. In addition, the roles of the lateral meniscus, iliotibial band, tibial slope, and tibial morphology were quantified as secondary stabilizers in knee stability. Using the mechanized pivot shift test, the different ACL reconstruction techniques and tibial tunnel placements were assessed and demonstrated that the double-bundle technique and anatomic single-bundle technique were better in restoring the lateral compartment ATT than the conventional technique. In knees that underwent radical meniscectomy, the double-bundle technique is favored over single-bundle techniques. In conclusion, using the mechanized pivot shift, the roles of several structures in the pivot shift were quantified. With the objectivity and high interobserver reliability, the mechanized pivot shift test assessed the role of several stabilizing structures in the knee.
Effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors on the grade and recurrence of colonic polyps

1016 Background: The burden of treating colon cancer on the healthcare system is huge and screening for colonic polyps has been very effective. Colon cancer arises from colonic polyps in a signific...
Dietary Red Raspberries Supplementation Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Acute Colitis

IntroductionThe ability to elicit an inflammatory response to pathogenic microbes or foreign subjects is a critical protective mechanism for host survival; however, persistent intestinal inflammati...
How Do We Regard the Preemie at the Margins of Viability

No abstract available Keywords: decisions; ethics; neonatology; newborn; periviable; premature; value.
Implications of Antibiotic Resistance in Potential Agents of Bioterrorism

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health issue that restricts treatment options for many bacterial infections. Although biothreat agents such as Bacillus anthracis, Burkholderia mallei, B. pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis are usually susceptible to the recommended antimicrobial agents, there are naturally-occurring resistance mechanisms reported in several of these species, and the potential for release of genetically-engineered strains cannot be ruled out.
“Educating for Democratic Living”: The City-Wide Citizens’ Committee on Harlem (CWCCH), 1941 – 1947

This historical case study focuses on the origins, educational goals, and school reform activities of the City-Wide Citizens’ Committee on Harlem (CWCCH), a political action group in Harlem in the 1940s. An interracial and interfaith civil rights organization with a broad reform agenda, CWCCH used democracy’s rhetoric as a vehicle for social change through an extensive public awareness campaign coupled with savvy organizing, ample organizational resources, and powerful political connections in both the White and African American communities. The article situates school reform work in Harlem during the 1940s in light of a larger citywide civil rights agenda and interracial activism.
Clinical Utility of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT3) Tandem-Gait Test in High School Athletes.

Context: Dynamic balance during functional movement may provide important clinical information after concussion. The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, version 3 (SCAT3), includes a timed tandem-ga...