cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic sequencing with job families, set-up times, and due dates

We consider the problem of allocating a single server to families of jobs with random service times and due dates. Furthermore, a set-up is required when the server switches from one job family to another. We address the problems of minimizing expected weighted flow time, expected maximum lateness, and total weighted tardiness with emphasis on problems for which it is assumed that each family can be set up only once (the Group Technology assumption). We derive conditions under which simple sequencing rules are optimal for each of these problems with group technology.
Logit and multinomial logit models for discrete-time event-history analysis: a causal analysis of interdependent discretestate processes

This paper introduces a new direction of methodological elaborations in event-history analysis based on discrete-time logit and multinomial logit models. The methodological elaborations address (1) simultaneous analysis of two-way transitions between two states, and (2) its extension for a causal analysis of two interdependent two-state processes. The former elaboration permits a more parsimonious and unambiguous expression for the effects of covariates on the dependent process than can be obtained by separate analyses of each direction of transition. The latter elaboration provides an extension for a log-linear causal analysis of 16-fold tables presenting two-wave-two-variable panel data, and relates the log-linear analysis to event-history analysis. An illustrative application, focusing on the dynamic relationship between premarital cohabitation and marijuana use, demonstrates the usefulness of the new models and methods.
Metabolism of Exogenously Administered Natural Surfactant in the Newborn Lamb

Summary: [3H]-Palmitate labeled natural lamb surfactant and free [14C]-choline were mixed with the lung fluid of 11 term lambs at cesarean section, before the first breath. After receiving the isotope, the lambs were delivered, allowed to breathe spontaneously, and were subsequently sacrificed from 5 min to 96 h of age. Alveolar washes, lung homogenates, microsomal and lamellar body fractions of lungs, and pulmonary alveolar macrophages were examined for the presence of labeled phosphatidylcholine. Analysis of the labeled natural surfactant kinetic data revealed an apparent t1/2 of phosphatidylcholine in the whole lung of 6.0 days. This half-life can be interpreted only as a rough estimate. Appearance of considerable [3H] labeled phosphatidylcholine in the lung homogenates demonstrated uptake of phosphatidylcholine from alveoli into lung tissue. The surfactant-associated label in homogenates was localized preferentially to lamellar body fractions. Some of the administered [14C]-choline appeared in phosphatidylcholine. Almost all of this labeled phosphatidylcholine was associated with the homogenate. Extremely small % of administered [3H] and [14C] were found in pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS ON A SOLUBLE POLYMER-SUPPORTED DIPOLAROPHILE : SYNTHESIS OF SUGAR-DERIVED TRIAZOLES

Abstract An organic-soluble polymer-supported alkyne has been employed as a dipolarophile in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with azides. Several carbohydrate-derived azides react to form mixtures of regioisomeric triazoles in good to high yields, and the thus formed heterocycles are freed from the polymer under mild conditions using NaBH 4 in ethanol.
Low power electronics and pulsed laser processing

Ion implantation and pulsed laser processing will be important aspects to lead Si technology into the new era for low power consumption portable electronic devices. Silicon-on-insulator structures can be made by high dose implantation, and Si-doping in selected regions can be achieved with pulsed excimer lasers.
Focal Fibrosis of the Breast: Imaging Characteristics and Histopathologic Correlation

PURPOSE: To characterize mammographic and ultrasonographic (US) features of focal fibrosis of the breast (FFB), to compare the radiologic and histopathologic findings, to investigate the incidence of FFB, and to determine if histopathologic diagnosis of FFB is an acceptable diagnosis for specific mammographic and US findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of findings from 1,268 surgical excisional and 796 percutaneous breast biopsies (290 US-guided, 370 stereotactically guided, and 136 vacuum-assisted stereotactically-guided) revealed 44 (2.1%) diagnoses of FFB. Mammographic and US features were correlated with histopathologic types. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (84%) of the 44 lesions diagnosed as FFB were visualized on mammograms and appeared as six (14%) circumscribed masses, two (5%) lobulated masses, one (2%) microlobulated mass, 11 (25%) obscured masses, two (5%) architectural distortions, and 15 (34%) asymmetric densities. Seven palpable lesions were not visualized on mammograms. Thirty-thre...
Finding a Hamiltonian paths in tournaments on clusters - a provably communication-efficient approach

This paper presents a general methodology for the communication efficient parallelization of graph algorithms using divide-and-conquer approach and shows that this class of problems can be solved in cluster environments with good communication efficiency. Specifically, the first practical parallel algorithm, based on EREW BSP model, for finding Hamiltonian paths in tournaments is presented. For all commercially available parallel computing environments, this algorithm uses only 3log p 1 communication supersteps, which is independent of the tournament size, and can reuse the existing linear-time algorithm in sequential setting. Experiments have been carried out on a Linux cluster of 32 Sun Ultra5 computers and SGI Origin 2000 with 32 R10000 processors, using MPI. The algorithm performance on Linux Cluster reaches 75% of the performance on SGI Origin 2000 when the tournament size is about one million.
Psychology of Computer Use: XVIII. Paired-Associate Acquisition and Recall: Microcomputer versus Pencil-And-Paper Copying:

The rate of acquisition and the immediate and delayed recall of words presented as a paired-associate task were examined as a function of method of copying the response words (microcomputer versus ...
Psychological Functioning of Children with Craniofacial Anomalies and Their Mothers: Follow-Up from Late Infancy to School Entry

Twenty-three mothers and their 5- to 7-year-old children with craniofacial anomalies (CFA) who were assessed during the child's infancy were followed. Three types of CFA were included: cleft lip and palate (CLP), isolated cleft palate (CP), and sagittal synostosis. Measures of child status focused on behavior-problem frequency and self-concept. Mothers completed self-report measures of emotional well-being, marital satisfaction, and social support. Results indicated that (1) a sizable minority (18%) of the children with CFA had clinically significant behavior-problem scores shown in concordant reports by parent and teacher of behavior problems; (2) individual differences in child functioning within the CFA group were predicted by observational measures of earlier mother-infant interaction during play and teaching situations; (3) mothers of children with CLP reported less favorable social support than mothers of children with CP or sagittal synostosis.
The Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Dynein Motility

Cytoplasmic dynein is a homodimeric AAA+ motor that transports a multitude of cargos towards the microtubule minus end. The mechanism of dynein processivity and interhead coordination remain unclear due to its large size (2.6 MDa) and the complexity of its structure. In contrast to kinesins and myosins, we directly observed that dynein heads move independently along the microtubule. Stepping behavior of the heads varies as a function of interhead separation and establishing the basis of high variability in dynein step size. By engineering the mechanical and catalytic properties of the dynein motor domain, we show that a rigid linkage between monomers and dimerization between N-terminal tail domains are not essential for processive movement. Instead, dynein processivity minimally requires the linker domain of one active monomer to be attached to an inert MT tether retaining only the MT-binding domain. The release of a dynein monomer from the MT can be mediated either by nucleotide binding or external load. However, nucleotide dependent release is inhibited when force was applied to the linker domain. Force dependent release is significantly asymmetric, with faster release towards the minus-end. On the basis of these measurements, we developed a model that describes the basis of dynein processivity, directionality and force generation.
Applying Objective Diagnostic Criteria to Students in a College Support Program for Learning Disabilities

This study examined whether a large group of postsecondary students participating in a support program for students classified as having learning disabilities (LD) met criteria for five objective diagnostic models for LD: IQ-achievement discrepancy (1.0 SD, 1.5 SD, and >2.0 SD) models, a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) model, and an academic impairment model. The participants were 336 postsecondary students enrolled in a private liberal arts college who had been previously classified as having LD prior to entering the program. Results showed that the largest proportion of students met the 1.0 SD (48.8%) and the absolute academic impairment (40.2%) criteria. However, 40.5% of the participants were not classified as having LD by any of the five models. Participants exhibited remarkable variability in their aptitude and achievement scores, with mean composite achievement scores ranging from the very low to the average ranges in reading, mathematics, and writing, depending on th...
The solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of decyltrimethyl- and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Abstract Measurements have been made to determine the solubilities of oxygen, argon, methane, ethane, propane, and carbon tetrafluoride at elevated pressures in aqueous solutions of decyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The solubility of each gas follows Henry's law at all surfactant concentrations. Below the critical micelle concentration, the gas solubilities are independent of surfactant concentration and closely approximate the corresponding solubilities in pure water. Above the critical micelle concentration, the gas solubilities increase linearly with surfactant concentration indicating micellar solubilization. The intramicellar solubilities of the individual gases calculated from these latter data are found to be comparable to those determined previously with anionic surfactants of the alkyl sulfate class suggesting that, with ionic surfactants, the nature of the head group is of little consequence in determining the magnitude of intramicellar solubilities. The micellar solubilities of CF 4 in these surfactants are found to be much smaller than the solubilities of hydrocarbon gases in these same micelles indicating that the tendency for mutual exclusion exhibited by fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons in bulk solution is also operative in micellar solubilization. These latter data are used to further test the applicability of the Laplace pressure model for describing the degree of solubilization by various surfactants.
On the response of unbounded media to moving oscillatory forces

Abstract The response of a linear elastic medium to a time-varying moving force is expressed in terms of the displacement field corresponding to a stationary loading. In the case of a harmonic time dependency of the force, a simple relation between the moving and stationary steady state displacement fields is derived.
On the problems of Hartshorne and Serre for some -analytic surfaces

authorAbstract Let M be a compact -analytic surface, let Γ ⊂ M be a compact analytic subvariety, and let X := Mx00393;. We are interested in the following two problems: Assume that X does not contain any compact curve and that Γ is an irreducible compact curve such that Γ2 ≥ 0 (resp. assume that the analytic cohomology groups H1 (X, Ωp) = 0, for all 0 ≤ p ≤ 2). Is X always Stein? It is our main purpose here to provide an affirmative answer to those two problems, provided M is either a (minimal) ruled surface or a non-algebraic compact surface. Also, the affine structure of such Stein surfaces will be discussed.
Avalanche dynamics in evolution, growth, and depinning models

The dynamics of complex systems in nature often occurs in terms of punctuations, or avalanches, rather than following a smooth, gradual path. A comprehensive theory of avalanche dynamics in models of growth, interface depinning, and evolution is presented. Specifically, we include the Bak-Sneppen evolution model, the Sneppen interface depinning model, the Zaitsev flux creep model, invasion percolation, and several other depinning models into a unified treatment encompassing a large class of far from equilibrium processes. The formation of fractal structures, the appearance of 1/f noise, diffusion with anomalous Hurst exponents, L\'evy flights, and punctuated equilibria can all be related to the same underlying avalanche dynamics. This dynamics can be represented as a fractal in d spatial plus one temporal dimension. The complex state can be reached either by tuning a parameter, or it can be self-organized. We present two exact equations for the avalanche behavior in the latter case. (1) The slow approach to the critical attractor, i.e., the process of self-organization, is governed by a ``gap'' equation for the divergence of avalanche sizes. (2) The hierarchical structure of avalanches is described by an equation for the average number of sites covered by an avalanche. The exponent \ensuremath{\gamma} governing the approach to the critical state appears as a constant rather than as a critical exponent. In addition, the conservation of activity in the stationary state manifests itself through the superuniversal result \ensuremath{\eta}=0. The exponent \ensuremath{\pi} for the L\'evy flight jumps between subsequent active sites can be related to other critical exponents through a study of ``backward avalanches.'' We develop a scaling theory that relates many of the critical exponents in this broad category of extremal models, representing different universality classes, to two basic exponents characterizing the fractal attractor. The exact equations and the derived set of scaling relations are consistent with numerical simulations of the above mentioned models. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
X- and γ-ray emissions observed in the decay of 237Np and 233Pa

Abstract Solvent extraction was used to prepare pure solutions of 237 Np and 233 Pa. Portions were used for liquid scintillation counting (disintegration rates) and γ -ray spectroscopy with HPGe detectors. X- and γ -ray intensities observed in the 237 Np decay were verified, with a new result of 15.08 ± 0.04 % for the 29 keV γ -ray ( 5 σ higher than previous reports). K X- and γ -ray intensities observed in the 233 Pa decay were verified with new results for the L X-ray intensities ( ∼ 55 % total L intensity), approximately twice previously reported total intensity.
Effect of Bovine Manure on Fecal Coliform Attachment to Soil and Soil Particles of Different Sizes

Manure-borne bacteria can be transported in runoff as free cells, cells attached to soil particles, and cells attached to manure particles. The objectives of this work were to compare the attachment of fecal coliforms (FC) to different soils and soil fractions and to assess the effect of bovine manure on FC attachment to soil and soil fractions. Three sand fractions of different sizes, the silt fraction, and the clay fraction of loam and sandy clay loam soils were separated and used along with soil samples in batch attachment experiments with water-FC suspensions and water-manure-FC suspensions. In the absence of manure colloids, bacterial attachment to soil, silt, and clay particles was much higher than the attachment to sand particles having no organic coating. The attachment to the coated sand particles was similar to the attachment to silt and clay. Manure colloids in suspensions decreased bacterial attachment to soils, clay and silt fractions, and coated sand fractions, but did not decrease the attachment to sand fractions without the coating. The low attachment of bacteria to silt and clay particles in the presence of manure colloids may cause predominantly free-cell transport of manure-borne FC in runoff.
Kinetics of particle detachment: I. General considerations

The kinetics of detachment of particles from flat surfaces is studied in terms of a solution of the Kramers diffusion equation. The force is obtained from a superposition of electrostatic, van der Waals, and Born wall energies. Analytic expression for the fraction of particles remaining inside the potential well is obtained as an explicit function of time. It is shown that the detachment caused by diffusion is not the first-order process.
CO2 laser resurfacing of intraoral lymphatic malformations: a 10-year experience.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of CO2 laser resurfacing in the symptomatic treatment of intraoral lymphatic malformations (LM). Design Retrospective review. Methods Charts were reviewed on 26 patients (16 male, 10 female) from January 1997 to July 2007 who underwent CO2 laser resurfacing for symptomatic treatment of intraoral LM. A questionnaire was given in order to elucidate effectiveness in controlling symptoms and speed of postoperative recovery. Results Mean age at time of first treatment was 9.2 years (median 6.8). Mean number of treatments was 3.0 (median 2.5). Average time between treatments was 9.7 months (median 5.6). Questionnaires were returned for 17 patients (65%). Common preoperative symptoms included swelling, bleeding, vesicle formation, and pain. All 17 patients reported symptomatic improvement after laser treatment. Five patients (29%) tolerated oral intake immediately, 10 (59%) the following day, and 1 (6%) was gastric tube dependent. Four patients (24%) returned to normal activity immediately after treatments, six (35%) by the following day, six (35%) within a few days, and one (6%) within a week. No postoperative complications were seen. Conclusion CO2 laser resurfacing appears to be both safe and efficacious in treatment of symptoms related to intraoral LM. Intermittent treatments for recurrent symptoms is expected.
Spacing of Screen Traps Baited with Synthetic Sex Pheromone of the Cabbage Looper

A simple, low-cost screen trap baited with synthetic sex pheromone trapped about as many male Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) as a trap equipped with a black1ight lamp and baited with the pheromone. However, the catch per trap per night of 4 traps as much as 244 m apart was less than ½ that of a single trap.
The road to scalable 1Gb/s FTTH access networks

We outline the challenges and technologies to scale fiber access network speed to 1Gb/s and beyond.
Selective stationary phase for solid-phase microextraction analysis of sarin (GB).

A number of critical field applications require monitoring air samples for trace levels of chemical warfare agents. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a convenient format to conduct these analyses. Measurements could be significantly improved if a SPME phase selective for nerve agents were substituted for non-selective polymers typically used (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane). This paper evaluates a novel stationary phase, previously developed for methylphosphonate sensor applications, for use with SPME sampling. The phenol-based polymer, BSP3, was found to offer far higher selectivity toward sarin (GB) than polydimethylsiloxane due to a pronounced affinity toward the target analyte and a lower affinity toward hydrocarbons.
Child development theory in anthropological perspective

Anthropology's central contribution to theories of child development is the concept of culture as a context of human development.
Hand gesticulation interpretation via smart sensing

This paper describes a part of a vision system that interprets hand gesticulation. The system consists of three sub-systems each of which comprises a number of modules targeted at performing specific functions. The modules contain adaptive image processing and pattern recognition algorithms. The first sub-system is a hand-motion tracker that determines hand trajectory in a 3-D space using a sequence of low-resolution images. The second sub-system interprets the hand articulation using a smart sensor that provides selective views of variable resolution. The third sub-system fuses the outputs of the motion tracker and smart sensor and gives the meaning to hand gesticulation. The paper discusses the technical details of the algorithms used for interpreting hand articulation. >
Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx

Abstract The present status of knowledge of the gas-phase reactions of inorganic Ox, HOx and NOx species and of selected classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [alkanes, alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing VOCs and nitrogen-containing VOCs] and their degradation products in the troposphere is discussed. There is now a good qualitative and, in a number of areas, quantitative understanding of the tropospheric chemistry of NOx and VOCs involved in the photochemical formation of ozone. During the past five years much progress has been made in elucidating the reactions of alkoxy radicals, the mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of O3 with alkenes, and the mechanisms and products of the OH radical-initiated reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons, and further progress is expected. However, there are still areas of uncertainty which impact the ability to accurately model the formation of ozone in urban, rural and regional areas, and these include a need for: rate constants and mechanisms of the reactions of organic peroxy ( R O 2 ) radicals with NO, NO3 radicals, HO2 radicals and other R O 2 radicals; organic nitrate yields from the reactions of R O 2 radicals with NO, preferably as a function of temperature and pressure; the reaction rates of alkoxy radicals for decomposition, isomerization, and reaction with O2, especially for alkoxy radicals other than those formed from alkanes and alkenes; the detailed mechanisms of the reactions of O3 with alkenes and VOCs containing >CC
Age-related differences in the magnitude of pattern-contingent color aftereffects

Pattern contingent color aftereffects were measured using a color cancellation technique in 6-, 8-, 10-, and 20-year-old subjects. Postadaptation test conditions involved immediate testing or testing after subjects were blindfolded for 60 min between adaptation and posttests. The 6- and 8-year-old subjects exhibited color aftereffects whose magnitude was significantly greater than those observed in 10- and 20-year-olds. In addition, aftereffect magnitude was significantlygreater after 60 min in the dark than when subjects were tested immediately. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the development of perceptual learning.
Do negative interactions mediate the effects of Negative Emotionality, Communal Positive Emotionality, and Constraint on relationship satisfaction?:

Previous research has shown that the personalities of both partners are associated with the qualities of their romantic relationship. This study extends this literature by examining whether or not reports of negative relationship interactions mediate the effects of personality traits on judgments of relationship satisfaction and quality. Participants were 337 couples from the Family Transitions Project who completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire and several scales measuring relationship behaviors and satisfaction. Negative Emotionality and Communal Positive Emotionality were related to both self- and partner reports of relationship satisfaction. These associations were substantially mediated by negative relationship interactions. Discussion furthers the ongoing rapprochement between intrapersonal and interpersonal approaches to the study of romantic relationships.
Lentiviral expression of HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis in human neurons.

Our recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular, recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpr protein is highly neurotoxic in the microenvironment of differentiated mature human neurons and undifferentiated neuronal precursors. Although most of the direct neurotoxic effects of HIV-1 have been attributed previously to the envelope gene product, gp120, and the Tat regulatory protein, it was demonstrated that Vpr protein caused apoptosis comparable to that induced by gp120 protein in a dose-dependent manner in the neuronal system. Having observed the neurocytopathic effects of extracellular Vpr protein previously, the effects of virally expressed Vpr on nondividing, terminally differentiated human neurons were investigated. An HIV-1-based three-plasmid expression vector system was utilized to study the effects of intracellularly expressed Vpr. These virion preparations were then used to transduce neurons generated from the human neuronal precursor NT2 cell-line. Intracellularly expressed Vpr induced apoptosis within terminally differentiated neurons, as demonstrated by TUNEL assays. Additionally, virions lacking Vpr expression did not significantly induce apoptosis within these neurons. These results suggest that HIV-1 Vpr may also be leading directly to selective neurotoxicity through intracellular expression. Furthermore, human apoptosis gene microarray comparisons exhibited an up-regulation of Bcl-2-related mRNA, as well as other apoptosis genes involved in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, for the Vpr-transduced neuronal cells, when compared to Vpr-negative controls. Thus, Vpr delivered intracellularly, as well as extra-cellularly, is involved in the induction of significant neuronal apoptosis and may be one of the molecular mechanisms in HIV-1-induced encephalopathy.
A Cross-layer Cognitive Radio Testbed for the Evaluation of Spectrum Sensing Receiver and Interference Analysis

Cognitive radio (CR) technology has been proposed as a promising solution for maximizing the utilization of already-crowded spectrum resources. As new algorithms, circuits and systems are developed for CR technology, it is essential to have a reconfigurable testbed system for their verification. A multistandard, fully software driven, cross-layer CR testbed has been developed to support thorough testing of CR system and custom designed integrated circuits (ICs). This paper presents details of cross-layer CR testbed and three demonstrations of testbed usage; (a) cognitive radio system concept demonstration, (b) multi-resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS) receiver IC evaluation, (c) interference analysis for UWB coexistence with WiMax. With this reconfigurable testbed, a new idea can be easily verified, demonstrated and extended to further research.
Parameter adaptive resource allocation problem for a decentralized dynamic system

A dynamic resource allocation problem under uncertainty is considered. A specific decentralized information structure is assumed to examine on-line coordination procedures through message exchanges. First, an optimal solution for a deterministic version of the problem is obtained. Based on the optimal solution, suboptimal decision rules with learning are discussed for stochastic processes. In particular, an adaptive decision rule with an active learning effect is proposed.
When rectal bleeding is serious: anal squamous cell carcinoma in two intravenous cyclophosphamide treated systemic lupus erythematosus patients with human papilloma virus infection

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a potentially fatal disease. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide and is responsible for almost all cases of anal cancer. Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing anal dysplasia and malignancies. A lack of awareness of HPV-associated anal malignancies in the immunocompromised may lead to a delay in diagnosis and confer a poor prognosis.
Visualization for AUV non-traditional navigation algorithm development

In this paper, we describe a system called, NAVVIEWER, a visualization tool for the development and utilization of a map based autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) navigation algorithm. NAVVIEWER allows a developer and subsequently a user of the navigation system to visualize the performance of the algorithm. As a development tool, it enables the user to interactively modify critical components of the algorithm and to test configurations so that real missions can be performed with a high level of confidence. In this paper, we will briefly outline the navigation algorithm and describe fully the visualization system. It will be shown how a visualization tool can be developed such that it not only aids the development of such algorithms, but also enhances their utility and operational use.
Myocardial perfusion imaging agents: SPECT and PET

The advent of myocardial perfusion imaging 30 years ago was a major landmark, which heralded the emergence of the field of nuclear cardiology into clinical practice. Over the years, the different tracers cited in this review have been used with SPECT or PET imaging technologies for the noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial blood flow, which has enhanced our ability to diagnose CAD, assess prognosis, detect viable myocardium, and evaluate the efficacy of therapies aimed at improving myocardial blood flow. In the future, new SPECT perfusion agents should be developed and validated in the experimental laboratory for feasibility in the clinical setting. Hopefully, such new radiolabeled perfusion agents will have a high first-pass extraction, will be more linear with flow increases in the hyperemic range, and will be labeled with Tc-99m. The clearance rates from the myocardium after initial uptake should be slow enough, as with Tl-201, to acquire high-quality poststress gated SPECT images. Ideally, such perfusion agents should also be extracted intracellularly with quantitative uptake reflecting the degree of viability (eg, as with Tl-201). Absolute quantitation of myocardial blood flow in milliliters per minute per gram by use of SPECT technology would be highly desirable, particularly to increase the detection rate of multivessel disease in which flow reserve is uniformly diminished. This is often categorized as balanced ischemia. Absolute quantitation is a major strength of PET perfusion tracers, as is the ability to accurately correct for attenuation, thereby providing high sensitivity and specificity for CAD detection. The roll-off or plateau in myocardial uptake with hyperemia is also seen with the PET perfusion tracers such as N-13 ammonia and Rb-82. Despite the advent of molecular imaging and the introduction of new imaging agents by which to noninvasively evaluate biologic processes such as apoptosis and angiogenesis in vivo, myocardial perfusion imaging will remain the mainstay of nuclear cardiology in the near future. Continued research and development for this imaging technique are warranted for the reasons cited in this review.
Students' voices and learning experiences in an integrated unit

Background: Interdisciplinary teaching through physical education has been discussed in the physical education literature over the past two decades. However, there is no qualitative study of what interdisciplinary teaching in physical education means to students. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe students' views of and educational experiences in an integrated unit in which movement skills and concepts were integrated with mathematical skills and concepts. Research design and data collection: This is a qualitative and descriptive study of students' learning experiences in one integrated unit. An accomplished elementary physical education teacher, two second-grade classroom teachers, and 35 second-grade students from two intact second-grade classes voluntarily participated in this study. The multiple qualitative data sources included: videotaping the integrated lessons in gymnasium and classroom settings; writing descriptive anecdotal records; interviewing the teachers and students; and col...
Invisibility Physics: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract The idea of hiding an object through the physics of optical invisibility or optical cloaking has been contemplated for well over a century by scientists and science fiction authors alike. In the last few years, however, dramatic progress has been made both theoretically and experimentally toward making these ideas a reality. In this article we review the history and the science of invisibility physics, starting from the earliest limited research on the phenomenon in the 19th century and continuing up to the state of the art developments. Numerous designs of invisibility devices are discussed, and their advantages and limitations considered. Applications of the ideas of cloaking to other fields of physics are also investigated.
800-MeV inelastic proton scattering from Ca40, Ca48, and Fe54

Differential cross sections have been measured over a wide range of angles for the well resolved and/or strongly excited peaks in the inelastic proton spectra from $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, and $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ targets. Inelastic analyzing powers were also measured for the $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ transitions. Microscopic distorted-wave impulse approximation analyses of the ${2}_{1}$$^{+}\mathrm{transitions}$ in $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$ yield values for the ratio $\frac{B(N2)}{B(E2)}$. Collective-model distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations for the high-spin levels at 8.85 and 9.24 MeV in $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ suggest spin and parity assignments of ${6}^{+}$ and ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, respectively.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{40,48}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}$($\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}$,${p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$); measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $A(\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced optical-model parameters, $B(N2)$, DWBA analysis.
Deposit Insurance Incentives for Banks in Pre-Depression Texas

This paper uses historical data on Texas banks to examine one possible reform to government-provided deposit insurance, increased reliance on market incentives. The Texas experience is unusual because banks faced two options under which they could join a state-mandated deposit insurance program, one with a market incentive and one without. We find some evidence that banks with insurance which incorporated market incentives had lower risk profiles than banks with insurance which did not incorporate such incentives. For policymakers, the results support for the view that the structure of the deposit insurance program can have an economically significant effect on the moral hazard problem.
The road to high efficiency solar cells: selective absorption for full-spectrum operation via GaAs/alloy & GaAs/Ge superlattices

The race for high efficiency solar cells is on. We are exploring in this communication the advantage of quantum size effects in p-i-n solar cell structures, by means of GaAs-Ge successive layers in the intrinsic region. We argue that the advantage of gallium arsenide epitaxial technology and the matching between GaAs and Ge layers may lead to fine tuning of energy values in the intrinsic region. This in turn leads to selective absorption at wavelengths at all ranges desired even to a full spectrum absorption. We conclude with the fact that such designs may push collection efficiency levels to the highly sought threshold of 40%. Our design's advantages include (a) lattice matching (b) selective doping and (c) current generation via thermionic emission and hopping.
Avian testicular structure, function, and regulation

SUMMARY In many birds, testes undergo dramatic annual changes in size and, as such, are among the most anatomically and physiologically plastic organs found in adult vertebrates. Adult testicular function is modulated by a myriad of external factors and orchestrated by numerous hormones that together enable birds to adapt to and breed in diverse habitats worldwide. These factors have generated a wide range of avian reproductive strategies, which has further shaped testicular structure and function. This chapter describes the mechanisms that control avian exocrine and endocrine testicular functions. It analyzes how these functions are regulated by ecological and behavioral factors and presents an overview of how environmental information is integrated and transduced into appropriate gonadal responses. It also discusses testicular dysfunction and the potential effects of anthropogenic disturbances on testis function. The chapter emphasizes areas where knowledge is lacking or incomplete, with the hope of fostering additional research on this exciting and fruitful area of avian biology.
Hepatitis in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Histopathologic and immunocytologic features.

Abstract Hepatic morphology and immunocytology were evaluated in 4 children with clinical and immunologic characteristics of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex. All 4 children had hepatomegaly and increased serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Both lobular and portal changes were noted. Lymphocytic infiltration, piecemeal necrosis, hepatocellular and bile duct damage, sinusoidal cell hyperplasia, and endothelialitis were prominent. Vesicular rosettes in sinusoidal lymphocytes and tubuloreticular structures in sinusoidal endothelial cells were demonstrated by electron microscopy. The lymphocytic infiltrate in both the lobular and portal spaces was characterized by a relative increase of cytotoxic/suppressor (T8) cells. Hepatitis may be a common feature of pediatrie acquired immune deficiency syndrome and acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex. Although the histopathologic changes are consistent with chronic active hepatitis, the specific pathogenesis remains to be determined.
High-performance Graphene by Liquid-solid Reduction and its Application in Supercapacitors

Using the oxidation-reduction method,the high-performance graphene is prepared from graphite utilizing the liquid-solid reduction in which agglomeration is effectively avoided.Its specific capacitance(SC) in supercapacitors reaches 336 F·g-1(measured by cyclic voltammetry at 10 mv·s-1) in comparison with the SC of liquid reacted graphene and solid reacted graphene being 270 F·g-1and 316 F·g-1,respectively.The functional groups in partially reduced graphene oxide reduces the agglomeration of the graphene sheets.As a result,the diffusion of electrolyte ions between graphene sheets is improved and eventually led to improved electrochemical performance when used in supercapacitors.
A difference method for the computation of the laminar compressible boundary layer

A difference method is developed for computing shear stress and temperature in the boundary layer as functions of the coordinate x along the wall and the velocity u parallel to the wall. Pressure gradient and temperature distribution along the wall are given continuous finite functions of the coordinate x. Density and viscosity coefficient depend on the local temperature in the boundary layer.
Online sustainability information in European local governments: An explicative model to improve transparency

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an analytical model that shows causal relationships between the amount and nature of information on strategies and the governance of city councils, as well as the contents of different dimensions of sustainability that are disclosed on the websites of local governments in big European cities. This model could reveal if the information is disseminated in a homogeneous and coordinated way and could improve the quality of the information, its coherence and its comparability. Design/methodology/approach – The authors have designed a questionnaire with 75 variables from the Global Reporting Initiative proposal to specify information disclosed on sustainability. The level of information about each of these variables has been gathered by consulting the contents published on the websites of the 142 local governments in the sample. Finally the authors propose a model about the cause-effect relationships between the amount and nature of the information in different ...
Well-Being in Residency: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Background Rates of physician burnout have increased in recent years, and high burnout levels are reported by physicians in training. Objective This review of the research on resident well-being seeks to identify factors associated with well-being, summarize well-being promotion interventions, and provide a framework for future research efforts. Methods Keywords were used to search PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Studies included were conducted between 1989 and 2014. The search yielded 82 articles, 26 which met inclusion criteria, and were assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument. Results Articles measured resident well-being and associated factors, predictors, effects, barriers, as well as interventions to improve well-being. Factors identified in psychological well-being research—autonomy, building of competence, and strong social relatedness—are associated with resident well-being. Sleep and time away from work are associated with greater resident well-being. P...
Mechanisms and Development of Cerebral Lateralization in Children

The sequences of cognitive development to be considered in this discussion culminate in an endpoint of lateralization in the mature human nervous system that in its broad definition is no longer in dispute. In the right-handed majority, language-related processes are left lateralized in almost every case. The right hemisphere does contribute toward certain aspects of verbal behavior, however (Hecaen, 1978; Searleman, 1977, 1983), notably comprehension of logical relationships, inference, metaphor, and humor (Beeman, 1993; Gardner, Ling, Flamm, & Silverman, 1975), and at the output stage, intonation, particularly when it reflects the emotional tone of the utterance (Ross & Mesulam, 1979). The left hemisphere is also specialized for rapid sequential recognition of familiar input, nonverbal as well as verbal, and also the recall and recognition of order information and the formulation of action plans, both motor and conceptual. Right hemisphere dominance is best documented for certain spatial-relational processes, particularly in the visual modality, and for the processing of emotional information (Kinsbourne, 1982). Non-right-handers deviate from the dextral norm in the following manner: in addition to left-sided representation of language, which is as prevalent in non-right-handers as in right-handers, language is also represented on the right in up to 70% of the cases (Gloning, Gloning, Haub, & Quatember, 1959). In non-right-handers, spatial-relational functions are right lateralized as in right-handers, but involve the left hemisphere also in more than half of all instances (Bryden Hecaen, & DeAgostini, 1983). Within each hemisphere the territory involved in cognitive function is more extensive in the left-than the right-hander (Kinsbourne, unpublished analysis of data from Bryden et al., 1983). Gender-related differences in lateralization are more contentious (Lewis & Harris, 1990), and the claim that language and visuospatial functions are more bilateralized in females than males, and even that left intrahemispheric organization differs between the sexes, are not yet well substantiated. With respect to development, existing knowledge is virtually restricted to language functions on the one hand and spatial-relational functions on the other. This discussion will therefore be confined to considering how peripheral laterality, notably hand preference, is established in the developing child, and how the differential hemispheric representation of language and spatial-relational functions develops, first in the normal case, and then in certain types of developmental disability.
Cervical cancer screening intervals and management for women living with HIV: A risk benchmarking approach

Objective:We suggested cervical cancer screening strategies for women living with HIV (WLHIV) by comparing their precancer risks to general population women, and then compared our suggestions with current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines.Design:We compared risks of biopsy-
Studying depression among Arab adolescents: Methodological considerations, challenges, and lessons learned from Jordan.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methodology for research examining depression severity, depression sigma, and attitudes toward seeking professional help for depression among Jordanian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Because this was a novel area of research in the Arab countries generally, and Jordan specifically, we aimed to (a) assess the feasibility of collaboration with recruitment sites, (b) evaluate the sampling method and recruitment strategies, and (c) confirm the utility of the measures translated from English to Arabic, namely, the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS; Griffiths, Christensen, & Jorm, 2008) and the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ASPPH; Fischer & Farina, 1995). Cross-sectional data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 88 adolescents attending public schools in Jordan. Active parental consents and adolescent assents were obtained as required by an American institutional review board (IRB), which was 1 of 2 entities providing approval for the study protocol. Depression was evaluated using a validated Arabic version of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). A systematic translation procedure was utilized for the DSS and ASPPH scales. Feasibility of collaboration with recruitment sites was established. However, the active consent procedure reduced the response rate and influenced sample characteristics. Both the BDI-II and the DSS showed adequate reliability. Reliability of the ASPPH scale was questionable. Conducting cross-cultural research requires careful considerations of all ethical, methodological, cultural, linguistic, and logistical issues that might potentially affect the validity and reliability of collected data. This study taps a significant gap in the literature, and provides important recommendations on how to address the potential impacts of the consent process on subjects’ decision to participate or opt out of studies addressing stigmatizing issues, such as mental illness.