cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive integration of language and memory in bilinguals: semantic representation.

Understanding cognitive research on the integration of 2 languages in bilingual memory is difficult because of the different terminology, methodology, analysis, and interpretation strategies that scholars with different backgrounds bring to the research. These studies can be usefully categorized on 2 dimensions: memory for verbal experience versus linguistic knowledge, and systemwise versus pairwise issues. Experimental findings in this area converge on the conclusion that at the word meaning/ conceptual level, both episodic and linguistic memory can be characterized as shared at the systems level and at least partly shared at the pairwise translation-equivalent level. Interpretation problems that stem from weak hypothesis testing structure and from covert translation can be minimized by using appropriate design and analysis techniques. Simply put, bilingualism, or using two languages to communicate, is a tool that allows people with different languages to exchange information. A biblical account of the origin of the world's many languages is given in the Old Testament story of the Tower of Babel, where it is written that God divided the tower's builders by giving them different languages. Without a common language with which to communicate, the builders failed in their goal of constructing the tower. Ironically, a similar situation has arisen in research on bilingualism in that researchers may be lacking a common language. This division has come about not because of any divine intervention but because researchers talk about the phenomena differently or "speak different languages," thereby introducing confusion in the research community. A translator is needed to clarify the links between these different research languages to assist researchers in understanding one another and to facilitate the building of research in this field. Cognitive psychologists, especially those with an informationprocessing perspective, try to clarify the organization of the mental representations and processes involved in thought. These representations and processes are, of course, fundamental to the structure and processes of language as well. An important debate relating to bilingualism focuses on whether two languages access one common or two separate conceptual systems. A cursory reading of the literature would suggest that there is evidence for both views. In this review, however, we see that the preponderance of evidence favors a single conceptual system and that there is little if any evidence to the contrary. Unfortunately, the data from many
Triggering Self-Presentation Efforts Outside of People’s Conscious Awareness

Three studies utilized priming techniques to examine whether self-presentations can be activated without conscious awareness. The results across all experiments consistently demonstrated nonconscious self-presentation effects, in that people were unaware that their self-presentations were triggered automatically and that their self-presentations were comparable to participants who were explicitly instructed to self-present. The findings are novel because they are the first to demonstrate that self-presentations can be triggered without conscious awareness in a manner similar to self-presentations that are strategically selected. In addition, the results help undermine the common misconception that self-presentation typically involves conscious deliberation, pretense, or outright deception.
Forecasting the 2008 presidential election: A challenge for the fiscal model

In 2004, for the first time the fiscal model was employed for the purpose of real-time, ex ante forecasting of a presidential election. The results were encouraging (Cuzan and Bundrick 2005). This year, however, the model encounters a set of challenging conditions, relevant only to it, never seen in the data before. In this paper, we briefly summarize the model, describe the problem, wrestle with ways to address it, and conclude with a forecast for November.
Improved characterization of chromophores for photorefractive applications

Recently it was shown that birefringence caused by orientation of chromophores with anisotropic polarizabilities contributes more to the photorefractive effect in in situ poled organic materials than do the electro-optic properties of the chromophores. A figure of merit specific to photorefractive applications has been derived, and an experimental procedure for its determination is described in detail. The figure of merit is evaluated for the chromophores used in four of the most historically important photorefractive polymers. The chromophore figures of merit and photorefractive material performances are compared and contrasted.
INTRAVESICAL HOLMIUM LASER FRAGMENTATION AND REMOVAL OF DETACHED RESECTOSCOPE SHEATH TIP

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe a case in which the tip of a resectoscope sheath broke off in the bladder during transurethral resection of the prostate.Materials and Methods: A holmium laser was used to fragment a detached ceramic 26Fr resectoscope sheath tip, which was dislodged into the bladder during transurethral resection of the prostate. The fragments were then retrieved using grasping forceps.Results: This procedure caused minimal trauma.Conclusions: The procedure represents a novel and safe approach to the intravesical fragmentation and subsequent removal of an iatrogenic foreign body from the bladder.
Successful black immigrants narrow black–white achievement gaps ☆

Abstract Foreign-born blacks have become a large part of the American black population. Compared to native-born blacks, they are more likely to be high-earning, employed, educated, and not institutionalized. The systematic outcome differences have masked the widening of black–white achievement gaps.
A qualitative study of coping with religious minority status in public schools

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore coping and impacts of religious difference and discrimination among a sample of 50 middle and high school Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, and Universalist Unitarian adolescent public school students. Content analysis employing grounded theory strategies resulted in 7 themes: 1) Importance of religious affiliation and community; 2) Influence of parental religiosity; 3) Parents as advocates and expert consultants; 4) To have or not to have friends from other religions; 5) Response to negative incidents; 6) Perceptions of teachers; and 7) The school culture needs to change. Implications for interventions aimed at promoting resilience and positive religious identity are discussed in addition to recommendations for making schools a welcoming and safe place for students of all religious backgrounds.
A Datalog Source-to-Source Translator for Static Program Analysis: An Experience Report

Static program analysis has many applications including bug checking for large scale code that requires a points-to analysis. To express static program analysis frameworks concisely, it is advantageous to employ a domain-specific language. In the last two decades, Data log has emerged as a domain-specific language for static program analysis. However, existing Data log systems have problems solving large scale code with millions of program variables. This work reports on techniques that translate a Data log program to SQL queries, which are executed on a relational database system. The advantage of a relational database system as an execution platform is the effective use of memory and disks. Further, we can also use an off-the shelf tool to execute the SQL queries. In order to achieve performance, we explore some of the design choices for a source-to-source translation from Data log to SQL that implement stratified negations, totally ordered domains, and comparisons. For each design point, we explain how Data log can be efficiently translated to SQL using the semi-naive evaluation approach. We report the results of our experiments using large data-sets including the OpenJDK7-b147 dataset for points-to, which guided us in the design of our translation schemes.
Farm-Specific Approach to Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease) Control

Uncertainties in the understanding of Johne's disease make the pursuit of disease control confusing for producers and veterinarians. Generic control recommendations have limited adoption or success because they fail to account for the unique circumstances of individual farms. A systematic and pragmatic approach for developing farm control plans is presented. It targets the development of plans that are adapted to individual farm circumstances and are thus more likely to be implemented and effective.
Bank capital, loan activity, and monetary policy: evidence from the FDIC’s Historical Statistics on Banking

This study utilizes the FDIC’s Historical Statistics on Banking from 1966 to 2013 to analyze the long-run relationship between federal funds rate policy, bank capital, and lending at U.S. commercial banks. The empirical analysis uses an autoregressive model to examine loan activity between two different groups of banks with different bank capital structures (high and low capital banks). The results of the study show that commercial loans at high capital banks have a stronger relationship to changes in the federal funds rates than low capital banks. Real estate loans show a slightly stronger negative correlation with federal funds for high capital banks than banks with low capital levels. The change in the portfolio ratio between real estate to commercial loans is negatively related to monetary policy changes.
MicroRNAs: Redefining Mechanisms in Cardiac Disease

MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate protein expression by inhibiting translation of expressed mRNAs. Targeting by one or more miRs of multiple mRNA transcripts encoding proteins with common functions confers nodal control over cardiac development and stress response. Dynamic coregulation of miRs and their mRNA targets has complicated understanding their biology but also provides opportunities for clinical diagnostics and therapeutics. Here, the biology of miRs is reviewed as it relates to the cardiac system, recent findings are described that illuminate miR control of cardiac development and myofiber identity, and the clinical ramifications of miR expression profiling are illustrated.
Timing and kinematics of deformation in the northwest Adirondack Lowlands, New York State: Implications for terrane relationships in the southern Grenville Province

Determining the relationship among crustal blocks within an orogen is a key factor in understanding the architecture and construction of that orogen. Within the large, mid-Proterozoic Grenville Province, the relationship between the Adirondack Lowlands and the adjacent Frontenac terrane is ambiguous. Review of previous work demonstrates that the Adirondack Lowlands have different plutonic suites, a lower grade of metamorphism, and a different geochemical signature. However, the timing and kinematics of deformation in the Lowlands, and their relation to major orogenic events, have not previously been well constrained, making comparisons with the Frontenac terrane difficult. On the northwestern edge of the Adirondack Lowlands, detailed structural analysis of upper-amphibolite grade migmatites and marbles reveals two penetrative deformation phases. Interference of F 1 and F 2 folds results in Type 3 fold interference patterns and is sufficient to produce the regional map patterns. The Noname ductile shear zone, a 0.5–2-km-wide northeast-striking steep ductile shear zone with subvertical lineation, developed during D 2 . The steep geometry of the Noname ductile shear zone, paired with consistent sinistral kinematic indicators only found in subhorizontal surfaces, indicate that kinematics for D 2 was sinistral transpression. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe–reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG) U-Pb zircon geochronology from three granitic samples that have well-defined relationships with D 1 and D 2 indicates that both deformation phases developed through continuous or progressive deformation during ca. 1185–1145 Ma. Zircon geochronology from a quartzite, and the presence of melt during all deformation phases, demonstrate that metamorphism was synchronous with deformation. This work reveals that the Shawinigan orogeny (1190–1140 Ma) developed the dominant structural features observed in the northwest Adirondack Lowlands. These structures are the result of the northward collision of a rifted slice of the Laurentian margin (Adirondis) into previously accreted terranes on the margin of Laurentia. Shawinigan deformation of the Adirondack Lowlands may have outlasted that of the Frontenac terrane across any potential terrane-bounding shear zone. While Frontenac terrane and Adirondack Lowlands geology are sufficiently distinct to warrant separate terrane designation, evidence is lacking to indicate that a suture exists between them.
Ritual and Renewal: Keres Traditions in the Short Fiction of Leslie Silko

"At one time, the ceremonies as they had been performed were enough for the way the world was then. But after the white people came, elements in this world began to shift; and it became necessary to create new ceremonies. I have made changes in the rituals. The people mistrust this greatly, but only this growth keeps the ceremonies strong.... That's what the witchery is counting on: that we will cling to the ceremonies the way they were, and then their power will triumph, and the people will be no more." -Betonie in Ceremony
Physical constraints on c13 and Thomsen parameter delta for VTI rocks

Summary From observation of static mechanic measurement of VTI rock or rock-like VTI materials, we reasoned that one of the three primary Poisson’s ratios of real VTI rocks should always be bigger than the other two and they should be generally positive. From these relations we derived strict physical constraints on c13 and Thomsen parameter δ. Some of the published data from lab velocity anisotropy measurement are lying outside of the constraints, we analyzed that it is primarily caused by the big uncertainty associated with the diagonal phase velocity measurement. These physical constraints will be useful for our understanding of Thomsen parameter δ and predicting δ from non-diagonal measurement.
Low volume spraying of sheep to control the sheep ked.

Undiluted Diazinon® AG500 (48% diazinon) and Korlan® 2 (24.5% ronnel) were applied to flocks of sheep by driving the animals through a narrow chute and directly over a single spray nozzle that was directed toward their undersides. The sprayer was powered by pressurized CO2, Diazinon AG500 and Korlan 2 provided 100% control of Melophagus ovinus (L.) at nozzle delivery rates of 4.8 and 9.0 ml/sec, respectively. The sheep passed through the chute at a rate of ca. 60 sheep/min. No adverse effects on the sheep were noticed.
Cancerous change in chronic anal fistula:a report of 6 cases

Objective To explore the clinical and pathological characteristics of cancer deriving from chronic non-Crohn′s disease anal fistula.Methods A retrospective study was made to analyze clinical and(pathological) data of 6 cases of chronic anal fistula from which cancer developed and were treated in our(hospital) from 1996 to 2005.Results There were 5 males and 1 female averaging 55 years of age.The patients had chronic history of anal fistula for 15～30 years.The anal fistula carcinogenetic factor was chronic inflammation.The definitive diagnosis of the carcinogenesis depended on biopsy of the fistula wall and perianal mass.Metastasis to inguinal lymph nodes was found in 3 patients.All cases underwent abdomino-perineal radical resection(Miles operation)with adjuvant chemotherapy;three patients also had excision of inguinal lymph nodes.Three patients survived more than 5 years,two patients have survived for 3 years and 1 year(respectively);1 patient died of lung metastasis 1 year after operation later.Conclusions Cancer deriving from chronic anal fistula develops slowly,is of relatively low malignancy but can be ignored easily in the early stage.Combined treatment in which the abdomino-perinal radical resection is the major method should be taken.
Survey of deoxynivalenol in U.S. 1993 wheat and barley crops by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Wheat and barley from the 1993 crop year were analyzed for deoxynivalenol (DON). A total of 630 samples were collected by the Federal Grain Inspection Service in 25 states and analyzed using a commercially available, direct competitive, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The limit of determination was about 0.5 micrograms/g. DON contamination in the 483 wheat samples averaged 2.0 micrograms/g and ranged from < 0.5 to 18 micrograms/g. DON contamination in the 147 barley samples averaged 4.2 micrograms/g and ranged from < 0.5 to 26 micrograms/g. About 40% fo the wheat samples and 57% of the barley samples contained DON levels that were greater than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1982 advisory level of 2 micrograms/g for DON in wheat designated for milling (human consumption).
Determinants of Primary Group Assistance During Unemployment

In recent years much research attention has been given to the role of primary groups in ameliorating stressful life events. However, little is known about what factors determine the amount of assistance people receive from relatives and friends during a situation of crisis. This is the focus of the present study. The data base is a sample of public sector workers who were involuntarily laid off from their jobs. The data revealed that respondents received considerable assistance from parents and friends--the two primary group types included in the analysis--during the period of unemployment. Objective economic deprivation, indexed by the difference in family income during and before the period of unemployment was not a major factor in how much assistance was received. But the response to unemployment measured by cutbacks in personal consumption was significantly related to receiving assistance. Age was an important determinant of parental assistance but not assistance from friends. Frequency of social contact with parents and friends were also important determinants of the amount of assistance received. The implications of the findings are discussed. In the past two decades the study of primary groups has emerged as a serious focus of sociological theory and research. This academic interest in kinship, friendship, and neighboring could be termed the "rediscovery" of the primary group in that it parallels the concerns of an earlier generation of scholars. As described by Katz and Lazarsfeld in their volume, Personal Influence (1955), social scientists had begun to document the continuing importance of primary groups in modern industrial society as early as the 1920's. Perhaps the most enduring work of this early period is the "Hawthorne" research which led to the critical discovery of the role of informal groups in industrial settings (Roethlisberger & Dickson, 1939; Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955; Blumberg, 1973). The emphasis on the functions of primary groups continues as a major theme in Data for this paper were collected as part of a study on public sector unemployment which was funded by the Center for Research in Career Development of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business and by grant #91-36-77-27 from the U.S. Department of Labor.
The relationship between serum estradiol-17β concentrations and induced pituitary luteinizing hormone surges in postmenopausal women *

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different serum concentrations of estradiol-17 β (E 2 ) on pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) release in postmenopausal women. Serum E 2 levels were evaluated in healthy postmenopausal women while they wore two, four, and six transdermal E 2 delivery systems. The mean serum E 2 levels at 48hours after application of the devices were 185.5, 338.9, and 520.5pg/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from each other. Serum E 2 levels were stable throughout the first 48hours of patch application but declined by a mean of 54% between 48 and 72hours. Pituitary LH surges were induced with all three serum concentrations of E 2 but were present more often with the higher serum values. There were no significant differences between the mean interval of device utilization and initiation, height, or duration of the induced pituitary LH surge at any of the three serum E 2 concentrations studied.
Editorial comment for Protective effect of tunica albuginea incision with tunica vaginalis flap coverage on tissue damage and oxidative stress following testicular torsion: Role of duration of ischemia.

The authors presented their experimental study investigating the effects of testicular torsion in a rat model. Not surprisingly they found that there is a linear increase in parameters of testicular distress with increasing duration of torsion (1, 5 and 9 h). A tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) placed in the incised tunica albuginea of an experimentally torsed testes reduced testicular histologic damage and reduced a serum marker of injury (MDA) only in testes torsed for 9 h. The authors found no measurable benefit in those testes torsed for lesser time intervals (1 and 5 h); indeed, there was worse injury in those animals subjected to the TVF intervention. While the authors stated in the Introduction that testicular torsion must be differentiated from other causes of scrotal pain so as to prevent the loss of the testicle in those with torsion, the real issue at hand is what to do with the ischemiclooking testes at the time of surgery. Few would want to leave necrotic testes, but how clinically are irrevocable changes discerned? Which testes can be helped with TVF? The duration of scrotal pain, as indicated by the patient’s history, is a poor indicator of testicular viability given the vagaries of adolescent male perceptions, the occasional but real occurrence of intermittent torsion and the anatomic variability (i.e. the number of twists) of spermatic cord torsion. There is literature [1] directly relating necrosis to duration of symptoms, but experience demonstrates many outliers to the general rules governing the relationship between testicular viability and duration of symptoms. Indeed, Sessions et al. [2] found that 40% of patients presenting with symptoms of >20 h duration had testicular salvage with standard detorsion and fixation. Would these patients be harmed with the TVF techniques, as were those rats
Coding for discrete sources

Introduction A general block diagram of a point-to-point digital communication system was given in Figure 1.1. The source encoder converts the sequence of symbols from the source to a sequence of binary digits, preferably using as few binary digits per symbol as possible. The source decoder performs the inverse operation. Initially, in the spirit of source/channel separation, we ignore the possibility that errors are made in the channel decoder and assume that the source decoder operates on the source encoder output. We first distinguish between three important classes of sources. • Discrete sources The output of a discrete source is a sequence of symbols from a known discrete alphabet X . This alphabet could be the alphanumeric characters, the characters on a computer keyboard, English letters, Chinese characters, the symbols in sheet music (arranged in some systematic fashion), binary digits, etc. The discrete alphabets in this chapter are assumed to contain a finite set of symbols. It is often convenient to view the sequence of symbols as occurring at some fixed rate in time, but there is no need to bring time into the picture (for example, the source sequence might reside in a computer file and the encoding can be done off-line). This chapter focuses on source coding and decoding for discrete sources. Supplementary references for source coding are given in Gallager (1968, chap. 3) and Cover and Thomas (2006, chap. 5). A more elementary partial treatment is given in Proakis and Salehi (1994, sect. 4.1–4.3). […]
Epithelial and bone marrow derived sources of Cd1d contribute to wound repair

Wound healing is a multifaceted process that depends on both epithelial and bone marrow derived cells to promote proper healing. Recent publications have shown that a subset of T cells in the skin are activated by certain lipids bound to CD1 molecules. Cd1d, the isoform of CD1 expressed in mice, is an MHC-like molecule that binds lipid antigens and is expressed by Langerhans cells (LCs), macrophages, B cells, and wounded keratinocytes. As our lab has previously shown that T cell activation in the skin promotes wound healing, we hypothesize that Cd1d is an important component of normal wound healing. To investigate this hypothesis, we administered full thickness wounds to the dorsal skin of WT and Cd1d−/− mice and analyzed wound closure. Cd1d−/− mice had a significant delay in wound healing between days 1 and 5 compared to WT controls. Analysis of ex vivo wound healing failed to show any difference in wound closure rates between WT and Cd1d−/− skin. This suggested that an infiltrating cell type is at least partially responsible for the observed difference in in vivo wound healing. Transfer of WT bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated Cd1d−/− mice did not rescue the wound healing defect observed in Cd1d−/− mice. Interestingly, transfer of Cd1d−/− bone marrow into WT mice caused a delay in wound healing. Analysis of wounded skin demonstrated that significantly fewer macrophages and LCs were present in Cd1d−/− epidermis. We conclude that the Cd1d-mediated wound healing defect is dependent on both resident LCs and infiltrating macrophages, and continue to investigate how Cd1d expressed by LCs promotes wound repair as studies have shown that LCs have an immunosuppressive effect in models of contact hypersensitivity and UVB-induced inflammation.
Optimization of Blockerless Engine Thrust Reverser

The aim of this investigation was to perform a parametric computational study of the blockerless engine thrust reverser system concept. Early experimental investigations had revealed that injection flow rates of the order of 3% of the fan flow were needed to divert the entire fan flow out through the cascade opening. For a high bypass ratio engine, this amount was too much to be bled from the compressor. This study performs a more detailed evaluation of the concept and covers cases that could not be tested during the experimental investigation due to the limitations of experimental facility. A numerical model simulating the experimental setup was constructed, and effects of various design parameters such as injection location, injection angle, injection thickness, cascade opening, and operational parameters such as fan flow and injection flow rates were studied using trajectory-based analysis. The results suggest that the injection location and injection angle have a profound effect on the performance, an...
Development of Next Generation Digital Beamforming Synthetic Aperture Radar architectures

Next Generation Digital Beamforming (DBF) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a technological area being pursued at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Two such systems - DBSAR-2 and EcoSAR-have been recently developed and tested. The new instruments employ advanced architectures characterized by multi-mode operation, software defined waveform generation, digital beamforming, and configurable radar parameters. The instruments have been developed to support several disciplines in Earth and Planetary sciences. This paper will describe EcoSAR and DBSAR-2 advanced features and report on the latest SAR processing and calibration efforts.
Multilineage Dysplasia Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcome Independent of the Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic neoplasms. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification includes the two new categories: AML with dysplasia in more than one lineage (multilineage dysplasia; MLD) and refractory cytopenia with MLD. However, the relevance of dysplasia in one lineage versus more than one lineage and the importance of separating MDS with MLD from AML with MLD are not known. We studied 1110 patients with AML and 171 patients with MDS classified according to the WHO criteria and treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 1995 to 2003. All MDS patients had advanced disease requiring treatment and included 19 patients with refractory anemia (RA), 7 with RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), and 145 with RA with excess blasts (RAEB). Survival analysis showed no statistical significance in overall survival between MDS patients and AML patients when classified according to the WHO classification ( P =0.196). When AML and MDS patients were considered as one group, but divided based on the presence or absence of MLD, patients with MLD had significantly shorter survival ( P =.004; Figure 1). More importantly, multivariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that the shorter survival in the combined AML and MDS patients with MLD was independent of cytogenetic abnormalities, antecedent hematologic disease, performance status, and the original diagnosis of AML or MDS. As expected, shorter survival was found in AML patients with MLD as compared with those with no dysplasia or dysplasia of one lineage ( P =.003). The presence of dysplasia in one lineage was irrelevant for the clinical course. Apoptosis detection using annexin V staining or mitochondrial membrane potential analysis showed significantly higher apoptosis in AML patients with MLD as compared with those patients without MLD and the presence of increased apoptosis correlated with shorter survival ( P =.04). The present study demonstrates that the criteria established by the WHO classification for the diagnosis of AML and MDS can be significantly enhanced if the presence or absence of MLD is considered irrespective of the percentage of blasts. Furthermore, apoptosis can be detected in AML and MDS patients using annexin V staining or mitochondrial membrane potential analysis and it can be utilized to indirectly reflect the level of dysplasia in these patients. With the progress in targeted therapy, the classification of leukemia and myelodysplasia based on biological abnormalities may provide more helpful clues for therapy and clinical management. ![Figure][1] Figure [1]: pending:yes
A Clinical Framework for Functional Recovery in a Person With Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:This case study describes a task-specific training program for gait walking and functional recovery in a young man with severe chronic traumatic brain injury. CASE DESCRIPTION:The individual was a 26-year-old man 4 years post-traumatic brain injury with severe motor impairments who had not walked outside of therapy since his injury. He had received extensive gait training prior to initiation of services. His goal was to recover the ability to walk. INTERVENTION:The primary focus of the interventions was the restoration of walking. A variety of interventions were used, including locomotor treadmill training, electrical stimulation, orthoses, and specialized assistive devices. A total of 79 treatments were delivered over a period of 62 weeks. OUTCOMES:At the conclusion of therapy, the client was able to walk independently with a gait trainer for approximately 1km (over 3000 ft) and walked in the community with the assistance of his mother using a rocker bottom crutch for distances of 100m (330 ft). DISCUSSION:Specific interventions were intentionally selected in the development of the treatment plan. The program emphasized structured practice of the salient task, that is, walking, with adequate intensity and frequency. Given the chronicity of this individual's injury, the magnitude of his functional improvements was unexpected.Video Abstract available for additional insights from the Authors (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A175).
Adverse Effects of Common Sports and Recreational Activities on Male Reproduction

Abstract Context Male factor infertility plays a significant role in infertility. Many factors have been associated with male infertility; however, the link between many sports and recreational factors and male reproduction remains poorly characterized. Objective To evaluate the current literature regarding the impact of many common sports and recreational factors on male reproduction. Evidence acquisition A comprehensive PubMed and Embase search for relevant articles published between 1970 and 2017 was performed by combining the following search terms: male, sports (including individual sports), traumatic brain injury, sauna, hot tub, fertility, erectile dysfunction, varicocele, environment , cell phone , and laptop computer . Evidence synthesis Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction can be associated with sports with high rates of head injuries, such as American football. Although early reports linked other sports, such as bicycling, to erectile dysfunction, subsequent studies isolated these associations to sports cycling rather than recreational cycling. Certain sports (football, basketball, handball, and volleyball) were linked to increasing prevalence and severity of varicocele, offering a potential link to male infertility. In addition, recreational activities such as sauna, hot tubs, Jacuzzis, heated car seats, and laptop use were associated with high testicular temperature, which can impair spermatogenesis. Radio frequency electromagnetic waves from cell phones and laptops have also been shown to have deleterious effects on sperm viability and motility. Conclusions Many common sports and daily activities represent potential sources of male infertility. Clinicians should be aware of these associations in explaining idiopathic infertility in males. Patient summary Male infertility is an often overlooked component of a couple's inability to conceive. We outline many common and often overlooked sports and recreational exposures that have been associated with male infertility.
Complications of Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernioplasty

All surgical procedures are subject to complications such as bleeding and infection, just as each type of operation has complications that are unique to the specific procedure. For example, a gastrectomy can result in dumping syndrome, and inguinal hernioplasty can result in testicular ischemia. Laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty also is associated with nonspecific complications such as bleeding and infection, but problems due to the creation of pneumoperitoneum and complications related to the specific technique of hernioplasty are unique. Laparoscopic approaches to the repair of inguinal hernias vary from completely new techniques to laparoscopic adaptations of existing ones. It is necessary to understand these techniques to appreciate the potential complications associated with each of them.
El Acto-Espacio Social Con Su Código De Comportamiento en La Familia de Pascual Duarte

Camilo Jose Cela's novel La familia de Pascual Duarte [Pascual Duarte's Family] (1942) has been criticized from different ideological points of view. In this essay, my intent is to offer a different and complementary vision of the character of Pascual Duarte. Here, I analyze the existence of a code of masculinity and Pascual's mode of violent behavior to conform to such a code. In examining Pascual Duarte, I trace the allegorical character of the novel and the interrelation of these aspects in the social act-space. This last factor functions as an envelope which encloses and marks the validity of public acts and then inserts itself in the opinion of the reader creating a critical voice which judges Pascual's deeds. The theoretical framework for this essay is based on studies that question the legitimacy of the patriarchal project and, together with a 'perverse' reading, reveal the text's valuable statement on the existence of a masculine code.
Radiation-Induced Decrease in Rat Abdominal Aortic Reactivity to U46619: Amelioration with Indomethacin and WR2721

Exposure to ionizing radiation has demonstrated that vascular tissue is very radiosensitive (1–3). Besides structural changes, ionizing radiation exposure alters vascular permeability (2,3) and tone (1). Studies have shown that vascular responsiveness to exogenous vasoconstrictors are altered following irradiation (4–8). One possible explanation for this increased permeability and altered vascular reactivity is the release of vasoactive inflammatory mediators. Studies from this and other laboratories have shown that ionizing radiation exposure increases the release of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) (9–12).
A Cognitive Dimensional Approach to Understanding Shared and Unique Contributions to Reading, Math, and Attention Skills:

Disorders of reading, math, and attention frequently co-occur in children. However, it is not yet clear which cognitive factors contribute to comorbidities among multiple disorders and which uniquely relate to one, especially because they have rarely been studied as a triad. Thus, the present study considers how reading, math, and attention relate to phonological awareness, numerosity, working memory, and processing speed, all implicated as either unique or shared correlates of these disorders. In response to findings that the attributes of all three disorders exist on a continuum rather than representing qualitatively different groups, this study employed a dimensional approach. Furthermore, we used both timed and untimed academic variables in addition to attention and activity level variables. The results supported the role of working memory and phonological awareness in the overlap among reading, math, and attention, with a limited role of processing speed. Numerosity was related to the comorbidity between math and attention. The results from timed variables and activity level were similar to those from untimed and attention variables, although activity level was less strongly related to cognitive and academic/attention variables. These findings have implications for understanding cognitive deficits that contribute to comorbid reading disability, math disability, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Establishment of forage kochia in seeding mixtures with perennial grasses

Forage kochia (Bassia prostrata L.) can persist in disturbed areas and provide high‐quality forage even during fall and winter months. However, information is needed on the effect of planting time and subsequent environmental conditions on forage kochia establishment. A field study was initiated in 2014 in Wyoming to determine the optimum planting time for successful forage kochia establishment and examine its performance in seeded mixtures with perennial cool‐season grasses in areas dominated by annual weeds. The experiment was carried out using split‐plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots consisted of three planting times (late winter, early spring and summer), and subplots included eight seeding mixture treatments. Species included in mixtures were forage kochia, four native grasses and two nonnative grasses. The summer (May) planting failed completely, and early spring (April) planting resulted in greater plant density for forage kochia and grasses than late winter (March) planting. Although, forage kochia monoculture had greater forage kochia density than other treatments, forage kochia stands were satisfactory when seeded in mixtures with perennial grasses. By the year after planting, plant density of forage kochia and grasses was reduced to about one‐third of 2014 density. During initial establishment stage, it is thought that forage kochia and perennial grasses were affected by dense cover of annual weeds. However, greater plant density was observed for April compared to March plantings, and forage kochia monoculture had good stands despite dense stands of annual weeds, even in 2015. The results suggest that successful establishment of forage kochia is possible when it is planted in early spring under conditions of this study. However, monitoring stands the following years is needed to determine the persistence and forage production of different seeding mixtures of forage kochia and perennial grasses.
Calochortus gunnisonii furthers evidence for the complex genetic legacy of historical climate change in the southern Rocky Mountains.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate cycles of the Quaternary have impacted plants at a global scale, leaving behind a complex genetic legacy. Species of the northern Rocky Mountains of North America were exposed to more uniform glacial patterns than the central and southern ranges, where synergistic relationships between temperature and precipitation caused differences in the timing and extent of glacier onset. We examined the genetic impacts of climate oscillations on Calochortus gunnisonii (Liliaceae) in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. METHODS Populations were sampled from disjunct mountain ranges across the basins of Wyoming and northern and central Colorado. Allelic data from nuclear microsatellites and plastid sequences (trnV-ndhC, petA-psbJ, and rpl16) were used to examine patterns of genetic structure between and among populations along the southern Rocky Mountain corridor. KEY RESULTS We infer considerable population structure concordant with mountain range of origin. Clustering analysis supports separate north and south genetic clusters on either side of major basins in Wyoming, suggesting that populations were maintained in two distinct refugia. Additionally, populations within the Sierra Madre Range of southern Wyoming show localized, divergent genetic signal indicative of a third potential glacial refugium. By contrast, recent genetic admixture is observed in the Laramie, Medicine Bow, and Front ranges, where population expansion from glacial refugia has likely occurred. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that during climate cycles of the Quaternary, C. gunnisonii experienced periods of population expansion and reduction, habitat fragmentation, isolation in three or more refugia, and admixture mirroring genetic impacts of other southern Rocky Mountains organisms.
Presenting a Qualitative Study: A Reviewer’s Perspective:

Intended to guide scholars who are new to qualitative research, this methods brief focuses mostly on what reviewers look for in manuscripts submitted for publication. The author acknowledges that reviewers’ preferences likely reflect their theoretical perspectives, research-oriented coursework, mentors, and research and writing experiences. The emphasis, therefore, is on terminology and basic elements that apply across a broad range of qualitative approaches. Discussion also addresses researcher inclinations toward qualitative inquiry; the importance of fit among approach, purpose, and research questions; the need for manuscript authors to identify potential researcher bias and explain how it was monitored; and the necessity of including and describing other elements that contribute to trustworthiness. Examples from journals in the field represent a wide range of research types, foci, and data sources.
A Selective and Benign Synthesis of Functionalized Benzalacetones via Mizoroki—Heck Reaction Using Aryldiazonium Salts.

Either Pd(OAc)2 or Pd-C clusters generated by pre-reduction of Pd(OAc)2 with MeOH in the presence of charcoal before starting the reaction are used as catalysts in the presence of CaCO3 as base.
Immigration and the Wage Distribution in the United States

This article assesses the connection between immigration and wage inequality in the United States. Departing from the focus on how the average wages of different native groups respond to immigration, we examine how immigrants shape the overall wage distribution. Despite evidence indicating that an increased presence of low-skilled immigrants is associated with losses at the lower end of wage distribution, we do not observe a similar result between high-skilled immigrants and natives at the upper end. Instead, the presence of foreign-born workers, whether high- or low-skilled, is associated with substantial gains for high-wage natives, particularly those at the very top. Consequently, increased immigration is associated with greater wage dispersion.
Investigation of Device Dimensions on Electric Double Layer Microsupercapacitor Performance and Operating Mechanism

Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) holds the highest share of commercial supercapacitor market. However, it has been proven that current Helmholtz, Gouy-Chapman and Stern models do not provide comprehensive explanation for energy storage mechanism in EDLC. In this work the effects of interdigitated EDLC design on capacitance of flexible laser scribed interdigitated microsupercapacitor (LSG-MSC) are studied. Three design parameters are tested, (1) current collector-electrode interaction, (2) electrode aperture, and (3) distance between parallel electrodes. Noticeable change was observed in the total capacitance upon change in LSG-MSC design which was analyzed in detail using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrostatic simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. It was found that in addition to electric double layer capacitance, an electric field was generated between electrodes and between electrode and current collector which led to small electrostatic capacitance between them. This electric field was also found to cause disturbance in double layer formation at the electrode thus causing change in the overall capacitance as the design parameters were varied.
A generative algorithm for de novo design of proteins with diverse pocket structures

To create new enzymes and biosensors from scratch, precise control over the structure of small molecule binding sites is of paramount importance, but systematically designing arbitrary protein pocket shapes and sizes remains an outstanding challenge. Using the NTF2-like structural superfamily as a model system, we developed a generative algorithm for creating a virtually unlimited number of de novo proteins supporting diverse pocket structures. The generative algorithm was tested and refined through feedback from two rounds of large scale experimental testing, involving in total, the assembly of synthetic genes encoding 7896 generated designs and assessment of their stability on the yeast cell surface, detailed biophysical characterization of 64 designs, and crystal structures of 5 designs. The refined algorithm generates proteins that remain folded at high temperatures and exhibit more pocket diversity than naturally occurring NTF2-like proteins. We expect this approach to transform the design of small molecule sensors and enzymes by enabling the creation of binding and active site geometries much more optimal for specific design challenges than is accessible by repurposing the limited number of naturally occurring NTF2-like proteins.