cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Bot Fly Parasitism on Vertical Habitat Use by Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse) use the 3-dimensional space of their habitat. We studied whether Cuterebra fontinella (Bot Fly) larvae affected rate of capture in traps set above ground compared to traps set on the ground in deciduous forests in Ohio and Georgia. Rates of infestation were nearly three-fold greater in Ohio than in Georgia. Infested animals were captured equally in traps on the ground and in traps 1.5 m above ground in Ohio, but were captured less frequently in traps on the ground than in traps 1.5 m above ground in Georgia. Sex of animals did not affect these results. Infested animals were not captured in traps 4.5 m above the ground in Georgia, suggesting a possible limit to use of vertical habitat space by infested mice.
An intergovernmental perspective on federal education grants

Few things in this world are inevitable. The notable exceptions are death, taxes, and debates about American federalism. Although the critical task of balancing the responsibilities among the federal, state, and local governments predates the American Constitution, the essential questions of American government remain: What should be the role of different levels of government in domestic policy? What is the appropriate balance of authority between the Federal Government and the 50 states? The Reagan Administration's proposal of a "New Federalism" is simply the most recent effort to sort out governmental roles. While discussions of federalism date back to our early history, the debate has intensified in recent years to a large degree because of the proliferation of federal grants-in-aid. Between 1965 and 1980, grants to state and local governments increased from $11 billion, or 9.2% of the federal budget, to $91 billion, or 15.8% of the budget. In elementary and secondary education, the increases were from about $2.1 billion to $8.7 billion over this same period (ACIR, 1981 p. 5; ECS, 1981, p. 30). As important as the dollar amount of grants is the fact that many of the programs developed in the last two decades have been designed to carry out federal purposes rather than assist state and local governments in carrying out their own priorities. Most grants have been categorical in nature and have included extensive regulations controlling program design and administration, finance, and the delivery of services. Layered on top of program requirements are a set of cross-cutting requirements, estimated by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
A Look Back at Ten Years of “Serials Spoken Here”

Column editor Susan Davis celebrates the ten-year anniversary of “Serials Spoken Here” with a short review and history of the column.
Ethical dilemmas in pediatric endocrinology: Growth hormone for short normal children

Ethical questions surrounding the administration of synthetic growth hormone (GH) to short normal children can be grouped into the following four categories: 1) appropriateness of medical treatment when no disease or biological deficiency is present; 2) how to proceed in the face of ambiguity or uncertainty of research results; 3) difficulty in weighing the risks and benefits of treatment; and 4) who should decide? This article seeks to determine whether GH administration to normal short children is properly considered an 'enhancement', and, if so, whether such treatment would be ethically wrong.
Recurrent Massive Perivillous Fibrin Deposition in the Placenta Associated with Fetal Renal Tubular Dysgenesis: Case Report and Literature Review:

Massive perivillous fibrin deposition (MPVFD) of the placenta and renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) are relatively rare diseases with potential recurrent risks that have not previously associated in the literature. Herein, we report the clinical course, autopsy findings, and placental pathologic features from 3 consecutive pregnancies delivered in 1 woman, all showing recurrent MPVFD in the placenta and RTD in the bilateral fetal kidneys.
Boundaries and openings: spatial strategies in the Chinese dwelling

Dwelling implies the establishment of a meaningful relationship between people and a given environment. Through physical spaces, people identify and orient themselves by symbolically expressing the meaning of social–cultural behavior. This paper examines the spatial meanings in the traditional Chinese family by analyzing the placement and arrangement of walls and courtyards. Specifically, this paper studies how physical space was defined and developed within the Chinese family by the spatial articulation of human relationships and the functions of daily life and how these spatial arrangements reinforced family hierarchies through purposeful separation and togetherness. The findings reveal that through binding together the family relationship and spatial concerns, Confucian discourses and practice were attached to the daily life of every Chinese. In addition, this study indicates that the primary concern in a Chinese house was not togetherness but separateness.
N-cadherin haploinsufficiency increases survival in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is often detected at a late stage, hence the identification of new therapies that have potential to block tumor progression is critical for this lethal disease. N-cadherin upregulation has been observed in many cancers including PDA, however, a causal role for this cell adhesion receptor in disease progression has yet to be defined. The concomitant expression of oncogenic Kras(G12D) and mutant p53 (Trp53(R172H)) in the murine pancreas results in metastatic PDA that recapitulates the cognate features of human pancreatic cancer providing an excellent animal model to identify genes required for tumor progression. Here we determine the consequences of genetically manipulating N-cadherin expression in a mouse model of PDA. Remarkably, mice with reduced N-cadherin expression (that is, Ncad(-/+)) survived 25% longer (177 vs 142 days, P<0.05) than animals expressing two wild-type N-cadherin (Cdh2) alleles. The survival benefit is likely due to a cumulative effect of N-cadherin's role in different aspects of tumorigenesis including tumor-cell survival, growth, migration and invasion. Interestingly, reduced hedgehog signaling may contribute to the better prognosis for the Ncad(-/+) mice. Moreover, the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-7, associated with poor prognosis in PDA, was reduced in Ncad(-/+) tumors. Finally, Ncad(-/+) tumor cells exhibited decreased FGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation consistent with N-cadherin's ability to promote FGFR signaling. These data support a critical role for N-cadherin in PDA and its potential prognostic value. Additionally, this study provides in vivo genetic evidence that the cell-surface protein N-cadherin represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Development of environmentally superior technologies in the US and policy

Abstract “Environmentally superior technology” (EST) represents a research initiative in North Carolina (NC) to develop alternatives to lagoon treatment and land application of swine manure. EST performance standards included impacts of animal waste to surface and groundwater, emission of ammonia and odor, release of disease-transmitting pathogens, and heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater. Five technologies were shown to meet these standards: a solids separation/nitrification–denitrification/soluble phosphorus removal system; a thermophilic anaerobic digester system; a centralized composting system; a gasification system; and a fluidized bed combustion system. Economic data compiled for all EST showed annualized (10-year) costs of retrofitting existing swine farms with the technologies ranged between $90 and over $400 per 1000 lbs. steady state live-weight. Value-engineering to reduce the costs of targeted EST has been successful. Policy providing institutional incentives to incorporate EST has been enacted as a result of this study.
A global optical-model analysis of neutron elastic scattering data

Abstract Differential cross sections for neutron elastic scattering in the energy range 7–26 MeV from 40Ca, 90Zr, 92Mo, 116, 124Sn and 208Pb are analyzed in terms of a global optical-model potential. A smooth variation of the real radius parameters with mass number is investigated. Otherwise, optical-model geometrical parameters are kept fixed at values obtained by averaging individual best fits. The energy and isospin dependences of potential strengths and volume integrals per nucleon are presented.
Enhancing storage stability of emulsions by binding detergents with soy protein isolate and its hydrolysates

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a frequently used anionic detergent, and proteins are among the widely used minor ingredients in cosmetic products. Proteins may enhance the detergent functions and protect human skin from irritation caused by detergents. Soy protein hydrolysates (SPH) were prepared by modifying soy protein (SP) with papain. Varying concentrations of SP or SPH were mixed with various concentrations of SDS at different pH values to determine: (i) molecular characteristics, degree of hydrolysis (DH), and surface hydrophobicity (S 0) of SP and SPH; (ii) the effect of SDS concentrations on the S 0 of SP; (iii) the storage stabilities of oil-in-water emulsions formed by SDS, SP, SPH, SP-SDS, and SPH-SDS; and (iv) the effect of protein concentration (0.01 to 1.5%), DH (1.2 to 12.5%), and pH (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0) on storage stabilities of emulsions formed by SP-SDS or SPH-SDS. An increase in emulsion stability (ES) with increasing protein concentration was observed. The ES values of emulsions formed by SPH-SDS complexes were significantly higher than those formed by SP-SDS at pH 7.0 and 9.0. The ES of emulsions formed by the complexes were low at pH 5.0 and increased with increasing pH. At pH 3.0 the emulsions formed by SP-SDS at 1 to 1.5% protein concentration and by SPH-SDS at 1.5% protein concentration were very stable. The results indicate that at least one-half of SDS content can be replaced by SP or SPH while maintaining emulsion stability.
Multidimensional digital boundaries

Abstract In many imaging applications, boundaries of objects need to be identified in multidimensional digital image data for the visualization and analysis of object information captured in the images. This article addresses the question of how to define boundaries in multidimensional digital spaces so that they are "closed" and connected, and so that they partition the digital space into an interior set that is connected and an exterior set that is connected. Using adjacency relations defined on the elements of the digital space and on boundary elements, we prove some basic results relating to these properties of boundaries. We examine in detail some specific boundary element adjacency relations and present efficient algorithms that track boundaries defined in binary images of any (finite) diinensionality. We conclude with two conjectures relating to the connectedness of boundaries.
Gaming simulation to pretest operant-based community interventions: An urban transportation example

The application of operant techniques to large-scale social settings often involves considerable social, economic, political, and/or physical risk. Among the tools required for behavioral interventions in complex systems are those to pretest alternative environmental (e.g., social, economic, political, physical) structures. In this study an urban transportation game was developed for this purpose. During the simulation experiment subjects were rein forced for bus-riding responses on various schedules. Results were consistent with previous laboratory experiments. That is, low levels of bus riding occurredunder conditions of nonreinforcement, intermediate levels emerged under both continuous and variable ratio 36 schedules, and higher levels of bus riding emerged during a variable ratio 6 schedule of reinforcement.
Effects of an electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloy AA 6111 on the subsequent natural aging kinetics and tensile properties

Abstract The effects of an external dc electric field of 0–5 kV/cm, applied at 475–550°C during solution heat treatment (SHT) to AA6111, on the subsequent natural aging kinetics and volume fraction of precipitated clusters were determined employing resistivity. The field increased the as-quenched resistivity and that during natural aging, the effect being significant from 0 to ≈0.5 kV/cm and increasing only slightly, if at all, thereafter. An Avrami-type analysis of the natural aging kinetics gave n = 0.59 ± 0.2 and k = (1.2 ± 0.8) · 10−2 min−1, relatively independent of SHT temperature and field strength. The field increased the volume fraction of precipitated clusters which occurred during natural aging. This was attributed to the increase in solubility during SHT produced by the field. Tensile properties equivalent to those obtained by the SHT at 550°C without a field were obtained at 500°C with a field of only 200 V/cm, representing a reduction of 50°C in the nominal SHT temperature.
Distributed adaptive droop control for DC microgrids

Conventional droop controls have been widely studied for load sharing in dc Microgrids. However, unlike ac Microgrids, transmission line impedances can undermine the controller's performance, and it might fail to provide regulated rated voltage and proportional load sharing. Herein, a distributed secondary controller is introduced that includes two modules; a voltage regulator and a current regulator. A sparse cyber network is also spanned through the converters for data exchange wherein, each converter is in contact with a few others as its neighbors. A cooperative algorithm is introduced and used in a voltage observer that estimates the average voltage across the Microgrid. This estimation is further used in the voltage regulator to locally adjust the voltage set point, compensating the voltage drop caused by the droop mechanism. Simultaneously, the current regulator compares local per-unit current with the neighbors' per-unit currents and, accordingly, adjusts the droop virtual impedance to balance the per-unit supplied currents. Thus, the voltage and current regulators together provide the best choice of voltage set point and virtual impedance that leads to the global voltage regulation and tight load sharing. Simulation studies on a low-voltage dc Microgrid verify the performance of the proposed control methodology.
Longitudinal Associations of Migraine and Depressive Symptoms: A Cohort Analysis

Background While the association between migraine and depression has been well established, there is very little information as to whether effective prophylactic treatment of migraine correlates with improvement in comorbid depression. Methods We analyzed initial visit data from migraine headache patients (n = 961) in the Mayo Headache Registry along with follow-up data (n = 389) from a subset of this cohort. Depressive symptoms were measured utilizing the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Results We found a correlation between BDI-II and migraine frequency for 4 weeks and 3 months prior to the initial visit (Spearman correlation coefficient ρ = 0.335 and 0.349, respectively; p value Conclusions BDI-II score was associated with migraine measures but not with the presence of aura at time of clinical presentation. Over follow-up time, an improvement in depression score was correlated with a reduction in migraine frequency, but was not significantly associated with medication type.
Polarization and angular distributions in the cascade decay ψ'(3684) → γγψ(3095)

Abstract The angular distributions in the cascade decay process e+e− → ψ'(3684) → γχ → γγψ(3095) → γγμ+μ− are considered as a means of determining the spins and radiative couplings of the χ particles. The expression for the full angular distribution is brought into a simple factorized form using an approach suggested by spin diagrams. All moments of the distribution are tabulated for a χ spin ⩽2 and pure or mixed transitions with photon multipolarity ⩽2.
I COUGH: Reducing Postoperative Pulmonary Complications With a Multidisciplinary Patient Care Program

Importance Postoperative pulmonary complications can be a devastating consequence of surgery. Validated strategies to reduce these adverse outcomes are needed. Objectives To design, implement, and determine the efficacy of a suite of interventions for reducing postoperative pulmonary complications. Design A before-after trial comparing our National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) pulmonary outcomes before and after implementing I COUGH, a multidisciplinary pulmonary care program. Setting An urban, academic, safety-net hospital. Participants All patients who underwent general or vascular surgery at our institution during a 1-year period before and after implementation of I COUGH. Interventions A multidisciplinary team developed a strategy to reduce pulmonary complications based on comprehensive patient and family education and a set of standardized electronic physician orders to specify early postoperative mobilization and pulmonary care. Designated by the acronym I COUGH, the program emphasizes i ncentive spirometry, c oughing and deep breathing, o ral care (brushing teeth and using mouthwash twice daily), u nderstanding (patient and family education), g etting out of bed at least 3 times daily, and h ead-of-bed elevation. Nursing and physician education promoted a culture of mobilization and I COUGH interventions. I COUGH was implemented for all general surgery and vascular surgery patients at our institution in August 2010. Main Outcomes and Measures The NSQIP-reported incidence and risk-adjusted ratios of postoperative pneumonia and unplanned intubation, which NSQIP reports as observed-expected (OE) ratios for the 1-year period before implementing I COUGH and as odds ratios (ORs, statistically comparable to OE ratios) for the period after its implementation. Results Before implementation of I COUGH, our incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 2.6%, falling to 1.6% after its implementation, and risk-adjusted outcomes fell from an OE ratio of 2.13 to an OR of 1.58. The incidence of unplanned intubations was 2.0% before I COUGH and 1.2% after I COUGH, with risk-adjusted outcomes decreasing from an OE ratio of 2.10 to an OR of 1.31. Conclusions and Relevance I COUGH, a standardized postoperative care program emphasizing patient education, early mobilization, and pulmonary interventions, reduced the incidence of postoperative pneumonia and unplanned intubation among our patients.
Comparison of the Ranging Function of Three Types of Underwater Acoustic Modems

Finding the position of a device within an underwater network, known as localization, has been critical for the advancement of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) research. Many of the current methods of underwater localization rely on a modem's ability to accurately estimate the time of flight for a given message transmission. This ability is also utilized by a modem's built-in ranging function. To advance the research in underwater localization, a comparison study was done on the ranging function of three commercially available underwater acoustic modems, all of which utilize different modulation schemes. A pair of AquaSeNT (OFDM), Benthos (MFSK), and LinkQuest (DSSS) acoustic modems were tested at several positions in both a pool and lake environment. It was found that the AquaSeNT was the most robust, as in it always calculated a distance, at the expense of precision. The precision of the AquaSeNT was effected by a consistent 8-m bias. The LinkQuest was found to be the most accurate and precise, but had issues communicating in short channels (large delay spread), and would occasionally produce erroneous measurements. The Benthos had a balance between communication success as well as precision and accuracy.
Understanding statistical concepts and terms in context: The GovStat ontology and the statistical interactive glossary

One of the problems that people have in using statistical information from government websites, is that the level of statistical knowledge in the general population is low. People’s lack of statistical knowledge is a barrier to finding the statistics they need and understanding what the statistics mean and how to use them. We describe the Statisticaf Interactive Glossary (SIG), an enhanced glossary of statistical terms, and the GovStat ontology of statistical concepts which supports it. The overall goal of the glossary is to help users understand important statistical terms and concepts in the context in which they are used. We present a conceptual framework whose components articulate the different aspects of a term’s basic explanation that can be manipulated to produce a variety of presentations. Developing the general explanation for each term involves three types of information: the content of the explanation, the context in which the explanation will be displayed, and the format in which the explanation will be delivered. Taxonomic relationships between concepts in the GovStat ontology support the provision of context-specific presentations. These same relationships are also associated with explanation templates, which are patterns for defining or giving an example of a concept. We conclude by discussing evaluation of the SIG. The overarching criterion of effectiveness is whether the SIG helps users Complete their statistical information tasks.
Jobs and kindness: W.E. Rudolph's role in the shaping of perceptions of mining company-indigenous community relations in the Atacama Desert, Chile

Abstract American capitalist interests in the Atacama Desert can be traced back to the early 20th century when Anaconda Mining Company acquired the mining operation of Chuquicamata in northern Chile, by then already the world's largest open-pit copper mine. Doing fieldwork in this same area, I heard stories from several elder villagers about an American engineer from Anaconda, a very kind “gringo” in their own words, that unlike other white people, remembered their names, asked them about their lives, and loved to take pictures. Doing research I found that one of the company's chief engineers in charge of exploring for water for mining operations, William E. Rudolph, extensively photographed the neighboring indigenous peoples’ environment and villages, wrote several survey reports exploring water and had written several papers for the American Geographical Society Review. Introducing the concept of ‘moral identity’, this paper explores how the humanitarian actions undertaken by individuals like William Edward Rudolph shaped the perceptions and expectations about mining expressed in the social memory of indigenous peoples in the Atacama Desert.
Dyanmic holographic optical tweezers: Transforming mesoscopic matter with light

This presentation introduces holographic optical trapping as a new technique, and highlights two applications: sorting mesoscopic objects with arrays of optical traps (optical fractionation) and driving microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with arrays of optical vortices.
Intraskeletal Matrix Proteins in Echinodermata

An intraskeletal soluble matrix protein of 83 kD was isolated from the calcareous skeletal elements of living specimens of two asteroid species, one echinoid species, and an early Pleistocene fossil specimen of an extant echinoid species. Characterization of this protein by sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse phase liquid chromatography, and amino acid composition analysis confirms its similarity to matrix proteins from other phyla. It is composed of a relatively high percentage of the acidic amino acids especially aspartic acid. The 83 kD protein stains only faintly with silver stain and not at all with Coomassie blue, as is typical of matrix proteins. As this protein occurs in both living and fossil echinoids, its analysis may provide information about phylogenetic relations.
Effect of phenylephrine on responses of the rabbit aortic strip to isoproterenol.

Summary1. Simultaneous addition of 1-phenylephrine (PE) and 1-isoproterenol (ISU) to the rabbit aortic strip significantly augmented contractions above the mere additive responses produced by each drug alone. 2. Addition of atropine to the bath fluid permitted an increase of ISU dose range which, together with PE, produced such augmented contractions. 3. The findings are correlated with ISU vasomotor reversal in the whole animal.I am indebted to Dr. Theodore Koppanyi for his interest and encouragement.
Using Culturally Sensitive Media Messages to Reduce HIV-Associated Sexual Behavior in High-Risk African American Adolescents: Results From a Randomized Trial

Abstract Purpose To test the long-term effects of a mass media intervention that used culturally and developmentally appropriate messages to enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-preventive beliefs and behavior of high-risk African American adolescents. Methods Television and radio messages were delivered for more than 3 years in two cities (Syracuse, NY; and Macon, GA) that were randomly selected within each of the two regionally matched city pairs, with the other cities (Providence, RI; and Columbia, SC) serving as controls. African American adolescents, aged 14–17 years (N = 1,710), recruited in the four cities over a 16-month period, completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews at recruitment and again at 3, 6, 12, and 18-months postrecruitment to assess the long-term effects of the media program. To identify the unique effects of the media intervention, youth who completed at least one follow-up and who did not test positive for any of the three sexually transmitted infections at recruitment or at 6-and 12-month follow-up were retained for analysis (N = 1,346). Results The media intervention reached virtually all the adolescents in the trial and produced a range of effects including improved normative condom-use negotiation expectancies and increased sex refusal self-efficacy. Most importantly, older adolescents (aged 16–17 years) exposed to the media program showed a less risky age trajectory of unprotected sex than those in the nonmedia cities. Conclusion Culturally tailored mass media messages that are delivered consistently over time have the potential to reach a large audience of high-risk adolescents, to support changes in HIV-preventive beliefs, and to reduce HIV-associated risk behaviors among older youth.
Origin of the Gulf of California

The probable cumulative Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip displacement along the San Andreas fault in central California is 350 miles. The San Andreas and the allied faults into which it branches southward trend longitudinally into the Gulf of California, and the seismicity of the region indicates that the fault system follows the length of the Gulf and enters the Pacific basin south of Baja California. Crustal structure of most of the Gulf is of oceanic type, so that an origin by structural depression of continental rocks is not possible. Tectonic styles north and south of Los Angeles differ greatly. To the north, the Coast Ranges expose thick Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks that were deposited in local basins and deformed tightly and repeatedly. To the south, in the Peninsular Ranges and Baja California, correlative rocks are thin and show little compressive deformation. The California batholith of mid-Cretaceous age and allied crystalline rocks form the basement of Baja California, southwestern Arizona, and northwestern Sonora and probably extend along the coast of mainland Mexico; the Gulf apparently bisects the crystalline belt longitudinally. These features suggest that Baja California initially lay 300 miles to the southeast, against the continental-margin bulge of Jalisco. The Gulf of California may be a pull-apart feature caused by strike-slip displacement plus up to 100 miles of cross-strike separation of the continental plate, subcontinental materials having welled up into the rift gap. The strike-slip motion has a tensional component across the continental margin south of Los Angeles but a compressional component to the north.
Results for generalized regular inbreeding systems

A probabilistic and algebraic treatment of regular inbreeding systems was introduced in Arzberger (1985). In that paper it was shown that (1) regular inbreeding systems can be thought of as graphs of certain semigroups, (2) these graphs reflect a certain natural homogeneity property, (3) a sufficient condition for the population to become genetically uniform is GS 1/A r diverges, where A r is the number of ancestors r generations into the past. In this paper, a specific class of inbreeding systems is studied. For this class, the results of the previous paper are extended to generalized regular inbreeding systems in which overlapping generations in the mating scheme are allowed. A new result about the structure of the set of ancestors of two individuals is presented.
Differential features of some unusual biliary tumors.

The clinical and radiographic features of several unusual tumors involving the biliary tract are reviewed. The differential diagnostic findings of granular cell myoblastoma, villous tumors, sarcoma botryoides, and carcinoid of the bile ducts on direct cholangiography are illustrated. Selected examples of secondary invasion of the biliary tract by hepatoma and metastatic lesions are also included.
Culture, US Imperialism, and Globalization

The return of what was once termed gunboat diplomacy in the first decade of the twenty-first century as part of the "new global order" endorsed repeatedly and abstractly by George H. W. and now George W. Bush's regimes could not have occurred without the prior work of culture. In what follows, I make a simple, important point: US cultural production, the work of what Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno termed "the culture industry," conditioned American citizens to accept the undisguised militarism and jingoistic nationalism now driving US foreign policy (Horkheimer and Adorno 122). In its inevitably globalized forms, the US culture industry continues to produce the deep divisions between local resistance and subaltern imitation so characteristic of colonial conflicts from the age of traditional imperialism to the neo-imperialisms of our postindustrial era. And the culture industry today does its work in ways that encompass a wide range of nominally different political positions, so that in many respects Left, liberal, and conservative cultural works often achieve complementary, rather than contested, ends. In this respect, little has changed since Horkheimer and Adorno argued in 1944, "Even the aesthetic activities of political opposites are one in their enthusiastic obedience to the rhythm of the iron system" (Horkheimer and Adorno 120). As the US military raced toward Baghdad, there was considerable criticism of the "embedded reporters" allowed to report the war under the special conditions imposed by the Pentagon and Department of Defense. Most of the criticism assumed that such reporting was biased or censored. When a Newsweek photographer was caught doctoring on his laptop a photograph of an encounter between Iraqi civilians and US military personnel, his firing seemed to vindicate the news magazine of prejudice. Antiwar activists circulated two photographs of Iraqi demonstrators tearing down a monumental statue of Saddam Hussein in Firdos Square, Baghdad: The first was a familiar photograph in the news of demonstrators beating on the sculpture's foundation and then, with the help of an Abrams tank,
8: An Evolving Logic of Participant Observation, Educational Ethnography, and Other Case Studies:

The aspiration of the author in this chapter is straightforward but wide ranging: to provide a context and logic for the discussion of the genre of research that is coming to be known by such varied labels as educational ethnography, participant observation, qualitative observation, case study, or field study. For the most part, I will use these terms as synonyms. Such an aspiration is warranted for several reasons. First, the method seems very simple, and some methodologists perceive it this way. Biddle (1967) called it "the broadest and simplest methodology used in classroom studies." The researcher goes into an educational setting with a pencil and pad, makes a few observations, takes some notes, and writes a report, a dissertation, or a book. For some it seems almost this easy; others stumble about and have incredible difficulty. Second, a growing group of researchers, evaluators, and policymakers (e.g., NIE's Experimental Schools, NIE's School Capacity for Problem Solving, Nuffield Humanities Evaluation, OECD's Center for Educational Research and Innovation, and NSF's Case Studies in Science Education) have been urging inquiry and evaluation using these techniques. Third, several major methodologists have disparaged the use of such procedures: the two most significant statements are Scriven's (1967) classic paper on evaluation and Campbell and Stanley's (1963) classic chapter on experimental research in education. The former attacked "process studies" and "noncomparative evalua-
Factors affecting the concentration and flux of materials in two southern Everglades mangrove wetlands

Concentrations and fluxes of C, N, and P were measured in dwarf and fringe mangrove wetlands along the Taylor River, Florida, USA from 1996 to 1998. Data from these studies revealed considerable spatial and temporal variability. Concentrations of C, N, and P in the dwarf wetland showed seasonal trends, while water source was better at explaining concentrations in the fringe wet- land. The total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC and DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phospho- rus (TP) content of both wetlands was higher during the wet season or when water was flowing to the south (Everglades source). Concentrations of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx - ), ammonium (NH4 + ), and solu- ble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the fringe wetland were all highest during the dry season or northerly flow (bay source). Nutrient concentrations most effectively explained patterns of flux in both wetlands. Increased wetland uptake of a given constituent was usually a function of its availability in the water column. However, the release of NOx - from the dwarf wetland was related to the NH4 + concentration, suggesting a nitrification signal. Nitrogen flux in the dwarf wetland was also related to surface water salinity and temperature. Our findings indicate that freshwater Everglades marshes are an important source of dissolved organic matter to these wetlands, while Florida Bay may be a source of dissolved inorganic nutrients. Our data also suggest that temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations (as driven by season and water source) influence patterns of materials flux in this mangrove wetland. Applying long-term water quality data to the relationships we extracted from these flux data, we estimated that TN and TP were imported by the dwarf wetland 87 ± 10 and 48 ± 17% of the year, respectively. With Everglades restoration, modifications in freshwater delivery may have considerable effects on the exchanges of nutrients and organic matter in these transitional mangrove wetlands.
Lower Class Mothers' Behavior and Attitudes Toward Child Rearing.

Summary.-This invesugat~on sought to test the hypothesis that maternal anitudes toward family l~fr are significantly related to selected behaviors of mothers, observed in intercction with their children. Of the 374 comparisons made by means of Spearman rank correlation coefficients, computed between frequencies in 17 maternal behavior categories and 22 attitude scales of the PARI, 8 evidenced significant relationships (# 6 .OS). OF the 17 behavior categories, only 3 showed a significant relationship with the sex of the child (9 = .0S) when the median test was applied between frequencies of maternal contacts with sons and daughters. The mothers of daughters evidenced more Contacting and Structuring interactions than mothers of sons. However, mothers of sons showed more Restricting behavior. Although the literature is replete with sntdies concerned with the measurement of parental attitudes, there is little evidence concerning how these attitudes, as measured in the reported investigations, are related to the behavior of parents in interaction with their children. It is commonly assumed in these studies that measurements of parental animdes yield important insights into existing parencchild relationships. The validity of such a concept, however, has not been established by empirical investigation for few studies directly concerned with the relation between parental attirades and observed behavior of parents in interaction with their children have been reported in the literature. Conceivably, additional studies may assist in reducing the complexity of problems involved in linking parents' attitudes to their actual behavior with their children and provide data on characteristics of parents which appear to affect the behavior of children. This study concerned the relationship between the attitudes of lower-class mothers and their interaction with their children in an unstructured laboratory situation. It sought to test the hypothesis that maternal attitudes toward child rearing are significantly related to the behaviors of mothers when observed in interaction with their children. PROCEDURE Sab jects
Fertilization and sperm competition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

The process of fertilization by hermaphrodite and male sperm is described. In the hermaphrodite fertilization occurs in the spermatheca by the first sperm to contact the oocyte. Other sperm that contact the oocyte are swept into the uterus but they crawl back into the spermatheca to fertilize subsequent oocytes so that every sperm fertilizes an oocyte. Not every oocyte is fertilized because oocytes are made in excess. Fertilization triggers active movement of oocyte cytoplasmic granules. Sperm penetration is not required for this activation because fertilization-defective mutant sperm trigger activation without penetration. When males copulate with hermaphrodites, their sperm is deposited in the uterus beneath the vulva. These sperm crawl up the uterus to the spermatheca where they displace the hermaphrodite sperm from the spermathecal walls and preferentially fertilize the oocytes. This preferential fertilization appears to be due in part to inhibition of hermaphrodite sperm fertility by the male sperm. The male sperm competition ensures male sperm utilization and thus some outcrossing in a population of predominantly self-fertilizating hermaphrodites.
The effects of composition on retentivity of argon and oxygen in hornblende and related amphiboles: A field-tested empirical model

The ionic porosity model of Fortier and Giletti (1989), which parameterizes variations in diffusion coefficients among different mineral structures, has been extended to estimate the variation in diffusivities in a single mineral structure as a function of composition (X). Applied to Ar and O diffusion in hornblende and related K-rich amphiboles, the extended model predicts that diffusivity, D, increases one-hundredfold as ionic porosity (Z, a monitor of atomic packing density) increases from 36.5% (edenite) to 39.7% (ferro-actinolite). Partitioning this trend into its separate activation energy (E) and frequency factor (D0) components leads to new E-Z and D0-Z expressions that predict antipathetic trends of closure temperature (Tc) vs. Z in the clinoamphiboles. The Ar model yields a ΔTC/ΔZ of −38 ±3°C/Z %, which translates into: (1) a ∼120°C increase in TC from synthetic ferro-actinolite to edenite and (2) a ∼70°C range in Tc for natural hornblendes amenable to 40Ar/39Ar dating. Model TC-X effects isolated from available amphibole data include increases in TC of up to: (1) 60 ± 10°C as Mg# ranges from 0–100; (2) 40 ± 15°C as A-sites progress from empty to full; (3) ∼38°C as Al-Tschermak's substitution progresses from zero to full; and (4) ∼17°C as Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) varies from 0.2–0.5. Comparable results are obtained for O. The Ar diffusion model also predicts a 38 ± 3 Ma difference in 40Ar39Ar cooling age between adjacent, slowly-cooled (1°C/Ma) hornblendes differing in Z by 1% (absolute)—all other age-determining factors equal. At a cooling rate of 10°C/Ma, however, the model age discordance reduces to 3.8 ± 0.3 Ma, such that any compositional effects become lost within analytical uncertainty. As calibrated, the TC-Z-X relationship is more applicable for determining relative (rather than absolute) TC values among hornblendes. Preliminary evidence supportive of the model (in its relative form) is provided by antipathetic age-Z trends preserved in two lower crustal terranes. Finally, the model D-TC-Z-X results promote physical understanding of the diffusional closure process, as shown at both unit-cell and grain scales.
Orthogonal collocation in the nonconforming boundary element method

This paper outlines the use of non-conforming (discontinuous) elements in the collocation boundary element method for solving two-dimensional potential and Poisson type problems. The roots of an orthogonal polynomial (shifted Jacobi polynomial) are used as the collocation points. This results in increased accuracy due to the least square minimization property of the orthogonal polynomials. The advantage of using non-conforming elements is realized when the method is applied (i) to problems with singularities (both due to geometry and boundary conditions) and (ii) in conjunction with domain decomposition techniques. Also, the collocation points can be relocated within an element by changing two user-defined parameters in the shifted Jacobi polynomial, thus providing an error indicator which can be used for mesh refinement purposes. This technique, called the rh method, is discussed and illustrated. The results obtained by using non-conforming boundary elements for standard test problems are shown to be accurate.
Antioxidant properties of flavone C-glycosides from atractylodes japonica leaves in human low-density lipoprotein oxidation

ABSTRACT: Three antioxidant flavone C-glucosides, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin, were identified for the 1st time from Atractylodes japonica leaves by an activity-guided fractionation with various analytical techniques including column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activities of these compounds were examined using electron spin resonance (ESR). Inhibitory activities of these compounds on human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were evaluated by malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), both representing intermediates of lipid peroxidation. These flavone C-glucosides displayed about 50% of scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals at the concentrations below 10 μM. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-equivalent activities of isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin at 1 mM were 31.37, 2.71, and 2.63 unit/mL, respectively. Isoorientin at 1 μM exhibited over 60% inhibition of MDA formed during copper-mediated human LDL oxidation. Amounts of free MDA in LDL treated with isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, and control were 20.06, 40.73, 34.08, and 48.03 nM/mg protein, respectively. These compounds also prolonged the lag phase time of the conjugated diene formation. There was a positive correlation between the free radical scavenging activities and the inhibitory effects on the LDL oxidation of these compounds. These results suggest that the flavone C-glucosides isolated from the leaves of A japonica possess beneficial antioxidant properties against free radicals as well as LDL oxidation.
Operating Room of the Future

Abstract : On November 8 and 9, 2001, leading experts in patient safety, medical informatics, advanced surgical devices, telesurgery, and surgical facilities met to formulate strategic directions for "OR of the Future" in both military and civilian healthcare. Co-hosted by the University of Maryland Medical Center and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command), researchers, surgeons, and experts in the field of operating room technology addressed the current state of research and technological developments. Experts in patient safety, medical informatics, advanced surgical devices, telesurgery, and surgical facilities met in focused work groups to develop a proposed research agenda for each content area.
FIZ1 is expressed during photoreceptor maturation, and synergizes with NRL and CRX at rod-specific promoters in vitro.

FIZ1 (Flt-3 Interacting Zinc-finger) interacts and co-purifies with the rod-specific transcription factor NRL (Neural Retina Leucine zipper). We hypothesize that FIZ1 is part of an interface between cell-specific factors, like NRL, and more ubiquitous regulatory networks that vary the absolute expression levels of some rod-specific genes (i.e. Rhodopsin). As part of an ongoing exploration of FIZ1's role in neural retina, in vivo, we have taken the first look at FIZ1 expression in the developing mouse retina during the retinal maturation period. Using the normal C57B6 mouse as a model, multiple approaches were used including: immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time PCR. Functional implications of FIZ1/NRL interaction, on NRL- and CRX-mediated activation of the Rhodopsin (Rho) and cGMP-phosphodiesterase β-subunit gene (PDE6B) promoters, were examined by co-transfection assays. Immunoblot analysis revealed that FIZ1 protein levels were lowest in immature mouse neural retina (P0). FIZ1 concentration increased at least ten-fold as the neural retina matured to the adult state (P21 and later). Immunohistochemical comparison of immature post-natal and mature adult retina revealed increasing FIZ1 protein in photoreceptors, the inner plexiform layer, and the ganglion cell layer. Total retinal Fiz1 mRNA content increased as the neural retina matured. The expected increase in Rho mRNA level was also monitored as a genetic marker of photoreceptor maturation. In transient co-transfection assays of CV1 cells, FIZ1 synergized with NRL to activate transcription from the Rho and PDE6B gene promoters with some differences. In the case of the Rho promoter, FIZ1 synergized when both NRL and CRX were present. With the PDE6B promoter, FIZ1 synergized with NRL alone, and the inclusion of CRX decreased this synergy. These findings support previous evidence that FIZ1 is present in rod-photoreceptors (co-immunoprecipitation from nuclear-protein extracts with rod-specific NRL). FIZ1 expression increases in the neural retina during the retinal maturation period. Additionally, in vitro experiments demonstrate that FIZ1 has the potential to significantly increase the NRL-mediated activation of photoreceptor-specific promoters. While CRX is not a strong activator of the PDE6B promoter, alone or with NRL, CRX decreased the synergy of NRL with FIZ1.