cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of attention in the enumeration of canonical patterns

We report novel findings from experiments on the enumeration of canonical patterns under attentional load. While previous studies have shown that the process of enumerating randomized arrangements can be disrupted by attentional load, the effect of attentional load on canonical patterns has been unexplored. To investigate this case, we adapted a spatial dual-task paradigm previously used to study attentional disruption during the enumeration of randomized arrangements. We begin by replicating previous findings for randomized arrangements, with enumeration error increasing with cluster numerosity and attentional load. For dice patterns, enumeration error also increased under attentional load. However, contrary to findings from studies on single-task enumeration of dice patterns, we observed conflation of patterns with similar outlines. In subsequent experiments, we manipulated the spatial location of the enumeration task, placing the dot cluster in the center. With centrally located, canonical patterns that remained in the same location across trials, enumeration accuracy was more consistent with results from single-task studies. We hypothesize that participants may be using shape cues to inform guessing during enumeration tasks when unable to both localize and fully attend to target patterns.
The asymptotic behavior of solutions of some nonlinear initial-boundary value problems of parabolic type

Let 0 be a bounded convex domain in R" with smooth boundary. We consider the problems (C): u/ = Au + (p{u) in ft x (0,T), while u = 0 on dft x (0, T) and u(z,0) = uo(x) . Here 0) satisfies > 0, tp"{u) > 0, and lim ip{u) = +oo, while UQ satisfies Awo(a:) + v(uo(®)) > 0. We U—*A~ show that if u quenches (reaches A in finite time), then the quenching points are in a compact subset of O and U( blows up. We also extend the result to the third boundary value problem. In this paper [10], Kawarada studied the following initial boundary value problem:
Spray patterns and perceptive canopy interaction assessment of commercial airblast sprayers used in Pacific Northwest perennial specialty crop production

Abstract Quantitative assessment and pertinent adjustments of airblast sprayers can help improve spraying efficiency, reduce off-target drift and negative environmental impacts. In such pursuit, a study was conducted to characterize liquid spray delivery of four commonly used airblast sprayers in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Powerblast (S1), Pakblast (S2), Turbomist 30P (S3), and Columbia Accutec (S4) sprayer units were evaluated using the Smart Spray Analytical System (SSAS) and a commercial vertical spray patternator (CVSP). The spray-canopy interaction was also quantified through spray penetration potential (SPP) and spray drift potential (SDP) estimates in the specific canopy zones perceptive to cherry, apple, and grapevine crops. Spray differences between two sides were non-significant (p > 0.05) for all selected sprayers. Spray symmetry and uniformity for all four units were in very high (76–100%) and high (51–75%) ranges. All evaluated sprayers showed higher spray delivery in the bottom-middle canopy zones (fruiting zones) of selected crops. The data suggests suitability of sprayers S1, S3, and S4 for spray applications in tall tree fruit canopies (e.g. apple and cherry, SPP: 82–100%, and SDP: 0–17%), but would need adjustments for short canopies (e.g. grapevines, SPP: 43–66% and SDP: 32–56%). Sprayer S2 would suit for applications in short canopies with minor adjustments (SPP: 66–87% and SDP: 12–32%). Spray differences could be attributed to pertinent air and spray delivery component designs. Measurement differences between two patternators could be attributed to liquid collection efficiencies of each patternator. Overall, such data driven sprayer characterization could aid in timely sprayer calibration and adjustments pertinent to crop canopy specific spray requirements.
Mechanics of Stiff Thin Films of Controlled Wavy Geometry on Compliant Substrates for Stretchable Electronics

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two alternative approaches, including both experimental and theoretical studies, which overcome some or all of the limitations and thus have the potential for extensive applications in stretchable electronics and other emerging technologies. It reviews two conceptually different, but related, approaches to achieve reversible, elastic response to large strain deformations in inorganic films that can be used for electronics. It shows that these methods can be scaled to active devices, circuits, and full-integrated systems. Further optimization of the approaches and development of new application possibilities appear to represent promising directions for future work. There are two main approaches to achieve stretchability in electronics. One design uses isolated, rigid islands, which are fabricated with semiconductor components on top and linked by stretchable, interconnects of conducting materials. Another different, but complementary method is to directly produce stretchable electronic devices based on well-defined sinusoidal distributions of surface relief through non-linear buckling processes.
The Pandemic Threat of Avian Influenza Viruses

Publisher Summary Influenza viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both developing countries and developed countries. In temperate climates, influenza epidemics are common during winter months, while a biannual pattern has been reported in the tropics Influenza is transmitted by inhalation of microdroplets of respiratory secretions, often expelled by coughing or sneezing, that contain the virus or from fomites. The incubation period ranges from 1–5 days. Symptoms typically include fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, cough, nasal discharge, and sore throat. In severe cases of influenza, the cause of death is usually a secondary bacterial pneumonia. Of greater concern is the ability of certain influenza viruses with novel antigenic properties to enter and spread in an immunologically naive human population, with the potential to initiate a pandemic characterized by rapid global spread, morbidity, and mortality.
Nonparametric Bayesian Approaches for Reinforcement Learning in Partially Observable Domains

The objective of my doctoral research is bring together two fields: partially-observable reinforcement learning (PORL) and non-parametric Bayesian statistics (NPB) to address issues of statistical modeling and decision-making in complex, real-world domains.
Are Quality Labels a Real Marketing Advantage?: A Conjoint Application on Greek PDO Protected Olive Oil

Abstract Quality constitutes the main topic of numerous seminars. It is top priority for the organization of research groups and the reorganization of structures within firms. The adoption of different quality assurance schemes such as the Protected Denomination of Origin/Geographical Indication (PDO/PGI) by the EU has been a response to the growing demand for certified quality food products among the EU consumers. Several useful benefits have been claimed for these schemes, including their value as marketing advantages (Walley et al., 1999). Given that influencing the highly motivated quality-conscious consumer is a crucial objective of any state or private quality assurance policy, the present paper tries to offer some insights into the effectiveness of the PDO scheme and its acceptance by the consumer. The use of Conjoint Analysis in exploring Greek consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for PDO olive oil from the area of Peza, Crete, has been selected as one of the most appropriate approaches to that tar...
The Myth of Eve: Molecular Biology and Human Origins: F. J. Ayala

It has been proposed that modern humans descended from a single woman, the "mitochondrial Eve" who lived in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. The human immune system DRB1 genes are extremely polymorphic, with gene lineages that coalesce into an ancestor who lived around 60 million years ago, a time before the divergence of the apes from the Old World monkeys. The theory of gene coalescence suggests that, throughout the last 60 million years, human ancestral populations had an effective size of 100,000 individuals or greater. Molecular evolution data favor the African origin of modern humans, but the weight of the evidence is against a population bottleneck before their emergence. The mitochondrial Eve hypothesis emanates from a confusion between gene genealogies and individual genealogies.
Thyroidal biosynthesis of iodothyronines: II. General characteristics and purification of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase

Abstract 1. 1. Monoamine oxidase (monoamine:O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.4.3.4) has been partially purified from bovine thyroid mitochondria. The enzyme appeared to require Cu2+ and sulfhydryl groups for activity. Unlike the plasma oxidase, the thyroid enzyme was not inhibited by carbonyl reagents which suggests that the thyroid enzyme may not contain pyridoxal phosphate. Flavin analogs were inhibitory. 2. 2. Thyroid monoamine oxidase exhibited a rather high degree of substrate specificity. Of the amines tested, only tyramine and phenylethylamine were oxidized at an appreciable rate. 3-Iodotyramine was not oxidized, but was a potent non-competitive inhibitor. Enzymic activity was insensitive to 0.5 M urea, but this concentration of urea obviated iodotyramine inhibition. 3. 3. A tentative reaction mechanism has been proposed based on initial velocity and product inhibition studies.
Measuring Learner’s Subject Specific Knowledge

This was the second phase in a research project designed to compare student achievement in online and face-to-face classes. The aim of this phase was to determine if online and face-to-face students demonstrate different levels of knowledge in six distinct subject areas. For each of the six areas the means for 10 sections of students, collected over a five-year period, were plotted to visually review the results. Following the visual check, a two-sample t-test between proportions, assuming unequal variances, was performed to determine whether there was a significant difference between the samples with respect to the level of assessment scores earned. There was not a significant difference in the means of the online and face-to-face students. However two subjects warrant additional research: first is production where there was a significant difference at the .10 critical alpha level (p=0.085) and second is finance where the means were close to being significant at the .10 critical alpha level (p=0.104).
Photoinduced electron transfer in a hexaphenylbenzene-based self-assembled porphyrin-fullerene triad.

A hexaphenylbenzene-based zinc porphyrin dyad forms a 1:1 complex with a fullerene bearing two pyridyl groups via coordination of the pyridyl nitrogens with the zinc atoms. The fullerene is symmetrically located between the two zinc porphyrins. The binding constant for the complex is 7.3 x 10 4 M -1 in 1,2-difluorobenzene. Photoinduced electron transfer from a porphyrin first excited singlet state to the fullerene occurs with a time constant of 3 ps, and the resulting charge-separated state has a lifetime of 230 ps. This self-assembled construct should form a basis for the construction of more elaborate model photosynthetic antenna-reaction center systems.
Posterior colpotomy for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic disease.

Abstract Posterior colpotomy is a far more accurate method for diagnosis of pelvic disease than is colpocentesis, and the technique is easier to learn than is that for culdoscopy. The length of hospitalization is short, the discomfort is slight, and the complications are few. Its main uses are in the differential diagnosis and, at times, treatment of ectopic pregnancy, the evaluation of enlargements of the adnexa, the study of endocrine and infertility problems, the evaluation of patients with unexplained pelvic pain, and for certain operative procedures such as salpingectomy and oophorectomy. The main contraindications to the procedure are pelvic infection, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, and the possibility that the symptoms may arise outside the pelvis.
The public choice of differing degrees of tax progressivity

There are a number of hypotheses developed in the literature for explaining the degree of public income redistribution that can be adapted to explain the degree of progressivity that a collectivity will chose. In some cases it is difficult to obtain easily measurable and unambiguous proxies for the theoretical proposition. Nevertheless our attempts to do so prove at least somewhat encouraging.
Origin of the selectivity in the gold-mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol

Benzyl alcohol has received substantial attention as a probe molecule to test the selectivity and efficiency of novel metallic gold catalysts. Herein, the mechanisms of benzyl alcohol oxidation on a gold surface covered with atomic oxygen are elucidated; the results show direct correspondence to the reaction on gold-based catalysts. The selective, partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde is achieved with low oxygen surface concentrations and takes place through dehydrogenation of the alcohol to form benzaldehyde via a benzyloxy (C6H5–CH2O) intermediate. While in this case atomic oxygen plays solely a dehydrogenating role, at higher concentrations it leads to the formation of intermediates from benzaldehyde, producing benzoic acid and CO2. Facile ester (benzyl benzoate) formation also occurs at low oxygen concentrations, which indicates that benzoic acid is not a precursor of further oxidation of the ester; instead, the ester is produced by the coupling of adsorbed benzyloxy and benzaldehyde. Key to the high selectivity seen at low oxygen concentrations is the fact that the production of the aldehyde (and esters) is kinetically favored over the production of benzoic acid.
Determination of the adsorption rates of aldehydes on bare and aminopropylsilyl-modified silica gels by polynomial fitting of ultra-rapid-scanning FT-IR data

Abstract We describe a model to determine the relative adsorption rates of aldehydes onto bare and aminopropylsilyl (APS) modified silica gels. The relative adsorption rates of three vapor-phase aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein) and 1,3-butadiene were determined for two forms of silica gel and their APS counterparts. The aldehyde gases were mixed individually with nitrogen fill gas and then passed through samples of the granular silica gels or a non-adsorbing control material (usually NaCl) and into a multipass infrared (IR) gas cell. These injections, which were 100 ms in duration, were made through a solenoid valve that could be opened or closed in less than 1 ms. IR absorbance spectra were gathered at intervals of 5 ms with an ultra-rapid-scanning Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. Differences in the IR absorbance at a particular wavenumber between injections through the adsorbent of interest and injections through NaCl were fit to a polynomial function. The derivative of this polynomial is proportional to the rate of adsorption. Using the ideal gas law and the Bouguer–Beer–Lambert law, a quantitative description of the rate of adsorption for each combination of adsorbate and adsorbent was calculated in units of nmol s−1 g−1.
Broncholith Removal using the YAG Laser

An 85-year-old woman presented with a broncholith in the intermediate bronchus that could not be extracted with either flexible or rigid bronchoscopes. A YAG laser was used to fragment this broncholith so that it could be removed in pieces through a bronchoscope. Chemical composition and morphology of the broncholith were determined. Fragmentation of the large, impacted broncholith with the laser eliminated the necessity for a thoracotomy in this elderly woman.
Space-time delta-sigma modulation for reception of multiple simultaneous independent RF beams

In this paper we introduce and analyze a multiple-RF-beam beamformer in receive mode utilizing the principle of space-time delta-sigma modulation. This principle is based on sampling input signals in both time and space and converting the sampled signals into a digital format by delta-sigma conversion. Noise shaping is achieved in 2D frequency domain. We show that the modulator can receive signals of narrow and wide bandwidths with steering capability, can receive multiple beams, and establish tradeoffs between sampling in time and in space. The ability of the modulator to trade off between time and space provides an effective way to sample high frequency RF signals without down conversion. In addition, a space-time delta-sigma modulator has better performance than a solely temporal delta-sigma modulator (for the same filter order), as is typically used in communication systems to digitize the down-converted analog signals.
Model parameter uncertainty updates to achieve optimal management of a reservoir

Abstract The objective of this work is to optimize oil production by managing the amount of water added to a reservoir. This management is accomplished by employing an optimal model-based control framework that includes uncertain parameter updating and a particular low-order model identified from a first-principles model. Two different methods are used to achieve continuous updates of the uncertain parameters, Markov chain Monte Carlo and an ensemble Kalman filter. A two-dimensional reservoir is introduced to demonstrate oil production performance when water addition is managed. The results are compared to a case when water management is absent.
Hohlraum glint and laser pre-pulse detector for NIF experiments using velocity interferometer system for any reflector.

Laser pre-pulse and early-time laser reflection from the hohlraum wall onto the capsule (termed “glint”) can cause capsule imprint and unwanted early-time shocks on indirect drive implosion experiments. In a minor modification to the existing velocity interferometer system for any reflector diagnostic on NIF a fast-response vacuum photodiode was added to detect this light. The measurements show evidence of laser pre-pulse and possible light reflection off the hohlraum wall and onto the capsule.
Elevated mean diffusivity in widespread brain regions in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Purpose To investigate whether mean diffusivity (MD) values are altered in brain areas underlying cardiovascular and respiratory control in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Materials and Methods Conventional and diffusion tensor imaging were performed in 15 CCHS and 30 control subjects, using a 3.0-Tesla MRI unit. Mean diffusivity maps were calculated from diffusion-weighted images, spatially normalized, smoothed, and compared between groups using analysis of covariance at each voxel with age as covariate. Global mean MD values of gray and white matter were determined in individual subjects and compared between groups and with age. Results Increased MD values appeared in CCHS over control subjects within multiple areas influencing breathing and cardiovascular control, including the midbrain, pons, and dorsal and ventral medulla. Other altered sites included cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and temporal and frontal cortices. Global mean MD values for gray and white matter did not differ between groups; however, gray matter MD values significantly increased with age (P < 0.02) in CCHS patients only. Conclusion Increased MD values suggest regional alterations or injury; affected areas include brainstem sites classically associated with autonomic and respiratory control. Other altered regions mediate additional physiological characteristics impaired in CCHS. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biological and Chemical Response of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean to the 1997-98 El Niño

During the 1997–98 El Nino, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0.7 × 10 15 grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Nino was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.
Prevalence of middle mesial canals in mandibular molars after guided troughing under high magnification: an in vivo investigation.

Abstract Introduction A limited number of in vivo studies have discussed the prevalence of middle mesial canals in root canal systems of mandibular molars. The reported results have varied between 1% and 25%, with no detailed description of the depth and direction of troughing needed to identify such small canal orifices. The objective of the present study was to determine (1) the prevalence of a middle mesial canal before and after troughing by using a standardized troughing technique, (2) the pathway of the middle mesial canal in relation to the mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) canals, and (3) its correlation with the patient's age. Methods Ninety-one mandibular molars from 87 patients were included in this study. The patient's age and tooth number were recorded. After access cavity preparation, a standardized troughing technique was performed between MB and ML canals to search for a middle mesial canal by using a dental operating microscope. If a middle mesial canal was located, it was recorded as separate or as joining the MB or the ML canals. Results were statistically analyzed by using Z test and logistic regression. Results A middle mesial canal was found in 42 of 91 mandibular molars (46.2%). Six middle mesial canals were located after conventional access preparation (6.6%). The other 36 were located after standardized troughing (39.6%). The results were statistically significant ( P P = .004). Conclusions The middle mesial canal was present in 46.2% of mandibular molars. High magnification, troughing, and patient's age appeared to be determining factors in accessing the middle mesial canal.
Efficient Function Mapping in Nanoscale Crossbar Architecture

Nanoscale crossbar architectures have been proposed as viable alternatives for overcoming the fundamental physical limitations of CMOS technology. However due to the manufacturing processes for Nan fabrication and their smaller feature sizes, defect densities are higher. This paper presents an efficient function mapping method in the presence of high defect rates for nanoscale crossbar arrays. Given a function and a defect map that describes fault patterns in the crossbar architecture, the approach described here tries to find a valid function mapping, if one exists, using a matrix representation. A set of constraints are derived to preserve semantics and then Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is used to solve the equations. Experimental results show the proposed approach provides efficient utilization of nanoscale crossbars in mapping functions in presence of high defect rates.
Normalizing relations between the senses.

An established framework that describes how visual neurons combine their inputs, divisive normalization, proves valuable in explaining multisensory processing in the superior colliculus and medial superior temporal area.
Bit error probability approximation for DS/CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation in multipath fading channels

The performance of a DS/CDMA system using M-ary orthogonal modulation with noncoherent demodulation is evaluated. The system operates in a multipath fading channel. A RAKE receiver structure with equal gain combining is used for demodulation. An approximation to the bit error probability is given which depends only on the first and second order moments of the multipath energies. The analysis results are compared with the results from computer simulations. It is seen that the approximation is accurate for multipath energies with realistic coefficient of variation. The approximation is also used to evaluate the capacity reductions due to power variations caused by multipath fading. >
Long-term vascular volume expansion maintains elevated thoracic duct lymph flow

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms responsible for edema seen during pregnancy, we tested whether lymph vessels are able to pump high volumes over long periods of time. STUDY DESIGN: In six chronically catheterized nonpregnant ewes, we examined left thoracic duct lymph flow rate and fluid balance responses to the administration of a balanced isotonic solution at a rate of 1 L/hr for 20 hours. Because estrogen administration decreases lymphatic contractility against outflow pressure, we also administered conjugated estrogens (Premarin) during the last 3 hours of the fluid infusion (experimental time 17 to 20 hours). RESULTS: After volume loading for 16 hours, the mean ± SEM lymph flow rate, blood volume, and arterial pressure rose 100% ± 26%, 20% ± 2.3%, and 16% ± 8.1%, respectively. Vascular compliance decreased significantly and, as evidenced by a lack of body weight changes, interstitial fluid volume failed to change ( p CONCLUSION: Lymph flow rate is able to compensate for the increased capillary filtration observed during prolonged blood volume expansion.
Influencing policy for youth transitioning from care: Defining problems, crafting solutions, and assessing politics☆

Abstract Qualitative interviews were conducted with policy and program stakeholders regarding the issue of youth transitioning from foster care. These interviews were designed for the purpose of collecting information related to “policy and program responses needed to improve outcomes for these youth.” Agenda setting theory provides the framework for interpretation of the data. The data suggest both positive and negative forces impacting the ability of this issue to gain serious attention from policymakers. Implications for further policy and theoretical development are provided.
Application of flow cytometry to studies on the distribution, persistence, and regeneration rate of Epstein-Barr virus receptors†

Flow cytometry has been applied to study the persistence and regeneration rate of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptors and other membrane proteins in normal and tumor cells. EBV receptors were detected in a binding assay utilizing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated virions (FITC-EBV). After stripping receptors from the cell surface with trypsin, binding of FITC-EBV was rapidly regenerated in the lymphoma cell line Loukes, reaching 75% of the control levels by 3 h. Fresh human lymphocytes regenerated receptors at a much slower rate, reaching 50% of control levels by 24 h. The regenerating receptors did not reappear simultaneously on all the cells. Subpopulation of new receptor-positive cells increased gradually during the incubation at 37 degrees C. Reappearance of receptors was inhibited in the absence of protein synthesis. Conversely, receptors persisted in the nontrypsinized cells in the absence of protein synthesis. These results show that certain parameters of membrane receptor turnover, such as the change in receptor distribution within a cell population, receptor persistance, and regeneration rate, can be measured at the single-cell level by flow cytometry.
Indole Metabolism in the Pineal Gland: A Circadian Rhythm in N-Acetyltransferase

The activity of N-acetyltransferase in the rat pineal gland is more than 15 times higher at night than during the day. This circadian rhythm persists in complete darkness, or in blinded animals, and is suppressed in constant lighting. The N-acetyltransferase rhythm is 180 degrees out of phase with the serotonin rhythm and is similar to the norepinephrine and melatonin rhythms. Experiments in vitro indicate that norepinephrine, not serotonin, regulates the activity of N-acetyl-transferase through a highly specific receptor.
Molecular profiling of cancer--the future of personalized cancer medicine: a primer on cancer biology and the tools necessary to bring molecular testing to the clinic

Cancers arise as a result of an accumulation of genetic aberrations that are either acquired or inborn. Virtually every cancer has its unique set of molecular changes. Technologies have been developed to study cancers and derive molecular characteristics that increasingly have implications for clinical care. Indeed, the identification of key genetic aberrations (molecular drivers) may ultimately translate into dramatic benefit for patients through the development of highly targeted therapies. With the increasing availability of newer, more powerful, and cheaper technologies such as multiplex mutational screening, next generation sequencing, array-based approaches that can determine gene copy numbers, methylation, expression, and others, as well as more sophisticated interpretation of high-throughput molecular information using bioinformatics tools like signatures and predictive algorithms, cancers will routinely be characterized in the near future. This review examines the background information and technologies that clinicians and physician-scientists will need to interpret in order to develop better, personalized treatment strategies.
Fabrication and optical characterization of Nanopore Si

We have fabricated nanotextured Si substrates that exhibit controllable optical reflection intensities and colors. Si Nanopore, which has photon-trapping nanostructure but has abrupt changes in the index of refraction displaying a darkened specular reflection. Aluminum is evaporated on the surface of N-type Si by e-beam evaporation. Nanopore structure is formed by a two-step AAO formation in oxalyic acid. Diameter size from 30 to 80 nm is achieved, depending on the condition of anodization and etch. Deep reactive ionic etch (DRIE) is done, with AAO as the mask layer. The nanopore AAO template allows etching depth of up to 1600 nm. By tuning the nanoscale silicon structure, the optical reflection peak wavelength and intensity are changed, making the surface to have different reflectivity and apparent colors. Parameters that affect the fabrication are evaluated. Optical properties of various pore depths are discussed. The relation between the surface optical properties with the spatial features of the photon trapping nanostructures is examined. The tunable photon trapping silicon structures have potential applications in enhancing the performance of semiconductor photoelectric devices.ope>
Stability of spectro-temporal tuning over several seconds in primary auditory cortex of the awake ferret.

The steady-state spectro-temporal tuning of auditory cortical cells has been studied using a variety of broad-band stimuli that characterize neurons by their steady-state responses to long duration stimuli, lasting from about a second to several minutes. Central sensory stations are thought to adapt in their response to stimuli presented over extended periods of time. For instance, we have previously shown that auditory cortical neurons display a second order of adaptation, whereby the rate of their adaptation to the repeated presentation of fixed alternating stimuli decreases with each presentation. The auditory grating (or ripple) method of characterizing central auditory neurons, and its extensions, have proven very effective. But these stimuli are typically used with spectro-temporal content held fixed over time-scales of seconds, introducing the possibility of rapid adaptation while the receptive field is being measured, whereas the neural response used to compute a spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF) assumes stationarity in the neural input/output function. We demonstrate dynamic changes in some parameters during the measurement of the STRF over a period of seconds, even absent of a relevant behavioral task. Specifically, we find small but systematic changes in duration and breadth of tuning of STRFs when comparing the early (0.25 sec - 1.75 sec) and late (4.5 sec - 6 sec) segments of the responses to these stimuli.
The Construction of Multivariate Distributions from Markov Random Fields

We address the problem of constructing and identifying a valid joint probability density function from a set of specified conditional densities. The approach taken is based on the development of relations between the joint and the conditional densities using Markov random fields (MRFs). We give a necessary and sufficient condition on the support sets of the random variables to allow these relations to be developed. This condition, which we call the Markov random field support condition, supercedes a common assumption known generally as the positivity condition. We show how these relations may be used in reverse order to construct a valid model from specification of conditional densities alone. The constructive process and the role of conditions needed for its application are illustrated with several examples, including MRFs with multiway dependence and a spatial beta process.
The enduring importance of understanding institutions and values

Papers that pay attention to the socio-economic institutions affecting agricultural change have appeared regularly in this journal. It is important to continue encouraging such papers, as proposals...
Unifying mechanical and thermodynamic descriptions across the thioredoxin protein family

We compare various predicted mechanical and thermodynamic properties of nine oxidized thioredoxins (TRX) using a Distance Constraint Model (DCM). The DCM is based on a nonadditive free energy decomposition scheme, where entropic contributions are determined from rigidity and flexibility of structure based on distance constraints. We perform averages over an ensemble of constraint topologies to calculate several thermodynamic and mechanical response functions that together yield quantitative stability/flexibility relationships (QSFR). Applied to the TRX protein family, QSFR metrics display a rich variety of similarities and differences. In particular, backbone flexibility is well conserved across the family, whereas cooperativity correlation describing mechanical and thermodynamic couplings between the residue pairs exhibit distinctive features that readily standout. The diversity in predicted QSFR metrics that describe cooperativity correlation between pairs of residues is largely explained by a global flexibility order parameter describing the amount of intrinsic flexibility within the protein. A free energy landscape is calculated as a function of the flexibility order parameter, and key values are determined where the native-state, transition-state, and unfolded-state are located. Another key value identifies a mechanical transition where the global nature of the protein changes from flexible to rigid. The key values of the flexibility order parameter help characterize how mechanical and thermodynamic response is linked. Variation in QSFR metrics and key characteristics of global flexibility are related to the native state X-ray crystal structure primarily through the hydrogen bond network. Furthermore, comparison of three TRX redox pairs reveals differences in thermodynamic response (i.e., relative melting point) and mechanical properties (i.e., backbone flexibility and cooperativity correlation) that are consistent with experimental data on thermal stabilities and NMR dynamical profiles. The results taken together demonstrate that small-scale structural variations are amplified into discernible global differences by propagating mechanical couplings through the H-bond network. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple methamphetamine injections induce marked increases in extracellular striatal dopamine which correlate with subsequent neurotoxicity.

Acutely, methamphetamine (m-AMPH) is known to stimulate a net efflux of dopamine (DA) in the striatum while inhibiting DA uptake, thus producing high extracellular concentrations of DA. Repeated administration of m-AMPH has been shown to damage DA terminals in the striatum. However, little direct information exists about the relationship between m-AMPH-induced DA overflow and neurotoxicity. In the present study, we used in vivo microdialysis to explore this topic. Four, but not 3, injections of m-AMPH (4 mg/kg, sc, at 2 h intervals) damaged striatal DA terminals as measured by a 43–51% decrease in post mortem striatal DA content 1 week later. Striatal microdialysis in awake animals during the course of m-AMPH treatment showed that DA overflow increased after each m-AMPH injection, but that approximately 1.5 h after the fourth m-AMPH injection, a striking increase in DA overflow occurred that was significantly larger than that seen after any of the previous 3 injections. Additionally, in animals receiving 4 injections of m-AMPH, cumulative DA overflow was negatively correlated with striatal DA content 1 week later (r = −0.74, P < 0.05), suggesting that the substantial DA overflow seen after the fourth m-AMPH injection is especially important in m-AMPH neurotoxicity.
Modifications to improve entrance slit thermal stability for grasshopper monochromators

Abstract As new monochromators are designed for high-flux storage rings, computer modeling and thermal engineering can be done to process increased heat loads and achieve mechanical stability. Several older monochromators, such as the Mark 2 and Mark 5 Grasshopper monochromators, which were designed in 1974, have thermal instabilities in their entrance slit mechanisms. The Grasshoppers operating with narrow slits experience closure of the entrance slit from thermal expansion. In extreme cases, the thermal expansion of the precision components has caused permanent mechanical damage, leaving the slit uncalibrated and/or inoperable. For the Mark 2 and Mark 5 Grasshopper monochromators at the Synchrotron Radiation Center, the original 440 stainless steel entrance slit jaws were retrofitted with an Invar (low expansion Fe, Ni alloy) slit jaw. To transfer the heat from the critical components, two flexible heat straps of Cu were attached. These changes allow safe operation with a 10 μm entrance slit width where the previous limit was 30 μm. After an initial 2 min equilibration, the slit remains stable to 10%, with 100 mA of beam current. Additional improvements in slit thermal stability are planned for a third Grasshopper.
Neue Ergebnisse in der Blut-Hirnschrankenforschung

In einem in seiner Lange begrenzten Aufsatz konnten nur einige Aspekte des Problems der Blut-Hirnschranke besprochen werden. Die Bedeutung der Schranke bei physiologischen Prozessen und ihre Funktion im Hirnstoffwechsel wird schon durch die wachsende Zahl von Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet gezeigt. Die Benutzung radioaktiver Isotope offnet neue Wege, aber, obgleich uns damit ein in seiner Anwendung einfaches Mittel in die Hand gegeben ist, sind die Ergebnisse manchmal schwierig zu interpretieren. Es kann allerdings keinen Zweifel mehr daruber geben, das die Funktion der BHS bei jeder Untersuchung uber den Stoffwechsel des Gehirns berucksichtigt werden mus. Trotz der Bedeutung fur die Pathologie wird die endgultige Klarung von Mechanismus und Ort der BHS sowie ihre mogliche Benutzung fur therapeutische Zwecke im Reich der Biochemie liegen.
Segmented block copolyesters using click chemistry

Copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-Huisgen cycloaddition reaction afforded the synthesis of triazole-containing polyesters and segmented block copolyesters at moderate temperatures. Triazole-containing homopolyesters exhibited significantly increased (∼40 °C) glass transition temperatures (Tg) relative to high temperature, melt synthesis of polyesters with analogous structures. Quantitative synthesis of azido-terminated poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) allowed for the preparation of segmented polyesters, which exhibited increased solubility and mechanical ductility relative to triazole-containing homopolyesters. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated a soft segment (SS) Tg near −60 °C for the segmented polyesters, consistent with microphase separation. Tensile testing revealed Young's moduli ranging from 7 to 133 MPa as a function of hard segment (HS) content, and stress at break values approached 10 MPa for 50 wt % HS segmented click polyesters. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated an increased rubbery plateau modulus with increased HS content, and the Tg's of both the SS and HS did not vary with composition, confirming microphase separation. Atomic force microscopy also indicated microphase separated and semicrystalline morphologies for the segmented click polyesters. This is the first report detailing the preparation of segmented copolyesters using click chemistry for the formation of ductile membranes with excellent thermomechanical response. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Cellulase and Bacterial Inoculant Effects on Cocksfoot and Lucerne Ensiled at High Dry Matter Levels

Limited information exists on the response of grass and legume silage to enzyme and bacterial inoculant treatments when wilted to drier than desired conditions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of cellulase (from T richoderma longibrachiatum) application rate, when combined with a bacterial inoculant (L actobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus cerevisiae), on the fermenta- tion characteristics of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L) ensiled at high dry-matter concentrations. Forages were wilted to near 600 g dry matter kg~1 and cellulase, combined with inoculant, was applied at 0E30 ml kg~1 herbage and at two, four and eight times this concentration (at least 2500 IU ml~1). Cellulase was also applied alone at 0E60 ml kg~1. Wilted forages were ensiled in laboratory silos for 60 days. E†ect of cellulase application rate on neutral detergent Ðbre concentrations of the silages was small and incon- sistent. Averaged across species, only the intermediate cellulase concentrations decreased neutral detergent Ðbre concentration (P \ 0E082). The limited cell-wall degradation was probably related to the high silage dry-matter and lignin con- centrations. Cellulase combined with inoculant increased total fermentation, when averaged across species. In cocksfoot, cellulase combined with inoculant decreased pH and concentration but increased the lactic : acetic acid NH 3 -N ratio of control silage, with most of the e†ect caused by the inoculant. Cellulase applied alone to lucerne caused a higher lactic : acetic acid ratio than the control or when combined with the inoculant at the same cellulase rate. Thus, the e†ect of cellulaseEinoculant mixtures on silage quality varied among plant species, with cocksfoot generally more responsive than lucerne.
Improvements of Particle Near-Wall Velocity and Erosion Predictions Using a Commercial CFD Code

The determination of a representative particle impacting velocity is an important component in calculating solid particle erosion inside pipe geometry. Currently, most commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes allow the user to calculate particle trajectories using a Lagrangian approach. Additionally, the CFD codes calculate particle impact velocities with the pipe walls. However, these commercial CFD codes normally use a wall function to simulate the turbulent velocity field in the near-wall region. This wall-function velocity field near the wall can affect the small particle motion in the near-wall region. Furthermore, the CFD codes assume that particles have zero volume when particle impact information is being calculated. In this investigation, particle motions that are simulated using a commercially available CFD code are examined in the near-wall region. Calculated solid particle erosion patterns are compared with experimental data to investigate the accuracy of the models that are being used to calculate particle impacting velocities. While not considered in particle tracking routines in most CFD codes, the turbulent velocity profile in the near-wall region is taken into account in this investigation, and the effect on particle impact velocity is investigated. The simulation results show that the particle impact velocity is affected significantly when near-wall velocity profile is implemented. In addition, the effects of particle size are investigated in the near-wall region of a turbulent flow in a 90 deg sharp bend. A CFD code is modified to account for particle size effects in the near-wall region before and after the particle impact. It is found from the simulations that accounting for the rebound at the particle radius helps avoid nonphysical impacts and reduces the number of impacts by more than one order-of-magnitude for small particles (25 μm) due to turbulent velocity fluctuations. For large particles (256 μm), however, nonphysical impacts are not observed in the simulations. Solid particle erosion is predicted before and after introducing these modifications, and the results are compared with experimental data. It is shown that the near-wall modification and turbulent particle interactions significantly affect the simulation results. Modifications can significantly improve the current CFD-based solid particle erosion modeling.
Characterization of the human gene for microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MFAP2), assignment to chromosome 1p36.1–p35, and linkage to D1S170

Abstract Microfibril-associated glycoprotein, MAGP (gene symbol MFAP2), is a component of connective tissue microfibrils and a candidate for involvement in the etiology of inherited connective tissue diseases. We have cloned a human MAGP cDNA that is highly homologous to the previously characterized bovine and murine genes. Like the bovine and murine loci, the human gene has eight coding exons, but it contains two alternatively used 5′ untranslated exons, whereas only one untranslated exon was described in the bovine and murine Magp genes. By using rodent X human somatic cell hybrid panels and fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization, we have assigned the locus to human chromosome 1p36.1–p35. An insertion/ deletion polymorphism has been identified within intron 7. Linkage analysis between this polymorphism and markers on distal chromosome 1 revealed that MAGP is tightly linked to the anonymous marker D1S170. Physical mapping revealed a distance of
Tryptophan synthase mutations that alter cofactor chemistry lead to mechanism-based inactivation.

Mutations in the pyridoxal phosphate binding site of the tryptophan synthase β subunit (S377D and S377E) alter cofactor chemistry [Jhee, K.-H., et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 11417−11422]. We now report that the S377D, S377E, and S377A β2 subunits form α2β2 complexes with the α subunit and activate the α subunit-catalyzed cleavage of indole 3-glycerol phosphate. The apparent Kd for dissociation of the α and β subunits is unaffected by the S377A mutation but is increased up to 500-fold by the S377D and S377E mutations. Although the three mutant α2β2 complexes exhibit very low activities in β elimination and β replacement reactions catalyzed at the β site in the presence of Na+, the activities and spectroscopic properties of the S377A α2β2 complex are partially repaired by addition of Cs+. The S377D and S377E α2β2 complexes, unlike the wild-type and S377A α2β2 complexes and the mutant β2 subunits, undergo irreversible substrate-induced inactivation by l-serine or by β-chloro-l-alanine. The rates of inact...