cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary structure of 5 s ribosomal RNA

A theoretical examination of all possible “cloverleaf” secondary structures of 5 s rRNA from Escherichia coli has been carried out with the use of computer techniques. Several new conformations containing high double-helical content have been found.
Transient Leukoencephalopathy after Intrathecal Chemotherapy Mimicking Stroke (P06.016)

Objective: We report a case of transient leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion on brain MRI after intrathecal chemotherapy. Background Methotrexate and Cytarabine are two antimetabolites commonly used intravenously as well as intrathecally for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Although chronic leukoencephalopathy is a well-known side effect of Methotrexate, acute neurotoxicity can present with dramatic neurological deficits that mimic large territory stroke. Design/Methods: Patient was examined by neuro-oncology team after developing neurological symptoms. Patient was followed for one week. Patient underwent brain MRI including diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map within 24 hours of symptom onset then in one week. Results: We report a case of a 21-years old woman with plasmoblastic myeloma who developed acute transient aphasia and right hemiparesis after intrathecal Methrotexate alternating with Cytarabine. The brain MRI revealed restricted diffusion with low ADC values in bilateral centrum semiovale. The patient recovered within the next 48 hours and DWI as well as ADC map abnormalities improved significantly within one week. Conclusions: Treatment with intrathecal Methotrate or Cytarabine may become complicated with transient leukoencephalopathy presenting with stroke-like symptoms. There are areas of signal hyperintensity on DWI. However, unlike stroke, there is resolution of clinical and imaging findings within 1-4 weeks. Disclosure: Dr. Zohrevand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Loghin has nothing to disclose.
Sequences of agonistic behavior patterns and food deprivation in Hermissenda

Food deprivation had little effect on the behavior patterns occurring during encounters between two Hermissenda. Deprivation did result in increased durations of bouts of certain behavior patterns, such as biting, and decreased durations of bouts of other patterns, such as withdrawal. The ability to predict which behavior pattern will follow another is unaffected by the food deprivation. On other measures, such as the sequential organization of the patterns occurring during an encounter, the differences in patterns of winners and losers, etc., the food-deprived Hermissenda were not significantly different from the control animals. Measures taken on encounters 1 day after the end of the deprivation period generally fell between those of the deprived and control animals, indicating that the effects of food deprivation were declining slowly.
Orthogonal Wavelet Analysis: Interannual Variability in the Sea Surface Temperature

Abstract The unique capability of orthogonal wavelets, which have attractive time-frequency localization properties as exemplified by the Meyer wavelet, is demonstrated in a diagnosis of the interannual variability using a 44-year dataset of the sea surface temperature (SST). This wavelet analysis is performed in conjunction with an empirical orthogonal function analysis and a Fourier analysis to illustrate their complementary capability. The focus of this article is on the equatorial Pacific SST, which is known to have far-reaching impacts on short-term climate variability. The Meyer spectrum brings to light intriguing episodic characteristics of three separate sequences of El Nino (abnormally warm) and La Nina (abnormally cold) events during the past 42 years. It quantities the relative contributions to the variability associated with different frequency ranges at different times. Through a wavelet cross-spectral analysis with the SST at an equatorial location and at a midlatitude location in the Pacifi...
1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazolylcarboxylic acid esters with local anesthetic activity.

The local anesthetic activity, toxicity, and irritation displayed by the hydrochlo-rides of β-diethylaminoethyl, 3-(2-methylpiridino)propyl, 3-di-n-butylamino-propyl, 3-morpholinopropyl, and l-methyl-3-diethylaminoropyl esters of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-carbazolylcarboxylic acid have been studiex The local anesthetic activity of the ester-hydrochlorides of the isomeric acid with carboxyl linked in position 8 has been found to be lacking or of a very low order. However, ester-salts of either acid were capable of effecting smooth muscle relaxation. The germi-cidal activities of some of the ester-hydrochlorides have been compared with phenol by the standard F. D. A. test. The 3-di-n-butylaminopropyl ester salts appear to be the best local anesthetics of the compounds prepared; however, the irritation inherent in all members of the series would appear to limit their wide application as local anesthetics.
A New State-Level Index of Child Well-Being for Young Children in the U.S.

Public interest and public policy attention on the importance of cognitive and social development of young children has increased in recent years, at least in part, because scholars and researchers have found that experiences early in life have critical developmental consequences. Although scholars have generated a great deal of data on young children, relatively little is known about spatial variation in the well-being of young children. This study uses 12 indicators of child well-being to construct a comprehensive composite index of child well-being for children age 0 to 5 in each state in the United States. Examination of the 12 indicators of well-being for young children shows a high level of variation across states. The modest positive correlations among the four domains in the index suggest that they are measuring different elements of well-being. The composite index reveals that the well-being of young children follows a familiar spatial pattern, namely the well-being of young children in states located in the Deep South and the Southwest is relatively poor and the well-being of children in New England and the upper Midwest is relatively good. However, there are a several exceptions to this pattern which underscores the importance of examining the wellbeing of young children separately for all children. This study adds to a growing literature that uses an index of well-being to examine different groups of children.
Zebrafish IκB Kinase 1 Negatively Regulates NF-κB Activity

The IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity is critical for processing IkappaB inhibitory proteins and activating the NF-kappaB signaling, which is involved in a series of physiological and developmental steps in vertebrates. The IKK activity resides in two catalytic subunits, IKK1 and IKK2, and two regulatory subunits, NEMO and ELKS. IKK2 is the major cytokine-responsive IkappaB kinase because depletion of IKK1 does not interfere with the IKK activity. In fact, IKK1-/- mice display morphological abnormalities that are independent of its kinase activity and NF-kappaB activation. Hence, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model, we examined the evolutionary role of IKK1 in modulating NF-kappaB. Ikk1-/- zebrafish embryos present head and tail malformations and, surprisingly, show upregulation of NF-kappaB-responsive genes and increased NF-kappaB-dependent apoptosis. Overexpression of ikk1 leads to midline structure defects that resemble NF-kappaB blockage in vivo. Zebrafish Ikk1 forms complexes with NEMO that represses NF-kappaB in vertebrate cells. Indeed, truncation of its NEMO binding domain (NBD) restores NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity and, consequently, the ikk1-overexpressing phenotype. Here, we report that Ikk1 negatively regulates NF-kappaB by sequestering NEMO from active IKK complexes, indicating that IKK1 can function as a repressor of NF-kappaB.
A dynamic optimal trajectory generator for Cartesian Path following

This paper considers a dynamic and adaptive trajectory generator for negotiating paths using S-curves. Applying constant jerk transitions between the constant acceleration and deceleration periods of the trajectory, the trajectory will optimally transition to the desired speed setting. Optimal is defined to be the minimum time to transition from the current speed to the set speed for the move segment when jerk and acceleration are limited. The S-curve equations will adapt to instantaneous changes in speed setting and path length. An integrated motion planner will determine allowable speeds and transitional profiles based on the remaining move distance.
HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system

There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the gastrointestinal pathology observed in patients infected with HIV. The gastrointestinal tract is a major site of HIV replication, which results in massive depletion of lamina propria CD4 T cells during acute infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy leads to incomplete suppression of viral replication and substantially delayed and only partial restoration of gastrointestinal CD4 T cells. The gastrointestinal pathology associated with HIV infection comprises significant enteropathy with increased levels of inflammation and decreased levels of mucosal repair and regeneration. Assessment of gut mucosal immune system has provided novel directions for therapeutic interventions that modify the consequences of acute HIV infection.
Intermolecular coulomb decay at weakly coupled heterogeneous interfaces.

Surface ejection of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{)}_{n=1\ensuremath{-}8}$ from low energy electron irradiated water clusters adsorbed on graphite and graphite with overlayers of Ar, Kr or Xe results from intermolecular Coulomb decay (ICD) at the mixed interface. Inner valence holes in water ($2{a}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), Ar ($3{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), Kr ($4{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), and Xe ($5{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) correlate with the cluster appearance thresholds and initiate ICD. Proton transfer occurs during or immediately after ICD and the resultant Coulomb explosion leads to ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}{)}_{n=1--8}$ desorption with kinetic energies that vary with initiating state, final state, and interatomic or molecular distances.
A two-dimensional fourth-order unstructured-meshed Euler solver based on the CESE method

In this paper, Chang?s one-dimensional high-order CESE method 1] is extended to a two-dimensional, unstructured-triangular-meshed Euler solver. This fourth-order CESE method retains all favorable attributes of the original second-order CESE method, including: (i) flux conservation in space and time without using an approximated Riemann solver, (ii) genuine multi-dimensional algorithm without dimensional splitting, (iii) the CFL constraint for stable calculation remains to be ≤1, (iv) the use of the most compact mesh stencil, involving only the immediate neighboring cells surrounding the cell where the solution at a new time step is sought, and (v) an explicit, unified space-time integration procedure without using a quadrature integration procedure. To demonstrate the new algorithm, three numerical examples are presented: (i) a moving vortex, (ii) acoustic wave interaction, and (iii) supersonic flow over a blunt body. Case 1 shows fourth-order convergence through mesh refinement. In Case 2, the nonlinear Euler solver is applied to simulate linear waves. In Case 3, superb shock capturing capabilities of the new fourth-order method without the carbuncle effect is demonstrated.
Ignition and combustion of boron particles

Abstract The successful development of highly energetic boron-based propellants will require a thorough knowledge of the chemical and physical processes controlling ignition and combustion of single boron particles. Significant recent progress on various problems in the field of boron particle combustion makes our goal prospective. This paper reviews our current understanding of the ignition and combustion processes of single boron particles, including a comprehensive survey of the previous experimental work, theoretical models, and chemical kinetics studies. In addition, this paper presents up-to-date research findings which represent two major research needs strongly recommended by previous researchers. An experimental diagnostics was developed to study the ignition and combustion of fine-size single particles. The measured ignition delay and two-stage combustion times of single boron particles with sizes of 3 μm are presented. Effects of gas temperature, oxygen concentration, and magnesium coating on boron combustion were examined. An investigation was performed to resolve long-term contradicting theories regarding the mechanisms which governed the species diffusion across the liquid B 2 O 3 layer covering a single boron particle at elevated temperatures. Observations showed that the diffusion of dissolved boron into molten B 2 O 3(1) dominates the diffusion process through the liquid layer. Subsequently, a polymeric vitreous (BO) n complex is formed through the reaction between dissolved boron and molten B 2 O 3(1) . Based upon these experimental findings, an appropriate boron reaction mechanism was obtained by deduction. A theoretical model was then developed to simulate boron particle combustion in two consecutive stages.
DISPLACING VIOLENCE: Making Pentecostal Memory in Postwar Sierra Leone

In this article, I seek to locate the anthropology of social recovery within the work of memory. Following a decade of violent armed conflict in Sierra Leone, displaced youth in a Pentecostal church write and perform plays that are silent on the subject of the war, but renarrate it in the idiom of spiritual warfare against a subterranean demonic realm known as the Underworld. Ideas of the Underworld are part of a local retooling of the Pentecostal deliverance ministry to address Sierra Leone's years of war. Through their struggle against the Underworld, these Pentecostal youth reimagine Sierra Leone's war, reshaping experiences of violence that have shaped them and thereby transforming demonic memory into Pentecostal memory. Just as their own physical displacement is not an entirely negative condition, their displacement of violent memory is enabling rather than repressive. By “forgetting” the war as a direct realist account and reworking it through the lens of the Underworld, they use war itself to re-member their lives. Although they do not lose their memories of terror and violence, they learn to transform these in ways that allow them to create a moral life course in which they are much more than weak dependents.
Ordering transformations in the Nb3Si phase in Nb-10Si alloy

Although the Nb-Si equilibrium phase diagram has been investigated repeatedly, the eutectic and eutectoid temperatures, the equilibrium solubilities of Si in Nb at different temperatures and the stable and metastable phases on the Nb-rich side of the phase diagram are still uncertain. According to the most recent phase diagram, the equilibrium solidification path for hypo-eutectic alloys containing approximately 3.5 to 18.7% Si is liquid Nb-Si undergoing a eutectic transformation to Nb(Si) + Nb{sub 3}Si at 1920{degrees} C with the Nb{sub 3}Si phase further transforming by a eutectoid reaction to Nb + Nb{sub 5}Si{sub 3} at 1770{degrees} C. The calculated metastable extension of the phase boundaries on the Nb-rich side of the phase diagram by Lipschutz et al. indicates that upon suppression of the formation of the Nb{sub 5}Si{sub 3} phase, the intermediate phase, Nb{sub 3}Si becomes a congruently melting compound. In such a case the Nb{sub 3}Si phase does not undergo the above mentioned eutectoid decomposition, and is retained at room temperature. Recent investigations have shown that the Nb{sub 3}Si phase present in the Nb-10Si alloy (atomic %) undergoes ordering transformations. This paper reports for the first time ordering transformations in the Nb{sub 3}Si phase in the Nb-10Si alloy.
Phase II clinical trial of 13-cis-retinoic acid and interferon-alpha-2a in patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Interferon in combination with 5-fluorouracil has been shown to be active in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) of the esophagus. 13-cis-retinoic acid (CRA) has chemopreventive activity in SCC of the head and neck, and, in combination with interferon, has antitumor activity in SCC of the skin and cervix. METHODS The activity and toxicity of CRA and interferon-α-2a (IFN) in patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma was evaluated in a Phase II single institution trial. Patients had unresectable or metastatic AC or SCC of the esophagus. One prior chemotherapy regimen was allowed. IFN was given by daily subcutaneous injection at a dose of 3 million U and CRA was taken orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses. Treatment was given in cycles of 4 weeks and continued until documented disease progression. RESULTS Of the 19 patients entered, 15 were evaluable for response and toxicity. One patient was evaluable for response only and one patient was evaluable for toxicity only. Evaluable patients were predominantly male (15 patients), and had AC (13 patients). All had AJCC Stage IV disease and 12 were pretreated. Patients completed an average of two cycles of therapy (range, one to six cycles) prior to progression of disease. National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 3/4 toxicity was notable for nausea (25%) and fatigue (31%). No major objective responses were recorded. Eleven patients with AC and 3 patients with SCC had rapid progression of disease. One patient with AC was found to have a minor response for 22 weeks and 1 patient with AC had stable disease for 45 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This regimen had no significant activity in patients with advanced AC of the esophagus. Further evaluation of IFN plus CRA, using this dose and schedule, is not recommended. In comparison with prior trials of this therapy, a surprising amount of severe nausea and fatigue was observed in this trial. Cancer 1999;85:1213–7. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
How Do People Think Marketing Works? Teaching Students How to Build Theory, Develop Imagination, and Discover Deeper Consumer Insights

Building theory is a different skill than knowing theory. While the traditional consumer behavior course does a good job in exposing students to our well-accepted theories, much less emphasis in the course is placed on students working to develop new theoretical insights of their own. In this paper, we first discuss why teaching this skill is crucially important. Next, we detail an exercise we have developed and refined for our consumer behavior courses that encourages students to build their own theories from the ground up. We then detail the benefits and outcomes of the exercise and discuss several key ways that it enlightens and enriches the student learning experience throughout an entire semester in consumer behavior. Furthermore, we discuss its potential adaptability for other courses such as marketing research and marketing strategy. Ultimately, our innovation actively engages students, allows them to better understand how theory is built and works on a deep level, pushes them to think deeply and i...
Comparison of hybrid turbulence models for a circular cylinder and a cavity

Three hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large-eddy simulation turbulence models are applied to the flow over a three-dimensional circular cylinder and a generic weapons bay. Time-step and grid sensitivity studies are performed. The time-step study indicates that 100-200 steps per primary shedding cycle are required for temporal accuracy using a second-order implicit algorithm. The grid study indicates that these new turbulence models can achieve a reasonably grid-independent solution in simulation of unsteady turbulent flows. As the mesh resolution is increased, smaller scale turbulent structures become visible. A computational mesh with a grid resolution resulting in a ratio of the turbulent length scale to grid length scale greater than 2 produced a reasonable simulation with all three hybrid models for both cases.
The transient detection microscope

We describe a microscope that preferentially displays moving objects. This all-optical device operates in real-time using the nonlinear coupling of optical beams in a photorefractive crystal of barium titanate. A holographic image is continuously written and compared with the real image, and any discrepancy between the two images is immediately visible. The device can be used to highlight moving objects, such as protozoans, while suppressing the image of any stationary objects in the background. The device needs only milliwatts of laser power, and can detect objects moving at velocities of a few micrometres per second.
An adaptive Bayesian approach for robust parameter design with observable time series noise factors

In Robust Parameter Design (RPD) the means and the covariances of noise variables, commonly assumed as known, are estimated from operating or historical data and hence can involve considerable sampling variability. In addition, for cases where there are noise factors that are measurable or with strong autocorrelation a more effective control strategy is to update the estimates of noise factor as the production takes place. This article presents a Bayesian approach to online RPD that accounts for uncertainty in noise factor and response models and allows the user to update the model estimates with production data and achieve more effective control performance. The proposed method is compared to existing dual response and certainty equivalence control approaches from the literature. Simulation examples and a case study that uses real manufacturing data from an injection molding process are used to demonstrate the proposed method.
A nonlytic transforming mutant of herpes simplex virus type 2

A small-plaque mutant (NO.69) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain 333 has been previously isolated and characterized in this laboratory. This mutant was shown to produce a high ratio of noninfectious to infectious particles when grown at the nonpermissive temperature in hamster embryo fibroblasts [Westmoreland D. and Rapp F. (1976). Journal of Virology [8:92--102]. In this study, we have demonstrated that it is possible to obtain noninfectious stocks of this virus which retain transforming ability in a biochemical transformation assay specific for detection of the HSV gene for thymidine kinase. This mutant contains a DNA genome that has a density identical to the DNA of wild-type virus. Virus and cell DNA synthesis after infection with the mutant at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperature are similar to that observed in cultures infected with the parental virus. Clones of mouse cells biochemically transformed by this virus contain HSV antigens and are presently being examined for oncogenicity.
Lipopolysaccharide potentiates polychlorinated biphenyl-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier via TLR4/IRF-3 signaling.

Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with numerous adverse health effects. Although the main route of exposure to PCBs is through the gastrointestinal tract, little is known about the contribution of the gut to the health effects of PCBs. We hypothesize that PCBs can disrupt intestinal integrity, causing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation into the bloodstream and potentiation of the systemic toxicity of PCBs. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to individual PCB congeners by oral gavage, followed by the assessment of small intestine morphology and plasma levels of proinflammatory mediators. In addition, mice and human brain endothelial cells were exposed to PCB118 in the presence or absence of LPS to evaluate the contribution of LPS to PCB-induced toxicity at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) level. Oral administration of PCB153, PCB118, or PCB126 disrupted intestinal morphology and increased plasma levels of LPS and proinflammatory cytokines. Direct injection of LPS and PCB118 into the cerebral microvasculature resulted in synergistic disruption of BBB integrity and decreased expression of tight junction proteins in brain microvessels. In vitro experiments confirmed these effects and indicated that stimulation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway can be responsible for these effects via activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3). These results indicate that LPS may be a contributing factor in PCB-induced dysfunction of the brain endothelium via stimulation of the TLR4/IRF-3 pathway.
Effect of hemodynamic variability on Granger causality analysis of fMRI

In this work, we investigated the effect of the regional variability of the hemodynamic response on the sensitivity of Granger causality (GC) analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to neuronal causal influences. We simulated fMRI data by convolving a standard canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) with local field potentials (LFPs) acquired from the macaque cortex and manipulated the causal influence and neuronal delays between the LFPs, the hemodynamic delays between the HRFs, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the sampling period (TR) to assess the effect of each of these factors on the detectability of the neuronal delays from GC analysis of fMRI. In our first bivariate implementation, we assumed the worst-case scenario of the hemodynamic delay being at the empirical upper limit of its normal physiological range and opposing the direction of neuronal delay. We found that, in the absence of HRF confounds, even tens of milliseconds of neuronal delays can be inferred from fMRI. However, in the presence of HRF delays which opposed neuronal delays, the minimum detectable neuronal delay was hundreds of milliseconds. In our second multivariate simulation, we mimicked the real situation more closely by using a multivariate network of four time series and assumed the hemodynamic and neuronal delays to be unknown and drawn from a uniform random distribution. The resulting accuracy of detecting the correct multivariate network from fMRI was well above chance and was up to 90% with faster sampling. Generically, under all conditions, faster sampling and low measurement noise improved the sensitivity of GC analysis of fMRI data to neuronal causality.
Spectrum-splitting photovoltaics: Holographic spectrum splitting in eight-junction, ultra-high efficiency module

To achieve photovoltaic energy conversion with ultra-high module efficiency, the number of junctions can be increased beyond the 3-5 used in conventional lattice-matched multi-junction photovoltaics. We demonstrate a photovoltaic design that incorporates eight III-V semiconductor junctions arranged laterally as four dual-junction subcells operating electrically and optically in an independent manner. An integrated holographic optical element is used to split the incoming solar spectrum into four different spectral bands, each diffracted onto the appropriate subcell. In addition, two-axis concentration is used to achieve total concentration of 672 suns. A preliminary design for this holographic spectrum splitter composed of twelve simple, commercially available holograms predicts an achievable 76.1% optical efficiency and 37.1% two-terminal module efficiency; opportunities for improved efficiency are discussed.
Coordinated radar observations of plasma wave characteristics in the auroral F region

Abstract. Properties of decameter-scale plasma waves in the auroral F region are investigated using coordinated observations of plasma wave characteristics with the Kodiak HF coherent radar (KOD) and Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) systems in the Alaskan sector. We analyze one event on 14 November 2012 that occurred during the first PFISR Ion-Neutral Observations in the Thermosphere (PINOT) campaign when exceptionally good F region backscatter data at 1 s resolution were collected by KOD over the wide range of locations also monitored by PFISR. In particular, both radar systems were observing continuously along the same magnetic meridian, which allowed for a detailed comparison between the line-of-sight (l-o-s) velocity data sets. It is shown that l-o-s velocity correlation for data points strictly matched in time (within 1 s) depends strongly on the number of ionospheric echoes detected by KOD in a given post-integration interval or, equivalently, on the KOD echo occurrence in that interval. The l-o-s velocity correlations reach 0.7–0.9 for echo occurrences exceeding 70%, while also showing considerable correlations of 0.5–0.6 for occurrences as low as 10%. Using the same approach of strictly matching the KOD and PFISR data points, factors controlling coherent echo power are investigated, focusing on the electric field and electron density dependencies. It is demonstrated that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of F region echoes increases nearly monotonically with an increasing electric field strength as well as with an increasing electron density, except at large density values, where SNR drops significantly. The electric field control can be understood in terms of the growth rate of the gradient-drift waves being proportional to the convection drift speed under conditions of fast-changing convection flows, while the density effect may involve over-refraction at large density values and radar backscatter power proportionality to the perturbation density.
From Blubber and Baleen to Buddha of the Deep: The Rise of the Metaphysical Whale

[Abstract Human attitudes to various nonhuman animals have varied considerably across cultures and throughout time. While some of our responses are undoubtedly instinctive and universal—a visceral fear of large carnivores or the feeling of spontaneous warmth for creatures exhibiting high degrees of neoteny—it is clear that our attitude toward specific species is largely shaped by our innate anthropomorphism: that is, when we think about animals, we are also thinking about ourselves. There are few better examples of this than the shifting attitudes toward whales and dolphins throughout the 20th century, particularly among citizens of Western democracies. This article narrates the cultural history of this development and demonstrates how the current enchantment with whales and dolphins is primarily the result of two broad—and related—cultural developments: the modern entertainment complex, particularly cinema, television, and aquatic theme parks; and the 1960s counterculture, with its potent blend of holistic ecology, speculative neuroscience, and mysticism. The result was the creation of what we might think of as the “metaphysical whale,” a creature who has inspired the abolitionist stance toward whaling., Abstract Human attitudes to various nonhuman animals have varied considerably across cultures and throughout time. While some of our responses are undoubtedly instinctive and universal—a visceral fear of large carnivores or the feeling of spontaneous warmth for creatures exhibiting high degrees of neoteny—it is clear that our attitude toward specific species is largely shaped by our innate anthropomorphism: that is, when we think about animals, we are also thinking about ourselves. There are few better examples of this than the shifting attitudes toward whales and dolphins throughout the 20th century, particularly among citizens of Western democracies. This article narrates the cultural history of this development and demonstrates how the current enchantment with whales and dolphins is primarily the result of two broad—and related—cultural developments: the modern entertainment complex, particularly cinema, television, and aquatic theme parks; and the 1960s counterculture, with its potent blend of holistic ecology, speculative neuroscience, and mysticism. The result was the creation of what we might think of as the “metaphysical whale,” a creature who has inspired the abolitionist stance toward whaling.]
Functions and altered states in dispositional analysis: a reply to Vihvelin

I agree that all of the consequences Vihvelin attributes to PROP are consequences of the position. There is, however, one signicant point of disagreement. While Vihvelin believes these consequences are counterexamples to PROP, I will show why the consequences are assets any adequate account of dispositions must contain. Since very few accounts of dispositions entail these initially counter-intuitive results, PROP is one of the few plausible existing accounts of dispositions.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1993

Abstract The 1993 hurricane season is summarized. and individual tropical storms and hurricanes are described. Overall, the season was relatively inactive, but tropical storms and hurricanes were responsible for a large number of deaths in South America, Central America, and Mexico. Only one hurricane, Emily, made landfall in the United States.
Heterojunction FETs in III-V compounds

We review work on heterojunction FETs (HFETs) fabricated from III–V compounds, with emphasis on the unique properties of such devices and their applicability to high-speed logic circuits. After discussing their general properties, including their uniquely high carrier mobility and fast switching speed, we discuss HFETs investigated at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, i.e., the semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor FET (SISFET) and quantum-well metal-insulator-semiconductor FET (QW-MISFET)—and their possible circuit applications. Finally, the opportunities for achieving a circuit performance level beyond that offered by the GaAs-(Al,Ga)As materials system are explored.
Water-bag stability theory for planar bounded plasmas with counter-streaming injection. Part 1. The neutralized diode

The stability of a bounded, homogeneous, neutralized plasma with counter- streaming electron beams is analysed. A water-bag model is used to describe the electron distribution in velocity space, so that finite beam temperature and a background plasma are included in the theory. For boundary conditions, the absorber– source wall (the diode boundary) and the reflecting wall are considered. For the former, growth-rate calculations indicate that the instability is a combination of charge bunching (counter-streaming) and diode circuit effect. As the diode length increases, the growth rate of all modes in the system approaches the maximum growth rate. For the reflecting wall, as the length increases, the maximum growth rate transfers to higher and higher order modes with shorter wavelength, while the growth rate of the lower-order modes goes to zero.
Rice Prices and Income Distribution in Thailand: A Non-Parametric Analysis

Rice is a staple crop in Thailand, significantly entering both household production and consumption. This paper examines the effect of rice prices on the distribution of real income across households, taking into account household characteristics and geographical location. The data set is a large-scale survey of 11,893 households. Simple nonparametric techniques for regression and density estimation are used. These methods depend on few assumptions and generate flexible graphical results that are directly informative about the problem at hand. The main results are that higher rice prices should benefit all rural households, but the largest benefits accrue to rural households in the middle of the income distribution. Copyright 1989 by Royal Economic Society.
The centenary of the morse telegraph

THE MAGNITUDE of the telegraph industry, its effect on daily life, the stimulus it has given to scientific enquiry and electrical engineering, and especially the influence it had on the formation of the AIEE, all combine to make it fitting that our Institute do Morse and his associates honor on the 100th anniversary of their first public telegraph between Baltimore, Md., and Washington, D. C. A session in recognition of the occasion was held during the 1944 AIEE summer technical meeting.1–3
Molecular genetic manipulation of the red flour beetle: Genome organization and cloning of a ribosomal protein gene

Abstract We have assessed the potential for molecular genetic analysis of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , to augment the high resolution genetic analysis demonstrated for this organism by Beeman et al . ( Dev. Biol. 33 , 196–209, 1989). The genome size, 0.21 pg, the long period interspersion pattern of repetitive elements and a low methyl-cytosine content indicate molecular studies should be straight-forward. We constructed a genomic library and isolated clones containing RPS14, a small, highly conserved, near single copy ribosomal protein gene. We found three RPS14 clones in a screen of four genome equivalents, suggesting our library is representative of the genome. We also demonstrated the use of an RFLP, identified by the RPS14 clone, in genetic mapping.
Camera perspective bias in videotaped confessions: Experimental evidence of its perceptual basis.

The camera perspective from which a criminal confession is videotaped influences later assessments of its voluntariness and the suspect's guilt. Previous research has suggested that this camera perspective bias is rooted in perceptual rather than conceptual processes, but these data are strictly correlational. In 3 experiments, the authors directly manipulated perceptual processing to provide stronger evidence of its mediational role. Prior to viewing a videotape of a simulated confession, participants were shown a photograph of the confessor's apparent victim. Participants in a perceptual interference condition were instructed to visualize the image of the victim in their minds while viewing the videotape; participants in a conceptual interference condition were instructed instead to rehearse an 8-digit number. Because mental imagery and actual perception draw on the same available resources, the authors anticipated that the former, but not the latter, interference task would disrupt the camera perspective bias, if indeed it were perceptually mediated. Results supported this conclusion.
A Survey of Management Science Implementation Problems

An increasing amount of attention has been directed to problems associated with the implementation of Management Science methods. This attention is undoubtedly due to a relatively poor performance record, since it has been estimated that only about 40% of Management Science projects are ever fully implemented. Numerous articles have been written about the implementation problem. Some are based upon “undocumented wisdom;” that is, nonempirically based observations about the problem. Others have been written by practitioners who describe the problem as they perceive it. A smaller number of articles are based upon survey data.
Phosphomimetic Mutations Enhance Oligomerization of Phospholemman and Modulate Its Interaction with the Na/K-ATPase

Na/K-ATPase (NKA) activity is dynamically regulated by an inhibitory interaction with a small transmembrane protein, phospholemman (PLM). Inhibition is relieved upon PLM phosphorylation. Phosphorylation may alter how PLM interacts with NKA and/or itself, but details of these interactions are unknown. To address this, we quantified FRET between PLM and its regulatory target NKA in live cells. Phosphorylation of PLM was mimicked by mutation S63E (PKC site), S68E (PKA/PKC site), or S63E/S68E. The dependence of FRET on protein expression in live cells yielded information about the structure and binding affinity of the PLM-NKA regulatory complex. PLM phosphomimetic mutations altered the quaternary structure of the regulatory complex and reduced the apparent affinity of the PLM-NKA interaction. The latter effect was likely due to increased oligomerization of PLM phosphomimetic mutants, as suggested by PLM-PLM FRET measurements. Distance constraints obtained by FRET suggest that phosphomimetic mutations slightly alter the oligomer quaternary conformation. Photon-counting histogram measurements revealed that the major PLM oligomeric species is a tetramer. We conclude that phosphorylation of PLM increases its oligomerization into tetramers, decreases its binding to NKA, and alters the structures of both the tetramer and NKA regulatory complex.
Investigation of a Mercury-Thallium Molecule

EVIDENCE has been obtained which seems to prove the existence of mercury-thallium molecules when the vapours of the two substances are mixed. The evidence is the result of two quite different methods of attack.
Chronic murine colitis is dependent on the CD154/CD40 pathway and can be attenuated by anti-CD154 administration

Abstract Background & Aims: Experimental colitis in most animal models is caused by dysregulation of T lymphocytes that display a T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype. CD154 (CD40L/gp39), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is up-regulated on T cells on activation and has been shown to play a key role in the induction of a Th1 response. We investigated whether chronic experimental colitis is dependent on the CD154/CD40 pathway and whether disease can be prevented by anti-CD154 antibody treatment. Methods: Two models of chronic colitis were used: CD45Rb hi cell transfer into recombination activation gene–deficient (Rag −/− ) mice and bone marrow transplant of tgϵ26 animals. In both models, mice were reconstituted with cells from CD154-deficient animals. In another series of experiments, wild-type CD45Rb hi T cell–reconstituted recipients were treated with anti-CD154, either from the start of the experiment or after onset of disease. Results: T cells deficient in CD154 induced a milder clinical disease, less weight loss, and fewer histologic signs of colitis than wild-type cells. The level of interleukin 12 in the serum of CD154-deficient T-cell recipients was 5-fold less than that of wild-type cell recipients. Nevertheless, no signs of deviation from a Th1 phenotype were observed. Treatment with anti-CD154 antibodies substantially impaired disease development, even when started after the onset of colitis. Conclusions: The CD154/CD40 pathway plays a critical role in Th1-induced chronic experimental colitis. Blocking CD154, even after the onset of disease, ameliorates colitis but does not induce a T helper 2 (Th2) phenotype. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:715-723
Nucleotide sequence analysis of a novel globulin1 null allele from the Illinois high protein strain of maize

The highly polymorphic maize globulin1 (glbl) gene encodes an abundant embryo storage protein. The present study extends the analysis of glbl variants to further explore the nature of polymorphism at this locus. The null allele Glb1-N1Hb, derived from the Illinois High Protein (IHP) strain of maize was characterized at the molecular level by nucleotide sequence analysis. Among other differences, a single-base insertion leading to a premature termination codon in the carboxyl-terminal half of the otherwise normal protein was observed. The likely reasons for the absence of GLB1 protein accumulation in the IHP strain of maize are discussed.
Attitudes toward affirmative action: A comparison of color-blind versus modern racist attitudes

In the hotly contested issue of affirmative action, detractors maintain that the use of raceconscious policies to remedy past discrimination is contraindicative of a color-blind society. Supporters of affirmative action maintain that while a color-blind society may be desirable, acts of past discrimination and current institutional racism make it necessary to use race-conscious policies. Past research has shown that the demographic variables of race and sex, as well as modern racist attitudes predict attitudes toward affirmative action. This investigation examined the relationship between color-blind attitudes, modern racist attitudes, and attitudes toward affirmative action. Results confirmed a positive relationship between modern racism and color-blind attitudes. After controlling for race and sex, colorblind attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of attitudes toward affirmative action, followed by modern racism. Perhaps no other public policy mandate has come under as much scrutiny and controversy as affirmative action. Originally hailed as a way to ensure equal educational and employment access for ethnic minorities and women, affirmative action increasingly has been characterized as giving minorities an unfair advantage over Whites. This characterization has been used as a political tool to foment negative attitudes toward the implementation of affirmative action policies. Given the widespread use of affirmative action policies, it is important that social scientists as well as the public have a thorough understanding of what influences attitudes toward affirmative action. Interestingly, while Whites agree that equality of opportunity is important, they also tend to have negative attitudes toward affirmative action. So, if affirmative action exists to increase equality, why do Whites often oppose it? As Kravitz and Platania (1993) contended, common misconceptions about affirmative action contribute to negative attitudes about the policy. The most common misconception involves the goals of affirmative action. Specifically, many individuals, most
Reorienting Global Communication: Indian and Chinese media beyond borders

Michael Curtin and Hemant Shah, Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 2010, US$75 (hard), 328 pp. The editors begin their introduction with what for some Western readers may be the star...
Numerical Designed Experiment to Optimize a Ported Shroud to Extend the Operability Margin of a Centrifugal Compressor

This paper describes the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) numerical optimization of a modern centrifugal compressor impeller with a ported shroud for increased surge margin. The vent configuration selected was a full circumference, constant-width slot. A multiblock, steady flow three dimensional (3D) viscous RANS model (ADPAC) is used with parallel processing capability to increase computational speed. Grid generation is performed in an automated fashion to enable the timely optimization of the ported shroud configuration. A designed experiment (DoE) approach is used to minimize the number of vent configurations to be modeled, to ensure that factor interaction effects are captured, and to facilitate the definition of an optimum vent configuration. The DoE is a 2 factor, 2 level full factorial experiment with a center point included to detect possible curvature in the solution surface. The factors optimized are slot width and the flow-wise location of the slot. The numerical technique verifies the ability of the ported shroud to extend compressor stall margin at the part-speed operating condition, while maintaining acceptable high speed performance, in good agreement with test data for a similar impeller with a ported shroud. The use of a DoE method coupled with CFD modeling identified an optimized vent configuration with a minimum of time and effort. The CFD results also provide enhanced understanding of the device physics.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Percutaneous catheter drainage in treatment of urinary extraversation

In the last two decades there has been a rapid growth in the percutaneous manipulation of the genitourinary tract. We would like to present 2 patients in whom CT-guided percutaneous drainage of urinary extravasation was employed successfully and review the pertinent literature.