cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that was developed during the 1990s as a treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. The literature regarding this procedure, mainly case series and retrospective comparisons, suggests that laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy results in reduced operating time and blood loss and a quicker return to normal activity, compared with laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. A randomized, controlled trial that compared laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with hysteroscopic endometrial resection found that laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy resulted in significantly better patient satisfaction at 2 years for similar costs. Unfortunately, there are no randomized trials that have compared laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy to vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. Given the lack of appropriate randomized, controlled trials and the limitations of the existing research, the laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy's true value and appropriate clinical indications remain unknown. Well-designed randomized, controlled trials that compare laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, total vaginal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy, with attention to short- and long-term morbidity, postoperative vaginal bleeding, postoperative cervical disease, sexual function, urinary symptoms, and pelvic prolapse are needed. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature regarding laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and to evaluate the evidence regarding the proposed risks and benefits of the procedure.
Listen to the image speak

Abstract Listen to the Image Speak explores the plural play of images in communications between people from different cultures. The specific example studied is that of Western images of Muslim Women. The essay examines, in particular, the role of that image in articulating identification and differentiation.
Pulse Jet Mixing of a Non-Newtonian Waste Slurry Simulant

The mixing of radioactive waste slurries by Pulse Jet Mixers (PJM) was simulated by using non-Newtonian clay suspensions. A quarter scale mockup of a 6 PJM cluster configuration was tested with different nozzle sizes of 25.4 mm, 31.8 mm, and 38.1 mm I.D., nozzle velocities of 8–18 m/sec, and yield stresses from 11 to 35 Pa. Mixing was measured by dye and ultrasonic velocity probe methods. Under PJM only operation, a well mixed region or cavern is developed which is distinct from the stagnant region. The data of cavern heights to tank diameter ratio are well correlated as a function of the product of the Yield Reynolds number to the square root power and the ratio of nozzle to tank diameter. A fully mixed tank was obtained for a nozzle diameter of 38.1 mm, nozzle velocity of 18 m/sec and yield stress of 21 Pa. An alternate mixing configuration consisting of 25.4 mm nozzles and 5 spargers at 3 scfm each, 18 m/s nozzle velocity and yield stress of 30 Pa was found also to be fully mixed using glass bead tracers which also simulated large solids.Copyright © 2005 by WSRC
COMBINATION OF GAMMA AND MICROWAVE RADIATION FOR CONTROL OF THE ANGOUMOIS GRAIN MOTH IN WHEAT.

Samples of soft red winter wheat containing known ages of eggs, larvae, or pupae of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) were irradiated with gamma and/or microwave radiation. Representatives of each age group received the following treatments: (1) no radiation (controls), (2) microwave radiation, (3) gamma radiation, (4) microwave radiation followed by gamma radiation, or (5) gamma radiation followed by microwave radiation. Effectiveness of the treatments was based on percent adult emergence. An average reduction in emergence of 54 and 74% was observed following gamma and microwave radiation, respectively. The calculated expected reduction was 88% for combination treatments of either sequence. The sequence of radiation treatments did not influence the average effectiveness of the combinations. When the gamma treatment was followed by microwave radiation, the average reduction in emergence was 96%; when microwave radiation was followed by gamma radiation, the average reduction was 97%.
Enhancing the Sensitivity of Electrostatically Actuated Resonant Switch for Earthquake Detection

Enhancing the sensitivity of an electrostatically actuated resonant switch (EARS) for earthquake detection is investigated. The resonator is proposed to operate close to instability bands of frequency-response curves, where it is forced to pull-in if operated within these bands. By careful tuning, the resonator can be made to enter the instability zone upon the detection of the earthquake signal, thereby pulling-in as a switch. Such a switching action can be functionalized for alarming purposes or can be used to activate a network of sensors for seismic activity recording. By placing such a resonator on a printed circuit board of a natural frequency close to that of the earthquake’s frequency, significant improvement on the detection limit of this switch is achieved. In this work, nonlinear Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) and 2-Degree-Of-Freedom (2-DOF) models are used to simulate the performance of the switch concept.© 2011 ASME
Infiltration in Soils with Fractal Permeability Distribution

Stochastic analysis of flow and transport in soils usually assumes that the soil permeability is a stationary, homogeneous stochastic process. Some field data suggest, however, that permeability distributions may have a fractal character with long-range correlations. One such set of data is analyzed in this paper. We also investigate the relationship between the fractal character of hydraulic conductivity distribution and the statistics of unsaturated flow. This was studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations of steady-state infiltration in soils with generated fractal permeability distribution. The results of these simulations were compared to theoretical results obtained from spectral analysis of unsaturated flow.
Gasification combined cycle: Carbon dioxide recovery, transport, and disposal☆

Initiatives to limit carbon dioxide (CO[sub 2]) emissions have drawn considerable interest to integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power generation. This process can reduce C0[sub 2] production because of its higher efficiency, and it is amenable to C0[sub 2] capture, because C0[sub 2] can be removed before combustion and the associated dilution with atmospheric nitrogen. This paper presents a process-design baseline that encompasses the IGCC system, C0[sub 2] transport by pipeline, and land-based sequestering of C0[sub 2] in geological reservoirs.The intent of this study is to provide the C0[sub 2] budget, or an equivalent C0[sub 2]'' budget, associated with each of the individual energy-cycle steps. Design capital and operating costs for the process are included in the full study but are not reported in the present paper. The value used for the equivalent C0[sub 2]'' budget will be 1 kg C0[sub 2]/kWh[sub e].
Non-zygotic embryos of Brassica napus L. contain embryo-specific storage proteins.

The storage-protein content of non-zygotic and zygotic embryos of B. napus was compared, using antibodies to guantitate 12S storage protein in extracts by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Non-zygotic embryos were induced from microspores in anther culture and on the hypocotyls of zygotic embryos in culture. All embryo-like structures were found to contain 12S storage protein, whereas preculture anthers, anthers from which embryos had been removed, and regenerated shoots did not have detectable 12S storage protein. In zygotic embryos, 12S storage protein was first detected at the cotyledon stage, but microsporic embryos contained storage protein at the globular and heart stages. Storage protein levels in microsporic and hypocotyl embryos were low relative to those in zygotic embryos. The largest microsporic embryo had a storage protein concentration of 13 μg mg-1 fresh weight, almost 10 times lower than a mature zygotic embryo. Thus, although storage proteins are present in both zygotic and non-zygotic embryos, the timing and extent of accumulation differ.
Electronic dispersion compensation for 10 Gigabit communication links over FDDI legacy multimode fiber

In this paper, we demonstrate measured results from two different EDC architectures, a feed forward equalizer (FFE) and a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). These are used to compensate for ISI caused by modal dispersion in highly band-limited multi-mode fiber links.
Immunocytochemical identification of serotonin axonal contacts on characterized neurons in laminae I and II of the cat dorsal horn

Serotonergic pathways from brainstem to spinal cord play an important role in the modulation of pain perception. To establish where that modulation occurs, we examined serotonin-immunoreactive axonal contacts on individually characterized laminae I and II dorsal horn neurons intracellularly filled with horseradish peroxidase. We found serotonin axonal contacts on marginal, stalked, and islet cells. Contacts preferentially occurred on dendritic shafts rather than on spines. Marginal and stalked cells received the heaviest innervation.
EPR study of radicals derived from olefinic alcohols

We have successfully characterized by EPR at approximately 25°C the radicals formed using the TiCl3H2O2 radical-generating method and the olefinic alcohol substrates 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, and cis-2-butene-1,4-diol. Our EPR results are in agreement with known preferred radical conformations for structurally analogous radicals and further verify that substituent electronic and steric effects influence the apparent reactivity characteristics in aliphatic alcohol substrates as observed in the TiCl3H2O2 radical-generating system.
Associations between health literacy, diabetes knowledge, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control in a low income population with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Objective: This study assessed associations among health literacy, diabetes knowledge, self-care, and glycemic control in a low income, predominately minority population with type 2 diabetes. Methods: One hundred twenty-five adults with diabetes were recruited from a primary care clinic. Subjects completed validated surveys to measure health literacy, diabetes knowledge, and self-care (medication adherence, diet, exercise, blood sugar testing, and foot care). Hemoglobin A1c values were extracted from the medical record. Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to assess the relationship among health literacy, diabetes knowledge, self-care, and glycemic control controlling for covariates. Results: Cronbach's α was 0.95 for the Revised Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. The majority of the sample was <65 years old (50.7%), female (72.5%), and African American (71.4%), had less than a high school education (68.2%) and a household income <$15,000 (64.2%), and reporte...
Altered quasi-renewal concepts for modeling renewable warranty costs with imperfect repairs

We introduce the concepts of altered quasi-renewal based on the ordinary quasi-renewal process. The first is called the altered quasi-renewal process with random parameters and the other is called the mixed quasi-renewal process with considerations of replacement and repair strategies. Based on the proposed altered- and mixed- quasi-renewal processes, we develop the warranty cost models and also derive various reliability measures. This study can help the policy makers to make appropriate decisions related to the warranty polices with the objective of downsizing manufacturer's warranty costs. Also, the results of this study using mixed and altered quasi-renewal processes can be found helpful for practitioners to analyze the system's warranty cost. An application for practical and numerical examples is discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed concepts.
Osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw

Abstract 1. 1. A case of osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw in a young woman is presented. 2. 2. The course of the disease from the diagnosis in January, 1953, to death in August, 1956, is recorded. 3. 3. The therapy, including surgery, radon seed insertion, and x-ray irradiation, was palliative but not curative. 4. 4. Seventeen additional cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the jaw have been tabulated from the medical literature. 5. 5. Because the earliest symptoms are often referable to the teeth, the dentist must accept his responsibility for recognition of this lesion.
Social Computing and Cultural Modeling [Guest editor's introduction]

This special issue on social computing and cultural modeling includes articles that are the result of a special workshop on social computing and modeling held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, under the auspices of the National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) in Bangkok and sponsored by the US Office of Naval Research Global. The article authors present a spectrum of issues concerning social media, socio-technical behavior, and modeling approaches to understanding the new global village.
Chirped Biphotons Using Quasi Phase Matching

We describe techniques for numerically simulating broadband, time-energy entangled biphoton generation by spontaneous parametric down conversion in quasi-phase-matched nonlinear crystals. Typical domain errors have negligible effect on the phase spectrum of the biphoton wavefunction.
Measurement of nanogram quantities of protein by hydrolysis followed by reaction with orthophthalaldehyde or determination of glutamate.

Abstract Two methods are described for determining protein by measurement of amino acids released by acid or base hydrolysis. One achieves sufficient sensitivity to measure as little as 3 ng of protein by reaction of the amino acids with orthophthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol in a small volume, followed by dilution in 0.5 n NaOH for fluorometric measurement of the product. The other method is somewhat more sensitive. Released l -glutamate is determined enzymatically by reaction with glutamic dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) and NAD+; the NADH produced is amplified by enzymatic cycling. To avoid the use of sealed tubes and minimize dangers of contamination, hydrolysis is carried out in small droplets in “oil wells.”
Plagiothecium shevockii (Plagiotheciaceae), a New Species from Taiwan

Plagiothecium shevockii S. He (Plagiotheciaceae) is described and illustrated as a new moss species from Taiwan. It resembles P. paleaceum (Mitten) A. Jaeger in having similar orbicular leaves, but differs by its much stronger double costae, and its slenderly acute and denticulate leaf apices that have a group of differentiated, hyaline, thin-walled cells often bearing rhizoids.
The distribution of enkephalin in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the mouse brain: effects of neonatal administration of MSG.

Abstract The immunocytochemical distribution of the pentapeptides, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin (Enk) were examined in the mediobasal hypothalamus of control mice and mice with a neurotoxic lesion of the arcuate nucleus due to neonatal treatment of monosodium glutamate (MSG). In control mice immunoreactive Enk cells and fibers were present in the arcuate nucleus. Enk fibers were found in the subependymal, internal and external layers of the median eminence. At 60 days of age, mice receiving neonatal injections of MSG displayed symptoms of neuroendocrine deficiencies. Histochemical methods revealed a loss of Enk immunoreactivity from the arcuate nucleus and all layers of the median eminence. These results suggest that the lack of Enk cells and fibers in the mediobasal hypothalamus of MSG-treated animals is partially responsible for the endocrine dysfunctions exhibited by these animals.
Potential techniques for boundary value problems on C1-domains

In troduct ion In this work we consider the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for Laplace's equation in a bounded domain, D, of R ' , n >~ 3. Assuming the boundary, ~D, to be of class C 1 and the boundary data in/2 '(~D), 1 < p < 0% we resolve the above problems in the form of classical double and single layer potentials respectively. More precisely, given g ELr(8D) we find a solution to the I)irichlet problem,
Contrasting responses of pyrido[2,1-a]isoindol-6-ones and their sultam counterparts to photochemical activation.

A ring-closing metathesis-based strategy has allowed access to an unreported pair of pyridoisoindolones and their previously unknown sultam counterparts. The synthetic routing takes advantage of the ready availability of N-allylphthalimide and N-allylsaccharin and proceeds via the proper incorporation of small side chains into the heterocyclic ring. Positionally selective introduction of the conjugated diene functionality was realized efficiently. Detailed study of the excited-state chemistry of 7 and 8 showed both lactams to be subject to [4 + 2] dimerization under acetone-sensitized conditions. Different regioselectivities are involved, with the response of 8 being far more efficient than that exhibited by 7. No dimers could be isolated from the photolyzates of 9 and 10 under any conditions. While the latter sultam undergoes extensive polymerization, 9 is transformed via direct irradiation at 350 nm into 46 and 47 via [1,3]-sigmatropy involving the S−N bond and heterocyclic ring cleavage, respectively.
Reception History and Beyond: Toward the Cultural History of Scriptures

After highlighting the substantial gains made by the reception historical approach, this article proceeds to point out some of its inherent limitations, particularly when applied to biblical texts. In attending to the material-aesthetic dimensions of biblical texts, media, and ideas of the Bible, especially in dialogue with anthropological, material-historical, and media-historical approaches, these limitations become acute and call for a harder cultural turn than is possible from a strictly reception-historical approach. This article proposes to move beyond reception history to cultural history, from research into how biblical texts and the Bible itself are received to how they are culturally produced as discursive objects. Such a move would involve a double turn in the focus of biblical scholarship and interpretation: from hermeneutical reception to cultural production, and from interpreting scripture via culture to interpreting culture, especially religious culture, via its productions of scripture. As such, it would bring biblical research into fuller and more significant dialogue with other fields of comparative scriptural studies, religious studies, and the academic humanities and social sciences in general.
A 74-year-old man with abdominal pain.

The patient has colon cancer, a repaired abdominal aortic aneurysm, and now, worsening abdominal pain.
Early LQT2 nonsense mutation generates N-terminally truncated hERG channels with altered gating properties by the reinitiation of translation.

Mutations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) result in long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). The hERG gene encodes a K+ channel that contributes to the repolarization of the cardiac action potential. We have previously shown that hERG mRNA transcripts that contain premature termination codon mutations are rapidly degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In this study, we identified a LQT2 nonsense mutation, Q81X, which escapes degradation by the reinitiation of translation and generates N-terminally truncated channels. RNA analysis of hERG minigenes revealed equivalent levels of wild-type and Q81X mRNA while the mRNA expressed from minigenes containing the LQT2 frameshift mutation, P141fs+2X, was significantly reduced by NMD. Western blot analysis revealed that Q81X minigenes expressed truncated channels. Q81X channels exhibited decreased tail current levels and increased deactivation kinetics compared to wild-type channels. These results are consistent with the disruption of the N-terminus, which is known to regulate hERG deactivation. Site-specific mutagenesis studies showed that translation of the Q81X transcript is reinitiated at Met124 following premature termination. Q81X co-assembled with hERG to form heteromeric channels that exhibited increased deactivation rates compared to wild-type channels. Mutant channels also generated less outward current and transferred less charge at late phases of repolarization during ventricular action potential clamp. These results provide new mechanistic insight into the prolongation of the QT interval in LQT2 patients. Our findings indicate that the reinitiation of translation may be an important pathogenic mechanism in patients with nonsense and frameshift LQT2 mutations near the 5′ end of the hERG gene.
The chloroacetyl group in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry

Abstract A number of O -chloroacetyl derivatives of d -glucose have been prepared. They crystallize with ease, and, as the chloroacetyl group can be removed with facility by treatment with thiourea to yield the parent carbohydrate derivative, they serve as valuable tools in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry. To illustrate this, we have prepared 1- O -benzoyl-β- d -glucopyranose by reductive debenzylation of benzyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -(chloroacetyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside followed by benzoylation, and removal of the chloroacetyl groups with thiourea. An alternative route was by chromium trioxide oxidation of benzyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -(chloroacetyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside to 1- O -benzoyltetra- O -(chloroacetyl)-β- d -glucopyranose, followed by removal of the chloroacetyl groups with thiourea.
Shear and craze competition in subcritical fatigue crack growth: Fatigue lifetime inversions

In some ductile amorphous polymers, the fatigue lifetime behavior can exhibit two distinct crack propagation modes: a craze dominated sub-critical discontinuous crack growth mode, which leads to a low stress, short fatigue lifetime branch and a shear fracture mode, which produces a higher stress, long lifetime branch. When both branches coexist, the fatigue lifetimes at higher stress amplitudes are often longer than those at lower stress amplitudes! This unusual lifetime inversion has been explored for a polyestercarbonate at various temperatures, frequencies, degrees of physical aging, and fatigue overload histories.
Gene therapy for therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis: a promising synthesis of two emerging technologies.

Gene therapy for therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis: A promising synthesis of two emerging technologies
Genetic origins of protein shape and interaction rules

Predicting how proteins fold from their amino acid sequence is largely a matter of guesswork. But the rules may be written into the genetic code (pages 894–901).
Uptake, retention, and elimination of PCB (Aroclor 1254) by larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Larval striped bass removed PCB from Hudson River water rapidly and nearly completely. The final whole-body concentration resulting from 48 h exposure to a single dose of /sup 14/C-Aroclor 1254 was 5.9 ..mu..g g/sup -1/ dry weight (HRW) and 5.0 ..mu..g g/sup -1/ dry weight (FHRW). Final concentrations in fish exposed to PCB in HRW and FHRW were not significantly different (p > 0.05). The transfer of PCB from water to fish was at a maximum at 48 h in HRW, at which time the fish had accumulated about 60% of the PCB available in the system (600 ng).
Manipulation of host plant development by the gall‐midge Rhabdophaga strobiloides

Abstract. 1. The gall-midge Rhabdophaga strobiloides (O.S.) forms a gall in the apical bud of actively growing willow twigs. 2. Galls were not randomly distributed among twigs. Twigs that arose towards the distal end of the branch were much more likely to be galled. Distally located twigs also grew to greater girth than more proximally located twigs. 3. Comparisons of galled twigs with normal twigs in similar locations along their branch showed that the gall causes even greater growth in twig girth than when no gall is present. 4. The hypothesis that galled twigs draw photosynthate produced elsewhere in the plant was tested in an experiment that measured the growth of galled and normal twigs. with their leaves intact, to galled and normal twigs that were manually defoliated. Defoliation caused reduced growth in normal twigs, but galled twigs grew equally well with or without their leaves. Leaf removal had no effect on gall growth. 5. Twig diameter was positively correlated with gall diameter. Call diameter was positively correlated with larval biomass. 6. Patterns of twig and gall growth suggest that the gall-midge manipulates host plant growth and development to provide resources for growth and survival. Manipulation of the host may be an important phenomenon in the evolution of parasitic organisms.
Photoinduced structural relaxation in chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Measurements of residual entropy were performed on irradiated chalcogenide glasses using a modulated differential scanning calorimeter. We show that glass from the GexSe1−x system can undergo extensive structural relaxation under sub-bandgap irradiation. This ability to relax is correlated with the strong/fragile character of the glass-forming system. Fragile glassformers experience larger relaxation as expected from the Kauzmann entropy plot. The temperature dependence of this photorelaxation process is also consistent with entropy relaxation. These measurements demonstrate that the glass configurational entropy decreases under irradiation. This can be regarded as a light activated aging process.
Through-Plane Water Distribution in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Comparison of Numerical Prediction with Neutron Radiography Data

Author(s): Wang, Y; Chen, KS | Abstract: A multidimensional mathematical model is presented for simulating the coupled phenomena of gaseous fuel/reactant flows, species (including liquid water) transport, heat transfer, hydrogen oxidation, and oxygen reduction reactions in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The present work focuses on elucidating water distribution in the through-plane direction, in particular across the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and gas diffusion layer (GDL). Two-dimensional model predictions are computed numerically and compared with available experimental data from neutron radiography or imaging. Using the same set of model parameters, reasonably good agreements are obtained quantitatively between the computed water profile in the MEA-GDL component and the neutron-imaging data reported by two separate research groups, and qualitatively between model prediction and the data from another (third) group. Case-study simulations are carried out for PEFC operation at various temperatures, relative humidities, and current densities. It is found that liquid-water content is lower at higher cell temperatures due to greater water evaporation and stronger water diffusion in the vapor phase, as expected. Without strong water diffusion in the vapor phase, the liquid-water profiles are found to increase with current density in the cathode GDL but indicate a complex trend in the anode. Effect of varying GDL thermal conductivity on water distribution is also examined. © 2010 The Electrochemical Society.
TAPER: tiered approach for eliminating redundancy in replica synchronization

We present TAPER, a scalable data replication protocol that synchronizes a large collection of data across multiple geographically distributed replica locations. TAPER can be applied to a broad range of systems, such as software distribution mirrors, content distribution networks, backup and recovery, and federated file systems. TAPER is designed to be bandwidth efficient, scalable and content-based, and it does not require prior knowledge of the replica state. To achieve these properties, TAPER provides: i) four pluggable redundancy elimination phases that balance the trade-off between bandwidth savings and computation overheads, ii) a hierarchical hash tree based directory pruning phase that quickly matches identical data from the granularity of directory trees to individual files, iii) a content-based similarity detection technique using Bloom filters to identify similar files, and iv) a combination of coarse-grained chunk matching with finer-grained block matches to achieve bandwidth efficiency. Through extensive experiments on various datasets, we observe that in comparison with rsync, a widely-used directory synchronization tool, TAPER reduces bandwidth by 15% to 71%, performs faster matching, and scales to a larger number of replicas.
Long-lasting resistance to extinction of response reinstatement induced by ethanol-related stimuli: role of genetic ethanol preference.

Background: The conditioning of ethanol's reinforcing effects with specific environmental stimuli is thought to be a critical factor in long-lasting relapse risk associated with alcoholism. To study the significance of such learning factors in the addictive potential of ethanol, this experiment was designed (1) to characterize the effects of stimuli associated with alcohol availability on the reinstatement of responding at a previously ethanol-paired lever in rats with genetically determined ethanol preference versus nonpreference and (2) to examine the persistence of the motivating effects of these stimuli over time. Methods: Male alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats were trained to operantly self-administer ethanol (10% w/v) or water on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule in a 30-min daily session. Ethanol and water sessions were scheduled in random sequence across training days. Ethanol availability was signaled by an olfactory discriminative stimulus (banana extract, S + ), and each lever press was paired with brief presentation of the conditioning chamber's house light (CS + ). The discriminative stimulus signaling water availability (i.e., nonreward) consisted of anise odor (S - ), and lever-responses during water sessions were paired with a brief white noise generation (CS - ). The rats then were placed on extinction conditions during which ethanol and water, as well as the corresponding stimuli, were withheld. The effects of noncontingent exposure to the S + versus S - paired with response-contingent presentation of the CS + versus CS - on responding at the previously active lever were then determined in 30-min reinstatement sessions. To study the resistance to extinction of the effects of the ethanol-associated stimuli, additional tests were conducted at 3-day intervals for a total of 50 days. Results: The number of ethanol-reinforced responses during self-administration training was significantly greater in P than in NP rats (p < 0.01). After extinction, a significant recovery of responding was observed in both groups of rats under the stimulus conditions associated with ethanol (S + /CS + ) but not those associated with water (S - /CS - ). However, the response reinstatement was significantly greater in P than NP rats (p < 0.01). In addition, the results revealed a considerable resistance to extinction to the effects of the ethanol-associated stimuli. Throughout the 50-day test period, responding remained significantly above extinction levels in both P and NP rats (p < 0.01), but with an overall greater number of responses in P than NP rats (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that conditioning factors contribute importantly to compulsive ethanol seeking and long-lasting vulnerability to relapse. In addition, the results suggest that genetic predisposition toward heightened ethanol intake extends to greater susceptibility to the motivating effects of ethanol-related environmental stimuli.
Inhibition of enzymes by the anthocyanin malvidin-3-monoglucoside.

SummaryThe cytoplasmic, particulate, and cell wall fractions were isolated from disrupted bacterial cells and assayed for MADH, GDH, HX, and GLD enzymes in absence of pigment (control) and presence of various M-3-G concentrations. The magnitude of enzymatic inhibition due to increasing concentrations of M-3-G (1 to 4 μM) was not the same for each enzyme. Two μM of M-3-G inhibited glycerol dehydrogenase (35% of control) in particulate fraction, whereas, 76% inhibition was noted in cytoplasmic fraction with 4 μM of pigment. MADH was inhibited to the extent of 10 and 20% in particulate fraction with 2 and 4 μM of M-3-G respectively and 4% in cytoplasm with both pigment concentrations. For comparative purposes, the effect of M-3-G on the same enzymes obtained commercially from other sources revealed that GDH (Aerobacter aerogenes) was inhibited 85% with 4 μM pigment. Inhibition (87%) of MADH (pig heart) and (17%) GLD (Escherichia coli) was noted with 2 μM M-3-G. Stimulation of HX (yeast) (21% over control) wa...
Redescription of the protostelid genus Microglomus, its type species and a new variety

Following new information obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the protostelid genus Microglomus (Class Eumycetozoa) and its type species are redescribed. A new variety of its single known species is also described. Instead of there being a few spores within a stalked microsporangium as previously considered, TEM studies show that the stalk of the fruiting body is terminated by a single spore, the wall of which contains spinulose extensions characteristic of the spores of several other protostelids as well as myxomycetes. The mature spore of the type collection, M. paxillum var. paxillum, typically contains four cells that emerge as amoebae with mostly filose pseudopodia at germination. A new variety, M. paxillum var. bicellulare, isolated from dead parts of an orange tree collected in Florida, differs from the type species by typically having 2 nuclei rather than 1 in the rising sporocarp and 2 rather than 4 binucleate cells within the mature spore, although several exceptions are noted. Synaptonemal complexes occur in spore nuclei of both varieties prior to nuclear division.
Strained layer epitaxy of InGaAs by MBE and migration enhanced epitaxy — comparison of growth modes and surface quality

Abstract Our measurements on a series of pseudomorphic n-type modulation doped field effect transistors have shown that the mobility of the two-dimensional carriers appears to suffer from increased interface roughness as the strain increases. Reflection high energy electron diffraction oscillation studies in In x Ga 1−x As grown by molecular beam epitaxy show that as the strain in the overlayer increases, the growth modes change from layer-by-layer to three-dimensional island growth. However, in migration enhanced epitaxy, we find that the growth remains in the layer-by-layer mode even for high strain. Reflection high energy electron diffraction oscillations also show that surface roughness in strained layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy can be smoothed by just a few monolayers grown by migration enhanced epitaxy. This suggests that for pseudomorphic devices most of the strained active layer might be grown by molecular beam epitaxy but just a few monolayers before interface formation by migration enhanced epitaxy to produce an abrupt interface. Our device results validate this observation.
Identification of quantitative trait Loci for anxiety and locomotion phenotypes in rat recombinant inbred strains.

Anxiety disorders are phenotypically complex and may involve multiple genetic influences on many neurotransmitter systems. Rodent tests used to investigate genetic influences on anxiety-like phenotypes have face and predictive validity as models for anxiety in humans. If multiple genes contribute additively to a trait, the trait will be continuously distributed and be amenable to detection of associations between allelic variation at specific chromosomal loci and the phenotypes being studied via quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. The elevated plus-maze test provides quantitative measures of both anxiety-like and locomotion phenotypes. Using this test, we assessed four phenotypes in a set of 22 rat recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from Brown Norway (BN.Lx/Cub) and Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR/Ola) progenitors. QTL analyses were used to determine whether allelic variation at specific chromosomal loci contribute significantly to RI strain-dependent variance in each phenotype. Significant QTL for an anxiety phenotype were found on chromosomes 2, 5, 6, and 7. For a phenotype reflecting both anxiety and locomotion, QTL were found on chromosomes 2, 7, and 8, while for a locomotion phenotype, significant QTL were found on chromosomes 3 and 18.
Enhancement of sensory preconditioning by a moderate dose of ethanol in infant and juvenile rats.

Little is known regarding the effects of acute ethanol on learning and memory among infant and juvenile rats. Two experiments were designed to evaluate the influence of various doses of ethanol administration on sensory preconditioning and primary conditioning in preweanling (16-day-old) and postweanling (28-day-old) rats. Moderate doses of ethanol facilitated conditioning at both ages. In the absence of ethanol, sensory preconditioning was not statistically significant among postweanlings in Experiment 1, although the phenomenon was clear and robust among preweanlings. Sensory preconditioning was facilitated by administration of doses of 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg ethanol in preweanlings and a dose of 1.6 g/kg ethanol in postweanlings, whereas sensory preconditioning was impaired in preweanlings by a high dose (2.4 g/kg) of ethanol. This reflected a shift to the right, between the preweaning and the postweaning periods, in the dose—response curve. It was determined in Experiment 2 that the effect of ethanol on sensory preconditioning could not be explained by stimulus generalization or an effect of ethanol on first-order conditioning, confirming the effect of ethanol on learning of the odor—odor association in the preexposure phase. The basis for a dose-dependent biphasic effect of ethanol on sensory preconditioning is discussed.
The prevalence of depressive symptoms and risk factors among Iowa and Colorado Farmers

Background Farmers have been previously reported to have higher rates of depression and suicide compared to other occupations. Comparisons of depressive symptoms and risk factors for states should increase understanding of depression in farmers. Methods Representative samples of 385 Iowa and 470 Colorado male principal farm operators in the respective state Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance projects were evaluated for depressive symptoms by using the CES-D scale. Risk factors were determined by using weighted multiple logistic regression analyses. Results Iowa farmers were 1.74 times (P < 0.05) more likely to have had depressive symptoms than Colorado farmers. Being unmarried (odds ratio=3.46), having negative life events within the past year [legal problems (4.67), substantial income decline (2.71), loss of something of sentimental value (3.20)], and lower perceived general health status were risk factors (P < 0.05) for depressive symptoms for male Iowa and Colorado farmers. Higher levels of most risk factors for Iowa farmers, almost twice the frequency of substantial income decline, accounted for the majority of the difference in depressive symptoms between Iowa (12.2%) and Colorado (7.4%). Conclusions Although Iowa farmers had 1.74 times higher level of depression symptoms than Colorado farmers, this difference was not significant after adjusting for the higher levels of most risk factors for Iowa farmers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:382–389, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Concentrations and Enantiomeric Ratios of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils from the U.S. Corn Belt

Past research has shown that selective enzymatic degradation of enantiomers by microorganisms does occur. This work was done to determine concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of several chiral organochlorine pesticides in soils from the Corn Belt region. Quantitative analysis was done by gas chromatography with electron capture detection using a DB-5 column. Concentrations were determined for 11 compounds (o,p‘-DDT, p,p‘-DDT, p,p‘-DDD, p,p‘-DDE, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, α-hexachlorocyclohexane, and trans-nonachlor) in 38 agricultural soils and two garden soils. Residues were log-normally distributed, and geometric mean values (ng/g dry wt) were ∑DDT = 9.6, ∑chlordane = 1.4, dieldrin = 1.0, and HEPX = 0.58. HEPT and α-HCH were found infrequently. Concentrations in two garden soils were similar to those for agricultural soils. Enantioselective analysis was done by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry with chiral-phase capillary columns. Evidence of enantios...
Recursive thinkers and doers in CS1 (abstract only)

Computer scientists require a precise and complete understanding of recursion. Earlier work has indicated that recursion merits attention in CS1 [2]. We present a simple test question that, when used in a final exam for three courses over two semesters, is shown to significantly predict student performance on the final. To evaluate student responses, we present an evaluation rubric that directly reveals common misconceptions about recursion and recursive procedures.
Distribution and abundance of marine bird and pinniped populations within Port Foster, Deception Island, Antarctica

Seabirds and pinnipeds were surveyed during four cruises from March 1999 to November 2000 at Port Foster, Deception Island, Antarctica. Abundances and distributions of three species of pinnipeds, Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seals), Leptonychotes weddelli (Weddell seals), and Lobodon carcinophagus (crabeater seals), and 11 species of marine birds were documented within Port Foster. A. gazella was the dominant pinniped within Port Foster; its abundance has increased since the 1986/87 austral summer season. A. gazella were concentrated at the entrance to Port Foster. More pinnipeds were observed during the austral summer than during the spring. The most dominant seabird, Pygoscelis antarctica (chinstrap penguin), was concentrated along the rocky cliffs behind the beaches where A. gazella hauled out. Larus dominicanus (kelp gull) and Daption capense (cape petrel) were the most dominant flying seabirds. All other seabird species were more widely distributed around Port Foster than P. antarctica. There was no clear trend in abundances of seabirds over the study period. It is possible that the protected area of Port Foster provides refuge for vagrants of colonies along the outer periphery of the island and as a stopover point for migrating species.
Genetically Engineered Vaccines Comparison of Active versus Passive Immunotherapy against Solid Tumors

Late tumor bearers (LTB), that is, mice that had tumors 3 weeks or longer, can have a selective immune dysfunction and fail to respond to target antigens expressed by the cancer cells. Such mice, however, do respond to nonmalignant cells engineered to express the rejection antigen, and they can be vaccinated with such cells to reject growing tumors. In this study, we compared the efficacy of passive immunization with that of active immunization using the engineered vaccine. An allogeneic MHC class I molecule was used as model tumor antigen. We found that active immunotherapy was only effective for small tumors in early stages of growth. In a later stage of tumor growth, active immunotherapy did not cure any mice, whereas passive immunotherapy was successful in all animals. Reasons for the failure of these LTB to respond to active vaccination with the engineered vaccine may be related to the decreased primary or secondary response we observed in these mice after active immunization. It is suggested that normal antigen-presenting cells expressing the tumor rejection antigen can elicit, in the presence of IL-2, antigen-specific T-cell responses by LTB, and that such T cells may be curative when used in adoptive therapy. We also suggest that the stage of tumor growth and the immune status of LTB more closely simulate the conditions observed in cancer patients.
Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Demineralization Around Orthodontic Brackets

In vitro studies comparing the ability of several fluoride varnishes and sealants to inhibit caries have been reviewed. To truly assess their use in orthodontic patients requires clinical trials. Because fixed orthodontic appliances provide a very favorable environment for the creation of white spot lesions, the sealants that contribute both a physical barrier and fluoride release have the greatest potential to protect enamel in patients during orthodontic treatment.
The Effect of Prior Case Outcomes on Juvenile Justice Decision-Making

This research is a replication of a recent paper by Thornberry and Christenson (1984) that found that prior dispositions affect current dispositions in juvenile justice decision-making. We find, as they did, that the outcome of current cases is highly dependent on prior dispositional outcomes. However, unlike them, we find that successive dispositions are characterized by escalation of sentences, not stability. In a recent paper, Thornberry and Christenson (1984) find a relationship between juvenile justice dispositions imposed for past offenses and the disposition of current offenses. They report that past organizational decisions, reflected in the disposition of prior offenses, exert a strong influence on current case outcomes, controlling for offense-related and extralegal factors. Further, in exploring the nature of the relationship between prior and current dispositions, they find that repeat offenders are very likely to receive the same type of disposition for each successive offense. They conclude that there is a tendency toward stability, rather than escalation, in the disposition of cases involving repeat offenders. Thornberry and Christenson's (1984) research adds a new dimension and direction to the justice decision-making literature. It suggests that processing variables are important, not only in the short term from arrest to disposition of any single offense, but over the long-term delinquent career as well. This study is a replication and extension of their research, utilizing a larger and more recent data set and more extensive data on previous outcomes. *We thank Terence P. Thornberry and two anonymous referees for comments on an earlier version of this paper, and Alan Agresti for statistical advice. Address correspondence to John C. Henretta, Department of Sociology, 3115 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. ? 1986 The University of North Carolina Press
The Behavioral Symptoms of Hyperkinetic Children Who Successfully Responded to Stimulant Drug Treatment.

Hyperkinetic children who successfully responded to drug treatment were compared with controls on a series of objective measures of activity and attentional problems. Although group differences were found on most measures, there were no indications that these children were more homogeneous in their behavioral symptoms than the hyperkinetic population in general.