cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controls on Element Partitioning Behavior

Abstract Earth is differentiated into chemically distinct phases at the planetary to the microscopic scale. The degree of fractionation between these phases spans a similarly extreme range, leading to element ratios that can vary by many orders of magnitude. At the root of this fractionation lies the wide range of chemical behavior exhibited by the elements and their resulting preference for different phases. The tendency of an element to prefer one phase over another can be described by its partition coefficient, a simple ratio of concentration between two phases. Partition coefficients are not constants, however, and vary as a function of intensive variables such as pressure, temperature, and composition. Here, the effects of these controls on partitioning are explored with reference to simple examples.
Human-AI Partnerships for Chaos Engineering

Chaos Engineering refers to the practice of introducing faults in a system and observe the extent to which the system remains fault tolerant. However, is randomization the best approach to expose faults within a system? We aim to answer this question by introducing Chaos into different software architecture patterns and demonstrate how a back-end system can be made fault tolerant through artificial intelligence (AT). This paper discusses what aspects of AI would be used to make a system more resilient to perturbations and the results of these findings against existing chaos engineering approaches.
Complete Distal Biceps Ruptures

Complete distal biceps tendon ruptures can be debilitating injuries resulting in significant loss of both forearm supination and flexion strength. Improved understanding of repair techniques and surgical anatomy at the antecubital fossa has allowed for more consistent outcomes with surgical repair and reconstruction. Controversies still exist as to the most appropriate surgical technique, but most surgeons agree that acute repair of a ruptured distal biceps tendon is generally the recommended treatment in active individuals. Regardless of technique, adequate patient selection and rehabilitation are key to achieving successful outcomes. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the anatomy, imaging, treatment, and complications of complete distal biceps tendon ruptures.
Pathogenicity and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Cutting to the chase on proteases

Bacterial proteases and peptidases are integral to cell physiology and stability, and their necessity in Streptococcus pneumoniae is no exception. Protein cleavage and processing mechanisms within ...
Clinical and Hemodynamic Efficacy of Left Ventricular Unloading during Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Purpose Left ventricular (LV) distention is a feared complication in patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for cardiogenic shock. LV unloading could be achieved with concomitant intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or Impella. We sought to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of IABP and Impella on patients supported with VA-ECMO Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients who received VA-ECMO at our institution between January 2015 and June 2020. Patients with post-cardiotomy shock were excluded. Patients were categorized as having received either ECMO alone or ECMO+LV unloading. LV unloading was further characterized as either ECMO+IABP, or ECMO+Impella. We recorded baseline characteristics, post-operative complications, and hemodynamic changes associated with device initiation. Results During the study period, 142 patients received ECMO alone, 76 received ECMO+IABP, and 76 received ECMO+Impella. The ECMO+LV unloading group had more male patients compared to ECMO alone (70.4% vs 57.5%, p=0.026). 39.4% of ECMO alone patients survived to discharge, compared to 44.4% of ECMO+LV unloading patients (p=0.12). The ECMO+LV unloading group showed a greater decrease in mean pulmonary diastolic pressures compared to ECMO alone after 24 hours of support (-6.0 ± 8.4 mmHg vs -0.1 ± 10.8 mmHg, p = 0.032). ECMO+Impella patients had a higher incidence of bleeding events compared to ECMO alone or ECMO+IABP (52.6% vs 37.3% vs 20.8%, p = 0.0003). Kaplan Meier analysis revealed that ECMO+IABP had better survival compared to ECMO alone and ECMO+Impella (Figure 1). In a multivariable Cox-hazard analysis, age (HR= 1.02), male sex (HR=0.57), baseline lactate (HR =1.05), baseline creatinine (HR=1.06), need for ECPR (HR=2.21) and presence of IABP (HR=0.48) were independent predictors for mortality. Conclusion Concomitant support with IABP may help to reduce morbidity in patients on VA-ECMO for cardiogenic shock.
Common Problems in Electrophoresis

Simple problems can affect the running of a good protein gel, resulting in substandard western blots. The presence of proteases in the sample buffer can break up protein before the protein samples are heated to denature them. Heating proteins at high temperatures for a prolonged time can cleave the Asp-Pro bond. Keratin from human skin and nails can contaminate the sample or sample buffer. Adding to such problems are various issues such as leaching of chemicals from disposable plasticware and contamination of urea with ammonium cyanate that can have significant harmful effects on cautiously planned and executed experiments. One can induce aggregates in samples prepared for electrophoresis. One can also commit errors while calculating: 1. The cross-linking factor of a gel 2. Polymerization time and temperature while casting a polyacrylamide gel 3. The running buffer in electrophoresis 4. The amount of protein to be loaded on a gel 5. Sample buffer-to-protein ratios 6. Proper sample preparation
Aerosol Production with Surgical Instrumentation: Implications for Head and Neck Surgery in the COVID-19 Era.

Evaluating the aerosolization of droplets from surgical instruments to assess the implications of surgery in SARS-CoV-2 transmission for both patients and providers. Cadaver study. Outpatient surgery center. Aerosolized particles between 0.3 and 25 microns were measured. Instruments tested included monopolar cautery with and without suction, bipolar cautery, a bipolar vessel sealing device, and tissue scissors. Each trial was compared to a background reading. Monopolar cautery without suction, Ligasure used continuously and Bipolar cautery produced the most aerosols. Monopolar cautery with simultaneous suction produced no detectable aerosols. Ligasure used for a single cycle produced notably fewer aerosols than during continuous use. Most aerosols produced were < 5 microns. These data support n95 use during surgical management of the upper aerodigestive tract, as well as the use of suction in the surgical field.
Prediction of Probabilistic Transient Stability Using Support Vector Machine

Transient stability assessment is an integral part of dynamic security assessment of power systems. Traditional methods of transient stability assessment, such as time domain simulation approach and direct methods, are appropriate for offline studies and thus, cannot be applied for online transient stability prediction, which is a major requirement in modern power systems. This motivated the requirement to apply an artificial intelligence-based approach. In this regard, supervised machine learning is beneficial for predicting transient stability status, in the presence of uncertainties. Therefore, this paper examines the application of a binary support vector machine-based supervised machine learning, for predicting the transient stability status of a power system, considering uncertainties of various factors, such as load, faulted line, fault type, fault location and fault clearing time. The support vector machine is trained using a Gaussian Radial Basis function kernel and its hyperparameters are optimized using Bayesian optimization. Results obtained for the IEEE 14-bus test system demonstrated that the proposed method offers a fast technique for probabilistic transient stability status prediction, with an excellent accuracy. DIgSILENT PowerFactory and MATLAB was utilized for transient stability time-domain simulations (for obtaining training data for support vector machine) and for applying support vector machine, respectively.
Multidisciplinary Inverse Design and Optimization (MIDO)

Designing for improved performance and life expectancy of high speed transport configurations is traditionally conducted by performing a repetitive sequence of uncoupled, single-discipline analyses involving flow field, temperature field, stress-strain field, structural dynamics, manufacturability tradeoffs and a large amount of personal designer’s experience and intuition [289]–[295]. Since the entire aircraft system is seemingly highly coupled, it would be plausible that both analysis and design should be performed using an entirely new generation of computer codes that solve a huge system of partial differential equations governing aerodynamics, elastodynamics, heat transfer inside the structure, dynamics, manufacturing cost estimates, etc. simultaneously. This approach offers very stable computation since all boundary and interfacing conditions are incorporated implicitly. On the other hand, this approach might not be the most computationally economical since different subsystems (Navier-Stokes equations, elastodynamic equations, heat conduction equation, Maxwell’s equations, etc.) that form such a complex mathematical system have vastly different eigenvalues and consequently converge at significantly different rates to a steady state solution. In addition, a rigorous analysis can show that even seemingly highly coupled systems are only loosely coupled and can be analyzed semi-sequentially [296]. Such a semi-sequential approach is presently used by most researchers and the industry since it can utilize most of the existing analysis and inverse design and optimization software as ready and interchangeable modules with minimum time invested in their modifications. Nevertheless, this approach is much more prone to global instability because of the often unknown and inadequately treated boundary and interface conditions.
Prospective repair of Ventral Hernia Working Group type 3 and 4 abdominal wall defects with condensed polytetrafluoroethylene (MotifMESH) mesh

Abstract Background Treatment of clean–contaminated and contaminated ventral hernia defects remains controversial. Newer prosthetic materials may play an important role in these patients. Methods Ten patients with Ventral Hernia Working Group types 3 and 4 were prospectively enrolled and subsequently treated with direct supported repairs with condensed fenestrated polytetrafluoroethylene mesh. The primary outcome was hernia occurrence at 1 year after surgery. Secondary outcomes included surgical site infection, surgical site occurrence, medical complications, pain, and other patient-reported outcomes. Results There were no immediate postoperative infections and one minor postoperative hematoma treated in the office. One patient required delayed mesh removal 9 months after placement. Importantly, the mesh removal procedure was straightforward because of the material properties of the mesh. Of the 9 patients still with mesh, there were no hernia recurrences at the repair site with one full year of follow-up. Conclusion Contaminated and clean–contaminated abdominal wall defects can be effectively and durably treated with condensed polytetrafluoroethylene mesh.
Notre Dame du Nord to Sherbrooke (1972)

Was Notre Dame du Nord different because we thought it was? Or really different? From Field, through Martens River, and on up the highway north from North Bay, Ontario kept its promise of dullness: feldspar, excellent roads, eternal road signs, fallen tales of the English migration. Then we crossed, in the late afternoon, into fields which were lapping the sun into green, which were dotted with farmhouses?not just with villages?and which brought the simple country church into simple unity with the land. The new world was shabby and almost beautiful. The way people had stacked up wood in this land, Qu?bec, said a lot. Around Notre Dame du Nord the woodpiles were neat and tight. (There were no such things in Ontario; almost enough rationale for a border.) In the afternoon sun the piles glowed, tawny and potent, stacked up like wise provision. The long green fields reflected the same charm of wholeness. In this world the churchspires should and could climb.
Technology Diffusion and International Environmental Agreements

This paper studies countries' incentives to develop advanced pollution abatement technologies when technology may spill over across countries, and pollution abatement is a global public good. First, we show that at the Nash equilibrium of a simultaneous-move game with R&D investment and emission abatement, whether the free rider effect prevails and under-investment and excess emissions occur, as conventional wisdom suggests, depends on the degree of technology spillovers and the effect of R&D on the marginal abatement costs. Then we consider a treaty participation game where treaty members cooperate in R&D and emission reduction, and show that whether the treaty members gain by preventing technology spillovers to non-members also depends on the effect of R&D on the marginal abatement costs. Technology diffusion to non-member is not necessarily welfare-reducing: whether it increases the equilibrium global welfare depends on the marginal abatement costs, marginal damages, and the cost of R&D.
Molecular Genetics of Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Dissections

A genetic predisposition to aortic aneurysms and dissections can occur as part of a genetic syndrome, such as Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, or as an isolated manifestation without other systemic features, referred to as familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. These genetic disorders are inherited as autosomal dominant conditions with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity in terms of aortic disease presentation, age of onset and extent of cardiovascular and other systemic involvement. Mutations in the FBN1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, SMAD4, TGFB2, ACTA2, MYH11, MYLK and PRKG1 have been identified in patients with syndromic and non-syndromic TAAD, emphasising the important roles of the transcription growth factor beta signalling pathway and smooth muscle contraction in aortic disease development. Key Concepts Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections or TAAD can occur as part of a genetic syndrome, such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome or as an isolated manifestation without syndromic features. Approximately 20% of patients with TAAD who do not have Marfan syndrome or related disorder have a similarly affected relative, referred to as familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection or FTAAD. Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and FTAAD are primarily inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. FTAAD is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by mutations in several genes, including FBN1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, SMAD4, TGFB2, ACTA2, MYH11, MYLK and PRKG1. Keywords: aortic aneurysm; aortic dissection; genetics; transcription growth factor beta signalling; smooth muscle; actin; myosin
Comparison of embryonic expression within multigene families using the flyexpress discovery platform reveals more spatial than temporal divergence

Background: Overlaps in spatial patterns of gene expression are frequently an initial clue to genetic interactions during embryonic development. However, manual inspection of images requires considerable time and resources impeding the discovery of important interactions because tens of thousands of images exist. The FlyExpress discovery platform was developed to facilitate data-driven comparative analysis of expression pattern images from Drosophila embryos. Results: An image-based search of the BDGP and Fly-FISH datasets conducted in FlyExpress yields fewer but more precise results than text-based searching when the specific goal is to find genes with overlapping expression patterns. We also provide an example of a FlyExpress contribution to scientific discovery: an analysis of gene expression patterns for multigene family members revealed that spatial divergence is far more frequent than temporal divergence, especially after the maternal to zygotic transition. This discovery provides a new clue to molecular mechanisms whereby duplicated genes acquire novel functions. Conclusions: The application of FlyExpress to understanding the process by which new genes acquire novel functions is just one of a myriad of ways in which it can contribute to our understanding of developmental and evolutionary biology. This resource has many other potential applications, limited only by the investigator’s imagination. Developmental Dynamics 241:150–160, 2012. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Psychologist's Companion: A Guide to Scientific Writing for Students and Researchers

This book is a guide to scientific communication for students and researchers in psychology and related subjects. It is unique in that it combines under one cover practically everything the reader needs to know to communicate effectively in articles, books, grant proposals, prospectuses, talks, and lectures. The emphasis is on tips and practical advice that social scientists can actually use to improve communication. Robert Sternberg reviews rules for effective prose in a variety of formats, debunks common misconceptions about writing, highlights commonly misused words and gives instruction on the preparation of tables, figures, and bibliographies. For the third edition, the author has added entirely new chapters on 'How to Win Acceptances from Psychology Journals: Twenty-One Tips for Better Writing', 'Writing a Grant or Contract Proposal', 'Writing Book Proposals' and 'Writing a Lecture', and has expanded the chapter on 'References for the Psychology Paper'. He has also updated the volume's references. This book is an essential purchase for all psychologists and aspiring psychologists.
Biomarkers of reproductive toxicity

A biomarker can be broadly defined as any biological index capable of being measured, which is associated with or indicative of a defined biological endpoint such as a developmental or disease stage. Identification and verification of anatomical, endocrine, cellular and molecular biomarkers is crucial for successful clinical diagnosis and treatment of toxicity and disease, as well as basic toxicological, epidemiological and other research. Various biomarkers of reproductive development and health have been identified, including those associated with pubertal development, adult reproductive health and pregnancy outcome. Herein we discuss those in situ biomarkers which have been more closely associated with toxicant action on the reproductive system. Biomarkers of toxicant exposure and susceptibility are addressed, but the majority of the review focuses on those biomarkers which may prove useful for determining current pathophysiological status or predicting future adverse outcomes. In males these are primarily associated with altered spermatogenesis and sperm parameters, and in females with altered endocrine function. We conclude that although few robust in situ biomarkers are currently available which are specific for toxicant exposure, susceptibility or effect in reproductive systems, there is expectation that post-genomic technologies offer a new paradigm for identifying and verifying such biomarkers as may exist.
Distortions in EEG interregional phase synchrony by spherical spline interpolation: causes and remedies

Measures of the coherence of electroencephalography (EEG) time-series recorded at spatially distant points on the scalp are often used by researchers to characterize the dynamic interactions of brain regions. In dense-array EEG recordings, one or more electrode signals often contain prominent artifact necessitating replacement of the recorded data with an estimated signal using interpolation from data in valid recordings from the surrounding electrodes. Typically the signal estimation is carried out using spherical spline interpolation (SSI; Perrin et al., 1989); however, it is shown that this can introduce an erroneous increase in coherence between signals because the estimated signal is derived from elements in common recordings from other electrode sites. Although SSI performance depends on three SSI parameters, including interpolation order m, the Legendre polynomial order n, and regularization parameter λ, clear guidelines on how to optimally choose parameters have yet to be established for ensuring the temporal features of interpolated signals are accurate. Using a cross validation approach we compared interpolated and original signals in 64 and 128 channel resting EEG data systematically examining the effect of data interpolation across various sets of SSI parameters, frequency bands, and locations of interpolated electrodes and electrode pairs on a standard measure of phase coherence (phase locking value: PLV). We found substantial PLV inflation with SSI, which was greater in 128 channel than in 64 channel EEG data and greater for neighboring electrodes than distant electrodes. Furthermore, the amount of PLV distortions varied across the locations of interpolated signals. Performance of SSI was highly dependent on the three SSI parameters, and the effect of each parameter was dependent on the levels of other parameters. Although SSI parameters commonly recommended in the literature led to notable and concerning PLV inflation, application of SSI with alternative and optimal parameter values led to accurate and nearly distortion-free phase coherence values (i.e., PLV) from estimated signals.
Maximizing Production of Radioisotopes in a Cyclotron

The radioisotopes Mn/sup 54/, I/sup 125, and I/sup 130/ were produced at higher rates and at lower cost when targets of isotopically enriched Cr/sup 54/, Te/sup 125/ , and Te/sup 130/ were bombarded with protons in the ORNL 86-inch Cyclotron. The product isotopes were carrier-free and relatively free of undesired radioisotopes. The use of enriched isotopes as cyclotron targets is economically attractive when they can be recovered and reused. To obtain the maximum production rate for radioisotopes in a caclotron, both the usable beam power and the excitation function of the nuclear reaction must be considered. (p,n) reaction production rates were increased by a factor of 1.7 by decreasing the proton energy from 12 to 18 Mev and doubling the output current. Methods of reducing the energy below the maximum design value are discussed. (auth)
Identification of proteins phosphorylated by ATP during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Protein phosphorylation in Bacillus subtilis was assayed in vitro by using extracts prepared from cells at various times during growth and sporulation. At least six proteins were labeled in vitro by using [gamma-32P]ATP and extracts of vegetative cells. In extracts prepared at the end of exponential growth and during stationary phase, 12 to 13 proteins were labeled. Seven of the phosphoproteins were purified by fast-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted to Immobilon membranes, and subjected to partial protein sequencing. One of the sequences had sequence homology (greater than 45%) to elongation factor G from several bacterial species, and four sequences matched the predicted amino-terminal sequences of the outB, orfY-tsr, orfU, and ptsH genes.
Allegories of Venice: Singapore’s Vague Concept of a Global City

This paper argues that although the state elites of Singapore use “Venice” as an image to legitimate the People’s Action Party’s continuous rule and unpopular immigration policies, the image has both empowered and constrained the state. To the state, Venice serves as a keyword that conjures up dynamism, progress, and continuity; to its critics, however, Venice signals the state’s willingness to focus on the intangible elements of nationhood, namely culture and the arts. These critics use the ambiguities of the Venice rhetoric to legitimate their own appeals for change, especially after discovering that the “shared vision” of Venice is mainly in economic terms. By so doing, detractors of the state contest the centrality of economics in the making of modern—and future—Singapore, rendering the use of “Venice” as an image to promote the concept of a Global City problematic.
Models in radiotherapy: Definition of decision criteria

A method is presented by which dose distributions in radiotherapy may be judged. This method, based on statistical decision theory, combines the calculated probabilities of radiation induced complications (including failure to control disease) with the therapist's judgment of the morbidity of each complication to yield a single value representing the clinical utility of the dose distribution. Using this figure of merit, alternative dose distributions can be compared on a clinical basis. If the morbidities associated with each injury are satisfactorily estimated, and the dose response parameters are adjusted to match clinical experience, this method can be used to evaluate novel treatment techniques prior to their implementation. Automatic optimization algorithms can be used to maximize the figure of merit as a function of the physical treatment parameters so as to provide a statistically optimal treatment.
Landscape Influences on Potential Soil Respiration Rates in a Forested Watershed of Southeastern Kentucky

Soil respiration measurements conducted in the laboratory have been shown to be related to temperature and moisture, with maximum rates at soil temperatures between 25 and 40°C and soil moisture between −0.01 and −0.10 MPa. A preliminary study using forest soils from eastern Kentucky supported the previous research with soil respiration rates greater at 25°C than at 15°C, with differences in soil respiration rates related to sample site terrain characteristics. To further understand the factors that influence laboratory or potential respiration rates, we conducted a stratified sampling of soils from Robinson Experimental Forest in eastern Kentucky. Sampling was stratified by slope aspect, slope curvature, and landscape position. Potential soil respiration rates varied by slope aspect with NE aspects having greater rates than SW aspects. Rates did not vary by landscape position but did vary by slope curvature on SW aspects with concave curvatures having greater respiration rates than convex curvatures. Predictive soil respiration models based on both terrain attributes and soil chemical properties were created for both slope aspects. The relationships revealed that at this scale soil chemical properties play a more significant role in predicting soil respiration rates than terrain attributes. Models for the NE aspect were stronger than those for the SW aspect. The NE model created from a combination of terrain attributes and chemical properties included extractable Mg, extractable Zn, specific catchment area, and slope aspect (R2adj = 0.620). The SW model created from a combination of terrain attributes and soil chemical properties included extractable P, extractable Zn, and tangential curvature (R2adj = 0.413).
Mechanical properties of twist grain boundaries in Cu

In a previous paper we studied the Young's and shear modulus of a high-angle twist grain boundary (Σ5) in Cu, using the EAM, and related it to the uniaxial strain derivatives of single crystals. In this paper, we discuss elastic properties of ten additional twist grain boundaries, from 8.8–43.6°. The monolayer Young's modulus at each boundary was calculated and found to be 20–50% higher than the bulk value for all eleven boundaries for both csl and type1 structures. The monolayer shear modulus at each boundary was calculated and found to be 93–98% lower than the bulk value for six grain boundaries with csl structure and found to decrease with increasing twist angle. The critical shear stress was also calculated for eleven boundaries with csl structure and found to roughly decrease with increasing twist angle.
Prostate localization using transabdominal ultrasound imaging

Abstract Purpose Adding margin around a target is done in an attempt to ensure complete coverage of the target. The B-mode acquisition and targeting (BAT) system allows ultrasound imaging of the prostate in patients with a full bladder. This provides a setup tool for patients with localized prostate cancer that takes into account real-time prostate position and may make it possible to decrease tumor margins. Prostate localization using the conventional setup verification method and daily isocenter shifts recommended by the ultrasound imaging system (BAT) were compared and analyzed. Methods and materials Daily treatment isocenter shifts for patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate, obtained from two different imaging modalities, electronic portal imaging (EPI) and BAT, were calculated. We studied the difference in patient setup error calculated using BAT contour alignment and measured from EPI; the reproducibility of BAT contour alignment; intrafraction prostate motion; and how the BAT imaging procedure itself affected the prostate position. Prostate motion relative to its position during simulation was calculated by subtracting the EPI-measured isocenter shifts from the corresponding BAT-defined isocenter shifts. BAT reproducibility was measured by taking a verification BAT image after the patient was moved according to the initial BAT-defined isocenter shifts. Intrafraction prostate motion was measured by repeating BAT imaging at the end of a treatment fraction. The BAT imaging effect on prostate position was studied by examining the effect of suprapubic pressure on seed position in patients after a seed implant. Results The mean BAT isocenter shifts for prostate motion were 0.32 ± 0.46 cm in the lateral, 0.31 ± 0.73 cm in the superoinferior, and 0.32 ± 0.56 cm in the AP directions. Isocenter shifts obtained from EPI measurements were significantly smaller, with a mean of 0.05 ± 0.24 cm in the lateral, 0.01 ± 0.11 cm in the superoinferior and −0.11 ± 0.29 cm in the AP directions. This larger shift seen by BAT was due to prostate motion. For BAT reproducibility, the results showed that for BAT verification images, 90% of the lateral shifts were Conclusion Prostate patient setup verification on the basis of bony anatomy position does not reflect the actual prostate position. BAT ultrasound target alignment provides a real-time prostate localization system that may make it possible to measure prostate position variations and reduce margins.
Interpreter Bias on the Rorschach Test as a Function of Patients' Socioeconomic Status

Summary Hypotheses investigated were: Rorschach interpretation would indicate more negative and pathological factors for patients with lower-class, than for patients with middle-class social histories; and experienced interpreters would be less biased than inexperienced ones. Groups of experts (Fellows of the Society for Projective Techniques) and novices (graduate students) rated the same protocols; a) blind, b) accompanied by a lower-class history, c) accompanied by a middle-class history, on 21 objective scales. Addition of social-class information significantly influences judgments in the predicted directions. Much of the effect was attributable to the novice Rorschachers but the experts were not entirely free of the biasing effect.
A Transfer-in-Pieces Consideration of the Perception of Structure in the Transfer of Learning

Many approaches to the transfer problem argue that transfer depends on the recognition of the same or similar abstract structure in 2 different situations. However, mainstream cognitive perspectives and contrasting Piagetian constructivist accounts differ in their conceptualizations of structure. These differences, not clearly articulated in the literature, have significant implications for accounts of transfer. Using interview data involving undergraduates learning elementary principles of probability and statistics, and Wagner's (2006) transfer-in-pieces perspective, I extend existing constructivist accounts of transfer in at least 2 ways. First, I show how the notion of a concept projection (diSessa & Wagner, 2005; Wagner, 2006) reveals fine-grained mechanisms of transfer that demonstrate how people structure situations and that elaborate on the Piagetian processes of assimilation and accommodation. Second, I examine how what experts consider a single mathematical concept or principle may come to be re...
Central Venous-Arterial Carbon Dioxide Difference as an Indicator of Cardiac Index

Objective: The mixed venous-arterial (v-a) pCO2 difference has been shown to be inversely correlated with the cardiac index (CI). A central venous pCO2, which is easier to obtain, may provide similar information. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between the central venous-arterial pCO2 difference and CI. Design: Prospective, cohort study. Setting: Intensive care unit of an urban tertiary care hospital. Patients and participants: Eighty-three consecutive intensive care unit patients. Measurements: Simultaneous blood gases from the arterial, pulmonary artery (PA), and central venous (CV) catheters were obtained. At the same time point, cardiac indices were measured by the thermodilution technique (an average of three measurements). The cardiac indices obtained by the venous-arterial differences were compared with those determined by thermodilution. Results: The correlation (R2) between the mixed venous-arterial pCO2 difference and cardiac index was 0.903 ( p <0.0001), and the correlation between the central venous-arterial pCO2 difference and cardiac index was 0.892 ( p <0.0001). The regression equations for these relationships were natural log (CI)=1.837−0.159 (v-a) CO2 for the PA and natural log (CI)=1.787−0.151 (v-a) CO2 for the CV ( p <0.0001 for both). The root-mean-squared error for the PA and CV regression equations were 0.095 and 0.101, respectively. Conclusion: Venous-arterial pCO2 differences obtained from both the PA and CV circulations inversely correlate with the cardiac index. Substitution of a central for a mixed venous-arterial pCO2 difference provides an accurate alternative method for calculation of cardiac output.
Modified Dynamic Preisach Model for Hysteresis

We propose a dynamic hysteresis model developed using a modified version of the Preisach hysteresis operator to simulate the change in electrical resistance with strain in conductive polymer nanocomposites. Result of the conductivity test on a conductive polymer nanocomposite sample has been presented to show its hysteretic variation of resistance with strain. A hysteresis model developed by modifications on the hysteresis operators and the governing equation of the Preisach model and addition of a dynamic operator has been described. Eectiveness of the model in simulating the behavior of conductive polymer nanocomposites has been explained. A mode shape based identification procedure to determine the parameters associated with the model has been described. Eciency of the model has been discussed by comparison of the result obtained from the model with the experimental result.
A plan-based intelligent assistant that supports the software development

We describe how an environment can be extended to support the process of software development. Our approach is based on the AI planning paradigm. Processes are formally defined hierarchically via plan operators, using multiple levels of abstraction. Plans are constructed dynamically from the operators; the sequences of actions in plans are tailored to the context of their use, and conflicts among actions are prevented. Monitoring of the development process, to detect and avert process errors, is accomplished by plan recognition; this establishes a context in which programmer-selected goals can be automated via plan generation. We also show how nonmonotonic reasoning can be used to make an independent assessment of the credibility of complex process alternatives, and yet accede to the programmer's superior judgment. This extension to intelligent assistance provides deeper understanding of software processes.
Contributions of imaging Echelle spectrographs to daytime optical aeronomy

Abstract We present a brief overview of the contributions made by high spectral resolution imaging spectrographs that are capable of obtaining daytime airglow and auroral emissions in the presence of scattered solar background continuum, to the advancement in our understanding of the dynamics in daytime upper atmosphere. By making use of ground-based OI 6300 A daytime emissions from various geomagnetic latitudes this technique has succeeded in demonstrating many interesting and first of their kind results ranging from ionosphere–thermosphere coupling, space weather interactions to magnetosphere–thermosphere–ionosphere coupling. Finally, in view of the promising results by this technique we propose future advancements in both instrumentation and strategic observational planning with optical spectrographs.
Extraction studies of platinum group metals with diantipyrylpropylmethane

Abstract Diantipyrylpropylmethane (DAPM) is easily synthesized and forms reasonably stable solutions in a number of common organic solvents. The solubility of DAPM in ten different solvents is reported. Solutions of DAPM react with the anionic chloro complexes of the platinum group metals in hydrochloric acid solution to form stable extractable complexes. The distribution of tracer quantities of the six platinum metals between hydrochloric acid solutions and a chloroform solution of the DAPM was studied. Distribution coefficients are reported as a function of the hydrochloric acid concentration; 98% of the Os, Pt or Pd can be extracted in a single pass, over an acid concentration range 0.1–12 M ; 98% Ir can be extracted in one extraction over the acid range 0.1–6 M . Ruthenium can be extracted quantitatively in one extraction from 4–6 M hydrochloric acid with a stronger DAPM solution. Rhodium is poorly extracted under all conditions tested. DAPM is not promising for the selective separation of mixtures of platinum group metals, but may be used for group extraction.
Use of biomarkers for breast cancer risk assessment and prevention.

Abstract Epidemiologic models used for cancer risk prediction, such as the Gail model, are validated for populations undergoing regular screening but often have suboptimal individual predictive accuracy. Risk biomarkers may be employed to improve predictive accuracy based on the Gail or other epidemiologic models and, to the extent that they are reversible, may be used to assess response in phase I–II prevention trials. Risk biomarkers used as intermediate response endpoints include high mammographic breast density, intra-epithelial neoplasia, and cytomorphology with associated molecular markers such as Ki-67. At the present time these biomarkers may not be used to predict or monitor individual response to standard prevention interventions but are used in early phase clinical trials as preliminary indicators of efficacy.
Time-dependent aspects of electron degradation. II. General theory

The well-known Spencer-Fano theory of electron-degradation spectra treats time-independent cases, in which the medium is subjected to stationary irradiation. We present a generalization to time-dependent cases, showing how to calculate the temporal behavior of the electron-degradation spectrum and of related quantities such as the yield of ions or excited states that are produced under nonstationary irradiation. The generalized theory indicates new aspects of electron-degradation phenomena, which are basic to radiation physics and chemistry as well as to applications such as gaseous electronics, upper-atmospheric physics, and astrophysics.
Toward plant cell wall degradation under thermophilic condition: a unique microbial community developed originally from swine waste.

A unique thermophilic microbial community developed initially from swine waste was investigated in this study. Cellulase activities were observed when this community was inoculated to media containing either cellulose or carboxymethylcellulose at 57 °C. Through constructing a clone library for the 16S ribosomal DNA, it was revealed that this community was mainly composed of three genera: Thermobacillus, Brevibacillus, and Anoxybacillus. New findings regarding the thermo- and pH stability of crude cellulases secreted by Brevibacillus sp. JXL were presented. Recent study on the growth characteristics of Anoxybacillus sp. 527 was discussed.
A Theoretical Account of Lexical and Semantic Naming Deficits in Bilingual Aphasia

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine premorbid language proficiency and lexical and semantic processing deficits in bilingual aphasia and develop a theoretical account of bilingual language processing. Method Nineteen Spanish–English patients with bilingual aphasia completed a language use questionnaire (LUQ) and were administered Spanish and English standardized language assessments. The authors analyzed the data to (a) identify patterns of lexical and semantic processing deficits and conceptualize a theoretical framework that accounts for language deficits, (b) determine LUQ measures that predict poststroke language deficits, and (c) evaluate the relationship between predictive LUQ measures and poststroke language deficits in order to identify impairment patterns. Results On the basis of the results, the authors obtained significant correlations on several measures between language input and output. They identified prestroke language ability rating as the strongest predictor of poststroke ou...
Spawning of the Anadromous Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, in Bride Lake, Connecticut

Abstract During 1966 and 1967, the spawning runs of an anadromous population of alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), were studied in Bride Lake, Connecticut. Alewives entered the lake from Long Island via Bride Brook from March to June. The number of fish entering the lake each day varied and was not related to water temperature or amount of moonlight. Males predominated among early migrants, whereas a 1:1 sex ratio existed through the later part of the migration. The average size of adults decreased as the migration progressed. Adults spent from several days to 3 months on the spawning grounds, the males outnumbering the females. Counts of the number of fish entering and leaving the lake indicated that high mortalities occurred. Females spawned from 48,000–360,000 eggs. The total number of eggs spawned in the lake was estimated to be 2.0 X 1010. Young alewives migrated seaward from June to October and increased water flow was thought to be a major stimulant. One young alewife migrated seaward for eve...
Neuroendocrine and Immunological Responses of Women to Stress

Natural killer (NK) cell activity, cortisol and catecholamine levels, and physiological reactivity were examined in 15 healthy women who volunteered to take a cognitive stress test (the Stroop test). Relationships were explored among the physiological and selected psychosocial variables. Urine and blood samples were taken to examine catecholamine and cortisol concentrations and NK cell activity immediately before, immediately after, and hourly for 6 hours after the Stroop test. During the Stroop test, heart rate, skin conductance, peripheral skin temperature, and blood pressure were measured. Although skin conductance, heart rate, and blood pressure increased in response to the Stroop test, neuroendocrine values did not. Cortisol secretion decreased after the Stroop test and appeared to follow the normal circadian rhythm. NK cell activity was variable among individual participants but tended to increase over time.
Solution Synthesis of Germanium Nanowires Using a Ge2+ Alkoxide Precursor

A simple solution synthesis of germanium (Ge{sup 0}) nanowires under mild conditions (<400 C and 1 atm) was demonstrated using germanium 2,6 dibutylphenoxide Ge(DBP){sub 2} (1) as the precursor where DBP = OC{sub 6}H{sub 3}(C(CH{sub 3}){sub 3}){sub 2}-2,6. Compound 1, synthesized from Ge(NR{sub 2}){sub 2} where R = SiMe{sub 3} and two equivalents of DBP-H, was characterized as a mononuclear species by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Dissolution of 1 in oleylamine, followed by rapid injection into a 1-octadecene solution heated to 300 C under an atmosphere of Ar, led to the formation of Ge{sup 0} nanowires. The Ge{sup 0} nanowires were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These characterizations revealed that the nanowires are single crystalline in the cubic phase and coated with oleylamine surfactant. We also observed that the nanowire length (0.1 to 10 {micro}m) increases with increasing temperature (285 to 315 C) and time (5 to 60 min). Two growth mechanisms are proposed based on the TEM images intermittently taken during the growth process as a function of time: (1) self-seeding mechanism where one of two overlapping nanowires serves as a seed, while the other continues to grow as amore » wire and (2) self-assembly mechanism where an aggregate of small rods (< 50 nm in diameter) recrystallize on the tip of a longer wire, extending its length.« less
A probability model for overflow sufficiency in small hash tables

For hash tables in which a strict physical separation exists between primary storage and storage for overflow records, with bucket capacity at least three, a complete probability model is described. A measure of hash table efficiency is introduced, called the table sufficiency index (TSI), and defined as the probability that the overflow space is sufficient assuming that the set of hashed keys has a uniform distribution. The constructed probability model may be used to compute the TSI for hash tables with parameters chosen from a restricted domain. The TSI is advocated as a tool for making decisions about the parameters of small hash tables.
Comparison of responses to T-kinin and bradykinin in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat.

Abstract Champion, H. C., J. A. Santiago, M. A. Czapla, T. J. Bivalacqua, C. Ilgenfritz and P. J. Kadowitz. Comparison of responses to T-kinin and bradykinin in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat. Peptides 18(9) 1357–1364, 1997.—Responses to T-kinin and bradykinin were compared in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat. Under constant-flow conditions, injection of T-kinin and bradykinin into the perfusion circuit induced similar dose-related decreases in perfusion pressure. Responses to T-kinin and bradykinin were inhibited by the kinin B 2 receptor antagonist Hoe-140, but were not altered by the B 1 receptor antagonist des-Arg 9 -[Leu 8 ]-BK, the histamine H 1 antagonist pyrilamine, the histamine H 2 receptor antagonist cimetidine, or the H 3 receptor antagonist thioperamide. Vasodilator responses to T-kinin and bradykinin were attenuated by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N ω Nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), but were not altered by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, sodium meclofenamate, or the K + ATP channel antagonist, U37883A. These data suggest that vasodilator responses to T-kinin and bradykinin are mediated by kinin B 2 receptor stimulated release of nitric oxide from the endothelium, but that the activation of kinin B 1 receptors, the release of vasodilator prostaglandins, or the opening of K + ATP channels are not involved in the response to T-kinin in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat.
Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells by cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II)☆

Abstract The effects of the chemotherapeutic agent cis -dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) or its trans isomer on tumor cell lethality were evaluated following administration of the drugs, alone, or in combination with x-irradiation. The tumor latency method was employed to assay tumor cell survival under in vivo growth conditions following treatment in vivo . Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells was demonstrated by combinations of either complex with high doses of radiation. The results extend an effect observed in bacterial systems and cultured mammalian cells to include tumor cells treated in situ . However, therapeutic potentiation during more clinically relevant treatment protocols in air-breathing mice is probably the result of the platinum complexes inhibiting recovery processes following irradiation.