cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of PMUs in WLS and LAV based state estimation

This presentation is motivated by the recent increase in the number of phasor measurement units (PMU) installed in substations which suggests that it is not unrealistic to assume that most transmission systems will soon be fully observable by only PMU measurements. When there are sufficient number of PMU measurements to make the system observable, then state estimation problem can be formulated in a simpler manner due to the linearity of the measurement equations. The linear characteristics of PMU measurements also facilitate easy avoidance of leverage measurements which have been a major obstacle in maintaining robustness of estimators against bad data. In this presentation we will focus on two different estimation approaches, namely the weighted least squares (WLS) and least absolute value (LAV) estimators, both using only PMU measurements. We will show that there are some computational simplifications that implicitly exist in WLS formulation when only phasor measurements are considered. These simplifications allow computational savings to be realized in implementing this type of estimators. In the case of LAV estimators, it will be shown that their computational performance becomes comparable and in some cases even better than their WLS counterparts and therefore such estimators can be viable alternatives particularly for systems where communication errors are more common. Simulation results of implementing these estimators for typical power systems will be presented to illustrate the claimed properties of these estimators.
Ecology drives natural variation in an extreme antipredator trait: a cost–benefit analysis integrating modelling and field data

Summary Autotomy, or the voluntary shedding of body parts, is an extreme antipredator behaviour used by species in more than 100 animal families. Despite the long-standing observation that the propensity for autotomy can vary extensively among populations, how ecology might drive such variation is still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that the variation in this extreme behaviour reflects the balance between costs and benefits determined by the local ecological environment. We focused on three ecological factors that can influence the cost–benefit dynamics of autotomy: predation, male–male competition, and food abundance. Using tail autotomy in lizards as the study system, we first built an individual-based model to show that environments with high predation, high food abundance, and low male–male competition favoured individuals that autotomized more readily. Moreover, predation likely maintained the ability to autotomize, whereas male–male competition and food abundance fine-tuned the propensity for autotomy. We used field data from five side-blotched lizard populations to verify model results, as well as to test the explanatory power of our model. Field data supported simulation results regarding the roles predation, male–male competition and food abundance. Our model also successfully explained the variation in the propensity for tail autotomy among those five lizard populations. Our approach can be easily extended to examine how ecology might drive adaptive variation in autotomy in other taxa, as well as any traits that share similar cost–benefit dynamics.
Pathology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Superficial esophageal cancers are classified into three major types including type 0-I (superficial and protruding type including type 0-Ip (pedunculated) and type 0-Is (sessile)), type 0-II (superficial and flat type including type 0-IIa (slightly elevated), type 0-IIb (flat) and type 0-IIc (slightly depressed)), and type 0-III (superficial and excavated type). More protruded (type 0-I) or more depressed (type 0-III) lesions are associated with deeper invasion in the submucosa. All submucosal cancers have a substantial risk of lymph node metastases. Consequently, intraepithelial carcinoma or carcinoma invading the lamina propria is generally treated by endoscopic resection. Advanced esophageal cancers are classified into four types including type 1 (protruding type), type 2 (ulcerative and localized type), type 3 (ulcerative and infiltrative type), and type 4 (diffusely infiltrative type). The two most frequent types are types 2 and 3. Iodine staining method is useful not only for optimal visualization of esophageal squamous mucosal abnormalities but also for detecting groups at high risk of multicentric cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract. Clinicopathologic prognostic factors include TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor invasion depth, lympho-vascular invasion, intramural metastasis, tumor vascularity, infiltrating growth pattern, inflammatory response, tumor budding, tumor nest configuration, pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy, completeness of surgical resection, and the patient’s general health condition. The subtypes of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma include basaloid squamous carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma.
School Library Policy and the Legal Opinions of Texas Public-School

This study involved a survey of Texas public-school principals and certified librarians’ attitudes, perceptions and experiences with regard to school library policy for media selection and procedures for responding to complaints against library media. Analysis of the data included a methodology of mixed-methods explanatory design. Selection of the principals and certified librarians was proportionate and stratified according to the state’s 20 Education Service Center regions. Of the 1,036 Independent School Districts that employed the state population of 10,014 principals and certified librarians, 275 Independent School Districts (26.5 percent) allowed participation in the survey. Though random sampling of the state population had not been possible, the demographic and employment characteristics of the study sample were comparable to those of the state population. Two key findings were (a) that the legal opinions of principals and certified librarians were useful predictors of their opinions of library media selection policy and complaint procedures and (b) that the principals’ appreciation of selection policy and complaint procedures sometimes differed from the librarians’ because of the principals’ different legal perspective of library selection policy and complaint procedures.
Analyses of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to glycoprotein and nucleoprotein components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Abstract The outcome of infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in the natural murine host is determined in large part by the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) mounted by the host. In order to define the specificities of CTL induced by LCMV infection, we have cloned and expressed the full-length nucleoprotein (NP) gene and 75% of the glycoprotein (GP) gene of LCMV in vaccinia virus vectors and have used these recombinant viruses to sensitize syngeneic target cells to lysis by anti-LCMV CTL. We have studied the anti-LCMV CTL responses induced on three different mouse H2 (major histocompatibility complex) backgrounds. First, we find that the relative recognition of the two LCMV proteins differs markedly on different H2 haplotypes; both proteins are seen on the H2 bb background, while only NP is recognized on two other haplotypes (H2 dd and H2 qq ). Second, we show that on the H2 bb background the anti-GP CTL response comprises a major component of the overall CTL response, in marked contrast to several other viruses, e.g., influenza virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and respiratory syncytial virus where anti-GP responses, if present, comprise only a minor portion of the whole. Third, LCMV GP can be a major target antigen for CTL induced by a serotypically distinct strain of LCMV, again in contrast to the above virus systems in which CTL cross-reactivity among different serotypes is dependent largely on the recognition of “internal” proteins.
Healthcare cost savings estimator tool for chronic disease self-management program: a new tool for program administrators and decision makers.

Chronic disease self-management education (CDSME) programs have been delivered to more than 100,000 older Americans with chronic conditions. As one of the Stanford suite of evidence-based CDSME programs, the chronic disease self-management program (CDSMP) has been disseminated in diverse populations and settings. The objective of this paper is to introduce a practical, universally applicable tool to assist program administrators and decision makers plan implementation efforts and make the case for continued program delivery. This tool was developed utilizing data from a recent National Study of CDSMP to estimate national savings associated with program participation. Potential annual healthcare savings per CDSMP participant were calculated based on averted emergency room visits and hospitalizations. While national data can be utilized to estimate cost savings, the tool has built-in features allowing users to tailor calculations based on their site-specific data. Building upon the National Study of CDSMP’s documented potential savings of $3.3 billion in healthcare costs by reaching 5% of adults with one or more chronic conditions, two heuristic case examples were also explored based on different population projections. The case examples show how a small county and large metropolitan city were not only able to estimate healthcare savings ($38,803 for the small county; $732,290 for the large metropolitan city) for their existing participant populations but also to project significant healthcare savings if they plan to reach higher proportions of middle-aged and older adults. Having a tool to demonstrate the monetary value of CDSMP can contribute to the ongoing dissemination and sustainability of such community-based interventions. Next steps will be creating a user-friendly, internet-based version of Healthcare Cost Savings Estimator Tool: CDSMP, followed by broadening the tool to consider cost savings for other evidence-based programs.
Space-time modeling of macroeconomic development

This article deals with space-time modeling of macroeconomic development or theory of spatial macroeconomic development (SMED). The theory of SMED is a new branch of economics, and it is reviewed here in terms of several published articles. The purpose of SMED is to provide a better accounting and understanding of such processes as urbanization, agricultural development of hinterlands, and spreading of population along easy paths of transporation. In general, SMED deals with growth and spreading of economic activity over space and time. Therefore, space is treated as a basic scarce resource over which economic activity develops through efforts of production, consumption, transportation and migration. In this presentation, the examples of SMED processes are discussed in terms of simple linear models. It is pointed out that such models can be generalized in several different directions in order to treat, for example, spatially inhomogeneous and nonisotropic cases, temporally nonlinear and stochastic cases with distributed lags, and cases with certain important limits to growth. SMED models can be formulated, also, as optimization and control system problems with potentially important implication for public policies for processes of economic development.
A property of the solution set of differential inclusions in Banach spaces with a caratheodory orientor field

We examine the solution set of differential inclusions in separable Banach spaces with a Caratheodory orientor field i.e. teF(t ,x) is measurable and xeF(t,x) is completely u.s.c. We show that the solution set is an Rδ set in C(T,X), extending this way earlier results by Lasry-Robert, Himmelberg-Van Vleck, De Blasi - Myjak and Papageorgiou
Compositions of near-solidus peridotite melts from experiments and thermodynamic calculations

Mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) are probably a mixture of liquids formed by near-fractional melting of upwelling mantle over a range of pressures. Thus, an understanding of MORB genesis requires knowledge of the compositions of near-solidus melts of mantle peridotite, which have not been measured experimentally. Here we present the results of melting experiments on peridotite using a two-stage diamond-aggregate extraction technique, and the results of thermodynamic calculations of peridotite melting. Both the experiments and the calculations show that at 10 kbar, near-solidus melts (melt fraction F = 0.02-0.05) of fertile peridotite are enriched in SiO_2, A1_(2)O_3 and Na_(2)O and depleted in FeO* (all iron as FeO), MgO and CaO relative to higher-degree melts. At F≈0.02, the partial melt has ~57 wt% SiO_2 and is qualitatively similar to silica-rich melt inclusions found in spinel peridotites worldwide. At low melt fractions (F≤0.08), measured and calculated clinopv roxene/ liquid (cpx/liq) partition coefficients for TiO_2 are larger than those calculated from cpx-liq pairs in higher-melt-fraction experiments. This change in titanium partitioning just above the fertile peridotite solidus implies that other highly charged elements (such as Hf, Zr, Th and U) exhibit similarly complex behaviour during the initial stages of mantle melting.
Regional specialization of retinal glial cell membrane.

Neural activity generates increases in extracellular K+ concentration, [K+]0, which must be regulated in order to maintain normal brain function1. Glial cells are thought to play an important part in this regulation through the process of K+ spatial buffering2–4: K+-mediated current flow through glial cells redistributes extracellular K+ following localized [K+]0 increases. As is the case in other glia, the retinal Muller cell is permeable almost exclusively to K+ (ref. 5). Recent experiments6–8 have suggested that this K+ conductance may not be distributed uniformly over the cell surface. In the present study, two novel techniques have been used to assess the Muller cell K+ conductance distribution. The results demonstrate that 94% of all membrane conductance lies in the endfoot process of the cell. This strikingly asymmetric distribution has important consequences for theories concerning K+ buffering and should help to explain the generation of the electroretinogram.
Mother–offspring recognition and kin-preferential behaviour in the crayfish Orconectes limosus

[Kin recognition and helping behaviour directed towards kin may be adaptive in many ecological contexts. In freshwater crayfish, maternal females engage in extended care of juveniles, and protect dependent juveniles from predation and cannibalism. However, the relationships between mothers and recently independent offspring have been understudied. Here, I report evidence that juveniles that have been independent of their mothers for ≥10 days are able to discriminate between their own mothers and unfamiliar maternal females, and prefer to associate with their own mothers when offered a choice. In addition, I report that mothers are significantly less likely to cannibalise their own young than the young of other females, even ≥10 days after being separated from their independent offspring. In addition, males were significantly more likely to cannibalise juveniles than recently maternal females, even when those juveniles were not the females' own offspring. This may be attributable either to a reduced propensity for cannibalism by females, or higher energetic requirements by males. In summary, the extended preferential behaviour by females towards their own juveniles suggests that kin relationships may be maintained for longer than the period of active maternal care in Orconectes limosus, and the implications of this behaviour on population structure warrant further investigation., Kin recognition and helping behaviour directed towards kin may be adaptive in many ecological contexts. In freshwater crayfish, maternal females engage in extended care of juveniles, and protect dependent juveniles from predation and cannibalism. However, the relationships between mothers and recently independent offspring have been understudied. Here, I report evidence that juveniles that have been independent of their mothers for ≥10 days are able to discriminate between their own mothers and unfamiliar maternal females, and prefer to associate with their own mothers when offered a choice. In addition, I report that mothers are significantly less likely to cannibalise their own young than the young of other females, even ≥10 days after being separated from their independent offspring. In addition, males were significantly more likely to cannibalise juveniles than recently maternal females, even when those juveniles were not the females' own offspring. This may be attributable either to a reduced propensity for cannibalism by females, or higher energetic requirements by males. In summary, the extended preferential behaviour by females towards their own juveniles suggests that kin relationships may be maintained for longer than the period of active maternal care in Orconectes limosus, and the implications of this behaviour on population structure warrant further investigation.]
Recognizing and Diagnosing ADHD in College Students

College students have greater independence, autonomy, and academic expectations than children and adolescents. Combined with the minimal structure and supervision provided on campus, the temptations and challenges of this transitional phase can exacerbate symptoms of undiagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead to poor academic performance, social difficulties and interpersonal conflicts, financial problems, and substance use. Recognition by college personnel and proper evaluation and consistent follow-up by clinicians can help college students with ADHD get the treatment that they need in order to thrive in an academic setting.
A note on the use of Java in scientific computing

Java provides an easy-to-use language and platform for writing distributed, network-aware applications. For the scientific computing community, Java has the potential of extending the range and usefulness of scientific codes, as well as widening the codes current user base. However, certain features of Java may limit its usefulness as a platform in which to develop and deploy scientific codes. In this paper, we analyze where Java could be used within scientific computing, and examine several Java-based systems that aim to provide tools and runtimes suitable for programming scientific codes within distributed computing environments.
A Comparison of the Effects of Ipratropium Bromide and Metaproterenol Sulfate in Acute Exacerbations of COPD

Thirty-two patients presenting with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were entered into the following double-blind, crossover study. First (time 0), patients inhaled either ipratropium bromide (54 μg) or metaproterenol sulfate (1.95 mg) via a metered dose inhaler (MDI) attached to a device (Inspirease) (phase 1). After 90 minutes, they inhaled whichever of the two medications they had not received in phase 1. This is referred to as phase 2. Pulmonary function (FEV 1 and FVC) was measured at time 0, and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes following phase 1 treatment, and at 30, 60, and 90 minutes following phase 2 treatment (120, 150, and 180 minutes from the start of the study). Arterial blood gas samples (n=20) were obtained at entry into the study and 30 and 90 minutes after phase 1 medication. The groups did not differ in age, degree of airway obstruction, hypoxemia, or theophylline usage at the start of the study. In phase 1, at 90 minutes, pulmonary function in both groups significantly and similarly improved. For ipratropium, FEV 1 improved from 0.62 ± 0.08 L to 0.88 ± 0.11 L (p 1 improved from 0.69 ± 0.06 to 0.92 ± 0.09 L (p 2 (5.8 ± 3.0 mm Hg; p 2 (p MDI = metered dose inhaler
Prestige of an influencer and perceptions of power

Twenty male and 30 female Ss rated the amount of influence possessed by hypothetical persons described by various adjectives. Influencers were rated on two response dimensions, when employing threats as an influence mode and when employing persuasion as an influence mode. Influencers were described as either high (wealthy) or low (poor) in capability to influence, and as having either accommodative or exploitative influence intentions. When threats were employed as the influence mode, Ss perceived the influencer to be more powerful when described as wealthy rather than poor, and exploitative rather than accommodative. When persuasion was employed as the influence mode, Ss perceived the influencer to be more powerful when described as wealthy rather than poor, and accommodative rather than exploitative. The adjective descriptions of the hypothetical influencers were combined by Ss in a simple linear fashion on both dimensions in determining their impressions of influence.
Appearance-Potential Study of 4f States of Ytterbium

The soft x-ray appearance potential spectra (SXAPS) of M levels of rare-earth ytterbium has been obtained in 1500-1960 eV range with a nondispersive spectrometer which measures the derivative of the total x-ray fluorescence of an electron-bombarded sample as a function of bombarding-electron energy. The data supplement the information derived from absorption spectroscopy but are applicable to the surface region. The M5 spectrum selectively arising from M5-N7 transition consists of an intense positive peak and an undershoot accompanied by two distinct secondary peaks at 2.0 and 11.0 eV above the threshold. The spectra are representative of the trivalent oxide instead of pure divalent metal which is expected to be void of spectral characteristics due to a full 4f shell. The spectra imply a relatively weak exchange interaction between the 4fN+1 subshell configuration and the M4,5 vacancies.
Association of hY4 pseudogenes with Alu repeats and abundance of hY RNA-like sequences in the human genome.

Abstract Three loci having homology with the small human cytoplasmic RNA, hY4, were isolated from human genomic DNA libraries and sequenced. Each sequence contains dispersed mismatches as compared with hY4 RNA, is followed by an A-rich or A+T-rich sequence, and is bordered by direct repeats. Each of these loci, therefore, appears to constitute a small RNA class-III pseudogene. Surprisingly, two of the three loci are associated with Alu repeats. In the hY4.B7 locus, the hY4 sequence has integrated into the tail of an Alu element and in the hY4.F2 locus, an Alu sequence has inserted into the hY4 tail, confirming that A-rich tracts are preferential targets for retroposition. In addition, Southern blots with probes for each of the four hY RNAs indicate that hY RNA-like sequences are abundant in the human genome.
Performance of a fire-and-forget anti-tank missile with a damaged wing

A mathematical model is developed for an anti-tank missile and its guidance algorithms. The aerodynamic model is separated into two parts, the airframe and external lifting surfaces in order to model damage to the airframe. Radar data is compared to that of the proposed model and it is shown that the model accurately replicates the true flight dynamics. Two types of field handling damage are modeled, a damaged mid-body wing with 50% of its planform area missing, and an un-deployed mid-body wing. Monte Carlo simulations are performed for each type of damage and the eight possible mid-body wing locations. The results predict that the anti-tank guided missile's performance in response to damage is extremely sensitive to the radial location of damage. Vertical mid-body wing damage had little effect on performance while damage to horizontal and adjacent mid-body wings resulted in significant failures. The failure mode demonstrated was not a large increase in impact errors, but rather failure of the seeker used for guidance due to excessive roll and yawing of the airframe.
Solid phase synthesis and ligative processing of photocaged aziridine-2-carbonyl-terminated peptides

Abstract A general synthesis of N-terminal aziridinyl-2-carbonyl (Azy) peptides has been developed aided by the photolabile o -nitrophenylethyl protecting group. This method enables the synthesis of unprotected Azy-terminated peptides incorporating ionizable groups using solid phase techniques followed by photorelease of the free N-terminal Azy moiety. The resulting Azy peptides undergo Cu(II)-mediated ligation with thioacids to give Azy-embedded peptides, providing a handle for site-specific modification of the peptide.
Nature of Thyroid Secretion in the Rat and the Manner in Which It Is Altered by Thyrotropin

The identity of radioiodinelabeled substances secreted into the thyroid venous effluent of the rat was determined 24 hr after 13lI administration. Only iodide, thyroxine, and a small and inconstant amount of triiodothyronine were secreted under basal conditions. Intravenous administration of 1–5 USP units of TSH caused a prompt rise in the quantity of labeled substances secreted and a pronounced qualitative shift in their composition. Diiodotyrosine and, occasionally, monoiodotyrosine were clearly detected after, but not before, TSH administration. Compared to the quantity of these substances secreted under basal conditions, TSH increased the secretion of radioiodinated components in the following order: triiodothyronine >iodide > thyroxine. The relative increase in diiodotyrosine secretion was possibly greater than that of triiodothyronine but could not be quantitated precisely since diiodotyrosine was undetectable under basal conditions. (Endocrinology 76:1012, 1965)
Solvent Effects on Methyl Transfer Reactions. 1. The Menshutkin Reaction

A full quantum mechanical description of the Menshutkin Reaction has been obtained for gas phase and solution by using density functional theory (DFT) and the self-consistent isodensity polarizable...
Potential strategies to reduce medial compartment loading in patients with knee osteoarthritis of varying severity: reduced walking speed.

Objective To determine whether reducing walking speed is a strategy used by patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) of varying disease severity to reduce the maximum knee adduction moment. Methods Self-selected walking speeds and maximum knee adduction moments of 44 patients with medial tibiofemoral OA of varying disease severity, as assessed by using the Kellgren/Lawrence grade, were compared with those of 44 asymptomatic control subjects matched for sex, age, height, and weight. Results Differences in self-selected normal walking speed explained only 8.9% of the variation in maximum knee adduction moment for the group of patients with knee OA. The severity of the disease influenced the adduction moment–walking speed relationship; the individual slopes of this relationship were significantly greater in patients with less severe OA than in asymptomatic matched control subjects. Self-selected walking speed did not differ between patients with knee OA, regardless of the severity, and asymptomatic control subjects. However, knees with more-severe OA had significantly greater adduction moments (mean ± SD 3.80 ± 0.89% body weight × height) and were in more varus alignment (6.0 ± 4.5°) than knees with less-severe OA (2.94 ± 0.70% body weight × height; and 0.0 ± 2.9°, respectively). Conclusion Patients with less-severe OA adapt a walking style that differs from that of patients with more-severe OA and controls. This walking style is associated with the potential to reduce the adduction moment when walking at slower speeds and could be linked to decreased disease severity.
Immunomodulatory effects of lenalidomide and pomalidomide on interaction of tumor and bone marrow accessory cells in multiple myeloma

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment consists of extracellular-matrix and the cellular compartment including immune cells. Multiple myeloma (MM) cell and BM accessory cell interaction promotes MM survival via both cell-cell contact and cytokines. Immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) target not only MM cells, but also MM cell-immune cell interactions and cytokine signaling. Here we examined the in vitro effects of IMiDs on cytokine signaling triggered by interaction of effector cells with MM cells and BM stroma cells. IMiDs diminished interleukin-2, interferonγ, and IL-6 regulator suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 expression in immune (CD4T, CD8T, natural-killer T, natural-killer) cells from both BM and PB of MM patients. In addition, coculture of MM cells with healthy PBMCs induced SOCS1 expression in effector cells; conversely, treatment with IMiDs down-regulated the SOCS1 expression. SOCS1 negatively regulates IL-6 signaling and is silenced by hypermethylation in MM cells. To define the mechanism of inhibitory-cytokine signaling in effector cells and MM cells, we next analyzed the interaction of immune cells with MM cells that were epigenetically modified to re-express SOCS1; IMiDs induced more potent CTL responses against SOCS1 re-expressing–MM cells than unmodified MM cells. These data therefore demonstrate that modulation of SOCS1 may enhance immune response and efficacy of IMiDs in MM.
Gene expression during early kernel development in Zea mays

The timing of gene expression in the endosperm of developing F1 maize kernels was investigated. Zymogram analysis revealed the presence of maternally derived allelic gene products on all days investigated, but activity of paternally derived allelic gene products is not detectable until days 6–8 postpollination, depending on the particular cross used and the enzyme investigated. This pattern holds true for eight different isozymes of five different enzyme systems, including catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, endopeptidase, and aminopeptidase. An increase in specific activity for catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and endopeptidase correlates precisely with the day of visualization of the paternally derived allelic gene product on the zymograms. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis confirms a dramatic increase in catalase and alcohol dehydrogenase protein levels on the day the paternally derived allelic gene product is first detected on zymograms. Appropriate crosses utilizing three different allelic variants revealed the presence of enzyme of maternal plant origin within the endosperm prior to day 6 postpollination. Maize kernels were cultured in vitro on an agar-based medium as early as 3 days postpollination. Using medium supplemented with actinomycin D or cycloheximide, it was possible to localize the critical time periods for transcription and translation of the paternally derived allele in the F1 hybrids. For aminopeptidase (AMP-1, AMP-3) and endopeptidase (ENP-1), transcription occurs as early as 3–4 days postpollination, and translation of the transcripts starts at about 4–5 days postpollination. Although the evidence is indirect, it is likely that the maternally derived allele of the F1 kernels is activated (ie, begins transcribing) synchronously with the paternally derived allele during this early developmental time period.
The effects of a cholinesterase inhibitor on place learning in mice

Albino mice were trained on a three-table test for place learning. Prior to each of 15 daily training trials a control group was injected Up. with saline, and five drug groups were injected i.p. with either.05,.075,.10,.125, or.15 µg of eserine per gram of body weight. When the drug groups were compared with the control group, the lowest (.05 µg) and highest (.15 µg) drug dosages significantly impaired learning, while the intermediate dosages had no effect on learning. There were no differences among the groups in terms of motor performance as reflected by running time scores. The results do not support a hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between acetylcholine activity and learning ability on the task used.
Search-based binding time analysis using type-directed pruning

We introduce a new way of performing binding time analysis. Rather than analyzing the program using constraint solving or abstract interpretation, we use a method based on search. The search is guided by type information which significantly prunes the size of the search space, making the algorithm practical. Our claim is not that we compute new, or better information, but that we compute it in a new and novel way, which clarifies the process involved.The method is based upon a novel use of higher-order multi-stage types as a rich and expressive medium for the expression of binding-time specifications. Such types could be used as the starting point in any BTA. A goal of our work is to demonstrate that a single unified system which seamlessly integrates both manual staging and automatic BTA-based staging is possible.
Dynamic control of multicommodity fleet management problems

Abstract Dynamic fleet management problems with multiple equipment types and limited substitution can be modeled as dynamic, multicommodity network flow problems. These problems are further complicated by the presence of time windows on task arcs (a task, or load, can be handled at different points in time) and the need for integer solutions. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a dynamic control problem, and show that we can produce solutions within four to five percent of a linear relaxation. In addition, we can solve the ultra-large problems that arise in certain applications; these problems are beyond the capabilities of state-of-the-art linear programming solvers.
Mixed and Isoperimetric Estimates on the Log-Sobolev Constants of Graphs and Markov Chains

Two types of lower bounds are obtained on the log-Sobolev constants of graphs and Markov chains. The first is a mixture of spectral gap and logarithmic isoperimetric constant, the second involves the Gaussian isoperimetric constant. The sharpness of both types of bounds is tested on some examples. Product generalizations of some of these results are also briefly given.
The Effect of Experimental Mortality on the Internal and External Validity of the Randomized Comparative Experiment.

Behavioral researchers are often faced with the problem of missing observations. Experimental mortali ty, the loss of Ss from treatment groups, can devastate the most carefuUy designed and controlled experimental research. Standard textbooks in research methods or experimental design give no help to the researcher who has experienced substantial experimental mortality. This paper proposes a method for empirically testing whether the experimental mortality is random or non-random both between and within treatment groups in the analysis of variance sense. The results of this test allow the researcher to determine whether the results of his study are susceptible to internal and/or external invalidity. Thus, proper interpretation of the experimental re sults can be made even when substantial numbers of the observations are missing.
Development of Joint Engagement in Young Deaf and Hearing Children: Effects of Chronological Age and Language Skills

Purpose To evaluate joint engagement (JE) in age-matched children with and without hearing and its relationship to oral language skills. Method Participants were 180 children with severe-to-profoun...
The contingency of Senate consent: a study of the determinants of roll call confirmation voting on executive branch appointments, 1945–1996

Abstract I develop a model to explain U.S. Senate roll call confirmation vote tallys (i.e., the level of affirmative voting) for executive branch appointments submitted by the president from 1945 to 1996. The theoretical framework assumes senators as strategic actors operating within the confirmation context where many senators are cross-pressured between a norm of deference towards the appointing president which pervades the environment and their own policy/constituency agenda. The dampening effect on negative voting by this presidential leverage on appointments is attenuated when senators assess the situation and determine it is politically safer to vote to reject. The findings show that the grounds of opposition voiced against a nomination and aspects of the appointing president’s political strength are important components in explaining negative voting in confirmation roll calls.
PAS domain residues involved in signal transduction by the Aer redox sensor of Escherichia coli

PAS domains sense oxygen, redox potential and light, and are implicated in behaviour, circadian rhythmicity, development and metabolic regulation. Although PAS domains are widespread in archaea, bacteria and eukaryota, the mechanism of signal transduction has been elucidated only for the bacterial photo sensor PYP and oxygen sensor FixL. We investigated the signalling mechanism in the PAS domain of Aer, the redox potential sensor and aerotaxis transducer in Escherichia coli. Forty-two residues in Aer were substituted using cysteine-replacement mutagenesis. Eight mutations resulted in a null phenotype for aerotaxis, the behavioural response to oxygen. Four of them also led to the loss of the non-covalently bound FAD cofactor. Three mutant Aer proteins, N34C, F66C and N85C, transmitted a constant signal-on bias. One mutation, Y111C, inverted signalling by the transducer so that positive stimuli produced negative signals and vice versa. Residues critical for signalling were mapped onto a three-dimensional model of the Aer PAS domain, and an FAD-binding site and 'active site' for signal transduction are proposed.
Adaptive control and filtering for closed-loop adaptive-optical wavefront reconstruction

This paper discusses the application of adaptive control methods in the Atmospheric Simulation and Adaptiveoptics Laboratory Testbed at the Starfire Optical Range at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB. Adaptive compensation is useful in adaptive optics applications where the wavefronts vary significantly from one frame to the next or where wind velocities and the strength of atmospheric turbulence change rapidly, rendering classical fixed-gain reconstruction algorithms far from optimal. The experimental results illustrate the capability of the adaptive control scheme to increase Strehl ratios and reduce jitter.
Correction for direction-dependent distortions in diffusion tensor imaging using matched magnetic field maps

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has seen increased usage in clinical and basic science research in the past decade. By assessing the water diffusion anisotropy within biological tissues, e.g. brain, researchers can infer different fiber structures important for neural pathways. A typical DTI data set contains at least one base image and six diffusion-weighted images along non-collinear encoding directions. The resultant images can then be combined to derive the three principal axes of the diffusion tensor and their respective cross terms, which can in turn be used to compute fractional anisotropy (FA) maps, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, and to construct axonal fibers. The above operations all assume that DTI images along different diffusion-weighting directions for the same brain register to each other without spatial distortions. This assumption is generally false, as the large diffusion-weighting gradients would usually induce eddy currents to generate diffusion-weighting direction-dependent field gradients, leading to mis-registration within the DTI data set. Traditional methods for correcting magnetic field-induced distortions do not usually take into account these direction-dependent eddy currents unique for DTI, and they are usually time-consuming because multiple phase images need to be acquired. In this report, we describe our theory and implementation of an efficient and effective method to correct for the main field and eddy current-induced direction-dependent distortions for DTI images under a unified framework to facilitate the daily practice of DTI acquisitions.
VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (CKE.) WINT. XIII. PATHOGENICITY OF INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL MUTANTS

EARLIER PAPERS in this series and related papers have shown that wild-type lines of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. differed in their pathogenicity to commercial apple varieties (Keitt and Palmiter, 1938; Keitt and Langford, 1941; Keitt et al., 1943, 1948; Boone and Keitt, 1957). Two main types of pathogenic reaction were reported; namely, "lesion" (typically pathogenic with abundant sporulation of the fungus) and "fleck" (nonor only slightly pathogenic with sporulation lacking or very sparse). It was shown that one gene conditioned the lesion reaction and an allele conditioned the fleck reaction with a given variety or group of varieties and that genes at other loci similarly controlled pathogenicity to other varieties or groups. The physico-chemical mechanisms of pathogenicity controlled by these genes are not yet known. One approach to elucidation of the mechanisms of pathogenicity has been through study of the role of nutrition of the fungus in the host-parasite relationship. Studies have been made of the nutrition in vitro of wild-type lines of V. inaequalis (Leben and Keitt, 1948; Pelletier and Keitt, 1954). The accomplishments of Beadle and associates (Beadle, 1945a, 1945b) and of others (cf. Catcheside, 1951) in genetic and physiologic studies with induced biochemical mutants of Neurospora suggested application of similar techniques to Venturia. Many biochemical mutants were induced in order that their genetic and nutritional changes might be studied in relation to pathogenicity (Boone et al., 1956; Keitt and Boone, 1954).
Cystamine inhibition of enzyme induction and acetate oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and reversal by high salt concentrations.

L'inibizione della ossidazione di acetato e della induzione di benzoato-ossidasi da parte della cistamina in un ceppo diPseudomonas aeruginosa, varia colla concentrazione del mezzo nel quale le cellule sono sospese. L'effetto inhibitorio diminuisce con l'aumentare della concentrazione del buffer. Altre diamine e cistamina in forma ridotta sono inattive. La cistenia inibisce le medesime reazioni ma il suo effetto e indipendente della concentrazione del mezzo di sospensione. La cistina e priva di effetto.
Exploring nuclear effects in neutrino interactions with MINERvA

Abstract With the new era of neutrino-oscillation experiments, it becomes crucially important to know the neutrino interaction cross-sections with a high precision. This is the primary scientific aim of MINERvA experiment located in Fermilab. Another task is to examine the nuclear medium effects in neutrino-induced interactions such as final state modifications in the nucleus. The MINERvA collaboration has all the necessary tools in hand to achieve the above-stated goals: high-intensity neutrino beam, fine-granulated detector with EM and hadron calorimetry regions, various integrated nuclear targets and high-statistics event sample.
4-Aminopyridine baits on baiting lanes protect sunflower fields from blackbirds

Abstract 4-Aminopyridine baits, applied by hand in 6.6-m swaths from baiting lanes, were evaluated in 1981 for protecting ripening sunflower from blackbird damage in six test fields in North Dakota, U.S.A. Paired experimental untreated units lost 4 902 kg of sunflower seed to birds during the 6-day treatment period whereas baited units lost 2 332 kg of seed or 52% less. However, untreated units also had somewhat more damage during pretreatment periods and therefore, based on ratios of pretreatment losses, observed losses on baited units were only 43.3% less than expected. Peak numbers of blackbirds damaging individual fields ranged from 5 000 to 31 000 during the test period. The species composition of feeding flocks was estimated to be 73% red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), 20% yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), and 7% common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula). The estimated kill of 169 blackbirds was similar in composition. However, 30 of 34 birds seen giving distress displays were yellow-headed blackbirds. We found evidence that many red-wings broke the chopped corn baits before consuming them, thereby lengthening response times and contributing to lower bait effectiveness. The benefits of baiting were calculated to be only $1.75 for each $1 of cost (exclusive of labor). Nevertheless, growers would have saved about $25 worth of sunflower seed for each hour spent baiting and creating lanes.
Note on hand use in the manipulation of joysticks by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

MacNeilage et al. (1987) have proposed that nonhuman primate handedness may be contingent on the specific task requirements, with visual-spatial tasks yielding left-hand preferences and fine-motor tasks producing right-hand preferences. This study reports hand preferences in the manipulation of joysticks by 2 rhesus monkeys and 3 chimpanzees. Reach data were also collected for comparison with preference data for manipulation of the joystick. The data indicated that all 5 subjects demonstrated significant right-hand preferences in manipulating the joystick. In contrast, no significant hand preferences were found for the reach data. Reaction-time data also indicated that the right hand could perform a perceptual-motor task better than the left hand in all 5 subjects. Overall, the data indicate that reach tasks may not be sensitive enough measures to produce reliable hand preferences, whereas tasks that assess fine-motor control produce significant hand preferences.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: in vitro growth characteristics and effect on stromal collagen production.

Background. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (mac) is a locally aggressive cutaneous neoplasm, which is characterized by follicular and sweat gland differentiation and a stroma of dense collagen. Methods. mac cells were studied and characterized in vitro through phase microscopy and proliferation assays. Additionally, to delineate a possible role of soluble mediators in bringing about the dense stromal collagen seen in association with these tumors, the effect of conditioned media derived from the tumor cells on the level of collagen production by normal fibroblasts was examined. Results. A significant morphologic difference between the mac cells and normal keratinocytes was not noted. Proliferation assays demonstrated a significantly slower rate of growth of the MAC cells in comparison to controls. Media conditioned by mac cells did not induce an increase in collagen synthesis by cultured fibroblasts, but rather, there appeared to be an inhibitory effect on the level of collagen synthesis. Conclusions. The increased stromal collagen seen in mac histologically is not the result of growth factors or cytokines produced by the mac cells.
Effect of reduced sodium chloride concentration and tetrasodium pyrophosphate on pH, water-holding capacity and extractable protein of prerigor and postrigor ground beef

The effect of tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) (0, 0·25, 0·5% w/w) alone or in combination with salt (NaCl) (0, 0·5, 1·0% w/w) on water-holding capacity (WHC), pH, the ratio of absorbance at 250 nm over the absorbance at 260 nm (R-values) and 150m CaCl extractable protein (EP) was studied in prerigor and postrigor sternomandibularis homogenates over time. The 0 h samples were defined as when the NaCl was incorporated with the muscle. R-values verified that 0 h samples were in a prerigor or postrigor state. In prerigor homogenates, increasing phosphate concentration increased the time required to reach ultimate pH. Ultimate pH values of prerigor homogenates containing phosphate were lower (P 0·10) were noted in EP or WHC at different phosphate concentrations when averaged over NaCl concentrations in prerigor homogenates. With increasing phosphate concentration of postrigor homogenates, there was an increase (P 0·10). Results of this study indicate no advantages, after six hours post mortem, to using TSPP alone or in combination with NaCl in prerigor meat homogenates at concentrations added in this study.