cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coaches' Perceptions and Proposed Solutions for Challenging Behaviors: Implications for Athletes with Hidden Disabilities

Within sports, youth with hidden disabilities (HD) may have difficulty with understanding/following directions, physical coordination, remembering plays, and sustaining attention. These behaviors are often considered challenging for coaches. While previous research has addressed coaches’ self-reports through surveys related to efficacy and coaching athletes with HD, they did not address questions regarding coaches’ proposed strategies for addressing such challenging behaviors; such research may provide better understanding of their perceptions as well as information regarding coaches’ knowledge about accommodating learning differences among their athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate coaches’ perceptions of practice situations involving athletes exhibiting various challenging behaviors and coaches’ proposed solutions to addressing these situations. Fifty-five youth sport coaches viewed four practice situations and completed questionnaires following the video clips. R...
Immunosuppression-associated soft-tissue tumours

Abstract Immunodeficiency and therapeutic immunosuppression inform the pathogenesis of certain soft tissue tumours, namely Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumours. KS comprises a group of clinical categories associated with local or systemic immunodysregulation: sporadic/classic KS, endemic (African) KS, epidemic (AIDS-related) KS, and iatrogenic (transplantation-associated) KS. Histologically, KS lesions progress from early (patch) stages, comprising networks of bland vascular proliferations, to later (plaque) stages, wherein spindle cells proliferate between vascular structures, and finally to the nodular (tumour) stage, which may show fascicles of intersecting spindle cells and PASD-positive hyaline globules. By immunohistochemistry, KS shows lymphovascular differentiation. EBV-associated smooth muscle tumours comprise a rare subset of smooth muscle tumours that typically occur in children with HIV/AIDS and adults following solid organ transplantation. They can occur in peripheral soft tissues, intracranially, or in visceral sites. Multiplicity is common and presumably a result of multiple infection events rather than metastasis from a primary site. Histologically, the differential diagnosis is limited to other smooth muscle tumours. These indolent tumours often persist despite therapy but rarely metastasize. Mortality usually results from the underlying disease process.
Heterobimetallic Metallaborane Chemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of a “Lightly Stabilized” Molybdairidahexaborane, [{Cp*Ir}{(CO)3(THF)Mo}B4H8], and Its Direct Conversion to [{Cp*Ir}{(CO)3(L)Mo}B4H8] (L = CO, PPh3, NCPh, CNBu, NH3, PPh3CHC(O)OMe)

The reaction of [Cp*IrB 4 H 1 0 ] (1) with [{η 6 -(C 6 H 4 )(CH 3 ) 2 }Mo(CO) 3 ] in tetrahydrofuran (THF) leads to [Cp*Ir(CO) 3 (THF)MoB 4 H 8 ] (2), which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Intermediate 2 subsequently decomposes to give the tetracarbonyl analogue [Cp*Ir-(CO) 4 MoB 4 H 8 ] (3). In the presence of free CO, the same reaction constitutes a high-yield synthesis of 3. The treatment of 2 (formed in situ) with different Lewis bases led to the replacement of the THF ligand at the molybdenum center and generation of [Cp*Ir(CO) 3 -(L)MoB 4 H 8 ] (L = PPh 3 (4), NCPh (5), CNBu (6), NH 3 (7)). Reaction of the benzonitrile derivative 5 with PPh 3 =CHCO 2 Me afforded the ylide compound [Cp*Ir(CO) 3 (PPh 3 =CHCO 2 -Me)MoB 4 H 8 ] (8). All compounds have been spectroscopically characterized, and 3 and 5-7 have been structurally characterized in the solid state. This work demonstrates that, similarly to metal clusters, metallaboranes with labile metal ligands can serve as versatile synthons.
In vitro and in vivo single myosin step-sizes in striated muscle.

Myosin in muscle transduces ATP free energy into the mechanical work of moving actin. It has a motor domain transducer containing ATP and actin binding sites, and, mechanical elements coupling motor impulse to the myosin filament backbone providing transduction/mechanical-coupling. The mechanical coupler is a lever-arm stabilized by bound essential and regulatory light chains. The lever-arm rotates cyclically to impel bound filamentous actin. Linear actin displacement due to lever-arm rotation is the myosin step-size. A high-throughput quantum dot labeled actin in vitro motility assay (Qdot assay) measures motor step-size in the context of an ensemble of actomyosin interactions. The ensemble context imposes a constant velocity constraint for myosins interacting with one actin filament. In a cardiac myosin producing multiple step-sizes, a “second characterization” is step-frequency that adjusts longer step-size to lower frequency maintaining a linear actin velocity identical to that from a shorter step-size and higher frequency actomyosin cycle. The step-frequency characteristic involves and integrates myosin enzyme kinetics, mechanical strain, and other ensemble affected characteristics. The high-throughput Qdot assay suits a new paradigm calling for wide surveillance of the vast number of disease or aging relevant myosin isoforms that contrasts with the alternative model calling for exhaustive research on a tiny subset myosin forms. The zebrafish embryo assay (Z assay) performs single myosin step-size and step-frequency assaying in vivo combining single myosin mechanical and whole muscle physiological characterizations in one model organism. The Qdot and Z assays cover “bottom-up” and “top-down” assaying of myosin characteristics.
The Role of International Actors in Promoting Rule of Law In Uganda (From the Book Globalizing Justice: Critical Perspectives on Transnational Law and the Cross-Border Migration of Legal Norms)

There is a perception that Uganda, like several African nations held to be beacons of hope in the late 1980s and 1990s, had made a break from bad governance and was headed toward democratization; however rule by men (i.e., the military) rather than by law persists. Yet the rule of law is critical to sustained political and economic development. The lack of respect for the rule of law has adversely affected the emergence of democracy in Uganda. The need for strong, principled, and concerted political leverage by international actors is clear. International insistence on constitutionalism and the rule of law are the keys to Uganda's democratic transformation. All Rights Reserved to SUNY Press.
World System History: Arrighi, Frank, and the Way Forward

Giovanni Arrighi dedicated Adam Smith in Beijing to the memory of Andre Gunder Frank. In this review I have been asked to consider the elements of Arrighis volume that Frank would have liked, and those he would have disliked. I identify five elements of world system history, which Frank worked to build during the last 20 years of his career, and assess areas of consonance and contradiction with Arrighis volume.
An integrated 2H and 13C NMR study of gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle flux in humans

Hepatic glucose synthesis from glycogen, glycerol, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was measured in five overnight-fasted subjects by 1H,2H, and 13C NMR analysis of blood glucose, urinary ace...
Chromatographic demonstration of histamine release in anaphylactic and trypsin shock.

SummaryA method for the chemical identification of histamine in blood by paper chromatography is described in detail and experiments are presented to show the release of relatively large amounts of histamine in dogs undergoing anaphylactic and trypsin shock. Peptone, when injected into dogs in amounts sufficient to produce severe shock, interfered with the identification of histamine which could, however, be found on the chromatograms after addition of small amounts of peptone to rabbit blood (in vitro).
Second metatarsal length is positively correlated with increased pressure and medial deviation of the second toe in a robotic cadaveric simulation of gait.

Background: The term ‘crossover second toe’ has been used to describe a deformity of the second metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) that includes a progressive migration of the second toe in a dorsal and medial direction. The long onset and complex anatomy of the deformity has led to uncertainty about its etiology and treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between second metatarsal length and second MTPJ plantar pressure and joint angles during gait. We hypothesized that elongation of the second metatarsal would increase the plantar pressure underneath the second MTPJ and be associated with a deviation of the MTPJ angles in a dorsal and medial direction. Methods Incremental surgical elongation of the second metatarsal was performed on six cadaveric feet. A robotic gait simulator (RGS) simulated physiologic tibial motion, tendon loading, and ground reaction forces (GRF) on the cadaveric feet. We determined the peak pressure and pressure-time integral under the second MTPJ dur...
Pulsed Co2 Laser Induced Melting and Nonlinear Optical Studies of GaAs

We report new optical and structural properties of p-type GaAs that result from the absorption of high-intensity 10.6 μm radiation. Prior to the onset of surface melting, we find that the absorption coefficient decreases with increasing intensity in a manner predicted by an inhomogeneously broadened two-level model. As the energy density of the CO 2 laser radiation is increased further, the surface topography shows signs of melting, formation of ripple patterns, and vaporization. Auger spectroscopy and electron-induced x-ray emission show that there is loss of As, compared to Ga, caused by the melting of the surface. Using plain-view TEM we find that Ga-rich islands are formed near the surface during the rapid solidification of the molten layer. Auger and SIMS measurements are used to study the incorporation of oxygen in the near-surface region, and the results show that oxygen incorporation can occur for GaAs samples that have been irradiated in air.
The committee for the recovery of archaeological remains: Three decades of service to the archaeological profession

Today most archaeologists are unaware of the enormous debt we owe to a small group who instigated a massive federal archaeological program to recover the archaeological evidence that was to be destroyed by a public works program involving hundreds of dams on most of the major rivers in the United States and set to begin immediately after World War II. This small group of archaeologists, organized by Frederick Johnson in May 1945, known as the Committee for the Recovery of Archaeological Remains (CRAR), consisted of Johnson (secretary), John O. Brew, Alfred V Kidder, and William S. Webb (chair). The CRAR acted independently of the federal government, yet it was the driving force behind the organization of the River Basin Surveys. It stimulated adoption of high professional standards and was largely responsible for public and professional support for protecting archaeological resources that is the basis for our modern cultural preservation efforts.
Explanations for Successful and Unsuccessful Marketing Decisions: The Decision Maker's Perspective:

The authors investigate the attributional processes involved in marketing planning. Using MARKSTRAT, a marketing simulation game, as a research setting, they find that decision makers are likely to...
Advancing Payment Reform at the Community Level.

Background Multistakeholder alliances-groups of payers, purchasers, providers, and consumers that voluntarily work together to address local health goals-have increasingly been used to improve health care quality within their communities. Under the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Aligning Forces for Quality (AF4Q) initiative, 16 multistakeholder alliances were charged with advancing payment reform as part of a larger effort to achieve dramatic and sustainable quality improvement. Methods Drawing upon key informant interviews with alliance leaders and document reviews conducted from 2010 to 2014, we describe the payment reform projects undertaken by the AF4Q alliances and the roles that the alliances played to advance them. Results The most common types of projects pursued by alliances were those that introduced supplemental payments to fee-for-service reimbursement and built upon alliances' ongoing quality improvement initiatives. Alliances advanced payment reform through 4 roles: (1) educating and advocating, (2) designing payment reform projects, (3) recruiting participants, and (4) supporting the operation of projects. However, less than half of alliances' payment reform projects were operational by 2014. Conclusions Quality improvement-focused multistakeholder alliances may play meaningful roles to advance payment reform, but they are not a panacea for overcoming well-documented barriers to reform.
Fragmentation of an Empire: The Political Economy of Spain and Its Colonies in the Late Bourbon Period

How an empire that seemed cohesive for hundreds of years could easily fragment in a decade? I present a simple computational model of Spain’s political economy and do some simulations that could help explain the rationale behind such system. I also provide an analytical narrative in which I stress the importance of the Spanish Empire’s fiscal sociology, one in which certain political enterprises (Miners, Merchants, Crown) played key roles. I maintain that the empire had an implicit political arrangement; one in which the Crown maximized tax revenue through its power in managing the transatlantic trade. It did so by coopting a small set of local American elites (In Lima and Mexico City), which gained rents from their privileged trade position. It was a stable setting while Spain had sea supremacy. The advent of the British Navy in the late 18th century disrupted everything. Thereafter, the Crown attempted to decentralize its oceanic trade through new routes, and by trying to coopt a larger set of regional elites within the empire. This tactic backfired: it only gave major power to new local elites and created incentives for political fragmentation.
Monitoring Immune Function in the Allogeneic Transplant Recipient: Predicting Graft vs Host Disease (GvHD) and Infection.

Abstract Background: GvHD, intensity of immunosuppression (ISP) and infection are major causes of toxicity post allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Yet, no method reliably predicts these complications. We explored the use of a novel FDA-approved immune function assay to determine whether an immunologic response to changes in immunosuppressive therapy for GvHD could predict risk of GvHD and infection and allows tailoring ISP and infection prophylaxis. The ImmuKnow is an assay of global T-cell function that measures increased ATP production after stimulating CD4+ T-helper cell and has been shown useful for managing ISP therapies in solid-organ transplantation. 1 We hypothesized that ImmuKnow could assist in predicting risk of GvHD and infection. Patients and Methods: Between March 2004 and March 2006, 24 adult allo-SCT patients (pts) (mean age 48 years; range 23–70; 50% females) underwent blood sampling for determining ImmuKnow at various times post-HSCT (267 assays, mean of 11/pt). Results were correlated with clinical course (infection, GvHD or event-free). Underlying diseases included acute myelogenous leukemia (n=9), chronic myelogenous leukemia (n=4), myeloma (n=3) and others (n=8). Results: during the testing period, GvHD was documented in 10 pts [(acute, n=3; chronic, n=7] and 20 infections occurred [bacteremia (n=9); CMV viremia (n=4); others (n=7)]. The average immune function (ng/mL ATP) of GvHD pts was significantly higher than that of event-free pts (385 +/− 102 vs. 189 ng/mL +/−78 respectively), p 279 ng/mL was 74 with a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI, 76.9–97.2) and specificity of 83% (95% CI 73 - 91) and an odds ratio (OR) for GVHD of 42 (95% CI, 13 - 136, p Conclusions: these preliminary data suggest that the ImmuKnow assay is an objective marker of risk for infection and GvHD post-HSCT. Tailoring intensity and duration of ISP to reduce risks of GvHD and infection in an individual patient may be possible and may improve outcomes. Validation of these preliminary data is ongoing.
Coherent states for general potentials. III. Nonconfining one-dimensional examples

We apply our minimum-uncertainty coherent-states (MUCS) formalism to two one-dimensional systems that have continua: the symmetric Rosen-Morse potential and the Morse potential. The coherent states are discussed analytically in great detail, and the connections to annihilation-operator and displacement-operator coherent states are given. For the Rosen-Morse system the existence of a continuum does not prevent one from obtaining the coherent states in analytic, closed form. The Morse system, with its energy-dependent natural classical variable ${X}_{c}$, has a natural quantum operator $X$ which is Hamiltonian-dependent. This Hamiltonian dependence is complicated and prevents an easy analytic solution for the MUCS. However, approximate MUCS can be obtained by analytic approximation techniques.
A Year's Experiences with a Postpartum Depression Group

The author defines postpartum mood and adjustment disorders, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and resources. The purpose, goals, themes, and co-leadership issues of a postpartum depression psychoeducational group, offered year-round in an urban community center, are discussed. A vignette from the group is presented to sample its process and content.
The Challenges of Addressing Pediatric Quality Measurement Gaps

* Abbreviation: EHR — : electronic health record In this issue of Pediatrics , the article by House et al1 provides a summary of pediatric quality measures currently available in national databases as well as an assessment of how comprehensively these measures represent common pediatric issues. The authors found a preponderance of process measures that have not been outcome-validated. They also found a dearth of measures for some of the most common and/or costly conditions, and relatively few health outcome measures. These findings are not unexpected and are unlikely to change without a paradigm shift in how quality measures are developed and implemented in health care systems across the United States. The first step in quality measure development is to review the evidence and/or clinical practice guidelines related to the topic under consideration.2 Guidelines represent “state-of-the-art” thinking about how conditions should be diagnosed, treated, and, for chronic conditions, managed over time. Thus, when they exist for a given condition, clinical practice guidelines are usually the main source used to develop quality measures. When guideline recommendations are based on low-quality … Address correspondence to Rita Mangione-Smith, MD, MPH, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, 2001 Eighth Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98121. E-mail: rita.mangione-smith{at}seattlechildrens.org
Coherent enhancement of 10 μs burst-mode ultraviolet pulses at megawatt peak power

A doubly-resonant optical cavity and its locking technique have been developed to achieve coherent enhancement of 402.5-MHz, 50-ps, megawatt peak power ultraviolet (355 nm) laser pulses operating at a 10-μs/10-Hz burst mode.
Fluency adaptation in speakers with Parkinson disease: a motor learning perspective

AbstractPurpose: Fluency adaptation is characterised by a reduction in stuttering-like behaviours over successive readings of the same speech material and is an effect that is typically observed in developmental stuttering. Prominent theories suggest that short-term motor learning associated with practice explain, in part, fluency adaptation. The current investigation examined the fluency adaptation effect in a group of speakers with Parkinson disease (PD) who exhibited stuttering-like disfluencies.Method: Individuals with PD (n = 21) and neurologically healthy controls (n = 19) read a passage five times. Per cent syllables stuttered was measured and calculated for each reading passage.Result: Participants in the PD group exhibited significantly more stuttering-like disfluencies than control speakers. Twelve individuals in the PD group exhibited at least three per cent syllable stuttered on at least one reading. Statistical trends revealed that the subgroup of individuals with PD who stuttered exhibited a...
nTMS Motor Mapping: Basic Principles and Clinical Use

The goal of glioma surgery is maximal safe resection. These intrinsic brain neoplasms, however, lack a clear margin and frequently infiltrate eloquent areas of the brain, thus making their surgical resection challenging. Therefore, preoperative investigations like nTMS that aid in anatomico-functional tumor characterization help to define the extent of the tumor and to determine the feasibility of complete resection, which is helpful to the surgeon. Coupled with intraoperative adjuncts like navigated cortical and subcortical mapping and monitoring techniques, preoperative nTMS maps can help to identify a tumor-infiltrated functional cortex during surgery to maximize the extent of resection. Combined use of these different modalities before and during surgery is encouraged to meet surgical goals and ensure best patient outcomes.
A high-Q three-dimensional terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber

In this paper, we present a three-dimensional (3D) terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) with a high quality factor. The absorption response of the proposed structure is analyzed and optimized using coupled mode theory and numerical simulations. Subsequently, we fabricate the 3D MPA by employing the multi-layer electroplating process and characterize it using terahertz time domain spectroscopy. A quality factor of 20 is verified by the experimental results, which agrees well with the simulation. The high-Q MPA has potential applications in chemical and biological sensing.
Podcasting in Nursing Education: Using Commercially Prepared Podcasts to Spark Learning

Abstract Nurse educators increasingly rely on emerging educational technologies, including a recent expansion in the use of audio podcasting. However, most published literature focuses on the use of instructor-generated audio podcasts. A pilot study was conducted to explore the use of commercially prepared podcasts to spark student learning and critical thinking. All respondents in this study reported that the podcasting assignment sparked learning and/or inspired critical thinking or reflection on the topic. Seventy-seven percent reported that the use of podcasts could be implemented to enrich learning, and 66.6% reported that they would recommend podcasting to be utilized in future courses.
Helping Families Deal with Anger: A Biblical Perspective:

The spiritual effects of anger in families are devastating. However, the Bible offers hope; it provides guidance on how to deal with anger constructively. This article will address the dynamics of ...
Geologic and hydrologic concerns about pupfish divergence during the last glacial maximum

Martin et al. 's [1] double-digest, restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing of Death Valley pupfish species ( Cyprinodon ) and new time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis provide estimated divergence ages for North American pupfish at two scales. On the larger temporal and spatial scale, Martin et al. conclude that the Death Valley pupfish shared common ancestry with: Cyprinodon albivelis Rio Yaqui, Mexico, which drains into the northern Gulf of California, at ca 10 kyr; C. veronicae and C. alvarezi from isolated springs in Nuevo Leon, Guzman Basin, northeastern Mexico [2], at ca 17 kyr; and Atlantic coastal pupfish including those from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, and the Bahamas ( C. artifrons, C. maya and others) at ca 25 kyr. Martin et al . supported these genetic divergences and temporal estimates in their phylogenetic tree with these statements: ‘these ages are consistent with increased population mixing expected from the formation of large pluvial lakes throughout North America during the most recent glacial period 12–25 thousand years (kya).’ and it ‘is not apparent how low-lying desert populations could have remained isolated within large inland seas … ’ On the smaller scale, Martin et al. also conclude that introgression among pupfish species and subspecies of the 300 km-long Amargosa River of Death Valley occurred in the last 150 years. We do not dispute possible introgressions along the Amargosa River in the last 150 years; however, the well-documented North American and Death Valley drainage basin histories of the last 25 kyr clearly demonstrate that the long-term divergence chronology proposed by Martin et al . is impractical. The temporal and spatial parameters defined by Martin et al. encompass 26.5–9 kyr, which is the last glacial maximum (LGM). We do not know, and Martin et al . did not offer, the dispersal path from the Gulf of Mexico to …
The Nature of High Velocity White Dwarfs

We present the results of a study of white dwarfs (WD) in wide binaries that have comparable space motions to the Oppenheimer et al. (2001), (hereafter OHDHS) WDs. These WDs have M dwarf (dM) companions from which we determine the full space motions of the WDs.
Impact of Pregnancy On Normal Pituitary Function

Placental and fetal hormone production are responsible for the major endocrine changes associated with pregnancy. The placenta, functioning relatively independently from maternal hypothalamic-pituitary regulatory factors, synthesizes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and other derivatives of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), somatostatin, and growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin) (1, 2). (Please refer to chapter 2 for a comprehensive discussion of placental hormones.) The fetal pituitary, which develops relatively early in gestation, begins to secrete pituitary hormones within seven weeks’ postconception. Fetal pituitary hormones interact with and influence the placenta independently and in some ways differently than the maternal pituitary hormones.
Optimizing Postoperative Pain Management in Pelvic Floor Surgery

Surgical treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction is very common, and women who undergo surgery experience varying degrees of postoperative pain. Opioid pain medications have been the mainstay of postoperative pain control, but with the growing opioid epidemic, alternative pain management strategies are needed. This review examines the current literature on opioid use in pelvic floor surgery, non-opioid pain control strategies, and surgical approach as it pertains to postoperative pain. Over prescription of opioids is common in pelvic floor surgery and it poses a risk of developing long-term opioid dependence. Alternative pain control strategies include non-opioid medications, multimodal medication regimens, and local anesthetic. The type of surgical approach can have a bearing on the degree of postoperative pain. Optimal pain control after pelvic floor surgery involves multiple components that should be individualized to each patient. The components should include minimizing opioid pain medications, shared decision-making in surgical approach, and a perioperative pathway that maximizes the recovery process. Future studies should continue to explore ways to improve patient comfort and satisfaction after pelvic floor surgery.
Integrating Authentic Research as Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts in an Undergraduate Bioenergy Course.

Integrating teaching and research can benefit both instructors and students by providing an enriching, stimulating experience that combines the instructors’ interests with topics that are relevant and motivating to students. In keeping with National Science Foundation review criteria, the integrated course captures both intellectual merit, that is the technological and scientific innovation of the research, and broader impacts, that is the potential benefits to society. This article describes a bioenergy course that included several well-known learning activities, including lab tours, lab activities, guest lectures, and group discussions, to integrate intellectual merit and broader impacts into undergraduate education. Each of these techniques fills a specific role in delivering content that helps break down barriers between research and education. Overall student response has been positive, with course evaluations providing qualitative evidence of greater student motivation and deeper learning.
Bilingualism and Autism: A Summary of Current Research and Implications for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Practitioners

Purpose The purpose of this article is to offer augmentative and alternative communication practitioners a review and summary of the current research on the topic of bilingualism and autism in orde...
Power, Influence, and Policy in Arizona's Education Market: "We've Got to Out-Charter the Charters".

Arizona’s “Wild West,” free-market education approach via school-choice policies reflects the expansion of neo-liberal reforms, which emphasize private provision and governance of public services o...
Systemically Administered Hemostatic Nanoparticles for Identification and Treatment of Internal Bleeding.

Internal bleeding is an injury that can be difficult to localize and effectively treat without invasive surgeries. Injectable polymeric nanoparticles have been developed that can reduce clotting times and blood loss, but they have yet to incorporate sufficient diagnostic capabilities to assist in identifying bleeding sources. Herein, polymeric nanoparticles were developed to simultaneously treat internal bleeding while incorporating tracers for visualization of the nanoparticles by standard clinical imaging modalities. Addition of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate (DiD; a fluorescent dye), biotin functionality, and gold nanoparticles to hemostatic polymeric nanoparticles resulted in nanoparticles amenable to imaging with near-infrared (NIR) imaging, immunohistochemistry, and X-ray computed tomography (CT), respectively. Following a lethal liver resection injury, visualization of accumulated nanoparticles by multiple imaging methods was achieved in rodents, with the highe...
Legal Realism Now

This is a surreply to Ramsi Woodcock's response article on Adam Mossoff’s essay, Trademark as a Property Right. It argues that Woodcock overlooks potential benefits from legal formalism and neglects the shortcomings of some legal realist techniques, particularly those in law and economics.
Presenting qualitative comparative analysis: Notation, tabular layout, and visualization:

This article reviews approaches to presenting qualitative comparative analysis and set-theoretic research, with an emphasis on graphic presentation. Although visualization is an important aspect of...
Extraction of plutonium-containing microcrystals from Hanford soil using a focused ion beam for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis

Herein, the successful use of a focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope to prepare microsamples of radioactive single crystals for X-ray diffraction analysis is reported. This technique was used to extract and analyze crystalline Pu-containing particles as small as 28 µm3 from Hanford soil taken from the 216-Z-9 waste crib, which were then crystallographically characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to confirm the cubic structure of PuO2. As a systematic proof of concept, the technique was first tested using UO2 crystals milled into cubic shapes with approximate volumes of 4620, 1331, 125, 8 and 1 µm3, in order to empirically determine the crystal size limits for characterization by a laboratory-based diffractometer with a sealed tube Mo or Ag anode X-ray source and a charge-coupled device detector.
Maternal, cord, and three-year-old child serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment study.

PURPOSE Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy may influence offspring thyroid function, though relations between maternal and child thyroid function are incompletely understood. We sought to characterize relations between maternal, cord and child thyroid hormone concentrations in a population of mother-child pairs with largely normal thyroid function. METHODS In a prospective birth cohort, we measured thyroid hormone concentrations in 203 mothers at 16 gestational weeks, 273 newborns and 159 children at 3 years among participants in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations of maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy with cord serum thyroid hormones and also estimated associations of maternal and cord thyroid hormones with child thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). RESULTS Each doubling of maternal TSH was associated with a 16.4% increase of newborn TSH (95% CI: 3.9%, 30.5%), and each doubling of newborn TSH concentrations was associated with a 10.4% increase in child TSH concentrations at 3 years (95% CI: 0.1%, 21.7%). An interquartile range increase in cord FT4 concentrations was associated with an 11.7% decrease in child TSH concentrations at 3 years (95% CI: -20.2%, -2.3%). CONCLUSIONS We observed relationships between maternal, newborn and child thyroid hormone concentrations in the HOME Study. Our study contributes to understandings of interindividual variability in thyroid function among mother-child pairs, which may inform future efforts to identify risk factors for thyroid disorders or thyroid-related health outcomes.
Latent Effect of Safety Interventions

AbstractWhile researchers have dispensed considerable effort in the past decades to reduce the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry, the large amount of safety incidents occur...
White Collar Crime: RICO

This book explores the intersection of white collar crime and a contraversial and very broad criminal statute, RICO (the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act). White collar crime is a rapidly growing area of criminal law with unique criminal procedure and an important role in corporate compliance. Post-Enron and now post-Madoff, white collar crime cases have earned significant attention with the public and a high priority in law enforcement. The federal government and its law enforcement are willing to bring all available tools to bear on high-level and impactful white collar crimes and offenders. The use of RICO in WCC cases is yet another example.RICO, a statute forever associated with trageting traditional organized crime, is predicated on a "pattern" of often wide and varied criminal conduct committed through a common enterprise or association of individuals. Congress, in RICO, listed many white collar offenses as underlying, qualifying offenses. The list includes federal criminal law's very broad WCC statutes, such as mail and wire fraud, money laudering, and incohate offenses. Federal prosecutors, as a result, may allege RICO violations in most sophisticated whte collar crime cases. This book dicusses the future of WCC allegations and the RICO statute. This book discusses the history and development of RICO and the key legal concepts and important elements of RICO criminal offenses, particularly in the WCC context. such as "pattern" of conduct, "enterprise," "predicate offenses" and "RICO conspiracy." This book also discusses the applicable predicate crimes in WCC cases, civil liability and parallel proceedings in RICO cases. Lastly, this book covers other offenses under RICO, double jeopardy, statute of limitations, estoppel, and extraterritoriality, as well as issues at trial and sentencing in a RICO case.
Nationwide Vaccination Campaign with BNT162b2 in Israel Demonstrates High Vaccine Effectiveness and Marked Declines in Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Deaths (preprint)

Background: Following emergency use authorization of the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BNT162b2, the Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a campaign to immunize all Israelis aged ≥ 16 years (6∙4 million). Methods: Using national public health surveillance data from Jan 24, 2021–Mar 6, 2021, vaccine coverage and COVID-19 incidence were monitored and vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated, adjusted for age, sex, and week. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was determined using polymerase chain reaction S gene target failure of selected specimens. Findings: Through Mar 6, 2021, 51∙5% of persons aged ≥ 16 years received two doses of BNT162b2. During the observation period, SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 prevalence was 93∙9%. Estimates of VE at ≥ 7 days after the second dose were: 94∙1% (95% CI 93∙4–94∙7) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 90∙4% (95% CI 89∙1–91∙5) against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, 96∙3% (95% CI 95∙9–96∙7) against symptomatic COVID-19 cases, 96∙0% (95% CI 95∙2 – 96∙6) against hospitalizations, 96∙2% (95% CI 95∙5–96∙8) against severe and critical hospitalizations, and 93∙3% (95% CI 91∙5–94∙8) against deaths. Estimates of VE were even higher at ≥ 14 days after the second dose of BNT162b2. In all age groups, as vaccine coverage increased, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes declined markedly among the vaccinated. Interpretation: Two doses of BNT162b2 were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, severe and critical hospitalizations, and deaths in a large, nationwide observational study conducted when B.1.1.7 was the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain. This study provides the first demonstration of the effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against death and is also the first to show marked nationwide declines in incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections corresponding with increasing vaccine coverage. The high VE in a real-world setting, including apparent effectiveness against asymptomatic infections, offers hope that COVID-19 vaccination will eventually control the pandemic. Funding: Israel MoH and Pfizer. Conflict of Interest: Frederick Angulo, John McLaughlin, Farid Khan, Gabriel Mircus, Kaijie Pan, Jo Southern, David Swerdlow, and Luis Jodar are employees of Pfizer and hold stock and stock options. All other authors report no conflicts. Ethical Approval: Analysis of these data was judged to be exempt from ethics board review based on MoH guidelines for human subject research. The study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.
Taking Yiddish to Court

In the 1920s, the Soviet Union was at the center of the Yiddish-speaking world. The Yiddish writers Peretz Markish, Dovid Hofshteyn, and Der Nister all moved permanently to the Soviet Union in the ...
Urban Middle School Teachers’ Use of Instructional Technology

AbstractThe purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate teachers’ perspectives of their use of instructional technology, understanding of this technology, and feelings about the support structure associated with this equipment. Twenty-eight teachers in a large urban middle school participated. This study investigated the effect and influence of technology on teachers’ administrative duties as well as their interaction with students. This information is intended to help school districts improve current technology programs and to ascertain the most efficient methods of introducing new technology into classrooms. These findings suggest that, in this middle school, teachers believe technology is an integral part of the process of educating their students. They also indicate that these teachers see a need for more technology in their classrooms. Included in this finding are four subassertions: (1) most teachers in this study felt confident in their ability to use technology, (2) teachers express oppos...
Africa-Wide Monitoring of Small Surface Water Bodies Using Multisource Satellite Data: A Monitoring System for FEWS NET

Continental Africa has the highest volume of water stored in wetlands, large lakes, reservoirs, and rivers, yet it suffers from problems such as water availability and access. With climate change intensifying the hydrologic cycle and altering the distribution and frequency of rainfall, the problem of water availability and access will increase further. Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has initiated a large-scale project to monitor small to medium surface water points in Africa. Under this project, multisource satellite data and hydrologic modeling techniques are integrated to monitor several hundreds of small to medium surface water points in Africa. This approach has been already tested to operationally monitor 41 water points in East Africa. The validation of modeled scaled depths with field-installed gauge data demonstrated the ability of the model to capture both the spatial patterns and seasonal variations. Modeled scaled estimates captured up to 60 % of the observed gauge variability with a mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 22 %. The data on relative water level, precipitation, and evapotranspiration (ETo) for water points in East and West Africa were modeled since 1998 and current information is being made available in near-real time. This chapter presents the approach, results from the East African study, and the first phase of expansion activities in the West Africa region. The water point monitoring network will be further expanded to cover much of sub-Saharan Africa. The goal of this study is to provide timely information on the water availability that would support already established FEWS NET activities in Africa. This chapter also presents the potential improvements in modeling approach to be implemented during future expansion in Africa.
Safety and efficacy of hypofractionated stereotactic body reirradiation in head and neck cancer: Long-term follow-up of a large series

Background. The purpose of this study was to report long- term outcomes for a large cohort of patients with head and neck squa- mous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who underwent stereotactic body radio- therapy (SBRT) reirradiation. Methods. From 2002 to 2011, 85 patients with previously irradiated HNSCC were treated with SBRT to 94 lesions. Some underwent surgery (29%), and many were treated with induction, concurrent, and/or adju- vant chemotherapy or biologic therapy (70%). Results. Reirradiation occurred at a median interval from initial radiother- apy (RT) of 32 months. Median follow-up for survivors was 17.3 months. Two-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival (OS) and locore- gional control for patients and lesions treated with curative intent were 24% and 28%, respectively. Interval from initial RT to SBRT of 2 years or more was associated with improved OS (p 5 .019). Five patients had grade 3 or higher late toxicity (5.9%). Conclusion. SBRT reirradiation results in limited toxicity. Further research is needed to refine optimal roles for SBRT and intensity-modulated radio- therapy (IMRT) reirradiation. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 00: 000-000, 2014
Rapid system-level performance evaluation and optimization for application mapping onto SoC architectures

System-on-chip (SoC) architectures integrate several heterogeneous components onto a single chip. These components provide various capabilities such as dynamic voltage scaling, reconfiguration, multiple power states, etc., that can be exploited for performance optimization during application design. We propose a generic model (GenM) which captures the capabilities of a large class of SoC architectures and facilitates evaluation and optimization of performance during application design. The GenM model is used as an abstraction to identify various well-defined optimization problems for application mapping onto SoC architectures. Using GenM, we developed an interpretive simulator, High-level Performance Estimator (HiPerE). It integrates component specific performance estimates to rapidly evaluate performance at the system level. The MILAN framework enables hierarchical simulation through the integration of HiPerE and low-level component specific simulators into a unified environment. Hierarchical simulation facilitates efficient design space exploration during application mapping onto SoC architectures.
Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail: a biomechanical analysis of the effect of nail length.

Background: Fatigue fractures of the tibia have been observed at the level of the proximal end of the nail after successful tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary device. Materials: To study the effect of nail length, five matched pairs of cadaver tibiae were instrumented with strain gauges and potted in methyl-methacrylate from a level 3 cm proximal to the distal medial malleolus to simulate a successful tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis. A standard length (15 cm) ankle arthrodesis nail and an identical longer device terminating in the proximal tibial metaphysis were inserted in each paired tibia using appropriate technique. The strain of the posterior cortex of the tibia was recorded under bending moments of up to 50 Nm for each intact specimen after nail insertion and after proximal locking of the nail. The nails were then exchanged between the specimens of the same pairs and the experiment was repeated to insure uniformity. Results: The standard length locked nail increased the principal...
Temperature variable supply voltage for power reduction

The scaling trend of MOSFETs requires the supply and the threshold voltages to be reduced in future generations. Although the supply voltage is reduced, the total power dissipation and the static power of the chip are increased. Power dissipation is one of the limiting factors in achieving the highest performance of a chip. Therefore, new power reduction techniques are required. In this paper a new technique is introduced to reduce the power consumption. In this technique the supply voltage is changed dynamically as temperature changes. Using this technique, for 70 nm devices the total power consumption of the chip can be reduced by 24% and the static power can be reduced by 40%. This reduction is achieved without any change in the worst-case delay.
Reproducing the backscattering spectrum of an amorphous target from a single crystal

Abstract We show experimentally to an accuracy of about 1%, using silicon wafers of 〈1 0 0〉 , 〈1 1 0〉 and 〈1 1 1〉 orientation, that the backscattering spectrum of an actual amorphous silicon film is correctly reproduced by rotating a single-crystalline sample around its main crystalline axis tilted by 5–15° away from the direction of the incident 4He beam. Data were taken primarily with a 2.0 MeV beam, but results were also obtained at energies of 0.7, 1.25 and 3.0 MeV. The spectra of a poly-crystalline and a rotating Si 〈1 1 1〉 sample also overlap very closely.