cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUP-HD1: a new Hodgkin's disease-derived cell line with lymphoid features produces interferon-gamma [see comments]

A new cell line, SUP-HD1, was established from the pleural effusion of a patient with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (NSHD). The SUP-HD1 cells had the characteristic morphology of Reed-Sternberg cells and contained acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase. The cells lacked the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome and reacted with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against CD15 (Leu-M1), CD25 (Tac), CD71 (OKT9), Ki67, and HLA-Dr. However, the SUP-HD1 cells were nonreactive with MoAbs that specifically identify T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophage/myeloid cells. Karyotype analysis of the cell line showed clonal abnormalities involving 1p13, 7p15, 8q22, and 11q23, chromosomal locations, at which breakpoints have been reported in HD. Southern blot analysis demonstrated rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa light chain genes as well as the gene for the beta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Transcriptional analysis showed expression of RNAs for kappa light chain, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) but not IL-2. The SUP-HD1 cells lacked cytoplasmic and surface immunoglobulin heavy chain, but a small amount of cytoplasmic kappa light chain was detected. The presence of nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B), a B-lymphocyte-associated transcription factor, was demonstrated in stimulated and unstimulated cells. In addition, the SUP-HD1 cell line, produced IFN-gamma, a T-lymphocyte-associated lymphokine. Based on these data, the SUP-HD1 cells appear to be aberrant lymphocytes with characteristics of both activated B and T lymphocytes. Elaboration of lymphokines such as IFN-gamma by the malignant cells may represent one explanation for the unique clinical and pathologic features of HD.
Non-linear modal interactions in the oscillations of a liquid drop in a gravitational field

Non-linear modal interactions in the dynamics of a vibrating drop are examined. The partial di!erential equations governing the drop vibrations are formulated assuming potential #ow and incompressibility. The solution is expressed in terms of the eigenfunctions of the (linearized) Laplace operator in spherical coordinates. A small parameter e is introduced to scale the (small) deformation of the drop surface from its position of equilibrium. A 2 : 1 internal resonance is then imposed between the second and third modes of the resulting discretized system, and the ensuing non-linear modal interactions are studied using the method of multiple scales. A bifurcation in the slow dynamics of the system is detected that leads to amplitude modulations of the drop oscillations. The method employed in this work is general and can be used to study other types of non-linear interactions involving two or more drop modes. ( 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rigorous exploration of medical data in collaborative virtual reality applications

We describe a virtual reality widget library and two medical applications. These applications, built on the widget library, make use of collaborative interaction techniques. These techniques support a high degree of precision with respect to manipulation of data and data parameters. The 3D widgets are synchronized between collaborating clients in order to facilitate the high degree of interactivity necessary for productive investigation of shared medical models and data. We discuss in detail the different challenges which face the investigator in an immersive 3D environment as opposed to that of a 2D desktop environment and how these differences have lead us to the criterion used for the development of the shared 3D virtual reality (VR) graphical user interfaces (GUIs) used in the biomedical applications presented.
Optimal mass transport and image registration

Image registration is the process of establishing a common geometric reference frame between two or more data sets from the same or different imaging modalities possibly taken at different times. In the context of medical imaging and in particular image-guided therapy, the registration problem consists of finding automated methods that align multiple data sets with each other and with the patient. We propose a method of elastic registration based on the Monge-Kantorovich problem of optimal mass transport.
Introduction to Gravitational Waves

We present an introductory description of the production, propagation and detection of gravitational radiation in an astrophysical settings.
Ontology-Supported Portal Architecture for Scholar's Webpages

This paper proposed an ontology-supported portal architecture: OntoPortal, which can integrate both internal components ontology-supported crawler and classifier to concern both mechanisms of precise searching and fast query of portals. The preliminarily experimental outcomes proved the technology proposed in this paper to be able to really up-rise the precision, recall rates of webpage searching, achieve the regular-level outcomes of webpage classification, and accordingly proved the feasibility of this architecture.
Integrative Review of Research Related to Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness:

Since 1978 when Margaret Newman first introduced her theory of health as expanding consciousness, the theory has been widely expanded upon by Newman and nursing scholars around the world. This manuscript provides an integrative review of research related to the theory of health as expanding consciousness and analyzes strengths, limitations, and directions for the future. A consistent method of praxis within a unitary, participatory worldview was found. Health as expanding consciousness praxis provides a lens for guiding and interpreting meaning and has cross-cultural appeal and utility.
Design and analysis of a current-mode controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid

This paper presents the design and analysis of a current-mode controlled battery/ultracapacitor hybrid operated with a pulsed power load. The system Ragone-type plot is constructed based on the steady-state analysis for power and efficiency design and optimization. The closed-loop control system is derived from a small-signal analysis for a compensator design to improve the steady-state accuracy and transient characteristics. The designed system allows the battery to be operated at a low-level constant current for a better cycle life, while the ultracapacitor, paralleled with the load, "free-wheels" a large current to enhance the power. The compensator is a simple proportional controller that can eliminate potential instabilities resulted from the high resistance mode of the battery.
In vivo antioxidant gene expression in human airway epithelium of normal individuals exposed to 100% O2

Human bronchial epithelium is exquisitely sensitive to high O2 levels, with tracheobronchitis usually developing after 12 h of exposure to 100% O2. To evaluate whether this vulnerability results from inability of the bronchial epithelium to provide adequate antioxidant protection, we quantified antioxidant gene expression in bronchial epithelium of normal volunteers at baseline and after exposure to 100% O2 in vivo. After 14.8 +/- 0.2 h of 100% O2, 24 of 33 individuals had evidence of tracheobronchitis. Baseline gene expression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD), MnSOD, and catalase in bronchial epithelium was very low (CuZnSOD 4.1 +/- 0.8 transcripts/cell, MnSOD 5.1 +/- 0.9, catalase 1.3 +/- 0.2), with control gamma-actin expression relatively abundant (50 +/- 6 transcripts/cell). Importantly, despite 100% O2 exposure sufficient to cause tracheobronchitis in most individuals, antioxidant mRNA transcripts/cell in bronchial epithelium did not increase (P > 0.5). Catalase activity in bronchial epithelium did not change after exposure to hyperoxia (P > 0.05). Total SOD activity increased mildly (P < 0.01) but not sufficiently to protect the epithelium. Together, the very low levels of expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and the inability to upregulate expression at the mRNA level with oxidant stress likely have a role in human airway epithelium susceptibility to hyperoxia.
Effects of oxygen on mouse embryonic stem cell growth, phenotype retention, and cellular energetics.

Most embryonic stem (ES) cell research is performed with a gas phase oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ) of 142 mmHg, whereas embryonic cells in early development are exposed to pO 2 values of 0-30 mmHg. To understand effects of these differences, we studied murine ES (mES) growth, maintenance of stem cell phenotype, and cell energetics over a pO 2 range of 0-285 mmHg, in the presence or absence of differentiation-suppressing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). With LIF, growth rate was sensitive to pO 2 but constant with time, and expression of self-renewal transcription factors decreased at extremes of pO 2 . Subtle morphological changes suggested some early differentiation, but cells retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers at low pO 2 . Without LIF, growth rate decreased with time, and self-renewal transcription factor mRNA decreased further. Gross morphological changes occurred, and overt differentiation occurred at all pO 2 . These findings suggested that hypoxia in the presence of LIF promoted limited early differentiation. ES cells survived oxygen starvation with negligible cell death by increasing anaerobic metabolism within 48 h of anoxic exposure. Decreasing pO 2 to 36 mmHg or lower decreased oxygen consumption rate and increased lactate production rate. The fraction of ATP generated aerobically was 60% at or above 142 mmHg and decreased to 0% under anoxia, but the total ATP production rate remained nearly constant at all pO 2 . In conclusion, undifferentiated ES cells adapt their energy metabolism to proliferate at all pO 2 between 0 and 285 mmHg. Oxygen has minimal effects on undifferentiated cell growth and phenotype, but may exert more substantial effects under differentiating conditions.
Preliminary correlations of feature strength in spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy of bioaerosols with concentrations measured in laboratory analyses

We present preliminary results that show good correlation between elemental compositions of three bioaerosol samples, as measured in the laboratory by combustion analysis and with proton-induced x-ray emission and spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy signals integrated over the entire emission time profiles. Atomic (Ca, Al, Fe, and Si) and molecular features (CN, N2 +, and OH) were observed compared to the laboratory data.
Evaluation of Peracid Activated Organophosphates in Studies of Insecticide Resistance Conferred by Insensitive Acetylcholinesterases

Peracid activated organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were evaluated against electric eel and a range of insect acetylcholinesterases (AChE). Incubation of chlorpyrifos and sulprofos with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) produced active metabolites capable of distinguishing between AChE enzymes conferring OP susceptibility and resistance in populations of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hubner. These products were also active against enzymes present in the lygus bug Lygus hesperus Knight and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. Although profenofos was active against electric eel AChE, incubation of the OP with MCPBA did not enhance its anti-AChE properties toward the eel or insect AChEs.
Calcium Mediation of Cytokinin-Induced Cell Division

Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that are defined by their ability, in the presence of optimal auxin, to initiate cell division in tobacco pith culture (Skoog et al., 1965). For a variety of reasons it seems plausible that cytokinins exert at least part of their effect through modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i.). An argument in favor of this hypothesis can be made by integrating the literature on cytokinin stimulation cell division, mitotic regulation by Ca2+, and cytokinin modulation of Ca2+ uptake. In addition, there is strong evidence that cytokinins stimulate an asymmetrical division in Funaria by increasing [Ca2+]i (Saunders and Hepler, 1981, 1982, 1983).
Associations Between Infant Negative Affect and Parent Anxiety Symptoms are Bidirectional: Evidence from Mothers and Fathers

Little is known about child-based effects on parents' anxiety symptoms early in life despite the possibility that child characteristics may contribute to the quality of the early environment and children's own long-term risk for psychological disorder. We examined bidirectional effects between parent anxiety symptoms and infant negative affect using a prospective adoption design. Infant negative affect and adoptive parent anxiety symptoms were assessed at child ages 9, 18, and 27 months. Birth parent negative affect was assessed at child age 18 months. More anxiety symptoms in adoptive parents at child age 9 months predicted more negative affect in infants 9 months later. More infant negative affect at child age 9 months predicted more anxiety symptoms in adoptive parents 18 months later. Patterns of results did not differ for adoptive mothers and adoptive fathers. Birth parent negative affect was unrelated to infant or adoptive parent measures. Consistent with expectations, associations between infant negative affect and rearing parents' anxiety symptoms appear to be bidirectional. In addition to traditional parent-to-child effects, our results suggest that infants' characteristics may contribute to parent qualities that are known to impact childhood outcomes.
Optimizing insecticide allocation strategies based on houses and livestock shelters for visceral leishmaniasis control in Bihar, India

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most deadly form of the leishmaniasis family of diseases, which affects numerous developing countries. The Indian state of Bihar has the highest prevalence and mortality rate of VL in the world. Insecticide spraying is believed to be an effective vector control program for controlling the spread of VL in Bihar; however, it is expensive and less effective if not implemented systematically. This study develops and analyzes a novel optimization model for VL control in Bihar that identifies an optimal (best possible) allocation of chosen insecticide (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] or deltamethrin) based on the sizes of human and cattle populations in the region. The model maximizes the insecticide-induced sandfly death rate in human and cattle dwellings while staying within the current state budget for VL vector control efforts. The model results suggest that deltamethrin might not be a good replacement for DDT because the insecticide-induced sandfly deaths are 3.72 times more in case of DDT even after 90 days post spray. Different insecticide allocation strategies between the two types of sites (houses and cattle sheds) are suggested based on the state VL-control budget and have a direct implication on VL elimination efforts in a resource-limited region.
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Condom Use Among Female US High School Students: Implications for Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention

Importance Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), specifically intrauterine devices and implants, offers an unprecedented opportunity to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents because it is highly effective even with typical use. However, adolescent LARC users may be less likely to use condoms for preventing sexually transmitted infections compared with users of moderately effective contraceptive methods (ie, oral, Depo-Provera injection, patch, and ring contraceptives). Objective To compare condom use between sexually active female LARC users and users of moderately effective contraceptive methods. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a nationally representative sample of US high school students in grades 9 through 12. Descriptive analyses were conducted among sexually active female students (n = 2288); logistic regression analyses were restricted to sexually active female users of LARC and moderately effective contraception (n = 619). The analyses were conducted in July and August 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Contraceptive method at last sexual intercourse was assessed by 1 item—respondents could select birth control pills; condoms; an intrauterine device or implant; injection, patch, or ring; withdrawal or other method; or not sure. A separate item asked whether respondents used a condom at last sexual intercourse. We created an indicator variable to distinguish those reporting use of (1) LARC (intrauterine device or implant), (2) oral contraceptives, and (3) Depo-Provera, patch, or ring. Results Among the 2288 sexually active female participants (56.7% white; 33.6% in 12th grade), 1.8% used LARC; 5.7% used Depo-Provera, patch, or ring; 22.4% used oral contraceptives; 40.8% used condoms; 11.8% used withdrawal or other method; 15.7% used no contraceptive method; and 1.9% were not sure. In adjusted analyses, LARC users were about 60% less likely to use condoms compared with oral contraceptive users (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.84). No significant differences in condom use were observed between LARC users and Depo-Provera injection, patch, or ring users (aPR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.26-1.25). The LARC users were more than twice as likely to have 2 or more recent sexual partners compared with oral contraceptive users (aPR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.75-3.90) and Depo-Provera, patch, or ring users (aPR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.17-5.67). Conclusions and Relevance Observed differences in condom use may reflect motivations to use condoms for backup pregnancy prevention. Users of highly effective LARC methods may no longer perceive a need for condoms even if they have multiple sexual partners, which places them at risk for sexually transmitted infections. As uptake of LARC increases among adolescents, a clear need exists to incorporate messages about condom use specifically for sexually transmitted infection prevention.
Effects of Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) on Mitosis.

SummaryIntraperitoneal injections of urethane (1 cc of a 10% aqueous solution per 100 g of body weight) almost wholly does away with all stages of mitosis for a period of 8 to 12 hours, judging fro...
Using Symmetric Prediction of Endogenous Subgroups for Causal Inferences About Program Effects Under Robust Assumptions Part Two of a Method Note in Three Parts

To answer “what works?” questions about policy interventions based on an experimental design, Peck (2003) proposes to use baseline characteristics to symmetrically divide treatment and control group members into subgroups defined by endogenously determined postrandom assignment events. Symmetric prediction of these subgroups in both experimental arms ensures the internal validity of the subgroup impacts estimates but leaves the external validity of the findings in doubt. A final step of the procedure solves for impacts on actual subgroups using a system of equations that is underidentified without further assumptions. We address these assumptions by first extending the methodology to encompass three rather than two endogenous subgroups and then proposing plausible assumptions for deriving impacts for actual endogenous subgroups. We also consider how the first-stage prediction process can be structured to better support the accuracy of the assumptions.
Ion Clustering in Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Benzylmethyl Containing Poly(arylene ether ketone)s

Quaternary ammonium functionalized poly(arylene ether ketone)s (QA-PAEKs) with mass-based ion exchange capacities (IECg) ranging from 1.12 to 2.88 mequiv g–1 were synthesized via condensation polymerization of a newly designed highly benzylmethylated bisphenol, subsequent bromination of the benzylmethyl groups, and then quaternization with trimethylamine. The quaternary ammonium groups were densely and selectively anchored on the bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dimethylphenylmethane residues in the QA-PAEK backbone. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to confirm the chemical structure of the samples. The morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, water uptake, swelling ratio, and bromide (Br–) conductivity of the QA-PAEK membranes were investigated. It was found that QA-PAEK samples had much higher Br– conductivity than a randomly functionalized quaternary ammonium ...
Using the Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival Approach to Access Aneurysms Arising from AICA, PICA, and Vertebral Artery: An Anatomical Study.

Objective To explore the use of the endoscopic endonasal transclival approach (EEA) for clipping anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), and vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms. Design Anatomical study. Participants Fifteen adult cadavers. Main Outcome Measures Length of artery exposed and distance from the nasal ala to the arteries. Results The length of the right and left VA exposed were 1.7 ± 0.6 cm and 1.6 ± 0.6 cm, respectively. The distance to the right VA was 11.1 ± 0.9 cm and to the left was 11.1 ± 0.8 cm. Right and left AICA were exposed for an average length of 1.1 ± 0.3 cm and 0.8 ± 0.3 cm, respectively. The distance to the right AICA was 10.3 ± 0.8 cm and to the left was 10.3 ± 0.8 cm. The right PICA was exposed for a length of 0.5 ± 0.2 cm at a distance of 10.9 ± 0.5 cm. The left PICA was exposed for a length of 0.5 ± 0.2 cm at a distance of 11.1 ± 0.9 cm. Conclusion The EEA can provide direct access to AICA, PICA, and VA, making it a potential alternative to the traditional approaches for the clipping of aneurysms arising from those arteries.
FBXO10 deficiency and BTK activation upregulate BCL2 expression in mantle cell lymphoma

Targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) by ibrutinib is an effective treatment for patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, both primary and acquired resistance to ibrutinib have developed in a significant number of these patients. A combinatory strategy targeting multiple oncogenic pathways is critical to enhance the efficacy of ibrutinib. Here, we focus on the BCL2 anti-apoptotic pathway. In a tissue microarray of 62 MCL samples, BCL2 expression positively correlated with BTK expression. Increased levels of BCL2 were shown to be due to a defect in protein degradation because of no or little expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO10, as well as transcriptional upregulation through BTK-mediated canonical nuclear factor-κB activation. RNA-seq analysis confirmed that a set of anti-apoptotic genes (for example, BCL2, BCL-XL and DAD1) was downregulated by BTK short hairpin RNA. The downregulated genes also included those that are critical for B-cell growth and proliferation, such as BCL6, MYC, PIK3CA and BAFF-R. Targeting BCL2 by the specific inhibitor ABT-199 synergized with ibrutinib in inhibiting growth of both ibrutinib-sensitive and -resistant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest co-targeting of BTK and BCL2 as a new therapeutic strategy in MCL, especially for patients with primary resistance to ibrutinib.
Transvenous Vena Caval Filtration and Pulmonary Embolectomy

The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism can be made accurately using angiographic and radioisotopic techniques. Utilizing hemodynamic data, it is possible to classify patients with pulmonary embolism into five groups, which is helpful for planning therapy and assessing prognosis. Surgery for pulmonary embolism has evolved to include intraluminal methods of vena caval filtration for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism and transvenous extraction of pulmonary emboli. Though the majority of patients surviving pulmonary embolism can be managed medically with anticoagulation, a significant number will require surgical intervention. The development of transvenous methods allows effective emergency management of major pulmonary embolism, even in hospitals that do not have the capability for cardiopulmonary bypass.
Anger, Revolution, and Romanticism: Burke, Coleridge, and the rage for indignation

In his 1796 Letters … on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France , an exasperated Edmund Burke looks back on the long series of outrages that for him have constituted the French Revolution, and asks his readers to suppose for a moment that all of these things had occurred in England's green and pleasant land: Should we not obtest Heaven, and whatever justice is yet on Earth? Oppression makes wise men mad; but their distemper is still the madness of the wise, which is better than the sobriety of fools. Their cry is the voice of sacred misery, exalted, not into wild raving, but into the sanctified phrensy of prophecy and inspiration – in that bitterness of soul, in that indignation of suffering virtue, in the exaltation of despair, would not persecuted English loyalty cry out, with an awful warning voice, and denounce the destruction that waits on Monarchs? … Would not this warm language of high indignation have more of sound reason in it, more of real affection, more of true attachment, than all the lullabies of flatterers, who would hush Monarchs to sleep in the arms of death? As both disquisition upon and exemplification of the complex discourse of political anger during the 1790s, this passage is particularly revealing. Burke writes here in a high Juvenalian style, associating angry rhetoric with wisdom, virtue, and sincerity, and setting it against foolish moderation and deceitful flattery.
Platelet thrombospondin interactions with human high and low molecular weight kininogens.

Multifunctional proteins, e.g. high molecular weight kininogen (HK, 120 kDa) and the homotrimer, thrombospondin (TSP, 540 kDa), which have more than one domain on a single polypeptide chain, are particularly well-suited to be structural elements of extracellular matrices because of their ability to bind to several macromolecules. We now demonstrate that 125I-high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) cleaved by purified kallikrein forms a complex with purified intact platelet TSP (540 kDa). HK also complexed with a proteolytic fragment (450 kDa) of TSP, lacking its three identical heparin-binding domains (HBD, 30 kDa), but failed to bind to a more extensively proteolysed molecule (210 kDa) lacking the C-terminal globular domain indicating that the binding on TSP-450 kDa is confined to the C-terminus. The binding of HK to intact TSP and to its 450 kDa fragment was of high affinity (Kd = 17-52 nM), specific, concentration dependent and saturable. Furthermore, we found both forms of the light chain (LC) of HK (56 and 46 kDa) resulting from cleavage by plasma kallikrein bound to both intact TSP and HBD independent of the presence of calcium ions. However, neither the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) C11C1 on domain 5 nor the prekallikrein binding site on domain 6 are involved, suggesting that the intervening proline-rich region may be the site of interaction. The heavy chain (HC) of HK required ionized calcium to bind to intact TSP or its 450 kDa homotrimer fragment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cyber warfare as a form of low intensity conflict

Cyber warfare describes the technologies, techniques, concepts, and strategies of using computers as agents of conflict and combat. Hidden behind the ultimate ubiquity of computing and computer communications is the pervasive and strategic utilization of computers. Computers facilitate and make possible everything from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to the high speed rapid response of troops responding within the network centric warfare paradigm. Often maligned as non-kinetic and of limited strategic value cyber warfare is the utilization of the computing and communications infrastructure to coordinate, communicate, and collaborate in the active pursuit of issues of national interest. Unlike other shifts in the paradigm of national power only cyber warfare has the capability to empower insurgencies, destabilize economies, and negate national force projection strategies at little cost to the adversary and with a high preponderance of success and little risk to the actors.
The Repeated Evolution of Behavior

A major tool in the evolutionary biologist’s kit is to study the repeated emergence of certain biological traits. Employment of this tool has allowed substantial recent advances to be made in understanding the adaptive molecular basis of certain key biological traits. However behavior, one life’s most pervasive and complex traits, is not one. Here we review the concepts of repeated evolution and how they apply to behavior. We assess the distribution and evolutionary dynamics of known cases of repeated behavioral evolution and examine their prospects for success in identifying the genetic and mechanistic bases of behavior. We propose that studying adaptive radiations, such as that seen amongst the cichlids of Lake Malawi, will likely yield results quickly due to the tractability of genetic and comparative analyses. Finally we suggest some possible scenarios that might be observed in the pursuit of the adaptive molecular basis of behavior and advocate for research on a diverse number of case studies of behavioral evolution, allowing for a knowledge base from which general principles of behavioral evolution might be gleaned.
Use of simulation training to prepare pharmacy residents for medical emergencies.

Purpose The use of high-fidelity simulation training for preparing pharmacy residents for various high-stress and high-impact medical emergencies and the impact of this training on pharmacy residents’ perception of preparedness are described. Summary During the 2015–16 residency year at the University of Kentucky Medical Center, simulation training, in addition to lecture-based orientation training, was chosen as a method to reinforce skills and knowledge learned throughout the orientation, before residents began working on-call shifts. Three different simulation exercises were developed to cover five selected topics over the course of 3 different days: sepsis as its own session, a surgical-themed session combining bleeding reversal and malignant hyperthermia, and a neurologic-themed session combining stroke and status epilepticus. Postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) specialty residents in critical care and emergency medicine helped facilitate the cases. The specialty residents played the role of the physician or nurse for the case and were allowed to answer questions asked of the pharmacy residents, appropriate to their respective roles. Following completion of the simulation exercise, a survey tool was sent to pharmacy residents to rate their perception of preparedness before and after the training for each scenario and again at 6 months after the simulation training to assess sustainability of the training. Participants generally responded that the simulations met their expectations and that the PGY2 residents facilitated the simulations fairly well (scores of 68.5–80 on a scale of 0–100). The resident-reported that beneficial effects of simulation training persisted at 6 months following the simulation exercises. Conclusion Simulation training increased pharmacy residents’ self-reported preparedness for high-stress, high-impact clinical scenarios and medical emergencies.
IGF1 Shapes Macrophage Activation in Response to Immunometabolic Challenge

In concert with their phagocytic activity, macrophages are thought to regulate the host immunometabolic responses primarily via their ability to produce specific cytokines and metabolites. Here, we show that IL-4-differentiated, M2-like macrophages secrete IGF1, a hormone previously thought to be exclusively produced from liver. Ablation of IGF1 receptors from myeloid cells reduced phagocytosis, increased macrophages in adipose tissue, elevated adiposity, lowered energy expenditure, and led to insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. The investigation of adipose macrophage phenotype in obese myeloid IGF1R knockout (MIKO) mice revealed a reduction in transcripts associated with M2-like macrophage activation. Furthermore, the MIKO mice infected with helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis displayed delayed resolution from infection with normal insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, cold challenge did not trigger an overt M2-like state and failed to induce tyrosine hydroxylase expression in adipose tissue macrophages of control or MIKO mice. These results show that IGF1 signaling shapes the macrophage-activation phenotype.
A novel host factor for human respiratory syncytial virus

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe lower respiratory disease in young children worldwide. As part of a genome-wide siRNA screen, we recently discovered that actin-related protein 2 (ARP2) is a host factor in the RSV replication cycle. ARP2 is a major constituent of the ARP2/3 complex, which catalyzes actin polymerization involved in cell morphology and motility. In the course of investigating this finding, we also found that RSV infection of human lung epithelial A459 cells induced filopodia formation and stimulated cell motility. The increase in filopodia formation was due, at least in part, to the expression of the RSV fusion F protein. Filopodia formation and increased cell motility appeared to shuttle RSV particles to nearby uninfected cells, facilitating virus cell-to-cell spread. ARP2 depletion did not reduce RSV entry or gene expression early in infection, but reduced subsequent virus production, filopodia formation, cell motility, and viral spread. Thus, the RSV F protein, ARP2-mediated actin nucleation, filopodia formation, and cell mobility all contribute to previously unrecognized mechanisms for RSV cell-to-cell spread that may promote RSV pathogenesis.
Privacy and mHealth: How Mobile Health 'Apps' Fit into a Privacy Framework Not Limited to HIPAA

The iPhone changed the world. On June 28, 2007, the iPhone first made it possible to carry in your pocket what amounted to a mini-computer. It was obvious from the start that this device would now connect us to our work, our friends, our families, and, more generally, to the information age. What was somewhat less obvious in 2007 was that this little device would change the way we were connected to ourselves and, in particular, our bodies and our health. The iPhone, and now smartphones of many types, not only connect us to one another and each of us to our physical health and our health care providers, but potentially they also connect our physical health to everyone else. This revolution is now popularly referred to as mobile health, or “mHealth.” The iPhone, and successors like Android and Samsung Galaxy, ushered in a new age in which privacy is being redefined. Privacy law analysis relevant to mHealth is often framed in terms of whether the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) applies to an app. Although the federal health privacy statute is certainly central to many mHealth privacy inquiries, the applicable legal landscape, in fact, consists of a patchwork of privacy protections, some health-sector-specific and some not. This Article identifies how the various privacy problems relevant to mHealth have been and continue to be addressed. In addition, we offer analysis of mHealth apps by analyzing the privacy problems relevant to the different types of mHealth products. Finally, we offer commentary on what the future holds for mHealth's privacy law protections.
Perennial wheat lines have highly admixed population structure and elevated rates of outcrossing

Perennial wheat has been proposed to alleviate long standing issues with soil erosion in annual cropping systems, while supporting rural communities and providing grain farmers with a marketable climate-resilient crop. The Washington State University perennial wheat breeding program has created several hundred interspecific progeny by crossing several different cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with Thinopyrum species and × Agrotriticum spp. Prior to the chromosome composition of these wheat-wheatgrass derivatives was not characterized, limiting their utility as stable breeding germplasm. We determined the mitotic chromosome number and species origin of chromosomes for eight breeding lines, and estimated their relatedness and population structure using AFLPs. Additionally, self-pollination and outcrossing rates were estimated for these breeding lines to gain an understanding of perennial wheat’s reproductive strategy. We intercrossed the lines with each other to produce 20 families and then measured the level of chromosome pairing during meiosis I in the F1 progeny. The lines contained between 44 and 64 chromosomes, of which eight to 16 were from Th. ponticum. Our analysis of molecular diversity indicated greater genetic diversity within, rather than across, breeding lines (88 and 12%, respectively). The outcrossing rate was estimated at 16%. Understanding chromosome number and origin is necessary for developing a population of breeding lines that can be used as parents. Our results suggest that the perennial wheat breeding lines act as a single diverse population that can be improved using breeding strategies for inbred and outcrossing crops.
Relationship between phase I study duration and symptom burden

Phase I clinical trials are critical to development of cancer therapeutics. Adverse events (AEs) and symptom burden contribute to early treatment withdrawal, and it is often difficult to ascertain whether these events are disease- or treatment-related. Regardless, early withdrawal may delay determination of the effectiveness of potential new therapies. We sought to characterize the reasons for early treatment termination to identify potential modifiable events. A retrospective chart review was conducted on solid tumor patients enrolled in institutional phase I clinical trials from 2003 to 2013 through the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center. Two hundred fifty-five patients were included in the analysis. The mean duration on study was 78.4 days (SD 63.4 days), and 23% of the patients were on study ≤ 30 days. Patients experienced an average of 25.1 AEs, of which 46.9% were non-laboratory. Constitutional symptoms (29.3%), gastrointestinal symptoms (24%), and pain (12.8%) were the most common non-laboratory AEs. Disease progression (57.6%) was the most common reason for study discontinuation, followed by adverse events (16.5%). Approximately 13% of the patients discontinued treatment for other reasons, of which 41.7% were identified as related to symptom burden on further review. Increased rates of AEs negatively correlated with duration on study (r = − 0.331; p < 0.01). AEs may lead to early termination of trial participation and confound clinical assessment of investigational treatments. Designing interventions to reduce AE burden may extend duration on trial, affect the recommended phase II dose, and benefit the quality of life of participants on phase I trials.
Stimulants Do Not Increase the Risk of Seizure-Related Hospitalizations in Children with Epilepsy

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the safety of stimulants in children with epilepsy. Methods: In a retrospective cohort study based on Medicaid Analytic eXtract billing records from 26 U.S. states from 1999 to 2010, we identified incident stimulant use among children with epilepsy through outpatient encounter claims and pharmacy claims. We established a control group of nonusers and used frequency matching to generate index dates. We followed both cohorts for 12 months and calculated hazard ratios [HRs] of current and former use of stimulants versus no use on the outcome of seizure-related hospitalization using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results: We identified 18,166 stimulant users and 54,197 nonusers in children with epilepsy. The incidence of seizure-related hospitalization in current stimulant users, former users, and nonusers was 3.6, 3.5, and 4.3 per 100 patient-years. After adjustment for confounders, we found current and former use of stimulants did not increase seizure-related ho...
Theoretical analysis of nonlinear surface wave absorbing metasurfaces

In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis and discussion of the fundamental principles of nonlinear surface wave absorbers, in which ideal diodes are used to rectify surface currents to produce nonlinear harmonic terms including DC, and higher order modes (2f0, and 4f0, …). Interestingly, we find rectification converts most of the power to DC that can be completely absorbed by resistance in the surface, leading to advantages of nonlinear absorbers over conventional linear surface wave absorbers in both bandwidth and attenuation. We demonstrate the full-wave rectification case, and diode-rectifier-based nonlinear absorbing metasurfaces possess obvious advantages and can exceed the performance of linear absorbers, which relates the bandwidth and attenuation rate to the substrate thickness. For nonlinear metasurfaces, even with very thin substrates (for instance 0.35 mm thickness which is λ0/143 for center frequency 6 GHz), we can potentially achieve more than 60% relative bandwidth, three times of that in linear metasurfaces. To visualize the practical working mechanism, the distributed nonlinear network using ideal diode model is presented, and the full-wave simulations are demonstrated with nonlinear advantages. Differences between the theoretical case and practical case are addressed as well.
Complication Rates and Short-Term Outcomes After Operative Hammertoe Correction in Older Patients.

Background:Hammertoe deformities are the most common lesser toe deformity. To date, no studies have looked at outcomes of operative management in the geriatric population, which may be at greater r...
Dendrimer-based Nanoparticle for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency

Dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated with DyLight680 (DL680) dye and its corresponding europium conjugated dendrimer, DL680-Eu-G5PAMAM, to study the effect of europium on the current and voltage characteristics of the DL680 dye sensitized solar cell. The dye samples were characterized by using Absorption Spectroscopy, Emission Spectroscopy, Fluorescence lifetime and Fourier Transform Infrared measurements. Transmission electron microscopy imaging was carried out on the DL680-Eu-G5PAMAM dye and DL680-Eu-G5PAMAM dye sensitized titanium dioxide nanoparticles to analyze the size of the dye molecules and examine the interaction of the dye with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The DL680-Eu-G5PAMAM dye sensitized solar cells demonstrated an enhanced solar-to-electric energy conversion of 0.32% under full light illumination (100 mWcm−2, AM 1.5 Global) in comparison with that of DL680 dye sensitized cells which recorded an average solar-to-electric energy conversion of only 0.19%. The improvement of the efficiency could be due to the presence of the europium that enhances the propensity of dye to absorb sunlight.
Management of Bilateral Ectopic Pregnancies after Ovulation Induction Using Unilateral Salpingectomy and Methotrexate for the Remaining Ectopic with Subsequent Intrauterine Pregnancy

Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare phenomenon which is found with increased frequency when using assisted reproductive technology (ART). This diagnosis is most often made incidentally and intraoperatively, as ultrasound and serial β-hCG trends have shown poor efficacy for accurate diagnosis. Management of bilateral ectopic pregnancies is most commonly reported using bilateral surgical removal of the ectopic pregnancy (salpingostomy and/or salpingectomy). We present a case of an ART patient with incidentally found bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancies, where multiple management strategies including medical and surgical techniques were used concurrently which resulted in a subsequent spontaneous intrauterine pregnancy. While the standard of care is difficult to establish, we recommend individualizing management decisions based on the patient’s reproductive goals and overall risk profile.
n-Butane hydrogenolysis over silica-supported RuCu catalysts

Abstract The hydrogenolysis of n -butane was studied over silica-supported ruthenium and a series of ruthenium-copper catalysts of varying copper content. The catalytic activity and the product selectivities were determined in the temperature range of 413–493 K. The turnover frequency based on the amount of ruthenium at the surface did not vary with copper content, indicating that geometric or ensemble effects were absent. Reaction products were formed via terminal, internal, and multiple carbon-carbon bond scission reactions of the parent molecule. Multiple carbon-carbon bond scission reactions of the adsorbed intermediate which increase the selectivity for lower hydrocarbons have been noted even at the lowest temperature studied. With higher reaction temperatures, the rate of the multiple scission reactions dominated the product selectivities. It is proposed that copper deposited on the ruthenium particles changes the product selectivities by two mechanisms. First, copper decreases the number of multiple splitting reactions by enhancing the desorption rate of the hydrogenolysis products. Second, copper increases the propensity of the hydrogenolysis reaction for a single internal scission reaction, favoring the formation of ethane. The first mechanism is suggested to involve weakly bound hydrogen on the surface which is affected by the presence of copper at the surface of the metal particle. The second mechanism is proposed to involve either a minor electronic interaction between ruthenium and copper or the unique ability of copper to interact strongly with hydrogen but only weakly with carbon, or both.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty

The robotic platform has helped to bridge the gap between open and conventional laparoscopic surgery and has allowed the surgeons to overcome the difficulties of intricate suturing, tissue handling, and learning curve. Robotic pyeloplasty is the commonest procedure performed in the realm of robotic pediatric urology among the others like ureteric reimplantation, heminephrectomy, appendicovesicostomy, and cystoplasty. The key steps for successful completion are case selection, positioning, and port placement. Use of the UPJ as handle facilitates the anastomosis without much handling of the ureter during the anastomosis. The placement of cutaneous pyeloureteral (C-PU) stent avoids the second anesthesia for removal and does not have associated bleeding during placement, as experienced with nephroureteral stent. The outcomes are equivalent compared to open approach and have reduced morbidity. The system in its current stage is not tailored to meet the demands and requirements of pediatric application and requires further refinements and miniaturization.
Chemical hardness — A historical introduction

A brief account is given of the origin and early development of the idea of hardness, introduced to chemistry as hard and soft Lewis acids and bases. There is also a discussion of the merging of this early view of hardness with the modern definition, based on density functional theory.
Heart and Shield Family Violence Prevention Program

Children exposed to domestic violence (DV) inadvertently learn behaviors that make them more likely to become victims and/or perpetrators later in life unless they learn skills to address childhood trauma. This article discusses how two rural community needs assessments identified that DV prevention was a high-priority issue, the effects of DV on youth mental and physical health, and the resulting Heart and Shield Family Violence Prevention Program, a Cooperative Extension program designed to strengthen family relationships and break the cycle of violence. Implications for practice include helping youth build healthy relationships, incorporating DV awareness training in staff/volunteer professional development, collaborating with community partners, and advocating for programs that teach positive parent-child interactions.