cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Causal Assessment of Estuarine Fishkills Using Graphical Models

It is not possible to determine the causal relationship between fishkills and the toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, using observational data on these two variables alone. However, consideration of a third variable, indicating the presence of a broader class of more easily measured Pfiesteria-like organisms (PLOs), leads to causal model structures from which the nature of this relationship can be distinguished. We use reported field data to evaluate alternative models and find that the suggestion that toxic Pfiesteria cause fishkills is inconsistent with observation. The data are more indicative of a model in which PLOs (including potentially toxic Pfiesteria) are stimulated to become actively toxic by the presence of already dead or dying fish. Laboratory experiments performed to date do not provide evidence contradictory to this finding. However, neither can the existence of a common cause of both Pfiesteria toxicity and fishkills be ruled out. The differing implications for ecosystem management suggest that these causal associations should be further investigated through additional modeling and data collection efforts. Graphical methods of model construction and evaluation can assist in this process.
A comparison of three clinic-based AIDS education programs on female adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior

Abstract Health providers are becoming increasingly aware that adolescents are a population at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and have identified education as essential for prevention. This study evaluates three clinic-based programs designed to determine the effects of education on knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS and condom acquisition. Seventy-five sexually active females attending adolescent health clinics were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) controls (C) receiving no education; 2) education (E) alone consisting of a brief lecture on AIDS; and 3) enhanced education (EE) where the lecture was provided as well as a videotape describing the importance of condom use. All participants completed the AIDS Knowledge Questionnaire —Revised, the AIDS Attitude Survey, a self-report measure of condom use and received a coupon that could be exchanged for free condoms from the hospital pharmacy. A significant effect was found for knowledge, where both E and EE were superior to controls ( p p
The natural history of the external carotid artery after carotid endarterectomy: implications for management.

Purpose : Most surgeons perform some type of endarterectomy of the external carotid artery (ECA) routinely during standard carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This approach has been shown to result in a small percentage of ECA occlusions, the clinical significance of which remains poorly understood. We have modified our approach to the management of the ECA during standard CEA by averting any attempt at external CEA. To evaluate the natural history of the untreated ECA after CEA, we reviewed the preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up duplex scans obtained from 232 CEAs over the past 4 years. Methods : Preoperative and postoperative carotid artery duplex examinations with specific evaluation of the extent of ECA stenosis were available for review on 114 CEAs performed between January 1991 and July 1994. All CEAs were performed for internal carotid artery stenosis greater than 75% as determined by duplex scanning, which was confirmed by either contrast arteriography or magnetic resonance angiography. Results : Seventy-three (64.0%) procedures were performed for symptomatic lesions, whereas 41 (36.0%) were performed for asymptomatic stenosis. There were no perioperative strokes or transient ischemic attacks in this group, and there was one postoperative death (0.9%). Short- and intermediate-term follow-up demonstrated insignificant changes in ECA diameter after operation, with no cases of ECA occlusion and only five cases progressing to greater than 75% on the 1-year follow up duplex examination. Conclusion : We conclude from these data that averting external CEA during standard CEA does not results in signifcant progression of ECA stenosis or occlusion.
On a quasi-regular Lagrange problem

Abstract Following a historical trail that begins with J. Radon's 1910 dissertation, one is led, almost perchance, to a non-trivial Lagrange problem which displays a number of remarkable features: it is quasi-regular, an explicit representation of its extremals can be obtained by simple integrations, it admits—in spite of having transcendental constraints—linear variations, and, finally, its extremals do not even yield a weak extremum.
Multiple-ligand binding in CYP2A6: probing mechanisms of cytochrome P450 cooperativity by assessing substrate dynamics.

The contribution of ligand dynamics to CYP allosterism has not been considered in detail. On the basis of a previous study, we hypothesized that CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 accommodate multiple xylene ligands. As a result, the intramolecular (kH/kD)obs values observed for some xylene isomers are expected to be dependent on ligand concentration with contributions from [CYP·xylene] and [CYP·xylene·xylene], etc. To explore this possibility and the utility of kinetic isotope effects in characterizing allosteric CYP behavior, steady state kinetics, product ratios, and (kH/kD)obs values for CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 oxidation of m-xylene-α-2H3 and p-xylene-α-2H3 were determined. Evidence is presented that CYP2A6 accommodates multiple ligands and that intramolecular isotope effect experiments can provide insight into the mechanisms of multiple-ligand binding. CYP2A6 exhibited cooperative kinetics for m-xylene-α-2H3 oxidation and a concentration-dependent decrease in the m-methylbenzylalcohol:2,4-dimethylphenol product ratio (9.8 ...
Junctions in vapor-grown germanium

The "closed-tube" process for the epitaxial vapor growth of Ge by the Ge-I 2 disproportionation reaction has the advantage of ease of tending and high purity. The "open-tube" process offers more flexibility in doping and better thickness control. In either case, the Ge produced is comparable in most respects to melt-grown Ge and is suitable for device applications. Alloyed and diffused junctions in vapor-grown Ge are equivalent to similar junctions in melt-grown Ge. Junctions grown from the vapor are not always similar to junctions grown from the melt; for example, impurity concentration gradients may be varied more widely. Because of the relatively low temperatures involved and the growth mechanism itself, various kinds of masking and matrix formation are feasible.
Perceptions of Romantic Relationships in Adult Children of Divorce

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of parental divorce on an individual's current perceptions of romantic relationships. Although many studies have examined the effects of divorce, very few scholars distinguish between individuals who have experienced one parental divorce and individuals who have experienced multiple parental divorces. The limited body of research on multiple transitions notes that divorce is most disruptive for those who experience multiple parental divorce. Participants included 50 individuals aged 18 to 50 experiencing at least 1 parental divorce, with 25 experiencing 1 parental divorce and 25 experiencing multiple parental divorces. Using inductive methods, findings reveal that single-divorce participants and multiple-divorce participants perceive their romantic relationships in similar ways. However, multiple-divorce participants are more likely to claim that they are “harder” on their romantic partners. Implications for research and training practitioners to exa...
Clomiphene citrate and intrauterine insemination: analysis of more than 4100 cycles.

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of a large cohort of patients undergoing fertility treatment with clomiphene citrate and intrauterine insemination. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Boston IVF, a large university-affiliated reproductive medicine practice. Patient(s) A total of 4,199 cycles performed in 1,738 infertility patients between September 2002 and July 2007. Intervention(s) All patients received oral clomiphene citrate, and patients with completed cycles had intrauterine insemination performed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cumulative and per cycle pregnancy rates achieved among subsets of patients defined by age, completed cycles, and intention to treat (ITT). Result(s) For women under age 35 years, 2,351 cycles were initiated in 983 patients. A total of 238 pregnancies ensued, yielding a pregnancy rate (PR) per completed cycle of 11.5% and 10.1% per cycle initiated with ITT. In women aged 35–37 years, 947 cycles in 422 women lead to a PR per completed cycle and ITT of 9.2% and 8.2%, respectively. For patients aged 38-40 years, 614 cycles in 265 women lead to a PR per completed cycle and ITT of 7.3% and 6.5%, respectively. In women aged 41–42 years, 166 cycles in 81 patients lead to a PR per completed cycle and ITT of 4.3% and 3.6%, respectively. For women above age 42 years, 120 cycles in 55 patients lead to a PR per completed cycle and ITT of 1.0% and 0.8%, respectively. On a per-patient treated basis, cumulative PRs were 24.2% under age 35, 18.5% ages 35–37, and 15.1% ages 38–40, whereas only 7.4% ages 41–42 and 1.8% above 42 became pregnant (one pregnancy in 55 patients). Conclusion(s) As anticipated, younger patients have a higher PR per cycle than older patients. The PR per cycle for patients who initiate only one or only two treatment cycles is notably higher than the corresponding per cycle rates for cycles 3 through 9. The drop in success per patient among 41- and 42-year-olds is sharp, but the exceptionally low success rate above age 42 suggests that CC with IUI has virtually no place in their treatment.
College Men's Experiences as Men: Findings and Implications from Two Grounded Theory Studies.

Many problematic behavioral trends and issues involving men on college campuses have been well documented in the recently published discourse on college men and masculinities. Yet, empirical explanations as to why these trends and issues persist and what college educators can do to effectively address them are largely absent from this discourse. In response to these knowledge gaps, the shared findings that emerged from two grounded theory studies of college men's gender identity development are presented in this article. Based on these findings, recommendations for supporting the gender identity development and success of college men in ways that benefit campus communities are offered.
Reliability-based design optimization with progressive surrogate models

Reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) has traditionally been solved as a nested (bilevel) optimization problem, which is a computationally expensive approach. Unilevel and decoupled approaches for solving the RBDO problem have also been suggested in the past to improve the computational efficiency. However, these approaches also require a large number of response evaluations during optimization. To alleviate the computational burden, surrogate models have been used for reliability evaluation. These approaches involve construction of surrogate models for the reliability computation at each point visited by the optimizer in the design variable space. In this article, a novel approach to solving the RBDO problem is proposed based on a progressive sensitivity surrogate model. The sensitivity surrogate models are built in the design variable space outside the optimization loop using the kriging method or the moving least squares (MLS) method based on sample points generated from low-discrepancy sampling...
Modeling the Dynamic Corrosion Process in Chloride Contaminated Concrete Structures

Corrosion of steel in concrete under service conditions is a process strongly influenced by the dynamics of environmental exposure. A total of 44 simulated bridge deck slabs were cast, and corrosion parameters were measured over a 5-year period. The monitored parameters included corrosion rate (linear polarization technique with and without a guard ring) and the concrete ohmic resistance and temperature. A series of 7 corrosion rates were established by admixing increasing amounts of sodium chloride. A non-linear regression model was developed, which demonstrates that corrosion of steel in concrete in service exposure conditions is a function of the concrete chloride content, temperature and ohmic resistance, and active corrosion time. Corrosion weight loss measurements demonstrated that the average annual corrosion rate is better estimated by the unguarded linear polarization method rather than the guarded ring method.
Twenty three year cycle in surface temperatures during the Maunder Minimum

Power spectra of Manley's record of central England temperatures for the Maunder minimum have been compared with later periods. It is found that the power in the approximately 23 year cycle is statistically significant in the Maunder minimum portion of this temperature time series. This gives indirect support to the recent suggestion that the solar cycle persisted in the Maunder minimum even though normal sunspot activity was not observed. The results also indicate that the approximately 23 year cycle was stronger during the Maunder minimum than later times in this record.
Elusive vandalism detection in wikipedia: a text stability-based approach

The open collaborative nature of wikis encourages participation of all users, but at the same time exposes their content to vandalism. The current vandalism-detection techniques, while effective against relatively obvious vandalism edits, prove to be inadequate in detecting increasingly prevalent sophisticated (or elusive) vandal edits. We identify a number of vandal edits that can take hours, even days, to correct and propose a text stability-based approach for detecting them. Our approach is focused on the likelihood of a certain part of an article being modified by a regular edit. In addition to text-stability, our machine learning-based technique also takes into account edit patterns. We evaluate the performance of our approach on a corpus comprising of 15000 manually labeled edits from the Wikipedia Vandalism PAN corpus. The experimental results show that text-stability is able to improve the performance of the selected machine-learning algorithms significantly.
Native american alcoholism: A transcultural counseling perspective

Abstract Alcohol-related mental and physical health problems are critical problems among Native Americans. The intensity of these problems increased proportionately to the destruction of traditional/aboriginal ways. Despite centuries of attempts at physical and cultural genocide a semblance of traditionalism survived to the presence among many tribal groups. Nonetheless the vast majority of contemporary Native Americans are ‘marginal’—caught between their traditional culture and the demands of the dominant United States society. Treating Native Americans merely from the conventional clinical perspective spells of ethnocentrism while a pure traditional approach often serves to restrict both off-reservation mobility and inter-tribal interactions. Here the transcultural approach offers a needed bridge for effective Native American alcohol and mental health counseling.
Quantification of illegitimate V(D)J recombinase-mediated mutations in lymphocytes of newborns and adults.

Abstract We used a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantification of HPRT exons 2+3 deletions and t(14;18) translocations as a measure of illegitimate V(D)J recombination. We determined the baseline frequencies of these two mutations in mononuclear leukocyte DNA from the umbilical cord blood of newborns and from the peripheral blood of adults. In an initial group of 21 newborns, no t(14;18) translocations were detected (
Perception of human dignity by college students and by direct-care providers

ABSTRACT We tested Skinner's (1971) assertion that society accords dignity or worth only to those who voluntarily perform prosocial acts. The present alternative hypothesis is that society accords intrinsic dignity, for example, to newborn infants who could not have earned dignity through personal performance. American college students and direct-care providers at a state mental hospital indicated the criteria they would use to accord dignity to others by rating their agreement with direct statements. Results supported our hypothesis.
Selection of special orientations in relativistic collisions of deformed heavy nuclei

We have studied U+U collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathit{NN}}}=200$ GeV using Monte Carlo Glauber, UrQMD, and AMPT models. We find that it is possible to separate central tip-tip events as well as central body-body events on the basis of cuts on multiplicity and magnitude of the reduced flow vector.
The minimum clinically significant difference in patient-assigned numeric scores for pain

Abstract Objective To determine the minimum clinically significant difference (MCSD) in patient-assigned, 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS-11) scores for pain and to determine if the MCSD varied with demographic characteristics. Methods Eligible emergency department patients presenting with pain were asked to rate their pain on the NRS-11 every 20 minutes. Subjects compared pain intensity by choosing from the following verbal descriptor responses: “a lot more,” “a little more,” “about the same,” “a little less,” or “a lot less” pain. The MCSD was defined as the difference between scores rated “a little more” or “a little less” severe. Results Three hundred fifty-four subjects were enrolled. The MCSD was 1.39 ± 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.51). No statistically significant difference based on sex or pain etiology was noted. Conclusions Findings suggest that a change of 1.39 ± 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.51) on the NRS-11 is clinically significant when measuring pain.
An integrated approach to process waste minimization research

Abstract Waste minimization for industrial processes is evolving, with at least three generations of activity apparent. Initially, waste minimization programs focussed on good housekeeping practices, inventory control and minor changes in operating practices. This generation of waste minimization resulted in impressive reductions of waste, but the methods are rapidly reaching their limits. A second generation of waste minimization is underway. In this second generation, current technologies are being used to modify processes, reducing effluents. These retrofit operations employing current technologies will also reach their limits, however, and a third generation of waste minimization activity is inevitable. In this third generation, highly selective separation and reaction technologies, specifically designed for waste minimization applications, will be employed. Further, new methods for process synthesis will be developed which minimize effluents (maximizing mass efficiency), evolving in the same way as energy efficient process design methods. This paper will describe an integrated research effort aimed at addressing these third generation technological needs. The research results are demonstrated through case studies focussing on particular waste streams. The streams selected for research emphasis were chosen by examining and prioritizing the nationwide mass flow of pollutants. This quantitative, nationwide flow mapping of waste streams will also be presented, along with the prioritization scheme used to select targets for waste minimization research.
The Neoteric Society

In 1959, when struggling to characterize the Black Carib community in which I had recently done fieldwork, I coined the word ‘neoteric’ to refer to societies which are neither primitive nor peasant, in which traditions are absent or very shallow, and which may be said to have arisen only recently in time. I picked the word from Roget's Thesaurus , selecting it because it seemed a good, short, catchy synonym for ‘new’.
Development of Infants' Attention to Faces during the First Year.

In simple tests of preference, infants as young as newborns prefer faces and face-like stimuli over distractors. Little is known, however, about the development of attention to faces in complex scenes. We recorded eye-movements of 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants and adults during free-viewing of clips from A Charlie Brown Christmas (an animated film). The tendency to look at faces increased with age. Using novel computational tools, we found that 3-month-olds were less consistent (across individuals) in where they looked than were older infants. Moreover, younger infants’ fixations were best predicted by low-level image salience, rather than the locations of faces. Between 3 and 9 months of age, infants gradually focused their attention on faces. We discuss several possible interpretations of this shift in terms of social development, cross-modal integration, and attentional/executive control.
The Genus Stragania in America North of Mexico (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae)

Seventeen species, in 2 subgenera, are redescribed and illustrated; no new taxa were discovered. A key to males is included. Lectotypes are designated for 5 species: Stragania alabamensis (Baker), S. robusta (Uhler), S. grandis (Ball), S. rufoscutellata (Baker), and S. californica (Baker). Five new synonymies are: S. rufoscutellata (= S.franciscana (Baker)), S. bisignata Ball (= S. hyalina Beamer & Lawson), S. californica (= S. alboscutellata Beamer & Lawson), S. acutistylata (= S. acutistylata gibbosa Beamer & Lawson), and S. marginata (= S. major Beamer & Lawson).
Toward a Theory of Simulated Atonement: A Case Study of President George W. Bush's Response to the Abu Ghraib Torture Scandal

In response to the Abu Ghraib torture scandal, President Bush delivered an apology that was widely criticized by domestic and international audiences. Nevertheless, the apology succeeded in allowing the President to stop the momentum of negative public opinion following news of the crimes, and to avoid accountability for his role in the crisis. In this essay, I argue that Bush's success stemmed partly from his use of a special subgenre of apologia, simulated atonement. After explaining the strategy in detail, I describe some of the conditions in which it will likely be effective and apply the theory to Bush's statements.
The Longer-Term Phytoavailability of Biosolids-Phosphorus

Phosphorus based nutrient management could limit biosolids application to rates based on crop fertilizer P recommendations (P-based rates). Determinations of biosolids P phytoavailability relative to inorganic P fertilizers are necessary when P-based rates are mandated. Previous shorter-term (≤4 mo) studies successfully distinguished P phytoavailability differences among biosolids, but the longer-term (>4 mo) phytoavailability of biosolids-P is incompletely characterized. Furthermore, no a priori tool exists to distinguish biosolids relative P phytoavailability differences. A 16-mo greenhouse study was conducted to characterize the longer-term phytoavailability of biosolids-P and to identify a useful measure of biosolids-P phytoavailability. Seven biosolids and triple super phosphate (TSP) were used as P sources and applied to an Immokalee soil (sandy siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquod) at three P application rates: 56 (P-based rate), 112, and 224 kg ha⁻¹ (N-based rate). Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) was grown continuously in soil columns and harvested every 4 to 8 wk to characterize P uptake. The longer-term relative P phytoavailability of less soluble-P biosolids was ∼50 to 80% that of TSP, but more soluble-P biosolids were as phytoavailable as TSP. Estimates of biosolids relative P phytoavailability were well correlated with biosolids phosphorus saturation index (PSI; the molar ratio of oxalate-extractable P to oxalate-extractable iron and aluminum) values, suggesting that biosolids PSI values could be used to distinguish P phytoavailability differences among biosolids. Biosolids application rates should increase to account for the reduced relative P phytoavailability of less soluble-P biosolids, but no application rate adjustment is warranted more soluble-P biosolids.
EFFECTS OF SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION ON CHARGE PULSES FROM A Z-STACK MICROCHANNEL PLATE PHOTON COUNTING DETECTOR WITH A CROSSED DELAY LINE ANODE READOUT

Abstract A study of the effects of secondary electron emission on charge pulses from a microchannel plate (MCPs) photon countingdetector with crossed delay line (CDL) anode readout is presented. The detector is a two-dimensional photon countingdetector with fast count rate and good spatial resolution being developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The CDLanode is constructed of two orthogonal planar pairs of helically wound wires on inner and outer ceramic sides attached to a copper ground plane. The electron cloud event from the MCPs interacts with the wires generating a signal pulse. The electrons that strike the wire with sufficient energy generate secondary electrons. A model is presented for the charge pulsesfrom the CDL anode incorporating the effects of secondary electron emission. An empirical test of the model is conductedwith two different wire materials using a demountable MCP/CDL detector. Charge pulses are measured and the results arecompared to the model. The results show that the charge pulses from the CDL anode are material dependent and exhibit thegeneral behavior predicted by the model. Secondary electron emission is an integral part of the CDL anode charge pulses andmust be considered in further developments of the CDL anode readout.Keywords: Crossed delay line anode, microchannel plates, secondary electron emission, position sensitive detector
A high order compact MAC finite difference scheme for the Stokes equations: Augmented variable approach

This paper deals with the steady Stokes flow on a rectangular domain. A high order compact MAC finite difference scheme based on the staggered grid is developed for solving Stokes equations with a Dirichlet boundary condition on the velocity. A novel high order boundary treatment is developed via introducing a suitable augmented variable. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated in test problems. Creeping flow solutions for driven cavity problem are obtained numerically and compared with published results.
Theoretical Profile Shapes for Optically Thin X-Ray Emission Lines from Spherical Stellar Winds.

One of the major outstanding problems in hot star wind theory is an understanding of the observed X-ray emissions from the early-type B, O, and Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. The latest X-ray satellites Chandra and XMM-Newton are providing key new observations of resolved emission profiles to advance that understanding. This study presents a derivation of the expected emission-line profiles, assuming optically thin line emission and spherical symmetry, with a proper treatment of the attenuation of X-rays by the dense cool wind component. Examples of line profile variability for a narrow outflowing shell are presented. Then the case of embedded hot gas existing throughout the wind flow is discussed. It is shown that for the special case of constant expansion, emission profile shapes can be derived analytically, and in the limit of strong wind attenuation, the profile achieves a self-similar form. The results of this Letter provide a framework in which to model X-ray line profiles and analytic results to serve as a benchmark for more sophisticated numerical evaluations.
Combinatorial synthesis and biological evaluation of Library of small-molecule Ser/Thr-protein phosphatase inhibitors

Abstract In eukaryotes, phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues on proteins is a fundamental posttranslational regulatory process for such functions as signal transduction, gene transcription, RNA splicing, cellular adhesion, apoptosis, and cell cycle control. Based on functional groups present in natural product serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PSTPase) inhibitors, we have designed pharmacophore model 1 and demonstrated the feasibility of a combinatorial chemistry approach for the preparation of functional analogues of 1 . Preliminary biological testing of 18 structural variants of 1 has identified two compounds with growth inhibitory activity against cultured human breast cancer cells. In vitro inhibition of the PSTPase PP2A was demonstrated with compound 1d . Using flow cytometry we observed that compound 1f caused prominent inhibition in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, the combinatorial modifications of the minimal pharmacophore 1 can generate biologically interesting antiproliferative agents.
Effects of intraperitoneal L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-arginine on milk fat depression in early lactation cows.

Eight Holstein cows were assigned following calving to two groups, balanced for parity, using a continuous completely randomized block design. Cows were fed a diet with 13.5% CP and 22.4% ADF from 35 to 55 DIM and then 13.8% CP and 15% ADF from 56 to 92 DIM. Alfalfa grass hay was the forage source, and concentrate mixtures contained primarily corn and soybean meal. Cows were given daily intraperitoneal infusions of a solution of L-Leu (46.1 g, 84.2 mM), L-Ile (31.4 g, 57.3 mM), L-Val (38.3 g, 78.2 mM), and L-Arg (25.0 g, 34.4 mM) or physiological saline following the a.m. milking from 42 through 84 DIM. Infusion of AA significantly increased plasma concentrations of Leu, Ile, Val, and Arg. Effects of AA infusion occurred during the low fiber period. Cows receiving AA maintained daily milk fat yield, increased p.m. milk fat yield, decreased less in p.m. milk fat percentage, and increased daily and p.m. yields of C16 fatty acids in milk. During the posttreatment period, cows previously receiving AA declined in daily milk fat yield, milk fat percentage, and total daily C4 to C16 milk fatty acid yield. Results suggest that the infused AA may have increased de novo synthesis of C16 milk fatty acids.
Sediment storage and terrace formation in Coyote Gulch basin, south-central Utah

Late Holocene terraces in the Coyote Gulch basin, south-central Utah, were formed by aggradation caused by the rapid influx of alluvium produced from landslides on the Straight Cliffs. The main channel of Coyote Gulch was the primary conduit for this sediment and in places aggraded 20 m, burying the preexisting bedrock canyon. This aggradation began about 2300 B.P. and lasted for about 1300 yr. Aggradation in the main stem created a higher base level and reduced the valley gradient in a major tributary, Dry Fork Coyote Gulch, which then partially filled with fine-grained sediment. The major period of aggradation in the Dry Fork was not continuous but was interrupted by incision, presumably when a higher gradient sand-transporting stream was established across this fill. Within the study area more than 25 × 10 6 m 3 of sediment was stored during this aggradational period. Beginning about 900 B.P. this alluvium was incised, creating two terraces in upper Coyote Gulch and as many as three terraces in Dry Fork. Increased sediment production from the erosion of the Dry Fork alluvium caused further deposition downstream in Coyote Gulch, which was eventually incised to form a single terrace. Therefore, rapid sediment loading produced different fluvial responses dependent on the location of a channel segment in the drainage network. Stratigraphic studies can provide insight into the magnitude and rate of sediment storage in stream valleys as well as the timing and processes by which sediment is ultimately transported out of a basin.
Laminar flow in the entrance region of a cylindrical tube: Part I. Newtonian fluids

The laminar flow of dilute aqueous polymer solutions was studied in the entrance region of a cylindrical tube. In laminar, fully developed, steady tube flow, elastic and inelastic fluids were indistinguishable. Viscoelastic fluids exhibited much higher entrance pressure losses than did inelastic fluids with comparable viscous properties. A method has been developed for separating the elastic portion of the overall entrance loss and shows that in some cases the elastic contribution represents as much as 80% of the total. An analysis is also presented which allows calculation of the elastic entrance loss in terms of a Hookean shear modulus.
The interventionary state in China and programs and curricula at a Chinese vocational university

Through case study methods, we examine a vocational university in China to ascertain if and the extent to which industrial modernization, the global economy and economic market forces, and state planning have altered this institution. We focus specifically upon a vocational university in China, as these institutions comprise the newest higher education sector in that nation and those most logically connected to work in the new global economy.
Data clouds: summarizing keyword search results over structured data

Keyword searches are attractive because they facilitate users searching structured databases. On the other hand, tag clouds are popular for navigation and visualization purposes over unstructured data because they can highlight the most significant concepts and hidden relationships in the underlying content dynamically. In this paper, we propose coupling the flexibility of keyword searches over structured data with the summarization and navigation capabilities of tag clouds to help users access a database. We propose using clouds over structured data (data clouds) to summarize the results of keyword searches over structured data and to guide users to refine their searches. The cloud presents the most significant words associated with the search results. Our keyword search model allows searching for entities than can span multiple tables in the database rather than just tuples, as existing keyword searches over databases do. We present several methods to compute the scores both for the entities and for the terms in the search results. We describe algorithms for keyword searches with data clouds and we present our system, CourseCloud, that offers a unified search and browse interface to a course database. We present experimental results showing (a) the appropriateness of the methods used for scoring terms, (b) the performance of the proposed algorithms, and (c) the effectiveness of CourseCloud compared to typical search and browse interfaces to a course database.
Simultaneous measurements of trace metals by adsorptive stripping voltammetry

Simultaneous measurements of trace metals, based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry of their chelates with dihydroxyazo dyes, are demonstrated. Variables affecting the resolution between neighboring chelate peaks, including the ligand and its concentration, pH, adsorption time and potential, concentration ratio, and scan rate, are assessed. Adequate resolution is demonstrated for more than 10 pairs of metals, present at the ppb level. Possible changes in peak heights, associated with competition for the complexing ligand and/or coadsorption effects, are explored. Different concentration ratios of the mixture components can be tolerated. Applicability to seawater analysis is illustrated.
Proportional damping approximation using the energy gain and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation

The design of vector second-order linear systems for accurate proportional damping approximation is addressed. For this purpose an error system is defined using the difference between the generalized coordinates of the non-proportionally damped system and its proportionally damped approximation in modal space. The accuracy of the approximation is characterized using the energy gain of the error system and the design problem is formulated as selecting parameters of the non-proportionally damped system to ensure that this gain is sufficiently small. An efficient algorithm that combines linear matrix inequalities and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation is developed to solve the problem and examples of its application to tensegrity structures design are presented.
Faster Algorithms for Stable Allocation Problems

We consider a high-multiplicity generalization of the classical stable matching problem known as the stable allocation problem, introduced by Baiou and Balinski in 2002. By leveraging new structural properties and sophisticated data structures, we show how to solve this problem in O(mlog n) time on a bipartite instance with n vertices and m edges, improving the best known running time of O(mn). Building on this algorithm, we provide an algorithm for the non-bipartite stable allocation problem running in O(mlog n) time with high probability. Finally, we give a polynomial-time algorithm for solving the “optimal” variant of the bipartite stable allocation problem, as well as a 2-approximation algorithm for the NP-hard “optimal” variant of the non-bipartite stable allocation problem.
Complication rates and utility of intravenous access for surgical abortion procedures from 12 to 18 weeks of gestation.

Abstract Background The study was conducted to compare need for intravenous (IV) access and the immediate complication rate in women having an outpatient surgical abortion at 12-1/7 to 15-6/7 weeks gestation (12–15+ weeks) versus 16-0/7 to 18-0/7 weeks of gestation (16–18 weeks). Study Design This retrospective cohort study included 1503 women who underwent a surgical abortion (dilation and curettage or dilation and evacuation) in a free-standing outpatient clinic from April 1, 2001, to April 1, 2008. The primary outcome was IV access used for fluids or emergent medications. Results Of the procedures, 1216 (81%) were at 12–15+ weeks and 287 (19%) were 16–18 weeks. The incidence of immediate complications that could require IV access was 1.1% and 3.8%, respectively (p=.001). However, most were cervical lacerations that did not require IV fluids or treatments. Major immediate complications (uterine perforation or hospital transfer) occurred in 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively (p=.32). Overall, there were 7 (0.5%, 95% CI 0.1–0.8%) women who required access because of a complication. There were no cases for which IV access was needed emergently and was unable to be obtained. Conclusions IV access is rarely medically needed due to an immediate complication from surgical abortion at 12 to 18 weeks gestation. Major complication rates for such procedures are very low. Routine use of IV access at 16–18 weeks solely because of gestational age is not warranted.
Prostate Cancer Takes Nerve

One in six American males will develop prostate cancer during their lifetime, and once prostate cancer metastasizes to distant sites, it is incurable at present ( 1 ). This translates into the sobering reality that more than a quarter of a million men will die of prostate cancer this year throughout the world ( 2 ). Thus, new therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease are urgently needed. In this regard, preventing and/or disrupting neoneurogenesis—the ingrowth of nerve endings into the tumor—in prostate cancer is a newly discovered therapeutic target. Innervation of the prostate gland controls its growth and maintenance, but little is known about the function of neurons in prostate cancer. On page [10.1126/science.1236361][1] of this issue, Magnon et al. ( 3 ) report how the autonomous nervous system (which controls internal organs and glands, below the level of consciousness) stimulates the initiation and metastasis of prostate cancer. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1236361
Ad5CMVp53 gene therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer - Where do we stand?

Despite the introduction of screening procedures and an increased public awareness of prostate cancer, a substantial number of patients present with locally advanced prostate cancer. Traditional therapies (such as radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy) applied either alone or in combination fail to control local disease in a large number of cases and have no effect on disseminated disease. Recent advances in molecular oncology and genetics have led to such novel therapies as p53 gene therapy, which we are currently evaluating in a clinical protocol in patients with locally advanced (nonmetastatic) prostatic cancer. Ad5CMVp53 (RPR/INGN 201) has previously shown promise in both patients with lung cancer and those with head and neck cancer. The traditional end points used to appraise prostate cancer preclude rapid evaluation of the patient's disease and prevent modification of the therapeutic strategy, and we suggest that the pathologic stage after therapy be evaluated as an intermediate end point.
Renal glomerular collagen synthesis in streptozotocin diabetes. Reversal of increased basement membrane synthesis with insulin therapy.

The effect of diabetes and insulin on basement membrane synthesis in vitro be renal glomeruli obtained from normal and diabetic rats was determined. Four groups of experimental animals were used: age-matched controls; streptozotocin-diabetic; and streptozotocin-diabetic treated with insulin for half or all of the duration of diabetes. Isolated glomeruli were incubated with [14C]-lysine and the radioactive lysine and hydroxylysine in glomerular proteins were measured. [14C]Lysine incorporation and hydroxy[14H]lysine synthesis were elevated in diabetic glomeruli. Progressive diminution in 14C-labelled protein and hydroxy[14C]lysine formation was observed in incubations containing glomeruli from insulin-treated diabetic rats, with greater reversal toward normal following longer periods of exogenous insulin administration. Basement membrane synthesis, determined by the appearance of labelled hydroxylysine in membranes obtained from sonicated glomeruli, was increased in diabetic preparations. Reversal of these changes toward normal values was observed in glomeruli from rats treated with insulin immediately following induction of diabetes. The results indicate that basement membrane synthesis is increased in renal glomeruli from streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and that this process is restored toward normal with continuous insulin therapy.
Cascaded multimodal analysis of alertness related features for drivers safety applications

Drowsy driving has a strong influence on the road traffic safety. Relying on improvements of sensorial technologies, a multimodal approach can provide features that can be more effective in detecting the level of alertness of the drivers. In this paper, we analyze a multimodal alertness dataset that contains physiological, environmental, and vehicular features provided by Ford to determine the effect of following a multimodal approach compared to relying on single modalities. Moreover, we propose a cascaded system that uses sequential feature selection, time-series feature extraction, and decision fusion to capture discriminative patterns in the data. Our experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our system in improving alertness detection rates and provide guidelines of the specific modalities and approaches that can be used for improved alertness detection.
Remediating Computational Deficits at Third Grade: A Randomized Field Trial

The major purposes of this study were to assess the efficacy of tutoring to remediate 3rd-grade computational deficits and to explore whether remediation is differentially efficacious depending on whether students experience mathematics difficulty alone or concomitantly with reading difficulty. At 2 sites, 127 students were stratified on mathematics difficulty status and randomly assigned to 4 conditions: word recognition (control) tutoring or 1 of 3 computation tutoring conditions: fact retrieval, procedural computation and computational estimation, and combined (fact retrieval + procedural computation and computational estimation). Results revealed that fact retrieval tutoring enhanced fact retrieval skill, and procedural computation and computational estimation tutoring (whether in isolation or combined with fact retrieval tutoring) enhanced computational estimation skill. Remediation was not differentially efficacious as a function of students' mathematics difficulty status.
The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, and glucagon on human duodenal bicarbonate secretion.

Duodenal luminal acidification increases duodenal mucosal bicarbonate production and also releases both secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The effect of these two structurally similar peptides on human duodenal bicarbonate production has not been examined in humans. Our purpose was therefore to assess the effect of VIP and secretin and also glucagon, a homologous hormone, on human duodenal bicarbonate secretion. A 4-cm portion of either proximal or distal duodenum was isolated and perfused with iso-osmolar NaCI. Pure porcine VIP (200 and 400 pmot/ kg-h intravenously) significantly increased proximal duodenal bicarbonate secretion. Although secretin (0.01 to 0.18CU/kg-h intravenously) markedly increased pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, it failed to alter duodenal mucosal bicarbonate output in either the proximal or the distal duodenum. Glucagon (1 to 8 μg/kg-h intravenously) did not affect proximal duodenal mucosal bicarbonate output. It is concluded that VIP, but neither secretin nor gluca...
Combustion stabilization with acoustic cavities.

An experimental and analytical study has been performed to develop the technology necessary for effective use of acoustic cavities to suppress acoustic modes of combustion instability. An unbaffled variation of the LM ascent engine has been made dynamically stable with acoustic cavities only; five different cavity configurations were found sufficient to produce dynamic stability. An analytical model was developed to calculate the damping contributed by the cavity. Further, subscale tests were made to determine the nonlinear acoustic impedance of these cavities.
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype predicts greater aggression through impulsive reactivity to negative affect

Low functioning MAOA genotypes have been reliably linked to increased reactive aggression, yet the psychological mechanisms of this effect remain largely unknown. The low functioning MAOA genotype's established link to diminished inhibition and greater reactivity to conditions of negative affect suggest that negative urgency, the tendency to act impulsively in the context of negative affect, may fill this mediating role. Such MAOA carriers may have higher negative urgency, which may in turn predict greater aggressive responses to provocation. To test these hypotheses, 277 female and male participants were genotyped for an MAOA SNP yet to be linked to aggression (rs1465108), and then reported their negative urgency and past aggressive behavior. We replicated the effect of the low functioning MAOA genotype on heightened aggression, which was mediated by greater negative urgency. These results suggest that disrupted serotonergic systems predispose individuals towards aggressive behavior by increasing impulsive reactivity to negative affect.
Nuclear analytical facilities at Texas A&M University

Nuclear Analytical Chemistry at Texas A&M University is based in large part on the facilities of the Center for Chemical Characterization and Analysis and the Nuclear Science Center. This paper describes the capabilities of these two centers for instrumental and fast neutron activation analysis, neutron depth profiling, prompt gamma activation analysis, neutron radiography and the unique features of the large volume irradiation cell and reactor pulsing operation.
Time-dose considerations in radiation myelopathy.

(1966). Time-Dose Considerations in Radiation Myelopathy. Acta Radiologica: Diagnosis: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 79-94.