cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Self-Reported Health Status in a Population-Based Sample of Persons with Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is highly prevalent and disabling. Patients with radiographic knee OA may experience pain and functional impairment, which can diminish their health status. Our objective was to determine factors associated with self-reported health status in a national population-based sample with radiographic knee OA. Methods Our sample included all of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) participants who underwent a knee radiograph and were found to have radiographic OA (defined as Kellgren/Lawrence grade 2 or higher). Self-reported health status was determined by asking the participant to rate their overall health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor. Self-reported health status was analyzed as an ordinal variable using cumulative logit regression, as a dichotomous variable (excellent/very good/good versus fair/poor) using logistic regression, and as a continuous variable after transformation using linear regression. Results A total of 1,021 (42%) of NHANES-III participants with a knee radiograph were included in this analysis. The multivariable analyses were performed on 1,009 (99%) of the eligible participants with complete data. We found that nonwhite race, lower income, more comorbidities, and greater functional limitation were associated with worse self-reported health status in all 3 multivariable analyses. Conclusion This study has quantified the role of clinical, radiographic, and socioeconomic factors associated with self-reported health status in a population-based sample of patients with knee OA. Self-reported health status in patients with knee OA was associated with functional status and comorbidity.
Historical Overview of Alcohol in the African American Community

The purpose of this article is to provide a historical overview of the use of alcohol in the African American community. To address the issue of alcoholism in the African American community, four dimensions of the issue will be addressed: the use of alcohol in Africa, views of Africans on drunken behavior, involvement of alcohol in the enslavement of Africans, and the establishment of drinking patterns in the United States among African Americans. Prior to beginning the discussion on the historical overview of alcohol in the African American community, it is necessary to make an assumption about the African American community that places the discussion on alcohol in a historical context. This assumption enhances the understanding of the dimensions of drinking in the African American community. The assumption for this discussion is that to understand the nuances of African American life it is imperative to begin in Africa. Knowledge of African culture leads to increased understanding of Black life in the United States. Nobles (1978) wrote that the Black culture has evolved from a special admixture of continued African worldview, operating within the cultural milieu of a European American culture. Thus he maintained that any theoretical and empirical framework for defining Black social reality must therefore be based on African cultural residuals as reflected in the worldview, normative assumptions, and frame of reference of Black people.
A study of page replacement performance in garbage collection heap

Abstract Large number of page-faults can severely degrade the performance of any system. While much attention has been paid on the virtual memory space of an entire process, the paging behavior of one particular memory segment has not been reported. Unlike the static behavior in most of the memory segments, the heap segment has unique characteristics closely related to its memory management scheme. First, this paper presents a thorough study on the effect of heap page-faults on the performance of Kaffe JVM version 1.0.5 and the Kaffe Java virtual machine (JVM) with the modified buddy system. Second, a modified least recently used (mLRU) is proposed to improve the performance of the LRU page-replacement policy. Four different page-replacement policies, first-in-first-out (FIFO), Random, LRU and mLRU, are used to study the performance of each JVM. Third, the Java applications used in this study are SPECjvm98 benchmark suite. These programs represent real-world workload and are highly dynamic memory intensive. Fourth, an instrumented Kaffe JVM is used to generate memory traces. Then, a simulator is used to analyze and reconstruct the heap as the benchmark programs are executed. Finally, this study has shown that the modified buddy system has less page-fault occurrences in six out of eight applications. The improvement can be up to 74%. Moreover, the proposed mLRU can improve the performance up to 68.2%.
Effects of manuring on the arthropod community in an arable soil

Abstract An arable clay loam in the Piedmont region of the U.S.A. was amended with poultry manure for 5yr at rates up to 110t dry matter ha −1 yr −1 . On four dates during the fifth year cores of the upper 7 cm of soil were removed and the arthropods extracted in a modified Tullgren apparatus. A total of 84 arthropod species were found, but most belonged to a few species of Acaridae which, along with some macrochelids, were added to the soil in great numbers in conjunction with the manure. The manuring also greatly increased the population of arthropods native to the soil, but made little change in their pattern of seasonal fluctuations. The distributions of certain arthropod taxa were correlated with physical and chemical soil properties and also with the distributions of other arthropod groups. Species diversity as measured by Simpson's C was greatly reduced by the manuring. Cluster analysis based on relative abundances showed a great deal of similarity among the plots receiving various amounts of manure and much less similarity between the manured and the unmanured plots.
Early cavopulmonary anastomosis in very young infants after the Norwood procedure: impact on oxygenation, resource utilization, and mortality

Abstract Background The optimal timing of second-stage palliation after Norwood operations remains undefined. Advantages of early cavopulmonary anastomosis are early elimination of volume load and shortening the high-risk interstage period. Potential disadvantages include severe cyanosis, prolonged pleural drainage and hospitalization, and excess mortality. We reviewed our recent experience to evaluate the safety of early cavopulmonary anastomosis. Methods Eighty-five consecutive patients undergoing post–Norwood operation cavopulmonary anastomosis were divided into group I (cavopulmonary anastomosis at 4 months; n=52). Groups were compared for age; size; early and late mortality; preoperative, initial postoperative, and discharge oxygen saturation; and duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, pleural drainage, and hospitalization. Results Group I patients were younger than group II patients (94 ± 21 days vs 165 ± 44 days, respectively; P P P = .142). The oxygen saturation was lower immediately after surgery in group I compared with group II (75% ± 7% vs 81% ± 7%, respectively; P P = .001), in the intensive care unit longer (130 ± 111 hours vs 104 ± 94 hours; P = .049), hospitalized longer (12.5 ± 11.5 days vs 10.3 ± 14.8 days; P = .012), and required longer pleural drainage (106 ± 45 hours vs 104 ± 93 hours; P = .046). Hospital survival was 100% in both groups. Actuarial survival to 12 months was 96% ± 4% for group I and 96% ± 3% for group II. Conclusions Early cavopulmonary anastomosis after the Norwood operation is safe. Younger patients are more cyanotic initially after surgery and have a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, pleural drainage, intensive care unit stay, and hospitalization.
An approach for implementing state machines with online testability

During the last two decades, significant amount of research has been performed to simplify the detection of transient or soft errors in VLSI-based digital systems. This paper proposes an approach for implementing state machines that uses 2-hot code for state encoding. State machines designed using this approach allow online detection of soft errors in registers and output logic. The 2-hot code considerably reduces the number of required flip-flops and leads to relatively straightforward implementation of next state and output logic. A new way of designing output logic for online fault detection has also been presented.
Immunodetection and Characterization of Tomato Endo-[beta]-1,4-Glucanase Cel1 Protein in Flower Abscission Zones

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) endo-beta-1,4-glucanase Cel1 mRNA accumulation was previously correlated with abscission of flower explants. Cel1 antibodies were raised against a fusion protein encoding a portion of the Cel1 polypeptide and was shown to react specifically with three polypeptides with molecular masses ranging between 51 and 53 kD in flower abscission zones induced to abscise. All three polypeptides were clearly suppressed in two transgenic lines expressing an antisense Cel1 gene that specifically suppressed the accumulation of Cel1 mRNA, indicating that all three polypeptides are products of the Cel1 gene. Cel1 protein accumulation was correlated with flower abscission. Breakstrength and Cel1 protein content were also analyzed in flower explants, indicating that Cel1 protein accumulation is correlated with the final stages of flower shedding, which suggests that Cel1 is involved in the late stage of abscission. These results support the involvement of Cel1 in the abscission of flower explants and suggest that other hydrolase activities also participate in that process.
Influence of feeding vitamin D3 and aging on the tenderness of four lamb muscles.

In Trial 1, rams (n=26) were fed different levels (0, 250,000, 500,000 or 750,000 IU) of vitamin D(3) for 4 days to determine the most effective dose to increase blood calcium concentrations. Trial 2 consisted of feeding feedlot lambs (n=40) different levels (0 or 750,000 IU) of vitamin D(3) for 14 days to determine if vitamin D(3) could improve the tenderness of lamb muscles. Lambs were slaughtered and the M. longissimus lumborum, M. biceps femoris, M. semitendinosus, and M. semimembranosus were removed after chilling, cut into chops, and assigned to an aging period (5, 10 or 15 days) for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) determination. In Trial 1, feed intake and weight gain were lower for rams supplemented with 500,000 IU of vitamin D(3) compared to all other groups. Blood calcium concentrations were not different between groups, although the 750,000 IU group tended (P<0.10) to have higher blood calcium concentrations on day 5 of the trial compared to controls. In Trial 2, blood calcium concentrations were not different between the treated and control groups, however, treated lambs had higher (P<0.01) calcium concentrations in both the liver and kidneys. Control chops from the M. longissimus lumborum had lower (P<0.05) WBS values than chops from vitamin D(3) fed lambs, but no other muscles were affected by vitamin D(3) feeding. An interaction between treatment and aging was observed for the M. biceps femoris, with chops from vitamin D(3) fed lambs having lower WBS values at 5 days aging, but chops from control lambs having lower WBS values at 15 days aging. WBS values decreased for the M. longissimus lumborum, M. semitendinosus, and M. semimembranosus with increasing aging time. Vitamin D(3) supplementation was not an effective means of improving the tenderness characteristics of lamb muscles.
Chemically tuning the localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanostructure arrays

We report on chemical etching of ordered Au nanostructure arrays to continuously tune their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR). Real-time extinction spectra were recorded from both Au nanodisks and nanospheres immobilized on glass substrates when immersed in Au etchant. The time-dependent LSPR frequencies, intensities, and bandwidths were studied theoretically with discrete dipole approximations and the Mie solution, and they were correlated with the evolution of the etched Au nanostructures' morphology (as examined by atomic force microscopy). Since this chemical etching method can conveniently and accurately tune LSPR, it offers precise control of plasmonic properties and can be useful in applications such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and molecular resonance spectroscopy.
Simplifying the diagnosis and management of pulseless electrical activity in adults: A qualitative review*

Objective The algorithms provided for advanced cardiac life support by the American Heart Association and the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation for the diagnosis and treatment of pulseless electrical activity (PEA) correctly stress the importance of searching for potentially treatable causes, and suggest contributing factors that should be considered. This study sought evidence to support the factors that they mention in the algorithms. Data source Human and animal studies in MEDLINE. Study selection Putative causes of PEA along with the string "AND (PEA OR pulseless electrical activity OR electromechanical dissociation OR EMD)". Data extraction Human studies documenting association and causation. Data synthesis Qualitative. Conclusions Documentation for most putative causes is weak. Based on current documentation, a simplified rule is offered to direct resuscitators to treatable precipitants of PEA. It emphasizes the documented causes of PEA, has good pedagogical qualities, guides treatment, and is testable. Studies need to be performed to identify the best diagnostic and treatment strategies for PEA.
An anatomical and functional analysis of cat biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles

The anatomy, architecture, and innervation patterns of the hamstring muscles, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus were examined in adult cats using microdissection and glycogen-depletion techniques. The biceps femoris muscle consists of two heads. The anterior head, which attaches mainly to the femur, is divided into two parts by the extramuscular branches of its nerve. The posterior head is innervated by a single nerve. Semitendinosus is composed of two heads, one proximal and one distal to a tendinosus inscription, each of which is separately innervated. The extramuscular branches of the nerves to these hamstring muscles thus partition them into innervation subvolumes termed parts. The available evidence suggests that each of the parts of these muscles so innervated is not equivalent to the collections of single motor units that have been described for ankle extensors as neuromuscular compartments. It is quite likely that each of the parts of the hamstring muscles may contain more than one neuromuscular compartment. Using chronically implanted EMG electrodes, the activation patterns of different parts of the hamstring muscles were analyzed during locomotion. The anterior and middle parts of biceps femoris are active during the early stance phase, probably producing hip extensor torque. The posterior part of biceps femoris and semi-tendinosus act most consistently as flexors, during the early swing phase, but also may function in synergy with hip, knee, and ankle joint extensors near the time of foot placement. Greater variability is found in the activity patterns of posterior biceps femoris and semitendinosus with respect to the kinematics of the step cycle than is observed for anterior and middle biceps femoris. It is suggested that this variation may reflect a larger role of sensory feedback in shaping the timing of activity in posterior biceps femoris and semitendinosus than in "nonarticular" muscles.
Role of flexible endoscopy in the evaluation of possible esophageal trauma after penetrating injuries.

Role of flexible endoscopy in the evaluation of possible esophageal trauma after penetrating injuries
The Peptide Mastoparan Is a Potent Facilitator of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (

Mastoparan facilitates opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore through an apparent bimodal mechanism of action. In the submicromolar concentration range, the action of mastoparan is dependent upon the medium Ca2+ and phosphate concentration and is subject to inhibition by cyclosporin A. At concentrations above 1 μM, pore induction by mastoparan occurs without an apparent Ca2+ requirement and in a cyclosporin A insensitive manner. Studies utilizing phospholipid vesicles show that mastoparan perturbs bilayer membranes across both concentration ranges, through a mechanism which is strongly dependent upon transmembrane potential. However, solute size exclusion studies suggest that the pores formed in mitochondria in response to both low and high concentrations of mastoparan are the permeability transition pore. It is proposed that low concentrations of mastoparan influence the pore per se, with higher concentrations having the additional effect of depolarizing the mitochondrial inner membrane through an action exerted upon the lipid phase. It may be the combination of these effects which allow pore opening in the absence of Ca2+ and in the presence of cyclosporin A, although other interpretations remain viable. A comparison of the activities of mastoparan and its analog, MP14, on mitochondria and phospholipid vesicles provides an initial indication that a G-protein may participate in regulation of the permeability transition pore. These studies draw attention to peptides, in a broad sense, as potential pore regulators in cells, under both physiological and pathological conditions.
The effect of molecular weight and orientation on the sorption of n-pentane by glassy polystyrene

The effects of polymer molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and orientation on the rate of relaxation-controlled sorption of n-pentane by glassy polystyrene were studied. The sorption follows Case II kinetics but for films which sorb slowly the sorption rate increases at relatively long times until sorption is sharply terminated. This rate increase may be explained by the development of dispersed microvoids within the unrelaxed film core. Overshoot of the equilibrium n-pentane content occurs in sorption experiments in which accelerated sorption is pronounced. The sorption rate is independent of polymer molecular weight and molecular weight distribution per se over a broad wrange of these parameters. Essentially identical vapor sorption kinetics were observed for well annealed polystyrene films of different molecular weights and distributions. Conversely, for vapor sorption by uniaxially oriented films and for liquid sorption by partially annealed films, high molecular weight film (1,880,000) exhibits greater sorption rates than low molecular weight film (ca. 200,000). These differences in rate are not due to molecular weight differences per se, but are a consequence of the dissimilar response of free volume and strain development for films of different molecular weight prepared with a given time-temperature-strain history. Crazing of carefully annealed polystyrene films occurs during desorption of n-pentane from partially saturated films. The depth of craze penetration reflects the point of advance of the discontinuous Case II sorption boundary.
Can functional near-infrared spectroscopic (fnirs) imaging detect deception?

We report two studies on the capability of fNIRS brain imaging to detect deception. We demonstrate that fNIRS has potential to be a new approach to detect deception that has important applications for homeland society.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY

A steeply mounting gradient of permeability is demonstrable along the meshwork of capillaries which connects the arterioles and venules of the skin of the frog. The venules incorporated in the meshwork are even more permeable than the capillary meshes giving into them. The presence of the gradient under such differing conditions as exist along frog and mammalian capillaries enables one to rule out certain factors which might be invoked to explain it; and it is not explainable in terms of those influences generally recognized as conditioning exchange between the blood and tissues. Not improbably it results from a structural differentiation along the capillary.
Pseudo-Outbreak of Actinomyces graevenitzii Associated with Bronchoscopy

ABSTRACT Outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks of infection related to bronchoscopy typically involve Gram-negative bacteria, Mycobacterium species or Legionella species. We report an unusual bronchoscopy-related pseudo-outbreak due to Actinomyces graevenitzii. Extensive epidemiological and microbiological investigation failed to identify a common source. Strain typing revealed that the cluster was comprised of heterogeneous strains of A. graevenitzii. A change in laboratory procedures for Actinomyces cultures was coincident with the emergence of the pseudo-outbreak, and we determined that A. graevenitzii isolates more readily adopted a white, dry, molar tooth appearance on anaerobic colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar which likely facilitated its detection and identification in bronchoscopic specimens. This unusual pseudo-outbreak was related to frequent requests of bronchoscopists for Actinomyces cultures combined with a change in microbiology laboratory practices.
A class of mutant CHO cells resistant to cholera toxin rapidly degrades the catalytic polypeptide of cholera toxin and exhibits increased endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation.

After binding to the eukaryotic cell surface, cholera toxin undergoes retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. The catalytic A1 polypeptide of cholera toxin (CTA1) then crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and enters the cytosol in a process that may involve the quality control mechanism known as endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Other toxins such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A and ricin are also thought to exploit endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation for entry into the cytosol. To test this model, we mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells and selected clones that survived a prolonged coincubation with Pseudomonas exotoxin A and ricin. These lethal endoplasmic reticulum-translocating toxins bind different surface receptors and target different cytosolic substrates, so resistance to both would likely result from disruption of a shared trafficking or translocation event. Here we characterize two Pseudomonas exotoxin A/ricin-resistant clones that exhibited increased endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Both clones acquired the following unselected traits: (i) resistance to cholera toxin; (ii) increased degradation of an endoplasmic reticulum-localized CTA1 construct; (iii) increased degradation of an established endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation substrate, the Z variant of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT-Z); and (iv) reduced secretion of both α1AT-Z and the transport-competent protein α1AT-M. Proteosome inhibition partially rescued the α1AT-M secretion deficiencies. However, the mutant clones did not exhibit increased proteosomal activity against cytosolic proteins, including a second CTA1 construct that was expressed in the cytosol rather than in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggested that accelerated endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation in the mutant clones produced a cholera toxin/Pseudomonas exotoxin A/ricin-resistant phenotype by increasing the coupling efficiency between toxin translocation and toxin degradation.
The benefits for multiple management strategies of appropriate antibiotic treatment compared between defined daily dose of antibiotic and colonies of antimicrobial resistance in a community hospital

Purpose: Antimicrobial stewardship programs may reduce the inappropriate use of antimicrobials, but the long-term effects of such programs in intensive care units (ICUs) have not been adequately examined. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of an online comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship program (OCASP) on the clinical variables of patients in 200-bed medical/surgical ICUs of a single medical center over the course of 11 years. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of adult patients admitted to ICUs during the 5 years before (n Z 27499) and the 6 years after (n Z 33834) implementation of an OCASP. Antimicrobial consumption, expenditures, duration of treatment, incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), prevalence of HAIs caused by antimicrobial resistant strains, and clinical outcomes of patients were analyzed. Segmented regression analyses of interrupted time series were used to assess the significance of changes in antimicrobial use before and after OCASP implementation. Results: After OCASP implementation, ICU patients were older, had greater disease severity, longer ICU stays, and were more likely to receive antimicrobials, but the antimicrobial expenditures were lower and crude mortality of ICU patients was less. The change in overall antimicrobials use (slope of DDD/1000 patient-days vs. time) increased significantly before implementation (P < 0.001), but decreased significantly after implementation (P < 0.01). Analysis of the individual drug classes of antimicrobials indicated that the administration duration of all classes of antimicrobials treatment were significantly shorter (P < 0.001) after implementation except the treatment duration of anti-fungal agents did not differ for the two time periods (P Z 0.05). The incidences of HAIs were significantly lower (P < 0.001) after implementation. Conclusions: Long-term implementation of an OCASP in our ICUs indicated that this is a sustainable system that reduces antimicrobial consumption and expenditures, but does not compromise healthcare quality.
Asymptotic performance of optimum bit-by-bit decoding for the white Gaussian channel (Corresp.)

Asymptotic expressions are derived for the probability of bit error for optimum bit-by-bit decoding of a linear binary block code for the white Gaussian noise channel.
Building a framework for determining the authenticity of instructional tasks within teacher education programs

Abstract We propose a framework for evaluating the degree of authenticity of instructional tasks used within a teacher education program. First, we provide a defense for authenticity as an exemplary aspect of education. Second, we synthesize the theoretical literature on authenticity into conceptual codes. Using these codes, we build our authenticity framework around five criteria: the instructional task (1) is routinely performed by teachers, (2) involves students in a classroom, (3) promotes knowledge of practice, (4) involves self-reflection, and (5) serves formative purposes. We then discuss potential applications of our framework for the individual teacher educator and for program evaluation.
HIV Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviors Among Transgendered Women Who Exchange Sex in Comparison with Those Who Do Not

Abstract Many transgendered women face social, cultural, and economic challenges that result in their reliance on exchange sex to secure needed items. This study compares the HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors of transgendered women who exchanged sex with those who did not. Of the 244 transgendered women interviewed, those who exchanged sex comprised 58.2% of the sample and were younger (p < .001), less educated (p < .001), and less likely to have or seek health care (p < .001). HIV seroprevalence was higher in those who exchanged sex than those who did not (26.1% versus 16.7%). Those who exchanged sex reported more casual sex partners and were more likely to report sex while high on alcohol and/or drugs, but were also more likely to report condom use. In the multivariate analysis, exchange sex was not associated with increased HIV seroprevalance, but substance use during sex and African-American race were associated with increased seroprevalance. These findings highlight the importance of examining th...
Isolating cross-linguistic parsing complexity with a principles-and-parameters parser: a case study of Japanese and English

As parsing models and linguistic theories have broad ened to encorapass a wider range of non-English languages, a particularly uscfifl "stress test" is to buikl a single theory/parser pair that can work for multiple languages, in the best case with minor variation, perhaps restricted to the lexicon. This paper reports on the resuits of just such a test applied to a fully operational (Prolog) implementation of a so-called principles-andparameters model of syntax, for the case of Japanese
Rectal Diseases and Their Role in Perineal Hernia

Rectal abnormalities frequently coexist with perineal hernia. The three commonly recognized are deviation, sacculation, and diverticulum. If not corrected, these problems may lead to incomplete rectal emptying at defecation, persistent straining, and breakdown of the herniorrhaphy. Diagnosis of these abnormalities is by physical examination, with confirmation by barium enema. Amputation of rectal sacculations was performed during perineal herniorrhaphy on four dogs, three of which had previously had multiple recurrences of perineal hernia. None of the four experienced further straining or reherniation during a 12 to 16 month period following surgery.
What Statistical Evidence Is and What It Is Not. Review of Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm, by Richard Royall

Abstract Richard Royall received his Ph.D. in mathematical statistics from Stanford University in 1966; his undergraduate work was at North Carolina State University. Since his Ph.D. he has been in the Department of Biostatistics at Johns Hopkins University, where he has been Professor of Biostatistics since 1976. Earlier research has focussed on finite population sampling and clinical trials. However, he regards as his most worthwhile publication, before the book, his 1991 article “Ethics and Statistics in Randomized Clinical Trials,” which appeared in Statistical Science . It was V. P. Godambe who introduced him to Hacking's 1965 book Logic of Statistical Inference . Royall views Statistical Evidence as a long-delayed response to that work. A new article, “On the Probability of Observing Misleading Statistical Evidence,” will appear in the Journal of the American Statistical Association . Hoben Thomas is Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University, where he has been since 1966; his Ph.D. from Claremont Graduate School was in 1963. Most of his recent research has focussed on modeling individual differences in cognitive development of children. Recent articles on Piaget's class inclusion and the water-level problem have appeared in Developmental Psychology . An earlier 1993 Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, with A. Lohaus, Modeling Individual Differences in Spatial Tasks , led to a method of mixture decomposition which makes no assumptions about the component distributional form and is useful when there are within-individual replicated responses. The idea is being explored in collaboration with T. P. Hettmansperger, in the Department of Statistics at Penn State through NSF support. Recently he has had a renewed interest in infant processes; with graduate student M. P. Dahlin, a model for infant sequential touching has appeared in Psychological Review . Currently he is worrying about modeling infant habituation at the level of the individual infant in collaborative research with colleague R. O. Gilmore.
Volatile Leaf Oils of American Myrtaceae. I. Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Niedenzu of Chile and B. salicifolius (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Berg of Argentina

ABSTRACT The foliar oil of Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Niedenzu (Myrtaceae) collected in Chile is dominated by limonene (51.65±5.26% or 13.86+0.87%) and α-pinene (17.28±9.18% or 15.60±2.20%) with lesser amounts of spathulenol (7.57±5.30% or 11.42±0.60%). The foliar oil of B. salicifolius (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth) Berg collected in Argentina is dominated by 1,8-cineole (34.50+1.32%) and limonene (17.24+0.17%) with lesser amounts of linalool (7.26±0.14%).
Protecting Children With Chronic Illness in a Competitive Marketplace

Health care for children with chronic illnesses is significantly more expensive than for the average child. Children with chronic illnesses are especially vulnerable in a competitive health care environment because of the higher ongoing cost associated with treating their illnesses and the inherent pressures to reduce services to manage within the capitated rate. To minimize the adverse impact a competitive market could have on these children, a "carve-out" for specific medical conditions is discussed. A capitation pricing system that reflects their higher costs is proposed, as well as a delivery system that is focused on their needs.
Managing Comprehensive Wireless Patient Monitoring

Patient monitoring using wireless technologies has been considered for improving the quality of healthcare to an increased number of patients, including those suffering from physical and cognitive disabilities. For such patients, there is a need to design a comprehensive wireless patient monitoring system. In this paper, we propose a management framework for comprehensive patient monitoring that utilizes reliability of network architectures, context-awareness in vital-signs, and traffic management. This framework is applicable for a variety of patients who will require autonomous and context-aware operation of reliable patient monitoring networks.
Domain Validity and Generalizability

An alternative derivation of Tryon's basic formula for the coefficient of domain validity or the coefficient of generalizability developed by Cronbach, Rajaratnam, and Gleser is provided: This derivation, which is also the generalized Kuder-Richardson coefficient, requires a relatively minimal number of assumptions compared with that in previously proposed approaches.
Performance of solution‐cast membranes of poly(hydroxythyl methacrylate) in osmosis and reverse osmosis

Noncrosslinked copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with ethyl methacrylate (EMA) were prepared and investigated as candidate materials for reverse osmosis membranes. Water and salt flux were calculated from the results of osmosis experiments, compared with cellulose acetate and found to be somewhat smaller. The mobility of water varies by several orders of magnitude between a high flux cellulose acetate membrane and a low flux HEMA-EMA membrane.
Dietary Influence on Breeding Behavior, Hemolytic Anemia, and Longevity in NZB Mice

SummaryNZB mice are extensively used throughout the world as a model system for studying autoimmune disease. Apparently associated with a propensity to early development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the breeding capacity of NZB mice is defective; and the life span of these animals is short. As part of a general effort to improve breeding in our colonies, comparison of the influence of two commercial diets on NZB mice was made. One diet provided low protein and relatively high fat; the other, somewhat higher protein and lower fat content. Improved breeding performance was observed in the animals fed higher fat, lower protein intake. But, this diet influenced the animals adversely by fostering development of hemolytic anemia and shortening the life span both in males and females; whereas higher protein and lower fat extended particularly the longevity of male mice. These observations are taken as preliminary evidence that dietary intake can profoundly influence the development of autoimmune disease and t...
Mutations and polymorphisms in the tuberous sclerosis complex gene on chromosome 16

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder of benign tumor formation, hamartomata, and hamartias. TSC has been shown to be genetically heterogeneous, with one causative gene mapping to chromosome 9q (denoted TSC1) and at least one other gene on chromosome 16p (denoted TSC2). The TSC2 gene was recently cloned. We have tested 88 TSC probands with the TSC2 cDNA by Southern blotting searching for gross deletions/rearrangements/insertions. We detected two deletions and a rare intragenic polymorphic variant. This is a similar rate of mutation detection (2/88; 2.3%) to that in the orignial report (10/260/;3.8%). The rare polymorphic variant was initially detected in the proband of a chromosome 9-linked multiplex TSC family. The polymorphism segregated with previously tested markers on chromosome 16 independently of the disease gene, verifying that the variation was unrelated to TSC status. We have also begun searching for subtle mutations by SSCA and direct sequencing. After screening three exons, we found two intragenic polymorphic variants. Both polymorphisms are common, making them useful for linkage studies in known affected families. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantitative aspects of brain microdialysis

The concentration difference method of microdialysis has been widely used for quantification of neurotransmitter concentrations in the extracellular space of the mammalian brain. This Critical Review examines the underlying theoretical basis of the method and shows that the validity of the method requires equality of the microdialysis extraction and recovery ratios of the substance under investigation. Experimental evidence that the extraction and recovery ratios of the neurotransmitter, dopamine, are not equal during microdialysis experiments in the brain of living animals is presented. This evidence leads to the conclusion that the no-net-flux concentration of dopamine is not a quantitative measure of the concentration of this important neurotransmitter in the extracellular space of brain tissue. Hopefully, this information will stimulate further research efforts into the quantitative aspects of chemical analysis in the brain.
D-glucose suppression of tyrosine aminotransferase in rat-hepatoma cells grown in culture.

A d-glucose-free medium containing excess l-tyrosine was tested for its capacity to induce tyrosine aminotransferase in rat hepatoma cells (Reuber H-35). Approximately 2 × 107 cells, previously grown in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium were transferred to a similar medium which lacked d-glucose and contained excess l-tyrosine. Between 48 and 72 h later a sharp rise in tyrosine-aminotransferase activity occurred. Addition of d-glucose at 48 h completely suppressed this increase while l-glucose had no effect. Conversely, cultures incubated in media containing excess l-tyrosine in the presence of normal concentrations of d-glucose were not induced. After 48 h, however, changing from this medium to one which lacked d-glucose caused a sharp rise in tyrosine-aminotransferase activity within the next 24 h. The increase in enzyme activity in the absence of d-glucose was prevented by actinomycin-D and cycloheximide. It is unlikely that the absence of an energy-yielding substrate (d-glucose) caused enzyme induction since replacement of d-glucose with 2-deoxyglucose also suppressed tyrosine aminotransferase. Other compounds such as mannitol, lactose, and N-acetylglucosamine also suppressed synthesis of this enzyme. The data presented suggest that d-glucose suppresses synthesis by an action initiated at the cell surface.
The syntheses and structures of coordinatively unsaturated aryloxy-hydride complexes of molybdenum, Mo(PMe3)4(OAr)H: reversible CH bond activation and comparison with their tungsten analogues

Mo(PMe 3 ) 6 reacts with ArOH (Ar=2,4,6-C 6 H 2 Me 3 , 2,6-C 6 H 3 Pr i 2 ) to give coordinatively unsaturated aryloxy-hydride derivatives Mo(PMe 3 ) 4 (OAr)H. The formation of Mo(PMe 3 ) 4 (OAr)H is in marked contrast to the cyclometalated products of CH bond activation that are obtained for the corresponding tungsten system. Deuterium labeling and magnetization transfer studies, however, demonstrate that the coordinatively unsaturated molybdenum complexes Mo(PMe 3 ) 4 (OAr)H are in fact kinetically capable of intramolecular oxidative addition of a CH bond of the ortho substituents to yield cyclometalated derivatives that are thermodynamically unstable with respect to the aryloxy-hydride derivatives.
A historical view of Douglas McGregor's Theory Y

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to trace Douglas McGregor's Theory Y thinking back from pre‐industrial revolution philosophers up through McGregor and his contemporaries and to explore how Theory Y evolved after its introduction.Design/methodology/approach – This is a review article relying on literature reviews and synthesizing concepts and ideas from related sources.Findings – This article examines the emergence of Theory Y as one of the hallmark relationship management principles of the last half of the 20th century. McGregor stands in a unique place in management history. He has one foot in the early human relations movement, and another foot in the movement of scholars who advocated a heightened awareness of management's responsibility for the human side of employer‐employee relations. McGregor serves as a true facilitator for growth and advancement in the field of management, in general, and human relations, in particular.Originality/value – This paper holds value to management scholars and p...
[Molecular mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-mediated pathogenesis].

Helicobacter pyloriは胃に持続感染し，胃炎，胃潰瘍，胃癌の発症の原因となる。我々は，H. pyloriが産生する蛋白で胃上皮細胞にアポトーシスを誘導する活性を持つものを精製，同定した。この蛋白はγ-glutamyltranspeptidase（GGT）だった。GGTは分泌蛋白で，菌体外に存在する物質を基質としていた。GGTは，グルタミンとグルタチオンに対して非常に強い加水分解活性を示し，Km値が1 μM以下だった。宿主細胞にとって，環境中のグルタミンとグルタチオンが加水分解により消費される事は，細胞内でそれらを合成するためにATPの消費を課すことになるとともに，グルタチオンの欠乏は，宿主細胞を酸化ストレスにさらすことになる。これらのことは，宿主細胞に対する障害メカニズムの一つと考えられる。一方H. pyloriはグルタミントランスポーターを持たず，細胞外のグルタミンをGGTの働きによりグルタミン酸に加水分解して取り込んでいた。H. pyloriのGGTによる病原性は，菌自身の代謝に必要な酵素が同時に宿主に対して障害性を示すというものだった。
Sources and Disposition of Pituitary Prolactin in Maternal Circulation, AmnioticFluid, Fetus and Placenta in the Pregnant Rhesus Monkey

Experiments performed at 130 days gestation in 11 rhesus monkeys revealed a positive correlation between pituitary prolactin concentrations in maternal plasma, but not fetal plasma, and those in amniotic fluid. Minute amounts of radioactively-labeled prolactin passed between maternal and fetal circulation. Small amounts of labeled hormone also passed from the mother, but not from the fetus, to the amniotic cavity. Fetal plasma prolactin was elevated by fetalinjection of thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF), but not to an extent comparable to maternal plasma rises seen after the hypothalamic hormone was injected into the mother. Fetal tissues andthe placenta acquired protein-bound radioactivity when l25I-labeled prolactin was injected intothe amniotic fluid, the 125I in the former organ being displaced by incubation with nonlabeled prolactin. It was concluded that the maternal circulation may be a major source of amniotic fluid prolactin, while fetal and maternal circulations show mutually, essentially indep...
Formation of Ternary Complexes of Iron(iii) Cations in Solution and Gas Phase

Formation of labile 1 : 1 : 1 ternary mononuclear complexes of iron(iii) cation with η3-terdentate meridional binders was studied using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) titration and UV-Vis titration in solution phase. Low selectivities towards formation of ternary heteroleptic complexes in the solution phase vs. symmetric 2 : 1 complexes were obtained with combinations of dianionic 2,6-bis[hydroxy(methyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine (BHT) ligands with monoanionic terdentate ligands such as 2-[(2-pyridinylmethylene)amino]phenol. Moderate selectivities were observed in formation of ternary iron(iii) complexes of iron(iii) between BHT ligands and neutral terdentate ligands such as pyridin-2-ylmethylpyridin-2-ylmethyleneamine. Results obtained by MS titrations were in a reasonable agreement with UV titration data indicating that quantitative ESI MS spectrometry can be applied to these labile iron(iii) complexes.
Query restart strategies for Web agents

With the explosive growth of the internet, autonomous agents will increasingly need strategies for efficiently retrieving information. The time an agent (or server) takes to answer a query issued to it is often a random variable, whose distribution can be estimated by collecting statistics. When an agent A sends a query to another agent B and the query has not completed in some period of time, agent A faces the dilemma of whether to continue waiting or reissue the query (to agent B or to a different one). When some information is available about the probability distribution of the query completion time of the agents, it is possible to devise schemes for agents to reissue queries in such a way that the expected query completion time is reduced significantly. We design such schemes for various models of query-answering agents. Where meaningful, we take into account the cost of sending a query to an agent.
The Late Cambrian (Furongian) trilobite Tangshanaspis Zhou and Zhang, 1978, in North America

Tangshanaspis Zhou and Zhang, 1978 (Family Missisquoiidae), has been reported widely from western North America and has been assigned invariably to a single species, T. depressa (Stitt, 1971b). The base of the T. depressa Subzone as defined in Oklahoma is an important biostratigraphic datum for inter-regional correlation of uppermost Cambrian strata. Study of previously undescribed material in collections from Oklahoma shows that T. depressa is, in fact, a composite of cranidia and pygidia that belong to two stratigraphically segregated species in the Signal Mountain Formation. Tangshanaspis silveri n. sp. includes the pygidial morph originally attributed to T. depressa. Revision of the species from Oklahoma allows definition of a new biostratigraphic unit, the Tangshanaspis Zone, which is divided into a lower T. silveri Fauna and an overlying T. depressa Fauna; in addition to the eponymous species, the T. depressa Fauna includes pygidia that represent two additional species of Tangshanaspis that are plac...
Focal venous hypertension as a pathophysiologic mechanism for tissue hypertrophy, port-wine stains, the Sturge-Weber syndrome, and related disorders: proof of concept with novel hypothesis for underlying etiological cause (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis)

Conclusions: Contrary to traditional understanding, signs and symptoms in the Sturge-Weber and related syndromes, including both congenital and acquired port-wine stains, are shown to arise from effects of localized primary venous dysplasia or acquired venous obstruction rather than neural dysfunction, differentiating these syndromes from actual phacomatoses. Effects of focal venous hypertension are transmitted to nearby areas via compensatory collateral venous channels in the above conditions, as in the Parkes Weber syndrome. A novel underlying etiology—prenatal venous thrombo-occlusion—is proposed to be responsible for the absence of veins with persistence and enlargement of collateral circulatory pathways with data in the literature backing this offshoot hypothesis. The mechanism for isolated pathologic tissue hypertrophy in these syndromes clarifies physiologic mechanisms for exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy to occur via venous compression and increased capillary transudation. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2013;111:180-215
Nature and Culture in the Andes

Nature and Culture in the Andes. Daniel W. Gade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.302 pp.
Consequences of impaired female sexual functioning: Individual differences and associations with sexual distress

A number of risk factors for sexual distress have been identified, including impairments in sexual function. However, for women, sexual function is only weakly associated with distress levels in many cases. One reason for this disconnect may be that impaired sexual function can have a variety of consequences for the individual's sexual experience and that some consequences may be more or less distressing to different people. Research suggests that some consequences of impaired sexual function may be more distressing to older women and/or for women in longer or less satisfying relationships. To examine the association between consequences of impaired female sexual function and distress, 75 women reporting one or more recurrent difficulties with sexual function in the past month were assessed. Frequency of sexual consequences including decreased physical pleasure, decreased sexual frequency, and negative partner emotional responses, were associated with sexual distress after controlling for the effects of s...