cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Noninformational Color on the Reading Test Performance of Students with and without Attentional Deficits.

Students with attentional deficits are better able to maintain attention to tasks if novelty is added, especially during later trials. In this study, we assessed generality to a standardized reading test when noninformational color was added to one of two altemate forms, counterbalanced for order of condition and form. Participants were 25 third- to fifth-grade students with and without attentional deficits. Students with attentional deficits: (a) read as accurately as their classmates with color added (during a first test administration and across sessions), (b) read worse in the black-white condition, and (c) improved reading accuracy during the second test administration with color added (i.e., all other groups showed a decline in performance). Because the noninformational color did not change test difficulty (i.e., by altering the discriminability of task-relevant features), the implications of these findings may be more accurate assessment of the performance of students with attentional deficits.
The role of the α-glycerophosphate shuttle in the reoxidation of cytosolic NADH in ehrlich ascites tumour cells

Abstract 1. Addition of glucose to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells is able to release partially the inhibition by rotenone of the endogenous respiration in the hyperdiploid strain, but has almost no effect on the rotenone-blocked respiration of the hyperdiploid Lettremutant strain. 2. Measurements of redox changes of cytochromes b , c and nicotinamide-adenine nucleotides in the rotenone-inhibited cells indicate that, upon addition of glucose, (a) a translocation of glycolytic reducing equivalents to the mitochondrial cytochromes does occur in the hyperdiploid strain and (b) a reversal of mitochondrial electron transport is stimulated by the increase in the glycolytic phosphate potential in the Lettremutant. 3. Analysis of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in the two strains shows that the level of this enzyme is low in the hyperdiploid Lettrecells and much higher (about 20 times) in the hyperdiploid cells. Consequently, upon addition of glucose to rotenone-treated cells, α-glycerophosphate is formed in quantities adequate for the operation of the α-glycerophosphate shuttle only in the latter cells. These findings suggest that the operation of the α-glycerophosphate shuttle is mainly responsible for the aerobic oxidation of glycolytic reducing equivalents found in the wild strain. On the other hand, during glucose breakdown in the presence of rotenone only slight differences are found in the lactate accumulation between the two strains. 4. It is concluded that the high rate of aerobic glycolysis in ascites cells cannot be dependent, as suggested by other authors, on the lack of a system for the transfer of glycolytic NADH to the respiratory chain beyond the first phosphorylation site.
It is high time we take our ignorance more seriously

Abstract The use of “fully articulate” models in finance is not always a logical possibility. A simple “counting argument” shows that the agents of our models must be less complex than the whole model and less complex than ourselves. Some markets are influenced by “Big Players,” individuals with discretionary power to influence market results. A fully articulate model of such a market would require a fully articulate model of the Big Player. This is not possible. Thus, there are limits to knowledge in finance. Sometimes finance researchers must settle for mere “explanation of the principle.” Because there are limits to knowledge in finance, we should take another look at some techniques of analysis other than fully articulate models. Perhaps it is only natural that in the exuberance generated by the successful advances of science the circumstances which limit our factual knowledge, and the consequent boundaries imposed upon the applicability of theoretical knowledge, have been rather disregarded. It is high time, however, that we take our ignorance more seriously.
Synthesis of polyarenemethines, a new class of conducting polymers

Abstract Two synthetic routes to form black insoluble and infusable polymers containing polyarenemethine structures are described. The highest conductivity obtained by doping with iodine was 10 −4 S/cm. Syntheses and structures are discussed.
Collagen as an Implantable Material in Medicine and Dentistry

Abstract Collagen is a highly versatile material, extensively used in the medical, dental, and pharmacological fields. Collagen is capable of being prepared into cross-linked compacted solids or into lattice-like gels. Resorbable forms of collagen have been used to dress oral wounds, for closure of graft and extraction sites, and to promote healing. Collagen-based membranes also have been used in periodontal and implant therapy as barriers to prevent epithelial migration and allow cells with regenerative capacity to repopulate the defect area. It has been hypothesized that membrane regenerative techniques facilitate the natural biological potential by creating a favorable environment for periodontal and peri-implant regeneration. Due to the enormous potential of collagen-based regenerative barriers, clinicians may benefit from a review of potential applications of implantable collagen and knowledge of collagen preparation and membrane types as well as from as awareness of the functional and degradation pr...
Exfoliation of magnesium-graphite composites: a combined metallographic and analytical approach

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine and eliminate the causes of localized exfoliation in magnesium and a magnesium alloy (AZ91C) reinforced with graphite fibers. These composites were prepared by liquid-phase hot pressing using a titanium intermediate to promote wetting, infiltration, and bonding between the Mg/Mg alloy and the graphite fibers. A multidisciplinary approach involving metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microprobe analysis, electron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography was used to study exfoliated and unexfoliated regions of these composites. The results of these studies indicate that exfoliation in both Mg and the Mg-alloy matrix composites occurs when there is poor wetting and bonding and that it can be completely prevented by achieving good wetting and bonding. It was also found that elimination of aluminum as an alloying element improves the suitability of Mg as a matrix material for graphite fibers.
Intracellular recordings from supporting cells in the organ of Corti

Horseradish peroxidase marking and intracellular recording techniques were utilized to examine whether the heterogeneity of supporting cell types is reflected in their electrical behavior. The magnitudes of ac and dc response components were compared to their extracellular counterparts. The relationships among these potentials seem to be governed by the cell's location within the organ of Corti.
CMV antibody prevalence and seroincidence in plateletpheresis donors

Objective: To determine the prevalence and seroincidence of CMV seropositivity in plateletpheresis donors of different ages and gender. Methods: CMV antibody serostatus, birthdate, and date of first and most recent donation between the years 1976 and 2006 were retrieved from 222 plateletpheresis donor records at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Donor Center. CMV antibody serostatus was obtained for 183 donors at the most recent donation for which CMV antibody data were available. CMV antibody status and time interval between first and most recent donation were also obtained from 97 repeat plateletpheresis donors who were CMV antibody negative at time of first donation. Results: Overall CMV antibody positivity was 35.5% for 183 donors (mean age = 46.0 years) at time of most recent donation. CMV seropositivity tended to increase with age, being 37.5, 17.9, 37.5, 39.0, and 61.5% for donors aged 20–29 years (n = 8), 30–39 years (n = 39), 40–49 years (n = 64), 50–59 years (n = 59), and 60+ years (n = 13), respectively. Overall CMV seroincidence was 1.6 seroconversions per 100 person years with a rate of 1.4 seroconversions per 100 years for men and 2.3 for women. Conclusion: CMV seroprevalence and seroincidence in this plateletpheresis donor population are relatively low so that a large percentage of donors are likely to be able to provide CMV seronegative platelet components for many years. Our data suggest that targeting groups with lower CMV seroprevalence and seroincidence rates such as young people and possibly men will likely yield the highest percentage of CMV seronegative donors. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationship of Curing Temperatures to Quality of American Cheddar Cheese

Summary One hundred and sixteen vats of milk of good quality were made into cheese, and the four duplicate cheeses made from each vat were stored as follows: One was held for 6 months at 34° F.; one for 3 months at 50° plus 3 months at 34° ; one for 6 months at 50° ; and one for 3 months at 60° plus 3 months at 34°. In the group stored for 3 months at 50° plus 3 months at 34° F., and also in the group stored 6 months at 50°, the majority of the cheeses were better in quality than the duplicates (or controls) that were stored 6 months at 34°. But in the group stored 3 months at 60° plus 3 months at 34°, the majority of the cheeses were poorer in quality than the duplicates stored 6 months at 34°. Of the 116 cheeses that were stored 6 months at 50° F., about 68 per cent had a score of 92 or more at the end of the storage period and the other 32 per cent had a score of less than 92. Of the high-scoring group, 87 per cent were better in quality than, or as good as, the duplicate that was stored 6 months at 34°; whereas, of the lower-scoring group, only 32 per cent were better than, or as good as, the duplicate stored 6 months at 34°. From these data, it appears that if a cheese is destined as a result of some inherent defect in the making process to have a score below 92, it will have a relatively higher score if it is held at 34° F. than if it is cured at 50°. When cheese is held 6 months at 34° F., the percentage that will score 92 or better will be about the same whether the moisture content is above or below 38 per cent. When cheese is cured at any of the three higher temperatures used in this experiment, however, the percentage scoring 92 or better will be from 5 to 15 per cent in favor of the low-moisture cheese. Cheese made from milk of good quality and by methods which insure cheese of good quality can be cured at temperatures as high as 50° F. with reasonable certainty of developing a clean and characteristic Cheddar flavor. From past observations cheese made from bacteriologically poor milk or so manipulated that there is a tendency to develop acid, bitter, or other off-flavors, should be stored at 34° F. in order to retard the development of these defects as much as possible.
Analysis of Nets by Numerical Methods

The assignment of prime numbers to the branches of directed or non-directed nets, enables one to construct transition matrices in a numerical, rather than a symbolic, form. The numerical form greatly facilitates the construction of higher-order transition matrices, needed for the topological analysis of a given net. The proposed method is especially useful for the mechanical determination of the non-repeating paths and cycles in the net.
An analysis of high impact scholarship and publication trends in blended learning

Blended learning is a diverse and expanding area of design and inquiry that combines face-to-face and online modalities. As blended learning research matures, numerous voices enter the conversation. This study begins the search for the center of this emerging area of study by finding the most cited scholarship on blended learning. Using Harzing’s Publish or Perish software (http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm), we determined the most frequently cited books, book chapters, and articles on the subject of blended learning, as well as the journals in which these highly cited articles appeared. Through these findings we offer some conclusions about where the conversations about blended learning are happening, which scholars are at the forefront of these conversations, and other emerging trends in blended learning scholarship.
Maintenance of Resale Prices by Manufacturers

I. Legal background of resale price maintenance, 454.—Present status of price maintenance, 455.—II. Quasi-monopolistic position of "differentiated" product producers, 455.—The effect of "fair trade" legislation on retail prices of contract items, 457.—III. Underlying factors making possible an artificial price structure, 458.—IV. Comparison of nationally advertised drug prices with non-nationally advertised comparable items, 460.—Relative ignorance of consumers regarding substitute products, 462.—V. Effect of price maintenance legislation in California, 462.—VI. Evaluation of "fair trade" in contrast to "loss leader" legislation, 463.—Education of the consumer as an essential element for breaking "fixed prices," 464.
Integrated Nanofluidic Devices and Circuits

The fundamental length scales related to ions and molecules in liquids fall in the range of 1–100 nm. These involves the range of intermolecular forces due to steric interactions, electrostatic forces between charged species, and van der Waals interactions. This talk will focus on how confinement of aqueous solutions in the range of Debye screening length (1–50 nm) in nanochannels can lead to formation of unipolar ionic solutions. The ionic current in such nanochannels is found to several orders of magnitude higher than that predicted by macroscopic theories, and is extremely sensitive to surface charge, which can be used to study surface biomolecular reactions. Furthermore, this phenomenon can be exploited to develop nanofluidic transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, which is now forming the basis for manipulating and analyzing complex mixtures of biomolecules in ultrasmall volumes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
MICROSTRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF DETERIORATED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETES

Abstract The properties of materials are largely determined by their microstructure. Evaluation of the microstructure of deteriorated concrete provides an invaluable, and in many instances, the only method of determining the cause of deterioration. It is important to determine the cause of deterioration as otherwise inappropriate repair procedures, leading to poor durability of the repair, may be employed. Determining the cause of deterioration is also important because this information can be used in preparing new standards to improve the durability in future construction and/or techniques. Although concrete may appear to be a hard, impregnable, material, it is in fact, a porous material, containing relatively soluble components such as calcium hydroxide which are readily leached in concrete exposed to aggressive solutions. Thus, exposure to soft water, sea water, brine and even weak organic and inorganic acids results in dissolution of a portion of the binder which holds the concrete together. The porosity and permeability of concrete also make it susceptible to frost damage. The cement paste binder in concrete is composed of hydrated calcium aluminium silicates which dehydrate on exposure to high temperatures. This makes concrete susceptible to deterioration when exposed to fire. Sometimes, even though the concrete is essentially durable, it may crack due to expansion caused by corrosion of steel reinforcement. In other instances the concrete may contain within it the seeds of its own destruction, for example, when the concrete is made with potentially alkali reactive aggregates and contains a high concentration of alkali in the pore solution. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some typical changes to the microstructure of concrete due to exposure to various aggressive environments, and to describe the methodology used in the investigation of deteriorated concrete. Due to space limitations, it is not possible to describe deterioration due to all possible causes. Instead, some typical examples are selected for illustration.
DIVISION OF INSTRUMENTATION: SOLID STATE DOSIMETRY*

Design features are described for a small radiation dosimeter comprised of a glass host matrix and a silver fluorescent activator. The absorption of ionizing radiation causes the ionization of Ag3(PO3). A photochemical reaction then reduces ionic silver to metallic silver. Metallic silver emits an orange-yellow fluorescence that is directly proportional to the radiation exposure and can be converted into an electrical signal through the use of an optical bypass filter and a photomultiplier. Range selection is obtained by placing a voltage divider in the input circuit. The use of Au, Cd, or Li alloy shields to increase the sensitivity of the dosimeter are discussed. Calibration, reading, and use as needle implant dosimeters are described.
Influence of Children's Emotional States on the Recognition of Emotion in Peers and Social Motives to Change Another's Emotional State

This experiment addressed the question of whether children's own emotional states influence their accuracy in recognizing emotional states in peers and any motives they may have to intervene in order to change their peers' emotional states. Happiness, sadness, anger, or a neutral state were induced in preschool children, who then viewed slides of other 4-year-old children who were actually experiencing each of those states. Children's own emotional states influenced only their perception of sadness in peers. Sad emotional states promoted systematic inaccuracies in the perception of sadness, causing children to mislabel sadness in peers as anger. Children had high base rates for using the label “happy,” and this significantly enhanced their accuracy in recognizing that state. Low base rates for labeling others as in a neutral state reduced accuracy in recognizing neutrality. Children were generally motivated to change sad, angry, and neutral states in peers, and they were most motivated to change a peer's state if they were to be the agent of such change. The results are discussed in terms of the limited role of children's own emotional states in their recognition of emotion in others or motives to intervene and in terms of factors influencing the perception of emotion, such as base rate preferences for labeling others as experiencing, or not experiencing, particular emotional states.
Target Ricin by Coupling to an Anti-Eiacrophage Monoclonal Antibody

AbstractBy altering the receptor binding specificity of the highly potent natural toxin ricin, a macrophage specific immunotoxin was developed. Ricin ordinarily does not demonstrate cell type specificity and is capable of binding and entering cells through galactose containing receptors resulting in rapid cell death. A murine anti-rat peritoneal macrophage IgG1 monoclonal antibody, B-6, was developed to serve as a target specific carrier for ricin. By covalently binding monoclonal antibody B-6 and reversibly binding lactose to ricin, a new biologically active hybrid toxin possessing macrophage specificity was developed. When P3X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells, which served as an nonspecific target cell type, and macrophages were treated with the ricin conjugate over a broad range of concentrations and various time periods, the conjugate demonstrated substantially greater toxicity toward macrophages than myeloma cells even though both cell types responded similarly to treatments with unconjugated ricin. It was al...
Proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry

Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue collections represent a valuable informational resource for proteomic studies. Multiple FFPE core biopsies can be assembled in a single block to form tissue microarrays (TMAs). We describe a protocol for analyzing protein in FFPE-TMAs using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). The workflow incorporates an antigen retrieval step following deparaffinization, in situ trypsin digestion, matrix application and then mass spectrometry signal acquisition. The direct analysis of FFPE-TMA tissue using IMS allows direct analysis of multiple tissue samples in a single experiment without extraction and purification of proteins. The advantages of high speed and throughput, easy sample handling and excellent reproducibility make this technology a favorable approach for the proteomic analysis of clinical research cohorts with large sample numbers. For example, TMA analysis of 300 FFPE cores would typically require 6 h of total time through data acquisition, not including data analysis.
Parachute aerodynamics - An assessment of prediction capability

In this paper we review the present state-of-the art concerning the aerodynamic prediction capabilities for parachutes. Our review is to ballistic parachutes which primarily produce forces in the direction of motion as opposed to gliding parachutes which may produce sisnificant lift foxes normal to the trajectory. We begin by discussing the general characteristics of parachute aerodynamics during deployment. inflation, and terminal descent. Basic bluff-body aerodynamics are next discussed in which relevant experimental observations and available numerical tools are noted. One of the most aspects of parachute aerodynamics is modeling the inflation process. We examine several techniques which have been used for this purpose. We next consider several aerodynamic topics associated with deployment. steady descent, wake recontact. and aircraft1 parachute interaction. We conclude by summarizing the present state-of-the art, noting current needs, and presenting possible future directions. CHARACTERISTICS OF PARACHUTE AERODYNAMICS
A New Species of Serolidae (Isopoda) From Bathyal Depths of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Serolis menziesi n. sp. a ete trouve par 834 jusqu'a 1493 metres au large de Recife, Bresil, c'est-a-dire a une profondeur beaucoup moins grande que S. vemae, qui est etroitement apparente a la nouvelle espece. De nouvelles captures de S. vemae sont aussi signalees.
My enemy's enemy is my friend: A close reading of the Palestinian response to the Gulf crisis

Henry has called for rhetorical scholarship on the Gulf crisis; Brock and Howell have initiated the study of Palestinian rhetoric; and Conquergood has urged rhetorical scholars to study the discourse of displacement. This essay examines the Palestinian rhetoric that was a response to the exigence of the Gulf crisis. As such, this essay sheds light on the rhetoric of the gulf crisis, extends the study of Palestinian rhetoric, and is a case study of the discourse of the displaced. The study reveals five significant patterns of Palestinian rhetoric in response to the Gulf war and outlines implications that can be drawn from the study of the discourse of the Gulf war, the Palestinians and the displaced and oppressed.
Backup without redundancy: genetic interactions reveal the cost of duplicate gene loss

Many genes can be deleted with little phenotypic consequences. By what mechanism and to what extent the presence of duplicate genes in the genome contributes to this robustness against deletions has been the subject of considerable interest. Here, we exploit the availability of high-density genetic interaction maps to provide direct support for the role of backup compensation, where functionally overlapping duplicates cover for the loss of their paralog. However, we find that the overall contribution of duplicates to robustness against null mutations is low ( approximately 25%). The ability to directly identify buffering paralogs allowed us to further study their properties, and how they differ from non-buffering duplicates. Using environmental sensitivity profiles as well as quantitative genetic interaction spectra as high-resolution phenotypes, we establish that even duplicate pairs with compensation capacity exhibit rich and typically non-overlapping deletion phenotypes, and are thus unable to comprehensively cover against loss of their paralog. Our findings reconcile the fact that duplicates can compensate for each other's loss under a limited number of conditions with the evolutionary instability of genes whose loss is not associated with a phenotypic penalty.
Evil versus 'eph-ective' use of ephrin-B2.

Crystal structures of the Nipah and Hendra virus attachment protein complexed with ephrin-B2 shed light on the apparent paradox of ephrin-B2's flexibility for binding multiple receptors. Surprisingly, the switch from the use of glycan-based to protein-based receptors seems to have evolved independently from other protein-receptor–using paramyxoviruses such as the measles virus.
Advanced GNVQ in Hospitality and Catering: The route to Higher Education

Abstract This is an inquiry into the problems of development and implementation of the new BTEC Advanced GNVQ in Hospitality and Catering at Boston College, focusing on the route to higher education. Research methodology included a literature search, questionnaire and interviews, together with discussions, meetings, and observation. Field notes were used to support these methods. Data was collected from higher education establishments, BTEC, and staff at Boston College, Lincolnshire. Triangulation ‐‐ the strategy of gathering similar data from a variety of sources ‐‐ was used to evaluate these differing sources of information. All 29 higher education establishments included in the survey responded, revealing an unexpected selection of 23 courses at six different levels. However, the inquiry identified serious problems with progression to higher education courses, based on a wide variety of entry requirements for compatible courses, and a widespread lack of knowledge relating to developments in Advanced GN...
A Unified Microscopic and Macroscopic Thermal Contact Resistance Model

There are two types of thermal contact resistance at the interface of two solids. One of them is due to the constriction of heat flow lines at the interface, commonly known as thermal contact resistance. The other type of constriction resistance is microscopic in nature. If the characteristic dimension of the constriction becomes comparable to the mean free path of the heat carriers then there is a ballistic component to the constriction resistance. For different materials on the two sides, thermal boundary resistance due to acoustic mismatch becomes important. In this paper a unified model is developed which accounts for both microscopic and macroscopic contact resistances.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Metallothionein in Plasma and Urine of Cadmium-Exposed Rats Determined by a Single-Antibody Radioimmunoassay

Abstract A single-antibody radioimmunoassay for determining nanogram quantities of rat metallothionein has been developed. This assay has advantages over the double-antibody radioimmunoassay for metallothioneins in terms of accuracy and expedition. Metallothionein obtained from rat liver, human kidney and even rabbit liver completely cross-reacted with the antiserum, whereas metallothionein of crab hepatopancreas did not show any cross-reactivity. With the use of this assay metallothionein was detected in plasma and urine of rats exposed to 5 μmol CdCl2/kg/day, 5 days a week for up to 15 weeks. The sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay, the 50 percent intercept of standard curves, for metallothionein in rat plasma and urine was 11.5 and 11.6 ng, respectively. Upon cadmium exposure the metallothionein level in plasma increased progressively during the first 4 weeks, and remained unchanged thereafter. Metallothionein was detected in urine as early as 4 days after the exposure. The urinary excretion of the protein was significantly elevated by 11 weeks. By this time the kidney cortex cadmium level exceeded 200 μg/g wet weight, the critical concentration for the onset of renal dysfunction. These results suggest that the appearance of metallothionein in the body fluids is an early effect of cadmium exposure and that the marked increase in urinary metallothionein excretion may be a useful index of renal tubular dysfunction. Toxicological implications of the observation on complete cross-reactivity of the rabbit anti-rat metallothionein serum with rabbit metallothionein are also discussed.
Differences in nutrition knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among low income Hispanic and African American women caretakers

The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine the differences in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, beliefs (KAB), and self efficacy among low income African American and Hispanic women; (2) identify the associations that these variables have on diet quality and weight status; (3) identify some barriers to healthy eating; and (4) to document if the level of acculturation, among Hispanics, has any effect on KAB. Data from three separate studies were combined and analyzed. The total sample included African Americans (N=92), high acculturated Hispanics (N=73), and low acculturated Hispanics (N=199). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were used to identify associations between KAB and body mass index (BMI) and diet quality. The majority of African Americans had good knowledge in nutrition while Hispanics had fair knowledge. The differences were, however, non significant. Attitudes toward eating a healthy diet were significantly different only in terms of high fiber and low fat consumption. More Hispanics (96.7%) than African Americans (90.2%) believed that it is important to consume a healthy diet, however both groups had poor dietary intakes. A computed KAB score showed no significant relation to individuals' weight status or diet quality. However, attitudes and beliefs about healthy foods strongly correlated with participants' weight or diet consumption. The most common barrier to consuming a healthy diet reported by both groups was the cost of healthy foods. The level of acculturation had a significant influence on some nutrition attitudes and belief. More high, than low acculturated Hispanics acknowledged the importance fiber and low fat diets. However, low acculturated Hispanics were more likely to have the belief that healthy foods will keep one healthy. It is therefore recommended for educational programs to focus on these variables when addressing obesity and poor dietary intake among low income minority groups.
A mechanistic dissolved oxygen model of Corpus Christi Bay to understand critical processes causing hypoxia

Corpus Christi Bay (TX, USA) is a shallow wind-driven bay which experiences hypoxia (dissolved oxygen<2 mg/L) during the summer months in the southeast region of the bay. We have developed and installed real-time monitoring systems in the bay to measure various water quality, meteorological and hydrodynamic parameters. These systems can aid in determining the extent and frequency of hypoxic events in this energetic bay. A three-dimensional mechanistic dissolved oxygen model has been developed in this study to investigate the key processes that induce hypoxia in Corpus Christi (CC) Bay. This model includes variable advection and dispersion coefficients so that it can be driven by real-time monitoring hydrodynamic data. The results from model simulations indicate that hypoxia may occur at the lower depths of the bay when both stratification and higher biological activity conditions exist. The water column in the south-east part of the bay becomes stratified during calm wind conditions when there is inflow of hyper-saline water from the neighboring Laguna Madre waterbody. This condition, when combined with higher biological activity during the summer months, induces hypoxia at the lower depths of the bay. The simulation results also point out that physical transport processes have more pronounced effect on the DO distribution within the water column than the effects of biological activity. Therefore, it is necessary to develop suitable sampling strategies that will measure hydrodynamic data at greater spatial and temporal resolution. The integration of this data with our developed model will provide a useful tool to the stakeholders to assess the water quality of the bay in real time.
Issues in the Design of Studies Investigating the Behavioral Concomitants of Foods.

This article discusses a number of issues that must be considered when investigating the behavioral effect of foods. These issues include the idiosyncratic response to a specific food, the necessity of identifying the individual sensitive to the food being studied, the necessity of including a washout phase, consideration of withdrawal effects, assessment of change, dietary challenges, and the time parameter necessary for the effect to be demonstrated. These issues must be considered during the design phase to maximize the probability of detecting the true behavioral effect of a specific food or combination of foods.
Optimal Filtering of Pseudoranges and Phases from Single-Frequency GPS Receivers

The filtering of observed pseudoranges with concurrent measures of phase or integrated Doppler can benefit significantly both absolute and differential positioning. The argument proceeds rather simply. If the position recovery uncertainty is predicted to be equal to the position dilution of precision (PDOP) times the range uncertainty, then reducing the range error will in turn reduce the recovered position uncertainty. With typical PDOP values of, say, 4 m/m, then for every meter improvement of the pseudorange, the recovered position uncertainty will also be reduced by 4 m. It has been argued that very significant improvements can be made when incorporating millimeter-level phases into pseudorange filtering algorithms. Here the filtering algorithm is examined, with emphasis on the ionospheric contribution. It will be argued that some degradation in the filter performance must be tolerated in order to accommodate this error source when using single-frequency receivers. During periods of peak solar activity or in geographic areas where unpredictable ionospheric activity is common, it will be seen that the optimal filter is one that averages the pseudorange and phase range measures, which then causes an improvement in the filtered pseudoranges of one-half the raw pseudorange noise. This improvement is significant. However, it is not as spectacular in its reduction as others have claimed who considered a cancellation of ionospheric contribution to the 10−6 level for relative or differential positioning.
Sensitivity of Streamflow Simulation to Changes in Climatic Inputs

Sensitivity of streamflow simulations to changes in temperature and precipitation were evaluated for a small basin (A ≡ 53 km2) characterized by low evapotranspiration and high conversion of precipitation into streamflow. Using a calibrated HSPF model, such sensitivities were studied for temperature increases up to 4° C and precipitation fluctuations of ± 10%. Temperature increases barely affected annual streamflow, led to larger and earlier winter runoff when precipitation was stored in the snowpack, and increased winter/spring streamflow peaks. Effects of precipitation fluctuations were more direct - annual and seasonal streamflow fluctuations were directly proportional to precipitation changes and monthly peaks increased about twice as much as precipitation.
In-Situ Straining of Cu10Ni6Sn Spinodal Alloy in the High Voltage Electron Microscope

In-situ straining of homogeneous as well as spinodally modulated specimens of Cu10Ni6Sn alloy is carried out in the high voltage electron microscope. Dislocations are observed to reorient themselves in a continuous fashion during their motion. The dislocation motion is found to be smooth in homogeneous specimens, whereas it is discontinuous in specimens with a modulated structure. Video recording of dynamic dislocation events during the straining and Burgers vector analysis of these dislocations are carried out. A correlation of these observations with some of the current theories of hardening in the early stages of spinodal decomposition is made. In-situ-Zugverformung im Hochstspannungselektronenmikroskop wird an homogenen und spinodal modulierten Proben aus Cu10Ni6Sn durchgefuhrt. Es wird beobachtet, das sich Versetzungen als Folge der Fruhstadien der spinodalen Entmischung wahrend ihrer Bewegung selbst reorientieren. Die Versetzungsbewegung erfolgt kontinuierlich in homogenen Proben, jedoch ruckhaft in Proben mit modulierter Struktur. Videoaufnahmen von dynamischen Versetzungsprozessen werden zusammen mit der Burgersvektoranalyse der betreffenden Versetzungen durchgefuhrt. Eine Korrelation dieser Beobachtungen mit einigen gelaufigen Theorien der Verfestigung durch spinodale Entmischung wird angeboten.
Optical properties of spray-deposited tin oxide films.

Optical properties of spray-deposited tin oxide (TO) films are studied here. Optical grade TO films were deposited using monobutyl tin chloride and dibutyl tin diacetate solutions. The refractive index and extinction coefficient, n(λ) and k(λ), respectively, and film thickness of TO films are evaluated from spectrophotometric transmittance characteristics examined in the visible and UV regions. Since the interference effects are suppressed by the optical absorption in the near-IR region, both reflectance and transmittance spectra are used to evaluate n(λ) and k(λ) values. Spray-deposited TO films are found to be an indirect band gap material exhibiting an absorption minimum at ∼1.0 μm (k ≲ 10−3), an energy gap at ∼3.7 eV. A transition from a bounded electron model to a free electron model occurs at λ ≃ 1.4 μm.
Measurements of the zenith sky brightness and color during the total solar eclipse of 12 november 1966 at Quehua, Bolivia.

The brightness and the spectral distribution of the zenith sky in the 5300–6600 A region were measured during the eclipse of 12 November 1966 at Quehua, Bolivia. At totality, the brightness at 5600 A was observed to be 8.4 kR/A, three orders of magnitude lower than the 2.2 × 104 kR/A for the normal day sky. The spectral distribution is presented here in terms of a single parameter, the effective blackbody temperature for determining the predominance of secondary scattering during midtotality. The effective temperature was observed to change from 9100 °K for normal day sky to 11,100°K during totality.
Counter-clockwise motion of paleomagnetic directions 24000 years ago at Mono Lake, California.

Paleomagnetic directions from two sites at Mono Lake, California, 24000 years ago traced-out a well-defined counter-clockwise loop 25° in diameter. Major features of the loop can be explained by an inward directed radial dipole located at 0.5 Earth's radius, drifting eastward along a path 15° south of Mono Lake. Its longitudinal velocity was 0.10-0.19°/yr and its strength was 0.12-0.21 relative to the Earth's main dipole moment. The life-span of this perturbing source probably was similar to the period of the magnetic loop, about 850 years.
Example of a potential in one-dimensional scattering problem for which there are infinitely many purely imaginary resonances

Abstract The inverse scattering theory methods are used to construct a real-valued potential q(r)ϵC∞0([0, R]), where R>0 is an arbitrary fixed number, which gives rise to infinitely many purely imaginary resonances. This answers a question which has been open since the fifties.
Relationship of the Gesell Developmental Exam and the Bracken Basic Concept Scale to academic achievement

Abstract The Gesell Developmental Exam (GDE) and the Bracken Basic Concept Scale (BBCS) were administered to 80 graduates of kindergarten. From a stepwise multiple regression analysis the BBCS accounted for the greatest amount of variance in Arithmetic (31%), Reading (25%), and Spelling (36%) scores from the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised (WRAT-R). The GDE accounted for an insignificant portion of the variance over the BBCS (2%). If the goal is to predict achievement from a current estimate of readiness, the BBCS may be a better choice for preschool personnel.
The impact of expected child survival on husbands' and wives' desired fertility in Malaysia: A log-linear probability model

The Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS) conducted in 1976-77 provides an opportunity to explore quantitatively the relationship between expected child survival on husbands and wives desired fertility. A valuable feature of the MFLS is that several questions were addressed to both husbands and wives. This study incorporates both sets of answers into the analysis. The hoarding hypothesis suggests that parents who expect a small fraction of children to survive would be more likely to desire additional births than their counterparts with more optimistic expectations. The results presented were obtained using the log linear probability model. In view of the fact that the desire to have at least 1 child is almost universal in Malaysia couples with no children at time of the interview were excluded from the analysis. The figures under "H" in the table measure the impact of the various exogenous variables on the probability that H equals 1 i.e. that the husband wants to have additional children. If an exogenous variable say x has a positive sign in the H column this means that other factors held constant a rise in x increases the odds that H will equal 1. The figures under "W" are the corresponding estimates for wives. The interaction term captures the influence of husbands desired fertility on the wifes and vice versa. Aside from the child mortality variables several other covariates are included in the analysis as controls. As expected the interaction term was positive and highly significant; the fertility desires of husbands and wives were positively associated. Other factors held constant if the husband wanted more children this makes it more likely that the wife will want more children and vice versa. The constant term was significantly larger for husbands than wives. "Ceteris paribus" husbands had preferences for larger family sizes than wives. Son preference was confirmed only for fathers and did not seem to be prevalent among women. Results showed an insignificant impact of female education on desired future fertility. For male education there was both a negative and a postive sign; the former for wives and the latter for husbands. The 2 coefficients associated with death were positive as expected but significance was low. The t ratio was 0.14 in the H column and 1.2 in the W column. Holding constant actual child deaths in the family and the control variables fathers perceptions of child survival probabilities affected desired fertility but mothers perceptions did not. The husbands perceptions had no influence on W; the wifes perceptions had no influence on H.
A computational method for analysis of underwater dolphin kick hydrodynamics in human swimming

We present a new method that combines the use of laser body scans, underwater video footage, software-based animation, and a fully unsteady computational fluid dynamics technique to simulate and examine the hydrodynamics of the dolphin kick. The focus of the current work is to model this particular stroke in all its complexity with minimal ad-hoc assumptions or simplifications. Simulations of one female and one male swimmer (both at about 1.7 m beneath the water surface) at velocities of 0.95 and 1.31 m/s and Strouhal numbers of 1.21 and 1.06 respectively are presented. Vorticity and fluid velocity profiles in the wake are examined in detail for both swimmers. A three-dimensional vortex ring is clearly identified in the wake for one of the cases and a two-dimensional slice through the ring corroborates previous experiments of Miwa et al. (2006). We also find that most of the thrust is produced by the feet and in both cases the down-kick produces much larger thrust than the up-kick.
A simple model of convection in the Jovian atmosphere

Abstract A theoretical model for the latitudinal structure of alternating zones and belts in the Jovian atmosphere is proposed. The explanation is based on the theory of convection in rapidly rotating spherical fluid shells heated from within. The Boussinesq approximation is used and effects of turbulences are taken into account in terms of a constant eddy viscosity. The main conclusion is that the boundary of the polar region corresponds to the latitude for which the distance from the axis is equal to the radius of Jupiter's metallic hydrogen core.
Construction and characterization of a series of vectors for Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

A set of vectors was created to allow cloning and expression studies in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. These vectors had a uniform backbone with an efficient Sz. pombe ARS, ARS3002, but different selectable markers—his3+, leu1+, ade6+ and ura4+. The vectors functioned efficiently as autonomously replicating plasmids that could also be converted into integrating vectors. The ura4+-containing vector was used to construct a Sz. pombe genomic library. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coamplification of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and MYC in locally advanced prostate cancer

Gain of sequences on chromosome arm 8q is a common feature of prostate cancer that may correlate with metastatic and androgen-independent progression. The target gene(s) for this gain is not known, although MYC is amplified in a subset of advanced tumors and is one potential candidate. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a prostate-specific cell surface protein that maps to chromosome region 8q24.2 and is overexpressed in prostate cancer. Our aim in this study was to test the hypothesis that PSCA overexpression may result from overrepresentation of chromosome arm 8q. Twenty locally advanced prostate cancers were analyzed by dual-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for alterations of MYC and PSCA. Extra copies of MYC were found in 12/20 (60%) tumors, including 5 (25%) with simple gain (no increase in MYC copy number relative to the chromosome 8 centromere) and 7 (35%) with an additional increase (AI or overrepresentation) in MYC copy number relative to the centromere. In the five cases with simple gain of MYC, there was a concomitant gain of PSCA. PSCA was overrepresented in 5/7 (71%) cases with AI of MYC. Immunohistochemical staining of the 20 tumors with monoclonal antibodies specific for PSCA showed a high degree of correlation between PSCA gene overrepresentation and protein overexpression. Four of 5 tumors with AI of PSCA overexpressed PSCA protein, compared with only 2/15 tumors with a normal PSCA copy number or simple gain of PSCA (P = 0.014). These results demonstrate that PSCA is co-overrepresented with MYC in a majority of cases, but may not be a necessary part of the 8q amplicon. PSCA protein overexpression can result from AI of PSCA and might be useful as a cell surface marker on prostate cancer cells with 8q overrepresentation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:95–103, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Smallmouth Bass in the Pacific Northwest: A Threat to Native Species; a Benefit for Anglers

As a popular sportfish, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) generates considerable angling opportunities with benefits to local economies even outside of their native range. Smallmouth bass was first introduced to the Pacific Northwest region of North America as a sportfish over 80 years ago, and this species is now widely distributed. More recently, smallmouth bass have become a large component of the fish community in many streams, rivers, and lakes. Smallmouth bass thrive in the Pacific Northwest largely due to the habitat created by human modifications of the landscape. While a desired sportfish, smallmouth bass may also negatively affect native fishes. Of greatest concern is predation on threatened and endangered Pacific salmon; however, the current level of knowledge is inadequate to make informed management decisions for smallmouth bass. Management options for smallmouth bass are complicated further because fisheries agencies are simultaneously charged with enhancing fishing opportunities and co...