cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma-ray bursts: nature's brightest explosions

During the roughly 20 seconds it shines brightest, a gamma-ray burst (GRB) is over a billion times brighter, in electromagnetic radiation, than an ordinary supernova. The key difference is that GRBs emit some appreciable fraction of their kinetic energy in channeled ultra-relativistic outflows (Lorentz factor Γ > 200). Currently credible models point to rotation as the key factor required to generate the outflows. We explore here the collapse of the core a massive, rotating star to a black hole and accretion disk and the subsequent propagation of relativistic jets through the star. A variety of high energy transients may be observed based upon the energy of the jet and the angle at which the explosion is observed, but there may be a minimum energy for GRBs that last only tens of seconds.
A multidisciplinary decision support tool for evaluating multiple biorefinery conversion technologies and supply chain performance

Fuels from biomass resources have emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuel. Widely distributed source locations, varying feedstock, and specific regional conditions make it challenging to develop an optimization model that can be applied to any region to estimate the overall economics of producing these biofuels. The lack of a region specific, flexible optimization model makes it difficult for stakeholders like local policy makers, growers, and investors to make informed decisions about the economic viability and social and environmental impacts of biomass utilization. This novel contribution will illustrate an approach to develop a region specific optimization model which links various aspects of the biofuel supply chain such as feedstock source location, upstream and downstream logistics, as well as thermochemical and biochemical processing. This research shows how various individual optimization models can be combined, resulting in a complete, multivariable economic optimization model for a regional biomass network, paving a pathway for future work to develop an integrated framework for sustainability. The research demonstrated in this contribution illustrates the development of a model that can form the basis of a generalizable decision support tool that can guide investors and policy makers in making critical assessments on a local level in any particular region of interest. As a proof of concept, a portion of the described model will be validated using the Jackson Purchase region of Western Kentucky, USA, which is adjoining many coal fields and has various bio-based feedstocks.
The predawn of paper chromatography

The activities of F.F. Runge, F. Goppelsroeder and R.E. Liesegang are outlined. The technique of capillary analysis is described and its shortcomings elaborated. Tswett's use of filter paper to imitate plant tissues is explained and finally, the considerations of Izmailov and Shraiber eventually leading to thin-layer chromatography are summarized.
Are sleep states effective in data centers

While sleep states have existed for mobile devices and workstations for some time, these sleep states have not been incorporated into most of the servers in today's data centers. High setup times make data center administrators fearful of any form of dynamic power management, whereby servers are suspended or shut down when load drops. This general reluctance has stalled research into whether there might be some feasible sleep state (with sufficiently low setup overhead and/or sufficiently low power) that would actually be beneficial in data centers.
Leucine Carboxyl Methyltransferase-1 Is Necessary for Normal Progression through Mitosis in Mammalian Cells

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a multifunctional phosphatase that plays important roles in many cellular processes including regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Because PP2A is involved in so many diverse processes, it is highly regulated by both non-covalent and covalent mechanisms that are still being defined. In this study we have investigated the importance of leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 (LCMT-1) for PP2A methylation and cell function. We show that reduction of LCMT-1 protein levels by small hairpin RNAs causes up to a 70% reduction in PP2A methylation in HeLa cells, indicating that LCMT-1 is the major mammalian PP2A methyltransferase. In addition, LCMT-1 knockdown reduced the formation of PP2A heterotrimers containing the Balpha regulatory subunit and, in a subset of the cells, induced apoptosis, characterized by caspase activation, nuclear condensation/fragmentation, and membrane blebbing. Knockdown of the PP2A Balpha regulatory subunit induced a similar amount of apoptosis, suggesting that LCMT-1 induces apoptosis in part by disrupting the formation of PP2A(BalphaAC) heterotrimers. Treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor partially rescued cells from apoptosis induced by LCMT-1 or Balpha knockdown. LCMT-1 knockdown cells and Balpha knockdown cells were more sensitive to the spindle-targeting drug nocodazole, suggesting that LCMT-1 and Balpha are important for spindle checkpoint. Treatment of LCMT-1 and Balpha knockdown cells with thymidine dramatically reduced cell death, presumably by blocking progression through mitosis. Consistent with these results, homozygous gene trap knock-out of LCMT-1 in mice resulted in embryonic lethality. Collectively, our results indicate that LCMT-1 is important for normal progression through mitosis and cell survival and is essential for embryonic development in mice.
Comparison of Different Single-Phase Liquid Jet Impingement Cooling Configurations in the Context of Thermal Management in Power Electronics

Jet impingement has been an attractive cooling option in a number of industries over the past few decades. Over the past fifteen years, jet impingement has been explored as a cooling option in microelectronics. Recently, interest has also been expressed by the automotive industry in exploring jet impingement as an option for cooling power electronics components. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the different single-phase jet impingement configurations, which have been reported in the literature, primarily from a heat transfer viewpoint. The discussion is also from the viewpoint of the cooling of IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors), which are found in inverters in hybrid automobiles. In the literature, single and multiple submerged as well as free-surface jets have been investigated. A number of correlations for heat transfer from the simulated chip surface have been presented. These correlations, as well as the results from them will be discussed in detail. We will also present results for the average heat transfer coefficient on the chip surface as a function of both coolant mass flow rate as well as velocity. All the results presented are for water jets. A numerical study of some of the single-jet cooling configurations (free-surface as well as submerged) is also performed and the CFD results are compared to the results obtained from the empirical correlations. The pressure drop associated with these jet impingement systems is also examined briefly. From the standpoint of practical implementation, high velocity jets have the potential to erode the material on which they impinge. This paper will briefly discuss erosion rates associated with jets impinging on aluminum and copper.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Signaling pathways in activity-dependent fiber type plasticity in adult skeletal muscle

Adult fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers exhibit characteristic differences in functional properties due to differences in the isoforms and quantities of expression of most muscle proteins. However, these differences may be reversed by chronic electrical stimulation of denervated muscle with the pattern typical of the other fiber type. Here, we review three possible signaling pathways that may contribute to fast to slow fiber type transformation. The first pathway involves cytosolic activation of the Ca2+ sensitive posphatase calcineurin (CaN) due to elevated cytosolic [Ca2+], resulting in dephosphorylation of cytoplasmic NFATc, translocation of dephosphorylated NFATc from cytoplasm into the nucleus and activation of slow fiber gene expression by NFATc in the nucleus. The second pathway involves elevated intranuclear [Ca2+] causing the activation of nuclear calmodulin dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates HDAC within the nucleus and thereby permits nuclear efflux of HDAC, thus decreasing the HDAC suppression of MEF2 activation of slow fiber gene expression. The third possible pathway involves nuclear entry of CaN, dephosphorylation of intranuclear MEF2 and consequent increased activation of slow fiber type gene expression by dephosphorylated MEF2. Evidence for the first two pathways from our studies on adult fast twitch skeletal muscle fibers is briefly reviewed.
Immunochemical studies of opioids: specificities of antibodies against codeine and hydromorphone.

Abstract Two new immunogenic opioid-protein conjugates were prepared. Codeine-6-hemisuccinate was synthesized from the reaction of codeine with succinic anhydride and hydromorphone-6-carboxymethyloxime was synthesized from the reaction of hydromorphone with α-aminoxyacetic acid. Both opioids were attached covalently to bovine serum albumin using the mixed anhydride procedure and employed as immunogens in rabbits. Antibody measured by the ammonium sulfate method showed increases in titer and avidity following subsequent immunizations. The specificities of both antisera were studied by competitively inhibiting the binding of labeled opioid to antibody by the prior addition of increasing concentrations of various unlabeled opioids. The ranges of immunoreactivity of both antisera were different and corresponded closely to the structures of the respective immunizing haptens. These observations suggest that antibodies prepared against codeine, hydromorphone, and morphine may be used in combination for qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of opioids in biologic fluids.
522 BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGIC EVIDENCE OF A LIPOAMIDE DEHYDROGENASE COMPONENT WITHIN THE BRANCHED CHAIN ALPHA-KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX

Branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) is located on the mitochondrial inner membrane and oxidatively decarboxy-lates the branched chain alpha ketoacids. It is presumably a multienzyme complex whose function is impaired in the inherited disorder Maple Syrup Urine Disease. However, neither the sub-unit composition nor the defective component in Maple Syrup Urine Disease has been identified. We have partially purified BCKAD from bovine liver mitochondria. It decarboxylates all 3 branched chain alpha ketoacids, has a maximum MW of 2.0 × 106 and minimum MW of 2.5 × 105 Daltons. It exhibits a typical flavoprotein spectra, and will reduce oxidized lipoamide with NADH as a substrate. To characterize this lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD) immunologically, antibodies were produced against porcine LAD in rabbits and isolated by ion exchange chromatography. The monospecific IgG fraction completely inhibited porcine LAD activity at a 64:1 ratio. On Ouchterlony double diffusion gels a single precipitant band of identity was found between the porcine LAD and bovine BCKAD. We conclude that LAD is the flavoprotein subunit of the BCKAD multienzyme complex. The specific antibody to LAD can now be used to identify genetic defects in BCKAD and other mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes. (Supported by NIH H.D. 08388)
Fine-root dynamics and biomass distribution in a Quercus ecosystem following harvesting

Abstract This study tested the hypotheses: i) that harvesting significantly affects fine-root biomass, production and mortality; and ii) that below-ground living plant biomass recovers to pre-harvest level more rapidly than above-ground biomass. Vertical distribution, temporal trends, production and mortality of fine-root biomass, and below-ground and above-ground biomass were estimated for clearcut (CC), shelter-woodcut (SC) and undisturbed (NC) sites in a Quercus ecosystem at the Hardies Creek Forest, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The CC site differed from the NC site in vertical distribution, standing biomass, and production and mortality of fine-root biomass, while the SC site was similar to the NC site. Below-ground biomass on CC was about 22% of that on NC compared to 6% for above-ground; both below-ground and above-ground biomass estimates on SC were about 82% of those on NC. Differences between CC and NC were attributed to vigorous development of dense-rooting understory plants induced by the cutting. Biomass, production and mortality of fine-root biomass in post-harvest stands follow a sequence explainable on the basis of plant community succession.
The electrostability and electrically assisted delivery of an organophosphate pretreatment (physostigmine) across human skin in vitro.

Abstract Physostigmine is a tertiary carbamate that is utilised as a pretreatment against organophosphate intoxication. Oral delivery of physostigmine is not practical due to high first pass metabolism and short elimination half life. Transdermal administration of physostigmine may circumvent such problems. The aim of this study was to assess the electrostability of physostigmine and the feasibility of electrically assisted transdermal drug delivery of physostigmine through isolated human skin in vitro. Buffered solutions of physostigmine (free base, salicylate and sulphate) were electrostable under conditions of iontophoresis and electroporation as measured by HPLC, although instability of the chloridised silver electrodes was observed. Physostigmine sulphate was chosen for further study as it appeared to prevent degradation of the electrodes. Under conditions of iontophoresis (0.8 mA cm −2 , applied for 5- or 2.5-min durations for a maximum period of 45 min over 8 h), the total quantity of physostigmine sulphate that penetrated was 6.5±2.3% and 3.9±1.7% (pH 5.0 and pH 5.5) of the total applied dose (2 mg). Physostigmine did not penetrate the skin when electroporated at a frequency of 0.1 Hz or 10 Hz (100 V, 1 ms pulse width, duration 1 s, repetition 5–10 s), but significant amounts were delivered at a frequency of 100 Hz, being 11.3±2.9% and 5.8±2.5% of the applied dose (pH 5.0 and pH 5.5, respectively). These data indicate that iontophoretic and electroporative drug delivery of physostigmine sulphate was buffer-dependent, an effect tentatively attributed to a combination of co-ion competition, mono/di-cation ratio and applied charge effects.
HOUSEHOLD WILLINGNESS TO RECYCLE ELECTRONIC WASTE - An Application to California

Electronic waste (e-waste) has become the main contributor of lead (Pb) to landfills in the U.S. (EPA 2000). Households also store large volumes of e-waste, yet little is known about their willingness to recycle e-waste. This paper starts filling this gap based on a 2004 mail survey of California households. Using multivariate models, we find that gender, education, convenience, and environmental beliefs, but not income or political affiliation, are key factors explaining the willingness to drop-off e-waste at recycling centers. A comparison of an ordered probit with a semi-nonparametric extended ordered probit model of the survey responses shows that the latter better predicts less frequent answers. Our results suggest targeting public education programs about recycling at teenagers or younger adults, and making recycling more convenient for older adults; moreover, e-waste drop-off centers should first be created in communities that already offer curbside collection programs for conventional recyclable products.
Factors associated with elevated complication rates after partial-thickness or full-thickness glaucoma surgical procedures in the United States during 1994

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with an increased risk of complications after partial-thickness or full-thickness glaucoma surgery. Design A retrospective, cohort analysis. Participants A total of 24,206 Medicare patients who were older than 65 years of age and who were enrolled in Medicare in 1994 underwent partial-thickness or full-thickness glaucoma surgical procedures in 1994. Intervention The authors obtained data on all glaucoma surgery claims to the Health Care Finance Administration in 1994 and analyzed complication rates using hierarchical logistic regression, separately smoothing four sets of regression coefficients (state-level effects, systemic and ocular diagnoses, prior ocular surgeries, and concomitant ocular surgeries). Main outcome measure Patients were classified as having complications if their records showed at least one of the following occurrences after surgery: retinal detachment repair, endophthalmitis, scleral fistula revision—repair, or cyclodestruction. Results The risk of complications was greater for full-thickness procedures than for partial-thickness procedures (odds ratio [OR] = 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07, 2.12). Compared to glaucoma surgeries performed without an additional intraocular procedure, glaucoma surgery with prior phacoemulsification (OR = 0.51; 95% CI=0.35, 0.74) was associated with lower complication rates, as was glaucoma surgery with prior argon laser trabeculoplasty (OR = 0.62; 95% CI=0.44, 0.88). A concomitant vitrectomy (OR = 1.86, 95% CI=1.35, 2.56) was associated with greater odds of a complication. The mean follow-up of subjects was 184 days (standard deviation, ±107), whereas the mean time to a complication was 49 days (standard deviation, ±63). Conclusion The risk of an early postoperative complication after full-thickness procedures appears to be greater than that after partial-thickness procedures. Concomitant intraocular procedures performed in conjunction with glaucoma surgery, such as a vitrectomy, can substantially increase the risk of retinal detachment repair, endophthalmitis, scleral fistula revision—repair, and/or cyclodestruction.
Concept Formation and its Relation to Cognitive Variables

(1955). Concept Formation and its Relation to Cognitive Variables. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 297-306.
Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Patients with Sickle-Cell Anemia: Relationship to Hemolytic and Vasoocclusive Severity

ABSTRACT Background When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, it increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the left. The resulting decrease in sickling tendency could have clinical benefit, and carbon monoxide has been suggested as a treatment for sickle-cell disease. Furthermore, in sickle-cell disease, as in other hemolytic diseases, endogenous carbon monoxide production is increased because of increased heme catabolism. Methods In the present study, we measured carboxyhemoglobin levels in sickle-cell patients and compared them with estimates of the hemolytic and the vaso-occlusive severity of the disease. Results Significant correlation was found between carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels and hematocrit, reticulocyte count, unconjugated bilirubin level, and percentage of irreversibly sickled cells. However, there was no significant correlation between carboxyhemoglobin levels and measures of the vaso-occlusive severity of the disease. Conclusions The correlations between HbCO levels and measures of hemolytic severity are best explained by the known relationship between hemoglobin catabolism and CO production. The lack of correlation with vaso-occlusive severity may be due to the complex changes involved and the difficulty of quantifying vaso-occlusive severity.
Visual Outcome after Surgical Removal of Craniopharyngiomas

Abstract Thirty patients with craniopharyngiomas were examined preoperatively and immediately postoperatively to determine their level of visual impairment and the extent of visual recovery. Twenty-two patients also were examined during extended follow-up. Twelve of these patients were younger than 18 years of age and 18 were older than 18 years of age at the time of diagnosis. Visual acuity was reduced in 42% of eyes preoperatively. One week postoperatively, visual acuity was reduced in only 23% of eyes. Color vision was a more sensitive indicator of afferent system damage, being abnormal at presentation in 71 % of patients. Visual field defects were typically bitemporal hemianopsias, but 20% of patients with evidence of optic neuropathy had no definite visual field deficit preoperatively. Postoperatively, 48% of patients had normal visual fields. There was no long-term improvement in visual acuity or field performance for patients with deficits present after the first postoperative month during an average 2.8 years of follow-up.
The Rationality of Official Intervention in the Forward Exchange Market

I. Fighting speculative flurries, 312. — II. Living with a deficit on the basic balance, 314. — III. Conclusion, 316.
Ostwald ripening in Al–Li alloys: A test of theory

Abstract Experimental characterization of microstructure evolution in three binary Al–Li alloys provides a quantitative test of diffusion screening theory. Particle size distributions, growth kinetics, and maximum particle sizes are obtained through quantitative, centered dark-field transmission electron microscopy. The dependences on δ′ precipitate volume fraction of the coarsening rate constant and maximum particle size are revealed, both of which have eluded determination for a half century. These experiments show that the diffusion screening theory for late-stage phase coarsening yields accurate predictions of maximum size of particle and relative coarsening constant.
Improved Estimation of Generalized Variance and Precision

Consider a multivariate normal random matrix X, where X (p × r) is distributed with independent columns X _{ i }\sim N _{ p }\left ( \zeta _{ i },\sum \right ) , i = 1, 2, …, r, and S has Wishart distribution W p(n, Σ). Estimators of |Σ| and |Σ−1| based on X and S are derived under the loss function L \left (\left |\sum \right |,\left |\circ {>\sum }\right. \right )=\left |\circ {>\sum }\sum ^{-1}\right |+\left |\sum \circ {>\sum }^{-1}\right |-2 . The risks of the improved estimators are evaluated in terms of an incomplete beta function of matrix argument. Numerical results for the risk of the improved estimator for selected values of r, p and n indicate a reduction in risk over the best affine equivariant estimator c 0|S|, where for n > p +1, c _{ o }=\left {\left (\left ( n - p -1\right )!\left ( n - p \right )!\right )/\left ( n -2\right )! n !\right }^{1/2} .
Bases of translates and multiresolution analyses

Abstract Using the theory of basis generators we study various properties of multivariate Riesz and orthonormal sequences of translates, with emphasis on those associated with multiresolution analyses and their connection with wavelets. In particular, we show that every multiresolution analysis of multiplicity n generated by a dilation matrix preserving the lattice Z d has an orthonormal wavelet system associated with it, and give a closed form representation in Fourier space for such wavelet systems. We illustrate these results by applying them to the case of univariate wavelets associated with multiresolution analyses with binary dilations.
Patterns of toxicity in older patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy

Objective. To retrospectively determine the relationship of age to toxicity from adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Barium Compounds as Poisons in Firebrat Baits

During the course of an investigation of stomach poisons, it was found that barium carbonate possessed considerable toxicity to the firebrat, Thermobia domestica (Packard), when incorporated in a suitable bait mixture. Since barium carbonate is definitely lower in cost than the poisons currently recommended for firebrat baits except arsenic trioxide, and is safer than the latter poison for use in the home, it seemed advisable to examine it further. At the same time twenty-five other barium compounds were tested for toxicity to this insect. The experiments were made at Ames, Iowa, in the period from January 4 to August 15, 1938.
Magnetic Charge and Quantum Field Theory

A quantum field theory of magnetic and electric charge is constructed. It is verified to be relativistically invariant in consequence of the charge quantization condition $\frac{\mathrm{eg}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}c}=n$, an integer. This is more restrictive than Dirac's condition, which would also allow half-integral values.
Characterization of Mammographic Masses Based on Level Set Segmentation with New Image Features and Patient Information

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for characterization of mammographic masses as malignant or benign has the potential to assist radiologists in reducing the biopsy rate without increasing false negatives. The purpose of this study was to develop an automated method for mammographic mass segmentation and explore new image based features in combination with patient information in order to improve the performance of mass characterization. Our previous CAD system, which used the active contour segmentation, and morphological, textural, and spiculation features, has achieved promising results in mass characterization. The new CAD system is based on the level set method, and includes two new types of image features related to the presence of microcalcifications with the mass and abruptness of the mass margin, and patient age. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier with stepwise feature selection was used to merge the extracted features into a classification score. The classification accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our primary data set consisted of 427 biopsy-proven masses (200 malignant and 227 benign) in 909 regions of interest (ROIs) (451 malignant and 458 benign) from multiple mammographic views. Leave-one-case-out resampling was used for training and testing. The new CAD system based on the level set segmentation and the new mammographic feature space achieved a view-based Az value of 0.83±0.01. The improvement compared to the previous CAD system was statistically significant (p=0.02). When patient age was included in the new CAD system, view-based and case-based Az values were 0.85±0.01 and 0.87±0.02, respectively. The performance of the new CAD system was also compared to an experienced radiologist’s likelihood of malignancy rating. When patient age was used in classification, the accuracy of the new CAD system was comparable to that of the radiologist (p=0.34). The study also demonstrated the consistency of the newly developed CAD system by evaluating the statistics of the weights of the LDA classifiers in leave-one-case-out classification. Finally, an independent test on the publicly available digital database for screening mammography (DDSM) with 132 benign and 197 malignant ROIs containing masses achieved a view-based Az value of 0.84±0.02.
Archeological Survey and Excavation in Iran, 1961

Recent surface survey for prehistoric archeological sites in western Iran has contributed toward defining three centers of early agricultural village settlement. Excavation at a site in upper Khuzistan revealed a sequence of settled life which, at its earliest, may antedate food production. The site also yielded faunal evidence for an ecological change subsequent to the end of the Pleistocene.
Reduced Corticotropin Releasing Factor Binding Sites in the Frontal Cortex of Suicide Victims

\s=b\Previous studies have provided evidence that corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is hypersecreted in patients with major depression. This CRF hypersecretion is believed to contribute at least in part to hyperactivity of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis in depressed patients. If CRF is chronically hypersecreted in depressed patients, then, due to downregulation, a reduced number of CRF receptor binding sites should be present in patients with profound depressive disorder. To test this hypothesis, we measured the number and affinity of CRF binding sites in the frontal cortex of 26 suicide victims and 29 controls who died of a variety of causes. There was a marked (23%) reduction in the number of CRF binding sites in the frontal cortex of the suicide victims compared with the controls. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF is hypersecreted in depression. (Aren Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:577-579)
Evaluation of neonatal pulmonary mechanics and energetics: a two factor least mean square analysis.

Pulmonary mechanics, using a two factor least mean square analysis technique, were determined in 22 preterm neonates with respiratory failure. The respiratory system is modelled as a linear mechanical system. Concurrent signals of airflow and transpulmonary pressure were utilized to calculate values of dynamic lung compliance and pulmonary resistances; these determinations were made over the entire tidal volume range. In addition, values of resistive work of breathing, pulmonary time constants, scalar records of sequential breaths, pressure-volume and flow-volume relationships were available for data review and interpretation. The mean +/- SEM value of tidal volume was 7.4 +/- 0.6 ml/kg; dynamic lung compliance was 0.44 +/- 0.04 ml/cmH2O/kg; and the pulmonary resistance of the whole breath was 106 +/- 9.1 cmH2O/liter/s. The resistive work of breathing (hysteresis) was 41.8 +/- 5.9 gm.cm/kg. In correlating the measured values of pressure and flow to those predicted by the model, the mean value of the correlation coefficient for the least mean square analysis for all 22 studies was 0.995 +/- 0.001; the standard error of estimate of the predicted pressure was less than 4.4% of the range of pressures measured. Thereby, the model was considered to be appropriate for the neonatal respiratory system. In addition to the traditional procedures of evaluating the respiratory status of a sick neonate, bedside analysis of pulmonary mechanics provide graphical information, and quantitative data which should be useful in day-to-day pulmonary management.
Seasonal Residential Water Demand Forecasting for Census Tracts

The paucity of readily available demographic, economic, and water consumption data at household levels has limited the application of disaggregate water demand models. This research develops regres...
VARIABILITY OF KERATAN SULFATE ISOLATED FROM BEEF CORNEA.

Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from beef cornea and further fractionated on the basis of ethanol solubility. Variability of keratan sulfate was found. The forms differ in reducing activity, sulfur content, infrared spectra and specific optical rotation. Keratan sulfotransferase (3′-phosphoadenylylsulfate: keratan sulfotransferase) activity is low but detectable in beef cornea-epithelial extract. Keratan sulfate with the lower sulfate content acts as a sulfate acceptor while the other does not.
Adeno-Associated Virus and Other New DNA Virus Vectors

DNA virus vectors generally are less likely than retrovirus vectors to require host cell proliferation in order for vector DNA to be expressed [ 1 ]. This feature may expand their utility in post-mitotic cells such as cardiac myocytes. Among DNA virus vectors, adenovirus (Ad) and adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) have been most thoroughly studied. The natural history of human AAV infection has not been studied as completely as Ad infection, but AAV-based vectors may have advantages for certain gene therapy applications, due to their persistence and relatively low immunogenicity. AAV-based vectors may not share all of the properties of wild- type AAV, however, and this may have implications for the use of AAV vectors in humans. A thorough understanding of AAV biology is necessary in order to develop this vector system for therapeutic applications.
The science behind the American Public Health Association/American Academy of Pediatrics National Health and Safety Guidelines for Child-Care Programs.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE APHA/AAP STANDARDS In 1992, the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published the long-awaited Caring for Our Children—National Health and Safety Performance Standards: Guidelines for Out-of-Home Child Care Programs.1 This publication was the product of a 4-year effort involving many experts in child health and safety and day-care providers. The standards document provides a national consensus on approaches to reducing diseases and injury and promoting prevention among children and providers in group-care settings. Consumer protection initiatives are needed because market-place forces are inadequate to ensure a health environment for children in child care. Over the past two decades, a growing number of investigators have documented the increased occurrence of infectious diseases2-4 and injuries,5-7 and missed opportunities for health protection and promotion in child care.8 Despite the tendency to focus on reports of negative health outcomes, children and families thrive in early childhood programs that provide safe, nurturing care and developmentally appropriate education. Day-to-day excellence in child care depends on committed, well-educated care givers who work in a child-friendly and staff-friendly environment. In the US, good child care is limited. Few parents can afford the full cost of care. Most lack the knowledge, skills, or objectivity to critically evaluate the care they choose for their children. Convenience, availability, and affordability motivate parents when they choose child care. Parents are pressured to meet occupational expectations, and tend to overlook significant risks in their children9s child-care arrangements. Even parents who are pediatricians (who are expected to be well-versed in child development, health, and safety) ignore hazards and poor quality when rating convenient and available child-care arrangements (Aronson S, unpublished data).
P-0112VERY HIGH ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP): A POOR PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN THE MODERN ERA

Background: Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related death across the globe. There are few small and old studies that tried to correlate levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) with patient outcomes. Currently with more screening there is early diagnosis of HCC and the therapeutic options for non-surgical candidates have also improved in the past decade. We undertook this study to see if the level of elevation of AFP is related to patient prognosis in the current era.
Does lack of sleep cause diabetes

■ ■ ABSTRACT Several lines of evidence indicate that chronic lack of sleep may contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes mel- litus. Adequate sleep and good sleep hygiene should be included among the goals of a healthy lifestyle, especially for patients with diabetes. We urge clinicians to recom- mend at least 7 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night as part of a healthy lifestyle. ■ ■ KEY POINTS
Depth to Bedrock and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline, 1890–1915

New York City historiography holds that Manhattan developed two business centers—downtown and midtown—because the bedrock is close to the surface at these locations, with a bedrock “valley” in between. This article is the first effort to measure the effect of depth to bedrock on construction costs and the location of skyscrapers. We find that while depth to bedrock had a modest effect on costs (up to 7 percent), it had relatively little influence on the location of skyscrapers. “Hour by hour the caissons reach down to the rock of the earth and hold the building to a turning planet.”Carl Sandburg, Skyscraper
Enhancing the clinical utility of depression screening.

See related research article by Manea and colleagues on page [E191][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.110829][2] Screening has a checkered legacy in health care. Too often, clinicians have been advised to screen for a variety of diseases or risk factors in advance of evidence that
Effectiveness of spatially-variant apodization

Sidelobe artifact is a common problem in image reconstruction from finite-extent Fourier data. Conventional shift-invariant windows applied to the Fourier data, reduce sidelobe artifacts at the expense of worsened mainlobe resolution. Stankwitz et al. (1995) have suggested spatially-variant apodization (SVA) as a means of reducing the sidelobe artifacts, while preserving the mainlobe resolution. SVA adaptively selects windows from a set of raised-cosine weighting functions. The algorithm is heuristically motivated, and is known to be effective in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. However, this technique has received only limited analysis. In this paper, we formulate SVA as a spectral estimator, and show that SVA is a special version of the minimum variance spectral estimator (MVSE). We study the properties of SVA that are inherited from MVSE. Then, we consider the application of SVA to spectral estimation and Fourier reconstruction. Although SVA is effective in SAR, we show that it has limitations for reconstructing real-valued extended targets.
Al2O3–Ni Composites with High Strength and Fracture Toughness

Al2O3–Ni composites were prepared by the reactive hot pressing of Al and NiO. The composites had a two-phase, interpenetrating microstructure and contained ∼35 vol% Ni. They exhibited an impressively high combination of strength and toughness at room temperature; the four-point bending strength was in excess of 600 MPa with a fracture toughness of more than 12 MPa·m1/2. Examination of fracture surfaces showed that Ni ligaments underwent ductile deformation during fracture. SEM analysis revealed knife-edged Ni ligaments with a limited amount of debonding around their periphery (i.e., at the Ni–Al2O3 interface), indicating a strong Ni–Al2O3 bond.
The role of retinoids in the management of cutaneous conditions in blacks.

From the Department of Dermatology, Howard University College of Medicine. Reprint requests: Rebat M. Halder, MD, Department of Dermatology, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20060. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:S98-103.) Copyright © 1998 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. 0190-9622/98/$5.00 + 0 16/0/91854 Black skin is inclusive of 2 large racial groups: natives of the African continent and AfricanAmericans who are a combination of 3 racial groups comprising individuals mainly from West Africa, Native Americans, and Caucasians. The term black skin will be used throughout this review, referring to skin of both Africans and African-Americans. There are known differences between black and white skin, both at the basic science level and at the clinical level.1 The stratum corneum in black skin is more compact. It contains more cell layers, but these are thinner in black skin. In addition, the lipid content of the stratum corneum is higher in black skin. Melanosomes are large and individually dispersed in black skin and numerous even in the stratum corneum. There are more apocrine and eccrine mixed glands in black skin.1 The hair follicle is curved, and the cross-sectional features of black hair are flat and elliptical, which gives a coiled clinical appearance. Black skin has many dilated superficial blood vessels. There also seem to be numerous glycosylated proteins in the matrix of black skin compared with white skin, and there are numerous macrophages in the papillary dermis. Macrophages are large in black skin.1 Black skin has more multinucleated cells compared with white skin. The fibroblasts in black skin are numerous and large, and many are binucleated or multinucleated, which may be responsible for the neat histologic appearance of black dermis in comparison to the chaotic elastosis of white sunexposed dermis.1 This may also be why black skin is firmer and smoother than white skin. The minimal erythema dose of black skin averages between 13 to 15 mJ/cm2 UVB. However, there is wide variation in the skin color in black individuals and in the minimal erythema dose. In terms of photodamage, black skin has marginal changes in the epidermis and dermis, but both black and white skin are susceptible to UV lightinduced immune system suppression. There is greater transepidermal water loss in black skin compared with white skin.1 Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatosis seen in black individuals, accounting for 27% of the dermatoses (Table I).2 This is not different from white individuals. However, pigmentary disThe role of retinoids in the management of cutaneous conditions in blacks
Subspace Angles: A Metric for Comparisons in EEG and MEG

In forward head modeling, various approximations are made in order to keep the problem tractable. Simplifications can yield models ranging from simple spherical models to multi-tessellated arbitrary surfaces in a boundary element model (BEM). Spherical head models differ in the number of shells and the assumed conductivities. Other assumptions in the BEM include the choice of basis sets, such as constant, linear, or quadratic variations of the voltages across the individual areal elements, or the selection of error-weighting method, such as collocation, Galerkin, or “direct” methods. Numerical versus analytic integration can also yield numerical differences. These differences in parameters and approximations can yield models whose external fields (EEG potentials or MEG magnetic fields) differ for the same internal source configuration. Quantitative measures are needed to determine if these differences are significant.
Abstract A27: The combination of navitoclax and PLX4720 in melanoma in vitro and in vivo.

Introduction: Approximately 40–50% of patients with melanoma have a tumor which harbors a BRAF mutation (BRAF+). Vemurafenib is a highly selective inhibitor of mutant BRAF which has recently been FDA-approved for the treatment of patients with BRAF+ advanced melanoma. While response rates to vemurafenib are high, the vast majority of patients will develop resistance. Identification of therapeutic strategies to enhance the efficacy of vemurafenib is a high priority. Navitoclax is a BH3-only mimetic which has single agent activity in tumors with low Mcl-1 and enhances the toxicity of agents which inhibit or downregulate MCL-1. As recent data suggests that selective BRAF inhibitors inactivate Mcl-1 through upregulation of BIM, we therefore studied the effects of combining PLX4720, a selective BRAF inhibitor very similar to vemurafenib, with navitoclax in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Three BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines (A2058, A375, SKMel5) were selected for in vitro analysis and treated for 6 hours with DMSO, navitoclax (1 uM), PLX4720 (1 uM), or the combination. Cells were then lysed after 6 hours of treatment and western blot analysis was performed probing for vinculin, PARP, total and phosphorylated Erk, Mcl-1, BIM, BID, AKT, pS6, and NOXA. Xenografts were generated from the A375 and A2058 cell lines in nude beige mice and grown to 10 mm in size. Mice were then treated with vehicle, navitoclax (100 mg/kg/day), PLX4720 (100 mg/kg/day), or the combination once daily by gavage for 14 days. Tumor measurements were taken daily. Results: Treatment of melanoma cell lines with PLX4720 resulted in downmodulation of Mcl-1 and induction of BIM both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the combination of navitoclax and PLX4720 led to greater PARP cleavage than either agent alone. In vivo, the navitoclax enhanced the efficacy of PLX4720 in both xenograft models. Interestingly, the two xenograft models showed differential sensitivity to treatment with the respective single agents. Conclusion: The combination of a selective BRAF inhibitor with a BH3-mimetic may be a promising therapeutic strategy to enhance the clinical efficacy of BRAF inhibitors. Efforts are underway to assess such a combination clinically. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A27.
Atomic masses of tritium and helium-3.

By measuring the cyclotron frequency ratios of $^{3}{\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ to ${\mathrm{HD}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{T}}^{+}$ to ${\mathrm{HD}}^{+}$, and using ${\mathrm{HD}}^{+}$ as a mass reference, we obtain new atomic masses for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and T. Our results are $M[^{3}\mathrm{He}]=3.016\text{ }029\text{ }322\text{ }43(19)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{u}$ and $M[\mathrm{T}]=3.016\text{ }049\text{ }281\text{ }78(19)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{u}$, where the uncertainty includes an uncertainty of 0.12 nu in the mass reference. Allowing for cancellation of common systematic errors, we find the $Q$ value for tritium $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay to be $(M[\mathrm{T}]\ensuremath{-}M[^{3}\mathrm{He}]){c}^{2}=18\text{ }592.01(7)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. This allows an improved test of systematics in measurements of tritium $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay that set limits on neutrino mass.
Defects in foreign tax credit rules

This article identifies and discusses some defects and inconsistencies in the application of the foreign tax credit rules. A US taxpayer may have income from the USA and from foreign sources, but both are subject to US taxation. However, the US tax related to the foreign-sourced income is allowed to be offset by the foreign tax credit. The amount of foreign tax credit allowed depends on whether the foreign-sourced income is taxed at a regular rate or at a reduced rate. The latter involves the concept of 'rate differential portion'. This article explains the details and provides a formula. This article further introduces the newly enacted 'net investment income tax', and explores its impact on the determination of the foreign tax credit. In addition, this article reveals that, under current law, the application of the 'rate differential portion' is biased against those taxpayers who are in the lower-tax rate brackets. This article further points out that no foreign tax credit is allowed against the US 'net investment income tax' imposed on foreign-sourced income. It is possible this income will be subject to double taxation. This article also provides a comprehensive example and offers some tax planning strategies.
the Effect of Buyang Huanwu Soup Combined Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on the Behavior and Infarct volume to Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Buyang huanwu soup combined bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on the behavior and infarct volume in rats with cerebral focal ischmaia with reperfusion.Methods:Use right cerebral medium artery zea longa method to establish the focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion rats models,detect the infarct volume,and compare the nerve function behavior integral.Results:The transplantation group and combined group all can reduce the damage score of rats nerve function,and the recovery was most significant of combined group at the seventh day(P0.05).After TTC dyeing to brain tissue slice,the right cerebral medium artery blood supply area can show inequality of size infarct lesions.There was obviously significant between the Mscs group and the DIYR combined MSCs group compare with ischemia-reperfusion group(P0.01),there was not obviously significant between the first two groups(P0.05).Conclusion:Bu yang huan wu soup combined bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can reduce the infarct volume of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats,improve the symptoms of cerebral ischemia nerve behavior.