cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bird mortality during nocturnal migration over Lake Michigan: a case study

Abstract Millions of birds die each year during migration. Most of this mortality goes unobserved and conditions surrounding the actual events are often not thoroughly documented. We present a case study of substantial migrant casualties along the shores of southwestern Lake Michigan during May 1996 when we found 2,981 dead birds of 114 species, mostly migrant passerines. An unusual sequence of events allowed us to document the circumstances surrounding this migratory bird kill. Bird carcasses appeared on the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan in the days following storm systems that produced high rain and in one case, hail. Encounters between birds and precipitation over open water were recorded by weather radar, and were followed by winds that drifted dead birds toward highly populated shorelines where the kill was observed and documented. Climatologically, May 1996 was exceptional for producing weather conditions that both killed birds en masse and allowed the mortality to be documented. As a result,...
5‐Bromo‐7‐nitroindoline

[80166-90-1] C8H7BrN2O2 (MW 243.06) InChI = 1S/C8H7BrN2O2/c9-6-3-5-1-2-10-8(5)7(4-6)11(12)13/h3-4,10H,1-2H2 InChIKey = VXKXMHDXFLFIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent is used as a photolabile protecting group and for the photoactivation of carboxylic acids in acylation reactions) Physical Data: orange-brown solid, orthorhombic crystals;1 mp 133–136 °C; λmax 258 nm (CH3CN). Solubility: chloroform, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide. Form Supplied in: solid, 95% purity, available from Alfa Aesar and Lancaster Synthesis. Preparative Methods: commercially available N-acetylindoline is treated with bromine in acetic acid,2 nitrated with fuming nitric acid,2 or sodium nitrate and TFA,2, 3 followed by deacetylation, either photochemically4 or by acid hydrolysis (eq 1). The latter hydrolysis of the N-acetyl group has been described for related N-acetyl-7-nitroindoline derivatives.3, 5 (1) Purification: recrystallization from benzene.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: incompatible with oxidizing agents, store in a cool dry place; may cause eye and skin irritations and may be harmful when inhaled or ingested.
The Stratification of Social Citizenship: Gender and Federalism in the Formation of Old Age Insurance and Aid to Dependent Children

Recently, scholars have shown that welfare state development, across nations, has often incorporated social groups in distinct ways that stratify and divide the citizenry.1 Citizenship has become stratified in terms of gender as policymakers have treated men and women differently in the policymaking process, perpetuating ascribed roles and institutionalizing gender inequality. The American welfare state that was fashioned in the New Deal has long been regarded as a “two-tiered” system that divided men and women as “social citizens,” incorporating them into distinct types of programs for economic security and welfare. How was such stratification of citizenship created in the course of the policymaking process? Some scholars have surmised that policymakers' ideas about gender were responsible for gendered outcomes; others have suggested that preexisting institutional arrangements foreordained the “two-tiered” results. Neither of these approaches, however, has offered an adequate explanation.
An Experiment in the Relationship of Types of Written Feedback to the Development of Second‐Language Writing Skills

(L2) students' writing is of perennial concern to L2 teachers, as is the question of whether students should be required to produce any sustained writing at all (that is, beyond sentencelevel) in the target language before their oral skills are fully developed (58). Many L2 teachers fear the "fossilization" of errors (49; 59), and feel morally obligated to correct all mistakes in L2 student written work. Tradi-
Communication protocols for SCM-WDM networks

Subcarrier wavelength-division multiaccess (SCR-WDM) networks have many features, such as high system capacity, flexible packet switching access and very fast tuning speed of RF local-oscillator, etc. Though, generally speaking, existing protocols for WDMA networks can be applied to SCM-WDM networks, the transmission efficiency in terms of packet delay and network throughput is low, since an optimal wavelength channel assignment for a WDMA network may not be optimal in a SCM-WDM network with many subcarrier channels involved. In this paper, we propose two new communication protocols for SCM-WDM networks. Simulation results show that the proposed protocols have performance very close to an optimal solution while their complexity is much lower. >
Ocular dominance in anterior visual cortex in a child demonstrated by the use of fMRI

Negative signal changes in the visual cortex have been observed during visual stimulation when performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in children. This report investigated whether the ocular dominance, which has been demonstrated in the contralateral anterior visual cortex in adults, could be observed in a child by the use of fMRI. A 5-year-old child was studied using fMRI at 1.5 T during alternating monocular visual stimulation under sedation with morphine and pentobarbital. The functional images were motion corrected, and statistical parametric maps were made by contrasting the left or right eye stimulation conditions vs the right or left eye stimulation conditions, respectively, at each voxel. Areas with negative signal changes were found on the left anterior visual cortex during monocular visual stimulation of the right eye and vice versa. There was no area with negative or positive signal change on the ipsilateral visual cortex to the stimulated eye and no area with positive signal change on the contralateral visual cortex. Contralateral ocular dominance of anterior visual cortex similar to that of adults was demonstrated in this child with a negative correlation with the visual stimulus. This finding suggests that peripheral visual fields are represented in the anterior visual cortex of 5-year-old children.
New Selenium-Based Safety-Catch Linkers: Solid-Phase Semisynthesis of Vancomycin

Pro-allyl and pro-alloc linkers can be formed by alkylation or esterification of a selenium-bound resin (the example shown is for the formation of a polymer-bound pro-allyl derivative) and can be readily cleaved in excellent yields under mild conditions. The scope of the pro-allyl linker has been demonstrated with the solid-phase semisynthesis of vancomycin. Alloc=allyloxycarbonyl.
Switching in the activity state of an interneuron that controls coordination of the hearts in the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis).

The rhythmically active heart interneuron HN(5) in the medicinal leech exhibits two distinct activity states, which have been associated with different coordination states of the two hearts. During the active state, it discharges high-frequency bursts of action potentials interrupted by rhythmic inhibitory input from other interneurons. In the inactive state, the same cell receives rhythmic inhibition but the membrane potential remains subthreshold between these volleys, producing few or no action potentials. We investigated differences in the membrane properties of the cell during the active and inactive states. The membrane potential in the active state oscillates on average between about −56 +/− 6 mV (S.D.) and −45 +/− 7 mV; the mean oscillation amplitude is 11 +/− 4 mV. In the inactive state, the membrane potential oscillates on average between −58 +/− 6 mV and −55 +/− 6 mV with a mean amplitude of 3 +/− 1 mV. The overall conductance of an HN(5) interneuron during the active state is approximately 10 nS lower than that during the inactive state, indicating that an outward current is turned off during the active state or turned on during the inactive state. This outward current is not voltage-dependent in the range −80 mV to −10 mV, as shown in voltage-clamp experiments by a linear current-voltage relationship. The reversal potential of this current is approximately −60 mV, indicating that chloride or potassium ions underlie the current. Using dynamic-clamp, we show that by adding an artificial current with a linear voltage-dependence (leak conductance) to an HN(5) interneuron (conductance 15 nS, reversal potential −60 mV), the cell can be transferred from its active to its inactive state.
Burden Sharing in the Funding of the UNHCR: Refugee Protection as an Impure Public Good

The authors apply the theory of collective action and alliance behavior first developed by Olson and Zeckhauser and later extended by Sandler in a series of studies to test whether the nature of refugee protection influences state motivations to provide contributions. The authors investigate whether refugee protection can be viewed as a pure public good with the concomitant problem of free riding leading to suboptimal outcomes or whether contributions provide states private benefits that transform the nature of the good. Using a Heckman selection model, they test for the determinants of state contributions to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and find that refugee protection offers several private benefits, indicating that it is best understood as an impure public good. They conclude, however, that even when states are able to secure these private benefits, it does not necessarily lead to the optimal provision of refugee protection.
Nanoscale Structure and High Velocity Sliding at Cu/Ag Interfaces

We present the results of large-scale NonEquilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulations for Cu/Ag interfaces sliding in the velocity regime 0≤v≤1Km/sec. System sizes of 2.8 × 106 atoms are considered using Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials. Single crystals with 010 interfaces sliding along the direction are considered. We discuss the observed velocity weakening in the tangential force at high velocities, and its connection with the observed dislocation structure and nanostructure that are nucleated during dry sliding.
Assessment and Diagnosis in Marriage and Family Counseling

Assessment in marriage and family counseling is discussed conceptually and then illustrated in a review of techniques covering 10 topic areas related to marital and family functioning. Overviews of specific methods of assessment are presented. Assessment and its relationship to diagnosis, with special reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual series, are examined. Implications for counselors are considered. An extensive list of references is also presented.
Status and Future Needs in Protozoan Ecology

Those of us who have been developing the concept of a marine microbial food web have believed for many years that Protozoa are major movers of energy and nutrients. Indeed, Vernadskii (1926) repeatedly referred to the special significance of microorganisms, including specific references to Protozoa as movers of materials on a global, biogeochemical scale. However, until recently this remained more a matter of opinion than established fact. The conferees brought together an impressive body of facts regarding both the magnitude and the diversity of protozoan activity. That protozoa are a dominant force in the ocean’s metabolism is no longer in doubt. A comprehensive understanding of protozoan metabolism in the ocean is a prerequisite to a full understanding of and to quantitatively model cycles of carbon and other biologically essential elements on a global scale. During this conference we defined the limits of our knowledge of protozoan ecology and highlighted a number of pressing needs, both for basic understanding of the biosphere and its function and for answering questions of immediate practical importance.
Hyperthyroidism and Liver Function in Relation to B Vitamins

Conclusions1. Using a standard diet, with yeast of a known vitamin content, the liver functions of dogs was studied at two levels of thyroid feeding. 2. The production of the abnormal liver function in hyperthyroid dogs bears a causal relationship to the yeast in the diet.
Cerebellar Atrophy in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cerebellar Tumor.

Objectives: The cerebellum (CB) is known for its role in supporting processing speed (PS) and cognitive efficiencies. The CB often sustains damage from treatment and resection in pediatric patients with posterior fossa tumors. Limited research suggests that CB atrophy may be associated with the radiation treatment experienced during childhood. The purpose of the study was to measure cerebellar atrophy to determine its neurobehavioral correlates. Methods: Brain magnetic resonance images were collected from 25 adult survivors of CB tumors and age- and gender-matched controls (M age= 24 years (SD=5), 52% female). Average age at diagnosis was 9 years (SD=5) and average time since diagnosis was 15 years (SD=5). PS was measured by the Symbol Digit Modality Test. To quantify atrophy, an objective formula was developed based on prior literature, in which Atrophy=[(CB White+CB Gray Volume)/Intracranial Vault (ICV)]controls-[(CB White+CB Gray+Lesion Size Volume)/ICV]survivors. Results: Regression analyses found that the interaction term (age at diagnosis*radiation) predicts CB atrophy; regression equations included the Neurological Predictor Scale, lesion size, atrophy, and the interaction term and accounted for 33% of the variance in oral PS and 48% of the variance in written PS. Both interactions suggest that individuals with smaller CB lesion size but a greater degree of CB atrophy had slower PS, whereas individuals with a larger CB lesion size and less CB atrophy were less affected. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that young age at diagnosis and radiation is associated with CB atrophy, which interacts with lesion size to impact both written and oral PS. (JINS, 2016, 23, 1–11)
Induction of pituitary and mammary tumors in male, "fale" and female rats by either DMBA, estradiol implant or combined treatment.

SummaryImplanting silastic capsules containing estradiol (E2 into castrated female and “fale” rats 5 days before 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) injection increased the incidence of mammary tumors from 0% to 44.4% and 30% respectively. However, this E2 potentiating effect on DMBA-induced mammary tumors was not detected in intact female or male rats, but the incidence of mammary tumors was much lower in intact male rats than in intact female rats with or without E2 implants. Most rats receiving E2 implants developed prolactin secreting pituitary tumors within 100 days after implantation. Serum estrogen level of rats bearing E2 implants in different groups was maintained between 118.3 pg/ml and 194.1 pg/ml. These estrogen levels were not significantly different from that of normal cycling rats at proestrus. The pituitary tumors induced by E2 implants secreted huge amounts of prolactin as revealed by enormous levels of PRL in blood, but normal levels of blood FSH and LH were determined. A clear-cut de...
THE EFFECTS OF DIET AND EXERCISE ON SERUM LIPID LEVELS IN CHILDREN FOLLOWED IN A LIPID CLINIC

Studies have shown improvement in lipid levels after institution of lifestyle changes in children enrolled in closely monitored outpatient settings, but it is difficult to mimic this in real world clinics. We aim to determine if diet and exercise result in improvement in lipid levels in patients
Mind the gap: accountability, observation and special education

AbstractThere is an absence of observation-based tools designed to evaluate teaching in special education classrooms. Evaluations derived from classroom observations are integral to the accountability process, adding value to understanding teaching and learning by providing a lens into the classroom that test scores cannot capture. The present paper systematically examined existing classroom observation tools, identifying constructs measured and noting elements unique to special education classrooms. Results demonstrate that most extant tools tap into three primary categories of teacher behaviours, but overlook the role paraprofessionals play as well as teacher professional behaviours. Taken together, results reflect the need for a tool designed specifically for special education classrooms. Limitations and implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Clinic in Crisis Response: Imagined Immunities

Military forces have long targeted medical facilities. In blog posts following the attack on the Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, historians Bertrand Taithe and Eleanor Davey offer examples of parallel atrocities past and present, from German bombardment of Parisian hospitals in 1871 to recent attacks on MSF run facilities in Syria and Yemen. As their sobering list makes clear, legal protections have provided uncertain refuge in the years since the ink dried on the agreements of the initial Geneva Convention. Moreover, even this thin shelter has extended unequally, rarely including colonial confrontations. In his unconventional chronicle of death from the air, Sven Lindqvist (2000) underscores how laws of war effectively delimited perceived frontiers of civilization; Italian airplanes inaugurated aerial bombing in 1911 outside of Tripoli, and two decades later destroyed Red Cross Ambulances in Ethiopia. In Lindqvist’s (2000:2) acid summary: ‘‘When is one allowed to wage war against savages and barbarians? Answer: always. What is permissible against savages and barbarians? Answer: anything.’’
Revenue management, hedonic pricing models and the effects of operational attributes

Utilising secondary data, the present study investigated the effect of operational attributes and product type (cuisine) on the price that consumers paid in restaurants. Contrary to the commonly held belief, food quality generally had the lowest impact on price. High-end restaurants differed significantly from low-end restaurants on the effect of food, service and ambiance quality on the price that consumers paid. Study results clearly indicated that high-end restaurants displayed a concave curve in all three operational attributes in relation to increasing price points. For low-end restaurants, the curves of operational attributes were either horizontal or convex in relation to increasing price points.
Abstract B01: PEG3 DNA methylation and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in African American and European American women

Background: Epigenetic mechanisms are hypothesized to be etiologically involved in progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to invasive cervical cancer (ICC), although empirical data are lacking. Methods: A total of 304 women were enrolled at the time of colposcopic evaluation following an abnormal liquid-based cytology screen. HPV was genotyped by HPV linear array. To ascertain the presence of CIN, the biopsies underwent pathologic review. DNA methylation was measured at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) regulating genomic imprinting of IGF2/H19 PEG1/MEST, KCNQ1OT1, MEG3, HYMAI, PEG10 and PEG3 imprinted domains, using Sequenom EpiTYPER assays. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and to evaluate the associations between HPV infection and DMR methylation, respectively. Results: After accounting for age, HPV infection, parity, hormonal contraceptive use, and cigarette smoking, methylation differences at the PEG3 DMR were associated with a modest but significant higher risk of CIN2/3 (OR=1.08, 95%CI 1.02-1.18, p=0.022) in all women. This association remained significant in European American (OR=1.13, 95%CI 1.03-1.27, p=0.011), but not in African American women (OR=1.03, 95%CI 0.90-1.16, p=0.715). HPV infection was associated with altered PEG3 DMR methylation in both groups of women, an association that was also stronger in European Americans (β= -3.42, p=0.041), than in African Americans (β= -2.55, p=0.132). Though altered methylation at IGF2/H19 and PEG10 DMRs was associated with CIN1, no associations were observed with CIN2/3 lesions. No associations were found for PEG1/MEST, KCNQ1OT1, MEG3, and HYMAI DMRs. Conclusions: Aberrant DNA methylation at the regulatory region of the PEG3 imprinted gene may increase susceptibility to CIN2/3; an association that may be stronger in European American women and which persisted after accounting for HPV infection. If confirmed in larger studies, these findings support the hypothesis that DNA methylation at PEG3 may represent a susceptibility locus that can be exploited to identify, from among a large number of abnormal colposcopy cases, those likely to progress to CIN or worse. Citation Format: Adriana C. Vidal, David Skaar, Zhiquing Huang, Fidel Valea, Rex Bentley, Margaret Gradison, Kimberly S. H. Yarnall, Anne Ford, Francine Overcash, Katherine Grant, Susan K. Murphy, Cathrine Hoyo. PEG3 DNA methylation and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in African American and European American women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B01.
American Elm ( Ulmus americana )

American elm (Ulmus americana) is a valuable and sentimental tree species that was decimated by Dutch elm disease in the mid-20th century. Therefore, any methods for modifying American elm or enhancing disease resistance are significant. This protocol describes transformation and tissue culture techniques used on American elm. Leaf pieces containing the midvein and petiole are used for explants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 is used for transformation, with the binary vector pSE39, containing CaMV35S/nptII as a selectable marker, ACS2/ESF39A as a putative resistance enhancing gene, and CaMV35S/GUS as a reporter.
Macro/Custom Cell Chip-Planning, Placement, and Global Routing

This chapter presents the algorithms and the implementation of a new macro/custom cell placement and global routing package. This package, named TimberWolfMC, makes extensive use of the simulated annealing algorithm presented in Chapter 2. TimberWolfMC is applicable to circuits containing cells of any rectilinear shape. Furthermore, the cells may have fixed geometry including pin locations (macro cells) or the cells may have an estimated area with a specified aspect ratio range, and with pins that need to be placed (custom cells). The pins for a custom cell may be specified in several possible ways: (1) a pin may be given a particular fixed location, (2) a pin may be assigned to a particular edge or edges of a cell, (3) a pin may belong to a group of pins which may be assigned to a particular edge or edges of a cell, or (4) a pin may belong to a group of pins which is assigned a particular sequential ordering as well as a particular edge or edges of a cell. The placement of a single pin, a group of pins, or a sequence of pins may be specified as being restricted to either one cell edge, two cell edges, or any of the edges.
A Distinct Lung-Interstitium-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cell Subset Confers Enhanced Protection to Lower Respiratory Tract Infection.

Summary The nature and anatomic location of the protective memory CD8 + T cell subset induced by intranasal vaccination remain poorly understood. We developed a vaccination model to assess the anatomic location of protective memory CD8 + T cells and their role in lower airway infections. Memory CD8 + T cells elicited by local intranasal, but not systemic, vaccination with an engineered non-replicative CD8 + T cell-targeted antigen confer enhanced protection to a lethal respiratory viral challenge. This protection depends on a distinct CXCR3 LO resident memory CD8 + T (Trm) cell population that preferentially localizes to the pulmonary interstitium. Because they are positioned close to the mucosa, where infection occurs, interstitial Trm cells act before inflammation can recruit circulating memory CD8 + T cells into the lung tissue. This results in a local protective immune response as early as 1 day post-infection. Hence, vaccine strategies that induce lung interstitial Trm cells may confer better protection against respiratory pathogens.
Abstract # 1779 Select behavioral and physiological changes persist in novel cancer survivor model

Even after successful cancer treatment, survivors report distinct physical and mental health problems, which reduce quality of life. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the enduring neurobehavioral consequences of a former cancer experience. The objective of this project was to develop a tumor-resected “survivor” mouse model by which to investigate these persistent effects. We hypothesized that mouse mammary tumors induce neuroinflammation, increase affective-like behaviors, and cognitive function, all of which are attenuated by tumor resection. Murine cancer cells (67NR) were injected into mammary fat pads of 9-week old, group-housed anesthetized female Balb/c mice. Non-tumor controls underwent sham surgery. Body mass and tumor size were recorded biweekly. These tumors are non-metastatic and after 2 weeks (tumors ∼ 0.75 cm3), tumors in some mice were surgically resected (“survivor” group) with clean margins (no recurrence). Two weeks after these treatments (sham, tumor, tumor resection), all mice were tested using a battery of standardized behavioral tests. To assess immune activation, inflammatory gene expression was quantified in various brain regions, as well as circulating inflammatory markers and immune cells. Preliminary results indicate that tumor resection attenuated IL-1beta expression in the hippocampus and specific peripheral immune measures. However, circulating immune cell trafficking and behavior did not return to levels of tumor-free control mice, suggesting that the influence of tumors endures. These immune changes may mediate prolonged behavioral comorbidities.
Mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory: determining the need and avoiding pitfalls

Abstract While mass spectrometry (MS) has been available as an analytical tool for more than 100 years and analytical methods based on MS have been used by both scientific researchers and industrial application scientists for quantitative and qualitative analyses routinely, the use of this technology in clinical laboratories is a relatively new development. Based on emerging needs for patient care, the importance of MS in the clinical laboratory is increasing, and doesn’t appear to be slowing down any time soon. Emerging unmet needs for testing often occur because vendors of in vitro diagnostic devices wait until the clinical utility of a particular assay is established and widely accepted prior to the development of a commercial assay. As a result, improvements in patient care from these new clinical tests can be delayed until a commercial assay is available. For laboratories with the capability to develop and implement laboratory-developed tests, MS provides an attractive alternative solution based on the ability to rapidly develop an analytically robust assay with excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity. In some cases, it offers an attractive alternative to commercially available assays that have already been developed, but do not offer acceptable performance relative to the clinical decision point. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS technology shows significant potential as a tool to rapidly develop clinical assays for emerging biomarkers, and advances in instrumentation are likely to enable application of LC-MS technology in routine clinical diagnostic testing.
Positive and Negative Advertising Images as Effective Sustainable Consumer Stimuli

Ha-Brookshire and Bhaduri (2014) found that the apparel business’ distrustful messages affect more consumer’s purchase intention that trustful messages. Dam and Jonge (2015) reported similar findings. Negative messages on labelling more directly influenced consumers’ attitudes toward products than positive messages. Authors concluded that this might be because consumers are willing to spend their money in order to avoid challenging ethical issues. As these two studies are limited to using messages in their studies, the purpose of this study is to examine whether positive (or negative) images were more effective at retaining consumers’ attentions.
‘I Wish They Had Birthright for Adults!’: The Effect of Birthright Israel on Jewish Parents’ Interest in Visiting Israel

This study assesses the impact of the Taglit-Birthright Israel travel program on parents of participants—in particular, on the ways in which parents’ indirect exposure to their adult children’s experiences in the program affect those parents’ connections to Israel. Birthright Israel is a large-scale, successful, educational travel program that provides a gift of 10-day trips to Israel to Jewish young adults. A substantial body of research has demonstrated the effectiveness of Birthright Israel in strengthening the Jewish identity of young diaspora Jews. Anecdotal evidence suggests that participants whose interest in Israel is enhanced by their Birthright Israel experience share what they have learned with their parents, and that this results in an increase in Israel interest for the parents. This study is the first to systematically analyze the program’s impact on such parents. Based on semi-structured interviews of Birthright Israel parents and on pre-trip and post-trip surveys of more than 1,500 parents, this paper shows that, for Jewish parents, the primary impact of Birthright Israel is an increased interest in visiting Israel and a reduced concern about the safety of Israel travel. The effect of the program was most pronounced for parents who had never been to Israel. Parental interest in trips like Birthright Israel presents an opportunity to reach the generation of American Jews during midlife in ways not previously considered.
Distinct roles of intracellular heat shock protein 70 in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis

Using four different experimental colitis models, we filled an important gap in knowledge by defining essential roles of intracellular heat shock protein 70 in different cell types in maintaining i...
Pre-service teachers’ awareness of interdisciplinary connections: Mathematics, financial literacy, and social justice issues

ABSTRACTThis article describes a study that investigated pre-service teachers’ awareness of the interdisciplinary connections among mathematics, personal finance, and social justice issues. When pre-service teachers understand these connections, they can prepare their students to be responsible, participatory, and justice-oriented citizens in a global economy. Possessing and articulating this awareness are integral components of providing children and youth with the knowledge and skills to improve their life quality and bring about social change. The 68 participants in the study were pre-service teachers at two public universities in the United States, one in the Midwest and one in the Southeast. The participants at the Midwestern university were enrolled in general education classes, and the participants at the Southeastern university were enrolled in elementary, middle school, and high school mathematics methods classes in the Fall 2010 and Spring 2011 semesters. They completed surveys mid-semester, in ...
Placing the Ball in Congress’ Court: Supreme Court Requests for Congressional Action:

The U.S. Supreme Court’s invitations for congressional action have been the subject of extensive interest but with limited empirical study. As a result, despite the obvious political implications o...
Quantifying Discontinuity, Connectivity, Variability, and Hierarchy in Overland Flow Generation: Comparison of Different Modeling Methods

Under the influence of surface topography, overland flow generation and surface runoff exhibit extremely high variability and discontinuity, featuring a hierarchical pattern of connectivity and threshold behavior. Quantifying these properties is crucial to better understand the intrinsic mechanisms of overland flow generation and further improve hydrologic and water quality modeling across varying spatiotemporal scales. This research focused on the theory of threshold hydrology, including new methods for delineation of depression-dominated land surfaces and new approaches for modeling of puddle filling-spilling-merging-splitting dynamics. Comparisons with traditional delineation and modeling approaches demonstrated the existence of threshold behavior in overland flow generation, nonuniformity in evolution of hydrologic connectivity and runoff initiation, and hierarchy in drainage network development. This research emphasized the dominance of surface topography on surface and subsurface hydrologic processes.
Index investors and the return of stewardship accounting

Abstract Passive asset managers, seeking to deliver investment returns that mirror market indices, now control and vote about 30% of all managed U.S. shares. When bad news surfaces, index investors do not sell a company's shares. Instead, these beneficial owners protect the value of equity investments by influencing governance practices to restore long-term value creation. Interviews with stewardship offices at leading index investment firms suggest that passive investors do not use financial accounting information to value securities. The implication of this study is that the current focus of accounting standard setting – predicated on the idea that the purpose of financial reporting is to permit prediction of future cash flows – does not meet the needs of a particular group of financial statement users who have considerable influence over the governance of leading listed companies around the world.
Professional Writing in the English Classroom: Let's Get Real: Using Usability to Connect Writers, Readers, and Texts

The article discusses the application of the concept of usability and user-centered design in the interaction between the writers and the readers in the English classroom. It is inferred that the interaction with readers is essential during the process of writing. The elements of effective lessons on usability and user-centered design are highlighted.
2-TRIDECANONE: A NATURAL TOXICANT IN A WILD TOMATO RESPONSIBLE FOR INSECT RESISTANCE

Larvae of the insect pest species Manduca sexta, Heliothis zea and Leptinotarsa decemlineata are unable to survive on the wild tomato species Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. The resistance of this plant to M. sexta and very probably L. decemlineata is due to the presence of 2-tridecanone in the tips of the glandular trichomes which abound on the foliage. Although 2-tridecanone is also toxic to H. zea, most larvae are not exposed to a lethal dose. Other factors appear to account for most of the resistance to H. zea. The level of 2-tridecanone present in the trichomes of resistant foliage is significantly greater when the plants are grown under long than under short daylengths. The toxicity of methyl keytones to H. zea is influenced by chain length and is related to the compounds lipophilicity. Position of the carbonyl carbon in the tridecanone molecule does not affect its toxicity.
Axisymmetric rotational stagnation point flow impinging on a bi-axially stretching surface

Abstract The normal impingement of the rotational stagnation-point flow on a surface executing bi-axial stretching is studied. This problem is governed by two parameters, α the dimensionless stretching along the x -axis, and β the dimensionless stretching along the y -axis. Consideration is given to both stretching and shrinking surfaces. At fixed β turning points are found at α = α c for which no solutions exist for α α c and dual solutions exist for all α > α c . Shear stress results are presented in graphical form as are sample similarity velocity profiles. The boundary for the existence of solutions is presented over a range of the governing parameters. Shrinking in both directions occurs only over the relatively small region − 1 . 212 ≤ α 0 and − 1 . 212 ≤ β 0 . An investigation of the zero stress values of F ′ ′ ( 0 ) reveals a bifurcation in solutions for β = − 0 . 075 at α = − 0 . 07675 that leads to triple solutions for α ≥ 0 . 21 . This bifurcation is responsible for a discontinuity that appears in the lower branch of the F ′ ′ ( 0 ) = 0 curve at this value of β .
Two Dimensional Insect Flight Trajectory Tracking and Analysis

Insects display excellent flying skills at micro-scale and have been the source of inspiration for technology protagonists. This paper delineates the underlying science of typical insect-inspired flight with the objective of using the knowledge for improving the versatility of bio-inspired Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) and Nano Air Vehicles (NAVs). Various trajectories of flying insects (honey bee and butterfly) are tracked in a controlled environment. Insects of different wingspans are framed in the container such that their two dimensional flight trajectories are captured. Trajectory analysis of these insects is carried out for four phases of flight, that is, climb, descent, vertical climb and forward flight. The resultant dynamic and kinematic variables are compared during these phases for honeybees and butterflies. The results obtained through experimentation are analyzed to draw conclusions about velocity, acceleration and resultant forces. Honeybees executed climb, descent and forward flight with approximate velocity of 1.8 m/s and vertical climb with 1.5 m/s. Butterflies executed climb, descent and forward flight with approximate velocity of 2.1 m/s and vertical climb with 1.4 m/s. A consistent pattern in velocity reduction is observed during vertical climb by both species whereas same velocity is recorded for climb, descent and forward flight. It is argued that the average speeds during different phases are governed by the navigational cues instead of physical ability. As a future task, more insects of different wingspans will be studied to make a scalable trend.
Are high levels of religiosity inconsistent with a high valuation of science? Evidence from the United States, China and Iran

We asked whether high levels of religiosity are inconsistent with a high valuation of science. We explored this possibility in three countries that diverge markedly in the relation between the state and religion. Parents in the United States (n = 126), China (n = 234) and Iran (n = 77) completed a survey about their personal and parental stance towards science. The relation between religiosity and the valuation of science varied sharply by country. In the U.S. sample, greater religiosity was associated with a lower valuation of science. A similar but weaker negative relation was found in the Chinese sample. Parents in the Iranian sample, by contrast, valued science highly, despite high levels of religiosity. Given the small size of our United States and Iranian samples, and the non-probabilistic nature of our samples in general, we caution readers not to generalise our findings beyond the current samples. Despite this caveat, these findings qualify the assumption that religiosity is inconsistent with the valuation of science and highlight the role of sociocultural context in shaping adults' perception of the relation between religion and science.
Anomalous edge response of photon counting detectors induced by pulse pileup and anti-coincidence logic

A peculiar edge enhancement effect was observed when a PCD was operated under anti-coincidence mode and irradiated by high-flux x-rays to cause pulse pileups. The severity of this effect increases with the input flux level and completely disappears when the anti-coincidence mode is turned off. A theoretical analysis shows that this edge enhancement effect was jointly caused by the pulse pileup-induced count loss and the arbitration process used the anti-coincidence logic. Compared with pixels blocked by an edge, pixels immediately outside the edge has a much higher likelihood to win the arbitration when there are coincident x-rays.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a nationally representative adult population with inflammatory bowel disease without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Abstract Background and aims Chronic inflammation is associated with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We studied the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) amongst individuals with IBD who have not developed ASCVD. Methods Our study population was derived from the 2015 – 2016 National Health Interview Survey. Those with ASCVD (defined as myocardial infarction, angina or stroke) were excluded. The prevalence of CRFs among individuals with IBD was compared with those without IBD. The odds CRFs among adults with IBD was assessed using logistic regression models. Results In our study population of 60,155 individuals, 786 (1.3%) had IBD. IBD was associated with increased odds hypertension (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39–2.09), diabetes (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.22–2.32), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.32–2.99) and insufficient physical activity (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.16–1.66). Conclusion IBD is associated with higher prevalence of CRFs. Early screening and risk mitigation strategies are warranted.
Protein Domain Specific Covalent Inhibition of Human DNA Polymerase β

DNA polymerase β (Pol β) is a frequently overexpressed and/or mutated bifunctional repair enzyme. Pol β possesses polymerase and lyase active sites, that are employed in two steps of base excision repair. Pol β is an attractive therapeutic target for which there is a need for inhibitors. Two mechanistically inspired covalent inhibitors (1, IC50 =21.0 μM; 9, IC50 =18.7 μM) that modify lysine residues in different Pol β active sites are characterized. Despite modifying lysine residues in different active sites, 1 and 9 inactivate the polymerase and lyase activities of Pol β. Fluorescence anisotropy experiments indicate that they do so by preventing DNA binding. Inhibitors 1 and 9 provide the basis for a general approach to preparing domain selective inhibitors of bifunctional polymerases. Such molecules could prove to be useful tools for studying the role of wild type and mutant forms of Pol β and other polymerases in DNA repair.
Social groups constrain the spatiotemporal dynamics of wild sifaka gut microbiomes

Primates acquire gut microbiota from conspecifics through direct social contact and shared environmental exposures. Host behaviour is a prominent force in structuring gut microbial communities, yet the extent to which group or individual-level forces shape the long-term dynamics of gut microbiota is poorly understood. We investigated the effects of three aspects of host sociality (social groupings, dyadic interactions, and individual dispersal between groups) on gut microbiome composition and plasticity in 58 wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) from six social groups. Over the course of three dry seasons in a 5-year period, the six social groups maintained distinct gut microbial signatures, with the taxonomic composition of individual communities changing in tandem among coresiding group members. Samples collected from group members during each season were more similar than samples collected from single individuals across different years. In addition, new immigrants and individuals with less stable social ties exhibited elevated rates of microbiome turnover across seasons. Our results suggest that permanent social groupings shape the changing composition of commensal and mutualistic gut microbial communities and thus may be important drivers of health and resilience in wild primate populations.
Aberrancy of junctional escape beats. Evidence for origin in the fascicles of the left bundle branch.

Abstract The mechanism of aberrancy of so-called atrioventricular (A-V) Junctional escape beats was investigated in 8 cases, in 5 of which His bundle electrography was performed with both conducted and escape beats recorded. Aberrancy in Junctional beats usually shows features of incomplete or complete right bundle branch block and leftward or rightward shift of the QRS axis in the frontal plane. From the morphologic point of view the aberrancy resembles that seen in conducted beats with the additional feature of bifascicular block. Functional aberrancy based on incomplete recovery of the conduction fibers cannot account for aberrancy in slow Junctional rhythms. Phase 4 depolarization may explain the aberrancy in slow heart rates but cannot readily account for the fusion complexes so frequently seen in these rhythms. His bundle electrography in the present study showed a time relation between His spikes and the onset of the QRS complex which excludes the possibility of antegrade conduction of the aberrant beats along the same pathway used by descending sinus beats as well as true Junctional beats descending through the main His bundle. Specifically, the His spikes were found at or near the onset of the QRS complexes in aberrant escape beats, whereas they were ahead of the QRS complexes by the expected interval of 40 to 50 msec in the conducted beats. This temporal relation favors propagation of escape impulses from their origin bidirectionally, that is, simultaneously toward the ventricular myocardium and retrograde toward the main His bundle. This observation, together with the right bundle branch block and the axis deviation, places the escape focus in 1 of 2 fascicles of the left bundle branch: in the superior division for beats displaying right axis deviation and in the inferior division for beats displaying left axis deviation. With acceptance of a fascicular origin for these beats, a satisfactory explanation becomes readily available for the fusion complexes.
A partially blind study.

To the Editor.— I would like to suggest that the article entitled: "Cow9s Milk Formula as a Cause of Infantile Colic: A Double-Blind Study"1 would be better entitled: Infantile Colic and Confusion with Milk Formulas: A Partially Blinded Study. The authors of the article suggest that their results demonstrate that infantile colic was "cow9s milk dependent in 71% of the infants in the study" and "53% of these infants also showed an adverse reaction to soy." With this, I disagree.
Erythema multiforme; with special emphasis on postvaccinal erythema.

Summary 1. Erythema multiforme may occur as an infrequent complication of small-poxvaccination. 2. The occurrence of erythema multiforme following vaccination, horseserum administration, and during rheumatic fever, together with the high incidence (50 per cent) of an allergic history, suggests that the disease represents an allergic reaction. 3. The mouth lesions of this syndrome are so unique as to be diagnostic. 4. Pneumonitis is of frequent occurrence in erythema multiforme.
Yoga spinal flexion positions and vertebral compression fracture in osteopenia or osteoporosis of spine: case series.

Objective: The objective of this report is to raise awareness of the effect of strenuous yoga flexion exercises on osteopenic or osteoporotic spines. We previously described subjects with known osteoporosis in whom vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) developed after spinal flexion exercise (SFE) and recommended that SFEs not be prescribed in patients with spinal osteoporosis. Methods: This report describes 3 healthy persons with low bone mass and yoga-induced pain or fracture. Results: All 3 patients had osteopenia, were in good health and pain-free, and had started yoga exercises to improve their musculoskeletal health. New pain and fracture areas occurred after participation in yoga flexion exercises. Conclusions: The development of pain and complications with some flexion yoga positions in the patients with osteopenia leads to concern that fracture risk would increase even further in osteoporosis. Although exercise has been shown to be effective for improving bone mineral density and decreasing fracture risk, our subjects had development of VCFs and neck and back pain with yoga exercises. This finding suggests that factors other than bone mass should be considered for exercise counseling in patients with bone loss. The increased torque pressure applied to vertebral bodies during SFEs may be a risk. Exercise is effective and important for treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis and should be prescribed for patients with vertebral bone loss. Some yoga positions can contribute to extreme strain on spines with bone loss. Assessment of fracture risk in older persons performing SFEs and other high-impact exercises is an important clinical consideration.