cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing lactate concentration as a predictor of 28-day in-hospital mortality in the presence of ethanol: A retrospective study of emergency department patients.

Background Presence of ethanol (EtOH) may alter the relationship between blood lactate concentrations and mortality. This study compares lactate-associated mortality risk in the presence and absence of EtOH. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study including all patients, age >17 years, presenting from January 2012-December 2018, to an urban, academic emergency department, with a clinically measured lactate. Data were electronically abstracted from the medical record. The primary outcome was 28-day in-hospital mortality. Patients were grouped by EtOH test results as follows: 1) present (any EtOH detected), 2) absent (EtOH concentration measured and not detected), or 3) not ordered. Marginal analysis was used to calculated probability of mortality for fixed values of lactate and model covariates. Results Of 40,956 adult emergency department patients with measured lactate, we excluded 768 (1.89%) for lactate >10.0 mmol/L, leaving 40,240 for analysis: 4,066 (10.1%) EtOH present, 10,819 (26.9%) EtOH absent, 25,355 (63%) EtOH not ordered. Of these, 1790 (4.4%) had 28-day in-hospital mortality. Marginal probability of mortality calculated for specific lactate values found less risk for EtOH Present patients versus EtOH absent patients at lactate 0.0 mmol/L (0.8% [95%CI: 0.5-1.2%] vs 3.2% [2.8-3.6%]), 2.0 mmol/L (1.5% [1.1-1.9%] vs 4.0% [3.7-4.3%]), 4.0 mmol/L (2.6% [2.2-3.1%] vs 5.0% [4.6-5.4%]), until 6.0 mmol/L (4.5% [3.7-5.4%] vs 6.2% [5.4-7.0%]). Conclusion EtOH presence significantly alters lactate-associated mortality risk when lactate <6.0 mmol/L. Emergency department clinicians should interpret these lactate values with caution and consider other data for risk stratification when EtOH is present.
Deciphering the cancer microenvironment from bulk data with EcoTyper.

In this issue of Cell, Luca, Steen et al. develop the EcoTyper software to deconvolve tumor-microenvironment interactions from high volume bulk transcriptomics data. They demonstrate its effectiveness in improving predictions for tumor progression and patient prognosis for a variety of tumor types from multiple data sources.
Projecting future climate change: Implications of carbon cycle model intercomparisons

[1] The range of responses of alternate detailed models for the ocean and biosphere components of the global carbon cycle, cataloged in model intercomparison studies, are simulated by a reduced form Earth system model employing a range of model parameters. The reduced form model, parameterized in this way, allows the integration of these components of the carbon cycle with an energy balance climate model with a prescribed range of climate sensitivity. We use this model to construct ranges of: (1) past carbon budgets given past CO2 concentrations, fossil carbon emissions, and temperature records, (2) future CO2 concentrations and temperature for given emission scenarios, and (3) CO2 emissions and temperature for given trajectories of future CO2 concentrations leading to constant levels within the next several centuries. Carbon cycle is an additional contributor to uncertainty in climate projections that is calculated to expand the range of projected global temperature beyond that reported in the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment.
Spatiotemporal expression of zic genes during vertebrate inner ear development

BACKGROUND: Inner ear development involves signaling from surrounding tissues, including the adjacent hindbrain, periotic mesenchyme, and notochord. These signals include SHH, FGFs, BMPs, and WNTs from the hindbrain and SHH from the notochord. Zic genes, which are expressed in the dorsal neural tube and act during neural development, have been implicated as effectors of these pathways. This report examines whether Zic genes' involvement in inner ear development is a tenable hypothesis based on their expression patterns. RESULTS: In the developing inner ear of both the chick and mouse, all of the Zic genes were expressed in the dorsal neural tube and variably in the periotic mesenchyme, but expression of the Zic genes in the otic epithelium was not found. The onset of expression differed among the Zic genes; within any given region surrounding the otic epithelium, multiple Zic genes were expressed in the same place at the same time. CONCLUSIONS: Zic gene expression in the region of the developing inner ear is similar between mouse and chick. Zic expression domains overlap with sites of WNT and SHH signaling during otocyst patterning, suggesting a role for Zic genes in modulating signaling from these pathways. Developmental Dynamics 242:897–908, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Echoes in Solids

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Basic Ideas 3 Time-Dependent Quantum Mechanics of the Spin Echo 4 Rotations in Spin Space: Selective Averaging 5 The Average Hamiltonian and Echoes 6 The Modulated Spin Echo 7 The Dipolar Echo and the First-Order Quadrupolar Echo 8 Transient Nutations: A Variant 9 Multiple Quantum Coherence 10 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
DEMAND SIMULATION FOR DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

Abstract This paper presents a pre-trip demand simulator with predictive capabilities and an explicit simulation of the response of travelers to real-time pre-trip information. The demand simulator is an extension of dynamic OD estimation models aimed at explicitly capturing the effect of information on demand. This is achieved by explicitly simulating driver behavior in response to both descriptive and prescriptive information at the disaggregate level.
Using AsmL for runtime verification

We use AsmL, an executable specification language created by the Foundations of Software Engineering group [1], to describe the behavior of .NET components and perform runtime verification. AsmL is based on the theory of ASMs; AsmL is an industrial-strength specification language that is a full member of the Microsoft .NET Framework.
The Political Sources of Emotions: Greed and Anger

Definissant l'action akratique en termes de deterioriation ou de desintegration pathologique de la personalite liee a une experience traumatique, l'A. etudie la structure akratique de l'avidite et de la colere telles qu'elles se manifestent a travers les exemples de Daemona et David. Mesurant l'influence des domaines socio-politique et economique sur la conservation obsessionnelle des emotions, l'A. etudie les moyens d'une reforme akratique sociale qui s'attaque aux origines economiques du mal plutot qu'aux croyances et desirs immediats de l'individu
Code Restructuring for Improving Real Time Response through Code Speed, Size Trade-offs on Limited Memory Embedded DSPs

Embedded systems are constrained by limited on-chip memory and by real time performance requirements. The traditional approach to solve these problems has been to write the embedded code in assembly language, which can no longer be followed due to the increasing complexity of the embedded systems. Programming in high-level language simplifies the software development cycle, incurring a code size and a performance penalty. Traditional compiler optimizations have focussed on improving code speed rather than code density or code size. We present optimizations that improve code density and performance.
Biodiversity and Systematic Conservation Planning for the Twenty- first Century: A Philosophical Perspective

Summary The concept of biodiversity, its introduction in conservation biology, and its evolution in the framework of systematic conservation planning, are analyzed. Attempts to quantify biodiversity and to find surrogate measures for it are described. It is shown that biodiversity originated as and remains a fundamentally normative concept. However, while attempts to reduce biodiversity conservation to the achievement of sustainability are misplaced, natural values other than biodiversity also merit promotion. Multi-criteria analysis can be used to capture necessary trade-offs between these values when they are in conflict. Moreover, given the possibility of trade-off analysis, socio-cultural values can also be integrated into habitat use decisions along with natural values. Thus biodiversity conservation can be integrated into more general framework of habitat use planning.
MatchNet: Unifying feature and metric learning for patch-based matching

Motivated by recent successes on learning feature representations and on learning feature comparison functions, we propose a unified approach to combining both for training a patch matching system. Our system, dubbed Match-Net, consists of a deep convolutional network that extracts features from patches and a network of three fully connected layers that computes a similarity between the extracted features. To ensure experimental repeatability, we train MatchNet on standard datasets and employ an input sampler to augment the training set with synthetic exemplar pairs that reduce overfitting. Once trained, we achieve better computational efficiency during matching by disassembling MatchNet and separately applying the feature computation and similarity networks in two sequential stages. We perform a comprehensive set of experiments on standard datasets to carefully study the contributions of each aspect of MatchNet, with direct comparisons to established methods. Our results confirm that our unified approach improves accuracy over previous state-of-the-art results on patch matching datasets, while reducing the storage requirement for descriptors. We make pre-trained MatchNet publicly available.
Effects of Combining Rapamycin and Resveratrol on Apoptosis and Growth of TSC2-Deficient Xenograft Tumors

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic metastatic disease affecting women of childbearing age. LAM is caused by hyperactivation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as a consequence of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1/2 inactivation. Clinically, LAM results in cystic lung destruction. mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) is partially effective in reducing disease progression and improving lung function. However, cessation of treatment results in continued progression of the disease. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of the combination of rapamycin treatment with resveratrol, an autophagy inhibitor, in the TSC2-null xenograft tumor model. We determined that this combination inhibits phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling and activates apoptosis. Therefore, the combination of rapamycin and resveratrol may be an effective clinical strategy for treatment of LAM and other diseases with mTORC1 hyperactiva...
The actual malice rule: Why Canada rejected the American approach to libel

This article is a comparative study of Canadian and American libel law. The focus is Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto, a 1995 Supreme Court of Canada decision that specifically rejected the argument that Canada should adopt the standard established by the United States Supreme Court for deciding libel cases brought by public officials, i.e., the “actual malice”; rule, as set forth in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. The reasoning of Hill v. Church of Scientology is compared and contrasted to that in New York Times and its progeny. The Canadian court's rationale, which drew from the works of American critics of actual malice, contributes a new perspective to the libel reform discussion in the United States. As this article notes, Canadian courts put greater emphasis on protecting reputation than on the press' free speech. This approach deserves close attention by American legal scholars.
Diallel analysis of Fusarium head blight resistance in genetically diverse winter wheat germplasm

New sources of partial resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat have been identified over the past decade; however, little is known of their breeding value. A 20 parent partial diallel that included resistant genotypes from the U.S., Europe, China and South America was used to evaluate the potential of these sources of resistance as parents in wheat breeding programs. Eight plants replication−1 of each of 190 crosses and 20 parents were point-inoculated with Fusarium graminearum under greenhouse conditions in two replicated experiments. Both general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant. Most of the variance for FHB severity was associated with additive genes; however, estimates for SCA ranged from highly negative to highly positive in both resistant × resistant and resistant × susceptible crosses which suggest that improving FHB resistance through gene pyramiding strategies based on additive genetic variation may be complicated by interaction effects that condition FHB resistance.
An effective pyloromyotomy length in infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.

Background Traditional management of pyloric stenosis has consisted of open pyloromyotomy during which the surgeon is able to palpate and determine whether the hypertrophied pylorus has been completely divided. During the last decade, laparoscopic pyloromyotomy has become an increasingly popular approach for this condition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an effective pyloromyotomy length that will allow the surgeon to feel confident that a complete pyloromyotomy was performed with the laparoscopic approach. Methods All infants undergoing laparoscopic pyloromyotomy from October 1999 through October 2003 at a single institution were retrospectively studied. Clinical variables collected included the patient's age, gender, electrolyte status on admission, the elapsed time from admission to operation, ultrasonographic dimensions of the hypertrophied pylorus, operative time, the length of the pyloromyotomy performed, the time to initial and to full feedings, and the duration of the postoperative hospitalization. Results One hundred seventy-one patients comprised the study group. The age (mean ± standard deviation) at the time of operation was 5.2 ± 2.8 weeks. The mean preoperative ultrasonic measurements for both pyloric thickness and pyloric length were 4.3 ± 0.7 mm and 19.5 ± 2.8 mm, respectively. The average pyloromyotomy incision length for this entire group was 1.9 ± 0.21 cm. The mean operative time was 23.5 ± 8.3 minutes. There were no mucosal perforations, no conversions to an open procedure, and no evidence for an incomplete pyloromyotomy. Conclusions Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is a safe and effective technique for infants with pyloric stenosis. A pyloromyotomy incision length of approximately 2 cm appears to be an effective measure of a complete pyloromyotomy.
Primary and secondary carotenoids of Spongiochloris typica.

A qualitative and quantitative investigation was made of the pigments of Spongiochloris typica over an 8 week period. The pigments were chromatographed on thin layers of sucrose and measured spectrophotometrically. Pigments present after 1 week of growth were identified as chlorophylls a and b, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, trollein, and neoxanthin. In cultures 2 weeks or more old, secondary carotenoids appeared. These were echinenone, canthaxanthin, astacene, and an unidentified ketocarotenoid. Carotenoids comprised nearly 100 percent of the total pigment composition on the 8th week. About 75 percent of the carotenoid fraction on the 8th week consisted of secondary carotenoids.
Surveying graduates of one school to determine regional workforce demand.

PURPOSE To study the demand for physician graduates from one school in one region of the country. The use of demand as a measure of potential regional variation should be of interest to medical educators and policymakers. METHOD All residency graduates of the University of Washington School of Medicine between 1975 and 1995 (n = 3,824) were surveyed about their ability to gain employment in a timely manner and whether they were recruiting physicians for their practices. RESULTS The response rate was 50.29%. A non-responder survey was done using a subsample (n = 200), with a 28% return. Over 95% of the graduates had found employment in their desired specialties and locations within two years of finishing their residencies. This was the same for graduates over all years. Approximately 30% of all practices of respondents within the Northwest region were recruiting for new physicians (26% of specialty practices and 34% of generalist practices were recruiting). There was no difference between recruitment in the urban and rural practices or between respondents to the initial survey and those responding to the follow up. CONCLUSIONS Despite a significant oversupply of specialist physicians and at least a sufficient supply of generalist physicians nationally, there appears to be a strong demand for both specialists and generalists in the Northwest region of the country. This raises questions concerning the use of national averages to inform the education policies in specific regions of the country. More validated measures of demand are needed for future studies.
The elements of online trust

The increasing success and popularity of the Internet makes this a critical time to examine elements that can cause online user interactions to be a success or a dismal failure. One of the most important of these elements, trust, has been identified as critical in ensuring a successful online interaction (Cheskin, 2000; Egger, 2000; Stratford, 2000). Human trust is essential for effective online experiences in part because these systems eliminate or minimize face-to-face contact. Online interface designers are also interested in trust as it relates to their ability to design elements into their websites that engender trust on the part of their users. They require knowledge about what goes into building an online trust relationship with a user which they can use to facilitate this process. While the importance of online trust is recognized, its study is just beginning. Questions such as 'what exactly is online trust?' and 'What makes a website trustworthy?' are some of the key issues in the study of online trust. We have identified two online contexts upon which to focus during the workshop. These are: ecommerce and health care information systems.
Deadspace to tidal volume ratio predicts successful extubation in infants and children.

ObjectiveUsing a modification of the Bohr equation, single-breath carbon dioxide capnography is a noninvasive technology for calculating physiologic dead space (Vd/Vt). The objective of this study was to identify a minimal Vd/Vt value for predicting successful extubation from mechanical ventilation
Errata to: “nominal model for structure-property relations of chiral dielectric sculptured thin films”

In the subject paper, calculations reported for the stated angular values of @g were actually made for @p/2 - @g. Consequently, Figures 1-7 are incorrect, and a few quantitative, but notqualitative, conclusions drawn therefrom are also incorrect. The error in the computer program came to light very recently, after the printing of the journal issue. We deeply regret the error. Corrected versions of Sections 5 and 6 of the paper are presented here, and will also be available in the forthcoming Ph.D. Thesis of the first author.
Regulation by Thyroid Hormone of the Concentration of Substance P in the Rat Anterior Pituitary

The content of immunoreactive substance P (iSP) in the male rat anterior pituitary was measured after thyroidectomy and excess T4 administration. Baseline values for iSP content (mean +/- SE, 400 +/- 37 fmol/mg protein) increased progressively after thyroidectomy (4 days, 893 +/- 100; 6 days, 1321 +/- 242; 14 days, 1897 +/- 509). Administration of pharmacological doses of T4 (50 micrograms daily) for 2 and 14 days significantly decreased anterior pituitary iSP content (2 days, 196 +/- 30; 14 days 138 +/- 12). Thyroid status did not affect iSP content in the hypothalamus, caudate nucleus, amygdala, or brainstem. Partial chemical characterization of SP immunoreactivity in the anterior pituitary was obtained by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-25, high pressure liquid chromatography, and the use of two antisera in RIAs, one directed against the amino-terminus and one directed against the carboxyl-terminus of the peptide. SP in the anterior pituitary was readily releasable in vitro by 44 mM potassium chloride in a calcium-dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that the concentration of iSP in the rat anterior pituitary is affected by the thyroid status of the animal and supports the probability that thyroid hormones participate in the regulation of the synthesis and/or release of iSP from the anterior pituitary.
Tunneling time through a barrier using the local value of a ''time'' operator

A time for a quantum particle to traverse a barrier is obtained for stationary states by setting the local value of a ``time'' operator equal to a constant. This time operator, called the tempus operator because it is distinct from the time of evolution, is defined as the operator canonically conjugate to the energy operator. The local value of the tempus operator gives a complex time for a particle to traverse a barrier. The method is applied to a particle with a semiclassical wave function, which gives, in the classical limit, the correct classical traversal time. It is also applied to a quantum particle tunneling through a rectangular barrier. The resulting complex tunneling time is compared with complex tunneling times from other methods.
Relationship of the magnetoencephalogram to abnormal activity in the electroencephalogram.

The EEG and also the MEG were recorded simultaneously from 10 patients with various types of EEG abnormalities; the characteristics of the MEG and its relationship to the EEG were investigated with the use of a digital computer. Examples are shown in which the EEG activity is poorly represented in the MEG and include one configuration of a slow wave with a slow descending limb (intermixed with a more sinusoidal waveform), posterior slow waves and the wave of the 3/sec spike and wave complex. Magnetic theory would suggest that these patterns are associated with dipolar sources oriented radially or perpendicularly to the outer surface of the cortex and each pattern is discussed in relation to this possibility. Examples are shown in which a given pattern is well represented in both MEG and EEG recordings. These include eye-blink artifact, slow waves from a tumor, diffuse theta activity, sinusoidal anterior delta rhythms and the spike of the 3/sec spike and wave complex. Magnetic theory would suggest that these patterns are likely associated with a dipolar source oriented tangentially or parallel to the cortex's surface and each pattern was appropriately discussed. An example is shown of a horizontally oriented delta EEG focus and its corresponding longitudinally oriented magnetic field. The few examples of activity recorded better in the MEG than EEG include some rare instances of slow waves associated with a known tumor, alpha activity in a patient with diffuse delta rhythms and the harmonic components of the 3/sec spike and wave complex. The MEG, as recorded with this particular magnetometer, tending to show diffuse, non-localizable changes associated with localized EEG abnormalities may have its maximum value in helping to determine the dipolar orientation of various EEG waveforms by simultaneously recording the MEG and EEG and also occasionally in its ability to record activity that is not found in the EEG.
Nonexistence theorems for the heat equation with nonlinear boundary conditions and for the porous medium equation backward in time

Abstract : The paper deals with two nonlinear problems for parabolic equations. The first, problem A, is an initial-boundary value problem for the heat equation where the nonlinearity is in the boundary condition. The second, problem B, is a final value problem for the porous medium equation. It is shown that if the nonlinearity and initial data in A satisfy certain restrictions then no classical (or weak) solution of A can exist for all time. It is further shown that no weak solution of B can have existed for all previous time. An indication is given of how the methods used in A can be used to obtain (under reasonable hypotheses) the same type of nonexistence result for nonlinear problems associated with certain systems of parabolic and hyperbolic equations. (Author)
Next generation simulation framework for robotic and human space missions

The Dartslab team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has a long history of developing physics-based simulations based on the Darts/Dshell simulation framework that have been used to simulate many planetary robotic missions, such as the Cassini spacecraft and the rovers that are currently driving on Mars. Recent collaboration efforts between the Dartslab team at JPL and the Mission Operations Directorate (MOD) at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) have led to significant enhancements to the Dartslab DSENDS (Dynamics Simulator for Entry, Descent and Surface landing) software framework. The new version of DSENDS is now being used for new planetary mission simulations at JPL. JSC is using DSENDS as the foundation for a suite of software known as COMPASS (Core Operations, Mission Planning, and Analysis Spacecraft Simulation) that is the basis for their new human space mission simulations and analysis. In this paper, we will describe the collaborative process with the JPL Dartslab and the JSC MOD team that resulted in the redesign and enhancement of the DSENDS software. We will outline the improvements in DSENDS that simplify creation of new high-fidelity robotic/spacecraft simulations. We will illustrate how DSENDS simulations are assembled and show results from several mission simulations.
Reconceiving Politics: Soulcraft, Statecraft, and the City of God

Two contrasting conceptions of politics have divided contemporary Christian political ethics, particularly Protestant political ethics in the United States. The first construes politics as a matter of statecraft that uses power to achieve social order and justice; a second views politics as an exercise in soulcraft intended to cultivate virtuous people. After identifying this divide by considering the work of Reinhold Niebuhr and Stanley Hauerwas, this essay reconceives politics within a broadly Augustinian eschatology that demonstrates the necessity of both statecraft and soulcraft and specifies the relation between them, arguing that Martin Luther King Jr. exemplified such a political ethic.
Determination of oxygen non-stoichiometric fraction, δ, in single-phase superconducting YBa2Cu3Om+δ

Abstract The hydrogen/carbon mono-oxide reduction method, based on the difference in thermodynamic stability of yttrium oxide, barium oxide and copper oxide, has been used to determine the oxygen non-stoichiometric fraction, the δ value, in single-phase superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5+ δ . The δ value was found to +0.7 for samples produced by directed reaction process under the given conditions. The present authors regard YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.77 as a copper-deficient non-stoichiometric compound.
Interactions Between Aphaenogaster carolinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Four Sympatric Ant Species

Individual ants of Aphaenogaster carolinensis Wheeler were placed in two way combinations with four sympatric ant species (Aphaenogaster lamellidens Mayr, Crematogaster lineolata Say, Pachycondyla chinensis Emery and Prenolepis imparis Say) to determine whether their interspecific behavior was dependent upon the ant species they were confronted with. The tendency of A. carolinensis to initiate and terminate interactions, and the durations of those interactions, were measured for all combinations. There was no significant effect of species on initiation or termination. There was a significant effect of species on the duration of interactions that were both initiated and terminated by A. carolinensis. Durations of interactions with A. lamellidens were significantly longer than with other species. The conclusion is that the interspecific behavior of A. carolinensis is dependent in part on the species it is interacting with.
The government information locator service: Origins and potential

Abstract Through a public meeting and the issuance of a bulletin in late 1994, the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) outlined for federal agencies the Clinton administration's expectations for a Government Information Locator Service (GILS), one of the hallmarks of the National Information Infrastructure (NII). In passing a revised Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), which became effective October 1, 1995, the U.S. Congress enacted the GILS into federal law. This essay discusses the origins of the GILS initiative, with special emphasis upon the circumstances and environment that nurtured its development, as well as expectations for its implementation. In addition it considers the contributions of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in establishing descriptive standards for GILS data elements, and the ways in which access to GILS agency-based locators offer the promise of enhanced public access to information about government information resources, while at the same time facilitating agencies' management of those information resources and the federal records they may incorporate.
First Report of Colletotrichum sansevieriae Causing Anthracnose of Sansevieria trifasciata in Florida.

Sansevieria Thunberg, a member of the Agavaceae, contains around 60 species indigenous to Africa, Arabia, and India. Several species and their cultivars are commercially produced for use as interior and landscape foliage plants. During August 2010, several local nurseries submitted Sansevieria trifasciata samples to the Florida Extension Plant Diagnostic Clinic in Homestead. Leaves had round, water-soaked lesions and as the disease progressed, lesions rapidly enlarged and coalesced, resulting in severe leaf blight. Both young and mature leaves were affected. Closer examination of mature lesions revealed numerous brownish black acervuli that were produced in concentric rings, which is characteristic of anthracnose. The fungus was identified as Colletotrichum sansevieriae Nakamura based on typical cultural characteristics, conidial and appressoria morphology (1). Conidia were straight, cylindrical, obtuse at the apex, slightly acute at the base with a truncate attachment point, and 12.5 to 33 (18.4) × 4 to ...
Electrophysiological distinctions in processing conceptual relationships within simple sentences.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the brain distinguishes between two types of conceptual relationships between noun-phrases (NPs) and verbs during online processing of simple, unambiguous English sentences. A total of 15 participants read and made plausibility judgments on sentences that were presented word-by-word. Event-related potentials elicited by critical verbs were measured. In all cases, the critical verb assigned a thematic role of ‘agent’ to its subject NP. In non-violated sentences (e.g. “For breakfast the boys would only eat…”), the preceding NP was animate (“boys”) and was a likely agent for a given verb (“eat”) given its preceding context (“For breakfast”). In both types of conceptually violated sentences, the NPs were unlikely agents for the verbs given their preceding contexts. In ‘thematic role animacy violations’ (e.g. “For breakfast the eggs would only eat…”), the NP was inanimate (“eggs”) and was therefore more likely to occupy the role of ‘theme’ than ‘agent’, i.e. eggs, being inanimate, cannot eat but they can be eaten. In ‘non-thematic role pragmatic violations’ (e.g. “For breakfast the boys would only bury…”), the thematic role of agent assigned by the verb (“bury”) to its preceding NP (“boys”) is inherently acceptable (boys can bury), but the sentence is still pragmatically incongruous given the preceding context (“At breakfast”). As expected, the non-thematic role pragmatic violations elicited a significant N400 effect. The thematic role animacy violations elicited a smaller N400 effect that only approached significance across all participants. The thematic role animacy violations, however, elicited a significant P600 effect—an ERP component that is most commonly associated with processing syntactic information during language comprehension. We discuss the possibility that the P600 was elicited by the thematic role animacy violations (but not by the non-thematic role pragmatic violations) because, in the former but not the latter, there was an online attempt to structurally repair and make sense of the sentences by reassigning the thematic role of the NP that preceded the critical verb from ‘agent’ to ‘theme’. Our findings suggest a qualitative neural distinction in processing these two types of conceptual anomalies within simple, unambiguous sentences.
Spirochete contributions to the eukaryotic genome

Expanded genome/proteome databases and effective use of sequence alignment tools make it possible to trace the phylogeny of individual eukaryotic proteins and ultimately to identify the prokaryotes that contributed to the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). I developed an application of reciprocal BLASTp that identifies (1) the prokaryotic lineages that have contributed to the nuclear genome and (2) the specific proteins acquired from prokaryotic ancestors. Eight complete eubacterial proteomes were analyzed: two free-living spirochetes, two clostridia, two actinobacteria, and two proteobacteria (one alpha and one gamma). The data reveal a spirochete genetic contribution to the eukaryotic genome including essential proteins involved in DNA binding and repair, cyclic nucleotide metabolism, acyltransferase, and signal transduction. My results, consistent with the sulfur syntrophy hypothesis that posits LECA evolved from a merger of spirochetes (eubacteria) with sulfidogenic eocytes (archaebacteria), confirm the contribution of mitochondrial genes from alpha-proteobacteria. A contribution from clostridia to eukaryote genomes was also detected whereas none was seen from either actinobacterium or Escherichia coli. The complete spirochete and clostridial genetic contributions to eukaryotes and those of other eu-and archaebacteria can be identified by this method.
The integrated student: Fostering holistic development to advance learning

Advocates of educating the whole student have argued for years that emotional, social, and cognitive development are equally important aspects to consider in creating effective learning environment...
Manipulating replisome dynamics to enhance lambda Red-mediated multiplex genome engineering

Disrupting the interaction between primase and helicase in Escherichia coli increases Okazaki fragment (OF) length due to less frequent primer synthesis. We exploited this feature to increase the amount of ssDNA at the lagging strand of the replication fork that is available for λ Red-mediated Multiplex Automatable Genome Engineering (MAGE). Supporting this concept, we demonstrate that MAGE enhancements correlate with OF length. Compared with a standard recombineering strain (EcNR2), the strain with the longest OFs displays on average 62% more alleles converted per clone, 239% more clones with 5 or more allele conversions and 38% fewer clones with 0 allele conversions in 1 cycle of co-selection MAGE (CoS-MAGE) with 10 synthetic oligonucleotides. Additionally, we demonstrate that both synthetic oligonucleotides and accessible ssDNA targets on the lagging strand of the replication fork are limiting factors for MAGE. Given this new insight, we generated a strain with reduced oligonucleotide degradation and increased genomic ssDNA availability, which displayed 111% more alleles converted per clone, 527% more clones with 5 or more allele conversions and 71% fewer clones with 0 allele conversions in 1 cycle of 10-plex CoS-MAGE. These improvements will facilitate ambitious genome engineering projects by minimizing dependence on time-consuming clonal isolation and screening.
On the Evaluation of Weil Sums of Dembowski–Ostrom Polynomials☆

Abstract Let F q denote the finite field of q elements, q = p e odd, let χ 1 denote the canonical additive character of F q where χ 1 ( c )= e 2 πiTr ( c )/ p for all c ∈ F q , and let Tr represent the trace function from F q to F p . We are interested in evaluating Weil sums of the form S = S ( a 1 , …, a n )=∑ x ∈ F q χ 1 ( D ( x )) where D ( x )=∑ n i =1 a i x p α i + p β i , α i ⩾ β i for each i , is known as a Dembowski–Ostrom polynomial (or as a D-O polynomial). Coulter has determined the value of S when D ( x )= ax p α +1 ; in this note we show how Coulter's methods can be generalized to determine the absolute value of S for any D-O polynomial. When e is even, we give a subclass of D-O polynomials whose Weil sums are real-valued, and in certain cases we are able to resolve the sign of S . We conclude by showing how Coulter's work for the monomial case can be used to determine a lower bound on the number of F l q -solutions to the diagonal-type equation ∑ l i =1 x p γ +1 i +( x i + λ ) p γ +1 =0, where l is even, e /gcd( γ , e ) is odd, and h ( X )= λ p e − γ X p e − γ + λ p γ X is a permutation polynomial over F q .
Kinetics of Deposition in Fluorocarbon Discharges: Interpretation Based on an Analytical Plasma Chemistry Model

An analytical plasma chemistry model developed in our previous work was adopted for the interpretation of polymer deposition in fluorocarbon discharges. The rate of deposition of polymer films was expressed in terms of the three plasma variables (discharge power, flow rate of feed gas, and pressure). If the film precursors are generated directly from feed gas molecules in the plasma, the model predicts that the inverse deposition rate is linearly proportional to the inverse discharge power and, at enough low flow rates of feed gas, in the inverse flow rate. Some data in the literature followed this prediction fairly well, which allowed some plasma parameters such as the dissociation efficiency to be estimated. It is also expected that the pressure divided by the deposition rate is linearly proportional to the pressure squared. This expectation agreed well with data in the literature for several fluorocarbon discharges. From the line fit of the plotting (pressure/deposition rate vs. pressure squared) the relative yields of film precursors and etchants dissociated from a fluorocarbon molecule in the plasma were estimated. The etch behavior in fluorocarbon discharges can be approached in terms of these yields. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Numerical solution of multi-variable cell population balance models. III. Finite element methods

Abstract Multi-variable cell population balance models represent the most accurate and general way of describing the complicated phenomena associated with cell growth, substrate consumption and product formation due to the level of detail included in them. Therefore, the ability to solve and understand such models is of fundamental importance in predicting and/or controlling cell growth in processes of biotechnological interest. However, due to the fact that such models typically consist of first-order, partial integro-differential equations coupled in a nonlinear fashion with ordinary integro-differential equations, their solution poses a serious challenge. In this work, we have developed several finite difference algorithms for the solution of the problem in its most general formulation (i.e. for any set of single-cell physiological state functions). The validity of the developed algorithms was verified by comparing their results with those of three specific test problems for which several solution characteristics are known. Moreover, the numerical schemes were compared to each other with respect to their key numerical features, such as stability, accuracy and computational speed. Solutions of the cell population balance model with up to three state variables were obtained using a Pentium II 450 MHz PC in tractable CPU times.
The α-Helix of Ribonuclease T1as an Independent Stability Unit: Direct Comparison of Peptide and Protein Stability

Measurements of the change in conformational stability, Δ(ΔG), upon mutation of two acidic residues at the C terminus of the helix of ribonuclease T1have recently been reported. Here, we investigate peptides based on the sequence of the helix with the same mutations: Glu28 replaced with Gln, Asp29 replaced with Asn, and the double mutant. In addition, the mutant Lys25 to Gln was studied. Changes in helix content of the peptides with pH confirm the conclusion found in the intact protein, that the charged forms of the acidic residues destabilize the protein by destabilizing the helix. The pH-dependence of the change in confor mational free energy for the peptides and mutant proteins show fair correspondence for D29N and the double mutant. The mutants E28Q and K25Q, on the other hand, give striking agreement between the protein and peptide systems. This agreement suggests that the helix of ribonuclease T1behaves as an independently stabilized structural unit of the intact protein and that stabilization of the helical form of the peptide is mirrored in the protein.
Pediatric Prehospital Pain Management: Impact of Advocacy and Research

Painful conditions are a common cause for emergency medical services transport. Adequate and appropriate treatment for pain in the prehospital setting is considered an essential part of care. Despite this, several studies have identified that pain in the prehospital setting is often undertreated with even greater disparities in the pediatric population. As a result, several organizations have written policy statements surrounding this issue advocating for better treatment of pain and further research into barriers and disparities in care. The aim of this article is to review the current state of prehospital pain management in children and adolescents and to highlight advances made in this area with a look toward future directions of care.
The fate of mastoid obliteration tissue: a histopathological study.

Objectives To demonstrate the histopathological fate of tissues used for mastoid obliteration over a period of 30 years. Study Design Retrospective histopathological analysis of archival temporal bone microscopic sections. Methods From the database of the laboratory, the 17 temporal bones from subjects who had undergone mastoid obliteration procedures were identified. The microscopic appearance of the obliteration tissue was described, and microphotographs made of significant findings. Results Fat and bone chips, or pate, retained their bulk in the obliterated space, whereas subcutaneous tissue and muscle lost bulk but seemed to promote healing. Some substances, such as bone wax, used for hemostasis and buried under obliteration tissue, were found to produce a subclinical inflammatory reaction, but other materials, such as Surgicel and Gelfoam, did not. Conclusions Fat and bone chips, or pate, used as mastoid obliteration tissue, retained their bulk and identity, whereas subcutaneous tissue and muscle did not.
The Application of Chemometric Methods to Correlate Fuel Performance with Composition from Gas Chromatography

A group of JP-5 fuels, which had passed all specification testing, were causing catastrophic turbine engine failures. Laboratory examinations of these fuels did not reveal any obvious compositional differences responsible for the unacceptable performance. Since fuel screening with full scale combustor tests are expensive and time-consuming, we investigated the use of chemometric analysis to predict fuel suitability from capillary gas chromatography. From a small group of acceptable and problem fuels, a correlation model was developed that successfully predicted fuel suitability, as long as the overall composition of the fuels was similar. To increase sensitivity and allow correlations of minor compositional changes, data preprocessing methods were developed to minimize instrumental errors and to focus the analysis on subtle compositional differences that were responsible for the unacceptable combustion performance.
The importance of practical knowledge and implications for continuing education

A longer version of this paper was previously presented as an invited address at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, March 31,1989.
Candida antarctica Lipase B Catalyzed Copolymerizations of Non‐proteinogenic Amino Acids and Poly(Ethylene Glycol) to Generate Novel Functionalized Polyesters

Abstract The condensation copolymerization of non‐proteinogenic amino acid derivatives 1–9 with polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw 600) (10), catalyzed by lipases in bulk is reported. Five different lipases (porcine pancreatic lipase, Candida rugosa lipase, Candida antarctica lipase, Pseuodomonas AY lipase, and Pseudomonas cepacia lipase) were tested to catalyze the copolymerization of diethyl‐α‐acetamido, α‐(3‐trifluromethylbenzyl)‐malonate (7) with poly(ethylene glycol 600) (10) in bulk at 65°C. All other enzymes except C. antarctica lipase B (Novozyme‐435) failed to produce the polymer. Therefore, C. antarctica lipase B was used for the synthesis of copolymers starting with non‐proteinogenic amino acid derivatives 1–9 and PEG (Mw 600) (10) to give to polymers 11–19, which were characterized by 1H (1D and 2D) and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. Light scattering photometry, as well as gel permeation chromatography were used to evaluate the particle size and molecular weights of the polymers. The effects of reactio...
Power generation and aeropropulsion gas turbines: From combustion science to combustion technology

In the 50 years since its introduction, the gas-turbine engine has become an essential component of our global society. One need only look at the nearest airport to realize its dominance of air transportation. It has also become a significant element of the power-generation industry. In the last decade, power-generating combined-cycle powerplants have increased in thermal efficiency to about 60%, while NO x emissions have been reduced by an order of magnitude, to below 9 ppm (dry, at 15% O 2 ) in some cases. This paper reviews the ongoing transition from science to the needed technologies: new modes of combustion have been introduced in gas turbines, including lean premixed combustion, reheat and axially staged combustion, catalytic combustion, and rich-lean combustion: high-efficiency low emissions performance is being extended to nonpremium fuels such as coal gas and crude oil: new materials such as superalloys thermal harrier coatings, and ceramics have been incorporated into designs: and improved theories greatly dependent on advanced laser-based diagnostics of flame structure have led to design tools of increasing scope. Future challenges—such as viable propulsion for supersonic transports, powerplants fueled byrenewable resources, and extension of gas turbines to micropower applications—can be met only through further progress in the underlying aerothermal and materials sciences.