cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urethral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Urethral pain syndrome (UPS) is defined as pain localized to the urethra with an unpleasant sensation, dysuria often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency present greater than 6 months in the absence of an identifiable cause. A paucity of information exists on the subject as it is often combined with conditions such as interstitial cystitis or prostatitis. The aim is to provide and explain different definitions and diagnostic work-up and discuss treatment options for providers. Few recent studies exist addressing urethral pain syndrome. Most literature is decades old. Thirty-five full-text articles were included in the review. This syndrome occurs most commonly in females of childbearing age. Patients must be evaluated thoroughly with full history and physical. Etiologies proposed include sensory dysfunction, pelvic floor dysfunction, psychogenic factors (depression and anxiety), diet, obstruction, infections, and hypoestrogen status. Treatment strategies include behavioral management of stress management, diet modification, pelvic floor treatments, local estrogen, anesthetic with or without cooling, oral medications for related lower urinary tract symptoms, or anxiolytics/antidepressants. Psychological support is recommended for these patients. UPS can have multiple etiologies and a multimodal therapy should be applied to these patients. Therapy should be individualized, oftentimes including concurrent therapy for overlapping conditions. Serious pathology should be ruled out and a stepwise approach to treatment should be utilized after setting treatment expectations with the patient.
Environmental Monitoring Using a Drone-Enabled Wireless Sensor Network

Embedded electronic devices and sensors are playing a major role in bridging the gap between the physical world and the virtual world. Billions of devices such as smartphones, smart watches, wearables, medical implants, and wireless sensor nodes are considered building blocks in making the Internet of Things a reality. Such devices often carry sensitive or proprietary data and are used in critical applications, such as the use of wireless sensor nodes to remotely capture atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions data. Additionally, some of the devices used to collect data are being deployed in remote areas where accessibility is not easy and transmission of data for processing is not available due to the lack of network connectivity. Additionally, the use of wireless sensor nodes has been proven to making data collection faster, less labor intensive, and more cost effective. In this paper, we present an efficient method to remotely collect data from three sensors in a wireless sensor node. The intended purpose of this project is to remotely monitor a tributary to the South Fork of the Shenandoah River. The system makes use of an unmanned aerial vehicle to collect data from a remote stream site. We detail the methodology in which a customized unmanned aerial vehicle flies within range of connectivity of a wireless sensor node, establishing a communication channel to upload and store the data for pending analysis. The methodology utilized is shown through an environmental case study which illustrates the advantages of implementing a wireless sensor node which includes accessing a remote location, continuous data collection, and reduction of labor and costs associated with field data collection methodologies. We show that our node is efficient in terms on its power and energy consumption.
Estimation of tricalcium silicate through polymorphic transformation

Tricalcium silicate characteristically exhibits the most intense reversible transition at a temperature of about 915‡. The intensity of this effect can be used to estimate the amount of C3S in mixtures and to calculate the degree of hydration of C3S. Low sensitivity forδT up to 800‡ and higher sensitivity between 800‡ and 1000‡ enable estimation of both Ca(OH)2 and C3S. Interference effects at higher temperatures owing to decarbonation, recrystallization toΒ-wollastonite, and dehydration of the calcium silicate hydrate can be overcome by heating to 1000‡, cooling to 800‡, and reheating. A determination of the degree of hydration of C3S obtained at different periods by DTA correlates well with that using the X-ray method.
Workplace Violence in Trauma Care

Trauma surgeons commonly encounter violence in their daily practice and, in recent years, have taken a leading role in identifying, preventing, and responding to interpersonal community violence. Violence may also occur within health-care facilities, however.
Prevention of Packet Drop by System Fault in MANET Due to Buffer Overflow

Mobile ad hoc networks are a distributed peer to peer multi-hop constrained resources network. Applications of MANET are sensitive, and reliable communication is one of the challenging tasks. Routing protocol goal is to compute the route and send the information in computed route. However, routing in MANET faces the problem of packet drop either by malicious activities or by system fault. Major packet drop due to system fault is buffer overflow. The packet drop due to buffer overflow is due to the problem in either queue length at node buffer or packet forward. Thus, the early congestion control mechanism is needed in MANET to prevent the packet drop due to buffer overflow. This paper addresses the issue by computing the queue length at node buffer during the route computation process. If queue size of the node is more than the predefined threshold in a given time interval, then node does not participate in communication. Performance of the mechanism is validated by network simulator—2. Results are compared with the existing distance vector routing reactive and proactive routing protocols.
Do This Article

From the multiple theories of experiential learning to discourse on learning styles and preferences, hands-on learning is well known as an important mode of engaging with new ideas and processes. This article runs with this notion by not just sharing interactive activities for training peer tutors but asking readers to participate in them. A narrative and reflective essay, it walks the audience through three exercises, step by step, and explores their impact in the contexts of the author’s tutor training program, her 2019 Canadian Writing Center Association Conference workshop, and the article itself. The piece asks whether there is room for more hands-on learning in all of these venues and calls on readers to reflect on their own experiences.
Direct Participation in Hostilities in the Age of Cyber: Exploring the Fault Lines

Throughout history, civilians have contributed to nearly every armed conflict in a variety of roles that confer different protection under international law. They have supplied logistic, economic, administrative, and political support to belligerent parties. When such civilian contributions are indirect and away from battlefields, there is rarely much concern about those participating civilians jeopardizing their protected status under the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), which is one of the LOAC’s central aims. The civilian population and individual civilians enjoy general protections against dangers arising from military operations. Civilians are protected unless and for such a time as they take a direct part in hostilities. An act of direct participation in hostilities by civilians renders them liable to be attacked, and it subjects the participating civilians to prosecution and punishment to the extent that their activity, their membership, or the harm they caused is criminal under domestic law. The notion of “taking a direct part in hostilities” is one of the most fundamental yet vexing concepts under the LOAC. Its application raises many challenging issues. For example, who precisely is considered a civilian under the LOAC? What conduct amounts to taking a direct part in hostilities? And, at what point does taking a direct part in hostilities begin and end? Understanding and applying the concept of direct participation in hostilities can be challenging. Belligerents increasingly use civilians in capacities that involve greater or more direct participation in hostilities. As complicated as these and related questions may seem, the concept of taking a direct part in hostilities presents even greater difficulties when applied in the context of cyber operations. This Article provides a background and context on the dangerous trend towards increased civilian participation on modern battlefields and an overview of the legal concept direct participation in hostilities. It next considers Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Tallinn Manual 2.0) rules and commentary as this resource pointedly addresses the notion of taking a direct part in hostilities in cyber operations. Finally, the Article concludes by outlining several important fault lines highlighted by the group of experts behind Tallinn Manual 2.0 in hopes of strengthening “the implementation of the principle of distinction” and, consequently, ensuring greater accountability in warfare.
Adaptive Sampling for Heterogeneous Rank Aggregation from Noisy Pairwise Comparisons.

In heterogeneous rank aggregation problems, users often exhibit various accuracy levels when comparing pairs of items. Thus a uniform querying strategy over users may not be optimal. To address this issue, we propose an elimination-based active sampling strategy, which estimates the ranking of items via noisy pairwise comparisons from users and improves the users' average accuracy by maintaining an active set of users. We prove that our algorithm can return the true ranking of items with high probability. We also provide a sample complexity bound for the proposed algorithm which is better than that of non-active strategies in the literature. Experiments are provided to show the empirical advantage of the proposed methods over the state-of-the-art baselines.
Pre-steady-state Kinetic Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter SLC6A14 Reveals Rapid Turnover Rate and Substrate Translocation

SLC6A14 (solute carrier family 6 member 14) is an amino acid transporter, driven by Na+ and Cl- co-transport, whose structure, function and molecular and kinetic mechanism have not been well characterized. Its broad substrate selectivity, including neutral and cationic amino acids, differentiates it from other SLC6 family members, and its proposed involvement in nutrient transport in several cancers suggest that it could become an important drug target. In the present study, we investigated SLC6A14 function and its kinetic mechanism after expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, including substrate specificity and voltage dependence under various ionic conditions. We applied rapid solution exchange, voltage jumps and laser photolysis of caged alanine, allowing sub-millisecond temporal resolution, to study SLC6A14 steady state and pre-steady state kinetics. The results highlight the broad substrate specificity, and suggest that extracellular chloride enhances substrate transport, but is not required for transport. As in other SLC6 family members, Na+ binding to the substrate-free transporter (or conformational changes associated with it) is electrogenic, and is likely rate limiting for transporter turnover. Transient current decaying with a time constant of < 1 ms is also observed after rapid amino acid application, both in forward transport and homoexchange modes, indicating a slightly electrogenic, but fast and not rate-limiting substrate translocation step. Our results, which are consistent with kinetic modeling, suggest rapid transporter turnover rate and substrate translocation with faster kinetics compared with other SLC6 family members. Together, these results provided novel information on the SLC6A14 transport cycle and mechanism, expanding our understanding of SLC6A14 function.
Anforderung der Industrie an eine informationstechnische Grundbildung

Auf den ersten Blick ist dieser Punkt leicht abzuhandeln. Vortragen eines durch Umfragen in der Industrie ermittelten Anforderungskataloges an Lehrer allgemeinbildender und berufsbezogener Fachschulen.
Beal's Conjecture vs. "Positive Zero", Fight

This article seeks to encourage a mathematical dialog regarding a possible solution to Beals Conjecture. It breaks down one of the worlds most difficult math problems into laymans terms and encourages people to question some of the most fundamental rules of mathematics. More specifically; it reinforces basic algebra/critical thinking skills, makes use of properties attributed to the number one and reanalyzes the definition of a positive integer in order to provide a potential counterexample to Beals Conjecture.
The Dynamic Stiffness of a Pneumatic Tire Model

Dynamic stiffness of pneumatic tire model - response of rotating cylindrical shell to stationary point load
The Bergen Volunteer Medical Initiative

Retired physician Samuel A. Cassell has followed his goal to establish the Bergen Volunteer Medical Initiative, Inc. (BVMI), a free medical service for the uninsured based on the original model developed by retired physician Jack McConnell in Hilton Head, South Carolina. Volunteers in Medicine (VIM) organizations offer free medical services to the uninsured in communities all over the United States following a culture-of-caring philosophy, while relying heavily on the donated services of retired health care professionals. However, Cassell found that starting such a facility in wealthy Bergen County, close enough to be a suburb of New York City, was a bigger challenge than anticipated. Cassell and the BVMI board faced the problem of trying to raise funds to build a facility, only to learn that many donors would be more interested in contributing toward needed services in an organization that already had a proven track record; concerns of some area hospitals about potential duplication of efforts or unequal referrals; and concerns of local officials and suburban residents about the presence of a medical facility servicing the working poor in their business community and in their neighborhood.
p-Iodinations in hydrocarbon media: continuous flow reactor application

Regiospecific iodination of aryl amines, that is, aryl compounds possessing strong electron donating groups (EDG’s) in the p-position, is described. This procedure features not only the unique use of hydrocarbon media for such substitutions but also the absence of any oxidants aside from iodine itself. Further potential of this hydrocarbon media based electrophilic aromatic substitution is demonstrated by the coupling of the iodination with an in situ halogen/lithium exchange and product forming nucleophilic addition in a batch process. The protocol was ultimately scaled to a continuous flow reactor using an isolated p-iodoarylamine. Constituted as described, these procedures possess enhanced atom-economical, green and safety aspects compared to existing literature protocols.
Black carbon in Paleocene-Eocene boundary sediments: A test of biomass combustion as the PETM trigger

Abstract Several explanations have been proposed to account for the dramatic perturbation to Earth's carbon cycle that led to extreme warming, ocean acidification, mass extinction, and a major negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) at the Paleocene–Eocene (P/E) boundary. One reason that the ultimate cause for this event remains ambiguous is the difficulty in directly testing these multiple hypotheses. We conducted a test of one proposed mechanism, the “wildfire hypothesis,” that suggests that combustion of a significant fraction of abundant Paleocene peat deposits within several thousand years could release enough CO2 to Earth's atmosphere to account for all of these observations. Soot and graphitic black carbon (hereafter collectively referred to as GBC), both combustion byproducts, are widely distributed (through smoke) by subaerial combustion, and are remarkably resistant to diagenetic degradation. Using samples provided by the Ocean Drilling Program, we measured GBC concentrations across the P/E boundary in two important Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) sections to test a prediction of the wildfire hypothesis, namely that the combustion of Paleocene organic matter at the onset of the PETM would produce a peak in sedimentary GBC. In the Bass River section (New Jersey margin), GBC concentrations are uniformly high (121–358 ppm), consistent with the core's continental margin setting, but there is no evidence of increased GBC flux at the PETM. Furthermore, carbon isotopic ratios of GBC display the negative CIE seen in PETM organic matter, indicating that this material was sourced from contemporaneous (P/E boundary) biomass, not geologically old carbon. At site 1210 (Shatsky Rise), GBC concentrations were uniformly below our method's detection limit (0.5 ppm), whereas the wildfire hypothesis would predict high GBC concentrations (∼ 3000) ppm accompanying the event. Together, these data appear to refute but cannot conclusively rule out biomass burning as the cause for the PETM event.
Interferometric lithography for nanoscale fabrication

Interferometric lithography (IL) techniques provide a demonstrated, low-cost, large area nanoscale patterning capability with feature resolution to approximately 50 nm. Combining IL with anisotropic etching and with 3D oxidation techniques provides a suite of techniques that accesses a broad range of Si nanostructures over large areas and wit good uniformity. Optical characterization includes measurements of reflectivity for a wide range of 1D grating profiles, and Raman scattering characterization of Si nanostructures. Three regimes are found for the Raman scattering: bulk, resonant enhanced and asymmetry and splitting.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nanocomposites stabilized by elevated-temperature ball milling of Ag50Cu50 powders: An atom probe tomographic study

Abstract Ag50Cu50 alloys were prepared by high-energy ball milling at 393, 423, and 453 K. Atom probe tomography was used to characterize the microstructure and the local composition of the milled powders. The dynamical competition between the atomic mixing forced by milling and the phase separation promoted by thermodynamic driving forces results in the self-organization of the microstructure into compositional patterns. Three-dimensional atom reconstructions show that the length-scale of the compositional patterns increases with increasing milling temperature, from about 1 nm at 393 K to 3–5 nm at 423 K and 5–10 nm at 453 K. Interfaces of the nanocomposites produced by milling at 423 and 453 K, analyzed using the proxigram technique, are found to be quite diffuse, ∼2 nm. The results are discussed in the light of a new analysis of the chemical mixing forced by plastic deformation, and its role in the stabilization of compositional patterns.
Laser communications utilizing Molniya satellite orbits

The Molniya orbit can be exploited for communications using laser technology. Since the Molniya orbit repeats, exactly, every 24 hours, such a system will allow high latitude and ground based lasers to use Molniya satellite links much the same way that equatorial located lasers can use geostationary satellites. Thus the benefits of a geostationary laser communications system can be employed worldwide.
New Method for Detecting Charged Scalars at Colliders

We propose a new method for detecting a charged (pseudo)scalar at colliders, based upon the observation that its Yukawa coupling to charm and bottom quarks can be large due to a significant mixing of the top and charm quarks. After analyzing the typical flavor mixing allowed by low energy data in the topcolor and the generic two-Higgs doublet models, we study the physics potential of the Tevatron, LHC, and linear colliders for probing such an $s$-channel charged resonance via the single-top (as well as ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{h}^{0}$) production. We show that studying its detection at colliders can also provide information on the dynamics of flavor-changing neutral current phenomena.
Zebrafish Reproduction: Revisiting In Vitro Fertilization to Increase Sperm Cryopreservation Success

Although conventional cryopreservation is a proven method for long-term, safe storage of genetic material, protocols used by the zebrafish community are not standardized and yield inconsistent results, thereby putting the security of many genotypes in individual laboratories and stock centers at risk. An important challenge for a successful zebrafish sperm cryopreservation program is the large variability in the post-thaw in vitro fertilization success (0 to 80%). But how much of this variability was due to the reproductive traits of the in vitro fertilization process, and not due to the cryopreservation process? These experiments only assessed the in vitro process with fresh sperm, but yielded the basic metrics needed for successful in vitro fertilization using cryopreserved sperm, as well. We analyzed the reproductive traits for zebrafish males with a strict body condition range. It did not correlate with sperm volume, or motility (P>0.05), but it did correlate with sperm concentration. Younger males produced more concentrated sperm (P 0.05), but pooling eggs reduced it by approximately 30 to 50% (P<0.05). This reduction in fertilization success was due not to the pooling of the females' eggs, but to the type of tools used to handle the eggs. Recommendations to enhance the in vitro process for zebrafish include: 1) using males of a body condition closer to 1.5 for maximal sperm concentration; 2) minimizing sperm wastage by using a working sperm concentration of 10(6) motile cells/ml for in vitro fertilization; and 3) never using metal or sharp-edged tools to handle eggs prior to fertilization.
Coordination, Competition, and Neutrality Autonomy and Relatedness Patterns in Girls’ Interactions With Mentors and Peers

Healthy development necessitates that adolescents maintain connections with others while developing an autonomous identity. In the extant literature, however, autonomy and relatedness are often pla...
An Evaluation of Graduates of a Toddlerhood Home Visiting Program at Kindergarten Age

Overview: A recent evaluation of children who had participated in the Parent-Child Home Program (PCHP) as toddlers found that at kindergarten age, these children were performing at levels expected for their age, despite the fact that they had multiple factors putting them at risk for school failure. The Study: In the winter and spring of 2002, 135 kindergartners in five Long Island school districts received a battery of tests focusing on 2 interrelated areas of school readiness: social-emotional skills such as the ability to follow teachers' directions and early literacy skills such as knowledge about books and about the alphabet. In addition, keeping in mind the recommendation of the National Education Goals Panel with regard to school readiness, parents were interviewed about their participation in and support of children's learning at home and at school. Children who had participated in PCHP at ages 2 and 3 were compared, at kindergarten age, with classmates who had not been in the program. Preliminary...
THERMAL STRESSES AROUND AN ELASTIC RIBBONLIKE INCLUSION WITH GOOD THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Plane-deformation problems of thermal stresses around an elastic ribbonlike conductor in an infinite, homogeneous, isotropic medium under uniform heat flow are analyzed by the method of continuous distribution of singular points. The line heat sources and concentrated forces are distributed continuously along the ribbonlike conductor. The boundary conditions yield a system of singular integral equations for density functions with Cauchy kernels and logarithmic singular kernel. A solution is assumed in the form of the product of a series of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and their weight function and is determined by transforming the singular integral equations into linear algebraic equations. One of the advantages of this method is that the strength of the thermal-stress singularity at the tips of the ribbonlike conductor can be easily evaluated. Numerical results for the strength of the thermal-stress singularity are plotted in terms of nondimensional parameters, consisting of the dimensions of ...
Using enhanced text to facilitate recognition of drug names: Evidence from two experimental studies

Two studies examined the effects of enhanced text on immediate recognition of drug names. Study 1 sampled 102 college students using a between-subjects design, while Study 2 sampled 11 practicing pharmacists and technicians using a within-subjects Latin square design. Both studies utilized a computer-based sequential recognition task where a prime word was shown with various text enhancements, followed by a mask and then a target word. Participants decided whether the target word was the same as the prime word. Stimuli were organized so that 120 trials were matches and 120 trials were mismatches, randomly sequenced for each participant. Results showed an effect of orthographic similarity, where high-similarity name mismatches were missed more often. This effect was independent of the type of text enhancement used and response bias. Case-based enhancements also increased errors of commission (false alarms) significantly. Discussion includes the practical relevance of the data and future directions for research.
Un modelo conciso de cohesión en el texto y coherencia en la comprensión

Diversos aspectos de cohesion y coherencia han sido estudiados extensamente desde una variedad de perspectivas. Usamos el termino coherencia para referirnos a las relaciones representacionales y el de cohesion para las indicaciones textuales desde las cuales se deberia construir representaciones coherentes. Este articulo presenta un modelo de cohesion y coherencia basado en la literatura existente de linguistica teorica y sicolinguistica. El modelo clasifica la cohesion y la coherencia en locales y globales, guiadas por la gramatica y guiadas por el vocabulario, cada una con sus propias especificaciones semanticas (por ejemplo: referencial, espacial, aditiva, temporal y causal). El modelo se ilustra usando ejemplos de un corpus linguistico de una novela. Finalmente, se discuten varias aplicaciones, incluyendo experimentos de tiempo de lectura y de seguimiento visual, modelos computacionales de comprension del discurso y herramientas computacionales de lecturabilidad. Este articulo resena algunas investigaciones en torno a la cohesion y la coherencia que se realizan actualmente en psicolinguistica, linguistica computacional, linguistica de corpus y estudios literarios.
MITNYS-II-A Digital Program for On-Line Analysis of Nystagmus

A digital computer program, MITNYS-II, has been developed for on-line analysis of nystagmus which results from visual, vestibular or caloric stimulation. The program accepts sampled records of eye position and yields cumulative slow phase position, slow phase velocity, instantaneous fast phase frequency and other parameters in 25 ms. In this paper the algorithms by which fast phases are detected, and by which slow phase cumulative eye position is extrapolated across the fast phase interval are described. Extensive tests with vestibular, optokinetic and caloric nystagmus yield reliability figures of the order of 2% for false identification of fast phases and missed fast phases. MITNYS-II has been successfully employed to interpret clinical EOG records, examples of which are presented.
DRUG EXCRETION IN HUMAN ECCRINE SWEAT

Six healthy adult male volunteers received single doses of sulfaguanidine (6 g), sulfadiazine (4 g), antipyrine (1 g) and aminopyrine (1 g). These drugs include physical properties ranging as follows: pK 1.4–10.0, excluding drugs largely ionized at physiologic pH; partition coefficient, k: 0.001–0.15; molecular dimensions approximately constant. Sweat (S) and plasma (P) levels of drugs were determined chemically in specimens obtained serially 0–4 hr. after drug administration. For these subjects steady state S/P rations of free drug concentrations were approximately 0.1, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 respectively. The findings are consistent with passive diffusion in the dermal excretion of these drugs and show an apparently nonlinear relationship between S/P ratio and partition coefficient. However, the high S/P value for aminopyrine is probably due, not to its higher partition coefficient, but to its extensive ionization in the acidic milieu of sweat. The data are consistent with partitioning of the drugs between plasma of pH 7.4 and a fluid of pH near 5.0. The results emphasize that partition coefficient, in addition to pK, is important in determining the rate of excretion of drugs via the human eccrine gland. Such excretion appears to be maximal with basic drugs having high partition coefficients and pK0 values close to the value of sweat pH so that ionization is maximal in sweat and minimal in plasma. A significant amount of drug can be so delivered to the skin surface and such delivery might be of considerable significance toxicologically and therapeutically.
Effects of combined serotonin depletion and lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis on acquisition of a complex spatial discrimination task in the rat

Abstract The purpose of the present experiment was to determine the effects of lesions of cholinergic neurons originating from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), alone or in combination with central serotonin depletion, on learning and memory in rats trained in the Stone 14-unit T-maze — a complex, positively-reinforced spatial discrimination task. Lesion of cholinergic neurons within the NBM was accomplished by bilateral infusion of ibotenic acid. Serotonin depletion was accomplished by the systemic administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). The results show that PCA-induced serotonin depletion enhanced learning. This effect was completely prevented by NBM lesions, despite the fact that NBM lesions alone did not affect the performance of rats in this task. The results of this study support the view that the cholinergic and serotonergic systems may functionally interact in learning and memory processes. The significance of this interaction in the etiology and treatment of dementia should be further investigated.
Stimulation of neomucosal growth by systemic urogastrone

Patching small intestinal defects with colon serosa results in the growth of functional neomucosa. However, the rate of neomucosal growth is slow and the defect contracts markedly. The aim of this study was to determine if systemic urogastrone would enhance neomucosal growth. Twenty-two New Zealand white rabbits had two 2 × 5-cm ileal defects patched with colon serosa and osmotic pumps placed subcutaneously. Eleven animals had saline infused at a rate of 5 μl/hr. The other eleven rabbits had urogastrone (1 mg/ml saline) infused at the same rate. One animal died in this group. There was a modest increase in neomucosal growth after 2 weeks of urogastrone infusion. Three weeks after patching, defect coverage was significantly greater in the urogastrone group (99.8 ± 0.1 vs 96.0 ± 1.2%, P < 0.005) and more defects were completely covered by neomucosa (610 vs 112, P < 0.05). Less contraction occurred in the urogastrone group (46 ± 2 vs 35 ± 3% initial defect, P < 0.005) and resultant neomucosal surface area was greater (361 ± 12 vs 266 ± 20 mm2, P < 0.0005). In vitro glucose uptake was significantly greater in the urogastrone group but disaccharidase and diamine oxidase activity were similar. Crypt cell production rate was significantly greater 2 weeks after operation compared to 3 weeks in both groups and was greater in the urogastrone group compared to the saline group at 2 weeks (24.9 ± 1.1 vs 20.1 ± 1.1, P < 0.02). Systemic urogastrone enhances neomucosal growth by increasing the rate of growth and diminishing contraction. A marked proliferative response is associated with intestinal patching prior to 21 days and is increased by systemic urogastrone.
False-positive Australia-antigen particles in primary biliary cirrhosis. Detection by electron microscopy.

Abstract 61 coded sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (24) and various other hepatic and nonhepatic diseases (37) were tested for hepatitis B antigen (H.B. Ag.) by electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay. Investigators were not aware of the diagnosis of any patient. Particles, morphologically indistinguishable from H.B. Ag., were observed in 40 sera, including 23 which were negative for H.B. Ag. by radioimmunoassay. Assuming that radioimmunoassay is both a sensitive and reliable method for detecting H.B. Ag., there were 23 false positives and 17 true positives by electron microscopy. Of 24 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, 5 were positive for H.B. Ag. by both radioimmunoassay and electron microscopy. There were 8 false positives by electron microscopy. It was concluded that there are particles in sedimented serum that are morphologically similar but unrelated to H.B. Ag. Therefore electron microscopy alone is not a reliable way to detect H.B. Ag. in serum. There was no evidence to suggest that H.B. Ag. is a cause of primary biliary cirrhosis.
Central odontogenic fibroma of the WHO type

Two examples of central odontogenic fibroma, WHO type, are reported. The radiographic and microscopic features are discussed and illustrated. Both were treated by curettage, and neither has recurred after 10 and 9 years, respectively. We postulate an ectomesenchymal-epithelial interaction in the histogenesis of this unusual tumor.
A model for differential perceptions of competence based on skin tone among African Americans

This article combines a review of the psychological and sociohistorical literature on African American color consciousness with a model that explains how it may contribute to differential outcomes for group members. It is hypothesized that attractive individuals are viewed as more competent than unattractive individuals on multiple dimensions. It is hypothesized that African Americans who approximate European American standards of physical attractiveness are viewed as more attractive and that lighter skinned African Americans may be viewed as more competent on a variety of dimensions. Implications for research and mental health practice are discussed.
Evaluation of a watershed scale forest hydrologic model

Abstract A watershed scale hydrologic model (DRAINWAT) for drained forested lands was developed by coupling DRAINLOB, a field scale forestry version of DRAINMOD and the ditch and channel routing model section of FLD and STRM. The simulation model was tested with 5 years (1988–1992) of data collected on a 340 ha watershed located near Beaufort in eastern North Carolina. Testing of the model included comparison of observed and simulated daily, monthly, and annual outflows and hourly event hydrographs by three different evapotranspiration (ET) methods. Two of which (Teskey form and GS HR form) are based on the Penman-Monteith method and the third one on the Thornthwaite method. The average absolute deviation in observed and predicted daily outflows for a 5 year period was 0.94 mm day −1 , when the Penman-Monteith methods were used to predict ET. The average absolute deviation in cumulative outflow when ET was predicted by the Thornthwaite method was, respectively, 23% and 50% higher compared with the values obtained with both forms of the Penman-Monteith method. Based on coefficient of determination (R 2 ), coefficient of efficiency ( E ), and root mean square error (RMSE), Teskey and GS HR forms of the Penman-Monteith method performed better than the Thornthwaite method in predicting both daily and monthly outflows. However, the average daily deviations by all three methods were not significantly different at 5% level. Prediction errors in simulating monthly outflows were reduced compared with daily outflows. The predicted mean annual outflow volumes when the GS_HR and Thornthwaite methods were used for ET were in closest agreement with observed data. Statistics showed that errors resulting from use of the Thornthwaite method, with correction factors, were usually within acceptable limits given the large input data required by the Penman-Monteith ET methods. Model prediction of event hydrographs was satisfactory based on different statistical and graphical comparisons. Deviations in predicted and observed results are attributed to errors in both. Errors in the measured outflows occurred for some larger events due to weir submergence. Errors in the simulations resulted from errors in rainfall inputs, and from uncertainties in drainable porosity, hydraulic conductivity and estimates of ET due to a number of factors including approximations of leaf area index (LAI) and stomatal conductance parameters. The model performance as a whole was satisfactory given the complexity of the model, limitations of input data for the watershed, measurement errors in outflow and rainfall, and the fact that the model was not calibrated.
The RHG motifs of Drosophila Reaper and Grim are important for their distinct cell death-inducing abilities

Abstract Reaper, Hid, and Grim are three Drosophila cell death activators that each contain a conserved NH2-terminal Reaper, Hid, Grim (RHG) motif. We have analyzed the importance of the RHG motifs in Reaper and Grim for their different abilities to activate cell death during development. Analysis of chimeric R/Grim and G/Reaper proteins indicated that the Reaper and Grim RHG motifs are functionally distinct and help to determine specific cell death activation properties. A truncated GrimC protein lacking the RHG motif retained an ability to induce cell death, and unlike Grim, R/Grim, or G/Reaper, its actions were not efficiently blocked by the cell death inhibitors, Diap1, Diap2, p35, or a dominant/negative Dronc caspase. Finally, we identified a second region of sequence similarity in Reaper, Hid, and Grim, that may be important for shared RHG motif-independent activities.
Design and performance of cognitive packet networks

Abstract We discuss a packet network architecture called a cognitive packet network (CPN), in which intelligent capabilities for routing and flow control are moved towards the packets, rather than being concentrated in the nodes and protocols. Our architecture contains “smart” and “dumb” packets, as well as acknowledgement packets. Smart CPN packets route themselves, and learn to avoid congestion and losses from their own observations about the network and from the experience of other packets. They use a reinforcement learning algorithm to route themselves based on a goal function which has been assigned to them for each connection. Dumb CPN packets of a specific quality of service (QoS) class use routes which have been selected by the smart packets (SPs) of that class. Acknowledgement (ACK) packets are generated by the destination when an SP arrives there; the ACK heads back to the source of the SP along the inverse route and is used to update mailboxes in CPN routers, as well as to provide source routing information for dumb packets. We first summarize the basic concepts behind CPN, and present simulations illustrating their performance for different QoS goals, and analytical results for best and worst case performance. We then describe a test-bed network we have designed and implemented in order to demonstrate these ideas. We provide measurement data on the test-bed to illustrate the capacity of the network to adapt to changes in traffic load and to failures of links. Finally, we use measurements to evaluate the impact of the ratio of smart to dumb packets on the end-to-end delay experienced by all of the packets.
Update on intraoperative analysis of mandibular margins

Abstract Purpose: Assessing the adequacy of the surgical resection during composite resection of carcinoma is limited by the ability to evaluate the bone margins. The standard pathologic evaluation of bone is by decalcification. Patients and Methods: A method of analysis was devised based on histologically proven methods of cortical invasion and subsequent spread. Frozen-section analysis of cancellous bone was investigated as a rapid method of evaluating adequacy of the mandibular resection. This report is an update of previously published results and includes an increase in the sample size as well as the analysis of additional pathology. Subjects consisted of 66 patients undergoing full thickness mandibular resection with 30 cases of histologically proven mandibular invasion qualifying for evaluation. Results on frozen section were then compared to the permanent section analysis on the cancellous bone and to the decalcified specimen. Results: Complete correlation was found between frozen and permanent section results. Frozen section analysis was able to correctly predict adequacy of resection in 60 of 61 margins. Conclusion: Based on these results, the oncologic surgeon can evaluate bone margins at the time of the resection and adjust the amount of excision required to eradicate the disease.
Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents.

Of 240 pesticides screened for carcinogenicity by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs, at least 24 (10%) produce thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Thirteen of the thyroid carcinogens also induce liver tumors, mainly in mice, and 9 chemicals produce tumors at other sites. Some mutagenic data are available on all 24 pesticides producing thyroid tumors. Mutagenicity does not seem to be a major determinant in thyroid carcinogenicity, except for possibly acetochlor; evidence is less convincing for ethylene thiourea and etridiazole. Studies on thyroid-pituitary functioning, including indications of thyroid cell growth and/or changes in thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, are available on 19 pesticides. No such antithyroid information is available for etridiazole, N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide, terbutryn, triadimefon, and trifluralin. Of the studied chemicals, only bromacil lacks antithyroid activity under study conditions. Intrathyroidal and extrathyroidal sites of action are found: amitrole, ethylene thiourea, and mancozeb are thyroid peroxidase inhibitors; and acetochlor, clofentezine, fenbuconazole, fipronil, pendimethalin, pentachloronitrobenzene, prodiamine, pyrimethanil, and thiazopyr seem to enhance the hepatic metabolism and excretion of thyroid hormone. Thus, with 12 pesticides that mode of action judgments can be made, 11 disrupt thyroid-pituitary homeostasis only; no chemical is mutagenic only; and acetochlor may have both antithyroid and some mutagenic activity. More information is needed to identify other potential antithyroid modes of thyroid carcinogenic action.
Traumatic bone cysts of jaws.

Abstract The findings in a clinicopathologic study of sixty-six previously unreported cases of traumatic bone cysts are presented and compared with the findings in more than 150 previously reported cases. Most of the patients were between 11 and 20 years of age, and there was no difference in the incidence of the lesion between the sexes. Most patients were asymptomatic, although a significant number of them had symptoms and/or bony expansion. Vitality of teeth was not related to etiology or pathogenesis. In some cases the radiographic findings suggested a traumatic bone cyst, but surgical exploration was essential for definitive diagnosis. The lesion occurs in the maxilla more often than previously reported, although the mandible is still the most common location. The etiology and pathogenesis of the traumatic bone cyst remain unknown. Although the possibility that trauma plays a role in some cases cannot be excluded, present evidence is far from convincing.
American Indian perceptions of colorectal cancer screening: viewpoints from adults under age 50.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates have decreased in the general US population; however, CRC mortality rates are increasing among American Indians (AI). AI CRC screening rates remain low when compared to other ethnic groups. Our team investigated CRC screening education prior to recommended age for screening to better understand screening perceptions among AI community members. Our research team conducted 11 focus groups with AI men and women aged 30–49 (N = 39 men and N = 31 women) in Kansas and Missouri. The results revealed that community members (1) have little knowledge of CRC, (2) do not openly discuss CRC, and (3) want additional CRC education. Variations existed among men and women's groups, but they agreed that preventive measures need to be appropriate for AI communities. Thus, AI CRC screening interventions should be culturally tailored to better meet the needs of the population.
n-type doping in Cu2O with F, Cl, and Br: A first-principles study

The n-type doping in the cuprous oxide (Cu2O) synthesized from an acidic solution environment has been studied by the first-principles calculations. The dopants of F, Cl, and Br in substitution of an O atom have low formation energies. They present an n-type conduction behavior with donor levels below but close to the bottom of the conduction bands. The Cl dopant has the shallowest donor level among the three halogens. The results are in good agreement with the very recent experimental results.
Magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathway contributions to visual field anisotropies

It is well established that sensitivity is not necessarily equivalent at isoeccentric locations across the visual field. The focus of this study was a psychophysical examination of the spatial sensitivity differences between the upper and lower visual hemifields under conditions biased toward the presumed magnocellular or parvocellular visual pathway. Experiment 1 showed higher contrast sensitivity in the lower visual field when visual sensitivity was biased toward the parvocellular pathway; no visual field anisotropy was found when sensitivity was biased toward the magnocellular pathway. Experiment 2 showed that the magnitude of the contrast sensitivity anisotropy within the presumed parvocellular pathway increased when test targets of higher spatial frequency were used. The results of this study have relevance for the design both of psychophysical paradigms and clinical training programs for patients with heterogeneous visual field loss.
Accessing Situation Model Information: Memory-Based Processing Versus Here-and-Now Accounts

The focus of the present research was to compare the memory-based processing and here-and-now accounts of situation model updating during reading. The authors conducted two experiments as a follow-up on work by R. A. Zwaan and C. J. Madden (2004), who disputed the conclusions of E. J. O'Brien, M. L. Rizzella, J. E. Albrecht, and J. G. Halleran (1998). The latter researchers found support for the memory-based processing view by showing that readers experienced reading difficulty on a sentence that was consistent with an updated model of the story's protagonist but was inconsistent with initially stated information about the protagonist. In contrast, Zwaan and Madden eliminated what they argued were confounds in the items used by O'Brien et al. and found support for the here-and-now view. In the present article, data from 2 experiments seem to eliminate weaknesses inherent in both previous authors' work. Although the present results are consistent with the here-and-now account, they do not completely discre...
X-ray absorption spectra and the local structure of nickel in some oxycompounds and fluorides

X-ray absorption spectra were measured for a number of nickel oxycompounds and fluorides which contain nickel with valencies in the range of 2 to 4. Information on the local structure and nature of bonding of nickel were derived using theoretical standards generated with the FEFF code. The energies of the main Ni K-edge and the pre-edge peak were found to shift to higher values by about 1.5 and 0.6 eV, respectively, per unit increase in the valency of nickel. The average Ni-O and Ni-F bond length within the octahedron decreased linearly with increase in nickel valency from 2 to 4. The local structure parameters for the higher valency nickel oxycompounds are consistent with a multi-phase model in which up to three phases corresponding to Ni 2+ , Ni 3+ , and Ni 4+ could be present in different proportions depending on preparation procedures.