cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical and Performance Characteristics of Successful High School Football Players

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the performance and physiologic characteristics of a "successful" American high school football team, and to compare the present values with values reported for other groups of high school, college, and professional players. For descriptive purposes, players were divided into two groups: backs (N = 8) and linemen (N = 10). Maximal aerobic power (VO2max) was determined from a maximal treadmill test, and body composition was evaluated by hydrostatic weighing. Maximal strength values were evaluated by one-repetition maximum bench press and squat test; the sit-and-reach test was used to measure flexibility. Speed and power were evaluated by a vertical jump and a 36.6-meter sprint. Results indicate that compared with other groups of college and professional players, as the level of competition increases so do height, weight, and fat-free weight of the players. Similar maximum oxygen consumption values were found for the present group when compared with other groups of these players. From the strength and power standpoint, football players at all levels are becoming stronger. Incorporation of strength training programs has greatly improved strength and performance profiles of football players at all levels of competition.
Elementary trouble-shooting for poor signal-to-noise ratios of NMR spectrometers

When the signal-to-noise ratio of an NMR spectrometer falls below an acceptable point, one or more of the following items need to be measured or tested: resolution, probe transmitter and receiver coils, observe and decoupler radio-frequency power amplifiers (transmitters), electronic devices connecting the probe to the receiver in the console, and the receiver section in the console. An elementary trouble-shooting procedure and a flow-chart are presented to aid in isolating the specific problem area. The procedure is based on the standard methods employed for trouble-shooting in the fieldof electronics. The overall spectrometer system is first divided into sections, and then each one is checked for proper operation. The section that is not operating properly is then further divided into smaller ones, and each section checked again. The process is continued until the smallest repairable unit is identified.
High-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of synthetic opiate and "anti-opiate" peptides from human plasma.

Abstract An assay system using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) resolution of synthetic anti-opioid peptides (AOPs) and opioid peptides (OPs) was developed. Samples were diluted with trifluoroacetic acid, loaded onto Sep-Pak C18 cartridges, eluted, dried, and redissolved in ethanol-acetic acid-water. Retention-time consistency was established, and high levels of synthetic AOP and OP recovery, generally higher than 80%, were achieved. In a single HPLC run synthetic enkephalins, dynorphins, and β-endorphins were separated even when extracted from human plasma using a volatile mobile phase which yielded fractions totally compatible with quantitation by radioimmunoassay. Combining the resolution of HPLC with the sensitivity of radioimmunoassay (RIA) may facilitate simultaneous measurement of numerous neuropeptides in body fluids such as plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
Spherical shell heat exchanger—dirichlet problem

Abstract An analysis is made of a heat exchanger in which the fluid flows in the annular space between two spheres. Under the assumptions of an incompressible inviscid fluid, constant fluid entrance temperature, and constant wall temperatures, an expression is developed for the temperature of the fluid at any position in the heat exchanger using the Sturm-Liouville system. An expression for the average Nusselt No. as a function of the Graetz No., a dimensionless ratio of radii, and a ratio of angles is developed and plotted. An approximate solution for the average Nusselt No. is given that is a good approximation when the inside radius of the shell is nearly as large as the outside radius.
Photothermal stability of encapsulated Si solar cells and encapsulation materials upon accelerated exposures

Abstract We have conducted a series of accelerated exposure test (AET) studies for various samples of crystalline-Si (c-Si) and amorphous-Si (a-Si) cells that were encapsulated with different superstrates, pottants, and substrates. Transmittance, fluorescence, color indices, impedance spectroscopy, laser optical beam induced current (OBIC), and light and dark current–voltage ( I – V ) measurements were used to characterize the samples. Nonuniform browning patterns of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) pottants were observed for glass/EVA/glass-encapsulated c-Si cell samples under solar simulator exposures at elevated temperatures. The EVA discolored gradually into a yellow–brown color when exposed under ∼7.5 ultraviolet (UV) suns at a black panel temperature (BPT) of ∼85°C, and very rapidly into a dark brown color when exposed under ∼9.0 UV suns at a BPT of ∼145°C. The latter conditions also caused extensive delamination of a polyolefin-based thermoplastic pottant laminated between two borosilicate plates. No visible color change of EVA could be observed for the c-Si cell samples heated in an oven at 85°C or exposed under ∼1.2 UV suns at BPT=60–65°C or 80–85°C. Under ∼1.2 UV suns exposure at a BPT of 60–65°C, the thin layers of EVA or silicone in the lightweight c-Si cell samples, which were laminated in a polymer/solar cell/polymer configuration with Tedlar or Tefzel films, did not discolor because of photobleaching reactions. In comparison, the polyester or nylon superstrate films turned yellow on laminates of polymer/a-Si/polymer minimodules, and significant delamination was observed for the polyester/EVA layers. For all c-Si cell samples tested, irregular changes in the I – V parameters were observed that could not be attributed only to transmittance changes of the superstrate/pottant layers. Under UV-transmitting polymer superstrate films, current/efficiency losses were greater for the c-Si and a-Si cells that were laminated with silicone-type adhesives than with EVA or polyethylene pottants.
Crowdsourcing for Usability Testing

While usability evaluation is critical to designing usable websites, traditional usability testing can be both expensive and time consuming. The advent of crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk and CrowdFlower offer an intriguing new avenue for performing remote usability testing with potentially many users, quick turn-around, and significant cost savings. To investigate the potential of such crowdsourced usability testing, we conducted a usability study which evaluated a graduate school’s website using a crowdsourcing platform. In addition, we performed a similar but not identical traditional lab usability test on the same site. While we find that crowdsourcing exhibits some notable limitations in comparison to the traditional lab environment, its applicability and value for usability testing is clearly evidenced. We discuss both methodological differences for crowdsourced usability testing, as well as empirical contrasts to results from more traditional, face-to-face usability testing.
Growth responses of Russet Burbank to n-dimethyl amino succinamic acid (B-Nine)

N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid (B-Nine) at several concentrations was sprayed onto developing potato plants in 1963 without causing a measurable effect on yield, grade or specific gravity of the potatoes. The same chemical concentration of B-Nine used in 1963 but combined with a special wetting agent was sprayed in 1964 on younger Russet Burbank potato plants than were used in 1963, and marked tuber malformation and sprout inhibition resulted. The chemical was applied at two stages of maturity, differing by two weeks, but no measurable differences in plant response resulted from the difference in plant maturity, indicating that the wetting agent probably was responsible for a greater absorption of B-Nine in 1964.
Social and sexual behaviour of male and female zebra finches treated with oestradiol during the nestling period

Abstract Zebra finches, Poephila guttata, were injected daily for the first 2 weeks after hatching with oestradiol benzoate (OB) or the control vehicle. After reaching adulthood, all birds were gonadectomized, implanted with testosterone propionate, tested, then implanted with OB and tested again. Copulatory behaviour was demasculinized (decreased in males) by the early OB treatment, supporting earlier suggestions that sex hormones influence the development of copulation in birds in an opposite manner to that in mammals. Beak chattering and carrying nest material were also demasculinized, but several other male-typical behaviour patterns such as singing and nest soliciting were masculinized (increased in females). The simultaneous occurrence of both masculinization and demasculinization in the same species as a result of the same early hormone treatment has not been observed previously. Females given early OB were more likely than controls to try to pair with other females rather than with males. Thus the sex hormone environment during the nestling period is an important determinant of adult social and sexual behaviour, including pairing preference, in this monogamous, colonial songbird.
A Large-Domain Approach for Calculating Ship Boundary Layers and Wakes and Wave Fields for Nonzero Froude Number

A large-domain approach is developed for calculating ship boundary layers and wakes and wave fields for nonzero Froude number. The Reynolds-averaged Navier?Stokes and continuity equations are solved with the Baldwin?Lomax turbulence model, exact nonlinear kinematic and approximate dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, and a body/free-surface conforming grid. The results are validated through comparisons with data for the Series 60 CB= 0.6 ship model at low and high Froude numbers and results of a precursory interactive approach. Both approaches yield satisfactory results; however, the large-domain results indicate improved resolution of the flow close to the hull and wake centerplane and of the Froude number differences due to near-wall turbulence modeling and nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions. Additional evaluation is provided through discussion of the recent CFD Workshop Tokyo 1994, where both methods were among the best. Last, some concluding remarks are made.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATROPHY OF THE PANCREAS AND GASTRIC SECRETION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

1. The finding that complete obstruction of pancreatic ducts is followed by increased daily secretion of hydrochloric acid from Heidenhain pouches in dogs was confirmed. 2. Extracts of canine atrophic pancreatic tissue, prepared by a method successfully used to obtain gastrin from antral mucosa and a gastric secretagogue from Zollinger-Ellison tumors, did not stimulate gastric secretion in dogs with gastric pouches. 3. Evidence was presented to support the concept that gastric hyper-secretion following complete obstruction of pancreatic ducts in dogs is not stimulated by a humoral secretagogue liberated from the atrophic pancreas, but is caused in some way by exclusion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum.
E2A Basic-Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors are Negatively Regulated by Serum Growth Factors and by the Id3 Protein

Id3, a member of the Id multigene family of dominant negative helix-loop-helix transcription factors, is induced sharply in murine fibroblasts by serum growth factors. To identify relevant targets of Id3 activity, the yeast two-hybrid system was used to identify proteins that dimerize with Id3. Four murine cDNAs were identified in the screen, all of which encode helix-loop-helix proteins: E12, E47, ALF1 and Id4. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirm that Id3 interacts with E12, E47 and two alternative splice products of ALF1 in vitro. Id3 disrupts DNA binding by these proteins in vitro and blocks transcriptional activation by these factors in cultured murine cells. Additionally, Id3 shows evidence of interacting with the related proteins E2-2 and MyoD, but not c-Myc. These results suggest that Id3 can function as a general negative regulator of the basic-helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors exemplified by the 'E' proteins and MyoD. Although it was previously suspected that E2A is constitutively expressed, our data indicate that E2A is induced in quiescent fibroblasts, by growth factor withdrawal but not by contact inhibition of cell proliferation. These observations extend the role of Id3 in the functional antagonism of E2A-class transcription factors, and suggest that E2A proteins may mediate growth inhibition.
The Northwest Infrared (NWIR) gas-phase spectral database of industrial and environmental chemicals: recent updates

With continuing improvements in both standoff- and point-sensing techniques, there is an ongoing need for high-quality infrared spectral databases. The Northwest Infrared Database (NWIR) contains quantitative, gas-phase infrared spectra of nearly 500 pure chemical species that can be used for a variety of applications such as atmospheric monitoring, biomass burning studies, etc. The data, recorded at 0.1 cm -1 resolution, are pressure broadened to one atmosphere (N 2 ). Each spectrum is a composite composed of multiple individual measurements. Recent updates to the database include over 60 molecules that are known or suspected biomass-burning effluents. Examples from this set of measurements will be presented and experimental details will be discussed in the context of the utility of NWIR for environmental applications.
Systematic Review of Disparities in Health Care for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the United States.

Abstract Authors conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether differences exist for children with ASD versus children without ASD in the utilization, accessibility, and cost of their health care services. Population and outcome variables of interest were used to search for articles in Medline and PsycInfo databases. Thirteen studies comparing ASD and other groups of children without ASD were reviewed. A review of these publications revealed that children with ASD have higher health care utilization and costs, and worse access to care and medical homes. These results have implications for autism research and insurance policy to reduce health care utilization and costs, and ensure proper insurance coverage.
Large-Scale Trends in the Evolution of Gene Structures within 11 Animal Genomes

We have used the annotations of six animal genomes (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Ciona intestinalis, Drosophila melanogaster, Anopheles gambiae, and Caenorhabditis elegans) together with the sequences of five unannotated Drosophila genomes to survey changes in protein sequence and gene structure over a variety of timescales--from the less than 5 million years since the divergence of D. simulans and D. melanogaster to the more than 500 million years that have elapsed since the Cambrian explosion. To do so, we have developed a new open-source software library called CGL (for "Comparative Genomics Library"). Our results demonstrate that change in intron-exon structure is gradual, clock-like, and largely independent of coding-sequence evolution. This means that genome annotations can be used in new ways to inform, corroborate, and test conclusions drawn from comparative genomics analyses that are based upon protein and nucleotide sequence similarities.
Electronic structure of vortices in high {Tc} superconductors

The formation of a pseudo gap and supercondctivity are described in terms of a Kondo band formed at the chemical potential. Pre-existing spin triplet bosons condense at Tc. For T>Tc or at the center of a vortex the condensate is absent and these bosons lead to a pseudo gap. Numerical comparison is made with STM results.
Atypical Cholinesterase Gene E1a: Rarity in Negroes and Most Orientals

Development of a rapid screening test for atypical cholinesterase in serum enabled large-scale surveys of populations. The frequency of the heterozygous trait among Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians was similar to that among United States Caucasians (2.8 to 3.3 percent). In trait frequency, U.S. Negroes were intermediate (1.05 percent) between Congolese Africans (0.29 percent) and U.S. Whites (3.3 percent). The gene was absent from or very rare in populations originating in East Asia (Taiwanese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Eskimos). Prolonged apnea during anesthesia from administration of succinylcholine caused by homozygosity for this gene, is expected to be extremely rare among populations of Negroes and East Asians.
Some stereochemical aspects of polyenes

Polyene, die ein konjugiertes Doppelbindungssystem in offener Kette enthalten, konnen zahlreiche raumisomere Formen annehmen. In den meisten zu dieser Klasse gehorenden Naturstoffen sowie in Produkten der Synthese wiegt das geradlinige «all-trans”-Isomer vor, das aber durch thermische oder photochemische Eingriffe oder durch Jodkatalyse in ein kompliziertes Gemisch voncis-trans-Formen umgelagert werden kann. Derartige Gemische lassen sich chromatographisch in ihre Bestandteile zerlegen. Diese Beobachtungen gelten sowohl fur isoprenoide Verbindungstypen (carotinoide Farbstoffe, Phytofluen, Vitamin A, Retinen) als auch fur Systeme mit unverzweigtem Kohlenstoffgerust (Diphenylpolyene, Azine).
Fitness Assessment Results—Some Concepts and Analogies

(1989). Fitness Assessment Results—Some Concepts and Analogies. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 39-43.
Survey of electrodiagnostic laboratories regarding hemorrhagic complications from needle electromyography

Little is known about the complications of needle electromyography (EMG) performed on anticoagulated patients, and no guidelines exist regarding its performance. We conducted an anonymous survey of academic EMG laboratories in the U.S. to understand current practices and complications with regard to anticoagulated patients and those receiving antiplatelet medications. Forty-seven (78%) of 60 EMG laboratories responded to the survey. Four laboratories (9%) reported at least one hemorrhagic complication requiring medical or surgical intervention in an anticoagulated patient, whereas none reported a hemorrhagic complication in patients receiving antiplatelet medications. Ten (21%) reported willingness to evaluate cranial, paraspinal, and all limb muscles in anticoagulated patients. This survey suggests that hemorrhagic complications from needle EMG of anticoagulated patients are rare. It also suggests that needle EMG of patients receiving antiplatelet therapy is not associated with increased reports of hemorrhagic complications.
Effects of Initial Stresses and Time on Orthodontic External Root Resorption

Optimum stresses for a favorable response to orthodontics are still unknown. Here, we compared the effects of initial periodontal ligament (PDL) stresses over time in orthodontic external root resorption (OERR), necrosis, and the TRAP+ cell population. Forty-two rats (Fischer CDF) were treated with 10 cN of force for 5 different time periods. Finite element (FE) models of the first maxillary molars were constructed from μCT scans to calculate initial PDL stresses. The scans were also used for OERR measurements before histology. Time, stress, and their interaction were significant to result in an OERR increase only in the regions of medium and high stress. OERR was not significantly different between control and treated animals over time in the region of low stress. After 30 days, OERR was increased by 5- and 3-fold in the zone of high- and medium-stress regions, respectively. The TRAP+ cell population initially followed the stress gradient, but changed after bone and necrotic tissue resorption. In the 30-day modeling cycle, the correspondent 3rd principal stress range to promote direct bone resorption and insignificant OERR was between -9.92 and -7.75 KPa. These translate to approximate forces of 30 to 40 cN applied at the bracket level (tipping) of a human maxillary canine.
EGFR Mutations Transform Tumors Inside and Out

Two unique approaches are redefining the treatment of advanced lung cancer: therapies that target mutated cellular kinases and, more recently, therapies that engage the immune system. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) like erlotinib and gefitinib target mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that drive tumor cell signaling, growth, and proliferation. On the other hand, programmed death–1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies work outside of the tumor cell by interfering with a key inhibitory step in T cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Akbay and colleagues connect these two approaches by presenting new evidence that EGFR mutations may be important both inside and outside of lung cancer cells. The authors used mouse models of EGFR mutant lung cancer to describe the microenvironment associated with the tumors and compare it with normal lung tissue. They found that expression of PD-L1, the ligand for PD-1, on tumor and nontumor cells is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment. Next, the authors transfected mutant EGFR into human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. They found that EGFR signaling increases PD-L1expression in vitro and that PD-L1 expression can be reduced by treating EGFR mutant cell lines with TKIs. Last, the authors made the intriguing observation that, in the mouse models tested, EGFR mutant tumors are susceptible to PD-1 blockade, whereas KRAS mutant tumors are not. Because both the EGFR mutant and the KRAS mutant tumors in mice express PD-L1, additional factors appear likely to influence this process. This work highlights the impact of the EGFR pathway both inside and outside of the cancer cell. Additional work will be needed to better understand how PD-L1 expression, immune cell phenotype, and tumor microenvironment may relate to the presence or absence of an EGFR mutation in human tumors. Therapeutic implications for the combination of TKIs and PD-1 blockade also remain to be explored. E. A. Akbay et al. , Activation of the PD-1 pathway contributes to immune escape in EGFR-driven lung tumors. Cancer Discov. , published online 27 September 2013. (10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0310). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2013/09/27/2159-8290.CD-13-0310.full.pdf
A Comparison of Diagnostic Imaging Ordering Patterns Between Advanced Practice Clinicians and Primary Care Physicians Following Office-Based Evaluation and Management Visits

Importance Little is known about the use of diagnostic testing, such as medical imaging, by advanced practice clinicians (APCs), specifically, nurse practitioners and physician assistants. Objective To examine the use of diagnostic imaging ordered by APCs relative to that of primary care physicians (PCPs) following office-based encounters. Design, Setting, and Participants Using 2010-2011 Medicare claims for a 5% sample of beneficiaries, we compared diagnostic imaging ordering between APC and PCP episodes of care, controlling for geographic variation, patient demographics, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. Provider specialty codes were used to identify PCPs and APCs (general practice, family practice, or internal medicine for PCP; nurse practitioner or physician assistant for APC). Episodes were constructed using evaluation and management (EM (2) no claims within the subsequent 30 days other than a single imaging event; or (3) claims for any nonimaging services in that subsequent 30-day period. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was whether an imaging event followed a qualifying E&M visit. Results Advanced practice clinicians and PCPs ordered imaging in 2.8% and 1.9% episodes of care, respectively. In adjusted estimates and across all patient groups and imaging services, APCs were associated with more imaging than PCPs (odds ratio [OR], 1.34 [95% CI, 1.27-1.42]), ordering 0.3% more images per episode. Advanced practice clinicians were associated with increased radiography orders on both new (OR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.13-1.66]) and established (OR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.24-1.43]) patients, ordering 0.3% and 0.2% more images per episode of care, respectively. For advanced imaging, APCs were associated with increased imaging on established patients (OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.14-1.44]), ordering 0.1% more images, but were not significantly different from PCPs ordering imaging on new patients. Conclusions and Relevance Advanced practice clinicians are associated with more imaging services than PCPs for similar patients during E&M office visits. Expanding the use of APCs may alleviate PCP shortages. While increased use of imaging appears modest for individual patients, this increase may have ramifications on care and overall costs at the population level.
Cross-section Trichometry: A Clinical Tool for Assessing the Progression and Treatment Response of Alopecia

Background: To properly assess the progression and treatment response of alopecia, one must measure the changes in hair mass, which is influenced by both the density and diameter of hair. Unfortunately, a convenient device for hair mass evaluation had not been available to dermatologists until the recent introduction of the cross-section trichometer, which directly measures the cross-sectional area of an isolated bundle of hair. Objective: We sought to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of the HairCheck® device, a commercial product derived from the original cross-section trichometer. Materials and Methods: Bundles of surgical silk and human hair were used to evaluate the ability of the HairCheck® device to detect and measure small changes in the number and diameter of strands, and bundle weight. Results: Strong correlations were observed between the bundle's cross-sectional area, displayed as the numeric Hair Mass Index (HMI), the number of strands, the silk/hair diameter, and the bundle dry weight. Conclusion: HMI strongly correlated with the number and diameter of silk/hair, and the weight of the bundle, suggesting that it can serve as a valid indicator of hair mass. We have given the name cross-section trichometry (CST) to the methodology of obtaining the HMI using the HairCheck® system. CST is a simple modality for the quantification of hair mass, and may be used as a convenient and useful tool to clinically assess changes in hair mass caused by thinning, shedding, breakage, or growth in males and females with progressive alopecia or those receiving alopecia treatment.
Optimal path planning for uncertain exploration

Exploration always occurs in the presence of uncertainty. In this paper, we consider path planning for autonomous vehicles equipped with range-based sensors and traveling in an uncertain area. The mission of the vehicles is to explore a set of objects of interest while reducing uncertainty in object position, visibility and state. A connection is shown between the Kalman filter (used to reduce uncertainty) and the so-called Shannon model for exploration through the use of a range-based covariance. This connection is exploited to estimate states and to travel between objects of interest. A bound on the covariance error and several illustrative examples are provided.
Comparison of four FFT-based frequency acquisition techniques for Costas loop BPSK signal demodulation

This paper discussed four open-loop frequency acquisition techniques for suppressed-carrier BPSK signals. The techniques, which do not require accurate symbol timing nor a data preamble sequence, employ fast Fourier transforms (FFT's) on the Costas loop phase detector output to detect the Doppler frequency offset. Performance of the full-, half-, and staggered-symbol integration techniques as well as the low-pass filter technique are compared in terms of the error signal output SNR's. Then, the probability of detecting the frequency offset is computed for the special case when the frequency of the tone to be detected coincides with one of the FFT-bin center frequencies. It is shown that the performance of the integration techniques depends strongly on the symbol timing offset. On the other hand, the detection probability for the one-pole arm filter technique depends directly on the filter bandwidth. The staggered integration technique is shown to have comparable performance to the low-pass filter technique for low-to-medium symbol SNR's but the latter is superior at high symbol SNR's. >
A shallow trench isolation study for 0.25/0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technologies and beyond

A manufacturable shallow trench isolation (STI) technology using high density plasma (HDP) CVD oxide as trench filling material is reported for the first time, and compared to using sub-atmospheric CVD (SACVD) oxide as filling material. HDP filled STI has excellent immunity to double-hump, better gate oxide integrity and inverse narrow width effect, due to its lower deglaze rate and thus better corner protection compared to the SACVD case. The /spl Delta/Vt (between W=10 and 0.18 /spl mu/m) are 150 mV (NMOS). And 60 mV (PMOS) for the HDP case, and the transistor width reduction is /spl les/0.03 /spl mu/m for both cases. Trench wall passivation and a low sputtering component during deposition are necessary for HDP to achieve low diode edge leakage. 0.28 /spl mu/m intra-well isolation (or 0.46 /spl mu/m min. pitch), 0.6 /spl mu/m n/sup +/-to-p/sup +/ isolation, latch-up holding voltage of 2 V at 0.5 /spl mu/m n/sup +/-to-p/sup +/ spacing, together with outstanding CMOS transistor and inverter performance, have been achieved. These results are either comparable to or better than the best results reported to date. It is concluded that HDP trench filling oxide is a viable approach, while SACVD oxide is marginally acceptable, for the STI of 0.25/0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS.
Combined turnover vastus lateralis and lateral gastrocnemius flaps as a salvage option for soft tissue reconstruction of the knee

Infection with subsequent wound breakdown and soft tissue deficit represents the most devastating complication after total knee arthroplasty. Although microsurgical reconstruction is increasingly being performed in this setting, several factors may preclude its use. We present a case of a 52-year-old female patient who presented with a complex right anterior knee wound resulting from a complicated clinical course following total knee arthroplasty. Initial reconstructive efforts included coverage with a superiorly based fasciocutaneous thigh flap as well as a medial gastrocnemius flap. Persistence of infection and necrosis of the distal aspect of the fasciocutaneous flap eventually required salvage by means of a vastus lateralis turnover muscle flap augmented by a lateral gastrocnemius muscle flap. The combination of these two fairly straightforward muscle flaps provided stable wound coverage with well-vascularized tissue without the use of sophisticated microsurgical expertise. Level of Evidence: V, therapeutic study
Osteogenic protein-1 and insulin-like growth factor I synergistically stimulate rat osteoblastic cell differentiation and proliferation

Previous studies have shown that osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1; also known as BMP-7) alters the steady state levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells. In the present study, the effects of exogenous IGF-I on bone cell differentiation and mineralized bone nodule formation induced by OP-1 were examined. Exogenous IGF-I synergistically and dose dependently enhanced OP-1 action in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation, alkaline phosphatase activity, PTH-dependent cAMP level, and bone nodule formation. Maximal synergism between OP-1 and IGF-I was observed when both factors were added simultaneously. Synergism was not observed when FRC cells were pretreated with IGF-I for 24 h, followed by OP-1 treatment. These findings suggest that IGF-I acted on OP-1-sensitized FRC cells. To examine the mechanism(s) by which this sensitization may occur, levels of mRNA encoding OP-1 receptor, IGF-I receptor, and IGFBPs were measured. The mRNA levels of both type I and II OP-1 receptors were elevated by OP-1, but were not changed further by combined OP-1 and IGF-I treatment. IGF-I receptor gene expression was not changed by OP-1, IGF-I, or a combination of both factors. OP-1 alone or together with IGF-I increased the steady state IGFBP-3 mRNA level and reduced the steady state mRNA levels of IGFBP-4, -5, and -6. IGF-I alone did not change the steady state mRNA levels of IGFBP-3, -4, and -6, but elevated that of IGFBP-5. Des(1-3)-IGF-I, which has a lower affinity for IGFBPs, was more effective than the full-length IGF-I in enhancing the OP-1-induced alkaline phosphatase activity. Exogenous IGFBP-5 inhibited the OP-1-induced alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced the synergistic stimulatory effect of IGF-I and OP-1. These findings strongly suggest that the OP-1-induced down-regulation of IGFBPs, especially that of IGFBP-5, is an important mechanism by which OP-1 and IGF-I synergize to stimulate FRC cell differentiation.
Monotonicity in high-order curvilinear finite element arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian remap

Summary The remap phase in arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) hydrodynamics involves the transfer of field quantities defined on a post-Lagrangian mesh to some new mesh, usually generated by a mesh optimization algorithm. This problem is often posed in terms of transporting (or advecting) some state variable from the old mesh to the new mesh over a fictitious time interval. It is imperative that this remap process be monotonic, that is, not generate any new extrema in the field variables. It is well known that the only linear methods that are guaranteed to be monotonic for such problems are first-order accurate; however, much work has been performed in developing non-linear methods, which blend both high and low (first) order solutions to achieve monotonicity and preserve high-order accuracy when the field is sufficiently smooth. In this paper, we present a set of methods for enforcing monotonicity targeting high-order discontinuous Galerkin methods for advection equations in the context of high-order curvilinear ALE hydrodynamics. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Tolerance of Japanese quail embryos and young chicks to hypothermia

The purpose of this study was to explore the tolerance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos and young quail chicks to a very low ambient temperature. Fifty (n = 50) quail embryos at age embryonic age d 6 were placed in a cold room at 13 degrees C for 24 h. The heart rate (HR) was determined with an infrared HR sensor in an instrument called "Buddy." After 12 and 24 h, the average body temperature of the embryos was 13 degrees C with an average HR of 8.7 +/- 0.9 beats per minute (bpm). The average body temperature of 50 control embryos was 38 degrees C and they had an average HR of 301 +/- 15 bpm. The hypothermic quail embryos had a 24-h delay in hatching at 58% hatchability. The controls hatched on time at 81% hatchability. Twelve (n = 12) 6-d-old quail chicks were placed in a low-temperature environment (13 degrees C) for a period of 6 h. Quail from which the test group was selected were retained in a brooder to serve as the control comparison. The electrocardiogram HR for both hypothermic and control quail was recorded with a digital oscilloscope. The 12 quail in the low-temperature environment exhibited an immobile state of hypothermia. These hypothermic quail had an average HR of 7 +/- 0.6 bpm. The control quail had an average HR of 525 +/- 24 bpm. After emerging from the reduced-temperature environment, the immobile hypothermic quail were placed under an infrared light that produced a brooder-like temperature of 33 degrees C. After 40 min, all quail could walk around and some ate and drank.
Multipronged approach for engineering novel peptide analogues of existing lantibiotics.

Introduction: Lantibiotics are a class of ribosomally and post-translationally modified peptide antibiotics that are active against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. Great efforts have been made to promote the production of these antibiotics, so that they can one day be used in our antimicrobial arsenal to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Areas covered: This review provides a synopsis of lantibiotic research aimed at furthering our understanding of the structural limitation of lantibiotics as well as identifying structural regions that can be modified to improve the bioactivity. In vivo, in vitro and chemical synthesis of lantibiotics has been useful for engineering novel variants with enhanced activities. These approaches have provided novel ways to further our understanding of lantibiotic function and have advanced the objective to develop lantibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases.Expert opinion: Synthesis of lantibiotics with enhanced activities will lead to the dis...
Polarization properties of the Ly-α line from sulphur plasmas driven by high-intensity, ultrashort-duration laser pulses11This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.

We report on a modeling study of the polarization properties of the Ly-α line in sulphur. The lower energy (J = 1/2) fine-structure component is unpolarized, while the polarization degree of the hi...
“HERCULES”: Design, instrumentation, and performance characteristics of a high-efficiency evaporation-residue counter under a lot of elastic scattering for spectroscopic studies with Gammasphere

Abstract A high-efficiency evaporation-residue counter (named HERCULES ) has been designed and constructed. It consists of 64 thin fast-plastic scintillators arranged in four rings covering an angular range of 3.1– 19 . 1 ∘ at 30.9 cm from the target. The device design has been optimized for use with GAMMASPHERE . Evaporation residues are well separated from elastic scattering, fission events, and other undesirable reaction debris by time-of-flight and pulse-height analysis. Each detector element can operate at rates up to 0.5 MHz with signal recovery in about 10 ns. The geometry, construction, light-output characteristics, stability of the measured quantities, associated electronics, and in-beam performance of the device are described. For energy-degraded fission fragments with kinetic energies of less than 45 MeV, it is found that (1) the Z dependence of the pulse height disappears and (2) the light output per unit energy increases with decreasing energy. For evaporation residues from two reactions, in which the evaporation channels dominate and in which the residue cross-section is about 100 times smaller than the fission cross-section, angular distributions and sample γ -ray spectra are shown.
Energy Aware Proactive MANET Routing with Prediction on Energy Consumption

Energy-aware routing in mobile wireless ad hoc networks has been investigated extensively in the framework of reactive routing. In this paper we present an energy preserving mechanism suitable to be integrated with a proactive MANET routing scheme. We use a compositive energy cost, which considers both transmission power consumption and residual energy of the nodes, as the routing metric. Our energy cost calculation is based on prediction of node energy consumption using ARIMA model. The formulation of our energy cost is tailored to heterogeneous MANET in terms of power consumptions. We extended OLSR with our energy preserving mechanism. Our power-aware version of OLSR is proven by simulation to be able to prolong network lifetime significantly in both homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios in terms of power consumptions.
A Robust Method for Biological Sequence Clustering

In this paper, we proposed a two-phase hybrid method for biological sequence clustering, which combines the strengths of the hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods and the partition clustering methods. In Phase I, the hybrid method uses the hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithm to pre-cluster the aligned sequences, while in the second phase it takes the pre-clustering result as the initial partition for the profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) based k-means partition clustering method. Such initial partitions (generated from Phase I), as against random initial partitions, are usually more reasonable and thus can avoid the inconsistency problem in the partition clustering methods due to the randomness in initial partitions. In addition, the inaccuracy of the hierarchical agglomerative clustering methods can be compensated by the profile HMM based k-means partition clustering since the latter is model-based and can better describe the dynamic properties of the data in a cluster. Experiments on a molecular sequence dataset demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed hybrid clustering algorithm.
A GIS-based Multimodal Advanced Traveler information System

This article presents the development of a Multimodal Advanced Traveler Information System (MATIS) under a UNIX-based Geographic Information System (GIS) platform using a Sun SPARC 10 workstation and the ARC/INFO GIS software. The users of MATIS are distinguished as subscribers and nonsubscribers. Subscribers to the system have a build-in user's profile database that contains personal and travel attribute characteristics, providing added flexibility to the users to request frequently needed traveler information in a timely fashion. Users have the option to access any one or all of three subsystems under MATIS: (1) Route Planning Advanced Traveler Information System (RPATIS), (2) Transit Advanced Traveler Information System (TATIS), and (3) Ride-Sharing Advanced Traveler Information System (RSATIS).
Algorithm for the extraction of page-formatted binary digital data

We present an algorithm for fast and reliable extraction of page-formatted binary digital data. The advantages of the algorithm include a low raw bit-error rate, fast extraction speed, the use of a simple and density-efficient coding scheme, and large tolerance to a change of the signal-to-noise ratio. We used this algorithm to analyze shot-noise-limited binary data that had large interpage and intrapage intensity variations and obtained an improvement in the bit-error rate of 3–4 orders of magnitude compared with that in a single-threshold-detection scheme. Implications of our results for the development of high-speed, high-density holographic memories are discussed.
Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques II. Detection of modulated proteoglycan epitopes in cartilage and synovial fluid

The purpose of the present study was to determine the usefulness of the monoclonal antibodies 7-D-4 and 3-B-3 as biomarkers of severity of naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the knee joints of adult cynomolgus macaques. The antibodies were used to immunolocate chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan epitopes in articular cartilage or synovial fluid from knee joints with a range in severity of osteoarthritis. The joints were examined radiographically, grossly, microradiographically, and histologically to characterize the severity of disease, and the results of three different methods of proteoglycan analysis (immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analysis) were compared. Subjectively, the degree of positive immunostaining for 7-D-4 was minimal in normal sites and increased as damage to articular cartilage increased. The scores for 7-D-4 immunostaining in the medial tibial plateau (the site most severely involved in this model) were correlated significantly with severity of damage to articular cartilage (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.50), thus supporting the subjective observations. The ratio of 7-D-4 to sulfated glycosaminoglycans in synovial fluid also was correlated with the score for 7-D-4 immunostaining in the medial tibial plateau (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.54) and with the score for 3-B-3 immunostaining in the medial femoral condyle (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.65). There were no significant correlations among scores for 3-B-3 immunostaining, severity scores, and the ratios of 3-B-3 to sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the synovial fluid. By Western blot analysis, both epitopes were sensitive markers of early cartilage damage in young adult monkeys but were less sensitive in older monkeys. This work provides evidence that measurement of the epitope recognized by 7-D-4 in synovial fluid or, by immunohistochemical or Western blot methods, in articular cartilage has potential use as a marker of severity of naturally occurring osteoarthritis.
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE 2E-F REGION OF THE DROSOPHILA X CHROMOSOME: A REGION RICH IN "DEVELOPMENTALLY IMPORTANT" GENES

We have analyzed the 2E1-3A1 area of the X chromosome with special attention to loci related to embryogenesis. Published maps indicate that this chromosomal segment contains ten bands. Our genetic analysis has identified 11 complementation groups: one recessive visible (prune), two female steriles and eight lethals. One of the female sterile loci is fs(1)k10 for which homozygous females produce both egg chambers and embryos with a dorsalized morphology. The second female sterile is the paternally rescuable fs(1)pecanex in which unrescued embryos have a hypertrophic nervous system. Of the eight lethal complementation groups two are recessive embryonic lethals: hemizygous giant (gt) embryos possess segmental defects, and hemizygous crooked neck (crn) embryos exhibit a twisted phenotype. Analysis of these mutations in the female germ line indicates that gt does not show a maternal effect, whereas normal activity of crn is required for germ cell viability. Analysis of the maternal effect in germ line clones of the remaining six recessive lethal complementation groups indicates that four are required for germ cell viability and one produces ambiguous results for survival of the germ cells. The remaining, l(1)pole hole, is a recessive early pupal lethal in which embryos derived from germ line clones and lacking wild-type gene activity exhibit the "torso" or "pole hole" phenotype.
Evidence for a disease‐resistance pathway in rice similar to the NPR1‐mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis

*† Summary The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 gene is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Overexpression of NPR1 leads to enhanced resistance in Arabidopsis. To investigate the role of NPR1 in monocots, we over-expressed the Arabidopsis NPR1 in rice and challenged the transgenic plants with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the rice bacterial blight pathogen. The transgenic plants displayed enhanced resistance to Xoo. RNA blot hybridization indicates that enhanced resistance requires expression of NPR1 mRNA above a threshold level in rice. To identify components mediating the resistance controlled by NPR1, we used NPR1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. We isolated four cDNA clones encoding rice NPR1 interactors (named rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2, rTGA2.3 and rLG2) belonging to the bZIP family. rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2 and rTGA2.3 share 75, 76 and 78% identity with Arabidopsis TGA2, respectively. In contrast, rLG2 shares highest identity (81%) to the maize liguleless (LG2) gene product, which is involved in establishing the leaf blade‐sheath boundary. The interaction of NPR1 with the rice bZIP proteins in yeast was impaired by the npr1-1 and npr1-2 mutations, but not by the nim1-4 mutation. The NPR1‐rTGA2.1 interaction was confirmed by an in vitro pull-down experiment. In gel mobility shift assays, rTGA2.1 binds to the rice RCH10 promoter and to a cis-element required sequencespecifically for salicylic acid responsiveness. This is the first demonstration that the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene can enhance disease resistance in a monocot plant. These results also suggest that monocot and dicot plants share a conserved signal transduction pathway controlling NPR1-mediated resistance.
An Institute for Corporate Social Responsibility in a Business School

This is a case study of a Center for Corporate Responsibility in a Business School. It is a working paper that invites reflection and discussion.