cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of heat shock protein after fluid percussive brain injury and relationship to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier

We have previously developed a model of mild, lateral fluid percussive head injury in the rat and demonstrated that although this injury produced minimal hemorrhage, breakdown of the blood–brain barrier was a prominent feature. The relationship between posttraumatic blood–brain barrier disruption and cellular injury is unclear. In the present study we examined the distribution and time course of expression of the stress protein HSP72 after brain injury and compared these findings with the known pattern of breakdown of the blood–brain barrier after a similar injury. Rats were subjected to a lateral fluid percussive brain injury (4.8–5.2 atm, 20 ms) and killed at 1, 3, and 6 h and 1,3, and 7 days after injury. HSP72-like immunoreactivity was evaluated in sections of brain at the light-microscopic level. The earliest expression of HSP72 occurred at 3 h postinjury and was restricted to neurons and glia in the cortex surrounding a necrotic area at the impact site. By 6 h, light immunostaining was also noted in...
At home with diversity.

Abstract This article describes the ways in which knowledge and understanding of culture can help the health care provider better plan for in-home care of patients from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. A presentation of basic value and belief systems is followed by examples of misunderstandings that arise in communication. The role of the family, traditional healing, and nutritional considerations are given with some exam, Ales of home remedies. Basic cultural guidelines for use in assessing the patient and family are also given.
The Nanomaterial Registry: Opportunities and challenges in informatics

The quantity of publicly available literature on nanotechnology is staggering. The interpretation, sharing and downstream analysis of the data in this literature is both complex and rapidly evolving. The complexities surrounding the research and data are largely a result of the characteristics inherent to nanomaterials, as well as the diverse test methods, protocols, and assays used to evaluate these characteristics and interactions. The Nanomaterial Registry (NR) has been developed, through cooperation with the nanomaterial community, to address challenges, such as the needs for standard protocols, methods, data formatting, and controlled vocabularies. The NR is an authoritative, web-based tool whose purpose is to simplify the community's level of effort in assessing nanomaterial data from environmental and biological interaction studies. Because the NR is meant to be an authoritative resource, all data driven content is systematically curated and reviewed by subject matter experts. To support and advance nanomaterial research, a set of minimal information about nanomaterials (MIAN) has been developed and is foundational to the NR data model. The MIAN has been used to create evaluation and similarity criteria for nanomaterials that are curated into the NR. The NR is a publically available resource that is being built through collaborations with many stakeholder groups in the nanotechnology community, including industry, regulatory, government, and academia. Features of the NR website (www.nanomaterialregistry.org) currently include search, browse, side-by-side comparison of nanomaterials, compliance ratings based on the quality and quantity of data, and the ability to search for similar nanomaterials within the NR.
Discretizing aerosol dynamics with B-splines

This paper presents a discretization technique for particle dynamics equation based on the B-spline interpolation of the solution. The method is developed in the general framework recently proposed by the authors. Numerical tests include the coagulation-growth of the exponential distribution and of a cosine hill in logarithmic coordinates.
Mass‐Transfer Study of Carbon Felt, Flow‐Through Electrode

The mass‐transfer characteristics of a carbon felt, flow‐through electrode that has potential application for the positive electrode in zinc‐bromine batteries were studied. The electrochemical technique of limiting current measurements for the cathodic reduction of bromine in excess supporting electrolytes was used. In an electrochemical cell with perpendicular flow of electrolyte and current, limiting currents that were proportional to the electrolyte velocity, , where , which was dependent on the electrode thickness but independent of the concentration of reactant species, were obtained at low Reynolds numbers. Analysis of the data using a model that relates the conversion efficiency of a porous electrode to a dimensionless group, , which contains experimental parameters such as porosity, pore diameter, flow rate, and diffusion coefficient, showed good agreement.
Effect of calcium upon sodium inactivation in the giant axon of Loligo pealei.

Giant axons of Loligo pealei were voltage clamped in artificial seawater solutions containing varying concentrations of calcium from 10 to 100 mM, and the sodium conductance inactivation was measured with a series of two-pulse experiments. The h infinity vs. voltage curve showed a shift of about 10 mV in the depolarizing direction on the voltage axis for a tenfold increase in external calcium without substantial alteration in the slope of the voltage dependence. The kinetics of the inactivation process were found to be exponential for hyperpolarizing prepulses, but showed some indication of a sigmoidal decay for depolarizing prepulses in all calcium concentrations employed. Increasing calcium increased the delay in the sigmoidal response. The inactivation time constant tauh increased as a function of calcium concentration over the potential range studied, -10 to -90 mV. The values of the rate constants alphah and betah are decreased with an increase in calcium and these effects are not consistent with parallel shifts of the rate constant vs. voltage curves along the voltage axis for changes in calcium concentration. Magnesium does not behave as an equimolar substitute for calcium. The effect of a solution containing 10 mM calcium and 50 mM magnesium is intermediate to that of solutions containing 10 and 30 mM calcium alone. Predictions of a recent model for the sodium conductance (Moore, J.W., Cox, E.B., 1976 Biophys. J. 16:171) which employs calcium binding were compared with the experimental data.
Mapping and Characterization of the Binding Site for Specific Oxidized Phospholipids and Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein of Scavenger Receptor CD36

Recent studies have identified a novel family of oxidized phosphatidylcholines (oxPCCD36) that serve as highly specific ligands for scavenger receptor CD36. oxPCCD36 accumulate in vivo and mediate macrophage foam cell formation as well as promote platelet hyper-reactivity in hyperlipidemia via CD36. The structural basis of oxPCCD36 binding to CD36 has not been elucidated. We used liquid-phase binding to glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing various regions of CD36 to initially identify the region spanning CD36 amino acids 157-171 to contain a major binding site for oxPCCD36. A bell-shaped pH profile and salt concentration dependence suggest an electrostatic mechanism of the binding. Two conserved, positively charged amino acids in the region 157-171 (lysines at positions 164 and 166) were identified as critical for oxPCCD36 and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) binding to CD36. Lysine neutralization with chemical modifier or site-directed mutagenesis of lysine 164/166 to alanine or glutamate, but not to arginine, abolished binding. Cells expressing full-length CD36 with mutated lysines (164 and 166) failed to recognize oxPCCD36 and oxLDL. Synthetic peptides mimicking the CD36 binding site, but not mutated or scrambled peptides, effectively prevented: (i) oxLDL binding to CD36, (ii) macrophage foam cell formation induced by oxLDL, and (iii) platelet activation by oxPCCD36. These data indicate that CD36 (160-168) represents the core of the oxPCCD36 binding site with lysines 164/166 being indispensable for the binding.
Mauthner axon diameter and impulse conduction velocity decrease with growth of goldfish.

Abstract Conduction velocities of antidromically evoked impulses along the goldfish Mauthner axon were found to be inversely correlated with body length. To test the hypothesis that such a relation is accompanied by a reduction in axonal diameter with increasing fish size, Mauthner axon diameters were measured. A parabolic relationship with respect to body length was obtained, axonal diameter being maximal in 9.5 cm fish. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a decrease in conduction velocity and axonal size during growth of an organism where functioning of the cell is maintained.
Constrained polymer chain behavior observed in their non-stoichiometric cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

Much has been learned from inclusion compounds (IC’s) formed between guest polymers and host cyclodextrins (CDs) [polymer-CD-ICs] by examining the properties of the fully covered guest polymers, as well as those coalesced neat bulk samples of guest polymers obtained upon removal of the host CDs. However, what can be gained from studying the properties of the restrained unthreaded portions of polymer chains that “dangle” from non-stoichiometric (n-s)-polymer-CD-IC’s? We attempt to assist in answering this question by observing (n-s)-polymer-CD-IC’s formed between amorphous atactic-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and γ-CD, as well as the IC formed between a synthesized poly(e-caprolactone)-poly(propylene glycol)-poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL-PPG-PCL) triblock copolymer and β-CD, which was presumed to have threaded and unthreaded PPG and PCL blocks. Though our (n-s)-PMMA-γ-CD-IC samples were found to exhibit extremely heterogeneous behaviors, glass transition temperature increases of up to 27 °C above that of neat PMMA were observed. X-ray diffraction data indicates modest γ-CD crystallinity at partial coverages of PMMA, with a crystal structure similar to that of the IC with full coverage. On the other hand, XRD, DSC and FTIR data revealed an almost total disruption of PCL block crystallinity upon complexation of PCL-PPG-PCL with β-CD, suggesting either partial threading and coverage of the PCL blocks by β-CD or their partial mixing with the PPG blocks covered with β-CD.
A kinetic treatment of glass formation

Abstract A kinetic treatment of glass formation is presented. This treatment is based on the construction of time-temperature-transformation curves corresponding to some barely detectable degree of crystallinity. From such curves, the minimum cooling rates required to form glasses of various materials are estimated. The most important factors determining the glass-forming abilities of different materials are suggested to be the magnitude of the viscosity at the melting point and the rate of increase in viscosity with falling temperature below the melting point.
Association of αvβ3 integrin expression with the metastatic potential and migratory and chemotactic ability of human osteosarcoma cells

Introduction. Expression of adhesion molecules such as αvβ3 integrin has been associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether αvβ3 expression correlated with the metastatic potential of human osteosarcoma cells. Materials and methods. We developed a series of sublines (LM2–LM7) from human osteosarcoma SAOS parental cells, with progressively increasing potential to form lung metastases in nude mice after intravenous injection. SAOS parental and LM2 cells were poorly metastatic, but LM7 cells resulted in visible metastatic lung nodules by 6–8 weeks. We quantified αvβ3 integrin expression using flow cytometry. Results. αvβ3 expression correlated with the metastatic potential of the cells, with LM7 cells showing the highest expression. LM7 cell adhesion to vitronectin decreased after treatment with echistatin, a RGD-containing peptide antagonist of αvβ3. LM7 cells demonstrated higher chemotactic activity than SAOS cells to a homogenate made from lung tissue. This chemotactic activity was also inhibited by echistatin. These data indicated that αvβ3 was critical for the migration of LM7 cells to the lung homogenate. Chemotaxis to a liver homogenate was the same for LM7 and SAOS cells. Migration of LM7 cells through lung endothelial cells was higher than that through liver endothelial cells, and echistatin again inhibited this migration. Conclusions. αvβ3 integrin expression may play a role in the metastatic potential of osteosarcoma cells by enhancing the ability of the cells to migrate specifically to the lung. αvβ3 integrin may therefore be a potential new target for osteosarcoma.
Identification of a structure specific Bcl-2 phosphorylating homoisoflavone molecule from Vietnamese coriander (Polygonatum odoratum) that induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cell lines

Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein which is over-expressed in many cancers. Modulating Bcl-2 expression is one of the most important strategies in the combat of cancer. We have isolated and identified a structure specific homoisoflavone from Vietnamese coriander (Polygonatum odoratum or Solomon seal) root which induces Bcl-2 phosphorylation, thereby causing mitotic arrest in breast cancer cells. Bioassay-directed fractionations resulted in a biologically active fraction for Bcl-2 phosphorylation. HPLC separation followed by mass spectrometry and NMR studies identified two compounds. We currently combine the chemistry and biological activity of Vietnamese coriander extracts by using bioassay directed fractionation to identify the structure specific Bcl-2 phosphorylating molecules, as well as their molecular mechanism of action. Only one molecule was responsible for Bcl-2 phosphorylation; it was identified as 2,3-dihydro3-[(15-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-6(8-dimethyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) or 8-methyl-dihydrobenzopyranone (8-methyl-DBP, MW 314). The effect on Bcl-2 was structure specific, because 2,3 dihydro3-[(15-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-6-methyl-8-methoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one or 8-methoxy-dihydrobenzopyranone (8-methoxy-DBP, MW 330), in contrast to 8-methyl-DBP, was not capable of Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Pure 8-methyl-DBP induced Bcl-2 phosphorylation in breast tumor cells, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest, up regulates the expression of p21 and p53 proteins and decreases cell viability demonstrated by a clonogenic assay. Therefore, these data demonstrate that Vietnamese coriander root contains 8-methyl-dihydrobenzopyrone (8-methyl-DBP, MW 314), which induces Bcl-2 phosphorylation, apoptosis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast tumor cells.
Impact of assay conditions on activity estimate and kinetics comparison of Aspergillus niger PhyA and Escherichia coli AppA2 phytases.

Aspergillus niger PhyA and Escherichia coli AppA2 are increasingly used in animal feed for phosphorus nutrition and environmental protection. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of assay conditions on activity estimates of these two phytases and to compare their biochemical characteristics at a pH similar to the stomach environment. The activities of the unpurified AppA2 were more variable than those of PhyA with three commonly used phytase activity assays. The variations associated with AppA2 were accounted for by buffer, pH, and the inclusion of Triton X-100 and BSA by approximately one-third each. At the commonly observed stomach pH of 3.5, the purified AppA2 had a lower affinity to phytate (a higher Km), but greater Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km than those of PhyA. In summary, differences between AppA2 and PhyA in responses to activity assay conditions and in inherent kinetic properties should be considered in interpreting their feeding efficacy.
PUNISHMENT: A PRIMARY PROCESS?

Lerman and Vorndran have undertaken a heroic task. They have reviewed the human and nonhuman basic behavior-analytic research and the applied behavior-analytic research on the effects of punishment and then made recommendations for the use of punishment to reduce problem behavior. They demonstrate that the effects of punishment vary as a function of other prevailing conditions, such as past and concurrent reinforcement contingencies. Their review is extensive, thoughtful, and well balanced. Most of the recommendations that they make for treatment seem sound. The article provides an excellent review of the literature and makes many thoughtful recommendations for treatment. However, as any discussion article should, it raised a number of issues. The first issue relates to definition as presented in their first sentence: ‘‘Punishment is generally defined as an environmental change contingent on behavior that produces a decrease in responding over time (Michael, 1993)’’ (p. 431). That definition is elegant. It is short, direct, and parallels the definition of reinforcement. However, there is also Skinner’s (1953) less elegant and somewhat speculative conception of the effects of punishment as secondary effects. Skinner’s conception states that there are three ways in which a stimulus can reduce the rate of a response. First, the stimulus may elicit responses that are incompatible with the punished response. Second, the stimulus may result in conditioned emotional responses that are incompatible with the response (conditioned suppression). Third, operant responses that are incompatible with the punished response
Development and assessment of a Web-based evaluation and management coding curriculum for residents

Objective The purpose was to assess a Web-based learning module for residents on evaluation and management coding, and to determine whether using a point system based on reimbursement is an effective way to measure improvement in performance. Study design Nineteen residents at a university-based residency completed an online module on evaluation and management coding. Pretest and posttest were administered consisting of 10 actual patient notes from which to abstract the level of service. Tests were scored by percent correct as well as assigning points to correct responses equal to 2004 Medicare reimbursement for that item's level of service. Incorrect responses were debited points equal to the absolute difference in reimbursement between the incorrect and correct evaluation and management level. Results Average percent correct was 44.2 on the pretest and 45.3 on the posttest (P = 1.0), with only 47% of subjects improving their performance. The mean point score was 513.44 on the pretest and 555.87 on the posttest (P = .02), with 84% improving. Most subjects (84%) rated the module equal or superior to a didactic format and felt that their knowledge was improved by the exercise. Conclusion An electronic learning module on evaluation and management coding for residents, using scoring based on reimbursement schedules, is effective for instruction and assessment and well accepted by learners.
Technoeconomic and Policy Analysis for Corn Stover Biofuels

Conventional fossil fuels dominate the marketplace, and their prices are a direct competitor for drop-in biofuels. This paper examines the impact of fuel selling price uncertainty on investment risk in a fast pyrolysis derived biofuel production facility. Production cost specifications are gathered from previous research. Monte Carlo analysis is employed with uncertainty in fuel selling price, biomass cost, bio-oil yield, and hydrogen price parameters. Experiments reveal that fuel price has a large impact on investment risk. A reverse auction would shift risk from the private sector to the public sector and is shown to be more effective at encouraging private investment than capital subsidies for the same expected public cost.
Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography: an analysis of mechanisms

To investigate the mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during coronary angiography, we assessed ventricular automaticity, local QT intervals, local conduction characteristics, and the ability to induce arrhythmias with premature ventricular stimulation in 30 dogs after intracoronary injections of 4 to 6 cc of Renografin 76 (RG 76). Ventricular automaticity was measured in six dogs as the idioventricular escape rate following intense vagal stimulation and was unchanged (51 +/- 6 vs 52 +/- 6 bpm, p greater than 0.05) with 6 cc of RG 76. In addition, 8 of 10 injections of 6 cc of RG 76 produced VF at a heart rate of 200 bpm compared to only 2 of 10 injections at a heart rate of 80 bpm (p less than 0.05). Composite and bipolar plunge electrodes were placed in the region perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and circumflex coronary artery to assess QT intervals and conduction characteristics. RG 76, 4cc, produced a 116 +/- 18 msec increase in the QT intervals recorded from the region perfused by the LAD, resulting in a marked dispersion in repolarization. Both local bipolar and composite electrograms showed minimal conduction delay, which rarely extended beyond the QRS of a lead II ECG during atrial paced rhythm. As premature beats (spontaneous or induced) conducted through the region of QT prolongation, marked conduction delay was recorded from bipolar electrograms, while composite electrograms recorded continuous fractionated electrical activity spanning the diastolic interval at the onset of VF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spreadsheet macro programming: a critique with emphasis on Lotus 1-2-3

Abstract While many users are developing applications utilizing spreadsheet software, few computer professionals are involved. This paper analyzes the programming facilities in the popular Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software to interest software engineers in improvement of spreadsheet programming languages and users' applications.
Calendars and keys: The classification of “home” and “work”

This article presents a discussion of the relationship between classification systems and individuals' everyday activities. The concept of “boundary work” is defined as the practices that concretize and give meaning to mental frameworks by placing, maintaining, and challenging cultural categories. “Home” and “work” provide a case study for examining boundary work across a range of realm relationships, from those that are highly “integrating” to those that are highly “segmenting.” Boundary practices involving calendars and keys, clothes and appearances, eating and drinking, money, people and their representations (like photographs and gifts), talk styles and conversations, reading materials and habits, and work breaks (including lunches and vacations) are discussed. Mary Douglas's work on categorical purity helps illustrate the relationship between cognitive order and visible behavior seen in the boundary work of home and work.
SULFUR AMINO ACID NUTRITION OF THE GROWING PUPPY: DETERMINATION OF DIETARY REQUIREMENTS FOR METHIONINE AND CYSTINE

Abstract English Pointer puppies were fed a crystalline amino acid diet (4002 kcal ME/kg) in a series of six experiments to determine the total sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirement and optimal cystinemethionine ratio for maximal rate and efficiency of weight gain. In experiments 1 and 2, equal-weight portions of cystine and methionine were fed at levels ranging from 0.25 to 0.65% of the diet. Rate of gain and feed conversion efficiency were maximized when SAA comprised 0.45% of the diet (112.4 mg SAA/100 kcal ME). The portion of the SAA requirement contributable by cystine was determined in experiments 3 and 4 to be 50% on a weight basis (55% on a molar basis). When a basal diet containing 0.1125% methionine (50% of the methionine requirement) and 0.1125% cystine was supplemented with an additional 0.225% cystine (cystine comprising 75% of SAA on a weight basis), reduced growth and skin lesions on the front paw and pad developed. A pair-feeding study established that the adverse effects of excess cystine were characteristic of an amino acid imbalance rather than an antagonism. Thus, excess cystine superimposed on a methionine deficiency reduced voluntary food (and methionine) intake which in large measure explained the growth depression and paw dermatitis.
Progression of microsatellite instability from premalignant lesions to tumors of the head and neck.

The role of microsatellite alterations other than loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the progression of benign epithelium to head-and-neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has not been previously described. As the severity of the dysplasia increases at the microscopic level, there is an increase in the prevalence of LOH as defined by microsatellite analysis. Other alterations have been detected in the form of microsatellite instability (MSI), represented by insertions or deletions of base pairs. It is unknown, however, whether the prevalence of these alterations likewise increases during these early stages of tumor progression. Using 6 selected markers that demonstrate a high rate of MSI and allelic imbalance in invasive head-and-neck cancer, we examined 111 lesions ranging from hyperplasia without atypia to invasive mucosal HNSCC. Two of 34 (5.9%) of the hyperplasias without atypia, 2/12 (16.7%) of the mild dysplasias, 2/21 (9.5%) of the moderate dysplasias, 7/26 (26.9%) of the high-grade dysplasias/carcinomas in situ and 6/18 (33%) of the HNSCCs demonstrated microsatellite base pair length alterations. Our findings indicate that MSI becomes increasingly more common as early dysplastic lesions progress to fully malignant HNSCC and confirm this as a supplemental detection method in microsatellite analysis.
S-Nitrosothiol-Modified Dendrimers as Nitric Oxide Delivery Vehicles

The synthesis and characterization of two generation-4 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers with S-nitrosothiol exteriors are reported. The hyperbranched macromolecules were modified with either N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (NAP) or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NACys) and analyzed via 1H and 13C NMR, UV absorption spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography. Treatment of the dendritic thiols with nitrite solutions yielded the corresponding S-nitrosothiol nitric oxide (NO) donors (G4-SNAP, G4-NACysNO). Chemiluminescent NO detection demonstrated that the dendrimers were capable of storing ∼2 µmol NO·mg−1 when exposed to triggers of S-nitrosothiol decomposition (e.g., light and copper). The kinetics of NO release were found to be highly dependent on the structure of the nitrosothiol (i.e., tertiary vs primary) and exhibited similar NO release characteristics to classical small molecule nitrosothiols reported in the literature. As a demonstration of utility, the ability of G4-SNAP to inhib...
Nuclear deformations in 186Hg from lifetime measurements

Using the recoil-distance Doppler-shift method, the haif-lives of the 2/ sup +/, 4/sup +/, 6/sup +/ and 8/sup +/ states in /sup 186/Hg following the reaction /sup 170/Yb (/sup 20/Ne,4n)/sup 186/Hg were measured. A strong enhancement of the 6/sup +/ YY 4/sup +/ transition probability is found, B(E2 6/ sup +/ yields 4/sup +/) = 1.9 plus or minus 0.8 e/sup 2/b/sup 2/ over the 2/ sup +/ yields 0/sup +/ value, B(E2, 2/sup +/ yields 0/sup +/) = 0.28 plus or minus 0. 05 e/sup 2/b/sup 2/. These results indicate that /sup 186/Hg makes an angular-momentum-induced transition from nearly spherical to strongly deformed shapes. (auth)
Local two-phase flow measurements using sensor techniques

Abstract Radial profiles of various local parameters in bubbly two-phase flow were obtained. Measurements of the local void fraction, the local interfacial area concentration, the bubble interfacial velocity and Sauter mean diameter were made using the double sensor probe method. At the same locations, local liquid velocity and turbulence intensity measurements were made using a hotfilm anemometer. Data was taken at three different axial locations (L/D=2, L/D=32 and L/D=62) along a 3.24 m test section with an inner diameter of 0.0508 m. In comparison to previous data sets, the following data is more complete in the sense that both interfacial area measurements are combined with one of the local driving forces for interfacial transfer, namely the liquid turbulent diffusion. There have been few, if any, studies done combining local liquid turbulence and the local interfacial area concentration. The data taken will eventually be applied to the closure relations required by the one-dimensional, time-averaged interfacial area transport equation.
Segmental Nature of Age-Associated, Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Abnormalities Necessitates Three-Dimensional Analyses

Age-associated electron transport system (ETS) abnormalities in skeletal muscle are distributed in a mosaic and segmental fashion; thus, histological techniques examining a single cross-section of ...
LTE Cellular Network Planning for Urban Area

Due to the advancement of telecommunication platform, users are now demanding new applications such as Online Gaming, mobile TV, Web 2.0, and to meet this requirement operators needed to design more flexible network. To fulfill the requirements, 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP works on the Long Term Evolution LTE and propose a system which has larger bandwidths up to 20 MHz, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology having peak data rates of 100 Mbps in downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink Magdalena, 2007; Motorola, 2007; Skold, 2009. Offering a greater coverage by providing higher data rates over wider areas and flexibility of use at existing and new frequency bands plan is a major challenge. In this paper, we are analyzing practical coverage scenario in an urban area i.e. Kolkata in terms of received signal levels, total noise, interference, throughput, and quality factor for downlink signal level.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE WEEFIM IN CHILDREN WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. † 2251

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE WEEFIM IN CHILDREN WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. † 2251
Social closeness and gift giving by twin parents toward nieces and nephews: An update

Abstract Twin-family designs yield an array of genetically related individuals, conducive to testing evolutionary-based hypotheses regarding social closeness. Monozygotic twins’ genetic identity makes them the “genetic parents” of their nieces/nephews. However, dizygotic twins retain customary aunt/uncle relationships with their co-twin’s children. A 2007 study found that MZ twin aunts/uncles expressed greater social closeness toward nieces/nephews than DZ twin aunts/uncles, consistent with predictions from inclusive fitness theory. Greater social closeness was expressed toward children of female co-twins than male co-twins. These issues and others were revisited in a larger sample of 419 twins. The new results parallel those from the initial study. In addition, twins with female co-twins gave more gifts to nieces/nephews than did twins with male co-twins; however, the effect of zygosity was non-significant. The value of assessing evolutionary psychological questions via behavioral-genetic methods is emphasized.
Admixture Mapping of White Cell Count: Genetic Locus Responsible for Lower White Blood Cell Count in the Health ABC and Jackson Heart Studies

White blood cell count (WBC) is an important clinical marker that varies among different ethnic groups. African Americans are known to have a lower WBC than European Americans. We surveyed the entire genome for loci underlying this difference in WBC by using admixture mapping. We analyzed data from African American participants in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study and the Jackson Heart Study. Participants of both studies were genotyped across ≥ 1322 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were pre-selected to be informative for African versus European ancestry and span the entire genome. We used these markers to estimate genetic ancestry in each chromosomal region and then tested the association between WBC and genetic ancestry at each locus. We found a locus on chromosome 1q strongly associated with WBC (p −12 ). The strongest association was with a marker known to affect the expression of the Duffy blood group antigen. Participants who had both copies of the common West African allele had a mean WBC of 4.9 (SD 1.3); participants who had both common European alleles had a mean WBC of 7.1 (SD 1.3). This variant explained ∼20% of population variation in WBC. We used admixture mapping, a novel method for conducting genetic-association studies, to find a region that was significantly associated with WBC on chromosome 1q. Additional studies are needed to determine the biological mechanism for this effect and its clinical implications.
Perception-based configuration design of computer systems

L'objectif de cet article est de considerer les implications d'utilisation de cette moyenne percue dans la conception de la configuration des systemes informatiques
Graphical image classification combining an evolutionary algorithm and binary particle swarm optimization

Biomedical journal articles contain a variety of image types that can be broadly classified into two categories: regular images, and graphical images. Graphical images can be further classified into four classes: diagrams, statistical figures, flow charts, and tables. Automatic figure type identification is an important step toward improved multimodal (text + image) information retrieval and clinical decision support applications. This paper describes a feature-based learning approach to automatically identify these four graphical figure types. We apply Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) and a hybrid of EA and BPSO (EABPSO) methods to select an optimal subset of extracted image features that are then classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Evaluation performed on 1038 figure images extracted from ten BioMedCentral ® journals with the features selected by EABPSO yielded classification accuracy as high as 87.5%.
Modulation of Immune Signaling, Bacterial Clearance, and Corneal Integrity by Toll-like Receptors during Streptococcus pneumoniae Keratitis

AbstractPurpose: Bacterial keratitis, without effective antimicrobial treatment, leads to poor patient prognosis. Even after bacterial clearance, the host inflammatory response can contribute to corneal damage. Though Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a common cause of bacterial keratitis, the role of host innate immunity during pneumococcal keratitis is not well characterized. This study investigated the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during pneumococcal keratitis.Materials and Methods: C57BL/6, as well as TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− mice, were infected with S. pneumoniae, and infected corneas were examined for 21 days. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers for genes involved in the inflammatory response and TLR signaling. Bacterial survival and leukocyte invasion were examined over a 72-h period.Results: The corneal expression of TLR2, TLR4, and other inflammatory genes was increased at 72 h post-infection (p.i.) compared to uninfected C5...
Multiple mechanisms for polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have profound effects on hepatic gene transcription leading to significant changes in lipid metabolism. Highly unsaturated n-3 PUFA suppress the transcription of genes encoding specific lipogenic enzymes and induce the expression of genes encoding specific enzymes involved in peroxisomal and microsomal fatty acid oxidation. Our studies have shown that fatty acid effects on hepatic gene expression may involve at least three distinct pathways. One pathway involves peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARalpha), a fatty acid activated nuclear receptor. PPARalpha is required for the PUFA induction of mRNAs encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. However, PPARalpha is not required for PUFA suppression of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis. A second pathway involves prostanoids. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, cyclooxygenase derived 20:4 n-6 metabolites, like PGE2, suppress mRNAs encoding proteins involved in lipogenesis. However, in hepatic parenchymal cells, 20:4 n-6 suppression of lipogenic gene expression does not require a cyclooxygenase. Nevertheless, PGE2 and PGF2alpha suppress hepatic lipogenic gene expression. 20:4 n-6 cyclooxygenase products can arise from non-parenchymal cells and through a paracrine control process act on a G-protein linked receptor signaling cascade to suppress lipogenic gene expression. The fact that n-3 and n-6 PUFA suppression of lipogenic gene expression does not require PPARalpha or cyclooxygenase activity indicates the presence of a third pathway for the control of hepatic gene transcription. These studies indicate that the pleiotropic effects of PUFA on hepatic lipid metabolism cannot be attributed to a single regulatory mechanism.
Effects of mobile internet use on college student pedestrian injury risk

Background College-age individuals have the highest incidence of pedestrian injuries of any age cohort. One factor that might contribute to elevated pedestrian injuries among this age group is injuries incurred while crossing streets distracted by mobile devices.
Immunomagnetic separation of subpopulations of apolipoprotein A-I.

Objective This study was undertaken to measure the subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients with diabetes or coronary artery disease and in normal control subjects. Design A new immunomagnetic separation technique was used to characterize the lipid profile in four groups: (1) control subjects, (2) patients with diabetes but no coronary artery disease (CAD), (3) those with CAD only, and (4) those with both diabetes and CAD. Material and Methods To study the individual roles of the two discrete HDL subpopulations of particles—LpAI/AII (apolipoprotein [apo] A-I associated with A-II) and LpAI (apo A-I without A-II)—in lipoprotein metabolism, we developed an immunomagnetic separation technique using magnetic beads coated with antibodies to human apo A-II. The beads bind particles that contain both apo A-II and apo A-I and are precipitated by a magnetic field. LpAI levels were measured in the supernatant by performing an apo A-I radioimmunoassay. LpAI/AII levels were determined by subtracting the LpAI levels from total plasma apo A-I. Results In comparison with control subjects, patients with diabetes, CAD, or both had significantly decreased levels of LpAI/AII. LpAI levels were normal in patients with diabetes without CAD but significantly lower than control values in those with diabetes and CAD. Conclusion Our findings suggest that both sub-populations of HDL particles have implications in the development of atherosclerosis in patients with and without diabetes.
Proposal for an international interface standard for food databases.

A database interface standard incorporating the food description language LANGUAL is under development to allow international exchange of food composition, food consumption, and other food‐related data. The first step in this project is the refinement and implementation of a schema for the interface standard. This schema includes descriptive terms for LANGUAL factors and other aspects of foods. The second step is the development of a repertoire of personal computer programs for retrieval of food data, using the standard interface. The third step calls for the dissemination of the results of this project to an international audience through demonstration projects for international symposia and pilot tests for scientific applications.
Young Adult Volunteers: Recruitment Appeals and Other Marketing Considerations

The long‐term survival of nonprofit charitable organizations depends on the recruitment and retention of today's young adults. A segmentation strategy proposed for retirees which was consistent with previous research on volunteer motivation was found to also be relevant for the young adult market, especially if implemented with consideration of this segment's unique interests and characteristics. In addition, young adults were found to be most inclined to volunteer for organizations that were either local and personal or nationally renowned. Organizations benefiting children were also highly regarded. The higher a college student's grade point average (GPA), the more likely they were to indicate an intention of volunteering in the future. Those most likely to volunteer in the future also exhibited higher teamwork and mentoring trait scores. The young adult market was found to be multidimensional and best approached with a variety of appeals.
Forage Yield Response to Water Use for Dryland Corn, Millet, and Triticale in the Central Great Plains

Forages, with greater water use efficiency (WUE) than grain and seed crops, could be used to diversify reduced and no-till dryland cropping systems from the traditional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)– fallow system in the semiarid central Great Plains. However, farmers needasimpletooltoevaluateforageproductivity underwidelyvarying precipitation conditions. The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify the relationship betweencrop water use and dry matter (DM) yield for corn (Zea mays L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.), and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack); and (ii) determine the range and distribution of expected DM yields for these three crops in the central Great Plains based on historical precipitation records. The three crops were grown in a dryland no-till corn–millet–triticale sequence from 1998 through 2004 at Akron, CO. Dry matter production was linearly correlated with water use for all three crops, with regressionslopes ranging from24.2(corn) to 33.0kgha 21 mm 21 (millet). Water use efficiency varied widely from year to year (0–32.2 kg ha 21 mm 21 ) for the three crops, as influenced by growing season precipitation and time of year in which the crops were grown. Millet and triticale produced similar amounts of DM for a given water use, while corn produced less. Precipitation use efficiency for the millet–triticale– corn forage system was 8.7 kg ha 21 mm 21 , suggesting this as an efficient forage system for the region. P ROFITABLE agricultural operations in the semiarid central Great Plains must make efficient use of limited and highly variable precipitation. Additionally, cropping systems should be diversified, employing crop rotation systems that minimize disease, weed, and insect problems associatedwith monoculture. Further, thosesystems need toensurethatsufficientcropresiduesremainafterharvest to protect the soil surface from wind erosion and to maximize precipitation storage efficiency during the noncrop periods. A recent review of cropping systems across the Great Plains region of North America (Nielsen et al., 2005a) indicated that systems using forages generally had greater WUE and precipitation use efficiencies (based on both massproduced per unitof precipitationreceivedand gross value of product per unit of precipitation received) than systems that did not include forages. Three crops that may have potential to be grown for forage in dryland cropping systems in the central Great Plains region are corn, foxtail millet, and winter triticale. Corn is often grown for silage under rainfed conditions in the Corn Belt and under irrigation in the semiarid Great Plains, but a defined DM response to water
Fibroblastic reticular cells and their role in viral hemorrhagic fevers.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by Ebola, Marburg and Lassa viruses often manifest as multiple organ dysfunction and hemorrhagic shock with high mortality. These viruses target numerous cell...
Simultaneous fluometuron and norflurazon analysis in soil extracts and leachates

Abstract Rapid, methanol‐extraction techniques for fluometuron (N, N‐dimethyl‐N'‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] urea) and norflurazon (4‐chloro‐5‐(methylamino)‐2‐(3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐3(2(H)‐pyridazinone) from fortified soils have been reported to attain >90% recoveries. Analytical methods involving chromatographic separation coupled with fluorescence detection have also been described. The objectives of this study were to describe an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of fluometuron and norflurazon using ultraviolet spectro‐scopy in soil leachates and extracts and to examine the influence of residence time on herbicide recovery from fortified soil. The analytical method requires a gradient HPLC system, a reverse‐phase C‐18 column, and ultraviolet spectroscopy at a wavelength of 240 nm. The method is characterized by high reproducibility (spike recovery and diluted sample results are generally within 10% of the expected herbicide concentrations), low limits of detection (less than 1 (μg/...
Analyses of Ne-diffraction data from transition-metal surfaces based on charge-density calculations

Abstract We evaluate the proportionality constant β for neon in the Esbjerg-Norskov potential V R ( r ) = βϱ ( r ) from experimental data on Ni(110), Ni(113), Cu(110) and Pd(110). Our calculations using overlapping atomic charge densities require that β be material and surface-dependent. Although Ne diffraction is more sensitive to details of corrugation shapes than He, we found it to be insensitive to normal relaxations of the topmost layers.
On the transport mechanisms in simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels

Abstract Experimental results are presented on fully developed turbulent flow through simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels. The emphasis of this study is on the universality of the cross-gap turbulence convection transport with respect to symmetric versus asymmetric subchannels. The flow passage was formed by a rod asymmetrically mounted in a trapezoidal duct. The Reynolds number based on the equivalent hydraulic diameter and bulk average axial velocity is 26 300. The measurements include mean axial velocities, r.m.s. values of the fluctuating velocity components and the energy density spectra. The results demonstrate the existence of an unusual region near the asymmetric rod-to-wall gap characterized by high levels of axial turbulence intensity with a remarkably different type of distribution compared with a normal boundary layer. It is also shown that the strength of the cross-gap transport is subchannel geometry dependent. The distributions of wall shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy indicate that mean convection by secondary flow is also an important transport mechanism that should be taken into account in the analysis of momentum/heat transfer in rod bundle subchannels.
Child Tax Credit in Divorced Families

ABSTRACT: For more than 50 years, Congress has responded to the needs of families with various tax breaks ranging from exemptions, the adoption of Head of Household status, Child and Dependent Care Credit, increased Earned Income Credit (EIC) for those with dependent children, and the Child Tax Credit. With so many different tax breaks, tax planning for divorced parents has been dynamic and at times confusing. Part of the confusion originates from the intent of the special tax rules for divorced couples, divorce decrees, and federal income tax laws. This confusion was exacerbated with the passage of the Child Tax Credit, which is intended to aid parents in the cost of raising a child. Yet, Congress tied the tax credit to the dependency exemption and not to the person who actually cares for the child of divorced or separated parents. Although Congress has tinkered with this policy over the past few years, they still have failed to fix the problem. In fact, we contend that this latest round of legislation h...