cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aspects of hydrodynamic shear regulating shear-induced platelet activation and self-association of von Willebrand factor in suspension

The binding of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) to platelet receptor GpIb under high hydrodynamic shear leads to platelet activation and subsequent shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA). We quantitatively examined the aspects of fluid flow that regulate platelet activation by subjecting human blood and isolated platelets to well-defined shear conditions in a cone-plate viscometer. We made the following observations. First, Annexin V binding to phosphatidyl serine expressed on activated cells was detectable within 10 seconds of shear application. Second, fluid shear stress rather than shear rate controls platelet activation, and a threshold shear stress of approximately 80 dyn/cm(2) is necessary to induce significant activation. Under these conditions, individual domains of soluble VWF and platelet GpIb are subjected to similar magnitudes of fluid forces on the order of 0.1 pN, whereas GpIb with bound VWF is subjected to 1 pN. Third, cell-cell collisions and time-varying stresses are not essential for platelet activation. Fourth, the mechanism of platelet activation can be resolved in 2 steps based on the contribution of VWF and fluid forces. Fluid shear and VWF are required during the first step, when GpIb-VWF binding likely occurs. Subsequently, high shear forces alone in the absence of VWF in suspension can induce platelet activation. In other experiments, purified VWF was subjected to shear in the viscometer, and VWF morphology was assessed using light scattering. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of hydrodynamic forces to induce VWF aggregation in suspension. This VWF self-association may be an additional feature involved in controlling cell adhesion rates in circulation.
The Schottky barrier cold cathode

Abstract Cathodic vacuum emission from forward biased, rectifying contacts between n -type GaP, ZnSe and ZnS and thin Ag films covered with a monolayer of Cs agrees with a simple theory which assumes isotropic scattering of hot electrons on transmission through the interface between the semiconductor and the Ag. The maximum measured emission efficiency is 6 × 10 −3 per cent but at least 2 per cent is expected with further development.
Renal rickets or renal dwarfism

Abstract 1. 1. Renal rickets is a disease of early adult life and is secondary to either unexplainable congenital defects or obstructive lower urinary tract pathology. 2. 2. An early and correct diagnosis of the obstructive pathology with correction will prevent in many patients a fatal termination. 3. 3. Patients who develop bone changes must show a hyperplasia of the parathyroids. 4. 4. It is very necessary that a more accurate knowledge of renal pathology in its relation to hyperparathyroidism be sought, and vice versa. 5. 5. Those patients who develop hypertension and edema early will never reach the rachitic stage and should be classed as interstitial nephritics. 6. 6. In those cases of continuing low blood pressure the renal arteries show no changes. 7. 7. There still remains no satisfactory explanation as to the lack of gonadal development.
Appendicitis is like a box of chocolates

Abstract Appendicitis is the most commonly encountered abdominal emergency in pediatric surgery. However, the presentation of acute appendicitis is as diverse as the patient population. We present here a case of appendicitis presenting as an intra-abdominal mass consistent with lymphoma. Our patient is a 3 year old male with an atypical presentation of acute appendicitis. Additionally, he was found to have malrotation at the time of surgery. A delayed presentation, coupled with anomalous laboratory findings and aberrant anatomy made for a difficult diagnosis and overall interesting case of appendicitis.
Stand dynamics of an insular population of an invasive tree, Acer platanoides

Abstract Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple) is an invasive exotic tree species in the eastern and central United States that poses a serious threat to native forests. In order to improve our understanding of how this species invades native forests, we conducted a retrospective analysis of the stand dynamics of an established population of A. platanoides in a natural area on a temperate forested island in Lake Huron, Michigan, USA. Tree ring analysis was used to reconstruct the canopy recruitment of contemporary A. platanoides overstory trees, and a simple gap capture method was used to investigate gap capture rates for A. platanoides and native species. Given the extreme shade-tolerance of A. platanoides, surprisingly few of the contemporary A. platanoides overstory trees in the forest showed evidence of past suppression suggesting that most established under relatively open canopy conditions and/or in canopy gaps. Height growth comparisons with native species suggest that A. platanoides should be able to capture canopy gaps at least a decade before most common tree species on the island. A. platanoides displayed rapid juvenile growth rates that declined significantly (P
The dependence of antarctic accumulation rates on surface temperature and elevation

A study of antarctic accumulaton, surface temperature and elevation data reveals a strong correlation between the accumulation rate and the surface temperature which, in turn, is almost uniquely determined by the elevation of the ice sheet surface. The latitudinal temperature gradient seems to play a relatively minor role. The dependence of the accumulation rate on surface temperature and elevation is, to a very good approximation, linear. Based on our own and Robin's results, we propose two parameterizations of the accumulation rate for use in simple one-dimensional paleoclimatic models. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1985.tb00282.x
Tamoxifen prevents induction of hepatic neoplasia by zeranol, an estrogenic food contaminant.

Abstract Zeranol (alpha-zearalanol) is a beta-resorcylic acid lactone (RAL) that has estrogen activity. It is synthesized by molds and is difficult to avoid in human food products. We tested the ability of this mycoestrogen to damage the liver of the Armenian hamster, a rodent that is especially sensitive to hepatotoxic effects of exogenous estrogens. Zeranol induced acute hepatotoxicity and, subsequently, hepatic carcinogenesis; both effects were blocked by tamoxifen, suggesting estrogen receptor mediation. Because zeranol is acting alone as a primary initiator of hepatic neoplasms, this model provides an unusual opportunity to study the pathogenesis of estrogen-initiated tumorigenesis.
Bulls, bubbles, and biotech.

In this commentary, Wilson reviews the recent boom in financing for gene and cell therapy companies and examines its long-term sustainability.
Effects of an endothermic phase transition at 670 km depth in a spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle

Numerical modelling of mantle convection in a spherical shell with an endothermic phase change at 670 km depth reveals an inherently three-dimensional flow pattern, containing cylindrical plumes and linear sheets which behave differently in their ability to penetrate the phase change. The dynamics are dominated by accumulation of downwelling cold material above 670 km depth, resulting in frequent avalanches of upper-mantle material into the lower mantle. This process generates long-wavelength lateral heterogeneity, helping to resolve the contradiction between seismic tomographic observations and expectations from mantle convection simulations.
A Picone identity for first order differential systems

Abstract The Picone identity for solutions of Sturm-Liouville equations is generalized to solutions of certain first order nonlinear differential inequalities, to first order vector and matrix systems, and to certain first order systems of partial differential equations. These identities lead to generalizations of the Sturm-Picone Theorem, a disconjugacy criterion for a nonselfadjoint fourth order differential equation, and to a generalized maximum principle for elliptic equations.
Meeting Workplace Needs in an Introductory Business Writing Course: A Tale of a Classroom Corporation and a "Boss" Instructor

This paper shows instructors how playing the role of a boss can lead students to write, speak, and behave more profes sionally. The course accomplishes this transformation by changing the academic mindsets, conventions, and actions of both instructor and students. Instead of academic policies to govern a class, workplace conventions operate. In a reciprocal fashion, instructors assume that students' assignments represent the instructor's competence to upper management, and thus instructors "invest"themselves in student work beyond traditional academic obligations. The paper also critiques the "boss" approach as well as provides assignment topics, evaluation guidelines, and specific descriptions of some assignments.
Techniques with Potential for Handling Environmental Samples in Capillary Electrophoresis

An assessment of the methods for handling environmental samples prior to capillary electrophoresis (CE) is presented for both aqueous and solid matrices. Sample handling in environmental analyses is the subject of ongoing research at the Environmental Protection Agency's National Exposure Research Laboratory (Las Vegas). For aqueous matrices, both on-column and off-column techniques for preconcentration and cleanup are described. On-column techniques include field amplification and isotachophoresis. Concentration factors up to 1,000 have been reported. Cleanup techniques are also discussed. For samples from solid matrices, especially soil, both extraction/cleanup and final separation/determination are illustrated. Emphasis is placed on comparing extraction procedures with respect to speed, analyte recovery, solvent usage, and ease of interfacing with CE. Cleanup procedures and detection approaches are discussed. Prospects for future developments and suggestions for future research are presented.
A Kirkwood−Buff Derived Force Field for Mixtures of Urea and Water

A new nonpolarizable force field for mixtures of urea and water is described. The model was parametrized to reproduce the experimental Kirkwood−Buff integrals between urea−urea, urea−water, and water−water pairs, as defined by the Kirkwood−Buff theory of solution mixtures. It was observed that the integrals were sensitive to the charge distribution used, and that none of the literature charge distributions investigated produced the correct degree of urea association. However, a hybrid charge distribution was found which accurately reproduced the integrals over a range of concentrations. Correspondingly, the solution thermodynamics, including the activity of urea, were well described. In addition, other physical properties (density, diffusion constants, compressibility) were also well reproduced. The model displayed little or no urea self-aggregation, in agreement with the experimental data. The ideal nature of urea mixtures (molar activity scale) appeared to result from a balance between water−water and u...
Fully quantum coherent control

Abstract The coherent control problem is formulated in a second-quantized basis of system–field states (CC2Q). In principle, many system–field states are needed to compute the control target functional T. Here we show that a new and very simple formula for the fully quantized control functional can be obtained. As a result, T can be evaluated exactly without explicit knowledge of the system–field states. Two examples demonstrate the spirit of the approach, which can be scaled to larger problems by applying combined Lanczos and Hellman–Feynman methodologies. Although CC2Q, as a full quantum theory, does not scale as favorably as the semiclassical approach, its symmetrical treatment of system and field promises new insights because it not only views the field as a shaper of molecular coherence, but also the molecule as a shaper of field coherence.
Discovery of INT131: a selective PPARγ modulator that enhances insulin sensitivity.

Abstract PPARγ is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. This Letter describes the discovery of a novel chemical class of diarylsulfonamide partial agonists that act as selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγMs) and display a unique pharmacological profile compared to the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ full agonists. Herein we report the initial discovery of partial agonist 4 and the structure–activity relationship studies that led to the selection of clinical compound INT131 (3), a potent PPARγ partial agonist that displays robust glucose-lowering activity in rodent models of diabetes while exhibiting a reduced side-effects profile compared to marketed TZDs.
Glycan Evolution in Response to Collaboration, Conflict, and Constraint

Glycans, oligo- and polysaccharides secreted or attached to proteins and lipids, cover the surfaces of all cells and have a regulatory capacity and structural diversity beyond any other class of biological molecule. Glycans may have evolved these properties because they mediate cellular interactions and often face pressure to evolve new functions rapidly. We approach this idea two ways. First, we discuss evolutionary innovation. Glycan synthesis, regulation, and mode of chemical interaction influence the spectrum of new forms presented to evolution. Second, we describe the evolutionary conflicts that arise when alleles and individuals interact. Glycan regulation and diversity are integral to these biological negotiations. Glycans are tasked with such an amazing diversity of functions that no study of cellular interaction can begin without considering them. We propose that glycans predominate the cell surface because their physical and chemical properties allow the rapid innovation required of molecules on the frontlines of evolutionary conflict.
Calcium and magnesium ions and the regulation of multiplication in normal and transformed cells.

THE relative importance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the regulation of cellular multiplication and alteration of that regulation by viral transformation has recently become a subject of considerable interest1–5. Extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ both have effects on metabolic parameters and macromolecular synthesis in cultured cells. Mg2+, because of its substrate level intracellular concentration and its role in macromolecular synthesis and intracellular transphosphorylation reactions, has been suggested as a possible coordinate regulator of the positive pleiotropic response, a coordinated array of reactions associated with initiation of DNA synthesis and multiplication in cultured cells6–9. Ca2+ on the other hand, has been suggested as a short term regulator of cell growth and function, largely on the basis of its tightly regulated low cytoplasmic concentration10,11. In this report, we describe a kinetic analysis of the effects of extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on survival and multiplication of normal and transformed human cells in culture. We have found that cellular multiplication rate (number of population doublings per unit time) and also cellular ‘survival rate’ (percentage survival divided by time) can be substituted in place of reaction rate in classical enzyme kinetic formulae (Fig. 1). Both responses exhibit saturation kinetics, with a transition from first order response to zero order, as the concentration of calcium, magnesium, or any other essential component of the culture medium is increased. Rate plotted against concentration yields the expected right rectangular hyperbola described by the Henri–Michaelis–Menten formulation, and the expected linear relation when plotted by the Lineweaver–Burke or van Hofstee methods. Linear regression of the Lineweaver–Burke double reciprocal plot yields from its intercepts a maximal rate for multiplication or survival (equivalent to Vmax in classical enzyme kinetics) and a Michaelis–Menten constant (Km), equal to the substrate (or ligand) concentration yielding a half maximal rate of multiplication or survival.
Characterization of active sites, determination of mechanisms of H2S, COS and CS2 sorption and regeneration of ZnO low-temperature sorbents: past, current and perspectives

The intellectually and technically challenging pursuit of the emerging global environmentally “green” and energy-efficient infrastructure of the 21st century requires the development of a worldwide network of low- to medium-power fuel cell (FC) based portable electric power-generating devices and high-power biomass/clean coal “electric+chemical plants” with zero carbon footprint utilizing integrated coal gasification combined cycle with geologic carbon sequestration (IGCC-GCS) under energy-efficient low-temperature conditions. These emerging technologies require the deep and ultradeep desulfurization of gaseous feeds, since sulfur compounds, especially hydrogen sulfide H2S are highly corrosive and poisonous to both technological processes and the environment. Therefore, it is of crucial importance for both academic and industrial research communities to have a solid understanding of the atomic-level structures of active sites and molecular-level mechanisms of surface chemical reactions of the novel deep and ultradeep desulfurization materials, especially desulfurization sorbents. This review critically analyzes the recent literature (last ∼20 years) on the experimental determination of molecular and atomic-level nature of adsorption sites, effects of desulfurization promoters, mechanisms of chemical reactions of H2S, COS and CS2 and physical processes during and upon regeneration of “spent” low-temperature H2S sorbents based on ZnO that were developed for desulfurization of fuel reformates, syngas and similar streams. Recent trends in research on the ultradeep H2S sorbents are discussed with an impetus on real-time in situ and Operando techniques of instrumental chemical analysis, and the challenges of direct determination of the structure of active sites and of the experimental mechanistic studies in general are described.
Modeling of the homoeo domain suggests similar structure to repressors.

Summary The sequences of the homoeo domain containing the three α — helices were modeled based on secondary structure prediction, sequence homologies and coordinates of known helix-turn-helix motif containing DNA-binding proteins. The model reveals very similar three dimensional structure to repressors and suggest binding to DNA with its helix 3.
Crystallography of three-flavor quark matter

We analyze and compare candidate crystal structures for the crystalline color superconducting phase that may arise in cold, dense but not asymptotically dense, three-flavor quark matter. We determine the gap parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and free energy $\ensuremath{\Omega}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$ for many possible crystal structures within a Ginzburg-Landau approximation, evaluating $\ensuremath{\Omega}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$ to order ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{6}$. In contrast to the two-flavor case, we find a positive ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{6}$ term and hence an $\ensuremath{\Omega}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$ that is bounded from below for all the structures that we analyze. This means that we are able to evaluate $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ as a function of the splitting between Fermi surfaces for all the structures we consider. We find two structures with particularly robust values of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and the condensation energy, within a factor of 2 of those for the CFL phase which is known to characterize QCD at asymptotically large densities. The robustness of these phases results in their being favored over wide ranges of density. However, it also implies that the Ginzburg-Landau approximation is not quantitatively reliable. We develop qualitative insights into what makes a crystal structure favorable, and use these to winnow the possibilities. The two structures that we find to be most favorable are both built from condensates with face-centered cubic symmetry: in one case, the $⟨ud⟩$ and $⟨us⟩$ condensates are separately face-centered cubic; in the other case $⟨ud⟩$ and $⟨us⟩$ combined make up a face-centered cube.
A structural and molecular dynamics approach to understanding the peptide-receptive transition state of MHC-I molecules.

The mature conformation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins depends on the presence of bound peptides, permitting recognition at the cell surface by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Newly synthesized MHC-I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum are maintained in a peptide-receptive (PR) transition state by several chaperones until they are released concomitant with the loading of peptides. By determining the crystallographic structure of a region of an MHC-I molecule that is recognized by a unique monoclonal antibody and comparing this with docking and molecular dynamics simulations with the whole molecule, we demonstrate the movement of a hinged unit supporting the part of the binding groove that interacts with the amino terminal residues of the bound peptide. This unit contains a conserved 310 helix that flips from an exposed “open” position in the PR form to a “closed” position in the peptide-loaded (PL) mature molecule. These analyses indicate how this segment of the MHC-I molecule moves to help establish the A and B pockets critical for tight peptide binding and the stable structure required for antigen presentation and T cell recognition at the cell surface.
Environmental correlates of overweight and obesity in community residing older adults

Objective: This study examines the role of environmental correlates of overweight and obesity among older adults independent of walking activity and lower body function. Methods: In-person interviews were conducted with 789 adults aged 65 and older, residing in four areas in the U.S. Demographic information, general health, lower body function, walking behavior, and awareness of environmental infrastructure features using the modified Neighborhood Environment Walking Survey (NEWS) were obtained. Regression analyses examined the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and environmental infrastructure features, adjusting for demographics and lower body function. Results: Older adults who perceived their neighborhood as less safe from crime and had reduced access to services were more likely to have higher BMI. Controlling for demographic and functional characteristics, access to services remained significant. This association remained significant for those with lower functional status. Discussion: This re...
Embryonic expression of pre-initiation DNA replication factors in Xenopus laevis

We examined the expression of various DNA replication factors, including: cdc45, the factors of the GINS heterotetramer (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3), and PCNA, in Xenopus laevis during embryonic development via whole mount in situ hybridization. For the most part, these factors were expressed in similar patterns, with some subtle variations, throughout development within the anterior CNS, pharyngeal arches, and various placodes. More significant variations were also observed, including expression of only Psf1 and Psf2 in the pronephros and unique Psf2 expression in the somitic mesoderm. Overall, these results suggest that common regulatory mechanisms are involved in the transcriptional deployment of these factors. Significantly, expression of these factors does not directly coincide with elevated patterns of DNA replication, suggesting that different replication factors are utilized in different developmental regions.
Weeping Fig Thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in California and a Review of its Biology and Management Options

Weeping fig thrips, Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmerman), is an exotic pest that was recently found in California on the popular ornamental plant, Ficus benjamina L. Feeding damage results in folded-leaf galls and prolonged, severe infestations can lead to defoliation and stunted growth. It was first reported in the United States in 2003 in Florida and is currently present in some southeastern states and Hawaii. Pest populations are generally kept under control though biological, chemical, and cultural control options where it occurs. Current pest status, biology, and management options are reviewed.
WWW instructional documentation for the development of a smart composite bridge

An instructional World-Wide-Web (WWW) site for a smart composite bridge provides technical documentation to a diverse audience including professional and student users. It describes a prototype bridge project that demonstrates the use of fibre-reinforced-composites and smart sensing techniques for civil engineering applications. This smart composite bridge is a long-term technological demonstration for industry and an interdisciplinary field laboratory for students. The site content includes live images, technical details, associated publications, manufacturing protocols and developmental testing. The site objectives are to provide current information, to organise progressive levels of detail and to exploit WWW instructional capabilities. Clear organisation, navigational aids, supplementary helps and content layering balances the user needs (1) for simplicity through consistent presentation and usability and (2) for complexity through user-centred options and multimedia. This instructional tool models effective communication of research to industry and the classroom. It shows how site design can accommodate diverse needs of information delivery.
High Temperature Flow of Dunite and Peridotite

Deformation experiments on dunite and peridotite, both in the presence and absence of externally released H 2 O, have been carried out in solid pressure media apparatus in the confining pressure range 5 to 30 kb, temperature interval 300°C to 1400 ° C at constant strain rates ranging from 10 −3 to 10 −8 /sec. At the lower temperatures and higher rates, olivine deforms by plastic flow on the system T = (110), t = [001], the slip systems changing with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate through {0kl} [100] to (010) [100]. At a strain rate of 10 −3 /sec, polygonization (dislocation climb) is first observed at about 1000 ° C and recrystallization first appears at about 1050 ° C; these temperatures decrease by about 50 ° C with a ten-fold reduction in strain rate. Preliminary mechanical results indicate that steady state deformation takes place only in the temperature-strain rate range in which the diffusion controlled processes of polygonization and recrystallization are important or dominant. The steady state data are best fit by a power creep equation with the stress exponent, n ≃ 2.4 and 4.8 and the creep activation energy, Q ≃ 80 and 120 Kcal/mole for deformation in the presence and absence of externally released H 2 O, respectively. Extrapolation of the equation for the dunite deformed dry to a representative geological strain rate of 10 −14 /sec gives shear stresses in the range 100 bars to 1 bar and effective viscosities from 10 23 to 10 20 poise for the temperature interval 1000 ° C to 2000 ° C. The estimated variation in shear stress over most of the upper mantle, where T/Tm (the ratio of ambient to melting temperature) is greater than 0.75, is about 6 to 15 bars, and in viscosity in the range 10 20 to 10 21 poise. These inferences are in accord with estimates based on other geophysical observations, and our results suggest that flow in the upper mantle may be governed primarily by a non-linear creep law.
Freud And Psychoanalysis: Into The 21st Century

Freud's psychoanalysis has been criticized as quintessentially “twentieth-century,” reflecting a Zeitgeist of scientism, authoritarianism, and modernism that is being challenged and transformed as ...
Language acquisition in young AAC system users: issues and directions for future research

This paper explores three questions regarding the development of language in young children with severe speech impairments who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The first question relates to how the process of language learning through augmented modes unfolds. In attempting to address this question, two issues are discussed: (1) the need for developing a methodology to describe this unfolding and (2) the impact of voice output communication aids (VOCAs) with prestored messages on this unfolding. The second question relates to the theoretical constructs underlying this process. An example of applying a model of normal language acquisition in conjunction with Vygotsky's construct of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) to the longitudinal study of language acquisition in a child is provided. The final question pertains to the conditions that may best facilitate the language acquisition process. One particular natural context, that of interactive storybook reading, is examined as a ...
Disjunctive Decomposition for Two-Stage Stochastic Mixed-Binary Programs with Random Recourse

This paper introduces disjunctive decomposition for two-stage mixed 0-1 stochastic integer programs (SIPs) with random recourse. Disjunctive decomposition allows for cutting planes based on disjunctive programming to be generated for each scenario subproblem under a temporal decomposition setting of the SIP problem. A new class of valid inequalities for mixed 0-1 SIP with random recourse is presented. In particular, we derive valid inequalities that allow for scenario subproblems for SIP with random recourse but deterministic technology matrix and right-hand side vector to share cut coefficients. The valid inequalities are used to derive a disjunctive decomposition method whose derivation has been motivated by real-life stochastic server location problems with random recourse, which find many applications in operations research. Computational results with large-scale instances to demonstrate the potential of the method are reported.
Understanding CEO Role Perception and Time Usage: Are New Municipal Typologies Useful?

In recent years local government scholars have sought to more explicitly describe the diverse structures that exist within municipalities by developing typologies that extend beyond the traditional mayor-council versus council-manager form definitions. This research explores the value of these new typologies in helping scholars explain differences among chief executive officers (mayors and city managers) in municipalities. Using information obtained from a national random survey of municipalities, this study evaluates two of the most developed new typologies along with the traditional mayor-council versus council-manager classification in terms of how officials allocate their work time and how municipal mayors and city managers perceive both their own and their city councils role in the council/executive relationship. Using the percentage of work time allocated to the “Policy”, “Politics”, and “Management” activities as describe by Ammons and Newell in their 1987 Public Administration Review study (Role Emphases of City Managers and Other Municipal Executives) and the role perceptions of mayors and city managers using the four role dimensions of “Mission”, “Policy”, “Administration”, and “Management” described in the Dichotomy/Duality model developed by James Svara in his 1985 Public Administration Review article “Dichotomy and Duality: Reconceptualizing the Relationship Between Policy and Administration in Council-Manager Cities”, the differences between and among chief executive officers (CEO) are exaimined. We find that differences do exist between mayor and city manager CEOs and that by using new typologies, differences within mayors in mayor-council cities exist but do not exist among city managers in council-manager cities.
Is haplotype block identification useful for association mapping studies

Grant sponsor: HFSP; Grant number: RGY0055/2001-M; Grant sponsor: NSF; Grant number: DEB-0089487; Grant sponsor: NSF/NIH; Grant number: DMS/NIGMS 0201037. Correspondence to: Weiwei Zhai, Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853. E-mail: wz36@cornell.edu Received 5 February 2004; Accepted 22 March 2004 Published online 14 May in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20014
Cytopathology of lung cancer: moving from morphology to molecular

The recent discovery and availability of new targeted therapies for lung cancer has presented new challenges to pathologists. Since many lung cancers are diagnosed by aspiration or exfoliative cytology specimens in the primary or metastatic setting, these new therapies have had an impact on the practice of respiratory cytopathology. In particular, accurate subclassification of non-small cell carcinomas and acquisition of sufficient material for molecular studies is crucial. Balancing the need of adequate material for accurate diagnosis with the demands of clinicians to do more with less tissue has been a challenge and continues to impact the way lung cancers are approached in cytopathology. This review focuses on the changes and impact of the molecular era on the diagnosis of lung cancer in cytopathology.
2,2,2‐Trichloroethanol

[115-20-8] C2H3Cl3O (MW 149.40) InChI = 1S/C2H3Cl3O/c3-2(4,5)1-6/h6H,1H2 InChIKey = KPWDGTGXUYRARH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (formation of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl esters and amides;2 protection of phosphoryl groups in nucleotide synthesis5) Physical Data: mp 17 °C; bp 150 °C; d 1.557 g cm−3. Solubility: sol common organic solvents. Form Supplied in: clear liquid, widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: poisonous liquid when absorbed by intravenous or intraperitoneal routes. Do not mix with strong alkali solutions.1
Interstitial Lung Disease in West Highland White Terriers

Progressive respiratory failure and pulmonary fibrosis in West Highland White Terriers (WHWT) is an apparently genetic disorder of unknown pathogenesis. This study characterizes the light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features of affected WHWT in comparison with lesions in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) of humans. Lesions in WHWT were confined to the expansion of the interstitial space of alveolar septa by extracellular matrix (ECM) determined to be mixtures of type-I and -III collagens. Features of UIP such as intra-alveolar fibroblastic foci, subpleural distribution, and honeycombing were not observed in six WHWT. Comparison with normal dogs showed no apparent increase in septal myofibroblasts. Ultrastructually, the ECM in alveolar septa consisted of large aggregates of periodic collagen filaments underlying alveolar capillaries that were surrounded by thick bands of amorphous to fine fibrillar matrix. This study suggests that chronic pulmonary disease of WHWT is a result of aberrant collagen regulation.
Unscented Kalman Filtering: NPSAT1 Ground Test Results

NPSAT1 is a small satellite that employs magnetic sensing and actuation for attitude control. The spacecraft orientation and angular velocity should, therefore, be estimated from the magnetometer readings. The inherent nonlinear dynamics of the system poses a challenging problem on the observer design. This paper demonstrates the ground test results of NPSAT1 state estimation using the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) - a fairly recent method with inherent appeals of extended Kalman fllter but with no need for linearization; thus more suitable for highly nonlinear flltering and control applications. The quaternion-based modeling constraint that the quaternion has a unit norm is enforced by treating the norm of the quaternion as a dummy measurement. The experimental results show the superior performance of the UKF in practice.
Spatial and temporal 26‐day SST variations in the equatorial Indian Ocean using wavelet analysis

Two-year sea-surface temperature time series of satellite data at two sites in the equatorial Indian Ocean are examined for oscillations with periods 2–70 days. The wavelet transform of the signals reveals a changing wavelet spectrum between August 1987 and November 1987 in the 10–30 day range, while the same time period in 1988 shows a relatively fixed spectrum. At 3° latitude and 53°E the 1987 wavelet coefficients with scales 10–30 days have about twice the amplitude they have in 1988. At 3° latitude and 56°E the 1987 waves have roughly half the amplitude as the 1988 waves. Activity with wavelet spectral peaks at periods near 12 days often precede these waves.
Toward a theory of leadership in complex systems: computational modeling explorations.

I propose a new theory of leadership in complex systems based upon computational modeling approaches that have appeared to date. It is new in that it promises an approach that is well specified, coherent across levels of analysis, is transparent to the outside observer and can be modeled computationally. Although many of its independent components have been modeled, the underlying theory connecting these models is articulated here for the first time. Leadership is defined as those aspects of agent interactions which catalyze changes to the local rules defining other agents' interactions. There are five distinct aspects of leadership to be observed. Leadership involves actions among agents that: (a) identify or espouse a cooperation strategy or program, (b) catalyze conditions where other agents choose to participate in the program, (c) organize choices and actions in other agents to navigate complexity and avoid interaction catastrophe (sometimes called "complexity catastrophe"), (d) form a distinct output layer that expresses the system as a unity in its environment, and (e) translate feedback into structural changes in the influence network among agents. The contribution of this approach is discussed.
Activation of central adenosine A2A receptors enhances superior laryngeal nerve stimulation-induced apnea in piglets via a GABAergic pathway

Activation of the laryngeal mucosa results in apnea that is mediated through, and can be elicited via electrical stimulation of, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). This potent inhibitory reflex ha...
No-reflow is an independent predictor of death and myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Background No-reflow occurring during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been associated with poor inhospital outcomes. The objectives of this analysis were to evaluate the occurrence of no-reflow as an independent predictor of adverse events and to determine whether treatment with intracoronary vasodilator therapy affected clinical outcomes.Methods We prospectively collected data from 4264 consecutive patients undergoing PCI, identifying those with no-reflow, and analyzed their treatments and clinical outcomes.Results No-reflow was identified in 135 of 4264 patients (3.2%). Baseline demographics were comparable, but patients with no-reflow were more likely to have acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and cardiogenic shock and to have undergone saphenous vein graft interventions. No-reflow was highly predictive of postprocedural myocardial infarction (17.7% vs 3.5% in patients without no-reflow, P
Homocysteine thiolactone is a positive effector of σS levels in Escherichia coli

σS is a regulator of the stationary phase response in Escherichia coli. Multi-copy suppressors were sought in a strain with decreased levels of σS and one such suppressor was found to encode HsrA, a putative efflux pump. Multi-copy expression of hsrA was shown to lead to accumulation of homocysteine, which is predicted to cause an increase in homocysteine thiolactone (HCTL) levels. A direct correlation between HCTL levels and σS accumulation was observed both in mutants and during normal cell growth, leading to the hypothesis that HCTL is a physiologically relevant positive effector of σS levels in vivo.
A Continuing Education Program That Works

As the title implies, this paper discusses an ongoing continuing education program that has been, and is, extremely successful. This paper will present an analysis of the program. Hopefully, other continuing education programs will benefit from these obser- vations, No attempt will be made to compare other continuing education programs with the one in this paper.
"A Wholesome Article of Food": Rhetoric of Health and Nation in Canada's Oleomargarine Debates, 1917-1924

This article examines the rhetoric employed in the 1917-1924 debates over oleomargarine's legalization in Canada, noting that health, extending from the individual to the collective body, emerged as a key battle cry. Oleomargarine was at once a tool of citizenship and a nexus for new theories of food science, anxieties about race and otherness, women's emerging political influence, and contention about the roles of both industry and government in dictating food choices. As both sides promulgated their respective products' contributions to personal and national welfare, health and citizenship stood as entwined ideals, inviolable but not uncontested.
Phosphaturic activity of urine extracts not associated with parathormone.

SummaryButanol extracts of normal human and rat urine contained two types of substances, distinct from each other and unrelated to PTH, which interfered with the bio-assay of PTH in urine. One caused hypercalcemia, the other hyperphosphaturia in PTX rats. The latter material was dialyzable and equilibrated between 20% acetic and n-butanol with a distribution coefficient (K) about 10 times lower than that of PTH. The “hypercalcemic” material was nondialyzable and its K about 5 times lower than that of PTH. Thus, both materials could be separated by CCD from PTH added to the urine before extraction. From 100 ml of normal (human or rat) urine, no PTH activity could be detected in fractions expected to contain PTH in its known form.
A probabilistic, dynamic, and attribute-wise model of intertemporal choice.

Most theoretical and empirical research on intertemporal choice assumes a deterministic and static perspective, leading to the widely adopted delay discounting models. As a form of preferential choice, however, intertemporal choice may be generated by a stochastic process that requires some deliberation time to reach a decision. We conducted three experiments to investigate how choice and decision time varied as a function of manipulations designed to examine the delay duration effect, the common difference effect, and the magnitude effect in intertemporal choice. The results, especially those associated with the delay duration effect, challenged the traditional deterministic and static view and called for alternative approaches. Consequently, various static or dynamic stochastic choice models were explored and fit to the choice data, including alternative-wise models derived from the traditional exponential or hyperbolic discount function and attribute-wise models built upon comparisons of direct or relative differences in money and delay. Furthermore, for the first time, dynamic diffusion models, such as those based on decision field theory, were also fit to the choice and response time data simultaneously. The results revealed that the attribute-wise diffusion model with direct differences, power transformations of objective value and time, and varied diffusion parameter performed the best and could account for all three intertemporal effects. In addition, the empirical relationship between choice proportions and response times was consistent with the prediction of diffusion models and thus favored a stochastic choice process for intertemporal choice that requires some deliberation time to make a decision.
Ecological Considerations in Chemical Control: Insects in the Human Ecosystem

Ecologists customarily divide the terrestrial environments of the earth into a series of major biomes: tundra, taiga, deciduous forest, grassland, desert, and the like. It seems to me that to this list should be added the “man-altered biome” or “man-altered landscape, ” for the environments in which human activity is the major determinant of the survival of organisms. The man-altered environments are, to be sure, extremely diverse, including such different things as cities, gardens, orchards, fields, rice paddies, managed forests, and abandoned clearings. But there is one important common factor to all of these: for survival, an animal or plant must be able to adapt to the consequences of the actions of man.
Introduction to Robotic Surgery

The history of robotic surgery started in the 1980s with the PUMA 560 robot. It was used in 1985 to increase the precision of neurosurgical biopsies. That same robot was then used later to perform a transurethral resection of the prostate. This lead to the development of PROBOT, a robot designed specifically for transurethral resection of the prostate. Around the same time another robot called ROBODOC was designed to machine the femur with greater precision in hip replacement surgery and eventually went on to become the first surgical robot approved by the FDA.
Examining the Attributions of Discrimination toward People with Mental Illness among Chinese College Students

The purpose of this study was to test the usefulness of the attribution model (Corrigan, Markowitz, Watson, Rowan & Kubiak, 2003; Weiner, 1995) in a Chinese cultural context to explain Chinese college students’ perceptions of discrimination toward people with mental illness. A total of 293 college students (male = 142; female = 151; age from 18 to 22) completed an Attribution Questionnaire (AQ) after reading vignettes, consisting of a male who either used illicit drugs or had a traumatic brain injury. Data were analysed using a hierarchical regression to determine the amount of variance accounted for in discriminatory behaviours by the attribution model. The results showed, when controlling for all other factors, that controllability and the three emotions (pity, anger, and fear) were found to be significant predictors of discrimination. The relationship between controllability, responsibility, and discrimination was not consistent with the attribution model since responsibility did not mediate the controllability of cause. These results provide support for the idea that disability attributions are culturally influenced.
Learnersourcing Thematic and Inter-Contextual Annotations from Islamic Texts

In this paper, I introduce an approach for obtaining semantic annotations in specialized and knowledge intensive domains. In particular, I consider the case of classical and historic Islamic texts, primarily the Qur'an and the books of Prophetic narrations called the Hadith. I propose formal and scalable methods towards thematic classification, annotion and interlinking for these texts; this is done at various levels of granulartiy that existing research fails to address. I apply a 'semantics driven learnersourcing' methodology, which leverages primarily upon students engaging in typical knowledge seeking and learning scenarios, and embeds within them, semantic annotation tasks. The chosen method also ensures annotation reliability by introducing an 'expert sourcing' workflow tightly integrated within the system. Therefore, quantitative measures of ensuring annotation quality are woven into the very fabric of learnersourcing.
Analysis on mumps epidemiology in Xicheng District,Beijing(2005-2009)

Objective To understand the epidemiological characters of mumps in Xicheng District of Beijing and provide basis for mumps control.Methods Mumps cases were collected in Xicheng District from 2005 to 2009 and epidemiological characters were analyzed.Results 469 mumps cases were reported in Xicheng District during 2005-2009.The annual average incidence of mumps was 10.04/100 000.The characters of incidence were:cases were distributed to every month mostly focused on April and July.The percentage of children(15 years old) was 78.46%,while children between 5-9 years old was 36.89%.The ratio between male and female was 1.357∶1.Of all the cases,53.30% had a history of mumps immunization.Conclusion To prevent and control mumps,appropriate immunization strategy should be established and mumps surveillance should be strengthened.