cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for Comparison of Liver and Spleen Location in the Supine and Upright Positions of the 50th Percentile Male

The location and shape variation of the liver and spleen due to postural changes has implications in the prediction of blunt abdominal trauma via computational models or other human surrogates. Although abdominal injuries occur in only 3–5% of injuries in car crashes, they are often seen in serious crashes with AIS≥4 injuries. The location and shape variation of the liver and spleen due to postural changes are likely to play a role in the severity of injury, as a result of rib coverage and location. One means of studying this variation is through computational modeling for impact biomechanics studies. This study reviews the methods used to quantify variation in the location of the liver and the spleen relative to surrounding bony structures for two different postures, supine and seated. Through the use of various imaging modalities three-dimensional datasets depicting the affect of posture change on the size and shape of the liver and spleen can be investigated through three-dimensional renderings and center of gravity measurements.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Psychometrics of the PHQ-9 as a measure of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure:

BackgroundDepression in patients with heart failure commonly goes undiagnosed and untreated. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a simple, valid measure of depressive symptoms that may fa...
Survival Time of the Mouse as Related to Ambient pO2 Produced by Explosive Decompression

SummaryOne hundred and ten mice were explosively decompressed to different ambient oxygen pressures and their survival time determined. A critical barometric pressure of 100 mm Hg exists below which no further reduction in survival time occurs. The pO2 at which survival no longer is dependent on oxygen pressure is therefore about 21 mm Hg. No sed difference in survival of mice was found.
Enhanced tissue plasminogen activator synthesis by the sympathetic neurons that innervate aging vessels.

We investigated the source of the increased release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) into the circulation that occurs during natural aging. Both the basal release and the acute stress-associated release induced by sympathetic stimulations are greater in older subjects. It is widely assumed that the source of these increases is vascular endothelium. However, the sympathetic neurons that densely innervate resistance vessel walls were recently shown to synthesize and transport active t-PA to axon terminals in vascular smooth muscle, suggesting an alternative source. These fine t-PA-bearing axons lie in the seldom-studied deep adventitia of vessel walls, where they are less visible than endothelium in tissue sections. Using Northern blot analysis, we observed that t-PAmRNA synthesis is increased 54% in the ganglion parent neuron cell bodies that innervate aged vessels. The t-PA release from isolated, aged ganglia in cultures was twofold greater than that from younger controls. In addition, aged whole-artery explants showed a 20% greater basal and a 50% greater acute release of stored t-PA in vitro. In vivo levels of active t-PA were 33% greater in the blood and 40% greater in the aqueous humor. These results are consistent with an increased infusion of the active t-PA protease from sympathetic axon terminals into the vessel wall extracellular matrix and the blood during natural aging, in addition to the basal endothelial release. We suggest that the cumulative impact of an accelerated plasmin production and matrix degradation within vessel walls, especially during repetitive stress, may play an unrecognized role in the pathogenesis of vascular aging. The possibility that increased sympathetic nervous system plasminogenesis influences the aging process in nonvascular tissues also deserves further investigation. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DroID: the Drosophila Interactions Database, a comprehensive resource for annotated gene and protein interactions.

Charting the interactions among genes and among their protein products is essential for understanding biological systems. A flood of interaction data is emerging from high throughput technologies, computational approaches, and literature mining methods. Quick and efficient access to this data has become a critical issue for biologists. Several excellent multi-organism databases for gene and protein interactions are available, yet most of these have understandable difficulty maintaining comprehensive information for any one organism. No single database, for example, includes all available interactions, integrated gene expression data, and comprehensive and searchable gene information for the important model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. DroID, the Drosophila Interactions Database, is a comprehensive interactions database designed specifically for Drosophila. DroID houses published physical protein interactions, genetic interactions, and computationally predicted interactions, including interologs based on data for other model organisms and humans. All interactions are annotated with original experimental data and source information. DroID can be searched and filtered based on interaction information or a comprehensive set of gene attributes from Flybase. DroID also contains gene expression and expression correlation data that can be searched and used to filter datasets, for example, to focus a study on sub-networks of co-expressed genes. To address the inherent noise in interaction data, DroID employs an updatable confidence scoring system that assigns a score to each physical interaction based on the likelihood that it represents a biologically significant link. DroID is the most comprehensive interactions database available for Drosophila. To facilitate downstream analyses, interactions are annotated with original experimental information, gene expression data, and confidence scores. All data in DroID are freely available and can be searched, explored, and downloaded through three different interfaces, including a text based web site, a Java applet with dynamic graphing capabilities (IM Browser), and a Cytoscape plug-in. DroID is available at http://www.droidb.org .
Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss Characteristics of a Narrow Internal Cooling Passage at Low Reynolds Number

This paper describes a detailed experimental investigation of a narrow rectangular channel based on the double-wall cooling concept that can be applicable to a gas turbine airfoil. The channel has dimensions of 63.5 mm by 12.7 mm, corresponding to an aspect ratio of 5:1. A single pin-fin element, arranged in 9 rows is fitted into the channel. The pin diameter, D, is 12.7 mm, and the ratio of pin-height-to-diameter, H/D is 1. The pins are arranged based on the typical inter-pin spacing of 2.5D in both spanwise and streamwise directions. The Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter of the pin fin and the mean bulk velocity, ranges from 6,000 to 15,000. The experiments employ a hybrid technique based on transient liquid crystal imaging to obtain the distributions of the local heat transfer coefficient over all of the participating surfaces, including the endwalls and all the pin elements. Commercially available CFD software, ANSYS CFX, is used to qualitatively correlate the experimental results and to provide detailed insights of the flow field created by the array.The heat transfer on both the endwall and pin-fin surfaces revealed similar pattern compared to the typical circular pin-fin array, which were conducted at higher Reynolds number. The total heat transfer enhancement of current pin-fin array is approximately five times higher than that of fully developed smooth channel with low pressure loss, which resulted in much higher thermal performance compared to other pin-fin array as reported in the literature.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Symmetric monoidal comonads and differential algebra

(1979). Symmetric monoidal comonads and differential algebra. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 139-162.
Sermons and straw men

Richard Dawkins takes the gloves off, so to speak, in his new book The God Delusion. The demerits of religion are the subject of the book, not just a sidebar as in previous works. Dawkins' latest, and biographies of Francis Crick and Jane Goodall, feature in this week's book reviews special.
U.S. Consumer Demand for Alcoholic Beverages: Cross-Section Estimation of Demographic and Economic Effects

Much research has been done on the control and taxation of alcoholic beverages (Ornstein; Atkinson, Gomulka, and Stem; Heien and Pompelli; Johnson et al.; Blaylock and Blisard). The unusual status and attention that alcoholic beverages have attracted is due mainly to their unique characteristics in consumer utilities and social concerns. Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been viewed not only in terms of its effect on individual utility maximization, but also in terms of its bearing on social concerns and government revenue. Although there is empirical evidence suggesting that moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of coronary heart disease (e.g. Maclure; Moore and Pearson), social concerns are based on the consequences of chronic and acute alcohol abuse. Because of these concerns, they are traditionally subject to some form of social control. One important form of control is the excise tax which contributes significantly to government revenue. The estimation of demand elasticities and the effects of household characteristic variables on alcohol demand provide important information for the formulation of public policies. However, it is with respect to current fiscal deficits and as a means to finance the Clinton administration's
The diaphragm: barrier contraception has a new social role

Using a diaphragm as a barrier contraceptive has received little attention in recent literature. A discussion of the role of the diaphragm to prevent pregnancy, as well as sexually transmitted diseases, is presented. A procedure for properly fitting the diaphragm is described. To ensure compliance, a review of a plan for education and practice by users is outlined.
Quantitative Characterization of Fe/Al 2 O 3 Catalysts. Part II: Reduction, Sulfidation, and CO/Hydrogenation Activity

ESCA, Mossbauer spectroscopy, XRD, and CO chemisorption were used to study the reduction and sulfidation reactions of a series of 1 to 24 wt % Fe/Al2O3 catalysts. The speciation and particle size of the active phase were correlated with CO hydrogenation activity data. Two phases were previously identified in all oxidic catalysts: Fe2O3 and Fe+3 in solid solution with the alumina support. The Fe2O3 phase was found to reduce to Fe0 and sulfide to Fe1-xS. For the reduced and sulfided catalysts, Mossbauer was able to identify two iron species which were detected as a single solid solution species in the oxidic catalysts. The two species were found to differ by their location in the alumina support. One species is incorporated within the alumina matrix [Fe+2(A)] and the other species [Fe+2(B)] is present at the alumina surface. Both ESCA and CO chemisorption indicate that the Fe particle size increases with increasing iron loading. The turnover frequency (TOF) for CO hydrogenation appears to be a function of the extent of reduction and particle size of the metallic iron phase.
Stable transformation of tomato cell cultures after bombardment with plasmid and YAC DNA.

Stable transformants were obtained after microprojectile particle bombardment of tomato cell suspensions (Lycopersicon esculentum cv VFNT Cherry and L. pennellii). The suspensions were bombarded with tungsten particles coated with either plasmid (∼6.3 kb) or yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) (80 kb) DNA containing the s-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) genes. The YAC DNA contained an insert of approximately 50 kb of DNA from VFNT Cherry. L. pennellii suspensions were more amenable to transformation than VFNT Cherry; more kanamycin-resistant calli were recovered from L. pennelli after bombardment with plasmid DNA, and only L. pennellii cells produced transformants after bombardment with YAC DNA. DNA gel blot analysis confirmed the presence of the nptll and GUS genes. This analysis also confirmed the integration of YAC DNA into the genome of the kanamycin-resistant calli and suggested that the level of intactness of the integrated YAC DNA was fairly high in four of the five transformants examined. Microprojectile bombardment of regenerable cultures with YACs may ultimately aid in map-based cloning of agriculturally-important genes.
From small building blocks to complex molecular architecture.

We describe a synthesis of a dendrimer-like amphiphile containing a flat rigid core and 12 hydrophobic and hydrophilic arms. We employ a modular approach based on stepwise protection chemistry starting from simple building blocks. The key feature of this approach is the absence of a polymerization step, which makes it applicable for linear monofunctionalized precursors of any kind. This strategy also allows for precise control of the number of arms and ensures their alternating arrangement.
Calculating increment-decrement life tables by estimating mean durations at transfer from observed rates

Abstract Increment-decrement life tables (models which allow transfers between the different states considered) are increasingly being used in the analysis of marital status, migration, labor force participation, and other phenomena. The present paper introduces a new method for increment-decrement life-table construction. The solution for the survivorship values is compactly expressed in the matrix equation (19), and an explicit solution for the two-table (three-state) case is given in the Appendix. The proposed solution is compared with three alternative methods of increment-decrement life-table construction (the exponential, the linear, and the cubic) and shown to be a valuable addition to presently available techniques.
Aircraft water vapor measurements utilizing an aluminum oxide hygrometer

A hygrometer for water vapor measurements from an aircraft has been developed. An aluminum oxide hygrometer mounted in an aircraft Rosemount air temperature scoop was flown on NASA and USAF aircraft. Water vapor measurements were conducted up to 40,000 feet with penetration into the stratosphere. Good agreement was obtained with simultaneously flown remote sounders of water vapor. During transcontinental flights the hygrometer demonstrated adequate response to measure the natural variability of water vapor near the tropopause. Rapid response was demonstrated in pursuit of the jet wake of an F-104 at 35,000 feet.
“What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition

Fundamental to spatial knowledge in all species are the representations underlying object recognition, object search, and navigation through space. But what sets humans apart from other species is our ability to express spatial experience through language. This target article explores the language of objects and places, asking what geometric properties are preserved in the representations underlying object nouns and spatial prepositions in English. Evidence from these two aspects of language suggests there are significant differences in the geometric richness with which objects and places are encoded. When an object is named (i.e., with count nouns), detailed geometric properties – principally the object's shape (axes, solid and hollow volumes, surfaces, and parts) – are represented. In contrast, when an object plays the role of either “figure” (located object) or “ground” (reference object) in a locational expression, only very coarse geometric object properties are represented, primarily the main axes. In addition, the spatial functions encoded by spatial prepositions tend to be nonmetric and relatively coarse, for example, “containment,” “contact,” “relative distance,” and “relative direction.” These properties are representative of other languages as well. The striking differences in the way language encodes objects versus places lead us to suggest two explanations: First, there is a tendency for languages to level out geometric detail from both object and place representations. Second, a nonlinguistic disparity between the representations of “what” and “where” underlies how language represents objects and places. The language of objects and places converges with and enriches our understanding of corresponding spatial representations.
Instruction effects on watch keeping in a “simple” vigilance task

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of variation in pretask instructions on performance on a simple vigilance task. In both experiments one group was told that the task would be challenging (Group C) and the other group, that the task would be monotonous (Group M). In Experiment 1 time-related decrements were found in the percentage of correct signal detections and in the number of incorrect responses. The results of Experiment 2 indicated time-related decrements, but no group differences, in percentage of correct detections. Group M also made progressively fewer false alarms, while false-alarm rates for GTOUP C did not change over time. Differences in mechanisms underlying performance decrements are discussed.
Nutrient and carbon parameters during the Southern Ocean iron experiment (SOFeX)

Abstract During the 2002 austral summer, two in situ mesoscale iron fertilization experiments were conducted in two distinct silicic acid regimes of the Southern Ocean (SOFeX). The iron was added to the low Si(OH) 4 waters of the Subantarctic ( −1 , North Patch) and the high Si(OH) 4 waters poleward of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), (∼63 μmol kg −1 , South Patch). The low iron availability in these two regimes of the Southern Ocean limits biological utilization of the ambient nutrients, influences phytoplankton species composition and species-specific nutrient consumption rates. The response of the carbon dioxide system and macronutrients to initial and subsequent iron additions were monitor relative to measurements outside the iron-enriched waters. These iron fertilization experiments demonstrate that iron addition to the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the Southern Ocean increases primary productivity and decreases the fugacity of carbon dioxide. Dilution of the iron fertilized sites diminished the observed geochemical signals produced as a result of phytoplankton growth, while the entrainment of silicic acid sustained the increase of diatom biomass in the low Si(OH) 4 waters of the Subantarctic. Empirical observation of the elemental composition of the iron fertilized ecosystems and the observed nutrient-depletion ratios upon the addition of iron were indicative of changes in the community structure and/or changes in the unique physiological nutrient consumption rates of a species within the community. Ultimately, variations in the nutrient-depletion ratios induced by increased iron concentrations influences biogeochemical cycles in the Southern Ocean and the export of carbon. Molar ratios in the north and south iron fertilization sites, respectively, were determined to be ΔN:ΔP=14.1±0.2 and 14.2±0.4; ΔC:ΔN=9.1±1.7 and 7.2±0.6; ΔC:ΔP=106±4 and 99±4; ΔC:ΔSi=7.7±0.8 and 6.2±0.5; ΔC:ΔO 2 =−0.75±0.02 and −0.73±0.02. Combining these results, the following stoichiometry is obtained for the growth of phytoplankton during the SOFeX in the north and south iron enrichment sites, 106CO 2 +120H 2 O+14HNO 3 +H 3 PO 4 +14SiO 2 → ( CH 2 O ) 92 ( CH 2 ) 14 ( NH 3 ) 14 ( H 3 PO 4 ) ( SiO 2 ) 14 +141O 2 and 99CO 2 +113H 2 O+14HNO 3 +H 3 PO 4 +16SiO 2 → ( CH 2 O ) 81 ( CH 2 ) 18 ( NH 3 ) 14 ( H 3 PO 4 ) ( SiO 2 ) 16 +136O 2 , respectively. Variations in the ratios of carbon to macronutrients utilized by the ecosystem under iron replete conditions are important for the interpretation of the effect of iron fluxes on atmospheric CO 2 concentrations in glacial times, highlighting the integral role of Fe and the Southern Ocean regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
The negative dialectic of Byron's skepticism

(1992). The negative dialectic of Byron's skepticism. European Romantic Review: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 21-40.
The Four-Step, Double-Autocatalytic Mechanism for Transition-Metal Nanocluster Nucleation, Growth, and Then Agglomeration: Metal, Ligand, Concentration, Temperature, and Solvent Dependency Studies

The four-step, double-autocatalytic mechanism for transition-metal nanocluster nucleation, growth, and agglomeration described previously has been found to be more general; specifically, the four-step mechanism is shown to apply to the reduction of five transition metals that were examined—Pt, Ru, Ir, Rh, and Pd—under conditions where a high enough concentration of a strongly coordinating ligand is also present. Reaction temperature, metal concentration, solvent, and stirring rate do not change the reduction mechanism within experimental error and within the range of conditions studied herein. Changing the solvent from acetone to the higher dielectric constant solvent propylene carbonate does, however, change the product of metal reduction from solid bulk metal to soluble metal particles. Three alternative mechanisms (in addition to the 15 tested already) are ruled out, leaving the four-step double autocatalytic mechanism as the only mechanism to date that is able to fit the observed kinetic data. Additio...
Expert systems: perils and promise

Based on a review of some actual expert-system projects, guidelines are proposed for choosing appropriate applications and managing the development process.
Automatic data reduction of spot diagram information

Modern electronic computers can produce spot diagram data at a pace which makes human selection of best spot diagram impracticable. In a particular mechanical image dissector the energy falling onto the photocathode redistributes as the scan progresses from field point to field point. The receiving surface is considered to be a rectangular network. Rays representing unit energy are traced through the system and for each field point the total energy in each square is determined. Applying chi-squared methods to the numerical matrices derived for the field points in a scan, the redistribution between field points is numerically evaluated. This digital evaluation makes feasible automatic data reduction of spot diagram information. The technique may provide the basis for reducing data in similar spot diagram applications.
UNCERTAINTIES IN THE MEASUREMENT OF HELIUM PLASMA TEMPERATURE BY THE RELATIVE INTENSITY METHOD

Helium plasma temperature estimated by means of the two-line ratio method is shown to have a high degree of uncertainty. The Fowler-Milne method is proved to be more accurate and appropriate than the two-line ratio method for helium plasma temperature measurement in the temperature range up to about 25,000°K.
Pollination biology of Eriocaulon parkeri in Connecticut

Abstract Eriocaulon parkeri B. L. Robinson is a monoecious, pioneer species of tidal mudflats that displays characteristics that suggest outcrossing as a preferred breeding system. Analyses of breeding system dynamics, fruit set, and pollen and seed viabilities were undertaken in Connecticut and Wisconsin to test the hypothesis of entomophyly and outcrossing as a preferred breeding strategy. Potential pollinators included syrphid and long-legged flies. Seed viability was estimated at 94 ± 16% ( n = 133); pollen viability at 88 ± 13%. Pollen production averaged ∼500 grains per flower. Pollen–ovule ratios within inflorescences averaged 196:1, suggesting facultative autogamy. Seed set in natural populations averaged 74%, not significantly different between early and late season plants or between greenhouse controls and hand pollinations. Emasculated plants produced small amounts of seed under controlled greenhouse conditions. Pollen tube growth through the styles of E. aquaticum , a related species, was much more prevalent than that of E. parkeri . Results suggest that E. parkeri relies heavily on geitonogamy for seed production. Some seed may be produced by agamospermy.
Social Dominance Orientation, Hierarchy Attenuators and Hierarchy Enhancers: Social Dominance Theory and the Criminal Justice System

This study investigated differences in social dominance orientation between incumbents of different social roles (police officers vs. public defenders) and ethnic groups known to differ in general social status (i.e., whites vs. blacks and Hispanics). Consistent with theoretical expectations: (a) Police were significantly more social-dominance oriented than either jurors or public defenders. (b) Public defenders tended to be less social-dominance oriented than jurors. (c) Euro-Americans were significantly more social dominance oriented than Afro- and Hispanic-Americans, (d) Euro-American police officers had, by far, the highest levels of social dominance orientation. Furthermore, all of the effects above held even when controlling for demographic factors such as gender, social class, age, education, and ethnic group. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
A model of two-thumb chording on a phone keypad

When designing a text entry system for mobile phone keypads, a designer needs to overcome the ambiguity that arises from mapping the 26 letters of the roman alphabet to only 12 keys (0--9, *, #). In this paper, we present a novel two-thumb chording system for text entry on a standard 12-key mobile phone keypad and introduce a performance model based on Fitts' Law for an expert user. The model provides a behavioral description of the user and predicts a text entry rate of 55.02 wpm.
Kinins mediate the antiproliferative effect of ramipril in rat carotid artery.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been shown to inhibit neointimal proliferation in response to endothelial injury in the rat carotid artery. Since ACE inhibitors block degradation of kinins, our objective in this study was to determine whether kinins mediate the antiproliferative effect of the ACE inhibitor ramipril. Endothelial denudation was achieved in the left carotid artery of male Sprague-Dawley rats using a balloon catheter. The rats were divided into four groups: a) vehicle (saline); b) DuP 753 10 mg/kg/day; c) ramipril 5 mg/kg/day; and d) ramipril 5 mg/kg/day plus Hoe 140 70 μ g/kg/day. Ramipril markedly reduced neointimal proliferation compared to control (vehicle) ( p p p
The Effect of Age and Heredity Upon Serum Cholesterol Levels in Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE role of serum cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis has been a subject of considerable interest and factors affecting serum cholesterol levels in man and in experimental animals have received much attention in recent years. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effect of age upon serum cholesterol levels and to determine the degree to which it is under hereditary control. Rodbard et al. (1951) found the serum cholesterol levels of male chickens from one to twenty-five weeks of age to be comparable. Cherms et al. (1960) and Wood et al. (1961) found no significant variation in serum cholesterol level of chickens between one and ten weeks of age. An additional finding by these authors was a heritability estimate of 0.30 for serum cholesterol level. Utilizing the same populations as Cherms et al. (1960), Wilcox et al. (1963) estimated the heritability of serum cholesterol to…
Assimilation of water level data into a coastal hydrodynamic model by an adjoint optimal technique

Abstract An adjoint data assimilation system has been developed to assimilate coastal subtidal water level data into a hydrodynamic model. In this system, a linear two-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model with an orthogonal curvilinear grid system is used as the forward model. The wind drag coefficient is used as a convenient control variable (approximately representing errors in the forecasting wind fields that are usually the primary cause of errors in model-produced water levels). The cost function is defined in terms of the water level misfits between the observations and model outputs. The limited memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) quasi-Newton method for large-scale optimization is implemented to minimize the cost function. Identical twin experiments with model-generated pseudo-observations are performed and the results show that the true solution of the control variable can be recovered efficiently by assimilating pseudo-observations at limited locations into the model. The results from actual subtidal water level data assimilation experiments show that the simulated subtidal water levels with data assimilation are better than those without data assimilation even if only one control variable is used. The results from the experiment with 16 control variables demonstrate that the correlation coefficients are greater than 0.93 and the RMS errors are less than 5.3 cm at 18 coastal water level gauge stations. The nowcast/forecast experiments demonstrate that the subtidal water level forecasts are improved by water level data assimilation in the first 6 h. The average RMS error of the subtidal water level forecasts over the 18 water level gauge stations is reduced by 3 cm.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the endothelia of human umbilical vein and arteries and assessment for the adherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes

Infection with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy leads to chondroitin 4-sulfate-mediated adhesion of the infected red blood cells (IRBCs) in the placenta, causing severe health complications to fetus and the mother. The IRBCs are also frequently found in low density in the umbilical cord of infected placentas. In this study, the CSPGs of umbilical vein and arteries were purified, characterized, and their localization and IRBC-binding abilities were studied. While a versican type CSPG was found both in the vein and arteries, a serglycin type CSPG was present exclusively in the vein. The CSPGs were present at significant level on the endothelial surface of the umbilical vein but not on that of arteries. Although the purified versican and serglycin type CSPGs could bind IRBCs, their binding abilities were significantly less compared to the low sulfated CSPGs of the placenta because of the predominance of 6-sulfated disaccharide moieties in the CS chains. Therefore, IRBCs were unable to bind efficiently onto the umbilical cord endothelial surface. Unexpectedly, however, the IRBCs adhered densely in the blood vessels of fetal villi in the placental tissue sections and sparingly in the blood spaces of the umbilical cord vein, presumably because the CSPG that can efficiently bind IRBCs is present at high levels in the fetal blood vessels and at very low levels in the umbilical cord blood vessels. Since the C4S-adherent IRBCs that enter the fetal blood vessels cannot adhere to the cord endothelial surface and parasites cannot efficiently grow due to fetal hemoglobin toxicity and protection by maternal antibodies, transplacental infection may be quickly cleared without clinical episodes.
Selling public enterprise to the public

The public relations policies of public commercial undertakings found inadequate to keep consumer satisfied.
Jet-induced pressure distribution under platform in ground effect

Power Augmented Ram (PAR) vehicles are supported by the dynamic air cushion formed by air jets injected below the vehicle platform. An experimental study has been undertaken to determine steady-state pressure distribution under a static PAR model. Main controlled parameters include the jet thickness, platform height, and deflection of the aft flap in a quasi-two-dimensional system. The potential-flow theory with empirical corrections for the jet expansion provides realistic pressure estimations for the high-pressure zone under the platform. Conducted tests confirm high lift efficiency of PAR systems and demonstrate variations in the centre of pressure with changing the aft flap position.
Direct effect of sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) of plasma on the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone in the rhesus macaque

Abstract We report direct evidence for the effect of the sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) on the metabolic clearance rate of testosterone (MCRT). Pure rhesus SBP or human SBP was infused intravenously into three different cycling female rhesus monkeys. MCRT was measured before and after SBP had reached 150–300% of basal levels. A decrease in MCRT was observed in all cases. The effect of SBP on MCRT was tested further in four additional cycling females by infusing immunoaffnity-purified monospecific human SBP antibodies known to cross-react with rhesus SBP. SBP dropped to 54, 40, 4 and 2% of basal levels with a concomitant increase of 118, 190, 320 and 640% of basal MCRT. In one of these animals, pure rabbit SBP was administered after the anti-human SBP infusion resulting in a decrease in MCRT. The magnitude of the SBP effect on MCRT is related to the distribution of testosterone (T) bound to SBP and albumin in the plasma. Calculations show that as long as the percent of T bound to SBP is equal or higher than the percent of T bound to albumin, the influence on MCRT is small. However, if SBP is reduced to the extent that T is bound mostly to albumin, the redistribution of T is associated with a dramatic increase in MCRT. We conclude that under normal conditions each animal has an optimum concentration of plasma SBP which binds a maximum amount of T. If SBP increases above this level, little effect on MCRT will result. However, a drop below the optimum level, as is the case in certain physiological or clinical conditions, will produce a large increase in the clearance of T.
The Good, the Better, and the Best in Political Science

There is no rhadamanthine solution to the problem of comparing the research performance of departments, and there is no shortage of interest in the topic. Institutionally, a favorable ranking provides graduate and faculty recruitment benefits. Individually, rankings provide an outlet for the competitive spirit lurking behind good academic manners. Here, we provide a measure of political science department productivity that, while not capturing the whole of the story, has some advantages over other rankings. The recent National Research
Pathological mechanisms underlying aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and vasospasmElsevier Ltd

Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is a cerebrovascular disease associated with an overall mortality as high as 50%. Delayed ischaemic neurologic deficits are a major contributor to this statistic, as well as the significant morbidity associated with the disease. Studies examining the pathophysiologic events causing these devastating changes in cerebral blood flow have identified several mechanisms which are thought to contribute to the development of delayed ischaemic neurological deficits, perhaps the most damaging of which are increased intracranial pressure and cerebral vasospasm. In addition, the presence of blood in the subarachnoid space can trigger a myriad of reactions resulting in increased capillary permeability, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and inflammation in surrounding neural tissue that adds to the devastating effects of haemorrhage. A detailed understanding of the post-haemorrhagic cellular and molecular changes that contribute to the development of cerebral ischaemia and vasospasm is imperative to the formulation of treatment and prevention options for subarachnoid haemorrhage patients. Despite a large body of research within this field, a complete understanding of rupture and vasospasm remains elusive. This study reviews the role of vasoactive substances, such as endothelin-1, as well as the histochemistry and molecular pathology of post-haemorrhage inflammation in the development of vasospasm and cerebral ischaemia.
Neomycin Improves Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Fashion That Is Dependent on the Presence of Methane Gas: Subanalysis of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study

Recent studies have shown that normalization of the lactulose breath test (LBT) with neomycin leads to a significant reduction in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. This subanalysis was done on the constipation-predominant IBS subgroup of patients (C-IBS) to test the ability of neomycin to improve constipation and its correlation with the elimination of methane on breath test. IBS subjects underwent LBT in a blinded fashion. They were then randomly allocated to neomycin or placebo groups. For the purpose of this analysis, only the C-IBS subjects were identified. They were then evaluated for global improvement, abdominal pain, and constipation severity. The ability of neomycin to eliminate methane and its associated improvement in constipation was also determined. One hundred eleven subjects meeting Rome I criteria for IBS were included in the study. Thirty-nine of these had C-IBS. Of these, 20 received placebo and 19 received neomycin. With neomycin, a global improvement of 36.7±7.9% was seen, compared to 5.0±3.2% for placebo (P < .001) in the intention-to-treat analysis. Constipation was improved by 32.6±9.9% with neomycin compared to 18.7±7.2% for placebo (P=.26). Of the original 111 subjects, 12 demonstrated methane on breath test. All 12 of these patients were constipation predominant. In the methane producers receiving neomycin or placebo, improvement in constipation was significantly greater in those receiving neomycin (44.0±12.3%) compared to placebo (5.0±5.1%) (P < .05). Treatment with neomycin improves constipation in C-IBS. This improvement depends on the presence and elimination of methane on breath test.
Collaborative Study of a GLC Method for Vitamin E

Abstract The official GLC method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) for determining vitamin E was modified and collaboratively studied for the National Formulary (NF). The internal standard hexadecyl hexadecanoate (cetyl palmitate) was substituted for the dotriacontane used in the AOAC method, and some other minor changes were made. Eleven samples, representing all types of NF formulations and NF bulk materials, were analyzed by 11 laboratories. The coefficients of variation of the reproducibility and repeatability were 4.5 and 2.4%, respectively, for all laboratories and samples. The values were 3.4 and 1.6%, respectively, when the one laboratory statistically determined to be an outlier was excluded. The coefficients of variation of reproducibility and repeatability for o-tocopheryl acid succinate were 2.1 and 1.5%, respectively. All of these values lie within the 5% limit required by the NF.
Conformational changes of bovine lens crystallins in a photodynamic system.

— Conformational changes of bovine lens crystallins in a photodynamic system generating singlet oxygen, have been investigated. The formation of intersubunit crosslinks was observed in all three classes (α-, β and γ-) of crystallins by irradiation in the presence of the photosensitizer methylene blue. Near-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the crystallins were significantly altered by irradiation under these conditions, indicating changes in tertiary structure but the far-UV CD remained unchanged suggesting that the secondary structure ((β-sheet conformation) remains unchanged. Significant changes in the absorption and fluorescence spectra were also observed. Measurement of total sulfhydryl content showed a decrease of 27%, 50% and 37% for α-, β- and γ-crystallins respectively, after irradiation. Fluorescence lifetime measurements of N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine-labeled crystallins showed a significant decrease of the lifetime of the major decay components of the label bound to sulfhydryl groups of α- and γ-crystallins, but showed no change in the microenvironment of the sulfhydryl groups of β-crystallin. The results are consistent with the microenvironments of the tryptophan and sulfhydryl groups predicted from sequence studies.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE ADIABATIC NUCLEAR POTENTIAL: FORMALISM

A new formalism is presented for the construction of the two-nucleon potential, whose salient characteristic is that it involves an expansion only in the number of mesons exchanged, the self-mesonic field of each nucleon being treated, in principle, exactly. Access to the potential is achieved through the intermediary of the scattering matrix. With the assumption that nonlinear meson propagation may be neglected, alternative versions of this matrix are derived, only one of which is exploited in this paper. The connection between the scattering matrix and the potential is discussed, and it is emphasized again that the transition between the two requires a knowledge of non-energy-conserving matrix elements of the potential, which can be obtained only if the underlying Schr\"odinger equation is known. The potential involving the exchange of at most two $P$-wave mesons is computed and shown to depend on the renormalized coupling constant, the single-nucleon source function, and the total cross sections for pion-nucleon interaction. The numerical evaluation of these formulas is not here attempted.
Geographic covariation of hosts und parasites: Evidence from Populus und Pemphigus1

The geographic covariation of the eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides with three different gallforming aphids in the genus Pemphigus is studied over eastern North America. Ten vegetative Populus characters were analyzed together with 32 stem mother, slate und gall dimension characters in Pemphigus populicaulis und in two morphs of P. populitransversus. The number of locality samples studied ranges from 56 to 157. The covariation between host und parasite characters was examined by correlation analysis und canonical correlations und shown to be slight. Multiple regressions of factor scores of Pemphigus variables on Populus characters show relatively low percentages of explained variance und few significant partial regression coefficients. Spatial autocorrelation analyses of Pemphigus factor scores und of their residuals on Populus variables demonstrated largely independent spatial structure of the two sets of variables. These findings were confirmed by multiple Mantel tests of distance matrices based on cottonwood und aphid phenetics und on geography. The undoubtedly close Pemphigus-Populus coevolution over geological time is not reflected in the microevolutionary variation over geographic space. Possible esplanations for these surprising findings are discussed.
Improved hydrogen and deuterium depth profiling in polymers using low energy forward recoil spectrometry

We demonstrate that the hydrogen and deuterium depth resolution of forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) is greatly improved by utilizing 1.3 MeV 4He ions and sample tilting. The near-surface depth resolution is measured on samples of alternating deuterated and protonated polystyrene layers, each ca 250 A thick. The depth resolution at the surface is dramatically improved (from 800 i to 250 A) as the incident beam energy decreases from 3.0 to 1.3 MeV. We call this technique low-energy FRES (LE-FRES) to differentiate it from standard FRES, which uses 3 MeV 4He ions incident at 0 = 75”. Furthermore, by using a glancing incident or exit geometry, the LE-FRES depth resolution is improved to ca 125 A, which is comparable to the resolution of secondary ion mass spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis. Measurements of the energy and glancing angle dependence of the depth resolution are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. The probing depth of LE-FRES is found to have a maximum at 0 = 71” and decreases at glancing exit and incident angles. A contour plot illustrates the relationship between depth resolution and probing depth and provides guidance for future users of LE-FRES.
Statically balanced direct drive manipulator

SUMMARY A practical architecture, using a four-bar-linkage, is considered for the University of Minnesota direct drive rotot1. This statically-balanced direct drive robot has been constructed for stability analysis of the robot in constrained maneuvers.2-6 As a result of the elimination of the gravity forces (without any counter weights), smaller actuators and consequently smaller amplifiers were chosen. The motors yield acceleration of 5 g at the robot end point without overheating. High torque, low speed, brush-less AC synchronous motors are used to power the robot. Graphite-epoxy composite material is used for the construction of the robot links. A 4-node parallel processor has been used to control the robot. The dynamic tracking accuracy-with the feedforward torque method as a control law- has been derived experimentally. KEYWORDS: Direct drive; Robot; Statically balanced; Tracking accuracy; Linkage. the arm is only under its static load. 4. Structural Stiffness. The structural stiffness of the direct drive arms is greater than the non-direct drive systems. About 80% of the total mechanical compliance in most non-direct drive industrial robots is caused by transmission systems9.IO. The high structural stiffness allows for wide bandwidth control. The low structural stiffness of non-direct drive arm$, due to the existence of IIlany mechanical elements in the transmission system, is a limiting factor on achievement of a relatively wide bandwidth control system. 5. Backlash and Friction. The direct drive arms are free from mechanical backlash and friction due to elimination of transmission systems. A small mechanical backlash in the transmission system would cause the gear teeth to wear faster. The high rate of wear in the gear would develop an even larger backlash. About 25% of the torque in non direct drive arms is used to overcome the friction. II 6. Performance and Control. Because of elimination of the transmission systems, and consequently backlash, the control and performance analysis of direct drive arms is more straightforward than the non-direct drive arms (not necessarily "easier"). 7. Accuracy. The accuracy of direct drive arms is questionable. The lack of the transmission system eliminates cogging, backlash, and its corresponding limit
Postrelease Depression and the Importance of Familial Support

* * * Depression is a widely noted reaction among persons confronted with dramatic life changes. Those released from total institutions (mental patients, prisoners of war, hostages, ex-convicts) are especially susceptible to these symptoms. A model, based on extensive field experience and a broad review of literature, is first presented. Data from a cohort of persons released from prison, gathered at three points in time during the first year following release, are then discussed. The results suggest: (1) support for Irwin's model of “reentry,” (2) that depression may accompany positive as well as negative life events, and (3) the importance of “bridging networks” in modifying the intensity of depressive symptoms.
Eye Excess Energy and the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Lili (2002)

Abstract Over 4.5 days, NOAA and U.S. Air Force personnel in reconnaissance aircraft deployed 44 global positioning system dropwindsondes (GPS sondes) in the eye of Hurricane Lili (2002). The vertical profiles derived from these GPS sondes were used to determine the evolution of the height of the inversion, presence, and height of the hub cloud, the height of the lifted condensation layer, and the depth of the mixed layer. As Lili deepened, underwent rapid intensification (RI), and eventually rapid decay, the lower portion of the eye moistened and the lapse rate became moist adiabatic. The inversion layer rose as Lili intensified and then quickly fell over 1500 m at the beginning of RI. Comparison of the equivalent potential temperature θe of the eye with that in the eyewall revealed that like many other hurricanes, the eye was a reservoir for the warmest θe. The authors define a variable called eye excess energy that is a function of the difference in θe between the eye and the eyewall and the depth over...