cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased release of [3H]dopamine during low O2 stimulation of rabbit carotid body in vitro

SUMMARY Rabbit carotid bodies synthesized [3H]dopamine (DA) during a 3-h incubation period in modified Tyrode's solution containing 40 uM [3H]tyrosine. Following tbis loading period, the carotid bodies were exposed for one additional hour to unlabelled Tyrode's solution equilibrated with either 10% oxygen in nitrogen or with 100% oxygen. The carotid bodies exposed to low O2 released 81% more [3H]dopamine during this one-hour period than the carotid bodies exposed only to pure oxygen. These data suggest that hypoxia induces release of DA from the carotid body. It is now well documented that the mammalian carotid body contains the biogenic amines dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine [9,12,29], and that of these, dopamine (DA) is present in the tissue in the highest concentration [12,15]. ~ere is also convincing evidence that these substances are contained primarily within the glomus, or Type I, cells of the carotid body [6,7]. Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies in the cat [23,24,28], dog [4] and rabbit (Monti-Bloch and Eyzaguirre, pets. comm.) have shown that exogenous DA alters chemoreceptor activity recorded from the carotid nerve, and it has been suggested that during natural stimulation of the carotid body release of endogenous DA from the glomus cells may function to modulate the activity of chemoreceptor nerve fibers which terminate upon these cells [2,14,28]. However, previous studies of the effects of natural stimulation on the DA stores of the carotid body have produced conflicting results, and there are no ~tudies which have attempted to directly demonstrate either increased release or tunlover of carotid body DA during natttral stimu]a
Resource Bundles: Using Aggregation for Statistical Large-Scale Resource Discovery and Management

Resource discovery is an important process for finding suitable nodes that satisfy application requirements in large loosely coupled distributed systems. Besides internode heterogeneity, many of these systems also show a high degree of intranode dynamism, so that selecting nodes based only on their recently observed resource capacities can lead to poor deployment decisions resulting in application failures or migration overheads. However, most existing resource discovery mechanisms rely mainly on recent observations to achieve scalability in large systems. In this paper, we propose the notion of a resource bundle-a representative resource usage distribution for a group of nodes with similar resource usage patterns-that employs two complementary techniques to overcome the limitations of existing techniques: resource usage histograms to provide statistical guarantees for resource capacities and clustering-based resource aggregation to achieve scalability. Using trace-driven simulations and data analysis of a month-long PlanetLab trace, we show that resource bundles are able to provide high accuracy for statistical resource discovery, while achieving high scalability. We also show that resource bundles are ideally suited for identifying group-level characteristics (e.g., hot spots, total group capacity). To automatically parameterize the bundling algorithm, we present an adaptive algorithm that can detect online fluctuations in resource heterogeneity.
N2 : Ar, nitrification and denitrification in southern California borderland basin sediments1

The first quantitative observations of dissolved molecular nitrogen ( NP) in deep-sea sedimentary pore waters show increases of up to 17% above adjacent bottom water values. The N, : Ar concentration ratio similarly increases. This increase is greater than expected from reduction of seawater nitrate in the sediment. A mechanism is suggested in which ammonia, derived from nitrogen-containing organic matter, is converted to Nz through a nitrite intermediate under conditions of low oxygen tension. Ammonia is not converted to N, in anoxic sediments that are undergoing sulfate reduction even though Nz is the thermodynamically stable species.
Photochemical labeling of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase with an azide analog of NAD

— 3-Azidopyridine adenine dinucleotide, an azide analog of NAD+, has been synthesized as a potentially general photochemical labeling reagent for the active sites of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. The analog is a competitive inhibitor of NAD reduction by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH). Upon photolysis of the 3H-analog in the presence of YADH, 7% of the label becomes covalently bound. The results are discussed in terms of desired properties of a photochemical labeling reagent.
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement

The main practical problem in model checking is the combinatorial explosion of system states commonly known as the state explosion problem. Abstraction methods attempt to reduce the size of the state space by employing knowledge about the system and the specification in order to model only relevant features in the Kripke structure. Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement is an automatic abstraction method where, starting with a relatively small skeletal representation of the system to be verified, increasingly precise abstract representations of the system are computed. The key step is to extract information from false negatives ("spurious counterexamples") due to over-approximation.
5 GHz high-temperature-superconductor resonators with high Q and low power dependence up to 90 K

The authors have fabricated high-temperature superconducting films made of TlBaCaCuO (2212) and YBaCuO
Limitations to plasticity of language network reorganization in localization related epilepsy

Neural networks for processing language often are reorganized in patients with epilepsy. However, the extent and location of within and between hemisphere re-organization are not established. We studied 45 patients, all with a left hemisphere seizure focus (mean age 22.8, seizure onset 13.3), and 19 normal controls (mean age 24.8) with an fMRI word definition language paradigm to assess the location of language processing regions. Individual patient SPM maps were compared to the normal group in a voxel-wise comparison; a voxel was considered to be significant if its z-value exceeded mid R:2mid R:. Subsequently, we used principal component analysis with hierarchical clustering of variance patterns from individual difference maps to identify four patient sub-groups. One did not differ from normal controls; one had increased left temporal activation on the margin of regions activated in controls; two others had recruitment in right inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and temporal cortex. Right hemisphere activation in these two groups occurred in homologues of left hemisphere regions that sustained task activation. Our study used novel data driven methods to find evidence for constraints on inter-hemispheric reorganization of language in recruitment of right homologues, and, in a subpopulation of patients, evidence for intra-hemispheric reorganization of language limited to the margins of typical left temporal regional activation. These methods may be applied to investigate both normal and pathological variance in other developmental disorders and cognitive domains.
Preface to the Special Issue on the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean Tsunamis of 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005

At 7:58 A.M. local time on Sunday, 26 December 2004, a great earthquake occurred in the Indian Ocean approximately 250 km west of Sumatra, Indonesia. With a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3, this was the second largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in history. The earthquake had an average source duration of about 500 seconds, the longest ever recorded, and a rupture length of about 1,300 km, the largest ever determined instrumentally. This earthquake generated one of the most devastating tsunamis in recorded history.
Work and Family Responsibilities of Women in New York City

National studies of family income and poverty have shown that Puerto Rican families are concentrated in the lowest income levels, and that Puerto Rican families are among the poorest in the United States (Tienda & Jensen, 1987; U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1987). Likewise, in the New York Metropolitan Area and in New York City itself, Puerto Rican families—whether compared to all other families or to other Hispanic families—have very low incomes and extremely high rates of poverty (Cooney & Colon, 1980; Rosenberg, 1987, 1989).
Risk of MRSA Infection in Patients with Intermittent versus Persistent MRSA Nares Colonization.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relative risk of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among non-colonized (NC) patients, intermittently colonized (IC) patients, and persistently colonized (PC) patients. DESIGN Observational cohort study of patient data collected longitudinally over a 41-month period. SETTING Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, a tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS Any patient who received ≥5 MRSA nasal swab tests between February 20, 2010, and July 26, 2013. In total, 3,872 patients met these criteria, 0 were excluded, 95% were male, 71% were white, and the mean age was 62.9 years on the date of study entry. METHODS Patients were divided into cohorts based on MRSA colonization status. Physicians reviewed medical records to identify invasive infection and were blinded to colonization status. Cox and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to assess the relationship between colonization status and invasive infection. RESULTS In total, 102 patients developed invasive MRSA infections, 16.3% of these were PC patients, 11.2% of these were IC patients, and 0.5% of these were NC patients. PC patients were at higher risk of invasive infection than NC patients (hazard ratio [HR] 36.8; 95% CI, 18.4–73.6; P<.001). IC patients were also at higher risk than NC patients (HR, 22.8; 95% CI, 13.3–39.3; P<.001). The difference in risk between PC and IC patients was not statistically significant (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.94–2.78, P=.084). Alternate analysis methods confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS The risk of invasive MRSA infection is much higher among PC and IC patients, supporting routine clinical testing for colonization. However, this risk is similar among PC and IC patients, suggesting that distinguishing between the 2 colonization states may not be clinically important. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1292–1297
Direct and indirect mechanosensory pathways from the colon to the inferior mesenteric ganglion

The aims of these experiments were to determine in vitro whether colonic distension releases acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and substance P in the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglia (IMG) and whether cholinergic and peptidergic mechanosensory nerves projecting from the colon to the IMG receive cholinergic input from other enteric neurons. Colonic distension significantly increased the release of [3H]-acetylcholine, VIP-like immunoreactivity, and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the IMG. Nicotinic receptor blockade in the colon diminished the increase in [3H]acetylcholine release, abolished the increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity release during distension, but had no effect on the release of substance P-like immunoreactivity. Nicotinic receptor blockade in the colon also decreased fast mechanosensory input and significantly reduced by 54% the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude evoked by colonic distension. The data suggest that enteric cholinergic and VIP mechanosensory neurons that project from the colon to sympathetic neurons in the IMG receive peripheral cholinergic input from other enteric neurons. There was no evidence for enteric cholinergic input to the mechanosensory substance P pathway.
The Clebsch—Gordan Series

For a system built from state vectors, ❘j 1 m 1〉 and ❘j 2m2〉 express the angular momentum—coupled state vector ❘j 1 j 2 jm〉 for the rotated system in terras of the uncoupled state vectors, also in the rotated system
Demographics and disparities in sub-sternal goiters in the united states: a distinct entity

INTRODUCTION: Over 50% of papillary thyroid cancers carry the BRAFV600E mutation, which triggers constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Activation of NF-B is also associated with thyroid cancer tumorigenesis. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of the dual targeting of MAPK and NF-B signaling pathways using clinically safe selective inhibitors, the MEK inhibitor AZD-6244 and the NF-B-targeting proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib, for aggressive thyroid cancers.
Memory and Forgetting in English Renaissance Drama: Sleep, conscience and fame in The Duchess of Malfi

[S]lumb'ring is a common worldly wile. In the last chapter, we saw that Cleopatra's commemoration of Antony is inseparable from the construction of a specific conception of heroic masculinity. John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi similarly concerns itself with retrospective representation. The final lines of the play, which are usually taken as having the Duchess as their subject, assert that “ Integrity of life is fame's best friend , / Which nobly, beyond death, shall crown the end .” The word “integrity” refers to “The condition of having no part or element taken away or wanting; undivided or unbroken state” ( OED 1); fame is awarded to those whose deaths reveal the undivided nature of their lives. From the perspective of the ending, then, the Duchess is understood as being both self-identical and fame-worthy. However, throughout the early portions of the play a radically different view is proffered. Both the Duchess herself and her brothers describe her in terms of immoderate sleep, which we have seen is both a threat to the attainment of fame and is conceptually linked with lethargy and forgetfulness; as John Willis puts it, “ Sleep offendeth Memory .” In The Duchess of Malfi such associations are operative, and the Duchess can be understood as having forgotten herself. Indeed, the representation of the Duchess draws upon all three of the types of self-forgetting that we have encountered in previous chapters. However, forgetting is subordinated to sleep when it comes to Webster 's depiction of the Duchess as desiring subject.
Disaster responders: A cross-cultural approach to recovery and relief work

This paper is based on the experiences of six MSW students who provided international disaster/relief work on the island of Guanaja, Honduras. It discusses the preparatory steps, knowledge, skills and competencies needed by social workers interested in engaging in cross-cultural disaster/relief practice.
Hospitalized Older Adults’ Patient Satisfaction: Inpatient Care Experiences

This article examines the extent to which older adult patients’ perceptions of inpatient dimensions of care experiences are associated with their overall satisfaction. A secondary objective is to d...
Fossil fish nests from the Koobi Fora Formation (Plio-Pleistocene) of northern Kenya

Piscichnus brownii n. gen. and sp. is described from the Plio-Pleistocene Koobi Fora Formation of northern Kenya. The trace fossil is an unornamented, shallow, dish-shaped structure preserved in concave epirelief on sandstones. This structure is interpreted to result from the nest-excavating activities of fish.
A review of emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies and applications

Abstract This paper will review emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies, with the focus on phase change memory (PCM), spin-transfer-torque random-access-memory (STTRAM), resistive random-access-memory (RRAM), and ferroelectric field-effect-transistor (FeFET) memory. These promising NVM devices are evaluated in terms of their advantages, challenges, and applications. Their performance is compared based on reported parameters of major industrial test chips. Memory selector devices and cell structures are discussed. Changing market trends toward low power ( e.g. , mobile, IoT) and data-centric applications create opportunities for emerging NVMs. High-performance and low-cost emerging NVMs may simplify memory hierarchy, introduce non-volatility in logic gates and circuits, reduce system power, and enable novel architectures. Storage-class memory (SCM) based on high-density NVMs could fill the performance and density gap between memory and storage. Some unique characteristics of emerging NVMs can be utilized for novel applications beyond the memory space, e.g. , neuromorphic computing, hardware security, etc . In the beyond-CMOS era, emerging NVMs have the potential to fulfill more important functions and enable more efficient, intelligent, and secure computing systems.
Brave New Sweden

It is a critical commonplace that Maj Sjowall and Per Wahloo’s Martin Beck series is a collection of police procedurals with a social conscience.1 Wahloo himself, in a 1966 essay, stated that they wished to “use the crime novel as a scalpel cutting open the belly of an ideologically pauperized and morally debatable so-called welfare state of the bourgeois type” (Lundin 1553). K. Arne Blom validates this claim when he notes that “In all ten novels, there is a strong Marxist orientation and the tendency found in many fictional works to exaggerate, to reveal some unpleasant truths — in this case, about Sweden” (334). Bo Lundin, on the other hand, argues that Sjowall and Wahloo “have been misunderstood by some American critics with muddled politics who claimed that the series sharply criticized the socialist society of Sweden”; he insists instead that “they have succeeded in a serious literary attempt to expand the borders of the detective story and use it to discuss and comment on a much wider and, in many ways, more criminal world” (1554). While Lundin is certainly right to note that Sjowall and Wahloo do not limit their focus exclusively to Sweden, his insistence that their critique is of a “wider … and more criminal world” seems, essentially, to repeat the usual claims made about hard-boiled detective fiction since Dashiell Hammett.
Risk of renal cell carcinoma following exposure to metalworking fluids among autoworkers.

Objectives Metalworking fluids (MWF), used to cool and lubricate metal in occupational settings, are linked to several cancers but data on kidney cancer are limited. We examine how MWF influence the rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large prospective study. Methods A cohort of Michigan autoworkers consisting of 33 421 individuals was followed from 1985 to 2009. The cohort was linked to the Michigan Cancer Registry to identify new cases of RCC. We analysed RCC in relation to cumulative exposure to each specific type of MWF (straight, soluble and synthetic) and all 3 types pooled into a single MWF variable, with a 15-year lag. Cox proportional hazards regression with splines were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for age, gender, race, calendar year, year hired, time since hire, plant and other MWF types. Results There were 135 incident cases. A linear increase in the log-HR was observed for RCC with increasing cumulative exposure to each MWF type and total MWF exposure. At the mean of total MWF exposure (18.80 mg/m 3 -year), the estimated HR was 1.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.19). Conclusions Our results provide evidence for a dose-dependent association between MWF exposure and RCC. The influence of components of oil-based and water-based MWF needs further examination.
„Persuasibility“: Wer lässt sich am einfachsten überzeugen?

Schon die Yale-Studien der Hovland-Gruppe der 40er und 50er Jahre fragten, ob es nicht Leute geben konnte – oder genauer: Personlichkeitstypen –, die leichter zu uberzeugen sind als andere. Dass wir alle in manchen Situationen schneller nachgeben, wissen wir ja schon – Sonntage, Kaffee und bestimmte Dufte z. B. machen Persuasionsversuchen zuganglicher (s. o. S. 77f.), aber auch Zeitdruck, der ebenfalls zu Nachgiebigkeit verfuhrt (s. o. S. 11). Hovland und seine Kolleginnen und Kollegen waren allerdings daran interessiert herauszufinden, wer immer, uberall und fur alle Zwecke muheloser zu gewinnen sein konnte als andere. In dem Band „Personality and persuasibility“ von Janis, Hovland und acht weiteren Autoren (1959) sind die Befunde der Yale-Gruppe dazu zusammengestellt.
A LOVER'S FLIGHT : ARTHUR SCHNITZLER'S DIE FRAU DES WEISEN

Schnitzler's early story, "Die Frau des Weisen," features a protagonist whose behavior is as puzzling as any to be found in the author's opus. Seven years after his professor's wife suddenly caressed him – an event witnessed by the husband without the wife's knowledge – he meets her again at a Danish resort. She makes obvious her interest in a brief affair, an interest he shares even as he wonders why she makes no reference to their last meeting; that is, until he learns she is not aware that her husband witnessed the earlier scene, whereupon he suddenly finds her unapproachable and flees the resort. The essay examines possible reasons for the narrator's flight, including, among others, his wanting to escape a quasi-incestuous relationship, his desire for revenge on women (he had recently been jilted), and an inner paralysis that keeps him from acting.
The influence of depolarization block on seizure-like activity in networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons

The inhibitory restraint necessary to suppress aberrant activity can fail when inhibitory neurons cease to generate action potentials as they enter depolarization block. We investigate possible bifurcation structures that arise at the onset of seizure-like activity resulting from depolarization block in inhibitory neurons. Networks of conductance-based excitatory and inhibitory neurons are simulated to characterize different types of transitions to the seizure state, and a mean field model is developed to verify the generality of the observed phenomena of excitatory-inhibitory dynamics. Specifically, the inhibitory population’s activation function in the Wilson-Cowan model is modified to be non-monotonic to reflect that inhibitory neurons enter depolarization block given strong input. We find that a physiological state and a seizure state can coexist, where the seizure state is characterized by high excitatory and low inhibitory firing rate. Bifurcation analysis of the mean field model reveals that a transition to the seizure state may occur via a saddle-node bifurcation or a homoclinic bifurcation. We explain the hysteresis observed in network simulations using these two bifurcation types. We also demonstrate that extracellular potassium concentration affects the depolarization block threshold; the consequent changes in bifurcation structure enable the network to produce the tonic to clonic phase transition observed in biological epileptic networks.
God Making: An Essay in Theopoetic Imagination: For Bill Richardson SJ, in Memoriam

AbstractThis paper looks at the phenomenon of theopoetic art. The word theopoetic dates back to the Patristic authors—referring to the making divine of the human and the making human of the divine—and has been radically revived as part of the recent religious turn in continental phenomenology and hermeneutics (Keller, Caputo, Nancy, Kearney). Looking at an example of religious art, Andrei Rublev’s Trinity, the author traces the development of the idea of “God making” from Jewish and Christian literature to contemporary debates on the relationship between the secular and the sacred.
Moving Towards a Capability for Meaningful Labor

Martha Nussbaum argues that the capability approach to human development is grounded in an intuitive conception of what a life worthy of human dignity entails. This image is coupled with a concepti...
Angiographic, Anatomic and Clinical Technique Descriptions of A Subcarapacial Venipuncture Site for Chelonians

ABSTRACT A novel technique for chelonian venipunture is described. Angiographic studies using radio-opaque iohexol, static radiography, and video fluoroscopy were undertaken in several chelonian species. Latex injected dissections were also performed to confirm the vascular anatomy. These studies indicate that a clinically useful venipuncture site is present in the anterior dorsal midline at the junction of the common intercostal veins and the caudal cervical branch of the external jugular veins, located just craniad of the last mobile cervical vertebra.
Ultrafast Optical Sampling Spectroscopy Based on Dispersive Fourier Transformation

Time-wavelength optical sampling combines ultrafast optical sampling and dispersive Fourier transform and has been demonstrated for real-time absorption spectroscopy with a low-pressure C 2 H 2 sample.
Pathogens of marine bivalves in Maine (USA): A historical perspective

Abstract Shellfish aquaculture (in particular oyster cultivation) has the potential to play a significant role in refreshing the coastal economy in the state of Maine (USA). Although ocean warming and acidification are often listed as the primary manifestations of climate change in the marine environment, the issue of expanding geographic ranges of parasites and pathogens is an equally serious threat to shellfish populations. Protozoan parasites of the genera Bonamia, Haplosporidium, and Perkinsus, the bacterial pathogen responsible for Roseovarius oyster disease, and the disease condition is known as disseminated neoplasia are currently recognized as some of the significant threats to natural and farmed bivalve populations. We have analyzed the peer-reviewed literature for reports of these pathogens/conditions in Maine. Most reports focus on oysters from the Damariscotta River Estuary and are the result of directed studies into the biology of a particular pathogen rather than the result of intensive monitoring programs. The sampling effort could be interpreted in several ways including; the pathogens/conditions not impacting the annual harvest to any great extent due to limited distribution of the causative agent, the oysters developing a tolerance to the diseases, or just a lack of resources directed at studying this topic. With the shellfish aquaculture industry expected to grow in the next several decades, we recommend that a rigorous and sustained survey of parasitic diseases and believe that such an effort is fundamental to the success, resilience, and well-being of Maine's shellfish aquaculture industry.
Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. Genetic epidemiology and pharmacogenetics in irritable bowel syndrome.

The objectives of this review are twofold. Our first objective is to evaluate the evidence supporting a role for genetics in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Specific examples of the associations of...
Resuscitation Fluid with Drag Reducing Polymer Enhances Cerebral Microcirculation and Tissue Oxygenation After Traumatic Brain Injury Complicated by Hemorrhagic Shock.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently accompanied by hemorrhagic shock (HS) which significantly worsens morbidity and mortality. Existing resuscitation fluids (RF) for volume expansion inadequately mitigate impaired microvascular cerebral blood flow (mvCBF) and hypoxia after TBI/HS. We hypothesized that nanomolar quantities of drag reducing polymers in resuscitation fluid (DRP-RF), would improve mvCBF by rheological modulation of hemodynamics. Methods: TBI was induced in rats by fluid percussion (1.5 atm, 50 ms) followed by controlled hemorrhage to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) = 40 mmHg. DRP-RF or lactated Ringer (LR-RF) was infused to MAP of 60 mmHg for 1 h (pre-hospital), followed by blood re-infusion to a MAP = 70 mmHg (hospital). Temperature, MAP, blood gases and electrolytes were monitored. In vivo 2-photon laser scanning microscopy was used to monitor microvascular blood flow, hypoxia (NADH) and necrosis (i.v. propidium iodide) for 5 h after TBI/HS followed by MRI for CBF and lesion volume. Results: TBI/HS compromised brain microvascular flow leading to capillary microthrombosis, tissue hypoxia and neuronal necrosis. DRP-RF compared to LR-RF reduced microthrombosis, restored collapsed capillary flow and improved mvCBF (82 ± 9.7% vs. 62 ± 9.7%, respectively, p < 0.05, n = 10). DRP-RF vs LR-RF decreased tissue hypoxia (77 ± 8.2% vs. 60 ± 10.5%, p < 0.05), and neuronal necrosis (21 ± 7.2% vs. 36 ± 7.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). MRI showed reduced lesion volumes with DRP-RF. Conclusions: DRP-RF effectively restores mvCBF, reduces hypoxia and protects neurons compared to conventional volume expansion with LR-RF after TBI/HS.
Political Agendas for Education: From Make America Great Again to Stronger Together

Following the epic, contentious 2016 presidential election, Joel Spring’s ongoing documentation and analysis of political agendas for education reflect the major political issues since 2012. Here he examines the 2016 education planks of the Republican, Democratic, Libertarian, and Green Parties, using their official platforms and other statements, speeches given by each candidate, and media reports and publications. Each party’s position is linked to previous political movements in education. Spring offers an alternative agenda for American schools, including a proposed education amendment to the U.S. Constitution and replacing human capital agendas with goals emphasizing education for a long life and happiness. Taking a fresh look at the social and political forces, educational research, and ideologies shaping their educational agendas and a comparative approach, the book stimulates reflection and discussion. Updates and changes in the Sixth Edition: Betsy DeVos’s education agenda supporting vouchers, free market competition and for-profit schools and its relationship to the education section of the 2016 Republican platform The important role religion and culture played in the evolution of Republican education policies after the school prayer and Bible decisions of the 1960s The influence of human capital economics on Democratic education proposals How No Child Left Behind and Democratic President Barack Obama opened doors to the growth of the for-profit education industry and investment bankers The 2016 Democratic positions on the cost of higher education and student loan debts The Democratic left as represented by the 2016 campaign of Democrat Bernie Sanders and his influence on the presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Party platform The education proposals of the Green and Libertarian parties
Non-infectious Granulomatous Lesions of the Orofacial Region

Granulomatous lesions of the orofacial region are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a granulomatous reaction to a variety of stimuli. Infectious agents, foreign material, systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders can all be associated with granulomatous inflammation. In the orofacial region primary causes of granulomatosis include foreign body reaction, delayed hypersensitivity to topical agents and idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis. Secondary causes of granulomas include infectious agents, sarcoid, and Crohn disease. For this review, infectious causes of orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) including bacteria, parasites and fungi will not be discussed.
How to distinguish urban vs. agricultural sources of persistent organic pollutants

Abstract A relatively simple and effective method for distinguishing between urban and agricultural sources of anthropogenic chemicals is presented here, with a special focus on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This method is applied to atmospheric concentrations of many compounds at six sites, which are as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) operating on the shores of the North American Great Lakes. Results show that some compounds or classes of compounds have a clear urban signature (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] and flame retardants), whereas others have a clear agricultural signature (e.g. hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs]). Interestingly, some compounds included in this analysis showed a surprisingly significant urban effect, contrary to what one could anticipate (e.g. dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT]). The method illustrated here can easily be applied to other compounds and other locations. Source attribution is particularly important for regulatory purposes and safe chemicals’ management.
Changes in cognitive function: Practical and theoretical considerations for training the aging workforce

Abstract Forecasts of the labor force supply over the next 20 years reveals a demographic bubble of older retirees that is not offset by the percentage of qualified incoming younger workers ( Bureau of Labor Statistics U.S. Department of Labor, 2014 ). Understanding how training may be used to retain older employees can lead to a competitive edge for firms, given the upcoming need for skilled workers. Training also carries benefits for late career workers or job seekers as a means to increase their existing skills or as a gateway to more lucrative jobs. We review shifts in major cognitive skills and information-processing skills over time and make suggestions for enhancing the training environment for older learners based on that information. We also suggest research needs targeting late-career trainees. These practical recommendations for trainers and program designers, and suggestions for future research may lead to more age-inclusive and comprehensive theories of training-based learning.
Many-objective differential evolution optimization based on reference points: NSDE-R

Design methodologies of today require the solution of several many-objective optimization problems. The last two decades have seen a surge in several algorithms capable of solving multi-objective optimization problems. It was only in the past 5 years that new algorithms capable of coping with a large number of objectives have been introduced. This work presents a new differential evolution algorithm (NSDE-R) capable of efficiently solving many-objective optimization problems. The algorithms make use of reference points evenly distributed through the objective function space to preserve diversity and aid in multi-criteria-decision-making. The proposed NSDE-R was applied to test problems from the DTLZ and WFG suite, having three to 15 objectives. Two mutation donor operators were investigated for their ability to converge to the analytical Pareto front while maintaining diversity. The ability of NSDE-R to converge to a user-specified region of the Pareto front is also investigated. The proposed NSDE-R algorithm has shown to have a higher rate of convergence and better convergence to the analytical Pareto front.
Making a Simple Game in Unreal™ Engine: Survival Knight

Videogames have been around for more than 50 years now. As technology manufacturers move towards more efficient methods to create and distribute interactive experiences, we find further proof that videogames are here to stay. Initially introduced in the entertainment sector, they have begun to branch out in the education arena as well. By researching about game development using visual scripting within a game engine, we will focus our attention on the development of a third person top-down wave-based game which is the main output of our work. We use Unreal™ engine to develop a game called Survival Knight. Details of our effort are discussed.
CBRNE sensing at 20 years: a retrospection and prospects for the future

In this keynote presentation to the 20th meeting of SPIE’s CBRNE Sensing Conference, the author will review key papers, trends, and impacts over the past two decades. The author will also present his view on the status of CBRNE sensing within the Department of Defense, potential trends towards development in the future, and gaps in the overall landscape.
A novel approach to iboga alkaloids: Total synthesis of (±)-ibogamine and (±)-epi-ibogamine

Abstract A novel approach to the total synthesis of (±)-ibogamine and (±)-epi-ibogamine, featuring electrophilic substitution at C(2) of N′-CBZ-tryptamine by an allylic acetate, is described.
The relation of oxygen consumption to body size and to heating and cooling in the galapagos marine iguana,Amblyrhynchus cristatus

1. InAmblyrhynchus cristatus oxygen consumption increases with mass to the 0.78 power at 25°C and with mass to the 0.70 power at 35°C. The two exponents are not significantly different, nor do they differ significantly from the figures for lizards as a group. 2. At any given body temperature between 18 and 36°C inAmblyrhynchus of all body sizes oxygen consumption is usually higher during cooling than during heating. In a 2 500 g lizard cooling under natural conditions, endogenous heat production equals about 29% of heat loss. During heating under natural conditions it equals about 5% of heat gain. We conclude that metabolic heat production is relatively unimportant in accelerating temperature increase inAmblyrhynchus during basking, and that although it can significantly decrease the rate of cooling it is probably an incidental by-product of attempts to employ behavioral thermoregulation.
Tau Function and Virasoro Action for the n × n KdV Hierarchy

This is the third in a series of papers attempting to describe a uniform geometric framework in which many integrable systems can be placed. A soliton hierarchy can be constructed from a splitting of an infinite dimensional group L as positive and negative subgroups \({L_\pm}\) and a commuting sequence in the Lie algebra \({\mathcal{L}_+}\) of \({L_+}\). Given \({f\in L_-}\), there is a formal inverse scattering solution u f of the hierarchy. When there is a 2 co-cycle on \({\mathcal{L}}\) that vanishes on both \({\mathcal{L}_+ {\rm and} \mathcal{L}_-}\), Wilson constructed for each \({f\in L_-}\) a tau function \({\tau_f}\) for the hierarchy. In this third paper, we prove the following results for the n × n KdV hierarchy: (1) The second partials of \({\ln\tau_f}\) are differential polynomials of the formal inverse scattering solution u f . Moreover, \({u_f}\) can be recovered from the second partials of \({\ln\tau_f}\). (2) The natural Virasoro action on \({\ln\tau_f}\) constructed in the second paper is given by partial differential operators in \({\ln\tau_f}\). (3) There is a bijection between phase spaces of n × n KdV hierarchy and Gelfand-Dickey (GD n ) hierarchy on the space of order n linear differential operators on the line so that the flows in these two hierarchies correspond under the bijection. (4) Our Virasoro action on the n × n KdV hierarchy is constructed from a simple Virasoro action on the negative group. We show that it corresponds to the known Virasoro action on the GD n hierarchy under the bijection.
Frontline Science: A flexible kink in the transmembrane domain impairs β2 integrin extension and cell arrest from rolling.

β2 integrins are the main adhesion molecules in neutrophils and other leukocytes and are rapidly activated by inside-out signaling, which results in conformational changes that are transmitted through the transmembrane domain (TMD). Here, we investigated the biologic effect of introducing a proline mutation in the β2 integrin TMD to create a flexible kink that uncouples the topology of the inner half of the TMD from the outer half and impairs integrin activation. The β2 integrin alpha chains, αL, αM, αX, and αD, all contain an inserted (I) domain with homology to von Willebrand factor A domain. β2 activation was monitored in a homogenous binding assay of 2 reporter monoclonal antibodies: KIM127 reporting extension (E+ ) and mAb24 reporting the high-affinity (H+ ) conformation of the β2 I-like domain. The proline mutation partially diminished chemokine-induced extension, but not the high-affinity conformation. The proline mutation in the TMD of β2 completely inhibited arrest of rolling HL-60 cells in response to the chemokine IL-8. TMD mutant HL-60 cells rolling on P-selectin and ICAM-1 were unable to reduce their rolling velocity in response to IL-8. Quantitative dynamic footprinting live-cell imaging showed that blocking TMD topology transmission impaired the chemokine-induced activation of β2, limiting the appearance of extended high-affinity (E+ H+ ) β2. This also resulted in a defect in early spreading (3 min after arrest), which could be overcome by forced integrin activation using Mn2+ . We conclude that the TMD proline mutation severely impairs β2 integrin extension, cell arrest, and early spreading.
A modular microscopic smartphone attachment for imaging and quantification of multiple fluorescent probes using machine learning

Portable smartphone-based fluorescent microscopes are becoming popular owing to their ability to provide major functionalities offered by regular benchtop microscopes at a fraction of the cost. However, smartphone-based microscopes are still limited to a single fluorophore, fixed magnification, the inability to work with a different smartphones, and limited usability to either glass slides or cover slips. To overcome these challenges, here we present a modular smartphone-based microscopic attachment. The modular design allows the user to easily swap between different sets of filters and lenses, thereby enabling utility of multiple fluorophores and magnification levels. Our microscopic smartphone attachment can also be used with different smartphones and was tested with Nokia Lumia 1020, Samsung Galaxy S9+, and an iPhone XS. Further, we showed imaging results of samples on glass slides, cover slips, and microfluidic devices. A 1951 USAF resolution test target was used to quantify the maximum resolution of the microscope which was found to be 3.9 μm. The performance of the smartphone-based microscope was compared with a benchtop microscope and we found an R2 value of 0.99 using polystyrene beads and blood cells isolated from human blood samples collected from Robert Wood Johnson Medical Hospital. Additionally, to count the particles (cells and beads) imaged from the smartphone-based fluorescent microscope, we developed artificial neural networks (ANNs) using multiple training algorithms, and evaluated their performances compared to the control (ImageJ). Finally, we did ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc analysis and found a p-value of 0.97 which shows that no statistical significant difference exists between the performance of the trained ANN and control (ImageJ).
Recent advances in paired electrolysis of biomass-derived compounds toward cogeneration of value-added chemicals and fuels

Abstract Pairing the electrocatalytic hydrogenation reaction with different anodic reactions driven by renewable electricity offers a greener way for producing value-added chemicals and fuels. In particular, replacing the sluggish water oxidation with a biomass-based upgrading reaction can reduce the overall energy cost, thus allowing for the simultaneous generation of high-value products at both electrodes. This mini-review summarized the recent progress in paired electrolysis of biomass-derived compounds, particularly the furanic chemicals. Some perspectives and outlooks were proposed for further improvements in this research area.
Digital hostages: Leveraging ransomware attacks in cyberspace

Abstract Global institutions face costly infrastructure disruption from cyberthreats such as ransomware attacks. The global threat of ransomware attacks has continued to increase over time. Although it is important to conduct a cost-benefit evaluation and to weigh the risks prior to engaging, a new emerging option of dealing with ransomware attacks should be considered. I outline an interdisciplinary approach to cybernegotiation combining features of online dispute resolution and terrorist hostage theory. In this novel cyber-based dispute system design, the Wade and seek method is the application of traditional hostage negotiation theory used to help businesses mitigate the costs of ransomware attacks.
Novel Transformer with Variable Leakage and Magnetizing Inductances

This paper introduces the concept of a novel variable inductance transformer (VIT) whose leakage and magnetizing inductances can be varied dynamically and independently to aid the advancement of research in isolated power electronic converters. In this transformer, the leakage inductance can be varied by varying the length of overlap between the primary and secondary windings, while the magnetizing inductance can be varied by varying the air gap between the core legs. Individual controls for the two inductances ensure that one can be varied independent of the other, as needed to satisfy different power conversion objectives. In this paper, the analytical models of the variable leakage and magnetizing inductances are presented. Analytical results are compared with those obtained from Finite Element Method (FEM) and an experimental prototype of a VIT. Analytical solutions of the variable leakage inductance present an error of less than 2.35% when compared to FEM solutions, while the analytical solutions of the variable magnetizing inductance present a maximum error of 1.82 % when compared to experimental measurements.
Lasting effects of low-calorie sweeteners on glucose regulation, sugar intake, and memory

Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption in children has increased due to widespread LCS presence in the food environment and efforts to mitigate obesity through sugar replacement. However, mechanistic studies on the impact of early-life LCS consumption are lacking. Therefore, we developed a rodent model to evaluate the effects of daily LCS consumption (acesulfame potassium, saccharin, or stevia) during adolescence on adult metabolic, gut microbiome, neural, and behavioral outcomes. Results reveal that habitual early-life LCS consumption disrupts post-oral glucose tolerance and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory in the absence of weight gain. Furthermore, LCS consumption reduces lingual sweet taste receptor expression and alters sugar-motivated appetitive and consummatory responses. RNA sequencing analyses reveal that LCS also impacts collagen- and synaptic signaling-related gene pathways in the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, respectively, in a sex-dependent manner. Collectively, these results suggest that regular early-life LCS consumption yields long-lasting impairments in metabolism, sugar-motivated behavior, and hippocampal-dependent memory.
Educational Theory: The Specific Case of Social Justice as an Educational Leadership Construct

A number of operating principles are discussed in this chapter: 1. Social justice is both necessary and contingent with respect to education, that is, social justice can never be guaranteed or sustained without continuous efforts, including work within difficult – undemocratic– circumstances. 2. Social justice, as a deliberate intervention, is different from good teaching and moral leadership. 3. Educational researchers come to know social justice through consequences experienced by participants, not by: (a) A priori theoretical concepts (b) Well-intentioned dispositions of researchers (c) Researcher awareness or diagnosis of inequities 4. As such, social justice is defined by material changes in participants’ lives and only then is it validated by educational researchers post hoc. 5. Social justice as an educational leadership construct has to do with the PLACE of education in societies in terms of re-centering and engaging educational leadership within dominant social, political, economic, and transcendent discourses.