cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Open reduction of a lateral femoral notch associated with an acute anterior cruciate ligament tear

The lateral notch is a radiographic sign that describes a depression in the lateral femoral condyle near the terminal sulcus. The sign was first described in association with chronic instability in an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Recently, the senior author, after a prospective study, reported that these lateral notches might occur acutely at the time of anterior cruciate ligament injury. We report such a case in which the lateral femoral condylar depression fracture resulted in symptoms of lateral compartment incongruity. Open reduction and internal fixation were required. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed as a staged procedure 2 months after fracture reduction. The postoperative result has been excellent for over 5 years. This case is an example that lateral femoral notches may be acute and a source of symptoms. In some cases, reduction and fixation of significant depressions in association with ligament reconstruction can alleviate these symptoms and may improve the patient's long-term result.
Foreword: American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry. Celebrating 100 Years of Excellence

ThisCentennial Issue of the Journal ofMedicinal Chemistry was conceived in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry. The Journal is a fitting venue for this tribute. For the past 50 years, the Journal has been considered the flagship publication in our field anda rich repositoryof scientific advancement in the area of drug discovery. Thus, although the Journal and the Division have never been formally linked, they are inextricably united by a desire to advance the practice of medicinal chemistry. It is arguably fitting for me to write this foreword, since the formation of the Division of Medicinal Chemistry occurred less than amile fromwhere I now sit. The changes in the world, the field of medicinal chemistry, and the Division over the past 100 years have been nothing less than spectacular.
Modeled Climate State and Dynamic Responses to Anomalous North American Snow Cover

Abstract The radiative and thermal properties of widespread snow cover anomalies have the potential to modulate local and remote climate over monthly to seasonal time scales. In this study, physical and dynamical links between anomalous North American snow conditions and Northern Hemisphere climate are examined. A pair of 40-member ensemble AGCM experiments is run, with prescribed high- and low-snow forcings over North America during the course of an entire year (EY). The difference between the two ensemble averages reflects the climatic response to sustained EY snow forcing. Local surface responses over the snow forcing occur in all seasons, and a significant remote surface temperature response occurs over Eurasia during spring. A hemispheric-scale transient eddy response to EY forcing also occurs, which propagates downstream from the forcing region to Eurasia, and then reaches a maximum in extent and amplitude in spring. The evolution of this transient eddy response is indicative of considerable downstr...
Cloud condensation nucleus activity of organic compounds : a laboratory study

Abstract Critical or activation diameters of laboratory generated organic aerosols composed of succinic acid, adipic acid and glucose were determined. Measurements of sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate aerosols were performed for comparison. Our experimental approach involved producing single component aerosol particles of a known size, and measuring the fraction of aerosol number concentrations (CN) that act as CCN at several supersaturations. The particle diameter ( D 50 ) at which the CCN/CN ratio of 0.50 is reached is defined as the critical, or activation, diameter. These experimentally derived diameters are compared with the theoretical critical diameter ( D C ). The results indicate that highly water-soluble organic compounds exhibit critical diameters that approach that of ammonium sulfate.
Power injection of microcatheters: an in vitro comparison.

PURPOSE To determine the tolerance of 0.021-inch and 0.027-inch microcatheters to power injection in an in vitro flow model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four microcatheters (0.021-inch, n = 13; 0.027-inch, n = 11) were injected with iothalamate meglumine through a flow model with use of a power injector and high-pressure tubing. Catheters used included Rebar (0.021-inch, n = 4; 0.027-inch, n = 4), Transit (0.021-inch, n = 3; 0.027-inch, n = 3), Renegade (0.021-inch, n = 4; 0.027-inch, n = 4), and Renegade STC-18 (0.021-inch, n = 2) models. Through the 0.021-inch microcatheters, 5-second injections were performed at an initial rate of 0.7 mL/sec. Injection rates were increased by 0.5 mL/sec and the process was repeated until the pressure approached 1,000 psi or catheter breakage occurred. A similar process was repeated for the 0.027-inch catheters starting at a rate of 3.4 mL/sec. RESULTS The 0.021-inch catheters were injected 303 times and the 0.027-inch catheters were injected 210 times. Three catheter failures occurred, with all breaks occurring at pressures greater than manufacturer recommendations. The 0.027-inch catheters as a group tolerated significantly higher injection rates than the 0.021-inch catheters. Of the 0.021-inch catheters, the STC-18 also provided superior maximum flow and volume compared with the Renegade catheter. The Rebar catheter tolerated significantly lower maximum injection rates and volumes than the other 0.027-inch catheters. CONCLUSIONS The majority of microcatheters can be power-injected in vitro at pressures far greater than manufacturer recommendations. When fractures occur, they are near the hub of the catheter. Significantly greater rates of injection are possible through 0.027-inch catheters.
Crustal velocity structure beneath the eastern flank of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex: results from normal-incidence to wide-angle seismic data

Abstract P-wave velocity structure along the eastern side of the Ruby Mountains metamorphic core complex, determined using 2-D ray-inversion modeling, shows that: (1) the crust can be divided into three layers corresponding to the upper, middle, and lower crust; (2) from east of Ruby Dome to the northern end of the seismic profile, velocities of the upper crust range from 6.12 (±0.1) to 6.20 (±0.1) km/s and near-surface velocities range from 1.90 (±0.1) to 4.80 (±0.1) km/s. From this point to the southern end of the profile, upper crustal velocities range from 5.80 (±0.1) to 6.25 (±0.1) km/s and near-surface velocities range from 3.01 (±0.1) to 4.80 (±0.1) km/s; (3) middle crustal velocities range from 6.35 (±0.15) to 6.45 (±0.15) km/s; (4) lower crustal velocities range from 6.60 (±0.15) to 6.80 (±0.15) km/s; and (5) depths to the Moho vary irregularly between 30.5 and 33.5 km. From interpretation of these results, we conclude that: (1) the transition in metamorphic grade from deep upper crustal rocks south of Harrison Pass to middle crustal rocks north of Harrison Pass does not correlate with an increase in seismic velocity; near-surface basement seismic velocities increase in the central part of the range (near Ruby Dome) well north of the major metamorphic transition; (2) depths to the Moho do not reflect local surface relief; isostatic balance is achieved predominantly in the crust rather than by formation of a local crustal root; and (3) the crust has been modified during extension by intracrustal processes rather than by large-scale magmatic underplating.
Commutative Algebras In Which Polynomials Have Infinitely Many Roots

Let K be a field. Then there exists a commutative K-algebra A such that each polynomial in K[X] of degree at least 2 has infinitely many roots in A. If B is a finite-dimensional commutative K-algebra and char(K) ≠ 3 (resp., char(K ) = 3), then X2 + X + 1 (resp., X2 + X-1) has only finitely many roots in B. Relevant examples are also given, especially of K-algebras of the form K + N, where N is the nilradical.
RNA methyltransferase activity from healthy and cowpea mosaic virus-infected etiolated cowpea hypocotyls

Abstract RNA methyltransferase (MTase) activity in extracts from etiolated cowpea hypocotyls was measured by determining the radioactivity in the acid-insoluble precipitate formed from an assay using (3H-methyl)-S-adenosyl- l -methionine as a methyl donor and either Escherichia coli (strain D10 met-RCrel− RNase I−) methyl-poor tRNA or plant viral RNAs as methyl acceptors. The RNAs of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and E. coli methyl-poor tRNA were methylated four to five times more efficiently than were the RNAs of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and belladonna mottle virus. The MTase activities in extracts from healthy and CPMV-infected etiolated cowpea hypocotyls were compared seeking changes following virus infection. No significant difference in total MTase activity was observed between extracts of healthy and CPMV-infected etiolated hypocotyls, using E. coli methyl-poor tRNA or TMV RNA as methyl acceptors. Methyl nucleosides identified in TMV RNA methylated in vitro with extracts from both healthy and infected hypocotyls were 7-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, 2′-O-methylguanosine, 5-methyluridine and 6-methyladenosine. Sequential methylation experiments suggested that MTase extracts from healthy and CPMV-infected hypocotyls differed in specificity when RNAs from BMV were used as the methyl acceptor. Methylation of TMV and BMV RNAs did not affect their specific infectivity, but the efficiency of translation in an in vitro wheat germ system was reduced up to 98%.
Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments.

Evaluated the effectiveness of juvenile drug court for 161 juvenile offenders meeting diagnostic criteria for substance abuse or dependence and determined whether the integration of evidence-based practices enhanced the outcomes of juvenile drug court. Over a 1-year period, a four-condition randomized design evaluated outcomes for family court with usual community services, drug court with usual community services, drug court with multisystemic therapy, and drug court with multisystemic therapy enhanced with contingency management for adolescent substance use, criminal behavior, symptomatology, and days in out-of-home placement. In general, findings supported the view that drug court was more effective than family court services in decreasing rates of adolescent substance use and criminal behavior. Possibly due to the greatly increased surveillance of youths in drug court, however, these relative reductions in antisocial behavior did not translate to corresponding decreases in rearrest or incarceration. In addition, findings supported the view that the use of evidence-based treatments within the drug court context improved youth substance-related outcomes. Clinical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
ON GROWTH AND NUTRITIONAL COMPARISONS OF A GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS BEFORE AND AFTER CELL WALL REMOVAL.

Abstract Major differences in the vitamin requirements were not detected upon conversion of a coccus to a stable L form, i.e., permanent loss of cell wall. A purified protein has been found that successfully replaces the heterogeneous and more complex horse serum hitherto required as a necessary ingredient for growth of the coccal L form. A medium of low vitamin and low lipid content has been compounded that may prove useful for further nutritional as well as lipid studies of reproducing coccal L forms lacking a cell wall.
A status report on the OO7 OODBMS benchmarking effort

The OO7 Benchmark was first published in 1993, and has since found a home in the marketing literature of various object-oriented database management system (OODBMS) vendors. The OO7 Benchmark (as published) was the initial result of an ongoing OODBMS performance evaluation effort at the University of Wisconsin. This paper provides an update on the status of the effort on two fronts: single-user and multi-user. On the single-user front, we review and critique the design of the initial OO7 Benchmark. We discuss some of its faults, the reasons for those faults, and things that might be done to correct them. On the multi-user front, we describe our current work on the development of a multi-user benchmark for OODBMSs. This effort includes changes and extensions to the OO7 database and the design of a family of interesting multi-user workloads.
All Three Trimester Binge Alcohol Exposure Causes Fetal Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Loss in the Presence of Maternal Hypercapnea, Acidemia, and Normoxemia: Ovine Model

Background: The third trimester equivalent has been identified, both in rat and sheep models, as a period of cerebellar vulnerability to alcohol-mediated injury. We wished to determine whether alcohol exposure throughout gestation results in greater injury compared with exposure limited to the third trimester equivalent. While this question has previously been addressed in the rat model, where the third trimester equivalent occurs postnatally, it has not yet been addressed in an animal model where all 3 trimester equivalents occur prenatally, as in the ovine. We also wished to correlate cerebellar Purkinje cell loss to alcohol-mediated alterations in maternal arterial pH and blood gases as these responses might be important mechanistically in mediating the damage. Methods: Three groups of pregnant sheep were used: an untreated normal control group, a saline control group, and an alcohol group (1.75 g/kg of the body weight). The alcohol exposure regimen was designed to mimic a human binge pattern; alcohol was administered intravenously on 3 consecutive days, followed by 4 days without alcohol, beginning day 4 of gestation, continuing to the end of the third trimester equivalent of human brain growth, day 132 of gestation. Results: All 3 trimester alcohol-exposed fetal brains exhibited significant deficits in cerebellar volume and Purkinje cell number compared with those of control subjects. We did not detect a difference in the reduction of Purkinje cell number when comparing between all 3 trimester and third trimester alcohol exposure studies. The neuronal loss was accompanied by maternal hypercapnea, acidemia, and normoxemia. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate in an ovine model where all 3 trimester equivalent of brain growth occur in utero that the fetal cerebellar Purkinje cells are more sensitive to the timing of alcohol exposure and less so to the duration of exposure. Decreases in maternal PaO2 were not detected, suggesting that maternal hypoxia does not play a role in fetal Purkinje cell loss. And finally, we conclude that alcohol-induced changes in maternal arterial pH may play a role in alcohol-mediated developmental brain injury.
Global convergence of genetic algorithms

We extend an approach to global convergence for genetic algorithms via a homogeneous Markov chain argument that does not depend on mutation. Our result is a proof of convergence to a set of populations which contain the optimal.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bayesian Surrogates Applied to Conceptual Stages of the Engineering Design Process

During the conceptual design stages, designers often have incomplete knowledge about the interactions among design parameters. We are developing a methodology that will enable designers to create models with levels of detail and accuracy that correspond to the current state of the design process. Thus, designers can create a rough surrogate model when only a few data points are available and then refine the model as the design progresses and more information becomes available. These surrogates represent the system response when limited information is available and when few realizations of experiments or numerical simulations are possible. This paper presents a covariance-based approach for building multistage surrogates in the conceptual design stages when bounds for the response are not available a priori. We test the methodology using a one-dimensional analytical function and a heat transfer problem with an analytical solution, in order to obtain error measurements. We then illustrate the use of the methodology in a thermal design problem for wearable computers. The surrogate model enables the designer to understand the relationships among the design parameters.
Application of molecular techniques to the study of human physiological variation.

Physiological differences between human populatios, manifest as apparent adaptation to extreme environments, as differences in patterna of growth and development, and as differences in prevalence of common disease, are a mofer subject area of human biology. The approach of the geneticist interested in understanding these difference has been largely that of the proverbial drunk looking for has lost keys. We have characterized those genes whose products are easily assayed from peripheral blood and sought post hoc statistical evidence for a relationship between gene frequencies and physiological variables. With few exceptions, this approach has failed to provide convincing evidence of the role of genes in determining physiological differences between populations. This is not unexpected since the genes which our knowledge of physiology would predict to be important in determining physiological homeostasis. Recent advances in molecular biology (particularly in the ability to isolate and clone specific genes and to use these as probes to detect genomic variation—polymorphism—associated with these genes in human populations) and advances in our ability to resolve and visualize genetic variation in protein products provide the tools for a direct evaluation of the role of specific gene in determining physiological differences between populations. I will review the “candidate genes” available for the study of several physiological systems and present preliminary data from my laboratory related to genetic determinants of lipid metabolism.
Diethylstilbestrol potentiates and testosterone antagonizes the action of 3-methylcholanthrene on benzo(a)pyrene metabolism in Hep G2 cells.

We have used the human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2, to examine the ability of hormones and xenobiotics to modulate the hepatic induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase and epoxide hydrolase. Hep G2 cells were cultured in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. 3-Methylcholanthrene, diethylstilbestrol, testosterone propionate, and combinations of 3-meth-ylcholanthrene, and each of the hormones were added directly to the culture media. We subsequently studied the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene using cell lysates of the Hep G2 cells. Metabolites were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorodetection. Exposure to 3-methyl-cholanthrene alone resulted in an eightfold increase in total benzo(a)pyrene metabolites with a change of the predominant metabolite from the 3-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene to the carcinogenic pathway of the benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol. Diethylstilbestrol and testosterone propionate resulted in small, but significant, decreases in metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene. When exposed in combination with 3-methyl-cholanthrene, testosterone propionate antagonized and diethylstilbestrol potentiated the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene. 3-Methylcholanthrene, diethylstilbestrol, and combinations of 3-methylcholanthrene and diethylstilbestrol or testosterone propionate resulted in increased epoxide hydrolase activity as compared to controls. These results, carried out in a human hepatoma cell line, lend support to a concern for potentiated toxicity and carcinogenicity following exposure to complex chemical mixtures.
Multimodality molecular imaging of disease progression in living subjects

The enormous advances in our understanding of the progression of diseases at the molecular level have been supplemented by the new field of ‘molecular imaging’, which provides for in vivo visualization of molecular events at the cellular level in living organisms. Molecular imaging is a noninvasive assessment of gene and protein function, protein–protein interaction and/or signal transduction pathways in animal models of human disease and in patients to provide insights into molecular pathogenesis. Five major imaging techniques are currently available to assess the structural and functional alterations in vivo in small animals. These are (i) optical bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging techniques, (ii) radionuclide-based positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emitted computed tomography (SPECT), (iii) X-ray-based computed tomography (CT), (iv) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (v) ultrasound imaging (US). Functional molecular imaging requires an imaging probe that is specific for a given molecular event. In preclinical imaging, involving small animal models, the imaging probe could be an element of a direct (‘direct imaging’) or an indirect (‘indirect imaging’) event. Reporter genes are essential for indirect imaging and provide a general integrated platform for many different applications. Applications of multimodality imaging using combinations of bioluminescent, fluorescent and PET reporter genes in unified fusion vectors developed by us for recording events from single live cells to whole animals with high sensitivity and accurate quantification are discussed. Such approaches have immense potential to track progression of metastasis, immune cell trafficking, stem cell therapy, transgenic animals and even molecular interactions in living subjects.
An intelligent analyzer and understander of English

The paper describes a working analysis and generation program for natural language, which handles paragraph length input. Its core is a system of preferential choice between deep semantic patterns, based on what we call “semantic density.” The system is contrasted: with syntax oriented linguistic approaches, andwith theorem proving approaches to the understanding problem.
Sol-gel derived alumina substrates

Abstract Sol-gel processing may provide an alternative to the current tape cast powder method for manufacturing alumina substrates. The two methods are compared and advantages/disadvantages are discussed. One potential disadvantage of the sol-gel derived alumina substrates has been their brittleness after drying. The use of glycerol improves the flexibility of the prefired dried gels, making it possible to fabricate a variety of shapes through punching, cutting and laminating.
The PDZ-binding Chloride Channel ClC-3B Localizes to the Golgi and Associates with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator-interacting PDZ Proteins

ClC chloride channels are widely distributed in organisms across the evolutionary spectrum, and members of the mammalian family play crucial roles in cellular function and are mutated in several human diseases (Jentsch, T. J., Stein, V., Weinreich, F., and Zdebik, A. A. (2002) Physiol. Rev.82, 503–568). Within the ClC-3, -4, -5 branch of the family that are intracellular channels, two alternatively spliced ClC-3 isoforms were recognized recently (Ogura, T., Furukawa, T., Toyozaki, T., Yamada, K., Zheng, Y. J., Katayama, Y., Nakaya, H., and Inagaki, N. (2002)FASEB J. 16, 863–865). ClC-3A resides in late endosomes where it serves as an anion shunt during acidification. We show here that the ClC-3B PDZ-binding isoform resides in the Golgi where it co-localizes with a small amount of the other known PDZ-binding chloride channel, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Both channel proteins bind the Golgi PDZ protein, GOPC (Golgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein). Interestingly, however, when overexpressed, GOPC, which is thought to influence traffic in the endocytic/secretory pathway, causes a large reduction in the amounts of both channels, probably by leading them to the degradative end of this pathway. ClC-3B as well as CFTR also binds EBP50 (ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50) and PDZK1, which are concentrated at the plasma membrane. However, only PDZK1 was found to promote interaction between the two channels, perhaps because they were able to bind to two different PDZ domains in PDZK1. Thus while small portions of the populations of ClC-3B and CFTR may associate and co-localize, the bulk of the two populations reside in different organelles of cells where they are expressed heterologously or endogenously, and therefore their cellular functions are likely to be distinct and not primarily related.
Feedback and the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise

We studied the nature of feedback given after a miniCEX. We investigated whether the feedback was interactive; specifically, did the faculty allow the trainee to react to the feedback, enable self-assessment, and help trainees to develop an action plan for improvement. Finally, we investigated the number of types of recommendations given by faculty. One hundred and seven miniCEX feedback sessions were audiotaped. The faculty provided at least 1 recommendation for improvement in 80% of the feedback sessions. The majority of the sessions (61%) involved learner reaction, but in only 34% of the sessions did faculty ask for self-assessment from the intern and only 8% involved an action plan from the faculty member. Faculty are using the miniCEX to provide recommendations and often encourage learner reaction, but are underutilizing other interactive feedback methods of self-assessment and action plans. Programs should consider both specific training in feedback and changes to the miniCEX form to facilitate interactive feedback.
Influence of ammonium: nitrate ratio and solution pH on mycorrhizal infection, growth and nutrient composition of Chrysanthemum morifolium var. Circus

Chrysanthemum morifolium var. Circus plants were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus,Glomus fasciculatum, and grown, in hydroponic sand cultures to provide solutions maintained at pH 5 or 7 and one of the three NH43nNO3-ion ratios, 1∶100, 40∶60 or 80∶20. Mycorrhizal formation was decreased with high levels of NH4-ions, but greatest VAM growth benefit occurred with NH4-ions in solution at pH 7. High leaf levels of P were observed in plants receiving NH4-ion solutions, especially VAM plants, which explain in part their improved growth response.
Fluxes of CO2 and water vapor from a prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2*1

Abstract Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may alter the carbon and water relations of prairie ecosystems. A C4-dominated tallgrass prairie near Manhattan, KS, was exposed to 2 × ambient CO2 concentrations using 4.5 m-diameter open-top chambers. Whole-chamber net CO2 exchange (NCE) and evapotranspiration (ET) were continuously monitored in CO2-enriched and ambient (no enrichment) plots over a 34-d period encompassing the time of peak biomass in July and August, 1993. Soil-surface CO2 fluxes were measured with a portable surface chamber, and sap flow (water transport in xylem) in individual grass culms was monitored with heat balance techniques. Environmental measurements were used to determine the effect of CO2 on the surface energy balance and canopy resistances to vapor flux. In 1993, frequent rainfall kept soil water near field capacity and minimized plant water stress. Over the 34-d measurement period, average daily NCE (canopy photosynthesis — soil and canopy respiration) was 9.3 g CO2 m−2 in the ambient treatment adn 11.4 g CO2 m−2 under CO2 enrichment. However, differences in NCE were caused mainly by delayed senescence in the CO2-enriched plots at the end of the growing season. At earlier stages of growth, elevated CO2 had no effect on NCE. Soil-surface CO2 fluxes typically ranged from 0.4 to 0.66 mg CO2 m−2 s−1, but were slightly greater in the CO2_enriched chambers. CO2 enrichment reduced daily ET by 22%, reduced sap flow by 18%, and increased canopy resistance to vapor flux by 24 s m−1. Greater NCE and lower ET resulted in higher daytime water use efficiency (WUE) under CO2 enrichment vs. ambient (9.84 vs. 7.26 g CO2 kg−1 H2O). However, record high precipitation during the 1993 season moderated the effect of WUE on plant growth, and elevated CO2 had no effect on peak aboveground biomass. CO2-induced stomatal closure also affected the energy balance of the surface by reducing latent heat flux (LE), thereby causing a consequent change in sensible heat flux (H). The daytime Bowen ratio (H/LE) for the study period was near zero for the ambient treatment and 0.21 under CO2 enrichment.
Vibrational-exciton relaxation probed by three-pulse echoes in polypeptides

Abstract Infrared photon echoes are simulated for an anharmonic vibrational dimer representing a dipeptide in the amide I spectral region by solving the nonlinear exciton equations for the vibrational-exciton model. New relaxation-induced resonances are predicted. Variations of the cross-peak intensities during the middle time interval show signatures of exciton population transfer and coherence dynamics. Enhanced resolution is achieved using phase sensitive detection.
Concept of Nonintegrable Phase Factors and Global Formulation of Gauge Fields

Through an examination of the Bohm-Aharonov experiment an intrinsic and complete description of electromagnetism in a space-time region is formulated in terms of a nonintegrable phase factor. This concept, in its global ramifications, is studied through an examination of Dirac's magnetic monopole field. Generalizations to non-Abelian groups are carried out, and result in identification with the mathematical concept of connections on principal fiber bundles.
Cancer volume of lymph node metastasis predicts progression in prostate cancer

Clinical outcome is variable in prostate cancer patients with regional lymph node metastasis. We studied 269 patients who had regional lymph node metastasis at the time of radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Mayo Clinic between January 1987 and December 1992. Two hundred fifty-three (94%) patients received androgen deprivation therapy within 90 days of radical prostatectomy. Patients ranged in age from 47 to 79 years (median, 67 years). Median follow-up was 6.1 years (range, 0.3-10.5 years). Nodal cancer volume (size) was measured by the grid-counting method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the impact of numerous clinical and pathologic findings on systemic progression-free survival. Systemic progression was defined as the presence of distant metastasis documented by biopsies or radiographic examinations (abdominal computerized tomography, plain radiographs, or bone scan). Five-year progression-free survival was 90%. In predicting systemic progression using Cox multivariate analysis, only nodal cancer volume added significantly to the model containing the primary cancer variables (Gleason score, cancer volume, and DNA ploidy). The relative hazard rate for a doubling in nodal cancer volume was 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.0; p < 0.0001). Spearman rank analysis showed a correlation between nodal cancer volume and Gleason score of the primary cancer, the number of positive nodes, the aggregate length of metastases, and the largest nodal cancer diameter (correlation efficient = 0.37, 0.63, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively). Our data indicate that nodal cancer volume was the most significant nodal determinant of progression to distant metastasis in lymph node-positive prostate cancer patients. We recommend that the diameter of the largest metastasis be evaluated in patients with metastases, because this is a more powerful predictor of patient outcome than current methods, which recommend mere counting of the number of positive nodes.
Development of a phosphatase activity assay using excised plant roots

Root phosphatase mediated mineralisation of organic phosphorus (P) can affect P availability in agricultural and forest landscapes. Phosphatases hydrolyse organic P into inorganic P that can be taken up by plants. We developed a method to determine mineralisable organic P by phosphatases exuded by excised live roots/microbial systems. We used excised greenhouse- and field-grown roots with para-nitrophenylphosphate, glucose-1-phosphate and phytic acid as sources of organic P. Experimental variables were analysed including linearity of the reaction, presence of inorganic P, organic P exuded from roots, possible abiotic degradation of organic P, and background inorganic/organic P. Organic P mineralisation by root–phosphatase complexes was found to be linear through 6 h. Phosphorus contaminants into the system were found to be within 10% of mineralised organic P. We used this technique to answer questions about organic P bioavailability, including effect of organic P sources, plant species, plant variety, plant stress and root conditions. Overall, this method was sensitive to organic P source and plant stress of greenhouse and field-grown roots, plant species and root physiological conditions. Unlike other methods used to determine phosphatase activity, this method is not limited by lengthy preparation to develop model plants, nor is there any restriction on the choice of organic P or plant species. Our results suggest that this is an attractive method for determining organic P mineralisation specificity among and within plant species, and it can be easily integrated into routine laboratory analyses.
Building the Learning Library: Where Do We Start?

Summary Educational change and reform are tools for academic librarians to begin building learning libraries. Before beginning construction, however, librarians need answers to two practical questions: What does an ideal learning-centered approach to information literacy entail? Are model programs in place? Searching for those answers will prepare librarians to ride the wave of change from the periphery of the college experience into the heart of students' learning activities.
Improved one-pot synthesis of second-generation ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts

An improved one-pot synthesis of olefin metathesis catalysts (PCy3)(L)RuCHPhCl2 (L = N-heterocyclic nucleophilic carbene: IMes, 3; SIMes, 4) employs potassium tert-amylate to deprotonate the imidazolium salt ligand precursor. Both of the reaction steps are carried out using a one-pot protocol in hexane with commercially available reagents under mild conditions, permitting the isolation of 3 and 4 by simple filtration.
Identifying the active redox oxygen sites in a mixed Cu and Ce oxide catalyst by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and anaerobic reactions with CO in concentrated H2

Abstract The active redox oxygen site of a mixed copper cerium oxide catalyst (Cu 0.07 Ce 0.93 O 2 ) and the active copper species for CO preferential oxidation in rich H 2 were investigated by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Cu K-edge during anaerobic reaction along with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. During anaerobic reaction, the absorption edge energy of in situ X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) spectra shifts to lower energy and the white-line intensity decreases, suggesting the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) via the removal of surface lattice oxygen to oxidize CO. In addition, the first shell Cu–O peak intensity decrease of a series of Fourier transformed extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra during anaerobic reaction indicates the loss of copper’s first oxygen neighbor to oxidize CO. These provided for the first time the experimental evidence that the active/labile oxygen in copper cerium oxide catalysts is the first oxygen neighbor of Cu(II) species, which is further supported by UV–Vis studies on the reduction of the optical absorption edge energy of copper in the catalyst.
HPLC-DAD-ESIMS Analysis of phenolic compounds in nectarines, peaches, and plums

The phenolic compounds of 25 peach, nectarine, and plum cultivars were studied and quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESIMS. Hydroxycinnamates, procyanidins, flavonols, and anthocyanins were detected and quantified. White and yellow flesh nectarines and peaches, and yellow and red plums, were analyzed at two different maturity stages with consideration of both peel and flesh tissues. HPLC-MS analyses allowed the identification of procyanidin dimers of the B- and A-types, as well as the presence of procyanidin trimers in plums. As a general rule, the peel tissues contained higher amounts of phenolics, and anthocyanins and flavonols were almost exclusively located in this tissue. No clear differences in the phenolic content of nectarines and peaches were detected or between white flesh and yellow flesh cultivars. There was no clear trend in phenolic content with ripening of the different cultivars. Some cultivars, however, had a very high phenolic content. For example, the white flesh nectarine cultivar Brite Pearl (350-460 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 430-550 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) and the yellow flesh cv. Red Jim (180-190 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 210-330 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh), contained 10 times more phenolics than cultivars such as Fire Pearl (38-50 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 23-30 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh). Among white flesh peaches, cultivars Snow King (300-320 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 660-695 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) and Snow Giant (125-130 mg/kg hydroxycinnamates and 520-540 mg/kg procyanidins in flesh) showed the highest content. The plum cultivars Black Beaut and Angeleno were especially rich in phenolics.
Local atomic structure of amorphous and crystalline alloys: Computer simulation

The microscopic stresses defined at each atom, or the atomic level stresses, are effective parameters to describe the local variations in the atomic arrangement in liquids and glasses. We have calculated them for model binary alloy systems both in the amorphous and in the crystalline (fcc and bcc) states. It was found that alloying two elements does not change the average atomic level stresses in the amorphous state when normalized by the elastic modulus, while in the crystalline state alloying sharply increases the stresses, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. Some of the basic issues regarding the nature of the amorphous alloys, namely the glass transition and the criteria for glass formation, are discussed based upon these results.
Fractional-Fringe Measurements with the Corner-Cube Interferometer

Photoelectric fringe counting with a corner-cube interferometer is extended by interpolation to about 0.01 fringe. Means are included for setting the interferometer to a reference position with comparable accuracy.
Effect of Steam Velocity on the Hydrothermal Oxidation/Volatilization of Silicon Nitride

The hydrothermal oxidation behavior of silicon nitride was studied as a function of vapor velocity in the range of 1–35 cm/s, at atmospheric pressure and ∼100% H2O, using a custom-designed hydrothermal apparatus. At lower velocities, silicon nitride showed a marginal weight gain during early exposure times followed by a linear weight loss at longer exposure times. At higher velocities only linear weight loss was seen. The linear weight loss rates were determined from the weight change studies and they showed a square root dependence on velocity at higher flow rates. At the low flow rates a threshold velocity of ∼1 cm/s was observed for volatilization to initiate. The weight loss rates obtained in the apparatus at the higher steam velocities were comparable to those obtained in high pressure burner rigs, proving its viability as a good laboratory scale screening method for potential gas turbine materials.
Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance for the in vivo study of water content in trees

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging have long been used to study water content in plants. Approaches have been primarily based on systems using large magnetic fields (∼1 T) to obtain NMR signals with good signal-to-noise. This is because the NMR signal scales approximately with the magnetic field strength squared. However, there are also limits to this approach in terms of realistic physiological configuration or those imposed by the size and cost of the magnet. Here we have taken a different approach – keeping the magnetic field low to produce a very light and inexpensive system, suitable for bulk water measurements on trees less than 5 cm in diameter, which could easily be duplicated to measure on many trees or from multiple parts of the same tree. Using this system we have shown sensitivity to water content in trees and their cuttings and observed a diurnal signal variation in tree water content in a greenhouse. We also demonstrate that, with calibration and modeling of the thermal polarization, the system is reliable under significant temperature variation.
Divalent hapten-induced intestinal anaphylaxis in the mouse enhances macromolecular uptake from the stomach

Abstract The capacity of the stomach to participate in anaphylaxis induced by the hapten N,N′-di-2,4,dinitrophenyllysine (di-DNP-lysine) was examined in BDF1 female mice immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract. Immunized animals underwent laparotomy and nontraumatic pyloric occlusion using a microvascular clamp. Following wound closure, animals were gavage-fed ovalbumin together with di-DNP-lysine. Other mice were subjected to systemic anaphylaxis by intravenous injection of di-DNP-lysine administered 1 min after gavage feeding of ovalbumin. The intravenous and intragastric administration of di-DNP-lysine led to a sixfold or greater increase in serum immunoreactive ovalbumin. Examination of 1-μm sections of gastric tissue from DNP-Asc-immunized and unimmunized mice showed an intact mucosal and submucosal architecture. A 75% increase in the number of mast cells below the muscularis mucosa was seen in immunized compared with unimmunized BDF1 mice. Gastric tissue sections from immunized mice challenged orally or intravenously with di-DNP-lysine showed compaction of erythrocytes in blood vessels, degranulation of mast cells, degenerative changes in the gastric epithelium, expulsion of mucus from gastric glands, and edema in the lamina propria. The present model may be useful for further defining the consequences of anaphylaxis on the development of immune responses to dietary antigens.
Embedded atom calculations of the equilibrium shape of small platinum clusters

Abstract The embedded atom method was used to examine the shapes and stability of a series of platinum clusters with 5–60 atoms. The calculations suggest that the polyhedral structures seen in previous calculations are not stable. While the magic-number icosahedrons,cubo-octahedrons, tetrahedrons, and octahedrons retain their shape at 0 K, they spontaneously reconstruct upon annealing to 300 K. The nonmagic-number truncated icosahedrons, cubo-octahedrons, tetrahedrons, and octahedrons spontaneously reconstruct even at 0 K. A 147-atom icosahedron was also found to reconstruct to a lower energy structure upon annealing to 500 K. In contrast, there are a series of lower energy structures which are reasonably stable at 100–300 K. These lower energy structures are highly disordered and show surface structures which are not present in bulk platinum. At this point the calculations have not yet considered the effects of the support. However, these results suggest that small platinum clusters may be much more disordered than previous calculations suggest.
Image encryption based on edge information

This paper presents a new concept of image encryption which is based on edge information. The basic idea is to separate the image into the edges and the image without edges, and encrypt them using any existing or new encryption algorithm. The user has the flexibility to encrypt the edges or the image without edges, or both of them. In this manner, different security requirements can be achieved. The encrypted images are difficult for unauthorized users to decode, providing a high level of security. We also introduce a new lossless encryption algorithm using 3D Cat Map. This algorithm can fully encrypt 2D images in a straightforward one-step process. It simultaneously changes image pixel locations and pixel data. Experimental examples demonstrate the performance of the presented algorithm in image encryption. It can also withstand chosen-plaintext attack. The presented encryption approach can encrypt all 2D and 3D images and easily be implemented in mobile devices.
Enrichment of chromium isotopes by gas centrifugation

Abstract Recently, chromium isotopes have been enriched using gas centrifuges that were developed by the United States Department of Energy for the purpose of enriching uranium in the fissionable isotope 235U. The process gas employed was chromyl-fluoride. The enrichment was carried out using a single gas centrifuge that was set up to emphasize the enrichment of the light isotope 50Cr, which has a natural abundance of 4.35%. The highest enrichment tested to date is 21.4%. Higher values are possible with additional repasses. The heavy isotope 54Cr can be enriched instead of the 50Cr with an adjustment to the machine flows. Currently, work is under way to refine the cost projections associated with feed production and conversion back to an oxide and to optimize the centrifuge separative performance.
3'-5' Exonucleolytic activity of DNA polymerases: structural features that allow kinetic discrimination between ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide residues.

We have determined rates for the excision of nucleotides from the 3‘ termini of chimeric DNA−RNA oligonucleotides using the Klenow fragment (KF) and two other DNA polymerases, from phages T4 and T7. For these studies, we synthesized DNA−RNA chimeric oligonucleotides with RNA residues in defined positions. When a ribonucleotide residue was placed at the 3‘ terminus, all three DNA polymerases removed it at the same rate as they did for substrates composed solely of deoxynucleotide residues. There was a decrease in the excision rate, however, when a ribonucleotide residue was located at the second or third position from the 3‘ terminus. When both the second and third positions were occupied by ribonucleotide residues, the excision rate for the 3‘ terminal nucleotide was reduced even further and was almost identical to the rate observed when the DNA polymerases encountered single-stranded RNA. The magnitude of the effect of ribonucleotide residues on the excision rate was lower when Mn2+ replaced Mg2+ as the ...
The educational attainment of young women: Role model effects of female high school faculty

To test for the presence of role model effects of female high school faculty and professional staff on young women in high school, we estimate several models of educational attainment for young women using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Exposure to female high school faculty and professional staff has a positive impact on the educational attainment of young women. This result, combined with our finding that female faculty and professional staff have no significant impact on the educational attainment of young men, supports a female role model hypothesis.
Direct and vagally mediated chronotropic effects of morphine studied by selective perfusion of the sinus node of awake dogs.

Two milliliters of a morphine sulfate solution (1 mg/ml) perfused selectively into the sinus node artery of five trained unanesthetized dogs caused an immediate brief sinus tachycardia followed by a delayed but prolonged sinus bradycardia. Beta-receptor blockade was achieved by selective perfusion of propranolol hydrochloride solution (10µg/ml) into the sinus node artery and did not prevent the initial sinus tachycardia. Selective perfusion of the sinus node with atropine sulfate solution (1µg/ml), however, did prevent morphine from causing further sinus rate increase. The immediate positive chronotropic action of morphine was thus attributable to a peripherally located vagolytic action. The exact opposite was true with regard to the delayed bradycardia; it was due to a centrally mediated generalized increase in vagal tone regularly elicited by morphine.