cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social cognition and African American men: The roles of perceived discrimination and experimenter race on task performance

The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation (SCOPE) study consists of a battery of eight tasks selected to measure social-cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. The battery is currently in a multisite validation process. While the SCOPE study collects basic demographic data, more nuanced race-related factors might artificially inflate cross-cultural differences in social cognition. As an initial step, we investigated whether race, independent of mental illness status, affects performance on the SCOPE battery. Thus, we examined the effects of perceived discrimination and experimenter race on the performance of 51 non-clinical African American men on the SCOPE battery. Results revealed that these factors impacted social cognitive task performance. Specifically, participants performed better on a skills-based task factor in the presence of Black experimenters, and frequency of perceived racism predicted increased perception of hostility in negative interpersonal situations with accidental causes. Thus, race-related factors are important to identify and explore in the measurement of social cognition in African Americans.
Rangeland vegetation diversity and transition pathways under indigenous pastoralist management regimes in southern Ethiopia

Abstract Woody plant encroachment on the rangelands has been identified as a major threat to subsistence livestock herding globally. Among various determinants, indigenous pastoralist management regime strongly affects rangeland vegetation dynamics at a fine spatial scale. However, mechanisms of how different vegetation functional groups respond to livestock grazing under complex indigenous management regimes are yet to be explored. By integrating plant survey with GPS-tracking of cattle movement, we investigate rangeland vegetation diversity and spatial distribution of grazing intensity in an indigenous pastoralist community in southern Ethiopia, and explore patterns of plant-livestock interaction. The results indicate that vegetation structure and composition are significantly different under three distinct indigenous land use types. Spatial distribution of grazing intensity is heterogeneous under indigenous rangeland management regimes. Both plant diversity and richness are lower given moderate grazing intensity. While herbaceous cover is generally lower at locations with heavier grazing pressure, moderate grazing intensity is associated with the lowest woody cover. The findings imply that maintaining moderate grazing intensity helps to balance pastoralist livelihoods and resource sustainability.
A Fragment Library Screening Approach to Identify Selective Inhibitors against an Essential Fungal Enzyme

Pathogenic fungi represent a growing threat to human health, with an increase in the frequency of drug-resistant fungal infections. Identifying targets from among the selected metabolic pathways that are unique to microbial species presents an opportunity to develop new antifungal agents against new and untested targets to combat this growth threat. Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASADH) catalyzes a key step in a uniquely microbial amino acid biosynthetic pathway and is essential for microbial viability. This enzyme, purified from four pathogenic fungal organisms ( Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Blastomyces dermatitidis), has been screened against fragment libraries to identify initial enzyme inhibitors. The binding of structural analogs of the most promising lead compounds was measured against these fungal ASADHs to establish important structure-activity relationships among these different inhibitor classes. The most potent of these inhibitors have been docked into structures of this fungal enzyme target to identify important structural elements that serve as critical binding determinants. Several inhibitors with low micromolar inhibition constants have been identified that showed selectivity against these related enzymes from different fungal species. Subsequent screening against a library of drugs and drug candidates identified some additional inhibitors containing a consistent set of functional groups required for fungal ASADH inhibition. Additional elaboration of these core structures will likely lead to more potent and selective inhibitors.
Elite Styles in Hierarchically Organized Societies

The transition from egalitarian to hierarchical sociopolitical systems involves fundamental shifts in regional interaction, which should be reflected stylistically. Traditionally, anthropologists have examined this transition using the idealized types defined in cultural evolutionary schemes. Service’s (1962) distinction between tribes and chiefdoms has been the most widely adopted, though it has been modified and subdivided by other researchers in their efforts to account for variation observed cross-culturally (e.g., Fried 1967; Goldman 1970; Renfrew 1974; Taylor 1975; Steponaitis 1978).
On Integrating the Study of Evolution and of Development

In the early twentieth century, studies of heredity, development and evolution went in separate directions. Although there were never any wholly impassable barriers between the resultant disciplines, each developed its own terminology, groups of focal problems, and peculiar perspective. In short, development, evolution, and genetics evolved into fairly independent biological disciplines. The resultant theoretical lacunae and barriers to communication are of quite general interest. So are the numerous attempts to weld synthetic or integrative theories bridging these disciplines.
Proctitis after fecal diversion in Crohn's disease and its elimination with reanastomosis: implications for surgical management. Report of four cases

Diverting the fecal stream has been considered to affect the course of Crohn's disease favorably. Adverse effects on the distal segment have not previously been distinguished from clinical signs and symptoms. The course of four patients with Crohn's disease who underwent fecal diversion with an in situ rectum were observed in whom sigmoidoscopy was initially normal at the time of the diversion, became distinctly abnormal during the year after the diversion, and then returned to normal within 3 mo following reestablishment of intestinal continuity. The entity of nonspecific diversion proctitis might account for this phenomenon independently or by accelerating the Crohn's disease process. The inflammation present was nonspecific and did not show the stigmata of Crohn's disease. Continuity of the intestinal tract should be maintained in the course of Crohn's disease surgery if feasible. If a diversion is clinically warranted, reanastomosis should be considered as early as possible despite evidence of inflammation in the rectal mucosa.
The use of MRI digital subtraction technique in the diagnosis of traumatic pancreatic injury.

Abstract Traumatic pancreatic injuries are relatively uncommon in the setting of trauma, however, early detection of these injuries can alter patient management and overall prognosis. Computed tomography is the first line imaging modality in major trauma. Because failure to recognize pancreatic or main pancreatic duct injuries can lead to mismanagement, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be a useful adjunct study in appropriate patients. In this report, we present a case in which MRI was used to diagnose traumatic avulsion and devascularization of the entire pancreas in a patient following a motor vehicle accident and we also include a review of the literature on this topic. It is our conclusion from this case report that MRI is the most effective imaging modality—specifically the subtraction post processing sequences—to evaluate severe pancreatic injury.
The long reach of prejudiced places? Stereotype expectations and motivation to pursue education among previously- and never-incarcerated black men

In America, Black men are often stereotyped as criminal. Previously-incarcerated Black men must contend with this negative group stereotype and with the knowledge that their incarceration status co...
Design of a Sliding-Weight Borehole Gravimeter to Measure Rock Density In Highly Deviated And Narrow Boreholes

Conventional borehole density instruments measure up to 15 cm deep, while borehole gravimeters look up to 100 m away from the borehole. Gravimeters match vertical seismic profiling both in resolution and reservoir coverage. Borehole gravimeters using Lacoste-Romberg spring sensors are currently available, but use is limited due to their large diameters and near vertical hole requirement. Some surface gravimeters use a falling weight in a vacuum tube. The tube has to be positioned perfectly vertical, which prohibits its use in deviated boreholes. This paper describes the design of a tilted sliding-weight instrument that circumvents the verticality limitations. All measurements including tilt, travel time and travel distances of the weight should have an accuracy of 1 in 10 8 . This is achieved by using accurate tilt-meters for the angle, atomic clocks for time, and a laser interferometer to measure the distances. All these techniques are readily available. By subtracting the up and down going paths of the sliding weight, zeroed at the top of its trajectory, the effect of friction is eliminated. A logging tool based on this design is expected to resolve reservoir management questions such as whether gas came out of solution, or from a secondary gas cap. Moreover, combining gravimeter and through casing resistivity data, would allow saturations to be monitored over much larger reservoir volumes.
Participant stress in the COVID-19 era and beyond

The COVID-19 pandemic represents a worldwide stressor. Considering the influence of stress on research participants during this time and beyond may provide new insights and benefit the broader field of human neuroscience. Considering the influence of stress on research participants during the pandemic and beyond may provide new insights and benefit the broader field of human neuroscience.
Discovering Upper-Division Students’ Cognitive Engagement Across Engineering Courses—An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis Approach

Background: Engineering education research has consistently purported that student cognitive engagement is tied to learning outcomes and can be influenced by pedagogical strategies. Yet, there is little research describing the nuanced experience of students as they engage with their courses and how context plays a role in shaping this engagement. Purpose/Hypothesis: Our research seeks to understand how upperclassman civil engineering students are engaged across their engineering courses. We use the experience of individuals to explain how the sample made contextual decisions of engagement. Design/Method: We used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as the overarching guide when designing the study, collecting data, and interpreting findings. We recruited an appropriate sample of five engineering students to participate in a semi-structured interview. To explore participants’ engagement context and experience, we used prompts to discuss engagement generally over time. The interview progressed to a discussion of engagement specifically in their engineering courses from the previous term. In analysis, we generated themes from each participant’s individual experience. As these themes coalesced, we developed super-ordinate themes that connected the experiences of individuals to the larger whole. Results: Through analysis and interpretation, we developed the following super-ordinate themes: Behaviors for Engagement Opportunity—actions that created more or fewer chances for deep cognitive engagement, Engagement for the Future Self—looking to the generated future self to determine meaningful and applicable curriculum, and Engagement in Course Context—adjusting cognitive engagement to mirror the engagement stance of instructors. Conclusions: We view our findings as indicative of the malleable nature of student’s cognitive engagement, particularly in relationship to authority figures such as instructors. While personal values and future goals were indeed factors in participants’ engagement decisions, all participants were impacted by their classroom context. This work builds evidence for the importance of instructors utilizing evidence-based instructional practices to cultivate learning environments that maximize students’ engagement potential.
The Impact of Military Service Exposures and Psychological Resilience on the Mental Health Trajectories of Older Male Veterans.

Objectives: We examine the impact of exposure to the dead, dying, and wounded (DDW) during military service on the later-life depressive symptom trajectories of male United States veterans, using psychological resilience as an internal resource that potentially moderates negative consequences. Methods: The Health and Retirement Study (2006-2014) and linked Veteran Mail Survey were used to estimate latent growth curve models of depressive symptom trajectories, beginning at respondents' first report of resilience. Results: Veterans with higher levels of resilience do not have increased depressive symptoms in later life, despite previous exposure to DDW. Those with lower levels of resilience and previous exposure to DDW experience poorer mental health in later life. Discussion: Psychological resilience is important for later-life mental health, particularly for veterans who endured potentially traumatic experiences. We discuss the importance acknowledging the role individual resources play in shaping adaptation to adverse life events and implications for mental health service needs.
An analysis of e-business adoption and its impact on business performance

Across industries, firms have adopted e-business initiatives to better manage their internal business processes as well as their interfaces with the environment. In this study, a unified framework that captures the antecedents of e-business adoption, adoption intensity, and performance outcomes is proposed and empirically tested using data collected from senior managers in four technology-intensive industries. Applying a framework that captures the intensity of e-business adoption across four business process domains, the authors find that the antecedents and performance outcomes of e-business adoption are best studied in a process-specific context. They find, for example, that while the communication and internal administration aspects of e-business positively affect performance outcomes, the more high-profile activities related to online order taking and e-procurement do not. The authors' findings provide the foundation for a more rigorous study of e-business.
The Genetic Basis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

The epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus, indicates a worldwide increase in disease prevalence over the last 10 years with a disease bias among certain demographic populations. Retrospective studies have shown the prevalence of EoE is almost three times higher in males and is primarily restricted to Caucasians. The disease risk among siblings of EoE patients is estimated to be 40 times higher than the risk of asthma, a more widely prevalent disease with a well-accepted genetic component. These factors suggest that EoE is a polygenic disorder with a heritable genetic basis. Snapshots of whole genome expression patterns from patient-derived biopsies and whole genome polymorphism mapping of patient DNA have provided great insight at the molecular level into the genetic influences contributing to EoE. In this chapter, we will highlight seminal studies that have identified critical gene regulatory networks that are operational in EoE and discuss genetic polymorphisms associated with increased disease susceptibility.
Beneficios y complicaciones del catéter venoso central de instalación periférica en cuidados intensivos adultos

Introduction. Central venous accesses are essential in critical ill patients, for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. In the recent years, evidence has shown an increase in the use of peripheral installed central catheters (PICC). The objective of this article is to identify, through a bibliographic review, the benefits and complications associated with the use of these catheters. Materials and Methods. The PICO strategy was applied to establish the clinical question that guided the research or investigation (tb puedes elegir cual usar). The search was performed in the databases Pubmed / Medline, Scielo, Web of Science, Ovid, Clinicalkey and Scopus, using the search expression "PICC AND complications and benefits AND intensive care unit" in Spanish and English. Filters applied were: full text, English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, published in the last 10 years and in human research. For the critical analysis, the CASPe guide was used. Results. Only 10 articles met the criteria for the bibliographic sample, with research carried out in China, the United States, Spain, Iraq and the United Kingdom. Discussion. The outsantding benefits are: the PICC is very versatile, its installation does not present pleural or hemorrhagic damage, it can be used for long periods, reducing costs. The installation can be performed by a trained nursing professional, the main complications are: infection and thrombosis. Conclusions. The PICC is an effective and safe vascular access alternative, it has great advantages, its installation can be carried out by trained nurses, and it presents less risk of infections or other complications in relation to the use of the classic CVC.
Thoracoscopic detection of thoracic ducts after ultrasound-guided intrahepatic injection of indocyanine green detected by near-infrared fluorescence and methylene blue in dogs.

Objective To describe and compare onset and intensity of thoracic duct (TD) coloration in healthy dogs after intrahepatic injection of either indocyanine green (ICG) visualized by intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence lymphography (NIRFL) or direct thoracoscopic visualization of methylene blue dye (MB). Study design Prospective study. Animals Healthy adult Beagle dogs (n = 5). Methods All dogs had biochemical panels and complete blood counts preoperatively. Computed tomography lymphography (CTL) was performed prior to a standard 3-port thoracoscopic approach. A mixture of MB and ICG was injected by ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection into right or left-sided hepatic lobes. Data collected included dose of contrast agent (MB vs. ICG), injection site, timing, and quality of operative TD identification. Potential hepatic injury was assessed by repeat laboratory evaluation and abdominal ultrasound 14 days postoperatively. Results Preoperative CTL provided a diagnostic study in 5/5 dogs. After intrahepatic injection of combined dyes, NIRFL allowed visualization of TDs in 5/5 dogs, but MB did not result in visible TD coloration in any dog. Intrahepatic injection of ICG achieved successful NIRFL in a median time of 6 minutes and persisted for the 20 minute observation period in all five dogs. All dogs recovered without complication and were subsequently adopted. Conclusion NIRFL of the TD can be achieved with intraoperative hepatic injection of ICG. Intrahepatic injection of MB did not result in visible TD coloration. Clinical significance Hepatic intra-parenchymal injection is a reliable alternative portal into the TD system for intraoperative visualization of TD anatomy using ICG in dogs.
Leo Alexander's Blueprint of the Nuremberg Code.

Abstract Background Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945. Six month later, the Allies tried the surviving leaders of Nazi Germany at the first Nuremberg trial. Later, the United States conducted 12 additional trials. The first one, The Unites States of America vs. Karl Brandt et al., has been dubbed the Doctors’ trial. During the trial, the prosecution relied on the testimony of Dr. Andrew Ivy and Dr. Leo Alexander. At the end of the trial, Judge Sebring enunciated 10 principles needed to conduct human subject research - the Nuremberg Code. Authorship of the Code has been the subject of dispute, with both Ivy and Alexander claiming sole authorship. Methods In the Summer of 2017, I visited Duke University Medical Center’s Archives and surveyed the contents of boxes labeled “Alexander’s papers.” I also explored online databases with information on the Doctors’ trial. Pertinent documents were compared across collections, and against scholarly works on the topic. Results Box 3 of Alexander’s papers at Duke University Medical Center’s Archives contains a three-page document with 6 principles that, nearly word-for-word, were included in what is known as the Nuremberg Code. Alexander’s name and appointment are typed at the end of the document. Conclusions While the Nuremberg Code is likely to have been an unplanned collaboration among members of the prosecuting team and the Judges, herein I bring forth evidence suggesting that Alexander drafted the blueprint, and was the main contributor to the final version of the Code.
The deal with diel: Temperature fluctuations, asymmetrical warming, and ubiquitous metals contaminants.

Abstract Climate projections over the next century include disproportionately warmer nighttime temperatures (“asymmetrical warming”). Cool nighttime temperatures lower metabolic rates of aquatic ectotherms. In contaminated waters, areas with cool nights may provide thermal refugia from high rates of daytime contaminant uptake. We exposed Cope's gray tree frogs (Hyla chrysoscelis), southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephalus), and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) to five concentrations of a mixture of cadmium, copper, and lead under three to four temperature regimes, representing asymmetrical warming. At concentrations with intermediate toxicosis at test termination (96 h), temperature effects on acute toxicity or escape distance were evident in all study species. Asymmetrical warming (day:night, 22:20 °C; 22:22 °C) doubled or tripled mortality relative to overall cooler temperatures (20:20 °C) or cool nights (22:18 °C). Escape distances were 40–70% shorter under asymmetrical warming. Results suggest potentially grave ecological impacts from unexpected toxicosis under climate change.
Two-dimensional diamond-shaped filter banks from one-dimensional filters

Nonrectangular transformation is proposed for the design of multidimensional filter banks. The advantage of nonrectangular transformation is the abundance of transformation kernels and their efficient implementations by ladder structures. The design of two-dimensional two-channel filter banks from one-dimensional filters is discussed and design examples are presented.
Abstract P353: Cardiometabolic Risk is Related to Body Size Misperception and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in Young Hispanic Women

Introduction: Body size perception as well as knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are considerations that may contribute to cardiometabolic risk. Compared to non-Hispanic white women, Hispanic women are more likely to misperceive body size and have lower CVD knowledge. Hypothesis: To explore how body size misperception and CVD knowledge relate to cardiometabolic risk in Hispanic women, we assessed the relationship between body size perception and presence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), as well as the relationship between CVD knowledge and presence of CMRF. Methods: Women ≥18 years of age (n= 253) completed a 7-page standardized questionnaire adapted from the validated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention BRFSS. Perception of size was assessed using validated Stunkard figural stimuli. CMRF included obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking history, and type-2 diabetes. Obesity was defined by body mass index (BMI) calculated from measured height and weight. Remaining CMRF were self-reported. Results: Participants were Hispanic (82.2%, 208/253), African American (11.1%, 28/253), non-Hispanic white (4.0%, 10/253), Asian/Pacific Islander (1.2%, 3/253), and other (1.6%, 4/253). Mean age was 38.8 ± 7.5 years (24-64 years); mean education was 11.8 ± 3.3 years (1-20 years). Nearly half (47.4%, 120/253) had > 1 CMRF including obesity (30.4%, 77/253), hypertension (15.0%, 38/253), hyperlipidemia (10.3%, 26/253), smoking history (7.9%, 20/253), and type-2 diabetes (4.7%, 12/253). More than half were overweight (37.2%, 94/253) or obese (30.4%, 77/253) and 32% (81/253) were normal weight. While 53.8% (136/253) accurately perceived their size, over one-third (37.5%, 95/253) underestimated size. Among overweight and obese women, 35.1% (33/94) and 71.4% (55/77) respectively, underestimated size versus 8.6% (7/81) of normal weight women (both p<0.001). Women with CMRF were more likely to underestimate size than those without CMRF (64.2% [61/95] vs. 35.8% [34/95], p<0.001). Of the women, 27.8% (70/252) correctly chose heart disease as the leading cause of death among U.S. women. Additionally, 66.3% (167/252) identified the signs and symptoms of a heart attack. Women with CMRF were more likely to know the leading cause of death than those with no CMRF (60% [42/70] vs. 40% [28/70], p<0.05) which is possibly related to health-provider interactions prompted by existing CMRF. Conclusions: Though usually assumed that younger women are at low risk for CVD, nearly half had ≥1 CMRF. Underestimation of true size was common, especially among those with CMRF. Furthermore, less than one-third recognized heart disease as the leading cause of death. Innovative strategies to enable recognition of abnormal weight and to improve CVD knowledge, particularly among young obese Hispanic women, are necessary to combat obesity and subsequent CMRF leading to CVD.
AGE, RACE AND SEASON PREDICT VITAMIN D STATUS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND WHITE OCTOGENARIANS AND CENTENARIANS

Objective: Poor vitamin D status has been associated with osteoporosis, falls, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, autoimmune diseases, pain, nursing home placement, and other age-related conditions, but little is known about the prevalence and predictors of vitamin D status in those aged 80 and older. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that vitamin D status would be 1) poorer in a population-based multi-ethnic sample of centenarians as compared with octogenarians and 2) predicted by specific dietary, demographic or environmental factors.Design: Cross-sectional population-based analyses.Setting: Northern Georgia in the United States.Participants: Men and women aged 80 to 89 (octogenarians, n=80) and 98 and older (centenarians, n=237).Measurements: Regression analyses were used to examine the associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with age, gender, race, living arrangements, dairy food intake, supplement intake, and season.Results: The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency [25(OH)D<50 nmol/L] was higher in centenarians than in octogenarians (p<0.02). In logistic regression analyses, the risk of being vitamin D insufficient was significantly increased by being a centenarian vs. octogenarian (p<0.005) and by being African American vs. white (p<0.001) and decreased by taking a supplement with vitamin D (p<0.001) or by having vitamin D status measured in the summer or fall (each p<0.05), compared with spring.Conclusions: Centenarians and octogenarians are at high risk for vitamin D insufficiency for many of the same reasons identified in younger populations. Given the numerous potential adverse consequences of poor vitamin D status, efforts are needed to ensure vitamin D adequacy in these older adults.
Representaciones de lo apocalíptico en cuatro escritores hispanoamericanos

This essay examines the portrayal of Apocalypses as rendered in the short stories of two Argentinean and two Chilean writers, starting with the text “La lluvia de fuego” by Lugones published at the beginning of the twentieth century and ending with three short stories published by Collyer in the twenty-one century. The depiction of the apocalyptical encompasses the aesthetical discourse of modernity—represented by Leopoldo Lugones’ and Roberto Arlt’s fiction—and postmodernity, this last plane corresponding to Carlos Iturra’s and Jaime Collyer’s work. The diversity in the rendering of the topic in question reaffirms the heterogeneous scrutiny and visions encountered in both the philosophical and the religious realms. Lugones’ rendition will defy the biblical prohibition of looking at the destruction of Gomorra not only by providing a detailed account of the horror narrated by a disembodied entity and witness of the fiery rain of fire descended into the sinful town but also by openly assuming the principle of pleasure of the fallen city. In Arlt’s interpretation the entire planet is annihilated by fire as a result of an untenable sense of superiority found in the crossing of the new urban settings and the undeterred anti-humanistic nature of capitalism. Iturra’s short story brings a vision of a malevolent postmodernity by painting a metropolitan dystopian scenario where human dignity has completely vanished. Finally, in Collyer’s short story production one can see a consistent preoccupation with the representation of Apocalypses dealing not so much with the end of history but rather with how in the name of history and especially of a blind and senseless reverence toward progress and postmodern indulgence, controlling societies are the real machinery of apocalypses and the cause of its continuous resurgence.
On the metric structure of space-time

I present an analysis of the physical assumptions needed to obtain the metric structure of space-time. For this purpose I combine the axiomatic approach pioneered by Robb with ideas drawn from works on Weyl's "Raumproblem". The concept of a Lorentzian manifold is replaced by the weaker concept of an "event manifold", defined in terms of volume element, causal structure and affine connection(s). Exploiting properties of its structure group, I show that distinguishing Lorentzian manifolds from other classes of event manifolds requires the key idea of general relativity: namely that the manifold's physical structure, rather than being fixed, is itself a variable.
Surgical burn wound infections and their clinical implications

Typically, burn wound infections are classified by the organisms present in the wound within the first several days after injury or later by routine surveillance cultures. With universal acceptance of early excision and grafting, classification of burn wound colonization in unexcised burn wounds is less relevant, shifting clinical significance to open burn-related surgical wound infections (SWIs). To better characterize SWIs and their clinical relevance, the authors identified the pathogens responsible for SWIs, their impact on rates of regrafting, and the relationship between SWI and nosocomial infection (NI) pathogens. Epidemiologic and clinical data for 71 adult patients with ≥ 20% TBSA burn were collected. After excision and grafting, if a grafted site had clinical characteristics of infection, a wound culture swab was obtained and the organism identified. Surveillance cultures were not obtained. SWI pathogen, anatomic location, postburn day of occurrence, and need for regrafting were compiled. A positive culture obtained from an isolated anatomic location at any time point after excision and grafting of that location was considered a distinct infection. Pathogens responsible for NIs (urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bloodstream and catheter-related bloodstream infections, pseudomembranous colitis, and donor site infections) and their postburn day were identified. The profiles of SWI pathogens and NI pathogens were then compared. Of the 71 patients included, 2 withdrew, 6 had no excision or grafting performed, and 1 had incomplete data. Of the remaining 62 patients, 24 (39%) developed an SWI. In these 24 patients, 70 distinct infections were identified, of which 46% required regrafting. Candida species (24%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Serratia marcescens (11%), and Staphylococcus aureus (11%) comprised the majority of pathogens. Development of an SWI with the need for regrafting increased overall length of stay, area of autograft, number of operative events, and was closely associated with the number of NIs. The %TBSA burn and depth of the burn were the main risk factors for SWI with need for regrafting. The SWI pathogen was identified as an NI pathogen 56% of the time, with no temporal correlation between shared SWI and NI pathogens. SWIs are commonly found in severely burned patients and are associated with regrafting. As a result, patients with SWIs are subjected to increased operative events, autograft placement, and increased length of hospitalization. In addition, the presence of an SWI may be a risk factor for development of NIs.
The many challenges of theorizing subjectivity

Cultural psychologists and other social researchers have demonstrated a strong interest in subjectivity in recent years. It has become apparent that there are a number of challenges and tensions inherent in such projects, some of which are acknowledged more often than others. One such challenge is how to theorize subjectivity as both socioculturally constituted and experiential, embodied, and singular. Another less frequently articulated problem is the question of how to accord a prominent place to affective and emotional experience when subjectivity is often framed and analyzed in predominantly cognitive, rationalistic or “sociorational” terms. Recent approaches that highlight embodiment are intended, in part, to address this concern, but they can be accompanied by a drift toward neurobiological reductionism. Other problems include the tension between phenomenological, narrative and psychoanalytic approaches to subjectivity, and the need to differentiate between methods used to analyze literal “texts” an...
Evaluation of hydroxylapatite root implants in baboons

To determine if there is a need for close conformation of a hydroxylapatite implant to the root socket for successful prevention of alveolar ridge resorption after tooth extraction, second premolars and lateral incisors of six mature baboons were extracted bilaterally, and custom-fitted root replicas or half-length, plug-shaped forms of hydroxylapatite were implanted in the fresh sockets. Results showed that precise fit, as achieved by a custom-fitted implant, was not necessary for success. All implants were completely accepted, with evidence of new bone formation continuing for up to six months, the duration of the study. No resorption of the alveolar ridge was observed by gross or microscopic examination.
Consumer Acceptability of Cooked Stored Ground Turkey Patties with Differing Levels of Phosphate

The acceptability of fresh and stored, cooked, ground turkey patties without added phosphate or with 0.25% or 0.5% added sodium tri-polyphosphate (STP) was determined by 100 consumers. Turkey patties without phosphate were less acceptable than those with 0.5% added STP. Consumers (26) who repeated the study five times indicated that stored samples containing 0.25% and 0.5% STP were liked more and the 0.5% treatment had more meaty flavor than those samples without phosphate. Samples containing 0.5% STP were found less firm and more juicy than the other samples. The consumers scored off-flavor inconsistently.
Oxcarbazepine in patients with impulsive aggression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Objective:Impulsive aggression is a common clinically significant symptom, but there are few controlled studies evaluating drug treatment. This study evaluated oxcarbazepine in patients with impulsive aggression and whether diagnosis or other baseline characteristics predict response.Method:Eligible
Long-term follow-up of basal joint resection arthroplasty of the thumb with transfer of the abductor pollicis brevis origin to the flexor carpi radialis tendon.

Purpose To investigate the long-term functional and clinical outcomes of a tendon transfer during basal joint interposition arthroplasty for osteoarthritis of the basal joint of the thumb, in which the origin of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and opponens pollicis is transferred to the flexor carpi radialis tendon, in order to increase the abduction moment arm of the thumb and provide dynamic stabilization of the base of the first metacarpal. Methods We observed 22 patients, who received basal joint interposition arthroplasty with APB and opponens pollicis tendon transfer, over an average of 9 years (range, 3–20 years). Subjective outcome measures included patient satisfaction scores, visual analog scale scores for pain, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. Clinical evaluations included thumb range of motion, grip strength, and pinch strength. Results At an average follow-up of 9 years, 95% of patients (21 out of 22) subjectively scored the procedure as good or excellent and reported improvement in activities of daily living. Mean visual analog scale pain score was 4.4 at rest and 7.8 with activity (out of 100), and mean DASH score was 13.3 (out of 100). Average grip strength of the operated hand was equal to that of the contralateral hand, and lateral and tip pinch strengths were 79% and 93%, respectively, of the contralateral hand. No intraoperative or early postoperative complications were reported, although 1 patient whose procedure was performed as treatment for failed silastic arthroplasty reported metacarpal instability at 9-year follow-up (DASH score of 22). Conclusions Basal joint arthroplasty with APB and opponens pollicis tendon transfers provides excellent long-term results for carpometacarpal thumb osteoarthritis. The procedure is safe, with a low complication rate. Its success has long-term durability as measured by patient satisfaction, functional outcome measures, range of motion, and strength. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
The lipid composition of a single wheat kernel and its structural parts.

Abstract Lipids of single wheat kernels from different stages of maturity and from the five major wheat classes were extracted by a chloroform—methanol mixture and separated by thin-layer chromatography into 7–8 nonpolar and 8–9 polar components. In addition the lipids in half a wheat kernel and in the bran endosperm and germ of the other half kernel were fractionated and quantitated by optical density measurements of sulfuric acid-charged spots. The lipid fractions were identified according to their RF values and by use of specific sprays and observation under ultraviolet light. Distribution of lipids in the wheat kernel and transformations during wheat development and maturity were evaluated.
Vital fluorescent labeling for confocal scanning microscopic study of living cell invasion

Invasion by cells with malignant or transformed phenotypes precedes destruction of adjacent tissue and fatal cell metastasis. State-of-the-art confocal laser scanning technology facilitates both in vitro and in vivo research into cell invasion and metastasis. In particular, studies performed with living cells yield more precise information than those with fixed cells, giving new insight into cell invasion and metastasis. We have tested a variety of vital florescent dyes and fluorogenic protease substrates in our studies of invasion of cartilage by transformed synoviocytes or osteosarcoma cells. The fluorescent dyes tested include Calcein acetoxy methyl-FITC (Calcein), Hoechst 33342 (Hoechst), CellTracker, DiI, DiO, DiD, and ethidium bromide (EB). The fluorogenic protease substrate used Meoxysuccinyl-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-AFC (MOS-GPLGP-AFC) for detection of collagenase activity. We found that Calcein-FITC labeling permitted the clearest direct observation of the penetration of transformed synoviocytes and osteosarcoma cells into cartilage. Even better results were obtained when chondrocyte nuclei were counter-stained with Hoechst 33342. During the invasion process, collagenase activity was observed around the synoviocyte in the cartilage matrix labeled with the fluorogenic collagenase substrate. We concluded that of the vital fluorescent dyes tested, a combined application of Calcein-FITC, Hoechst 23223, and MOS- GPLGP-AFC is most appropriate for the study of the cell invasion process.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extracurricular activity involvement is associated with adolescent suicidality through school belongingness

Adolescent sports participants report lower rates of suicidality compared with sports nonparticipants. Few studies have investigated whether this pattern holds for involvement in other types of extracurricular activities, in younger samples, or the mechanisms of these associations. This study investigated the mediating role of school belongingness on the association between types of extracurricular activities and suicidality in developmental age groups within a United States sample (N = 13,977; 11–14 years, 14–16 years, 16–18 years). Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health showed that early adolescent sports participants endorsed lower rates of suicidal ideation. School belongingness mediated the association between extracurricular activity involvement and suicidality in that extracurricular activity participants who reported higher school belongingness were less likely to report suicidality. These findings indicate that school belongingness may be a factor in understanding the link...
Laminar swirling power law non-newtonian fluid jet impinging on a normal plane

Abstract An analysis is presented for a steady, laminar, incompressible, swirling, Ostwald—De Waele type non-Newtonian fluid jet impinging normally over a horizontal plane with a free surface. A similarity solution is obtained in a region of radial distance away from the central stagnation point. Numerical solutions for the radial and swirling velocities have been obtained for the flow behavior index, n , varying from 0.1 to 2.5. Expressions for the free surface radial velocity, growth of the free surface and skin friction coefficient are given.
Eine temperaturstabilisierte Wasserstoffbogenlampe mit hoher Intensitätskonstanz

Eine Wasserstoffhohlkathodenlampe nach einem Entwurf vonNester wurde auf die Konstanz ihrer Leuchtstarke gepruft. Die Intensitat des ultravioletten Kontinuums der Lampe konnte mit einer Gravitationsumlaufkuhlung auf weniger als 3 · 10−4 der Gesamtintensitat konstant gehalten werden.
The evolution of aggression and the level of selection controversy

This paper has two objectives. The first is to examine the “level of selection” controversy in an historical light, particularly as it relates to the evolution and function of aggressive behaviors. Individual and kin selection, on the one hand, and group selection, on the other, are viewed as alternative scientific paradigms for interpreting aggression and other behaviors. It is suggested that the crux of the conflict between these positions involves different ways of explaining altruism. Often, restraints in fighting are tacitly assumed to function first and foremost for the good of the group or species to the detriment of the actor – ie, to be altruistic and to have evolved by group selection. The frequent use of the group level “good for the species” explanations in various disciplines is noted. A second and overlapping objective of this paper is to present evidence against group selection level interpretations and to propose instead that individual level selection and inclusive fitness theory explain better and provide a heuristically more useful way of examining aggressive behavior. Toward these ends, ritualized aggressive behaviors, formerly assumed to exist for species preservation, are reinterpreted along individualistic lines. Next, the concept of inclusive fitness [Hamilton, 1964] is discussed as a theoretical breakthrough which adds support to an individual level approach. In short, the argument is set forth that animals, by and large, do not kill or seriously injure members of their own species because it usually is not in their genetic self-interest to do so; social patterns of interaction such as aggressive encounters should be examined in terms of their effects on the fitness of the individuals engaging in the behaviors before group adaptations are simply assumed. In illustration, data from several animal behavior studies are discussed. Consideration is also given to instances of intraspecific killing and wounding, which in fact occur much more frequently than has been suggested by members of a group selectionist school of thought. Infant killing reported in lions and various primate species is examined and shown to be explicable through individual selection and inclusive fitness theory. It is concluded that this approach represents a more viable theoretical framework for the evolutionary and functional study of both ritualized and other forms of limited animal aggression as well as more violent incidents of intraspecific wounding and killing.
A REVISED THORNTHWAITE-TYPE GLOBAL CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION

Although the Koppen climate classification is the most common climate classification in use today, the 1948 Thornthwaite classification is frequently cited as an improved climate classification system for its rational approach. However, the Thornthwaite classification is infrequently used because it tends to be too complex for use in everyday settings and world maps of the classification were never produced. This paper will present global maps of all four components of the 1948 Thornthwaite climate classification—a long-time wish of John "Russ" Mather, to whom this paper is dedicated. In addition, a revised Thornthwaite-type climate classification is presented with the intent of providing a more rational climate classification for everyday use in a classroom setting. This classification uses an amended version of the Thornthwaite moisture index, not only to delineate climatic moisture gradients but also to define a single seasonality index responsive to mean seasonal variation in both thermal and moisture...
Phosphorus storage capacity of uplands, wetlands and streams of the Lake Okeechobee Watershed, Florida

Lake Okeechobee, a subtropical, shallow lake in south Florida, is severely affected from eutrophication resulting from non-point source agricultural phosphorus (P) loading. The Lower Kissimmee River and Taylor Creek/Nubbin Slough watersheds are major contributors of P to Lake Okeechobee with 57% of the total P load attributed to these two watersheds. Major land use in these watersheds are dairy and beef pastures. Soils are dominated by Spodosols. The P storage capacity of uplands, wetlands and streams in the Lake Okeechobee Watershed was estimated based on the analysis of soil and vegetation, and imports of P into the watershed. Results showed that about 70% of the total P imported into the watershed is stored in uplands, and an additional 18% is stored in wetlands and streams. Phosphorus retention in soils was strongly associated with Al and Fe oxides and total organic carbon. Phosphorus storage in vegetation was found to be short-term and accounted for less than 5% of the total P storage. Phosphorus retention characteristics of soils and sediments suggest that about 75% and 45% of the storage capacity is still available for additional retention in uplands, wetlands and stream sediments, respectively. Although the watershed has a large capacity to store P, continuous loading can decrease the P buffering capacity of soils and sediments and increase P levels in surface and sub-surface flow.