cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman analysis of the E1 and A1 quasi-longitudinal optical and quasi-transverse optical modes in wurtzite AlN

This article presents a study of the quasi-longitudinal optical and quasi-transverse optical modes in wurtzite AlN which originate from the interaction of phonons belonging to the A1 and E1 symmetry groups. In order to analyze the allowed quasi as well as pure Raman modes, the modes were observed in a rotating crystallographic coordinate system, and the Raman tensors of the wurtzite crystal structure were calculated as a function of the crystallographic rotation. The frequencies of the quasimodes of wurtzite AlN were also analyzed in terms of the interaction of the polar phonons with the long range electrostatic field model. The experimental values of the Raman frequencies of the quasiphonons concur with these expected from the model, implying that the long range electrostatic field dominates the short range forces for polar phonons in AlN.
Reverse mathematics and Ramsey's property for trees

We show, relative to the base theory RCA₀: A nontrivial tree satisfies Ramsey's Theorem only if it is biembeddable with the complete binary tree. There is a class of partial orderings for which Ramsey's Theorem for pairs is equivalent to ACA₀. Ramsey's Theorem for singletons for the complete binary tree is stronger than BΣ⁰₂, hence stronger than Ramsey's Theorem for singletons for ω. These results lead to extensions of results, or answers to questions, of Chubb, Hirst, and McNicholl [3].
Global warming, commitment to the Kyoto protocol, and accounting disclosures by the largest global public firms from polluting industries

Abstract This study evaluates disclosures on pollution and greenhouse gases by firms domiciled in countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol compared to others. The study is based on disclosures made in the annual reports, environmental reports, and websites of 120 of the largest (in terms of revenues) public firms from the chemical, oil and gas, energy, and motor vehicles and casualty insurance industries. The study uses content analysis to construct weighted and unweighted disclosure indices. The results show that firms from countries that ratified the Protocol have higher disclosure indexes as compared to firms in other countries. Additionally, larger firms disclose more detailed pollution information. Multinational firms that operate in countries that ratified the Protocol but have their home offices in countries that did not are associated with lower disclosures. This lack of consistency in disclosure is not likely to be helpful in informing shareholders about the social responsibility of their investments.
Do ecological or individual characteristics mediate the influence of the physical environment upon maternal behavior

Relations between physical and social micro-environments of the child, and between micro-environmental and ecological and parental characteristics were investigated. Six observations were made, assessing the physical and social aspects of the home environments of 35 12-month old infants. Mothers filled out questionnaires assessing a variety of ecological and personal characteristics, including social support, stress and child rearing beliefs. Replicating previous findings, higher levels of crowding and traffic pattern in the home were associated with lower levels of involvement, verbal stimulation, responsivity and giving or demonstrating objects to the child. Higher levels of satisfaction with social support and specific child rearing beliefs were related to greater responsivity to the child. The majority of correlations between the physical and social micro-environments of the child remained significant even after partialling out specific ecological or individual maternal characteristics. Implications of these findings for understanding the nature of environmental influences upon development were discussed.
Efficient variational approach to the impurity problem and its application to the dynamical mean-field theory

Within the framework of exact diagonalization (ED), we compute the ground state of Anderson impurity problem using the variational approach based on the configuration interaction (CI) expansion. We demonstrate that an accurate ground state can be obtained by iteratively diagonalizing a matrix with the dimension that is less than 10$%$ of the full Hamiltonian. The efficiency of the CI expansion for different problems is analyzed. By way of example, we apply this method to the single-site dynamical mean-field theory using ED as the impurity solver. Specifically, to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, we solve the attractive Hubbard model in the grand-canonical ensemble, where the $s$-wave superconducting solution is explicitly obtained.
Bed Scouring During the Release of an Ice Jam

A model is developed for simulating changes in river bed morphology as a result of bed scouring during the release of an ice jam. The model couples a non-hydrostatic hydrodynamic model with the processes of erosion and deposition through a grid expansion technique. The actual movement of bed load is implemented by reconstructing the river bed in piecewise linear elements in order to bypass the limitations of the step-like approximation that the hydrodynamic model uses to capture the bed bathymetry. Initially, an ice jam is modeled as a rigid body of water near the free surface that constricts the flow. The ice jam does not exchange mass or momentum with the stream, but the ice body can have a realistic shape and offer resistance to the flow of water through the constriction. An ice jam release is modeled by suddenly enabling the ice to flow and exchange mass and momentum with the water. The resulting release resembles a dam break wave accelerating and causing flow velocities to rise rapidly. The model is used to simulate the 1984 ice jam in the St. Clair River, which is part of the Huron-Erie Corridor. The jam had a duration of 24 days, and its release was accompanied by high flow velocities. It is speculated that high flow velocities during the release of the jam caused scouring of the river bed. This led to an increase in the river’s conveyance that is partly responsible for the persistence of low water levels in the upper Great Lakes. The simulations confirm that an event similar to the 1984 ice jam will indeed cause scouring of the St. Clair River bed.
Effects of phase separation on crystallization behavior

Abstract The effects of phase separation on the kinetics of crystal growth have been investigated for three compositions in the Na2OSiO2 system, containing about 1.5, 10 and 15 mol% Na2O. In the two cases for which reliable data could be obtained over the full range of temperature (10 and 15% Na2O), the measured growth rates are independent of time, for crystallization temperatures within as well as outside the miscibility gap. In both cases, the growth rate versus temperature relations are continuous through the region of the immiscible boundary. These results are related to previous data on the effects of phase separation on viscosity in the Na2OSiO2 system and on nucleation and crystallization in the Li2OSiO2 system. It is suggested that transport at the crystal-liquid interface in a phase-separating system involves different types of atomic rearrangements than those involved in viscous flow.
The MicroConsignment Model Reconsidered: Invention-Led Development by Shifting Risk, Transferring Knowledge, and Scaling Capabilities (Innovations Case Discussion: The MicroConsignment Model)

an emerging definition: “Innovative and effective activities that focus strategically on resolving social market failures and creating opportunities to add social value systematically by using a range of organizational formats to maximize social impact and bring about change.” This definition acknowledges three key aspects of social entrepreneurship: an innovative element, a primary focus on the creation of social value, and a diverse set of approaches that employ creativity to deliver social value. Thus it paves the way for a greater understanding of “invention-led development,” which, according to the Lemelson Foundation, focuses on how new ideas, products, or services can be converted to widely accessible or adopted forms in the creation of social value. When the language of invention-led development is used, it conjures up images of novel products and services used in development activities. On the product side, for example, a treadle pump—such as those designed by KickStart— offers significant advantages over other alternatives in improving irrigation for subsistence farmers in Africa. Similarly, on the service side, the creation of microfinance by organizations such as Grameen Bank makes credit available to populations that previously had been denied such access.
Antarctic role in Northern Hemisphere glaciation

Earth’s climate underwent a major transition from the warmth of the late Pliocene, when global surface temperatures were ~2° to 3°C higher than today, to extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG) ~2.73 million years ago (Ma). We show that North Pacific deep waters were substantially colder (4°C) and probably fresher than the North Atlantic Deep Water before the intensification of NHG. At ~2.73 Ma, the Atlantic-Pacific temperature gradient was reduced to
Systematics of Chimarrita, a new subgenus of Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)

The subgenus Chimarrita of the genus Chimarra is erected to include three described species, formerly placed in the subgenus Chimarra, and fifteen new species, all with distributions in the Greater Antilles or South America. A phylogeny for the species in the subgenus, and characters supporting monophyly of the subgenus Chimarrita, are proposed, as well as evidence for the monophyly of the subgenera Chimarra and Curgia. Keys are provided for the males and known females of the subgenus. Described species transferred to this subgenus are Chimarra simpliciforma Flint, Chimarra rosalesi Flint, and Chimarra maldonadoi Flint. Chimarra simpliciforma is designated the type species for the subgenus. New species in Chimarra (Chimarrita) described in this paper include: Chimarra akantha (Brazil), C.camella (Brazil), C.camura (Brazil), C.chela (Venezuela), C.forcipata (Venezuela), C.heligma (Brazil), C.heppneri (Peru), C.kontilos (Brazil), C.majuscula (Brazil), C.merengue (Dominican Republic), C.neblina (Venezuela), C.prolata (Ecuador), C.pusilla (Venezuela), C.tortuosa (Brazil), and C.xingu (Brazil).
Tumor metastasis-associated heparanase (heparan sulfate endoglycosidase) activity in human melanoma cells.

Abstract We discovered previously a tumor metastasis-associated heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading endoglycosidase in mouse melanoma cells that is a unique endo-β-glucuronidase (heparanase) capable of specifically cleaving HS at intrachain sites (Nakajima et al., J. Biol. Chem., 259 (1984) 2283. Using unmodified- and chemically modified-HS and heparin substrates we demonstrate that human Hs939 and mouse B16 melanoma cells possess a HS-degrading endoglycosidase of similar specificity. Melanoma heparanase showed high activity against N -desulfated N -acetylated HS, and we therefore synthesized a solid-phase heparanase substrate crosslinking partially N -desulfated N -[ 14 C] acetylated HS to agarose gel beads via one covalent linkage. Using this solid-phase substrate 15 human malignant melanoma cell lines were assayed for heparanase activity. All of the melanoma cells tested had heparanase activity, and almost all possessed activities comparable or greater than that of the murine B16-F1 melanoma line. Human A375 melanoma variants of high lung metastatic potential in athymic nude mice had significantly higher heparanase activities than did A375 parental cells of low metastatic potential.
Comparative analyses of time-course gene expression profiles of the long-lived sch9Δ mutant

In an attempt to elucidate the underlying longevity-promoting mechanisms of mutants lacking SCH9, which live three times as long as wild type chronologically, we measured their time-course gene expression profiles. We interpreted their expression time differences by statistical inferences based on prior biological knowledge, and identified the following significant changes: (i) between 12 and 24 h, stress response genes were up-regulated by larger fold changes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing genes were down-regulated more dramatically; (ii) mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes were not up-regulated between 12 and 60 h as wild type were; (iii) electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation and TCA genes were down-regulated early; (iv) the up-regulation of TCA and electron transport was accompanied by deep down-regulation of rRNA processing over time; and (v) rRNA processing genes were more volatile over time, and three associated cis-regulatory elements [rRNA processing element (rRPE), polymerase A and C (PAC) and glucose response element (GRE)] were identified. Deletion of AZF1, which encodes the transcriptional factor that binds to the GRE element, reversed the lifespan extension of sch9Delta. The significant alterations in these time-dependent expression profiles imply that the lack of SCH9 turns on the longevity programme that extends the lifespan through changes in metabolic pathways and protection mechanisms, particularly, the regulation of aerobic respiration and rRNA processing.
Reply to comments about the basic equations of dual-source vegetation–atmosphere transfer models

Abstract The note by Lhomme and Chehbouni [Lhomme, J.-P., Chehbouni, A., 1999. Comments about the basic equations of dual-source vegetation–atmosphere transfer models, Agric. For. Meteorol., in press] discusses the apparent contradictions in the basic conservation equations of dual-source vegetation models. They claim these inconsistencies appeared in several papers which includes the dual-source formulation of Norman et al. [Norman, J.M., Kustas, W.P., Humes, K.S., 1995. Agric. For. Meteorol. 77, 263–293]. This note clarifies the assumptions leading to our formulations which will show that there are no inconsistencies in our model (hereafter referred as N95). Moreover, we propose modifications to the commonly used Beer's law approach for estimating net radiation divergence and a simple method to account for clumped vegetation that attempts to accommodate typical heterogeneity associated with sparse vegetation in an alternative way to the `patch' approach.
Dysfunctional proofreading in the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III core

The e-subunit contains the catalytic site for the 3′→5′ proofreading exonuclease that functions in the DNA pol III (DNA polymerase III) core to edit nucleotides misinserted by the α-subunit DNA pol. A novel mutagenesis strategy was used to identify 23 dnaQ alleles that exhibit a mutator phenotype in vivo. Fourteen of the e mutants were purified, and these proteins exhibited 3′→5′ exonuclease activities that ranged from 32% to 155% of the activity exhibited by the wild-type e protein, in contrast with the 2% activity exhibited by purified MutD5 protein. DNA pol III core enzymes constituted with 11 of the 14 e mutants exhibited an increased error rate during in vitro DNA synthesis using a forward mutation assay. Interactions of the purified e mutants with the α- and θ-subunits were examined by gel filtration chromatography and exonuclease stimulation assays, and by measuring polymerase/exonuclease ratios to identify the catalytically active e511 (I170T/V215A) mutant with dysfunctional proofreading in the DNA pol III core. The e511 mutant associated tightly with the α-subunit, but the exonuclease activity of e511 was not stimulated in the α–e511 complex. Addition of the θ-subunit to generate the α–e511–θ DNA pol III core partially restored stimulation of the e511 exonuclease, indicating a role for the θ-subunit in co-ordinating the α–e polymerase–exonuclease interaction. The α–e511–θ DNA pol III core exhibited a 3.5-fold higher polymerase/exonuclease ratio relative to the wild-type DNA pol III core, further indicating dysfunctional proofreading in the α–e511–θ complex. Thus the e511 mutant has wild-type 3′→5′ exonuclease activity and associates physically with the α- and θ-subunits to generate a proofreading-defective DNA pol III enzyme.
0.8-2.5 Micron Spectroscopy of Nova Ophiuchi 1998

We report 0.8-2.5 μm spectroscopy of the very fast Nova Ophiuchi 1998 from June 19 and 22 to October 2.15 1998 UT. On the first night the Paschen and Brackett emission lines dominated the spectrum, although He I 1.0830 μm was the strongest single line present and He II was very weak. There were also broad, symmetric emission wings underlying the H I and He I lines with FWHM of about 10,000 km s-1. Three nights later the rapid evolution of the nova to higher excitation conditions was evident from the much stronger He II lines which had increased by a factor of 4 relative to the hydrogen lines. The C III line at 0.9710 μm also appeared the second night, a line that we have heretofore seen only in Wolf-Rayet stars and which almost certainly indicates an overabundance of carbon. The broad emission wings were also present. About 110 days later on October 2.15 UT, the emission lines were very weak (5%-15% of the continuum) and only a few Paschen features and lines of He II were present. At no time during our observations was there any evidence of a long-wavelength upturn indicative of thermal emission from dust. The continuum magnitudes on the dates of observation at J (1.25 microns) were 9.4, 10.9 to 15.0, respectively. The optical decline of 0.37 mag day-1 makes this nova one of the fastest ever seen. Model fits of the broad lines profiles suggest that they originate in an optically thin, spherically expanding shell. The line ratios from the narrow components deviate significantly from case B values and seem to come from an optically thick (τ = 10-100 at line center in Paα), high-density (ne ~ 1011 cm-3) gas at around 10,000 K.
Global Subalternity, Exteriority, and Independence Day: Rethinking Radical Democracy and Biopolitics. Notes on Laclau-Mouffe and Hardt- Negri

Resumen en: The article analyzes the work of Laclau-Mouffe and Hardt-Negri, perhaps the most influential theorists of Postmarxism. The goal is to show that their wor...
Asymptotic analysis and domain decomposition for a singularly perturbed reaction–convection–diffusion system with shock–interior layer interactions

Abstract We study an initial-boundary value problem for a singularly perturbed reaction–convection–diffusion system. Asymptotic analysis is used to construct a domain decomposition method for the system to describe the asymptotic nature of the interactions between the boundary layers, interior layers and shock layers. Our results show that the formation of boundary layers and shock layers depends upon initial and boundary data. Impinging shock can thicken interior layers at the point of intersection.
Covalent bond between the enzyme amyloglucosidase and a porous glass carrier: The effect of shearing

The utility of an immobilized enzyme depends not only on initial loading but also on operational half-life. The loss of activity of an immobilized enzyme in a column reactor may occur in several ways. It is therefore of interest to determine whether the decay in activity is due to the rupture of any of the enzyme-carrier bonds in the composite. In order to do this, it is first necessary to establish whether the enzyme on the composite is in fact covalently bound or adsorbed. In this report we have shown that there are a number of covalent links per protein molecule. We have also shown that the bond energies are sufficient to prevent shearing of the enzyme itself from the composite under any stresses which may occur in a chromatography column or packed-bed reactor during continuous operation. The effect of the siloxane linkage on composite stability is also discussed.
Community attitudes towards emergency research and exception from informed consent

Abstract Objective To determine public attitudes towards emergency research, exception from informed consent (EFIC) and a specific proposed clinical trial using EFIC. Methods As part of a planned community consultation activity, a survey was conducted at a popular public venue. Participants answered demographic questions and then were asked their opinions on specifically described consent circumstances in emergency research, including the proposed EFIC trial. Multiple logistic and linear regression were used to determine respondent characteristics associated with specific attitudes. Results 1901 surveys were completed. The majority of respondents supported emergency research (88%) and the concept of surrogate consent by a legally authorized representative (78%). The concept of EFIC was less well supported (35%) but the application of EFIC was more accepted, especially when EFIC was applied to the respondent themselves (51%). The community believed the proposed EFIC study was acceptable (82%); a minority had concerns but most were related to patient safety and not to EFIC. Respondents with less education and lower incomes were less likely to express opinions about the consent and research concepts described. Conclusions Emergency research and the proposed EFIC trial is supported in this community. The concept of EFIC is less well supported but is more acceptable when a specific trial is described or when respondents consider EFIC for themselves. Specific respondent characteristics are associated with attitudes about research; this can assist in development of meaningful community consultation activities.
An observation about the relative hardiness of bacterial spores and planetary quarantine

Currently, planetary quarantine spacecraft sterilization requirements are based on the ‘logarithmic’ model of bacterial death. This model is a single parameter exponential model in which the sole parameter is the decimal reduction time (D-value). The D-value associated with the sterilization of a population of bacteria is only a relative measure of the rate of bacterial inactivation: It is known to depend upon many factors, but generally these dependencies are not thoroughly understood. The D-values chosen for spacecraft sterilization have been selected conservatively relative to defined experimental procedures and bacterial spore stocks. New data indicate that these D-values are not conservative when compared with those of naturally occurring organisms. The possible implications of these new data for planetary quarantine are analyzed here.
Combinations of Lymphocyte Activating Agents for Expansion of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes from Renal Cell Carcinoma

Metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC) is resistant to most chemotherapeutic agents therefore attempts have been made to activate the patients immune system to induce an anti-tumor response leading to tumor regression. In several clinical trials, patients with metastatic RCC have been treated with immunotherapy consisting of infusions of the lymphokine Interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-2 combined with Lymphokine Activated Killer (LAK) cells (1, 2). Although some patients responded well to these treatments, the overall rate of anti-tumor responses was relatively low (15–30%) and the therapy was limited by dose-dependent IL-2 toxicity.
Effects of a Supplemental Early Reading Intervention With At-Risk Urban Learners

This study investigated the effects of a supplemental early reading intervention program on the phonemic awareness and alphabetic principle skills of students identified as at risk for reading failure. Seven kindergarten students and one firstgrade student received 20 min of supplemental reading instruction 3 days a week for 16, 12, and 8 weeks. The researcher and a paraprofessional implemented the intervention in a coteaching format. A multiple-baseline-across-subjects design was used to analyze the effects of the instruction on Phoneme-Segmentation Fluency (PSF; Good & Kaminski, 2002) and Nonsense Word Fluency (NWF; Good & Kaminski, 2002) skills of target students. The results indicated that students made moderate to substantial increases in PSF and NWF as a result of the intervention. Supplemental reading intervention with systematic and explicit instruction in phonemic awareness and the alphabetic principle may be used to improve important literacy skills in kindergarten students identified as at risk...
Role of Calcium Cycling Versus Restitution in the Mechanism of Repolarization Alternans

T-wave alternans, a powerful marker of arrhythmic events, results from alternation in action potential duration (APD). The underlying cellular mechanism of APD alternans is unknown but has been attributed to either intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) cycling or membrane ionic currents, manifested by a steep slope of cellular APD restitution. To address these mechanisms, high-resolution optical mapping techniques were used to measure action potentials and Ca 2+ transients simultaneously from hundreds of epicardial sites in the guinea pig model of pacing-induced T-wave alternans (n=7). The pacing rates (ie, alternans threshold) at which T-wave (369±11 bpm), APD (369±21 bpm), and Ca 2+ (371±29 bpm) alternans first appeared were comparable. Importantly, the site of origin of APD alternans and Ca 2+ alternans consistently occurred together near the base of the left ventricle, not where APD restitution was steepest. In addition, APD and Ca 2+ alternans were remarkably similar both spatially and temporally during discordant alternans. In conclusion, the mechanism underlying T-wave alternans in the intact heart is more closely associated with intracellular Ca 2+ cycling rather than APD restitution.
Oxygen Sensing: It's a Gas!

Oxygen-sensing glomus cells in the carotid body of the carotid artery are responsible for detecting low oxygen levels and for inducing a compensatory increase in respiration rate. However, the molecular mechanism of oxygen sensing in these glomus cells has remained enigmatic. In their Perspective, Hoshi and Lahiri explore new work that identifies the oxygen sensor as a cooperative effort between hemoxygenase, the gas it produces (CO), and the BK channels of glomus cells, which respond to CO by remaining open ( Williams et al.).
Exact calibration of multiple coupled internal ports in electromagnetic analysis

It can be inconvenient or impossible to analyze a complete circuit in a single electromagnetic (EM) analysis. In these cases, internal ports may be used so that data for difficult portions of the circuit can be inserted at a later time. Examples include surface mount devices (SMD) and active devices such as transistors. While most electromagnetic analyses allow internal ports, such ports are rarely calibrated. This leaves in place the electromagnetic fringing fields surrounding any internal ports. These fields are an artifact of the EM analysis not present in the actual structure. They take the form of excess fringing capacitances and inductances. This paper describes a technique for exactly removing (i.e., de-embedding) these fringing fields leaving perfectly calibrated internal ports. This allows internal ports to be used in sensitive situations for which they were previously unavailable.
A noise-shaping coder topology for 15+ bit converters

A topology for high-precision noise-shaping converters that can be integrated on a standard digital IC process is presented. This topology uses a multibit noise-shaping coder and a novel form of dynamic element matching to achieve high accuracy and long-term stability without requiring precision matching of components. A fourth-order noise-shaping D/A (digital-to-analog) conversion system using a 3-b quantizer and a dynamic element-matching internal D/A converter, fabricated in a standard double-metal 3- mu m CMOS process, achieved 16-bit dynamic range and a harmonic distortion below -90 dB. This multibit noise-shaping D/A conversion system achieved performance comparable to that of a 1-bit noise-shaping D/A conversion system that operated at nearly four times its clock rate. >
Maneuverability and envelope protection in the prevention of aircraft loss of control

Loss-of-Control (LOC) is a major factor in fatal aircraft accidents. Although definitions of LOC remain vague in analytical terms, it is generally associated with a diminished capability of the pilot maneuver the aircraft — whether due to impairment of the aircraft or its entry into an unfavorable flight regime. Maneuver performance is usually assessed by evaluating an aircraft's ability to transition between desired steady state conditions such as wings level climb, descent, or coordinated turns. We show that even when a sufficient set of steady motions exist, the ability to regulate around them or transition between them can be difficult and non-intuitive, particularly for impaired aircraft. We examine the impact of control constraints, including those induced by actuator impairment, on the ability to prevent envelope departure and to maneuver within it. Safe set theory can be used as a basis for design of envelope protection systems. Higher dimensional safe sets are difficult to compute and visualize. For the full conventional longitudinal dynamics we present an analytic solution to a Hamiltonian which specifies the optimal safety critical control. We then use this expression in a numerical level set framework to compute four dimensional safe sets. Examples are provided using NASA's Generic Transport Model (GTM).
PREDICTING WORK-RELATED DISABILITY AND MEDICAL COST OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON OF INJURY SEVERITY SCORES AND SCORING METHODS

Background Injury severity scores were developed in part to predict mortality, but may also prove useful in predicting disability and cost-related outcomes. Aims/Objectives/Purposed The objectives were (1) to describe the degree to which injury severity predicts work-related disability and medical cost outcomes, and (2) to compare the performance of several injury severity scores and scoring methods. Methods We linked Washington State Trauma Registry (WTR) data with long-term outcomes from workers9 compensation claims (1998–2008), finding 6052 work-related injuries. Injury severity scores (ISS, NISS, maximum AIS) were estimated from ICD-9-CM codes using two software packages (ICDMAP-90 and -icdpic-), and compared with existing WTR scores. Differences in the Akaike Information Criterion, amount of variance explained (R 2 ) and estimated effects on outcomes were compared. Competing risks survival analysis was used to evaluate work disability outcomes. Adjusted total medical costs were modelled using linear regression. Results/Outcome There was substantial agreement between WTR and ICDMAP-90 (κ=0.73), and between WTR and ICDPIC (κ=0.68). All models were highly significant. Costs and duration of compensated time loss increased with severity, while time to total permanent disability (TPD) determination decreased. WTR and ICDMAP-90 scores performed better than ICDPIC scores, but effect estimates were very similar. The worst injury (maxAIS) was a better predictor of TPD, while ISS/NISS were better predictors of compensated time loss duration and costs. Significance/Contribution to the Field Injury severity was significantly associated with work disability and medical cost outcomes for work-related injuries. We observed little practical difference between scoring methods. Using existing software to estimate injury severity may be useful for intervention/outcomes research.
Capturing Concepts and Detecting Concept-Drift from Potential Unbounded, Ever-Evolving and High-Dimensional Data Streams

Envisioning the needs of a new platform that supports comprehensive knowledge discovery and retrieval from potential unbounded, multi-dimensional and ever evolving data streams, this paper proposes a novel integrated architecture that encapsulates a suit of interrelated data structures and algorithms which support (1) real-time capturing and compressing dynamics of stream data into space-efficient synopses, (2) online mining and visualizing both dynamics and historical snapshots of multiple types of patterns from stored synopses. Preliminary experimental results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the provided architecture in capturing concepts and detecting concept-drift from streaming data.
Supporting Effective Self-Regulated Learning: The Critical Role of Monitoring

This chapter explicates an empirically grounded and detailed theoretical framework for understanding the various components of self-regulated learning. A key distinction is articulated between metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive monitoring. It is argued that it is the accurate monitoring of learning experiences that is critical for effective self-regulation during learning, and that various accuracy measures for judgments of learning differ in how well they assess this construct of monitoring accuracy. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of improving the relative accuracy of metacognitive monitoring skills, and that typical instruction in study strategies may not be sufficient to improve monitoring. The results of studies and manipulations that have resulted in superior monitoring accuracy are reviewed, and the implications for the development of learning technologies are discussed. A key observation is that in order to provide the opportunity for the development of effective regulatory skills, learning environments need to be careful not to deprive students of the opportunity to engage in self-regulation or monitoring of their own understanding.
Stent expansion as a mechanical parameter to predict late stent patency: back to the basics.

Over the past decades, a number of studies have searched the determinants of adverse events following stent implantation. Among several clinical, angiographic, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) variables identified in those reports, minimum stent area (MSA) as measured by IVUS is a consistent and
Annotating Relations in Scientific Articles

Relations (ABBREVIATE, EXEMPLIFY, ORIGINATE, REL_WORK, OPINION) between entities (citations, jargon, people, organizations) are annotated for PubMed scientific articles. We discuss our specifications, pre-processing and evaluation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tracking of Stem Cells

To date, several stem cell labeling protocols have been developed, contributing to a fast growing and promising field of stem cell imaging by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Most of these methods utilize iron oxide nanoparticles (MION, SPIO, USPIO, VSIOP) for cell labeling, which provide negative (dark) signal effects on T2-weighted MR images. The following protocol describes stem cell labeling techniques with commercially available gadolinium chelates, which provide positive contrast on T1-weighted MR images, which can be advantageous for specific applications.
Genome Duplication: The Heartbeat of Developing Organisms

The mechanism that duplicates the nuclear genome during the trillions of cell divisions required to develop from zygote to adult is the same throughout the eukarya, but the mechanisms that determine where, when and how much nuclear genome duplication occur regulate development and differ among the eukarya. They allow organisms to change the rate of cell proliferation during development, to activate zygotic gene expression independently of DNA replication, and to restrict nuclear DNA replication to once per cell division. They allow specialized cells to exit their mitotic cell cycle and differentiate into polyploid cells, and in some cases, to amplify the number of copies of specific genes. It is genome duplication that drives evolution, by virtue of the errors that inevitably occur when the same process is repeated trillions of times. It is, unfortunately, the same errors that produce age-related genetic disorders such as cancer.
Abstract 3356: Loss of breast epithelial hCLCA2 promotes EMT and increases risk of metastasis

Transition between epithelial and mesenchymal states is a feature of both normal development and tumor progression. We report that expression of chloride channel accessory protein hCLCA2 is a characteristic of epithelial differentiation in the immortalized MCF10A and HMLE models, while induction of EMT by cell dilution, TGFbeta, or mesenchymal transcription factor Snail sharply reduces hCLCA2 levels. Attenuation of hCLCA2 expression by lentiviral shRNA caused cell overgrowth and focus formation, enhanced migration and invasion, and increased mammosphere formation in methylcellulose. These changes were accompanied by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and fibronectin. Moreover, hCLCA2 expression is greatly downregulated in breast cancer cells with a mesenchymal or claudin-low profile. These observations suggest that loss of hCLCA2 may promote metastasis. We find that higher-than-median expression of hCLCA2 is associated with a one-third lower rate of metastasis over an 18 year period among breast cancer patients compared to lower-than-median (n=344, unfiltered for subtype). Thus, hCLCA2 is required for epithelial differentiation, and its loss during tumor progression contributes to metastasis. Overexpression of hCLCA2 has been reported to inhibit cell proliferation and is accompanied by increases in chloride current at the plasma membrane and reduced intracellular pH (pHi). We found that knockdown cells have sharply reduced chloride current and higher pHi, both characteristics of tumor cells. These results suggest a mechanism for the effects on differentiation. Loss of hCLCA2 may allow escape from pHi homeostatic mechanisms, permitting the higher intracellular and lower extracellular pH that are characteristic of aggressive tumor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3356. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3356
Older is wiser? It depends who you ask… and how you ask

Interacting with older adults can trigger a number of stereotypes. Negative stereotypes tend to dominate, but a persistent positive perception of aging in the popular psyche is that age brings wisdom. Despite this common belief, previous research suggests that the relationship between age and wisdom is weak and inconsistent. We propose that this is due to opposing perceptions of aging - gains in life experience and socioemotional skills, counteracted by declines in cognitive skill - that also vary with characteristics of the perceiver and the context. We investigated these paradoxical perceptions of aging by asking younger (aged 20-40) and older (aged 60-80) adult judges to rate adult speakers (aged 30-89) on the basis of their responses to three narrative prompts. Several aspects of wisdom were judged, including those related to cognitive skills, and those related to socioemotional aspects of wisdom. We examined the impact on ratings of speaker and rater characteristics, as well as the interaction of these characteristics with the dimension being rated. Findings showed that the wisdom ratings were higher for speakers with better verbal fluency, and that the relationship between age and perceived wisdom was moderated by the speaker's gender. Consistent with prior work, speaker age (relative to rater's age) had a negative effect on cognitive aspects of wisdom, but a positive effect on socio-affective aspects of wisdom. Implications for understanding age-related stereotypes and conceptions of wisdom are discussed.
Acceptance Test and Analysis of an Industrial Inspection Workplace

[Objective]To learn the protective situation of workplace of X-ray inspection system for welding seam in straight tube butt of a serpentine pipe production line,evaluate the effect of this system on radiation workers' health and public safety during operation. [Methods]According to the requirements of the Radiological protection standards for industrial X-ray detection(GBZ 117-2006),the detection was performed. [Results]The air kerma rate of lead room tube hole,boundary of north zone and south zone of roller table ranged from 0.10 μGy/h to 3.79 μGy/h,and that of other location around the lead room ranged from 0.10 μGy/h to 0.52 μGy/h. [Conclusion]The protective situation of this industrial inspection workplace is good,and its protective effect accords with the requirements of radiation protection.When this system runs normally,it dose not affect the health of radiation workers and public safety.
The frozen section in lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the prostate.

AbstractFrom January 1969 through August 1982 we performed 257 pelvic lymph node dissections for staging of carcinoma of the prostate. One or more lymph nodes were submitted for frozen section in 100 cases (39 per cent): 43 (43 per cent) had positive nodes on frozen and permanent sections, while frozen section was negative in 57 (57 per cent). Of the latter 57 cases 16 (16 per cent) had positive nodes on paraffin sectioning of all tissue submitted. Thus, in our series there was a 16 per cent chance of overlooking metastatic disease at the time of pelvic lymph node dissection even with the aid of intraoperative frozen sections.
“Why Can't People Feed Themselves?”: Archaeology as Alternative Archive of Food Security in Banda, Ghana

Today, food insecurity is associated with both severe climatic shifts and pervasive poverty. What is less well understood is how the problem of hunger came to take its present-day form, especially in the African continent, where the highest prevalence of undernourishment is found. In this article, I propose that archaeology can be used as an alternative archive of food security. Material remains provide a from-the-hearth-up view of changing foodways and political economy and can be used to trace the shape of processes that led to modern-day patterns of food insecurity. Combining archaeobotanical, ethnoarchaeological, and environmental data, I provide a case study that shows how food insecurity was avoided during a centuries-long drought in Banda, Ghana, and emerged only much later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, as market economies and colonial rule took hold. I suggest that archaeology is essential for making such processes of “slow violence” visible, particularly in areas that lack rich historical archives. [Africa, food security, Ghana, archaeobotany, slow violence]
The impact of vertical specialization on hierarchical multi-agent systems

Hierarchies are one of the most common organizational structures observed in multi-agent systems. In this paper we study vertical specialization as a reason for hierarchical structures. In vertically specialized systems, more highly skilled agents are also more costly. By using less capable agents to initially process tasks and forwarding only exceptional tasks to more capable agents, such systems may be able to economize on the number of highly capable agents. The result is a hierarchical structure with least capable agents at the bottom. However, such a structure increases the delay in completing some tasks, because they must pass through multiple levels of control. Thus, vertical specialization presents a tradeoff between economizing on skilled agents and increasing task completion time. We find that for a wide range of settings, vertical specialization induces an optimal hierarchy of height at most three. This suggests that a multi-agent system designer interested in exploiting vertical specialization needs to use at most three levels of specialization in order to reap most of the benefits.
Comparing Solvophobic and Multivalent Induced Collapse in Polyelectrolyte Brushes

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics enhanced by free-energy sampling methods is used to examine the roles of solvophobicity and multivalent salts on polyelectrolyte brush collapse. Specifically, we demonstrate that while ostensibly similar, solvophobic collapsed brushes and multivalent-ion collapsed brushes exhibit distinct mechanistic and structural features. Notably, multivalent-induced heterogeneous brush collapse is observed under good solvent polymer backbone conditions, demonstrating that the mechanism of multivalent collapse is not contingent upon a solvophobic backbone. Umbrella sampling of the potential of mean-force (PMF) between two individual brush strands confirms this analysis, revealing starkly different PMFs under solvophobic and multivalent conditions, suggesting the role of multivalent “bridging” as the discriminating feature in trivalent collapse. Structurally, multivalent ions show a propensity for nucleating order within collapsed brushes, whereas poor-solvent collapsed brushes are more...
Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartoon of Theodor Seuss Geisel. By Richard H. Minear. (New York: The New Press, 1999. Pp. 240. $25.00.)

Famed author Dr. Seuss (a.k.a. Theodor Geisel) is known and loved for his whimsical children's stories such as The Cat in the Hat and Fox in Socks . Serious students of Seuss might be aware of his tendency to include profound moral commentary in his deceptively simple tales such as in The Sneetches (racial tolerance), The Lorax (environmental responsibility), and The Butter Battle Book (nuclear war). Few of Dr. Seuss' many fans, however, are aware of Ted Geisel's stint (1941-1943) as a World War II political cartoonist for New York's left wing newspaper, PM . This ignorance is exactly what Richard M. Minear, Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, aims to change through his book, Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel .
Error Estimates for Gaussian Beam Methods Applied to Symmetric Strictly Hyperbolic Systems

Abstract In this work we construct Gaussian beam approximations to solutions of linear symmetric hyperbolic systems with highly oscillatory initial data, including both strictly and non-strictly hyperbolic systems as long as they are diagonalizable. The evolution equations for each Gaussian beam component are derived. Under some regularity assumptions of the data we obtain an error estimate between the exact solution and the first order Gaussian beam superposition in terms of the high frequency parameter e − 1 . The main result is that the relative local error measured in energy norm in the beam approximation decays as e 1 2 independent of dimension and presence of caustics, for first order beams. This result is shown to be valid when the gradient of the initial phase is bounded away from zero. Applications to some non-strictly hyperbolic systems including both the acoustic equation and the system of Maxwell equations are discussed.
Strategies for using NMR spectroscopy to determine absolute configuration

Abstract General strategies by which NMR spectroscopy can be used to assign absolute configuration are discussed. These include the use of chiral derivatizing and chiral solvating agents. Areas that are well developed and areas of need in this field are described. The future potential of using aligning media such as chiral liquid crystals and odd-parity effects that may make it possible to determine absolute configuration without the need for an enantiomerically pure reagent are discussed.