cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scheduling algorithms for PHEV charging in shared parking lots

As the penetration level of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) increases, the stress on the distribution system will become more pronounced. In this paper, we concentrate on PHEV charging in public infrastructures, such as shared parking lots in commercial office campuses and shopping malls. In such clustered scenarios, PHEV charging demand can vary significantly and stochastically with time, and the overall system performance is a result of a trade-off between the peak load on the distribution system and the consumer specified charging deadlines that are met successfully. However, unlike distributed residential charging, those scenarios can benefit from centralized algorithms to schedule the charging of vehicles. This paper considers the design of such scheduling algorithms. We show that through proper design of the scheduling algorithms, the parking lot owner can balance distribution system load with quality of charging service.
Escaping crime: the effects of direct and indirect victimization on moving

This article investigates the impact of criminal victimization on household residential mobility. Existing research finds that direct experiences with crime influence mobility decisions, such that persons who suffer offenses near their homes are more likely to move. The current study extends this line of inquiry to consider whether indirect victimization that involves neighbors also stimulates moving. The analysis uses the National Crime Survey to estimate multilevel models that incorporate data from individual households and their spatially proximate neighbors. The results show that the link between direct victimization and moving continues to hold after controlling for neighborhood context. Indirect property victimization also leads to moving, with effects about equal in size to those of direct victimization. In contrast, no evidence is found that violent victimization that occurs in neighboring homes influences mobility, probably because most of these events are nonstranger violence that provokes less anxiety for neighbors.
Large decrease in the clear air transmission of the atmosphere 1.7 km above Los Angeles.

ASTRONOMICAL measures of atmospheric extinction, routinely carried out during most programmes of astronomical photoelectric photometry, provide a large sample of data of importance to studies of long term anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere1. We have therefore begun an exhaustive compilation of present and past measures of extinction at as many observatories throughout the world as possible. I wish to point out one of the most important results so far, the measurement of a large secular decrease in the transmission of the atmosphere measured at a significant altitude above the Los Angeles Basin.
Aspirations to manage: A comparison of engineering students and working engineers

Abstract Many, perhaps most, individuals who are trained as engineers eventually become managers. However, the reasons for this occupational transition are unclear. The present study examines the occupational aspirations (technical versus managerial) of two groups of engineers with varying work experience: current engineering students and engineering alumni with 10–15 years of experience. Results suggest that managerial aspirations are as common among students as among engineers with work experience. However, the aspirations of experienced engineers are more reliably predicted by their values, beliefs about engineering, and career management strategies. Implications and future research needs are noted.
Business-to-Business Antecedents to Retail Co-Branding

ABSTRACT Retailers are increasingly adopting strategies in which two or more brands are simultaneously made available for consumption. Although co-branding strategies are increasingly deployed, factors leading to the establishment of these co-branded outlets have not been addressed. In this paper, we characterize retail distribution systems as networks of relationships among brand owners, suppliers, local retailers, and consumers. We examine factors that the owner of a branded retail concept is likely to assess when evaluating whether to establish co-branded locations with another branded concept. In addition, we employ logic from interorganizational theory to implicate potential antecedents to co-branding. The antecedent conditions include necessity, asymmetry, reciprocity, efficiency, stability, and legitimacy. Proposition are developed to underscore the contributions that research can make to co-branding.
Electrical characteristics of thin Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2 layers grown on silicon

We have determined the resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility as a function of thickness (700–3000 A) of Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2 layers formed by vacuum annealing at 270÷v300°C, ≈ 400°C, and ≈ 800°C, respectively, of nickel films vacuum-deposited on a silicon substrate (111 n-type and 100 p-type Si ρ ≈ 1KΩ). The layer thicknesses were measured by 2 MeV4He+ backscattering spectrometry. The silicide phase was confirmed by x-ray measurements. The electrical measurements were carried out using van der Pauw configuration. We found the electrical transport parameters to be independent of the film thickness within the experimental uncertainty. The Hall factors were assumed to be unity. The majority carriers are electrons in NiSi and holes in Ni2Si and NiSi2. The resistivity values are 24±2, 14±1, and 34±2 μΩcm, the electron concentrations are 9±3, 10 and 7±1, and ≈ 2 × 1022 cm−3, and the Hall mobilities are 3±1, ≈ 4.5 and 6, and ≈ 9 cm2/Vs for Ni2Si, NiSi (〈100〉 and 〈111〉), and NiSi2, respectively. The systematic error in the measured values caused by currents in the high resistivity substrate is estimated to be less than 6% for the Hall coefficient. The results show that Ni2Si, NiSi, and NiSi2 layers formed by a thin film reaction are electrically metallic conductors, a result which concurs with those reported previously (1) for refractory metal silicides. The Hall mobility increases with the Si content in the silicide. The electron concentration is lowest for NiSi2 leading to the highest resistivity for the epitaxial phase of NiSi2.
Abstract 4236: Characterization of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase in cancer stem/progenitor cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent tumor in the adult brain and remains a highly lethal diseases. Recent studies have suggested that lack of targeted therapies for brain tumor stem cells (BTSC) is one of the reasons for the limited efficacy of the current therapies. Identification of the molecular target in BTSC is crucial to the development of GBM therapy. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is a member of Snf1/AMP serine/threonine kinase family and abundantly expressed in multiple cancers, including GBM. Previously, we demonstrated that the RNA expression of MELK is elevated in patient-derived tumor stem-like cells in GBM. Knockdown of MELK of tumor stem-like cells by siRNA resulted in apoptosis in vitro. In contrast, knockdown of MELK did not induce significant apoptosis in normal neural progenitors derived from mouse brains, raising a possibility that MELK is likely required for survival of tumor stem cells but not the normal counterpart. However, the difference in the mechanism of MELK action between tumor and normal stem cells is unknown. Here we investigated to discriminate the signaling pathways that regulate survival and proliferation of BTSC and normal neural stem cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that MELK is abundantly expressed in surgical specimens of GBM and is mainly localized in the nuclei. Immunocytochemistry with patient-derived GBM spheres demonstrated that MELK is preferentially expressed by GBM stem-like cells but not in the differentiated tumor cells. We also found that MELK is phosphorylated at serine and threonine residues in GBM stem-like cells. To determine the signaling pathways that regulate MELK phophorylation in GBM stem cells, we treated GBM stem-like cells with a variety of the kinase inhibitors. Interestingly, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor reduced the MELK protein expression in GBM stem-like cells but not in the normal counterpart. The MAP kinase pathway was up-regulated in GBM stem-like cells in comparison to the normal progenitors derived from human fetal brains, further supporting the significance of this pathway in GBM stem cells. Collectively, our data indicate that MAP kinase may regulate MELK phosphorylation and activation specifically in GBM stem cells but not in the normal neural stem cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4236.
An MRI study of cerebellar vermis morphology in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the cognitive dysmetria concept.

Abstract Background: Cumulative evidence suggests the cerebellum is involved in cognition and may be important in the pathoetiology of schizophrenia. Functional imaging studies have identified a possible neural circuit that includes the cerebellum and may be abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, manifesting as a fundamental cognitive deficit conceptualized as cognitive dysmetria. To explore the role of the cerebellum in cognitive dysfunction and schizophrenia, this study was designed to evaluate the morphology of the cerebellar vermis, its relationship to other cortical areas, and to cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Male patients with schizophrenia ( n = 65) were matched by age and gender to 65 healthy male controls. Volume measures of the 4 cerebral lobes and total cerebellum were obtained using automated methods. The area of the cerebellar vermis (divided into three lobes) was traced on a midsaggital MRI slice. Results: Patients had smaller frontal and temporal lobes. There were no group differences in total cerebellar volume. Patients had a smaller vermis area, accounted for by a smaller anterior lobe. The anterior vermis area was positively correlated with total cerebellar volume, temporal lobe volume, and FSIQ in patients, but not controls. Conclusions: These findings support the theory that regions of the cerebellum may be involved in a neural circuit that is structurally and functionally abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, leading to cognitive dysmetria.
LIVING WITH GRANDPARENTS: VARIATIONS BY COHORT, RACE, AND FAMILY STRUCTURE

This study, based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households, confirms normative preference for nuclear households across all cohorts and racial/ethnic groups throughout this century. However, a noteworthy minority (about 30%) did live with grandparents at some time during their childhood. Living with grandparents as well as having a grandparent live in one's parental household were somewhat more prevalent during the 30's and 40's, indicating that extended households may have been formed in response to the Depression and especially World War II. There also is a significant effect of nuclear family structure: living arrangements with grandparents predominate among those who did not live with both parents at some time during their childhood. The data also suggest that it is important to differentiate between grandparental living arrangements that are oriented toward the care of the grandchildren and those arrangements that imply care for the grandparent: the former arrangement predominates among Blacks, whereas the latter is more common among Whites. During the past decade there has been increased interest in extended family living arrangements and particularly in households including grandparents and/or grandchildren. This interest reflects several demographic trends during the latter part of this century, especially increases in divorce and in parental problems (drugs, AIDS) that preclude parents from taking care of their own children as well as increases in longevity and in the survival of frail elderly, many of whom come to live with their adult children. Census data offer information on the prevalence of extended family arrangements at any one point in time, but they are insufficient to estimate a person's lifetime “risk” of living with grandparents and provide only limited information on the duration of such living arrangements. Data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) include information not only on whether individuals ever lived with their grandparents but also on the type and the duration of such arrangements. Based on this data set, this article assesses trends in living arrangements with grandparents, and variations in these trends by race and childhood family structure.
Iodine adsorption on a platinum stepped surface: Pt(s)[6(111) × (111)]

Abstract I2 adsorption on Pt(s)[6(111) × (111)] surfaces under vacuum and atmospheric pressure conditions was studied by LEED, AES and thermal desorption. In contrast to smooth Pt(111), the surface structures were composed of multiple phase domains having (3 × 3) or ( 3 × 3 )R30° local geometry and structural coincidence of the adjacent terraces. No special stability or instability of iodine adsorption at steps was observed.
A polarographic study of d-glucuronolactone

Abstract A polarographic study of D -glucuronolactone using a dropping mercury electrode is made. The effects on the wave of various supporting electrolytes, buffers, and maximum suppressors are investigated. The diffusion current shows a linear relationship to concentration for lithium chloride and potassium chloride as supporting electrolytes in the range of 10–100, μg ml . Pyruvate interferes whereas D -glucose does not.
Handling Parallel Lambdas toward Terabit Networking

Lambda-on-demand, optical virtual concatenation, and a novel user-network interface-based restoration are proposed to manage parallel lambdas toward achieving assured quality-of-service terabit networks. A successful demonstration of these technologies is described when employing bandwidth-intensive visualizing applications.
Cadherin point mutations alter cell sorting and modulate GTPase signaling

This study investigated the impact of cadherin binding differences on both cell sorting and GTPase activation. The use of N-terminal domain point mutants of Xenopus C-cadherin enabled us to quantify binding differences and determine their effects on cadherin-dependent functions without any potential complications arising as a result of differences in cytodomain interactions. Dynamic cell-cell binding measurements carried out with the micropipette manipulation technique quantified the impact of these mutations on the two-dimensional binding affinities and dissociation rates of cadherins in the native context of the cell membrane. Pairwise binding affinities were compared with in vitro cell-sorting specificity and ligation-dependent GTPase signaling. Two-dimensional affinity differences greater than five-fold correlated with cadherin-dependent in vitro cell segregation, but smaller differences failed to induce cell sorting. Comparison of the binding affinities with GTPase signaling amplitudes further demonstrated that differential binding also proportionally modulates intracellular signaling. These results show that differential cadherin affinities have broader functional consequences than merely controlling cell-cell cohesion.
Let there be order.

The Ringberg Colloquium on Self-Organization and Morphogenesis in Biological Systems took place between December 3–6, 2006 in a castle near Munich, Germany. Researchers from different areas of cell and developmental biology exchanged ideas about how biological systems are organized and dynamic at the same time. A dominant theme was that local interactions between molecules or cells can generate global order.
Charge-trapping properties of gate oxide grown on nitrogen-implanted silicon substrate

Charge-trapping properties of ultrathin gate oxide grown on a nitrogen-implanted silicon substrate were investigated using high-field Fowler–Nordheim injection. By applying an empirical model and monitoring threshold voltage shift due to current stress, it was found that both hole trapping and electron trapping are suppressed in the nitrogen-implanted oxide. Smaller trap-generation rate compared to pure SiO2 film was also noticed. Our results indicate that nitrogen implantation into silicon substrate before gate oxide growth is an alternate way to incorporate nitrogen into the Si/SiO2 interface.
Experience-dependent plasticity in adult rat barrel cortex.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the receptive fields (RFs) of neurons in the adult sensory cortex are shaped by the recent history of sensory experience. Sensory experience was altered by a brief period of "whisker pairing": whiskers D2 and either D1 or D3 were left intact, while all other whiskers on the right side of the face were trimmed close to the fur. The animals were anesthetized 64-66 h later and the responses of single neurons in contralateral cortical barrel D2 to stimulation of whisker D2 (the center RF) and the four neighboring whiskers (D1, D3, C2, and E2; the excitatory surround RF) were measured. Data from 79 cells in four rats with whiskers paired were compared to data from 52 cells in four rats with untrimmed whiskers (control cases). During the period of whisker pairing, the RFs of cells in barrel D2 changed in three ways: (i) the response to the center RF, whisker D2, increased by 39%, (ii) the response to the paired surround RF whisker increased by 85-100%, and (iii) the response to all clipped (unpaired) surround RF whiskers decreased by 9-42%. In the control condition, the response of barrel D2 cells to the two neighboring whiskers, D1 and D3, was equal. After whisker pairing, the response to the paired neighbor of D2 was more than twice as large as the response to the cut neighbor of D2. These findings indicate that a brief change in the pattern of sensory activity can alter the configuration of cortical RFs, even in adult animals.
Neurogenic Influences of Bilateral Adrenalectomy on Monoamine Oxidase

Abstract Bilateral adrenalectomy (10 days) increased the monoamine oxidase activity of the rat heart, vas deferens, spleen, superior cervical ganglion, and hypothalamus but not that of the rest of the brain, kidney, and liver. Experiments were made to determine whether the increased activity was due to neurogenic influences and whether the enhanced activity of monoamine oxidase was intra‐ or extraneuronally located. Ganglionic blockade with chlorisondamine failed to alter the rise in cardiac monoamine oxidase. Likewise, superior cervical ganglion monoamine oxidase was unaffected by surgical denervation. 6‐Hydroxydopamine abolished the increase in monoamine oxidase activity of the vas deferens, spleen, and superior cervical ganglion but failed to alter that of the kidney, hypothalamus, and the rest of the brain. Cardiac monoamine oxidase was reduced markedly by 6‐hydroxydopamine, but the remaining activity was still significantly elevated over the respective control values. The data suggest that the increase in organ monoamine oxidase is predominantly of neuronal origin and that this increase is not due to transsynaptic induction.
Effect of volume loading, pressure loading, and inotropic stimulation on left ventricular torsion in humans.

BACKGROUNDThe transmural distribution of fiber angles and the extent of shortening among obliquely oriented fibers are likely to be major determinants of the twisting motion that accompanies left ventricular (LV) ejection. As such, measurements of torsion may provide useful information about LV contractile function, but other factors, such as ventricular loading conditions, may also regulate this motion.METHODS AND RESULTSTorsion angles (theta i) of midventricular and apical regions were measured relative to a reference minor axis near the base in seven human cardiac allografts from biplane radiographic images of metallic midwall markers. Pressure loading with methoxamine (5-10 muk/kg/min) increased LV end-systolic pressure by 41 +/- 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). Volume loading with normal saline raised LV end-diastolic pressure from 9.9 +/- 5.2 to 19.6 +/- 4.9 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). These alterations in LV loading conditions were associated with no change in theta i (difference not significant) for...
On the grid connection of an integrated community energy system

Abstract This paper describes the possible modes of operation for a grid connected integrated community energy system. It is seen that this operating mode influences both the design and the operating rules of the system. Also, it is shown that it is essential to examine the overall energy savings to the community, not just the efficiency at which the energy system is operating.
Comments about Joint Modeling of Cluster Size and Binary and Continuous Subunit-Specific Outcomes

In longitudinal studies and in clustered situations often binary and continuous response variables are observed and need to be modeled together. In a recent publication Dunson, Chen, and Harry (2003, Biometrics 59, 521-530) (DCH) propose a Bayesian approach for joint modeling of cluster size and binary and continuous subunit-specific outcomes and illustrate this approach with a developmental toxicity data example. In this note we demonstrate how standard software (PROC NLMIXED in SAS) can be used to obtain maximum likelihood estimates in an alternative parameterization of the model with a single cluster-level factor considered by DCH for that example. We also suggest that a more general model with additional cluster-level random effects provides a better fit to the data set. An apparent discrepancy between the estimates obtained by DCH and the estimates obtained earlier by Catalano and Ryan (1992, Journal of the American Statistical Association 87, 651-658) is also resolved. The issue of bias in inferences concerning the dose effect when cluster size is ignored is discussed. The maximum-likelihood approach considered herein is applicable to general situations with multiple clustered or longitudinally measured outcomes of different type and does not require prior specification and extensive programming.
Pathologic Anatomy and Patterns of Occurrence of Hepatic Neoplasms, Putative Preneoplastic Lesions, and Other Idiopathic Hepatic Conditions in English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) From Puget Sound, Washington

A comprehensive description of the histopathologic characteristics of a spectrum of idiopathic lesions in feral English sole (Parophrys vetulus), a bottom-dwelling flatfish, from Puget Sound, Washington State, is presented. Among these lesions are unique degenerative conditions, regeneration, storage disorders, foci of hepatocellular alteration (putative preneoplastic lesions), hepatocellular and biliary neoplasms, and nonneoplastic proliferative conditions, all of which morphologically resemble the lesions induced by various hepatocarcinogens-hepatotoxins in experimental exposures of fish and/or rodents. Results from a statistical analysis of the patterns of co-occurrence of these lesions in English sole are consistent with the concept, developed from experimental studies of liver carcinogenesis in rodents, that there are morphologically identifiable steps representing progression toward hepatic neoplasms. This is the first study in which it has been possible to demonstrate a close morphological congruity between a set of idiopathic hepatic lesions in any feral population and an established series of hepatic lesions inducible in rodents by certain hepatocarcinogens under laboratory conditions. Since sediments from the habitats occupied by the fish in this study have been shown to contain multiple hepatocarcinogens, the findings strengthen cumulative evidence that English sole are useful as indicators of exposure to hepatocarcinogens in aquatic environments. 156 references.
"You Can Kill, but You Cannot Bring to Life": Aesthetic Education and the Instrumentalization of Pain in Schiller and Holderlin

Pain and physical violence are instrumental for German Classicism, that is, their representation serves an aesthetic and cultural ideal. This article locates pain and violence within the discourses of Bildung and aesthetics in late 18th Century Germany, and analyzes Friedrich Schiller's and Friedrich Holderlin's responses to these discourses. Holderlin, in his novel Hyperion, rejects the tendency of this era to instrumentalize pain. Initially, Holderlin modeled his ideas of aesthetics and development on Friedrich Schiller's, which privilege pain in order to further aesthetic and social ideals (i.e. the concept of Bildung). Ultimately, however, Holderlin rejects Schiller's approach and posits a model of aesthetic Bildung that privileges the expression rather than the instrumentalization of pain. In doing so, he asserts a poetics of empathy, one that privileges expression of both individual and communal pain, yet that likewise must also forsake the ideals and totalities espoused by this epoch.
Relative risks and approaches to biosecurity in the use of embryo technologies in livestock

Embryo technologies have been integrated into production systems for a variety of livestock species. As relates to transmission of infectious diseases, our working hypothesis has been that use of embryo transfer for distribution of germ plasm within and between herds and flocks is likely safer than the movement of postnatal animals. Indeed, research and experience generally have been supportive of this hypothesis. However, the relative risks of transmitting infectious agents via embryo transfer vary among donor species. Further, different methods of producing embryos appear to present different risks. This paper provides a comparative overview of the risks of transmitting infectious diseases via transfer of both in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos in common domesticated livestock species. Also discussed are universal approaches to biosecurity in embryo production and transfer.
SQ^(2)E: An Approach to Requirements Validation with Scenario Question

Adequate requirements validation could prevent errors from propagating into later development phase, and eventually improve the quality of software systems. However, often validating textual requirements is difficult and error prone. We develop a feedback-based requirements validation methodology that provides an interactive and systematic way to validate a requirements model. Our approach is based on the notion of querying a model, which is built from a requirements specification, with scenario questions, in order to determine whether the model's behavior satisfies the given requirements. To investigate feasibility of our approach, we implemented a Scenario Question Query Engine (SQ2E), which uses scenario questions to query a model, and performed a preliminary case study using a real-world application. The results show that the approach we proposed was effective in detecting both expected and unexpected behaviors in a model. We believe that our approach could improve the quality of requirements and ultimately the quality of software systems.
Content-boosted collaborative filtering for improved recommendations

Most recommender systems use Collaborative Filtering or Content-based methods to predict new items of interest for a user. While both methods have their own advantages, individually they fail to provide good recommendations in many situations. Incorporating components from both methods, a hybrid recommender system can overcome these shortcomings. In this paper, we present an elegant and effective framework for combining content and collaboration. Our approach uses a content-based predictor tc enhance existing user data, and then provides personalized suggestions through collaborative filtering. We present experimental results that show how this approach, Content-Boosted Collaborative Filtering, performs better than a pure content-based predictor, pure collaborative filter, and a naive hybrid approach.
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Principles of Therapy

Chronic hepatitis B is a global health concern in many resource-limited settings due to perinatal or pediatric hepatitis B virus transmission. In the United States, pediatric infection has been virtually eliminated due to maternal screening during pregnancy and the availability of an effective vaccine. However, young adults remain an at-risk group for hepatitis B virus infection due to sexual transmission and injection drug use. The frequency of progression from acute hepatitis B virus infection to chronic hepatitis B infection depends on multiple factors, including host immune function and age at time of hepatitis B virus infection. Fortunately, there are 7 currently approved therapies for chronic hepatitis B infection, and several emerging therapies that show promise. Despite the availability of these agents, many clinical questions still surround chronic hepatitis B therapy including when to start therapy, which agent is ideal for first and second line therapy, the appropriate duration of therapy, and ...
The deep space network scheduling problem

We describe the Deep Space Network's scheduling problem based on a user requirement language. The problem is difficult to encode by almost all existing planning and scheduling systems. We describe how it can be mapped into a system that supports metric resources, durative action, simple temporal network constraints, and task hierarchy among other language features. We also describe how we adapted a local search scheduler to generate schedules. However, we argue that the application will best serve the users if local search is combined with systematic search. We describe how an implemented systematic search can be effectively applied to rescheduling.
Precise Temporal Correlation of Holocene Mollusk Shells Using Sclerochronology

Annual growth bands of mollusk shells record several types of paleoenvironmental information, including geochemical proxies for water properties and morphological characteristics of growth and mortality. Sclerochronology, the marine counterpart of dendrochronology, offers a way to link individual shells together to form long continuous records of such parameters. It also allows for precise dating of recent shells and identification of contemporaneous fossil individuals. The longevity of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (commonly >100 yr) makes this species well suited for sclerochronology. Band width records of contemporaneous A. islandica specimens from the same region exhibit high correlations (ρ = 0.60–0.80 for spans of ≥30 bands), indicating some common environmental influences on shell growth. By adopting several strict criteria, fossil (dead-collected) shells can be linked into composite sclerochronologies. A seven-shell 154-yr chronology was constructed for Georges Bank using three live-collected and four dead-collected shells. Band width matching indicates that the dead-collected individuals died in A.D. 1950, 1971, 1978, and 1989. Sclerochronological age assignments were verified using aspartic acid racemization dating. Construction of a 1000-yr sclerochronology is judged to be feasible using the described methods.
THE GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRY PUS FAB.) IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES IN OCTOBER 1961

There are two resident seals in the Outer Hebrides: the grey seal Halichoerus grypus on the exposed coasts, and the common seal Phoca vitulina on the sheltered ones. This paper describes the first exhaustive survey of the breeding status of the grey seal in the archipelago, conducted from land, sea and air in the autumn of 1961. Expeditions visited Shillay and North Rona, and aerial photographs were obtained of all the other islands except Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda, for which information was obtained from other reliable sources. The data obtained concerned the number of pups present at one day in the breeding season. The birth-rate curves for Shillay (1955) and North Rona (1959) were used with these data to give indices of the number of pups produced by each colony in 1961. Separate assessments were made for Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda. Possible sources of error are discussed. The following are the indices for number of pups in 1961: North Rona, 2,600; Gasker, 1,094; Shillay, 150; Haskeir, 113; St. Kilda, 100; Causamul, 84; Coppay, 80; Stockay, 50; Kearstay, 20; Deasker, 17; Flodday, 50. For the Outer Hebrides as a whole the index is 4,378 or approx. 4,400. The history of the grey seal in the Outer Hebrides is reviewed. An increase in stocks is evident throughout the last century subsequent to the evacuation of North Rona in 1844. This is attributed to the gradual human depopulation of the area, with remote islands such as North Rona, St. Kilda and the Monachs becoming deserted by man and subsequently colonized by seals. The increase began well before 1914 when the Grey Seals Protection Act was passed, but this has since preserved stocks.
AN EVALUATION OF SPLIT-COURSE IRRADIATION FOR PELVIC MALIGNANCIES

Abstract Therapeutic results of split-course vs continuous-course whole pelvis irradiation were analyzed in 235 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, prostate, or urinary bladder. Eighty-six patients with carcinoma of the cervix were assigned randomly to receive either split or continuous treatment; 65 patients with prostate cancer and 84 patients with bladder cancer were not randomized. Except for a planned 14–16 day interruption after 2800–3000 rad in the split-course group, the techniques of irradiation did not differ. For each tumor site, local control for the 2 techniques was similar when total doses were the same. No significant differences in survival were noted. Paradoxically, in both the randomized and non-randomized groups, the occurrence of radiation-induced chronic gastrointestinal injury was more frequent in patients who were treated by the split-course technique.
The New Public Management, Homeland Security, and the Politics of Civil Service Reform

This article examines the George W. Bush administration’s efforts to apply New Public Management reforms to the Department of Homeland Security. The primary focus is the administration’s attempt to implement the law. The managerial strategy that Department of Homeland Security and Office of Personnel Management executives used to carry out the law in the massive new department receives attention, with a special focus on the approach used in dealing with the federal courts. The article suggests five general lessons concerning civil service deregulation at the federal level. The case reaffirms the notion that successful administrative reform requires a keen appreciation for the politics that shape it.
Beating the best: A neural network challenges the Black-Scholes formula

A neural network model which processes financial input data is presented to estimate the market price of options. The network's ability to estimate option prices is compared to estimates generated by the Black-Scholes model, a traditional financial model. Comparisons reveal that the neural network outperforms the Black-Scholes model in about half of the cases examined. While the two modeling approaches differ fundamentally in their methodology for determining option prices, some common results emerge. While the neural network performs better than Black-Scholes on prices out-of-the-money, estimations near the expiration data are accurate for both. >
Giving Time, Time After Time: Work Design and Sustained Employee Participation in Corporate Volunteering

Corporate volunteering programs are important channels for expressing care and compassion, but little research has examined when and why employees sustain involvement. Integrating work design and volunteering theories, I introduce a model that explains how depleted task, social, and knowledge characteristics of jobs trigger compensatory motives during initial volunteering episodes. When these motives are fulfilled by volunteering projects, employees repeat participation, internalizing volunteer identities—contingent on pressure, matching incentives, recognition, managerial support, and targeted causes.
Genetic variation in the retinoid X receptor and calcium-sensing receptor and risk of colorectal cancer in the Colon Cancer Family Registry

Genetic variants in the calcium/vitamin D metabolic pathway may be related to risk for colorectal cancer. While several investigations of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and colorectal cancer have been conducted, no studies to date have evaluated the association of genetic variation in the heterodimer partner for VDR, the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Another important gene in this pathway is the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). Employing a discordant-sibship case-control design, we examined the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RXRA and CASR and risk for colorectal cancer overall and by colorectal subsite and microsatellite instability (MSI) status using data from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. No gene-level relationships between RXRA or CASR and colorectal cancer overall were observed. However, for RXRA SNP rs7861779, a high-interest SNP selected for study a priori, there was a statistically significantly increased risk for proximal colorectal cancer among those with at least one A allele [odds ratio (OR) = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-1.97]. Another selected RXRA SNP, rs12004589, was significantly associated with risk of MSI-high cancers (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.13-4.56). Additionally, CASR SNP rs1801726 was significantly associated with a reduced risk for rectal cancer (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.29-0.96). These results provide support that RXRA SNPs rs7861779 and rs12004589 and CASR SNP rs1801726 may be important markers for colorectal neoplasia. Further work is needed to elucidate their role in the carcinogenic pathway.
Effects of agricultural protection on food manufacturing: The U.S. sugar program

The relationship between U.S. and world sugar prices, and import market shares for four categories of sugar-containing processed products is examined. The U.S. world sugar price differential has contributed to rising import market shares, but increased real disposable income has played a larger role. U.S. imports of sugar-containing products from developed countries have benefitted proportionately more from introduction of the U.S. sugar program than imports of these products from the developing countries. Thus, as U.S. imports of raw sugar from the developing countries have declined, these countries have also faced increased competition in processed product trade. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
Profit-Making as Social Action: an Alternative Social-economic Perspective

This article reconsiders the status of profit-making in neoclassical economics. This reconsideration is based on a social-economic perspective as distinguished from the “pure” economic approach used by neoclassical theory. This paper argues that this perspective is more adequate, since it endeavors to do justice to the complexity of the phenomenon. While the economic approach views profit-making as a purely economic activity insulated from the social framework, the social-economic sees it as an "ideal type" of social action and thus situates it within this framework. In contrast to the former approach that treats profit-making as driven exclusively by rational factors, the latter conceptualizes it as being induced by a myriad of variables, rational and non-rational ones. The paper elaborates these differences between the two approaches.
Determination of slip ratios in air‐water two‐phase critical flow at high quality levels utilizing holographic techniques

Holographic techniques employing a pulse ruby laser were used to measure the size and velocity of drops for air-water two-phase critical flow at quality levels above 0.95. The use of a large numerical aperture in the holographic recording system permitted diffraction limited resolution of the droplets. The measured slip ratio a long withthe observation that a very significant portion of the liquid phase was concentrated near the boundary layer at the exit plane indicates that a separated flow model describing two-phase critical flow would represent the actual conditions to a better degree than the other models.
Corporate Governance Turmoil: The Texas Savings And Loan Debacle Of The Eighties

We present an exploratory study of changes in board composition of Texas savings and loan associations during the tumultuous 1980s. The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship between director turnover and S&L failure. While director turnover constitutes a board attribute that is concrete and conspicuous to the outside world, very few studies have examined its role as a potentially informative indicator of board performance. This is in sharp contract with the extensive research on executive turnover and succession.
Coordinate Scaling Requirements for Approximating Exchange and Correlation

In order to continue to better approximate the exact exchange-correlation density functional, Exc[n], for electronic structure calculations, sets of exact coordinate scaling and convexity requirements are reviewed for the purpose of testing approximations. The scaling requirements dictate how Exc[n] must transform when n(x, y, z) is replaced by αβγn(αx,βy,γz). High-density and low-density limits are explored. Simple formulas are shown which isolate the kinetic component of Exc[n] and which generate Exc[n] from just its electron-electron repulsion component, or exchange-correlation hole, at a coupling constant of unity. The scaling and convexity conditions are derived with help from the constrained-search formulation and through the development of a coupling-constant perturbation expansion. The local density approximation and various gradient approximations are compared against the exact conditions, with emphasis upon where the conditions are respected and where the conditions are violated. Numerical results are presented.
Chapter 6 Metal-Silicon Reactions and Silicide Formation

Publisher Summary The reaction of thin metal films with both single crystal and amorphous silicon to form silicide compounds is a subject that is currently receiving considerable attention. This interest arises from the fact that future trends in silicon integrated circuit technology, particularly the push toward higher device packing density and decreased dimensions, will require low resistance, thin film materials with high temperature properties that are compatible with other silicon processing operations. Such films will find important applications as gates for metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors, device interconnects, and ohmic contacts. This chapter discusses both the deposition and furnace annealing processes, along with useful measurement techniques for determining reacted film composition and quality. The use of laser, electron, and ion beams to react metal/silicon films has been actively investigated. New and unique features provided by these forms of beam processing include shorter reaction times, localized heat treatment, and rapid heating and cooling rates. As in the case of beam annealing of ion-implanted semiconductors, both the basic mechanisms and the experimental results depend on whether pulsed or scanned CW beams are used to promote the reactions. For both cases, experimental results have been found in many cases to differ sharply from those obtained with standard furnace processing.
Relationship of ambulatory blood pressure and body mass index to left ventricular mass index in pediatric patients with casual hypertension.

Both obesity and hypertension are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in children. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of LVH in obese and nonobese subjects with casual hypertension who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Untreated children (aged 6-20 years) underwent 24-hour ABPM, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was measured. Subjects were classified into three groups: white coat hypertension (WCH), prehypertension (pre-HT), and hypertension (HT). The prevalence of LVH was compared between obese and nonobese subjects among the groups. Of 69 children who underwent ABPM, thirty-two patients (46%) had WCH, 13 (19%) had pre-HT, and 24 (35%) had HT. Mean age, BMI, and LVMI were similar in the groups (P = not significant [NS]). In all, 22 patients (32%) had LVH, with no difference among WCH versus pre-HT versus HT (37.5% vs. 46% vs. 16.7%, P = NS). Twenty-seven subjects (39%) were obese. The ratio of LVH in obese to nonobese was 55.5% to 16.6% (P = .001). In both pre-HT and WCH, patients with LVH had a significantly higher BMI z score (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). LVMI correlated strongly with BMI z score (P = .0001) but not with any blood pressure parameter. Almost half of children with casual HT have WCH. LVH is prevalent in a third of children with HT, pre-HT, and WCH. In both pre-HT and WCH, patients with LVH were more likely to be obese. More than half of all the obese subjects had LVH. Obese children in all three groups may be at a greater risk for end organ damage.
Use of Neutron Benchmark Fields for the Validation of Dosimetry Cross Sections.

The evolution of validation metrics for dosimetry cross sections in neutron benchmark fields is explored. The strength of some of the metrics in providing validation evidence is examined by applying them to the 252 Cf spontaneous fission standard neutron benchmark field, the 235 U thermal neutron fission reference benchmark field, the ACRR pool-type reactor central cavity reference benchmark fields, and the SPR-III fast burst reactor central cavity. The IRDFF dosimetry cross section library is used in the validation study and observations are made on the amount of coverage provided to the library contents by validation data available in these benchmark fields.
Review Essay -- The Global Clinical Movement: Educating Lawyers for Social Justice

This ambitious volume, edited by clinical scholar Frank S. Bloch with contributions from clinicians at forty-three law schools spanning six continents, begins an essential dialogue about the meaning of the spread of clinical legal education across borders. I argue here that the meaning of this programmatic spread remains uncertain, contingent, and contested. Indeed, this volume should cause us to question the contested meaning and purposes underlying clinical legal education at law schools both within and outside of the United States. I argue for thick description of the content of clinical work and the contexts in which clinics operate. The goal of subsequent scholarship in this area should be to develop taxonomies of institutional form that allow us to assess and further develop clinical legal education. Second, I argue for nuanced description of the movement of people and ideas across borders so as to understand more fully the relationships between clinics in different parts of the world, as well as to consider how clinical legal education fits within larger theoretical frameworks in the field, such as law and development theory. Third, I argue for a theory of justice education that captures the dynamics between experiential education, legal education, legal profession, and civil society and nation. I contend that making law clinics and law schools more permeable to social movements ought to be a central strategy in the development of justice education both in the United States and abroad.