cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote: Trustworthy Services and the Biological Analogy

Biological systems survive through a combination of redundancy, diversity and modularity. It has been argued that these principles can also be applied to construct information services that survive a variety of hostile attacks, including even the compromise of computers that help implement the service. Despite nearly 30 years of research to advance these principles and to apply them to the construction of trustworthy services, each remains an active and fruitful topic of research. In this talk we will describe recent progress in achieving redundancy, diversity and modularity, and in using these to implement trustworthy services. This progress, we will argue, is paving the way to next-generation services that are significantly more resilient than todays. We will also discuss challenges that remain in achieving this goal.
Update on the surgical management of Paget’s disease

Mammary Paget’s disease is a rare form of breast neoplasm that often presents with a pruritic eczema-like rash involving the nipple-areolar complex, and is refractory to common remedies. It is often associated with underlying breast cancer, and is sometimes difficult to diagnose. In this review, we present an update of the approach to Paget’s disease and its surgical treatment.
The Increase in Human Muscle Protein Synthesis Induced by Food Intake Is Similar When Assessed with the Constant Infusion and Flooding Techniques

Food intake is accompanied by a stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. However, the reported magnitude of the response differs with different methods of measurement. The aim of this study was to assess whether the response to feeding is dependent on the technique used for measurement when length and amount of feeding are controlled. Muscle protein fractional synthesis rates (FSRs) were measured both in the fasting and feeding states in 2 groups of healthy volunteers (n ¼ 8). Two techniques were used to measure FSR: in one group, FSRs were assessed with a primed constant infusion of L-( 2 H5)phenylalanine, whereas in the other, a flooding amount of the same label was employed. The fasting FSRs assessed with the constant infusion method and estimated using the free amino acid in the tissue fluid to represent the precursor pool for protein synthesis were comparable to those obtained with the flooding method (1.94 6 0.15 vs. 1.86 6 0.13%/d). The degree of stimulation due to feeding (P , 0.02) did not differ between the constant infusion (115%) and flooding (122%) techniques. The stimulatory effect of feeding on muscle FSR was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of the Mr ¼ 70,000 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, suggesting that it may involve activation of translation. This study demonstrates that human muscle FSRs obtained with the constant infusion technique are comparable to those obtained with the flooding method and that, in response to feeding, the 2 techniques give comparable estimates of stimulation. J. Nutr. 136: 1504-1510, 2006.
God and Country: The Partisan Psychology of the Presidency, Religion, and Nation

Overt love of God and country have seemingly been prerequisites to be president in the United States in recent decades, if not always. Indeed, the 2008 presidential race was replete with campaign messages showcasing such perspectives—that Barack Obama and John McCain were religiously faithful and deeply patriotic. Scholarship demonstrates the potential political power of explicit appeals to America and Christianity; however, little research has examined (a) citizens' perceptions of candidates' ties to faith and nation and (b) how these impressions may be related to electoral attitudes and intended vote. We address this gap, measuring both explicit and implicit indicators of the Christian-ness and American-ness of Obama and McCain. We expected and found that both explicit and—in a final-entry regression position—implicit perceptions of these traits related to voters' overall candidate attitudes and intended vote choice and that they were connected significantly more strongly for our sample of self-described Republicans than Democrats. Results illuminate these partisan differences and raise questions about their implications for U.S. presidential politics in years to come.
Cost-optimal pathways to 75% fuel reduction in remote Alaskan villages

There are thousands of isolated, diesel-powered microgrids that deliver energy to remote communities around the world at very high energy costs. The Remote Communities Renewable Energy program aims to help these communities reduce their fuel consumption and lower their energy costs through the use of high penetration renewable energy. As part of this program, the REopt modeling platform for energy system integration and optimization was used to analyze cost-optimal pathways toward achieving a combined 75% reduction in diesel fuel and fuel oil consumption in a select Alaskan village. In addition to the existing diesel generator and fuel oil heating technologies, the model was able to select from among wind, battery storage, and dispatchable electric heaters to meet the electrical and thermal loads. The model results indicate that while 75% fuel reduction appears to be technically feasible it may not be economically viable at this time. When the fuel reduction target was relaxed, the results indicate that by installing high-penetration renewable energy, the community could lower their energy costs by 21% while still reducing their fuel consumption by 54%.
Clinical Use of Recombinant Human Hematopoietic Growth Factors

Hematopoietic growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biologic specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. The biologic specificities of these factors are highly complex, dose dependent, and frequently overlapping. Recent advances in the cloning of hematopoietic growth factor genes and the availability of recombinant material have led investigators to conduct clinical trials with these agents. Some of these factors have been studied and used in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and bone marrow failure syndromes. In this paper, we review the experience with growth factors that have been tested and that currently are being introduced in clinical trials. In addition, we report some factors with possible future interest for clinicians and researchers.
Maintaining continuity of clinical operations while implementing large-scale filmless operations.

Texas Children’s Hospital is a pediatric tertiary care facility in the Texas Medical Center with a large-scale, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-compliant picture archival and communications system (PACS) installation. As our PACS has grown from an ultrasound niche PACS into a full-scale, multimodality operation, assuring continuity of clinical operations has become the number one task of the PACS staff. As new equipment is acquired and incorporated into the PACS, workflow processes, responsibilities, and job descriptions must be revised to accommodate filmless operations. Round-the-clock clinical operations must be supported with round-the-clock service, including three shifts, weekends, and holidays. To avoid unnecessary interruptions in clinical service, this requirement includes properly trained operators and users, as well as service personnel. Redundancy is a cornerstone in assuring continuity of clinical operations. This includes all PACS components such as acquisition, network interfaces, gateways, archive, and display. Where redundancy is not feasible, spare parts must be readily available. The need for redundancy also includes trained personnel. Procedures for contingency operations in the event of equipment failures must be devised, documented, and rehearsed. Contingency operations might be required in the event of scheduled as well as unscheduled service events, power outages, network outages, or interruption of the radiology information system (RIS) interface. Methods must be developed and implemented for reporting and documenting problems. We have a Trouble Call service that records a voice message and automatically pages the PACS Console Operator on duty. We also have developed a Maintenance Module on our RIS system where service calls are recorded by technologists and service actions are recorded and monitored by PACS support personnel. In a filmless environment, responsibility for the delivery of images to the radiologist and referring physician must be accepted by each imaging supervisor. Thus, each supervisor must initiate processes to verify correct patient and examination identification and the correct count and routing of images with each examination.
Encapsulation of bilayer vesicles by self-assembly

Vesicles of lipid bilayers have been investigated as drug-delivery vehicles for almost 20 years. The vesicles' interior space is separated from the surrounding solution because small molecules have only limited permeability through the bilayer. Single-walled (unilamellar) vesicles are made by a variety of non-equilibrium techniques, including mechanical disruption of lamellar phases by sonication or extrusion through filters, or chemical disruption by detergent dialysis or solvent removal. These techniques do not, however, allow the encapsulation of a specific volume, nor can they be used to encapsulate other vesicles. Here we show that molecular-recognition processes mediated by lipophilic receptors and substrates (here the biotin-streptavidin complex) can be used to produce a multicompartmental aggregate of tethered vesicles encapsulated within a large bilayer vesicle. We call these encapsulated aggregates vesosomes. Encapsulation is achieved by unrolling bilayers from cochleate cylinderss which are tethered to the aggregate by biotin-streptavidin coupling. These compartmentalized vesosomes could provide vehicles for multicomponent or multifunctional drug delivery; in particular, the encapsulating membrane could significantly modify permeation properties, or could be used to enhance the biocompatibility of the system.
Material Science Chemistry of Electrochemical Microsensors and Applications for Biofilm Research

Microelectrodes, needle-shaped biochemical microsensors fabricated from pulled glass micropipettes, are one of the most prominent, novel methods for studying biofilms. The pulled glass tip can have a diameter of 3–20 μm, allowing for the measurement of the concentrations of specific biological and chemical compounds in microbial communities. Net specific consumption and production rates (i.e., biological activity) at a certain depth can be estimated from the measured concentration profiles. This article is focused on solid-state, needle-type, electrochemical microsensors for detecting important water quality parameters (e.g., oxygen, pH, nitrite, chlorine species, redox, and phosphate). Sensing materials include gold (including a gold-electroplated sensing surface), platinum, carbon-fiber, carbon nanotube, iridium, and cobalt. Emphasis is placed on the material science chemistry behind how electrochemical microelectrode sensors operate. Innovative applications of microsensors, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microelectrode array sensor microfabrication, and three-dimensional microprofile measurement and interpretation will also be demonstrated. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a relatively new member in the carbon family and are being used in biofilm research. Distinctive properties of CNTs and the relationship between structure and their electrochemistry performance are discussed. The electrochemical application of CNTs is focused on nitrite detection.
Can theories of visual representation help to explain asymmetries in amygdala function

Emotional processing differs between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and functional differences have been reported more specifically between the left and right amygdalae, subcortical structures heavily implicated in emotional processing. However, the empirical pattern of amygdalar asymmetries is inconsistent with extant theories of emotional asymmetries. Here we review this discrepancy, and we hypothesize that hemispheric differences in visual object processing help to explain the previously reported functional differences between the left and right amygdalae. The implication that perceptual factors play a large role in determining amygdalar asymmetries may help to explain amygdalar dysfunction in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder.
The increase in morphine antinociceptive potency produced by carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation is blocked by naltrindole, a selective δ-opioid antagonist

Carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat hindpaw has been used as a model for persistent pain of inflammatory origin. The induction of inflammation resulting from carrageenan injection in the rat hindpaw has been shown to elicit an increase in the antinociceptive potency of morphine, an effect postulated to be related to reduced levels of spinal cholecystokinin (CCK). Recent findings have related the anti-opioid effect of CCK to a decrease in activation of delta-opioid receptors. For this reason, we have examined the effects of the delta-opioid antagonist naltrindole (NTI) on the modulation of morphine antinociceptive potency resulting from carrageenan-induced inflammation. Rats with carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation received several doses of morphine in the absence or presence of NTI and were tested in the hot plate (HP) and tail flick (TF) tests. These results were compared to those of non-carrageenan injected rats. Morphine was significantly more potent in inflamed, than in control, rats in both tests. While NTI did not affect morphine antinociceptive potency in control rats in either test, this opioid delta antagonist blocked the increase in morphine potency resulting from carrageenan inflammation in nearly every case. The blockade of the enhancement of morphine potency was such that the effect of a given dose of morphine was similar in control rats and carrageenan-injected rats with NTI. We suggest that carrageenan-induced inflammation may alter endogenous enkephalin levels, perhaps by a decrease in CCK availability. The enhancement of morphine antinociceptive potency may result from the well-established synergism seen following the activation of opioid delta receptors by enkephalins.
EFFECT OF Ca2+ ON CHANGES IN MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS OF BOVINE SKELETAL MUSCLE

The effects of Ca2+ on the integrity of myofibrils and their proteins were studied by isolating myofibrils from minced at-death bovine longissimus muscle samples treated with 1 mM Ca2+ and 10 mM oxalate and stored at either 2°C or 23°C. Myofibrils were isolated from treated and control samples at various postmortem times and characterized with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, myofibrils were isolated from treated and control samples at various postmortem times and extracted with Hasselbach-Schneider (H-S) solution and with 1 mM Tris, pH 8.5. These extracts were characterized with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Myofibrils isolated from postmortem muscle samples treated with Ca2+ showed more rapid degradation of troponin T and the concurrent appearance of a 30,000-dalton component during postmortem storage than did control and oxalate samples. Proteins extracted from myofibrils increased during postmortem storage with both H-S and Tris solutions. The salt soluble proteins of Ca2+ treated samples showed more 30,000-dalton component and α-actinin compared with control and oxalate samples. In essence, the extent and nature of changes in myofibrils and in extracted proteins were dependent upon Ca2+ availability. Storage of muscle samples at room temperature accelerated all these changes. Postmortem modifications in myofibrillar proteins were interpreted as being consonant with the hypothesis that proteolysis of myofibrils is caused by a Ca2+ -activated factor endogenous to the muscle fiber.
Midwest farmers' perceptions of crop pest infestation

Region, soil type, and tillage are important factors in severity of crop pest infestation. This study was conducted to determine the relative importance of these factors on severity of crop pest infestation as perceived by farmers. Correlations between pests were also studied. In a 1992 survey, farmers in 12 U.S. Corn Belt states were asked to rate the severity of crop pest infestation in their fields. The categories of pests included perennial and annual weeds in row crops, insects and diseases of corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and insects and diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Means ranked from highest to lowest in the following order: annual weeds, perennial weeds, corn and sorghum insects, corn and sorghum diseases, soybean diseases, and soybean insects. Correlation coefficients ranged between 0.47 to 0.69 among corn and sorghum diseases, among soybean insects, and among soybean diseases, and between 0.04 and 0.41 among perennial weeds. Correlation coeffidents among annual weeds and among corn and/or sorghum insects spanned both of these ranges. Effects of either region and/or tillage were very highly significant (0.001), while soil type was not as significant an effect. In farmers' perceptions, weeds were the most serious pests and soybean pests the least serious pests; there was less relationship among perennial weeds than among pests in any other category; the drier western region was generally less severely infested; higher amount of conventional tillage practices produced less infestation; and differences in soil type were due to more severe infestation in loams, followed by infestation in clays, and then infestation in sands.
Mechanisms of action of cognitive therapy: The relative contributions of technical and interpersonal interventions

The contributions of changes in cognitions (degree of belief in “automatic thoughts”) and the patient's relationship with his therapist to mood changes occurring during sessions of cognitive therapy were examined in data collected from 17 depressed and anxious patients. Results showed that both changes in automatic thoughts and the patient's relationship with his therapist made independent, additive contributions to mood changes. In addition, two patient characteristics (initial degree of belief in automatic thoughts and diagnosis) made significant unique contributions to mood changes. The stronger the patient's initial belief in his automatic thoughts, the smaller the mood change occurring in the session. Smaller mood changes also occurred in patients with a personality disorder diagnosis. These results suggest that mood changes in cognitive therapy sessions are a function of three types of factors: technical cognitive therapy interventions, the patient's relationship with his/her therapist, and patient characteristics. A multiple regression model with independent variables measuring these factors accounted for 89% of the variance in mood change in the session.
Perceived Organizational Support and Police Officer Effectiveness Testing the Organizational Support Theory in Ghana

The study of perceived organizational support (POS) has received considerable attention in the academic literature. However, in police circles, POS has received minimal scholarly attention. To address this gap, the present study surveyed 145 police officers selected randomly from five police districts in Accra, Ghana, to investigate how officers’ perception of organizational support influence their effectiveness in performing assigned duties. The study further examined the influence of officers’ demographic characteristics on their perception of organizational support. Findings revealed that the perception of organizational support among officers influenced their perception of effectiveness and that older and shorter tenured officers expressed perceptions of greater support. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Unraveling the Dispersed Kinetics of Dichlorofluorescein in Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Crystals

The connection between photoluminescence (PL) intermittency and excited-state kinetics is explored for 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) isolated in crystals of potassium acid phthalate (KAP) using time-tagged, time-resolved, time-correlated single-photon counting (T3R-TCSPC). In this technique, PL intermittency or "blinking" is measured in conjunction with the time of photon arrival relative to photoexcitation, allowing for the correlation of emissive intensities and excited-state decay kinetics of single molecules. The blinking trace is parsed into emissive and nonemissive segments using change-point-detection analysis, and the duration of these segments are used to quantify PL intermittency. The results presented here demonstrate that two populations of DCF exist in KAP, with one population demonstrating single-exponential excited state decay over the course of the blinking trace, and the other demonstrating stretched-exponential decay. Molecules demonstrating single-exponential decay also demonstrate modest intensity variation in the blinking trace. Correlation of the emission intensity and excited-state lifetimes demonstrates that for these molecules spectral diffusion is largely responsible for the evolution in emission intensity. In contrast, molecules demonstrating nonexponential excited-state decay vary in emission intensity. Correlation of the emissive intensities with the excited-state lifetimes demonstrates that these molecules undergo changes in both radiative and nonradiative decay rate constants as well as spectral diffusion. These observations suggest that DCF exists in two environments in KAP differentiated by the propensity for proton-transfer with the surrounding KAP matrix. The results presented here provide further insight into the origin of PL intermittency demonstrated by DCF in KAP and related systems.
High-Throughput Scientific Workflow Scheduling Under Deadline Constraint in Clouds

Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in service delivery that promises a leap in efficiency and flexibility in using computing resources. As cloud infrastructures are widely deployed around the globe, many data- and computeintensive scientific workflows have been moved from traditional high- performance computing platforms and grids to clouds. With the rapidly increasing number of cloud users in various science domains, it has become a critical task for the cloud service provider to perform efficient job scheduling while still guaranteeing the workflow completion time as specified in the Service Level Agreement (SLA). Based on practical models for cloud utilization, we formulate a delay-constrained workflow optimization problem to maximize resource utilization for high system throughput and propose a two-step scheduling algorithm to minimize the cloud overhead under a user-specified execution time bound. Extensive simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm achieves lower computing overhead or higher resource utilization than existing methods under the execution time bound, and also significantly reduces the total workflow execution time by strategically selecting appropriate mapping nodes for prioritized modules. Index Terms— computing
Victoria's Daughters: The Schooling of Girls in Britain and Ireland, 1800–1900. By Jane McDermid. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. Pp. 216. $125.00.)

In this comparative study, the author places the formal education of girls within the contexts of regional, religious, and economic differences as well as comprehensive shifts in legislation and at...
Using learning objects to enhance the systems administration lab

The traditional model for students' performing labs in a systems administration course is to follow precise step-by-step instructions to complete the tasks at hand. The authors have run into multiple problems using this method including students' rushing through labs with little comprehension, errors in the lab steps, and keeping the labs sufficiently up-to-date. To address these problems the authors have changed the delivery of labs such that students are now given a goal-focused task list to perform for each lab. It is hoped that this approach to the lab will increase the students' problem solving ability and comprehension of the material. To assist with the implementation of this solution, the authors have created multimedia learning objects for students to view if they cannot remember how to perform the tasks or if the instructions from the book are not understandable. Initial observations of this implementation have been quite positive in both student satisfaction and comprehension of the material.
The extraperitoneal laparoscopic TRAM flap delay procedure: an alternative approach

Introduction Ligation of the deep inferior epigastric vessels prior to transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction (delay procedure) was introduced to augment vascularity to the island flap through improved superior epigastric flow, thus decreasing flap morbidity. There are various surgical approaches described, including open and laparoscopic approaches, for ligation of inferior epigastric arteries. We describe an extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique (EPLT) and the outcomes of the procedure. Methods All patients who underwent EPLT prior to TRAM flap construction between July 2006 and December 2008 were included in the study. Data were analyzed retrospectively from a prospectively collected database. Results The study group included 11 female patients with mean age of 55 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 34.4 kg/m 2 . There were no conversions to open procedure. Ten patients had bilateral ligation of inferior epigastric arteries, and one patient had it only on one side. There were no complications related to the procedure. Conclusion Extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique as a delay procedure for TRAM flap reconstruction is safe and feasible with no morbidity related to surgery.
The “Role” of Nationalism in Chinese Foreign Policy: A Reactive Model of Nationalism & Conflict

A growing literature has sought to address the question of Chinese nationalism, and particularly whether or not its rise over the last decade could make China more prone to international conflict. Yet these discussions have often not been well grounded in either theories of nationalism or international relations (IR) theory. This paper will seek to fill this gap by using a constructivist approach to examine how nationalism is constituted by the interaction of states. By doing so, it will be argued that Chinese nationalism can best be understood as a reactive response to international events rather than domestic political manipulation.
Down the up staircase: evidence against negative geotactic responses in Rattus norvegicus.

Two experiments investigated the reactions of Rattus norvegicus to being placed on inclined surfaces during both forced and nonforced trials. Adult subjects given the choice of remaining in a small holding chamber or moving through an attached inclined tunnel entered the tunnel sooner and more often when the tunnel was inclined downward than when it was inclined upward indicating their preference to move toward the pull of gravity. Previous research employing young subjects in forced trials on open inclined surfaces have reported a strong species tendency to move upward, away from the pull of gravity. This latter methodology was replicated here using subjects from three age groups in an attempt to resolve the contradiction. Twelve-day-old subjects displayed a progressively increasing tendency to orient and move upward as the inclination of the surface was made steeper. Twenty-four-day-old rats showed a similar, but less pronounced trend while adult subjects moved downward at all but the steepest inclination where horizontal movement was displayed. These data indicate that adult R. norvegicus subjects tend to react positively, not negatively toward gravity and that generalizations about species reactions to gravity based on past data employing young subjects are inappropriate. Present and past data are discussed from developmental, methodological, and ecological perspectives.
Animal Models in Cardiovascular MRI Research: Value and Limitations

This review will explore the interface between MRI, cardiovascular research, and animal models, with particular attention to values, limitations, and best practices. This includes the question of whether an animal model may be necessary or appropriate. Factors influencing the selection of small versus large animal models will be considered, including the features that distinguish mice from other animal models. MRI has proven extremely useful in studies of basic cardiovascular physiology, but its true utility lies in the acquisition of end points relevant to cardiovascular disease in preclinical and clinical investigations. Brief summaries will be presented of the many anatomic and functional parameters that can be assessed by cardiovascular MRI, along with its role in translational medicine. Finally, the predictive value and clinical relevance of animal models of cardiovascular disease will be explored, including steps that are recommended to maximize the predictive value of animal models in translational medicine.
Effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics in the guinea pig

The effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics were studied in normal guinea pigs. After cholecystectomy, bile salt pool size decreased, fractional daily turnover rate increased, and the rate of bile salt synthesis was unchanged. These data indicate that an increased frequency of bile salt enterohepatic cycling is sufficient to produce alterations in bile salt kinetics. Abnormalities of bile salt synthesis need not be present in order for a reduction in pool size to occur.
A Different Kind of Fraternity: Psychological Change and Group Dynamics of Male Batterers

With few exceptions, outcome studies evaluating batterer treatment groups are inconclusive at best and, at worst, label such treatment programs as ineffectual. This qualitative research study was developed in an effort to understand the forces behind how positive change either happens or is subverted. Through analysis of treatment groups for batterers, the study investigated two questions: How do batterer treatment groups affect the psychological defenses of the members? What types of group dynamics emerge in offender treatment that might be unique to this population and promote defensive change? The theoretical frameworks used in this project include constructs from ego psychology related to defensive maturity and the curative factors in group process, articulated by Yalom (2005).
Assessment of high precision, high accuracy Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy to obtain concentration uncertainties less than 0.2% with variable matrix concentrations ☆

The ability to obtain high precision, high accuracy measurements in samples with complex matrices using High Performance Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (HP-ICP-OES) was investigated. The Common Analyte Internal Standard (CAIS) procedure was incorporated into the High Performance Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy method to correct for matrix-induced changes in emission intensity ratios. Matrix matching and standard addition approaches to minimize matrix-induced errors when using High Performance Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy were also assessed. The High Performance Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy method was tested with synthetic solutions in a variety of matrices, alloy standard reference materials and geological reference materials.
Effects on Academic Culture of Shifts from Oral to Written Traditions: The Case of University Accreditation

Academe's primary function in Western culture is to systematize and communicate knowledge, mainly in oral and written forms. Universities therefore would be expected to use literary skills as the main means of communication and administrative functioning. The academy would thus be expected to be one of the most articulate and literate of communities, so it is interesting to know how oral and written traditions are used within the various subcultures of the university and how these subcultures respond to directed culture change. This paper analyzes the changes in academic culture resulting from a two-year process of reaffirmation of accreditation at a public university. It focuses on the various verbal, written, and organizational responses of academic subcultures to a request by a regional accrediting association for a written summary of their present and future activities. It begins by presenting a description of the culture of the university, and then describes the accreditation self-study process, its ...
The effect of special diets on the digestion processes (enzyme production and resorption) in the African Giant Snail, Achatina fulica Bowdich

1. Of proteolytic enzymes found in the midgut gland of the African Giant Snail, Achatina fulicaBowdich, at least two different ones can be distinguished: a cathepsin (pH optimum at pH 5.6) and a “protease” with a pH optimum at pH 7.74. 2. The effects of special diets (either proteinor starch-rich) on the production of protease, cathepsin, amylase and saccharase have been studied at weekly intervals for a total period of 8 weeks. 3. In all enzymes studied, when computed on a common basis of “living” substance (Kjeldahl-N), an initial increase in enzymatic activity occurs, after which the amount in the glands declines. Amylase and saccharase show a second peak, which is particularly clear in starchfed snails. 4. As to the problem, whether “fitting” enzymes are produced in larger quantities, this seems to be the case for the carbohydrases. The proteases show the reverse: less proteolytic enzymes appear to be produced in the protein-fed animals than in the starch-fed. 5. The differences with the results found by Prosser and van Weel (1958) are discussed and a tentative hypothesis as an explanation is offered. 6. It is impossible, on the basis of the cell-count method, to credit special cell types with the production of special enzymes. 7. The utilization of the food during a period of 7 weeks of dieting on meat or potato has been investigated. The utilization does not run parallel to the enzyme production. It is suggested that the lack of some unknown dietary requirements in the diets may be the cause and may particularly affect the resorption of the digested substances.
Sustainable development and community forest management in Bihar, India

Deforestation has impoverished many rural communities in developing countries that depend on forests for their basic needs. Contemporary sustainable development (SD) theory focuses on how to meet the basic needs of the poor while conserving the resource base on which they depend. Thus, forest conservation is a major component of SD efforts. In the Indian state of Bihar, efforts to conserve forests through centralized tree plantation programs have not succeeded. High priority has since been accorded to community forest management on the assumption that sustainable resource use is most likely to occur if local communities participate in managing the resources on which they depend. However, externally initiated community forest management efforts in Bihar have not proved very effective in controlling deforestation. Consequently, local communities have started managing state‐owned forests on their own. These self‐initiated efforts have proved quite effective at regenerating forests. However, local initiatives...
Multi-Scale Strain Measurements of a Particulate Composite Material

In this study, the strain fields on two different length scales in a particulate composite material containing hard particles embedded in a rubbery matrix were investigated, using two different techniques. The experimental results were analyzed and are discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Success and Failure in the Market for Corporate Control: Evidence from the Petroleum Industry

A sample of firms from the oil industry is used to test whether managerial actions are consistent with the managerial entrenchment or shareholder interest hypothesis. While targeted firms have lower Q-ratios than non-targeted firms, not all low Q-ratio firms become targets. High levels of managerial stock ownership decrease the likelihood of a low Q-ratio firm being targeted. Managerial resistance to control events is associated with greater share price increases, but a lower likelihood of a control change occurring. Overall, the results are consistent with managers taking actions that protect their positions, possibly at shareholder expense.
Cross-validation of the factor structure of the McGill Pain Questionnaire

Low back pain patients' responses to the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were factor analyzed using the principal factor method and direct oblique rotation procedures. Four factors were extracted that accounted for 55% of the total variance. Coefficients of congruence were computed in order to relate the current factors with those extracted in a previous factor analytic investigation. The results provided positive evidence that the sensory pressure, evaluative, and affective-sensory factors that were previously identified are stable dimensions underlying the MPQ responses of low back pain patients. However, it is necessary to conduct further cross-validation studies using patients from a wide variety of treatment settings.
Migratory Sleeplessness in the White-Crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia Leucophrys Gambelii)

Twice a year, normally diurnal songbirds engage in long-distance nocturnal migrations between their wintering and breeding grounds. If and how songbirds sleep during these periods of increased activity has remained a mystery. We used a combination of electrophysiological recording and neurobehavioral testing to characterize seasonal changes in sleep and cognition in captive white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) across nonmigratory and migratory seasons. Compared to sparrows in a nonmigratory state, migratory sparrows spent approximately two-thirds less time sleeping. Despite reducing sleep during migration, accuracy and responding on a repeated-acquisition task remained at a high level in sparrows in a migratory state. This resistance to sleep loss during the prolonged migratory season is in direct contrast to the decline in accuracy and responding observed following as little as one night of experimenter-induced sleep restriction in the same birds during the nonmigratory season. Our results suggest that despite being adversely affected by sleep loss during the nonmigratory season, songbirds exhibit an unprecedented capacity to reduce sleep during migration for long periods of time without associated deficits in cognitive function. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate migratory sleeplessness may provide insights into the etiology of changes in sleep and behavior in seasonal mood disorders, as well as into the functions of sleep itself.
Preparation of fluorescent pre-mRNA substrates for an smFRET study of pre-mRNA splicing in yeast.

The spliceosome is a complex small nuclear (sn)RNA–protein machine that removes introns from pre-mRNAs via two successive phosphoryl transfer reactions. For each splicing event, the spliceosome is assembled de novo on a pre-mRNA substrate and a complex series of assembly steps leads to the active conformation. To comprehensively monitor pre-mRNA conformational dynamics during spliceosome assembly, we developed a strategy for single-molecule FRET (smFRET) that utilizes a small, efficiently spliced yeast pre-mRNA, Ubc4, in which donor and acceptor fluorophores are placed in the exons adjacent to the 5′ and 3′ splice sites. In this chapter, we describe the identification of Ubc4 pre-mRNA that is efficiently spliced in vitro and the methods we have developed for the chemical synthesis of fluorescent Ubc4 pre-mRNA for smFRET.
Sea and Lake Breezes: A Review of Numerical Studies

Numerical studies of sea and lake breezes are reviewed. The modelled dependence of sea-breeze and lake-breeze characteristics on the land surface sensible heat flux, ambient geostrophic wind, atmospheric stability and moisture, water body dimensions, terrain height and slope, Coriolis parameter, surface roughness length, and shoreline curvature is discussed. Consensus results on the influence of these geophysical variables on sea and lake breezes are synthesized as well as current gaps in our understanding. A brief history of numerical modelling, an overview of recent high-resolution simulations, and suggestions for future research related to sea and lake breezes are also presented. The results of this survey are intended to be a resource for numerical modelling, coastal air quality, and wind power studies.
Effect of albumin on the antibacterial activity of diketones.

Summary o 1. Thirty-two diketones and four related compounds were tested for antibacterial activity in the presence and absence of albumin. 2. Among aliphatic α-dicarbonyl compounds, diacetyl and glyoxal were the most active and their effectiveness was not altered by the addition of albumin. 3. Aromatic α-diketones (benzil, hydroxybenzils) were not as active as dibromosalicil and usually became even less active in the presence of albumin. Cyclic diketones showed very little antibacterial activity. 4. Aliphatic β-diketones and benzoylacetone were unique in that most members of this group were more potent antibacterial agents in the presence of rather than in the absence of albumin. Aromatic β-diketones lost some activity on addition of albumin. 5. Procedures for the synthesis of 2,2′, 4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzil, 3,3′,-4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzil, and 2,2′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxybenzil are given.
Neglected malignant medulloepithelioma of the eye

Intraocular medulloepithelioma is a rare tumor usually arising from the ciliary body and presenting in childhood. We recently managed a case of an advanced medulloepithelioma in a 45-year-old man that went untreated for several years. The patient had an exenteration after the tumor destroyed the eye and extended into the central nervous system. The initial pathologic diagnosis was complicated by the undifferentiated nature of the tumor which mimicked a lymphoma on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) as well as on initial permanent sections. The diagnosis was established by immunohistochemical stains indicating a neuroepithelial origin; the relationship of the tumor to the ciliary body and pigmented ciliary epithelium indicated the site of origin.
Knotted Periodic Orbits in Suspensions of Annulus Maps

We consider a class of suspensions of diffeomorphisms of the annulus as flows in the orientable 3-manifold T$^2$ x I. Using results of Birman & Williams (Topology 22, 47-82 (1983); Contemp. Math. 20, 1-60 (1983)), we construct a knotholder or template that carries the set of periodic orbits of the flow. We define rotation numbers and show that any orbit of period q and rotation number p/q can be arranged as a positive braid on p strands. This yields existence and uniqueness results for families of resonant torus knots (p-braids that are (p, q)-torus knots of period q > p), which correspond to order-preserving (Birkhoff-) periodic orbits of the diffeomorphism. We show that all other q-periodic p-braids have higher genus, and we establish bounds on the genera of such knots. We obtain existence and uniqueness results for a number of other, non-resonant, torus knots, including non-order-preserving (q+s, q)-torus knots of rotation number 1.
Introduction to Random Processes, With Applications to Signals and Systems

(1987). Introduction to Random Processes, With Applications to Signals and Systems. Technometrics: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 245-246.
Diagnostic Utility of the WISC-III Developmental Index as a Predictor of Learning Disabilities

Wechsler's Deterioration Index (WDI) was developed as an indicator of cognitive impairment in adults but has been applied to children, because neuropsychological deficits have often been hypothesized to account for learning difficulties during the development period. Renamed the Wechsler Developmental Index, this measure has been used to discriminate among groups of children with and without learning disabilities. The present study replicated those findings with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition, but also applied more appropriate diagnostic efficiency statistics to analyze the actual diagnostic utility of the WDI. These analyses revealed that the WDI performed at chance levels when distinguishing 611 students diagnosed with learning disabilities from those diagnosed with emotional disabled (n = 80) or mental retardation (n = 33), as well as from 2,200 simulated random nondisabled cases. It was concluded that mean group differences were not adequate and that ipsative indicators must be definitively validated in experimental environments before they can be applied in practice.
Optical resolution through a turbulent medium with adaptive phase compensations

The theory of short-term average modulation transfer function developed by Fried is extended by considering the correlation between the turbulence-induced phase distortion and the residual phase aberrations after adaptive phase compensations. Calculation of the optical resolution shows that the original approximation is valid for the normalized lens diameter D/r0 less than 4.0; conversely, for D/r0 greater than 4.0 the optical resolution becomes arbitrarily large because the MTF is unrealistically overcorrected at high spatial frequencies. The extended formulation is then applied to the cases with higher-order phase compensations such as focus and astigmatism. The peak optical resolution occurs at larger values of D/r0 when the higher-order corrections are included.
Localization of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase in the inner membrane subfraction of rat adrenal mitochondria.

This study shows that the 11β- hydroxylase system is associated with the inner membrane subfraction of rat adrenal mitochondria. Inner and outer membrane subfractions of mitochondriaare obtained by osmotic shock and gradient centrifugation, and their content is ascertained by electron microscopy. The subfractions are incubated with deoxycorticosterone- l,2-3H, some of which is converted to corticosterone, and the labeled steroids are then separated by thin layer chromatography and scanned with a Packard Radiochromatogram Scanner. Although the outer membrance subfraction contains some 11β-hydroxylase activity, this is due to inner membrane contamination. The contamination is assessed in the outer membrane subfraction by direct measurement in electron micrographs, as well as by biochemical assay of an inner membrane enzyme marker, succinicdehydrogenase. (Endocrinology 87: 254, 1970)
Adenoviral Delivery of the VEGF and BMP-6 Genes to Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells Potentiates Osteogenesis

The combined delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to sites of bone injury results in enhanced repair compared to the administration of a single factor or a combination of two factors. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that coexpression of VEGF and BMP-6 genes would enhance the osteoblastic differentiation of rat bone-marrow-derived stem cells (rMSCs) and osteogenesis by comparison to rMSCs that do not express VEGF and BMP-6. We prepared a GFP tagged adenovirus vector (Ad-VEGF+BMP-6) that contained DNA encoding the hVEGF and hBMP-6 genes. rMSCs were transduced with the virus, and the successful transduction was confirmed by green fluorescence and by production of VEGF and BMP-6 proteins. The cells were cultured to assess osteoblastic differentiation or administered in the Fischer 344 rats to assess bone formation. Mineralization of rMSCs transduced with Ad-VEGF+BMP-6 was significantly enhanced over the nontransduced rMSCs. Only transduced rMSCs could induce osteogenesis in vivo, whereas Ad-VEGF+BMP-6 or nontransduced rMSCs alone did not induce osteogenesis. The data suggests that the combined delivery of MSCs, VEGF, and BMP-6 is an attractive option for bone repair therapy.