cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the [4Fe-4S] Cluster in Reductive Activation of the Cobalt Center of the Corrinoid Iron−Sulfur Protein from Clostridium thermoaceticum during Acetate Biosynthesis†

The corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (CFeSP) from Clostridium thermoaceticum functions as a methyl carrier in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway of acetyl-CoA synthesis. The small subunit (33 kDa) contains cobalt in a corrinoid cofactor, and the large subunit (55 kDa) contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster. The cobalt center is methylated by methyltetrahydrofolate (CH3-H4folate) to form a methylcobalt intermediate and, subsequently, is demethylated by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase (CODH/ACS). The work described here demonstrates that the [4Fe-4S] cluster is required to facilitate the reactivation of oxidatively inactivated Cob(II)amide to the active Co(I) state. Site-directed mutagenesis of the large subunit gene was used to change residue 20 from cysteine to alanine, which resulted in formation of a cluster with EPR and redox properties consistent with those of [3Fe-4S] clusters. The midpoint potential of the cluster in the C20A variant was approximately 500 mV more positive than that of the [4Fe-4S] cluster in the native enzyme. Accordingly, it was found that the Co center in the C20A mutant protein could be reduced artificially but was severely crippled in its ability to be reduced by physiological electron donors. This is probably because the reduced cluster of the C20A protein cannot provide the driving force needed to reduce Co(II) to Co(I), since the Co(II/I) midpoint potential is -504 mV. The C20A variant also was unable to catalyze the steady-state synthesis of acetyl-CoA when CH3-H4folate or methyl iodide were provided as methyl donors and CO and CODH/ACS as reductants. Addition of chemical reductants rescued the catalytically crippled variant form in both of these reactions. On the other hand, in single-turnover reactions, the methyl-Co state of the altered protein was fully active in methylating H4folate and in synthesizing acetyl-CoA in the presence of CO and CoA. The combined results strongly indicate that the FeS cluster of the CFeSP is necessary for reductive activation of Co(II) to Co(I) by physiological reductants but is not required for catalysis, e.g., demethylation of CH3-H4folate or methylation of CODH/ACS. We propose that, during reductive activation, electrons flow from the reduced electron-transfer protein (e.g., CODH/ACS or reduced ferredoxin (Fd)) to the FeS cluster which then directs electrons to the cobalt center for catalysis. These results also support earlier hypotheses that the methylation and demethylation reactions involving the CFeSP are SN2-type nucleophilic displacement reactions and do not involve radical chemistry.
Dynamic bifurcation buckling of an impacted column

Abstract In this paper, the dynamic counterpart of the celebrated Euler buckling problem is formulated and solved by considering the case of a slender column that is impacted by a falling mass. We introduce a new notion, that of the time to buckle, “ t ∗ ”, which is the corresponding critical quantity analogous to the critical load in static Euler buckling. A set of experimental results previously presented by Gladden et al. [J.R. Gladden, N.Z. Handzy, A. Belmonte, E. Villermaux, Dynamic buckling and fragmentation in brittle rods, Physical Review Letters 94 (3) (2005) 035503], are used to illustrate the notions we introduce and as a means for comparison against the predictions of our work.
Visualizing dynamic geosciences phenomena using an octree-based view-dependent LOD strategy within virtual globes

Abstract Geoscientists build dynamic models to simulate various natural phenomena for a better understanding of our planet. Interactive visualizations of these geoscience models and their outputs through virtual globes on the Internet can help the public understand the dynamic phenomena related to the Earth more intuitively. However, challenges arise when the volume of four-dimensional data (4D), 3D in space plus time, is huge for rendering. Datasets loaded from geographically distributed data servers require synchronization between ingesting and rendering data. Also the visualization capability of display clients varies significantly in such an online visualization environment; some may not have high-end graphic cards. To enhance the efficiency of visualizing dynamic volumetric data in virtual globes, this paper proposes a systematic framework, in which an octree-based multiresolution data structure is implemented to organize time series 3D geospatial data to be used in virtual globe environments. This framework includes a view-dependent continuous level of detail (LOD) strategy formulated as a synchronized part of the virtual globe rendering process. Through the octree-based data retrieval process, the LOD strategy enables the rendering of the 4D simulation at a consistent and acceptable frame rate. To demonstrate the capabilities of this framework, data of a simulated dust storm event are rendered in World Wind, an open source virtual globe. The rendering performances with and without the octree-based LOD strategy are compared. The experimental results show that using the proposed data structure and processing strategy significantly enhances the visualization performance when rendering dynamic geospatial phenomena in virtual globes.
Incorporating intelligence into engineered products: adaptive structures

From the onset of commercial availability in the early Fifties, digital computers are used throughout the world in simulating real or virtual events, and store-retrieve-process large quantities of data with lightening speeds, thus yielding extensive benefit to humankind, as demonstrated by their valuable uses in communication, transportation, weather prediction, space and other scientific explorations, energy, health care, administrative, and commercial systems. Various attributes of digital computers such as speed, durability, and reliability, have increased, and others, such as weight, volume, and cost per unit operation, have decreased ten thousand fold in a time span as small as forty years. Similar advances are taking place in the fields of sensors, and actuators. On the other hand, as a result of observing the living beings, it is a widely accepted notion that intelligent behaviour involves sensing, processing and taking action. In such an environment of economics and mental frame, microprocessors, sensors, and actuators are becoming integral parts in many engineered products. Beyond simulation and data handling, a new and much bigger market for the use of microprocessors is in the works. Microprocessors, with the help of sensors and actuators, are being used to make engineered products more intelligent in their function in real time, and thus make them even more beneficial to humanity. This paper discusses an area from the author's field of speciality, i.e., adaptive structures, where the structural behaviour is controlled autonomously in real time, by means of an onboard microprocessor aided by appropriate sensors and strain inserting actuators. This is similar to a human neural system controlling, in real time, the body it is attached to by, with the help of various sensory input it receives, properly contracting and relaxing appropriate muscles.
Effects of two dithiocarbamates on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: molt-related toxicity and inhibition of limb regeneration

The effects of two dithiocarbamate formulations (Aquatreat® DNM-30 and Busan® 85) on the initiation and progression of limb regeneration following the removal of the left fifth walking leg (pereiopod) were studied with the estuarine grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio. Exposure to either Aquatreat DNM-30 or Busan 85 affected both the initiation and progression of limb regeneration; the shrimp exhibited dose-related inhibition of regenerative growth. The resultant EC50 values for inhibition of regenerative limb growth were well below the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for grass shrimp. In tests with molting grass shrimp, Busan 85 was more acutely toxic than Aquatreat DNM-30.
Outcome of accidental peritoneal dialysis catheter holes or tip exposure

Pediatric peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients are at risk for acute peritonitis. One risk factor is accidental exposure of the catheter to a non-sterile surface. We studied catheter exposures in 17 pediatric patients receiving PD who developed 16 holes and 12 other accidental exposures. The rate of exposures was 3.7 events/100 patient-months. After exposure, the mean counts (± standard error) of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells, and neutrophils were 39.8 ± 19.3, 9.5 ± 7.1, and 24.2 ± 5.3/mm3, respectively. There was a trend towards higher peritoneal fluid WBC in patients with holes than in those with exposures (60.1 ± 34.8 vs. 15.4 ± 5.1/mm3, respectively; p = 0.2). The initial peritoneal fluid WBC count was significantly higher if there was a positive culture than a negative culture (165.0 ± 132.6 vs. 20.3 ± 6.4/mm3, respectively; p = 0.01). The percentage of neutrophils was higher in patients with a positive culture than in those with a negative culture (54.7 ± 14.1 vs. 19.1 ± 4.9%, respectively; p = 0.01). Of the 28 patients, 27 received a single dose of intravenous antibiotics, as per the protocol at that time. Among those treated, 7% developed a positive culture (all staphylococcal species) while 93% had a negative culture. We conclude that following accidental exposure of the peritoneal dialysis catheter: (1) the prevalence of peritonitis is low; (2) measuring peritoneal fluid WBC provides treatment guidance; (3) if treatment is initiated, it should be applied intraperitoneally and include activity against Gram-positive organisms.
CQoCO: A measure for comparative quality of coverage and organization for self-organizing maps

In this paper we introduce a comprehensive measure of quality of coverage and organization in self-organizing maps. The new measure, named CQoCO, combines self-organizing criteria as outlined by Polani, by measuring how, and where neurons are mapped in space and how they are organized. The result is an all-inclusive tool to account for the required properties of a well-organized SOM-untangled coverage of inputs only, reflecting the density of the input space and outlining the natural clusters in the data. The proposed measure has been tested on the traditional version of SOM as well as on a growing version, as proposed by the authors-ParaSOM. While the patterns are simple, the tests also cover a comparison between CQoCO and the measures of quantization error and topological error. The conclusion becomes evident with the progress of the experiments-CQoCO provides an across-the-board measurement of the quality of coverage and organization in SOMs.
A mechanistic study of thermal C-H reductive elimination from a six-coordinate d6 iridium complex

The thermolysis of trans-IrL2(CO)Cl(H)(C6H5) (1abd; L=P(i-Pr)3; H trans to CO) produces benzene and the Vaska-type complex IrL2(CO)Cl. A mechanistic study of the reaction has shown that 1a reversibly loses CO at 120 °C (as evidenced by the incorporation of 13CO) and isomerizes to the previously unreported 1b (H trans to Cl). It was found that 1b is the complex primarily responsible for the formation of benzene upon thermolysis under CO atmosphere; direct loss of benzene from 1a was determined to be, at most, a minor pathway. Benzaldehyde was also formed as a product of thermolysis of 1a under CO atmosphere. The first-order rate constant for benzene elimination in the absence of CO was found to be 8.5 × 10−5 s−1. The presence of only 5 Torr CO results in a decrease to 2.0 × 10−5 s−1, but little further inhibition is observed above 5 Torr CO. Added dihydrogen (100 Torr) was found to effect a novel catalysis of benzene elimination from 1a in the absence of CO atmosphere; it is suggested that trace amounts of dihydrogen, present in solutions of 1a, are responsible for the enhanced rate of elimination in the absence of CO. The thermolysis of 1-d6 in toluene was found to proceed without any toluene incorporation, implying that arene loss is irreversible.
A novel method to characterize the MTF in 3D for computed mammotomography

A novel phantom has been developed to measure the modulation transfer function (MTF) in 3D for x-ray computed tomography. The phantom consists of three tungsten wires, positioned nearly orthogonal to each other. Simultaneous measurements of the MTF are taken at various locations along the three orthogonal reconstructed planes. Our computed mammotomography (CmT) system uses a Varian Paxscan 2520 digital x-ray detector which can be positioned anywhere in ~2pi steradian band and can have arbitrary trajectories. With a half-cone beam geometry and with the phantom positioned near the center of rotation, projection images are acquired over 360 degrees. Various 3D orbits are evaluated including vertical axis of rotation and saddle. Reconstructions were performed using an iterative ordered-subsets transmission algorithm on rebinned projection images, using various numbers of iterations. Rotation of reconstructed slices isolated each wire into its own plane. At various locations along the length of each wire, corresponding MTFs were calculated from 1D line spread functions. Through measurement, accuracy of wire method was verified by comparison of the projection MTFs computed from a wire and a standard edge device. Results indicated minor variations in MTF among the three orthogonal planes, which imply a high degree of uniform sampling in the imaged volume. Findings indicate that the phantom can be used to assess the intrinsic image resolution in 3D as well as potential degradative effects of measurements in various media.
Anxiogenic effects of brief swim stress are sensitive to stress history.

Stressors that are controllable not only protect an individual from the acute consequences of the stressor, but also the consequences of stressors that occur later. This phenomenon, termed “behavioral immunization”, is studied in the rat by first administering tailshocks each of which can be terminated (escapable tailshock) by an instrumental wheel-turn response prior to exposure to a second stressor. Previous research has shown that exposure to escapable tailshock blocks the neurochemical and behavioral consequences of later inescapable tailshock or social defeat stress. Here we explored the generality of behavioral immunization by examining the impact of prior escapable tailshock on the behavioral consequences of cold swim stress. Exposure to a 5 min cold-water (19 °C) swim caused an anxiety-like reduction in social interaction that was dependent upon 5-HT2C receptor activation. Rats with prior exposure to escapable tailshock did not develop the swim-induced anxiety. Plasticity in the medial prefrontal cortex, a hypothetical neural mechanism underlying behavioral immunization, is discussed.
Diffusion MRI of Complex Neural Architecture

While functional brain imaging methods can locate the cortical regions subserving particular cognitive functions, the connectivity between the functional areas of the human brain remains poorly understood. Recently, investigators have proposed a method to image neural connectivity noninvasively using a magnetic resonance imaging method called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI measures the molecular diffusion of water along neural pathways. Accurate reconstruction of neural connectivity patterns from DTI has been hindered, however, by the inability of DTI to resolve more than a single axon direction within each imaging voxel. Here, we present a novel magnetic resonance imaging technique that can resolve multiple axon directions within a single voxel. The technique, called q-ball imaging, can resolve intravoxel white matter fiber crossing as well as white matter insertions into cortex. The ability of q-ball imaging to resolve complex intravoxel fiber architecture eliminates a key obstacle to mapping neural connectivity in the human brain noninvasively.
Intertypic complementation and recombination between temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2.

Abstract In an attempt to identify functionally “common” and “type-specific” genes in the genomes of herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), intertypic complementation and recombination experiments between temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of these viruses were undertaken. Intertypic complementation was carried out with seven HSV-1 ts mutants representing five complementation groups, and eight HSV-2 ts mutants representing five complementation groups. Efficient complementation was detected with most HSV-1 + HSV-2 ts mutant pairs, indicating extensive interchangeability of gene functions between HSV types 1 and 2. Progeny analysis of complementation yields demonstrated that complementation was symmetric; i.e., equal amounts of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 ts mutants were produced. HSV-1 wild-type virus was also able to complement HSV-2 ts mutants efficiently. Intertypic recombination experiments demonstrated that heterologous mutant pairs which failed to complement also failed to recombine efficiently.
Insulin secretion: combined tolbutamide, forskolin and TPA mimic action of glucose.

Abstract We have proposed that the two phases of glucose-induced insulin secretion are regulated by two distinct branches of the calcium messenger system: the initial phase by a calmodulin branch, and the sustained phase by a C-kinase branch. To provide further support for this concept, we examined the separate and combined effects of tolbutamide, TPA, and forskolin upon insulin secretion from rat islets perifused in the absence of added fuels. Addition of 200 μM tolbutamide to the perifusate induces only a first phase of insulin secretion, addition of 200 nM TPA only a second phase, and addition of 10 μM forskolin only a small elevation in the basal rate of secretion. The combination of tolbutamide and TPA induces a biphasic secretory response qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that evoked by an increase in glucose concentration from 2.75 to 7 mM. The combination of TPA, tolbutamide, and forskolin evokes a biphasic pattern of insulin secretion qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that evoked by an increase in glucose concentration from 2.75 to 10 mM.
NARCOTIC WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS IN HEROIN USERS TREATED WITH PROPRANOLOL

Abstract Propranolol, a β-adrenergic blocking agent, is useful in the treatment of heroin addiction. It prevents the euphoric effects of heroin; in addicts from whom heroin is withdrawn it eliminates, or much reduces, the distressing and enduring residual craving for the narcotic; and it is a non-narcotic, non-addicting, and relatively safe drug that is effective when given orally in small doses. Propranolol taken in the usual amounts does not help in the management of the acute physical withdrawal symptoms. Two cases are described in which heroin, self-administered after the use of propranolol, actually precipitated, without accompanying euphoric effects, major symptoms of withdrawal. In one case the symptoms occurred after a single oral dose of propranolol 10 mg. given for the first time in the course of a double-blind trial of this medication, and persisted for twenty-four hours despite further use of heroin. In the other case, they were subsequently reactivated for twenty-four hours by further medications with propranolol; the adverse reaction led to a request for continued treatment with propranolol as a prophylactic against recurrent use of heroin.
Fish assemblages across the marine to low salinity transition zone of a temperate estuary

Abstract This 3-year study provides a large-scale perspective of fish assemblage structure across an ocean–estuarine ecotone, given range of salinity encountered (0.1–32) based on sampling at 12 stations along 40 km from the Mullica River (river), Great Bay (bay), and the adjacent inner continental shelf (ocean) in southern New Jersey. Otter trawl (4.9 m, 6 mm mesh) collections were dominated by young-of-the-year of most of the 49 species encountered. Species richness and abundance appeared greatest in the ocean, decreased (with an increase in inter-station variability) in the bay, and appeared to increase again towards the uppermost river stations. The same areas contained three non-discrete, but identifiable, fish assemblages based on Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Members of the Triglidae and Stromateidae characterized the ocean and bay, whereas representatives of the Percichthyidae and Ictaluridae characterized the river. Several species, including Anchoa mitchilli and Cynoscion regalis, exhibited a ubiquitous distribution across the sampling area. Further analyses with Canonical Correspondence Analysis identified salinity and geographic distance, among the variables examined, as the most important determinants in shaping the assemblages. Other contributors included habitat heterogeneity and water depth. In summary, these observations indicate that large-scale patterns in the structure of this estuarine fish assemblage are primarily a result of individual species' responses to dominate environmental gradients, as well as ontogenetic migrations, whereas smaller-scale patterns appear to be the result of habitat associations that are most likely driven by foraging, competition, and/or predator avoidance.
Almost all trees share a complete set of immanantal polynomials

Let χ be an irreducible character of the symmetric group Sn. For an n-by-n matrix A = (aij), define If G is a graph, let D(G) be the diagonal matrix of its vertex degrees and A(G) its adjacency matrix. Let y and z be independent indeterminates, and define L(G) = yD(G) + zA(G). Suppose tn is the number of trees on n vertices and sn is the number of such trees T for which there exists a nonisomorphic tree T such that dχ(xl - L(T)) = dx(xl - L(T)) for every irreducible character χ of Sn. Then limn∞Sn/tn = 1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resurgent clinical science (and it's all about health).

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology has served successfully as the most prominent international organ of cutaneous science and cutaneous pathology since its inception in 1938. Although established and owned by the Society for Investigative Dermatology (SID), its North American emphasis was expanded in 1990, when the European Society for Dermatological Research joined the SID in sponsorship. During 66 years of life, there have been several changes in emphasis, each reflecting transitions in emphasis among the various scientific communities that it represents. In the first half of its life, clinical observation was gradually replaced by experimentation. Reading issues from the 1970s reveals substantial emphasis on laboratory investigation, as was required by the cutaneous scientists who laid the foundation of modern scientific dermatology. Of course, this was aided by knowledge that competition among the specialties for national and international funding required excellence in the laboratory. Over the last two decades, one can observe continued interest in biochemistry and physiology, but at the same time a growing interest in genetics and bioinformatics. An astounding array of genetic characterizations and identifications have been reported, however primarily for single gene "defects."
DISSIPATIVE EFFECTS ON THE LOCALIZATION OF A CHARGED OSCILLATOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

We consider the effect of dissipation on a charged, quantum harmonic oscillator coupled to a heat bath, in the presence of an external magnetic field. General conclusions about the equal-time position autocorrelation functions can be reached by using only those properties of the generalized susceptibility tensor imposed by fundamental physical principles. Explicit calculations are made for an Ohmic heat bath at zero temperature, enabling us to show that (unlike the problem without the magnetic field where dissipation always leads to enhanced localization) when the magnetic field is stronger than a certain critical value, weak dissipation actually delocalizes the oscillation of the charged particle.
Constant cell populations in normal, testosterone-deprived and testosterone-stimulated levator ani muscles.

Castration of adult male mice produces a true atrophy of their levator ani muscles until the muscle reaches a stable weight within 45 days. Subsequent treatment with testosterone produces a true hypertrophy from the stable neutered state. The weight changes in the muscle are accounted for solely by changes in the size of the muscle fibers. No mitotic activity accompainies atrophy or hypertrophy. The number of cell nuclei and the amount of DNA in the muscle is unaltered.
Assessment of the Design Efficacy of a Preschool Vocabulary Instruction Technique

Broad-stroke approaches to vocabulary teaching in preschool include effective instructional elements, yet may be too ill-structured to affect the vocabulary learning of children experiencing serious delays. Using a formative research approach, this study examines the design potential of a supplemental vocabulary instruction technique that incorporated research-based instructional elements into a highly structured approach. The intervention design was tested for instructional potential and delivery in 12 Early Reading First classrooms over a 3-month period, and compared to a control group of children in like classrooms on effects. Fidelity of implementation was assessed on three levels of teaching staff: coach, teacher, teacher assistant. Pre/postintervention effects were measured using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III) and a curriculum-based decision measure. Debriefings with teaching staff were content analyzed. Results show good fidelity of implementation across roles and strong learning ou...
Electromagnetic modeling and simulation of passive planar structures

An approach for modeling and numerical simulation of passive planar structures using the edge line concept is developed. With this method, we develop an efficient modeling technique for microstrip discontinuities. The technique obtains closed form expressions for the equivalent circuits which are used to model these discontinuities. Then it would be easy to handle and to characterize complicated structures like T and Y junctions, truncated junctions, arbitrarily shaped junctions, cascading junctions and more generally planar multiport junctions. Another advantage of this method is that the edge line concept for arbitrary shape junctions operates with real parameters circuits. The validity of the method was further confirmed by comparing our results for various discontinuities (bend, filters) with those from HFSS as well as from other published sources.
Fast algorithm for generating a minimal-order model of a general lossy electromagnetic problem

Given an accuracy requirement, there exists a minimal-order model to represent the field solution in a general electromagnetic problem involving lossless and/or lossy inhomogeneous materials with arbitrarily shaped structures. In this paper, we develop a fast time-domain algorithm to find such a minimal-order model efficiently. Numerical simulations of integrated circuits and package problems have validated its accuracy and efficiency.
Saturation of homogeneous resplendent models

The complete diagram of a structure , denoted by D c ( ), is the set of all sentences true in the structure ( , a ) a ∈ . A structure is said to be resplendent if for every sentence θ involving a new relation symbol R in addition to symbols occurring in D c ( ), if θ is consistent with D c ( ), then there is a relation P on such that (see[1]). Baldwin asked whether a homogeneous recursively saturated structure is necessarily resplendent. Here it is shown that this need not be the case. It is shown that if is an uncountable homogeneous resplendent model of an unstable theory, then must be saturated. The proof is related to the proof in [5] that an uncountable homogeneous recursively saturated model of first order Peano arithmetic must be saturated. The example for Baldwin's question is an uncountable homogeneous model for a particular unstable theory, such that is recursively saturated and omits some type. (The continuum hypothesis is needed to show the existence of such a model in power ℵ 1 .) The proof of the main result requires two lemmas.
Role of increased ROS dissipation in prevention of T1D.

Protection of pancreatic β cells is an approach to prevent autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to protect transplanted islets. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of β cell death during the development of T1D. We have examined the role of elevated ROS dissipation in the prevention of T1D using the ALR mouse strain. The selection of ALR, for resistance against alloxan-induced free radical–mediated diabetes, led to a strain of mice with an elevated systemic as well as pancreatic ROS dissipation. Independent genetic mapping studies have identified ALR-derived diabetes protective loci. Conplastic and congenic mouse as well as cell line studies have confirmed the genetic mapping and demonstrated that the elevated ROS dissipation protects ALR β cells from autoimmune destruction. Our data support the hypothesis that elevated ROS dissipation protects β cells against autoimmune destruction and prevents T1D development.
USE OF XENON AND KRYPTON AS CARRIER GASES FOR A HIGHLY SENSITIVE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Xenon and krypton as carrier gases in a highly sensitive ionization system, for detection of permanent gases and organic vapors, by gas chromatography
A mannose phosphate isomerase polymorphism in the Isopod Asellus aquaticus

Abstract A mannose phosphate isomerase locus in Asellus aquaticus is highly polymorphic in two populations examined in Britain. Breeding studies indicate four classes of electrophoretic alleles based on mobility differences, a further null allele, and probable genetically determined variation in enzyme activity between individuals with the same electrophoretic alleles. No linkage with the polymorphic glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase loci was detectable.
Investigation of an ozone membrane contactor system

Ozone mass transfer rates were determined for nine expanded porous Teflon membranes that had different pore size, thickness, and pore volume, a nonporous Teflon membrane, and a PVDF membrane. The mass transfer coefficient was 7.6 ± 0.5 × 10−5 m/s at Re of 2000 for all membranes tested even though pore sizes ranged from 0.07 to 6 μm and thickness from 0.076 to 0.25 mm. Mass transfer increased with liquid side Reynolds number. Therefore, it is likely that ozone mass transfer is liquid phase controlling and not membrane limited. For a hypothetical case of 4000 m3/d and 2 mg/L ozone transferred, plate and frame membrane and hollow fiber contactors are approximately one and two orders of magnitude smaller, respectively, than fine-bubble diffusers.
Labor Economics and the Labor Historian

A well celebrated and documented renaissance has marked the enterprise of labor history in the United States during the last twenty years. A steady increase in the number of students and monographs, widening application of sociological theory and statistical analysis, and most important, a fundamental shift in focus and interpretation, have contributed to a revitalization placing labor historians at the center stage of historical endeavor.1 Labor history, once confined to the task of chronicling the activities of the organized trade union movement, now encom passes the larger study of working class culture, consciousness and community life. Eschewing the narrow economic determinism pervading traditional research, so-called "new" labor historians have also sought to highlight the role that cus tom, cultural values and political ideologies played in motivating the behavior of working people in times past. At the same moment that labor history was experiencing a general resur gence, transformations similar in scale and kind were occuring in the allied disci pline of labor economics.2 A shift in concern from problems of aggregate labor supply, demand, employment and wages to institutional arrangements and deci sion making at the level of the firm represents one critical aspect of change in the field. Significant challenges to neoclassical economic conceptions of labor market transactions mark a second notable feature of recent revisionist efforts. The con flicting interests of managers and workers, in particular, have been pinpointed as precluding the idealized workings of the marketplace. Surprisingly, the studies of the "new" labor economists thus far have little affected historical research. The methods and concerns of labor economics and la bor history?once fully integrated and united fields of inquiry?have become in creasingly complementary but separate. Revisionist labor economists for their part have not refrained from drawing on the research of their counterparts in the histor ical profession. Citations from the works of Robert Ozanne, David Brody, David Montgomery, Daniel Nelson and Alfred Chandler dot the pages of their analyses and often serve as key evidence in their arguments. But the relationship between the two disciplines is not presently reciprocal.
A period of transition

Abstract Through an examination of the scope and arrangement pattern of the federal government’s publications issued by the Army, Navy, and Air Force during the period of the so-called National Military Establishment, 1947–1949, one can gain an understanding of the workings of the Superintendent of Documents classification scheme. U.S. government depository libraries hold copies of many of the publications identified in the article. However, the article’s focus is on the record copies held by the National Archives within Record Group 287, Publications of the U.S. Government. An integral feature of the article is an appendix that lists more than 100 series with their respective SuDocs identification numbers. The author discusses the most significant of these series and introduces the lay reader to search methodologies for locating specific publications.
Use and abuse revisited: Response to Pluhar and Varner

In her recent “Counter-Reply” to my views, Evelyn Pluhar defends her use of literature on nutrition and restates her argument for moral vegetarianism. In his “Vegan Ideal” article, Gary Varner claims that the nutrition literature does not show sufficient differences among women, men, and children to warrant concern about discrimination. In this response I show how Professor Pluhar continues to draw fallacious inferences: she begs the question on equality, avoids the main issue in my ethical arguments, argues from irrelevancies, misquotes her sources, equivocates on context, confuses safety with morality, appeals to fear, confuses correlation with cause, fails to evaluate scientific studies, draws hasty conclusions from insufficient data, ignores a large amount of data which would call her views into question, does not follow good scientific or moral argumentation, objectionably exceeds the limits of her expertise, and resorts to scapegoating. I also argue that Professor Varner fails to make his case because he offers virtually no evidence from scientific studies on nutrition, relies on outdated and fallacious sources, makes unsupported claims, ignores evidence that would contravene his claims, draws hasty conclusions based on weakly supported hypotheses rather than facts, employs a double standard, appeals to ignorance, does not evaluate arguments from his sources, and makes anad hominem attack on a respected nutritionist when his focus should be on evaluating the evidence and arguments from the scientific studies themselves. Neither Varner nor Pluhar have responded sufficiently to the real issue in my arguments, that of discrimination and bias in the vegan ideal.
Topology constrained rectilinear block packing for layout reuse

In this paper, we formulate the problem of top olo gy constrained rectiline ar blo ck packing in la yout reuse. A specific class of rectilinear shaped blocks, ordered convex r ectiline ar blo cks, is represen ted in bounded slicing grid (BSG) structure. The Non-overlapped pac king is guaranteed. Based on both sequence pair (SP) and BSG structures, w e propose an algorithm to compact the ordered con vexbloc ks under the topological constrain ts, in whic hthe x and y directions are independently compacted. By augumenting or further partitioning the arbitrary rectilinear blocks in to the ordered con vexshapes, this method can be extended to handle the topology constrained rectilinear block pac king. Furthermore, our recent theoretical progress is briefly reported at the end of this paper, in which arbitrarily rectilinear shaped blocks are represented in SP structure. Three necessary and sufficient constrain ts are deriv ed on the sequence pair, such that the non-overlapping compaction is guaranteed.
Application of a phase-conjugate Brillouin mirror to generation of high-quality variable-duration KrF pulses

Phase conjugation by Brillouin scattering in SF/sub 6/ gas has been implemented on a two-pass KrF amplifier to provide near-diffraction-limited output pulses having a very low background level of amplified spontaneous emission. The pulse duration is variable between 1 and 10 ns by simply attenuating the input pulse. These pulses have also been used for the generation of much shorter duration pulses by truncated Brillouin scattering at the surface of cyclohexane. >
Nation and Anti-Nation: Concepts of National Cinema in the "New" Media Era

[M]y knowledge of movies, pictures, or the idea of movie-making, was strongly linked to the identity of a nation. That’s why there is no French television, or Italian, or British, or American telev...
The Feasibility of Word Processing for Students with Writing Handicaps

Ten hearing-impaired teenagers used a word processor based on the UCSD PASCAL system in order to test the feasibility of word processing for students with poor writing skills. The word processor can provide a highly motivating environment for students to revise and develop manuscripts. Preliminary investigation showed that the students had little difficulty in learning to operate the computer, but limited their revision mainly to correcting grammatical errors in their first drafts.
Determination of the Ca/P ratio in calcium- deficient hydroxyapatite using X-ray diffraction analysis

The determination of the calcium to phosphate ratio (Ca/P) in Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite [d-HAP; Ca10−x (HPO4) x (PO4)6−x (OH)2−x ] using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is reported. At temperatures above 700°C HPO4 2- groups are transformed to PO4 3- groups, thereby producing β-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; Ca3(PO4)2]. Thus, the deviation from stoichiometry, x, can be calculated from the mass fraction of β-TCP, which in turn can be determined from quantitative XRD analyses. In this study d-HAP powders with various Ca/P ratios were prepared following several procedures. It is shown that the Ca/P ratio determined by quantitative XRD correlates well with that measured by chemical analyses.
Performance-based connectivity analysis: A path to convergence with clinical studies

Connectivity analyses have become increasingly important in functional imaging. When used to describe the functional anatomy of a specific behavior, these analyses are generally applied to a subset of the data that demonstrate significant differences when experimental conditions are contrasted. Such data reduction is sub-optimal for a systems approach as it assumes that all data that survive the statistical contrast filter are related to the behavior and that none of the filtered data has a significant function. When such data filtering is applied to speech and language tasks, the resulting functional anatomy rarely reflects the brain lateralization established in over a century and a half of clinical studies. A two-step performance-based connectivity analysis is described in which the first step uses multiple linear regression to establish a direct relationship between regional brain activity and a measure of performance. The second step uses partial correlations to examine the functional relationships between the predictor regions and other brain regions. When applied to regional cerebral blood flow data obtained with positron emission tomography during a speech production task, the results demonstrate left lateralization of motor control areas, thalamic involvement in repetition rate, and auditory cortical suppression, all consistent with clinical observations. The integration of performance measures into the earliest stages of image analysis without reliance on data filtering based on decomposition may provide a path toward convergence with traditional descriptions of functional anatomy based on clinical studies.
The diffusion of innovations into psychiatric practice.

Unsurprisingly, given that this is the Clinical Computing column, the assessment and treatment systems I mentioned above are built on computer technology. They are part of a compelling body of literature reporting the efficacy of computers in clinical psychiatry. Among other findings, this literature claims that patients like giving their histories to computers (3), that adolescents are more honest with computers than with clinicians (4), that computer-based assessments can be comparable to the best rating instruments used in research (5), and that computer-assisted treatments are effective and well received (2,6,7). Scores of papers, none convincingly challenged. Why have computer-based systems not swept into clinical use? Rogers (8), in his seminal Diffusion of Innovations, studied the elements that determine whether an innovation spreads throughout a group. He and other innovation researchers have examined a host of historical successful and unsuccessful innovations and tried to identify the factors that explain the variance. His examples range from the adoption of scurvy prophylaxis by the British Navy to the popular rejection of the Dvorak typewriter-keyboard layout.
Treatment advances in multiple myeloma.

Autotransplant-supported high-dose therapy has improved the outcome of multiple myeloma for two-thirds of patients with normal metaphase cytogenetics, 40% of whom enjoy a survival of >10 years. This approach has been challenged by the introduction of non-myeloablative allotransplants and novel drugs also targeting the microenvironment. Non-myeloablative allotransplantation may increase the cure rate but needs evaluation in patients with high-risk myeloma (abnormal cytogenetics) because of its high risk and absence of mature data. Novel drugs may induce marked responses in 10–20% of patients. However, little is known about the quality and duration of these responses and their long-term toxicities. Given the marked cytoreductive potential of autotransplantation, it should be considered a platform for more effective future therapies. Incorporation of novel agents in autotransplant protocols appears appropriate for good risk disease (normal cytogenetics), whereas non-myeloablative allotransplants or other immunological manipulations should only be tested in high-risk myeloma (abnormal cytogenetics). What have we accomplished? Little progress had been made in the first 30 years after the
Towards a general numerical scheme for solidification systems

A central problem in the numerical treatment of the solidification of alloys is the coupling between the temperature and concentration fields. In this paper, governing equations and relationships that describe the temperature-solute coupling in a multicomponent alloy are presented. An overview of previous numerical coupling schemes is outlined. Following the presentation of a mixed explicit/implicit discretization of the governing equations a new numerical temperature-solute coupling scheme is developed. This new scheme can model the solidification of multicomponent alloys for a wide range of local scale behaviors. The performance of the scheme is tested on comparing numerical predictions for a ternary eutectic alloy with results obtained from a similarity solution.
Matchstick-like carbon nanotube synthesis and structure

Matchstick-like carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of thiophene, using a mixture of cobalt nitrate and calcium nitrate as a catalyst. The nanotubes thus grown are aligned, straight, and short, and have spherical heads at their tips. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicate that the spherical heads of the matchstick-like CNTs are crystalline Co9S8 nanoparticles and the CNTs have herringbone-type graphite structure. The effect of temperature on the formation of the matchstick-like CNTs has been investigated. A simple growth model is proposed to describe the growth process of the matchstick-like CNTs.
On the anisotropic thermal conductivity of shape memory alloy single crystals

This paper addresses the issue of anisotropy in overall thermal conductivity of a shape memory alloy microstructure that is single crystalline in the high temperature austenitic state. The Voigt and Reuss bounds of the thermal conductivity are given. It is shown that the trace of the Voigt bound is independent of the specific variants that may exist and their orientations in the microstructure, whereas it is not so for the Reuss bound. It is also shown that both bounds of a purely self-accomodated martensitic microstructure originating from a cubic parent phase are isotropic and independent of the geometric properties of the variants. The bounds are then applied to the study of orthorhombic martensitic SMAs that are single crystalline in the cubic austenitic state. Using the resolved shear stress approach for variant selection, the impact of anisotropy in the thermal conductivity components of the orthorhombic martensite is studied for a single variant microstructure where the Voigt and Reuss bounds are used as estimates for the thermal conductivity of a cylindrical domain. Their impact on the normalized average steady state temperature and the normalized time taken to attain steady state are studied. This work is the precursor of experimental research on the anisotropy in thermal conductivity of shape memory alloys, of which virtually none exists in the open literature today.
Nerve compression activates selective nociceptive pathways and upregulates peripheral sodium channel expression in Schwann cells

Chronic nerve compression (CNC) injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, are common musculoskeletal conditions that affect patients with debilitating loss of sensory function and pain. Although early detection and treatment are important, our understanding of pain-related molecular mechanisms remains largely unclear. Here we investigate these mechanisms using an animal model for CNC injury. To confirm that CNC injury induces pain, we assessed expression of c-fos, a gene that is rapidly expressed in spinal sensory afferents in response to painful peripheral stimuli, and TNF-alpha and IL-6, two proinflammatory cytokines that are crucial to development of inflammatory-mediated pain. Results show c-fos upregulation 1-2 weeks postinjury in the absence of TNF-alpha or IL-6 expression, indicating increased neural sensitivity without an inflammatory response. This is consistent with previous studies that showed no morphologic evidence of inflammation in the CNC model. Surprisingly, we also found de novo expression of Na(V)1.8, a sodium channel linked to the development of neuropathic pain, in endoneurial Schwann cells following injury. Until now, Na(V)1.8 expression was thought to be restricted to sensory neurons. CNC injury appears to be a unique model of noninflammatory neuropathic pain. Further investigation of the underlying molecular basis could yield promising targets for early diagnosis and treatment.