cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Sine and Cosine Addition Laws and a Levi–Civita Functional Equation on Monoids

The sine and cosine addition laws on a (not necessarily commutative) semigroup are $$f(xy) = f(x)g(y) + g(x)f(y)$$ , respectively $$g(xy) = g(x)g(y) - f(x)f(y)$$ . Both of these have been solved on groups, and the first one has been solved on semigroups generated by their squares. Quite a few variants and extensions with more unknown functions and/or additional terms have also been studied. Here we extend these results and solve the Levi–Civita functional equation $$f(xy) = g_1(x)h_1(y) + g_2(x)h_2(y)$$ by elementary methods on groups and monoids generated by their squares, assuming that f is central. We also find the continuous solutions in the case of topological groups and monoids.
The Relationship between C-Reactive Protein and Mortality in Adults with Diabetes: Influences of Demographic Characteristics, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Medications

Abstract Background and Aims This study assesses the influence of demographic, lifestyle, and medication in the association between CRP and mortality in a national sample of adults with diabetes. Methods and Results Cross-sectional study of data from 1999-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (unweighted n= 3,952; Weighted n= 19,064,710). Individuals were categorized as having diabetes if told by a provider they had diabetes, were taking insulin or other diabetes medications, or had a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%. CRP was classified into four categories: normal ( 1.0 mg/dL). Higher risk for mortality was associated with a very high-risk of CRP (HR=1.88 (95% CI: 1.27 - 2.78), being a current (HR=1.49 (95% CI: 1.10 -2.01) or former (HR=1.34 (95% CI: 1.03 – 1.73) smoker, and taking insulin (HR=1.60 (95% CI: 1.25 – 2.05), taking anti-hypertensives (HR=1.50 (95% CI: 1.22 – 1.85), and having co-morbidities such as cancer (HR=1.32 (95% CI: 1.05 – 1.66) and hepatitis infection (HR=1.76 (95% CI: 1.07 – 2.91), while taking Metformin (HR=0.62 (95% CI: 0.50 – 0.76) had a lower risk of mortality. Conclusion In this sample of adults with diabetes, demographic, lifestyle, and medication factors influenced the association between CRP and mortality. Interventions should focus on these factors to reduce mortality in adults with diabetes.
Headaches, Migraine, and Cluster Headache

Headache is the leading reason for medical consultation and particularly for neurological consultation. A tremendous range of disorders can present with headaches. A systemic approach to headache classification and diagnosis is therefore essential both for clinical management and research. Epidemiology is the study of diseases, their risk factors, causes, natural history, and burden in the population. While epidemiologic studies are often population based, this is particularly important for headache because the disorder is often under-ascertained in the health care system. Most patients with headache can be diagnosed simply from a good history and general and neuralgic examinations. In some cases, however, diagnostic testing is necessary to distinguish primary causes from secondary ones, which may share similar features. The differential diagnosis of headache is one of the longest in all of medicine with more than 300 different types and causes. We offer an algorithmic approach to primary headache diagnosis based on attack frequency and duration, using the second edition of ICHD-2 classification (Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society 2004) highlighting the primary headache disorders and their diagnostic criteria. Recurrent headache disorders impose a substantial burden on individual headache sufferers, on their families, and on societies. Headache disorders are divided into secondary disorders, attributed to an underlying condition, and primary disorders, such as migraine, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, and tension-type headaches, where there is no underlying cause. The epidemiology of secondary headache is largely determined by the epidemiology of the underlying cause. Therefore in this chapter we focus on the epidemiology of primary headache disorders.
The Solution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) Process: A Review with Energy Considerations

Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is a coating deposition process that uses conventional plasma spray equipment, and solution precursors, rather than ceramic or metal powders, as starting materials. Because the process is exposed to oxygen at high temperatures, nearly all coatings, to date, are oxide ceramics. In this review, both the advantages and the disadvantages of the SPPS process and some comparisons made to the suspension plasma spray (SPS) process will be discussed. The advantages of the SPPS process include rapid exploration of compositions and fabrication of advanced coatings with unique microstructural features. Examples presented span densities from porous thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to dense TiO2 coatings. Two TBCs are in an advanced development stage: (1) a low thermal conductivity YSZ TBC and (2) a high-temperature yttrium aluminum garnet TBC. As for disadvantages, there are (1) the additional development work for each new precursor and (2) a lower standoff distance and deposition rate than the APS process, related to the evaporation of the solvent. The SPS process shares the same disadvantages. In developing new coatings, a number of factors should be considered and understood, which would help to shorten future development efforts. Future directions of the SPPS process will also be discussed.
Euphorine (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitism of the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) in areas of Washington County, Mississippi disturbed and undisturbed by agricultural production

Tarnished plant bugs (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were collected from wild host plants growing in weed fields undistrubed by agricultural practices, and from the same plant specie...
A Hope for Hope: The Role of Hope in Education

The concept of hope is often used in association with education, yet the meaning of hope and its function in relation to education is still considerably unexamined. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of hope in education. The first part of the paper will look into the concept of hope using three sources: a Greek myth, a Renaissance emblem, and a philosophical definition. The second part of the paper will employ the renewed understanding of the concept to examine the role of hope in education. Eventually, I introduce a distinction between two kinds of hope, Promethean hope and Epimethean hope, which I would like to suggest as an outline for a further investigation in the subject.
Iatrogenic ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint. Report of a case.

Abstract A case of bilateral mandibular ankylosis of iatrogenic origin is presented. One year postoperatively the patient had an unstrained mandibular opening of 3.1 cm. and adequate lateral and protrusive excursions. The implants were functioning well. A modification of the surgical technique is recommended.
Ecologies of Representation: Knowledge, Networks, & Innovation in Internet Governance

Arguing that an ecological or ecosystem view is vital for understanding the complex and messy global policy space for internet governance, this paper provides a model and raises issues regarding “representation’ in this policy space. It examines questions of informal (non-electoral) representation and raises questions about representation in internet governance. With a focus on the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), it discusses multistakeholderism (and representation issues) in one portion of the internet governance ecosystem and highlights innovation as it relates to multistakeholder settings. Finally, it highlights the possible roles and advantages of co-processes in such settings.
Time Is Not an Arrow: Anima and History in H. Rider Haggard’s She

For C. G. Jung, H. Rider Haggard’s Ayesha represents not only the anima but also the anima’s historical aspect. This association is ironclad. He states that “Rider Haggard … give[s] unmistakable ut...
TBI lung dose comparisons using bilateral and anteroposterior delivery techniques and tissue density corrections

This study compares lung dose distributions for two common techniques of total body photon irradiation (TBI) at extended source-to-surface distance calculated with, and without, tissue density correction (TDC). Lung dose correction factors as a function of lateral thorax separation are approximated for bilateral opposed TBI (supine), similar to those published for anteroposterior–posteroanterior (AP–PA) techniques in AAPM Report 17 (i.e., Task Group 29). 3D treatment plans were created retrospectively for 24 patients treated with bilateral TBI, and for whom CT data had been acquired from the head to the lower leg. These plans included bilateral opposed and AP–PA techniques— each with and without — TDC, using source-to-axis distance of 377 cm and largest possible field size. On average, bilateral TBI requires 40% more monitor units than AP–PA TBI due to increased separation (26% more for 23 MV). Calculation of midline thorax dose without TDC leads to dose underestimation of 17% on average (standard deviation, 4%) for bilateral 6 MV TBI, and 11% on average (standard deviation, 3%) for 23 MV. Lung dose correction factors (CF) are calculated as the ratio of midlung dose (with TDC) to midline thorax dose (without TDC). Bilateral CF generally increases with patient separation, though with high variability due to individual uniqueness of anatomy. Bilateral CF are 5% (standard deviation, 4%) higher than the same corrections calculated for AP–PA TBI in the 6 MV case, and 4% higher (standard deviation, 2%) for 23 MV. The maximum lung dose is much higher with bilateral TBI (up to 40% higher than prescribed, depending on patient anatomy) due to the absence of arm tissue blocking the anterior chest. Dose calculations for bilateral TBI without TDC are incorrect by up to 24% in the thorax for 6 MV and up to 16% for 23 MV. Bilateral lung CF may be calculated as 1.05 times the values published in Table 6 of AAPM Report 17, though a larger patient pool is necessary to better quantify this trend. Bolus or customized shielding will reduce lung maximum dose in the anterior thorax.
The Influence Of Learning Styles On Student Perception And Satisfaction In A Highly Collaborative Team Taught Course

Team teaching an undergraduate business capstone course has the potential of providing students with an enhanced learning experience in a number of ways. This study examines the relationship between faculty and student learning styles and their impact on student perception and satisfaction in a highly collaborative team taught undergraduate business capstone course. The faculty members as well as students in the control and experimental groups completed Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory. Research data revealed that the learning styles of the three member faculty team influenced student perception of course material and their overall level of satisfaction. This study suggests that the diversity of faculty learning styles present in the classroom provides a common connection with groups of students with the same or similar learning style which enhances the learning environment. In addition, the highly collaborative team teaching model created an environment of cohesion and commitment among the faculty members.
UGA can be decoded as tryptophan at low efficiency in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Replacement of cat-86 codon 7 or 144 with the UGA codon permitted the gene to confer chloramphenicol resistance in wild-type Bacillus subtilis. UAA replacements of the same codons resulted in a chloramphenicol-sensitive phenotype in wild-type B. subtilis and a chloramphenicol-resistant phenotype in suppressor-positive strains. N-terminal sequencing showed that UGA at codon 7 was decoded as tryptophan in wild-type cells, at an efficiency of about 6%.
Electrochemical Whittling of Organic Nanostructures

A strategy for reducing the feature size of organic structures on metal surfaces is presented. The approach works by the electrochemical desorption of the peripheries of organic nanostructures (SAM...
Influence of plasma spray parameters on mechanical properties of yttria stabilized zirconia coatings. II: Acoustic emission response

Abstract Yttria (8 wt.%) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with a NiCrAlY bond coat was atmospherically plasma sprayed on mild steel substrates using various processing parameters including YSZ coating thickness, bond coat thickness, stand off distance, and substrate temperature. The cracking behavior of these coatings under four point bending load was examined using an acoustic emission (AE) recorder. The numbers of AE events exhibited during the elastic and plastic deformation of coatings were analyzed. Using multi-linear regression analysis, the number of AE events was correlated to the spray parameters. This analysis revealed that coatings with thicker YSZ top coat and NiCrYAl bond coat sprayed on a heated substrate at shorter stand off distance exhibited more AE activity and released higher AE energy under the bending. The greater emission activity and higher AE energy were evidence of severe cracking.
Novel anti-flooding poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) catalyst binder for microbial fuel cell cathodes

Abstract Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was investigated as an alternative to Nafion as an air cathode catalyst binder in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Cathodes were constructed around either stainless steel (SS) mesh or copper mesh using PDMS as both catalyst binder and diffusion layer, and compared to cathodes of the same structure having a Nafion binder. With PDMS binder, copper mesh cathodes produced a maximum power of 1710 ± 1 mW m −2 , while SS mesh had a slightly lower power of 1680 ± 12 mW m −2 , with both values comparable to those obtained with Nafion binder. Cathodes with PDMS binder had stable power production of 1510 ± 22 mW m −2 (copper) and 1480 ± 56 mW m −2 (SS) over 15 days at cycle 15, compared to a 40% decrease in power with the Nafion binder. Cathodes with the PDMS binder had lower total cathode impedance than those with Nafion. This is due to a large decrease in diffusion resistance, because hydrophobic PDMS effectively prevented catalyst sites from filling up with water, improving oxygen mass transfer. The cost of PDMS is only 0.23% of that of Nafion. These results showed that PDMS is a very effective and low-cost alternative to Nafion binder that will be useful for large scale construction of these cathodes for MFC applications.
The nature of DNA-base-carbon-nanotube interactions.

Inorganic nanostructures and biological molecules, two classes of matter that in most cases have never encountered one another in nature, can be combined to produce novel hybrid materials important for future advancements in nanotechnology. One such hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterial of particular contemporary interest is the DNA–carbon-nanotube hybrid (DNA–CN). This material consists of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) wrapped with a self-assembled coating of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA–CN holds a remarkable set of technologically useful properties with potential applications in CNT solubilization and sorting, chemical and biological sensing, and ultrafast DNA sequencing. To realize such applications, a detailed understanding of the fundamental molecular interactions and physical properties of DNA–CN is needed. To better understand the nature of DNA–CN self-assembly, we have employed thermodynamic integration to compute the base–CNT binding free energyDFbind for all four DNA bases in aqueous solution at room temperature. We find that DFbind follows the trend DF bind < DF A bind < DF T bind < DF C bind. Base–CNT binding is dominated by van der Waals forces between the base and CNT sidewall. Solvation and entropic effects play a relatively minor role. Experiment and computation has shown that DNA– CN spontaneously self-assembles in aqueous solution via highaffinity contacts between DNA bases and CNT sidewalls. These contacts consist of bases binding and lying flat (stacking) on CNT surface. Other simulations show that maximizing the number of bases bound to CNT minimizes the overall DNA– CN free energy. The importance of base–CNT stacking on the stability of DNA–CN has motivated several computational studies of the nature of such interactions. Both molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio methods have been employed to estimate the base–CNT interaction energy for the DNA bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine
Social Influences in Negative Thinking and Affect

Research on negative thinking and mental health has been criticized as focusing exclusively on trait like individual differences, and ignoring potential social influences. Nonetheless, little progress has been made in studying social influences. We tested a new theory of social support that hypothesizes that day-to-day social interaction helps regulate thought and affect. In two studies, students rated negative thinking and affect when thinking about their mothers, fathers, and closest peers. We isolated trait like negative thinking (i.e., stable across support providers) from socially influenced negative thinking (i.e., varied across support providers). There were significant social influences on each type of negative thinking such that the providers that elicited negative thinking also elicited worse affect and low perceived support, beyond recipients’ trait-like negative thinking. Some types of negative thinking were more trait like (worry and dysfunctional attitudes) and some were equally trait like and socially influenced (e.g., automatic negative thoughts).
Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant Options for Window Air Conditioners

This article presents a technical assessment of environmentally friendly refrigerants as alternatives to R410A for window air conditioners. The alternative refrigerants that are studied for its replacement include R32, a mixture of R32/R125 with 90%/10% molar concentration, R600a, R290, R1234yf, R1234ze, and R134a. Baseline experiments were performed on a window unit charged with R410A. The heat pump design model was modified and calibrated with the baseline data and was used to evaluate the comparative performance of the window air conditioner with alternative refrigerants. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each refrigerant and their suitability for window air conditioners. Among all of the refrigerants studied, R32 offers the best efficiency improvement over R410A and has a 67.5% lower global warming potential.
Comparison of a monocular pupillometer and the pupillometry function of a binocular free-viewing autorefractor

Purpose To compare a binocular free-viewing autorefractor pupillometer (WAM 5500 Binocular Accommodation Instrument) and a monocular occlusion pupillometer (Neuroptics pupillometer). Setting Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Design Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology. Methods Normal subjects were tested under 1 lux and 7 lux ambient illumination with controlled distance fixation. The monocular occlusion pupillometer and free-viewing autorefractor pupillometer test order and eye test order were randomized. Devices were compared using Bland-Altman plots. Effects of eye test order and device test order were analyzed. The number of outliers (ie, difference ≥0.5 mm between devices) was tabulated. Results The mean device difference (monocular pupillometer minus binocular pupillometer) was +0.51 mm ± 0.36 (SD) (range −0.20 to +1.50 mm) in right eyes and +0.27 ± 0.31 mm (SD) (range −0.30 to +1.00 mm) in left eyes at 1 lux and +0.26 ± 0.28 mm (range −0.30 to +0.90 mm) and +0.21 ± 0.24 mm (range −0.80 to +0.40 mm), respectively, at 7 lux. The outlier frequency (N = 49) at 1 lux was 23 (47%) in right eyes and 7 (14%) in left eyes and at 7 lux, 11 (22%) and 10 (20%), respectively. At all age decades, the free-viewing autorefractor underestimated dark-adapted pupil diameter. Eye test order and device order did not cause unidirectional bias. Conclusions The free-viewing pupillometer frequently disagreed with the monocular occlusion pupillometer by more than 0.5 mm. Testing the first eye with the monocular pupillometer did not induce sustained pupillary constriction that might bias results in the second eye. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Terrestrial rain attenuation time series synthesizers for tropical regions

The aim of this paper is to present and validate rain attenuation time series synthesizers relying on the Maseng-Bakken principle for terrestrial links in tropical areas. Data obtained in experimental measurements at four links operating at 15 GHz in Sao Paulo, Brazil, are used to parameterize the synthesizers. Two models are tested with respect to long-term statistics including cumulative distributions of rain attenuation, fade durations and fade slope.
Structural organization of human Cu-transporting ATPases: Learning from building blocks

Copper-transporting ATPases (Cu-ATPases) ATP7A and ATP7B play an essential role in human physiological function. Their primary function is to deliver copper to the secretory pathway and export excess copper from the cell for removal or further utilization. Cells employ Cu-ATPases in numerous physiological processes that include the biosynthesis of copper-dependent enzymes, lactation, and response to hypoxia. Biochemical studies of human Cu-ATPases and their orthologs have demonstrated that Cu-ATPases share many common structural and mechanistic characteristics with other members of the P-type ATPase family. Nevertheless, the Cu-ATPases have a unique coordinate environment for their ligands, copper and ATP, and additional domains that are required for sophisticated regulation of their intracellular localization and activity. Here, we review recent progress that has been made in understanding the structure of Cu-ATPases from the analysis of their individual domains and orthologs from microorganisms, and speculate about the implications of these findings for the function and regulation of human copper pumps.
Volume of resection in patients treated with breast conservation for ductal carcinoma in situ.

Background: The optimal treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is one of the most controversial issues in the management of breast cancer. Identification of factors that affect the risk of local recurrence is very important as the incidence of DCIS increases and the use of breast conservation becomes more widespread. Because the extent of resection may affect the relapse rate, we hypothesized that larger volumes of resection (VR) may account for the lower local recurrence rates we have previously found in elderly patients.
Distributions and frequencies of weight of cabbage looper larvae reared on artificial diet.

Rates of development and daily frequency distribution of larval weights of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) reared on an artificial diet were investigated. Five distinct instars were exhibited by the larvae. Most individuals were distributed within a 2-day period for instars 1 through 4, and a 3-day period for instars 5. By the end of the 12th day larval development was completed. Plots of the log of the larval weights against probit cumulative frequencies ascribed a straight line for all but 10-day old-individuals. A curvilinear relationship was obtained for these individuals. Use of these curves in comparing populations and selecting experimental individuals is discussed.
Remote plasma-assisted nitridation (RPN): applications to Zr and Hf silicate alloys and Al2O3

Abstract Remote plasma-assisted nitridation or RPN is demonstrated to be a processing pathway for nitridation of Zr and Hf silicate alloys, and for Al 2 O 3 , as well. The dependence of nitrogen incorporation on the process pressure is qualitatively similar to what has been reported for the plasma-assisted nitridation of SiO 2 , the lower the process pressure the greater the nitrogen incorporation in the film. The increased incorporation of nitrogen has been correlated with the penetration of the plasma-glow into the process chamber, and the accompanying increase in the concentration of N 2 + ions that participate in the reactions leading to bulk incorporation. The nitrogen incorporation as been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).
Kinetic model of growth and lactic acid production from lactose by Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Batch and continuous fermentation kinetics of Lactobacillus bulgaricas were examined in detail. The batch kinetic model includes the effect of pH, lactate and substrate. The effect of pH on the enzyme β-galactosidase is reflected in the value of μmax, the Monod's growth constant. Empirical expressions to estimate model parameters based on pH were established. These were further used to estimate the cell mass and lactic acid concentration for the fermentation proceeded with no pH control. At high pH lactic acid was mostly formed by growth associated mechanisms and at low pH it was due to the cell maintenance. The relationship between ATP concentration and cell mass in a batch fermentation could be approximated by a Leudeking—Piret like relationship. The continuous fermentation was studied with varying pH and initial substrate conditions. A maximum productivity of 6·2 g/litre per hour was obtained at pH 5·6 for the CSTR system, which was three times the productivity obtained for a batch system at the same pH. The CSTR system had a high productivity over a very small range of retention times. Three stages were found to be sufficient to utilize completely the lactose, but at the cost of decreasing the productivity to 4·8 g/litre per hour.
Development of high-pressure, high-temperature technique for growing single crystals from the flux

Abstract A high pressure autoclave system has been developed that is in principle capable of achieving temperatures of 1400°C and pressures of 1500 atm, conditions which have not been previously obtainable. There are considerable technical difficulties in this field arising from condensation of vapors under high density conditions, mechanical problems in designing suitable high-pressure enclosures and electrical feed-throughs, and the increased reactivity of both crucibles and furnace elements under the extreme conditions in such a system. However, the potential gains to be made are so significant that a considerable amount of effort would seem to be justified. The simple fact that it should be possible to grow crystals in controlled gaseous media whose density is more than 100 times that of normal air (and within a factor of 5 of the corresponding condensed liquid) suggests that such an environment should produce a profound effect on growth processes. It certainly seems quite possible that a significant improvement in crystal quality will be achieved in this way.
Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution

Book review of Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution edited by Louis Henkin, Michael Glennon and William Rogers (Transnational Publishers, Inc./The American Society of International Law, 1992).
Pod and leaf photosynthesis and disease incidence in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) with potassium fertilization 1

Abstract Two cultivars and three advanced lines of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were planted in Evesboro loamy sand soil in plasticlined steel drums in 1974. Potassium fertilizer (KCl) at 0, 56, or 223 kg/ha actual K was added to the soil and the soybean leaves and pods were evaluated for gross photosynthesis and respiration, mineral concentration, seed yield and seed quality. Disease incidence in the seed was measured. Potassium applications to the soil did not influence gross photosynthesis and dark respiration of leaves or pods. Yield was significantly increased in those plants receiving the high rate of K fertilizer. The cultivars ‘York’ and ‘Essex’ had higher yield than did the advanced lines of soybeans tested. Apparently the soil type used was not effected by the additional fertilizer K because soil tests made the following spring showed no difference in soil test K level from the check or the K supplemented treatments. Thus, disease incidence, seed quality, leaf tissue K, Mg, Ca, P and N and p...
Does early surgical intervention improve left ventricular mass regression after mitral valve repair for leaflet prolapse

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. It is unclear whether hypertrophy caused by severe chronic mitral regurgitation regresses after mitral valve repair and, if so, which factors promote reverse remodeling and influence its prognostic significance. Methods Between March 1995 and December 2005, 2589 patients had mitral valve repair. Five hundred thirty patients (346 of whom were male) underwent isolated repair for leaflet prolapse and had echocardiographic data available from which the left ventricular mass index could be calculated. Concomitant preoperative tricuspid valve regurgitation was more than mild in 95 (18%) patients. Those with preoperative atrial fibrillation and other cardiac pathologies necessitating intracardiac repair were not included. Results Significant regression of left ventricular mass index occurred during the first 3 years (−28 g/m 2 , P 2 , P P P Conclusions Performing mitral valve repair before a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and the development of significant secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation is associated with a greater likelihood of significant regression of left ventricular mass, possibly predicting improved recovery of normal left ventricular function after surgical intervention. These data provide additional support for early degenerative mitral valve repair.
Automated calibration of a fuzzy logic controller using a cell state space algorithm

A method for automatically fine-tuning the output function parameters of a fuzzy logic controller based on the cell mapping concept is presented. The method takes a computational approach to the analysis of phase-space-based information about the global behavior of the system. The desired optimal control of a system is determined with a cell-state-space-based optimal control algorithm. Output function parameter modification is accomplished through application of an error gradient estimation algorithm. The optimal control algorithm generates an optimal control table. The optimal control table is used by the gradient descent algorithm to identify the values of the output function parameters that best match the desired optimal control. Using this method, a given fuzzy rule base can be calibrated automatically. A demonstration of the method is shown for the time-optimal set point control of a DC motor. >
Strindberg's Damascus plays: The pilgrimage of an uneasy rider

This descriptive paper cites the association between Strindberg's real life and fictive life as apparent in his Damascus trilogy. By doing this, the author attempts to construct a dominant motif of character and setting which is characterized as a pilgrimage theme.
Effects of involuntary outpatient commitment on subjective quality of life in persons with severe mental illness.

Recent evidence suggests that involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC), when appropriately applied, can improve adherence with psychiatric treatment, decrease hospital recidivism and arrests, and lower the risk of violent behavior in persons with severe mental illness. Presumably these are benefits that improve quality of life (QOL); however, insofar as OPC involves legal coercion, the undesirable aspects of OPC could also exert a negative effect on quality of life, thus offsetting clinical benefits. Involuntarily hospitalized subjects, awaiting discharge under outpatient commitment, were randomly assigned to be released or continue under outpatient commitment in the community after hospital discharge, and were followed for one year. Quality of life was measured at baseline and 12 months follow-up. Treatment characteristics and clinical outcomes were also measured. Subjects who underwent longer periods of outpatient commitment had significantly greater quality of life as measured at the end of the 1 year study. Multivariable analysis showed that the effect of OPC on QOL was mediated by greater treatment adherence and lower symptom scores. However, perceived coercion moderated the effect of OPC on QOL. Involuntary outpatient commitment, when sustained over time, indirectly exerts a positive effect on subjective quality of life for persons with SMI, at least in part by improving treatment adherence and lowering symptomatology.
A comparative analysis of two tissue procurement approaches for the genomic profiling of clinical colorectal cancer samples.

Background The basis for personalized medicine is the creation of a repository of knowledge about the genetic alterations involved in disease processes. Integral to achieving this goal is the querying of well-preserved, high-quality human tissue samples. Making these findings relevant involves the interrogation of large numbers of samples. The pace with which changes have occurred versus the potential pace with which changes can occur may be indicative of problems associated with traditional approaches on collecting biospecimens. Therefore, transforming personalized medicine from concept to reality may require an alternative approach in the field of tissue specimen procurement.
Pyrolysis and Oxidation of Anisole near 1000 K

Experiments near 1000 K have revealed the thermal decomposition of anisole to proceed exclusively via homolysis of the O−CH3 bond. The anisole decay was observed to be first order even in the presence of oxygen. The distribution of reaction intermediates was virtually independent of equivalence ratio, φ ≡ ([anisole]/[O2])/([anisole]/[O2])stoichiometric. Phenol, cresols, methylcyclopentadiene, and CO were major products. Minor species included benzene, cyclopentadiene, ethane, and methane. Trace yields of ethene, toluene, and naphthalenes were observed under all conditions; trace C2−C4 species including acetylene, allene, and 1,3-butadiene were observed only in the oxidation experiments. Oxidation occurs preferentially through methylcyclopentadiene. A multichannel reaction scheme is proposed involving the formation of a chemically activated adduct from phenoxy and methyl. The complex reacts to form primarily cresols and methylcyclopentadiene + CO either directly or subsequent to stabilization. A kinetic mo...
Procedure for orthogonalizing states in the continuum

Abstract Schmidt's procedure for orthonormalizing a set of functions fails when their number is infinite, as is the case for the states spanning the positive-energy continuum of the Schrodinger equation. We demonstrate a procedure for use in the most important cases, when the lack of orthogonality derives from subsidiary conditions, requiring continuum states to be orthogonal to a second, given, set of functions.
Hypothermia decreases astroglial injury and arachidonate release during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation

Abstract Hypothermia provides significant protection when initiated during or after cerebral ischemia in vivo. However, the mechanisms producing this protective effect are not known. Astroglia cultures were prelabeled with [ 3 H]arachidonic acid. Hypothermia reduced both cellular injury and release of [ 3 H]-labeled arachidonic acid metabolites during combined glucose-oxygen deprivation. Inhibition of phospholipid degradation may be one of the mechanisms that contributes to the protective effect of hypothermia.
Male infertility and thiamine-dependent erythroid hypoplasia in mice lacking thiamine transporter Slc19a2

Abstract Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia with diabetes and deafness (TRMA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the high-affinity thiamine transporter gene SLC19A2. To study the role of thiamine transport in the pathophysiology of TRMA syndrome and of each of the component disorders, we created a targeted disruption of the Slc19a2 gene in mice. Slc19a2 −/− mice are viable and females are fertile. Male −/− mice on a pure 129/Sv background are infertile with small testes (testis/body weight=0.13 ± 0.04 knockout vs. 0.35 ± 0.05 wild type, P
Elucidation of factors determining formation of calcium phosphate stones

ABSTRACTPurpose: In this study we compared the effect of the urinary concentration of calcium with that of oxalate on the urinary relative saturation ratio (RSR) of calcium oxalate and brushite in patients with pure or mixed calcium phosphate stones.Materials and Methods: A retrospective data analysis was performed of urinary stone risk analysis in 133 patients with pure or mixed calcium phosphate stones (30% or greater). Correlation was sought between stone events and urinary stone risk factors, and between brushite and urinary constituent RSRs before and after adjustment for variables.Results: The formation rates of total events and stone surgeries weakly but significantly correlated with RSR urinary brushite (total events r = 0.22, p = 0.01) but not with RSR calcium oxalate. Urinary RSR brushite significantly correlated positively with urinary calcium (r = 0.67, p <0.0001), phosphorus and pH. After adjustment RSR brushite inversely correlated with citrate (r = −0.3, p = 0.0006). However, it did not cor...
Acetaldehyde Enhances Acquisition of Nicotine Self-Administration in Adolescent Rats

Tobacco use has one of the highest rates of addiction and relapse of any abused drug. Paradoxically, however, in animal models of reinforcement nicotine appears weak compared to other abused drugs. We report here that acetaldehyde, a major component of tobacco smoke, enhances nicotine self-administration. Juvenile and adult male rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and tested for self-administration 4 days later at postnatal day 27 or 90, respectively. Animals were tested, without prior response training, in five daily 3-h sessions where each nose-poke delivered an intravenous injection followed by a 60-s timeout. Animals (11-13/group) were offered one of the following solutions: nicotine (30 microg/kg/injection), acetaldehyde (16 microg/kg/inj), nicotine (30 microg/kg/inj)+acetaldehyde (16 microg/kg/inj), or saline. The youngest animals responded significantly more for nic+acet than for saline or for either drug alone. Responding at the reinforced hole was significantly higher than at the nonreinforced hole or at the reinforced hole during noncontingent injections of nic+acet. Tests with receptor antagonists indicated that these drug effects are mediated by central, but not peripheral, nicotinic receptors. There was an age-related decline in self-administration of nic+acet, but not for cocaine. Taken together, these results indicate that acetaldehyde, at the low concentrations found in tobacco smoke, interacts with nicotine to increase responding in a stringent self-administration acquisition test where nicotine alone is only weakly reinforcing, and that adolescent animals are more sensitive to these actions than adults. Animal models of tobacco addiction could be improved by combining acetaldehyde, and possibly other smoke components, with nicotine to more accurately reflect the pharmacological profile of tobacco smoke.
Differential expression of proteins in renal cortex and medulla: A proteomic approach1

Differential expression of proteins in renal cortex and medulla: A proteomic approach . Background Western blotting has previously been used to identify changes in protein expression in renal tissue. However, only a few proteins can be studied in each experiment by Western blot. We have used proteomic tools to construct protein maps of rat kidney cortex and medulla. Methods Expression of proteins was determined by silver stain after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Protein spots were excised and digested with trypsin. Peptide masses were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The Mascot search engine was used to analyze the peptide masses and identify the proteins. Results Seventy-two proteins were identified (54 unique proteins) out of approximately 1000 spots visualized on each gel. Most of the spots were expressed both in cortex and medulla. Of the identified proteins, three were expressed only in medulla and one only in cortex. Nine proteins were expressed in both regions but to a greater extent in cortex and three proteins were expressed more in medulla. Differential expression was confirmed for three proteins by Western blot. Conclusions A large group of proteins and their relative expression levels from cortical and medullary portions of rat kidneys were found. Sixteen proteins are differentially expressed. Proteomics can be used to identify differential expression of proteins in the kidney on a large scale. Proteomics should be useful to detect changes in renal protein expression in response to a large range of physiological and pathophysiological stimuli.
Analysis of the pion spectrum of 39 819 τ+ decays at rest☆

The energy spectrum of the secondary pions of 39 819 τ+ decays at rest was examined. It was found to be adequately fitted by the linear form |M|2 ∝ 1 + α τ+ (MKQmπ2) Y, ατ+ = 0.134 ± 0.005. The value of the slope parameter is in good agreement with other τ± experiments and in fair agreement with theoretical predictions. If one assumes a linear squared matrix element, the ΔI = 12 rule was found to be significantly violated for charged K+ → 3π decays.
Central venous occlusion is not an obstacle to device upgrade with the assistance of laser extraction.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of laser-assisted lead extraction for upgrade of existing pacemakers and defibrillators in patients with central venous obstruction. Background: Implantable cardiac defibrillators and biventricular pacing have become the accepted therapeutic measures for patients with congestive heart failure. Many patients who are candidates for device therapy, however, already have existing right ventricular leads and the presence of central venous obstruction. Upgrade of existing devices in these patients is a dilemma, which is increasingly encountered by device-implanting physicians. Laser-assisted extraction of existing leads can facilitate access for device upgrade and provide an alternative to lead abandonment and contralateral implant. Methods: We review our experience with laser-assisted lead extraction in patients, referred for upgrade of existing devices, who were found to have, or known to have, ipsilateral subclavian vein occlusion. Results: Over the past 3 years, 18 patients (13 men, 5 women; mean age 63.9 ± 16 years) with subclavian vein occlusion underwent successful laser-assisted lead extraction (total 29 leads) and upgrade of existing leads to defibrillators and/or biventricular systems. Mean implant duration prior to extraction was 70.8 ± 43.5 (11–192) months. Cannulation of the coronary sinus and placement of a transvenous left ventricular lead were achieved in all 13 patients in whom it was attempted. No complications occurred. Conclusions: Laser-assisted lead extraction is a safe and effective approach, allowing for ipsilateral device upgrade in patients with existing devices and central venous obstruction.
Plastic flow of naphthalene

Abstract By means of shear and compression tests the temperature dependence of the flow stress of single crystal naphthalene has been studied from 80–320°K. The ratio of yield strength to shear modulus is about 4 × 10−5 and is only slightly temperature dependent above T T m = 0.45. At lower temperatures its temperature dependence is greater. The observed slip directions correlate well with the molecular arrangement on the slip planes. Stacking faults are expected on the (001) planes. The low ratio of yield strength to shear modulus and the temperature insensitivity of this ratio is associated with the close-packed character of the naphthalene crystal and the absence of localized sources of elastic or electrical interaction with dislocations.
Observations on the feeding behavior and local distribution ofVallentinia gabriellae (Hydrozoa: Olindiidae): A new record from mangrove wetlands of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Vallentinia gabriellae (Hydrozoa) was collected from shallow water in a mangrove wetland along the eastern shore of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Adult (gravid) medusae were collected in September 1990 and October 1990, non-gravid medusa in May 1991, and juvenile and gravid medusae in July 1991. All were observed or collected in the perimeter ditch of a mosquito impoundment (Impoundment 19A) in St. Lucie County, Florida. This impoundment has culverts installec along the perimeter dike that connect impoundment waters with those of the Indian River Lagoon. No specimens were found in other adjoining wetland impoundments or in adjacent lagoon waters. No polyps were found despite intensive field collection efforts. To our knowledge, this represents the first record ofV. gabriellae from the Indian River Lagoon.
An Investigation of the Reactivity of OH with Fluoroethanes: CH3CH2F (HFC-161), CH2FCH2F (HFC-152), and CH3CHF2 (HFC-152a)

Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with fluoroethane (CH3CH2F), 1,2-difluoroethane (CH2FCH2F), and 1,1-difluoroethane (CH3CHF2) were measured using the flash photolysis resonance−fluorescence technique over the temperature range of T = 210−480 K. Arrhenius plots for all three reactions exhibit noticeable curvature, and the rate constants are well represented by three-parameter modified Arrhenius expressions over the full experimental temperature range, with better than 3% precision: kCH3CH2F(T) = 3.14 × 10-13(T/298)2.45 exp{−103/T} cm3 molecule-1 s-1, kCH2FCH2F(T) = 4.33 × 10-14(T/298)3.85 exp{+247/T} cm3 molecule-1 s-1, and kCH3CHF2(T) = 7.72 × 10-14(T/298)3.02 exp{−247/T} cm3 molecule-1 s-1. For the temperature range of atmospheric interest (T < 300 K), the rate constants can be well represented by standard (two-parameter) Arrhenius expressions. On the basis of all the available low-temperature data, the following rate constants are recommended for atmospheric modeling: kCH3CH2F(T < 300 K...
Experimental two-stage simulated repair of extensive thoracoabdominal aneurysms reduces paraplegia risk.

Background In a pig model, we compared spinal cord injury after extensive segmental artery (SA) sacrifice in a single stage with recovery after a two-stage procedure: lumbar artery followed by thoracic SA sacrifice. Methods Twenty juvenile Yorkshire pigs were randomly assigned to undergo extensive SA sacrifice at 32°C in a single operation (group 1, n=10), or thoracic SA ligation 7 days after lumbar artery sacrifice (group 2, n=10). Spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) was monitored using a catheter placed in the distal stump of L1. Hind limb function was evaluated intraoperatively using motor-evoked potentials and for 5 days postoperatively using a modified Tarlov score. Results Motor-evoked potentials were intact in all pigs until 1 hour after surgery. All pigs in group 2 fully recovered hind limb function, whereas 40% in group 1 experienced paraplegia (median Tarlov scores 9 versus 7; p = 0.004). Group 1 SCPP fell to 28 ± 6 mm Hg after SA sacrifice, compared with 44 ± 8 mm Hg in group 2 ( p p = 0.0002). Histopathologic analysis showed more severe ischemic damage to the lower thoracic ( p p = 0.01) in group 1. Conclusions In contrast with the single-stage approach, a two-stage procedure, starting with ligation of six or fewer lumbar SAs, leads to only a mild drop in SCPP and stimulates vascular remodeling, minimizing the impact of subsequent SA sacrifice on spinal cord function. The greater safety of extensive SA sacrifice when undertaken in two stages has important implications for endovascular and hybrid aneurysm repair.