cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis on failed test results of water quality of swimming pools

Objective:To analyze failed test results of water quality of swimming places in Pingyang from 2007 to 2009 to find out the main problems.Methods:The monitoring was based on the testing criterions of national hygienic standards GB/T18204-2000 and evaluations of national standards GB9667-1996.Results:47 water samples were tested annual from 2007 to 2009.Which the total number of bacteria,coliform bacteria,urea,turbidity and residual chlorine of the failure rate was decreasing,pH value of the failure rate has been increasing year by year.Unqualified in the annual project,the first indicators are the residual chlorine.Through Pearson correlation analysis,residual chlorine and total bacteria,coliform bacteria,urea,turbidity was negatively correlated.Conclusion:The existence of a swimming pools on two main issues of water quality: 1.pH low value;2.Failed to pass new water added.
Experimental study of confined hot-rolled H-shape steel columns under cyclic loading

Local buckling of H-shape steel columns caused by cyclic loading often brings damage to moment-resisting frames.In order to solve this problem,an innovative confinement has been proposed,aiming at preventing or delaying the inelastic buckling of H-shape steel columns at the potential plastic hinge zones.Seven large-scale model columns were tested under constant axial load and cyclic lateral forces.The test results validated the concept of confined H-shape steel columns.Moreover,compared with the conventional model columns,the confined model columns exhibited improved seismic performance with large ductility.
The Nature and Logic of Science: Testing Hypotheses

The main focus of this chapter is the process of formulating and testing hypotheses. Two basic ways in which hypotheses are tested is by either observations and/or experiments. In both cases the importance of uniformity of conditions and sample size is a central point. Two in-depth case studies, emphasizing the testing of hypotheses by observation, form the core of the chapter: physician John Snow’s mid-nineteenth century investigations into the cause of cholera and the search for the cause of the AIDS epidemic in the latter decades of the twentieth century.
Silent Atrial Fibrillation and Cryptogenic Strokes

Abstract A new suspected cause of cryptic strokes is "silent atrial fibrillation." Pacemakers and other implanted devices allow continuous recording of cardiac rhythm for months or years. They have discovered that short periods of atrial fibrillation lasting minutes or hours are frequent and usually are asymptomatic. A meta-analysis of 50 studies involving more than 10,000 patients with a recent stroke found that 7.7% had new atrial fibrillation on their admitting electrocardiogram. In 3 weeks during and after hospitalization, another 16.9% were diagnosed. A total of 23.7% of these stroke patients had silent atrial fibrillation; that is, atrial fibrillation diagnosed after hospital admission. Silent atrial fibrillation is also frequent in patients with pacemakers who do not have a recent stroke. In a pooled analysis of 3 studies involving more than 10,000 patients monitored for 24 months, 43% had at least 1 day with atrial fibrillation lasting more than 5 minutes. Ten percent had atrial fibrillation lasting at least 12 hours. Despite the frequency of silent atrial fibrillation in these patients with multiple risk factors for stroke, the annual incidence of stroke was only 0.23%. When silent atrial fibrillation is detected in patients with recent cryptogenic stroke, anticoagulation is indicated. In patients without stroke, silent atrial fibrillation should lead to further monitoring for clinical atrial fibrillation rather than immediate anticoagulation, as some have advocated.
Dyadic Green's function in waveguide quantum electrodynamics

The use of classical dyadic Green's function (DGF) in waveguide quantum electrodynamic (QED) calculations is shown. The nature of the dressed states in the system is discussed to extract the essential physics in single photon scattering from two level artificial atoms in general waveguides.
SAR image tracking based on moment invariants correlation and genetic algorithm

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image tracking is one of the key technologies of MMW(Millimetre Wave) imaging missile guider. Due to the restriction of missile-borne imaging conditions such as vibration, rolling and yawing, traditional tracking algorithm with NPROD(Normalized Production) correlation is difficult to adapt deformations such as rotation and scaling between target image segmented from the previous real-time image and interested area in current realtime image. This paper presents a method to combine moment invariants features with NPROD correlation. Firstly we compute moment invariants features of the previous target image and the current local real-time image respectively. Then we calculate the correlation coefficient of the two groups of feature vectors using NPROD correlation and take it as the function of adaptability degree. Finally we find out the optimal matching position with the GA's (Genetic Algorithm) non-ergodic searching mechanism. Experimental result shows that this method not only can solve the problem of deformation image matching but also can greatly improve searching speed and save much matching time with genetic algorithm.
Abstract 2811: Silver nanoparticles protect human keratinocytes from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation: Implications for skin cancer chemoprevention

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer worldwide and its incidence has been increasing at an alarming rate in the United States. A solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UVB, is the main etiological cause of skin carcinogenesis due to its DNA damaging ability. Therefore, multidisciplinary scientific research has placed specific emphasis on finding novel ways for skin cancer chemoprevention. Here, we provide first experimental evidence for chemopreventive efficacy of silver-nanoparticles (AgNPs) against UVB-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in immortalized human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT). AgNPs synthesized by chemical reduction method were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The nanoparticles were spherical (> 90%) in shape, in the size range of 20-50 nm, and had net negative surface charge with an average zeta potential of - 47.7 mV. AgNPs were largely non-toxic to HaCaT cells and their pretreatment protected them from UVB-induced apoptosis. Significant reduction in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation upon UVB exposure was also observed in AgNPs-pretreated HaCaT cells. In addition, AgNPs pre-treatment leads to G1 phase arrest of cell cycle in UVB-exposed HaCaT cells thus allowing sufficient time for CPDs repair. Moreover, enhanced AgNPs internalization and localization into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments was observed by UVB irradiated HaCaT cells. Furthermore, AgNPs pretreatment altered the expression of various genes involved in cell-cycle, apoptosis and nucleotide-excision repair in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Together, these findings clearly suggest the potential utility of AgNPs as novel chemopreventive agents against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Citation Format: Sumit Arora, Nikhil Tyagi, Arun Bhardwaj, Lilia Rusu, Rohan Palanki, Ajay P. Singh, James E. Carter, Seema Singh. Silver nanoparticles protect human keratinocytes from deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation: Implications for skin cancer chemoprevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2811. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2811
Freshwater Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitats in Saba, West Indies

A survey of macroinvertebrates inhabiting freshwater habitats of Saba was conducted during 1999 and 2006. Freshwater habitats in Saba include ornamental ponds, a spring, temporary pools, and open cisterns. A total of 18 species was collected during the research, 17 of which are reported for the first time on Saba. Generally the freshwater macroinvertebrate fauna of Saba is sparse, most likely due to the oceanic origin of the island, its small size, a limited amount of freshwater habitats, and challenges colonizing such a habitat. Key words: Freshwater invertebrates, Saba, Lesser Antilles.
Facework in non-face-threatening emails by native and non-native English speakers

The aim of this research is to investigate the speech act of assignment submission and presence of facework in submission emails sent to faculty members by native and nonnative English speaking graduate students. Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory (1987) and Spencer-Oatey’s (2002, 2008) rapport management framework were utilized to analyze the emails. The corpus consisted of 105 emails from 40 NES and NNES students. Drawing on speech event analysis approach (Merrison, Wilson, Davies, & Haugh, 2012), we analyze both submission head act as well as optional elements like openings, small talk and closings in an email. Our exploratory study revealed that, contrary to the argument that CMC is a lean medium (Duthler, 2006) in which it is difficult to achieve interpersonal communication, through the employment of opening, small talk and closing strategies, students attended to relational goals in their email communication.
Peripheral Circuit Design Considerations of Neuro-inspired Architectures

Peripheral circuits in the resistive synaptic arrays perform the function of neurons in neuro-inspired computing applications and are responsible for the read and write operations of resistive device arrays. The read operation in resistive arrays essentially performs the weighted sum or inner-product computation, which is the most critical operation in neural networks. On the other hand, the write operation is accountable for updating resistive synapse weights, which is the key operation for learning in neural networks. To efficiently enable these read and write operations in resistive arrays, a number of different design techniques in literature will be presented in this chapter. First the CMOS circuit implementations for the read operation and the write operation will be examined, and then recent non-CMOS circuit implementations will also be described. Advantages, trade-offs, and future design prospects of different peripheral circuit designs will be discussed.
Changes in pH of a Florida citrus soil in response to basic slag and calcium hydroxide applications

In a study of the effect of soil pH on a citrus decline of unknown cause (citrus blight), the pH of an acid soil was raised to 8.0. The Pomello (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Haplohumods) soil, modified by dredging and filling, had an original pH (1:1 soil:water) of 5.8–6.2 in the top 30 cm, a C.E.C. of 5.5 cmolc kg-1 and 1.0–2.1% organic matter. In 1984, 22 t ha-1 of basic slag was applied to four 50 × 14-m test plots; four similar plots were left untreated. Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) trees on rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) rootstock were planted on this land in February 1985. One year after slag application, the pH of the treated plots was 6.7 and that of the control plots 5.1. By 1991, the pH of the treated plots had fallen to 6.0 and the untreated plots remained at 5.1. In March 1991, 45 kg each of a mixture of calcium and magnesium hydroxide was applied to 20-m2 areas under and around five declining trees in the treated plots. Five declining trees in the untreated plots served as controls. The pH under the trees was monitored every 30 d by collecting cores of soil 0–15 cm and 16–30 cm deep on four corners of the tree canopy, excluding the liming material on the surface. One month after the initial application, the pH was only 6.4, and six additional applications totalling 135 kg of Ca(OH)2 per tree (68 t ha-1) were necessary before the pH reached 8.0 in both the 0–15 and 16–30-cm soil layers. This was far in excess of the 5.3 t ha-1 of Ca(OH)2 predicted by a lime requirement test to bring the pH to 8.2 and the target pH was reached only after 24 months. The trees on the treated plots improved in visual appearance but still tested positively for citrus blight.
Imaging a Mask Object Embedded in Thick Tissue Using Speckle Intensity Correlations Over Object Position

Spatial speckle intensity correlation measurements in relation to object position are used to image a moving mask embedded between tissue-mimicking phantoms, demonstrating the practicality of this approach for imaging in heavy scatter.
Women and travel: historical and contemporary perspectives

A Lady an explorer? A traveller in skirts? The notion’s just a trifle too seraphic: Let them stay and mind the babies, or hem our ragged shirts; But they mustn’t, can’t, and shan’t be geographic. (...
Atlas of Atherosclerosis Progression and Regression

Completely revised and updated, the Second Edition of the Atlas of Atherosclerosis Progression and Regression contains new material and new illustrations from Dr. Stary's groundbreaking work in the field of atherosclerosis diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Over 100 photographs show arterial and lesion structure and individual components in unpr
Screening for convergence insufficiency in school‐age children

Background Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder which often causes symptoms when doing near work. However, the best screening test for CI is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of common tests of binocular and accommodative function to identify children with CI in a school screening setting. Methods Children aged nine to 14 were invited to participate. Positive fusional vergences, near point of convergence (NPC), accommodative amplitude, accommodative facility, Modified Thorington, and the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey were evaluated. Results Of the 282 children tested, approximately 20 per cent had 2-3 signs of CI. One half of 2-3 signs of CI and 66 per cent of three signs of CI subjects were symptomatic. Approximately 61 per cent of subjects with symptomatic 2-3 signs of CI had an accompanying low accommodative amplitude. The largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was obtained using NPC break measurements. NPC break ≥ 6 cm for CI and NPC break ≥ 7 cm for symptomatic CI were the cut points that maximised the sum of sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion NPC break performed best in identifying children with CI.
Are only infants held more often on the left? If so, why? Testing the attention-emotion hypothesis with an infant, a vase, and two chimeric tests, one "emotional," one not.

Most adults, especially women, hold infants and dolls but not books or packages on the left side. One reason may be that attention is more often leftward in response to infants, unlike emotionally neutral objects like books and packages. Women's stronger bias may reflect greater responsiveness to infants. Previously, we tested the attention hypothesis by comparing women's side-of-hold of a doll, book, and package with direction-of-attention on the Chimeric Faces Test (CFT) [Harris, L. J., Cardenas, R. A., Spradlin, Jr., M. P., & Almerigi, J. B. (2010). Why are infants held on the left? A test of the attention hypothesis with a doll, a book, and a bag. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 15(5), 548-571. doi:10.1080/13576500903064018]. Only the doll was held more often to the left, and only for the doll were side-of-hold and CFT scores related, with left-holders showing a stronger left-attention bias than right-holders. In the current study, we tested men and women with a doll and the CFT along with a vase as a neutral object and a "non-emotional" chimeric test. Again, only the doll was held more often to the left, but now, although both chimeric tests showed left-attention biases, scores were unrelated to side-of-hold. Nor were there sex differences. The results support left-hold selectivity but not the attention hypothesis, with or without the element of emotion. They also raise questions about the contribution of sex-of-holder. We conclude with suggestions for addressing these issues.
The New Zealand grass Simplicia: biogeography, ecology and tectonics

This paper analyses biogeography and ecology in the grass Simplicia, endemic to New Zealand, with respect to tectonic geology and to distributions in other groups of plants and animals. There are disjunctions and phylogenetic breaks at the Oparara basin (north-west Nelson), the Western Province–Eastern Province tectonic boundary, the Alpine fault and the Waihemo fault zone (Otago). Distribution boundaries at these localities recur in many other taxa and coincide spatially with important fault zones. General aspects of distribution and evolution in Simplicia are addressed, using a set of critical questions posed by McGlone (2015) as a conceptual framework. The biogeographic evidence suggests that the divergence of Simplicia and of its species took place by vicariance, and that this was mediated by tectonics. All individual plants of Simplicia have dispersed to their present locality, but there is no evidence that chance dispersal with founder speciation has occurred in the genus. Trends in these grasses, such as spikelet reduction, are global and have evolved in many different environments over tens of millions of years. This suggests that non-random mutation has been more important than environment and natural selection in directing the course of evolution.
The Evolving Role of Neutrophils in Liver Transplant Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), an inevitable event during liver transplantation, represents a major risk factor for the primary graft dysfunction as well as the development of acute and chronic rejection. Neutrophils, along macrophages, are pivotal in the innate immune-driven liver IRI, whereas the effective neutrophil-targeting therapies remain to be established. In this review, we summarize progress in our appreciation of the neutrophil biology and discuss neutrophil-based therapeutic perspectives. New technological advances enable to accurately track neutrophil movements and help to understand molecular mechanisms in neutrophil function, such as selective recruitment to IR-stressed tissue, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, or reverse migration into circulation. In addition to pro-inflammatory and tissue-destructive functions, immune regulatory and tissue-repairing phenotype associated with distinct neutrophil subsets have been identified. Newly recognized and therapeutically attractive neutrophil characteristics warrant comprehensive preclinical and clinical attention to target IRI in transplant recipients.
Design and Simulation of the Bifacial III-V-Nanowire-on-Si Solar Cell

Rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulation was used to model the absorption in periodic arrays of GaAs0.73P0.27 nanowires (NWs) on Si substrates dependent upon the diameter (D), length (L), and spacing (center-to-center distance, or pitch, P) of the NWs. Based on this study, two resonant arrangements for a top NW array sub-cell having the highest limiting short-circuit current densities (Jsc) were found to be close to D = 150 nm, P = 250 nm and D = 300 nm, P = 500 nm, both featuring the same packing density of 0.28. Even though a configuration with thinner NWs exhibited the highest Jsc = 19.46 mA/cm2, the array with D = 350 nm and P = 500 nm provided current matching with the underlying Si sub-cell with Jsc = 18.59 mA/cm2. Addition of a rear-side In0.81Ga0.19As nanowire array with D = 800 nm and P = 1000 nm was found to be suitable for current matching with the front NW sub-cell and middle Si. However, with thinner and sparser In0.81Ga0.19As NWs with D = 700 nm and P = 1000 nm, the Jsc of the bottom sub-cell was increased from 17.35 mA/cm2 to 18.76 mA/cm2 using a planar metallic back surface reflector, thus achieving a current matching with the top and middle cells.
Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing

We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices.
Aqueous aza Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by lanthanide(III) trifluoromethanesulfonates

Abstract Lanthanide(III) trifluoromethanesulfonates have been demonstrated to catalyze aqueous aza Diels-Alder reactions of an aldehyde and an amine hydrochloride with a diene.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory disorder that is characterized by chronic deep-seated nodules, abscesses, fistulae, sinus tracts, and scars in the axilla, inguinal area, submammary folds, and perianal area. This disfiguring condition is accompanied by pain, embarrassment, and a significantly decreased quality of life. Although the mechanism of HS has not been entirely elucidated, lesion formation is believed to center around follicular hyperkeratosis within the pilosebaceous–apocrine unit. Recent research has provided new insight into the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of HS, helping close some existing knowledge gaps in the development of this condition. The first article in this continuing medical education series reviews HS epidemiology, clinical presentation, and classification. We also provide an update on the most recent understanding of HS pathogenesis, including the central role of inflammatory cytokines and other contributing factors, such as genetics, hormones, and pathogenic microorganisms.
Interfacility transfer for mechanical thrombectomy - Direct to neuroangiography or CT angiography first?

Abstract Background and purpose Faster time to mechanical thrombectomy (MT) improves outcome in stroke. In patients from other hospitals where a CT has ruled-out hemorrhage, transfer direct-to-angiography (DTA) may reduce door-to-groin time compared to transfer to CT angiography (CTA)+/−repeat CT first. However, this may result in unnecessary catheter angiography. We sought to determine how often CTA+/−CT changed the decision to proceed to MT. Methods Data on patients transferred to our comprehensive stroke center (CSC) from outside facilities for possible MT from 7/2016–5/2017 was extracted from a prospective database and supplemented with chart review. Results Of 170 patients transferred for MT undergoing CT+/−CTA on CSC arrival, MT was aborted in 108 (64%). Of these, 87 (81%) were aborted directly based on imaging findings, with absence of large vessel occlusion or occlusion too distal to be amenable to MT the most common reasons (n = 76), followed by extensive early CT changes (n = 9) and ICH post-tPA (n = 2). Even with NIHSS ≥10 on CSC arrival, MT was aborted based on imaging findings in 35% patients. Time from symptom onset dichotomized as early/late based on median onset-to-CSC arrival (253 min) was an important modifier of proceeding to MT in this group, with 71% of early presenters going to MT compared to 33% of late presenters (p = .003). Conclusions Transfer DTA may result in many patients who would have been excluded based on CT+/−CTA findings undergoing unnecessary catheter angiography. However, a target population for a DTA approach might be identifiable based on severity of deficit and time from onset.
Communicable Disease Outbreaks in Michigan Child Care Centers Compared With State and Regional Epidemics, 2014–2017

The Michigan Child Care Related Infections Surveillance Program (MCRISP) is a novel, online illness surveillance system used by a collection of southeast Michigan child care centers. Recently established, MCRISP has not been assessed epidemiologically. We created MCRISP epidemic curves for both respiratory and gastrointestinal disease over three seasons, comparing these to data from an established statewide surveillance system. Results suggest that online child care center-based disease surveillance is timely, functional, and has potential as an early sentinel system for community epidemics.
Strength-Based ICT Design Supporting Individuals with Autism

While sociocommunicative behaviors of the autistic population are frequently pathologized, the researchers find evidence supporting strength-based (SB) approaches which utilize the natural talents, strengths, interests and communication styles of individuals with autism, resulting in higher degrees of well-being. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) founded in SB approaches are visually designed, simple to use, and are also complex in functionality. Because of the heterogeneity of individuals with autism, personalization and customization are key features for applications to be accessible to a wide variety of user-experiences and needs. By using natural autistic communication-orientation and design preferences, it is possible that learned skills will become more generalizable and that other outcome types will be encouraged. As a key feature of SB approaches, ICT development must incorporate and collaborate with the autistic community these technologies seek to support.
Resurgence of measles in the United States: how did we get here?

Purpose of review In September 2019, the United States was at risk of losing measles elimination status due to several large-scale outbreaks resulting in more than 1200 confirmed cases across 31 states. This resurgence caps approximately 10 years of increasing incidence, marked by a highly publicized outbreak in 2015 associated with Disneyland when an infected traveler from the Philippines unknowingly spread the virus to susceptible park visitors and the recently ended large outbreak in undervaccinated Orthodox Jewish communities in New York City and Rockland counties. This review highlights current literature elucidating factors associated with current trends in measles epidemiology in the United States, the public health implications of current measles outbreaks and a path forward for addressing challenges contributing to the resurgence of measles in the United States and globally. Recent findings and summary As the most highly transmissible vaccine preventable disease, measles is especially sensitive to changes in herd immunity, the impact of vaccine refusal and globalization. Results highlight the confluence of these factors in current outbreaks, provide tools to predict outbreak risk, demonstrate the growing impact of misinformation and evaluate the impact of policy approaches for outbreak control and prevention.
Spatiotemporal trends of recovery from lead contamination in Flint, MI as revealed by crowdsourced water sampling

In the aftermath of the lead contamination crisis that plagued the water system in Flint, MI, more than 35,000 water samples were collected from the city's premises. The majority of these samples (>85%) were collected through a voluntary crowdsourced sampling campaign. The samples were analyzed for lead and copper concentrations by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). In this study, the crowdsourced sampling data was analyzed by means of spatial autocorrelation analysis to reveal the locations of statistically significant hotspot regions of high water lead levels (WLLs), and to track the spatiotemporal evolution of WLLs as the system recovered from lead contamination. The results showed that hotspot regions that experienced high WLLs were consistent with the areas where lead service line (LSL) density was the highest. Additionally, galvanized service lines and other lead-containing plumbing components could have also contributed to lead release in hotspot regions. The temporal trend exhibited by the crowdsourced sampling data did not reflect a consistent decrease in WLLs despite the interventions implemented by MDEQ and EPA. Instead, sampled WLLs remained high for several months after boosting the orthophosphate dose and launching a city-wide residential flushing campaign. The findings of this study suggest that this could be partially attributed to disproportionate sampling from premises in hotspot regions of high WLLs and LSL density.
An increase in side-group hydrophobicity largely improves the potency of ritonavir-like inhibitors of CYP3A4.

Abstract Identification of structural determinants required for potent inhibition of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) could help develop safer drugs and more effective pharmacoenhancers. We utilize a rational inhibitor design to decipher structure-activity relationships in analogues of ritonavir, a highly potent CYP3A4 inhibitor marketed as pharmacoenhancer. Analysis of compounds with the R1 side-group as phenyl or naphthalene and R2 as indole or naphthalene in different stereo configuration showed that (i) analogues with the R2-naphthalene tend to bind tighter and inhibit CYP3A4 more potently than the R2-phenyl/indole containing counterparts; (ii) stereochemistry becomes a more important contributing factor, as the bulky side-groups limit the ability to optimize protein-ligand interactions; (iii) the relationship between the R1/R2 configuration and preferential binding to CYP3A4 is complex and depends on the side-group functionality/interplay and backbone spacing; and (iv) three inhibitors, 5a-b and 7d, were superior to ritonavir (IC50 of 0.055–0.085 μM vs. 0.130 μM, respectively).
Chapter 6 – Myeloid Neoplasms

This chapter discusses myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs); myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); MDS/MPN; myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1; and acute myeloid leukemias. Classification of acute myeloid leukemia by flow cytometry and cytogenetics are also discussed.
Enhancing Your English Language Proficiency

The present chapter focuses on the level of proficiency needed by nonnative English speaking teachers (NNESTs) to be effective teachers. It is argued that conventional definitions that associate general English proficiency do not address the type of classroom language teachers need in order to teach effectively. Suggestions on how NNESTs can enhance their English language proficiency to be more effective teachers is provided and implications for teacher education programs are presented.
A Privacy-Preserving Misbehavior Detection System in Vehicular Communication Networks

5 G based vehicular communication networks support various traffic safety and infotainment use cases and rely on the periodic exchange of information. However, these messages are susceptible to several attacks which can be detected using misbehavior detection systems (MDS). MDS utilizes trust score, feedback score and other evaluation schemes to identify abnormal behavior of the vehicles. However, the trust and feedback scores used in MDS may violate the location, trajectory, or identity privacy of the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving misbehavior detection system that can detect or identify misbehavior without violating the privacy of the vehicle. In the proposed method, encrypted weighted feedbacks sent from vehicles are combined using additive homomorphic properties without violating the privacy of the information. The decryption of the aggregate feedback is done securely at the trusted authority which updates the reputation score of the vehicle according to the decrypted aggregate feedback score. We have also performed comprehensive security analysis and have shown the correctness and resilience of the proposed schemes against various attacks. In addition, we have done extensive performance analysis and have shown that the computation cost of the proposed scheme is better compared to the existing schemes.
Drug Identification by the Application of Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Technique

The identification of illicit drugs presents many problems to the forensic laboratory because there is a broad range of possibilities which must be considered in order for a chemist to arrive at a definite identification. Obviously, this is a task that requires a constant search for new analytical techniques to meet such demands. Furthermore, these new techniques must not only facilitate the testing procedure but must provide the necessary confidence in their results as required by our court system.
Comparative studies on the molecular weight of glutathione S-transferases from mammalian livers and an insect

1. A comparative study was conducted on the molecular weights of glutathione S-transferases in the housefly and liver of the mouse and rat using Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. 2. The values varied depending upon the buffers used in gel filtration. Molecular weights of 44,600, 53,600 and 43,000 daltons respectively were obtained with 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.7; 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0; and 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.1 M KCl, pH 8.0, respectively. 3. There was no difference in the molecular weights of the enzymes obtained from the insect and from the mammalian livers. Purified enzymes eluted in the same fractions as those from the crude extracts, suggesting little modification in the molecular size of the enzymes during purification. 4. The presence of a large volume of stabilizer(s) in the enzyme solutions applied to the column delayed the elution of the activity peaks and resulted in erroneous values. Therefore, different literature values of molecular weights for glutathione S-transferases may be the result of different buffers and stabilizers used in gel filtration and probably do not represent a real difference in molecular size.
Integrating User Experience into a Software Development Company --- A Case Study

Establishing an user experience (UX) practice is an endeavor that more and more companies engage in to increase their market success. While there is a rich knowledge base on UX processes and methods, practical tips and tricks for starting up a corporate UX culture are harder to find. This paper summarizes best practices, recommendations and experiences from other companies and traces our own efforts and thoughts while integrating UX into our company.
Black Pediatricians: Career Concerns and Choices

A survey of black pediatricians and comparison data from surveys of pediatricians as a whole are used to address these study questions: (1) What aspects of black pediatricians9 careers are related to career satisfaction? (2) What problems do black pediatricians face in starting their careers? (3) Are the problems black pediatricians face similar to those other pediatricians face? Results show black pediatricians to be generally satisfied with their careers. They are more likely than other pediatricians to experience problems in the financing and business aspects of launching careers, however, and in peer support and role models. A finding that career satisfaction is related to a belief that organizational membership is important to careers is explored. Black pediatricians are still severely underrepresented in the profession compared with the number of blacks in the population.
Cancer Support Groups and Group Therapies

Abstract The first part of this two-part article reviewed ihe history and theoretical background of support groups and group therapies and explored the breakthroughs in mental health research showing how these groups enhance patients' quality of life. In Part II, the author addresses issues regarding group process, group management and leadership, and the curative aspects of groups for patients with cancer.
Molecular Clouds: An Overview

Molecular material is found in differing regions in our galaxy. We attempt here to give a summary of the observationaIIy determined properties of molecular clouds. Some of the most important methods of obtaining information on physical conditions within these regions are reviewed, and a summary of different types of molecular regions is presented.
Incomplete Kawasaki disease: Experience with 14 patients with cardiac complications

Due to lack of a specific diagnostic test, the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) can only be made based on fever associated with characteristic clinical features and exclusion of other diseases with similar presentation. Incomplete presentation has been repeatedly described and often leads to delay in diagnosis, which may result in coronary artery involvement. During an eight-year study period (1991–1998), 14 patients with incomplete KD with cardiac complications were identified. Age range was 3.5 months to 13 years; 11 patients were ≤ 5 years of age. Fever lasting ≥ 5 days was present in all 14 patients, 10 of whom had a temperature ≥ 40°C. Three diagnostic clinical criteria of KD were present in seven patients, two criteria in five patients, and one criterion in two patients. Echocardiography showed ectasia/aneurysm of at least one coronary artery in all patients. Coronary artery involvement was detected and treated after 5–7 days of illness in 50% of the patients, after 7–10 days in 29%, and after 10 days in 21% of the patients. All patients had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (mean ESR =48 mm/h). Twelve patients had leukocyte count ≥ 16,000/mm3. All patients were treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) and oral aspirin. Clinical and echocardiographic resolution occurred in 13 patients. One patient, whose diagnosis was made 25 days after the onset of fever, died of pulmonary hemorrhage secondary to a pulmonary artery aneurysm. Although this retrospective study is limited by the small number of patients, it showed that children with incomplete KD-especially ≤ 5 years of age-with high fever (≥40°C), leukocytosis (≥ 16.000/mm3) and elevated ESR (≥ 40 mm/h), developed cardiac complications as early as the fifth day of illness. We suggest that earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment with intravenous gamma globulin before the fifth day of fever might reduce cardiac complications.
What is the value of social values? The uselessness of assessing health-related quality of life through preference measures.

The use of preference-based measures in the evaluation of health outcomes has extended considerably over the last decade. Their alleged advantage over other types of general instruments in the evaluation of health related quality of life (HRQOL), supposedly lies in the fact that preference measures incorporate values or utilities that reflects the value of social preferences through health states. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of social preference weights or utilities makes any real difference when calculating scores for the Euroqol (EQ5-D) questionnaire, a HRQOL preference-based measure. Responses to the EQ5-D of a sample of 10,972 patients from 10 countries enrolled in an observational study of the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe were used for this purpose. Two different methods of scoring the EQ-5D where compared: 'weighting the items' of the questionnaire through the UK official weight coefficients, and 'non-weighting the items'. Pearson's, Spearman's, and two-way mixed parametric intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the association of the scores obtained in both ways. The association between weighted and unweighted Euroqol scores was extremely high (Pearson's r = 0.91), as was the association between their ranks (Spearman's ρ = 0.93). The intraclass correlation coefficient obtained (0.89) also suggested that the concordance between the score distributions was prominent. A non-weighted approach to score the EQ5-D is enough to explain a high proportion of variance in scores obtained through the use of utilities. The differential contribution of weights based on population preference values is therefore minimal and, in our opinion, negligible.
New Urbanism as Sustainable Development

New urbanism is an urban design movement to create pedestrian-oriented settlements that also advance social equity and mitigate the environmental impacts of development. Proponents of the movement have suggested it offers a model of sustainable development. This paper investigates this claim by discussing the implications of empirical research on new urbanism for the ways in which the movement contributes to sustainability. The paper uses the concepts of environmental and social sustainability to frame the discussion. The paper traces the origin of new urbanism and the evolution of its interest in sustainable development. Review of scholarly research on new urbanism in practice shows the movement supports in limited ways both environmental and social sustainability. Moreover, this research also shows that some forms of new urbanism development unintentionally counteract environmental sustainability goals while other forms fail to achieve social sustainability goals. Citing the diverse ways in which new urbanism is put into practice, the paper concludes by considering how understanding the heterogeneity of new urbanism as it exists in the world will impart greater clarity to further analysis of the ways in which the movement actually contributes to sustainable development.
Nonlinear Three-dimensional Resistivity Inverse Imaging For Direct Current Data

A full three dimensional inversion imaging for interpretation of the data from direct current resistivity is developed. Because of the high ill-posed of the inverse operator, we use the regularizing algorithm to solve the inversion. To make high resolution imaging and obtain an accurate and stable inversion procedure, the quasi-convexity property of the nonlinear regularizing inverse problem is used and optimum regularizing parameters have been chosen. The inverse process can interpret the surface data, single hole data, crosshole data separately, or any combination of these data. The high resolution imaging for the synthetic data sets are obtained.
Update on SARS Research and Other Possibly Zoonotic Coronaviruses

The global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 led to an intense and effective global response that stopped the spread of the disease by July 2003. There was also an intensive and very productive research effort to identify the aetiological agent, characterise the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease, understand the pathogenesis of the disease and the molecular biology of the virus, and design antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent the disease. In parallel with the SARS research effort there have been continuous improvements in our ability to detect and characterise other novel viruses. The SARS outbreak illustrates the importance of such detection tools in the response to public health threats. Studies since the SARS outbreak suggest that many novel viruses exist in animals and some, but probably not many, will present a risk to humans.
Some characteristics of a vitamin K-dependent carboxylating system from rat liver microsomes

Abstract Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of protein has been obtained in microsomes from K-deficient rats by supplementing the microsomes with either a reduced pyridine nucleotide or dithiothreitol. γ-Carboxyglutamate residues have been directly identified as the radioactive reaction product after incubating the microsomes with NaH14CO3 and vitamin K. Evidence is presented that vitamin K is reduced to the hydroquinone prior to its involvement in carboxylation and that dithiothreitol has an additional role of protecting a critical sulfhydryl group. A structure-activity study using a variety of vitamins K and related compounds is reported.
TUTELAGE AND COLLABORATION FOR HUMANOID ROBOTS

This paper presents an overview of our work towards building socially intelligent, cooperative humanoid robots that can work and learn in partnership with people. People understand each other in social terms, allowing them to engage others in a variety of complex social interactions including communication, social learning, and cooperation. We present our theoretical framework that is a novel combination of Joint Intention Theory and Situated Learning Theory and demonstrate how this framework can be applied to develop our sociable humanoid robot, Leonardo. We demonstrate the robot's ability to learn quickly and effectively from natural human instruction using gesture and dialog, and then cooperate to perform a learned task jointly with a person. Such issues must be addressed to enable many new and exciting applications for robots that require them to play a long-term role in people's daily lives.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Collaborative Visualization

This article introduces a special issue on collaborative visualization. The articles in this issue present ongoing research, covering topics ranging from prototype systems to the fundamental technical challenges of creating successful collaborative systems.
Competitive particle concentration fluorescence immunoassays for measuring anti-diabetic drug levels in mouse plasma

Two competitive particle concentration fluorescence immunoassays were developed to measure blood levels of analogs of anti-diabetic drugs being tested in diabetic mice. Ligands that contained the active pharmacophores were conjugated to PPD for immunization and to beta-phycoerythrin for use as a tracer in the immunoassays. Approximately 90% of 262 compounds assayed were detectable at less than 120 nM in plasma which was well below the estimated therapeutic level of 1 microM for lowering blood glucose. These data were used to define the bioavailability of test compounds and assist in decisions of constructing active analogs. Of additional interest, we noted crossreactivity of one monoclonal antibody for 3 different compound classes that are all known to bind with varying affinities to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
Transformation of an entomopathic strain of Bacillus sphaericus by high voltage electroporation

High voltage electroporation, which permits cellular uptake of plasmid DNA by inducing a transient permeability of the cell membrane, was employed to transform the entomocidal microorganism Bacillus sphaericus. Electroporation of B. sphaericus cell suspensions routinely produced 105 to 106 transformants/μg plasmid DNA.
Spin dynamics near bicritical points in uniaxial antiferromagnets

Spin dynamics near bicritical points in uniaxial antiferromagnets is investigated. When there is rotational symmetry about the zero-field easy axis the transverse staggered susceptibilities and the longitudinal direct susceptibility are characterized by a dynamic exponent $z=\frac{\ensuremath{\varphi}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ (\ensuremath{\cong} 1.78 in three dimensions), where $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the crossover exponent. The longitudinal staggered susceptibility has a dynamic exponent $z=2$. These results hold to first order in $4\ensuremath{-}d$, where $d$ is the dimension, provided the transverse magnetization and the energy density are omitted from the primary set of dynamical variables. The effects of energy conservation and the dynamics of the transverse fluctuations in the magnetization are discussed, and a comparison is made between the dynamics in the bicritical region and the dynamics along the antiferromagnetic-paramagnetic and spin-flopparamagnetic phase boundaries.