cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk and Adaptive Planning for Coastal Cities

Coastal cities face tremendous shocks and challenges in the years ahead. Cultivating urban resilience will be a challenge but will offer opportunities to enhance quality of life and livability, as the efforts of cities like Rotterdam show.
Abstract 14579: Impact of Hospital MitraClip Volume on Short-term Outcomes of Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

Introduction: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is an alternative to surgical mitral valve replacement for patients at prohibitive or high surgical risk. Both transseptal TMVR and Mitra...
Concepts of Resilience Among Trauma-Exposed Syrian Refugees:

Syrian refugees comprise the largest population of internally displaced people in the world, with about 18,000 Syrian refugees resettled in the United States from 2011 to 2016. Although many of the...
Restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms of 5'-flanking region of insulin I gene in BB and other rat strains

Les alleles du gene de l'insuline ne sont pas associes au diabete insulino-dependant du rat BB. D'ailleurs, si les genes responsables de la susceptibilite au diabete sont a une grande distance de recombinaison du gene de l'insuline, seules des etudes portant sur un beaucoup plus grand nombre d'animaux pourraient reveler de telles associations
The Politics of the 2018 Midterm Elections

Whereas midterm elections are quite different in many ways from their more popular presidential election cousins, they are still overshadowed by the president in many ways. Midterm elections are th...
Transcriptional profiling of the response to the trichloroethylene metabolite S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine revealed activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 integrated stress response in two in vitro placental models

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and widespread environmental contaminant. Although TCE exposure is prevalent, epidemiological studies of TCE exposure associations with adverse birth outcomes are inconclusive. Prior studies show that the TCE metabolite S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) exhibits toxicity in a placental cell line. In the current study, genome-wide gene expression and gene set enrichment analyses were used to identify novel genes and pathway alterations in the HTR-8/SVneo human trophoblast cell line and human placental villous explants treated with DCVC at concentrations relevant to human exposures. In the cells, concentration- and time-dependent effects were observed, as evidenced by the magnitude of altered gene expression after treatment with 20 µM DCVC versus 10 µM, and 12-h versus 6-h of treatment. Comparing the two models for the transcriptional response to 12-h 20 µM DCVC treatment, no differentially expressed genes reached significance in villous explants, whereas 301 differentially expressed genes were detected in HTR-8/SVneo cells compared with non-treated controls (FDR 0.35 [FC > 1.3]). GSEA revealed five upregulated enriched pathways in common between explants and cells (FDR < 0.05). Moreover, all 12-h DCVC treatment groups from both models contained upregulated pathways enriched for genes regulated by the ATF4 transcription factor. The overrepresentation of ATF4 regulation of differentially expressed genes indicated activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), a condition triggered by multiple stress stimuli, including the unfolded protein response. DCVC-induced ISR activation was confirmed by elevated eIF2α phosphorylation, ATF4 protein concentrations, and decreased global protein synthesis in HTR-8/SVneo cells. This study identifies a mechanism of DCVC-induced cytotoxicity by revealing the involvement of a specific stress signaling pathway.
Association of rumination time with non-esterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, and serum calcium concentrations in transition dairy cows

Monitoring of health status is crucial during the transition period of dairy cows. Rumination behavior has been suggested as a parameter for assessing cow health. The objective of the current study was to explore the association between changes in rumination and blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and calcium (CA) in transition dairy cows.
Evaluation of a police training on de-escalation with trauma-exposed youth

This study reports the development and evaluation of a police training workshop on de-escalating situations with trauma-exposed youth. The training was developed using a participatory action framework, with the goal of increasing knowledge of adolescent development and the impact of trauma, and promoting skills for de-escalating situations with adolescents. A mixed methods study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of the workshop. Participants were 98 current police officers and recruits. Following the training, knowledge about adolescents and self-efficacy for dealing with adolescents increased, and anxiety about working with adolescents decreased. Open-ended responses indicated that the training was well received. A brief intervention can promote police officers’ knowledge of adolescents, self-efficacy, and ease in interacting with adolescents. Future research should build on these findings to determine if these changes lead to a decrease in the use of force in interactions with adolescents.
Challenges and Solutions for Real-Time Phasor Modeling of Large-scale Distribution Network with High PV Penetration

The conversion process of a practical large-scale feeder data from a quasi-static time series (OpenDSS) model into a real-time phasor model (ePHASORSIM in Opal-RT) is discussed in the paper. The process is implemented using an open source Python software. Previous reported implementations for the conversion process lead to several errors when applied to a larger-scale system such as the one considered here. Hence in this work, we describe the common issues in this conversion and propose a customized solution to enhance the efficiency of the conversion and reduce the complexity in the process. A quantitative validation of the enhanced conversion process is presented in this work using an actual high PV penetration feeder model that consists of 2230 buses, and using actual load and PV profile data. After a detailed analysis, this customized conversion software will be made available as an open source tool and is expected to be helpful for researchers who want to pursue a similar conversion. Solutions to various observed issues such as identifying the lines due to islanded network, representation of full impedance model of transformer/lines as sequential models, complexity in the representation of single phase buses/lines as three phase buses/lines to make it compatible with the simulator platform are discussed. Comparison of power flow and time series simulation results obtained from both OpenDSS and ePHASORsim models show very low errors, validating the accuracy of the proposed conversion process.
Evolution and Shape of Two-Dimensional Stokesian Drops under the Action of Surface Tension and Electric Field: Linear and Nonlinear Theory and Experiment

The creeping-flow theory describing evolution and steady-state shape of two-dimensional ionic-conductor drops under the action of surface tension and the subcritical (in terms of the electric Bond number) electric field imposed in the substrate plane is developed. On the other hand, the experimental data are acquired for drops impacted or softly deposited on dielectric surfaces of different wettability and subjected to an in-plane subcritical electric field. Even though the experimental situation involves viscous friction of drops with the substrates and wettability-driven motion of the contact line, the comparison to the theory reveals that it can accurately describe the steady-state drop shape on a non-wettable substrate. In the latter case, the drop is sufficiently raised above the substrate, which diminishes the three-dimensional effects, making the two-dimensional description (lacking the no-slip condition at the substrate and wettability-driven motion of the contact line) relevant. Accordingly, it is demonstrated how the subcritical electric field deforms the initially circular drops until an elongated steady-state configuration is reached. In particular, the surface tension tends to round off the non-circular drops stretched by the electric Maxwell stresses imposed by the electrodes. A more pronounced substrate wettability leads to more elongated steady-state configurations observed experimentally than those predicted by the two-dimensional theory. The latter cases reveal significant three-dimensional effects in the electrically driven drop stretching. In the supercritical electric fields (corresponding to the supercritical electric Bond numbers), the electrical stretching of drops predicted by the present linearized two-dimensional theory results in splitting into two separate droplets. This scenario is corroborated by the predictions of the fully nonlinear results for similar electrically stretched bubbles in the creeping-flow regime available in the literature as well as by the present experimental results on a substrate with slip.
Personal Experience and Support for Climate Change Mitigation Policies: A Revealed Preference Approach

People tend to think of climate change as a distant and remote event that does not affect their livelihoods. This psychological distance can be a barrier against behavior change and support for mitigation policies. Washington State was the first state in the U.S. to put carbon pricing measures on the ballot: Initiative 732 in 2016 and Initiative 1631 in 2018. Both measures were rejected by voters. Prior to both elections, Washingtonians had experienced adverse impacts of climate change across the state: poor air quality due to wildfire smoke in 2018 and an unprecedented widespread drought in 2015. We perform a spatial analysis using voting data on the two carbon pricing measures in Washington to study the effect of experiencing adverse impacts of climate change on support for carbon policies. We find that experiencing poor air quality significantly increases the support for the carbon policy. Moreover, experiencing poor air quality increases the support of Democrats more than Republicans. In case of drought experience, there is no significant relationship at the state level, but there is heterogeneity between voters in Eastern Washington and those in Western Washington: drought experience increases the support of Eastern voters more than Western voters. This might be due to the fact that droughts are more prevalent in Eastern Washington and Eastern residents might see a stronger link between drought and climate change.
Flexible Nasal Endoscopic Procedures in Family Medicine: Indications and Effectiveness.

Background and objectives Most literature about flexible nasolaryngoscopy comes from specialty clinics, making it unclear if these indications can be effectively managed without referral. This study evaluated effectiveness of diagnosis and management of upper airway complaints, utilizing flexible nasal endoscopic procedures, in a family medicine center. Methods We performed retrospective chart review for all patients who had nasal endoscopy, nasopharyngoscopy, and nasolaryngoscopy performed at the University of Florida Family Medicine Center over 3 years (n=89) with 5 additional years of follow up. We used descriptive statistics to evaluate indications, diagnoses, effectiveness of management by family medicine, and referral rate. Results The most common primary indications were hoarseness (n=33, 37%), chronic cough (n=20, 22%), nasal obstruction (n=9, 10%), and unilateral ear dysfunction (n=6, 7%). The most common primary diagnoses found were allergic rhinitis/postnasal drip (n=41, 46%), laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)/gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; n=24, 27%), masses concerning for malignancy (n=4, 4.5%), true vocal cord (TVC) polyp (n=3, 3%), TVC nodules (n=3, 3%), and epistaxis (n=3, 3%). Of the four concerning masses, two were confirmed cancers (2%). In addition, there was one case (1%) of erythroleukoplakia with dysplasia of the TVC. Most patients had documented improvement with family medicine management (n=57, 64%) and another six (7%) had follow up without documentation of status and no need for referral. Thus, a total of 71% (n=64) did not require referral and 20% (n=18) needed specialist referral. Conclusions Flexible nasal endoscopic procedures are effective in the care of patients in a family medicine residency center and can be safely performed and taught to residents.
Efficient local histogram searching via bitmap indexing

Representing features by local histograms is a proven technique in several volume analysis and visualization applications including feature tracking and transfer function design. The efficiency of these applications, however, is hampered by the high computational complexity of local histogram computation and matching. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to accelerate local histogram search by leveraging bitmap indexing. Our method avoids exhaustive searching of all voxels in the spatial domain by examining only the voxels whose values fall within the value range of user-defined local features and their neighborhood. Based on the idea that the value range of local features is in general much smaller than the dynamic range of the entire dataset, we propose a local voting scheme to construct the local histograms so that only a small number of voxels need to be examined. Experimental results show that our method can reduce much computational workload compared to the conventional approaches. To demonstrate the utility of our method, an interactive interface was developed to assist users in defining target features as local histograms and identify the locations of these features in the dataset.
Cell cycles and development in the embryonic zebrafish

Publisher Summary The zebrafish system is suited for the study of the cell cycle, as genetic control and cell division can be studied together. A complete description of cell division in the zebrafish is emerging; the aim of this chapter is to chronicle these advances in the context of the early normal development of the zebrafish. The zygote period encompasses the first cell cycle of the embryo. This is followed by the cleavage period, the blastula period, the gastrula period, and the segmentation period. Zebrafish are staged by the comparison to a standard morphological series incubated at 28.5°C. The stages are named rather than numbered, making nomenclature easy to remember and making the names more meaningful to biologists working on other systems. There are hazards in the use of a completely morphological-based system. Synonyms confuse and due to variation and experience, some stages disappear altogether. However, these trivial problems can be smoothed by careful and continuous staging.
Robotic Perception of Material: Experiments with Shape-Invariant Acoustic Measures of Material Type

We present an active approach for discriminating different materials by impulsively contacting (hitting) them, and sensing and interpreting the resulting sounds. In theory, the angle of internal friction is diagnostic of material, but invariant over object shape. In our experiments, we observe that the angle of internal friction is not invariant over the frequency of the sound spectrum for which it is estimated. Hence, samples of different shapes, which exhibit power concentration at different frequencies, exhibit different values of the angle of internal friction. However, the results suggest that shape-invariance may be encoded in the functional form of the relation between the angle of internal friction and frequency.
Electron-Cyclotron Maser Emission During Solar and Stellar Flares

Radio bursts, with high brightness temperature (≳ 1010K) and high degree of polarization, and the heating of the solar and stellar coronae during flares have been attributed to emission from the semi-relativistic maser instability. In plasmas where the electron-plasma frequency, ωp, and the electron-cyclotron frequency, Ωe, are such that ω p 2 /Ω e 2 ≪ 1, x-mode growth dominates while z-mode growth dominates if ω p 2 /Ω e 2 is of order unity. The actual value of ω p 2 /Ω e 2 at which x-mode growth dominates is shown to be dependent on the plasma temperature with x-mode growth dominating at higher ωp/Ωe as the plasma temperature increases. Observations from a set of 20 impulsive flares indicate that the derived conditions for the dominance of x-mode growth are satisfied in about 75 percent of the flares.
Lymph node dissection during cytoreductive nephrectomy: A retrospective analysis

Objective To assess whether regional lymph node dissection could improve the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Methods We reviewed data on 258 patients who underwent cytoreductive nephrectomy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA, some of whom received a concurrent lymph node dissection. The primary outcome measure was overall survival. A Cox proportional hazards regression model included, age, pathological stage, lymphadenopathy, tumor size, modified Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center criteria, site of metastatic disease and lymph node dissection. We created a logistic regression model to evaluate risk factors for node-positive disease. Survival analyses were carried out for lymph node template (hilar vs other) and number of nodes removed (0–3, 4–7 or ≥8). Results Of 258 patients, 177 (69%) underwent lymph node dissection, and positive nodes were found in 59 (33%). The 5-year overall survival was 21% for patients who underwent lymph node dissection and 31% for patients who did not. No significant difference in survival was found among patients receiving or not receiving lymph node dissection. The 5-year overall survival was 27% and 9% for negative and positive nodal status, respectively (P < 0.0005). For patients who underwent lymph node dissection, the presence of lymphadenopathy was a significant predictor of node-positive disease (odds ratio 25.0, 95% confidence interval 9.04–69.4, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Lymph node dissection carried out during cytoreductive nephrectomy is not associated with a survival benefit. Lymph node-positive disease represents a poor prognostic variable; therefore, lymph node dissection should be considered as a staging procedure for clinical trials.
A response to Almeida and Judisch

Our new cosmological argument for the existence of God weakens the usual Principle of Sufficient Reason premise that every contingent true proposition has an explanation to a weaker principle (WPSR) that every such proposition could have an explanation. Almeida and Judisch have criticized the premises of our argument for leading to a contradiction. We show that their argument fails, but along the way we are led to clarify the nature of the conclusion of our argument. Moreover, we discuss an argument against us based on a principle of alternate explanation incompatible with our WPSR, and show that his argument fails.
Energy Shadowing Correction of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Records by Digital Signal Processing

Attention is given to a numerical algorithm that, via signal processing, enables the dynamic correction of the shadowing effect of reflections on ultrasonic displays. The algorithm was applied to experimental data from graphite-epoxy composite material immersed in a water bath. It is concluded that images of material defects with the shadowing corrections allow for a more quantitative interpretation of the material state. It is noted that the proposed algorithm is fast and simple enough to be adopted for real time applications in industry.
A SPHERICAL HARMONIC DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSING STEADY PHOTOSPHERIC FLOWS

Steady flows in the photosphere, including differential rotation, meridional circulation and convection, can be represented by a spectrum of modes. A technique is described in which the spherical harmonic functions are used to determine the characteristics of this spectrum and the nature of these flows. Some information about the spectrum is lost because only one hemisphere is seen, only the line of sight velocity is measured and the measurements contain noise. This produces an apparent mixing between spectral modes. By analysing synthetic data it is found that, in spite of this mixing, differential rotation can be accurately measured, meridional circulations with small amplitudes can be extracted from the data and giant cells might be separated from supergranules.
Outer Membrane Protein Composition in Disease Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae: Pathogenic and Epidemiological Implications

The outer membrane protein composition of 50 disease isolates of Haemophilus influenzae has been determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All strains, including 28 strains of serotype b, one strain each of serotypes a, c, d, e, and f, and 17 untypable strains, had an outer membrane protein composition typical of gram-negative bacteria, i.e., these membranes contained two to three dozen proteins with four to six proteins accounting for most of their protein content. Variation in the mobility of these major outer membrane proteins from strain to strain was common but not universal; the observed patterns provided useful data and new insight into the epidemiology of type b disease. The basic findings can be summarized as follows: (i) All 50 strains possessed three proteins (one minor and two major) each having identical mobilities. The other proteins, both major and minor, varied in mobility. (ii) All type b strains possessed a fourth (major) protein of identical mobility. (iii) The 28 type b strains, on the basis of the mobility of the six major outer membrane proteins, could be divided into eight subtypes. Of all the other strains examined, both typable and untypable, only the serotype a strain belonged to one of these subtypes. (iv) The untypable strains showed considerable variation in the mobilities of their major outer membrane proteins. Of these 17 strains, 13 had an additional major outer membrane protein not present in encapsulated strains. (v) The outer membrane protein composition of a single strain remained unchanged after many passages on solid media, but varied with the growth phase. (vi) The outer membrane protein composition of isolates obtained from nine patients during an epidemic of type b meningitis varied, indicating that a single strain was not responsible for the epidemic. At least five different strains were responsible for these nine cases. (vii) Identical outer membrane protein compositions were observed in the following: in a type b strain and a mutant of this strain deficient in capsule production, indicating that the level of capsule synthesis is not obviously related to outer membrane protein composition; in type b strains isolated from different anatomic sites of patients acutely ill with meningitis, indicating that the strain associated with bacteremia is the same as that isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid; in type b strains isolated from siblings who contracted meningitis at about the same time, indicating infection with the same strain; and in type b strains isolated from the initial and repeat infection of a single patient, suggesting that reinfection was due to the same strain.
Erodibility of low‐compaction steep‐sloped reclaimed surface mine lands in the southern Appalachian region, USA

The use of loose spoils on steep slopes for surface coal mining reclamation sites has been promoted by the US Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining for the establishment of native forest, as prescribed by the Forest Reclamation Approach (FRA). Although low-compaction spoils improve tree survival and growth, erodibility on steep slopes was suspected to increase. This study quantified a combined KC factor (combining the effects of the soil erodibility K factor and cover management C) for low compaction, steep-sloped (>20°) reclaimed mine lands in the Appalachian region, USA. The combined KC factor was used because standard Unit Plot conditions required to separate these factors, per Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) experimental protocols, were not followed explicitly. Three active coal mining sites in the Appalachian region of East Tennessee, each containing four replicate field plots, were monitored for rainfall and sediment yields during a 14-month period beginning June 2009. Average cumulative erosivity for the study sites during the monitoring period was measured as 5248.9 MJ·mm·ha−1·h−1. The KC ranged between 0.001 and 0.05 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1, with the highest values occurring immediately following reclamation site construction as rills developed (June – August 2009). The KC for two study sites with about an 18–20 mm spoil D84 were above 0.01 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 during rill development, and below 0.003 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 after August 2009 for the post-rill development period. The KC values for one site with a 40 mm spoil D84 were never above 0.008 t·ha·h·ha−1·MJ−1·mm−1 and also on average were lower, being more similar to the other two sites after the rill development period. Based on an initial KC factor (Ke) measured during the first few storm events, the average C factor (Ce) was estimated as 0.58 for the rill development period and 0.13 for the post-rill development period. It appears that larger size fractions of spoils influence KC and Ce factors on low-compaction steep slopes reclamation sites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ANALYSIS OF FACULTY RETIREMENT INTENTION: USING A PROPORTIONAL ODDS MODEL

This paper uses data from a random national sample of faculty, age 50 and older, and explores factors affecting faculty member's retirement decisions for three expected retirement age categories. The variables such as end of mandatory retirement, age, current salary, expected others sources of income, early retirement incentives, and years of education have a significant effect on faculty retirement decisions. An understanding of these factors can help decision making for staffing purposes.
Observation of Substantial p -Wave Capture Strength in the Li 7 ( p → , γ ) 8 Be Reaction for E p = 80 − 0 keV and Implications for Astrophysical S Factors

The $^{7}\mathrm{Li}{(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\ensuremath{\gamma})}^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ reaction has been studied using polarized protons having an incident energy in the range ${E}_{p}(\mathrm{lab})=80\ensuremath{-}0$ keV. The measured angular distributions of the cross section $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})}{{A}_{0}}$ and analyzing power ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ were interpreted using a model independent transition-matrix element analysis. The large (\AA{}40%) analyzing power at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} indicates the presence of an appreciable $p$-wave capture strength at these energies. The direct-capture model is used to show that this could reduce the astrophysical $S$ factor by as much as 40%.
Status Maintenance and Change during Old Age

This article examines the process of status determination - the translation of background status characteristics into economic outcomes - as it changes over thte later stages of the life cycle. Because of the increased dependence of cohtorts on public transfers during old age, the extent to which old age reduces, heightens, or maintains thte importance of market-based sources of stratification reflects the redistributive impact of retirement income relative to market income. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Older Men, we compare the impact of status characteristics important during work careers - race, residence, education, occupation - on economic outcomes before and after the normal age of eligibility for retirement benefits. For family income and assets, adjusted for family size and inflation, the results show only modest change in the effects of background variables over time, across ages, or witht htours worked, and suggest more continuity than change in the determinants of income.
The binary collision in the n-body problem.

Abstract The binary collision in the N -body problem of celestial mechanics and its regularization are studied from the point of view of analytic differential equations, i.e., for complex values of the time and of the coordinates as independent and dependent variables. Based on a suitable definition of a binary collision, a proof is given for the classical result that a binary collision corresponds to an algebraic branch point of the first or second order. The convergence of Sundman's integral and the regularization of the binary collision are briefly discussed also for more general problems not necessarily possessing an energy integral; this situation is present, e.g., in the reduced three-body problem.
Theories of migration and mental health: an empirical testing on Chinese-Americans.

Abstract This investigation tested the applicability of four migratory theories in specifying the most stressful life changes among immigrants and the impact of these stresses on their mental health. The four theoretical notions—social isolation, cultural shock, goal-striving stress, and cultural change—were explicated and tested against a data set on Chinese immigrants. The empirical evidence showed that the four theories accounted for less than a quarter of the variance of the mental impairment scores. These theories differed in explanatory utility and in some instances predicted contradictory directions for relationships between mental illness and immigration experience. The results of the study suggest the need for further cross-cultural and comparative investigations dealing with the applicability of the existing migratory theories to mental illness.
Psychophysiological Response Patterns in Vascular and Muscle-Contraction Headaches

The psychophysiological response patterns of 43 headache subjects were compared to the response patterns of 11 nonheadache control subjects. The headache group was composed of subjects diagnosed as suffering from either muscle-contraction (N=11),classic migraine (N=11),common migraine (N=11),or mixed (N=10)headache. Discriminant analyses indicated that (1) the headache groups could be perfectly differentiated from the nonheadache control group after a period of relaxation and during a period of psychological stress and (2) the stress condition differentiated among the various headache groups. In general, the headache groups showed a higher level of arousal and were more responsive to stress. Also, the response pattern profiles differed among the headache groups in the stress condition. Muscle-contraction subjects tended to respond with higher frontal EMG, and classic migraine and mixed headache groups tended to respond with larger cardiovascular responses.
Changes in functional response units with briefly delayed reinforcement

In two experiments, key-peck responding of pigeons was compared under variable-interval schedules that arranged immediate reinforcement and ones that arranged unsignaled delays of reinforcement. Responses during the nominal unsignaled delay periods had no effect on the reinforcer presentations. In Experiment 1, the unsignaled delays were studied using variable-interval schedules as baselines. Relative to the immediate reinforcement condition, 0.5-s unsignaled delays decreased the duration of the reinforced interresponse times and increased the overall frequency of short (<0.5-s) interresponse times. Longer, 5.0-s unsignaled delays increased the duration of the reinforced interresponse times and decreased the overall frequency of the short interresponse times. In Experiment 2, similar effects to those of Experiment 1 were obtained when the 0.5-s unsignaled delays were imposed upon a baseline schedule that explicitly arranged reinforcement of short interresponse times and therefore already generated a large number of short interresponse times. The results support earlier suggestions that the unsignaled 0.5-s delays change the functional response unit from a single key peck to a multiple key-peck unit. These findings are discussed in terms of the mechanisms by which contingencies control response structure in the absence of specific structural requirements.
In vitro reconstitution of NADH: nitrate reductase in nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of barley

In vitro complementation of the nitrate reductase-deficient barley mutant nar2a extracts with molybdenum cofactor from commercial xanthine oxidase resulted in reactivation of NADH: nitrate reductase activity. Maximum reactivation was achieved with 7.5 μg/ml xanthine oxidase (final concentration), 10 mM glutathione (final concentration) and incubation for 30 min at room temperature (ca. 25°C). This in vitro complementation assay was used to determine the presence of functional apoprotein and molybdenum cofactor in 12 nitrate reductase-deficient barley mutants. Extracts of all nar1 alleles contained functional molybdenum cofactor (complemented with nar2a) but they lacked functional apoprotein (did not complement with molybdenum cofactor from xanthine oxidase). The nar2a, nar3a and nar3b extracts were able to donate functional apoprotein, but were poor sources of functional molybdenum cofactor. These data are in agreement with our previous assignment of nar1 to the barley NADH: nitrate reductase structural locus and nar2 and nar3 to molybdenum cofactor functions. Wild type cv. Steptoe barley seedlings grown in the absence of nitrate and lacking nitrate reductase activity contained low levels of molybdenum cofactor. Nitrate induction resulted in a several-fold increase in the measurable molybdenum cofactor levels that was correlated with the increase in nitrate reductase activity.
The metazoan Mediator co-activator complex as an integrative hub for transcriptional regulation

The Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved, multiprotein complex that is a key regulator of protein-coding genes. In metazoan cells, multiple pathways that are responsible for homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation converge on the Mediator through transcriptional activators and repressors that target one or more of the almost 30 subunits of this complex. Besides interacting directly with RNA polymerase II, Mediator has multiple functions and can interact with and coordinate the action of numerous other co-activators and co-repressors, including those acting at the level of chromatin. These interactions ultimately allow the Mediator to deliver outputs that range from maximal activation of genes to modulation of basal transcription to long-term epigenetic silencing.
Landowner willingness to implement riparian buffers in a transitioning watershed

Abstract The Chesapeake Bay watershed of the northeastern U.S. has experienced extensive transition from agricultural to residential land uses. However, riparian buffer implementation research has generally focused on agricultural land uses and participation in agricultural conservation programs. Our research examines landowner willingness to implement riparian buffers in the Spring Creek watershed of central Pennsylvania, a sub-watershed of the Chesapeake Bay basin, which has also undergone population growth and land use transition. We conducted a mail survey of riparian residential, small agricultural, and agricultural landowners (n = 175) to assess attitudes toward buffer implementation. Our results indicated that residential riparian respondents were 94% less willing than agricultural riparian respondents to implement a buffer on their property, net of other factors. Neighborhood friendships positively predicted willingness to implement buffers and also increased implementation willingness under certain incentive scenarios. Our findings indicate that landowners will become more willing to implement riparian buffers if they believe these buffers will have positive outcomes. Knowledge of Chesapeake Bay water quality, a central cause for riparian conservation programs, did not predict implementation willingness. As landscapes continue to transition toward residential uses, it is imperative that conservation programs adapt buffer design and program incentives to meet riparian residential landowner normative and aesthetic preferences.
The tomato bushy stunt virus replicase proteins are coordinately expressed and membrane associated

Two open reading frames at the 5'-end of the tomato bushy stunt virus genomic RNA are predicted to encode a 33-kDa (p33) protein and its 92-kDa (p92) readthrough product. From amino acid sequence comparisons with other small single-stranded RNA viruses, these proteins resemble viral components of the replicase-transcriptase complex. To investigate the accumulation of these proteins in the infected cell, two chimeric proteins were produced that expressed either a portion of p33 or the carboxy-terminal "half" of p92 fused with glutathione S-transferase, and polyclonal ascites fluids specific to p33 or p92 were elicited in mice. As expected, the anti-p33 antibody recognized p33 and the p92 readthrough protein, but the anti-p92 antibody was specific for p92. Immunoblot analyses revealed that at an early stage of infection both proteins were associated with the membrane fractions isolated from virus-infected plants, but later in the infection, prior to collapse of the tissues, these proteins were also associated with the cytoplasmic fraction. At all time points in plants and protoplasts p33 was about 20-fold more abundant than p92. A series of mutations derived from an infectious cDNA clone demonstrated that both the p33 and the p92 proteins were required for replication in protoplasts and the ratio of the two proteins was maintained in the replication-competent mutants. The wild-type amber (UAG) and in vitro-generated ochre (UAA) readthrough codon derivatives replicated in protoplasts. However, the tyrosine mutants (UAC or UAU) that were predicted to express only p92 were not viable in protoplasts.
Stimulus Context and the Formation of Consumer Ideals

When a choice set consists of a distribution of alternatives with correlated benefits and costs, consumers often exhibit single-peaked preferences—they prefer an alternative having moderate costs and benefits. Theories disagree about how adding additional lower benefit/lower cost or higher benefit/higher cost alternatives to this choice set will affect relative preferences for the initial set of alternatives. Prototype theory predicts that adding alternatives should produce assimilation, whereas multiattribute range-frequency theory predicts that it creates contrast. We reconcile these two theories by assuming that single-peaked preferences reflect a composition of underlying benefit and cost valuations. Moreover, we claim that the correlational structure of the benefit and cost dimensions in the contextual stimuli determines whether these stimuli will exert an assimilation or contrast effect. We show that when benefits and costs are correlated (uncorrelated), adding alternatives that extend the range of offerings produces assimilation (contrast) for preference judgments. We propose a cost-benefit trade-off model that incorporates elements of single-peaked preference theory and range-frequency theory to explain the complex fashion in which contextual stimuli affect consumer ideals.
Is there a first-order discontinuity in the lowermost mantle?

Abstract In 1983, Lay and Helmberger [Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 75 (1983) 799–837] reported the detection of a precursor to the seismic phase ScS. They attributed this precursor to a sharp seismic discontinuity located several hundred kilometers above the core–mantle boundary. Such a lowermost mantle discontinuity implies the existence of a sharp phase change or a chemical boundary. Precursors to ScS and, less frequently, PcP have since been observed in numerous locations, but are not a global phenomenon. Frequently, PcP precursors are weak or absent when ScS precursors are observed in the same location, and vice versa. There can be significant variations in the amplitude and arrival time of the precursor relative to the main phase. The presence or absence of these precursors has led to speculations about the nature of the lowermost mantle. Here we demonstrate that ScS or PcP precursors may be produced by gradients in seismic wave speed associated with large-scale lowermost mantle heterogeneity. Rather than a phase or chemical boundary with substantial topography, such gradients require lateral variations in temperature and, close to the core–mantle boundary, composition.
Euler-Lagrange equation and conservation laws for bilocal fields

A Lagrangian bilocal field theory is presented as an extended meson model. The Euler-Lagrange equation is found for the fields which vanish outside of a finite internal domain. For such bilocal fields the proper energy-momentum and angular momentum tensors can be defined.
Averaging the Planar Three-Body Problem in the Neighborhood of Double Inner Collisions

Abstract Levi–Civita's regularization procedure for the two-body problem easily extends to a regularization of double inner collisions in the system consisting of two uncoupled Newtonian two-body problems. Some action-angle variables are found for this regularization, and the inner body is shown to describe ellipses on all energy levels. This allows us to define a second projection of the phase space onto the space of pairs of ellipses with fixed foci. It turns out that the initial and regularized averaged Hamiltonians of the three-body problem agree, when seen as functions on the space of pairs of ellipses. After the reduction of the problem by the symmetry of rotations, the initial and regularized averaged planar three-body problems are shown to be orbitally conjugate, up to a diffeomorphism in the parameter space consisting of the masses, the semi major axes and the angular momentum.
Induced resistance in mice to intravenous toxicity of influenza virus.

SummarySublethal quantities of homologous and heterologous influenza virus, mumps virus, and Newcastle disease virus injected intravenously in mice produced a state of resistance to the toxic effects of large quantities of intravenously injected PR-8 influenza A virus. Virus heated sufficiently to destroy infectivity was less effective in inducing resistance than was fully active virus; destruction of hemagglutinin caused complete loss of resistance inducing activity. Injection of sublethal doses of virus was followed by a lag period, which varied with the virus injected, before resistance became demonstrable, and resistance waned after 3-4 days. No increase in resistance to influenza toxicity was demonstrable after pre-challenge injection of feline pneumonitis virus, R. prowazeki, or typhoid vaccine. A preparation of receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) was effective in inducing increased resistance but its effect could not be attributed to its capacity for destruction of mucoprotein receptors since heat des...
Decision Making: Research and Theory Challenges for Applied Social Psychology

The potential for contributions by applied social psychology to decision research and theory is explored. Most decisions by groups and individuals are social in origin or impact, suggesting that social psychologists should consider decision making as a relevant topic. Early applied work is considered. Mathematical model approaches are explored. Both are found wanting, especially where we wish to apply our science to complex and multiple uncertain decision problems. Examples of recent relevant research that fit well into an applied social psychological framework are provided, indicating the variety of potential topics for investigations. Finally, the need for encompassing theory is considered. The characteristics of needed theory are discussed.
Evaluation of Waste Activated Sludge (Citrus) as a Poultry Feed Ingredient: 2. Quality and Flavor of Broilers, Egg Yolk Color and Egg Flavor

Abstract Cobb color-sexed broilers were fed diets containing either 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 percent citrus sludge. Three replications of ten males and ten females each were randomly selected from each treatment at the end of the eight-week feeding period. No significant (P Eggs collected from Babcock B-300 hens fed diets prepared with citrus sludge at levels of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 20.0% were examined for differences in yolk color and development of off-flavors. Color differences (P
The auroral oval—A reevaluation

The auroral oval represents a region of auroral occurrence where particular spectral features have sufficient integrated intensity to exceed all-sky camera thresholds. It has been argued that this is not a good representation of the characteristics of particle precipitation or of energy deposition. Consequently, the auroral oval concept may not be a good one to use to order diverse auroral data on a 24-hour basis. Rather, the precipitation patterns for specific energy classes of protons and electrons should form the basis for the interpretation of high-latitude geophysical measurements.
Current of fermions scattered off a bubble wall.

Proceeding from WKB quantization conditions we derive a semiclassical expression for the current of fermions scattered off a propagating bubble wall in the presence of longitudinal gauge field. It agrees with the expression used by Nasser and Turok in a semiclassical analysis of the instability of electroweak bubble walls with respect to longitudinal Z condensation. We discuss the resulting dispersion relation for longitudinal Z field and show that light species are important for the analysis of stability because of their large contribution to plasma frequency.
A Note on Computing the Noncentrality Parameter of the Noncentral F-Distribution

In this paper we present a modification to Newton's method that is suitable for computing percentage points as well as other parameter estimation. The method is locally quadratically convergent.
Cross circulation between children in hepatic coma and chimpanzees

Two children in profound hepatic coma underwent cross circulation with chimpanzees following unsatisfactory response to conventional medical management and multiple exchange transfusions. One patient awoke dramatically five hours after completion of the procedure and remained conscious and alert altert for 20 days. Biochemical and coagulation derangements were transiently improved, but significant hepatic regeneration did not occur. Further investigation in providing temporary support for such patients with fulminant hepatic failure is necessary.
Morphologic and behavioral effects of perinatal glucocorticoid administration

Male rats were infused with one of two doses of dexamethasone or saline on day 4 of life. Body, whole brain, hippocampal, and cerebellar weights were obtained at 10, 20 and 150 days of age, and the ability of the rats to acquire and reverse a spatial discrimination task was assessed at 90 days of age. Body weights and brain weights were severely and permanently suppressed in the high dose group (100 mg/kg), resulting in a 20% decrement from saline-injected controls in adulthood. Low dose (1 mg/kg) animals were transiently slowed in body and brain growth, but differences from controls were no longer detectable at 60 days of age. Both high dose and low dose animals were significantly impaired in acquisition and reversal of a spatial learning task in an open field water maze, and exhibited deficits characteristically seen in animals with hippocampal damage. The animals' swimming performance per se was unimpaired. It appears that even transient interruption of normal interactive sequences of brain development by the alteration of post-natal neurogenesis or gliogenesis by glucocorticoids results in a permanent behavioral deficit.