cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The neutral lipids from various organs of the termite Macrotermes goliath

Abstract The lipids extracted from various organs of alate termites were separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel and were found to consist predominantly of triglycerides (TGL) and smaller quantities of non-esterified fatty acids (FFA). No diglycerides and monoglycerides were found. Fatty acids from FFA and TGL fractions were studied by gas chromatography. All organs contain the same fatty acids consisting of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 in variable proportions. C18:1 is in all organs the predominant fatty acid. A polar type of ester has been found in lipids from all organs including the fat bodies. The substance yields butanol, heptanol, and unidentified water-soluble acids after hydrolysis. Body lipids of workers and soldiers differ considerably in composition from the body lipids of alates in a high content of hydrocarbons and small quantities of glycerides. The chief sterol in alate termites is cholesterol which has been identified by argentation thin-layer chromatography and infra-red spectrophotometry.
Postural instability precedes motion sickness.

Abstract We evaluated the hypothesis that postural instability precedes the onset of motion sickness. Subjects standing in a “moving room” were exposed to nearly global oscillating optical flow. In the experimental condition, the optical oscillations were a complex sum-of-sines between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz, with an excursion of 1.8 cm. This optical motion was of such low frequency and magnitude that it was sometimes not noticed by subjects. However, in two experiments, exposure to the moving room produced significant increases in scores on a standard motion sickness questionnaire. In addition, approximately half of subjects reported motion sickness. Analysis of postural motion during exposure to the moving room revealed increases in postural sway before the onset of subjective motion sickness symptoms. This confirms a key prediction of the postural instability theory of motion sickness.
Decay of helical Kelvin waves on a quantum vortex filament

We study the dynamics of helical Kelvin waves moving along a quantum vortex filament driven by a normal fluid flow. We employ the vector form of the quantum local induction approximation (LIA) due to Schwarz. For an isolated filament, this is an adequate approximation to the full Hall-Vinen-Bekarevich-Khalatnikov dynamics. The motion of such Kelvin waves is both translational (along the quantum vortex filament) and rotational (in the plane orthogonal to the reference axis). We first present an exact closed form solution for the motion of these Kelvin waves in the case of a constant amplitude helix. Such solutions exist for a critical wave number and correspond exactly to the Donnelly-Glaberson instability, so perturbations of such solutions either decay to line filaments or blow-up. This leads us to consider helical Kelvin waves which decay to line filaments. Unlike in the case of constant amplitude helical solutions, the dynamics are much more complicated for the decaying helical waves, owing to the fact that the rate of decay of the helical perturbations along the vortex filament is not constant in time. We give an analytical and numerical description of the motion of decaying helical Kelvin waves, from which we are able to ascertain the influence of the physical parameters on the decay, translational motion along the filament, and rotational motion, of these waves (all of which depend nonlinearly on time). One interesting finding is that the helical Kelvin waves do not decay uniformly. Rather, such waves decay slowly for small time scales, and more rapidly for large time scales. The rotational and translational velocity of the Kelvin waves depend strongly on this rate of decay, and we find that the speed of propagation of a helical Kelvin wave along a quantum filament is large for small time while the wave asymptotically slows as it decays. The rotational velocity of such Kelvin waves along the filament will increase over time, asymptotically reaching a finite value. These decaying Kelvin waves correspond to wave number below the critical value for the Donnelly-Glaberson instability, and hence our results on the Schwarz quantum LIA correspond exactly to what one would expect from prior work on the Donnelly-Glaberson instability.
The X11 inter-client communication conventions manual

The X11 Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM) is a part of the X Window System standard. It provides guidelines for developers of interoperable X clients in a multi-vendor X system environment. This paper gives an overview of the rationale, goals, design constraints and content of version 1.0 of the ICCCM
Consecutive first-order kinetic consideration of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate.

The degradation of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate has been studied at 70° and at pH' of 6.9, 7.2, and 7.6. An expected first-order consecutive reaction was found to be operative and it is presumed that ester hydrolysis occurs by way of an intramolecular attack. The blue tetrazolium assay confirmed that the production of a species devoid of the 17-dihydroxyacetone side chain occurred subsequent to the formation of the steroid alcohol.
A Drosophila fearomone response proceeds through a single glomerulus

Relating a particular odorant to a specific behavior has proven difficult. A recent study in Nature uses clever technology to show that fruit flies possess a specialized olfactory pathway that allows them to sense, and react to, elevated levels of carbon dioxide.
A Study of potato harvesting at Tulelake, California

There was practically no difference in the amount of serious injury between hand and mechanical harvesting by the time the potatoes were in storage. There was less injury in the field with the hand method but rough handling of the stubs in loading onto the trucks and in emptying at the storage shed, caused a considerable increase. More damage than necessary occurred with both methods in conveying the potatoes into the storage bins. Reducing the drop into the conveyor hopper, better padding in the hopper, and keeping the drop from the discharge end to a minimum, would help to reduce this damage.
The Effects of Dual-Task Processing on Consumers' Responses to High- and Low-Imagery Radio Advertisements

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dual-task processing on consumers' responses to high-versus low-imagery radio advertisements. In a repeated-measures experimental design, participants listened to six high- and six low-imagery radio spots while simultaneously performing a visual-processing task (viewing a series of pictures unrelated to the ads or viewing a blank/black screen). Consistent with theoretical expectations, the high-imagery radio advertisements performed better than the low-imagery ads on measures of advertising involvement, attitude toward the ad, brand attitude, and purchase intention. The study found that high-imagery radio ads are universally superior, but suffer more when there is competition for cognitive resources. When a visual-processing task (viewing pictures) was introduced, consumers' responses became generally less favorable. The pattern of responses, however, varied across ad types and processing conditions. In particular, the detrimental effect of introducing...
Dislocation and stacking fault core fields in fcc metals

Atomistic models were used to determine the properties of dislocation core fields and stacking fault fields in Al and Cu using embedded atom method (EAM) potentials. Long-range, linear elastic displacement fields due to nonlinear behaviour within dislocation cores, the core field, for relevant combinations of Shockley partial dislocations for edge, screw, and mixed (60° and 30°) geometries were obtained. Displacement fields of stacking faults were obtained separately and used to partition the core field of dissociated dislocations into core fields of partial dislocations and a stacking fault expansion field. Core field stresses were derived from which the total force, including the Volterra field plus core field, between dislocations for several dislocation configurations was determined. The Volterra field dominates when the distance between dislocations exceeds about 50b but forces due to core fields are important for smaller separation distances and were found to affect the equilibrium angle of edge dis...
Characterization of the Ni/NiO, Interface Region in Oxidized High Purity Nickel by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Ni/NiO interface structures were investigated using TEM, and the observed structures were compared with current heterophase interface models. Relative magnitudes of Ni/NiO interfacial energies were obtained from measurements of dihedral angles at triple grain junctions between Ni and NiO grains. Extra reflections in diffraction patterns from oxide grains adjacent to the Ni/NiO interface were compared with kinematical structure factor calculations for several proposed structures.
Allan Kaprow 1927–2006

With Eighteen Happenings, Kaprow, initially trained as a painter, created a complex theatrical event with scripted performances taking place simultaneously in three connected rooms built in a large, loft-like space. Performances included readings of texts, everyday activities such as squeezing oranges, choreographed movement, slide projections, live music, recorded sounds, and the scripted movement of the audience through the space. Kaprow had previously articulated the radical move from painting to Happenings in a brilliant article entitled "The Legacy of Jackson Pollock" (1958), in which he argued that Pollock's mural-scale paintings took on the aspects of environments, turning observers into participants and indicating a way of transcending or abandoning painting. Pollock, Kaprow wrote,
Design of three-groove kinematic couplings

Abstract Kinemtic couplings are statically determinant structures that are often used in precision fixturing applications because of their high repeatability. The simplicity of their design also makes the design of accurate interchangeable couplings a realistic task. This paper discusses three-groove kinematic coupling design methodologies and then describes the theory required to calculate stresses at the contact interfaces and error motions at any point on the couplings. The theory presented is incorporated into a kinematic coupling design spreadsheet (written in Microsoft Excel) that can run on a personal computer.
Review and classification of reliability measures for multistate and continuum models

In this paper we examine a variety of customer-centered reliability measures, generalized to multistate and continuum contexts. A classification scheme is proposed for these measures, and a new measure based on customer-usage patterns is defined. In each case, reliability measures are defined such that they are equally valid for binary, multistate, continuum, and mixed systems. Techniques which facilitate the use of continuum models are discussed, and time-dynamic, infinite-time, and partial-information modeling considerations are also addressed.
Point mutations in the 90-kDa heat shock protein binding region of the glucocorticoid receptor affect the functional characteristics of the receptor.

Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a family of highly conserved and universally expressed proteins that are induced in all organisms and cultured cells by a variety of stressors. These stress proteins are considered to act as molecular chaperones that facilitate the correct protein folding in vivo.' It is now known that steroid receptors are associated to hsps as heteromeric complexes. In the case of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the receptor complex is generated upon reaction of the steroid binding unit with a large cytosolic chaperone complex containing hsp90, hsp70 and hsp56.' Interestingly, the association of GR to at least hsp90 is required for the adoption of a high steroid-binding affinity state.' We previously demonstrated that the hsp90-binding site is located within the hormone-binding domain of the mouse GR, supporting a two-site model in which the critical contact site occurs in the region of amino acids 632-659. This region contains a short proline-containing hydrophobic segment and adjacent dipole-pluscysteine motif that are conserved among all of the hsp90-binding receptors in the superfamily. A second hsp90 contact site was predicted in region 574-632, which contains the only highly conserved amino acid sequence in the receptor superfamily outside the DNA-binding d ~ m a i n . ~ In order to further understand the structural requirements for the appropriate functioning of GR, we designed point mutations in the hsp90-binding region of the
Equilibrium-Based Sampler for Determining Cu2+ Concentrations in Aquatic Ecosystems

The bioavailability of potentially toxic metals in aquatic systems is frequently related to the dissolved free metal ion (M2+) concentration. However, typical methods used to determine M2+ are labor intensive or require sophisticated equipment. We developed an inexpensive, in situ sampling devicethe “gellyfish”that simplifies Cu2+ determinations in seawater. The gellyfish is a thin disk of polyacrylamide gel embedded with iminodiacetate (Id) groups bound to immobile beads. The sampler operates on the principle that the immobilized Id groups equilibrate with the Cu2+ concentration of the surrounding solution. Cu is then back-extracted into a known volume of 10% HNO3 and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In laboratory tests, we varied Cu2+ concentrations between 10-12 and 10-8 M and salinity between 5 and 35 ppt. Id-bound Cu (CuIdmeasured) did not respond to changes in total Cu. However, CuIdmeasured does increase in a predictable manner with increasing Cu2+, and prototype g...
Effects of the interaction of the ovary with an androstane nitrile on the uterus of the rat.

The compound 17 cyano-5,16 androstadien-3β-ol-3-acetate (cyanoacetate) was considered as a promising candidate for use as a contraceptive agent, since it was reported to specifically inhibit the ovarian conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. A preliminary study in rats indicated that this compound had unique properties that interfered with the interpretation of results concerning the decidual response. It appeared to interact with the ovaries of the animal to cause an increase in uterine weight. Because of these observations, a multiple factorial study was designed to determine whether this compound was, in fact, more uterotrophic in intact, than in spayed, pseudopregnant rats. The study demonstrated that the presence of the ovary resulted in a significantly greater uterine weight, while 2 mg progesterone daily for 10 days had no significant effect on uterine weight. Cyanoacetate (10 mg/day for 10 days) was found to increase uterine weight significantly in intact, but not spayed, pseudopregnant rats. Neither cyanoacetate (10 mg/day) nor progesterone (2 mg/day) affected ovarian weight. The data suggest that cyanoace- tate is converted by the ovary from a compound with little uterotrophic activity to a material with substantial uterotrophic activity.
Nezha, a novel active miniature inverted-repeat transposable element in cyanobacteria

Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) were first identified in plants and exerted extensive proliferations throughout eukaryotic and archaeal genomes. But very few MITEs have been characterized in bacteria. We identified a novel MITE, called Nezha, in cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 and Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. Nezha, like most previously known MITEs in other organisms, is small in size, non-coding, carrying TIR and DR signals, and of potential to form a stable RNA secondary structure, and it tends to insert into A+T-rich regions. Recent transpositions of Nezha were observed in A. variabilis ATCC 29413 and Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, respectively. Nezha might have proliferated recently with aid from the transposase encoded by ISNpu3-like elements. A possible horizontal transfer event of Nezha from cyanobacteria to Polaromonas JS666 is also observed.
A Novel X-ray Powder Diffractometric Method for Studying the Reaction between Pseudoephedrine Enantiomers

The opposite enantiomers of pseudoephedrine were observed to react in the solid state to form the racemic compound. A novel powder X-ray diffractometric method was developed for studying the kinetics and mechanism of this reaction. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the enantiomers were identical, but the racemic compound exhibited a different pattern because of its different crystal structure. The powder patterns of the enantiomers and the racemic compound revealed that the 4.62 and 4.25 A lines were unique to the enantiomers and the racemic compound, respectively. Teflon holders were filled with equimolar mixtures of the two enantiomers, and the integrated intensities of the 4.62 and 4.25 A lines were measured at 30-min intervals over a period of 8 h. Thus, the disappearance of the crystalline enantiomers and the appearance of the crystalline racemic compound were quantified simultaneously. The rate of disappearance of the crystalline enantiomers followed a diffusion-controlled reaction model originally proposed by Jander in 1927. During the kinetic experiment, the sum of the weight fractions of the enantiomers and the racemic compound progressively decreased from an initial value of unity suggesting the existence of an intermediate noncrystalline phase. The presence of the noncrystalline phase was confirmed by a steady increase in the background of the X-ray patterns. Thus, the unique ability of the X-ray method to quantify only the crystalline phases has demonstrated the existence of a non-crystalline amorphous intermediate in this solid–solid reaction.
A content freshness enhancement with infrastructures in mobile opportunistic networks

In mobile opportunistic networks, we investigate the effect of infrastructures on content update process. In the network, an information provider continuously generates a time-sensitive content (e.g., news, twits or military commands) whose freshness decreases with time. This information is propagated to users throughout opportunistic contacts. Users prefer to have the more recently generated (i.e., up-to-date) content. In that, they utilize a content age to compare their freshness and share only the smaller age content when an opportunistic contact occurs.
Genetic differences detected by comparative genomic hybridization in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from different tumor sites: construction of oncogenetic trees for tumor progression.

For a better understanding of genetic alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in the analysis of 75 HNSCCs, comprised of 18 pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (PSCCs), 23 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs), and 34 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The three subgroups of HNSCC showed significant differences in genetic alteration patterns. Overall, PSCC and LSCC had more copy number aberrations (CNAs) per tumor than did OSCC. Apparent differing patterns of high-level amplification were also observed. The smallest recurrent chromosomal regions of high-level amplification (≥15% of cases) were 7q22, 8q24.1, and 11q12–13 in PSCC and 3q26.1–29 in OSCC. According to single frequency and combined frequencies of CNAs, we concluded that the most important chromosomal events for progression of head and neck cancer were +3q, +5p, +8q, and −3p for all subgroups of HNSCC; additionally, +7q, +17q, −9p, and −13q for PSCC; +7p, +9q, +11q12–13, +14q, and +17q for LSCC; and +1p and +11q12–13 for OSCC. To identify further important genetic alterations and the relationships among the alterations, we constructed oncogenetic tree models for tumor progression of HNSCC from CGH data using branching and distance-based tree models. The tree models predicted that: (1) +3q21–29 was the most important early chromosomal event, and −3p, which occurred after +3q21–29, was also an important chromosomal event for all subsites of HNSCC; (2) +8q is the second most important early chromosomal event; (3) there may be at least three subgroups of HNSCC: one characterized by −3p, −9p, +7p, and −13q; another by +5p, +9qter, and +17p; and the other by +8q and +18p. These results suggest that different chromosomal aberrations may play a role in the initiation and/or progression of different subgroups of HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Measurement of complex permittivity of liquid dielectrics

The complex permittivity of a number of liquid dielectrics has been measured with the use of the in-waveguide technique at the X and Ku band. The TRL calibration procedure is applied for the calibration of the waveguide system. The measured results of permittivity of distilled water agree well with those published in the literature. The measured permittivity for other liquids such as ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, benzene, chlorobenzene, menthanol, and cyclothexane are also shown, and the properties of these liquids are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 240–243, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10427
k-Unlinkability: A privacy protection model for distributed data

In the past, data holders protected the privacy of their constituents by issuing separate disclosures of sensitive (e.g., DNA) and identifying data (e.g., names). However, individuals visit many places and their location-visit patterns, or ''trails'', can re-identify seemingly anonymous data. In this paper, we introduce a formal model of privacy protection, called k-unlinkability, to prevent trail re-identification in distributed data. The model guarantees that sensitive data trails are linkable to no less than k identities. We develop a graph-based model and illustrate how k-unlinkability is a more appropriate solution to this privacy problem compared to alternative privacy protection models.
Contingent fire effects on granivore removal of exotic woody plant seeds in longleaf pine savannas

Prescribed fire is increasingly used to inhibit woody encroachment into fire-dependent eco- systems, yet its effects on other processes influencing invasion are poorly understood. We investigated how fire influences exotic woody invasion through its effects on granivore activity, and whether these effects depend on the habitat in which seed predation takes place. We quantified seed removal for four species of exotic woody plants (Albizia julibrissin, Elaeagnus umbellata, Melia azedarach and Triadica sebifera )i n 17 sites in longleaf pine savanna that varied in time since fire (one or three growing seasons post-fire) in the sandhills region of North Carolina, USA. Within each site, we established paired plots in upland and upland- wetland ecotone communities and presented seeds in depots that allowed either arthropod, or arthropod and small vertebrate access. We found that differences in seed removal with time since fire were contingent on habitat and granivore community. In ecotones, three of four species had higher proportions of seeds removed from plots that were three growing seasons post-fire than plots one growing season post-fire, whereas only T. sebifera showed this pattern in upland habitat. Allowing vertebrate granivores access to seeds enhanced seed removal, and this effect was strongest in ecotone habitat. While granivores removed seeds of all four plant species, removal of E. umbellata was significantly higher than that of the other species, suggesting that granivores exhibited seed selection. These findings suggest that ecotone habitats in this system experience greater seed removal than upland habitats, particularly as time since fire increases, and differences are mainly due to the activity of vertebrate granivores. Such differences in seed removal, together with seed selection, may contribute to variation in exotic woody invasion of longleaf pine savannas.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE STERICALLY PROTECTED PORPHYRINS

The structures of the sterically protected “pocket” porphyrin H2(α-PocPivP) (1), and the “capped” porphyrins H2(C3-Cap) (2), Fe(C3-Cap)(CO)(1-MeIm) (3), H2(C4-Cap) (4), and Fe(C4-Cap)(Cl) (5) have ...
Characterization of inclusion through surface strong ground motion

Abstract Steady-state wave motion in a half-space with an elastic inclusion of arbitrary shape subjected to a surface line load is investigated. Material of the half-space and the inclusion is assumed to be linearly elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. Displacement field is evaluated throughout the elastic media by using a boundary integral method so that the continuity conditions between the half-space and the inclusion are satisfied in the mean square-sense. Surface displacement results are presented for an elliptic inclusion of arbitrary orientation. A wide range of parameters in the problem is considered. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Higher frequency of input motion resulted in greater sensitivity of the surface motion to the shape of the inclusion. 2. Difference in surface response for different shapes of inclusion decreases with increased depth of the scatterer. 3. For load not placed directly atop the inclusion, the surface displacement field exhibits different patterns for different inclusions.
Alcohol consumption and the risk of mucinous and nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective To examine alcohol consumption as a risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer according to tumor histology. Methods We examined total alcohol consumption and consumption of beer, wine, and spirits as risk factors for mucinous and nonmucinous tumors in a population-based, case–control study comparing 761 incident cases of epithelial ovarian cancer with 1352 community controls frequency-matched to cases by age and three-digit telephone exchange. Multivariable, unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mucinous and nonmucinous tumors associated with alcohol consumption. Adjustments were made for age, parity, oral contraceptive use, education, tubal ligation, smoking, and family history of ovarian cancer. Results Overall, no association between total alcohol consumption and ovarian cancer was found. However, current heavy alcohol consumption (24 g or more per day) was associated with mucinous (OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.02, 3.65) but not nonmucinous tumors (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.57, 1.37). The association between heavy current consumption and mucinous tumors was strongest for spirits (OR 8.83; 95% CI 2.89, 27.01) and apparent for beer (OR 2.53; 95% CI 0.86, 7.42). For nonmucinous tumors, no such associations were found for either spirits (OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.58, 4.00) or beer (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.39, 2.14). Conclusions Current heavy consumption of alcohol might be a risk factor for mucinous but not nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer. This supports the hypothesis of a distinct etiology for mucinous tumors.
Introduction: Breast cancer and the perils of health literacy

Breast cancer impacts society at different levels and in different ways. It is an illness and as such it is of interest to scientists, policy makers and women at risk or already ill. In addition, the impact of breast cancer on large numbers of women in many Western societies and on patient activism has made the disease a matter of education, public discourse and debate. In breast cancer many discourses and types of social practices converge, but there is a limited subset that gives character to breast cancer as a social phenomenon: this includes media practices and representations, health campaigns, women’s activism and policy debates regarding medical research and treatment. The present collection of essays addresses breast cancer as a social and educational phenomenon impacted by specialized debates on knowledge, science and education and the more general discourses of gender, illness and health that define it socially, politically and personally. The editors believe that the relationship between specialized debates and general discourses on breast cancer constitutes a dual pedagogy aimed at educating medical and science practitioners regarding the social and personal impact of the illness and at educating women on how to avoid the illness and, if that fails, on how to be a proper breast cancer sufferer. Such a dual pedagogy, and the sometimes contradictory discursive spaces it generates, gives meaning to the activities associated with treatment and research as well as the experiences of women at risk or ill. Regarding breast cancer, discourse and science are never far apart. Evidence of this close relationship is found in the correspondence between treatment and the metaphors used to describe the illness. For instance, in the first half of the twentieth century, and as Jennifer Petersen shows, conceptualizing the illness as infection was also understanding it as invasion: war metaphors pervaded the educational campaigns
A developmental switch in the signaling cascades for LTP induction

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to be critically involved not only in learning and memory, but also during the activity-dependent developmental phases of neural circuit formation and refinement. Whether the mechanisms underlying LTP change during this phase of postnatal development, however, is unknown. We report here that, unlike LTP in the more mature CA1 region of the hippocampus, LTP in neonatal rodent hippocampus (<9 postnatal days, <P9) requires cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) but not Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII).
Letter: The Force of Gravity from a Lagrangian Containing Inverse Powers of the Ricci Scalar

We determine the gravitational response to a diffuse source, in a locally de Sitter background, of a class of theories which modify the Einstein-Hilbert action by adding a term proportional to an inverse power of the Ricci scalar. We find a linearly growing force which is not phenomenologically acceptable.
A separability framework for analyzing community structure

Four major factors govern the intricacies of community extraction in networks: (1) the literature offers a multitude of disparate community detection algorithms whose output exhibits high structural variability across the collection, (2) communities identified by algorithms may differ structurally from real communities that arise in practice, (3) there is no consensus characterizing how to discriminate communities from noncommunities, and (4) the application domain includes a wide variety of networks of fundamentally different natures. In this article, we present a class separability framework to tackle these challenges through a comprehensive analysis of community properties. Our approach enables the assessment of the structural dissimilarity among the output of multiple community detection algorithms and between the output of algorithms and communities that arise in practice. In addition, our method provides us with a way to organize the vast collection of community detection algorithms by grouping those that behave similarly. Finally, we identify the most discriminative graph-theoretical properties of community signature and the small subset of properties that account for most of the biases of the different community detection algorithms. We illustrate our approach with an experimental analysis, which reveals nuances of the structure of real and extracted communities. In our experiments, we furnish our framework with the output of 10 different community detection procedures, representative of categories of popular algorithms available in the literature, applied to a diverse collection of large-scale real network datasets whose domains span biology, online shopping, and social systems. We also analyze communities identified by annotations that accompany the data, which reflect exemplar communities in various domain. We characterize these communities using a broad spectrum of community properties to produce the different structural classes. As our experiments show that community structure is not a universal concept, our framework enables an informed choice of the most suitable community detection method for identifying communities of a specific type in a given network and allows for a comparison of existing community detection algorithms while guiding the design of new ones.
Divalent cations and polyamines bind to loop 8 of 14‐3‐3 proteins, modulating their interaction with phosphorylated nitrate reductase

*Summary Binding of 14-3-3 proteins to nitrate reductase phosphorylated on Ser543 (phospho-NR) inhibits activity and is responsible for the inactivation of nitrate reduction that occurs in darkened leaves. The 14-3-3dependent inactivation of phospho-NR is known to require millimolar concentrations of a divalent cation such as Mg2+ at pH 7.5. We now report that micromolar concentrations of the polyamines, spermidine 4+ and spermine 3+ , can substitute for divalent cations in modulating 14-3-3 action. Effectiveness of the polyamines decreased with a decrease of polycation charge: spermine 4+ > spermidine 3+ >>> cadavarine 2+ » putrescine 2+ » agmatine 2+ » N 1 -acetylspermidine 2+ , indicating that two primary and at least one secondary amine group were required. C-terminal truncations of GF14w, which encodes the Arabidopsis 14-3-3 isoform w, indicated that loop 8 (residues 208‐219) is the likely cationbinding site. Directed mutagenesis of loop 8, which contains the EF hand-like region identified in earlier studies, was performed to test the role of specific amino acid residues in cation binding. The E208A mutant resulted in a largely divalent cation-independent inhibition of phospho-NR activity, whereas the D219A mutant was fully Mg2+ -dependent but had decreased affinity for the cation. Mutations and Cterminal truncations that affected the Mg 2+ dependence of phospho-NR inactivation had similar effects on polyamine dependence. The results implicate loop 8 as the site of divalent cation and polyamine binding, and suggest that activation of 14-3-3s occurs, at least in part, by neutralization of negative charges associated with acidic residues in the loop. We propose that binding of polyamines to 14-3-3s could be involved in their regulation of plant growth and development.
Situated clinical reasoning: distinguishing acute confusion from dementia in hospitalized older adults.

In this study a dimensional analysis approach was used to explore the clinical reasoning of nurses who care for hospitalized older adults to identify factors that might explain their failure to detect acute confusion and to distinguish it from dementia in this patient population. Data analysis yielded a grounded theory of situated clinical reasoning, which proposes that the ability of nurses to identify acute confusion varies widely. This variation can be attributed to the differences in nurses' philosophical perspectives on aging. According to this theory, three distinct perspectives are unwittingly embraced by nurses who care for older patients. These perspectives influence how nurses characterize aging and the aged and condition the ways in which they judge and ultimately deal with older adults in clinical situations.
Continuous gas chromatographic monitoring of low concentration sample streams using an on-line microtrap

Abstract An on-line microtrap was made by packing a few centimeter long narrow bore capillary tubing with an adsorbent. The sample stream containing the analyte
Methods for testing the Mars Science Laboratory's landing radar

The Mars Science Laboratory's rover named Curiosity successfully landed on Mars on August 6, 2012. One component of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) system was the Terminal Descent Sensor (TDS) landing radar. In this paper we describe laboratory testing of this radar performed before launch.
NEUTRAL-CURRENT EFFECTS IN A CLASS OF GAUGE FIELD THEORIES.

Neutral-current couplings constitute a distinctive feature of certain models of weak interactions based on the idea of broken gauge symmetry. We discuss the observational implications for semileptonic processes; in particular, the relations among the inclusive ($\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0$) reactions $\ensuremath{\nu}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+X$, $\ensuremath{\nu}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}+X$, $e+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+X$. For $I=0$ targets, and with no further dynamical assumptions, we find the theoretical bound $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu})}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu})}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.14$ for neutrino energies above a few GeV. Additional theoretical input increases this lower bound to 0.24.
PQP4: CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN SF-12 SCORES AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH VARIOUS HEALTH CONDITIONS

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-cultural differences of health-related quality of life among people with various health conditions across four countries. METHODS: Analyses were based on 12-page questionnaires mailed to adults in 2000. A total of 38,677 responses were received from France, Germany, Great Britain, and the US Results were subsequently weighted and projected to the national populations of these four countries. Weighting was based on gender, age, and region for the European countries and gender, age, race, and region for the US Participants reported whether they were diagnosed with the following: arthritis, asthma, depression, diabetes, GERD, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, migraines, nasal allergies, or osteoporosis. Physical and mental health status were defined by summary measures of the SF-12 scale. RESULTS: The French reported lower mental health status but better physical health status than people in Germany, Great Britain, and the US, regardless of diagnosed health conditions. The opposite was found among arthritis, asthma, and GERD sufferers in Germany, who reported the best mental health status but the lowest physical health. Respondents from Great Britain and the US generally reported SF-12 scores that fell between those of France and Germany, with three notable exceptions. Among people diagnosed with depression, those in the US reported better mental health status. Among people diagnosed with high blood pressure or high cholesterol, those in Great Britain reported the lowest physical health status. CONCLUSION: Self-reported quality of life varied by country regardless of condition. Researchers should consider cross-cultural variations in self-reported quality of life measures when conducting multinational trials. Collapsing data could obscure effects.
Communications for a county emergency medical services (EMS) system

Emergency medical services (EMS) communications systems implemented in San Mateo County, CA, between 1976 and 1978 are described. The author was Supervisor of Communications for the Country of San Mateo from September 1973 to June 1978. During this time, EMS radio systems were planned and implemented to serve the county in accordance with the EMS Communications Regional Plan for the nine-county San Francisco area. The San Francisco Bay area actually comprises four U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare regions, but operates under one common communications plan for the use of the UHF MED channels. Three radio systems were set up to handle 1) dispatch and coordination, 2) patient delivery and coordination of hospitals, and 3) direct physician medical control of field paramedics. The first two systems each use a 482/485-MHz frequency pair in a multisite receiver voting with simulcast transmitting equipment configuration. The third radio system uses the UHF MED 1-8 channels for physician control of field care with 10-channel base stations at strategic locations. The factors influencing system design and technical factors of the systems are discussed. Also discussed are citizen access to the system, and coordination with adjacent counties on the shared use of the MED 1-8.
Tevatron Asymmetry of Tops in a W, Z Model

Abstract Recent results from the CDF Collaboration indicate that the top-pair forward–backward asymmetry is largest in regions of high rapidity difference | Δ y | and invariant mass M t t ¯ . We show that experimental observations can be explained by our previously proposed Asymmetric Left–Right Model (ALRM). The gauge symmetry U ′ ( 1 ) × SU ′ ( 2 ) × SU ( 2 ) is broken by a triplet Higgs in the primed sector. The W ′ boson has a ( t , d ) right-handed coupling and the Z ′ boson has diagonal fermion couplings. We determine the model parameters to be M W ′ = 700 GeV , M Z ′ = 1 TeV , and charged current coupling g 2 ′ = 3 . The W ′ and Z ′ total decay widths are of O ( 100 GeV ) . The signals from Z ′ → t t ¯ and W ′ → t b at the LHC will test the model.
Nonlinear Periodic Optimal Control: A Pseudospectral Fourier Approach

Abstract A pseudospectral method for generating optimal trajectories of the class of periodic optimal control problems is proposed. The method consists of representing the solution of the periodic optimal control problem by an mth degree trigonometric interpolating polynomial, using Fourier nodes as grid points, and then discretizing the problem using the trapezoidal rule as the quadrature formula for smoothly differentiable periodic functions. The periodic optimal control problem is thereby transformed into an algebraic nonlinear programming problem. Due to its dynamic nature, the pseudospectral Fourier approach avoids many of the numerical difficulties typically encountered in solving standard periodic optimal control problems. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Efficient computation of aliasing noise in down-sampling filters

The author describes an efficient algorithm for evaluating the frequency response of the aliased noise in FIR (finite impulse response) down-sampling filters. The algorithm uses Parseval's theorem and an index-mapped DFT (discrete Fourier transform) decomposition to obtain the resolution of an MK-point transform using only K transforms of length M, where K is the down-sampling factor and 1/M is the desired frequency resolution in the down-sampled domain. For real symmetric FIR filters the symmetries in the spectrum can be exploited to reduce the computation by another factor of four. The algorithm was used to evaluate the frequency response and expected aliasing noise for a low-pass filter designed to be decimated by 128. >
Secondary Deuterium Isotope Effects with Lanthanide(III)-Silver(I) NMR Shift Reagents

Abstract Secondary deuterium isotope effects have been observed for nitrogen- and oxygen- containing donors in the presence of lanthanide NMR shift reagents1–3. In each case the shifts observed in the NMR spectrum of the partially deuterated compound were larger than those for the non-deuterated analog. It is generally postulated that the greater inductive effect of deuterium compared to hydrogen causes the deuterated analog to compete more effectively for coordination sites on the lanthanide chelate4; however, steric effects cannot be eliminated as a possible explanation for this behavior. Secondary deuterium isotope effects have also been shown to effect the stability of complexes between silver(I) and olefins5. Once again the complex stability imcreases as the degree of deuterium substitution imcrease. Gas chromatographic stationary phases containing Ag(I) have been used to separate deuterated compounds from their less deuterated analogs6–9. In all cases the deuterated compound exhibited a longer reten...
Moisture Patterns in Deepening Maritime Extratropical Cyclones. Part I: Correlation between Precipitation and Intensification

Abstract Coincident satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations and 48-h numerical simulations of 23 intensifying extratropical cyclones located over the North Atlantic or North Pacific Oceans during a single cold season are examined in order to identify systematic differences in the moist processes of storms exhibiting rapid and ordinary intensification rates. Analysis of the observations and simulations focus on the 24-h period of most rapid intensification for each case as determined from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 12-h mean sea level pressure analyses. SSM/I observations of area-averaged precipitation and an index that responds to cold-cloud (convective) precipitation to the northeast of surface cyclone centers were previously shown to correlate well (∼0.80) with the latitude-normalized deepening rate (NDR) of the study sample. This large correlation is replicated by the numerical model, although the area-averaged precipitation region yielding the maximum correlation coeff...
A Model to Predict Benefits of Priority Lanes on Freeways

An interactive computer-based model is described which permits a reasonable assessment of the decrease in the number of vehicle miles driven when one or several lanes of a freeway are devoted to the exclusive use of “carpools”: vehicles carrying at least a specified number of people. The vehicle miles driven are obtained by finding the equilibrium distribution of pool sizes as a function of distance driven, on both regular and priority lanes. A simple but believable economic model incorporating the cost of time and the “utility” of having a vehicle for one's exclusive use is the basis for determining what individuals will do in their self-interest. The economic model is partly verified using existing pooling data without priority lanes. The idea of the priority lane or lanes is, of course, that they move faster than the regular lanes. However, an attractive feature of the priority lane concept is that, in typical cases, traffic flow is actually improved even for those who choose not to pool. Simple runs of the model show that in some cases it can be better for all concerned if two lanes are reserved for carpools rather than one lane, and if vehicles with two occupants are allowed to use the priority lanes rather than requiring three occupants. A 12.5-mi stretch of the Santa Monica Freeway in the Los Angeles area is used as a computational example for the theory. Further refinements to the model are suggested.
American Conservatism and Government Funding of the Social Sciences and the Arts

The efforts of the Reagan Administration to cut government funding for the arts and the social sciences reflects not only a general desire to curtail government spending but also a specific conservative effort to “defund the Left” by eliminating especially those programs regarded by conservatives as the basic source of liberal and radical social change in the United States. This paper examines the conservative animus against government support for the arts and the social sciences. The discussion has four parts: The first traces the history of contemporary American conservatism and identifies its central ideological themes. The second argues that the belief that government and intellectuals are the two main sources of liberal social change has led conservatives to target government programs allegedly guilty of social activism and to develop their own relatively autonomous counterintellectual network. The third examines how this political agenda and institutional structure have influenced conservative opposition to government funding of the social sciences and the arts. The final part suggests some implications our analysis has for defending the social sciences and the arts.