cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gamma-ray measurements for simultaneous calorimetric assay

Gamma-ray measurements obtained in the course of developing a simultaneous calorimetric assay system are described. Gamma-ray measurements of the isotopic composition of six, well-characterized plutonium oxide samples were obtained while the samples were in the calorimeter. These samples represent a range of plutonium masses from 19 to 231 g and two isotopic compositions. The values of effective specific power determined from the gamma-ray measurements agree with the values determined from destructive assay.
Comparison of Four Goal Programming Algorithms

A major limitation in the use of goal programming has been the lack of an efficient algorithm for model solution. Schniederjans and Kwak recently published a proposal for more efficient solution of goal programming models utilizing dual simplex procedures. A goal programming algorithm based upon that method has been coded, as well as a revised, simplex-based algorithm. These algorithms are compared in terms of accuracy and time requirements with algorithms previously presented by Lee and by Arthur and Ravindran. Solution times for a series of 12 goal programming models are presented. The dual simplex method appears to have superior computational times for models with a large proportion of positive deviational variables in the solution. The revised simplex algorithm appears more consistent in time and accuracy for general goal programming models.
A variant of the Hungarian inventory control model

Abstract The ‘Hungarian inventory control model’ was initiated by Prekopa [1965. Reliability equation for an inventory problem and its asymptotic solutions. In: Prekopa, A. (Ed.), Application of the Mathematics to Economics. Publication House of the Hungarian Academy of Science, pp. 317–327] and Ziermann [1964. Application of Smirnov's theorems for an inventory control problem. Publications of the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science Series B 8, 509–518 (in Hungarian)], where the ordered amount is delivered in an interval, rather than at a time epoch according to some stochastic process and consumption takes place in the same interval. The problem is to determine the minimum level of initial safety stock that ensures continuous consumption, without disruption, in the whole time interval with a prescribed high probability. Prekopa [2006. On the Hungarian inventory control model. European Journal of Operational Research 171, 894–914] has formulated a two-stage model with such interval type processes and probabilistic constraints. In this paper we modify the assumptions of those models and formulate simpler, numerically more tractable models. We also present numerical examples.
Endobronchial non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in an AIDS patient

An increase in the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons has been documented in various epidemiological studies (1,2). Widespread disease at the time of diagnosis is considered a characteristic feature of HIV-related lymphomas. This case report describes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient with multiple endobronchial disease secondary to NHL.
The use of Raman spectroscopy to study photodissociation dynamics for systems where curve crossing is important

Abstract We present exact time-dependent quantum mechanical calculations of Raman intensities for a model H3+ system that includes two coupled excited electronic states. The sensitivitiy of the Raman intensities on the magnitude of the coupling between the upper surfaces, and on the orientation of the transition dipoles (taken to be either parallel or antiparallel), is explored.
A comment on linear control problems in the theory of renewable resource exploitation

Abstract Optimal steady state yields from a renewable resource are identified using capital theory and the notion of a most rapid approach path. The optimal stock level determined in this fashion is seen to be identical to that implied by Green's Theorem and Pontryagin's Maximum Principle.
Implementation of Phase Change in Numerical Models of Heat Transfer

This paper investigates some of the numerical problems involved in simulating heat transfer in porous media in the presence of phase change. Applications of this type of simulation include modeling of certain metal forming processes, of biological tissues and organs during cryosurgery or cyropreservation, and of heat transfer in frozen soils subjected to transient environmental conditions. A two-dimensional finite element model was used in which the latent heat is treated directly as an energy source in the problem formulation. Several parameters addressed in this work are crucial to the successful implementation of numerical methods for nonlinear heat transport with phase change, including: the effect of nodal point spacing on the occurrence and magnitude of numerical oscillations in the temperature solution and the use of grid point spacing to control these oscillations; the limiting element size which should be used in order to insure stable temperature fields; and the effect which the range of temperatures over which latent heat is liberated has on the solution. The results indicate that numerical stability is achieved for combinations of the foregoing parameters which yield small values of the Stefan number.
Identification and distribution of ononitol in nodules of pisum sativum and glycine max

Abstract Ononitol (4- O -methyl- myo -inositol) was identified as a major carbohydrate in Pisum sativum nodules, comprising 25–34% of the total mono- plus disaccharides in nodules formed by two Rhizobium leguminosarum strains. Ononitol was purified from Glycine max nodules and was found to be a minor carbohydrate in these nodules. The distribution of ononitol in bacteroids and cytosol from soybean nodules suggests that it is not synthesized by bacteroids.
Thiolysis of S-dinitrophenylated creatine kinase with restoration of enzymatic activity.

Abstract Creatine kinase has been shown to be stoichiometrically inhibited by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene which reacts with the reactive sulfhydryl group on each polypeptide chain of the enzyme. Enzymatic activity is restored by thiolysis of S-dinitrophenylated creatine kinase with a 12-fold molar excess of 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 9 and 30°C. The S-dinitrophenylated creatine kinase is stable for two hours at pH 7 and 30°C as measured by the ability of 2-mercaptoethanol to restore enzymatic activity but after one hour at pH 9 and 30°C only 50% of the enzymatic activity can be restored.
Two-Minute Walk Test Performance by Adults 18 to 85 Years: Normative Values, Reliability, and Responsiveness

Abstract Objectives To provide (1) normative reference values for the 2-minute walk test (2MWT), (2) reference equations for the 2MWT, and (3) information on the reliability and responsiveness of the 2MWT across the adult lifespan. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting General community settings. Participants A population-based sample of adult participants (N=1137) contributed data to this study, which was part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function Norming Project. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure 2MWT. Results Overall, the distance participants walked ranged from 64.6 to 300.8m (mean, 180.9m). Men walked farther than did women (189.4m vs 176.0m; t =6.8; df =1,135; P r =−.41), height ( r =.29), weight ( r =−.16), and body mass index ( r =−.32). Age and body mass index were used in the linear regression modeling to predict the 2MWT distance ( R 2 =.55–.56). Test-retest reliability of the 2MWT as characterized by the intraclass correlation coefficient was .82 (95% confidence interval, .76–.87). Based on a standard error of measurement of 15.3m, the minimum detectable change for the 2MWT was 42.5m. Conclusions The study presents norms of the 2MWT established by the NIH Toolbox. The norms can be used to determine the presence of limitations in walking endurance across the lifespan.
The long-term prognosis of tension-type headache.

Tension-type headache (TTH) is a very common problem that usually causes only minimal to moderate discomfort and little disability. If episodic TTH evolves to chronic TTH, then the morbidity in terms of discomfort, disability, and use of medication escalates dramatically. There are no longterm studies, but inferences can be made from population surveys. These suggest that episodic TTH occurs in 15% to 75% of the population, but 30% to 40% is the most common estimate. There is a modest increase in prevalence between the ages of 30 and 50 years and a decrease to 25% to 35% prevalence after the age of 60 years. TTH appears to remain a problem for most sufferers throughout their lives.
Two Decades Of Medical Image Processing

Medical applications have vigorously stimulated image processing. Subjects range from sub-cellular entities to whole organs. End goals include enhanced objectivity, repeatability, throughput, and vali-dity.
The Mariemont Earthwork: A Fort Ancient Serpentine Hydraulic Structure:

Mariemont is a hilltop Fort Ancient serpentine-shaped earthwork located in Hamilton County, Ohio. High-resolution magnetic susceptibility analysis, ground-truthed with radiocarbon dating, demonstra...
Studies on CO bonding to Rh clusters using an intermediate neglect of differential overlap theory to model heterogeneous catalytic reactions

The interaction of CO with rhodium clusters of different sizes is studied by means of Intermediate Neglect of Differential Orbital (INDO) calculations. Interactions of both σ and π type are well-known to contribute to the metal CO bond formation. The relative importance of the repulsive Rh5σCO interaction with the metal and the back-bonding to the π* CO empty orbital in the stabilization of the bond is analyzed as a function of the cluster size and the coordination geometry. It is found that the shift of charge in the larger metal clusters brings about a reduction of the Rh5σ CO repulsion, and this redistribution is important to change the optimal CO bonding geometry from bridge to on top. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO).

Purpose Mindfulness has emerged as an important health concept based on evidence that mindfulness interventions reduce symptoms and improve health-related quality of life. The objectives of this study were to systematically assess and compare the properties of instruments to measure self-reported mindfulness.
Dystrophin colocalizes with beta-spectrin in distinct subsarcolemmal domains in mammalian skeletal muscle

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the absence or drastic decrease of the structural protein, dystrophin, and is characterized by sarcolemmal lesions in skeletal muscle due to the stress of contraction. Dystrophin has been localized to the sarcolemma, but its organization there is not known. We report immunofluorescence studies which show that dystrophin is concentrated, along with the major muscle isoform of beta-spectrin, in three distinct domains at the sarcolemma: in elements overlying both I bands and M lines, and in occasional strands running along the longitudinal axis of the myofiber. Vinculin, which has previously been found at the sarcolemma overlying the I bands and in longitudinal strands, was present in the same three structures as spectrin and dystrophin. Controls demonstrated that the labeling was intracellular. Comparison to labeling of the lipid bilayer and of the extracellular matrix showed that the labeling for spectrin and dystrophin is associated with the intact sarcolemma and is not a result of processing artifacts. Dystrophin is not required for this lattice-like organization, as similar domains containing spectrin but not dystrophin are present in muscle from the mdx mouse and from humans with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. We discuss the possibility that dystrophin and spectrin, along with vinculin, may function to link the contractile apparatus to the sarcolemma of normal skeletal muscle.
The Ethical Hazards and Programmatic Challenges of Genomic Newborn Screening

DVANCES IN NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING TECHnologies have the potential to spur better integration of genetic testing into patient care. Appropriateutilizationofthesetechnologieswillrequire the capacity to manage, interpret, and communicate large amountsofpersonalgeneticinformation. 1 Becausetheclinicalinfrastructurenecessarytosupporttheseactivitiesiscurrently limited, 2 it is likely that the earliest applications of whole-genome sequencing will be restricted to settings in which genetic testing is already a routine part of clinical or publichealthpractice,suchasstatenewbornscreening(NBS) programs. Theuseofnext-generationsequencingwillenablethedetection of a larger number of deleterious genetic variants, thereby expanding the number of pediatric disorders evaluatedwithoutsubstantiallyincreasingthecostsofNBS. 3 These important public health goals may encourage early adoptionofwhole-exomeandwhole-genomesequencingbystate NBS programs. However, if implemented by state programs, new sequencing technologies may have a number of undesirable effects that threaten the moral foundation and coremissionofonethenation’smostsuccessfulpublichealth initiatives. For nearly half a century, state NBS programs have tested millions of children annually to identify medical conditions that, if untreated, result in severe physical, mental, or developmentalharms.Thechildwelfareconsiderationsthat support these public health initiatives are compelling and have prompted most states to require NBS for all children, often with significant limitations on parents’ ability to request an exemption. The moral justification for compulsory NBS screening derives from the state’s interest in protecting its most vulnerable citizens from preventable harm. Although the diseases evaluated by these programs are exceptionally rare, the opportunity to intervene and dramatically alter a child’s life course and expectancy has been regarded as sufficient to preempt any claims of parental autonomy.
Understanding and Reducing Collective Violence

Collective violence (including terrorism, gang warfare, war and genocide) is a critical concern worldwide. This paper explores the scientific roots of acts of collective violence to the extent they can currently by identified, and elaborates strategies that may have power for preventing and effectively responding to such acts, focusing particularly but not exclusively on so-called terrorist acts. The approach applied here is rooted in the contemporary science of behavior analysis and its emerging subdiscipline, the scientific analysis of cultural practices. Contemporary behavior analytic science indicates that critical links in the interlocking behavioral and cultural chains that shape and maintain violent acts and reactions to them are often overlooked or misunderstood. As a result, decision-makers are led to believe that they have available only an artificially small set of apparent options. The analysis suggests that those strategies that appear most likely to be effective are often unrecognized and underemphasized, and that certain of the most commonly relied upon strategies are likely to produce weak effects, prove counterproductive, or be accompanied by very costly sideeffects. Following these analyses, the paper sketches a program of research for deepening current knowledge and identifying, testing, and refining interventive strategies that in the aggregate might produce meaningful (and possibly dramatic) decreases in collective violence over the next several decades, reversing current international trends.
On the Optimality of Greedy Garbage Collection for SSDs

Solid state drives have been widely applied in modern computer systems. The lifetime of the SSD depends heavily on the efficiency of the implementation of the garbage collection (GC) algorithm that reclaims previously used pages. In this paper, we present the first detailed proof that the greedy GC algorithm has the optimal performance (minimized write amplification) for memoryless workloads.
Uptake and metabolism of Δ1-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid by synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex

Abstract Δ1-Piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (P2C), an intermediate of the l -lysine metabolic pathway in the brain, was studied for its uptake metabolism in the synaptosome of the rat cerebral cortex. The results of this study showed that the uptake of P2C into the synaptosome was NA+-and temperature-dependent with a two-tier transport kinetic (Km = 2.6 and 0.7 μM; Vmax = 1.6 and 0.73 pmol/min/mg). P2C uptake was only moderately inhibited (≈20%) by l -lysine and its metabolites, l -α-aminoadipic acid at up to 100 μM, and the putative amino acid neurotransmitters, γ-aminobutyric acid, l -glutamic acid and l -spartic acid (25–31%) at 5–500 μM. The synaptosomal preparation only has a very low activity for metabolizing P2C to its product l -pipecolic acid. The metabolic activity for P2C was mainly contained in the 27 000 × g supernatant S2 fraction. Since P2C is the precursor of the putative neuromodulator l -pipecolic acid, the understanding of its uptake and metabolic characteristics in the brain should be of significance.
Solution to the user equilibrium dynamic traffic routing problem using feedback linearization

In this paper, the Dynamic Traffic Routing problem is defined as the real-time point diversion of traffic during non-recurrent congestion. This dynamic traffic routing problem is then formulated as a feedback control problem that determines the time-dependent split parameters at the diversion point for routing the incoming traffic flow onto the alternate routes in order to achieve a user-equilibrium traffic pattern. Feedback linearization technique is used to solve this specific user-equilibrium formulation of the Dynamic Traffic Routing problem. The control input is the traffic split factor at the diversion point. By transforming the dynamics of the system into canonical form, a control law is obtained which cancels the nonlinearities of the system. Simulation results show that the performance of this controller on a test network is quite promising.
Placebo-controlled comparison of a morphine/dextromethorphan combination with morphine on experimental pain and hyperalgesia in healthy volunteers.

Abstract In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study we compared the analgesic effect of a single oral dose of 30-mg dextromethorphan and 30-mg morphine combination (MS/DM) to 30 mg morphine (MS) alone and either placebo or 30 mg dextromethorphan (DM) on cutaneous sensitization induced by heat/capsaicin (topical) sensitization on the forearm and the brief thermal sensitization model on the thigh in 22 healthy volunteers. Outcome measures were areas of secondary hyperalgesia to brush and von Frey hair stimulation in both sensitization models and the painfulness of acute thermal noxious stimulation on the upper arm. Compared with placebo, both MS/DM and morphine had some effect on the secondary hyperalgesia and reduced the painfulness of a noxious thermal stimulus. The analgesic effect of MS/DM was not superior to that of morphine on any outcome measure. These results differ from preclinical studies with animal experimental pain models in which DM markedly potentiated the analgesic effects of opioids, but they are in accordance with recent clinical trials for chronic pain. Perspective Adding dextromethorphan to morphine (1:1 ratio) did not enhance analgesia on measures of experimental cutaneous sensitization and acute noxious thermal stimulation in healthy volunteers. The results differ from preclinical studies but agree with clinical trials. Human experimental models of pain and neuronal sensitization, which are responsive to oral opioids, allow efficient study of opioid combination analgesics and simplify the process for determining the optimal dose and/or dose ratio.
On the stability of linear continuous systems

Es werden einige spezielle Probleme betrachtet, um die Bedeutung der konventionellen statischen und kinetischen Verfahren zur Stabilitatsbestimmung von Gleichgewichtszustanden kontinuierlicher mechanischer Systeme zu untersuchen. Die behandelten Systeme sind: Die elastische (homogene oder inhomogene) Saite, der elastische Balken unter Zug, das zwei- und dreidimensionale, der ublichen und einer verallgemeinerten Wellengleichung gehorchende Kontinuum und ein elastischer Korper unter endlicher Deformation. Es stellt sich in allen Fallen heraus, dass dann, wenn die ublichen Stabilitatsverfahren Stabilitat voraussagen, die durch Storkrafte hervorgerufene Bewegung klein bleibt, vorausgesetzt, dass gewisse zeitliche Ableitungen der Storkrafte hinreichend beschrankt sind.
Successful in vitro and in vivo development of in vitro fertilized two- to four-cell cat embryos following cryopreservation, culture and transfer.

Abstract In vitro and in vivo survival of in vitro-derived 2- to 4-cell cat embryos following cryopreservation was examined. Prefreeze 1- vs 2-step cryoprotectant exposure (Experiment 1) and warming method (Experiment 2) on zona pellucida damage and development in vitro were compared. To determine viability in vivo, frozen/thawed embryos were cultured in vitro to the morula/early blastocyst stage and transferred to synchronous recipients (Experiment 3). At 24 to 26 h after IVF, embryos were cryopreserved in 1.4 M propanediol (Pr) + 0.125 M sucrose (Su) by cooling at 0.3°C/min from −6°C to −30°C and storing in liquid nitrogen. Autologous embryos were cultured in vitro for 7 d. After warming for 5 sec in air and 10 sec at 37°C in water (Experiments 1 to 3), or at room temperature air (22°C; Experiment 2), the cryoprotectant was removed and embryos were cultured in vitro for 6 d (Experiments 1 and 2). Development was assessed after staining by counting cell numbers/embryo and determining the percentages at the 2- to 4-cell (nonsurvivor), pre (5 to 15), early (16 to 32), mid (33 to 50), late (>50) morula or blastocyst stages. Post-thaw development to late morula/blastocyst after 1-step exposure (68%, 15 min Pr + Su) was higher (P
Role of action potential shortening in the prevention of arrhythmias in canine cardiac tissue.

SUMMARY 1. The effects of the K+ channel opener diazoxide and the oxime-containing Ca2+ and K+ channel blocker salicylaldoxime were tested in canine cardiac Purkinje tissue. 2. Both drugs shortened action potential duration (APD). For salicylaldoxime (0.1–1.0 mmol/L), the reductions in APD were statistically significant at the 25% level of repolarization (APD25) for 0.1 mmol/L (P < 0.05, n = 14) and 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6), at the 50% level of repolarization (APD50) for 0.1 mmol/L (P < 0.05, n = 14) and 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6) and at the 90% level of repolarization (APD90) for 0.5 and 1.0 mmol/L (P < 0.01, n = 6). In contrast, diazoxide (0.05–0.1 mmol/L) significantly shortened APD at all levels of repolarizations, with the APD50 and APD90 reduced most significantly (P < 0.01, n = 6) for higher concentrations of the drug (0.07–0.1 mmol/L). Both drugs significantly reduced the force of contraction. 3. Diazoxide (10 experiments) was more potent in suppressing strophanthidin-induced arrhythmias than salicylaldoxime (three of seven experiments). Salicylaldoxime reduced APD even further in the presence of diazoxide. 4. Although salicylaldoxime and diazoxide modulate different ion channels, it appears APD shortening may be a necessary, but insufficient, factor for the suppression of strophanthidin-induced arrhythmias.
Plasma fucose and sialic acid concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests in normal and diabetic (mellitus) humans

1. 1. The plasma fucose and sialic acid concentrations were determined during oral glucose tolerance tests in normal humans and in hospitalized patients with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. 2. 2. Measurement of the plasma fucose concentration by means of a specific thin layer chromatography—isotope dilution method and the method of Dische and Shettles demonstrates that no rise in fucose levels occurs in human subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance during an oral glucose tolerance test. 3. 3. The plasma sialic acid concentration does not change in either normal or diabetic (mellitus) individuals during an oral glucose tolerance test. 4. 4. The apparent rise in plasma fucose concentration during oral glucose tolerance tests in patients with impaired glucose tolerance which was reported by Shaw, Kryston and Mills is not due to a rise in true plasma fucose concentration.
An investigation of molecular templating in amorphous silicas by cross-polarization NMR spectroscopy

The precise pore sizes defined by crystalline zeolite lattices have led to intensive research on zeolite membranes. Unfortunately, zeolites have been extremely difficult to prepare in a defect-free...
Review of the Dual-Clock Control of Tidal Rhythms and the Hypothesis that the Same Clock Governs Both Circatidal and Circadian Rhythms

Discoveries first published in 1986 did not fit the de rigueur working hypothesis that the clocks governing tide-associated rhythms had a fundamental period of 12.4 h, a value equal to the average interval between successive tides on most coastlines of the world. To explain the results a dual-clock schema was fashioned that envisioned two clocks, strongly coupled together 180° antiphase, each running at a basic rate of 24.8 h (the interval of a lunar day), as the driving agents of tide-associated rhythms (details are given in the text). This elaboration has been named the circalunidian-clock hypothesis, a hypocorism used in some armchair ruminations back in 1973. In the decade since 1986, a goodly amount of evidence has been garnered that is consistent with this hypothesis—suggesting that first-call divination appears to have been visionary. Acceptance of this hypothesis leads to further cerebration that a 24.8-h clock, its circa periods in constant conditions, and other properties—which fully overlap wit...
Relay selection for flexible multihop communication via competitive spectrum leasing

Communication gains from relaying can be acquired even in the absence of altruistic or dedicated relays. To accommodate this, spectrum leasing for cooperation paradigm prescribes that the potential relaying node is rewarded for its relaying role with a fraction of source's bandwidth. Recently, a two-hop spectrum leasing scheme was proposed that enables the source to employ the relay only to an extent it finds beneficial, preserving the remaining bandwidth for its direct transmission, if necessary. Such a solution adds flexibility that can be particularly useful for implementation in networks involving more than two hops. In this paper, we extend this setup to include the relay selection problem in a two-hop network scenario with multiple potential relays. Since the potential relays are selfish nodes, their competitive attitude for accessing the spectrum needs to be taken into account. In addition to Stackelberg game framework used in the original setting with one relay, auction theory is applied to model the relay selection process. Analysis and numerical results are provided, demonstrating that the source-destination pair can achieve significant benefits emanating from the competitive nature of the relays.
The effect of potassium infusion on proximal sodium reabsorption and renin release in the dog

The effect of potassium infusion on proximal sodium reabsorption and renin release in the dog. The effect of infusions of potassium chloride (KC1) on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule and renal renin release was measured in 18 dogs. Following renal arterial infusions of 8 or 16 µEq/min/kg potassium chloride, fractional and absolute sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule, measured by micropuncture techniques, was not significantly altered. As compared to five control dogs, urinary sodium excretion was significantly increased following both infusions of KC1. The release of renin was significantly decreased following both rates of potassium infusion. The inhibition of renin release was not associated with consistent changes in either glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow. The data indicate that the inhibition of renin release following the infusion of potassium is probably not the result of a marked increase in sodium delivery from the proximal tubule.
Influence of divalent metal activator on the specificity of misincorporation during DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli.

Abstract To test whether the identity of divalent metal activator affects the specifity of misincorporation during polymerization catalyzed by E. coli DNA polymerase I, we carried out the following procedure. A series of oligonucleotide primers, annealed at different positions along the lacZ region of bacteriophage M13mp9 DNA, were elongated in the presence of 3 of the 4 deoxynucleoside 5′-triphosphates (dNTPs)_until one or a few misincorporations occured in each elongated primer. The elongated primers (containing deoxynucleotide residues that had been misincorporated in the presence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+) were then isolated and sequenced by the “dideoxy” chain termination method to determine the identity of deoxynucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs) that had been misincorporated at different template positions during the original ‘minus’ reactions, activated by Mg2+ or Mn2+. The results obtained by this approach revealed that both the type of misincorporation and the effect of substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ depended on the nucleotide sequence of the template. At 40% of the template positions at which misincorporation was compared with both metal ions (8 out of 20), the identity of mispairs differed significantly for synthesis activated by Mn2+ versus Mg2+. Of these 8 sites, 4 exhibited increased transversions in the presence of Mn2+, while 4 exhibited decreased transversions with Mn2+.
Polybenzimidazole nanofiber produced by electrospinning

Nanofibers of aromatic heterocyclic PBI (poly(2,2′(m-phenylene)-5,5′ bibenzimidazole)) polymer were made by an electrospinning process. The diameter of the fibers was around 300 nanometers. A liquid jet of a polymer solution, formed when electrical force overcame surface tension, stretched and dried as the solvent evaporated. The resulting electrically charged nanofibers were attracted to and collected on a rotating cylinder covered with aluminum foil that was electrically grounded. The fibers were collected in non-woven sheets about 20 centimeters wide and 100 centimeters long, with a compressed thickness of a few tens of microns. The mass per unit area of the nonwoven sheets was 15 to 50 g/m2. The nonwoven fabric of PBI nanofibers was treated with sulfuric acid, and then washed, dried and heated to improve its strength. Optical microscopy showed that electrospun PBI nanofibers fibers were birefringent. Other morphological features of these fibers were observed with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Summer Habitat Use by Lake Sturgeon in Manistee Lake, Michigan

Abstract The Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens is targeted for rehabilitation across its range, but little is known about habitat use by Lake Sturgeon during periods other than the spawning period. Insight into habitat use during nonspawning periods for these long-lived fish is crucial to our understanding of this species and its recovery. Our goal was to characterize summer habitat use by Lake Sturgeon in Manistee Lake, Michigan, a drowned river mouth complex. Fish were tagged and relocated in the lake by using telemetry in 2003–2005. The lake was divided into 18 sampling sections, and abiotic and biotic variables with potential influences on habitat use were quantified in each section during May–July in 2003 and 2004. Lake Sturgeon were found in the lake during May–July and primarily occupied habitats near the wetland complex and shipping channel in the northern portion of the lake. Water depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen level, Secchi depth, and densities of chironomid larvae, dreissenid mussels, b...
Accelerated sequential procedure for selecting the best exponential population

Abstract From k (⩾2) independent two-parameter exponential populations, we wishto select the one associated with the largest location parameter, assuming that the common scale parameter is unknown. We adopt the ‘indifference zone’ approach of Bechhofer (1954) and propose an accelerated version of Mukhopadhyay's (1986) purely sequential selection procedure, that is we start sampling sequentially and then terminate the process ‘early’ augmented by batch sampling. Asymptotic second order expansions for the probability of correct selection and other characteristics of this modified rule are provided for arbitrary k . We also discuss small and moderate sample comparisons of performances of our new procedure with those of the existing purely sequential and three-stage selection procedures (Mukhopadhyay (1986, 1987)). It is observed that the accelerated version can save considerable amount of sampling operation, and yet it can be very competitive with the existing purely sequential procedure and at the same time it can outperform the three-stage procedure. This seems very clear when one looks at the achieved probability of correct selection and the average sample size values given in Tables 1–5.
Laminar pseudoplastic flow heat transfer with prescribed wall heat flux

Abstract Numerical solutions are developed for the wall temperature profile, for laminar flow of a power-law pseudoplastic fluid in a circular tube. Although the numerical procedure developed is applicable for any prescribed wall heat flux condition, the wall boundary condition chosen here is one of uniformly constant wall heat flux. The computed results are compared with data obtained from a horizontal recirculating flow experimental equipment.
Elasticity of TiO 2 rutile to 1800 K

The ambient pressure elastic properties of single-crystal TiO2 rutile are reported from room temperature (RT) to 1800 K, extending by more than 1200 oK the maximum temperature for which rutile elasticity data are available. The magnitudes of the temperature derivatives decrease with increasing temperature for five of the six adiabatic elastic moduli (C ij ). At RT, we find (units, GPa): C 11=268(1); C 33=484(2); C 44=123.8(2); C 66=190.2(5); C 23=147(1); and C 12=175(1). The temperature derivatives (units, GPa K−1) at RT are: (∂C 11/∂T) P =−0.042(5); (∂C 33/∂T) P =−0.087(6); (∂C 44/∂T) P =−0.0187(2); (∂C 66/∂T) P =−0.067(2); (∂C 23/∂T) P =−0.025; and (∂C 12/∂T) P −0.048(5). The values for K S (adiabatic bulk modulus) and μ (isotropic shear modulus) and their temperature derivatives are K S =212(1) GPa; μ=113(1) GPa; (∂K S /∂T) P =−0.040(4) GPa K−1; and (∂μ/∂T) P =−0.018(1) GPa K−1. We calculate several dimensionless parameters over a large temperature range using our new data. The unusually high values for the Anderson-Groneisen parameters at room temperature decrease with increasing temperature. At high T, however, these parameters are still well above those for most other oxides. We also find that for TiO2, anharmonicity, as evidenced by a non-zero value of [∂ln (K T )/∂lnV] T , is insignificant at high T, implying that for the TiO2 analogue of stishovite, thermal pressure is independent of volume (or pressure). Systematic relations indicate that ∂2 K S /∂T∂P is as high as 7×10−4 K−1 for rutile, whereas ∂2μ/∂T∂P is an order of magnitude less.
The Effects of Play Training on the Story Comprehension of Upper Primary Children

Abstract Studies of play training have concluded that the beneficial effects of training diminish with increasing age. The present study (a re-analysis of selected data from a previous study) examined the effects of such training on a subset of older primary children who were identified as poor comprehenders. Results indicate that play training is effective for this subgroup of older children in facilitating story comprehension. Discussion suggests that in previous studies average and above average subjects may have masked the beneficial effects of play for the least able. Future research is described to more closely examine the relationship of play with age and ability.
Selective regulation by pertussis toxin of insulin-induced activation of particulate cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Abstract Incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin or isoproterenol for 10 min increased particulate “low K m ” cAMP phosphodiesterase activity by 42% and 50%, respectively. Pertussis toxin catalyzed the [ 32 P]-ADP ribosylation of a 41,000 dalton protein in adipocyte particulate fractions; prior incubation of adipocytes with toxin markedly reduced incorporation of radiolabel. Exposure of adipocytes to pertussis toxin (0.3 μg, 18 hr) increased glycerol production and inhibited activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase by insulin, but not by isoproterenol. These results suggest that pertussis toxin can interfere with receptor-mediated processes that stimulate cAMP hydrolysis as well as those that inhibit cAMP formation.
Influence of calmodulin and ATP on DDT inhibition of Na/Ca exchange in the axolemma-rich nerve preparation from the American lobster

Abstract The effects of DDT on the Na/Ca exchange system were studied by using an axolemma-rich nerve membrane preparation from walking legs of Homerus americanus, the American lobster. The Na/Ca exchange system was measured by using two criteria: Na+ stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake by the membrane vesicles and Na+Ca2+ protein kinase-phosphatase (formally called Ca-ATPase) as measured by the production of 32P-labeled inorganic phosphate from [γ-32P]ATP in the presence of Na+ and Ca2+. Activities of both systems were stimulated by the addition of exogenous calmodulin. DDT's inhibitory actions on both systems were reduced when an excess of calmodulin was added. Also addition of large amounts of ATP (or γ-thio-ATP) to the former system had an effect to reduce levels of DDT inhibition. DDT appears to act on the protein kinase proper as well as calmodulin itself in this system in a reversible manner.
Jaundice and hepatocellular damage associated with nevirapine therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Nevirapine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor that is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapeutic combinations. Nevirapine has been associated with a skin rash in 32 to 48% of patients. Recent reports indicate that hepatic toxicity also occurs. METHODS: We describe four instances of reversible hepatocellular damage associated with the use of nevirapine in patients with HIV infection. Two of the four patients were also coinfected with the hepatitis C virus. RESULTS: Evidence of malaise, skin rash, and icteric hepatitis with pruritus occurred 4–6 wk after the beginning of nevirapine therapy. No evidence of metabolic acidosis was present in any of our patients. In all cases, liver test results declined to normal or near normal levels, and pruritus disappeared 4–6 wk after discontinuation of the medication. No patient was rechallenged with the drug. CONCLUSION: Nevirapine can be associated with icteric hepatitis, which appears to be reversible after withdrawal of the drug.
Enzymatic production of panose from maltose by glucosyltransferase from Aspergillus foetidus

Panose is a glucosyl-oligosaccharide that has been demonstrated to promote the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in the gut (Kitahata, 1989). It can also be used as an anti-cariogenic sweetener, because it prevents the production of waterinsoluble glucans by Streptococcus mutans and is not metabolized by many oral bacteria (Kuriki et al. 1992; Ooshima et al. 1988). Panose can be produced from maltose by the action of an intracellular glucosyltransferase from an Aureobasidium species (Hayashi et al. 1994). The objective of the present investigation was to determine the efficacy of an extracellular glucosyltransferase from a number of Aspergillus species as a biocatalyst for enzymatic production of panose from maltose.
Verbal learning strategy following mild traumatic brain injury.

That learning and memory deficits persist many years following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is controversial due to inconsistent objective evidence supporting subjective complaints. Our prior work demonstrated significant reductions in performance on the initial trial of a verbal learning task and overall slower rate of learning in well-motivated mTBI participants relative to demographically matched controls. In our previous work, we speculated that differences in strategy use could explain the differences in rate of learning. The current study serves to test this hypothesis by examining strategy use on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition. Our present findings support the primary hypothesis that mTBI participants under-utilize semantic clustering strategies during list-learning relative to control participants. Despite achieving comparable total learning scores, we posit that the persisting learning and memory difficulties reported by some mTBI patients may be related to reduced usage of efficient internally driven strategies that facilitate learning. Given that strategy training has demonstrated improvements in learning and memory in educational and occupational settings, we offer that these findings have translational value in offering an additional approach in remediation of learning and memory complaints reported by some following mTBI. (JINS, 2011, 17, 709–719)
Movement and persistence of aldicarb in certain soils

When the rate of movement and the persistence of aldicarb in 4 types of soils were investigated in laboratory and field studies some leaching was detected in coarse sand; however, leaching was quite limited in clay loam and muck soils. These data indicated that aldicarb degraded quite rapidly in the selected soils and most of the applied radioactivity volatilized from these soil columns as14CO2. The evolution of14CO2 from the treated soil suggested severe degradation of the aldicarb molecule and consequently provided indirect evidence against the accumulation of significant quantities of toxic metabolites in the soil types evaluated. Under field conditions this toxicant appeared to have a half-life of about 7 days in loam soil.
Cell death in the third millennium.

Although one can delineate some trends in current thinking, we should reflect on the ability of working scientists to predict the future. It is poor.* Therefore, though trends now seem to be identifiable with relative clarity, we recognize that fields change rapidly, and we acknowledge that the topic discussed here represents a certain level of hubris. Nevertheless, the last 10 years have seen some remarkable changes. From an original description of apoptosis as inherently a phenomenon of morphology, we have moved to a much more comprehensive understanding of the molecular origins of that morphology, including at least partial understanding of the roles of proteases and nucleases in creating the hallmarks of apoptosis. Many of these advances derive from the cloning and identification of Caenorhabditis genes, which opened the entire horizon of proteases, and led directly to identification of the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. ± 10 Similarly, identification of proand anti-apoptosis mechanisms in human cells (fas and p53; bcl2) and in bacteria and viruses (p35, crmA) has allowed us to glimpse intracellular signaling. For a few specific situations, we can now trace a complete sequence controlling the survival of a cell. ± 23 Nevertheless, the clarity of these sequences is a bit meretricious. The inherent elegance and simplicity of these concepts (albeit not of the sequences ± the simplicity is in the linearity of the scheme) belie at least two orders of complication. The first of these is that, in real life as opposed to a very controlled laboratory setting, signaling and transduction are often not linear but are dependent on very specific aspects of cell history and current state. The phase in which researchers expected a linear sequence of events, for instance from signal to transduction to gene activation to caspase activation, is over: The role of a given protein may be entirely contextual. Secondly, as the linear sequences are more precisely defined, it has become apparent that there are many variants to both the broad schemes and the more subtle details. Both of these limitations suggest that it is now time to bring the molecular biology to bear on the somewhat messier situations of apoptosis in vivo and in the situations of sedentary, large, highly differentiated post-mitotic cells, which rarely follow a conventional sequence of apoptosis. We need to accept the idea that the model of apoptosis based on cells of hematopoietic origin is an extremely important paradigm, but it is not universal.
Inlet/Compressor System Response to Short-Duration Acoustic Disturbances

Recent studies have shown that computations of unsteady high-speed inlet flows produce results that strongly depend on the compressor-face boundary condition. Traditionally applied boundary conditions have no experimentalverification, which leads to uncertainty and significant risks in development programs. Experimental information is offered that can serve as a basis for constructing realistic boundary conditions. Short-duration transients were investigated in a constant-area circular inlet attached to an operating high-speed, single-stage, axial flow compressor. The transients were initiated by the generation of short-duration acoustic pulses within the inlet, using an exploding wire method. Pulse duration was typically 2 ms, with a peak amplitude of 3% of the mean inlet static pressure measured at the compressor face. Fast-response wall-mounted pressure transducers were used to detect the incident, reflected, and transmitted pulses. Data were obtained for axial compressor-face Mach numbers from 0.15 to 0.45. Frequency-domain analysis was used to extract dimensionless transfer functions that may be viewed as frequency-resolved reflection and transmission coefficients. The information is appropriate for the characterization of the compressor face for computational purposes. None of the customary boundary conditions predict the data obtained in this study, highlighting the need to revise conventional methods of imposing outflow boundary conditions.
CXCR3 expression defines a novel subset of innate CD8+ T cells that enhance immunity against bacterial infection and cancer upon stimulation with IL-15

Innate CD8(+) T cells are a heterogeneous population with developmental pathways distinct from conventional CD8(+) T cells. However, their biology, classification, and functions remain incompletely understood. We recently demonstrated the existence of a novel population of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-positive innate CD8(+) T cells. Here, we investigated the functional properties of this subset and identified effector molecules and pathways which mediate their function. Adoptive transfer of IL-15 activated CXCR3(+) innate CD8(+) T cells conferred increased protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection in susceptible IFN-γ(-/-) mice compared with similarly activated CXCR3(-) subset. This was associated with enhanced proliferation and IFN-γ production in CXCR3(+) cells. Further, CXCR3(+) innate cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity against a tumor cell line in vitro. In depth analysis of the CXCR3(+) subset showed increased gene expression of Ccl5, Klrc1, CtsW, GP49a, IL-2Rβ, Atp5e, and Ly6c but reduced IFN-γR2 and Art2b. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed an up-regulation of genes associated with T-cell activation, proliferation, cytotoxicity, and translational initiation in CXCR3(+) populations. Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 expression in innate CD8(+) T cells defines a subset with enhanced cytotoxic potential and protective antibacterial immune functions. Immunotherapeutic approaches against infectious disease and cancer could utilize CXCR3(+) innate CD8(+) T-cell populations as novel clinical intervention strategies.