cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An nH-Prolog Implementation

A pilot implementation of near-Horn Prolog (nH-Prolog) has been in use at Duke University since this pas t summer (1987). Based on the system outlined in Loveland [1], the system is wri t ten in Quintus Prolog and runs on a VAX 8650. Its speed results from the procedural reading given to clause sets in our opinion, a straightforward extension of Prolog's. Because it makes essentially no use of the underlying Prolog system's a s s e r t and r e t r a c t (other than when consulting user programs) the interpreter itself enjoys significant speedup from compilation. The nH-Prolog paradigm was developed to execute logic programs (clause sets) containing non-definite clauses. A non-definite program clause has multiple heads or zero heads (i.e. a disjunction of negative literals). Negation is t reated classically. Even though the nH-Prolog paradigm is based on a complete p roof procedure, the system is tuned to be most effective when the number of negations plus the number of addit ional heads is small. We do not view this system as a general theorem prover, and it is clear tha t on logic puzzles, for example, several theorem proving designs are more effective. We have emphasized the programming language aspect, including a Prolog-like trace facility and built-in predicates for I /O, ari thmetic, etc. It is our intention to extend the system to include cut, a s s e r t , r e t r a c t , negation-as-failure and, optionally, true unification (with occurs check). We can best describe the implementation by its differences from s tandard Prolog. An nH-Prolog computat ion is a type of analysis-by-cases, comprising a sequence of blocks, each of which is in essence a conventional Prolog derivation. The user's query is the first goal of the initial block. Restart blocks are initialized using ancestor goals, introduced below, which may include variants of the user's query. Within a block, nH-Prolog uses an nil_solve predicate, similar to the s o l v e predicate in typical Prolog meta-interpreters. Given a goal, ni l_solve first a t tempts unification with a single fact (the block's active heaa~. If that cancellation step fails, it calls a program clause. A multiple head clause is called by unifying the current goal with any one head; the other heads are deferred, i.e. become inactive until a later block. Calling a clause adds the calling goal to the ancestor list and retains a copy of the ancestor list with each deferred head. The leftmost deferred head from the previous block
Specialized Domestic Violence Courts: Are They Worth the Trouble in Massachusetts?

In the 21st century, men and women have soared to new levels of equality in academics, careers, and even sports; but to this day, women of all ages, classes, and professions continue to be victims of domestic violence. Some conservative surveys estimate that one million women are battered by an intimate partner annually, while other surveys report that the number assaulted each year is as high as four million. These startling numbers have led to a “sea change in the criminal justice response” to domestic violence, especially in the 1990s. This includes the enactment of the Violence Against Women Act (“VAWA”) in 1994, which led to the infusion of large sums of money into the nation’s court systems, law enforcement, and communities “to improve access to justice and services for domestic violence victims and to increase batterer and system accountability.” These efforts included the development of specialized judicial processes for domestic violence. In Massachusetts, only one specialized domestic violence court was established in 2000 in Dorchester. The Quincy District Court also has a model program that integrates the police, prosecution, and court response to domestic violence. But outside Dorchester and Quincy, all cases in Massachusetts must go through the broader probate and family court system, which has jurisdiction over all family matters. Although Massachusetts has an established structure in place, domestic violence remains a serious problem in the Commonwealth. For example, 28,760 restraining orders, prohibiting abusers from having any contact with their victims, were issued in 2005. Of these orders, eighty-two percent were directed against male abusers. This Note will evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of implementing specialized processes for domestic violence and argue that Massachusetts should expand the use of specialized domestic violence courts.
Some Applications and Limitations of the Enzymic, Reducing (Somogyi), and Anthrone Methods for Estimating Sugars

The colorimetric glucose-oxidase and the Somogyi-Nelson reducing-sugar methods yield the same blood-glucose values when applied to carefully prepared zinc hydroxide filtrates of blood obtained from fasting individuals. The anthrone method yields values only slightly higher than those obtained by the enzymic and the reducing-sugar methods. Use of the enzymic method in conjunction with the reducing-sugar or the carbohydrate method allows the simultaneous accurate determination of other carbohydrates added to the blood, with only microquantities of blood being required for analysis. Possible applications include the galactose and fructose tolerance tests, the inulin clearance test, and the determination of the body water "space" of various carbohydrates. To allow valid glucose determinations by the enzymic method, glutathione, cysteine, and amylase substrates such as glycogen must be absent. The anthrone reaction with glucose is enhanced by chloride, bromide, and iodide. To eliminate interference of chloride with estimation of blood glucose, the samples must be diluted appropriately before analysis.
A Review of Data Based Studies Addressing the Affects of Homosexual Parenting on Children's Sexual and Social Functioning

Part of the intellectual and political movement to provide homosexuals equal rights and opportunities under the law extends to homosexuals and bisexuals seeking custody of their biological children after divorce and/or custody of an adopted child. Family courts take into consideration parents' sexual orientation when considering custody decisions. To date, the data based research on children reared by homosexual parents is sparse. A search of the published literature identified fourteen data based studies which addressed some aspect of homosexual parenting and its effects on children. Each study was evaluated according to accepted standards of scientific inquiry. The most impressive finding was that all of the studies lacked external validity, and not a single study represented any sub-population of homosexual parents. Three studies met minimal or higher standards of internal validity, while the remaining eleven presented moderate to fatal threats to internal validity. The conclusion that there are no sig...
Impact of EUS-guided FNA of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on subsequent thoracic surgery rates

Abstract Background A histopathologic diagnosis of metastasis in enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes usually results in non-surgical management. Cytologic specimens obtained by EUS-guided FNA can be used to detect malignancy in posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of thoracic surgery after EUS-guided FNA of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Methods A prospective observational study of patients with enlarged posterior mediastinal lymphadenopathy who were referred for EUS-guided FNA. All patients were candidates for mediastinoscopy. Patients were followed for 12 months to determine the subsequent rate of mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy and the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-guided FNA. Results Evaluation of cytologic specimens obtained by EUS-guided FNA revealed malignancy in 23 of 59 (39%) patients. The overall rate of surgery was 22% (13/59): 95% CI[0.12, 0.35]. The surgery rate for patients with a positive cytologic result was 4% (1/23) compared with 33% (12/36) for those with a negative result ( p =0.009). Of patients with CT findings of a peripheral lung mass plus mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 22 of 26 (42%) underwent surgery after EUS-guided FNA, compared with two of 33 (6%) of those with mediastinal lymphadenopathy alone ( p =0.0009). For cytologic evaluation of specimens obtained by EUS-guided FNA, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of malignant lymphadenopathy were 96%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. Conclusions Few patients who undergo EUS-guided FNA of enlarged posterior mediastinal lymph nodes require subsequent thoracic surgery.
Epitopes that span the tau molecule are shared with paired helical filaments

Tau protein has been shown to be an integral component of Alzheimer paired helical filaments (PHF). However, the extent to which tau is incorporated into PHF has not been clear because the antibodies used to label PHF generally do not have precisely defined epitopes. Here we define the antigenic sites for five monoclonal antibodies that react with tau and cross-react with SDS-extracted neurofibrillary tangles. The reactive sites were determined by screening a lambda gt11 sublibrary expressing small fragments of the tau sequence. The mapped epitopes were found to span almost the entire length of tau, suggesting that PHF contains tau in its entirety or nearly in its entirety. One antibody was found to cross-react with microtubule-associated protein 2, implying some degree of homology between the two proteins.
Right-to-left shunt is common in chronic migraine.

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of right-to-left shunt (RtLS) in patients with chronic migraine (CM), and to correlate the presence and grade of RtLS with aura and neurological symptoms, an...
Political Incentives and Optimal Taxation

Recent studies have questioned the empirical relevance and normative validity of the traditional prescriptions for optimal taxation based on Ramsey's original in sights. The present authors analyze governments that maximize net political benefits, which only imperfectly represent net social benefits, and conclude that Ramsey's rules always yield empirically relevant predictions once they are modified to account for existing restraints on taxation. Moreover, for a broad spectrum of governments, an unrestricted tax base is socially optimal, and Ramsey's rules apply without modification as valid normative prescriptions. However, restraints on taxation are optimal for governments that create more than a critical level of distortion in evaluating the marginal social costs and benefits of taxation and spending. None theless, Ramsey's rules still provide valid normative prescriptions once the optimal constitutional prescriptions are imposed.
Coexistence of Incontinentia Pigmenti and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection

We present a female infant with classic clinical and histologic features of stage I incontinentia pigmenti with coexistent neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. The diagnosis of a heritable cutaneous condition does not exclude the possibility of a coexistent infection and, given the similar clinical presentation of neonatal vesicular eruptions, accurate diagnoses may require skin biopsy and culture.
Giant resonances and neutron-nucleus total cross sections

Abstract Optical model calculations of the total cross sections for neutron-nucleus scattering are examined in detail to determine whether Lane-Thomas-Wigner giant resonances in the strength functions ever cause corresponding maxima in the energy-dependence of the energy-averaged total cross sections. Although peaks of this nature do occur in certain partial-wave cross sections, non-resonant maxima of a completely different origin are present in other partial waves at nearby energies, so that the maxima observed in the total cross section are found to be complex superpositions of resonant and nonresonant single-particle effects. The nonresonant effect is dominant in the overwhelming majority of cases and causes the observed maxima to move to higher energy with increasing A for almost all elements. The principal exceptions occur at A ≈ 48 and A ≈ 96, where giant resonance peaks in the familiar 2d 5 2 and 3p 3 2 states may become large enough to visibly interrupt this trend. The energy dependence of the S-wave cross sections shows no resonance peaks whatever.
Real-time decentralized voltage control in distribution networks

Voltage control plays an important role in the operation of electricity distribution networks, especially when there is a large penetration of renewable energy resources. In this paper, we focus on voltage control through reactive power compensation and study how different information structures affect the control performance. In particular, we first show that only using voltage measurements to determine reactive power compensation is insufficient to maintain voltage in the acceptable range. Then we proposes two fully decentralized algorithms by slightly adding additional information into the control design. The two algorithms are guaranteed to stabilize the voltage in the acceptable range regardless of the system operating condition. The one with higher complexity can further minimize a cost of reactive power compensation in a particular form. Both of the two algorithms use only local measurements and local variables and require no communication.
Radiation Safety at a Neutron Generator

From our experience with the radiation safety problems created at NRL by accelerator neutrons, we have drawn certain general conclusions. The first is that neutron dosimetry is not a stra ightforward process. In general given "the state of the art" the neutron dose is not easily determined and any neutron measurement should be treated with a great deal of skepticism. At NRL we take a very conservative approach to neutron doses, usually requiring that neutron dose rates be a factor of five below allowable limits. The activation problem at a neutron-producing accelerator is also significant. In order to keep personnel doses as low as possible it is necessary to maintain strict control over target materials and entry into a target area. Finally the design of shielding at a neutron facility must be given careful consideration by as many people as can be assembled who are familiar with the strange quirrks of scattering neutrons.
Automated Generation of Fault Management Artifacts from a Simple System Model

Our understanding of off-nominal behavior - failure modes and fault propagation - in complex systems is often based purely on engineering intuition; specific cases are assessed in an ad hoc fashion as a (fallible) fault management engineer sees fit. This work is an attempt to provide a more rigorous approach to this understanding and assessment by automating the creation of a fault management artifact, the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) through querying a representation of the system in a SysML model. This work builds off the previous development of an off-nominal behavior model for the upcoming Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) mission at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We further developed the previous system model to more fully incorporate the ideas of State Analysis, and it was restructured in an organizational hierarchy that models the system as layers of control systems while also incorporating the concept of "design authority". We present software that was developed to traverse the elements and relationships in this model to automatically construct an FMEA spreadsheet. We further discuss extending this model to automatically generate other typical fault management artifacts, such as Fault Trees, to efficiently portray system behavior, and depend less on the intuition of fault management engineers to ensure complete examination of off-nominal behavior.
Henselianity and the Denef-Pas language

We prove that if an equicharacteristic valued field has a ℤ-group as its value group and admits quantifier elimination in the main sort of the prototypical Denef-Pas style language then it is henselian. In fact the proof of this suggests that a reasonable class of Denef-Pas style languages is natural with respect to henselianity.
Examining the impact of land use/land cover characteristics on flood losses

Characteristics of the built environment and overall local-level land use patterns are increasingly being attributed to greater surface runoff, flooding and resulting economic losses from flood events. Specific configurations of impervious surfaces and land cover may be as important to determining a community's flood risk as baseline environmental conditions. This study addresses this issue by statistically examining the impacts of adjacent land use and land cover (LULC) on flood damage recorded on parcels within a coastal watershed in southeast Texas. We analyse empirical models to identify the influence of different LULCs surrounding over 7900 properties claiming insured flood losses from 1999–2009. Results indicate that specific types of surrounding LULCs impact observed flood losses and provide guidance on how neighbourhoods can be developed more resiliently over the long term.
Life space and social networks as political contexts

Based on data collected in the course of the September and November 1980 waves of the National Election Studies, this contextual analysis of interpersonal relations in social networks presents two major findings: First, the neighborhood as a geographical unit does not appear to be a perceptually salient environment for political behavior; and second,particular neighbors, individually linked to a voter, appear to constitute a social network that has an independent impact on partisan affect for the political parties and their candidates as well as on stability or change in vote preferences as the electoral season goes forward. Thus, although the neighborhood appears to be of minor importance as a politicalenvironment, social relations among particular neighbors result in an interpersonalcontext that has an impact on political behavior.
Managing diazepam abuse in an AIDS-related psychiatric clinic with a high percentage of substance abusers

Controversy over using benzodiazepines in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population to relieve sleep and anxiety has not been addressed in the literature. Serious problems with diazepam abuse emerged in a psychiatric outpatient clinic for a predominately HIV-positive and illicit drug-using population, which led to a review of patient characteristics and prescribing policies and to a systematic problem-solving effort. The patients originally prescribed diazepam were significantly more likely to be on methadone and have histories of intravenous drug use compared with the patients not on benzodiazepines. Thus, the patients asking for diazepam are likely to have histories of substance abuse and have a high potential for abusing the medication. The authors found that diazepam can be discontinued without causing a significantly greater drop-out rate in that group.
The Genesis of Self in Early Childhood

The works of Cooley, Mead, and Piaget on the genesis and emergence of self in early childhood are examined in light of recent research in developmental linguistics and assessed in terms of the auth...
On the convergence of two-step methods generated by point-to-point operators

In this study we examine conditions for the convergence of two-step methods generated by point-to-point operators. Iterations of this type have a great importance in optimization theory, stability analysis of dynamic systems and many other fields of applied mathematics. The speed of convergence is also examined using the theory of majorants in a Banach space setting. The monotone convergence of these methods is also examined in a partially ordered topological space. Special cases of our results reduce to corresponding results already in the literature. In particular, relevant work can be found in I.K. Argyros, Appl. Math. Comput. 61 (1) (1994) 51-69, and F. Szidarovasky and O. Palusinski, Appl. Math. Comput. 64 (1994) 115-119 and references therein. Some applications are also given to the solution of systems of nonlinear integral equations of Uryson-type.
Myofiber branching rather than myofiber hyperplasia contributes to muscle hypertrophy in mdx mice

Muscle hypertrophy in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) can partially compensate for the loss of dystrophin by maintaining peak force production. Histopathology examination of the hypertrophic muscles suggests the hypertrophy primarily results from the addition of myofibers, and is accompanied by motor axon branching. However, it is unclear whether an increased number of innervated myofibers (myofiber hyperplasia) contribute to muscle hypertrophy in the mdx mice. To better understand the cellular mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy in mdx mice, we directly compared the temporal progression of the dystrophic pathology in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle to myofiber number, myofiber branching, and innervation, from 3 to 20 weeks of age. We found that a 28% increase in the number of fibers in transverse sections of muscle correlated with a 31% increase in myofiber branching. Notably, the largest increases in myofiber number and myofiber branching occurred after 12 weeks of age when the proportion of myofibers with central nuclei had stabilized and the mdx mouse had reached maturity. The dystrophic pathology coincided with profound changes to innervation of the muscles that included temporary denervation of necrotic fibers, fragmentation of synapses, and ultra-terminal axon sprouting. However, there was little evidence of synapse formation in the mdx mice from 3 to 20 weeks of age. Only 4.4% of neuromuscular junctions extended ultra-terminal synapses, which failed to mature, and the total number of neuromuscular junctions remained constant. Muscle hypertrophy in mdx mice results from myofiber branching rather than myofiber hyperplasia.
Ultrasonic Measurement of Helium Bubble Rise and Group Velocity Using 1-D and 2-D Methods in Water and Mercury

Single element ultrasonic Doppler velocimeter flow measurement instruments are available (Metflow) that allow velocity measurement along the main lobe of the transducer through gated processing of Doppler shift from echoes from targets in the flow. Correlation of target migration through the time gates has been used to supplement the Doppler data, and to measure void wave speeds when the targets are bubbles in the liquid flow. These methods are developed using helium bubbles in water flow with optical verification, and then used with helium bubbles in mercury. A second method for bubble rise velocity is presented using conventional 2-D medical ultrasound imaging equipment by Terason, with a 12L5V transducer, to develop an ultrasonic imaging analogue to conventional Particle Image Velocimetry. This system is also first tested in the water with helium bubbles using optical verification, and then in the mercury with helium bubbles.© 2010 ASME
Coupled noise and its effects on modern packaging technology

An overview is presented of the causes of coupled noise and ways that coupled noise affects modern packaging technology. Two major types of coupled noise, crosstalk and switching noise, are discussed, with emphasis on physical causes and means of reducing both types. Major types of multiple-die hybrid and conventional packaging are described, and a case is made for the need for three-dimensional packaging. An example is presented of a low-noise packaging concept for 3-D integration. >
An improved method of voltage stepping

Abstract A unit providing sequential stepping over up to eleven mass positions is described. Operation may be in a straight sequence or in one with the reference mass monitored alternately with measurements at the other masses. Performance tests show that the latter mode of operation permits higher precision by virtue of the more frequent monitoring of the reference mass so that short term ion beam fluctuations are better taken into account.
The structure of human serotonin 2c G-protein-coupled receptor bound to agonists and antagonists

We used the MembStruk computational procedure to predict the three-dimensional (3D) structure for the serotonin 5-HT_(2C) G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Using this structure, we used the MSCDock computational procedure to predict the 3D structures for bound ligand–protein complexes for agonists such as serotonin and antagonists such as ritanserin, metergoline, and methiothepin. In addition, we predicted the SAR data for a series of psilocybin analogs, both agonists and antagonists. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) on serotonin bound to 5-HT_(2C) and we find the protein and binding site to be stable after 5 ns. We find good agreement with the currently known experimental data and we predict a number of new mutations which could be used to validate further our predicted structures. This agreement between theory and experiment suggests that our 3D structure is sufficiently accurate for use in drug design. We also compare a preliminary prediction for 5-HT_(2B) with our prediction for 5-HT_(2C) and find a difference in TM5 that contributes to different serotonin binding modes in 5-HT_(2B) and 5-HT_(2C).
Selective Increase of Two ABC Drug Efflux Transporters at the Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Suggests Induced Pharmacoresistance in ALS

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters in the CNS are predominantly localized to the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries to impede CNS accumulation of xenobiotics. Inflammatory mediators and cellular stressors regulate their activity. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons characterized by extensive neuroinflammation. Here we tested the hypothesis that disease-driven changes in ABC transporter expression and function occur in ALS. Given the multitude of ABC transporters with their widespread substrate recognition, we began by examining expression levels of several ABC transporters. We found a selective increase in only two transporters: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) both at mRNA and protein levels, in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS, specifically in disease-affected CNS regions. Detailed analysis revealed a similar disease-driven increase in P-gp and BCRP levels in spinal cord microvessels, indicating that their altered expression occurs at the blood spinal cord barrier. Transport activity of P-gp and BCRP increased with disease progression in spinal cord and cerebral cortex capillaries. Finally, P-gp and BCRP protein expression also increased in spinal cords of ALS patients. Preclinical drug trials in the mouse model of ALS have failed to decisively slow or arrest disease progression; pharmacoresistance imparted by ABC transporters is one possible explanation for these failures. Our observations have large implications for ALS therapeutics in humans and suggest that the obstacle provided by these transporters to drug treatments must be overcome to develop effective ALS pharmacotherapies.
αB-crystallin promotes oncogenic transformation and inhibits caspase activation in cells primed for apoptosis by Rb inactivation.

The retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in cancer, resulting in deregulated activation of E2F transcription factors, which promote S-phase entry, p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis. Transformed cells evade p53-dependent apoptosis initiated by Rb inactivation by TP53 mutation. However, the mechanisms by which cancer cells circumvent p53-independent apoptosis in this context are poorly understood. Because Rb inactivation primes cells for apoptosis by p53-independent induction of procaspases, we postulated that αB-crystallin, an inhibitor of procaspase-3 activation, would suppress caspase activation in cells with combined Rb and p53 inactivation. Notably, αB-crystallin is commonly expressed in ER/PR/HER2 “triple-negative” breast carcinomas characterized by frequent Rb loss and TP53 mutation. We report that αB-crystallin−/− knock out (KO) MEFs immortalized by dominant negative (DN) p53 are resistant to transformation by the adenovirus E1A oncoprotein, which inactivates Rb, while wild-type (WT) MEFs are readily transformed by DN p53 and E1A. αB-crystallin−/− KO MEFs stably expressing DN p53 and E1A were more sensitive to chemotherapy-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis than the corresponding WT MEFs, despite comparable induction of procaspases by E1A. Similarly, silencing Rb in WT and αB-crystallin−/− KO MEFs immortalized by DN p53 increased procaspase levels and sensitized αB-crystallin−/− KO MEFs to chemotherapy. Furthermore, silencing αB-crystallin in triple-negative breast cancer cells, which lack Rb and express mutant p53, enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity compared to non-silencing controls. Our results indicate that αB-crystallin inhibits caspase activation in cells primed for apoptosis by Rb inactivation and plays a novel oncogenic role in the context of combined Rb and p53 inactivation.
Carbon source-dependent antifungal and nematicidal volatiles derived during anaerobic soil disinfestation

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) has been shown to be effective in the control of a wide range of soil–borne plant pathogens but has not been examined as a means for disease control in perennial fruit crops such as apple. Since ASD has demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activity, it may be well suited as an alternative to current fumigation–based control of apple replant disease (ARD) which is caused by a diverse pathogen complex. The efficacy of ASD for control of ARD pathogens was evaluated in growth chamber experiments using soils from two orchard sites having a history of the disease. Suppression of Pratylenchus penetrans apple root densities was dependent upon carbon source utilized during the ASD process. Volatiles emitted during the anaerobic phase from soils treated with ethanol, grass residues, or Brassica juncea seed meal as the carbon input effectively retarded growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG–5, Pythium ultimum and Fusarium oxysporum. Each carbon amendment generated a unique volatile profile produced in the treated orchard soil during ASD. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS) were emitted from B. juncea SM treated soils whereas the latter and 2–ethyl–1–hexanol were detected in soils treated with grass residues. When assayed individually using pure standards, Decanal, DMTS, and AITC retarded in vitro growth of all three fungal/oomycete pathogens. Nonanal was inhibitory toward only P. ultimum and R. solani AG–5, whereas 2–ethyl–1–hexanol only suppressed growth of P. ultimum. AITC and DMTS caused significantly higher mortality of P. penetrans compared to other tested volatiles. These findings demonstrate that carbon source–dependent volatile chemistries contribute significantly but not exclusively to suppression of certain ARD pathogens during the ASD process.
Stroke Increases Neural Stem Cells and Angiogenesis in the Neurogenic Niche of the Adult Mouse

The unique cellular and vascular architecture of the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V/SVZ) neurogenic niche plays an important role in regulating neural stem cell function. However, the in vivo identification of neural stem cells and their relationship to blood vessels within this niche in response to stroke remain largely unknown. Using whole-mount preparation of the lateral ventricle wall, we examined the architecture of neural stem cells and blood vessels in the V/SVZ of adult mouse over the course of 3 months after onset of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke substantially increased the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive neural stem cells that are in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via their apical processes at the center of pinwheel structures formed by ependymal cells residing in the lateral ventricle. Long basal processes of these cells extended to blood vessels beneath the ependymal layer. Moreover, stroke increased V/SVZ endothelial cell proliferation from 2% in non-ischemic mice to 12 and 15% at 7 and 14 days after stroke, respectively. Vascular volume in the V/SVZ was augmented from 3% of the total volume prior to stroke to 6% at 90 days after stroke. Stroke-increased angiogenesis was closely associated with neuroblasts that expanded to nearly encompass the entire lateral ventricular wall in the V/SVZ. These data indicate that stroke induces long-term alterations of the neural stem cell and vascular architecture of the adult V/SVZ neurogenic niche. These post-stroke structural changes may provide insight into neural stem cell mediation of stroke-induced neurogenesis through the interaction of neural stem cells with proteins in the CSF and their sub-ependymal neurovascular interaction.
Exploring the potential of protein-based pharmacophore models in ligand pose prediction and ranking.

Protein-based pharmacophore models derived from the protein binding site atoms without the inclusion of any ligand information have become more popular in virtual screening studies. However, the accuracy of protein-based pharmacophore models for reproducing the critical protein-ligand interactions has never been explicitly assessed. In this study, we used known protein-ligand contacts from a large set of experimentally determined protein-ligand complexes to assess the quality of the protein-based pharmacophores in reproducing these critical contacts. We demonstrate how these contacts can be used to optimize the pharmacophore generation procedure to produce pharmacophore models that optimally cover the known protein-ligand interactions. Finally, we explored the potential of the optimized protein-based pharmacophore models for pose prediction and pose rankings. Our results demonstrate that there are significant variations in the success of protein-based pharmacophore models to reproduce native contacts and consequently native ligand poses dependent on the details of the pharmacophore-generation process. We show that the generation of optimized protein-based pharmacophore models is a promising approach for ligand pose prediction and pose rankings.
Sharing resources: The global distribution of the Ecological Footprint

Abstract This paper examines how the human demand on bioproductive lands, as measured by the Ecological Footprint, is distributed across the globe using methods commonly used to measure the distribution of income. Measuring the distribution of natural resource use will be necessary to achieve an economy that is sustainable, just and efficient. Currently, different nations place different demands on the environment, i.e. the Ecological Footprint is not evenly distributed across the globe. Calculation of the Gini coefficient for total Ecological Footprint and its components explains the sources of inequality in overall resource use. Calculation of the Atkinson index shows how inequality in the Ecological Footprint is related to the inequality of income, and environmental intensity.
A test of a new technique illustrating faunal dominance trends: Application to the ‘Trilobite Beds' interval of the Middle Devonian Wanakah Shale in western New York

Batt, R.J. 1995 11 30 A test of a new technique illustrating faunal dominance trends: Application to the ‘Trilobite Beds’ interval of the Middle Devonian Wanakah Shale in western New York. Lethaia, Vol. 28, pp. 245–258. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. A new graphic technique illustrating species relative abundance trends through stratigraphic sections facilitates recognition of subtle temporal and geographic changes in environment. This technique is illustrated by application to three closely spaced sections through the ‘Trilobite Beds’ interval of the Wanakah Shale of western New York. Graphic representation of faunal data from bed-by-bed sampling of these sections allows recognition of water depth changes that may be related to small-scale cyclic eustatic sealevel fluctuations. Comparison of graphs for neighboring sections, aided by excellent chronostratigraphic control, allows delineation of seafloor topography. During deposition of the study interval, the seafloor was consistently shallowest at the western section and deepest at the middle site. □Wanakah Shale, Hamilton Group, Devonian, Darien Center Submember, ‘Trilobite Beds’, Expanded Bandygram.
A new, bioactive structural motif: Visible light induced DNA photobinding and oxygen independent photocleavage by RuII, RhIII bimetallics

The Ru,Rh bimetallic complexes, [(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)RhCl(2)(phen)](3+) and [(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)RhCl(2)(phen)](3+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, dpp=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, and bpm=2,2'-bipyrimidine), couple one ruthenium polyazine light absorber to a cis-Rh(III)Cl(2) center through a dpp or bpm bridging ligand in contrast to the previously studied Ru,Rh,Ru trimetallics. This motif provides a sterically accessible Rh reactive site. These bimetallics are efficient visible light absorbers possessing many advantages compared to the previously reported trimetallics: lower cationic charges, reduced stereoisomerization, and independent variation of terminal ligands at each metal center to modulate properties. The bimetallic systems display efficient visible light induced bioreactivities with DNA. In addition to the known DNA photocleavage in related Ru,Rh,Ru trimetallics, these Ru,Rh bimetallic systems display visible light induced DNA binding. Low lying triplet metal to metal charge transfer ((3)MMCT) excited states provide oxygen independent photoreactivity. This previously unexplored structural motif for DNA modification holds promises in photodynamic therapy and DNA modification schemes.
The interface in carbon-magnesium composites: fibre and matrix effects

Two types of carbon fibres were incorporated into magnesium alloy matrices by squeeze casting. Mechanical testing showed that surface treatment of the fibres led to a marked increase in the interfacial shear strength and a corresponding decrease in the longitudinal tensile strength. A small amount of fine AI4C3 forms at the fibre matrix interface in simple binary Mg-AI matrices. Mg17AI12 and Mg2Si form at the interface in the Mg-AI-Si matrix: precipitation is greatly enhanced by residual stresses at the interface and many fibres are surrounded by a brittle layer leading to inferior mechanical properties.
Demonstrating attainment in Atlanta using urban airshed model simulations: impact of boundary conditions and alternative forms of the NAAQS

Abstract Urban Airshed Model-Version IV (UAM-IV) simulations on 7–8 July, 1988 for the Atlanta, Georgia, nonattainment area are used to investigate how recent changes in the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and changes in boundary concentrations may affect attempts to comply with the standard through local emissions reductions. According to model results, the recently promulgated 8 h NAAQS at a level of 0.08 ppmv will require larger emission reductions to comply with the standard than those that are necessary to comply with the previous 1 h/0.12 ppmv NAAQS. Regardless of the form of the NAAQS or the magnitude of the concentrations of O3 and its precursors at the model domain boundary, UAM-IV simulations for Atlanta predict that NOx (NO+NO2) emission reductions are more effective than volatile organic compound reductions in mitigating O3 pollution. Moreover, the simulations indicate that NOx emission reductions greater than 60–75% would be required to demonstrate attainment under either form of the standard, even if boundary concentrations of O3 and its precursors were substantially reduced. Further research is necessary to determine if this weak response to emission controls is truly representative of the real atmosphere, or is a result of the meteorological conditions specific to this episode, or is an artifact of the UAM-IV model or its inputs.
HOW ORGANISATIONS ARE ADAPTING TO THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is now seen as historic legislation. Signed into law by President Bush in July 1990, this cvil rights law is for pople with serious physical and mental disabilities. The ADA is the result of many years of effort to obtain a federal legislation that protects individuals with disabilities.
Online Systems for Searching MEDLINE

Excerpt To the editor: Clinicians who wish to do their own MEDLINE searching should be aware that they need to consider several aspects of the search process. Haynes and associates ( 1 ) have compa...
(Re)Categorizing Language-Minority Literacies in Restrictive Educational Contexts

In this discussion, I explore the unfolding effects of Arizona’s anti-bilingual education law (Proposition 203) on schools with predominant language-minority student populations. Instead of facilitating academic progress, policies like Proposition 203 impede teachers from “scaffolding” (Long & Adamson, 2012, p. 39) their students’ native-language abilities in the process of developing academic literacy proficiencies in English—ultimately resulting in significant academic challenges for language-minority students. Based on this premise, I describe the everyday literacy practices of immigrant and language-minority students as a way to demonstrate that the students’ academic difficulties do not represent their true competencies. My aim is to emphasize the breadth of student literacy practices that occur both at school and in the community in hopes of initiating a dialogue on how to expand on these practices to enhance classroom instruction. To do this, I propose a model for efficiently identifying literacy p...
Money wage changes and the excess demand for labour: international evidence on a new approach

(1974). Money wage changes and the excess demand for labour: international evidence on a new approach. Applied Economics: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 205-213.
Molecular control of charge and energy transfer in self-assembled polymer films: toward improved ultrafast holographic materials

We report on the optical characterization of a series of multi-layered organic superlattices made by polyelectrolyte self-assembly. Using a high molecular weight, water-soluble, anionic form of poly-phenylene vinylene, self-assembled films can be formed which show high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (QE). A dramatic red shift of the luminescence and increase in QE is observed as additional PPV layers are added. We attribute the red shift and increasing QE to a changing conformation of the polymer chains as the superstructure is assembled, together with efficient Frster energy transfer in a preferred direction away from the substrate toward layers with longer effective conjugation length. Upon adding a C60 top layer, the luminescence spectrum is strongly quenched. We attribute this to charge transfer of from the top-most polymer layer to the C60 layer. We discuss the possibilities of exploiting this directional charge transfer in an ultrafast holographic device along with other optics for increasing the temporal diffraction efficiency of polymer-based mediums.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Male Hypogonadism: Effect of Treatment on Genital Growth and Maturity

Methyl testosterone is a potent androgen which is orally effective. Clinical experience with substitution therapy (1–31) in male hypogonadism has produced generally satisfactory, but not always completely successful results. The technique of medication, criteria for dosage and the possibility of producing side effects require further elaboration. A comparison of the results reported with those of a new, and previously untried, concentrated preparation of testosterone propionate inunction is of interest. Finally, variations in the initial clinical picture of the hypogonad male and of his response to treatment deserve further emphasis in order to facilitate a more accurate prognosis in a given case. This report concerns the effect of male hormone administration in 9 hypogonad males over 18 years of age, 8 of whom also displayed a marked hypogenitalism. The subjects have been observed over a period of 4 months to 2.5 years.
Surface-normal plasmonic modulation for three-dimensional optical interconnects

We present theoretical design and experimental demonstration of surface-normal modulation on a gold metallic photonic crystal slab. It requires a moderate index modulation of 0.0043 that is induced by thermal-optical effects of the glass substrate.
On the Recognition of Transfer Errors.

This study reconsiders a claim by Ioup (1984) that individuals can use only phonological clues in identifying the native language of ESL students. In two different investigations, Ioup found evidence that syntactic errors are of no help in enabling people to identify the mother tongue of an anonymous speaker or writer. Her approach, however, has unwarranted assumptions, and it does not give sufficient regard to some crucial considerations including the potential of bilingual judges to detect characteristic errors of individuals who speak the same languages as the judges. The results of the present study indicate that certain characteristic problems of Spanish and Korean ESL writers are distinguishable to readers who know either Spanish or Korean. For example, nearly all Korean judges considered the sentence She fell in love with a different country man to be a likely error of Korean students while almost no Spanish‐speaking informants considered it to be likely from a Spanish‐speaker. Other characteristic errors include reflexes of Spanish as well as Korean word order, certain adjectival constructions, and problems involving articles.
Modeling of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Autonomous Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance Simulations

The aim of this effort is to develop a model of an actual unmanned ground vehicle system for computer simulations in order to evaluate guidance algorithms developed for autonomous waypoint navigation and obstacle avoidance. Simulation is a vital tool for the development of autonomous systems. Simulating individual parts and units of the system can help identify flaws in its design or implementation. In the Matlab-Simulink environment, a kinematic based model of an skid-steer ground vehicle is designed. Furthermore, a model of quadrature encoders for position estimation, and a laser range finder (LRF) sensor model for obstacle detection are also created. Two different groups of experiments are performed to test the performance of the proposed models. Experimental results indicate that the models can adequately simulate the actual vehicle behaviors. This effort is part of an ongoing research to create fully autonomous UxVs capable of waypoint navigation and obstacle avoidance.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Characterization of waveguide loss using distributed Bragg reflectors

We propose and demonstrate a method to characterize waveguide loss using the spectral response of combinations of distributed Bragg reflectors. The method is independent of coupling efficiency and waveguide dispersion and does not require the introduction of bending loss into the device.
Mechanisms linking apolipoprotein E isoforms with cardiovascular and neurological diseases.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide insights into recent advances in mechanisms linking apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms to cardiovascular and neurological diseases.Recent findingsHuman apoE has three common isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) with different structural and biophy
Localization of IgE immunoglobulin in human dental periapical lesions by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method

Abstract Twenty-eight dental periapical lesions were examined for the presence of light chains of human immunoglobulins, IgG, and IgE by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method; 27 stained positively for light chains and IgG and 20 for the presence of IgE. One tissue specimen, diagnosed histologically as periapical scar tissue, contained no immunoglobulins. The presence of IgE immunoglobulin in 74 per cent of periapical tissue specimens suggests that IgE-mediated reactions participate in pathogenesis of human dental periapical lesions.