cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Brief Update on the Focal Depths of Intracontinental Earthquakes and their Correlations with Heat Flow and Tectonic Age

This paper summarizes the characteristics of focal depths of intracontinental earthquakes based on a compilation of reliably determined depths reported in the past five years. Since the study of Chen and Molnar (1983), several additional moderate-sized sub-crustal events ( m b ≥ 5) have occurred in southern Tibet, the Tien Shan, and the Karakorum where such events are known to exist. Furthermore, three events have been identified near the Moho beneath the Brazilian shield, the coldest part of the Baltic shield, and the passive margin of Newfoundland. Since these events took place in stable parts of the continent, they must be an integrated part of the deformation of the intracontinental lithosphere at depth, not that of subducted material. Therefore there seems to be little doubt that earthquakes near the Moho is an incessant element of intracontinental seismicity. Due to the lack of detailed information on the crustal and mantle structures in the source regions, many of the events near the Moho seem to be located in the uppermost mantle but some might have occurred in the lowermost crust. In any case, the events near the Moho in most regions seem to be separated from the familiar seismicity in the upper part of the crust, forming a pattern of two seismogenic zones straddling an aseismic region in the lower crust. With data from South America and the Baltic shield, the maximum depth of earthquakes in cratons can be correlated with tectonic age within a single continent, and with low heat flow of the source region in a given tectonic province, respectively. These observations reinforce the view point that to a first approximation, the distribution of focal depth serves as an indicator of temperature or mechanical strength of the lithosphere, a result consistent with extrapolation of data from experimental rock mechanics. The aseismic zone in the lower crust is interpreted as a relatively weak region of the lithosphere sandwiched between two layers of more competent material where sufficient strain can accumulate to produce earthquakes.
Complex polymorphisms in endocytosis genes suggest alpha-cyclodextrin against metastases in breast cancer

Most breast cancer (BC) deaths are caused by metastasis and treatment options beyond radiation and cytotoxic drugs are urgently needed. This study reanalyzed existing data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using a novel computational biostatistics approach (muGWAS), which had been validated in epilepsy and identified a potential drug against disruption of language development in autism. Compared to many traditional bioinformatics approaches, muGWAS jointly analyzes several neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms while incorporating knowledge about genetics of heritable diseases into the statistical method and about GWAS into the rules for determining adaptive genome-wide significance in samples of 600-2000 subjects only. Results from three independent breast cancer GWAS not only confirmed cell-cycle control and receptor/AKT signaling, but, for the first time in GWAS, also consistently identified many endo-/exocytosis (EEC) pathway genes, most of which had already been observed in functional and expression studies of breast cancer, including genes that translocate (ATP8A1, ATP8B1, ANO4, ABCA1) and metabolize (AGPAT3, AGPAT4, DGKQ, LPPR1) phospholipids entering the phosphatidylinositol cycle, which controls EEC. These novel findings suggest scavenging phospholipids via alpha-cyclodextrin (aCD) as a potential intervention to control packaging of exosomes (which prepare distant microenvironment for organ-specific metastases) and endocytosis of b1 integrins (which are required for mesenchymal migration of tumor cells). Beta-cyclodextrin (bCD) had already been shown to be effective in vitro and animal studies of breast cancer, but exhibits cholesterol-related ototoxicity. The smaller aCD also scavenges phospholipids, but cannot fit cholesterol. An in-vitro study presented here confirmed hydroxypropyl (HP)-aCD to be at least twice as effective as HPbCD against migration of human cells of both receptor negative and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer. If the previous successful animal studies with bCDs are replicated with the safer and more effective aCDs, clinical trials of aCDs are warranted in women with triple-negative breast cancer, who have few treatment options and poor prognosis.
AppSwitch: Application-layer Load Balancing within a Software Switch

With the increase in adoption of SDN, programmable switches are becoming an attractive mechanism for enabling network operators to configure protocols without replacing networking hardware. This paper argues that the functionality of programmable switches can be extended beyond network operations to the application layer, in order to achieve significant end-to-end application performance improvements. To illustrate the potential of this new concept, we develop AppSwitch, a packet switch that also performs load balancing for key-value storage systems. Unlike existing key-value load balancers, which require each request to send an extra message to a proxy server, AppSwitch requires only a single message from the key-value client to the server. This results in a 2x reduction in end-to-end average latency and 2x throughput improvement. We implemented AppSwitch on PISCES, a P4 programmable version of Open vSwitch. Finally, we demonstrate that AppSwitch can be deployed transparently, without any changes to the key-value clients and servers.
Early Experience with the New Kidney Allocation System: A Perspective from a Transplant Center.

In December of 2014, the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) implemented the first major change to kidney allocation policy in several decades. Now, with 2 years of follow-up, we can reflect on the kidney allocation system (KAS) and determine both the magnitude and effect of the policy
Understanding stigma as a barrier to accessing cancer treatment in South Africa: implications for public health campaigns.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer contributes to significant illness burden in South Africa, with delayed diagnosis resulting from limited knowledge of cancer, lack of biomedical treatment and stigma. This study examines ways in which people are identified as having cancer through perspectives of traditional healing or the biomedical model. Additionally, we sought to understand the stigma associated with cancer, including stereotypes, anticipated discrimination and coping styles. METHODS: Liverstrong foundation conducted 11 semi-structured focus groups with key community stakeholders in three South African townships. Interviews examined the negative consequences of being labeled with a cancer diagnosis as well as causes of, possible prevention of and barriers and methods to improve access to cancer treatment. Analyses were completed using directed content analysis. RESULTS: interviews revealed three main labeling mechanisms: physical appearance of perceived signs/symptoms of cancer, diagnosis by a traditional healer, or a biomedical diagnosis by a Western physician. Being labeled led to anticipated discrimination in response to prevalent cancer stereotypes. This contributed to delayed treatment, use of traditional healers instead of biomedical treatment and secrecy of symptoms and/or diagnosis. Further, perceptions of cancer were commonly conflated with HIV/TB owing to prior educational campaigns. CONCLUSION: our study deepens the understanding of the cancer labeling process in South Africa and the resulting negative effects of stigma. Future anti-stigma interventions should partner with traditional healers due to their respected community status and consider how previous health interventions may significantly impact current understandings of illness.
Equilibrium Flow in Spectral Variables and in Two Space Dimensions

We provide an introduction to equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and apply these theories to truncated spectral approximations and to inviscid flow in two space dimensions. The special feature that makes the two-dimensional theory work is the invariance of the total vorticity ʃξ dx.
Availability of Aged Toluene and Decane for Biodegradation in Soil

Toluene and decane which are common volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) found in natural gas spills, have beentested for their availability to biodegradation in soil aftervarious times of aging. For this purpose, single compounds wereadded to sterile soil in three concentrations of up to 1000 ppmand aged for 0, 35, and 70 days. After aging, soils were vented,inoculated and then incubated for 31 days. Both compounds wererapidly biodegraded reaching final soil concentrations below 1 ppm, regardless of the aging time. However, some sequestration ofsmall amounts of aged chemical in soil was evident for decane (up to 0.7 ppm), especially when the compound was added in largeramounts of 1000 ppm.
Traumatic brain injury may worsen clinical outcomes after prolonged partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta in severe hemorrhagic shock model.

BACKGROUND The use of partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (pREBOA) in combined hemorrhagic shock (HS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been well studied. We hypothesized that the use of pREBOA in the setting of TBI would be associated with worse clinical outcomes. METHODS Female Yorkshire swine were randomized to the following groups: HS-TBI, HS-TBI-pREBOA, and HS-pREBOA (n = 5/cohort). Animals in the HS-TBI group were left in shock for a total of 2 hours, whereas animals assigned to pREBOA groups were treated with supraceliac pREBOA deployment (60 minutes) 1 hour into the shock period. All animals were then resuscitated, and physiologic parameters were monitored for 6 hours. Further fluid resuscitation and vasopressors were administered as needed. At the end of the observation period, brain hemispheric swelling (%) and lesion size (mm) were assessed. RESULTS Mortality was highest in the HS-TBI-pREBOA group (40% [2/5] vs. 0% [0/5] in the other groups, p = 0.1). Severity of shock was greatest in the HS-TBI-pREBOA group, as defined by peak lactate levels and pH nadir (p < 0.05). Fluid resuscitation and norepinephrine requirements were significantly higher in the HS-TBI-pREBOA group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in brain hemispheric swelling and lesion size between the groups. CONCLUSION Prolonged application of pREBOA in the setting of TBI does not contribute to early worsening of brain lesion size and edema. However, the addition of TBI to HS-pREBOA may worsen the severity of shock. Providers should be aware of the potential physiologic sequelae induced by TBI.
Modeling temporal variation in recruitment in fisheries stock assessment: A review of theory and practice

Abstract Recruitment is one of the most variable biological processes driving fisheries population dynamics and the characteristics and drivers of the variation differ among stocks. Understanding, describing (modeling), estimating, and predicting (forecasting) this variation is essential to appropriate stock assessment and fisheries management. Most modern stock assessments estimate annual variation in recruitment, particularly those that include age or size composition data. Changes over time are often partitioned into those related to the spawning biomass due to density dependence (the stock-recruitment relationship) and those related to other factors such as environmental conditions. Several methods have been used to model recruitment inside stock assessment models, and they differ by how recruitment is represented and how statistical inference is conducted. Virtual population analyses make few statistical assumptions about recruitment and instead calculate recruitment as the sum of the mortality-adjusted catches of a cohort while surplus production models generally imply a stock-recruitment relationship in their production function. Integrated statistical stock assessment models have modelled recruitment using a stock-recruitment relationship, autocorrelation, a function of covariates, regime shifts, or a combination of these. Statistical inference has typically been conducted using state-space (hierarchical) models, whether using Bayesian or maximum likelihood methods, or inferences are approximated using penalized likelihood approaches, which may not be statistically reliable. All these methods have specific issues that need to be addressed and there are tradeoffs in their use. Future temporal variation also needs to be considered when providing management advice. We review the theory and practice of modelling temporal variation in recruitment in fisheries stock assessment, provide advice on good practices, and recommend important research.
Trouble with Sense of Place in Working Landscapes

The sense of place (SOP) conceptual framework offers theoretical and empirical evidence that links peoples’ multifaceted connections to place(s) to their engagement in pro-environmental and conserv...
Abstract B173: G protein coupling signaling as regulators of dendritic cell maintenance and function in immune responses

Dendritic cells (DCs) are well known as the professional antigen presenT-cells (APCs), which can scan peripheral tissues where they can recognize, uptake, process and present all kinds of antigens, including pathogens and tumor antigens, to antigen specific naive T-cells within the lymphoid organs. In these processes, DCs form a remarkable bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by interacting with various lymphoid and myeloid cells. DCs originate from the bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells and DC precursors migrate from blood to tissues for developing into immature DCs. Upon activation, DCs migrate to stimulate T-cells and induce immune responses to protect our bodies. However, the mechanism for maintenance and activation of DCs on the local microenvironment is largely unknown. As GPCR signaling has important roles in many cellular process, including cell division, survival, migration and adhesion. Using competitive mixed BM chimaera, I checked some molecules involved in GPCR signal pathways, and found that geneA was required intrinsically in the maintenance of CD4+ conventional DCs (cDCs) in the spleen, as evidenced by observation that geneA-deficient CD4+ DCs were dramatically decreased in spleen but increased in blood. By in vivo 3min CD45-PE labeling assay, cells exposed to the vascular compartment in spleen can be selectively labeled. With this method, I found without geneA, CD4+ DCs had disadvantage to be maintained in the blood-exposed region within the spleens under the shear flow stress. I further showed that geneA-deficient CD4+ DCs had disadvantage to uptake blood-derived Sheep-blood cells (SRBCs). Besides this stimulation, this signal also controlled CD4+ DCs activation in response to different kinds of TLR stimulators. By OT-II adoptive transfer system, geneA-expressing DCs were required to support T-cell proliferation and differentiation efficiently. Therefore, these results demonstrate a key role of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in promoting the maintenance and activation of DCs, and reveal a mechanism in DC positioning in vivo. Thus, it will broaden our understanding of GPCR signaling in DC immunology, which is pivotal for modulating DCs for vaccines and therapies against pathogens, autoimmune diseases and tumors. Citation Format: Dan Liu, Jason G. Cyster. G protein coupling signaling as regulators of dendritic cell maintenance and function in immune responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B173.
Course Format and Student Learning Styles: A Comparison of Political Science Courses

ABSTRACTThis study investigates whether differences in learning styles exist between students in online and face-to-face (FTF) sections of political science courses taught by three instructors. Som...
Outcomes of Posterior Glenoid Bone-Grafting in Anatomical Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

Background Total shoulder arthroplasty offers a reliable means with which to treat glenohumeral joint arthritis. Posterior glenoid bone loss presents a unique challenge with an increased risk of glenoid component failure. The use of posterior bone-grafting is one method to address glenoid bone loss in patients undergoing anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of the present study was to assess the outcome and survival of the glenoid component following the use of bone graft to address posterior glenoid bone loss in patients undergoing anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods A systematic review of posterior glenoid bone-grafting in patients undergoing anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty was performed. Studies evaluating patient-reported outcomes, complications, and imaging assessments of the glenoid component as well as of bone graft structural healing and integrity following posterior glenoid bone-grafting were included. Data extracted included demographic characteristics, Walch classification, bone-grafting method, clinical outcomes measures, complications, radiolucency around the glenoid component, graft failure, posterior humeral head subluxation, and time of the latest follow-up. Results Six studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ninety-four patients from these 6 studies underwent posterior glenoid bone-grafting with anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. The mean age was 59.7 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 5.7 years. Overall, 57% of the patients had an excellent postoperative Neer score. At the time of the latest follow-up, 28.7% had evidence of radiolucency and 35% had humeral head subluxation or instability. Thirteen patients (14%) underwent revision of the glenoid component by the time of the latest follow-up. Conclusions The present study demonstrated a 28.7% complication rate, a 14% revision rate, a 17% graft failure rate, and a 35% rate of recurrence of posterior humeral head subluxation. Posterior glenoid bone-grafting to correct bone loss is associated with a substantial risk of postoperative complications. The treatment of posterior glenoid bone loss remains a challenge in patients undergoing anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Smiling and Vocalizing: A Cognitive Emphasis.

One outgrowth of the phenomenal increase in infant research during the last few years is a growing corpus of data to validate the proposition that smiling and vocalizing have predictable cognitive correlates. A cognitive view was not championed or tested prior to this rebirth, even though in the case of smiling Piaget suggested a relation 35 years ago. In his earlier writings he postulated that smil ing reflects recognitory assimilation (Piaget, 1952, p. 72), but later referred to smiling as a reflection of cognitive mastery (Piaget, 1951, p. 90). Both hypotheses are closely related and lead to similar spe cific testable deductions. The cognitive conception of smiling and vocalizing has led to unique predictions that have been generally confirmed. Many of these hypotheses probably would not have been formulated from either of the two dominant theories—the social learning or ethological view points—although the results seem to be compatible with both views. One important assumption made by the cognitiviste is that the mech anisms and principles governing infant responses are identical for both social and nonsocial situations. One methodological implication is that controlled observations with strange and familiar adults in natural settings can be used as a starting point for research followed by more systematic testing with nonsocial stimuli in laboratory and home settings. SMILING
Relapse to substance use: A concept analysis.

The concept of relapse is ubiquitous in the health literature related to addiction. Nevertheless, relapse is-and has been-described and measured under various definitions, which precipitates confusion, inconsistency, and stigma. This study aimed to (a) clarify the meaning of relapse and (b) present a comprehensive definition of relapse vis-a-vis substance use. Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis was followed to analyze the relapse using CINAHL, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases. Three key attributes of relapse were identified: (a) interruption of abstinence, (b) vulnerability to uncontrollable substance-related behavior and/or cues, (c) a transition to potential progression or regression. Antecedents and consequences of attributes were identified, followed by the construction of the model and additional cases. Relapse is defined conceptually as either a transition to regression or a progression in the process of recovery, prompted by a return to the previous behavior of substance use, despite the intention to stay abstinent. A standardized definition and understanding of relapse not only minimize confusion, inconsistency, and social and self-stigma associated with the term but also helps provide relapse-sensitive care with accurate methods of assessment and evaluation.
Evaluation of a novel telemedicine‐based intervention to manage body image disturbance in head and neck cancer survivors

Objectives The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary clinical impact of BRIGHT (Building a Renewed ImaGe after Head & neck cancer Treatment), a novel telemedicine-based cognitive-behavioral intervention to manage body image disturbance (BID) in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors. Methods Head and neck cancer survivors with BID were enrolled into a single-arm pilot trial. Participants completed study measures at baseline, 1- and 3-months post-BRIGHT to assess its acceptability and clinical impact. Participants completed semi-structured interviews to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of BRIGHT and refine the intervention. Results Ten HNC survivors with BID were enrolled into the trial of tablet-based BRIGHT. BRIGHT was feasible, as judged by low dropout (n = 1), high session completion rates (100%; 45/45) and low rates of technical issues with the tablet-based delivery (11% minor; 0% major). Ninety percent of participants were highly likely to recommend BRIGHT, reflecting its acceptability. BRIGHT was associated with a 34.5% reduction in mean Body Image Scale scores at 1-month post-BRIGHT (mean difference from baseline = 4.56; 95% CI 1.55, 7.56), an effect that was durable at 3-months post-BRIGHT (mean decrease from baseline = 3.56; 95% CI 1.15-5.96). Program evaluation revealed high levels of satisfaction with BRIGHT, particularly the delivery platform. During the qualitative evaluation, participants highlighted that BRIGHT improved image-related coping behavior. Conclusions BRIGHT is feasible, acceptable to HNC survivors, and has significant potential as a novel approach to manage BID in HNC survivors. Additional research is necessary to refine BRIGHT and evaluate its clinical efficacy and scalability.
The Importance of the Social Environment in Achieving High Levels of Physical Activity and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in African American Church Members

Purpose:African Americans experience a high burden of chronic diseases and cancers that are prevented and ameliorated with physical activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. The purpose of...
Improving Referrals to Diabetes Self-Management Education in Medically Underserved Adults.

OBJECTIVE Electronic health records (EHRs) and clinical decision-support algorithms improve diabetes care. This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to determine whether an electronic diabetes education referral protocol using the Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Algorithm of Care (DSMES Algorithm) and protocol training would increase the proportion of adult patients with type 2 diabetes at a federally qualified health center electronically referred for diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES). DESIGN AND METHODS The EHR was modified to include the DSMES Algorithm and questions regarding prior participation in diabetes education. Protocol trainings were conducted. Data were obtained via retrospective chart review. A one-sample t test was used to evaluate the statistical difference between the electronic referral (e-referral) rates of the pre-intervention and intervention groups. RESULTS Completion of the DSMES Algorithm was positively associated with e-referrals to diabetes education (P <0.001). The intervention group had a higher rate of e-referral for DSMES than the pre-intervention group (31 vs. 0%, P <0.001). CONCLUSION E-referral protocols using the DSMES Algorithm and protocol training may aid in the identification and documentation of self-care needs of medically underserved patients with type 2 diabetes and improve e-referrals to DSMES. Of clinical importance, these findings translate into active patient engagement, team-based care, and information-sharing. Additional work is needed to determine whether the e-referral rate is sustained or increases over time. Further investigations should also be explored to evaluate the impact of e-referral protocols and algorithms on participation in DSMES.
Intradural extramedullary spinal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: illustrative case report and comprehensive review of the literature

Literature review. Intradural metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has rarely been reported. We describe a case of an intradural extramedullary spinal metastasis to the cervical spine in a 68-year-old male treated for RCC 22 years prior. Additionally, we review the known reports of both intradural extramedullary and intramedullary of RCC. Case report and literature review. A 68-year-old male with a history of right-sided nephrectomy for RCC preformed 22 years prior now presents with a MRI of the cervical spine showing a 1.5 cm contrast enhancing intradural extramedullary lesion at the level of C3–C4. Surgical resection of the lesion was performed. The tumor’s histological and immunohistochemical profile was consistent with metastatic RCC. There are 18 reported cases of intradural extramedullary metastases of sporadic RCC. The average age at diagnosis was 61.6 ± 14.3 years. The interval from diagnosis of primary RCC to diagnosis metastasis ranged from 0 to 264 months (mean 46.8 ± 74.0 months). Sixteen cases of intramedullary renal cell carcinoma metastasis are reported. The average age at time of diagnosis was 53.6 ± 10.2 years. The interval from diagnosis of primary RCC to diagnosis of metastasis ranged from 0 to 180 months (mean 20.9 ± 53.4 months). The 22-year interval from diagnosis of primary RCC to intradural metastasis is the longest latency reported in the literature. Intramedullary metastases tend to have a younger age at diagnosis and shorter interval from diagnosis of primary RCC compared to extramedullary lesions.
Typical and Atypical Carcinoid Tumors of the Mediastinum: A Biomarker Analysis of 27 Cases With Clinical Correlation

Thymic typical and atypical carcinoids are rare and appear to be more aggressive than similar tumors in other sites. We retrospectively analyzed a group of biomarkers that hold therapeutic and prognostic utility, in 27 of these tumors. All cases were immunohistochemically stained with PAX5, MET, CRMP5, paxillin, p21, p27, EZH2, PDL-1, and Ki-67, and then H-scored. Clinicopathologic and survival data were statistically analyzed against staining (χ2 test). Five- and 10-year-survival rates were 53% and 18%, respectively. Mitotic counts ≥4 per 2 mm2 and tumor size ≥5 cm, associated with death of disease (DoD; P = .010 and .016). Ki-67 expression ≥1% associated with DoD (P = .003) and death within 5 years (P = .031). Biomarkers stained tumor cases as follows: PDL-1 = 0%, PAX-5 = 0%, MET = 7.4%, paxillin = 41%, CRMP5 = 78%, p21 = 63%, p27 = 63%, EZH2 = 37%, and MASH1 = 59%. Overall ± staining did not associate with survival or grade. Cases with low CRMP5 H-scores ( 80 associated with 10-year survival (P = .022). Cases with high MASH1 H-score (>100) associated with DoD (P = .021). Accurate grading and staging remain paramount in predicting clinical outcome. Biomarkers may have significance in subsets of patients and the use of these studies likely should be focused on a more personalize type of approach.
Transparency Blind Spot: A Response to

We have read with interest Christina Koningisor’s publication, "Transparency Deserts." While there is much to be lauded in the work – all access advocates would like to see more scholarship and publicity about the importance of transparency and accountability – we are disheartened by the article’s failure to recognize the extant vibrant body of scholarship and activism in state freedom of information law. We, moreover, find this omission characteristic of a broader ignorance in legal academia of the sweat and toil of legal scholars, scholar-practitioners, and interdisciplinary academics who analyze and advocate for state transparency laws. This blind spot particularly manifests, unfortunately, among those at elite (typically coastal) law schools, who generally contribute vitally to the literature of the undoubtedly important federal transparency regime.
MODEL STUDY OF BOUNDARY EFFECTS ON DITCH DRAINAGE

A HELE-SHAW MODEL WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF THE DEPTH TO AN IMPERMEABLE LAYER ON TRANSIENT SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE INTO EQUALLY SPACED OPEN DRAINS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT A HORIZONTAL IMPERMEABLE LAYER AFFECTS DRAINAGE SIGNIFICANTLY ONLY IF THE LAYER IS CLOSER TO THE DITCH BOTTOM THAN ONE-TWELFTH THE DITCH SPACING. THE INITIAL DEPTH OF WATER ABOVE THE DITCH BOTTOM DOES NOT AFFECT THIS CRITERIA. THE MIDPOINT RECESSION OF THE FREE SURFACE IS EXPONENTIAL IF THE FLOW IS NOT AFFECTED BY THE IMPERMEABLE LAYER. SOME DIMENSIONLESS GROUPINGS ARE VALID ONLY IF THE DITCH BOTTOM EXTENDS TO THE IMPERMEABLE LAYER. /AUTHOR/
The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr: Law, Politics, and the Character Wars of the New Nation

The Burr treason trial, one of the greatest criminal trials in American history, was significant for several reasons. The legal proceedings lasted seven months and featured some of the nation's best lawyers. It also pitted President Thomas Jefferson (who declared Burr guilty without the benefit of a trial and who masterminded the prosecution), Chief Justice John Marshall (who sat as a trial judge in the federal circuit court in Richmond) and former Vice President Aaron Burr (who was accused of planning to separate the western states from the Union) against each other. At issue, in addition to the life of Aaron Burr, were the rights of criminal defendants, the constitutional definition of treason and the meaning of separation of powers in the Constitution. Capturing the sheer drama of the long trial, Kent Newmyer's book sheds new light on the chaotic process by which lawyers, judges and politicians fashioned law for the new nation.
Chapter VIII The Equivariant Loop Theorem for Three-Dimensional Manifolds and a Review of the Existence Theorems for Minimal Surfaces

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the equivariant loop theorem for three-dimensional manifolds that is needed in settling the Smith conjecture and reviews the existence theorems for minimal surfaces. The equivariant version of the loop theorem says that there are a finite number of properly embedded disks in M that satisfy the required properties. The loop theorem respects the action of the group G in a suitable manner. The chapter puts a metric on M so that the group G acts isometrically and so that ∂M is convex with respect to the outward normal. Then with respect to this metric, the existence of an immersed disk D 1 is demonstrated, in M whose boundary ∂ D 1 , represents a nontrivial element in π 1 ( S ) and whose area is minimal among all such disks. The chapter describes Morrey's solution for the plateau problem in a general Riemannian manifold. The existence theorem for manifolds with boundary proves that M is homogeneously regular if M is a subdomain of another homogeneously regular manifold N that has no boundary.
Layers of awareness in development

Abstract Distinct layers of awareness about objects, people, and the self grow from an implicit biologically given core at birth. Each added layer of subjective experience would correspond to major qualitative shifts: the emergence of a contemplative stance by 2 months, self-consciousness from around 21 months and the manifestation of an ethical stance by 3–5 years. This new “onion” way of looking at psychological experience is meant to capture the fact that a new emerging layer of awareness does not block, re-construct, or fundamentally re-structure “a la Piaget” the expression of those ontogenetically anterior via bounding up equilibration and other reflective abstraction “bootstrapping” mechanisms. In contrast to Piaget's overall representational re-organization, what is proposed here with the onion metaphor model is a multilayer view on consciousness in development, each layer offering a particular zone of awareness through which we constantly navigate depending on the mind state of our being in the world: dozing and dreaming, implicitly or explicitly aware, co-aware, conscious, or co-conscious. The model is illustrated using facts on the early development of pictorial understanding, mirror self-experience, self-consciousness, interpersonal awareness, and sharing awareness in development. The main purpose of the theory is to show that what develop in children between birth and 5 years are ultimately additional ranges of subjective experience, new possibilities of being aware in the world.
Pelvic infections: An analysis of 550 operated cases with special reference to the sedimentation test in 100 gynecologic cases

Abstract Uncomplicated acute neisserian salpingitis should not be operated upon. Cases of acute puerperal infection are best treated symptomatically, unless drainage is indicated. Patients with acute exacerbation of a chronic pelvic infection should be operated upon after the temperature has remained normal for a few days and the leucocyte count and sedimentation time coincide. Pelvic abscesses should be drained vaginally, but not laparotomized until sufficient time has elapsed to show that the condition will not clear up. Chronic pelvic infections with symptoms and masses should be operated. Where the temperature and blood findings fail to reach normal after a sufficient time has elapsed, where the abdomen is flabby, the mass localized and the physical findings warrant, surgical interference is indicated. It is difficult to evaluate the sedimentation test in so small a group of cases, yet one will be impressed with the sensitiveness of the test. While I do not believe the test should supercede the blood count, it is a valuable adjunct. In cases of doubt as to operability, where there is a quick sedimentation time, one will act wisely to delay, or hurry if operation is inevitable. It is of value in making a differential diagnosis between advanced pregnancy and simple tumors, or between an unruptured tubal pregnancy and a tuboovarian infection. In eliminating infections anywhere in the body it should prove of assistance. One can at least determine positively the absence of infection if the sedimentation time is over one hundred and twenty minutes. While at times I have noticed a variance in the temperature, leucocyte count, and sedimentation time, yet upon further study the sedimentation time could usually be substantiated. The cases of advanced normal pregnancies were suggestive examples of the value of the test. In some cases a quick sedimentation time will assist in determining an emergency operation, e.g., suspected twisted pedicle of an ovarian cyst. It is a splendid check-up diagnostic and prognostic sign in doubtful cases. While sixty minutes is very comforting to the operator, I have not found it necessary to wait for a sedimentation time of sixty minutes to operate with safety. While there were no deaths in this series, it is undoubtedly safer to wait for the sedimentation time to be above thirty minutes. The sedimentation time is of material assistance in determining the time to operate and the prognosis in pelvic infections. Frequent tests should be made to obtain the best information.
Satisficing Q-learning: efficient learning in problems with dichotomous attributes

In some environments, a learning agent must learn to balance competing objectives. For example, a Q-learner agent may need to learn which choices expose the agent to risk and which choices lead to a goal. In this paper, we present a variant of Q-learning that learns a pair of utilities for worlds with dichotomous attributes and show that this algorithm properly balances the competing objectives and, as a result, efficiently identifies satisficing solutions. This occurs because exploration of the environment is restricted to those options which, according to current knowledge, are likely to avoid unjustifiable exposure to risk. We empirically validate the algorithm by (a) showing that the algorithm quickly converges to good policies in several simulated worlds of various complexities and (b) applying the algorithm to learning a force feedback profile for a gas pedal that helps drivers avoid risky situations.
Recent advances in coupling capillary electrophoresis‐based separation techniques to ESI and MALDI‐MS

Coupling CE-based separation techniques to MS creates a powerful platform for analysis of a wide range of biomolecules from complex samples because it combines the high separation efficiency of CE and the sensitivity and selectivity of MS detection. ESI and MALDI, as the most common soft ionization techniques employed for CE and MS coupling, offer distinct advantages for biomolecular characterization. This review is focused primarily on technological advances in combining CE and chip-based CE with ESI and MALDI-MS detection in the past five years. Selected applications in the analyses of metabolites, peptides, and proteins with recently developed CE-MS platforms are also highlighted.
The relationship between interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist and cognitive function in older adults with bipolar disorder

Objective Cognitive impairments are a feature of bipolar disorder (BD) and could be worsened by inflammatory cytokines. We determined whether (i) serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was increased in elderly BD subjects; (ii) whether IL-1RA was associated with worse neurocognitive function; and (iii) whether IL-1RA was associated with white matter integrity. Methods Twenty-one euthymic BD patients (65 +/− 9 years) with serum available for IL-1RA measures by enzyme-linked immunoassays were compared with 26 similarly aged control participants. Four factor analysis-derived z-scores and a global z-score were obtained from a battery of 21 neurocognitive tests. Diffusion tensor images were used to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA), and an automated labeling pathway algorithm was used to obtain white matter hyperintensity burden. Results Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist was elevated in BD subjects compared with controls (439+/−326 pg/mL vs. 269+/−109 pg/mL; p = 0.004). Moreover, IL-1RA was inversely correlated with three cognitive function factors and global cognition (r = −0.37; p = 0.01). IL-1RA continued to correlate with global cognitive function even when covarying for either IL-6 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Although FA was lower in BD subjects (0.368 +/− 0.02 vs. 0.381 +/− 0.01; p = 0.02), IL-1RA was not associated with FA or white matter hyperintensity burden. Conclusion Elevated serum levels of IL-1RA in BD subjects, even during euthymic states, were associated with worse cognitive function. This association was not explained by co-occurring increases in IL-6, by decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nor by measures of white matter integrity. These cross-sectional findings support the possibility that the IL-1 family may contribute to cognitive impairments in BD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Machinable α-SiAlON/BN Composites

Dense machinable α-SiAION/BN composites were fabricated by hot-pressing using turbostratic boron nitride (tBN) obtained from nitridation of melamine diborate. The tBN was added to the starting powders, or introduced as a coating that formed in situ on α-Si 3 N 4 carrier powders during nitridation, and was subsequently converted to hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) during hot pressing by solution reprecipitation. These composites maintain high strength at 1000°C and their strength/hardness are much higher than similar composites prepared using commercial hBN powder, which yielded a coarser microstructure. Good machinability was achieved despite a flat R curve.
Learning from the Co-operative Institutional Model: How to Enhance Organizational Robustness of Third Sector Organizations with More Pluralistic Forms of Governance

Third sector organizations are oftentimes seen as contributing to a robust civil society. Yet the dominant modes of third sector organizational governance often adhere to a unitary orientation. The over-reliance on unitary modes of governance introduces two challenges: first, organizational stakeholders are kept from utilizing participatory mechanisms that would enable them to act as societal intermediaries, and; second, these organizations may underperform due to the artificial separation of stakeholders from participating in governance. This paper addresses calls to widen our knowledge by translating theory into practice through a discussion about the efficacy of pluralistic governance. The co-operative enterprise in introduced to focus analyses on pluralist modes of stakeholder governance. A specific co-operative’s governance structure and practice is introduced—Choctaw Electric Co-operative—through an archival analyses of secondary media accounts of a stakeholder-led reform initiative in rural Oklahoma. The Ostrom Design Principles—a diagnostic used to assess institutional robustness—are applied to demonstrate the shortsightedness of unitary governance, and highlight the potential benefits of pluralistic stakeholder engagement. Knowledge is widened in two ways: first, empirical analyses of co-operative enterprise may provide for significant insights and innovations in third sector governance, and; second proper systems of pluralistic governance exhibit enormous capacity to better orient the firm toward better serving the stakeholder base, improving performance and institutional robustness, while empowering stakeholders as societal intermediaries.
Non-contact probes for characterization of THz devices and components

We investigate through numerical simulation the coupling properties of a novel, AC-coupled, contact-free probe. The new probe couples radiation from a CPW-embedded device-under-test via polarization current, which is then transformed to conduction current in the probe and down-converted in frequency to baseband by an optically-pumped photomixer. Numerous simulations have been realized in order to understand and improve the behavior of the probe. Here, we present the most interesting results: the use of a symmetric side coupled coplanar waveguide and a broadband design showing promising performance up to 1300 GHz with an operating range of 1 THz.
Some optical properties of tantalum borate (tabo4), a compound with unusual coordinations

Tantalum borate (TaBO4) has the zircon structure with unusual coordination for the cations: Ta5+ in eight- and B3+ in four-coordination. The infrared and Raman spectrum is reported and discussed. The symmetrical and asymmetrical BO5−4 valence stretching lies at much lower energy than usually observed in borates. A comparison with other compounds with zirconstructure is made. TaBO4 shows a bluish-white luminescence under ultraviolet excitation at temperatures below liquid N2 temperature. The emission consists of at least two subbands. A comparison with YTaO4 is made. Tantallborat (TaBO4) ist mit Zirkon isotyp. Es liegt jedoch eine nicht ubliche Koordinationszahl fur die Kationen vor: Ta5+ hat die Koordinationszahl acht und B3+ vier. Die IR- und Raman-Spektren dieses Borats werden mitgeteilt und diskutiert. Die symmetrische und asymmetrische BO5-4-Valenzschwingung liegt bei niedrigerer Energie als ublich in Boratverbindungen. Diese Spektren werden mit Literaturangaben fur andere Verbindungen mit Zirkonstruktur verglichen. TaBO4 zeigt eine blaulich-weise Emission unter Anregung mit ultravioletter Strahlung bei Temperaturen unterhalb des flussigen Stickstoffs. Diese Lumineszenz enthalt mindestens zwei Subbanden. Ein Vergleich mit der Lumineszenz von Yttriumtantalat wird diskutiert.
Three-dimensional structure of a tubulin-motor-protein complex

THE kinesin superfamily is a class of microtubule-based mechano-enzymes involved in intracellular transport and chromosome movements. Molecules that move towards either the plus end or the minus end of micro tubules are represented within the family. The motor domains of these molecules exhibit considerable sequence homology and contain both the ATP- and microtubule-binding sites (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Here we focus on non-claret disjunctional (ncd), a minus-end-directed motor involved in chromosome segregation in meiosis and early mitosis in Drosophila3‡-6. We have calculated a three-dimensional map of tubulin sheets decorated with monomeric recombinant ncd motor domains7 by negative-stain electron microscopy and image analysis. Comparisons with a control structure of tubulin alone reveal that each motor domain binds to the crest of a single protofilament, making extensive contacts with both the α and β tubulin monomers. Binding of the motor domain results in significant conformational changes in both of the tubulin monomers.
The distribution of male meiotic pairing sites on chromosome 2 of Drosophila melanogaster: meiotic pairing and segregation of 2-Y transpositions.

The distribution of meiotic pairing sites on a Drosophila melanogaster autosome was studied by characterizing patterns of prophase pairing and anaphase segregation in males heterozygous for a number of 2-Y transpositions, collectively coveringall of chromosome arm 2R and one-fourth of chromosome arm 2L. It was found that all transpositions involving euchromatin from chromosome 2, even short stretches, increased the frequency of prophase I quadrivalents involving the sex and second chromosome bivalents above background levels. Quadrivalent frequencies were the same whether the males carried both elements of the transposition or just the Dp (2;Y) element along with two normal chromosome 2s, indicating that pairing is non-competitive. The frequency of quadrivalents was proportional to the size of the transposed region, suggesting that pairing sites are widely distributed on chromosome 2. Moreover, all but the smallest transpositions caused a detectable bias in the segregation ratio, in favor of alternate segregations, indicating that the prophase associations were effective in orienting centromeres to opposite poles. One transposition involving only heterochromatin of chromosome 2 had no effect on quadrivalent frequency, consistent with previous evidence that autosomal heterochromatin lacks meiotic pairing ability in males. One region at the base of chromosome arm 2L proved to be especially effective in stimulating quadrivalent formation and anaphase segregation, indicating the presence of a strong pairing site in this region. It is concluded that autosomal pairing in D. melanogaster males is based on general homology, despite the lack of homologous recombination.