cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financing State-Sponsored Local Growth Management Programs: Block Grants and the Federal Role

Since the early 1970s, eight states have enacted measures mandating or encouraging preparation of local comprehensive land-use plans according to state standards. In one sense, they have revived the earlier commitment to community planning largely abandoned by the federal government over the past two decades. However, it is unclear how states and municipalities will fund continuous management of local plans, once they are completed and adopted. The federal Community Development Block Grant program offers a logical source of assistance, but amendments are necessary to correct program shortcomings and ensure quality control in planning outcomes. Local and state matching contributions should complement federal assistance.
Reaction of germinal centers in the T-cell-independent response to the bacterial polysaccharide alpha(1-->6)dextran

Abstract Primary immunization of BALB/c mice with alpha(1-->6)dextran (DEX), a native bacterial polysaccharide, induces an unexpected pattern of splenic B-cell responses. After a peak of antibody-secreting B-cell response at day 4, deposition of dextran-anti-dextran immune complexes, as revealed by staining with both dextran and antibodies to dextran, occurs and persists in splenic follicles until at least the fourth week after immunization. Antigen-specific B cells appear and proliferate in such follicles, leading by day 11 to development of DEX-specific germinal centers as characterized by the presence of distinct regions of DEX+ peanut agglutinin-positive (PNA+) cells. At this time, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis also reveals the appearance of a distinct population of DEX+ PNA+ splenic B cells. In contrast, DEX+ PNA- cells, characterized by intense cytoplasmic staining, are present outside of splenic follicles, peak at day 4 to day 5, and persist until at least day 28. The frequency of these cells correlates with DEX-specific antibody-secreting cells, as detected by the ELISA-spot assay. Thus, in addition to the expected plasma cellular response, the typical T-cell-independent type II antigen, DEX, surprisingly also elicits the formation of antigen-specific germinal centers. These observations raise fundamental questions about the roles of germinal centers in T-cell-independent immune responses.
Do Fiscal Spillovers Matter

The paper assesses the impact of fiscal spillovers on growth in the context of a coordinated exit from crisis management policies. We find that despite potentially sizeable domestic effects from consolidation, aggregate negative spillovers to other countries are likely to be contained in 2011-2012 unless fiscal multipliers and/or imports elasticities are very large. Small and open European economies, however, will be substantially affected in any case. In contrast, the coordinated exit from fiscal stimulus will have limited direct effect on European peripheral countries since they are relatively closed, with the notable exception of Ireland.
State-of-the-Art Review : Management of Patients Who Require Invasive Procedures Immediately Following Thrombolytic Therapy

In recent years the use of thrombolytic ther apy has been demonstrated to be valuable in the treat ment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Often, because of the frequency of reocclusion of the infarct- related artery, identification of a treatable vascular le sion, or, rarely, failure of thrombolytic therapy, patients will require more invasive procedures to prevent further ischemic injury to the myocardium. These procedures in clude anything from cardiac catheterization to emergency coronary bypass surgery. The perioperative evaluation and management of patients who have recently received thrombolytic therapy requires an understanding of the changes in coagulation proteins that occur with the use of these therapeutic agents. The appropriate understanding and use of antifibrinolytic agents and blood products will allow for these procedures to be performed safely with a minimum of bleeding complications.
The Predictive Validity of Holland's Construct of Consistency.

Abstract Holland's construct of consistency was studied for its predictive validity of certain measures of vocational stability. A new measure of consistency used was the difference between two plotted vocational choices on the American College Testing Program's Map of College Majors which 1248 subjects expressed while in high school. This consistency index was found to have no relationship with the similarity of the same subjects' beginning and ending college majors, also measured as a distance on the Map of College Majors. Additionally, no relationship was found to exist between the consistency index and number of college major changes, the number of course withdrawals, academic performance, and scholastic aptitude.
Displaying Ethical Behaviors by Psychologists When Standards Are Unclear

Psychologists recognize the need to know and adhere to the ethics code in the country or countries in which they work. However, most countries do not have ethics codes that govern the work of psychologists. Thus, psychologists working in countries that do not have an ethics code face a dilemma: They need to behave ethically yet do not know the guidelines or standards that govern these behaviors. This article highlights some cross-national conditions about which psychologists should be aware when working cross-nationally, especially in countries that may lack an ethics code. These include knowledge of the host country's prevailing moral values, its laws and administrative policies, and ethics codes as well as policies approved by international agencies and associations. Eight guidelines are provided for psychologists working in host countries that lack ethics codes.
A new synthesis of s‐triazines

The unions of urea, guanidine, thiourea, biguanide, and biuret were reacted with aromatic nitriles to yield s-triazines. Ortho-chloro substituted aromatic nitriles gave other products or did not react because of steric factors.
Lipids as a common interest of microorganisms and geochemists.

The cycling of carbon between organic and inorganic forms controls levels of O2 in the global environment. Through its relationships to CO2 and CH4, both greenhouse gases, the carbon cycle also influences climate. For such reasons, geoscientists are broadly interested in understanding processes within the carbon cycle, both now and in ancient times. Microbial catalysis is pervasive, so organic geochemists—who once focused largely on petroleum—are taking a great interest in recognizing and interpreting molecular fossils, or “biomarkers,” that reflect the presence and activities of specific microorganisms. As they search, they occasionally come across products that surprise everyone. The report by Stefan Schouten et al. in this issue of PNAS is a recent and particularly interesting example (1). By using a new technique applicable to lipids containing as many as 86 carbon atoms, they found molecules that expand the range of known microbial products. Moreover, they have discovered some carbon skeletons in which archaeal and bacterial structural elements are combined.
Practical Comparison of Methods of Computing Grain-Size Parameters: ABSTRACT

Sieved modern coastal sands were used to compute standard grain-size parameters from all known graphic formulas and the method of moments. Progressively greater variation existed in computation of mean, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis. As a group, Folk and Ward's parameters came closest to approximating moment parameters. The median yielded the greatest deviation from the moment mean, being too fine for coarse-skewed samples and too coarse for fine-skewed samples. Graphic means were very close to the moment mean. Formulas (Folk and Ward, McCammon) considering points near the tails of the distribution and the median produced almost the same values as the moment mean. Formulas (Otto, Inman) omitting the median yielded slightly too coarse means for coarse-skewed samples and slightly too fine for fine-skewed samples. Sampling more than four frequency curve points did not increase accuracy of means or sorting estimates. Among graphic sorting estimates, Krumbein's QD^phgr consistently was appreciably lower and Friedman's SOs and Griffiths' PD^phgr consistently were appreciably higher than moment standard deviation. Cadigan's S and Otto's and Inman's ^sgr^phgr produced irregular values averaging higher and lower, respectively, than moment values. Folk and Ward's ^sgr1 and McCammon's ^sgr yielded consistent results slightly below moment values. Tanner's D3,29 produced the closest approach to moment values. The non-phi-unit methods (Trask's So; Miller and Zeigler's DS; Sharp and Fan's Si) showed the same relative change in sorting between samples. No graphic skewness estimate correlated well with moment skewness, although they usually yielded the same sign. Only Folk and Ward's Sk1 and Inman's ^sgr^phgr produced fairly consistent results close to the average skewness value. No graphic kurtosis estimate correlated with moment kurtosis, which was consistently higher. End_of_Article - Last_Page 735------------
Solution conformation of the (+)-trans-anti-benzo[g]chrysene-dA adduct opposite dT in a DNA duplex.

The solution structure of the adduct derived from the covalent bonding of the fjord region (+)-(11S, 12R, 13R, 14S) stereoisomer of anti -11,12-dihydroxy-13,14-epoxy-11,12,13, 14-tetrahydrobenzo[g]chrysene, (+)- anti -B[g]CDE, to the exocyclic N(6)amino group of the adenine residue dA6, (designated (+)- trans-anti -(B[g]C)dA6), positioned opposite a thymine residue dT17 in the DNA sequence context d(C1-T2-C3-T4-C5-(B[g]C)A6-C7-T8-T9-C10-C11). d(G12-G13-A14-A15-G16-T17-G18-A19-G20++ +-A21-G22) (designated (B[g]C)dA. dT 11-mer duplex), has been studied using structural information derived from NMR data in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. The solution structure of the (+)- trans-anti -(B[g]C)dA.dT 11-mer duplex has been determined using an MD protocol where both interproton distance and dihedral angle restraints deduced from NOESY and COSY spectra are used during the refinement process, followed by additional relaxation matrix refinement to the observed NOESY intensities to account for spin diffusion effects. The results established that the covalently attached benzo[g]chrysene ring intercalates into the DNA helix directed towards the 5'-side of the modified strand and stacks predominantly with dT17 when intercalated between dC5.dG18 and (B[g]C)dA6.dT17 base-pairs. All base-pairs, including the modified (B[g]C)dA6.dT17 base-pair, are aligned through Watson-Crick pairing as in normal B -DNA. In addition, the potential strain associated with the highly sterically hindered fjord region of the aromatic portion of the benzo[g]chrysenyl ring is relieved through the adoption of a non-planar, propeller-like geometry within the chrysenyl ring system. This conformation shares common structural features with the related (+)- trans-anti -(B[c]Ph)dA adduct in the identical base sequence context, derived from the fjord region (+)-(1S,2R,3R,4S)-3, 4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene stereoisomer, in which intercalation is also observed towards the 5'-side of the modified dA6.dT17 base-pair.
The solar neutrino problem

I review the solar neutrino problem and what it has taught us about the Sun and fundamental physics.
Delivery of growth factor to wounds using a genetically engineered biological bandage

Increasing the rate of wound healing of acute wounds and promoting the closure of chronic ulcers is an important goal in wound therapy. Growth factors have been shown to facilitate this process; however, the systems described for growth factor delivery are not ideal. In the present report we demonstrate the feasibility of a new method of delivering growth factors to the wound site using a genetically engineered biological bandage. The bandage consysts of keratinocytes (SCC-13 cells) that are engineered by gene transfer to produce high levels of bovine growth hormone (bGH). bGH was selected for these studies because it can be easily distinguished from rat and human growth hormone in wound fluids and culture medium. The bGH-producing cells are contained and maintained in serum-free medium inside an envelope composed of a low protein binding, 0.2 μm pore size, polysulfone membrane. The genetically engineered cells cannot escape from the bandage, but the bGH is freely released into the surrounding culture medium. When placed onto a full-thickness, surgically generated wound on rats, the cells within the bandage continue to produce and release bGH into the wound for at least 3 days. This system is a safe and reliable way of providing real-time delivery of any desired biomolecule into the wound site. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The decay of the continuous spectrum for solutions of the Korteweg‐deVries equation

The asymptotic behavior of the solution u(x, t) of the Korteweg‐deVries equation ut + uux + uxxx = 0 is investigated for the class of problems where the initial data does not give rise to an associated discrete spectrum. It is shown that the behavior is different in the three regions (i) x≫t1/3, (ii) x = 0(t1/3), (iii) x≪− t1/3. Asymptotic solutions in each of these regions are found which match at their respective boundaries. One of the Berezin‐Karpman similarity solutions is the asymptotic state in (ii) and u(x, t) decays like 1/t2/3 in this region. For region (i) there is exponential decay, whereas in region (iii) the structure of u(x, t) is highly oscillatory and the amplitudes of the oscillations decay as 1/t1/2 when − x/t is of order unity. For x/t large and negative these amplitudes decay at least as 1/(− x/t)1/4t1/2.
Association of prolonged QRS duration with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II)

Background There is conflicting literature on the relationship between prolonged QRS duration (QRSd) and arrhythmic events, including sudden cardiac death (SCD), in heart failure patients with or without implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of prolonged QRSd relative to arrhythmic outcomes in medically and ICD-treated patients enrolled in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) II. Methods Using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for ejection fraction, heart failure class, and blood urea nitrogen, we estimated the association of prolonged QRSd ≥140 ms with SCD in the medically treated arm and SCD or first appropriate ICD therapy for rapid ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF; cycle length ≤260 ms) in the ICD-treated arm. Results In the medically treated arm, prolonged QRSd was a significant independent predictor of SCD (hazard ratio 2.12; 95% confidence interval 1.20–3.76; P = .01). However, in the ICD-treated arm, prolonged QRSd did not predict SCD or rapid VT/VF (hazard ratio 0.77; 95% CI 0.47–1.24; P = .28). The difference in the prognostic effect of prolonged QRSd in these two groups was significant ( P Conclusions In patients with prior myocardial infarction and EF ≤30%, prolonged QRSd does not predict SCD/VT/VF in ICD-treated patients but does predict SCD in medically treated patients. This underscores the nonequivalence of VT/VF and SCD and the need for caution in inferring risk of SCD when using nonrandomized databases that include only patients with ICDs.
Preparation of 2H‐spiro[benzo[d]isothiazole‐3,3′‐pyrazole]‐1, 1‐dioxide‐2′(4′H)‐carboxylates from dilithiated C(α),N‐carboalkoxyhydrazones and methyl 2‐(aminosulfonyl)benzoate

A variety of substituted spiro(benzoisothiazole-pyrazoles) have been prepared by the condensation of dilithiated C(α),N-carboalkoxyhydrazones with lithiated methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl)benzoate followed by the cyclization of intermediates with acetic anhydride, which also resulted in spiro N-acetylated products when carbomethoxyhydrazones or carboethoxyhydrazones were used, and spiro NH products when carbo-tert-butoxyhydrazones were used. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 231 (2009).
Primary structure homology between the product of yeast cell division control gene CDC28 and vertebrate oncogenes

In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, division is controlled in response to nutrient limitation and in preparation for conjugation. Cells deprived of an essential nutrient or responding to mating pheromones cease division and become synchronous in the G1 interval, apparently constrained from completing a critical event. This event has been given the operational designation of 'start'. We have isolated a large number of start mutations which confer on S. cerevisiae cells a conditional inability to complete start (Fig. 1) presumably because they define genes which must be expressed for the start event to be successfully completed. We have described the isolation on plasmids of one of the start genes, CDC28, by genetic complementation and initial characterization of its product. We now describe the DNA sequence of the gene CDC28.
Phase 1 interceptive orthodontic treatment reduces the severity of malocclusion.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information The effectiveness of phase I orthodontic treatment in a Medicaid population. Mirabelli JT, Huang GJ, Siu CH, King GJ, Omnell L. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;127(5):592-8. Level of Evidence 2c Purpose/Question Is early orthodontic treatment for children enrolled in a Medicaid program, compared with children treated in a private pay graduate orthodontic clinic, effective in reducing the severity of malocclusion? Source of Funding University of Washington Orthodontic Memorial Fund Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort
Structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains.

The core histone tail domains are "master control switches" that help define the structural and functional characteristics of chromatin at many levels. The tails modulate DNA accessibility within the nucleosome, are essential for stable folding of oligonucleosome arrays into condensed chromatin fibers, and are important for fiber-fiber interactions involved in higher order structures. Many nuclear signaling pathways impinge upon the tail domains, resulting in posttranslational modifications that are likely to alter the charge, structure, and/or interactions of the core histone tails or to serve as targets for the binding of ancillary proteins or other enzymatic functions. However, currently we have only a marginal understanding of the molecular details of core histone tail conformations and contacts. Here we review data related to the structures and interactions of the core histone tail domains and how these domains and posttranslational modifications therein may define the structure and function of chromatin.
The bacterial replisome: back on track?

It has been postulated that bacterial DNA replication occurs via a factory mechanism in which unreplicated DNA is spooled into a centrally located replisome and newly synthesized DNA is discharged towards opposite cell poles. Although there is considerable support for this view, it does not fit with many key observations. I review new findings, and provide alternative interpretations for old findings, which challenge this model. As a whole, current data suggest that the replisome, at least in slowly growing Escherichia coli cells, tracks along a stationary chromosome. These replisomes are not stationary, tethered or restricted in their movement, but rather travel throughout the nucleoid. One possibility is that the replisome navigates along a chromosome made up of looped domains as has been previously envisioned.
Feasibility Study of the Welding of Sic

In a brief study of the feasibility of welding sintered alpha-SiC, solid-state welding and brazing were investigated. Joint quality was determined solely by microstructural examination. Hot-pressure welding was shown to be feasible at 1950 C. Diffusion welding and brazing were also successful under hot isostatic pressure at 1950 C when boride, carbide, and silicide interlayers were used. Furnace brazing was accomplished at 1750 C when a TiSi2 interlayer was introduced.
A holographic interferometric method to study combined heat and mass transfer in film sorption

Abstract Sorption by a liquid desiccant is a key process in open-cycle, liquid desiccant cooling systems. In order to study the absorption rates in a liquid desiccant, a fiber-optic, double-wavelength holographic interferometric method was developed and used to measure the combined heat and mass transfer processes that occurred during a regeneration process. In the experiment, the heat and mass transfer processes that occur at the interface between a dry air stream and either a liquid desiccant or a film of water are investigated. The temperature and concentration distribution were calculated and the results were used to determine the Lewis number Le and the local heat and mass transfer coefficients.
Post-transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1 expression during G2 phase

During continuous proliferation, cyclin D1 protein is induced to high levels in a Ras-dependent manner as cells progress from S phase to G2 phase. To understand the mechanism of the Ras-dependent cyclin D1 induction, cyclin D1 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative image analysis following fluorescent in situ hybridization. Although a slight increase in mRNA expression levels was detected during the S/G2 transition, this increase could not explain the more robust induction of cyclin D1 protein levels. This suggested the involvement of post-transcriptional regulation as a mechanism of cyclin D1 protein induction. To directly test this hypothesis, the cyclin D1 transcription rate was determined by run-on assays. The transcription rate of cyclin D1 stayed steady during the synchronous transition from S the G2 phase. We further demonstrated that cyclin D1 protein levels could increase during G2 phase in the absence of new mRNA synthesis. alpha-Amanitin, a transcription inhibitor, did not suppress cyclin D1 protein elevation as the cells progressed from S to G2 phase, even though the inhibitor was able to completely block cyclin D1 protein induction during reentry into the cell cycle from quiescence. The half life of cyclin D1 protein was shortest during S phase indicating that a change in protein stability might play a role in post-translational induction of cyclin D1 in G2 phase. These data indicate a fundamental difference in the regulation of cyclin D1 production during continuous cell cycle progression and re-initiation of the cell cycle.
The impact of anxiety on performance IQ

Although anxiety-related responding is associated with performance deficits on various cognitive and behavioral tasks, research exploring the relation between anxiety and IQ performance is equivocal and characterized by methodological limitations. In the present study, 80 undergraduate students completed a battery of self-report anxiety instruments and WAIS-III performance sub-tests. Physiological data were also recorded. Using multivariate statistical procedures (factor analysis, path analysis, multiple regression) that explored relations among testing anxiety, general anxiety, physiological responsivity, and online anxiety, only testing anxiety (negatively) and heart rate reactivity (positively) accounted for significant unique variance in predicting performance IQ. The negative impact of testing anxiety was particularly relevant to the block design and picture arrangement sub-tests and heart rate reactivity positively was associated with performance on the digit-symbol coding sub-test. Study limitation...
A catalog of laser-stimulated infrared emission spectra

Abstract A catalog has been compiled of laser-stimulated infrared emission spectra from 36 compounds. The spectra are correlated with the appropriate bond vibrations, and other features are discussed. The variety of compounds detected is an indication of the wide applicability of this technique to analytical problems.
Pattern Recognition as Rule-Guided Inductive Inference

The determination of pattern recognition rules is viewed as a problem of inductive inference, guided by generalization rules, which control the generalization process, and problem knowledge rules, which represent the underlying semantics relevant to the recognition problem under consideration. The paper formulates the theoretical framework and a method for inferring general and optimal (according to certain criteria) descriptions of object classes from examples of classification or partial descriptions. The language for expressing the class descriptions and the guidance rules is an extension of the first-order predicate calculus, called variable-valued logic calculus VL21. VL21 involves typed variables and contains several new operators especially suited for conducting inductive inference, such as selector, internal disjunction, internal conjunction, exception, and generalization. Important aspects of the theory include: 1) a formulation of several kinds of generalization rules; 2) an ability to uniformly and adequately handle descriptors (i.e., variables, functions, and predicates) of different type (nominal, linear, and structured) and of different arity (i.e., different number of arguments); 3) an ability to generate new descriptors, which are derived from the initial descriptors through a rule-based system (i.e., an ability to conduct the so called constructive induction); 4) an ability to use the semantics underlying the problem under consideration. An experimental computer implementation of the method is briefly described and illustrated by an example.
Environmental factors and respiratory hypersensitivity : the Americas

Abstract Diverse environmental exposure profiles exist in the Americas because of widely different climates, ambient pollutants, and bioaerosols in these continents. This paper reviews selected studies from the Americas that support the broad hypothesis that environmental factors contribute to respiratory hypersensitivity. Processes influenced by environmental factors include primary immunologic sensitization, the development and exacerbation of specific immunologic diseases and the activation of nonspecific mechanisms with tissue inflammation, injury and remodeling. Endpoints resulting from these processes include respiratory symptoms, diseases such as asthma, with measures of disease severity including medication use and hospitalization rates, and death due to cardiorespiratory disease. Studies associate sensitization rates to specific allergens with environmental factors such as humidity and indices of allergen exposure. Regional variation occurs with exposure to outdoor source pollutants such as ozone, but varies by household to bioaerosols such as dust mite, cat or cockroach allergen. Indoor allergens are associated with asthma while outdoor allergens are associated with allergic rhinitis. In a national survey, the atopic sensitization rate in the USA increased with urban residence (defined as towns of population > 2500) and varied by region. Controlled human challenge studies show that ozone increases the response of allergic subjects to allergen. Increased ambient photochemical pollution concentrations, of which ozone is an important component, are associated with increased emergency room visits for asthma in cities such as Toronto, New York, Atlanta, and Mexico City. In Sao Paolo, Brazil, mortality due to childhood respiratory disease was influenced by the ambient levels of NO 2 . Epidemiologic studies including the recent meta-analysis of a large, longitudinal study population associate ambient concentrations of particulate matter μ m and respiratory symptoms, disease severity and increased cardiorespiratory deaths. Toxicology studies show that individual variation in responsiveness is important in nonspecific inflammatory responses to irritant pollutants such as ozone and environmental tobacco smoke. These studies indicate that environmental factors influence primary allergen sensitization, secondary allergic responses, the activation of nonspecific inflammatory responses, and the severity of respiratory diseases, including asthma.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Cu-Al-Coated Ti-6Al-4V

Fretting fatigue of a Cu-Al coating deposited on an alumina-gritted Ti-6Al-4V substrate was investigated. Two types of tests were conducted: one series involved fretting fatigue tests at different bulk stress amplitudes under a constant contact load and the second series was run at different contact loads under a constant bulk stress amplitude. The coefficient of friction (COF) was lower on the coated substrate than on the bare substrate before fretting. However, COFs of the coated and the bare (i.e., uncoated) substrates were identical after the exposure to fretting fatigue cycles since fretting fatigue caused wear of the coating. The coating thickness as a function of fretting fatigue cycles was monitored. The coating damage increased as the applied bulk stress amplitude increased. At lower bulk stress amplitudes, the coating damage was gradual and it survived over one million cycles. However, the coating delaminated from the gritted surface and/or caused premature specimen failure at higher stress ampl...
Effects of gas density on the structure of liquid jets in still gases

A theoretical and experimental study of the near jet-exit region of nonevaporatin g round liquid jets in still gases is described, emphasizing effects of ambient gas density in the atomization breakup regime where liquid breakup begins right at the jet exit. Mean liquid volume fraction distributions were measured for 9.5-mm-diam water jets in still air at pressures of 1-8 atm. Mixing was strongly affected by the gas/liquid density ratio and the degree of flow development at the jet exit, with the largest gas/liquid density ratio and fully developed turbulent pipe flow yielding the fastest mixing rates. Flow properties were predicted using the locally homogeneous flow approximation, where relative velocities between the phases are assumed to be small in comparison to mean flow velocities. Predictions were in good agreement with measurements, including representation of effects of gas/liquid density ratio and flow development at the jet exit, but only at relatively high mixture fractions. In contrast, separated flow effects caused predictions to overestimate rates of flow development at low mixture fractions.
Affective valence and P300 when stimulus arousal level is controlled

Visual stimuli from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were employed in a modified oddball paradigm to elicit the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) in young adult females (N=12). The pictures varied on valence (negative, neutral, positive) ratings but had the same medium arousal level ratings. The images were presented as targets with a standard stimulus composed of red/white triangles designed to mimic the spatial frequency of the pictures. P300 amplitude from negative relative to neutral stimuli was smaller over frontal areas, whereas amplitude from positive relative to neutral stimuli did not differ. P300 amplitude differences among valence categories were consistent across the midline electrodes, and did not change over the parietal area where arousal effects are typically observed. The findings suggest that valence affects P300 frontal amplitude, and arousal level should be controlled when using emotional stimuli to elicit ERPs. Theoretical implications are discussed.
O-Demethylation, dehydroxylation, ring-reduction and cleavage of aromatic substrates by Enterobacteriaceae under anaerobic conditions

Four fermentative facultative anaerobes, members of the genera Enterobacter and Escherichia, were tested for their ability to transform an aromatic lignin derivative, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (ferulic acid), under anaerobic (fermentative) conditions. The pure cultures studied were shown to O-demethylate, dehydroxylate, reduce the double bond in the side-chain, decarboxylate the aromatic ring to the stage of benzoate and to reduce the ring to an alicyclic acid. Aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, ethylbenzene and propylbenzene), as well as phenols (phenol, o-cresol, p-cresol, 2-ethylphenol and 3-hydroxy-4-ethylphenol) were also produced. In addition, during 3 months incubation, the cleavage of the aromatic ring occurred, whereby a small fraction of the substrate was converted to straight-chain and branched (methylated, ethylated) five- to eight-carbon aliphatic acids. The results indicate that pure cultures of fermentative facultative anaerobes might be capable of degrading substituted aromatic acids to aliphatic products under strictly anaerobic (fermentative) conditions. These abilities, which have so far been found only in denitrifying pseudomonads among facultative anaerobes, might be common in Enterobacteriaceae. It is conceivable that these bacteria are important as degraders of aromatic compounds in anaerobic ecosystems.
Daphne Spain, How Women Saved the City, (University of Minnesota Press, 2001).

In many urban studies courses, the class begins with an analysis of early European theorists like Toennies or Simmel followed by an introduction to the Chicago School. Urban problems courses may ex...
Computing generalized belief functions for continuous fuzzy sets

Abstract Intelligent systems often need to deal with various kinds of uncertain information. It is thus essential to develop evidential reasoning models that (1) can cope with different kinds of uncertain information in a theoretically sound manner and (2) can be implemented efficiently in a computer system. Generalizing the Dempster-Shafer theory to fuzzy sets has been suggested as a promising approach for dealing with probabilistic data, vague concepts, and incomplete information in a uniform framework. However, previous efforts in this area do not preserve an important principle of D-S theory—that belief and plausibility measures are the lower and upper bounds on belief measures. Recently, Yen proposed an alternative approach in which the degree of belief and the degree of plausibility of a fuzzy set are interpreted as its lower and upper belief measure, respectively. This paper briefly describes his generalized D-S reasoning model and discusses the computational aspects of the model. In particular, efficient algorithms are presented for computing the generalized belief function and plausibility functions for strong convex fuzzy sets, which are a wide class of fuzzy sets used most frequently in existing fuzzy intelligent systems. The algorithm not only facilitates the application of the generalized D-S model but also provides the basis for developing efficient algorithms for more general cases.
X-ray Diffraction using 55 Fe Sources

LOBOV et al. have criticized1 our work2 on X-ray diffraction using a 55Fe source and modified Debye–Scherrer geometry. In particular, they have objected to our statement that 55Fe, which is reactor-produced by the (n, γ) reaction as was their source, is contaminated with 59Fe and 54Mn. In their earlier publications3,4, however, they stated that their source in use at that time was contaminated.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Electron Fermi Surfaces in Pd and Pt

We present measurements of the pressure derivative $\frac{d(\mathrm{ln}S)}{\mathrm{dp}}$ of the Fermi surface cross section $S$ at [100] and [111] for the electrons in Pd and Pt in the range 0-25 atm. The results suggest that the electron pressure derivatives in these metals are nearly isotropic. Along [100] $\frac{d(\mathrm{ln}S)}{\mathrm{dp}}=(4.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4} \mathrm{and} (3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{kbar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Pd and Pt, respectively.
Selected Serials on Water Resources Development in Colorado

Copeland and Winkler are both catalog l ibrarians (serials) at the Colorado State Universi ty Li braries. The demands of a burgeoning population make water an increasingly scarce commodi ty in the arid western states. Wise development and management of this crucial resource are imperat ive i f crippling shortages are to be averted. We originally anticipated a bibl iography of various types of materials relating to the needs of every western state. Due to the vast number of materials ident if ied, we have conf ined our present efforts to the identif icat ion and description of selected serials that deal with water resources development in Colorado. Included are extant and defunct journals, annuals, monographic series, and annual reports. This bibl iography is arranged in alphabetical order by title, or by issuing agency and title where title is not distinctive. The annotations are descriptive, not critical or analytical. Whenever possible we have cited place of publication, publisher, starting date, f requency, and whether the publicat ion continues or has ceased. We also have noted inclusion of illustrations, graphs, statistical tables, bibliographies, and signed articles. All publications available at the Colorado State Universi ty Libraries were examined. For the publicar tions not available there, we contacted issuing agencies whenever possible to ver i fy informat ion and request review copies. Most agencies complied fully with our needs.
Nernst Effect and Diamagnetism in Phase Fluctuating Superconductors

We study superconducting systems in the regime where superconductivity is destroyed by phase fluctuations. We find that the Nernst effect has a much sharper temperature decay than predicted by Gaussian fluctuations, with an onset temperature that tracks ${T}_{c}$ rather than the pairing temperature. We find a close quantitative connection with diamagnetism---the ratio of magnetization to transverse thermoelectric conductivity reaches a fixed value at high temperatures. We interpret measurements on underdoped cuprates in terms of a dilute vortex liquid over a wide temperature range above ${T}_{c}$.
Asymptotic Stability Analysis for Sheet Metal Forming—Part I: Theory

In this paper is presented a general methodology for predicting puckering instabilities in sheet metal forming applications. A novel approach is introduced which does not use shell theory approximations. The starting point is Hill's stability functional for a three-dimensional rate-independent stressed solid which is modified for contact. By using a multiple scale asymptotic technique with respect to the small dimensionless thickness parameter e, one can derive the two-dimensional version of the stability functional which is accurate up to O (e 4 ), thus taking into account bending effects. Loss of positive definiteness of this functional indicates possibility of a puckering instability in a sheet metal forming problem with a known stress and deformation state. An advantage of the proposed method is that the puckering investigation is independent of the algorithm used for calculating the deformed state of the sheet.
Ecological Integrity: Reclaiming Lost Connections

Human history, like evolution itself, has been marked by relative stasis punctuated by periods of rapid change. Harnessing fire, making and using tools and weapons, and inventing the wheel were early mileposts signaling, we are told, an unbounded human ingenuity. These and other innovations allowed humans to tap natural capital and spread virtually throughout the world, living year-round from sea level to mountain tops, from equatorial heat to polar cold. The success of humans in these diverse natural settings resulted directly from the ability to adapt to diverse regional conditions and to develop and modify culture and religion.
Proximity Charge Sensing With Semiconductor Detectors

Semiconductor radiation detectors are routinely used for the detection, imaging, and spectroscopy of gamma-ray, x-ray, and charged particles. In basic form, a detector is comprised of a semiconductor crystal with two or more electrodes formed on its surfaces. Besides allowing for the application of bias voltage, one or more of the electrodes on a detector also serve as readout electrode. Charge carriers drifting across the detector induce a charge signal on the electrode, which can then be measured by a charge-sensitive amplifier connected to the electrode. Although in general the readout electrodes of a detector are formed on the detector itself, charge can be induced on any electrode, even if the electrode is not physically in contact with the semiconductor. Such proximity charge sensing effects can be utilized to achieve a variety of advantages in applications involving semiconductor detectors. In this paper, we report on the experimental verification of signal readout using proximity electrodes and demonstrate several possible applications of this technique, including the position-sensitive readout of detectors and the sensing of incomplete charge collection in detectors as a means to reduce spectral background.
Epicatechin-rich cocoa polyphenol inhibits Kras-activated pancreatic ductal carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in a mouse model

Activated Kras gene coupled with activation of Akt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) triggers the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, the precursor lesion for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in humans. Therefore, intervention at premalignant stage of disease is considered as an ideal strategy to delay the tumor development. Pancreatic malignant tumor cell lines are widely used; however, there are not relevant cell-based models representing premalignant stages of PDAC to test intervention agents. By employing a novel Kras-driven cell-based model representing premalignant and malignant stages of PDAC, we investigated the efficacy of ACTICOA-grade cocoa polyphenol (CP) as a potent chemopreventive agent under in vitro and in vivo conditions. It is noteworthy that several human intervention/clinical trials have successfully established the pharmacological benefits of cocoa-based foods. The liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS data confirmed epicatechin as the major polyphenol of CP. Normal, nontumorigenic and tumorigenic pancreatic ductal epithelial (PDE) cells (exhibiting varying Kras activity) were treated with CP and epicatechin. CP and epicatechin treatments induced no effect on normal PDE cells, however, caused a decrease in the (i) proliferation, (ii) guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound Ras protein, (iii) Akt phosphorylation and (iv) NF-κB transcriptional activity of premalignant and malignant Kras-activated PDE cells. Further, oral administration of CP (25 mg/kg) inhibited the growth of Kras-PDE cell-originated tumors in a xenograft mouse model. LC-MS/MS analysis of the blood showed epicatechin to be bioavailable to mice after CP consumption. We suggest that (i) Kras-driven cell-based model is an excellent model for testing intervention agents and (ii) CP is a promising chemopreventive agent for inhibiting PDAC development.
Discrimination and stigmatization in work organizations: A multiple level framework for research on genetic testing:

In this article, we examine how genetic testing may be the basis of a new form of exclusion in organizations. Testing reveals the genetic composition of an individual and can identify genetically linked conditions. Discrimination, related to genetic composition, may occur through either the stigmatization or categorization of individuals or groups based on genetic test results. The potential impact of genetic testing and the associated discriminatory processes on both employees and organizations is outlined. This research discusses individual (stigmatization, perceived discrimination, and symptom timing and visibility), organizational (actual discrimination, genetic testing use and accommodation) and environmental (regulatory agencies, genetic testing laboratories, insurance providers and genetic advocacy groups) factors that impact genetic testing. Lastly, we propose research questions linked to these factors to guide future organizational study.
Pharmacology of the agonist binding sites of rat neuronal nicotinic receptor subtypes expressed in HEK 293 cells.

The binding affinities of agonists at heteromeric nicotinic receptors composed of rat α2, α3 and α4 subunits in combination with β2 or β4 subunits were examined in stably transfected HEK 293 cells. In most cases, the affinities of agonists were higher at receptors composed of an α subunit in combination with the β2 subunit than the β4 subunit, and in some cases this difference was quite large (>250 times), suggesting the possibility of developing subtype-selective ligands and therapeutically useful drugs.
Efficacy of class Ib (lidocaine-like) antiarrhythmic agents for prevention of sustained ventricular tachycardia secondary to coronary artery disease

Abstract The effects of lidocaine, tocainide and mexiletine were examined in 17 patients with coronary artery disease and chronic, recurrent, sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation and inducible VT. Eleven patients presented with sustained VT; 6 patients had had an episode of sudden death from which they had been resuscitated. All patients were refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic agents. Lidocaine prevented induction of VT in only 3 patients (18%). Tocainide prevented induction of VT in only 1 lidocaine-responsive patient. Mexiletine prevented VT induction in 1 patient who had responded to lidocaine but not tocainide. Neither tocainide nor mexiletine was effective in preventing induction of VT in any patient who did not respond to lidocaine. Lidocaine terminated VT in 3 patients, but this did not predict noninducibility with lidocaine, tocainide or mexiletine. Cycle length of VT was prolonged slightly by lidocaine (control 311 ± 14 ms, lidocaine 361 ± 26 ms, p
Collection and Analysis of 3D Magnetic Data for UXO Discrimination

Magnetic and electromagnetic responses are fundamentally three-dimensional phenomena that we visualize in two dimensions for simplicity. In a single 1D profile, measurement noise and interpretational ambiguities can be reduced at any given point by considering the values of neighboring points along the line. Similarly, noise levels and interpretations can be further enhanced by extending the process from 1D to 2D by considering the values of neighboring lines. It is reasonable to expect that a similar improvement can be obtained by extending this concept from 2D to 3D.
Haptic representation of the atom

Three-dimensional functions that represent atomic orbitals are traditionally difficult for chemistry students to conceptualize. Large sections of undergraduate physical chemistry texts are devoted to breaking apart and simplifying electron density functions so they can be visually represented. Traditional methodologies include skins (isosurfaces and enclosures of certain probabilities), three-dimensional projections (color, contours, slices) and two-dimensional graphs. Preliminary work with the Phantom 3D haptic interface suggests that haptics are an important addition to the chemist's tool set for representing atomic orbitals. With the Phantom, users simply move through real three-dimensional space and perceive the electron density as the force on the Phantom's pen. In our work, the force is proportional to the probability density function for the electron at any point, given by the square of the wavefunction describing a particular atomic orbital (/spl psi//sup 2/(r, /spl theta/, /spl phi/)). Nodes are felt as regions of zero force, increasing /spl psi//sup 2/ values are felt as increasing resistance, and maxima are communicated by haptic "clicks". Previous application of the Phantom to chemistry by Wanger (1998) utilized haptics for molecular docking feedback. The work tackles the altogether different problem of haptically visualizing the probability density functions of individual atomic orbitals. Feedback from chemistry students is positive and interest in continued development of the work is high among chemistry faculty.