cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The FUTUREPAIN study: Validating a questionnaire to predict the probability of having chronic pain 7-10 years into the future.

Objectives The FUTUREPAIN study develops a short general-purpose questionnaire, based on the biopsychosocial model, to predict the probability of developing or maintaining moderate-to-severe chronic pain 7-10 years into the future. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Two-thirds of participants in the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States were randomly assigned to a training cohort used to train a predictive machine learning model based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm, which produces a model with minimal covariates. Out-of-sample predictions from this model were then estimated using the remaining one-third testing cohort to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). An optimal cut-point that maximized sensitivity and specificity was determined. Results The LASSO model using 82 variables in the training cohort, yielded an 18-variable model with an out-of-sample AUROC of 0.85 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.80, 0.91) in the testing cohort. The sum of sensitivity (0.88) and specificity (0.76) was maximized at a cut-point of 17 (95% CI: 15, 18) on a 0-100 scale where the AUROC was 0.82. Discussion We developed a short general-purpose questionnaire that predicts the probability of an adult having moderate-to-severe chronic pain in 7-to-10 years. It has diagnostic ability greater than 80% and can be used regardless of whether a patient is currently experiencing chronic pain. Knowing which patients are likely to have moderate-to-severe chronic pain in the future allows clinicians to target preventive treatment.
Who teaches mathematics content courses for prospective elementary teachers in the USA? Results of a second national survey

This article reports on a second national survey of higher education institutions in the USA to answer the question “Who teaches mathematics content courses for prospective elementary teachers, and what are these instructors’ academic and teaching backgrounds?” and addresses valuable information not collected with the first survey conducted in 2010. We surveyed 1740 institutions and a faculty member from each of 413 institutions (23.7%) participated in the survey. The survey results demonstrate that the majority of these institutions are not meeting the recommendations of the Conference Board of Mathematical Sciences (2012) and the Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators (2017) for prospective elementary teachers to take at least 12 semester-hour credits of mathematics content designed specifically for them. The data do indicate that there is movement toward more activity-based approaches for these courses as compared to the 2010 survey. Additionally, there is an increase in these courses having instructors with doctorates in mathematics education as well as an increase in instructors having grades 7–12 teaching experience. Most instructors for these courses do not have elementary teaching experience and have likely not had opportunities to think deeply about the important ideas in elementary mathematics. While most institutions still do not provide training and/or support for these instructors, formalized support and training appear to be increasing since the 2010 survey.
Geometry of neural computation unifies working memory and planning

Real-world tasks require coordination of working memory, decision making, and planning, yet these cognitive functions have disproportionately been studied as independent modular processes in the brain. Here we propose that contingency representations, defined as mappings for how future behaviors depend on upcoming events, can unify working memory and planning computations. We designed a task capable of disambiguating distinct types of representations. Our experiments revealed that human behavior is consistent with contingency representations, and not with traditional sensory models of working memory. In task-optimized recurrent neural networks we investigated possible circuit mechanisms for contingency representations and found that these representations can explain neurophysiological observations from prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. Finally, we generated falsifiable predictions for neural data to identify contingency representations in neural data and to dissociate different models of working memory. Our findings characterize a neural representational strategy that can unify working memory, planning, and context-dependent decision making.
Tighter Blood Pressure Control Does Not Increase the Likelihood of Orthostatic Hypotension.

Orthostatic hypotension, a drop of 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic after moving from sitting to standing, was not associated with more intensive treatment of blood pressure and may be less likely to occur with intensive treatment.
Feasibility of a Wrist Biosensor to Characterize Exercise and Sleep Patterns in Neurology Residents (1094)

Objective: This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using a wearable biosensor to characterize exercise and sleep patterns in Neurology residents and examine perceived barriers to use. We also examined the association between objectively-measured exercise and sleep patterns compared to subjective self-reported data. Background: Resident wellness and “burnout” are complex problems involving by long duty hours, demanding work environments, and various psychosocial stressors. Previous studies examining the impact of sleep and exercise on Neurology resident “burnout” largely rely on self-reported measures. Design/Methods: Neurology residents (PGY1–3) were invited via email to participate. Informed consent and IRB approval were obtained. Participants were assigned anonymous usernames and provided WHOOP wrist-biosensor devices to wear for 12 months. WHOOP measures parameters such as resting heart rate, heart rate variability, exercise/strain, and sleep (total/deep/REM), with real-time data viewable via smartphone application. Participants completed a baseline survey of validated sleep (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and exercise (Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity) scales, and self-reported sleep/exercise characteristics. Participants repeated follow-up surveys at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12-months. Results: Sixteen of twenty-two eligible residents (72.7%) enrolled. Six (37.5%) stopped wearing WHOOP within the first month. Remaining participants wore WHOOP for an average of 9.2 months. Most frequently cited barriers to continued use were short battery life (19.3%) and forgetting to wear WHOOP (25.6%). Residents who wore WHOOP continuously were more likely to be physically active and/or participate in organized athletics at baseline. Participants underestimated self-reported hours of sleep on surveys. Through the duration of the study, an increase in objective exercise and hours slept was observed from baseline to 12 months. Conclusions: Wearable biosensor devices may be a feasible tool to more objectively evaluate sleep and exercise patterns in Neurology trainees. Further study is warranted in a larger cohort at multiple sites. Disclosure: Dr. Niotis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saif has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simonetto has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Isaacson has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Neurotrack.
The Board of Directors and Internal Controls

The monitoring model of the board has been widely accepted in both theory and practice. Until now, however, the focus of that model has been on board process and board structure, rather than on the board's substantive responsibilities. This article develops a substantive responsibility of the board of a publicly held corporation that is critical to implementation of the monitoring model: the responsibility for internal control. Under a widely accepted definition, internal control is a process involving a control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of corporate objectives in (i) the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, (ii) the reliability of financial reporting, and (iii) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The thesis of this article is that in publicly held corporations the board should be responsible for the existence, integrity, and efficacy of the corporation's internal control. One reason why the board should be responsible for internal control is that internal control is an instrument to constrain managerial opportunism in seizing short-term profit opportunities that involve violations of corporate policies or legal rules. A second reason is that internal control, and the information flows associated with such control, comprise an important method for dealing with the problem of asymmetric information in publicly held corporations. Since the monitoring model assumes both some degree of oversight of the managers and an adequately informed board, the board's responsibility for internal control flows naturally from that model.
Petrographic Analysis of Subsurface Part of Glen Rose Formation (Lower Cretaceous), South Texas: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The main cause of poor hydrocarbon production from the Glen Rose is poor porosity throughout most of the section along with the lack of suitable structural features. Though the Glen Rose may be a source rock for other units, the presence of impermeable micrites in its lower portion may act as a barrier to oil migration into the Glen Rose from below. Analysis of 72 electric logs and 475 thin sections from 6 selected wells were used to determine the depositional history of the Glen Rose across the San Marcos Platform and Maverick Basin. Five limestone facies (Micrite, biomicrite, poorly washed biomicrite, washed intrabiopelsparite, and well washed intrapelsparite), dolostone (fine to medium grained), and some anhydrite were found. The Glen Rose is fairly constant in thickness across the San Marcos Platform (1400 ± 200 ft.), and thickens into the Maverick Basin (2200 + ft.). The Stuart City Reef trend became a barrier between these areas and the open ocean during middle Glen Rose time and affected environments during later Glen Rose time.
Evaluation of the fit between a firm's manufacturing structure and its business strategy: a methodology

A diagnostic tool that determines the degree of alignment between a company's manufacturing structure and business strategy and between a company's product line and production processes is presented. The types of business strategies included in this methodology are based on an adaptation of Porter's 'generic' typologies. The generic business strategy followed by the firm under study is identified after surveying top management. Similarly, the manufacturing structure of the business is defined by analyzing manufacturing along three dimensions composed of several variables: process structure systematization, product line complexity, and organizational scope. Each of these dimensions is determined using quantitative and qualitative manufacturing structural measures (MSMs). The overall analysis of the MSMs yields a profile of the generic business strategy as reflected in the manufacturing structure. This profile is compared with the intended generic business strategy of the company, and the degree of fit between the two is determined. From there, a course of action to improve the fit can be determined. >
Surgery, Science and Industry. A Revolution in Fracture Care, 1950s-1990s

Thomas Schlich. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2002. 368 pages. $65.00. The title of this text truly describes its contents. The author has chosen to utilize the AO discipline ofacture care as a platform for analyzing the symbiotic relationship of surgery, science, and industry in the context of modern history. He carefully defines his goals, questions, and objectives in each chapter of this beautifully crafted text. Part I …
Solar Internal Stresses: Rotation and Magnetic Fields

The theory of rotating, self-gravitating objects is very old, going back to much names as Newton, Clairaut, and Maclaurin in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Important applications to stars were made in the 1920s by von Zeipel (1924a, b), Eddington (1925, 1926, 1929), and Vogt (1925). Although the problems of rotating stars can be stated relatively easily, realistic solutions are enormously difficult to obtain. The study of the subject of rotating stars has been greatly aided by the recent publication of an excellent monograph by Tassoul (1978) which gives a very complete review of the field and makes an extensive introduction to this chapter unnecessary. Tassoul’s book has been heavily drawn upon in the preparation of this chapter, those problems which bear directly on the theory of solar structure are emphasized.
Mammary gland gene expression patterns in rats at elevated breast cancer risk due to being exposed to estradiol or leptin during pregnancy

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1397 Elevated pregnancy estrogen levels and excessive pregnancy weight gain are linked to high leptin levels and an increase in mother’s breast cancer risk. Our animal studies show that rats exposed daily between gestation days 10 and 20 to 15 μg leptin or 10 μg estradiol develop more carcinogen-induced mammary tumors than the vehicle treated control rats. In this study, we determined gene expression profiles in the mammary tissues of dams 3 months after they were treated with leptin or estradiol during pregnancy. Affymetrix Rat RG-U34A GeneChip® arrays, which have approximately 7,000 full-length sequences and 1,000 EST clusters, were used. For data analysis, we used our novel approach, which applies several new algorithms, for gene selection and neural network construction. From a reduced dimensional data set, we were able to visually separate two different groups in a 3-D visualization: estradiol/leptin –treated (n=10) and control rats (n=5). Using the algorithms, 54 genes or ESTs were found to be up-regulated and 52 down-regulated in leptin and estradiol treated groups. Among the genes that were up-regulated were those related to Wnt and MAPK signaling. Genes that were down-regulated in rats exposed to estradiol or leptin during pregnancy included those linked to TGF-β signaling. Previous gene microarray studies have shown that pregnancy down-regulates several growth factors and up-regulates TGF-β regulated genes. The present findings suggest that excessive levels of estradiol or leptin during pregnancy may counteract molecular changes linked to pregnancy’s ability to reduce breast cancer risk.
Cluster Compounds: Inorganometallic Compounds Containing Transition Metal & Main Group Elements

The relationships between p-block element cages and d-block element clusters, as evidenced by the structures and properties of mixed main group–transition metal compounds, are explored. After a review of the cluster-bonding characteristics of main group and transition metal homonuclear clusters, including the role of hydrogen atoms and internal or external ‘ligand’ fragments, the related but more complex behavior of main group–transition metal clusters is illustrated. The emphasis is on how the competition between the fundamental bonding properties of p-block and d-block elements is expressed in geometric and electronic structure as well as reactivity. Thus, for a limited number of cluster shapes, examples of known compounds are compiled, thereby illustrating the convenience of the cluster versus metal–ligand view as well as outlining the numerous compounds yet to be synthesized and evaluated. Finally, the reactivity of these ‘inorganometallic’ clusters is illustrated. Not only are examples analogous to those found in the homonuclear systems given but so also are examples of unexpected reactivity generated by the synergistic main group–transition metal network. Keywords: transition metal; main group; boranes; metal hydrides; clusters; protonation; multicenter; bonding; borides; electronic structure
Object recognition with ultrasonic sensors

We have recently introduced a novel approach to sonar based object recognition for robotics. The sonar recognition system, consisting of a Polaroid sonar coupled with art A/D data acquisition board in a LINUX-based PC, uses a fuzzy ARTMAP neural network classification system to recognize objects at varying distances. In this article we report additional results in which we test systematically recognition performance using different kinds of information from the sonar echo, and different object configurations. The results strengthen our claims that sonar can be used as a viable system for real-time object recognition in robotics and other application domains.
Separation of lipids by Silica Gel G column chromatography

SUMMARY A column chromatographic procedure utilizing Silica Gel C is described for separating lipid components of serum and lipoproteins into individual fractions containing hydrocarbons (I), cholesterol esters (II), triglycerides (111), cholesterol (IV) , free fatty acids (V) , and phospholipids (VI). Silica Gel G required no pretreatment except adjustment of moisture content to 10%. The method affords a rapid, complete separation of all major lipid classes except diglycerides. Recoveries of serum and tissue phospholipids were approximately 60-80%, whereas those of the other major lipid classes were essentially quantitative. RESEARCH STUDIES under way in our laboratory required a rapid procedure whereby the lipid classes in human serum and lipoprotein fractions could be separated completely and obtained in adequate amounts for subsequent quantitative chemical and radioactivity analyses. One or more characteristics of the available methods utilizing silicic acid (1, 2) or Florisil (3) tended to preclude their use for this purpose, particularly when numerous samples were to be separated. A column chromatographic procedure utilizing Silica Gel G as adsorbent was therefore developed. Adsorbent. Silica Gel G’ (E. Merck, Darmstadt, West Germany) has the following specifications, according to the manufacturer: CaS04.l/zHzO, 13% ; chloride (maximum), 0.02y0 ; iron (maximum), 0.01 5%; pH, 6.7 f o.3y0; density, approximately 30 g/100 ml; grain size, 5-20 p; drying loss after 3 hr. at 150°, 3.5 to 6%; and surface loss at 900’ for 1 hr, 7.8 (average) to 9%. The Silica Gel G in each container was analyzed using an Ohaus moisture balance and sufficient water was added to obtain a moisture content of 10%. The contents of each container were shaken thoroughly, stored in tightly stoppered bottles, and used without further treatment. The following were used : petroleum ether (bp 30-75 ’, redistilled before use), Baker Chemicals ; * Work done in part as a Cardiovascular Research Trainee, Oklahoma Medical Research Institute supported by PHS Grant HTS-5403, and as Postdoctoral Research Fellow of the Oklahoma
Falling victim to politics

The Expendable Future: US Politics and the Protection of Biological Diversity. By Richard Tobin. Duke University Press: 1991. Pp.325. Hbk £42.50, $45; pbk £17, $18.75
The interplay of thermal and pump fluctuations in stimulated Brillouin scattering

We present a experimental and theoretical investigation of spontaneously initiated stimulated Brillouin scattering in which the interplay of two independent noise sources (thermal and pump) can be studied by controlling the relative importance of each source. We vary the pump noise by adding a controlled amount of Gaussian noise to the input pulses, and we control the contribution of the thermal noise by examining the energy statistics of both entire scattered pulses and of temporal slices of the scattered pulses. We show that the energy of the whole Stokes pulses follow a Gaussian distribution but that the energy of the Stokes pulse slices do not.
Stimulation of cAMP levels and modulation of antibody formation in mice immunized with cholera toxin.

Injection of mice with 1.0 ..mu..g of a purified exotoxin derived from Vibrio cholerae together with a challenge injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or E. coli LPS markedly influenced the immune response to these antigens. Simultaneous injection of the toxin with antigen resulted in a delayed appearance of antibody-forming cells during the first few days after immunization, followed by a marked enhancement of the peak numbers of antibody-forming cells. In the case of the immune response to SRBC, both 19S and 7S plaque-forming cells (PFC) were enhanced on the peak day of response after simultaneous immunization of toxin-injected mice. The secondary immune response to SRBC was also similarly affected when cholera toxin was given along with a second injection of erythrocytes; i.e., a delay in appearance of the first antibody-forming cells followed by a marked enhancement of the peak 19S and 7S PFC response. Injection of cholera toxin 1-3 days prior to SRBC or LPS was immunosuppressive. The effect of cholera toxin on the level of splenic cyclic AMP appeared related to the effects on antibody formation.
Aerodynamic-wave break-up of liquid sheets in swirling airflows and combustor modules

Experimental mean drop diameter data were obtained for the atomization of liquid sheets injected axially downstream in high velocity swirling and nonswirling airflow. Conventional simplex pressure atomizing fuel nozzles and splash type fuel injectors were studied under simulated combustor inlet airflow conditions. A general empirical expression relating recirprocal mean drop diameter to airstream mass velocity was obtained and is presented. The finest degree of atomization, i.e., the highest value of the coefficient C, was obtained with swirl can combustor modules (C = 15) as compared with pressure atomizing nozzles (C = 12).
Fluid-Film Lubrication Regimes Revisited

Dimensionless film-thickness equations are provided for four fluid-film lubrication regimes found for nonconformal surfaces. Side-leakage effects are present in the equations. These regimes are isoviscous-rigid; piezoviscous-rigid, isoviscous-elastic, or soft EHL; and piezoviscous-elastic, or hard EHL. The influence or lack of influence of elastic and viscous effects is a factor that distinguishes these regimes. The film-thickness equation for the respected regimes come from earlier theoretical studies. Results are presented as a map of the lubrication regimes, with film thickness contours on a log-log grid of the viscosity and elasticity parameters for four values of the ellipticity parameter. Presented as a Society of Tribologlsts and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference In Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 8–10, 1990
Environmental education: A time of change, a time for change §

Abstract We join the authors in this special issue in their call to embrace a culture of evaluation. Obstacles to change are formidable. Educators debate their purpose – provide knowledge or achieve environmental goals – and we have limited evidence of the effectiveness of environmental programs and policies. Change requires collaboration across organizations and disciplines, targeted capacity building, and building systems of assessment into programs that enable more sophisticated evaluations. As in other fields, an evidence-based movement will increase the credibility and effectiveness of environmental education. A culture of evaluation offers educators a solid platform to collaboratively and efficiently achieve society's environmental goals.
NEW ANTI-TUMOR AGENTS. 1. HETEROCYCLIC BENZODIOXOLE LACTONES

Morpholino Mannich bases of types 5, 12 react with tetronic acid in aqueous acetic acid to yield uncyclized lactones of types 7, 13. Acetylation and methylation of these products yields monoacetyl-monomethyl derivatives which can then be cyclized in alkali to give unsaturated lactones of types 8, 16 and saturated lactones 9b, 15. The hydroxylactone 9a can be synthesized directly by reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde with sesamol and tetronic acid in methanol. With few exceptions the lactones of type 8 and 16 have proven to be active inhibitors of tumor growth in the National Cancer Institute in vitro screening program against 60 diverse human cancer cell lines. The lactone 8 is particularly potent, inhibiting in vitro growth of some cancers at concentrations as low as 10−6-10−7 moles/1.
Galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase activity in red cells of various animal species.

Monkey red cells were chosen as controls in tests of human red cell galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase, after comparing activities and isozyme patterns of the enzyme from several domestic or laboratory-bred species.
Effects of dissociating agents on the fine structure of embryonic chick thyroid cells.

The processes of dissociation and reaggregation were studied in thyroids from 16-day chick embryos by means of electron microscopy. The purpose was to gain specific knowledge of the effects that dissociating agents have upon cells. Fixation after a soak in trypsin showed little effect on secretory cell structure but resulted in marked swelling and detachment of connective tissue elements and disorganization of the basement lamella of the follicles. After an additional exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), however, the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi vesicles became swollen and separations appeared between adjacent secretory cells. Since detachment did not occur in the region of the junctional complex, agitation was required to achieve suspension of the cells. Even this treatment resulted in only a small proportion of individual cells, the majority being in the form of small clumps or chains. Transfer of the suspensions to nutrient medium and reaggregation produced pellets which rapidly formed follicles in organ cultures. The individual cells showed the same degree of complexity as in follicles in vivo. The results are related to the known effects of trypsin and EDTA on cells. The significance of morphogenesis in aggregates prepared from cells of older embryonic organs is also discussed.
Abstract 1312: Comparative pharmacokinetics of diethylstilbestrol from oral suspension and oral dissolving film (ODF)

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose: To determine the comparative pharmacokinetics of diethylstilbestrol (DES) from oral suspension and oral dissolving film (ODF). DES is a non-steroidal estrogen that has been used in the treatment of both androgen dependent and androgen-independent prostatic cancinoma. However the use of DES to treat advanced prostate cancer was severely limited in the 1980s, because of its thrombogenic side effects common to all estrogens, which are thought to be due to their metabolism in the liver. This metabolism or first pass effect induces the production of proteins associated with the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, which results in thrombosis and other side effects depending on a patients baseline coagulation-to-fibrinolysis balance. ODF-DES has a potential of bypassing the first pass metabolism minimizing the induction of the coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins. Methods: The study was performed using 7-week-old male Sprague- Dawyley rats. Under light ketamine and xylazine anesthesia, rats were orally given 1 mg of DES suspension in a 1 ml volume, or topically applied 1 mg of ODF-DES to the buccal cavity. The film was cut into two pieces of 1 cm × 2 cm each and applied to the inner cheeks on each side. Blood samples (250 µl) were collected from the jugular vein up to 30 hr in both cases. DES was extracted from the blood samples using ethyl acetate and analyzed by a validated LC-MS/MS assay. Results: The pharmacokinetic parameters of DES from oral suspension and ODF-DES were derived using the WinNonlin software. The peak time (tmax) was significantly longer (6.67 ± 2.31 vs 2.16 ± 1.42 hr), and peak concentration (Cmax, 25.82 ± 8.73 vs 6.84 ± 2.45 ng/ml) and systemic exposure (AUC, 213.76 ± 73.09 vs 55.98 ± 3.99 ng h/ml) of ODF-DES were significantly higher with p-values of 0.05, 0.02, and 0.020, respectively than those from oral suspension. Conclusion: ODF delivery of DES has been demonstrated to improve the bioavailability of DES, by yielding a significantly higher systemic exposure and peak concentration. Further evaluations of ODF-DES are in order to establish the potential merit of the delivery system to reduce the induction of thrombogenic proteins. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1312. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1312
Macrosegregation during growth of a dendrite array into a stirred melt at near steady-state conditions

Solidification experiments on tin alloys have been carried out where the interface morphology consisted of an array of dendrites advancing at near steady-state conditions. It was found that a fairly severe degree of mixing changed the dendrite morphology at low temperature gradients but not at higher gradients. In both cases the mixing was relatively ineffective at producing a macrosegregation in the presence of the dendrite array. The results may be interpreted as evidence that in some cases one would expect very little macrosegregation in columnar growth under near steady-state conditions even in the presence of severe liquid convection.
Application of Reproducing Kernel Particle Methods in electromagnetics

Abstract Motivated by the success of the Reproducing Kernal Particle Methods (RKPM) for solving the Helmholtz equation, RKPM is used as the interpolating basis functions for solving three-dimensional electromagnetics problems. The electromagnetics problem is the vector form of the wave equation. Treatment of the divergenceless condition is discussed as well as accurate treatment of the boundary conditions. A simple shorted cylindrical waveguide is solved under TE 11 excitation. The accuracy of the RKPM is demonstrated for the three-dimensional problem.
Reply to Letter Re: Childhood adversity and cell-mediated immunity in young adulthood

Dear Editor and BBI readership, We appreciate the correspondence from Dowd and colleagues, which informed us and BBI readers that our study (Slopen et al., 2013) using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) included individuals who were Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) seronegative. We agree with Dowd and colleagues that (1) use of EBV antibodies as an indicator of stress-related reactivation of latent herpes virus applies only to seropositive individuals, and (2) studies of psychosocial stressors and reactivation of latent herpes virus should focus exclusively on seropositive individuals. In error, we assumed that seronegative individuals did not have valid entries for EBV antibody levels in the Add Health data; for this reason, all individuals with an EBV antibody value were eligible for inclusion (range: 18–1310 au/mL). As a result, as described by Dowd and colleagues, our findings reflect both risk for EBV seropositivity and antibody response to latent infection among seropositive individuals, which introduced error into our associations of interest. We appreciate that Dowd and colleagues have estimated a seronegative cut-off (i.e., the lowest 10% of continuous survey-weighted EBV antibody values), based on recent estimates from NHANES (Dowd et al., 2013). The criterion for establishing seropositivity varies depending on the assay used to measure EBV antibody titers. Notably, the EBV threshold value used by Dowd and colleagues for Add Health data is much higher than a previously-reported threshold (McDade et al., 2000), which exemplifies the importance of disseminating seropositivity threshold values at the time of data release for public-use or contractual datasets like Add Health. Although the seronegativity threshold for Add Health has not been officially released, we have prepared tables to estimate how our results change once EBV seronegative individuals (i.e., EBV antibody values in the bottom 10%) are excluded. Associations of socioeconomic position and child maltreatment with EBV antibody levels are attenuated once seronegative individuals are excluded, and several of the associations that were significant at p 10 occasions of sexual abuse had significantly higher EBV titers. Table 3A Regression coefficients for the relationship between adolescent socioeconomic context and log EBV antibody titers (au/mL) in young adulthood among individuals seropositive for EBV (N = 11886).a Table 4A Regression coefficients for the relationship between frequency of abuse and timing of 1st onset of abuse and log EBV antibody titers (au/mL) in young adulthood among individuals seropositive for EBV.a,b,c We thank the Editor for the opportunity to submit revised tables so that readers can observe how our results change once seronegative individuals are excluded. We have requested that these tables be linked to our original article.
Microplasma-assisted growth of colloidal Ag nanoparticles for point-of-use surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications

The authors present a facile, rapid, one-step process to synthesize Ag nanoparticle for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications. Aqueous metal ions are electrochemically reduced by a microplasma to nucleate nanoparticles at ambient conditions (room temperature and atmospheric pressure) without any chemical reducing agents or stabilizer molecules. The nanoparticles are characterized by UV-visible absorbance and transmission electron microscopy, and found to be spherical, crystalline, and uniform with an average diameter of approximately 10 nm. Preparing nanoparticles with only a target analyte molecule present in solution allows intimate interaction between the metal particle surface and the analyte. Raman analysis shows that the scattered signal from a test molecule, crystal violet, is dependent on the process time and maximized after nanoparticles are grown for 20 min. This optimal SERS signal is large and permits detection of an analyte down to 10−10M concentrations.
A rigorous block spin approach to massless lattice theories

The renormalization group technique is used to study rigorously the λ(∇φ)4 perturbation of the massless lattice field φ in dimensionsd≧2. Asymptoticity of the perturbation expansion in powers of λ is established for the free energy density. This is achieved by using Kadanoff's block spin transformation successively to integrate out high momentum degrees of freedom and by applying ideas previously used by Gallavotti and Balaban in the context of the ultraviolet problems. The method works for arbitrary semibounded polynomials in ∇φ and △φ.
ERK and JNK activation is essential for oncogenic transformation by v-Rel

v-Rel is the acutely oncogenic member of the NF-κB family of transcription factors. Infection with retroviruses expressing v-Rel rapidly induces fatal lymphomas in birds and transforms primary lymphocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. We have previously shown that AP-1 transcriptional activity contributes to v-Rel-mediated transformation. Although v-Rel increases the expression of these factors, their activity may also be induced through phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The expression of v-Rel results in the strong and sustained activation of the ERK and JNK MAPK pathways. This induction is critical for the v-Rel-transformed phenotype, as suppression of MAPK activity with chemical inhibitors or small interfering RNA severely impairs colony formation of v-Rel-transformed lymphoid cell lines. However, signaling must be maintained within an optimal range in these cells, as strong additional activation of either pathway beyond the levels induced by v-Rel through the expression of constitutively active MAPK proteins attenuates the transformed phenotype. MAPK signaling also has an important role in the initial transformation of primary spleen cells by v-Rel, although distinct requirements for MAPK activity at different stages of v-Rel-mediated transformation were identified. We also show that the ability of v-Rel to induce MAPK signaling more strongly than c-Rel contributes to its greater oncogenicity.
Variation in soil carbon under contrasting biodiesel feedstock crops

Abstract There is considerable interest in both soy and canola as biodiesel feedstock crops because of the net reduction in CO 2 emissions resulting from the use of biodiesel in place of petroleum diesel. Whether these two crops differ in net CO 2 savings is unknown, in part because of our ignorance of their impact on soil C. We, therefore, monitored soil C for three years in an experiment that included both soy and canola rotations. We found that soil C concentrations were significantly lower under canola than soy, and that the difference represented as much as 64% of the C savings of soy biodiesel over petroleum diesel. We tested two hypotheses that could explain this difference in soil C. First, because canola can acidify the soil, we determined whether a reduction in inorganic C (as carbonate) in canola plots could account for the soil C difference. Carbonate concentration did not differ significantly in soy and canola plots. Second, we determined whether soil organic matter concentration could account for the soil C difference. Soil organic matter concentration was significantly lower in canola than in soy plots, accounting for the difference in soil C. We further hypothesized that because soy is mycorrhizal and canola is not, soy soils should contain higher concentrations of glomalin, a recalcitrant substance produced by mycorrhizal fungi, and that this could help to explain the difference in soil organic matter. Glomalin concentrations were significantly lower in canola plots, but this difference accounted for only a fraction of the total soil C difference. Our results suggest that a proper accounting of life cycle C savings of biodiesel when used in place of petroleum diesel must consider soil C.
An improved harmonic modeling technique for transmission network

For harmonic analysis it is not practically possible to model a large transmission network with its neighboring interconnected systems in detail due to computer time and memory limitations, Furthermore, a large number of outage contingencies has to be analyzed to compute harmonic impedance boundaries for filter designs. Current methods do not address modeling simplification errors and also accuracy of harmonic impedance boundaries, and depend mostly on trial and error or individual experience approaches. A methodology has been presented to model a transmission network more accurately and efficiently by using adjoint network sensitivity analysis and bilinear theorem. A new method is also presented that reduces the number of outage contingencies to be analyzed by a large factor, that considerably reduces the engineering and computer time, and increases dependability. >
Infrared observations of comet Kohoutek near perihelion

Observations between 0.55 and 18 microns show that after perihelion passage, comet Kohoutek possessed an infrared tail and antitail. The coma and the tail have the silicate signature and contain 'black material' which acquires a temperature higher than the blackbody temperature at the given distance from the sun. The antitail shows the colors of a blackbody at a lower temperature, suggesting that the particles are larger than those in the coma and the tail.
Information support for sales managers

Abstract Industrial sales managers must accomplish a variety of tasks within a highly competitive environment. One crucial responsibility is to develop and maintain a marketplace advantage. An important new source for such an advantage, and the focus of this study, is the information provided by the organization to the industrial sales manager. Empirical evidence from 108 firms indicated a tendency to provide sales managers more internal than external information. Despite future opportunities for firms to improve their account analysis process, it was also found that firms furnish very limited managerial training in methods that are designed to assist in the gathering of information. These findings suggest that marketing staff managers may need to examine and enhance their informational offerings and support to sales managers.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE TONGUE APPARATUS OF C1R1DOPS ANNA (DREPANIDIDAE)

Summary Ciridops possesses a tubular tongue with a fringed tip and lateral sides. Closure of the tube is by overlap of the lateral fringes. The tongue skeleton possesses an elongated basihyale, parallel paraglossalia with broad, rounded posterior processes and a slight concavity on the dorsolateral surface of the ceratobranchiale. All the tongue muscles could be described, although some had been damaged. The M. hypoglossus anterior is absent. The M. ceratoglossus and the M. hypoglossus obliquus are large, the latter muscle inserts completely on the basihyale. A newly discovered muscle, the M. thyreohyoideus superior, is described. The glottal muscles are described, and their actions in opening and closing the glottis are outlined. Comparison of Ciridops (Drepanidinae) and Loxops (Psittirostrinae) suggests that the Drepanididae are monophyletic. The closest resemblance in morphology of the tongue apparatus is with the cardueline finches, not with the “coerebids”.
Nucleation And Growth Of Monolayers

The recently developed microscopic approach to solid-state nucleation is applied to the case of monolayers. Using the previously defined stability factor, a criterion for nucleus stability is derived and used to analyze the stability of square nuclei on a two-dimensional square lattice. The nucleation behavior is found to be similar to that predicted by classical nucleation theories only when the binding energy is high or the temperature is low. Computer simulations indicate that this is also true for nuclei of random shapes.
New fabrication method for nickel metal hydride electrodes by sintering alloy onto a foam substrate

Abstract A new method for fabricating nickel metal hydride electrodes has been investigated. A slurry consisting of hydriding alloy mixed with nickel powder was pasted onto nickel foam substrates. These were then roller pressed to 1.2 mm thickness and sintered in an inert atmosphere for 10 min at 800°C. The role of the different processing steps as well as the performance of different materials has been characterized. Initial cycles give an energy density comparable to that obtained with conventional methods and a much higher fast rate discharge capacity.
Photoperiod regulates elicitation of growth promotion but not induced resistance by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

For several years, we have noticed that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which consistently promote plant growth in greenhouse tests during spring, summer, and fall, fail to elicit plan...
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: An Increasingly Recognized Clinicopathologic Entity

Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas account for less than 5% of primary pancreatic malignancies. 1–4 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (IPMNs) are a clinicopathologic entity being recognized with increasing frequency. In 1986, Itai et al 5 described a subset of mucinous cystic tumors of the pancreas they termed “ductectatic mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma.” They described five such tumors with localized cystic dilatations of the main pancreatic duct and major side branches. In contrast to mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), these neoplasms involved the major pancreatic ducts and lacked an associated ovarian stroma. IPMN is a relatively new nomenclature used to designate such pancreatic tumors, accepted by the World Health Organization in 1996. 6 Many tumors previously termed papillary carcinoma, ductectatic mucinous cystadenoma, villous adenoma, and mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas are now classified as IPMNs. 7 Therefore, part of the increased incidence of this clinicopathologic entity may be a result of better recognition and appropriate classification. Also, it has been suggested that the observed increase in IPMNs may be partially attributed to improved diagnostic imaging. 8 Several case series of IPMNs have been reported. 7,9–15 In the current study we present a single-institution, retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation, treatment, pathologic features, and long-term outcome of patients with IPMNs. Of note, 67% of the patients with IPMNs in this series underwent resection in the last 3 years of the study.
Fluxes of bacteria and organic matter into a blackwater river from river sediments and floodplain soils

SUMMARY 1. The Ogeechee River, in south-eastern Georgia, U.S.A, is a blackwater river with an extensive floodplain that is inundated regularly during winter months. Previous studies have shown that low to moderate bacterial production rates cannot support the relatively high suspended bacteria concentrations observed (107−-108 cells ml−1), suggesting an allochthonous source of bacteria. We report the results of a combination of field and flume experiments which demonstrate that river sediments and floodplain soils are significant sources of suspended bacteria during seasonal flooding. Benthic bacteria are also entrained by normal discharges. There are sizeable fluxes of POC and DOC from river sediments and floodplain soils. 2. Bacterial, POC and DOC fluxes (14, 250, and 790 mg Cm−2 h−1, respectively) were substantial when water was percolated upward through floodplain soils. 3. Simulation of overland flow using a flume demonstrated further fluxes of bacteria and POC from floodplain soils (up to 61 and 10700 mg Cm−2h−1, respectively) and river sediments, but did not yield additional DOC from floodplain soils. 4. These laboratory results are supported by experiments in which we measured significant increases in concentrations of bacteria and DOC in a downstream direction in (i) the main river channel during a winter flood in 1986, and (ii) a floodplain slough (channel side-arm) which re-entered the main channel 800m from its initial divergence. Inputs of bacteria and DOC from the surrounding floodplain were estimated to be up to 3500 kg DOC h−1, and 4000 kg bacteria Ch−1 over a 50-km reach. 5. These previously unmeasured fluxes of organic carbon help to explain the high concentrations of suspended bacteria in the Ogeechee River.
Reliability and Defect Tolerance in Metallic Quantum-dot Cellular Automata

The computational paradigm known as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) encodes binary information in the charge configuration of Coulomb-coupled quantum-dot cells. Functioning QCA devices made of metal-dot cells have been fabricated and measured. We focus here on the issue of robustness in the presence of disorder and thermal fluctuations. We examine the performance of a semi-infinite QCA shift register as a function of both clock period and temperature. The existence of power gain in QCA cells acts to restore signal levels even in situations where high speed operation and high temperature operation threaten signal stability. Random variations in capacitance values can also be tolerated.
On the excess energy of electrolytigally deposited silver

Abstract Silver was deposited from cyanide solution. The excess of its energy over that of annealed silver was measured by tin solution calorimetry. This quantity was related to the mechanism of crystal growth. The stored energy of cold work in silver was also measured.