cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibration control of flexible structures via electrorheological-fluid-based dampers

The semi-active control approach has been recognized to be effective for vibration suppression of flexible structures. The electrorheological (ER) fluid-based device is a good candidate for such applications. In this research, a new control law is developed to maximize the damping effect of ER dampers for structural vibration suppression under actuator constraints and viscous-frictional-combined damping. Both numerical simulations and experimental work have been carried out to evaluate and validate the theoretical predictions.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wealth estimates for the New England Colonies, 1650–1709

Recent quantitative work in American colonial history has shed much light on a statistical dark age. In an effort to quantify economic well-being, scholars have begun to mine the colonial records to establish income and wealth estimates. For example, by utilizing estate records Professor Davisson has estimated seventeenth-century wealth for Essex County, Massachusetts; Alice Hanson Jones has compiled wealth estimates for both the Middle and New England Colonies circa 1770.’ This paper offers information of this type for seventeenth-century New England but goes beyond a single county or single year survey. In addition to an abundance of new data, this work provides evidence of economic growth which can be compared with the fruits of previous research. A time series of New England wealth estimates which suggests that per capita real wealth rose at an average annual rate of 1.6% between 1650 and 1709 is presented below. These estimates provide a measure of the economic endowments available to the New England colonists and a basis for comparisons across regions and time. At best, the data are approximations of productive capacity for they exclude human resources and include items which contribute little to production. Nonetheless, these estimates do indicate that perhaps the seventeenth-century New England colonies were growing at a rate comparable to developed areas today. This essay describes the composition of asset holdings in order to measure the rate of change in total wealth and its components during the seventeenth century. By separating total wealth into land, capital, and other assets it is possible to estimate the amount of nonlabor resources devoted to market production. After deciding which assets to include as land and capital, the stock values were taken from a random sample of probate records. Since the sample included only decedents, it was necessary to adjust these stock values in an attempt to estimate the wealth of the living population. By making the necessary age correction, it was possible to estimate per capita wealth between 1650 and 1709.
Physiologic responses to equivalent doses of doxapram and various analeptic combinations in acute barbiturate narcosis in dogs.

Abstract This study with dogs compared the physiologic effects of a promising new analeptic, doxapram, and various analeptic combinations reported by others as especially effective. By designating criteria in the electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, and indirect blood pressure, equivalent doses for the various combinations were established. Undesirable effects were first manifest in the cardiovascular system and included T-wave defects, arrhythmia, ectopia, and an excessive blood pressure rise. On a dose/weight basis, undesirable changes were caused most by metaraminol-amphetamine, metaraminol-phenylephrine, and doxapram-phenylephrine. Most combinations improved the respiratory minute volume quickly; but the best responses, in increasing order of effectiveness, were achieved with pentylenetetrazol-amphetamine, methetharimide-amphetamine, doxapram-amphetamine, and doxapram. As a combining agent, amphetamine was superior to phenylephrine.
“Old”, “New” and “Post” Liberal Attitudes Toward the West: From Love to Hate

Abstract In the last few years, significant changes in the attitudes toward the West have occurred in Russia. While “old” Russian liberals, like Egor Gaidar, treated the West as a Russian ally, the “new” liberals, such as Boris Nemtsov, perceived the West as a rival approaching, in this respect, Russian communists and nationalists who see in the West an eternal enemy. The author describes this change using various information from the Russian media and surveys.
Effects of specimen size and sample aspect ratio on the elastic stiffness of graphite/epoxy laminates

Abstract Effects of specimen height and sample aspect ratio on the elastic stiffness of uniaxially compressed graphite/epoxy laminates of [0]48, [±10]12s, [±15]12s, [±30]12s and [±45]12s architectures have been studied by using an end-loading fixture. Tall samples allowed all fibers to be unconstrained on at least one side while short samples constrained a portion of the fibers at the specimen ends against the platen interfaces. For all of the fiber orientations tested, a rather counter-intuitive size effect was discovered in that the specimens with smaller aspect ratios and heights displayed a more compliant response than their taller counterparts with identical ply orientations. A systematic investigation found this effect to be genuine, and not attributable to the loading machine, data acquisition system, or the laminate-to-laminate variability stemming from composite manufacturing. An in-depth investigation which included measurement of the surface strain profile along the specimen height attributed the increased compliance of the shorter samples to the frictional sliding of the sample's loading ends in the thickness direction. This conclusion was drawn by noting that the shorter specimens displayed much smaller in-plane Poisson ratios near the specimen ends compared with taller specimens (because of larger loading end-induced in-plane constraints) even though all specimens irrespective of their heights and aspect ratios accommodated the same overall axial strain. While these effects highlight the importance of specimen geometry and fixturing considerations for off-axis compression testing, the vast data set presented here should be of interest to the composite designers.
Effect of a selective MAO-A inhibitor (Ro 41-1049) on striatal L-dopa and dopamine metabolism: An in vivo study

We administered Ro 41-1049, an inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) to rats and monitored extracellular catecholamine levels in the corpus striatum before and after the intraperitoneal (IP) administration of a bolus of L-dopa. Acute administration of Ro 41-1049 (1–50 mg/kg IP) produced a dose-dependent decrease in basal levels of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) and an increase in basal levels of dopamine. In rats treated with Ro 41-1049 (20 mg/kg IP), L-dopa administration (100 mg/kg IP) produced a greater increase in striatal levels of dopamine than it did in controls, while DOPAC and HVA formation was attenuated. We conclude that inhibition of central MAO-A activity promotes synaptic accumulation of dopamine following administration of pharmacological doses of L-dopa.
Nickel enrichment near grain boundaries in chill cast Ni3Al alloys and its relation to grain boundary cohesive strength

La composition et la mise en ordre des joints de grains sont etudiees dans les alliages Ni-24% at Al-0,24% at B et Ni-24% at Al en utilisant la formation d'image des franges de superreseau dans le microscope electronique en transmission et par microanalyse aux rayons X dans le microscope electronique a balayage-transmission. Discussion des resultats en relation avec le mode de rupture de chaque alliage
Survival and viability of Escherichia coli in a thermally altered reservoir

Abstract Escherichia coli survived and grew in a warm, monomictic reservoir receiving thermal effluent from a nuclear production reactor, which suggests that the presence of E. coli in these aquatic systems is not an indication of recent fecal contamination. Known populations of E. coli were placed in sterile diffusion chambers and suspended at various depths throughout the water column. Experiments were conducted during both ambient water conditions (reactor not operating) and thermally altered water conditions (reactor operating). E. coli populations were observed for changes in density by using optical density and direct and indirect counting methods. During both ambient water and thermally altered water conditions, E. coli survived and grew 2–3 weeks at each depth and at all stations. During thermal alteration, cell populations attained higher optical densities and maintained those densities for longer time periods than those during ambient water conditions. In addition, populations suspended in the hypolimnion generally maintained higher optical densities than those in the epilimnion. Data show that E. coli survives and grows for extended periods of time while it is in diffusion chambers in both aerobic and anaerobic portions of the water column.
The effect of receptor density on the forward rate constant for binding of ligands to cell surface receptors

For monovalent ligands interacting with cell surface receptors we have directly observed the functional dependence of the forward rate constant on the number of receptors per cell (N). The experimental system we studied consisted of monovalent ligand, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-aminocaproyl-L-tyrosine (DCT), binding to bivalent, monoclonal anti-DNP immunoglobulin E (IgE) anchored to its high affinity receptor on rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. To measure the fractional occupation of antibody combining sites by DNP we employed a recently developed fluorescence technique (Erickson, J., Kane, B. Goldstein, D. Holowka, and B. Baird, 1986, Mol. Immunol., 72:769-781). Our results are well fitted by the equation (Berg and Purcell, 1977, Biophys. J., 20:193-219) konc = 4 pi DaN kappa on/[4 pi Da + N kappa on] where konc is the forward rate constant for binding to the cell, D is the diffusion constant of the ligand, a is the radius of the cell, and kappa on is the intrinsic forward rate constant describing a single IgE combining site-DNP interaction. If D is fixed at 10(-5) cm2/s, the best fit of accumulated data predicts an average cell radius of approximately 4 microns and kappa on of approximately 1.8 x 10(-13) cm3/s [1.1 x 10(8)(M . s)-1]; both in excellent agreement with RBL cell size and the single-site forward rate constant for the binding of DCT to IgE in solution, respectively. We believe this is the first report of experimental evidence that directly illustrates the effect of surface density in determining the rates of binding for small molecules to membrane receptors.
Bromodeoxyuridine Mutagenesis, Ribonucleotide Reductase Activity, and Deoxyribonucleotide Pools in Hydroxyurea-Resistant Mutants

Ribonucleotide reductase activity and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools were examined in several Syrian hamster melanoma cell mutants which are resistant to hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, and which also show increased resistance to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) mutagenesis. For most of the mutants, resistance to HU and BrdU mutagenesis is associated with increased levels of ribonucleotide reductase activity. No evidence was found for qualitative alterations in the ribonucleotide reductase in the mutant cells. The dNTP pools in the mutants are somewhat resistant to the perturbations produced in wild-type cells by the addition of BrdU, although significant perturbations can be produced in the mutants by higher concentrations of BrdU. The decrease in BrdU-induced nucleotide pool perturbations may account for the resistance of the mutants to BrdU mutagenesis.
4-Aminopyridine toxicity mimics autoimmune-mediated limbic encephalitis.

4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a potassium channel blocker which increases motor performance and walking speed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury.1 It enhances action potentials by blocking open potassium channels. 4-AP toxicity can cause dizziness, nausea, weakness, psychosis, and seizures.2 In limbic encephalitis, antibodies bind voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC) and damage peripheral and central neurons.3 VGKC subtypes exist in brain, peripheral nerves, vascular endothelium, and all muscle types.4 We document that severe 4-AP overdose causes significant abulia, cognitive impairment, and prominent myopathic changes in heart and skeletal muscle. The temporal lobe MRI signal and clinical presentation have parallels to the seemingly distinct disease, limbic encephalitis. ### Case report. A 22-year-old man with MS ingested 30 10-mg tablets of 4-AP. He had agitated behavior but was oriented, conversant, and without focal neurologic deficits or muscle fibrillations. He had cool, flushed, diaphoretic skin with temperature of 38.9°C. Blood pressure was 209/108 mm Hg, with runs of supraventricular tachycardia to 170 beats per minute. Intubation for airway protection led to intensive care unit admission. EEG exhibited frequent diffuse polyspike and spike-wave discharges that normalized over time. There were no electrographic or clinical seizures. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed diffuse hypokinesis, and an ejection fraction of 24%. CSF …
A new multispin coding algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the Ising model

We present a new algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the Ising model. The usual serial architecture of a computer is exploited in a novel way, enabling parallel but independent calculations to be carried out on as many spins as there are bits in a computer word in each fundamental move. The algorithm enjoys a substantial increase in execution speed over more usual multispin coding algorithms. By its very nature, the algorithm constitutes a design for a special-purpose processor.
Sentencing white-collar criminals: when is shaming viable?

When does shaming work as an alternative to incarceration and fines in sentencing white-collar criminals? In the light of recent economic downturn and highly publicised instances of white-collar crime, public opinion has demanded harsher sentences for white-collar criminals. In order to appease this demand, as well as consider the pressing problem of prison overpopulation, alternative sanctions, such as formal shaming, have been increasingly studied. Through examination of the costs and consequences of incarceration and shaming, this article will explain that since the costs of shaming sanctions are largely fixed, shaming sanctions are most viable when used in conjunction with alternative sanctions so that courts can impose sanction bundles of costs commensurate with the level of offense committed by an offender.
Cancer as a Complex Genetic Trait: Tumor Susceptibility in Humans and Mouse Models

Cancer directly affects at least one-third of the human population, but the inherited genetic determinants of cancer risk remain largely unknown. Mouse models of human cancer are helping us to understand this disease as a complex genetic trait and thus to identify the multiple genetic variant alleles involved in pathways that affect individual cancer susceptibility.
Marihuana use by college students: three-year trends, 1970-1972.

Between 1970 and 1972 the trend in marihuana use by college students at the University of New Mexico was clearly upward. Not only had an increasing number of these students ever used marihuana, but they had done so at an earlier age and more often in each succeeding year. At the same time, the rate with which marihuana use was growing appeared to be decelerating. That is, the rate of increase in marihuana use had diminished between 1971 and 1972 as compared to the preceding 2-year period. Whether this latter trend signals the onset of a changing interest in marihuana use among our college students or simply reflects the fact that the proportion of college students who have not yet experienced marihuana has been decreasing over the years cannot be definitely determined from the present work.
An Electronc Circuit for Red/Infrared Oximeters

An inexpensive electronic circuit is described for operation of a red/infrared oximeter that does not use fiberoptics. The circuit provides low-evel amplitude modulation of the LED currents. Narrow-band detectors separate the backscattered signal into the red and infrared components. An AGC loop performs the division (Ei/Er).
A simple route to chiral ferrocenyl alcohols

Abstract A chiral B-methylated oxazaborolidine, completed with borane, has been shown to be a highly effective enantioselective reducing agent for a variety of acyl ferrocenes. The resulting chiral ferrocenyl alcohols are obtained in high overall yields and with very high optical purity (greater than 95% enantiomeric excess). Reactions times are less than 1 h and isolation and purification of the chiral alcohols is accomplished readily. The chiral material used in the synthesis of the optically-active oxazaborolidine can be recovered at the end of the reaction.
Worksite health promotion survey: Smoking control activities

As part of the National Worksite Health Promotion Survey, a representative sample of worksites across the United States with 50 or more employees was asked about the presence and types of activities they sponsor to promote smoking control. Smoking control activities were reported at 35.6% (CI 32.6-38.6) of all worksites. Among worksites with any smoking control activity 76.5% (CI 71.7-81.3) had a formal policy restricting smoking, 54.3% (CI 48.7-59.9) provided information about the harmful effects of smoking, and 49.6% (CI 44.4-54.8) made self-help materials available. Individual counseling, group classes, workshops, follow-up support and reinforcement, or special events were available at 38.3% (CI 32.9-43.7) of worksites with any smoking control activities. Frequency increased as worksite size increased, with large frequency differences between the smallest and largest worksites. Smoking policies were most often put into effect to protect the health of nonsmokers (39.1%, CI 32.1-46.1) or to comply with regulations or laws (38.2%, CI 32.2-44.2). The most frequently reported benefit to the worksite of smoking control activities was improved employee health (35%, CI 26.2-43.8). Benefits were considered to outweigh the cost of activities at 36% (CI 29.6-42.4) of worksites, although 41.7% (CI 34.7-48.7) said it was too soon to gauge the relative size of costs and benefits.
Effects of HCG And Human Pituitary LH on Steroid Secretion and Functional Life of the Human Corpus Luteum

ABSTRACT HCG or human pituitary LH was administered to normal women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Functional activity of the corpora lutea was assessed by measurements of plasma progestogen levels by a competitive protein binding method. Both HCG and LH treatment produced significant elevations in progestogen levels. Levels in treatment cycles were 2–3 times those observed in control cycles. The interval between menses was lengthened 6, 7 and 9 days in the 3 HCG-treated women and 3, 7 and 8 days in the LH-treated women. These data suggest that both LH and HCG are capable of stimulating progesterone synthesis in a normal corpus luteum in vivo.
Hieronymus Bosch's Lisbon Temptation of St Anthony: Parameters for Patronage

AbstractHieronymus Bosch's 1495 Temptation of St Anthony in Lisbon was probably made for a hospital monastery of the Monks of St Anthony. The monastery in which the Temptation hung is unknown, but elements of its iconography and composition, as well as the chain of ownership, provide clues to the identity of the commissioning institution. By combining these clues into a set of parameters, the commissioning monastery comes into focus. The commissioning institution was wealthy, Dutch-speaking, and saw financial difficulties in the first quarter of the sixteenth century, while the monastery in which the painting hung was modestly sized, in the Gothic style, and did not use a choir screen. Cross-referencing these parameters with operating monasteries in the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, the monastery of the Monk of St Anthony in Maastricht comes to the forefront.
The geometry of compact Lie groups

Abstract We explain the sense in which the compact forms of simple Lie groups behave as products of odd-dimensional spheres; the results are obtained by extensive use of homotopy and fibre bundle theory. Applications include topological properties, the study of Casimir operators and some results in representation theory.
Cadmium tin oxide thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering for photovoltaic applications

Abstract Cadmium tin oxide (CTO) thin films were deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering from a CdO:SnO2 target onto glass substrates at temperatures from ambient to 300 °C. As-deposited films exhibited amorphous structure and high sheet resistance. Single phase cadmium stannate (Cd2SnO4) thin films with cubic spinel structure having both random and preferred orientation along (4 0 0) were obtained after annealing in Ar/CdS atmosphere. The randomly-oriented single phase Cd2SnO4 thin films showed a high mobility of >50 cm2 V−1 s−1 and carrier density of ∼7 × 1020 cm−3. The thermal expansion coefficient of Cd2SnO4 films was determined to be 5.6 × 10−6 cm/cm/K. The dependence of optical and electrical properties of the as-deposited and annealed CTO thin films on oxygen content in the sputtering gas, substrate temperature and annealing temperature were reported. 16% (AM 1.5) conversion efficiency was achieved for CdTe thin film solar cells using Cd2SnO4 films as the window layer.
A synthetic tripeptide which increases survival of normal liver cells, and stimulates growth in hepatoma cells.

Abstract A synthetic peptide with a structure analogous to a growth promoting human serum tripeptide was found to possess activities which, at nanomolar concentrations, increased the survival of normal hepatocytes from regenerating rat liver and which enhanced growth of a line of cultured hepatoma cells. The synthetic tripeptide (glycyl-histidyl-lysine) also stimulated the incorporation of labeled uridine and thymidine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material.
Teacher attitudes toward stuttering

Abstract Attitudes of 100 elementary school teachers toward stuttering were studied using the Teacher Attitudes Toward Stuttering (TATS) Inventory. Teacher attitudes, as indicated by TATS Inventory scores, were compared with teacher knowledge of stuttering, age of teacher, number of years teaching experience, educational level, and whether the teacher had personal experience with a stutterer. Results indicated that significant positive correlations existed between teacher attitudes toward and knowledge of stuttering. Significant negative correlations were demonstrated between teacher attitudes/knowledge of stuttering and the presence of a stuttering child in the classroom. The applicability of the TATS Inventory as a clinical instrument in its current form and the research needed to enhance its flexibility are discussed.
Kuroshio Path Variations South of Japan: Bimodality as a Self-Sustained Internal Oscillation

In the two decades following 1975, the Kuroshio path south of Japan was observed to oscillate interannually between a straight path state and a meandering state. This bimodal condition is in sharp contrast to the decade prior to 1975 when the Kuroshio remained consistently in the straight path state. In situ observations in the upstream East China Sea indicate no obvious correspondence between the magnitude (or the temporal change) of the inflow transport and the Kuroshio path, suggesting the Kuroshio’s path alternations in the recent two decades may not be externally determined by the upstream inflow. Using a two-layer primitive-equation model of the North Pacific driven by observed climatological surface wind data, the authors propose that the Kuroshio path oscillation since 1975 can be explained by a self-sustained internal mechanism of the Kuroshio current system. The proposed self-sustained oscillation is maintained by the accumulation of the low potential vorticity (PV) water carried northward by the upstream Kuroshio. This accumulation of the low-PV anomalies strengthens the Kuroshio’s southern recirculation gyre and presses the Kuroshio to flow along the coast. The strengthening of the southern recirculation gyre increases the velocity shear of the straight-pathed Kuroshio and leads eventually to the meander path development due to baroclinic/barotropic instability of the system. As the meander of the Kuroshio path grows, detachment of cyclonic eddies mixes coastal-origin, high-PV water offshoreward, weakening, as a result, the recirculation gyre. The above cycle will restart after the low-PV water is replenished from the south and the recirculation gyre spins up again. For the past two decades, this internal oscillation has been operative because the upstream inflow is relatively large due to the decadal increase in the wind-driven Sverdrup transport. In the decade before 1975 when the upstream inflow was small, the internal oscillation would cease because the dissipative forces are able to remove the southern-origin low-PV anomalies without resorting to instability and the meander development.
Neutrophil Aggregation and Swelling Induced by Chemotactic Agents

Chemotactic agents may also induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils to increase in volume; this effect appears to be independent of aggregation. The volume change develops more slowly and does not appear reversible under the conditions employed. The volume increase may be an expression of pseudopodia formation and membrane ruffling known to develop in neutrophils exposed to chemotactic agents.
NONLINEAR RESPONSE AND DAMAGE-INITIATION CHARACTERISTIC S OF CURVED COMPOSITE PLATES SUBJECTED TO LOW-SPEED IMPACT

The results of an analytical and experimental study of the impact response of thin curved plates is presented. The geometrically nonlinear analysis method used in the study is described. The analysis is based on the Lagrangian equations of motion which are solved using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and assumed mode shapes. Generalized beam functions are used to represent different boundary conditions. The nonlinear terms in the analysis that contribute to the softening of the response are identified. The analytical results correlate well with the experimental results. The experimental results indicate that the radius of curvature and thickness of the curved plates are the primary parameters that influence the nonlinear response of an impacted curved plate. The magnitude of the maximum contact force associated with impact decreases and then increases as the plate radius of curvature increases for a given thickness and given impactor parameters. The impact-energy level required to initiate damage for a given thickness is a function of panel radius of curvature, and this impact-energy level generally increases as the panel radius of curvature decreases. The magnitude of the impact contact force is not always the primary cause of damage initiation. The combination of plate radius of curvature and thickness strongly influence the magnitude of the impact contact force, the damage modes, and the impact energy required for damage initiation.
Effect of Fly-Ash Particles on Spectral and Total Radiation Blockage

Abstract A model is constructed to assess the contribution of fly-ash particles to radiative heat transfer in a coal-tired combustion system. The measured fly-ash optical properties are used to prediet spectral extinction and scattering coefficients as well as the scattering phase function from the Lorenz-Mie theory. Radiative transfer calculations are then performed on the spectral basis for a one-dimensional planeparallel geometry using the Pq/approximation, which is known to be very reliable. The results show that scattering by the fly-ash particles impede the transfer of radiation from the hot flame to the walls of the combustion system and the blockage of radiation is strongly dependent on the wavelength.
A High-Temperature Neutron Diffraction Study of Nb2AlC and TiNbAlC

Herein, we report on the crystal structures of Nb2AlC and TiNbAlC—actual composition (Ti0.45,Nb0.55)2AlC—compounds determined from Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction patterns in the 300–1173 K temperature range. The average linear thermal expansion coefficients of a Nb2AlC sample in the a and c directions are, respectively, 7.9(5) × 10−6 and 7.7(5) × 10−6 K−1 on one neutron diffractometer and 7.3(3) × 10−6 and 7.0(2) × 10−6 K−1 on a second diffractometer. The respective values for the (Ti0.45,Nb0.55)2AlC composition—only tested on one diffractometer—are 8.5(3) × 10−6 and 7.5(5) × 10−6 K−1. These values are relatively low compared to other MAX phases. Like other MAX phases, however, the atomic displacement parameters (APDs) show that the Al atoms vibrate with higher amplitudes than the Ti and C atoms, and more along the basal planes than normal to them. When the predictions of the APDs obtained from density functional theory are compared to the experimental results, good quantitative agreement is found for the Al atoms. In case of the Nb and C atoms, the agreement was more qualitative.
A servo-controlled respiration system for inhalation studies in anesthetized animals

Rosenthal, Frank S., and Changhong Li. A servo-controlled respiration system for inhalation studies in anesthetized animals. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5): 1768–1774, 1997.—To facilitate aerosol depositi...
Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate Pool Imbalances In Vivo Are Associated with an Increased Retroviral Mutation Rate

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool imbalances are associated with an increase in the rate of misincorporation and hypermutation during in vitro reverse transcription reactions. However, the effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances on the accuracy of reverse transcription are unknown. We sought to determine the effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances on retroviral mutation rates and to test our hypothesis that 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) increases the retroviral mutation rates through induction of dNTP pool imbalances. D17 cells were treated with thymidine, hydroxyurea (HU), or AZT, and the effects on in vivo dNTP pools were measured. Thymidine and HU treatments induced significant dNTP pool imbalances. In contrast, AZT treatment had very little effect on the dNTP pools. The effects of in vivo dNTP pool imbalances induced by thymidine and HU treatments on the retroviral mutation rates were also determined. Spleen necrosis virus (SNV)-based and murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral vectors that expressed the lacZ mutant reporter gene were used. The frequencies of inactivating mutations introduced in the lacZ gene in a single replication cycle provided a measure of the retroviral mutation rates. Treatment of D17 target cells with 500 microM thymidine increased the SNV and MLV mutant frequencies 4.7- and 4-fold, respectively. Treatment of D17 target cells with 2 mM HU increased the SNV and MLV mutant frequencies 2.1- and 2.7-fold, respectively. These results demonstrate that dNTP pool imbalances are associated with an increase in the in vivo retroviral mutation rates, but AZT treatment results in an increase in the retroviral mutation rates by a mechanism not involving alterations in dNTP pools.
Formation and toxicity of soluble polyglutamine oligomers in living cells.

Background: Aggregation and cytotoxicity of mutant proteins containing an expanded number of polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats is a hallmark of several diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD). Within cells, mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) and other polyglutamine expansion mutant proteins exist as monomers, soluble oligomers, and insoluble inclusion bodies (IBs). Determining which of these forms constitute a toxic species has proven difficult. Recent studies support a role for IBs as a cellular coping mechanism to sequester levels of potentially toxic soluble monomeric and oligomeric species of mHtt. Methodology/Principal Findings: When fused to a fluorescent reporter (GFP) and expressed in cells, the soluble monomeric and oligomeric polyglutamine species are visually indistinguishable. Here, we describe two complementary biophysical fluorescence microscopy techniques to directly detect soluble polyglutamine oligomers (using Htt exon 1 or Htt ex1 ) and monitor their fates in live cells. Photobleaching analyses revealed a significant reduction in the mobilities of mHtt ex1 variants consistent with their incorporation into soluble microcomplexes. Similarly, when fused to split-GFP constructs, both wildtype and mHtt ex1 formed oligomers, as evidenced by the formation of a fluorescent reporter. Only the mHtt ex1 split-GFP oligomers assembled into IBs. Both FRAP and split-GFP approaches confirmed the ability of mHtt ex1 to bind and incorporate wildtype Htt into soluble oligomers. We exploited the irreversible binding of split-GFP fragments to forcibly increase levels of soluble oligomeric mHtt ex1 . A corresponding increase in the rate of IBs formation and the number formed was observed. Importantly, higher levels of soluble mHtt ex1 oligomers significantly correlated with increased mutant cytotoxicity, independent of the presence of IBs. Conclusions/Significance: Our study describes powerful and sensitive tools for investigating soluble oligomeric forms of expanded polyglutamine proteins, and their impact on cell viability. Moreover, these methods should be applicable for the detection of soluble oligomers of a wide variety of aggregation prone proteins.
State vector splitting for the Euler equations of gasdynamics

A new upwind scheme is introduced for the Euler equations of gasdynamics in multi- dimensions. Its relation to Steger-Warming Flux Vector Splitting is discussed. Imple- mentation of the conservative boundary condi- tions on solid walls is also given. The method is intuitive, easy to implement and does not require the generation of elaborate grids for complicated geometries. Several numerical examples demonstrating this advantage are presented.
Integration of the domain modeling method for families of systems with the SOFL formal specification language

An application domain is defined as a family of systems that have some features in common and others that differentiate them. A domain model is a multiple view object oriented analysis model for the application domain that reflects the common aspects and variations among the members of the family of systems that constitute the domain. The paper describes the integration of the domain modeling method for analyzing and modeling families of software systems with the SOFL formal specification language. Aggregation hierarchies and generalization/specialization hierarchies are depicted using the UML static modeling notation. Object communication diagrams are depicted using the SOFL condition data flow diagram notation. SOFL is used for the formal specification of the kernel, optional and variant classes.
Changes in the Level of Literacy in a New Community of Early America

When arrayed in time series, the rates of signature literacy of free persons in colonial Perquimans County, North Carolina, exhibit the ∪-shaped pattern found in the records of many other new communities of early America. In Perquimans, the pattern was due to coincident movements in the literacy rates of immigrants and natives of the county. The initial drop was associated with pronounced political and social disorder; the rise, with improved political stability and with demographic and economic growth.
The Type of Caloric Sweetener Added to Water Influences Weight Gain, Fat Mass, and Reproduction in Growing Sprague-Dawley Female Rats

Caloric sweetened beverages have been suggested to be a major dietary contributor to weight gain, particularly among adolescents. Dietary recommendations are for moderating intakes of added sugars; however, the question remains whether certain types of sugars should be limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drinking different caloric sweetened beverages on the development of adiposity, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Young (age 28 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8–9 rats/group) were randomly assigned to drink either deionized distilled water (ddH2O) or ddH2O sweetened with 13% (w/v) glucose, sucrose, fructose or high fructose corn syrup 55 (HFCS-55) for 8 weeks. Rats drinking caloric sweetened solutions failed to completely compensate for liquid calories ingested by reducing their consumption of solid food. This resulted in greater total energy intake compared to the ddH2O control; however, there was no significant difference in total energy intake between rats drink...
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Selecting Textbooks for College-Level Language Programs

This article examines the process by which college-level foreign language programs evaluate and select instructional materials for beginning level courses. A review of the relevant literature reveals an ambivalent relationship with textbooks, often the default curriculum for language courses. Despite textbooks' apparent key role in language programs, there is a surprising lack of cohesive recommendations from the field on evaluating and selecting textbooks. Results of an informal survey illustrate how the textbook selection process, individuals involved, and individuals' satisfaction with the selection process varied across programs. Respondents with established selection processes involving more stakeholders tended to be more content with process and selec- tion. The authors conclude that there is a needfor greater transparency and a broader professional discussion of this critical matter in language learning and teaching.
Transgenic E2F1 Expression in the Mouse Brain Induces a Human-Like Bimodal Pattern of Tumors

The Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated in most human brain tumors, and the finding that loss of E2F1 reduced pituitary tumorigenesis in Rb(+/-) mice suggests that loss of pRb induces brain tumors by activating E2F1. We therefore investigated the role of E2F1 in the development and maintenance of brain cancer using a transgenic mouse model engineered to express E2F1 specifically within glial cells (GFAP-tgE2F1). GFAP-tgE2F1 mice developed a highly penetrant phenotype characterized by neurologic defects, and examination of the brains revealed the presence of brain tumors in 20% of these animals. Importantly, the distribution of tumors according to mouse age suggests the existence of a bimodal pattern of tumor development, forcing a comparison with the human disease. Mice, at an early age, with deregulated E2F1 show the formation of embryonal brain tumors such as medulloblastoma, choroid plexus carcinoma, and primary neuroectodermal tumor. Conversely, at an older age, mice escaping embryonal tumor formation present with malignant gliomas, which are typically identified in the human adult population. Thus, this study offers the first evidence for a global role of E2F1 in the formation and maintenance of multilineage brain tumors, irrefutably establishing E2F1 as an oncogene in the brain.
Experimental Microgyri Disrupt the Barrel Field Pattern in Rat Somatosensory Cortex

Transcranial freeze lesions in neonatal rat pups produce microgyri and adjacent epileptogenic regions of neocortex that can be used to model human polymicrogyria. The hypothesis that the presence of microgyri is associated with abnormal cortical organization occurring within as well as adjacent to the microgyri was tested by creating microgyri within the face representation of somatosensory cortex. Microgyri were associated with a widespread disruption of the stereotypic whisker barrel field pattern delineated with cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining. CO-stained patches resembling barrel hollows were absent within the microgyrus, and were abnormally shaped and distributed outside of the microgyrus. Adjacent Nissl- or acetylcholinesterase-stained sections demonstrated that both cell clusters and thalamocortical afferents contributed to the abnormally organized paramicrogyral zone identified in CO-stained sections. Field potential recordings showed that this region of heavy CO staining corresponded to the epileptogenic zone adjacent to the microgyrus. Results support our hypothesis that the epileptogenic paramicrogyral zone develops an abnormal organization of cell clusters and thalamocortical projections that could contribute to epileptogenesis in the paramicrogyral zone.
Genesis of Higher Mental Functions

The third level of our research is closest to the historical method of considering higher forms of behavior that we have adopted. The analysis and structure of higher mental processes lead us directly to disclosing the basic problem of the whole history of the cultural development of the child, to elucidating the genesis of higher forms of behavior, that is, the origin and development of the mental forms that are the subject of our study.
PAL: Propagation-aware Anomaly Localization for cloud hosted distributed applications

Distributed applications running inside cloud are prone to performance anomalies due to various reasons such as insufficient resource allocations, unexpected workload increases, or software bugs. However, those applications often consist of multiple interacting components where one component anomaly may cause its dependent components to exhibit anomalous behavior as well. It is challenging to identify the faulty components among numerous distributed application components. In this paper, we present a Propagation-aware Anomaly Localization (PAL) system that can pinpoint the source faulty components in distributed applications by extracting anomaly propagation patterns. PAL provides a robust critical change point discovery algorithm to accurately capture the onset of anomaly symptoms at different application components. We then derive the propagation pattern by sorting all critical change points in chronological order. PAL is completely application-agnostic and non-intrusive, which only relies on system-level metrics. We have implemented PAL on top of the Xen platform and tested it on a production cloud computing infrastructure using the RUBiS online auction benchmark application and the IBM System S data streaming processing application with a range of common software bugs. Our experimental results show that PAL can pinpoint faulty components in distributed applications with high accuracy and low overhead.
Processing attributes and judging objects

Given that psychophysical responses are not a function of a single property but vary with a variety of stimulus and context variables, Lockhead has little hope for laws relating behavior to the environment. However, progress can be made with tasks that manipulate multiple sources of information to test formal information-processing models.
The Evaluation of Advice in Supportive Interactions: Facework and Contextual Factors.

Perceptions of advice in supportive interactions are known to be influenced by the threat advice poses to a recipient's face. However, research has given little attention to factors that may moderate the influence of face concerns on advice evaluations. This study examined how evaluator sex, target responsibility and effort, and advice content influenced evaluations of advice given bluntly, with aggravating facework, or with mitigating facework. Participants (N = 305) evaluated advice directed at a student depicted as upset about failing an exam. The student's responsibility and effort with regard to the failure was manipulated within scenarios. Facework was found to have a substantial main effect on evaluations of advice, with mitigating facework producing the most positive evaluations. This effect was moderated to varying degrees by each of the contextual factors examined.
Social Disorders in the Early Stages of Public Housing Decline: A Helsinki Case Study

While Helsinki's council housing is in physically good condition, it is beginning to experience crime, drug dealing and anti-social behavior. Through a case study of Helsinki's council housing the paper seeks to improve understanding of public housing decline early in the process. Open-ended interviews with Helsinki housing experts and housing officials highlight weak eviction laws and inadequate funding for transitional housing as key causes of increases in the number of multi-problem families. Analysis of a 2001 Helsinki public housing residents' survey indicates that while most residents did not believe neighborhood conditions were getting worse, almost half of the respondents were pessimistic about one or more neighborhood conditions (e.g. noisy neighbors, crime) and those who were most pessimistic about their neighborhood were most likely to plan to move. Recommendations for preventing further decline are discussed.
Interacting topological insulator and emergent grand unified theory

Motivated by the Pati-Salam grand unified theory [J. C. Pati and A. Salam, Phys. Rev. D 10, 275 (1974)], we study $(4+1)d$ topological insulators with $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{2}$ symmetry, whose $(3+1)d$ boundary has 16 flavors of left-chiral fermions, which form representations $(\mathbf{4},\mathbf{2},\mathbf{1})$ and $(\overline{\mathbf{4}},\mathbf{1},\mathbf{2})$. The key result we obtain is that, without any interaction, this topological insulator has a $\mathbb{Z}$ classification, namely, any quadratic fermion mass operator at the $(3+1)d$ boundary is prohibited by the symmetries listed above; while under interaction, this system becomes trivial, namely, its $(3+1)d$ boundary can be gapped out by a properly designed short-range interaction without generating nonzero vacuum expectation value of any fermion bilinear mass, or in other words, its $(3+1)d$ boundary can be driven into a ``strongly-coupled symmetric gapped (SCSG) phase.'' Based on this observation, we propose that after coupling the system to a dynamical $\mathrm{SU}(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{2}$ lattice gauge field, the Pati-Salam GUT can be fully regularized as the boundary states of a $(4+1)d$ topological insulator with a thin fourth spatial dimension, the thin fourth dimension makes the entire system generically a $(3+1)d$ system. The mirror sector on the opposite boundary will not interfere with the desired GUT, because the mirror sector is driven to the SCSG phase by a carefully designed interaction and is hence decoupled from the GUT.
Computation of Trailing-Edge Flow and Noise Using Large-Eddy Simulation

Turbulent boundary layers near the trailing edge of a lifting surface are known to generate intense, broadband scattering noise as well as surface pressure e uctuations. Numerically predicting the trailing-edge noise requires that the noise-generating eddies over a wide range of length scales be adequately represented. The large-eddy simulation (LES) technique provides a promising tool for obtaining the unsteady wall-pressure e elds and the acousticsourcefunctions. An LES iscarried out forturbulent boundary-layere ow pastan asymmetrically beveled trailing edge ofa e at strut at a chord Reynolds number of 2 :15 £ 10 6 . The computed velocity and surface pressure statistics compare reasonably well with previous experimental measurements. The far-e eld acoustic calculation is facilitated by the integral solution to the Lighthill equation derived by Ffowcs-Williams and Hall. Computations havebeen carried outto determine thefar-e eld noisespectra,thesource-term characteristics, and therequirement for the integration domain size. It is found that the present LES domain is adequate for predicting noise radiation over a range of frequencies. At the low-frequency end, however, the spanwise source coherenceestimated based on surface pressure e uctuations does not decay sufe ciently, suggesting the need for a wider computational domain.