cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staged surgical approach to neonates with aortic obstruction and single-ventricle physiology.

Abstract Background . The surgical management of neonatal systemic outflow obstruction and complex single ventricle pathology is variable. Methods . In 15 neonates (12 boys and 3 girls) with complex forms of single-ventricle pathology and aortic coarctation or interruption, an initial strategy of banding the pulmonary artery and repair of the obstruction from a left thoracotomy was undertaken. Results . The median age at operation was 6 days (range 2 to 33 days) and the median weight was 3.3 kg (range 2 to 4.6 kg). There were no early deaths and one late death after the initial surgical palliation. Of the 14 survivors, 8 have undergone a bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. The median age for bidirectional Glenn was 9.75 months (range 3.5 to 26 months). Seven infants have required Damus-Kaye-Stansel reconstruction for subaortic obstruction (one early death). The median age of the Damus-Kaye-Stansel procedure was 4 months (range 3 weeks to 9 months). Thirteen of 15 patients (87%) are alive and 6 have proceeded to a Fontan operation (median follow-up 68 months). A single failing Fontan required takedown to bidirectional Glenn and central shunt. Conclusions . Our experience suggests that this high-risk subgroup of neonates with aortic obstruction and single-ventricle pathophysiology is safely managed by initial pulmonary artery banding palliation and repair of aortic obstruction. This strategy, careful surveillance, and early relief of subaortic stenosis can maintain acceptable anatomy and hemodynamics for later bidirectional Glenn and Fontan procedures.
A mathematical model of epidemics with screening and variable infectivity

Two models for the dynamics of an epidemic of S-I-R type are described in which the active population is randomly screened. Infectivity is not required to be constant in one of them. The positive screened individuals move into the class of ''removed'' together with the immune. Global existence and uniqueness results are established.
Population affinities of the Australian aborigines as reflected by the genetic markers of immunoglobulins

In Australia the distribution of the Gm-Am haplotypes divides the population into two groups. The Western Desert and Central Distriet are characterized by the lack of Gmza;b, while the northern coastal areas are characterized by variable frequenciea of Gmza;b. Both populations have polymorphic frequencies of Gmza;g and Gmzax;g. On the basis of the Gm-Am haplotypes the Papuan speaking inhabitants of New Guinea are more closely related phyletically to the Australian Aborigines than to their Austronesian speaking neighborn. The Australian Aborigines and the Papuans of New Guinea appear to represent a surviving early Asian population from which Caucasians, modern Orientals and Amerindians evolved. The phyletic relationships delineated by the Gm-Am haplotypes are not reflected in the distribution of the Km1 allotypic marker.
A systematic tuning approach for the use of extended Kalman filters in batch processes

State estimation methods, like the extended Kalman filter (EKF) are used for obtaining reliable estimates of the states from the available measurements in the presence of model uncertainties and unmeasured disturbances. The main open issue in applying EKF is the need to quantify the accuracy of the model in terms of the process noise covariance matrix, Q. The present paper proposes two methods that utilize the parametric model uncertainties to calculate the Q matrix of an EKF. The first approach is based on a Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear equations around the nominal parameter values. The second approach accounts for the nonlinear dependence of the system on the fitted parameters by use of Monte Carlo simulations that are easily be performed online. The value of the process noise covariance matrix (Q) obtained is not limited to a diagonal and constant matrix and is dependent on the current state of the dynamic system. The paper also discusses the application of these techniques to an example process.
Circular dichroism of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase

Shukuya and Schwert (1960a) have shown that L-ylutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) from E_. coli exhibits a sharply pHdependen,t reversible spectral change centered at pH 5.6. At pH's less than 5, the enzyme has an absorbance peak at 415 mp, while at pH's greater than 6, this peak is replaced by one at 340 mu. The range of enzymatic activity lies on the acid side of this transition. The 415 mu absorbance peak is presumably due to a Schiff's base between pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) and an e-amino group of a lysyl residue. Anderson and Chang (1965) have shown that the species absorbing at 340 mu cannot be reduced by sodium borohydride (NaBH4), whereas that absorbing at 415 mu reacts rapidly with this reagent to give an enzymatically inactive species which has an absorbance inflection at 330 mv and has the PLP bound to an c-amino group of a lysyl residue. Shukuya and Schwert (1960a) demonstrated that hydroxylamine
Establishing delivery guarantee policies

Abstract Delivery reliability has emerged as a key competitive factor in a variety of service and manufacturing industries. Thus, many firms are adopting the use of delivery-time guarantees as part of their market positioning strategy. This research generalizes existing blanket delivery-time guarantee models on several fronts—by drawing on concepts from other fields and by relaxing simplifying assumptions—to provide a comprehensive and practical model. Some analytic results are provided, and numeric experimentation is conducted to provide further insight into the problem. The effects of service improvements, process improvements, and system congestion are analyzed. The results indicate that pricing policies are less critical than previously thought when the payment made for late delivery is included as part of the delivery-time guarantee policy.
Fluorphosphohedyphane, Ca2Pb3(PO4)3F, the first apatite supergroup mineral with essential Pb and F

The new mineral fluorphosphohedyphane, Ca_2Pb_3(PO_4)_3F, the F-analog of phosphohedyphane, is hexagonal with space group P6_3/m and cell parameters a = 9.6402(12), c = 7.0121(8) A, V = 564.4(1) A^3, and Z = 2. It occurs in the oxidation zone of a small Pb-Cu-Zn-Ag deposit, the Blue Bell claims, about 11 km west of Baker, San Bernardino County, California. It forms as sub-parallel intergrowths and irregular clusters of transparent, colorless, highly lustrous, hexagonal prisms with pyramidal terminations. It is found in cracks and narrow veins in a highly siliceous hornfels in association with cerussite, chrysocolla, fluorite, fluorapatite, goethite, gypsum, mimetite, opal, phosphohedyphane, plumbogummite, plumbophyllite, plumbotsumite, pyromorphite, quartz, and wulfenite. The streak of the new mineral is white, the luster is subadamantine, and the Mohs hardness is about 4. The mineral is brittle with subconcoidal fracture and no cleavage. The calculated density is 5.445 g/cm^3 based upon the empirical formula. Optical properties (589 nm): uniaxial (–),ω= 1.836(5), e= 1.824(5), nonpleochroic. SEM-EDS analyses yielded the averages and ranges in wt%: O 21.28 (20.31–22.14), F 1.59 (1.38–1.91), P 10.33 (9.81–10.83), Ca 9.66 (8.97–10.67), Pb 60.08 (57.67–61.21), total 102.95 (102.02–103.88), providing the empirical formula (based on P = 3): Ca2.00(Pb_(2.61)Ca_(0.17)) Σ_(2.78)P_3O_(11.91)F_(0.75). Infrared spectroscopy showed no evidence of OH or carbonate. The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d(hkl)I]: 8.38(100)22, 3.974(111)28, 3.506(002)25, 2.877(121,211)100, 1.878(213,123)26. Fluorphosphohedyphane has the apatite structure (R_1 = 1.75% for 444 reflections with F_o > 4 F) with ordering of Ca and Pb in two cation sites, as in hedyphane and phosphohedyphane. The Pb^(2+) cation exhibits a stereoactive 6s^2 lone-electron-pair. The X anion site at (0, 0,1/2) is fully occupied by F forming six bonds of 2.867 A to Pb atoms, in contrast to the six Pb-Cl bonds of 3.068 A in phosphohedyphane.
Missing pieces of the puzzle or about some unresolved issues in solid state chemistry of alkali metal aluminohydrides

The paper discusses some unresolved issues in the solid state chemistry of alkali metal aluminohydrides (alanates) relevant to high-capacity hydrogen storage. Analysis of experimental data available in chemical and materials science literature suggests a one-step mechanism for the thermal decomposition of both pure and Ti-doped aluminohydrides. Most likely, the presence of a titanium hydride phase in the catalyst is responsible for the catalytic effect of Ti-additives. Furthermore, ball-milling promotes chemical and phase transformations of solid alanates by enhancing mass transfer in the material and creating high-pressure spots where pressure-driven chemical reactions can take place.
Tribal and State Sovereignty and Federal Responsibility1

ABSTRACT The role of tribal and state government in environmental protection and regulation is an important complement and supplement to that of the federal government. This was found to be evident during the Problem Oil Pit (POP) effort conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VIII and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Region VI. When the two federal agencies decided to join forces to address the problem of oil-covered pits and other environmental problems in oil fields, it quickly was determined that a collaborative approach would be required to address the problems that might be encountered. EPA and USFWS were aware that tribes and states, as well as other federal agencies, have their own responsibilities in the oilfield. Both agencies were also sensitive to the sovereignty of the tribes and states. Therefore, EPA and USFWS knew it was vital for success to enlist the concurrence, support, and participation of the tribes, states, and other federal agencies in the effor...
Lifespan in male ants linked to mating syndrome

Male ants have long been thought to leave the nest, swarm, mate and die in quick succession (male aggregation syndrome). However, the ancestors of the ants likely used female calling, where females advertise with pheromones for longer lived and presumably free living males. In this study, male lifespan was compared in four species from a Panama rain forest. Males of two species with aggregation syndrome (Atta colombica and Azteca sp.) lived only days after collection at a light trap, and their lifespan failed to increase when supplied sugar water ad libitum. In contrast, two species with female calling syndrome (Ectatomma ruidum and Paraponera clavata) lived up to 116 days when fed. These results link male lifespan to mating systems, and provide a framework to examine variation in how ant colonies invest in males.
Time-resolved emittance measurements of an excimer-laser-driven metal photocathode

The velvet cathode material of a 4-MeV, electron beam injector was replaced with a material cathode and driven by an ArF excimer laser. Time-resolved measurements of photoelectron current and effective cathode temperature were made. A streak camera and B-dot (magnetic field) probes were the primary diagnostics for the experiment. The streak camera determined effective cathode temperature in a single spatial dimension. Time-integrated photography was used to observe plasma information in the cathode region. The results will be used to ascertain the feasibility of long-pulse (75-ns) beam generation for injection into a linear induction accelerator. >
Absorbance-Stat Method for the Study of Reaction Kinetics in Solution

A method is described for the kinetic study of reactions in which the concentration of one reactant is held essentially constant by addition of that reactant throughout the course of the reaction; this condition of constancy is attained by maintaining the solution absorbance, which is made a function of reactant concentration, at a constant value. This technique, the absorbance-stat method, is exemplified by alkaline ester hydrolysis, an acid-base indicator being added to the solution. By titrating with alkali to keep the absorbance of the indicator constant, the hydroxideion concentration is held constant. The principles of this technique are developed, and the method is compared with the conventional pH-stat procedure. The second-order rate constants of alkaline hydrolysis of methyl and ethyl acetates have been determined. The method is satisfactorily accurate and precise.
High altitude reconnaissance aircraft

At the equator the ozone layer ranges from 65,000 to 130,000+ ft, which is beyond the capabilities of the ER-2, NASA's current high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft. This project is geared to designing an aircraft that can study the ozone layer. The aircraft must be able to satisfy four mission profiles. The first is a polar mission that ranges from Chile to the South Pole and back to Chile, a total range of 6000 n.m. at 100,000 ft with a 2500-lb payload. The second mission is also a polar mission with a decreased altitude and an increased payload. For the third mission, the aircraft will take off at NASA Ames, cruise at 100,000 ft, and land in Chile. The final mission requires the aircraft to make an excursion to 120,000 ft. All four missions require that a subsonic Mach number be maintained because of constraints imposed by the air sampling equipment. Three aircraft configurations were determined to be the most suitable for meeting the requirements. The performance of each is analyzed to investigate the feasibility of the mission requirements.
`Going Nowhere' with Wittgenstein: And Staying in the Everyday

Wittgenstein is famous for eschewing `scientific' explanations of language in philosophy and for commending, as an alternative, the examination of ordinary language, `the language of everyday'. `Sc...
Classification of syringomyelia

Syringomyelia poses special challenges for the clinician because of its complex symptomatology, uncertain pathogenesis, and multiple options of treatment. The purpose of this study was to classify intramedullary cavities according to their most salient pathological and clinical features. Pathological findings obtained in 175 individuals with tubular cavitations of the spinal cord were correlated with clinical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings in a database of 927 patients. A classification system was developed in which the morbid anatomy, cause, and pathogenesis of these lesions are emphasized. The use of a disease-based classification of syringomyelia facilitates diagnosis and the interpretation of MR imaging findings and provides a guide to treatment.
Legal implications for failure to comply with advance directives: an examination of the incompetent individual's right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment.

Life-sustaining medical technology in the past century has created a growing body of case law and legislation recognizing the incompetent individual's right to make his or her own end-of-life decisions. This article focuses on California's leadership in the area of these specific end-of-life issues: specifically, exploring the right of an incompetent individual to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. The article examines advance directives along with various judicial decision-making standards for incompetent individuals and explores the sociobehavioral and legal rationale for compliance with incompetent individual's rights to make end-of-life decisions. Finally this article concludes (i) that advance directives allow competent individuals to state the medical treatment they would prefer in the event they should later become incompetent and (ii) that when advance directives are properly executed in a detailed manner, under laws currently in effect in some jurisdictions, the preferences stated in the directive bind health care providers.
Low-mass spectroscopic binaries in the Hyades: a candidate brown dwarf companion

We have used the HIRES echelle spectrograph on the Keck I telescope to obtain high-resolution spectroscopy of 51 late-type M dwarfs in the Hyades cluster. Cross-correlating the calibrated data against spectra of white dwarfs allows us to determine heliocentric velocities with an accuracy of ±0.3 km s−1. 27 stars were observed at two epochs in 1997; two stars, RHy 42 and RHy 403, are confirmed spectroscopic binaries. RHy 42 is a double-lined, equal-mass system; RHy 403 is a single-lined, short-period binary, P∼1.275 d. RHy 403A has an absolute magnitude of MI=10.85, consistent with a mass of 0.15 M⊙. The systemic mass function has a value M2 sin(i)]3/(M1+M2)2=0.0085, which, combined with the non-detection of a secondary peak in the cross-correlation function, implies 0.095>M2>0.07 M⊙, and the strong possibility that the companion is the first Hyades brown dwarf to be identified. Unfortunately, the maximum expected angular separation in the system is only ∼0.25 mas. Five other low-mass Hyads are identified as possible spectroscopic binaries, based either on repeat observations or on a comparison between the observed radial velocity and the value expected for Hyades cluster members. Combined with HST imaging data, we infer a binary fraction between 23 and 30 per cent. All of the stars are chromospherically active. RHy 281 was caught in mid-flare and, based on that detection, we estimate a flaring frequency of ∼2.5 per cent for low-mass Hyades stars. Nine stars have rotational velocities, v sin(i), exceeding 20 km s−1, and most of the sample have detectable rotation. We examine the Hα emission characteristics of low-mass cluster members, and show that there is no evidence for a correlation with rotation.
Climate Change in Turkmenistan

More than 80% of Turkmenistan is desert; thus, key environmental issues are associated with redistribution and supply of limited water resources. Turkmenistan is projected to become warmer and probably drier during the coming decades. Aridity is expected to increase in all republics of Central Asia, but especially in the western part of Turkmenistan. The temperature increases are predicted to be particularly high in summer and fall but lower in winter. Especially significant decrease in precipitation is predicted in summer and fall, while a modest increase or no change in precipitation is expected in winter months. These seasonal climatic shifts are likely to have profound implications for agriculture, particularly in western Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, where frequent droughts are likely to negatively affect cotton, cereals, and forage production, increase already extremely high water demands for irrigation, exacerbate the already existing water crisis, and accelerate human-induced desertification. The Amudarya is the most water-bearing river in Central Asia; its endorheic drainage basin includes the territories of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Fed by seasonal snowmelt of snowpacks and glaciers, the flow of the Amudarya may increase due to intensified melting of the glaciers and snowpacks under a warming climate, which could further contribute to expansion of agricultural land use at the expense of converted natural areas. During the last few decades, Turkmenistan has experienced widespread changes in land cover and land use following the socioeconomic and institutional changes in the wake of the disintegration of the USSR in 1991, and subsequently followed by a decade of drought and steadily increasing temperatures. These changes in the vegetated landscape are sufficiently broad to be detectable from orbital sensors at multiple scales.
A 14-GHz 256/257 dual-modulus prescaler with secondary feedback and its application to a monolithic CMOS 10.4-GHz phase-locked loop

A 14-GHz 256/257 dual-modulus prescaler is implemented using secondary feedback in the synchronous 4/5 divider on a 0.18-/spl mu/m foundry CMOS process. The dual-modulus scheme utilizes a 4/5 synchronous counter which adopts a traditional MOS current mode logic clocked D flip-flop. The secondary feedback paths limit signal swing to achieve high-speed operation. The maximum operating frequency of the prescaler is 14 GHz at V/sub DD/=1.8 V. Utilizing the prescaler, a 10.4-GHz monolithic phase-locked loop (PLL) is demonstrated. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operates between 9.7-10.4 GHz. The tuning range of the VCO is 690 MHz. The phase noise of the PLL and VCO at a 3-MHz offset with I/sub vco/=4.9 mA is -117 and -119 dBc/Hz, respectively. At the current consumption of I/sub vco/=8.1 mA, the phase noise is -122 and -122 dBc/Hz, respectively. The PLL output phase noise at a 50-kHz offset is -80 dBc/Hz. The PLL consumes /spl sim/31 mA at V/sub DD/=1.8 V.
Commentary on "Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms" by Dean C. Delis and Spencer R. Wetter.

In 1999, Slick, Sherman, and Iverson presented the ﬁrst diagnostic algorithm designed to be used to identifylevels of “malingered neurocognitive dysfunction (MND).” The term “deﬁnite MND” was used to designate thoseindividuals who had motive to feign and obtained signiﬁcantly below chance performance on one or more forcedchoice paradigms, while “probable MND” was used to refer to individuals who did not fall signiﬁcantly below chanceon forced choice measures but did have incentive to feign and failed two or more non-forced choice effort measures,or failed one non-forced choice measure and displayed at least one example of non-plausible self-reported symptomsor test data discrepancy. “Possible MND” was used to identify those individuals with incentive to underperform andwho evidenced discrepant information on self-report. However, since the publication of that pivotal and widely citedmanuscript, questions have arisen as to whether we are in fact detecting “malingering” when poor performance oneffort indicators is observed.Malingering refers to the conscious, deliberate feigning of symptoms for external gain, but it has long been appreci-ated that non-conscious symptom fabrication, including feigned cognitive dysfunction, can also occur. For example, inFreud’soriginalreportsofindividualswithconversiondisorder(whichinvolvesnon-consciouscreationofneurological-type symptoms), cognitive complaints were prominent; “Freud’s remarks about Frau Cecile von M indicate that herhysterical attacks and neuralgias were accompanied by reversible amnesia and clouding of consciousness” (Mace,1994, p. 186). In the ensuing decades, interest in conversion disorders increasingly focused on the dramatic non-plausible physical symptoms, and the accompanying cognitive pseudosymptoms, while still prevalent, unfortunatelylost visibility.If we are to use the Slick, Sherman, and Iverson (1999) criteria to diagnose “malingered” cognitive symptoms, wemust have objective means by which to differentiate between consciously versus non-consciously produced symp-tom fabrication. However, no such techniques exist. For example, while forced choice measures are now frequentlytouted as the “gold standard” for identifying malingered cognitive performance (see Bianchini, Mathias, & Greve,2001), in fact this paradigm was originally used to document conversion disorder (Pankratz, 1979). Of relevance, inhypnotized individuals, whose behavior is presumed not to be under conscious control, signiﬁcantly below chanceperformance on forced choice measures occurs in 25% of those instructed to produce amnesia (Spanos, James, & deGroot, 1990). Unfortunately, personality inventories are similarly unhelpful in distinguishing between consciously and
Transnasal cooling: A Pandora’s box of transnasal patho-physiology

The innovative concept of transnasal evaporative cooling for therapeutic hypothermia in cardio-pulmonary-cerebro-resuscitation has therapeutic implications with evidence of rapid and selective brain cooling; however, this author wants to elicit that this concept may hold answers for many physiological phenomena which have not been explored or completely understood up till now. To affirm the physiological role of transnasal cooling, the innovative non-invasive brain temperature monitoring can help the investigators to explore and understand the following transnasal pathophysiological phenomena: (1) understanding correlation of brain temperature and sinus headache secondary to nasal blockade, (2) exploring the therapeutic role of nasal oxygen for prevention of delirium in intubated patients, (3) realizing the impact of controlled enclosed environments on the mood and affect of the inhabitants, (4) understanding the etio-pathogenesis of claustrophobia after excluding the confounding factors of morbid obesity, severe cardiopulmonary disease and incapacitating musculoskeletal diseases, (5) exploring the anthropological role of male pattern of moustache, beard and hair loss, and (6) possible development of a coolant moustache as proposed by the author. In summary, transnasal pathophysiology offers many promising lines of fruitful research to explore the non-olfactory physiological functions of nose in human beings.
A Retrospective of Four Decades of Community College Research

AbstractIn the 40th publication year of the Community College Journal of Research and Practice (CCJRP), the authors present a 39-year retrospective on research on the community college through the lens of the journal. It is not known exactly what the body of community college research wholly consists of. Without access to the larger picture of community college research, both the research and practitioner communities remain generally unaware of the existing research, areas lacking in study, and opportunities to build upon past research and to explore adaptation of practices that have been implemented at other institutions. The purpose of this study was to explore the evolution of community college research by surveying topics in community college research published over the past 39 years within the context of the CCJRP, highlighting implications for future research, policy, and practice. Findings from this content analysis study demonstrate more attention to student success, teaching and learning, and com...
Demonstrating the benefits of variable impedance to telerobotic task execution

Inspired by human physiology, variable impedance actuation has been shown to benefit safety with its ability to modulate impact forces. But humans also continually adjust impedance during contact and throughout manipulation tasks. We examine the value and effect of continual impedance variation on quasi-static manipulation. We approach this challenge from the perspective of telerobotics where the operator can explicitly modulate the robotic impedance. Using a three degree of freedom planar teleoperation system we explore two quasi-static tasks: inserting a rigid peg into a tight hole and throwing a switch without overshoot. The work finds that no single impedance can optimally accomplish both tasks. Instead user-controlled impedance variations achieve the desired results, demonstrating the benefits of variable impedance to quasi-static applications in telerobotics.
Chloramine Removal From Water Used in Hemodialiysis

Several outbreaks of hemolysis in hemodialysis patients have occured when chloramines in the public water supply have not been adequately removed by the dialysis unit's water purification system. Chloramines are not removed by reverse osmosis or deionization, and need to be either adsorbed by filtration through granular activated carbon (GAC) or neutralized by chemical reduction by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) added to the dialysate. Chloramine levels in the incoming water can fluctuate unpredictably, and failures of both systems have occurred when chloramines have exhausted their capacity. The medical and technical issues associated with both methods are explored in detail. Safety depends on critical care in the design of the system and rigorous testing more than once daily. Most dialysis units now depend on GAC filters, two of which should be placed in series so that chloramine breakthrough can be detected after the first one, before the second one fails. Comprehensive standards in force in California have not yet been applied universally.
Switching between antenna selection and spatial multiplexing in the nonregenerative MIMO relay channel

The use of a relay to aid communication between a data source and its desired destination is an attractive solution for low-cost coverage extension, capacity enhancement, and reliability improvement. The relays need not even decode the signal in order to aid the transmission. Multi-antenna relays, in particular, may apply a linear transfer matrix to improve transmission while maintaining a simple design. The usage of multiple antennas, however, raises questions about which of the multitude of transmission strategies should be used for a given channel realization. In this paper, the use of pre-existing adaptation techniques is shown to be inapplicable to the linear MIMO relay channel, motivating the derivation of new techniques. To simplify the task, the source is limited to transmitting using either spatial multiplexing with no channel state information, or antenna selection based on a limited amount of feedback from the destination. Transmission is assumed to be fixed-rate and adaptation is based on minimizing the symbol error rate. A sufficient condition for multiplexing to outperform antenna selection is derived and, out of this, a value that behaves as an effective condition number of the relay channel is found.
Formation of Martian outflow channels by catastrophic dewatering of evaporite deposits

Geological mapping based on topographic analysis of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, together with photointerpretation of Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images and thermodynamic and heat-flow considerations, frame a new hypothesis for the formation of Martian outflow channels through catastrophic dewatering of evaporite deposits. MOLA transects across Valles Marineris show that the valley is located at the crest of a 3-km-high topographic bulge on the flank of the much larger Tharsis Rise. Interpretation of MOC images showing layered deposits within Valles Marineris as unconformably underlying Hesperian-age lava flows means that these thick deposits, thought to contain hydrous sulfates, were heated by an increased geothermal gradient due to development of Tharis. Increased temperatures adequate to dehydrate hydrous evaporites would trigger significant volumetric expansion and catastrophically release tremendous amounts of overpressured water.
Steady state multiplicity of adiabatic gas-liquid reactors: I. The single reaction case

A model of an adiabatic continuously stirred-tank reactor in which a single exothermic second order-gas liquid reaction occurs has been developed. The interactions between the rate of the chemical reaction, the diffusional resistances, and the solubility may cause the occurrence of up to five steady state solutions, even though no more than three solutions can be attained when the same reaction is carried out in a sinle phase CSTR. A parametric study is used to examine the sensitivity of the model to the value of several parameters. Topological arguments are used to obtain a simple instability criterion.
Chapter 10. Why Money Can’t Buy You Anything in German: A Functional-Typological Approach to the Mapping of Semantic Roles to Syntactic Functions in SLA

Since English shows a rather wide range of alternations, it is by no means clear to what extent learners of English as a foreign language are aware of these possibilities, let alone are competent in using them for specific purposes. Generally speaking, the acquisition of argument structure and its interrelationship with the syntax-semantics interface in a second language (L2), as well as the influence of the native language (L1) in that process is a relatively underexplored field in second language acquisition (SLA) research (Kortmann, 1998; R. Hawkins, 2001).
Determination of localized stresses in the shell above anchor bolt chairs attachments of anchored storage tanks

Abstract Anchor bolt chairs are attachments widely used to control the overturning stability of storage tanks subjected to external and internal forces. This paper discusses three different procedures based on mathematical equations, stress linearization and stress extrapolation to determine the localized stresses occurring in the shell above the chairs due to wind load. Several finite element models were built to study the effect of four different parameters such as the tank height, the tank diameter, the shell thickness and the anchor chair height. The results of the three methods are compared in terms of the localized stresses obtained from each one as well as in terms of the utilization ratio of the shell material.
Optimality gap of asymptotically derived prescriptions in queueing systems

In complex systems, it is quite common to resort to approximations when optimizing system performance. These approximations typically involve selecting a particular system parameter and then studying the performance of the system as this parameter grows without bound. In such an asymptotic regime, we prove that if the approximation to the objective function is accurate up to $$\mathcal {O}(1)$$O(1), then under some regularity conditions, the prescriptions that are derived from this approximation are o(1)-optimal, i.e., their optimality gap is asymptotically zero. A consequence of this result is that the well-known square-root staffing rules for capacity sizing in M / M / s and $$M/M/s+M$$M/M/s+M queues to minimize the sum of linear expected steady-state customer waiting costs and linear capacity costs are o(1)-optimal. We also discuss extensions of this result for the case of nonlinear customer waiting costs in these systems.
World Bank Rules for Aid Allocation: New Institutional Economics or Moral Hazard?

This chapter considers whether the World Bank has adequately justified its metric for distributing international aid to the poor. The International Development Association (IDA) is the part of the Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries, 1.5 billion of whom live on less than the equivalent of US$2 a day. In 2008, the IDA gave official development assistance worth 6689.24 million. It provides basic health services, primary education, clean water and sanitation, environmental protection, business support, infrastructure, and help with institutional reforms. This paper argues, however, that the Bank has failed to justify its claim that this metric gives enough weight to aiding the poor. Although it may turn out that some good justification is available, this paper suggests that there is ground for concern. This is an important conclusion for those who care about international economic justice. The World Bank is one of the largest aid donors and similar metrics guide many other development organizations’ aid efforts. Many countries, including the United Kingdom and Canada, also use similar metrics for distributing aid.
Some Aspects of Numerical Simulation of Seismic Wave Propagation

Copyright: © 2013 Chen J. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Over the last decades, numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation has become an important tool to better understand the characterization of wave propagation and rock properties. It also plays a significant role in seismic data processing and interpretation [1]. Here, several important aspects of seismic numerical modeling of wave propagation will be mentioned, such as numerical algorithms for solving partial differential wave equations, absorbing boundary condition and high performance computing techniques.
The ODN Design for Power Distribution Communication Access Network Based on EPON

To meet the optical distribution network construction requirements of EPON communication system in power distribution communication access network,according to the practical engineering project experiences,an ODN solution is given in the end.In the proposed solution,the optical network is designed by hierarchical,which is composed of two levels,the first aggregation level and the second radial level.The first aggregation level should take consideration that each fiber cable PoP can access to at least two transformer station so that it can get the fiber optics route protection.The second-level radial network can access to the neighboring sites,which can get hand in hand protection.The proposed scheme has advantages of saving cable resources,reducing the difficulty of cable construction and maintaining easily.The actual test results show that the scheme can meet the cable construction and optical power requirements of EPON communication system,which provides strong supports to the construction of optical fiber communication system in power distribution automation.
Three Annotated Epigraphs

These words were written soon after Evelyn Waugh died in 1966 by his eldest son. They call attention to his greatest power as a writer, exuberant comedy. He possessed the comic intelligence that has persisted in the English novel, through Fielding and Jane Austen and Dickens, into the twentieth century and into the six comic novels that came before Brideshead Revisited in 1945. Waugh’s comic intelligence matches Jane Austen’s and his exuberance in those six books is Dickensian. No account, biographical or otherwise, can explain how he came by this power, but no account should fail to stress it, for it is the comedy of Waugh’s earlier novels that supports the entirety of his reputation and gives him his permanent place in the history of the English novel.
Asteroid search operations with the space surveillance telescope

Over the past two years, the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has transitioned to asteroid search operations using the new 3.5-meter wide-field-of-view Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) located at the Atom Site on White Sands Missile Range, N.M. The SST was developed for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) by MIT Lincoln Laboratory to help advance the nation's capabilities in space situational awareness. The goals of LINEAR using SST are to continue discovering Near-Earth objects (NEOs) especially focusing on improving knowledge of asteroids 140 meters in diameter and larger. In this paper, we will review results of the first two years of asteroid search operations, during which the SST has delivered over 9.4 million observations to the Minor Planet Center. Recent and planned system improvements will also be discussed.
Absence of nematic ordering transition in a diamond lattice: Application to FeSc 2 S 4

Recent neutron scattering observations by [Plumb et al., Phys. Rev. X 6, 041055 (2016)] reveal that the ground state of ${\mathrm{FeSc}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is magnetic with two distinct Fe environments, instead of a quantum spin liquid as had been previously thought. Starting with the relevant $O(N)$-symmetric vector model of ${\mathrm{FeSc}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$, we study how the discrete $({Z}_{2})$ and continuous rotational symmetries are successively broken, yielding nematic and ordered phases. At high temperatures, we find that the nematic order parameter falls as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ $(\ensuremath{\gamma}g0)$, and therefore, ${\mathrm{FeSc}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ lacks any distinct nematic ordering temperature. This feature indicates that the three-dimensional diamond lattice of ${\mathrm{FeSc}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ is highly susceptible to the breaking of Ising symmetries, and explains the two distinct Fe environments that are present even at high temperatures, as seen by M\"ossbauer and far-infrared optical spectroscopy.
Experimental Measurement and CFD Model Development of Thick Wind Turbine Airfoils with Leading Edge Erosion

Leading edge erosion and roughness accumulation is an issue observed with great variability by wind plant operators, but with little understanding of the effect on wind turbine performance. In wind tunnels, airfoil models are typically tested with standard grit roughness and trip tape to simulate the effects of roughness and erosion observed in field operation, but there is a lack of established relation between field measurements and wind tunnel test conditions. A research collaboration between lab, academic, and industry partners has sought to establish a method to estimate the effect of erosion in wind turbine blades that correlates to roughness and erosion measured in the field. Measurements of roughness and erosion were taken off of operational utility wind turbine blades using a profilometer. The field measurements were statistically reproduced in the wind tunnel on representative tip and midspan airfoils. Simultaneously, a computational model was developed and calibrated to capture the effect of roughness and erosion on airfoil transition and performance characteristics. The results indicate that the effects of field roughness fall between clean airfoil performance and the effects of transition tape. Severe leading edge erosion can cause detrimental performance effects beyond standard roughness. The results also indicate that a heavily eroded wind turbine blade can reduce annual energy production by over 5% for a utility scale wind turbine.
Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of SYT-SSX translocation in synovial sarcoma

9553 Background: Synovial sarcoma is the most common non-rhabdomyosarcomatous soft tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents. A specific translocation, t(X;18), induces fusion of the SYT gene on c...
Genetics in the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis

Sepsis, the systemic response to acute infection, continues to be a leading cause of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mortality in the United States despite significant advances in our understanding of sepsis pathogenesis and improvements in hospital-provided medical care [1, 2]. Modern hospital and intensive care unit practices, including early administration of antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, hemodynamic support, and mechanical ventilation, appear to be improving outcomes among patients with sepsis and septic shock [2, 3]. However, despite decades of research, the majority of clinic trials evaluating pharmacologic therapies targeting the host response to infection have demonstrated inconsistent or negative results [4–14]. The potential of genetics to improve the prevention and treatment of sepsis lies in furthering our understanding of the heterogeneity in host responses to infection, identifying those infected individuals at highest risk of incident sepsis, multi-organ system failure, or death, and selecting patients most likely to benefit from therapies targeted at sepsis pathogenesis.
Effects of Closed Chain Exercise on Activities of Shoulder Girdle Muscles in 60’s

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare activities of shoulder girdle muscles according to types of closed chain exercise in the sixties. Methods: The subjects consisted of 15 persons in their sixties. Muscle activity of the pectoralis major, deltoid middle, deltoid posterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior were measured using electromyography according to shape of the support base and angle of shoulder flexion. According to types of closed chain exercises, muscles activities were compared by paired t-test. Significance level to verify statistical significance was .05. SPSS win (ver. 22.0) program was used for statistical analysis. Results: Muscle activities of the pectoralis major, middle deltoid, trapezius lower, and serratus anterior showed significant difference according to types of closed chain exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to types of closed chain exercises of the shoulder girdle, muscle activities of the pectoralis major, deltoid middle, posterior and lower trapezius showed change of muscle activities.
Pathogen- and Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns and the Cytokine Response in Sepsis

Abstract The sepsis syndrome is a systemic host inflammatory response accompanied by organ dysfunction in response to invading microbial pathogens. The host recognizes both danger and pathogens through its pattern recognition receptors on immune cells. These receptors bind to pathogen- (PAMP) and danger- (DAMP) associated molecular patterns derived from microbes and host tissues, respectively. These processes set in motion a cascade of events in host cells and tissue, which activate multiple cytokines that serve as activators of the host inflammatory response as well as eventually lead to resolution of the response if the host recovers. The following article describes some of these DAMPs and PAMPs, and how they activate pathways that activate the host cytokine immune response to injury and infection.
Medicare Payment Penalties and Safety Net Hospital Profitability: Minimal Impact on These Vulnerable Hospitals.

Objective To examine relationships between penalties assessed by Medicare's Hospital Readmission Reduction Program and Value-Based Purchasing Program and hospital financial condition. Data sources/study setting Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, American Hospital Association, and Area Health Resource File data for 4,824 hospital-year observations. Study design Bivariate and multivariate analysis of pooled cross-sectional data. Principal findings Safety net hospitals have significantly higher HRRP/VBP penalties, but, unlike nonsafety net hospitals, increases in their penalty rate did not significantly affect their total margins. Conclusions Safety net hospitals appear to rely on nonpatient care revenues to offset higher penalties for the years studied. While reassuring, these funding streams are volatile and may not be able to compensate for cumulative losses over time.
Tylenchina: An International Team Revision

This is an account of the work accomplished by an international team, how that team came about and how their philosophies blended. To a large extent it was born from my own misgivings about having revised Thorne’s 1949 classification of Tylenchida (Maggenti, 1982). This work was part of a larger revision of the classification of Nemata. Luc had occasion to review the section on Tylenchida and noted that genera were not listed for the families (a restriction of the publisher). Luc, Raski and I then discussed the possibility of doing an in-depth revision of Tylenchina. We were enthused and quickly expanded the input beyond ourselves to Fortuner and Geraert. Working with this team proved to be one of the most stimulating periods of my career. After five years, five taxonomists who started as acquaintances ended up as close friends and this will last us for our lifetimes; for this we are all grateful.
Hyperbolic Heat Transfer Problems with Phase Transitions

In this note we consider melt problems for solid heat conductors. The basic conservation law is the balance of energy $$ \rho 1\hat e_{\hat t} + \hat q_{\hat x} = 0 $$ (1.1) , where e is the internal energy density, q the heat flux, and ρ 1 the constant mass density of the material in its reference configuration.