cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteosarcoma of the maxilla with concurrent osteoma in a southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis).

Summary Southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) are threatened marine mammals that belong to the family Mustelidae and are native to the coast of Central California. Neoplasia is reported infrequently in sea otters. An adult female free-ranging southern sea otter was found alive at Pebble Beach, Monterey County, California, on January 1st, 1994 and died soon after capture. The carcass was submitted to the US Geological Survey – National Wildlife Health Center for necropsy examination. Grossly, a mass with rubbery texture was firmly attached to the left maxillary region of the skull and the nasopharynx was occluded by soft neoplastic tissue. Post-mortem skull radiographs showed an oval, smoothly marginated mineralized opaque mass centered on the left maxilla, extending from the canine tooth to caudal to the molar and replacing portions of the zygomatic arch and palatine and temporal bones. The majority of the mass protruded laterally from the maxilla and was characterized by central homogeneous mineral opacity. Microscopically, the mass was characterized by fully differentiated lamellar non-osteonal bone that expanded beyond the margins of the adjacent normal osteonal bone. Sections of the nasopharyngeal mass were comprised of moderately pleomorphic cells with bony stroma. Gross, microscopical and radiological findings were compatible with maxillary osteosarcoma with concurrent osteoma.
The IBM 2011 GALE Arabic speech transcription system

We describe the Arabic broadcast transcription system fielded by IBM in the GALE Phase 5 machine translation evaluation. Key advances over our Phase 4 system include a new Bayesian Sensing HMM acoustic model; multistream neural network features; a MADA vowelized acoustic model; and the use of a variety of language model techniques with significant additive gains. These advances were instrumental in achieving a word error rate of 7.4% on the Phase 5 evaluation set, and an absolute improvement of 0.9% word error rate over our 2009 system on the unsequestered Phase 4 evaluation data.
PUBLIC FINANCE AND REGIONAL ACCOUNTS

This paper discusses the problems that arise in the regional allocation of public sector accounts. These problems arise mainly in connection with the regional allocation of government expenditures on a governing rather than a procurement basis, and in the derivation of a meaningful surplus or deficit. The latter in turn requires an examination of the real geographic incidence of government revenues—to avoid, for instance, the assignment of the whole tobacco tax to Virginia and North Carolina. The use of a procurement basis for government product and the real geographic distribution of direct tax incidence for government revenue would produce a more complete and meaningful regional surplus or deficit measure, and gross regional products will not be as subject to spurious inter-regional variation.
Effects of hemodialysis-induced hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia on blood pressure in dogs.

Abstract Experiments were completed in dogs to test the hypothesis that mild hypokalemia or the combination of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia cause an increase in systemic arterial blood pressure. Results indicate that under the conditions of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia does not produce changes in blood pressure different than those observed in control dogs, in which blood pressure consistently fell. Additionally, hypokalemia alone did not affect systemic blood pressure in dogs with their neurologic barostatic system rendered inoperable. The significant finding of the study is that the blood pressure fall was not as marked in dogs with a spinal block in which hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia were created simultaneously.
Wild birds detect quinine on artificial Batesian models

EVIDENCE I acquired during an experiment on the evolution of Batesian mimicry indicated that under some circumstances birds can detect quinine dihydrochloride on flour–lard pastry baits. The results of some previous mimicry experiments1–5, in which pastry baits were presented to wild birds, may need to be re-evaluated because of their tacit assumption that birds can only detect by taste the quinine used to make the models unpalatable. Quinine salts used were the hydrochloride2,3 or dihydrochloride1,5. Pilecki and O'Donald's “solution of quinine”4 was presumably quinine hydrochloride, which they used previously. Quinine monohydrochloride has only 1:16 solubility6, so Morrell and Turner2 probably used the more soluble dihydrochloride to make their 75% solution. Birds in an experiment of Ikin and Turner1 took nearly as many perfect mimics of two different models as palatable controls, though very few models (70% quinine) were taken. These authors suggested that birds in previous experiments2,5 may have distinguished “models from ‘perfect’ mimics, possibly because the quinine causes a slight yellowing of the pastry”. So far as I can determine, however, a specific control for detection of quinine has never been conducted.
A measure of risk taking for young adolescents: Reliability and validity assessments.

Researchers often define adolescent risk taking in terms of individual behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, early sexual activity, and reckless driving. It is not clear whether these behaviors defined by adults as “risky” have the same meaning for adolescents. This paper describes the development and preliminary testing of an instrument to assess risk taking among young adolescents. The six item scale was constructed by asking small groups of eighth grade boys and girls to describe “things that teenagers your age do for excitement or thrills.” The measure was then used in a longitudinal study of 758 young adolescents from three rural counties in Maryland. The scale shows good reliability, as indicated by coefficient alpha and factor analyses. Eighth-grade scores on the scale are associated with the initiation of sexual activity and substance use in ninth grade among virgins and nonusers of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and pills in eighth grade.
Improved Staple Processing Performance Through Air Charge Control

The air charge was changed from negative to positive in internal tests, and ring spinning ends down were significantly reduced for both 100% polyester and polyester cotton blends. This result was consistent with observations made in a mill. Mechanisms for air charge affecting staple processing are discussed.
Magnetocaloric studies of the peak effect in Nb

We report a magnetocaloric study of the peak effect and Bragg glass transition in a Nb single crystal. The thermomagnetic effects due to vortex flow into and out of the sample are measured. The magnetocaloric signature of the peak-effect anomaly is identified. It is found that the peak effect disappears in magnetocaloric measurements at fields significantly higher than those reported in previous ac-susceptometry measurements. Investigation of the superconducting-to-normal transition reveals that the disappearance of the bulk peak effect is related to inhomogeneity broadening of the superconducting transition. The emerging picture also explains the concurrent disappearance of the peak effect and surface superconductivity, which was reported previously in the sample under investigation. Based on our findings, we discuss the possibilities of multicriticality associated with the disappearance of the peak effect.
Oxidative degradation of petroleum products via a non-peroxyl radical chain pathway. Electron transfer initiated oxidation (ETIO) revisited

ABSTRACT The oxidative deterioration of petroleum products (change in physical/chemical properties upon prolonged storage under “ambient” conditions) is a complex, yet fascinating problem. For gasoline and jet fuel, a peroxyl radical chain oxidation mechanism is most likely operative during oxidative deterioration. For oxidatively reactive diesel fuel and asphalt, the available experimental evidence suggests that oxidative degradation is not a classical peroxyl radical chain. It is proposed that ETIO is consistent with the available experimental data for oxidatively reactive diesel fuels and asphalt. This paper will critically review pertinent literature dealing with the oxidative degradation of fuel products with focus upon evidence that illustrates the distinction between ETIO and peroxyl radical chain mechanism of oxidative deterioration.
Practical Approach to Design and Implementation of a Control Algorithm in an Artificial Pancreatic Beta Cell

The rate limiting bottleneck in the development of an artificial pancreatic beta cell is currently the control algorithm used to make insulin dosing decisions. In this paper, a solution for the rapid development of a personalized control algorithm was proposed and the methodology was tested on the pilot scale using a physiological model of glucose—insulin kinetics and a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) implementation of an artificial pancreatic beta cell. A model-based controller was developed from the identification tests and was augmented with advanced control strategies. The resulting controller improved glycemia from the open-loop case with no hypoglycemic events and a reduction in time spent hyperglycemic. Robustness issues were addressed with a 50% mismatch in insulin sensitivity from model to plant. The HIL platform provided insight into the effects of sensor drift and practicalities of continuous insulin delivery based on glucose sensor feedback.
Response of a warped flexible rotor with a fluid bearing

A two-complex-degrees-of-freedom model is developed and compared to experimental data for various amounts of rotor bow and its orientation to mass imbalance of the rotor. The equation of motion is developed by adding constant forces that rotate with the rotor to a Bently-Muszynska two-mode isotropic rotor model with a plane journal bearing. Diagnostic information discernable from probes at the bearing is explored and compared to midspan response, where previous research has concentrated. The model presented also extends earlier work by representing the effect of a nonrigid bearing. Good agreement between the analytical model and experiment demonstrates that the analysis presented can be useful to diagnose and balance residual shaft bow from probes located at the bearings, where vibration data are typically more available than midspan probes.
Ag K-Edge EXAFS Analysis of DNA-Templated Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters: Insight into the Structural Origins of Emission Tuning by DNA Sequence Variations

DNA-templated silver nanoclusters are promising biological fluorescence probes due to their useful fluorescence properties, including tunability of emission wavelength through DNA template sequence variations. Ag K-edge EXAFS analysis of DNA-templated silver nanoclusters has been used to obtain insight into silver nanocluster bonding, size, and structural correlations to fluorescence. The results indicate the presence of small silver nanoclusters (<30 silver atoms) containing Ag–Ag bonds and Ag–N/O ligations to DNA. The DNA sequence used leads to differences in silver–DNA ligation as well as silver nanocluster size. The results support a model in which cooperative effects of both Ag–DNA ligation and variations in cluster size lead to the tuning of the fluorescence emission of DNA-templated silver nanoclusters.
Negative-curvature fullerene analog of C 60

An analog of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ buckyball structure is investigated, in which seven-fold rings play the same role as the five-fold rings of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. This periodic ${\mathrm{C}}_{168}$ structure is topologically ideal in the same sense as ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$: Every atom is in a topologically equivalent local environment, participating in one seven-fold and two six-fold rings. The excess energy per atom to create this structure from an ideal graphitic sheet is predicted to be substantially less than for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. If this material could be synthesized, we predict that it would have elastic constants comparable to those of Si, but with a density nearly half that of graphite.
Computational Fragment-Based Binding Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation

Fragment-based drug discovery using NMR and x-ray crystallographic methods has proven utility but also non-trivial time, materials, and labor costs. Current computational fragment-based approaches circumvent these issues but suffer from limited representations of protein flexibility and solvation effects, leading to difficulties with rigorous ranking of fragment affinities. To overcome these limitations we describe an explicit solvent all-atom molecular dynamics methodology (SILCS: Site Identification by Ligand Competitive Saturation) that uses small aliphatic and aromatic molecules plus water molecules to map the affinity pattern of a protein for hydrophobic groups, aromatic groups, hydrogen bond donors, and hydrogen bond acceptors. By simultaneously incorporating ligands representative of all these functionalities, the method is an in silico free energy-based competition assay that generates three-dimensional probability maps of fragment binding (FragMaps) indicating favorable fragment∶protein interactions. Applied to the two-fold symmetric oncoprotein BCL-6, the SILCS method yields two-fold symmetric FragMaps that recapitulate the crystallographic binding modes of the SMRT and BCOR peptides. These FragMaps account both for important sequence and structure differences in the C-terminal halves of the two peptides and also the high mobility of the BCL-6 His116 sidechain in the peptide-binding groove. Such SILCS FragMaps can be used to qualitatively inform the design of small-molecule inhibitors or as scoring grids for high-throughput in silico docking that incorporate both an atomic-level description of solvation and protein flexibility.
Low speed motion control experiments on a single point diamond turning machine using CMAC learning control algorithm

Diamond turning of brittle materials such as glass, ceramic, germanium, and zinc sulfide has been of considerable research interest in recent years due to applications in optics and precision engineering systems. When diamond turning brittle materials, material removal should be kept within the ductile regime to avoid subsurface damage (Evans, 1991; Nakasuji et al., 1990). It is generally accepted that ductile regime machining of brittle materials can be accomplished using extremely low depth of cut and feed rates. Furthermore, the tool positioning accuracy of the machine must be in the nanometer range to obtain optical quality machined parts with surface finish and profile accuracy on the order of 10 nm and 100 nm respectively (Nakasuji et al., 1990, Ueda et al., 1991). Nanometric level positioning accuracy of the machine tool axes is difficult particularly at low feed rates due to friction and backlash. Friction at extremely low feed rates is highly nonlinear due to the transition from stiction to Coulomb friction, and as such is very difficult to model. Standard proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type controllers are unable to deal with this large and erratic friction within the requirements of ultra precision machining. In order to compensate the effects of friction in the machine tool axes, a learning controller based on the Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) neural network is studied for servo-control. The learning controller was implemented using C language on a DSP based controller for a single point diamond turning machine. The CMAC servo control algorithm improved the positioning accuracy of the single point diamond turning machine by a factor of 10 compared to the standard PID algorithm run on the same machine and control system hardware.
Conversion of the Military-Industrial Sector

Modern weapons and their effects and the increasingly burdensome costs of the arms race argue for its reversal. The conversion of military-industrial facilities to commercial or other nonmilitary uses is an important element in such a reversal because, in the absence of credible ways of arranging for an orderly change in national priorities, economic self-interest will be added as a further impediment to the obvious political difficulties in such a change. Conversion is shown to be a complex and time-consuming process involving products, markets, people and facilities. A report on a joint U.S.-Soviet symposium on the subject in June 1984 is also given.
Restoration of Cerebral Vascular Relaxation in Renin Congenic Rats by Introgression of the Dahl R Renin Gene

BACKGROUND: This study determined whether transfer of the renin gene from the Dahl salt-resistant (Dahl R) strain into the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) genetic background restores the relaxation of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) to different vasodilator stimuli in S/renRR renin congenic (SS.SR-(D13N1 and Syt2)/Mcwi) (RGRR) rats maintained on low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet. METHODS: Responses to vasodilator stimuli were evaluated in isolated MCA from SS (Dahl SS/Jr/Hsd/MCWi), RGRR rats, and Dahl R rats. RESULTS: MCA from SS rats failed to dilate in response to acetylcholine (ACh ; 10(-6) mol/l), hypoxia (PO2 reduction to 40-45 mm Hg), and iloprost (10(-11) g/ml). ACh- and hypoxia-induced dilations were present in Dahl R rats and restored in RGRR rats. MCA from RGRR and SS constricted in response to iloprost, whereas MCA from Dahl R rats dilated in response to iloprost. MCA from SS, RGRR, and Dahl R rats exhibited similar dilations in response to cholera toxin (10(-9) g/ml) and dialated in response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor DEA-NONOate (10(-5) mol/l). CONCLUSIONS: (i) Restoration of normal regulation of the renin-angiotensin system restores dilations to ACh and hypoxia that are impaired in SS rats, (ii) prostacyclin signaling is impaired in SS and RGRR rats but intact in Dahl R rats, indicating that alleles other than the renin gene affect vascular relaxation in response to this agonist ; and (iii) vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to NO is preserved in SS and RGRR and is not responsible for impaired arterial relaxation in response to ACh in SS rats
Police psychology: The influence of Daubert and its progeny

In the current legal atmosphere, any practicing professionals, including police psychologists, may expect to have their decisions challenged in court. If such a challenge is not met, it may have a disastrous financial and reputational impact for both the psychologist (and other expert consultant) and the employer or contractor by whom the psychologist has been retained. The rules for expert witness qualification throughout the nation have been very strongly effected by the introduction of the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975 and subsequent case law, particularly theDaubert, Joiner, andKumho Tire Supreme Court decisions. This article examines the history of the development of theDaubert Standard and proposes principles for potential expert witnesses in order to minimize the likelihood of aversive consequences, such as disqualification or malpractice accusations.
Evaluation of a cross-sector community initiative partnership: delivering a local sport program.

Abstract Corporate community initiatives (CCI) are often established via cross-sector partnerships with nonprofit agencies to address critical social problems. While there is a growing body of literature exploring the effectiveness and social impact of these partnerships, there is a limited evaluative research on the implementation and execution processes of CCIs. In this paper, we examined the implementation and operational processes in the delivery of a professional sport organization's CCI initiative using program theory evaluation. The findings showed discrepancies between the associate organization and the implementers regarding understanding and fulfilling responsibilities with performing certain aspects (maintaining accurate records and program marketing) of the service delivery protocol. Despite program stakeholders being satisfied overall with the program delivery, contradictions between program stakeholders’ satisfaction in the quality of program delivery was found in critical components (marketing and communications) of the service delivery. We conclude that ongoing evaluations are necessary to pinpoint the catalyst of the discrepancies along with all partners valuing process evaluation in addition to outcome evaluation.
Protein phosphorylation in intact lymphocytes stimulated by Concanavalin A

Abstract The phosphorylation of proteins in intact mouse spleen lymphocytes was monitored following mitogenic activation. Little change in the autoradiographic patterns of phosphorylated protein fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis occurred during the first 8 h after Concanavalin A (conA) treatment. The intensity of 32 P incorporation into two proteins of 135 000 and 150 000 mol. wt began to increase, relative to control cells, 10 h after conA treatment and was maximal at 50 h. This increased phosphorylation followed the rise in RNA synthesis but preceded the onset of DNA synthesis. In addition to this temporal link between enhanced phosphorylation of these proteins and the initiation of DNA synthesis, various agents which inhibited the onset of S phase also blocked the phosphorylation of both proteins. Such treatments included the displacement of conA from its surface receptors by α-methyl-mannoside (αMM), the omission of serum from the culture medium, and the presence of indomethacin. The similar time courses of phosphorylation and responses to various proliferation inhibitors supports the idea that the 135 000 and 150 000 mol. wt proteins have a common physiological function. These proteins may be involved in the progression of stimulated lymphocytes toward S phase, and their phosphorylation may be an important regulatory event in this sequence.
Antigen-induced modulation of autonomic and sensory neurons in vitro

We have addressed the hypothesis that the excitability of peripheral neurons is affected during immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Guinea pigs were actively sensitized to ovalbumin. The electrical membrane properties of neurons within the superior cervical ganglion, bronchial parasympathetic ganglion and nodose ganglion were evaluated before, during and after antigen challenge. In all preparations, antigen stimulation induced the release of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites. Our results support the hypothesis that the excitability of sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory C-type neurons may be increased during immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Resolution of the renormalisation-scheme ambiguity in perturbative QCD

Abstract Next-to-leading-order QCD predictions depend on the arbitrary choice of renormalisation scheme. I resolve this ambiguity and show how to find the unique, optimum prediction, given the result in some arbitrary, initial scheme.
Hemorrhagic Complications in a Rapidly Growing, Congenital Hemangiopericytoma

A 3-week-old infant had a massive hemangioma-like vascular neoplasm that had enlarged rapidly since being noted at birth. Less than a day after this initial evaluation the tumor underwent spontaneous ulceration and the infant had a near-fatal hemorrhage. Histologically, the tumor was a spindle cell neoplasm most consistent with the diagnosis of congenital hemangiopericytoma. Local excision appears to have been curative after almost two years of follow-up. The case is instructive in pointing out the importance of considering nonhemangioma vascular neoplasms in the evaluation of newborns with vascular tumors.
Ethical issues in research on preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users.

The ethical issues in conducting research on preventing HIV infection are among the most complex of any area of human subjects research. This article is an update of a 1987 article that addressed potential conflicts between research design and ethics with respect to AIDS prevention among injecting drug users. The present article reviews current ethical issues that arise in the design and conduct of HIV/AIDS prevention research focused on injecting drug users.
Outgoing boundary conditions for finite-difference elliptic water-wave models

Two-dimensional elliptic water-wave models based on the mild-slope equation find wide application in engineering and other studies. Model results are often adversely influenced by approximate treatment of the open boundary condition. A method to incorporate the exact radiation condition at infinity in finite-difference models is therefore developed. Since directly matching the solutions within the computational domain to those outside is too stringent a requirement, the new method is based on minimizing the overall discrepancy between the solutions along the open boundary. This relaxation permits the development of a suitable solution method, which is tested against analytical solutions for two situations. Satisfactory results are obtained with no artificial reflection of wave energy from the open boundary, even when it is placed very close to the scatterer.
Federal aviation administration and ada

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) depends upon large, complex and highly available software systems to manage the vast commercial and civil aviation network and to carry out the agency's mission of ensuring high capacity, efficient and extremely safe air travel for the flying public. The FAA's Tower domain provides air traffic control services in the airport environment. There are more than 500 FAA managed Towers. The Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) domain provides air traffic control services in the terminal environment where aircraft are climbing or descending. There are 197 TRACONs. The En Route domain provides air traffic control services typically above 10,000 feet between departure and arrival domains where aircraft achieve their optimal cruise altitude. There are only 21 En Route centers, so each must provide coverage to very large areas.Ada has become a strategic technology in developing and sustaining systems that require high availability and high reliability. The FAA Air Traffic Organization's (ATO) major recent initiative, the En-Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) program goes a long way to reintegrating many disparate system components into a modern composite architecture. This program leverages and significantly expands upon previous Ada based systems, so the FAA has a vital interest in Ada language technology now and for the foreseeable future.Mr. O'Leary will present a federal customer's perspective on systems development and quality, with emphasis on higher reliability, security, and safety. Ada is exceptionally well positioned to support these characteristics, and that is why many current large FAA ATC systems are largely or significantly Ada based. He will touch on past Ada based systems that FAA fielded, the current major ERAM effort, and also where FAA is going in the future with the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). He will give some insights on what the language and development technologies can contribute towards facilitating the vision of our future.FAA accepts use of DO-278 as a means of assuring systems integrity for Communications, Navigation, Surveillance, and Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) software. Ada has also performed well in DO-278.
Thermal conductance of layer structure dichalcogenides

We have measured the thermal conductance in the temperature range 0.5–7 K of the layer structure compounds TaS1.6Se0.4 and TaS1.6Se0.4 (pyridine)1/2 parallel to the plane of the layers in both the normal and superconducting states. Our results indicate that the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity, which varies approximately asT 1.6 at low temperatures, dominates the electronic contribution in both the normal and superconducting phases.
A Model Study of the Seasonal Circulation in the Gulf of Maine

The Princeton Ocean Model is used to study the circulation in the Gulf of Maine and its seasonal transition in response to wind, surface heat flux, river discharge, and the M2 tide. The model has an orthogonal-curvature linear grid in the horizontal with variable spacing from 3 km nearshore to 7 km offshore and 19 levels in the vertical. It is initialized and forced at the open boundary with model results from the East Coast Forecast System. The first experiment is forced by monthly climatological wind and heat flux from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set; discharges from the Saint John, Penobscot, Kennebec, and Merrimack Rivers are added in the second experiment; the semidiurnal lunar tide (M2) is included as part of the open boundary forcing in the third experiment. It is found that the surface heat flux plays an important role in regulating the annual cycle of the circulation in the Gulf of Maine. The spinup of the cyclonic circulation between April and June is likely caused by the differential heating between the interior gulf and the exterior shelf/slope region. From June to December, the cyclonic circulation continues to strengthen, but gradually shrinks in size. When winter cooling erodes the stratification, the cyclonic circulation penetrates deeper into the water column. The circulation quickly spins down from December to February as most of the energy is consumed by bottom friction. While inclusion of river discharge changes details of the circulation pattern, the annual evolution of the circulation is largely unaffected. On the other hand, inclusion of the tide results in not only the anticyclonic circulation on Georges Bank but also modifications to the seasonal circulation.
Diffusion flame extinction and viscous hydrodynamics around rotating porous spheres with surface blowing

Abstract The complementary problems of chemically reactive and nonreactive viscous hydrodynamics around rotating porous spheres with surface blowing are experimentally and theoretically investigated. For chemically reactive flows, the extinction of diffusion flames of methane stabilized on rotating porous spheres in an otherwise quiescent atmosphere of air is investigated. It is found that, as the rotation velocity increases, the spherical diffusion flame first extinguishes near the poles, leaving a ring-flame near the equator. Further increase of the rotation velocity results in abrupt extinction of the entire diffusion flame-ring at a critical and constant value of the Rossby number Ro c = 7. For nonreactive flows, the viscous hydrodynamics around a rigid, rotating sphere in a tank of silicon oil is investigated using laser sheet-light illumination of small aluminum particles. The rotation of the sphere is found to result in movement of the fluid toward the poles. The polar flows are observed to move along helical trajectories over the upper and the lower hemispheres toward the equatorial plane where they collide, forming a sheet of rotating fluid that is ejected radially outward from the equatorial plane. Previous theoretical analysis of the viscous boundary layer on rotating spheres is extended to include porous spheres with surface blowing, thus providing a closer model of evaporating or burning fuel droplets in spray combustion environments. The influences of rotation and surface blowing on the streamlines, the flame-front geometry, the flame stretch, as well as the torque on rotating porous spheres are determined. The results are in qualitative agreement with previous and present experimental observations. Following Hill's classical representation of the flow field within a stationary droplet in a uniformly moving stream by a single ring-vortex, a modified stream function is introduced that represents a stationary droplet by two ring-vortices that are situated at the stagnation-point of two counterflow jets. Also, the similarities between the flow around rotating spheres, on the one hand, and the flow around secondary flow-recirculation regions formed near the stagnation-point of counterflow counter-rotating finite jets, on the other, are discussed.
Effect of 5-azacytidine on metallothionein inducibility and sensitivity to lethality of cadmium in rat osteosarcoma (ROS 172.8) cells

ROS 172.8 cells, a cloned rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, were found to be extremely sensitive to the lethal effects of cadmium and to synthesize little, if any metallothionein in response to cadmium exposure. Culture of cells for 24 h in the presence of 1 μM 5-azacytidine, a cytidine analog, increased the inducibility of metallothionein by cadmium and significantly reduced (P < 0.001) cytotoxicity. Anion exchange chromatographic analysis of cadmium binding to low molecular mass cytosolic proteins showed that cells treated with cadmium and 5-azacytidine expressed at least 2 isoforms of metallothionein. One isoform of metallothionein with a low affinity for cadmium was constitutively expressed by these cells. The association of poor inducibility of metallothionein by cadmium with extreme sensitivity of cells to cadmium emphasizes the role of this protein in the cellular response to this toxic metal. The modulation of metallothionein inducibility and sensitivity to cadmium by 5-azacytidine treatment suggest that metallothionein gene structure and regulation are altered in ROS 172.8 cells.
Spreading activation within semantic categories: Comments on Rosch's "Cognitive representation of semantic categories."

In the letter-matching task of Posner andMitchell (1967), a subject looks at a pairof letters and decides whether they are thesame or different. The typical finding isthat subjects take longer to respond toname-identical pairs such as Aa than tophysically identical pairs such as AA. In avariation of this procedure, Beller (1971)presented his subjects one of the pairs ofletters to be matched in advance and foundthat this advance information (or prime)shortened the reaction time for both physicaland name matches. This result supportsother data suggesting that when a subjectis provided in advance with part of the in-formation needed to make a timed re-sponse, his reaction time upon reception ofthe remainder will be reduced (cf. Cohen,1969; LaBerge, Van Gelder, & Yellott,1970).Rosch's (1975) procedure is a variationof Beller's in which subjects matched pairsof words or pictures instead of letters. InExperiments 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, Rosch'ssubjects were shown two category members(e.g., orange, pear) and their task was topress a same key if both members of the pairbelonged to the same natural category and,if not, to press a different key. In somecases, the pair to be judged was preceded oraccompanied by a priming stimulus. Thispriming stimulus was a category name, suchas fruit, which informed the subject that atleast one of the two stimuli he would seewould be a fruit. In Experiments 4 and 5,physical identity instructions were used: Thesubject pressed a same key if the stimuli
Fourier Encoding of Closed Planar Boundaries

A circular Gaussian autoregressive (CGAR) source is used as a model for closed planar curves. A class of suboptimal encoding schemes is considered which separately quantize the Fourier coefficients of the boundary. Application of rate-distortion theoretic techniques leads to parametric equations describing the optimal encoding bound. Interpretation of these equations establishes a sampling criterion and a computationally efficient transform encoding scheme for the suboptimal class. Several variants of this transform encoding scheme are suggested and compared to the encoding bound.
Quality Indicators of Online Programs

The continued growth of online programs in higher education has resulted in concerns about how institutions monitor the quality of their online programs. These concerns indicate a need for a process by which online programs may be evaluated and compared. They provided the impetus for this study, the goals of which were to identify quality indicators specific to community college online programs and to determine stakeholders' perceived importance of those indicators. Categories of indicators were identified through a literature review, and these items were used to guide the development of a Delphi study to identify potential indicators. The results of the Delphi study were then used to create a three-part Stakeholder Survey designed to collect input on perceived levels of importance for each potential indicator using the magnitude estimation technique. The Stakeholder Survey was also used to validate the results of the Delphi. To refine the results of the Delphi study and Stakeholder Survey, a final survey...
Current-driven perpendicular magnetization switching in Ta/CoFeB/(TaOx or MgO/TaOx) films with lateral structural asymmetry

We study the current-driven perpendicular magnetization switching in Ta/CoFeB(wedge)/[TaOx or MgO/TaOx] devices with a lateral structural asymmetry introduced by a varying CoFeB thickness. In these devices, an in-plane current can generate a field-like torque and its corresponding effective magnetic field ( HzFL) is out-of-plane, which can deterministically switch perpendicular magnetization at zero magnetic field. Experimental results indicate that the method used for breaking lateral structural symmetry greatly affects the resulting field-like torque, and that the gradient of perpendicular anisotropy, resulting from the CoFeB thickness variation, is not by itself sufficient to give rise to the current-induced HzFL. Analysis of the oxidation gradient at the CoFeB/TaOx interface indicates that the oxidation gradient may play a more important role than the gradient of magnetic anisotropy for the generation of HzFL. For practical applications, the demonstration of perpendicular magnetization switching in Ta...
On the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the Earth's magnetopause

Abstract The effect of the finite thickness of the shear layer on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the Earth's magnetopause boundary is investigated. The thickness of the layer stabilizes the boundary with respect to short wavelength perturbations, which were previously found to be unstable in the zero thickness analysis. Compressibility effects further stabilize the layer. The effects of the magnetic field on the instability are also discussed.
Hot-Melt Extrusion for Enhanced Delivery of Drug Particles

With the recent advent of nanotechnology for pharmaceutical applications, drug particle engineering is the focus of increasing interest as a viable approach for overcoming solubility limitations of poorly water-soluble drugs. Although these particle engineering techniques have been proven successful for enhancing the dissolution properties of many poorly water-soluble drugs, there are limitations associated with them such as particle aggregation, morphological instability, and poor wettability. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a processing technique in which hot-melt extrusion (HME) is utilized to overcome these limitations. Micronized particles of amorphous itraconazole (ITZ) stabilized with PVP or HPMC were produced and subsequently melt extruded with poloxamer 407 and PEO 200 M to deaggregate and disperse the particles into the hydrophilic polymer matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to demonstrate that the HME process did not alter the properties of the micronized particles. Dissolution testing conducted at sink conditions revealed that the dissolution rate of the micronized particles was improved by HME due to particle deaggregation and enhanced wetting. Supersaturation dissolution testing demonstrated that the ITZ-HPMC micronized particle extrudates provided superior supersaturation of ITZ compared to the ITZ-PVP micronized particle extrudates. Supersaturation dissolution testing incorporating a pH change (from pH 1.2 to 6.8 at 2 h) revealed that neither micronized particle extrudate formulation significantly reduced the rate of ITZ precipitation from supersaturated solution once pH was increased. Moreover, the two extrudate formulations performed very similarly when only considering dissolution testing from just before pH adjustment through the duration of testing at neutral pH. From oral dosing of rats, it was determined that the two extrudate formulations performed similarly in vivo as confirmed by their statistically equivalent AUC values. By correlating the results of supersaturation dissolution testing with pH change to the in vivo AUC, it appears that rapid precipitation of ITZ occurs upon entrance into the more neutral pH environment of the small intestine resulting in a brief opportunity for absorption. This suggests that perhaps the optimum formulation approach for ITZ is to control drug release so as to retard precipitation as pH is increased and extend the absorption window in the small intestine. ©2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 96:361–376, 2007
What’s in a Name? The Occupational Identity of Conservation and Natural Resource Oriented Law Enforcement Agencies

This research explores: (1) the occupational identity of fish and wildlife police agencies and (2) considers an emerging concern that these agencies have widened their work priorities to include more traditional law enforcement. To investigate these issues a content analysis of state level law enforcement agency websites with a fish and wildlife focus is used to better understand how they self-identify (agency name and job titles), their mission statements, the scope of power sworn officers have (limited to special purpose or inclusive of general law enforcement powers), and the educational and training requirements to support their stated agency missions. The findings demonstrate fish and wildlife police agencies are engaged in a scope of work that supports a general law enforcement role. This study demonstrates many fish and wildlife police agencies and their officers appear to be transitioning roles into more generalized law enforcement officers, but this change is not universal.
Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone

Small faults with displacements of a few millimeters or centimeters are abundant in the Entrada and Navajo Sandstones, in the San Rafael Desert, Utah, where they are important primary structures, preceding the development of large faults with displacements of several meters or tens of meters. The small faults contain no surfaces of discontinuity, rather they occur as deformation bands about one millimeter and tens or hundreds of meters long, and across which the displacements are distributed. Two zones with different modes of deformation can be distinguished within a deformation band: an outer zone where the matrix, including pores and matrix material, deforms; and an inner zone, about 0.5 mm thick, where the sand grains fracture and further consolidation takes place. Fracturing of the grains is controlled by contact geometry; the grains tend to split into subgrains along lines connecting contact points between the grains. Then the angular subgrains, which are readily fractured, are further granulated and mixed with the matrix. The final product is the deformation band, with much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and lower porosity than the original parent sandstone. The sandstone on either side of a deformation band is almost undisturbed — fractures are rare there — so that deformation is highly localized within the band. The material within a deformation band apparently strain hardens as a result of the deformation; perhaps this is why the shear displacement across a deformation band is at most a few centimeters.
Anderson transition and minimum metallic conductivity in disordered two-dimensional systems

Abstract Current one-parameter scaling theory claims the absence of an Anderson transition and a minimum metallic conductivity in disordered two-dimensional systems. In this theory, the one parameter is taken to be the conductivity σ(L) of a square sample of area L 2 . Since conductivity is a bulk property, the concept of a σ(L) depending on sample shape, size, and boundary conditions needs refinement. A precise description of σ is given by the Kubo-Greenwood formula. From this formula we derive the quantum mechanical energy-dependent diffusivity, which suggests a numerical method for solution of the Schrodinger equation that allows one to dispense with boundaries altogether by watching the diffusion of a particle outwards from an initial site. The method is applied to calculate conductivity at various degrees of both time-independent and time-dependent disorder in two dimensions. In the case of time-independent disorder (Anderson model for non-interacting electrons), we find a sharp transition from localized to diffusive behavior, contrary to the predictions of scaling theory.
Risk prediction for development of pancreatic fistula using the ISGPF classification scheme.

Background: The International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) classification scheme has become a useful system for characterizing the clinical impact of pancreatic fistula. We sought to identify predictive factors that predispose patients to fistula, specifically those with clinical relevance (grades B/C), and to describe the clinical and economic significance of risk stratification within this framework.
philosophy, postcolonialism, african-american feminism, and the race for theory

Who is the contemporary? Jacques Derrida, The Politics of Friendship 77 Perhaps a strange woman walks down from the corner into my bedroom wasps nest behind her ears she is eating a half-ripe bana...
Connexin 30 controls the extension of astrocytic processes into the synaptic cleft through an unconventional non-channel function.

Neurons and glial cells,particularly astrocytes,are the two main cell populations in the central nervous system.While it is established that brain functions primarily rely on neuronal activity,an active contribution of astrocytes to information processing is only starting to be considered.There is growing evidence that astrocytes,as part of the tripartite synapse,participate in this challenge by receiving and integrating neuronal signals and,in turn,by sending[1]
Two-Stage Ignition as an Indicator of Low-Temperature Diesel Combustion

Two-stage ignition is characterized by an initial cool-flame reaction followed by typical hot ignition. In traditional combustion conditions the ignition is fast such that the cool flame is not observed. By controlling initial conditions (pressure, temperature, and composition) in a rapid compression machine, for example, the creation and duration of the cool-flame event is predictable. This study focuses on linking the results from the rapid compression machine to those of low-temperature combustion behavior in a medium-duty compression ignition diesel engine. A correlation between cool-flame duration, nitric oxide concentration, and engine control settings allows the postulation that a sufficiently long cool-flame reaction results in a combustion event that can be classified as low-temperature combustion. A potential method for identifying low-temperature combustion events using only the rate of heat release profile is theorized which utilizes the cool-flame reaction duration as a metric.