cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Depth, Temperature, and Geologic Age on Porosity of Quartzose Sandstone

The porosity of sedimentary rocks tends to decrease with increasing age and depth of burial. Shales lose water and compact regularly and readily during burial; sandstones behave much less predictably, particularly at shallow depths. Laboratory determinations of the crushing strength of quartz suggest that porosity might persist to very great depths. Other experiments have shown, however, that the solubility of quartz in water increases as temperature and pressure increase and that the crushing strength decreases greatly with rising temperature in the presence of water solutions. Natural sandstones should therefore compact and lose porosity with increasing depth and rising temperature. Experiments further suggest that loss of porosity is a function of time. With sufficient data it should be possible to predict the maximum porosity to be expected in well sorted, clean, quartz sandstone saturated with formation water at various depths and temperatures. Such sandstones have been investigated experimentally. As in natural sandstones, the experimental consolidation of quartz sands occurs by two distinct processes--compaction and cementation; both processes are accelerated by high temperatures, moving water solutions, and large pressures equivalent to large depths of burial. Porosity, depth, and temperature data have been assembled for Ordovician, Pennsylvanian, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene sandstones which are reservoirs for oil and gas. All, without exception, show reductions in both maximum and average porosity with increasing depth. Rather unexpectedly, the bounding curve of maximum porosity approximates a straight line. In areas with relatively high temperatures (high thermal gradient), sandstone porosities tend to be lower than for similar sandstones in areas with lower thermal gradients. In general, also, the younger sands have higher porosities at equivalent depths, but higher temperatures in younger rocks may reverse this relation. Theoretical consideration and porosity-depth curves for natural sandstones agree in suggesting that areas of high thermal gradient are generally less favorable for persistence of porosity with depth. The observed curves provide a basis for estimating maximum expectable porosities of untested sandstones in areas where geologic age and thermal gradient can be approximated.
Host-dependent differences in feeding and reproduction of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).

The frequencies with which adult Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman and Corwin feed upon white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ), and domestic cats were compared in a wooded site in northeastern United States. By combining estimates of the quantity of ticks feeding on each host species with host densities, we derived the relative contribution made by each kind of host to the feeding of the tick population. To compare engorgement success and reproductive efficacy, we weighed ticks found on these hosts and compared tick weights with the quantity of eggs produced. Deer harbored the most female ticks per individual and, although deer were less abundant than raccoons, they harbored 94.6% of the feeding tick population. Raccoons, cats, and opossums, respectively, provided blood meals to 3.6, 1.6, and 0.2% of feeding adult ticks. Ticks engorged more successfully on cats and raccoons than on deer, and egg production correlated linearly with weight of female ticks collected from both cats and deer. Although these ticks engorged better on other hosts, the vast majority of eggs resulted from ticks that had fed on deer. We conclude that, in this site, the abundance of deer largely determines the abundance of I. dammini , the vector of the agent of Lyme disease.
Properties of Ca2+ uptake and release by Golgi membrane vesicles from rat intestine

Abstract A previous study of energy-independent in vitro Ca 2+ uptake by rat intestinal epithelial membrane vesicles demonstrated that uptake by Golgi membrane vesicles was greater than that by microvillus or lateral-basal membrane vesicles, was markedly decreased in vitamin D-deficient rats, and responded specifically to 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 repletion ( R. A. Freedman, M. M. Weiser, and K. J. Isselbacher, 1977 , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74 , 3612–3616; J. A. MacLaughlin, M. M. Weiser, and R. A. Freedman, 1980 , Gastroenterology 78 , 325–332). In the present study, properties of Ca 2+ uptake and release by intestinal Golgi membrane vesicles have been investigated. The initial rate of uptake was found to be saturable, suggesting carrier-mediated uptake. Uptake was markedly inhibited by Mg 2+ and Sr 2+ , but not by Na + or K + . Lowering the external [H + ] or raising the internal [H + ] resulted in enhancement of the initial rate of uptake; the intial rate was found to correlate with the internal-to-external [H + ] gradient. The initial rate of uptake could be enhanced by preloading the vesicles with MgCl 2 or SrCl 2 but not CaCl 2 , NaCl, or KCl. Vesicles preloaded with K 2 SO 4 failed to show enhanced uptake in the presence of valinomycin, suggesting that enhancement in uptake by vesicles preloaded with MgCl 2 was not due to transmembrane potentials. The internal volume of the Golgi membrane vesicles was determined and found to be 9 μl/mg protein; this volume could accomodate less than 1% of the Ca 2+ uptake maintained at equilibrium. Therefore, the remainder of the Ca 2+ taken up was presumably bound to the Golgi membranes. A dissociation constant of 3.8 × 10 −6 m was found for this binding. The bound Ca 2+ could be rapidly released by external Mg 2+ or Sr 2+ , but not Ca 2+ , Na + , or K + . Release of bound Ca 2+ could also be induced by raising the [H + ] of the external medium. Failure of external Ca 2+ to release bound Ca 2+ suggested that the release induced by external Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , or H + was not due to competitive displacement of Ca 2+ from its binding sites. These results indicated that Ca 2+ uptake by intestinal Golgi membrane vesicles consists of carrier-mediated transport followed by binding of Ca 2+ to the vesicle. The effects of H + , Mg 2+ , and Sr 2+ on Ca 2+ uptake and release suggest the existence of cation countertransport in the Golgi membrane vesicles.
Trace formula for almost lie group of operators and cyclic one-cocycles

In this paper cyclic one-cocycles of Heisenberg groups and some other Lie group are determined. The concept of almost Lie group of operators is introduced, and the trace formula is given by cyclicone cocyle on the Lie group. The Von Neumann theorem on Weyl commutation relation is generalized in certain case.
De re modality, generic essences, and science

I have taken the traditional problem of the seeming interdependence of identity concepts and essentialistic concepts and the attendant difficulties with circularity as a starting point in my consideration of recent attempts to provide accounts ofde re essences. Having distinguished between theories of individual and generic essences, I have shown how a linguistic device based upon a new approach to referring expressions has, perhaps, provided some advance in the understanding of individualde re essences. I have argued that, however efficacious these linguistic devices may be in dealing with individual essences, they are of no help in dealing with generic essences. I considered, therefore, one of the recent attempts to use science as the arbiter ofde re essences and concluded that such attempts will not, ultimately, solve the traditional problem of circularity. That problem remains, arising in different forms to thwart different attempts to account forde re generic essences.
What genes can't learn about language

Human language has long been viewed as a product of both genes and individual external experience or culture, but the key puzzle has always been to assess the relative contribution of each. Is language more like fashion hemlines or more like the number of fingers on each hand? On the one hand, we know that all normal people, unlike any cats or fish, uniformly grow up speaking some language, just like having 5 fingers on each hand, so language must be part of what is unique to the human genome. However, if one is born in Beijing one winds up speaking a very different language than if one is born in Mumbai, so the number-of-fingers analogy is not quite correct. The right answer must therefore cut a fine line between sufficient genomic constraint guaranteeing that every child will successfully develop an adult language and sufficient lability guaranteeing that no matter where they are born each child will acquire the language of its caretakers. Now a new study in a recent issue of PNAS (1) promises to shed light on this fine balance between cultural experience and genetic entrenchment to language's design, all within the context of biological evolution. It maintains that the linguistic particulars distinguishing Mandarin from Hindi cannot have arisen as genetically encoded and selected-for adaptations via at least one common route linking evolution and learning, the Baldwin–Simpson effect (2).
A study of summer mortality factors for natural populations of Chydoridae (Cladocera)

In order to test the hypothesis that predation controls summer population growth of the Chydoridae in Lake Itasca, Minnesota two types of in situ predator-exclusion experiments were conducted. The first series of experiments excluded all predators from chydorid populations by enclosing the chydorids within clear plexiglass chambers suspended in their natural habitat. The second series of experiments excluded fish, but not invertebrates, from chydorids by placing polyethylene exclosures directly on the submerged vegetation. The concomitant abundance of natural chydorid populations was monitored by pattern sampling adjacent vegetation. Populations of Chydoridae that were protected from all predation increased exponentially, while natural populations remaining exposed to predation decreased dramatically. Populations protected from predation by fish but not invertebrates were not significantly different from unprotected control populations. Thus predation by fish and invertebrates combined was sufficient to limit chydorid density. The hypothesis that the predation was due primarily to fish was not supported. It is suggested that because chydorids are smaller and less accessible than preferred prey items, fish are able to significantly utilize them only during periods of high chydorid abundance.
Unsolicited marginal gift collections: Saying no or coping with the unwanted

Abstract Paradoxically, gift collections of marginal value to institutions are accepted with regularity. One reason for doing so is the difficulty acquisition personnel have in saying no to donors of gift collections of marginal utility. In an exploration of some donor motives and donor-acquisition staff reactions to the gift process, the paper observes that saying no becomes a moral choice which acquisition personnel may be reluctant to make. The article concludes with suggestions on how to soften the process of saying no, and how to cope with collections which should have been declined, but were not.
New North American associations of Coleoptera with Myxomycetes

New slime mould (Myxomycetes) host records are reported for North American Coleoptera, increasing documented beetle/slime mould associations for the region by about 140% (633 new records). Data confirm previously reported associations and represent many new associations including hosts of 27 beetle taxa in the following families: Leiodidae, Staphylinidae (Scaphidiinae), Eucinetidae, Sphindidae, Lathridiidae, and Cerylonidae. Sixty-one species representing 7 families of Myxomycetes are recorded as hosts as either plasmodia, sporocarps, or sclerotia. Patterns of myxomycophagy and co-occurrence of beetle taxa on a single host are discussed.
Piezoelectric Hydraulic Pump System Dynamic Model

A system dynamic model was developed for use in the design of piezohydraulic pumps. The model was implemented in MATLAB to predict the electrical/mechanical/fluid coupled behavior of the piezoelectric pump system. Model results were used in a performance assessment of a pumping system that was comprised of a stack actuator driven pump, accumulator, power supply, four-way valve, and hydraulic actuator. The model provided reasonable predictions of performance. Rate effects at higher voltage and frequency reduced pressure and flow rate performance. The heat generation of the piezoelectric stack actuator, flow resistance of the check valves, and compressibility of the fluid contributed to bandwidth limitations.
Myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases.

Abstract This article reviews the major diagnostic criteria for the myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases. Perhaps the most important message this article intends to convey is that the proper diagnosis and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach that correlates morphologic findings with clinical, genetic, and other laboratory information. Thus, the pathologist is central to the diagnosis of these disorders. Not only do pathologists have the morphologic skills to interpret peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate smears and bone marrow biopsy specimens properly, but they often are responsible for interpretation of flow-cytometry and molecular genetic data as well. Pathologists are therefore in the best position to determine whether all the individual pieces of data fit together for the diagnosis under consideration. An additional important theme in the paper is that "well-prepared" blood and bone marrow aspirate smears and "adequate, well-processsed" bone marrow biopsy specimens are essential for the diagnosis. In the author's opinion, inadequate specimens usually account for most of the difficulties encountered in the proper diagnosis of these diseases. It is hoped that when an excellent specimen is available, the guidelines contained in this article may provide the pathologist with assistance in arriving at the most appropriate diagnosis.
Round 2A: Finding Objectivity and Causality in Pragmatism -- A Response to Held

In previous writings, I have set forth a rationale for the foundational knowledge value in psychology and psychotherapy of (a) the individual, systematic case study, and (b) inductive generalizations derived from databases of large numbers of such case studies. This rationale is build upon the epistemology and ontology of contemporary philosophical pragmatism and social constructionism as applied to psychology âA‚â‚¬A‚â€œ what I have termed âA‚â‚¬A‚A“pragmatic psychology.âA‚â‚¬A‚? Held (2006) challenges this rationale, claiming first, that a justification of case study methodology can be made within conventional, natural-science-oriented psychological science, i.e., independent of pragmatism and constructionism; and second, that in fact, by my adopting a social constructionist epistemology, I undermine two characteristics âA‚â‚¬A‚â€œ objectivity and causality âA‚â‚¬A‚â€œ that are only available in the conventional psychological science paradigm and that are crucial to the meaningful, inductive psychological generalizations from individual case studies that I am seeking. In responding to HeldâA‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s challenges, I point out their value in helping me to more explicitly articulate components of pragmatic psychology that have not been fully discussed in my previous publications. These components include: (a) pragmatic psychologyâA‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s capacity, in certain important contexts, to generate statements that are âA‚â‚¬A‚A“objectively trueâA‚â‚¬A‚? in HeldâA‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s definition of this term; and (b) pragmatic psychologyâA‚â‚¬A‚â„¢s embrace of causal mechanisms and principles when these are framed as âA‚â‚¬A‚A“conceptual toolsâA‚â‚¬A‚? for problem solving, not as ontological mirrors (or approximations of such mirrors) of external reality, as proposed by conventional, natural-science-oriented psychological science. The article ends with a call for accepting pluralism in psychology.
Some new representations in bivariate exchangeability

Consider an array X = (X ij ,i,j∈N) of random variables, and let U=(U ij ) and V=(V ij ) be orthogonal transformations affecting only finitely many coordinates. Say that X is separately rotatable if $$UXV^T \mathop = \limits^d X$$ for arbitrary U and V, and jointly rotatable if this holds with U=V. Restricting U and V to the class of permutations, we get instead the property of separate or joint exchangeability. Processes on ℝ + 2 , ℝ+ × [0,1] or [0, 1]2 are said to be separately or jointly exchangeable, if the arrays of increments over arbitrary square grids have these properties. For some of the above cases, explicit representations have recently been obtained, independently, by Aldous and Hoover. The aim of the present paper is to continue the work of these authors by deriving some new representations, and by solving the associated uniqueness and continuity problems.
Tretinoin therapy in photoageing : historical perspective

Tretinoin was shown in the late 1960s to be useful for the treatment of disorders associated with abnormal epithelial differentiation; however, because of irritation, retinoids were only slowly accepted. In the 1970s, evidence accumulated to show that topical tretinoin could modulate many of the abnormalities in the epidermis and dermis associated with photoageing. It has been shown in hairless mice that tretinoin can reverse dermal elastosis with the formation of new collagen and this has led to clinical trials being carried out in man. Randomized, controlled trials have shown that topical tretinoin is effective in the treatment of photoaged skin.
Cloning and characterization of EagI YACs from human chromosome 21

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) were made from a total EagI digest of DNA from a mouse-human chromosome 21 hybrid cell line. Approximately 3750 YACs, corresponding to 75-125 human YACs, with an average size of approximately 100 kb were recovered. Southern hybridization indicates that the chimera frequency in this library may be less than 3%. Thirty-four of the human EagI YACs were regionally assigned by a number of methods. Some YACs were regionally assigned to one of six chromosome regions by hybridization of Alu-PCR products from the YAC against Alu-PCR-amplified DNA from a panel of hybrid cell lines that contain various parts of chromosome 21. Additional YACs were regionally assigned by fluorescence in situ hybridization using either biotinylated Alu-PCR products or yeast genomic DNA from the YAC-containing strains as probes. The regionally assigned EagI YACs are located preferentially in two regions of the chromosome: near the q telomere and in the p-arm ribosomal gene region.
Augmentation of phytohemagglutinin mitogenic activity by erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Addition of erythrocytes to lymphocyte cultures stimulated with the hemagglutinating mitogen, PHA-M, enhanced incorporation of thymidine into the lymphocytes. Maximal augmentation was observed in cultures containing erythrocyte:lymphocyte ratios of 100:1. Similar effects were not observed with the non-hemagglutinating mitogens such as BW-PHA, pokeweed mitogen or staphylococcal filtrate. The augmentative property was decreased by tryptic digestion of the erythrocytes, but was not affected by lysis of the cells or heat. Presumably, these effects occurred through adsorption of PHA on the erythrocyte surface thus raising the local concentration of PHA in mixed erythrocyte:lymphocyte aggregates. The PHA then activates the lymphocyte to blastogenesis.
Teaching electric circuits using a flipped classroom approach

This paper describes our continuous effort to implement a flipped classroom approach to teach an Electric Circuits course. The main motivation behind adopting this approach is to allow more time for in-class problem solving and, therefore, improving students' problem solving skills. Prior to each scheduled class meeting, students are asked to watch a recorded short lecture, which covers the topics in detail and includes simple worked out problems. Students are also encouraged to watch our narrated dynamically worked-out problems. These recorded worked-out problems are intended to complement the recorded lectures and help students with their problem solving skills. A typical lecture consists of a quick review of the concepts followed by solving more challenging problems related to the lecture material. A more detailed discussion of this approach and the advantages and disadvantages of such a scheme are presented. The preliminary evaluations of the proposed approach, during the past two years, have been encouraging.
Review of Preoperative Carbohydrate Loading

Preoperative carbohydrate-containing clear liquids (usually composed of approximately 12% carbohydrate predominantly in maltodextrin form) have provided benefits for the surgical population and further have been included in the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society's recommendations as part of a multimodal approach to reduce surgical patients' length of stay and complication rates. Carbohydrate metabolism is greatly affected by the fed state, which is activated by preoperative carbohydrate fluids given up to 2 hours prior to surgery in contrast to the traditional midnight preoperative fast. Carbohydrate-rich fluids have been proven to enhance patient comfort prior to surgery and have been theorized to reduce insulin resistance, reducing patient catabolism, with a positive impact on perioperative glucose control and muscle preservation. This practice is further hypothesized to support the ERAS goals of reducing both complication rate and length of stay. Preoperative carbohydrate fluid loading is difficult to prove, as the degree of surgical procedure and postoperative pathways are likely more reflective of patient outcome. The use of carbohydrate-loading protocols warrants further adequately blinded, placebo-controlled studies, including the use of variable surgical techniques, reproduction of the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic technique measurements, investigation of ideal carbohydrate fluid composition, and the use of similar surgeries in comparison. Preoperative carbohydrate loading is just one of the many strategies linked to the success of ERAS protocols.
Accidental introductions are an important source of invasive plants in the continental United States.

 Premise of the study: Preventing new plant invasions is critical for reducing large-scale ecological change. Most studies have focused on the deliberate introduction of nonnatives via the ornamental plant trade. However, accidental introduction may be an important source of nonnative, invasive plants.  Methods: Using Web and literature searches, we compiled pathways of introduction to the United States for 1112 nonnative plants identifi ed as invasive in the continental United States. We assessed how the proportion of accidentally and deliberately introduced invasive plants varies over time and space and by growth habit across the lower 48 states.  Key results: Deliberate introductions of ornamentals are the primary source of invasive plants in the United States, but accidental introductions through seed contaminants are an important secondary source. Invasive forbs and grasses are the most likely to have arrived accidentally through seed contaminants, while almost all nonnative, invasive trees were introduced deliberately. Nonnative plants invading eastern states primarily arrived deliberately as ornamentals, while a high proportion of invasive plants in western states arrived accidentally as seed contaminants. Accidental introductions may be increasing in importance through time. Before 1850, 10 of 89 (11%) of invasive plants arrived accidentally. After 1900, 20 of 65 (31%) arrived accidentally.  Conclusions: Recently enacted screening protocols and weed risk assessments aim to reduce the number of potentially invasive species arriving to the United States via deliberate introduction pathways. Increasing proportions of accidentally introduced invasive plants, particularly associated with contaminated seed imports across the western states, suggest that accidental introduction pathways also need to be considered in future regulatory decisions.
PUBLIC OPINION AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE JUVENILE COURT

Over 100 years ago, juvenile courts emerged out of the belief that juveniles are different from adults—less culpable and more rehabilitatable—and can be “saved” from a life of crime and disadvantage. Today, the juvenile justice system is under attack through increasing calls to eliminate it and enactment of statutes designed to place younger offenders in the adult justice system. However, little evidence exists that policy makers have taken the full range of public views into account. At the same time, scholarly accounts of calls to eliminate the juvenile justice system have neglected the role of public opinion. The current study addresses this situation by examining public views about 1) abolishing juvenile justice and 2) the proper upper age of original juvenile court jurisdiction. Particular attention is given to the notion that child-saving and “get tough” orientations influence public views about juvenile justice. The analyses suggest support for the lingering appeal of juvenile justice among the public and the idea that youth can be “saved,” as well as arguments about the politicization and criminalization of juvenile justice. They also highlight that the public, like states, holds variable views about the appropriate age of juvenile court jurisdiction. We discuss the implications of the study and avenues for future research.
Fabrication of high-resolution micropolarizer arrays

Procedures for creating high-resolution polarization filter ar- rays using multilayer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films are described. Two state polarization filter arrays with 25mm resolution and three state po- larization filter arrays with 48 mm resolution are demonstrated. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)01608-5)
Sex-Typed Personality Traits and Gender Identity as Predictors of Young Adults’ Career Interests

Gender segregation of careers is still prominent in the U.S. workforce. The current study was designed to investigate the role of sex-typed personality traits and gender identity in predicting emerging adults' interests in sex-typed careers. Participants included 586 university students (185 males, 401 females). Participants reported their sex-typed personality traits (masculine and feminine traits), gender identities (gender typicality, contentment, felt pressure to conform, and intergroup bias), and interests in sex-typed careers. Results indicated both sex-typed personality traits and gender identity were important predictors of young adults' career interests, but in varying degrees and differentially for men and women. Men's sex-typed personality traits and gender typicality were predictive of their masculine career interests even more so when the interaction of their masculine traits and gender typicality were considered. When gender typicality and sex-typed personality traits were considered simultaneously, gender typicality was negatively related to men's feminine career interests and gender typicality was the only significant predictor of men's feminine career interests. For women, sex-typed personality traits and gender typicality were predictive of their sex-typed career interests. The level of pressure they felt to conform to their gender also positively predicted interest in feminine careers. The interaction of sex-typed personality traits and gender typicality did not predict women's career interests more than when these variables were considered as main effects. Results of the multidimensional assessment of gender identity confirmed that various dimensions of gender identity played different roles in predicting career interests and gender typicality was the strongest predictor of career interests.
Causes and Management of Treatment-Resistant Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: A Survey of Expert Therapists

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is recognized as an effective psychological treatment for panic disorder (PD). Despite its efficacy, some clients do not respond optimally to this treatment. Unfortunately, literatures on the prediction, prevention, and management of suboptimal response are not well developed. Considering this lack of empirical guidance, we decided that it would be useful to survey expert cognitive behavioral therapists about what they have found in their practices to contribute to a poor treatment response and what strategies they have found helpful in preventing or managing these problems. Ten factors associated with suboptimal responding emerged. Listed in order of reported frequency, they were as follows: lack of engagement in behavioral experiments, noncompliance, comorbidity, inadequate case formulation/misdiagnosis, secondary gain, problems with cognitive restructuring, presence of other negative life events, medication complications, poor delivery of treatment, and therapeutic relationship barriers. The current paper discusses these factors and details treatment suggestions to improve outcome provided by the survey participants.
Smad3 as a mediator of the fibrotic response

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a central role in fibrosis, contributing to the influx and activation of inflammatory cells, the epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) of cells and the influx of fibroblasts and their subsequent elaboration of extracellular matrix. TGF-beta signals through transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinases to activate novel signalling intermediates called Smad proteins, which modulate the transcription of target genes. The use of mice with a targeted deletion of Smad3, one of the two homologous proteins which signals from TGF-beta/activin, shows that most of the pro-fibrotic activities of TGF-beta are mediated by Smad3. Smad3 null inflammatory cells and fibroblasts do not respond to the chemotactic effects of TGF-beta and do not autoinduce TGF-beta. The loss of Smad3 also interferes with TGF-beta-mediated induction of EMT and genes for collagens, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1. Smad3 null mice are resistant to radiation-induced cutaneous fibrosis, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis as well as glomerular fibrosis induced by induction of type 1 diabetes with streptozotocin. In fibrotic conditions that are induced by EMT, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, ocular capsule injury and glomerulosclerosis resulting from unilateral ureteral obstruction, Smad3 null mice also show an abrogated fibrotic response. Animal models of scleroderma, cystic fibrosis and cirrhosis implicate involvement of Smad3 in the observed fibrosis. Additionally, inhibition of Smad3 by overexpression of the inhibitory Smad7 protein or by treatment with the small molecule, halofuginone, dramatically reduces responses in animal models of kidney, lung, liver and radiation-induced fibrosis. Small moleucule inhibitors of Smad3 may have tremendous clinical potential in the treatment of pathological fibrotic diseases.
The role of mechanical design in mechatronics education

A survey of mechatronics course offerings around the United States shows a rich variety of approaches to this topic. However, very few existing mechatronics courses (at least those reported in the literature) feature a strong emphasis on mechanical design. That is is not to say that the creative process of design is not featured in mechatronics courses, because it clearly is. It seems equally clear that that accepted definition of mechatronics is not being adequately implemented in the classroom. This paper addresses this issue, suggests probable reasons for it and describes a new course being developed at Boise State University which places a much stronger emphasis on mechanical design skills and practice than many mechatronics courses.
Defining and Teaching Interdisciplinary Studies

(1982). Defining and Teaching Interdisciplinary Studies. Improving College and University Teaching: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 23-30.
Recent Progress Toward an Integrated Multiscale-Multiphysics Model of Reactor Pressure Vessel Embrittlement

The continued safe operation of nuclear reactors and their potential for lifetime extension depends on ensuring reactor pressure vessel integrity. Reactor pressure vessels and structural materials used in nuclear energy applications are exposed to intense neutron fields that create atomic displacements and ultimately change material properties. The physical processes involved in radiation damage are inherently multiscale, spanning more than 15 orders of magnitude in length and 24 orders of magnitude in time. This paper reports our progress in developing an integrated, multiscale-multiphysics (MSMP) model of radiation damage for the prediction of reactor pressure vessel embrittlement. Key features of the fully integrated MSMP model include: i) combined molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic lattice Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of cascade defect production and cascade aging to produce cross-sections for vacancy, self- interstitial and vacancy-solute cluster size classes for times on the order of seconds; ii) an integrated reaction rate theory and thermodynamic code to predict the evolution of nanostructural and nanochemical features for times on the order of decades; iii) a micromechanics model to calculate the resulting mechanical property changes. This paper will focus on the combined use of MD and KMC to simulate the long-term rearrangement (aging) of defects in displacement cascades and thus, produce late-time production cross-sections for vacancy and vacancy cluster features.
Design of CID-cleavable protein cross-linkers: identical mass modifications for simpler sequence analysis.

The cross-linking Mass Spectrometry (XL-MS) technique has enormous potential for studying the interactions between proteins, and it can provide detailed structural information about the interaction interfaces in large protein complexes. Such information has been difficult to obtain by conventional structural methods. One of the primary impediments to the wider use of the XL-MS technique is the extreme challenge in sequencing cross-linked peptides because of their complex fragmentation patterns in MS. A recent innovation is the development of MS-cleavable cross-linkers, which allows direct sequencing of component peptides for facile identification. Sulfoxides are an intriguing class of thermally-cleavable compounds that have been shown to fragment selectively during low-energy collisional induced dissociation (CID) analysis. Current CID-cleavable cross-linkers create fragmentation patterns in MS2 of multiple peaks for each cross-linked peptide. Reducing the complexity of the fragmentation pattern in MS2 facilitates subsequent MS3 sequencing of the cross-linked peptides. The first authentic identical mass linker (IML) has now been designed, prepared, and evaluated. Multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) analysis has demonstrated that the IML cross-linked peptides indeed yield one peak per peptide constituent in MS2 as predicted, thus allowing effective and sensitive MS3 analysis for unambiguous identification. Selective fragmentation for IML cross-linked peptides from the 19S proteasome complex was observed, providing a proof-of-concept demonstration for XL-MS studies on protein complexes.
The orientation of polyethylene

The orientation of the crystals and the amorphouse regions of polyethylene occurring during stretching has been studied using the combined techniques of x-ray diffraction, infrared dichroism, and birefringence. The state of orientation is expressed in terms of the position of a point on a triangular “orientation diagram.” It is found that the a and b crystallographic axes orient differently. The degree of crystalline orientation is greater at a given elongation for a sample oflower degree of crystallinity than higher. An appreciable amount of amorphous orientation occurs, and appears greater in the more crystalline samples. Orientation oflarger crystalline aggregates has been studied using the light scattering technique and is found to parrallel that of the crystallites. A model consistent with these various types of experimental studies is proposed.
Postanesthesia Care for the Elderly Patient

Abstract Purpose As the general population lives longer, the perioperative physician is more likely to encounter disease states that increase in incidence in an aging population. This review focuses on anesthetic considerations for rational drug choices during the perioperative care of elderly patients. The primary aim of the review was to identify intraoperative and postanesthetic considerations for diseases associated with advancing age; it includes highlights of the commonly impaired major organs (eg, cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurologic, renal, hepatic systems). We also outline an approach to frequent issues that arise in the immediate postsurgical period while caring for these patients. Methods A systematic review was performed on aspects of the perioperative and postoperative periods that relate to the elderly. A list of pertinent key words was derived from the authors, and a PubMed database search was performed. Findings The anesthesiologist must account for changes in various organ systems that affect perioperative care, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, and central nervous systems. The pharmacokinetic principles frequently differ and are often unpredictable because of anatomic changes and decreased renal and hepatic function. The most important pharmacodynamic consideration is that elderly patients tend to exhibit an exaggerated hypoactivity after anesthesia. Implications Before surgery, it is essential to identify those patients at risk for delirium and other commonly encountered postanesthesia scenarios. Failure to manage these conditions appropriately can lead to an escalation of care and prolonged hospitalization.
Association of Socioeconomic Status with Eye Health Among Women With and Without Diabetes.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and poor eye health among women. Materials and Methods: We included the 7,708 women aged ≥40 years who participated in the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. We defined poor eye health as self-reported age-related eye diseases (AREDs; cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy) or visual impairment (VI). We identified diagnosed diabetes by self-report. We measured SEP by education attained and annual household income. We conducted logistic regression analyses while controlling for demographic, clinical, behavioral, and healthcare access variables. Results: The age-standardized prevalence of VI and ARED was significantly higher among women with diagnosed diabetes than among those without diagnosed diabetes, 29.8% versus 14.4% and 34.1% versus 20.8%, respectively (p < 0.05 for both). The prevalence of VI and ARED increased with decreasing SEP, but the trends were only significant among women wi...
Insurance Eggs versus Additional Eggs: Do Brown Boobies Practice Obligate Siblicide?

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The intrauterine device: three years of clinical experience.

A report of experiences with the intrauterine device (IUD) in 1000 patients over a 3-year period is presented. The Birnberg Bow and the Lippes Loop were used in 995 primary insertions. The Saf-T-Coil was used in 5 cases. 718 patients (72%) retained the device from 1 to 3 years. The pregnancy rate for the Loop was 3.2 per 100 women or 2.2 per 100 women-years for the Bow 6.9 per 100 women and 3.9 per 100 women-years. Side effects encountered included intermenstrual spotting menorrhagia dysmenorrhea and especially with the Loop expulsions.
Experimental studies on nicotine absorption in rats during pregnancy

Abstract Retrospective and prospective clinical studies on the effect of heavy smoking by pregnant women indicate an increase in the incidence of abortion and in premature and underweight infants. Population and treatment variables are not easy to control in human studies. When controlled populations of pregnant rats were injected twice daily with 0.5 or 1.0 mg. nicotine per kilogram throughout pregnancy (daily doses within the range of those absorbed by heavy smokers), birth weights, survival, and developmental status differed no whit from these same parameters among salineinjected control rats.' When dosages of 3.0 or 5.0 mg. nicotine per kilogram were given twice daily, pregnant rats consumed far less food and gained less weight than control mothers. DeliverY dates were prolonged beyond term by 2 to 4 days or more. Young were underweight and fetal in appearance. There were no ahortions and no premature young. Whether these effects are directly due to nicotine action alone or to other secondary effects, e.g., starvation or dehydration await the outcome of furthtT studies now underway.
Effect of aureomycin upon growth and maturation of Lebistes reticulatus.

SummarySupplemental feeding of aureomycin to guppies caused a marked inhibition of somatic development and growth. There was, however, no gonadal inhibition. The possible mechanism of this action of aureomycin was discussed.
New dietary anticarcinogens and prevention of gastrointestinal cancer

Dietary anticarcinogens are found in minute amounts in many fruits and vegetables and often are the flavor and fragrance components that characterize them. Natural product chemists have isolated more than 100 chemical species from the plant kingdom that are antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, or antipromotional in their mechanisms of inhibition. This paper will review the activity of newer agents including dialkyl sulfides in garlic and onion and calcium salts as potential compounds for the prevention of gastrointestinal cancer.
Hepatitis B virus. New and evolving issues.

Recent developments in molecular biology have advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of HBV-induced disease. New data derived from the molecular analysis of clinical material have begun to bridge the gap between bench research and the clinical arena. In this review, we consider topics that have relevance to clinical management and that have not been summarized in the recent literature. The recent advances that have been made in the areas of HBV variants,in vitro cell culture systems, and extrahepatic infection are discussed in greater detail.
Proactive criminal thinking, cold heartedness, and counselor rapport in correctional clients participating in substance abuse treatment

Abstract The purpose of this study was two-fold. The first purpose was to determine whether a self-report measure of cold heartedness (CH) correlated significantly better with proactive criminal thinking (PCT) than with reactive criminal thinking (RCT). The second purpose was to investigate whether cold heartedness was partially responsible for the negative relationship proposed to exist between PCT and counselor rapport. These two hypotheses were tested in a sample of 4638 male and female correctional clients enrolled in substance abuse counseling for an average of 121 to 141 days. In support of the first hypothesis the zero-order CH–PCT correlation was significantly higher than the zero-order CH–RCT correlation and PCT but not RCT correlated with CH when age, sex, and race were controlled. The second hypothesis, that CH would partially explain the correlation between PCT and counselor rapport, also found support in the form of a positive interaction between cold heartedness and PCT in predicting counselor rapport. These results suggest that cold heartedness or callous/unemotional traits are both antecedents of proactive criminal thinking and features of personality partially responsible for the putative rapport-inhibiting effects of proactive criminal thinking.
Serum desialylated glycoproteins in patients with hepatobiliary dysfunction

Abstract Levels of circulating desialylated glycoproteins were measured by means of a rat hepatocyte plasma membrane inhibition assay in 173 patients with hepatobiliary disease and in 18 normal controls. Control levels were 7.58 ± 3.5 S.D. expressed as nanogram equivalents of DTBG per 10μl of serum. Elevations greater than 2 S.D. from the control mean were found in 94% of the patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and in 85% of the patients with hepatic neoplasms. Elevations of serum desialylated glycoproteins also occurred in the serum of patients with hepatitis and cholestasis, but these elevations were more variable and appeared to correlate with the duration and severity of the disease at the time at which the serum sample was obtained. Elevations also occurred in patients with congestive heart failure and correlated with the duration of failure. In 73 of the patients results of conventional liver function tests as well as of the ABT's were available. There did not appear to be any simple correlation between abnormalities in the conventional tests and elevations of serum desialylated glycoproteins. Measurement of circulating desialylated glycoproteins has the potential of providing a clinically useful means of assessing hepatocellular destruction or abnormal hepatic glycoprotein synthesis, particularly in patients suspected of having cirrhosis or hepatic malignancy.