cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Synaptic Density imaging with 18F-UCB-H after Space Irradiation

86 Introduction: Previous findings have shown that doses of charged particles as low as 5 cGy can result in substantial reductions of synapse number in the mouse that are persistent over many months ( Parihar et al. Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1400256). To non-invasively assess which brain regions are most sensitive to chronic, low-level radiation exposure, we examined adult male Wistar rats irradiated with 252Cf neutrons with PET imaging using a radioligand (18F-UCB-H) which binds specifically to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A and serves as a surrogate marker of synaptic density. For comparison, region-specific c-fos expression following a behavioral stimulus in a subset of animals was performed to determine the strength of behavior-neuron activation coupling. Methods: Adult male, 6 month old Wistar rats (n=15) were irradiated chronically with 252Cf neutrons at 1 mGy/day for 6 months to a total dose of 180 mGy and compared to controls (n=16). PET images of the brain were acquired in twelve rats (6 irradiated and 6 control; 869±74 g) 65-67 days post-irradiation using the Rodent R4 microPET scanner (Concorde Systems). A 40 minute dynamic list mode scan was performed immediately after injection of 18F-UCB-H (76.6±5.5 MBq). Corrected images were reconstructed by OSEM 2D (4 iterations, 256x256, ramp filter, pixel size of 0.4x0.4x1.2 mm). Summed images (0-40 min) were used for rigid coregistration with MRI T2 weighted brain images (11.7T Bruker) and a standard rat brain template available in Vivoquant™ software (version 4.0; InVicro). Atlas based volumes of interest, representing the brain distribution of SV2A measured as Standard Uptake Value (SUV) were used for comparisons between unirradiated and irradiated animals. A separate cohort of animals (14 irradiated and 12 controls) were tested in four behavioral paradigms (1 x 1 meter square Open Field Task, Elevated Zero Maze test, Novel Object recognition task, and Social Dominance Tube test) two months after irradiation. At 3 months after irradiation animals were allowed to explore a 1 meter diameter open field for 30 min.to drive c-fos expression then euthanized at 90 min after completion of the task for brain extraction and fixation followed by antibody staining of the immediate early gene, c-fos, which is expressed in activated neurons. Results: PET imaging analysis revealed three brain regions with statistically decreased mean SUV values in irradiated rats compared to controls; the entorhinal cortex (p=0.038), the ventral tegmental area (p=0.045), and the substantia nigra (p=.046). C-fos imaging after open field exploration showed significant decrements in c-fos positive cells in hippocampus CA1 (p = 0.0014, t-test) and a trend in primary motor cortex (p = 0.08, t-test) but not in prelimbic, cingulate and entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, amygdala or substantia nigra. Open field and elevated zero mazes showed reduced movement and exploration in neutron-irradiated animals (P
JAX, M.D.: A Framework for Differentiable Physics

We introduce JAX MD, a software package for performing differentiable physics simulations with a focus on molecular dynamics. JAX MD includes a number of physics simulation environments, as well as interaction potentials and neural networks that can be integrated into these environments without writing any additional code. Since the simulations themselves are differentiable functions, entire trajectories can be differentiated to perform meta-optimization. These features are built on primitive operations, such as spatial partitioning, that allow simulations to scale to hundreds-of-thousands of particles on a single GPU. These primitives are flexible enough that they can be used to scale up workloads outside of molecular dynamics. We present several examples that highlight the features of JAX MD including: integration of graph neural networks into traditional simulations, meta-optimization through minimization of particle packings, and a multi-agent flocking simulation. JAX MD is available at this http URL.
Emergent spatial structure and pathogen epidemics: the influence of management and stochasticity in agroecosystems

Abstract Organisms susceptible to disease, from humans to crops, inevitably have spatial geometry that influence disease dynamics. Understanding how spatial structure emerges through time in ecological systems and how that structure influences disease dynamics is of practical importance for natural and human management systems. Here we use the perennial crop, coffee, Coffea arabica, along with its pathogen, the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix, as a model system to understand how spatial structure is created in agroecosystems and its subsequent influence on the dynamics of the system. Here, we create a simple null model of the socio-ecological process of death and stochastic replanting of coffee plants on a plot. We then use spatial networks to quantify the spatial structures and make comparisons of our stochastic null model to empirically observed spatial distributions of coffee. We then present a simple model of pathogen spread on spatial networks across a range of spatial geometries emerging from our null model and show how both local and regional management of agroecosystems interact with space and time to alter disease dynamics. Our results suggest that our null model of evolving spatial structure can capture many critical features of how the spatial arrangement of plants changes through time in coffee agroecosystems. Additionally, we find small changes in management factors that can influence the scale of pathogen transmission, such as shade tree removal, and result in a rapid transition to epidemics with lattice-like spatial arrangements but not with irregular planting geometries. The results presented here may have practical implications for farmers in Latin America who are in the process of replanting and overhauling management of their coffee farms in response to a coffee leaf rust epidemic in 2013. We suggest that shade reduction in conjunction with more lattice-like planting schemes may result in coffee being more prone to epidemic-like dynamics of the coffee leaf rust in the future.
Toddlers’ Developmental Trajectories as a Function of QRIS Rated Child Care Quality

State-level child care quality rating and improvement systems (QRIS) have been implemented in a majority of states in the U.S.A. One goal is to improve developmental outcomes for young children, especially from families with fewer resources. Research is needed to determine if QRIS can produce quality improvements that will support the development of children from birth to three years. Explore the association of toddlers’ growth trajectories over two years with their participation in varying quality-rated levels of child care. In this two-year longitudinal study of 75 toddlers (M age = 15.5 months; SD = 2.36) children’s cognitive and social-emotional growth trajectories were estimated in three assessments, 12 months apart. All toddlers were low-income Child Care and Development Fund voucher recipients, cared for by child care providers within a Midwestern state’s voluntary QRIS. QRIS-rated child care quality, caregiver education level, and child–adult ratio were observed in parallel with individual cognitive and social-emotional child assessments. Growth analyses controlled for parent education, child race, ethnicity, disability status, and gender. Toddlers who received care in settings rated highest by the QRIS and those with caregivers who had higher education levels progressed at significantly higher rates of development in early learning skills, compared with toddlers placed in QRIS-rated lower quality settings or with caregivers with less education. State-level QRIS have the potential to inform parents’ and policymakers’ decisions about child care quality associated developmental outcomes for children under three years of age. Especially important is the role of QRIS in incentivizing the educational preparation of toddler caregivers.
Belief in the myth of an American Indian/Alaska Native biological vulnerability to alcohol problems among reservation-dwelling participants with a substance use problem.

BACKGROUND Belief in the myth of an American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN)-specific biological vulnerability (BV) to alcohol problems is associated with worse alcohol outcomes among AIAN college students who drink, despite also being associated with greater attempts to reduce drinking. This study examined the association of belief in a BV with alcohol use among reservation-dwelling AI adults with a substance use problem. METHODS Participants (n = 141) who drank alcohol in the past 90 days were selected from a larger AI sample who self-identified as having a substance use problem. Moderated-mediation analyses examined whether belief in a BV was positively associated with alcohol- and substance use-related consequences and whether self-efficacy and craving mediated the association of belief in a BV with alcohol use. RESULTS Among participants who reported using alcohol but not hard drugs (e.g., methamphetamine, opioids), greater belief in a BV was associated with more drinking days, which in turn was associated with greater alcohol-related consequences. Among participants who used alcohol only, belief in a BV was also significantly associated with greater craving, and in turn with more drinking days. Among individuals who used both alcohol and hard drugs, greater belief in a BV was associated with fewer drinking days, but was not significantly associated with substance use-related consequences. No association was found between belief in a BV and self-efficacy to avoid alcohol or drug use. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals who use only alcohol, belief in a BV may contribute to more drinking days and greater alcohol-related consequences through its association with greater craving. This study provides further evidence of the potential harm of internalizing the belief that being AIAN contributes to the risk for alcohol problems, a notion that lacks scientific evidence despite decades of research. The findings highlight the importance of combating societal myths regarding AIAN peoples and the internalization of these stereotypes.
Pesticide residues in foods.

This chapter discusses the broad topic of pesticide residues in food supply. Attention is given to pesticide use patterns and regulation (international and United States) of pesticides. Pesticide residue data are provided from a variety of monitoring programs, and the potential risks posed by pesticide residues are discussed. Consideration is given to the special topics of pesticides in imported foods and pesticides in organic foods.
The Use of Force against Pirates

The law applicable to counter-piracy operations will govern how a state or multinational force uses force against pirates, how pirates are treated if captured, the crimes for which pirates can be prosecuted, and what mechanisms can be used in such prosecutions. This chapter analyzes the law applicable to the use of force against pirates by national and multinational forces. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the primary law applicable to piracy and provides guidance regarding the use of force against individuals, groups and vessels that meet the definition of piracy. At the same time, it is also important to analyze any other relevant legal frameworks, particularly given the extensive involvement of national, regional and international forces with the authority to use force in the process of deterring pirates and responding to pirate attacks. The first section details the governing framework for the use of force under UNCLOS and law enforcement principles, including the right to board, search and visit and the right of hot pursuit. The section then addresses the specific authorizations for the use of force against pirates under United Nations Security Resolutions applicable to counter-piracy efforts off the coast of and in Somalia. The potential applicability of the law of armed conflict is the primary question in the second section — the use of military force and military units and vessels from many different states may suggest to some that the law of armed conflict must govern any engagements between such military forces and any pirates. Finally, given the extensive operations of three multinational counter-piracy task forces in the Gulf of Aden, the third section analyzes specific issues with regard to these task forces, including applicable law, rules of engagement and coordination between and among national forces.
A possible mechanism for high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates

Several ideas that have been shown to apply to superconductors and the cuprates in particular are joined together to form a mechanism for high temperature superconductivity. The mechanism is basically a weak BCS(1)type coupling between the holes formed in doping the crystal and the optical modes that can be excited when the stripes that are formed beat against one another. The fundamental energy scale set by the normal modes of the oscillating stripes (strions) is of the order of an electron volt. Thus the mechanism allows for room temperature superconductivity. Several important experimental observations are in agreement with the predictions of this theory. Direct observation of the strions might be possible in electron energy loss experiments.
Transcriptional regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes: identification of control elements of a γ-subunit gene

Abstract The muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor undergoes profound changes in abundance and distribution in response to innervation and denervation. As a start towards understanding the detailed mechanisms of acetylcholine receptor gene regulation, we have identified transcriptional regulatory regions of a receptor subunit gene. A region of genomic DNA at the 5′ end of the mouse acetylcholine receptor γ-subunit gene has been shown to promote transcription of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a cell-type specific manner. In addition, the transcriptional activity of this fragment is developmentally regulated in mouse muscle C2C12 cells. We propose that this fragment contains transcriptional control elements of the mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor γ-subunit gene.
Memory for common and bizarre stimuli: A storage-retrieval analysis

We tested the hypothesis that common stimuli are stored in memory better than bizarre stimuli are. Subjects memorized a series of noun pairs embedded within 20 common or bizarre sentences. By using a between-list design, free and cued recall, and intentional-learning instructions, we were able to obtain a commonness effect (i.e., a recall advantage for the common sentences). Riefer and Rouder’s (1992) multinomial processing-tree model for measuring storage and retrieval was applied to the data, which revealed that the recall advantage for common sentences was due to storage and not retrieval processes. We propose a two-factor theory: that common items are stored better in memory, but that bizarre items are retrieved better from memory. This storage-retrieval explanation does a good job of accounting for a number of findings associated with the bizarreness effect.
Flexible endorectal ultrasound for predicting pathologic stage of rectal cancers.

Abstract Background: Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) is an accurate method for preoperative staging of rectal cancers. Most often, a rigid 360-degree rotating probe is used. We studied whether flexible probes could attain equivalent accuracy for bowel wall penetration. Methods: Forty-five patients were prospectively evaluated with flexible devices. Results were compared with 20 rigid and 10 flexible probe studies. To assess learning curves, we used logistic regression analysis and coefficients of correlation on accuracy data to compare ERUS accuracy with the number of examinations. Results: Level of invasion was correct in 49%. Nodal examinations were correct in 78%. Learning curves leveled out at 100 examinations with 87% accuracy for the rigid probe (R = 0.46) and 77% for the flexible devices (R = 0.31). Conclusions: The coefficient of correlation for each method portends a more reliable learning curve for the rigid devices. Flexible devices were less accurate for level of invasion than the literature reported for rigid devices.
Carboxypeptidase E Cytoplasmic Tail-Driven Vesicle Transport Is Key for Activity-Dependent Secretion of Peptide Hormones

Vesicular transport of peptide hormones from the cell body to the plasma membrane for activity-dependent secretion is important for endocrine function, but how it is achieved is unclear. Here we uncover a mechanism in which the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane carboxypeptidase E (CPE) found in proopiomelanocotin (POMC)/ACTH vesicles interacts with microtubule-based motors to control transport of these vesicles to the release site in pituitary cells. Overexpression of the CPE tail in live cells significantly reduced the velocity and distance of POMC/ACTH- and CPE-containing vesicle movement into the cell processes. Biochemical studies showed that the CPE tail interacted with dynactin, which, in turn, recruited microtubule plus-end motors kinesin 2 and kinesin 3. Overexpression of the CPE tail inhibited the stimulated secretion of ACTH from AtT20 cells. Thus, the CPE cytoplasmic tail interaction with dynactin-kinesin 2/kinesin 3 plays an important role in the transport of POMC vesicles for activity-dependent secretion.
Cell–cell interaction modulates neuroectodermal specification of embryonic stem cells

The controlled differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells is of utmost interest to their clinical, biotechnological, and basic science use. Many investigators have combinatorially assessed the role of specific soluble factors and extracellular matrices in guiding ES cell fate, yet the interaction between neighboring cells in these heterogeneous cultures has been poorly defined due to a lack of conventional tools to specifically uncouple these variables. Herein, we explored the role of cell-cell interactions during neuroectodermal specification of ES cells using a microfabricated cell pair array. We tracked differentiation events in situ, using an ES cell line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the regulation of the Sox1 gene promoter, an early marker of neuroectodermal germ cell commitment in the adult forebrain. We observed that a previously specified Sox1-GFP+ cell could induce the specification of an undifferentiated ES cell. This induction was modulated by the two cells being in contact and was dependent on the age of previously specified cell prior to coculture. A screen of candidate cell adhesion molecules revealed that the expression of connexin (Cx)-43 correlated with the age-dependent effect of cell contact in cell pair experiments. ES cells deficient in Cx-43 showed aberrant neuroectodermal specification and lineage commitment, highlighting the importance of gap junctional signaling in the development of this germ layer. Moreover, this study demonstrates the integration of microscale culture techniques to explore the biology of ES cells and gain insight into relevant developmental processes otherwise undefined due to bulk culture methods.
Three kinds of heat transfer augmentation in perforated surfaces

Abstract Heat exchanger cores, each consisting of a number of single or composite perforated plates separated by wooden spacers to form parallel flow channels, were tested in a subsonic wind tunnel. Three distinct types of augmentation in the heat transfer and friction loss performance have been identified: the transition-turbulent flow enhancement, the “second” laminar flow enhancement and the laminar flow enhancement. The first kind is observed to occur in the transition and turbulent flow regimes on low porosity surfaces [1]. The second type is detected in the “second” laminar flow regime on high porosity surfaces [2]. The present study has revealed the existence of the third pattern which occurs over the entire laminar flow region on low-porosity composite surfaces consisting of a short upstream section for producing vortices and a main section for heat transfer. An attempt is made to explain the enhancement mechanisms.
Formation of Unsaturation and Cross-Links in the Radiolysis of n-Alkanes and Polyethylene

The hypothesis that unsaturation decays by cross-linking if unsaturation formation and C --H scission are conceived, not as separate radiation events but as successive stages in the same radiation event, is discussed. It is not suggested that all radicals formed by C-H scission in hydrocarbons result from neutralization of olefine ions, though the extrapolated lower limit of concentration of unsaturation in the polymer fraction of paraffin wax studied by others suggests that a high proportion of the radicals formed may arise through this process. (P.C.H.)
The Literature of the German Democratic Republic

Article discussing the spring 1996 syllabus for a course on the German Democratic Republic.
The Cross Section of Trading Activity in the Over-the-Counter Market for Corporate Bonds

Trading activity varies widely across individual corporate bond issues. The most active issues change hands multiple times each trading day, while the average bond issue does not trade at all over the course of 35% of the months examined. This article utilizes TRACE transaction data to examine the factors associated with corporate bond liquidity and demonstrates that trading activity depends upon the relative visibility of the bond issue to investors, the degree to which investor opinions regarding company value differ, and the likelihood of private information regarding the bond issue existing in the market.
RESTRUCTURED PORK CHOPS WITH ADDED TURKEY THIGHS

Raw materials from the shoulders of U.S. No. 1 pork carcasses boned at 24 h postmortem and frozen boneless turkey thighs stored for approximately 120h were flaked and incorporated in four formulations for restructured chops each containing 1.0% NaCl and 0.25% sodium tripolyphospahte (STP). Formulations included pork (P), pork plus 0.5% sugar (PS), 50% pork and 50% turkey (PT) and 50% pork and 50% turkey plus 0.5% sugar (PTS). At 0, 21 and 84 days, subjective evaluations were conducted for discoloration, cohesiveness, muscle cut resemblance and overall appearance. Objective measurements included Hunter Color and TBA values. Turkey and sugar had a minimal effect on appearance traits, texture and juiciness and no significant effect on tenderness and flavor regardless of storage time. Results suggested that turkey dark muscle can replace pork with minimal effects on appearance, taste and oxidative rancidity.
Measuring active learning to predict course quality

This study investigated whether active learning within computer-based training courses can be measured and whether it serves as a predictor of learner-perceived course quality. A major corporation participated in this research, providing access to internal employee training courses, training representatives, and historical course evaluation data. Twenty sample courses were subdivided into 1,884 time-based instructional events and categorized by eight design principles for learner engagement: attend, organize, recall, practice, interact, apply, explore, and absorb. This analysis produces a quantitative pattern for the cognitive activity a course encourages within the learner, summarized as the active learning index. A regression model, with the active learning index as a predictor variable for learner-perceived course quality, resulted in a correlation coefficient of .83 (r2=.69) and a p-value <.0001. These results suggest a framework for quantifying the active learning components in computer-based training courses and guiding the work of instructional designers toward higher-quality courses.
POINT OF VIEW, BIAS, AND INSIGHT

How does the admission or ascription of point of view qualify a claim? In (1), the admission is intended to imply authority and make the opposition to the dam more credible. In (2), the ascription is intended to make the opposition less credible by imputing bias rather than authority. Why the asymmetry? Why are the perlocutionary effects of phrases like that in (1) so liable to backfire, so that you take my attempts to fortify my position as in fact undermining it? Can we talk about something intended by the speaker and a third thing inferred by the hearer? One simple answer is that bias is purely in the eye of the beholder; it is not only a kind of point of view, but a point of view seen from a point of view. I'm authoritative, you're biased, and she is bigoted. If that answer is correct, then bias is a term used to make an accusation, but it has no meaning
Psychosocial predictors of first-onset depression in Chinese Americans

Background: This study examines the longitudinal and concurrent risk factors associated with first-onset major depression in a community sample of 1747 Chinese Americans in Los Angeles. Methods: The relative contributions of demographic, health, psychiatric, psychosocial, and cultural variables were assessed in a series of longitudinal and concurrent hierarchical multivariable analyses. Results: Results of the longitudinal analyses indicated that the risk for experiencing a first major depressive episode at 18-months follow-up was higher for those who initially rated their health as poor, reported higher depressive symptoms, and perceived higher levels of social support. After controlling for prior health and psychiatric and psychosocial status at time 1, the results of the concurrent analyses indicated that the risk for experiencing a first major depressive episode at time 2 was higher for those who rated their health as poor, had at least one other psychiatric disorder, were bilingual, experienced high levels of life stress, and perceived themselves as having low and/or decreased social supports. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm previous evidence that psychosocial vulnerabilities, including higher acculturation, greater stress exposure and reduced social supports, are important predictors of risk for first-onset depressive episodes. Prevention and treatment implications are addressed, and future directions for research are offered.
Personal Characteristics and Fat Intakes of Individuals Who Use Food Labels to Check the Fat Content of Foods

Abstract This study compared personal characteristics and fat intakes of individuals who read food labels for fat information with characteristics and intakes of those who do not The sample consisted of 2,679 individuals who participated in the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1990–91 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals/Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (CSFII/DHKS). Subjects, who were meal planners and food shoppers for their households, provided 3 days of dietary intake data and information on their diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Statistics were calculated using USDA survey weights and SUDAAN, a statistical package that accounts for the complex survey design. Differences between groups were assessed using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. All reported differences between label users and nonusers were significant (p Seventy-three percent of meal planners/shoppers reported checking the food label for fat information. Label users had significantly higher household incomes than label nonusers, were more likely than nonusers to be female, white, non-Hispanic, to live with others rather than to live alone, and to have a higher educational level. Label users were also more likely to be on a lowfat/low cholesterol diet and to have been told by their doctor that their cholesterol level was high. Label users knew more about the fat content of foods, were more likely to believe that diet had a big effect on health, and were more likely to report using lowfat cooking practices. Label users consumed an average of 33.9% of calories from fat and 11.6% of calories from saturated fat compared with 35.7% of calories from fat and 12.5% of calories from saturated fat for label nonusers. These differences in fat and saturated fat intakes were statistically significant but neither group met the 1990 Dietary Guidelines for Americans of no more than 30 percent of calories from fat and less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fat It appears that while label users consumed less fat and saturated fat than others, they were not successful in meeting recommended intake levels. Consumers may find the current revised food label more useful than the labels in use in 1990. In addition, nutrition education designed to increase consumer understanding of fat-reduction strategies is indicated.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA complementary to transient maternal poly(A)+ RNA from the Drosophila oocyte.

Abstract cDNA complementary to total oocyte poly(A)+ RNA from Drosophila melanogaster was enriched for sequences complementary to transient maternal sequences; that is, those sequences which disappear from the oocyte during subsequent. A seven- to ten-fold enrichment factor was obtained, from 5.3% to about 50% of the total cDNA. Kinetic analysis of this enriched fraction indicates that the transient maternal sequences include 44 ± 14 different sequences.
The relationship of weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors with fruit and vegetable consumption in young adolescents.

Background. The effect of dieting and weight-control perceptions, goals, and behaviors on food intake, including fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, is not completely understood. We examined these associations in 1,755 young adolescents. Methods. Data from the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School (TEENS) study were analyzed separately by gender using mixed linear modeling. Surveys completed at the beginning and end of 7th grade asked students to self-report fruit and vegetable consumption, weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors, and demographic variables. Results. Underweight boys reported 0.8 fewer F&V servings per day than boys who reported their weight to be ‘about right’ (P = 0.002), while overweight girls reported 0.7 fewer F&V than girls who reported their weight to be ‘about right’ (P = 0.005). Boys with weight-related goals consumed significantly more F&V than did boys not wanting to do anything about their weight (P < 0.05). Girls engaging in weight-related behaviors reported 0.7 more F&V than girls who did not engage in weight-related behaviors (P = 0.006). Conclusions. Because F&V intake is low among all adolescents, population interventions should take place to increase F&V intake. These data support the inclusion of gender-specific intervention components related to weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors.
Operational Oceanography: Implementation at the European and Regional Scales. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on EuroGOOS

The goal of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is to create a coordinated, worldwide system of ocean observations from satellites, ships, in-situ buoys, and other sources. GOOS was adopted as a priority activity by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) in 1991, and as plans for GOOS developed, it became obvious that implementing an effective global system would hinge on a practical issue: how to create an integrated global system in terms of observations, data analysis, and data access when most observing systems are deployed and maintained by nations and regional intergovernmental organizations. Two obvious paths were taken: regional GOOS activities were developed throughout the world, and additional observations were submitted to the world data centers to make national data available worldwide. European GOOS (EuroGOOS) was founded in 1994 (see www.eurogoos.org) as one of several regional GOOS acthdties. The proceedings of the Second International Conference on EuroGOOS (Operational Oceanography: Implementation at the European and Regional Scales) present a snapshot of the status of EuroGOOS and its possible components as of March 1999.
The determination of liposome captured volume

Manipulating the process by which lipids assemble to form bilayer membranes has produced a myriad of protocol-dependent liposome types. For each of these systems the arrangement of bilayers is characteristic and can be described by parameters such as aqueous entrapment per mole lipid or captured volume, vesicle size distribution, the average number of lamellae per vesicle and shape. For specific applications as model systems or drug delivery systems specific characteristics are desired. Consequently over the years many techniques have evolved to better quantitate these parameters. Here we focus on and detail several methods to quantitate liposome captured volume. We also briefly describe the available methods to measure the other aforementioned physical properties and discuss their interdependency with captured volume.
Models of acculturation and health behaviors among Latino immigrants to the US.

Abstract A basic premise of much of the health research conducted with immigrant groups is that culturally based behaviors change over time as a result of acculturation, i.e., interaction with the mainstream US culture. However, models of acculturation have not taken into account how group-specific characteristics and the varying social and political contexts immigrant groups face may impact the acculturation process. In this study of 150 families, we examined the inter-relationship of indicators of acculturation among two Latino groups to discern the impact of gender and country of origin on the relationship between variables. Results indicated that increased years of residence in the United States had the predictable impact of increased competence in English and increased use of English, but had differing impact by country of origin on the cultural orientation of the respondents’ environment and on ethnic identification. Also, gender was associated with differing levels of English language use and with perceived social acceptance, such that males used more English and reported less social acceptance than females. Loading separately from the language and cultural behavior variables, this factor, perceived social acceptance, merits research as a predictor of service use given that respondents understood non-acceptance as resulting from being identified as Latino, not from behaving differently from the mainstream. The differing patterns of association by country of origin and by gender and the measurement issues these raise, highlight the importance of specifying more complex models of acculturation than is done typically in research with Latinos.
Proposed realization of itinerant ferromagnetism in optical lattices

We propose a scheme to realize the itinerant ferromagnetism of two-component cold fermionic atoms in the $p$-orbital bands in optical lattices. The band flatness in the two-dimensional honeycomb lattice dramatically amplifies the interaction effect, driving the ferromagnetic transition even with a relatively weak repulsive interaction. This scheme has the advantage that the stability of the system can be maintained without causing decay to the molecular state as one approaches the Feshbach resonance from the side with the positive scattering length. Experimental signatures and detections are also discussed.
Working Within Constraints: Can Transformational Leaders Alter the Experience of Red Tape?

ABSTRACT Can leadership, an understudied variable in red tape research, create conditions that mitigate how followers experience red tape? To answer this question we employ data from a survey of agency heads in U.S. city government, asking them about the transformational leadership qualities of their city manager, and estimate how this is associated with the organizational conditions followers experience and, in turn, red tape. We hypothesize that transformational leadership alters perceptions of red tape through its influence on goal clarity, political support, and communication. Results from a structural equation model provide empirical evidence consistent with our theory. We also find that respondents with public administration training and those who work in control agencies reported themselves less likely to experience red tape.
Escherichia coli transcytosis in a Caco-2 cell model: Implications in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal disorder of preterm infants. Other than an association with prematurity and gastrointestinal feeding, no single factor or mechanism has been consistently linked to this disease. We have previously demonstrated that Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the stool of infants with NEC caused NEC-like injury in a weanling rabbit ileal loop model; this injury, in turn, could be blocked by coinfection with selected Gram(+) bacteria (Enterococcus faecium) isolated from asymptomatic controls. Using Caco-2 cells in a trans-well system, we now demonstrate that the same E. coli isolates can cross epithelial cell monolayers in the absence of ultrastructural change or damage. These results with E. coli contrast with those seen with Salmonella typhimurium, which passed through the monolayer at a higher rate and were associated with striking ultrastructural damage. Transcytosis of E. coli was reduced 3-5-fold in the presence of E. faecium previously shown to block NEC-like injury in the loop model. There was a mild increase in the rate of E. coli transcytosis when studies were conducted with younger, undifferentiated cells; these immature cells had no brush border, had decreased production of brush border-specific enzymes, but retained well defined tight junctions, as demonstrated by transepithelial electrical resistance and electron microscopy. A further reduction/ complete blockage of E. coli transcytosis was observed when E. faecium was used as the coinfectant in studies with these undifferentiated cells. We hypothesize that the ability of E. coli to cross epithelial cell layer is a critical initial step in the cascade of events which lead ultimately to NEC; blockage or reduction in E. coli transcytosis in the presence of certain Gram(+) organisms may play a significant role in prevention of NEC.
Diazonium compounds localize grass cell wall phenolics: relation to wall digestibility.

Phenolic compounds in plant cell wall limit forage digestibility. The objective of this work was to compare three diazonium salts with more widely used lignin stains for their ability to stain phenolic compounds in grass cell walls and to relate the results to cell wall digestibility. Acid phloroglucinol, chlorine-sulfite, azure B, diazotized sulfanilic acid, diazotized p-nitroaniline, or p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate was reacted with a series of low molecular weight phenolic compounds (acids, aldehydes, and esters), lignin extracts, and intact plant cell walls in leaf blades and stems of Coastal' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]
Estimativas das Exigências de Lisina e de Energia Metabolizável em Frangos de Corte de 1 a 21 dias de Idade, Utilizando-se uma Variável Multivariada Canônica

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of metabolizable lysine (LM) and metabolizable energy (EM) on uni and multivariable of performance and carcasses of broilers, maintaining the ideal protein balance. Were used 2808 male chicks from a commercial line from 1 to 21 days and allotted to 104 pens. The treatments resulted from a factorial arrangement of three ME levels (3,000, 3,100 and 3,200 kcal/kg) and four LM levels (0.92, 1.02, 1.12 and 1.22%) plus another treatment on which amino acids were supplied on total basis. Eight replicates per treatment were installed according to the initial weight. Diets were based in corn and soybean meal plus crystalline amino acids. The studied variables were related with the performance, tissue deposition and the multivariate canonical variable (CAN). The last was created from primary variables such as weight gain, feed intake and protein deposition in carcasses. There was significant effect for LM, ME and the interactions on performance tissue deposition and CAN. By the broken line model, CAN allowed to estimate LM requirement at 1.18% when the diet has 3,000 kcal of ME/kg. In this work, among studied models, the linear was better to estimate the requirement at 1.22 % of LM when diets contained 3,100 or 3,200 kcal ME/kg, not reaching the optimum level, that could be at higher level.
Assessment: How to Make Lemons into Lemonade

Higher education is being forced to make do with less money and to document how these limited funds are being spent. State legislatures have directed higher education to develop guidelines for assessing the student development and curriculum. Those programs that can document wise and efficient use of limited state funds in their assessment plans and reports will be in the best position to receive more funding or to continue to receive funds. Many engineering departments will see the implementation of a mandatory assessment program as one more lemon in a long line of useless administrative mandates that require many hours to fulfill and return no benefit to the department. This need not be the case. Engineering departments have in place the key parts of a three‐element assessment program: (1) The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology accreditation process; (2) the professional licensing process using the Fundamentals of Engineering exam; and (3) surveys of recent graduates and the employers of...
Reversible suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis after unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal adenoma

Reduced adrenocortical (aldosterone and cortisol) and adrenomedullary (adrenaline) secretory mass after unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma has been associated with long-term hypotension (more than 2 years) in some studies. In these patients, cortisol and aldosterone levels are low, whereas plasma renin activity is high. Other studies suggest that normotension and normal plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone and cortisol levels are achieved in 60% to 87% of the patients without evidence of decreased adrenal mass, whereas the remaining patients may continue to have hypertension. We report a unique case in which unilateral adrenalectomy for adrenal adenoma was followed by severe hyperkalemia, marked volume depletion and undetectable plasma renin activity, and serum aldosterone, suggesting marked, chronic suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis. One year later, a gradual return to normokalemia, normotension, and normal plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels was achieved, indicating resolution of the suppression of the renin-aldosterone axis. Patients undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma should be followed up closely after unilateral adrenalectomy of adrenal adenoma to avoid life-threatening hyperkalemia and severe intravascular volume depletion.
Parametic Pump-Down of Synchronous Machine Oscillations

A new stabilizing technique for synchronous electric machines is presented. The method uses an external series controller (utilizing silicon-controlled rectifiers) which affects the synchronizing torque. Experimental studies on a 5-hp (horsepower) synchronous machine confirm the results of theoretical performance calculations. The primary advantage of the new method is in applications where more conventional stabilizing methods fail. A normally unstable doubly fed double-speed synchronous machine has been successfully stabilized by this technique.
South Carolina Interglacial Sites and Stage 5 Sea Levels

Amino acid and other studies have been made on the 30-km Pleistocene sections of the Intracoastal Waterway between Myrtle Beach and Little River, South Carolina. Our ratios differentiate the long-established Waccamaw (oldest), Canepatch, and Socastee formations. The ratios from the four laboratories that have worked in this area agree very well, and apparent conflicts with U-series dates may merely reflect an abundance of reworked corals. Our amino acid correlations with U-series coral dates in South Carolina, Bermuda, and the Mediterranean all argue that the classical Canepatch and its Horry Clay date from isotope stage 5e and not, as has been implied, from stage 7, 9, 11, or 13. Excavations and erosion have increased position-fixing problems along the Waterway, and “Canepatch” amino acid ratios and U-series dates (460,000 ± 100,000 yr B.P.) at “ICW5” may be from an older unit. The Canepatch shows the double marine transgression visible in many stage 5e deposits. Pollen shows that the second transgression occurred late in the interglaciation, and stratigraphic studies show that it reached 14 m. It therefore fits very well Antarctic ice-surge models of stage 5 sea level and climate. The Socastee adds to the evidence for one or more sea levels above 0 m late in stage 5.
Utility of Non-Effort Dependent Pulmonary Function Tests (NEDPFT) in Pediatric Emergency Department (ED) Patients with Acute Asthma Exacerbation

Background: Asthma represents a significant percentage of ED visits. Management decisions are based on clinical evaluation. Spirometry and peak flow have been used to monitor control but both are limited by being effort dependent. NEDPFT such as inductance plethysmography and respiratory profile monitor role have not been fully evaluated in ED setting.
Deregulatory Forms, Variations in the Speed of Governance Adaptation, and Firm Performance

Government regulation in an industry is an intermediary in the principal-agent relationship that acts as a substitute for internal governance mechanisms. We propose a model for studying how different forms of deregulation (frame-breaking, metamorphic, piecemeal, and plodding) impact variations in the speed of adaptation of internal governance mechanisms to the theoretical predictions of agency theory and resulting performance implications. We develop illustrative propositions for a set of contingencies that moderate the above relationship. How government and firms manage the deregulatory process has important economic and social consequences.
Large woody debris, physical process, and riparian forest development in montane river networks of the Pacific Northwest

Abstract We present a conceptual biogeomorphic model of riparian forest development in montane river networks. The role of physical process in driving the structure, composition, and spatial distribution of riparian forests is examined. We classify the drainage network into disturbance process-based segments including: (1) debris-flow and avalanche channels, (2) fluvial and debris-flow channels, and (3) fluvial channels. Riparian forests are shown to be significant in the development of channel morphology through the stabilization of active floodplains and as sources of large woody debris (OLWD). LWD is operationally defined as wood > 0.1 m diameter and > 1 m length. LWD plays a key role in the development of montane riparian forests. LWD deposited in the active channel and floodplain provides sites for vegetation colonization, forest island growth and coalescence, and forest floodplain development. Riparian forest patterns parallel the distribution of hillslope and fluvial processes through the network. Riparian forest structure:, composition, and spatial distribution through the network are driven by the major disturbance processes including: (1) avalanches, (2) debris-flows, and (3) flooding. Riparian forest patterns also reflect the action of LWD in the organization and development of forested floodplains in gravel bedded montane river networks. The focus of our examples are montane river networks of the Pacific Northwest, USA.