cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case report of naltrexone treatment of self-injury and social withdrawal in autism.

The endogenous opiate release theory of self-injurious behavior (SIB) was investigated through double-blind placebo-controlled administration of naltrexone hydrochloride (Trexan ®) to a 14-year-old autistic and mentally retarded male for treatment of severe SIB. Results yielded a marked decrease in SIB during two phases of active drug treatment, though SIB did not revert to originally observed placebo levels during a second placebo phase. An increase in social relatedness also was observed during phases of active drug treatment. Opiate theories of self-injury and the possible interrelationship of self-injury with pituitary-adrenal arousal and with social relatedness are discussed.
Effect of Controlled Modulation on Chip Formation and Interface Tribology in Machining

Based on consideration of mechanics of chip formation, it is shown that the application of a controlled modulation fundamentally changes the nature of the extreme deformation underlying chip formation, and the severe contact conditions at the tool-chip interface. Important consequences are significant reduction in the energy of chip formation, and control of chip shape and size for improved chip management. Implementation of modulation-assisted machining for industrial machining processes is discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Norm variance of minimax interpolation

Minimax-optimal interpolation algorithms minimize the error resulting from the worst signal from an allowable class. The result is presented that if this class lies in a Hilbert space, the minimax-optimal algorithm is independent of or invariant to the error norm. The result encompasses a broad class of inverse problems. >
USES OF Q2 EVOLUTION IN GPD PHENOMENOLOGY

We shortly review the status of perturbative corrections to hard exclusive processes, which were partially obtained by utilizing conformal symmetry. We outline the conformal partial wave expansion of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and hard exclusive amplitudes, which can be used for a model dependent extraction of the two-dimensional momentum fraction shape of GPDs by means of evolution. We exemplify this method and point out it importance for the description of collider data in the small xBj region.
Current social psychological perspectives on justice

In the context of a comparative review of four recently published books on justice, the author provides an assessment of the current state of the field. He specifically discusses the role of equity theory, the variety of distributive principles, the role of justice in social behaviour, the broadening of perspectives in the field, and some remaining gaps and weaknesses in the literature. In concluding, the work of the leading theorists in the area is evaluated.
An Electron Localization Function Study of the Lone Pair

Electron localization function (ELF) theory is used to characterize lone pairs in a variety of situations. Using the lone pair basin attractor locations, lone pair distances from their parent nucleus may be defined as well as the angular disposition of the lone pair with regard to its neighboring atoms and bond basin centers. Studies of the first and second row hydrides show, with some exceptions, that lone pairs are basically tetrahedrally disposed with distances dependent essentially only on the atomic number (Z) of the heavy atom, decreasing with increasing Z. The examination of three-to-six membered heterorings involving nitrogen and phosphorus show that only in the most constrained systems are large effects noticeable. Two relatively weak hydrogen bonding systems (HOH···OH2 and FH···NH3) show that only a very small transfer of charge occurs upon dimer formation and involves mainly the proton donor and the acceptor lone pair; in the water dimer it is shown that both the acceptor lone pair and the dono...
Effect of pressure on the superconducting primitive cubic and “polymeric” phases of Na2CsC60

Abstract The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, has been determined using several gaseous pressure media and a variety of pressure-temperature cycles, both of which profoundly affect Tc. The orthorhombic “polymer” phase discussed by Zhu is found to be superconducting. Models for the unexpected behavior are discussed.
The presence and phytotoxicity of fumonisins and aal-toxin in alternaria alternata

The fumonisins (FB) and AAL-toxin are known to be produced by Fusarium moniliforme and Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici when grown on rice. Alternaria alternata produced 1.3–3.1 ppm FB1 when grown on PDA for 2 weeks at 26 °C as determined by CD-ELISA and 0.6 ppm as determined by CF/FAB/MS. ELISA consistently yielded higher results than CF/FAB/MS. The presence of FB2, FB3 and AAL-toxin were demonstrated in spores and mycelia of A. alternata by CF/FAB/MS. The presence of AAL-toxin was further confirmed by demonstration of increased free sphingoid bases in tomato plants exposed to fungal spores and mycelia. This is the first report of AAL-toxin, FB2 and FB3 in spores and mycelia and confirms the presence of FB1 in A. alternata.
Equal levels of blood pressure control in ESRD patients receiving high-efficiency hemodialysis and conventional hemodialysis

Abstract The present study compared the status of hypertension and adequacy of blood pressure control in 73 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with four different modalities of hemodialysis, namely, conventional hemodialysis (CHD) with cuprophan 1.1 m2 at a blood flow rate of 300 mL/min, high-efficiency hemodialysis (HED) with cuprophan 1.6 m2 at a blood flow rate of 450 to 500 mL/min, high-flux hemodialysis (HFD) with F80 polysulfone 1.8 m2 at a blood flow rate 500 mL/min, and high-flux hemodiafiltration (HDF) with F80 2 x 1.8 m2 in series at a blood flow rate of 600 to 650 mL/min. Thirty of the 73 patients (41%) were receiving one or more antihypertensive agents to control their hypertension. The percentage of patients taking antihypertensive medication was less in the groups treated with HED, HFD, and HDF compared with the CHD group: 38%, 39%, and 39%, respectively, in the HED, HFD, and HDF groups versus 56% in the CHD group. Control of systolic and diastolic hypertension was achieved in a higher percentage of patients treated with HED, HFD, and HDF compared with patients treated with CHD. Sixty-two percent of HED, 58% of HFD, and 61% of HDF patients compared with 44% of CHD patients had systolic blood pressure less than 150 mm Hg, whereas 77% of HED, 76% of HFD, and 78% of HDF patients compared 56% of CHD patients had diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg. However, the differences in the use of antihypertensive medication and control rates of hypertension did not reach statistical significance. The average blood pressure of all patients was 144/89 mm Hg; this did not differ significantly between the four groups. There also were no significant differences in etiology of ESRD, hematocrit, biochemical data, as well as use and dose of recombinant human erythropoietin between the four groups. Compared with the CHD patients, the average treatment times with high-efficiency treatments were shorter, with HDF patients showing the shortest mean treatment time of 157+/-41 minutes per hemodialysis session. The mean Kt/V was higher in the groups treated with HED, HFD, or HDF (1.31+/- 0.3, 1.30+/-0.4, and 1.43+/-0.3, respectively) than in the CHD group (1.12+/-0.3; P
Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples

The impact of colonialism on Aboriginal groups in Canada is often described as “cultural genocide” or “ethnocide.” In contrast, this article offers a re-reading of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) that is sensitive to Aboriginal understandings and experiences of group life and group destruction. Through this re-reading, it is argued that genocide must be understood in a culturally contextualized manner so as to avoid modernist and Eurocentric biases. Only by opening up the conception of genocide will we be able to contend adequately with Canadian Aboriginal experiences of colonialism.
Alkylation of Isobutane with C3−C4 Olefins: Identification and Chemistry of Heavy-End Production

The chemistry of the production of C10−C16 isoparaffins during the alkylation of isobutane has been significantly clarified based on the new analytical information obtained in this investigation. These heavy isoparaffins are produced when isobutane is alkylated with C3−C4 olefins using either sulfuric acid or HF as the catalyst: at least 14 families of isomers are present in this heavy-end fraction, and many C10−C12 isoparaffins present in larger quantities have now been identified. This new information also permits better evaluation of process conditions for alkylation and improved calculation of yields. Since 10−16 wt % of industrial alkylates often are C10−C16 isoparaffins, these heavier isoparaffins often have a significant effect on alkylate quality (or octane number) when they are left in motor fuels. To obtain this new analytical evidence, seven alkylates produced using different olefins and/or different acid catalysts were analyzed using a gas chromatographic unit, and the results were compared. ...
A profile of uncompensated hospital care, 1983-1995.

ABSTRACT: This DataWatch examines national trends in the provision of uncompensated hospital care. It shows that rapid growth from 1983-1986 was followed by modest growth through 1990, a time during which managed care was becoming established in some regions. There was then another spurt in uncompensated care from 1991-1993, a period that corresponds to sizable increases in disproportionate-share payments. Uncompensated care growth again slowed through 1995. The increase in uncompensated care levels after 1988 appears not to have kept pace with growth in hospital expenses or the number of uninsured. However, the trend data do not suggest a large-scale reduction of effort.
Phase-resolved no planar laser-induced fluorescence of a jet flame in an acoustic chamber with excitation at frequencies <60 Hz

The California Institute of Technology's Combustion Acoustics Facility is used to measure the changes in the creation of NO in a partially premixed jet flame due to acoustic forcing at frequencies ranging from 22 to 55 Hz. The facility generates bulk acoustic modes that simulate unstable combustor conditions in the absence of velocity fluctuations. This facility and a similar burner have been previously used to measure the phase-resolved response of the OH field. In this experiment, phase-resolved NO planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements are recorded. The location and phase coupling of the NO field are analyzed, and the production and transport of NO are compared with previously reported OH field measurements. The NO levels increase for frequencies that exhibit stronger acoustic coupling to the flame. The NO concentration variations with the phase of the chamber pressure lead the OH field variations. This is probably a result of the greater NO sensitivity to temperature.
Arrays of radiative transition probabilities for the N2 first and second positive, no beta and gamma, N+2 first negative, and O2 Schumann-Runge band systems

Abstract Extensive arrays of Einstein A coefficients, band oscillator strengths, sums of the squared electronic-vibrational transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors are presented for the N2 first and second positive, NO beta and gamma, N+2 first negative, and O2 Schumann-Runge band systems. These results are based upon recent ab initio calculations of electronic transition moments, and potential curves obtained with updated spectroscopic constants.
Building Commitment, Attachment, and Trust in Strategic Decision-Making Teams: The Role of Procedural Justice

This study examined how decision-making procedures can facilitate the positive attitudes necessary for cooperative relations in decisionmaking teams. We hypothesized that consideration of member input and members' influence on a decision affect their perceptions of procedural fairness and consequently, their commitment to the decision, attachment to the group, and trust in its leader. An experiment involving intact management teams supported these hypotheses and indicated that perceived fairness partially mediated the impact of procedures on commitment, attachment, and trust.
The movement of materials into plants part II. The nature of solute movement into plants

The movement of solutes into plants can and should be expressed in terms of the specific free energies of the solute molecules. Similar expressions have been developed for the flow of water. The mathematical relation between the specific free energies of the solute and the water in solutions and in the osmometer systems of the plant has been presented. The terminology is consistent with thermodynamic and physico-chemical principles. The movement of solutes into plants can be accomplished through several modes of action. These possible modes of flow include simple diffusion, Donnan equilibria, pressure effects, adsorption including exchange adsorption, and metabolic accumulation. The metabolic accumulation of solute is probably a universal mode of net influx. The accumulation is directly related to oxidative catabolism for its source of energy. This energy is applied to the solute molecules through some type of solute-cytoplasmic interaction increasing their free energy such that the molecules of a solute species tend to move with and against the direction in which their concentration in solution decreases. The mechanism for conversion or transfer of chemical into mechanical energy remains to be elucidated.
Solubility in binary solvent systems. 6. Prediction of naphthalene and biphenyl solubilities based on the Wilson model

Abstract Solubilities have been determined at 30, 35 and 40° C for biphenyl in carbon tetrachloride, cyelohexane, n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane, and tor naphthalene in benzene, cyclohexane, toluene, ethylbenzene, carbon tetrachloride and n-hexane. Results of these measurements, combined with published data at 25 °C, are used to calculate the Wilson interaction parameters and to predict the solubilities of naphthalene and biphenyl in binary solvent mixtures. The Wilson model predicts the binary solvent solubilities to within an average deviation of 2.2%, using as input data the solubilities in the pure solvents.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of molds in cheese and yogurt.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of molds in dairy products. New Zealand White female rabbits were immunized with .45 mg of partially purified extracellular antigen from freeze-dried culture filtrates of Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor circinelloides, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Blood was drawn at various intervals, and antibodies were separated and purified. Antibody-peroxidase conjugates were prepared with the following ratios being the optimum ones: A. versicolor 10:20; C. herbarum 5:10; G. candidum 1:10; M. circinelloides 5:5; and P. chrysogenum 10:10. The assays were sensitive within a range of 1 ng to 1 microgram/ml, depending on the mold used. Inhibition tests were done for each mold with concentrations of 0 to 5000 micrograms/ml of antigen. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for Cladosporium, Geotrichum, and Mucor were only inhibited by antigens from other species of the same genus; whereas there was crossreaction between antibodies and antigens of species of Penicillium and of Aspergillus. Citrate buffer was best for extracting the mold from cheese and yogurt. The extract was adjusted to pH 7.2 and ELISA was performed. Results showed that these molds can be detected in Cheddar and cottage cheeses and yogurt within 2 d, which is before mold growth is visible in these products.
Tumor promoters alter gene expression and protein phosphorylation in avian cells in culture

Abstract We have investigated the effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) on the synthesis and modification of polypeptides in normal avian cells and cells infected by wild-type and temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have detected alterations in both the abundance of cellular polypeptides and in their phosphorylation that seem unique to TPA treatment. However, the state of phosphorylation of the major putative substrate for the action of the src gene-associated protein kinase, the 34- to 36-kilodalton protein, was not altered. Moreover, examination of the phosphorylated amino acid content of total cellular phosphoproteins revealed that the response to TPA was not associated with detectable increases in their phosphotyrosine content. These results make it unlikely that TPA acts by the activation of the phosphorylating activity of the cellular proto-src gene or by the activation of other cellular phosphotyrosine-specific kinases. We have shown previously that temperature-sensitive RSV-infected cells at nonpermissive temperature demonstrate an increased sensitivity to TPA treatment [Bissell, M. J., Hatie, C. & Calvin, M. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 348-352]. Our present results indicate that this is not due to reactivation of the phosphorylating activity of the defective src gene product or to its leakiness, and they lend support to the notion of multistep viral carcinogenesis.
What should patients be told prior to a medical procedure? Ethical and legal perspectives on medical informed consent

Ethicists and the medicolegal system agree that patients have rights to information prior to an elective medical procedure. Yet, it is far from clear whether there is at the present time an adequate framework for informing patients. Medicolegally, court cases as early as the 1900s strongly emphasized the preservation of individual rights to information in the patient-physician relationship. Most recently, an increasing number of states use the criterion of what a "reasonable man" would want as the basis for medical informed consent. Medical ethicists also have offered general principles for consideration by physicians: the importance of patient autonomy and preferences in decisions related to their own health care. This report examines the historical development of informed consent in the United States, legal and ethical perspectives in medical informed consent, and the pragmatic issues yet to be considered by physicians in keeping their duty to inform patients prior to a medical procedure.
Modeling agent negotiation

A multi-agent system (MAS) is a cooperation focused implementation of multiple programs (agents) that coordinate with each other to attempt to converge on the solution to one or more tasks. Agent negotiation is the convergence upon this solution through compromise and communication. Currently, the implementation of agents is highly dependent on the programming language, and any perspective to the negotiation methods agents use to achieve goals and tasks are drawn after the implementation phase of the development. A better solution to the development of agent interaction is to model the negotiation interaction on a high level, and produce from that model the implementation. Model-Integrated Computing (MIC) and Model-Integrated Program Synthesis (MIPS) are two tools which may be used toward the implementation of such a method.
Does Racism Harm Health? Did Child Abuse Exist Before 1962? On Explicit Questions, Critical Science, and Current Controversies: An Ecosocial Perspective

Research on racism as a harmful determinant of population health is in its infancy. Explicitly naming a long-standing problem long recognized by those affected, this work has the potential to galvanize inquiry and action, much as the 1962 publication of the Kempe et al. scientific article on the "battered child syndrome" dramatically increased attention to-and prompted new research on-the myriad consequences of child abuse, a known yet neglected social phenomenon. To further work on connections between racism and health, the author addresses 3 interrelated issues: (1) links between racism, biology, and health; (2) methodological controversies over how to study the impact of racism on health; and (3) debates over whether racism or class underlies racial/ethnic disparities in health.
The News Media on School Crime and Violence: Constructing Dangerousness and Fueling Fear

This article examines how the print news media report on the problem of school crime and violence. Based on a sample of news stories from The New York Times and USA Today , it analyzes the characteristics of these reports and how they fuel fears of school crime and violence. The study reveals that print news articles frame school crime as bad or getting worse; that they persistently remind readers about the potential for tragedy at school; that they rely on emotional responses to inform readers, rather than more objective sources of information; and that they describe school violence as being unpredictable while suggesting that schools should be blamed for failing to recognize warning signs of violence. These characteristics of news stories stoke readers' fears by providing a heightened sense of the threat of school violence, without a broader context for understanding how rare it is.
Energy efficient routing protocol for zone based mobile sensor networks

Mobility in sensor networks has not only expanded the role of sensor networks but has also given a whole new dimension to all research areas. Extra vigilance and unique approaches are required to address the concerns raised due to mobility. Therefore, we present a novel zone based routing scheme that is modified from Adhoc Ondemand Distance Vector Routing protocol. Our protocol is not only efficient in reducing the amount of control information produced as a result of path finding but also capable of reducing network segment errors, such that routing information is always available in the underlying network. The results have shown that this scheme is efficient in case of low as well as high mobility scenarios due to our proposed zone based architecture.
Dynamic quarantine of Internet worms

If we limit the contact rate of worm traffic, can we alleviate and ultimately contain Internet worms? This paper sets out to answer this question. Specifically, we are interested in analyzing different deployment strategies of rate control mechanisms and the effect thereof on suppressing the spread of worm code. We use both analytical models and simulation experiments. We find that rate control at individual hosts or edge routers yields a slowdown that is linear in the number of hosts (or routers) with the rate limiting filters. Limiting contact rate at the backbone routers, however, is substantially more effective-it renders a slowdown comparable to deploying rate limiting filters at every individual host that is covered. This result holds true even when susceptible and infected hosts are patched and immunized dynamically. To provide context for our analysis, we examine real traffic traces obtained from a campus computing network. We observe that rate throttling could be enforced with minimal impact on legitimate communications. Two worms observed in the traces, however, would be significantly slowed down.
Group Comparison Approaches in Psychiatric Research

Comparative population psychiatric research, regardless of the complexity of the methodology, involves studying the relationship between a risk determinant and a health outcome. A risk determinant is also referred to as an “independent variable,” “risk factor,” “exposure,” or “treatment” in a typical comparative study. Simply put, the outcome experience of a group of people who have been exposed to a risk determinant is compared to that of another group who have not been so exposed, and the relation between exposure and outcome is evaluated empirically. In psychiatry, the risk determinant or exposure may be whether the individual has a certain disorder (i.e., schizophrenia or affective disorder) or some combination of psychiatric symptomatology. The outcome might be measured as long-term functioning, mortality rates, morbidity rates, or familial psychopathology.
Controlled Degradation of Polypropylene by Reactive Extrusion

Abstract Controlled degradation of polypropylene is conducted in a single screw extruder using a peroxide initiator. Melt flow index was measured to study the effect of peroxide concentration and extrusion temperature on molecular weight. The increase in the melt flow index has been found to be mainly influenced by the peroxide concentration, not by the barrel temperature. Little change in melt flow index was seen after second extrusion. This is a clear evidence that total decomposition of peroxide was carried out in the extruder.
Using Tarjan's Red Rule for Fast Dependency Tree Construction

We focus on the problem of efficient learning of dependency trees. It is well-known that given the pairwise mutual information coefficients, a minimum-weight spanning tree algorithm solves this problem exactly and in polynomial time. However, for large data-sets it is the construction of the correlation matrix that dominates the running time. We have developed a new spanning-tree algorithm which is capable of exploiting partial knowledge about edge weights. The partial knowledge we maintain is a probabilistic confidence interval on the coefficients, which we derive by examining just a small sample of the data. The algorithm is able to flag the need to shrink an interval, which translates to inspection of more data for the particular attribute pair. Experimental results show running time that is near-constant in the number of records, without significant loss in accuracy of the generated trees. Interestingly, our spanning-tree algorithm is based solely on Tarjan's red-edge rule, which is generally considered a guaranteed recipe for bad performance.
Integrated DC bias line RF MEMS switch for reconfiguring the patch-slot antenna: Simulations and measurements

The patch antenna with switchable slot (PASS) can realize the versatile diversities such as frequency and polarization reconfigurability with single slot and an RF switch [1]-[2]. Among many RF switches, packaged RF MEMS switch is becoming attractive for the reconfigurable radiating structure due to its low insertion loss and availability [3]. On the other hand, implementation of RF MEMS switch could become complicated for particular structure like slot-loaded patch antenna which has an embedded slot structure. To overcome this problem, the floating dc ground [4] has been utilized for actuating RF MEMS switch placed on the slot without dc bias line [5]. The floating ground is simple and efficient circuitries to implement the RF MEMS slot-loaded structure. However, the integration of this structure may become difficult. The alternative way is to integrate the dc bias line with RF MEMS switch to actuate MEMS switch placed on the slot. By integrating the dc bias line, the design accommodates the “monolithic integration” of the antenna in a layer and easy access of the dc potential to the MEMS placed on the slot. In this paper, a novel reconfigurable patch-slot antenna design is realized with RF MEMS switch and integrated bias line.
Protruding Giant Cervical Polyp in a Young Adolescent with a Previous Rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract Giant cervical polyps are rare entities, with only 8 reported cases in the international literature (MEDLINE 1966–2002). Of these cases, only one has been described in the pediatric population. There has been no report of a giant cervical polyp occurring in the older, although early, adolescent period. The discovery of a giant cervical polyp in a young adolescent is a gynecological oddity. The immense size of giant cervical polyps, together with their menacing appearance and unusual presentation, can simulate a malignant neoplasm. Care must be taken in their diagnosis and management so that the patient's fertility is not compromised. We report on a young adolescent girl with a previous history of a rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), who presented with a giant cervical polyp protruding from the vaginal introitus. The literature on this entity is reviewed.
Rhythmic ryanodine receptor Ca2+ releases during diastolic depolarization of sinoatrial pacemaker cells do not require membrane depolarization

Localized, subsarcolemmal Ca2+ release (LCR) via ryanodine receptors (RyRs) during diastolic depolarization of sinoatrial nodal cells augments the terminal depolarization rate. We determined whether LCRs in rabbit sinoatrial nodal cells require the concurrent membrane depolarization, or are intrinsically rhythmic, and whether rhythmicity is linked to the spontaneous cycle length. Confocal linescan images revealed persistent LCRs both in saponin-permeabilized cells and in spontaneously beating cells acutely voltage-clamped at the maximum diastolic potential. During the initial stage of voltage clamp, the LCR spatiotemporal characteristics did not differ from those in spontaneously beating cells, or in permeabilized cells bathed in 150 nmol/L Ca2+. The period of persistent rhythmic LCRs during voltage clamp was slightly less than the spontaneous cycle length before voltage clamp. In spontaneously beating cells, in both transient and steady states, LCR period was highly correlated with the spontaneous cycle length; and regardless of the cycle length, LCRs occurred predominantly at a constant time, ie, 80% to 90% of the cycle length. Numerical model simulations incorporating LCRs reproduce the experimental results. We conclude that diastolic LCRs reflect rhythmic intracellular Ca2+ cycling that does not require the concomitant membrane depolarization, and that LCR periodicity is closely linked to the spontaneous cycle length. Thus, the biological clock of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells, like that of many other rhythmic functions occurring throughout nature, involves an intracellular Ca2+ rhythm.
Serial analysis of imaging parameters in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme

The objective of this study was to test the predictive value of serial MRI data in relation to clinical outcome for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed GBM underwent conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted imaging postsurgery and prior to radiation/chemotherapy (pre-RT), immediately after RT (post-RT), and every 1-2 months thereafter until tumor progression, up to a maximum of 1 year. Tumor volumes and perfusion and diffusion parameters were calculated and subject to time-independent and time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models that were adjusted for age and MR scanner field strength. Larger volumes of the T2 hyperintensity lesion (T2ALL) and nonenhancing lesion (NEL) at pre-RT, as well as increased anatomic volumes at post-RT, were associated with worse overall survival (OS). Higher normalized cerebral blood volumes (nCBVs), normalized peak height (nPH) and normalized recirculation factors (nRF) at pre-RT, and nCBV at post-RT, in the T2ALL and NEL, were associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS). From pre- to post-RT, there was a reduction in nCBV and nPH and an increase in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Patients with lower nRF values at pre-RT, or a larger increase in nRF from pre-RT to post-RT, had significantly longer PFS. Time-dependent analysis showed that patterns of changes in ADC and anatomic volumes were associated with OS, while changes in nCBV, nPH, and the contrast-enhancing volume were associated with PFS. Our studies suggest that quantitative MRI variables derived from anatomic and physiological MRI provide useful information for predicting outcome in patients with GBM.
Surgical resection for carcinoma of the pancreas: A historical overview

Although attempts to treat pancreatic cancer were made at the end of the nineteenth century, there was no active interest in this field of surgery until 1935 when Whipple and his associates developed and popularized the technique for a two-stage pancreaticoduodectomy. Several modifications of the original Whipple operation were made in the 1940s. Total pancreatectomy and regional pancreatectomy were introduced in the surgical armamentarium against pancreatic cancer, but they did not gain wide acceptance. Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodectomy was introduced in 1978, but its role in the management of pancreatic cancer needs to be more clearly defined. The operative mortality of pancreatic resections has dramatically declined in large specialized centers during the last decade. A significant improvement in long-term survival was also reported in recent series. Despite the decline in operative mortality and the improved long-term survival after resection for pancreatic cancer, the overall prognosis of this disease remains dismal because of the lack of methods for early diagnosis. Future investigations should focus in the areas of early detection and more effective management approaches for locally advanced disease. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KNIGHT'S MODEL, ITS AUTOMORPHISM GROUP, AND CHARACTERIZING THE UNCOUNTABLE CARDINALS

We show that every ℵα (α<ω1) can be characterized by the Scott sentence of some countable model; moreover there is a countable structure whose Scott sentence characterizes ℵ1 but whose automorphism group fails the topological Vaught conjecture on analytic sets. We obtain some partial information on Ulm type dichotomy theorems for the automorphism group of Knight's model.
A simple adsorber dynamics approach to simulated countercurrent moving bed reactor performance

Abstract The design and performance of a simulated countercurrent moving bed chromatographic reactor (SCMCR) for high temperature reactions are investigated for both reversible and irreversible reactions of a single reactant. From an analysis of the solid phase and gas phase flow ratios in each of the SCMCR sections, the flow conditions necessary for optimizing the conversion and yield are obtained. Reactor performance is not evaluated from typical material balance equations, but rather by considering the separation of reactant and product waves as they flow through the sections of the SCMCR, and as the feed point is cycled under the assumption of dispersionless plug flow. The additional assumptions of linear adsorption equilibria and infinite gas–solid mass transfer rates permit the expressions for exit molar flow profiles during the initial transient period, and of the ultimate periodic steady state, to be readily obtained. Simple algebraic expressions for the production rate of the reaction product as a function of the adsorption equilibrium constants, the per pass conversion, the number of switching periods, and the molar flow rate of the reactant, are presented.
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN TRANSIT SYSTEMS: 1983-1988

Abstract Performance in single mode bus transit systems is analyzed in this paper. The paper points to two potential problems in using partial productivity and other measures in assessing the performance levels of transit systems. One solution suggested is total factor productivity which is shown to be mathematically related to many of the traditional measures of performance. Next, total factor productivity is determined using data for a sample of single mode bus transit systems. As part of the analysis, a neoclassical cost function is developed which allows for decomposition of total factor productivity among technical change and economies of scale. The major conclusions include growth of total factor productivity of 1.1% per year and technical growth of 1.14% per year. Growth of total factor productivity is attributed to output, the productivities of all inputs and technical change. Policy implications of these findings are examined.
Relation of sediment load and flood-plain formation to climatic variability, Paria River drainage basin, Utah and Arizona

Suspended-sediment load, flow volume, and flood characteristics of the Paria River were analyzed to determine their relation to climate and flood-plain alluviation between 1923 and 1986. Flood-plain alluviation began about 1940 at a time of decreasing magnitude and frequency of floods in winter, summer, and fall. No floods with stages high enough to inundate the flood plain have occurred since 1980, and thus no flood-plain alluviation has occurred since then. The decrease in magnitude and frequency of floods appears to have resulted from a decrease in frequency of large storms, particularly dissipating tropical cyclones, and not from a decrease in annual or seasonal precipitation. Suspended-sediment load is highest in summer and fall, whereas flow volume is highest in winter. Fall shows the greatest interannual variability in suspended-sediment load, flow volume, and flood size because climatic conditions are most variable in fall. The relation between sediment load and discharge apparently did not change within the period of sediment sampling (1949-1976), even though the channel elevation and width changed significantly. Annual suspended-sediment loads estimated for periods before and after 1949-1976 show that decrease in suspended-sediment load caused by floodplain alluviation in the Paria River and other tributaries could have been a significant part of the decrease of suspended-sediment load in the Colorado River in the early 1940s.
Airway growth after pediatric lung transplantation.

Abstract Background Lung transplantation (LT) has been successfully offered to pediatric patients. Very little is known about the growth of the transplanted lung, especially in the infant population. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning is a simple method for studying pediatric patients who have undergone LT. We evaluated the use of CT scans to assess airway growth after pediatric LT, compare airway diameter indexed to somatic growth between LT patients and normals, and compare the growth of pre-anastomotic and post-anastomotic airways indexed to somatic growth in pediatric LT patients. Methods We reviewed CT scans on all pediatric patients who underwent primary LT before their fifteenth birthday between January 1995 and September 1998. Uniform measurements of diameter were made in pre-anastomotic (trachea, and proximal right and left bronchi) and post-anastomotic (distal right and left bronchi) sites. These measurements were then correlated with height and compared to previously published normal values. Results Of the 16 patients who underwent LT during the study period, 11 had at least 2 sequential CT scans (LT age 3 months to 14 years, median 2 years). Thirty-one CT scans were reviewed. Inter-observer variability was within 1 standard deviation (2 mm) in 93% of the measurements and inter-observer reliability was 0.91 by analysis of variance. Tracheal transverse diameter plotted against body height (slope 0.0072, correlation coefficient 0.88) was virtually identical to previously published norms. A similar relationship between airway diameter and height was observed in pre-anastomotic and post-anastomotic segments. Conclusion CT scanning is a reliable method for assessing airway growth in pediatric LT recipients. Tracheal growth in pediatric LT recipients is similar to that of normal children. Post-anastomotic large airways grow similarly to native, pre-anastomotic airways.
Pulmonary Infectious Mortality Among Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease

Background Infection is the second-leading cause of death among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This is due in part to advanced age, comorbid conditions, and immune dysfunction observed in uremic states. Although one may hypothesize that pulmonary infectious mortality is higher among patients with ESRD compared with the general population (GP), no such data are currently available. Methods We compared annual pulmonary infectious mortality rates among patients with ESRD to those in the GP. The data were abstracted from the United States Renal Data System and the National Center for Health Statistics, respectively, and were stratified by age, gender, race, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus (DM). In the GP, primary and multiple cause-of-death analyses were performed to account for potential limitations of the data sources. Results Overall, pulmonary infectious mortality rate was 14-fold to 16-fold higher in dialysis patients and approximately twofold higher in renal transplant recipients compared with the GP. After stratification for age, differences between groups decreased but retained their magnitude. Conclusion Patients with ESRD treated with dialysis have higher pulmonary infectious mortality rates compared with the GP, even after stratification for age, race, and DM. Consequently, this patient population must be considered at high risk for the development of lethal pulmonary infections.
Molecular dynamics simulations of atomic-level brittle fracture mechanisms in amorphous silica

We have examined the atomic dynamics of the brittle fracture process in amorphous silica using molecular dynamics. Under strain, extensive atomic restructuring occur in the vicinity of voids leading to the formation of 2-membered (2-M) silica rings that are much different than the open network structure of the bulk. The sequence of events that lead to the formation of the 2-M rings was characterized by examining the change in local coordination of atoms.
Five New Species of the Stethobaris Leconte Complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae) Associated with Amaryllidaceae

Abstract. Five weevil species reared or collected from Amaryllidaceae in the New World are compared with morphologically similar weevils, mostly found on orchids. Based on preliminary analyses of external and some internal characters, they are referred to Stethobaris LeConte and described as Stethobaris cerpheroides Prena and O'Brien, new species; Stethobaris hybrisPrena and O'Brien, new species; Stethobaris nemesis Prena and O'Brien, new species; Stethobaris sprekeliae Prena and O'Brien, new species and Stethobaris ultimaPrena and O'Brien, new species. Central Mexico is their likely origin, but nearly all available specimens have been found elsewhere associated with plants traded among growers. Stethobaris nemesis is adventive in the southeastern United States (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas) and Barbados, Lesser Antilles. Cerpheres rufescens Champion is transferred to Stethobaris (new combination), and a lectotype is designated for this species. Cerpheres glabresce...
Promoting Diverse Cultural Expression: Lessons from the U.S. Copyright Wars

In 2007, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression (CCD) with the goal of creating an environment that encourages individuals and social groups to create, distribute, and have access to diverse cultural expression from their own cultural and from cultures around the world. With regard to domestic and international efforts to implement the CCD and reconcile its goals with other international norms, the author argues that valuable lessons can be learned from current trends and issues in U.S. copyright law. Specifically, the author argues that the current debate over copyright's response to new technologies in general and how best to promote and protect musical expression in a digital and networked world illustrate the importance of disaggregating the interests of creators and distributors. Depending upon the funding mechanism chosen for creation, legal protection for distributors may undermine the goals of the CCD leading to fewer works being created, disseminated, and made accessible to the public.
Mode-Estimator-Free Quadratic Control of Jump Linear Systems with Mode-Detection Random Delay

Linear quadratic regulator algorithms are developed via Dynamic Programming for discrete-time dynamical systems with a jumping parameter (\ the mode") modeled as the state of a flnite homogenous Markov chain and with additive zero-mean white process noise. The continuous state is assumed to be known while the mode is detected after some random delay, which probabilistic model is given. The optimal solution is presented, the con∞ict between optimality and practicality is analyzed, and a computationally e‐cient suboptimal algorithm is suggested. Speciflc algorithms for the cases of a known constant delay and of no-delay are derived as by-products. The proposed algorithms have some of the classical LQG features: recursion, linear state feedback, state quadratic optimal costto-go, which are direct consequences of the nested property of the information patterns and of the full state information. The gain computation, however, depends on the speciflc information structure. The proposed suboptimal controller is a flnite memory controller and a look-up table for the gains can be computed ofi-line. Comparative results of an extensive Monte-Carlo simulation illustrate the e‐ciency of the proposed algorithm that mitigates the destabilizing efiect of an ignored random mode-detection delay. Using a formal limiting procedure the algorithm for continuous time and continuous delay is also provided. It includes as a special case a previous algorithm developed under the assumption of instantaneous mode detection.
NO Inhibition Effects During Oxidation of Propylene on Cu-Chabazite Catalyst: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Study

Bench-flow reactor and in situ DRIFTS experiments were carried out to elucidate the features of the propylene + NO + O2 reaction system on Cu–SSZ13 (chabazite) monolithic catalyst. Experiments were conducted under both steady state and transient conditions for application-relevant feed conditions. Steady state conversion data of the C3H6 light-off in the presence of excess O2 (5%) shows inhibition by a much smaller amount of NO (500 ppm). Corresponding data in the presence of NO2 reveals a transition in the C3H6 light-off curve; for temperatures below 350 °C, the C3H6 conversion is higher in the presence of NO2 as compared to O2 whereas above 350 °C the C3H6 conversion in the absence of NO2 is higher. The reduction of NO2 to NO and N2 is enhanced by the addition of C3H6, which facilitates the reduction of Cu sites favorable for the NO2 reduction. Spatially resolved concentration profiles using a series of monolith pieces of different lengths provide insight into the reaction pathways. The spatial profiles...
Total Nitrogen Determination in Water by Interval Flow Injection Analyzer

[Objective]To establish the method of detecting the total nitrogen in source water by using the ALIANCE FUTURA water interval flow injection analyzer. [Methods]Auto-filling by the instrument sampler,the samples occurred chemical reaction completely in airtight pipeline through analyzing module,then entered flow detection pool for spectrophotometric detection.The data was processed by automatic processing system. [Results]The method has good linear relationship(r=0.9999),higher precision and accuracy(RSD=2.07%) at the range of 0~5.0 mg/L.The detection limit was low(0.011 mg/L),comparing with the national standards,there was no significant differences(P0.05). [Conclusion]Comparing with the GB 11894-89 alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-UV spectrophotometric method,this method has advantage of enhancing work efficiency and results accuracy,etc.It can be used for routine analysis of large quantities of source water.