cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Classifying and Value-Filtering Missions of Borders

Using examples of migration of Mixtecs from Oaxaca and of Mexican nationals in general across the US–Mexican border, this article explores and illustrates the proposition that the political importance of social borders varies directly with the degree to which they serve two basic missions. The first of these missions is classificatory in the sense of defining, categorizing, and otherwise affecting the identities that are circumscribed and divided by borders and that cross them. Such kinds of identities are ethnicity, nationality, the cultural experience, markers of social class and so on. The second mission is also classificatory, but in the sense of affecting the economic CLASS positions and relationships of migrants who cross borders. This second mission of borders is effected by differentially filtering and transforming forms of economic value that flow across them and between identities defined by them. It is argued that these two complementary processes – classification of identities and CLASSificati...
Engineering Vesicle Membranes for Cellular Reconstitutions

Cells routinely sample their local environment, process this information through internal signaling, and respond accordingly. However, the sheer complexity that underlies cellular behavior makes cells notoriously difficult to understand and control. To address these issues, traditional cell biological approaches are often complemented with in vitro reconstitutions aimed at building ‘cell-like’ systems from individual components. Such reconstitutions can provide functional insights into biological processes and have great potential for improving drug delivery. However, these studies are still limited by the technical challenge of assembling giant lipid vesicles with embedded transmembrane (TM) proteins and complex cytosolic components.Here we present a method for incorporating TM proteins into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with simultaneous control over the encapsulated components. This method is an extension of a previously developed microfluidic jetting technique for creating GUVs from planar bilayers, analogous to blowing bubbles from a soap film. The technique can now be used to incorporate TM proteins with controlled orientation and create an asymmetric lipid bilayer composition in order to assemble increasingly sophisticated ‘cell-like’ systems.With this approach, we demonstrate encapsulation of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) carrying the vesicular fusion machinery (vSNAREs) into GUVs carrying the target fusion machinery (tSNAREs), closely mimicking the organization of synaptic vesicles in cells. Using fluorescence microscopy we track the location of SUVs in the lumen of GUVs and study the role of vesicle docking in the process of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion.
Validity of the Personality Inventory for Children with Four-Year-Old Males and Females: A Caution

Le but de cette etude a ete de valider certaines echelles du Personality Inventory for Children sur un echantillon d'enfant d'âge prescolaire en milieu rural
Characterization of A Polymer-Based MEMS Packaging Technique

This paper presents characterization of a low-cost polymer-based technique for wafer-level packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The packaging process does not impose any size limitation to the device and can be applied to a wide variety of MEMS devices regardless of substrate type. Our technique utilizes thermal decomposition of a sacrificial polymer through a polymer overcoat cap, followed by metal deposition to create hermiticity. The method has been applied to surface and bulk micromachined silicon structures including resonators, tunable capacitors and accelerometers. Mechanical and electrical characterization of the packaged devices is reported to be very close to the corresponding values before packaging.
Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South American Empire

This book takes a new and provocative approach to ancient state expansion, looking at the role and dynamics of colonization in pre-Columbian Andean states. Paul Goldstein argues that the influential Tiwanaku culture in the Bolivian highlands, which existed in the 7th through 11th centuries A.D., was at its core a civilization of peoples of distinctive ethnic and political affiliations who shared some common identities. He maintains that Tiwanaku expansion came about because of a complex web of economic and cultural exchanges that linked regions into a pluralistic confederation, a demographic process he calls "ethnicity in motion." Goldstein takes issue with earlier notions of ancient state expansion that argue for a coercive centralized political body under charismatic warlords and powerful ruling elites. He asserts that "globalist" interpretations of expansive states, whether they focus on imperial conquest or hegemonic "world systems," all share a similarly limited centrist perspective. In contrast, his reassessment of state structure emphasizes identity, process, and dynamics from the bottom up. Noting that the Tiwanaku civilization was far more pluralistic than is commonly believed, he contends that early states in the Andes, and perhaps throughout the ancient world, were segmentary in nature and that they remained so even as they grew into larger empires. After introducing the role of diasporas in early state growth, Goldstein synthesizes recent research on the Tiwanaku civilization of highland Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. He presents the results of his own extensive archaeological field research in Azapa, Chile, and Moquegua, Peru, showing how settlement, household, mortuary, and monumental archaeology bear on the colonization of lowland agricultural valleys.
eBrands: Building an Internet Business at Breakneck Speed

John Callister reviews Phil Carpenter's eBrands: Building an Internet Business at Breakneck Speed
Enhanced LVDS for signaling on the RapidIO/sup TM/ interconnect architecture

Low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) is an established signaling standard for data rates up to about 600 Mb/s. The RapidIO interconnect architecture is an emerging protocol that uses LVDS for unidirectional point-to-point communication between two components on a board or in a backplane environment. The simulated performance and design trade-offs of source-terminated LVDS are shown for enhanced data rates of over 2 Gb/s.
Experimental myocardial infarction

In this study of the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygenation in the therapy of left ventricular failure after experimental myocardial infarction, 6 intact dogs underwent a 20 minute control period of exposure to 100 percent oxygen at 3 atmospheres absolute of pressure. The procedure increased arterial PO2 to more than 1,600 mm Hg and mean aortic pressure by 8 percent (0.05 <P < 0.10); left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased from 8.0 to 9.7 mm Hg (P < 0.05) without change in heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular minute work, stroke work or total peripheral resistance. One hour later, coronary occlusion was produced and resulted in left ventricular failure, manifested by an increase in heart rate and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and by a fall in stroke volume and stroke work. Ten minutes after occlusion, the dogs underwent a second hyperbaric exposure period, and mean aortic pressure increased by 9 percent (0.05 <P < 0.10), left ventricular minute work by 9 percent (P < 0.01) and stroke work by 17 percent (0.05 <P < 0.10). The increased work was performed at the expense of an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 13.1 to 17.4 mm Hg (P < 0.01). Other variables remained stable. An additional 8 dogs that underwent coronary occlusion while breathing room air had stable hemodynamic values over the ensuing hour except for a progressive increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. It is concluded that hyperbaric oxygenation did not improve left ventricular function impaired by experimental myocardial infarction in intact, conscious dogs, even though given at a time when the ischemic lesion was potentially reversible.
Influence of Alginate on Attachment of Vibrio spp. to Stainless Steel Surfaces in Seawater

The influence of alginate on the attachment of Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio pelagius biovar II to stainless steel was investigated. When the bacteria were in stationary phase, alginate decreased the number of attached bacteria in the case of each Vibrio sp. In contrast, when V. pelagius biovar II was grown on alginate and harvested in log phase, attachment was increased. This effect may be due to nutrient availability at the surface or to receptors on the bacterial surface which interact with alginate adsorbed to the metal.
Energy Usage in an Embedded Space Vision Application on a Tiled Architecture

The need for greater autonomy in platforms such as planetary rovers is driving rapidly to codes that far overwhelm the capabilities of conventional space-qualified single core processors to run them in real-time. However, a new generation of potentially space-qualified 2D “tiled” multi-core microprocessor chips is emerging with significant performance potential. Leveraging such inherently parallel hardware for space platforms requires consideration of both time and power limitations - the latter of which is not normally done in conventional parallel computing. This paper takes one such application, Rockster, and analyzes it for energy usage when ported to a multi-core tiled chip such as may come from the Maestro program. The results demonstrate not only the criticality of memory and interconnect in the energy of real-time parallel codes, but also the effects of possible “energy-aware” changes in partitioning and algorithm design.
The risk of hypertension after preoperative discontinuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor antagonists in ambulatory and same-day admission patients.

BACKGROUND:The continued use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II subtype I receptor antagonists (ARBs) medications in the preoperative period has been reported to be associated with intraoperative hypotension that can be unresponsive to pressor drugs. As a result,
Nω‐Nitro‐L‐arginine Administration Corrects Peripheral Vasodilation and Systemic Capillary Hypotension and Ameliorates Plasma Volume Expansion and Sodium Retention in Portal Hypertensive Rats

In portal hypertensive states, peripheral vasodilation leads to sodium retention and plasma volume expansion. N omega-nitro-L-arginine, a specific biosynthesis inhibitor of the vasodilator nitric oxide, has been shown to acutely reverse peripheral vasodilation and the vascular hyporesponsiveness to endogenous and exogenous vasoconstrictors observed in portal hypertensive rats. This study investigated whether N omega-nitro-L-arginine treatment in portal hypertensive rats prevents peripheral vasodilation and therefore ameliorates plasma volume expansion and sodium retention. For 2 days before partial portal vein ligation or sham operation and then continuously for 4 days after the operation, animals received either placebo (0.9% saline) or N omega-nitro-L-arginine (approximately 2 micrograms/kg/min) intravenously through a subcutaneously implanted Alzet osmotic pump (model 2ML1; Alza, Palo Alto, CA). In portal hypertensive rats, N omega-nitro-L-arginine treatment significantly increased mean arterial pressure (placebo vs. N omega-nitro-L-arginine, 123 +/- 4 vs. 150 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.001) and systemic vascular resistance (3.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.6 +/- 0.3 mm Hg/ml/min/100 gm body weight; p < 0.001), associated with a decrease in the cardiac index (33.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 27.0 +/- 1.1 ml/min/100 gm body weight; p < 0.001). N omega-nitro-L-arginine treatment also induced a decrease in plasma volume (4.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.1 ml/100 gm body weight; p < 0.001) and extracellular sodium space (39.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 37.4 +/- 0.4 ml/100 gm body weight; p < 0.05) without changes in serum sodium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differential Gene Expression in Response to Exposure to Antimycobacterial Agents and Other Stress Conditions among Seven Mycobacterium tuberculosis whiB-Like Genes

The seven Mycobacterium tuberculosis whiB-like genes encode small proteins postulated to be transcriptional regulators. A systematic real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis following exposure to antibiotics and a variety of growth and in vitro stress conditions indicates differential, and in some cases dramatic, transcription modulations for the different M. tuberculosis whiB family members. This information together with biochemical analyses of the whiB1 to whiB7 gene products will be important for understanding the biology of this novel family of proteins in mycobacteria and related actinomycetes.
Sub-optical wavelength spatial imaging of the periodic fringes of total atomic density

Fringes of total atomic density produced in an atom interferometer consisting of two off-resonant standing wave pulses were directly imaged using an ldquooptical maskrdquo technique. Fringe periods with integer fractions of the standing-wave period were observed.
Youth Privilege Doing Age and Gender in Russia’s Single-Mother Families

Relative to gender, race, and class, age relations are undertheorized. Yet age, like gender, is routinely accomplished in daily life. Grandmothers and adult daughters simultaneously do age and gender as they support one another in managing paid work and domestic responsibilities. Drawing on ethnographic data and interviews with 90 single mothers and 30 grandmothers (babushki) in Russia, I explore intergenerational negotiations for support. Both single mothers and grandmothers are held accountable for doing gendered age, but labor and marriage markets tip the balance in favor of single mothers. Single mothers re-create youth privilege, finding their lives simpler with a babushka. Some grandmothers embrace newer discourses of femininity, challenging assumptions about age and family status that oblige them to perform care work. But most grandmothers do whatever they can to help daughters, feeling more dependent than ever on them because of the uncertainties of capitalism and the state’s retrenchment. I contr...
A composite-cell multiresolution time-domain technique for design of electromagnetic band-gap and via-array structures

In this paper the Haar-wavelet multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) scheme is modified in a way that enables the modeling of arbitrary positioned metals within a cell, leading to the development of composite cells that are useful for the simulation of highly detailed structures. The application of this technique to one such structure, an electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) resonator, is presented. The technique demonstrates a time-domain approach in which MRTD can be used to drastically reduce the number of cells needed to simulate a complex device while taking full advantage of the technique's inherent time-and space-adaptive gridding.
FER-1, an enhancer of the ferritin H gene and a target of E1A-mediated transcriptional repression.

Ferritin, the major intracellular iron storage protein of eucaryotic cells, is regulated during inflammation and malignancy. We previously reported that transcription of the H subunit of ferritin (ferritin H) is negatively regulated by the adenovirus E1A oncogene in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (Y. Tsuji, E. Kwak, T. Saika, S. V. Torti, and F. M. Torti, J. Biol. Chem. 268:7270-7275, 1993). To elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional repression of the ferritin H gene by E1A, a series of deletions in the 5' flanking region of the mouse ferritin H gene were constructed, fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, and transiently cotransfected into NIH 3T3 cells with an E1A expression plasmid. The results indicate that the E1A-responsive region is located approximately 4.1 kb 5' to the transcription initiation site of the ferritin H gene. Further analyses revealed that a 37-bp region, termed FER-1, is the target of E1A-mediated repression. This region also serves as an enhancer, augmenting ferritin H transcription independently of position and orientation. FER-1 was dissected into two component elements, i.e., a 22-bp dyad symmetry element and a 7-bp AP1-like sequence. Insertion of these DNA sequences into a ferritin H-CAT chimeric gene lacking an E1A-responsive region indicated that (i) the 22-bp dyad symmetry sequence by itself has no enhancer activity, (ii) the AP1-like sequence has moderate enhancer activity which is repressed by E1A, and (iii) the combination of the dyad symmetry element and the AP1-like sequence is required for maximal enhancer activity and repression by E1A. Gel retardation assays and cotransfection experiments with c-fos and c-jun expression vectors suggested that members of the Fos and Jun families bind to the AP1-like element of FER-1 and contribute to its regulation. In addition, gel retardation assays showed that E1A reduces the ability of nuclear proteins to bind to the AP1-like sequence without affecting the levels of nuclear factors that recognize the 22-bp dyad symmetry element. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FER-1 serves as both an enhancer of ferritin H transcription and a target for E1A-mediated repression.
Searching for non-sense: identification of pacemaker non-sense and non-capture failures using machine learning techniques

Abnormal or unexpected function of pacemakers due to mechanical failure of the implantation, electrical failures of the battery and electrodes, or physiological failures to respond to the stimulus may cause harm to a patient. A novel Bayesian decision tree algorithm is proposed to detect two types of pacemaker failures, non-sense and non-capture, without a priori knowledge of pacemaker type, model, or programming. A variety of pacemaker devices and modes were studied, including devices with single and dual chamber pacing; single and dual chamber sensing; and fixed rate and rate adaptive pacing. 12-lead ECG signals were acquired from 34 pacemaker patients at rest. These signals were annotated by a team of experts. A 10-fold cross-validation was performed on the data set to test the algorithm. Out-of-sample sensitivity and specificity of 87.8% and 98.7%, respectively, were achieved. This work shows that non-sense and non-captures pacemaker failures can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity without prior knowledge of the pacemaker type, model or programming, making this algorithm clinically relevant in emergency room environments where such pacemaker information may be unavailable.
Apiculture and forestry (bees and trees)

Honey bees are found associated with forests globally. Flowers of forest trees provide subsistence for honey bees and the trees physically provide shelter for a swarm or bee hive. Forest management and beekeeping have each had a long history both in the United States and globally, but have seldom been integrated or studied in a systematic fashion. Purposeful plantings of trees, as in agroforestry systems, could be designed to favor bee forage or hive protection. Tree growing and beekeeping can easily be combined for several reasons. Both are sustainable on land that is hilly or otherwise less desirable for other agricultural purposes. Both require labor intermittently, and can be sustained while the grower/beekeeper is busy with other farming occupations. Bee hives require very little space, while the bees themselves can forage in a radius of 4 to 5 km. Hives may be located within or near a tree plantation, and utilize both the trees and surrounding other flowering plants for forage. Combining forestry and beekeeping provides annual honey bee products (e.g. honey, beeswax) to supplement income from a landowner's long term forest managements. In areas like Kentucky, where more than half of the forest landowners own 4 ha or less of commercially valuable woodland, it is important to produce economic benefit from those lands without harvesting all the trees. Combining bees and trees is one way of accomplishing this goal. This paper addresses several important known bee-tree interactions which need more systematic study.
Orientation only loop-closing with closed-form trajectory bending

In earlier work closed-form trajectory bending was shown to provide an efficient and accurate out-of-core solution for loop-closing exactly sparse trajectories. Here we extend it to fuse exactly sparse trajectories, obtained from relative pose estimates, with absolute orientation data. This allows us to close-the-loop using absolute orientation data only. The benefit is that our approach does not rely on the observations from which the trajectory was estimated nor on the probabilistic links between poses in the trajectory. It therefore is highly efficient. The proposed method is compared against regular fusion and an iterative trajectory bending solution using a 5 km long urban trajectory. Proofs concerning optimality of our method are provided.
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor delays PWI/DWI mismatch evolution and reduces final infarct volume in permanent-suture and embolic focal cerebral ischemia models in the rat

Background and Purpose— Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used clinically to attenuate neutropenia after chemotherapy. G-CSF acts as a growth factor in the central nervous system, counteracts apoptosis, and is neuroprotective in rodent transient ischemia models. Methods— We assessed the effect of G-CSF on ischemic lesion evolution in a rat permanent-suture occlusion model with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and the neuroprotective effect of G-CSF in a rat embolic stroke model. Results— With a constant perfusion deficit, vehicle-treated animals showed an expanding apparent diffusion coefficient lesion volume that matched the perfusion deficit volume at ≈3 hours, with the 24-hour infarct volume equivalent to the perfusion deficit. In G-CSF–treated rats, the apparent diffusion coefficient lesion volume did not increase after treatment initiation, and the infarct volume at 24 hours reflected the initial apparent diffusion coefficient lesion volume. In the embolic m...
Abnormal striatal resting-state functional connectivity in adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder

Neuroimaging research has implicated abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuitry in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) was used to investigate functional connectivity in the CSTC circuitry in adolescents with OCD. Imaging was obtained with the Human Connectome Project (HCP) scanner using newly developed pulse sequences which allow for higher spatial and temporal resolution. Fifteen adolescents with OCD and 13 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (ages 12-19) underwent R-fMRI on the 3T HCP scanner. Twenty-four minutes of resting-state scans (two consecutive 12-min scans) were acquired. We investigated functional connectivity of the striatum using a seed-based, whole brain approach with anatomically-defined seeds placed in the bilateral caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens. Adolescents with OCD compared with controls exhibited significantly lower functional connectivity between the left putamen and a single cluster of right-sided cortical areas including parts of the orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and operculum. Preliminary findings suggest that impaired striatal connectivity in adolescents with OCD in part falls within the predicted CSTC network, and also involves impaired connections between a key CSTC network region (i.e., putamen) and key regions in the salience network (i.e., insula/operculum). The relevance of impaired putamen-insula/operculum connectivity in OCD is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND-USE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Land-use change is related to climate change as both a causal factor and a major way in which the effects of climate change are expressed. As a causal factor, land use influences the flux of mass and energy, and as land-cover patterns change, these fluxes are altered. Projected climate alterations will produce changes in land-cover patterns at a variety of temporal and spatial scales, although human uses of the land are expected to override many effects. A review of the literature dealing with the relationship between land-use change and climate change clearly shows that (1) in recent centuries land-use change has had much greater effects on ecological variables than has climate change; (2) the vast majority of land-use changes have little to do with climate change or even climate; and (3) humans will change land use, and especially land management, to adjust to climate change and these adaptations will have some ecological effects. Therefore, an understanding of the nonclimatic causes of land-use change ...
Sketchy Lesbians: "Carol" as History and Fantasy

Rather than a forward-looking lesbian representation, Todd Haynes9s Carol , an adaptation by Phyllis Nagy of Patricia Highsmith9s 1952 novel, The Price of Salt , looks to images and affective investments of the past to explore lesbian representability, the historical discourses and aesthetic codes through which desire between women can be recognized. The collaboration brings together preoccupations from Haynes9s oeuvre and themes from Highsmith9s that question reception of the film in terms of a happy ending and future progress. Through evocative art direction, camerawork, and star performances, the film invites the viewer to share the perspective of Therese (Rooney Mara), a nearly blank character written as Highsmith9s stand-in, who is subsumed by desire for Carol (Cate Blanchett), a wealthy, discontented suburban wife and mother whom she meets by chance. The lovers’ exclusivity, and even their persecution, are understood as elements of fantasy that ultimately shed light on queer history.
Selective C–H bond functionalization with light-driven P450 biocatalysts

Abstract The unique photochemical properties of Ru(II)-diimine photosensitizers have enabled light-induced electron transfers in hybrid P450 heme domain enzymes. Rapid quenching of the excited state by soluble molecules generates either a highly oxidative or reductive species depending on the nature of the quencher. Under flash quench oxidative conditions, the heme cofactor of the P450 BM3 enzyme is oxidized to a high-valent ferryl species. Meanwhile, a photogenerated reductive species is able to deliver the necessary electrons to P450 heme active sites and sustain photocatalytic activity in the selective hydroxylation of substrate C–H bonds.
Editorial: A home for virology, ecology, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology.

Viruses make headline news on an almost daily basis. Sometimes the news is positive, a report on the development of new anti-viral drugs or a reduction in transmission, perhaps. However, often the story will relate to a gloomier theme, for example, the appearance of new viral epidemics, the evolution of drug resistance, or falling vaccine coverage. The appearance of Ebola virus in West Africa since 2014 represents just the latest of a long series of devastating viruses that have emerged or expanded in humans in recent years, including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronaviruses, Chikungunya virus, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, West Nile virus, and various human enteroviruses, and bunyaviruses. This list is both selective and anthropocentric and excludes numerous new epidemics in livestock (e.g., Schmallenberg virus), crop (e.g., tomato torrado virus), and wild animal populations (e.g., phocine distemper virus). The impacts of viral epidemics may extend beyond death and illness to cause substantial economic losses and social instability. Such effects are not limited to new or exotic viruses, as established and well-characterized viral diseases persist despite tremendous efforts to control and eradicate them. Important pathogens in this category include HIV/AIDS, human influenza viruses, dengue viruses, hepatitis viruses, human papillomaviruses, and rabies virus. One reason that viruses are such potent adversaries is their great potential for genetic diversity and evolvability, a characteristic that they owe to a combination of short generation times, very large population sizes, and (in some but not all instances) error-prone replication mechanisms. Strains that escape host immune responses, are resistant to … [↵][1]*Corresponding author. E-mail: sfelena{at}ibmcp.upv.es; oliver.pybus{at}zoo.ox.ac.uk. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Sodium (Methyl α-d-Mannopyranosid)uronate Monohydrate

TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation of methyl α- d -mannopyranoside with sodium hypochlorite gave sodium (methyl α- d -mannopyranosid)uronate, which was obtained as a crystalline monohydrate in ~70% yield without chromatography. Its purity was proved by NMR spectroscopy, a newly developed HPLC method, combustion analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure, solved from synchrotron diffraction data in space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 , revealed that the packing of the uronate molecules is connected by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds, and that the Na + ion is coordinated by six oxygen ligands from one water and three surrounding sugar molecules.
A Two Element Laminar Flow Airfoil Optimized for Cruise

Numerical and experimental results are presented for a new two-element, fixed-geometry natural laminar flow airfoil optimized for cruise Reynolds numbers on the order of three million. The airfoil design consists of a primary element and an independent secondary element with a primary to secondary chord ratio of three to one. The airfoil was designed to improve the cruise lift-to-drag ratio while maintaining an appropriate landing capability when compared to conventional airfoils. The airfoil was numerically developed utilizing the NASA Langley Multi-Component Airfoil Analysis computer code running on a personal computer. Numerical results show a nearly 11.75 percent decrease in overall wing drag with no increase in stall speed at sailplane cruise conditions when compared to a wing based on an efficient single element airfoil. Section surface pressure, wake survey, transition location, and flow visualization results were obtained in the Texas A&M University Low Speed Wind Tunnel. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental data, the effects of the relative position and angle of the two elements, and Reynolds number variations from 8 x 10(exp 5) to 3 x 10(exp 6) for the optimum geometry case are presented.
Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula

Repair of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistulas (rTEFs) remains a technically challenging endeavor. Although considered the gold standard, open surgical repair is associated with significant morbidity and rates of recurrence. Over the last 40 years, endoscopic techniques have gained popularity and been touted as a safer first line treatment. This review complies the published articles related to endoscopic repair of rTEFs and reports the various techniques, number of interventions, and success rates. Controversy will remain as to which technique is superior until prospective, multi-institutional studies are performed.
“How About Some Meat?”: The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941–1946

Few federal agencies have stood closer to the center of the twentieth-century debate over government regulation of the American economy than the Office of Price Administration (OPA). Established during World War II to administer a system of rationing and price controls, OPA came to loom larger than any other wartime agency in the political consciousness of the Left or the Right. To recapture the place that OPA occupied in the political imagination, we need look no farther than the experiences of two young OPA employees, the American Communist party activist Jessica Mitford and the Republican lawyer Richard M. Nixon. Mitford, the daughter of British aristocrats, took a job in OPA after her wartime emigration to the United States. She viewed her experience "as close to the front line of the war against Fascism as anything in Washington." Not only did she help supervise the restriction of pleasure driving in an effort to conserve American resources for the "anti-Fascist struggle," but as a field investigator she also felt empowered to go into local stores and "hold the line against war profiteers, price gougers, greedy landlords, [and] violators of rationing regulations." Nixon, a far less enthusiastic OPA employee, found such an extension of government power frightening. He regarded his fellow employees as "slide-rule boys" and "snoopsters." After only seven months as a lawyer in the tire rationing department, Nixon had grown disillusioned. He left in August 1942 to join the navy. Years later, Nixon was to claim that it was this brief wartime Washington experience that shaped his hostility to big government and overzealous bureaucrats. Nixon's friend and the only other Republican on the staff, J. Paul Marshall, explained, "We both believed in the capitalist system, but
The use of work-life practices and work-life conflict: A dual-earner couples perspective

This paper examines the relationship between work-life practices’ utilization and work-life conflict at a couple level. We investigate whether the use of work-life practices by one partner can help...
Responses of Eastern Cottontails to Intensive Row-Crop Farming

We studied responses of 25 transmitter-equipped eastern cottontails ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) to intensive farming disturbances in Illinois from June 1990 to April 1993. Home ranges during the row-crop growing season (June–October) averaged 2.3 times larger than during the nongrowing season and 7–8 times larger than those reported in previous studies. There were no differences between sexes in size of home ranges or use of cover in either season. Habitat composition within home ranges of cottontails was not different than from the entire study area during the growing season. During the nongrowing season, cover type of the farmstead was a key element in home ranges of rabbits; it represented <2% of the study area but comprised 23% of home ranges and 40% of locations of rabbits. Fifty-five percent of rabbit locations during the nongrowing season were located in harvested row crop fields. Our study demonstrated how rabbits respond to spatial and temporal environmental changes caused by intensive agriculture where expansive row crops is the primary cover type.
Erythema, edema, and fissuring around mouth.

A 61-year-old man has a 3-month history of a persistent irritation at the corners of his mouth. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and is being treated with insulin. Otherwise, he is in good health.
Zinc Deficiency and the Eye

Abstract In the syndrome of iron-deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism, zinc deficiency accounts for dwarfism and hypogonadism and the anemia is due to iron deficiency. The ocular manifestations of zinc deficiency in humans include impaired dark adaptation and nyctalopia. The mechanism of retinal dysfunction in zinc deficiency is not well understood, although several mechanisms have been proposed. The results of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) demonstrate a role for the specific AREDS antioxidant with zinc formulation for the prevention of advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The AREDS formulation is recommended as a treatment for nonsmokers with extensive intermediate drusen, large drusen, noncentral geographic atrophy, or unilateral advanced AMD. AREDS2 is an ongoing study of supplements for patients at risk of vision loss due to AMD, and it will compare a lower zinc dose (25 mg) with the current AREDS dose (80 mg). Severe zinc deficiency, particularly in the form of acrodermatitis enteropathica, is associated with ocular surface disease. Randomized trials of zinc supplementation have not shown a clear benefit for cataract.
Choices and Consequences of Oviposition by Hylemya (Delia) Sp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Hylema sp.5females oviposit on the undersides of sepals of developing buds of both Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum. Eggs deposited on the latter are significantly more likely to be fully protected by the sepal than are eggs deposited on the former. Unexposed eggs have a significantly greater likelihood of successfully developing to the larval stage than do exposed eggs. The difference in frequency of egg exposure on the two plant species can be attributed to differences in sepal morphology: I. aggregata sepals are significantly narrower than those of P. foliosissimum. The hypothesis that females preferentially oviposit on larger flowers was unconfirmed by a manipulative choice experiment. Plants differing in the size of their flowers were potted together and presented to Hylemya in arrays in the field. Flowers of the larger-flowered pair were no more likely to be oviposited on than flowers of the smaller-flowered pair. However, there were significant negative correlations between the corolla length and the percentage of flowers laid on per day at each of two sites. There was also a significant positive correlation between the corolla width and the percentage of flowers laid on at one site. Thus females appear to be using some measure of flower morphology, or a correlated trait, in making oviposition decisions. The degree to which Hylemya is making suboptimal choices between host plant species is discussed and requires further examination.
Organizational Dissent Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework

This article proposes a conceptual framework for dissent dynamics in organizations. We integrate the dissent expression and management framework of Kassing with the dynamic institution composition structure of Saeed and Pavlov to construct a generic model for understanding organizational dissent. Our model hypothesizes the impact of dissent accumulation on organizational dissent climate, composition, and performance. Two performance measures comprise the performance grid to describe the current state of an organization and its dissent management policies—perceived management responsiveness and organizational productivity. We argue that dissent expression, tolerance, and management policies affect whether an organization is high or low performing. The conceptual model provides a future platform for experimentation and learning by simulating different policy scenarios and their influence on the paths of change and the new homeostasis eventually achieved by the organization.
Einleitung: Arenen, Diskurse und grundlegende Handlungsregeln deutscher Außenpolitik

Die wissenschaftliche Analyse von Ausenpolitik befindet sich in einer selten thematisierten Krise und hat gleichzeitig – scheinbar paradox – „Konjunktur“. Fur einen Zeitraum von wenigstens vierzig Jahren galt die Aufmerksamkeit der politikwissenschaftlichen Teildisziplin der Internationalen Beziehungen zuvorderst Begriffen (und den damit bezeichneten realen Phanomenen) wie „systemische Interdependenz“, „Globalisierung“, „Global Governance“ bzw. „Streben nach Sicherheit unter anarchischen Bedingungen“ oder der „Transformation systemischer Leitnormen“, wie z. B. der Idee der Menschenrechte, dem Konzept der Souveranitat oder schlichtweg der Denationalisierung und Entgrenzung der internationalen Beziehungen – zusammengefasst also der vermeintlichen Krise der Autoritat der Nationalstaaten.
Computational Analysis of G-Quadruplex Forming Sequences across Chromosomes Reveals High Density Patterns Near the Terminal Ends

G-quadruplex structures (G4) are found throughout the human genome and are known to play a regulatory role in a variety of molecular processes. Structurally, they have many configurations and can form from one or more DNA strands. At the gene level, they regulate gene expression and protein synthesis. In this paper, chromosomal-level patterns of distribution are analyzed on the human genome to identify high-level distribution patterns potentially related to global functional processes. Here we show unique high density banding patterns on individual chromosomes that are highly correlated, appearing in a mirror pattern, across forward and reverse DNA strands. The highest density of G4 sequences occurs within four megabases of one end of most chromosomes and contains G4 motifs that bind with zinc finger proteins. These findings suggest that G4 may play a role in global chromosomal processes such as those found in meiosis.
Pore‐Network Modeling of Particle Retention in Porous Media

Transport and filtration of micron and submicron particles in porous media is important in applications such as water purification, contaminants dispersion, and drilling mud invasion. Existing macroscopic models often fail to be predictive without empirical adjustments and a more fundamental approach may be required. We develop a physically-representative, 3D pore network model based on a particle tracking method to simulate particle retention and permeability impairment in polydisperse particle systems. The model includes the effect of hydraulic drag, gravity, electrostatic and van der Waals forces, as well as Brownian motion. A converging-diverging pore throat geometry is used to capture the mechanism of interception. With the analytical solution of fluid velocity within a pore throat, the trajectory of each particle is calculated explicitly. We also incorporate surface roughness and particle–surface interaction to determine particle attachment and detachment. Pore throat structure and conductivity are updated dynamically to account for the effect of deposited particles. Predictions of effluent concentration and macroscopic filtration coefficient are in good agreement with published experimental data. We find that the filtration coefficient is dependent on the relative angle between fluid flow and gravity. Particle deposition by interception is significant for large particle/grain size ratios. Brownian diffusion is the primary cause of retention at low Peclet numbers, especially for small gravity numbers. Particle size distribution is found to be a cause of hyperexponential deposition often observed in experiments. Permeability reduction was small for strong repulsive forces because particles only deposited in paths of slow velocity. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3118–3131, 2017
Colourful electrons solve puzzle of ferromagnetism

Physicists have long known that magnetic behaviour originates from the tiny magnetic moments or "spins" that are carried by electrons. These spins can be either up or down and, depending on the spin-spin interactions, materials can be ferromagnetic (i.e. all the spins pointing in the same direction) or antiferromagnetic (i.e. neighbouring spins pointing in opposite directions). Iron, for example, is a ferromagnet, while the parent compounds of the high-temperature superconducting cuprates are antiferromagnets. There is also a tendency for the spins to align as the temperature decreases.
Effects of a Firearm Zero Tolerance Policy on Student Expulsions and Suspensions

Zero tolerance approaches to school discipline are often thought to improve campus safety, but there is little evidence regarding their impact on student exclusions from school. Using historical panel data on all elementary, middle, and high schools in Wisconsin from 1991-92 to 1998-99, this study employs an interrupted time-series, school fixed effects model to evaluate the impact of the Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994, the original zero tolerance discipline policy, which mandated a one-year expulsion for student possession of a firearm. I find no evidence of an impact on expulsions and find a reduction (rather than an increase) in middle and high school suspensions.
Screening method for assessing verbal learning efficiency using the Cognistat

ABSTRACTThe Cognistat is a widely used neurobehavioral screening instrument that addresses functioning across multiple domains. Unlike many popular neuropsychological tests, the Cognistat does not currently assess learning efficiency for verbal material. The purpose of this study was to develop a screening method for assessing verbal learning efficiency with the Cognistat, investigate the effects of two demographic variables (age and gender) on performance, and to establish cutoff scores for impairment. Participants were 253 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 96 years. Participants were classified into two age groups: 18–64 years and 65 + years. The data revealed a significant age and gender performance difference. Implications for the present findings and for future research are presented.
Financial benefit of a smoking cessation program prior to elective colorectal surgery.

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking increases the risk of postoperative complications nearly 2-fold. Preoperative smoking cessation programs may reduce complications as well as overall postoperative costs. We aim to create an economic evaluation framework to estimate the potential value of preoperative smoking cessation programs for patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Methods A decision-analytic model from the payer perspective was developed to integrate the costs and incidence of 90-day postoperative complications and readmissions for a cohort of patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery after a smoking cessation program versus usual care. Complication, readmission, and cost data were derived from a cohort of 534 current smokers and recent quitters undergoing elective colorectal resections in Washington State's Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program linked to Washington State's Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System. Smoking cessation program efficacy was obtained from the literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for uncertainty. Results For a cohort of patients, the base case estimates imply that the total direct medical costs for patients who underwent a preoperative smoking cessation program were on average $304 (95% CI: $40-$571) lower per patient than those under usual care during the first 90 days after surgery. The model was most sensitive to the odds of recent quitters developing complications or requiring readmission, and smoking program efficacy. Conclusions A preoperative smoking cessation program is predicted to be cost-saving over the global postoperative period if the cost of the intervention is below $304 per patient. This framework allows the value of smoking cessation programs of variable cost and effectiveness to be determined.
The Means to an End: Phonology's Prominence in a Reading Task

For decades, psycholinguists have engaged in a debate over the steps involved in the reading process. Do readers find meaning in texts through a phonological route or a lexical route? This paper, which takes into account two previous studies, investigates the influence of phonology and lexical spelling by analyzing the results of a reading judgment task.