cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social inequities along the cervical cancer continuum: a structured review.

ObjectiveTo reveal areas of research/knowledge related to social inequities and cervical cancer. Methods: A Medline search was performed looking for US based research on cervical cancer and social inequities since 1990. The papers found were organized into cells defined by a “cancer disparities grid.” Results: The majority of research published about cervical cancer and social inequities in the US, lies within the social domains of: race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position. Conflicting information exists as to whether race/ethnicity is a good predictor of screening and survival. Some research implied that differentials based on race/ethnicity are likely secondary to differentials in socioeconomic position. Some research about age, insurance status, and immigrant status and cervical cancer was found. Scarce information was found relating to sexuality, language, disability and geography and cervical cancer. Discussion: The “cancer disparities grid” facilitated a systematic and visual review of existing literature on social inequities and cervical cancer. The grid helped to elucidate uncontested existing social inequities, conflicting social inequities, and areas where social inequity data does not exist. The cancer disparities grid can be used as a research tool to help identify areas for future research, clinical programs, and political action related to cervical cancer and social inequities.
Carcinoma of penis treated with neodymium YAG laser.

Intravesical chemotherapy using mitomycin C in patients with superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection (TUR) has proved to be highly effective in preventing tumor recurrences and/or progression. No consensus has been reached on the appropriate dose and treatment schedule. This and other variable factors such as different criteria for entry and follow-up in the reported studies so far make it impossible to compare the results. There are indications that long-term mitomycin C instillation therapy improves recurrence rate, progression rate, and survival. Considering prognostic factors in patients with superficial bladder tumors, it is justified and necessary to investigate this regimen in future protocols.
Treatment Engagement: Building Therapeutic Alliance in Home-Based Treatment with Adolescents and their Families

Client engagement is an essential yet challenging ingredient in effective therapy. Engaged clients are more likely to bond with therapists and counselors, endorse treatment goals, participate to a greater degree, remain in treatment longer, and report higher levels of satisfaction. This study explored the process of engaging high-risk youth and their parents in a unique home-based family therapy intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 19 families who completed family therapy sessions that included a core component aimed at increasing treatment engagement. Parents’ and youths’ perceptions of engagement suggest the importance of developing therapeutic alliance with therapists, who facilitated building a shared alliance among family members. Implications for improving client engagement are discussed within the context of alliance building with the therapist and among family members.
Phosphate-Mediated Remediation of Metals and Radionuclides

Worldwide industrialization activities create vast amounts of organic and inorganic waste streams that frequently result in significant soil and groundwater contamination. Metals and radionuclides are of particular concern due to their mobility and long-term persistence in aquatic and terrestrial environments. As the global population increases, the demand for safe, contaminant-free soil and groundwater will increase as will the need for effective and inexpensive remediation strategies. Remediation strategies that include physical and chemical methods (i.e., abiotic) or biological activities have been shown to impede the migration of radionuclide and metal contaminants within soil and groundwater. However, abiotic remediation methods are often too costly owing to the quantities and volumes of soils and/or groundwater requiring treatment. The in situ sequestration of metals and radionuclides mediated by biological activities associated with microbial phosphorus metabolism is a promising and less costly addition to our existing remediation methods. This review highlights the current strategies for abiotic and microbial phosphate-mediated techniques for uranium and metal remediation.
The Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance: Evidence from Montana Wheat Farms

An econometric analysis of the demand for multiple peril crop insurance is carried out for a sample of 370 Montana wheat farms. The study is the first to model the farm's participation and coverage-level decisions separately through Heckman two-stage estimation procedures. These decisions are shown to be determined in different ways. In addition, farms with positive expected returns from insurance make coverage-level decisions in different ways from farms with negative expected returns. These differences indicate that adverse selection effects limit the efficacy of across-the-board premium rate increases as mechanisms for reducing loss ratios.
A Study of Silicon Suboxide Thin Films by Photoluminescence

Silicon suboxide (SiOx1 0 800 °C, in contrast to low oxygen content films whose Ip1 monotonically decreases with TRTA and disappears above 700 °C. The results are interpreted in terms of inhomogeneity in the as-deposited films, phase segregation upon annealing, and quantum confinement.
The Newer Live Virus Vaccines

Summary. The economic and social considerations in relation to diseases deman the application of preventive measures. As the more devastating viral diseases are controlled, the less important diseases move up in their own sequence to be the impotrant disease entities in the contemporary time perios. Each, in turn, seeks a preventive. The most recent group of viral vaccines-those against measles, mumps and rubela-have provided a new technology for disease control and each has lived up to its expectations. Immunity following use of these vaccines has generally exceeded 95% and the proved duration of immunity has exceeded 13 years for rubella. Most importantly, mass immunization of the chils population in the U.S.A. has forestalled the expected epidemic of congenital rubella and has reduced this syndrome to minor incidence. Administration of these vaccines in combined form has provided a means for simplification of vaccination rpograms with reduction in cost without decreased efficacy and without change in clinical reactions.
Preliminary report on machine learning via multiobjective optimization

We believe that an essential feature in machine learning is the real time satisfaction of multiple objectives such as identification, tracking, etc. The machine learning problem may be viewed as a nonlinear adaptive control problem where the environment plays the role of the `plant,' while the learner is the controller. Multiobjective optimization (MOO) in the control problem typically deals with simultaneous optimization of more than one objective, where each objective is described via a cost functional. In such a situation there often exists a region of tradeoff wherein one cost may be improved at the expense of others. Such a region is called the Pareto optimal (PO) set. A parameterization of this set simplifies the attainment of the existing tradeoff. Working within the Pareto set guaranties optimum tradeoff. As an example this algorithm is applied to the control of a dc motor.
Serologic response of llamas to a commercially prepared leptospirosis vaccine

Abstract Leptospirosis has been reported in llamas living in North America. Llamas in some locations are routinely vaccinated against leptospirosis in an attempt to prevent the disease. In order to determine if llamas respond to a leptospirosis vaccine, 14 llamas were immunized twice at 2 week intervals with a commercially available five-way leptospirosis vaccine. Blood was then collected for serum titer evaluation using a microagglutination technique for 5 months. Serologic response to the vaccine was low and of short duration to all five serovars, regardless of prevaccination titer. By 12 weeks postvaccination, only animals with serum titers ⩾ 1:200 to Leptospira pomona prevaccination still had serum titers ⩾ 1:200. Seven references are cited.
Sunflower oil quality and quantity as affected by rhizopus head rot

Sunflower seed (Helianthus annus L.) from plants infected with head rot caused byRhizopus spp. exhibited serious oil quality problems. Free fatty acid content of this oil was 19.4%, compared with 0.8% for oil from seed of healthy plants. Oil from diseased seed was also higher in palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric fatty acids. In addition, diseased plants yielded only 81% as much seed and only 55% as much oil.
A class of optimum nonlinear double-error-correcting codes

Nonlinear double-error-correcting block codes of length (2n − 1) (n even) are presented in this paper. They have the largest possible number of code-words for their length and minimum distance and are formed by adjoining to a certain linear code (referred to as the “kernel”) a specific subset of its cosets. The kernel results from the juxtaposition and superposition of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes of length (2n−1 − 1). The presented codes are systematic and are comparable to the corresponding linear codes with regard to the complexity of the encoding and decoding operations.
Potential influence of acetone in aquatic bioassays testing the dynamics and effects of PCBs

Most organic chemicals that bioaccumulate in fish are characterized by extremely low water solubility, requiring researchers to rely on solvents such as acetone to solubilize organic contaminants. The validity of this procedure rests on the assumption that the solvent will not affect the results either by itself or through interaction with the test chemical. However, there is little published evidence that even low levels of acetone are harmless (HALTER & JOHNSON 1974). To evaluate the effects of acetone on uptake of PCBs and growth in fish, we conducted a study in which fry of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycus h) were exposed to relatively low levels of PCBs in water and food with and without the addition of acetone to the water.
Representing uncertain data: models, properties, and algorithms

In general terms, an uncertain relation encodes a set of possible certain relations. There are many ways to represent uncertainty, ranging from alternative values for attributes to rich constraint languages. Among the possible models for uncertain data, there is a tension between simple and intuitive models, which tend to be incomplete, and complete models, which tend to be nonintuitive and more complex than necessary for many applications. We present a space of models for representing uncertain data based on a variety of uncertainty constructs and tuple-existence constraints. We explore a number of properties and results for these models. We study completeness of the models, as well as closure under relational operations, and we give results relating closure and completeness. We then examine whether different models guarantee unique representations of uncertain data, and for those models that do not, we provide complexity results and algorithms for testing equivalence of representations. The next problem we consider is that of minimizing the size of representation of models, showing that minimizing the number of tuples also minimizes the size of constraints. We show that minimization is intractable in general and study the more restricted problem of maintaining minimality incrementally when performing operations. Finally, we present several results on the problem of approximating uncertain data in an insufficiently expressive model.
Fermion guides: A mechanism for spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry in QCD.

It is suggested that spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry in QCD takes place because a special class of gauge-field configurations (``fermion guides'') allow massless quarks to propagate to arbitrarily large distance with an undiminished amplitude. By functional averaging over fermion guide fields an estimate of the pseudoscalar correlation functions 〈q${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{1}$${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$${q}_{2}$(x)q${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{1}$${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{5}$q $_{2}$(0)〉 reveals the formation of light pseudoscalar q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}q bound states with mass proportional to (${m}_{1}$+${m}_{2}$${)}^{1/2}$\ensuremath{\Lambda} for quark masses ${m}_{1}$,${m}_{2}$ much smaller than the QCD mass scale \ensuremath{\Lambda}. It is shown that unwanted light scalar, vector, or axial-vector states are not produced by this mechanism. The dynamical scheme by which the would-be axial-U(1) Goldstone particle acquires a mass is also discussed.
Induction of fatty acid synthetase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase by isolated rat liver cells

Current studies on the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids by isolated rat liver cells are largely concerned with the regulation of the activity of previously existing acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, and with the regulation of the quantity of these enzymes. These studies have required the development of methods for obtaining high yields of viable hepatocytes that respond to hormonal treatment. Such methods have been developed over the past 10–15 years through the efforts of several laboratories. These studies have also required the development of a method to determine whether a change in the activity of an enzyme is due to a modification of preexisting enzyme or to a change in quantity of that enzyme. The most satisfactory method to use for such studies is immunotitration of enzyme activity.
Use of the Case Method of Instruction in Special Education Teacher Preparation Programs: A Preliminary Investigation

A survey focusing on the use of the Case Method of Instruction (CMI) in special education teacher preparation programs was sent to 257 randomly selected members of the Teacher Education Division (TED) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC). Surveys from 141 individuals were returned, representing a 55.8% return rate. The survey was designed to obtain information regarding (a) subject characteristics, (b) characteristics of students and institutions, (c) teacher educators' perceptions of CMI, and (d) methods used to implement CMI in special education teacher preparation programs. More than 78% of respondents were using, or had used within two years, CMI and 90% felt positive about their ability to teach using cases. Greater than 17% were considering adopting CMI. Respondents reported using CMI most frequently in assessment and methods classes. Primary advantages of CMI cited by respondents were that this method allowed students to apply theory to practice and enabled students to develop problem-solv...
Plasma wakefield effects on high-current relativistic electron-beam propagation in the ion-focus regime

Modulation of the beam current has been observed during ion focused regime (IFR) transport of a high-power relativistic electron beam propagating through a low-density background plasma In this experiment, a 1.7-MeV, 1-kA, risetime-sharpened electron beam is transported in a KrF excimer laser produced IFR channel in TMA gas. The IFR channel is immersed in a low-density plasma filled transport tube. We present experimental measurements and computer simulations demonstrating modulation of this high-current relativistic electron beam near the low-density background plasma frequency.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Developing a flexible content model for media repositories: a case study

This article describes the process and challenges of developing a content model that can support the content and metadata present in a complex media archive. Media archives have some of the most diverse requirements in an effort to catalog, preserve, and make accessible a wide range of content with multifaceted relationships between works. We focus particularly on the design and implementation of the WGBH Media Library and Archives' Fedora digital access repository for scholars, educational users and the public. It is our hope that the process and findings from this work can support the architecture and development of other media archives.
Tying loose ends: roles of Ku and DNA-dependent protein kinase in the repair of double-strand breaks

A convergence of information from biochemistry, yeast and mammalian genetics, immunology, and radiation biology has permitted identification of some of the protein participants - Ku, DNA-PK, XRCC4 - and the reaction intermediates in DNA end joining, suggesting how broken chromosomal ends may be recognized and repaired in eukaryotic cells. Some components may be defective in inherited disorders.
High-resolution scanned-slit x-ray imaging using a refractive lens for x-ray focusing

We are developing a slit-scanning digital mammography system with the goal of reducing radiation dose and improving dynamic range in comparison to conventional film-screen mammography. The system is based on a linear silicon detector connected to a fast parallel processing ASIC controlled from a PC. The detector system is configured from a silicon wafer such that the X-rays enter the wafer edge-on, resulting in a high efficiency over the entire range of diagnostic X-ray energies since the absorption length of the detector can be made large. An evaluation of the system gives an MTF close to that predicted theoretically for a 100-micrometer pitch pixel detector. We also propose to reduce tube-loading in the slit- scanning system with a refractive X-ray lens that can increase the incident photon flux by about 5-fold according to ray tracing simulations. Moreover the lens shapes the energy spectrum to obtain pseudo-monochromatic beam thus enhancing contrast sensitivity, for example in mammography. We estimate a scan time with the final system of the order of a few seconds for a full-field digital mammogram. Phantom images of microcalcifications and of tumor-like masses, and an initial evaluation of a scanned-slit photon-counting X-ray imaging system, are presented.
Drift from and Transport Subsequent to a Commercial, Aerial Application of Carbofuran: An Estimation of Potential Human Exposure*

Aerial pesticide spraying in Uintah Basin, UT continued to be an issue of public concern in the summer of 1980. A number of developments occurred in the Vernal-Maeser area, and Utah in general, regarding aerial spraying near residential communities: (i) the extension pesticide coordinator for the state issued a memorandum recommending the use of less toxic pesticides than the parathions, (2) a community meeting, organized by the Federal Aviation Agency, was conducted in the Uintah Basin, (3) this laboratory agreed to share the results of a spray monitoring study under way with the public, and (4) one aerial applicator in the Uintah Basin closed his operation. The present report describes a spray drift study conducted in Maeser, UT on 5 and 6 June 1980. This study employed highvolume air sampling equipment and meteorological instruments not available in an earlier study of parathion spraying (DRAPER & STREET 1981); only foliar residues were measured in the previous investigation. The pesticide applied in 1980 was carbofuran, possibly as a result of the University's recommendation. The objective, as with the previous year's study, was to obtain an estimate of the extraneous exposure that a bystander might be subjected to. Specifically, inhalation and dermal exposure during and immediately subsequent to aerial spraying were to be estimated. The experimental format and assumptions made in the data treatment were oriented toward obtaining a "worst-case" estimate. EXPERIMENTAL
Collision kernels and laser spectroscopy

Collisional processes occurring within an atomic vapor can be conveniently described in terms of collision kernels. The population kernel W/sub i/i(v'..-->..v) gives the probability density per unit time that an ''active'' atom in state i undergoes a collision with a perturber that changes the active atom's velocity from v' to v. For active atoms in a linear superposition of states i and j, there is an analogous coherence kernel W/sub i/j(v'..-->..v) (inot =j) reflecting the effects of collisions on the off-diagonal density-matrix element rho/sub i/j. In this work, we discuss the general properties of the collision kernels with characterize a two-level active atom which, owing to the action of a radiation field, is in a linear superposition of its two levels. Using arguments based on the uncertainty principle, we show that collisions can be divided roughly into the following two categories.: (1) collisions having impact parameters less than some characteristic radius which may be described classically and (2) collisions having impact parameters larger than this characteristics radius which give rise to diffractive scattering and must be treated using a quantum mechanical theory. For the population kernels, collisions of type (1) can lead to a large-angle scattering component, while those ofmore » type (2) lead to a small-angle (diffractive) scattering component. For the coherence kernel, however, assuming that the collisional interaction for states i and j differ appreciably, only collisions of type (2) contribute, and the coherence kernel contains a small-angle scattering component only. The absence of a large-angle scattering component in the coherence kernel is linked to a collision-induced spatial separation of the trajectories associated with states i and j. Interestingly enough, the width of the diffractive kernel, as measured in the laboratory frame, is found to be independent of the perturber to active-atom mass ratio.« less
Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata

Abstract The toxicity of water-soluble fractions of two refined and two crude oils to two species of laboratory-reared polychaetes was determined. The two refined oils (No. 2 fuel oil and bunker ‘C’ residual oil) proved most toxic to both species. South Louisiana crude oil was less toxic than either of the refined oils, yet more toxic than Kuwait crude oil. The higher concentrations of toxic diaromatic compounds (naphthalenes) found in refined oils probably accounted for major differences between the toxicity of refined versus crude oils. Capitella capitata was slightly more sensitive to three of the four oils than was Neanthes arenaceodentata. Both species appear to be quite similar to fish and crustaceans in their sensitivity to these four oils.
A search for conformational change on ligand binding in a human γM macroglobulin—I: Circular dichroism and hydrogen exchange

Abstract We have sought evidence for conformational changes in a nitrophenyl-binding human γM macroglobulin upon binding the ligand N-(4-nitrophenyl)-ϵ-NH 2 -caproate (4NP-EAC). Circular dichroism spectra of the γM pentamer and its tryptic Fab fragments were unaffected by concentrations of 4NP-EAC sufficient to saturate 91 per cent of the combining sites. Hydrogen exchange studies revealed that 98 per cent site saturation with 4NP-EAC trapped about 17 hydrogens per site. Although the standard deviations were too large to exclude absolutely ligand-induced trapping in the Fc and hinge regions, the data suggest that most or all of the trapping occurred in the Fab domains. This trapping of hydrogens could have resulted from a stabilization of thermal segmental motion or a small conformational change. The slow rate of release of the trapped hydrogens makes shielding of residues by the bound ligand a somewhat less likely explanation.
The concept of adjustable immobilization to aid grossing and facilitate uniform biopsy slices

AbstractGrossing, or ‘gross examination’, is the inspection and dissection of surgical specimens into slices, which are subsequently processed and sectioned for eventual microscopic analysis. The goal of grossing is to produce a uniform tissue slice to allow adequate tissue processing and sectioning. Accelerated microwave technology has made uniformity a necessity for quality tissue processing. However, the basic principle of slicing biopsies is that the thickness of the slice is sacrificed for the sake of providing the most representative sample, while maintaining the uniformity of serial slices. A Biopsy Uniform Section (BUS) device is proposed as a technical solution, allowing uniform slices and adjustable immobilization. The core of the design is based on three features: a specific horizontal sidebar for a target slice thickness (e.g. 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm), a vertical sideboard to immobilize the specimen, and a V-notched slot for the cutting blade. The thickness of the gross slice is adjusted, so that...
A Vacuum Ultraviolet Flash Photolysis Apparatus

An improved apparatus for performing vacuum uv flash photolysis-kinetic spectroscopy has been constructed. The device consists of a compact coaxial arrangement of six capacitors and six electrode pairs symmetrically placed about a hexagonal reaction vessel of large aperture. The reaction vessel contains LiF windows to transmit far uv radiation. The six pairs of electrodes and six capacitors are connected separately and are synchronously fired, uniformly illuminating the reaction cell. The photolytic light pulse duration is about 5 μsec. More than 1018 quanta enter the reaction vessel in the spectral region between 1050 A and 1600 A. The essential operating features of the apparatus are described.
Koffka, Köhler, and the “crisis” in psychology

Abstract This paper examines the claims of the Gestalt psychologists that there was a crisis in experimental psychology ca. 1900, which arose because the prevailing sensory atomism excluded meaning from among psychological phenomena. The Gestaltists claim that a primary motivation of their movement was to show, against the speculative psychologists and philosophers and Verstehen historians, that natural scientific psychology can handle meaning. Purportedly, they revealed this motivation in their initial German-language presentations but in English emphasized their scientific accomplishments for an American audience. The paper finds that: there was a recognized crisis in the new experimental psychology ca. 1900 pertaining especially to sensory atomism; that the Gestaltists responded to the crisis with new experimental findings and theoretical concepts ( Gestalten ) that challenged atomism; in both languages, they raised problems of meaning and discussed the contest with speculative psychology and philosophy only after presenting their scientific case; that they introduced phenomenological observations on meaning and perceptual organization into their psychology but did not develop a theory of meaning or solve philosophical problems; that they argued “philosophically,” that is, using abstract, conceptual arguments; and that this aspect of their cognitive style was not received well by some prominent members of their American audience.
169 TREATMENT OF HYPERAMMONEMIC COMA BY LASIX AND FORCED DIURESIS

Exchange transfusion and/or dialysis are the usual treatment of hyperammonemic coma with its high mortality rate. In this Table we present the effect of forced diuresus (FD) and Lasix, 1-3 mg/kg i.v., on 4 infants (age 2-90 days) with hyperammonemic coma due to either hypercitrullinemia (1,2) or organic acidemia (3,4). After FD and Lasix ammonia decreased significantly by 35% in 1.75 hours and 65 to 92% at 24 hours and remained within normal range with diet and appropriate drug therapy. All patients recovered from coma after therapy. We conclude that the treatment of hyperammonic coma in infants with FD and Lasix is an effective, fast and non-invasive method.
An overall distribution automation structure

Abstract An effective distribution automation system must involve both hardware and software. The desired system has not yet been attained, but the key pieces have been developed and are ready to be assembled. A complete data base is necessary to sophisticated software, and that software is the key to distribution automation. VAX/Intergraph facilities are considered in particular since the concept derived in this paper originated from the VAX/Intergraph system. Recent development of a three-phase unbalanced load flow program and its interface with the Intergraph provide the means of attaining an effective distribution automation system.
The Origins of the Modern Pain Clinic at the Mayo Clinic

In the 1970s the practice of pain management evolved from the isolated anesthesiologist practicing pain "on the side" to a multi-disciplinary model. The impetus behind this change remains obscure. To understand how this national trend occurred locally and to examine national institutional challenges which should be reflected at the Mayo Clinic that stimulated the establishment of a modern academic pain practice, we interviewed appropriate staff members and reviewed relevant departmental meeting notes. Following the 1959 departure of Dr. John Lundy from Mayo, Dr. Robert Jones became the primary practitioner of pain procedures in addition to his anesthesiology practice. In 1973, close to his retirement, Jones wrote a letter to the department chairman, Dr. Richard Theye, expressing frustration because this divided practice hindered patient care, education, and research opportunities. In 1974 Dr. Lee Nauss joined Mayo upon residency completion at Virginia Mason where he received training in regional anesthesia and met Dr. John Bonica. Nauss introduced epidural steroid injections, which became in such great demand that other anesthesiologists needed to cover his rooms. Within two months, Theye asked Nauss to create a stand-alone pain clinic. Nauss recruited Dr. Tony Wang and opened the clinic that year. This pain clinic increased patient access, improved resident education, allowed for the establishment of a fellowship program, and produced ground-breaking research (e.g., the human administration of intrathecal morphine). The establishment of the pain clinic addressed the deficiencies of a mixed pain and anesthesia practice. The pain specialist could now focus attention on and provide better access for pain patients, keep current with clinical practice, engage in research, and educate future pain specialists.
The Code of the Scientist and Its Relationship to Ethics.

Scientist's norms (principally honesty, objectivity, tolerance, doubt of certitude, and unselfish engagement) are in danger of serious distortion unless broadened to apply to the relations between scientists and nonscientists. Also needing supplementation is an ethic of development appropriate to a fast-changing society and advanced as an approach to the more effective and humane regulation of cultural and technological development. Because of their genetic relationships the code of the scientist and the ethic of development are probably complementary and together may overcome the shortcomings of each taken separately. Taken together, furthermore, they indicate the possibility of a humane world order based on the cooperation of a community of scientists and its public.
Fast growth rate GaAs and InGaP for MOCVD grown triple junction solar cells

Triple junction solar cells (TJSC) are the highest efficiency solar cells available today and are utilized in space and concentrator photovoltaic terrestrial applications. These cells are manufactured using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in large scale commercial reactors. Since TJSC process time is largely driven by the growth of the (In)GaAs middle cell and InGaP top cell, increasing the MOCVD growth rate can reduce the process time and increase reactor throughput. In this paper, we discuss a materials characterization comparison of (In)GaAs and InGaP grown at conventional growth rate and faster growth rates. Our results show similar material characteristics of (In)GaAs grown at ∼ 66% higher growth rate as measured by photoluminescence, x-ray, AFM surface roughness, and background doping and for InGaP grown at ∼ 57% higher growth rate for photoluminescence and sheet resistivity uniformity. These higher growth rates incorporated into a MOCVD growth process can lead to ∼ 20% reduction in process time and lower the cost of TJSC manufacture.
Effect of treatment with parathyroid extract on bone parameters and metabolism of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in Hypocalcemic Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats

Abstract Thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats fed diets containing 0.1% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus (low calcium), or 0.6% calcium, 0.6% phosphorus (normal calcium) become hypocalcemic and hyperphosphatemic. Inhibitory effects of parathyroid extract (PTE; 20 Units/100 g twice daily, 8–9 days) on rates of bone formation, matrix apposition, and osteoid maturation were observed in TPTX rats fed the low calcium diet, but not in those fed the normal calcium diet. Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was increased in response to PTE only in TPTX rats fed the normal calcium diet. In this group increased formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was associated with a significant reduction in the width of the mineralizing front. Our results indicate that serum calcium plays an important role in modulating the effect of PTE on metabolic processes in bone and kidney.
The Dismantling of Higher Education

Two major problems confronting higher education to day are higher costs and increasing government con trol. Last summer the College Board reported that outlays for resident students at private four-year colleges and uni versities will be $6,082.la In 1977, the Oakland Financial Group of Charlottesville, Virginia predicted that parents with a one-year-old child whom they plan to send to a four-year university in the 1990s would have to save $2,750 per year to finance the expected $82,830 four-year cost of the average private college and save $1,570 per year to finance the expected $47,740 cost of a state uni versity. The estimates assume an after-tax return on savings of five percent and an annual inflation rate of six percent in college costs, which include tuition, room, board, travel, and other incidentals.2 The middle class will find it difficult to pay so much for college education.23 Increased government assistance cannot solve the problem, because the middle class would bear the brunt of the necessary taxes. Furthermore, government assistance threatens the inde pendence of universities. In the state university, there has always been a tension between academic independence and government control, but federal assistance has now become ubiquitous at state and private universities alike. Because virtually all colleges would find it difficult or im possible to forego federal aid, they are forced to comply with the increasing number of regulations imposed on recipients of federal largesse. My solution to these two problems is quite radical. The overwhelming majority of colleges presently tie together
In Vitro and in Silico Characterization of Peroxiredoxin 6 Modified by 4-Hydroxynonenal and 4-Oxononenal

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRX6) belongs to the 1-Cys class of peroxiredoxins and is recognized as an important antioxidant protein in tissues such as cardiac muscle, skin, and lung. Preliminary in vivo proteomic data have revealed that PRX6 is adducted by 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) in the livers of rats chronically fed an ethanol-containing diet. The goals of this study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of aldehyde adduction on PRX6 peroxidase activity, identify specific sites of aldehyde modification using mass spectrometry, and predict conformational changes due to adduction using molecular modeling. PRX6 was found to be resistant to inactivation via aldehyde modification; however, Western blots of adducted protein revealed that both 4HNE and 4-oxononenal (4ONE) caused extensive cross-linking, resulting in high molecular mass species. Tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated multiple sites of modification, but adduction of the active site Cys47 was not observed. Molecular modeling simulation...
Relativistic scattered‐wave theory. II. Normalization and symmetrization

Formalisms for normalization and symmetrization of one-electron Dirac scattered-wave wavefunctions are presented. The normalization integral consists of one-dimensional radial integrals for the spherical regions and an analytic expression for the intersphere region. Symmetrization drastically reduces the size of the secular matrix to be solved. Examples for planar Pb2Se2 and tetrahedral Pd4 are discussed.
Faculty in the Hinterlands: Cultural Anticipation and Cultural Reality

Using qualitative inquiry, this paper employs a cultural lens to explore the work life experiences of faculty who work in smaller higher education administration programs in institutions that are not high-level research universities. The research focus included understanding how participants made sense of the institutions in which they worked and the consequences of that for their lives. Implications for the field of higher education administration, faculty work, and graduate socialization are examined. Ulti- mately, this research suggests that a single model of faculty work life identity drawn using a research institutional prototype does little to support all faculty members, many of whom work in markedly different institutions.
Imaging of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that cause classic clinical syndromes because of the excess secretion of specific gastrointestinal hormones. The two most important tumors clinically are insulinomas and gastrinomas. The clinical management of patients with these disorders usually involves the localization and surgical removal of the responsible tumor. Many radiological techniques can be used for tumor localization, including preoperative and intraoperative ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, MRI, radionuclide scanning, angiography, and venous sampling. However, there are conflicting claims as to the relative accuracy of these procedures, and many of these investigations are difficult to justify because of their high cost, degree of invasiveness, or lack of precise anatomic information that is obtained. If surgical resection of a neuroendocrine tumor is planned, intraoperative sonography should always be used to detect occult nonpalpable tumors and to discern the relationship of the tumor to vital adjacent pancreatic ductal anatomy. The choice of preoperative imaging is more controversial, and depends on the clinical problem, local expertise, and availability of imaging techniques. Sonography and contrast-enhanced helical CT are the most commonly used preoperative imaging methods, because of their relatively low cost and widespread availability. Radionuclide scanning with a somatostatin analogue, which is a relatively new procedure, may be valuable in patients with symptoms of tumor recurrence.
Eight Principles Derived From the Engineering Literature for Effective Design for the Developing World

This paper reviews the findings of several engineering researchers and practitioners on the topic of design for the developing world. We arrange these findings into eight guiding principles aimed at helping those who are searching for effective and sustainable approaches for design for the developing world. The findings reviewed come from the mechanical engineering discipline, as well as from other engineering disciplines. For each principle, we provide references to various studies as a means of supporting the principle. We also provide a detailed example of each principle. Finally, based on our own experience and based on the many papers reviewed, we provide a succinct list of suggestions for using each principle. Ultimately, we believe that the stated principles help overcome the challenges of design for the developing world, which are often dominated by designer unfamiliarity with poverty and foreign culture, as well as by the constraint of extreme affordability.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Invasive plant cover impacts the desirability of lands for conservation acquisition.

Invasive species are of increasing concern to conservation organizations due to their ecological and economic impacts. But while many studies have addressed the economic impact of invasive species, few have placed these impacts in a conservation context. In reality invasive species are only one of many challenges facing conservation practitioners. Here we use conjoint analysis, a stated preference method of economic valuation, to determine how invasive plant cover influences the desirability of land for conservation acquisition. In a web-based survey we asked public and private land managers to make choices between hypothetical land parcels that varied in area, plant species composition, and maintenance cost. We received 285 responses from managers directly involved in the management of approximately 12 % of the area of the continental United States. Rare plant richness had the strongest marginal effect on land parcel desirability, followed by invasive plant abundance, area, and finally maintenance cost. While effect ordering was consistent between federal, state, and public managers, effect strengths differed significantly; the choices of federal managers were most sensitive to invasive plant cover. Broadly speaking, our results reframe the economic impact of invasive plants in terms of trade-offs that are relevant to conservation practitioners. They also suggest that land managers, acting as public agents, are measurably concerned about the spread of invasive plants.
Gastric Acid Suppression and Outcomes in Clostridium difficile Infection: A Population-Based Study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association of gastric acid suppression medications, including proton pump inhibitors and histamine type 2 blockers, with outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in a population-based cohort. Patients and Methods To understand the association between acid suppression and outcomes in patients with CDI, we conducted a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2005. We compared demographic data and outcomes, including severe, severe-complicated, and recurrent CDI and treatment failure, in a cohort of patients with CDI who were treated with acid suppression medications with these outcomes in a cohort with CDI that was not exposed to acid-suppressing agents. Results Of 385 patients with CDI, 36.4% were undergoing acid suppression (23.4% with proton pump inhibitors, 13.5% with histamine type 2 blockers, and 0.5% with both). On univariate analysis, patients taking acid suppression medications were significantly older (69 vs 56 years; P Conclusion In this population-based study, after adjustment for age and comorbid conditions, patients with CDI who underwent acid suppression were not more likely to experience severe or severe-complicated CDI, treatment failure, or recurrent infection.
The epidemiology of estrogen replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease

The burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) falls more heavily on women than men. It is hypothesized that plummeting levels of circulating estrogens after the menopause increase a woman's risk for this disorder and, conversely, that estrogen replacement therapy may lower the risk for dementia due to AD. A number of estrogenic properties support the biological credibility of this hypothesis. Estrogen interacts with neurotrophins and neurotransmitter systems relevant to AD and in some model systems estrogen modulates synaptic plasticity. Effects on beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E may be especially germane to putative effects. Estrogen also may blunt neurotoxic consequences of the stress response mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, augment cerebral glucose utilization, and enhance cerebral blood flow. Clinical studies of postmenopausal women suggest beneficial estrogen effects on specific cognitive skills, and small preliminary trials of estrogen replacement in women with AD support claims of clinical meaningful efficacy. Consistent with the estrogen hypothesis, cross-sectional studies imply that postmenopausal estrogen use could be associated with a lower risk for AD. Several recent epidemiologic studies in which information on estrogen replacement therapy was collected prospectively further support this contention, with a dose-response relation evident in some reports. Because estrogen users tend to differ from nonusers in a number of lifestyle characteristics, convincing demonstration of putative protective effects could best some from randomized, placebo-controlled, primary intervention trials. For the present, however, the issue of estrogen efficacy in lowering a woman's risk for AD remains unsettled.
Extreme life history plasticity and the evolution of invasive characteristics in a native ant.

Disturbance resulting from urbanization is a leading cause of biotic homogenization worldwide. Native species are replaced with widespread non-native species and ants are among the world’s most notorious invaders. To date, all documented cases of ant invasions involve exotic introduced species that are spread around the world by human-mediated dispersal. I investigated the effect of urbanization on the evolution of invasive characteristics in a native ant species, the odorous house ant, Tapinoma sessile (Say). Colony social structure, life history traits, and the spatial pattern of nest distribution were compared by sampling T. sessile across a gradient of three distinct habitats: natural, semi-natural, and urban. Results demonstrate a remarkable transition in colony social and spatial structure and life history traits between natural and urban environments. In natural habitats, T. sessile colonies are comprised of small, monogyne (single queen), and monodomous (single nest) colonies. In urban areas, T. sessile often exhibit extreme polygyny and polydomy, form large supercolonies, and become a dominant pest. Results also suggest that urban T. sessile colonies may have a negative impact on native ant abundance and diversity. In the natural environment T. sessile coexisted with a wide array of other ant species, while very few ant species were present in the urban environment invaded by T. sessile. Habitat degradation and urbanization can lead to extreme changes in social and spatial colony structure and life history traits in a native ant species and can promote the evolution of invasive characteristics such as polygyny, polydomy, and supercolonial colony structure.
KORA: a new cache replacement scheme

Abstract In this paper, we present a new neural network based cache replacement algorithm called KORA (Khalid Obaidat Replacement Algorithm). The proposed algorithm uses neural network(s) as a kind of directory in order to identify and distinguish between active and inactive cache lines. Such a classification helps to guide the line replacement decisions. This allows our algorithm to provide better cache performance as compared to the conventional LRU (Least Recently Used), MRU (Most Recently Used), and FIFO (First In First Out) replacement policies (Khalid H, Obaidat MS. A novel cache memory controller: algorithm and simulation, Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference (SCSC ’95), Canada, July, 1995. p. 767–772; Khalid H, Obaidat MS. Near-optimal cache replacement policy for high performance computer systems, revised version. IEEE Transactions On Computers, 1997 (submitted for publication); Khalid H, Obaidat MS. High performance cache memory replacement schemes. Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, December, 1995, p. 1–7). Extensive trace-driven simulations were performed for a wide variety of cache configurations using different SPEC92 (Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation) benchmark programs. Simulation results illustrate that KORA can provide substantial improvement in the miss ratio over the conventional algorithms. Our work opens a new dimension for research in the development of new and improved page replacement schemes for virtual memory systems and disk caches.