cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pixels to Droplets: Multi-Output Display of Color, Odor, and Shape Change with Organic Primitives

Pixels are considered to be the smallest addressable unit in a digital image system. I propose that Droplets are the smallest addressable unit within a fluid based information display. Just as pixels are the programmed visual representations from the information output of computers, droplets can be generated from the information output of molecules. Using Organic Primitives, a toolbox of pH-reactive sensor-actuator materials, I explore multi-modal methods for human interaction with molecules. We typically use culturally recognizable symbols to communicate with Pixels. With Organic Primitives, objects such as apples are transformed into information displays, utilizing innate signals from nature to communicate. For example, we infer pain when we see blood, feel a sense of trypophobia or danger when we see spotted patterns, and have an inherent adverse response to sulphuric odors. Utilizing these color, odor and shape changing primitives, I demonstrate how interactions with organic, fluid-based systems can be made possible.
SMART: speech-enabled mobile assisted reading technology for word comprehension

In this study, we designed and developed two educational games on mobile phones with support for speech-recognition to examine and train the cognitive underpinnings of word reading in English as a Second Language (ESL) learners in rural India. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that articulating a word aloud will be more advantageous for strengthening the sub-lexical components required for word reading - orthographic, phonologic, and semantic - than silently practicing it. 31 children from grades 4 and 5 learning ESL in rural India participated in the study. The results corroborated the hypothesis, suggesting that production is important for second language word reading development.
Bioinformatics Data Analysis of Next-Generation Sequencing Data from Heterogeneous Tumor Samples

Tumor heterogeneity is a major challenge when it comes to treating cancer and also complicates research aimed at determining genetic sources for tumorigenesis. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing technology has been an effective approach for advancing our understanding of genetic diseases, and this type of data can also be used to better understand and make inferences about tumor heterogeneity. Here we describe the basics of genomics data analysis, as well as analysis pipelines for investigating tumor heterogeneity with next-generation sequencing data.
The Interaction of Financial Attitudes and Financial Knowledge: Evidence for Low-Income Hispanic Families

We add to the literature on the association of financial knowledge and financial attitudes with financial outcomes by focusing on predominantly low-income Hispanic families. We examine (i) saving for emergencies, for college, and in 401(k) plans, and (ii) ownership of a home, land or rental property, and an investment account. We find that financial knowledge is strongly related to our savings measures and to owning an investment account. Financial attitudes play less of a role, but assume some importance when interacted with financial knowledge. Self-reported financial knowledge in addition to factual financial knowledge is associated with favorable financial outcomes. Our results are important for the upward economic mobility of a demographic group that has received less attention in the literature.
cAMP and forskolin inhibit potassium currents in rat taste receptor cells by different mechanisms.

In gustatory transduction, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) has been suggested to close potassium channels when elevated by sweet stimuli or to open cAMP-gated cation channels when depre...
Patient Preferences and Utilization of Online Resources for Patients Treated in Hand Surgery Practices.

Background The Internet is a widely used resource by patients however, objective data on details such as frequency of usage and specific sites visited is lacking. We surveyed patients from hand surgery practices to describe patient preferences and utilization patterns for online resources. Methods From October 2015 to June 2016, we enrolled patients presenting to 4 orthopedic hand surgeons at 2 academic institutions. Patients completed a survey, with questions related to their preference for learning about their diagnosis and Internet utilization both before and after the visit. Results A total of 226 patients were enrolled in the study. Forty-five percent of the patients had done online research prior to the office visit, and 81% preferred to learn about their diagnosis through verbal communication, as opposed to only 8% who listed Web site information. Fifty percent indicated that there was a greater than 50% chance or they would definitely seek additional information on the Internet after the office visit. When asked to choose from a list of Web sites to visit, the most popular Web site was WebMD. Specialty society Web sites (American Society for Surgery of the Hand and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) were less popular. Conclusions This survey-based study found that a majority of patients utilize the Internet both before and after the office visit; however, they often utilize unregulated sites for information. This information can help physicians guide patients to high-quality Web sites for information on their clinical diagnosis and treatment.
The role of perceived attitudinal bases on spontaneous and requested advocacy

Abstract The attitudes and persuasion literature has extensively examined what makes a message influential, paying much less attention to what makes someone communicate that message in the first place (i.e., engage in attitudinal advocacy). In addressing this, the present research first makes a novel distinction regarding the type of advocacy (requested versus spontaneous). Then, we examine how one's perceived attitudinal base (affective or cognitive) influences intentions to engage in each type of advocacy. Across six studies (four correlational and two experimental, n = 1040), this research demonstrates two consistent patterns: perceiving one's attitude to be more cognitively (vs. affectively) based results in greater willingness to engage in requested advocacy, whereas perceiving one's attitude to be more affectively (vs. cognitively) based results in greater willingness to engage in spontaneous advocacy.
Longitudinal Treatment of a Case of Panhypopituitarism, Pseudotumor Cerebri, and (Ultimately) Factitious (Munchhausen’s) Disorder by Proxy

This case narrative written in collaboration with the patient's treating pediatrician presents a very complex patient with early onset panhypopituitarism, migraine, pseudotumor cerebri, the latter leading to the need for neurosurgery. The patient’s diagnosed psychiatric comorbidity, while difficult to parsimoniously classify, included elements of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and "intolerable" pain. Such a case is already profoundly complex, but adding to the challenges in this case is classic Munchhausen’s syndrome (factitious disorder) by proxy, with the patient's parent, in this case his mother, (as is often the case) as the perpetrator. Eventual intervention by child protective services (CPS) to remove his mother from his care and place him with his father resulted in significant improvement in the patient’s functioning, reports of fewer physical complaints, and improved performance in social and academic roles
Decision Making under Uncertainty for Design of Resilient Engineered Systems

Abstract Designing resilient engineered systems that can sense and withstand adverse events and recover from the effects of the adverse events is increasingly seen as an important goal of engineering design. This paper proposes a value-driven design for resilience (VD2R) framework in order to enable the assessment of system resilience and the optimization of decision variables (or design characteristics) that maximize the value of the system for a firm. The VD2R framework possesses three unique features that allow system resilience and value to be addressed in a theoretically founded and explicit way. First, it assesses the time-dependent resilience of an engineered system by explicitly modeling the redundancy, robustness, and restoration of the system. This assessment captures the stochastic behavior of degradation and restoration and their impact on system resilience. Second, it encompasses a value model that links time-dependent system resilience to a design firm's future profit. Third, the VD2R framework offers an efficient optimization method to solve high-dimension, mixed-integer decision-making models. The proposed framework is demonstrated with a case study, where the resilience of a series-parallel system is modeled and its design characteristics optimized.
Politics, Ethics, and Religion

In this essay, I argue that religion is centrally important in the future of liberal democracy in the Western sense of the word. Without the values of religion, we may have to face the emergence of authoritarian and totalitarian forms of political existence. My starting point is the experience of the so-called post-Communist countries. The essence of this experience is that liberal democracy as a political form may lack genuine content if the society, in which it exists, is devoid of the fundamental human attitudes essential for sustaining such a democracy. This experience can be complemented by the experience we have in the European Union or in the United States today, because even in these organizations we witness clear signs of the loss of common values, which endangers the proper functioning of stable democratic systems. However, some form of religion – traditional or renewed – may help to revitalize the values and their subjective basis, the proper human attitudes to encounter the danger of the decline of contemporary liberal democracies.
Investigating Homonuclear Broadening in NQR with Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill Performed on p-Chloroaniline

We investigate the possibility of obtaining a strong homonuclear response in the NQR signal from a sample expected to have stronger broadening due to heteronuclear dipolar coupling than homonuclear coupling. Previous work, also with a powder sample, revealed a strong response from homonuclear coupling in a substance without a strong heteronuclear broadening component. This new work could expand the number of samples for which those conclusions are applicable, creating more opportunities to use NQR to measure homonuclear dipolar coupling for both material characterization and determining efficient detection procedures.
ISCHEMIC NEPHROPATHY Epidemiology and Clinical Implications

Renal dysfunction secondary to stenosis of the renal arteries is an entity that is under-diagnosed, but is increasingly recognized. This condition probably accounts for a large number of patients in dialysis programs. Hypertension is not an essential component of this disease. Progression of renal function is the natural course. This progression can be reversed with surgical or percutaneous revascularization of the ischemic kidneys with a high degree of success in preserving or restoring kidney function.
Understory upheaval: factors influencing Japanese stiltgrass invasion in forestlands of Tennessee, United States.

Invasions by non-native plants contribute to loss of ecosystem biodiversity and productivity, modification of biogeochemical cycles, and inhibition of natural regeneration of native species. Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Campus) is one of the most prevalent invasive grasses in the forestlands of Tennessee, United States. We measured the extent of invasion, identified potential factors affecting invasion, and quantified the relative importance of each factor. We analyzed field data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the U.S. Forest Service to measure the extent of invasion from 2005 to 2011 and identified potential factors affecting invasion during this period using boosted regression trees. Our results indicated that presence of Japanese stiltgrass on sampled plots increased 50% (from 269 to 404 plots) during the time period. The probability of invasion was correlated with one landscape condition (elevation) (20.5%) and five forest features (including tree species diversity, basal area, stand age, site productivity, and natural regeneration) (79.5%). Boosted regression trees identified the most influential (highly correlated) variables as tree species diversity (30.7%), basal area (22.9%), elevation (20.5%), and stand age (16.7%). Our results suggest that Japanese stiltgrass is likely to continue its invasion in Tennessee forests. The present model, in addition to correlating the probability of Japanese stiltgrass invasions with current climatic conditions and landscape attributes, could aid in the on-going development of control strategies for confronting Japanese stiltgrass invasions by identifying vulnerable areas that might emerge as a result of likely changes in climatic conditions and land use patterns.
Dynamic SUMO remodeling drives a series of critical events during the meiotic divisions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chromosome congression and segregation in C. elegans oocytes depend on a complex of conserved proteins that forms a ring around the center of each bivalent during prometaphase; these complexes are then removed from chromosomes at anaphase onset and disassemble as anaphase proceeds. Here, we uncover mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of these ring complexes (RCs), revealing a strategy by which protein complexes can be progressively remodeled during cellular processes. We find that the assembly, maintenance, and stability of RCs is regulated by a balance between SUMO conjugating and deconjugating activity. During prometaphase, the SUMO protease ULP-1 is targeted to the RCs but is counteracted by SUMO E2/E3 enzymes; then in early anaphase the E2/E3 enzymes are removed, enabling ULP-1 to trigger RC disassembly and completion of the meiotic divisions. Moreover, we found that SUMO regulation is essential to properly connect the RCs to the chromosomes and then also to fully release them in anaphase. Altogether, our work demonstrates that dynamic remodeling of SUMO modifications facilitates key meiotic events and highlights how competition between conjugation and deconjugation activity can modulate SUMO homeostasis, protein complex stability, and ultimately, progressive processes such as cell division.
Methylation of 5‐Phenyl‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one derivatives with N,N‐dimethylformamide‐dimethyl acetal

A novel method for N-methylation of the cyclic amide in the 1,4-benzodiazepine ring system is presented. Methods traditionally used involve treatment of the 1,4-benzodiazepinone anion with an alkyl halide. It has been demonstrated that these derivatives can be methylated on the amide nitrogen atom by use of dimethyl-formamide dimethyl acetal which acts as both reagent and solvent for the reaction.
Query-driven PAC-Learning for Reasoning.

We consider the problem of learning rules from a data set that support a proof of a given query, under Valiant's PAC-Semantics. We show how any backward proof search algorithm that is sufficiently oblivious to the contents of its knowledge base can be modified to learn such rules while it searches for a proof using those rules. We note that this gives such algorithms for standard logics such as chaining and resolution.
“Equal Opportunity Violence”: Hope Solo and the Rhetoric of Domestic Violence in Sports Media

In 2014, American soccer player Hope Solo was accused of domestic violence. Controversy over Solo’s participation in the upcoming 2015 Women’s World Cup tournament flooded news and sports media. Mo...
Patient Perspectives on the Usefulness of an Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Symptom Checker: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Background: Patients are increasingly seeking Web-based symptom checkers to obtain diagnoses. However, little is known about the characteristics of the patients who use these resources, their rationale for use, and whether they find them accurate and useful. Objective: The study aimed to examine patients’ experiences using an artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted online symptom checker. Methods: An online survey was administered between March 2, 2018, through March 15, 2018, to US users of the Isabel Symptom Checker within 6 months of their use. User characteristics, experiences of symptom checker use, experiences discussing results with physicians, and prior personal history of experiencing a diagnostic error were collected. Results: A total of 329 usable responses was obtained. The mean respondent age was 48.0 (SD 16.7) years; most were women (230/304, 75.7%) and white (271/304, 89.1%). Patients most commonly used the symptom checker to better understand the causes of their symptoms (232/304, 76.3%), followed by for deciding whether to seek care (101/304, 33.2%) or where (eg, primary or urgent care: 63/304, 20.7%), obtaining medical advice without going to a doctor (48/304, 15.8%), and understanding their diagnoses better (39/304, 12.8%). Most patients reported receiving useful information for their health problems (274/304, 90.1%), with half reporting positive health effects (154/302, 51.0%). Most patients perceived it to be useful as a diagnostic tool (253/301, 84.1%), as a tool providing insights leading them closer to correct diagnoses (231/303, 76.2%), and reported they would use it again (278/304, 91.4%). Patients who discussed findings with their physicians (103/213, 48.4%) more often felt physicians were interested (42/103, 40.8%) than not interested in learning about the tool’s results (24/103, 23.3%) and more often felt physicians were open (62/103, 60.2%) than not open (21/103, 20.4%) to discussing the results. Compared with patients who had not previously experienced diagnostic errors (missed or delayed diagnoses: 123/304, 40.5%), patients who had previously experienced diagnostic errors (181/304, 59.5%) were more likely to use the symptom checker to determine where they should seek care (15/123, 12.2% vs 48/181, 26.5%; P=.002), but they less often felt that physicians were interested in discussing the tool’s results (20/34, 59% vs 22/69, 32%; P=.04). Conclusions: Despite ongoing concerns about symptom checker accuracy, a large patient-user group perceived an AI-assisted symptom checker as useful for diagnosis. Formal validation studies evaluating symptom checker accuracy and effectiveness in real-world practice could provide additional useful information about their benefit.
State prediction of centralized protection measuring and controlling device

It is the key to ensure the sustainable operation of intelligent substation to accurately predict the effective life of centralized protection measurement and control device in intelligent substation. A life prediction method based on cloud model and Markov chain is proposed. The initial state probability distribution vector is constructed by using the operation state data of the centralized protection measurement and control device and the membership function of the cloud model, then the state transition probability matrix is obtained according to the Markov chain principle, and the effective life of the protection device is predicted by the reliability criterion. The result of calculation example shows that the method can scientifically predict the effective life of the centralized protection measuring and controlling device, and can provide guidance for the status maintenance of the intelligent substation device.
Three molecules found in rosemary or nutmeg essential oils repel ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) more effectively than DEET in a no-human assay.

BACKGROUND Development of new personal repellents to prevent tick bites is progressing to keep up with the increasing threat of tick-borne diseases in humans. However, the market share of natural, plant-based repellents is still quite small. We tested all of the major (>1%) components found in the essential oils of rosemary (Spanish variety) and nutmeg. These were tested with Dermacentor variabilis ticks, a robust tick capable of vectoring human diseases, in a no-human horizontal Petri dish assay. For comparison, we also tested the active ingredients currently recommended by the CDC and EPA as personal repellents for use against ticks. RESULTS Of the 16 oil components tested, three performed significantly better than N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) in our assay. These compounds were myristicin and safrole found in the nutmeg oil, and terpinolene found in nutmeg oil and as a minor (<1%) constituent of rosemary oil. The current market natural product, 2-undecanone, also performed strongly in our assay. CONCLUSIONS Our assay focused on comparing active ingredients as potential repellents and found that many natural products can elicit a strong response from ticks. Terpinolene is the most promising active ingredient identified, owing to human health concerns regarding myristicin and safrole. Our results from examining individual terpenoids from two essential oils suggest that there remain unexploited natural compounds that could be further developed for new personal tick repellents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Creating Order Out of Chaos? Development of a Measure of Perceived Effects of Communication on the Crisis Organizing Process:

Organizations are important sources of communication during natural-hazard crises. How members of an organization perceive these communications (e.g., creating confusion, causing disorder, providin...
Otolaryngology Applicant Characteristics and Trends: Comparing OTO-HNS with Peer Specialties:

Purpose:To evaluate the recent Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OTO-HNS) applicant characteristics, to identify which applicant characteristics are associated with successful match into OTO-HN...
Sidewalk Static Obstructions and Their Impact on Clear Width

Data on sidewalks have long been deficient. But advances in remote sensing are beginning to increase data prevalence and accuracy. These sidewalk datasets rarely, if ever, account for static obstru...
Iron amendments minimize the first-flush release of pathogens from stormwater biofilters.

Abstract First flush or the first pore volume of effluent eluted from biofilters at the start of rainfall contributes to most pollution downstream because it typically contains a high concentration of bacterial pathogens. Thus, it is critical to evaluate designs that could minimize the release of bacteria during a period of high risk. In this study, we test the hypothesis of whether an addition of iron-based media to biofilter could limit the leaching of Escherichia coli (E. coli), a pathogen indicator, during the first flush. We applied E. coli-contaminated stormwater intermittently in columns packed with a mixture of sand and compost (70:30 by volume, respectively) and iron filings at three concentrations: 0% (control), 3%, and 10% by weight. Columns packed with a mixture of sand and iron (3% or 10%) without compost were used to examine the maximum capacity of iron to remove E. coli. In columns with iron, particularly 10% by weight, the leaching of E. coli during the first flush was 32% lower than the leaching from compost columns, indicating that the addition of iron amendments could decrease first-flush leaching of E. coli. We attribute this result to the ability of iron to increase adsorption and decrease growth during antecedent drying periods. Although the addition of iron filings increased E. coli removal, the presence of compost decreased the adsorption capacity: exposure of 1 g of iron filings to 1 mg of DOC reduces E. coli removal by 8%. The result was attributed to the alteration of the surface charge of iron and blocking of adsorption sites shared by E. coli and DOC. Collectively, these results indicate that the addition of sufficient amounts of iron media could decrease pathogen leaching in the first flush effluent and increase the overall biofilter performance and protect downstream water quality.
Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of leukocytes identifies CpG methylation signatures of aggressive prostate cancer

Most of screening-detected prostate cancer (PCa) are indolent and not lethal. Biomarkers that can predict aggressive diseases independently of clinical features are needed to improve risk stratification of localized PCa patients and reduce overtreatment. We aimed to identify leukocyte DNA methylation differences between clinically defined aggressive and non-aggressive PCa. We performed whole genome DNA methylation profiling in leukocyte DNA from 287 PCa patients with Gleason Score (GS) 6 and ≥8 using Illumina 450k methylation arrays. We observed a global hypomethylation in GS≥8 patients compared to GS=6 PCa patients; in contrast, the methylation level in core promoter and exon 1 region was significantly higher in GS≥8 patients than GS=6 PCa. We then performed 5-fold cross validated random forest model training on 1,459 differentially methylated CpG Probes (DMPs) with false discovery rate (FDR) <0.01 between GS=6 and GS≥8 groups. The power of the predictive model was further reinforced by ranking the DMPs with Decreased Gini and re-train the model with the top 97 DMPs (Testing AUC=0.920, predict accuracy =0.847). In conclusion, we identified a CpG methylation signature in leukocyte DNA that is associated with aggressive clinical features of PCa at diagnosis.
The Obscure Object of Decline: Locating Hungary's Illiberalism

Over the past decade an entire literature has sprung up around Hungarian politics, elucidating the means by which the country has slid into illiberalism. Less considered is why this has occurred. This paper utilizes the findings of Object Oriented Ontology to consider the ways in which the material fabric of Hungary and Hungarians, most notably in relationship to Trianon and Transylvania, has helped drive illiberalism forward.
Molecular mechanisms controlling bovine lymphocyte homing

CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs and may function in other intercellular adhesion events as well. We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone which encodes for bovine CD44. The predicted amino acid sequence of bovine CD44 had an overall high similarity with that of human and mouse CD44, 79.5% and 73.2%, respectively. In all three species, CD44 had a similar transmembrane region and cytoplasmic tail. In addition, all of the cysteine residues and a majority of the putative N-linked glycosylation sites in the extracellular domain were conserved between bovine, human and mouse. An area of low amino acid similarity between species was present within the extracellular domain. This area had a similarity of 34% between bovine and human, and 27% between bovine and mouse. The location of this area of low similarity was conserved between species.
STUDIES ON THE ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL

Chloramphenicol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak serum levels, while usually reached within two hours, are occasionally not attained for six or more hours. In general absorption is markedly more rapid than in the case of aureomycin, which seems to be absorbed slowly over a period of several hours. Eleven mg./kg. body weight, which is an adequate single dose of aureomycin, in the case of chloramphenicol produces serum levels too low to be detected by the authors9 method. Twenty-two mg./kg. produces two hour levels averaging 8.3 µg./cc. and 44 mg./kg. raises this level to a mean of 22 µg./cc. Rectal administration of perforated chloramphenicol capsules produces peak serum levels approximately one-fifth of those effected with comparable oral dosage. Diffusion of chloramphenicol into cerebrospinal fluid occurs readily and after a few days administration spinal fluid levels, in three cases, were approximately 50% of the serum levels. These data suggest that effective oral dosage of chloramphenicol ranges from 22 to 44 mg./kg./dose and that the antibiotic should be given at 6 to 8 hour intervals.
Use of an Intravascular Heat Exchange Catheter and Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest After Cyclobenzaprine Overdose

In this case report, a 22-year-old male developed severe hypothermia after an accidental overdose of cyclobenzaprine. During transport, the patient developed cardiac arrest. He received active rewarming measures, including pleural lavage, gastric lavage, an intravascular heat exchange catheter, and cardiopulmonary bypass. Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) was also administered. A discussion of cyclobenzaprine toxicity, hypothermia, ILE, and accidental hypothermic cardiac arrest follows.
Certificate Use for Supporting Merging and Splitting of Computational Environments

In recent years, numerous projects focusing on utilization of geographically-distributed environments have called upon certificates and certificate authorities for authentication, for validation, and for assigning access privileges to groups. This paper describes a prototype established for utilizing certificates in the IceT environment for facilitating merging of resource groups. This prototype extends this paradigm to leverage significantly upon certificate revocation lists to permit predictable, dynamic splittings of groups.
The application of pittsburgh-style learning classifier systems to address genetic heterogeneity and epistasis in association studies

Despite the growing abundance and quality of genetic data, genetic epidemiologists continue to struggle with connecting the phenotype of common complex disease to underlying genetic markers and etiologies. In the context of gene association studies, this process is greatly complicated by phenomena such as genetic heterogeneity (GH) and epistasis (gene-gene interactions), which constitute difficult, but accessible challenges for bioinformatisists. While previous work has demonstrated the potential of using Michigan-style Learning Classifier Systems (LCSs) as a direct approach to this problem, the present study examines Pittsburgh-style LCSs, an architecturally and functionally distinct class of algorithm, linked by the common goal of evolving a solution comprised of multiple rules as opposed to a single "best" rule. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the Pittsburgh-style LCS architectures (GALE and GAssist) as they are applied to the GH/epistasis problem.
Beauty in motion: Expectations, attitudes, and values of wind energy development in the rural U.S

Abstract Attitudes towards wind energy development are influenced by a number of social, political, and geographic factors. Initial resident expectations for a development, and then the degree to which these expectations were later met can help explain support or opposition for wind energy. Yet, the role of met or unmet expectations is not well researched in explaining perceptions of and attitudes towards wind energy development. This study explores the relationship between met and unmet expectations and resident attitudes towards wind energy, as well as perceptions of wind turbine beauty, for rural residents near two wind energy projects in the U.S. state of South Dakota (SD). A survey ( n = 239) administered in 2014 across two counties investigates the process of attitude and expectation formation towards the projects as they developed. Results show that the majority of residents had positive expectations, and these expectations are largely unmet; nonetheless, most residents retain positive attitudes towards both projects, although certain types of expectations are related to more positive or more negative attitudes. Furthermore, the survey results show that residents find turbines in motion to be more beautiful than static turbines—demonstrating the role of economic and environmental values in influencing wind energy attitudes and expectations.
Establishing the order of human chromosome-specific DNA fragments.

The goal of the human genome project is to decipher the human genetic information (i.e. determine the sequence of the DNA bases) for the benefit of mankind. Questions about this project center on emphasis and approach, not on the scientific value. One important question focuses on the need to sequence the entire genome rather than subsets of the genome, since it is thought that more than 80 percent of the human genome may not contain useful genetic information.
The enduring effects of depressive thoughts on working memory

Abstract Background Depressive thoughts are known to persist in persons with depressed mood leading to rumination and exacerbation of depressive symptoms. What has not yet been examined is whether this persistence of depressive thoughts can lead to impairment of working memory (WM). Methods We assessed whether receiving a WM task featuring depressive cues could bias performance on a subsequent, non-depressive WM task for dysphoric individuals (DIs) compared to non-DIs. Results DIs showed significantly attenuated performance on the WM task with depressive cues compared to non-DIs. Further, when DIs were given the WM task with depressive cues first, they showed deficits on a second WM task without depressive cues, compared to DIs given the non-depressive WM task first and non-DIs in either condition. Limitations Unselected recruitment procedures did not permit balanced sample sizes in each group. Future research is needed to assess whether these results extend to a clinically depressed sample and whether WM deficits are the consequence of depressed mood, or a risk factor for the development and maintenance of depressed mood. Conclusions Results suggest that, for DIs, the influence of depressive cues on performance transfers to subsequent tasks in which these cues are no longer present. These results support the hypothesis that when depressive thoughts are part of depressed persons’ conscious experience, cognitive deficits arise. Further, these results suggest an ecologically-relevant mechanism by which day-to-day cognitive deficits in depression can develop.
Shared Memory Programming in Metacomputing Environments: The Global Array Approach

The performance of the Global Array shared-memory nonuniform memory-access programming model is explored in a wide-area-network (WAN) distributed supercomputer environment. The Global Array model is extended by introducing a concept of mirrored arrays that thanks to the caching and user-controlled consistency of the shared data structure scan reduce the application sensitivity to the network latency. Latencies and bandwidths for remote memory access are studied, and the performance of a large application from computational chemistry is evaluated using both fully distributed and also mirrored arrays. Excellent performance can be obtained with mirroring if even modest (0.5 MB/s) network bandwidth is available.
Recruitment of marine invertebrates to hard substrates at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise and Galapagos spreading center

Abstract Recruitment panels were placed at and near hydrothermal vent communities at three sites on the Galapagos spreading center and one site on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N. Deployment periods ranged from 26 days (Clam Acres, 21°N) to 260–320 days (Rose Garden, Garden of Eden, Mussel Bed, GSC) to 1216 days (Clam Acres). Recruitment of gastropod post-larvae and juveniles was observed on arrays deployed at Clam Acres for 26 days. Regardless of length of deployment, populations of polychaetes, mollusks, and barnacles colonizing the panels were predominantly post-larval, juvenile, or sub-adult stages. We suggest that some combination of competition, migration, and predation maintains these populations in immature stages. Size distributions of individuals within a taxon on panels deployed for 1216 days are broad, suggesting intermittent or continuous recruitment in many of the vent-associated species rather than a single episodic recruitment event. Folliculinid and foraminiferan protozoans were the most abundant eucaryotic organisms colonizing long-term deployments at Clam Acres. On the Galapagos spreading center, level of recruitment differed among the vent sites, with Rose Garden > Garden of Eden ⪢ Mussel Bed. Recruitment of vent-associated species was greater on panels placed within vent communities compared to panels placed adjacent to these communities. This observation is consistent with the maintenance of vent communities in discrete regions of hydrothermal flux.
Compositional analysis by coupled thermogravimetry—colorimetric titration☆

Abstract Compositional analysis of materials can frequently be made by the determination of a selected substance formed by thermal degradation. This presentation describes a coupled thermogravimetry—colorimetric titration technique for such an application. Thermogravimetry serves not only to decompose the sample under controlled conditions to release the substance to be analyzed, but also provides mass-change information and prior separation of undesirable materials. A microprocessor-controlled titrator equipped with a dipping probe colorimeter is then programmed to perform the titration automatically, calculate the results, and print out the analytical report. This technique should be potentially useful in cases where traditional chemical or spectroscopic methods are time-consuming or encounter interferences. Examples of using this technique for the determination of copolymer compositions are shown.
An Improved Spalding-Stephenson Procedure for One-Dimensional Flame Calculations

Abstract Abstract–The Spalding-Stephenson transformation of the unsteady, flame conservation equations is one of the most widely used approaches to calculate the profiles of one-dimensional, laminar flames. This transformation takes full advantage of the time-dependent conservation equations under constant pressure conditions. Numerous procedures have been developed over the years to estimate the proper inlet, mass flow boundary conditions. In this paper the transformation is analyzed in depth and a formalism is developed for a generalized, mass flow boundary condition. The advantage of this generalized procedure for the mass flow is that it treats with no approximations the full range of flame conditions: from freely propagating, to burner stabilized, to transient. The capability to treat transient flames is demonstrated by calculations of a time-evolving hydrogen-air flame quenching at a wall and stabilizing (flashing back) onto a porous plug burner. Free flame profiles for methane-air and hydrogen-air ...
Educational Television as an Extension Delivery System for Teaching Futures Market Concepts

willing to supply time for educational programming on a regular basis. Even if air time is available, it often cannot be obtained at an optimal viewing time. Communicating information via television requires special skills different than those used by extension personnel in a traditional public meeting educational setting. Most extension economists are not as effective in front of a television camera as are professional television commentators. The purpose of this paper is to explain how educational television is used to teach commodity futures market concepts. The futures market program was designed to educate farmers and other interested persons in the basics of forward pricing and to help them apply that information to their own business situations. Television offers the most direct and cost-effective link with those farmers most in need of information. It is one medium that brings that information to those interested on a regular basis. Our approach in the use of television as a means to educate farmers is unique in that the educational effort consists of not merely a single show but of thirteen regular, weekly programs on agricultural marketing. The program was aired during primetime evening television beginning in February 1976. Educational television stations rather than commercial stations were used because of the availability of air time. The educational television system in Kentucky is one of the largest and most complete in the nation, consisting of fourteen ultrahigh-frequency stations across the state. This is a particular advantage, compared with local, private television stations that can cover only part of the state. The idea of a marketing program did not evolve solely out of the Department of Agricultural Economics. Rather, members of the agricultural leadership in the state expressed to Kentucky Educational Television (KET) their desire that KET bid on a weekly farm business series. A committee composed primarily of agricultural economists was asked to prepare a program proposal that Educational Television could consider for implementation.
INTELLECTUALS AND POWER, OR, WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT?

Mark Lilla, The Reckless Mind: Intellectuals in Politics (New York: New York Review of Books, 2001)Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (New York: Pantheon, 2002)“Great writers are either husbands or lovers,” Susan Sontag explained in a 1963 essay on Camus. “Some writers supply the solid virtues of a husband: reliability, intelligibility, generosity, decency. There are other writers in whom one prizes the gifts of a lover, gifts of temperament rather than of moral goodness. Notoriously, women tolerate qualities in a lover—moodiness, selfishness, unreliability, brutality—that they never countenance in a husband, in return for excitement, an infusion of intense feeling. In the same way, readers put up with unintelligibility, obsessiveness, painful truths, lies, bad grammar—if, in compensation, the writer allows them to savor rare emotions, and dangerous sensations.” Camus was “the ideal husband of contemporary letters,” she opined, but “as in life, so in art both are necessary, husband and lovers. It's a great pity when one is forced to choose between them.”
Are simple line-length estimation tasks productive for examining temporal locus of knowledge of results?

Szrrnmary.-Evidence suggests that studies employing a wide range of task complexity may best show that measures of delayed knowledge of results, post-KR interval, and intertrial interval produce optimal performance. With a curious combination of something old (the influence of knowledge of results upon a simple line-length estimation task) and something new (an ingenious self-paced methodology), Travlos (1999; re-examined the temporal locus of knowledge of results while observing that foregoing studies of KR-delay and post-KR interval had been confounded by maintaining a constant intertrial interval. An early study of line drawing (Becker, Mussina, & Persons, 1963) was designed for comparison of three conditions for knowledge of results, two intertrial intervals, and two post-KR feedback intervals. Their results showed that the only significant variable affecting performance of this simple motor task was that of knowledge of results. Denny, Allard, Hall, and Rokeach (1960) have explained that previous experience in conjunction with knowledge of the response to be learned wd duninish the importance of intertrial interval as a variable. Several studies of simple he-drawing tasks have shown that knowledge of results enhances performance up to an asymptotic level, whereupon knowledge of results had a dvninished influence for performance maintenance (Salmoni, Schmidt, & Walter, 1984). At that point, fatigue and boredom become important factors, given the nature of the task (Arnmons, 1956). Bourne and Bunderson (1963) were among the first to suggest that post-KR interval could fachtate performance on tasks of greater complexity. Since variation of condtions of knowledge of results has been shown to have lunited influence upon simple line-length estimation tasks, the self-pacing methodology (Travlos, 1999) may be most usefully employed with tasks of greater complexity. Studies uthzing a wide range of task complexity may show those measures of KR-delay, post-KR interval, and intertrial interval which produce optimal performance.
‘community psychology and politics’ by David Smail

Demystification, eschewing roles that disempower others and enhancing accessibility to the tools of knowledge, are consistent with the aims of community and applied social psychology. Although a focus on psychological empowerment can be a distraction from the need for actual power, it can also enhance it. Psychologists who avoid victim blaming and individual causal attribution biases can contribute to the discourse about social change. This requires both a reinterpretation of the known facts, and a reframing of social analysis. Social scientists and professionals are today's theologians and priests. Our power lies in our legitimation as interpreters of social reality. Teaching the psychology of empowerment, participative decision making and informed consent can influence the powerful as well as the powerless.
Pigeon liver phosphoprotein phosphatase: an effective activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase in tissue homogenates

A fluoride-insensitive, non-metal-requiring pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase has been purified 730-fold from pigeon liver acetone powder and proven to be a convenient reagent for studies of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and its activation (phosphorylation) state in brain and other tissues. This phosphatase is a cytoplasmic enzyme (Mr = 80,000), and fits the functional definition of a type 1 phosphoprotein phosphatase. The pigeon liver phosphatase can be used to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in vitro in brain and other crude tissue homogenates. Addition of the cytoplasmic pigeon liver phosphatase to a homogenate from rat or mouse brain frozen in situ activated pyruvate dehydrogenase to levels comparable to that found in ischemic brain. The fluoride insensitivity of this phosphatase was used to develop a convenient technique for stopping the pyruvate dehydrogenase activation state in situ in cultured skin fibroblasts and then fully activating the complex in vitro in 5 min. The use of this phosphatase as a reagent can facilitate the study of pyruvate dehydrogenase activation defects in mammalian tissues including cultured cells in normal and disease states.
Economic impact of bleeding complications after mastectomy

Abstract Background We sought to determine the incidence of postmastectomy bleeding, identify bleeding predictors, and evaluate the economic impact. Methods Using the 2011 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample, hospital discharges for a primary diagnosis of breast cancer were extracted using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification procedure codes 85.34–85.48 for mastectomy and diagnosis codes 174.0–174.9 for breast cancer. Discharges with postoperative bleeding were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes 998.11 and 998.12. Discharges with male gender or a history of coagulation disorders were excluded. Bleeding complication rates and reoperation rates were assessed. Predictors and the impact of bleeding on length of stay and hospital costs were determined using regression analysis and projected to the national level. Results A total of 7907 discharges met inclusion criteria; 201 had bleeding complications (2.54%), with 42 cases requiring reoperation. On univariate analysis, the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF), obesity, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and the absence of concomitant reconstruction were associated with increased bleeding events. On multivariate analysis, only the presence of CHF remained as a significant predictor of bleeding complications (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.45, [1.25–4.92], P = 0.009). On average, bleeding complications extended the length of stay by 1.3 d (P Conclusions Postmastectomy bleeding complications had an incidence of 2.54%, with CHF the only independent predictor identified. Such bleeding events, although infrequent, are associated with substantial economic costs.
Existence and uniqueness of a fluid model for many-server queues with abandonment

In this paper, we establish a new (direct) proof for existence and uniqueness of the fluid model for G t / G I / N + G I queues proposed recently by Kang and Ramanan under mild conditions on the arrival, service and patience time distributions. In particular, the existence of the fluid model is established directly from the fluid model itself. Then main technique here is the application of two non-linear functional integral equations, one of which is of Volterra type.