cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Comprehensive Account of Effective Thinking

Due to its strong focus on reasoning and argumentation, critical thinking lacks the breadth required of a comprehensive account of higher order thinking. In particular, critical thinking does not promote reflection on the underlying problems or situations that people think about. This paper reviews various proposed additions to and reorientations of the critical thinking paradigm. It presents a conceptual framework that encompasses the most promising extensions as topics in a broadened account of higher order thinking. This account can be understood as an elaboration of problem solving along two dimensions: Problem types, which are generic thinking situations; and problem solving functions, which are generic thinking tasks. The proposed topic-level account of higher order thinking offers a greatly enlarged view of what should be taught in general thinking skills programs.
A Rejoinder to “How Many Scales and how many Categories shall we use in Consumer Research?—A Comment”:

The authors offer a rejoinder to Professor Benson's comment on their article, “Rating Scales and Information Recovery—How Many Response Categories to Use?”
Purified cobra venom factor: effect on blood platelets.

SummaryA specific complement-reactive factor derived from cobra venom (CVF) inhibited complement activity, impaired clot retraction, and induced aggregation and release of intracellular constituents in plateletrich plasma or suspensions of washed platelets from guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, and humans. Platelets from thrombopathic dogs and from a complement deficient (C3) patient responded similarly when mixed with purified CVF; possible explanations for these observations are included.We are indebted to Mr. Jack Newman, New York University Medical Center, for testing our CVF preparations for the presence of contaminating fibrinolytic enzymes.
55 UNEXPLAINED SPORADIC FIRST-TRIMESTER MISCARRIAGE: FACTOR V LEIDEN GENE MUTATION.

Background The propensity to form thrombi is physiologically increased in normal pregnancy secondary to reduction in naturally occurring anticoagulants, an increase in coagulation factors, and a reduction in fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that when the physiologic hypercoagulability of pregnancy is superimposed on the thrombophilic G1691A factor V Leiden mutation, sporadic first-trimester miscarriage and repetitive pregnancy loss are promoted. We hypothesized that the thrombophilic G1691A factor V Leiden gene mutation was a common, significant, treatable cause of sporadic first-trimester miscarriage. Methods We compared the frequency of the G1691A factor V Leiden mutation in women with ≥ 1 pregnancy and 1 miscarriage with women having ≥ 1 pregnancy and 0 miscarriages. In 848 Caucasian women with consecutive measures of the factor V Leiden mutation, we compared the frequency of the V Leiden mutation in 136 women with ≥ 1 pregnancy and 1 miscarriage (260 live births, 136 miscarriages), 50 women with ≥ 1 pregnancy and 2 miscarriages (83 live births, 100 miscarriages), 53 women with ≥ 1 pregnancy and ≥ 3 miscarriages (recurrent pregnancy loss) (109 live births, 227 miscarriages), and 609 women with ≥ 1 pregnancy and 0 miscarriages (1,473 live births). We used PCR techniques to characterize the thrombophilic G1691A V Leiden [FV] gene mutation. Results Of the 609 controls, 41 (6.7%) had FV heterozygosity versus 15 heterozygous and 2 homozygous FV cases (17 of 136, 12.5%) with 1 sporadic miscarriage, Χ3 = 5.2, p = .023, vs 8 of 53 (15%, 7 heterozygous and 1 homozygous) with ≥ 3 miscarriages, Fisher9s p = .048, vs 2 of 50 (4%) with 2 miscarriages. The V Leiden frequency in cases with 1 sporadic miscarriage (17 of 136, 12.5%) did not differ from recurrent pregnancy loss cases with ≥ 3 miscarriages (8 of 53, 15%), Χ2 = 0.22, p = .64. Conclusions After unexplained sporadic first-trimester miscarriage, as well as after recurrent pregnancy loss, to provide the option to prospectively optimize subsequent live birth outcomes with low molecular weight heparin throughout pregnancy, we suggest that measurements be done of the FV mutation, a treatable etiology for sporadic miscarriage, as well as for recurrent pregnancy loss.
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VIBRATION ON MICROSTRUCTURES AND SOLUTE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATION INSIDE CRYSTALS OF 7075 ALLOY PRODUCED BY SEMI- CONTINUOUS CASTING

The microstructure and solute concentration inside crystal of 7075 alloy cast by electromagnetic vibration process were studied. On the basis of that, the effect mechanisms of electromagnetic vibration on refinement, the formation of non-dendritic structure and increasing solute concentration inside crystal of 7075 alloy were investigated. It is pointed out that under the effects of electromagnetic vibration, the amount of the grain nuclei in the melt increases. Furthermore, the movement of free grains together with the melt convection prevents them from growing into dendrite, which results in the formation of fine and uniform spheroid-shaped and rosette-shaped grains after solidification. Meanwhile, the effect of electromagnetic vibration on solute concentration inside crystal was explained from the variation of solute partition coefficient, solidification interval and temperature and flow fields in sump as well as microstructure.
Knowledge,attitude,practice(KAP)of chronic noncommunicable diseases in Xiaoshan,a district in China

Objective To know the status quo on KAP of chronic noncommunicable diseases in Xiaoshan,in order to improve health education there.Methods 500 residents from 5 towns were interviewed face to face.Results Their KAP were high overall.The way they got knowledge of noncommunicable diseases accorded with what they wanted.Gender and education were related to KAP scores.Conclusion The present health education is effective,but should be more individually.
The Times of Charles Mills Tiebout

Charles Mills Tiebout was renowned among colleagues who knew him for two things — (i) the concept we now know as “voting with the feet” and (ii) his sense of humor. The first concept arrived with the second.
Sharing a New Foxhole With Friends: The Impact of Outdoor Recreation on Injured Military

Tens of thousands of military returning from active duty manage combat- related injuries, including physical polytrauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These injuries are complex, and current treatments lack evidentiary support or are hindered by barriers such as poor compliance. Nontraditional treatments, such as outdoor recreation, may serve as accessory or alternative therapies. A phenomenological approach was used to understand participants’ perceived outcomes of participating in a four-day retreat consisting of outdoor gaming activities. Participants’ (n =10) descriptions were gathered through private interviews and prominent categories emerged during data analysis. Respondents’ comments indicated two overarching categories: development of a social community among participants, and personal growth and maintenance resulting from participation. The latter concept was further studied and coded into subcategories. Results suggest that nontraditional therapeutic interventions, such as hunting or outdoorsman activities, achieve immediate positive outcomes for participants. Further study is necessary to explore long-term impacts and the relative effects of gaming activities and a social environment.
The Contribution of Summer Tourism to the Utah Economy

The Contribution of Summer Tourism To The Utah Economy by William D. Brake1, Master of Science Utah State University, 1969 Major Professor: Dr. Ross S. Whaley Department: Forest Science The increase in household income attributed to expenditures by Utah motor vehicle tourists from June 15 to September 5, 1969, was estimated using income multipliers from input-output analysis. Tourist expenditures were gathered through the distribution of postage-paid diaries to non-residents entering Utah. Expenditures were also segregated for Cache County, Utah. The income multipliers from state and county input-output models were used to estimate the impact of applying the state model to county data. Approximately 927,250 tourist parties to Utah spent an estimated $37,842,81~ increasing household income $65,018,557. Likewise, approximately 67,709 tourist parties spent an estimated $798,966 in Cache County. The income multipliers from the county model indicated a $1,063,728 increase in household income in Cache County, while the state model estimated this increase to be 44 percent greater.
Biomass Forwards and Futures Market to Support Bioenergy Development

The potential for increased production of electricity and fuels from forest biomass, and the prospect of US limits on greenhouse gas emissions suggest that the demand for biomass may increase significantly. There is significant potential for volatility in the price of biomass leading to disruption of supply of biomass to plants. There are great opportunities for biomass power generation to offset and sell carbon credits especially after the success of European Emission trading scheme and sustenance of voluntary markets in US. But there are major risks too, with uncertainties about regulation, future of carbon markets and taxes, prices, and technologies. These risks dampen investor confidence in the biomass projects. We analyse the possible policy and market solutions to this problem and present a solution through development of a biomass futures market.
Early and Severe Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background Symptomatic cerebral vasospasm has been reported in a low percentage of patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) as defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. We present a case of mild TBI (GCS score 14) complicated by early and severe symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. Case Description A 63-year-old woman was admitted following mild TBI with a GCS score of 14. Concurrent with the onset of sonographic vasospasm, the patient developed severe neurologic symptoms consistent with ischemia of the left middle cerebral artery territory. Confounding causes of these symptoms were excluded. Each occurrence of these symptoms resolved with intra-arterial calcium channel blocker therapy. Conclusions Early and severe symptomatic vasospasm may occur as a complication of mild TBI. GCS score alone may be an inadequate risk predictor of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm. Aggressive interventional management may be justified, such as with intra-arterial calcium channel blockers, to optimize the likelihood of a favorable outcome.
Effects of Actigraphically Acquired Sleep Quality on Driving Outcomes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients and Control Drivers: A Naturalistic Study.

We examined the effects of sleep quality on next day driving outcomes in a 3.5-month naturalistic driving study of 67 OSA and 47 matched control drivers. Sleep quality measures included total sleep time and sleep fragmentation from actigraphy. The driving outcomes included average speed, lateral control, longitudinal control, distraction, attention to driving- and non-driving related tasks. Sleep quality affected next day’s driving performance differently for OSA and control drivers. Better sleep quality was associated with better lateral and longitudinal control during highway driving for control drivers. The reverse was true for OSA drivers. Similar effects were also seen in terms of distractions and attention to the driving task. These effects suggest improved sleep leads to greater risky driving and ‘activation’ among OSA drivers. Collectively, the findings suggest investment in long-term monitoring of sleep quality in commercial vehicle drivers both with and without sleep disorders may help manage safety risks.
CancerDiscover: A configurable pipeline for cancer prediction and biomarker identification using machine learning framework

Motivation: Use of various high-throughput screening techniques has resulted in an abundance of data, whose complete utility is limited by the tools available for processing and analysis. Machine learning holds great potential for deciphering these data in the context of cancer classification and biomarker identification. However, current machine learning tools require manual processing of raw data from various sequencing platforms, which is both tedious and time-consuming. The current classification tools lack flexibility in choosing the best feature selection algorithms from a range of algorithms and most importantly inability to compare various learning algorithms. Results: We developed CancerDiscover, an open-source software pipeline that allows users to efficiently and automatically integrate large high-throughput datasets, preprocess, normalize, and selects best performing features from multiple feature selection algorithms. The pipeline lets users apply various learning algorithms and generates multiple classification models and evaluation reports that distinguish cancer from normal samples, as well as different types and subtypes of cancer. Availability and Implementation: The open source pipeline is freely available for download at https://github.com/HelikarLab/CancerDiscover. Supplementary Information: Please refer to the CancerDiscover README (Supplementary File 1) for detailed instructions on installation and operation of the pipeline. For a list of available feature selection methods, see Supplementary File 2.
Patterns of heart failure symptoms are associated with self-care behaviors over 6 months.

Background:Both heart failure symptoms and self-care are associated with patient outcomes. Although it is thought that symptoms drive self-care, there is limited evidence to support this assumption...
Specific Donor HLA-DR Types Correlate With Altered Susceptibility to Development of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction.

BackgroundThe greatest challenge to long-term graft survival is the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Th17 responses to collagen type V (colV) predispose lung transplant patients to the severe obstructive form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, known as bronchiolitis obliterans
Associations Between Patterns of Sexual Initiation, Sexual Partnering, and Sexual Health Outcomes from Adolescence to Early Adulthood

The goal of this study was to examine, in a nationally representative sample, relationships between various sexual initiation patterns, subsequent sexual partnerships, and related health outcomes from adolescence through early adulthood. Data were from a subset of 6587 respondents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Bivariate analyses and adjusted logistic and ordinary least squares regression models were used to determine associations between membership in three sexual initiation classes, lifetime sexual partner counts, and multiple health outcomes, including lifetime sexually transmitted infection or disease (STI/STD) diagnosis, lifetime unintended pregnancy, and romantic relationship quality. Broadly, having fewer lifetime sexual partners was associated with lower odds of STI/STD diagnosis and unintended pregnancy, and better relationship quality; however, findings also indicated both within and between sexual initiation class differences in the relationship between lifetime sexual partners and all three health outcomes. In particular, results showed little variation in health outcomes by sexual partnering among those who postponed sexual activity, but members of the class characterized by early and atypical sexual initiation patterns who had fewer lifetime partners exhibited better health outcomes than most other initiation groups. These results show that while both sexual initiation and partnering patterns add important information for understanding sexual health from adolescence to early adulthood, partnering may be more relevant to these sexual health outcomes. Findings indicate a need for more comprehensive sexuality education focused on sexual risk reduction and promotion of relationship skills among adolescents and adults.
“It Encourages Them to Complain”: A Qualitative Study of the Unintended Consequences of Assessing Patient-Reported Pain

Abstract The “Pain as the 5th Vital Sign” initiative intended to address undertreatment of pain by encouraging routine pain assessment and management. In the Veterans Health Administration, routine pain screening has been practiced in primary care for more than a decade, but has not improved the quality of pain management measured using several process indicators, and some have expressed concerns of potentially fostering undesirable use of prescription opioids. We sought to evaluate the consequences of routine pain screening on clinical practice. We conducted 9 interdisciplinary focus groups with 60 primary care providers and staff from 5 outpatient Veterans Health Administration clinics. We identified 5 themes reflecting 1 intended and 4 unintended consequences of routine pain screening: it 1) facilitates identification of patients with pain who might otherwise be overlooked, 2) may need to be targeted toward specific patients and contexts rather than universally applied, 3) often shifts visit focus away from more emergent concerns, 4) may encourage “false positives” and prompt providers to intervene when treatment is not a priority, and 5) engenders a “pain problem” and hinders patients from considering alternative strategies. These findings suggest changes to support patient-centered pain assessment and improve targeted screening and interventions for population pain management. Perspective This article describes some of the potential unintended consequences of implementing routine pain screening in primary care. This information may help clinicians be more strategic in their consideration and use of pain screening among their patients.
An hp-adaptive finite element method for electromagnetics: Part 1: Data structure and constrained approximation

Abstract This is the first of papers describing an implementation of the hp -adaptive, mixed Finite Element (FE) method for the solution of steady-state Maxwell's equations proposed in L. Demkowicz and L. Vardapetyan (Modeling of electromagnetic absoption/scattering problems using hp -adaptive finite elements, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 152, 1998, 103–124). The discretization is defined on a hybrid grid consisting of both triangles and quads and allows for both h - and p -refinements of the mesh. The paper focuses on the data structure and constrained approximation issues and provides a number of illustrative examples.
Teacher Outreach to Families Across the Transition to School

This descriptive study explored teachers’ outreach to families in preschool, kindergarten, and first grade, and its relations to children’s early growth in language, literacy , and mathematics . Teachers (n = 62) completed surveys reporting the frequency of outreach practices to families, and children’s (n = 210) early academic skills were assessed at the beginning and end of the school year. In addition, parents described their education, while teachers noted their education, experience, and number of minutes they devoted to various types of classroom instruction. Results revealed that the frequency of teacher outreach varied both across practices and across teachers. Positive associations emerged between teachers’ provision of workshops and children’s vocabulary learning, as well as between teachers’ invitations to volunteer in the classroom and children’s mathematics development, even after controlling for teacher, family, and child factors. In contrast, the frequency of teachers’ phone calls to families was inversely related to children’s vocabulary and mathematics learning. Results provide new information about nature of teacher outreach during the school transition period and its distinct, selective contributions to important early skills.
Axonal Transport in Human Nerve Disease and in the Experimental Neuropathy Induced by p-Bromophenylacetylurea

As amply demonstrated elsewhere in this volume, the processes of rapid, slow, and retrograde axonal transport are essential to the growth and maintenance of nerve cells. It is therefore understandable that investigators have been attempting for over a decade to determine whether defects of transport underly any of the natural or toxin-induced diseases to which the peripheral nervous system is subject. Most of this effort has focused on the so-called“distal axonopathies” in which the early degeneration of the extremities of long neurons suggests the breakdown of an extended supply system [8]. Such neuropathies occur spontaneously in man [13] and can be induced by vitamin E deficiency [17] or by exposure to various toxic agents, e.g., acrylamide monomer [18], methyl-n-butyl ketone [23, 25], n-hexane [24] and organophosphate anticholinesterases [11].
High-precision method for cyclic loading of small-animal vertebrae to assess bone quality.

One potentially important bone quality characteristic is the response of bone to cyclic (repetitive) mechanical loading. In small animals, such as in rats and mice, cyclic loading experiments are particularly challenging to perform in a precise manner due to the small size of the bones and difficult-to-eliminate machine compliance. Addressing this issue, we developed a precise method for ex vivo cyclic compressive loading of isolated mouse vertebral bodies. The method has three key characteristics: 3D-printed support jigs for machining plano-parallel surfaces of the tiny vertebrae; pivotable loading platens to ensure uniform contact and loading of specimen surfaces; and specimen-specific micro-CT-based finite element analysis to measure stiffness to prescribe force levels that produce the same specified level of strain for all test specimens. To demonstrate utility, we measured fatigue life for three groups (n = 5-6 per group) of L5 vertebrae of C57BL/6J male mice, comparing our new method against two methods commonly used in the literature. We found reduced scatter of the mechanical behavior for this new method compared to the literature methods. In particular, for a controlled level of strain, the standard deviation of the measured fatigue life was up to 5-fold lower for the new method (F-ratio = 4.9; p < 0.01). The improved precision for this new method for biomechanical testing of small-animal vertebrae may help elucidate aspects of bone quality.
Evaluation of Tacrolimus Levels and Risk of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Background Achieving therapeutic tacrolimus blood concentrations is crucial for decreasing the risk of developing acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGvHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (aHSCT) patients. Studies have suggested that tacrolimus levels in the first 1-2 weeks may affect the risk of aGVHD but therapeutic goals are not well established. This study explores tacrolimus levels and risk of GVHD during that time frame. Methods This study is a retrospective cohort single center chart review performed with 348 consecutive adult patients who received an aHSCT and were followed for at least 100 days post-transplant for aGvHD development. Patients that received a transplant from a cord blood or participated in aGvHD prophylaxis clinical trials were excluded. The primary endpoint was aGvHD grades II - IV incidence. Serum tacrolimus levels were evaluated from days -1 to +100 post-transplant. Serum tacrolimus levels were divided into time intervals of days 0 - 7 and days 0 - 14 post-transplant. Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) were used to quantify serum tacrolimus levels as predictors of aGvHD grades II-IV. Using the ROC analysis and Youden's Index, optimal cutpoints in the tacrolimus level distribution for the individual time intervals were assessed. From this, patients were analyzed based on whether they achieved mean tacrolimus serum levels below the cutpoint (low group) or if they achieved a mean tacrolimus level above the cutpoint (high group). Results Within the URD group during days 0-7 post-transplant, the low group and high group demonstrated a mean tacrolimus level of 11.3 and 14.5 respectively, with significantly less aGVHD observed in the high group (38% vs 57.2%, p = 0.021). In respect to days 0-14, the low group and high group demonstrated a mean tacrolimus level of 10.4 and 13 respectively, again with significantly less aGVHD in the high group (35.6% vs 57.3%, p = 0.012). Within the RD group during days 0-7 post-transplant, the low group and high group demonstrated a mean tacrolimus level of 10.9 and 13.7 respectively, also with significantly less aGVHD in the high group (21.7% vs 38.7%, p = 0.042). In respect to days 0-14, the low and high group demonstrated a mean tacrolimus level of 10.2 and 13.1 respectively. However, there was not a significant difference in aGVHD (25.7% vs 35.9%, p = 0.272). Conclusion Higher levels of tacrolimus in the first 2 weeks after allogeneic stem cell transplant appear to correlate with a lower incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD. Higher levels in both weeks 1 and 2 were associated with a 37% reduction in the URD group while higher levels in week 1 were associated with a 44% in the RD group. While larger studies would help to clarify more specific ranges, this data suggests that target tacrolimus levels should be 14-15 ng/ml in the first 2 weeks post allogeneic transplant to decrease rates of grade II-IV aGVHD.
A Phylogenetic and Functional Perspective on Volatile Organic Compound Production by Actinobacteria

Soil microbes produce an immense diversity of metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can shape the structure and function of microbial communities. VOCs mediate a multitude of microbe-microbe interactions, including antagonism. Despite their importance, the diversity and functional relevance of most microbial volatiles remain uncharacterized. We assembled a taxonomically diverse collection of 48 Actinobacteria isolated from soil and airborne dust and surveyed the VOCs produced by these strains on two different medium types in vitro using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We detected 126 distinct VOCs and structurally identified approximately 20% of these compounds, which were predominately C1 to C5 hetero-VOCs, including (oxygenated) alcohols, ketones, esters, and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Each strain produced a unique VOC profile. While the most common VOCs were likely by-products of primary metabolism, most of the VOCs were strain specific. We observed a strong taxonomic and phylogenetic signal for VOC profiles, suggesting their role in finer-scale patterns of ecological diversity. Finally, we investigated the functional potential of these VOCs by assessing their effects on growth rates of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic pseudomonad strains. We identified sets of VOCs that correlated with growth inhibition and stimulation, information that may facilitate the development of microbial VOC-based pathogen control strategies. IMPORTANCE Soil microbes produce a diverse array of natural products, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Volatile compounds are important molecules in soil habitats, where they mediate interactions between bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and animals. We measured the VOCs produced by a broad diversity of soil- and dust-dwelling Actinobacteria in vitro. We detected a total of 126 unique volatile compounds, and each strain produced a unique combination of VOCs. While some of the compounds were produced by many strains, most were strain specific. Importantly, VOC profiles were more similar between closely related strains, indicating that evolutionary and ecological processes generate predictable patterns of VOC production. Finally, we observed that actinobacterial VOCs had both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria that represent a plant-beneficial symbiont and a plant-pathogenic strain, information that may lead to the development of novel strategies for plant disease prevention.
A Pilot Study of Olfactory Training in Older Hyposmic Adults.

BackgroundOlfactory loss is a common problem that significantly impacts quality of life. Olfactory training (OT) has been used most commonly for viral and traumatic olfactory dysfunction (OD) in yo...
Computational Molecular Engineering for Nanodevices and Nanosystems

Molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs), electronics (moletronics), and vibrational electronics (vibronics) are novel scenarios to process information at the molecular level. These, along with the traditional current-voltage scenario can be used to design and develop molecular devices and systems for even more extended applications than traditional electronics. Successful control and communication features between scenarios would yield “smart” devices able to take decisions and act under difficult conditions. The design of molecular devices is a primordial step in the development of devices at the nanometer scale, enabling the next generation of sensors of chemical and biological agents molecularly sensitive, selective, and intelligent.
Developing a Strategic Marketing Plan for Academic Library E-resources to Optimize Return on Investment

Developing and executing a marketing plan to increase the awareness and utilization of community and academic library e-resources depends upon awareness of internal factors such as budget, staffing...
Asymptotic Galerkin convergence and dynamical system results for the 3-D spectrally-hyperviscous Navier–Stokes equations on bounded domains

The spectrally-hyperviscous Navier–Stokes equations (SHNSE) represent a subgrid-scale model of turbulence for which previous studies were limited to periodic-box domains. Then in Avrin (The 3-D spectrally-hyperviscous Navier–Stokes equations on bounded domains with zero boundary conditions. arXiv:1908.11005 ) the SHNSE was adapted to general bounded domains with zero boundary conditions. Here we extend to this new setting the convergence and dynamical-system results in Avrin (J Dyn Differ Equ 20(2):479–518, 2008) and Avrin and Xiao (J Differ Equ 247(10):2778–2798, 2009), obtaining clear and straightforward Galerkin-convergence estimates, and in the case of decaying turbulence new convergence results featuring asymptotic decay rates in time. In extending the attractor-dimension results in Avrin (2008) our new degrees-of-freedom estimates stay strictly within the Landau–Lifschitz estimates (Landau and Lifshitz in Fluid mechanics, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1959) for most computationally-relevant parameter values and exhibit a reduction in the number of degrees of freedom in calculations. The foundational properties of our bounded-domain setting also allow us to adapt the quadratic-form machinery of Temam (in: Brezis, Lions (eds) Nonlinear partial differential equations and their applications, Pitman, Boston, 1985; Browder (ed) Nonlinear functional analysis and its applications, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1986) to carry over the main inertial-manifold results of Avrin (2008).
Progress in neonate with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

The key mechanism of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) is two-times energy exhaustion.Recently, electrophysiology, cell physiology and imageology are performed to figure out some new biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. And now, there are different therapies for HIE. For Sub-low temperature therapy,selecting appropriate time of therapy window is more important, and the therapeutic effects of other therapies,hyperbaric oxygenation, neuroprotectants, neural stem cell transplantation etc, need to be validated clinically. Key words: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; Neonate; Sub-low temperature therapy
Phosphate Induces a Morphological Shift that Enhances Vascular Dissemination of Cryptococcus neoformans

SUMMARY Phenotypic heterogeneity is a common microbial strategy to improves fitness in fluctuating environments. The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans exhibits dramatic size heterogeneity: it varies from 2-100 μm in diameter during mammalian infection. Following pulmonary invasion, cells enlarge to >30 μm diameter, then decrease over disease course. Extrapulmonary organs, particularly the brain, contain uniformly small cells, implying that that morphotype is important for dissemination. To test this hypothesis, we isolated size-based ex vivo cell populations directly from mouse lungs. Small ex vivo cells readily disseminated compared with other ex vivo populations, small beads, and in vitro-grown small cells. The latter two groups are close in size to small ex vivo cells, suggesting that while size is important, fungal-specific elements also drive extrapulmonary dissemination. We found that mannose exposure facilitates host cell interaction and organ uptake. Phosphate induces small cell formation. This demonstrates how environmental cues shift phenotypic heterogeneity to drive pathogenesis.
Disrupting upstream translation in mRNAs leads to loss-of-function associated with human disease

ABSTRACT Ribosome-profiling has uncovered pervasive translation in 5’UTRs, however the biological significance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Using genetic variation from 71,702 human genomes, we assess patterns of selection in translated upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in 5’UTRs. We show that uORF variants introducing new stop codons, or strengthening existing stop codons, are under strong negative selection comparable to protein-coding missense variants. Using these variants, we map and validate new gene-disease associations in two independent biobanks containing exome sequencing from 10,900 and 32,268 individuals respectively, and demonstrate their impact on gene expression in human cells. Our results establish new mechanisms relating uORF variation to loss-of-function of downstream genes, and demonstrate that translated uORFs are genetically constrained regulatory elements in 40% of human genes.
A Nation Fragmented: The Public Agenda in the Information Age: Jill A. Edy and Patrick C. Meirick. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2019, 272 pp., ISBN No. 978-1-4399-1599-8 (hardcover).

A Nation Fragmented: The Public Agenda in the Information Age, by Jill Edy and Patrick Meirick, chronicles the changing issue agenda from the mass media era to the current digital, personalized med...
Exposure to Food Advertising on Television, Food Choices and Childhood Obesity

To date, there has been insufficient research on the direct effects of food marketing on children's diet and diet-related health, particularly in non-experimental settings. In this paper we employ the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey - Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) and Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey - Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) data sets to estimate how various types of food advertising to children on television affect children's food consumption and body weight. We utilize rich advertising data from The Nielsen Company pertaining to soft drink, cereal, and fast food advertising as measured by Gross Rating Points (GRPs). These data are taken from 56 Designated Market Areas (DMAs), which cover 70.75 percent of the U.S. population, from 2002 to 2004. Taking the potential endogenous nature of food consumption into account, our study provides new estimates of the potential effect of food TV advertising on children's food choices and in turn body weight. We find evidence that soft drink TV advertising is related to increased consumption of soft drinks among elementary school children (Grade 5), that fast food TV advertising is related to increased consumption of fast food among eighth graders, and that cereal advertising has a negative effect on fruit and vegetable consumption for preschoolers. Mild effects of exposure to food TV advertising on body weight can be seen in preliminary structural models. We exploit information on parental height and weight in the ECLS-B in our analyses for preschoolers. Presenter Biography: Tatiana Andreyeva is Director of Economic Initiatives at the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University. Her current research focuses on the determinants of access to healthy foods and the role of economic incentives in food choices and diet, including food prices/taxes, federal assistance and nutrition programs (particularly WIC and CACFP).
Sex differences in prenatal programming of hypertension by dexamethasone.

Prenatal dexamethasone has been shown to increase blood pressure in male offspring but the mechanism for the increase in blood pressure is unclear. The present study examined if prenatal programmin...
The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Pattern and Incident Heart Failure.

Abstract Background The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet pattern has shown some promise for preventing heart failure (HF), but studies have been conflicting. Objective To determine whether the DASH diet pattern was associated with incident HF in a large biracial and geographically diverse population. Methods and Results Among participants in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study of adults aged ≥45 years who were free of suspected HF at baseline in 2003–2007, the DASH diet score was derived from the baseline food frequency questionnaire. The main outcome was incident HF defined as the first adjudicated HF hospitalization or HF death through December 31, 2016. We estimated hazard ratios for the associations of DASH diet score quartiles with incident HF, and incident HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction using the Lunn–McNeil extension to the Cox model. We tested for several prespecified interactions, including with age. Compared with the lowest quartile, individuals in the second to fourth DASH diet score quartiles had a lower risk for incident HF after adjustment for sociodemographic and health characteristics: quartile 2 hazard ratio, 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–0.85); quartile 3 hazard ratio, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.58–0.87); and quartile 4 hazard ratio, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58–0.92). When stratifying results by age, quartiles 2–4 had a lower hazard for incident HF among those age Conclusions DASH diet adherence was inversely associated with incident HF, specifically among individuals
Novel Interventional Techniques for Chronic Pain with Minimally Invasive Arthrodesis of the Sacroiliac Joint: (INSITE, iFuse, Tricor, Rialto, and others)

Acute and chronic pain are public health issues that clinicians have been battling for years. Opioid medications have been a treatment option for both chronic and acute pain; however, they can cause unwanted complications and are a major contributor to our present opioid epidemic. The sacroiliac (SI) joint is a common cause of both acute and chronic low back pain. It affects about 15-25% of patients with axial low back pain, and up to 40% of patients with ongoing pain following lumbar fusion. Recent advances in the treatment of SI joint pain have led to the development of a wide variety of SI joint fusion devices. These fusion devices seek to stabilize the joints themselves in order that they become immobile and, in theory, can no longer be a source for pain. This is a minimally invasive procedure aimed to address chronic pain without subjecting patients to lengthy surgery or medications, including opioids with the potential for addiction and abuse. Minimally invasive SI fusion can be performed by a lateral approach (i.e., iFuse, Tricor) or posterior approach (i.e., CornerLoc, LinQ, Rialto). The posterior approach requires the patient to be in the prone position but allows for less disruption of muscles with entry. More data are necessary to determine which fusion system may be best for a particular patient. SI fusion devices are a promising way of treating chronic lower back pain related to the SI joint. This narrative review will discuss various types of SI fusion devices, and their potential use in terms of their safety and efficacy.
Model Exploration of an Information-based Healthcare Intervention using Parallelization and Active Learning

This paper describes the application of a large-scale active learning method to calibrate a computational agent-based model developed to investigate the impact of CommunityRx, a clinical information-based health intervention that provides patients with personalized information about local community resources to meet basic and self-care needs. The diffusion of information about community resources and their use, is modeled via networked interactions and their subsequent effect on agents' use of community resources across an urban population. A random forest model is iteratively fitted to model evaluations in order to characterize the model parameter space with respect to observed empirical data. We demonstrate the feasibility of using high-performance computing and active learning model exploration techniques to characterize large parameter spaces and argue that such methods are necessary to build trust in complex computational models that incorporate increasingly available micro-level behavior data.
Permission-Seeking as an Agentive Tool for Transgressive Teaching: An Ethnographic Study of Teachers Organizing for Curricular Change.

This study describes how a group of teachers in a US public school developed and used permission-seeking moves as strategic and agentic tools to change their school curriculum and challenge norms of teaching. Although the notion of asking permission is typically considered disempowering in educational contexts, this study demonstrates that certain forms of permission-seeking (and giving) can foster collaboration and teacher agency across multiple constituent groups in a school community. This 2-year ethnographic study occurred within a context of a test-driven teaching environment with shifting student racial and economic demographics. Our research offers a reconceptualized theory of permission within a teacher agency framework and new possibilities for practitioners to engage in transgressive teaching with diverse learners in hyper-standardized teaching contexts.
Consistent cloud computing storage as the basis for distributed applications

Cloud computing aims to simplify distributed application development by providing location independent access to vast computing resources with services implementing fault tolerance and scalability. As applications and their associated data migrate “to the cloud,” or data center hosted deployments, users increasingly depend on the availability and reliability of these services. Not only does downtime inconvenience users who rely on these services for access to their personal data, but it also results in lost revenue and user confidence. To increase availability, services replicate their systems and data at multiple data centers, typically using some form of eventual consistency, which results in complicated application and system designs and limits the types of applications that can use these services. This dissertation argues that strongly consistent cloud computing storage and infrastructure services can both significantly simplify and enable new classes of distributed applications by providing a basis for scalability, reliability, and availability. We propose techniques to enable cross-data center replication based on fine-grained scalable replicated state machines that offer either strong or weak consistency. Building upon these techniques, this dissertation describes how the limiting factor for availability in strongly consistent wide-area replicated services often is the time to recover a replica after a failure. We present a solution to this limitation based on a new protocol that maintains strong consistency while greatly reducing recovery time for wide-area services. Deploying these techniques and protocols for consistent cloud computing requires message routing services capable of performing arbitrary processing based on large amounts of service state. This dissertation presents a new framework for building scalable, programmable, extensible software message routers and middleboxes using commodity hardware. This framework performs favorably compared to a commercial load-balancing switch while its flexible architecture enables the protocols we propose for implementing wide-area strongly consistent replication.
The Development of Nonprofit Corporation Law and An Agenda for Reform

This article examines the development of the law of "charitable corporations" and attempts to explain why the charitable corporation rather than the charitable trust became the predominant organizational form for charitable and benevolent activities in the United States. It then discusses some of the inconsistencies of non-profit corporation law and provides an agenda for future reform.
A SIMPLE SOLVENT-PARTITION METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT OF FREE AND CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN IN SERUM

A relatively simple solvent-partition method is described for the spectrophotometric measurement of free and conjugated bilirubin in serum. Experience with the method has demonstrated its empirical value in the routine study of jaundice in infants and children. The limitations of the method are emphasized.
Listen, We Need to Talk: Opening Minds to Attitudinal Change Through In-Group Identity Activation

Social attitudes are often entrenched and resistant to change, as evidenced by the typically slow rates of attitudinal change on various social issues. For example, it was only in 2011 that nationwide support for marriage equality reached 50%, although the gay rights movement began pushing for the right to marry as far back as 1969. This attitudinal stickiness does not deter advocates on either sides of those issues; vast sums of money are spent in persuasive campaigns to try to induce Americans to change their minds. Scholars are only beginning to understand the best way to have an effect on attitudes and behaviors related to hot-button political issues - particularly in an era of politics so fraught with elite polarization among our elected officials. We hypothesize that by engaging in strategic identity framing, groups can increase the likelihood of information processing and consideration of even highly contentious issues like marriage equality. In this paper, we describe three experiments testing the power to generate attitudinal change on the issue of same-sex marriage by focusing on a common identity between communication sender and receiver. We argue that using messages that trigger feelings of interpersonal closeness, either through elite cues or through identity framing, can lead to responses more supportive of gay marriage.
Accounting For Stock Options: Comparison Of Alternative Approaches

The Financial Accounting Standards Board in Standard No. 123 requires the disclosure of the annual option expense assuming a market based static model is used to measure the option "value" at issue data. This study reviews and tests alternative measures of accounting for stock options that were previously proposed by the Board. Our results suggest the exercise date model provides a measure of option expense which more consistently reflexes the changes in the market value of the option.
Models of Neurological Disease (Substance Abuse): Self-Administration in Monkeys

Drug self-administration is a procedure in which a subject performs a specified response that results in the delivery of a drug injection. This procedure is viewed as a relevant model for the study of human drug-taking behavior. Drug self-administration in primates has several characteristics that resemble drug-taking behavior in humans, and agents commonly abused by humans also generally maintain self-administration behavior in monkeys. Self-administration procedures allow for the study of a variety of drug properties. For instance, they can be used to investigate the abuse potential of new compounds and to study the effects of candidate medications for the treatment of drug addiction. These procedures also can be employed for examining drug reinforcement mechanisms. Described in this unit are procedures for studying intravenous drug self-administration in large primates, such as rhesus macaques, and smaller primates, such as squirrel monkeys.