cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.
Cardiovascular Complications of Chemotherapy: Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity

The anthracycline chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin) continue to play an important role in the treatment of certain malignancies. Their efficacy in treating cancer is related to the cumulative dose. Unfortunately, the risk of developing cardiotoxicity from these agents is also related to the cumulative dose. In this review, the incidence of anthracycline-mediated cardiotoxicity, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxicity, methods to detect cardiotoxicity, and strategies to treat and, more importantly, prevent the cardiotoxicity are discussed. Through close communication between the consulting cardiologist and the oncologist, a treatment plan can be developed that maximizes the tumoricidal activity of anthracyclines while minimizing the risk of cardiotoxicity.
“I’m just being honest.” Ethical justifications enable interpersonal harm

Although honesty is typically conceptualized as a virtue, it often conflicts with other equally important moral values, such as avoiding interpersonal harm. Four experiments demonstrate that people...
Coping with Stress, One Habenula Neuron at a Time.

Animals often switch from active to passive coping behavior when exposed to inescapable stress. In a recent issue of Cell, Andalman et al. (2019) now demonstrate that this switch is mediated by gradual recruitment of activated habenula neurons in zebrafish.
Level of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation

The purpose of this book is to convey the evidence (Guyatt et al, JAMA 274(22): 1800–1804, 1995; Guyatt et al, JAMA 284(10): 1290–1296, 2000) in support of procedural dermatology therapies for specific indications. After sifting the data, chapter authors provide their assessment in words and numerical ratings. Specifically, findings based on evidence are accompanied by the level of this evidence in parentheses immediately following. At the conclusion of each chapter, a table is provided that lists findings and recommendations, with numbers to represent the associated levels of evidence and strengths of recommendation.
Confirmation of Parathyroid Tissue: Are Surgeons Aware of New and Novel Techniques?

Abstract Background Ex vivo aspiration of parathyroid glands for the measurement of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) levels is a rapid point-of-care method to confirm parathyroid tissue during parathyroidectomy and an alternative to frozen section (FS). This study sought to determine the awareness and utilization of this technique among endocrine surgeons. Materials and methods A de-identified 12-question survey regarding techniques for intraoperative identification/confirmation of parathyroid tissue and the use of IOPTH monitoring was distributed to all 608 members of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons. Results Among the 182 (30%) respondents, FS was the most common primary technique utilized by 115 (63%) respondents to confirm parathyroid tissue; only 12 (7%) utilized ex vivo aspiration, although 78 (42%) were familiar with the technique. Availability and familiarity were the principal reasons for use of the primary technique; the most common barrier was time. Serum IOPTH monitoring was routinely used by 124 (74%). Of respondents who utilized FS, serum IOPTH monitoring was routinely used by 75% (86/115), including 71% (45/63) who reported time as a barrier to FS. Of these 45, only 15 (33%) were familiar with ex vivo parathyroid aspiration. Only 48% of surgeons knew how PTH samples were charged. Conclusions FS was the most common method of identification/confirmation of parathyroid tissue. Although most respondents routinely performed IOPTH monitoring, relatively few utilized ex vivo aspiration as a technique for parathyroid identification and less than 50% were familiar with this technique. Broader dissemination about novel techniques such as ex vivo aspiration and cost awareness are recommended.
CEP215 and AURKA regulate spindle pole focusing and aMTOC organization in mouse oocytes

Acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs) play a critical role in stable meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes, necessary for accurate chromosome segregation. Yet, there is a limited understanding of the essential regulatory components of these unique MTOCs. In somatic cells, CEP215 (Centrosomal Protein 215) serves as an important regulator of centrosome maturation and spindle organization. Here, we assessed whether it has a similar function in mouse oocytes. CEP215 was detected in oocyte lysates and specifically localized to aMTOCs throughout the progression of meiosis in a pericentrin-dependent manner. Super-resolution microscopy revealed CEP215 co-localization with pericentrin and a unique pore/ring-like structural organization of aMTOCs. Interestingly, inhibition of Aurora Kinase A in either MI or MII-stage oocytes resulted in a striking loss of the ring-like aMTOC organization and pronounced CEP215 clustering at spindle poles, as well as shorter spindles with highly focused poles. In vitro siRNA-mediated transcript knockdown effectively reduced CEP215 in approximately 85% of the oocytes. Maturation rates to MII were similar in the Cep215 siRNA and injected controls; however, a high percentage (~40%) of the Cep215-knockdown oocytes showed notable variations in spindle pole focusing. Surprisingly, pericentrin and γ-tubulin localization and fluorescence intensity at aMTOCs were unaltered in knockdown oocytes, contrasting with mitotic cells where CEP215 depletion reduced γ-tubulin at centrosomes. Our results demonstrate that CEP215 is a functional component of oocyte aMTOCs and participates in the regulation of meiotic spindle pole focusing. Moreover, these studies reveal a vital role for Aurora Kinase A activity in the maintenance of aMTOC organization in oocytes.
Negative and Positive Partisanship in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections

Negative partisanship captures the notion that disdain for the opposing party is not necessarily accompanied by strong in-party attachments. Yet, lack of a theoretical framework as well as measurement issues have prevented researchers from utilizing this consequential concept. I address these concerns in several ways. First, I design and examine the measurement properties of a multi-item scale that gauges negative partisan identity. Second, I demonstrate that—while most Americans display aspects of both negative and positive partisan identity—the two are distinct constructs. Third, I compare the power of both types of partisan identity in predicting attitudes towards bipartisanship, political participation, and vote choice. I thereby demonstrate the distinctive effects of negative and positive partisan identity on a range of political behaviors. The results offer a more nuanced perspective on partisanship and its role in driving affective polarization.
Karnaugh Map Method for Memristive and Spintronic Asymmetric Basis Logic Functions

The development of beyond-CMOS technologies with alternative basis logic functions necessitates the introduction of novel design automation techniques. In particular, recently proposed computing systems based on memristors and bilayer avalanche spin-diodes both provide asymmetric functions as basis logic gates - the implication and inverted-input AND, respectively. This article therefore proposes a method by which Karnaugh maps can be directly applied to systems with asymmetric basis logic functions. A set of identities is defined for these memristor and spintronic logic functions, enabling the formal demonstration of the Karnaugh map method and an explanation of the proposed technique. This method thus, enables the direct minimization of spintronic and memristive logic circuits without translation to conventional Boolean algebra, facilitating the further development of these novel computing paradigms. Preliminary analyses demonstrate that this Karnaugh map minimization approach can provide a 28 percent reduction in step count as compared to previous manual optimization.
K - Medoids Clustering of Setting Groups in Directional Overcurrent Relays for Distribution System Protection

Large-scale integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in power distribution networks has raised concerns for distribution system's protection coordination. Due to the bi-directional flow of power, Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) are being widely used in distribution systems. The pickup settings and time dial settings of these DOCRs needs to be modified with changing topologies and added DERs, to ensure proper selectivity and sensitivity towards fault identification and isolation. However, the setting groups that can be stored in DOCRs to accommodate these numerous topologies are limited. The work in this paper discusses the implementation of K-Medoids clustering technique to cluster the numerous grid-connected and islanded topologies of a distribution system based upon the various pickup currents and operating time indices. The testing results generated on a modified IEEE 13 node test feeder system demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology over prior works.
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) interactively working with humans as a junior cyber analyst

There are many applications where artificial intelligence (AI) can add a benefit, but this benefit may not be fully realized, if the human cannot understand and interact with the output as required by their context. Allowing AI to explain its decisions can potentially mitigate this issue. To develop effective explainable AI methods to support this need, we need to understand both what the human needs for decision-making, as well as what information the AI has and can make available. This paper presents an example case of capturing those requirements. We explore how an operational planner (senior human analyst) for a cyber protection team could use a junior analyst virtual agent to scour, analyze, and present the data available on vulnerabilities and incidents on both the target systems as well as similar systems. We explore the interactions required to understand these outputs and to integrate additional knowledge held by the human. This is an exemplar case for integrating XAI into the real-world bi-directional workflow: the senior analyst needs to be able to understand the junior analysts results, particularly the assumptions and implications, in order to create a plan and brief it up the command chain. He or she may have further questions, or analysis needs to achieve this understanding. The application is the junior analyst agent and senior human analysts working together to create this understanding of threats, vulnerabilities, incidents, likely future attacks, and counteractions on the mission relevant cyber terrain that their unit has been assigned a mission on.
100 Disruptive Publications in Breast Cancer Research.

Background: Breast cancer has a rich history of research over the past 75 years. Many studies have had disruptive influences on the field itself. Our study employs a new, validated measurement to determine the most disruptive publications within the field of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: PubMed® database was queried for articles between 1954-2014 related to breast cancer with in 21 different journals deemed important to the field. Articles were then scored for disruption and citation count. The top 100 most disruptive and cited publications were compiled and analyzed. Results: Disruption score was a distinct measurement from citation count and had low level of correlation. Disruptive publications tended to skew older with the median year of publication in 1977. The score identified a variety of study designs and publication types within multiple journals. Conclusions: Measurement of the disruptive quality of a publication is a new way to describe academic impact of a publication and is distinct from citation count. Used in conjunction with citation count in may give a more descriptive bibliometric assessment of the literature. Further exploration within the field of oncology is warranted.
Nutrition and growth in infants with established bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most common late morbidity of preterm birth. Ongoing clinical care and research have largely focused on the pathogenesis and prevention of BPD in preterm infants. However, preterm infants who develop BPD have significant medical needs that persist throughout their neonatal intensive care unit course and continue post-discharge, including those associated with growth and nutrition. The objective of this manuscript was to provide a review on nutrition and growth in infants with established BPD after discharge from the hospital and to identify the knowledge and research gaps to provide direction for future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Geometry-based, Gaussian profile model for optical knife-edge displacement sensor

Abstract This paper describes an analytical model for the well-known optical knife-edge displacement sensor that predicts the relationship between the knife-edge displacement and photointerrupter output. The model includes: 1) the geometry of a rectangular knife-edge profile penetrating a circular laser beam perpendicular to the beam axis; and 2) the Gaussian intensity profile for the beam cross-section. A comparison between the model predictions and measured photointerrupter for a linear range of knife-edge displacements is provided. It is shown that good agreement is obtained without model calibration.
The Engineering Presentation—Some Ideas on How to Approach and Present It

For communication between speaker and audience to be successful, it must be the culmination of a preparation process started long before, one which included a carefully thought-out speaker-audience interaction scenario. The chapter looks at high-tech presentations in government and industry, covering the spectrum from audience analysis, planning, and rehearsing, to handling visuals, conveying confidence, and providing handouts. Based on the results of audience analysis, we can determine what and how much must be said to satisfy both your and the audience's needs. To help achieve these goals, this chapter presents some guidelines, pitfalls, and ideas on strategy. After all is said and done, remember that our audience is human, also. They are just as anxious to learn about the subject we are presenting as we are to teach them. The easier we make it for them, the easier our task will be, and the more favorable impression we will make.
Confinement of Honeybee Colonies to Avoid Pesticide Losses

SUMMARYFour methods of confining colonies of honeybees for up to 12 hours (with and without water) were tested: (1) black or white-painted polythene sheeting, (2) wet or dry burlap (jute sacking), (3) entrance screen, (4) chipped ice over the hive entrance. Colony temperatures and reactions were nearest to normal when wet burlap or ice was used. In 1960, when external air temperatures reached about 36°C., all colonies beneath plastic were killed, as well as one with an entrance screen.
Are neighborhood conditions associated with HIV management

Objectives HIV infection has become a manageable chronic disease as a result of treatment advances. Secondary prevention efforts have proved inadequate to reduce the estimated incidence of new HIV infections. Epidemiological data suggest that geographical clustering of new HIV infections is a common phenomenon, particularly in urban areas among populations of low socioeconomic status. This study aimed to assess the relationship between neighbourhood conditions and HIV management and engagement in high-risk behaviours. Methods During routine out-patient HIV clinic visits, 762 individuals from the St Louis metropolitan area completed behavioural assessments in 2008. Biomedical markers were abstracted from their medical records. Multi-level analyses were conducted based on individuals' census tracts. Results The majority of the sample were male and African American. In the adjusted models, individuals residing in neighbourhoods with higher poverty rates were more likely to have lower CD4 cell counts and be current smokers. In neighbourhoods with higher rates of unemployment, individuals were less likely to have a current antiretroviral prescription. In more racially segregated neighbourhoods, individuals reported more depressive symptoms. Conclusions Despite the advances in HIV disease management, neighbourhood characteristics contribute to disparities in HIV care. Interventions that address neighbourhood conditions as barriers to HIV management may provide improved health outcomes.
The LSND Experiment and the Zee Model

A recent experiment LSND at Los Alamos has provided\cite{1} an indication of $\overline{\nu}_{\mu} - \overline{\nu}_e$ oscillations with $\Delta m^2$ of order 1ev$^2$ or greater and $\sin^2 2 \theta_{e \mu}$ between $2 \times 10^{-3}$ and $10^{2}$. Such a value of $\Delta m^2$ for $\nu_{\mu} - \nu_e$ oscillations was not expected in the standard see-saw model\cite{2} suggested by SO(10) with a large mass hierarchy because it leads to too large a value of $m(\nu_{\tau})$ to fit cosmological constraints. Furthermore within that model the LSND result is inconsistent with the indications of oscillations from both atmospheric neutrinos\cite{3} and solar neutrinos.\cite{4}
Rural Teachers in Project Launch.

The success of Project Launch, a teacher induction program sponsored by a regional teacher center and a consortium of universities, is compared for rural and non-rural participants. Indicators of success include teacher accomplishment of action plan goals, teacher self and mentor assessment of teaching strengths related to action plan goals, profiles of teaching strengths, and retention in teaching. Measures of teaching strength are related to INTASC standards. Rural participants differed significantly from non-rural participants in their lower self-perceived accomplishment of action plan goals. Rural participants were significantly more likely to move from their 1st positions after 1 year, but their attrition was not significantly different in later years. Ways to structure induction programs more effectively for rural participants are proposed.
InterWeave: A Middleware System for Distributed Shared State

As an alternative to message passing, Rochester's InterWeave system allows the programmer to map shared segments into programs spread across heterogeneous, distributed machines. InterWeave represents a merger and extension of our previous Cashmere and InterAct projects, combining hardware coherence within small multiprocessors, Cashmere-style lazy release consistency within tightly coupled clusters, and InterAct-style version-based consistency for distributed shared segments. In InterWeave, each shared segment evolves through a series of consistent versions. When beginning a read-only critical section on a given segment, InterWeave uses a programmer-specified predicate to determine whether the currently cached version, if any, is "recent enough" to use. Inter-segment consistency is maintained by means of hashed vector timestamps. Automatic data conversions allow each program to employ its own natural data format, byte order, and alignment, with full support for intra- and inter-segment pointers. Timestamping is used to determine and communicate only those pieces of a segment that are different from the cached copy. A preliminary implementation of InterWeave is currently running on our AlphaServer cluster. Driving applications include datamining, intelligent distributed environments, and scientific visualization.
Response of Resistant and Susceptible Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) to a Southern California Meloidogyne incognita Population from a Commercial Bell Pepper Field.

To determine the presence and level of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) infestation in Southern California bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fields, soil and root samples were collected in April and May 2012 and analyzed for the presence of root-knot nematodes. The earlier samples were virtually free of root-knot nematodes, but the later samples all contained, sometimes very high numbers, of root-knot nematodes. Nematodes were all identified as M. incognita. A nematode population from one of these fields was multiplied in a greenhouse and used as inoculumfor two repeated pot experiments with three susceptible and two resistant bell pepper varieties. Fruit yields of the resistant peppers were not affected by the nematodes, whereas yields of two of the three susceptible pepper cultivars decreased as a result of nematode inoculation. Nematode-induced root galling and nematode multiplication was low but different between the two resistant cultivars. Root galling and nematode reproduction was much higher on the three susceptible cultivars. One of these susceptible cultivars exhibited tolerance, as yields were not affected by the nematodes, but nematode multiplication was high. It is concluded that M. incognita is common in Southern California bell pepper production, and that resistant cultivars may provide a useful tool in a nonchemical management strategy.
Spontaneous Patterning of Surfaces by Low-Energy Ion Beams

Pattern formation by low-energy ion beams results from a balance among different kinetic processes on the surface. Some increase the roughness of the surface (e.g., sputtering) while others tend to smoothen the surface (e.g., diffusion) and the interaction between them leads to the development of a characteristic periodicity on the surface. In this chapter, we describe the different physical mechanisms that contribute to sputter ripple formation and their dependence on the processing parameters of flux and temperature. This is used to develop a linear instability model that can be applied to understanding the different features of patterning that are found under different processing conditions.
ETCH “sandbox”: Controlled release dimensions through atomic layer deposition etch stop with trench refill and polish

We report on the demonstration of a microfabrication process which allows the release of suspended films or structures of varying sizes in which the release volume is predefined by i) lithographic patterning, ii) etch-stop deposition by atomic layer deposition (ALD), iii) refilling sacrificial layer into the empty volume, and iv) subsequent chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). We refer to this as an “etch sandbox,” which allows the user to process devices on a planarized substrate after completion of the sandbox. We demonstrate micrometer scale Al2O3 suspended membranes utilizing Al 2 O 3 as the etch-stop and polysilicon as the refill/sacrificial etch material. Within a single substrate and single release, defined etch volumes up to differing by up to a factor of 104 can be realized. Considering the flexibility of this process, suspended membranes with more complicated structure and composition could be developed in the future.
Effect of Structure on Transport Properties (Viscosity, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Diffusion Coefficient) of Aprotic Heterocyclic Anion (AHA) Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. 1. Variation of Anionic Species

A series of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ([emim](+)) with different aprotic heterocyclic anions (AHAs) were synthesized and characterized as potential electrolyte candidates for lithium ion batteries. The density and transport properties of these ILs were measured over the temperature range between 283.15 and 343.15 K at ambient pressure. The temperature dependence of the transport properties (viscosity, ionic conductivity, self-diffusion coefficient, and molar conductivity) is fit well by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation. The best-fit VFT parameters, as well as linear fits to the density, are reported. The ionicity of these ILs was quantified by the ratio of the molar conductivity obtained from the ionic conductivity and molar concentration to that calculated from the self-diffusion coefficients using the Nernst-Einstein equation. The results of this study, which is based on ILs composed of both a planar cation and planar anions, show that many of the [emim][AHA] ILs exhibit very good conductivity for their viscosities and provide insight into the design of ILs with enhanced dynamics that may be suitable for electrolyte applications.
Heterojunction bipolar transistor technology for analog and digital applications

This paper describes high performance AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technologies developed at Rockwell and their applications to digital, analog, microwave and multifunction circuits. The GaAs BBT technology is relatively mature and is being transferred to pilot production at Rockwell. The AIGaAs/GaAs HBT technology provides transistors with high fmax (up to 218 GHz), high f/sub t/ (up to 98 GHz), high Early Voltage (V/sub a/ > 200 V), high breakdown voltage (BV/sub cbo = 15-45 V), a wide range of choice of dc current gain (10-200), and MSI LST integration levels. GaAs HBTs have also demonstrated high power-added efficiency for microwave amplification of both discrete transistors (67.8% at 10 GHz) and MMICs (minimum 43% over 7-11 GHz). Moreover, both digital and analog/microwave GaAs HBT circuits have been successfully fabricated on the same wafer. As a result, a monolithic integration of multifunction circuits becomes feasible and will open a new area for direct digital signal processing at microwave frequencies.
An open architecture for the massively parallel emulation of the Drosophila brain on multiple GPUs.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an exceedingly useful model organism for studying the causal links between neural circuits and behavior due to the numerical tractability of its brain and its powerful neurogenetic toolkit. Recent progress made in identifying the connectome of the fruit fly [1,2] and in characterizing the input and output functions of its sensory neural circuits [3] raise the possibility of creating and emulating a functional model of the entire fly brain using the increasingly powerful commodity parallel computing technology available to computational neuroscientists. To this end, we have developed an open software architecture for emulating neural circuit modules in the fly brain and their responses to recorded or simulated input stimuli on multiple Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). A key feature of this architecture is its support for integrating instances of different neural circuit models developed by independent researchers by requiring that the models’ implementations provide interoperable interfaces that adhere to the specification prescribed by the architecture. We refer to the architecture as a Neurokernel because it provides object classes essential to the emulation of the entire fruit fly brain that are analogous to those provided by an operating system kernel: (1) it serves as an extended machine that provides access to neural circuit primitives needed to construct and interconnect models of neural circuit modules in the fly brain; and (2) it serves as a resource allocator that scalably and transparently assigns GPU resources to emulated neural circuit models without manual specification by the researcher [5]. In order to provide these features, the Neurokernel architecture comprises several planes of abstraction that separate its application, control, and computing aspects (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). Models of brain function implemented using the architecture use the application plane’s API to access neural circuit primitives without directly specifying which GPU resources to use. The architecture’s control plane automatically partitions and maps circuits to available GPU resources, and manages communication between multiple GPUs hosted locally or remotely. Storage methods used to efficiently represent large networks of neurons and synapses with feedback connections in GPU memory and numerical methods used to update neuron and synapse states are implemented in the computing plane. Figure 1 Neurokernel architecture We implemented key elements of the Neurokernel software using the Python programming language and the PyCUDA interface to NVIDIA’s CUDA GPU programming environment [4] to avail ourselves of the increasingly powerful ecosystem of scientific computing Python software and make the architecture accessible to other researchers in the neuroscience community.
Circulation observations in the Louisiana bight using LANDSAT imagery

Abstract A method for quantifying the turbidity of offshore water masses using LANDSAT imagery is discussed and the results of a laboratory experiment correlating radiance with concentrations of suspended Mississippi River sediment are presented. The results of the experiment are used to plot suspended sediment contours on eight LANDSAT images of the Louisiana Bight. These contours are observed to depend on the speed and direction of the wind as well as the amount of fresh water discharged by the Mississippi River. The presence of a clockwise circulation in the bight is also indicated by the contours.
Feasibility of Waterflooding for a Carbonate Oil Field Through Whole-Field Simulation Studies

bbl of oil to date. It was noticedthat gas oil ratio had increased in certain parts and oil productiondeclined with time. This study was undertaken to better under-stand and optimize management and operation of this ﬁeld. In thisbrief, we ﬁrst reviewed the geology, petrophysical properties, andﬁeld production history of PSU ﬁeld. We then evaluated currentproduction histories with decline curve analysis, developed anumerical reservoir model through matching production andpressure data, then carried out parametric studies to investigatethe impact of injection rate, injection locations, and timing ofinjection, and ﬁnally developed optimized improved oil recovery(OIR) methods based on ultimate oil recovery and economics.This brief provides an addition to the list of carbonate ﬁelds avail-able in the petroleum literature and also improved understandingsof Smackover formation and similar analogous ﬁelds. By docu-menting key features of carbonated oil ﬁeld performances, wehelp petroleum engineers, researchers, and students understandcarbonate reservoir performances. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030401]
Trace inorganics in rural potable water and their correlation to possible sources

Abstract Ninety-eight water samples, comprising about 10% of the total sources available to rural homes in Hampton County, South Carolina, were randomly selected and analyzed for inorganic constituents. Chemical contamination is widespread in this area and many people are using substandard quality water. A noticeable number of water samples showed unacceptable levels of arsenic, iron, manganese and mercury. Iron and collodial material were chiefly responsible for turbidity in 19% of the water sources. Acceptable levels of cadmium, chloride, copper, lead, nitrate, phosphate, sodium, total solids and zinc were detected in most of the samples. Statistical analysis indicated that leachings from septic tanks were at least partially responsible for the contamination of shallow water supply sources with nitrate, phosphate, chloride and arsenic. Iron, lead and manganese appear to have come from corrosion of antiquated plumbing in older homes.
Majorization of characters of the symmetric group

Suppose @l and @g are different irreducible characters of the symmetric group S"m. If the partition of m to which @l corresponds majorizes the partition to which @g corresponds, then @l(@t)@l(e)>@g(@t)@g(e), where @t is a transposition and e is the identity.
Response to Amesbury, Knepper, and Schillbrack

This is a response to three commentary papers on Religious Philosophy as Multidisciplinary Comparative Inquiry: Envisioning a Future for the Philosophy of Religion (SUNY, 2010).
The argument from design

I want to examine the argument for the existence of God, which Immanuel Kant called, "the oldest, the clearest, and the most accordant with the common reason of mankind" 1 _ the argument from design. My plan is to examine the argument cast in three different basic possible forms of inference. I shall cast it in the form of a deductive inference, an inductive inference, and following the terminology of Charles S. Peirce, an abductive inference. I shall not be so much concerned with the validity, soundness or strength of the argument as with t h e logical moves in this classical argument. This type of analysis will, I hope, make these logical moves clear, or at least clearer. Let us begin with a deductive form of the argument from design.
The Lived Experience of Gay Identity Development: A Phenomenological Study

ABSTRACT This qualitative study is devoted to understanding the meaning of gay identity development as it is experienced in a majority heterosexist culture. Using a phenomenological approach, five interviews were conducted with gay men who discussed embracing key experiences that differ from the majority and the way these experiences facilitated movement toward self-acceptance and adaptation. Emergent themes are identified and the phenomenon of gay identity development is described through the voices of these men. Implications for future research are explored.
Squamous cancer of the tongue

Early squamous carcinoma of the tongue (stage I) can be effectively treated by surgery or radiation therapy with good results. In patients with larger, but apparently localized tumors (stage II), we now favor a staging operation (supraomohyoid neck dissection) to select those who require additional treatment directed to the neck. Our preference for patients with advanced tumors (stage III and IV) has shifted to mandible-sparing surgery whenever possible, in combination with postoperative radiation therapy. Using this approach, locoregional tumor control has improved while the morbidity of extraradical surgery and high-dosage radiation therapy has been avoided. This approach may not translate into longer survival times until effective chemotherapy is available to control distant metastases. Meanwhile, there is a need for both public and professional education to increase the proportion of early, curable lesions and promote the necessary changes in lifestyle (i.e., abstinence from alcohol and tobacco) to reduce the incidence of tongue and other cancers of the aerodigestive tract.
Distributed dynamic capacity contracting: an overlay congestion pricing framework

Several congestion pricing proposals have been made in the last decade. Usually, however, those proposals studied optimal strategies and did not focus on implementation issues. Our main contribution in this paper is to address implementation issues for congestion-sensitive pricing over a single differentiated-services (diff-serv) domain. We propose a new congestion-sensitive pricing framework Distributed Dynamic Capacity Contracting (Distributed-DCC), which is able to provide a range of fairness (e.g. max-min, proportional) in rate allocation by using pricing as a tool. We develop a pricing scheme within the Distributed-DCC framework and investigate several issues such as optimality of prices, fairness of rate allocation. We also introduce two pricing architectures based on the manner of using pricing to control congestion: Pricing for Congestion Control (PFCC) and Pricing over Congestion Control (POCC). PFCC uses pricing directly for controlling congestion, whilst POCC uses an underlying edge-to-edge congestion control mechanism by overlaying pricing on top of it. We, then, adapt Distributed-DCC framework to these architectures, and evaluate the two architectures by extensive simulation.
Wheel running elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain

Abstract Wheel running was elicited from self-stimulation sites in the rat. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus elicited feeding when food was present, but in the absence of food the same stimulation brought about vigorous running in an activity wheel. Running was also elicited from hypothalamic and septal self-stimulation sites that did not yield feeding.
Playing games about teenage pregnancy

Abstract This article describes the use of a simulation game in the evaluation of a sex education program. The game is designed to measure decision-making about contraceptive use and sexuality among young people. How the game is played, the context for its use, and data from the evaluation are presented, as well as descriptions of other potential uses for the game.
Improving robustness of MLLR adaptation with speaker-clustered regression class trees

We introduce a strategy for modeling speaker variability in speaker adaptation based on maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR). The approach uses a speaker-clustering procedure that models speaker variability by partitioning a large corpus of speakers in the eigenspace of their MLLR transformations and learning cluster-specific regression class tree structures. We present experiments showing that choosing the appropriate regression class tree structure for speakers leads to a significant reduction in overall word error rates in automatic speech recognition systems. To realize these gains in unsupervised adaptation, we describe an algorithm that produces a linear combination of MLLR transformations from cluster-specific trees using weights estimated by maximizing the likelihood of a speaker's adaptation data. This algorithm produces small improvements in overall recognition performance across a range of tasks for both English and Mandarin. More significantly, distributional analysis shows that it reduces the number of speakers with performance loss due to adaptation across a range of adaptation data sizes and word error rates.
CHLOROPHYLL BUDGETS - RESPONSE TO FOOD WEB MANIPULATION

Budgets for chlorophyll a and selected degradation products were constructed during summer stratification in 1984 and 1985 in two lakes. In Paul Lake, the reference ecosystem, pigment sedimentation showed no significant interannual differences. In Tuesday Lake, fish manipulations in May 1985 changed the zooplankton from an assemblage of Bosmina and small cyclopoids to one of large cladoceran grazers. Sedimentation of pigments, especially the grazing indicator pheophorbide a, increased significantly as the grazer assemblage changed. Mean grazer size was positively related to pheophorbide deposition rate in both lakes. Results of this whole-lake experiment indicate that major changes in lake food webs alter pigment deposition rates.
High-throughput zebrafish histology

The morphological effects of mutation and disease are often critical to our understanding of normal and abnormal function. The power and popularity of zebrafish as a forward and reverse genetic vertebrate model system, combined with its small size, have made it an ideal model in which to study the genetics of histologically scorable phenotypes. The presence of multiple tissue types in this organism's small larvae also makes it a potentially important model for toxicological analysis. Studying histological phenotypes is greatly enhanced by high-throughput methods of histology. Here, we describe details of high-throughput histology of the zebrafish using larval arrays, along with recent advances in mold design and discussion of work in progress that will lead to easier ways for people in the field to more rapidly score phenotypes in arrays. These detailed descriptions, together with the troubleshooting guide, should enable any laboratory with ties to a histology facility to perform high-throughput histology of zebrafish.
Drivers of nitrogen dynamics in ecologically based agriculture revealed by long-term, high-frequency field measurements

Nitrogen (N) loss from agriculture impacts ecosystems worldwide. One strategy to mitigate these losses, ecologically based nutrient management (ENM), seeks to recouple carbon (C) and N cycles to reduce environmental losses and supply N to cash crops. However, our capacity to apply ENM is limited by a lack of field-based high-resolution data on N dynamics in actual production contexts. We used data from a five-year study of organic cropping systems to investigate soil inorganic N (SIN) variability and nitrate (NO3-) leaching in ENM. Four production systems initiated in 2007 and 2008 in central Pennsylvania varied in crop rotation, timing and intensity of tillage, inclusion of fallow periods, and N inputs. Extractable SIN was measured fortnightly from March through November throughout the experiment, and NO3- N concentration below the rooting zone was sampled with lysimeters during the first year of the 2008 start. We used recursive partitioning models to assess the importance of management and environmental factors to SIN variability and NO3- leaching and identify interactions between influential variables. Air temperature and tillage were the most important drivers of SIN across systems. The highest SIN concentrations occurred when the average air temperature three weeks prior to measurement was above 21 degrees C. Above this temperature and within 109 days of moldboard plowing, average SIN concentrations were 22.1 mg N/kg soil; 109 days or more past plowing average SIN dropped to 7.7 mg N/kg soil. Other drivers of SIN dynamics were N available from manure and cover crops. Highest average leachate NO3- N concentrations (15.2 ppm) occurred in fall and winter when SIN was above 4.9 mg/kg six weeks prior to leachate collection. Late season tillage operations leading to elevated SIN and leachate NO3- N concentrations were a strategy to reduce weeds while meeting consumer demand for organic products. Thus, while tillage that incorporates organic N inputs preceding cash crops can promote synchrony of N mineralization and crop demand, late or post-season tillage promotes NO3 leaching by stimulating SIN pulses that are asynchronous with plant uptake.
Development of Workforce for Wind Energy

Our vision at Texas Tech University is to develop work force through education and training that can provide a steady stream of personnel for the rapidly growing wind energy industry. Our objectives are to establish interdisciplinary curricula at all levels of higher education which can educate and train people to work in the wind energy industry including design and construction, maintenance, business, finance, supervision, management, policy making, environmental impact, as well as research and development. The nature and breadth of the wind energy industry demands that the degree programs be interdisciplinary with flexibility to provide emphasis in various areas. Two degree programs, bachelor and doctoral degree curricula are presented in the paper.© 2010 ASME
SnapShot: Cell-cycle regulators II.

The core components of the cell-cycle control system are governed by numerous additional regulators, which ensure that cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) and anaphase-promoting complex (APC) activities are robustly and rapidly activated in the correct order and at the appropriate cell-cycle stage. Cyclin-Cdk activities are controlled by phosphorylation at inhibitory sites on the Cdk subunit, association with Cdk-inhibitory proteins (CKIs), transcriptional control of cyclins and other regulators, and the ubiquit-in-dependent proteolysis of cyclins and CKIs. APC activity is fine-tuned by inhibitory proteins that restrain its function outside mitosis.A multisubunit ubiquitin ligase called SCF contributes to early cell-cycle control by triggering the ubiquitination and destruction of some CKIs and G1/S cyclins. The SCF core (containing three subunits, not listed here) interacts with numerous F-box proteins that recruit specific substrates for ubiquitination. Typically, SCF targets must be phosphorylated by Cdks or other kinases to allow their recognition by F-box subunits of SCF.Progression through the cell cycle depends in part on transcriptional regulators, including the particularly well-understood regulators of G1/S gene expression at the begin-ning of the cycle. Prior to cell-cycle entry, these regulators interact with inhibitor proteins, blocking the activation of G1/S gene expression and, in some cases, actively repressing it. G1-Cdks phosphorylate and thereby inactivate these inhibitors, unleashing G1/S gene expression.Although the details vary among different species, the general scheme of eukaryotic cell-cycle control can be summarized as follows. In response to the appropriate extracel-lular signals or cell size, G1-Cdks trigger G1/S gene expression, leading to expression of G1/S and S cyclins and other components required for S phase events. G1/S-Cdk activation helps promote S-Cdk activation, at least in some cases, by phosphorylating CKIs and thereby targeting them to SCF for ubiquitination. G1/S- and S-Cdks then collaborate to initiate chromosome duplication and duplication of the spindle poles. M cyclins rise during S phase or thereafter, but M-Cdk complexes are initially restrained in many species by inhibitory phosphorylation by Wee1-related inhibitory kinases. Dephosphorylation by Cdc25-related phosphatases then triggers M-Cdk activation, resulting in mitotic spindle assembly and other preparations for chromosome segregation. When the chromosomes are aligned on the spindle, activation of APC