cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Levels of a Bose-Einstein System of Particles with Attractive Interactions

An $N$-body Bose-Einstein system of particles with long-range attraction and hard-sphere repulsion between particles is considered. It is shown that if the constants of the interaction have values within a certain range it is possible to calculate the ground-state energy of the system as a function of $\frac{\ensuremath{\Omega}}{N}$, where $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ is the volume of the box containing the system, in the limit $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, with $\frac{N}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}=\ensuremath{\rho}$ fixed. The results show that the system can possess an $N$-body bound state, which has an equilibrium density and negative energy, and that the interactions can be saturating. Excited states are also considered. It is shown that low-lying excitations consist purely of phonons, whose velocity agrees with that computed from the macroscopic compressibility, furnished by the ground-state energy. The formula for the general excited energy levels suggests that thermodynamically the system may have a "gas" phase and two "liquid" phases, the transition between the two "liquid" phases being the analog of the Bose-Einstein condensation of the ideal gas. Thermodynamic considerations are, however, not contained in this paper.
REPEATABILITY AND COMPARISON OF TWO MAZE TESTS TO MEASURE LEARNING ABILITY IN HORSES

Abstract Sixteen Quarter Horses were randomly divided into two groups after sorting by age and sex. After a 10-day preconditioning period, each animal was scored for emotionality and trainability. Each group then completed a series of learning tasks in a modified T-maze for 20 consecutive days. Group P D was initially tested on a simple place-learning task, while Group D P was trained in a visual discrimination task. The groups were tested alternately on the two tasks with 10-day extinction periods between each task. Upon reaching a criterion of 11 of 12 correct responses (the last 8 responses consecutive), a horse was retired for the day. If this criterion was not attained, the horse completed 20 trials. Learning occurred at a faster rate on the discrimination tasks compared to the gradual learning curves observed on place tasks. Animals learned more rapidly and reached higher levels of performance as the series of tasks progressed. Trainability and emotionality scores tended to predict the final level of learning achieved. Correlations of performance ranks within emotionality and training groups were higher between tasks of the same type than between the different tasks. Rank correlations between odd and even days on each task indicated that the within-group rankings were more consistent on the discrimination task than on the place task.
Assemblage shift following population collapse of a non-indigenous bivalve in an urban lagoon

The quahog Mercenaria mercenaria has been introduced repeatedly to the Pacific coast of North America, but only one population is known to have become established. In the 1970s, the population of M. mercenaria at Colorado Lagoon, in Los Angeles County, California (33o46′16″N, 118o08′05″W), was estimated at more than 300,000 individuals. To determine the current status of this non-indigenous species (NIS), in 2009, we sampled 57 intertidal and 20 shallow subtidal plots, identifying and quantifying collected bivalves. No quahogs were found among the 2,490 living bivalves in our plots, though two were found intertidally outside of our plots. The M. mercenaria population has thus collapsed since 1980, but the native community has not recovered. Six of the fourteen living bivalve species we encountered were NIS; three are new records for the location, including the clam Venerupis philippinarum, which made up 87.6% of collected individuals. Though M. mercenaria is likely on its way to extinction on the US Pacific coast, the bivalve assemblage at this location remains heavily dominated by NIS.
Global Auroral Response to a Solar Wind Pressure Pulse

A global intensification of the aurora was observed by the Ultraviolet Imager on the NASA Polar spacecraft in conjunction with the arrival of the sheath from a solar coronal mass ejection. The aurora was first observed to brighten on the dayside and then the intensification progressed rapidly toward the nightside. During this time the IMP-8 spacecraft in the solar wind recorded a 35-minute period of increased solar wind dynamic pressure. A small substorm (or, possibly pseudobreakup) occurred within a minute of the arrival of the auroral intensification on the nightside in conjunction with a second peak in the dynamic pressure. We propose that the intensification of the aurora can be explained on the basis of the compression of the magnetopause and the generation of hydrodynamic waves by the rapid increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure. It is also evident that the substorm was triggered by waves, generated by a second rise in the dynamic pressure, that propagated to flux tubes connected to the premidnight aurora region.
Statistics of Primordial Density Perturbations from Discrete Seed Masses

The statistics of density perturbations for general distributions of seed masses with arbitrary matter accretion is examined. Formal expressions for the power spectrum, the N-point correlation functions, and the density distribution function are derived. These results are applied to the case of uncorrelated seed masses, and power spectra are derived for accretion of both hot and cold dark matter plus baryons. The reduced moments (cumulants) of the density distribution are computed and used to obtain a series expansion for the density distribution function. Analytic results are obtained for the density distribution function in the case of a distribution of seed masses with a spherical top-hat accretion pattern. More generally, the formalism makes it possible to give a complete characterization of the statistical properties of any random field generated from a discrete linear superposition of kernels. In particular, the results can be applied to density fields derived by smoothing a discrete set of points with a window function.
Enhancement of quantum efficiency of organic light emitting devices by doping magnetic nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe are used as dopants to enhance the quantum efficiency of electroluminance in a single layer organic light emitting device (OLED). The enhancement of quantum efficiency increases with both increasing density of CoFe nanoparticles and external magnetic field. For a given OLED with 0.1wt% doping, the enhancement of the quantum efficiency reaches ∼27% and ∼32% without and with a magnetic field, respectively. The origin of these improvements could be attributed to the simultaneous increases of the portion of excitons among total charge carriers and the fraction of singlets among the total excitons
In-situ emergency pediatric surgery in the intensive care unit

Background The role of surgery in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unclear. Although previous studies have not shown any increase in morbidity when operating on patients in the ICU for surgical procedures; there remains a reluctance to operate on sick patients in the ICU.
Vibrational relaxation of cyanide on copper surfaces: Can metal d-bands influence vibrational energy transfer?

The lifetime for the CN - stretching mode has been measured at a polycrystalline Cu and Cu(111) electrochemical interface with difference frequency generation. The lifetimes on both surfaces are ∼17 ps, show no definitivetrend with electrochemical potential, and are similar to those reported for the CN-/Au system. When all experimental lifetimes for CN- on metals are considered, a trend is noted between vibrational lifetime and the onset of metal interband transitions.
Adaptive plasticity in calling site selection in grey treefrogs (Hyla versicolor)

Calling behaviour is an essential component of gaining access to mates, and calling site selection may be an important component of effective communication. Environmental factors like microclimate, or the presence of competitors and predators often show seasonal or spatial variation, and behavioural plasticity that allows the caller to adjust to this variation may be adaptive. Prompted by the observation of across-season variation in elevated calling site use in our grey treefrog population, we formulated three hypotheses about their calling site choice and tested them using field observations and behavioural trials in the lab. We found that calling site selection is largely determined by local temperature regimes, and suggest that this temperature-based plasticity in calling site selection is adaptive because it allows males to increase their metabolic efficiency and mate attraction effectiveness. The mere presence of heterospecific competitors and predators did not affect calling site selection at the pond, but close proximity to a predator during behavioural trials did reduce calling activity. This suggests that grey treefrog males attend to the presence of predators, that they can assess the degree of risk associated with predator proximity, and that they can adjust calling behaviour adaptively to reduce the chances of being detected by a predator.
A new teaching approach to quantum mechanical tunneling

The transfer matrix method has been used to investigate quantum mechanical tunneling in introductory quantum mechanics. The method is applied first to calculate the transmission coefficient for tunneling through a rectangular barrier and is then extended to the problem of potential barriers of arbitrary shape, in particular, to radioactive decay. This approach uses matrix methods that are accessible to a broader range of undergraduates than other numerical techniques, the connection between the rectangular barrier problem and potential barriers of arbitrary shape is transparent, and it can be readily executed by undergraduates. The classroom experience with this approach is discussed.
Isolation of planarian neoblasts and their behavior in Vitro with some aspects of the mechanism of the formation of regeneration blastema

A method of isolating neoblasts from Dugesia dorotocephala and the process of their aggregation in vitro are described. Morphology and behavior of gastrodermal cells and fixed parenchyma cells in vitro are also reported. Basically the neoblast is an oval cell with a large primary process and a finer secondary process at the opposite pole. Neoblasts have strong mutual affinity and very little affinity with other types of cells. The only observed method of locomotion of neoblasts in vitro was the contraction of the firmly attached primary processes between two or more neoblasts, which ends in their aggregation. Gastrodermal cells and fixed parenchyma cells are the most active migratory cells in vitro. With the observation of the cell movement both in vitro and in the fragments of the body, it was concluded that the primary accumulation of neoblasts at the open wound is not due to the active migration of neoblasts from the intact region as surmised by some other authors but due to the aggregation of local neoblasts. The migration of gastrodermal cells from the wound area causes the condensation of the parenchyma at the wound; the cytolyses of cells other than neoblasts in the parenchyma under a hypotonic condition evoke the aggregation of neoblasts. Active mitosis increases the number of neoblasts in the regeneration blastema. The “Parenchymal movement” or the mobility of the fixed parenchyma cells which must be responsible for the cellular transportation in the parenchyma was discussed.
Computational Studies of Cobalt-Substituted Aluminophosphates†

Electronic structure calculations have been performed on a number of models for cobalt substituted aluminophosphates (or CoAPOs) using density functional theory. A number of different cluster models of CoAPOs were constructed and used for the calculations. Our results predict that the high-spin forms of cobalt in tetrahedral coordination are the most stable in agreement with previous electron spin resonance measurements. Also, we find that the structural parameters obtained from geometry optimizations are in good agreement with X-ray absorption experiments (EXAFS). For example, for models of CoAPO compounds with cobalt in the reduced Co(II) oxidation state we calculate the Co−O bond length to be ca. 1.94 A from cluster calculation as compared to 1.90 A from EXAFS measurements on reduced CoAPO-18. Our calculations also show the necessity of applying constraints when considering cluster models to correctly represent the local environment around the transition metal, and we have developed a method using atom...
Plasma concentrations of inhaled corticosteroids in relation to airflow obstruction in asthma

Aims To compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of beclometasone, budesonide, fluticasone and mometasone following inhalation in patients with asthma, and explore the relationship between lung function and plasma drug concentrations. Methods Thirty subjects with asthma and a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ranging from 36 to 138% predicted, inhaled 800 µg beclometasone, budesonide and mometasone and 1000 µg fluticasone in random order. Plasma drug concentrations were measured over 8 h and the relationship between the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0−8) and lung function was modelled using linear regression. Estimated AUC0−8 values at 50 and 100% predicted FEV1 were compared for each drug. Results Pharmacokinetic profiles differed markedly between the drugs. Correlation coefficients for the relation between FEV1% predicted and AUC0−8 values for beclometasone, budesonide, fluticasone and mometasone were 0.37 (P = 0.05), 0.33 (P = 0.08), 0.25 (P = 0.2) and 0.52 (P = 0.004), respectively, and estimated AUC0−8 values were 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0, 1.8], 1.3 (95% CI 1.0, 1.8), 1.4 (95% CI 0.9, 2.2) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.3, 3.5) times higher for the four drugs, respectively, at 100 compared with 50% predicted FEV1. Conclusion The higher plasma concentrations of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with a higher FEV1% predicted suggests that, for any given dose, these patients will be at greater risk of developing adverse systemic effects with long-term use.
The Partition of Energy by Social Systems: A Possible Anthropological Tool

1983 First Steps Toward a Market-Integrated Economy in Aztec Mexico. Paper presented at the 11lth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Montreal. Hodge, Mary G. 1984 Aztec City-States. Memoirs, No. 18. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. Noguera, Eduardo 1935 La Cerimica de Tenayuca y las Excavaciones Estratigrificas. In Tenayuca. Pp. 141-201. M6xico, D.F.: Departamento de Monumentos Artisticos, Arqueol6gicas e Hist6ricas. Offner, Jerome A. 1983 Law and Politics in Aztec Texcoco.
Determination of latex particle size by light scattering. II. Higher order tyndall spectra

Abstract A study has been made of the higher order Tyndall spectra exhibited by 25 butadiene-styrene latices ranging in particle diameter, D, from 2600 to 10,100 A. It is shown that the relation between D and the angular position, θi, of the first red or green orders is given by D sin θ i 2 = k′, where k′ is a function of the color of the order and of the refractive index ratio of scatterers to medium, m. The above equation is valid for both mono- and polydisperse latices, and yields weight-average diameters. Depending on the value of m and the color of the first order, higher order Tyndall spectra can be used to determine particle sizes of butadienestyrene and polystyrene latices ranging from 0.24 to 3.6 microns in diameter.
Risk of Human Parvovirus B19 Infections among School and Hospital Employees during Endemic Periods

Because human parvovirus B19 (B19) infections are common in children, and maternal infection of pregnant women may cause fetal death, risk factors for B19 infections for hospital and school employees were identified during an endemic period. By serologic testing, 2730 employees of 135 schools in three school systems and 751 employees of a hospital were monitored. Of these, 60% were initially seropositive. After adjusting for age, race, and gender, risk factors for seropositivity were contact with children 5-18 years old at home (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2), at work (OR = 1.2), and employment in elementary schools in school system 2 (OR = 1.4). Over 42 months, 1 of 198 susceptible hospital employees seroconverted versus 62 of 927 school employees. Four factors associated with seroconversion were employment at elementary schools in system 2, contact with children 5-11 years old at home or with children 5-18 years old at work, and age < 30 years. Those in daily contact with school-age children had a fivefold increased annual occupational risk for B19 infection.
Lack of Uptake and Oxidation of Chylomicron Triglyceride to Carbon Dioxide and Ketone Bodies by the Perfused Rat Liver

FATTY acids concerned with supplying the caloric requirements of the body are transported in the blood primarily as free fatty acids (FFA) or as triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA). The liver is thought to play a central part in the metabolism of both chemical forms1. Investigations have shown that injected FFA labelled with carbon-14 are taken up by the liver2, where they may be catabolized by β-oxidation to carbon dioxide or ketone bodies3, or be synthesized into TGFA, which give rise to the very-low-density (d < 1.006) lipoproteins of the plasma2. Chylomicron-TGFA labelled with carbon-14 are also reported to be taken up by the liver4 and to be oxidized to carbon dioxide or ketone bodies in certain experimental conditions3. However, previous experiments in vivo have demonstrated that the magnitude of ketogenesis in fat-fed rats is not related to the extent of the influx of chylomicrons5 but rather to the level of circulating FFA6. In perfused livers from fasted rats, Morris3 found that 75 per cent of chylomicron-TGFA were removed from the perfusate and more than 20 per cent oxidized to carbon dioxide and ketone bodies in 4 h. Similarly, Rodbell et al.7 reported 25 per cent uptake and 2 per cent oxidation of a triglyceride emulsion in 2 h. As these authors used heparin (a known activator of lipoprotein lipase) in their standard preparations, the extent to which hydrolysis of the infused TGFA to FFA was responsible for these significant rates of uptake and oxidation remains unknown.
Efficacy of quantitative digital subtraction radiography using radiographs exposed in a multicenter trial

Digital subtraction radiography (DSR) has been shown to be a sensitive and specific method for the detection of small bony changes in periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to perform a multicenter validation of the DSR in human subjects. Seventeen subjects were enrolled at 3 centers. Feather-edged hydroxyapatite chips (approximately 1, 7 and 10 mg) were used to simulate osseous lesions. Bilateral radiographs were taken with and without chips. Geometry was standardized using a cephalostat and the order of radiographs was determined using a randomization plan. Radiographs were subtracted, lesions isolated, and quantified at a single center without knowledge of the randomization code or location of the chips used in each subject. The overall sensitivity and specificity in detecting 1 mg changes was 87.8% and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity in detecting 7 mg and 10 mg chips was 100%. A strong linear relationship between actual lesion mass and calculated mass was observed (R2 = 0.94, slope = 0.98, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed by center. These data indicate that the DSR is a valid technique for the assessment of alveolar bone changes in multicenter trials.
Rural Development Issues for Agricultural Economists to the Year 2000: Discussion

Agricultural social science writing has stressed the unique features of rural versus urban living. Much of this writing suggests that rural dwellers somehow are able to play by different sets of rules with respect to major public policy issues and institutions compared with their urban counterparts. Examples include the way that public policies relate to pollution and education, and institutions such as those in rural credit, utilities, and communications. Rural America, over time, will become less distinct with respect to policies and institutions, and will increasingly operate by the same rules that apply to the larger, urban-dominated, society. For example, rural America will increasingly need to deal with environmental constraints comparable to what now exists in urban areas. Automobiles that rural Minnesotans drive to visit the Mall of America pollute the urban area. Another issue relates to what might be termed rural social structure. What is deemed by some to be rural "social cohesion" may lead to rigid social views and less tolerance of individual differences. Immigrants welcomed in an urban area that has long dealt with people of different nationalities might present a problem in a cultureand tradition-bound rural area. Ethnic prejudice is not acceptable behavior in either rural or urban communities. Loveridge and Schmid argue that immigration is a possibility to stabilize populations in rural Minnesota communities. How-
Composition of Eggs from Individual Hens Maintained under Controlled Environments

Abstract EGGS from individual hens have been shown to be quite uniform with regard to many chemical and structural constituents: The nitrogen, fat and phosphorus content of the yolk (Malcolm, 1901–1902); egg size, shape, and color (Benjamin, 1920); the rate of water evaporation (Dunn, 1923); shell strength (Romanoff, 1929); proportion of thick albumen (Lorenz, Taylor and Almquist, 1934); dry matter (solids) content of albumen (Almquist and Lorenz, 1933); and rate of growth of yolk (Lorenz, 1943). Recent studies on other species such as man and rat (Williams and others, 1951) and the dairy cow (Hancock, 1950) indicate that the intensity of many, if not all, metabolic processes are inherent and collectively form a pattern which is characteristic of the animal. The nature of the environment is known to affect the composition of the egg, and is even more influential than heredity on variation in egg production (Gutteridge and O’Neil, 1942)… .
Scavenging with TEMPO* to identify peptide- and protein-based radicals by mass spectrometry: advantages of spin scavenging over spin trapping.

The detection and characterization of radicals in biomolecules are challenging due to their high reactivity and low concentration. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides a tool for the unambiguous identification of protein-based radicals by exploiting their reactivity with suitable reagents. To date, protein-radical detection by MS has been modeled after electron paramagnetic resonance experiments, in which diamagnetic spin traps, such as 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzene sulfonic acid, convert unstable radicals to more stable spin adducts. Since MS detects mass changes, and not unpaired spins, conversion of radicals to stable diamagnetic adducts is more desirable. The use of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO•) in the MS identification of protein-based radicals was explored here to establish whether scavenging via radical combination would give rise to TEMPO adducts that were stable to MS analysis. The horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 reaction was used to generate radicals in derivatives of tyrosine, tryptophan,...
The use of omental pedicle flap for tracheobronchial reconstruction in infants and children.

Abstract For the surgical repair of long-segment tracheal stenosis, costal cartilage graft or extensive resection with end-to-end anastomosis has often been used. Both procedures have a risk of developing anastomotic leakage, which is potentially a lethal complication, or stenosis resulting from compromised blood supply to the tissue at the anastomosis. We have used omental pedicle flap (OPF) to seal the anastomotic line and to restore the vascularity of the graft and the trachea in an attempt to avoid fatal complications. During the period between 1986 and 1990, OPF technique was used in tracheo-bronchial reconstruction in six patients aged 4 months to 3 years; cartilage graft for extensive tracheal stenosis (4), tracheal resection and anastomosis (1), and bronchial resection and anastomosis (1). The omentum was separated from the colon to form an OPF with the right gastroepiploic vessels preserved. The OPF was brought to the upper trachea in the mediastinum through the retrosternal space. There was no immediate postoperative death due to anastomotic leak. Endotrachial tubes were removed in all patients. Four of the six are totally free of airway problems. One patient showed persistent stridor because of remaining stenosis at the cervical trachea. The remaining one patient who under-went bronchial resection developed anastomotic stenosis probably due to the compression of the floppy left main bronchus by adjacent aorta. The OPF seems to be an important surgical adjunct in order to eliminate fatal complications in tracheobronchial reconstruction.
Global communication and pluralization of identities

Abstract As a burning issue of the modern era, national identity is currently subjected to two main contradictory forces. Globalization processes from above and localization forces from below are simultaneously integrating and fragmenting national identities. This essay examines the negotiation of cultural identities in light of the historical transitions from premodern to modern and postmodern modalities and sensibilities. The essay argues that the commodity fetishism of the marketplace is as important an element in contemporary cultural formations as the identity fetishism of militant social movements. Both phenomena are fostered by global communication processes in which identity formations increasingly depend on commodification and distantiation. While global advertising focuses on consumption to frame status identities, mediated communication appeals to primordial myths to structure civic and political identities within imagined communities. The two phenomena must be considered as dialectical twins in contemporary motivation, legitimation, and hegemonic crises.
The use of modified orthographic projections in structural geology

Simplified diagrams based on the theory of orthographic projections are derived for rapid solution of various field problems commonly encountered in structural geology. A few examples for the solution of field problems with the use of these diagrams are given.
Evaluation of accuracy of as-built 3D modeling from photos taken by handheld digital cameras

Abstract As-built documentation is an essential set of records, consisting of construction drawings, specifications and equipment location, which are kept for facility management purposes. These documents are constantly being created and modified throughout the life of a project. This process is usually manual and fraught with errors, which inhibits reliable decision making. Technological advancements have made it possible to generate 3D models to assess as-built conditions for construction monitoring purposes, such as verifying conformance to baseline project schedules and contract specifications. For this purpose, 3D point clouds are widely generated using laser scanners. However, this approach has limitations in the construction industry due to expensive and fragile equipments, lack of portability and need of trained operators. This study aims at investigating an alternate technology to generate as-built 3D point clouds using photos taken using handheld digital cameras, compare them against the original as-built 3D models, and check for accuracy of the modeling process. This analysis can aid in a more reliable and effective decision making due to its cost effectiveness and ease of use, particularly in heavy infrastructure projects which are continually undergoing rehabilitation work. To achieve these objectives, a set of guidelines are developed for taking photographs that enable effective generation of 3D point clouds using off-the-shelf software packages. The accuracy of the modeling process is investigated using the results of the as-built 3D point cloud modeling of a 2000 ft under construction bridge in southern United States. Finally, the range of tolerance and deviation of element dimensions is determined by comparing the photo based model to the actual as-built model (developed using 2D drawings). Furthermore, to compare point clouds generated from laser scanning and photogrammetry, a laser scan and an image based survey of an exterior wall of a university building were also done. Results show that this technology in its present state is not suitable for modeling infrastructure projects, however technological developments can enable this to be an efficient way to extract measurements of inaccessible objects for progress monitoring purposes and the models can also be stored for future dimension takeoffs for decision making and asset management purposes.
Serum unmetabolized folic acid in a nationally representative sample of adults ≥60 years in the United States, 2001-2002.

Folic acid is a compound that does not occur naturally in food but is added as a fortificant and dietary supplement. When it is ingested it is converted into forms of reduced folate that are identical to those arising from ingestion of naturally occurring folate in foods; however, some folic acid may appear unmetabolized in the serum (1, 2). Very little is known about its metabolism and biological effects. Folic acid fortification increased dietary intakes of folic acid (3) and blood folate levels in the United States (4). Some (5-9) but not all (10-12) research suggests that high folic acid intakes may promote the growth of pre-existing cancers or malignant lesions. Keywords: folic acid; folate; NHANES; folic acid fortification (Published: 2 April 2012) Citation: Food & Nutrition Research 2012. 56 5616 - DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5616
Dealloying of platinum-based alloy catalysts: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the dealloying of Pt-based nanoparticles typically used as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. The Kirkendall effect is represented to emulate the synthesis of hollow nanoparticles by removing the Ni core in a Ni-core/Pt-shell nanoparticle. It is found that initial shell vacancies are required to completely dissolve the non-noble core. The evolution of porosity is followed by dealloying Ni 0.75 Pt 0.25 and Co 0.63 Pt 0.37 nanoparticles. Two critical potentials define regions where the bimetallic particles may exist as core–shell, porous, and hollow structures, accompanied with clear variations in the dissolution rates. The phenomena are characterized by the dynamic evolution of the surface coordination numbers, and that of the surface area per platinum mass.
CNC electrical discharge rough machining of turbine blades

This paper introduces a method for rough machining of turbine blades with CNC electrical discharge machining (EDM), which is similar to mechanical milling geometrically and is also modelled by intersections between a cylindrical tool and the workpiece. However, special factors such as DC arcing, electrode wear, and discharging gap compensation have to be considered in the process. These special factors are analysed, and a CAM system catering to four-axis CNC EDM rough machining of turbine blades with a cylindrical electrode is introduced. The tool path generation algorithm has been integrated in an industrial CAD/CAM system (Unigraphics). In addition to machining simulations, real cutting experiments are presented.
Predictors of Positive Psychosocial Functioning of Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities

This research examined the contributions of active and passive coping for health problems, and meaning-based coping, to positive psychosocial functioning in a sample of 100 individuals in residential care with a mean age of 83.11 years old. Study participants resided in skilled care, intermediate care, or assisted living facilities. Based on interview data collected on site in participants' residential settings, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that active and passive coping and meaning-based coping had separate influences on measures of positive psychosocial functioning. Active coping was correlated with higher positive affect, whereas passive coping was associated with higher negative affect and self-acceptance. Positive reappraisal, a meaning-based coping strategy, was uniquely associated with higher positive affect, positive social relations, and self-acceptance. Positive religious coping was not independently associated with positive psychosocial functioning indices, whereas negative religious coping was related to higher negative affect. Health functioning did not contribute to positive psychosocial functioning in this sample. The results confirm the separate importance of health-related and meaning-based coping strategies in explaining positive psychosocial functioning in older adults living in residential care settings.
Embedded Passive Resistors: Challenges and Opportunities For Conducting Polymers

Abstract The need for building an infrastructure of embedded passive technology for electronic devices has become important due to the relentless push toward “smaller”, “smarter”, “cheaper”, and “faster”. Both embedded capacitors and resistors have been developed to fill the material gaps stated in the NEMI roadmap. In this presentation, we would like to introduce the development of embedded resistors by utilizing some conducting polymers along with their packaging technologies such as, integrating and embedding, lamination and chemical etching, screen printing and ink jetting. Those material properties and processing as well as the device performance and challenges will be addressed in the paper.
Maternal immunity partially protects newborn mice against a Chlamydia trachomatis intranasal challenge

To determine the role of maternal immunity in protecting newborn mice against a Chlamydia trachomatis infection, female BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) with 10⁴ inclusion forming units (IFU) of the C. trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar (MoPn). As a control, another group of female mice was sham-immunized i.n. with HeLa cell extracts. Immunized animals mounted strong immune responses as evidenced by high Chlamydia-specific antibody titers in serum and milk. Newborn mice born from immunized and sham-immunized dams were challenged i.n. with 10³IFU of MoPn at two post-natal days (PND). Following inoculation, newborn mice were euthanized at 7- and 18-PND and the lungs, spleen and intestine were cultured for Chlamydia. Overall, no significant differences were observed between the mice born from and fed by immunized dams and mice born from and fed by sham-immunized dams. Of the mice born from immunized dams, 75 and 25% had positive lung cultures at 7- and 18-PND, respectively. Of the mice born from sham-immunized dams, 82 and 50% had positive lung cultures for those same days. When the number of IFU recovered from the lungs and spleens was compared between the two groups no significant differences were observed. However, when the number of IFU recovered from the small intestine was compared, significant differences were observed between the two groups of newborn mice (2×10⁵ versus 32×10⁶ at 7-PND and 9.2×10⁶ versus 85×10⁶ at 18-PND). In conclusion, maternal immunity plays a limited role in protecting newborn mice against a Chlamydia infection.
The semantic organization of some simple nouns and verbs

This paper examines the semantic organization of concrete nouns and verbs and its development during childhood. Memory for semantically related nouns and verbs was compared to memory for unrelated nouns and verbs in adults and children. Greater effects of relatedness were found for nouns than for verbs at all ages. We argue that this is because concrete nouns fall into closely related and hierarchically organized domains, while verbs form a more matrix-like organization. We propose that there are two reasons for these differences in organization. First, the object categories encoded in concrete nouns are independent entities in the mental lexicon, organized chiefly in relation to each other, whereas verbs encode dependent categories with directed connections to their noun arguments. Second, verbs have many elements of meaning which cut across semantic field, e.g., manner, intention. The other major finding was the appearance of marked developmental changes. While ordered recall of semantically related lists improved with slower presentation in older subjects, recall of all list types decreased at slower rates in young children. This finding suggests that active processing is of short duration in young children. In addition, young children had great difficulty recalling verbs after interference tasks. We argue that the differences in semantic organization of concrete nouns and verbs, together with limitations in active processing in young children, can explain a variety of age-related changes in performance with verbs, including poor recall after interference tasks and the syntagmaticparadigmatic shift in free associations. There is no need to postulate developmental changes in semantic organization.
Does hyrax expansion therapy affect maxillary sinus volume? A cone-beam computed tomography report

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the initial effects of maxillary expansion therapy with Hyrax appliance and to evaluate the related changes in maxillary sinus volume. Materials and Methods : Thirty patients (20 females, 10 males; 13.8 years) requiring maxillary expansion therapy, as part of their comprehensive orthodontic treatment, were examined. Each patient had cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images taken before (T1) and after (T2) maxillary expansion therapy with a banded Hyrax appliance. Multiplanar slices were used to measure linear dimensions and palatal vault angle. Volumetric analysis was used to measure maxillary sinus volumes. Student t tests were used to compare the pre- and post-treatment measurements. Additionally, differences between two age groups were compared with Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was set at p=0.05. Results : Comparison of pre-treatment to post-treatment variables revealed significant changes in the transverse dimension related to both maxillary skeletal and dental structures and palatal vault angle, resulting in a widened palatal vault (p⁄0.05). Hard palate showed no significant movement in the vertical and anteroposterior planes. Nasal cavity width increased on a mean value of 0.93 mm (SD=0.23, p⁄0.05). Maxillary sinus volume remained virtually stable. No significant age differences were observed in the sample. Conclusion : Hyrax expansion therapy did not have a significant impact on maxillary sinus volume. (Imaging Sci Dent 2012; 42 : 83-8)
Instruction scheduling and executable editing

Modern microprocessors offer more instruction-level parallelism than most programs and compilers can currently exploit. The resulting disparity between a machine's peak and actual performance, while frustrating for computer architects and chip manufacturers, opens the exciting possibility of low-cost instrumentation for measurement, simulation, or emulation. Instrumentation code that executes in previously unused processor cycles is effectively hidden. On two superscalar SPARC processors, a simple, local scheduler hid an average of 13% of the overhead cost of profiling instrumentation in the SPECINT benchmarks and an average of 33% of the profiling cost in the SPECFP benchmarks.
Identification of CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes in OmpB of Rickettsia conorii.

The 1.2-kb DNA fragment of the Rickettsia conorii outer membrane protein B gene (OmpB451-846) was subcloned using site-specific PCR primers and expressed as six smaller fragments: OmpB458-652, OmpB595-744, OmpB595-654, OmpB645-692, OmpB689-744, and OmpB739-848. NCTC cells transfected with a mammalian expression vector expressing the fragments OmpB689-744 and OmpB739-848 stimulated immune anti-R. conorii CD8 T lymphocytes, suggesting the presence of CD8 T-lymphocyte-stimulating epitopes on these fragments. In order to further characterize the CD8 T-lymphocyte-stimulatory elements, CD8 T-lymphocyte epitopes on OmpB689-744 and OmpB739-848 were mapped by overlapping synthetic peptides. The ability of these synthetic peptides to stimulate immune CD8 T lymphocytes was determined by gamma interferon (IFN-) production and cell proliferation after incubation with simian virus 40-transformed murine vascular endothelial cells in the presence of a 20 M solution of each synthetic peptide. Five synthetic peptides, SKGVNVDTV (OmpB708716), ANVGSFVFN (OmpB735-743), IVSGTVGGQ (OmpB749-757), ANSTLQIGG (OmpB789-797), and IVEFVNTGP (OmpB812-820), induced secretion of IFN- at significantly higher levels than the controls. Three of these five peptides, SKGVNVDTV (OmpB708-716), ANSTLQIGG (OmpB789-797), and IVEFVNTGP (OmpB812-820), also stimulated the proliferation of immune CD8 T lymphocytes. Significantly higher levels of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte killing were observed with the same three synthetic peptides, SKGVNVDTV (OmpB708-716), ANSTLQIGG (OmpB789-797), and IVEFVNTGP (OmpB812-820). Rickettsiae are small (0.3 by 1.0 m), obligately intracellular bacteria that reside in arthropod hosts in at least part of their life cycle. Tick-transmitted Rocky Mountain spotted fever and louse-borne typhus fever are among the most virulent human infections known. All adequately studied Rickettsia species have a quantitatively major, immunodominant S-layer cell wall protein (OmpB), which is encoded as a 168-kDa precursor that undergoes posttranslational protease modification to the mature 135-kDa molecule (18). The spotted fever group rickettsiae differ from typhus group rickettsiae by possessing an additional major, immunodominant surface protein (OmpA) and have antigenic differences from typhus group rickettsiae in the lipopolysaccharides. OmpA contains a large, central, hydrophilic domain of 6 to 15 nearly identical tandem repeat units comprising 72 to 75 amino acids (aa) each.
Inhibition of yeast phagocytosis by dexamethasone in macrophage cultures: reversibility of the effect and enhanced suppression in cultures of stimulated macrophages.

AbstractThis investigation was initiated to characterize further the ability of 1μM dexamethasone to suppress the ingestion of heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae particles in cultures of murine resident peritoneal macrophages. Time course studies revealed that the inhibitory response required the continual presence of the steroid in the culture medium. In addition, increased inhibitory responses occurred after dexamethasone was supplied to previously untreated cultures of resident macrophages that became stimulated by differentiating in vitro. These findings indicate that glucocorticoids act directly on macrophages to decrease their phagocytic capacity, which in vivo would reduce host resistance.
Mechanism of salutary effects of androstenediol on hepatic function after trauma-hemorrhage: role of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Recent studies have shown that administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) improves cardiovascular and hepatic function in male animals. Although androstenediol, o...
Mammalian sperm chromatin as a model for chromatin function in DNA degradation and DNA replication.

Reproductive biology is considered a specialty field, however, an argument can be made that it is instead generally applicable to many fields of biology. The one-cell embryo is presented here as a model system for the study of eukaryotic DNA replication, apoptotic DNA degradation, and the study of signaling mechanisms between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Two unique aspects of this system combine to make it particularly useful for the study of chromatin function. First, the evolutionary pressure that lead to the extreme condensation of mammalian sperm DNA resulted in a cell with virtually inert chromatin. No DNA replication or transcription ongoing in the sperm cell, and all the cells are in a G0 state. This chromatin is suddenly transformed into actively transcribing and replicating DNA upon fertilization. Therefore, the sperm chromatin is poised to become active but does not yet posses sufficient components present in somatic chromatin structure for all these processes. The second unique aspect of this system is that the one cell embryo houses two distinct nuclei, termed pronuclei, through the first round of DNA synthesis. This means the sperm cell can be experimentally manipulated to test the affects of the various treatments on the biological functions of interest. Experimental manipulations of the system have already revealed a certain level of plasticity in the co-ordination of both the timing of DNA synthesis in the two pronuclei and in the response to cellular signals by each pronucleus involved with the progression through the G1/S checkpoint, including the degradation of DNA in the paternal pronucleus. The fact that two nuclei in the same cytoplasm can undergo different responses infers a level of autonomy in the nuclear control of the cell cycle. Thus, the features of mammalian fertilization provide unique insights for the normal biology of the cell cycle in somatic cells.
Marital Status, Self-Rated Health, and Mortality Overestimation of Health or Diminishing Protection of Marriage?

This study challenges two well-established associations in medical sociology: the beneficial effect of marriage on health and the predictive power of self-rated health on mortality. Using The National Health Interview Survey 1986-2004 with 1986-2006 mortality follow-up (789,096 respondents with 24,095 deaths) and Cox Proportional Hazards Models, we find the protective effect of marriage against mortality decreases with deteriorating health so that the married and unmarried in poor health are at similar risk for death. We also find the power of self-rated health to predict mortality is higher for the married than for any unmarried group. By using ordered logistic regression models, we find thresholds shift such that, compared to the unmarried, the married may not report poorer health until developing more severe health problems. These findings suggest the married tend to overestimate their health status. These two phenomena (diminishing protection and overestimation) contribute to but do not completely exp...
Building a Theory of Learning in Collaboratives: Evidence from the Everglades Restoration Program

Many of society’s most vexing problems must be solved through collaborative arrangements. Growing scholarly interest in collaboratives recognizes that the capacity for collective learning may play a critical role in their success. However, limited theoretical or empirical research exists to explain how learning occurs and the conditions that support learning in this context. In this article, we draw upon a wealth of literature, ranging from organization theory, policy process and change, and network analysis, to establish a framework of collective learning to guide inquiry in learning in collaborative governance settings. We apply our learning framework to a study of learning in a collaborative ecosystem restoration program in the Florida Everglades. We use the framework to guide a study of how learning processes and products are linked within a collaborative using a case-based, inductive approach at two levels of analysis—the larger program level and the subcase level of a learning product case. Our multilevel analysis draws upon survey and interview data to examine how the framework helps diagnose the specific types of learning processes and products that emerge in this setting, as well as the factors that influence these learning processes. In doing so, the analysis illuminates theoretical propositions, not explained by the broader literature on collective learning, around the structural, social, and technological features of the collaborative, which may foster learning.