cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The placebo effect and the cognitive-behavioral revolution

Definitions of the term placebo are considered in relation to the new cognitive-behavioral trend in psychotherapy and recent research on the differential effects of various placebo procedures. Existing definitions either lead to the inclusion of procedures that are not generally regarded as placebos (e.g., systematic desensitization and rational emotive therapy) or result in an empty set. Thus the placebo construct, while valid in drug research, may not be meaningful in relation to psychotherapy outcome studies. Control conditions should be designed for more specific purposes than controlling for the placebo effect. In addition, research directed toward specifying the laws governing the effectiveness of manipulations termed placebos is strongly urged.
Silicon photonic crystals and photonic wires for ultradense optical integration

Summary form only given. We review the latest results on the development of submicron silicon-on-insulator waveguiding structures - photonic crystals and single-mode strip waveguides (photonic wires).
Locating the Dead: A Cultural History of Death in the Antebellum, Anglo-Protestant Communities of the Northeast

Dans la communaute anglo-protestante du nord-est des Etats-Unis de l'avant guerre civile, il n'y avait pas de maniere de comprendre la place des morts dans la societe pas plus qu'on ne pouvait construire un sens produit par ces morts. Lorsque la theocratie puritaine a commence a appartenir au passe, la place des morts dans la societe a ete mise en question. Durant cette periode, les anglo-protestants concevaient leurs relations avec les morts selon les changements intervenus en theologie, en medecine, dans la societe urbaine. Un certain nombre de gestes et de rituels prenaient place autour de la depouille mortelle
Psychological disturbance in children with physical disabilities: Continuity and change in a 5-year follow-up

This study measures continuity in behavioral disturbance over a 5-year period among 255 children with physical disabilities who were 6 to 18 years old at first assessment. The pattern of the results differed from that reported previously for a sample of the general population of children. Disabled children showed little stability in aggression, an area in which stability over time had been consistently reported for the general child population. Furthermore, important differences were observed between children with cystic fibrosis and children with cerebral palsy, myelodysplasia, or multiple physical handicaps, all conditions involving brain abnormality. Children with cystic fibrosis followed the trend toward better adjustment seen among the general population of children. In contrast, among children with conditions involving the brain, the majority of those who had been classified as psychologically severely impaired remained at this level of impairment 5 years later. In two behavioral domains, Mentation Problems and Isolation, children with conditions involving the brain maintained, on the average, the same markedly high score they had initially. Among children with physical conditions involving the brain, Mentation Problems and Isolation signify persistent problems that do not subside as the children mature.
Production and Consumer Acceptance of Latin American White Cheese

Abstract Latin American white cheese was produced by direct acidification of whole milk to pH 4.7 to 4.8 at 82C. In a typical trial, whole milk (2730kg) was heated to 82C in a cheese vat. Citric acid solution (5.9 kg/60 liters water) was blended to precipitate the curd. Following whey draining, the curd was mixed with 8kg of salt. After pressed overnight at 2.8 kg/cm 2 , the cheese blocks were held at 15.5C for 3 wk for texture improvement. Cheese yield averaged 13.36%. Flavor, texture, slicing, and frying characteristics were excellent in cheese containing 48 to 50% moisture, 21 to 22% fat, 20 to 21% protein, and a pH of 5.0. Based on a 5-point Hedonic scale, 65% of the 848 consumers reported they "like the test cheese very much" or "quite well" while 31% reported "it was acceptable". The most popular possible use indicated was as a snack (72%), followed by use on pizza (46%), in a salad (31%), and as an ingredient in a cooked product (21%). A relatively short ripening time of 3 wk, a significantly higher yield, and potential savings in processing time associated with Latin American white cheese offer attractive economic advantages to the cheese manufacturer.
Protein Particulate Detection Issues in Biotherapeutics Development—Current Status

Formation of aggregates and particulates in biopharmaceutical formulation continues to be one of the major quality concerns in biotherapeutics development. The presence of large quantities of aggregates is believed to be one of the causes of unwanted immunogenic responses. Protein particulates can form in a wide range of sizes and shapes. Therefore, a comprehensive characterization of particulates in biologics formulation continues to be challenging. The quantity of small size aggregates (e.g., dimer) in a stable biologics formulation is well controlled using precision analytical techniques (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography). Particulate in clinical and commercial formulations is monitored using visual inspection and subvisible particulate counting assays. While visual inspection (by human eye or automated systems) is intended to detect particulates (intrinsic and extrinsic) of ~100 μm or larger, the subvisible counting methods cover smaller size ranges down to 10 μm. It is well recognized that research of particulates in the submicron (<1 μm) and low-micron (1–10 μm) ranges may provide important clues to understand the mechanism of particulate formation. The recent years have seen a significant increase in the development of newer technologies for more comprehensive characterization of particulates. This is attributed to increased awareness in this field of research over the past 5 years, stimulated by scholarly articles, commentaries, and robust discussions in various forums. This article provides an overview of emerging detection technologies that provide complementary characterization data encompassing a wider size range of particulates. It also discusses their advantages and limitations in the context of applications in biotherapeutics development.
Optimizing experimental parameters in isothermal titration calorimetry : Variable volume procedures

In the study of 1:1 binding, M + X right MX, isothermal titration calorimetry is generally thought to be limited to reactions in which the key parameter, c = K[M]0, can be set in the range 1-1000. In fact, the range of applicability can be extended by a factor of 10-100 at the upper end and as much as 10(5) at the lower, with certain provisos. The present work emphasizes the low-c regime, with the key heat parameter, h identical with DeltaH degrees [M]0, low, as well. Successful determination of K and DeltaH degrees in this region requires that the titration be extended to large excesses of titrant X over titrate M, and then the reaction heat is distributed strongly in favor of the early injections. With decreasing c, DeltaH degrees and the stoichiometry parameter n (often called site number) also become highly correlated and individually indeterminate. However, the product DeltaH degrees x n ( identical with Hn) is well-determined, so if n is known from other information, both K and DeltaH degrees can be determined to quite low c. By varying the titrant volume from injection to injection, one can significantly reduce the uncertainties in the estimated K and Hn values, permitting determination of K to better than 10% and Hn within 3% down to c = 10(-4), even for the low h value of 0.1 cal/L. The titrant volume optimization algorithm yields best results for the minimal number of injections - three when n is fitted, two when it is fixed. At low c, the resulting volume distributions depend nearly exponentially on injection number. This observation facilitates the derivation of similar, near-optimal volume distributions for five- and four-injection procedures that offer two statistical degrees of freedom for analysis. The volume optimization results are tested on the Ba2+/18-crown-6 ether complexation reaction at c = 0.1 and h = 0.16 cal/L, illustrating some practical complications but confirming the utility of the variable-volume protocol.
Change in Prostate Cancer Grade Over Time in Men Followed Expectantly for Stage T1c Disease

Purpose: We assessed whether the Gleason grade changes in men followed expectantly with nonpalpable prostate cancer diagnosed on needle biopsy (stage T1c).Materials and Methods: We studied 241 men with stage T1c prostate cancer who were treated expectantly with repeat yearly needle biopsy sampling to assess for cancer progression. Following the initial cancer diagnosis all men had at least 1 other biopsy demonstrating cancer.Results: Median patient age was 66 years. The number of biopsies showing cancer over time was 2 in 119 (49.4%), 3 in 74 (30.7%), 4 in 33 (13.7%) and 5 or greater in 15 (6.2%). The average followup for those without progression was 32.3 months. Of 241 cases 45 (18.7%) showed a significant change in grade from Gleason score 6 or less to Gleason score 7 or greater (Gleason score 7 in 41 cases, Gleason score 8 in 4 cases). Of 45 (53.5%) cases 24 that showed progression did so within 24 months of diagnosis.Conclusions: Within the first 3 years after diagnosis of Gleason score 6 prostate ca...
Irradiation of condensed meiotic chromosomes in Lilium longiflorum.

The following X-ray studies have been conducted on the microsporocyte chromosomes of Lilium longiflorum:
Targeted overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in osteoblasts promotes bone loss.

To investigate the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in regulating bone formation in vivo, we overexpressed the potent G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) regulator GRK2 in osteoblast...
Blood-Pool MRI Contrast Agents: Properties and Characterization

Unlike extracellular MRI contrast agents, which distribute non-specifically throughout the plasma and interstitial space of the body, blood-pool contrast agents (BPCA’s) can remain largely in the vasculature throughout the period of an MRI examination.Vascular retention is achieved by the larger size of BPCA’s, which also affects clearance times, rotational motion, and overall relaxivity. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD), NMR, and EPR techniques can provide details of BPCA behavior. Several different approaches for effective BPCA’s currently are being developed, including polymeric and dendrimeric complexes of Gd3+, low molecular weight Gd3+ complexes that reversibly bind to serum proteins, and ultra-small iron oxide particles. Applications of blood-pool agents include arterial phase and equilibrium phase MR angiography.
Directional Plasma Etching of Polysilicon in SF6/CFCl3 Discharges

The directional etching of P-doped polysilicon has been studied as a function of power (0.2–0.8 W/cm3), pressure (0.2–0.4 torr), and CFC13 (FreonR-11) fraction (1–20%) in SF6 discharges. Over this parameter space, experimental measures of the etching rate, directionality, plasma impedance, optical emission, and ion-bombardment energy and flux were made. Through Ar actinometry, the concentrations of F and Cl were estimated. Response Surface Methodolgy was used to fit the measurements to polynomial models which were used in the subsequent kinetic modeling of the process. As the fraction of CFCl3 was increased from 1 to 20%, the F concentration fell by a factor of 3 while the Cl concentration increased by a factor of approximately 20. The mask undercut and etching rate, however changed less than a factor of two with the CFCl3 increase. The measured average ion-bombardment energies were well correlated using discharge currents.
Pulsed radiofrequency of lumbar dorsal root ganglia for chronic post-amputation stump pain.

Background Chronic pain following limb amputations is now a recognized chronic pain syndrome usually described in a combination of phantom and stump pain. Both stump and phantom pain continue to be significant treatment challenges. If pharmacotherapy does not provide effective analgesia for stump pain, a clinician has interventional options that frequently give only transient benefit, or have a high chance of failure in the long run. Methods We selected 2 patients with primarily stump pain and difficulty tolerating the limb prosthesis. After a positive response to segmental nerve root blocks at L4 and L5, pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) was performed to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Results Both patients experienced 50% pain relief or better for 6 months. Each patient tolerated the prosthetic limb and could function at a higher level. Conclusion PRF treatment of the DRG at the L4 and L5 nerve root level may be a therapeutic option for patients with peripherally mediated intractable stump pain. A decrease in pain intensity and improved toleration of the limb prosthesis was appreciated in both patients.
Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a critical review

Hypoglycemia is the most important barrier to tight glycemic control. Although severe hypoglycemia is uncommon, milder events can occur so often that they represent a deterrent to intensifying treatment. High-risk patient behaviors are the most important cause for episodes for which a cause can be identified. Because symptoms are an unreliable way of establishing the diagnosis, SMBG should be considered for the patients at highest risk, particularly as they approach their glycemic targets. SMBG is superior to HbA1c in forecasting the hypoglycemia rate because it provides information about glucose variability--an independent risk factor. Patient education and medication changes are potential ways of reducing the hypoglycemia rate. However, it remains to be proven that patient education is beneficial in this regard.
A Line of Sages

A new variation of an old hat puzzle, where sages are standing in line one behind the other.
Ultrasound scattering model: 2-D cross-correlation and focusing criteria-theory, simulations, and experiments

A microscopic scattering model is developed to expedite simulation studies of ultrasound imaging in soft tissue using multichannel transducer probes. The model fully accounts for the physics of broadband signals, propagating wave packets, and time delay focusing. Analytical results are presented for 2-D transducer arrays; 1-D results can be trivially extracted by setting the number of rows equal to unity. The 2-D cross-correlation and the 2-D form of the Mallart-Fink (MF) focusing factor are calculated. It is demonstrated that the scattering model reduces to the 2-D form of the monochromatic van Cittert Zernike (VCZ) analysis. Simulation results for the focusing factor are presented, and comparisons are given between the values obtained from simulation, analytical theory, and actual water tank experiments. The comparative results are ail in close accord with each other.
MULTI-GHzSiGe BiCMOS FPGAs WITH NEW ARCHITECTURE AND NOVEL POWER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

The availability of Silicon Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) devices has opened a door for GHz Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).1,2 The integration of high-speed SiGe HBTs and low-power CMOS gives a significant speed advantage to SiGe FPGAs over CMOS FPGAs. In the past, high static power consumption discouraged the pursuit of bipolar FPGAs from being scaled up significantly. This paper details new ideas to reduce power in designing high-speed SiGe BiCMOS FPGAs. The paper explains new methods to reduce circuitry and utilize a novel power management scheme to achieve a flexible trade-off between power consumption and circuit speed. In addition, new decoding logic is developed with shared address and data lines. A SiGe FPGA test chip based on the Xilinx 6200 architecture has been fabricated for demonstration.
Preservation of evoked potentials in a case of anterior spinal artery syndrome

A case of anterior spinal artery syndrome is presented for which there are neurologic, electrophysiologic, and pathologic correlations. Ten days prior to her death, a 52-year-old hypertensive female developed severe chest pain and lower extremity weakness. A diagnosis of aortic dissection resulting in an anterior spinal artery syndrome was made. Intraoperative posterior tibial somatosensory evoked potentials demonstrated normal morphology and latencies. Autopsy revealed an infarction of the anterior portion of the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord with preservation of the posterior columns. This case demonstrates that severe spinal cord injury can exist in the presence of preserved somatosensory evoked potentials.
Periconceptional Multivitamin Use and Infant Birth Weight Disparities

Purpose In the United States, African American women deliver preterm and low birth weight infants two to three times more frequently than their white counterparts. Our objective was to determine whether maternal periconceptional multivitamin (MVI) use is associated with this disparity. Methods As a secondary analysis of previously collected data from mothers of non-malformed infants from the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2331 non-Hispanic white and 133 non-Hispanic black mother/infant pairs from 1998 through 2007. To estimate the effect of MVI use on birth outcomes, linear regression models were used. Results In white subjects, MVI use was not associated with birth weight, gestational age, or weight-for-gestational-age. However, in black subjects, MVI use was associated with a 536-gram increased birth weight ( p = 0.001). Black MVI users also had longer gestations (although not statistically significant). When birth weights were adjusted for gestational age using z scores, MVI use was associated with increased fetal growth in black infants (+0.86 z score units, 95% confidence interval: 0.35–1.36). Conclusions The present findings suggest MVI use may improve fetal growth and possibly gestational age in the offspring of African American women.
Location-centric storage for sensor networks

This paper presents location-centric storage (LCS), a novel distributed data storage protocol for sensor networks. In the protocol, each event detected by sensors is associated with an intensity value (delta)(by sensors), where delta is a parameter that depends on the characteristics of the event and the application context. When event information is broadcast, a sensor decides whether to store the record of an event by checking its distance to the event location and the delta. In general, the higher the intensity of an event, the further its information can propagate geographically in the sensor network. Besides, the closer to the event location, the denser the sensors are that store the event information, and thus the quicker and better a user can know about the event (by reading from surrounding sensors). The protocol utilizes network resource efficiently. In particular, the storage load of sensors is independent of the network size, and is evenly distributed across the network. Moreover, the communication distance for getting event information is small. Therefore, the protocol has great scalability. We provide detailed theoretical analysis and simulation study to support the claims. We also ran simulations to show the advantage of our protocol over some previous work. LCS can be used for applications such as context-dependent information mining in pervasive computing and on-demand warning in surveillance sensor networks
All-optical photoacoustic microscopy based on plasmonic detection of broadband ultrasound

We report on an implementation of all-optical photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), which capitalizes on the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for optical detection of ultrasound. The SPR sensor in our all-optical PAM shows, experimentally, a linear response to the acoustic pressure from 5.2 kPa to 2.1 MPa, an ultra-flat frequency response (±0.7 dB) from 680 kHz to 126 MHz, and a noise-equivalent pressure sensitivity of 3.3 kPa. With the broadband ultrasonic detection, our SPR-PAM has achieved high spatial resolution with relatively low anisotropy (i.e., 2.0 μm laterally and 8.4 μm axially). Three-dimensional high-resolution imaging of a single melanoma cell is demonstrated.
Restricting Time of Access to Large Round Bales of Hay Affects Hay Waste and Cow Performance

ABSTRACT Simmental cows in the third trimester of gestation were used in 2 trials to determine the effects of time-restricted access to large round bales on cow performance and hay disappearance. In trial 1, high-quality (127 relative feed value) hay was fed ad libitum (no time restriction) or access-restricted to 9, 6, or 3 h/d. In trial 2, average-quality (96 relative feed value) hay was fed ad libitum or access-restricted to 9 or 6 h/d. In both trials, 72 cows were blocked by BW and assigned to 12 pens resulting in 6 cows per pen and 3 or 4 pens per treatment. Each pen had adequate bunk space for 7 cows, and time was limited by gates that prevented access to feeders. Results of trial 1 indicated cows on all treatments gained BW with a linear (P
Density-Weighted Fuzzy c -Means Clustering

In this short paper, a unified framework for performing density-weighted fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering of feature and relational datasets is presented. The proposed approach consists of reducing the original dataset to a smaller one, assigning each selected datum a weight reflecting the number of nearby data, clustering the weighted reduced dataset using a weighted version of the feature or relational data FCM algorithm, and if desired, extending the reduced data results back to the original dataset. Several methods are given for each of the tasks of data subset selection, weight assignment, and extension of the weighted clustering results. The newly proposed weighted version of the non-Euclidean relational FCM algorithm is proved to produce the identical results as its feature data analog for a certain type of relational data. Artificial and real data examples are used to demonstrate and contrast various instances of this general approach.
An anti-PASTA result for Markovian systems

PASTA Poisson Arrivals See Time Averages is a term coined by R. Wolff in his well known 1982 paper. In keeping with Wolff's terminology, we use the term anti-PASTA to refer to the following converse of PASTA. Given that arrivals do indeed see time averages, when must the arrival process necessarily be Poisson? We show that anti-PASTA is satisfied in a pure-jump Markov process, provided that the arrival process corresponds to a subset of the Markov process jumps.
Calculation of solubility parameters of polar compounds

A graphical method is presented for calculating solubility parameters and molar volumes of functional groups, as well as for calculating solubility parameters of high molecular weight members of a homologous series from data on low molecular weight members. These functional group solubility parameters and molar volumes have been used to extend the values of presented earlier by Small. Finally, it is shown that the use of group contributions to calculate cohesive energy is limited by the lack of information available on the intramolecular energies of interaction of functional groups on the same molecule.
A mode-switching path planner for UAV-assisted search and rescue

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can assist in U.S. Coast Guard maritime search and rescue missions by flying in formation with a manned helicopter while using infrared cameras to search the water for targets. Current search and rescue flight patterns contain abrupt turns that can be achieved by a helicopter but not by a fixed-wing UAV. Therefore, a necessity for UAV-assisted search and rescue is path planning and control that allows a UAV to track a helicopter performing such maneuvers while maintaining the desired sensor coverage and the safety of all aircraft. A feasible path planning algorithm combined with an off the shelf autopilot system is proposed. The path planning algorithm consists of four modes, each with an associated domain of application. Each mode is formulated to provide safety and contiguous sensor coverage between the UAV and the helicopter. For each of a series of k corners, the along-track distance between the vehicles is defined as L(k). By representing the path planner as a finite automaton, it is shown that any execution of the system causes the series {L(k)} to converge to zero, thereby resulting in satisfactory tracking. Simulations were performed with a non-linear UAV model and a commercial autopilot system in the control loop. In these simulations, the desired trajectories were commanded to the autopilot as a series of waypoints. However, the UAV was unable to accurately track the desired trajectories, resulting in oscillatory paths with unpredictable lengths.
The stability of a viscous fluid between rotating cylinders with an axial flow

The stability of a viscous fluid between two concentric rotating cylinders with an axial flow is investigated. It is assumed that the cylinders are rotating in the same direction and that the spacing between the cylinders is small. The critical Taylor number is computed for small Reynolds number associated with the axial flow. It is found that the critical Taylor number increases with increasing Reynolds number.
An unusual case of toe ulceration

We describe an unusual presentation of toe ulceration in a 39-year-old otherwise healthy man. The left fifth toe was painful for several months with ulceration at the tip. The other toes appeared cyanotic and discolored. Foot pulses were normal. Laboratory testing revealed the platelet count at 1208 thousand/microliter, with hemoglobin 19.2 g/dl and hematocrit 57%. The erythropoietin level was found to be markedly decreased at 1 mU/ml. The patient was given the diagnosis of polycythemia vera with iron deficiency. Phlebotomy was performed and aspirin and cytoreductive therapy with hydroxyurea was prescribed with resolution of the toe ulceration.
Thermal Behavior of Natural Zeolites

The open framework structures of zeolites, containing variable amounts of extra-framework cations and water molecules, are very responsive to changes in temperature and/or water-vapor pressure. Several coupled changes occur in water content and structure whenever a zeolite is subjected to a change in environment. The structural changes include modifications in the unit-cell size and geometry, movement of extraframework cations, and even statistical breakage of the Al-Si framework. The water content in some zeolites is a smoothly varying function of temperature and water-vapor pressure, whereas in others there appear to be distinct transitions between different hydration levels. The response of zeolites to changes in temperature and/or water-vapor pressure is thus a very important aspect of their behavior and has a bearing on subjects ranging from their industrial applications to their identification. For example, numerous zeolites are used in gas adsorption, as selective catalysts, and as molecular sieves, and a detailed understanding of their short-term (e.g. overnight) thermal behavior and appropriate activation temperatures is crucial. Short-term thermal behavior has also been suggested as a means to distinguish between similar zeolites, such as clinoptilolite from heulandite (Mumpton 1960) and barrerite from stellerite (Passaglia 1980). In addition, de’Gennaro and Colella (1989) showed that the zeolite content in mixtures such as zeolitic tuffs can be determined through the details of the bulk-sample water-vapor desorption behavior. In contrast, other applications (e.g. the performance of clinoptilolite in a high-level radioactive waste repository) require that the long-term (102 to 105 years) behavior of these minerals under elevated-temperature conditions be understood. Because many thermal reactions of interest are at least partially kinetically limited, effects that may not be important during short-term heating can become increasingly important during long-term heating. In some instances, long-term heating experiments show results very different from those of shorter duration (e.g. Bish 1990a …
On equations defining Veronese rings

For a standard graded noetherian algebra S that is of weakly linear type, the defining equations of the Veronesian subrings S (d) are described explicitly, for d sufficiently large.
IL-6 signaling promotes DNA repair and prevents apoptosis in CD133+ stem-like cells of lung cancer after radiation

Local tumor control by standard fractionated radiotherapy (RT) remains poor because of tumor resistance to radiation (radioresistance). It has been suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are more radioresistant than non-CSCs. In previous studies, we have shown IL-6 promotes self-renewal of CD133+ CSC-like cells. In this study, we investigated whether IL-6 plays roles not only in promoting self-renewal of CD133+ cells after radiation, but also in conferring radioresistance of CD133+ cells in NSCLC. To compare radiation sensitivity of CSCs and non-CSCs, CD133+ CSC-like and CD133- cell populations were isolated from two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and H157, by immunomagnetic separation and their sensitivities to ionizing radiation were investigated using the clonogenic survival assay. To further study the IL-6 effect on the radiosensitivity of CD133+ CSC-like cells, CD133+ cells were isolated from A549IL-6si/sc and H157IL-6si/sc cells whose intracellular IL-6 levels were manipulated via the lentiviral transduction with IL-6siRNA. Post-irradiation DNA damage was analyzed by γ-H2AX staining and Comet assay. Molecular mechanisms by which IL-6 regulates the molecules associated with DNA repair and anti-apoptosis after radiation were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluoresecence (IF) staining analyses. NSCLC CD133+ CSC-like cells were enriched upon radiation. Survival of NSCLC CD133+ cells after radiation was higher than that of CD133- cells. Survival of IL-6 expressing NSC LC CD133+ cells (sc) was higher than that of IL-6 knocked-down cells (IL-6si) after radiation. IL-6 played a role in protecting NSCLC CD133+ cells from radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. IL-6 signaling promotes DNA repair while protecting CD133+ CSC-like cells from apoptotic death after radiation for lung cancer. A combined therapy of radiation and agents that inhibit IL-6 signaling (or its downstream signaling) is suggested to reduce CSC-mediated radioresistance in lung cancer.
On Being an Archivist

Without a doubt, promises of high pay and generous fringe benefits do not lure most archivists to the profession. Why then do we become archivists? In view of the great diversity within the profession, evidently it is not because of any particular external characteristics or interests that we share. Instead, three core attitudes shape the professional life of archivists and draw us to this profession. These are a commitment to service, an ability to search for evidence and meaning in the documentary record, and a rich appreciation of the passing human scene.
The Effectiveness of Mentoring Youth with Externalizing and Internalizing Behavioral Problems on Youth Outcomes and Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis

Parents of children with significant externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems habitually report greater parenting stress compared to parents of children without these challenges. One avenue to alleviate parenting stress and ameliorate youth outcomes is youth mentoring, which includes a supportive adult paired with a child with the objective of engendering positive outcomes. The researcher sought to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of mentoring programs for children with significant externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems on parenting stress and youth outcomes and (b) explore moderator variables that may influence program effectiveness. Five studies were included in the current meta-analysis. Results revealed a small effect of these specialized mentoring programs on youth outcomes and parenting stress. Moderator analyses revealed program characteristics that enhance effectiveness. Mentoring programs that target children with significant behavioral and emotional problems may function as...
Patterns of Incorporation of Latinos in Old and New Destinations From Invisible to Hypervisible

This special issue introduces a range of articles that analyze patterns of incorporation among Latinos living in the United States. We discuss the importance of race and institutionalized discrimination across various social institutions and through legislation and policies that promote and/or blunt Latino incorporation. Building on the findings of the studies in this special issue, this introduction considers how race and racialization shape the lives of Latino youth and adults through directives and policies emerging from a range of institutions—from the U.S. Census Bureau to State Courts, and state and federal legislative bodies. Mediating incorporation is legislation such as the Affordable Care Act and administrative changes such as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which, while promoting inclusion of Latino populations into the U.S. body-politic, also render some Latinos part of a class of people that are subjugated based on their origins. We conclude this introductory article with ...
Biological Effectiveness and Persistence of Malathion and Lindane Used for Protection of Stored Wheat

The biological effectiveness of various concentrations of malathion and of lindane used for control of adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.), S. oryza (L.), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in stored wheat, and the residual half-life of these compounds in and on the grain, were determined. Malathion lost biological effectiveness with time and had a residual half-life of 5.6 months. Lindane remained unaffected both biologically and chemically throughout the storage period.
Macrophage receptors responsible for distinct recognition of low density lipoprotein containing pyrrole or pyridinium adducts: models of oxidized low density lipoprotein

Oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) induced by incubation with Cu2+ ions results in the formation of a heterogeneous group of aldehydic adducts on lysyl residues (Lys) of apolipoprotein B (apoB) that are thought to be responsible for the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) by macrophages. To define the structural and chemical criteria governing such cell recognition, we induced two modifications of lysines in LDL that mimic prototypic adducts present in oxLDL; namely, e-amino charge-neutralizing pyrrolation by treatment with 2,5-hexanedione (hdLDL), and e-amino charge-retaining pyridinium formation via treatment with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium (tmpLDL). Both modifications led to recognition by receptors on mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM). To assess whether the murine scavenger receptor class A-I (mSR-A) was responsible for recognition of hdLDL or tmpLDL in MPM, we measured binding at 4°C and degradation at 37°C of these modified forms of 125I-labeled LDL by mSR-A-transfected CHO cells. Although uptake and degradation of hdLDL by mSR-A-transfected CHO cells was quantitatively similar to that of the positive control, acLDL, tmpLDL was not recognized by these cells. However, both tmpLDL and hdLDL were recognized by 293 cells that had been transfected with CD36. In the human monocytic cell line THP-1 that had been activated with PMA, uptake of tmpLDL was significantly inhibited by blocking monoclonal antibodies to CD36, further suggesting recognition of tmpLDL by this receptor. Macrophage uptake and degradation of LDL oxidized by brief exposure to Cu2+ was inhibited more effectively by excess tmpLDL and hdLDL than was more extensively oxidized LDL, consistent with the recognition of the former by CD36 and the latter primarily by SR-A. Collectively, these studies suggest that formation of specific pyrrole adducts on LDL leads to recognition by both the mSR-A and mouse homolog of CD36 expressed on MPM, while formation of specific pyridinium adducts on LDL leads to recognition by the mouse homolog of CD 36 but not by mSR-A. As such, these two modifications of LDL may represent useful models for dissecting the relative contributions of specific modifications on LDL produced during oxidation, to the cellular uptake of this heterogeneous ligand. —Podrez, E. A., G. Hoppe, J. O'Neil, L. M. Sayre, N. Sheibani, and H. F. Hoff. Macrophage receptors responsible for distinct recognition of low density lipoprotein containing pyrrole or pyridinium adducts: models of oxidized low density lipoprotein. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 1455–1463.
Desiderata for Promoting Chinese Language World-Wide

In order to enhance promotion of Chinese language world-wide,three aspects should be duly considered,namely what's the aim,the approaches and the way of doing.Respectively,the paper claims that focus should be on Chinese language learning,on simplicity and explicitness of learning process and on positive interaction vis-a-vis the western culture.Relevant considerations on pedagogical lexicography of Chinese are also given.
Induced Alterations in Composition of Bile of Persons Having Cholelithiasis

Bile acids and lecithin are the major solubilizing agents for cholesterol in bile. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may be important in the regulation of the proportions of individual bile acids and of the total amount and relative proportions of bile acids, lecithin, and cholesterol in bile. Experiments were designed to determine the effect on duodenal bile composition of administering or sequestering bile acids. Samples were obtained using a double lumen tube and cholecystokinin stimulation of gallbladder contraction. In bile from subjects with cholelithiasis, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid, with respect to total bile acids, was significantly less than that in bile from normal subjects. Administration of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, or hyodeoxycholic acid, clofibrate (Atromid-S) plus cholic acid, or cholestyramine (Questran) to women with cholelithiasis induced significant alterations in duodenal bile composition. In response to cholic acid with or without clofibrate, cholic acid plus deoxycholic acid virtually replaced chenodeoxycholic acid in bile, whereas, after chenodeoxycholic acid administration, this acid comprised 95% of bile acid in bile. Hyodeoxycholic administration induced a small but significant increase in the percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid in bile. Cholestyramine administration removed deoxycholic acid from bile and resulted in a significant increase in cholic acid and a decrease in chenodeoxycholic acid. The ratio of the cholesterol-solubilizing agents in bile—bile acids plus lecithin—to cholesterol was significantly increased by the administration of chenodeoxycholic acid and significantly de­creased by administering clofibrate plus cholic acid. Among the other four groups, no changes in this ratio were observed after 4 months. No significant changes in gallstone size were detected by cholecystography and no adverse reactions to the administered agents were noted. Mechanisms whereby the lithogenic potential of bile was decreased by chenodeoxycholic acid and increased by clofibrate plus cholic acid may involve effects on synthesis, pool size, or secretion of bile acids, lecithin, or cholesterol.
OBSERVATION OF DOMAIN MOTION IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL BARIUM TITANATE UNDER COMBINED ELECTROMECHANICAL LOADING CONDITIONS

The nonlinear electromechanical behavior of ferroelectric materials is governed by the motion of domains. Since many common ferroelectric materials, such as barium titanate and PZT, are also ferroelastic, the domain motion is highly affected by stress as well as electric field. Experiments are performed on (001) and (100) oriented single crystals of barium titanate under combined electromechanical loading conditions. The crystal is subjected to a constant compressive stress (dead load) and an oscillating electric field along the [001] direction. Global deformation and polarization are measured as a function of electric field at different values of compressive stress. The use of semi-transparent electrodes and transmitted illumination allows in situ, real-time microscopic observations of domain patterns using a long working-distance, polarizing microscope. The combined electromechanical loading results in a cycle of stress and electric field induced 90° domain switching. This is an electrostrictive behavior with measured strains of up to 0.9%.
TU-FG-209-09: Mathematical Estimation and Experimental Measurement of Patient Free-In-Air Skin Entrance Exposure During a Panoramic Dental X-Ray Procedure

Purpose: To develop a simple mathematical model for estimating the patient free-in-air skin entrance exposure (SEE) during a panoramic dental x-ray that does not require the use of a head phantom. This eliminates issues associated with phantom centering and the mounting of a detector on the phantom for routine QC testing. Methods: We used a Sirona Orthophos XG panoramic radiographic unit and a Radcal Accu-Gold system for this study. A solid state detector was attached over the slit of the Orthophos’ sensor with the help of a custom-built jig. A single measurement of the free-in-air exposure at this position was taken over a full panoramic scan. A mathematical model for estimating the SEE was developed based upon this measurement, the system geometry, x-ray field beam width, and x-ray sweep angle. To validate the model, patient geometry was simulated by a 16 cm diameter PMMA CTDI phantom centered at the machine's isocenter. Measurements taken on the phantom's surface were made using a solid state detector with lead backing, an ion chamber, and the ion chamber with the phantom wrapped in lead to mitigate backscatter. Measurements were taken near the start position of the tube and at 90 degrees from the start position. Results: Using the solid state detector, the average SEE was 23.5+/−0.02 mR and 55.5+/−0.08 mR at 64 kVp and 73 kVp, respectively. With the lead-wrapping, the measurements from the ion chamber matched those of the solid state detector to within 0.1%. Preliminary results gave the difference between the mathematical model and the phantom measurements to be approximately 5% at both kVps. Conclusion: Reasonable estimates of patient SEE for panoramic dental radiography can be made using a simple mathematical model without the need for a head phantom.
The association between environmental and psychosocial factors towards physical activity and screen time of children: an application of the Integrative Behavioural Model

ABSTRACTPhysical activity is beneficial at all stages of life, and has been linked as a protective factor from obesity, and other chronic health conditions. Despite the benefits of physical activity, less than half of US children meet the current recommendations, and activity levels decline with age. When planning physical activity interventions, behavioural theories should be utilised, given the inherent benefits theory-based approaches possess. The purpose of this study was to investigate how constructs of the Integrative Theoretical Model (IM) are associated with physical activity and screen time among children (9 years ±1.2; n = 264). Using structural equation modeling, a final model proved to have a good fit (CFI = 0.989; TLI = 0.975; RMSEA = 0.043), and results indicated intentions and perceived behavioural control (PBC) explained 19.4% of the variance for physical activity, and attitudes, perceived norms, and PBC accounted for 62% of the variance of intentions. Furthermore, attitudes and perceived ...
Real-world self-reported adherence to endocrine therapy in a large longitudinal cohort of breast cancer patients.

e20630 Background: Endocrine therapy plays an important role in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER) -positive breast cancer. Multiple prior studies have shown poor adherence to oral endocrine t...
Suicide risk among urban children

Abstract Objective This study examines how socio-demographic and clinical characteristics influence suicide risk among a large, urban sample of children (ages 12 and younger) receiving Psychiatric Emergency Services (PES). Methods Bivariate and binomial logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze data for a sample of 951 urban children presenting for pediatric PES. Results Approximately 17.2% of patients presented had a history of suicidal thought and behavior. Despite the larger number of black children presenting for PES, we found no significant difference in suicide risk across ethnic group, though the prevalence rates were increasingly higher in Whites, Latinos, and Black respectively. Of those presenting with suicidality: 65.1% were diagnosed with a behavioral disorder, 26.3% were diagnosed with a mood disorder, 3.8% with a psychotic disorder, and 4.8% with another disorder. About one in ten suicidal cases admitted to prior child abuse. Furthermore, patients admitted to the hospital for suicidality were more likely to be female, to have a mood disorder, and to be appropriately discharged to an inpatient setting following initial hospital care. Conclusions The study points to the importance of screening publically insured (Medicaid) urban children experiencing psychological distress regardless of ethnicity and age for suicide risk. Clinicians should consider these findings when working with children in psychiatric crisis.
Peer Relationships and Learning Disabilities

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nature of peer relationships of students with learning disabilities, with an emphasis on research conducted during the past several years. Socio-metric research brought attention to the peer relationships of students with learning disabilities by showing that these children often were generally less liked or accepted by their classmates than other children. Overall, the results suggest that the majority of children with learning disabilities have at least one reciprocal friend, at least by the end of the school year. The quality of children's friendships has been found to vary in such features as closeness, security, and conflict. Specifically, students without learning disabilities perceived higher levels of intimacy and support for self-esteem in their friendships than did the students with learning disabilities. When looking at the position of students with mild disabilities in the groups high in problem behavior, the students with mild disabilities tended to have lower centrality scores than the general education students, but the difference was not quite significant. Regardless of the measures used to assess peer relationships, there is remarkable consistency in the research evidence that students with learning disabilities are vulnerable to social difficulties. One potential explanation for emergence of the social difficulties of students with learning is that they are simply less interested in developing relationships with their peers.
Steroid Sex Hormone Binding by Cells in the Vertebrate Brain

Estrogen treatment followed by progesterone can induce behavioral sexual receptivity in ovariectomized female rodents (Beach, 1948; Young, 1961). In fact, estrogenic facilitation of female reproductive behavior has been found in a wide variety of vertebrate species (Crews and Silver, 1980; Kelley and Pfaff, 1978).
Characterizing differential poststroke corticomotor drive to the dorsi- and plantarflexor muscles during resting and volitional muscle activation

The present study observed that lower-limb corticomotor asymmetry resulted from both reduced paretic and enhanced nonparetic limb corticomotor excitability compared with neurologically intact contr...