cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief review: Pain management for cancer survivors: challenges and opportunities

As the number of cancer survivors continues to increase due to advances in medicine, many cancer survivors remain on their same pain management regimen long after their cancer treatment has been completed. Thus, the purpose of this review is to encourage awareness of the challenges and opportunities of pain management in cancer survivorship. It is our expectation that these patients will be referred to pain medicine specialists so their pain management can be optimized during the period of survivorship and ultimately improve their quality of life. Cancer and its treatment can cause significant pain which requires multidrug therapy, including strong analgesics such as opioids. Optimal pain management has been shown to improve the quality of life of cancer patients, and that is also true for cancer survivors. Nevertheless, the appropriate use of pain medications, especially opioids, must be re-evaluated and adjusted during treatment as the patient transitions into survivorship care and thereafter. This may otherwise result in unnecessary opioid use or may even lead to abuse. Fortunately, as cancer treatment is completed and the survivorship period begins, pain improves gradually and the need for pain medication should decrease. Unfortunately, some patients continue to take their potent analgesics during the period of survivorship although it may not be necessary. It is a challenge for pain practitioners who do not see these patients early in their disease or in the recovery period. Nevertheless, this challenge presents an opportunity for pain management providers to educate oncologists to refer cancer survivors to pain centres early during the period of their survivorship. Cancer survivors could then receive optimal care and maintain a better quality of life without having to take unnecessary pain medications. It is clear that there is a need to improve pain management in cancer patients, particularly in cancer survivors. Pain physicians should play a critical role as part of a multidisciplinary team that cares not only for cancer patients but also for cancer survivors. Optimizing pain management during the cancer survivorship period results in a better quality of life.
Abstract 2905: The HMGA1-MMP-2 pathway in poorly differentiated uterine tumors

Uterine cancer is the most common cancer of the female genital tract and the fourth most frequent cause for cancer death in women in the United States. Thus, further study has the potential to significantly benefit women9s health worldwide. Despite the high prevalence of this disease, the molecular events that lead to uterine cancers are poorly understood. We are studying the role of the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) gene in the pathogenesis of uterine cancer. The HMGA1 gene encodes the HMGA1a and HMGA1b chromatin remodeling proteins, which function in modulating gene expression. In a previously published pilot study, we showed that HMGA1 is overexpressed in poorly differentiated uterine cancers, but not in normal uterine tissue, benign tumors, or most low-grade neoplasms of the uterus. We also engineered HMGA1 transgenic mice and found that all females develop uterine sarcomas by 9 months of age. In lung cancer, we reported that HMGA1 induces expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene, but only in poorly differentiated tumors, suggesting that this pathway could drive tumor progression and a poorly differentiated state. Here, we investigated the role of the HMGA1-MMP-2 pathway in the pathogenesis of uterine tumorigenesis. Using a genetic approach, we crossed our HMGA1 transgenic mice with mice that are null for the MMP-2 gene. We found that the uterine tumors were significantly smaller in the HMGA1 transgenic mice that are also null for MMP-2. To determine if this pathway is involved in human uterine tumorigenesis, we assessed expression of the HMGA1 and MMP-2 genes in primary, human uterine tumors. We studied: 1.) endometrioid tumors, which are derived from the endometrial epithelium and tend to be low-grade (well-differentiated), 2.) serous tumors, which are also derived from the endometrial epithelium, but tend to be high-grade (poorly differentiated), and, 3.) carcinosarcomas (or mixed malignant, mullerian tumors), which are derived from the endometrial epithelium and stroma and tend to by high-grade. We found that HMGA1 expression was highest in the high-grade serous tumors and carcinosarcomas, with lower levels in the endometrioid tumors. Moreover, we found that there was a significant correlation between HMGA1 and MMP-2, but only in the high-grade carcinosarcomas and serous tumors. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that HMGA1 induces expression of MMP-2 during uterine tumorigenesis and suggest that this pathway is important in aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors. Although further studies are needed, our findings also suggest that the HMGA1-MMP-2 pathway could serve as a rational therapeutic target in poorly differentiated uterine cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2905. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2905
Is MUGA Scan Necessary in Patients With Low-Risk Breast Cancer Before Doxorubicin-Based Adjuvant Therapy?

Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer has become standard. Use of doxorubicin is limited by cardiac dysfunction; however, the incidence is dramatically reduced by limiting the dose to less than 550 mg/m(2). Although the cumulative dose in breast cancer is typically 240 mg/m(2), multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) scans are still recommended for determining cardiac functional status in these patients. To examine the need for this practice, we reviewed 296 patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer at Roswell Park Cancer Institute between July 1997 and December 1998. Fifty-nine of 95 (62%) patients receiving doxorubicin-based regimens, and 3 of 39 (7%) receiving nondoxorubicin regimens had pretreatment MUGA scans. The MUGA scans showed normal results in 58 patients and low-normal in 4 (6.5%), with no wall motion abnormalities encountered. There were no cases where doxorubicin was not used because of an abnormal MUGA scan. There were no cardiac complications in the 59 women who received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. MUGA will screen out few, if any, women under consideration for doxorubicin-based adjuvant therapy; the decision to avoid doxorubicin can be made based on age and preexisting comorbidity. Guidelines recommending routine use of MUGA before the administration of doxorubicin for adjuvant therapy for breast cancer should be reconsidered.
Reaction Energetics for the Abstraction Process C2H3 + H2 → C2H4 + H

The fundamentally important combustion reaction of vinyl radical with hydrogen has been studied in the laboratory by at least five experimental groups. Herein, the reaction C2H3 + H2 → C2H4 + H has been examined using focal-point analysis. Molecular energies were determined from extrapolations to the complete basis-set limit using correlation-consistent basis sets (cc-pVTZ, cc-pVQZ, and cc-pV5Z) and coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD), perturbative triples [CCSD(T)], full triples [CCSDT], and perturbative quadruples [CCSDT(Q)]. Reference geometries were optimized at the all-electron CCSD(T)/cc-pCVQZ level. Computed energies were also corrected for relativistic effects and the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. The activation energy for hydrogen abstraction is predicted to be 9.65 kcal mol–1, and the overall reaction is predicted to be exothermic by 5.65 kcal mol–1. Natural resonance theory (NRT) analysis was performed to verify the reaction pathway and describe bond-breaking and ...
Are Masking-Based Models of Risk Useful?

As our understanding of directly observable effects from anthropogenic sound exposure has improved, concern about “unobservable” effects such as stress and masking have received greater attention. Equal energy models of masking such as power spectrum models have the appeal of simplicity, but do they offer biologically realistic assessments of the risk of masking? Data relevant to masking such as critical ratios, critical bandwidths, temporal resolution, and directional resolution along with what is known about general mammalian antimasking mechanisms all argue for a much more complicated view of masking when making decisions about the risk of masking inherent in a given anthropogenic sound exposure scenario.
A NEGATIVE VERSION OF CHOQUET THEOREM FOR POLISH SPACES

The foundations of random closed sets onlocal ly compact separable Haus-dorff spacesare essentially based upon the Choquet theorem characterizing distributions of random sets as capacities alternating of innite order dened on compact sets or on open sets Since the natural domain of probabilityis Polish spaces it is necessary to know whether or not Choquet theorem holds in non locally compact spaces In this note weprovide an example showing that in a sense the answer is negative.
Principles of Neonatal Assisted Ventilation

Assisted ventilation is the result of a complex interaction between the respiratory system and the ventilator. This interaction may be optimized by use of basic concepts of pulmonary mechanics and an understanding of the effect of changes in ventilator settings.
Characterization of Fibrous Aggregated Morphologies and Other Complex Architectures Self-Assembled from Helical Alkyne and Triazole Polycarbodiimides (R)- and (S)-Families in the Bulk and Thin Film

We report here the self-assembly studies of 22 polycarbodiimides (PCDs) in complex morphologies such as fibers, looped fibers, fibrous networks, ribbons, worm-like aggregates, toroidal structures, and craters that were examined by combination of TMAFM, TEM, SEM, and powder XRD methods as well as semiempirical modeling. Morphology characterization in the thin film (TMAFM, TEM) and in bulk (SEM, pXRD) revealed the formation of fiber-like aggregates assembled from the bundles of individual helices. In certain cases superhelical motifs of both right- and left-handed screw senses were identified. It seemed likely that the great variety of morphologies observed is a result of extensive hydrophobic side chain/side chain interactions of the singular polycarbodiimide strands.
Jointly optimal paging and registration for a symmetric random walk

Jointly optimal paging and registration policies are identified for a cellular network composed of a linear array of cells. Motion is modeled as a random walk with a symmetric, unimodal step size distribution. Minimization of the discounted, infinite-horizon average cost is addressed. The jointly optimal pair of paging and registration policies is found. The optimal registration policy is a distance threshold type: the mobile station. registers whenever its distance from the previous reporting point exceeds a-threshold. The paging policy is ping-pong type: cells are searched in an order of increasing distance from the cell in which the previous report occurred.
Calpain inhibition modulates glycogen synthase kinase 3β pathways in ischemic myocardium: A proteomic and mechanistic analysis

Abstract Background Calpain inhibition has an enhancing effect on myocardial perfusion and improves myocardial density by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and up-regulating downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways, in a pig model of chronic myocardial ischemia in the setting of metabolic syndrome. Methods Pigs were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex artery. Three weeks later, the animals received no drug (high-cholesterol controls [HCC]), a high-dose calpain inhibitor (HCI), a low-dose calpain inhibitor (LCI), or a GSK-3β inhibitor (GSK-3βI). The diets and drug regimens were continued for 5 weeks and the myocardial tissue was harvested. Results Calpain and GSK-3β inhibition caused an increase in myocardial perfusion ratios at rest and during pacing compared with controls. Pigs in the LCI and HCI groups had increased vessel density in the ischemic myocardium, and pigs in the GSK-3βI group had increased vessel density in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium compared with the HCC group. Calpain inhibition modulates proteins involved in the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways. Quantitative proteomics revealed that calpain and GSK-3β inhibition significantly modulated the expression of proteins enriched in cytoskeletal regulation, metabolism, respiration, and calcium-binding pathways. Conclusions In the setting of metabolic syndrome, calpain or GSK-3β inhibition increases vessel density in both ischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue. Calpain inhibition may exert these effects through the inhibition of GSK-3β and up-regulation of downstream signaling pathways, including the insulin/PI3K and WNT/β-catenin pathways.
The next stage of U.S. communications policy: The emerging embedded infosphere

Abstract The United States needs to reimagine the basic principles of its telecommunications and information policy to fit an emerging society in which networking and intelligence are embedded into an increasing number of everyday things which constantly monitor and measure our lives. This emerging environment is an always-on, ubiquitous, integrated system comprised of the Internet of Things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence/Intelligent Systems and the Intercloud, which act together as a single system, referred to here as the “Embedded Infosphere” (EI). This development is driving the latest stage – the third – in the evolution of U.S. communications policy. Each of the components of the EI presents unique challenges, but the greater concern is all of them acting in concert. These developments bring into focus many topics that have been outside the traditional communications policy envelope, and exceed the portfolios of existing agencies and institutions. This article envisions a new “EI policy space,” grounded in established societal values, and built on the experience of the previous stages. There are appropriate policy responses to each of the challenges, but these responses need to be seen in a holistic perspective, as they are all interconnected. Many of the issues such as privacy, security, consumer protection, and data stewardship are common across several elements. The larger goal is to establish a framework for an integrated policy structure which can address unpredictable emergent conditions, while allowing markets to flourish without unduly burdensome regulations, restrictions or uncertainties. This articles suggests a high-level analytical framework of criteria against which proposed EI policies can be measured. While there may be no “perfect” policies, some may be better (or worse) than others. It also offers a political process designed to incorporate the concept of the EI into national policy thinking. This approach should be implemented through a series of steps and should provide flexibility for development. The initial step is a process by which the EI can be acknowledged, its development analyzed, and the national interests institutionalized. The U.S. Senate has already initiated this process with the pending “DIGIT” Act, designed to bring together the core federal stakeholders and open a policy discourse which will be expanded over time to other key stakeholders. This should lead to the development of a national EI strategy. Since the EI is progressively global, the article suggests how both the normative and regulatory dimensions can be approached in the global context. It raises the possibility of a restructured ICANN “Empowered Community” as a possible venue for developing policies and recommendations in this area. It notes that since global unanimity is unlikely, non-governmental regimes will likely develop to address the unresolved policy interstices.
Library Development: A Long-Term Strategy for Library Funding

Compared with other areas of library management, library development has received little attention in the library literature. Many of the important works related to development were written more than a decade ago. In the last decade, only two major works related to the topic have been published: an issue of Library Trends (Winter 2000) devoted to development and fundraising, primarily in the academic environment, and an updated version of Steele and Elder’s Becoming a Fundraiser. This is especially significant in a time of economic downturn.
Perceived impact of internship and practical training programs on professional and personal growth: implications to agricultural and extension education

The main purpose of this study was to determine and analyze former students' perceptions regarding impact of internship programs at Iowa State University. The secondary purpose was to identify existing practical training programs in Nizhni Novgorod Obiast, Russia. The third purpose was to identify the implications of determined perceptions and propose the opportunity to apply a new model of internship programming based on both American and Russian experiences. This study examined the perceptions of agriculture graduates enrolled in internship and practical training programs of agriculture and agribusiness. Those who are proponents of these paradigms differ drastically in their views of internship impact on students' professional and personal growth, and the companies needed to maintain a productive agriculture in rural America and Russia. A descriptive mail survey was used to gather the participants' perceptions, using the SPSS® statistical package. Descriptive research also involved testing hypotheses to answer questions concerning differences of impact of current internship and practical training programs in the U.S.A. and Russia. The findings revealed that interns in the U.S.A. held views similar to interns in Russia. They largely agreed that experiential learning program participants had an interest in working with agriculture before internship participation, and their preferences working in crop/livestock production was beneficial to them in their first professional position. Demographic characteristics of the respondents indicated that differences and similarities were observed in the way respondents perceived the impact of internship/practical training programs on a student and a company. Also, they agreed that the
The Impact of New Educational Methodologies and Technologies on Industrial Engineering

Abstract Innovations in the fields of engineering and automation evolve because of the global competition, as is the case for all other fields. This paper describes the major changes and their effects. The innovations make an impact on the lives of these engineers and other employees so that they need new skills. The traditional classroom education is now no longer a satisfactory way of teaching these skills in the available timeframe. New educational methodologies and technologies are the right solution. This paper gives an overview of these techniques and their impact on the structure and culture of corporations
Residual Stress From Cold Expansion of Fastener Holes: Measurement, Eigenstrain, and Process Finite Element Modeling

Copyright © 2017 by ASME. Cold expansion (CX) is a material processing technique that has been widely used in the aircraft industry to enhance fatigue life of structural components containing holes. CX introduces compressive hoop residual stresses that slow crack growth near the hole edge. The objective of this paper is to predict residual stresses arising from cold expansion using two different finite element (FE) approaches, and compare the results to measurement data obtained by the contour method. The paper considers single-hole, double-hole, and triple-hole configurations with three different edge margins. The first FE approach considers process modeling, and includes elastic-plastic behavior, while the second approach is based on the eigenstrain method, and includes only elastic behavior. The results obtained from the FE models are in good agreement with one another, and with measurement data, especially close to the holes, and with respect to the effect of edge margin on the residual stress distributions. The distribution of the residual stress and equivalent plastic strain around the holes is also explored, and the results are discussed in detail. The eigenstrain method was found to be very useful, providing generally accurate predictions of residual stress.
Revisiting the Impact of the Ada Programming Language

This installment of From the Archives reflects on a 1978 Computer article and the impact of the US Department of Defense’s effort to standardize software development projects around a single programming language.
Decentralized data center (DDC)

We present a solution that virtualizes data centers using blockchain technology and smart contracts in a way that allows extensibility of the traditional data center concept beyond its physical limitations. The system exposes itself as an autonomous, decentralized service with independent actors willing to participate in an incentive-based system. The system will allow for the creation of ad hoc data centers, break down the barrier for entrance of new actors into the data center arena, utilize existing computing resources more economically, lower computing pricing, and participate in the sharing economy between computing clients and providers.
“But do they like it?” Participant satisfaction and gameplay experience of a public health videogame intervention in adolescents

Participant satisfaction and experience can impact the effectiveness of a given intervention. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore adolescents' satisfaction and gameplay experience with a videogame intervention aimed at reducing HIV-related risk. Satisfaction and gameplay experience data were collected from adolescents who played the PlayForward: Elm City Stories videogame as part of a randomized controlled trial. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using in-person interviews following six weeks of gameplay. Gender differences were evaluated. Three hundred and thirty-three participants were enrolled in the study and six-week data were available for 267 participants, of whom 133 (50%) played PlayForward (50% girls; 11–14 years; mean age 12.9). They generally reported high levels of satisfaction with their gameplay experience. Exploratory analysis of gender differences revealed girls were more likely to report that they would play the game again or would tell their friends to play the game, while boys felt more connected to their characters in the game. A videogame intervention that is both effective and well liked is essential to best affect health outcomes.
The Man Who Wrecked 146 Locomotives: The Story of "Head-On Joe" Connolly

Review of: "The Man Who Wrecked 146 Locomotives: The Story of "Head-On Joe" Connolly," by James J. Reisdorff.
Acupuncture: A Review

Background and Objectives Acupuncture plays an important role in today9s multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of pain. Its initial use, around the fifth century B.C., was based on the fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine. Because of the lack of sound, supportive scientific data, the validity of such practice is controversial. Methods A general review of this subject is presented including the history and classical theory behind acupuncture, needling techniques, precautions and complications, and types of acupuncture. Furthermore, in search of more scientific data, a review of several basic and clinical research articles was undertaken to evaluate a possible scientific basis for the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. Problems and limitations of adequately designed dinical trials were also addressed. Results Several lines of evidence support the endorphin-mediated mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. High- or low-frequency stimulation induced by electrical acupuncture has been shown to release different types of endorphins. To date, there are flaws in the conventional, scientific, clinical research methods applied to the evaluation of acupuncture practice for treatment of pain. Some guidelines and suggestions for future clinical trials are presented. Conclusion Scientific data on acupuncture have been accumulating over the years, but further adequately designed clinical studies are necessary to provide additional validity for this treatment modality.
Relaxation Labeling: 25 Years and Still Iterating

Relaxation labeling provides a formal framework for iterative parallel contextual interactions. This paper discusses its early history; its applications to edge and curve detection, stereo correspondence, and shape matching; and its relationships to the architecture of the visual cortex, clique finding and tree isomorphism, polymatrix games, and linear complementarity.
The Scrim of Concern

The strong emphasis of totalitarian propaganda on the "scientific" nature of its assertions has been compared to certain advertising techniques which also address themselves to masses. And it is true that the advertising columns of every newspaper show this "scientificality," by which a manufacturer proves with facts and figures and the help of a "research" department that his is the "best soap in the world." It is also true that there is a certain element of violence in the imaginative exaggerations of publicity men ... Hannah Arendt The Origins of Totalitarianism (p. 345)
What do we express without knowing?: Emotion in Gesture

Emotional Gestural Expression is an aspect of nonverbal communication that is critical for social agents. The way we perform gestures provides both intentional and unintentional information, leaking our emotional state. In this paper, we analyze the perception of a group of base gestures under a wide set of modifications to understand how users perceive the emotional content of the movement, according to the valence and arousal dimensions of Russell'sCircumplex model. From these results, we are able to extract the perceived emotional quality of the base gesture forms and how the modifications shift that perception. An analysis is provided on the impact of different performance modifications of the gesture
ULF waves observed in solar wind and on the ground at high, mid, and low latitudes

Abstract We analyze fluctuations of the magnetic field in the solar wind registered by the ACE satellite in the L1 Lagrangian point and the ULF waves observed with ground magnetometers at high, middle, and low latitudes during 84 intense substorm events. Our goal is to establish possible connections between ULF oscillations observed simultaneously in the different parts of the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system during substorms. Our analysis reveals that there is a good correlation between oscillations with frequencies less than 1 mHz observed in the solar wind and in three different latitudes during strong substorms. In particular, we show that: (1) the dominant frequencies of the waves observed on the ground at high, middle, and low latitudes are approximately the same; (2) the waves with frequencies of 0.45–0.55mHz, and 0.75–0.80mHz are the most often seen in high, middle, and low latitudes and in the solar wind. Therefore, we conclude that there is a strong coupling between the Earth’s magnetosphere–ionosphere system and the solar wind in the frequency range below 1mHz mediated by the disturbances in the magnetic field.
Loss of ELF5–FBXW7 stabilizes IFNGR1 to promote the growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer through interferon-γ signalling

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by a high degree of immune infiltrate in the tumour microenvironment, which may influence the fate of TNBC cells. We reveal that loss of the tumour suppressive transcription factor Elf5 in TNBC cells activates intrinsic interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signalling, promoting tumour progression and metastasis. Mechanistically, we find that loss of the Elf5-regulated ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 ensures stabilization of its putative protein substrate IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1) at the protein level in TNBC. Elf5low tumours show enhanced IFN-γ signalling accompanied by an increase of immunosuppressive neutrophils within the tumour microenvironment and increased programmed death ligand 1 expression. Inactivation of either programmed death ligand 1 or IFNGR1 elicited a robust anti-tumour and/or anti-metastatic effect. A positive correlation between ELF5 and FBXW7 expression and a negative correlation between ELF5, FBXW7 and IFNGR1 expression in the tumours of patients with TNBC strongly suggest that this signalling axis could be exploited for patient stratification and immunotherapeutic treatment strategies for Elf5low patients with TNBC.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Organ Donation, Procurement and Liver Transplantation in the United States.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an impact on all facets of our health care system, including life-saving procedures like organ transplantation. Concerns for potential exposure to the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have profoundly altered the process of organ donation and recovery that is vital to the execution of organ transplantation. Issues regarding adequate donor evaluation and consent, organ recovery, organ procurement organization (OPO) and donor hospital resources as well as the transplant center's acceptance of organ offers for their candidates have all required new practice paradigms. Consequently, the ability to treat patients with organ failure, in particular patients with end stage liver disease where no temporizing treatments exist, and to obtain expected excellent outcomes for new liver transplant recipients has been challenged during this time. We summarize some of the negative effects of the current pandemic on organ recovery and liver transplantation as well as offer considerations and strategies for their mitigation that could have a lasting impact on the field even after COVID-19 has waned.
Liquid crystal displays

The author begins with an introduction to the study of liquid crystals and goes on to consider their use as liquid crystal displays. The processes involved and their operation and evolution are also considered.
'Assault Weapon' Myths

Four federal circuit courts have rejected Second Amendment challenges to “assault weapon” bans. The main target of these bans is the civilian AR-15, the most popular rifle in America. Most recently, the en banc Fourth Circuit in Kolbe v. Hogan took the unprecedented step of declaring that the AR-15 is not a protected firearm under the Second Amendment because it is functionally equivalent to the military M16. These courts have based their decisions upholding bans on the AR-15 and other “assault weapons” on certain factual claims about how these firearms operate. This Article critically examines these factual claims. It identifies three common myths — the weapon of war myth, the rate of fire myth, and the combat features myth — that repeatedly appear in the four decisions and drive their outcomes. It shows how these myths are perpetuated by the judges’ refusal to take seriously readily-available evidence about the operation and use of these weapons, with a special focus on Kolbe’s attempt to depict the semi-automatic only AR-15 as functionally identical to the fully-automatic M16.
Local carboplatin therapy in transgenic murine retinoblastoma.

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and toxicity associated with intraocular delivery of carboplatin in the treatment of murine transgenic hereditary retinoblastoma. METHODS Forty-eight transgenic BLH-SV40 Tag retinoblastoma mice were administered five intravitreal injections of carboplatin in one eye. After 12 weeks, the eyes were examined histopathologically to evaluate tumor burden. Twelve rabbits were administered intravitreal injections of carboplatin in one eye, after which they underwent serial electroretinography. All experimental and control eyes were obtained for histopathology and electron microscopy. RESULTS A dose-dependent inhibition of intraocular tumor growth by carboplatin was observed in transgenic retinoblastoma mice. Tumor development was inhibited in 50% of the mouse eyes at doses of 1.4 micrograms. In rabbits, retinal toxicity resulted when intravitreal injections of carboplatin were administered at doses of 10 micrograms or higher. CONCLUSIONS Local delivery of carboplatin in serial doses effectively inhibits intraocular tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in transgenic murine retinoblastoma.
Semiparametric estimates of the relation between weather and electricity sales

A nonlinear relationship between electricity sales and temperature is estimated using a semiparametric regression procedure that easily allows linear transformations of the data. This accommodates introduction of covariates, timing adjustments due to the actual billing schedules, and serial correlation. The procedure is an extension of smoothing splines with the smoothness parameter estimated from minimization of the generalized cross-validation criterion introduced by Craven and Wahba (1979). Estimates are presented for residential sales for four electric utilities and are compared with models that represent the weather using only heating and cooling degree days or with piecewise linear splines.
Optimal multispecies harvesting in the presence of a nuisance species

Abstract Current knowledge of the complex relationships within ecological and economic systems make operationalizing ecosystem approaches within fisheries management difficult. As these approaches are developed, it is important to include non-target species that affect the productivity (as prey) and availability (as predators) of targeted species. This study develops a multispecies bioeconomic model that incorporates ecological and economic interactions to determine the optimal harvest of each species in the presence of a "nuisance" species, which lowers the value of the fishery by negatively affecting the growth of the other species in the ecosystem, and has little harvest value of its own. The populations of walleye pollock, Pacific cod, and arrowtooth flounder (a nuisance species) in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region of Alaska are used as a case study. Vessel-and gear-specific profit functions with multi-output production technologies are used, along with estimated multispecies stock dynamics equations, to determine the optimal multispecies quotas and subsidy on the harvest of the nuisance species to maximize the value of this fishery. Ignoring the nuisance species results in a substantially less productive and lower value fishery than optimal joint management. This study highlights the importance of incorporating the impact of non-targeted species in ecosystem-based fisheries management.
JUSTICE STEVENS AND MARKET RELATIONSHIPS IN ANTITRUST

Justice John Paul Stevens practiced antitrust law before his appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States. He also taught antitrust and served on commissions studying the antitrust laws. He therefore had experience in both the practicalities and the problems of antitrust law. This experience has served him well on the Court, where Justice Stevens has written majority opinions in numerous important cases and dissented in others. This Article argues that in these opinions Justice Stevens can be read to have developed a distinctive approach to antitrust analysis. His approach focuses particularly on the relationships between the several markets involved in most antitrust cases, maintaining this focus even in cases involving monopolization and horizontal restraints, which are often viewed as involving only single markets. Thus, at least as read here, Justice Stevens adopts a consistent approach in a variety of cases, and his approach emphasizes an aspect of anticompetitive conduct common to all those cases. The specific issue with which Justice Stevens appears to be concerned is conduct in one market that does not make economic sense in that market but instead is aimed at gaining power in a second market. Although Justice Stevens does not explicitly present this issue as occupying the central role given it by this Article, his opinions consistently emphasize market relationships of that kind. This Article goes beyond Justice Stevens's opinions, however, in advocating that this emphasis on market relationships serve as a general test for antitrust legality. The first section of the Article discusses briefly the development of antitrust's current focus on market relationships, both in law and economics. The subsequent portion of the Article discusses Justice Stevens's emphasis on market relationships and the particular inquiries he has applied in evaluating anticompetitive conduct. The final section of the Article compares a test for antitrust legality based on market relationships with three other approaches to providing structure to antitrust analysis: the per se rule/rule of reason dichotomy, the ancillary-restraint test, and the use of a market-power screen.
Photoinduced charge separation via twisted intramolecular charge transfer states

The principles of Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT) formation are outlined and many examples given. The most recent developments in the understanding of these states both from the theoretical and the phenomenological viewpoint are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the effect of broadened angular distributions and to the possibility of multiple TICT channels. Application possibilities with respect to dye developments and fluorescent probes are outlined as well as various ways of intermolecular reactivity of TICT molecules.
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL USING SELF-TUNING REGULATORS

Abstract A modified self-tuning regulator algorithm is proposed for the case of decentralized controllers. The modification involves using the measurements of the other subsystems in the updating algorithm of the STR, Information about the other subsystems is not required for the controller portion of the algorithm. Simulation results show improvements in the control obtained by the new control algorithm. The proposed algorithm is especially effective in reducing the variance of the manipulated variables associated with each controller.
A Sex- and Age-limited Ossification Pattern in Human Costal Cartilages

In our continuing development of a roentgenographic method of determining age, race, and sex of cadaveric material, an absolutely distinctive pattern of ossification of the costal cartilages in older women has been identified. This ossification pattern has been found only in women over the age of 50 years and largely is restricted to those over 60 ( i.e. , remotely postmenopausal). Not encountered in men, this age/sex distinctive pattern is found in about one-third of the adult female autopsy population. It consists of rounded, solitary, or coalescent ossified foci confined to the central portions of the costal cartilages. These foci do not extend to the perichondrium and only very rarely involve the peristernal junctions. When this x-ray pattern is present, the decedent can be identified as an elderly female with great certainty.
Center of Mass Energy of the Collision for Two General Geodesic Particles Around a Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT Black Hole

In this paper, we investigate the center of mass energy of the collision for two neutral particles with different rest masses falling freely from rest at infinity in the background of a Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT black hole. Further, we discuss the center of mass energy near the horizon(s) of an extremal and non-extremal Kerr-Newman-Taub-NUT black hole and show that an arbitrarily high center of mass energy is achievable under some restrictions.
On set expansion problems and the small set expansion conjecture

We study two problems related to the Small Set Expansion Conjecture?(Raghavendra and Steurer, 2010): the Maximum weight m ' -edge cover(MWEC)?problem and the Fixed cost minimum edge cover(FCEC)?problem. In the MWEC ?problem, we are given an undirected simple graph G = ( V , E ) with integral vertex weights. The goal is to select a set U ? V of maximum weight so that the number of edges with at least one endpoint in U is at most m ' . Goldschmidt and Hochbaum (1997) show that the problem is NP-hard and they give a 3-approximation algorithm for the problem. The approximation guarantee was improved to 2 + ? , for any fixed ? 0 (Liang, 2013). We present an approximation algorithm that achieves a guarantee of 2. Interestingly, we also show that for any constant ? 0 , a ( 2 - ? ) -ratio for MWEC ?implies that the Small Set Expansion Conjecture?(Raghavendra and Steurer, 2010) does not hold. Thus, assuming the Small Set Expansion Conjecture, the bound of 2 is tight. In the FCEC ?problem, we are given a vertex weighted graph, a bound k , and our goal is to find a subset of vertices U of total weight at least k such that the number of edges with at least one edge in U is minimized. A 2 ( 1 + ? ) -approximation for the problem follows from the work of Carnes and Shmoys (2008). We improve the approximation ratio by giving a 2-approximation algorithm for the problem and show a ( 2 - ? ) -inapproximability under Small Set Expansion Conjecture. Only the NP-hardness result was known for this problem (Goldschmidt and Hochbaum, 1997). We show that a natural linear program for FCEC ?has an integrality gap of 2 - o ( 1 ) . We also show that for any constant ? 1 , an approximation guarantee of ? for the FCEC ?problem implies a ? ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) approximation for MWEC . Finally, we define the Degrees density augmentation problem which is the density version of the FCEC ?problem. In this problem we are given an undirected graph G = ( V , E ) and a set U ? V . The objective is to find a set W so that ( e ( W ) + e ( U , W ) ) / d e g ( W ) is maximum. This problem admits an LP-based exact solution (Chakravarthy et?al., 2012). We give a combinatorial algorithm for this problem.
Commercial Aircraft as a Source of Automated Meteorological Data for GATE and DST

Specially-equipped wide-body commercial aircraft which are flying tropical and Southern Hemispheric routes are providing a new and unique source of meteorological data with a 100 km spatial resolution. Data have been gathered for the GATE, and the planning for a similar effort for the DST is in progress. These aircraft not only provide synoptic data in critical areas devoid of conventional data, but are, in effect, meteorological research platforms that can provide valuable information on mesoscale phenomena. By 1976 it is anticipated that there will be over 80 such aircraft flying global routes. These specially-equipped jets could also be effectively used for EGGE by providing the nucleus of a supplementary observing system for gathering world-wide meteorological data.
Kernel Fisher for Shape Based Classification in Epilepsy

In this paper, we present the application of Kernel Fisher in the statistical analysis of shape deformations that might indicate the hemispheric location of an epileptic focus. The scans of two classes of patients with epilepsy, those with a right and those with a left medial temporal lobe focus (RATL and LATL), as validated by clinical consensus and subsequent surgery, were compared to a set of age and sex matched healthy volunteers using both volume and shape based features. Shape based features are derived from the displacement field between the left and right hippocampii of a healthy subject/patient. The results show a significant improvement in distinguishing between the controls and the rest (RATL and LATL) using only the shape as opposed to volume based features. We also achieve a reasonable improvement in the efficiency to distinguish between RATL and LATL based on shape in comparison to volume information. It should be noted that automated identification of hemispherical foci of epilepsy has not been previously reported.
Reasoning in Theory and Practice

As my book The Uses of Argument pointed out, we must look and see how our critical standards vary from one area or activity to another-e.g. from politics to aesthetics. Hence we need to explore how these critical standards evolve. and how the most reflective and best-informed people in any area of experience refine those standards. We cannot understand where we are now unless we understand how we got here, even in a field like mathematics. Hence we must modestly recognize that the best we can do now is the best we can do now; and that those who come after us will move beyond our ideas. There is much contingency in these historical developments. Resume: Comme je l'indique dans mon livre, Uses of Argument, nous devons rechercher les criteres d' eva I uation et examiner comment ils varient d'un domaine it un autre (ex. de la politique it l'esthetique). Nous avons done besoin de determiner comment ces criteres evoluent et se raffinent parmi les gens les plus retlechis et les mieux informes dans n'importe quel domaine. Nous ne pouvons pas comprendre OU nous sommes presentement it moins de comprendre comment no us y sommes arrives, me me dans une discipline telles que les mathematiques. Alors nous devons humblement reconnaitre que nos meilleurs efforts sont presentement Ie mieux que no us puissions faire, et que ceux qui viendront apres nous procederont au-delit de nos idees. Ces developpements historiques sont generalement contingents.
The U.S. Information Technology Revolution and Its Impact on U.S. Economy and Beyond

Phenomenal advances, which many would call a "revolution," in U.S. information technology (IT) sectors of the 1990s gave rise to dramatic productivity gains. They had profound effects on economies of the U.S. and other nations. We begin with an overview of the IT industries of the nineties and examine their impact on U.S. economy, at large, and by industry. To see the development in perspective, we discuss the perceived catalysts to the revolution. Then we explore how the remarkable sequence of events of the decade affected the rest of the world, developed and developing, more focus placed on the latter. The paper ends with a review of Korea and Taiwan, with specific references to the impact on their industrial structures during and after the deepening U.S. IT revolution.
Do Black-Owned Banks Discriminate against Black Borrowers?

Black-owned and white-owned banks are studied to test for lending discrimination based on applicant's race. Using single-equation models the rndings suggest that black-owned banks may utilize applicant race in the mortgage granting decision. The result holds in a naive HMDA model and in an enhanced HMDA model with bank-specirc, demographic, and neighborhood characteristics added.
Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies

Ever since their discovery in the 1970’s, UltraLuminous InfraRed Galaxies (ULIRGs; classically L ir > 1012 L ⊙) have fascinated astronomers with their immense luminosities, and frustrated them due to their singularly opaque nature, almost in equal measure. Over the last decade, however, comprehensive observations from the X-ray through to the radio have produced a consensus picture of local ULIRGs, showing that they are mergers between gas rich galaxies, where the interaction triggers some combination of dust-enshrouded starburst and AGN activity, with the starburst usually dominating. Very recent results have thrown ULIRGs even further to the fore. Originally they were thought of as little more than a local oddity, but the latest IR surveys have shown that ULIRGs are vastly more numerous at high redshift, and tantalizing suggestions of physical differences between high and low redshift ULIRGs hint at differences in their formation modes and local environment. In this review we look at recent progress on understanding the physics and evolution of local ULIRGs, the contribution of high redshift ULIRGs to the cosmic infrared background and the global history of star formation, and the role of ULIRGs as diagnostics of the formation of massive galaxies and large-scale structures.