cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Observations-Based Statistical System for Warm-Season Hourly Probabilistic Forecasts of Low Ceiling at the San Francisco International Airport

Abstract A computational system that uses statistical equations to forecast hourly probabilities of marine stratus burn-off (via ceiling) at the San Francisco International Airport for 1–6-h lead times is developed. The system is based entirely upon surface and upper-air observations in the San Francisco Bay Area as predictors. A test of the product on a 3-yr independent sample shows a 6%–21% reduction in the mean square error (mse) compared with persistence “climatology.” The amount of improvement is noteworthy, considering that a dearth of reliable observations exists upstream from the airport. Moreover, the inclusion of important upper-air predictors into the forecast equations can reduce the mse by 3% when compared with a system of equations derived solely from surface data. Paired-difference tests reveal that the upper-air data provide the greatest contribution for valid times that are nearest to the data’s observational time. Ceiling forecasts are compared to Model Output Statistics (MOS) probabilis...
Environmental costs and benefits of transportation biofuel production from food- and lignocellulose-based energy crops. A review

Transportation biofuel production in the United States is currently dominated by ethanol from the grain of maize and, to a much lesser extent, biodiesel from soybeans. Although using these biofuels avoids many of the environmentally detrimental aspects of petroleum-based fossil fuels, biofuel production has its own environmental costs, largely related to fossil fuel use in converting crops to biofuels and crop cultivation itself, including ecological damages caused by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, pesticides, and erosion. A new generation of biofuels derived from lignocellulosic sources offers greatly reduced environmental impacts while potentially avoiding conflicts between food and energy production. In particular, diverse mixtures of native prairie species offer biomass feedstocks that may yield greater net energy gains than monoculture energy crops when converted into biofuels, while also providing wildlife habitat and enriching degraded soils through carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation. Ultimately, as demand for both food and energy rise in the coming decades, greater consideration will need to be given to how land can best be used for the greater benefit of society.
The Virgin Mary as Mediatrix Between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East

L'affection des musulmans pour la Vierge Marie provient des references a Marie dans le Coran. Prototype de la mere et de la vierge, Marie possede de nombreux lieux de pelerinage au Moyen-Orient, particulierement en Egypte ou les chretiens et les musulmans prient pour recevoir la grâce divine. Lors de manifestations officielles ou sont presents chretiens et musulmans, la Vierge Marie sert de pont entre les deux communautes parle biais des references coraniques et bibliques citees en de telles occasions. De plus, les recentes mariophanies de 1968 et 1986 ont ete vecues tout a la fois par les musulmans et les chretiens
Cbx4: A new guardian of p63’s domain of epidermal control

Epigenetic regulators are essential for cell lineage choices during development. In this issue, Mardaryev et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506065) show that Polycomb subunit Cbx4 acts downstream of transcriptional regulator p63 to maintain epidermal progenitor identity and proliferation in the developing epidermis via Polycomb-dependent and -independent SUMO E3 ligase activities.
Living a Calling, Life Satisfaction, and Workplace Climate Among a Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Population

Previous research on calling has resulted in a model that relates living a calling to life satisfaction through job satisfaction and life meaning. However, no research has examined this model in a lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) population. With a sample of 171 sexual minority adults, the current study aimed to (a) test the fit of an established model of living a calling and life satisfaction and (b) examine how having a supportive LGB workplace climate functioned within this model. Results revealed an excellent fit of the model and that a supportive LGB workplace climate predicted both living a calling and job satisfaction. In addition, the relation of living a calling to life satisfaction was fully mediated by life meaning and job satisfaction, and the relation of climate to life satisfaction was mediated by job satisfaction. These results suggest an expansion of the potential utility of the calling construct to an LGB population.
The effect of the accessory proteins, soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein on Toll-like receptor 4 activity in human monocytes and adipocytes.

The effect of the accessory proteins, soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein on Toll-like receptor 4 activity in human monocytes and adipocytes
Slam tutorial

This paper provides an overview of the important features of the SLAM simulation language. The focus of the paper is the unified system-modeling framework of SLAM which allows systems to be viewed from process, event, or state variable perspectives.
Impact of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception: single and double dosing.

Abstract Objective To determine if differences exist in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception (LNG-EC) in obese and normal body mass index (BMI) users and test whether doubling the dose of LNG-EC in obese women increases total and free (active) LNG serum concentrations. Study design Healthy, reproductive-age women with obese and normal BMIs received 1.5mg LNG orally (ECx1) and then in a subsequent menstrual cycle, the obese group also received 3mg LNG (ECx2). Dosing occurred during the follicular phase. Total and free LNG PK parameters were obtained via serum samples through an indwelling catheter at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5h. The primary outcome was the difference in total and free LNG concentration maximum (Cmax) between ECx1 and ECx2 in the obese group. Results A total of 10 women enrolled and completed the study (normal BMI=5, median 22.8kg/m 2 , range 20.8–23.7; obese BMI=5, 39.5kg/m 2 , range 35.9–46.7). The total LNG Cmax for obese subjects following ECx1 (5.57±2.48ng/mL) was significantly lower than the level observed in normal BMI women (10.30±2.47, p=.027). Notably, ECx2 increased the Cmax significantly (10.52±2.76, p=.002); approximating the level in normal BMI subjects receiving ECx1. Free LNG Cmax followed a similar pattern. Conclusion Obesity adversely impacts both the total and free Cmax levels of LNG EC and this likely explains its lack of efficacy in obese women. Doubling the dose appears to correct the obesity-related PK changes but additional research is needed to determine if this also improves EC effectiveness in obese women. Implications This study demonstrates that obesity interferes with the pharmacokinetics of LNG EC, and that doubling the dose may be an effective strategy to improve its efficacy in obese women.
Energetics and Spread-Winged Behavior of Anhingas in Florida

-Metabolic rates and body temperatures of four captive Anhingas (Anhingu anhinga) were measured over a range of ambient temperatures. In addition, Anhingas were observed in the field in an attempt to correlate the frequency of behaviors, such as wing-spreading, with environmental conditions, such as the intensity of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Anhingas have low basal metabolic rates and high thermal conductances for their mass. The frequency of spread-winged behavior increases at higher solar intensities and is inversely correlated with ambient temperature. Anhingas assuming spread-winged postures orient with their backs to the sun, maximizing the surface area exposed to insolation and maintaining an angle of incidence of approximately 90”. In contrast, birds engaged in gular flutter face into the sun, thereby minimizing the surface area exposed to insolation and increasing the angle of incidence. Anhingas spread their wings to dry the plumage and to absorb solar energy during cool weather. They thereby supplement their low metabolic rates, compensate for their high thermal conductances, and replace heat lost via evaporation and convection due to wetting of the plumage. _ Although spread-winged behavior is well known in darters, its function is not established (Clark 1969, Kennedy 1969). Suggested functions include the synthesis of vitamin D (Kennedy 1968, 1969); the removal of ectoparasites (Kennedy 1969); skin conditioning during molt (Potter and Hauser 1974); feather maintenance (Kahl 197 1); wing-drying (Rijke 1968, Siegfried et al. 1975, Berry 1976); and thermoregulation (Heath 1962, Clark 1969, Kennedy 1969). The wing-drying hypothesis is especially attractive because Casler (1973) and Rijke (1968) found that these birds possess wettable plumage, which allows water to penetrate the air spaces next to the skin. This reduces their buoyancy and facilitates underwater stalking of prey. I examined the metabolism of Anhingas (Anhingu anhingu) in the laboratory, and their behavior in the field, to determine if the birds use spread-winged behavior in drying the wings or in thermoregulation.
Mobile Robotic Instrument Suite for Detecting and Measuring Biomarker Gases on Earth and Mars

We have developed a suite of instruments for detecting and measuring a variety of gases near the surface and in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars. The main goal of the project is to provide evidence indicating there is life on Mars. A second goal is to provide important information about the Martian atmosphere in anticipation of human missions to Mars. The instrument can be used in a variety of ways on the Earth to provide information about the health of croplands and forests as well as surveying accident sites where there may be toxic vapors. The main instrument is an open path diode laser absorption spectrometer that has the capability to detect and measure biomarker gases such as water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Our approach complements other spectrometer systems developed for NASA missions to measure the same quantities. Other systems measure gases and vapors for one surface point at a time whereas our instrument can make wide area surveys. A second instrument suite is composed of two spectrometers for measuring gases in the atmosphere over the whole open sky. The Sun is used as the radiation source for these instruments. Any gas of sufficient concentration that absorbs radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 1650 nm can be measured. The mobile robotic platform used to transport the instruments measures 60 cm high x 62 cm wide x 83 cm long and weighs 33 kg. It is a tracked vehicle with two 8 cm wide tracks. The vehicle and instruments are powered by a 12 VDC lithium ion battery. It is driven by two independent gear motors that require 12 VDC. The motors have a 19.7:1 gear ratio and provide 27 kg-cm of torque. The vehicle is equipped with proximity sensors, laser rangefinder and 3-D television camera. A robotic arm is on board. It can deploy environmental sensors and be used to help the robot to get out of trouble when stuck. The results of laboratory and field tests will be presented for this vehicle and the instrument suite.
Geostatistical Analysis of Extreme Soil Surface Temperature of Forest Gap in Pinus koraiensis Dominated Broadleaved Mixed Forest

Locations of measurement plot in forest gap of Pinus koraiensis dominated broadleaved mixed forests in Xiao Hinggan Mountains were established by the method of grids.Extreme soil surface temperature in the gap was continuously measured during the growing season.Its spatiotemporal distribution patterns were analyzed and revealed by fundamental statistics and geostatistical method.The results showed that: the heterogeneity of extreme soil surface temperature existed among different locations in the gap.The intensity and scale of spatial heterogeneity changed over time and the complex degree of patch shapes were also different.The maximum soil surface temperature was the highest in June,then decreased in the sequence of July,August and September.The minimum soil surface temperature was the highest in July,then decreased in the sequence of August,June and September.The maximum and minimum values of mean monthly surface temperature were not fixed at the same location.The maximum soil surface temperature was the highest in the bare ground,medium in forest gap and the lowest in understory in the same month,the latter was the highest in understory,medium in forest gap and lowest in the bare ground.The aim of our study was to provide basic data and theoretical references for gap regeneration and sustainable management of Pinus koraiensis dominated broadleaved mixed forest.
Occult gastrointestinal malignancies producing metastatic Clostridium septicum infections in diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND Clostridial soft-tissue infections usually occur from traumatic injury but may be related to unrecognized gastrointestinal malignancy. Overwhelming sepsis with Clostridium septicum developed in five diabetic patients within 24 hours of onset of disease, and their course is reviewed. METHODS The personal experience of the author in four cases is reviewed. RESULTS Patients were seen within 12 to 24 hours of the onset of the disease with painful, rapidly spreading, gas-producing infection of the lower extremity (three patients), upper extremity (one patient), or pelvis (one patient), with severe sepsis in four of five patients. Three of the five patients had pertinent past histories that should have led to the prevention of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Urgent laparotomy should be performed in otherwise healthy diabetic patients who had rapidly progressive, necrotizing, gas-producing infections with no obvious source. Metastatic spread can recur if the focus is not eradicated. All diabetic patients with guaiac-positive stools should have a gastrointestinal evaluation, including colonoscopy if barium enema is normal.
Imaging the biodistribution and performance of transplanted stem cells with PET

1331 Objectives Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been treated with surgical resection and chemotherapy. Sorafenib is the first multikinase inhibitor for the treatment of HCC. Sorafenib in combination with other agents has currently been suggested and there is a need for imaging modality to monitor the therapeutic effect. Using luminescent imaging, we visualized therapeutic effect of combined sorafenib and 3-BrPA in murine orthotopic liver cancer. Methods Tumor bearing mouse models were established in both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts. For subcutaneous model, human HCC cell line, SNU-761 cells were subcutaneously injected. About 2 weeks later, mice were randomized into 4 groups; control, sorafenib, 3-BrPA, combination of those drugs when tumor size became more than 55mm3. Drugs (sorafenib: 1.25mg/kg/day, 3-BrPA: 1mg/kg/day) were intraperitoneally injected every 5 days for 3 weeks. Tumor size was measured once a week. For orthotopic model, SNU-761 cells were stably transfected with luciferase gene for bioluminescence imaging. Abdominal region of Balb/c-nu mouse was horizontally resected and SNU761-luc cells were injected to the liver. We put the liver into the original site and stitched the resected part. Six days later, mice were randomized into the 4 groups when the luciferase signals became more than 1x106 photon/sec/cm2/sr. Drugs were intraperitoneally injected every 5 days for 4 weeks. Bioluminescence images were taken once a week. Results In subcutaneous mouse models, tumor grows slowly in the order of control, sorafenib, 3-BrPA, combination of sorafenib and 3-BrPA groups. After 21 days of treatment, tumor size of sorafenib, 3-BrPA and combination of sorafenib and 3-BrPA treated group were reduced to 86.26%, 50.1% and 39.29% of controls, respectively. SNU761-luc cell line was established and luciferase signal was in concordance with the number of viable cancer cell (R2=0.9978). In orthotopic mouse models, tumor grows slowly in the order of control, sorafenib, 3-BrPA, combination of sorafenib and 3-BrPA groups. After 28 days of treatment, bioluminescence signals of sorafenib, 3-BrPA and combination of sorafenib and 3-BrPA groups were reduced to 85.12%, 36.57% and 19.86% of controls, respectively. Sizes of tumor were measured after autopsy, and they were significantly different among 4 groups similar to the imaging results. Compared the synergistic effect of combination of sorafenib and 3-BrPA, we found significant reduction of tumor size in orthotopic models. Conclusions We can visualize the synergistic effect of combined sorafenib and 3-BrPA by optical assessment. This synergistic effect was prominent in orthotopic models. Because microenvironmental factors can influence the therapy result, we prefer orthotopic model rather to conventional subcutaneous model.
More applications of the polynomial method to algorithm design

In low-depth circuit complexity, the polynomial method is a way to prove lower bounds by translating weak circuits into low-degree polynomials, then analyzing properties of these polynomials. Recently, this method found an application to algorithm design: Williams (STOC 2014) used it to compute all-pairs shortest paths in n3/2Ω([EQUATION]log n) time on dense n-node graphs. In this paper, we extend this methodology to solve a number of problems in combinatorial pattern matching and Boolean algebra, considerably faster than previously known methods.First, we give an algorithm for Boolean Orthogonal Detection, which is to detect among two sets A, B ⊆ {0, 1}d of size n if there is an x ∈ A and y ∈ B such that 〈x, y〉 = 0. For vectors of dimension d = c(n) log n, we solve Boolean Orthogonal Detection in n2−1/O(log c(n)) time by a Monte Carlo randomized algorithm. We apply this as a subroutine in several other new algorithms:• In Batch Partial Match, we are given n query strings from from {0, 1, *}c(n)log n (* is a "don't care"), n strings from {0, 1}c(n)log n, and wish to determine for each query whether or not there is a string matching the query. We solve this problem in n2−1/O(log c(n)) time by a Monte Carlo randomized algorithm.• Let t ≤ v be integers. Given a DNF F on c log t variables with t terms, and v arbitrary assignments on the variables, F can be evaluated on all v assignments in v · t1−1/O(log c) time, with high probability.• There is a randomized algorithm that solves the Longest Common Substring with don't cares problem on two strings of length n in n2/2Ω([EQUATION]log n) time.• Given two strings S, T of length n, there is a randomized algorithm that computes the length of the longest substring of S that has Edit-Distance less than k to a substring of T in k1.5n2/2Ω([EQUATION]) time.• Symmetric Boolean Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) with n variables and m constraints are solvable in poly(m) · 2n(1−1/O(log mn)) time.
Ventriculoureteral Shunt for Hydrocephalus without Nephrectomy

AbstractThe urinary tract has been used previously for shunting of cerebrospinal fluid. However, nephrectomy has always accompanied the procedure, making it less appealing despite adequate relief of hydrocephalus. By using reimplantation of the ureter and a psoas hitch we have performed the first reported ventriculoureterostomy without nephrectomy. To date the results in 3 patients have been excellent from a neurosurgical and urologic standpoint.
Skin arthroplasty of the hip. An experimental study in dogs.

The rationale of interposition of skin in arthroplasty was examined. Sixty operations were performed on thirty dogs; of these, fifty-three were arthroplastic operations, with implantation of fresh autogenous skin, or a part of it, as an interposing membrane. Six hip joints became dislocated postoperatively, leaving forty-seven technically successful operations. The animals were observed for periods of one week to twenty-four months. It was found that skin membranes did not survive within the hip joints of dogs or contribute to formation of new articular surfaces. Progressive formation of a new joint surface was observed in most animals. This consisted of tissue that had the morphological characteristics of fibrocartilage. Its formation occurred similarly with or without implantation of full-thickness skin or portions of skin. It is suggested that the newly formed joint surface in these animals is derived from immature connective tissue, probably of local origin, and is dependent for its formation on the compressive force of the joint environment and on an adequate blood supply of the underlying bone.
Microbiological Effects of Acid Decontamination of Beef Carcasses at Various Locations in Processing.

Hot (55°C), dilute (1% v/v) lactic acid was sprayed on beef carcass surfaces immediately after dehiding, after evisceration (immediately before chilling), or at both locations. Surface samples of carcasses were examined for total aerobic plate counts (APCs) and for the presence of Salmonella and Listeria . APCs of treated beef carcasses were lower (P<0.05) than those of control carcasses. APCs were determined both at slaughter day 0 (immediately after carcasses enter the chill room) and after 72 h postmortem. At day 0, reductions in log10 APC by more than 90% occurred when carcasses were treated with lactic acid after evisceration or both after dehiding and after evisceration. The effect of lactic acid decontamination was greatest on carcasses treated with lactic acid both after dehiding and after evisceration. No further reductions in APCs of carcasses were observed on samples taken 72 h postmortem. No difference in color between control and acid-treated carcasses was observed. All samples tested for the presence of Salmonella were negative. Listeria was detected in three samples from control carcasses only. Samples obtained from strip loins of acid-treated or control carcasses did not show any consistent pattern of differences in microbiological counts. Additional data collected from carcasses sprayed with lactic acid in three different sized slaughter plants showed that irrespective of differences in size of slaughter facility, mean APCs of acid-treated carcasses were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of control carcasses.
Obstacles to Spillovers

The previous two chapters have focused on the factors positively associated with spillover effects in communities and individuals. Yet, the quantitative and qualitative evidence has shown that most participants did not exhibit substantial spillovers. Therefore, crucial obstacles must exist that constrain spillovers across the entire population of participants.
Staging Allegiance, Re-membering Trials: King Henry VIII and the Blackfriars Theater

In Shakespeare and Fletcher’s King Henry VIII, or All is True, the king arranges his upcoming divorce hearing by saying, ‘The most convenient place that I can think of / For such receipt of learning is Blackfriars’ (2.2.136-7).1 Historically, this trial opened on 18 June 1529 in the Parliament Chamber, or Upper Frater, of the Blackfriars complex, the same space that would later become the Blackfriars Theater. In 1613, when Henry VIII entered their repertory, ‘Blackfriars’ would have been a ‘most convenient place’ for the King’s Men as well, since the company had taken over the lease for the indoor playhouse in 1607. After the Globe burned to the ground (during the first documented performance of Henry VIII), the Blackfriars Theater was in fact the only permanent performance space available to the company for nearly a year, and warrants later granted to William Davenant and Thomas Killegrew list the play among others previously staged at that venue.2 Given these circumstances, several scholars of the play have proposed that the King’s Men took advantage of the metadramatic potential of Blackfriars for some performances of Henry VIII.3
Dynamic Strands: Collapsing Speculative Dependence Chains for Reducing Pipeline Communication

In the modern era of wire-dominated architectures, specific effort must be made to reduce needless communication within out-of-order pipelines while still maintaining binary compatibility. To ease pressure on highly-connected elements such as the issue logic and bypass network, we propose the dynamic detection and speculative execution of instruction strands-linear chains of dependent instructions without intermediate fan-out. The hardware required for detecting these chains is simple and resides off the critical path of the pipeline, and the execution targets are the normal ALUs with a self-bypass mode. By collapsing these strings of dependencies into atomic macro-instructions, the efficiency of the issue queue and reorder buffer can be increased. Our results show that over 25% of all dynamic ALU instructions can be grouped, decreasing both the average reorder buffer occupancy and issue queue occupancy by over a third. Additionally, these strands have several properties which make them amenable to simple performance optimizations. Our experiments show average IPC increases of 17% on a four-wide machine and 20% on an eight-wide machine in Spec2000int and Mediabench applications. Finally, strands ease the IPC penalties of multicycle issue and bypass by reducing dependency pressures, providing opportunity for clock frequency gains as well.
Charcoal Versus Manganese Mineral Wad and the Geochronology of the Kimmswick Clovis Site

ABSTRACTHydrated manganese oxide, known as mineral wad, is sometimes mistaken for charcoal, as US National Museum geologist W. H. Holmes and archaeologist Gerald Fowke did in 1902. Here we discuss the Kimmswick Clovis site as an example and provide recent radiocarbon results pertinent to Mississippi Valley geochronology.
Geographies of Attachment and Despair: Evoking the Ambivalence of Place(ment) through Poetic Analysis of Urban Decline

Scholarly attention to urban decline too often effaces the lived experience of those who inhabit these stigmatized and demoralizing landscapes. This article addresses this gap by using narrative-based poetic analysis to critically interpret residents’ accounts of calling a declining city home. Building on an initial thematic analysis of a broader selection of community discourse, this focused, arts-based engagement constructs a deeper, more evocative portrait of urban decline from four participant interviews, highlighting the ambivalence and pathos of “belonging” to a place in decline. Through the assemblage of what have emerged as four individually discrete haiku “suites,” this article interrogates and attempts to critically empathize with what it means to be in a place of decline. In addition, this article outlines a methodological approach more compatible with critical social-scientific research than is commonly considered.
Chlamydia pneumoniae Induces Interferon Gamma Responses in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Children with Allergic Asthma.

Respiratory infections caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae have been associated with exacerbations of asthma. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is critical for maintaining immunity. We compared Interferon (IFN)-γ responses in C. pneumoniae-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in pediatric patients +/- asthma. Presence of C. pneumoniae was tested from asthma patients (N=17) and non-asthmatic controls (N=16) (PCR). PBMC were infected for 1 hr +/- C. pneumoniae AR-39 (MOI = 0.1), and cultured for 48 hrs. IFN-γ levels were measured in supernatants (ELISA). C. pneumoniae-IgG antibodies in serum were determined (MIF). All subjects tested negative for C. pneumoniae (PCR). C. pneumoniae-induced IFN-γ production in vitro was more prevalent in asthma compared with non-asthma; levels of IFN-γ were higher in asthma compared with non-asthma (P= 0.003). There was no association between recent respiratory infection and positive IFN-γ responses. These data show that C. pneumoniae modulates IFN-γ responses in patients with asthma, even in absence of active infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Provider Communication and Mothers' Willingness to Vaccinate Against Human Papillomavirus and Influenza: A Randomized Health Messaging Trial.

Abstract Objective To understand the effect of a health messaging intervention focused on provider communication about vaccination on mothers' willingness to vaccinate children against human papillomavirus (HPV) and seasonal influenza. Methods A total of 2476 mothers of 9- to 13-year-olds in the United States completed a Web-based survey in August 2014. Mothers were randomized to 1 of 2 groups targeting HPV or influenza vaccine. Mothers whose child had not received the target vaccine (ie, zero doses of HPV vaccine/no prior-year administration of influenza vaccine) were randomized to the intervention. The study used a 3 × 2 between-subjects design; illustrated vignettes depicted 1 of 3 levels of provider recommendation strength (brief mention of vaccination, strong recommendation of vaccination, or personal disclosure of vaccination of own children), and presence or absence of information comparing safety of vaccination to the safety of a common daily activity. Outcome was mothers' willingness to have their child receive the target vaccine. Perceived benefits of vaccination were assessed before viewing the intervention and were included as a covariate in analyses, along with child gender. Results For HPV vaccine, there was a main effect of safety information ( F (1,684) = 7.99, P = .005) and perceived benefits of vaccination ( F (1,684) = 221.64, P F (1,462) = 105.78, P Conclusions Provider communication about vaccination may need to be tailored to the vaccine in question. A next step to increasing coverage for both HPV and influenza vaccines may be an intervention aimed at increasing mothers' perceived benefits of vaccination.
Thoughts and Recollections of a Remarkable Man

While I had occasionally met Walter Kohn over the years at APS and other meetings, it was in 1997, at a meeting on electron correlations in Crete, that I became aware of some sides of Walter other than those associated with his scientific accomplishments. At the meeting, I walked with him on the beach and had lunch and dinner a few times. We talked about many things other than physics, and I enjoyed the fact that he was very interested in Greece, obviously a favorite topic of mine. What impressed me about Walter was his interest in everything and everyone around him, as well as a complete absence of the ego one often encounters in famous scientists. He was comfortable in every situation except, amusingly, when everyone was throwing and breaking plates during a traditional Greek dance. I couldn’t get him to toss even one plate.
The C-biogeochemistry of a Midwestern USA agricultural impoundment in context: Lake Decatur in the intensively managed landscape critical zone observatory

The damming of rivers has created hotspots for organic carbon sequestration and methane production on a global scale as the reservoirs intercept fluvial suspended and dissolved loads. To better understand how the C-biogeochemistry of a reservoir responds to watershed processes and evolves over time, Lake Decatur, located in the Intensively Managed Landscape Critical Zone Observatory (IML-CZO) was studied. Solid phase analyses (% organic C, C/N, δ13C, δ15N) of soils and sediments sampled from stream bank exposures, river suspensions, and the lake bottom were conducted to characterize organic C (OC) sources throughout the sedimentary system. Agriculturally-driven soil erosion rapidly altered lake bathymetry causing an evolution of sedimentary and OC deposition patterns, which in turn shaped where and when methane production occurred. A positive correlation between OC accumulation rate and porewater dissolved inorganic C (DIC) δ13C profiles indicates that methane generation is strongly influenced by OC burial rate. The sources of the lake bed particulate organic C (POC) have also evolved over time. Drowned vegetation and/or shoreline inputs were dominant initially in areas adjacent to the original river channel but were rapidly overwhelmed by the deposition of sediments derived from eroded agricultural soils. Eutrophication of the lake followed with the onset of heavy fertilizer application post-1960. This succession of sources is expected to be commonplace for reservoirs greater than ~ 50–60 years old in agricultural settings because of the relative timing of tillage and fertilizer practices. The 13C/12C ratios of methane from Lake Decatur were more depleted in 13C than what is commonly expected for freshwater sedimentary environments. The 13C-depletion suggests that CO2-reduction is the dominant methanogenic pathway rather than the anticipated acetate dissimilation process. The isotopic observations reveal that commonly held assumptions about methane production and its C-isotopic signature in freshwater systems are over-simplified and not strictly applicable to this system.
Ambiguity and the value of information revisited

We analyze the value that decision makers place on the acquisition of information that partially or completely resolves uncertainty over the correct distribution of outcomes. We distinguish two sources of ambiguity of a given message service: posterior uncertainty over the correct probability distribution and uncertainty over the message which will be received. Given this distinction, we present a model where attitudes towards the two sources of ambiguity are separated and we study how these attitudes affect the value of information. The analysis clarifies and integrates seemingly contradictory results obtained previously in the literature.
DHA and the Developing Brain

Thus, protein is hardly the engine that drove the dramatic encephalization of the human brain over the course of the Plio-Pleistocene. A number of nutritionists, ­recognizing this fact, have focused instead on an omega-3 fatty acid (often written 22:6n-3 or 22:6ω-3) known as DHA (an abbreviation for docosahexaenoic acid), a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) that forms a critical component of the central nervous system (Al et al. 2000; Arterburn et al. 2006; Bakewell et al. 2006; Bourre 2006; Brenna 2002; Brenna et al. 2007; Broadhurst et al. 2002; Burdge 2006; Burdge and Calder 2005; Burdge and Wootton 2002; Burdge et al. 2006; Carlson and Kingston 2007a, b; Carnielli et al. 2007; Childs et al. 2008; Clandinin 1999; Cordain et al. 2001; Crawford et al. 1993, 1999, 2001; Cunnane and Crawford 2003; Cunnane et al. 2007; Goyens et al. 2006; Green and Yavin 1993, 1996, 1998; Haggarty 2002, 2004; Herrera et al. 2006; Hibbeln et al. 2006; Innis 2000a, b, 2005, 2007a, b; Jensen et al. 2000; Langdon 2006; Lefkowitz et al. 2005; Muskiet et al. 2004, 2006; Peng et al. 2007; Rioux et al. 2008; Robson 2004; Rosell et al. 2005; Sauenvald et al. 2000; Simopoulos 2001; Singh 2005; Su et al. 2000; Williams and Burdge 2006). The essence of the “DHA model” is that humans are very inefficient at biosynthesizing DHA de novo from its precursor, a-linolenic acid, in quantities sufficient to supply the needs of the developing fetus and ­newborn infant. Instead, the mother must obtain preformed DHA through the foods in her diet.
Data mining methods for malware detection using instruction sequences

Malicious programs pose a serious threat to computer security. Traditional approaches using signatures to detect malicious programs pose little danger to new and unseen programs whose signatures are not available. The focus of the research is shifting from using signature patterns to identify a specific malicious program and/or its variants to discover the general malicious behavior in the programs. This paper presents a novel idea of automatically identifying critical instruction sequences that can classify between malicious and clean programs using data mining techniques. Based upon general statistics gathered from these instruction sequences we formulated the problem as a binary classification problem and built logistic regression, neural networks and decision tree models. Our approach showed 98.4% detection rate on new programs whose data was not used in the model building process.
Using “Mulla’s Formula” to Estimate Percent Control

In California, the endemic mosquito borne encephalitides, including West Nile virus, are contained by special districts using integrated vector management programs. These agencies combine public education, source reduction and proactive larval control to suppress mosquito abundance to the point where tangential transmission of virus to humans is rare or unlikely. However, when these methods in concert fail to prevent enzootic amplification and the risk of human infection becomes eminent or is on-going, emergency adulticide applications of pyrethrin compounds are used to interrupt transmission. The efficacy of these applications has become controversial and some cities have opted to not apply adulticides. The current paper describes how a formula developed Dr. Mir Mulla some 40 years ago is still useful in solving contemporary problems of estimating percent control, a statistic useful in evaluating intervention efficacy. This simple but effective equation accounts for changes in both control and treated populations and thereby can be applied in dynamic situations where abundance is not stable. Examples are presented from ground and aerial experimental applications in Riverside County and from emergency interventions in Sacramento County in 2005 and Yolo County in 2006.
A review of ceramic bearing materials in total joint arthroplasty.

Bearings made of ceramics have ultra-low wear properties that make them suitable for total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). When compared to cobalt chrome (CoCr)-on-polyeth...
Summary of Trichomycete Characteristics

Fungi belonging to the class Trichomycetes live hidden within the digestive tract of several types of insects and other arthropods. On dissection of the gut, they may be seen as small unbranched or branched fungal bodies (thalli) firmly attached to the gut lining and lying within the gut lumen from which they obtain their nutrients. Many are minute and require suitable preparation to be seen with the microscope. Some are larger, so that in guts that have been cut open they may be observed, with the unaided eye or with a low-power dissecting microscope, growing as individual thalli or in dense clusters. In the aggregate, longer thalli may make the inside of the gut look fuzzy or hairy, hence the name trichomycetes (“hair fungi”). In a very few species, part of the fungus may protrude from the anus in such a way that its presence can be detected without cutting open the gut. One trichomycete (Amoebidium parasiticum) grows externally on the exoskeleton of a variety of aquatic arthropods, usually daphnids and insect larvae, but the thalli are small; even when they are numerous, some magnification may be required to distinguish the trichomycete from bacteria and protozoans that sometimes occupy similar sites.
A moldable sustained release bupivacaine formulation for tailored treatment of postoperative dental pain.

A moldable and biodegradable dental material was designed for customized placement and sustained delivery of bupivacaine (BP) within an extraction cavity. Microparticles comprising poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) containing BP were generated via solvent-evaporation and combined with absorbable hemostat Gelfoam®. Kinetics of drug release were evaluated by in vitro dialysis assays, showing higher release within the first 24 hours, with subsequent tapering of release kinetics. Formulations of Gelfoam® and BP-PLGA microparticles (GelBP), with three targeted dosing profiles (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg/day), were evaluated alongside acute subcutaneous BP injections (2 mg/kg) to determine analgesic efficacy in a rat model of tooth extraction pain. Molar extraction resulted in mechanical and thermal cold hyperalgesia in male and female rats. GelBP outperformed acute BP in blocking post-surgical dental pain, with the 0.25 mg/kg GelBP dose preventing hypersensitivity to mechanical (p < 0.01) and thermal cold stimuli (p = 0.05). Molar extraction also resulted in decreased food consumption and weight. Males receiving acute BP and 0.25 mg/kg GelBP maintained normal food consumption (p < 0.002) and weight (p < 0.0001) throughout 7 days. Females, receiving 0.25 mg/kg GelBP maintained weight on days 5–7 (p < 0.04). Customized, sustained release formulation of anesthetic within a tooth extraction cavity holds potential to eliminate post-operative dental pain over several days.
Improved Articulation of Incongruent Sponsor–Property Partnerships Using Analogy

Sport managers are often faced with a situation where they must activate an incongruent sponsorship in which the fit between a sponsor and property is not self-evident. Existing research has shown that consumers’ perceptions of fit enhance a sponsorship’s effectiveness. Therefore, the challenge is to explain how an otherwise incongruent sponsor and property are related to one another. The current research addresses this problem and considers analogy as a means for articulating an incongruent sponsorship. We find that analogical articulation offers distinct advantages over a more common method of articulating a sponsorship by describing how a property and sponsor’s consumer base overlap.
Compressive Mechanical Response of Porcine Muscle at Intermediate (100/s-102/s) Strain Rates

Compressive stress-strain response of porcine muscle was experimentally determined at intermediate strain rates (100/s-102/s) in this study. A hydraulically driven materials testing system with a dynamic testing mode was used to perform the compressive experiments on porcine muscle tissue with loading directions parallel and perpendicular to muscle fiber direction. Experiments at quasi-static strain rates were also conducted to investigate the strain-rate effects over a wider range. The experimental results show that, at intermediate strain rates, the porcine muscle’s compressive stress-strain responses are non-linear and strain-rate sensitive. The porcine muscle’s compressive mechanical response exhibits no significant difference between the two fiber orientation cases at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates. An Ogden model with two material constants was adopted to describe the rate-dependent compressive behavior of the porcine muscle.
A Time-Based Objective Measure of Exposure to the Food Environment

Exposure to food environments has mainly been limited to counting food outlets near participants’ homes. This study considers food environment exposures in time and space using global positioning systems (GPS) records and fast food restaurants (FFRs) as the environment of interest. Data came from 412 participants (median participant age of 45) in the Seattle Obesity Study II who completed a survey, wore GPS receivers, and filled out travel logs for seven days. FFR locations were obtained from Public Health Seattle King County and geocoded. Exposure was conceptualized as contact between stressors (FFRs) and receptors (participants’ mobility records from GPS data) using four proximities: 21 m, 100 m, 500 m, and ½ mile. Measures included count of proximal FFRs, time duration in proximity to ≥1 FFR, and time duration in proximity to FFRs weighted by FFR counts. Self-reported exposures (FFR visits) were excluded from these measures. Logistic regressions tested associations between one or more reported FFR visits and the three exposure measures at the four proximities. Time spent in proximity to an FFR was associated with significantly higher odds of FFR visits at all proximities. Weighted duration also showed positive associations with FFR visits at 21-m and 100-m proximities. FFR counts were not associated with FFR visits. Duration of exposure helps measure the relationship between the food environment, mobility patterns, and health behaviors. The stronger associations between exposure and outcome found at closer proximities (<100 m) need further research.
New (and a Few Old) Directions in Latin American Visual Cultural Studies

This essay reviews the following works: Maria Izquierdo and Frida Kahlo: Challenging Visions in Modern Mexican Art. By Nancy Deffebach. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. Pp. vii + 225. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780292772427. Cosmopolitanism in Mexican Visual Culture. By Maria Fernandez. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014. Pp. x + 438. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780292745353. The Mobility of Modernism: Art and Criticism in 1920s Latin America. By Harper Montgomery. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. xi + 319. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477312544. At the Crossroads: Diego Rivera and His Patrons at MoMA, Rockefeller Center, and the Palace of Fine Arts. By Catha Paquette. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017. Pp. xix + 324. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477311004.
Affecting the World: Political Science Education and Relevance

Since APSA’s establishment, American political scientists have sought to bridge the gap between scholarly research and political action. Frank Goodnow, the first president of APSA argued in 1904 that the study of politics should speak to the political world. Over 100 years later, former APSA president Jennifer Hochschild echoes Goodnow by arguing that increased relevance is one cause for optimism in politically pessimistic times. One approach to becoming relevant which is often overlooked is a turn to focusing on classroom education. Although the desire to become more relevant is noble, success will require that we view teaching as a gateway to, rather than an obstacle to becoming relevant. Undergraduates who major in political science work in the very fields we wish to discuss and impact including government, law, and non-profit organizations. Therefore, if we wish to be a relevant field, political science academics ought to primarily focus on student education.
Increases in Rates of Suicide and Suicide Attempts Among Black Adolescents

Over the last 10 years, the rate of adolescents ages 15 to 19 committing suicide in the United States increased drastically, with an overall rate of 6.7 suicides per 100 000 per year in 2007 and a rate of 11.8 per 100 000 per year in 2017.1 The rate increased for both boys and girls as well as among white, black, and Hispanic adolescents (Table 1). The group with the most dramatic increase was black girls: 1.2 suicides per 100 000 per year in 2007 and 4.0 per 100 000 per year in 2017. View this table: TABLE 1 Rates of Suicide by Sex and Race Among Adolescents Ages 15–19 in 2007 and 20171 Suicide, nonetheless, is an infrequent event. Identifying adolescents at increased danger is aided by the use of suicide risk factors, such as depression and bipolar disorder; substance intoxication … Address correspondence to Benjamin N. Shain, MD, PhD, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 49 S Waukegan Rd, Deerfield, IL 60015. E-mail: aias{at}ix.netcom.com
Missed opportunity: An intersectional approach to disparities in long-term survival in bladder cancer.

476Background: For individuals with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), studies focused on racial disparities have shown black race is associated with 21% lower odds of guideline-based treatment...