cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bax Is Frequently Compromised in Burkitt’s Lymphomas with Irreversible Resistance to Fas-induced Apoptosis

We have analyzed the Fas-mediated death pathway in a panel of 11 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative and 10 EBV-positive Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell lines. We show that the increased expression of Fas in EBV-positive cell lines is mediated via LMP-1. Four of the 21 BL cell lines are readily responsive to Fas-mediated cell death signals. Of the remaining 17 cell lines, 10 can be sensitized by up-regulating Fas either via exogenous expression of LMP-1 or via treatment with CD40L. These same cell lines can also be sensitized by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX), which, however, does not result in up-regulation of Fas. Neither up-regulation of Fas, nor treatment with CHX, restore Fas sensitivity in seven BL cell lines. Further analyses indicated that 5 of the 7 cell lines (and none of the 14 responsive cell lines) were also compromised in the integrity/expression of the proapoptotic gene Bax. Thus, in most BL cell lines, the Fas pathway seems to be inhibited, although the mechanism of inhibition varies. The correlation between Bax mutation and irreversible (by CD40L or CHX) Fas resistance raises the possibility, for the first time, that Bax may play a critical function in Fas-mediated cell death in BL.
Incentives toward conservation of argali Ovis ammon: a case study of trophy hunting in western China

We investigated management of wildlife, habitat and the hunting programme in Aksai County, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China, during 1997–2000. Argali Ovis ammon is the focal species both for conservation and hunting. The hunting programme is intended to produce incentives to conserve wildlife and habitat. Poaching, a serious concern throughout western China, has been reduced in recent years in Aksai. Wildlife population trends are unknown because standardized surveys were begun only in 2000. Threats to argali in Aksai include livestock grazing, placer gold mining, and development of a dam, reservoir and aqueduct. The number of hunters participating in the programme (c. 3 per year) could provide considerable funding (c. $60,000 per year), but the allocation of these funds within China has provided too little for conservation at the local level, thus undermining the intended incentive system. Because local wildlife protection officials have been denied both funding and authority to deal with threats to the wildlife, the programme's contribution to conservation has been minor. We recommend that hunters pay fees directly to county-level staff, thus increasing the proportion of funds retained at county-level, and that this added income is used to obtain wildlife grazing rights on important seasonal habitats for argali. These changes would promote local wildlife conservation without the need for additional external funding.
Analysis of nonlinear delay differential equation models of TCP/AQM protocols using sums of squares

The simplest adequate models for congestion control for the Internet are in the form of deterministic nonlinear delay differential equations. However the absence of efficient, algorithmic methodologies to analyze them at this modelling level usually results in the investigation of their linearizations including delays; or in the analysis of nonlinear yet undelayed models. In this paper we present an algorithmic methodology for efficient stability analysis of network congestion control schemes at the nonlinear delay-differential equation model level, using the Sum of Squares decomposition and SOSTOOLS.
Age and the Sense of Control among Older Adults

Older adults are expected and frequently found to report less control than younger adults. In this study, we decompose this negative relationship between age and sense of control using nested multivariable linear regression models that serially introduce sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health status, and subjective religiosity and religious beliefs in a sample of 1,051 older adults attending the general medicine clinics of a major medical center. The results indicate that the effect of age is suppressed in the bivariable model. In the final multivariable model, educational attainment has the largest relative effect (i.e., beta; .253), followed by age (-.210), mental health (.174), subjective religiosity (.113), being an African American (-.100), perceived health (.082), and being Catholic (.068). Future research should focus on the inflection point in the relationship between age and the sense of control that apparently occurs at about 50 years of age.
Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes

It is difficult if not impossible to determine when mankind first systematically applied color to a textile substrate. The first colored fabrics were probably nonwoven felts painted in imitation of animal skins. The first dyeings were probably actually little more than stains from the juice of berries. Ancient Greek writers described painted fabrics worn by the tribes of Asia Minor. But just where did the ancient craft have its origins? Was there one original birthplace or were there a number of simultaneous beginnings around the world?
Strike-slip faulting in the core of the Central Range of west New Guinea: Ertsberg Mining District, Indonesia

Most of the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the New Guinea region is the result of obliquely convergent motion that led to an arc-continent collision between the Pacific and Australian plates. Detailed structural mapping was conducted along road exposures in the Ertsberg (Gunung Bijih) Mining District in the core of the Central Range in the western half of the island. Two distinct stages of deformation are recognized. The first stage took place between ca. 12 and ca. 4 Ma and generated kilometer-scale folds with subsidiary reverse/thrust faults and strike-slip tear faults. Regionally, this deformation records many tens of kilometers of shortening. The second stage began at ca. 4 Ma and generated five northwest-trending (∼300°) strike-slip fault zones up to a few tens of meters wide that are highly brecciated and contain numerous, mostly subparallel, planar faults. Each of these zones was a site of tens to a few hundred meters of left-lateral offset. Between these zones are domains containing three groups of planar strike-slip faults with orientations that are interpreted in terms of Riedel shears. (1) 040°–070° trending faults with left-lateral offset that plunge to the northeast (R shears), (2) 355°–015° trending faults with right-lateral offset that plunge to the N (R′-shears), and (3) 280°–300° trending faults with left-lateral offset that plunge to the northwest (D-shears). Subsidiary dip-slip faults (rakes > 45°) are associated with each group. Deformation in the district since ca. 4 Ma is best characterized as a left-lateral strike-slip fault system along an ∼300° azimuth. The change from tens of kilometers of shortening deformation that caused large-scale folding to a few kilometers of left- lateral strike-slip faulting occurred during the latest stage of collisional orogenesis. Although strike-slip faulting was a minor late-stage process, it was of profound importance in generating pathways for magma ascent and permeability for the rise of mineralizing fluids. The Grasberg Igneous Complex, the host of a supergiant Cu-Au porphyry copper–type ore deposit, was emplaced into a 2-km-wide, left-stepping pull-apart.
The tendency to forgive in dating and married couples: The role of attachment and relationship satisfaction

Given the positive benefits associated with interpersonal forgiveness, the current investigation examined the tendency to forgive in romantic relationships. Two studies tested the hypothesis that the tendency to forgive mediates the association between attachment models of self and other and relationship satisfaction in dating (n ¼ 184) and marital relationships (n ¼ 96). In addition, the extent to which the tendency to forgive predicts forgiveness of an actual transgression was examined among married couples. The tendency to forgive partially mediated the relation between model of other (relationship partner) and satisfaction for those in dating relationships and for husbands. For those in marital relationships, the tendency to forgive partially mediated the relation between model of self and satisfaction. In addition, for wives, endorsing a greater tendency to forgive was related to forgiveness of an actual transgression, regardless of the severity of that transgression. For husbands, endorsing a greater tendency to forgive was related to forgiveness of an actual transgression, but only for more severe transgressions. Results are discussed in terms of who is more likely to forgive and the role that the tendency to forgive plays in romantic relationships.
Pangaean climate during the Early Jurassic: GCM simulations and the sedimentary record of paleoclimate

Results from new simulations of the Early Jurassic climate show that increased ocean heat transport may have been the primary force generating warmer climates during the past 180 m.y. The simulations, conducted using the general circulation model (GCM) at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, include realistic representations of paleocontinental distribution, topography, epeiric seas, and vegetation, in order to facilitate comparisons between model results and paleoclimate data. Three major features of the simulated Early Jurassic climate include the following. (1) A global warming, compared to the present, of 5 °C to 10 °C, with temperature increases at high latitudes five times this global average. Average summer temperatures exceed 35 °C in low-latitude regions of western Pangaea where eolian sandstones testify to the presence of vast deserts. (2) Simulated precipitation and evaporation patterns agree closely with the moisture distribution interpreted from evaporites, and coal deposits. High rainfall rates are associated primarily with monsoons that originate over the warm Tethys Ocean. Unlike the megamonsoons proposed in previous studies, these systems are found to be associated with localized pressure cells whose positions are controlled by topography and coastal geography. (3)Decreases in planetary albedo, occurring because of reductions in sea ice, snow cover, and low clouds, and increases in atmospheric water vapor are the positive climate feed-backs that amplify the global warming. Similar to other Mesozoic climate simulations, our model finds that large seasonal temperature fluctuations occurred over mid-and high-latitude continental interiors, refuting paleoclimate evidence that suggests more equable conditions. Sensitivity experiments suggest that some combination of ocean heat transport increase, high levels of CO2, and improved modeling of ground hydrological schemes may lead to a better match with the geologic record. We speculate, also, that the record itself is biased toward equable climatic conditions, a suggestion that may be tested by comparing GCM results with more detailed phytogeographic analyses.
Association of the PURSUIT risk score with predischarge ejection fraction, angiographic severity of coronary artery disease, and mortality in a nonselected, community-based population with non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Background The Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) risk score was derived from the PURSUIT trial population for 30-day mortality prediction. Methods The PURSUIT risk score was calculated for 337 consecutive Olmsted County residents with non-ST–elevation acute myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit of our institution from 1988 through 1998. Predischarge ejection fraction (EF) measurement was available for 246 patients (73%). After excluding patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (n = 42), 219 patients (65%) had coronary angiography within 30 days of admission. Mortality at 30 days was 8.9%. Among 30-day survivors, mortality at 1 year was 7.9%. Results Mean age was 70 ± 13 years, and 37% of patients were women. Mean predischarge EF was 52% ± 16%. Patients with higher PURSUIT risk score had lower EF ( P P Conclusions The PURSUIT risk score correlates with EF, angiographic severity of coronary artery disease, and short- and long-term mortality of nonselected patients with non-ST–elevation acute myocardial infarction.
Solutions of the basic matrix equation for M/G/l AND G/M/1 type markov chains

Let be a sequence of nonnegative matrices such that is a substochastic matrix. The unique minimal nonnegative solution of the matrix equation has been shown by M. F. Neuts to play a key role in the analysis of M/G/l type Markov chains. In this paper, all of the power-bounded, matrix solutions of this equation are classified. Among these solutions, the subsets of nonnegative, substochastic and stochastic solutions are identified. In particular, the exact conditions under which the equation has infinitely many power-bounded solutions (infinitely many stochastic solutions) are given. Similar results are obtained for the solutions of the matrix equation which appears in the analysis of G/M/l type Markov chains
A survey of languages for stating requirements for computer-based information systems

Society depends more and more on the recording, analysis, storage, processing, and transmission of data and information. Practically every activity requires an information system. The larger and more organized the activity, the larger and more organized is the information system which serves it. This paper is concerned with Information Processing Systems (IPS) which are built to aid the management and operation of an organization. In particular, the paper is concerned with the methods by which the information needs of the organization can be communicated effectively to those who are asked to implement systems to satisfy the requirements for planning, control, and operations.
Can an infectious disease genomics project predict and prevent the next pandemic

The world of genomics is transforming medicine, and is likely to influence the future development of new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines. To date, the greater focus of genomics and medicine has been on conditions affecting resourcewealthy settings, primarily involving scientists and companies in those settings. However, we believe that it is possible to expand genomics into a more global technology that can also focus on diseases of resource-limited settings. This goal can be achieved if genomics is made a global priority. We feel one way to move in this direction is through a comprehensive approach to infectious diseases-i.e., an Infectious Disease Genomics Project-that would mirror the Human Genome Project. Without an active, unified effort specifically focused on allowing actors at any level to participate in the genomics revolution, infectious diseases that primarily affect the poor will likely not achieve the same level of scientifici advancement as diseases affecting the wealthy.
Advertising Objectives of Industrial Marketers

This paper deals with the advertising objectives of industrial marketers. It stresses the importance of advertising in industrial companies, despite its smaller role in the communication mix compared with personal selling. The main aim of this article is to present the findings of a study of advertising objectives in 88 industrial companies. More specifically, it reports on the use by the sample of the DAGMAR approach and the hierarchy-of-effects model. In addition, the relative importance of 48 different advertising objectives is presented. The results show that industrial companies do use advertising for a number of reasons and that advertising plays a vital part in the communications mix.
A Mystery of Perplexing Symptoms: Neuropsychological Assessment in a Case of Dysautonomia

Poor misunderstood Laura! Preschool staff filled out referral forms about her struggle with “physical and verbal control when with others” and “swaying attention.” Her kindergarten teacher felt that she actually enjoyed disturbing others, although Laura's parents suspected that this teacher's status as the oldest and most dominant in the traditional culture at her small rural school might have been coloring her view of students who did not sit and do their work quietly. Were her periods of apparent fatigue really signs of becoming less interested in the work? Elementary grade staff debated if she might be a “tactile/visual learner” rather than an “auditory learner.” Things became particularly perplexing when she started showing quirky medical features, such as rapid weight shifts, losing her sense of smell at age 6, and being diagnosed with asthma and then unexpectedly never having asthma symptoms again after a 10-day course of steroids.
EFFICACY OF DIAMOND COMBINATIONS AGAINST TARNISHED PLANT BUG ON COTTON, 2005

Cottonseed were planted on a Commerce silt loam soil on 20 Jun. Plot size was four rows (centered on 40 inches) by 50 ft. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug with a high clearance sprayer and CO2 charged spray system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row). Treatment efficacy was determined by sampling the center two rows of each plot with a sweep net (25 sweeps/row) at 5 and 7 DAT. Data for each row were averaged and all data were subjected to ANOVA and means separated according to Fisher’s Protected LSD (P = 0.05). No rainfall occurred from the application date until the end of sampling. Plots were mechanically harvested using a spindle type harvester on 26 Oct. Yields were converted to lb seed cotton/acre.
LIGHT-WEIGHT, MINIMALLY-INTRUSIVE DAMPING FILMS FEATURING NANOTUBES OF CARBON

High structural damping is an important design parameter for a wide variety of structural components and machineelements, including those used in aircraft systems. We show here that multiwalled carbon nanotube films can be used to engineer mechanically robust, light-weight, minimally-intrusive (ultra-thin) damping films, that could be used to coat the surfaces of metallic structures or embedded within composite/heterogeneous systems. For high temperature applications, the damping performance of nanotube films is expected to be superior to conventional damping treatments that use viscoelastic material.
Small Fiber Sensory Neuropathy in Parkinson Disease with Autonomic Failure (P06.056)

Objective: To answer the question whether a small fiber neuropathy (SFN) in Parkinson disease (PD) is restricted to autonomic fibers or it represents more widespread degenerative process that also affects sensory small fibers. Background There is large evidence about damage of the autonomic small fibers but there is limited knowledge about involvement of sensory small fibers in PD. Design/Methods: 55 PD patients with symptomatic autonomic failure (PD-AF) were subjected to quantitative autonomic testing (AT). Sensory SFN was tested using skin biopsies for determination of epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD). AT included deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, tilt and quantitative axon sudomotor test. Three mm punch biopsies were done at proximal thigh and distal leg sites. Severity of parkinsonism was evaluated by the UPDRS. Severity of dysautonomia was evaluated using Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS). Results: CASSs were: 5.4+-2.2 total, 1.6+-1.1 cardiovagal, 2.2+-1.3 adrenergic and 1.7+-1.0 sudomotor. Abnormal CASSs were obtained in 100% of subjects (cardiovagal in 80%, adrenergic in 95% and sudomotor in 86%). Mild GAF was detected in 23%, moderate in 38% and severe in 29% of subjects. Reduced ENFD consistent with sensory SFN was detected overall in 44 subjects (80%); in 7(54%) subjects with mild GAF, in 13 (62%) with moderate GAF and in 12 (75%) subjects with severe GAF. There were significant correlations between total and adrenergic CASS and UPDRS. ENFD at distal leg correlated with sudomotor volumes at foot, with UPDRS and with CASS (total and adrenergic). Conclusions: Sensory SFN is common in PD-AF. The severity of sensory SFN correlates both with severity of parkinsonism and severity of dysautonomia. Sensory SFN is probably a part of more generalized SFN that affects both sensory and autonomic fibers. Autonomic involvement may precede sensory involvement. Proper recognition of sign of SFN can lead to more optimal treatment of autonomic and sensory symptoms in PD. Disclosure: Dr. Novak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ravin has received research support from Kyowa, Juvantia-Santhera, Acadia Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Qin has nothing to disclose.
Hydrothermal Treatment of Protein, Polysaccharide, and Lipids Alone and in Mixtures

We subjected a set of model compounds (cornstarch and cellulose as model polysaccharides, soy protein and albumin as model proteins, sunflower oil and castor oil as model lipids) to the processing conditions and product recovery protocol commonly used for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass to make crude bio-oil. The model compounds were treated individually and in mixtures at 300 and 350 °C for batch holding time ranging from 10 min to 90 min. The model lipids produced the highest yield (>90 wt %) of biocrude (operationally defined as material soluble in dichloromethane), followed by the model proteins (∼30–35 wt %) and then the model polysaccharides (∼10–15 wt %). The production of biocrude at 350 °C occurred fully within the first 10 min of treatment, and the biocrude yield changed very little at longer times. Liquefaction at 350 °C and 60 min nearly doubled the biocrude yields from polysaccharides, relative to those obtained at 300 °C and 20 min. Otherwise, the yields from the different m...
Are Sports Enough

(1943). Are Sports Enough? The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 249-288.
Transaction Costs and Asset Management

Asset management firms engage in three major types of activities: the core activity of making and implementing investment decisions, client acquisition, and development and support efforts that facilitate and enable the other two activities. Transaction costs link all three activities. As we show in this chapter, the judicious management of transaction costs creates opportunities to increase investment returns, improve profitability and better target investor clienteles.
The Liberal and Conservative Experience Across Academic Disciplines: An Extension of Inbar and Lammers

Inbar and Lammers asked members of APA Division 8 (personality and social psychology) about their political orientation, hostility experienced related to their political orientation, and their willingness to discriminate against others based on perceived political orientation. In this replication and extension, 618 faculty members from various academic disciplines across four California State University campuses completed an online questionnaire that added parallel questions about the liberal experience to the original questions about the conservative experience. Participants were overwhelmingly liberal in self-report across all academic areas except agriculture. The conservative minority reported experiencing more hostility than the liberal majority, but both groups expressed similar “in-group/out-group” attitudes. Results supported the ideological-conflict hypothesis for discrimination and a “birds of a feather flock together” interpretation of the lack of political diversity among the professoriate.
Renewing the ‘Special Relationship’ and Rethinking the Return of Cultural Property: The Netherlands and Indonesia, 1949–79

This article questions how the return of cultural property from metropolitan centers of former colonial powers to the successor states of former colonies have been considered positive – if rare – e...
What can animal research tell us about the link between androgens and social competition in humans

A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. The relationship between androgenic hormones, like testosterone (T), and aggression is extensively studied in human populations. Yet, while this work has illuminated a variety of principals regarding the behavioral and phenotypic effects of T, it is also hindered by inherent limitations of performing research on people. In these instances, animal research can be used to gain further insight into the complex mechanisms by which T influences aggression. Here, we explore recent studies on T and aggression in numerous vertebrate species, although we focus primarily on males and on a New World rodent called the California mouse (Peromyscus californicus). This species is highly territorial and monogamous, resembling the modern human social disposition. We review (i) how baseline and dynamic T levels predict and/or impact aggressive behavior and disposition; (ii) how factors related to social and physical context influence T and aggression; (iii) the reinforcing or "rewarding" aspects of aggressive behavior; and (iv) the function of T on aggression before and during a combative encounter. Included are areas that may need further research. We argue that animal studies investigating these topics fill in gaps to help paint a more complete picture of how androgenic steroids drive the output of aggressive behavior in all animals, including humans.
Avoidance of Density Anomalies as a Structural Principle for Semicrystalline Polymers: The Importance of Chain Ends and Chain Tilt

On the basis of sufficiently realistic chain models and simulations, it is concluded that the commonly used models of the lamellar structure of melt-crystallized semicrystalline polymers unintentionally but inevitably contain layers with a higher density than in the crystallites (density anomalies). The density excess would be particularly pronounced in polymers with planar zigzag conformations in the crystallites, such as polyethylene (PE). To avoid density anomalies, the structural models must be modified, with chain ends at the crystal surface and/or chain tilt in the crystallites. NMR and X-ray evidence for these structural features in PE is presented. Termination of chains at the crystal surface keeps dangling chain ends out of the crowded interfacial layer, reducing the density at the interface by about 17% for Mn = 15 kg/mol, a common value in commercial high-density polyethylenes. NMR of PEs shows that most CH3 end groups are indeed in all-trans chains in a nearly solid-like environment. When the ...
Rural General Surgery: A 38-Year Experience with a Regional Network Established by an Integrated Health System in the Midwestern United States

Background General surgeon (GS) workforce shortages are predicted to worsen, particularly in rural areas. We report on a sustainable model for delivery of GS services within a large rural region that includes an integrated health system. Study Design We conducted a longitudinal study of a rural GS network from 1978 to 2016. Employment data and rural GS survey results were reviewed to document methods of recruitment, retention, and case-volume development. Results During the 38-year study period, 19 rural GSs were employed by the health system. There were 3 practice acquisitions and 16 new hires. The rural GS network grew from 1 in 1978 to 10 in 2016. In 1996, the network consisted of 6 rural GSs at 6 different critical access hospitals (CAHs). Currently, 9 rural GSs practice at 1 of 4 CAHs. They provide outpatient general surgery and endoscopy at an additional 6 CAHs and cesarean section coverage at 4 CAHs. Four (21%) rural GSs have retired, 10 (53%) continue to practice in the network, and only 5 (26%) left before retirement. Six rural GSs have practiced in one location for more than 20 years. Conclusions Successful recruitment of rural GSs depends on competitive salary, reasonable call and leave schedules, administrative support, and adequate case variety and volume. Case volume is enhanced by cooperative relationships with CAHs, health system assistance in performing appropriate procedures locally, co-management of complex cases, and development of outreach surgical locations. In addition to the recruitment principles mentioned, rural GS retention is optimized by connectivity with the main campus medical center.
Sleep and Aging: Challenges and Recommendations for Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Understanding and alleviating sleep problems for middle-aged and older adults is addressed through discussion of the following topics: age-related sleep changes; gender considerations; interactions among sleep, mental health, and physical illness; lifestyle and sleep; and assessment and treatment recommendations.
Versatility of Prolyl Oligopeptidase B in Peptide Macrocyclization

Cyclic peptides are promising compounds for new chemical biological tools and therapeutics due to their structural diversity, resistance to proteases, and membrane permeability. Amatoxins, the toxic principles of poisonous mushrooms, are biosynthesized on ribosomes as 35mer precursor peptides, which are ultimately converted to hydroxylated bicyclic octapeptides. The initial cyclization steps, catalyzed by a dedicated prolyl oligopeptidase (POPB), involves removal of the 10-amino acid leader sequence from the precursor peptide and transpeptidation to produce a monocyclic octapeptide intermediate. The utility of POPB as a general catalyst for peptide cyclization was systematically characterized using a range of precursor peptide substrates produced either in E. coli or chemically. Substrates produced in E. coli were expressed either individually or in mixtures produced by codon mutagenesis. A total of 127 novel peptide substrates were tested, of which POPB could cyclize 100. Peptides of 7–16 residues were c...
The Severity of Herpes Zoster in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated With Anti-TNF Agents.

Aim There is a paucity of data on the clinical course and the factors affecting the clinical course of herpes zoster (HZ) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our aim was to determine the impact of anti-TNF therapy and other factors on the clinical course of HZ in IBD patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among a cohort of nation-wide Veterans Affairs patients with IBD who developed incident HZ. The exposed group consisted of eligible study patients who were actively exposed to anti-TNF alone or anti-TNF plus thiopurines at the time of HZ onset. The unexposed group consisted of patients who were only exposed to 5-ASA agents before the onset of HZ without any exposure to anti-TNF medications. The outcome of interest was the development of severe HZ that was defined by including various HZ complications. Results A total of 295 patients were identified with an incident HZ flare during follow- up duration, and among them 69 met the definition of having a severe flare. In multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting for sex, age at HZ flare onset, race, Charlson comorbidity score, and receipt of oral anti-HZ treatment, exposure to anti-TNF agent was not associated with an increased risk of severe HZ flare compared to exposure to mesalamine alone (adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.1, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.75-1.55). Among the covariates, receipt of oral anti-HZ treatment (adjusted RR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.29-0.61), advancing age at HZ onset (adjusted RR for each year increase in age 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and African-American race (adjusted RR with whites as reference 1.58, 95% CI: 1.02-2.44) were significantly associated with the risk of having severe HZ flare. Conclusion Our study showed that among IBD patients who developed HZ, treatment with anti-TNF agents was not associated with increased risk of developing severe HZ as compared to patients treated with 5-ASA therapy only. 10.1093/ibd/izx115_video1izx115_Video_15786486963001.
Performance analysis of a computer-aided detection system for lung nodules in CT at different slice thicknesses.

We study the performance of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system for lung nodules in computed tomography (CT) as a function of slice thickness. In addition, we propose and compare three different training methodologies for utilizing nonhomogeneous thickness training data (i.e., composed of cases with different slice thicknesses). These methods are (1) aggregate training using the entire suite of data at their native thickness, (2) homogeneous subset training that uses only the subset of training data that matches each testing case, and (3) resampling all training and testing cases to a common thickness. We believe this study has important implications for how CT is acquired, processed, and stored. We make use of 192 CT cases acquired at a thickness of 1.25 mm and 283 cases at 2.5 mm. These data are from the publicly available Lung Nodule Analysis 2016 dataset. In our study, CAD performance at 2.5 mm is comparable with that at 1.25 mm and is much better than at higher thicknesses. Also, resampling all training and testing cases to 2.5 mm provides the best performance among the three training methods compared in terms of accuracy, memory consumption, and computational time.
Gatekeeper Liability Under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933: So Why Isn't the Grass Growing on Wall Street

In the wake of Enron and the other financial scandals that so recently consumed so much of our national attention, the controversy which had surrounded the adoption of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act was revived. PSLRA's opponents charged that because PSLRA had made it more difficult to bring class actions under Rule 10b-5 most notably by imposing heightened pleading standards for scienter and by failing to restore aiding and abetting liability, the deterrent effect of the antifraud rules was weakened and victims were deprived of the opportunity to recover their losses.
Crystal structure of methyl trans-3-[(2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)sulfinyl]acrylate: a product resulting from trapping of a sulfenic acid by methyl propiolate

Evidence for the formation of unstable sulfenic acids (RSOH) as reaction intermediates is commonly provided by trapping these compounds with methyl propiolate. The crystal structure of a vinyl sulfoxide derived from the trapping of a sulfenic acid with methyl propiolate is reported here. The title compound C12H12O5S crystallized in the triclinic space group,P1¯ with unit cell parameters: a = 6.1600(4), b = 9.7286(7), c = 11.3698(8) A, α = 112.024(1), β = 94.662(1), γ = 95.429(1)°, and Z = 2.
Perceived HIV risk as a predictor of sexual risk behaviors and discrimination among high-risk women.

HIV risk perception and discrimination are important determinants of HIV prevention among vulnerable populations. Using Detroit’s 2016 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) Survey, we evaluat...
Underreporting of Bloodborne Pathogen Exposures in Nursing Students.

Background Although nursing students perform many of the same procedures as licensed nurses, students are less skillful when handling sharps and are at higher risk of injury. Low rates of bloodborne pathogen (BBP) exposure reporting are described among students in all health care disciplines. Purpose This study describes reporting behaviors of undergraduate nursing students who experienced a needlestick injury during a clinical practicum experience. Methods This study implemented a retrospective survey design to query the BBP exposure experience of nursing students in prelicensure nursing programs. Results Of the 4140 survey responses, 6.6% (n = 274) of respondents sustained a percutaneous BBP exposure during a clinical practicum experience, and 52% (n = 127) of these exposures were not reported. Reasons for nonreporting included fear the student would "get in trouble," that the incident would affect the student's clinical grade, and concern about being perceived as lacking clinical skill. Conclusions Bridging communication gaps between students and faculty is essential to ensure that students report BBP exposures to permit access to timely triage and exposure management.
Towards Optimal Enforcement

In Private Enforcement in Administrative Courts, Professor Michael Sant'Ambrogio argues that a hybrid private/public enforcement model in agency proceedings may provide the best hope of achieving optimal federal law enforcement. In other words, a blunderbuss approach of choosing public enforcement or private enforcement (whether in judicial or agency proceedings) is unlikely to prove ideal. He identifies various tools--such as agencies' role in the review or initiation of proceedings, or the use of class-wide proceedings--that Congress or agencies can use to calibrate agency enforcement to its optimal design. I consider three additional tools that may optimize enforcement goals with hybrid public and private enforcement, whether inside or outside of administrative proceedings: (1) statutorily-mandated primary jurisdiction, (2) enforcement in either judicial or agency proceedings by state authorities, and (3) limits on federal preemption of concurrent state-law private causes of action.
Predicting HIV testing in low threshold community contexts among young African American women living in the Southern United States.

ABSTRACTSouthern U.S. African American women have disproportionately high HIV infection rates, and increasing HIV testing is a prevention priority. Research suggests that optimal testing conditions...
Statistical-Dynamical Downscaling Projections of Tropical Cyclone Activity in a Warming Climate: Two Diverging Genesis Scenarios

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) activity is examined using the Columbia Hazard model (CHAZ), a statistical–dynamical downscaling system, with environmental conditions taken from simulations from phas...
The variable direct cost and cost drivers of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach

Background As transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach grows in popularity, there is a need for data on cost in order to better characterize its value to patients. To this end, we compared the variable direct cost of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach and transcervical approach thyroidectomy and determined which factors drive the increased cost for the transoral approach. Methods Patients undergoing thyroid lobectomy and total thyroidectomy that met inclusion criteria for transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach, including those patients that opted for management via the transcervical approach, between 8/2016 and 4/2019 were reviewed. The variable direct cost for the surgical encounter was collected and means were compared between the transoral and transcervical cohorts for lobectomy and total thyroidectomy respectively. The operative time independent variable direct cost was similarly compared between cohorts. Results Out of 238 patients, 118 (50%) were managed via transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach and 120 (50%) were managed via transcervical approach thyroidectomy. Mean variable direct cost, our primary outcome, was $4,455 (SD 1,129, 95% CI: 4,204-4,706) for transoral lobectomy and $3,179 (SD 687, 95% CI: 2,990-3,369) for transcervical lobectomy [t(132.05)=8.09, P<0.001] representing a difference in cost of $1,276 (SD 158, 95% CI: 964-1,587). Mean variable direct cost was $4,681 (SD 829, 95% CI: 4,405-4,957) for transoral total thyroidectomy and $3,645 (SD 876, 95% CI: 3,431-3,858) for transcervical total thyroidectomy [t(79.92)=5.98, P<0.001], representing a difference in cost of $1,036 (SD 173, 95% CI: 691-1,381). Differences in energy devices alone account for $487.53 and $447.96 of the cost differences, respectively. Conclusions The differences in mean variable direct cost between transoral endoscopic vestibular approach and transcervical approach for lobectomy and total thyroidectomy were $1276 and $1036 respectively, amounts far less than some believe them to be. This data will be invaluable as we ultimately aim to define the value of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach.
Role of Intermediate Care Unit Admission and Noninvasive Respiratory Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) capacity. We developed a triage strategy including noninvasive respiratory support and admission to the intermediate care unit (IMCU). ICU admission was restricted to patients requiring invasive ventilation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to the IMCU. METHOD: Retrospective cohort including consecutive patients admitted between March 28 and April 27, 2020. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure avoiding ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included the rate of emergency intubation, 28-day mortality, and predictors of ICU admission. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia were admitted to the IMCU. Among the 85 patients admitted for worsening respiratory failure, 52/85 (61%) avoided ICU admission. In multivariate analysis, PaO2/FiO2 (OR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99) and BMI (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.98) were significantly associated with ICU admission. No death or emergency intubation occurred in the IMCU. CONCLUSIONS: IMCU admission including standardized triage criteria, self-proning, and noninvasive respiratory support prevents ICU admission for a large proportion of patients with COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, IMCUs may play an important role in preserving ICU capacity by avoiding ICU admission for patients with worsening respiratory failure and allowing early discharge of ICU patients.
Synthesis, Antimicrobial Properties, and Biomedical Applicability of Ag(I) Cyanoximate Complexes

In this laboratory experiment, students evaluated three silver(I) complexes as potential additives for dental adhesives based on bacterial growth inhibition, heat stability, water insolubility, and cost-effectiveness. Each student prepared and analyzed a cyanoxime ligand and its corresponding silver(I) complex. Students characterized the antibacterial activity of the silver complexes against E. coli using a Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion test. Laboratory data were shared among students to compare observed properties to determine which derivative is the most suitable. This multiweek experiment was used in inorganic chemistry laboratory courses to demonstrate the application of inorganic chemistry to biomedicine. The framework of the experiment was developed by a multi-institutional collaboration, and we highlight how the general procedures of the experiment were adapted to meet the needs of varying courses and contexts.
A Trigger and Response System for Preventing Cardiac Arrest in the ICU.

Although patients in the ICU are closely monitored, some ICU cardiac arrest events may be preventable. In this study, we sought to reduce the rate of cardiac arrests occurring in the ICU through a quality improvement initiative. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING ICUs of a single tertiary care center. PATIENTS Patients hospitalized in the ICUs between August 2017 and November 2019. INTERVENTIONS A comprehensive trigger and response tool. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Forty-three patients experienced an ICU cardiac arrest in the preintervention epoch (6.79 arrests per 1,000 discharges), and 59 patients experienced an ICU cardiac arrest in the intervention epoch (7.91 arrests per 1,000 discharges). In the intervention epoch, the clinical trigger and response tool was activated 106 times over a 1-year period, most commonly due to unexpected new/worsening hypotension. There was no step change in arrest rate (2.24 arrests/1,000 patients; 95% CI, -1.82 to 6.28; p = 0.28) or slope change (-0.02 slope of arrest rate; 95% CI, -0.14 to 0.11; p = 0.79) comparing the preintervention and intervention time epochs. Cardiac arrests in the preintervention epoch were more likely to be "potentially preventable" than that in the intervention epoch (25.6% vs 12.3%, respectively; odds ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.20-0.88; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A novel trigger-and-response tool did not reduce the frequency of ICU cardiac arrest. Additional investigation is needed into the optimal approach for ICU cardiac arrest prevention.
Reduction of nitroheterocyclic drugs by ascorbate and catecholamines: a possible mechanism for the neurotoxicity of nitroheterocyclic drugs.

Nitroheterocyclic drugs such as 5-nitrofuran and 2- and 5-nitroimidazole derivatives are used as antimicrobial agents, some of which are selective for hypoxic cells.1 These compounds are also used as radiation sensitizers,2 and the 2-nitroimidazole derivative misonidazole was tested clinically. Unfortunately, a dose of 14 g/m2 needed to obtain sufficient tissue levels of this drug for sensitization produced a high incidence of peripheral neuropathy,3 hence this drug is of limited use.3 Nitrofurantoin and metronidazole also produce neuropathy.4,5 At lower doses nitrofurantoin is used as a urinary antiseptic,6 while metronidazole is used for amebic dysentery and for microbial infections of the vagina.7
Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas: results of a phase II trial.

BACKGROUND. Single-agent gemcitabine and vinorelbine have activity in treatment of patients with soft-tissue sarcomas. The combination of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine has activity against several forms of metastatic carcinoma with acceptable toxicity. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma. METHODS. A single academic center performed this phase II trial. Eligible patients had unresectable or metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas, Eastern Cooperative Group performance status of 0–2, adequate organ function, and ≤1 prior regimen. Gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 was given over 90 minutes on Days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle after administration of vinorelbine 25 mg/m2. Dosing schedule was modified for toxicity (doses constant but administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle). Dose reductions were allowed if unacceptable toxicities recurred. RESULTS. The study accrued 40 patients, and 248 dosing cycles were administered (range, 1–32). No treatment-related deaths occurred. Of 9 episodes of grade 4 toxicities, 8 were hematologic. Of 38 episodes of grade 3 toxicity, 24 were hematologic. Clinical benefit was seen in 25% of patients and was defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) at >4 months. There has been 1 CR lasting >1 year in a patient with high-grade pleomorphic spindle-cell sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS. Gemcitabine given by a fixed-dose rate of infusion combined with vinorelbine was associated with clinically meaningful rates of disease control in patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcoma. Toxicity was acceptable. This study contributed to data that have supported the administration of fixed-dose rate gemcitabine-based drug regimens in soft-tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Direct Practice Interests of MSW Students: Changes from Entry to Graduation

Abstract A previously reported baseline study found that most entering direct practice students aspire to become psychotherapists in private practice and have little interest in social work's distinctive person-in-environment focus, its functions, or its clientele. The current study assesses how those interests and aspirations change from entry to graduation. The findings show some decline in the appeal of psychotherapy, private practice, and most categories of clientele and case situations. Movement toward a more balanced person-in-environment perspective appears to be modest. Alternative interpretations and implications of the findings are explored.
The Consequences of Y-autosome Translocation and the XO as the Normal Female of Certain Mammalian Species

In the previous chapter various consequences of X-autosome translocation were discussed. It was revealed that only one particular type of translocation does not handicap bearers of X-autosome translocation. This type persisted in certain species and produced the XY1Y2/XX scheme of the sex-determining mechanism. In this chapter, two unusual sex-determining mechanisms which are produced as a result of Y-autosome translocation shall be discussed.