cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indirect immunoperoxidase localization of aflatoxin B1 in rat liver

Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) antibody was used as a histochemical probe in the indirect immunoperoxidase localization of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) bound to rat liver. The efficacy of the indirect method was initially demonstrated by detecting AFB1 covalently bound to DNA in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AFB1-modified DNA was attached to a polystyrene microtissue culture plate (solid phase) and then subjected to sequential incubation with AFB2a antiserum followed by goat anti-rabbit peroxidase conjugate. Assays for bound peroxidase revealed that the AFB2a antiserum could be diluted 200,000-fold and still yield a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 when compared to an unmodified DNA control. When the same indirect immunoperoxidase protocol was applied to the light-microscopic localization of AFB1 in liver sections of rats treated in vivo with the mycotoxin, bound toxin could be identified in excellent detail in tissues fixed with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate, but was detectable with only poor resolution in unfixed cryostat sections. Peroxidase-positive reactions in hepatocytes typically exhibited strong nuclear and relatively lighter cytoplasmic staining. Greater concentrations of peroxidase-positive hepatocytes were detected in the periportal area than in the area of the central vein, suggesting a circulatory pattern for AFB1 binding in the liver.
Non-invasive measurement of solute permeability in cerebral microvessels of the rat.

Abstract To quantify the solute permeability of rat cerebral microvessels, we measured the apparent permeability (P) of pial microvessels to various sized solutes. The pial microcirculation was observed by a high numerical aperture objective lens through a section of the frontoparietal bone thinned with a micro-grinder (a revised method from Easton and Fraser, 1994, J Physiol. 475:147–157, 1994). Sodium fluorescein (MW 376) at concentration 0.1 mg/ml or FITC-dextrans (MW 4k, 10k, 20k, 40k, 70k) at concentration 1 mg/ml in 1% BSA mammalian Ringer, was introduced into the cerebral circulation via the ipsilateral carotid artery by a syringe pump at a constant rate of ~ 3 ml/min. P was determined using a highly sensitive quantitative fluorescence imaging and analyzing method. The mean P to sodium fluorescein was 2.71 (± 0.76 SD, n = 11) × 10− 6 cm/s. The mean P to FITC-dextrans were 0.92 (± 0.46 SD, n = 10) × 10− 6 cm/s for Dextran-4k, 0.31 (± 0.13 SD, n = 7) × 10− 6 cm/s for Dextran-10k, 0.24 (± 0.10 SD, n = 6) × 10− 6 cm/s for Dextran-20k, 0.19 (± 0.11 SD, n = 10) × 10− 6 cm/s for Dextran-40k, and 0.15 (± 0.05 SD, n = 11) × 10− 6 cm/s for Dextran-70k. These values were 1/10 to 1/6 of those of rat mesenteric microvessels for similar sized solutes (Fu, B.M., Shen, S., 2004. Acute VEGF effect on solute permeability of mammalian microvessels in vivo. Microvasc. Res. 68, 51–62.).
A new member of the bacterial ribonuclease inhibitor family from Saccharopolyspora erythraea

Abstract We have identified Sti, the gene of a ribonuclease inhibitor from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, by using a T7 phage display system. A specific phage has been isolated from a genome library by a biopanning procedure, using RNase Sa3, a ribonuclease from Streptomyces aureofaciens, as bait. Sti, a protein of 121 amino acid residues, with molecular mass 13 059 Da, is a homolog of barstar and other microbial ribonuclease inhibitors. To overexpress its gene in Escherichia coli, we optimized the secondary structure of its mRNA by introducing a series of silent mutations. Soluble protein was isolated and purified to homogeneity. Inhibition constants of complex of Sti and RNase Sa3 or barnase were determined at pH 7 as 5×10−12 or 7×10−7, respectively.
Translating cancer genomics into clinical oncology

Clinical medicine is in the midst of a revolution that is being driven by an increasing understanding of the human genome and advances in molecular biotechnology. This revolution promises to transform clinical practice from population-based risk assessment and empirical treatment to a predictive, individualized model based on the molecular classification of disease and targeted therapy. The expectation is, of course, that personalized approaches to clinical care will increase the efficacy of treatment while decreasing its toxicity and cost. Nowhere is this transformation more apparent than in oncology. Cancer is a complex disease. Our current taxonomy of cancers, which is based . . .
The Fracture Toughness of Epoxy-glass Bead Composites

Abstract The plane strain fracture toughness of epoxy resins and glass bead filled epoxy composites has been investigated. It was found that the energy required for fracture depended primarily on the ability to dissipate energy in the polymer phase. At low temperatures, where the epoxy was relatively brittle, the addition of glass beads increased the fracture energy and induced roughness in the otherwise smooth fracture surface. At higher temperatures and/or increased catalyst concentration, the unfilled epoxy became more ductile, its fracture surface became rougher, and its fracture energy was increased. When the epoxy was ductile, the addition of beads tended to decrease the fracture energy because of a reduction of the amount of polymer on the fracture surface. Adhesion of the matrix to the glass beads was only important when the polymer was ductile. Improved adhesion permitted the beads to constrain polymer flow and decrease the fracture energy. Poor adhesion permitted flow around the beads which requ...
N-α-benzoyl-cis-4-amino-L-proline: A γ-turn mimetic

Abstract Peptides containing N-α-benzoyl-cis-4-amino-L-proline are shown to adopt γ-turn conformations in chloroform solutions.
Stratified flow over non-uniform surfaces: Turbulent energy model

A turbulent energy model is developed to simulate the response of a neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer to sudden changes in surface roughness. A mechanism of turbulent energy transfer is proposed, based upon the results of numerical experiments, that explains the distribution of shear stress and hence the distribution of velocity profiles in the atmospheric surface layer. Two length scales associated with the turbulent energy equation are obtained from experimental data and the law of the wall. Turbulent energy is also predicted.
Human keratinocytes express functional CD14 and toll-like receptor 4

CD14 and the toll-like receptor 4 have been known to play an important role in lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular responses in bacterial infections. Although CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 expression has been demonstrated in a number of myeloid cells, much less is known about the expression and function of these lipopolysaccharide receptors on nonleukocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that human keratinocytes are capable of expressing functional CD14 and toll-like receptor 4. Keratinocytes were found to constitutively express CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 mRNA that was augmented by exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Cell surface expression of keratinocyte CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 was detected by flow cytometry. Lipopolysaccharide binding to keratinocyte CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 resulted in a rapid intracellular Ca 2+ response, nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation, and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These results have important implications for our understanding of cutaneous innate immunity to bacterial infections of the skin.
Preventing motor vehicle crashes (no accidents please

The author argues that the initial step in motor vehicle crash prevention is reframing crash terminology. "Accidents" connote incidents that are both unpredictable and unpreventable. Motor vehicle crashes in the United States are the leading cause of death and injury that is predictable and preventable. There are several different forms of prevention strategies. The author discusses crash fatality reduction success using a public health approach utilizing environment, engineering, and education.
Finite Prandtl number convection with nearly insulating boundaries

Arbitrary Prandtl number convection in a layer with nearly insulating boundaries is investigated. For B1/3 > 3.95P (P is the Prandtl number and B being the ratio between the thermal conductivities of the boundary and of the fluid) two-dimensional rolls are stable. The heat transported by the stable rolls reaches its peak at a critical P = B1/3/5.77 beyond which the heat flux decreases with increasing P. For B1/3 = 3.95P rolls become unstable to disturbances in the form of rolls oriented at a right angle to the original rolls. For B1/3 > 3.95P square pattern convection represents the preferred stable convection. The stable square pattern transports the maximum amount of heat at a critical P = B1/3/3.7.
Data rate enhancement of dual silicon ring resonator carrier-injection modulators by PAM-4 encoding

Two rings are thermally tuned to near-resonance and individually modulated by two uncorrelated, NRZ encoded PRBS data sources at 1 GBd/s at different extinction ratios to achieve a 2 Gb/s. Experimental data is shown as a proof-of-concept for this approach.
Glucose represses the lactose-galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis through a SNF1 and MIG1-dependent pathway that modulates galactokinase (GAL1) gene expression

Expression of the lactose-galactose regulon in Kluyveromyces lactis is induced by lactose or galactose and repressed by glucose. Some components of the induction and glucose repression pathways have been identified but many remain unknown. We examined the role of the SNF1 (KlSNF1) and MIG1 (KlMIG1) genes in the induction and repression pathways. Our data show that full induction of the regulon requires SNF1; partial induction occurs in a Klsnf1 -deleted strain, indicating that a KlSNF1 -independent pathway(s) also regulates induction. MIG1 is required for full glucose repression of the regulon, but there must be a KlMIG1 -independent repression pathway also. The KlMig1 protein appears to act downstream of the KlSnf1 protein in the glucose repression pathway. Most importantly, the KlSnf1-KIMig repression pathway operates by modulating KlGAL1 expression. Regulating KlGAL1 expression in this manner enables the cell to switch the regulon off in the presence of glucose. Overall, our data show that, while the Snf1 and Mig1 proteins play similar roles in regulating the galactose regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and K.lactis , the way in which these proteins are integrated into the regulatory circuits are unique to each regulon, as is the degree to which each regulon is controlled by the two proteins.
Distribution of sympathetic fibers in the left ventricular epicardial plexus of the dog.

Myocardial contractile force in five areas of the left ventricle was measured in 14 dogs under chloralose anesthesia prior to and following segmental chemical epicardiectomy. Electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglia was performed before and after each segment of epicardium was destroyed, and records of myocardial contractile response to stimulation were obtained. Epicardiectomy resulted in ablation of contractile response in specific areas of the left ventricle. In a recent publication from our laboratory (Circulation Res. 22: 315, 1968), the predominance of an epicardial distribution of sympathetic fibers was demonstrated. As an extension of that work, this study demonstrates the projection of fibers from both left and right stellate ganglia and the innervation of both anterior and posterior surfaces of the left ventricle. The major projections of sympathetic fibers are oriented along an axis passing from base to apex and can be interrupted by epicardial destruction in the area of the cephalad portion of the anterior descending coronary artery and adjacent to the origin of the left marginal artery.
Formation of Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) in Electron-Irradiated Ammonia-Water Ices

We investigated chemical and physical processes in electron-irradiated ammonia−water ices at temperatures of 10 and 50 K. Chemically speaking, the formation of hydroxylamine (NH2OH) was observed in electron-irradiated ammonia−water ices. The synthesis of molecular hydrogen (H2), molecular nitrogen (N2), molecular oxygen (O2), hydrazine (N2H4), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which was also monitored in previous irradiation of pure ammonia and water ices, was also evident. These newly formed species were trapped inside of the ices and were released into the gas phase during the warm-up phase of the sample after the irradiation. A quantitative analysis of the data showed that the production rates of the newly formed species at 10 K are higher compared to those at 50 K. Our studies also suggest that hydroxylamine is likely formed by the recombination of amino (NH2) with hydroxyl (OH) radicals inside of the ices. Considering the physical effects on the ice sampled during the irradiation, the experiments provide...
The Effect of Composition (Art or Music) on the Self-Concept of Hospitalized Children

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of composition (art or music) on the self-concept of hospitalized children. The music composition was created using the program Making More Music. The art composition was a drawing using standard medium. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was used to measure self-concept. When examining subjects as one group, a significant difference from pre- to posttest for the Total score indicated an improved self-concept. Further analyses on each of the 6 categories indicated no significant differences. The art composition group had a significant difference from pre- to posttest for the Total score and for Popularity (POP). Although not significant, scores increased from pre- to posttest for Behavioral Adjustment (BEH), Physical Appearance (PHY), Freedom from Anxiety (FRE), and Happiness and Satisfaction (HAP). The music composition group had no significant difference from pre- to posttest for the Total score but a significant difference from pre- to posttest on Intellectual and School Status (INT) and Physical Appearance (PRY). Although not significant, scores increased from pre- to posttest for TOT, BEH, and HAP. There was a significant difference between the groups on 2 categories that indicated an improved self-concept for the music group under Intellectual and School Status and for the art group under Popularity.
Haemophilus somnus Isolated from a Urachal Abscess in a Calf

A urachal abscess was diagnosed in a 2-month-old, crossbred heifer that was presented for a distended abdomen and clinical signs of choking. Cultures of the mucopurulent exudate, obtained from within the mass on necropsy, yielded Haemophilus somnus. This is the first known documented report of H. somnus isolated from a urachal abscess.
Mechanisms for nonthermal effects on ionic mobility during microwave processing of crystalline solids

Models for nonthermal effects on ionic motion during microwave heating of crystalline solids are considered to explain the anomolous reductions of activation energy for diffusion and the overall faster kinetics noted in microwave sintering experiments and other microwave processing studies. We propose that radiation energy couples into low (microwave) frequency elastic lattice oscillations, generating a nonthermal phonon distribution that enhances ion mobility and thus diffusion rates. Viewed in this manner, it is argued that the effect of the microwaves would not be to reduce the activation energy, but rather to make the use of a Boltzmann thermal model inappropriate for the inference of activation energy from sintering-rate or tracer-diffusion data. A highly simplified linear oscillator lattice model is used to qualitatively explore coupling from microwave photons to lattice oscillations. The linear mechanism possibilities include resonant coupling to weak-bond surface and point defect modes, and nonresonant coupling to zero-frequency displacement modes. Nonlinear mechanisms such as inverse Brillouin scattering are suggested for resonant coupling of electromagnetic and elastic traveling waves in crystalline solids. The models suggest that nonthermal effects should be more pronounced in polycrystalline (rather than single crystal) forms, and at elevated bulk temperatures.
Metric Multidimensional Information Space

The rationale and methodology for retrieval based on the relative locations of documents within a geometric information space are introduced. Results from category A routing and filtering experiments in TREC -5 are discussed. The techniques discussed are related to the vector space model, latent semantic indexing, and other methods that rely on statistical qualities of texts to assess document relatedness. Results show some promise, but additional research is needed to determine the extent to which retrieval may be improved over existing approaches.
ShaperProbe: end-to-end detection of ISP traffic shaping using active methods

We present an end-to-end measurement method for the detection of traffic shaping. Traffic shaping is typically implemented using token buckets, allowing a maximum burst of traffic to be serviced at the peak capacity of the link, while any remaining traffic is serviced at a lower shaping rate. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we develop an active end-to-end detection mechanism, referred to as ShaperProbe, that can infer whether a particular path is subject to traffic shaping, and in that case, estimate the shaper characteristics. Second, we analyze results from a large-scale deployment of ShaperProbe on M-Lab over the last 24 months, detecting traffic shaping in several major ISPs. Our deployment has received more than one million runs so far from 5,700 ISPs.
A low-cost wireless platform for first-year interdisciplinary projects

This paper presents a low-cost wireless circuit that is demonstrated to be a simple, yet flexible platform to support a variety of low-level educational activities. The circuit, implemented by many for K-12 outreach activities, is based on a 555-timer and an AM radio transmitter. At the University of Vermont, Burlington, this CricketSat circuit has enabled the development of a wide variety of wireless sensor and actuator projects. In this paper, design specifics, circuit utilization within an interdisciplinary first-year design course, and assessment results are presented. The novelty of the approach is twofold. First, the course and projects pertain to the area of wireless sensor networks. Second, student groups come up with their own project applications and problem statements for which to design a system. The key finding is that this platform has enabled students to take ownership of a concept and bring it to a working reality within the time constraints of a single semester course.
Phylogenetics of the florally diverse Andean clade Iochrominae (Solanaceae).

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Solanaceae have identified many well-supported clades within the family and have permitted the creation of a phylogenetic system of classification. Here we estimate the phylogeny for Iochrominae, a clade of Physaleae sensu Olmstead et al. (1999), which contains 34 Andean species encompassing an immense diversity of floral forms and colors. Using three nuclear regions, ITS, the second intron of LEAFY, and exons 2 to 9 of the granule-bound starch synthase gene (waxy), we evaluated the monophyly of the traditional genera comprising Iochrominae and assessed the extent of interspecific hybridization within the clade. Only one of the six traditionally recognized genera of Iochrominae was supported as monophyletic. Further, comparison of the individual nuclear data sets revealed two interspecific hybrid taxa and a third possible case. These hybrid taxa occur in the Amotape–Huancabamba zone, a region between the northern and central Andes that has the greatest diversity of Iochroma species and offers frequent opportunities for hybridization in areas of sympatry. We postulate that periodic hybridization events in this area coupled with pollinator-mediated selection and the potential for microallopatry may have acted together to promote diversification in montane Andean taxa, such as Iochrominae.
THE INTERTEMPORAL RELATION BETWEEN MONEY AND PRICES IN SOUTH AFRICA

Several studies have emphasized the need to ‘filter’ the money growth and inflation data before a clear short-run intertemporal relation between them is revealed. When a simple filtering technique is employed to changes in money and prices, the correlation of the series tends to increase as the filter used shifts to lower frequency data. The technique also reveals a statistically significant relation between money and inflation, a pattern of Granger causality that has changed with changes in the monetary and exchange rate regime during 1965-2005, and much shorter leads/lags between money and inflation than those typically found in similar studies of the experience of developed economies.
Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing

Abstract A central question for psycholinguistics concerns the role of grammatical constraints in online sentence processing. Many current theories maintain that the language processing mechanism constructs a parse or parses that are grammatically consistent with the whole of the perceived input each time it processes a word. Several bottom-up, dynamical models make a contrasting prediction: partial parses which are syntactically compatible with only a proper subpart of the input are sometimes constructed, at least temporarily. Three self-paced reading experiments probed for interference from such locally coherent structures. The first tested for a distracting effect of irrelevant Subject–Predicate interpretations of Noun Phrase–Verb Phrase sequences (e.g., The coach smiled at the player tossed a frisbee ) on reading times. The second addressed the question of whether the interference effects can be treated as lexical interference, instead of involving the formation of locally coherent syntactic structures. The third replicated the reading time effects of the first two experiments with grammaticality judgments. We evaluate the dynamical account, comparing it to other approaches that also predict effects of local coherence, and arguing against accounts which rule out the formation of merely locally coherent structures.
Effects of Repeated Ingestion of Large Quantities of Acetylsalicylic Acid on Membranous Bone Growth and Dentin Apposition in Young Monkeys

Four oral doses of acetylsalicylic acid at 325 mg/kg body weight were given to young monkeys that received a series of injections of lead acetate as an intravital stain. Bone growth, including remodeling of the Haversian canal system, was greatly inhibited, whereas dentin apposition was unaffected.
Theoretical studies of zirconium and carbon clusters with molecular dynamics simulations

In this dissertation, we will present a systematic study of structures of fullerenes ranging from C{sub 20} to C{sub 100} by introducing a novel scheme. Using our new scheme, we not only reproduce all known fullerene structures but also successfully predicted several other fullerene structures which were confirmed by experiments. By utilizing the tight-binding molecular-dynamic (TBMD) simulation, we also studied the dynamical behavior of fullerenes: Vibrations, thermal disintegration of individual clusters as well as collisions between fullerenes. If the beauty of carbon fullerene is not enough, people found that carbon can also form tubules and even speculated that they can form three-dimensional graphite-like networks. By extending our fullerene structure searching scheme, we performed a search for the ground-state structure of three dimensional carbon network. We found the most stable structure people ever proposed for simple cubic based networks. From the difference of this new form of carbon and graphite in the electronic and vibrational properties, we propose an experimental probe to identify these novel three-dimensional carbon networks.
Existence of Equilibrium in Financial Markets: Hart’s Securities Exchange Model with Consumption in the First Period

Hart has established necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of equilibrium in an economy consisting of two time periods in which agents trade assets whose returns depend on an uncertain state of nature. Hammond has enounced an equivalent condition from an alternative approach to Hart's model. In both cases, it is assumed that agents maximize the expected value of their utility in the second period, when the asset returns are paid. In this paper, Hart's model is modified in such a way that agents also value consumption in the first period and the implications of this modication on the conditions proposed by these authors are analyzed.
Effects of non-homogeneous flow on ADCP data processing in a hydroturbine forebay

Abstract Accurate modeling of the velocity field in the forebay of a hydroelectric power station is important for both power generation and fish passage, and is able to be increasingly well represented by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) are investigated herein as a method of validating the numerical flow solutions, particularly in observed and calculated regions of non-homogeneous flow velocity. By using a numerical model of an ADCP operating in a velocity field calculated using CFD, the errors due to the spatial variation of the flow velocity are quantified. The numerical model of the ADCP is referred to herein as a Virtual ADCP (VADCP). Two applications of the VADCP are modeled in the numerical analyses presented. Firstly the virtual measurement error of the VADCP is calculated for a single instrument adjacent to the short converging intake of a powerhouse. Secondly, the flow discharge through the forebay is estimated from a transect of VADCP instruments at different distances from the powerhouse. The influence of instrument location and orientation are investigated for both cases. A velocity error of up to 94% of the reference velocity is calculated for a VADCP modeled adjacent to an operating intake and is shown to decrease with distance from the powerhouse. Qualitative agreement is observed between the calculated VADCP velocities and reference velocities by a horizontal offset distance of 18 m upstream of the powerhouse.
Pump-probe measurements in silicon-rich nitride waveguides and resonators doped with erbium

We report a suppression, attributed to erbium stimulated emission, of the photoinduced absorption of a 1.53um probe in erbium doped silicon rich nitride waveguides. Resonators with record high quality factors ≫14,000 are achieved.
Redox Solute Doped Polypyrrole for High-Charge Capacity Polymer Electrodes

Growing demands for high energy/high power energy storage systems have driven research efforts toward devices such as supercapacitors that bridge the gap between high power capacitors and high energy batteries. Supercapacitors have experienced commercial success with high surface area activated carbon electrodes; however, these systems are limited by the surface area and physical charge storage through the electrical double layer mechanism. Redox materials, such as metal oxides and conductive polymers, have attracted interest because of the increase in energy density obtained through faradaic charge storage processes. One of the main drawbacks of conducting polymers, which are far more abundant and cost-effective relative to oxides, is their relatively low theoretical charge capacity. In this work, we report the use of a high-charge capacity redox molecule, 1,4-benzoquinone, to increase the energy density of polypyrrole electrodes. The electrode synthesis conditions are shown to have a significant influen...
Polarization-entangled photons from domain-engineered, periodically poled LiNbO3

Using a domain-engineered, periodically poled LiNbO 3 grating, we investigate polarization-entangled photon-pair generation near 1550 nm wavelength using type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion.
Development of advanced low characteristic signal propellant

Low characteristic signal propellant has advantage for improving missile penetration ability and survival ability. The status of low characteristic signal propellant used by foreign tactical missile are summarized in the paper; several low characteristic signal propellants with different energy levels, which were developed by the 42nd Institute of CASC and can meet the use demands, are introduced. A suggest that this sort of propellant can be used in the future weapon system is put forward by system design department.
Preservation of fertility despite subnormal gonadotropin and testosterone levels after cessation of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in a man with Kallmann’s syndrome *

A man with IHH and anosmia presented in 1980. He was successfully treated with various hormonal regimens; four children were conceived with hCG or pulsatile GnRH therapy. The patient discontinued GnRH after the fourth child was conceived, and testosterone enanthate injections were prescribed. However, he took the injections only briefly and 15 months later he demonstrated continuing spermatogenesis despite low serum FSH and LH levels. His wife successfully became pregnant. This case adds to the recognized range of recovery in IHH, with fertility despite stopping hormonal therapy and despite low serum gonadotropin and T levels.
Transgenic Mouse Models

The generation of transgenic mouse models has been a powerful technique for several decades and is still widely used. There have been many manuals and general reviews of this technology. This chapter is designed to be a "how-to" resource with detailed specifics.
Antibody-Catalyzed Concerted Chemical Reactions

Biocatalysis plays a key role in the field of biotechnology. Enzymes are essential components in biodetection systems, bioremediation strategies, and approaches toward development and synthesis of new biomedical and industrial materials. For many applications of potential practical interest, however, natural enzymes may be unavailable, unstable, or otherwise unsuitable. Natural enzymes may not even exist at all for specific chemical reactions. For these reasons, the development of general strategies for creating enzymelike catalysts from scratch in the laboratory is a significant scientific goal. One recent advance in the area of enzyme engineering exploits the diversity and specificity of the immune system to create catalytic antibodies with tailored activities and specificities. This emerging field is briefly reviewed in this chapter with emphasis placed on work carried out in the author’s laboratory to generate antibody catalysts for concerted carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.
Synthesis of Ketones and Esters from Heteroatom-Functionalized Alkenes by Cobalt-Mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer

Cobalt bis(acetylacetonate) is shown to mediate hydrogen atom transfer to a broad range of functionalized alkenes; in situ oxidation of the resulting alkylradical intermediates, followed by hydrolysis, provides expedient access to ketones and esters. By modification of the alcohol solvent, different alkyl ester products may be obtained. The method is compatible with a number of functional groups including alkenyl halides, sulfides, triflates, and phosphonates and provides a mild and practical alternative to the Tamao–Fleming oxidation of vinylsilanes and the Arndt–Eistert homologation.
High-speed polysilicon CMOS photodetector for telecom and datacom

Absorption by mid-bandgap states in polysilicon or heavily implanted silicon has been previously utilized to implement guided-wave infrared photodetectors in CMOS compatible photonic platforms. Here, we demonstrate a resonant guided-wave photodetector based on the polysilicon layer that is used for the transistor gate in a microelectronic SOI CMOS process without any change to the foundry process flow (“zero-change” CMOS). Through a combination of doping mask layers, a lateral pn junction diode in the polysilicon is demonstrated with a strong electric field to enable efficient photo-carrier extraction and high-speed operation. This photodetector has a responsivity of more than 0.14 A/W from 1300 to 1600 nm, a 10 GHz bandwidth, and 80 nA dark current at 15 V reverse bias.
Strategy and Tactics in NFIB v. Sebelius

This article provides an in depth examination of the strategic judicial maneuvering witnessed in the Supreme Court’s healthcare decision. Through that lens, it is possible to gain a detailed understanding of the doctrinal groundwork that Chief Justice Roberts was laying for future conservative revolutions in the Commerce Clause Power, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Taxing and Spending Power. The reason Roberts was able to dramatically read down Congress’s main avenues of regulatory power was not despite the liberal outcome of the case, but because of it. Roberts’s strategic sacrifice in NFIB v. Sebelius suggests an obvious analogy to Marbury v. Madison, however that common and overused metaphor is misleading. Marbury was a unanimous decision. In contrast to Chief Justice Marshall, Roberts was unable to match his deft long-term strategic maneuvering with effective short-term tactics: he could not forge a majority opinion for most of his positions.Understanding Roberts’s actions as sophisticated judicial strategy reveals much about the composition of his preferences. Although Roberts was clearly pursuing legal policy goals, the fact that he was willing to vote to uphold the individual mandate without a clear majority for his conservative legal innovations suggests that his dominant interest was not doctrinal. Rather, Roberts’s driving aim was to protect the institutional legitimacy of the Court from the appearance of partisan decision-making immediately before a presidential election. Roberts’s evident strategic action is an ideal vehicle for understanding his federalist constitutional agenda, judicial strategy more generally, and its relation to doctrinal development.
Quantifying the predatory effect of round goby on Saginaw Bay dreissenids

Abstract Invasive dreissenid mussels (D. polymorpha and D. r. bugensis) have fundamentally altered Laurentian Great Lake ecosystems, however in many areas their abundances have declined since the mid-1990s. Another invader, the benthic fish round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), is morphologically adapted to feed on dreissenids and likely affects dreissenid populations; however, the degree of this predatory effect is variable. In 2009 and 2010, we examined round goby abundances, size distributions, diet contents, and diet selectivity in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; a shallow bay that has been subjected to numerous anthropogenic stressors. We further used a consumption model to estimate dreissenid consumption by three different size classes of round goby. Round gobies were found throughout the bay and most were smaller than 80 mm total length. Round gobies of all sizes consumed dreissenids (including fish as small as 30 mm total length), though dreissenids were rarely preferred. The relative proportion of dreissenids (by biomass) present in diets of round gobies increased with fish size, but also throughout the year for all size classes. Despite this, overall consumptive effects of round gobies on dreissenids in Saginaw Bay were low. Many dreissenids present in the bay were larger than those consumed by round gobies. Bioenergetics-based model estimates suggest that the smallest round gobies are responsible for the majority of dreissenid consumption. While our findings are limited to soft substrates and influenced by sampling restrictions, our study design allowed us to put bounds on our estimates based upon these multiple sources of uncertainty.
Platelets Regulate Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis

Abstract The hypothesis that tumors require a vascular network to grow beyond a critical size is now widely accepted. There is also circumstantial evidence implicating the blood platelet in the process of angiogenesis. We have previously shown that the platelet sequesters pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins in discrete subsets of alpha granules and differentially releases them in vitro in response to PAR1 and PAR4 activating peptides. We have extended these studies by injecting two murine – Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC), B16 F10 melanoma and a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC 786-O) into the perivitelline space of wild type and Fli1-GFP transgenic zebrafish embryos 48 hours post fertilization (hpf). One day after injecting 2000 tumor cells suspended in Matrigel, a network of new blood vessels had grown up toward the site of tumor injection. By 3 to 4 days post-injection (dpi) the vascular network had entered and enveloped the tumor mass. We then blocked the production of zebrafish thrombocytes, the fish equivalent of mammalian platelets, by injecting an anti-sense morpholino directed against c-mpl, the thrombopoietin receptor, into single cell embryos followed, at 48 hpf, by the injection of tumor cells. We have previously shown that this c-mpl morpholino inhibits thrombocyte production for 5–7 days. The initial wave of angiogenesis was normal in all of the c-mpl morphants but there was almost complete inhibition of subsequent angiogenesis and blood vessel extension into the LLC, B16 melanoma and RCC 1080 tumors. In contrast, control fish that had received a scrambled morpholino and had a normal number of circulating thrombocytes, had normal angiogenesis within the tumor mass. We then transplanted LLC and B16 F10 cells into CD41-GFP embryos that have fluorescent thrombocytes in their circulation. Three dpi we observed the arrest and adhesion of GFP+ thrombocytes to vessels within the tumor mass. We also noted that thrombocytes were present in tumor vessels before blood flow had been established. We conclude that platelets/thrombocytes play an important role in TIA and may serve as a vehicle for the delivery of angiogenic factors to human and murine tumors. Thrombocytes appear to be particularly important for the penetration of new vessels into the tumor mass. These studies raise the interesting possibility that inhibiting platelet production or granule secretion might help to inhibit TIA.
Complex Role of Copper Delivery by CuATSM to Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) in Mouse Models of ALS

Copper delivery to superoxide dismutase (SOD) is remarkably protective in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The copper transport agent CuATSM (diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) copper(II)) extends life by 25% in mice overexpressing mutant human SODG93A. Mice overexpressing human proteins SOD and the copper-chaperone-for-SOD1 (CCS) die around two weeks of age from an acute copper deficiency in the CNS. CuATSM treatment rescues this copper deficiency and extends the life of CCSxSODG93A mice from two weeks to 22 months. In the current study, we investigate how structural changes to the CuATSM ligand rescue this early-development copper deficiency in mice overexpressing SODWTand CCS. We synthesized bisthiosemicarbazone complexes with 2, 1, or 0 methyl groups on the di-imine backbone, called CuATSM, CuPTSM, and CuGTSM respectively. Despite the small structural differences, these three complexes have considerably different reduction potentials of -0.46, -0.31 and -0.24V respectively. Chemical reduction of the copper is thought to mediate its release in vivo. We treated mice with these complexes and measured effects on SODWT maturation and animal weight. Native protein mass spectrometry revealed CuATSM increased mature Cu,Zn SODWT content by 106%, CuPTSM by 90%, and CuGTSM by 80% compared to untreated mice. Despite all compounds successfully delivering copper to SOD in the CNS, only CuATSM-treated animals survived the early-development copper deficiency. CuATSM-treated animals weighed an average of 70% more than untreated at 15 days, compared to 25% and 18% weight gains by CuPTSM and CuGTSM. Furthermore, CuGTSM-treated mice did not survive past 15 days. In conclusion, all three copper complexes are able to supply copper to SOD in the CNS, but CuATSM is the only complex that is protective in the long term. Because of their lower reduction potentials, we suggest CuGTSM and CuPTSM may be releasing copper more easily in a wider range of tissues, thereby causing more toxic side-effects. These studies are guiding the development of more effective derivatives of CuATSM. This work is supported by funding from the DoD Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (AL140108) and by Ice Bucket donations made to the ALSA (Research Award ALSA 320).
Experimental Evaluation of Multi-functional Nonlinear Floor Isolation Systems

Acceleration-sensitive equipment housed inside of buildings is susceptible to damage from strong floor motions of the primary structure produced by earthquakes. Floor isolation systems (FISs) represent an effective strategy to protect such equipment from these motions by decoupling the equipment from the primary structure. However, even the most effective isolation systems are incapable of protecting equipment from building collapse in the event of strong ground shaking. This study experimentally explores the use of a novel multi-functional FIS capable of mitigating both equipment accelerations and facility drifts by passively adapting to achieve desired building-system performance. For low intensity disturbances, the system functions like a traditional isolation system, but for high intensity events, impacts in the isolation system act to increase the coupling between the primary structure and the FIS, pumping energy like a vibro-impact absorber. A scale experimental model, consisting of a three-story frame and an isolated mass, is used to demonstrate and evaluate the design methodology via shake table tests. The dynamic properties of the experimental model are identified, and the isolator’s displacement capacity and the disturbance frequency and amplitude provide the parametric variation. The performance of the multi-functional FIS was established and is described in this study.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases — The 1992 Perspective

The past decade has been an exciting one for researchers studying the family of enzymes collectively known as the aldehyde dehydrogenases. Ten years ago, if aldehyde dehydrogenases were even known to scientists outside the small group who actively studied the enzyme, it was for their role in acetaldehyde oxidation. Although multiple forms of mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase were known, there was little understanding of the physiological roles played by the various enzymes. Today, the field has expanded to such a degree that a role in ethanol metabolism is only one of several important physiological functions for this multigene family. It is apparent that aldehyde dehydrogenases are primarily responsible for the metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes.
Investigating the impact of teachers' implementation practices on academic achievement in science during a long-term professional development program on the Science Writing Heuristic

This study is a part of a bigger project known as the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) Partnership Professional Development Project, conducted at Iowa State University and the University of Iowa in association with the Iowa Department of Education to help improve science teaching. Overall, the goal of the project is to help practicing science teachers understand and apply a student-oriented instructional approach, using the SWH. The purpose of this research study was to examine the link between teachers' implementation of a student-oriented teaching approach through the SWH approach with embedded nontraditional writing practices and students' performances on standardized tests over a 3-year period. This study investigated the impact of 6 teachers' (3 high school teachers and 3 middle school teachers) implementation of the SWH approach on student standardized test scores over the 3-year period. A mixed method approach was adopted as a research method. A major premise underpinning this study is that in the rate of change differs by teachers, and that change is not a linear process for teachers. Results of the study indicated a differential across teachers in terms of improvement in pedagogical skills related to the SWH approach. Further, results showed that the SWH approach in-service program did have an impact on participating teachers' pedagogical practices. The majority of the participating teachers improved their pedagogical practices of implementing science inquiry through the SWH approach over the 3-year period of the professional development program. Further, when teachers' rankings were correlated against students' standardized test scores, the results
Diverse actions of the modulatory peptide neurotensin on central synaptic transmission.

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed throughout the central nervous system and is implicated in the etiology of multiple diseases and disorders. Many primary investigations of NT-induced modulation of neuronal excitability at the level of the synapse have been conducted, but they have not been summarized in review form in nearly 30 years. Therefore, the goal of this review is to discuss the many actions of NT on neuronal excitability across brain regions as well as NT circuit architecture. In the basal ganglia as well as other brain nuclei, NT can act through diverse intracellular signaling cascades to enhance or depress neuronal activity by modulating activity of ion channels, ionotropic and metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, and presynaptic release of neurotransmitters. Further, NT can produce indirect effects by evoking endocannabinoid release, and recently has itself been identified as a putative retrograde messenger. In the basal ganglia, the diverse actions and circuit architecture of NT signaling allow for input-specific control of reward-related behaviors.
Coronary Stents: Evaluation and Follow-up

The 2010 Expert Consensus Document on Coronary CT Angiography (CTA) states, “Coronary stents pose some significant technical challenges for coronary CTA, since the metal in the stents may create several types of artifacts in the images. Special algorithms are now routinely used that may reduce some of these artifacts during image reconstruction. The literature suggests that in patients who have large diameter stents, good image quality, and whose clinical presentation suggests low-to-intermediate probability for restenosis, 64-channel coronary CTA can be used to rule out severe in-stent restenosis” [1].
Mortality Rates Across Time: Does Persistence Suggest “Healthy and Unhealthy Places” in the United States?

The access to, and provision of, health care is — quite literally — a matter of life and death. Yet most health analysis is based on a-spatial (i.e., placeless) categories such as socioeconomic status, race, gender, or population density that do not facilitate the delivery of health services to the most needy populations. We propose using an explicitly spatial approach to reveal previously hidden patterns of underserved or at-risk populations. Whether this visualization technique is used at the national, state, or local level, it serves as a valuable analytical tool to reestablish the notion that “space matters.”
Leukemia in Germfree AKR Mice

Mice of the AKR strain have a very high incidence of lymphocytic neoplasms which appear to be caused by a vertically transmitted virus (see reviews by Kaplan, 1967; Moloney, 1962; Furth et al., 1964; Gross, 1958 and 1961). Since this agent is vertically transmitted, it is expected that germfree mice would also develop leukemia, unless the presence of a microbial flora, or other horizontally transmitted viruses, contribute to its development. That this is indeed the case has been demonstrated by Pollard and his co-workers (Pollard et al., 1966; Pollard, 1967) who showed that germfree AKR mice do develop leukemia in high incidence. The purpose of this paper is to compare the incidence of leukemia in germfree AKR mice with their conventional counterparts. We will also describe some of the characteristics of the germfree AKR mouse which make it somewhat different from other germfree inbred strains.