cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundedly Rational Bargaining in Option Demand Markets: An Empirical Application

In this study, we develop and estimate a model of sophisticated bargaining between hospitals and insurers, based on a model of intrafirm bargaining set out by Stole and Zwiebel (1996). When an insurer decides whether to include a hospital in its network, it must take into account the fact that excluding the hospital gives the hospitals already in the network additional bargaining power, allowing them to negotiate for higher prices. The hospital is aware of this problem and will also account for this inframarginal effect. Although in theory both parties should take into account all possible hospital networks, in practice it is unlikely that any hospital or insurer will be this sophisticated. We therefore estimate parameters for hospital prices, the fraction of consumer surplus going to the hospitals, and the level of rationality of both parties. Using hospital financial records and patient discharge records, we estimate this model for the hospitals in Bakersfield, California and San Diego, California.
Crystallization engineering as a route to epitaxial strain control

The controlled synthesis of epitaxial thin films offers opportunities for tuning their functional properties via enabling or suppressing strain relaxation. Examining differences in the epitaxial crystallization of amorphous oxide films, we report on an alternate, low-temperature route for strain engineering. Thin films of amorphous Bi–Fe–O were grown on (001)SrTiO3 and (001)LaAlO3 substrates via atomic layer deposition. In situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the crystallization of the amorphous films into the epitaxial (001)BiFeO3 phase reveal distinct evolution profiles of crystallinity with temperature. While growth on (001)SrTiO3 results in a coherently strained film, the same films obtained on (001)LaAlO3 showed an unstrained, dislocation-rich interface, with an even lower temperature onset of the perovskite phase crystallization than in the case of (001)SrTiO3. Our results demonstrate how the strain control in an epitaxial film can be accomplished via its crystallization from the amorphous state.
Neurocognition in youth and young adults under age 30 at familial risk for schizophrenia: a quantitative and qualitative review.

Introduction. Neurocognitive dysfunction is a central feature of schizophrenia and is observed during all phases of the illness. Because schizophrenia is known to run in families, studying neurocognitive function in first-degree, nonpsychotic relatives has been a widely utilised strategy for almost 50 years for understanding presumed “genetic risk”. Studying nonpsychotic relatives (“familial high-risk”, or FHR) allows for identification of cognitive vulnerability markers independent of confounds associated with psychosis. Methods. Prior meta-analyses have elucidated the level and pattern of cognitive deficits in the premorbid, prodromal, and postonset periods of psychosis, and in relatives regardless of age. However, no prior quantitative analyses have specifically focused on studies of young first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia who have not passed through the peak age illness risk (<age 30). The English language literature of neuropsychological studies of first-degree relatives for sc...
Differential Effects of D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptor Antagonists on Acute Amphetamine‐ or Methamphetamine‐Induced Up‐Regulation of zif/268 mRNA Expression in Rat Forebrain

This study investigated the hypothesis that D1 and D2 dopamine receptors interact to regulate the expression of zif/268 mRNA in rat forebrain after an acute injection of amphetamine or methamphetamine. Forty-five minutes and 3 h after a single injection of amphetamine (4 mg/kg i.p.) or methamphetamine (4 mg/kg i.p.), the mRNA expression of zif/268 in dorsal striatum and sensorimotor cortex was increased, as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry. Induction was more intense in striatal patches at 45 min than at 3 h, when a more homogeneous pattern of zif/268 mRNA induction was observed. SCH 23390, a selective D1 receptor antagonist, suppressed, and eticlopride, a D2 receptor antagonist, elevated, constitutive zif/268 mRNA levels in the striatum, but neither antagonist had a significant effect on the constitutive expression of zif/268 in soensorimotor cortex. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 completely blocked the stimulant-induced zif/268 expression in striatum and partially blocked the stimulant-induced zif/268 expression in cortex. Pretreatment with eticlopride augmented zif/268 mRNA expression in patch and matrix compartments of dorsal and ventral striatum 45 min after amphetamine or methamphetamine injection. However, at 3 h, eticloprides completely blocked amphetamine- and methamphetamine-stimulated zif/268 mRNA in dorsomedial, but not dorsolateral, striatum. In addition, eticlopride partially blocked cortical zif/268 induction by both amphetamines. Both antagonists prevented stimulant-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypies. These results demonstrate that D1 and D2 receptors in mesolimbic/mesostriatal pathways both regulate amphetamine- and methamphetamine-stimulated behaviors and zif/268 mRNA expression. Furthermore, the effect of D2 receptor blockade on zif/268 expression was found to be contingent on the time interval investigated after psychostimulant administration.
The effect of tibial tuberosity realignment procedures on the patellofemoral pressure distribution

Purpose The study was performed to characterize the influence of tibial tuberosity realignment on the pressure applied to cartilage on the patella in the intact condition and with lesions on the lateral and medial facets.
Relaxation Times in Magnetic Resonance

Line-widths and relaxation times in magnetic resonance are discussed via a random walk model which is derived by a simple argument. Using the result, various topics in nuclear resonance and in conduction-electron spin resonance are discussed. The physical basis for the effect of motion in narrowing resonance lines is clearly evident, and a simple picture presented of the electron relaxation processes analyzed by Overhauser.
Ultrasound diagnosis of renal calcification in infants on chronic furosemide therapy

We describe seven infants who developed renal calcification and bone demineralization following furosemide therapy with average daily doses of as little as 0.75 mg/kg per day. Renal calcifications were present in all seven cases and were more readily detected with ultrasonography than with plain films. Renal calculi were seen in four patients, sonographically demonstrated as echogenic foci in the dependent portion of the collecting system, usually accompanied by acoustic shadowing. One patient developed nephrocalcinosis, sonographically observed as echogenic medullary pyramids plus punctate, shadowing parenchymal calcifications. In two patients the location of the calcification could not be determined.
Crystal growth of the solid electrolyte RbAg4I5

Abstract Single crystals as large as 1 cm dia. x 6 cm long of the solid electrolyte RbAg 4 I 5 have been grown from non-stoichiometric melts by the Czochralski technique. Procedures for purification of starting materials and optimum growth parameters are discussed. Both enantiomorphic forms were grown.
Hot Carrier Electroluminescence from a Single Carbon Nanotube

We measure the spectrum and efficiency of the infrared light emission from ambipolar carbon nanotube field-effect transistors. The width of the emission peak is strongly device-structure dependent. Long devices (∼50 μm) show narrow spectral peaks that we attribute to relaxed carrier recombination, while short devices (∼500 nm) show broad peaks due to hot carrier recombination. The hot carrier distribution is limited to energies below the energies of the optical/zone boundary phonons near 180 meV. The efficiency of the radiative recombination is between 10-6 and 10-7 photons/electron−hole pair, and the possible quenching mechanisms are discussed.
A UV resonance Raman investigation of poly(rI): Evidence for cation‐dependent structural perturbations

Poly(rI) stabilized by either Na+ or K+ was investigated using uv resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy. Raman excitation profiles of inosine 5′-monophosphate demonstrated the 250 nm excitation selectively enhances base stacking interactions, while ribose and carbonyl stretching vibrations are preferentially enhanced with 210 nm excitation. These wavelengths were used to examine the structure of poly(rI) in the presence of either K+ or Na+ as a function of temperature. UVRR studies revealed that the K+ stabilized form is more thermally stable, yielding a Tm of ∼ 47°C compared to a Tm of ∼ 30°C for the Na+ stabilized form. We observed that both the ribosyl conformation and the coordination of the carbonyl groups depend on the nature of the cation. The C6O stretching frequency indicates that Na+ coordinates much more strongly to the carbonyl groups than K+ (1672 cm−1 Na+ vs 1684 cm−1 K+ at 4°C). Conformationally sensitive modes of the phosphate backbone and the ribosyl ring indicate that Na+ stabilized poly(rI) predominantly exists in a C3′-endo ribose conformation, whereas K+ stabilized poly(rI) adopts a C2′-endo conformation possibly as a consequence of the larger ionic radius of the K+ ion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 475–487, 1998
A spectroscopic study to interpret the increased piezoelectric effect at high temperature in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Spectroscopic experiments were carried out to directly measure the electric-field-induced microstructural changes in PVF2 at high temperature (65°C). We found, in comparison with roomtemperature measurements, that the reduction of the coercive field is directly related to faster dipolar orientation at this temperature. Furthermore, the α to β or δ phase transformation can take place at a much faster rate and lower field strength than has been previously reported either theoretically experimentally.
Direct Observation of Different Mechanisms for the Inhibition of Molecular Reorientation at a Solid/Liquid Interface

Optical Kerr effect spectroscopy has been used to study the collective orientational dynamics of 2-butyne confined in nanoporous glasses at 293 K. The high polarizability anisotropy of this weakly wetting liquid has allowed us to monitor its reorientational dynamics in nanoconfinement with a high signal-to-noise ratio for many tens of picoseconds. In all pore sizes, the decays can be fit to the sum of three exponentialsone with a time constant equal to that of the decay in the bulk liquid, one with twice this time constant, and one with a considerably larger time constant. The fastest decay arises from the liquid molecules in the centers of the pores. The intermediate decay is attributed to surface molecules that rotate off of the pore walls, and the factor of 2 change in the decay time is exactly that expected on the basis of the difference in the hydrodynamic volume required for this reorientation as compared to that of the bulk. The slowest decay is attributed to the inhibition of reorientation along t...
Regular matroids with every circuit basis fundamental

Hartvigsen and Zemel have obtained a characterization of those graphs which have every circuit basis fundamental. We consider the corresponding problem for binary matroids. We show that, in general, the class of binary matroids for which every circuit basis is fundamental is not closed under the taking of minors. However, this class is closed under the taking of series-minors. We also describe some general properties of this class of matroids. We end by extending Hartvigsen and Zemel's result to the class of regular matroids, thus obtaining a set of excluded minors which are graphic for this class. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of Various F40 Fluorescent Systems at 60 Hz and High Frequency

Recent improvements in both lamp and ballast technologies have resulted in substantial performance gains for fluorescent lighting systems. High-frequency electronic ballasts as well as high-efficiency 60-Hz electromagnetic ballasts have been designed to provide both better starting and operating conditions for the lamps under their control. At the same time, smaller diameter lamps and more efficient lamp phosphors have been developed to improve system performance further. How these improvements can be utilized in practical lighting systems is reviewed. Comparison characteristics, luminaire performance information, and application data are discussed.
Characterization of three new fucolipids from hog gastric mucosa.

Three new fucolipids have been isolated from the water-soluble glycolipid fraction of hog gastric mucosa. Fucolipid A and C exhibited blood-group-A activity, whereas Fucolipid B was not active in A—anti-A, B—anti-B and H—anti-H systems. The structures of these glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, as:
144 USE OF A NOVEL BOVINE EMBRYO CULTURE MEDIUM TO IMPROVE BLASTOCYST DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL FOLLOWING VITRIFICATION

The objective of the present study was to determine whether culture of bovine embryos in a proprietary serum-free culture medium, Block-Bonilla-Hansen-7 (BBH-7), could improve development to the blastocyst stage and enhance survival following vitrification. For Exp. 1, embryos were produced in vitro and cultured in BBH-7 or modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF; as in zygote 10:341 except with 10 μL mL-1 of nonessential amino acids, 20 μL mL-1 of essential amino acids, and 1 mg mL-1 of polyvinyl alcohol instead of albumin) in 5% (v/v) oxygen. Grade 1 expanded blastocysts were harvested at Day 7 post-insemination and vitrified using the open-pulled straw method (Vagta et al. 1998 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 51, 53-58). Vitrified embryos were thawed and cultured in vitro in either mSOF or BBH-7 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 μM dithiolthreitol. Re-expansion and hatching rates were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 h post-thaw. There was no effect of culture medium on cleavage rate. The proportion of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst and advanced blastocyst stages (expanded, hatching, and hatched) at Day 7 was higher (P < 0.001) for embryos cultured in BBH-7 than for embryos cultured in mSOF (41.9 ± 2.0 v. 14.7 ± 2.0% and 31.1 ± 1.3 v. 6.4 ± 1.3%, respectively). There was no effect of culture medium on re-expansion rates at 24, 48, and 72 h post-thaw or on hatching rates at 48 or 72 h. However, the proportion of embryos that were hatching or had hatched by 24 h post-thaw was higher (P < 0.001) for BBH-7 than for mSOF (59.0 ± 0.5 v. 26.7 ± 0.5%). For Exp. 2, late lactation and/or repeat breeder, lactating Holstein cows were synchronized for timed embryo transfer using the OvSynch-56 protocol. Embryos were produced in vitro and cultured in BBH-7 in 5% (v/v) oxygen. Vitrified embryos were produced as for Exp. 1. Fresh embryos were grade 1 expanded blastocysts harvested at Day 7 after insemination. A single embryo was transferred at Day 7 after putative ovulation to all cows with a corpus luteum confirmed by ultrasonography. Pregnancy was diagnosed at Day 28-30 of gestation by ultrasonography. There was no difference in the proportion of recipients that became pregnant after receiving either a fresh (7/18 = 39%) or vitrified (10/27 = 37%) embryo cultured in BBH-7. The results of the present study indicate that BBH-7 can be used to increase the proportion of oocytes that develop to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, the results demonstrate that vitrified embryos produced after culture in BBH-7 can achieve pregnancy rates similar to those obtained using fresh embryos. Support: USDA 2006-55203-17390 and Southeast Milk Checkoff Program.
Quantification of antibody immobilization using peroxidase enzyme–substrate reaction

Abstract Due to the multitude of antigens and antibodies that are currently being studied by immunoscientists and researchers, numerous and diverse antibody immobilization techniques were developed. Newer and improved methods of detection and immobilization are constantly being developed. As a result, especially when no prior research exists, scientists and researchers are faced with the challenge of choosing the best immobilization technique. Assessment of antibody immobilization based on the final antibody–antigen reaction may not always be accurate, as certain unknown processes or reactions may account for a part (or whole) of the transducer response. The present paper describes an alternative method for scientific quantification of antibody attachment on the biosensing surface or transducer using the peroxidase enzyme–substrate (TMB) colorimetric reaction. The proposed method can be used to pre-screen various immobilization techniques or pre-coatings, or can be used as a secondary quantification method. Four different pre-coatings on piezoelectric crystals and three affinity membranes were tested to evaluate the degree of antibody attachment. Results indicate that polystyrene-coated crystals had an average immobilization of 10.55% and the Immobilon membrane had 18.22% immobilization. Although the precision of the proposed technique varied significantly between different transducer surfaces (CV=1.7–21.7%), results clearly demonstrate that polystyrene coating on crystal is approximately 450% superior to glutaraldehyde coating. Similarly, the Immobilon membrane had 720% higher antibody immobilization than Ultrabind membrane. The sensitivity of the overall technique is so high that each test requires only 3 μl of diluted, labeled antibody solution (1 μg/ml).
Synthesis of Aerogel-Metal Cluster Composites by Gamma Radiolysis

Abstract : Noble metal clusters (Ag, Au) were formed in a silica aerogel matrix by gamma irradiation of hydrogel precursors loaded with aqueous solutions containing Ag+ or AuCl4 ions. Hydrogels exposed to gamma rays assumed the color expected for colloidal suspensions of Ag (respectively Au) clusters. The hydrogels were subsequently washed and supercritically dried, without any evident change in color, indicating that the metal clusters were not removed during drying. Typical gamma ray doses were between 3 and 3.5 kGy, and achieved complete reduction of hydrogels containing metal ion concentrations in the 10(exp -4) - 10(exp -3) M range. Metal clusters in the aerogel monoliths were characterized with optical absorption. transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These techniques have shown that the clusters have a crystalline fcc structure. Au clusters consist of pure Au, while surface oxidation of Ag clusters was observed with XPS.
Slope compensation and relative stability of peak current-mode controlled PWM dc-dc converters in CCM

Relative stability of the inner-current loop with slope compensation for peak-current mode controlled PWM dc-dc converters operating in CCM is analyzed. Expressions for required compensation slope and control current level to achieve a specified margin of stability are derived. Design procedure and Saber Sketch simulation results for a buck converter with the inner-current loop are presented to validate the theory presented.
Synchrotron Radiation Study on Alloy 617 and Alloy 230 for VHTR Application

High-energy synchrotron radiation has proven to be a powerful technique for investigating fundamental deformation processes for various materials, particularly metals and alloys. In this study, high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to evaluate Alloy 617 and Alloy 230, both of which are top candidate structural materials for the Very-High-Temperature Reactor (VHTR). Uniaxial tensile experiments using in-situ high-energy X-ray exposure showed the substantial advantages of this synchrotron technique. First, the small volume fractions of carbides, e.g. ∼6% of M6 C in Alloy 230, which are difficult to observe using lab-based X-ray machines or neutron scattering facilities, were successfully examined using high-energy X-ray diffraction. Second, the loading processes of the austenitic matrix and carbides were separately studied by analyzing their respective lattice strain evolutions. In the present study, the focus was placed on Alloy 230. Although the Bragg reflections from the γ matrix behave differently, the lattice strain measured from these reflections responds linearly to external applied stress. In contrast, the lattice strain evolution for carbides is more complicated. During the transition from the elastic to the plastic regime, carbide particles experience a dramatic loading process, and their internal stress rapidly reaches the maximum value that can be withstood. The internal stress for the particles then decreases slowly with increasing applied stress. This indicates a continued particle fracture process during plastic deformations of the γ matrix. The study showed that high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiation, as a non-destructive technique for in-situ measurement, can be applied to ongoing material research for nuclear applications.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy use in bladder cancer: A survey of current practice and opinions

Objectives. Level 1 evidence supports the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to improve overall survival in muscle invasive bladder cancer; however utilization rates remain low. The aims of our study were to determine factors associated with NAC use, to more clearly define reasons for low utilization, and to determine the current rate of NAC use among urologic oncologists. Materials and Methods. Active members of the Society for Urologic Oncology were provided a 20-question survey. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted for each question and univariate analysis was performed. Results. We achieved a response rate of 21%. Clinical T3/T4 disease was the most often selected reason for recommending NAC (87%). Concerns with recommending NAC were age and comorbidities (54%) followed by delay in surgery (35%). An association was identified between urologic oncologists who discussed NAC with >90% of their patients and medical oncologists “always” recommending NAC (P = 0.0009). NAC utilization rate was between 30 and 57%. Conclusions. Amongst this highly specialized group of respondents, clinical T3-T4 disease was the most common reason for implementation of NAC. Respondents who frequently discussed NAC were more likely to report their medical oncologist always recommending NAC. Reported NAC use was higher in this surveyed group (30–57%) compared with recently published rates.
Potential Iatrogenic Medial Meniscal Damage During Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy

Objective— To evaluate potential iatrogenic medial meniscal (MM) damage during tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and to establish a safe zone (SZ) for hypodermic needle (HN) identification of the medial aspect of the stifle joint. Study Design— Prospective cohort. Animals— Cadaveric canine stifles (n=40). Methods— HN (20 or 25 G) were inserted through the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the femorotibial joint and through the SZ insertion points. The medial meniscus was inspected for iatrogenic damage. Statistical comparison of MM damage caused by different needle sizes and insertion sites was performed using Fisher's exact test with significance at P<.05. Results—Twenty-gauge group: 65% of stifles had minor MM damage with MCL insertion compared with 35% of stifles with SZ insertion (P=.0049). Severe MM damage occurred in 25% of stifles with MCL insertion compared with 0% of stifles with SZ insertion (P=.0014). Twenty-five-gauge group: 85% of stifles had minor MM damage with MCL insertion compared with 30% after SZ insertion (P=.0011); however, no severe MM injury was noted. Conclusions— HN insertion though the MCL can produce iatrogenic damage to the MM. Use of a 25 G HN and SZ site for insertion reduced the frequency and severity of MM damage. Clinical Relevance— HN insertion into the medial aspect of the femorotibial joint during TPLO can cause gross iatrogenic MM damage, which may contribute to the incidence and misdiagnosis of latent MM injuries after TPLO.
Teaching Negotiation Using Web‐Based Streaming Video

This brief essay describes the author's experiences using web-based, streaming video technology in the Spring 2002 Legal Negotiation workshop at the University of Colorado's School of Law. He first describes the practical and pedagogical problems with traditional videotaping approaches that led him to consider streaming video. He then explains the project, how it was implemented, and its pedagogical costs and benefits. He also presents the results of a short survey of students indicating how useful the students found this feedback format. Appendix One describes the technical aspects of the project, including startup costs and the software and hardware used.
Differential effect of HIV infection and alcoholism on conflict processing, attentional allocation, and perceptual load: evidence from a Stroop Match-to-Sample task.

Background Alcoholism and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection each can impair components of selective attention, probably through disruption of the integrity of the frontoparietal neural systems that underlie conflict processing, attentional allocation, and perceptual load. Methods We studied 18 patients with alcoholism (ALC) alone, 19 with HIV infection alone (HIV), 20 with both disorders (H+A), and 19 healthy control subjects (CTL). We used a novel paradigm (Stroop Match-to-Sample tasks), in which subjects saw either a valid or invalid color cue before a target word, printed in a color that was either congruent or incongruent with the word's meaning. Results All groups showed a significant Stroop effect, cue-target color Match effect, and interaction between Match and Stroop, with an exaggerated Stroop effect for the Match condition. The HIV patients were comparable to CTL, whereas ALC showed mild delays, with further delays associated with comorbidity with HIV. Although H+A profited from a valid match to Stroop stimuli, they were compromised in disengaging attention from the invalidly cued color. Conclusions Impairment in conflict processing and attentional allocation in alcoholism suggests disruption of frontal-parietal attentional systems. Although HIV alone did not demonstrate detectable impairment in performance, HIV conferred liability on attentional processes when combined with alcohol abuse.
Promoting Exemplary Teaching: The Case of the U.S. Military Academy

Because military academies approach higher education from a special perspective and faculty are mostly military officers with special experiences of evaluation, they approach honoring teaching somewhat differently from other institutions.
Teaching Religious Diversity through Children's Literature

(2005). Teaching Religious Diversity through Children's Literature. Childhood Education: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 209-218.
Financing techniques and stadium subsidies in the United States

In the United States, recent times have witnessed the use of sports stadiums as a force for urban redevelopment. Stadiums and professional sports teams have been seen as capable of restoring econom...
The reactions of 1, 3-dimercaptopropane, lipoic acid, and dihydrolipoic acid with metal ions

Abstract Solid compounds of α-lipoic acid with Hg2+, and of dihydrolipoic acid and 1,3-dimercaptopropane with Ni2+ and Hg2+ have been prepared. For comparative purposes, qualitative studies have been carried out on the reactions of other metal ions (Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+ and Pb2+) with these sulfur compounds. With lipoic acid, the product formed readily with Hg2+, but photolytic or thermal cleavage of the disulfide link was necessary before any isolatable products were formed with the other cations. With dimercaptopropane and dihydrolipoic acid, products were formed with all the cations. The importance of these systems is related to the use of lipoic acid in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning.
Global Capitalism and its Anti-‘Human Face’: Organic Intellectuals and Interpretations of the Crisis

This article analyzes and theorizes the global crisis from the perspective of global capitalism theory. The crisis is unprecedented, given its magnitude, its global reach, the extent of ecological degradation and social deterioration, and the scale of the means of violence. If we are to avert disastrous outcomes, we must understand the nature of the new global capitalism as well as its crisis. The system-wide crisis will not be a repeat of earlier such episodes of crisis in the 1930s and the 1970s precisely because world capitalism is fundamentally different in the early twenty-first century. Among the qualitative shifts in the global system this article highlights are: (1) the rise of truly transnational capital and the integration of every country into a new globalized production and financial system; (2) the appearance of a transnational capitalist class; (3) the rise of transnational state apparatuses; (4) and the appearance of novel relations of inequality and domination in global society. The curren...
Carcinogenesis by RNA sarcoma viruses. XIV. Infection of stationary cultures with murine sarcoma virus (Harvey).

No focus-forming virus was produced after exposure of stationary mouse embryo cell cultures (achieved by removal of serum) to the marine sarcoma virus (Harvey) complex. Addition of serum to these infected stationary cultures resulted in MSV (Harvey) production following cell division. Cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, was found to inhibit subsequent virus production when added to stationary cultures immediately after exposure to virus. These results are compatible with a requirement for both cell division and non-S-phase DNA synthesis for the production of this virus complex, and show a marked parallelism to results previously obtained with the avian sarcoma complex.
Traveling wave solutions of the porous medium equation with degenerate interfaces

Abstract We prove the existence of a one-parameter family of solutions of the porous medium equation in which the interface is a half-plane which advances at constant speed.
Effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation on subcellular levels of catecholamine in the heart.

Abstract Studies were made to determine if neurally induced cardiac catecholamine loss is associated with depletion from a distinct subcellular site. Isolated perfused rabbit hearts with their left and right cardiac accelerans nerves intact were employed. Cardioacceleration was produced by stimulation of either of these nerves and dl -7-H 3 -norepinephrine, when employed, was administered intravenously 2 hr before removal of the heart from the animal. Following perfusion for 30 min atrial and left ventricular homogenates were prepared and separated into three fractions (coarse, particulate and soluble) by differential centrifugation and the concentration of either endogenous catecholamines or dl -7-H 3 -norepinephrine was determined in each fraction. Stimulation of the right cardiac accelerans nerve for either 5 or 10 min significantly reduced the concentrations of endogenous catecholamines in the soluble fractions of both atria and the left ventricle; the levels in the particulate fraction remained unchanged. Stimulation of the left cardiac accelerans nerve failed to affect catecholamine levels in any of the fractions studied. Hearts from animals receiving dl -7-H 3 -norepinephrine exhibited significant depletion of labeled norepinephrine only after 10 min of stimulation of the right cardiac accelerans nerve. This depletion occurred in the soluble fraction of the left ventricle as well as the particulate and soluble fractions of the atria. Depletion of both endogenous catecholamines and labeled norepinephrine (NE) following nerve stimulation could be prevented by the presence of cocaine (40 μg/ml) in the perfusion fluid. These results suggest that stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart initially releases catecholamines from the soluble fraction of the cell.
The Action Potential Clamp as a Test of Space-Clamp Effectiveness - The Lettvin Analog Axon

For a Lettvin analog axon, in which spurious currents due to inadequate space clamp are absent, the action potential clamp technique accurately reproduces the original stimulating current. The action potential generated for the first phase of the experiment is stored digitally. When this action potential waveform is used for the voltage clamp phase of the experiment, digital noise in the resultant current record is a factor of ten smaller than that of the reproduced current record. The requirement of rapid transition between the two experimental components for such experiments with squid giant axon is examined.
Reducing dislocation density in GaN films using a cone-shaped patterned sapphire substrate

Abstract The threading dislocation (TD) density in GaN films grown directly on flat sapphire substrates is typically >10 10 /cm 2 , which can deteriorate the properties of GaN-based LEDs significantly. This paper reports an approach to reducing the TD density in a GaN layer using a variety of patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). A cone-shaped PSS produced by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVCD) was used for GaN deposition. Three types of GaN specimens were prepared at the initial nucleation stage, middle growth stage and final growth stage. The TDs generated on the cone-shaped PSS were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a strain mapping simulation using HRTEM images, which evaluated the residual strain distribution. A large number of TDs were generated and the residual strain by the lattice distortions remained above the top of the cone-shaped regions. However, no TDs and residual strain were observed at the slope of the cone-shaped regions. This might be due to the formation of a GaN layer by lateral overgrowth at the slope of the cone-shaped regions, resulting in less lattice mismatch and incoherency between the GaN and sapphire. In conclusion, the TD density in the GaN layer could be reduced significantly, approximately 10 7 /cm 2 , using the cone-shaped PSS.
Measured and modeled wave overtopping on a natural beach

Abstract The rate of wave overtopping of a barrier beach is measured and modeled. Unique rate of wave overtopping field data are obtained from the measure of the Carmel River, California, lagoon filling during a time when the lagoon is closed-off with no river inflow. Volume changes are based on measured lagoon height changes applied to a measured hypsometric curve. Wave heights and periods are obtained from directional wave spectra data in 15 m fronting the beach. Beach morphology was measured by GPS walking surveys. Three empirical overtopping models by Van der Meer and Janssen (1995), Hedges and Reis (1998) and Pullen et al. (2007) with differing parameterizations on wave height, period and beach slope and calibrated using extensive laboratory data obtained over plane, impermeable beaches are applied in a quasi-2D manner and compared with the field observations. Three overtopping events are considered when morphology data were available less than 2 weeks prior to the event. The models are tuned to fit the data using a reduction factor to account for beach permeability, berm characteristics, non-normal wave incidence and surface roughness influence. In addition, the run-up model by Stockdon et al. (2006) based on field data is examined and found to underestimate run-up as the calculated values were too small to predict any of the observed overtopping. The three overtopping models performed similarly well with values of 0.72–0.87 for the two narrow-banded wave cases, with an average reduction factor of 0.78. The European model (Pullen et. al., 2007) performed best overall and in particular for the case of the broad-banded, double peaked wave spectrum.
Dermatomyositis with normal muscle enzymes: a single blind study of the diagnostic value of thallium-201 scanning

Background It is well documented that the classic cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis can precede the onset of muscle involvement or may occur in the absence of any detectable muscle disease by current diagnostic criteria. Thallium scanning has been reported to be a useful test in the evaluation of muscle disease in patients with dermatomyositis. Objective Our purpose was to examine the utility of thallium scanning in patients with dermatomyositis with normal muscle enzymes. Methods In this single blind study we used thallium-201 scanning to evaluate 5 patients who presented with classical clinicopathologic dermatomyositis but with normal levels of serum muscle enzymes. A positive control patient with active myositis and a negative control patient were also examined. Results All patients had muscle groups with decreased signal intensity on thallium scanning. Even the negative control patient demonstrated marked asymmetry of several different muscle groups. These results are very different from those previously reported. Conclusions Non-invasive radiologic examinations clearly have a role in the evaluation of patients with dermatomyositis sine myositis or dermatomyositis. We have previously reported that magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are useful adjunctive tests. However, thallium scanning does not seem to be useful in the evaluation of patients with dermatomyositis with normal muscle enzymes. Thallium scanning appears to be a very sensitive test. However, the abnormal findings on every patient, including the negative control patient, suggest a very low specificity.
Tyrosinase Activity and Isoenzymes in Developing Mushrooms

Tyrosinase activities and isoenzymes were monitored in developing mushrooms from small pins to the mature stage. Catechol oxidase activity varied but dihydroxy-o-phenylalanine (dopa) oxidase and tyrosinase activities decreased during development. Latent dopa oxidase activity, detected by including sodium dodecyl sulfate in the assay, increased with development of the mushrooms. The electrophoretic profile of dopa oxidase isoenzymes indicated that three forms were present in each developmental stage and that the amount of these three forms decreased with maturation of the fruiting body. The use of phenolic adsorbents to prevent discoloration of crude extracts resulted in decreased enzyme activities and the loss of specific isoenzyme forms.
Residents’ Morning Report in Psychiatry Training

A residents’ morning report, adapted from the traditional internal medicine model, was introduced into a psychiatry residency curriculum to supplement bedside teaching for junior residents during inpatient service rotations by focusing on case presentations, clinical reasoning, and evidence-based decision-making skills. This paper describes the design of the report and findings from surveys of residents who participated in the report over a 3-year period. The surveys demonstrate high levels of satisfaction with the exercise and offer insight into factors that may optimize or impede learning in the morning report setting in psychiatry.
Bilinguals at the “cocktail party”: Dissociable neural activity in auditory–linguistic brain regions reveals neurobiological basis for nonnative listeners’ speech-in-noise recognition deficits

Abstract We examined a consistent deficit observed in bilinguals: poorer speech-in-noise (SIN) comprehension for their nonnative language. We recorded neuroelectric mismatch potentials in mono- and bi-lingual listeners in response to contrastive speech sounds in noise. Behaviorally, late bilinguals required ∼10 dB more favorable signal-to-noise ratios to match monolinguals’ SIN abilities. Source analysis of cortical activity demonstrated monotonic increase in response latency with noise in superior temporal gyrus (STG) for both groups, suggesting parallel degradation of speech representations in auditory cortex. Contrastively, we found differential speech encoding between groups within inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)—adjacent to Broca’s area—where noise delays observed in nonnative listeners were offset in monolinguals. Notably, brain-behavior correspondences double dissociated between language groups: STG activation predicted bilinguals’ SIN, whereas IFG activation predicted monolinguals’ performance. We infer higher-order brain areas act compensatorily to enhance impoverished sensory representations but only when degraded speech recruits linguistic brain mechanisms downstream from initial auditory-sensory inputs.
Separating Law and Professional Practice From Politics The Uniform Guidelines Then and Now

The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures have not changed since being promulgated by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and three other agencies in 1978, even though assessment psychology and adverse impact law have evolved. Introducing the symposium, this article suggests that political conflict prevented the Guidelines from being revised in the 1980s and 1990s and could prevent modification from occurring in the future. Instead of relying exclusively on the Guidelines, managers directing selection processes should periodically monitor legal developments and research trends that are reshaping assessment practice.
Spectrometric System for Characterizing Drop and Powder Trajectories and Chemistry in Reactive Flows

An instrument for emission, fluorescence, and scattering diagnostics of a 22 kW gas/air thermal reactor is described. Z-pair parabolic mirrors provide diffraction-limited imaging in field center, with worst-case blur over a 12.8 mm field of view having a radius of 0.044 mm rms. Either full-field filtered or transverse line dispersed viewing can occur simultaneously. Dispersion is achieved using a 2-m spectrograph f-matched to the feed optics. Examples of data show non-axisymmetric flow in a nominally laminar flow system, drop shapes in situ, and Mie scattering from soot.
Slow-light, band-edge waveguides for tunable time delays.

We propose the use of slow-light, band-edge waveguides for compact, integrated, tunable optical time delays. We show that slow group velocities at the photonic band edge give rise to large changes in time delay for small changes in refractive index, thereby shrinking device size. Figures of merit are introduced to quantify the sensitivity, as well as the accompanying signal degradation due to dispersion. It is shown that exact calculations of the figures of merit for a realistic, three-dimensional grating structure are well predicted by a simple quadratic-band model, simplifying device design. We present adiabatic taper designs that attain <0.1% reflection in short lengths of 10 to 20 times the grating period. We show further that cascading two gratings compensates for signal dispersion and gives rise to a constant tunable time delay across bandwidths greater than 100 GHz. Given typical loss values for silicon-on-insulator waveguides, we estimate that gratings can be designed to exhibit tunable delays in the picosecond range using current fabrication technology.
Diagnosing cervical spine instability: role of the post-computed tomography scan out-of-collar lateral radiograph.

Abstract Background Cervical spine injuries may have devastating neurological consequences, which makes accurate diagnosis of injury a key part of the trauma evaluation. Imaging plays a significant role in making the diagnosis and guiding management. Current American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria guidelines recommend computed tomography (CT) of the cervical spine with multi-planar reformats as the highest-rated imaging examination for patients meeting clinical criteria, without subsequent need for further imaging with a negative scan in a neurologically intact and non-obtunded patient. Although CT is fast and accurate for evaluation of bony injury, it may overlook ligamentous injury. Objective and Case Report We report a case in which ligamentous instability was demonstrated as subluxation with an out-of-collar lateral radiograph after a CT scan showed no subluxation or fracture in a patient without neurological deficits. Our Radiology Department routinely performs an out-of-collar lateral radiograph after a negative CT scan, and this case suggests that there may be an important role for this practice. Conclusion Magnetic resonance is the optimal study for soft tissue and ligamentous evaluation; however, a simple lateral out-of-collar radiograph after CT clearance, in an otherwise neurologically intact and non-obtunded patient, may be a quick and cost-effective means to assess for instability of the cervical spine.
Sulfhydryl chemistry detects three conformations of the lipid binding region of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase.

Site-specific disulfide cross-linking experiments detected a conformational change within the C-terminal segment of Escherichia coli pyruvate oxidase (PoxB), a lipid-activated homotetrameric enzyme, upon substrate binding [Chang, Y.-Y., & Cronan, J. E., Jr. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7896−7901]. The C-terminal lipid binding regions were cross-linked only in the presence of the substrate, pyruvate, and the thiamine pyrophosphate cofactor, indicating close proximity of a pair of C termini. We have now systematically substituted cysteine at 18 additional amino acid positions within the C-terminal region to obtain a panel of 21 proteins each having a single residue changed to cysteine. These proteins have been studied by disulfide cross-linking and by accessibility of the cysteine side chain to a variety of sulfhydryl agents. In the absence of pyruvate, the cysteine residues of the modified PoxB proteins failed to form disulfide bonds, generally failed to react with a large and rigid hydrophilic sulfhydryl re...
Autoantibody disturbances in affective disorders: a function of age and gender?

Abstract Background : Numerous investigators have reported increased autoantibodies to a wide variety of native antigens in patients with affective disorders. However, association of autoimmunity with affective subtypes, mood state, psychotropic medications, age, and gender has not been extensively explored. Methods : The present study assessed 79 bipolar I, 24 bipolar II, and 46 unipolar major depression patients along with 22 healthy, nonpsychiatric controls for the presence of serum antinuclear (ANA), anti-double stranded DNA, antithyroid microsomal, antithyroglobulin, anticardiolipin (ACA) IgM, and ACA IgG antibodies. Results : Consistent with their higher prevalence of autoimmune disease, women exhibited increased levels of ANA and ACA IgM compared to men. ACA IgG antibody titers also increased significantly with age. Contrary to prior reports of general, overall increases in autoantibodies and specific increases in ANA and antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients, we did not see a significant association between any of the autoantibodies and affective subtype, mood state, or psychotropic medications. Limitations : Affective subgroups were heterogeneous with respect to psychotropic medications, affective state, age, and gender in this retrospective analysis. Subgroup sample size was insufficient to determine whether interactions of these clinical variables may have influenced results. Conclusion : These results suggest that gender and age may have more influence on autoantibodies than affective diagnosis, affective state, or medications.
Circulation and boundary layers in differentially heated rotating stratified fluid

Recent laboratory experiments with rotating stratified water in a cylinder have revealed many of the predictions of linearized, analytic theory. Earlier measurements of the velocity field generated in a cylinder by top heating compared well with theory. Large stratification clearly suppressed Ekman pumping so that the interior velocity field (primarily azimuthal) responded by satisfying no-slip top and bottom boundary conditions without the need for Ekman layers. This interior flow also occupied a boundary layer of greater thickness than the Ekman layer under some conditions. Theory and experiments have now been conducted for sidewall heating. As before, experiment and theory agree well over some parameter ranges. But for some parameters, the flow is unstable. The exact nature of the instability remains poorly understood. The size of one combination of both vertical and horizontal boundary layers is governed by the Rossby radius of deformation multiplied by the square root of the Prandtl number. Sidewall boundary layers and their scales will be reviewed with the present results in mind.