cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grassland: Seasonal variability and effects of environment and host plants

The seasonal dynamics of a community of endomycorrhizal fungal morphotypes in the roots of three grassland species (Achillea millefolium, Poa angustifolia, Plantago lanceolata) was evaluated, together with the effects of experimental treatment (mowing and phosphorus application) and the host plant properties.
ANTIRADICAL EFFICIENCY OF TEA COMPONENTS

Tea contains antioxidant compounds, such as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallic acid and caffeine. The antioxidant activity of these compounds as well as 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (the major metabolite of caffeine) was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The antiradical ability according to the EC50 was EGCG > ECG > EGC > gallic acid > EC > BHT > 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid > caffeine. The time for these compounds to reach the steady state was considered, and the concept of antioxidant efficiency (AE50) involving the EC50 and the time to reach the steady state was used to evaluate the antiradical efficacy. The order of antiradical efficiency according to AE50 was ECG gallic acid > EGCG > EC > EGC > BHT > 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid > caffeine.
DISTINCT SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM (HYP) ON GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR (GHR) & GH-BINDING PROTEIN (GHBP) GENE TRANSCRIPTION IN THE RAT

While the role of thyroid hormones(TH) in the transcriptional regulation of a wide variety of genes is well documented, its role in the regulation of the GHR and GH-binding protein (GHBP) gene is not known. To study the effect of HYP on the transcription of the GHR & GHBP gene, we induced HYP by thyroidectomy in male(HYP/♂) and female(HYP/♀) rats (n=6 each group) and four wks later compared them to age and sex matched euthyroid control rats. Compared to the control group, the HYP rats had decreased T4 (mean ± SD, 7.0 ± 1.4 vs 2.3 ± 0.8 μg/dl, p <0.01) and increased TSH (63 ± 3 vs 3 ± 0.5 ng/ml, p<0.01). After extraction of total RNA, steady state levels of mRNA for GHR & GHBP in liver were measured by northern analysis and ribonuclease protection assay. Whereas levels of hepatic GHR & GHBP mRNA were decreased (p <0.01) in HYP/♂ rats, levels of hepatic GHR & GHBP mRNA were increased (p <0.01) in HYP/♀ rats when each group was compared to its appropriate controls. These differences could not be attributed to differences in circulating levels of GH (9.8 ± 2.7 vs 13.4 ± 13.1 ng/ml, HYP/♀ vs HYP/♂). We conclude that (1) TH affects the transcription of GHR & GHBP genes, and (2) there is distinct sexual dimorhpism in the effect of HYP on GHR/GHBP gene transcription.
Structure of catabolite activator protein with cobalt(II) and sulfate.

The crystal structure of cyclic AMP–catabolite activator protein (CAP) from Escherichia coli containing cobalt(II) chloride and ammonium sulfate is reported at 1.97 A resolution. Each of the two CAP subunits in the asymmetric unit binds one cobalt(II) ion, in each case coordinated by N-terminal domain residues His19, His21 and Glu96 plus an additional acidic residue contributed via a crystal contact. The three identified N-terminal domain cobalt-binding residues are part of a region of CAP that is important for transcription activation at class II CAP-dependent promoters. Sulfate anions mediate additional crystal lattice contacts and occupy sites corresponding to DNA backbone phosphate positions in CAP–DNA complex structures.
God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia

God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia. Kenneth A. R. Kennedy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.480 pp.
Human Eosinophil Major Basic Protein 2: Location of Disulfide Bonds and Free Sulfhydryl Groups

Eosinophil granule major basic protein 2 (MBP2 or major basic protein homolog) is a paralog of major basic protein (MBP1) and, similar to MBP1, is cytotoxic and cytostimulatory in vitro. MBP2, a small protein of 13,433 Da molecular weight, contains 10 cysteine residues. Mass spectrometry shows two cystine disulfide linkages (Cys20–Cys115 and Cys92–Cys107) and 6 cysteine residues with free sulfhydryl groups (Cys2, Cys23, Cys42, Cys43, Cys68, and Cys96). MBP2, similar to MBP1, has conserved motifs in common with C-type lectins. The disulfide bond locations are conserved among human MBP1, MBP2 and C-type lectins.
The Analysis of Patterns of Social Interaction

A method is described for revealing patterns of social interaction. The procedure involves ordering groups by some principle, such as the total initiation rate of members within groups, and then examining the clusters of covariation. Two types of patterns are expected: those of like or common r esponses, and those of complementary responses. The analysis used to illustrate the method indicates both patterns. Limitations of the procedure are discussed and the method is judged to be crude but possibly the necessary first step before more detailed analyses will yield interpretable results. Social interaction, as commonly viewed,. implies theories of reciprocity, complementarity, and mutuality of response. For example: A question implies an answer. A statement implies some acknowledgem-ient of the communication. A hostile act is countered or allaye(l. People laugh together. Such (lescriptiotis already are abstractions, concepts of patterns of social interaction. The statement that a question implies an answer could be refined into a probabilistic proposition. Additional facts could be brought to bear to examine the conditions under which a question is more likely to elicit an answer than others, and a "theory" could be formulated. In social interaction differentiated types of participation develop that can be given names to identify them within the structure. For example, the group may involve a differentiation in superordination and subordination. A leader may emerge. There are followers. * This research was supported by the United States Air Force under Contract AF49 (638)-195 at New York University and Contract AF-AFOSR 62-16 at the University of Wisconsin, monitored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the Air Research and Development Command. Research assistants at NYU were John Stimnson, Robert Guerrin, Gerald Marwell, and Ardyth Stimson. I am grateful to Joy Hadden and Joanne Cowan at UW for as.sistance in the completion of the research. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.29 on Tue, 12 Apr 2016 08:55:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Two stack dynamic memory allocation

A new technique in the creation of the stack frame of a function has been developed with the capability of storing dynamic variables in the same area as local variables. This innovation permits the writing of an array declaration in C/C++ type languages, such as: int arr[n]; to be used within a function in the cases where: 1) n is a constant or, 2) n is a variable with a run time calculated value. Stack allocation as it is currently implemented, allows for run-time variable storing only when a function is called (activated). It does not permit changing the size of the area while the function is executing. This paper illustrates how this disadvantage can be overcome. As a result existence of the heap may no longer be necessary. Furthermore, the authors have developed the capability within object-oriented languages of passing dynamically allocated variables or arrays to the calling function. A high-level language which uses this method of compiling will be simpler, and have the ability to create more compact, efficient, and effective code without losing the strengths and capabilities of existent languages.
The pro-apoptotic kinase Mst1 and its caspase cleavage products are direct inhibitors of Akt1

Akt kinases mediate cell growth and survival. Here, we report that a pro-apoptotic kinase, Mst1/STK4, is a physiological Akt1 interaction partner. Mst1 was identified as a component of an Akt1 multiprotein complex isolated from lipid raft-enriched fractions of LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Endogenous Mst1, along with its paralog, Mst2, acted as inhibitors of endogenous Akt1. Surprisingly, mature Mst1 as well as both of its caspase cleavage products, which localize to distinct subcellular compartments and are not structurally homologous, complexed with and inhibited Akt1. cRNAs encoding full-length Mst1, and N- and C-terminal caspase Mst1 cleavage products, reverted an early lethal phenotype in zebrafish development induced by expression of membrane-targeted Akt1. Mst1 and Akt1 localized to identical subcellular sites in human prostate tumors. Mst1 levels declined with progression from clinically localized to hormone refractory disease, coinciding with an increase in Akt activation with transition from hormone naive to hormone-resistant metastases. These results position Mst1/2 within a novel branch of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway and suggest an important role in cancer progression.
Spatio-temporal contextual classification of remotely sensed multispectral data

A spatio-temporal contextual classifier that can utilize both spatial and temporal information is investigated. Experiments carried out with Landsat TM data are reported. They show that spatial correlation contexts are more useful than the other contexts. The use of the homogeneity test followed by a selective application of the contextual rule is more effective than the totally recursive case in the sense of both classification accuracy and computation. Classification performance is compared with that of the maximum-likelihood classifier and the ECHO (extraction and classification of homogeneous objects) classifier. >
Random telegraph signals in small MOSFETs after X-ray irradiation

The random telegraph signals (RTSs) in small MOSFETs before and after X-ray irradiation and after annealing have been studied. It is believed that the RTSs arise from the trapping/detrapping of individual defect(s) near the SiO/sub 2//Si interface. The key results from this study are: (1) RTSs existed prior to X-ray irradiation in both weak inversion and strong inversion due to process-induced defects, (2) X-ray irradiation causes the disappearance of the original RTS and the appearance of new RTS with different emission time constants, (3) X-ray irradiation also causes high frequency current fluctuations with much more irregular amplitude distribution than the slower RTSs, (4) annealing at 200-300 degrees C in nitrogen removes most of the high frequency component and reveals more clearly some of the radiation-induced RTSs, and (5) annealing at 400 degrees C essentially removes all of the radiation-induced RTSs, but causes the reappearance of one set of the original RTS traces in strong inversion. >
Proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases are expressed in the subacromial bursa in patients with rotator cuff disease.

Purpose: The pathophysiology of subacromial impingement syndrome is poorly understood. We investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteases, and the cyclooxygenases in the subacromial bursa in control patients and in patients with rotator cuff tear. Type of Study: Basic science evaluation. Methods: Eighteen patients undergoing shoulder surgery had a subacromial bursa biopsy examination. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I (study group) had 10 patients with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (RCT). Group II (control group) had 8 patients. Seven of 8 underwent shoulder arthroscopy with anterior capsular reconstruction for instability; 1 of 8 underwent open reduction internal fixation for acute proximal humerus fracture. None of the patients in group II had any history of symptoms or signs consistent with subacromial impingement. H&E and immunohistochemical antibody (MMP-1, MMP-9, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-1, and COX-2) stained specimens were examined by 2 blinded observers using a histologic scale (grade 0=no staining to grade 4=intense staining). Results: Histologic evidence of inflammation was present in all patients with RCT (group I). No or mild inflammation was noted in group II. The average staining grade for inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and proteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-9) was significantly more pronounced in the RCT group ( P P Conclusions: A high level of expression of inflammatory cytokines, proteinases, and cyclooxygenase enzymes, known to produce a catabolic environment, is present in the subacromial bursa of patients with rotator cuff tear. Clinical Relevance: These findings support the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids in RCT treatment, and emphasize the importance of subacromial bursectomy to reduce inflammation in RCT surgery.
On the interdependence of distributed topology control and geographical routing in ad hoc and sensor networks

Since ad hoc and sensor networks can be composed of a very large number of devices, the scalability of network protocols is a major design concern. Furthermore, network protocols must be designed to prolong the battery lifetime of the devices. However, most existing routing techniques for ad hoc networks are known not to scale well. On the other hand, the so-called geographical routing algorithms are known to be scalable but their energy efficiency has never been extensively and comparatively studied. In a geographical routing algorithm, data packets are forwarded by a node to its neighbor based on their respective positions. The neighborhood of each node is constituted by the nodes that lie within a certain radio range. Thus, from the perspective of a node forwarding a packet, the next hop depends on the width of the neighborhood it perceives. The analytical framework proposed in this paper allows to analyze the relationship between the energy efficiency of the routing tasks and the extension of the range of the topology knowledge for each node. A wider topology knowledge may improve the energy efficiency of the routing tasks but increases the cost of topology information due to signaling packets needed to acquire this information. The problem of determining the optimal topology knowledge range for each node to make energy efficient geographical routing decisions is tackled by integer linear programming. It is shown that the problem is intrinsically localized, i.e., a limited topology knowledge is sufficient to make energy efficient forwarding decisions. The leading forwarding rules for geographical routing are compared in this framework, and the energy efficiency of each of them is studied. Moreover, a new forwarding scheme, partial topology knowledge forwarding (PTKF), is introduced, and shown to outperform other existing schemes in typical application scenarios. A probe-based distributed protocol for knowledge range adjustment (PRADA) is finally introduced that allows each node to efficiently select online its topology knowledge range. PRADA is shown to rapidly converge to a near-optimal solution.
Endometriosis of the retrocervical septum is proposed to replace the anatomically incorrect term endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum

We propose that the term retrocervical septum be added to the medical lexicon to designate the anatomic location of endometriosis of the septum that separates the vagina and posterior vaginal fornix from the rectovaginal pouch of Douglas. Use of the terms retrocervical septum and endometriosis of the retrocervical septum would correct the century-long misuse of the anatomically incorrect term, endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum.
Review - Stability of Transport and Rate Processes

About fifty years ago, the Turing instability demonstrated that even simple reaction-diffusion systems might lead to spatial order and differentiation, while the Rayleigh-Benard instability showed that the maintenance of nonequilibrium might be the source of order in fluids subjected to a thermodynamic force above a critical value. Therefore, distance from global equilibrium in the form of magnitude of a thermodynamic force emerges as another constraint of stability; some systems may enhance perturbations, and evolve to highly organized states called the dissipative structures after a critical distance on the thermodynamic branch. Although the kinetics and transport coefficients represent short-range interactions, chemical instabilities may lead to long-range order and coherent time behavior, such as a chemical clock, known as Hopf bifurcation. Stability analyses of linear and nonlinear modes for stationary homogeneous systems are useful in understanding the formation of organized structures. This review presents the stability of equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems of transport and rate processes with some case studies. It underlines the relationships between complex behavior and stability of systems using the classical and nonequilibrium thermodynamics approaches.
Therapeutic choices in the current millennium: Hemophilia workshop highlights

Many issues affect hemophilia care providers when managing bleeding episodes in individuals with hemophilia. A diverse group of hemophilia providers from the United States met at two workshops to discuss the issues influencing treatment choices in the current millennium and to learn about current advances in treatment of hemophilia. This paper provides a summary of the discussions at these workshops. Despite the progress made in the management of patients with hemophilia, the workshop highlighted the fact that there were still many unanswered questions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45:611–615. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metabolic characteristics of long-lived mice

Genetic suppression of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) can extend longevity in worms, insects, and mammals. In laboratory mice, mutations with the greatest, most consistent, and best documented positive impact on lifespan are those that disrupt growth hormone (GH) release or actions. These mutations lead to major alterations in IIS but also have a variety of effects that are not directly related to the actions of insulin or insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). Long-lived GH-resistant GHRKO mice with targeted disruption of the GH receptor gene, as well as Ames dwarf (Prop1df) and Snell dwarf (Pit1dw) mice lacking GH (along with prolactin and TSH), are diminutive in size and have major alterations in body composition and metabolic parameters including increased subcutaneous adiposity, increased relative brain weight, small liver, hypoinsulinemia, mild hypoglycemia, increased adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity, and reduced serum lipids. Body temperature is reduced in Ames, Snell, and female GHRKO mice. Indirect calorimetry revealed that both Ames dwarf and GHRKO mice utilize more oxygen per gram (g) of body weight than sex- and age-matched normal animals from the same strain. They also have reduced respiratory quotient (RQ), implying greater reliance on fats, as opposed to carbohydrates, as an energy source. Differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) were seen in animals fed or fasted during the measurements as well as in animals that had been exposed to 30% calorie restriction or every-other-day feeding. However, at the thermoneutral temperature of 30°C, VO2 did not differ between GHRKO and normal mice. Thus, the increased metabolic rate of the GHRKO mice, at a standard animal room temperature of 23°C, is apparently related to increased energy demands for thermoregulation in these diminutive animals. We suspect that increased oxidative metabolism combined with enhanced fatty acid oxidation contribute to the extended longevity of GHRKO mice.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN GROWTH AND RESPIRATION IN THE AVENA COLEOPTILE

1. The growth of Avena coleoptile sections in sucrose and auxin solutions is inhibited by various substances which are known to act as dehydrogenase inhibitors. 2. Iodoacetate, which is particularly active in this connection, inhibits all growth at a concentration of 5 x 10–5 M, but produces only a slight inhibition of oxygen uptake. 3. The growth inhibition by iodoacetate is completely removed by malate and fumarate, and to a lesser extent by succinate and pyruvate. 4. These acids themselves increase the effect of auxin on growth and also increase the respiration of the coleoptile sections, but only if auxin is present. 5. When sections have been soaked in malate or fumarate, the addition of auxin considerably increases the total respiration. Further, the concentration range over which this increase takes place parallels that active in promoting growth. 6. The four-carbon acids provide a respiratory system which is part of the chain of growth processes, and which is in some way catalyzed by auxin. It represents a small but variable fraction of the total respiration.
Environmental Effects on Crack Characteristics for OSG Materials

To improve capacitance delay performance of the advanced back-end-of-line (BEOL) structures, low dielectric constant organosilicate glass (OSG) has emerged as the predominant choice for intermetal insulator. The material has a characteristic tensile residual stress and low fracture toughness. A potential failure mechanism for this class of low-k dielectric films is catastrophic fracture due to channel cracking. During fabrication, channel cracks can also form in a time-dependent manner due to exposure to a particular environmental condition, commonly known as stress-corrosion cracking. Within this work, the environmental impacts of pressure, ambient, temperature, solution pH, and solvents upon the channel cracking of OSG thin films are characterized. Storage under high vacuum conditions and exposure to flowing dry nitrogen gas can significantly lower crack propagation rates. Cracking rates experience little fluctuation as a function of solution pH; however, exposure to aqueous solutions can increase the growth rate by three orders of magnitude.
On the structure and morphology of the seed Pachytesta muncii N. SP. (Medullosales)

Cichan, M.A. and Taylor, T.N., 1981. On the structure and morphology of the seed Pachytesta muncii n. sp. (Medullosales). Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 34: 359--367. A new species of the pteridosperm seed Pachytesta is described from sediments of the Lower Pennsylvanian of Kentucky. The seed is approximately 3.0 cm long and 2.0 cm wide at the mid-level. The integument consists of a broad sarcotesta with twelve peripheral vascular bundles, a fibrous sclerotesta of variable thickness, and a narrow endotesta which is poorly preserved. Fibrous trabeculae, which are continuous with the sclerotesta, traverse the commissured primary ribs in the upper third of the seed. Anatomically, Pachytesta muncii n. sp. is most similar to P. vera, differing only with respect to overall size, degree of integumentary vascularization, and general histology of the nucellar stalk. It is suggested that P. muncii was produced by the seed fern Medullosa anglica on the basis of their common occurrence at the Lewis Creek coal ball locality.
Breast feeding and children's intelligence.

Breast feeding was reported in 1992 by Lucas, et al. to provide advantages for the development of intelligence in children of low birth weight, possibly through nutrients or other biological factors found in human breast milk but not cow's milk. Research on breast feeding and intelligence in children of normal birth weight has yielded mixed results, probably because measurement of environmental influences has not been thorough and the range of intelligence components measured has been limited. Our research with 204 3-year-old children of normal birth weight included control measures for the environment and maternal intelligence (Hollings-head socioeconomic status, Home Observation for the Measured Environment, Shipley) and two measures of childhood intelligence (Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised). Controlling for environmental variables and maternal intelligence, initiation of breast feeding predicted scores on intelligence tests at age three. Breast feeding was ass...
Young Children Making Sense of Racial and Ethnic Differences: A Sociocultural Approach

The research on young children and race has previously relied on Piagetian developmental concepts to describe ages and stages in the development of children’s racial and ethnic understandings, leaving uninvestigated the situated meaning and consequences of children’s learning. Drawing from a qualitative study of young children’s (ages 3.5 to 5.5) day-to-day experiences with racial and ethnic diversity in an early childhood classroom, this article takes a critical sociocultural approach to examine children’s language and social interactions. Classroom participant observation and interviews with six focal students revealed children actively constructing understandings by appropriating various social tools. The children in this study enacted racial and ethnic identities, constructed theories about how differences operate, formed peer groups, and made sense of the multitude of messages they received about diversity.
Recovery of stream ecosystem metabolism from historical agriculture

AbstractAgriculture has influenced southern Appalachian streams for centuries, but recent socioeconomic trends in the region have led to extensive reforestation of agricultural land. Stream ecosystem metabolism might recover from agricultural influence as watersheds undergo reforestation, particularly when shade from terrestrial vegetation is restored. We determined historical (1950) and current (1993) forest cover in 2nd- and 3rd-order watersheds in 4 counties of the southern Appalachians using a geographic information system. Streams were placed into landuse categories based on % forested land cover in watersheds and riparian zones. Categories included forested (FOR; >98% forested) and 3 levels of agriculture (AG; ranging from 95% forest to <60% forest) with no change in % forest over the past 50 y, and 2 levels of recovery from agriculture (REC) indicated by reforestation after land abandonment. We selected 3 streams from each category and measured gross primary production (GPP) and 24-h respiration (R...
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a worldwide effort to construct a next-generation long-baseline neutrino experiment based at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. It is a merger of previous efforts and other interested parties to build, operate, and exploit a staged 40 kt liquid argon detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility 1300 km from Fermilab, and a high precision near detector, exposed to a 1.2 MW, tunable beam produced by the PIP-II upgrade by 2024, evolving to a power of 2.3 MW by 2030. The neutrino oscillation physics goals and the status of the collaboration and project are summarized in this paper.
Computational Techniques for Biological Fluids: From Blood Vessel Scale to Blood Cells

Simulation of flows in the cardiovascular system faces many challenges. Chief among these is the issue of treatment of blood flow at disparate scales. For blood flows through large vessels a Newtonian homogeneous fluid model can be adequate, while in the capillaries and in orifices and constrictions individual blood cells and interactions among blood cells assume importance. Another important feature of flows in the cardiovascular system or in the presence of cardiovascular prostheses is the interaction of blood with moving boundaries (e.g. arterial walls, heart, heart valves, and ventricular assist devices). Computational fluid dynamics has made significant progress in tackling these challenges to the extent that it is now feasible to calculate flows through parts of the cardiovascular system with a great degree of fidelity and physiological realism. This chapter presents fundamental aspects of the demands on and capabilities of numerical solution techniques for solving a variety of blood flow phenomena. Large scale flows with significant fluid inertia and small scale flows with individual blood cells are covered. Applications of the methods and sample results are shown to illustrate the state-of-the-art of computations in cardiovascular biofluid dynamics.
Strumal carcinoid of the ovary: ultrastructural observations and long-term follow-up study.

Herein is reported an ovarian strumal carcinoid in a mature teratoma from a 54-year-old woman. Ultrastructural examination revealed numerous electron-dense intracellular granules, which were interpreted as neurosecretory granules. They corresponded to argyrophil granules observed by light microscopy and were identified within neoplastic cells arranged in both follicular and trabecular patterns. These findings corroborate the contention that the strumal carcinoid itself is a pure neuroendocrine tumor devoid of thyroid follicular epithelium, but do not disprove its possible origin from parafollicular cells of adjacent teratomatous thyroid tissue. There was no recurrence of tumor during the 20½ years the patient was followed.
Burns of the foot.

The most severe trauma a patient can sustain is a major burn. When a person is seriously burned, initial care begins with maintaining an adequate airway and adequate blood volume and urinary output by intravenous fluids. After the patient has been stabilized, the wound is of primary importance, and postage stamp split thickness grafts are used for skin coverage. When these are secure and a maximal range of motion has been obtained, reconstructive procedures should be started.
A GENETIC BASED SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR THE PHSP WITH UNEQUAL BATCH SIZE INBOUND TRAILERS

This paper considers the parcel hub scheduling problem (PHSP) with unequal batch size inbound trailers, which is a combinatorial optimization problem commonly found in a parcel consolidation terminal in the parcel delivery industry (PDI). The problem consists of processing a large number of inbound trailers at a much smaller number of unload docks. The parcels in the inbound trailers must be unloaded, sorted and transferred to the load docks, and loaded onto the outbound trailers. Because the transfer operation is labor intensive and the PDI operates in a time-sensitive environment, the unloading, sorting, transferring, and loading of the parcels must be done in such a way as to minimize the timespan of the transfer operation. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the PHSP. An experimental analysis shows that the algorithm is able to produce solution results that are within 17% of the lower bound, 16% better than a competing heuristic, and 24% better than random scheduling.
Endocrine Interrelationnship and Spontaneous Tumors of the Adrenal Cortex in NH Mice

SummaryThe occurrence of spontaneous estrogen-secreting tumors of the adrenal cortex can be correlated with early cessation of ovarian activity in the NH stock. Estrogen is probably secreted by the adrenal cortex even preceding adenoma formation. Gonadotrophic hormone enhanced estrogenic secretory activity of cortical adenomas.
Orientations of the Bishops of Colombia toward Social Development, 1930–1970

The purpose of this article is to study the orientations of the Roman Catholic bishops of Colombia toward social development between 1930 and 1970. Social development is defined as the growth of pluralism and social justice. By pluralism is meant the recognition by the bishops that religious and secular organi zations within and outside the Catholic Church can contribute to the welfare of the nation without the bishops' claiming the need of their own participation in the decision processes of these organizations; in other words, the recognition that organizations can contribute independently from the bishops to the welfare of the nation.1 One could say that the more organizations that are recognized without claims of interference, the more pluralism there is. Social justice refers to the fair distribution of material and nonmaterial wealth and rewards. This article will deal only with the orientation of the bishops toward two important aspects of social justice which affect a large part of Colombia's popula tion: land reform and job and salary reform. Historically, the Catholic Church in Colombia wielded an enormous political and economic power.2 Undoubtedly, the
Comparative activities of aspartate transcarbamylase in various tissues of the rat.

SummaryAspartate transcarbamylase activity was measured in various tissues of Holtzman rats. The distribution of this enzyme is correlated with mitotic activity in all tissues except brain.
Laser-imposed phase in resonant absorption of an isolated attosecond pulse

We calculate resonant absorption line shapes in helium atoms subject to the combination of an attosecond pulse of XUV radiation and a delayed, few-cycle infrared (IR) laser pulse. We are in particular interested in how the resonant features evolve with the delay between the fields and with increasing IR intensity. We first compare the single-atom absorption calculated by a nonperturbative solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation (TDSE) to a simple model in which the resonant absorption is modified only by a laser-imposed phase (LIP) that originates in the instantaneous ac Stark shift of the resonant state. We find that the LIP model can explain many features of the resonant absorption, including the direction of the resonance energy shift and the onset of dispersive line shapes with increasing IR intensity. We also find, however, that the LIP model predicts the energy shifts and the line shapes only qualitatively when the resonant states are strongly IR coupled to nearby states. We then use a coupled solution of the Maxwell wave equation and the TDSE to examine how the line shapes are modified by propagation effects at helium densities such that the resonant absorption is strong. We find that when the resonant absorption saturates, their line shapes are strongly modified due to reshaping of the attosecond pulse time profile during propagation. This in turn alters the ultrafast absorption and emission dynamics.
Drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction.

To the Editor: Mauri et al. (Sept. 25 issue)1 report lower 2-year mortality rates among patients presenting in 2003–2004 with acute myocardial infarction who were selected for treatment with drug-eluting stents than among those selected for treatment with bare-metal stents. However, the fundamental question of causality between use of drug-eluting stents and mortality cannot be answered in this observational study. The rate of use of drug-eluting stents in the study was 55.6%, which is much lower than the national average of 90% in the same period.2 Although the recognition and avoidance of off-label use by academic cardiologists in Massachusetts may be part of the reason for the lower rate in the study by Mauri et al., it is also possible that drug-eluting stents were systematically avoided in patients who were perceived to have a poor prognosis and therefore less potential gain, such as those who were terminally ill, had a poor general health status, or had advanced coexisting conditions. Thus, before one speculates about the putative mechanisms underlying the observed survival advantage of drug-eluting stents over bare-metal stents, perhaps one should first investigate the reason behind the below-average use of drug-eluting stents in this cohort. Brian Y.L. Wong, M.D.
Immobilization and Treatment of Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy for Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcoma

Abstract The treatment of extremity soft-tissue sarcoma has evolved considerably over the years. Previously, the preferred treatment was radical resection or amputation. Recently, radiation therapy combined with conservative resection has been shown to provide adequate tumor control while preserving a functional limb. Often, a large volume of tissue is irradiated in a manner that requires the patient to be in a reproducible position. Minimizing patient movement is imperative to ensure that the prescribed dose is delivered to the designated target volume. At our institution, Alpha Cradles® * have been routinely used for eight years to aid in positioning extremity sarcoma patients. The positioning of the patient for tumors at different locations in the extremity and the Alpha Cradle® fabrication is described. The positioning device is comfortable for the patient and the accuracy is verified by comparison of simulation films with weekly port films.
The Church and the Empire

The British Government established the Central African Federation in 1953 with the aim of furthering the economic growth of the territories of Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and Southern Rhodesia while simultaneously countering South African influence in the region.1 In reality, the Federation amounted to domination by a white minority government based in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia. The Africans in the Protectorate of Nyasaland, afraid that such a system would allow the white settlers controlling the government of Southern Rhodesia to impose the colour-bar over all three territories, railed against the imposition of the Federation. Assessing the effects of this debate over Nyasaland, the historian Stephen Howe claimed that ‘Of all colonial issues, that which attracted most controversial attention in the early 1950s was the fate of Britain’s Central African territories.’2
Paths and Cycles in Digraphs

This chapter illustrates the paths and cycles in digraphs. From Warshall's theorem, if X is the adjacency matrix of a digraph, then the X* generated by the set j = j + 1, when j ≧ n is the path matrix. The chapter discusses the shortest path problems. A road map is a labeled graph. If two towns in a densely populated area are three or four hundred miles apart, very many routes lead from one to the other. The one with the least total mileage is the shortest path. Finding the shortest path is a very real practical problem. The path that is shortest in the sense of least traveling time is not always the path of shortest distance; it may take twice as long to cover 10 miles on a country lane as to go 20 miles on a freeway. The shortest path given by the general algorithm must, then, be the path of fewest arcs. The chapter presents specifications of all the simple paths and cycles in a digraph. The algorithm is based on a matrix operation called symbolic multiplication.
Prodigal Nation: September 11 and the American Jeremiad

September 11 transformed many aspects of the American political and religious landscape. Yet in one aspect of American political rhetoric, the attacks and their aftermath illustrated the power and persistence of a deeply rooted way of understanding traumatic events throughout the nation’ s history. Appearing on Pat Robertson’ s television program The 700 Club just days after the September 11 attacks, Jerry Falwell argued that what we saw on [September 11], as terrible as it is, could be miniscule if, in fact—if, in fact—God continues to lift the curtain and allow the enemies of America to give us probably what we deserve….The abortionists have got to bear some burden for this because God will not be mocked… [along with] the pagans…and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way…
Solid State Transition Metal Sulphides

From mineralogy and geology to theoretical chemistry and catalysis, transition metal sulphides occupy important positions in many fields. Pyrite, a naturally occurring form of iron disulphide (FeS2) known also as Fool’s Gold, is one of the three largest commercial sources of elemental sulphur, which in turn is vital to the world economy as a starting material for the single most important industrial chemical, sulphuric acid [1]. Sphalerite (ZnS) and cinnabar (HgS), common sulphide minerals, are the largest sources of zinc and mercury, respectively [1]. Molybdenite, MoS2, is the principal ore of molybdenum, although most molybdenum is obtained as a byproduct in the production of copper via formation of MoS2 as an intermediate [1]. Sulphide minerals are, in fact, the source of most of the world’s non-ferrous metals [2]. Geologically, pyrite and other sulphide minerals serve as indicators of how and when rock formations were created; troilite, FeS, is a rare mineral on earth but a common one on meteorites and lunar rocks; this highlights the differences in their origins [2, 3]. Binary transition metal sulphides, with their intriguing electrical and magnetic properties, are being explored for device applications, such as semiconductors and magnetic recording materials [2]. Another fascinating phenomenon found in some binary sulphides, including MoS2, is that of charge-density waves, which in the last twenty five years has been the subject of much theoretical study and has led to a better understanding of chemical bonding in general [4–7].
Hunting and Gathering: Attempting to Assess Services to Distance Learning Students.

ABSTRACTThis case study presents the experiences of a newly hired distance learning librarian at a large academic library. Faced with taking over a position that lacked a dedicated staff member for two years, the librarian wanted to understand the current state of services. In the course of investigating and collecting data and while working through challenges, the librarian began to build her operations map and clarified her vision and values.
Multi-Frame Motion Detection for Active/Unstable Cameras

Network cameras, extensively used in video surveillance, often allow pan-tilt-zoom functionality and are also subject to wind load and mount vibrations, thus causing video frame misalignment. Although algorithms for motion detection, a basic block of most visual surveillance systems, are relatively mature for fixed cameras, they usually perform poorly for active and/or vibrating cameras. The issue is particularly severe for algorithms using multiple video frames jointly. In this paper, we extend our earlier work on multiple-frame motion detection to the case of active and unstable cameras. Our method accounts for spatially-affine, inter-frame transformations that can vary in time, uses a variational formulation and applies a level-set solution. We present ground-truth and real-data experimental results and show significant improvements over earlier methods.
REAME for Cylindrical Failure

The REAME (Rotational Equilibrium Analysis of Multilayered Embankments) computer program can be used to determine the factor of safety of a slope based on a cylindrical failure surface (Huang, 1981b). A major advantage of REAME over other comparable computer programs is that it requires very little computer time to run. This is made possible by an efficient method of numbering the boundary lines for different soils and controlling the number of circles. This program is particularly useful to those who have very little experience in stability analysis. Without worrying about the computing cost, a large region can be searched, and the minimum factor of safety determined. Features of this program can be described briefly as follows: 1. Slopes of any configuration with a large number of different soil layers can be handled. 2. Seepage can be considered by specifying a piezometric surface or a pore pressure ratio. If necessary, several different seepage cases can be considered simultaneously to save the computer time. 3. Either the static or the seismic factors of safety can be computed. 4. Either the simplified Bishop method or the normal method can be used to determine the factor of safety. When the normal method is specified and the most critical circle is found, the factor of safety for this particular circle based on the simplified Bishop method is also printed. 5. More flexibility is allowed in radius control. One or more radius control zones can be set up, and the number of circles in each zone specified. 6. The factors of safety at a number of individual centers or at a group of centers, which form a grid, can be determined. By selecting one or more trial centers, a search routine can be activated to locate the minimum factor of safety. To obtain the minimum factor of safety in one run, the automatic search can follow immediately after the grid, using the most critical center obtained from the grid as the initial trial center for the search. 7. To preclude the formation of shallow circles, a minimum depth may be specified. Any circle having the tallest slice smaller than the minimum depth will not be run. 8. A cross section of the slope can be plotted by the printer, including all soil layers, the piezometric surface, and the most critical circle.
Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia

The Ancient Greek dialect of Pamphylia shows extensive influence from the nearby Anatolian languages. Evidence from the linguistics of Greek and Anatolian, sociolinguistics, and the historical and archaeological record suggest that this influence is due to Anatolian speakers learning Greek as a second language as adults in such large numbers that aspects of their L2 Greek became fixed as a part of the main Pamphylian dialect. For this linguistic development to occur and persist, Pamphylia must initially have been settled by a small number of Greeks, and remained isolated from the broader Greek-speaking community while prevailing cultural attitudes favored a combined Greek-Anatolian culture.
Performance-based Outcomes among American Professional Athletes Following Microfracture of the Knee: A Cross-sport Analysis:

Objectives:Damage to the articular cartilage of the knee is a common and potentially career-threatening injury among professional athletes. Microfracture is a technique frequently used to treat cho...
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Return of Function After Stroke

Abstract This chapter reviews the therapeutic and neuroprosthetic applications of functional electrical stimulation (FES) among stroke survivors. There is growing evidence that therapeutic applications of surface and intramuscular FES are efficacious in facilitating upper- and lower-limb motor relearning and reducing poststroke shoulder pain. Neuroprosthetic applications such as surface and implanted peroneal nerve stimulation are efficacious in enhancing the gait speed of stroke survivors with foot drop. The clinical viability of upper-limb neuroprostheses must await the availability of additional fundamental and technical advances. The efficacy, limitations, and future development of FES for motor restoration in hemiplegia are discussed.
Ab Initio Predictions of Strong Interfaces in Transition-Metal Carbides and Nitrides for Superhard Nanocomposite Coating Applications

Conceiving strong interfaces represents an effective direction in the development of superhard nanocomposite materials for practical applications in protective coatings. In the pursuit of engineering strong nanoscale interfaces between cubic rock-salt (B1) domains, we investigate using density functional theory (DFT) coherent interface models designed based on hexagonal (HX) NiAs and WC structures, as well as experiment. The DFT screening of a collection of transition-metal (M = Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta) carbides and nitrides indicates that the interface models provided by the HX polymorphs store little coherency strain and develop an energetic advantage as the valence-electron concentration increases. Our result suggests that harnessing the polymorphism encountered in transition-metal (M = Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta) carbides and nitrides for interface design represents a promising strategy for advancing superhard nanomaterials.
How Many Machines Can We Use in Parallel Computing for Kernel Ridge Regression

This paper aims to solve a basic problem in distributed statistical inference: how many machines can we use in parallel computing? In kernel ridge regression, we address this question in two important settings: nonparametric estimation and hypothesis testing. Specifically, we find a range for the number of machines under which optimal estimation/testing is achievable. The employed empirical processes method provides a unified framework, that allows us to handle various regression problems (such as thin-plate splines and nonparametric additive regression) under different settings (such as univariate, multivariate and diverging-dimensional designs). It is worth noting that the upper bounds of the number of machines are proven to be un-improvable (upto a logarithmic factor) in two important cases: smoothing spline regression and Gaussian RKHS regression. Our theoretical findings are backed by thorough numerical studies.