cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between astaxanthin amount and a* value in fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle during different irradiation doses

The amount of astaxanthin and a* value changes in fresh Atlantic salmon light and dark muscle during cold storage was studied for different e-beam doses (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 kGy). Astaxanthin (mg/kg muscle) and a* value decreased with increasing irradiation dose for both fresh light and dark muscle. The level of irradiation dose gave high correlation between a* value and amount of astaxanthin. The reason for the change in colour or decrease in a* value of Atlantic salmon during irradiation could be due to the destruction of astaxanthin. The amount of astaxanthin and a* value of 1 kGy treated salmon fillets were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the control but significantly different (p < 0.05) from other irradiation treatments. The colour (a* value) of salmon muscle was related to the content of astaxanthin, which decreased as irradiation increased. The amount of astaxanthin in light muscle was three to five times greater than dark muscle. This study demonstrated that irradiating salmon fillets at 1 kGy, can be successfully used and leads to no significant change in colour and amount of astaxanthin.
FIVE POEMS BY NEGRO YOUNGSTERS WHO FACED A SUDDEN DESEGREGATION.

This paper is about four male Negro juvenile delinquents who faced a sudden desegregation for which they were unprepared. The youngsters' reaction to this social situation is examined mainly through five poems written by one (or two) of them under the influence of the desegragated condition.
An analysis of the compartmentation and proximo-distal convection of the glutamate-glutamine system in the dorsal sensory neuron: Comparison with the motoneuron and cerebral cortex

Abstract The labeling of glutamic acid and glutamine as well as other amino acids was analyzed at various times after topical injection of [U-14C]glutamate, [U-14C]acetate, or [U-14C]glucose into the dorsal sensory neuron. Results were compared with similar data obtained from the ventral grey of the spinal cord and ventral roots, and from the cerebral cortex. Evident was a proximo-distal convection of the glutamate-glutamine system in what appears to be a rapid flow component, both in the dorsal sensory neuron and motoneuron. An excellent correspondence between total free glutamate content10 and the nature of glutamate-glutamine compartmentation as defined previously7 was uncovered in these 3 key tissues. It would appear that as the free glutamate content decreases in passing from cerebral cortex to ventral spinal grey to dorsal root ganglion, so also does the size difference of the two glutamate-tricar☐ylic acid cycle compartments also decrease. The dorsal root ganglion appears to be unique in that glucose feeds almost exclusively into the non-glutamine-producing glutamate compartment.
Effects of Aural and Visual Conditions on Response to Perceived Artistic Tension in Music and Dance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aural, visual, and combined aural/visual conditions on the emotional response to music and dance of musicians and nonmusicians. Measurement w...
Molecular simulation of permeation through alkyl-functionalized mesoporous ceramic membranes

Abstract Organic–inorganic nanocomposites have received much attention in the past decade as potential “next generation” membrane materials, especially for solubility-based gas separations. In this paper, we present a molecular simulation study of materials in which self-assembled monolayers with alkyl functionality are attached to the surfaces of a mesoporous inorganic substrate. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to gain insight on the relationship between microstructure and separation performance in a prototype solubility-based separation (propane/nitrogen). The main parameters in the study were pore size (3, 5, and 10 nm), alkyl chain length (octyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl), and surface density (2 and 4 μmol/m2). The diffusivity, solubility, and permeability of propane and nitrogen in the model nanocomposite materials were predicted, and the permselectivity data were compared with those from experiment. Qualitative agreement with experiment was observed in several respects. We predicted improvement in selectivity of the membrane for propane, and a decrease in overall permeance, when increasing the chain length or decreasing the pore size. The best propane selectivity was achieved in cases where the alkyl chains were able to span the width of the pore; under these conditions, the surface density can be used to modify the permeability without much change in selectivity.
Quasispecies Theory and the Behavior of RNA Viruses

A large number of medically important viruses, including HIV, hepatitis C virus, and influenza, have RNA genomes. These viruses replicate with extremely high mutation rates and exhibit significant genetic diversity. This diversity allows a viral population to rapidly adapt to dynamic environments and evolve resistance to vaccines and antiviral drugs. For the last 30 years, quasispecies theory has provided a population-based framework for understanding RNA viral evolution. A quasispecies is a cloud of diverse variants that are genetically linked through mutation, interact cooperatively on a functional level, and collectively contribute to the characteristics of the population. Many predictions of quasispecies theory run counter to traditional views of microbial behavior and evolution and have profound implications for our understanding of viral disease. Here, we discuss basic principles of quasispecies theory and describe its relevance for our understanding of viral fitness, virulence, and antiviral therapeutic strategy.
Transient dynamic analysis of laminated composite plates subjected to transverse impact

The dynamic response of a composite laminate plate to transverse impact loading is simulated numerically. An FEM scheme based on an eight-point brick element and three-dimensional linear elasticity theory is employed, assuming that the laminate layers are homogeneous and orthotropic. The derivation of the model is given in detail; the numerical implementation is briefly outlined; and results for the impact of 0.5-inch-diameter Al spheres at 500, 1000, and 1500 inch/sec on clamped or simply supported 3 x 3-inch plates made of T300/934 graphite/epoxy prepreg with ply orientation (0/-45/45/90)2S are presented in extensive graphs. The model is shown to provide accurate information on the histories of impactor-plate contact force; impactor displacement and velocity; and displacement, velocity, strain, and stress throughout the plate.
e-First, Publishing in Real Time

This PDF file contains the editorial “e-First, Publishing in Real Time” for OE Vol. 43 Issue 12
Chloride secretion by canine tracheal epithelium: IV. Basolateral membrane K permeability parallels secretion rate.

We evaluated the K conductance properties of the basolateral membranes of the surface cells of canine tracheal epithelium using microelectrode techniques. Studies were conducted under basal conditions (indomethacin, 10−6m, mucosal solution) and after stimulation of electrogenic Cl secretion with epinephrine (10−6m, serosal solution). Elevated serosal solution [K] depolarized the electrical potential differences across the apical (ψa) and basolateral (ψb) membranes in both the presence and absence of epinephrine. Serosal barium (0.5mm) also depolarized ψa and ψb and selectively increased basolateral membrane resistance threefold. We also used K-selective microelectrodes to determine cell K activity (acK) and the driving force for K transport across the limiting membranes under basal and stimulated conditions. Stimulation of Cl secretion was not associated with significant changes in ψb oracK so that the driving force for k exit from cell to serosal solution (ca. 20 mV) was not altered. There was close agreement between the basolateral membrane electromotive force (Eb) determined from prior studies (M.J. Welsh, P.L. Smith and R.A. Frizzell,J. Membrane Biol.71:209–218, 1983) and the chemical potential difference for K across this barrier (EbK) in the presence and absence of epinephrine. These findings support the notion that the basolateral membrane is characterized by a high conductance to K under both secreting and nonsecreting conditions and indicate that the decrease in basolateral membrane resistance that accompanies stimulation of Cl secretion results from an increase in its K conductance. This obviates changes inacK, that would otherwise accompany increased Na/K pump activity and, by hyperpolarizing ψa establishes the electrical driving force for Cl secretion across the apical membrane.
Half-Site Reactivity, Negative Cooperativity, and Positive Cooperativity: Quantitative Considerations of a Plausible Model†

The nature of cooperative allosteric interactions has been the source of controversy since the ground-breaking studies of oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Until recently, quantitative examples of a model based on the inherent symmetry and asymmetry of oligomeric proteins have been lacking. This laboratory has used the phenolic ligand binding characteristics of the insulin hexamer to develop the first quantitative model for a symmetry-asymmetry-based cooperativity mechanism. The insulin hexamer possesses positive and negative heterotropic and homotropic interactions involving two classes of sites. In this study, we explore the effects of heterotropic interactions between these sites. We show that application of the pairwise structural asymmetry theory of Seydoux, Malhotra, and Bernhard (SMB) gives excellent agreement between the ligand binding behavior and X-ray crystal structure data. Furthermore, by comparing experimental data with computer simulations, we show that the insulin hexamer can be described by a three-state SMB model involving two positive homotropic cooperative transitions linked by a negative homotropic interaction. The first transition, T3T3' right harpoon over left harpoon T3oR3o, with allosteric constant LoA = [T3T3']/[T3oR3o] and ligand dissociation constant KRo consists of a positive cooperative change from high to low symmetry that results in "half-site reactivity". The second transition, T3oR3o right harpoon over left harpoon R3R3', with allosteric constant LoB = [T3oR3o]/[R3R3'] and ligand dissociation constant KR is a change from low to high symmetry, which is also a positive cooperative process. Treatment of the two transitions as concerted and interconnected processes allows derivation of an equation for the fraction of R-state. Using this equation, the effects of changes in the four physical parameters, LoA, LoB, KR, and KRo, on the ligand binding properties of the insulin hexamer are quantitatively described.
Birth control socialization: how to avoid discussing the subject

Observational data from parents-adolescent son or daughter triads' discussions concerning birth control reveal the strategies used by both generations to avoid the transmission of information. Questionnaire data from all members of the triads provide additional confirming evidence that neither parents nor adolescents engage easily in birth control socialization.
Early Mobilization in the Intensive Care Unit

Survivors of critical illness frequently suffer from disability associated with neuromuscular weakness. This can substantially impact their quality of life and ability to return home, and often results in the need for further rehabilitation. Early and aggressive physical and occupational therapy, beginning upon admission to the intensive care unit, can substantially reduce this functional disability and has been shown to impact numerous parameters including ICU and hospital length of stay, time needed to wean from mechanical ventilation, the incidence of delirium, and even rates of readmission and post-discharge mortality. While early mobilization has been shown to be both safe and feasible in a variety of ICU settings, it requires an interdisciplinary approach and changes to the ‘culture’ of the ICU. While the early results have been very encouraging, more research is needed to identify the optimal approach and the full extent of the benefits it may offer.
Homogeneous, anti-galactan immunoglobulins the question of specificity

Abstract Several murine, anti-galactan immunoglobulins have been investigated for their specificity. They interact with polysaccharide antigens whose structure either has been shown to include β- D -(1,6)-linked galactopyranosyl residues, or whose proposed structure is not incompatible with the possible presence of thay linkage type.
The response of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages to multiple stressors: A comparative analysis of aquatic communities in a perturbed watershed (Onondaga Lake, NY)

Abstract Stream bioassessment studies usually use a single taxonomic group, most commonly fish or macroinvertebrates. However, differences in the life histories, habitat preferences, and physiological and behavioral traits of each assemblage may cause differences in their responses to environmental degradation. These factors can lead to discrepancies in overall assessments of ecological integrity. The Onondaga Lake Watershed (NY) has had a diverse history of pollution from multiple impacts, and the lake and several subsites are listed as USEPA Superfund sites. The response of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages to environmental variables in the Onondaga Lake Watershed was assessed at 17 stream reaches in 2007, 2010, and 2011 using assemblage-specific metrics and indices of biotic integrity. Land use and substrate composition variables were significantly correlated (p |0.3|) with the first two macroinvertebrate PCA axes and were related to a downstream gradient of increased habitat degradation for the major tributaries. Water chemistry variables, canopy cover, and stream width were significantly correlated (p |0.3|) with the first two fish PCA axes. PCA axes for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages were not significantly correlated, suggesting that the major environmental variables affecting fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages differed. Pearson correlations between the macroinvertebrate Biological Assessment Profile (BAP) and the fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), and the macroinvertebrate Percent Model Affinity (PMA) and IBI were not significantly correlated. The macroinvertebrate metrics Percent Model Affinity (PMA) and BAP were positively and significantly correlated with Visual Habitat Assessment (VHA) scores, and the fish IBI was not significantly correlated with the VHA, further illustrating differences of fish and macroinvertebrates in their response to environmental variables. Results suggest that the use of multiple assemblages may be warranted for future assessments of stream quality and the development of effective monitoring programs in the Onondaga Lake Watershed.
Cæsium–Sodium Ion Exchange on Clinoptilolite

Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite that has a high selectivity for Cs. The sorption of Cs and Na ions on clinoptilolite is determined, and exchange sorption isotherms are determined for Cs-Na exchange on clinoptilolite at 50 and 75 deg C. (T.F.H.)
Direct Introduction of Steel Samples into a Capacitively Coupled Microwave Plasma for Atomic Emission Spectrometry

The feasibility of analyzing steel samples by direct introduction into a helium/hydrogen mixed-gas capacitively coupled microwave plasma was assessed with steel standard reference materials (NIST 442-450). Linear calibration curves were obtained for various concentration ranges. Limits of detection for Sn and Pb were 5 μg/g and 0.08 μg/g, respectively.
Ambiguity resolution of multiple targets using pulse-Doppler waveforms

To cancel clutter, both medium-PRF waveforms which are ambiguous in both range and Doppler and high-PRF waveforms which are ambiguous in range but unambiguous in ambiguities, a previous paper has shown that superior results for a single target can be achieved by using a clustering algorithm. Here, the problem of multiple targets is considered. A maximum likelihood (ML) technique which incorporates the clustering algorithm is developed for the multiple target problem. Simulation results show that four targets which have the same speed but are at different ranges can be resolved by using a medium-PRF waveform and employing the ML resolution technique. >
Procalcitonin as a biomarker for early sepsis in the emergency department.

ObjectivesIn the critical care setting, increasing levels of midregional proadrenomedullin (MRproADM), midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide (MRproANP), procalcitonin (PCT), copeptin, and proendothelin-1 (proET-1) have been shown to be correlated with increasing severity of sepsis. The objective
CONCENTRATION OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES BY ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) DURING FEEDING

Erythrocyte densities in the blood meals of six Anopheles mosquito species were compared with those of human host erythrocyte densities. During engorgement, An. gambiae Giles and An. stephensi Liston concentrated erythrocytes by factors of 1.8 and 1.7, respectively; An. freeborni Aitken did not concentrate; and An. arabiensis Patton and An. dirus Peyton & Harrison demonstrated an intermediate level of erythrocyte concentration (1.4 and 1.2, respectively). An. albimanus concentrated host hemoglobin, but hemolysis during engorgement decreased bloodmeal erythrocyte density below that of host blood. The degree to which anopheline species concentrated erythrocytes was related to the frequency and time spent undergoing prediuresis (anal excretion of fluid during feeding), suggesting that prediuresis is responsible for erythrocyte concentration and that the fluid produced represents efflux from the filtration of ingested blood. Differences observed in erythrocyte concentration by different anopheline species are consistent with species-specific patterns of host selection.
An Evaluation of Emotion Units and Feature Types for Real-Time Speech Emotion Recognition

Emotion recognition from speech in real-time is an upcoming research topic and the consideration of real-time constraints concerns all aspects of the recognition system. We present here a comparison of units and feature types for speech emotion recognition. To our knowledge, a comprehensive comparison of many different units on several databases is still missing in the literature and we also discuss units with special emphasis on real-time processing, that is, we do not only consider accuracy but also speed and ease of calculation. For the feature types, we also use only features that can be extracted fully automatically in real-time and look at which types best characterise which emotion classes. Gained insights are used as validation of methodology for our online speech emotion recognition system EmoVoice.
Neurophysiological characterization of the anterolateral quadrant neurons subserving pain in M. Mulatta

Abstract An electrophysiological analysis has been made of 82 L7 dorsal horn neurons antidromically activated from the contralateral C1 anterolateral quadrant (ALQ) of unanesthetized rhesus monkeys (bilateral carotid ligation). This analysis was made to compare refractory periods and antdromic activation thresholds with these same parameters of ALQ stimulation required to produce pain in conscious humans. Refractory periods of laminae IV-VI cells that were optimally but not exclusively responsive to noxious skin stimulation ranged from 0.8 to 2.8 msec ( m = 1.5 ) and were briefer than those of lamina I cells. The latter ranged from 1.1 to 10 msec ( m = 4.7 msec ). Electrical thresholds of laminae IV-VI cells were, in general, much lower than those of laminae I cells. Unlike lamina I cells, refractory periods and electrical thresholds of laminae IV-VI nociceptive neurons closely parallel those of ALQ-evoked pain in man. However, both lamina I and laminae IV-VI neurons usually responded to nociceptive skin temperatures (> 43 °C). This analysis indicates that pain may be signaled by the combined output of dorsal horn laminae I and IV-VI but that activation of only laminae IV-VI wide dynamic range neurons is sufficient to produce pain.
Formation of cyclic enol ethers from a labile biological precursor: an example of analytical artifacts

Three isomeric enol ethers are among those constituents apparently unique to mouse urine as identified by gas chromatographic analysis. These compounds appear to be artifacts arising from the cyclization and dehydration of 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone. Identification of the trimethylsilyl ether of 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone in the silylated ether extract of mouse urine indicates that the precursor keto alcohol is indeed present in the urine. Since similar heterocyclic compounds are often identified in urine samples analyzed by gas chromatography, formation of various analysis artifacts arising from analogous cyclization and dehydration reactions is likely.
Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to a Funeral Director During Routine Embalming

Several studies have shown that funeral directors have an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Although there is indirect evidence of transmission of TB from cadavers to mortuary workers, there is only one recently documented case in the literature. We report here another case of occupationally acquired TB in a funeral director, which was confirmed by conventional epidemiology and genotyping. This case illustrates the risk of TB transmission to mortuary workers from routine embalming of deceased TB patients with active disease.
The State of the Practice: Characterizing and Remediating Contaminated Groundwater at Fractured Rock Sites

Characterizing and remediating contaminated groundwater in fractured rock are often the most difficult challenges facing environmental professionals. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other U.S. federal agencies, and the Ontario Ministry of Environment recently supported a workshop, held an international conference, and developed a Web site to promote the understanding of the state of the practice. Field practitioners and researchers were surveyed and questioned concerning their experiences. This article summarizes the results of these efforts and provides an overview of the use of characterization methods and remediation technologies at fractured rock sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role for cellular Src kinase in myoblast proliferation.

In this study, a role for cellular Src in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation was investigated. Pharmacological inhibition of Src-class kinases repressed proliferation and promoted differentiation of the C2C12 muscle cell line, even when the cells were cultured under growth-inducing conditions of high serum. Pharmacological inhibition of Src-class kinases also affected cellular components that regulate proliferation and differentiation in muscle; cyclin D1 levels were reduced while, myogenin was increased. Suppression of cyclin D1 and enhancement of myogenin levels also occurred upon expression of a dominant negative Src, corroborating a role for Src kinases in regulating proliferation and differentiation. Inhibition of Src-family kinases also blocked fibroblast growth factor (FGF) induced proliferation but, notably, did not reverse the effect of FGF to inhibit differentiation. Evidence for the Src-class kinase Src in myoblast mitogenesis was obtained by determining the pattern of protein expression and activity for this kinase. Under all conditions examined, Src's expression and enzymatic activity were high in cultures of myoblasts and down-regulated during differentiation. Importantly, Src's activity was rapidly stimulated by mitogen-containing serum and attenuated when myoblasts were switched to low serum-containing differentiation medium. These data indicate that Src is important for maintaining muscle cell proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 193: 328–339, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pairing community health workers with HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer prevention in rural Haiti☆

Abstract Objective To assess a program in which community health workers (CHWs) provided women with self-sampling devices to detect high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Methods In a cross-sectional study, 13 CHWs visited homes in a rural area in Haiti’s Central Plateau to recruit premenopausal women aged 30–50 years between July 2009 and April 2010. Eligible women had not undergone a cervical smear in the previous 3 years. Participants learned about cervical cancer and self-sampling for HPV testing before using a self-sampler in private. They then completed a questionnaire. CHWs later returned to provide results and advice about follow-up care. Results CHWs enrolled 493 women. Among the 485 women for whom questionnaires were received, 468 (96.5%) were comfortable using the self-sampler and 484 (99.8%) stated they would recommend it to others. Among 426 analyzed samples, 54 (12.7%) were positive for high-risk HPV, of whom 46 (85.2%) received follow-up care and 17 (31.5%) had precursor lesions and were treated. Conclusion Using a CHW-led intervention, women at high risk for developing cervical cancer were identified and navigated to preventive care. Therefore, pairing CHWs with HPV self-sampling is a promising strategy to combat cervical cancer in rural Haiti and similar settings.
Can Blended Classroom and Distributed Learning Approaches be Used to Teach Medical Students How to Initiate Behavior Change Counseling During a Clinical Clerkship

Medical school curricula often provide insufficient time and instruction for health behavior change counseling. We examined the feasibility of blending classroom and distributed learning experiences to teach medical students how to initiate health behavior change counseling and analyzed the impact of this approach on their attitudes, knowledge, and skills. Usage patterns and pre- to post-class attitude and knowledge changes were assessed with self-report questions among 153 third year family medicine clerkship students. Most students viewed at least 90% of the online written content and took an average of 41 min (SD = 24 min 35 s) to view all of the content. Students' confidence in their ability to help patients change unhealthy behaviors significantly improved (p < .01). The blended learning curriculum facilitated learning of behavior change skills, encouraged interaction with course materials, and improved medical students' self confidence for using health behavior change skills.
Production of aspartic acid and lysine by citrate synthase mutants of Brevibacterium flavum.

A prototrophic revertant was derived from a citrate synthase-defective glutamate auxotroph of Brevibacterium flavum. It showed low citrate synthase activity and overproduced L-aspartic acid. The maximum production was 10.6 g/liter (about a 30% yield) when the strain was cultured in medium containing 36 g/liter of glucose for 48 hr. The amount of aspartic acid produced depended greatly on the concentration of biotin in the medium, as the case of glutamate production by the original wild strain. When the revertant strain was cultured with excess biotin, acetic acid accumulated instead of aspartic acid. A mutant resistant to S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine plus threonine derived from the revertant strain produced 36 g/liter of L-lysine (as hydrochloride salt) when it was cultured in medium containing 100 g/liter of glucose for 72 hr (36% yield). The amount of lysine production by this mutant was greater than those by the resistant mutants derived directly from the original wild strain. The frequency of the appea...
Normal mode theory for the Brownian dynamics of a weakly bending rod: Comparison with Brownian dynamics simulations

A normal mode theory is developed for the Brownian dynamics of weakly bending rods with preset hydrodynamic interactions. The rod is replaced by a chain of contiguous spheres whose radius is chosen to yield the appropriate uniform translational and rotational diffusion coefficients. Despite the inclusion of preset hydrodynamic interactions in the dynamical operator, its normal modes are not coupled by the potential energy, so their amplitudes remain pairwise “orthogonal” under equilibrium averaging. The uniform translational and rotational diffusion coefficients obtained from Langevin theory are shown to be identical to those obtained from the Kirkwood algorithm, despite their rather different appearance. An expression is given for the mean squared angular displacement 〈Δxm(t)2〉 of the mth bond vector around the instantaneous x axis (perpendicular to the end-to-end vector z). Necessary algorithms are presented for the numerical evaluation of all quantities. The normal mode theory is compared with Brownian dynamics simulations for the same model by examining 3〈Δxm(t)2〉 for the central bond vector of rods comprising 10 and 30 subunits with various persistence lengths. The normal mode theory works very well for all times for L/P ≲ 0.6, where P = κ/kBT is the persistence length and κ is the bending rigidity. With increasing flexibility, the domain of validity of the normal mode theory is restricted to shorter times, where violations of the weak bending approximation are less severe. However, increasing the length of the rod from 10 to 30 subunits yields improved agreement with the simulations for the same and even longer times. This latter effect is tentatively attributed to the greater fluctuating tension in the longer chains, which acts to retard the rotational relaxation in the simulations, but is not taken into account in the present normal mode theory.
Coronal Heat: Solar Loop Temperatures from TRACE Triple-Filter Data

The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) has state-of-the-art spatial resolution and shows the most detailed images of coronal loops ever observed. The temperatures of these loops are primarily derived from the 171 to 195 A filter ratio, with data from the third filter at 284 A used by several authors to improve the precision of the derived temperatures. Most of these studies assume that the plasma is isothermal and model the loops primarily as uniform temperature structures with footpoint-dominated heating. However, these triple-filter data are insufficient to constrain the plasma temperature and cannot be used to determine the isothermality or otherwise of coronal loop structures. We show this explicitly by constructing differential emission measures with these same triple-filter data using a sophisticated Markov-chain Monte Carlo-based reconstruction algorithm. We find that these TRACE data cannot, in general, limit the temperature distribution for coronal loop plasma. In other words, many different temperature distributions (isothermal, broad, sloped, etc.) can reproduce the observed fluxes, and the TRACE coronal data alone cannot determine which of these distributions represents the actual coronal plasma.
The relationship between the petrology and the thorium and uranium contents of some granitic rocks

Abstract Thorium and uranium contents of granitic rocks are intimately related to modal compositions and general petrologic features. Correlations are quite distinct between thorium content and common indices of general petrogenetic evolution, such as amount of dark minerals, percentage of anorthite in plagioclase, and ratio of potassium feldspar to plagioclase. Thorium content increases regularly toward the more acidic rocks, and the increase is most pronounced in the most highly alkalic samples. Uranium content generally shows little, if any, relationship to modal composition or other petrologic features, and the increase in abundance of uranium toward the more acidic rocks is irregular. The greater petrogenetic control of thorium than of uranium content may be explained on the basis of oxidation and repeated loss of uranium from magmas during the later stages of their differentiation. Such an explanation assumes that magmas are originally derived from a relatively homogeneous source; remobilization, however, of different types of sedimentary or other rocks might provide granitic magmas of widely different initial thorium and uranium contents. The possibility that thorium is added hydrothermally to granites is partly supported by unusually high abundance of thorium in some red, porphyritic, allanite-bearing rocks, but the general petrologic control of thorium abundances argues against major secondary addition of material.
THE CONTROL OF THE RATE OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS IN AEROBACTER AEROGENES.

Abstract The rate of synthesis of the guanine-repressible enzyme, IMP dehydrogenase (IMP: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.14), was measured in a guanine-requiring mutant of Aerobacter aerogenes on limiting guanine in chemostats at widely differing growth rates; the catabolite-repressible enzyme, β-galactosidase (β- D -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), was similarly measured in the same organism growing in the presence of the non-metabolizable inducer, methylthio-β- D -galactoside, on glycerol as the limiting carbon and energy source. Increases in the growth rate up to 15% of maximal led to corresponding increases in the rate of synthesis of the two enzymes. Greater increases in the rate of growth led to no corresponding increases in the rate of synthesis of β-galactosidase and to decreases in the rate of synthesis of IMP dehydrogenase. The results indicate that without repression the rate of synthesis of the enzymes is a constant fraction of the rate of protein synthesis. When the repressors, derived from guanine or from the major carbon source, accumulate in the cell, they specifically reduce the rate of synthesis of IMP dehydrogenase and of β-galactosidase, respectively. Other experiments in which the growth rate was varied by different carbon sources showed that the rate of β-galactosidase synthesis depends more on the nature of the carbon source than on the growth rate; thus, carbon compounds differ in the proportion that their catabolites are funnelled into growth and repression.
Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Interconnects

We have fabricated arrays of individual metallic multi-wall carbon nanotube interconnects. We have also collected about two hundred resistance measurements to compare four different contact metals: Al, Au, Ti and Pd. Au and Pd contacts gave the lowest resistance. To validate the concept of high-speed carbon nanotube (CNT) interconnect, we have extended our electrical measurements of individual multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the radio-frequency regime up to 15 GHz. We also discuss the reasons why the conductivity of commercial MWCNTs is not yet competitive with copper.
The chemistry of glucal halohydrins: The effect of the halide on epoxide formation

Abstract Chlorohydrins, bromohydrins, and iodohydrins, formed by hydroxyhalogenation of tri-O-methyl glucal, undergo base induced cyclization to give glucal epoxides. The mechanism of the cyclization reaction was probed using 1 H NMR and deuterium incorporation studies. Cyclization and in situ trapping with Cs 2 CO 3 in MeOD gave deuterated methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-α-D-mannoside and methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-β-D-glucoside, and an unsaturated aldehyde. These studies led to optimized stereoselectivity for the epoxide formation. Reaction of gluco bromohydrins with NaH or LiHMDS in THF at 5 °C gave β-epoxide, and reaction of manno iodohydrins with KH and 18-crown-6 in toluene at −70 °C gave α-epoxide. The epoxides were opened by reaction with sodium phenylthiolate to give phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside (single isomer), and phenyl 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside (18:1), respectively.
Proteasome Subunits Relocalize during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection, and Proteasome Activity Is Necessary for Efficient Viral Gene Transcription

We have continued studies to further understand the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. With specific inhibitors of the proteasome, we show that ongoing proteasome activity is necessary for facilitating the various stages of the infection. Immediate-early protein 2 expression is modestly reduced with addition of proteasome inhibitors at the onset of infection; however, both early and late gene expression are significantly delayed, even if the inhibitor is removed at 12 h postinfection. Adding the inhibitor at later times during the infection blocks the further accumulation of viral early and late gene products, the severity of which is dependent on when the proteasome is inhibited. This can be attributed primarily to a block in viral RNA transcription, although DNA synthesis is also partially inhibited. Proteasome activity and expression increase as the infection progresses, and this coincides with the relocalization of active proteasomes to the periphery of the viral DNA replication center, where there is active RNA transcription. Interestingly, one 19S subunit, Rpn2, is specifically recruited into the viral DNA replication center. The relocalization of the subunits requires viral DNA replication, but their maintenance around or within the replication center is not dependent on continued viral DNA synthesis or the proteolytic activity of the proteasome. These studies highlight the importance of the UPS at all stages of the HCMV infection and support further studies into this pathway as a potential antiviral target.
Dietary calcium and gastric histamine metabolism in the rat

Abstract Experiments were carried out to ascertain if a previously observed stimulation of histamine synthesis in rat stomach was due to dietary calcium alone or to the phosphate that was also supplied as dicalcium phosphate. Additional experiments included 1) a titration of calcium level in relation to gastric histamine response, 2) a comparison of gastric histamine in rats fed a commercial vs. a semipurified, casein-containing diet, 3) a comparison of histamine metabolism in leg muscle vs. gastric tissue in rats fed low or high levels of calcium, and 4) a study of the effect of an inhibitor of the histamine-forming enzyme on the calcium-induced histamine response. Results indicated that only calcium stimulated both histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity and gastric histamine (HM) levels, with phosphate having no effect. A calcium level of about 1% of diet gave a maximum response in HDC and HM stimulation in gastric tissue. A commercial rat diet which supplied 1.1% calcium stimulated essentially the same level of gastric HM as was observed with the semipurified casein diet to which additional calcium had been added. The dietary calcium stimulatory effect noted in gastric tissue was not observed in rat leg muscle. The HDC inhibitor α-fluoromethylhistidine prevented, in the presence of high calcium, increased HDC activity but did not completely inhibit a rise in gastric HM concentration.
Gammaherpesvirus modulation of mouse adenovirus type 1 pathogenesis

Immune function is likely to be shaped by multiple infections over time. Infection with one pathogen can confer cross-protection against heterologous pathogens. We tested the hypothesis that latent murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection modulates host inflammatory responses and susceptibility to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1). Mice were infected intranasally (i.n.) with γHV68. 21 days later, they were infected i.n. with MAV-1. We assessed cytokine and chemokine expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR, cellular inflammation by histology, and viral loads by quantitative real-time PCR. Previous γHV68 infection led to persistently upregulated IFN-γ in lungs and spleen and persistently upregulated CCL2 and CCL5 in the lungs. Previous γHV68 infection amplified MAV-1-induced CCL5 upregulation and cellular inflammation in the lungs. Previous γHV68 infection was associated with lower MAV-1 viral loads in the spleen but not the lung. There was no significant effect of previous γHV68 on IFN-γ expression or MAV-1 viral loads when the interval between infections was increased to 44 days. In summary, previous γHV68 infection modulated lung inflammatory responses and decreased susceptibility to a heterologous virus in an organ- and time-dependent manner.
Fabrication of diffractive optics and digital optics for gigahertz to optical spectrum

The fabrication of diffractive optics and digital optics on fused silica has been investigated in this paper. The diffractive optics has been fabricated by using the gray- scale mask technique. The gray scale mask is fabricated on the HERB glass. RIE is used to realize the pattern transfer from the photoresist to the fused silica for the diffractive optics and the etching for the digital optics. The processing parameters are discussed in detail and the influence of exposure and development of the photoresist are also addressed in this paper. These diffractive optics and digital optics were designed to collimate optical radiation.
Measurement of immunoglobulin concentration in cell culture supernates by computer-assisted ELISA

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used extensively in immunologic research for obtaining quantitative estimates of immunoglobulin concentration in cell culture supernates. Through incorporation of a microcomputer for data acquisition, storage and rapid calculation of results, a substantial reduction in total assay time may be realized. Described here are a set of menu-driven programs written in Basic for the IBM-PC which provide advantages over existing software in simplicity, versatility and accuracy. Hardware requirements are minimal. These programs should encourage greater flexibility in terms of the size and complexity of experimental designs.
Solid state structures of N-2-(3-indolylethyl)aza-9-crown-3, N,N′-bis(2-(3-indolylethyl))-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6, and their protonated forms

Abstract X-Ray crystal structures of N-2-(3-indolylethyl)aza-9-crown-3 and its protonated form are presented. The N-protonated aza-9-crown-3H-bonds to iodide anion. In contrast, the dimer, N,N′-bis(2-(3-indolylethyl))-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6, forms a capsule in which the N+–H bonds turn inward toward the macroring's center and the sidearms adopt positions above and below it. Hexafluorophosphate, the counterion, is excluded from the coordination sphere.
An all-CMOS low supply voltage temperature sensor front-end with error correction techniques

This paper presents an all-CMOS temperature sensor front-end operating at low supply voltage. The front-end includes a reference voltage generator and a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) voltage generator. In order to minimize the errors due to various mismatches, error correction techniques including gain boosting, dynamic element matching, dynamic offset cancellation and clock boosting have been investigated. Detailed analysis and simulation have been presented. Furthermore, experimental results with 0.5 µm implementation demonstrated that the lowest supply voltage is 1.1 V for the reference voltage generator and 1 V for the PTAT voltage generator over the temperature range of −55°C to 125°C with acceptable performance for a CMOS-based temperature sensor front-end. The effectiveness of the error correction techniques are also demonstrated experimentally.
The role of new and old information in the verbal expression of language-disordered children.

The present study used an experimental method to investigate the marking of new mad old information in the verbal expression of language-disordered children beyond the one-word stage. The results s...
Clinical review: Controversies regarding transdermal androgen therapy in postmenopausal women.

Context: Recently, the field of androgen therapy in postmenopausal women has received much attention and press. Although the ovary ceases to produce follicles and estrogen at menopause, it continues to produce androgens. Hence, many oophorectomized women complain of sexual dysfunction (despite adequate estrogenization). Previous studies of nontransdermal testosterone replacement have shown an improvement in libido and sexual frequency, although at the cost of supraphysiological testosterone levels. Transdermal testosterone patch (Intrinsa) was developed to deliver a physiological amount of testosterone. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration voted not to approve Intrinsa until long-term safety data are available. Evidence Acquisition: Recent trials of Intrinsa in postmenopausal women were included. A MEDLINE search was conducted for articles published over the last 40 yr based on the key words androgen therapy/replacement and postmenopausal women. Relevant placebo-controlled trials of nontransdermal an...
Automated prediction of 15N, 13Cα, 13Cβ and 13C′ chemical shifts in proteins using a density functional database

A database of peptide chemical shifts, computed at the density functional level, has been used to develop an algorithm for prediction of 15N and 13C shifts in proteins from their structure; the method is incorporated into a program called SHIFTS (version 4.0). The database was built from the calculated chemical shift patterns of 1335 peptides whose backbone torsion angles are limited to areas of the Ramachandran map around helical and sheet configurations. For each tripeptide in these regions of regular secondary structure (which constitute about 40% of residues in globular proteins) SHIFTS also consults the database for information about sidechain torsion angle effects for the residue of interest and for the preceding residue, and estimates hydrogen bonding effects through an empirical formula that is also based on density functional calculations on peptides. The program optionally searches for alternate side-chain torsion angles that could significantly improve agreement between calculated and observed shifts. The application of the program on 20 proteins shows good consistency with experimental data, with correlation coefficients of 0.92, 0.98, 0.99 and 0.90 and r.m.s. deviations of 1.94, 0.97, 1.05, and 1.08 ppm for 15N, 13Cα, 13Cβ and 13C′, respectively. Reference shifts fit to protein data are in good agreement with `random-coil' values derived from experimental measurements on peptides. This prediction algorithm should be helpful in NMR assignment, crystal and solution structure comparison, and structure refinement.
Decentralized Detection by a Large Number of Sensors

We consider the decentralized detection problem, in whichN independent, identical sensors transmit a finite-valued function of their observations to a fusion center which then decides which one ofM hypotheses is true. For the case where the number of sensors tends to infinity, we show that it is asymptotically optimal to divide the sensors intoM(M-1)/2 groups, with all sensors in each group using the same decision rule in deciding what to transmit. We also show how the optimal number of sensors in each group may be determined by solving a mathematical programming problem. For the special case of two hypotheses and binary messages the solution simplifies considerably: it is optimal (asymptotically, asN→∞) to have all sensors perform an identical likelihood ratio test, and the optimal threshold is very easy to determine numerically.
Weeding an Old Garden Toward a New Understanding of Organizational Goals

Currently the conceptual status of organizational goals is uncertain. The organizational goal construct has been the brunt of numerous criticisms and is left out of several major contemporary persp...