cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of longitudinal cracks in an empirically designed reinforced concrete bridge deck

Full-depth longitudinal cracks have been developed in many empirically designed bridge decks. Such cracks run along the entire length of the bridge over the top flange edges. Star City Bridge is among those bridges that developed longitudinal deck cracking. The bridge was instrumented with 750 sensors during its second phase of construction in November 2003 and the longitudinal cracks were visible on the deck surface in 2005. Therefore, additional twelve sensors were installed across the cracks in June 2007 to continuously monitor their opening and closure as well as the differential settlement across the cracks. The collected data indicate that some cracks have continued to open. In particular the crack along the first interior girder at the edge bay developed a permanent opening of 0.25 mm and a permanent settlement of 0.08 mm. The opening of the longitudinal cracks was correlated to the lateral bending of the steel girders, which adversely affect their flexural capacity as well as the axial stresses in the transverse steel rebar and diaphragm members. Additionally, the presence of the longitudinal cracks induce shear stress in the transverse steel rebar due to the passage of traffic loading that would affect their fatigue life.
Response of the retina at low temporal frequencies

We investigated the low-frequency temporal response of the retina by measuring the corneal electroretinogram elicited by flickering lights. A sum of two temporal sine-wave modulations was used to generate difference frequencies between a 36-Hz standard stimulus and a series of low-frequency stimuli. The response of the retina at the difference frequency did not change as the low-frequency component of the stimulus was varied from 0.5 to 4 Hz. We also replicated an earlier study, stimulating the retina with a sum of two sine waves that were varied in average frequency but keeping the difference frequency constant. These data showed no change in the amplitude of the difference frequency as the average stimulus frequency was varied from 8 to almost 40 Hz. Taken together, the two sets of data support the notion that the in vivo early retinal response is low pass and extends without attenuation to frequencies greater than 30 Hz, in contrast to the sensitivity of the visual system measured by psychophysical techniques.
Philosophers’ biased judgments persist despite training, expertise and reflection

We examined the effects of framing and order of presentation on professional philosophers' judgments about a moral puzzle case (the "trolley problem") and a version of the Tversky & Kahneman "Asian disease" scenario. Professional philosophers exhibited substantial framing effects and order effects, and were no less subject to such effects than was a comparison group of non-philosopher academic participants. Framing and order effects were not reduced by a forced delay during which participants were encouraged to consider "different variants of the scenario or different ways of describing the case". Nor were framing and order effects lower among participants reporting familiarity with the trolley problem or with loss-aversion framing effects, nor among those reporting having had a stable opinion on the issues before participating the experiment, nor among those reporting expertise on the very issues in question. Thus, for these scenario types, neither framing effects nor order effects appear to be reduced even by high levels of academic expertise.
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of a wide variety of seized drugs using the same capillary with dynamic coatings

Capillary electrophoresis methodology is presented for the routine analysis of a wide variety of seized drugs using the same capillary with dynamic coatings and multiple run buffers. The types of exhibits analyzed using diode array UV detection include phenethylamines, cocaine, oxycodone, heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), opium, hallucinogenic mushrooms, and g-hydroxybutyrate-g-butyrolactone (GHB-GBL). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses are achieved using run buffers that contain additives that provide for secondary equilibrium and/or dynamic coating of the capillary. Dynamic coating of the capillary surface is accomplished by rapid flushes of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, water, buffer containing polycation coating reagent, and a buffer containing a polyanionic coating reagent (with or without cyclodextrin(s)) or a micelle coating reagent. Dynamic coating with a polyanionic coating reagent is used for the analysis of moderately basic seized drugs and adulterants. The use of cyclodextrin in the run buffer not only allows for chiral analysis but also greatly enhances separation selectivity for achiral solutes. A capillary dynamically coated with a micelle allows for the analysis of neutral, acidic, and weakly basic drugs (GHB, GBL and neutral, acidic, and weakly basic adulterants). Dynamic coating, which gives rise to a relatively high and robust electroosmotic flow at pH , 7, allows for rapid, precise and reproducible separations. For a wide variety of drugs, excellent linearity and migration time precision and good peak area precision (external and internal standard) is obtained. Quantitative results for synthetic mixtures are in good agreement with actual values. Screening for adulterants is greatly enhanced by the use of automated library searches.
The Peculiar Longevity of Things Not So Bad

Intense hedonic states trigger psychological processes that are designed to attenuate them, and thus intense states may abate more quickly than mild states. Because people are unaware of these psychological processes, they may mistakenly expect intense states to last longer than mild ones. In Study 1, participants predicted that the more they initially disliked a transgressor, the longer their dislike would last. In Study 2, participants predicted that their dislike for a transgressor who hurt them a lot would last longer than their dislike for a transgressor who hurt them a little, but precisely the opposite was the case. In Study 3, participants predicted that their dislike for a transgressor who hurt them a lot would last longer than their dislike for a transgressor who hurt someone else a lot, but precisely the opposite was the case. These errors of prediction are discussed as instances of a more general phenomenon known as the region-beta paradox.
THE COMPARATIVE METHOD AND THE INFERENCE OF VENOM-DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN FOSSIL MAMMALS

(2007). The comparative method and the inference of venom-delivery systems in fossil mammals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 541-546.
Using Film Clips in the Classroom: Something Old, Something New?

Abstract: This essay describes the process by which a new college professor embraced using film clips in an undergraduate Business Law course, with the goal of enhancing student engagement and learning. In particular this paper focuses on: (1) theme days, in which a movie, TV show or actor is used a vehicle to teach an entire class; and (2) review sessions, in which a film is used as a vehicle to review material previously taught, e.g., in anticipation of a test.
Neurostructural correlates of consistent and weak handedness

Various cognitive differences have been reported between consistent and weak handers, but little is known about the neurobiological factors that may be associated with this distinction. The current study examined cortical structural lateralization and corpus callosum volume in a large, well-matched sample of young adults (N = 164) to explore potential neurostructural bases for this hand group difference. The groups did not differ in corpus callosum volume. However, at the global hemispheric level, weak handers had reduced or absent asymmetries for grey and white matter volume, cortical surface area, thickness, and local gyrification, relative to consistent handers. Group differences were also observed for some regional hemispheric asymmetries, the most prominent of which was reduced or absent gyrification asymmetry for weak handers in a large region surrounding the central sulcus and extending into parietal association cortex. The findings imply that variations in handedness strength are associated with differences in structural lateralization, not only in somatomotor regions, but also in areas associated with high level cognitive control of action.
Existential Theory and Solution-Focused Strategies: Integration and Application

A sound theoretical approach is essential to the professional integrity of mental health counselors. This article examines the basic concepts of existential theory, indicates how this theory provides a sound theoretical basis for mental health counseling, and supports the thesis that brief solution-focused therapy is a clinical application of existential theory. An illustration of brief solution-focused existential therapy is provided from the author's experience counseling tsunami victims in Sri Lanka.
Thinking About Environmentally Sustainable Development in the American West

This article reviews the manner in which development historically proceeded in the West, laws that placed new requirements on the manner of that development, and emerging tools for environmentally sustainable development.
Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology

The 37th annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology was held in Seattle, Washington, from December 1-5, 1995. This paper will briefly highlight a number of important clinical reports relevant to malignant hematology and high dose chemotherapy programs from among the more than 4000 abstracts submitted to this important international meeting. S. Forman (Duarte, California) presented an evaluation of the survival of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with either an allogeneic transplantation (from a histocompatible sibling donor) or continued consolidation chemotherapy, after attaining a complete remission following induction therapy. In this analysis, there was no significant difference in disease-free survival or overall survival between the two therapeutic strategies. R Rowlngs (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) reported the results of an analysis of prognostic factors among > 1000 women undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. Features predicting for a poorer outcome following treatment with high dose chemotherapy, included: age >45 years; the presence of "refractory disease"; a short time interval between diagnosis and the performance of the transplant; the presence of visceral or central nervous system metastatic disease; and the absence of estrogen receptor positivity on the tumor. B. Bolwell (Cleveland, Ohio) reported the experience of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Bone Marrow Transplantation program with salvage treatment of Iymphoma employing bone marrow transplantation. While transplanted patients with low-grade lymphomas continued to relapse > 2 years after the procedure, no patient with a high grade lymphoma in a continuous remission after this 2 year time point has relapsed.
Role of Acremonium endophyte of fescue on inhibition of colonization and reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi

The tall fescue endophyte, Acremonium coenophialum, is inhibitory to mycorrhizal fungi. This study was conducted to determine if Acremonium inhibits infection and the extent of colonization of roots in addition to sporulation. Fewer fescue seedlings, with or without Acremonium, were infected by single spores of Glomus macrocarpum than pearl millet seedlings. However, fescue seedlings were infected by G. mosseae single spores to the same extent as pearl millet seedlings. Roots of Acremonium-free fescue were not colonized as extensively as those of pearl millet by either fungus. The presence of Acremonium in fescue caused a further considerable reduction in extent of mycorrhizal colonization. Effects of the host on sporulation were closely correlated with extent of colonization. Each of the three hosts supported a similar total spore volume of the two mycorrhizal fungi. Acremonium apparently does not affect infection, perhaps because the seedlings were too young for extensive transport of toxic alkaloids from Acremonium-infected shoot tissues to roots free of Acremonium.
INFLUENCE OF PROJE CTILE FLEXING ON JUMP

The launch dynamics of rigid projectiles have been described extensively in the literature. Source s of trajectory per- turbation are identified as originating from gun motion, projectile in -bore balloting, mechanical separation from the gun tube, muzzle blast, sabot discard, and jump due to aerodynamics. The last being divided into asymmetry -induced eff ects and aer o- dynamic jump associated with yaw and yaw rate. For a flexible projectile, there exists another possible source of aerod y- namic jump; namely, that associated with bending. Long rod kinetic energy proje c- tiles have been observed to enter into fr ee flight with a launch induced flexural m o- tion. The present paper examines the i m- pact of this dynamic state upon the traje c- tory. An expression is derived that quant i- fies the perturbation based upon the initial magn itude and sense of flexure.
ADAPTIVE MESH STRATEGY FOR UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS ON MULTI - MECHANICS INFRASTRUCTURE

Heterogeneous and p artial element refinement strategies to remove hanging nodes during h -adaptivity and the implementation of this work into a computational mechanics frameworks architecture is presented. This work is motivated to enable the use of h-adaptivity in a control volume finite element method (CVFEM) turbulent reacting fluid mechanics code. The heterogeneous and partial element method to implement h-adaptivity was chosen to minimize modifications to existing physics codes as well as to communalize them. Allowable mixed and partial refinement templates for quadrilateral, triangular, hexahedral, and tetrahedral meshes are presented as well as the algorithms for searching for the correct element template. Initial demonstration results for triangular and tetrahedral h - adaptivity mesh refinement are shown.
LH Release by LH-Releasing Hormone in Golden Hamsters at Various Stages of Estrous Cycle

SummaryStimulation of LH release by administration of natural or synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied at different stages of the estrous cycle in the golden hamster. The animals were pretreated with phenobarbital to prevent a spontaneous preovulatory surge of LH. In these animals serum LH levels after saline injection remained low throughout the estrous cycle. Intravenous injection of 0.1 or 0.4 μg LH-RH significantly increased serum LH levels compared to appropriate controls. The greatest response to LH-RH was observed during proestrus. The smallest response was observed on the day 1 of diestrus, and in most of the animals, at estrus. The pituitary response to LH-RH on day 2 of diestrus was smaller than during proestrus, and greater than that observed during day 1 of diestrus and estrus. The results indicate that pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH varies at different stages of estrus cycle in the golden hamster.The authors are indebted to Drs. G. D. Niswender and H. Papkoff ...
L’Étoile noire de Michelle Maillet : traces mémorielles de l’esclavage dans les camps nazis

Dans cet article, l’analyse du roman de Michelle Maillet L’Etoile noire, cahier de notes d’une jeune femme noire martiniquaise emportee dans les affres des camps allemands, invite a une reflexion sur l’intentionnalite d’un genre litteraire fusionnant la forme des recits sur l’Holocauste a celle des recits sur l’esclavage. Ce schema permet l’elaboration d’un cadre de references geographique et rhetorique novateur pour la pensee sur le fascisme et la remise en question de la place de la memoire coloniale dans l’histoire nationale francaise. L’intention ici est de decloisonner etudes juives et postcoloniales, afin de pourvoir une histoire caribeenne « multidirectionnelle ».
Evaluation on Antibody Post-vaccination Persistence of Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine Over One Year

Objective To evaluate the antibody post-vaccination persistence of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine over one year.Methods Observation of objects were the 398 people whose HI antibody was greater than 1∶40 one month after vaccination.The micro hemagglutination inhibition assay was conducted to detect H I antibody.We also counted GMT and vaccine protection proportion among targeted population.Results Over one year period,the GMT was down by 62.03%,and vaccine protection rate was 92.71%.Older group,with a 83.12% protection rate,had relatively lower antibody persistence.40.21% of targets who were on lower antibody level antibody tilter was 1∶40-1∶80 after vaccination for 1 moth experienced rise in antibody tilter over one year period.Conclusion Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine has(antibody tilter was 1∶40-1∶80 after vaccination for motn) certain persistence of immunization.The older population has comparatively poor antibody persistence.
Emergent Literacy: A New Perspective.

Emergent literacy, a process in which the child constructs concepts about the functions of symbols and print, is based on experiences and meaningful language facilitated by interactions with adults...
Immunosensor for rapid extraction/detection of enteric pathogens

An antibody-based sensor (immunosensor) has been developed that features an all-in-one extraction and detection of the enteric pathogen E. coli O57 : H7 using the same redox-active polyaniline-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (PIONs). Capture efficiency for E. coli O57 : H7 is shown to be 81–99% in various food matrices with varying properties. The immunosensor's detection range is 100 to 105 CFU/mL with a detection limit of 5 CFU. Furthermore, magnetic separation is showing great promise as an alternative to existing conventional sample processing systems. Given the bacteria's low contamination level in food and water, this biosensor technology has great potential in monitoring enteric microbial contaminants in the food supply chain where simplicity, sensitivity, and ease of use are important.
Admixture mapping and its application to lupus gene identification in African-Americans

Swapan K Nath completed his M.Sc. from University of Calcutta, India in 1989 and later on did his Doctoral & Post doctoral studies at Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, India, 1995 and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH from 1995-2000 respectively. He is the recipient of many Honors and Awards as distinguished scientist as well as a researcher and the Ad hoc reviewer for 6 international Scientific Journals & a member of 3-4 scientific societies. Currently he is the Member, Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program and Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA. Admixture mapping and its application to lupus gene identification in African-Americans
Biopharmaceutical Informatics: supporting biologic drug development via molecular modelling and informatics.

Objectives The purpose of this article is to introduce an emerging field called ‘Biopharmaceutical Informatics’. It describes how tools from Information technology and Molecular Biophysics can be adapted, developed and gainfully employed in discovery and development of biologic drugs. Key Findings The findings described here are based on literature surveys and the authors’ collective experiences in the field of biologic drug product development. A strategic framework to forecast early the hurdles faced during drug product development is weaved together and elucidated using chemical degradation as an example. Efficiency of translating biologic drug discoveries into drug products can be significantly improved by combining learnings from experimental biophysical and analytical data on the drug candidates with molecular properties computed from their sequences and structures via molecular modeling and simulations. Summary Biopharmaceutical Informatics seeks to promote applications of computational tools towards discovery and development of biologic drugs. When fully implemented, industry-wide, it will enable rapid materials-free developability assessments of biologic drug candidates at early stages as well as streamline drug product development activities such as commercial scale production, purification, formulation, analytical characterization, safety and in vivo performance.
Analgesic Effect of Intra-articular Morphine or Dexmedetomidine Added with Levobupivacaine in Arthroscopic Knee Surgeries - A Comparative Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION Knee arthroscopy is associated with variable amount of postoperative pain. In an attempt to improve postoperative analgesia, intra-articular injection of local anaesthetic in combination with other agent have been studied. However, the best combination is not known. AIM To compare the analgesic efficacy of intra-articular injection of morphine and dexmedetomidine when added with levobupivacaine in arthroscopic knee surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy eight patients, scheduled to undergo elective arthroscopic procedure under spinal anaesthesia were recruited for the study. All the patients received 18 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine however in addition to this Group M patients received 8 mg (2 ml) morphine, Group D patients received 100μg (2 ml) of dexmedetomidine while Group C patients received 2 ml of isotonic saline intra-articularly. Postoperatively the intensity of pain was assessed using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Rescue analgesia was given at NRS ≥ 4. The duration of analgesia and total diclofenac consumption was noted. RESULTS The mean duration of analgesia was longest in Group M (576.20±67.09 minutes) followed by Group D (460.93±38.95 minutes) and Group C (370.27±58.80 minutes) statistically this difference was found to be highly significant (p-value < 0.001). Total consumption of diclofenac in 24 hours was found lowest in group M (86.25±27.48 mg) followed by group D (110.87±44.48 mg) and group C (141.35±44.13 mg) this difference was found to be highly significant (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION Morphine when added with levobupivacaine in patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery improves the quality and prolongs the duration of postoperative analgesia.
The Matching Polynomial

Known in statistical physics as the partition function of the monomer-dimer model , the matching polynomial of a graph is an extension of the hafnian, as it enumerates all, not necessarily perfect, matchings in the graph. The Heilmann–Lieb Theorem asserts that the roots of the matching polynomial (with non-negative real weights on the edges) are negative real, which allows us to efficiently approximate the polynomial through interpolation anywhere away from the negative real axis. We demonstrate the “correlation decay” phenomenon of the probability for a random matching to contain a given vertex to be asymptotically independent on whether the matching contains some other remote vertex.
Tungsten-encapsulated gadolinium nanoislands with enhanced magnetocaloric response

We report a method for growing chemically pure, oxide-free, air-stable Gd nanoislands with enhanced magnetic properties. These nanoislands are grown by solid-state dewetting and are fully encapsulated in tungsten such that they remain stable in ambient environments. They display good crystalline properties with hexagonally close-packed crystal structure and strong preferential orientation. We show that the choice of substrate strongly affects their shape, crystal orientation, and magnetic properties. The temperature-dependent magnetic coercivity and remanence of the Gd islands can vary by as much as a factor of three depending on the substrate used. The magnetocaloric properties of Gd islands grown on a sapphire substrate exceed those of high-quality Gd thin films.
A Novel Intuitively Controlled Articulating Instrument for Reoperative Foregut Surgery: A Case Report.

Abstract The field of laparoscopic surgery has continued to grow exponentially over the years, prompting new innovative technologies. Despite substantial advancements, standard laparoscopic tools have undergone little design changes and fail to optimize mobility in limited spaces. Advancements in robotics have attempted to address this, allowing for increasing degrees of freedom and articulation of instruments. Even so, this system has proven to be cumbersome with questionable cost-effectiveness. In this study, we present the first use of a solely mechanical intuitively controlled articulating laparoscopic needle driver. The ability to naturally articulate allowed for ease during suturing and knot tying during the critical portions of the operation. The FlexDex surgical instrument demonstrates promise in the field of foregut surgery in addition to other areas of minimally invasive specialties.
Effect of thoracolumbosacral orthoses on reachable workspace volumes in children with spinal cord injury.

Background/Objective: Wheelchair users often use trunk motion to facilitate or augment their upper extremity reach. Children with spinal cord injury (SCI) are often prescribed thoracic lumbar sacra...
The Relationship of Collagen Structural and Compositional Heterogeneity to Tissue Mechanical Properties: A Chemical Perspective

Collagen is the primary protein component in mammalian connective tissues. Over the last 20 years, evidence has mounted that collagen matrices exhibit substantial heterogeneity in their hierarchical structures and that this heterogeneity plays important roles in both structure and function. Herein, an overview of studies addressing the nanoscale compositional and structural heterogeneity is provided and connected to work exploring the mechanical implications for a number of tissues.
The Detection of 6.9 μm Emission Features in the Infrared Spectra of IRAS 04296+3429, IRAS 05341+0852, and IRAS 22272+5435: Evidence for the Presence of Hn-PAHs in Post-AGB Stars

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally believed to be ubiquitous in space and responsible for numerous telltale interstellar infrared emission bands. In Sandford et al., we suggested that PAHs with excess hydrogenation at their periphery (-PAHs) may be an important subclass of these molecules in some astrophysical environments. These molecules are candidates to explain objects with anomalously large 3.4 μm features, which are presumed to be associated with the aliphatic C–H stretching vibrations of the excess hydrogen. In that work, we suggest that for Hn-PAHs to be a viable candidate as the source for this 3.4 μm feature, we must also expect to observe methylene scissoring modes at 6.9 μm. In this work, we continue to develop the hypothesis with a focus on the 6.9 μm feature. We also present some new observations of three post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) objects with abnormally large 3.4 μm features, IRAS 04296+3429, IRAS 05341+0852, and IRAS 22272+5435, in addition to one post-AGB object with normal PAH emissions, IRAS 20000+3239. These observations were made using the FORCAST instrument in grism mode on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy aircraft and demonstrate the presence of a 6.9 μm feature for the three objects with abnormally large 3.4 μm features and no detectable 6.9 μm feature for the normal PAH emitter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Hn-PAHs are a possible source of these infrared emission bands.
Quality and Readability of English-Language Internet Information for Voice Disorders

Summary Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability and quality of English-language Internet information related to vocal hygiene, vocal health, and prevention of voice disorders. This study extends recent work because it evaluates readability, content quality, and website origin across broader search criteria than previous studies evaluating online voice material. Method Eighty-five websites were aggregated using five different country-specific search engines. Websites were then analyzed using quality and readability assessments. The entire web page was evaluated; however, no information or links beyond the first page was reviewed. Statistical calculations were employed to examine website ratings, differences between website origin and quality and readability scores, and correlations between readability instruments. Result Websites exhibited acceptable quality as measured by the DISCERN. However, only one website obtained the Health On the Net certification. Significant differences in quality were found among website origin, with government websites receiving higher quality ratings. Approximate educational levels required to comprehend information on the websites ranged from 8 to 9 years of education. Significant differences were found between website origin and readability measures with higher levels of education required to understand information on websites of nonprofit organizations. Conclusion Current vocal hygiene, vocal health, and prevention of voice disorders websites were found to exhibit acceptable levels of quality and readability. However, highly rated Internet information related to voice care should be made more accessible to voice clients through Health On the Net certification.
A greenhouse gas abatement framework for investment in district heating

Abstract Biomass resources could be used in the Northeastern U.S. in centralized district heating networks supplied by combined heat and power (CHP) plants to reduce consumption of petroleum resources (fuel oil), generate renewable electricity, and cost-effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when supplying buildings with space and water heating. Alternatively, the CHP plants could be powered by natural gas, which would reduce GHG emissions relative to conventional, individual heating solutions owing to the improved efficiency of cogeneration. To assess the potential for investment in these technologies, hourly heat load demand in residential and commercial buildings in all New England and New York state towns (populations > 5000) was estimated and used to optimize the energy efficiency of district heating networks using MODEST software. All of the 116 studied locations without access to natural gas distribution infrastructure showed negative carbon abatement costs, the majority between −$250 and −$38 per Mg CO2 equivalents (eq.), when biomass-fed district heating was implemented due to significantly reduced operational costs and life cycle GHG emissions. Similarly, almost all (465 out of 467) locations connected to the natural gas grid were found to have negative GHG abatement costs, ranging from −$4500 to −$400 per Mg CO2 eq., demonstrating strong economic feasibility for district heating. Natural has an economic advantage over biomass in district heating due to its combined cycle CHP plants being able to generate more electricity per heat unit compared to biomass CHP plants and its lower O&M costs. District heating in all locations could abate 2.6 billion Mg of CO2 eq. at an economic surplus over 30 ears of continuous operation. Using a framework that integrated spatial tools, optimization, LCA, and cost evaluation, this study uniquely identified promising locations in the U.S. where district heating could be both environmentally and economically beneficial. This framework can be applied to other global regions that have significant space heating needs, for CHP implementation, and as a tool for identifying alternative building energy investments, such as improved insulation or individual space heating solutions, which in some cases could yield higher GHG reductions per dollar.
Metallacrowns: Supramolecular Constructs With Potential in Extended Solids, Solution-State Dynamics, Molecular Magnetism, and Imaging

Abstract Metallacrown (MC) research grows each year, in particular with regard to applications of these molecules. This review will focus on the properties and applications of these compounds since 2014. In the solid state metallacrowns have been used as building blocks for one- and two-dimensional structures as well as metal–organic frameworks. In addition, MCs have been used as a single source precursor for metal oxides including incorporation into multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Recent solution-state research has focused on the mechanism of lanthanide(III) encapsulation by MCs, their solution stability, selective guest binding of anions, interactions with DNA, and as scaffolds for helical peptide bundles. The magnetic applications of MCs continue to be explored with recent advances in single-molecule magnetism and magnetic refrigeration. Lastly, the use of MCs as imaging agents continues to grow as a field. MCs have demonstrated lanthanide-based luminescence, especially as stain and cell fixation agents, have been used to selectively image necrotic cells, and have potential use as magnetic resonance imaging-contrast agents. The ability to understand the synthetic design and control of metallacrown structures toward specific molecular properties is of paramount importance. The capability to tailor metallacrowns to specific properties such as single-molecule magnetism or luminescence is a key advantage of the metallacrown system. This review describes synthetic strategies to take advantage of this class of molecules toward a wide range of applications.
DNase I Hypersensitive Sites: A Structural Feature of Chromatin Associated with Gene Expression

Investigations in the field of gene regulation in eukaryotes have identified several conserved sequences in and around genes. Such sequences are presumed, or have been demonstrated, to be important in promoting, terminating, or otherwise regulating gene transcription. (For examples see references 1–3 and the chapter by Wasylyk, this volume). Similarly, there has been a growing realization of the importance of the role of chromatin structure in gene expression (see reference 4 for an extensive review). Specifically, potentially transcribed genes have been shown to be preferentially sensitive to digestion by the enzyme deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) (5), and to lie within large domains of chromatin containing 10–100 kilobase pairs of DNA that are more sensitive to this enzyme than are the surrounding regions (6). Within such regions exist more localized chromatin sites which are hypersensitive to DNase I. These “DH sites” are the subject of this review.
Simulation strategies employed in the development and maintenance of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope control system

The recently reinvented Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) has undergone a multi-year upgrade replacing the wide- field corrector, tracker, and metrology systems. The timelines for the production and delivery of the various upgrade components, combined with the desired turn around on deployment and integration, required that a majority of the core control system software functionality be implemented, and notionally tested, without access to the related hardware. We present the approaches to simulating the HET hardware systems, their evolution, the successes and shortcomings of the current level of capabilities, and ideas for improvements to simulation and integration testing.
Analysis of Change

When the same subjects or laboratory animals are observed across a set of different conditions or over time, we are usually interested in studying change. In these study designs, each subject serves as its own control. In this chapter, we consider different ways to assess change over time, for example, analyses for evaluating changes from a baseline condition. Study designs and analyses for single group studies and studies with two groups are discussed in detail. Examples come from published data. Statistical methods used in the examples include paired t-tests and analysis of covariance. The use of difference scores is discussed relative to analysis of covariance.
Image Guidance in Robotic-Assisted Renal Surgery

New methods of imaging and image guidance technology have the potential to provide surgeons with spatially accurate three-dimensional information about the location and anatomical relationships of critical intraoperative subsurface and nonvisualized structures and surgeon instrumentation location and positioning. This guidance is spatially accurate and updated and displayed in real time during the performance of surgery. Robotic platforms and technology in various forms possess critical advantages that allow for robust image guidance in a variety of forms. Development of new robotic platforms continues to promise revolutionary changes in surgery and procedural interventions and will soon incorporate and potentially become more dependent on image guidance. Various iterations of image-guided surgery (IGS) for abdominal and urologic interventions exist and present complex engineering and surgical challenges along with potential benefits to surgeons and patients. Key concepts such as registration, localization, accuracy, and targeting error are necessary for surgeons to understand and utilize the potential benefits of IGS as well as understand the risks. Standard urologic robotic surgeries, such as partial nephrectomy and radical prostatectomy, may soon incorporate a variety of forms of IGS. Research continues to explore the potential for combining image guidance and robotics to augment and improve surgical interventions.
Hypothesis Tests, Confidence Intervals to Infer Population Characteristics and Differences

Samples are collected and analyzed to estimate population characteristics. Chapter 3 explores the practice of inference: how hypotheses about what may be true in the population are tested and how population parameters are estimated with confidence intervals. Included in this chapter are tests of hypotheses and confidence intervals for: (i) A population mean from a single sample, (ii) The difference between means of two populations, or segments from two independent samples, and (iii) The mean difference within one population between two time periods or two scenarios from two matched or paired samples.
Melanopsin Phototransduction Is Repurposed by ipRGC Subtypes to Shape the Function of Distinct Visual Circuits

Summary Melanopsin is expressed in distinct types of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which drive behaviors from circadian photoentrainment to contrast detection. A major unanswered question is how the same photopigment, melanopsin, influences such vastly different functions. Here we show that melanopsin’s role in contrast detection begins in the retina, via direct effects on M4 ipRGC (ON alpha RGC) signaling. This influence persists across an unexpectedly wide range of environmental light levels ranging from starlight to sunlight, which considerably expands the functional reach of melanopsin on visual processing. Moreover, melanopsin increases the excitability of M4 ipRGCs via closure of potassium leak channels, a previously unidentified target of the melanopsin phototransduction cascade. Strikingly, this mechanism is selective for image-forming circuits, as M1 ipRGCs (involved in non-image forming behaviors), exhibit a melanopsin-mediated decrease in excitability. Thus, melanopsin signaling is repurposed by ipRGC subtypes to shape distinct visual behaviors.
Structural Biology of Jasmonic Acid Metabolism and Responses in Plants

Jasmonic acid (JA) and its many derivatives constitute a diverse family of modified oxylipins that are involved in hormonal defense responses, growth regulation, and other aspects of plant physiology. To respond to external cues, plants synthesize jasmonyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the active form of the hormone, using the acyl acid amido synthetase JAR1. JA-Ile then targets the jasmonate F-box receptor (i.e., the COI1-ASK1 complex), and recruits JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN PROTEIN (JAZ) proteins. This results in degradation of the JAZ protein repressor to regulate jasmonate gene responses. Alternatively, when JA-Ile levels decline, JAZ proteins can bind an array of co-repressors and transcription factors to down-regulate JA responses. Three-dimensional structures of the protein players involved in JA signaling shed light on the molecular architecture of the binding interactions between proteins and the specific chemistry of the enzymes. Additionally, structures of the JA biosynthesis and modifying enzymes provide insight into the strict stereospecific formation of JA (i.e., 3R, 7S-jasmonate), as well as decorated forms of JA. Here we provide an up-to-date look into the structural investigations of JA signaling and metabolism and suggest future areas of study that remain to be understood on the molecular level.
Leader support for gender equity: Understanding prosocial goal orientation, leadership motivation, and power sharing

Abstract We focus on how interpersonal characteristics should influence leader support for gender equity in organizations. Recognizing gender disparities in organizations and the “labyrinth” that women face when they advance in their careers (cf. Eagly & Carli, 2007 ), we develop a model for how interpersonal characteristics of leaders, both men and women, influence power construal and thus their use of empowerment, mentoring, and performance feedback, ultimately affecting career opportunities for women in organizations. The model proposes that leaders who are high on communal goal orientation, a prosocial characteristic, are more likely to construe power through a responsibility lens and behave in ways that ultimately support gender equity in organizations. In contrast, leaders with an exchange goal orientation are more likely to construe power through a freedom lens and behave in ways that are self-serving. Prestige motivation will increase the extent to which leaders, especially those who are communally oriented, share power. Dominance motivation will increase the extent to which leaders, especially those who are exchange oriented, act in self-interest and retain power, ultimately imposing barriers to women's career advancement. Organizations can potentially increase leader power sharing by encouraging and reinforcing leaders' prosocial characteristics of communal orientation and prestige motivation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
High-resolution seismo-acoustic characterization of Green Canyon 600, a perennial hydrocarbon seep in Gulf of Mexico deep water

Green Canyon Lease Block 600 is a well-documented cold seep site characterized by near-perennial oil and gas slicks large enough to reach the sea surface and to be detected on satellite imagery. This site has been selected by the Ecosystem Impact of Oil and Gas Inputs to the Gulf consortium to study the impacts of natural hydrocarbon seepage versus anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons into the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster that occurred in 2010. Here we present the first high-resolution characterization of the site. We investigated the seafloor and shallow subsurface combining autonomous underwater vehicle-borne seismo-acoustics with photo data. Our records show vigorous hydrocarbon flux occurring over a wide area of the complex seafloor morphology. Several mounds, which are the most prominent features of the site, are aligned along a ridge structure and are actively venting hydrocarbons. Detailed bathymetry of the mound’s surface highlights the presence of numerous pockmarks, cones, and micro-mounds of variable sizes and shapes. High reflectivity seafloor backscatter characterizes the entire ridge surface; ground-truthing photo surveys confirm the presence of authigenic carbonate hardgrounds, gas hydrates, and chemosynthetic communities. The shallow stratigraphy indicates that the ridge represents the seafloor expression of normal faults, probably rooted to a deep salt body. Salt tectonics generated a complex network of normal faults, many of which displace the upper part of the Holocene sediments up to the seafloor, forming long linear scars. Acoustic anomalies, interpreted as active migration pathways, underlie mounds and venting structures, suggesting a link between the deep hydrocarbon reservoir and seafloor expulsion features.
On the limitations of a unitary model of the proof process

In defense of their “explanatory” theory of the proof process, Professors Ronald Allen and Michael Pardo maintain that a successful theory of this kind should correspond to the way that jurors actu...
Structural Design and Hierarchy

This chapter describes how to accomplish hierarchy within Verilog using lower-level subsystems. Structural design in Verilog refers to including lower-level subsystems within a higher-level module in order to produce the desired functionality. This is called hierarchy and is a good design practice because it enables design partitioning. A purely structural design will not contain any behavioral constructs in the module such as signal assignments, but instead just contain the instantiation and interconnections of other subsystems. A subsystem in Verilog is simply another module that is called by a higher-level module. Each lower-level module that is called is executed concurrently by the calling module.
Truly Distributed Coaxial Cable Sensing Based on Random Inhomogeneities

Rayleigh backscattering-based distributed fiber optic sensing technology is well known and widely used for large-scale structural health monitoring. Inspired by the Rayleigh backscattering-based sensing methodology on an optical fiber, in this paper, we present a sensing concept based on the random inhomogeneities on a coaxial cable. As an analogy of Rayleigh backscattering along an optical fiber length, “backscattering” also exists from a commercial coaxial cable due to its inherent defects along a cable length which induce a local variation (i.e., impedance mismatch). This is because of the irregular microscopic structures of the inner/outer conductors, and the inhomogeneous density or permittivity of the inner dielectrics after the cables are manufactured. The accumulated backscattered signals along the coaxial cable can be obtained using frequency-domain reflectometry. By analyzing the shift in the local backscattered signal, the local environmental perturbations (e.g., local strain or temperature) can be determined, so that truly distributed sensing capability using a coaxial cable can be achieved. To verify the proposed concept, an intact and commercial coaxial cable was demonstrated for distributed temperature sensing. Compared with the existing coaxial cable-based distributed sensing technologies, the proposed sensing concept does not need extra modifications to the coaxial cable and offers a truly distributed sensing capability.
A comment on the possible Néel temperature of solid 3 He

A calculation of the effect of the conjectured three-body exchange on the possible Neel temperature of solid3He is made. A value of 2.24 mK is obtained fromP v (T) data, whereas susceptibility data indicate 2.9 mK. These calculations indicate that three-body exchange may lead to the occurrence of the transition above 2.0 mK, the previously expected value.
Is It Top-Down, Trickle-Up, or Reciprocal?: Testing Longitudinal Relationships between Youth News Use and Parent and Peer Political Discussion

Using data from a three-wave, parent–child panel survey and Slater’s Reinforcing Spirals Model (RSM) as an analytical framework, three rival communication pathways to political socialization are te...