cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and phase equilibria in inclusion–host systems

Mechanical and phase equilibria in inclusion-host systems are investigated in this paper. An inclusion-host system that is initially under lithostatic pressure and in mechanical and phase equilibria may undergo pressure-temperature change. The new elastic and plastic equilibrium, possible viscous relaxation, and phase equilibrium are considered. The new inclusion pressure typically differs from both the initial pressure and the pressure on the outside surface of the host. The inclusion is under isotropic stress (a single pressure) but the host is anisotropically stressed. The relative volume change of the inclusion differs from that of the inclusion-free host by 0:75.Pin Pout/=Gh where Pin and Pout are the pressures on the inside and outside surfaces of the host, and Gh is the shear modulus of the host. Different inclusions in a single host may be under different pressures. A simple case of elastic anisotropy is also considered and the result shows that incorporation of elastic anisotropy is necessary for accurate calculations of volume and strain effect. For inclusions with roughly constant bulk modulus, the time scale of viscous relaxation is found to be 4h=.3Ki/ where h is the viscosity of the host phase and Ki is the bulk modulus of the inclusion phase. If the host mineral does not relax viscously and does not fracture into pieces, the host mineral partially protects the inclusion and phase transition in the inclusion-host system is partial and spans a large T-P range even for one-component systems, in contrast to sharp phase transitions under isobaric and isothermal conditions. For example, a graphite inclusion in a diamond host does not completely convert to diamond when pressure on the diamond host increases. Using the chemical potential formulation of Kamb, about 1% of graphite would convert to diamond for every 1 GPa increase in host pressure. Because the inclusion pressure may be different from the lithostatic pressure on the host, pressure obtained from thermobarometers using inclusion-host pairs may not have depth significance. Correct 'reading' of information stored by inclusion-host pairs requires an understanding of mechanical and phase equilibria involving the inclusion and host. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Nature of immobilized antibody layers linked to thioctic acid treated gold surfaces.

Utilization of 125I-labeled IgG enables an investigation of protein immobilized to gold electrodes sputter deposited on microporous nylon membranes, including the precise nature of the surface–protein bond (i.e. covalent or non-specific adsorption), physical location of the immobilized protein (i.e. on the surface of the gold electrode or within the pores of the membrane), and the amount of protein immobilized. This is accomplished by comparing the mass of protein immobilized to gold surfaces that have been treated in several different fashions, as well as, deposition of the gold on nylon membranes that have been treated differently. It is shown that these microporous gold electrodes, proposed previously for conducting novel non-separation electrochemical enzyme immunoassays, consist of multiple protein layers non-specifically adsorbed. Approximately, half of the total adsorbed protein is immobilized to the gold surface with the remaining protein bound within the pores on the nylon membrane.
1444 DIMINISHED ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY (AOA) OF NEWBORN PLASMA

Newborn infants appear to be unusually susceptible to oxidative damage. In order to determine if the overall antioxidant potential of one biological fluid, plasma, is demonstrably different in newborns, cord blood plasma from healthy term infants was compared with adult control specimens using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-malonyldialdehyde (MDA) reaction as a measure of polyunsaturated lipid autoxidation in a homogenate of brain tissue. In this assay, a 5.0 ml homogenate of calf brain is permitted to incubate with 50 μ1 plasma at 37°c for 1 hour. MDA concentrations in the 1 hour and a zero time aliquot are measured by the TBA reaction following trichloracetic acid precipation of protein. AOA of plasma is defined as percentage inhibition of spontaneous autoxidation as measured in an untreated control homogenate. The AOA of cord plasma and adult plasma are as follows: No correlation was observed between plasma alpha tocopherol levels and the AOA of either cord plasma or adult plasma. AOA of cord plasma is probably dependent on a wide variety of substances including metal complexes such as ceruloplasm, acids such as ascorbic acid and unsaturated lipid materials such as alpha tocopherol. The exact role of each of these and the relationship of plasma AOA to disease states remains unknown.
Fault behavior and testability of asynchronous CMOS circuits

Abstract Asynchronous circuits have not yet found a widespread application in VLSI chips despite their inherent advantages over synchronous circuits, notably a higher speed potential. This may partly be attributed to testing problems. This paper describes the fault behavior of typical basic asynchronous CMOS circuits under realistic fault conditions and suggests some basic approaches towards testable design.
Clinical and biochemical correlates of starting “daily” hemodialysis

Clinical and biochemical correlates of starting "daily" hemodialysis. Background Daily hemodialysis has been proposed to improve outcomes for patients with end-stage renal disease. There has been increasing evidence that daily hemodialysis might have potential advantages over intermittent dialysis. However, despite these potential advantages, daily hemodialysis is infrequently used in the United States, and published accounts on the technique are few. Methods We describe patient outcomes after increasing their hemodialysis frequency from three to six times per week in a cohort of 72 patients treated at nine centers during 1972 to 1996. Analyses of predialysis blood pressure and laboratory parameters from 6months before until 12months after starting frequent hemodialysis used a repeated-measures statistical technique. Results Predialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell by 7 and 4mm Hg, respectively, after starting frequent hemodialysis ( P = 0.02). Reductions were greatest among patients being treated with antihypertensive medications, despite a reduction in their dosage of medications. Postdialysis weight fell by 1.0% within one month of starting frequent hemodialysis and improved control of hypertension. After the initial drop, postdialysis weight increased at a rate of 0.85kg per six months. Serum albumin rose by 0.29g/dl ( P P = 0.02) among patients ( N = 56) not treated with erythropoietin during this period. Two years after the start of daily hemodialysis, Kaplan–Meier analyses showed a patient survival of 93%, a technique survival of 77%, and an arteriovenous fistula patency of 92%. Vascular access patency was excellent despite more frequent use of the access. Conclusions These results suggest that in certain patients, daily hemodialysis might have advantages over three times per week hemodialysis.
A minimally disruptive model and three-dimensional evaluation of Lisfranc joint diastasis

Background: There is no model that can reproduce the diastasis at the Lisfranc joint after isolated transection of the Lisfranc ligament. Prior models required extensive sectioning of ligaments in the midfoot and represent injuries that cause extensive tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocations. They do not represent a subset of injuries that cause subtle or limited disruption at the Lisfranc joint. The purpose of this study was to create a model with the minimum amount of ligamentous disruption and loading necessary to consistently observe diastasis at the Lisfranc joint. Methods: Fourteen fresh-frozen paired cadaver feet were dissected to expose the dorsum. Three screws were inserted into each first cuneiform and second metatarsal to create a pair of registration triads. A digitizer was utilized to record the three-dimensional positions of the screws and their displacement under loaded and unloaded conditions before and after the Lisfranc ligament was cut (intact and cut conditions). The first and second cuneiforms and their metatarsals were removed, and the attachment sites of the dorsal and the Lisfranc ligament were digitized. The three-dimensional positions of the bones and ligament displacement were determined. The significance of differences between conditions was tested with analysis of variance, and linear regression analysis was used to test the correlation between dorsal and plantar displacements. Results: There was a significant difference, of 1.3 mm, in the mean displacement between the cut loaded and intact loaded conditions (p < 0.0001). A modest correlation (r2 = 0.60) was found between dorsal displacement and displacement at the site of the Lisfranc ligament, possibly attributable to rotations between the first cuneiform and second metatarsal. Conclusions: Isolated sectioning of the Lisfranc ligament is sufficient to consistently create diastasis at the Lisfranc joint. Dorsal displacements between the first cuneiform and second metatarsal are a modest predictor of plantar displacements. Clinical Relevance: This model can be used to compare different materials for or methods of fixation used to stabilize the Lisfranc joint, such as screws or sutures with endobuttons or ligament substitutes, in the future.
Life Skills Training: Empirical Findings and Future Directions

Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use are important problems that typically begin during adolescence. Fortunately, substantial progress has been made in developing effective drug abuse prevention programs for youth over the past two decades. The Life Skills Training (LST) program is an effective primary prevention program for adolescent drug abuse that addresses the risk and protective factors associated with drug use initiation and teaches skills related to social resistance and enhancing social and personal competence. This paper provides an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of the LST program, along with a description of the program's core components, materials, and methods. Findings from over two decades of evaluation research are reviewed, including results from a series of small scale efficacy studies and large scale effectiveness trials with a variety of adolescent populations. These studies have demonstrated positive behavioral effects of LST on smoking, alcohol, marijuana use as well as the use of multiple substances and illicit drugs, with prevention effects lasting up until the end of high school. Further research is needed to understand the mediating mechanisms through which prevention programs such as LST are effective, and ways to widely disseminate research-based programs into schools.
Residential treatment for eating disorders.

Objective: The current study describes residential treatment for eating disorders in the United States. Method: A national study involving 22 residential eating disorder treatment programs was conducted using a survey to determine treatment program descriptions and trends. Data from 19 respondents, representing 86% of all residential treatment programs in the United States, were examined. Results: Residential treatment options for individuals with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are becoming increasingly more common. A wide variety of techniques and methods are employed in the treatment of individuals with eating disorders in residential treatment programs. The average length of stay in treatment was 83 days, with an average cost per day of $956 U.S. dollars. Conclusion: The residential treatment of individuals with eating disorders is a growing, variable, and largely unregulated enterprise. Future research is needed to focus on quantifying treatment program effectiveness in the residential treatment of individuals with eating disorders. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006.
Investigation of the 4D metastable state in Na-like ions

Abstract Auger electron emission from 3 l 3 l ′ autoionizing states produced in collisions of Cl q + ions with Ne has been studied. The primary goal of this work is to investigate the potential role of Pauli exchange interactions leading to formation of the 2p 5 3s3p 4 D metastable state in electron transfer processes. This new work was prompted by the recent observation of a strongly enhanced 1s2s2p 4 P metastable state resulting from electron transfer to F 7,8+ ions [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 133201], in which the enhancement was attributed to a dynamical exchange potential between similarly aligned target and projectile electrons resulting from the Pauli exclusion principle. In the present case, such an alignment might be expected to produce an enhanced 4 D state in single and double transfer to Cl 7+ (2p 5 3s) and Cl 8+ (2p 5 ), respectively.
Effects of Geometric and Process Parameters on Drill Transverse Vibrations

Summary While it is difficult, if not impossible, to isolate a single ef­ fect in an oblique cutting operation, our experimental results provide strong evidence of a link between presence of a built- up edge and increased acoustic emission activity. We have hypothesized that the primary reason for this link is the in­ crease in effective rake angle associated with the existence of a BUE. Calculated results using published experimental data in an existing theoretical relation appear to support the hypothesis. While the theoretical equation was developed for orthogonal Cutting, it is nevertheless reasonable to apply it here to qualitatively examine our explanation of the ex­ perimental results. Finally, we note that our use of equation (3) ignores acoustic emission in the secondary and tertiary zones. The existence of a BUE would generally increase AE energy from these sources, so their inclusion should further support the experimental evidence presented here. Further investigations are needed in order to better under­ stand the BUE and acoustic emission relationship. It is planned to explore a wider range of workpiece materials, rake angle variations, and feeds. In future cutting experiments, comprehensive cutting force data will be obtained for correla­ tion with AE measurements and BUE observations. Ultimate­ ly, it may be necessary to employ a quick-stop mechanism to quantify the built-up edge versus cutting conditions for inclu­ sion in a process model.
Magnetoelastic wave instability from drifted conduction electrons

Abstract The normal modes of a current-carrying ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic semiconductor are studied by combining the equations of motion of the magnetization, the lattice, and the itinerant charge with Maxwell's equations. The dispersion relation for the resulting magnetoelastic waves indicates an instability when the conduction electron drift velocity becomes greater than the phase velocity of the magnetoelastic wave.
Mental health care preferences among low-income and minority women

Mental health care preferences are examined among 1,893 low-income immigrant and U.S.-born women with an acknowledged emotional problem (mean age = 29.1, SD = 89.6). Ethnicity, depression, somatization, and stigma are examined as they relate to mental health care preferences (medication, individual and group counseling, faith, family/friends). Seventy-eight percent of participants counseling would be helpful; 55%; group counseling; and 32% medication. Faith was cited by 81%; family and friends were endorsed by 65%. Minorities had lower odds than Whites of endorsing medication (Black immigrants: OR = 0.27, p < 0.001, U.S.-born Blacks: OR = 0.30, p < 0.001, immigrant Latinas: OR = 0.50, p < 0.01). Most minorities also had higher odds of endorsing faith compared to Whites (Black immigrants: OR = 3.62, p < 0.001; U.S.-born Blacks, OR = 3.85, p < 0.001; immigrant Latinas: OR = 9.76, p < 0.001). Being depressed was positively associated with endorsing medication (OR = 1.93, p < 0.001), individual counseling (OR = 2.66, p < 0.001), and group counseling (OR = 1.35, p < 0.01). Somatization was positively associated with endorsing medication (OR = 1.29, p < 0.05) and faith (OR = 1.37, p < 0.05). Stigma-concerns reduced the odds of endorsing group counseling (OR = 0.58, p < 0.001). Finally, being in mental health treatment was related to increased odds of endorsing medication (OR = 3.88, p < 0.001) and individual counseling (OR = 2.29, p = 0.001).
Phosphoprotein profiling by PA-GeLC-MS/MS.

A significant consequence of protein phosphorylation is to alter protein-protein interactions, leading to dynamic regulation of the components of protein complexes that direct many core biological processes. Recent proteomic studies have populated databases with extensive compilations of cellular phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites and a similarly deep coverage of the subunit compositions and interactions in multi-protein complexes. However, considerably less data are available on the dynamics of phosphorylation, composition of multiprotein complexes or that define their interdependence. We describe a method to identify candidate phosphoprotein complexes by combining phosphoprotein affinity chromatography, separation by size, denaturing gel electrophoresis, protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry, and informatics analysis. Toward developing phosphoproteome profiling, we have isolated native phosphoproteins using a phosphoprotein affinity matrix, Pro-Q Diamond resin (Molecular Probes-Invitrogen). This resin quantitatively retains phosphoproteins and associated proteins from cell extracts. Pro-Q Diamond purification of a yeast whole cell extract followed by 1-D PAGE separation, proteolysis and ESI LC-MS/MS, a method we term PA-GeLC-MS/MS, yielded 131 proteins, the majority of which were known phosphoproteins. To identify proteins that were purified as parts of phosphoprotein complexes, the Pro-Q eluate was separated into two fractions by size, 100 kDa, before analysis by PAGE and ESI LC-MS/MS and the component proteins queried against databases to identify protein-protein interactions. The 100 kDa fraction contained 171 proteins of 20 to 80 kDa, nearly all of which participate in known protein-protein interactions. Of these 171, few are known phosphoproteins, consistent with their purification by participation in protein complexes. By mining our phosphoprotein purification with the informational databases on phosphoproteomics, protein-protein interactions and protein complexes, we have developed an approach to examining the correlation between protein interactions and protein phosphorylation.
A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Falls in 482 Community-Dwelling Elderly Adults

BACKGROUND: Falls are a common occurrence in elderly persons, including relatively healthy, community-dwelling men and women. A significant percentage of falls result in soft-tissue injuries. Although some risk factors for falls have been identified, more research is needed on risk factors for injurious falls. In addition, there is little information from prospective studies on the long-term consequences of falls other than injury. METHODS: Risk factors and consequences of falls were analyzed in a 24-month prospective study of 482 elderly (mean age 74 +/- 6.7 years) men and women living independently.in the community. Falls and injurious falls were ascertained by telephone and by a bimonthly postcard follow-up. Predictor variables were obtained from a baseline assessment and follow-up questionnaire. Outcomes were defined as rates of falls and injurious falls, circumstances surrounding the fall, and the long-term correlates of falls. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent of the participants (53.7% of men and 65.7% of women) reported one or more falls during the 2-year follow-up. The crude rates of injurious falls were 11.17 per 1000 person-months in women and 7.23 per 1000 person-months in men. Age, history of fracture, low physical health, and low or high mobility level were risk factors for injurious falls in both sexes. The inability to balance unsupported on one leg was associated with injurious falls in women (rate ratio [RR] = 3.0; 95% confidence interval 1.9-4.7). Self-reported cognitive, physical health, and mobility impairments were greater in female fallers compared to the nonfallers. CONCLUSIONS: Falls and injurious falls without fracture are frequent events for healthy elderly people and may be associated with morbid changes in cognitive status, physical health, and mobility. Language: en
Two-dimensional catheter arrays for real-time intracardiac volumetric imaging

We have previously described 2D arrays of several thousand elements operating up to 5.0 MHz for transthoracic cardiac imaging. Lately, there has been interest in developing catheter based intracardiac imaging systems to aid in the precise tracking of anatomical features for improved diagnoses and therapies. We have constructed several arrays for real time intracardiac volumetric imaging based upon two different designs; a 10 X 10 equals 100 element 5.0 MHz forward looking 2D array, and a 13 X 11 equals 143 element 5.0 MHz 2D array for side scanning applications.
Cam-type femoral-acetabular impingement: is the alpha angle the best MR arthrography has to offer?

In our institutional experience, determination of the alpha (α) angle at MR arthrography as an indicator of the likelihood of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is fraught with inconsistency. The aims of this study were to quantify the degree of variability in and calculate the diagnostic accuracy of the α angle in suggesting a diagnosis of cam impingement, to determine the accuracy of a positive clinical impingement test, and to suggest alternative MR arthrographic measures of femoral head–neck overgrowth and determine their diagnostic utilities. We carried out a retrospective analysis of MR arthrographic studies performed during a 4-year period, combined with chart analysis, which allowed identification of 78 patients in whom surgical correlation was also available. The status of a preoperative clinical impingement test was also noted. Patients were designated as having cam-type FAI (Group A, n = 39) if intra-operative femoral head–neck junction bony osteochondroplasty/arthoscopic femoral debridement was performed. Group B (n = 39) acted as controls. Three radiologists independently and blindly performed a series of measurements (α angle and two newly proposed measurements) in each patient on two separate occasions. An α angle of greater than 55° was considered indicative of the presence of cam-type FAI. Performance values for α angle measurement were poor for each observer. There was considerable (up to 30% of the mean value) intra-observer variability between the first and second α angle measurements for each subject. Binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that the α angle is of no value in predicting the presence or absence of cam-FAI. A statistically significant difference existed between Groups A and B with regard to the newly proposed anterior femoral distance (AFD; p = 0.004). Using an AFD value of 3.60 mm or greater as being indicative of the presence of cam-FAI yields a 0.67 performance measure (95% confidence interval 0.55–0.79). The second proposed parameter (femoral neck ratio) was of no value in suggesting the presence or absence of this condition. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the clinical impingement test were 76.9%, 87.2%, 85.7% and 79.1% respectively. Femoral α angle measurement is associated with considerable variability. This index performed poorly in our patient population and was statistically of no value in suggesting the presence or absence of cam-FAI. One of our proposed measures, the AFD, outperformed the α angle, though to an insufficient degree to suggest its routine incorporation into clinical practice. Our experience suggests that the clinical impingement test remains the most reliable predictor of the presence of this condition.
Regulation of growth hormone secretion by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors in infantile, prepubertal, and adult male rats.

Excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, constitute a major transmitter system in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary function. Different subtypes of glutamate receptors, such as N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and kainate receptors, have been involved in the control of GH secretion. Other excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes, as alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), amino-4-phosphobutyric acid, and metabotropic receptors, have been identified, yet their role in the control of neuroendocrine function remains to be completely characterized. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential involvement of AMPA receptors in the control of GH secretion. In a first set of experiments, neonatal (5 and 10 days) and prepubertal (23 days) male rats were injected with AMPA (1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg) or the antagonist of AMPA receptors, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo-benzo(f)quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX; 0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg). Serum GH concentrations significantly increased 15 min after i.p. administration of AMPA in both neonatal and prepubertal male rats. In addition, serum GH concentrations decreased after NBQX treatment. The stimulatory effect of AMPA was abolished by pretreatment with the blocker of nitric oxide synthase, nitro(w)-arginine-methyl ester (40 mg/kg), and was partially counteracted by the simultaneous administration of GH-releasing hormone (500 microg/kg). Moreover, AMPA was unable to elicit in vitro GH secretion by hemipituitaries from prepubertal males, pointing out that the hypothalamus is probably the site of action for the reported stimulatory action of AMPA on GH release. In a second set of experiments, the effects of AMPA and NBQX were tested in adult male rats. As in prepubertal animals, AMPA significantly increased GH secretion in adult males, whereas NBQX (20 or 40 nmol), administered through intracerebroventricular injection, induced a significant decrease in the amplitude of GH pulses. In conclusion, our data indicate that AMPA receptors have a physiological stimulatory role in the control of GH secretion in male rats throughout the life span. This effect depends on appropriate nitric oxide synthesis during the prepubertal age. In addition, AMPA receptors appear to modulate pulsatile GH secretion in adulthood.
Source Apportionment of One-Hour Semi-Continuous Data Using Positive Matrix Factorization with Total Mass (Nonvolatile plus Semi-Volatile) Measured by the R&P FDMS Monitor

Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to elucidate sources of fine particulate material (PM 2.5 ) for a study conducted during July 2003 in Rubidoux, CA. One-h averaged semi-continuous measurements were made with a suite of instruments to provide PM 2.5 mass and chemical composition data. Total PM 2.5 mass concentrations (nonvolatile plus semi-volatile) were measured with a R&P filter dynamic measurement system (FDMS) and a conventional TEOM monitor was used to measure nonvolatile mass concentrations. Semi-volatile material (SVM) was calculated as the FDMS minus the TEOM determined PM 2.5 mass. PM 2.5 chemical species monitors included a R&P 5400 carbon monitor, an Anderson Aethalometer and a R&P 8400N nitrate monitor. Gas phase data including CO, NO 2 , NO x , and O 3 were also collected during the sampling period. Two distinct PMF analysis were performed. In analysis 1, the TEOM was excluded from the analysis and in analysis 2, the SVM was excluded from the analysis. PMF2 was able to identify six...
Comparison of car-following models for simulation

Presented in this paper are the car-following methods and algorithms of the NETSIM, INTRAS, FRESIM, CARSIM, and INTELSIM models. Moreover, the car-following performance of these models is compared with the field data. NETSIM, INTRAS, FRESIM, and CARSIM car-following models first move the leader and then update the follower in one simulation time step. Because of this approach, these car-following models cannot be used to command vehicles in real-time intelligent transportation systems applications. Moreover, brake reaction times are limited by the simulation time step because of this method of updating the vehicles. INTELSIM was developed to overcome these deficiencies. INTELSIM moves vehicles simultaneously and produces solutions for a continuous time frame. INTELSIM produced the best agreement with the field data and required the least amount of calibration effort.
The relative roles of hydrolases of the erythrocyte and other tissues in controlling aspirin survival in vivo.

The rate of aspirin (acetyIsalicylic acid, ASA) deacetylation to salicylate in vivo determines the availability of the intact molecule for therapeutically important transacetylation reactions. Experiments were carried out to assess the relative contribution of a previously isolated human erythrocyte ASA esterase to the overall hydrolysis rate in vivo, as opposed to similar enzymes in other tissues. In vitro, the rates of ASA hydrolysis were relatively slow in plasma from humans and dogs. The hydrolysis rates were significantly greater in whole blood in dogs, rabbits, and humans. In human and canine whole blood, the rate of hydrolysis correlated positively with hematocrit. In vivo studies with dogs showed that ASA decay rates conform to a 2-compartment model. After reduction of hematocrit by a mean of 49% in 4 dogs without previous splenectomy, the “availability” of ASA increased. In 4 dogs with previous splenectomy, this measurement was increased even more after comparable hematocrit reduction. In 2 dogs that underwent a sub-total hepatectomy, ASA availability increased by only 35% and 12.8%, respectively. These results suggest a significant role for the erythrocyte esterase in vivo in the dog and possibly in humans.
Vacuum polarization and the Coulomb sum rule

Abstract The longitudinal response function for quasielastic electron scattering from nuclear matter is calculated in a relativistic random phase approximation to the Walecka model including vacuum polarization effects. The Walecka model has nucleons interacting with isoscalar sigma and omega meson fields. The change in the vacuum polarization response of the Dirac sea because of the decrease in the relativistic effective mass of the nucleons leads to a thirty percent decrease in the energy integrated longitudinal response function (Coulomb sum rule). This change is isoscalar. Therefore, the transverse response, which is dominated by the isovector anomalous moment, is largely unchanged.
Age-related changes associated with the induction of o-pyrocatechuic acid carboxylase in Aspergillus ornatus.

Mycelial mats of Aspergillus ornatus grown on cellulose xanthate membranes placed on a defined agar medium showed o-pyrocatechuic acid carboxylase activity which could be induced to over six times its basal level by the addition of 0.1% l-tryptophan to the medium. Exposure of mature mycelial mats to cycloheximide prior to induction indicated that de novo protein synthesis was required for this induction to occur. The effect of age on this enzyme adaptation process was investigated by transferring membranes and mats of variousages from defined medium to fresh defined medium or defined medium plus 0.1% l-tryptophan With increasing mycelial age, the basal enzyme activity level remained relatively unchanged while the level to which the enzyme could be induced dereased significantly. This decrease was linear when plotted against the mean cell age of the mycelium, conforming to a general model of age-depenedent modifications of the enzyme adaptation process proposed by Adelman. Several possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
Catalysis on dinuclear Mn(II) centers: hydrolytic and redox activities of rat liver arginase

Rat liver arginase contains a dinuclear Mn2(II,II) center in each subunit having EPR properties similar to those observed in Mn-catalases. The principal physiologic role of arginase is catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of l-arginine to produce l-ornithine and urea. Here we demonstrate that arginase catalyzes the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide by a redox mechanism analogous to Mn-catalases, but at rates that are 10–5 to 10–6 of kcat for the Mn-catalases, and also exhibits peroxidase activity. The dinuclear Mn2(II,II) center is essential for maximal catalase activity, since both the H101N and H126N mutant arginases containing only one Mn(II)/subunit have catalase activities that are <3% of that for the wild-type enzyme. Like the Mn-catalases, the catalase activity of arginase is not inhibited by millimolar concentrations of CN–, the most potent inhibitor of heme catalases, or by EDTA, a chelator of free metal ions. The catalase activity of arginase is not significantly inhibited by Cl– or F–, in contrast to Mn-catalases, while potent inhibitors of the hydrolytic activity are also effective inhibitors of the catalase activity. These results suggest that lower affinity of hydrogen peroxide to the active site of arginase contributes to the lower catalase activity. EPR spectroscopy reveals that potent inhibitors of the hydrolytic reaction, including Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine, l-lysine, and l-valine, decouple the electronic interaction between the Mn2+ ions, most probably by removing a μ-bridging ligand or by increasing the intermanganese separation. The capacity for arginase to deliver a hydroxide ion to hydrolyze the l-arginine substrate is suggested to arise from a "dinuclear effect", wherein the two metal ions contribute more or less equivalently in deprotonation of metal-bound water molecule. Structure-reactivity analyses of these reactions will provide insights into the factors that control redox versus hydrolytic function in dimanganese clusters.
Evidence for dopamine-storing interneurons and paraneurons in rhesus monkey sympathetic ganglia.

In order to study and quantify the small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and to examine their synaptology, the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia of rhesus monkeys were examined by a sequential glyoxylic acid (GA) monoamine fluorescence and electron microscopic technique. Correlated data concerning the sensitivity of the ganglia to dopamine were gathered by measuring the rise in cyclic AMP levels following incubationin vitro with exogenous dopamine. Cyclic AMP levels after incubation for 12 min with 50μM dopamine showed marked increases, averaging 288% of control values. This indicates that these ganglia contain a dopamine receptor—adenylate cyclase complex. The number of SIF cells per mg of tissue was about half that found in the cow and rabbit, and only 1% of the number observed in the rat. Morphological data support the view that, in this species, there are almost equal numbers of type I (hypothesized interneuron) and type II (paraneuron) SIF cells. Presumptive SIF cell efferent synapses were observed by electron microscopy, the postsynaptic elements being dendritic spines or very fine nerve processes.
Sex behavior after neonatal progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, or antiandrogens

Abstract The effect on adult sexual behavior of high doses of progesterone and testosterone given to neonatal male rats were tested and compared with the effects of administered estrogen, cyproterone, and cyproterone acetate. Results indicated that high doses of all the test substances affect male sexual performance; the direction of change, however, is dependent upon the parameter measured. It is asserted that not only must a critical period be considered in evaluating developmental influences on sexual performance but so too must the steroidal environment in terms of type and dosage. High dosages used in the study are seen as possible experimental models of the abnormal hormonal milieu associated with certain clinical situations.
Spironolactone treatment and clinical outcomes in patients with systolic dysfunction and mild heart failure symptoms: a retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background The effect of spironolactone on clinical outcomes in patients with mild heart failure is unclear. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective analysis of 482 consecutive patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and New York Heart Association I-II symptoms. Major cardiac event (MCE) was defined as death, left ventricular assist device implantation, or United Network of Organ Sharing 1 cardiac transplantation. Proportional hazards analysis was used to determine predictors of MCE and to derive an adjusted hazard for spironolactone therapy. Spironolactone was prescribed to 279 (58%) patients and mean follow-up was 1029 days. After controlling for predictors of clinical events, spironolactone treatment was associated with a trend for lower risk of MCE or heart failure rehospitalization (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43–1.07; P = .095). Exploration of interaction terms between medications revealed that treatment with the combination of spironolactone and thiazide diuretics was associated with lower risk of clinical events (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12–0.89; P = .029). Conclusion In subjects with mild heart failure treated with a thiazide diuretic, the use of spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of MCE or heart failure rehospitalization. A randomized controlled trial is necessary to accurately define the clinical effects of spironolactone in patients with mild heart failure.
Corrosion Resistant Coatings for Aluminum by Hydrothermal Film Formation in Alkaline Li-Salt Solutions

New methods of forming corrosion resistant inorganic coatings on Al and Al alloys are required due to environment and work safety hazards associated with the currently used Cr-based coatings technologies. In this paper the authors report on certain specific aspects of Al surface film formation that can be exploited to form highly corrosion resistant coatings. The aspects discussed include: formation of hydrotalcite surface films, Li{sub 2}[Al{sub 2}(OH){sub 6}]{sub 2}{center_dot}CO{sub 3}{center_dot}nH{sub 2}O, by exposure to Li-salt solutions, elimination of unwanted Cu compounds that accumulate surface films formed on Cu-bearing Al alloys, and generation of high corrosion resistance by precipitating transition metal oxides on to alkaline hydrotalcite coated surfaces.
A new way to compute the product and join of relations

This paper presents a new method of computing the product or join of n relations in a paged-memory environment. The method, termed the nested-block method, is an attempt to take maximum advantage of available main-memory buffer space. The problem of finding an optimal allocation of main-memory buffer space for the nested-block method of scanning n relations poses a nonlinear integer-programming problem. This paper first describes the operation of the nested-block method, and derives corresponding cost formula. It then presents an efficient heuristic algorithm for determining a near-optimal allocation of main-memory buffer space. The need to compute the product of relations arises naturally in processing n-relation queries. Conventional techniques for computing the join of relations can be complemented by the nested-block method. This paper examines these two important applications of the nested-block method.
Ecdysteroids regulate the release and action of eclosion hormone in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.)

Abstract The relationship between the ecdysteroid titre and eclosion hormone was explored for the pupal and adult ecdyses of Manduca sexta . Ecdysteroid treatment late during either moult caused a dosedependant delay in the time of ecdysis. Sensitivity to exogenous steroid treatment dropped off as the respective moults neared completion and in both cases coincided with the time of the low point in the endogenous ecdysteroid titre. It was concluded that an ecdysteroid decline is a normal prerequisite for the ecdyses of both stages. The steroid drop is important for two aspects of the eclosion hormone system: it causes target tissues to become sensitive to the peptide and it is a prerequisite for the subsequent release of eclosion hormone itself. Thus, the dual action of the declining ecdysteroid titre insures that when eclosion hormone is released, the tissues will be competent to respond to it.
Endometrial “sarcomas” complicating ovarian thecoma, polycystic ovarian disease and estrogen therapy

Unopposed endogenous and exogenous estrogenic stimulation has been considered by most investigators to have a role in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the endometrium. Although a few cases of "sarcomas" of the endometrium that had developed in an estrogenic setting have been reported, a clear-cut association between estrogenic stimulation and these forms of endometrial cancer has not been established. We report six cases of endometrial sarcomas complicating ovarian thecomas, polycystic ovarian disease, or prolonged estrogen therapy. Three ovarian thecomas, which are considered to be estrogenic tumors, were associated with endometrial malignant mullerian mixed tumor, mullerian adenosarcoma, and low-grade stromal sarcoma in postmenopausal women. Polycystic ovarian disease, a condition characterized by unopposed estrinism due to the peripheral conversion of excessive androstenedione to estrone, was found in a 27-year-old infertile woman with an endometrial malignant mullerian mixed tumor. A pure osteogenic sarcoma of endometrial stromal origin developed in a 28-year-old woman with gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome) who had received estrogens for 18 years. The sixth woman, with an empty sella turcica after radiation therapy of a pituitary adenoma, had an endometrial mullerian adenosarcoma at the age of 40 years after 16 years of estrogen therapy. None of these patients had had pelvic radiation therapy. The evidence from this series of cases and from six additional cases identified in the literature suggests that the risk of endometrial sarcomas may be increased by estrogen therapy or endogenous disorders that lead to unopposed estrogenic stimulation of the uterus.
Analysis of rab10 localization in sea urchin embryonic cells by three-dimensional reconstruction.

Abstract Rabs are a subfamily of ras-like GTPases required for membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells. In this report we describe the analysis of a rab10 GTPase expressed during sea urchin development. Protein distance measurements suggest that rab10 is less evolutionarily conserved than rabs 1, 2, and 3, particularly in the hypervariable C-terminus responsible for membrane targeting. Immunoblots and immunofluorescent stainings show that rab10 protein (rab10p) is expressed during all stages of sea urchin early development and in all embryonic cell types. Iterative deconvolutions of immunofluorescently stained embryos reveal that rab10p is localized to an extensive tubular network. Rab10p is not exclusively localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, as identified by anti-calsequestrin immunofluorescence. Double-labeling experiments with anti-rab10 antisera and wheat germ agglutinin, a trans-Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) marker, demonstrate that rab10p is not localized to the trans-Golgi/TGN. Three-dimensional reconstructions of immunofluorescently labeled sea urchin embryonic cells show that tubules with greater concentrations of rab10p are closely apposed to trans-Golgi/TGN in a cis orientation—suggesting localization of rab10p to the cis-Golgi network. In mammalian cell lines, Rab10 has been localized to the trans-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (Y.-T. Chenet al.,1993,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA90, 6508–6512). The localization of rab10 may not have been evolutionarily conserved between echinoderms and mammals because of the high rate of change in the hypervariable domain.
Urological knowledge in primary care and ER settings: are education initiatives indicated?

To determine the proficiency of emergency room (ER) and family medicine (FM) residents regarding the management of common urologic issues, a urology case-based questionnaire was distributed to ER and FM residents at one academic center. Major topics in the questionnaire included prostate cancer screening, the management of hematuria and various urological emergencies, and comfort with the urological physical exam. Individual responses were recorded and compared within the groups. A total of 29 ER and 14 FM residents responded to the survey. Within this group, 20 respondents (13 ER, 7 FM) identified a 50-year-old asymptomatic man as appropriate for PSA screening, although 17 chose answers that pertained to screening a patient in urinary retention. Regarding the digital rectal exam (DRE), 16/43 (37.2%) of participants did not identify the presence of a prostate nodule as the major physical finding that would prompt urologic referral. With regard to urological emergencies, only 9/42 (21.4%) (9 ER, 0 FM) respondents identified an obstructing kidney stone in conjunction with fever as an emergency. The majority of patients answered questions pertaining to hematuria correctly, although they reported low confidence with the ability to evaluate hematuria (18/43, 41.8%) as well as to detect a nodule on DRE (9/41, 21.9%). Few subjects from both the disciplines reported comfort with Coude catheter placement (14/28, 50%). This pilot investigation suggests residents within these disciplines may benefit from focused urological education initiatives.
Heat capacity, enthalpy fluctuations, and configurational entropy in broken ergodic systems

A common assumption in the glass science community is that the entropy of a glass can be calculated by integration of measured heat capacity curves through the glass transition. Such integration assumes that glass is an equilibrium material and that the glass transition is a reversible process. However, as a nonequilibrium and nonergodic material, the equations from equilibrium thermodynamics are not directly applicable to the glassy state. Here we investigate the connection between heat capacity and configurational entropy in broken ergodic systems such as glass. We show that it is not possible, in general, to calculate the entropy of a glass from heat capacity curves alone, since additional information must be known related to the details of microscopic fluctuations. Our analysis demonstrates that a time-average formalism is essential to account correctly for the experimentally observed dependence of thermodynamic properties on observation time, e.g., in specific heat spectroscopy. This result serves as experimental and theoretical proof for the nonexistence of residual glass entropy at absolute zero temperature. Example measurements are shown for Corning code 7059 glass.
Generation by electron transfer of an emitting state not observed by photoexcitation in a linked Ru(bpy)32+-methyl viologen

The molecule in which a methyl viologen (MV2+) moiety is coupled through a three-carbon chain to one bipyridine in Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2‘bipyrine), [Ru(bpy)2(4-(2-(1‘-methyl-4−4‘-bipyridinediium-1-yl)propyl)-4‘-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridine), abbreviated RuII(bpy)2(MV2+-bpy)4+], does not emit upon photoexcitation because of rapid quenching of the MLCT state by the MV2+. The integrated steady-state photoemission intensity is <1/1000 that of Ru(bpy)32+ under the same conditions. However, quite efficient emission [∼1/5 that of Ru(bpy)32+] is found when RuIII(bpy)2(MV2+-bpy)5+ is electrogenerated at a Pt electrode in aqueous solution and reacts with a suitable coreactant (tri-n-propylamine or oxalate), where the excited state is produced by an electron-transfer reaction. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence is also observed for this species in acetonitrile solutions upon potential cycling via annihilation of the reduced (+1) and oxidized (+5) species.
An efficient algorithm for numerical airfoil optimization

A new optimization algorithm is presented. The method is based on sequential application of a second-order Taylor's series approximation to the airfoil characteristics. Compared to previous methods, design efficiency improvements of more than a factor of 2 are demonstrated. If multiple optimizations are performed, the efficiency improvements are more dramatic due to the ability of the technique to utilize existing data. The method is demonstrated by application to subsonic and transonic airfoil design but is a general optimization technique and is not limited to a particular application or aerodynamic analysis.