cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using causality to diagnose configuration bugs

We present a novel method for diagnosing configuration management errors. Our proposed approach deduces the state of a buggy computer by running predicates that test system correctness and comparing the resulting execution to that generated by running the same predicates on a reference computer. Our approach generates signatures that represent the execution path of a predicate by recording the causal dependencies of its execution. Our results show that comparisons based on dependency sets significantly outperform comparisons based on predicate success or failure, uniquely identifying the correct bug 86-100% of the time. In the remaining cases, the dependency set method identifies the correct bug as one of two equally likely bugs.
The Utility of Routine Chest Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of Adult Patients With Febrile Neutropenia Patients Undergoing HSCT

Background The routine use of chest radiographs (CXRs) in the initial evaluation of asymptomatic patients with febrile neutropenia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is controversial. Objective The goal of this study was to document the incidence of pneumonia demonstrated on CXR during an initial febrile neutropenic episode in adult patients undergoing HSCT. Materials and methods Clinical records of 1083 adult patients undergoing autologous (n=766), allogeneic (n=269), or umbilical cord blood HSCT (n=48) between October 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, were retrospectively reviewed. CXRs obtained at the initial febrile neutropenic episode were evaluated for radiologic features of pneumonia. The presence of clinical symptoms, length of stay (LOS), and readmission rates were assessed. Results A total of 817 (75%) febrile neutropenic episodes were noted. Of the patients with neutropenic fevers, 455 (55%) had CXRs. Of the 76 patients with respiratory symptoms at the time of CXR, 24 (31.6%) had findings suggestive of pneumonia. None of the 379 CXRs performed in the absence of symptoms revealed an infectious process (P=.0001). Moreover, the mean LOS was 23.8 days for patients receiving a CXR compared with 22.2 days (P=.04) in patients without a CXR. Additionally, in patients who had CXRs, 15.7% were readmitted within 30 days compared with 7.4% in those without CXRs (P=.0004). Conclusions Indiscriminate routine CXR at the time of first neutropenic fever in asymptomatic adults undergoing HSCT is unlikely to reveal an infectious process or change clinical practice, and may be associated with increased LOS and readmission rates.
ZrB2‐Based Sponges and Lightweight Devices

This work deals with the production of zirconium diboride (ZrB2)-based ultra-high-temperature ceramic porous bodies using different forming techniques with the aim to obtain a reduction in weight of the final components, to balance the high specific mass of ZrB2, useful especially in aerospace applications. A feasibility study for the production of ZrB2-based porous bodies from sponges and foams was carried out. A ZrB2 composition, containing silicon carbide as the secondary phase and silicon nitride (Si3N4) as a sintering aid, has been chosen with the aim to obtain lightweight devices by the replica method through slip casting of ceramic suspensions. Moreover, ZrB2 macroporous materials have been successfully produced using Si3N4 as a sintering aid and ovalbumin as a foaming agent. Sintering was performed at 2150°C with a dwell time of 120 min after a suitable process to pyrolize the organic templates and additives.
Delivery systems intended for in vivo gene therapy of cancer: targeting and replication competent viral vectors

Cancer gene therapy represents one of the most rapidly evolving areas in pre-clinical and clinical cancer research. Application of gene transfer techniques in clinical trials has made increasingly obvious that several issues will need to be addressed prior to meaningful incorporation of gene therapy in the care of cancer patients. Two of the most important problems to overcome are lack of selectivity of the existing vectors and low efficiency of gene transfer. This review focuses on use of targeting and replication competent vectors in order to overcome these obstacles. Targeted gene therapy of malignancies can be achieved through vector targeting or transcriptional targeting and can improve the therapeutic index of gene transfer by preventing damage of normal tissues, an important requirement if systemic gene delivery is contemplated. Replication competent viral vectors can improve the efficiency of gene transfer. Provisionally replicating viruses can also improve the therapeutic index by targeting toxicity to tumor cells. A variety of provisionally replicating viruses, such as the attenuated adenovirus ONYX-015, the adenovirus CN706 that selectively replicates in prostate cancer cells, the double mutant herpes simplex virus G207, the human reovirus, and the Newcastle disease virus are currently in clinical trials. Early clinical results and limitations in the application of these vectors are discussed.
STOCHASTIC PROGNOSTICS FOR ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS

Abstract The capability to accurately predict the remaining life of a rolling element bearing is prerequisite to the optimal maintenance of rotating machinery performance in terms of cost and productivity. Due to the probabilistic nature of bearing integrity and operation condition, reliable estimation of a bearing's remaining life presents a challenging aspect in the area of maintenance optimisation and catastrophic failure avoidance. Previous study has developed an adaptive prognostic methodology to estimate the rate of bearing defect growth based on a deterministic defect-propagation model. However, deterministic models are inadequate in addressing the stochastic nature of defect-propagation. In this paper, a stochastic defect-propagation model is established by instituting a lognormal random variable in a deterministic defect-propagation rate model. The resulting stochastic model is calibrated on-line by a recursive least-squares (RLS) approach without the requirement of a priori knowledge on bearing characteristics. An augmented stochastic differential equation vector is developed with the consideration of model uncertainties, parameter estimation errors, and diagnostic model inaccuracies. It involves two ordinary differential equations for the first and second moments of its random variables. Solving the two equations gives the mean path of defect propagation and its dispersion at any instance. This approach is suitable for on-line monitoring, remaining life prediction, and decision making for optimal maintenance scheduling. The methodology has been verified by numerical simulations and the experimental testing of bearing fatigue life.
Transnational Corporations And The Political Economy Of Export Promotion: The Case Of The Mexican Automobile Industry

Export promotion has replaced import substitution as the orthodox strategy for economic development. In sectors dominated by transnational corporations, however, such a strategy may run afoul of difficulties not immediately apparent from the neo-classical comparative-advantage perspective that has provided its principal theoretical support. Evidence from the Mexican automobile industry shows that an export promotion policy may face problems of a) demand rigidities in TNC intracompany transfers, b) decision dependency, c) difficulties in enforcing sanctions in cases of recalcitrance, and d) an unequal distribution of benefits between foreign-owned and domestically-owned firms.
Issues in the study of “professionals” in organizations: The case of scientists and engineers

Abstract Based on a comprehensive review of the research literature, this paper identifies a consensual set of definitional characteristics of the ideal “professional,” and outlines an approach which classifies individuals as more or less professional according to the extent that they exhibit behaviors and attitudes consistent with these characteristics. The approach is then employed for scientists and engineers, since scientific and engineering samples are often used to test hypotheses related to professionalism. The paper concludes that (a) many important differences exist between the occupational types; (b) with certain exceptions, engineers should not be considered strongly professional and should not be used to test hypotheses about highly professional employees; and (c) the indiscriminant use of engineers and other predominantly nonprofessional samples is responsible in part for the many contradictions and inconsistencies in the research literature on professionalism. Implications of this research for studies of other occupations are also discussed.
Interpreting Report Card Grades in Secondary Schools: Perceptions of Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students.

Assigning grades to exceptional students in regular high school classes has been described as a dilemma for teachers. The studies presented in this article investigated the meanings of report card grades to handicapped and nonhandicapped students in the high school mainstream. Study 1 found significant differences in the interpretation of report card grades between these two groups. Nonhandicapped students gave stronger endorsements to statements indicating that grades tell how much has been learned and how much effort has been expended than did handicapped students. Individual interviews with 10 special education students and 10 nonhandicapped peers in Study 2 found acceptance of differentiated requirements for passing grades based on student ability. These studies support the need for systematic modifications of grading practices to communicate progress more effectively to exceptional students.
Jacquet functors and unrefined minimal K-types

The notion of an unrefined minimal K-type is extended to an arbitrary reductive group over a non archimedean local field. This allows one to define the depth of a representation. The relationship between unrefined minimal K-types and the functors of Jacquet is determined. Analogues of fundamental results of Borel are proved for representations of depth zero.
Pronoun assignment and semantic integration during reading: eye movements and immediacy of processing

Subjects read passages of text in which the distance between a pronoun and its antecedent was varied. To complete pronoun assignment, a reader must access and integrate information from another portion of text in order to select an antecedent that matches the pronoun in number and gender. Out data suggest that although this process may be started when the pronoun is encoded, the assignment was not completed on the current fixation when the antecedent occurred some distance back in the text. The implications of the results for pronoun assignment are dicussed as well as the implications for the immediacy of processing.
Characterization of molecular motion in the solid state by carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation times.

Relaxation calculations for rapidly spinning samples show that spin-lattice relaxation time (T(1Z)) anisotropy varies with the angle between the rotor spinning axis and the external field. When the rate of molecular motion is in the extreme narrowing limit, the measurement of T(1Z) anisotropies for two different values of the spinning angle allows the determination of two linear combinations of the three static spectral densities, J(0)(0), J(1)(0), and J(2)(0). These functions are sensitive to molecular geometry and the rate and trajectory of motion. The utility of these linear combinations in the investigation of molecular dynamics in solids has been demonstrated with natural abundance (13)C NMR experiments on ferrocene. In an isolated (13)C-(1,2)H group, the dipole-dipole interaction has the same orientational dependence as the quadrupole interaction. Thus, the spectral densities that are responsible for dipolar relaxation of (13)C are the same as those responsible for deuteron quadrupolar relaxation. For ferrocene-d(10), deuteron T(1Z) and T(1Q) anisotropies and the relaxation time of the (13)C magic angle spinning peak provide sufficient information to determine the orientation dependence of all three individual spectral densities.
Diplomatic Immunity: A Reconsideration of an Ancient Concept

ABSTRACT Diplomatic immunity is an ancient concept that has lately come under attack. This paper provides an analysis of the concept in the hope of providing a new perspective which may lead to a more rational approach to the use of immunity. The amount of crime committed by diplomats is not high but some of their crimes are quite serious. By prosecuting mala in se offenses, adequate protection can be given the public and respect for the inviolability of the principal legate is maintained. Violations of these offenses should be prosecuted and punished under the auspices of the United Nations.
Synthesis and distribution of cytoskeletal elements in endothelial cells as a function of cell growth and organization.

Confluent cultures of adult bovine aortic endothelial (ABAE), correal endothelial (BCE), and fetal bovine heart endothelial (FBHE) cells form a monolayer of highly flattened, closely apposed, and nonoverlapping cells. In ABAE and BCE cultures, this is associated with a 50-fold decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis and correlates with a 14-fold decrease in protein synthesis. In contrast, in confluent FBHE cultures only partial decreases in the rates of DNA synthesis (6-fold) and protein synthesis (3-fold) are observed. FBHE cells therefore fulfill the morphological, but not the biochemical, criteria for confluent cultured endothelial cell monolayers. The appearance of the cytoskeletal elements actin, tubulin, and vimentin in sparse and confluent cultures of endothelial cells has been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence. Sparse versus confluent ABAE, FBHE, and BCE cultures showed no changes in their relative rates of synthesis or cellular content of tubulin. Actin behaved similarly to tubulin in FBHE and BCE cultures, while in ABAE cultures a small increase (3-fold) in its relative rate of synthesis was observed in confluent versus sparse cultures. BCE cultures showed no change in the rate of synthesis of vimentin, but the cellular content of vimentin was markedly increased when cultures reached confluence. When the distribution of vimentin in both sparse and confluent BCE cultures was analyzed by immunofluorescence, in both cases it appeared distributed throughout the cytoplasm as thin fibers and bundles of fibers. In confluent ABAE cultures, both the relative amount and biosynthetic rate of vimentin increased by 15-fold. This increase in the intracellular accumulation of vimentin correlated with its immunofluorescent distribution within the cells. While in sparse cultures, vimentin appeared to be distributed as thin fibers, in confluent cultures thick curl-like fibrous bundles could be seen distributed throughout the cytoplasm and organized in a perinuclear ring. In contrast, in FBHE cultures no significant changes in the distribution and organization of rate of synthesis of vimentin were observed.
Large-scale structure in a texture-seeded cold dark matter cosmogony

This paper studies the formation of large-scale structure by global texture in a flat universe dominated by cold dark matter. A code for evolution of the texture fields was combined with an N-body code for evolving the dark matter. The results indicate some promising aspects: with only one free parameter, the observed galaxy-galaxy correlation function is reproduced, clusters of galaxies are found to be significantly clustered on a scale of 20-50/h Mpc, and coherent structures of over 50/h Mpc in the galaxy distribution were found. The large-scale streaming motions observed are in good agreement with the observations: the average magnitude of the velocity field smoothed over 30/h Mpc is 430 km/sec. Global texture produces a cosmic Mach number that is compatible with observation. Also, significant evolution of clusters at low redshift was seen. Possible problems for the theory include too high velocity dispersions in clusters, and voids which are not as empty as those observed.
Developing and Testing a Touch-Path Model for Hand Hygiene and Pathogen Risk: Design-Behavior Assessment of Fast-Food Restaurant Restrooms

Researchers explored 48 fast-food restaurant and coffee shop restrooms for factors that influence hand hygiene and the spread of disease. Using a naturalistic-observation approach, a catalogue of restroom design features requiring a hand touch were tabulated. Restroom data provided the basis for a conceptual framework for modeling pathogen risk, as defined by the number of hand touches to operate a restroom facility. The touch-path model tested whether men’s and women’s “perceptions of risk” and “intent to hand wash” were influenced by restroom use of commodes, urinals, design innovations, and other design configurations. Results showed that men’s and women’s perceptions of risk and intent to hand wash decreased as a function of design innovations. Women, as compared with men, reported greater perceptions of risk and intent to hand wash. In addition to the social-norm and self-awareness theory, this research supported the approach of understanding design-behavior interactions with respect to hand hygiene.
Magnetization of a Superconducting Glass

The time-dependent magnetization of single crystal samples of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 has been studied as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Long relaxation times have been found to persist up to the transition temperature, implying that the transition temperature is the upper bound on glass-like behavior.
Social policy and everyday life in nursing homes: A critical ethnography

This is an ethnographic account of nursing homes in the United States. I draw connections between social policies and specific consequences for everyday life in this environment. This paper focuses on nursing assistants' wages, the economic impact of long term care on patients, the passification process of patient life, the invisibility of caring work, and the framing of everyday life into the concepts of capitalist industry. The primary data in the research are comments and conversations of nursing assistants and patients. Their standpoint, I conclude, is often opposed to the organizational logic of business that increasingly encases nursing home life.
Global Competition for Environmental Markets - The Case of the Water-Pollution Control Equipment Industry

Describes how pollution control spending around the world is set to increase from $70 billion (1979) to $115 billion in 1990 in real terms. Expands on the theory that cleaning up ‐ or preventing mistakes ‐ in the environment makes for financial and healthwise good sense. Posits that cleaner air leads to fewer respiratory problems and cleaner water in most areas of manufacturing results in lower fuel use. Focuses on trade, end use competitive modes and marketing patterns regarding water pollution control equipment (WPCE). States that WPCE shipments world wide are projected to rise from $3.3 billion in 1979 to $5.4 billion in 1990, and that this is a dynamic market worthy of investigation. Reports on the methodology, international trade, types of equipment structure and competition and expresses these with the aid of explicit tables. Finishes by estimating size of national, regional and global markets but acknowledges that there are gaps. Concludes that competition is keen but strong market opportunities remain for procedures around the globe in upcoming years.
Caenorhabditis elegans contains structural homologs of human prk and plk.

We and others have recently reported cloning and characterization of human prk and plk, members of the polo family of protein serine/threonine kinases that includes the budding yeast cdc5 and Drosophila melanoganster polo. The cdc5 gene is essential for cell cycle progression through mitosis and controls adaptation to the yeast DNA damage checkpoint. Here we report the identification of two new cdc5 homologs from Ceanovhabditis elegans, named plcl and plc2. The deduced amino acid sequences of Plcl and Plc2 share strong homology with both human Prk and Plk. plcl and plc2 genes are closely linked on chromosome III and share 40% residue identity, suggesting that gene duplication followed by independent evolution gives rise to multiple polo homologous genes within a species. Similar to polo family members in other species, two distinct domains are present in Plcl and Plc2 with the N-terminal half being the putative kinase domain. Interestingly, Plc2, unlike Plcl, contains a less conserved polo box within the ...
Airplanes and Atmospheric Gustiness

IN a recent discussion of the action of an airplane encountering gusts, it is stated that a velocity of about six metres per second may be regarded as a mild gust. Making use of an exponential equation and starting from a condition of still air, increasing to a certain intensity, the value of the exponent is taken as determining the sharpness of the gust. With a value of 1, the gust reaches nearly its maximum value in one second, which would be a decidedly sharp gust.
Interfacial Chemistry of Pentacene on Clean and Chemically Modified Silicon (001) Surfaces

The interactions between pentacene and the Si(001)-(2 × 1) surface have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The pentacene molecules in the first layer react with the Si surface atoms through the CC double bonds and via cleavage of C−H bonds. This chemisorption is accompanied by disruption of the conjugated π electron system. The disrupted interfacial layer is stable throughout deposition and evaporation of thicker pentacene films. Pentacene molecules in layers beyond the first layer adsorb molecularly and yield well-defined valence band features that are characteristic of a conjugated π electron system. Functionalization of the Si surface with a monolayer of cyclopentene inhibits dissociation of subsequently deposited pentacene molecules.
Effect of desipramine and pargyline on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid

Abstract In mice, intraperitoneal administration of desipramine (12·5–100 mg/kg) or pargyline (25–200 mg/kg) reliably elevated the brain concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, both drugs caused hypothermia and a prolongation of sodium barbital induced narcosis. None of those effects of desipramine, but not of pargyline, were seen when the treated animals were placed in high ambient temperature to prevent drug-induced hypothermia.
Reconstruction of soil thermal field from a single depth measurement

Soil field experiments usually consist of measurements of soil temperatures, heat fluxes and soil water contents. Accurate determination of the soil thermal field, in particular, prediction of the soil surface temperature and the ground heat, contains the signature to the surface energy partitioning, and is therefore critical to the surface energy balance closure problem. In this paper, we develop a numerical procedure to reconstruct the entire soil thermal field from a single depth measurement of either temperature or heat flux. The new algorithm is based on Green’s function approach by using the fundamental solution of heat conduction in semi-infinite soils and Duhamel’s integral for incorporation of general boundary conditions. It is highlighted that the new approach is capable of accurately reproducing results of some existing numerical approaches, with a more general setting and treatment of the heat diffusion problem, and hence provides a possible unified framework for the estimation of thermal field in soils.
The uptake of some tritiated estrogenic and non-estrogenic steroids by the mouse uterus and vagina in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The incorporation of radioactivity following the application of low doses of tritiated estrogenic and non-estrogenic steroids directly to the luminal epithelia of the mouse uterus and vagina was studied. Only low percentages of the radioactivity remained in the lumina at 1 min following estradiol-17β- 3 H, estrone- 3 H, progesterone- 3 H, testosterone- 3 H and aldosterone- 3 H indicating a rapid absorption of the compounds by these tissues. The subsequent retention of radioactivity 81 min after application differed from compound to compound. Estradiol-17β showed the highest retention, 65.7%. of the injected radioactivity being retained in the uterus and 76.3% in the vagina at this time. The retention of estrone was less than that of estradiol. With all the other compounds the retention was low although in both tissues a higher retention was obtained with testosterone than with progesterone. Both these compounds were retained to a greater extent in the uterus. Estradiol showed some inhibition of the retention of radioactivity in the vagina following testosterone- 3 H. Following incubation of the same low levels of these compounds with slices of mouse uterus and vagina, there was a high incorporation of radioactivity with progesterone- 3 H, testosterone- 3 H and estradiol-17β- 3 H. There was a greater incorporation of radioactivity by the uterus than by the vagina with all three compounds, and in both tissues a greater incorporation was obtained with progesterone than with testosterone. Radioactivity from aldosterone- 3 H was not concentrated by either tissue. No interaction between estradiol, progesterone and testosterone was observed in vitro even in dose ratios of 10,000: 1. Addition of plasma or serum to the incubation medium inhibited the incorporation of radioactivity from both progesterone and estradiol although this inhibition was relatively greater with progesterone. Similarly, when plasma was added to incubations of tissues containing previously incorporated radioactivity from estradiol or progesterone, the loss of radioactivity from the tissue to the medium was greater with progesterone. With estradiol in the vagina this effect of plasma was the same for radioactivity incorporated in vivo or in vitro and it is suggested that, at least for estradiol, the incorporation observed in vitro is of the same nature as that observed in vivo .
Residual Strength of Aging Aircraft with Multiple Site Damage/Multiple Element Damage

A numerical study is presented of the residual strength of an aircraft fuselage in the presence of multiple site damage (MSD)/muItiple element damage. The analyses were carried out using a software package that was developed to facilitate automated analyses of full-scale fuselage panels with widespread fatigue damage, using a hierarchical approach and elastic-plastic finite element alternating method. The present study shows the importance of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics in the assessment of the residual strength of a fuselage with two-bay longitudinal/circumferential lead cracks, with and without MSD, and of the interaction between multiple lead cracks.
A computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system. IV: Electronic chart

Purpose : The design and implementation of a system for electronically tracking relevant plan, prescription, and treatment data for computer-controlled conformal radiation therapy is described. Methods and Materials : The electronic charting system is implemented on a computer cluster coupled by high-speed networks to computer-controlled therapy machines. A methodical approach to the specification and design of an integrated solution has been used in developing the system. The electronic chart system is designed to allow identification and access of patient-specific data including treatment-planning data, treatment prescription information, and charting of doses. An in-house developed database system is used to provide an integrated approach to the database requirements of the design. A hierarchy of databases is used for both centralization and distribution of the treatment data for specific treatment machines. Results : The basic electronic database system has been implemented and has been in use since July 1993. The system has been used to download and manage treatment data on all patients treated on our first fully computer-controlled treatment machine. To date, electronic dose charting functions have not been fully implemented clinically, requiring the continued use of paper charting for dose tracking. Conclusions : The routine clinical application of complex computer-controlled conformal treatment procedures requires the management of large quantities of information for describing and tracking treatments. An integrated and comprehensive approach to this problem has led to a full electronic chart for conformal radiation therapy treatments.
Muscular fatigue in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

We used a 4-minute sustained maximum voluntary contraction to investigate fatigability of the anterior tibial muscle in eight healthy boys and 11 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (ages 5 to 10 years). Before exercise, the force generation of dystrophic muscle and the compound muscle action potential amplitude were lower and half-relaxation time of the tetanus was longer in patients than in controls. During exercise, the decline in tetanic force and potentiation in twitch tension were similar in both groups. However, during exercise, there was less decline in maximum voluntary contraction and less added force in DMD patients, suggesting that there was less central fatigue in patients than in controls. Thus, patients with DMD and controls have similar intramuscular fatigability and excitation-contraction coupling, and central activation in patients is functioning as well as or better than in healthy controls.
Magnetic Resonance Elastography with a Phased-Array Acoustic Driver System

Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) quantitatively maps the stiffness of tissues by imaging propagating shear waves in the tissue. These waves can be produced from intrinsic motion sources (e.g., due to cardiac motion), from external motion sources that produce motion directly at depth in tissue (e.g., amplitude-modulated focused ultrasound), and from external actuators that produce motion at the tissue surface that propagates into the tissue. With external actuator setups, typically only a single transducer is used to create the shear waves, which in some applications might have limitations due to shadowing and attenuation of the waves. To address these limitations, a phased-array acoustic driver system capable of applying independently controlled waveforms to each channel was developed and tested. It was found that the system produced much more uniform illumination of the object, improving the quality of the elastogram. It was also found that the accuracy of the stiffness value of any arbitrary region of interest could be improved by obtaining maximal shear wave illumination with the phased array capability of the system.
Intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: The Malabar experience 2003 to 2008

We report the 5-year experience with thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke from a tertiary care hospital in the Malabar region of South India. All stroke patients thrombolyzed with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) from May 2003 to May 2008 were studied in an open, non-randomized, prospective study. Of 2,308 ischemic stroke patients admitted, 57 patients (2.5%) were thrombolyzed with rt-PA (age range, 35-78 years: 40 males, 17 females). The time from presentation at the hospital to initiation of thrombolysis ranged from 15 to 120 minutes (median 50 minutes). The dose of rt-PA used was from 0.6 mg/kg to 0.9 mg/kg. At 3 months 29 patients (51%) were functionally independent, with a modified Rankin scale score of 2 or less. Seven patients (12%) died within 3 months; one had an intracerebral hemorrhage (1.7%). The benefit of treatment was seen in all stroke subtypes. We have been able to show that intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke is safe, effective and feasible in our part of the world.
Submucosal gland development in the human fetal trachea xenograft model: implications for fetal gene therapy

Abstract Background/Purpose Our previous work in a human-fetal trachea xenograft model suggests potential benefits of treating cystic fibrosis in utero. The target for postnatal gene therapy in cystic fibrosis is tracheal submucosal glands (SMGs). The aim of this study was to determine if SMG development in our model recapitulates normal trachea development and its validity for studying fetal gene transfer. Methods Fetal tracheas were divided into developmental phases: early, mid, and late. Fetal tracheas were xenografted onto immunocompromised mice and analyzed for SMG developmental staging and mucopolysaccharide production. Results There were no significant differences in gland number, size, or density from early through late phase between groups. Xenografted tracheas demonstrated a similar progression through the stages of SMG development as controls after an initial phase shift. Control and xenografted tracheas demonstrated characteristic patterns of acidic mucin production at the base of the SMGs. Conclusions Fetal trachea xenograft SMG recapitulates normal development and is a valid model for studying human fetal gene transfer. The accessibility of SMG stem cells in early tracheal development may afford a unique window of opportunity for gene transfer. This model has the benefit of providing access to human fetal tracheas in vivo and permits the study of novel fetal gene therapy strategies.
41 Investigation of 26 Childhood Cases of Acute Epidemic Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Controversy concerns immunological and ultrastructural features of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Opportunity to study, by renal biopsy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, an entire single population of patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis permitted us to resolve several conflicts and to learn more of pathogenesis and natural history. An epidemic of 26 cases of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis occurred among Red Lake Reservation Indian children 2 to 15 years of age. Type 49 beta hemolytic streptococci reappeared at Red Lake for the first time since the 1953 epidemic of acute glomerulonephritis. Clinical manifestations were minimal but most children had pustular streptococcal skin lesions. Endothelial proliferation and leukocytic infiltration was observed in percutaneous renal biopsies. As regularly observed in our previous studies of sporadic acute glomerulonephritis, approximately ¼ of these patients had nodular deposits of IgG and beta 1C globulin along the glomerular basement membranes by immunohistochemical analysis. 90 % of remaining patients showed interrupted linear deposition of beta 1C along glomerular membranes without IgG. Electron microscopic study revealed minimal development of the characteristic discrete electron dense deposits' on the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane. Focal membrane thickening and basement membrane-like material among mesangial cells was observed. This study, sampling an entire spectrum of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, suggests that nephritogenic strains of streptococci may exert a toxic action rendering the glomerulus susceptible to injury by antigen-antibody complexes. (Supported by American Heart Association, USPHS, and Minn. Heart) (SPR)
Magnitude estimates of amino acids for young and elderly subjects

Serial dilutions of twenty-three amino acids were presented to young and elderly subjects who rated the relative intensities of the dilutions using the magnitude estimation procedure. In each case the slope of the psychophysical function relating concentration and perceived intensity was flatter for the elderly subjects: the mean ratio (slope (young)/slope (elderly)) was 2.55. This result could be due to an age-related decline in gustatory apparatus or associated central areas as well as memory loss and decline in performance often found in the elderly. No conclusive relationships between the slopes of the psychophysical functions were found with chemical structure, taste quality, or solubility.
Myosin V in the Retina: Localization in the Rod Photoreceptor Synapse

Brain myosin V is a member of a class of unconventional myosins. Using antibodies against brain myosin V, its distribution in the rat retina has been examined. It was detected in the inner and outer plexiform layers, in the somas of cells forming the inner nuclear layer, and in the ganglion cell layer. Faint labeling was also detected in the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells. In semithin retinal sections and isolated rod photoreceptor cells, a bright punctate labeling pattern was observed in the outer plexiform layer, corresponding to the rod photoreceptor synapses. The results found suggest that a major role of myosin V in the outer retina is in these synapses.
A method for training finite mixture models under a fuzzy clustering principle

In this paper, we establish a novel regard towards fuzzy clustering, showing it provides a sound framework for fitting finite mixture models. We propose a novel fuzzy clustering-type methodology for finite mixture model fitting, effected by utilizing a regularized form of the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm, and introducing a proper dissimilarity functional for the algorithm with respect to the probabilistic properties of the model being treated. We apply the proposed methodology in a number of popular finite mixture models, and the corresponding expressions of the fuzzy model fitting algorithm are derived. We examine the efficacy of our novel approach in both clustering and classification applications of benchmark data sets, and we demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach over maximum-likelihood.
Monopoly by Contract: The Practice of Franchised Fee and Royalty Rate

This paper uses a theoretical framework and a by use of a franchising model will examine the practice of charging a franchise fee for the use of the trademark and will show how this practice by controlling the number of franchised operations enables franchisor to extract monopoly profit. Paper will further examine the conditions which the joint practice of franchise fee and royalty rate allows extraction of monopoly rent.
Nutrigenomics: a case study in the measurement of insect response to nutritional quality

Recent developments in the area of nutrigenomics hold the promise of providing valuable information about the impact of nutrition on a wide range of biochemical parameters by investigating how nutrition alters global gene expression patterns. Our goal is to use a nutrigenomics approach to identify insect molecular markers that could be used as early indicators of insect responses to different nutritional sources. Such molecular markers could be chosen for degree of expression and evaluated for suitability as nutritional biomarkers by examining developmental and generational expression. Ideal markers would be highly expressed, manifested in the first generation within one developmental stage, and consistent over many generations. Our objective for the current study was to illustrate the potential discovery of molecular markers using Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), when reared on an optimal vs. suboptimal diet, and analyze the presence of differentially expressed genes resulting from those treatments. In this paper we present preliminary results of microarray and subtractive hybridization experiments that represent the feasibility of using nutrigenomics to assist in analyzing insect responses to nutritional changes and dietary quality with the intent of stimulating further studies in this area.
A supplier perspective on tendering for industrial process safety systems

This paper looks briefly at the historical context leading to the introduction of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 into the industrial process control sector. This presentation reviews some of the lessons learned and issues which arise when bidding for, and implementing, the safety-related logic sub-systems as the industry learns to work within the context of the new standards.
Clinical and Biochemical Studies in an American Child with Sialuria

Abstract Sialuria is a rare inborn error of sialic acid (NeuAc) metabolism resulting from failure of CMP-NeuAc to adequately feedback inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme in sialic acid synthesis, UDP N -acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase. We describe the fourth reported sialuria patient, T.W., whose clinical features include developmental delay, coarse facies, and massive urinary excretion of sialic acid, Biochemical studies of T.W. fibroblasts revealed a 200-fold increase in free NeuAc content compared with normal. Bound NeuAc was only slightly elevated. The free NeuAc was predominantly in the cytosol fraction of fibroblasts after differential centrifugation, with only 4% of the free NeuAc content in other (nuclear, granular, and microsomal) cellular compartments. CMP-NeuAc inhibited UDPGlcNAc 2-epimerase by 80% in normal fibroblasts but inhibited the epimerase of T.W. (sialuria) cells by only 13%. Cytidine feeding of sialuria fibroblasts decreased the intracellular free NeuAc content by 47%; this was accompanied by a fourfold increase in CMP-NeuAc, which may be sufficient to feedback inhibit the mutant epimerase and reduce free NeuAc production. Cytoplasmic pH was determined by the pH sensitive fluorescent indicator 2′,7′-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescemn, pentaacetoxymethylester (BCECF/AM) using the H+ equilibration method. The intracellular pH of sialuria fibroblasts, 7.18 ± 0.04, was not found to he significantly different from that of normal cells (7.19 ± 0.08).
Carbon Isotope Separation by Absorptive Distillation

Abstract The feasibility of separating carbon isotopes by absorptive distillation has been studied for CO absorption by cryogenic solvents. Phase equilibrium, isotopic separation, and mass transfer data were taken between 77.4 and 114.3 K for the following solvents: propane, propylene, 1:1 propane-propylene, 1-butene, isobutane and nitrogen. Carbon monoxide solubility followed Henry's Law, with a maximum experimental solubility of 6.5 mole per cent. Isotopic separation between CO in the gas and liquid phases using hydrocarbon solvents was several times that for pure CO vapor-liquid equilibrium. The maximum observed isotopic separation factor was 1.029 at 77.4 K with the propane-propylene solvent mixture. Mass transfer measurements yielded calculated HTU's of 2 to 5 cm for a possible separation system. An attempt has been made to correlate isotopic separation data using Hildebrand's theory of solutions. The differential absorption of isotopic CO species is expressed as a difference in solubility of the iso...
Tunable 105-ns Optical Delay for 80-Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK, 40-Gbit/s RZ-DPSK, and 40-Gbit/s RZ-OOK Signals using Wavelength Conversion and Chromatic Dispersion

We demonstrate a tunable, optical delay element using selective wavelength conversion in a PPLN waveguide, dispersion compensating fiber, and intra-channel dispersion compensation. A continuous delay of up to 105-ns, equalling >4000 bit-slots at 40-Gb/s, is demonstrated using 80- Gb/s RZ-DQPSK, 40-Gb/s RZ-DPSK and 40-Gb/s RZ-OOK modulation formats.
InP-based HEMTs for millimeter wave and submillimeter wave power applications

In recent years research in the development of InP-based HEMTs for millimeter wave and submillimeter wave power applications has increased dramatically. This has led to the development of InP-based power HEMTs with state-of-the-art performance. A review of the development of InP-based HEMTs for millimeter wave and submillimeter wave power applications is presented in this work.
Preoperative vascular evaluation in living donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia.

Abstract Background Liver transplantation is an important treatment option in the management of end-stage liver disease. Preoperative vascular evaluation plays an important role for a safe and successful operation, especially in pediatric patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness and accuracy of Doppler ultrasound (US), computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in evaluating vascular anomalies in patients with biliary atresia (BA) undergoing LDLT. Methods and Materials Images of Doppler US, CTA, and MRA for preoperative vascular evaluation in 55 patients with BA undergoing LDLT were reviewed with the operative findings. Results All patients underwent preoperative US, CTA, and MRA. Pathologic portal vein (n = 18), interruption of the retrohepatic vena cava (n = 1), and aberrant right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery (n = 2) were confirmed during the transplantation. The success rates of CTA and MRA in identifying vascular anomalies were 96% and 82%, respectively (P = .01). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Doppler US were 89%, 94%, and 92%, respectively. For CTA, it was 94%, 97%, and 96%, respectively; for MRA (including technical failure), it was 75%, 97%, and 89%, respectively. Conclusion Doppler US serves as an initial assessment for vascular evaluation and has the advantage in determining vascular flow quantities. CTA and MRA are used for precise surgical planning. However, MRA has lower success and accuracy rates when compared with CTA (P = .01). Doppler US with CTA can provide accurate preoperative vascular imaging in patients with BA undergoing LDLT.
Effective effective interactions

The use of effective field theory techniques allows the basic physics to be extracted from otherwise complex systems. We cite examples from quantum mechanics, condensed-matter physics, QCD, and quantum gravity.
Vibraudio pose: an investigation of non-visual feedback roles for body controlled video games

Current video games operate on the assumption of the player continuously facing the screen, which limits the possibilities in full-body gaming. Using commodity game controllers to capture full-body poses, we investigate player performance and experience in 3D video games using positive and negative reinforcement along audio, vibration and visual channels. To explore this, we conducted a study regarding non-visual feedback's effect on participating player's experience and performance. The results indicate that players sometimes performed faster with a visual guide, but preferred visual and non-visual feedback almost equally. Between non-visual feedback types, they performed fastest and preferred audio in a positive role and vibration in a negative role. Additionally, participants preferred vibration to audio as a feedback mechanism.
Ribosome Profiling of the Caulobacter Cell-Cycle

An important goal in understanding cellular differentiation is to determine how the genetic information encoded in the genome is expressed properly in time and space to yield cell types with distinct functions. The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus has proven to be a valuable model organism for studying cellular differentiation processes that occur as a function of the cell cycle. Each Caulobacter cell division is asymmetric, yielding daughter cells with different cell fates. This process requires rapid and specific changes in gene expression during the cell cycle that are controlled at many levels, including transcriptional regulation, transient DNA methylation, differential proteolysis, and protein phospho-signaling. However, relatively little is known about the cell cycle control of mRNA translation. To understand the role of translational regulation in Caulobacter differentiation and asymmetric cell division, we are employing ribosome profiling to monitor genome-wide changes in translation at multiple times during cell cycle progression. Arrested ribosomes are treated with ribonuclease to partially digest the mRNA, yielding short fragments protected by monoribosomes. These ribosome-protected mRNA fragments are purified and prepared for high throughput sequencing to map the position of cellular ribosomes and quantify levels of translation. By comparing ribosome profiling levels with RNA-seq measurements of mRNA levels we find many new cases of genes whose translation only occurs during the proper phase of the cell cycle. We find that a majority of ORFs have a >2-fold change in translation efficiency during the cell cycle. This suggests that Caulobacter uses cell cycle-specific regulation of translation to ensure proper timing of gene expression.