cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed optimal dispatching of AC/DC hybrid microgrid based on consensus algorithm

With the increasing of DC load and the maturity of power electronics technology, AC/DC hybrid microgrid (HMG), as a new form of microgrid, has been widely concerned. The optimal dispatching method has become a key technology for the rapid development of AC/DC HMG. Based on the consensus algorithm, a distributed optimal dispatching method is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a convex optimization model about AC/DC HMG is established. Secondly, based on the multi-agent system, a distributed control framework is presented. The "Leader-Follow" consensus algorithm is the solution of optimization model, and the incremental cost of distributed generator (DG) and energy storage is selected as the consensus variable. The solution process is divided into two stages to meet AC and DC load respectively for reducing the energy conversion loss. Finally, the results of an example prove the feasibility of the presented distributed optimal dispatching method.
In-situ and operando spectroscopies for the characterization of catalysts and of mechanisms of catalytic reactions

Abstract For almost as long as catalysts have been part of industrial chemical processes, there has been a parallel effort to understand how catalysis works at a molecular level. Pioneers such as Michel Boudart, to whom this Mini-Review is dedicated, realized that such a goal requires the ability to probe catalytic systems either in situ under realistic environments or in operando mode as the catalytic processes occur. Much has happened since, and a number of spectroscopies are now available for this purpose. Here we reference the most salient ones, including vibrational spectroscopies such as infrared absorption, Raman, and other non-linear optical arrangements, X-ray absorption, and NMR. We also introduce some surface-sensitive probes used for studies with model catalytic systems. For each of these techniques, we briefly discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and illustrate their use with a couple of recent examples from the literature.
Interpretation of galling tests

Abstract Galling as defined by ASTM G40 [1] Terms and Definitions relating to wear and erosion, requires the formation of protrusion (excrescences) from a surface after rubbing contact. However, there are other forms of damage that can occur that can affect the serviceability of a tribosystem. For example, a couple in relative sliding may not form excrescences, but the wear rate can be so large that the test couple would be unsuitable for use. A similar situation can exist if adhesive transfer dominates on the rubbing surfaces. This paper describes some of the standard galling tests and proposes interpretation of galling results using a multifaceted evaluation matrix that leads to a compatibility rating for a particular sliding couple. The ASTM standard test employs visual inspection of rubbed surfaces to determine if galling occurred. The proposed interpretation uses visual as well as low-powered binocular microscope examination. The pros and cons of the existing standard tests (ASTM G 98 and G 196) are discussed and it is shown that the proposed rating system solves problems that arise with the present “gall” or not galled” rating system.
Enhanced Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene by Membrane-Supported Iron and Bimetallic Nanoparticles

Zero-valent iron and bimetallic nanoparticles are very effective for the dechlorination of organics (e.g., trichloroethylene, TCE), but are prone to oxidation when exposed to air. Incorporation of the nanoparticles in a membrane phase may minimize oxidation and simplify the engineering of nanotechnology-based systems for water treatment. The polymer phase is also a strong absorbent for the organic, and retains the organic in the solid phase, even if the dechlorination rate is low. Nanoparticles composed of iron and combinations with nickel and palladium are synthesized in solution using common microemulsion techniques. The nanoparticles are continuously kept in organic solvent to inhibit oxidation, and are transferred to the polymer (cellulose acetate, CA) phase as slurry. Flat sheet membranes are made from this polymer dispersion using conventional and scalable phase inversion techniques. The materials show excellent organic degradation rates similar to unsupported nanoparticles. The degradation rate was observed to depend strongly on the composition of the nanoparticles. The rate of degradation increased in the order of Fe, Ni/Fe, and Pd/Fe. For bimetallic nanoparticles, the ratio of secondary metal to iron also had an effect. For example, an optimum ratio for Ni/Fe was observed at approximately 20 wt% Ni for post-coated particles. The membrane, besides serving as a support, is a strong absorbent for dissolved organics. The sorption effect is rapid, and decreases only as dechlorination proceeds.
Evaluation of the Supportive Needs of Adolescents during Childbirth Intrapartum Nursing Intervention on Adolescents’ Childbirth Satisfaction and Breastfeeding Rates

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of the Supportive Needs of Adolescents during Childbirth (SNAC) intrapartum nursing intervention on adolescents' childbirth satisfaction and breastfeeding rates. Design Separate sample posttest quasi‐experimental. Setting A tertiary hospital intrapartum unit. Participants A convenience sample of 106 parturient adolescents. Methods During Phase 1 the control group received current standard of intrapartum care.During Phase 2, the interventionist nurses provided the SNAC intervention and standard of care to the intervention group. Results The t test indicated higher childbirth satisfaction in the intervention group.Chi‐square analysis indicated that the intervention group was more likely to breastfeed within the first hour after birth. There was no significant relationship between childbirth satisfaction and breastfeeding at three months and no differences between the groups in breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge and three months. Conclusions These results suggest that learning the SNAC intervention may help nurses positively influence adolescents' childbirth experience and timing of breastfeeding initiation. Replication of the study is needed to further explore whether the intervention can significantly influence breastfeeding duration.
Differential Responses among Primary Care Physicians to Varying Medicaid Fees

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided for significant increases in Medicaid fees for primary care services-up to 100 percent of Medicare fees for 2013 and 2014-to encourage increased Medicaid participation among primary care physicians (PCPs). In this study, I use non-linear multivariate regression techniques and data from nationally representative physician surveys and periodic Medicaid fee surveys to investigate heterogeneity in the effects of such increases. I find that the PCPs more responsive to Medicaid fee changes are those who see fewer Medicaid patients typically. I also estimate effects associated with Medicaid fee increases comparable with the ACA's fee changes.
Pulse-shape and pulse-length scaling of ns pulse laser damage threshold due to rate limiting by thermal conduction

Assuming the observed scaling of laser damage threshold fluence with the (almost) square root of pulse duration is due to thermal conduction, we develop a formalism for directly comparing pulses of different shapes and durations. We find, for example, that a top hat pulse leads to 15% higher temperature (presumably 15% lower damage threshold) than a Gaussian pulse of the same fluence. We also find that the damage threshold of the expected NIF type pulse should be estimated from a Gaussian pulse with the same peak intensity. We find that the deviation of the scaling of damage threshold from square root of pulse duration has contributions from both the small but finite size of laser energy absorbers and from the temperature dependence of thermal properties. Keywords: laser damage, damage threshold, scaling, thermal conduction
Emerging Concepts in Upper Extremity Trauma: Humeral Shaft Fractures

Fractures of the humeral shaft are common in low-energy and high-energy trauma, and optimal clinical management remains controversial. Nonsurgical management has been supported as the preferred treatment based on high union rates and minimal functional deficit due to a rich vascular supply from overlying muscle and the wide motion available at the glenohumeral joint. Recent studies of nonoperative management have challenged surgeons' understanding of these fractures and the perception of favorable outcomes. Current considerations support expanded operative indications with traditional open-plate fixation and with the use of minimally invasive techniques, implants, and a reconsideration of intramedullary nailing.
Spatial filtering in ambient noise interferometry

Theoretically, the empirical Green's function between a pair of receivers can be extracted from the cross correlation of the received diffuse noise. The diffuse noise condition rarely is met in the ocean and directional sources may bias the Green's function. Here matrix-based spatial filters are used for removing unwanted contributions in the cross correlations. Two methods are used for solving the matrix filter design problem. First a matrix least-square problem is solved with a low-rank approximation of the pseudo-inverse, here, derived for linear and planar arrays. Second, a convex optimization approach is used to solve the design problem reformulated with ad hoc constraints. The spatial filter is applied to real-data cross correlations of elements from a linear array to attenuate the contribution of a discrete interferer. In the case of a planar array and simulated data, a spatial filter enables a passive upgoing/downgoing wavefield separation along with an efficient rejection of horizontally propagating noise. The impact of array size and frequency band on the filtered cross correlations is discussed.
Prednisone (meticorten) in the treatment of bronchial asthma: A clinical study

Abstract 1.1. Prednisone is a very effective drug in bronchial asthma, and shows marked anti-inflammatory action. In our studies it is approximately four to five times more effective, on a weight basis, than cortisone or hydrocortisone. 2.2. Side effects observed were those previously described with cortisone and hydrocortisone, but the dose required to produce these effects was proportionately larger and the length of time was much longer. 3.3. Attention is called to the serious complications of adrenal insufficiency following stress phenomena and the value of long-acting ACTH to correct or offset this complication. 4.4. The use of antibiotics has been pointed out as a factor in increasing the effectiveness of prednisone or ACTH in patients who show evidence of infection, and it gave more gratifying results.
An Evaluation of Bruxism Control: Massed Negative Practice and Automated Relaxation Training

Behavior modification techniques of massed negative practice and relaxation training were applied to separate groups of individuals who had been diagnosed as "bruxers" by multiple criteria. When assessed by an objective index of grinding, neither technique was found to have reduced bruxism significantly. Grinding and state of anxiety scores of bruxers were significantly higher than those of nonbruxing controls. Bruxers did not differ from nonbruxers on trait anxiety measures.
Energy metabolism in muscle and its regulation during individual contraction-relaxation cycles

Abstract Muscles can attain efficiencies in excess of 40% in utilizing metabolic energy to do work, a tribute in part to their extraordinarily effective metabolic regulation. Only a small fraction of the tissue content of ATP and creatine phosphate is hydrolized during a single contraction-relaxation cycle and metabolic responses to changes in work load are the cumulative effect of several cycles.
HiJAK'd Signaling; the STAT3 Paradox in Senescence and Cancer Progression.

Clinical and epidemiological data have associated chronic inflammation with cancer progression. Most tumors show evidence of infiltrating immune and inflammatory cells, and chronic inflammatory disorders are known to increase the overall risk of cancer development. While immune cells are often observed in early hyperplastic lesions in vivo, there remains debate over whether these immune cells and the cytokines they produce in the developing hyperplastic microenvironment act to inhibit or facilitate tumor development. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, which includes IL-6 and oncostatin M (OSM), among others (LIF, CT-1, CNTF, and CLC), are secreted by immune cells, stromal cells, and epithelial cells, and regulate diverse biological processes. Each of the IL-6 family cytokines signals through a distinct receptor complex, yet each receptor complex uses a shared gp130 subunit, which is critical for signal transduction following cytokine binding. Activation of gp130 results in the activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) signaling cascades. Tumor suppressive signaling can often be observed in normal cells following prolonged STAT3 activation. However, there is mounting evidence that the IL-6 family cytokines can contribute to later stages of tumor progression in many ways. Here we will review how the microenvironmental IL-6 family cytokine OSM influences each stage of the transformation process. We discuss the intrinsic adaptations a developing cancer cell must make in order to tolerate and circumvent OSM-mediated growth suppression, as well as the OSM effectors that are hijacked during tumor expansion and metastasis. We propose that combining current therapies with new ones that suppress the signals generated from the tumor microenvironment will significantly impact an oncologist’s ability to treat cancer.
Invariance principles under a two-part mixing assumption

Abstract Weak and strong invariance principles are established for strictly stationary sequences satisfying a mixing assumption which has two “parts”, one based on the strong mixing condition with a polynomial mixing rate and the other based on the ϱ-mixing condition.
Diffuse Optical Monitoring of Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism at the Bed-Side in Cerebrovascular Disorders

The development and validation of hybrid near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation/wave spectroscopy for non-invasive measurement of cerebral blood oxygenation, blood flow and metabolism at bedside in cerebrovascular disorders is described in adult and pediatric populations.
Pulsed contractions of an actin–myosin network drive apical constriction

Apical constriction facilitates epithelial sheet bending and invagination during morphogenesis. Apical constriction is conventionally thought to be driven by the continuous purse-string-like contraction of a circumferential actin and non-muscle myosin-II (myosin) belt underlying adherens junctions. However, it is unclear whether other force-generating mechanisms can drive this process. Here we show, with the use of real-time imaging and quantitative image analysis of Drosophila gastrulation, that the apical constriction of ventral furrow cells is pulsed. Repeated constrictions, which are asynchronous between neighbouring cells, are interrupted by pauses in which the constricted state of the cell apex is maintained. In contrast to the purse-string model, constriction pulses are powered by actin-myosin network contractions that occur at the medial apical cortex and pull discrete adherens junction sites inwards. The transcription factors Twist and Snail differentially regulate pulsed constriction. Expression of snail initiates actin-myosin network contractions, whereas expression of twist stabilizes the constricted state of the cell apex. Our results suggest a new model for apical constriction in which a cortical actin-myosin cytoskeleton functions as a developmentally controlled subcellular ratchet to reduce apical area incrementally.
Raman scattering in pure and carbon-doped Mg B 2 films

We have studied Raman scattering in $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ thin films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition on SiC and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ substrates. The Cooper-pair-breaking peak corresponding to the larger gap was observed and its position correlates with the value of ${T}_{c}$, which varies with film strain. The temperature dependence of the ${E}_{2g}$ phonon frequency and linewidth was studied. Carbon doping of $\mathrm{Mg}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ films suppresses ${T}_{c}$, and leads to a hardening of the ${E}_{2g}$ phonon mode, an increased luminescence background in the spectra, and a stronger contribution of disorder-activated phonons to Raman spectra.
Parenchyma cell growth in potato tubers I. Different tuber regions

Enlargement rates of starch-storage parenchyma cells during growth of Kennebec and Russet Burbank potato cultivars were determined for cortical, perimedullary, and pith tissuues of bud ends, midsections, and stem ends of tubers. Average volumetric size of parenchyma cells increased 7 to 18x during growth of Russet Burbank tubers, with the greatest increases occurring in cortical and perimedullary cells of bud ends and midsections, and the least in stem ends and pith tissues. In Kennebec tubers parenchyma cells in both stem end and midsection increased only 5 to 8 x, whereas increases in bud ends ranged from 8 to 20 times. Cell enlargement to tuber enlargement ratios appproached unity early in growth of Russet Burbank tubers. As tubers increased beyond the 45 g size, cell enlargement and tuber enlargement rates were essentially equal. Calculations of cells per unit tissue volume agreed with ratio determinations. The timing of such unity appeared to be delayed in Kennebec tubers, and was not quite as pronounced as in Russet Burbank tubers. This may have been due to differences in growth rates of individual tubers in response to cultural conditions. In general, cells of harvestmature Kennebec tubers were about 60% as large as similar cells of Russet Burbank tubers.
What kind of a mistake is it to use a slur

What accounts for the offensive character of pejoratives and slurs, words like ‘kike’ and ‘nigger’? Is it due to a semantic feature of the words or to a pragmatic feature of their use? Is it due to a violation of a group’s desires to not be called by certain terms? Is it due to a violation of etiquette? According to one kind of view, pejoratives and the non-pejorative terms with which they are related—the ‘neutral counterpart’ terms—have different meanings or senses, and this explains the offensiveness of the pejoratives. We call theories of this kind, semantic theories of the pejoratives. Our goal is broadly speaking two-fold. First, we will undermine the arguments that are supposed to establish the distinction in meaning between words like ‘African American’ and ‘nigger’. We will show that the arguments are suspect and generalize in untoward ways. Second, we will provide a series of arguments against semantic theories. For simplicity, we focus on a semantic theory that has been proposed by Hom (J Philos 105:416–440, 2008) and Hom and May (Anal Philos 54:293–313, 2013). By showing the systematic ways in which their view fails we hope to provide general lessons about why we should avoid semantic theories of the pejoratives.
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the rat

Abstract These studies demonstrate the presence of the MLR in the rat brain. Controlled locomotion on a treadmill could be induced by low level stimulation (
Thermal Processing Affects Properties of Commercial Shrimp and Scallops

Commercial shrimp and scallops were blanched, cooked and canned and their thermal conductivity, density and volumetric expansion were measured. Thermal conductivity was measured with a line-heat source technique while density and volumetric expansion were determined with a gravimetric method. Shrimp and scallops lost moisture and shrunk by <30 and 50%, respectively. Thermal conductivities decreased by <5%, whereas densities increased by ≤4%
Phenolation of vegetable oils

Novel bio-based compounds containing phenols suitable for the syn- thesis of polyurethanes were prepared. The direct alkylation of phenols with different vegetable oils in the presence of superacids (HBF4, triflic acid) as ca- talysts was studied. The reaction kinetics was followed by monitoring the de- crease of the double bond content (iodine value) with time. In order to under- stand the mechanism of the reaction, phenol was alkylated with model com- pounds. The model compounds containing one internal double bond were 9-oc- tadecene and methyl oleate and those with three double bonds were triolein and high oleic safflower oil (82 % oleic acid). It was shown that the best structures for phenol alkylation are fatty acids with only one double bond (oleic acid). Fatty acids with two double bonds (linoleic acid) and three double bonds (lino- lenic acid) lead to polymerized oils by a Diels-Alder reaction, and to a lesser extent to phenol alkylated products. The reaction product of direct alkylation of phenol with vegetable oils is a complex mixture of phenol alkylated with poly- merized oil (30-60 %), phenyl esters formed by transesterification of phenol with triglyceride ester bonds (<10 %) and unreacted oil (30 %). The phenolated vegetable oils are new aromatic-aliphatic bio-based raw materials suitable for the preparation of polyols (by propoxylation, ethoxylation, Mannich reactions) for the preparation of polyurethanes, as intermediates for phenolic resins or as bio-based antioxidants.
A thematic analysis of the self‐directed learning experiences of 13 breast cancer patientsy

Although self‐directed learning is a common response for many of the 183 000 American women who are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, very little is known about the nature of the experience f...
Relationships between dimensional factors of psychopathy and schizotypy.

Existing research has suggested that comorbid psychopathy may explain one trajectory of violent behavior in a subset of individuals with schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear which specific traits and symptoms are responsible for this relationship and whether it is limited to clinical and/or forensic categories, or if it reflects a dimensional relationship found in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine differential relationships between specific factors of psychopathy and schizotypy in a nonpsychiatric and nonforensic sample. 212 undergraduate students (50% female) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). Correlations revealed that the total SPQ score was positively related to the total PPI-R score and the Self-Centered Impulsivity factor, and negatively related to the Fearless Dominance factor. Self-Centered Impulsivity was positively related to all three SPQ factor scores, with the strongest relationship found with the Cognitive-Perceptual factor. In contrast, Fearless Dominance was negatively related to only the Interpersonal and Disorganized factors of the SPQ, with the strongest relationship found with the Interpersonal factor. Findings suggest that the comorbidity of schizotypy and the self-centered impulsivity aspect of psychopathy is not limited to extreme discrete populations, but exists in a more dimensional manner within a nonpsychiatric sample. In addition, it appears that schizotypy is negatively related to the fearless dominance aspect of psychopathy, which appears to be a novel finding. Results provide preliminary findings that may have implications for developing appropriate prediction, assessment, and treatment techniques for violent behavior in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Multispectral thermal infrared mapping of the 1 October 1988 Kupaianaha flow field, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Multispectral thermal infrared radiance measurements of the Kupaianaha flow field were acquired with the NASA airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) on the morning of 1 October 1988. The TIMS data were used to map both the temperature and emissivity of the surface of the flow field. The temperature map depicted the underground storage and transport of lava. The presence of molten lava in a tube or tumulus resulted in surface temperatures that were at least 10 C above ambient. The temperature map also clearly defined the boundaries of hydrothermal plumes which resulted from the entry of lava into the ocean. The emissivity map revealed the boundaries between individual flow units within the Kupaianaha field. Distinct spectral anomalies, indicative of silica-rich surface materials, were mapped near fumaroles and ocean entry sites. This apparent enrichment in silica may have resulted from an acid-induced leaching of cations from the surfaces of glassy flows.
Procidentia of the rectum after the pull-through operation: An unusual complication and report of two cases

Procidentia or complete prolapse of the rectum following the pull-through operation is unusual, if not altogether rare. It appears to be a late complication of the procedure. A multitude of factors may be implicated in its genesis, and certainly the inadequacy of the pelvic floor is principal among them. Though the exact mechanism is not entirely clear, we favor an intussusceptive process for the reasons and observations cited. It is surmised that its late appearance is primarily due to the formation of adhesions that effectively fix the bowel to the sacrum. The process of aging and ensuing laxity of tissues subsequently detract from this protective factor. Perineal repair was used in both cases but, in the ultimate analysis, the procedure of choice should be individualized, based upon the surgeon's own judgment and experience and particular circumstances attending procidentia.
Categories of axons in mammalian rami communicantes. Part II.

The Mammalian rami communicantes consist of preganglionic, postganglionic and sensory axons. The present study focusses on the number of sensory axons in the midthoracic rami communicantes in the cat. The conclusions are that the white rami contain approximately 250 myelinated and 200 unmyelinated sensory axons and the grey rami 4 to 5 myelinated and 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons. A previous study determined the numbers of pre- and postganglionic fibers in these same rami. Thus the total number of axons in these rami are as follows: for the grey rami there are: (1) 3,000 to 5,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (2) 25 myelinated postganglionic axons, (3) 20 to 25 unmyelinated sensory axons and; (4) 4 to 5 myelinated sensory axons; and for the white rami there are approximately: (1) 1,000 unmyelinated preganglionic axons, (2) 1,500 myelinated preganglionic axons, (3) 2,000 unmyelinated postganglionic axons, (4) 250 unmyelinated sensory axons and (5) 200 myelinated sensory axons. The implications of these findings are discussed.
COUNTERCURRENT IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS (CIE) IN GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE

CIE was utilized for the detection of type and group specific antigens in the body fluids of 38 infants with Group B streptococcal infection. Serum, CSF, or urine from 27 of 38 (71%) contained detectable type or group specific antigen. Serum was positive by CIE in 10 of 24 patients tested and 7 of these 10 infants died (70%). Only 2 of 14 (14%) infants without detectable antigen in their serum died (p<.05). Antigen was detected in the CSF from 7 of 10 infants tested and none of these patients died. Antigen was detectable by CIE in 14 of 15 (93%) of urine samples which had been concentrated using an Amicorn® filter. In 9 instances, samples of urine, serum and CSF were available from the same patient and 8 had antigen detected in one or more body fluids. Urine was positive in all 8 patients and in 3 instances, was the only positive fluid. Of 27 samples with detectable antigen, 10 were positive using both group and type specific antisera, 10 were positive only with the type specific antiserum and 7 were positive only with the grouping antiserum. The type antigen detected in the CSF or serum always corresponded to the Lancefield type of the infecting organism. Some cross reactions occurred when testing concentrated urine but the type specific reaction corresponding to the organisms cultured was always strongest. The detection of Group B Streptococcal antigens in the body fluids by CIE can be performed rapidly and provides useful diagnostic information.
Reference systems and the perception of tactual and haptic orientation

Adult subjects learned to identify bars differing in orientation. The bars were presented either tactually or haptically. In the first experiment, learning was followed by a transfer test with body posture changed by 90 deg. That is, if subjects originally learned with body upright, the transfer test was carried out with body reclined. Results of the transfer test indicated original learning of the tactually presented bars was done with respect to a body reference system and original learning of the haptically presented bars was done with respect to an environmental or gravity based reference system. In the second experiment, learning was followed by a transfer test using both a change of body posture and a change of stimulus modality from tactual to haptic or vice versa. Performance in this transfer test is interpreted in terms of a conceptual mediation hypothesis.
Galactosyltransferase: confirmation of equilibrium-ordered mechanism.

MnCl 2 purified with diphenylthiocarbazone and used as a substrate for bovine milk galactosyltransferase resulted in kinetic patterns indicative of an equilibrium-ordered mechanism for the addition of Mn 2+ . The use of analytical reagent MnCl 2 without purification produced kinetic plots intersecting to the left of the vertical axis, indicating sequential addition of Mn 2+ . Addition of a trace amount of PbCl 2 to the purified MnCl 2 also resulted in patterns intersecting to the left of the vertical axis.
Approximating the internal norm influence measure in linear regression

The internal norm measure DI(C−1 k) introduced in Gray (1989) assesses the influencethat a size- subset of cases has on the least squares parameter estimates in a linear regression. The term internal norm refers to the fact that the assessment of influence is based on a comparison of the subset of interest to all size- subsets internal to the data set. Although this approachis intuitively appealing; it can be impractical for k > 1 since the calculation of DI(C−1 k) for a size-k subset I requires the covariance matrix Ck of all size-A' deletion parameter estimates. Using results from finite population sampling theory, we show that the covariance matrices Ck and CI are nearly proponional for large sample sizes, a fact that can be used to inexpensively approximate DI(C−1 k) for subsets containing two or more cases. Numerical evidence from several real data sets indicates that the approximation is highly accurate for large data sets, where it is most needed, and sufficiently accurate for small to moderate reg...
Five Ternary Zintl Phases in the Systems Alkali-Metal–Indium–Bismuth

Abstract Five new compounds of alkali metal, indium, and bismuth were synthesized by direct fusion of the elements. The structures of these compounds, Na3In2Bi3 (I) (refined composition NaIn0.61(1)Bi, orthorhombic, Pnma, a=8.062(2), b=4.8684(8), and c=9.2455(9) A), Na3InBi2 (II) (monoclinic, P21/c, a=18.841(3), b=9.235(1), and c=12.661(2) A, β=98.67(2)°), K7In4Bi6 (III) (refined composition K4.71(3)In2.52(2)Bi4, tetragonal, P43, a=9.703(1), and c=17.519(4) A), K11In6Bi9 (IV) (triclinic, P 1 , a=12.012(7), b=13.380(4), and c=13.695(4) A, α=76.70(2), β=64.14(3), and γ=75.68(3)°), and Rb7In4Bi6 (V) (tetragonal, P43, a=9.915(2) and c=17.870(4) A) are built of indium-centered tetrahedra of bismuth that are connected by corner- or/and edge-sharing and form different types of three-dimensional networks. All five compounds are diamagnetic and, therefore, electronically balanced, salt-like Zintl phases. According to EHMO calculations they are wide band-gap semiconductors.
"In Vivo" Brain Size and Intelligence.

Abstract It is widely believed that human brain size and intelligence are only weakly related to each other. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we show that larger brain size (corrected for body size) is associated with higher IQ in 40 college students equally divided by high versus average IQ, and by sex. These results suggest that differences in human brain size are relevant to explaining differences in intelligence test performance.
Differences in the control of sterol metabolism between mouse and rat Leydig cells.

The metabolism of hydroxysterols, which bypass the cAMP-dependent, cycloheximide-inhibitable transport to cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage enzyme complex (P-450acc) required by cholesterol, and whose metabolism exceeds that of cholesterol in luteal cells, has been investigated in primary cultures of Leydig cells purified from the mouse and the rat. An unexpected finding was that metabolism of 25-hydroxycholesterol by mouse Leydig cells was far lower than cAMPstimulated cholesterol metabolism. The metabolism of 20α-hydroxycholesterol and 22R-hydroxycholesterol was equivalent to and greater than, respectively, maximal cholesterol metabolism by mouse Leydig cells. As expected, metabolism of 25-hydroxycholesterpl by rat Leydig cells was much greater than cholesterol metabolism, as was metabolism of 20α-hydroxycholesterol and 22R-hydroxycholesterol. Hydroxysterol metabolism was not increased by cAMP. Cycloheximide abolished the cAMP-stimulated increase in testosterone production by Leydig cells of both spe...
Effect of Adenosine, Inosine Triphosphate, Uridine Triphosphate, and Adenosine Triphosphate Upon the Plasma Volume of Intact and Adrenalectomized Dogs∗

SummaryAdenosine, adenosine triphosphate, inosine triphosphate and uridine triphosphate were administered iv in 100 mg doses to intact and adrenalectomized dogs to test the ability of these compounds to increase the plasma volume. Only adenosine triphosphate was found to be effective. It readily induced marked elevation (av 20.3% rise) of the plasma volume of dogs possessing adrenal glands but had no effect on the plasma volume of the dog lacking adrenal cortices unless injected simultaneously with small (25 mg) but ineffective doses per se of the glucocorticoid prednisolone. The combined injectate promptly raised the plasma volume an average of 17.1% above control values based upon experiments on 14 adrenalectomized dogs.
Relations between intelligence and the development of metaconceptual knowledge

Across two studies, we developed and tested a declarative metacognitive interview to investigate the effects of developmental level and verbal intelligence on children's metaconceptual understanding of processes related to concept use and object categorization. Metaconceptual knowledge developed throughout elementary school, with near ceiling scores for adults. IQ scores correlated positively with metaconceptual interview scores for all groups of children. Study 2 confirmed a relationship between scores on the metaconceptual interview and performance on a Twenty Questions task for which strategic performance was presumed to depend on such knowledge, though metaconceptual knowledge was most important when IQ was lower. Implications for theory development and hypotheses about how metaconceptual knowledge develops are discussed.
Global dynamics and aerodynamic flow vectoring of wakes

A methodology for vectoring the near-wake flow behind a bluff body without any mechanical movement of the physical boundaries of the generating body is described. The sole control input is suction applied at the fixed base of the forebody. Once the suction volume flux exceeds a critical value needed to suppress the global dynamics associated with vortex shedding, local directional control of the near wake can be achieved. The distribution of suction velocities across the base can be varied to obtain proportional directional control. The role of symmetries in stimulating aerodynamic vectoring of a streaming flow is emphasized and illustrated.
Evolution of the treatment of hypertension: What really matters in the 1990s?

Abstract Over the past decade we have seen a shift in the strategy for the treatment of hypertension, from stepped therapy—involving a highly structured, unvarying series of steps—to recommendations for more individualized treatment. How shall we accomplish that goal? Severe hypertension provides a clear indication to bypass earlier recommendations. Demographic data such as age, gender, and race, often cited, have proved less helpful. Concomitant medical problems, which are found in >50% of hypertensive patients, are most often the crucial determinants in the selection of antihypertensive therapy. Concurrent coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, azotemia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, borderline cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, and depression are all common. Each has implications for antihypertensive therapy. Moreover, blood pressure reduction is a surrogate for our real goal, which is reduction of cardiovascular risk. Thus, consideration of concomitant medical problems has extended to left ventricular hypertrophy, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance as additional risk factors in hypertension. Consideration of all of these factors makes it possible to individualize antihypertensive therapy in most patients.
Prevalence and significance of nonthromboembolic findings on chest computed tomography angiography performed to rule out pulmonary embolism: A multicenter study of 1,025 emergency department patients

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hypothesis that computed tomography (CT) angiography often yields a result interpreted as an alternative diagnosis to pulmonary embolism (PE) in emergency department (ED) patients. METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective, and secondary analysis of consecutive patients in three academic emergency departments. ED patients with symptoms suspicious for PE were included. CT angiography was ordered at the discretion of the treating physician; patients were identified by query of the electronic medical record. Board-certified radiologists gave CT readings, which were reviewed by two independent emergency physicians who categorized the non-PE findings into one of four acuity categories: A = requiring specific and immediate intervention, B = requiring specific action on follow-up, C = requiring no action, and D = indeterminate findings. RESULTS: The prevalence of PE among the 1,025 patients studied was 10% (95% CI = 8% to 12%). In the 921 patients without PE, the mean prevalences (ranges between sites) of concordant categorized non-PE findings were: A = 7% (range 3%-11%), B = 10% (7%-13%), C = 17% (10%-20%), D = 4% (0%-8%), and no ancillary finding = 41% (29% to 45%). The most common category A findings included infiltrate or consolidation suggesting pneumonia (81%), aortic aneurysm or dissection (7%), and mass suggesting undiagnosed malignancy (7%). The overall unweighted agreement was 80% (kappa = 0.72) and weighted agreement was 93% (kappa(w) = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: In ED patients with suspected PE, the CT angiogram frequently provides evidence suggesting an important alternative diagnosis to PE. Pulmonary infiltrate suggesting pneumonia was the most common non-PE finding.
On B800→B800 energy transfer in the LH2 complex of purple bacteria

Abstract The B800 Qy-states of the light harvesting 2 (LH2) photosynthetic complex of purple bacteria exhibit two relaxation channels. One is B800→B850 excitation energy transfer that occurs in ∼2 ps in low-temperature limit. This channel is dominant for excitation wavelengths located to lower energy of the B800 absorption band maximum. The second “additional” channel sets in for excitation on the high-energy side of the maximum. The mechanism for the additional channel has been controversial. That it is due to relaxation of Bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) vibrational modes has already been excluded. This left intra-band B800→B800 energy transfer and relaxation of mixed B800–B850 exciton levels as possible mechanisms. High-pressure hole burning results for LH2 of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila are presented, which, together with excitonic calculations, indicate that the latter mechanism is relatively unimportant. Intra-band B800→B800 excitation energy transfer is considered from a probabilistic viewpoint. It appears that the B800 zero-phonon hole action spectrum corresponds to those of Bchl a sites on the C9 ring that cannot undergo downward energy transfer to a nearest-neighbor site. One-third of the sites fall into this category. It is concluded that the additional decay channel is most likely due to above intra-band transfer.
Characteristics and Genesis of Preferential Flow Paths in a Piedmont Ultisol

Numerous methods have been used to characterize the size and abundance of macropores in soils. Few of these studies, however, have attempted to determine what portion of the soil column is involved with water fl ow or to propose a mechanism by which the preferential fl ow paths are formed. This study was initiated to describe the abundance and characteristics of preferential fl ow pathways in a Typic Kanhapudult, commonly found on ridges in the Piedmont region of the southeastern USA and to determine their genesis. Forty 15-cm-diameter columns, 60 cm in length were collected from a conventionally tilled fi eld for identifi cation and evaluation of preferential fl ow paths. Flow paths were identifi ed using methylene blue dye and the morphology of dye-stained and undyed areas was evaluated. Pore size and abundance for dye-stained and undyed areas were evaluated by image analysis, and fabric of the two areas was described from impregnated blocks and thin sections. Most of the Ap and BA horizons of this soil contributed to fl ow. Only the lower part of the BA horizon and the Bt horizon had appreciable areas that were undyed, suggesting preferential fl ow. The dye- stained areas had slightly less clay than undyed areas. Dye-stained areas, however, had about fi ve times more pore area than undyed areas, most of which had pores >0.25-mm equivalent diameter. Common circular morphology of dye-stained areas and the open fabric of soil in these areas with occasional fecal pellets suggest that dye-stained areas in this soil have been biologically modifi ed. The biological modifi cation is attributed to tree roots and burrowing animals during the period of soil development on old and stable landscapes in the region.
MODIS-based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) data sets: Continent-wide surface morphology and snow grain size

Abstract We present digital image mosaics of surface morphology and optical snow grain size for the Antarctic continent and surrounding islands, assembled from 260 Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images. The products are derived from MODIS band 1 (red light: ∼ 647 nm) and band 2 (infrared: ∼ 857 nm) orbit swath data acquired during the 2003–2004 austral summer. Multiple images of all areas are combined in a data cumulation scheme to improve spatial resolution and increase radiometric content of the mosaics. The component images were de-striped, geo-registered, and re-sampled to the projection grid using the MODIS Swath-to-Grid Toolbox (MS2GT) software. A 125 m ground-equivalent polar stereographic projection was used, identical to previous radar image mosaics and similar to several other continent-wide data sets. Geo-location accuracy of the final mosaics is better than 125 m. Swath acquisition times were limited to the range 05:00–13:30 UT to provide broad but uniform mosaic illumination. Regions of cloud cover, blowing snow, and intense forward scattering were masked prior to compositing. The MOA snow grain size data set image provides the first continent-wide semi-quantitative map of mean summer snow, firn, and blue ice grain size. Optical grain size (radius) was determined using a normalized difference index derived from MODIS band 1 and band 2 rad values. Atmospheric correction, adjustments for directional reflectance variation and snow grain size estimation were accomplished by a look-up table, generated by a combination of published models of snow spectral reflectance and atmosphere radiative transfer. Validation of the snow grain size image is provided by in situ spectra of snow-covered sea ice made in October, 2003. We use the new data sets to determine major ice shelf areas, and shelf edge, coastline, and ice grounding line vector files, and determine areas of selected blue ice regions. These data sets are available for download at http://nsidc.org/data/moa/ .
Liquid crystal reconfigurable circularly polarized patch antenna

Traditional patch antennas are light-weight and easy to manufacture, but suffer from narrow operational bandwidth. The topic considered here is the design and development of a reconfigurable right handed circular polarized patch antenna at the X-band. Reconfigurability of the studied antenna stems from the highly anisotropic dielectric properties of nematic liquid crystals (LC). Both, simulated and experimental data are presented and discussed.
RABIES VIRUS ENTRY INTO CULTURED RAT HIPPO CAMPALNEURONS

Rabies virus entry into cultured hippocampal neurons was investigated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Hippocampal neurons were susceptible to rabies virus infection and became filled with viral antigen 1 day after infection. Infection was inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and ammonium chloride. To study entry, neurons were adsorbed with rabies virus at 4 degrees C and warmed to 37 degrees C for short periods of time prior to fixation and localization of viral antigen by immunofluorescence microscopy By 5 min at 37 degrees C, viral antigen was localized to puncta in the cell body and dendrites and in synapses along dendrites. Little viral antigen was present in axons. Cells adsorbed with rabies virus were incubated with tracers for early endosomes. The endocytic tracers or markers Lucifer Yellow, transferrin receptor, dextran, and wheat germ agglutinin co-localized with rabies virus, indicating that rabies virus enters an endosome compartment shortly after uptake. Rabies virus also co-localized with LysoTracker Red, an acidotropic probe, indicating that some of the virus-containing endosomes are acidified. Rabies virus also co-localized with synapsin I, a synaptic vesicle marker, in nerve terminals but did not co-localize with lysosomal glycoprotein. By electron microscopy, after adsorption of virus and warming for 10 min, virus particles were present in coated pits, coated vesicles, and vacuolar membrane compartments in processes and axon terminals. It is concluded that rabies virus enters the somatodendritic domain and axon terminals of cultured hippocampal neurons by adsorptive endocytosis and is located in endosomes shortly after uptake.