cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEMI-EMPIRICAL CALCULATIONS OF INTRAMOLECULAR ACYL TRANSFER IN CIS-ENOLS OF O-AROYL ACETYLACETONES

Abstract Intramolecular acyl transfer was studied in eight aroyl derivatives of cis enols of acetylacetone using various semiempirical hamiltonians. The transition state geometry and activation energy for each derivative is reported. A reaction rate relative to that for the O-benzoyl derivative was calculated for each member in the series. The calculated relative rate constants were correlated to the substituent electronic constants, σ, and to experimental relative rate constants. Good correlations were obtained in both cases with the exceptions of the p-chloro and m-nitro aroyl groups. The rates of acyl transfer were enhanced by electron withdrawing aroyl groups. Calculations with the PM3 hamiltonians reproduced experimental trends better than using AM1.
PARITY MIXING IN F-18 AND LOW-ENERGY INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING

The possibility of probing parity mixing in $^{18}\mathrm{F}$ by polarized low-energy inelastic electron scattering is analyzed making use of the "elementary-particle" treatment. The nuclear form factors are determined by the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition rates, gauge invariance, and certain general features abstracted from nuclear-model calculations. It is found that the effects due to the exchange of the neutral weak boson between the electron and the nucleus are completely negligible as compared with those due to the mixing of the two adjacent nuclear states of opposite parity. It is also found that the enhancement of the asymmetry at backward electron scattering angles rises linearly with the incident electron energy.
Impressions in implant dentistry

Accurate impressions provide a foundation for successful implant prosthodontics. This paper is aimed at the general dental practitioner (GDP) who would like to start restoring dental implants and demystifies the terminology, introduces the basic armamentarium and discusses the relative merits of different implant impression techniques. Detailed, step-by-step instructions for making impressions using the closed and open tray techniques are provided and the importance of verification jigs are highlighted. Clinical relevance A successful restoration is dependent upon proper planning and meticulous clinical processes. An understanding of impression techniques is therefore fundamental for the GDP wishing to restore implant-supported prostheses. Objectives The reader should be familiar with different implant components and understand the impression techniques used in implant dentistry.
Paradise Lost, the Miltonic “Or,” and the Poetics of Incertitude

In this chapter, I will show how the uncertainties created and symbolized by Milton’s epic similes and metaphors can be found in the smallest details of Paradise Lost as well as the larger narrative. In many ways, the crux of the poem is a small word—“or”—which constitutes the DNA, as it were, of the poem’s competing narratives. Albert C. Labriola has proposed that “all” constitutes “the essence of Paradise Lost,” by which Labriola means what he perceives as the extraordinary unity of the poem.1 Labriola’s statement, however, that “all” constitutes “a deep structure that generates, among others, both interrogatory and declarative surface structures, a linguistic universal implying any number of particular reformulations” (42), applies equally well to the omnipresence of “or,” which is, of course, the undoing of “all” since unresolved choice implicitly deconstructs the imposition of unity called for by “all.” Labriola is not wrong in his assessment of “all”s importance, but we need to balance the drive toward unity with the equal drive toward duality and incertitude. In other words, although one must recognize the presence of a strong, totalizing impulse within the poem, a desire for unity and a movement toward organicism, one also needs to recognize that this impulse is countered by an equally powerful counter-tendency toward undoing unity and toward unresolved choices leading to aporias, sometimes figuratively, sometimes literally.
Reprogramming the signalling requirement for AP‐1 (activator protein‐1) activation during differentiation of precursor CD4+ T‐cells into effector Th1 and Th2 cells

Upon antigenic stimulation, precursor CD4+ helper T-cells differentiate into two subsets of effector cells, Th1 and Th2. These two subpopulations are defined by the pattern of cytokine expression that distinguishes these differentiated cells from their precursors. We have used reporter transgenic mice here to show that, during differentiation of precursor T-cells into effector Th1 or Th2 cells, high levels of preformed activator protein (AP)-1 complexes are accumulated. However, upon stimulation, the preformed AP-1 complexes in effector Th2 cells, but not in Th1 cells, are able to induce high levels of AP-1 transcriptional activity. Furthermore, in contrast to precursor T-cells, the induction of AP-1 transcriptional activity is independent of calcium and co-stimulatory signals in effector Th2 cells. This AP-1 transcriptional activity appears to correlate with the presence of JunB complexes, which accumulate differentially in effector Th2 cells, but not in precursor CD4+ T-cells or effector Th1 cells. Unlike precursor cells, the activation of AP-1 does not appear to be mediated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in effector Th2 cells. These results indicate that during differentiation of T-cells, and probably other cell types, the signal requirements for the AP-1 transcription machinery are reprogrammed to enable the differentiated cells to perform their specialized functions.
A little at a time: the use of regularly scheduled repayments in microfinance programs

Abstract Informal lenders appear to be thriving even in regions where microfinance institutions (MFIs), such as the Grameen Bank, have established lending programs. We suggest that an explanation for this well-documented observation lies in the ubiquitous use of regularly scheduled repayments by MFIs. Borrowers are typically required to repay their loans in tightly structured installments, beginning soon after loan disbursement. This little-remarked aspect of the repayment schedule is usually explained as inculcating ‘fiscal discipline’ among borrowers. We argue that an alternative rationale for this loan repayment structure lies in the difficulty of monitoring borrowers' actions. The potential for moral hazard leads MFIs to use innovative mechanisms, such as regularly scheduled repayments, which indirectly coopt the better-informed informal lenders. Conversely, this installment repayment structure allows informal lenders to survive. Further, we show that this linkage can not only expand the volume of informal lending, but may also raise the interest rate in the informal sector.
Threshold and magnitude exponent function correlations for the human tongue

This study was designed to investigate possible relationships between threshold and suprathreshold lingual tactile processes, and to determine how accurately mean suprathreshold scaling values represent the behavior of individual subjects. Lingual vibrotactile threshold and suprathreshold values were obtained from 26 normal young adults. Results indicated that there was no statistically significant correlation between the threshold and suprathreshold data. It was also determined that mean sensation magnitude values may not accurately represent the behavior of individual subjects.
Revenue Management in the Golf Industry: Focus on Throughput and Consumer Benefits

The golf industry has been experiencing a major change in sustained interest from players since the peak year of 2001. Industry surveys indicate that players complain most about the slow pace of play of the game. The current research uses the two-part revenue management system of increasing throughput or rounds played and research on attitudes of players regarding the game and acceptability of waiting during the game to maximize player benefits and course pricing. A decision support system is reviewed that can practically increase the daily rounds played by 20%. Research on golfers' attitudes indicates there are two segments of players with different attitudes toward waiting and acceptability of paying a premium fee for a guaranteed fast game of golf. Implications for golf course managers are offered.
The creation of an abbreviated version of the PSEQ: the PSEQ-2.

Background Self-efficacy is an effective coping strategy associated with less pain and disability. The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) is a valid and reliable tool to measure this strategy, but could be inconvenient to implement in a busy surgical practice owing to its length. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a shorter version of the 10-item PSEQ. Methods A total of 316 patients (53% men, mean age of 46y) with a variety of upper extremity diagnosis were enrolled in this study. In addition to demographic information, patients completed the PSEQ measure of self-efficacy, the QuickDASH measure of disability, and an ordinal measure of pain intensity. We conducted inter-item correlation analyses for the PSEQ and selected questions based on the magnitude of their correlation. Results Questions 8 and 9 were selected to form the PSEQ-2. The PSEQ-2 showed good internal consistency ( α = 0.90) and had a large correlation with the original PSEQ ( r = 0.76). Both the PSEQ-2 and the original PSEQ correlated significantly with QuickDASH and pain intensity. Conclusions This study provides preliminary evidence that a shortened version of the PSEQ might be useful as a screening instrument to identify patients with hand and upper extremity conditions who have low self-efficacy and might benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy. Level of Evidence Diagnostic level III
Effect of hyperthermia on PDT and imaging

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is emerging as a successful tool to treat both malignant and benign tumors. It involves the interaction of a photosensitizer which upon activation by the appropriate light dose, leads to a cytotoxic and vasculotoxic photodynamic reaction. Improvements in PDT in areas such as the delivery and selectivity of photosensitizers, light-delivery and overall efficacy have helped to increase its attractiveness as an option for therapy. For optimizing the PDT treatment by a "see and treat approach," we have developed a number of tumor avid photosensitizers (PS) namely HPPH-Cyanine dye conjugates or other compounds (Iodinated photosensitizers) which have the ability for Optical and/or PET imaging as well as being effective photosensitizers for treatment. Hyperthermia refers to various techniques of heat application which may be delivered as a single modality or as part of an adjunct treatment option to the existing cancer therapies. Depending upon the temperature range used, hyperthermia might either directly induce cell kill or enhance the efficacy of other treatment modalities. Hyperthermia increases blood flow within the body, which may allow for higher dose delivery of photosensitizers with subsequent increased therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Hyperthermia could also increase the sensitivity of molecular imaging. The use of multifunctional photosensitizers for imaging and PDT is an emerging area and we have developed a few such agents in our lab. We wish to explore the use of hyperthermia to improve the use of such multifunctional photosensitizers from the point of view of imaging and/or therapy. Hyperthermia can be performed either as a whole-body mode or as localized mode. Our goal is to see which of the two heating modalities offers us better outcome.
An example in the theory of stable Markov operators

An example of a Markov transtion operator acting onC(X) is constructed in which the restriction of the operator to the conservative part ofX is not a conservative operator.
The Mother-in-Law Effect: Managing the Publicity of Personal Content Online

Audiences are what lend the “social” to social media. However, not all publics are equally welcomed by social media users, especially personal bloggers. Blog authors frequently exclude particular groups or types of people from their online content. As they negotiate the interplay of audience and blog, authors continuously create and destroy mediated publics, which are an important feature of the contemporary public/private distinction. The ways in which they manage those publics depend on the interplay of content and audiences. The creation and exclusion of numerous mediated blog publics illustrates a shift in the public/private distinction.
Remote Probing of Inhomogeneous Media Using Parameter Optimization Techniques

This paper discusses the problem of remote probing and diagnostics of an inhomogeneous medium of which the properties vary only along a single dimension. The medium is described in terms of a set of unknowns that are determined via parameter optimization techniques such that the response of the trial medium agrees closely with that of the actual medium.
Seven excitons at a cost of one: redefining the limits for conversion efficiency of photons into charge carriers.

The performance of photovoltaic and photochemical devices is directly linked to the efficiency with which absorbed photons are converted into electron−hole pairs (excitons). A usual assumption is that one photon produces a single exciton, while the photon energy in the excess of the material's energy gap (the gap that separates the conduction from the valence band) is wasted as heat. Here we experimentally demonstrate that using semiconductor nanocrystals we can reduce this energy loss to a nearly absolute minimum allowed by energy conservation by producing multiple excitons per single photon. Specifically, we generate seven excitons from a photon with an energy of 7.8 energy gaps, which corresponds to only ∼10% energy loss, while in the normal scenario (one photon produces one exciton) ∼90% of the photon energy would be dissipated as heat. Such large yields of charge carriers (photon-to-exciton conversion efficiency up to 700%) has the potential to dramatically increase the performance of photovoltaic ce...
Classification of musical timbre using bayesian networks

In this article, we explore the use of Bayesian networks for identifying the timbre of musical instruments. Peak spectral amplitude in ten frequency windows is extracted for each of 20 time windows to be used as features. Over a large data set of 24,000 audio examples covering the full musical range of 24 different common orchestral instruments, four different Bayesian network structures, including naive Bayes, are examined and compared with two support vector machines and a k-nearest neighbor classifier. Classification accuracy is examined by instrument, instrument family, and data set size. Bayesian networks with conditional dependencies in the time and frequency dimensions achieved 98 percent accuracy in the instrument classification task and 97 percent accuracy in the instrument family identification task. These results demonstrate a significant improvement over the previous approaches in the literature on this data set. Additionally, we tested our Bayesian approach on the widely used Iowa musical instrument data set, with similar results.
Magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion in Mercury's subsolar magnetosheath

[1] Measurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) and Magnetometer (MAG) on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging spacecraft during 40 orbits about Mercury are used to characterize the plasma depletion layer just exterior to the planet's dayside magnetopause. A plasma depletion layer forms at Mercury as a result of piled-up magnetic flux that is draped around the magnetosphere. The low average upstream Alfvenic Mach number (MA ~3–5) in the solar wind at Mercury often results in large-scale plasma depletion in the magnetosheath between the subsolar magnetopause and the bow shock. Flux pileup is observed to occur downstream under both quasi-perpendicular and quasi-parallel shock geometries for all orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Furthermore, little to no plasma depletion is seen during some periods with stable northward IMF. The consistently low value of plasma β, the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure, at the magnetopause associated with the low average upstream MA is believed to be the cause for the high average reconnection rate at Mercury, reported to be nearly 3 times that observed at Earth. Finally, a characteristic depletion length outward from the subsolar magnetopause of ~300 km is found for Mercury. This value scales among planetary bodies as the average standoff distance of the magnetopause.
Inheritance of Tetanic Torticollar Spasms in Turkeys

Abstract Tetanic torticollar spasms (TT) refers to a neurologic disorder observed in a line of Medium White turkeys. The condition is characterized by the dorsomesial extension of the neck and head such that the head rests on the back with the beak directed upwards. The spasms vary in duration from 1 to 5 s to longer than 1 min followed by the resumption of normal posture. The spasms appear to be spontaneous but can be induced by sudden loud noises and eating and drinking. When expressed in poults at hatching the condition is usually lethal due to starvation and dehydration. Typically, TT is expressed during the first 7 days posthatching but can be as late as 18 wk of age. Breeding tests indicate that TT is the expression of a sex-linked recessive gene with incomplete penetrance, 86%. Microscopic examination of the otoconia in the inner ears and histologic examination of the cerebellum and brainstem of TT turkeys have not revealed any abnormality. The gene symbol tt is proposed.
The Fine Structure of the Internal Spiral of Kinetosomes in Foettingeria's Tomite, a Unique Storage Depot for Kinetosomes1

. The fine structure of the tomite of Foettingeria actiniarum (Claparede) was examined and compared with that of other apostome tomites. This stage in the life cycle has a unique configuration of kineties that form a spiral through the cytoplasm in the interior of the body. The structure and behavior of this internal spiral were evaluated as a mechanism for the storage of kinetosomes, an adaptation to the ciliate's two-host life cycle. The spiral is composed of nine ribbons of laterally compressed kinetosomes that are in contact with a thin electron-dense fibril. Paralleling the kineties of the spiral are conspicuous, swollen lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; these lamellae contain moderately electron-dense material. The spiral is associated with the large contractile vacuole and winds about the macronucleus. The tomite of Foettingeria possesses a single, robust, caudal cilium located in a pit, along with the nozzle-like pore of the contractile vacuole. The walls of the pit contain several trichocysts arranged radially about the caudal cilium and aimed into the pit.
Joint Power Scheduling and Estimator Design for Sensor Networks Across Parallel Channels

This paper addresses the joint estimator and power optimization problem for a sensor network whose mission is to estimate an unknown parameter. We assume a two-hop network where each sensor collects observations from the source that transmits the quantity to be estimated, then amplifies and forwards its observations to a fusion center. The fusion center combines the observations using a Linear Minimum Mean Squared Error (LMMSE) estimator. We study the scenario where multiple parallel channels are available between the source and each sensor as well as between the sensors and the fusion center. We find the global optimal power allocation and estimator design for this network model. We present two practical scenarios of interest that utilize spatial and temporal diversity for which this solution applies, namely, a clustered network model and a single cluster model with an ergodic fading channel.
Distributed Linear Programming and Resource Management for Data Mining in Distributed Environments

Advances in computing and communication has resulted in very large scale distributed environments in recent years. They are capable of storing large volumes of data and often have multiple compute nodes. However, the inherent heterogeneity of data components, the dynamic nature of distributed systems, the need for information synchronization and data fusion over a network and security and access control issues makes the problem of resource management and monitoring a tremendous challenge. In particular, centralized algorithms for management of resources and data may not be sufficient to manage complex distributed systems. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm for resource and data management which builds on the traditional simplex algorithm used for solving linear optimization problems. Our distributed algorithm is an exact one meaning its results are identical if run in a centralized setting. We provide extensive analytical results and experiments on simulated data to demonstrate the performance of our algorithm.
CFD Simulations of an 8×8 Rod Array Inside of an Isothermal Enclosure Filled With a Rarified Gas

Numerical simulations of an experimental apparatus consisting of an 8×8 square array of heater rods within an aluminum enclosure are used to model a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) fuel assembly. The total heat generation rate is varied from 100W to 500W and the enclosure wall temperature is set at 325°C. The void is filled with air and simulations are run at atmospheric pressure, low pressure (500 Pa) and without cover gas (total vacuum). Low pressure simulations at 500 Pa are run with two models, the first assumes a continuum heat transfer regime in the cover gas, and the second includes a non-continuum temperature jump on the surfaces of the rods and enclosure wall. A contact resistance is used to simulate a temperature jump on all inner surfaces of the model. Simulations show that natural convection does not have significant effects on heat transfer when the pressure is lowered to 500 Pa. In general, radiative heat transfer dominates over the conduction in the cover gas at a wall temperature of 325°C. Results show that a model using a total vacuum with only radiative heat transfer at the wall, predicts maximum rod to wall temperature difference as much as 19.1% higher than a model at atmospheric pressure, whereas a model at 500 Pa, that considers a slip flow regime with temperature jump at the wall, predicts temperatures that are 7.0% higher. A low pressure model at 500 Pa without a temperature jump does not result in any significant increase in temperatures. Temperatures from these simulations will be compared to future experiments at low pressures.© 2008 ASME
Persistent effects of aerial applications of disparlure on gypsy moth: trap catch and mating success

In forest plots treated aerially with a plastic laminated flake formulation (Disrupt® II) of the gypsy moth sex pheromone disparlure to disrupt gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), mating was monitored the year of treatment and 1‐2 years after treatment to determine the effects of the treatment on suppression of trap catch and mating success. In the year of treatment, there was a greater than 95% reduction in trap catch and a greater than 98% reduction in mating success compared to controls. One year after treatment at a dosage of 37.5 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha ‐1 , trap catch was reduced by 46 ‐56% and mating success was reduced by 60 ‐79%. Both trap catch and mating success were significantly reduced compared to controls in plots treated 1 year previously at 15 g a.i. ha ‐1 . Tr ap catch, but not mating success, was significantly reduced 2 years after treatment at 37.5 g a.i. ha ‐1 . The efficacy of mating disruption (MD) treatments in the Slow-the-Spread of the Gypsy Moth program was significantly reduced 2 years compared to 1 year after treatment. No such reduction was observed in plots treated with aerial applications of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki . The higher apparent efficacy of MD treatments 1 year after application may result to some extent from the suppression of moth capture in pheromone traps from the persistent effects of the previous year’s treatment.
Redistribution of Renal Intracortical Blood Flow during Dopamine Infusion in Dogs

We determined the effect of intravenous and renal intra-arterial infusion of dopamine on the distribution of intracortical blood flow in kidneys of anesthetized dogs. Total renal and renal intracortical blood flows in dogs receiving dopamine intravenously were quantified by the radioactive microsphere technique with reference sampling. In dogs receiving dopamine by renal intra-arterial infusion, total renal and renal intracortical blood flows were determined from radioactive microsphere and electromagnetic flowmeter data. Tissue perfusion rates for the total kidney, the renal cortex, the renal outer cortex, and the renal inner cortex increased following either intravenous or direct renal intra-arterial infusion of dopamine. Dopamine infusion by either method caused a relative redistribution of renal blood flow from the outer twothirds to the inner one-third of the renal cortex. During direct dopamine infusion into the renal artery, no significant changes in renal hemodynamics occurred in the contralateral kidney. No changes in arterial blood pressure occurred during dopamine infusion by either method. These observations imply that the change in the fractional distribution of renal intracortical blood flow following dopamine infusion is not dependent on a systemic mode of action. This pattern of flow redistribution suggests that the intrarenal dopamine-specific receptor may be in higher number in the inner cortex or that the redistribution of cortical flow after dopamine infusion may reflect differing initial physiological states of the inner and outer cortical receptors for dopamine.
Wide scanning reflector antennas for satellite crosslinks

The system design and requirements for high data rate RF crosslinks for V-band geosynchronous satellite applications are described and implementation alternatives for a range of data rate capabilities are presented. The available technology and a novel antenna design for geostationary applications are described. The antenna provides a low mass, low loss design to satisfy the wide angle scanning requirements for these applications. This antenna concept has also been extended to more general non-geostationary orbital plans where connectivity between satellites in same and different orbital planes is required. Such connectivity requirements increase the required antenna scanning capabilities and a second novel reflector antenna design has been devised to satisfy such broad scanning requirements.
Molecular evolution of the Li/li chemical defence polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

White clover (Trifolium repens) is naturally polymorphic for cyanogenesis (hydrogen cyanide release following tissue damage). The ecological factors favouring cyanogenic and acyanogenic plants have been examined in numerous studies over the last half century, making this one of the best-documented examples of an adaptive polymorphism in plants. White clover cyanogenesis is controlled by two, independently segregating Mendelian genes: Ac/ac controls the presence/absence of cyanogenic glucosides; and Li/li controls the presence/absence of their hydrolysing enzyme, linamarase. In this study, we examine the molecular evolution and population genetics of Li as it relates to the cyanogenesis polymorphism. We report here that Li exists as a single-copy gene in plants possessing linamarase activity, and that the absence of enzyme activity in li/li plants is correlated with the absence of much or all of the gene from the white clover genome. Consistent with this finding, we confirm by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction that Li gene expression is absent in plants lacking enzyme activity. In a molecular population genetic analysis of Li and three unlinked genes using a worldwide sample of clover plants, we find an absence of nucleotide variation and statistically significant deviations from neutrality at Li; these findings are consistent with recent positive directional selection at this cyanogenesis locus.
IRS proteins and the common path to diabetes

Although a full understanding of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action is evolving, the discovery of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins and their role to link cell surface receptors to the intracellular signaling cascades provided an important step forward. Moreover, Insulin/IGF receptors use common signaling pathways to accomplish many tasks, the IRS proteins add a unique layer of specificity and control. Importantly, the IRS-2 branch of the insulin/IGF-signaling pathway is a common element in peripheral insulin response and pancreatic β-cell growth and function. Failure of IRS-2 signaling might explain the eventual loss of compensatory hyperinsulinemia during prolonged periods of peripheral insulin resistance. Moreover, short-term inhibition of IRS protein functions by serine phosphorylation, or sustained inhibition by ubiquitin-targeted proteosome-mediated degradation suggests a common molecular mechanism for insulin resistance during acute injury or infection, or the sensitivity of β-cells to autoimmune destruction. The broad role of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in cell growth and survival reveals a common regulatory pathway linking development, somatic growth, fertility, neuronal proliferation, and aging to the core mechanisms used by vertebrates for nutrient sensing.
Population studies: Animal ecology and demography

This concluding survey of the problems considered in the Symposium naturally falls into three sections. In the first brief section certain of the areas in which there is considerable difference in outlook are discussed with a view to ascertaining the nature of the differences in the points of view of workers in different parts of the field; no aspect of the Symposium has been more important than the reduction of areas of dispute. In the second section a rather detailed analysis of one particular problem is given, partly because the question, namely, the nature of the ecological niche and the validity of the principles of niche specificity has raised and continues to raise difficulties, and partly because discussion of this problem gives an opportunity to refer to new work of potential importance not otherwise considered in the Symposium. The third section deals with possible directions for future research.
PARADOXICAL IMPACT OF WIDOWHOOD ON INCIDENCE OF DEMENTIA IN SUBJECTS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

concentration of male AD patients with FAST&f 4 (n1⁄412) was 134657 kU/L at home and 3156213 kU/L in hospital (p<0.01). Male patients with early stage AD showed significantly elevated activation of a-amylase in hospital. There was no significant difference in salivary amylase concentration between female AD patients and male AD patients with FAST&x 5. Conclusions: It was suggested that early stage AD male patients felt stress in hospital. It was suspected that male patients experience stress in hospital due to examination by a female doctor. Gender difference should be taken into consideration when female patients are examined by a male doctor.
GaAs nano-pillars for solar power absorption: Electromagnetic characterization

Semiconductor nano-pillars have been a recent development in solar cell technology [1–2]. Nano-pillar structures were devised with the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional flat cells. Specifically, the nano-pillar increases the total surface area of the cell without changing the footprint, has a shorter diffusion length, and less carrier recombination. The first step in the development of an efficient solar cell is to maximize the amount of absorbed energy and minimize the reflection off the cell (Fig. 1). Thus, the electromagnetic performance of the cell is an essential component in developing these structures for efficient solar power applications.
Central venous device-related infection and thrombosis in patients treated with moderate dose continuous-infusion interleukin-2

BACKGROUND This study was performed to determine the incidence of central venous device-related blood stream infection and thrombosis in patients treated with moderate dose continuous-infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2). METHODS The records of 160 consecutive patients treated at the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, between June 1990 and June 1997, with moderate dose continuous-infusion IL-2 (IL-2 [1.5–3.0 × 106 U/m2/day] Hoffman-LaRoche, Nutley, NJ or IL-2 [4.5 × 106 U/m2/day] Chiron Corporation, Berkley, CA) were reviewed retrospectively. The majority of patients had metastatic melanoma (78 patients) or renal cell carcinoma (70 patients). All of the patients had a surgically implanted central venous device placed before starting IL-2 therapy; 89% of these were cuffed Hickman catheters. Eighty-four patients received 1 mg of warfarin per day as prophylaxis against device-related thrombosis; none received periinsertion prophylactic antibiotics. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (13%) developed central venous device-related bloodstream infection (DRBSI) during the study period, a rate of 2 DRBSI per 1000 device-days. DRBSIs were associated with the type of immunotherapy given with IL-2 (P = 0.01) and with thrombosis (odds ratio, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–11.4; P = 0.008) but not with patient gender, type of cancer, duration of the central device, or site of device placement. Twenty-six patients (16%) developed central venous device-related thrombosis (DRT) during immunotherapy. Low dose warfarin did not appear to prevent thrombosis. Device-related thrombosis was associated with DRBSI but not with patient gender, type of cancer, type of device, duration or location of device, or concomitant immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Central venous DRBSI and DRT are significant complications that can occur during moderate dose continuous-infusion IL-2 therapy. The risk of DRBSI appears lower than the risk reported with high dose IL-2 therapy by previous investigators. The risk of DRT appears to be higher than the risk reported for patients with similar devices but not given IL-2. Low dose warfarin did not prevent DRT when started after device placement. Cancer 2001;91:806–814. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Harberger versus Marshall: Approximating general equilibrium welfare changes

Abstract This paper illustrates how computable general equilibrium models can be used to evaluate the limits of partial equilibrium analysis. The example used for the analysis involves welfare measurement for economy-wide exogenous shocks. Comparison of Harberger's general equilibrium approximation to consumer surplus and the Marshallian partial equilibrium measures indicates that there are cases where the latter offers a reasonably accurate measure of welfare change in a general equilibrium setting.
Enhancing application robustness through adaptive fault tolerance

As the scale of high performance computing (HPC) continues to grow, application fault resilience becomes crucial. To address this problem, we are working on the design of an adaptive fault tolerance system for HPC applications. It aims to enable parallel applications to avoid anticipated failures via preventive migration, and in the case of unforeseeable failures, to minimize their impact through selective checkpointing. Both prior and ongoing work are summarized in this paper.
Goldfish bipolar cells and axon terminal patterns: a Golgi study

The morphology and axon terminal arrangement of Golgi stained goldfish bipolar cells were examined to understand better the organization of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina. Fifteen morphological bipolar cell types were identified, representing two major cell classes: mixed input cells that receive input from rod and cone photoreceptors, and cone bipolar cells that receive input from cones only. Mixed input bipolar cells comprised six types, including two new types, characterized by large somas and terminals. The terminals of mixed input bipolar cells terminated strictly within sublamina a or b of the IPL. Cone bipolar cells comprised nine subtypes, including seven new types, characterized by small somas and from one to four small terminal bulbs along the length of the axon, each having a characteristic termination depth in the IPL. The cone bipolar cell system had a complex multilaminar organization of terminals in the IPL, but maintained a high degree of anatomical symmetry about sublamina a and b. Cone bipolar cells could be divided into three groups: cells terminating within sublamina a and having an anatomically symmetrical counterpart terminating in sublamina b; cells with anatomically similar terminals in both sublamina a and b; and cells having no anatomically symmetrical counterpart or having anatomically dissimilar terminals in sublamina a and b. Based on bipolar cell terminal arrangement, we suggest that each bipolar cell type probably has a unique set of synaptic targets in the IPL, and that several bipolar cell types may be involved in functionally equivalent circuits at more than one level in the IPL.
Microrectangular‐coaxial phase shifter for microwave devices

This article reports the simulated performance of rectangular coaxial ferrite phase shifter at Ka-band. The proposed technique exploits rectangular coaxial waveguide with a symmetrically placed inner signal conductor inside an outer conductor connected to the ground. Strontium ferrite-SU8 composite is used as an anisotropic material of choice in the modeled design. Two model phase shifting structures were designed for reciprocal and nonreciprocal applications using High Frequency Structure Simulator, HFSS. The reciprocal model produced a tunable phase shift of almost across 0 to 400 kA/m applied field and at 1800 Gauss. The predicted simulated performance of the nonreciprocal phase shifter was from a reference phase of at 0 A/m at the same saturation magnetization. A return loss better than 20 dB and an insertion loss less than 1.5 dB were predicted for the two models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:502–509, 2015.
Directed Aldol Condensations: threo‐4‐Hydroxy‐3‐Phenyl‐2‐Heptanone

Directed aldol condensations: threo-4-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-heptanone reactant: 250 ml. of anhydrous 1,2-dimethoxyethane solvent: 108 g. (100 ml., 1.00 mole) of cold (0°), freshly distilled acetic anhydride intermediate: 2-acetoxy-trans-1-phenylpropene catalyst: 0.202 mole of anhydrous zinc chloride reactant: 14.50 g. (0.2014 mole) of freshly distilled butyraldehyde product: threo-4-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-heptanone Keywords: acylation; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; assay methods, for methyllithium with 2-butanol, 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipydridyl or 2,2′-biquinoline indicator; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, purification of; zinc chloride, ethereal solution; hydrogen, fire hazard; apparatus, for maintaining an inert atmosphere
Nitriding of Lightweight High Manganese and Aluminum Steels

Austenitic high manganese and aluminum steels have exceptional combinations of high strength and toughness with excellent wear resistance. Adding aluminum in levels from 6 to 8.8 wt% reduces the density by 10–15 % compared with quenched and tempered Cr and Mo steels but also decreases strain hardening and abrasive wear resistance. Wear resistance may be improved by a low-cost heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce a hard layer of surface AlN. In the current study, the effect of aluminum and silicon content on the kinetics of nitriding process was evaluated for a Fe–30 %Mn–(6–9 %) Al–(1–1.6 %)Si–0.9 %C steel in the temperature range of 900–1100 °C (1652–2012 °F). Results show that up to a 550-μm-thick surface layer of AlN plates can be produced, depending on the time and temperature. Increasing the amount of silicon from 1.1 to 1.6 % Si had no statistical effect on the diffusion of nitrogen in the temperature range of 900–1100 °C (1652–2012 °F). Increasing the amount of aluminum from 6 to 8.8 % Al decreased the diffusivity of nitrogen and increased the calculated activation energy from 64 to 79 kJ/mol. The lower than expected values of the activation energy for the diffusion of nitrogen in austenite is suggested to be the result of the development of high-diffusivity pathways at the interface between the AlN and the austenite matrix.
Structural and Tribological Properties of TiC/C/Ag Coatings in Vacuum and Ambient Environments

TiC/C/Ag coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering pulsed laser deposition (MSPLD) combining sputtering from a custom made Ti-Ag (60:40) target with the ablation of carbon. Energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) was used to determine the elemental composition, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (XSEM) to examine the structure of the films. Hardness and reduced modulus measurements were acquired using a nanoindentation technique. The pin-on-disk friction test was used to study the friction behavior of the deposited samples in high vacuum and ambient conditions. Variations in the laser energy and the power of the sputtering gun yielded a set of samples with carbon content that ranged from 15.0 to 95.6 percent. The hardest samples with the highest reduced modulus were those with a moderate carbon content and that were shown to form a titanium carbide phase. Tribological results indicated that there is an optimum composition of a TiC/C/Ag coating (~25 at.% carbon) for which it can be reversible and provide lubrication in both ambient and vacuum.
Benchmark test cases for the National Combustion Code

In this paper, benchmark test cases for the National Combustion Code (NCC) 0 version 1.0 are compiled and documented. Both two(including planar and axisymmetric) and three-dimensional non-reacting and reacting flows are reported. The reacting cases include both premixed and non-premixed flames. The purpose of this effort is to provide a standard suite of test cases that are documented with detailed computer time usage, number of processors (or workstations), running environment and numerical performance in terms of convergence and solution accuracy for the users and code developers. The benchmark test cases compiled here are not only to provide a starting point for the new users of the NCC to become familiar with the code, but also to serve as standard test cases for any new numerical schemes or physical models that are to be implemented into the NCC.
Children with SLI exhibit delays resolving ambiguous reference

Fast mapping weaknesses in children with specific language impairment (SLI) may be explained by differences in disambiguation, mapping an unknown word to an unnamed object. The impact of language ability and linguistic stimulus on disambiguation was investigated. Sixteen children with SLI (8 preschool, 8 school-age) and sixteen typically developing age-matched children selected referents given familiar and unfamiliar object pairs in three ambiguous conditions: phonologically distinct word (PD), phonologically similar word (PS), no word (NW). Preschoolers with SLI did not disambiguate, unlike typically developing age-matched participants, who consistently selected unfamiliar objects given PD. School-age children with SLI disambiguated given PD. Delays in disambiguation for young children with SLI suggest limitations in processes that facilitate word learning for typically developing children. School-age children with SLI consistently selected familiar objects for PS, unlike typically developing children, suggesting differences in phonological activation for word learning.
Preparation of Proteoglycan Mimetic Graft Copolymers

Proteoglycans are proteins with pendant glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide side chains. The method described here enables the preparation of graft copolymers with glycosaminoglycan side chains, which mimic the structure and composition of proteoglycans. By controlling the stoichiometry, graft copolymers can be obtained with a wide range of glycosaminoglycan side-chain densities. The method presented here uses a three-step reaction mechanism to first functionalize a hyaluronic acid backbone, followed by reductive amination to couple the glycosaminoglycan side chain to the backbone, by the reducing end. Proteoglycan mimics like the ones proposed here could be used to study the structure-property relationships of proteoglycans and to introduce the biochemical and biomechanical properties of proteoglycans into biomaterials and therapeutic formulations.
Humanistic Formalism: A Theoretical Defence

While the provocative term ‘humanistic formalism’ may suggest that I am going to bring you the Old Time religion, what I hope to argue is that a revised humanistic criticism — one that takes account of recent theories — provides a conceptual framework for what is central to our reading, writing and teaching. It behooves traditional Anglo-American humanistic criticism to learn from continental theories, especially deconstruction, even as it defends the ground of its own formalism. Yet it is essential to define the theory and method of a criticism that owes its roots to Plato and Aristotle and that has in its various guises stimulated the serious study of literature in the twentieth century.
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL PATTERNS WITH RESPECT TO FIXATION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a critical evaluation of the ultra structural patterns with respect to fixation based on (1) the analysis of modifications of the structural pattern in connection with fixation under obvious adverse conditions; (2) the comparison of structural patterns observed by means of electron microscopy with the structural models deduced from the analysis by means of indirect methods as polarization optical and X-ray crystallographic studies; and (3) the comparison of the structural patterns observed after chemical fixation and physical fixation by means of freeze-drying. In the cases where different chemical fixatives have produced structural patterns, an attempt has been made to correlate these patterns. It is obvious that when osmium tetroxide and potassium permanganate are used as fixatives, they do stain at least partially different components of the plasma membrane, the mitochondrial membranes, and the outer segment disks of the retinal receptors. The chapter discusses some molecular models of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial membranes. The cell boundaries of closely packed cells are not considered to include any extracellular space of classical type but may include a layer of, for instance, polysaccharides acting as cement. Experimental conditions that should be looked for when trying to deduce in an objective way sequences of events from electron micrographs are exemplified by a study of zymogen granule formation from Golgi membrane sacs.
Simulation of Surface Runoff Using Hydrodynamic Model

AbstractA two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, named CHRE2D, is developed for simulating surface runoff in watershed. The model is based on the solution to shallow water equations (SWEs) using the G...
The Learning and Recall of Emotionally Loaded Sentences

Short, emotionally loaded sentences were compared with 2 types of emotionally bland sentences in learning, immediate recall, and 1-week recall. For females, performance was equal on the loaded and bland sentences, but for males performance was better with the emotionally loaded items. In contrast to related studies, there was no evidence for a reminiscense effect with the emotional items; final recall was well correlated with degree of original learning.
Low-Power Sparse Hyperdimensional Encoder for Language Recognition

Editor’s note: Online learning for data analysis, categorization and anomaly detection has become a key technique in a range of adaptive embedded applications. In this article the authors propose a very low power encoder design using a sparse, hyperdimensional representation of letters and words in natural language and they show that this representation and their design can be used with high energy efficiency for a language recognition task. — Axel Jantsch, Royal Institute of Technology Electronics, Computer and Software Systems