cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language symptoms of developmental language disorders: An overview of autism, Down syndrome, fragile X, specific language impairment, and Williams syndrome

Language deficits occur in a variety of developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, specific language impairment, and Williams syndrome. This paper describes the specific pattern of linguistic deficits in each of these disorders in terms of speech production, semantic, and syntactic abilities as well as the relationship between cognitive and linguistic skills and the presence of a deviant or delayed pattern of development. In the spirit of synthesis across diverse literatures, preliminary comparisons among the language profiles of these disorders are made. The full picture, however, is incomplete given the current state of the literature, which tends to focus on the analysis of a narrow range of linguistic phenomena within a single disorder. The field is in need of research that systematically compares these disorders and leads to detailed descriptions of linguistic phenotypes of each disorder. The study of children with language disorders has a long and rich history. Language disorders are widely recognized as hallmark symptoms of an array of developmental clinical conditions. The research literature is generally organized according to diagnostic category, usually with the aim of describing the language disorders of a particular clinical group, for example, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, specific language impairment (SLI), or Williams syndrome. There are fewer investigations involving pairwise comparisons across conditions to determine if language and/or cognitive profiles are the same or different across clinical groups. Rice and Warren (2004) argue that there is a current need for careful consideration of the ways in which language disorders are manifest across clinical conditions, given the momentum in genetic and biobehavioral
Detection of faults in ECL storage elements

Bipolar emitter-coupled logic (ECL) devices can be fabricated at very high densities and much lower power consumption. Analysis of faulty behavior of ECL storage elements shows they exhibit stuck-at behavior, loss of complementarity, delay faults and enhanced current being drawn by the device. Detection of the above behavior under faults using logic monitoring requires careful and systematic generation of input vectors. Testing for delay faults is even more difficult. A fault causing a delay fault as well as enhanced power supply current is shown. A current monitor for the detection of the enhanced power supply current is presented.
Hands-on Killing of Intimate Partners as a Function of Sex and Relationship Status/State

Guided by evolutionary psychology and a situational perspective on violence, we generated three hypotheses to investigate whether the percentage of intimate partner homicides by beating, a hands-on homicide method, varies with the victim-offender relationship. We tested these hypotheses with a national database that includes incident-level information on over 50,000 intimate partner homicides. Results indicate that: (1) men are more likely than women to kill a partner by beating, and (2) men are more likely to kill their partners by beating when the relationship is dating or non-marital cohabiting (versus legal marriage). We argue that the lack of commitment in these non-marital relationships may produce greater jealousy in men, driving the perpetrator to kill his victim in a more violent manner (i.e., beating), relative to men who kill their wives.
Extraction of intracellular nucleosides and nucleotides with acetonitrile.

Extraction of intracellular nucleosides and nucleotides with acetonitrile (ACN) and water was compared with extraction with 60 g/L perchloric acid (PCA), followed by neutralization with KOH, 1 mol/L. Freshly isolated rat bone-marrow and intestinal cells were incubated with radiolabeled 5-fluorouracil (FUra) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The ribose and deoxyribose nucleosides and nucleotides of FUra, and ADP and ATP in the soluble extracts were separated by HPLC and measured by scintillation counting or ultraviolet absorbance. The insoluble precipitates were digested in 1 mol/L NaOH and analyzed for the radioactive macromolecule-bound nucleotides. Both extraction methods yielded the same total (i.e., soluble and insoluble) amount of radioactivity. However, the ACN method yielded significantly more FUra nucleosides and triphosphate nucleotides and ATP in the soluble fraction, and more proteins and macromolecule-bound nucleotides in the insoluble fraction. In the PCA method, the soluble fraction contained more monophosphate nucleotides and ADP than in the ACN method. The PCA extraction procedure promoted decomposition of ATP to ADP and interfered with the ion-pairing reversed-phase HPLC assay. The ACN extraction is faster (less than 5 min) than the PCA extraction (greater than 10 min). Moreover, the ACN in the soluble extract fraction can be removed by evaporation and thus does not interfere with the HPLC analysis. Thus the ACN method evidently is suitable for extraction of nucleosides and nucleotides.
The Muscle-specific Protein Phosphatase PP1G/RGL(GM) Is Essential for Activation of Glycogen Synthase by Exercise

In skeletal muscle both insulin and contractile activity are physiological stimuli for glycogen synthesis, which is thought to result in part from the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase (GS). PP1G/RGL(GM) is a glycogen/sarcoplasmic reticulum-associated type 1 phosphatase that was originally postulated to mediate insulin control of glycogen metabolism. However, we recently showed (Suzuki, Y., Lanner, C., Kim, J.-H., Vilardo, P. G., Zhang, H., Jie Yang, J., Cooper, L. D., Steele, M., Kennedy, A., Bock, C., Scrimgeour, A., Lawrence, J. C. Jr., L., and DePaoli-Roach, A. A. (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 2683–2694) that insulin activates GS in muscle of RGL(GM) knockout (KO) mice similarly to the wild type (WT). To determine whether PP1G is involved in glycogen metabolism during muscle contractions, RGL KO and overexpressors (OE) were subjected to two models of contraction,in vivo treadmill running and in situelectrical stimulation. Both procedures resulted in a 2-fold increase in the GS −/+ glucose-6-P activity ratio in WT mice, but this response was completely absent in the KO mice. The KO mice, which also have a reduced GS activity associated with significantly reduced basal glycogen levels, exhibited impaired maximal exercise capacity, but contraction-induced activation of glucose transport was unaffected. The RGL OE mice are characterized by enhanced GS activity ratio and an ∼3–4-fold increase in glycogen content in skeletal muscle. These animals were able to tolerate exercise normally. Stimulation of GS and glucose uptake following muscle contraction was not significantly different as compared with WT littermates. These results indicate that although PP1G/RGL is not necessary for activation of GS by insulin, it is essential for regulation of glycogen metabolism under basal conditions and in response to contractile activity, and may explain the reduced muscle glycogen content in the RGL KO mice, despite the normal insulin activation of GS.
Student responses to criteria‐referenced self‐assessment

This paper reports on a study of undergraduate students’ experiences with criteria‐referenced self‐assessment. Fourteen students who had taken a course involving self‐assessment were interviewed in focus groups segregated by gender. The findings suggest that students had positive attitudes toward self‐assessment after extended practice; felt they can effectively self‐assess when they know their teacher’s expectations; claimed to use self‐assessment to check their work and guide revision; and believed the benefits of self‐assessment include improvements in grades, quality of work, motivation and learning. There were indications that some students sensed a tension between their own standards for good work and some of their teachers’ standards. There was no evidence of differences in the responses of male and female students. The paper concludes with the suggestion that self‐assessment involves a complex process of internalization and self‐regulation, and with implications for research and practice.
Particle-Size Distribution of CdSe Quantum Dots Determined by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

Particle-size distribution effects on the energy levels of semiconductor quantum dots are investigated. By examining the low temperature photoluminescence spectra of microcrystals of the binary semiconductor CdSe embedded in a glass matrix, the distribution of energy levels due to three-dimensional confinement is determined. Calculations of the electron-hole pair ground state energy provide a relation between confinement energy and particle diameter. This allows conversion of the photoluminescence lineshape directly into a distribution of particle radii and facilitates analysis of the observed properties of the material. With extension to other systems the technique can become a valuable tool in the study of semiconductor microparticle composites.
Containment forces in low energy states of plasmoids

Application du principe d'Hamilton a la determination de la structure de plasmoides de faible etat d'energie
The interactions of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine and bovine brain cerebroside.

Abstract Model membranes composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and bovine brain galactocerebroside (BOV-CER) have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). POPC is a naturally occurring phospholipid, and BOV-CER is a major component of the myelin membrane. POPC and BOV-CER are immiscible in the gel state over the composition range 0–70 mol% BOV-CER. At most POPC/BOV-CER ratios, broad dual-peaked acyl chain transitions are observed, characteristic of the co-existence of a fluid POPC-rich liquid-crystalline phase and a solid BOV-CER-rich gel phase over a wide temperature range.
Cause Lawyers and Other Signs of Progress: Three Thai Narratives

The rising number cause lawyers in Thailand might be considered a promising sign of more liberal and accountable government. Cause lawyers are advocates for the politically weak or socially marginal, and their increasing visibility in developing societies is said to be evidence of globalization of the rule of law as it is understood in Western societies. But before drawing this conclusion, cause lawyers must be understood in context. Legal evolution is path-dependent, shaped by political institutions, culture, and history; in turn the role of cause lawyers is shaped by the events, institutions, and intergenerational networks which give their causes meaning and create opportunities for relevant action. This study compares the careers, causes, and opportunities for advocacy of three Thai cause lawyers. While there is evidence of a multi-generational growth in a self-sustaining form of public interest or cause lawyering, the careers and strategies of the three lawyers vary widely by institutional context, impact of globalization, and the politics of the cause, not only reinforcing the understanding that legal development is path dependent but also that it is likely to be highly uneven as new ideas about law compete with other forms of authority and power in both old and new institutions as a society develops.
Representations of S n

Having survived the long exploration of semisimple structure, we may think that midway on our journey we find ourselves in deep woods, the right path lost [16]. But this is not the time to abandon hope; instead, we plunge right into untangling the structure of representations of an important family of groups, the permutation groups S n . This will be the only important class of finite groups to which we will apply all the machinery we have manufactured. A natural pathway beyond this is the study of representations of reflection groups.
Reforming NASA's R&D Using Openness

The problem of designing technology R&D programs has been studied for decades. The rational methods for selecting R&D projects are not widely used and have not been found to be effective. Technology development has been overly influenced by human self-interest and politics and is often rendered ineffective. Organizations are rational, natural, and open systems. An ideal rational R&D organization is described. The effects of natural human political action in organizations are discussed. NASA’s technology development should be reformed by implementing the ideal rational organization and by opening its operations to full view. The benefits of openness in stimulating creativity and preventing problems are well known. Openness is now a government policy and is greatly facilitated by modern computer and communications technology.
Mechanism and control of the metal-to-insulator transition in rocksalt tantalum nitride

We identify the previously unknown mechanism whereby rocksalt Ta x N can be continuously tuned from conducting to insulating through changes in stoichiometry. Experimental measurements on thin films, combined with electronic structure calculations on a host of native defects, show that the tunability arises from changes in the free electron concentration as a result of localization at Ta vacancies (V T a ). The observed enhanced resistivity, transition from electron to hole conduction at x∼0.6, and diminished mid-IR reflectance are consistent with the dominance of the V T a defect in nitrogen-rich material.
Cover Crop and Nitrogen Fertility Effects on Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Damage in Corn

The effect of winter legume and grass cover crops, nitrogen fertility, and insecticide use on seedling injury by the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, was investigated in no-tillage field corn, Zea mays L. Rootworm injury was most severe following hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, and least severe following no cover crop (fallow). Injury after wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; rye, Secale cereale L.; or crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L., was intermediate compared with injury after vetch and fallow. Rootworm injury following vetch reduced corn stand by ≥50% compared with fallow in all years. Corn plant stand was not different between cover-crop treatments when terbufos insecticide was applied at planting, indicating that cover-crop treatments did not affect corn stand establishment directly. Despite reductions in plant population, remaining plants compensated by producing more ears and grain weight per plant, which resulted in little reduction in corn yield in all cover-crop treatments except after vetch. Nitrogen fertility did not affect stand loss and plant injury by the southern com rootworm, and corn yield response to nitrogen fertility was not affected by rootworm control with a soil insecticide. Use of legume cover crops, especially hairy vetch, to prevent soil erosion over the winter and provide a source of nitrogen may enhance the pest status of the southern com rootworm in no-tillage com production in the southeastern United States.
The Resolvents of a Polynomial

(1940). The Resolvents of a Polynomial. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 47, No. 10, pp. 686-694.
Observations of Male Turkey Mating Behavior in a Commercial Breeding Flock

Abstract BREEDERS in recent years have made remarkable improvement in mature body weight, growth rate and conformation of turkeys. It is well known that the commercial strains which rank highest in the characters mentioned above suffer almost without exception from low fertility. This has been attributed by some to incompatibility of body shape and size to the natural act of mating. It is probably true that a small turkey resembling the “wild” type is less awkward and, therefore, more efficient in performing the mating act than a large broad breasted turkey. Some large turkey males of excellent meat type have been observed to mate efficiently, however, so that the possibility suggests itself that defective mating behavior and/or low fertility is a result of lack of selection for these factors on the part of breeders. Much of the improvement which has been made in the highly heritable traits such as size and …
IRREGULAR WAVE LOADING ON A CONICAL STRUCTURE

The horizontal forces, vertical forces and overturning moments exerted by waves on a fixed model of a 45" conical structure are presented. Irregular wave loading tests were conducted for a range of conditions described by base diameter on peak period wave length D/Lp from 0.31 to 1.76, water depth on peak period wave length h/Lp from 0.11 to 0.63, and significant wave height on peak period wave length Hm./Lp up to 0.07. Time series records, spectral densities and transfer functions for the irregular wave loading tests are used to illustrate the nonlinear nature of the measured wave loads. In most cases, similar trends in wave loading were observed for irregular and regular wave tests. For deep-water waves, the irregular and regular force measurements showed spectral peaks at the second harmonic of the wave frequency even though the waves themselves had relatively small second-order components. However, unlike the regular wave loading results, the fundamental spectral peak frequency for the irregular wave forces occurred at a frequency considerably lower than the peak frequency of the waves. Although linear diffraction theory provided a reasonable estimate of the wave forces for waves of low steepness, larger deviations were often present for higher wave steepness results. Comparison of theory and experiment for overturning moments was generally very poor for most wave conditions.
Multi-Parametric Microfluidic Screening and Sorting for Simultaneous Evolution of Photophysical Parameters of Fluorescent Proteins

Our understanding of molecular and cellular biology has been tremendously advanced by genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs). FPs with excellent properties including high brightness and photostability that cover a wide spectral range are now available - but visualization of individual FPs in environments with significant background fluorescence such as fixed and live cells remains challenging. To overcome this, new technologies are under development and commonly utilize dark states that are ubiquitous in FPs. Enhanced image contrast is obtained by selectively modulating the FP fluorescence while holding the background level constant which enables background subtraction, resulting in increased signal-to-background ratios. As an example, SAFIRe has been shown to yield 100-fold improvements in probe visibility, allowing for single molecule detection even with high background fluorescence levels present. A common bottleneck is limited modulation depth as current generation FPs are not optimized for favorable dark state kinetics.We present a microfluidic cell sorter that serves as a platform to evolve properties not accessible by traditional fluorescence-activated cell sorters. The key advantage of microfluidic platforms is that dark states and photobleaching can be characterized in-flow as typical cell velocities enable measurements on the timescale of their kinetics. Furthermore, multi-beam experiments are accessible and allow for multiple measurements on the same cell. Our sorter is capable of multiparameter screening and sorting including properties such as fluorescence intensity, photostability, dark state kinetics and fluorescence lifetime. We demonstrate its capabilities through directed evolution experiments, evolving an array of novel red-fluorescent proteins using mCherry as a parent. Generated FPs exhibit properties including higher brightness, increased conversion efficiency into dark states upon photoexcitation as well as fluorescent lifetimes twice as long as their parent and are possible candidates for use in frequency domain imaging techniques.
Visualization of Cranial Nerves Using High-Definition Fiber Tractography.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated diffusion tensor imaging tractography of cranial nerves (CNs). Spatial and angular resolution, however, is limited with this modality. A substantial improvement in image resolution can be achieved with high-angle diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and atlas-based fiber tracking to provide detailed trajectories of CNs. OBJECTIVE: To use high-definition fiber tractography to identify CNs in healthy subjects and patients with brain tumors. METHODS: Five neurologically healthy adults and 3 patients with brain tumors were scanned with diffusion spectrum imaging that allowed high-angular-resolution fiber tracking. In addition, a 488-subject diffusion magnetic resonance imaging template constructed from the Human Connectome Project data was used to conduct atlas space fiber tracking of CNs. RESULTS: The cisternal portions of most CNs were tracked and visualized in each healthy subject and in atlas fiber tracking. The entire optic radiation, medial longitudinal fasciculus, spinal trigeminal nucleus/tract, petroclival portion of the abducens nerve, and intrabrainstem portion of the facial nerve from the root exit zone to the adjacent abducens nucleus were identified. This suggested that the high-angular-resolution fiber tracking was able to distinguish the facial nerve from the vestibulocochlear nerve complex. The tractography clearly visualized CNs displaced by brain tumors. These tractography findings were confirmed intraoperatively. CONCLUSION: Using high-angular-resolution fiber tracking and atlas-based fiber tracking, we were able to identify all CNs in unprecedented detail. This implies its potential in localization of CNs during surgical planning. ABBREVIATIONS: CN, cranial nerve ABBREVIATIONS: DSI, diffusion spectrum imaging ABBREVIATIONS: DTI, diffusion tensor imaging ABBREVIATIONS: HCP, Human Connectome Project ABBREVIATIONS: HDFT, high-definition fiber tractography ABBREVIATIONS: MLF, medial longitudinal fasciculus ABBREVIATIONS: ODF, orientation distribution function ABBREVIATIONS: ROI, region of interest
Viral vector-mediated gene therapy for hemophilia B

Over the past five years, significant advances have been made in the development of novel viral vector systems for the treatment of hemophilia B by somatic gene therapy. At present, both a sustained but partial or a complete but transient correction of the hemophilia B phenotype have been observed in a clinically relevant animal model. Present efforts are being directed toward the development of safe, effective and persistent methods of virally-mediated gene transfer to achieve the complete restoration of normal hemostasis in individuals with hemophilia B.
Age, Sex, Disability, and Other Characteristics of Children with Disabilities Who Are Abused and Neglected

People who know the demographic trends among children with disabilities who are abused and neglected are poised to develop more effective intervention and prevention programming. In this chapter we examine the U.S. DHHS data on the age, sex, and disability characteristics of children with disabilities who are abused and neglected. We analyze the related peer reviewed literature in this area. We present the data from our analysis of the newspaper coverage of abuse and neglect of children with disabilities (ANCD). We get behind the numbers and provide stories from the newspaper coverage which illustrate the prevailing demographics of children with disabilities who are abused and neglected. We conclude this chapter with a set of recommendations for researchers and practitioners.
DLB — A Dynamic Load Balancing Tool for Grid Computing

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a version of dynamic load balancing (DLB), developed at the IUPUI CFD Laboratory. Some changes are made to the previous version to make it more compact and distributable with a three-dimensional test case such that those who are interested in using DLB can have a complete package in a compact form. The chapter demonstrates applicability of the environment by using a parallel example program for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. System load measurement of DLB is modified with average load history provided by Unix/Linux systems rather than tracking processes by system agents of the DLB package. In addition, load balancer program is implemented in Java same as all other units of the DLB to make it all in one language. Parallel simulations show that DLB makes significant improvement for better load balance on the system. File I/O and running DLB is smooth. Using LAM/MPI makes program start and halt easier than MPICH due to starting/halting parallel environment with daemons running on all compute nodes. In this version, a user provides script file to start/halt all programs and environments and running of DLB for several cycles. This can be automated further by providing a better user interface to DLB package.
Effect of Structural Heterogeneity on Multicomponent Adsorption: Benzene and p-Xylene Mixture on Silicalite

Abstract An indepth analysis of aromatic molecules in silicalite is provided in this paper. Results of pure component isotherm and heat of adsorption measurements and correlations, molecular simulations of pure component adsorption, and binary isotherm measurements and model predictions are included. Examination from all these different perspectives provides insight into the behavior of aromatic molecules in silicalite. The findings are general to other shape selective systems which operate under similar “very-tight-pore” conditions.
Level of Aspiration II: Effects Of Recent Performance History

Sixteen human subjects participated in two experiments investigating level of aspiration in a standard matching-to-sample task. Subjects responded on a computer keyboard and entered scores that they expected to receive (target scores) on subsequent sessions. Scores subjects actually received were preprogrammed to reflect particular types of performance trends and did not reflect subjects’ true performances. In both experiments, differences between subjects’ aspirations and reported performance were smaller when performance scores reflected an upward trend than when they reflected a downward trend. In addition, subjects adjusted target scores in a manner consistently reflecting performance in the immediately preceding session. The results were interpreted as indicative of the kinds of advantages afforded by a within-subject investigation of aspiration and similar individual difference variables
CSPAD upgrades at LCLS

The Cornell-SLAC Pixel Array Detector (CSPAD) is the workhorse for LCLS hard x-rays experiments. After deploying three 2.3Mpixel and many 140kpixel cameras, SLAC detector group has focused in improving the detector performances and optimizing its use in experiments. This was achieved first by improving thermo-mechanical assembly, PCB level electronics and firmware. The next step consisted in upgrading the ASIC. Continuous improvements in GUI and DAQ completed the evolution of the CSPAD systems, up to the current version V1.6, and made these cameras easy to use and optimize for a given experiment. More than 85% of the hard x-ray experiments scheduled in run 7 used one or multiple CSPAD cameras.
Association of individual and community factors with C-reactive protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Abstract Many individual and community/neighborhood factors may contribute to inflammation and vitamin D deficiency leading to the development of chronic diseases. This study examined the associations of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels with individual and community/neighborhood (tract-level or county-level) factors using a nationally representative sample from 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Data from the 2001–2006 waves of the continuous NHANES was merged with the 2000 census and other neighborhood data sources constructed using geographic information system. Associations between multilevel factors and biomarker levels were assessed using multilevel random-intercept regression models. 6643 participants aged 19–65 (3402 men and 3241 women) were included in the analysis. Family income-to-needs ratio was inversely associated with CRP (P=0.002) and positively associated with 25(OH)D levels (P=0.0003). County crime rates were positively associated with CRP (P=0.007) and inversely associated with 25(OH)D levels (P=0.0002). The associations with income-to-needs ratio were significant in men [CRP, P=0.005; 25(OH)D, P=0.005] but not in women. For county crime rates, the association was only significant in women for CRP (P=0.004) and was significant in both men (P=0.01) and women (P=0.001) for 25(OH)D. Additionally, overall CRP was positively associated with age (P
Unusual migration of fractured ERCP guidewire: A case report

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) routinely uses hydrophilic guidewires to cannulate ducts and traverse stenoses. Fracture of these guidewires have been reported, however, migration of these fractured fragments is an extremely rare occurrence that has yet to be reported in the literature. We present a case of a fractured ERCP guidewire with extensive migration in the retroperitoneal and lower extremity soft tissues and vasculature with radiologic correlation across multiple modalities-MRI, CT, and radiographs-as well as pathologic correlation. This case illustrates a rare but serious complication of ERCP and demonstrates the imaging findings associated with it.
Financial Incentives and Health Coaching to Improve Physical Activity Following Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: Most persons who undergo total knee replacement (TKR) do not increase their physical activity following surgery. We assessed whether financial incentives and health coaching would improve physical activity in persons undergoing TKR. Methods: We designed a factorial randomized controlled trial among persons undergoing TKR for osteoarthritis. Subjects underwent normal perioperative procedures, including post-operative physical therapy, and were assigned to one of four arms: attention control, telephonic health coaching (THC), financial incentives (FI), or THC+FI. We objectively measured step counts and minutes of physical activity with a commercial accelerometer (Fitbit Zip) and compared the changes from pre-TKR to 6 months post-TKR across the four study arms. Results: Of the 202 randomized subjects, 150 (74%) provided both pre-TKR and 6 months post-TKR accelerometer data. Among completers, the average daily step count at 6 months ranged from 5619 (SD 381) in the THC arm to 7152 (SD 407) in the THC+FI arm (adjusting for baseline values). Daily step count 6 months post-TKR increased by 680 (95% CI: -94 – 1,454) in the control arm, 274 (95% CI: -473 – 1021) in the THC arm, 826 (95% CI: 89 – 1563) in the FI arm, and 1808 (95% CI: 1010 – 2606) in the THC+FI arm. Physical activity increased by 14 (SD 10), 14 (SD 10), 16 (SD 10), and 39 (SD 11) minutes in the control, THC, FI, and THC+FI arms, respectively. Conclusions: A dual THC+FI intervention led to substantial improvements in step count and physical activity following TKR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Flows, leaks and blockages in informational interventions: A field experimental study of Bangalore's water sector

Abstract Many policies and programs based on informational interventions hinge upon the assumption that providing citizens with information can help improve the quality of public services, or help citizens cope with poor services. We present a causal framework that can be used to identify leaks and blockages in the information production and dissemination process in such programs. We conceptualize the “information pipeline” as a series of connected nodes, each of which constitutes a possible point of blockage. We apply the framework to a field-experimental evaluation of a program that provided households in Bangalore, India, with advance notification of intermittently provided piped water. Our study detected no impacts on household wait times for water or on how citizens viewed the state, but found that notifications reduced stress. Our framework reveals that, in our case, noncompliance among human intermediaries and asymmetric gender relations contributed in large part to these null-to-modest results. Diagnostic frameworks like this should be used more extensively in development research to better understand the mechanisms responsible for program success and failure, to identify subgroups that actually received the intended treatment, and to identify potential leaks and blockages when replicating existing programs in new settings.
A Progressive Transmission Technique for the Streaming of Point Cloud Data Using the Kinect

Sensors for collecting 3D spatial data from the real world are becoming more important in various applications in consumer markets, such as medical, entertainment and robotics. However, a primary concern with collecting and delivering data from these sensors is the vast amount of information being generated, which, in turn, needs to be processed and transmitted. To address the issue, we propose the use of a progressive transmission scheme. To collect the 3D spatial data, called point clouds, we used the Microsoft Kinect sensor. In addition, we utilized the Point Cloud Library to process the data and the Boost library for transmission. A client/server application was developed to evaluate our approach against two others approaches: adaptive resolution transmission and dynamic compression. These three ideas were tested in combination with additional techniques, including filtering and frame skipping. Moreover, we conducted these experiments in three different network environments: normal, static, and dynamic. We found that, overall, the use of progressive transmission outperforms the other solutions in terms of non-visual quality of service metrics. However, in a visual context, the dynamic compression technique tended to outperform the others.
An Overview of Durability and Damage Tolerance Methodology at NASA Langley Research Center

The NASA Langley Research Center’s Research Directorate provides many of the research and technology development capabilities required by the present and future needs of NASA across three encompassing technology areas, namely, aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics and acoustics (AAA); structures and materials (SM); and Airborne Systems (AirSc). Researchers contribute to nine primary areas of expertise which include structures, hypersonics, materials, flight dynamics and control, measurement sciences, crew systems and aviation operations, aerodynamics, safety critical avionics systems, and acoustics. These areas of expertise cover virtually all of the important disciplines related to flight, including the agency’s main thrusts within structures and materials. Researchers in the structures and materials technology area are constantly working to develop advanced materials to enable efficient, high-performance aerospace concepts; efficient, physics-based analytical and computational methods for multidisciplinary design and analysis; and methods to quantify the behavior, durability, damage tolerance, and overall performance of advanced materials and structures.As part of the structures and materials technology area, the Durability, Damage Tolerance and Reliability Branch (DDTRB) conducts research and technology development of efficient, physics-based analytical and computational methods to enable multidisciplinary design and analysis of advanced materials and structures for aerospace applications, including evaluation of concepts, quantification of behavior, durability, and damage tolerance, and validation of performance.DDTRB has contributed to the development and implementation of many fracture mechanics methods aimed at predicting and characterizing damage in both metallic and composite materials. Engineering fracture mechanics plays a vital role in the development and certification of virtually every aerospace vehicle that has been developed since the mid-twentieth century. This chapter presents a selection of computational, analytical, and experimental strategies and methodologies that have been developed by the branch for simulating and assessing damage growth under monotonic and cyclic loading and for characterizing the damage tolerance of aerospace structures. It includes continuum-based mechanics as well as a new paradigm focused on simulating and characterizing fundamental damage processes, called damage science.
Stage 2: Collecting Data for Tasks, Roles and Training Views

This chapter focuses on the second stage of the Human Viewpoint methodology and the multiple views that are completed at this stage. The data collection stage of the methodology leverages the information from the data map to create tables of data appropriate for each of the identified Human Views. The next set of views to be designed are the Tasks, Roles and Training views. These views capture the information on the human specific activities, the job descriptions, and the relationships between them that form the basis for the remainder of the Human Viewpoint.
An evaluation of open set recognition for FLIR images

Typical supervised classification algorithms label inputs according to what was learned in a training phase. Thus, test inputs that were not seen in training are always given incorrect labels. Open set recognition algorithms address this issue by accounting for inputs that are not present in training and providing the classifier with an option to reject" unknown samples. A number of such techniques have been developed in the literature, many of which are based on support vector machines (SVMs). One approach, the 1-vs-set machine, constructs a slab" in feature space using the SVM hyperplane. Inputs falling on one side of the slab or within the slab belong to a training class, while inputs falling on the far side of the slab are rejected. We note that rejection of unknown inputs can be achieved by thresholding class posterior probabilities. Another recently developed approach, the Probabilistic Open Set SVM (POS-SVM), empirically determines good probability thresholds. We apply the 1-vs-set machine, POS-SVM, and closed set SVMs to FLIR images taken from the Comanche SIG dataset. Vehicles in the dataset are divided into three general classes: wheeled, armored personnel carrier (APC), and tank. For each class, a coarse pose estimate (front, rear, left, right) is taken. In a closed set sense, we analyze these algorithms for prediction of vehicle class and pose. To test open set performance, one or more vehicle classes are held out from training. By considering closed and open set performance separately, we may closely analyze both inter-class discrimination and threshold effectiveness.
On the forward/backward symmetry of transition path time distributions in nonequilibrium systems

Recent single-molecule studies have been able to observe molecular transition paths, i.e., short and rare excursions where the molecule is caught in transit from one stable molecular conformation to another, motivating a flurry of theoretical work. Under equilibrium conditions, the temporal duration of a transition path, or the transition path time, exhibits a fundamental property that is a consequence of the time reversal symmetry: the distribution of the transition path time is independent of the transition direction (forward or backward). Many conformational changes occurring in living systems, however, take place away from equilibrium. Molecular motors, for example, make more steps in the forward than in the backward direction, resulting in overall unidirectional motion. Is the symmetry between the transition path times for individual steps in the forward and backward directions preserved in this case? Here, we show that this symmetry is still preserved if the transition occurs between (precisely) known microscopic states. However, since most experiments can only monitor some low-dimensional property of the system (e.g., the position of the molecular motor along its track), this symmetry, when applied to experimental observations, is generally broken, except in equilibrium. In a different language, the forward/backward symmetry violation occurs only if two conditions are met simultaneously: (1) the dynamics of the low-dimensional experimental observables is non-Markovian and (2) the system is not in equilibrium.
A dynamic, imperturbable link between midbrain activity and saccade velocity.

We make a saccadic eye movement once every few hundred milliseconds; however, the neural control of saccade execution is not fully understood. Dynamic, moment-by-moment variations in saccade veloci...
Mediating the Peer Influence Effect with Facets of Criminal Thought Process and Content in a Group of Early Adolescents: Replication and Extension

Prior research indicates that criminal thought content and criminal thought process mediate the peer influence effect (peer delinquency → participant delinquency). This study sought to model the temporal order of these two categories of antisocial cognition in mediating peer influence. Responses provided by 1,795 (847 male, 948 female) members of the Gang Resistance Education and Training study (mean age = 12.11 years) on measures of criminal thought content (negative attitude toward the police) and criminal thought process (proactive criminal thinking in the form of neutralizing techniques) were analyzed. Only the “content before process” model achieved significance, however. Thus, while peer associations may stimulate criminal thought content and criminal thought process, the effect on criminal thought content may be more proximal and the effect on criminal thought process may be mediated by criminal thought content.
Simulation in Pediatrics

Pediatric anesthesiology as a subspecialty has benefitted greatly from the introduction of simulation technology, ranging from the instruction of residents rotating through pediatric anesthesiology for the first time to the development of refresher course scenarios for seasoned attending pediatric anesthesiologists. Part task trainers as well as high-fidelity in situ simulation have been utilized to enhance procedural skills; assess competencies such as communication, medical knowledge, and patient care; and strengthen team training and crisis resource management. Several methods of assessment exist for the evaluation of performance in the high- and low-fidelity simulation environment. Simulation has been shown to be efficacious in the development of multidisciplinary teamwork skills, which are crucial in preparing hospital teams for pediatric emergencies. Lastly, simulation may be integrated into a residency curriculum and assist in the assessment of many of the competency-based milestones set forth by accrediting bodies. Given these advantages, the use of simulation technology in the field of pediatric anesthesiology is continually evolving, and a bright future lies ahead with growing collaboration within the field both nationally and internationally.
THE ARCO SOLAR 62 KW SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWERED SPACE FRAME AUTOMOBILE SHADE STRUCTURE, KING ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA

ABSTRACT RSA Architects, Inc. was commissioned by ARCO Solar Inc. to design with ARCO and for the Al-Daryyah Institute of Saudi Arabia, a 2-acre solar photovoltaically - lighted automobile shade structure at the King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah that would demonstrate the Kingdom's commitment to alternative energy. RSA created with ARCO a 62kw system (the largest solar PV array in the world at the time), totally integrated within a uniquely designed Pearce Structures steel tubular space frame that endeavored to suggest non-representational geometric forms of Islamic art. The structure collects the sun's energy and converts it directly to electricity that is stored and later used to light the 24-hour vehicle parking facility through the night. This paper describes the architectural and PV system design and construction of the completed project. A forthcoming paper will describe the ensuing 5 years of performance.
Importance of Communication During a Crisis

One of the most important parts of leadership is communication (Schein 2010; Kouzes and Posner 2002). Expedient, clear, and transparent communication is even more vital during times of crisis. Leaders need to concentrate not only on the actions they will direct in response to a crisis but also on the tenor and content of their communications regarding the crisis. Leaders must not only communicate to their employees, but they also have a responsibility to communicate to all the stakeholders involved with their organization including customers, suppliers, contractors, competitors, and the community at large. This chapter will discuss the importance of communication during crisis response. Additional examples from the Bible showing where people communicated well during various crises will also be presented.
Using Institutional Planning to Support Men of Color in Community College

Recent years have brought an increasing amount of attention to the educational experiences and outcomes for men of color. As a group, these students experience some of the lowest rates of success i...
Grounds for Decisions

Unlike the principles of an impartial decisionmaker and an opportunity to be heard, human rights codes and constitutions do not generally recognize a principle requiring provision of the grounds for decisions. It is widely recognized that for criminal conviction, conduct must violate a previously established law and a person must be informed of the charges against him or her (UN 1966, art. 15; CE 1950, art. 7; OAS 1969, art 9; Cdn. Charter § 11(g); LRCC 1982, 12). The general requirement of notice also includes informing persons of the basis on which action will be taken. Thus, a person must be informed of the substantive standards on which a burden/benefit decision is to be made. Presumably, one is then found to meet or not meet these grounds. But these principles do not require that persons be informed of the findings and reasoning involved in the decisions in their cases. It is one thing to be told, say, that one is charged with assault and the tribunal has decided that you did assault someone on April 23rd; it is another to be told why the tribunal has so decided.
Beyond Baby Steps: An Empirical Study of the Impact of Environmental Justice Executive Order 12898

This study evaluated the impact of Executive Order 12898 to advance environmental justice. We conducted a review evaluating the frequency and effective use of EO 12898 since execution with particular focus following Obama’s Plan EJ 2014. We found that both EO 12898 and Plan EJ 2104 had little, if any, impact on federal regulatory decision-making. To the extent federal agencies discussed EO 12898, most did so in boilerplate rhetoric that satisfied compliance but was devoid of detailed thought or analysis. In the 21st year, with the exception of EPA, very little federal regulatory activity included references to EO 12898.