cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survival to the Age of Seventy-Five Years with Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis and Patent Foramen Ovale

It is very rare for a person with cyanosis and finger clubbing due to congenital heart disease to reach old age. Survival beyond the age of 50 has been noted only a few times and, as far as we are aware, survival of a person with morbus caeruleus beyond 70 years is unique. The patient reported below showed at autopsy marked pulmonary stenosis and patency of the atrial septum simulating the tetralogy of Fallot. One of the reasons for the long survival was undoubtedly a markedly developed collateral bronchial circulation.
Parosteal Osteosarcoma From a Rib

Comprising 1.6% of primary bone malignancies, parosteal osteosarcomas are rare. Rib parosteal osteosarcomas are even rarer, with only 2 cases in the literature. We report a third such case, with a 32-month disease-free survival. Issues relevant to the management of rib parosteal osteosarcomas are discussed.
Heteroclinic Bifurcations in Rigid Bodies Containing Internally Moving Parts and a Viscous Damper

Melnikov’s method is used to analytically study chaotic dynamics in an attitude transition maneuver of a torque-free rigid body in going from minor axis to major axis spin under the influence of viscous damping and nonautonomous perturbations. The equations of motion are presented, their phase space is discussed, and then they are transformed into a form suitable for the application of Melnikov’s method. Melnikov’s method yields an analytical criterion for homoclinic chaos in the form of an inequality that gives a necessary condition for chaotic dynamics in terms of the system parameters. The criterion is evaluated for its physical significance and for its application to the design of spacecraft. In addition, the Melnikov criterion is compared with numerical simulations of the system. The dependence of the onset of chaos on quantities such as body shape and magnitude of damping are investigated. In particular, it is found that for certain ranges of viscous damping values, the rate of kinetic energy dissipation goes down when damping is increased. This has a profound effect on the criterion for chaos.
The 3v3 overtone band in UF6

Abstract We report the observation of the spectrum of the 3 v 3 Q branch in UF 6 at both low (1.4 cm −1 ) and high (0.004 cm −1 > resolution. The most prominent feature of the spectrum is the five-sub-bandheads between 1875.4 and 1875.6 cm −1 . The transition strength for 3 v 3 is Γ 0,3 = 3.8 × 10 −2 km mole −1 .
A power analysis and data acquisition system for ocean wave energy device testing

Abstract In the testing of ocean wave energy devices, the demand for a portable and robust data acquisition and electrical loading system has become apparent. This paper investigates the development of a 30 kW inclusive system combining loading capabilities, real-time power analysis, and data acquisition for the testing of deployed ocean wave energy devices. Hardware results for ocean testing are included.
Liquid membranes at the cellulose acetate membrane/saline solution interface in reverse osmosis

Abstract A surfactant layer at the interface between a cellulose acetate membrane and a saline solution in reverse osmosis acts as a liquid membrane in series with the solid membrane gel. Partial liquid membranes exist below, and complete liquid membranes at, or above, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactant feed additive. The effectiveness of liquid membranes in increasing the permselectivity of the underlying gelatinous membrane in reverse osmosis increases with increasing hydrophilicity and is believed to be related to the capacities of the various surfactants for binding water and forming ordered and densely packed structures.
Epithelia: not just physical barriers.

Epithelia are tissues consisting of sheets of similar cells bound closely together, which include the epidermis, the surfaces of the eyes, the surfaces of the hollow tubes and sacs that make up the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the secretory cells and ducts of various glands. Depending on their predominant function, epithelia can be described further as barrier, secretory, or absorptive, but often all three functions coexist. These are the tissues most exposed to environmental bacteria. The importance of epithelia in host defense is best illustrated by the common experience that disruption of the epithelial layers, such as occurs in a minor skin scrape or a burn, greatly increases the likelihood of penetrating infection. Mechanical barrier properties of epithelia, the physical cleansing effects of their secretions, and the shedding of colonized cells normally contribute to protection from microbes (1). Moreover, injured or infected epithelial cells help initiate the inflammatory response by emitting chemotactic signals that attract blood-borne host defense cells. Although the ability of various glands to produce antimicrobial substances has been appreciated since Alexander Fleming's (2) pioneering studies of lysozyme in tears, respiratory secretions, and saliva, more recently it has become clear that barrier and absorptive epithelia also produce numerous antimicrobial substances (3–5). There are impressive similarities between the polypeptide arsenal of various epithelial cells and the prototypical professional host defense cells, the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In some cases (e.g., lysozyme and lactoferrin), the same genes are highly expressed in both cell types; in other cases (e.g., defensins, peroxidase), the two cell types express different members of the same gene family. These similarities reinforce the notion that epithelial …
Synthesis of deuterium enriched L‐glutamine and 4‐aminobutanamide from pyridazinones

A convenient method is presented for the preparation of the amino acid glutamine and its decarboxylation product 4-amino- butanamide (GABAMIDE) enriched with deuterium. In a single step, 6-carboxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone was reduced with deuterium gas to give racemic glutamine-2,3,4-2H3. L-Glutamine-2,3,4-2H3 was prepared by the stereospecific deacetylation of N2-acetylglutamine-2,3,4-2H3 with acylase I. 4-Aminobutanamide-2,3,4-2H3 was synthesized from 3(2H)-pyridazinone in two steps. Reduction of 3(2H)-pyridazinone with deuterium gas gave the intermediate, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3(2H)-pyridazinone-4,5,6-2H3, which was further reduced with Raney nickel and hydrogen to yield 4-aminobutanamide-2,3,4-2H3.
Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship Programs Among Dialysis Centers

Antimicrobial exposure contributes to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. As rates of colonization and infection with these organisms are among the highest in the population of chronic hemodialysis patients and antimicrobial exposure among this patient population is extensive, it is imperative to prescribe antimicrobials judiciously. Thirty to forty percent of chronic hemodialysis patients receive at least one dose of antimicrobials in outpatient centers over a one-year period. Up to 30% of these antimicrobials are prescribed inappropriately, as per national guidelines. The predominant reasons include (i) failure to de-escalate to a more narrow-spectrum antimicrobial, (ii) criteria for infection, especially skin and soft tissue infections, are not met, and (iii) indications and duration for surgical prophylaxis for minor vascular-access-related procedures do not follow recommended guidelines. Vancomycin, third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins and cefazolin are the most common antimicrobials or antimicrobial classes prescribed inappropriately. Antimicrobial stewardship programs reduce both inappropriate antimicrobial exposure and associated costs. Effective strategies include (i) education, (ii) guidelines and clinical pathways, (iii) antimicrobial order forms, (iv) de-escalation therapy, and (v) prospective audit and feedback. Dialysis centers need to identify a team of individuals that will lead the antimicrobial stewardship program. Administrative and financial support for this team is essential. After implementation of the program, regular monitoring for compliance with strategies, and identifying factors that are preventing compliance are necessary. The efficacy of the program should also be evaluated at regular intervals through process and outcome measures.
Stimulated backscattered harmonic generation from intense laser interactions with beams and plasmas

Stimulated backscattered harmonic radiation generated by the interaction of an intense pump-laser field with an electron beam or plasma is analyzed using a fully nonlinear, relativistic, fluid theory valid to all orders in the pump-laser amplitude. The backscattered radiation occurs at odd harmonics of the Doppler-shifted incident laser frequency. The growth rates, saturation levels (efficiencies), and thermal limitations are calculated for the backscattered harmonic radiation. This mechanism may provide a practical method for producing coherent radiation in the XUV regime.
Interpreting Progress Feedback to Guide Clinical Decision-Making in Children's Mental Health Services.

Measurement feedback systems (MFSs) can help improve clinical outcomes by enhancing clinical decision-making. Unfortunately, limited information exists to guide the use and interpretation of data from MFSs. This study examined the amount of data that would provide a reasonable and reliable prediction of a client’s rate of symptomatology in order to help inform clinical decision-making processes. Results showed that use of more data predicted greater levels of accuracy. However, there were diminishing returns on the ability for additional data to improve predictive accuracy. Findings inform efforts to develop guidelines on the interpretation of data from MFSs.
Considerations for feeding military working dogs in hot climates

s 243 attacks mature cells (digestive cells located on the apex of villosities). These complementary pathogeneses explain why the combination of these viruses often cause fatal diarrhea in puppies during weaning. Protozoa are one-cell organisms and include the gastrointestinal parasites Isospora sp. and Giardia duodenalis. These two parasites are frequently found in kennels because they are almost impossible to eradicate since they are so difficult to cure in infected dogs. Isospora sp. causes mixed (small and large) bowel diarrhea exclusively in puppies during weaning (diarrhea with mucus and blood, often associated with variation in weights within the litter). G. duodenalis is the most frequent parasite in kennels and it can induce small bowel diarrhea in puppies and in adult dogs. Diarrhea due to G. duodenalis is most often recurrent rather than chronic. The principal environmental causes of diarrhea in kennels are stress and overfeeding. Overfeeding can be managed by using a high quality food with a high caloric level to decrease the quantity given each dog per day. Some other strategies can be applied such as bowls designed to decrease the speed of ingestion. Stress is not always easy to manage, especially in working dogs kennels. Different methods of control include: kennel design, nutritional support to help to decrease effects of stress, and management of post-effort. There is no miracle solution. The first step is to diagnose the cause of the diarrhea: stool samples can be examined to check for parasites or the presence of viral DNA and ELISA can be used to detect G. duodenalis. The design of the kennel and feeding practices will need scrutiny as well. After identification of the cause, the attending veterinarian can employ sanitary and medical preventive measures to better control recidivism. Diarrhea in kennels is often due to parasites. The old proverb: ‘‘When you breed dogs, you breed parasites!’’ also applies to working dog kennels. It is very important to carry out regular fecal tests to identify the parasitism level in the kennel as these will help the veterinarian to choose the right treatment strategy. Other interventions that can be applied include supporting digestive function by manipulating nutrition with tailor-made diets and changing kennel design and genetic selection to decrease stress.
Vapor phase hydrogenation of 2-methylfuran over noble and base metal catalysts

Abstract Vapor phase hydrogenation of 2-methyl furan (2-MF) was carried out over barium-promoted copper chromite (Ba/Cu/Cr), Cu/Cr/Ni/Zn/Fe, Cu-Ru/C, 0.5 wt.% Pt/C (Pt/C), and 0.5 wt.% Pd/C (Pd/C) catalysts, respectively. The catalysts were characterized with respect to their specific surface areas by the N 2 BET method and solid-state structures by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD data confirmed the formation of a mixed oxide in the copper-chromite catalyst and the presence of small Pt and Pd crystals ( 2 /2-MF mole ratios in the 10–25 range. The results of 2-MF hydrogenation showed that the Ba/Cu/Cr, Cu/Cr/Ni/Zn/Fe, Cu-Ru/C and Pt/C catalysts were mainly active for furan ring opening leading mostly to 2-pentanone (2-PN) as well as small amounts of other products, such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF), 2-pentanol (2-PL), 1-pentanol (1-PL) and cracked hydrocarbons (butane and propane). On the other hand, the Pd/C catalyst was highly selective in 2-MF ring saturation leading to 2-MTHF as the main product below 220 °C, whereas it became increasingly selective to 2-PN, the ring opening product, at higher temperatures.
Gender moderates the associations between attachment and discrete emotions in late middle age and later life.

Objectives: Although patterns of attachment have been linked to patterns of emotional experience, studies in developmentally diverse samples are few and have not yet examined possible gender differences in attachment or their implications for emotional wellbeing. This article describes patterns of attachment in a diverse sample of 616 men and women from middle age and later life, examines the relations between attachment and nine discrete emotions, and tests the thesis that gender moderates these associations. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to derive a sample of 616 ethnically diverse men and women from seven ethnic groups. Results: Multiple regressions controlling for demographics found no gender differences in attachment categorizations although men reported greater dimensional fearful avoidance. Security predicted greater joy and interest whereas dismissingness was associated with lower shame and fear and with greater interest. Both preoccupation and fearful avoidance predicted most negative em...
Nonequilibrium models for predicting forms of precipitated manganese oxides

Abstract Manganese oxides precipitated by bubbling air through 0.01 molar solutions of MnCl 2 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 , MnSO 4 , or Mn(ClO 4 ) 2 at a constantly maintained pH of 8.5 to 9.5 at temperatures of 25°C or higher consisted mainly of hausmannite, Mn 3 O 4 . At temperatures near 0°C, but with other conditions the same, the product is feitknechtite, βMnOOH, except that if the initial solution is MnSO 4 and the temperature is near 0°C the product is a mixture of manganite, γMnOOH and groutite, αMnOOH. All these oxides are metastable in aerated solution and alter by irreversible processes to more highly oxidized species during aging. A two-step nonequilibrium thermodynamic model predicts that the least stable species, βMnOOH, should be most readily converted to MnO 2 . Some preparations of βMnOOH aged in their native solution at 5°C attained a manganese oxidation state of +3.3 or more after 7 months. Hausmannite aged at 25°C altered to γMnOOH. The latter is more stable than a or βMnOOH, and manganese oxidation states above 3.0 were not reached in hausmannite precipitates during 4 months of aging. Initial precipitation of MnCO 3 rather than a form of oxide is likely only where oxygen availability is very low. Composition of solutions and oxidation state and morphology of solids were determined during the aging process by chemical analyses, X-ray and electron diffraction and transmission electron micrographs.
Testing the reliability and validity of the Risk, Sophistication-Maturity, and Treatment Amenability Instrument (RST-i): An assessment tool for juvenile offenders.

The current study investigated the reliability and validity of the Risk, Sophistication-Maturity, and Treatment Amenability Instrument, (RST-i) in a sample of 126 incarcerated adolescent males. Raters completed the RST-i, the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL-YV) and a reactive/proactive aggression form. In addition, data were gathered on treatment compliance and other relevant treatment variables. Intraclass correlation coefficients were high and convergent validity analyses yielded moderate coefficients with theoretically related constructs. Importantly, the RST-i was predictive of transfer to adult court. These results provide preliminary empirical support of the RST-i in relation to theoretically related clinical constructs and transfer decisions. Further research examining the interface of psychological and legal criteria considered in juvenile transfer cases is indicated.
Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods

Abstract Background Both the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) have MIC clinical breakpoints (CBPs) for fluconazole (FLU) and Candida . EUCAST CBPs are species-specific, and apply only to C. albicans , C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis , while CLSI CBPs apply to all species. We reassessed the CLSI CBPs for FLU and Candida in light of recent data. Methods We examined (1) molecular mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance profiles, (2) wild-type (WT) MICs and epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) for FLU and major Candida species by both CLSI and EUCAST methods, (3) determination of essential (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) between CLSI and EUCAST methods, (4) correlation of MICs with outcomes from previously published data using CLSI and EUCAST methods, and (5) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. We applied these findings to propose new species-specific CLSI CBPs for FLU and Candida . Results WT distributions from large collections of Candida revealed similar ECVs by both CLSI and EUCAST methods (0.5–1mcg/ml for C. albicans , 2mcg/ml for C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis , 32mcg/ml for C. glabrata , and 64–128 for C. krusei ). Comparison of CLSI and EUCAST MICs reveal EA and CA of 95% and 96%, respectively. Datasets correlating CLSI and EUCAST FLU MICs with outcomes revealed decreased response rates when MICs were >4mcg/ml for C. albicans , C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis , and >16mcg/ml for C. glabrata . Conclusions Adjusted CLSI CBPs for FLU and C. albicans , C. parapsilosis , C. tropicalis ( S , ≤2mcg/ml; SDD, 4mcg/ml; R , ≥8mcg/ml), and C. glabrata (SDD, ≤32mcg/ml; R , ≥64mcg/ml) should be more sensitive for detecting emerging resistance among common Candida species and provide consistency with EUCAST CBPs.
PHOTOAFFINITY LABELING OF BOVINE RHODOPSIN

Abstract Photoaffinity labeled (3-diazoacetoxy)-9- cis -retinal ( 1 ) and (9-methylenediazoacetoxy)-9- cis -retinal ( 20 ) were synthesized and bound to absorption maxima at 465 and 460 nm respectively. Binding studies established that synthetic retinals 1 and 2 bind to the natural binding site and that the integrity of the diazoacetoxy photoaffinity label is preserved in the process. Incorporation of 3-(O 14 COCHN 2 )-labeled 9- cis retinal could be conveniently carried out in high yield using apomembrane solubilized in CHAPS as detergent to afford the pigment analog in a pure form. Photolysis of the diazoacetoxy group within the binding site led to 15–20%, crosslinking of rhodopsin as estimated by using radiocarbon containing labeled retinal 1 thus showing that this synthetic retinal is suitable for photoaffinity labeling of the active site in rhodopsin. Subsequent experiments to establish the site(s) of crosslinking by sequencing studies will then contribute to our knowledge of the structure of rhodopsin.
What is New York's Amazon Tax on Internet Commerce?

This paper examines internet commerce taxation. It concerns who is responsible for collecting sales tax-the seller or the buyer, which depends on nexus between the seller and the state. If there is a nexus, it is the seller's responsibility; otherwise, it is the buyer's duty. Nexus further depends on physical presence. However, in today's e-business, the concept of physical presence has changed. Effective June 1, 2008, New York State enacted the so called "Amazon Tax Law" that an out-of-state online retailer is presumed to have nexus with New York State if it enters into a contract with an affiliate in the state to engage in soliciting businesses in the state by means of web site linkage for an annual gross receipts of more than $10,000. As such, the online retailer is required to collect sales tax from the in-state buyer. The concept of physical presence has been extended from employee or office to web site connection. This paper examines its impact.
Intraductal US in evaluation of biliary strictures without a mass lesion on CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging: significance of focal wall thickening and extrinsic compression at the stricture site

Background and Objective The clinical utility of intraductal US (IDUS) for evaluating biliary strictures has been limited because of a lack of easily recognized morphologic criteria to distinguish benign and malignant strictures. We studied the clinical value of 2 easily assessed IDUS findings: wall thickness and extrinsic compression at the stricture site. Design and Setting A retrospective, single-center study. Patients and Methods Forty-five patients without an identifiable mass on CT/magnetic resonance imaging, who underwent ERCP/IDUS for evaluation of biliary strictures were studied. IDUS pictures were reviewed specifically to measure wall thickness and to look for extrinsic compression at the stricture site. Main Outcome Measurements and Results The mean age of the patients was 64.2 ± 13.3 years. Thirty patients had jaundice at presentation, and in 15 patients a stricture was suspected on imaging. The mean length of biliary strictures was 15.1 ± 7.8 mm. Strictures were distal (distal common bile duct) in 25 patients and proximal (mid/proximal common bile duct or common hepatic duct) in 20 patients. Fourteen strictures were finally diagnosed to be malignant. Strictures in 20 patients were caused by extrinsic compression, and tissue diagnosis was readily obtained by EUS-FNA in all these patients. Of 25 strictures without extrinsic compression, 6 were malignant (wall thickness 9-16 mm) and 19 were benign (wall thickness ≤9 mm). Bile duct wall thickness ≤7 mm at the stricture site, in the absence of extrinsic compression, had a negative predictive value of 100% for excluding malignancy in this cohort. Limitations Retrospective study and relatively small number of patients. Conclusions Evaluation of wall thickness and the presence of extrinsic compression at the site of biliary strictures by IDUS can help in further management of these patients.
Neurophysiological processing of emotion and parenting interact to predict inhibited behavior: an affective-motivational framework

Although inhibited behavior problems are prevalent in childhood, relatively little is known about the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that predict a child’s ability to regulate inhibited behavior during fear- and anxiety-provoking tasks. Inhibited behavior may be linked to both disruptions in avoidance-related processing of aversive stimuli and in approach-related processing of appetitive stimuli, but previous findings are contradictory and rarely integrate consideration of the socialization context. The current exploratory study used a novel combination of neurophysiological and observation-based methods to examine whether a neurophysiological measure sensitive to approach- and avoidance-oriented emotional processing, the late positive potential (LPP), interacted with observed approach- (promotion) and avoidance- (prevention) oriented parenting practices to predict children’s observed inhibited behavior. Participants were 5- to 7-year-old (N = 32) typically-developing children (M = 75.72 months, SD = 6.01). Electroencephalography was continuously recorded while children viewed aversive, appetitive, or neutral images, and the LPP was generated to each picture type separately. Promotion and prevention parenting were observed during an emotional challenge with the child. Child inhibited behavior was observed during a fear and a social evaluation task. As predicted, larger LPPs to aversive images predicted more inhibited behavior during both tasks, but only when parents demonstrated low promotion. In contrast, larger LPPs to appetitive images predicted less inhibited behavior during the social evaluative task, but only when parents demonstrated high promotion; children of high promotion parents showing smaller LPPs to appetitive images showed the greatest inhibition. Parent-child goodness-of-fit and the LPP as a neural biomarker for emotional processes related to inhibited behavior are discussed.
Exploring connectionist approaches to legal decision making

In this exploratory paper, we discuss research in connectionism and neurophysiology and examine the potential implications for understanding and modeling legal decision making. Artificial intelligence approaches such as rule-based and case-based, while adequate for implementing systems in specific legal domains, have proven insufficient for modeling complex, large-scale legal systems that assimilate a variety of inputs. This paper contributes to three important goals: modeling legal decision processes as special instances of human decision making, conceptualization of intelligent, computer-based legal systems, and moving toward integrated frameworks for research.
Abstract PL02-01: Changing cell fate in cancer: Lessons from melanoma.

Melanoma is a devastating disease with great morbidity and mortality. We are using the zebrafish as a model to study melanoma, making use of its excellent genetics, development, and large numbers of adults with cancer. A human constitutively active BRAF was fused to the melanocyte specific MITF promoter. This was injected into zebrafish embryos, generating transgenic zebrafish. These fish were crossed to a P53 mutant line generating a melanoma model. Microarray analysis of this melanoma demonstrates similarities to gene expression signatures in human melanoma. Mating the BRAF P53 fish to an MITF mutant led to complete abrogation of melanoma. The lack of melanocyte progenitors due to MITF deficiency led to an absence of tumor formation. A vector called Mini Cooper was generated in which an MITF minigene could rescue melanocyte formation in the BRAF P53 MITF mutants and a gene of interest could be probed for enhanced or expressed tumor formation. Screening an interval of human chromosome 1 (54 independent genes). That is amplified in 30% of patients) in the minicooper plasmid injection found SETDB1 a histone methyltransferase that is thought to suppress gene expression. ChIPSeq analysis in human melanoma samples demonstrated that SETDB1 binds to genes such as the Hox locus and alters their expression. SETDB1 is a potential target for anti-melanoma therapy. In another screen, small molecules were added to zebrafish embryos in an effort to abrogate neural crest development. One small molecule was found to inhibit an enzyme (DHODH), and an arthritis drug (leflunomide) that also inhibits DHODH was found to similarly block neural crest development. This DHODH inhibitor (leflunomide) worked synergistically in xenograft studies to block melanoma formation. This combination therapy will enter into the clinic as a trial for patients with metastatic melanoma. Using genetics, it was found that the DHODH inhibitor which blocks uridine production has an effect on transcription elongation and the targets of this include genes that are activated by MYC and by MITF. The zebrafish has led to the discovery of two new targets for melanoma therapy, and one of those is proceeding to the clinic. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PL02-01.
A Novel Anti-Vortex Turbine Film Cooling Hole Concept

A novel turbine film cooling hole shape has been conceived and designed at NASA Glenn Research Center. This “anti-vortex” design is unique in that it requires only easily machinable round holes, unlike shaped film cooling holes and other advanced concepts. The hole design is intended to counteract the detrimental vorticity associated with standard circular cross-section film cooling holes. This vorticity typically entrains hot freestream gas and is associated with jet separation from the turbine blade surface. The anti-vortex film cooling hole concept has been modeled computationally for a single row of 30 degree angled holes on a flat surface using the 3D Navier-Stokes solver Glenn-HT. A blowing ratio of 1.0 and density ratios of 1.05 and 2.0 are studied. Both film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient values are computed and compared to standard round hole cases for the same blowing rates. A net heat flux reduction is also determined using both the film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient values to ascertain the overall effectiveness of the concept. An improvement in film effectiveness of about 0.2 and in net heat flux reduction of about 0.2 is demonstrated for the anti-vortex concept compared to the standard round hole for both blowing ratios. Detailed flow visualization shows that as expected, the design counteracts the detrimental vorticity of the round hole flow, allowing it to remain attached to the surface.
Catching Up or Falling Behind? Initial English Proficiency, Concentrated Poverty, and the Reading Growth of Language Minority Learners in the United States

This study contrasts growth trajectories in English reading for 2 groups of language minority (LM) learners--those who enter kindergarten with limited oral English proficiency and those who enter kindergarten proficient in oral English--with that of native English speakers. Fitting a multilevel model for change to longitudinal data on a nationally representative sample, this study examines students' growth trajectories from kindergarten through 5th grade. Three noteworthy findings emerge. First, LM learners entering kindergarten proficient in English have trajectories similar to those of native English speakers, but LM learners entering kindergarten with limited English have trajectories that diverge from those of native English speakers, yielding large differences in achievement by the 5th grade. Second, controlling for demographic risk factors, including socioeconomic status (SES), reduces the effect of initial English proficiency from large to moderate and yields differences that narrow over time. Finally, these differences depend on school poverty, with smaller differences evident among students in high-poverty schools than among students in low-poverty schools. Results emphasize the need for academic interventions for LM learners who enter school with limited English proficiency.
Who Purchases Nonprescription Syringes? Characterizing Customers of the Expanded Syringe Access Program (ESAP)

This study represents the first attempt in the USA to survey pharmacy nonprescription syringe customers at their point of purchase. We surveyed 62 individuals purchasing nonprescription syringes in seven pharmacies located in NYC and Albany, NY, USA. Three quarters of respondents purchased for illicit use, and 36% purchased for medical use, with differences found by race and gender. Half got their syringes from pharmacies “most of the time.” Half had ever been refused a syringe purchase in a NYS pharmacy, with men, Blacks, and Hispanics reporting higher levels of refusals than women or whites. Two thirds reported syringe reuse but very few reported sharing. While approximately one quarter safely obtained and disposed of syringes “most of the time,” two thirds used both safe and unsafe methods. Pharmacy-based syringe access programs are essential in areas not served by syringe exchanges.
Review of pulsed neutron techniques for the study of amorphous solids

Abstract This paper presents some of the advantages of neutrons and pulsed neutron methods for study of amorphous materials. It compares the kinematic constraints on neutron and other spectroscopies, and describes the main features of pulsed neutron beams. The report discusses time-of-flight wide- and small-angle neutron diffractometers, chopper and inverse-geometry spectrometers, and illustrates a method of millisecond-scale time-resolved neutron diffraction.
From Genre Classification to Rhythm Similarity: Computational and Musicological Insights

Traditionally, the development and validation of computational measures of rhythmic similarity in music relies on proxy classification tasks, often equating rhythm similarity to genre. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive, cross-disciplinary exploration of the classification performance of a state-of-the-art system for rhythm similarity. By synthesizing the methods of quantitative analysis with a musicological perspective, detailed insight is gained into the various facets that affect system behaviour, consisting of three main areas: rhythmic sensitivities of a given feature representation, idiosyncrasies of the data used for evaluation, and the tenuous relationship between rhythmic similarity and genre. Through this study, we provide perspective on gauging the abilities of a computational system beyond classification accuracy, as well as a deeper understanding of system design and evaluation methodology as a musically meaningful exercise.
Abstract A52: Vimentin serves as a signaling scaffold at focal adhesion sites to regulate lung cancer cell adhesion

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Vimentin is a dynamic type III intermediate filament that is overexpressed in various cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is a classic biomarker for highly invasive tumors and is associated with increased likelihood of metastasis and poor survival. Vimentin filaments are dynamic and localize to focal adhesions, where they assemble and disassemble to promote cell migration. Our data show that vimentin depletion reduces cell adhesion and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK); therefore, we hypothesize that vimentin acts through FAK to regulate cell adhesion and metastasis. We show that vimentin filaments enter pFAK- and pSrc-positive focal adhesion sites, and upon vimentin depletion, pFAK, pSrc and total FAK levels decrease. To explore the mechanism behind this observation, we performed a phospho-proteomic screen for proteins whose phosphorylation is altered upon vimentin loss. One of the identified proteins was a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that regulates rac1. We show that vimentin loss leads to GEF mis-localization and downstream rac1 inactivation. Furthermore, inactivation of the GEF itself resulted in aberrant cellular adhesion and loss of pFAK. Based upon this data, we propose that vimentin serves as a signaling scaffold to regulate FAK via a rac1-GEF interaction. This work provides insight into the mechanism by which vimentin affects cell adhesion and potentially NSCLC metastasis. Citation Format: Lauren Havel, Adam I. Marcus. Vimentin serves as a signaling scaffold at focal adhesion sites to regulate lung cancer cell adhesion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 282. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-282
Exploration of the Ageing Phenomenon in Hong Kong and its Implications for Leisure Service Delivery

Abstract The study explores the ageing phenomenon in Hong Kong and draws some implications for leisure service delivery. Interviews were conducted with 25 elderly in the Tsuen Wan District in Hong Kong. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample. The interviews were semi-structured, based on an interview guide of open-ended questions. The results of the study suggest that some ageing models which have been developed in western countries are applicable in Hong Kong. Four implications for leisure service delivery in Hong Kong are derived: more research on ageing and leisure should be conducted; leisure education for both elderly and younger generations is needed to cultivate leisure interests; leisure participation can provide companionship for the elderly; and a visitor-oriented approach should be adopted in leisure service delivery.
Cytolysis by CCR5-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Is Dependent on Membrane Fusion and Can Be Inhibited by High Levels of CD4 Expression

T-tropic (X4) and dualtropic (R5X4) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins kill primary and immortalized CD4(+) CXCR4(+) T cells by mechanisms involving membrane fusion. However, because much of HIV-1 infection in vivo is mediated by M-tropic (R5) viruses whose envelope glycoproteins use CCR5 as a coreceptor, we tested a panel of R5 and R5X4 envelope glycoproteins for their ability to lyse CCR5(+) target cells. As is the case for CXCR4(+) target cells, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins expressed by single-round HIV-1 vectors killed transduced CD4(+) CCR5(+) cells in a membrane fusion-dependent manner. Furthermore, a CD4-independent R5 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein was able to kill CD4-negative target cells expressing CCR5, demonstrating that CD4 is not intrinsically required for the induction of death. Interestingly, high levels of CD4 expression protected cells from lysis and syncytium formation mediated by the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that high levels of CD4 coexpression inhibited proteolytic processing of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein precursor gp160. This inhibition could be overcome by decreasing the CD4 binding ability of gp120. Studies were also undertaken to investigate the ability of virion-bound HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to kill primary CD4(+) T cells. However, neither X4 nor R5X4 envelope glycoproteins on noninfectious virions caused death in primary CD4(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that the interaction of CCR5 with R5 HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins capable of inducing membrane fusion leads to cell lysis; overexpression of CD4 can inhibit cell killing by limiting envelope glycoprotein processing.
The equilibrium and stability for n alleles under the density-dependent selection.

Abstract The problem of the equilibrium under the density-dependent selection for n-alleles belonging to one locus is considered. The new “measure of quality” of the population φ is introduced and it is shown that the equilibrium points are the constrained stationary points of the function φ and all locally stable equilibriums are its local maximum points. The analoque of the Fisher theorem for density-dependent selection is considered.
Multiple Cerebral Infarctions From Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis Mimicking Cerebral Vasculitis

Primary vasculitis of the central nervous system (PVCNS) is an uncommon disorder that can present with a variety of symptoms, making diagnosis and management difficult. We describe a case of cerebral infarction that occurred from nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and presented with clinical and radiologie imaging features that suggested PVCNS. The patient was a 58-year-old woman with left hemiparesis, aphasia, and episodic confusion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated multifocal lesions consistent with infarction involving both cerebral hemispheres, and cerebral angiography showed changes consistent with vasculitis. Although brain biopsy findings were normal, the patient was treated for presumed vasculitis with cyclophosphamide and pred-nisone. Four months later respiratory failure secondary to polymicrobial pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome developed, and she died. Autopsy revealed multiple infarcts in the heart, lungs, right kidney, spleen, and brain. Multiple thrombotic platelet-fibrin vegetations consistent with NBTE were found on all cardiac valves. Examination of the brain revealed no evidence of active or healed vasculitis. Cerebral angiography may show findings that suggest vasculitis, but it is not diagnostic, as several other conditions may cause similar changes. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis may cause multiple cerebral infarctions and can be difficult to distinguish from vasculitis, as specific diagnostic tests for PVCNS are lacking.
Item Writer Judgments of Item Difficulty versus Actual Item Difficulty: A Case Study.

This study investigates how accurate one item writer can be on item difficulty estimates and whether factors affecting item writer judgments correspond to predictors of actual item difficulty. The items were based on conversational dialogs (presented as videos online) that focus on pragmatic functions. Thirty-five 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-year learners of Russian participated. The results indicated that the hypothesized item difficulty was a weak, although significant, predictor of actual item difficulty. Intermediate and advanced items did not differ in difficulty, which may suggest that it is more challenging to predict higher level item difficulty or to design higher level items. In general, the item writer was accurate on predictions involving linguistic focus and response format. However, the effect of topical knowledge was not accounted for. This study provides implications for training item writers and for conducting future studies on item difficulty estimation.
Solution of the minimum time-to-climb problem by matched asymptotic expansions

Application of singular perturbation techniques to trajectory optimization problems of flight mechanics is discussed. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to obtain an approximate solution to the aircraft minimum time-to-climb problem. Outer, boundary-layer, and composite solutions are obtained to zeroth and first orders. A stability criterion is derived for the zeroth-order boundary-layer solutions (the theory requires a form of boundary-layer stability). A numerical example is considered for which it is shown that the stability criterion is satisfied and a useful numerical solution is obtained. The zeroth-order solution proves to be a poor approximation, but the first-order solution gives a good approximation for both the trajectory and the minimum time-to-climb. The computational cost of the singular perturbation solution is considerably less than that of a steepest descent solution. Thus singular perturbation methods appear to be promising for the solution of optimal control problems.
Urinary metabolites from F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice coadministered acrylamide and acrylonitrile for 1 or 5 days

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using 13C NMR spectroscopy to analyze urinary metabolites produced following coadministration of two structurally similar carbon-13-labeled compounds to rodents. Acrylonitrile (AN) and acrylamide (AM) are used in the chemical industry to manufacture plastics and polymers. These compounds are known to produce carcinogenic, reproductive, or neurotoxic effects in laboratory animals. The potential for human exposure to AN and AM occurs in manufacturing facilities and environmentally. Male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were coadministered po [1,2,3-13C]AN (16-17 mg/kg) and [1,2,3-13C]AM (21-22 mg/kg) after 0 or 4 days of administration of unlabeled AN or AM. Urine was collected for 24 h following administration of the 13C-labeled compounds and analyzed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Rats and mice excreted metabolites derived from glutathione (GSH) conjugation with AM or AN or derived from GSH conjugation with the epoxides cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) or glycidamide (GA). GA and its hydrolysis product were also detected in the urine of rats and mice. For mice, an increased urinary excretion of total AN- and total AM-derived metabolites (p < 0.05) on repeated coadministration suggested a possible increase in metabolism via oxidation. In addition, mice had an increased (p < 0.05) percentage of dose excreted as metabolites derived from GSH conjugation with AM, AN, CEO, or GA after five exposures as compared with one exposure that may be related to a significant increase in the synthesis of GSH or an increase in glutathione transferase activity. The only significant (p < 0.05) increase between one and five exposures for the rat was in the percentage of metabolites produced following conversion of AM to GA. The use of 13C NMR spectroscopy has provided a powerful methodology for elucidation of the metabolism of two 13C-labeled chemicals administered simultaneously.
ANALYZING A DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

The purposes of this paper are to present the conceptualization upon which a particular task was modelled; to detail the way in which the theoretical framework was translated into practice; to report briefly on the methodology employed; and to demonstrate the success of the analytic tool adopted. The study set out to analyze a Department of Education, taking manpower utilization as its focal emphasis. It included both recording the present deployment of all employees and describing functional alternatives open to policy makers in their deliberations over the Department's future growth and direction. Systems theory provided the conceptual model selected as the framework for the study. Interviews were used to gather much of the data, though the literature also contributed a fund of ideas on possible future developments and concomitant manpower requirements. It was inevitable that certain alternative structural arrangements should come under consideration. The final section of this paper offers a few examples of the sorts of outcome which resulted from the investigation. They have been selected in order to show that a systems analysis is likely to bring to light wide‐ranging implications for manpower utilization, whether at the level of sub‐system operations and relations, or at the level of total system management.
Crystal structure of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzyme from Pseudomonas putida, a fumarase class II type cycloisomerase: enzyme evolution in parallel pathways.

3-Carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzymes (CMLEs), the key enzymes in the protocatechuate branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway in microorganisms, catalyze the conversion of 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate to muconolactones. We have determined the crystal structure of the prokaryotic Pseudomonas putida CMLE (PpCMLE) at 2.6 A resolution. PpCMLE is a homotetramer and belongs to the fumarase class II superfamily. The active site of PpCMLE is formed largely by three regions, which are moderately conserved in the fumarase class II superfamily, from three respective monomers. It has been proposed that residue His141, which is highly conserved in all fumarase class II enzymes and forms a charge relay with residue Glu275 (both His141 and Glu275 are in adenylosuccinate lyase numbering), acts as the general base in most fumarase class II superfamily members. However, this charge relay pair is broken in PpCMLE. The residues corresponding to His141 and Glu275 are Trp153 and Ala289, respectively, in PpCMLE. The structur...
MAGNETIC COUPLING IN HIGH MOMENT F.C.C. FE/NI MULTILAYERS

Abstract Ni layers stabilize Fe into an f.c.c. structure in Fe/Ni multilayers, prepared by ion-assisted sputtering, for composition modulation wave-lengths between 17 and 46 A. The observed stabilization of the magnetization, relative to f.c.c. Fe on Cu and Cu/Ni multilayers, may be explained by assuming a magnetic coupling between the Fe and Ni layers which enhances the magnetization of both the f.c.c. Fe and the Ni.