cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing of mucopeptide and phospholipid synthesis in sporulating Bacillus megaterium.

Abstract During sporulation, the processes of septation and envelopment create a double membraned structure (the forespore) which is destined to become the spore. In this paper we present biochemical data to support the hypothesis that septation and envelopment result from the continued synthesis of plasma membrane in the absence of cell wall synthesis. Using a double auxotroph of Bacillus megaterium requiring both diaminopimelic acid and lysine, it has been possible to follow mucopeptide formation unambiguously by measuring incorporation of radioactive diaminopimelic acid. Membrane synthesis has been determined by measuring the incorporation of (14C)-ethanolamine or (14C)-acetate into phospholipid. Upon glucose exhaustion and the initiation of sporulation, vegetative cell mucopeptide synthesis ceased for a period of 3 hours. Approximately 1 hour after the cessation of mucopeptide synthesis, an accelerated rate of phospholipid synthesis was observed that continued for about 3 hours. This biochemical data was correlated with morphological changes observed during the initial stages of sporulation.
Scale-model vehicle analysis for the design of a steering controller

A scale-model vehicle is developed that is dynamically similar to a full-size vehicle through application of the Buckingham-Pi theorem. Specifically, the vehicle is modified to match the corresponding Pi groups of the scale-model vehicle and the average of a number of full-size vehicles. The modifications require the mass of the vehicle and its distribution to be changed. Furthermore, an experimental apparatus is designed and built to measure the cornering stiffness of scale-model tires. Experimental data for the vehicle is compared to data for a number of full-size vehicles.
The Enduring Influence of Hans Cloos (1885-1951)

The development of geological thinking, and of methods of both observation and presentation owe much to the work of Hans Cloos. But because he wrote in German, he is not cited in the English literature nearly as often as he deserves to be. Nevertheless, his influence persists, through his pioneering work on rock fabrics, on tuffisites, on rifts, and on scale modeling; and through his tremendous influence as a teacher.
Therapy for Symptomatic Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: A Review

vaccine or treatment used for another purpose appeared to affect favorably the course of HSV infection. Trials in the latter category are recent and reflect a better understanding of the clinical course of this disease. It is now evident that the designs of many reported therapeutic studies of genital HSV were inappropriate. This point is emphasized by Overall [11 and Goodhart and Guinan [2], who compared the results of uncontrolled and controlled studies of the same therapy. The positive outcome of the uncontrolled trial has consistently been refuted by the outcome of the controlled study. A well-described "placebo effect" is implicated as one of the main reasons for the discrepancy between the results of various studies of the same treatment. Therefore, treatment studies must be designed that differentiate between "placebo" effects and the objective effects of therapy.
Functional domains of the 50S subunit mature late in the assembly process

Despite the identification of many factors that facilitate ribosome assembly, the molecular mechanisms by which they drive ribosome biogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we analyze the late stages of assembly of the 50S subunit using Bacillus subtilis cells depleted of RbgA, a highly conserved GTPase. We found that RbgA-depleted cells accumulate late assembly intermediates bearing sub-stoichiometric quantities of ribosomal proteins L16, L27, L28, L33a, L35 and L36. Using a novel pulse labeling/quantitative mass spectrometry technique, we show that this particle is physiologically relevant and is capable of maturing into a complete 50S particle. Cryo-electron microscopy and chemical probing revealed that the central protuberance, the GTPase associating region and tRNA-binding sites in this intermediate are unstructured. These findings demonstrate that key functional sites of the 50S subunit remain unstructured until late stages of maturation, preventing the incomplete subunit from prematurely engaging in translation. Finally, structural and biochemical analysis of a ribosome particle depleted of L16 indicate that L16 binding is necessary for the stimulation of RbgA GTPase activity and, in turn, release of this co-factor, and for conversion of the intermediate to a complete 50S subunit.
Damage characterization in non-isothermal stretching of acrylics. Part II: Experimental validation

Abstract Influence of temperature and strain rate on damage accumulation and large deformation behavior of acrylics was investigated under conditions similar to actual polymer processing. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples were stretched to large strains at different rates under transient thermal conditions. During testing, specimens were cooled down from temperatures above glass transition temperature (θg) to temperatures well-below θg inducing a transition from rubbery state to solid state. Contrary to common practice of studying thermo-mechanical coupling in terms of adiabatic heating; in proposed experimental study, temperature effect on mechanical response of material was emphasized by externally intervening temperature variation within specimen. An improved version of dual-mechanism constitutive model presented in Part I [Gunel, E.M., Basaran, C., 2010. Damage characterization in non-isothermal stretching of acrylics. Part I: Theory. Mechanics of Materials] was proposed to predict thermo-mechanical response of amorphous polymer below and above θg. Applicability of proposed constitutive model for the specific case of non-isothermal stretching of PMMA at different test conditions was demonstrated by incorporating it into a finite element scheme. Constitutive model was reasonably accurate to capture observed temperature–displacement–force history in experimental study. Damage evolution under different testing conditions was studied in terms of irreversible thermal and mechanical entropy production.
Temperature effect on the distribution of Gyrodactylus elegans on goldfish.

A survey of Gyrodactylus elegans on goldfish indicated that the temperature had an effect on the number of these parasites on the body but little or no effect on the number found on the gills. As the water became warmer the number of body parasites increased. The pectoral, pelvic and anal fins had more parasites per unit of area than the larger dorsal and caudal fins.
Regional policies and regional consciousness in Europe's multinational societies

Abstract This paper is concerned with the political significance of the spatial economic activities of states. Regional problems are often the result of social differences which frequently are expressed in regional consciousness and loyalties and in turn they often create potential political and social cleavages and thus affect the cohesion and viability of the state. Various aspects of regional development policies in both western and eastern European multinational states which involve the spatial distribution of economic activities are examined. Planning the economic and social life emphasizes the regional allocation of resources, the coordination of national plans with regional objectives and increased consideration of the problem of lagging regions. Most regional movements are a protest against neglect and demand more local control and autonomy, therefore regional policies must be geared to the modification of long standing grievances resulting from past policies. In countries where increased participation by its inhabitants in the economic and social policies of their respective countries has been a matter of national policy, regional grievances generally have been kept under control.
Psychology and human services in Cuba: personal perspectives.

Through a series of meetings with Cuban social scientists, an analysis of the development and practices of psychology and related human services was attempted. Interviews were held at a medical school, at a local community health clinic, at a residential treatment facility and at one of the two universities in Cuba offering a degree program in psychology. The interviews revealed a network of interrelationships between: (a) work performance and a complex material and moral incentive system, where the workers played an active role in evaluating and modulating the system; (b) the health delivery system and its targeted community members, where services are adapted to the needs of the community; and (c) individuals and their neighborhoods, where local organizations are the mechanisms for community participation. It was concluded that a prime characteristic of Cuban society is to change the very nature of the relationships between people and their social institutions. Since community participation in social services is a growing concern within our own country, the Cuban system may provide reference points of note.
Gender-Related Political Knowledge and the Descriptive Representation of Women

Past scholarship has documented that women tend to know less about politics than men. This study finds that political knowledge of one kind—knowledge about the actual level of women's representation—is related to support for having more women in office. Individuals who underestimate the percentage of women in office are more likely than individuals who know the correct percentage to support increasing women's representation. Meanwhile, individuals who overestimate the percentage of women in office are less likely to support increasing women's representation. Ironically, women are more likely than men to overestimate the presence of women in office. I also find that gender predicts support for having more women in office, with women more supportive than men. Women would be even more supportive of electing more women to office if they were as knowledgeable as men about the extent of women's underrepresentation.
Thermoelectric method for sequencing DNA

This study describes a novel, thermoelectric method for DNA sequencing in a microfluidic device. The method measures the heat released when DNA polymerase inserts a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate into a primed DNA template. The study describes the principle of operation of a laminar flow microfluidic chip with a reaction zone that contains DNA template/primer complex immobilized to the inner surface of the device's lower channel wall. A thin-film thermopile attached to the external surface of the lower channel wall measures the dynamic change in temperature that results when Klenow polymerase inserts a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate into the DNA template. The intrinsic rejection of common-mode thermal signals by the thermopile in combination with hydrodynamic focused flow allows for the measurement of temperature changes on the order of 10(-4) K without control of ambient temperature. To demonstrate the method, we report the sequencing of a model oligonucleotide containing 12 bases. Results demonstrate that it is feasible to sequence DNA by measuring the heat released during nucleotide incorporation. This thermoelectric method for sequencing DNA may offer a novel new method of DNA sequencing for personalized medicine applications.
Fused arene-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes as thermoelectric materials

Two derivatives of fused-arene functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS-ANT and POSS-PDI-POSS) were synthesized by the reaction of aminopropylisobutyl POSS with either 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid or perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Proton NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies confirmed their purity and structures. The UV-visible and emission spectra of POSS-ANT and POSS-PDI-POSS in solution follow similar spectral patterns as their building blocks. These spectral signatures suggest that there is no interruption on the optical properties from POSS cages. Electrical characterization conducted by casting thin films either by spin coating or drop casting on glass substrates showed subohmic semiconductor behavior with electrical conductivity of 110.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 for POSS-ANT and 11.76 × 10−3 S cm−1 for POSS-PDI-POSS at room temperature. The temperature dependence IV curves obtained for the test devices prepared from drop casting of PDI-POSS-PDI exhibit a noticeable improvement in electrical conductivity with the highest conductivity of 115.3 × 10−3 S cm−1 where as POSS-ANT shows no improvement in conductivity above the room temperature. From the temperature dependent surface morphology analysis and DSC traces, it is revealed that the microstructural morphology of the thin films determines almost all the electrical properties of both compounds. Thermoelectric measurement of POSS-ANT showed a maximum power factor of 2.8 μW K−2 m−1 and Seebeck coefficient of 160.85 μV K−1 at room temperature where as POSS-PDI-POSS showed an improved thermoelectric performance above room temperature with a Seebeck coefficient of 140.30 μV K−1 and a power factor of 1.7 μW K−2 m−1.
DNA microarray SNP associations with clinical efficacy and side effects of domperidone treatment for gastroparesis

Background: Domperidone treatment for gastroparesis is associated with variable efficacy as well as the potential for side effects. DNA microarray single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis may help to elucidate the role of genetic variability on the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of domperidone. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify SNPs that are associated with clinical efficacy and side effects of domperidone treatment for gastroparesis from DNA microarray experiments. This will help develop a strategy for rational selection of patients for domperidone therapy. Methods: DNA samples extracted from the saliva of 46 patients treated with domperidone were analyzed using Affymetrix 6.0 SNP microarrays. Then least angle regression (LARS) was used to select SNPs that are related to domperidone efficacy and side effects. Decision tree based prediction models were constructed with the most correlated features selected by LARS. Results: Using the most stable SNP selected by LARS a prediction model for side effects of domperidone achieved (95+/-0)% true negative rate (TN) and (78+/-11)% true positive rate (TP) in nested leave-one-out tests. For domperidone efficacy, the prediction based on five most stable SNPs achieved (85+/-7)% TP and (61+/-4)% TN. Five identified SNPs are related to ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, epithelial cell signaling, leukocyte, cell adhesion, and tight junction signaling pathways. Genetic polymorphisms in three genes that are related to cancer and hedgehog signaling were found to significantly correlate with efficacy of domperidone. Conclusion: LARS was found to be a useful tool for statistical analysis of domperidone-related DNA microarray data generated from a small number of patients.
A Novel Electro-Optic Beam Switch in 5mol% Magnesium-Oxide Doped Congruent Lithium Niobate

An electro-optic beamswitch was designed to switch between two discrete optical paths. The switch was optimized for maximum beam translation using ray analysis techniques. Simulation using a finite-difference beam propagation method verified the ray analysis.
The management of postintubation phonatory insufficiency.

Summary Introduction Prolonged intubation may lead to medial arytenoid cartilage erosion and cricoarytenoid joint scarring with subsequent glottic insufficiency. This has been referred to as postintubation phonatory insufficiency (PIPI). Reports on treatment outcomes for this condition are lacking. Methods A single institution retrospective chart review from January 2007 to present was preformed for PIPI diagnosis. Data were collected for intubation, symptoms, diagnosis, interventions, and outcomes. Results Five patients with PIPI underwent treatment to improve voice. Patient 1 underwent thyroplasty with adduction arytenopexy. Patient 2 had a revision thyroplasty and subsequently two injections of the posterior defect and true vocal fold. Patient 3 underwent injection of the medial arytenoid defect. Patient 4 had injection augmentation of the anatomic deficiency and the ipsilateral true vocal fold. Patient 5 underwent thyroplasty with adduction arytenopexy. Limited to no phonatory improvement was achieved in any case. Conclusions The management of patients with PIPI is difficult. Currently, no reliable means are available to restore cartilaginous defects in the respiratory glottis. Patients with this condition should be counseled as to the difficult nature of treatment.
Suppressor-cell dysfunction in children with histiocytosis-X

Suppressor-cell activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined and lymphocyte subsets analyzed in children with histocytosis-X and in healthy, age-matched subjects. Suppressor-cell function was assessed by two methods, the indomethacin stimulation of mitogen-activated cultures and the concanavalin A-inducible suppressor-cell assay. The results of these two assays indicate that children with active disease have significantly decreased suppressor-cell activity. Additionally, the percentage and absolute number of OKT8+ lymphocytes were decreased in children with active disease. Suppressor-cell activity and lymphocyte subsets returned to normal, baseline levels with disease remission. This study documents for the first time suppressor-cell dysfunction and supports previous investigations in which suppressor T lymphocytes are deficient in children with active disease. These findings may explain certain clinical manifestations seen in children with histiocytosis-X.
New Insights into the Dichotomous Role of Innate Cytokines in Gut Homeostasis and Inflammation

In addition to their well-known role in acute injury and chronic inflammation, "innate" cytokines play an important role in health and the maintenance of normal immune homeostasis. This group includes the prototypic cytokines IL-1 and TNFα, as well as several other members belonging to the IL-1 and TNF family, such as IL-18, IL-33, IL-36-38, and TL1A. The dichotomous role of these cytokines has been best characterized in the intestine where innate cytokines may play both a protective and a pro-inflammatory role, depending upon the immmunological status of the host or the type and phase of the inflammatory process. This new information has produced novel pathogenetic hypotheses that have important translational implications both in regard to the prevention and treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. This review will discuss and summarize current data regarding the role of IL-1, TNFα, and their family members in regulating gut mucosal homeostasis and chronic intestinal inflammation.
Association between week of the month and death from acute myocardial infarction in Washington state, 1988 to 1997

Abstract Background Deaths caused by substance abuse, circulatory disorders, and external causes such as suicide, homicide, and accidents are more likely to occur during the first week of the month than the last week of the preceding month. The purpose of this report is to determine if death caused by acute myocardial infarction occurs more often in the first 7 days of the month than in the last 7 days of the preceding month. Methods and Results This study used computerized death records for Washington state from 1988 to 1997. There were 401,314 deaths, of which 33,436 (8.3%) had an underlying cause of acute myocardial infarction. The week of the month during which death occurred was defined as occurring during the first 7 days of the month or the last 7 days of the preceding month. R, the ratio of the number of deaths during the first 7 days of the month to the number of deaths in the last 7 days of the preceding month multiplied by 100, was calculated, as were 95% confidence intervals. R values for other cardiac causes and substance abuse–related causes were also calculated. Deaths caused by acute myocardial infarction occurred more often in the first week of the month than in the last week of the previous month ( R = 104.4, 95% confidence interval 101.7-107.8). This pattern of death was most apparent for individuals ≥75 years of age ( R = 107.3, 95% confidence interval 102.1-111.1) and was not evident for other cardiac causes, including congestive heart failure or myocardial ischemia. By comparison, substance abuse–related deaths occurred much more frequently during the first week of the month ( R = 117.6, 95% confidence interval 110.0-125.8). Conclusions This pattern of death for acute myocardial infarction may be in part caused by stressful events associated with the first week of the month. (Am Heart J 2000;140:196-9.)
Performance evaluation of a multi-product system under CONWIP control

Analytical models of multi-product manufacturing systems operating under CONWIP control are composed of closed queuing networks with synchronization stations. Under general assumptions, these queuing networks are hard to analyze exactly and therefore approximation methods must be used for performance evaluation. This research proposes a new approach based on parametric decomposition. Two-moment approximations are used to estimate the performance measures at individual stations. Subsequently, the traffic process parameters at the different stations are linked using stochastic transformation equations. The resulting set of non-linear equations is solved using an iterative algorithm to obtain estimates of key performance measures such as throughput, and mean queue lengths. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed method is computationally efficient and yields fairly accurate results when compared to simulation.
HIGH PRESSURE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY IN GIANT PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES

The deep interiors of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and their satellites are discussed. The important issues relevant to the physics of condensed matter are identified. The discussion emphasizes H_2, H-He, H_2- H_2O, H_2-CH_4, NH_3, and CH_4·5.75H_2O. Present and future theory and experiment are of great benefit to planetary science.
Fluence dependant formation of β-SiC by ion implantation and thermal annealing

The β-SiC nanocrystals were synthesized by the implantation of carbon ions (C−) into silicon followed by high-temperature annealing. The carbon fluences of 1×1017, 2×1017, 5×1017, and 8×1017 atoms/cm2 were implanted at an ion energy of 65 keV. It was observed that the average size of β-SiC crystals decreased and the amount of β-SiC crystals increased with the increase in the implanted fluences when the samples were annealed at 1100 °C for 1 h. However, it was observed that the amount of β-SiC linearly increased with the implanted fluences up to 5×1017 atoms/cm2. Above this fluence the amount of β-SiC appears to saturate. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the samples.
The impact of preferencing on execution quality

Abstract We examine the impact of preferencing on execution quality for NASDAQ and NYSE-listed stocks. Our theoretical model demonstrates that realized spreads are more reliable than effective spreads in the presence of preferencing, but even realized spreads are a poor measure of execution quality if the stocks being compared have different degrees of information asymmetry. We provide a new measure of the costs of preferencing that is independent of asymmetric information. Using data from the SEC 11Ac1-5 reports for marketable orders of up to 2000 shares, we find that both realized spreads and our preferencing measure are lower for NYSE-listed stocks.
Two approaches to the implementation of a distributed simulation system

This paper describes two approaches to the implementation of distributed simulation currently being pursued at Texas A&M University. The first approach describes the design and the implementation of a distributed simulation system onto a Motorola 68000 based architecture. This approach involves transparently distributing the language support functions of an existing simulation language (GASP) onto multiple processors. The second approach discusses the implementation of simulation support software in a high level distributed processing language. This approach involves the distribution of portions of the simulation model which can be executed in parallel onto multiple processors by the model builder. The paper discusses the details of both the approaches and the current status of their implementation.
Two- and three-year-olds infer and reason about design intentions in order to categorize broken objects

In naming artifacts, do young children infer and reason about the intended functions of the objects? Participants between the ages of 2 and 4 years were shown two kinds of objects derived from familiar categories. One kind was damaged so as to undermine its usual function. The other kind was also dysfunctional, but made so by adding features that appeared to be intentional. Evidence that 2-, 3- and 4-year-olds were more likely to apprehend the broken objects than the intentionally dysfunctional objects as members of the familiar lexical categories favors the conclusion that, in naming, children may spontaneously infer and reason about design intentions from an early age. This is the first evidence that 2- and 3-year-olds not only take design intentions into account in object categorization, but that they do so even without explicit mention of the objects' accidental or intentional histories. The results cast doubt on a proposal that young children's lexical categorization is based on automatic, non-deliberative processes.
A Native Taxonomy of Healing Among the Xinjiang Kazaks

The nomadic Kazaks inhabiting Xinjiang Province, China, retain many aspects of their pre-Islamic way of life, including the use of methods of traditional healing usually classified under the rubric of "shamanism." These practices are closely related to those in Kazakstan, Mongolia, and other parts of the former Soviet Union. The present study addresses aspects of traditional healing in use among the Xinjiang Kazaks in recent times, and presents a native taxonomy of these practices obtained during recent fieldwork in Xingjiang. Special attention is paid to the use of words, sound, and movement in healing contexts by elders and specialized individuals.
Using a web service, mobile device and low-cost robot to teach computer science and engineering

Currently, robots are being used as teaching tools and can be found in K-12 and college classrooms. The primary appeal associated with employing robots is that they tend to capture the attention of the target audience and thereby facilitate the learning process. While there are numerous robotic kits on the market today, few can be used to teach both high-level concepts in computer science and engineering as well as low-level concepts in a K-12 environment and those that are capable, are more expensive. In this paper we propose an affordable setup of a basic software and hardware framework to accomplish this interaction. Specifically, the overall system architecture, low-cost robot, Web service and mobile device software will be the topics of interest in this paper.
Impact of Donor Cause of Death on Transplant Outcomes: UNOS Registry Analysis

Donor cause of death (DCOD) has been described to influence allograft survival. Whether this effect is independent of other donor characteristics and whether it is similar across different solid organ allografts is not known. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of DCOD on organ utilization and on transplantation outcomes—graft rejection, function, and survival. The registry data were provided by the United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Stroke, head trauma, and anoxia were the cause of brain death in 97% of the more than 86,000 donors whose data were recorded between 1989 and 2008. In univariate analysis, stroke DCOD was associated with worse graft survival across all organs. After adjustment in a multivariable analysis, modest differences persisted in survival of heart, kidney, and liver allografts. DCOD also appeared to affect the incidence of allograft rejection. Anoxia DCOD was associated with significantly less rejection relative to donor death caused by head trauma and stroke. In summary, this multi-institutional study confirms that DCOD is a modest predictor of survival and rejection of solid organ allografts of different types.
SOUND FIELD VARIABILITY: SOME MEASUREMENTS FROM THE CAT.

Abstract The intensity of an auditory stimulus actually arriving at the ear may be very different from that estimated by routine sound field measurements using a microphone. Data are presented which compare microphone-measured variability and cochlear microphonic (CM) variability in the same sound field, using anesthetized cats with electrodes permanently implanted on the round window. The variation in amplitude of CM output (stimulus level constant) was 1 to 15 times greater, depending upon head position and frequency, than would have been predicted by the microphone measurements. Amplitude changes of 20 db or more were occassionally observed with less than 5° changes in head position.
Anxiety Control in the Dental Patient

Oral sedation with benzodiazepines and anxiolysis with nitrous oxide are 2 effective methods to help alleviate anxiety and fear of dental procedures. Many patients would prefer to have their dentistry performed with sedation if it were offered to them. This article presents a detailed discussion on minimal sedation that should give the reader a good understanding of this valuable aspect of clinical care.
Servo-Pattern Design and Track-Following Control for Nanometer Head Positioning on Flexible Tape Media

Achieving multi-Terabyte capacity in tape cartridges requires a substantially higher track density than that available in present systems, and hence a significantly higher positioning accuracy is required of the track-following servo in tape drives. In this paper, advanced concepts are considered for several elements of a tape system that enhance the track-following servo performance to reach nanometer positioning accuracy. We introduce a novel method for optimizing the geometry of servo patterns in a timing-based servo system. The design criterion aims to minimize the measurement error in the position-error signal (PES) yielded by a digital synchronous servo channel. A flangeless tape path is adopted to mitigate high-frequency components of the lateral tape motion. The track-following servo controller, which is designed based on the H∞ approach, takes into account the measured plant transfer function, the disturbance characteristics of the tape path, and the properties of servo channel. These elements are combined to investigate the track-following performance achievable with a new high-SNR magnetic tape based on perpendicularly-oriented BaFe particles. With this setup, a record closed-loop track-following performance of less than 14 nm PES standard deviation is demonstrated.
An Automatic Data Processing System for the Documentation of Forest-Insect Survey Information

An automatic data processing system (ADP) that will permit storage and rapid retrieval of forest-insect survey information is described. Although designed specifically for use within the 20 States of the Northeastern Area, consideration for nationwide use was given in its development. The ADP system described is based on an open-ended numerical code in which IBM punch cards or magnetic tape are used for data storage. Two programs have been written in Fortran IV for retrieval of the stored information and for preparation of specific reports for field distribution.
Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins

[1] A hydrologic routing model has been applied to the Noachian cratered highlands of Mars to establish the climatic conditions required to maintain exit breached lakes on early Mars and the likely fraction of the upland surface that would have hosted lakes whether they overflowed or not. The climatic conditions were expressed as a ratio of net evaporative loss from lakes to the surface runoff from uplands (the “X ratio”). Simulations were conducted using 16 different X ratios. The lake area, volume, and number of overflowing lakes decrease as climate becomes drier (larger X ratio). The modal frequency of the X ratio for the overflow of highland basins with eroded exit breaches was 5.0, which is comparable to that of the Great Basin region in the western United States during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This indicates that lakes on early Mars were likely to have been at least as extensive as those in the Great Basin region during the LGM.
Ribonucleotide reductase: target therapy for human disease

Over 460 patents targeting the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase have been issued since 1976. Ribonucleotide reductase plays a critical role in DNA synthesis; therefore, normal cell division will not take place unless it functions properly. The enzyme has been a target for therapeutic intervention for a number of human diseases in which cell proliferation is abnormal and is responsible for pathological disease. Diseases caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and cancer have been targeted for intervention using compounds that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase. This review focuses on the enzyme, its biochemistry and its mechanism of action, and discusses the most relevant data that has led to the generation of compounds that inhibit the enzyme as intellectual property.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Social Reactions Questionnaire: A Measure of Reactions to Sexual Assault Victims:

Negative social reactions are common responses to disclosures of sexual assault. A study was undertaken to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of a new measure of social reactions to sexual assault victims, the Social Reactions Questionnaire (SRQ). Good reliability and validity were demonstrated for the measure in three samples of sexual assault victims: community volunteers, college students, and victims contacting mental health agencies. The SRQ provides a much needed measure of both the positive forms of social support and several negative social reactions received by sexual assault victims disclosing their assaults to a range of informal social network members and formal support providers.
A demonstration of the document description framework

The Document Description Framework (DDF) [1] is a representation for variable-data documents, designed to support very high flexibility in the type and extent of variation, considerably beyond 'copy-hole' or flow-based mechanisms of existing formats and tools. This demonstration shows how i) DDF documents can be evaluated and merged to construct complex multi-stage documents, ii) the layout capabilities can be extended flexibly and iii) how they may be created and edited within a GUI-based environment.
Mechanisms for the stimulatory effects of opioidergic and serotonergic input signals on prolactin in pregnant rats

Dopamine (DA) neurons participate in tonic inhibition of prolactin (PRL), whereas beta-endorphin (beta-End) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons appear to be important stimulatory links for nocturnal PRL surges that occur throughout the first half of pregnancy in the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine how these neuronal components might be organized within the pathway controlling PRL release during gestation. Maximal stimulation of DA receptors with the agonist bromocriptine mesylate (Bromo) completely blocked the PRL response to beta-End (100 ng/microliters/min for 15 min) given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on day 8 of pregnancy. DA receptor blockade, produced by implanting a 25 mg pellet of haloperidol (Hal) on day 7 of pregnancy, resulted in PRL levels of 500-600 ng/ml by the following morning. beta-End i.c.v. or 250 mg/ml/kg BW of the DA synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT), given during the intersurge period, were equally effective in significantly increasing PRL (p less than 0.01) above pretreatment levels. beta-End and alpha-MPT evoked similar increases in rats pretreated with Hal, suggesting the stimulatory effect of beta-End on nocturnal PRL surges may primarily be due to DA inhibition. The next objective was to determine how beta-End and 5-HT might interact to stimulate the nocturnal surge. Day 8 pregnant rats were infused continuously with the opioid receptor blocker, naloxone hydrochloride (Nal), at a rate of 2.0 mg/10 min from 1000-1300 h. The PRL response to an injection of 20 mg/kg BW 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) at 1200 h was greatly attenuated, compared to controls infused with saline instead of Nal. This suggests that 5-HT stimulates PRL, at least in part, by an action at opioid receptors. Distilled H2O or 10 mg/kg BW of the selective S2 receptor blocker, ketanserin tartrate (Ket), was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) during the intersurge period on day 8 of pregnancy. All animals demonstrated an identical response to beta-End given 2 hours later, regardless of the type of pretreatment. It appears that beta-End does not stimulate PRL by way of an S2 receptor. Although beta-End induced a significant increase in PRL on day 16 of pregnancy, the response was attenuated by more than 60% compared to the response on day 8 of pregnancy. This attenuation may involve placental lactogens, shown to be secreted during this time and to inhibit PRL secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
GM-CSF expression in the lung during Pneumocystis pneumonia.

GRANULOCYTE macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important growth factor that promotes proliferation and maturation of macrophages and monocytes (Shibata et al. 2001). Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor also mediates cytokine production (Kremlev et al. 1998), stimulates expression of FcgR1 receptors and actin polymerization to increase phagocyte function (Berclaz et al. 2002), inhibits neutrophil apoptosis (Kobayashi et al. 2005), and enhances clearance of surfactant protein by alveolar macrophages in the lung (Ikegami et al. 1996). Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor present in the alveolar spaces of the lung is produced by alveolar macrophages, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. The expression level of GM-CSF in some cell types is controlled by the ubiquitous calcium binding protein calmodulin through calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Liu and Grundstrom 2002). In Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), there is a reduction in alveolar macrophage-mediated phagocytosis (Lasbury et al. 2003), a build-up of surfactant protein A (Atochina et al. 2001; Phelps and Rose 1991), and a loss of alveolar macrophages by increased apoptosis (Lasbury et al. 2006). The present study sought to measure the levels of GM-CSF in alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from rats with PcP. We also examined the role of calmodulin in controlling GM-CSF expression in alveolar macrophages.
THE PRIVATE PEDIATRICIAN AND NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE

Reorganisation of perinatal medicine and increasing neonatal fellowship programs have decreased the role of the general pediatrician in the care of the sick newborn. The majority of deliveries still occur in community hospitals and the transfer of infants to regional centers increases morbidity and places a burden on family visitation. The pediatrician who cares for the sick neonate has become an “endangered species”. Six pediatricians are working in a recently established “private neonatal ICU”. Ancillary services were trained and pediatric sub-specialists were added to the medical staffing. From Nov. 1972 - Nov. 1976, 835 infants were admitted to the ICU. 453 were inborn and 382 were transferred from other institutions. The neonatal mortality rate was aa fellows: 1973 - 8.5; 1974 - 7.8; 1975 - 4.0; 1976 - 5.8. The pediatricians were able to maintain full practice and staff the ICU. Community support for the unit was overwhelming and included donations, educational tours and volunteer services. This experience demonstrates that the pediatrician can continue to care for acutely ill neonates and if interested can develop and maintain neonatal intensive cere center.
Probing turbulence via large eddy simulation

Two examples of the application of a large-eddy simulation data base to the study of organized structures in fully developed turbulent channel flow are presented. In the first study, it is shown that the flow contains an appreciable number of hairpin vortices among other flow structures. In the second study, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and Lumley's characteristic eddy decomposition were used to extract deterministic structures from the flow. It is shown that the extracted eddies are energetic, make a significant contribution to turbulence production, and display some of the features of the organized motions observed in turbulent boundary layers.
Characterization of aluminum foam–polypropylene interpenetrating phase composites: Flexural test results

A type of interpenetrating phase composites was formed by impregnating 90%-porous open-cell aluminum foam with polypropylene through an injection molding process. Three aluminum foams were used having three distinct linear pore densities: 10, 20 and 40 pores per inch (ppi) or roughly 4, 8 and 16 pores per cm. Samples taken from these composites were tested for flexural strength and stiffness based on ASTM D790-03. Flexural modulus and strength of the composite are compared to those of unreinforced polypropylene. The results showed, in general, the combination of the polymer and metal foams to be stiffer than either of the two individual components. The stiffness of the composites was found to increase with decreasing pore size. The smaller pore size allowed more cells to exist across the thickness of the specimen, and thus increased the bending stiffness of the composite.
Density- and wavefunction-normalized Cartesian spherical harmonics for l ≤ 20

The widely used pseudoatom formalism [Stewart (1976). Acta Cryst. A32, 565–574; Hansen & Coppens (1978). Acta Cryst. A34, 909–921] in experimental X-ray charge-density studies makes use of real spherical harmonics when describing the angular component of aspherical deformations of the atomic electron density in molecules and crystals. The analytical form of the density-normalized Cartesian spherical harmonic functions for up to l ≤ 7 and the corresponding normalization coefficients were reported previously by Paturle & Coppens [Acta Cryst. (1988), A44, 6–7]. It was shown that the analytical form for normalization coefficients is available primarily for l ≤ 4 [Hansen & Coppens, 1978; Paturle & Coppens, 1988; Coppens (1992). International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. B, Reciprocal space, 1st ed., edited by U. Shmueli, ch. 1.2. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; Coppens (1997). X-ray Charge Densities and Chemical Bonding. New York: Oxford University Press]. Only in very special cases it is possible to derive an analytical representation of the normalization coefficients for 4 4 the density normalization coefficients were calculated numerically to within seven significant figures. In this study we review the literature on the density-normalized spherical harmonics, clarify the existing notations, use the Paturle–Coppens (Paturle & Coppens, 1988) method in the Wolfram Mathematica software to derive the Cartesian spherical harmonics for l ≤ 20 and determine the density normalization coefficients to 35 significant figures, and computer-generate a Fortran90 code. The article primarily targets researchers who work in the field of experimental X-ray electron density, but may be of some use to all who are interested in Cartesian spherical harmonics.
Substrate preferences of the heart mitochondria of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. Tightly coupled mitochondria were isolated from the longitudinal hearts of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab. 2. 2. Succinate and α-ketoglutarate were oxidized at the highest rate while active malate and fumarate utilization was only observed in the presence of small amounts of pyruvate. 3. 3. The mitochondria showed a relatively high respiratory activity with pyruvate and proline. 4. 4. Palmityol-1-carnitine was a poor substrate. 5. 5. The respiratory data, coupled with the enzyme profile on crude extracts of the hearts, are indicative of a carbohydrate-based metabolism.
Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to demonstrate squamous epithelial aspiration in congenital icthyosis: a case report.

Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Demonstrate Squamous Epithelial Aspiration in Congenital Icthyosis: A Case Report
Aminocaproic acid decreases the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and other hemorrhagic complications of ECMO

Since the inception of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), hemorrhage has been a major complication often limiting its usefulness. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of aminocaproic acid (AMICAR), an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, on all hemorrhagic complications of ECMO including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In 1990, 49 neonates and 5 older children received ECMO therapy. None of these patients received AMICAR. In 1991, 51 neonates and 5 older children received ECMO. Forty-two of these patients who were considered to be at high risk for bleeding complications (preexisting or anticipated surgical procedures, preexisting ICH, or profound hypoxia, acidosis, coagulopathy, or prematurity) were given AMICAR. The remaining 14 low-risk neonates did not receive AMICAR, and for purposes of analysis were combined with the 1990 group. AMICAR was administered just prior to or after cannulation (100 mg/kg, intravenously) and was infused continuously at 30 mg/kg/h until decannulation. Except for the addition of AMICAR, the ECMO protocol was identical for these two patient groups. Patients who received AMICAR had significantly less bleeding while on ECMO (P = .03) and required fewer blood transfusions (P = .01) than patients not receiving AMICAR. This difference was most significant in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia and cardiac subgroups (P = .0001) and was not significant in the meconium aspiration subgroup (P = .1). The incidence of ICH in the neonatal subgroup was also significantly reduced with no patient on AMICAR developing a new or extending a preexisting ICH (P = .007). Reexploration of the cannulation site for bleeding was also reduced in the AMICAR-treated group but the difference failed to reach statistical significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)