cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of artificial length scales in large eddy simulation of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow: A simple solution to log-layer mismatch

A large eddy simulation (LES) methodology coupled with near-wall modeling has been implemented in the current study for high Re neutral atmospheric boundary layer flows using an exponentially accurate spectral element method in an open-source research code Nek5000. The effect of artificial length scales due to subgrid scale (SGS) and near wall modeling (NWM) on the scaling laws and structure of the inner and outer layer eddies is studied using varying SGS and NWM parameters in the spectral element framework. The study provides an understanding of the various length scales and dynamics of the eddies affected by the LES model and also the fundamental physics behind the inner and outer layer eddies which are responsible for the correct behavior of the mean statistics in accordance with the definition of equilibrium layers by Townsend. An economical and accurate LES model based on capturing the near wall coherent eddies has been designed, which is successful in eliminating the artificial length scale effects ...
Evaluating Ecosystem-Based Reference Points for Atlantic Menhaden

AbstractImplementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) for forage fish requires methods to evaluate tradeoffs associated with competing management objectives that focus on supporting fishery yields or providing food for predators. We developed an Ecopath with Ecosim ecosystem model of the U.S. Northwest Atlantic continental shelf (NWACS) for the period 1982–2013 to inform an EAFM for Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. The model (with 61 trophic groups and 8 fishing fleets) was parameterized and fitted to time series using data from stock assessments, surveys, and literature. Fifty-year simulations evaluated how Atlantic Menhaden fishing mortality rates (F) influenced different ecosystem indicators, including population biomasses, fishery yields, prey-to-predator ratios, and the proportion of trophic groups that were positively or negatively affected. We quantified tradeoffs associated with a range of alternative ecosystem-based reference points for Atlantic Menhaden F and bioma...
Fighting through the darkness.

During the fourth year of my Ph.D. program, I found myself walking through the door of my university's counseling center, seeking help for a dangerously strong urge to commit suicide. With the help of the compassionate people in that office, I pulled through the immediate crisis. Long-term
Issues in Neurodevelopmental Testing of Infants Born Prematurely: The Bayley Scales of Infant Development Third Edition and Other Tools

Neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and toddlers consists of administration of specific tasks, observation of behavior, and use of caregiver report. It is best done in a serial fashion. Issues that affect neurodevelopmental assessment include secular changes where mean scores increase over time, the need to balance thoroughness of evaluation with pragmatic issues such as length of the test, and what functions can be assessed at specific ages. Prediction is often a long-term goal, but it is difficult due to the tests used, the infant’s current level of function, and the effects of protective or risk environmental factors. There are various levels of follow-up available for infants born prematurely, ranging from mailings/phone interviews to full assessment by a multidisciplinary team. The Bayley Scales have been the reference standard and have undergone several revisions, the latest being the Bayley-III. There is concern that Bayley-III scores are inflated. Numerous attempts at making these scores more comparable to earlier Bayley-II have been minimally successful. The best solutions available for the Bayley-III are to use a control group who receive the same test and use different categorical cutoffs to indicate severity of developmental delays. Other issues that are discussed include correction for prematurity, the relationship between ASD and prematurity, and how best to define neurodevelopmental impairment.
Exploiting measurement subspaces for wideband electromagnetic induction processing

Recent work with Wideband Electromagnetic Induction (WEMI) sensors has shown that a low-rank model can be used to exploit the measurements. The low-rank model has led to a new filterless processing framework for frequency-domain WEMI sensors, where projection operators can be used in both the frequency and spatial dimensions of the data. Previous work has used a single subspace from the projected measurements to perform target detection, classification, and localization. This work investigates the eight remaining measurement subspaces created by the projection operators and how they can be exploited to extract more information for WEMI processing.
Remember My Chains: New Testament Perspectives on Incarceration

Understanding the physical realities and social attitudes concerning incarceration in the ancient world provides a fuller context to the New Testament’s unadorned and ambiguous references to people...
Synthesis, Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Hydrothermally Prepared Ferroelectric BaTiO3 Thin Films

Thin films of polycrystalline, tetragonal BaTiO3 on oxidized Ti metal substrates were synthesized at 240°C under hydrothermal conditions. Microstructure and electrical properties of the films generated over a four week period of synthesis formed the focus of this study. The films displayed a smooth and shiny surface with a relatively dense structure and no observable cracks. Film thickness reached 0.5 μm after two weeks of synthesis and thereafter remained constant. Diameters of the grains on the film surface were in the range of 1∼2 μm. It is proposed that initial formation of the BaTiO3 film occurs by reaction of Ba2+ with solubilized titanium oxide on the Ti metal surface followed at later stages by an in-situ growth via reaction of TiOx with Ba2+ diffusing through the BaTiO3 film. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the BaTiO3 films are tetragonal, and the films exhibited typical ferroelectric hysteresis loops at room temperature. However, no evidence of the dielectric anomaly (Curie transition) between 30 and 200°C was observed. Dielectric constant of the films at 1 kHz at room temperature was between 400–500. Both dielectric constant and tanδ exhibited low dispersion as a function of frequency at temperatures below 150°C, and the dispersion increased with temperature.
The regulator problem for parabolic equations with dirichlet boundary control

This paper considers the regulator problem for a parabolic equation (generally unstable), defined on an open, bounded domain Ω, with control functionu acting in the Dirichlet boundary condition: minimize the quadratic functional which penalizes theL 2(0, ∞; L2(Ω))-norm of the solutiony and theL 2(0, ∞; L2(Γ))-norm of the Dirichlet controlu. The paper is divided in two parts. Part I derives, in a constructive way, the algebraic Riccati equation satisfied by the candidate Riccati operator solution (unique in our case) and, moreover, studies the regularity properties of the optimal pairu 0, y0. Part II studies a Galerkin approximation of the regulator problem. It shows first the uniform analyticity and the uniform exponential stability of the underlying discrete (approximating) semigroups. Then it establishes the desired convergence properties, in particular, pointwise Riccati operators convergence and, as a final goal, convergence of the original dynamics acted upon by the discrete feedbacks.
1 H FT NMR STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF ACETANILIDE AND IMIDAZOLE ON THE SOLVATION SPHERE OF THE HEME IRON ATOM IN CYTOCHROMES P-450LM 2 , P-450LM 4 , AND b 5

1H FT NMR longitudinal relaxation time measurements were used to characterize the solvation sphere about the heme iron of cytochromes P-450LM2, P-450LM4, and b5. P-450LM2 and LM4 produced a 15% decrease in the T1 of the solvent HDO, while b5 gave no change. Imidazole increased the HDO T1 by 15% when added to solutions of P-450LM2 or LM4 and had no effect in the presence of b5. Acetanilide had no effect on the HDO T1 in the presence of these three hemeproteins. The T1 values of the H(2) and H(4,5) imidazole protons decreased equivalently with both P-450LM2 and LM4, but virtually no change was observed with b5. These results suggest that imidazole, in binding to the heme iron of P-450LM2 or LM4, may reduce the size of the solvation sphere and/or limit solvent accessibility.
Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept since 1840

This book provides a comprehensive history of the emergence and the formation of the concept of sovereignty in China from the year 1840 to the present. It contributes to broadening the history of modern China by looking at the way the notion of sovereignty was gradually articulated by key Chinese intellectuals, diplomats and political figures in the unfolding of the history of international law in China, rehabilitates Chinese agency, and shows how China challenged Western Eurocentric assumptions about the progress of international law. It puts the history of international law in a global perspective, interrogating the widely-held belief of international law as universal order and exploring the ways in which its history is closely anchored to a European experience that fails to take into account how the encounter with other non-European realities has influenced its formation.
Proteoglycan removal by chondroitinase ABC improves injectable collagen gel adhesion to annulus fibrosus.

Abstract Intervertebral disc (IVD) herniations are currently treated with interventions that leave the IVD with persistent lesions prone to further herniations. Annulus fibrosus (AF) repair has become of interest as a method to seal defects in the IVD and prevent reherniation, but this requires strong adhesion of the implanted biomaterial to the native AF tissue. Our group has previously developed a high-density collagen (HDC) gel for AF repair and tested its efficacy in vivo, but its adhesion to the AF could be improved. Increased cell adhesion to cartilage has previously been reported through chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) digestion, which removes proteoglycans and increases access to cell binding motifs. Such approaches could also increase biomaterial adhesion to tissue, but the effects of ChABC digestion on AF have yet to be investigated. In this study, ovine AF tissue was digested with either 10 U/mL ChABC or saline for up to 10 min and the effect of this treatment on collagen adhesion between AF tissue samples was investigated by histology and mechanical testing in a lap-shear configuration. ChABC digestion removed proteoglycans within the AF in a time-dependent fashion and enhanced adhesion of the HDC gel to the AF. ChABC digestion increased the elastic toughness and total shear energy of the HDC gel-AF interface by 88% and 46% respectively. ChABC treatment enhanced the adhesion of the HDC gel to the AF without significantly decreasing native AF cell viability. Thus, ChABC digestion is a viable method to improve adhesion of biomaterials for AF repair. Statement of Significance Intervertebral disc herniations are currently treated with interventions that leave persistent lesions in the annulus fibrosus that are prone to further herniations. Annular repair is a promising method to seal lesions and prevent reherniation, but requires strong adhesion of the implanted biomaterial to native annulus fibrosus. Since large proteoglycans like aggrecan occupy regions of the extracellular matrix between collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus, we hypothesized that removing proteoglycans via chondroitinase digestion would increase the adhesion of annular repair hydrogels. This investigation demonstrated that chondroitinase removed proteoglycans within annulus fibrosus tissue, enhanced the interaction of an injected collagen gel with the native tissue, and mechanically improved adhesion between the collagen gel and annulus fibrosus. This is the first study of its kind to evaluate the biochemical and mechanical effects of short-term chondroitinase digestion on annulus fibrosus tissue.
Invited editorial on "Fast and slow components of cerebral blood flow response to step decreases in end-tidal PCO2 in humans".

the cited study by Poulin et al. ([10][1]) focuses on modeling dynamic cerebral vascular system responses to abrupt changes in its own environment. For the arterial blood P <mml:msub
Systems Biology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Methods:First, to gain understanding of the steps involved in the retinoid cycle, proteins from murine, bovine, and zebrafish were used to investigate the proteomics of the visual cycle. We then defined more natural and accurate protein-protein interactions that incorporate more global properties of the network in AMD by the use of new bioinformatics algorithms. Differential 2Dgel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry are used to identify additional target proteins of AMD focusing on 11-cis-retinoid binding proteins, angiogenic factors and neuroprotecting factors. Mapping of proteome and their post-translational modifications were conducted physically and quantitatively to identify spatial and temporal network of signal transduction in AMD.
Feasibility and Performance of a Gel-Adhesive Pad System for Pediatric Targeted Temperature Management: An Exploratory Analysis of 19 Pediatric Critically Ill Patients

Targeted temperature management (TTM) is an important treatment modality in pediatric neurocritical care. There are different types of devices available to deliver this therapy, but limited pediatr...
Synthesis of azetidines by aza Paternò–Büchi reactions

The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction between an imine and an alkene component, the aza Paterno-Buchi reaction, is one of the most efficient ways to synthesize functionalized azetidines. However, the application of the aza Paterno-Buchi reaction has been met with limited success due to the inherent challenges associated with this approach. This review covers the current scope and limitations of reported examples of aza Paterno-Buchi reactions in organic synthesis. An outlook is provided, which highlights recent improvements and the discovery of new reaction protocols that have overcome some long-standing challenges within this field of research.
A Compact 14 GS/s 8-Bit Switched-Capacitor DAC in 16 nm FinFET CMOS

This paper presents a compact DAC for digital-intensive transmitter architectures. To minimize area and to leverage the strengths of FinFET CMOS, the implementation departs from the traditional current steering approach and consists mainly of inverters and sub-femtofarad switched capacitors. The 14 GS/s 8-bit design occupies only 0.011 mm2 and supports up to 0.32 V pp signal swing across its differential 100 Ω load. It achieves IM3 < −45.3 dBc across the first Nyquist zone while consuming 50 mW from a single 0.8 V supply.
Confessing in Old English: The Life of Saint Mary of Egypt and the problem with penance

This essay theorizes early medieval confessional practices by exploring some of their risks, with particular attention to the Old English Life of Saint Mary of Egypt and the instructional note for a confessor, which begins ‘Man mot hine gebiddan swa swa he maeg ond can’ [‘One may pray just as he is able and knows how to’].
IL-6 Trans-Signaling and Tumor-Muscle-Adipose Crosstalk Mediate Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia

Most patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer unintentional weight loss, or cachexia. Interleukin-6 causes cachexia in mice and associates with mortality in PDAC. Here we show that tumor cell-derived IL-6 mediates crosstalk between tumor and peripheral tissues to promote cachexia. Tumor-cell IL-6 elicits expression of IL-6 in fat and IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL6R) in muscle, concomitantly raising both in blood. Inflammation-induced adipose lipolysis elevates circulating fatty acids, which cooperate with IL-6 to induce skeletal muscle dysmetabolism and wasting. Thus, PDAC induces crosstalk among tumor, fat and muscle via a feed-forward, IL-6 signaling loop. Tumor talks to muscle and fat through IL-6, and muscle to fat via IL6R trans-signaling, and fat to muscle through lipids and fatty acids. Disruption of this crosstalk by depletion of tumor-derived IL-6 halved fat wasting and abolished muscle loss, supporting IL-6, IL-6R and lipids as causal nodes for tissue crosstalk in PDAC cachexia. SignificancePDAC-associated cachexia significantly increases patient morbidity and mortality. This study identifies muscle and fat crosstalk via IL6R trans-signaling in concert with muscle steatosis as a main driver of PDAC-associated cachexia.
How to Build It So They'll Come: Faculty Opinion on Faculty Development.

Background Residents report low satisfaction with faculty evaluation and feedback. To improve skills, successful faculty development interventions must be accessible and acceptable. Methods A faculty development survey was admin- istered to 145 specialty and non-specialty Internal Medicine faculty at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. Analyses assessed demographics, opinion regarding evaluation and feedback and interest in faculty development. Results Only 70% of faculty were satisfied with their evaluation ability and only 59% were satisfied with their feedback skills. Despite this, 32% had limited interest in faculty development. Non-specialty faculty were more interested than subspecialty faculty, p-value=0.02. Faculty preferred short electronic audio slideshows and 38% reported participation barriers. Conclusions Although faculty report evaluation and feedback are important skills, not all were satisfied with their abilities. Subspecialty faculty were less interested than non-specialty in faculty development. Our findings suggest that more effective ways to engage faculty in the process of faculty development are needed.
Methods: How We Invent and Research

“[O]ur writing tools are also working on our thoughts” summarizes Friedrich Nietzsche’s experience using one of the early typewriters: a Malling‐Hansen Writing Ball. His experience speaks directly ...
Antigen sensing via nanobody-coated transistors.

Organic electrochemical transistors functionalized with antigen-specific nanobodies can rapidly and specifically detect antigens at attomolar-to-nanomolar levels in bodily fluids.
Cognitive Effects of Hormone Therapy Continuation or Discontinuation in a Sample of Women at Risk for Alzheimer Disease

Objective Use of estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) as a protection from cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease (AD) is controversial, although cumulative data support HT use when initiated close to menopause onset with estrogen formulations containing 17β-estradiol preferable to conjugated equine estrogen formulations. Little is known regarding specific populations of women who may derive benefit from HT. Methods Women with heightened risk for AD (aged 49–69), all of whom were taking HT for at least 1 year and most of whom initiated HT close to menopause onset, underwent cognitive assessment followed by randomization to continue or discontinue HT. Assessments were repeated at 2 years after randomization. Results Women who continued HT performed better on cognitive domains composed of measures of verbal memory and combined attention, working memory, and processing speed measures. Women who used 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogen, whether randomized to continue or discontinue HT, showed better verbal memory performance at the 2-year follow-up assessment. An interaction was also found with HT randomization and family history of AD in a first-degree relative. All female offspring of patients with AD declined in verbal memory; however, women who continued HT declined less than women who discontinued HT. Women without a first-degree relative with AD showed verbal memory improvement (likely because of practice effects) with continuance and declined with discontinuance of HT. Conclusion Continuation of HT use appears to protect cognition in women with heightened risk for AD when initiated close to menopause onset.
Biotin deficiency in mink fed spray-dried eggs

Young standard dark mink developed classical symptoms of biotin deficiency, including underfur-greying, "spectacle eye," loss of fur, exudates from eyes, nose and mouth and encrustation of paws, when fed a diet containing 10% commercially produced, denatured spray-dried eggs. Comparable animals fed 5% spray-dried eggs did not show these symptoms; however, their pelts tended to be browner (i.e., lighter colored), than those of control animals. The feeding period during which these symptoms developed covered about 4 1/2 months: August 1 to December 13. Supplemental biotin (1.34 and .45 mg d-biotin per kilogram dry feed) prevented deficiency symptoms in mink fed 10% spray-dried egg of 20% fresh frozen whole chicken eggs, respectively. Eye exudates were most severe in October, when the combined stress of body and fur growth was greatest, then showed a partial remission as peak growth of body tissue and fur was passed. It was concluded that spray-dried eggs are insufficiently heat-treated to render their avidin content inactive; thus they should be appropriately supplemented with biotin for use in mink diets.
FLOW RESISTANCE FROM CYLINDRICAL ROUGHNESS

THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE OF THE HEIGHTS OF WIRES SIMULATING CROP STEMS IS FOUND TO BE A GOOD MEASURE FOR QUANTIFYING ROUGHNESS OF A CYLINDRICAL TYPE. AN EXPRESSION IS DERIVED FOR THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE IN TERMS OF THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELEMENTS. THE PRANDTL-VON KARMAN UNIVERSAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION EQUATION FOR TURBULENT FLOW OVER A ROUGH SURFACE WAS ADOPTED IN THE FORM PRESENTED BY SAYRE AND ALBERTSON. A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESISTANCE PARAMETER, IN THIS LATTER EQUATION, AND THE DERIVED ROOT MEAN SQUARE WAS OBTAINED AND SUBSTANTIATED WITH DATA OBTAINED FROM EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED BY WESSELS, STRELKOFF AND FENZL. THE RELATIONSHIP IS OF A POWER-TYPE FUNCTION AND HOLDS GOOD FOR VALUES OF THE RESISTANCE PARAMETER GREATER THAN 0.0015 FT (0.0005M). THE COMPOSITE RESISTANCE OF THE SOIL AND VEGETATIVE ROUGHNESS IN THE FIELD WAS INVESTIGATED. THE PERCENTAGE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOIL TO THE TOTAL RESISTANCE FOLLOWS AN ASYMPTOTIC DECAY CURVE WITH INCREASING FLOW DEPTH. /ASCE/
Domino-effect free crash recovery for concurrent failures in cluster federation

In this paper, we have addressed the complex problem of recovery for concurrent failures in cluster computing environment. We have proposed a new approach in which we have dealt with both inter cluster orphan and lost messages unlike the existing works. The proposed recovery approach is free from the domino-effect and hence guarantees the least amount of recomputation after recovery. Besides, a process needs to save only its recent local checkpoint, which is also the case for a cluster. So number of trips to stable storage per process is always one during recovery. The proposed common check pointing interval is such that it enables a process to log the minimum number of messages it has sent. These features make our approach superior to the existing works.
Subspace based detection in MC-CDMA over dispersive channel

A new blind MMSE detection for multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) over intersymbol interference (ISI) channels is proposed. The presence of virtual carriers is exploited to give a subspace based blind channel estimator followed by a linear MMSE equalizer. The proposed detector is attractive for its higher spectral efficiency, which is achieved by the elimination of cyclic prefix and training sequences. The complexity of the full dimension subspace detection can be reduced at the cost of some performance degradation. Representative results are provided to show the performance-complexity tradeoffs.
A taxonomy of web site traversal patterns and structures

As electronic commerce grows rapidly and web sites proliferate, the issue of web site design becomes increasingly important. An important aspect of web site design is the set of choices for traversing from one web site page to another and the ramifications that these choices have for establishing the overall flow patterns throughout the web site. This study establishes, for the first time, a taxonomy of web site traversal patterns and structures, which will allow the organized study of the navigational aspects of web site design. It also points out the ramifications of key structures. Finally, it describes how the use of traversal patterns and structures can achieve web sites that range from loose to tight control of the end-users’ experience in visiting the web site.
Accuracy and Reliability of Nutrient Intake Estimates

A common problem in nutrition assessment is determining the number of days of food intake information required to obtain accurate estimates of nutrient intakes. A standard definition of accuracy is needed for clinical practice and nutrition research. Any measure of accuracy should have two properties: 1) accuracy should improve as the number of observations increases and 2) the number of observations needed to achieve a given degree of accuracy should be unaffected by changes in the scale of measurement. Two approaches to defining accuracy are presented, one based on a proportion of the mean and the other using a proportion of the standard deviation (SD). The concept of reliability of measurement is introduced along with equations and tables that can be used in determining the number of repeated food records needed for a particular purpose. Defining accuracy in terms of the variability and reliability shows that increasing the number of days of a food record has a quickly diminishing return. For most purposes, 3-14 d of food diary records per subject will prove adequate.
Midlife Eating Disorders: Your Journey to Recovery, by Cynthia Bulik

The title of Cynthia Bulik's new book, Midlife Eating Disorders: Your Journey to Recovery, suggests it is a self-help guide for those seeking recovery. It certainly is that; but it is much, much mo...
A SRAM cell array with adaptive leakage reduction scheme for data retention in 28nm high-k metal-gate CMOS

1Mbit SRAM macro with adaptive leakage current reduction scheme is implemented in 28nm high-k metal gate CMOS technology. A current limiter that limits cell array leakage current at various process-voltage-temperature (PVT) corners is included in the proposed scheme. The leakage current is reduced by more than 60% at fast process corners by increasing virtual ground voltage (Vvgnd) while maintaining sufficient data retention margin. At low VDD or slow process corners, Vvgnd is lowered to maintain the data integrity in the bitcell.
Auricular flutter associated with bizarre QRST complexes

Abstract We have called attention to the difficulty of diagnosing auricular flutter in the presence of wide or atypical QRST complexes. In such cases the flutter may be mistaken for ventricular tachycardia. For proper therapy this differentiation is important.
Human Embryology Resources

The Interactive Web column reviews freely available Internet resources that are interactive in some form and/or provide helpful videos and animations. The websites are used for assignments, lectures, and self-study purposes and are available for viewing within the Program Resources section of the Dr. Lon and Elizabeth Parr Reed Health Sciences Library (Reed Health Sciences Library) website at http://library.lmunet.edu/medlib. 1 Each of the favorite websites of users is labeled as a Top Pick. Lisa will be creating a new website for the interactive Internet resources over the next few months. This issue will highlight human embryology resources.
The intrauterine contraceptive device: An acceptable alternative to sterilization in young women

The recent US Collaborative Review of Sterilization (CREST) study documented a 10-year cumulative life-table probability of sterilization failure of 18.5 per 1000 procedures. The pregnancy risk was significantly greater among sterilized women 18-33 years of age--the group most likely to also experience post-sterilization regret--than their older counterparts. These findings suggest that use of a reversible method of contraception such as the Copper T 380A IUD may be a more appropriate option than sterilization for younger women who wish to avoid pregnancy. The Copper T 380A has been shown to have a protective effect against ectopic pregnancy while one-third of pregnancies associated with sterilization failure are ectopic. Finally the IUD is a cost-effective alternative to sterilization. 5 years of Copper T IUD use saves an estimated US$14000 while tubal ligation saves approximately $12000 compared to no contraception.
Socioeconomic background modulates cognition-achievement relationships in reading

Multiple factors contribute to individual differences in reading ability. The two most thoroughly examined are socioeconomic status (SES) and phonological awareness (PA). Although these factors are often investigated individually, they are rarely considered together. Here we propose that SES systematically influences the relationship between PA and reading ability, and test this prediction in 150 first-graders of varying SES and PA. Results confirm a multiplicative relationship between SES and PA in decoding skills, such that decreased access to resources may amplify cognitive risk factors for poor decoding, whereas greater access to resources may buffer reading skills among children with weaker PA. Attempts to identify the cognitive and experiential factors driving development must acknowledge the complex, synergizing relations between these factors.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Treat Neurologic Disease

Within the last 10 years the development of tools used to manipulate DNA have shown promise in the generation of a new form of therapeutic intervention known as gene therapy. Gene therapy involves the introduction of genetic material into cells to replace or supplement defective genes or to induce the expression of a novel gene to help alleviate a disease. These manipulations can be done in cells either outside the body and transplanted back in (ex vivo gene therapy) or directly within a specific target organ (in vivo gene therapy). To target and transfer DNA or RNA to cells a variety of techniques have been developed, including the use of replication-defective viruses, lipid bilayers that encapsulate DNA (liposomes), and DNA-coated gold particles that are ballistically shot into cells (gene gun). Most of these topics will be discussed in articles to follow in this series.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by sepsis.

A Clinical Pathology Conference held by the Department of Rheumatology at Hospital for Special Surgery
Topical therapy with 5-Fluorouracil.

Actinic keratoses are unsightly and may be precancerous. Solitary or localized lesions respond adequately to many forms of treatment. However, widespread multiple actinic keratoses can best be treated with topical 5-fluorouracil. The exact mode of action is not known, but we can presume it is related to the clearly established effect of this drug upon RNA and DNA synthesis. This treatment is almost ideal, since it usually destroys the keratoses selectively, without significant alteration in normal skin. A 1 or 2 percent solution is made by diluting the 10 ml ampule with propylene glycol. This liquid is applied two times daily to the involved areas for a 2–4 week period. Lesions on the face and neck respond more quickly than those of the hands and arms. A brisk, painful, inflammatory reaction at the site of the keratoses is anticipated and used as an indicator of the end point of treatment. Once treatment is discontinued, the erythema usually subsides in 2 weeks and the skin becomes smooth and free of keratoses. Not all keratoses respond, and untoward reactions such as phototoxicity, irritation of the mucous membranes, contact sensitivity, and alteration of pigmentation can occur. Although resolution of the keratoses persists for years, should they return reapplication is usually effective again.
EFFECTS OF CONTACT MODES ON WEAR OF RAILROAD

In this study the wear behavior of rail road steel under rolling with sliding and pure sliding conditions was investigated. Experiments were conducted using a modified linear reciprocating tribometer. Friction and wear were estimated against different conditions. Surface characterization techniques include a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with attached energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for wear and tribochemical wear studies. It was found that rolling with sliding provided higher friction and wear than pure sliding. The addition of crystalline hydrated sodium borate (Na2 B4 O7 -10H2 O) increased friction in both contact conditions, while there was a significant decrease in the wear volume. This research proposes new friction and wear mechanisms.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Concept of Social Status

(1942). The Concept of Social Status. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 293-308.
Light management for conjugated polymer-based photovoltaics

Three case studies that demonstrate the effective application of plasmonic nanoparticles for light harvesting in thin film organic conjugated polymer active absorber layers and tandem conjugated polymer/silicon films are reviewed. First, template deposition of Au nanoparticles directly on top of ultra-thin (≤ 50 nm) poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, films on planar Ag enables gap nanoantenna modes to occur in the P3HT film which increase and broaden the P3HT absorption band. Secondly, the application of nanostructured plasmonic electrodes for bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices is shown to promote light trapping and increased red-edge photocurrent. Finally, our recent study whereby Ag nanoparticle arrays are placed at a P3HT/Si interface is summarized. This configuration can increase light trapping by scattering in both P3HT and Si over complementary wavelength ranges.
Some Effects of Feeding Various Filled Milks to Dairy Calves. IV. Necropsy Findings, Electrocardiographic Studies, and Creatinuria Ratios

Summary Gross and microscopic lesions were demonstrated in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of calves fed corn oil or lard filled milk. Such lesions were also found in animals receiving a similar ration containing butter oil, which had been prepared from oxidized butter. Both oral and intramuscular supplementation of the corn oil and lard filled milk diets with high levels of tocopherol prevented the development of muscular involvement during the course of the experiment. No evidence of muscular involvement was encountered in calves fed a low-fat, tocopherol-poor ration for periods as long as 5.6 mo. The influence of certain fats in the diet on the production of so-called vitamin E deficiency lesions in cattle is discussed. The microscopic lesions in cardiac and skeletal muscles are characterized in detail. In general, these lesions were typical of those described previously as occurring in white muscle disease or nutritional muscular dystrophy. Necrospy findings, other than muscular lesions, are also presented. Marked changes occurred in the electrocardiographic pattern of subjects in the corn oil filled milk group. The factor(s) responsible for these gross alterations could not be ascertained from the available data. The determination of creatinuria ratios did not provide a means of following the development of muscular involvement in calves.
Models as web services using the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Processing Service (WPS) standard

Environmental modeling often requires the use of multiple data sources, models, and analysis routines coupled into a workflow to answer a research question. Coupling these computational resources can be accomplished using various tools, each requiring the developer to follow a specific protocol to ensure that components are linkable. Despite these coupling tools, it is not always straight forward to create a modeling workflow due to platform dependencies, computer architecture requirements, and programming language incompatibilities. A service-oriented approach that enables individual models to operate and interact with others using web services is one method for overcoming these challenges. This work advances the idea of service-oriented modeling by presenting a design for a modeling service that builds from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Processing Service (WPS) protocol. We demonstrate how the WPS protocol can be used to create modeling services, and then demonstrate how these modeling services can be brought into workflow environments using generic client-side code. We implemented this approach within the HydroModeler environment, a model coupling tool built on the Open Modeling Interface standard (version 1.4), and show how a hydrology model can be hosted as a WPS web service and used within a client-side workflow. The primary advantage of this approach is that the server-side software follows an established standard that can be leveraged and reused within multiple workflow environments and decision support systems.
Mapping the nebular condensates and the chemical composition of the terrestrial planets

Abstract We demonstrate that the condensation theory of planet formation yields solids of suitable compositions in the solar nebula that accrete to form the terrestrial planetary bodies. The mineral chemistry of the condensed objects provides definite criteria to establish the pressure and temperature of their formation. The solids condensing at a high nebular pressure of 0.01 to 0.001 bar and temperature of ∼ 1530 K had the best chemical composition and density to form Mercury (64 wt% iron and 36 wt% oxides, density ∼ 5.32 g cm 3 ). Solids that condensed around a pressure of 0.0001 bar or less and a temperature of ∼ 700 K formed Earth and Venus (31 wt% iron, Ni and S and 69 wt% oxides, density ∼ 4 g cm 3 ), and Mars (33.6 wt% Fe and S and 66.4 wt% oxides, density ∼ 3.7 g cm 3 ). Iron sulfide provided S (3 wt%) for the core. Hydrous minerals forming in the lower temperature region provided water to the mantle. These results are highly significant because we have used only the chemical composition of the solar nebula, thermochemistry and astrophysical data on densities of the planets.
Whither social studies? In pockets of peace at school

Although it is marginalized by less instructional time and emphasis, teachers can find spaces for social studies with a peace emphasis across the curriculum, school day and campus. Developing students' capabilities for peace through broad-based social education includes behavioral, cognitive, spiritual and attitudinal components. Social education for peace occurs through a vision of a peaceful context, a commitment to consistently work towards accomplishing it and use of peace skills. Suggestions for integrating peace-oriented social studies across the curriculum and school activities for children are provided here.
Chronic nicotine improves working and reference memory performance and reduces hippocampal NGF in aged female rats.

The cholinergic system is involved in cognition and several forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, and nicotine administration has been shown to improve cognitive performance in both humans and rodents. While experiments with humans have shown that nicotine improves the ability to handle an increasing working memory load, little work has been done in animal models evaluating nicotine effects on performance as working memory load increases. In this report, we demonstrate that in aged rats nicotine improved the ability to handle an increasing working memory load as well as enhanced performance on the reference memory component of the water radial arm maze task. The dose required to exert these effects (0.3 mg/kg/day) was much lower than doses shown to be effective in young rats and appears to be a lower maintenance dose than is seen in light to moderate smokers. In addition, our study reports a nicotine-induced reduction in nerve growth factor (NGF) protein levels in the hippocampus of the aged rat. The effects of nicotine on hippocampal NGF levels are discussed as a potential mechanism of nicotine-induced improvements in working and reference memory.
Tris(acetonitrile)tricarbonylchromium(0) catalyzed 1,4-addition of hydrogen to 1,3-dienes

Abstract The Cr(CO) 3 (CH 3 CN) 3 complex is found to catalyze the 1,4-addition of hydrogen to 1,3-dienes such as 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, trans -1,3-pentadiene, and trans , trans -2,4-hexadiene at low temperature (40°) and low H 2 pressure (20 psi). For trans , trans -2,4-hexadiene the only product obtained when D 2 is used is 2,5-dideuterio- cis -3-hexene. The catalytic 1,4-hydrogenation can be carried out in neat dienes, and turnover numbers for the catalyst of greater than 3000 have been observed.
In operando tracking phase transformation evolution of lithium iron phosphate with hard X-ray microscopy

Lithium iron phosphate is an extensively studied battery electrode material, but its phase transformation mechanism in the delithiation process is under debate. Here, Wang et al. use hard X-ray microscopy to produce direct real-time phase evolution, which clarifies the delithiation mechanisms.
The NOMAD experiment: a status report

NOMAD is an experiment searching for ν μ(e) → ν τ oscillations at the CERN SPS Wide-Band neutrino Beam. This search is performed via the appearance of ν τ in a predominantly ν μ beam of 24 GeV average energy. The experiment has been designed to allow a kinematical selection of ν τ charged current interactions from the background of ν μ and ν e charged and neutral current interactions and has maximum sensitivity in sin 2 2 θ for Δm 2 greater than 40 eV 2 , and some sensitivity remains for Δm 2 down to 1 eV 2 in the case of full mixing. NOMAD has taken data with the full detector since August 1995, and will pursue the oscillations search until the end of 1997. Charged and neutral current interactions of ν μ , ν¯ μ , ν e and V¯ e have been identified and comparisons between data and Monte-Carlo are presented. The status of the ν μ → ν τ oscillation search using various tau decay channels ( τ → μ , τ → e, τ → hadrons) is also reported.
Codelivery of an Optimal Drug/siRNA Combination Using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles To Overcome Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo

We used a multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) carrier to overcome doxorubicin (Dox) resistance in a multidrug resistant (MDR) human breast cancer xenograft by codelivering Dox and siRNA that targets the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) drug exporter. The Pgp siRNA selection from among a series of drug resistance targets was achieved by performing high throughput screening in a MDR breast cancer cell line, MCF-7/MDR. Following the establishment of a MCF-7/MDR xenograft model in nude mice, we demonstrated that a 50 nm MSNP, functionalized by a polyethyleneimine–polyethylene glycol (PEI-PEG) copolymer, provides protected delivery of stably bound Dox and Pgp siRNA to the tumor site. The effective biodistribution and reduced reticuloendothelial uptake, as a result of our nanocarrier design, allowed us to achieve an 8% enhanced permeability and retention effect at the tumor site. Compared to free Dox or the carrier loaded with either drug or siRNA alone, the dual delivery system resulted in synergistic in...
The creation and development of a multi‐disciplinary research center in an academic library

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine formal and informal communication and documentation related to the creation and development of the Katrina Research Center (KRC) including its mission, vision, organizational structure, funding, collection development, community outreach, research, and educational activities.Design/methodology/approach – This paper takes the form of a qualitative case study.Findings – Recurrent themes identified in the study include multi‐disciplinary affiliation of KRC faculty and staff; cooperation and resource‐sharing with other university departments and faculty; and networking with community groups such as local historical societies, public schools, and libraries.Practical implications – The documentation of the creation and development of the KRC can be useful as a model for other research centers and/or subject repositories affiliated with academic libraries.Originality/value – The documentation and examination of factors related to a multi‐disciplinary research cen...
Treatment of epithelial ovarian carcinoma by surgical debulking followed by single alkylating agent chemotherapy

Abstract From 1966 through 1977, 52 patients with primary invasive epithelial carcinomas of the ovary were treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center with exploratory laparotomy and debulking of tumor, followed by chemotherapy using a single alkylating agent. Stage of disease, degree of histologic differentiation, cell type, and amount of residual tumor after surgery were all related to patient survival. The findings of this study suggest that excellent survival can be expected when single akylating agent therapy is used in patients who have well-differentiated, early stage ovarian tumors completely excised at the time of primary surgery. A high-risk population of patients is also identified in whom primary combination chemotherapy is indicated. This high-risk group includes those patients with: (1) poorly differentiated tumors; (2) significant (>2 cm in diameter) residual tumor following surgical debulking or; (3) advanced stage (III or IV) disease.
An effective and easy to use IoT architecture

Most IoT architectures are either too complex and difficult to use or too simple and not generic enough. We propose an architecture that balances important architectural requirements suited for the IoT and particularly the Industrial Internet. The proposed architecture sheds new light into the complex nature of the IoT.
Kinematic and Dynamic Evaluation of Mobile Robots Performing Welding Tasks

As mobile robotic systems advance, they become viable technologies for automating manufacturing processes in fields that traditionally have not seen much automation. Such fields include shipbuilding, windmill, tank, and pipeline construction. Some of the manufacturing tasks in these fields require process validation prior to use in the manufacturing process. One such example process is welding. However, there is a lack of industry standards for mechanized or robotic welding that can impede the introduction of mobile robotic welding systems in the market place. There is also a lack of generalized fitness measures that gauge the suitability of mobile robot topologies or dimensional designs to a set of tasks and can be used in the design or verification process. This paper will consider the metrics that can be used in evaluating mobile robot designs for welding tasks based on kinematic and dynamic characteristics. The approach is based on a representation of the weld task and robot capabilities as a pair of n-dimensional subsets in the Euclidean n-space, where the weld task is considered a repetitive pattern constructed along the weld seam and both kinematic and dynamic characteristics are considered for the robot. The motivation is to allow different mobile manipulator designs to be measured using a direct geometric comparison of the capabilities of the robot to the requirements of the task. Three mobile welding platforms having different topological kinematic arrangements and will be evaluated based on this metric. This metric will further be shown to supplement the weld qualification process through verification of the motion control portions of the weld process based on a specific robot design. The method will contribute to the design and development of mobile robotic welding systems to become viable and accepted.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after myocardial infarction (MI) and predictors of ptsd symptoms post-MI--a brief report.

Objectives:The objectives of this pilot study were to determine the incidence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) one to two months after Myocardial Infarction (MI), and to evaluate potential p...