cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buoyancy of Convective Clouds in TOGA COARE

Abstract The buoyancy of convective clouds in TOGA COARE was calculated from the NCAR Electra in situ measurements of temperature, humidity, liquid water content, and two-dimensional images of raindrops. Most of the measurements were made at 700 mb (10°C) although some were made at 850 (18°C) and 600 mb (2°C). The temperature was measured with the Ophir radiometer, which does not have the wetting problem that has degraded many previous measurements of in-cloud temperature in warm clouds. On average, the in-cloud virtual temperature excess was found to be less than the adiabatic value by about 2 K, while the negative influence of total water content on buoyancy was less than 0.5 K. Furthermore, the total water content was highly variable and much smaller than the adiabatic value. The authors conclude, therefore, that entrainment and mixing was usually a much larger factor in reducing the buoyancy than water loading. The average buoyancy in downdrafts was positive and similar to the value in updrafts.
Diet Assessment in Children and Adolescents

Although increases in obesity prevalence over the last few decades have been dramatic in all age groups, trends among youths have been particularly alarming. The prevalence of childhood overweight has almost doubled in the past two decades in the United States (CDC, National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS, 2004]). The emergence of childhood obesity as a serious public health problem underscores the need for dietary assessment tools that are not only reliable and valid but also feasible to administer across multiple settings and age ranges and with diverse populations. Accurate dietary assessment is critical for monitoring the nutritional status of children, examining associations between diet and health, and identifying dietary intake patterns and eating behaviors that are associated with unhealthy weight and weight gain over time. Such information is critical for developing intervention messages and behavioral targets for obesity prevention and treatment programs and for evaluating their effectiveness. As others have documented, there is no “one-size-fits-all” dietary assessment tool appropriate for all research and clinical applications, and there is always a trade-off with the choice of any diet assessment methodology (Goran, 1998; Rockett, Wolf, & Colditz, 1995). Moreover, the measurement of energy and nutrient intake in children and adolescents is further complicated by a variety of factors, including reliance on a third person (e.g., adult caregiver, teacher) to report a child’s intake during the preschool years, cognitive abilities, motivation, and reporting biases (e.g., underreporting and overreporting) influenced by developmental stage and other factors (e.g., weight status). The goal of this chapter is to review the variety of dietary assessment methods available,
A platform FPGA-based hardware-software undergraduate laboratory

Almost all universities offer introductory courses that focus on microcontroller-based systems and embedded programming. Advanced course offerings vary, and are often not available until the graduate level, leaving a gap in training undergraduates. However, courses are emerging that take advantage of new embedded development platforms that support hardware-software codesign. At Iowa State University, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering is developing a new upper-level design course on embedded systems design (CPRE 488) that sits between the introductory course on microcontrollers (CPRE 211) and a graduate course on system-level design (CPRE 588). CPRE 488 pulls together pedagogy from leading textbooks in embedded systems (such as Wolf and also Vahid and Givargis) and puts the concepts into an intensive laboratory incorporating platform FPGA technology. The lab utilizes Xilinx's Virtex II Pro FPGA, which includes a hard-core dedicated processor as well as FPGA fabric, allowing for a complete hardware-software system to be explored entirely within the FPGA.
Bilateral diaphragm paralysis after simultaneous cardiac surgery and Nuss procedure in the infant

The case of a 15-month-old boy with bilateral diaphragm paralysis after simultaneous cardiac surgery for tetralogy of Fallot, and Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum, is presented. Extubated one day after his first operation, the boy suffered severe respiratory distress soon after, due to bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. Diaphragm paralysis restricted abdominal respiration, while thoracic respiration was inhibited by metallic bar after the Nuss Procedure, which combined prevented extubation for 47 days. Thoracoplasty, such as the Nuss Procedure, should not be performed simultaneously with cardiac surgery because abdominal and thoracic respiration can be restricted in infants, causing prolonged, severe, postsurgical respiratory failure.
Short-term complications and resource utilization in matched subjects after on-pump or off-pump primary isolated coronary artery bypass.

• BACKGROUND Studies suggest that patients who undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) have fewer short-term complications and use fewer inpatient resources than do patients who undergo standard coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation. However, dissimilarity between groups in risk factors for complications has hindered interpretation of results. • OBJECTIVES To compare the prevalence of selected complications (atrial fibrillation, stroke, reoperation, and bleeding) and inpatient resource utilization (length of stay, discharge disposition, total charges) between subjects undergoing primary isolated CABG or OPCABG who were matched with respect to key risk factors. • METHODS Retrospective, causal-comparative survey conducted in 1 center for 18 months. Patients who underwent primary isolated CABG or OPCABG were matched for sex, age (within 2 years), left ventricular ejection fraction (within 0.05), and graft-patient ratio (exact match) and compared for prevalence of new-onset atrial fibrillation, stroke, reoperation within 24 hours, and bleeding. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon and t tests for paired comparisons. • RESULTS The sample (107 matched pairs) was 63% male, with a mean age of 66 (SD 9.5) years, a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.51 (SD 0.13), and a mean graft-patient ratio of 3.41 (SD 0.74). The 2 groups did not differ significantly in New York Heart Association class (P = .43), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score (P = .22), postoperative β-blocker use (P = .73), or comorbid conditions. None of the complications examined differed significantly between pairs. • CONCLUSION Patients with comparable risk profiles have similar prevalences of selected complications after CABG and OPCABG. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13:499-508)
Pinpointing Double Bonds in Lipids by Paternò-Büchi Reactions and Mass Spectrometry

The positions of double bonds in lipids play critical roles in their biochemical and biophysical properties. In this study, by coupling Paterno-Buchi (P-B) reaction with tandem mass spectrometry, we developed a novel method that can achieve confident, fast, and sensitive determination of double bond locations within various types of lipids. The P-B reaction is facilitated by UV irradiation of a nanoelectrospray plume entraining lipids and acetone. Tandem mass spectrometry of the on-line reaction products via collision activation leads to the rupture of oxetane rings and the formation of diagnostic ions specific to the double bond location.
A Review of: “The Last “Darky”: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora by Louis Chude-Sokei”

Louis Chude-Sokei's The Last “Darky”: Bert Williams, Black-on-Black Minstrelsy and the African Diaspora is a much needed and long overdue text that outlines the history of minstrelsy, the performan...
The 5' noncoding sequences from a less virulent Theiler's virus dramatically attenuate GDVII neurovirulence.

RNA transcripts derived from recombinant chimeras between the highly virulent GDVII virus and the less virulent BeAn virus were constructed to study the molecular pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. The presence of the BeAn 5' noncoding sequences in chimera 2 (BeAn 5' noncoding sequences joined with the GDVII nucleotides encoding the polyprotein and present in the 3' end) resulted in dramatic attenuation of GDVII neurovirulence and development of poliomyelitis in mice. This reduced neurovirulence was associated with slower virus growth and lower peak titers in the brain and spinal cord than with parental GDVII virus replication. On the other hand, the sites of replication following chimera 2 infection were the same as those seen in GDVII-infected mice; the distribution of virus antigen and histopathological changes indicated that chimera 2 replicates in neurons in the brain, e.g., in the neocortex, hippocampus, caudate putamen, and brain stem, as well as in anterior-horn cells in the spinal cord. Chimera 2 was efficiently cleared from the mouse central nervous system by day 30 postinfection, in marked contrast to the persistence of the BeAn parent in the central nervous system. This suggests that elements in the BeAn sequences that encode the polyprotein or are present in the 3' noncoding region are necessary for viral persistence. It is of interest that chimera 2-infected mice developed localized inflammatory, demyelinating lesions which were detected at day 28 postinfection but these lesions did not become larger with time. Thus, virus persistence appears to be required for maintenance and progression of immune-mediated demyelination. If the demyelinating lesions become sufficiently large, clinical signs and disease may develop.
Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Although most cases of acute gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage either spontaneously resolve or respond to medical management and/or endoscopic treatment, there remain a significant number of patients who require emergency evaluation and treatment by the interventional radiologist. Any angiographic evaluation should begin with selective catheterization of the artery supplying the most likely site of bleeding, as determined by the available clinical, endoscopic, and imaging data. If a source of hemorrhage is identified, superselective catheterization followed by transcatheter embolization with microcoils is the most effective means of successfully controlling hemorrhage while minimizing potential complications. This is now well-recognized as a viable and safe alternative to emergency surgery. In selected situations transcatheter intra-arterial infusion of vasopressin may also be useful in controlling acute GI bleeding. One must be aware of the various side effects and potential complications associated with this treatment, however, and recognize the high rebleeding rate. In this article, we review the current role of angiography, transcatheter arterial embolization, and infusion therapy in the evaluation and management of GI hemorrhage.
Input don't care sequences in FSM networks

We present an approach to compute all input don't care sequences for a component in an FSM network with an arbitrary topology. In a cascade FSM network, Kim and Newborn's (K-N) procedure exactly computes all input don't care sequences for the driven machine. However, for a component in a general FSM network the problem of computing and exploiting input don't care sequences is unsolved. We demonstrate that this problem can be reduced to one for a cascade circuit. This reduction uses the notion of an abstract driving machine. In some cases, the exact computation and exploitation of these sequences may be too expensive. We propose methods to compute subsets of input don't care sequences. We discuss the implementation of these algorithms using implicit methods. We also present approximate methods for managing the complexity of large FSM networks. Finally, we give some preliminary results on small networks.
Privacy implications of the Traffic Probe Message Service

The Traffic Probe Message Service will enable traffic managers to gather roadway state data via wireless communication with vehicles. Despite privacy protections specified for the service, it remains vulnerable to inference attacks aimed at reconstructing the path of a vehicle through the roadway. This paper presented a model for evaluating the location privacy in the Traffic Probe Message Service. This model identifies three key areas for improvement in the privacy protection of participating vehicles, including guidelines for the changing of pseudonymous identifiers, for data attributes included in the probe service, and for the placement of roadside equipment.
Analytical and empirical analysis of countermeasures to traffic analysis attacks

We study countermeasures to traffic analysis attacks. A common strategy for such countermeasures is link padding. We consider systems where payload traffic is padded so that packets have either constant inter-arrival times or variable inter-arrival times. The adversary applies statistical recognition techniques to detect the payload traffic rates by using statistical measures like sample mean, sample variance, or sample entropy. We evaluate quantitatively the ability of the adversary to make a correct detection and derive closed-form formulas for the detection rate based on analytical models. Extensive experiments were carried out to validate the system performance predicted by the analytical method. Based on the systematic evaluations, we develop design guidelines for the proper configuration of a system in order to minimize the detection rate
Financial Market Participation Of Immigrants And Native-Born Americans: The Role Of Income Uncertainty

This paper uses the National Longitudinal Survey dataset to examine the role of income uncertainty in explaining the likelihood of financial asset ownership among native-born and immigrant Americans. After controlling for a number of socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral factors, the results suggest that individual investors who face greater income uncertainty are less likely to own financial assets. This relationship holds true for immigrants and native-born Americans. Additionally, the likelihood of financial asset ownership increases with income, risk tolerance, and educational attainment for immigrants as well as for natives. Results also suggest that financial market participation among immigrants increases with the number of years they remain in the United States.
Hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus as a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factor in Patients at Elevated Vascular Risk.

Context: Although clinical trials have shown that hypoglycemia is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), little is known whether hypoglycemia is a CAD risk factor in primary care. Objective: We sought to determine whether previous hypoglycemia was associated with incident CAD, and whether this association differed in patients of different underlying vascular risk. Design, setting and participants: This is a longitudinal cohort study of diabetes patients without CAD before January 1, 2006 (n = 9173) followed at an academic network of 13 primary care practices from January 1, 2006 to June 30, 2012. Hypoglycemic events before January 1, 2006 were identified via International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision codes from emergency department, inpatient and outpatient visits. Main Outcome Measure: Patients were followed until incident CAD or June 30, 2012. Cox regression with time interaction was used to determine the association between hypoglycemia and CAD (significance set at P ≤ .05). We the...
Fiber digestibility and breath-hydrogen excretion in subjects consuming rural and urban Mexican diets

Apparent digestibility of dietary fiber and its effect on breath-hydrogen excretion and gastrointestinal symptoms were determined in 16 subjects consuming a plant-based rural Mexican diet (RMD) and a more refined urban Mexican diet (UMD). Neutral-detergent-fiber intake and digestibility were 40.2 and 22.7 g/d (56%) for the RMD and 12.1 and 8.9 g/d (70%), respectively, for the UMD. Apparent digestibilities of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were 40%, 63%, and 53% from the RMD and 73%, 75%, and 58%, respectively, from the UMD. Total breath-hydrogen excretion during 10 postprandial h was similar after both diets, showing that the breath-hydrogen test is of limited value for comparing carbohydrate fermentation from mixed diets. Mouth-to-colon transit time was 5.7 and 6.5 h for the RMD and UMD, respectively (P less than 0.05). There were significantly more gastrointestinal symptoms with the RMD (P less than 0.01); however, neither diet caused symptoms indicative of serious gastrointestinal discomfort.
Assessing How Lawyers Keep Their Own Houses Clean: Baseline Report on Outcomes-Focused Regulation

A fundamental tenet of lawyer regulation is that professionals should keep their own houses clean. The enactment of the Legal Services Act of 2007 (LSA) in the United Kingdom (UK) marked a significant shift in the approach to regulation of lawyer conduct. In addition to creating a new mechanism for handling consumer complaints, the LSA adopted a new regulatory regime that represented a radical departure from the traditional approach in which regulators prosecute complaints based on alleged rule violations. With the adoption of the LSA, lawyer regulation shifted to outcomes-focused regulation (OFR). OFR focuses on high level principles and outcomes that drive the provision of legal services.1 OFR requires an articulation of indicators to determine whether outcomes have been achieved.
Primary Hyperoxaluria: Long-Term Outcome in Patients Treated with Orthophosphate and Pyridoxine

Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder. Although recognized earlier, it was not until the early 1950s that sufficient numbers of cases were described to permit its identification as a distinct clinical entity. During the decades since, two subtypes have been recognized. Type I primary hyperoxaluria is secondary to a deficiency of alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). There may be partial or complete absence of enzyme, deficiency of enzymatically active AGT protein, or mistargeting of the enzyme from peroxisomes to mitochondria where it is ineffective1. Type II primary hyperoxaluria is due to a deficiency of D-glyceric dehydrogenase. To date, only 16 patients with type II primary hyperoxaluria have been described in the literature. In both type I and type II, the result of the hepatic enzyme deficiency is a marked increase in oxalate production.
The properties of CuLnSe 2 -MnSe crystals

The composition and the impurity back-ground levels of (CuInSe2)1-x (MnSe)2x alloy crystals are characterized by ion microprobe analyses. Room temperature photoreflectance (PR) and photoconductivity (PC) measurements in the temperature range 10 K ⪯ T ⪯ 300 K reveal changes in the point defect chemistry and a shift of the band gap with increasingx towards higher energies. Also, a deep luminescence feature at 0.89 eV is observed in Mn doped crystals, in addition to the contributions at 0.90 and 0.94 eV that appear in both doped and nominally undoped CuInSe2. X-ray diffraction studies show that the chalcopyrite structure is retained to at leastx = 0.25.
Targeted Therapy in Relapsed Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

Although frontline treatment of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) produces high cure rates, disease either will not respond to or will relapse after initial therapy in approximately a quarter of patients. Many patients with disease relapse can be successfully salvaged with second-line chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Patients whose disease relapses after ASCT are rarely cured. A unique pathophysiologic feature of HL is that the malignant Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cell is rare and resides within a microenvironment of inflammatory and immune-related cells. The recent FDA approval of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin (BV) for patients with either primary refractory HL or those whose disease relapses after ASCT represents a major advance in therapy. This article focuses on BV and other novel agents that target the HRS cell surface, intracellular signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironment.
Covalent Binding of Norethynodrel to Proteins and Glutathione Initiated by Rat Liver Oxygenase

When the labeled synthetic progestin, [4-14C]- or [6,7-3H]norethynodrel, was incubated with rat liver microsomes, the steroid became tightly bound to proteins. The binding process required oxygen and NADPH, and was inhibited by carbon monoxide and SKF 525-A. Microsomes from animals treated with phenobarbital were more effective in causing binding. Precipitation of the proteins with trichloracetic acid, washing with organic solvents, dialysis against water, and filtration through Sephadex G-200 all failed to dissociate the radioactivity from the proteins. Unlabeled steroid added after the initiation of the incubation was unable to displace radioactivity from the proteins. Disc gel electrophoresis of the solubilized proteins indicated that the steriod was bound randomly to all proteins. Reduced glutathione and compounds that react with thiol groups inhibited radiolabeling of the proteins. Moreover, glutathione increased the water-soluble radioactivity at the expense of the protein bound radioactivity. Experiments using tritiated glutathione and [4-14C]norethynodrel demonstrated the formation of norethynodrel-glutathione conjugates. It was suggested that liver cytochrome P-450 oxygenase metabolized norethynodrel to a reactive intermediate(s) which could react with and bind covalently to proteins and glutathione. The implication of these findings is discussed.
Alcohol consumption increases basal extracellular glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core of Sprague–Dawley rats without increasing spontaneous glutamate release

Glutamate neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) mediates ethanol consumption. Previous studies using non-contingent and voluntary alcohol administration in inbred rodents have reported increased basal extracellular glutamate levels in the NAc. Here, we assessed basal glutamate levels in the NAc following intermittent alcohol consumption in male Sprague-Dawley rats that had access to ethanol for 7 weeks on alternating days. We found increased basal NAc glutamate at 24 h withdrawal from ethanol and thus sought to identify the source of this glutamate. To do so, we employed a combination of microdialysis, slice electrophysiology and western blotting. Reverse dialysis of the voltage-gated sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin did not affect glutamate levels in either group. Electrophysiological recordings in slices made after 24 h withdrawal revealed a decrease in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) frequency relative to controls, with no change in sEPSC amplitude. No change in metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGlu2/3) function was detected as bath application of the mGlu2/3 agonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY379268","term_id":"1257807854","term_text":"LY379268"}}LY379268 decreased spontaneous and miniature EPSC frequency in slices from both control and ethanol-consuming rats. The increase in basal glutamate was not associated with changes in the surface expression of GLT-1, however, a decrease in slope of the no-net-flux dialysis function was observed following ethanol consumption, indicating a potential decrease in glutamate reuptake. Taken together, these findings indicate that the increase in basal extracellular glutamate occurring after chronic ethanol consumption is not mediated by an increase in action potential-dependent glutamate release or a failure of mGlu2/3 autoreceptors to regulate such release.
Toleration, justice, and dignity. Lecture on the occasionof the inauguration as professor of Dirk-Martin Grube, Free University of Amsterdam, September 24, 2015

After discussing the nature of toleration, giving a brief history of the emergence of religious toleration in the West, and presenting my understanding of religion, I develop what I call ‘the dignity argument’ for religious toleration: to fail to tolerate a person’s religion is to treat that person in a way that does not befit their dignity. And to treat them in a way that does not befit their dignity is to wrong them, to treat them unjustly.
Effects of stimulus level and rate on psychophysical thresholds for interleaved pulse trains in cochlear implants

This study examined channel interactions using interleaved pulse trains to assess masking and potential facilitative effects in cochlear-implant recipients using clinically relevant stimuli. Psychophysical thresholds were measured for two adjacent mid-array electrodes; one served as the masker and the other as the probe. Two rates representative of those found in present-day strategies were tested: 1700 and 3400 pulses per second per channel. Four masker levels ranging from sub-threshold to loud-but-comfortable were tested. It was hypothesized that low-level maskers would produce facilitative effects, shifting to masking effects at high levels, and that faster rates would yield smaller masking effects due to greater stochastic neural firing patterns. Twenty-nine ears with Cochlear or Advanced Bionics devices were tested. High-level maskers produced more masking than low-level maskers, as expected. Facilitation was not observed for sub-threshold or threshold-level maskers in most cases. High masker levels yielded reduced probe thresholds for two Advanced Bionics subjects. This was partly eliminated with a longer temporal offset between each masker-probe pulse pair, as was used with Cochlear subjects. These findings support the use of temporal gaps between stimulation of subsequent electrodes to reduce channel interactions.
Alternative and Nonregulatory Approaches to Environmental Governance

Alternative and nonregulatory approaches to environmental governance have increased in prevalence over the last 16 years, as have scholarly evaluations of them. We reflect on the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory’s (JPART’s) offerings to the scholarly landscape. We consider the articles published in JPART since these approaches began to take hold and identify three important overarching themes—institutional design, organizational structure, and political economy—that affect the management and performance of these approaches. We then assess the proportion of JPART’s publications in this area with its scholarship on non-environmental alternative and nonregulatory approaches and compare both values with the proportion of articles published in other top-ranked public administration and policy journals examining these approaches. Doing so sheds light on the field’s focus on these increasingly widespread governance approaches and identifies future research opportunities for further advancing our knowledge in this area.
A Multicomponent, School-Based Intervention, the Shaping Healthy Choices Program, Improves Nutrition-Related Outcomes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the Shaping Healthy Choices Program (SHCP). Design A clustered, randomized, controlled intervention lasting 1 school year. Setting Schools in northern and central California. Participants Fourth-graders (aged 9–10 years) at 2 control schools (n = 179) and 2 intervention schools (n = 230). Intervention Garden-enhanced education, family, and community partnerships; increased regionally procured produce in the lunchroom; and school-site wellness committees. Main Outcome Measures Changes in body mass index (BMI) percentiles/Z-scores; nutrition knowledge, science process skills, and vegetable identification and preferences; and reported fruit and vegetable intake. Analysis Student t test, chi-square, ANOVA of change, and multilevel regression mixed model to evaluate change in outcomes with school as a random effect to account for cluster design effects. Statistical significance was set at P Results There was a greater improvement in BMI percentile (−6.08; P P P Conclusions and Implications The SHCP resulted in improvements in nutrition knowledge, vegetable identification, and a significant decrease in BMI percentiles. This supports the concept that the SHCP can be used to improve the health of upper elementary school students.
Recognition of microbial glycans by soluble human lectins

Human innate immune lectins that recognize microbial glycans can conduct microbial surveillance and thereby help prevent infection. Structural analysis of soluble lectins has provided invaluable insight into how these proteins recognize their cognate carbohydrate ligands and how this recognition gives rise to biological function. In this opinion, we cover the structural features of lectins that allow them to mediate microbial recognition, highlighting examples from the collectin, Reg protein, galectin, pentraxin, ficolin and intelectin families. These analyses reveal how some lectins (e.g., human intelectin-1) can recognize glycan epitopes that are remarkably diverse, yet still differentiate between mammalian and microbial glycans. We additionally discuss strategies to identify lectins that recognize microbial glycans and highlight tools that facilitate these discovery efforts.
Gating Ciliary Transport.

Cilia lack the ability to synthesize proteins and thus require dynamic transport. Reporting in this issue of Developmental Cell, Kanie et al. (2017) shed light on the mechanism of transport by implicating CEP19, which is associated with an autosomal-recessive obesity syndrome when mutated, in the triggering of intraflagellar transport.
Turnover at the Top: Investigating Performance-Turnover Sensitivity among Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACTResearch has confirmed private firm performance as a predictor of executive turnover, but whether this relationship holds in other organizational contexts—especially those operating without a profit-distribution requirement—is not known. For nonprofit organizations, performance monitoring and governance largely occur behind closed doors under the leadership of a volunteer board of directors. Nonprofits are commonly criticized as inefficient, even ineffective, and the accountability of boards and executives for organizational performance has not been sufficiently investigated. This article engages a unique dataset of 998 U.S.-based nonprofits serving missions related to the arts, health, and human services, and uses a multiple-spell discrete-time hazard model to evaluate nonprofit financial performance and the likelihood of executive turnover. The findings provide preliminary support that tenure in the executive office is sensitive to nonprofit financial performance, and in doing so, they raise new...
A Two-Week Psychosocial Intervention Reduces Future Aggression and Incarceration in Clinically Aggressive Juvenile Offenders.

Objective There is a largely unmet need for evidence-based interventions that reduce future aggression and incarceration in clinically aggressive juvenile offenders serving probation. We addressed this gap using a group randomized controlled trial. Offenders both with and without clinical aggression were included, enabling comparison of intervention effects.
Exploring the Role of Astroglial Glutamate Release and Association With Synapses in Neuronal Function and Behavior.

Abstract Astrocytes are stellate cells whose appearance can resemble a pointed star, especially when visualizing glial fibrillary acidic protein, a canonical marker for astrocytes. Accordingly, there is a commonly made connection between the points of light that shine in the night sky and the diffuse and abundant cells that buffer ions and provide support for neurons. An exceptional amount of function has been attributed to, negated for, and potentially reaffirmed for these cells, especially regarding their ability to release neuroactive molecules and influence synaptic plasticity. This makes the precise role of astrocytes in tuning neural communication seem difficult to grasp. However, data from animal models of addiction demonstrate that a variety of drug-induced molecular adaptations responsible for relapse vulnerability take place in astrocyte systems that regulate glutamate uptake and release. These findings highlight astrocytes as a critical component of the neural systems responsible for addiction, serving as a key component of the plasticity responsible for relapse and drug seeking. Here I assemble recent findings that utilize genetic tools to selectively manipulate or measure flux of internal calcium in astrocytes, focusing on G protein–coupled receptor–mediated mobilization of calcium and the induction of glutamate release. Further, I compile evidence regarding astrocyte glutamate release as well as astrocyte association with synapses with respect to the impact of these cellular phenomena in shaping synaptic transmission. I also place these findings in the context of the previous studies of Scofield et al., who explored the role of astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens in the neural mechanisms underlying cocaine seeking.
Bilingualism and Multilingualism

The study of bilingualism and multilingualism is an interdisciplinary and complex field. As is self-evident from the prefixes (bi- and multi-), bilingualism and multilingualism phenomena are devoted to the study of the production, processing, and comprehension of two or more languages, respectively. This chapter presents a state-of-the-art treatment of various facets of bilingualism and multilingualism: most importantly defining, describing, and measuring bilingualism and bilingual language development. Key notions and terms pertinent to the conceptualization of bilingualism and the bilingual mind/brain are reviewed in order to come to a better understanding of the complexity and challenges of designing, conducting, and interpreting research projects on bilingualism. After outlining general methodological steps, the chapter goes on to show how to avoid the most common pitfalls of conducting research on bilinguals and interpreting conflicting research findings concerning bilingualism. While identifying theoretical issues and methodological considerations specific to neurolinguistic, psycholinguistic, linguistic, and sociolinguistic research on bilingualism, the strengths and limitations of different methodological approaches—that is, naturalistic/observational, experimental, longitudinal, cross-sectional, grammatical elicitation studies—are examined together with their individual influence on research findings. Research tools specific to interdisciplinary investigations are also identified, and issues of bilingual language assessment (e.g. education) are addressed. Finally, research and future challenges are examined.
NEUTRINO DISINTEGRATION OF THE DEUTERON

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neutrino disintegration of the deuteron. A multipole formula for neutrino–nucleus interaction is applied to the deuteron 3 S 1 → 3 S 0 transition ν e + D → 2p + e − yields for relativistic electrons. The chapter illustrates the kinematic variables. In the electromagnetic breakup of the deuteron at low energies, effective-range theory provides simple and reliable wave functions for the 3 S 1 bound state and the 1 S 0 continuum state. Intense neutrino fluxes, expected from the beam stops of the new high-intensity proton accelerators, from the decay of stopped muons are in the energy range 0 to 53 MeV. The electron spectrum produced by energy neutrino peaks close to the highest energy available because of the strong attraction between 1 S 0 protons at low relative momenta. The use of Coulomb wave functions shifts the peak to lower electron energy but does not change the area under the spectrum.
Affective support in narrative-centered learning environments

The link between affect and student learning has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. Affective states such as flow and curiosity tend to have positive correlations with learning while negative states such as boredom and frustration have the opposite effect. Consequently, it is a goal of many intelligent tutoring systems to guide students toward emotional states that are conducive to learning through affective interventions. While much work has gone into understanding the relation between student learning and affective experiences, it is not clear how these relationships manifest themselves in narrative-centered learning environments. These environments embed learning within the context of an engaging narrative that can benefit from "affective scaffolding." However, in order to provide an optimal level of support for students, the following research questions must be answered: 1) What is the nature of affective experiences in interactive learning environments? 2) How is affect impacted by personal traits, beliefs and learning strategies, and what role does affect have in shaping traits, beliefs, and learning strategies? 3) What strategies can be used to successfully create an optimal affective learning experience?
Medieval and Early Modern Music

From the end of the Roman Empire to the beginnings of Baroque music, the Middle Ages and Renaissance—periods closely associated with each other—produced a wealth of music for unaccompanied voices, choruses, and instruments of various kinds. In a chapter devoted to both Medieval and early modern performance practices, Benjamin Bagby examines the origins of “bardic” music, often associated with the so-called “Dark Ages.” William P. Mahrt examines the formation of medieval chant practices and explains that Gregorian chat is alive and well today. Emma Kirkby and Julian Bream explain other developments, including the lute song and vocal practices during the earliest years of opera. Judith Malafronte also discusses early opera as well as the early music movement and its concern with performances practices, while Kirkby also discusses Renaissance and early Baroque dance.
Polygenic risk score identifies associations between sleep duration and diseases determined from an electronic medical record biobank.

STUDY OBJECTIVES We aimed to detect cross-sectional phenotype and polygenic risk score (PRS) associations between sleep duration and prevalent diseases using the Partners Biobank, a hospital-based cohort study linking electronic medical records (EMR) with genetic information. METHODS Disease prevalence was determined from EMR, and sleep duration was self-reported. A PRS for sleep duration was derived using 78 previously associated SNPs from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for self-reported sleep duration. We tested for associations between (1) self-reported sleep duration and 22 prevalent diseases (n = 30 251), (2) the PRS and self-reported sleep duration (n = 6903), and (3) the PRS and the 22 prevalent diseases (n = 16 033). For observed PRS-disease associations, we tested causality using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). RESULTS In the age-, sex-, and race-adjusted model, U-shaped associations were observed for sleep duration and asthma, depression, hypertension, insomnia, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, and type 2 diabetes, where both short and long sleepers had higher odds for these diseases than normal sleepers (p < 2.27 × 10-3). Next, we confirmed associations between the PRS and longer sleep duration (0.65 ± 0.19 SD minutes per effect allele; p = 7.32 × 10-04). The PRS collectively explained 1.4% of the phenotypic variance in sleep duration. After adjusting for age, sex, genotyping array, and principal components of ancestry, we observed that the PRS was also associated with congestive heart failure (CHF; p = 0.015), obesity (p = 0.019), hypertension (p = 0.039), restless legs syndrome (RLS; p = 0.041), and insomnia (p = 0.049). Associations were maintained following additional adjustment for obesity status, except for hypertension and insomnia. For all diseases, except RLS, carrying a higher genetic burden of the 78 sleep duration-increasing alleles (i.e. higher sleep duration PRS) associated with lower odds for prevalent disease. In MR, we estimated causal associations between genetically defined longer sleep duration with decreased risk of CHF (inverse variance weighted [IVW] OR per minute of sleep [95% CI] = 0.978 [0.961-0.996]; p = 0.019) and hypertension (IVW OR [95% CI] = 0.993 [0.986-1.000]; p = 0.049), and increased risk of RLS (IVW OR [95% CI] = 1.018 [1.000-1.036]; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS By validating the PRS for sleep duration and identifying cross-phenotype associations, we lay the groundwork for future investigations on the intersection between sleep, genetics, clinical measures, and diseases using large EMR datasets.
Modeling Corrosion with First-Principles Electrochemical Phase Diagrams

Understanding and predicting materials corrosion under electrochemical environments are of increasing importance to both established and developing industries and technologies, including constructi...
Concordance Between Biopsy and Radical Prostatectomy Pathology in the Era of Targeted Biopsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Context Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)-targeted transrectal prostate biopsy (TBx) may better predict pathology at radical prostatectomy than systematic transrectal prostate biopsy (SBx). Objective To assess concordance between biopsy and radical prostatectomy pathology in men undergoing a TBx as compared with those undergoing an SBx. Evidence acquisition Four electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, the Cochrane Library [Wiley], and EBSCHOHost) were searched from inception until July 2018. Studies were included if they were published after 2012, conducted both SBx and TBx, and compared the biopsy results with final pathology after radical prostatectomy for ≥50 patients. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were utilized. Bias was appraised using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Evidence synthesis Our search yielded 10 studies including 1215 men. However, our inclusion criteria applied only to a proportion of men included in these studies. The median age was 65 yr and the median prostate-specific antigen level was 7.2 ng/ml. In the eight studies examining upgrading at prostatectomy, pathology from SBx was significantly more likely to be upgraded relative to TBx (odds ratio [OR] 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–4.14, p = 0.001). We found no significant difference in downgrading (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.48–2.67, p = 0.783) between TBx and SBx. For both biopsy-naive men and men with a prior negative biopsy, results from SBx were more likely to be upgraded than TBx at prostatectomy (OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.02–2.27, p Conclusions Pathologic upgrading at prostatectomy was less likely with mpMRI-targeted biopsy versus systematic biopsy alone, without concurrent increase in downgrading. This increased accuracy should improve confidence in management decisions based on MRI-targeted biopsy pathology. Patient summary We reviewed the ability of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging –targeted biopsy to predict cancer grade at radical prostatectomy. We found that targeted biopsy provides more accurate assessment of Gleason score at prostatectomy than systematic biopsy.
Targeted deep sequencing of cell-free DNA in serous body cavity fluids with malignant, suspicious, and benign cytology.

Background Liquid biopsy using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) presents new opportunities for solid tumor genotyping. While studies have demonstrated the utility of cfDNA from plasma, cfDNA from other body fluids remains underexplored. Methods We evaluated the molecular features and clinicopathologic correlates of cfDNA from serous body cavity fluids by performing hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) on cfDNA isolated from residual effusion supernatants. Twenty-one serous effusions from pleural (n = 15), peritoneal (n = 5), and pericardial (n = 1) cavity were analyzed. Results The supernatants provided a median cfDNA concentration of 10.3 ng/µL. Notably, all effusions were sequenced successfully to a median depth >1000×, revealing a broad range of genetic alterations including single nucleotide variants, small insertions and deletions, amplifications, and fusions. Specifically, pathogenic alterations were identified in all malignant fluids (13/13), all fluids suspicious for malignancy (2/2), and 1 benign fluid (1/6) from a patient with metastatic cancer. To validate our findings, we examined matching results from 11 patients who underwent additional testing using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. In 8 patients, the paired results between FFPE and supernatant testing were concordant, whereas in the remaining 3 patients, supernatant analysis identified additional variants likely associated with resistance to targeted therapies. Additional comparison between FFPE and supernatant testing showed no difference in DNA concentration (P = .5), depth of coverage (P = .6), or allele frequency of pathogenic mutations (P = .7). Conclusion cfDNA isolated from serous body cavity fluids represents a promising source of genomic input for targeted NGS.
Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair deficiency in the era of precision immuno-oncology

In the spring of 2017, the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab was approved for use in all advanced solid tumors with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or deficient mismatch repair protein...
The Role of Nerve Blocks in the Diagnosis of Traumatic Trigeminal Neuralgia

SUMMARY Diagnostic blocks with local anesthetic agents can frequently isolate the innervation of the pain site. The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is technically easier to inject than the maxillary division. Lower concentrations of local anesthetics can differentiate SMP from SIP, which requires sensory concentrations. When sequencing the injections, sensory blocks should be given before sympathetic blocks, and distal branches of nerves should be injected before proximal nerves. Nerve blocks may need to be repeated for accurate diagnosis.
Rethinking Development: Broadening the Goals and Altering the Approach

A new strand of “sustainable development economics” (SDE) is reframing comparative economics. We summarize SDE’s three-part analytical challenge for each society: the need to “re-couple” progress on incomes with objective and subjective measures of human well-being; to “de-couple” progress on incomes from processes of environmental degradation; and to “we-couple” gains in living standards such that no group feels excluded from opportunities for progress. In this multi-dimensional context, economic systems are not judged on a single dimension ranging from “good” to “bad,” but instead relative to the different outcomes they generate across a range of domains. In investigating drivers of outcomes, SDE is agnostic regarding appropriate levels of aggregation and considers societal forces including business, academia, and civil society, in addition to public institutions and policies.
‘At the heart of human politics’: agency and responsibility in the contemporary climate novel

How might climate fiction inform public perceptions of climate change and its political stakes? While early proponents of climate fiction called on writers to move the public with visceral cautiona...
Enlanguaging Alpha: Making Reality by Making Language

This chapter explores enlanguaging, a heuristic that captures the making of reality by and through language, implicating the formal and structural mechanisms of linguistic performance. It begins by briefly overviewing antecedents to this concept, notably embodiment, and then situates enlanguaging within contemporary scholarship, with a focus on cognitive discourse analysis and cultural linguistics. It is argued that form, structure, and functional patterns concurrently construct and reflect the cognitive reality of discourse makers. In the case of Alpha male and related ideological concepts, linguistic and discursive data, when carefully described and interpreted, stand to offer evidence of the epistemological landscape of discourse authors and their intended audiences.