cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Plasma-Interstitial Fluid Distribution following Intravenous Infusions in Dogs An Experimental and Computer Simulation Study

The dynamic distribution of intravenously infused solutions between the plasma and the interstitial compartments was studied. A mathematical model developed to simulate infusion experiments considered transcapillary fluid and protein exchange, lymph flow, interstitial compliance, capillary surface area, and peripheral vascular resistance. The experimental arterial and venous blood pressure responses and the infusion rate were used as forcing functions. A piecewise optimization procedure resulted in excellent agreement between the simulated and experimental plasma volume responses and provided reasonable time-varying behavior for the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio and the capillary surface area. The model was tested with experimental data collected by infusing isotonic Tyrode9s or dextran solution into nephrectomized dogs. Blood volume was measured continuously by giving a single injection of 51 Cr-labeled red cells and monitoring the blood radioactivity as it passed through an extracorporeal shunt. The model predicted qualitatively different responses for the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio depending on the type of solution infused and the value assumed for tissue compliance. Further analysis indicated that the assumption of a tissue space with overall high compliance (approximately 100 ml/kg mm Hg -1 ) is more realistic than are the much lower compliances previously reported. Parametric studies revealed that the capillary surface area, the precapillary-postcapillary resistance ratio, and the tissue compliance, but not the lymph flow or the transcapillary protein movement, exert a strong influence on the short-term plasma retention of infused fluids.
The Influence of Two Cognitive-Linguistic Variables on Incidental Word Learning in 5-Year-Olds

The relation between incidental word learning and two cognitive-linguistic variables—phonological memory and phonological awareness—is not fully understood. Thirty-five typically developing, 5-year-old, preschool children participated in a study examining the association between phonological memory, phonological awareness, and incidental word learning. Children were exposed to target words in a read-aloud story that accompanied a wordless picture book. Target word comprehension was assessed before and after two readings of the story. Phonological awareness predicted incidental word learning but phonological memory did not. The influence of phonological awareness and phonological memory on word learning may be dependent on the demands of the word learning task.
Metastasis and the reticuloendothelial system. II. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide on organ retention of malignant cells in endotoxin‐treated mice

The lung retention patterns of B16 melanoma cells were determined after intravenous injection of [125I]dUrd-labelled tumor cells into B16 melanoma-bearing mice. Experiments were performed to assess the effects of a synthetic glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, on the retention of B16 melanoma cells arrested in the lungs of mice with endotoxin-induced reticuloendothelial system hyperfunction. Lung clearance of malignant cells was greatly accelerated in mice treated with endotoxin alone but was markedly inhibited in mice with only triamcinolone acetonide. In mice treated with both endotoxin and subsequently triamcinolone acetonide after tumor-cell arrest processes had occurred, the endotoxin-induced increase in clearance was nullified. These results are discussed in terms of the mutually antagonistic activity of both pharmacologic agents upon the reticuloendothelial system and the role of the latter in regulating organ retention of disseminated malignant cells.
Severe chronic venous insufficiency: Primary treatment with sclerofoam

Venous insufficiency, for practical purposes, can be divided into primary venous insufficiency and chronic venous insufficiency. The latter is characterized by advanced skin changes of hyperpigmentation, edema, ulceration, scarring from healed ulcers or open ulcerations. These are summarized in the CEAP classification as Classes 4, 5 and 6. Pretreatment evaluation is done with a standing ultrasound reflux examination. Thorough mapping of the extremity reflux is desirable. Physiologic tests of venous function, such as plethysmography, are unnecessary. Treatment is directed at closing refluxing axial veins as well as controlling those perforating veins with outward flow. Varicose veins contribute to axial reflux and must be obliterated. Arterial occlusive disease may complicate venous ulceration in as many as 15% of cases. Initial treatment of severe chronic venous insufficiency is usually carried out by controlling the edema with elastic bandaging or nonelastic support, such as the Unna boot or the CircAid dressing. Surgical intervention has been successful but the advent of foam sclerotherapy has proven to be an attractive alternative to surgery and has added a new tool for the treatment of severe chronic venous insufficiency. In this preliminary experience, the results are quite satisfactory and the technique has been shown to be effective, pain-free, inexpensive, with very little morbidity. Guidelines for obtaining sclerosants for use in foam sclerotherapy legally are provided.
The link between obesity and albuminuria: adiponectin and podocyte dysfunction

With the recent rise in the prevalence of obesity worldwide, obesity-related albuminuria is now being recognized as a critical risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of this association. Recent clinical studies suggest that the adipocyte hormone adiponectin may play a key role in the development of obesity-related albuminuria. Moreover, studies with the adiponectin knockout mouse indicate that adiponectin can regulate podocyte function and thus contribute to the initial development of albuminuria. Future studies examining renal adipocyte cell biology are needed to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for combatting the complications of obesity.
Intra-ventral tegmental area microinjections of urotensin II modulate the effects of cocaine

Abstract Although the peptide urotensin II (UII) has well studied direct actions on the cardiovascular system, the UII receptor (UIIR) is expressed by neurons of the hindbrain. Specifically, the UIIR is expressed by the cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDTg) and the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg). These neurons send axons to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), for which the PPTg and LDTg are the sole source of acetylcholine. Therefore, it was hypothesized that UIIR activation within the VTA would modulate reward-related behaviors, such as cocaine-induced drug seeking. Intra-VTA microinjections of UII at high concentrations (1 nmole) established conditioned place preference (CPP), but also blocked cocaine-mediated CPP (10 mg/kg). When rats received systemic sub-effectual doses of cocaine (7.5 mg/kg) with intra-VTA injections of 1 or 10 pmole of UII CPP was formed. Furthermore, the second endogenous ligand for the UIIR, urotensin II-related peptide, had the same effect at the 10 pmole dose. The effects of low doses of UII were blocked by pretreatment with the UIIR antagonist SB657510. Furthermore, it was found that intra-VTA UII (10 pmole) further increased cocaine-mediated (7.5 mg/kg) rises in electrically evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Our study has found that activation of VTA-resident UIIR produces observable behavioral changes in rats, and that UIIR is able to modulate the effects of cocaine. In addition, it was found that UIIR activation within the VTA can potentiate cocaine-mediated neurochemical effects. Therefore, the coincident activation of the UII-system and cocaine administration may increase the liability for drug taking behavior.
Interpolation solutions for the problem of synthesis of dual-shaped offset reflector antennas

Synthesis of dual-shaped offset reflector antennas to control the exit aperture distribution of amplitude and phase has received considerable attention in recent years. For a given feed illumination and desired aperture field distribution, an exact formulation of the problem of simultaneously synthesizing the shapes of the sub and main reflectors was presented recently by Galindo-Israel et al. (1987) in terms of a set of nonlinear first-order differential equations. In this paper, a numerical approach to solving these equations is discussed which circumvents some of the difficulties encountered by Galindo-Israel et al., particularly for small values of theta.
Essentially All Excess Fibroblast Cholesterol Moves from Plasma Membranes to Intracellular Compartments

It has been shown that modestly increasing plasma membrane cholesterol beyond its physiological set point greatly increases the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial pools, thereby eliciting manifold feedback responses that return cell cholesterol to its resting state. The question arises whether this homeostatic mechanism reflects the targeting of cell surface cholesterol to specific intracellular sites or its general equilibration among the organelles. We now show that human fibroblast cholesterol can be increased as much as two-fold from 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin without changing the size of the cell surface pool. Rather, essentially all of the added cholesterol disperses rapidly among cytoplasmic membranes, increasing their overall cholesterol content by as much as five-fold. We conclude that the level of plasma membrane cholesterol is normally at capacity and that even small increments above this physiological set point redistribute essentially entirely to intracellular membranes, perhaps down their chemical activity gradients.
Chitinozoans from the late precambrian chuar group of the grand canyon, Arizona.

Carbonaceous shales of the late Precambrian Chuar Group of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain abundant and well-preserved chitinozoans. The occurrence of these distinctive, tear- and flask-shaped microfossils, the oldest chitinozoans now known and the first to be reported from the Precambrian, seems to suggest that heterotrophic protists (or primitive metaozoans) were extant at least as early as about 750 ± 100 million years ago.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Fat in Fish Flesh for Selecting Species for Health Benefits

An awareness of the protective roll of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against development of cardiovascular disease has prompted the promotion of fish consumption. It is assumed that those fish rich in polyunsaturated fat and particularly those having high ratios of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids would confer the most benefit. The total fat and fatty acid compositional data are reported herein for 41 different species of fish that are mostly found in the coastal waters of the Eastern United States.
Functional Expression of Two Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors from cDNA Clones Identifies a Gene Family

Abstract A family of genes coding for proteins homologous to the alpha subunit of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been identified in the rat genome. These genes are transcribed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in areas known to contain functional nicotinic receptors. In this paper, we demonstrate that three of these genes, which we call alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2, encode proteins that form functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Oocytes expressing either alpha 3 or alpha 4 protein in combination with the beta 2 protein produced a strong response to acetylcholine. Oocytes expressing only the alpha 4 protein gave a weak response to acetylcholine. These receptors are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine and are blocked by Bungarus toxin 3.1. They are not blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin, which blocks the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Thus, the receptors formed by the alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2 subunits are pharmacologically similar to the ganglionic-type neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These results indicate that the alpha 3, alpha 4, and beta 2 genes encode functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits that are expressed in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
Pesticide concentrations in the liver, brain and adipose tissue of terminal hospital patients.

Abstract Organochlorine pesticide concentrations have been determined at autopsy in the fat and liver of 271 patients previously exhibiting various pathological states of the liver, brain and other tissues of the body. These levels were compared with pesticide concentrations observed during an earlier study in random autopsy cases. Comparisons were also made with a general group designated “Infectious diseases”, containing a variety of conditions of proven aetiology. There was a striking lack of correlation between pesticide concentrations in the liver and in the fat of all autopsy cases, but there was a significant correlation between pesticide levels in the brain and in the fat. No elevation of pesticide concentrations was observed in the presence of brain tumours, but a significant increase of the mean p , p′ -DDE concentration was found in encephalomalacia and cerebral haemorrhage. Significantly elevated fat concentrations of p , p′ -DDE and dieldrin were found in portal cirrhosis, but not in the presence of fatty metamorphosis. Highly significant elevations of pesticide concentration were present in cases of carcinoma of various tissues. Fat concentrations of p , p′ -DDT, p , p′ -DDE, p , p′ -DDD and dieldrin were consistently and significantly elevated in cases of hypertension. An investigation of the home usage of pesticides by these individuals led to the highly significant observation that individuals using pesticides extensively in the home had levels of p , p′ -DDT and its metabolite p , p′ -DDE three to four times higher than had those who used minimal quantities. No correlation was found between pesticide levels in the fat and length of hospitalization or loss of body weight.
Performance of deviance information criterion model selection in statistical catch-at-age analysis

Most stock assessments involve fitting alternative models and selecting among them to provide management advice. Incorrect model specification can lead to unreliable population and mortality estimates, and methods to decide among assessment models so as to obtain reliable estimates are needed. We used Monte Carlo simulations to assess whether using deviance information criterion (DIC) model selection and averaging resulted in improved accuracy of important management quantities from statistical catch-at-age models. We challenged DIC with three estimation models (that differed in how they estimated catchability) and three scenarios of data accuracy and time-varying catchability. DIC usually selected the structurally appropriate model, and point estimates from the best model or the model average were relatively unbiased in that the average deviation from the true value was near zero. The distributions of point estimates about true values from DIC-based model averaging and from the best model (lowest DIC) were similar, perhaps because all of the estimation models were quite similar to the data-generating models. DIC seems to provide a useful metric to compare evidence in favor of alternative assessment models. This study is one of the first to evaluate the performance of DIC in models where the purpose is to predict unobserved quantities.
A Note on Barnes' Parmenides

In The Presocratic Philosophers Vol. I: Thales to Zeno (London, 1979, pp. 155-175) Jonathan Barnes presents a formalization of an argument he finds in Fragments B2, B3 and B6 (148, 149 and 150 in Barnes' numbering). I am sympathetic to the enterprise but I think the execution is confused. After explaining the confusion, I present an alternative which I think preserves most of Barnes' interpretation. Barnes gives a number of formulations of each of Parmenides' three roads or paths to account for diverse ways of understanding the modal terms that occur in translations of the poem. Since my interest is independent of this problem, I will work with just one set of alternatives.
Gambling Behaviors Among Oxford House Residents: A Preliminary Investigation

The present study investigated the prevalence of gambling behaviors among 71 individuals recovering from substance-dependent disorders and living in self-run recovery homes (Oxford Houses). Residents were given the South Oaks Gambling Screen to assess gambling behaviors and pathological gambling, and 19.7% of the sample was identified as having probable pathological gambling. These residents reported proportionately more involvement in a variety of gambling behaviors than other residents. Engagement in various gambling activities was consistent with previous investigations and suggested that self-run recovery homes such as Oxford Houses might be suitable referral sources for recovering persons who have comorbid gambling problems.
Quality management effectiveness in Asia: The influence of culture

Globalization forces managers to utilize manufacturing capabilities from countries with different cultures than their own, particularly from Asia. Yet quality problems in China have raised concerns among managers and researchers as to how to assure product quality from Asian facilities. Implementing quality management practices may accomplish this, but such practices assume specific cultural values exist in certain Asian cultures. Using global manufacturing and cultural data, this study examines if cultural values in Asian and non-Asian countries moderate how effective quality management practices are at improving quality performance. Through the use of multilevel modeling, differences in quality management effectiveness are found among the East Asian cultures of China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Moreover, this study finds that specific cultural dimensions are statistically related to quality management effectiveness. The results of this study will assist managers in devising plans to assure higher quality from East Asian facilities and in predicting where problems may occur in other countries around the world.
Measurement of a convex secondary mirror using a holographic test plate

A 26-cm diameter aspheric convex secondary mirror was successfully measured using a holographic test plate. This measurement demonstrates the viability of the holographic test plate method for measuring convex aspheres. An opticai writer was built and used to demonstrate the ability to write precise holograms on large, curved substrates. The hologram written for this test was fabricated using a thermochemical method that does not require the use of photoresist. The accuracy of the holographic test is demonstrated with a comparison with data from an independent Hindle test.
Ulmer et al. reply.

This comment is in response to alleged discrepencies in analysis of a longitudinal-transverse (L/T) separation of the /sup 12/C(e,e'p) reaction in the quasielastic region. The discrepencies arose inthe L/T ratio for p-shell knock-out. Recalculation of these quantities using different DWIA analysis + different optical potential reveal no fundamental disagreement with other experiemntal results. (AIP)
THE EFFECTS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS ON THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF APTERONOTUS

How might electric fish determine, from patterns of transdermal voltage changes, the size, shape, location, and impedance of a nearby object? I have investigated this question by measuring and simulating electric images of spheres and ellipsoids near an Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Previous studies have shown that this fish's electric field magnitude, and perturbations of the field due to objects, are complicated nonliner functions of distance from the fish. These functions become much simpler when distance is measured from the axes of symmetry of the fish and the object, instead of their respective edges. My analysis suggests the following characteristics of high frequency electric sense and electric images. 1. The shape of electric images on the fish's body is relatively independent of a spherical object's radius, conductivity, and rostrocaudal location. 2. An image's relative width increases linearly with lateral distance, and might therefore unambiguously encode object distance. 3. Only objects with very large dielectric constants cause appreciable phase shifts, and the degree of shift depends strongly on water conductivity. 4. Several parameters, such as the range of electric sense, may depend on the rostrocaudal location of an object. Large objects may be detectable further from the head than the tail, and conversely, small objects may be detectable further from the tail than head. 5. Asymmetrical objects produce different electric images, correlated with their cross-sections, for different orientations and phases of the electric field. 6. The steep attenuation with distance of the field magnitude causes spatial distortions in electric images, somewhat analogous to the perspective distortion inherent in wide angle optical lenses.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE NUCLEUS TO THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF RHENIUM

Measurements of the heat capacity of a rhenium ingot between 0.37 and 4.2 K show an anomalous contribution to the specific heat which is proportional to T/sup -2/. This temperature dependence suggests that contribution is the high-temperature part of a Schottky-type anomaly arising from a set of discrete energy levels. To quench superconductivity and observe the magnetic field dependence of the anomaly, measurements were repeated in a field of about 1000 gauss. The anomaly was influenced by the applied field less than should be expected if it were caused by repopulation of electronic energy levels. There remains the possibility that the energy levels of the nucleus are separated sufflcientiy to produce the anomaly. (A.C.)
Studies on Pasteurella multocida. IV. Immunofluorescence detection of the organisms in spleen and lungs of turkeys vaccinated with live oral vaccines

Abstract Oral vaccination of turkeys with live avirulent strains of P. multocida (M-2283 and CU strain) resulted in the local as well as systemic dissemination of the organisms. The persistence of P. multocida in the lungs and splenic tissues of these vaccinated turkeys was demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. All of the tissues examined up to the first week post vaccination were P. multocida positive. Cryostat sections of lungs from birds vaccinated with the avirulent strain M-2283 were negative at 2 weeks post vaccination, while the spleen continued to be positive up to the third week post vaccination. In contrast to the group of turkeys vaccinated with strain M-2283, lung and spleen cryostat sections from turkeys vaccinated with strain CU remained positive up to the fourth week post vaccination. Tissues examined thereafter were negative for the presence of P. multocida from both groups. The major immune mechanism in the defense against fowl cholera is still unknown. If local immunity is primarily responsible, the CU strain may be the better vaccine strain as it persists in the lungs for 2 weeks longer than the M-2283 strain. However, if systemic immunity is chiefly responsible for immunity, both strains could protect equally, since they persist in the spleen for approximately the same period of time.
An analysis of heat transfer for turbulent axial flow in close clearance exchangers

Abstract The heat transfer for turbulent axial flow in close clearance exchangers is analyzed with the aid of the basic surface renewal and penetration principle. This analysis essentially involves two mechanisms of renewal; that is, renewal associated with the periodic scraping action of the blades, and renewal induced by axial turbulence. This analysis indicates that the heat transfer process for close clearance exchangers is influenced by both scraping action and axial turbulence for values of τ/t between 0·2 and 50.
Ribonuclease activity in liver nuclei of aflatoxin-treated rats.

Abstract Ribonuclease activity of liver nuclei of rats treated with aflatoxin B 1 was investigated as a possible contributory mechanism of rapid loss of nuclear RNA known to occur after toxin dosing. Nuclei were isolated from livers of rats killed 30 minutes after dosing with aflatoxin B 1 . Ribonuclease activity, assayed by conversion of yeast RNA to acid soluble form, was equal to or less than control values under two assay conditions. Stimulated ribonuclease activity therefore does not appear to be an important mechanism in reduction of nuclear RNA by aflatoxin.
The kinetic isotope effect for carbon and oxygen in the reaction CO + OH

The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for carbon and oxygen in the reaction CO + OH has been measured over a range of pressures of air and at 0.2 and 1.0 atm of oxygen, argon, and helium. The reaction was carried out with 21 to 86% conversion under static conditions, utilizing the photolysis of H/sub 2/O/sub 2/ as a source of OH radicals. The value of the KIE for carbon varies with pressure and the kind of ambient gas; for air the ratio of the reaction rates /sup 12/k//sup 13/k has the value 1.007 at 1.00 atm and decreases to 0.997 at 0.2 atm; for oxygen and argon over the same pressure range the values are 1.002 to 0.994 and 1.000 to 0.991, respectively. The value of the KIE for the CO oxgyen atom is /sup 16/k//sup 18/k = 0.990 over the pressure range 0.2 to 1.0 atm and is independent of the kind of ambient gas. No exchange of the oxygen atoms in the activated complex, followed by decomposition to the starting molecules, was observed. From the mechanistic standpoint the normal KIE observed for carbon at the high pressure is attributed to the initial formation of the activated HOCO radical,more » whereas the inverse KIE observed at low pressures is a result of the KIE for the reverse reaction HOCO ..-->.. CO + OH being greater than that for the forward reaction HOCO ..-->.. CO/sub 2/ + H. The derived isotopic equilibrium constant for HOCO in equilibrium CO favors the enrichment of /sup 13/C in the more strongly bound HOCO.« less
Faster computation of Bernoulli numbers

Abstract Using the relationship between the Riemann zeta function and Bernoulli numbers, we develop an algorithm for the fast computation of Bernoulli numbers of high index. We present one algorithm to compute all Bernoulli numbers up to and including B 2 n , and a modified algorithm to compute B 2 n directly. We show that in both algorithms, all computations can be done using at most [2 n log 2 n ] bits and that the complexity of the first algorithm is O ( n 2 log n ) multiplications of numbers at most O ( n log n ) bits while that of the second is O ( n ) multiplications of numbers of at most O ( n log n ) bits.
Robotic Gait Rehabilitation Trainer

This paper presents the basic principle of operation, the mechanical design, and the control system of the Robotic Gait Rehabilitation (RGR) Trainer. This novel single-actuator mechatronic system targets secondary gait deviations affecting patterns of movement of the pelvis in stroke survivors. These deviations arise as compensatory movements associated with primary gait deviations, such as the lack of sufficient knee flexion during the swing phase of the gait cycle. Using an expanded impedance control strategy, the device generates a force field that affects the obliquity of the pelvis (rotation of the pelvis around the anteroposterior axis) via a lower body exoskeleton while the patient ambulates on a treadmill. Preliminary healthy human subject testing demonstrated that the RGR Trainer can effectively guide the pelvis in the frontal plane via force fields to alter pelvic obliquity.
Using organisational information processing maturity as a predictor of information technology adoption

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a switching and multiplexing mechanism operating over a fibre-based physical network. It can be used to provide virtual private network services to businesses. Today, ATM services represent a billion-dollar business around the world. The adoption of ATM technology will probably change the current networking systems, upgrade the quality of current networks and provide increased services. Despite the increasing deployment of ATM technology and the important role it plays in today's information technology infrastructure, little research has been found to its study with respect to social sciences. The present study examined information processing maturity and its relationship with the adoption of ATM technology in organisations. Research results provided strong evidence that there is a statistically significant relationship between organisational information processing maturity and ATM adoption in organisations.
Remote westerly wind forcing of the eastern equatorial Pacific; Some model results

An ocean circulation model is used to examine modes of eastern Pacific ocean response to an episode of surface westerly winds in the western Pacific. This episode resembles the May 1986 tropical cyclone pair event. The ocean changes resulting from this episode are isolated by subtracting the circulation that would otherwise have been present. First and second mode baroclinic Kelvin pulses have comparable surface eastward flow, and cause local warming when the surface temperature gradient is negative. The Kelvin pulses also introduce modulations of the eastern Pacific instability waves, which initially increase the mid-ocean warming and then damp it out. South American coastal warming is substantial, but occurs many months after the wind event because it results primarily from the second baroclinic mode response. Recent analyses of the ocean response to the cyclone event have concentrated on the first mode Kelvin pulse response; this work indicates that only a very incomplete view of the response is possible from this perspective.
Child abuse by baby-sitters: An ecological-interactional interpretation

This study explored the social contexts in which physical abuse by baby-sitters occurred. This was accomplished through a content analysis of 98 “founded” case records of physical abuse committed by baby-sitters. In 70% of the case records there was evidence that sitters had a conflict with the victim prior to the abusive act. Children fighting with other children was the most common type of disturbance, followed by conflicts surrounding toilet training, children's continuous crying, disobedience, and rudeness. There was evidence that parents' explicit or implicit approval of baby-sitters' violence contributed to the child abuse in approximately one-quarter of the cases.
125 years of public health in the USA

The past 125 years of public health in the United States are viewed from the perspective of the most significant public health areas of the 20th century as developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The long-term impacts and development of the areas include: immunizations, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, safer and healthier foods, fluoridation of drinking water, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco as a health hazard, motor vehicle safety, and safer workplaces. The current and future of public health in the US is encapsulated in several developing areas, including: personal lifestyle modifications, politicalization of health, evolving knowledge base, knowledge transfer and globalization.
Role of Amino Acid Residues in Transmembrane Segments IS6 and IIS6 of the Na+ Channel α Subunit in Voltage-dependent Gating and Drug Block

Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of transmembrane segments IS6 and IIS6 of the rat brain Nav1.2 channel α subunit identified mutations N418A in IS6 and L975A in IIS6 as causing strong positive shifts in the voltage dependence of activation. In contrast, mutations V424A in IS6 and L983A in IIS6 caused strong negative shifts. Most IS6 mutations opposed inactivation from closed states, but most IIS6 mutations favored such inactivation. Mutations L421C and L983A near the intracellular ends of IS6 and IIS6, respectively, exhibited significant sustained Na+ currents at the end of 30-ms depolarizations, indicating a role for these residues in Na+ channel fast inactivation. These residues, in combination with residues at the intracellular end of IVS6, are well situated to form an inactivation gate receptor. Mutation I409A in IS6 reduced the affinity of the local anesthetic etidocaine for the inactivated state by 6-fold, and mutations I409A and N418A reduced use-dependent block by etidocaine. No IS6 or IIS6 mutations studied affected inactivated-state affinity or use-dependent block by the neuroprotective drug sipatrigine (compound 619C89). These results suggest that the local anesthetic receptor site is formed primarily by residues in segments IIIS6 and IVS6 with the contribution of a single amino acid in segment IS6.
FOURTEEN AND SIX C/SEC POSITIVE BURSTS IN COMATOSE PATIENTS *

Of ten patients with Reye's syndrome, there were five with stage II or III coma where EEGs revealed 14 c/sec positive bursts in a background of diffuse delta waves. Positive bursts disappeared upon EEG improvement in two survivors and when the EEG became nearly isoelectric in two other patients. Although 14 and 6 c/sec positive bursts are seen commonly during sleep in normal young persons, their occurence in association with diffuse delta waves in acutely ill, comatose patients has been rarely reported. It is not certain whether the present findings should be regarded as selective preservation of a type of sleep pattern or whether there are special factors that enhance positive bursts in stage II or III coma of Reye's syndrome.
Bilateral orbital granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) preceding the blast phase of acute myelogenous leukemia: CT findings

Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) is an uncommon malignant neoplasm associated with myelogenous leukemias. Its appearance may precede the clinical manifestations of the acute leukemic phase by months to years. We report the CT findings of a case bilateral intraorbital granulocytic sarcoma which preceded the blast phase of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and led to its diagnosis. An awareness of granulocytic sarcoma and its CT appearance may expedite the diagnosis of AML or prompt close monitoring of those cases of granulocytic sarcoma antedating the appearance of AML.
Unit fibril models derived from the molecular topography of collagen.

The geometrical properties of collagen molecules place certain restrictions on possible three-dimensional packing models. With certain reasonable assumptions involving the macromolecular structure of collagen, a model for the surface topography of the monomeric unit is developed and two possible models for molecular packing, one hexagonal and the other non-hexagonal, are inferred. The non-hexagonal packing model is identical to the pentagonal unit fibril first postulated by J. W. Smith on different grounds, while the hexagonal model is one of three previously suggested by us on more general assumptions. The two models are compared to available data on collagen packing, and the bulk of the evidence would seem to favor the pentagonal model.
Emotional and Directive Listening in Peer Mentoring

Abstract Freshmen in an orientation course at a state university answered questionnaires about their peer mentors' listening and how well their peer mentors help them balance dialectical tensions of socialization. Results showed that perceived directive and emotional listening help the protege manage these tensions. Perceived emotional listening discriminated between high and low levels of liking and relational closeness but was only a slightly better predictor of reducing the protege's socialization tensions. Both types of perceived listening responses are important to effective mentoring: emotional listening helps proteges form positive relationships with their mentors and directive listening meets proteges' expectations.
Recent advances in tunable optical delays and their applications

Recent advances in tunable optical delays and their applications are discussed. Conversion/Dispersion based delays are highlighted including recent delays in excess of 3.6 μs for a 100-Gb/s signal and the application of delays towards optical buffering and signal processing. Limiting factors of achieving large conversion/dispersion delays are discussed as well as the techniques being used to overcome them. Finally, recent applications of these delays towards the implementation of optical tapped-delay-lines for optical equalization and correlation of amplitude and phase based signals is presented.
Discontinuities in Schooling and Educational Attainment.

Duncan et al. (1972, p. 224) insightfully pointed out that the timing of events in the process of socioeconomic achievement can be as important as the events themselves. While we know that substantial numbers of people delay their entry into college, and interrupt their college education once begun, no comprehensive national study has established the causes and consequences of these discontinuities in schooling.
Microbial food partitioning by three species of benthic copepods

Using radioactively labeled bacteria and photoautotrophs in undisturbed sediment cores, we show that three cooccurring species of benthic copepods feed on different microbial food sources in their natural environment. Specifically, Thompsonula hyaenae feeds on photoautotrophs, Halicyclops coulli feeds on bacteria, and Zausodes arenicolus feeds on both photoautotrophs and bacteria. Species of benthic copepods feed differently from one another in the field, and meiofaunal species' distributions could be influenced by distributions of their preferred microbial food.
The separation of aliphatic amines by paper chromatography or paper electrophoresis.

Abstract Aliphatic monoamines, diamines, or polyamines have been separated by paper electrophoresis. The separation of a mixture of the bacterial growth factors putrescine, 1,3-propanediamine, spermidine, and spermine has been achieved by this same technique, while spermidine and spermine have also been separated and may be identified in tissue hydrolyzates by paper chromatographic and bioautographic procedures which are described.
Temporal integration of electrical stimulation of auditory nuclei in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired cat.

Abstract Temporal integration functions were measured, before and after a sound-induced hearing loss, in 5 cats using trains of electrical pulses applied to auditory nuclei in the brainstem. The 8 stimuli ranged from 1 pulse (0.25 ms duration) to 16 pulses (0.25 ms pulses spaced over 240 ms). The stimuli were applied to inferior colliculus or cochlear nucleus via permanently implanted electrodes. One electrode was tested extensively in each animal to obtain 10 sets of behaviorally-measured electrical detection thresholds counterbal-anced across stimuli. The animal was then exposed to a 110 dB SPL, 2 kHz tone for 48 h and pre- and post-exposure audiograms were measured. The mean permanent threshold shift for acoustic stimuli was 48.5 dB. Another 10 thresholds for each of the 8 electrical stimuli were then measured. In the normal hearing animals, the mean slope of the temporal integration function for electrical stimulation was −7.6 dB per factor of 10 pulses. Alternatively, the mean time constant was 139 ms. In the hearing impaired animals, the slope was reduced to −1.5 dB per factor of 10 pulses, which corresponded to a mean time constant of 17 ms. In addition, the hearing impaired animals showed a decreased threshold for the electrical stimuli (stimulation hypersensitivity) as well as reduced variability across electrical stimulation thresholds. The results suggest that a major contribution to temporal integration occurs in inferior colliculus or higher. In addition, the results suggest that the reduction in temporal integration that follows hearing impairment is a peripherally-induced, central effect.
Techniques for High-Quality Ambient Coarse Particle Mass Measurements

Several recent studies have shown associations between ambient concentrations of particle mass (PM) and rates of morbidity and mortality in the general population. These studies have raised the issue of quality of coarse mass (CM, PM between 2.5 and 10 µm) data used for these purposes. CM data may have precision three or more times worse than the associated PM 2.5 or PM10 data, depending on the measurement method, PM 2.5 to PM 10 ratios, and CM concentrations. CM is measured either as the difference between collocated PM10 and PM2.5 samplers or more directly with a dichotomous (virtual impactor) sampler. CM precision for the difference method is degraded due to the increased errors inherent with using the difference between two independent measurements, as well as the high PM2.5 to PM10 ratios (and low CM concentrations) typical of the eastern United States. The dichotomous sampler (dichot) makes a more direct measurement of CM, but there is a potential for significant postexposure loss of particles from unoiled CM dichot filters, as well as uncertainties in the dichot's CM channel enrichment factor. Compared to the dichot, low-volume inertial impactor samplers such as the Harvard Impactor (HI) or PM2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM) are simpler to operate and maintain, provide sharper cut points, and do not require oiled filters to prevent loss of CM from the filter during transport. With the recent interest in CM spatial and temporal variability with respect to PM health effects, we have developed modifications to the HI PM method to provide measurements of 24-hour PM with estimated CM precision of better than 5% CV and r2 higher than 0.95, primarily by lowering field blank variability and increasing gravimetric analytical precision. These high-precision PM techniques are not limited to the HI sampler; they can also be applied to the PM2.5 FRM sampler. The measurement methods described here can be applied to future PM studies to avoid the potential problems with exposure assessment caused by CM measurements that have poor precision.
Modernization, Cultural Heterogeneity, and Civil Strife

Six theoretical models are described, each of which purports to explain how modernization and/or other variables are related to civil strife. Using aggregate data (ca. 1965) from those 103 independent nations having populations of over one million, this study seeks to determine (a) which model best predicts patterns of correlation between modernization, cultural heterogeneity, growth rate, and civil strife and (b) which model best predicts the magnitude of civil strife. Results indicate that a Political Organization model is superior with respect to both types of predictions. The Political Organization model is predicated on the assumption that discontent (whatever its basis) is only a necessary, not a sufficient condition for civil strife. In the Political Organization model, organization, leadership, and coalitions are postulated as the sufficient conditions mediating discontent and civil strife.
The role of cytoreductive surgery in the management of stage IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival impact of cytoreductive surgery and other prognostic determinants in patients with Stage IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Methods. All patients with FIGO Stage IV UPSC diagnosed between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 1998 were identified from tumor registry databases. Individual patient data were collected retrospectively. Survival analysis and comparisons were performed using the method of Kaplan and Meier, the log-rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Predictors of surgical outcome were evaluated using the log-rank test. Results. Thirty-one patients underwent primary cytoreductive surgery for Stage IV UPSC (median age, 65 years). The median survival for all patients was 14.4 months. Optimal cytoreduction was defined as residual disease ≤1 cm in maximal diameter. The only significant predictor of a suboptimal surgical outcome was the presence of disease in three or more anatomic regions. Overall, 16 of 31 patients (51.6%) completed primary surgery with optimal disease status. Optimal cytoreduction was associated with a median survival of 26.2 months, compared with 9.6 months for patients left with suboptimal residual disease ( P P = 0.004). Postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy was associated with a median survival of 17.1 months, compared with 9.5 months without such therapy ( P = 0.018). Patients receiving the combination of platinum + paclitaxel had a median survival rate of 29.1 months versus 14.4 months for patients receiving platinum + cyclophosphamide ± doxorubicin ( P = 0.054). On multivariate analysis, the only statistically significant predictor of survival was the cytoreductive surgical outcome. Conclusions. The strongest predictor of overall survival for patients with Stage IV UPSC was the amount of residual disease following surgery. Recommended management for this group of patients should consist of maximal surgical cytoreduction followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, preferably in combination with paclitaxel.
Aerosol sensing technologies in the mining industry

Recent health, safety and environmental regulations are causing an increased demand for monitoring of aerosols in the mining industry. Of particular concern are airborne concentrations of combustible and toxic rock dusts as well as particulate matter generated from diesel engines in underground mines. In response, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been evaluating a number of real time sensing technologies for potential use in underground mines. In particular, extensive evaluation has been done on filter-based light extinction using elemental carbon (EC) as a surrogate measurement of total diesel particulate matter (DPM) mass concentration as well as mechanical tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) technology for measurement of both DPM and rock dust mass concentrations. Although these technologies are promising in their ability to accurately measure mine aerosols for their respective applications, there are opportunities for design improvements or alternative technologies that may significantly enhance the monitoring of mine aerosols. Such alterations can lead to increases in sensitivity or a reduction in the size and cost of these devices. This paper provides a brief overview of current practices and presents results of NIOSH research in this area. It concludes with a short discussion of future directions in mine aerosol sensing research.
Modeling of radiative energy transfer dynamics

A comprehensive model which can predict the Ho 3+ 5 I 7 YAG (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ) manifold luminescence and radiative energy transfer rate among Ho ions for a given concentration and emission path length within the crystal has been developed. Independently, a model was devised to calculate these rates using measured lifetimes as well as calculated radiative and non-radiative lifetimes. The rates of radiative energy transfer were determined from both of these models and found to be in close agreement
Measuring household fuel consumption on the Standard Living Cycle

Abstract A simple model for monitoring natural gas consumption in large aggregates of houses is developed by extending single-house analyses. The parameters of the model are baseload consumption, rate of fuel use per degree-day for heating, and a reference temperature. Accuracy of the results is assessed by means of confidence intervals derived for the nonlinear model. The meaning of these parameters for the aggregate is investigated using idealized-house data. When applied to actual data for natural gas sales in New Jersey, the model yields parameters which are generally useful indicators but lack the required accuracy for definitive assessments of year-to-year consumption changes. Based on these parameters, a well-determined index representing consumption on a Standard Living Cycle is derived for accurate monitoring of conservation trends. The index calculated from the New Jersey data over the past decade demonstrates interesting changes in the state's consumption patterns.