cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human natural killer cell expansion is regulated by thrombospondin- mediated activation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and independent accessory cell-derived contact and soluble factors

Natural killer cells (NK) were studied to determine factors important in their expansion. Flourescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) purified CD56+/CD3- NK cells cultured alone for 18 days in rIL-2 containing medium (1,000 U/mL) showed enhanced cytotoxicity but only minimal expansion. NK expansion was increased (12.5 +/- 1.6-fold) by coculturing NK with soluble factors produced by irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) in which the two populations were separated by a microporous membrane. However, maximal NK expansion was always observed when NK were cocultured in direct contact with irradiated PBMNC (49.4 +/- 5.9-fold). To determine if marrow stroma, which supports differentiation of primitive NK progenitors, was a better accessory cell population than irradiated PBMNC, NK were cocultured in direct contact with primary marrow stromal layers. NK expansion with marrow stroma was similar to PBMNC. Fibroblast cell lines (M2-10B4, NRK-49F, NIH-3T3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), all homogeneous populations and devoid of monocytes, also exhibited a similar contact-dependent increase in NK expansion. Experiments were designed using fixed M2-10B4 stromal cells to separate the contact-induced proliferative stimuli from soluble factors. NK plated directly on ethanol/acetic acid-fixed M2-10B4, which leaves stromal ligands (cell membrane components and ECM) intact, resulted in increased NK expansion compared with medium alone. We further show that the combination of independent contact and soluble factors is responsible for maximal late NK expansion (days 28 through 40) but paradoxically inhibits early NK expansion (day 7). The proliferation inhibitory effects were verified by 3H-thymidine uptake and could be detected at days 2 through 6 but no longer 14 days after the initiation of the culture. We show that both laminin and thrombospondin inhibit early NK proliferation, whereas only thrombospondin was capable of also stimulating late NK expansion. The effect of thrombospondin on early NK proliferation is related to activation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta) because anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody completely abrogated thrombospondin-mediated inhibition of early NK proliferation. Although inhibitory early in culture, active TGF-beta added only at culture initiation increases late NK expansion similar to thrombospondin. TGF-beta was not present in the thrombospondin preparation but latent TGF-beta in serum, or TGF-beta transcripts identified in IL-2-activated NK could explain paracrine or autocrine mechanisms for the regulation of NK proliferation. Finally, anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody only minimally affects stroma-mediated inhibition of early NK proliferation suggesting that aside from thrombospondin/TGF-beta, additional contact factors are important for the regulation of NK proliferation.
Synthesis and characterization of bis(imino)pyridine complexes of divalent Mg and Zn

Phenyl-bis(imino)pyridine (PhI2P) complexes, (PhI2P)ZnCl2 (1), (PhI2P−)ZnCl (2) and (PhI2P−)Zn(py)Cl (3) were obtained with the I2P ligand in both the neutral and the one-electron reduced state. In all examples, the metal ion is Zn(II). Metrical parameters obtained from solid state structures of 2 and 3 indicate that the PhI2P− ligand exists as a radical which is supported at the carbon atom of the imino donor, and this electronic state is also apparent in the analogous one-electron reduced ligand Al(III) complex, (PhI2P−)AlCl2 (4), that we prepared for comparison. We were unable to obtain PhI2P Mg complexes, and so the more electron rich methyl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine ligand, MeI2P, was investigated. Reaction of two-electron reduced MeI2P with MgCl2 and Mg(OTf)2 did afford the two-electron reduced ligand complexes [(MeI2P2−)Mg(THF)]2(μ-MgCl2) (5) and (MeI2P2−)Mg(THF)2 (6), respectively (MeI2P = 2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)-N-(2-pyridinylmethylene)phenylamine). Complex 5 crystallizes as a trinuclear Mg complex consisting of two (MeI2P2−)Mg moieties bridged by MgCl2 and the (MeI2P2−) ligand is symmetric across the pyridine ring, but is not planar. In contrast, the (MeI2P2−) ligand in 6 is asymmetric across the pyridine ring and all atoms in the ligand are coplanar. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal that in complexes, 1, 4, 5, 6, the I2P0, I2P−, and I2P2− ligand charge states are accessible electrochemically.
Endothelial gaps and permeability of venules in rat tracheas exposed to inflammatory stimuli

This study determined the number of endothelial gaps in venules of the rat trachea and related these values to the amount of plasma extravasation after an inflammatory stimulus (neurogenic inflamma...
Virus propagation on time-varying networks: theory and immunization algorithms

Given a contact network that changes over time (say, day vs night connectivity), and the SIS (susceptible/infected/susceptible, flu like) virus propagation model, what can we say about its epidemic threshold? That is, can we determine when a small infection will "take-off" and create an epidemic? Consequently then, which nodes should we immunize to prevent an epidemic? This is a very real problem, since, e.g. people have different connections during the day at work, and during the night at home. Static graphs have been studied for a long time, with numerous analytical results. Time-evolving networks are so hard to analyze, that most existing works are simulation studies [5]. Specifically, our contributions in this paper are: (a) we formulate the problem by approximating it by a Non-linear Dynamical system (NLDS), (b) we derive the first closed formula for the epidemic threshold of time-varying graphs under the SIS model, and finally (c) we show the usefulness of our threshold by presenting efficient heuristics and evaluate the effectiveness of our methods on synthetic and real data like the MIT reality mining graphs.
Foraging Behavior in Guppies: Do Size & Color of Prey Make a Difference?

Simple animal behavior experiments can easily engage our students in actual scientific inquiry that is exciting, curiosity driven, and thought provoking. In the experiments explained here, students observe the behavior of the common guppy (Poecilia retictulata) as it feeds on Daphnia, a natural prey species. Students take observations, collect and analyze data, make conclusions, and design their own experiments. I provide instructions for two experiments and then give suggestions for further student experimentation. I have found that these experiments can be done efficiently and effectively in my classroom with little investment of money and no sophisticated equipment. These experiments address many of the National Science Education Standards for science content, learner perspectives, and habits of mind (see Tables 1 and 2). Hands-on, minds-on scientific experimentation appeals to the entire range of student diversity, interests and intelligences (Gardner 1991). In my experience, animal behavior experiments like these quickly appeal to students' imagination and intellectual engagement.
Multiple integration with respect to Poisson and Lévy processes

Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a multiple stochastic integral of the form ∫...∫fdX 1...dXd, where X 1, ..., X d are components of a positive or symmetric pure jump type Levy process in ℝd. Conditions are also given for a sequence of integrals of this type to converge in probability to zero or infinity, or to be tight. All arguments proceed via reduction to the special case of Poisson integrals.
The effect of object preferences on task performance and stereotypy in a child with autism

The relationship between preferred objects associated with stereotypy, stereotypic behavior, and accuracy of responding during a counting task by a child with autism was analyzed. Object preference was determined by presenting the child with different sets of objects and asking him to choose one. His choices were then rank ordered into three groups: low, medium, and high preference objects. Counting performance within each of the three object groups was then analyzed in a multi-element design, alternating preference groups. Teaching with high-preference objects occasioned more stereotypic behavior and less accurate counting than teaching with medium- and low-preference objects. Thus, there exists the possibility that teaching may be less successful with certain teaching materials, especially if those materials evoke high rates of incompatible behaviors.
Magnesium Inhibition of Apatite Nucleation by Proteolipid

The effect of magnesium on apatite nucleation by Bacterionema matruchotii proteolipid was determined. The ion, in metastable calcium phosphate solution at a concentration that did not reduce proteolipid calcium binding, prevented apatite crystallization. The data were compared with those involving magnesium and homogenous nucleation of apatite in vitro.
Repeated successive contrast in consummatory behavior with repeated shifts in sucrose concentration

Contrast in consummatory behavior was investigated following repeated shifts from 32% to 4% sucrose. In Experiment 1, contrast in licking and in open-field measures of activity occurred following the second and third downshifts. In Experiments 2a and 2b, equivalent contrast effects occurred following the first and second downshifts in sucrose. In Experiment 3, negative contrast remained unabated following nine downshifts in animals shifted between 32% and 4% sucrose on alternate days. Similar results were found for five downshifts in animals shifted every 2 days. In both of these latter conditions, positive contrast occurred over the first few shifts and was then lost as the 32% control group reached asymptote. These data show that repeated negative contrast effects in consummatory behavior are robust and enduring and occur under several different sets of experimental parameters. The results are discussed in terms of reinforcement level and emotional interpretations of contrast effects, and the possibility was suggested that the causal mechanism of contrast changes with repeated shifts.
Chemotherapy of advanced gastrointestinal cancer

Pancreatic, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas are diagnosed in 200,000 Americans each year. Therapeutic options for patients with advanced disease are limited; conventional chemotherapy is palliative and produces complete responses in only a few patients. Clinical research has focused on the evaluation of investigational new drugs, combination regimens, and biochemical modulation of fluorouracil. Unfortunately, the results of recent phase II studies of new agents have been disappointing. The exception is CPT-11, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, which showed promising activity in colorectal cancer (in including patients who had failed prior fluorouracil therapy). Modified regimens of fluorouracil and methotrexate with either doxorubicin alone or with epirubicin and cisplatin were associated with response rates approaching 50% in patients with gastric cancer, but appeared to be less toxic than previously published regimens. A randomized trial comparing fluororacil alone or with oral leucovorin allowed early dose escalation according to individual tolerance; the response rate to fluorouracil alone (23%) was higher than that reported in previous phase III trials, suggesting the importance of using adequate doses to produce toxicity in terms of clinical response. Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine was associated with a 39% response rate in colorectal cancer patients with disease confined to the liver for whom systemic fluorouracil therapy had failed, suggesting this approach is a reasonable therapeutic option in carefully selected patients.
Public health impact of full implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest.

Summary Aim Induced hypothermia improves outcomes in patients resuscitated successfully after cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. However, a minority of US physicians currently use the therapy. The aim of this study was to project the public health impact of implementing hypothermia in all eligible US out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survivors. Methods The number of OHCA patients expected to have a good outcome after hypothermia was calculated using a linear model. Literature-derived input variables included OHCA incidence rates and US 2000 census data, percent with return to spontaneous circulation (ROSC), percent eligible for hypothermia, and the expected benefit from hypothermia. Sensitivity analyses were performed to calculate a plausible range around the reference case. Results An additional 2298 US patients per year are expected to have a good neurological outcome if US physicians implement hypothermia fully in comatose survivors of OHCA. The two-way sensitivity analyses found that this number ranged from 766 to 5171 patients. This model is similarly sensitive to varying the incidence of OHCA, percent with ROSC, percent of patients eligible for hypothermia, and the number needed to treat. Conclusions If US physicians adopt therapeutic hypothermia fully in eligible patients with OHCA, 2298 additional patients per year would be expected to achieve a good neurological outcome, a substantial public health impact. Barriers to adoption should be researched and addressed to increase acceptance and use by US physicians.
Variation in sporophytic and gametophytic vigor in wild and cultivated varieties of Cucurbita pepo and their F1 and F2 generations.

This study examines sporophytic and gametophytic vigor in wild and cultivated varieties of Cucurbita pepo L. and their hybrids in order to determine whether hybrid vigor extends to the microgametophyte generation. It also examines the variation in sporophytic and gametophytic vigor to discern the non-genetic influences of pollen provisioning by the sporophyte on pollen performance from the genetic influences of the microgametophyte’s own genotype on pollen performance. A cultivated and a wild C. pepo and their F1 and the F2 generations were grown under field conditions and flower and fruit production were monitored over one summer. We found that the four types of plants differed significantly in the number of male and female flowers and the number of fruits they produced. The F1 plants produced significantly more male flowers and marginally more female flowers and fruits than the parental lines. To estimate gametophytic vigor pollen was germinated in vitro and pollen tube length measured after 30 min. We found that pollen tubes from the F1 plants had significantly greater growth than tubes from the parental lines or the F2 generation, indicating that hybrid vigor extends to the microgametophytic generation. By partitioning the variance of pollen tube growth into ’within’ and ’among’ plant components of variation, we were able to show that the genotype of the microgametophyte influences pollen performance in vitro, but that expression of hybrid vigor in the microgametophyte is likely to be due to an environmental effect related to provisioning of the pollen grains during development.
Effect of erythrocytes treated with enterobacterial common antigen on experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection of mice.

The immunogenicity of enterobacterial common antigen (CA)-treated horse or mouse erythrocytes was determined in Swiss white albino mice by comparing survival rates with control mice, immunized withP. aeruginosa fraction-treated RBC and challenged in parallel with 10 LD50S. typhimurium. The administration of small amounts of CA on horse, but not mouse, RBC significantly delayed mortality; protection was only marginally less than that evoked with 12-fold larger amounts of CA in the absence of RBC. Survival of infected animals was transient; independent of immunogen or control preparation employed, all mice were dead by day 15 after challenge.
Host age and cell type influence measles virus protein expression in the central nervous system

Measles virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS) of children can result in a slow, progressive fatal disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The pathogenesis of persistent measles virus infection of the CNS has been studied by comparing viral protein expression in suckling or weanling hamsters infected with the HBS strain of measles virus. Suckling animals develop a rapidly progressive fatal encephalitis while weanling animals survive and are persistently infected. Viral nucleocapsid (NP) and hemagglutinin (H) proteins have been examined during acute infection in suckling and weanling animals. Viral H protein expression is selectively inhibited in infected neurons of weanling animals, while infected ependymal cells retain the capability to express H protein at the cell surface; suckling animals express high levels of both proteins. Anti-measles antibodies are not responsible for the inhibition of H protein since immunosuppression does not restore protein expression. The cell-associated virus which is recovered late in infection by co-cultivation with Vero cells expresses all viral proteins. These results suggest that intact viral genome is present in persistent infections, and cell type or state of differentiation of infected cells may be instrumental in expression of viral proteins which can influence lytic or persistent outcome of infection.
Field induced perturbations in the ultraviolet spectrum of s-triazine

Abstract It is shown that on application of an external magnetic or electric field, resulting mixing of states enables new transitions to be induced in optical spectra. These transitions behave non-linearly with field, and enable extension of spectroscopic techniques to previously unobserved electronic states. Selection rules for this phenomenon are the same as Raman or two photon spectroscopy. Electric field induced perturbations are observed in several vibronic bands associated with the ν 6 vibration in the 1 E″← 1 ′ t , transition in s-triazine. Evidence is presented that the states mixed by the field are Jahn-Teller doublets. From observed splittings and field dependence we determine a coupling parameter of D = 0.1 cm −1 .
Coulomb Effects in Boson Emission

The corrections in boson emission processes due to Coulomb forces between the two particles are considered. The usual Coulomb penetration factor'' is modified by relativistic and finite-size effects. Numerical results are given for the emission by a nucleon of pions and K mesons in S and P states. It is emphasized, however, that in the absence of precise knowledge about the mechanism of emission the present numerical results should be considered only approximate. (auth)
Photo)electrochemical behavior of selected organic compounds on TiO2 electrodes. Overall relevance to heterogeneous photocatalysis

Abstract Oxidation potentials of resorcinol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 4,6-dichlororesorcinol, catechol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene were measured on particulate TiO 2 (Degussa P-25) thin films, immobilized on optically transparent SnO 2 conducting glass electrodes, by cyclic voltammetry in 0.5M KCl aqueous electrolyte solutions. The effect of adsorption on oxidation potentials was examined with the compounds adsorbed on the TiO 2 particle surface. Scan rate dependencies of oxidation peak currents indicate that adsorbed species are consistently characterized by less positive oxidation potentials compared to those attributed to solution free species; the difference ranges from about 0.2 to 0.8 V. Results show that depending on the nature of the working electrode, associating a single oxidation potential to such compounds does not adequately describe their electrochemical behavior. Such observations have relevance in heterogeneous photocatalysis in that predictions of whether a substance will be photooxidized or photoreduced cannot be based on Fermi levels (redox potentials) of the redox couples in homogeneous solutions.
Modification of spacecraft potentials by plasma emission

The ion engine operations on Applied Technology Satellite 6 (ATS-6) altered the charge state of the spacecraft, changing the spacecraft surface potentials with respect to the distant plasmas. Plasma emission in quiet environments (plasma temperatures below 1 keV) caused the spacecraft potential to shift from a few volts positive to a few volts negative. A net ion current is emitted in such cases. The emission of a plasma or beam in energetic environments (plasma temperatures in the 5-10-keV range) in sunlight caused larger changes. Typical equilibrium potentials for ATS-6 in such environments were on the order of a hundred volts negative, with variations in potential across the spacecraft surface of comparable magnitude. Engine operations under such conditions raised the mainframe potential to near zero volts, and discharged the differential potentials on the dielectric surfaces. Plasma emission by the plasma bridge was an effective method of discharging kilovolt potentials in eclipse.
Local supercomputing training in the computational sciences using remote national centers

Local training for high performance computing using remote national supercomputing centers is quite different from training at the centers themselves or using local machines. The local site computing and communication resources are a fraction of those available at the national centers. However, training at the local site has the potential of training more computational science and engineering students in high performance computing by including those who are unable to travel to the national center for training. The experience gained from supercomputing courses and workshops in the last 17 years at the University of Illinois at Chicago is described. These courses serve as the kernel in the program for training computational science and engineering students. Many training techniques are illustrated, such as key local user's guides and starter problems that would be portable to other local sites. Training techniques are continually evolving to keep up with rapid changes in supercomputing. An essential feature of this program is the use of real supercomputer time on several supercomputer platforms at national centers with emphasis in solving large scale problems.
Cephalaria syriaca seed oil

Cephalaria syriaca shrad., in Turkish pelemir, grows predominantly in the southeastern district of Turkey as a weed in cereal fields. Pelemir seeds are sometimes used for extraction of their oil, as an improver of baking value of wheat, and as an antistaling agent for bread. The seeds contain 7.8% moisture; their chemical composition on a dry basis is: crude fat, 25.3%, crude protein, 15.9%; N-free extract, 40.4%; crude fiber, 11.9%; crude ash, 6.5%. Characteristics of the seed oil are: specific gravity at 25 C, 0.9229; refractive index at 25 C, 1.4706; saponification value, 192; iodine value, 88.4; thiocyanogen value, 58.8; Reichert-Meissl value, 0.36; Polenske value, 0.25; unsaponifiable matter, 1.24%; hydroxyl value, 20.9. The fatty acid components are: lauric acid, 1.5%; myristic acid, 19.5%; palmitic acid, 9.4%; stearic acid, 2%; oleic acid, 23.0%; linoleic acid, 36.9%. The chemical composition of extracted cakes on a dry basis is: crude protein, 20.4%; crude fat, 0.8%; N-free extract, 50.5%; crude ash, 6.4%; crude fiber; 14.4%%; saponin, 7.5%. The oil contains 7.8% epoxy acid, calculated as epoxy oleic acid, which makes its use as an edible oil rather difficult but renders it usable in industries using epoxidized oils. Due to its high content of myristic acid, the oil is very suitable for soapmaking as well.
An algebra-geometric approach for model reduction

This paper presents an algebra-geometric approach for determining the time-domain reduced-order models and frequency-domain reduced-degree models of large-scale multivariable systems. First, the structures of the canonical state-space representations and corresponding matrix fraction descriptions of general multivariable systems are introduced, and the associated characteristic ?-matrices are defined. Next, the divisors and spectral decomposition theorems for the nonsingular characteristic ?-matrices, which may not be regular or monic, are developed by using the algebraic and geometric properties of multivariable system structures. Then, the derived algebra-geometric theorems are used to develop a frequency-domain aggregation method and a time-domain aggregation method for the model reduction of large-scale multivariable systems. Finally, the newly developed matrix sign functions [1] in conjunction with the aggregation method are used to obtain the reduced-order and reduced-degree models of large-scale multivariable systems without assuming that the eigenvalues of the original systems are known and/or the singularly-perturbed models are available.
Ecosystem Recovery Across a Chronosequence of Restored Wetlands in the Platte River Valley

Wet meadows in the Platte River valley (PRV) consist of linear wetlands in mesic prairie matrix systems that have been degraded and diminished for agriculture. Restoration in this region is a widespread practice that involves land contouring and seeding native species, however ecosystem recovery following restoration has never been examined. We quantified recovery trajectories and rates of above- and belowground plant biomass, soil physical and chemical properties, and C and N pools in a chronosequence of six restored wet meadows in relation to three natural wetlands. Within each site, we sampled sloughs (deeper habitats) and adjacent margins (slightly higher elevation) for three consecutive years. Varying hydrologic regimes between habitats resulted in differential patterns in ecosystem measurements (bulk density, C mineralization) in both natural and restored wetlands. Total aboveground biomass (TAB), root biomass, root C and N storage, total soil C and N, microbial N, and extractable N increased with years restored in both margins and sloughs. The model predicted rates of increase did not differ between habitats, but elevations of linear regressions were higher in sloughs than margins for root N, total soil C, total soil N, MBN, and extractable total N (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that bulk density and soil organic matter (SOM) represent two useful, easily measured indices of ecosystem recovery, because they were correlated with many pools and fluxes of C and N. Furthermore, we conclude that most change in ecosystem structure and function during the first decade following restoration occurs in shallow soil depths, and ecosystem recovery varies with subtle differences in elevation and associated plant community structure.
APTORCHIS MEGACETABULUS N. SP. (PLATYHELMINTHES: DIGENEA) FROM THE NORTHERN LONG-NECKED TURTLE, CHELODINA RUGOSA (PLEURODIRA: CHELIDAE), IN AUSTRALIA

Aptorchis megacetabulus n. sp. is described from the intestine of the northern long-necked turtle, Chelodina rugosa (Pleurodira: Chelidae), in Northern Territory, Australia. This is the first helminth species reported from C. rugosa. This plagiorchioidean digenean differs from the 3 previously known species of Aptorchis in the relative size of the ventral sucker, overall body proportions, nature of the cirrus sac, and egg size. Comparison of approximately 2,700 bases of ribosomal DNA obtained from all known Aptorchis species strongly supports the status of Aptorchis megacetabulus n. sp. as a new species.
Precise auditory–vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication

Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory-vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory-vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird's repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds' songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning.
In vivo tumor response to single and multiple exposures of adriamycin

Abstract The response of murine EMT6/Ro tumors and KHT sarcomas to adriamycin (ADR) given either as a single dose, 2 equal doses or multiple dose increments (all to the same total dose) was determined using a tumor growth delay assay. The total ADR uptake in the tumors was similar for the various drug schedules. An ld 10 60 dose of ADR (lethal to 10% of the mice in 60 days) led to a growth delay equivalent to one doubling time in these established tumor lines as well as a first generation transplanted mammary tumor. Two doses, each equal to half the ld 10 60 dose, separated by 1–7 days or 1–2 days, were as effective against the EMT6/Ro tumor and KHT sarcoma respectively as a single ld 10 60 dose. These findings suggest a lack of repair of ADR damage in these tumors. However, such a total dose ( ld 10 60 ), given as multiple daily increments, resulted in a growth delay less than that following a single ld 1 60 exposure likely due to cell repopulation.
The distribution and frequency of tornadoes in the United States From 1880 to 1931

This paper is the second statistical study of tornadoes in the United States. The first paper (see Charles W. Brown, A study of the time-, areal-, and type-distribution of tornadoes in the United States, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 14th Annual Meeting, pp. 100–106, 1933) covered only the last 15 years from 1917 to 1931. The present contribution is based upon a study of all the data, which may vary in completeness in the various states and years with the personnel, contained in the publications of the Weather Bureau for 52 years from 1880 to 1931. The previous study, though for a shorter period, included 2017 tornadoes (54.1 per cent) of the total number, 3911, whereas the present study includes for the earlier 37-year period but 1894 tornadoes. Earlier graphs have been revised and the later data have been added thereto. In addition, new studies for the entire time have been made of the hourly occurrence, the frequency, and the damage possibilities of different areas, and all the tornadic tracks of the half-century have been plotted on one map (Fig. 1, which is copyrighted). These latter studies are already serving as a basis in part for revision of tornado-insurance rates. Further theoretical and statistical studies are in progress.
Froebel Crosses the Alps: Introducing the Kindergarten in Italy

The kindergarten was, in all countries but Germany, a foreign import. The most familiar aspect of its diffusion to American scholars is the spread of Froebel's teachings into England and the United States by emigrants who had left the German Confederation after the failure of the revolutions of 1848–49. Familiar as well are the propaganda efforts by Baroness Bertha von Marenholtz-Bulow in Western Europe, especially in the 1850s when kindergartens were banned in Prussia. The recent anthology edited by Roberta Wollons, Kindergartens and Cultures, has shown that many countries received this institution secondhand, as Japan and Australia did via the United States.
The future of criminal justice administration and its impact on civil liberties

Abstract Criminal justice agencies have the means to increase their efficiency and to bring a larger proportion of the population within their net of surveillance and control. In the next twenty or forty years this form of control over citizens will increase. Simultaneously, growing bureaucratic and legal control mechanisms will prevent such control from becoming tyrannous. Over a longer period, given the possibility of a “no-growth” economy and a decline in the social and economic system that supports traditional civil liberties, there is a threat that an efficient criminal justice system would support tyrannous government. In the future tyranny can be avoided by the conscious policy of limiting the full potential of control over citizens by the criminal justice system.
Stabilization of Lactase (Escherichia coli) by Milk Components and Related Compounds

Thermal stability of lactase was 170-fold greater in milk than in phosphate buffer at 60°C. Enhanced stability was due primarily to casein, whose effect was largely substrate dependent. Casein or lactose alone had little or no effect, but together they stabilized the enzyme more than 400-fold at 60°C. The relative effectiveness of other proteins, as stabilizers, was: bovine serum albumin >caseinate>ovalbumin>soy isolate>α-lactalbumin>lysozyme. Galactose was much less effective than lactose in promoting stability; sucrose and glucose were ineffective. Stability was dependent upon both lactose concentration and casein concentration, and decreased with increasing enzyme concentration. Dithioerythritol increased stability in buffer but had relatively little effect in milk.
Plasma tyrosine in normal humans: effects of oral tyrosine and protein-containing meals

To test the effects of tyrosine ingestion and concurrent food consumption on plasma tyrosine levels and on the plasma tyrosine ratio, we measured plasma neutral amino acid levels in 11 subjects who consumed a diet containing 113 g protein and who also took 100 mg/kg/day of L-tyrosine (in three equally divided doses) before meals. Plasma tyrosine levels rose significantly (p less than 0.025) during the day when subjects consumed the diet alone; they increased markedly after tyrosine ingestion (p less than 0.005). Tyrosine administration did not affect plasma concentrations of the other neutral amino acids that compete with tyrosine for entry into the brain. Thus, the plasma tyrosine ratio increased from 0.13 to 0.21 (p less than 0.001) on the day fed subjects received the tyrosine. These observations indicate that tyrosine administration might increase brain tyrosine levels and perhaps accelerate catecholamine synthesis in humans with diseases in which catecholamine synthesis or release is deficient.
Note Concerning Stability of Cognitive Style Measures in Young Children.

Stability of cognitive style is an important issue developmentally. The Children's Embedded-figures Test (CEFT) was developed by Karp and Konstadt (1963) for use in studying cognitive style in children from ages 5 to 12 yr. The original manual presents measures of internal consistency and validity but provides no measure of test-retest reliability. In reporting stability of cognitive style, the youngest age group used by Witkin and his associates (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962) was CA 10. In their more recent sntdy of cognitive functioning from childhood to young adulthood, Witkin, Goodenough, and Karp (1967) did not obtain Embedded-figures Test (EFT) measures on their youngest age group (age 8 ) as the test was apparently too difficult for children this young. Karp and Konstadt developed their children's version of the embedded-figures test for the purpose of assessing such functioning in children. The purpose of this report is to present stability data on the CEFT performance of 5to 6-yr.-olds. Method.-As part of a larger investigation of the family interaction correlates of cognitive style, we administered the CEFT to kindergarten children. From a pretest sample of 90, test-retest data were obtained for 46 children (24 boys and 22 girls). The sample was drawn from a suburban middle-class town in the Hartford, Connecticut area. The original testing was done in March and April of 1968 when the children were in kindergarten, and the retest was administered in September, 1968, when the children had recently entered Grade 1. The test-retest interval was between 5 and 6 mo., with a mean interval of 5 to 7 mo. The mean sample age at the first administration of the CEFT was CA 5-6; the mean sample age on retest was CA 6-2. The CEFT was administered in the manner described in the manual (Karp & Konstadt, 1963). The standard procedure involves the administration of two series: an 11-item "tent" series in which a tent-like simple figure is to be found embedded in the stimulus figure; a 14-item "house" series in which a house-like simple figure is to be found embedded in the stimulus figure. The
An outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii: the importance of cross-transmission.

Objective: To investigate an outbreak of nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii and to analyze the contribution of cross-transmission in the rise in infection rates. Design: Epidemiological investigation; molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); matched case-control study to identify risk factors for infection. Setting: A 34-bed surgical intensive care unit at a tertiary-care hospital. Patients: Eighteen patients who developed MDR A baumannii nosocomial infection were matched to 36 patients who were admitted to the same surgical intensive care unit (SICU) room and did not develop an infection during the outbreak period. Results: Prior to the outbreak, the baseline attack rate of MDR A baumannii nosocomial infections was 3 per 100 patients per month. From February 1 through March 22, 1998, the attack rate rose to 16 per 100 patients per month, with a total of 18 infections. All isolates had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Seventy environmental cultures were negative for MDR A baumannii. Following intense infection control education, the attack rate decreased to 4 per 100 patients per month. By conditional logistic regression, cases were exposed to a significantly higher number of patients with MDR A baumannii infections compared to controls (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.2; P=.02), even after adjusting for length of SICU admission and exposure to antibiotics and invasive devices. Conclusion: Cross-transmission between patients contributed to the rise in rates of MDR A baumannii infections. A common environmental source was not detected.
A simple and accurate GC/MS method for the quantitative analysis of diacetyl in beer and wine

A GC/MS method for the quantification of diacetyl is described. Diacetyl is derivatized with 4,5-dichloro-1,2-diaminobenzene to form 6,7-dichloro-2,3-dimethylquinoxaline (DCDMQ). The derivative is extracted in benzene and quantified by GC/MS. Formation of DCDMQ is linearly correlated with diacetyl concentration. The method is rapid, sensitive (determination limit 0.0005 μg/mL) precise (standard error < 2%), and accurate (recovery of diacetyl 91.5% + 1.5%).
Hybrid programming abstraction for e-science workflows and event processing

The scientific event processing for research and development adds extra dimension to the complexities associated with scientific computing. In achieving this, experience gained building scientific computing infrastructures that could span and scale into super computing resources can be reused in significant ways. But there are many unresolved issues relating to managing event streams in such an environment that require attention. Over the years the volumes of events generated in scientific disciplines have steadily grown. The limiting factor of many of these systems have become the time and attention of scientist and with expertise to derive insight out of the high volumes of events generated by the sensors. In this tutorial we propose to share the motivating use cases, research issues and outcomes and tools and frameworks used for event processing in science gateways in conjunction with complex event processing. We would provide hands on experience to the programming model, framework and tools that had evolved as a result of research over the years and relate how the scientific workflow based programming paradigm can provide a cleaner abstraction for query based Complex event processing systems.
Treatment outcome after radical prostatectomy is not adversely affected by a pre-existing penile prosthesis

Abstract Objectives. To report on the safety of radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in patients with a penile prosthesis presenting with clinically localized prostate cancer. Methods. From January 1990 to December 1997, 8 consecutive men with a penile prosthesis underwent RRP for clinically localized prostate cancer. Retrospective data regarding patient population, operating time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results. Mean patient age was 65.4 years (range 57 to 70) at the time of RRP, with a mean preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen level of 11.5 ng/mL. Mean duration of RRP surgery was 183.9 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 1281.8 mL. No complication requiring penile prosthesis removal occurred. In 1 case, the reservoir tubing was punctured during closure of the abdominal fascia wall. This was immediately recognized and fixed. All patients had a functioning penile prosthesis after RRP. Conclusions. RRP can be safely and expeditiously performed in patients with a pre-existing penile prosthesis. The risk of prosthesis malfunction after RRP is very low. Patients with a penile prosthesis and prostate cancer should not be denied the option of undergoing RRP.
Effects of passive movement on neurogenic atrophy in rabbit limb muscles

Abstract Female albino rabbits were subjected to bilateral sciatic and femoral neurectomy after a training period to accept sling restraint. Three animals were subjected to continuous and four to intermittent passive movement of the left hind limb for 21 days. The course of neurogenic atrophy and the development of limb edema and joint contracture were evaluated by electromyography, morphometric evaluation, and muscle histochemistry. Neurogenic atrophy was altered by the passive movement. The data suggest that the variability of lesser fiber diameter was reduced in type II fibers of the tibialis anterior muscle and type I fibers were unaffected in the soleus muscle. Structural alterations and endomysial fibrosis were greater in the tibialis anterior on the left; the soleus was relatively uninvolved. Fibrillations appeared 3 or more days earlier on the left. Limb edema and joint contractures were effectively prevented by passive movement.
Micropulsation periods and the size of the magnetosphere

Using a set of 112 magnetopause locations selected from those obtained in recent years with the aid of Imp satellites on the dayside of the magnetosphere over 0600-1800 LT, extended results are presented on the problem of geomagnetic micropulsation periods in relation to magnetospheric parameters. These results include the finding that the two groups represented by micropulsation period ranges from 20 to 40 sec and from 40 to 80 sec, respectively, have a completely different dependence on the radial distance of the magnetopause from satellite experiments.
Eye Glance and Head Turn Correspondence during Secondary Task Performance in Simulator Driving

This paper and its findings serve as a fundamental characterization of the interaction between the head and eye as a function of task demand and duration while driving. These findings have potential use in future vehicle active safety, and the design of driver assistance and/or HMI systems and features. Our findings show that head position and eye-point-of regard for certain task locations have dependence and may be suited to characterize task engagement while driving.
Clinical, Molecular and Genetic Validation of a Murine Orthotopic Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Using Fresh Human Specimens

Background Relevant preclinical models that recapitulate the key features of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are needed in order to provide biologically tractable models to probe disease progression and therapeutic responses and ultimately improve patient outcomes for this disease. Here, we describe the establishment and clinical, pathological, molecular and genetic validation of a murine, orthotopic xenograft model of PDAC.
Abstract 2782: Expression of IGF1R in normal breast tissue and subsequent risk of breast cancer

The growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the growth and development of the mammary gland. More recently it has become evident that IGF1 and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) may play a role in the early transformation of mammary cells. Using a nested case-control design, we examined the association between IGF1R expression in normal breast tissue from benign biopsies and subsequent risk of breast cancer within the Nurses9 Health Study. We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing normal terminal ductal lobular units (TDLUs) from benign breast biopsies. Immunostains for IGF1R were performed on sections cut from the TMAs. A total of 312 women had both normal TDLUs included in the TMAs and evaluable IGF1R staining; 75 subsequently developed breast cancer (cases) and 237 did not (controls). The epithelial cells in the normal TDLUs were scored for both cytoplasmic and membranous staining for IGF1R. Membranous IGF1R expression in normal TDLU epithelial cells was inversely associated with subsequent breast cancer risk (OR= 0.49; 95%CI 0.26-0.93) independent of type of benign breast disease (BBD). In contrast, the presence of cytoplasmic IGF1R expression was positively associated with subsequent risk of breast cancer (OR=2.88, 95% CI 1.60-5.19). Women in which TDLU epithelial cells showed little or no membrane expression of IGF1R but high levels of cytoplasmic IGF1R were at the highest breast cancer risk and were 15 times more likely to develop subsequent breast cancer when compared with women who had little or no membranous or cytoplasmic IGF1R expression in their TDLU epithelium (OR=15.1, 95% CI 3.2-70.2). It has been demonstrated that stimulation of cells with IGF1 results in altered localization of IGF1R expression. Upon stimulation, IGF1R levels on the cell membrane decrease while internalized levels increase. Studies of other receptor tyrosine kinases indicate that chronic stimulation by the ligand results in increased internalization of the receptor. In this study, IGF1R expression patterns in the epithelial cells of normal TDLUs were associated with an increased risk of subsequent breast cancer. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the IGF1 pathway plays an important role in the early development of breast cancer and suggest that there may be opportunities for breast cancer chemoprevention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2782.
Bistability in the Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase-Phosphatase System

A mathematical model is presented of autophosphorylation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) and its dephosphorylation by a phosphatase. If the total concentration of CaMKII subunits is significantly higher than the phosphatase Michaelis constant, two stable steady states of the CaMKII autophosphorylation can exist in a Ca(2+) concentration range from below the resting value of the intracellular [Ca(2+)] to the threshold concentration for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Bistability is a robust phenomenon, it occurs over a wide range of parameters of the model. Ca(2+) transients that switch CaMKII from the low-phosphorylated state to the high-phosphorylated one are in the same range of amplitudes and frequencies as the Ca(2+) transients that induce LTP. These results show that the CaMKII-phosphatase bistability may play an important role in long-term synaptic modifications. They also suggest a plausible explanation for the very high concentrations of CaMKII found in postsynaptic densities of cerebral neurons.