cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of a megabase deletion in a patient with branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) and tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS): implications for mapping and cloning the BOR gene

Genetic linkage analysis has previously mapped the locus for the autosomal dominant disorder branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) to the pericentric region of chromosome 8q. A YAC contig spanning the putative BOR region, from D8S543 to D8S541, was constructed and confirmed by sequence-tagged site content mapping using microsatellite markers and by DNA hybridization analysis. YACs spanning the BOR interval were used as fluorescence in situ hybridization probes on a cell line from a patient with BO and tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome I that involves a chromosome 8q rearrangement. In addition to the cytogenetically defined direct insertion of material from 8q13.3-q21.13 into 8q24.11, a previously unidentified deletion of just under one megabase was found in 8q13.3. These data narrowed the most likely location of the BOR gene to a region corresponding to the proximal two-thirds of YAC 869E10 between D8S543 and D8S279.
Fertility-preserving management of a uterine arteriovenous malformation: A case report of uterine artery embolization (UAE) followed by laparoscopic resection

Herein is presented a fertility-preserving approach in the management of a uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) resistant to endovascular management. The patient had a documented AVM and underwent 2 uterine artery embolization procedures, with subsequent recurrence of symptoms. Doppler ultrasound demonstrated recanalization of the AVM. Ultimately, laparoscopic resection of the AVM was performed after laparoscopic ligation of the uterine arteries. Postoperatively, the patient has remained asymptomatic. Laparoscopic resection of a uterine AVM may offer a fertility-preserving alternative to hysterectomy in patients in whom endovascular management has failed.
Depressive symptoms are associated with weight gain among women.

Background Many studies have linked depression and obesity; few have more than two assessments of depressive symptoms and adiposity to address the potential bidirectional relationship between adiposity and depressive symptoms from young adulthood through old age. We tested whether baseline depressive symptoms are associated with changes in weight, whether baseline adiposity is associated with changes in depressive symptoms, and whether these associations vary by sex. Method Participants (n=2251; 47% female) were from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) on 30 years of data, the trajectory of adiposity and depressive symptoms over adulthood was estimated from >10 000 observations (mean=4.5 assessments per participant) of body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), waist circumference and hip circumference and >10 000 observations (mean=4.5 assessments per participant) of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Baseline depressive symptoms and adiposity were then tested as predictors of the trajectory of adiposity and depressive symptoms respectively. Additional analyses tested for sex-specific associations. Results Sex moderated the association between depressive symptoms and weight gain such that women who experienced depressed affect had greater increases in BMI (b interaction=0.12, s.e.=0.04), waist (b interaction=0.22, s.e.=0.10) and hip circumference (b interaction=0.20, s.e.=0.07) across the adult lifespan, controlling for relevant demographic and behavioral covariates. Baseline adiposity was unrelated to the trajectory of depressive symptoms (median b=0.00) for both sexes. Conclusions Women who experience symptoms of depression tend to gain more weight across adulthood than men who experience such symptoms. Whether an individual was normal weight or overweight was unrelated to changes in depressive symptoms across adulthood.
Combined eye-atmosphere visibility model

Existing models of the optical characteristics of the eye are combined with a recent model of optical characteristics of the atmosphere given by its modulation transfer function. This combination results in the combined eye-atmosphere performance given by the product of their modulation transfer functions. An application for the calculation of visibility thresholds in the case of a two-halves field is given.
Effect of locally induced intestinal anaphylaxis on the uptake of a bystander antigen

Abstract Adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 gm were immunized with 100 μg egg albumin (EA) and alum. Fourteen days later, intestinal anaphylaxis was induced by intraduodenal or intragastric challenge with EA. To test for the changes in vascular and mucosal permeability that accompany anaphylaxis, the rats were injected intravenously with 125 I-rat serum albumin (RSA) at the time of challenge and the amount of radioactivity retained in the wall of gut segments, as well as the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity present in the secretions obtained from these segments, was determined. Enhanced retention of 125 I-RSA was found in the wall of the duodenum and first and second halves of the small intestine, and increased amounts of TCA-precipitable radioactivity was found in gut segments obtained from antigen-challenged compared with buffer-challenged rats. In other EA-immunized rats, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was administered by gavage 1 hr before challenge with EA. Increased amounts of immunoreactive BSA were detected by radioimmunoassay in the serum of rats subjected to local intestinal anaphylaxis. Possible consequences of the enhanced systemic uptake of protein present during local intestinal anaphylaxis were considered. It was suggested that such proteins might induce an IgE antibody response, thereby broadening the anaphylactic sensitivity of the animal to additional antigens.
Generation Y, web design, and eye tracking

Generation Y (age 18-31) is a very large and economically powerful generation, containing eighty-two million people and spending $200 billion annually. It is not surprising that companies are interested in gaining the patronage of this group, particularly via the web. Surprisingly, very little research into making web pages appealing to this important demographic has been done. This paper addresses this need through two separate studies. The first, an online survey, provides evidence that our proposed score for predicting the visual appeal of web pages reflects the self report measure of what pages Generation Y likes. To refine these findings, an eye tracking study is conducted using the pages that were most and least liked in Study I. Participants' eye movement is tracked while browsing these pages, providing evidence of what attracts their attention. The results of these two studies suggest that Generation Y may prefer pages that include a main large image, images of celebrities, little text, and a search feature. This research has important implications.
An analysis of (bb)-states in a static one-parameter potential model

Abstract Masses and leptonic widths of (b b )-states are calculated with the potential V(r)=[ 8π (33−2N F ) ] (1−λr) 2 r log λr) . Particularly good agreement with recently published experimental results, including the average mass of the three observed P-wave states χb′, is obtained for the constituent quark mass mb=4.735 GeV, the QCD-parameter λ=exp(−γE)λ=362.2 MeV, and the number of active flavors NF=4.
Changes in Body Weight and Fat Mass of Men and Women in the First Year of College: A Study of the "Freshman 15"

Students entering their first year of college are faced with many stresses and changes, including changes in eating and exercise behavior. A common but often undocumented myth among college students is that there is a high risk of gaining 15 pounds of weight during freshman year. The objective of this study was to measure changes in body weight and percentage of body fat among first-year college students. Using a digital scale with bio-electrical impedance, the authors measured height, weight, and percentage of body fat for a sample of students who volunteered to be weighed during a health assessment in the university dining halls. The authors sent e-mails inviting those same students to complete a second measurement in February of the academic year. Sixty-seven of the 217 students who volunteered for the health assessment agreed to undergo a second set of measurements in the spring. The mean change in body weight was 2.86 pounds (1.3 kg, SD = 4.0 kg), and the mean change in percentage of body fat was 0.7% (SD = 4.0%). For those students who gained weight only, the mean increase in body weight (as measured by body mass index, weight divided by height in kg/m2) was 6.82 pounds (3.1 +/- 2.4 kg) and percentage of body fat was 0.9 +/- 3.8%. The authors found that the first year of college is a period in which weight and fat gain may occur. The exact causes behind these changes are unclear and warrant further research to plan or improve intervention and prevention.
The initiation and growth of fatigue cracks in a titanium aluminide alloy

The micromechanics of small, naturally initiated fatigue cracks and large through-thickness fatigue cracks have been studied in the titanium aluminide alloy Super Alpha 2. The microstructure investigated had equal volume fractions ofα 2 and Β phases. Crack growth rates were higher than through α-Β titanium alloys. Initiation of small cracks was found always to occur in theα 2 phase, and small cracks grew belowΔK th, the minimum cyclic stress intensity required for growth of large fatigue cracks. A method previously proposed for reconciling the growth rates of large and small cracks is applied to these results.
Infection Prevention and Control During Prolonged Human Space Travel

Prolonged human spaceflight to another planet or an asteroid will introduce unique challenges of mitigating the risk of infection. During space travel, exposure to microgravity, radiation, and stress alter human immunoregulatory responses, which can in turn impact an astronaut's ability to prevent acquisition of infectious agents or reactivation of latent infection. In addition, microgravity affects virulence, growth kinetics, and biofilm formation of potential microbial pathogens. These interactions occur in a confined space in microgravity, providing ample opportunity for heavy microbial contamination of the environment. In addition, there is the persistence of aerosolized, microbe-containing particles. Any mission involving prolonged human spaceflight must be carefully planned to minimize vulnerabilities and maximize the likelihood of success.
Labeling theory and community care of the mentally ill in California: the relationship of social theory and ideology to public policy.

The practical merit of a labeling theory approach to mental illness is examined and assessed through an exploration of its application in terms of public policy, i.e., community mental health policy in the state of California since 1968. Primary focus is placed on the impact of the deinstitutionalization of mental health services in that state, and the release of former mental patients into the community. Similarities in the fundamental ideological underpinnings of labeling theory, an associated conspiratorial model of mental illness, and contemporary California mental health policy, are presented and examples of policy input by labeling theorists and researchers are detailed. The impact of the California policy on the mentally ill is generally negatively assessed in terms of three major criteria: (1) rehabilitation; (2) reintegration; and (3) quality and continuity of care. The "translation" of several theoretical misconceptions regarding mental illness, caused by putting labeling theory into official policy, is suggested to lie at the root of many of the policy's implementation problems. The uses of social science theory and research are discussed, and caution is advised in the translation and application of social scientific theory and research to public policy proposals and programs.
Moses Mendelssohn's Philosophy of Jewish Liturgy: A Post‐Liberal Assessment

This paper represents an attempt to reflect on the significance of liturgy for postliberal Jewish thought. I do this by investigating the work of the eighteenth-century Jewish enlightenment figure Moses Mendelssohn in the context of the postliberal thought of George Lindbeck. Mendelssohn not only shows how liturgy can be central to postliberal approaches to monotheism, but he also shows how enlightenment notions of a universal rational religion remain necessary and productive for postliberal interpretations of monotheism. In this latter move, Mendelssohn forms a corrective to Lindbeck's postliberalism.
The equivalent refractive index of the crystalline lens in childhood

Despite the importance of crystalline lens power in ocular development, schematic refractive index values used to calculate lens power have been validated for children. We measured refractive error and ocular component dimensions in 519 schoolchildren, calculating lens power using phakometrically measured lens radii and three different refractive index profiles: (1) Gullstrand-Emsley schematic indices [Gullstrand-Emsley lens power (GELP)]; (2) a 10-shell gradient index model [gradient index lens power (GILP)]; and (3) the equivalent refractive index (IND) needed to bring calculated and measured refractive error into agreement [calculated lens power (CLP)]. GELP was significantly lower than either GILP or CLP, indicating the Gullstrand-Emsley refractive index of 1.416 is too low for use in children. Variation in IND cannot be explained by measurement error alone. GILP and CLP also differed as a function of lens shape, with GILP greater than CLP at steeper external curvatures and less than CLP at flatter external curvatures. Variation in equatorial gradient index profile as a function of lens shape is proposed as an explanation for this bias. Equivalent index appears to be a useful tool for encompassing individual variation in lens gradient profiles as well as for assessing the relative role of lens surface curvature and refractive index changes during lens power development in childhood.
A tool-based interactive drawing environment

Graphical user interfaces rely heavily on the tool metaphor. In most drawing systems, for example, functions are organized as they might be on a workbench; buttons associated with drawing modes for lines or rectangles are called line-drawing or rectangle-drawing tools; etc. Despite the similarities, however, there remain many differences between software tools and physical tools. This paper gives a concise account of tool use in general, and describes a drawing application, called HabilisDraw, that relies on a detailed correspondence to physical tool behavior.
The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Crime and Delinquency: A Meta-Analysis:

In recent years, criminologists have begun to focus more closely on how certain biosocial and/or neuropsychological factors may influence criminal and delinquent behaviour. One factor that is emerging as a potentially important correlate of such behaviour is Attention Deficit — often combined with hyperactivity — Disorder (ADD and/or ADHD). The results of the growing body of empirical literature assessing this link are, however, inconsistent. The present study subjects this body of research to a ‘meta-analysis' — or, ‘quantitative synthesis' — to establish both the overall effect of ADHD on crime and delinquency and the degree to which this relationship is conditioned by methodological factors across empirical studies. The analyses reveal a fairly strong association between measures of ADHD and criminal/delinquent behaviour. Nevertheless, these effects are not invariant across certain salient methodological characteristics. The implications for criminological theory and correctional policy are discussed.
Construction injury rates may exceed national estimates : Evidence from the construction of Denver International Airport

Background Construction of Denver International Airport (DIA) provided a unique opportunity to describe the magnitude of injury on a major construction project for which complete data on injury and hours at risk were available for over 32,000 employees working 31 million hours. Methods Comprehensive payroll data for all workers, who were paid standard Davis-Bacon wages, allowed calculation of person-hours at risk by job classification. Complete reporting, facilitated by a single workers' compensation plan covering all contracts and by an on-site medical clinic and designated provider system, allowed us to determine both total and lost-work-time (LWT) injury rates per 200,000 hours at risk by industrial sector, company size, and year of construction. Workers' compensation payment rates were calculated and compared with expected loss rates, derived by the National Council on Compensation Insurance, by sector, company size, and year. Results DIA's overall total injury rates were over twice those published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for the construction industry for each year of DIA construction. Differences in LWT injury rates were more modest. Total injury rates were also at least twice BLS's rates for all contractor sizes. The injury rate pattern by company size at DIA differed from BLS's in that small firms had injury rates that were higher than or comparable to most other size categories; BLS's rates for small firms were lower than those for all but the very largest (250 or more employees) contractors. DIA's total workers' compensation (WC) payment rate of $7.06 per $100 payroll was only 11% higher than Colorado-specific expected loss rates reported by the National Council on Compensation Insurance. Discussion Complete reporting, facilitated by the existence of a single WC plan, an on-site medical clinic, and designated medical providers, yielded injury rates significantly higher than previously reported. The relatively small difference between DIA payment rates and expected loss rates suggests that the discrepancy between DIA's injury rates and national estimates is due to underreporting of non-LWT injuries to the BLS. The burden of on-site work-related construction injury may be higher and more costly than has been evident from national data. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:105–112, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The interaction of human plasma albumin and reduced glutathione.

Abstract Human plasma albumin incubated with reduced glutathione (GSH) undergoes reduction and yields a product which possesses the electrophoretic mobility of the plasma α-globulins. This reaction, involving disulfide groups, takes place at pH values ranging from 2.5 to 4.7. No reaction between albumin disulfide groups and GSH occurs at pH 2.0 or at pH values ranging from 5.0 to 9.0. Both reduction and electrophoretic modification of plasma albumin exhibit pH optima in the vicinity of 3.6 and yield similar curves when plotted against pH. These curves are also similar to that of the activity of intracellular proteinases activated by GSH. The behavior of albumin toward GSH at various pH values, in the absence and in the presence of urea, indicates that both the reactivity of GSH and the accessibility of the protein disulfide bonds are limiting factors in the reaction. Evidence is presented that mixed disulfides are formed during the process of reduction of plasma albumin by GSH. These disulfides are stable at low pH and readily decompose in slightly alkaline solution. The possible significance of the albumin-GSH reaction in intracellular protein catabolism is discussed.
Energy-scalable pulsed mid-IR source using orientation-patterned GaAs

Coherent mid-IR sources based on orientation-patterned GaAs (OPGaAs) are of significant interest in diverse scientific, medical, and military applications. The generation of long-wavelength mid-IR beams in OPGaAs using optical parametric oscillation exhibits limitations in the obtainable pulse energy and peak power. The master oscillator power amplifier concept is demonstrated in OPGaAs, by which a mid-IR source based on optical parametric oscillation can be scaled to high energy by amplification of the output of the optical parametric oscillator in an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). A fivefold increase in the pulse energy is obtained using this method by amplifying 3.85μm pulses in an OPGaAs OPA pumped by a Th,Ho:YLF Q-switched laser.
Probabilistic character of the microcrack growth in brittle layered materials

Abstract Characteristics of microcrack initiation, multiplication and saturation in layered materials are discussed. A probabilistic-analytical method, the ‘characteristic curve method (CCM)’ is developed to correlate the initial defects and the microcrack evolution under static and cyclic loadings. The ‘equivalent applied loading’ and the ‘equivalent crack density’ concepts are introduced to describe different microcrack multiplication features in different layered materials. Microcrack multiplication processes in many layered materials with brittle matrices subjected to static and cyclic loadings can be easily predicted.
Sampling From Gaussian Markov Random Fields Using Stationary and Non-Stationary Subgraph Perturbations

Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) or Gaussian graphical models have been widely used in many applications. Efficiently drawing samples from GMRFs has been an important research problem. In this paper, we introduce the subgraph perturbation sampling algorithm, which makes use of any pre-existing tractable inference algorithm for a subgraph by perturbing this algorithm so as to yield asymptotically exact samples for the intended distribution. We study the stationary version where a single fixed subgraph is used in all iterations, as well as the non-stationary version where tractable subgraphs are adaptively selected. The subgraphs used can have any structure for which efficient inference algorithms exist: for example, tree-structured, low tree-width, or having a small feedback vertex set. We present new theoretical results that give convergence guarantees for both stationary and non-stationary graphical splittings. Our experiments using both simulated models and large-scale real models demonstrate that this subgraph perturbation algorithm efficiently yields accurate samples for many graph topologies.
Last Word on Viewpoint: The ongoing need for good physiological investigation: Obstructive sleep apnea in HIV patients as a paradigm.

to the editor: We appreciate the comments of our colleagues (see Ref. [6][1]) and agree with many of the assertions made. We support the need for large-scale epidemiology and the value in confirming that HIV is indeed an important risk factor for OSA. We did not focus on diabetes or hypertension as
Building Social Services

Making a service social means providing a way for users to engage with a product or service as a group. We are specifically interested in groups based on connections that are established using the emerging online social networking tools like Facebook, MySpace, etc. This paper explores the value chain dynamics resulting from the integration of social networks with a given service. The example we will be using in this paper involves social TV applications, with a focus on social discovery. We hypothesize that these mashup social services introduce new control points in a given service's value chain, which complement or compete with existing control points. The paper focuses on the North American experience.
Age, race, and sex differences in autonomic cardiac function measured by spectral analysis of heart rate variability—The ARIC study

To investigate the distribution of heart rate variability (HRV) spectral power in an unselected sample of the population, and to ascertain the population correlates of HRV, we examined 1,984 healthy persons, aged 45 to 64 years, randomly selected from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort. Resting, supine, 2-minute, beat-to-beat heart rate data were collected between 7 A.M. and 12 noon. The race- and sexadjusted geometric means of low-frequency component (If, 0.025 to 0.15 Hz) were 4.00 and 3.13 (beats/min)2; of high-frequency component (HF, 0.16 to 0.35 Hz), 1.65 and 1.21 (beats/min)2; and of the HFLF ratio, 0.41 and 0.39, for 45-to-54 and 55-to-64 years age groups, respectively (test of mean difference by age, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p = 0.11 for if, HF, and HFLF ratio, respectively). Comparing black with white examinees, the age- and sex-adjusted geometric means of LF were 3.06 and 3.70 (beats/min)2; of HF, 1.66 and 1.36 (beats/min)2; of HFLF, 0.54 and 0.37, respectively (test of mean difference by race, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01). The age- and race-adjusted geometric means of LF for women and men were 3.12 and 4.10 (beats/min)2; of HF, 1.46 and 1.38 (beats/min)2; and of HFLF, 0.47 and 0.34, respectively (test of mean difference, p < 0.01, p = 0.34, and p < 0.01). We conclude that HRV spectral indexes are associated with age, race, and sex. With increasing age, the parasympathetic and sympathetic spectral power components decrease. Black examinees have a lower LF, higher HF, and higher HFLF ratio than whites. Women have a lower LF, and a higher HFLF ratio than men.
Diplopia and enophthalmos after surgical repair of blowout fracture.

PURPOSE : To evaluate the incidence of residual diplopia and enophthalmos and the possible risk factors leading to their occurrence in patients who had orbital blowout fracture repair. METHODS : Fo...
Infection of Aedes aegypti with Brugia pahangi administered by enema: results of quantitative infection and loss of infective larvae during blood feeding.

Abstract A technique for infecting mosquitoes with known numbers of Brugia pahangi microfilariae by enema is described. Virtually all mosquitoes receiving three microfilariae or more by this route contained infective larvae 10 days later. Within a range of 1 to 40 microfilariae, numbers of infective larvae recovered (Y) were related to the numbers of microfilariae administered (X) by the equation log10Y = 0.04 + 0.84log10X. Mosquitoes feeding on sugar for up to 20 days did not lose a significant number of infective larvae. A blood meal 10 days after infection reduced the proportion of females still infected, as well as the number of worms remaining in those still infected. A second blood meal on day 17 after infection only reduced the proportion of mosquitoes still infected. Adults reared on a low larval diet were less susceptible to infection, and a refractory mosquito strain did not support the development of third-stage larvae. Filarial worms had no effect on mosquito mortality until more than 30 microfilariae were administered.
Fate of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Budget

The fate of fossil fuel carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere depends on the exchange rates of carbon between the atmosphere and three major carbon reservoirs, namely, the oceans, shallow-water sediments, and the terrestrial biosphere. Various assumptions and models used to estimate the global carbon budget for the last 20 years are reviewed and evaluated. Several versions of recent atmosphere-ocean models appear to give reliable and mutually consistent estimates for carbon dioxide uptake by the oceans. On the other hand, there is no compelling evidence which establishes that the terrestrial biomass has decreased at a rate comparable to that of fossil fuel combustion over the last two decades, as has been recently claimed.
Raman spectra during the electropolymerization of polypyrrole

In situ Raman spectra were taken, between 800 and 1200 cm −1 , on films of polypyrrole during both the electrochemical growth and the reduction reactions. During the reduction reaction we observed a frequency shift of approximately 10 cm −1 of two in-plane vibrational modes. We attribute these shifts to the bond conjugational defects induced by doping and undoping of the polypyrrole films. A quantitative model for this phenomenon based on normal mode calculations is presented. The electrical conductivity and thermopower of polypyrrole doped with tetrafluoroborate and iron chloride ions is also reported for temperatures between 10 and 350K.
How does climate change cause extinction

Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to be a major cause of species extinctions in the next 100 years. But what will actually cause these extinctions? For example, will it be limited physiological tolerance to high temperatures, changing biotic interactions or other factors? Here, we systematically review the proximate causes of climate-change related extinctions and their empirical support. We find 136 case studies of climatic impacts that are potentially relevant to this topic. However, only seven identified proximate causes of demonstrated local extinctions due to anthropogenic climate change. Among these seven studies, the proximate causes vary widely. Surprisingly, none show a straightforward relationship between local extinction and limited tolerances to high temperature. Instead, many studies implicate species interactions as an important proximate cause, especially decreases in food availability. We find very similar patterns in studies showing decreases in abundance associated with climate change, and in those studies showing impacts of climatic oscillations. Collectively, these results highlight our disturbingly limited knowledge of this crucial issue but also support the idea that changing species interactions are an important cause of documented population declines and extinctions related to climate change. Finally, we briefly outline general research strategies for identifying these proximate causes in future studies.
Theory of hyperfine and superfine levels in symmetric polyatomic molecules. II. Elementary cases in octahedral hexafluoride molecules

A simple approximate theory is developed for high-$J$ spin-rotational levels and very-high-resolution spectra of octahedral $X{Y}_{6}$ ($X$ spin-zero, $Y$ spin-1/2) molecules. The structure and theory of S${\mathrm{F}}_{6}$ spectra is reintroduced and the properties of rotational energy level and spectral clusters are explained in terms of angular-momentum uncertainty relations and axis tunneling. An analogy between axis tunneling and nuclear-spin tunneling is used to provide a simple quasiparticle picture of hyperfine effects in strong (case-2) rotational clusters. Analogous types of clusters within clusters are discussed using this theoretical model. The possibility emerges for new and very sensitive type of spectra which we label superhyperfine structure. This structure has some remarkable similarities with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, and it might be an even more revealing indicator of internal molecular dynamics than NMR. Model Hamiltonians are represented in all the elementary types of cluster bases and some examples are solved using tableau techniques. Level correlations between case-1 and case-2 clusters are sketched. Nomograms for visualizing laser-saturation-absorption spectra are introduced, and examples of case-1 to case-1 and case-2 to case-1 transitions are given.
Holistic context modeling using semantic co-occurrences

We present a simple framework to model contextual relationships between visual concepts. The new framework combines ideas from previous object-centric methods (which model contextual relationships between objects in an image, such as their co-occurrence patterns) and scene-centric methods (which learn a holistic context model from the entire image, known as its “gist”). This is accomplished without demarcating individual concepts or regions in the image. First, using the output of a generic appearance based concept detection system, a semantic space is formulated, where each axis represents a semantic feature. Next, context models are learned for each of the concepts in the semantic space, using mixtures of Dirichlet distributions. Finally, an image is represented as a vector of posterior concept probabilities under these contextual concept models. It is shown that these posterior probabilities are remarkably noise-free, and an effective model of the contextual relationships between semantic concepts in natural images. This is further demonstrated through an experimental evaluation with respect to two vision tasks, viz. scene classification and image annotation, on benchmark datasets. The results show that, besides quite simple to compute, the proposed context models attain superior performance than state of the art systems in both tasks.
Insensitivity to the cytolytic effects of glucocorticoids in vivo is associated with a novel "slow death" phenotype.

Abstract Tumors formed from wild type P1798 mouse lymphoma cells undergo regression when treated with pharmacological doses of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in vivo. Variants have been selected that are insensitive to the cytolytic effects of glucocorticoids in vivo. Although the response of wild type and insensitive tumors is markedly different in vivo, the manner in which cells from such tumors respond to glucocorticoids is indistinguishable in culture under routine conditions. Glucocorticoids inhibit proliferation of wild type cells as well as those that are insensitive to glucocorticoids in vivo. Although neither cell line dies when exposed to dexamethasone in culture in the presence of fetal bovine serum, both sensitive and insensitive cell lines undergo cytolysis when exposed to dexamethasone in serum-free medium. Sensitive cells die more quickly, with 50% cell death observed within 6 h. Insensitive cells exhibit
Analysis of EMP induced currents in human body by NEC method of moments

An analysis based on distributed body impedance measurements and the use of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Numerical Electromagnetic Code 3 method of moments indicates that the maximum induced current in humans exposed to a typical 10.0-ns risetime EMP is approximately 5 A per 1 kV/m electric field strength. The method allows prediction of induced currents. current densities, specific absorption rate and absorbed energy density for any individual exposed to EMP fields. The validity of the model is verified by comparison with measurements and calculations carried out by K.-L. Gronhang (reports of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, 1976 and 1988). >
Maltreatment chronicity defined with reference to development: extension of the social adaptation outcomes findings to peer relations

The purpose of this study was to extend work seeking to improve research definitions of chronic maltreatment by contrasting a definition based on patterns of CPS reports across childhood developmental stages to a previously used definition based upon duration of the period including reports, using teacher-estimated peer relations to represent an extrafamilial outcome domain of social adaptation. The sample includes 387 children who are participating in a multi-site longitudinal study and had been reported for abuse or neglect to CPS between birth and age 8. CPS records from this time period provided the basis of two chronicity constructs: 1) an ordinal categories (OC) definition based upon four Eriksonian stages, and 2) a durational definition (time between first and last reports). Block-wise regression analyses were conducted to examine the relative degree to which the two chronicity definitions contributed to prediction of teacher-estimated peer relations at the age 8 interview. Chronicity characterized with reference to developmental stages significantly predicted troubled peer relations, with child age, sex, and minority status, family income, geographic location, and time of first report taken into account. The effect was pronounced with regard to aggressive peer relations. Duration of maltreatment reports also predicted aggressive peer relations, but significantly less so than did the OC definition. The findings support the view that maltreatment chronicity is usefully defined by taking children’s development into consideration to characterize patterns of maltreatment across developmental stages. Practice and research implications are suggested.
Electronically subtracting expression patterns from a mixed cell population

Motivation: Biological samples frequently contain multiple cell-types that each can play a crucial role in the development and/or regulation of adjacent cells or tissues. The search for biomarkers, or expression patterns of, one cell-type in those samples can be a complex and time-consuming process. Ordinarily, extensive laboratory bench work must be performed to separate the mixed cell population into its subcomponents, such that each can be accurately characterized. Results: We have developed a methodology to electronically subtract gene expression in one or more components of a mixed cell population from a mixture, to reveal the expression patterns of other minor or difficult to isolate components. Examination of simulated data indicates that this procedure can reliably determine the expression patterns in cell-types that contribute as little as 5% of the total expression in a mixed cell population. We re-analyzed microarray expression data from the viral infection of macrophages and from the T-cells of wild type and Foxp3 deletion mice. Using our subtraction methodology, we were able to substantially improve the identification of genes involved in processes of subcomponent portions of these samples. Contact: gosink@scripps.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MIT-EEI Program on Large Superconducting Machines

This paper is a progress report on the program at MIT to demonstrate the feasibility and potentials for the application of superconductors in the rotating field windings of large central station synchronous generators. A brief history of the program and a synopsis of previously reported results are given. The second experimental machine (which will have a rating of about 2 MVA) is described.
Physical and stable closed time-like curves

We construct a class of closed time-like curves (CTCs) using a compactified extra dimension u. A nonzero metric element gtu(u) enables particles to travel backwards in global time t. The compactified dimension guarantees that the geodesic curve closes in u. The effective 2D (t and u) nature of the metric ensures that spacetime is flat, therein satisfying all the classical stability conditions as expressed by the energy conditions. Finally, stationarity of the metric guarantees that a particle's energy is conserved. The pathologies that plague many hypothesized metrics admitting CTCs, e.g., an infinite cylinder of matter, a negative energy-distribution, particle acceleration/blue-shifting along the CTC, do not occur within our metric class.
On feature extraction by mutual information maximization

In order to learn discriminative feature transforms, we discuss mutual information between class labels and transformed features as a criterion. Instead of Shannon's definition we use measures based on Renyi entropy, which lends itself into an efficient implementation and an interpretation of “information potentials” and “information forces” induced by samples of data. This paper presents two routes towards practical usability of the method, especially aimed to large databases: The first is an on-line stochastic gradient algorithm, and the second is based on approximating class densities in the output space by Gaussian mixture models.
Infrastructure for multi-level secure service-oriented architecture (MLS-SOA)

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is the premier application framework for integrating complex heterogeneous computing systems in business and government. To utilize SOA in sensitive military systems, however, the issue of multi-level security (MLS) must be addressed. MLS requirements call for strict separation and limit interaction between classification levels. However, many Web services and resources reside in the Low domains. Support services such as weather forecasting, mapping, and procurement typically reside in the Unclassified level. There is strong desire from High clients and applications to make use of those services. This paper presents a framework for adding MLS capabilities to SOA systems. Specifically, it will allow clients in High to securely and transparently utilize resources in Low. It addresses MLS requirements by minimizing the potential risks for information leak and thwart inference attacks. It also provides privilege control capabilities to limit and manage interaction between High and Low at the infrastructure level. Since an overt channel is created from High to Low, cross domain SOA has to be used with caution where the functional benefits outweigh the security risk. MLS-SOA is a practical solution that leverages the existing MLS infrastructure and augments security. Cross-domain solutions (CDS) already in place will mediate traffic across domain boundaries. MLS-SOA will provide additional safeguards and control for domains, applications, and users in High that need to invoke services across domain boundaries.
Persistent wind-induced enhancement of diffusive CO2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack

mountain forest seasonal snowpack. Observations of 12 CO2 and 13 CO2 within the snowpack, soil, and air of a subalpine forest were made over three winters in the Rocky Mountains, USA. These molecules differ in their rates of diffusion, providing a means to quantify the relative importance of diffusion and advection. An empirical model was developed to describe the transport of these gases through the snowpack, assuming that isotopic variability was caused solely by wind. We found that advection was a persistent phenomenon within the snowpack. Under calm conditions, isotopic patterns followed those associated with diffusion. In the presence of wind, the 4.4‰ isotopic effect of diffusion was diminished, and transport was enhanced beyond the diffusive rate for a given mole fraction gradient. Pressure pumping in our forest snowpack enhanced transport of CO2 beyond molecular diffusion by up to 40% in the short term (hours) but by at most 8%–11% when integrated over a winter. These results should be applicable to trace gas transport in a variety of biogeochemical applications.
Role of iNOS and eNOS in modulating proximal tubule transport and acid-base balance

Our laboratory has previously shown that mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are defective in fluid absorption (J v) and HCO 3 − absorption (J HCO3) in the proximal tubule and develop metabolic acidosis. The present study examined the transport of fluid and HCO 3 − in the proximal tubule and acid-base status in mice lacking two other isoforms of NOS, inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS). Proximal tubules were microperfused in situ in wild-type and NOS knockout mice by methods previously described (Wang T, Yang C-L, Abbiati T, Schultheis PJ, Shull GE, Giebisch G, and Aronson PS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 277: F298–F302, 1999). [3H]inulin and total CO2 concentrations were measured in the perfusate and collected fluid, and net J v andJ HCO3 were analyzed. These data show thatJ HCO3 was 35% lower (71.7 ± 6.4 vs. 109.9 ± 7.3 pmol · min−1 · mm−1,n = 13, P < 0.01) andJ v was 38% lower (0.95 ± 0.15 vs. 1.54 ± 0.17 nl · min−1 · mm−1,n = 13, P < 0.05) in iNOS knockout mice compared with t...
The Atlantic Telegraph Cable and Capital Market Information Flows

cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1866. Prior to the telegraphic connection a minimum eight day voyage by steamship linked the capital markets of the United States and Europe. Thereafter information flowed across the Atlantic at the speed of an electrical impulse. This article considers the change in capital market information flows due to the exogenous technological advance of the telegraph. The introduction of the Atlantic Cable offers an excellent opportunity to investigate a change in the structure of information. Marginal modem increases in the speed of information transmission are small relative to the rate of price quotation. By contrast, the telegraph shortened information transmission time by the length of an ocean voyage across the Atlantic, about nine to 14 days. Because securities markets quote daily prices during this period, multiple price observations can be found between information shocks. Thus, information can be observed originating in one market and arriving in another. Did market participants take advantage of technological advances? Prices in highly integrated markets should converge to prevent arbitrage opportunities. If financial markets took advantage of new information and transactions costs were sufficiently low, then prices set after the introduction of the telegraph should reflect zero-day-old information by telegraph instead of at least eight-day-old information by steamship. In
Platelets induce sinusoidal endothelial cell apoptosis upon reperfusion of the cold ischemic rat liver

Abstract Background & Aims: Sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) apoptosis is a central feature of reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Platelet sequestration occurs after transplantation with possible deleterious effects. We tested the hypothesis that platelets mediate SEC apoptosis. Methods: Livers were perfused after 24 hours of cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution in an isolated perfused rat liver model. The perfusate contained isolated syngeneic red blood cells and purified platelets. Effects of inhibiting platelet adhesion on SEC apoptosis was tested using sialyl Lewis-X oligosaccharide (sLe x ), a natural ligand of selectin adhesion molecules. Reperfusion injury was assessed by established markers of injury. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL and electron microscopy. Results: A third of the circulating platelets was rapidly sequestered in the liver after reperfusion. This was associated with increased graft injury. Single platelets were adherent to sinusoidal lining without morphological or dynamic evidence of impairment of microcirculation. TUNEL staining revealed a 6-fold increase in the number of apoptotic SECs at 1 hour of reperfusion. No hepatocyte death or evidence of necrosis was detected up to 3 hours of reperfusion. Addition of sLe x inhibited adhesion and significantly reduced SEC apoptosis. Conclusions: Platelets cause SEC apoptosis upon reperfusion of liver grafts. Prevention of adhesion is protective. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:183-191
Spatial patterns and memory for locations.

Rats obtained food from the tops of vertical poles in a 5 × 5 matrix of locations. On each trial, the baited locations formed one of the two possible exemplars of a checkerboard spatial pattern. During training, locations that had been visited earlier in the trial were indicated by a visual cue. Following training, performance with and without the visual cues was compared. Spatial choices were controlled by the checkerboard spatial pattern. The visual cues enhanced the ability of rats to avoid revisits of locations. However, the visual cues did not enhance control by the spatial pattern, as would be expected if the same spatial memories were involved in avoidance of revisits and coding the location of baited locations.
Clinical, empirical, and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy

Despite substantial interest in the therapeutic relationship by child clinicians, relationship processes in child therapy have been neglected by clinical researchers. In this paper, clinical and empirical perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child treatment were reviewed. Initial findings indicated that the quality of the child's affective relationship with the therapist is associated with collaboration on therapy tasks. Given the recurrent finding of links between treatment collaboration and treatment outcome, research on factors that influence children's ability to form therapeutic relationships is recommended. To this end, a developmental social cognitive model of therapeutic alliance formation is proposed.