cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Venoarterial versus venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry, 1990-1999.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) traditionally has been the mode of support used in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). A few studies report success using venovenous (VV) ECMO. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes in CDH patients treated with VA and VV. Methods: The authors queried the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry for newborns with CDH treated with ECMO from January 1, 1990 through December 31, 1999. They analyzed the pre-ECMO data, ECMO course, and complications. Results: VA was utilized in 2,257 (86%) and VV in 371 (14%) patients. The pre-ECMO status was similar, with greater use of nitric oxide, surfactant, and pressors in VV. Survival rate was similar (58.4% for VV and 52.2% for VA, P =.057). VA was associated with more seizures (12.3% v 6.7%, P =.0024) and cerebral infarction (10.5% v 6.7%, P =.03). Sixty-four treatments were converted from VV to VA (VV→VA). Survival rate in VV→VA was not significantly different than VA (43.8% v 52.2%, respectively; P =.23). VV→VA and VA patients had similar neurologic complications. Conclusions: CDH patients treated with VV and VA have similar survival rates. VA had more neurologic complications. The authors identified no disadvantage to the use of VV as an initial mode of ECMO for CDH, although some infants may need conversion to VA. J Pediatr Surg 36:1199-1204. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
In situ characterization of polycrystalline ferroelectrics using x-ray and neutron diffraction

X-ray and neutron diffraction are particularly useful for characterizing ferroelectric materials in situ, e.g., during application of temperature, pressure, electric field, and stress. In this review, we introduce many experimental approaches for such measurements and highlight important discoveries in ferroelectrics that utilized diffraction. We focus our examples on polycrystalline ferroelectrics, though many of the approaches and analysis methods can also be applied to thin films and single crystals. Methods discussed for characterization of structure include, phase identification, line profile analysis, whole pattern fitting, pair distribution functions, and the x-ray diffraction based three-dimensional microscopy. Further advancement of these and other techniques offers potential for continued important contributions to the fundamental understanding of ferroelectric materials.
Product decompositions of the symmetric group induced by separable permutations

In this paper we consider the rank generating function of a separable permutation @p in the weak Bruhat order on the two intervals [id,@p] and [@p,w"0], where w"0=n,n-1,...,1. We show a surprising result that the product of these two generating functions is the generating function for the symmetric group with the weak order. We then obtain explicit formulas for the rank generating functions on [id,@p] and [@p,w"0], leading to the rank-symmetry and unimodality of the two graded posets.
High-breakdown AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs PHEMT with tellurium doping

The authors report the fabrication and characterisation of an Al/sub 0.43/Ga/sub 0.57/As/In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As/GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT (PHEMT) with high channel conductivity grown by solid source MBE. The high conductivity of the channel is a direct consequence of the high sheet charge and high mobility that has recently been obtained by using tellurium as the n-type dopant in 43% AlGaAs. The device characteristics reflect the resulting reduction in the parasitic resistances of the high channel conductivity. Microwave measurements yield a short-circuit current gain cutoff frequency f/sub T/ of 11 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency f/sub max/ of 25 GHz. A high gate-drain breakdown voltage of 26 V along with a maximum drain current density of 400 mA/mm obtained in the device illustrate the applicability of this technology in microwave power field effect transistors.< >
Continuous assessment of back stress (CABS): a new method to quantify low-back stress in jobs with variable biomechanical demands.

Jobs with a high degree of variability in manual materials handling requirements expose limitations in current low-back injury risk assessment tools and emphasize the need for a probabilistic representation of the biomechanical stress in order to quantify both acute and cumulative trauma risk. We developed a hybrid assessment methodology that employs established assessment tools and then represents their evaluations in a way that emphasizes the distributions of biomechanical stress. Construction work activities in the home building industry were evaluated because of the high degree of variability in the manual material handling requirements. Each task was evaluated using the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation, The University of Michigan Three- Dimensional Static Strength Prediction Program™, and the Ohio State University Lumbar Motion Monitor Model. The output from each model was presented as time-weighted histograms of low-back stress, and the assessments were compared. The results showed considerable differ...
Maximizing the Health of Women with Epilepsy: Science and Ethics in New Drug Development

Issues of unique concern to women with epilepsy largely arise from gender-based physiological differences. Female sex steroid hormones may alter the expression of epilepsy and the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Seizures and AEDs in turn affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and can adversely impact reproductive function and bone health. Maternal seizures and exposure to AEDs may compromise fetal development. At this time, women with epilepsy and their medical caretakers do not have access to all the information necessary to formulate a treatment plan that will have the least impact on reproductive and general health. In part, this is because reproductive aged women are excluded from the earliest phases of drug testing and pregnant and lactating women are excluded from all aspects of new drug development. Therefore, as new AEDs enter the marketplace, women with epilepsy must decide whether a new AED is appropriate for therapy based on very limited information. Postmarketing surveillance of gender-specific adverse effects, as with all adverse effects, depends on voluntary reporting. Only a small percentage of significant adverse events are believed to be captured by the present system. Consumers, ethicists, and some physician groups are now arguing that women should be included in all aspects of the development of drugs they will ultimately use-even pregnant and lactating women. Some of the issues of concern for women with epilepsy regarding epilepsy treatment, reproductive function and general health will be reviewed, followed by a discussion of the drug development process and how it does, and could better, address the concerns of women.
Positioning of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Parts Using Radial and Constant Fields: Computation of All Equilibrium Configurations:

Programmable force fields have been used as an abstraction to represent a whole new class of devices that have been proposed for part manipulation. The general idea behind these devices is that a force field is implemented in a plane upon which the part is placed. The forces and torques exerted on the contact surface of the part translate and rotate the part. Manipulation plans for these devices can therefore be considered as strategies for applying a sequence of force fields to bring parts to some desired configuration. Instances of these novel devices are currently implemented using microelectromechanical systems technology, small airjets, vibration, and small motors. Manipulation in this case is sensorless and nonprehensile and promises to address the handling of very small or very fragile parts, such as electronics components, that cannot be handled with conventional pick-and-place robotics techniques. In this paper, the authors consider the problem of bringing a part to a stable equilibrium configura...
Incompressible and locking-free finite elements from Rayleigh mode vectors: quadratic polynomial displacement fields

Under pure bending, with an arbitrary patch of plane four-node finite elements, the exact analytical algebraic expressions of deformation, strain and stress fields are numerically captured by a computer algebra program for both compressible and incompressible continua. Linear combinations of Rayleigh displacement vectors yield the Ritz test functions. These coupled fields model pure bending of an Euler-Bernoulli beam with appropriate linearly varying axial strains devoid of shear. Such Courant admissible functions allow an undeformed straight side to curve in flexure. Since these displacement vectors satisfy equilibrium conditions, they are necessarily functions of the Poisson’s ratio. Applications in bio-, micro- and nano-mechanics motivated this formulation that blurs the frontier between the finite and the boundary element methods. Exact integration yields the element stiffness matrix of a compressible convex or concave quadrilateral, or a triangular element with a side node. For the generic energy density integral, the paper furnishes an analytical expression that can be incorporated in Fortran or C++. In isochoric plane strain problems, the Rayleigh kinematic mode of dilatation is replaced by a constant element pressure. The equivalent nodal loadings are calculated according to the Ritz variational statement. Subsequently, without assembling the global stiffness matrix, nodal compatibility and equilibrium equations are solved in terms of Rayleigh modal participation factors.
Using the Hicks formula to evaluate an estimate of the elasticity of derived demand for toll-free numbers

Duffy-Deno & Parsons D-D & P (2012) estimated the coefficient for the price elasticity of demand for toll-free numbers (TFNs) at between -0.04 and -0.05. Here, the Hicks formula for derived demand is used to check the range of likely demand elasticity for TFNs given the special characteristics of this market. This approach suggests that the demand for TFNs is likely not more elastic than estimated by D-D & P. Therefore, the premise is sound for D-D & P's discussion of the public policy implications of highly inelastic demand for TFNs. The use of industry information for all four parameters of the Hicks formula to check a derived demand elasticity is the first of its kind in the published literature.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and animal diet in Africa

The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of bone collagen has been determined for 238 modern non-human mammals, comprising 43 species of herbivores and carnivores from grasslands and montane forests in Kenya and Tanzania, and 97 historic and prehistoric humans, representing 12 populations with different dietary adaptations from eastern and southern Africa. Among non-human species carbon isotope ratios separate grazers from browsers in open grasslands, forest floor from forest canopy, and forest floor from open grassland feeders. Nitrogen isotopes separate carnivores from herbivores and forest from savanna-living species. Water-dependent herbivores have lower nitrogen isotope ratios than drought-tolerant ones in the same habitat. Among human populations, carbon isotopes differentiate those who regularly consume grains and/or the protein of browsing animals from those who consume wild plants, non-grain crops and/or the protein of wild animals. Nitrogen isotopes differentiate those dependent on the milk, meat and blood of domestic animals or marine resources from those dependent mainly on plant foods. Combined use of carbon and nitrogen isotopes permits the differentiation of pastoralists from farmers, camel pastoralists from capri-bovine pastoralists, and grain farmers from non-grain farmers. The apparent presence of physiological and climatic influences on nitrogen isotope ratios within trophic levels complicates dietary interpretations of variations in nitrogen isotope ratios but may also offer a new tool of climatic reconstruction. It shoudl nonetheless be possible to use the analysis of the isotopic composition of bone collagen as a quantitative technique for the reconstruction of diet, habitat selection, climate and water balance in prehistoric animal and human communities, and to test models that suggest dietary adaptations were prime movers of hominid biological and cultural evolution.
Classifier and shift-invariant automatic target recognition neural networks

Abstract Automatic target recognition processors typically employ several stages of processing, each with a different operational purpose. New shift-invariant filters using morphological and Gabor wavelet transform operations are described for use in the initial stages of such a system. Their realization on simple correlation neural networks are noted, together with the use of neural net optimization techniques to design such filters. A new feature space trajectory classifier neural network is described that identifies the class and pose of each object, rejects clutter false alarms, and overcomes various issues associated with other classier neural networks.
Reproduction and Transplantation: Report on the AST Consensus Conference on Reproductive Issues and Transplantation

It has been almost 50 years since the first child was born to a female transplant recipient. Since that time pregnancy has become common after transplantation, but physicians have been left to rely on case reports, small series and data from voluntary registries to guide the care of their patients. Many uncertainties exist including the risks that pregnancy presents to the graft, the patient herself, and the long-term risks to the fetus. It is also unclear how to best modify immunosuppressive agents or treat rejection during pregnancy, especially in light of newer agents available where pregnancy safety has not been established. To begin to address uncertainties and define clinical practice guidelines for the transplant physician and obstetrical caregivers, a consensus conference was held in Bethesda, Md. The conferees summarized both what is known and important gaps in our knowledge. They also identified key areas of agreement, and posed a number of critical questions, the resolution of which is necessary in order to establish evidence-based guidelines. The manuscript summarizes the deliberations and conclusions of the conference as well as specific recommendations based on current knowledge in the field.
COLLOCATIONS IN A LEARNER CORPUS

COLLOCATIONS IN A LEARNER CORPUS. Nadia Nesselhauf. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2004. Pp. xii + 331. $126.00 cloth.Based on the author's dissertation, this volume provides a close look at the verb-noun collocations used by native German speakers writing argumentative or descriptive essays in English. A subset of 318 essays from the international corpus of learner English (ICLE) provides the 154,191-word corpus used in this study.
Profiling is a good thing (at least in the clinic)

Comment on Monti et al, page [1851][1] Monti and colleagues take the next step in the molecular characterization of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Despite remarkable advances in the immunology and genetics of lymphoma, predicting response to therapy and survival is still difficult, even
N-color spin models in the large-N limit.

N-color spin models are introduced and examined in the large-N limit. The free energy and critical properties at the phase transition are studied. With relevant couplings between colors the transition becomes either first order or Fisher renormalized. With irrelevant couplings there is a crossover to first-order transitions through a nonclassical tricritical point. Connections are established between the N-color model, compressible systems, and systems with random impurities.
Membrane Structure of Voltage-Gated Channel Forming Peptides by Site-Directed Spin-Labeling†

Three spin-labeled derivatives of the voltage-gated peptide alamethicin were prepared with nitroxides at the C-terminal phenyalaninol, and at positions 9 and 15 in the amino acid sequence. In addition, three spin-labeled derivatives of an analog of alamethicin where alpha-methylalanine residues are replaced by leucine were prepared with nitroxide labels at the same positions. Continuous wave power saturation EPR spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of molecular oxygen and water soluble paramagnetic reagents on the saturation behavior of the labeled peptides. Using the gradients of these species which exist through the membrane-solution interface, distances for these nitroxide derivatives from the membrane-solution interface were estimated. The distances show that alamethicin is inserted along the bilayer normal with the C-terminus of the peptide lying in the aqueous solution 3 or 4 A from the membrane interface. In this configuration alamethicin does not completely cross the bilayer, and the N-terminus of alamethicin is within the membrane hydrocarbon approximately 16 A from the phosphate groups on the opposing interface. The analog where leucines replace alpha-methylalanines shows a similar conformation, except that the entire peptide is translated 3-4 A deeper into the membrane than is native alamethicin. The distances that are measured for alamethicin using EPR are consistent with a linear high resolution NMR structure determined in SDS and the X-ray crystal structure. The membrane position and structure of alamethicin found here limit the likely models for voltage-gating of this peptide.
Current distribution in PEM fuel cells. Part 2: Air operation and temperature effect

The effect of air flow rate, fuel and oxidant gas stream humidity, and cell operating temperature on the spatial and temporal current density distribution was investigated in a single gas channel PEM fuel cell using a segmented electrode/current collector assembly. Related studies on oxygen operation and fuel starvation effects are presented in part one of this paper. The current density distribution was found to be a strong function of the available oxygen concentration down the channel that was determined by the air supply rate. Higher flow rates reduced the drop in the current density profile along the channel. At lower air flow rates, a simultaneous increase in cell temperature and anode humidification level resulted in increasing segment performance near the inlet accompanied by a related decrease in the current densities downstream. Further increasing the air flow rate ultimately led to enhanced reaction rates over the entire length of the channel. If cell temperature elevation were not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the anode humidification level, the dehydration pattern on the anode side tended to dominate the local current density distribution. Beyond a certain point the current density distribution along the channel was exclusively dependent on oxidant availability and gas diffusion rates and thus neither higher anode humidification nor cell temperature elevation had a significant influence at the chosen operating segment potential. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Connecting islet development and developing useful islets

The growth of pancreatic endocrine cells occurs early in the developing embryo. The signals that initiate the development are not defined, but several secreted proteins participate directly or indirectly in the differentiation of epithelial cells into hormone-producing cells. A recent study now suggests that vascular endothelial cells produce factors that are crucial for the induction of pancreatic organogenesis and for the formation of insulin-producing cells. The identification of these factors could be key to the efficient generation of insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells or other proliferating pancreatic precursor cells.
Optical activity in mixed-ligand terbium complexes containing 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and chiral carboxylic acids

Abstract The optical activity of Tb(PHT)(L) complexes has been studied by means of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy, where PHT=1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) and L=L-mandelic, L-aspartic, and L-malic acids. The CPL spectra were characteristic of multidentate bonding, and close examination of the spectra revealed the nature of the metal-ligand bonding. The results obtained have demonstrated that the optical activity experienced by the Tb(III) ion is primarily determined by the nature of the chiral ligand, and that this chirality can be affected by the achiral ligands also bound in the metal coordination sphere.
FLORIDA'S EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: LAYING THE TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION

In response to environmental streamlining legislation passed by the U.S. Congress as part of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, Florida has undertaken efforts to implement more efficient transportation planning and environmental review. These efforts have led to the development of the Efficient Transportation Decision-Making Process (ETDM Process), which redefines how Florida will accomplish planning and project development. A rather unique aspect of Florida's streamlining approach is the integration of information technology as a vital foundation for the process. The development of Florida's ETDM Process is described and evaluated, focusing on the information technology component. This component was developed as an interactive Internet-accessible geographic information system database. It integrates resource and project data from multiple sources into one standard format, provides quick and standardized analysis of the effects of the proposed projects on the human and natural environment, and supports the effective communication of results among all stakeholders, including the public. The use of technology is expected to reduce the cost of agency participation in the process and produce better, timely transportation decisions that reflect the proper balance among land use, mobility, and environment. Main topics include application design and development methodology, its integration in the ETDM Process, and how it has been received by the user community to date. Its benefits are evaluated, and recommendations for developing integrated technologies in support of streamlining efforts are provided.
Effect of nonbonded interactions on the carbon-13 chemical shifts and diamagnetic susceptibilities of halomethanes

Abstract The carbon-13 chemical shifts of the halomethanes have been shown to obey an additivity procedure known as the trigonal additivity procedure, which is based on first-order interactions between nearest neighbors, second-order interactions between next-nearest neighbors taken two at a time, and third-order interactions between next-nearest neighbors taken three at a time. This procedure is an extension of Grant's procedure and is justified from the standpoint of polarization and steric effects. The trigonal additivity procedure is found to be equally effective in correlating the diamagnetic susceptibilities of the halomethanes.
Shrink fit tool holder connection stiffness/damping modeling for frequency response prediction in milling

Abstract In this paper we present a finite element modeling approach to determine the stiffness and damping behavior between the tool and holder in thermal shrink fit connections. The continuous contact stiffness/damping profile between the holder and portion of the tool inside the holder is approximated by defining coordinates along the interface contact length and assigning position-dependent stiffness and equivalent viscous damping values between the tool and holder. These values are incorporated into the third generation receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) method, which is used to predict the tool point frequency response for milling applications. Once the holder and inserted tool section are connected using the finite element analysis-based stiffness and damping values, this subassembly is then rigidly coupled to the (measured) spindle–holder base and (modeled) tool. Experimental validation is provided.
Successful use of infliximab in the treatment of Reiter’s syndrome: a case report and discussion

Reiter's syndrome is one of the reactive forms of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Various therapies used in the management of Reiter's syndrome are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as sulfasalazine (SSZ) or methotrexate (MTX). There is only one case report of successful treatment of Reiter's syndrome with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient (Gaylis N, 2003, J Rheumatol 30(2):407-411 Feb). We hereby report a case of Reiter's syndrome treated successfully with infliximab, an anti-TNF-alpha chimeric monoclonal antibody. A 28-year-old white male presented with painful swelling of right elbow and ankle joints, urethritis. and lesions involving skin of soles of feet and penis. Detailed work-up of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV, and systemic etiology were negative. Despite aggressive treatment with antibiotics, NSAIDS, prednisone, and MTX for 3 months, he had persistent synovitis and worsening of skin lesions. He was then treated with infliximab 200 mg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 6, and 14 weeks which resulted in complete resolution of arthritis and skin lesions within 6 weeks of infliximab therapy.
Sirt1 Extends Life Span and Delays Aging in Mice through the Regulation of Nk2 Homeobox 1 in the DMH and LH

The mammalian Sir2 ortholog Sirt1 plays an important role in metabolic regulation. However, the role of Sirt1 in the regulation of aging and longevity is still controversial. Here we demonstrate that brain-specific Sirt1-overexpressing (BRASTO) transgenic mice show significant life span extension in both males and females, and aged BRASTO mice exhibit phenotypes consistent with a delay in aging. These phenotypes are mediated by enhanced neural activity specifically in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei (DMH and LH, respectively), through increased orexin type 2 receptor (Ox2r) expression. We identified Nk2 homeobox 1 (Nkx2-1) as a partner of Sirt1 that upregulates Ox2r transcription and colocalizes with Sirt1 in the DMH and LH. DMH/LH-specific knockdown of Sirt1, Nkx2-1, or Ox2r and DMH-specific Sirt1 overexpression further support the role of Sirt1/Nkx2-1/Ox2r-mediated signaling for longevity-associated phenotypes. Our findings indicate the importance of DMH/LH-predominant Sirt1 activity in the regulation of aging and longevity in mammals.
Spin-Density Oscillations in Ferromagnetic Alloys. I. "Localized" Solute Atoms: Al, Si, Mn, V, and Cr in Fe

The internal magnetic fields and isomer shifts of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nuclei in a number of iron-rich bcc binary alloy systems were measured by the M\"ossbauer technique. The added solute atoms Al, Si, Mn, Cr, or V give structure to the individual lines of the spectra indicating that their effects are quite localized. These line shapes were analyzed by a computer program which interpreted them in terms of the effects of the solute atoms in the first five neighbor shells. It appears justifiable to attribute the observed hyperfine-field shifts in the FeAl series to the spatial variation of the spin polarization of the $4s$ conduction electrons around an Fe atom in pure iron. The observed $4s$ spin-polarization variation with distance had oscillations with a ${k}_{F}\ensuremath{\simeq}(1.0\ensuremath{-}1.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ corresponding to 0.4-0.6 electrons/atom in the $4s$ conduction band. These oscillations are compared with those obtained by recent improved calculations of the indirect exchange polarization which take into account the full $k$ dependence of the conduction-electron wave functions. For all the alloy series reported here, internal field shifts at the first and second nearest neighbors decreased the internal field. This indicates that the $4s$ electrons produce an antiferromagnetic contribution to the magnetic coupling in iron. The average internal field of each alloy was also obtained, and for all the alloy series described here this quantity decreases more rapidly than the moment per Fe atom as a function of solute-atom concentration. The isomer shifts due to solute atoms in the first three neighbor shells are also reported.
Uplink SDMA with limited feedback: throughput scaling

Combined space division multiple access (SDMA) and scheduling exploit both spatial multiplexing and multiuser diversity, increasing throughput significantly. Both SDMA and scheduling require feedback of multiuser channel sate information (CSI). This paper focuses on uplink SDMA with limited feedback, which refers to efficient techniques for CSI quantization and feedback. To quantify the throughput of uplink SDMA and derive design guidelines, the throughput scaling with system parameters is analyzed. The specific parameters considered include the numbers of users, antennas, and feedback bits. Furthermore, different SNR regimes and beamforming methods are considered. The derived throughput scaling laws are observed to change for different SNR regimes. For instance, the throughput scales logarithmically with the number of users in the high SNR regime but double logarithmically in the low SNR regime. The analysis of throughput scaling suggests guidelines for scheduling in uplink SDMA. For example, to maximize throughput scaling, scheduling should use the criterion of minimum quantization errors for the high SNR regime and maximum channel power for the low SNR regime.
Parallel versus Antiparallel Interfacial Coupling in Exchange Biased Co/FeF~2

By using the surface and element specificity of soft x-ray magnetic dichroism we provide direct experimental evidence for two different types of interfacial uncompensated Fe moments in exchange biased Co/FeF2 bilayers. Some moments are pinned and coupled antiparallel to the ferromagnet (FM). They give rise to a positive exchange bias and vanish above T(N) = 78 together with the antiferromagnet (AF) order. Other interfacial Fe moments are unpinned and coupled parallel to the FM. They persist up to 300 K and give rise to magnetic order at the AF surface even above T(N) .
A Kinetic Energy Budget over North America During a Period of Short Synoptic wave Development

Abstract A kinetic energy budget over North America is computed using standard rawinsonde data during 11–24 April 1970, a period of repeated short synoptic wave development. A comparative analysis with energy transformation documented for periods of intermediate synoptic wave influence is presented. In both the abort and intermediate wave periods, horizontal flux convergence is an important energy source. However, the two periods differ in both their kinetic energy generation and dissipation. In contrast to the intermediate wave case, the short wave period is dominated by negative generation of kinetic energy. In addition, the vertically-integrated dissipation, determined as the residual term in the kinetic energy budget, is substantially smaller for the short wave case. This latter result, which occurs primarily because the residual quantity is positive in the upper troposphere, is hypothesized to be associated with subgrid-to-grid-scale kinetic energy exchange. Of particular interest is a secondary wave...
On the estimation of relative humidity profiles from medium resolution infrared spectra obtained from a satellite

Medium resolution infrared spectra obtained by satellite used to estimate relative humidity profiles
Multiple γc-dependent cytokines regulate T-cell development

Abstract Mutations in the common γ chain (γc) of cytokine receptors account for human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease. γc contributes to ligand binding and signaling as a component of five cytokine receptors: interleukin-2-receptor (IL-2R), IL-4R, IL-7R, IL-9R and IL-15R. Here, Thomas Malek and colleagues discuss the contribution of individual γc-dependent cytokines in both conventional and intraepithelial T-cell development.
Two years' effect on the primary dentition of mouthrinsing with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution.

The benefits to the primary teeth from a school-based fluoride mouthrinsing program are presented. Children in grades 1-4, residents of a fluoride-deficient community in New York, rinsed an average of 49 times during 2 school years using a 0.2 % neutral NaF solution. Rinsing was done under the supervision of homeroom teachers. Differences in caries prevalence of 20.0% (dfs/child) or 23.8% (dfs/100s) were found in children who participated in the rinsing program for 2 years compared with baseline canes scores of children who never rinsed. Surface specific differences in caries prevalence after 2 years were: 27.5% for proximal surfaces, 24.1 % for buccolingual surfaces, and 12.4% for occlusal surfaces.
Anatomy and motor pathways of the electric organ of skates.

The electric organ of skates is a paired structure within the tail consisting of two longitudinal columns of electrocytes contained within the lateral musculature on each side of the vertebral column. The electrocytes develop from hypaxial skeletal muscle fibers, and, depending upon the species, are generally classified as either cup-shaped or disc-shaped. The disc-shaped electrocytes are considered to be the more derived type. Regardless of the morphology of the electrocyte, the electric organ discharge of all skates is characterized as a weak asynchronous and long-lasting signal. Although recent behavioral investigations have revealed a communicative function for the electric organ, details as to which specific behaviors utilize this motor system remain uncertain. The electric organ is innervated by segmental motor nerves that branch from the ventral root of caudal spinal nerves at all levels of the electric organ. The cells of origin of the electromotor nerves, or electromotoneurons (EMNs), are large multipolar neurons with extensive dendrites located within the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord. The EMNs are uniformly distributed among the somatic motoneurons at levels corresponding to the rostrocaudal extent of the electric organ, and therefore do not form a discrete nucleus. The medullary command nucleus is comprised of neurons located within the nucleus raphe magnus, and forms a descending spinal pathway to the EMNs.
Optics outreach from 8-12 microns: Wolfe-inspired

Using a room-temperature FLIR infrared camera, we have developed an entire outreach program that allows students of all ages the chance to "see" their world from 8-12 microns. It is a world seldom seen by the same person that, ironically, has 12 megapixels of visual "high-def" in his or her shirt pocket. It is Bill Wolfe's world, and in his recognition we are honored to share some of it with you.
Exposure to Iron Oxide Fume at Arcair and Powder-Burning Operations

Abstract Employee exposures to iron oxide fume at seventeen arcair and six powder-burning operations were studied at five steel manufacturing plants located in eastern Pennsylvania. The environmental findings show that of the work stations surveyed, employees are exposed to iron oxide fume in excess of the threshold limit value of 10 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Chest x-ray plates of 73 exposed workers were investigated. Of this group, 3 individuals have positive chest plates; however, none of the positive radiographs could be related solely to arcair or powder-burning.
RESPONSE OF SINGLE PILES AND PIPELINES IN LIQUEFACTION-INDUCED LATERAL SPREADS USING CONTROLLED BLASTING

Two full-scale experiments using controlled blasting were conducted in the Port of Tokachi on Hokkaido Island, Japan, to assess the behavior of piles and pipelines subjected to lateral spreading. Test specimens were extensively instrumented with strain gauges to measure the distribution of moment during lateral spreading. This allowed us to compute the loading condition, as well as to conduct damage and performance assessments on the piles and pipelines. This paper presents the test results and discussions on the response of single piles and pipelines observed from the full-scale experiments. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that using controlled blasting successfully liquefied the soil, and subsequently induced lateral spreading. The movements of the single pile, as well as the transverse pipelines, were approximately the same as the free field soil movement. Observed moment distribution of the single pile indicated that global translation of the liquefied soil layer provided insignificant force to the pile. In addition, the degree of fixity at the pile tip significantly affected the moment along the pile as well as the pile head displacement. The pile with a higher degree of fixity at the pile tip had smaller pile head displacement but larger maximum moment.
The editor's roundtable: advances in myocardial perfusion imaging.

Dr. Friedewald has received honoraria from and is a peaker for Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey. Dr. Iskanrian is a consultant for Astellas Pharma US, LLC; and CV herapeutics, Palo Alto, California. Dr. Mahmarian is a onsultant for Astellas Pharma US, LLC; and CV Theraeutics. Dr. Roberts has received honoraria from and is a peaker for AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware; Merck, hitehouse Station, New Jersey; Novartis; and Scheringlough, Kenilworth, New Jersey.
STEP payload development

Abstract The Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle, STEP , will test what is arguably the most fundamental principle of physics to unprecedented accuracy. The experiment will enhance our knowledge of the identity of mass and inertia by five or more orders of magnitude, to one part in 10 18 , by comparing the rate of fall of test masses in earth orbit. The equivalence principle is the cornerstone of General Relativity, and detection of any violation would be an unambiguous sign of new physics. This paper describes progress toward the payload design for STEP .
Near infrared spectroscopy detects cerebral ischemia during hypotension in piglets.

We have previously reported concordant changes in cerebral intravascular oxygenation measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in premature infants. We hypothesized that the cerebral oxygenation changes are caused by MAP-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and studied these parameters in neonatal piglets (n = 6). Changes in cerebral intravascular oxygenation were measured by NIRS from the hemoglobin difference (HbD) signal (oxyhemoglobin-deoxyhemoglobin). CBF was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique. The cerebral circulation was also monitored by Doppler determinations of CBF velocity (time average mean velocity) in the anterior cerebral artery. Hypotension to <50% of baseline MAP was achieved by a ligature around the ascending aorta. Arterial oxygenation was maintained constant by mechanical ventilation. As observed in our studies of premature infants, cerebral HbD and MAP showed concordant changes. Hypotension was accompanied by significant decreases both in CBF (42.8 ± 12.5% of baseline p < 0.01) and HbD (-65.0 ± 22.0 µmol/L·dpf, p < 0.01). HbD was significantly correlated with MAP (p < 0.05) and time average mean velocity (p = 0.01). Importantly, decreases in cerebral total hemoglobin (HbT), a measure of cerebral blood volume, did not correlate significantly with decreases in MAP. We conclude that 1) decreases in cerebral intravascular oxygenation, as assessed by NIRS, observed with decreases in MAP reflect a decline in CBF, and hence oxygen delivery, 2) the HbD signal is more sensitive to changes in CBF than the HbT signal, and 3) NIRS recordings may have clinical utility in detecting cerebral ischemia.
Direct determination of benzoylecgonine in serum by EMIT d.a.u. cocaine metabolite immunoassay.

An EMIT d.a.u. immunoassay for urine testing was applied on the Syva ETS Plus analyzer for the detection of the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BE), in human serum. Serum was analyzed without prior extraction, concentration, or matrix modification. Calibrators and serum controls were prepared from EMIT d.a.u. calibrators that were reconstituted and diluted with EMIT Tox serum calibrator. The assay cutoff concentration for BE was 50 ng/mL. The within-run and between-run precisions of the assay were both less than 5%. Analysis of 162 patient serums yielded 43 BE positive results. All EMIT positive serum BE results were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All patients with positive BE serums also had BE positive urine samples. Serum bilirubin and triglycerides as high as 38 mg/dL and 319 mg/dL, respectively, did not interfere with the assay. Modification of the EMIT urine assay allowed for a simple, rapid, and reliable method for the detection of BE in serum.
Polyamine Synthesis and Accumulation in Escherichia coli Infected with Bacteriophage R17

We have studied the biosynthesis of polyamines during the multiplication of the RNA bacteriophage R17. R17-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli were derived from the stringent CP78 and the relaxed mutant derivative CP79. The cells were infected with R17 in the presence or absence of arginine, a required amino acid, and both the RNA and polyamine contents of the bacteria were determined before and after the infection. The uninfected CP79 rel derivative accumulated RNA and spermidine in the absence of arginine, unlike the stringent organism that accumulated neither under these conditions. After R17 infection, the stringent strain accumulated RNA and spermidine in the presence or absence of arginine. The data indicate a close correlation between the synthesis of RNA and spermidine, suggesting a significant role for this polyamine in the multiplication of phage R17.
Conditional deletion of caspase-8 in macrophages alters macrophage activation in a RIPK-dependent manner

Introduction Although caspase-8 is a well-established initiator of apoptosis and suppressor of necroptosis, recent evidence suggests that this enzyme maintains functions beyond its role in cell death. As cells of the innate immune system, and in particular macrophages, are now at the forefront of autoimmune disease pathogenesis, we examined the potential involvement of caspase-8 within this population.
Efficient Java Native Interface for Android Based Mobile Devices

Java has been making its way into the embedded systems and mobile devices like Android. The Java platform specifies the Java Native Interface (JNI) which allows Java code that runs within a JVM to interoperate with applications or libraries that are written in other languages and compiled to the host CPU. JNI plays an important role in embedded system as it provides a mechanism to interact with libraries specific to the platform and to take the advantage of fast execution of native programs. To address the overhead incurred in the JNI due to reflection and serialization, this paper proposes to cache class, field, and method information obtained from reflection for subsequent usage. It also provides a function to pin objects to their memory locations such that they can be accesses through the known reference. The Android emulator is used to evaluate the performance of these techniques and we observed that there was 10-30 % performance gain in the Java Native Interface for two Android applications.
Transcriptomic and physiological characterization of the fefe mutant of melon (Cucumis melo) reveals new aspects of iron-copper crosstalk.

Summary Iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) homeostasis are tightly linked across biology. In previous work, Fe deficiency interacted with Cu-regulated genes and stimulated Cu accumulation. The C940-fe (fefe) Fe-uptake mutant of melon (Cucumis melo) was characterized, and the fefe mutant was used to test whether Cu deficiency could stimulate Fe uptake. Wild-type and fefe mutant transcriptomes were determined by RNA-seq under Fe and Cu deficiency. FeFe-regulated genes included core Fe uptake, metal homeostasis, and transcription factor genes. Numerous genes were regulated by both Fe and Cu. The fefe mutant was rescued by high Fe or by Cu deficiency, which stimulated ferric-chelate reductase activity, FRO2 expression, and Fe accumulation. Accumulation of Fe in Cu-deficient plants was independent of the normal Fe-uptake system. One of the four FRO genes in the melon and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) genomes was Fe-regulated, and one was Cu-regulated. Simultaneous Fe and Cu deficiency synergistically up-regulated Fe-uptake gene expression. Overlap in Fe and Cu deficiency transcriptomes highlights the importance of Fe–Cu crosstalk in metal homeostasis. The fefe gene is not orthologous to FIT, and thus identification of this gene will provide clues to help understand regulation of Fe uptake in plants.
Surface ages and rates of erosion at the Calico Archaeological Site in the Mojave Desert, Southern California

Abstract Erosion rates and surface exposure ages were determined at the Calico Archaeological Site in the Calico Hills of the Mojave Desert, California, using 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) methods. The Calico Hills are composed of Miocene lacustrine deposits of the Barstow Formation and fanglomerates/debris flows of the Pleistocene Yermo Deposits. These deposits are highly denuded and dissected by arroyos that have surfaces armored with chert. Surface erosion rates based on cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in stream sediments range from 19 to 39 m/Ma, with an average of 30.5 ± 6.2 m/Ma. Surface boulders have 10Be TCN ages that range from 27 ka to 198 ka, reflecting significant erosion of the Calico Hills. The oldest boulder age (197 ± 20 ka) places a minimum limit on the age of Yermo deposits. Depth profile ages at four locations within the study area have minimum ages that range from 31 to 84 ka and erosion rate-corrected surface exposure ages ranging from 43 to 139 ka. These surface exposure ages support the view that the surfaces in Yermo deposits formed during the Late Pleistocene to latest Middle Pleistocene. This chronology has important implications for interpreting the context of possible artifacts/geofacts at the site that might provide evidence for early human occupation of North America, and for reconstructing paleoenvironment change and landscape evolution in the region.
Is it really good to be fat on dialysis

The paradoxical observation of a lack of mortality increase with higher body mass index (BMI) in dialysis patients was first reported from France by the Diaphane collaborative study [12]. In 1998, Leavey et al. [13], while assessing the influence of a number of commonly used clinical parameters on dialysis survival, confirmed the association between low BMI and increased mortality in patients on haemodialysis. They also reported an absence of mortality risk in patients with higher BMI values. However, a study by our group, published in 1999, identified for the first time a significantly higher survival advantage for overweight and obesity in patients on haemodialysis [4]. This study, in which survival was evaluated prospectively, was based on a cohort of 1300 patients undergoing outpatient haemodialysis. The unexpected finding in this study was that overweight and obese patients (BMI of P27.5) had a significantly better 12-month Correspondence and offprint requests to: Abdulla K. Salahudeen, MD, MSc, FRCP, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. Email: asalahudeen@medicine.umsmed.edu Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18: 1248–1252 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfg101