cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
This ad is for you: targeting and the effect of alcohol advertising on youth drinking

Endogenous targeting of alcohol advertisements presents a challenge for empirically identifying a causal effect of advertising on drinking. Drinkers prefer a particular media; firms recognize this and target alcohol advertising at these media. This paper overcomes this challenge by utilizing novel data with detailed individual measures of media viewing and alcohol consumption and three separate empirical techniques, which represent significant improvements over previous methods. First, controls for the average audience characteristics of the media an individual views account for attributes of magazines and television programs alcohol firms may consider when deciding where to target advertising. A second specification directly controls for each television program and magazine a person views. The third method exploits variation in advertising exposure due to a 2003 change in an industry-wide rule that governs where firms may advertise. Although the unconditional correlation between advertising and drinking by youth (ages 18-24) is strong, models that include simple controls for targeting imply, at most, a modest advertising effect. Although the coefficients are estimated less precisely, estimates with models including more rigorous controls for targeting indicate no significant effect of advertising on youth drinking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Aligning employees with the organization's strategic objectives: out of ‘line of sight’, out of mind

This research focuses on the strategic alignment of a firm's human resources. Specifically, I investigate employee ‘line of sight’ to an organization's strategic objectives. Line of sight is conceptualized as an employee's understanding of an organization's objectives and how to contribute to those objectives. Line of sight was expected to vary across individual characteristics (e.g. hierarchical level, tenure) and relate to important work outcomes (e.g. work attitudes, turnover). Results of a field study confirmed many of the hypotheses, supporting the importance of this construct to research and practice.
Progress toward a hard x-ray insertion device beam position monitor at the Advanced Photon Source

Long-term pointing stability at synchrotron light sources using conventional rf-based particle beam position monitoring is limited by the mechanical stability of the pickup electrode assembly. Photoemission-based photon beam position monitors for insertion device beams suffer from stray radiation backgrounds and other gap- dependent systematic errors. To achieve the goal of 500-nanoradian peak-to-peak pointing stability over a one-week period, the development of a photon beam position detector sensitive only to hard X-rays (> several keV) using copper X-ray fluorescence has been initiated. Initial results and future plans are presented.
TOWARD MORE EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE PARADIGMS

While information technology has facilitated the collection of never-before-seen quantities of data, these data have not always provided the information needed by transportation professionals to support sound decision making. Computational intelligence (CI) has great potential to support the needs of transportation professionals. CI is a result of synergy among information processing technologies such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy sets, and genetic algorithms. As the number of CI applications to transportation problems grows, so does the need to evaluate these systems. The issue of validating and evaluating transportation CI applications is addressed. A case study that evaluates the effectiveness of two CI paradigms, case-based reasoning and ANNs, for estimating the benefits of real-time traffic diversion is presented. The case study illustrates the need for regarding validation and evaluation as a part of the development effort and the need for tuning the design parameters of CI paradigms.
A 21-day Daniel fast with or without krill oil supplementation improves anthropometric parameters and the cardiometabolic profile in men and women

Background The Daniel Fast is a vegan diet that prohibits the consumption of animal products, refined foods, white flour, preservatives, additives, sweeteners, flavorings, caffeine, and alcohol. Following this dietary plan for 21 days has been demonstrated to improve blood pressure, LDL-C, and certain markers of oxidative stress, but it has also been shown to lower HDL-C. Krill oil supplementation has been shown to increase HDL-C.
A C ∞ Denjoy counterexample

In this paper we construct an example of a homeomorphism of the circle onto itself which is C∞, has no periodic points and no dense orbits. Moreover, the homeomorphism will have no more than two points of zero derivative. We alter this example to form a C∞ map of an interval to itself which has homtervals.
Numerical integration of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow

A method of numerically integrating the Navier-Stokes equations for certain three-dimensional incompressible flows is described. The technique is presented through application to the particular problem of describing thermal convection in a rotating annulus. The equations, in cylindrical polar co-ordinate form, are integrated with respect to time by a marching process, together with the solving of a Poisson equation for the pressure. A suitable form of the finite difference equations gives a computationally-stable long-term integration with reasonably faithful representation of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the flow.Trigonometric interpolation techniques provide accurate (discretely exact) solutions to the Poisson equation. By using an auxiliary algorithm for rapid evaluation of trigonometric transforms, the proportion of computation needed to solve the Poisson equation can be reduced to less than 25% of the total time needed to’ advance one time step. Computing on a UNIVAC 1108 machine, the flow can be advanced one time-step in 2 sec for a 14 × 14 × 14 grid upward to 96 sec for a 60 × 34 × 34 grid.As an example of the method, some features of a solution for steady wave flow in annulus convection are presented. The resemblance of this flow to the classical Eady wave is noted.
Functional Neuroradiology: Principles and Clinical Applications

S.H. Faro, F.B. Mohamed, M. Law, Eds. New York, NY: Springer, 2011, 1,029 pages, $249 Over the past 2 decades, the term functional MR imaging has come to imply the imaging of neuronal activity, also known as brain mapping. Because of the complex biophysical and physiologic origin of the signal
How context dependent are species interactions

The net effects of interspecific species interactions on individuals and populations vary in both sign (-, 0, +) and magnitude (strong to weak). Interaction outcomes are context-dependent when the sign and/or magnitude change as a function of the biotic or abiotic context. While context dependency appears to be common, its distribution in nature is poorly described. Here, we used meta-analysis to quantify variation in species interaction outcomes (competition, mutualism, or predation) for 247 published articles. Contrary to our expectations, variation in the magnitude of effect sizes did not differ among species interactions, and while mutualism was most likely to change sign across contexts (and predation least likely), mutualism did not strongly differ from competition. Both the magnitude and sign of species interactions varied the most along spatial and abiotic gradients, and least as a function of the presence/absence of a third species. However, the degree of context dependency across these context types was not consistent among mutualism, competition and predation studies. Surprisingly, study location and ecosystem type varied in the degree of context dependency, with laboratory studies showing the highest variation in outcomes. We urge that studying context dependency per se, rather than focusing only on mean outcomes, can provide a general method for describing patterns of variation in nature.
Maxwellian material-based absorbing boundary conditions for lossy media in 3-D

A two time-derivative Lorentz material (2TDLM), which has been shown previously to be the correct Maxwellian medium choice to match an absorbing layer to a lossy region, is extended here to a complete absorbing boundary condition (ABC) for three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulators. The implementation of the lossy 2TDLM (L2TDLM) ABC is presented. It is shown that in contrast to the one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) versions, the full 3-D ABC requires a three time-derivative Lorentz material in the edge and corner regions to achieve a rigorous matching of the resulting Maxwellian absorbing layer to the lossy medium. The 3-D ABC implementation thus requires the introduction of an auxiliary field to handle the edge and corner regions to achieve a state-space form of the update equations in the ABC layers. Fully 3-D examples including pulsed dipole radiation and pulsed Gaussian beam propagation in lossless and lossy materials as well as pulse propagation along a microstrip over lossless and lossy materials are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the L2TDLM ABC.
Gene interaction enrichment and network analysis to identify dysregulated pathways and their interactions in complex diseases

The molecular behavior of biological systems can be described in terms of three fundamental components: (i) the physical entities, (ii) the interactions among these entities, and (iii) the dynamics of these entities and interactions. The mechanisms that drive complex disease can be productively viewed in the context of the perturbations of these components. One challenge in this regard is to identify the pathways altered in specific diseases. To address this challenge, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and others have been developed, which focus on alterations of individual properties of the entities (such as gene expression). However, the dynamics of the interactions with respect to disease have been less well studied (i.e., properties of components ii and iii). Here, we present a novel method called Gene Interaction Enrichment and Network Analysis (GIENA) to identify dysregulated gene interactions, i.e., pairs of genes whose relationships differ between disease and control. Four functions are defined to model the biologically relevant gene interactions of cooperation (sum of mRNA expression), competition (difference between mRNA expression), redundancy (maximum of expression), or dependency (minimum of expression) among the expression levels. The proposed framework identifies dysregulated interactions and pathways enriched in dysregulated interactions; points out interactions that are perturbed across pathways; and moreover, based on the biological annotation of each type of dysregulated interaction gives clues about the regulatory logic governing the systems level perturbation. We demonstrated the potential of GIENA using published datasets related to cancer. We showed that GIENA identifies dysregulated pathways that are missed by traditional enrichment methods based on the individual gene properties and that use of traditional methods combined with GIENA provides coverage of the largest number of relevant pathways. In addition, using the interactions detected by GIENA, specific gene networks both within and across pathways associated with the relevant phenotypes are constructed and analyzed.
Markovian multiechelon repairable inventory system

In this article we model a two-echelon (two levels of repair, one level of supply) repairable-item inventory system using continuous-time Markov processes. We analyze two models. In the first model we assume a system with a single base. In the second model we expand this model to include n bases. The Markov approach gives rise to multidimensional state spaces that are large even for relatively small problems. Because of this, we utilize aggregate/disaggregate techniques to develop a solution algorithm for finding the steady-state distribution. This algorithm is exact for the single-base model and is an approximation for the n-base model, in which case it is found to be very accurate and computationally very efficient.
Preparation and characterization of tapioca starch‐poly(lactic acid)‐Cloisite NA+ nanocomposite foams

Tapioca starch, poly(lactic acid), and Cloisite NA + nanocomposite foams, with four clay contents (1, 3, 5, 7, wt %), were prepared by melt-intercalation method. Selected structural, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and an Instron universal testing machine, respectively. XRD results indicated that the 1 wt % nanocomposite foam did not show the characteristic basal reflection of the nanoclay. The 3, 5, and 7 wt % nanocomposite foams produced a mixture of intercalated and tactoid structures. The d 001 -spacing of 3, 5, 7 wt % nanocomposite foams produced increases of 11.40, 11.15, and 10.67 A, respectively, compared to that of the pristine clay. The morphological study showed that the nanocomposite foams exhibited a noticeably reduced cell size, more compact cells, and increased cell density. Increasing clay content caused a decrease in melting temperature (T m ). Bulk spring index and bulk compressibility were influenced (P < 0.05) significantly with the addition of different amounts of clay.
High-resolution crosswell imaging of a west Texas carbonate reservoir: Part 3-Wavefield separation of reflections

Using crosswell data collected at a depth of about 3000 ft (900 m) in West Texas carbonates, one of the first well-to-well reflection images of an oil reservoir was produced. The P and S brute stack reflection images created after wavefield separation tied the sonic logs and exhibited a vertical resolution that was comparable to well log resolution. Both brute stacks demonstrated continuity of several reflectors known to be continuous from log control and also imaged an angular unconformity that was not detected in log correlations or in surface seismic profiling. The brute stacks, particularly the S-wave reflection image, also exhibited imaging artifacts. We found that multichannel wavefield separation filters that attenuated interfering wavemodes were a critical component in producing high-resolution reflection images. In this study, the most important elements for an effective wavefield separation were the time-alignment of seismic arrivals prior to filter application and the implementation of wavefield-separation filters in multiple domains, particularly in common offset domain. The effectiveness of the multichannel filtering was enhanced through the use of extremely fine wellbore sampling intervals. In this study, 2.5 ft (0.76 m) vertical sampling intervals for both source and receiver were used, whereas most previous crosswell data sets were collected with much coarser sampling intervals, resulting in spatial aliasing and limiting the utility of the data for reflection processing. The wavefield separation techniques employed in this study used data volumes and associated filtering operations that were several orders of magnitude larger than those encountered in conventional VSP data analysis.
Structural characterization of saturated branched chain fatty acid methyl esters by collisional dissociation of molecular ions generated by electron ionization

Saturated branched chain fatty acids (BCFA) are present as complex mixtures in numerous biological samples. The traditional method for structure elucidation, electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry, sometimes does not unambiguously enable assignment of branching in isomeric BCFA. Zirrolli and Murphy (Zirrolli , J. A. , and R. A. Murphy. 1993. Low-energy tandem mass spectrometry of the molecular ion derived from fatty acid methyl esters: a novel method for analysis of branched-chain fatty acids. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 4: 223–229.) showed that the molecular ions of four BCFA methyl ester (BCFAME) yield highly characteristic fragments upon collisional dissociation using a triple quadrupole instrument. Here, we confirm and extend these results by analysis using a tabletop 3-D ion trap for activated molecular ion EI-MS/MS to 30 BCFAME. iso-BCFAME produces a prominent ion (30-100% of base peak) for [M-43] (M-C3H7), corresponding to the terminal isopropyl moiety in the original iso-BCFAME. Anteiso-FAME yield prominent ions (20-100% of base peak) corresponding to losses on both side of the methyl branch, [M-29] and [M-57], and tend to produce more prominent m/z 115 peaks corresponding to a cyclization product around the ester. Dimethyl and tetramethyl FAME, with branches separated by at least one methylene group, yield fragment on both sides of the sites of methyl branches that are more than 6 C away from the carboxyl carbon. EI-MS/MS yields uniquely specific ions that enable highly confident structural identification and quantification of BCFAME.
Clinical Study of Five-Year Survivors After Surgery for Gastric Carcinoma: Report of Fifty-Eight Patients, Including Twelve Fifteen-Year Survivors

Summary Fifty-eight patients who survived for 5 years or longer after surgery for gastric carcinoma were studied. Nine patients died of other causes and 9 with recurrent carcinoma. Five-year survival does not mean "cure". All recurrences in the present series occurred within 8 years after the operation. Neither the age of the patient, the type or duration of symptoms, nor the laboratory findings appeared related to survival. No patients had evidence of distant metastases. The presence of an abdominal mass or hepatomegaly did not preclude survival. The antrum was involved in 37 patients, the pars media in 24, and the cardia in only 7. The majority of the survivors had ulcerative lesions (27), polypoid lesions (16), or combined polypoid and ulcerative lesions (9) rather than infiltrative lesions (7). Subtotal resection, extensive in 9 patients, was performed in 53 patients, and total gastrectomy was performed in 6. Involvement of lymph nodes in 17 patients and extension of the carcinoma in 18 patients did not prevent 5-year survival. Adequate local excision, even with such extension or nodal involvement, may still result in 5-year survival. Histologic type can be of importance in survival since 31 of our survivors (54.4 per cent) had adenocarcinoma, whereas only 1 each had solid (medullary) or scirrhous carcinoma.
Saving Troubled Stutts Corporation: Information Known Only to Decker

This case, part of a series (see also UVA-QA-0712, UVA-QA-0714, and UVA-QA-0715), contains information known only to Decker. Two individuals own all the capital in Stutts Corporation. Decker owns all the debt and Evenson owns all the equity. Unless Decker and Evenson supply workout loans, Stutts will become bankrupt immediately. If they do provide the loans, Stutts will go into three possible states: recover, restructure, liquidate. The payouts to Decker and Evenson differ in each state. The two parties have differing probabilities for these three states and differing budget limits for adding capital; probabilities and budgets are private, confidential information. Students playing each role will negotiate, in pairs, a deal for the additional financing of Stutts. Without state-contingent side payments and/or altered ownership arrangements, players cannot strike a deal that is good for both sides, based on their differing probabilities and budget constraints. Students will carry out a preliminary negotiation, discuss it in class, and then have a chance to conduct a final analysis, based on new ideas from class discussion.
Uncertainty in the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Production of Three Biobased Polymer Families

Interest in biobased products has been motivated, in part, by the claim that these products have lower life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than their fossil counterparts. This study investigates GHG emissions from U.S. production of three important biobased polymer families: polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and bioethylene-based plastics. The model incorporates uncertainty into the life cycle emission estimates using Monte Carlo simulation. Results present a range of scenarios for feedstock choice (corn or switchgrass), treatment of coproducts, data sources, end of life assumptions, and displaced fossil polymer. Switchgrass pathways generally have lower emissions than corn pathways, and can even generate negative cradle-to-gate emissions if unfermented residues are used to coproduce energy. PHB (from either feedstock) is unlikely to have lower emissions than fossil polymers once end of life emissions are included. PLA generally has the lowest emissions when compared to high emission ...
The Abolition of Slavery in the United States: Historical Context and Its Contemporary Application

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America marked the legal end of slavery in the United States. By declaring that ‘neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction’, the Amendment enshrined freedom in the country’s fundamental charter. As this chapter will demonstrate, the Thirteenth Amendment’s Framers intended to eliminate both chattel slavery and the ‘the badges and incidents’ of slavery. Those Framers, whose worldview was grounded in natural rights and abolitionist theory, knew that abolishing the property relationship of owner and owned would not by itself be sufficient to create enduring freedom. Rather, they believed that the legal practices and social customs surrounding and supporting the system of slavery must also be abolished if the freedmen were to enjoy the full benefits of citizenship. This chapter discusses those badges and incidents of slavery in American history and suggests lessons that can be drawn from that history to inform the movement to abolish contemporary slavery. In so doing, this chapter suggests that just as the Thirteenth Amendment’s Framers realized that slavery constituted a system of interlocking forms of subordination, so too should modern-day advocates, lawmakers, and judges recognize that abolishing slavery requires a broad and evolving understanding of the conditions that support or arise out of enslavement.
Synthesis and Characterization of AN-g-SOY for Sustainable Polymer Composites

Biobased materials are rapidly emerging as alternatives to petroleum-based materials because of rising environmental awareness and augmented consumption of nondegradable polymers. In the present work, the surface characteristics of biorenewable soy flour (SOY) were tailored via free radical-induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) to develop novel materials for multifunctional applications. A number of reaction parameters were optimized to maximize the level of grafting. The synthesized acrylonitrile-grafted soy (AN-g-SOY) copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Polymer composites were prepared using SOY/AN-g-SOY as reinforcement and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that acrylonitrile-grafted SOY exhibited significantly enhanced storage modulus compared to polymer composites reinforced with pristine soy flour.
Fourier transform ir studies of the degradation of polyacrylonitrile copolymers—I: Introduction and comparative rates of the degradation of three copolymers below 200°c and under reduced pressure

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and copolymers of PAN containing comonomers of vinyl acetate (VAc), methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AM) and other acrylics are important precursors to the formation of carbon fibers. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy has proved to be an excellent technique with which to study the degradation of these polymers in the initial stages where cyclization of the polymer chain takes place. In this communication we present comparative rate studies of the degradation of three PAN copolymers containing approx. 4 wt% of VAc, MAA and AM respectively. The rate of degradation is observed to be markedly dependent upon the chemical structure of the comonomer.
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b carriage in Chinese children aged 12–18 months in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study

The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are leading causes of childhood pneumonia and meningitis and are major contributors to worldwide mortality in children younger than 5 years of age. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus and Hib was determined for healthy children in Shanghai in 2009. Children from 5 immunization clinics were enrolled in this study. Specimens from the nasopharynx were collected and cultured in Columbia and chocolate agar to identify pneumococcal and Hib carriage. Pneumococcal specimens were serotyped with the Neufeld test, and antibiotic resistance for pneumococcal and Hib specimens used the E-test method. Significance of risk factors for carriage was assessed through chi-square tests. Among 614 children, 16.6 % had pneumococcal carriage and 8.0 % Hib carriage. The predominant serotype of pneumococcus that was isolated was 19 F (52.9 %); serotype coverage was 68.6 % for both 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and PCV-10, and 82.3 % for PCV-13. Household residency and father’s education were both significantly related to pneumococcal and Hib carriage. The majority of S. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to most antimicrobials but there were high levels of resistance to azithromycin (51.0 %) and erythromycin (51.0 %). Haemophilus influenzae isolates were sensitive to almost all antimicrobials tested although 12.2 % of isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The pneumococcal and Hib vaccines require payment, and the children with the highest burden of disease may not be receiving these vaccines. Moreover, the presence of high antibiotic susceptibility towards pneumococcus, and to a lesser extent towards Hib, underscores the need for preventive protection against these diseases. Public funding of pneumococcal and Hib vaccines would be one mechanism to increase uptake of these vaccines.
Archival Investigation of the Pyron Homestead (41BX278), New City Block 7657, San Antonio, Texas

The Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, conducted an archival investigation on a portion of New City Block 7657 in southeast San Antonio for the Texas Trust Savings Bank of Marble Falls, Texas. The property contained the site of the historic Pyron House and thought to possibly also contain the buried remains of the San Jose acequia. The study revealed that the homestead was probably constructed in 1849, and although recently destroyed, the foundation remains in the ground. The research further revealed that the acequia did not pass through the property under study, but instead is located further to the west on the other side of Mission Road. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i LIST OF FIGURES ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
SWIRL: A Scalable Watermark to Detect Correlated Network Flows.

Flow watermarks are active traffic analysis techniques that help establish a causal connection between two network flows by content-independent manipulations, e.g., altering packet timings. Watermarks provide a much more scalable approach for flow correlation than passive traffic analysis. Previous designs of scalable watermarks, however, were subject to multi-flow attacks. They also introduced delays too large to be used in most environments. We design SWIRL, a Scalable Watermark that is Invisible and Resilient to packet Losses. SWIRL is the first watermark that is practical to use for large-scale traffic analysis. SWIRL uses a flow-dependent approach to resist multi-flow attacks, marking each flow with a different pattern. SWIRL is robust to packet losses and network jitter, yet it introduces only small delays that are invisible to both benign users and determined adversaries. We analyze the performance of SWIRL both analytically and on the PlanetLab testbed, demonstrating very low error rates. We consider applications of SWIRL to stepping stone detection and linking anonymous communication. We also propose a novel application of watermarks to defend against congestion attacks on Tor.
Is nonulcer dyspepsia related to Helicobacter pylori infection

Dyspepsia, defined as pain or discomfort centered in the upper abdomen, is a common clinical problem. A variety of underlying disease states may result in dyspepsia, but commonly, diagnostic investigation will show no identifiable pathology, and the patient is diagnosed with nonulcer dyspepsia. Numerous hypothesis have been suggested as to the cause of symptoms in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, including perturbations of gastroduodenal motility, hypersensitivity to physiologic stimuli including acid, and the effect(s) of infection within the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that patients with nonulcer dyspepsia may have a slightly higher prevalence of H. pylori infection. However, association does not prove causation. Causation of nonulcer dyspepsia by H. pylori could best be documented by resolution of symptoms following eradication of the infection. Early intervention studies indicated that there was a beneficial effect on symptoms of nonulcer dyspepsia with H. pylori eradication, but most of these studies had serious methodological flaws. In the last few years there have been a number of well-designed studies investigating the effect of H. pylori eradication on symptoms in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. The results of these studies are inconsistent, but suggest that there is little, if any benefit from treatment. This case-based article on nonulcer dyspepsia discusses these studies in detail and provides a possible explanation for the differences in outcomes.
Duration of Coma in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors Treated With Targeted Temperature Management

Study objective We evaluate the time to awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients treated with targeted temperature management and determine whether there was an association with any patient or event characteristics. Methods This was a prospective, observational cohort study of consecutive adult survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause who were treated with targeted temperature management between January 1, 2008, and March 31, 2014. Data were obtained from hospitals and emergency medical services agencies responding to approximately 90% of Arizona's population as part of a state-sponsored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest quality improvement initiative. Results Among 573 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who completed targeted temperature management, 316 became responsive, 60 (19.0%) of whom woke up at least 48 hours after rewarming. Eight patients (2.5%) became responsive more than 7 days after rewarming, 6 of whom were discharged with a good Cerebral Performance Category score (1 or 2). There were no differences in standard Utstein variables between the early and late awakeners. The early awakeners were more likely to be discharged with a good Cerebral Performance Category score (odds ratio 2.93; 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 7.93). Conclusion We found that a substantial proportion of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors treated with targeted temperature management became responsive greater than 48 hours after rewarming, with a resultant good neurologic outcome.
The Role of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy in Active Surveillance

Abstract Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)/ultrasound fusion biopsy (targeted biopsy or TB) may improve detection of high-grade cancers when compared to systematic biopsy (SB). Objective To assess TB in active surveillance (AS). Design, setting, and participants We retrospectively evaluated SB (12-core sector) and TB among 103 AS men undergoing surveillance biopsy, 54 men undergoing confirmatory biopsy (CB), and 73 men referred for diagnostic biopsy (DB; comparison group). Regions of interest (ROIs) on mpMRI were assigned a PI-RADS score and targeted if the score was ≥3. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Detection of Gleason score (GS) ≥7 by TB and SB was the outcome of interest, except in a multivariable model, for which any cancer was the outcome. Results and limitations GS ≥7was detected by either biopsy method in 25 men (24.3%) in the AS group, 12 men (22.2%) in the CB group, and 55 men (75.3%) in the DB group.GS ≥7 was found in 24.3% by SB + TB versus 20.4% by SB in the AS group ( p =0.13); in 22.2% by SB + TB versus 16.7% by SB in the CB group ( p =0.25); and in 75.3% by SB + TB versus 58.9% by SB in the DB group ( p =0.002). The sensitivity for GS ≥7 detection was lower for TB than for SB ( p =0.006) in the AS cohort (relative sensitivity ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.16–0.71). Higher PI-RADS score (4 vs 3, odds ratio [OR] 2.00, p =0.04; 5 vs 3, OR 4.74, p =0.02), lower MRI-estimated prostate volume (OR 1.20 per 10-cm 3 lower volume, p =0.01), larger ROI (OR 1.04 per mm, p =0.02), and right-sided ROI (OR 2.27, p =0.01) were associated with finding cancer on TB. A potential limitation is that not all men who presented for biopsy underwent TB and the urologist was not blinded to MRI results before SB. Conclusions Owing to the low relative sensitivity of mpMRI for detection of GS ≥7 disease, SB still needs to be performed for men on AS. Patient summary This study suggests that image-guided prostate biopsy alone may not be informative for men enrolled in an active surveillance program for prostate cancer.
Acute renal failure produced by combining cyclosporine and brief renal ischemia in the Munich Wistar rat.

To evaluate the combined effects of a brief ischemic insult and cyclosporine, four groups of male Munich Wistar rats were given: a) parenteral cyclosporine (60 mg/kg i.p.) for 4 days following 20 minutes of bilateral renal ischemia, b) the castor oil cyclosporine vehicle in a comparable volume and the same ischemic insult, c) saline in the same volume and ischemia, or d) saline and sham surgery. The cyclosporine animals ate and drank poorly, and therefore the other groups were pair-fed and watered with them. The cyclosporine-ischemia group developed significant renal failure. The other groups exhibited only a mild rise in blood urea nitrogen. Tubular vacuolization was a prominent feature in the cyclosporine and vehicle groups, but not in the saline groups. Vacuolization was correlated with severity of renal impairment. Lipid stains showed that many of the vacuoles contained lipid. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen only in the cyclosporine or vehicle- (castor oil) treated animals. These findings emphasize the probable functional importance of tubular lesions in cyclosporine-induced acute renal failure, and suggest that the castor oil vehicle of parenteral cyclosporine may have renal effects of its own.
Complications of Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection is an integral part of the management of testicular cancer. Surgical approach and outcomes have improved over the past decades. Several factors influence the complexity of the operation, including numerous patient characteristics and disease-related characteristics. An important consideration lies in the fact that this is largely a vascular operation, and techniques of vascular control should be comfortable for the urologic surgeon performing the procedure. This article discusses the known surgical complications related to this operation and their relative incidence reported throughout the literature.
Labor and Birth

Pregnancy involves physiological changes and psychological adjustments in the future mother as well as remarkable development and growth of the fetus. The internal relationship between mother and fetus terminates in childbirth, or parturition . This chapter first discusses the timing of birth and the role of hormones in the birth process. Then we see how knowledge about the hormonal control of birth has allowed us to induce labor artificially. Next, we describe the stages of labor and birth and some aspects of premature, multiple, and difficult births. Finally, the use of medications during labor and birth and birthing methods are reviewed.
Blood Serum Chemistry of Wild Alaskan Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) with Avian Keratin Disorder

We measured serum chemistries in wild Black-capped Chickadees ( Poecile atricapillus ) from Alaska to test for potential differences associated with beak deformities characteristic of avian keratin disorder. Lower uric acid in affected birds was the only difference detected between groups, although sample sizes were small. This difference could be associated with fasting or malnutrition in birds with beak deformities, but it is challenging to interpret its biologic significance without reference values. Black-capped Chickadees had high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase relative to reference values for companion birds. However, all serum chemistry parameters from our study were within the range of values reported from other apparently healthy wild-caught birds.
PCB/IC Co‐Design Concepts for SEED

The basis of the system efficient ESD design (SEED) concept is the characterization of IC pins regarding hard failures during system level ESD discharge. The methodology described essentially establishes the role of isolation design, but a realistic design should consider the full role of PCB elements and their respective frequency responses. The chapter describes the simulation procedure that should include the filtering responses from the board components. Most PCB designs implement on-board resistors and capacitors to achieve IEC protection. PCB design for system level protection is an art that the system designer commonly practices to achieve the level of desired protection. An optimum design should involve the ?>system efficient design. ?> SEED requires an understanding of the interaction between the external TVS device and interfacing IC pin's transient behavior. The selected application-specific data transmission lines have to provide injection points where a directed pulse current can be forced.
CHAPTER 16 – Insulin Resistance, Body Weight, Obesity, Body Composition, and the Menopausal Transition

Measurement of body composition typically characterizes three compartments: the amount of fat mass; the amount of lean mass; and the amount of bone mineral content (which, in some methodologies, is a subcompartment of the lean tissue mass compartment). It is increasingly well appreciated that body composition is related to chronic disease conditions in women, including diabetes. It is now understood that not only is the amount of fat and lean mass important, but among the more corpulent, the distribution of the fat mass is also important. It is also believed that sex hormones may have a regulatory role in body composition and topology. Because measurement of body composition and component distribution is technically difficult in humans, particularly in epidemiological studies, a number of measures have been used as surrogates for the measurement of body composition and component distribution. These include weight and weight/height indices as surrogate measures of body composition and the waist-to-hip circumference ratio as a measure of body topology. Increasingly, sophisticated measures of body composition are being applied in clinical and epidemiologic studies. These include the use of dual X-ray densitometry and bioelectrical impedance. Although these are likely to give more robust measures of both the fat and the lean compartments, a more technical understanding of the underlying assumptions used to generate information is required.
Duties and Rights in Hinduism: Before and After India’s Independence

The language of rights is alien to the Indian culture. Often thought of as synonymous, India and Hinduism are not. Although there slightly over 80% of the people of India are Hindus, remaining over half Muslims and the rest comprise of Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists etc. Even this, the 80% are not homogenous. Over a quarter of these are so called tribal and the untouchables, not quite within the fold of mainstream Hinduism. Even of the remaining a sizable number are designated “other backward castes”, a label derived from their socioeconomic status, and practice a heterodox religion.
Ethnicity’s Role in the Relationship Between Anxiety and Negative Interpretation Bias Among Clinically Anxious Youth: A Pilot Study

Negative interpretation bias, a correlate of anxiety, is defined as an individual's tendency to interpret ambiguous events as negative or threatening. The current study examined associations between interpretation bias and anxiety symptoms in clinically anxious youth and potential moderators of these relationships. Thirty anxious youth and their parents participated in a clinical interview and reported on child anxiety symptoms. Youth completed implicit, explicit-personally irrelevant, and explicit-personally relevant interpretation bias measures. Child-reported anxiety was only associated with negative interpretation bias on the explicit-personally relevant measure and parent-reported social anxiety was negatively associated with positive bias on this measure. Hispanic individuals displayed marginally higher anxiety symptoms and significantly more intense negative interpretation on the implicit measure. While this pilot study revealed preliminary findings that Hispanic ethnicity may play a role in relationships between interpretation bias and anxiety, future work may further elucidate associations between interpretation bias, anxiety, and ethnicity in anxious youth.
Non-Hermitian Particle-Hole Symmetry and its Implications in Photonic Systems

I will discuss how particle-hole symmetry, a fermionic symmetry in condensed matter systems, can be realized in photonics with modulated gain and loss. This non-Hermtian particle-hole symmetry can lead to many interesting phenomena, including symmetry-protected flat bands and single-mode lasers.
Suppurative Thyroiditis due to Nocardia in An Immunocompromised Patient

Objective: Nocardia is an opportunistic organism that usually infects immunocompromised patients. However, suppurative thyroiditis is a rare complication of nocardiosis. Methods: We report a case of Nocardia thyroiditis in an immunosuppressed patient following renal transplant. Results: A 45-year-old man presented with worsening diffuse muscle pain, weakness, and subjective fever. He had a significant history of recent renal transplant with immunosuppression at the time of presentation. Mild swelling was noted in the right submandibular area, and multiple papules were noted on the skin. Although pulmonary exam revealed no abnormalities, computed tomography revealed numerous bilateral small pulmonary nodules and multiple hypodense thyroid nodules. A positron emission tomography scan showed hypermetabolic activity in the mediastinum, lungs, thyroid, and skeletal muscles. During a right-thyroid lobectomy to rule out post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, purulent discharge from a ruptured cyst was iden...
Case of a Girl Seeking Birth Control

AB is a 17-year-old girl who has migraines with aura and presents for contraceptive management. Based on the US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, estrogen-containing contraceptives are contraindicated for AB due to an elevated risk of thrombosis given her diagnosis of migraines with aura. After determining which contraceptive methods are safe, comprehensive counseling should start with a discussion of the most effective contraceptive methods including intrauterine devices (IUDs) and subdermal contraceptive implants. AB elects to have an IUD placed which is inserted the same day given it is reasonably certain she is not pregnant and no sedation is required prior to IUD placement. The only mandatory examination needed prior to IUD placement is a bimanual examination and cervical inspection in accordance with the US Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Finally, condom use at every sexual encounter is recommended to reduce the risk for sexually transmitted infections.
Antitumor efficacy of edotecarin in combination with other cytotoxic drugs.

2099 Edotecarin is an indolocarbazole derivative, more potent than camptothecin in inhibiting topoisomerase I and active in a panel of in vitro and in vivo human tumor models (Yoshinari et al, Cancer Res. 1999; Arakawa et al, Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1999). When tested in vitro, edotecarin showed synergism with cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin. The synergy observed in combination with cisplatin was confirmed also in vivo against the P388 leukemia model and the HCT-116 human colon carcinoma model, with both treatments administered on the same days with 1-h interval. When tested with a similar schedule on the same HCT-116 model, also the combination with CPT-11 showed an antitumor efficacy higher than that observed with the two compounds as single agents. Synergistic activity with docetaxel was observed on the SKBR-3 human breast carcinoma model when edotecarin was administered after the taxane with a 24-h interval. As far as the combination with 5-FU is concerned, the schedule with a 72-96 h interval between drugs presented the highest improvement of the antitumor activity in comparison with the single drugs. No toxicity was reported in any of the presented combinations.
Donor tissue-specific exosome profiling enables noninvasive monitoring of acute rejection in mouse allogeneic heart transplantation.

Abstract Objective In heart transplantation, there is a critical need for development of biomarkers to noninvasively monitor cardiac allografts for immunologic rejection or injury. Exosomes are tissue-specific nanovesicles released into circulation by many cell types. Their profiles are dynamic, reflecting conditional changes imposed on their tissue counterparts. We proposed that a transplanted heart releases donor-specific exosomes into the recipient's circulation that are conditionally altered during immunologic rejection. We investigated this novel concept in a rodent heterotopic heart transplantation model. Materials and Methods Full major histocompatibility mismatch (BALB/c [H2-K d ] into C57BL/6 [H2-K b ]) heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in 2 study arms: Rejection (n = 64) and Maintenance (n = 28). In the Rejection arm, immunocompetent recipients fully rejected the donor heart, whereas in the Maintenance arm, immunodeficient recipients (C57BL/6 Prkdc SCID ) accepted the allograft. Recipient plasma exosomes were isolated and a donor heart-specific exosome signal was characterized on the nanoparticle detector for time-specific profile changes using anti-H2-K d antibody quantum dot. Results In the Maintenance arm, allografts were viable throughout follow-up of 30 days, with histology confirming absence of rejection or injury. Time course analysis (days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, and 30) showed that total plasma exosome concentration ( P = .157) and donor heart exosome signal ( P = .538) was similar between time points. In the Rejection arm, allografts were universally rejected (median, day 11). Total plasma exosome quantity and size distribution were similar between follow-up time points ( P = .278). Donor heart exosome signals peaked on day 1, but significantly decreased by day 2 ( P = 2 × 10 −4 ) and day 3 ( P = 3.3 × 10 −6 ), when histology showed grade 0R rejection. The receiver operating characteristic curve for a binary separation of the 2 study arms (Maintenance vs Rejection) demonstrated that a donor heart exosome signal threshold Conclusions Transplant heart exosome profiling enables noninvasive monitoring of early acute rejection with high accuracy. Translation of this concept to clinical settings might enable development of a novel biomarker platform for allograft monitoring in transplantation diagnostics.