cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards implementation of a novel scheme for data prefetching on distributed shared memory systems

High speed networks and rapidly improving microprocessor performance make the network of workstations an extremely important tool for parallel computing in order to speedup the execution of scientific applications. Shared memory is an attractive programming model for designing parallel and distributed applications, where the programmer can focus on algorithmic development rather than data partition and communication. Based on this important characteristic, the design of systems to provide the shared memory abstraction on physically distributed memory machines has been developed, known as Distributed Shared Memory (DSM). DSM is built using specific software to combine a number of computer hardware resources into one computing environment. Such an environment not only provides an easy way to execute parallel applications, but also combines available computational resources with the purpose of speeding up execution of these applications. DSM systems need to maintain data consistency in memory, which usually leads to communication overhead. Therefore, there exists a number of strategies that can be used to overcome this overhead issue and improve overall performance. Strategies as prefetching have been proven to show great performance in DSM systems, since they can reduce data access communication latencies from remote nodes. On the other hand, these strategies also transfer unnecessary prefetching pages to remote nodes. In this research paper, we focus on the access pattern during execution of a parallel application, and then analyze the data type and behavior of parallel applications. We propose an adaptive data classification scheme to improve prefetching strategy with the goal to improve overall performance. Adaptive data classification scheme classifies data according to the accessing sequence of pages, so that the home node uses past history access patterns of remote nodes to decide whether it needs to transfer related pages to remote nodes. From experimental results, we can observe that our proposed method can increase the accuracy of data access in effective prefetch strategy by reducing the number of page faults and misprefetching. Experimental results using our proposed classification scheme show a performance improvement of about 9---25% over the same benchmark applications running on top of an original JIAJIA DSM system.
Formation and helicity control of ssDNA templated porphyrin nanoassemblies.

We report the formation of left- (M-helix) and right-handed (P-helix) nanoassemblies of a porphyrin–diaminopurine conjugate (Por–DAP) templated by a single stranded oligodeoxythymidine (dT40) via directional hydrogen bonding. The supramolecular helicity can be controlled by the ionic strength, Por–DAP : dT40 ratio, and annealing rate.
Molecular cloning and characterization of chicken lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF)

The inflammatory response to parasites, bacteria, and viruses is mediated by multiple host factors. TNF-alpha is one of the most pleiotropic cytokines in mammals, but has yet to be identified in avian species. In the current study, we isolated a full-length cDNA encoding the chicken homologue of LPS-induced TNF-alpha factor (LITAF), transcription factor, with an open reading frame of 148 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 16.0kDa. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that chicken LITAF mRNA was predominantly expressed in spleen and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). LITAF mRNA levels were up-regulated following in vitro stimulation of macrophages for 4 h with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin, and 18-48 h after treatment with Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, or E. tenella, three causative agents of avian coccidiosis. LITAF mRNA was up-regulated by more than 700-fold in IELs isolated from E. maxima-infected birds. Purified recombinant LITAF protein expressed in E. coli or COS7 cells exhibited cytotoxic activity against chicken tumor cell lines in vitro, presumably through autocrine activation of TNF-alpha or its chicken homologue. This supposition was strengthened by the fact that treatment of chicken macrophages with recombinant LITAF induced the expression of TL1A (TNFSF 15), a member of the TNF ligand super family. We conclude that chicken LITAF may play an important role in the regulation of TNF-alpha gene expression during the course of coccidiosis or tumorigenesis.
The CDF Event-Builder

The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) uses a FASTBUS network for real-time data acquisition (DAQ) with the current system comprising more than 500 FASTBUS modules. A central element in the DAQ pipeline is a hardware event builder whose role is to read out the front end scanners, reformat the data into YBOS bank structure, and transmit the data to a Level 3 trigger system which is composed of multiple processors from the Advanced Computer Project (ACP) at Fermilab. This paper describes the development of the hardware event-builder and includes some results from testing the prototype in reading out the detector, reformatting the data and writing it to the Level 3 ACP farm.
Renal veins and venous extension in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

The 2002 TNM formulation defines a pT3b tumor as one that 'extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches.' This definition elicits uncertainty when veins with little muscle are involved or the relationship to the main renal vein is unknown. The diameter and medial thickness of 10 normal renal venous systems were studied and compared to sinus veins involved in 54 pT3b clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CC). All tumors were grossly examined and sampled for histology by the author. An immunoperoxidase cocktail containing CD 31 and actin, Masson trichrome and elastic stains were employed to aid identification of intravenous tumor. The venous dissections showed variable numbers of primary and secondary divisions with substantial overlap in diameter and medial thickness. The medial thickness decreased with each proximal division and ranged from being nonexistent to being thick. Study of the 54 pT3b CC revealed that the initial phase of extrarenal extension involved large caliber veins draining the primary tumor. With extensive venous involvement, tumor invaded through the vein wall into sinus fat or demonstrated retrograde venous extension into adjacent cortex. Correlation between gross and histology revealed that most nodules of tumor within the sinus fat contained evidence of pre-existing veins. The following observations were made: (1) the diameter of a sinus vein or the quantity of muscle is a poor indicator of vein segment or relationship to the main renal vein; therefore, the wording used to define pT3b should be clarified; (2) extrarenal spread in CC begins with intravenous extension whereas sinus fat invasion is usually secondary; (3) retrograde venous extension occurs in cases with massive renal vein involvement; and (4) nodules within the sinus fat usually represent venous involvement.
Model life tables: an empirical test of their applicability to less developed countries.

Model life tables are commonly used for estimating various parameters of mortality of populations in developing countries with limited data. The application of the models is based on the assumption that the agemortality pattern of the population under consideration resembles one of the life tables in the models. The analysis in this paper tests the validity of this assumption for developing countries with data usable for the purpose. The major conclusion is that infant mortality in the populations analyzed is higher than predicted by the models corresponding to the levels of adult mortality of these populations. The observed discrepancy is ascribed to the selectivity involved in the construction of model life tables, which are primarily derived from the historical experience of Western countries. Populations in the currently developing countries apparently differ in the process of mortality change from those used in the models. Though the analysis is limited to a few countries and may not necessarily be true for all the less developed countries, it suggests the need for caution in the use of conventional model life tables.
The effects of pleasure and arousal on recall of advertisements during the Super Bowl

This study investigates whether pleasure and arousal levels of viewers watching a sports program affect advertisement recall. The results suggest that programs that evoke strong emotional reactions, such as the Super Bowl, may inhibit the recall of advertisements and brands. Specifically, these findings seem to support the Intensity (arousal) theory and may have important implications for advertisers who promote their products or services on sports-related event programming. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Psychosocial Stressors, Coping Resources, and Information Needs of Parents of Adolescent Cancer Patients

The purpose of this study was to describe the emotional responses, psychosocial concerns, coping resources, and information needs of parents of adolescents with cancer. The convenience volunteer sample consisted of 26 parents, 15 mothers and 11 fathers. Using a descriptive survey design, a written questionnaire was mailed to all parents (one each for the mother and father) of adolescent cancer patients (N = 60) at a pediatric oncology center. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The psychosocial concerns and needs reported by the parents included negative feelings, physical complaints, and their other children. Coping strategies used were spending time away from the ill child and meeting another parent at diagnosis. The major resources that the parents used to help them cope included group meetings, talking with other parents, working with a counselor, and books. Educational needs of the parents focus on psychosocial problems. The results from this study indicate that parents have many ps...
Outline for an acceptable nuclear future

Can we draft a peace treaty between those who oppose and those who support nuclear energy and thus create an acceptable nuclear future?
Digital computer analysis of M‐scan echocardiograms

In the past few years, echocardiography has emerged as a useful noninvasive clinical tool in cardiac diagnosis. Conventional methods for analyzing echocardiographic data involve time consuming and tedious manual techniques for measuring various distances and computing cardiac parameters of interest. This paper describes a useful method for automating the analysis of M scan echocardiograms both for routine clinical work as well as for special research oriented ultrasonic cardiac studies. Using a GRAF/PEN digitizer interfaced to a PDP-11 minicomputer system, relevant points of the ventricular and mitral valve interfaces, R-R intervals, and time and distance calibration points are entered from hard copies of M scan echocardiograms. The computer then determines all the parameters of interest such as left ventricular (LV) diameters, LV volumes, LV mass, ejection fraction, stroke volume, cardiac output, septal and posterior wall dynamics, as well as such mitral valve (MV) parameters as opening/closing velocities, excursions, and areas subtended by both MV leaflets. The data and results are stored on disc or tape and a report of the results is immediately available from a printer for incorporation into the patient's record file.
The role of specimen stiffness in sliding and impact wear

Abstract The results of pin-on-disc sliding tests and of impact wear tests are presented. Titanium alloy specimens were used for the sliding tests and high strength steel specimens were used for the impact tests: in both types of test stainless steel was the counterface material. The test duration, the nominal contact stress and the effective “stiffness” of the pins were varied; the effective stiffness was varied by changing the unsupported length of the pins while all other experimental conditions were maintained invariant. Experimental data on the wear track depth and roughness, obtained by profilometry, and on the specimen and counterface surfaces, which were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques, are presented: the data include morphological features and material transport observations. Subsurface sections of specimens were analyzed by SEM, EDX techniques and transmission electron microscopy. Characteristic subsurface zones are identified and described with respect to both morphology and composition in the near-surface microstructure. The data clearly indicate that the stiffness is an important factor in experimental work in sliding as well as in impact wear.
An index of symptoms for infection with human immunodeficiency virus: reliability and validity.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a brief index to measure symptoms in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). From an ambulatory clinic that specializes in the care of HIV-infected individuals at a university hospital in northeast Ohio, 148 randomly selected outpatients (predominantly homosexual men) with a broad spectrum of HIV disease were enrolled in a prospective, cohort study. In standard interviews, patients rated the frequency of 36 symptoms related to HIV infection on an ordinal scale from zero (never) to three (daily); these interviews were repeated and outcomes determined every 3 months for one year. Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record with a standard chart review. Using specific criteria, 12 symptoms were selected for the HIV Symptom Index: fatigue, fevers, headache, imbalance, paresthesias, memory loss, cough, nausea, diarrhea, sadness, sleep disturbance, and skin problems. The HIV Symptom score (the sum of frequency ratings for the 12 symptoms) ranged from 0 to 31 with a mean of 9.4 (± SD 6.6). The test-retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92) as was the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79). The validity of the index was established with three observations. (1) The HIV Symptom Index makes clinical sense and includes a representative spectrum of symptoms of infection. (2) Symptom Index scores were greater in patients with more advanced disease and in patients who were functionally impaired. (3) The Index was responsive to changes in health as the disease progressed. We conclude that the HIV Symptom Index was a reliable and valid measure of symptoms in 148 HIV-infected individuals; the potential for generalizability of the Index merits testing in other populations of HIV-infected individuals. The findings suggest that the Symptom Index may be useful in measuring symptom burden in HIV-infected patients and in measuring the effect of new therapeutic agents on symptoms. Moreover, it is a formal way to assess one aspect of the health-related quality of life.
A Personal Account

The author's personal experience with breast cancer is described and related to the theories and definitions of thriving as discussed in this issue.
Adaptation to stress: Tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine release

The effects of adaptation to stress and of genetic differences on levels of in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and in vivo catecholamine (CA) release are reviewed. It is shown that adaptation of animals to a wide variety of stressors including immobilization, electroconvulsive shock, footshock, hemorrhage, exercise and cold exposure results in a reduced CA response in the plasma, brainstem and heart to subsequent exposure to the same stress. Adaptation to many of the latter stressors also produces increased in vitro levels of TH activity. A similar inverse relation between in vitro TH activity and in vivo CA release is described for two inbred rat strains which differ in emotionality (Brown-Norway and Wistar Kyoto). The inverse relationship between TH activity and CA release may reflect different processes of biochemical adaptation utilized either for acclimation to stress, for preparation for emergency reactions or for changes in the metabolic costs of transmitter release. The similarity between environmental and genetic effects on these variables suggests that the above changes have a common adaptive function.
The effect of robotic assistance on learning curves for basic laparoscopic skills

Abstract Background: We hypothesized that laparoscopic tasks performed with ZEUS robotic assistance would be done with greater precision and with a different learning curve than when performed in a standard laparoscopic trainer. Methods: Participants were divided into the surgically experienced (n = 11) and the surgically naive (n = 17). Two laparoscopic tasks (bead transfer and rope pass) were repeated for five repetitions. Results: For all drills and participants, completion time and error rate decreased across the five repetitions for each platform. Precision averaged 97% for both platforms over all drills. For both groups, completion time for tasks was shorter on the laparoscopic platform. ZEUS allowed for greater consistency in performance. Conclusions: Compared with performance on a standard laparoscopic trainer, robotic assistance allows for increasing speed and consistency while maintaining precision over multiple repetitions. Understanding how robotics affects learning curves will allow for modifications in the training experience with this new technology.
Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in loblolly pine

The inheritance of organelle DNAs in loblolly pine was studied by using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Chloroplast DNA from loblolly pine is paternally inherited in pitch pine x loblolly pine hybrids. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited in loblolly pine crosses. The uniparental inheritance of organelle genomes from opposite sexes within the same plant appears to be unique among those higher plants that have been tested and indicates that loblolly pine, and possibly other conifers, must have special mechanisms for organelle exclusion or degradation or both. This genetic system creates an exceptional opportunity for the study of maternal and paternal genetic lineages within a single species.
Focusing proteins in an electric field gradient

Abstract Gradient techniques are a class of separation methods that combine the steps of isolation and concentration. This class of techniques uses one or more gradients of counteracting forces to create an ‘equilibrium point’ at which a protein can focus. Equilibrium gradient techniques can be adapted to a specific separation by choosing appropriate counteracting forces based on differences in the physical characteristics of proteins. The method introduced here, field gradient focusing, is an addition to this class of separation techniques which employs a gradient in the electric field to simultaneously separate and concentrate molecules.
Water potential of standing-dead shoots of an intertidal grass

Dead stems and leaves of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) undergo substantial fungal decay in the standing position. We conducted a series of experiments to determine the probable range of water availabilities that cordgrass-fungal decomposers experience; we determined the effects of duration of wetting and drying, site on shoots, leaching of osmotica, and stage of decomposition on water potential (ψ) of cordgrass shoots. Dried pieces of cordgrass shoots took up water rapidly when submerged, rising from values which were probably less than -150 megapascals (MPa) water potential to about -3.5 (soaked in seawater) or -1.5 (soaked in tapwater) within 5 min. Air-drying resulted in a return to low ψ (<-7.5 MPa) within an hour. Literature reports show that most litter and wood-decomposing fungi which have been tested cannot grow at ψ more negative than -6 MPa. The more lignified stems showed a more negative matric ψ than leaves at water contents greater than 25% fresh weight. As leaves decomposed in the marsh, their ψ increased (from -1.7 to -0.5 MPa, under standard conditions of 30 min freshwater soaking and 30 min air-drying), similar to what other investigators have found for wheat and forest litter. The water content at which cordgrass leaves reached -6 MPa was about 23% fresh weight, within the range (15-32%) found for wheat straw and forest litter.
Manofluorography in the evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia

Manofluorography, that is, the concurrent use of manometry and videofluorography for the evaluation of pharyngeal dysphagia, has not been widely used clinically, partially because of various limitations of conventional manometry. Technological advancements in recent years have led to substantial improvements in manometric devises, which can now overcome many of the shortcomings of standard manometry. In parallel with this, studies examining the utility of high-resolution manometry for the evaluation of pharyngeal disorders of swallowing have begun to emerge. This review summarizes the technological developments in manometry and the existing literature on pharyngeal high-resolution manofluorography with pressure topography. The article also discusses the potential clinical value of high-resolution pharyngeal-esophageal pressure topography and suggests directions for future investigations. Studies conducted so far have shown heterogeneous approaches to utilizing high-resolution manofluorography. These studies have revealed important information regarding its diagnostic potential and researchers have devised innovative methods of measurements. However, substantial research is required to transform manofluorography into a clinically useful tool. There is a need to conduct validation studies, correlating manometric measures with structural changes in the swallow seen on videofluorography and devise diagnostic methods that utilize the advantages of both tools. Furthermore, studies comparing healthy and clinical populations are needed to identify measures most clinically significant in order to develop diagnostic paradigms.
Implantable biosensor arrays based on smart hydrogels and piezoresistive sensors for continuous metabolic monitoring

Abstract In this paper, we present the results of continuous monitoring metabolic sensor arrays capable of monitoring changes in glucose, ionic strength and pH in the surrounding analyte continuously. Piezoresistive pressure sensors containing KOH etched cavities and pressure sensing membranes with and without perforations were fabricated in different sizes (1.5×1.5 mm2, 1.25×1.25 mm2, 1×1 mm2 and 0.5×0.5 mm2) to account for the sensitivities of the different types of hydrogels that were investigated. Figure 1 shows the schematic and the image of the sensors. Stimuli responsive hydrogels were used as the sensing elements to detect glucose and ionic strength in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 and at room temperature. Response times of ∼10 and ∼6 minutes during swelling cycle and ∼5 and ∼4 minutes for the shrinking cycle were measured for glucose and ionic strength responsive hydrogels respectively.
COMMENTARY—OBSERVATIONS ON SULFASALAZINE IN CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS

I compliment Dr. Peppercorn on his organization of past and current information on the role of sulfasalazine and its analogues in the treatment of IBD. I offer the following comments, based on my own interpretation of the literature, my own clinical research, and my own practical experience in the management of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Recent advances in reduced-rank adaptive filtering with application to high-speed wireless communications

The Wiener filter (WF) estimate of a desired signal from a vector observation is optimal in the x0[n] is optimal in the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) sense, and is employed in many applications because it is easily implemented and only relies on second order statistics. If the observation vector is of high dimensionality, though, a reduced-rank approach is needed in order to reduce computational complexity and lessen sample support requirements. In the Principal Components (PC) method, the observation signal is transformed to lower dimensionality by a matrix composed of the principal eigenvectors of the autocorrelation matrix of the data. However, the PC method is suboptimum as it only relies on the autocorrelation matrix and does not factor in the cross-correlation vector between the desired signal and the data in choosing the basis vectors for the reduced dimension subspace. Goldstein, Reed, and Scharf recently developed the Multi-Stage Nested Wiener Filter (MSNWF) in which the reduced dimesion subspace is inherently the Krylov subspace generated by the autocorrelation matrix and the cross-correlation vector. The MSNWF provides better peformance than the PC method at a substantially reduced computational cost. We here provide an overview of the MSNWF and a number of recent results related to both our conceptual understanding of the MSNWF and efficient implementations of the MSNWF. An application of the MSNWF to space-time equalization for the CDMA Forward Link for Third Generation cellular communications is presented demonstrating its efficacy.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Helium atom scattering from KTa 0.7 Nb 0.3 O 3 (001): Anomalous surface reflectivity with varying surface temperature and helium wave vector

Helium atom diffraction experiments have been carried out on the (001) surface of KTaO${}_{3}$ doped with 30% Nb. The surfaces were produced by cleaving single crystals of the material in situ. After the samples were thermally cycled, the angular distributions measured in the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ azimuth, but not those in the $\ensuremath{\langle}110\ensuremath{\rangle}$ azimuth, revealed half-order diffraction peaks. These indicate the formation of small ($2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) surface domains. The scans of the specular and Bragg diffraction peak intensities, as the sample temperatures were varied from about 325 to 60--80 K and back to 325 K, showed large hysteresis, particularly in the $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ azimuth. In addition, these scans showed a distinct intensity dip at about 85 K, which is far removed from any bulk phase transition temperature of this material. Most curious, the specular reflectivity of the surface was found to be a strong function of the He wave vector, decreasing rapidly as the wave vector was varied above or below an optimum value.
Effect of bias on neutron detection in thin semiconducting boron carbide films

Neutron detection signatures in thin films of semiconducting boron carbide were measured as a function of three applied reverse bias voltages, 0, 1.57 V and 3.15 V. Thermal neutrons were detected at zero bias. As the bias was increased, an increase in efficiency and in peak channel positions was observed. These two significant effects have been attributed to an increase in charge collection at higher bias voltages.
Self-detection remains a key method of breast cancer detection for U.S. women

Abstract Purpose: The method by which breast cancer is detected becomes a factor for long-term survival and should be considered in treatment plans. This report describes patient characteristics and time trends for various methods of breast cancer detection in the United States. Methods: The 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative self-report health survey, included 361 women survivors diagnosed with breast cancer between 1980 and 2003. Responses to the question, How was your breast cancer found? were categorized as accident, self-examination, physician during routine breast examination, mammogram, and other. We examined responses by income, race, age, and year of diagnosis. Results: Most women survivors (57%) reported a detection method other than mammographic examination. Women often detected breast cancers themselves, either by self-examination (25%) or by accident (18%). Conclusions: Despite increased use of screening mammography, a large percentage of breast cancers ...
Effect of aerosols on the estimation of total ozone in an atmospheric column from the measurements of its ultraviolet radiance

The problem of estimating the total ozone amount of an atmospheric column in the presence of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosols is studied by means of simulated spectral measurements for the five-wavelength Nimbus 4 BUV configuration and the six-wavelength Nimbus G TOMS configuration, and by analyzing such measurements with appropriate total ozone estimation procedures. The simulated spectral measurements were generated for forty different atmospheric models arrived at by varying the total ozone content and various aerosol parameters. A total of ten different values of the solar zenith angle and eight different values of the Lambert reflectivity of the underlying surface were used. It was found that the values of total ozone in an atmospheric column estimated by the five-wavelength procedure can be in error by about + or -2% as a result of particulate contamination encountered in the terrestrial atmosphere under average conditions. Errors due to tropospheric particulate contamination can be reduced significantly by taking appropriate advantage of the additional spectral measurement offered by the Nimbus G TOMS instrument.
UTILITY OF INVARIANCE COEFFICIENTS

Summary.-Most correlational methods tend to capitalize on chance. This capitalization rends to be especially serious when factor analytic methods are employed. The study compares alpha and invariance coefficients, which are used, respectively, as estimates of generalizability of results to a universe of items and as estimates of the generalizability of results to a population of persons. A secondary analysis of three previous factor analytic studies provides an heuristic demonstration that the coefficients are sensitive to different data characteristics. It is suggested that research results might be generalized more accurately if researchers calculated invariance coefficients, in addition to alpha coefficients, when correlational methods are employed. The tendency of correlational methods to capitalize on chance is well known. As Nunnally (1967, p. 280) notes, "one tends to take advantage of chance in any situation where something is optimized from the data at hand." This occurs in correlational methods, including multiple correlation, factor analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and discriminant function analysis. The problem is particularly acute, however, when factor analytic methods are employed, because "one has numerous possibilities for capitalizing on chance. Most extraction procedures, including principal factor solutions, reach their criterion by such capitalization. The same is true of rotational procedures, including those which rotate for simple structure" (Gorsuch, 1974, p. 294). Several strategies can be employed to minimize or estimate the magnitudes of this capitalization. For example, alpha factor analysis (Kaiser & Caffrey, 1965) calculates factors which are maximally reliable. Generalizability coefficients can then be calculated as estimates of the internal consistency reliability of the factors. 0 However, Gorsuch ( 1974, p. 297) has recommended an alternative strategy. Gorsuch recommends that researchers randomly split samples in half and compare the factors extracted from both data sets. This can be accomplished by calculating the cosines of the angles among the factors across the two solu-, tions; these cosines represent the correlations among the factors from the two solutions (Kaiser, Hunka, & Bianchini, 1971). Veldman ( 1967) has written a computer program which can be used to calculate the cosines when the factors have been rotated orthogonally. These coefficients are analogous to test-redst reliability coefficients and have been termed invariance coefficients. Thus, in a sense, alpha coefficients are measures of "capitalization" on measurement error, while invariance coefficients are measures of "capitalization"
Congestion at Recreation Areas: Empirical Evidence on Perceptions, Mitigating Behaviour and Management Preferences

Economists have tried to estimate the demand for recreation under conditions of congestion, struggling especially with a model that uses observed rather than stated behaviour to obtain results. This paper reports statistical analyses of data on perceptions, mitigating behaviour and management preferences in order to highlight the difficulties related to empirical analysis of congestion. We offer evidence that may be of assistance to those wishing to construct measures of congestion for use in an observed behaviour model. The results may also be useful to recreation area managers who can implement a quota or permit system or change site entry or access fees to control access to the site they manage.
White matter hyperintensities in middle-aged adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes

Objective: Although microvascular complications are common in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), few studies have quantified the severity, risk factors, and implications of cerebral microvascular damage in these patients. As life expectancy in patients with T1DM increases, patients are exposed to age- and disease-related factors that may contribute to cerebral microvascular disease. Methods: Severity and volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and infarcts were quantified in 97 middle-aged patients with childhood-onset T1DM (mean age and duration: 50 and 41 years, respectively) and 81 non-T1DM adults (mean age: 48 years), concurrent with cognitive and health-related measures. Results: Compared with non-T1DM participants, patients had more severe WMH (Fazekas scores 2 and 3 compared with Fazekas score 1, p p p ≤ 0.05). Among patients, prevalent neuropathies and smoking tripled the odds of high WMH burden, independent of age or disease duration. Associations between measures of blood pressure or hyperglycemia and WMH were not significant. Conclusions: Clinically relevant WMH are evident earlier among middle-aged patients with childhood-onset T1DM and are related to the slower information processing frequently observed in T1DM. Brain imaging in patients with T1DM who have cognitive difficulties, especially those with neuropathies, may help uncover cerebral microvascular damage. Longitudinal studies are warranted to fully characterize WMH development, risk factors, and long-term effects on cognition.
EPIDERMAL BARRIER FORMATION AND RECOVERY IN SKIN DISORDERS

Skin is at the interface between the complex physiology of the body and the external, often hostile, environment, and the semipermeable epidermal barrier prevents both the escape of moisture and the entry of infectious or toxic substances. Newborns with rare congenital barrier defects underscore the skin's essential role in a terrestrial environment and demonstrate the compensatory responses evoked ex utero to reestablish a barrier. Common inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis exhibit decreased barrier function, and recent studies suggest that the complex response of epidermal cells to barrier disruption may aggravate, maintain, or even initiate such conditions. Either aiding barrier reestablishment or dampening the epidermal stress response may improve the treatment of these disorders. This Review discusses the molecular regulation of the epidermal barrier as well as causes and potential treatments for defects of barrier formation and proposes that medical management of barrier disruption may positively affect the course of common skin disorders.
An architecture for post-development configuration management in a wide-area network

Few tools exist to address the post-development activities of configuring, releasing, installing, updating, reconfiguring, and even de-installing a software system. Certainly there is no unified approach for all of these activities, and none that can take full advantage of a wide-area network. The Software Dock represents an architecture for supporting post-development activities in such a setting. It is designed as a system of loosely-coupled, cooperating, distributed components that are bound together by a wide-area messaging and event system. In this paper we describe the Software Dock architecture and discuss the use of a prototype in deploying a complex system.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter affect transport activity and protein expression

The sodium-coupled transport of citric acid cycle intermediates in the intestine and kidney is mediated by the Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC1. In the kidney, NaDC1 plays an important role i...
A Novel Variation-Tolerant Keeper Architecture for High-Performance Low-Power Wide Fan-In Dynamic or Gates

Dynamic gates have been excellent choice in the design of high-performance modules in modern microprocessors. The only limitation of dynamic gates is their relatively low noise margin compared to that of standard CMOS gates. Traditionally, this issue has been resolved by employing a pMOS keeper circuit that compensates for leakage current of the pull-down nMOS network. In the earlier technology nodes, the keeper circuit could improve reliability of the dynamic gates with minor performance penalty. However, aggressive scaling trends of CMOS technology along with increasing levels of process variations have reduced effectiveness of the traditional keeper approach. This is because to maintain an acceptable noise margin level in deep sub-100 nm technologies, large pMOS keepers must be employed, which generates substantial contention between the keeper and the pull-down network, and hence results in severe loss of performance and high power consumption. This problem is more severe in wide fan-in dynamic gates due to the large number of leaky nMOS devices connected to the dynamic node. In this paper, a novel variation-tolerant keeper architecture is proposed, which is capable of significantly reducing contention and improving performance and power consumption. Using circuit simulations, the overall improved characteristics of the proposed keeper are demonstrated in comparison to those of the traditional as well as several state-of-the-art keepers. The proposed keeper exhibits the lowest delay deviation under different levels of process variations. Also, it is shown that for an eight-input or gate, in presence of 15% Vth fluctuations, the proposed architecture can lead to 20%, 15%, and more than 40% reduction in power consumption, mean delay, and standard deviation of delay, respectively, when compared to the traditional keeper circuit.
Environmental effects on the elemental leaf composition of crassulacean acid metabolism plants

Abstract Environmental effects on several CAM plants which bring them in CAM (when plants show diurnal fluctuations in the concn of titratable acid) and out of CAM (when acid concn remain low with no diurnal fluctuation) were studied. Change in photoperiod alone caused the greatest amplitude of the acid fluctuation from 2.6 to 2.7 meq acid/100 g FW in Sedum telephoides. Light intensity affected the K/Ca ratio from a high when in CAM to a low when out of CAM in the 2 species. The plasma emission spectrograph analysis of the leaf tissue grown in the specific environment showed the presence of high levels of Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Na, Al and Si in Sedum telephoides. The elemental analyses of CAM plants showed 1.8 to 9.4% K.
Privacy Considerations for Public Storytelling

The popularity of the web and social media have afforded researchers unparalleled access to content about the daily lives of people. Human research ethics guidelines, while actively expanding to meet the new challenges posed by web research, still rely on offline principles of interaction that are a poor fit to modern technology. In this context, we present a study of the identifiability of authors of socially sensitive content. With the goal of identity obfuscation, we compare this to the identifiability of the same content translated to and then back from a foreign language, focusing on how easily a person could locate the original source of the content. We discuss the risk to these authors presented by dissemination of their content, and consider the implications for research ethics guidelines.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter phosphorus relations of broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.) plants.

Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.) is a dominant grass revegetating many abandoned coal-mined lands in West Virginia, USA. Residual soils on such sites are often characterized by low pH, low nutrients, and high aluminium. Experiments were conducted to assess the resistance of broomsedge to limited phosphorus (Pi) availability and to investigate the role that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play in aiding plant growth under low Pi conditions. Pregerminated mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings were grown in a sand-culture system with nutrient solutions containing Pi concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mM for 8 weeks. Non-mycorrhizal plants exhibited severe inhibition of growth under Pi limitation (-60 mM). Colonization by AM fungi (combined Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck and Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) greatly enhanced host plant growth at low Pi concentrations, but did not benefit growth when Pi was readily available (100 mM). In comparison to non-mycorrhizal plants, mycorrhizal plants had higher phosphorus use efficiency at low Pi concentrations and maintained nearly constant tissue nutrient concentrations across the gradient of Pi concentrations investigated. Manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na) accumulated in shoots of nonmycorrhizal plants under Pi limitation. Mycorrhizal plants exhibited lower instantaneous Pi uptake rates and significantly lower Cmin values compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. These patterns suggest that the symbiotic association between broomsedge roots and AM fungi effectively maintains nutrient homeostasis through changes in physiological properties, including nutrient uptake, allocation and use. The mycorrhizal association is thus a major adaptation that allows broomsedge to become established on infertile mined lands.
A Parallel Adaptive Finite Element Method for the Simulation of Photon Migration with the Radiative-Transfer-Based Model.

Whole-body optical molecular imaging of mouse models in preclinical research is rapidly developing in recent years. In this context, it is essential and necessary to develop novel simulation methods of light propagation for optical imaging, especially when a priori knowledge, large-volume domain and a wide-range of optical properties need to be considered in the reconstruction algorithm. In this paper, we propose a 3D parallel adaptive finite element method with simplified spherical harmonics (SPN) approximation to simulate optical photon propagation in large volumes of heterogeneous tissues. The simulation speed is significantly improved by a posteriori parallel adaptive mesh refinement and dynamic mesh repartitioning. Compared with the diffusion equation and the Monte Carlo methods, the SPN method shows improved performance and the necessity of high-order approximation in heterogeneous domains. Optimal solver selection and time-costing analysis in real mouse geometry further improve the performance of the proposed algorithm and show the superiority of the proposed parallel adaptive framework for whole-body optical molecular imaging in murine models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS IN THE TESTIS OF THE RAT AT VARIOUS AGES12

NUMEROUS investigations have been made of the pentose nucleic acid (PNA) and desoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA) concentrations of various tissues and organs in different experimental animals. These have been summarized in tabular form by Davidson (1947, 1950), Schneider (1946) and Schneider and Klug (1946). Cytochemical studies covering the content and distribution of nucleic acids in many tissues and organs have been reviewed by Davidson (1950), Brachet (1950) and Caspersson (1950). Examination of the literature has shown that little attention has been given to the concentration and distribution of these important substances in the testis. McCarter and Stelges (1948) in an examination of methods for the determination of phosphorus-containing constituents in rat tissues have included a limited survey of organic phosphorus compounds in the testis. Using cytochemical techniques Brachet (1933, 1940, 1941) has studied insect and amphibian testes and Caspersson (1933, 1936) grasshopper testes. The paucity of inf...
Medication adherence is a mediator of the relationship between ethnicity and event-free survival in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background Rehospitalization rates are higher in African American than Caucasian patients with heart failure (HF). The reasons for the disparity in outcomes between African Americans and Caucasians may relate to differences in medication adherence. To determine whether medication adherence is a mediator of the relationship between ethnicity and event-free survival in patients with HF. Methods and Results Medication adherence was monitored longitudinally in 135 HF patients using the Medication Event Monitoring System. Events (emergency department visits for HF exacerbation, HF and cardiac rehospitalization, and all-cause mortality) were obtained by interview and hospital data base review. A series of regression models and survival analyses was conducted to determine whether medication adherence mediated the relationship between ethnicity and event-free survival. Event-free survival was significantly worse in African Americans than Caucasians. Ethnicity was a predictor of medication adherence ( P = .011). African Americans were 2.57 times more likely to experience an event than Caucasians ( P = .026). Ethnicity was not a predictor of event-free survival after entering medication adherence in the model ( P = .06). Conclusions Medication adherence was a mediator of the relationship between ethnicity and event-free survival in this sample. Interventions designed to reduce barriers to medication adherence may decrease the disparity in outcomes.
Ultimate limits of effective area and attenuation for high data rate fibers

High data rate telecommunication networks operating at 100 Gb/s require low loss fibers with very large effective areas to mitigate nonlinearities. The state of the art fiber technologies needed to achieve this balance are discussed.
Space-Station Breadboard Beta Gimbal Assembly: Thermal-Vacuum Testing and Analyses

The objective of thermal-vacuu m testing of the breadboard beta gimbal assembly is to demonstrate that the design can survive the hot-cold environment of the space-station mission and to check the fidelity of the thermal model for the beta gimbal assembly. The maximum deviation of the analyses from test data was less than 17° C. Only a few deviations were over 11°C, and most were within the recommended 14° C analysis margin. The predictions of the assembly's specific characteristics were confirmed by the test data. An exact match, however, is impossible because the testing boundary conditions are more complicated than on-orbit flight conditions. Also, there are uncertainties about the details of the thermal model. The black and Kapton® adiabatic coupons confirmed that the chamber wall was at — 118°C instead of —157° C. The black coupons are recommended for absorbed-flux measurement because a blackbody is the easiest and most accurate of all coatings to analyze. Using Kapton and bare aluminum coupons is not recommended until a better thermal-radiation solver is available. The test results also indicated the two different heat-sink designs, back-to-back and side-to-side, for the coupon yield no significant difference because of the thermocouple design.