cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Changes and Imaging in Assessing Brain Injury in the Term Infant

Encephalopathy from hypoxic-ischemic injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in term infants. MRI is the gold standard in evaluating the nature and extent of injury. Although imaging this population is challenging, important information can be obtained safely. Patterns of injury and the likely mechanisms that cause them are reviewed. Conventional images combined with additional techniques provide clues to cause, timing, and long-term prognosis. As altering acute neurologic damage with interventions in the acute period becomes a reality, MRI will play a crucial role in delineating which infants have the most to gain and act as a biomarker to gauge response.
Boltzmann Equation in a Phonon System

The Green's function approach is developed to derive the Boltzmann equation for a phonon system having cubic anharmonic interactions. Within the framework of the lowest order scattering process, it is found that the steady-state Boltzmann equation obtained is identical with the Peierls integral equation, except for small correction terms. These correction terms can be absorbed into the transport term by replacing the phonon group velocity appearing in the transport term by the renormalized one, including kinetic and dynamical effects of collisions. Several remarks are made on the generalization of the Boltzmann equation.
Rate of strontium sorption and the effects of variable aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium on strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho

The rate of strontium sorption and the effects of variable aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium on strontium sorption were measured as part of an investigation to determine strontium chemical transport properties of a surficial sediment at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho. Batch experimental techniques were used to determine the rate of strontium sorption and strontium distribution coefficients (Kds) between aqueous and solid phases. Rate experiments indicate that strontium in solution reached an apparent equilibrium with the sediment in 26 h. Kds were derived using the linear isotherm model at initial sodium concentrations from 100 to 5,000 mg/l and initial potassium concentrations from 2 to 150 mg/l. Kds ranged from 56±2 to 62±3 ml/g at initial aqueous concentrations of sodium and potassium equal to or less than 300 and 150 mg/l, respectively. Kds ranged from 4.7±0.2 to 19±1 ml/g with initial aqueous concentrations of sodium between 1,000 and 5,000 mg/l. These data indicate that sodium concentrations greater than 300 mg/l in wastewater increase the availability of strontium for transport beneath waste disposal ponds at the INEL by decreasing strontium sorption on the surficial sediment. Wastewater concentrations of sodium and potassium less than 300 and 150 mg/l, respectively, have little effect on the availability of strontium for transport.
Query execution techniques for caching expensive methods

Object-Relational and Object-Oriented DBMSs allow users to invoke time-consuming ("expensive") methods in their queries. When queries containing these expensive methods are run on data with duplicate values, time is wasted redundantly computing methods on the same value. This problem has been studied in the context of programming languages, where "memoization" is the standard solution. In the database literature, sorting has been proposed to deal with this problem. We compare these approaches along with a third solution, a variant of unary hybrid hashing which we call Hybrid Cache. We demonstrate that Hybrid Cache always dominates memoization, and significantly outperforms sorting in many instances. This provides new insights into the tradeoff between hashing and sorting for unary operations. Additionally, our Hybrid Cache algorithm includes some new optimization for unary hybrid hashing, which can be used for other applications such as grouping and duplicate elimination. We conclude with a discussion of techniques for caching multiple expensive methods in a single query, and raise some new optimization problems in choosing caching techniques.
Scriptures and Histories

I am delighted to have this opportunity to participate in celebrating the contributions of Wilfred Cantwell Smith. For there is a sphere of faith and a cumulative tradition which we share: the academy and its work. It has brought us together for conversations, from time to time, which have been memorable for me in experiencing Smith's uncommon generosity and stubborn, unwavering commitment to discourse, punctuated by insights which always reveal new dimensions to familiar objects of thought. I am also delighted (and relieved) to have the advantage of refracting my appreciation in terms of the subject, "Scriptures and Histories," in advance of Smith's long awaited book on the subject. At the very least, this leaves me a more open playing field. From one point of view, Smith and I have relatively little in common. Although I read him, with interest and respect, as each new book comes out, he has not played much of a role in my constructive work. We share last names, but not much else. However, from another vantage point, and one that I value more, Smith's work and general demeanor has been a constant challenge, a source of stimulation, and a model for emulation. I refer here to the teaching enterprise where, largely unknown to Smith, and to anyone else I suppose, he has been a major, imaginary conversation partner for almost 30 years. The Meaning and End of Religion was the first book of theory I ever taught in its entirety, with my other colleagues, at a senior seminar at Dartmouth College in 1964, the year it appeared in paperback. While much of my own theoretical work has been based on an affirmation of Smith's historical study of the word, 'religion,' it has been based, as well, on an affirmative answer to Smith's rhetorical question, "Is the concept adequate?" That is to say, as I tried to suggest in the opening paragraph
From Aging to Pathology: The Case of Osteoporosis

In the 1940s, osteoporosis was a narrow diagnosis that referred to postmenopausal women with nontraumatic vertebral fractures. During and after the 1980s, it was invested with new meanings. Rather than being an aspect of the normal aging process, bone loss became pathological. New scanning technologies and the development of numerical scales hastened the process of change. The lowering of the numerical threshold for the diagnosis resulted in a recommendation that virtually all elderly persons be screened and undergo treatment. The transformation of this diagnosis into a major health problem provides an illustrative case study of the interrelationships between perceptions of aging, the celebration of youth, gender, the role of the medical care system and the pharmaceutical industry, the commercialization of health care, as well as a variety of social, scientific, and technological currents.
Computational techniques for stereographic projection

The geometrical analysis leading to equations which permit the interactive construction of general stereographic projections by means of a computer program compatible with modern microcomputers is given. The stereographic operations covered include the plotting of any pole or direction on a projection of any orientation, and the drawing of the great circle of the plane which is normal to this plane or direction. Other operations considered here are the indexing of any pole at locationx, y, the rotation of any one general pole about another, and the direct transfer of diffraction spots on a backreflection Laue pattern to the stereographic projection using only thex, y coordinates of the Laue spots. All of the above operations may be performed in any crystal system since simple equations are included for the calculation of the indices of a Cartesian vector normal to any (h k l) plane or parallel to any [u v w] direction in a general crystal. A description of a microcomputer program utilizing the expressions derived is given together with a few examples of graphical output from the program.
Hydrogenation of Edible Oils: a Model Involving Competitive Adsorption of Reactants

A model involving competitive adsorption of reactants for hydrogenation of fatty acids was developed and analyzed. The model was established based on data obtained from catalytic transfer hydrogenation of peanut, corn, and soybean oils and soybean lecithin with aqueous sodium formate solution as the hydrogen donor and palladium on carbon as the catalyst. The predicted values based on the model agreed well with the experimental data as indicated by the r 2 and F test values. The rate of formate consumption, which decreased with time and the initial amount of formic acid versus the iodine value, was explained with regards to the mathematical model developed. Adsorption of reactants on the catalyst surface followed by a chemical reaction including participation of the fatty acid, formate and water were considered in this model.
A Bayesian approach to user stopping rules for information retrieval systems

Abstract A model of a user's scan of the output of an information storage and retrieval system in response to a query is presented. Rules for determining the user's optimal stopping point are discussed and compared. A dynamic model for determining the proper stopping point using decision theory under risk with changing utilities is used as the basis for a Bayesian model of user scanning behavior. An algorithm to implement the Bayesian model is introduced and examples of the model are given. The implications for retrieval systems design and evaluation are discussed.
Wavelet variations on the Shannon sampling theorem

The Shannon sampling theorem asserts that a continuous square-integrable function on the real line which has a compactly supported Fourier transform is uniquely determined by its restriction to a uniform lattice of points whose density is determined by the support of the Fourier transform. This result can be extended to the wavelet representation of functions in two ways. First, under the same type of conditions as for the Shannon theorem, the scaling coefficients of a wavelet expansion will determine uniquely the given square-integrable function. Secondly, for a more general function, there is a unique extension from a given set of scaling coefficients to a full wavelet expansion which minimizes the local obstructions to translation invariance in a variational sense.
Sexual Minority Issues and Human Rights Education in Japan

ABSTRACT The Dowa (Human Rights) education program has become an effective method of changing concept and situations of Burakumin, a group of people that has been discriminated against in Japan. One educational strategy was to speak out their personal stories, which has become a trigger to some sexual minority teachers to come out, as well as others to establish a lesbian rights education program for adults and sexual diversity education courses at a national university.
Where are pion inelastic interactions with nuclei localized

Abstract It is shown that inelastic excitations of heavy nuclei by pions with energies in the (3, 3) resonance region occur predominantly within a 2 fm range just inside the strong absorption radius, and receive contributions from most of the main peak in the transition density. The apparent discrepancies between M n / M p ratios for giant resonances obtained by using pions and by using other hadronic probes cannot be ascribed to the pion excitations occurring only at very large radii.
Clostridial Myonecrosis of the Chest Wall Complicating Spontaneous Esophageal Rupture

Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus (Boerhaave's syndrome) has a dismal survival rate without prompt surgical management. A variety of surgical regimens have achieved survival of 70% or greater; however, the postoperative course is frequently complicated by fistula, would infection, empyema, and sepsis. We report an unusual postoperative chest wound infection of clostridial myonecrosis, which presumably originated from the patient's gastric microflora. He was treated with immediate surgical debridement of all involved tissue, prolonged ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, and frequent dressing changes. The remaining defect was closed with a skin graft. Anaerobic wound infections of the chest wall and their management are discussed.
Functional status and perceived Control influence quality of life in female Heart transplant recipients

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was 2-fold: (1) to describe and compare the quality of life (QOL) and psychologic well-being of 2 groups of women matched for age and functional status (6-minute walk distance), including those who had received a heart transplant and those who were candidates on a transplant waiting list; and (2) to identify correlates of QOL in female heart transplant recipients. Methods Data were collected from 50 female recipients (mean age 54.7 ± 13.0 years) and 50 female candidates (mean age 56.8 ± 12.2 years) from a major heart transplant facility using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Control Attitude Scale. Results The overall QOL scores were 28.0 ± 26.4 and 56.3 ± 26.1 for recipients and candidates, respectively ( p p p p Conclusions Although overall QOL of was better among female heart transplant recipients than candidates, both groups of women reported poor QOL. Clinicians need to identify potential resources and interventions to improve QOL both before and after heart transplant surgery.
Time- and space-summation studies of the diffusion equation: experimental test of the ergodic hypothesis☆

Abstract One-atom detection techniques have been used to test the equality between time and ensemble averages, following a gedanken experiment on the diffusion of atoms suggested by Einstein and Furth. Experimental results confirmed that a system of freely diffusing atoms was ergodic.
Indirect Evaluation of the Marginal Fit of Dental Castings

An accurate marginal fit of a dental casting is one of the goals of restorative dentists. Use of specific indirect techniques facilitates fabrication of the most precise castings. These techniques incorporate a series of orderly and logical steps on multiple analogues to eliminate potential errors. Evaluating precisional fit of the casting requires the coordination of psychomotor skills and prescribed materials usage. Evaluation of marginal fit must be accomplished indirectly. It is easier and more precise to appraise marginal accuracy on an analogue than intraorally. Training increases one's ability to evaluate margins. Currently there is an increased demand for casting accuracy to restore endosseous implants. The immobility of dental implants imposes a high order of precision on both indirect techniques and indirect evaluation to achieve success. The inability to achieve this level of precision can result in implant and/or prosthesis failure.
Some highly weathered soils of Puerto Rico, 2. Minerology

Samples by horizons of eleven highly weathered soils from Puerto Rico were examined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Wholesoil samples (< 100 mesh, < 400 mesh and < 2 μm) fractions were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer. Electron micrographs were made from the < 2 μm fraction. Total oxide analysis was carried out on the < 100 mesh fraction only. On the bases of the total oxide analyses and X-ray diffractometry to establish the presence of the detectable minerals, a semi-quantitative mineral allocation was made with the aid of a “balance sheet” method which is described. A summary of mineral concentrations for 63 horizons studied is given in the Appendix. One indication of the significance of mineralogical and chemical composition of soil samples is included in the paper. Sorption of phosphorus, as reported in a companion paper, was closely related to the amounts and particle sizes of the hydroxides of iron and aluminum rather than to silica, clay or silt plus clay. This finding suggests a need for additional attention to the sesquioxides as reactive constituents in highly weathered soils of the tropics.
Deformation processes in NiTa alloy single crystals

Abstract Discontinuous plastic flow has been detected in quenched single crystals of composition Ni 8 Ta during testing in tension and compression. The occurrence of this phenomenon depends on the existence of short range order in the alloy single crystals. The microstructural aspects of the deformation processes have been investigated as a function of crystal orientation, the temperature of deformation and the presence of grain boundaries.
Age for Leisure? Political Mediation and the Impact of the Pension Movement on U.S. Old-Age Policy

This article elaborates a political mediation theory of the impact of social movements on states and policy, positing that the influence of mobilization and specific strategies of collective action depends on specified political contexts and the type of influence sought. Examining the influence of the U.S. old-age pension movement, which involved millions of people, this article appraises the mediation model using state-level data from the 1930s and 1940s on Old Age Assistance—the main support for the aged at the time-and a Senate vote for generous senior citizens' pensions in 1939. Our models control for other potential influences, notably public opinion, which is often ignored in empirical studies and sometimes claimed to be responsible for causal influence mistakenly attributed to challengers. We employ pooled cross-sectional and time series analyses and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (FSQCA), which is especially suited to appraising the combinational expectations of the political mediation...
The ν4 fundamental of three isotopic species of CF4

The vibration-rotation spectra of the ..nu../sub 4/ fundamental of /sup 12/CF/sub 4/, /sup 13/CF/sub 4/, and /sup 14/CF/sub 4/ have been observed with 0.06 cm/sup -1/ resolution. A least squares fit of the data has been used to evaluate the pertinent molecular constants. The band centers are 631.199, 629.285, and 627.348 cm/sup -1/ for /sup 12/CF/sub 4/, /sup 13/CF/sub 4/, and /sup 14/CF/sub 4/, respectively. The Coriolis constant zeta/sub 4/ has been estimated for the three isotopes.
Lidar observations of polar mesospheric clouds at South Pole: Diurnal variations

Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) were observed by a ground-based Fe Boltzmann temperature lidar for 65 h on 17–19 and 24–26 January 2000 above the geographic South Pole. The mean PMC backscatter ratio, volume backscatter coefficient, total backscatter coefficient, layer centroid altitude, and layer rms width are 53.5, 2.9 × l0−9 m−1sr−1, 4.3 × 10−6 sr−1, 85.37 km, and 0.78 km, respectively. Strong semidiurnal and diurnal oscillations were observed in the PMC backscatter ratio, volume backscatter coefficient, total backscatter coefficient, and centroid altitude. The oscillations are all maximum around 0630 and 1900 UT. The variations appear to be linked to vertical advection of the PMC scattering layers by a persistent oscillation in the vertical wind velocity. Scattering is strongest when the PMCs are highest which suggests that the colder temperatures at higher altitudes near the mesopause facilitate the formation of larger PMC particles.
Change in the H2 photoproduction capability in a synchronously grown aerobic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. Miami BG 043511

Synchronously growing cells of nitrogen-fixing Synechococcus sp. Miami BG 043511 were harvested periodically and the capability for hydrogen photoproduction in closed vessels was measured under hydrogen production conditions. The capability for hydrogen photoproduction in cells was correlated with that of cellular carbohydrate content. Cells with a high carbohydrate content exhibited a high capacity for hydrogen production and those with low carbohydrate content exhibited low capacity for hydrogen production. Nitrogenase activity at the onset of incubation did not coincide with a capability for the cells to produce hydrogen during the subsequent incubation period. Interestingly, when cells with a high capacity for hydrogen photoaccumulation were incubated, alternate periods of hydrogen and oxygen accumulation were observed at 12 hour intervals. About 0.5 ml of hydrogen per ml of cell suspension was accumulated in flasks during the initial 12-h incubation period. These observations indicate that the use of synchronous culture can be one of the ways of provide materials suitable not only for basic studies but also for applied aspects of hydrogen photoproduction.
The climatology of small‐scale orographic precipitation over the Olympic Mountains: Patterns and processes

The climatology of small-scale patterns of mountain precipitation is poorly constrained, yet important for applications ranging from natural hazard assessment to understanding the geologic evolution of mountain ranges. Synthesizing four rainy seasons of high-resolution precipitation observations and mesoscale model output (from the Penn State/NCAR MM5), reveals a persistent small-scale pattern of precipitation over the ∼10 km wide, ∼800 m high ridges and valleys of the western Olympic Mountains, Washington State, USA. This pattern is characterized by a 50–70% excess accumulation over the ridge crests relative to the adjacent valleys in the annual mean. While the model shows excellent skill in simulating these patterns at seasonal time-scales, major errors exist for individual storms. Investigation of a range of storm events has revealed the following mechanism for the climatological pattern. Regions of enhanced condensation of cloud water are produced by ascent in stable flow over the windward slopes of major ridges. Synoptically generated precipitation grows by collection within these clouds, leading to enhanced precipitation which is advected by the prevailing winds. Instances of atypical patterns of precipitation suggest that under certain conditions (during periods with a low freezing level, or convective cells) fundamental changes in small-scale patterns may occur. However, case-studies and composite analysis suggest that departures from the pattern of ridge-top enhancement are rare; the basic patterns and processes appear robust to changes in temperature, winds, and background rainfall rates. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Local convexity and starshaped sets

Previously [7] we proved among other results that a closed connected set inEn which has a unique point of local nonconvexity is starshaped. Here we characterize a fairly large class of plane sets whose points of local nonconvexity are so arranged that starshapedness follows. This theory determines as a special case the simple closed polygonal regions which are starshaped. In order to proceed simply we utilize the following notations and definitions.
Detection of gunshot residue in blowfly larvae and decomposing porcine tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Blowfly larvae and porcine tissue contaminated with gunshot residue (GSR) were collected during summer and winter months, over a 37-day and a 60-day sampling period, respectively. Wound samples were microwave-digested and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the detection of antimony, barium, and lead. During summer, the 37-day sampling period encompassed all stages of decomposition, except skeletonization. The three elements were detected in larvae only on days 3 and 4 after death but were detected at significant levels in tissue samples throughout the entire sampling period. In winter, no significant decomposition was observed throughout the 60-day sampling. Although temperatures were too low for blowfly activity, the three elements were detected in the tissue samples at relatively constant, significant levels. Hence, GSR determination in tissue was more dependent on decomposition stage rather than time since death.
Diurnal Variations in Milk Yield, Fat Yield, Milk Fat Percentage, and Milk Protein Percentage of Holstein-Friesian Cows

Abstract Milk from 51 Holstein cows was weighed and sampled every 12 hr for 15 days. There were significant diurnal variations in milk and fat yield and fat and protein percentages. Mean milk yield was greater by .65 kg±.05 in the morning than in the evening while mean fat yield was greater by .017kg ±. .004, mean fat percentage higher by .321%±.020, and mean protein percentage higher by .086%±.003 in the evening than in the morning.
Sex differences in the beliefs of nonsmokers about why cigarette smokers smoke.

Nonsmokers are becoming more actively used in smoking cessation treatments in social support roles. This study sought to determine if nonsmokers understand the reasons smokers of their own sex and of the opposite sex give for smoking cigarettes. Nonsmokers (N = 175) were randomly assigned to complete a Reasons for Smoking Scale as they thought a typical smoker of either their own or the opposite sex would complete it [1]. Those results were then matched against a criterion group of smokers (N = 81) from the same college population who had completed the Reasons scale. Results indicated that male nonsmokers were generally accurate in their perceptions of each sex, underestimating only the importance smoking men attach for relaxation as a reason, and overestimating how much women report smoking out of sheer habit. Nonsmoking women, on the other hand, inaccurately perceived each of the six Reasons factors cited by women who smoke, and were similarly inaccurate on two factors cited by men. These results indica...
Solid-state diffusive amorphization in TiO2/ZrO2 bilayers

Thin films of crystalline TiO2 were deposited on self-assembled organic monolayers from aqueous TiCl4 solutions at 80°C; partially crystalline ZrO2 films were deposited on top of the TiO2 layers from Zr(SO4)2 solutions at 70°C. In the absence of a ZrO2 film, the TiO2 films had the anatase structure and underwent grain coarsening on annealing at temperatures up to 800°C; in the absence of a TiO2 film, the ZrO2 films crystallized to the tetragonal polymorph at 500°C. However, the TiO2 and ZrO2 bilayers underwent solid-state diffusive amorphization at 500°C, and ZrTiO4 crystallization could be observed only at temperatures of 550°C or higher. This result implies that metastable amorphous ZrTiO4 is energetically favorable compared to two-phase mixtures of crystalline TiO2 and ZrO2, but that crystallization of ZrTiO4 involves a high activation barrier.
Development of Federal Reserve Rights

: The concept that has been termed “Indian Rights to Water” is one manifestation of the area of federal reserved rights that is a major concern of states in arid regions. The federal reserved rights are those that are reserved in fact or by implication in federal actions, acts, reservations, and treaties. Federal actions include such things as navigation improvement and flood control projects. The Federal Court System, since the Civil War has been promulgating, developing, and protecting federal reserved water rights. The development of those rights can be traced from early cases through the landmark cases such as U.S. v. Rio Grande and Irrigation Co. (1899); Winters v. U.S. (1908) with the origin of the Winters' Doctrine of Indian Rights; Federal Power Commission v. Oregon, commonly called the Pelton Dam Case (1955); Arizona v. California (1963); U.S. v. District Court for Eagle County (1971); to existing suits on surface water sources such as that on appeal in regard to reserved federal water rights on the Truckee River. It can be shown that the federal position has been consistent through all the years in that the federal rights have been protected, expanded, developed, and preserved in a more or less predictable manner.
Behavior and Effectiveness of Adult Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a Predator of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae) on a Wax Mutant of Pisum sativum

Adult females of the coccinellid predator Hippodamia convergens (Say) spent more time walking and less time grooming on a line of peas, Pisum sativum L., that has reduced waxbloom on all parts of the plant (due to the mutation wel ) compared with a near-isogenic sister line with normal waxbloom. H. convergens walking was distributed over all parts of the low-wax plants, whereas on normal-wax plants walking occurred mostly on stems and the edges of leaves and stipules. The beetles were able to generate 30 times the adhesive traction force on leaf surfaces of low-wax plants compared with normal-wax plants. In cage studies, H. convergens (4 adults per plant) were more effective at reducing population growth of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on low-wax plants than on normal-wax plants, but only at initial aphid densities of 10 aphids per plant. At higher initial densities (20 and 40 aphids per plant), differential impact of H. convergens was not observed or disappeared after 4–5 d. The results indicate that reduced waxbloom in peas could improve the effectiveness of H. convergens on peas at low prey densities.
Long-term angiographic follow-up of normal and minimally diseased saphenous vein grafts.

Objectives. We sought to ascertain the long-term fate of saphenous vein grafts known to be angiographically normal or minimally diseased 5 years after operation. This information may prove helpful in the management of such grafts at reoperation. Background. Patients undergoing a second coronary bypass operation frequently have one or more saphenous vein grafts that remain widely patent. It is common practice during such reoperations to replace all vein grafts that are older than 5 years, including those with little or no angiographic stenosis, because of the risk of late vein graft closure. However, the long-term behavior of these angiographical normal or minimally diseased vein grafts has not been well elucidated. Methods. Sixty-two patients with a total of 131 angiographically normal or minimally diseased (<35% diameter narrowing) vein graft segments studied 6.1 ± 2.1 years (mean ± SD) after coronary bypass operation were identified by reviewing the cardiac catheterization records of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Buffalo, New York. Repeat angiography was performed on these patients 5.1 ± 1.4 years after the initial post-operative angiogram (11.0 ± 2.0 years after operation). Results. On restudy, 53% of the vein grafts remained normal or only minimally diseased, 18% showed moderate stenosis (35% to 69%), 8% were patent bat with severe disease (70% to 99%) snd 21 % were totally occluded. Disease progression was similar in grafts that were previously normal compared with those that had minimal disease. Conclusions. The long-term patency of angiographically normal or minimally diseased vein grafts is good (79% 5-year patsacy rate, 71% free of severe disease). The presence of minimal disease does not adversely affect long-term patency. The recommendation to replace normal or minimally diseased vein grafts during late reoperation should be reevaluated.
Diphenhydramine in the treatment of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine.

Abstract Dopamine D2 antagonists are known to induce akathisia, the emergency management of which remains undetermined. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of diphenhydramine in the treatment of akathisia induced by 10 mg intravenous prochlorperazine. This prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study evaluated a cohort of akathisic adult Emergency Department patients who were participating in a series of three studies of acute akathisia at an academic medical center. Each subject received intravenous diphenhydramine, with akathisia measurements (graded from 0–17 points) performed just before and 30 min after infusion. Mean scores were calculated using descriptive statistical analyses. The effect of treatment was evaluated using the paired t-test. For the 87 akathisic patients, the mean score before treatment was 9.8 ± 3.6, and after treatment was 1.2 ± 2.6, a mean reduction of 8.5 ± 3.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.8 to 9.4; p
Electron microscope studies of oogonial wall and elemental composition of oogonia in Phytophthora

Scanning electron microscopy of oogonia of Phytophthora spp. showed that the oogonial wall was smooth in P. cactorum, P. citricola, P. heveae, and P. palmivora; finely granular in P. megasperma and P. megasperma var. sojae; and coarsely granular in P. parasitica. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the oogonial wall in Phytophthora was composed of three layers with the middle layer being the least or the most electron dense. A coat of amorphous material was found on the entire outer surface of the oogonial wall. Elemental analysis of oogonia by means of a SEM electron probe microanalyzer revealed similar emission spectra among Phytophthora spp. with a characteristic peak for calcium.
Examination of the sputtering profile of NiTi under target heating conditions

In this paper we have examined compositional shifts in NiTi film sputter-deposited from a heated and a cooled target. Substrates were radially placed at 18° intervals to capture the semicircular sputtering profile. The composition of the film was measured using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Film thickness values were measured and the atomic flux captured was calculated. Results indicate that the target temperature significantly influences the composition of the sputtered film. It was found that, for cold targets, Ni and Ti sputter at different angles, producing a compositional shift in the film when compared with the target. For hot targets the sputtering angle is influenced to a lesser degree, such that the compositional shift is negligible. Therefore, target temperature appears to represent an approach to alter the stoichiometry of films deposited.
Ethanol effects on local cerebral glucose utilization in high-alcohol-drinking and low-alcohol-drinking rats

Divergent ethanol-drinking behavior in rats selectively bred for high- or low-ethanol-drinking behavior could be related to differences in the sensitivity of the CNS to ethanol. In the current study, we examined the effects of acute (i.e., single injection) ethanol administration on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) within selected brain regions of high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats. Adult, male, HAD and LAD rats from replicate line 2 were injected intraperitoneally with saline, or ethanol, at doses of 0.25 g/kg or 1.0 g/kg, during their dark cycle; 10 min later, [14C]-2-deoxyglucose ([14C]-2-DG; 125 microCi/kg) was injected into the femoral vein. Timed arterial blood samples were collected over 45 min and assayed for plasma glucose, ethanol, and [14C]-2-DG levels. Rats were then decapitated, and their brains were quickly extracted and frozen in isopentane at -50 degrees C. Coronal brain sections were prepared and apposed to x-ray film for 2 days, and image densities were determined by using quantitative autoradiography. Data were collected from several key limbic (nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral pallidum, and septum), basal ganglia, cortical (medial prefrontal, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, entorhinal, piriform, and cingulate), and subcortical (thalamus, habenula, and superior colliculus) structures. After administration of both low (0.25 g/kg) and moderate (1.0 g/kg) doses of ethanol, LCGU values were lower, relative to those for saline controls, in several CNS regions (lateral septum; posterior cingulate, frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices; dorsomedial striatum; and dorsomedial thalamus) of LAD but not HAD rats. These findings may indicate that certain CNS regions of LAD-2 rats are more sensitive than regions of HAD-2 rats to the effects of low-to-intermediate doses of ethanol.
CD4 + T cell help and innate-derived IL-27 induce Blimp-1-dependent IL-10 production by antiviral CTLs

Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important regulatory cytokine that can modulate excessive immune mediated injury. Several distinct cell types have been demonstrated to produce IL-10, including most recently CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responding to respiratory virus infection. Here we report that CD4+ T cell help in the form of IL-2 is required for IL-10 production by CTLs, but not for the induction of CTL effector cytokines. We show that IL-2 derived from CD4+ helper T cells cooperates with innate immune cell-derived IL-27 to amplify IL-10 production by CTLs through a Blimp-1-dependent mechanism. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized pathway that coordinates signals derived from innate and helper T cells to control the production of a regulatory cytokine by CTLs during acute viral infection.
Temperature and Moisture Dependence of Dielectric Constant for Bulk Silica Aerogels

The dielectric constants of silica aerogels are among the lowest measured for any solid material. The silica aerogels also exhibit low thermal expansion and are thermally stable to temperatures exceeding 500{degrees}C. However, due to the open porosity and large surface areas for aerogels, their dielectric constants are strongly affected by moisture and temperature. This paper presents data for the dielectric constants of silica aerogels as a function of moisture content at 25{degrees}C, and as a function of temperature, for temperatures in the range from 25{degrees}C to 450{degrees}C. Dielectric constant data are also given for silica aerogels that are heat treated in dry nitrogen at 500{degrees}C, then cooled to 25{degrees}C for measurements in dry air. All measurements are made on bulk aerogel spheres at 22GHz microwave frequency, using a cavity perturbation method. The results of the dependence found here for bulk materials can be inferred to apply also to thin films of silica aerogels having similar nano-structures and densities.
Magnetostatic cancellation error revisited

The conditions under which finite element representations of magnetostatic fields using magnetic scalar potentials suffer from cancellation errors are examined. It is shown that cancellation errors can arise from numerical roundoff at several points in the calculation, and that the magnetic field from a full scalar potential is not necessarily more accurate than the magnetic field from a reduced scalar potential. A method for controlling cancellation error in the source term for reduced scalar potentials is presented. >
Interactions of hormone replacement therapy, body weight and bilateral oophorectomy in breast cancer risk

Purpose: To examine potential modifying effects of body weight and bilateral oophorectomy on the association of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with risk of breast cancer, overall and by subtypes according to status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) among postmenopausal women. Experimental Design: This analysis included 2,510 postmenopausal white women recruited in the Nashville Breast Health Study, a population-based case–control study of breast cancer. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between HRT use and risk of breast cancer overall and by subtypes, adjusted for age and education. Results: Among women with natural menopause and body mass index (BMI) 2 , ever-use of HRT was associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.32–2.88). Risk was elevated with duration of HRT use ( P for trend = 0.002). Similar association patterns were found for ER + , ER + PR + , and luminal A cancer subtypes but not ER − , ER − PR − , and triple-negative cancer. In contrast, ever-HRT use in overweight women (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) showed no association with risk of breast cancer overall or by subtypes; interaction tests for modifying effect of BMI were statistically significant. Ever-HRT use was associated with decreased breast cancer risk (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.38–1.31) among women with prior bilateral oophorectomy but elevated risk (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.92–2.29) among those with hysterectomy without bilateral oophorectomy ( P for interaction = 0.057). Similar associations were seen for virtually all breast cancer subtypes, although interaction tests were statistically significant for ER + and luminal A only. Conclusion: Body weight and bilateral oophorectomy modify associations between HRT use and breast cancer risk, especially the risk of hormone receptor–positive tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 20(5); 1169–78. ©2014 AACR .
Demonstration of Type IV Pilus Expression and a Twitching Phenotype by Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae is considered a nonmotile organism that expresses neither flagella nor type IV pili, although H. influenzae strain Rd possesses a cryptic pilus locus. We demonstrate here that the homologous gene cluster pilABCD in an otitis media isolate of nontypeable H. influenzae strain 86-028NP encodes a surface appendage that is highly similar, structurally and functionally, to the well-characterized subgroup of bacterial pili known as type IV pili. This gene cluster includes a gene (pilA) that likely encodes the major subunit of the heretofore uncharacterized H. influenzae-expressed type IV pilus, a gene with homology to a type IV prepilin peptidase (pilD) as well as two additional uncharacterized genes (pilB and pilC). A second gene cluster (comABCDEF) was also identified by homology to other pil or type II secretion system genes. When grown in chemically defined medium at an alkaline pH, strain 86-028NP produces approximately 7-nm-diameter structures that are near polar in location. Importantly, these organisms exhibit twitching motility. A mutation in the pilA gene abolishes both expression of the pilus structure and the twitching phenotype, whereas a mutant lacking ComE, a Pseudomonas PilQ homologue, produced large appendages that appeared to be membrane bound and terminated in a slightly bulbous tip. These latter structures often showed a regular pattern of areas of constriction and expansion. The recognition that H. influenzae possesses a mechanism for twitching motility will likely profoundly influence our understanding of H. influenzae-induced diseases of the respiratory tract and their sequelae.
CYP2J Subfamily Cytochrome P450s in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Expression, Localization, and Potential Functional Significance

Our laboratory recently described a new human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase (CYP2J2) and the corresponding rat homologue (CYP2J3), both of which were expressed in extrahepatic tissues. Northern analysis of RNA prepared from the human and rat intestine demonstrated that CYP2J2 and CYP2J3 mRNAs were expressed primarily in the small intestine and colon. In contrast, immunoblotting studies using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant CYP2J2 showed that CYP2J proteins were expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal sections using anti-CYP2J2 IgG and avidin-biotin-peroxidase detection revealed that CYP2J proteins were present at high levels in nerve cells of autonomic ganglia, epithelial cells, intestinal smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelium. The distribution of this immunoreactivity was confirmed by in situ hybridization using a CYP2J2-specific antisense RNA probe. Microsomal fractions prepared from human jejunum catalyzed the NADPH-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as the principal reaction products. Direct evidence for the in vivo epoxidation of arachidonic acid by intestinal cytochrome P450 was provided by documenting, for the first time, the presence of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in human jejunum by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We conclude that human and rat intestine contain an arachidonic acid epoxygenase belonging to the CYP2J subfamily that is localized to autonomic ganglion cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelium. In addition to the known effects on intestinal vascular tone, we speculate that CYP2J products may be involved in the release of intestinal neuropeptides, control of intestinal motility, and/or modulation of intestinal fluid/electrolyte transport.
Impact of prospective payment on the role of the diabetes educator.

Abstract This paper reports the results of a national survey undertaken to explore the impact of prospective payment on the role of the diabetes educator and on diabetes education. Responses were received from 903 individuals--756 diabetes educators and 147 hospital administrators. Study results indicate a need for diabetes educators to more aggressively shape their role and promote the provision of their services to better assure adequate education for those individuals diagnosed with diabetes.
Evaluating cellular SCTP over one-hope wireless networks

Support for Internet host mobility is increasingly important with the proliferation of wireless and mobile commu- nication devices. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a plausible choice in the Internet with its unique features like multi-homing and Dynamic Address Reconfiguration extension. We have proposed Cellular SCTP (cSCTP), which is an SCTP- based transport layer mobility solution that aims better handoff performance. In this paper, our focus is the handoff management functionality of cSCTP. We propose an approach to implementing duplicated data transfers during the handoffs to improve the performance. We also present preliminary simulation results using the QualNet network simulator. I. INTRODUCTION The need for "host mobility support" in the Internet is increasing with the proliferation of wireless and mobile com- munication devices. Network layer solutions (such as Mobile IP) are common to support host mobility in the Internet. Network layer solutions however have their own drawbacks, such as the need of support from the network (Home/Foreign Agents), triangular routing, long handoff latency, etc. More- over, network layer solutions hide the mobility from the transport protocols, where the flow and congestion control
Further Investigation of Slurry Additives for Selective Polishing of SiO2 Films over Si3N4 Using Ceria Dispersions

Following our earlier analysis of amino acids, we investigated the effectiveness of acetic acid, pyridine, and sorbitol that were chosen to represent carboxylic acid, amine and alcohol functional group families, respectively, as additives in ceria dispersions for polishing SiO2 and Si3N4 films. By comparing the speciation of the additives available and the material removal rates with respect to pH, we identified that the removal rates of nitride, but not oxide, are suppressed to <1 nm/min in the pH range where the additive species containing a protonated amino group or a neutral carboxylic group or a neutral hydroxyl group are dominant. All of these species are strong hydrogen bond donors and can form strong hydrogen bonds with Si3N4 surface while their corresponding bonding on SiO2 surface sites is weaker. The stronger hydrogen bonding hinders Si3N4 hydrolysis and suppresses Si3N4 removal. In contrast, the weakly bound additive species are easily removed from the SiO2 surface by the polishing pad and the ceria abrasives, leading to high SiO2 to Si3N4 removal rate selectivity. Similar results were also obtained with valeric acid, imidazole, glucose, sucrose, and mannitol, confirming the importance of a strong hydrogen bond formation in a broader class of additives.
Loss-of-Function Screening in Hematopoietic Malignancies

Loss-of-function screens can be performed in vivo using retrovirally modified tumor cells. This approach has been used for decades in viral insertional mutagenesis to identify proto-oncogenes. In this approach, tumors are infected with a library of retroviral vectors expressing short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), such that each cell receives only a single retroviral insertion, and the representation of proviruses is monitored during ongoing tumor growth or before and after cancer therapy. The resulting tumors are highly chimeric, allowing a large diversity of loss-of-function phenotypes to be monitored simultaneously in an unbiased manner. This approach, used in conjunction with RNAi, can identify genes that are essential for the growth of diverse malignancies in vivo. Here, we outline this approach and discuss key challenges in performing these studies.