cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Thermo–Time Domain Reflectometry Probe for Sand Thermal Conductivity Measurement in Drainage and Drying Processes

The thermo–time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe is a promising tool for simultaneous measurements of the thermal and geotechnical properties of soil under both laboratory and field conditions for geothermal applications. This study presents the validation of a thermo-TDR probe for sand thermal conductivity measurement during drainage and drying processes. Laboratory experiments were performed on four quartz sands with different particle sizes using a modified hanging column device. A KD2 Standard Pro was used to measure sand thermal conductivity, which was then compared with the results obtained by the thermo-TDR probe. A series of statistical analyses, including root mean square error, mean absolute error, and variance account for, was conducted to further evaluate the performance of the thermo-TDR probe for sand thermal conductivity measurement during the dryout process. It was concluded that the thermo-TDR probe can measure sand thermal conductivity accurately with at least 85 % confidence interval during the drainage and drying processes. The measurement accuracy of the probe increases as the grain size of the sand decreases.
Public Opinion and Opposition Party Success: Evidence from the European Constitutional Courts

Do “the people” influence high court decision-making? There is, at first glance, little apparent reason for the answer to be yes. Yet there has long existed empirical support to conclude that the U...
The Oncologic Emergency Medicine Fellowship

The United States cancer population is growing and is projected to grow further. The current cancer population has a high rate of emergency department admission. Further training about oncologic emergencies may be needed and would ideally strive to care for the whole patient, including sequelae of the malignancy, progressive disease, symptom control, adverse effects of treatment, and palliative care. The James Cancer Hospital at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center fellowship training programs in oncologic emergency medicine are described.
Self-care agency and quality of life among adults diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often exhibit anxiety and depression, pain and reduced energy but may not adequately develop self-care agency (SCA) to manage IBD. The purpose of this study was to examine whether SCA is related to quality of life in adults diagnosed with IBD. The sample of 34 individuals for this descriptive, correlational study completed three questionnaires including the Appraisal of self-care agency scale (A.S.A.-A Scale), the Inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire and a Demographic data questionnaire. Results indicated SCA was unrelated to indicators of quality of life among IBD individuals. This finding may be attributed to the high level of functioning of the sample. However, IBD quality of life (emotional functioning, social functioning, and bowel and systemic symptoms) was negatively correlated with the number of medications individuals took and positively correlated with the number of diagnosed chronic illnesses.
Physical and Mathematical Modelling of a Point Absorber Wave Energy Conversion System with Nonlinear Damping

A point absorber type device, damped by a single-acting hydraulic cylinder, has been tested in the laboratory and modeled mathematically. The system’s efficiency was found to be equal that of systems with double-acting pumps. Response and efficiency curves are presented from both the physical and mathematical models for the case of monochromatic wave forcing.
Group-like decompositions of Riemannian bundles

Horocycles, at least in the hyperbolic plane, have been studied for many" years. However, it was Hedlund who first used them in topological dynamics and ergodic theory ([9], [i0]), and it was he who had the courage actually to apply them in tile case of non-constant curvature. It is this assurance, subsequently exploited by E. Hopf, Anosov, and Sinai ([12, [13], [I], [2]), that has led me, through the back door, so to speak, to a viewpoint of Riemannian geometry about which I intend to speak today• The claim is that arbitrary Riemannian manifolds have much in common with Riemannian symmetric spaces, and that horocycles enable us to construct analogues of the Iwasawa and Bruhat decompositions of semisimple Lie groups when the curvature is strictly negative. In §i we establish the notation and express the Cartan structure equations in vector form. The relationship to the Cartan decomposition of a semisimple group is pointed out, and meanings attached to the assertion that the resulting flows act (pointwise) transitively in the bundle of frames. In §2 we recall the definition of horospheres and give growth estimates for certain functions associatz>d,~ith them. §3 is devoted to defining the horocycles. §4 is qualitative, pointing out the analogies to the Iwasawa and Bruhat decompositions connected with rank one symmetric spaces. In §S we give an application to ergodic theory of these ideas, namely, the Theorem. Let M be a compact Riemannian manifold with i/4-pinched negative curvature. Then any generalized geodesic flow in the bundle of orthonormal frames is ergodic.
COMMISSION ON TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS

This chapter describes various aspects related to commission on translational corporations. The most significant economic development is that of the transnational corporation. The United Nations Economic and Social Council set up a 48-member Commission and a Centre on Transnational Corporations. At the first meeting of the commission in March 1975, a program of work was established for the center, a unit directly attached to the office of the United Nations Secretary-general. The commission's most important decision was on the issue of a code of conduct, to which it clearly assigned the highest priority. At the second meeting of the commission in March 1976 in Lima, Peru, the commission laid the foundations upon that the future work of the United Nations would be built. While stressing that the formulation of a code of conduct received the highest priority, the commission recognized the importance of moving ahead concurrently in a number of other areas.
Jennifer: A Young Homeless Woman Who has Borderline Personality Disorder

Jennifer is a 23-year-old white female. She was referred for mental health services by a staff member at a community homeless shelter. They arrived together, with the staffer doing most of the talking initially. Jennifer had been involved in several verbal and physical altercations with other residents at the shelter, and was finally asked not to return. Jennifer has no job or income, and no family or friends to ask for help. A recent boyfriend “kicked her out” a few weeks ago, and then left the area. He did not return texts or calls friends made on Jennifer’s behalf. She has resided at the local shelter since his departure, and has now lost her chance to stay at the shelter.
Differential Expressions for Low-Eccentricity Geocentric Orbits

Differential relationships between observed quantities, especially range and range rate, and selected orbit parameters are developed for low-eccentricity geocentric orbits. These relationships serve in (1) the mathematical correction of approximate orbits into better approximations, (2) the physical correction of an orbit to satisfy objectives such as interception, and (3) the determination of uncertainties in the orbit from uncertainties in the observations, and vice versa for uncertainties in ephemerides.
Experience from Hadoop Benchmarking with HiBench: From Micro-Benchmarks Toward End-to-End Pipelines

As Hadoop-based big data framework grows in pervasiveness and scale, realistically benchmarking Hadoop systems becomes critically important to the Hadoop community and industry. In this paper, we present our experience of Hadoop benchmarking with HiBench (an open source Hadoop benchmark suite widely used by Hadoop users), and introduce our recent work on advanced end-to-end ETL-recommendation pipelines based on our experience.
Diet-Induced Circadian Enhancer Remodeling Synchronizes Opposing Hepatic Lipid Metabolic Processes

Overnutrition disrupts circadian metabolic rhythms by mechanisms that are not well understood. Here, we show that diet-induced obesity (DIO) causes massive remodeling of circadian enhancer activity in mouse liver, triggering synchronous high-amplitude circadian rhythms of both fatty acid (FA) synthesis and oxidation. SREBP expression was rhythmically induced by DIO, leading to circadian FA synthesis and, surprisingly, FA oxidation (FAO). DIO similarly caused a high-amplitude circadian rhythm of PPARα, which was also required for FAO. Provision of a pharmacological activator of PPARα abrogated the requirement of SREBP for FAO (but not FA synthesis), suggesting that SREBP indirectly controls FAO via production of endogenous PPARα ligands. The high-amplitude rhythm of PPARα imparted time-of-day-dependent responsiveness to lipid-lowering drugs. Thus, acquisition of rhythmicity for non-core clock components PPARα and SREBP1 remodels metabolic gene transcription in response to overnutrition and enables a chronopharmacological approach to metabolic disorders.
Enteric Infections Are Common in Patients with Flares of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Few studies have examined the role of non-Clostridium difficile enteric infections in flares of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our objective was to investigate enteric infection detected by multiplex PCR stool testing in patients with IBD. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 9403 patients who underwent 13,231 stool tests with a gastrointestinal pathogen PCR panel during a diarrheal illness from March 2015 to May 2017. Our primary outcome was the presence of an infection. Secondary outcomes included endoscopic and histologic predictors of infection, and IBD outcomes following testing. A total of 277 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD), 300 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 8826 patients without IBD underwent 454, 503, and 12,275 tests, respectively. Compared to patients without IBD, patients with IBD were less likely to test positive (CD 18.1%, UC 16.1%, no IBD 26.6%, p < 0.001). Compared to patients without IBD, CD had a higher prevalence of norovirus (p = 0.05) and Campylobacter (p = 0.043), whereas UC had a lower prevalence of norovirus (p = 0.001) and a higher prevalence of Campylobacter (p = 0.013), Plesiomonas (p = 0.049), and Escherichia coli species (p < 0.001). Of 77 patients who underwent endoscopy, there were no major endoscopic or histologic predictors of a positive test. Patients who tested negative were more likely to have IBD therapy escalated (p = 0.004). Enteric infection did not impact IBD outcomes following testing (log-rank 0.224). Non-Clostridium difficile enteric infections were identified in 17% of symptomatic patients with IBD. Endoscopic and histologic findings may not differentiate flare from infection. Norovirus and E.coli may play an important role in flare of IBD.
Establishment of three novel cell lines derived from African American patients with colorectal carcinoma: A unique tool for assessing racial health disparity

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are higher among African Americans (AAs) compared with Caucasian Americans (CAs). To assess the molecular properties associated with racial health disparity, three cell lines derived from colorectal tumors of three AA subjects were established. Cellular and molecular characterization of the cell lines designated CHTN06, SB501 and SB521 was performed using standard technologies, including immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, karyotyping, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, ELISA and immunoblot analysis. The histology and morphology of CHTN06 xenografts were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. A total of three AA CRC cell lines derived from primary tumors were established and characterized. These cell lines were successfully cultured without immortalization and were found to be tumorigenic as mouse xenografts. In the present study, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence confirmed the expression of proteins known to be dysregulated in CRC, such as p53, DNA mismatch repair proteins and villin-1. Oncogenic miRNAs (i.e., miR-17, miR-21, miR-182, miR-210 and miR-222) were overexpressed in the AA CRC lines compared with the CA CRC lines (HT-29, HCT116 and SW480). Additionally, the AA CRC cell lines exhibited a differential inflammatory profile compared with HT-29 (CA CRC cell line); specifically noted was IL-8 secretion in response to inflammatory stimuli. In conclusion, three novel cell lines derived from AA CRC tissues were generated. These cell lines were characterized as epithelial in nature and exhibited differential expression of several miRNAs and inflammatory responses compared with commercially available cell lines of CA origin. The CRC cell lines CHTN06, SB501 and SB521 represent novel tools that may be used to provide diverse in vitro and in vivo models for studying CRC and racial health disparity.
Tackling Class Imbalance in Cyber Security Datasets

It is clear that cyber-attacks are a danger that must be addressed with great resolve, as they threaten the information infrastructure upon which we all depend. Many studies have been published expressing varying levels of success with machine learning approaches to combating cyber-attacks, but many modern studies still focus on training and evaluating with very outdated datasets containing old attacks that are no longer a threat, and also lack data on new attacks. Recent datasets like UNSW-NB15 and SANTA have been produced to address this problem. Even so, these modern datasets suffer from class imbalance, which reduces the efficacy of predictive models trained using these datasets. Herein we evaluate several pre-processing methods for addressing the class imbalance problem; using several of the most popular machine learning algorithms and a variant of UNSW-NB15 based upon the attributes from the SANTA dataset.
Large Bowel Obstruction, Ogilvie Syndrome, and Stercoral Colitis: When Is Dilatation Pathologic? How Are These Conditions Managed?

Large bowel obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the colon causing abdominal distention and decreased bowel function. It is defined as 6 cm of colonic dilation or 9 cm of cecal dilation. Ogilvie syndrome, or colonic pseudo-obstruction, is a large bowel obstruction without an anatomic lesion, while stercoral colitis is dilation from impacted stool causing bowel wall inflammation. Although mechanical obstructions and volvulus generally require surgical management, pseudo-obstruction without 12 cm or more of dilation, peritonitis, or severe pain can often be managed conservatively with aggressive bowel regimens. Neostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is shown to be up to 90% effective in Ogilvie syndrome cases when conservative therapies fail. When pharmacotherapies are unsuccessful, colonoscopic decompression or surgery may be needed.
Acute Knee Dislocations

Acute knee dislocations are rare orthopedic injuries but represent a myriad of soft tissue and bony damage to the knee that can potentially result in limb loss if mismanaged or misdiagnosed. Injury mechanism can help delineate the type of dislocation. The Schenck/Wascher and Moore classification systems exist to clarify injury based on ligamentous injury, arterial injury, nerve injury, and fracture pattern, if present. Assessment of these injuries begins with vascular examination and urgent closed reduction when possible. Advanced imaging studies are often delayed until any potential vascular injury has been excluded or treated and reduction of the tibiofemoral joint has been achieved. Initial stabilization entails either splint, knee bracing, or possible external fixation when closed reduction cannot be maintained or persistent malreduction exists. Based on physical examination and advanced imaging studies, surgical reconstruction of the injured ligaments is performed in a sequential fashion. These will include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL), the posteromedial corner (PMC), the posterolateral corner (PLC), and any combination thereof. Postoperative rehabilitation will be guided by injury severity, surgical reconstruction, and patient host factors with the goals of returning to normal activities of daily activity and work, military duty, or sports activities at the same level of participation.
Introducing Diversity through an Organic Approach

An introductory organic chemistry course is a gate keeper to the science pipeline. Instructors can improve student learning by making deliberate efforts to understand and accommodate the various levels of classroom diversity. The changes in the demographics of the United States and the national push to cultivate women and minorities in the sciences also necessitate the need for inclusive classrooms that enrich all types of student learning. Such an inclusive learning environment was promoted in an organic chemistry classroom at a four year college in rural Arkansas for the first time in Fall 2016 and was continued in the subsequent years; it took a unique approach involving comparing the diversity of carbon-based molecules to social diversity. Student responses were overwhelmingly positive and creative. They compared molecular and social diversity in outstanding ways. Also, the diversity assignment was very instrumental as an educational tool that accentuated the value of the versatility of carbon and its bonding in creating the basis of life, according to the results of the pre- and postsurveys incorporated to the assignment in Fall 2018. The assignment provides a stimulating platform to celebrate diversity and foster inclusion in the organic chemistry classrooms, while reinforcing teaching on the versatility of carbon and its bonding.
Attracting hospitality recruits: the benefit of benefits

Employee benefits represent a significant cost to hospitality firms, yet they also influence a firm’s ability to attract talent. Despite benefits’ importance, little hospitality research has explor...
Exceptional sustained responses to ipilimumab/nivolumab (ipi/nivo) in patients (pts) with advanced pancreaticobiliary cancers and germline DNA damage repair (DDR) mutations.

e16757Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have not shown meaningful clinical activity in unselected pts with pancreaticobiliary cancer. DDR-deficient tumors have increased genomic insta...
Trends in management of ureteral urothelial carcinoma and effects on survival: a hospital-based registry study.

Abstract Background High-risk ureteral tumors represent an understudied subset of upper tract urothelial carcinoma, whose surgical management can range from a radical nephroureterectomy (NU) to segmental ureterectomy (SU). Objectives To evaluate contemporary trends in the management of high-risk ureteral tumors, the utilization of lymphadenectomy and peri-operative chemotherapy, and their impact on overall survival (OS). Design, setting, and participants We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients in the National Cancer Database from years 2006 to 2013 with clinically localized high-risk ureteral tumors treated with NU or SU. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Chi-squared tests were utilized to assess differences in clinicodemographic features and peri-operative treatment delivery between SU and NU cohorts. Cochran-Armitage tests and linear regressions were performed to evaluate temporal trends in treatment utilization. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess predictors of treatment delivery. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models evaluated associations with OS. Results Of the 1,962 patients included, NU was more commonly performed than SU (72.4%, 1,421/1,962 vs. 27.6%, 541/1,962). Only 22.7% (446/1,962) of the population underwent lymphadenectomy, and 24.8% (271/1,092) of those with advanced pathology (≥pT2 or pN+) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Lymphadenectomy was associated with improved OS in NU patients when more than 3 nodes were removed (hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.89). Receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced pathology had no impact OS in both the NU (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.84–1.44) and SU (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.61–1.46) cohorts. Performance of SU was not associated with poorer OS on multivariable analysis (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.89–1.21, P = 0.83). Conclusion Our study suggests that SU may be an appropriate alternative to NU for the management of high-risk ureteral tumors. Further, lymphadenectomy may play an important role at the time of NU, and adjuvant chemotherapy is infrequently utilized in patients with advanced pathology.
Simulation for Use of a 30-Degree Laparoscope in Gynecologic Surgery

Study Objective Many methods of simulation exist in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, focusing primarily on procedural steps, anatomical identification, and/or technical skills. There are limited available training options for the utilization of a 30-degree laparoscope, a critical component of performing complex gynecologic surgery. As a result, the learner and teacher may experience inefficiency, frustration, and ultimately avoidance of its use, thereby limiting the number of potential minimally-invasive surgical candidates. We sought to develop a reproducible model to aid in the simulation of a subtle but critical aspect of gynecologic surgery. Design N/A Setting N/A Patients or Participants N/A Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results We briefly review a case in which a 30-degree laparoscope was required to perform the procedure. Using a box trainer, a balloon, and PVC tubing, we re-created the anatomy seen in an enlarged uterus. The bulky “fundus” created serves as a realistic obstaclefor the critical visualization of the uterine pedicles, ureters, and anterior/posterior cuff. These are necessary landmarks to identify in the understanding and utilization of a 30-degree scope in gynecologic surgery. Smaller balloons can be added to represent fibroids and adnexal pathology. Conclusion Resident training in the utilization of a 30-degree scope is primarily in real-time, in the OR. We present a reusable, modifiable, realistic,and easily reproducible model to aid in the simulation of a subtle, yet critical aspect of gynecologic surgery. Future directions include testing the use of the simulation with residents and observation of in vivo operating skills.
Neighborhood change during managed retreat: buyouts, housing loss, and White flight

By demolishing housing, hazard mitigation buyouts remove vulnerable structures. However, if the land is not maintained or turned into a neighborhood asset, it can become a disamenity. For this reason, it is important to track the long-term effects of buyouts, a critical tool for managed retreat, at the neighborhood scale. This study examines whether buyouts are associated with neighborhood change, measured as change in housing stock and in the racial mix of residents. Using data from North Carolina, where 4800 buyouts were implemented after hurricanes in the 1990s, the study finds that each additional buyout lowered 20-year housing growth in the neighborhood by 1.5 housing units on average, after controlling for owner-occupancy rates, racial composition, and region of the state, among other factors. Racial effects were most pronounced in neighborhoods near buyouts, where spillover effects occurred. Specifically, adjacency to a high-buyout neighborhood was associated with growth in the share of Black residents and decline in the share of White residents. These findings are consistent with the notion that buyouts are associated with decreased housing growth, deterioration of existing housing, and White flight. The discussion also considers that the neighborhood-level reduction in housing growth may decrease future flood risk. Taken together, the findings suggest the need for practices that mitigate potential negative social impacts of buyouts and for research that encompasses the broader neighborhood effects of property-based managed retreat.
Glossing for meaning and glossing for form. a computerized study of the effects of glossing and type of linguistic item on reading comprehension, noticing, and l2 learning

The relative effectiveness of annotating L2 texts for improved comprehension has been generally supported by studies on glossing. The assumption has been that glosses are effective decoding devices that help L2 readers overcome their limited proficiency by making meanings more accessible to them. At the same time, glosses have been investigated in relation to noticing and learning in incidental contexts. In spite of its centrality, this question has not generally been addressed empirically in previous studies on glossing and L2 learning because qualitative measures of L2 processing, and concurrent data elicited via those measures, were generally not available in these studies. The present study addresses this important methodological problem in the glossing strand of research by utilizing a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest hybrid design that incorporates a combination of outcome and processing measures to investigate the issue of L1-translation glosses and type of linguistic item in relation to reading comprehension, noticing and learning. First-year college students learning Spanish were asked to read one of two versions of an L2 Spanish text on a computer. In the glossed version, exemplars of three types of linguistic items embedded in the text were glossed with L1 English translations presented at the bottom of page. In the no-gloss conditions, participants were exposed to a different version of the same text without glosses. After exposure to the L2 reading task, participants completed a multiple-choice comprehension questionnaire previously announced to them, and two unannounced production and recognition immediate posttests, which were repeated three weeks later. The results of the study indicate that the presence of a gloss has a positive effect on a reading comprehension. However, the quantitative and qualitative evidence of the study does not support an effect of glosses on noticing and L2 learning of targeted items. Rather, the study provides evidence that glosses work in combination with other variables to impact different types of items differentially. Combined effects of glossing and type of linguistic item found in the study strongly suggest that glosses do not work in isolation but in combination with other factors to affect noticing and learning.
The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection in The American University

Lita Nelsen is director of the Technology Licensing Office of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she has been since 1986. ![Figure][1] I ntellectual property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of U.S. academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an
Paleoclimate modeling | Last glacial maximum gcms

General circulation models (GCMs) are valuable tools for developing a quantitative understanding of the dynamics of the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Common types of GCMs that have been used for this purpose include atmospheric GCMs, atmospheric GCMs coupled to simple ocean-mixed layer models, and coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs. Simulations of the LGM are typically forced by imposing changes in atmospheric composition, Earth–Sun geometry, continental ice-sheet distribution, sea level, and vegetation. A number of interesting results have been reported from such modeling experiments, including larger cooling in the Northern Hemisphere, a northward diversion of the polar jet stream by the Laurentide ice sheet, a weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon, changes in the meridional overturning circulation, and changes in tropical Pacific climate variability.
Chapter 1 – General Considerations of Hormones

This chapter presents the first principles of hormone action. The chapter discusses in detail about structural and functional classification of hormones and current theories of mechanisms of hormone action at both the cellular and subcellular levels. Hormones are chemical messengers that send a signal within a physiological system from point A to point B. There are four identifiable hormonal communication systems; each has a different anatomical relationship between point A and point B. In classic systemic endocrine system, the hormone is biosynthesized and stored within specific cells associated with an anatomically defined endocrine gland. The hormone is not released until receipt of an appropriate physiological signal, which may take the form of either a change in the concentration of some component in the blood or the delivery of a neural signal. In the paracrine system, the distance from secretion point A to target cell point B is sharply reduced. Here, cell A biosynthesizes and secretes hormone X. Hormone X then diffuses from the secreting cell A to immediately adjacent target cells B. An autocrine system is a variation of the paracrine system where the hormone-secreting cell and the target receptorcontaining cell are one and the same.
Mining temporal patterns without predefined time windows

This paper proposes algorithms for discovering temporal patterns without predefined time windows. The problem of discovering temporal patterns is divided into two sub-tasks: (1) using "cheap statistics" for dependence testing and candidates removal, (2) identifying the temporal relationships between dependent event types. The dependence problem is formulated as the problem of comparing two probability distributions and is solved using a technique reminiscent of the distance methods used in spatial point process, while the latter problem is solved using an approach based on chi-squared tests. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed methods.
Studies in the genus Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae). 2. Three new species of the section Telina from the Cape Province

Three new species of the section Telina (E. Mey.) Benth of Lotononis (DC.) Eckl. & Zeyh. are described: L. azureoides B-E. van Wyk, L. gracilifolia B-E. van Wyk and L. lamprifolia B-E. van Wyk. These species appear to be very rare and are known from only a few localities in marginal fynbos areas of the south-western and southern Cape.
Water Waves, Hamiltonian Systems and Cauchy Integrals

I will speak today about a classical fluid dynamical problem involving a free surface, the problem known as water waves. The results I want to describe are simply the derivation of a formalism that arises in posing the problem. This consists in writing the equations of motion as a Hamiltonian system. In doing this, several interesting questions arise, which are associated with Laplace’s equation on plane domains. I am not reporting on analytical results, rather this talk should be taken as a description of a point of view, or a set of coordinates that have a certain elegance.
Track process monitoring via laser scattering imaging

The growing complexity of photolithography processes necessitates stringent defect monitoring to meet the increasingly rigorous yield requirements. Mitigation of defectivity at the track level involves both product wafer scans, as well as blanket wafer inspections for process monitoring and tool qualification. Some of the common defect types that are characteristic of the track process are comets, striations, water marks, chuck marks, edge effect etc [1]. In this work, we review two case studies that highlight the benefit of using laser-based scattering imaging for detecting coating-induced defects in blanket wafers [2]. First, we used a whole wafer, laser-based scattering image to detect, as well as quantify, a buildup of material near the wafer center. Grid analysis of the whole wafer image enabled us to bin out the defective regions of the wafer surface, and as a result automatically flag defective monitor wafers. Achievement of process improvement is reflected in the post-change process scan images. This methodology of process signature monitoring led to the optimization of the spin coating process which was implemented by the track team. In the second case, whole wafer laser scattering imaging was again successfully used to visually capture the spin coating classical striation signature in a film from a trilayer stack. This was further quantified by using a spectroscopic ellipsometer, which clearly highlighted the thickness variation of the resist film as a function of radius across the wafer with maximum thickness variation was observed near the center of the wafer surface. Further studies for this layer will focus on a quantification strategy for verification of process anomaly. This work was performed by IBM Research and Development at various facilities.
Alignment mark shift due to thermal non-uniformity: what is moving?

The ITRS working group has identified mask alignment and overlay control as a technology roadblock with no known solutions beyond the 65 nm node. Mechanical stress induced by thermal processing critically influences the distortion and warpage of wafers. This paper investigates the wafer distortion between source/drain and contact masking steps. In the experimental part of this work we demonstrated that certain temperature non-uniformity patterns with uniformity less than 1% generate bigger warpage of processed wafer than a less uniform pattern with a higher non-uniformity
Body art: Insanity as communication

Application of a perspective of insanity to body art provides one means for its interpretation by viewers. This perspective is useful because it serves as an idiom in which both artists and viewer can communicate and it encourages the audience to assume the role of therapist, altering the focus of the art.
Some characteristics of Yakutat Eddies propagating along the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Data from array for real-time geostrophic oceanography (ARGO) profiling floats, oil tanker thermosalinographs, shipboard ADCP and towed-CTD surveys, and satellite altimetry are used to examine properties of two ∼200 km diameter, anticyclonic Yakutat Eddies that propagated westward at ∼1.5 km day−1 along the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) in 2001 and 2003. The eddies had lifetimes of up to 5 years, remained close to the shelfbreak, and had relatively constant size and strength until they encountered the Alaskan Stream where they appeared to spawn smaller, shorter-lived anticyclones. The azimuthal velocity field was vigorous (25–40 cm s−1) and in gradient wind balance with Rossby numbers of ∼0.05. Conservation of salt and azimuthal mass transports (between 20 m and the depth of the 32.2 isohaline) from shipboard surveys in May and August 2003 suggest little mass exchange occurred between the surface layers of the eddy and ambient waters. Chlorophyll concentrations were greater in the eddy than in ambient waters in both May and August. In May, the chlorophyll was patchily distributed, while in August dense chlorophyll concentrations occurred in and beneath the seasonal thermocline within 50 km of the eddy center. The high August chlorophyll concentrations might have been fostered by a broad and shallow ( It appears likely that as Yakutat Eddies approach the shelfbreak non-linear processes will modify the slope flow field (and the stability and structure of the shelfbreak front), leading to cross-slope flows and flow reversals. This interaction may induce ∼30 km-wide streamers of shelf water to flow around the trailing edge of the anticyclone. The role of streamers in the freshwater and nutrient budgets of the GOA shelf and basin is unknown, but their contribution to these budgets will depend on the trajectory of a Yakutat Eddy, especially its proximity to the shelfbreak as the eddy propagates along the GOA continental slope.
High-resolution detection of PCR products from a microsatellite marker using a nonradioisotopic technique.

Abstract We report a safe, rapid, and economical method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotype analysis using a microsatellite marker specific for the human chromosome 18 locus, D18S53. This method does not involve radioisotopes and makes use of ethidium bromide fluorescence to detect PCR products. Our method enables direct analysis and easy detection of PCR products on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The genotyping using this method can be scaled up to 100 samples at one time by adding a step of “double loading” of samples in a single sequencing size gel. We could resolve PCR products and DNA fragments, differing in size by only 2 bp, in the range of 150–200 bp by a 7% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. This technique can be applied for population-based genomic screening and linkage analysis.
An investigation into the presence and causes of environmental inequity in Denver, Colorado

Abstract This study examines decisions for the permitting of stationary sources of criteria air pollutants with respect to the distributional effects among ethnic groups and socio-economic classes. Similar to findings of past studies, a statistically significant correlation exists between minorities (particularly Hispanics and Native Americans) and the location of new stationary sources of air pollution in the Denver Metropolitan area. This correlation between minority status and pollution may be due to the fact there exists a correlation between race and socioeconomic factors such as high unemployment rates, high percentage of housing being rental units and low incomes. Therefore, a causal multiple regression model was developed to isolate these socioeconomic factors at the time of the siting decision from minority status of the population. Several of these socioeconomic factors appear to be the determining factors in the location of new stationary sources of air pollution in the Denver, Colorado Metropolitan area. We hypothesize that firms find that certain demographic factors make it less costly in time and effort to site major air pollution point sources. Policy measures based on the assumption of racial discrimination in the siting process may not be effective in reducing the inequitable distribution of pollution if other socioeconomic characteristics are stronger determinants in the location of polluting industry.
Analysis of gasolines by FT-IR spectroscopy

An experimental and computational protocol was established for the simultaneous determination of several key gasoline properties from a single Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum. The study has shown that midband FT-IR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibration analysis is a versatile, efficient, and accurate technique for the simultaneous estimation of key gasoline properties within about 1 min with less than 2 mL of sample. The FT-IR-derived values of gasoline properties include research and motor octane numbers, aromatic, olefinic, and saturated hydrocarbon content, benzene content, and concentrations of ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and total oxygen. Concentrations of other oxygenated compounds are expected to be equally predictable. However, since these oxygen-containing species have not been adequately represented among the currently commercially available gasoline samples, their calibration may only be achieved using laboratory fuel blends. Midrange boiling point data may also ...
Searching for Higgs bosons of minimal supersymmetry

After a brief introduction, we study the constraints on MSSM the Higgs sector parameters from the non-observation of any Higgs boson signals in experiments at LEP. We also review the range of Higgs boson masses that can be searched for at LEP 200. For the most part, we focus on the prospects for the detection of MSSM Higgs bosons in experiments at hadron supercolliders, assuming that these are too heavy to be discovered at LEP 200. We then show that supersymmetric decays of Higgs bosons can significantly reduce the rates for event topologies usually used for Higgs searches. Finally, we discuss some promising new channels for MSSM Higgs boson detection that become possible if these SUSY decays are allowed.
Modding as a basis for developing game systems

This paper seeks to briefly examine what is known so far about game mods and modding practices. Game modding has become a leading method for developing games by customizing extensions to game software. The research method in this study is observational and qualitative, so as to highlight current practices and issues that can be associated with software engineering foundations. Numerous examples of different game mods and modding practices are identified throughout.
Intrarenal Blood Flow Distribution (IRBF) in the Puppy Using Xenon Washout and Microspheres

Intrarenal Blood Flow Distribution (IRBF) in the Puppy Using Xenon Washout and Microspheres
AHTIBODY RESPONSE TO INTRAVENOUS IMMUNIZATION FOLLOWING SFLENIC TISSUE AUTOTRANSPLANTATION IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

Autotransplanted splenic tissue has been shown to regenerate into implants microscopically indistinguishable from normal spleen in a variety of experimental animals. Little is known, however, about the immunologic function of such implants. The spleen is essential for the formation of antibody in response to small doses of intravenously administered particulate antigen. Response to intravenous challenge with sheep erythrocytes was determined in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats 5 months following auto-transplantation of splenic tissue into subcutaneous tissue, peritoneal cavity, or a surgically-created omental pouch. There was a marked rise in heterophile antibody titer following intravenous challenge in 10 control animals and no rise in 9 of 10 asplenic animals. Heterophile antibody titers increased in all of the animals with transplants. In addition, autotransplanted splenic tissue was able to take up intravenously injected 993Tc sulfur colloid. Thus autotransplanted splenic tissue is capable of clearing intravenously administered particulate material from the circulation and is able to have an immunologic response to intravenous antigenic challenge similar to that of the normal, intact spleen.
Observations of the ionospheric projection of the plasmapause

[1] We demonstrate a method for extracting the ionospheric projection of the plasmapause (PP) from DMSP measurements of the H+ density in the topside ionosphere. The results agree well with PP locations derived from images of the plasmasphere acquired by the IMAGE spacecraft during a 72-day period in 2001. The DMSP-derived PP locations are usually earthward of the IMAGE EUV PP locations, on average about 0.5 L. The locations are also usually earthward of PP locations derived from the O'Brien and Moldwin [2003] empirical PP model, on average about 1 L. Nearly all of the cases when the DMSP-derived PP location is more that about 0.5 L different than the IMAGE-derived PP location occur during periods when the plasmasphere and PP are showing significant structure. Examination of these periods suggests that the DMSP measurements are often identifying physical structures in the plasmasphere.
A digital bandgap reference

A digital bandgap reference that provides a programmable reference voltage output is presented. It uses the same idea as an analog bandgap circuit except that the three operations of differencing, scaling and addition are done in the digital domain after converting the operands, the analog junction-diode voltages, into numbers. Digital signal processing provides both precision and programmability. The computed result is converted back to obtain the analog output voltage. The voltage drop across one of the current-biased diodes is used as reference in performing both the analog to digital and digital to analog conversions. Both of these conversions are done in a short time period to ensure that the reference voltage remains constant. Thus the reference voltage value cancels and becomes immaterial. It also becomes easier to address issues like curvature correction in the digital domain. Simulation results are presented for a nominal digital bandgap reference 1.2V with a variation of <;0.22% over -40 to 125μC.
Mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Abstract Background . The mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a rare condition in which some diagnostic and surgical problems still remain to be solved. Methods . In 9 patients a single pulmonary vein was connected to the systemic vein at a site different from the drainage site of the confluence of three other pulmonary veins. In 2 other patients, four pulmonary veins made a confluence which had two drainage sites. Correct diagnosis was made in all 7 patients who received cardiac catheterization but only in 5 of the 9 patients by color Doppler echocardiography. Total correction was performed in 3 patients and the single anomalous pulmonary vein was left uncorrected in 8 other patients. Results . There were two in-hospital deaths. Seven patients with a single residual anomalous pulmonary vein have been in good condition without clinical symptoms of congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions . Diagnosis of mixed type of total anomalous pulmonary venous correction by echocardiography is sometimes difficult. When a mixed type is suspected, cardiac catheterization is recommended if the condition of the patient permits it. A single anomalous pulmonary vein may be left uncorrected without serious complications, but close observation is needed to prevent congestive heart failure and pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.
Overview of Some Human Factors Design Issues for In-Vehicle Navigation and Route Guidance Systems

In-vehicle navigation and route guidance systems have been proposed as solutions to the congestion problem. For these systems to be effective, drivers should be able to understand the information and respond in a safe manner. Some of the human factors issues associated with the design of these systems are discussed. The focus is on the safety and human factors issues while the person is driving on the road. The following issues are addressed in detail: mode of information presentation, information content and format, message timing, display location, and driver interaction with devices. Conclusions and areas for future research are also provided.
Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism

Convection in an isolated planet is characterized by narrow downwellings and broad updrafts—consequences of Archimedes’ principle, the cooling required by the second law of thermodynamics, and the effect of compression on material properties. A mature cooling planet with a conductive low-viscosity core develops a thick insulating surface boundary layer with a thermal maximum, a subadiabatic interior, and a cooling highly conductive but thin boundary layer above the core. Parts of the surface layer sink into the interior, displacing older, colder material, which is entrained by spreading ridges. Magma characteristics of intraplate volcanoes are derived from within the upper boundary layer. Upper mantle features revealed by seismic tomography and that are apparently related to surface volcanoes are intrinsically broad and are not due to unresolved narrow jets. Their morphology, aspect ratio, inferred ascent rate, and temperature show that they are passively responding to downward fluxes, as appropriate for a cooling planet that is losing more heat through its surface than is being provided from its core or from radioactive heating. Response to doward flux is the inverse of the heat-pipe/mantle-plume mode of planetary cooling. Shear-driven melt extraction from the surface boundary layer explains volcanic provinces such as Yellowstone, Hawaii, and Samoa. Passive upwellings from deeper in the upper mantle feed ridges and near-ridge hotspots, and others interact with the sheared and metasomatized surface layer. Normal plate tectonic processes are responsible both for plate boundary and intraplate swells and volcanism.