cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN FALL MIGRANT COMMUNITIES IN YUCATAN, MEXICO

Abstract We quantified temporal turnover in the composition of fall migrant landbird communities along the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula using Detrended Correspondence Analysis. The presence of winter residents of many migrant species at the site prevented turnover from being complete. However, early and late season transient communities shared few, if any, species in common. Point-count surveys showed greater compositional change than net surveys that included winter residents. The rate of species turnover was generally slow until the middle of the season, when it reached a maximum, and decreased again toward the end of the season as species composition began to converge on that characteristic of the winter community. Within-season patterns of species turnover were similar between net- and point-count surveys and were consistent across years. Species that winter farther south arrived at the site significantly earlier than those wintering at more northern latitudes; however, there was no associa...
Green accounting and the welfare gap

Abstract Although gross domestic product (GDP) is not intended to be a measure of societal welfare, it is often used as such. One shortcoming as a welfare measure is that it fails to account for the non-marketed value of natural resource flows. The difference between societal welfare and GDP is labelled the ‘welfare gap’. A model that accounts for both market and non-market income flows from natural capital is used to examine this gap. Societal welfare depends on private goods and the stock of natural capital. The latter is subject to a logistic growth relationship common to many non-human species. Private goods are produced using human capital and flows of natural capital. An exogenously growing human population either harvests the natural resource, produces human capital or produces the private good. Optimal control theory and dynamic simulations provide steady-state harvest and human capital growth rates which determine the steady-state natural resource stock, GDP and societal welfare growth rates. The model illustrates the feasibility of explicitly accounting for ecological relationships in economic growth models and shows that, depending on one’s preferences and the growth rate of human population and the intrinsic growth rate of natural resources, GDP may diverge substantially from the growth rate of societal welfare, leaving a large welfare gap.
Cognitive decline and emotional regulation of senior consumers.

Abstract This study examines seniors’ pre-decision information processing and post-recovery satisfaction in a casual restaurant context by focusing on age-related differences. This paper fills a research gap, outlined by several researchers in the senior consumer field, by identifying the age-related mechanisms that may transform seniors’ decision-making behaviors when dining out at a restaurant. Specifically, this study focuses on the fact that as people age cognitive abilities decline while emotional self-regulation increases. Thus, we expected that age-related cognitive decline would lead senior consumers to revisit familiar restaurants and that seniors would possess superior emotional self-regulation in service failure and recovery situations. The sample was divided into a “senior” group (age 60 and older) of consumers and a “younger” group (age 39 and younger). We conducted Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests using a 2 × 2 experimental design in order to examine whether there were statistically significant age differences in terms of consumers restaurant behaviors. The results suggest that senior consumers are attractive targets because they are likely to remain attached to familiar restaurants and consider fewer options compared with younger consumers. Furthermore, senior consumers show more emotional self-regulation and, thus, recover from negative emotions more quickly, which leads to higher post-recovery satisfaction compared with younger consumers. The findings provide practical guidance for restaurant companies to improve their current offerings and better target and satisfy the senior segment.
Sulfur dioxide and particles in quiescent volcanic plumes from Poas, Arenal, and Colima volcanos, Costa Rica and Mexico

Measurements of SO2 emission rates and concentrations and of particle distribution, size, shape, and composition were made in quiescent volcanic plumes emitted into the troposphere from Poas and Arenal volcanos, Costa Rica, and Colima volcano, Mexico. SO2 emission rates were 700 + or - 180 metric tons per day (t/d) for Poas, 210 + or - 30 t/d for Arenal, and 320 + or - 50 t/d for Colima. The concentrations of SO2 calculated from the COSPEC/lidar data were 5-380 ppb. Concentrations of SO2 measured directly by flame photometry were 10-250 ppb. Particles collected in the plumes with a quartz crystal microbalance impactor were mostly less than 3 microns in diameter and consisted of droplets of dilute sulfur-bearing solutions and minor amounts of layer silicate particles coated with a sulfur-bearing film or crust. Total particle concentrations were 4.7 micrograms per cu.m for Poas and 18.8 micrograms per cu.m for Colima. Comparison of concentrations of SO2 in the plumes with gas samples collected at fumaroles on the ground suggests that the plumes are diluted by the atmosphere by factors of up to 100,000.
A STUDY OF EARLY LOS ALAMOS INTERNAL EXPOSURES TO PLUTONIUM

Internal dose caused by exposure to 239 Pu/ 240 Pu is calculated for a group of 210 former Los Alamos workers who participated in the urine bioassay programme during the years 1944-45. An iterative Bayesian procedure is employed, where the distribution of intake amounts resulting from an initial calculation is used to define a prior probability distribution of inhalation intakes for an iterated second calculation. The urine bioassay data from this time period were not of high quality, and the more accurate intake prior tempers the effect of spurious high samples, which were probably caused by sample contamination.
Outcome of Elbow Surgery in Professional Baseball Players

We reviewed the records of 72 professional baseball players who underwent arthroscopic or open elbow surgery. The most common diagnoses were posteromedial olecranon osteophyte (65%), ulnar collateral ligament injury (25%), and ulnar neuritis (15%). Intraarticular loose bodies were found in 39% of the patients. Fifty-nine patients (82%) were observed for a minimum of 24 months, with an average of 42 months' followup. Forty-seven players (80%) returned to play for a minimum of one season (73% at the same or higher level of play), and 17% of the players retired initially because of their elbow injury. One third of the players required two or more surgical procedures, with 25% of these patients requiring an ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction after removal of a posteromedial olecranon osteophyte. The patients with posteromedial olecranon osteophytes had the highest rate of reoperation, and patients who underwent ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction had a higher rate of return to play. The incidence of ulnar collateral ligament injuries was most likely underestimated in this group of athletes, with initial treatment directed at the secondary injuries instead of the primary ulnar collateral ligament injury.
Reduction of Nitroaromatics by Non-Metal Hydrazinolysis

Abstract High temperature (160°C) can substitute for a metal catalyst in achieving the complete reduction of nitroaromatic compounds to corresponding amines by hydrazine.
Radiotherapy in the postoperative treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Part II. A re-examination of Stjernswärd's application of the Mantel-Haenszel statistical method. Evaluation of the effect of the radiation on immune response and suggestions for postoperative radiotherapy.

A re-examination of the statistical methods used to develop the claim that radiation postoperatively decreases survival was carried out. This study demonstrates that a) when correct figures are used, statistical significance is not demonstrated, i.e. there is not statistically significant evidence that irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics and/or chest wall following mastectomy has a deleterious effect on survival, b) the use of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure was inappropriate for the purpose for which it was used. A survey of the available evidence fails to substatiate the claim that the immunological system effects of local irradiation relate in any way to decreased survival. Recommendations for the use of irradiation postoperatively in the treatment of breast cancer are made.
Asthma Management in Sickle Cell Disease

Asthma is a common comorbid factor in sickle cell disease (SCD). However, the incidence of asthma in SCD is much higher than expected compared to rates in the general population. Whether “asthma” in SCD is purely related to genetic and environmental factors or rather is the consequence of the underlying hemolytic and inflammatory state is a topic of recent debate. Regardless of the etiology, hypoxemia induced by bronchoconstriction and inflammation associated with asthma exacerbations will contribute to a cycle of sickling and subsequent complications of SCD. Recent studies confirm that asthma predisposes to complications of SCD such as pain crises, acute chest syndrome, and stroke and is associated with increased mortality. Early recognition and aggressive standard of care management of asthma may prevent serious pulmonary complications and reduce mortality. However, data regarding the management of asthma in SCD is very limited. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of current asthma therapy in patients with SCD and coincident asthma, while mechanistic studies are needed to delineate the underlying pathophysiology.
Development of glucogenesis from galactose by fetal rat liver explants in organ culture

Abstract Basic parameters of net glucose and net galactose uptake by fetal rat liver explants at 16 and 20 days of gestation (term = 21–22 days) remained relatively constant over 3 days in a defined organ culture system. Explants at 20 days of gestation released glucose into the culture medium in proportion to the varied medium galactose concentrations (0 to 20 mM); explants at 16 days of gestation lacked this glucogenic response. When 16-day explants were exposed to glucocorticoids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone, or corticosterone) during culture, there was a time- and concentration-dependent development of glucose production from galactose. The precocious development of galactose glucogenesis could be reproduced in utero by the interperitoneal injection of 0.4 mg of dexamethasone into mothers on Days 14 and 15 of gestation. Such 16-day explants from fetuses of dexamethasone-treated mothers exhibited a further increase in the magnitude of glucose released when they were exposed to additional glucocorticoids in culture. Other steroid hormones (progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone) as well as glucagon had no effect on the development of this response.
Universalising Transgender Representation: Emmanuelle Pagano's Les Adolescents troglodytes

In current French cultural discourse, transgender subjects tend to be constructed through binarised notions of sex and to be excluded as citizens. I argue for another way to conceive of transidentity, through a ‘majoritising’ approach in which non-trans subjects are not unlike trans subjects but rather in dialogue with them. Toward this end, I analyse a 2007 novel: Emmanuelle Pagano's Les Adolescents troglodytes, a winner of the European Union Prize for Literature. Focusing on Adele, a post-op trans schoolbus driver in the Ardeche, the text represents trans subjectivity as far from a singular experience or as a struggle against the nation or the state, but as an ecological web of connections in which transidentity extends well beyond the main character's life experience. The recurring textual links between nature and Adele reposition transidentity as an effect of nature, or more precisely, as part of an ongoing process by which humans alter the natural all the time. Rather than isolating the trans subject...
Discovery of a 450 km diameter, multi‐ring basin on Mars through analysis of MOLA topographic data

Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) topographic data have revealed a previously unknown, 450 km wide, 2 km deep basin centered at 30N, 312W near the Phison Rupes. This basin, as large as and deeper than the obvious Cassini impact basin located 1000 km to the SW, is not apparent in the existing but good quality Viking imagery. Gridded MOLA data show the feature as a closed depression. Based on analysis of slope breaks readily visible in two MOLA profiles, we suggest this Phison Rupes Basin has three topographic rings with diameters approximately 350, 455 and 670 km. These rings outline a region of lower impact crater density and smoother inter-crater plains. Similar previously unknown features may exist elsewhere on Mars, and MOLA topographic data may be able to locate them.
On connecting connected discourse: A comment on methodology

College subjects learned three 67-word narrative paragraphs under either serial or intact presentation modes. Subjects were also instructed to read for verbatim or substance content. Control subjects received no instructions. Leaners receiving intact presentation recalled significantly more of the paragraphs read. In addition, an analysis of words recalled in order indicated that subjects are able to employ a strategy set only if the discourse is presented as an intact unit. The data suggest that learning discourse in a serial manner may yield results quite different from those obtained with intact presentation.
An action-research based instrument for monitoring continuous quality improvement

Despite containing an extensive body of normative or prescriptive studies, quality management literature offers little by way of generally applicable guidance concerning how to measure or monitor the critical factors underlying strategic quality management initiatives, such as total quality management and continuous quality improvement. Although several studies have relied on survey data from a multiple set of sources to unearth models of such factors, they do not offer general guidelines to select factors appropriate in a specific setting. In this paper, in contradistinction to the multiple-source survey methodology, we take an action-research approach and present the findings of a contextually specific, single-site empirical research that we carried out at Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems, in Fort Worth, Texas. We discuss the implications of our findings for extending our empirical understanding of the factors underlying strategic quality management programs and for the development of reliable and valid instruments to monitor them.
Reconstructing Devastated Cities: Europe after World War II and New Orleans after Katrina

Comparing the post-war reconstruction of bombed German cities and the ongoing rebuilding of New Orleans can provide a useful basis for evaluating what has happened in the Crescent City since Katrina. This article concentrates on reconstruction financing, design ideas, and the planning process. The experience of German reconstruction suggests that expectations in New Orleans for immediate, unrestricted financial help from the Federal government and for constructing a dramatically new city were misplaced. External financing requires time to arrive. Planners after the war and today have drawn upon ideas common throughout the twentieth century. Aided by the Internet and the input of planners and architects from across the United States, the planning process in New Orleans has been comparatively rapid and open. Helped by volunteer labour and charity, actual rebuilding has been as much ad hoc as planned.
Central location of the Mu strong gyrase binding site is obligatory for optimal rates of replicative transposition

The bacteriophage Mu genome contains a strong DNA gyrase binding site (SGS) near its center, and disruption of the SGS by deletion or by insertion results in long delays in replication following induction of the appropriate lysogen. To determine if the central location of the SGS is obligatory for its function in Mu replication, we pursued two lines of investigation. First, fragments of Mu DNA containing the SGS were inserted into various locations in a Mu prophage lacking the central SGS. Replication following induction was restored in all of the lysogens constructed, but the observed rate of replication for different prophages decreased with increasing distance between the new location of the SGS and the center of the genome. We also deleted different lengths of DNA from within the right half of a wild-type prophage, retaining the SGS and displacing it from a central location. Replication rates of the deleted prophages were reduced, with larger deletions resulting in larger reductions. Pairing deletions in the right half of the prophage with a deletion in the left half resulted in substantially higher rates of replication than observed with the right half deletions alone. We conclude that the SGS must be located centrally between the Mu termini for optimal rates of Mu replication. These results are discussed in terms of a model that proposes that the SGS is involved in organizing the topology of supercoiled prophage DNA to assist in synapsis of the Mu termini.
Hydrogen trapping in fusion materials due to ion irradiation: Implications for neutron irradiation

Abstract A recently developed trap activation model for hydrogen trapping in fusion materials due to ion irradiation has been used to estimate the effects of neutron irradiation on hydrogen trapping. In making these estimates it is assumed that the trap activation cross-section and the hydrogen displacement cross-section are related to the deposited damage energy in the same way for ion irradiation and neutron irradiation. The results suggest that a significant quantity of tritium may be trapped in the damage produced by the neutrons in the structural stainless steel surrounding the plasma chamber of a typical tokamak. Experimental measurement of a key parameter in the model is required, however, prior to making a final evaluation of the severity of this important effect.
Ten Commandments of Successful Trial Management

A well-designed, adequately funded clinical trial based on sound science and conducted by experienced investigators and staff can falter if participating trial clinics are not managed well. Ten commandments for successful trial clinic management address key organizational and operational issues. Commandment I: Thou shalt know and follow thy rules. Commandment II: Thou shalt know and fulfill thy roles. Commandment III: Thou shalt meet thy commitments. Commandment IV: Thou shalt collaborate. Commandment V: Thou shalt communicate. Commandment VI: Thou shalt document. Commandment VII: Thou shalt honor thy participants. Commandment VIII: Thou shalt keep thy participants' secrets. Commandment IX: Thou shalt revere thy data. Commandment X: Thou shalt know and accept thy limitations. This report puts these commandments into context by providing concrete examples in the clinical trial setting. These commandments could serve as guidelines to the spectrum of personnel involved in the operations of a trial clinic, namely, principal investigators and co-investigators, trial coordinators, data managers, technicians, administrators, and support staff.
Impact of damage on propagation of Lamb waves in plates

A consorted effort is ongoing to utilize spectral analysis of Lamb Waves to rapidly characterize and to detect damage in plates. To optimize test set-up, to understand the limitations of the methodology, and to verify the experimental results, an effort is under way to simulate conditions normally encountered in actual cases. The impact of propagation of Lamb waves in the presence or absence of damage has been simulated using a finite element algorithm, 2D Fourier transform can be used to identify individual modes, and to measure the amplitude and propagation velocity of each mode in a thin plate. Mode conversion due to the presence of a crack can be readily identified with this method. The damage was modeled as notches with different widths and depths. Three different materials were modeled for this purpose: Aluminum 6061-T6, Steel A36, and Graphite- Epoxy; the latter being analyzed in directions parallel nd perpendicular to the fibers. The focus of the work was on low-frequency range where the fundamental symmetric and anti-symmetric modes are dominant. The ratio of notch depth to plate thickness and the absolute notch depth were considered as possible controlling parameters for the sensitivity in the damage detection. The effect of the width of the flaw on the transmissivity of the Lamb waves was also considered and found to be minimal.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Inquiry into the American System of Industrial Management

Examines the system of industrial management in the United States in the 1960s. Functions performed by the generalist in management; Approaches to management; Types of unionism.
End of the beginning: Chico mendes and the battle for Brazil's rain forest

On the evening of 22 December 1988 the world lost one of its most dedicated environmental leaders. Chico Mendes, born Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, was shot down by ranchers as he walked out of the back door of his home in Xapuri, Brazil. Although Mendes achieved worldwide recognition for his efforts to protect the Amazonian rain forest and, in fact, has been proclaimed an “eco‐martyr,” his original and foremost concern was securing workers' rights for the indigenous people of the forest and preserving the land they lived on.
The Effects of Varying Dietary Fat on the Nutrient Intake in Male and Female Runners

Objective: The present study examined the effects of varying dietary fat levels on nutrients in female and male endurance runners. Methods: Three diets (low, medium and high fat) were designed for each subject using their food preferences and three-day food records. Each diet was eaten for 28 to 31 days. The diets were self-selected from seven-day sample menus. Twelve male and 13 female runners between 18 and 55 years of age who averaged 42 miles/week participated in the study. Daily food intakes, activity records and weekly palatability/hunger scales were completed. Results: Dietary fat intakes, as a percent of total energy intake (%E), averaged 17%E, 31%E, and 44%E on the low, medium and high fat diets, respectively. Energy consumption was less than their estimated energy expenditure (EEE) on all diets. On the low fat diet, the female runners were consuming approximately 60% of their EEE. As dietary fat increased, the difference between calorie intake and estimated energy expenditure became less and the subjects were less hungry on the two higher fat diets. For all subjects, as energy intakes increased, so did carbohydrate intake. Therefore, carbohydrate intake was not different on the two lower fat diets. Irrespective of gender, calcium and zinc intakes, which were below 1989 RDAs, increased with increasing fat intakes, between the low and medium fat diets. Zinc intake was also higher on the highest fat diet. Essential fatty acid intakes for females on the low fat diet were less than 2.5%E. Half of the female runners ate less than the RDA of calcium and zinc on the low fat diet and Fe on the medium fat diet. Conclusion: This study suggests that endurance runners may not be consuming enough calories on a low fat diet and that increasing dietary fat increased energy consumption. On the low fat diet, essential fatty acids and some minerals (especially zinc) may be too low. A low fat diet could compromise health and performance.
Image retrieval based on local grey-level invariants

During past decades, the enormous growth of image archives has significantly increased the demand for research efforts aimed at efficiently finding specific images within large databases. This paper investigates matching of images of buildings, architectural designs, blueprints and sketches. Their geometrical constrains lead to the proposed approach: the use of local grey-level invariants based on internal contours of the object. The problem involves three key phases: object recognition in image data, matching two images and searching the database of images. The emphasis of this paper is on object recognition based on internal contours of image data. In her master's thesis, M.M. Kulkarni described a technique for image retrieval by contour analysis implemented on external contours of an object in an image data. This is used to define the category of a building (tower, dome, flat, etc). Integration of these results with local grey-level invariant analysis creates a more robust image retrieval system. Thus, the best match result is the intersection of the results of contour analysis and grey-level invariants analysis. Experiments conducted for the database of architectural buildings have shown robustness w.r.t. to image rotation, translation, small view-point variations, partial visibility and extraneous features. The recognition rate is above 99% for a variety of tested images taken under different conditions.
Intranasal phosphoramidon increases beta-amyloid levels in wild-type and NEP/NEP2-deficient mice.

Intranasal administration is emerging as a reliable and non-invasive method to bypass the blood–brain barrier and deliver drugs to the brain. This approach has been primarily used to explore therapeutic avenues for neurological diseases. However, intranasal administration could also be used to create animal models of brain disease. Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) accumulation is a key feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and the most common models of AD are transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes linked to familial AD. An alternative model of amyloidosis utilizes intracerebroventricular infusion of thiorphan or phosphoramidon to block the activity of key Aβ degrading enzymes (NEP, NEP2) resulting in accumulation of Aβ. Here, we demonstrate that intranasal administration of phosphoramidon produces significantly elevated cerebral Aβ levels in wild-type mice. Furthermore, intranasal phosphoramidon administration in double knockout mice lacking NEP and NEP2 also showed increased levels of Aβ40. These data show that intranasal delivery of drugs can be used to model AD and suggest that other phosphoramidon-sensitive peptidases are degrading Aβ in NEP/NEP2-deficient mice.
When the Topic is You: Genetic Counselor Responses to Prenatal Patients’ Requests for Self-Disclosure

A limited amount of research indicates patient requests play a major role in genetic counselors' self-disclosure decisions and that disclosure and non-disclosure responses to patient requests may differentially affect genetic counseling processes. Studies further suggest patient requests may be more common in prenatal settings, particularly when counselors are pregnant. Empirical evidence is limited however, concerning the nature of patient requests. This study explored genetic counselors' experiences of prenatal patients' requests for self-disclosure. Four major research questions were: (1) What types of questions do prenatal patients ask that invite self-disclosure?; (2) Do pregnant genetic counselors have unique experiences with prenatal patient disclosure requests?; (3) How do genetic counselors typically respond to disclosure requests?; and (4) What strategies are effective and ineffective in responding to disclosure requests? One hundred seventy-six genetic counselors completed an online survey and 40 also participated in telephone interviews. Inductive analysis of 21 interviews revealed patient questions vary, although questions about counselor demographics are most common, and patients are more likely to ask pregnant counselors questions about their personal pregnancy decisions. Participants reported greater discomfort with self-disclosure requests during pregnancy, yet also disclosing more frequently during pregnancy. Counselor responses included personal self-disclosure, professional self-disclosure, redirection, and declining to disclose. Factors perceived as influencing disclosure included: topic, patient motivations, timing of request, quality of counseling relationship, patient characteristics, and ethical/legal responsibilities. Disclosure practices changed over time for most counselors. Additional findings, practice implications, and research recommendations are discussed.
The Parallel Research Kernels

We present the Parallel Research Kernels; a collection of kernels supporting research on parallel computer systems. This set of kernels covers the most common patterns of communication, computation and synchronization encountered in parallel HPC applications. By focusing on these kernels instead of specific workloads, one can design an effective parallel computer system without needing to make predictions about the nature of future workloads.
Combining ability, maternal, and reciprocal effects of elite early-maturing maize population hybrids

Choosing germplasm based on elite and diverse genetic sources is essential for the genetic improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the agronomic and economic potential of maize population and single-cross hybrids and whether significant maternal (ME) and reciprocal effects (RE) reside in elite population hybrids for seed production purposes. Seven elite maize populations currently under recurrent selection at North Dakota State University (NDSU) [NDSCD(M-S)C11, NDSAB(MER-FS)C14, BS21(R)C7, BS22(R)C7, LEAMING(S)C4, CGL(S1-S2)C5 and CGSS(S1-S2)C5] were crossed in a diallel mating design to form 42 population hybrids, including their reciprocals. The 42 population hybrids with eight single-cross hybrids were evaluated at six U.S. North Central locations in 2005. Data collected across locations indicated that differences across genotypes were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for all traits observed, except for grain yield ear components. General combining ability (GCA) effects were on average larger than specific combining ability (SCA) effects. ME and RE were not significant for all traits, except for ear height. The large grain yield differences between macro-environments were reflected in the ranking of genotypes, with BS21(R)C7 × BS22(R)C7 being the top performer in eastern environments and CGSS(S1-S2)C5 × NDSAB(MER-FS)C14 being the top one across western environments where drought is the major limitation. The increased ethanol production and demand from maize make test weight (and grain quality), earliness, lodging resistance, and drought tolerance as important as grain yield for maintaining a sustainable maize-ethanol relationship.
Participation and program outcomes in a church-based cancer prevention program for Hispanic women.

This study examined program attendance and related outcomes for Companeros en la Salud, a church-based culturally focused health promotion program specifically designed for low-acculturated, low-income Hispanic women. In this church-based study, the cancer prevention intervention was the major intervention group, and its effects were compared with a noncancer-oriented family mental health group. The goal of the present study was to identity predictors of program attendance and increases in cancer prevention knowledge and behaviors. Lower levels of acculturation level and greater overall church attendance were predictive of program attendance for Hispanic women in the cancer prevention component. Also, attendance in the cancer intervention component of the Companeros en la Salud program was predictive of posttest cancer prevention knowledge. By contrast, higher acculturation level was a significant predictor of having had a clinical breast exam at posttest. Similarly, younger age and lower fear of cancer were predictive of having had a pap smear at posttest. Finally, pretest cancer prevention knowledge was a significant predictor of mammography screening for women ages 40 and over. These results offer implications for the development of culturally tailored cancer prevention programs for Hispanic women.
Growth with Equity: A Test of Olson's Theory for the Asian Pacific-Rim Countries

In the past quarter of century, the countries located along the Asian side of the Pacific Basin have achieved impressive economic growth and socioeconomic equity. Conventional economic theory and dependencia perspectives are poorly equipped to account for the simultaneous achievement of these desiderata. In this analysis, Mancur Olson's theory of distributional coalitions is employed, with considerable success, in analyzing this phenomenon. It is hypothesized that countries that have undergone more severe forms of civil war and/or foreign occupation have weaker distributional coalitions, and hence are more likely to be able to achieve rapid economic growth and equitable distribution of income and social welfare. The hypothesized relationships are generally supported by the experience of the Asian Pacific-rim countries.
A failure to transfer control of keypecking from food reinforcement to escape from and avoidance of shock

Three pigeons, trained to key peck for food reinforcement, were shifted to a procedure in which keypecks avoided or escaped electric shocks. Keypecking essentially ceased by the sixth session on this procedure. After 24 sessions of food reinforcement for pecking on a variable interval (VI) schedule, the avoidance-escape procedure was reintroduced, and keypecking ceased by the fourth session. Another period of VI food reinforcement, followed by another period of avoidance-escape, produced the same result. The same value of shock employed in the avoidance-escape procedure successfully eliminated the keypecking that produced it (punishment). These results support Bolles’s (1970) discussion of species-specific defense reactions and are consistent with other failures to transfer control of responding from one reinforcer to another.
Follow-up analysis of a randomized phase III immunotherapeutic clinical trial on melanoma.

Development of a melanoma-specific vaccine is of clinical necessity. Therefore, a phase III, randomized, double-blind trial was performed (June 1988–June 1991) to assess the clinical effectiveness of our vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO) vaccine in stage III melanoma patients. Patient data were collected from 11 institutions, as well as from the Social Security Death Index and were analyzed from April through August 2008 for disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). The median OS for patients who were administered the VMO vaccine was 7.71 years, compared to 7.95 years for patients administered the vaccinia virus vaccine (V) (p=0.70). The median DFI for the VMO group was six years, while the median DFI for the V group has not yet been reached. This analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference in OS in females in both groups (VMO, 79%; V, 92%), as compared to males (VMO, 57%; V, 68%) (p=0.0473). This follow-up analysis demonstrated that females had a survival advantage over males, thus warranting further investigation. This significant observation may facilitate the recruitment of patients for future clinical trials, as well as determine which patients are more likely to benefit from receiving the VMO vaccine.
Evaluating flexibility of alternative FMS designs — A comparative measure

Abstract Crucial for a successful implementation of FMS is the selection of the most appropriate system from available alternatives. To aid management in the decision-making process, a “measure” is proposed that ranks different competing FMS designs according to their inherent flexibility as they relate to the maximum flexibility possible stipulated by the state-of-the-art. In developing the proposed “measure”, the attributes governing the flexibility of FMS major components are defined. A notion of “strings” representing alternative production routes for different products is set forth. The method allows the integration of the eight points of flexibility stated by Browne et al. (1984) into a single comprehensive flexibility indicator. An example is given to illustrate the method.
Nuclear data research at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is based on an 800-MeV high current proton linear accelerator, which is used to produce intense pulses of neutrons over 16 orders of magnitude in energy from ultra-cold neutrons to neutrons with energies up to 800MeV. The four separate neutron production areas and the neutron energy ranges at each are: (1) the Weapons Neutron Research facility (0.1 to 800MeV); (2) the Lujan Center with moderated neutrons (cold - 500keV); (3) the Lead Slowing-Down Spectrometer (0.1eV to 200keV); and (4) the Ultracold Neutron Research facility (ultracold). Because of the flexibility of the accelerator, a wide range of neutron source intensities, pulse widths, and intensities is possible. Nuclear data measurements are conducted with the first three of these sources. Present research activities include experiments (with the instruments used) on high-resolution gamma-ray production by neutrons (GEANIE), neutron capture (DANCE), neutron and gamma-ray emission from fission and other reactions (FIGARO), charged-particle emission (NZ), neutron-induced fission (FISSION), and fission on small samples with a Lead Slowing Down Spectrometer (LSDS). With these capabilities, new approaches to studying neutron-induced reactions are yielding information on a wide range of nuclear data: gamma-ray emission including multiplicity and energy distributions, capture-to-fission ratios, transmutation reactions, emission probabilities for charged particles and neutrons, and cross sections on nuclides off the valley of stability. For some of the instruments, reactions can be studied on very small or short-lived samples. Analysis of the accuracy and precision of experiments is now being carried out in cooperation with data evaluators in order to improve the files of data covariances. Furthermore, the data are providing stringent tests of nuclear reaction models. Researchers from other laboratories in the US and from other countries collaborate in or lead many of these studies. The overview, presented here, of recent and on-going nuclear data research highlights several of the unique research opportunities made possible by the LANSCE neutron sources and specialized instrumentation. Possibilities for future advances are outlined.
Purification and characterization of developmentally regulated AMP deaminase from Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract AMP deaminase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and ammonia, was purified from the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum in the nutrient-deprived state. The native enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 199000 daltons. Its apparent Km was 1.6 mM and its Kmax was 1.0 μmol min-1 mg-1, as measured by the release of IMP From AMP. The enzyme, like other AMP deaminases, was found to be activated by ATP, and inhibited either by GTP or inorganic phosphate. It was also specific for the deamination of AMP. Deaminase activity was increased either when vegetative cells were placed in a nutrient-deprived medium (for up to 6 h) or when vegetative cells were treated with the drug hadacidin. In cells actively growing in complete media, enzyme activity was more non-specific, hydrolyzing adenosine as well as AMP. AMP deaminase in D. discoideum appears to be stage-specific and developmentally regulated, possibly serving to regulate the adenylated nucleotide pool and the interconversion to guanylated nucleotides during early morphodifferentiation.
The effect of word predictability on reading time is logarithmic

It is well known that real-time human language processing is highly incremental and context-driven, and that the strength of a comprehender’s expectation for each word encountered is a key determinant of the difficulty of integrating that word into the preceding context. In reading, this differential difficulty is largely manifested in the amount of time taken to read each word. While numerous studies over the past thirty years have shown expectation-based effects on reading times driven by lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and other information sources, there has been little progress in establishing the quantitative relationship between expectation (or prediction) and reading times. Here, by combining a state-of-the-art computational language model, two large behavioral data-sets, and non-parametric statistical techniques, we establish for the first time the quantitative form of this relationship, finding that it is logarithmic over six orders of magnitude in estimated predictability. This result is problematic for a number of established models of eye movement control in reading, but lends partial support to an optimal perceptual discrimination account of word recognition. We also present a novel model in which language processing is highly incremental well below the level of the individual word, and show that it predicts both the shape and time-course of this effect. At a more general level, this result provides challenges for both anticipatory processing and semantic integration accounts of lexical predictability effects. And finally, this result provides evidence that comprehenders are highly sensitive to relative differences in predictability – even for differences between highly unpredictable words – and thus helps bring theoretical unity to our understanding of the role of prediction at multiple levels of linguistic structure in real-time language comprehension.
Acute increase in blood flow to the rat bladder subsequent to partial bladder outlet obstruction.

Partial obstruction of the rat bladder outlet initiates a multi-step process during which the bladder progressively loses its functional ability. The first step in this progression is bladder hypertrophy; the organ dramatically increases in size and weight to compensate for the effects of obstruction. Unoperated female rats, age-matched, sham-obstructed rats, and rats that received a partial bladder outlet obstruction were studied. During the first 24 hours after partial bladder outlet obstruction, relative bladder blood flow was measured using a fluorescent microsphere infusion technique and laser Doppler imaging. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities of control and obstructed rat bladder tissues were determined using an enzymatic assay that measures the conversion of (3)H-L-arginine to (3)H-L-citrulline. Using the microsphere infusion technique, a significant increase in blood flow to the obstructed rat bladder was observed during the first 24 hours after partial bladder outlet obstruction. Relative bladder blood flow increased approximately sixfold at 4 and 6 hours post-obstruction and remained elevated through 24 hours of obstruction. Sham operations (evaluated after 6 hours after surgery) resulted in a minor increase in blood flow that did not reach statistical significance. Relative blood flow to the spleen, measured in the same rats, was not significantly changed. Laser Doppler measurements also identified a significant increase in rat bladder blood flow after outlet obstruction and showed that increased blood flow could be detected as early as 1 hour post-obstruction. Interestingly, despite the significant differences in bladder blood flow between control and early post-obstructed rat bladders, NOS activities of control and obstructed rat bladders were comparable. The increase in bladder blood flow precedes the urothelial, fibroblast and smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and the smooth muscle hypertrophy that occurs after obstruction. We propose that, in response to surgical induction of partial outlet obstruction, acute up-regulation of bladder blood flow may be an initiating factor for subsequent bladder cell proliferation and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 19:195-208, 2000.
The genetic structure of admixed populations.

A method for simultaneously estimating the admixture proportions of a hybrid population and Wright's fixation index, FST, for that hybrid is presented. It is shown that the variance of admixture estimates can be partitioned into two components: (1) due to sample size, and (2) due to evolutionary variance (i.e., genetic drift). A chi-square test used to detect heterogeneity of admixture estimates from different alleles, or loci, can now be corrected for both sources of random errors. Hence, its value for the detection of natural selection from heterogeneous admixture estimates is improved. The estimation and testing procedures described above are independent of the dynamics of the admixture process. However, when the admixture dynamics can be specified, FST can be predicted from genetic principles. Two admixture models are considered here, gene flow and intermixture. These models are of value because they lead to very different predictions regarding the accumulation of genes from the parental populations and the accumulation of variance due to genetic drift. When there is not evidence for natural selection, and it is appropriate to apply these models to data, the variance effective size (Ne) of the hybrid population can be estimated. Applications are made to three human populations: two of these are Afro-American populations and one is a Yanomamo Indian village. Natural selection could not be detected using the chi-square test in any of these populations. However, estimates of effective population sizes do lead to a richer description of the genetic structure of these populations.
Open Network Emulator: A Parallel Direct Code Execution Network Simulator

In this paper, we present the Open Network Emulator (ONE) a network simulator that combines the controllability and scalability of simulation with the direct code execution properties of emulation and experimental test beds. ONE has two novel features. First is a compiler framework that automatically transforms existing network application/protocols written in imperative languages such as C and C++ into composable modules, which can then be combined to create arbitrarily complex network stacks. This compiler framework obviates the need for heavyweight virtualization and enables ONE to execute multiple virtual hosts, each with its own application and network protocol stack, within a single process. The second novel feature of ONE is a new time model called Relativistic Time that combines the controllability of virtual time with the fidelity of real-time. To implement ONE, we ported the complete TCP/IP stack from within the Linux kernel (including the sockets interface, TCP, UDP IPv4 and v6, ICMP, IGMP, traffic shaping, net filters, routing and ARP) and well-known configuration and packet tracing applications such as if config and tcpdump. Existing network applications can be compiled and instantiated within ONE without requiring any source code change. We validated the fidelity of ONE by comparing the packet arrival times of multiple traffic generators on a real network against the arrival times with ONE emulation. Our preliminary performance evaluation of ONE on an 8 core system shows that ONE is highly efficient and can run over 450 virtual hosts connected over point-to-point gigabit links, while still retaining linear behavior.