cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidation state of the Earth's sub-oceanic mantle from oxygen thermobarometry of abyssal spinel peridotites

THE oxygen fugacity (fO2), or redox state, of the Earth's mantle is an important parameter in the evolution of mantle-derived magmatic rocks. Most estimates of the upper-mantle redox state have been based on samples of the sub-continental mantle and terrestrial lavas, and estimates of fO2 obtained by thermo-barometric methods tend to cluster within ±1.5 log units of the FMQ (fayalite–magnetite–quartz) reference oxygen fugacity buffer1–3. Much less is known about the redox state of the sub-oceanic mantle, the ultimate source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs). Here we use oxygen thermobarometry of abyssal spinel peridotites, representative of most of the Earth's mid-ocean-ridge systems, to show that the redox state of the sub-oceanic mantle lies at values of up to 4 log units (average of 1.35 log units) more reduced than FMQ. Our results are in excellent agreement with oxygen fugacities of MORBs obtained from Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios of quenched glass in pillow basalts4. This agreement confirms the redox state of the MORB source region and suggests that MORB glasses (as opposed to the cores of pillow basalts) have not undergone significant oxidation (hydrogen degassing) during their ascent.
Auxin metabolism rates and implications for plant development.

Studies of auxin metabolism rarely express their results as a metabolic rate, although the data obtained would often permit such a calculation to be made. We analyze data from 31 previously published papers to quantify the rates of auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, conjugate hydrolysis, and catabolism in seed plants. Most metabolic pathways have rates in the range 10 nM/h to 1 μM/h, with the exception of auxin conjugation, which has rates as high as ~100 μM/h. The highest rates of auxin conjugation suggests that auxin metabolic sinks may be very small, perhaps as small as a single cell. By contrast, the relatively low rate of auxin biosynthesis requires plants to conserve and recycle auxin during long-distance transport. The consequences for plant development are discussed.
Toward cooperative genomic knowledge inference

This paper proposes an efficient infrastructure for distributed genomic knowledge reasoning. A genomic semantic network complying with the UMLS is used as backbone knowledge representation system.
DHA Disorders Raft-Like Domains as Revealed by Solid State 2H NMR

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), have a wide variety of health benefits. However, the origin of the benefits at the molecular level is yet to be elucidated. A membrane-mediated mechanism in which n-3 PUFAs are incorporated into phospholipids and modulate molecular organization is one possibility. Cellular membranes are inhomogeneous where structurally diverse lipids can exist in separate domains. Regions rich in sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol, commonly called lipid rafts, contain important signaling proteins. In a recent solid-state 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) study of a model membrane composed of 1-[2H31] palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PDPC-d31), a deuterated analog of a DHA-containing phospholipid, in mixtures with SM and cholesterol, we discovered that DHA could significantly enter raft-like domains. How DHA affects the molecular organization within the raft-like domains is addressed here by observing PSM-d31, an analog of SM with a perdeuterated N-palmitoyl chain. The 2H NMR spectra for PSM-d31 in mixtures with PDPC and cholesterol exhibit two spectral components, a larger more ordered component that we attribute to raft-like domains and a smaller less ordered component that we attribute to non-raft-like domains. On average, the order of PSM-d31 is reduced and, thus, disordering of PSM-d31 by PDPC is indicated. Our observations confirm that DHA can infiltrate rafts and affect molecular organization, which has implications for the signaling of raft and non-raft proteins. Furthermore, these results are consistent with in vivo studies showing that DHA infiltrates rafts.
Clinical outcome and prognostic markers for patients with gynecologic malignancies in phase 1 clinical trials: A single institution experience from 1999 to 2010

Abstract Objectives There is a scarcity of outcome data regarding phase 1 trials for patients with gynecologic malignancy. The objective of this study was to assess toxicity, clinical benefit and prognosticators in gynecologic oncology patients participating in phase 1 trials. Methods All phase 1 oncology trials conducted at Albert Einstein Cancer Center from 1999 to 2010 were reviewed and extracted for relevant demographic and clinical data concerning patients with gynecologic malignancy. Cox-proportional and logistic regression modeling were used for multivariate analysis. Results 120 distinct patients with gynecologic malignancy participated in 41 trials, constituting 30.6% of all phase 1 patients enrolled in the same time period. The median age is 59years. Out of the 184 patients enrolled, 160 individual responses were evaluable. Seventeen DLT events (9.2%) occurred, including 1 (0.5%) treatment-related mortality. There were 27.2%≥grade 3 hematologic and 24.4% non-hematologic toxicity. Eighty patients had stable disease (SD, 50%), including 21.9% with SD≥4months, 11 (6.3%) with partial response (PR), and 3 (1.9%) achieving complete response (CR). The clinical benefit rate (CBR=SD+CR+PR) was 58.1%. Albumin (Alb)≤3.5g/dL and abnormal ANC were independent negative prognosticators of survival. We also found a continuous correlation between changes in Albumin (p=0.02) and LDH (p=0.02) and odds of achieving CBR≥4month. Conclusions Our clinical outcome and safety data suggested that phase 1 trials may be a reasonable option for patients with advanced and recurrent gynecologic cancer. The potential prognosticators identified should be further validated in larger trials.
Thermotunneling Systems for Advanced Efficient Cooling

Refrigeration for electronics components has been studied to keep the junction temperature below allowable limits. Thermoelectrics have been investigated heavily for their dual use over the last six decades These devices can be used for both cooling and power generation. Thermotunneling devices, on the other hand, have been known only for the last two decades, and nobody has been able to manufacture or show the performance of those devices. In this study, we will discuss the thermodynamic efficiency of these systems and design bottlenecks to reach high efficiencies, such as thermal back path and electrical losses. Concepts for possible device designs will be discussed. Then attention will be turned to near field radiation heat transfer that becomes critical in nano scale device designs.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Causal inference from 2K factorial designs by using potential outcomes

Summary A framework for causal inference from two-level factorial designs is proposed, which uses potential outcomes to define causal effects. The paper explores the effect of non-additivity of unit level treatment effects on Neyman's repeated sampling approach for estimation of causal effects and on Fisher's randomization tests on sharp null hypotheses in these designs. The framework allows for statistical inference from a finite population, permits definition and estimation of estimands other than ‘average factorial effects’ and leads to more flexible inference procedures than those based on ordinary least squares estimation from a linear model.
A Technique for the Minimally Invasive, Watson–Jones Approach to Total Hip Arthroplasty

Minimally invasive approaches to total hip arthroplasty have the potential to improve postoperative recovery by reducing tissue trauma and preserving musculotendinous units. The anterolateral (Hardinge) approach has been historically preferred by some surgeons because of a reduced risk of dislocation compared with the posterior approach. Unfortunately, violation of the anterior attachment of the abductor unit to the greater trochanter may lead to weakness and limp in some patients. In this paper, we describe a minimally invasive Watson–Jones approach to the hip, which aims at preserving the abductor unit to avoid postoperative weakness and limp. A combination of new instrumentation and positioning is described which facilitates the ability to perform this challenging approach. Although more difficult that the classical Watson–Jones approach, the minimally-invasive Watson–Jones approach provides most patients with a rapid recovery and rehabilitation and limits the risk of dislocation compared with the posterior approach.
MEANING, DISCREPANCY, AND SATISFACTION IN THE NURSE ROLE

What it means to be a nurse has changed over time. This article explores the changing meanings for the nurse role in a sample of Bachelor of Science nursing students by analyzing 30 nurse role attributes documented in the nursing literature. Students' perceptions of obligatory and self-in-role meanings are assessed, and multiple role meaning dimensions are identified. Identity-discrepancy theory is used to determine whether discrepancies between obligatory and self-in-role meanings are related to role satisfaction. Findings suggest that discrepancies in some nurse role meaning dimensions are predictive of role satisfaction. The implications for role exit and the nursing shortage are discussed.
Effect of pellet quality on various broiler production parameters

SUMMARY The effect of feeding diets of different pellet qualities was evaluated using Cobb × Cobb 500 straight-run broilers. Birds were fed a common starter diet in crumble form from 0 to 14 d of age and were subsequently fed grower phase (14 to 28 d) and finisher phase (28 to 42 d) diets that varied in percentage of pellets (0 vs. 32 vs. 64% pellets). All diets were based on corn, soybean meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and a meat by-product blend, and were formulated to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Diets were mixed in a 2,000-lb (907-kg) horizontal double-ribbon mixer and pelleted using a 40-horsepower pellet mill. At 28 d of age, birds were fed a mash feed (nonconditioned), a diet with 64% pellets, or a diet with equal amounts of these 2 diets to generate a 32% pellet diet. Birds fed the 2 pellet-containing diets performed similarly but had higher BW and feed intake and lower feed conversion than birds fed the mash diet. Feed conversion was best with the 64% pellet diet, and it increased progressively as the pellet count decreased. Birds fed diets with 32 and 64% pellets had higher weights for the carcass, back-half fat, and abdominal fat and had higher breast meat yield values, parallel to the final BW. Wing yield decreased progressively as the pellet quality increased. When feed costs associated with producing 1 kg of 42-d BW, carcass, breast meat, and back half were calculated, feeding diets with 64% pellets was superior to feeding diets with 32% pellets or mash diets. Based on the present results, feed mills would appear to be justified in considering strategies for improving pellet quality to increase broiler productivity, carcass yield, and feed cost efficiency.
Trial by Ordeal: CSI and the Rule of Law

The popular American television dramatic series, Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), with its emphasis on forensic analysis, has become an icon for anxieties within the legal system about truth-finding and legal outcomes. This chapter reviews empirical research on the “CSI effect” and then explores cultural dimensions of the show as suggested by analysis of its paradigms and style rather than the narrative content of specific episodes. CSI is related to larger trends within American legal culture and raises questions about the future of the rule of law. Open image in new window Photo: Gunshot Residue Lab, Connecticut State Forensic Science Laboratory, 2006. Christina Spiesel, All rights reserved.
Integrated Undergraduate Management Education: An Informal Benefit / Cost Analysis

This paper seeks to contribute to the literature of management education by evaluating assessment data on Babson College’s integrated undergraduate management core program (IMC). Transitions from functionally isolated curricula to more integrated alternatives involve both benefits and costs, accruing to faculty, students and sponsoring institutions. The relative benefits and cost of the Babson program are weighted based on recent assessment initiatives at the college.
Endodontic Update 2006

The past 10 years have witnessed more significant changes in the art and science of endodontics than the previous 100 years. This observation is no surprise, given that change is our only constant. The rate of change, however, has been anything but constant. The rate has accelerated so fast that all clinicians in the field of dentistry need a reliable source to guide us in what works. What works today in endodontics is the theme of this update. The discoveries and advancements in endodontic technology, instruments, and materials enable practitioners to achieve treatment outcomes that were previously considered unattainable. For example, in nonsurgical endodontic treatment, nickel titanium technology consistently can produce predictable radicular preparations that can be easily obturated. In nonsurgical re-treatment, the previous endodontic obturation attempt frequently can be removed and successfully re-treated largely because of enhanced vision and coaxial lighting from the operating microscope. Importantly, careful nonsurgical re-treatment usually can be accomplished without disruption to the existing restorations and without risk to ferrule integrity. In endodontic surgery underfilled foramina, and the isthmi between them, predictably can be connected and obturated with state-of-the-art miniature instruments. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article reviews the clinical endodontic breakthroughs encountered during the last decade and focuses on three primary topics: (1) finding canals; (2) following canals; and (3) finishing canals. Every day, dentists are faced with the interdisciplinary treatment planning question of to "save or not to save a tooth?" Dentists must routinely make the decision of whether to remove or restore the tooth based on biology, structure, function, esthetics, and value.(1) Occasionally, the endodontically treated tooth can be the weakest link in the restorative and esthetic sequence. This article examines the current state of endodontic technology, as well as the fundamentals of endodontic mechanics needed to achieve the most predictable endodontic outcome with the highest degree of success.
Conflicts and Contradictions: Conceptions of Empathy and the Work of Good-Intentioned Early Career White Female Teachers

Empathy is theorized to help teachers build strategic student–teacher relationships, develop productive parent partnerships, and acquire professionally informed social and cultural perspectives of students and families. However, this literature offers little empirical evidence regarding how practicing teachers conceive of and enact empathy in their work with students of color in urban schools. This article examines early career White female teachers’ conceptions or beliefs about empathy, and how those conceptions inform their professional decision making. Findings suggest several conflicts and contradictions exist between teacher participants’ conceptions of empathy’s relevance to her teaching, and what they do in their actual teaching practice.
Emerging heterogeneous optical wireless access networks for next generation telemedicine and telehealth applications

We propose a converged optical wireless access architecture using radio-over-fiber technology to deliver medical data and images independent of data bit rates, formats, and protocols. We have transported real-time, uncompressed telepathology images over 25-km fiber.
Effects of hot hole trapping in GaN HEMTs

Hot hole trapping was mechanism was reported for GaN HEMTs from observations of electroluminescence changes and threshold voltage shifts. Passivation effect was studied through EL on the surface traps or surface states and proved to be effective in real-time monitoring of HEMT operation.Hole trapping leading to an increase in the drain to source current, and a decrease in the threshold voltage have also been shown.
Characterising the impacts of emerging energy development on wildlife, with an eye towards mitigation

Global demand for energy is projected to increase by 40% in the next 20 years, and largely will be met with alternative and unconventional sources. Development of these resources causes novel disturbances that strongly impact terrestrial ecosystems and wildlife. To effectively position ecologists to address this prevalent conservation challenge, we reviewed the literature on the ecological ramifications of this dominant driver of global land-use change, consolidated results for its mitigation and highlighted knowledge gaps. Impacts varied widely, underscoring the importance of area and species-specific studies. The most commonly reported impacts included behavioural responses and direct mortality. Examinations of mitigation were limited, but common easements included (1) reduction of the development footprint and human activity, (2) maintenance of undeveloped, ‘refuge’ habitat and (3) alteration of activity during sensitive periods. Problematically, the literature was primarily retrospective, focused on few species, countries, and ecoregions, and fraught with generalisations from weak inference. We advocate future studies take a comprehensive approach incorporating a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between development-caused impacts and species ecology that will enable effective mitigation. Key areas for future research vital to securing a sustainable energy future in the face of development-related global change are outlined.
Input shaping for nonlinear systems

Torque profiles that guarantee minimum residual vibration for point-to-point motions in a rigid-link flexible-joint manipulator have been developed using two different techniques: (1) the inverse dynamics formulation and, (2) an open-loop optimal approach. The torque profiles obtained by each technique are compared considering characteristics such as energy consumption, torque and trajectory profiles and sensitivity to parameter variations. Both methods produce torque profiles that achieve motion without residual vibration. The inverse dynamics formulation produces smoother link tip trajectories, while the optimal approach requires less input energy. Both methods are susceptible to parameter errors.
A Commentary Single-Case Design Technical Document of the What Works Clearinghouse

The What Works Clearinghouse document on single-case experimental designs is critiqued. Three criticisms are offered. First, between-group experimental concepts and terminology unfortunately seeped into the description of single-case experimental designs; examples and potential negative effects are identified. Second, the document contains a number of critical omissions; four of these are noted. Third, the document contains some “errors” or misconceptions; examples are provided. Despite these criticisms, the document is generally accurate and may become quite useful for individuals reviewing single-case studies when they conduct synthesis of research literature.
Constructing a multi-dimensional measure of local entrepreneurial culture

This article proposes a scale that measures the local entrepreneurial culture of a place based on residents’ perceptions. The initial 36-item pool was developed through semi-structured interviews w...
Obama's new antitrust policy

The new antitrust policy of the Obama administration has drawn a line in the sand—and the business and legal communities are a bit worried. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistical inference in the presence of an inclination effect in laboratory radiative shock experiments

A laser-driven experiment produces images of dense shocked material by x-ray transmission. The post-shock material is sufficiently dense that no significant signal passes through the dense layer, and therefore the shock compression cannot be directly measured by comparing transmitted intensities. One could try to determine the shock compression ratio by observing the ratio of the total distance travelled by the shock to the dense post-shock layer width, but small deviations of the angle of the shock with respect to the angle of imaging create large asymmetric errors in observation. A statistical approach to recovering shock compression by appropriately combining data from several experiments is developed, using fits to a simple model for the shock and shock tube geometry.
Differential Effects of Faith-Based Coping on Physical and Mental Fatigue in Middle-Aged and Older Cardiac Patients:

Purpose:This analysis investigated the effect of faith-based coping used by cardiac patients undergoing surgery on physical and mental fatigue, symptoms which have significant prognostic implications for mortality. Particularly, we explored whether this faith effect is independent or explained by positive mediators.Methods:Two weeks preoperatively, 481 patients (male, 58%; mean age=62 years) were recruited for three sequential interviews. Among them, 426 completed the second interview, and 335 completed the post-operative follow-up. Cross-clamp and bypass time were obtained from patients' charts. Plasma interlukin-6 (IL-6) was used as a correlate of age-associated diseases and frailty.Results:Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that pre-operative positive religious coping styles and optimism contributed to reduced physical fatigue, controlling for post-operatively confirmed prayer coping and such covariates as severe injury. Depression and lower-back problems contributed to mental fatigue. No...
Dependable Multithreaded Processing Using Runtime Validation

Modern processors face growing verification and reliability challenges posed by increasing microarchitecture complexity and aggressive technology scaling. While viable approaches have been proposed to address these challenges in the context of uniprocessors, little work has been done for emerging multithreaded processors. Multithreading raises new issues for validation due to inter-thread interactions and inherent complexity of the underlying hardware. We propose an extension of the DIVA approach [1], which employs a simple checker processor to effectively validate the complex superscalar processor, to perform instructionlevel runtime validation for both intra-thread and interthread correctness properties for multithreaded execution. We present the validation methodology using a representative simultaneous-multithreaded (SMT) architecture, and briefly discuss its general applicability to other forms of multithreading. Detailed timing simulation shows this solution has low performance penalty, while providing general robustness against both operational and functional errors with relatively small hardware overhead.
Model of homeostatic regulation of potassium excretion in sheep

Based on experimental observations on unanesthetized sheep, a hypothesis is proposed for the homeostatic control of potassium excretion in this ruminant. This hypothesis includes as a novel element a splanchnic sensor of potassium intake. Information provided by the splanchnic sensor contributes to the control of potassium excretion independently of the level of systemic plasma potassium or other conventional control factors. A mathematical model based on this hypothesis successfully simulates the relations between potassium excretion, plasma potassium, and oral and intravenous potassium input observed in sheep.
Consistency and Convenience: Use of Canvas in Help Desk Staff Training

Training Help Desk staff well is both critical to the success of the Help Desk and time consuming; using Canvas to create an online training course makes that training more consistent and convenient. Quality training creates a superior customer experience, ensures consistent documentation going to other departments in IT, and results in less time spent following up on unclear tickets. However, good quality training is time consuming, difficult to schedule, and needs to be repeated with new staff members often. University of Wyoming IT Help Desk has found that creating an online course with Canvas allows for a consistent, high quality training experience that can be repeated as often as necessary and is available the moment a new staff member starts. Recordings of presentations, screen capture, and quizzes allow staff members to learn at their own rate and test their knowledge before working with customers. In the limited time since launching the Canvas Help Desk course, UWIT has found that tickets are documented more consistently, even experienced staff members have filled in holes in their knowledge, and the time spent training new staff members has decreased and become more focused on individual questions and concerns. Usage of the course is now expanding to other teams and content is always being added. Canvas has proven to increase both our effectiveness and efficiency in training.
Design and characterization of the ePix10k prototype: A high dynamic range integrating pixel ASIC for LCLS detectors

ePix10k is a variant of a novel class of integrating pixel ASICs architectures optimized for the processing of signals in second generation LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-Ray cameras. The ASIC is optimized for high dynamic range application requiring high spatial resolution and fast frame rates. ePix ASICs are based on a common platform composed of a random access analog matrix of pixel with global shutter, fast parallel column readout, and dedicated sigma-delta analog to digital converters per column. The ePix10k variant has 100um×100um pixels arranged in a 176×192 matrix, a resolution of 140e- r.m.s. and a signal range of 3.5pC (10k photons at 8keV). In its final version it will be able to sustain a frame rate of 2kHz. A first prototype has been fabricated and characterized. In this paper the ASIC performance in terms of noise, linearity, uniformity and cross-talk are presented, together with preliminary measurements with bump bonded sensors.
NXT Mobile Inverted Pendulum

The intent of this paper is to provide information on how to implement a mobile inverted pendulum using the LEGO® Mindstorms NXT platform for educational purposes in mechatronics. A description of the dynamics of a mobile inverted pendulum is first, followed by a description of the hardware and software components composing the NXT platform. Discussed are the capabilities and the limitations of the NXT system. As a demonstration, a mobile inverted pendulum is built and controlled using a simple PID controller. Sensors used include a HiTechnic gyro sensor to measure angular rate for balancing and the NXT ultrasound sensor for obstacle avoidance. Shown are the simulated and experimental results of the angular rate and velocity control. Lastly, a breakdown of a hypothetical course in mechatronics highlights the described NXT mobile inverted pendulum.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
THE ROLE OF THE PROFESSIONS IN EVALUATING RETARDATION

These questions deserve consideration because the most obvious thing about social probl&n, is this: while on rhc one hlnd to inosr of thvsc invol\.ed in thin, rhcy are rc~~r:l?il t i> IIJIIII,I//Y il~n~andins x.,ti,)n: ::illin: tor a ic:lin ~ be doEe, on the other hand, people rn different socreties or socigl groups or s i t d o n s may not see anything particularly noteworthy or problematical, faced with a very similar set of facts. Or, what is even more upsetting, two groups may agree that there is indeed a serious social problem, but disagree as to what should be done about it. Probably, some people here regard the issues raised by the Freedom Riders as constituting a serious social problem: probably, there are some people in Mississippi who regard these issues as raising a very grave social problem indeed, but who have a diainetrically opposcd notion ns to thc propcr thing to do in coneequence. Or to descend from what we would regard as the rather portentous to the rather trivial, my own first recollection of great concern about a social problem was the violent feelings apparently evoked in members of the Skidmore College faculty (where my parents taught) as to whether the girls should be permitted to smoke or not.
Dependent Economic Development, Aid Dependence on the United States, and Democratic Breakdown in the Third World

The relationship between two kinds of dependency linkages and the stability of developing democracies is investigated in global perspective utilizing quantitative cross-national statistical analysis considered in the context of descriptive historical information. Hypotheses that explain breakdowns of democracy in developing countries as a result of the process of dependent economic development are not supported. A quite strong inverse time-lagged association is observed between aid dependence on the United States- especially in regard to military aid-and the stability of democratic regimes in the Third World. This correlation is interpreted as reflecting in large part the influence of the aggressive Cold War containment doctrine espoused by theJohnson and Nixon administrations, which encouraged preemptive authoritarian regime transformation in the interest of maintaining stable pro-American, anti-Communist governments in Third World democracies that were of strategic geopolitical value to the United States. The belief that a liberal dosage of economic development constitutes an effiective prescription for democratic political stability is a premise of modernization theory once considered to be virtually a general law of comparative politics. After all, economic development is economic development, regardless of geography, and if this formula had produced stable democracy in the early-developing countries of the North, why should it not be equally applicable to the late-developing countries of the South?
Wind Tunnel Study of a Fin Stabilized Guided Projectile

Results from a series of wind tunnel tests of a fin stabilized projectile are presented. A series of nose shapes, fins, fin orientations and deflections were tested on a fineness ratio 4 cylindrical body in the US Air Force Academy Low Speed Wind Tunnel. Tests were conducted at speeds of up to Mach=0.55 and angles of attack to 80 degrees. Six component force and moment data were obtained. Limited flow visualization was also conducted in a water tunnel facility.
Effects of Surfactants on Solubilization of Perchloroethylene (PCE) and Trichloroethylene (TCE)

Enhanced solubilization of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) especially chlorinated hydrocarbons using four types of surfactants was investigated. The solubilization kinetics of perchloroethy...
Effective dust control systems on concrete dowel drilling machinery

ABSTRACTRotary-type percussion dowel drilling machines, which drill horizontal holes in concrete pavement, have been documented to produce respirable crystalline silica concentrations above recommended exposure criteria. This places operators at potential risk for developing health effects from exposure. United States manufacturers of these machines offer optional dust control systems. The effectiveness of the dust control systems to reduce respirable dust concentrations on two types of drilling machines was evaluated under controlled conditions with the machines operating inside large tent structures in an effort to eliminate secondary exposure sources not related to the dowel-drilling operation. Area air samples were collected at breathing zone height at three locations around each machine. Through equal numbers of sampling rounds with the control systems randomly selected to be on or off, the control systems were found to significantly reduce respirable dust concentrations from a geometric mean of 54 m...
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT AND PUBLIC POLICY

The Human Genome Project is a massive government and privately funded undertaking to sequence the entire human genome and discover all 80,000 human genes in less than 15 years. As the project nears...
Cellular and molecular basis of cardiac regeneration

Heart disease is one of the largest causes of death in humans throughout the developed world. Despite its critical role in maintaining physiologic homeostasis, the adult mammalian heart does not exhibit a significant capacity for regeneration. By contrast, several lower vertebrates exhibit a remarkable ability to regenerate the aging myocardium in response to severe injury. Additionally, recent evidence has shed light on a transient regenerative window in postnatal mammals. In this review, we discuss key findings that help to unravel the differences in cardiac regeneration across phylogeny and ontogeny. Furthermore, we highlight recent significant progress in the pursuit of adult mammalian cardiac regeneration. Collectively, this important body of work has great potential impact on human therapy for heart failure.
The effects of surgeons and anesthesiologists on operating room efficiency

Abstract Object The impact of surgeons and anesthesiologists, both individually and paired, on the length of operative procedures was studied. Methods Five general surgeons, six neurosurgeons, and 21 anesthesiologists all completed two personality assessments. A retrospective review of OR records of six procedure types performed by those in the study (2,087 neurosurgical and 2,107 general surgery) was conducted. Statistical analysis was employed to estimate various effects on OR times and to identify the importance of each factor. Results Surgeon effect on OR time varies with procedure type but was greater in neurosurgical cases: LMD (16%), ACDF (14.5%), cranioplasties (6.6%). The combination of surgeon and anesthesiologist had a significant effect on length of the operation: ACDF (7.6%) and LMD (12.5%). Conclusion In some procedures types a significant part of the variability in operative time is due to the interaction between the surgeon and anesthesiologist. Reviewing operative records should allow identification of efficient/inefficient combinations.
Use of Aldosterone Antagonists for Treatment of Uncontrolled Resistant Hypertension.

Background Multiple studies indicate that primary aldosteronism (PA) is common in patients with resistant hypertension, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 20%. Additional studies suggest that beyond this 20% of patients with classical PA, there is a larger proportion of patients with lesser degrees of hyperaldosteronism which contributes even more broadly to antihypertensive treatment resistance. Given these observations, it is intuitive that use of aldosterone antagonists will provide antihypertensive benefit in patients with resistant hypertension and evidence of aldosterone excess. Intriguingly, however, are clinical findings demonstrating substantive benefit of aldosterone antagonists in patients with resistant hypertension, but without demonstrative evidence of hyperaldosteronism, that is, with seemingly normal or even low aldosterone levels. Conclusion Spironolactone is clearly established as the most effective fourth agent for treatment of uncontrolled resistant hypertension. Emerging observations suggest a further role of spironolactone for counteracting the effects of diet high in sodium, particularly in obese, hypertensive patients.
Theorizing Resistance in a Global Context Processes, Strategies, and Tactics in Communication Scholarship

In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in scholarship documenting the relevance of theorizing resistance in communication scholarship in globalization contexts. Historically, communication scholars have studied resistance in organizational communication, public relations, health communication, gender, and rhetoric. Our review of this research documents the common threads among distinct yet interdependent lines of scholarship, and we identify additional ways in which communication theorists have explored resistance (and processes for communicating resistance) in the contexts of power, ideology, and hegemony. We conclude our chapter by discussing the need to theorize power, subordination, and resistance as complex and intertwined processes in light of globalization that play out in the complicated terrains of transnational hegemony. In so doing, we suggest an overarching framework for locating studies of resistance in the realm of globalization politics and connecting resistance theories in communic...
Understanding the relation between medical students' collective and individual trajectories: an application of habitus.

While medical educators typically attend to group trends, groups are made up of unique individuals. An exploration of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, defined as a system of dispositions, may help medical educators think relationally about the collective trajectory of the group and the individual trajectory of each student. We built on our 4‑year, longitudinal study which reported how field, capital, and habitus worked together to explain how medical students, as a group, navigated transitions in undergraduate medical education. In this secondary analysis, we reviewed serial collections of narratives about students’ peak learning experiences in medical school (19 students, 5 narratives per student), concentrating on first-person representations of self. We then explored the relation between collective and individual trajectories in three illustrative cases. The social space of undergraduate medical education harmonized students’ experience and helped explain the collective trajectory, as evidenced by students’ consistent reports of taking initiative and staying open-minded. But individuals were not totally harmonized. They had unique dispositions that influenced their ability to access valued resources and shaped their behaviour. For example, Emily consistently spoke of being driven by her own goals; Zach focused on meeting expectations of authorities; Hilary routinely oriented toward abstract medical knowledge. Habitus provides a useful conceptual lens for thinking relationally about collective and individual trajectories of medical students. Our work may inform faculty as they seek to situate individualized learning within standardized curricula, and is a step toward researching transitions in medical training from a holistic perspective that includes, but is not limited to, individual trajectories.
How’d You Do It? Applying Structural Ritualization Theory to Drug Treatment Courts:

A wealth of studies have been conducted on drug treatment courts (DTCs) over the past two decades. However, relatively few studies have employed qualitative research methods, and even fewer are gro...
Exploring the Stability and Cardiolipin Affinity of Cytochrome C's Domain Swapped Dimer Conformation

Cytochrome c's (cytc) oxidation of the lipid cardiolipin (CL) is a proposed switch involved in initiation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Recently, there has been an increased number of reports in the literature of cytc domain-swapped dimers (DSD). The Hirota lab has reported that the horse DSD has increased peroxidase activity compared to the monomeric form. The Bowler lab has solved DSD crystal structures with various detergents binding in the hydrophobic tube of the proposed “C” cytc-CL binding site. We postulate that the DSD conformation of cytc is an evolutionary switch allowing for tighter regulation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. In order to examine the stability of the DSD, samples were incubated temporally at fixed temperatures and then analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography. The data, presented here, indicate that the human DSD is more kinetically stable than horse or yeast DSD, suggesting evolution of a more kinetically stable conformation in primates. Additionally, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) data, also presented, show the binding of Zn-cytc to CL nanodiscs (ND). ND are discoidal lipid bilayers maintained by two alpha helical belt proteins and provide a nice model system to study protein-lipid interactions. Initial FCS results indicate that the Kd of cytc for CL NDs is in the micromolar range. This poster will compare the relative CL binding affinities of monomer and DSD cytc.
ADR and Some Thoughts on 'The Social' in Contemporary Legal Thought

This chapter describes ADR as a paradigmatic form of contemporary legal thought and suggests that its vision of localized collaborative problem-solving points towards a reconstructed idea of “the social.” This collaborative or relational social strives to collapse what are often considered oppositional logics such as economic exchange and social connection: social relations are put into the service of economic exchange and economic exchange is configured as social relations. This contemporary social, the chapter argues, is politically open-ended and increasingly embedded in the law and economics of today.
Good epidemiological practice: a narrative review of appropriate scientific methods to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial stewardship interventions.

Abstract Aims In this narrative review, we provide a framework for assessing the quality of evidence provided by studies investigating antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions, and inform the design and planning stage for future AMS evaluation studies to determine the best strategies to keep antimicrobial resistance at bay. Sources Cochrane/Pubmed. Content As AMS is mostly applied in a complex, real-world setting, bias and random time effects can jeopardize the validity of causal inference. The most important risks include simultaneously implemented infection prevention strategies and regression to the mean. Inclusion of homogeneous intervention and control arms, through randomization of the intervention, can limit these risks. However, contamination can play an important role for AMS; therefore, randomization at cluster-level, instead of randomization at individual-level, is recommended. It can be challenging to identify enough representative clusters, and implementation of a cluster-RCT (cRCT) can be costly. Controlled interrupted time series (ITS) design has a high validity as well, and is relatively straightforward to implement, although time-varying confounding should be considered. Independent of the study design, it is crucial to include multiple process, clinical outcome, microbiological and financial measures, to be able to detect possible, unintended consequences. Implications Future studies assessing the impact of new AMS strategies should produce compelling evidence by opting for cRCTs, or ITS including a control arm. Furthermore, a holistic view of intended and unintended consequences should be reported, and a detailed process evaluation should be provided to adequately inform implementation of successful AMS strategies to battle the rising burden of AMR.
Active Optimization and Self Driving Cars

Self driving cars hold the promise of making transportation safer and more efficient than ever before possible. They will also be among the most complex robotic systems ever fielded and thus require an unprecedented level of machine learning throughout to achieve their desired performance. These learners create an ever-changing environment for all algorithms operating in the system and optimizing their performance will become a perpetual activity rather than a one-off task. I will present active optimization methods and their application in robotics applications, focusing on scaling up the dimensionality and managing multi-fidelity evaluations. I will summarize lessons learned and thoughts on future directions as these methods move into fielded systems. Finally, I will describe current efforts on self driving cars and give some views on the future of them.
Three-dimensional image analysis for staging chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background Traditional methods of staging chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) through imaging do not differentiate between degrees of partial mucosal sinus inflammation, thus limiting their utility as imaging biomarkers. We hypothesized that software-aided, quantitative measurement of sinus inflammation would generate a metric of disease burden that would correlate with clinical parameters in patients with suspected sinus disease. Methods Adults with rhinologic complaints undergoing computed tomography imaging were recruited at an urban, academic, tertiary care center (n = 45 with Lund-Mackay [LM] scores ≥4). Three-dimensional (3D) volumetric image analysis was performed using a semiautomated method to obtain a “Chicago-modified Lund-Mackay” (Chicago MLM) score, which provides a continuous scale to quantify extent of opacification. Linear regression was used to test the association of the Chicago MLM score with concurrent symptoms (Total Nasal Symptom Score [TNSS]) and disease-specific quality of life, based on the Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22). Results Chicago MLM scores were significantly associated with both symptoms (p = 0.037) and disease-specific quality of life (p = 0.007). Inflammation in the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses appeared to influence these associations. These findings were even more robust when analysis was limited to patients with more severe disease (LM >6). Conclusion The quantitative measurement of sinus inflammation by computer-aided 3D analysis correlates modestly with both symptoms and disease-specific quality of life. Posterior sinuses appear to have the greatest impact on these findings, potentially providing an anatomic target for clinicians to base therapy. The Chicago MLM score is a promising imaging biomarker for clinical and research use.
From Concept to Publication: Laying the Groundwork for a Student-Run Medical Journal

Abstract As an established leader in medical education and biomedical research, the University of Michigan is committed to preparing physician scientists for leadership roles at both the bench and the bedside. While there are many University programs aimed at allowing students to conduct research as an adjuvant to their curricular education, there was no established program whose main mission was to ensure that students are able to both effectively communicate and evaluate the results of their research. To address this gap, we developed and launched the Michigan Journal of Medicine (MJM), a peer-reviewed, student-led forum for scientific and clinical research. Students occupy all editorial leadership roles for the journal and supply all content. The journal editorial work is conducted under the guidance of the faculty at the University of Michigan Medical School, many of whom serve as editors for prestigious international journals, and is produced and published in collaboration with the University Library. The journal is positioned in concert with the medical school curriculum overhaul and is part of a course on academic communication.
Mechanisms for Mutual Attested Microservice Communication

For systems composed of many rapidly-deployed microservices that cross networks and span trust domains, strong authentication between microservices is a prerequisite for overall system trustworthiness. We examine standard authentication mechanisms in this context, and we introduce new comprehensive, automated, and fine-grained mutual authentication mechanisms that rely on attestation, with particular attention to provisioning and managing secrets. Prototype implementations and benchmark results indicate that mutual attestation introduces only modest overheads and can be made to meet or exceed the performance of common but weaker authentication mechanisms in many scenarios.
Intracavitary Topical Chemo and Immune Therapy of the Upper Tract

Endourologic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma has become the preferred treatment in selected groups of patients. However, recurrence is high and there is a large interest in utilizing adjuvant topical agents as used in the lower tract. Many agents have been studied, but they are less efficacious than they are in the lower tract. This is likely due to incomplete staging, difficult delivery, and incomplete resection. There is evidence that primary BCG for isolated carcinoma in situ has some efficacy, but the evidence is not robust. There is mixed evidence for the use of adjuvant BCG, Mitomycin C, and Adriamycin. In our institution (ME), we utilize adjuvant Mitomycin C for a 6-week course in the office following resection. The future of adjuvant therapy likely lies in products such as MitoGel© that coat the upper tract.