cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of a Porous Ceramic Particulate Trap on the Physical, Chemical and Biological Character of Diesel Particulate Emissions

Physical, chemical, and biological characterization data for the particulate emissions from a caterpillar 3208 diesel engine with and without Corning porous ceramic particulate traps are presented. Measurements made at EPA modes 3,4,5,9,10 and 11 include total hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and total particulate matter emissions including the solid fraction (SOL), soluble organic fraction (SOF) and sulfate fraction (SO4). Chemical character was defined by fractionation of the SOF while biological character was defined by analysis of Ames Salmonella/microsome bioassay data. The trap produced a wide range of total particulate reduction efficiencies (0-97%) depending on the character of the particulate. The chemical character of the SOF was significantly changed through the trap as was the biological character. The mutagenic specific activity of the SOF was generally increased through the trap but this was offset by a decrease in SOF mass emissions. Some extremely biologically active subfractions were found at mode 4 with the Corning trap. NO2 emissions and HC emissions were generally decreased through the trap. A computer performance model based on membrane filter theory was used to explain the solid particulate filtering efficiency data. The model showed how key variables influence particulate trapping efficiency.
Exploring the Requirement for the CCR4-NOT Deadenylase Complex Subunit Regena/NOT2 in MicroRNA-mediated Gene Silencing

A forward genetic screen was carried out using Drosophila melanogaster to determine the cellular components and molecular mechanisms that regulate microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene silencing. MiRNAs a...
Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens

Aims: We investigated the antimicrobial effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil on organic leafy greens, romaine and iceberg lettuces and mature and baby spinach, inoculated with Salmonella Newport. The influences of exposure times and abuse temperatures on bacterial survival were also investigated. Methods and Results: Leaf samples were washed, inoculated with Salm. Newport (6-log CFU ml )1 ) and dried. Inoculated leaves were immersed in solutions containing 0AE1, 0AE 3o r 0 AE5% lemongrass oil in phosphate-buffered saline for 1 or 2 min and then individually incubated at 4 or 8� C. Samples were taken at day 0, 1 and 3 for the enumeration of survivors. Compared to the PBS control, romaine and iceberg lettuces, and mature and baby spinach samples showed between 0AE6‐1AE5-log, 0AE5‐4AE3-log, 0AE5‐2AE5-log and 0AE5‐2AE2-log CFU g )1 reductions in Salm. Newport by day 3, respectively. Conclusions: The antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against Salm. Newport was concentration and time dependent. The antimicrobial activity increased with exposure time; iceberg samples treated for 2 min generally showed greater reductions (P <0 AE05) than those treated for 1 min (c. 1-log reduction difference for 0AE3 and 0AE5% treatments). Few samples showed a difference between refrigeration and abuse temperatures. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the potential of lemongrass oil solutions to inactivate Salm. Newport on organic leafy greens.
An algebraic form of a solution of a system of linear differential equations with constant coefficients

In this paper we describe an algorithm for finding an algebraic form for a solution of a system of linear differential equations with constant coefficients, using the properties of elementary divisors of a polynomial matrix.
Challenges of Combat Modeling and Distributed Simulation

There are many good books written on the topics of combat modeling and dis-tributed simulation and most of them are used as references in this book, so whywrite another book on this topic? The reason is simple: while all other books inthis domain successfully highlight special topics in detail none of them compilesthe basic knowledge of all contributing ﬁelds that a simulation engineer needs tobe aware of, in particular when he or she starts a job. To my knowledge, none ofthe existing books give the required holistic overview of combat modeling anddistributed simulation needed to get a primary understanding of the challenges.An editorial remark: in this book I will address the simulation engineer inthe male form—using he or his as pronouns—without implying that femaleengineers are less common or qualiﬁed; I just prefer to address the engineersimply as he instead of complex he/she combinations or the impersonal it.There are good books that focus on various topics of combat modeling, butthey do not look at what modeling decisions mean for the ensuing simulationtask(s). Other books introduce the engineer to the speciﬁcs, such as speciﬁcInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards for simula-tion interoperability, but they assume that no modeling needs to be done by
Electronic Health Information Exchange, Switching Costs, and Network Effects

As in most industries, in health care, information is a competitive asset, and we expect that health care providers may have incentive to protect their information from competitors. This study aims to understand how this incentive to protect information may be a barrier to the development of a health information network. Health information networks are designed to facilitate electronic information sharing across health care providers. The electronic exchange of health information is widely considered a promising tool to improve quality, costs, and efficiency of health care. Federal and state governments have invested over $30 billion dollars to support the development of health information networks and electronic health information sharing. However, uptake has been slow suggesting that barriers to adoption exist. We first develop a model of firms' decisions to enter a health information network given this potential loss of competitive advantage. Guided by implications of the model, we conduct a two part empirical analysis to test for evidence that providers may be reluctant to join a health information network out of competitive concern. First, we conduct a national hospital-level analysis. Second, we construct a novel data set to conduct a physician-level analysis focused on New York state. In both analyses, we find supporting evidence that competitive pressure may be a barrier to entry by health care firms. We discuss implications for policy and network design given our findings.
Nanomaterial Transport, Transformation, and Fate in the Environment

The existing approaches for assessing the environmental risks of nanomaterials need to be adapted to the behaviors of nanomaterials before they can provide reliable information. Assessing or predicting these risks requires understanding of the potential sources of these materials to the environment, their distribution once released, their transformations and persistence, and their potential negative effects. In this chapter we discuss the potential sources of nanomaterials released to the environment, then we present potential physical and biogeochemical processes that can affect the fate, transport, and transformations of manufactured nanomaterials released into the environment. Finally, we discuss modifications of existing risk analysis methods needed and the most important data gaps that must be filled in order to assess the environmental risks associated with these materials.
Location of the Transcription Defect in Group I Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

The ribonucleoprotein-dependent RNA transcriptase in vesicular stomatitis B virions of four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants belonging to complementation group I was analyzed in vitro at permissive (31 C) and restrictive (39 C) temperatures. The RNA-synthesizing activity of all four ts mutants was more labile at 39 C than was the transcriptive activity of wild-type (wt) virions. In order to locate the temperature-sensitive transcription defect in the mutants, wt and ts mutant virions were fractionated by Triton X-100-high salt solubilizer into a sedimentable ribonucleoprotein template and a nonsedimentable enzyme fraction, each of which alone had little or no transcriptive activity. The template- and enzyme-containing fractions of wt virions were then tested for their capacity to restore transcriptive activity at 39 C to corresponding template and enzyme preparations of ts mutant virions. Recombination of wt template and ts enzymes resulted in no significant restoration of capacity to synthesize RNA at restrictive temperature. In contrast, transcriptive function at 39 C was reconstituted by recombining the wt enzyme with the template component of ts mutants. It appears, therefore, that the enzyme, rather than the template, is the temperature-sensitive component of the transcription complex of group I vesicular stomatitis virus mutants.
Ensuring a good death.

purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe how the commitment of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute to pain management, quality of life, and optimal end-of-life care is operationalized through a comprehensive pain and palliative-care program. overview: Institutional standards for pain management often address only the physical aspects of pain. Effective pain management requires assessment and interventions that address the multidimensional nature of pain, suffering, and quality of life throughout the cancer continuum. This approach seeks to lay the foundation of comfort and peace associated with a good death. clinical implications: Institutional pain management standards need to reflect the complexity of pain, especially cancer-related pain, by emphasizing comprehensive, holistic assessment and multimodality approaches to pain control and quality-of-life issues.
Lanthanide concentration ratios between pyroxene and garnet.

Lanthanide distribution between omphacite and Garnet, noting abundance ratios to whole rock of Japanese eclogite
Isolated Traumatic Tricuspid Regurgitation: Prolonged Survival without Operative Intervention

Long-standing isolated traumatic tricuspid insufficiency in an elderly patient is reported. The hemodynamics and benign course of this lesion are compared briefly with the tricuspid insufficiency associated with rheumatic mitral and aortic valvulitis. We conclude that this lesion, when isolated, may be well-tolerated and managed medically for a long period of time.
Isolation and purification of anticardiolipin antibody from plasma of a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome: induced generation of platelet thromboxane A2 synthesis.

Abstract Antiphospholipid antibodies, particularly anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) are autoantibodies frequently detected in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (PAPS). These patients commonly suffer from thrombosis, recurrent fetal loss and thrombocytopenia. Since platelet aggregation is pivotal in the genesis of thrombosis, we tested the hypothesis that perturbation of platelet membrane by aCL β 2 - glycoprotein ( aCL β 2 GP ) complex could trigger the biosynthesis of TXA2, a proaggregatory metabolite of AA. The preincubation of 14C-arachidonic acid (14C-AA)-labeled platelet pellets (14C-PP) from normal individuals with aCL alone followed by incubation with thrombin, resulted in a moderate increase in platelet thromboxane B2 (14C-TXB2) biosynthesis when compared to controls (without aCL). Similar incubations with β2GP-I alone resulted in negligible 14C-TXB2 biosynthesis. In contrast, the preincubations of normal 14C-PP with aCL β 2 GP-I complex resulted in marked thrombin-induced TXB2 biosynthesis, underscoring the requirement of β2GP-I in aCL-induced platelet TXB2 biosynthesis. Taken together, these results are consistent with the view that aCL β 2 GP-I platelet interactions do play a role, at least in part, in platelet hyperactivity and thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
A communications simulation methodology for AMR codes using task dependency analysis

The ability to predict the performance of irregular, asynchronous applications on future hardware is essential to the exascale co-design process. Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) applications are inherently irregular and dynamic in their computation and communication patterns, resulting in complex hardware/software interactions. We have developed a methodology to use architectural simulators to assess the performance of different AMR data placement strategies on a selection of potential hardware interconnect topologies for exascale-class supercomputers. We use our framework to study the CASTRO AMR compressible astrophysics code for the simulation of supernovae. The results show a performance improvement of up to 18 percent may be obtained through the use of locality-aware data distributions for some network topologies on an exascale-class supercomputer.
Application of a method to evaluate the quality of work histories and document the exposure assessment process.

Background Review of work history records by industrial hygienists is an important component of many occupational epidemiologic studies. A number of factors may influence the hygienist, such as the quality of the data and his or her previous experience. As part of a case-control study of mesothelioma, a system was developed to capture data on several factors that can be considered in a review of work history information. Methods The overall quality of the work history record was described by noting the completeness and the consistency of the information; for any potential exposures, the reviewer experience on which the decision was based and the relative quality of the information were categorized. Because of the potential for mesothelioma cases and their next-of-kin to have undergone rigorous questioning about previous asbestos exposure an evaluation of the knowledge of the respondent was included. The frequency and intensity of exposure were also evaluated. Results Evaluation of 3,444 work records is described. The importance of data completeness in the overall evaluation of quality is shown; follow-up questions regarding specific work tasks provide information not elicited in the standard interview process. The use of the literature was an important resource to the reviewer. Asbestos was reported by the respondent as an exposure on 149 work records; of these, 111 (74%) were judged to represent an unusual level of knowledge for a next-of-kin respondent. Conclusions The approach presented allows capture of information about data quality and experience of the reviewer in an epidemiologic analysis. The ratings of frequency and intensity of exposure allow exploration of differences in exposure–response analyses using various exposure metrics. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:94–106, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Infection of Festuca arundinacea by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola

Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola has caused economically important losses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in North America. This rust infects leaves, culms, and spikelets of the host. Initital symptoms consist of very small, chlorotic flecks, followed by long, narrow lesions. Invasive hyphae were diffuse and filamentous, changing to dense and blocky with the formation of hymenia. Tissues were extensively colonized, including development caryopses. Seedborne infection consisted of mycelium within the embryo and urediniospores carried on both surfaces of the glumes. It is not known whether caryopses that are internally infected can germinate to produce infected individuals, but this could be an important quarantine consideration. Although, at the ultrastructural level, urediniospore development in this fungus is similar to that of other rusts, we detected an additional layer at the interface of the urediniospore and its pedicel. This layer may play a role in the, release of urediniospores from their pedicels.
Hepatitis C virus core antigen testing: Role in diagnosis, disease monitoring and treatment

While hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening relies on hepatitis B surface antigen to confirm HBV infection since the early days of hepatitis B disease management, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection screening is based on anti-HCV testing which does not discriminate active from past infection. Thus to confirm infection HCV RNA testing has been required; recently a HCV core antigen assay became widely commercially available which could serve to confirm infection. That assay is less sensitive than current HCV RNA assays, but as more than 50% of anti-HCV positive persons will be HCV core antigen positive, HCV core antigen testing can be a cost effective and reflex test to confirm HCV infection in anti-HCV positive individuals and will be easier as it can be applied on the same platform. For treatment monitoring, more data need to be generated, but the early data available at present suggest that HCV core antigen may be an alternative to HCV RNA monitoring. With direct antivirals, HCV core antigen could even be superior to HCV RNA testing, as direct antivirals might already prevent virus formation when HCV core antigen is still produced and thereby correlates better with eventual viral clearance.
The hemoglobins of Artemia salina. V. Genetic variation in hemoglobin 1, hemoglobin 2, and hemoglobin 3.

Electrophoretic mobilities of three hemoglobins (Hb1, Hb2, and Hb3) were studied in 15 populations of brine shrimps. Genetic segregation data support the model that Hb2 contains n α-polypeptides and n β-polypeptides; Hb1 contains 2n α-polypeptides. Hb3 contains neither α- nor β-polypeptides. There is no evidence of linkage of α and β loci with each other or with the locus (or loci) which governs Hb3 or with the nonhomologous portion of the sex chromosomes. Hemoglobins of different populations may be hybridized in vitro by incubation at high temperature. Reversible dissociation to subunits which contain only one (α or β) polypeptide occurs at 40 C (for Hb1) and at 50 C (for Hb2).
Adaptive mesh schemes based on grid speeds

Successful methods for generating solution adaptive grids using grid speeds are reviewed in this paper. The computational mesh is constructed by integrating the grid speeds as opposed to solving a steady grid equation. Advantages and disadvantages for each grid speed scheme are discussed and a number of examples of grids produced with the various schemes are presented. Suggestions are made for the development of new schemes based upon a form of Euler's expansion formula for the grid and the equi-distribution of some parameter over the mesh. Consideration is also given to grid skewness for the multidimensional schemes.
Ethics in the rheumatology literature: A systematic review

Objective To address the perception that ethical issues are underrepresented in the rheumatology literature, a systematic review was conducted using multiple databases to identify articles that addressed ethical and rheumatologic issues. Methods A rheumatologist, research librarian, and clinician-ethicist designed queries for 4 electronic and ethics databases, searching for articles with content that was relevant to rheumatology/rheumatic diseases and that primarily focused on ethics. Based upon the Beauchamp and Childress framework, the retrieved articles were classified according to their ethical content, and the proportions addressing each Beauchamp and Childress ethical principle were analyzed using Cochran's Q statistic. Correlations between the appearance of discussions involving each of the 4 ethical principles were determined via chi-square analysis. Results The total number of manuscripts in the rheumatologic literature with an ethical focus was 104 out of an estimated library of >400,000 rheumatologically oriented manuscripts (0.026%). Very few manuscripts consisted of original research studies. Nonmaleficence (66%) was the most common theme, whereas justice represented the least frequently addressed ethical issue (12%). The differences in the proportions of each ethical principle reached statistical significance (Q = 73.8, P 2 ethical principles. Discussion touching on autonomy and nonmaleficence frequently appeared in the same article (Pearson's χ2 = 14.9, P < 0.001). Conclusion Despite the frequency of ethical issues while caring for patients, few reports within the rheumatic disease literature have focused on ethical issues. Further work should ascertain the degree to which the literature addresses the ethical questions in rheumatology.
Genotypes associated with myocardial infarction risk are more common in African Americans than in European Americans.

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to describe the frequencies of multiple myocardial infarction (MI) risk-associated genotypes among different racial groups. Background Racial disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well known. Recent large Japanese case-control studies identified connexin-37 (GJA-4), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) polymorphisms as risk factors for MI, but the prevalence of these genotypes among different racial groups in the U.S. needs to be determined. Methods Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from 95 healthy African Americans (AA) and 95 healthy European Americans (EA) was used for genotyping. Deoxyribonucleic acid containing the region of interest was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by genotyping using pyrosequencing. Results All three MI-risk genotypes were observed in both populations and were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequencies of two of the three “risk-associated” genotypes were significantly higher in the AA population: GJA4 C1019T T/T: AA, 20%, EA, 7% (p = 0.053); MMP3 −1171delA A/A: AA, 78%, EA, 24% (p Conclusions We found higher frequencies of disease-associated genotypes in AA than in EA. Our results also show that more AA than EA carry multiple risk-associated genotypes. Future studies need to assess whether such genetic profiles predict adverse outcomes in U.S. populations and contribute to racial disparities in CVD burden.
Supplements for Cottonseed Meal in Diets for Chickens

Abstract CONSIDERABLE information has been obtained on the dietary deficiencies of soybean meal as a source of protein for chickens, and on supplements that can be included in diets along with soybean meal as sources of its deficient nutrients, but little is known about cottonseed meal. At least two of the few available reports indicate that the same feedstuffs can be used in diets along with either cottonseed meal or soybean meal as sources of nutrients in which they are deficient. Heywang (1947) reported that 15 percent cottonseed meal and 15 percent soybean meal were of about equal value when they were supplemented by small quantities of either sardine meal or meat scraps in diets for laying chickens. Bird and coworkers (1948) found that both cottonseed meal and soybean meal are deficient in a dietary factor essential for the growth of chickens, and found in cow manure and fish meal. That . . .
Gurnis, McComas receive Macelwane Medals

PAGES 403-405 Michael Gurnis and David J. McComas were honored as recipients of James B. Macelwane Medals at the AGU 1993 Spring Meeting in Baltimore last May. The medal recognizes significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability. Richard O'Connell pre­ sented Gurnis' medal, and James L. Burch presented McComas' medal. Citations and responses are presented below.
Air volumes during connected speech of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired adults.

Abstract Aerodynamic characteristics were investigated in connected discource of normal-hearing and orally trained hearing-impaired adults. Subjects read sentences of various lengths and produced a spontaneous speech sample. Utterances were sensed by a pneumatachograph and recorded oscillographically and by audiotape. Inspiratory and expiratory volumes and expiratory time were measured. Word intelligibility was judged. Hearing-impaired subjects displayed greater ranges of air volumes and expiratory time. From sentence to spontaneous conditions, intelligibility varied systematically with expiratory volume.
Assisted Reproduction in Horses: What Can Be Learned from Assisted Reproduction in Cattle?

Abstract Researchers and practitioners of assisted reproduction in horses have borrowed heavily from similar bovine practices over the years. However, most procedures required species-specific experiments for optimization. Furthermore, the flow of information occurs in both directions; some procedures, for example, vitrification of embryos and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, were made efficacious in horses before cattle. The great advantage of research in cattle is the availability of large numbers of animals and embryos for testing hypotheses economically. Objectives of cattle breeding generally are more scientific than those concerning horses, and it is likely that much can be learned in the future from genetic tools being developed for cattle breeding. A genetic advantage of cattle breeding over horse breeding is the extremely large genetic and phenotypic databases of some breeds, which can be matched to genomic information.
Spline approximation for TALWANI's method of magnetic anomaly computation

When using TALWANI's method for computing magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional bodies unexpected errors may occur. They are caused by the numerical depth integration. It is shown how those errors can be recognized and reduced by employing spline approximations.
Human Homologue of the Drosophila Discs Large Tumor Suppressor Binds to p56 lck Tyrosine Kinase and Shaker Type Kv1.3 Potassium Channel in T Lymphocytes

Abstract Human homologue of the Drosophiladiscs large tumor suppressor protein (hDlg) belongs to a newly discovered family of proteins termed MAGUKs that appear to have structural as well as signaling functions. Consistent with the multi-domain organization of MAGUKs, hDlg consists of three copies of the PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/zO-1) domain, an SH3 motif, and a guanylate kinase-like domain. In addition, the hDlg contains an amino-terminal proline-rich domain that is absent in other MAGUKs. To explore the role of hDlg in cell signaling pathways, we used human T lymphocytes as a model system to investigate interaction of hDlg with known tyrosine kinases. In human T lymphocyte cell lines, binding properties of hDlg were studied by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immune complex kinase assays. Our results show that protein tyrosine kinase activity is associated with the immunoprecipitates of hDlg. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that the immunoprecipitates of hDlg contain p56lck, a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. The specificity of the interaction is demonstrated by the lack of p59fyn tyrosine kinase and phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase in the hDlg immunoprecipitates. Direct interaction between hDlg and p56lck is demonstrated using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins of hDlg and recombinant p56lck expressed in the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. The p56lck binding site was localized within the amino-terminal segment of hDlg containing proline-rich domain. In addition, we show in vivo association of hDlg with Kv1.3 channel, which was expressed in T lymphocytes as an epitope-tagged protein using a vaccinia virus expression system. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence of a direct interaction between hDlg and p56lck tyrosine kinase and suggest a novel function of hDlg in coupling tyrosine kinase and voltage-gated potassium channel in T lymphocytes.
Inhibitor of κB kinase ϵ (IKKϵ), STAT1, and IFIT2 proteins define novel innate immune effector pathway against West Nile virus infection.

West Nile virus is an emerging virus whose virulence is dependent upon viral evasion of IFN and innate immune defenses. The actions of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) impart control of virus infection, but the specific ISGs and regulatory pathways that restrict West Nile virus (WNV) are not defined. Here we show that inhibitor of κB kinase ϵ (IKKϵ) phosphorylation of STAT1 at serine 708 (Ser-708) drives IFIT2 expression to mediate anti-WNV effector function of IFN. WNV infection was enhanced in cells from IKKϵ−/− or IFIT2−/− mice. In IKKϵ−/− cells, the loss of IFN-induced IFIT2 expression was linked to lack of STAT1 phosphorylation on Ser-708 but not Tyr-701 nor Ser-727. STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation occurs independently of IRF-3 but requires signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor as a late event in the IFN-induced innate immune response that coincides with IKKϵ-responsive ISGs expression. Biochemical analyses show that STAT1 tyrosine dephosphorylation and CRM1-mediated STAT1 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling are required for STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation. When compared with WT mice, WNV-infected IKKϵ−/− mice exhibit enhanced kinetics of virus dissemination and increased pathogenesis concomitant with loss of STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation and IFIT2 expression. Our results define an IFN-induced IKKϵ signaling pathway of specific STAT1 phosphorylation and IFIT2 expression that imparts innate antiviral immunity to restrict WNV infection and control viral pathogenesis.
Hidden one-dimensional electronic structure and non-Fermi-liquid angle-resolved photoemission line shapes of η ‐ Mo 4 O 11

Author(s): Gweon, GH; Mo, SK; Allen, JW; Ast, CR; Hochst, H; Sarrao, JL; Fisk, Z | Abstract: We report angle-resolved photoemission spectra (ARPES) of η Mo4O11, a layered metal that undergoes two-charge density wave (CDW) transitions at 109K and 30K. We have directly observed the "hidden one-dimensional (hidden 1D)" Fermi surface and an anisotropic gap opening associated with the 109K transition, in agreement with the band theoretical description of the CDW transition. In addition, as in other hidden 1D materials such as NaMo6O17, the ARPES line shapes show certain anomalies, which we discuss in terms of non-Fermi-liquid physics and possible roles of disorder. © 2005 The American Physical Society.
Structure of aqueous MgSO4 solution: Dilute to concentrated

Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to examine the hydration characteristics of Mg2+ and SO42- ions over a range of salt concentrations in the solution. While the hydration structure of the monatomic cation agrees with previous reports in the literature, the larger and more complex anion exhibits hitherto unreported novel coordination features. These result from its low charge density as well as the charge distribution over the five active sites. While the number of water molecules that hydrate the ions below the hydration limit is almost constant, this number rapidly reduces as the solution becomes saturated and ion-pairs are formed.
Aversion to side effects in preventive medical treatment decisions.

Objectives. Individuals may be overly sensitive to the side effects of treatments aimed at preventing illness, in part because they have difficulty in evaluating situations with several possible outcomes that differ in probability. This study tested willingness to undergo a hypothetical preventive treatment and accuracy in determining the probability of harm from the treatment as a function of the presence of a side effect, the initial probability of harm, the format in which probabilities were presented (percentages or frequencies), and the presence or absence of a graphic. Design. The study was a factorial experiment involving 5,251 participants. Methods. Participants recruited from a health-oriented internet site read about a hypothetical cancer prevention treatment situation and were asked to indicate their willingness to accept this treatment and whether it would increase or decrease their overall risk of cancer. The net benefit of the treatment was the same in all conditions, whether or not it was associated with a small side effect. Results. The presence of information about a side effect dramatically decreased willingness to undergo preventive treatment and accuracy in evaluating the treatment’s effects. Willingness and accuracy were not influenced by the initial probability of harm, whether the risk probability information was presented as frequencies (N in 100) or as percentages, or whether the initial risk was presented with a bar graph or an array of asterisks or stick figures. Conclusions. Individuals are highly averse to preventive treatments with even small side effects and have difficulty combining the likelihood of positive and negative outcomes to determine the treatment’s overall benefits.
Characterization of a large fragment from annelid cuticle collagen and its relationship to the intact molecule.

Abstract Digestion of the cuticle collagen from the annelid Nereis virens with Clostridium histolyticum collagenase yields a native, collagenase-resistant fragment (CCRF) of the molecule with an Mr of about 900,000 (Kimura and Tanzer, J. Biol. Chem. 2S2: 8018, 1977). We have produced 940 nm long, SLS-crystallites from the collagenaseresistant fragment; the SLS pattern matches a region at one end of the 2,400 nm SLS obtained from intact cuticle collagen. Upon denaturation, the fragment yields two subunits, CCRF A and CCRF B , which can be separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by chromatography on DEAF-cellulose; the subunits are in about a 2:1 ratio. The subunits have amino acid compositions which are similar to those of the original A and B chains, although the fragments have a higher content of acidic residues and a lower content of hydroxyl residues. Previous studies of the intact B chain have shown that there is about one methionine in the chain, and that it is located near the COOH terminus. The CCRF B subunit also contains about one methionine, indicating that CCRF B is probably derived from the COOH end of the intact molecule. Based on these composite data, we have provisionally defined the amino and carboxyl ends of the cuticle collagen SLS and provide additional evidence that the molecule is a heteropolymer with the formula A(B) 2 .
Scattering from a complex system: explicit solution and multiple scattering expansion for a two-body target

Abstract In analyzing the scattering of hadrons from many-body nuclear targets, either through the multiple-scattering expansion or an equivalent optical potential, there are many points of interest: the dependence on the elementary scattering amplitudes, the effects of a resonance between the projectile and one of the scatterers, the effects of off-shell propagation in the target (or equivalently, the role of overlapping scatterers), the dependence on the target wavefunction, the role of multiple reflections between the target particles, and more fundamentally, the convergence of the multiple-scattering expansion itself. We investigate some of these problems within the framework of target closure, or the “frozen-nucleus” approximation using separable potentials to parametrize the elementary interaction of the projectile with one of the target particles. Following Foldy and Walecka, we are then able to obtain an explicit solution to the scattering problem. Here we consider the simplest target system, two identical particles in an s-wave bound state.
Arsenite sorption on troilite (FeS) and pyrite (FeS2)

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid whose mobility and availability are largely controlled by sorption on sulfide minerals in anoxic environments. Accordingly, we investigated reactions of As(III) with iron sulfide (FeS) and pyrite (FeS2) as a function of total arsenic concentration, suspension density, sulfide concentration, pH, and ionic strength. Arsenite partitioned strongly on both FeS and FeS2 under a range of conditions and conformed to a Langmuir isotherm at low surface coverages; a calculated site density of near 2.6 and 3.7 sites/nm2 for FeS and FeS2, respectively, was obtained. Arsenite sorbed most strongly at elevated pH (>5 to 6). Although solution data suggested the formation of surface precipitates only at elevated solution concentrations, surface precipitates were identified using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at all coverages. Sorbed As was coordinated to both sulfur [d(As-S) = 2.35 A] and iron [d(As-Fe) = 2.40 A], characteristic of As coordination in arsenopyrite (FeAsS). The absorption edge of sorbed As was also shifted relative to arsenite and orpiment (As2S3), revealing As(III) reduction and a complete change in As local structure. Arsenic reduction was accompanied by oxidation of both surface S and Fe(II); the FeAsS-like surface precipitate was also susceptible to oxidation, possibly influencing the stability of As sorbed to sulfide minerals in the environment. Sulfide additions inhibit sorption despite the formation of a sulfide phase, suggesting that precipitation of arsenic sulfide is not occurring. Surface precipitation of As on FeS and FeS2 supports the observed correlation of arsenic and pyrite and other iron sulfides in anoxic sediments.
Social Stratification, Oral Hygiene, and Trajectories of Dental Caries Among Old Americans

Objective: This study analyzed how oral hygiene (i.e., brushing, rinsing, and flossing) influences the trajectories of dental caries (i.e., numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth) among older Americans within the context of social stratification. Method: Data came from Piedmont Dental Study that involved a sample of 810 older Americans who were dentate in 1988 with up to four repeated observations through 1994. Hierarchical linear models were used for data analysis. Results: Brushing, flossing, and rinsing were associated with the trajectories of dental caries in distinct ways. In addition, oral hygiene was correlated with race, education, household income, and use of dental care. The effects of brushing and flossing on decayed and missing teeth remained robust, even when socio-demographic and health attributes were controlled. Conversely, socioeconomic disparities in dental caries persisted, when oral hygiene was adjusted. Discussion: Both social stratification and oral hygiene need to be consider...
Natural selection and the origin of jingwei, a chimeric processed functional gene in Drosophila

The origin of new genes includes both the initial molecular events and subsequent population dynamics. A processed Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene, previously thought to be a pseudogene, provided an opportunity to examine the two phases of the origin of a new gene. The sequence of the processed Adh messenger RNA became part of a new functional gene by capturing several upstream exons and introns of an unrelated gene. This novel chimeric gene, jingwei, differs from its parent Adh gene in both its pattern of expression and rate of molecular evolution. Natural selection participated in the origin and subsequent evolution of this gene.
Minimal mutual advantage: How the social contract can do justice to the disabled:

In this work we address the proposition that because it emerges from the contract tradition and so relies upon the assumption of mutual advantage, John Rawls' theory of “Justice as Fairness” cannot accommodate persons with severe mental and/or physical impairments. We respond to this criticism by proposing a revision to Rawls' contracting situation, the Original Position (OP). Specifically, we propose to supplant the traditional understanding of mutual advantage—which we agree does constitute the necessary and sufficient condition for deliberation to come about in the OP, as it stands—with a more modest alternative: a Hobbes-inspired concept that we call minimal mutual advantage. We argue that when this revision is introduced into Justice as Fairness, it reconciles admirably the seeming tension between contractarianism’s insistence on the rational, self-interested actor and the reality of societies in which not all members are capable of meeting a standard of reciprocity understood in terms of productive ...
A Novel Mutation Avoidance Mechanism Dependent on S. cerevisiae RAD27 Is Distinct from DNA Mismatch Repair

Mutations in the S. cerevisiae RAD27 (also called RTH1 or YKL510) gene result in a strong mutator phenotype. In this study we show that the majority of the resulting mutations have a structure in which sequences ranging from 5-108 bp flanked by direct repeats of 3-12 bp are duplicated. Such mutations have not been previously detected at high frequency in the mutation spectra of mutator strains. Epistasis analysis indicates that RAD27 does not play a major role in MSH2-dependent mismatch repair. Mutations in RAD27 cause increased rates of mitotic crossing over and are lethal in combination with mutations in RAD51 and RAD52. These observations suggest that the majority of replication errors that accumulate in rad27 strains are processed by double-strand break repair, while a smaller percentage are processed by a mutagenic repair pathway. The duplication mutations seen in rad27 mutants occur both in human tumors and as germline mutations in inherited human diseases.
Preparation and characterization of chitosans carrying aldehyde functions generated by nitrogen oxides

Abstract In this work, aldehyde-functionalized chitosan is produced by the reaction of chitosan with nitrogen oxides generated in situ from a HNO 3 /H 3 PO 4 –NaNO 2 mixture. This method is more advantageous than the existing approaches, since the depolymerization is slower and the purification process is straightforward. The appearance of characteristic peaks in the Fourier transform infrared and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1733 cm −1 and 183.4 ppm, respectively) of the product confirms the presence of the aldehyde functionality in the modified chitosans. The 1 H NMR spectra also revealed the presence of aldehyde groups. Furthermore, the gradual disappearance of the peaks due to aldehyde protons and a concomitant appearance of a new resonance at ∼8.05 ppm with increasing pH indicate the formation of Schiff's base between the aldehyde and the free amine groups. The aldehyde-functionalized chitosan prepared with 6 h of reaction time (chitosan-6h) forms a gel in situ without any added external crosslinker and it may potentially be useful as a vehicle for drug delivery.
Brain stem serotonin protects blood pressure in neonatal rats exposed to episodic anoxia

In neonatal rodents, a loss of brain stem serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in utero or at birth compromises anoxia-induced gasping and the recovery of heart rate (HR) and breathing with reoxy...
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Arising in an Esophageal Polyp: A Case Report

Liposarcoma is one of the most common sarcomas in adults, but only rarely presents as an esophageal primary. There have been several reports of well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL) arising in the esophagus, but we present a case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DL) presenting as a large esophageal polyp. We believe this is the first reported case of DL of the esophagus with morphologic evidence of both well-differentiated and dedifferentiated components. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of CPM gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
Scientism, deconstruction, and nihilism

I show how scientism leads to deconstruction and both, in turn, lead to nihilism. Nihilism constitutes a denial both of the existence of fallacious moral reasoning and the existence of a moral dimension to fallacious reasoning. I argue against all of these positions by maintaining that (1) there is a pre-theoretical framework of norms within which technical thinking function, (2) the pre-theoretical framework cannot itself be technically conceptualized, and (3) the explication of this framework permits us to identify both fallacies of moral reasoning and the immorality of fallacious reasoning.
Generalized Approach of Stator Shifting in Interior Permanent-Magnet Machines Equipped With Fractional-Slot Concentrated Windings

Electrical drive systems, which include electrical machines and power electronics, are a key enabling technology for advanced vehicle propulsion systems that reduce the petroleum dependence of the ground transportation sector. To have significant effect, electric drive technologies must be economical in terms of cost, weight, and size while meeting performance and reliability expectations. Interior permanent magnet machines with fractional-slot concentrated windings have been shown to be good candidates for hybrid traction applications. One of the key challenges is the additional stator magnetomotive force sub- and superharmonic components that lead to higher losses in the rotor as well as saturation effects. This paper tries to address this issue by looking into the concept of stator shifting. The generalized concept of stator shifting in the context of the harmonic components that are targeted for cancellation is presented; the focus is on single-layer and double-layer windings that have stator space subharmonics. It is shown that the stator shifting can reduce the loss-producing harmonics on the rotor as well as help the flux weakening performance of the fractional-slot concentrated winding designs. The cancellation of the loss harmonics is introduced as a method in which a particular harmonic can be targeted as well as reduce the phase inductance of the machine allowing for more room in terms of the operating voltage at higher speed. The concept of stator shifting will be explained, and the effect of varying the shift angle on the various harmonic components and winding factors will be investigated. Various designs, arising out of single-layer and double winding layer 10-pole, 12-slot configuration (targeting the FreedomCAR specifications) with varied shift angles are evaluated. The comparison between these designs in terms of their power density, efficiency, and torque ripple is presented.
Using stable isotope biogeochemistry to study marine mammal ecology

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) has emerged as a common tool in ecology and has proven especially useful in the study of animal diet, habitat use, movement, and physiology. SIA has been vigorously applied to the study of marine mammals, because most species live in habitats or undergo large migrations/movements that make them difficult to observe. Our review supplies a complete list of published SIA contributions to marine mammal science and highlights informative case examples in four general research areas: (1) physiology and fractionation, (2) foraging ecology and habitat use, (3) ecotoxicology, and (4) historic ecology and paleoecology. We also provide a condensed background of isotopic nomenclature, highlight several physiological considerations important for accurate interpretation of isotopic data, and identify research areas ripe for future growth. Because it is impossible to conduct controlled laboratory experiments on most marine mammal species, future studies in marine mammal ecology must draw on isotopic data collected from other organisms and be cognizant of key assumptions often made in the application of SIA to the study of animal ecology. The review is designed to be accessible to all audiences, from students unfamiliar with SIA to those who have utilized it in published studies.
Identifying bulk metallic glass-formers from multi-component eutectics

Abstract Multi-component eutectics are potentially bulk metallic glass (BMG)-formers, making their compositions the best starting points in the development of BMGs. Here we formulate a thermodynamic strategy to pin down BMG-formers from invariant eutectic compositions calculated using a Calphad approach. Taking Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni as a model system, we demonstrate that 4 out of 14 thermodynamically predicted eutectics are BMG-formers, and, more strikingly, 2 of them are associated with the experimentally observed Zr–Cu-rich and Ti–Cu-rich BMG-forming regions. A variety of new amorphous alloys are also expected by tailoring the compositions of the other 2 BMG-forming eutectics.