cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejoinder---Temporal Stochastic Inflation in Choice-Based Research

We examine the specification and interpretation of discrete-choice models used in behavioral theory testing, with a focus on separating “coefficient scale” from “error scale,” particularly over time. Numerous issues raised in the thoughtful commentaries of Louviere and Swait [Louviere, J., J. Swait. 2010. Discussion of “Alleviating the constant stochastic variance assumption in decision research: Theory, measurement, and experimental test.” Marketing Sci.29(1) 18--22] and Hutchinson, Zauberman, and Meyer (HZM) [Hutchinson, J. W., G. Zauberman, R. Meyer. 2010. On the interpretation of temporal inflation parameters in stochastic models of judgment and choice. Marketing Sci.29(1) 23--31] are addressed, specifically the roles of response scaling, preference covariates, actual versus hypothetical consumption, “immediacy,” and heterogeneity, as well as key differences between the experimental setup in Salisbury and Feinberg [Salisbury, L. C., F. M. Feinberg. 2010. Alleviating the constant stochastic variance assumption in decision research: Theory, measurement, and experimental test. Marketing Sci.29(1) 1--17] and those typifying intertemporal choice and construal level theory. We strongly concur with most of the general conclusions put forth by the commentary authors, but we also emphasize a central point made in our research that may have been lost: that the temporal inflation effects observed in our empirical analysis could be attributed to stochastic effects, deterministic influences, or an amalgam; appropriate inferences depend on the nature of one's data and stimuli. We also report on further analyses of our data, as well as a meta-analysis of HZM's Table 1 that is consistent with our original findings. Implications for, and dimensions relevant to, future research on temporal stochastic inflation and its role in choice-based research are discussed.
Molecular cloning of the 3' half of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene and demonstration that this region encodes receptor-binding activity.

Abstract Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE) causes the symptoms associated with C. perfringens food poisoning. To determine whether the C-terminal half of CPE contains receptor-binding activity, the 3' half of the cpe structural gene was cloned with an Escherichia coli expression vector system. E. coli lysates containing the expressed C-terminal CPE fragment (CPEfrag) were then assayed for CPE-like serologic, receptor-binding, and cytotoxic activities. CPEfrag was shown to contain an epitope located at or near the receptor-binding domain of the CPE molecule. Competitive-binding studies showed specific competition for CPE receptors between CPE and CPEfrag lysates. CPEfrag lysates did not cause cytotoxicity in Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells. However, preincubation with CPEfrag lysates specifically protected Vero cells from subsequent CPE challenge. This indicates that CPEfrag recognizes the physiologic receptor which mediates CPE cytotoxicity. Collectively, these studies indicate that the C-terminal half of CPE contains a receptor-binding domain but additional amino acid sequences appear to be required for CPE cytotoxicity.
Trajectory planning for an unmanned ground vehicle group using augmented particle swarm optimization in a dynamic environment

Optimal path planning is a key problem for the control of autonomous unmanned ground vehicles. Particle swarm optimization has been used to solve the optimal problem in the static environment; however, optimal path planning for UGV groups in a dynamical environment has not been fully discussed. Accordingly, a dynamic obstacle-avoidance path planning for an unmanned ground vehicle group was considered as optimal problem for shortest path with formation constraints. The problem was formulated in Cartesian space with detectable velocity of both the vehicles and obstacles. The fitness function was defined by minimizing the trajectory of the group while keeping the V-shape formation of the group. Stable region of the parameters are determined by analyzing the convergence of the PSO algorithm. The simulation results demonstrated that the augmented particle swarm optimization could get the shortest path while keeping the V-formation and converged very fast.
Another Approach to the Existence of Value Functions of Stochastic Differential Games

Abstract The existence of value functions for general two-player, zero-sum stochastic differential games has been obtained by Fleming and Souganidis. In this paper we present a new approach to this problem. We prove optimality inequalities of dynamic programming for viscosity sub- and supersolutions of the associated Bellman–Isaacs equations. These inequalities are well known for deterministic differential games but are new for stochastic differential games. It then easily follows that value functions are the unique viscosity solutions of the Bellman–Isaacs equations and satisfy the principle of dynamic programming. The results presented here are not the same as those of Fleming and Souganidis because we work with different reference spaces and the independence of value functions of the choice of reference spaces is not clear to us.
Comparison of 13 Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Overview and Serologic Response

In the September 1995 supplement to Pediatrics titled Report of the Nationwide Multicenter Acellular Pertussis Trial , the article "Comparison of 13 Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Overview and Serologic Response" (1995;96;548-557) contains errors. In Table 1 on page 549, the number in line 6 (SKB-2 vaccine), column 9 (Diphtheria Toxoid) should be 17, not 25, as printed. Similarly, in column 1 on page 550, line 22 should read" ...17 Lf of diphtheria toxoid," not ". . .25 Lf of diphtheria toxoid," as printed.
Identification of Two Eukaryote-Like Serine/Threonine Kinases Encoded by Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar L2 and Characterization of Interacting Partners of Pkn1

Genome sequencing of C. trachomatis serovar D revealed the presence of three putative open reading frames (ORFs), CT145 (Pkn1), CT673 (Pkn5), and CT301 (PknD), encoding eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (Ser/Thr kinases). Two of these putative kinase genes, CT145 and CT301, were PCR amplified from serovar L2, cloned, and sequenced. Predicted translation products of the ORFs showed the presence of conserved kinase motifs at the N terminus of the proteins. CT145 and CT301 (encoding Pkn1 and PknD, respectively) were expressed in Escherichia coli as GST fusion proteins. In vitro kinase assays with Escherichia coli-derived glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins showed autophosphorylation of Pkn1 and PknD, indicating that they are functional kinases. Gene expression analysis of these kinase genes in Chlamydia by reverse transcriptase PCR indicated expression of these kinases at the early mid phase of the developmental cycle. Immunoprecipitated native chlamydial Pkn1 and PknD proteins also showed autophosphorylation in an in vitro kinase assay. Phosphoamino acid analysis by thin-layer chromatography confirmed that Pkn1 and PknD are phosphorylated on both serine and threonine residues. Interaction of Pkn1 and PknD with each other as well as interaction of Pkn1 with inclusion membrane protein G (IncG) was demonstrated by using a bacterial two-hybrid system. These interactions were further suggested by phosphorylation of the proteins in in vitro kinase assays. This report is the first description of the existence of functional Ser/Thr kinases in Chlamydia. The results of these findings should lead to a better understanding of how Chlamydia interact and interfere with host signaling pathways, since kinases represent potential mediators of the intimate host-pathogen interactions that are essential to the intracellular life cycle of Chlamydia.
Interorganizational Cooperation and the Implementation of Welfare Reform: Community Service Employment in Welfare Work Programs

This analysis of the Community Work Experience (CWEP) component of the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills program under the Family Support Act of 1988 examines the service delivery framework and management challenges of welfare policy reform. We focus on the interagency relationships that must be built and maintained to provide work experience to welfare recipients. In particular, we examine three questions: Why do agencies that provide placement sites participate? What problems are encountered and how are they resolved? How does the management of the program affect the experience of the placement site agency? Answers to these questions are vital to the success of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 that transformed the American welfare system by establishing time limits on welfare benefits and creating work requirements for recipients. The analysis is based on a set of interviews with state and local JOBS managers and managers of CWEP placement sites in eight states.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase-catalyzed rapid O-methylation of mutagenic flavonoids. Metabolic inactivation as a possible reason for their lack of carcinogenicity in vivo.

Quercetin is highly mutagenic in vitro, yet is not carcinogenic when administered chronically at large doses to rodents for 12 months. We hypothesized that catechol-O-methyltransferase-catalyzed O-methylation of quercetin and other mutagenic catechol-containing flavonoids may provide an efficient inactivation in vivo and may therefore prevent tumor induction by these flavonoids. After one intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg quercetin to hamsters, a urinary ether extract contained 2% quercetin and 97% 3‘-O-methylquercetin. When the urine was treated first with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, 13% quercetin and 87% 3‘-O-methylquercetin were recovered. Quercetin was rapidly O-methylated by either porcine liver or hamster kidney catechol-O-methyltransferase, with Km values of 6.1 and 6.9 microM and Vmax values of 14,870 and 200 pmol/mg of protein/min, respectively. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine exhibited a potent feedback inhibition of the catechol-O-methyltransferase-catalyzed O-methylation of quercetin by a competitive mechanism with respect to S-adenosyl-L-methionine and by a competitive plus noncompetitive mechanism with respect to the substrate. A comparison of the O-methylation rates and kinetic characteristics (Km, Vmax, and Vmax/Km) demonstrated that rates of O-methylation of quercetin and fisetin were up to three orders of magnitude higher than those of catechol estrogens and catecholamines. In conclusion, the rapid metabolic inactivation of mutagenic flavonoids catalyzed by catechol-O-methyltransferase may be a major reason for the lack of their carcinogenic activities in vivo.
Comparing the effects of five different statins on the HDL subpopulation profiles of coronary heart disease patients

We compared the effects of five different statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin) on the lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulation profiles of 86 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Patients with established CHD, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C)>130 mg/dl, and triglyceride (TG)<400 mg/dl, were treated with atorvastatin 20, 40, and 80 mg/day and one of the other four statins at 20, 40, and when available 80 mg/day in increasing doses (4 weeks of each dose) in a randomized crossover fashion. There was an 8-week placebo controlled washout period between different drug treatments. All five statins on each dose resulted in significant reductions in total- and LDL-C compared to placebo treatment. There were also decreases in plasma TG and increases in HDL-C and apoA-I concentrations, but not all treatments changed these parameters significantly. Each statin except fluvastatin improved the HDL subpopulation profile by increasing the concentrations of the large, cholesterol-rich, LpA-I alpha-1 and prealpha-1 HDL subpopulations. CHD patients have significantly lower concentration of the large, LpA-I alpha-1 HDL particles compared to controls. Our data indicate that statins which are the most effective in lowering LDL-C and TG are also the most effective agents in modifying the HDL subpopulation profile in CHD patients towards the patterns found in healthy individuals. The order of efficacy of statins in increasing alpha-1 HDL subpopulation was: atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin.
A statistical traffic pattern discovery system for MANETs

Anonymous MANET routing relies on techniques such as re-encryption on each hop to hide end-to-end communication relations. However, passive signal detectors and traffic analyzers can still retrieve sensitive information from PHY and MAC layers through statistical traffic analysis. In this paper, we propose a statistical traffic pattern discovery (STPD) system. STPD intends to find out the sources and destinations of captured packets and discover the end-to-end communication relations. The proposed approach does not require analyzers to be actively involved in MANET transmissions or to decrypt the traffic. We present theoretical models as well as extensive simulations to demonstrate our solutions.
THE EFFECTS OF "DRY" HEAT ON THE CIRCULATION OF MAN. CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS.

Abstract Subjects with normal hearts, as well as patients with enlarged left ventricles, compensated or in left ventricular failure, were exposed for 2 hours to a dry, warm environment of 98°F. and 40 per cent relative humidity. Brachial arterial pressure and left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption decreased significantly. There was a positive correlation between these measurements. These changes are not harmful to the overburdened left ventricle and, within the design of the experiment, may actually be considered to be beneficial in the case of resting subjects.
The Levels of Decision Making in Multi-Unit Community College Systems.

This study advances a foundation for future exploration of applied understandings of factors that influence decision levels in multi‐unit community college systems. The purposes of the study were to examine the levels at which decisions were made in nine selected decision areas, and to determine the relationship between (a) the levels at which decisions were made in systems, (b) the factors of institutional size and history, and (c) the number of system‐level personnel. The data for analysis were collected from 26 community college systems that were responsible for only a portion of higher education in the state, had a system‐level president or chancellor as the chief executive officer, and had a central office separate from the campuses in the system. The Aston method of collecting data from formal organizations was utilized to identify the formal structure and context of the systems. The major findings are that faculty‐ and student‐related matters are generally decided at the campus level and that major...
Joint shape and texture analysis of objects boundaries in images using a Riemannian approach

In order to detect, track and recognize objects in images, one has to develop statistical models for features representing those objects. Shapes and textures are two main features that are used for this purpose. While past research has developed separate techniques for analyzing these for these two features, our goal is to study them together. We represent the 2D coordinates of the boundary and the texture function along that boundary as a composite parameterized curve in a high-dimensional Euclidean space. Then, we define equivalence relations on these representations to obtain the desired invariances. The shape component is made invariant to rigid motions, global scalings and re-parameterizations, while the texture component is made invariant only to the last two. Using a Riemannian structure on the resulting quotient space, we compute geodesic paths between shape-texture functions to compare different objects. In addition to optimal deformations of one object into another, this method provides a cohesive registration of points across objects using both shape and texture information. We will demonstrate this framework using examples of objects in artificial and real images.
Revisiting Broken Windows Theory: Examining the Sources of the Discriminant Validity of Perceived Disorder and Crime

Two lines of critiques have developed in reference to broken windows theory: (1) Concentrated disadvantage appears to be more intricately linked with disorder than the theory allows for; and (2) There is concern that disorder and crime lack discriminant validity in that people do not actually distinguish between the two. The present study integrated these two perspectives by examining whether concentrated disadvantage—including disorder itself—affects the extent to which people view disorder and crime as separate problems. Multivariate models showed that people who believe their neighborhood to be more disorderly were more likely to make distinctions between disorder and crime. Theoretical recommendations for future tests of broken windows theory are presented and the policy implications for order maintenance policing programs are discussed.
Impact of chronic fructose infusion on hepatic metabolism during TPN administration.

During chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN), net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU) is markedly elevated. However, NHGU is reduced by the presence of an infection. We recently demonstrated that a sm...
STATE FEEDBACK STABILIZATION OF AN ELASTIC AIRCRAFT MOTION

This paper deals with the stabilization of motion of an airplane with structural elasticity. In most control problems associated with the motion of an airplane, rigid body equations of motion are employed to design the control law. This approach is suitable when the structure is sufficiently stiff. However, when the structural flexibility is dominant, the controller designed for rigid body dynamics is not suitable. The elastic behavior of the structure must be incorporated in the control law design to control the motion of the airplane as well as the behavior of elastic modes. In this paper, the rigid body equations of motion are combined with the elastic mode equations of motion to design the control law. The full state feedback gain is determined using the conventional Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) method. NOMENCLATURE
Comparison of some algorithms to estimate the low and high state level of pulses

The Subcommittee on Pulse Techniques (SCOPT) of the Instrumentation and Measurement Society is developing a new standard for pulse analysis. Currently we are working on the estimation of the low and high state levels of pulses. Since the waveforms considered contain two states, the terms "low state" and "high state" may be used interchangeably with the terms "state 1" and "state 2," respectively. The estimation of other pulse parameters, such as pulse amplitude, transition duration (rise and fall time), overshoot and undershoot pulse duration or width, and settling parameters, depend on the estimate of the levels for the low and high states. So, these algorithms are the foundation for the proper estimation of pulse parameters. Some other names for the low and high state levels of pulses are "base magnitude" and "top magnitude", as well as "base-line", "bottom line" and "top-line". Previous work described algorithms for estimating the magnitude of the state 1 and state 2 levels that are based on histograms of the pulse waveform. However, the algorithms leave many choices to the user. Due to these user choices, different results can be obtained for the state 1 and state 2 levels that are all compliant with the standard. We compare the results of several different algorithms.
Field parameterization and experimental test of the neutral theory of biodiversity

Ecologists would like to explain general patterns observed across multi-species communities, such as species–area1 and abundance–frequency relationships1,2,3,4, in terms of the fundamental processes of birth, death and migration underlying the dynamics of all constituent species. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity5,6 and related theories7,8 based on these fundamental population processes have successfully recreated general species-abundance patterns without accounting for either the variation among species and individuals or resource-releasing processes such as predation and disturbance, long emphasized in ecological theory9,10,11,12,13,14. If ecological communities can be described adequately without estimating variation in species and their interactions15, our understanding of ecological community organization and the predicted consequences of reduced biodiversity and environmental change would shift markedly. Here, I introduce a strong method to test the neutral theory that combines field parameterization of the underlying population dynamics with a field experiment, and apply it to a rocky intertidal community. Although the observed abundance–frequency distribution of the system follows that predicted by the neutral theory, the neutral theory predicts poorly the field experimental results, indicating an essential role for variation in species interactions.
Asian ethnicity is associated with reduced pregnancy outcomes after assisted reproductive technology

Objective To determine whether success rates were similar in Asian and Caucasian women undergoing infertility treatment. Design Secondary data analysis and multivariate modeling. Setting Clinics reporting to the national Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry and a university-based clinic. Patient(s) Caucasian and self-identified Asian infertile women undergoing IVF. The study included 25,843 Caucasian and 1,429 Asian patients from the national registry; 370 Caucasian and 197 Asian patients were included from the site-specific clinic. Intervention(s) In vitro fertilization. Main Outcome Measure(s) Pregnancy rate and live-birth rate. Result(s) Infertile Asian women differed only minimally from their Caucasian counterparts in baseline characteristics and treatment response. Yet Asian women had a decreased clinical pregnancy rate (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.64–0.80) and a decreased live-birth rate (odds ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval 0.61–0.77). Subsequent multivariate analysis demonstrated that Asian ethnicity was an independent predictor of poor outcome. Conclusion(s) After treatment, infertile Asian women have significantly fewer pregnancies than do Caucasian women. Multivariate analysis indicates that this discrepancy cannot be accounted for by differences in baseline characteristics or by response to current therapeutic interventions.
Free will is un-natural.

The history of social psychology, and especially its subfield of social cognition, is replete with surprising findings of complex judgmental and behavioral phenomena that operate outside of conscious awareness and even intention (Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Yet the surprising nature of these findings comes no longer from their relative infrequency, for they have become all too commonplace in the research literature. Instead, the surprise comes from the continuing overarching assumption of the field regarding the primacy of conscious will. Based most likely on our (i.e., research psychologists’) own subjective experience as human beings, the early process models of each new phenomenon tend to start with the assumption of a major role played by conscious choice and decisions, intention and awareness, in producing the phenomenon in question. Then further findings start coming in showing that, “surprisingly,” much of the phenomenon can be explained without need of stages or steps involving conscious intention or awareness. In the rest of the natural sciences, especially evolutionary biology and neuroscience, the assumption of conscious primacy is not nearly as prevalent as it is in psychology. Thus one goal for the present chapter is to help bring psychology more in line with the rest of the natural sciences, in which complex and highly intelligent design in living things is not assumed to be driven by conscious, intentional processes on the part of the plant or animal, but instead by “blind” natural selection processes (see Dawkins, 1976; Dennett, 1995). As Dennett (1991, p. 251) put it, “in biology, we have learned to resist the temptation to explain design in organisms by positing a single great Intelligence that does all
Reduction of Ethanol Yield from Switchgrass Infected with Rust Caused by Puccinia emaculata

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is an important biofuel crop candidate thought to have low disease susceptibility. As switchgrass production becomes more prevalent, monoculture and production fields in close proximity to one another may increase the spread and severity of diseases such as switchgrass rust caused by the pathogen Puccinia emaculata. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of rust on ethanol yield in switchgrass. In 2010 and 2012, naturally infected leaves from field-grown ‘Alamo’ and ‘Kanlow’ in Knoxville, TN (2010, 2012) and Crossville, TN (2012) were visually categorized as exhibiting low, medium, or high disease based on the degree of chlorosis and sporulation. P. emaculata was isolated from each disease range to confirm infection. Samples from 2010 were acid/heat pretreated and subjected to two runs of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A to measure ethanol yield. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to estimate ethanol yield for 2012 samples. SSF and NIRS data were analyzed separately using ANOVA. Disease level effects were significant within both models (P < 0.05) and both models explained a large amount of variation in ETOH (SSF: R 2 = 0.99, NIRS: R 2 = 0.99). In the SSF dataset, ethanol was reduced by 35 % in samples exhibiting medium disease symptoms and by 55 % in samples exhibiting high disease symptoms. In the NIRS dataset, estimated ethanol was reduced by 10 % in samples exhibiting medium disease symptoms and by 21 % in samples exhibiting high disease symptoms. Results indicate that switchgrass rust will likely have a negative impact on ethanol yield in switchgrass grown as a biofuel crop.
Familial cancer syndromes and genetic counseling

The past several years have witnessed the identification of numerous genes that contribute to cancer development, many of which may be inherited in an altered state so as to predispose to the development of cancer. Collectively, the application of these new gene discoveries will have a significant impact on public health in both pediatric and adult medical practices.
Regulatory Science in Rulemaking and Tort: Unifying the Weight of the Evidence Approach

This article explores how a regulatory agency decides whether scientific evidence is sufficient to meet a risk trigger – the evidentiary burden that is a prerequisite to regulating a toxic substance, and how a court decides whether there is sufficient evidence to allow a jury to consider the issue of general causation in a toxic tort case. We argue both agencies and courts should apply a weight of the evidence approach because there is no meaningful distinction between the regulatory and tort contexts concerning these issues. The courts, however, have tended to use a corpuscular approach in which scientific evidence is evaluated study by study, rather than evaluating the totality of the evidence, which is the methodology of regulatory agencies. Given the nature of available scientific evidence, a corpuscular approach turns Daubert into a policy decision against compensating people who become ill from exposure to toxic chemicals.
Surgical management of civilian gunshot wounds to the head

Each year close to 20000 Americans are involved in gunshot wounds to the head (GSWH). Over 90% of the victims of GSWH eventually fail to survive and only a meager 5% of the patients have a chance to continue with a useful life. One of the fundamental jobs of providers is to realize who the best candidate for the best possible management is. Recent evidence indicates that a good Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at the time of admission puts such patients at high priority for management. Lack of abnormal pupillary response to light, trajectory of slug away for central gray, and visibility of basal cisterns upgrade the need for utmost care for such a victim. Surgical management is careful attention to involvement of air sinuses and repair of base dura. Patients with diffuse injury should have intraventricular intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and if needed a timely decompressive craniectomy. Since close to 2% of patients with penetrating brain injury may harbor a vascular injury, subjects with injuries close to the Sylvian fissure and those with the fragment crossing two dural compartments should have computed tomography angiography and if needed digital subtraction angiography to rule out traumatic intracranial aneurysms. In case of a positive study, these patients should have endovascular management of their vascular injuries in order to prevent catastrophic intracerebral hematomas and permanent deficit. Although supported by class III data, subjects of GSWH need to be on broad spectrum antibiotics for a period of 3-5 days. If cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas are observed at any time during the patient's hospital course, they should be taken very seriously and appropriate management is needed to prevent deep intracranial infections.
Multitasking Real-time Embedded GPU Computing Tasks

In this study, we consider the specific characteristics of workloads that involve multiple real-time embedded GPU computing tasks and design several schedulers that use alternative approaches. Then, we compare the performance of schedulers and determine which scheduling approach is more effective for a given workload and why. The major conclusions of this study include: (a) Small kernels benefit from running kernels concurrently. (b) The combination of small kernels, high-priority kernels with longer runtimes, and lower-priority kernels with shorter runtimes benefits from a CPU scheduler that dynamically changes kernel order on the Fermi architecture. (c) Due to limitations of existing GPU architectures, currently CPU schedulers outperform their GPU counterparts. We also highlight the shortcomings of current GPU architectures with regard to running multiple real-time tasks, and recommend new features that would improve scheduling, including hardware priorities, preemption, programmable scheduling, and a common time concept and atomics across the CPU and GPU.
Fabrication of High TC Superconducting Composite Structure

The laser ablation technique was used to fabricate high Tc superconducting composite structures. The multilayered structures were fabricated in‐situ by changing the target during deposition. Thin MgO films and yttrium‐stabilized Zr02 films were used as buffer layers. The composite films were successfully fabricated on ZrO2(100) substrates. There is negligible interdiffusion occurring at the interfaces and the Jc at 77K is higher than 105A/cm2 for YBCO films in a triple layered structure.
Discussion about Imitation of Vocal Music Learners

On the basis of the characteristics of psychology and physiology,this paper studied the vocal music learner's imitation to explore the importance of how to cultivate the learners' imitating ability.Finally,some suggestions were put forward in teaching.
NO and Ca2+: Critical Components of Cytosolic Signaling Systems Involved in Stomatal Immune Responses

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a secondary messenger involved in a wide range of signal transduction pathways, including plant immune responses. NO production can be triggered by various microbial pathogens and endogenous defense signaling molecules. Some phyllosphere pathogens invade plant leaves through the leaf surface stomatal pore formed by a pair of guard cells. To prevent the first-line attack, a series of innate immune signaling cascades occur in the guard cells that trigger stomatal closure. NO is one of the critical components involved in stomatal closure, evidenced by using pharmacological reagents and genetic resources. NO biosynthesis in plant cells is thought to occur by two pathways. One is the l -arginine-dependent pathway and the other is the nitrate reduction pathway. However, enzymes responsible for NO synthesis in the l -arginine-dependent pathway are still unidentified. Therefore the currently available NO synthesis related mutants are nia1 , nia2 (the two genes encoding nitrate reductase) and noa1 , an NO-associated gene mistakenly characterized as the NO synthase previously. Studies on stomatal defense signaling have demonstrated an interdependency between NO and several other secondary messengers, such as Ca 2+ , reactive oxygen species and cGMP and the gasotransmitter H 2 S. These findings indicate that NO is downstream from those signaling molecules. However, recent studies have shown a distinct function of NO that NO-derived moieties bind to certain molecules, resulting in S-nitrosylation of cysteine and tyrosine nitration. NO-associated modification has been identified in several molecules involved in guard cell signaling, indicating a feed-forward role that NO could play in the guard cell. Perspectives and insights on how NO contributes to stomatal immunity through its interplay with other signaling molecules using genetic approaches are proposed and discussed.
3 – THE RECOVERY AND STUDY OF BURNED HUMAN TEETH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the study and recovery of burned human teeth. Teeth are among the most useful structures in the body for establishing a decedent's age, sex, ancestry, and skeletal idiosyncrasies. It is vital to thoroughly recover and properly reconstruct burned dentitions despite the obvious difficulty and tedium. The archaeological methods recommended to recover burned dental fragments are necessary because of significant fragmentation that can occur to the body in general, and to the teeth in particular, during a fire. Analyzing dental remains demands a detailed knowledge of dental anatomy and the ways in which heat affects teeth to reconstruct the dentition for positive identification. In total, dental analysts face numerous concerns when confronted with burned teeth, and all must receive due consideration. Biological anthropologists spend their lives examining and evaluating the complex nature of human teeth. The amount of detail and information gained from a dentition cannot be taken lightly and warrants serious dedication.
Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors in Children and Young Adults With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis or Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective To characterize the use of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (TNFIs) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and young adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Patients with incident JIA or RA were identified by using the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database from 2009 to 2013. The incident diagnosis was defined as no prior claims with a JIA/RA code and no JIA/RA medications recorded during the previous 6 months. TNFI use patterns were examined, including switching among TNFIs, adherence, persistence, and time from diagnosis to TNFI use. Earlier TNFI treatment without prior use of traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and use of specific TNFIs were analyzed by age group. Results Of 6929 children and young adults with new diagnoses of JIA/RA, 18.6% were treated with TNFIs. In these TNFI users, 39.1% received earlier TNFI therapy without prior use of DMARDs. The use of TNFIs was higher in patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2013 than that in patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2011 (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.28). Etanercept was the most commonly used, especially by children aged < 12 (75.5%) and adolescents aged 12 to 17 (62.5%) years. Adherence measured as mean proportion of days covered ranged from 70.4% to 93.2% for individual TNFI agents. Only about 60% of patients continuously took TNFIs for 12 months. When switching occurred, switching from etanercept to adalimumab was the most common pattern. Conclusion Earlier TNFI therapy was observed in 39.1% of children and young adults taking TNFIs. In addition, the time to the first TNFI prescription became shorter over the study period. Future research should evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of this more aggressive TNFI therapy.
Veselago lens and plasmonic nanostructures at optical frequencies

Summary form only as given. We describe various designs of metamaterials for Veselago lens that may potentially perform at optical frequencies. Plasmonic periodic metallic nanostructures present one interesting possibility for both 2D and 3D negative index medium (NIM) systems. NIM is a system having opposite group and phase velocities in a particular frequency range and thus supporting 'negative' refraction and 'backward' propagating waves. It is known since 1940s that crystals with strong spatial dispersion may exhibit negative refraction.
Committee I: Indications for pulmonary cytology sampling methods.

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has developed a set of guidelines for pulmonary cytology including indications for bronchial brushings, washings and endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration, technical recommendations for cytologic sampling, recommended terminology and classification scheme, recommendations for ancillary testing and recommendations for postcytologic diagnosis management and follow-up. All recommendation documents are based on the expertise of the authors, extensive literature review and feedback from presentations at national and international conferences. This document selectively presents the results of these discussions. The present document summarizes the recommendations for clinical and imaging evaluation of pulmonary lesions along with the indications for cytologic studies regarding these abnormalities. Preprocedural requirements regarding brushing, washing and needle aspiration procedures are discussed also. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diluents and the Enumeration of Stressed Campylobacter jejuni

Significant discrepancies in calculated counts of Campylobacter jejuni strains ATCC 33250 and 29428 were observed between undiluted samples and samples diluted in 0.1% peptone water when cultures had been incubated at 42°C under micro-aerobic conditions in brucella broth containing 2% NaCl. The influence of 0.1% peptone water, brucella broth and phosphate buffer as diluents for enumeration of C. jejuni stored at 6 and -18°C in brucella broth with 0.5 and 2% NaCl was studied. The three diluents were equally effective for the recovery of C. jejuni from refrigerated broth containing 0.5% NaCl. However, when the organism had been refrigerated in the broth with 2% NaCl or frozen in the broth with either level of salt, dilution with brucella broth produced significantly higher counts than dilution with 0.1% peptone water or phosphate buffer.
Minimal Bases of Rational Vector Spaces and Their Importance in Algebraic Systems Theory

Let F denote the field of rational functions over some base field. Every subspace V of F n has a polynomial basis. A polynomial basis having minimal possible degrees is called a minimal basis of V. It was shown by G.D. Forney that minimal bases always exist and that these bases are of great importance in multivariable systems theory and convolutional coding theory.
Analyzing International Students’ Study Anxiety in Higher Education

The purpose of this study is to explore international students’ study anxiety in a mid-sized public four-year university in Southeast Texas by comparing their existing study anxiety along lines of nationality, gender, age, major, degree, and stage of education. The subjects were selected using a convenience sample during the Spring of 2013. The researcher collected pertinent demographic data and used a modified version of the Study Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ). The non-parametric statistical analysis focuses on the students’ perceptions and the study anxiety of international students which has been grouped into five anxiety subgroups. The results demonstrate some differences in anxiety levels among different demographic groups.
Effects of the Flat-Flux and Infinite-Mass Approximation on Resonance Absorption

An investigation was conducted to estimate the error when a flat-flux approximation is used to compute the resonance integral for a simple absorber element embedded in a neutron source.An integral ...
Contemporary range expansion of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) impacted by humans and snow cover

Range expansions are key demographic events driven by factors such as climate change and human intervention that ultimately influence the genetic composition of peripheral populations. The expansio...
Neurological Complications of Targeted Therapies

Drug development in oncology has increasingly shifted from a focus on cytotoxic chemotherapy to the production of targeted agents designed to address specific molecular drivers of tumor growth. These targeted agents include antiangiogenic agents, small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates. Overall, these agents are better tolerated than their cytotoxic counterparts, but they carry the risk of specific neurologic toxicities. Headache is often reported in association with targeted agents. Neuropathy is a common feature of proteasome inhibitors and also frequently described with the use of thalidomide and its analogs. Antiangiogenic agents carry an increased risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. The Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS) or Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) is a rare but serious complication seen with the use of various targeted therapies, including antiangiogenic agents and monoclonal antibodies. Neurologic complications of targeted therapies are generally mild to moderate in severity, but may rarely result in dose modification or necessitate drug discontinuation.
Geometric Nonlinearity in Nonprismatic Members

Tangent stiffness matrices are derived for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of elastic framed structures with nonprismatic members. These matrices are symmetric and entirely consistent with the conventional beam-column theory. Also, a perturbation technique is described for the determination of the generalized stability and bowing functions and their relevant derivatives.
Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation by GaAs Nanowire Arrays Protected with Atomic Layer Deposited NiO x Electrocatalysts

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen production makes possible the direct conversion of solar energy into chemical fuel. In this work, PEC photoanodes consisting of GaAs nanowire (NW) arrays were fabricated, characterized, and then demonstrated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Uniform and periodic GaAs nanowire arrays were grown on a heavily n-doped GaAs substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition selective area growth. The nanowire arrays were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in a non-aqueous electrochemical system using ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) as a redox couple, and a maximum oxidation photocurrent of 11.1 mA/cm2 was measured. GaAs NW arrays with a 36 nm layer of nickel oxide (NiO x ) synthesized by atomic layer deposition were then used as photoanodes to drive the OER. In addition to acting as an electrocatalyst, the NiO x layer served to protect the GaAs NWs from oxidative corrosion. Using this strategy, GaAs NW photoanodes were successfully used for the oxygen evolution reaction. This is the first demonstration of GaAs NW arrays for effective OER, and the fabrication and protection strategy developed in this work can be extended to study any other nanostructured semiconductor materials systems for electrochemical solar energy conversion.
Protein Polymer-Based Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Medical Applications

Nanoparticles are particles that range in size from about 1–1000 nanometers in diameter, about one thousand times smaller than the average cell in a human body. Their small size, flexible fabrication, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio make them ideal systems for drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be made from a variety of materials including metals, polysaccharides, and proteins. Biological protein-based nanoparticles such as silk, keratin, collagen, elastin, corn zein, and soy protein-based nanoparticles are advantageous in having biodegradability, bioavailability, and relatively low cost. Many protein nanoparticles are easy to process and can be modified to achieve desired specifications such as size, morphology, and weight. Protein nanoparticles are used in a variety of settings and are replacing many materials that are not biocompatible and have a negative impact on the environment. Here we attempt to review the literature pertaining to protein-based nanoparticles with a focus on their application in drug delivery and biomedical fields. Additional detail on governing nanoparticle parameters, specific protein nanoparticle applications, and fabrication methods are also provided.
Anticancer Phytocompounds: Experimental and Clinical Updates

Abstract Cancer chemoprevention involves the chronic administration of a natural, synthetic, or biological agent to delay or prevent the occurrence of malignancy. Since ancient times, plant-derived compounds, the so-called phytocompounds, have been used to prevent or treat several diseases including cancer. The potential use of phytocompounds against various cancers like lung, breast, colon, etc. has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. In the last decade, strategies of chemoprevention have changed significantly, and now have rigorous selection criteria involving more extensive preclinical mechanistic evaluation of agents before clinical trials are instituted and a focus on defining biomarkers of activity that can be used as early predictors of efficacy. In this review, we discuss the preclinical and clinical studies of selected promising chemopreventive agents and also summarize newly emerging compounds and highlight potential new developments in the field of chemoprevention.
Subtractive digital fabrication with actual robot and virtual material using a MARI platform

This article presents a project-based research study using a new hybrid augmented reality platform called the Mixed Architectural Robotic Interface. Using the Mixed Architectural Robotic Interface ...
Prosocial rule-breaking to help coworker: Nature, causes, and effect on service performance

Abstract We examine the nature, antecedents, and service performance consequence of employees’ prosocial rule-breaking behaviors with a motive to help coworkers (PSBC) in two studies. Using a qualitative exploratory study with a sample of 80 hospitality workers, we showed the prevalence of PSBC in the hospitality industry, which includes four unique forms. Next, we examined the causes and effect of PSBC by drawing on the social cognitive theory. We proposed that coworkers PSBC and employees’ moral courage interactively predict employee PSBC, which has a negative effect on service performance. We tested the hypotheses using a time-lagged survey study with a sample of 149 hospitality workers. Results from path analysis supported our predictions. They also showed that the relationship between coworker PSBC and employee PSBC was stronger when employees’ moral courage was high. The findings provide theoretical and practical implication on managing employees’ rule-breaking behaviors in hospitality settings.