cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Letter by Jalife et al Regarding Article, “Quantitative Analysis of Localized Sources Identified by Focal Impulse and Rotor Mapping in Atrial Fibrillation”

> You must be sincerely committed to what’s right and not who’s right. > > —John R. Wooden (1920–2010) > > UCLA Basketball Coach and > > Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient > > From Wooden on Leadership, 2005 We reviewed the letter by Jalife et al1 regarding our recent article2 and are delighted to provide a response to the comments relevant to our article. We agree with their assessment that skepticism regarding the Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation (FIRM) rotor mapping system derives in part from the low signal quality often obtained with the basket catheter and the possibility that the proprietary phase interpolation algorithm is inherently biased toward detection of rotors. Indeed, this was a key motivation for conducting our study. We expected to alleviate this skepticism by demonstrating, with independent analytical methods, that FIRM-identified rotor sites showed unique quantitative characteristics, and thus were less likely to be the result of algorithmic bias. We did not find such differences nor did the studies cited by Jalife et al1 (references 13 and 18), …
Synthesis of C59Hx and C58Hx fullerenes stabilized by hydrogen.

Prolonged hydrogenation of C60 molecules by reaction with H2 at elevated temperature and pressure resultsin fragmentation and collapse of the fullerene cage structure. However, fragments can be pre ...
Expression of Neisseria meningitidis iron-regulated outer membrane proteins, including a 70-kilodalton transferrin receptor, and their potential for use as vaccines.

The iron-regulated proteins (IRPs) of five group B meningococcal strains expressing class 2 outer membrane proteins were compared with those of five strains expressing class 3 proteins. Three to four high-molecular-weight IRPs were expressed by each strain, but their molecular sizes varied between strains and were not related to class 2 or 3 protein expression. Transferrin and hemoglobin could be used as a sole iron source. By using anti-human transferrin antibodies, it was shown that meningococcal cells and purified outer membranes bound transferrin. Growth under conditions of iron limitation caused a several-fold increase in the amount of transferrin bound to the cell surface. The transferrin-binding protein was detergent solubilized from outer membranes and partially purified. The isolated protein bound human transferrin and had an apparent molecular mass of 70 kilodaltons. To evaluate the potential of vaccines containing IRPs, we prepared outer membrane vaccines from strains M986-NCV-1 (M986) (--:2a: P1.2) and 44/76-M25 (44/76) (--:15:P1.15) grown to fully express their IRPs. Both vaccines induced significant anti-IRP antibodies as measured by enzyme immunoassay and by Western immunoblot with both M986 and 44/76 outer membranes. By Western blot analysis, the M986 vaccine induced antibodies to two different IRPs, one of which was shared with 44/76. Since the IRPs are major in vivo-expressed outer membrane proteins and are required for survival in vivo, these proteins should be evaluated for their usefulness in a group B meningococcal vaccine. Images
Vertices and corners: normalized average detection

Most of the information regarding the shape of polyhedral objects is preserved in the edges and the vertices of these objects. Gray level images of scenes containing such objects are often processed to extract edge and vertex information to produce equivalent line sketches. An accurate line sketch of a scene serves as an effective input to high level vision systems concerned with scene understanding or object recognition. The performance of these systems is therefore greatly dependent on the accuracy of the line sketch. The work reported in this paper addresses the issues associated with generating accurate line sketches from gray level images. The methods described here have been implemented and tested with real and synthetic images and are compared to other vertex or corner detection techniques. The performance of the vertex detector is assessed using simulation runs on images with varied signal-to-noise ratios. The computational performance of this algorithm is evaluated and assessed by operating directly on the gray-scale image.
Some Comments on the Role of Demand and Investment in Long-Term Growth: A Reply

Let me note some points of agreement between Minabe and myself. First, I agree that capacity or full employment national income cannot be incorporated into a family consumption function as a ratchet effect. It is the peak income that the family actually earned that determines the extent of their resistance to cuts in living standards and not the peak income that they might have earned if fully employed. Second, I agree that a good statistical fit is not everything. In an age of distributed-lag functions, where investigators seldom put any a priori restrictions on the profile of distributed-lagged weights, any econometrician with access to a computer can come up with decent statistical results. He need only persevere. Where I disagree is on two points he makes early in the note: (1) that the essential spirit of the ratchet effect is lost in my model, and (2) that the Duesenberry model is not suitable for defining conditions of steady growth and therefore not a useful building block in constructing a model of joint interaction. The first point is by far the more important and I will attempt to answer it first. For if the essential spirit of the ratchet effect were missing, a link would be lacking connecting the demand and supply sides of the market in my model. I say a link rather than all links, as Minabe implies, because there is still the influence running from demand to supply that he neglects. To facilitate the discussion, I shall write the DuesenberryModigliani, (D-M), function in a manner more in keeping with Modigliani's formulation. Thus write: ct=0.5yt+0.4yt* where the lower-case letters ct, Yt, and yt* represent family consumption, current income, and peak income attained, which may be the current income. Then the aggregate version of the (D-M) function becomes Ct = 0.5Yt+0.4Yt* where each upper-case letter represents the aggregate version of the family measures. The coefficients chosen are of no consequence as the argument is independent of their values. Now assume that there are only three families whose incomes are represented by Yl, Y2, and Y3. Table I brings out the essential issues. Again the numbers chosen are arbitrary but of no special consequence, chosen primarily for computational convenience. They
Line width in magnetic resonance due to emission of radiation

Line width in ferromagnetic resonance is found to consist of the magnon scattering, the superradiance, and a new effect due to the simultaneous presence of magnon scattering and the superradiance.
Chronic Manganese Exposure Impairs Visuospatial Associative Learning in Non-Human Primates

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal nutrient, however, excess Mn can be neurotoxic. The degree to which chronic environmental or occupational exposures to Mn in adults cause neuropsychological dysfunction is of considerable interest. Descriptions of neuropsychological dysfunction following chronic Mn exposure have been somewhat inconsistent though, likely owing to different measures of exposure in different populations, complicated by factors of mixed exposures and differences in neuropsychological tests administered. We previously described up-regulation of the mRNA expression for amyloid-beta (A-beta) precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and the presence of A-beta diffuse plaques in frontal cortex of Mn-exposed monkeys. The present study examined Mn-induced changes in performance on a paired associate learning (PAL) task that has been suggested as a marker for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Aspects of performance of this task were affected early following initiation of Mn exposure. Thus, PAL performance may be a sensitive and valuable tool for the early, preclinical detection of incipient dementia and it may also be a sensitive tool for detecting cognitive dysfunction from Mn exposure. The current cognitive data, combined with our previous findings, suggest that frontal cortex may be a particularly sensitive target for the effects of Mn on cognition and that chronic Mn exposure may initiate or accelerate a process that could lead to or predispose to Alzheimer's like pathology and cognitive dysfunction.
Transport mechanics in systems of orientable particles. IV. convective transport

Abstract Calculations are presented of the mean diffusion, mobility, and related phenomenological tensors in a dilute system of identical nonspherical axisymmetric Brownian particles subject to external forces and couples, and immersed in a general homogeneous linear shear flow. Special attention is paid to irrotational flows (especially elongational flows), and to simple shear (Couette) flow. The diffusion coefficient varies with the shear rate, owing to the dependence of the orientational distribution function on the shear. Rheological properties of these systems are also calculated.
Evaluating legitimacy and marginalization: Campus policing in the State of Rhode Island

AbstractThe identity and legitimacy of campus police officers is often difficult to define, largely due to their obvious connection to the educational environment. With the lack of research on campus police in general, and their legitimacy as a law enforcement entity in specific, how these officers perceive themselves and, just as importantly, how they believe others perceive them, becomes questionable and may have a distinct impact on their performance of duties and their interactions with the campus community and other law enforcement personnel. This study considers self-perceived levels of legitimacy of campus police officers employed at four statutorily defined campus police departments in the State of Rhode Island from a review of various issues of perceptual self-worth, their effects on officer morale, and their impact on levels of service to the campus community. Findings indicate that while they are, indeed, granted legislative police authority that is comparable to their more public counterparts,...
Photographic study of melting about an embedded horizontal heating cylinder

INTRODUCTION THE OBJECTIVE of this note is to provide direct visual information to supplement and extend the results of [l] relevant to the role of natural convection in the melting of solids. In [l], experiments were described in which a horizontal heating cylinder was embedded in a solid at its fusion temperature. By energizing the heater with a constant power input, a steadily growing melt region surrounding the cylinder was created. The heating cylinder was instrumented to provide information about the surface heat-transfer coefficient, and a grid of 92 thermocouples was deployed throughout the phase change medium to detect the passage of the solid-liq~d interface. The experiments were performed with a eutectic mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate [fusion temperature u 244°C (471”F)l. The experiments demonstrated that natural convection was the dominant mode of heat transfer. One of the evidences of this dominance was the shapes of the melt region. These shapes were inferred from temperature measurem~ts in the phase change medium. Owing to mechanicat constraints, it was not possible to make detailed temperature measurements below and at the sides of the cylinder, so that the shapes presented in [l] were confined to the region above the cylinder. In the present investigation, photographic evidence of actual meh layer shapes was obtained to corroborate those inferred in [l]. The photographs show the melt Iayer both below and above the cylinder, thereby extending the results of [l]. Another extension was made in connection with the initial state of the solid at the onset of melting. Whereas in [I] all of the experiments were concerned with a solid at its fusion temperature, the present experiments encompassed both that condition and an initially subcooled condition (i.e. initial temperature of the solid lower than the fusion temperature). The general approach used in the investigation was to embed a horizontal heating cylinder in a solid phasechange material and to create a growing melt region about the cylinder by a steady input of heat. At a preselected time, the heating was discontinued and the liquid was extracted from the melt region by means of suction and gravity. The unmetted solid was allowed to cool to room temperature and then was removed from the test apparatus and cut along a vertical plane, thereby revealing the cross section of the melt cavity. To obtain a clear photographic record of the shape of the cavity, it was filled with a dark sand. The experiments were performed using the same eutectic salt as in [l J.
Evaluation, Diagnosis and Management of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms: A Clinical Review

Aneurysmal disease of the popliteal artery is more common than historically thought with most of the cases going unrecognized, many times until ischemic symptoms to the leg brings it to the physician’s attention. The fact that the popliteal artery is the most common location for peripheral artery aneurysms (PAA), and it is easily accessible to physical examination, makes necessary not only for surgeons, but all physicians to have a basic knowledge of this entity. The common pathophysiological defect where most of the etiologies converge seems to be degeneration of the artery media through a variety of mechanisms including metalloproteinases. Since the most important etiologic factor is atherosclerosis, it is expected that these patients will have other vascular manifestations in multiple other locations. Once clearly diagnosed, PAA can be treated with surgical ligation or resection of the aneurysmal sac and bypass. As with other vascular surgery problems, endovascular techniques have evolved to become more reliable as methods of treatment with growing technical success rates and patency rates. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcs174w
Impacts of cooperative adaptive cruise control on freeway traffic flow

This study used microscopic simulation to estimate the effect on highway capacity of varying market penetrations of vehicles with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC). Because the simulation used the distribution of time gap settings that drivers from the general public used in a real field experiment, this study was the first on the effects of ACC and CACC on traffic to be based on real data on driver usage of these types of controls. The results showed that the use of ACC was unlikely to change lane capacity significantly. However, CACC was able to increase capacity greatly after its market penetration reached moderate to high percentages. The capacity increase could be accelerated by equipping non-ACC vehicles with vehicle awareness devices so that they could serve as the lead vehicles for CACC vehicles.
MCNP Monte Carlo: a precis of MCNP

MCNPTM Monte Carlo: a precis of MCNPKenneth J. AdamsTransport Methods Group, XTM MS B226Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545ABSTRACTMCNPTM* is a general purpose tiiree-dimensional time-dependent neutron, photon, and electron transport code. It ishighly portable and user-oriented, and backed by stringent software quality assurance practices and extensive experi-mental benchmarks. The cross section database is based upon the best evaluations available. MCNP incorporatesstate-of-the-art analog and adaptive Monte Carlo techniques. The code is documented in a 600 page manual1 which isaugmented by numerous Los Alamos technical reports which detail various aspects of the code. MCNP representsover a megahour of development and refinement over the past 50
Direct MALDI-MS/MS of phosphopeptides affinity-bound to immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography beads.

Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a useful method to selectively isolate and enrich phosphopeptides from a peptide mixture. Mass spectrometry is a very suitable method for exact molecular weight determination of IMAC-isolated phosphopeptides, due to its inherent high sensitivity. Even exact molecular weight determination, however, is not sufficient for identification of the phosphorylation site if more than one potential phosphorylation site is present on a peptide. The previous method of choice for sequencing the affinity-bound peptides was electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). This method required elution and salt removal prior to MS analysis of the peptides, which can lead to sample loss. Using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source coupled to an orthogonal injection quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) mass spectrometer with true MS/MS capabilities, direct sequencing of IMAC-enriched peptides has been performed on IMAC beads applied directly to the...
Reductive cleavage of highly substituted Δ2-isoxazolines. Synthesis of crispatic acid

Abstract The preparation of highly substituted β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds from isoxazolines is featured in a synthesis of crispatic acid. A β-hydroxy imine, the proposed intermediate in this transformation, is isolated for the first time and a stereoselective hydroboration of a 5-vinyl substituted isoxazoline is also reported.
Electrooptic effect calculations: simplified procedure for arbitrary cases

To aid in the design of electrooptic devices, a simplified procedure is introduced for determining the principal indices of refraction and the orientations of the index ellipsoid when an electric field is applied. The approach employs the general Jacobi method, and it is applicable to an arbitrary isotropic, uniaxial, or biaxial crystal class with an arbitrary direction of applied field. It includes a straightforward approach for labeling the new principal dielectric axes so as to produce the minimum global rotation of the ellipsoid from the zero-field principal dielectric axes. The necessary calculations can be easily implemented with a pocket calculator and are often found to be more accurate than those obtained with larger computers using standard library math packages. Furthermore, for analyzing device performance, simple analytic expressions for the orientations of the fast and slow polarization axes and the fast and slow indices of refraction are derived for a given arbitrary direction of optical propagation and any arbitrary direction of applied electric field. The calculational procedure is applicable to linear and quadratic electrooptic effects and the photoelastic effect in isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial crystals. Illustrative examples for GaAs, LiNbO3, and KDP are presented.
Primary enforcement seat belt laws are effective even in the face of rising belt use rates.

A recent systematic literature review found that primary enforcement laws are more effective at increasing seat belt use than secondary laws in the United States. This report reexamines the studies included in the systematic review to explore whether the benefits of a primary law differ based on: (1) the baseline seat belt use rate; or (2) whether or not the primary law replaces a secondary law. States that directly enacted primary laws showed larger increases in observed seat belt use (median increase of 33 percentage points). These laws were enacted in the mid-1980s, when baseline belt use rates were below 35%. Smaller, but substantial increases in belt use were observed in states that replaced secondary with primary laws (median increase of 14 percentage points). Baseline belt use rates in these states ranged from 47 to 73%. Primary safety belt laws can further increase seat belt use even in states with relatively high baseline levels of belt use.
Screening Rectal Culture to Identify Fluoroquinolone-resistant Organisms Before Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: Do the Culture Results Between Office Visit and Biopsy Correlate?

Objective To investigate the performance of screening rectal cultures obtained 2 weeks before transrectal prostate biopsy to detect fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms and again at transrectal prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods After institutional review board approval for observational study, we obtained a rectal culture on patients identified for a prostate biopsy but before antibiotic prophylaxis from September 12, 2011 to April 23, 2012. The specimen was cultured onto MacConkey agar with and without 1 μg/mL ciprofloxacin. We then obtained a second rectal culture immediately before prostate biopsy after 24 hours of ciprofloxacin prophylaxis. All cultures were blinded to the practitioner until the end of the study. Results Of 108 patients enrolled, 58 patients had both rectal cultures for comparison. The median time duration between cultures was 14 (6-119) days. There were 54 of 58 concordant pairs (93%), which included 47 negative cultures and 7 positive cultures; 2 patients (3%) who were culture negative from the first screening culture became positive at biopsy. Sensitivity, specificity, negative, positive predictive values, and area under the operator curve were 95.9%, 77.8%, 95.9%, 77.8%, and 0.868, respectively. When Pseudomonas spp. are removed from the analysis, the area under the curve is increased to 0.927. Conclusion Screening rectal cultures 2 weeks before prostate biopsy has favorable test performance, suggesting screening cultures give an accurate estimate of fluoroquinolone-resistant colonization.
Play and Developmental Outcomes in Infant Siblings of Children with Autism

We observed infant siblings of children with autism later diagnosed with ASD (ASD siblings; n = 17), infant siblings of children with autism with and without other delays (Other Delays and No Delays siblings; n = 12 and n = 19, respectively) and typically developing controls (TD controls; n = 19) during a free-play task at 18 months of age. Functional, symbolic, and repeated play actions were coded. ASD siblings showed fewer functional and more non-functional repeated play behaviors than TD controls. Other Delays and No Delays siblings showed more non-functional repeated play than TD controls. Group differences disappeared with the inclusion of verbal mental age. Play as an early indicator of autism and its relationship to the broader autism phenotype is discussed.
Pointwise and generalized virial theorems

Given an eigenstate of a time-independent Hamiltonian, an equation is derived which generates the corresponding energy by means of a pointwise application of only the kinetic operator. Satisfaction of the equation at all points in configuration space, for arbitrary values of a scale factor, constitutes a necessary eigenstate condition. Explicit knowledge of the potential operator, other than knowledge of its homogeneity, is not required. In addition, integration of the pointwise equation yields a generalization of the familiar virial theorem. 2 references.
Decay of 90Mo

High resolution beta- and gamma-ray spectroscopic studies of the decay of 5.7 h 90Mo have been carried out, with use of the Berkeley 50 cm π√2 iron-free spectrometer and lithium-drifted germanium gamma-ray detectors. The gamma-ray spectrum revealed transitions of 42.8, 122.5, 163.0, 202.9, 257.5, 323.0, ≈ 420, 445.2, 472.5, ≈ 490, 945, 993, 1272, 1389, 1455 and 1463 keV. The internal-conversion-electron spectrum was studied in the energy range 0 to 400 keV. From measurements of L subshell internal-conversion ratios, the multipolarities of the 122 and 257 keV transitions were determined to be E2 and E3, respectively. A partial decay scheme for 90Mo is proposed that utilizes the data on the 122 and 257 keV transitions together with considerations of the available shell-model states for 90Nb. This scheme requires the presence of an undetected low-energy (< 3 keV) transition in 90Nb.
The role of striatal dopaminergic mechanisms in rotational behavior induced by phencyclidine and phencyclidine-like drugs

Phencyclidine (PCP) and phencyclidine-like drugs (TCP, dexoxadrol, MK-801, and SKF 10,047) were evaluated for their ability to induce rotational behavior in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and for their ability to alter striatal dopamine (DA) overflow with microdialysis procedures. All of the compounds tested produced rotational behavior ipsilateral to the lesion, suggesting that they were enhancing extracellular dopamine in the intact striatum. The microdialysis studies, however, did not support this contention. There appeared to be a complete dissociation between the ability of the five compounds to produce ipsilateral rotations and their ability to enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum. PCP was the only compound able to elicit significant increases in striatal dopamine overflow following IP injections and also produce dramatic rotational behavior. MK-801 was the most potent compound in enhancing rotational output while it had no effect at all on striatal dopamine overflow. Dexoxadrol also produced significant rotational output without having any effect on extracellular levels of dopamine following IP injections. TCP and SKF 10,047, at doses which produced significant rotational behavior, only elevated dopamine 16% and 12%, respectively, at peak effect. It is most parsimonious to conclude that the effects of PCP-like drugs on nigro-striatal function are mediated through their ability to act as indirect NMDA receptor antagonists and not through their ability to alter striatal dopamine activity.
Facilitating Adoption of Services with Positive Externalities via Subsidies

The paper investigates adoption of network services whose value incorporates three key features, namely, heterogeneity in user service afinity, a positive externality, and a cost. Positive externalities often result in a \chicken and egg" problem where early adopters can see a cost that exceeds the service's (low) initial value. In this paper we study sub- sidies as a means to \reach the knee" and push adoption higher (from zero to one). We focus on the simplest of sub-sidies, namely, a fixed subsidy over a given period of time, and are able to obtain expressions for quantities of natural interest, e.g., the minimum subsidy required, the minimum subsidy duration, and the total subsidy cost. Interestingly, the expressions reveal conditions under which the optimal subsidy is neither the lowest nor applied for the shortest duration. The findings help develop guidelines for effective subsidies to promote the adoption of network services.
Circulation of ionospheric and solar wind particle populations during extended southward interplanetary magnetic field

[1] Single particles trajectories using time-dependent electric and magnetic fields from multifluid simulations are used to examine the energy and mass transport due to entry of solar wind particles and from ionospheric outflows incorporating both light and heavy ions. It is shown the particles move with the convection cells derived from the multifluid simulations, and that strong particle acceleration occurs at both the dayside and nightside tips of the flow reversal regions. However, different particle populations have limited access to various parts of the convection pattern, and this leads to substantial dawn-dusk asymmetries in the particle populations within the magnetosphere. For the strong southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions for the event studied, fast solar wind particles are able to enter from the dawnside and contribute to the asymmetric ring current. The rest of the fast particles flow down the mantle and do not enter the near-Earth magnetosphere. The remaining slow component is convected into the magnetosphere over a few tens of minutes to form cold populations in the mantle and LLBL. Solar wind He++ and O6+ are shown to penetrate deeper than the solar wind protons. Light ionospheric ions from the cusp and dawnside auroral oval have similar access problems and flow primarily down the tail and make little contribution to the plasma content to the near-Earth plasma sheet. Nightside auroral protons are shown to form a cold component in the plasma sheet boundary layer. When they are eventually convected in to the near-Earth plasma sheet they are accelerated preferentially to the duskside and experience further energy gains as they are convected sunward. These energetic protons contribute to the asymmetric ring current, with leakage from the magnetosphere occurring as they approach the dayside reconnection region. Heavy ionospheric ions enter the convection pattern differently from their light ions counterparts. O+ ions from the cusp can enter the near-Earth plasma sheet to provide some mass loading, but the biggest contributor is the dawnside auroral oval. The dawn-dusk electric field accelerates these ions toward the dusk side, but on sufficient low L shells that these ions can dominate the symmetric ring current composition. The O+ ions that originate from the midnight and dusk sectors go to forming hot populations in the dusk LLBL.
When is the optimal regularization parameter insensitive to the choice of the loss function

We investigate the behavior of the optimal regularization parameter in the method of regularization for solving first kind integral equations with noisy data, under a range of definitions of “optimal”, varying from mean square error in higher derivatives of the solution, to mean square error in the predicted data. We study how the optimal regularization parameter changes when the optimality criteria changes, under a broad range of smoothness assumptions on the solution, the kernel of the integral operator, and the penalty functional. Although some of the calculations we present have been given elsewhere, we organize the results with a specific god in mind. That Is, we study a certain class of problems within which we can identify conditions on the solution, the kernel of the operator and the penalty functional for which the rate at which the optimal regularization parameter goes to zero is the same for both predictive mean square error and solution mean square error optimality criteria, and for which it i...
Evoked potential-unit relationships in behaving cats

Adult cats were implanted with a movable microelectrode, and trained to respond differentially to two different frequencies of light flicker. Unit responses and evoked potentials were recorded along trajectories in the visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus. Although strong correlations are shown to exist between certain components of the evoked potential and peaks in the poststimulus histogram, it is demonstrated that it is impossible to specify a causal, predictive relationship.
Evaluation of isometric antagonist coactivation strategies of electrically stimulated muscles

The performance of various coactivation strategies to control agonist-antagonist muscles in functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications was examined in a cat model using the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles to produce ankle isometric dorsiflexion and plantarflexion torques, respectively. Three types of coactivation strategies were implemented and tested. The first strategy was based on coactivation maps described in the literature as consisting of decreasing antagonistic activity as the input command to the agonist was increased. The second type of strategy was based on the physiologic coactivation data collected from normal subjects exhibiting joint stabilization during the full range of contractions. These strategies included scaled increasing antagonist activity and therefore joint stiffness with increasing agonist input command. A third strategy was devised which at low force levels mimicked the strategies described in the literature and at high force levels resembled strategies exhibited by normal subjects. The three strategies were evaluated based on their ability to track a linear or sinusoidal input command and their efficiency of torque transmission across the joint. Coactivation strategies using increasing antagonist activity resulted in decreased maximal joint torque and efficiency, decreased signal tracking capability for linear inputs, and increased harmonic distortion for sinusoidal inputs. Peak efficiency and tracking ability appeared when a moderate degree of antagonist activity was engaged near the neutral joint position. Signal tracking quality improved with earlier engagement of the antagonist muscles. The authors' results suggest that strategies combining low-level coactivation as described in the physiological literature and previous FES studies could satisfactorily address the issues of controllability, efficiency, and long-term joint integrity.
Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization.

Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization. June C. Nash. New York: Routledge, 2001 xi. 303 pp., maps, photographs, notes, references, index.
Increasing incidence of neonatal septicemia: causative organism and predisposing risk factors.

. Bennet, R., Eriksson, M. and Zetterstrom, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Increasing incidence of neonatal septicemia: Causative organism and predisposing risk factors. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:207, 1981. –The incidence of neonatal septicemia in the referral area of St. Goran's Children's Hospital in Stockholm has been studied during a ten-year period (1969–1978). An increase was noticed during the period 1974–1978 in comparison with the preceding five-year period. The incidence per 1000 live births was 1.4 and 3.1, respectively. The incidence of osteoarthritis increased from 0.21 to 0.41 per 1000. Mortality rate from neonatal septicemia remained unchanged. Gram-negative organisms as an etiologic factor seemed to be decreasing while staphylococcal infections have increased. Group B streptococcal infection occurred with the same frequency during the whole period. The low incidence of enteric organisms might be related to the common practice of feeding the babies with milk from their own mothers. Perinatal risk factors were equally common in both five-year periods. The observed increase of the prevalence of neonatal septicemia caused by Staphylococcus aureus may be explained by a higher rate of survival of highly susceptible low-birthweight infants and other sick neonates treated in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Quantitative Evaluation of Degree of Internal Standardization in X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Using Scattered X-rays

The “degree of internal standardization” for the scattered radiation method of compensation for matrix effects in x-ray fluorescence analysis is defined as the closeness of agreement between the results of analyses of specimens containing identical concentrations of analyte but with differing over-all elemental constituencies. The definition is derived in mathematical terms and is applied to experimental data of analyses of calcium in aqueous solutions containing different dissolved substances as matrix variants. The matrix compensation effectiveness of various wavelengths of scattered radiation can be clearly indicated. Interpretation of the results in terms of basic spectroscopic parameters is offered.
Functional organization of the parabrachial complex and intertrigeminal region in the control of breathing

Although the medulla oblongata contains the epicenter for respiratory rhythm generation, many other parts of the neuraxis play significant substratal roles in breathing. Accumulating evidence suggests that the pons contains several groups of neurons that may belong to the central respiratory system. This article will review data from microstimulation mapping and tract-tracing studies of the parabrachial complex (PB) and intertrigeminal region (ITR). Chemical activation of neurons in these areas has distinct effects on ventilatory and airway muscle activity. Tract-tracing experiments from functionally identified sites reveal specific respiratory-related sensory inputs and outputs that are likely anatomical substrates for these effects. The data suggest that an important physiological role for the rostral pons may be reflexive respiratory responses to airway stimuli.
Hurricane Hugo blows down the broccoli: preschoolers' post-disaster play and adjustment

This article reports highlights from over 200 parents' observations of their preschoolers' play and verbalizations in the year following Hurricane Hugo. Commonly reported activities included reenactment and discussion of the event in multiple mediums, personification of "Hugo", and expression of fears related to storms. Precocious concern for others, insight, and vocabulary were also noted. In these intact, relatively high functioning families, parents seemed able to facilitate their youngsters' adjustment without outside intervention. Language: en
Analysis of general aviation accidents during operations under instrument flight rules

A report is presented to describe some of the errors that pilots make during flight under IFR. The data indicate that there is less risk during the approach and landing phase of IFR flights, as compared to VFR operations. Single-pilot IFR accident rates continue to be higher than two-pilot IFR incident rates, reflecting the high work load of IFR operations.
Radiofrequency Use on Articular Cartilage Lesions

The incidence of knee arthritis is increasing in our society and presents many dilemmas to the patient and doctor. Recent advances in arthroscopic treatment of arthritis have lead to the development of radiofrequency energy as an adjunctive tool for many arthroscopic procedures. Of great concern is the recent use of radiofrequency energy to treat articular cartilage lesions in the knee.
What do the mirror system, embodied cognition, and synaesthesia have to do with each other?

Much of the debate about mirror neurons has come to focus on whether the apparently imitative properties of the mirror system can be explained by learned associations between stimulus and response, and are therefore just one type of association among many, including object-action links, complementary responses to others’ actions, and so on (Byrd, 2013, this issue). However, what is missed is the issue of what kinds of things our minds choose to make associations among. While associationism is undeniably a powerful and evolutionarily ancient principle, there are also reasons to believe that humans are not merely unbiased associators. Instead, our minds are also active, strategic associators, harnessing the power of one domain of thought to aid in representing another. In this respect, three hot topics in cognitive science that appear unrelated in fact coalesce under a single explanatory framework. These are the mirror system, embodied cognition, and synaesthesia. I will argue that the exploitation of isomorphisms for representational purposes is a key feature of human cognition.
The effect of unfilled resin dilution on composite resin hardness and abrasion resistance.

Abstract Diluting composite materials with unfilled resin to facilitate clinical application during direct lamination will result in an alteration of filler loading with possible changes of physical properties. This study compared the surface hardness and abrasion resistance of a visible light-cured microfilled and hybrid resin with and without dilution. Samples were prepared, cured, and stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 hours before testing. Knoop hardness values were obtained from the upper surface of 10 samples in three dilution and control groups of each material. Three samples of the dilution and control groups were similarly prepared and stored for toothbrush abrasion testing. Data from the hardness and abrasion tests were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at a 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that dilution had a significant effect on surface hardness of the materials tested, although the diluted materials were not significantly different from the controls. Abrasion tests showed visible evidence of abrasion on all samples, but dilution showed no significant effect on abrasion resistance of the materials tested.
Passive Balancing for Rotor Systems Using Pendulum Balancers

An analytical, numerical and experimental investigation of the dynamic behavior of a passive balancing system is presented. Due to the system constraints and dynamic characteristics, this system is capable of combined static and dynamic mass balancing. This work is an extension of previous studies in which ball-balancing systems were used to reduce harmful vibration caused by radial perturbation in the principal axis of inertia. In the present research, the imbalance compensation problem is divided into axial and radial components. A spherical suspension was applied at the rotational axis that allows the rotating disk to tilt, thus eliminating coupled dynamic centrifugal forces caused by the axial mass imbalance. In a fashion similar to earlier ball balancing systems, in this study the balancing balls were replaced by two single pendulums suspended in the geometrical axis of a disk in order to compensate for radial unbalance. The governing equations are developed, which results in a set of cross-coupled nonlinear differential equations, which are analyzed in detail. An experimental study is also conducted to validate and test the conclusions of the analysis and simulation work.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Crime, social capital, and community participation.

Social disorganization at the neighborhood and community levels has been consistently linked to various forms of criminal activity. However, a very much smaller body of literature addresses the effects of crime on community organizations. In some studies, crime appears to energize communities while in others, crime leads to withdrawal from community life. Using department of health crime victimization data and interviews with 2,985 low-income inner city residents living in 487 multi-family dwellings, a multi-level model examined the relationships among crime victimization, social organization, and participation in neighborhood organizations. Social organization at the individual and building levels was measured using recent formulations of social capital theory. Findings regarding crime suggested more signs of a chilling effect on participation than of an energizing effect, especially at the building level. Social capital at the building level was more strongly and consistently related to participation in community organizations than was crime.
Discovery of a ciliate parasitoid of euphausiids off Oregon, USA: Collinia oregonensis n. sp. (Apostomatida: Colliniidae).

An apostome ciliate, Collinia oregonensis n. sp., is reported inhabiting the cephalotho- rax and abdomen of 3 euphausiid species from the Oregon-Washington coast: Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911, Thysanoessa spinifera Holmes, 1900, and Thysanoessa gregaria G.O. Sars, 1883. This ciliate is the 7th species described for the genus Collinia and the 2nd species known to infect euphausiids. Disease progression and ciliate morphology are described using (1) modified protargol stain, (2) hematoxylin counterstained with Fast Green, and (3) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). All endoparasitic developmental stages (trophont, tomont, tomitogenesis, protomite, and tomite) of C. oregonensis are astomatous and possess between 14 and 22 kineties. C. oregonensis is smaller than C. beringensis Capriulo & Small, 1986, which infects the euphausiid Thysanoessa inermis Kroyer, 1846 in the Bering Sea and which possesses between 24 and 80 kineties. The ciliate is a para- sitoid because it must kill the host to complete its life cycle. Infections and mortalities in multiple host species likely reflect the virulent nature of the ciliate. Adult euphausiids infected with this parasitoid possess a swollen and bright orange cephalothorax. C. oregonensis feeds and proliferates inside euphausiids, producing fulminating infections that rupture the cephalothorax and release large num- bers of tomites into the surrounding water. After several hours in the free swimming stage under shipboard conditions in the present study, the tomites adhered to each other, forming filaments. Infection rates ranged between 3 and 20% within individual euphausiid aggregations, but infected aggregations were randomly and sparingly distributed. Infected euphausiids were found at 6.7% of 316 stations sampled during 3 summer cruises. No infected euphausiids were collected in winter. Because E. pacifica and T. spinifera account for about 90% of the euphausiid standing stock in the northern California Current System, this parasitoid ciliate may have a significant impact on euphausiid population abundance, distribution and secondary productivity.
Microfluidic-based patterning of embryonic stem cells for in vitro development studies

In vitro recapitulation of mammalian embryogenesis and examination of the emerging behaviours of embryonic structures require both the means to engineer complexity and accurately assess phenotypes of multicellular aggregates. Current approaches to study multicellular populations in 3D configurations are limited by the inability to create complex (i.e. spatially heterogeneous) environments in a reproducible manner with high fidelity thus impeding the ability to engineer microenvironments and combinations of cells with similar complexity to that found during morphogenic processes such as development, remodelling and wound healing. Here, we develop a multicellular embryoid body (EB) fusion technique as a higher-throughput in vitro tool, compared to a manual assembly, to generate developmentally relevant embryonic patterns. We describe the physical principles of the EB fusion microfluidic device design; we demonstrate that >60 conjoined EBs can be generated overnight and emulate a development process analogous to mouse gastrulation during early embryogenesis. Using temporal delivery of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) to embryoid bodies, we recapitulate embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5) during mouse embryo development with induced mesoderm differentiation in murine embryonic stem cells leading to expression of Brachyury-T–green fluorescent protein (T–GFP), an indicator of primitive streak development and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation. The proposed microfluidic approach could be used to manipulate hundreds or more of individual embryonic cell aggregates in a rapid fashion, thereby allowing controlled differentiation patterns in fused multicellular assemblies to generate complex yet spatially controlled microenvironments.
A Historical Look at Psychology and the Scientist-Practitioner Model

This article will discuss the historical landmarks in the development of the field of psychology. Following World War II, there was an increased need for professional psychologists in the public se...
Complex predicates and predicate raising

This paper discusses major issues that have arisen in the analysis of sentences with complex predicates in Japanese from early transformational grammar to the present minimalist program. Particular emphasis is placed on the treatment of the causative construction to assess the influence of the lexicalist hypothesis and its aftermath. One recent development in the minimalist program that relates the issue raised by the light verb construction to the problem of complex predicates in general is surveyed. The paper ends by hinting at the human language faculty consisting of two overlapping but distinct grammars, a natural grammar of human instinct and a rational grammar of human intellect.
Agglomeration, Dispersion, and the Pioneer Firm

Abstract This paper models industry location as a process of successive stages of agglomeration, dispersion, and reagglomeration. External economies lead firms to agglomerate in an industry center. Agglomeration drives up wages in the center, compelling firms to move low-skill activities to low-wage regions. A pioneer firm provides intermediation services between outlying regions and the center. The result is a regional production network: an industry center served by high-volume production sites, where pioneers are active, and low-volume production sites, where they are not. Evidence from the Mexican garment industry supports the theory.