cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to physical training

Molecular biology tools can be used to answer questions as to how adaptations occur in skeletal muscle with training that could provide new frameworks to improve physical performance. A number of mRNAs for transfer of metabolic substrates into muscle cells increase after a single bout of exercise demonstrating the responsiveness of some gene expression to exercise. In stretch-induced hypertrophy SRE1 of the skeletal α-actin promoter is required to transactivate the promoter. Less retardation of SRF in crude nuclear extracts from the stretched muscle implies a conformational change in SRF because of the stretch. Transgenic animals will provide a tool to test questions concerned with how exercise signals adaptive changes in gene expression. Molecular biological approaches will be able to evaluate the interaction between physical activity levels and the expression of genes that modulate the susceptibility to many chronic diseases. Benefits of exercise extend beyond fitness to better health. Molecular biology is an important tool which should lead to improved physical performance and health in both elite athletes and the general public.
K X-rays and nuclear reaction times in the deep inelastic reactions U + U and U + Pb at 7.5 MeV/amu

Abstract The K-shell ionisation probability of the heavy reaction products emerging from binary deep inelastic collisions of U + U and U + Pb at 7.5 MeV/amu has been measured as a function of the total kinetic energy loss — Q . After subtraction of the ionisation probability due to internal conversion of γ-rays, a strongly Q -dependent P K is found, in agreement with theoretical predictions relating the change in ionisation probability to the nuclear sticking time. The deduced nuclear reaction times are in qualitative agreement with predictions from nuclear models of deep inelastic reactions.
Simulation of the formation process for small neutral xenon clusters

Abstract In this work we introduce a simulation method for the formation of neutral xenon clusters from dense gaseous xenon at high temperatures. The xenon atoms are subject to simulated annealing in a volume confinement. Repeated calculations on neutral Xe13, Xe19 and Xe23 persistently result in perfect icosahedral structures from completely randomized initial configurations and for a wide range of annealing rates. The icosahedral structures are consistent with the experimentally observed magic-number patterns for charged clusters and heteroclusters. Our computational results are in line with previous thermodynamic and potential-energy-minimum calculations. The final cluster structures are not affected by the choice of the two-body potential. Furthermore, the formation of the clusters starts at relatively high temperatures.
Comparison of Low Temperature Combustion Strategies for Advanced Compression Ignition Engines with a Focus on Controllability

In the present study, various low temperature combustion strategies were investigated using single cylinder engine experiments. The combustion strategies that were investigated premix the majority of the fuel and do not require exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to achieve ultra-low NOx and soot emissions for low- to mid-load engine operation. These types of advanced compression ignition combustion strategies have been shown to have challenges with combustion phasing control. The focus of the study was to compare engine performance and emissions, combustion sensitivity to intake conditions, and the ability to control any observed sensitivity through the fuel injection strategy. Even though these are steady state engine experiments, this will demonstrate a given combustion strategies controllability on a cycle-to-cycle basis. The combustion strategies that were investigated are fully premixed dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI),...
Shape Resonances in K -Shell Photoionization of Diatomic Molecules

We show that $K$-shell photoionization spectra of diatomic molecules can exhibit strong shape resonances near threshold. The molecular field is decisive in this phenomenon. It induces the resonant contraction of high-$l$ components of the ionization channels, and it couples these components with low-$l$ components produced in the atomic cores by $K$-shell photoionization. We demonstrate the effect for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ by using the multiple-scattering model. Clear evidence for this phenomenon exists for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO, and NO.
Characterization of a Trifunctional Mimivirus mRNA Capping Enzyme and Crystal Structure of the RNA Triphosphatase Domain

The RNA triphosphatase (RTPase) components of the mRNA capping apparatus are a bellwether of eukaryal taxonomy. Fungal and protozoal RTPases belong to the triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM) family, exemplified by yeast Cet1. Several large DNA viruses encode metal-dependent RTPases unrelated to the cysteinyl-phosphatase RTPases of their metazoan host organisms. The origins of DNA virus RTPases are unclear because they are structurally uncharacterized. Mimivirus, a giant virus of amoeba, resembles poxviruses in having a trifunctional capping enzyme composed of a metal-dependent RTPase module fused to guanylyltransferase (GTase) and guanine-N7 methyltransferase domains. The crystal structure of mimivirus RTPase reveals a minimized tunnel fold and an active site strikingly similar to that of Cet1. Unlike homodimeric fungal RTPases, mimivirus RTPase is a monomer. The mimivirus TTM-type RTPase-GTase fusion resembles the capping enzymes of amoebae, providing evidence that the ancestral large DNA virus acquired its capping enzyme from a unicellular host.
Hip impingement in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a changing perspective.

Background Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) as a result of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) has recently gained significant attention. Seen as an intermediate step toward the development of early osteoarthritis, symptomatic FAI develops in SCFE patients who have residual hip deformity characterized by relative posterior and medial displacement of the capital femoral epiphysis, leading to an anterolateral prominence of the metaphysis which abuts on the acetabular rim. This results in a decreased range of hip motion as well as progressive labral damage and articular cartilage injury, which cause symptoms of FAI. All degrees of slips from mild to severe can develop impingement.
A Descriptive Survey of Management and Operations at Selected Sports Medicine Centers in the United States

No uniform guidelines for operations or accreditation standards for sports medicine centers were available and, at the time of this study, little information on the management and operations of sports medicine centers was available in the literature. The purpose of the study was to determine the management structure and function of selected sports medicine centers in the United States. Questionnaires were mailed to 200 randomly selected centers throughout the United States from a directory of sports medicine centers published in Physician and Sportsmedicine (1992) to gather descriptive information on eight areas, including 1) general background, 2) staffing, 3) services, facilities, and equipment, 4) billing, collections, and revenue, 5) clientele, caseloads, and referrals, 6) ownership and financing, 7) school and club outreach contracts, and 8) marketing strategies and future trends. A total of 71 surveys (35.5%) were returned in the allotted time frame. Data were analyzed using ranges, means, medians, ...
Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on growth of Spartina alterniflora Loisel

Abstract Spartina alterniflora L. plants were grown in the presence and absence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mud and sand soils under greenhouse conditions. Measurements of biomass and growth were made at weekly intervals for a 6 week period. Plants grown in sand treated with PCB exhibited significantly reduced values for cumulative change in height and cumulative change in the number of live leaves per plant; and increased values for cumulative change in the number of stems per plant. Plants grown in mud treated with PCB exhibited significantly reduced values for cumulative change in the number of stems per plant. Additionally, plants grown in mud soil exhibited altered biomass distribution, as indicated by changes in the aerial: belowground biomass ratio, resulting from PCB exposure. Differences in the response to PCB in sand and mud appear to relate to the distinct environments of the two soils.
Association of microtubule associated protein-2, synaptophysin, and apolipoprotein E mRNA and protein levels with cognition and anxiety levels in aged female rhesus macaques

The dendritic protein microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2), the presynaptic marker synaptophysin (SYN), and apolipoprotein E (APOE), a protein which plays a role in lipid transport and metabolism and affects synaptic activity show changes with age. We analyzed post-mortem tissue from aged female rhesus macaques cognitively tested in a spatial maze and classified as good spatial performers (GSP) or poor spatial performers (PSP) and behaviorally tested in a playroom and classified as bold or reserved animals. MAP2, SYN, and APOE mRNA and protein levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala, were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blot. In the amygdala, bold monkeys had higher levels of MAP2 and SYN mRNA than reserved monkeys. MAP2 mRNA correlated positively with amygdala size on the right, left, and combined left and right sides, while SYN mRNA levels correlated positively with the size of the right amygdala. In the hippocampus, SYN and APOE protein levels were higher in GSP than PSP animals. Thus, in aged nonhuman primates, classification of measures of anxiety is associated with differences in selected mRNA, but not protein, levels. In contrast, classification of cognitive performance is associated with differences in selected protein, but not mRNA, levels.
Surface studies of SiC epitaxial layers grown by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We have systematically carried out investigations on the growth of SiC epitaxial layers by varying C/Si ratio over the range of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 in the gas phase. The studies by an optical Nomarski microscope and an atomic force microscope revealed the growth of hillocks and nano-tube like structures for particular deposition conditions on the C-face ( 0 0 0 1 ¯ ) and Si-face (0 0 0 1) 4H-SiC substrates. Indeed, at extreme conditions, the triangular shape hillocks formation was found on the C-face 4H-SiC substrates whereas on the Si-face 4H-SiC substrates, the cone or dome shape structures exhibited were black in color. Several carrot-like type structures, pits, etc., were also observed on the surface of the epilayers, which affect the quality of the layers and reduce the device efficiency. At optimized conditions, the surface looked like featureless with low roughness. In addition to C/Si ratios, N 2 dopant into SiC epitaxial layers have also been studied.
Weighted norm inequalities for the quasi-derivatives of ordinary differential operators

For a compact interval I of the real line and for 1 ≤ p < ∞ the classical inequality $$\int_{I}\mid y^{(k)}\mid^{p}\ dx \leq \varepsilon\int_{I}\mid y^{(n)}\mid^{p}\ dx +K(\varepsilon)\int_{I}\mid y\mid^{p} dx$$ is extended by replacing y(n) by the action of an n-th order quasi-differential operator and y(k) by the corresponding k-th quasi-derivative for 0 ≤+ k < n. Also quite general weight functions are allowed.
On the world-wide component of variations in the E-layer ionisation

A method is worked out to obtain the most reliable annual variation in the generalized E-layer character figure, K, in the equation (ƒ0E)4 = K. (cos χ)y, for some particular fluxes of solar radio noise intensity. The method is applied to large amount of data during 10 years, and the world-wide non-seasonal component of variations in this quantity are obtained. For both annual and semi-annual components of variations, the amplitude and phase are determined and discussed. The origins of these components are also discussed.
Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist as a physiologic probe in polycystic ovary syndrome: assessment of neuroendocrine and androgen dynamics.

The majority of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit an increase in both the frequency and amplitude of LH secretion, which is thought to contribute to the hyperandrogenism associated with this disorder. The increase in LH pulse amplitude may reflect either enhanced pituitary sensitivity to GnRH and/or an increase in hypothalamic GnRH secretion. To determine whether endogenous GnRH secretion is increased in PCOS and to document the degree and time course of androgen suppression after acute LH inhibition, the Nal-Glu GnRH antagonist was administered sc at 4 doses (5, 15, 50, and 150μ g/kg) to 11 women with PCOS. The response to GnRH receptor blockade was compared with data from regularly cycling women (n = 50) studied in the early and late follicular, and early luteal phases. The response to more prolonged GnRH receptor blockade was determined in a subset of patients, in whom 150 μg/kg of the GnRH antagonist was administered sc every 24 h for 3 days (n = 7) and continued for 7 days in 3 s...
Cerebellar cortical efferent fibers of the paraflocculus of tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

Efferent projections from the paraflocculus of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied utilizing the Fink and Heimer ('67) method. Cerebellar corticonuclear fibers of both dorsal (Dpf) and ventral (Vpf) divisions of the paraflocculus terminate in the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL) and in the posterior interposed nucleus (NIP). These fibers are ipsilateral, topographically organized and arranged into at least two dozens. Following injury to either the Dpf or Vpf. degenerated axons are found in lateral and caudal regions of the NIP respectively. Consequently, these two portions of the paraflocculus have relatively exclusive terminal fields with overlap only at the periphery. Preterminal debris is seen in basically similar areas of the NL (caudolateral, caudal, ventral) after damage to either the Dpf or Vpf. This observation leads to the conclusion that the terminal fields for these areas of paraflocculur cortex are largely coextensive in the NL. In addition to the topographical representation of the Dpf and Vpf in both the NL and NIP, there is evidence that these corticonuclear fibers are also organized into the general zonal pattern hypothesized by Voogd ('69). Persistent and numerous degenerated axons from both the Dpf and Vpf end in lateral and caudal NIP, respectively, corroborating the presence of a relatively wide zone C2 in both divisions of the paraflocculus. The Dpf and Vpf also project into the NL to a terminal field that appears to consist of two portions. One part located in caudal, ventral and/or caudoventral areas of the NL and a second at slightly more rostral and rostrolateral areas. The presence of a cortical region which is affiliated with two areas of the NL substantiates not only the existence of zone D in the paraflocculus, but gives experimental evidence that it may consist of two parts as previously suggested (Voogd, '69). From the Dpf many fibers enter the NL while few are seen in this nucleus after damage to the Vpf. This suggests that zone D is wider in the Dpf and narrower in the Vpf. The results of this study do not support previous suggestions that the paraflocculus projects to either only the NL or to most of, or all of, the ipsilateral cerebellar nuclei. No projections to any contralateral cerebellar nuclei are seen. There is also no conclusive proof that the parafloccular cortex of Tupaia projects into the vestibular complex or to any other brainstem relay nuclei.
Empirical likelihood estimation and consistent tests with conditional moment restrictions

This paper is about efficient estimation and consistent tests of conditional moment restrictions. We use unconditional moment restrictions based on splines or other approximating functions for this purpose. Empirical likelihood estimation is particularly appropriate for this setting, because of its relatively low bias with many moment conditions. We give conditions so that efficiency of estimators and consistency of tests is achieved as the number of restrictions grows with the sample size. We also give results for generalized empirical likelihood, generalized method of moments, and nonlinear instrumental variable estimators.
Reciprocity of Marital Communication.

The discussions of seventy-three married couples were analysed for sequential and distributional patterns of paralinguistic affect and verbal conflict. The paralinguistic analyses supported behavioural skills approaches to marital communication: on highly salient topics, less satisfied couples had greater negative reciprocity than more satisfied couples. However, the verbal communication results were inconsistent with prevailing assumptions about effective communication: more satisfied couples had a higher rate of conflict avoidance. Subsequent analyses indicated that the relationship between verbal communication patterns and marital satisfaction depends on a couple's implicit expectations and standards of communication. Non-verbal affective patterns appear to have more general meaning than verbal disclosure and conflict avoidance.
Salts and chloroplast fluorescence.

Abstract Chloroplast fluorescence was excited by a weak measuring beam. A time-separated actinic light was used to modify the redox states of Q which in turn induced a change in the fluorescence yield. In salt-depleted chloroplasts, fluorescence saturated at a low actinic light intensity. CaCl2 increased the “variable” fluorescence as well as the rate of ferricyanide-Hill reaction. With Tris-washed chloroplasts, Photosystem II donor couple, phenylenediamine and ascorbate, did not increase the fluorescence to a large extent without the presence of CaCl2. It is suggested that salt-depletion inactivates the Photosystem II reaction center of chloroplasts.
Mean, Median, Mode III*

Abstract Recently, Van Zwet (1979) has discussed several conditions under which the celebrated mean-median-mode inequality holds. This note points out that Van Zwet's basic condition and its variants have a simple interpretation in terms of a well-known stochastic ordering. The results are slightly more general than Van Zwet's because the definition of unimodality used here (due to Khintchine) requires neither the existence of a density nor the uniqueness of the mode.
Some factors in the concurrent intentional and incidental learning of children.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of attention-set, incentive-set, and type list on the performance of 112 girls in a Type II incidental learning situation. Subjects were instructed to learn 10 geometric forms by the method of serial anticipation. Later, learning of which color had filled “a particular form in a particular place in the list” was tested by S s' recognition of form-color pairs. Results indicated no significant effects of the independent variables on form anticipation. Attention-set and lists, but not incentive-set, yielded significant F ratios in the recognition data. The effect of lists, however, diminished when the data provided by 16 color-anticipating S s were eliminated.
Exploring Queer Consciousness Among Social Workers

The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes of MSW practitioners toward lesbians and gay men using a recently developed instrument. Whereas prior research focused on blatantly homophobic or heterosexist attitudes, this research uses a measurement tool based on the concept of queer consciousness (QC) and measures subtle forms of prejudice, including both positive and negative attitudes along four dimensions: Value gay and lesbian progress/diversity, resist traditional sex and gender roles, positive beliefs about lesbians, and positive beliefs about gay men. Research findings indicate negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in three out of the four dimensions for the sample of social work practitioners. This article concludes with suggestions for social work educators who want to redress areas of subtle prejudice and promote higher levels of QC.
TU-D-BRD-01: Image Guided SBRT II: Challenges ' Pitfalls

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been effective treatment for the management of various diseases, which often delivers high radiation dose in a single or a few fractions. SBRT therefore demands precise treatment delivery to the tumor while sparing adjacent healthy tissue. Recent developments in image guidance enable target localization with increased accuracy. With such improvements in localization, image-guided SBRT has been widely adopted into clinical practice. In SBRT, high radiation dose is generally delivered with small fields. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately measure dosimetric data for the small fields during commissioning. In addition, image-guided SBRT demands accurate image localization to ensure safety and quality of patient care. Lately, the reports of AAPM TG 142 and TG 104 have been published and added recommendations for imaging devices that are integrated with the linear accelerator for SBRT. Furthermore, various challenges and potential pitfalls lie in the clinical implementation of image-guided SBRT. In this lecture, these challenges and pitfalls of image-guided SBRT will be illustrated and discussed from dosimetric, technical and clinical perspectives.Being a promising technique, image-guided SBRT has shown great potentials, and will lead to more accurate and safer SBRT treatments. Learning Objectives: To understand dosimetric challenges and pitfalls formore » IGRT application in SBRT. To understand major clinical challenges and pitfalls for IGRT application in SBRT. To understand major technical challenges and pitfalls for IGRT application in SBRT.« less
Surgical access for endodontic treatment of intruded teeth

Abstract This case report describes the first phase in the treatment of an 11-year-old patient with completely intruded maxillary central incisors. The intruded teeth were left to spontaneously re-erupt. After 10 days, the crowns of the teeth were exposed surgically for the initiation of endodontic therapy and an aqueous paste of calcium hydroxide was placed in the root canals. Eight wk after the injury and 6 wk after the endodontic treatment was initiated, the intruded incisors had re-erupted to about their original position before the displacement occurred.
Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century, by Michael Gorman

At a time when the question “What is a library?” is increasingly difficult to answer, and the future existence of printed books and libraries is questioned by many, examining what librarians and li...
From Vedic Science to Vedanta

Ved anta has often been studied without relating it to the Vedic system of knowledge. The reason behind this situation is the fashionable but wrong view that Vedic thought is \pre-scientic" and at best it represents \archaic modes of thought". But recent scholarship has shown that astronomy was one of the bases of the design of Vedic re altars and an astronomical code has been discovered in the organization of the Rigveda. It is now being accepted that the Vedic people knew considerable astronomy that included the knowledge of planet periods. Knowledge of astronomy and the concomitant sciences provides the backdrop in which the development of the science of \self" can be understood. The Vedic system of knowledge is based on equivalences (bandhu-) between the cosmic, the terrestrial, and the physiological. This recursive system of knowledge was represented in terms of altar designs at one level and by the richly symbolic language of the Vedas, where there is a constant allusion to the equivalences, at another level.
Centennial beans: A miscellany of American Fabales

Descriptions, diagnoses and commentary are presented for new or critical taxa of the three fabalean families: in Mimosaceae: Mimosa pedalis, nom. provis. (illustr.) and Pithecellobium micranthum Benth. ≡ Acacia acuifera Benth.; in Caesalpiniaceae: Senna monilifera Irwin & Barneby, sp. nov., Chamaecrista coradinii Irwin & Barneby, sp. nov, Macrolobium cidii Barneby, sp. nov. (illustr.), M. cowanii Barneby, sp. nov. (illustr.), M. grallator Barneby, sp. nov. (illustr.) and Dicymbe praeruptorum Barneby, sp. nov. (illustr.); and in Fabaceae: Swartzia ingens Barneby, sp. nov. (illustr.), Lecointea hatschbachii Barneby sp. nov. (illustr.), and Astragalus cremnophylax var. hevronii Barneby, var. nov.
Groundwater Nanoparticles in the Far-Field at the Nevada Test Site: Mechanism for Radionuclide Transport

Colloid-like nanoparticles in groundwater have been shown to facilitate migration of several radionuclides: (239,240)Pu, 137Cs, (152,154, 155)Eu, and 60Co. However, the exact type of nanoparticle and the speciation of the associated radionuclides has remained unknown. We have investigated nanoparticles sampled from the far-field at the Nevada Test Site, Nevada, utilizing advanced electron microscopytechniques, including high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM). Fissiogenic elements: Cs, rare earth elements (REE), activation elements: Co; and actinides: U and Th, were detected. Cesium is associated with U-forming cesium uranate with a Cs/U atomic ratio of approximately 0.12. Light REEs and Th are associated with phosphates, silicates, or apatite. Cobalt occurs as a metallic aggregate, associated with Cr, Fe, Ni, and +/-Mo. Uranyl minerals; Na-boltwoodite and oxide hydrates are also present as colloids. Because of these chemical associations with nanoscale particles, in the size range <100 nm, these particles may facilitate transport, and a variety of trace nanoscale phases may be responsible for the migration of fissiogenic and actinide elements in groundwater. To accurately model the transport of these contaminants, predictive transport models should include consideration of nanoparticle-facilitated transport.
DPNH oscillations in a cell-free extract of S. carlsbergensis.

Abstract In previous work we have examined cyclic and damped sinusoidal oscillatory responses of reduced pyridine nucleotide (RPN) in suspensions of yeast cells. The oscillation has been studied by metabolite assays which indicate a crossover point in the oscillation at phosphofructokinase (PFK) ( Ghosh and Chance, 1964 ) and by analog computer studies ( Higgins, 1964 ) which suggest that product activation of PFK is responsible for the sinusoidal waveform. This communication describes the observation of oscillations of DPNH level in a cell-free extract.
Percolating granular superconductor in a magnetic field

An array of Josephson tunnel junctions is studied as a model for granular superconductors. We determine the critical line in the (H, T)-plane, separating the phase-coherent and incoherent region as a function of the magnetic field. Both positional disorder and junction-dilution are treated. Approaching the percolation threshold from above, the critical exponent of the upper critical field is found to be 0.60±0.03.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the vapor phase preparation of diamond for electronic applications

Bulk diamond is unstable relative to bulk graphite except at high pressure and temperature. In spite of this, well crystallized diamond has been grown using numerous CVD methods, many of which have in common the production of atomic hydrogen and hydrocarbon radicals in regimes where solid carbon is expected to be a stable product. Several fundamentally different points of view have emerged in the effort to explain why well crystallized diamond, and not graphite or vitreous carbon, is observed in these experiments. One of the earliest argues that graphite is “etched” by atomic hydrogen at a rate higher than diamond and hence diamond is kinetically stable with respect to graphite. If diamond formation is kinetically controlled the deposition mechanism is critical and much debate has centered on the mechanism and species involved. Alternatively it can be argued that at the growth interface, diamond surfaces are stabilized by termination with hydrogen. If this is correct, and bulk reorganization ignored, then it is shown that a global understanding of the parameters important to the growth of diamond can be obtained without detailed kinetic analyses. Thus it is argued that single crystal diamond films of arbitrarily high purity and perfection are theoretically possible by CVD in spite of the bulk instability of diamond. It is also suggested that general principles exist which might be applied to the growth of other well crystallized metastable phases-notably cubic boron nitride.
Correlations between photon absorption properties and failure load of the distal radius in vitro.

The bone mineral content (BMC) and cross-sectional properties of cadaveric radii were assessed by single photon absorptiometry (SPA). A new multiple-angle scanning technique was used in conjunction with SPA to measure the area and moments of inertia of the radial cross section in intact forearms. The radii of the same forearms were then broken in a failure test to simulate a fall on the outstretched arm. Colles' fracture was produced in 16 of 18 radii tested. The BMC divided by the bone width, which is called bone mineral density (BMD) in clinical applications, did not correlate with the load at failure in cadaveric forearms. The BMC alone did correlate significantly with failure load (r2=0.62), and the cross-sectional properties gave the best correlation with failure load in a sequential multiple regression (r2=0.80). We conclude that if SPA is to be used in clinical studies to predict risk of radial fracture or of fractures at remote skeletal sites, then BMC should be used rather than BMD. An even better indicator of radial bone strength than BMC would be a biomechanical parameter derived from the cross-sectional area and moments of inertia, which can be obtained from multiple-angle SPA.
The influence of reproductive state on the agonistic interactions between male and female crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

[Research analyzing social dynamics has shown that systems can be structured by individuals of different age, size, sex and reproductive state within a population. Extensive research on male–male interactions in crayfish has illustrated the mechanisms that underlie the agonism and social relationships that develop between conspecifics. Despite the wealth of knowledge on male–male interactions, there is a lack of knowledge on the role that reproductive state plays in modulating aggression between the sexes in crayfish. The purpose of this study was to investigate aggression between crayfish of different sexes and reproductive forms. Form I and II male crayfish were paired against glair and non-glair female crayfish in agonistic bouts. Fight outcomes, intensities and mating events were calculated from the paired interactions. Form I male crayfish won significantly more bouts with females than form II males. In addition, reproductive females won more bouts than non-reproductive males. Thus, reproductive state of the individual has a significant influence over the outcome and level of aggression within agonistic encounters. This finding may indicate that the individuals are approaching interactions with motivational states (reproductive needs versus resource acquisition)., Research analyzing social dynamics has shown that systems can be structured by individuals of different age, size, sex and reproductive state within a population. Extensive research on male–male interactions in crayfish has illustrated the mechanisms that underlie the agonism and social relationships that develop between conspecifics. Despite the wealth of knowledge on male–male interactions, there is a lack of knowledge on the role that reproductive state plays in modulating aggression between the sexes in crayfish. The purpose of this study was to investigate aggression between crayfish of different sexes and reproductive forms. Form I and II male crayfish were paired against glair and non-glair female crayfish in agonistic bouts. Fight outcomes, intensities and mating events were calculated from the paired interactions. Form I male crayfish won significantly more bouts with females than form II males. In addition, reproductive females won more bouts than non-reproductive males. Thus, reproductive state of the individual has a significant influence over the outcome and level of aggression within agonistic encounters. This finding may indicate that the individuals are approaching interactions with motivational states (reproductive needs versus resource acquisition).]
The Effects of Physical Environment on Engineering Team Performance: A Case Study

The effects of physical environment on the performance of student teams were evaluated in a timed case study. Six teams worked on an intensive three-hour problem-solving event as part of their term project. Successful completion of the project depended on using engineering skills to solve an open-ended technical problem and produce a one-page memo defining the solution. The skills needed for this exercise included searching electronic databases for relevant information, analyzing journal publications, developing a kinetic model, applying the model to the problem, making team decisions, and communicating the results in a written product. Three teams performed the exercise in a technology-training classroom (treatment group), newly constructed and flexibly furnished to accommodate interaction and electronic communication. The remaining three teams (control group) were to find any available space within the Engineering complex. The technology classroom featured flexible, team-friendly furnishing, and laptop computers with wireless Ethernet connections, giving the students access to Internet database resources and nearby printers. None of the teams selecting their own space chose to work in a traditional classroom. Rather, they all migrated to space that could be used for group discussion, and left these areas to get access to other resources. All groups performed well as teams, probably due to the team training that had been provided to the class prior to the exercise. The three treatment teams in the technology classroom scored significantly better on technical content and communicating their work product in memo form than the control group.
Cocaine seeking over extended withdrawal periods in rats: different time courses of responding induced by cocaine cues versus cocaine priming over the first 6 months.

We previously found time dependent increases, or incubation, of cocaine seeking induced by re-exposure to cocaine cues over withdrawal periods of up to 3 months. Here, we studied cocaine seeking induced by re-exposure to cocaine cues or cocaine itself over an extended withdrawal period of 6 months. Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine for 6 h/day for 10 days. Cocaine seeking induced by re-exposure to cocaine cues or cocaine itself, as measured in extinction or drug-induced reinstatement tests, respectively, was then assessed 1 day, or 1, 3 or 6 months after withdrawal. Rats were first given six 1-h extinction sessions wherein lever presses resulted in contingent presentations of cues previously paired with cocaine infusions. Subsequently, reinstatement of drug seeking induced by cocaine injections (expt 1: 0, 5, and 15 mg/kg, IP; expt 2: 0, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg) was assessed during three 1-h sessions. Profound time dependent changes in responsiveness to cocaine cues in the extinction tests were observed, with low responding after 1 day, high responding after 1 and 3 months, and intermediate responding after 6 months of withdrawal. In contrast, no significant time dependent changes in cocaine-induced drug seeking were found; acute re-exposure to cocaine effectively reinstated responding at all withdrawal periods. Results indicate that the withdrawal period is a critical modulator of drug seeking provoked by re-exposure to cocaine cues, but not cocaine itself. Results also indicate that while the incubation of responsiveness to cocaine cues is a long lasting phenomenon, it is not permanent.
Identification of Related Peptides Recognized by a Monoclonal Antibody Using a Synthetic Peptide Combinatorial Library

Synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries (SPCLs) are composed of tens of millions of peptide sequences from which specific sequences can be systematically determined. The broad versatility of SPCLs residues in the fact that nonsupport-bound peptides are generated in quantities sufficient for use in the majority of existing bioassays. In the present study, an SPCL composed of more than 52 million peptides was screened with an antipeptide monoclonal antibody for the identification of peptide sequences that inhibit the interaction of the monoclonal antibody with its known antigenic peptide. Upon the completion of an iterative screening and selection process utilized in the SPCL approach, a number of peptide sequences that were related to the known antigenic determinant region were found.
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080): a study of residues in arctic fox muscle tissue.

Starting about 1836 and continuing into the 1930's fur traders and fox farmers introduced arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) to several islands in the Aleutian Chain--islands that were previously free of terrestrial mammalian predators (Jones and Byrd 1979). By 1937, this exotic furbearer was successfully introduced on almost all of the Aleutian Islands. Their effect on native avifauna was immediate and acute since they depended on natural foods, including indigenous birds for sustenance and it soon became a pest of significant importance in the Aleutian Islands. Aleutian Canada geese (Branta canadensis leucopareia) were a major prey species, and by 1967 were listed as endangered. Recovery plans for the Aleutian Canada goose specified the sequential eradication of arctic fox throughout the Aleutian Islands including Kiska Island, a large land mass (28,200 ha) and historic breeding site of this species in the western Aleutians. The investigations of the efficacy of the pesticide sodium fluoroacetate (1080) against arctic fox and the potential hazards
Watershed Urbanization Alters the Composition and Function of Stream Bacterial Communities

Watershed urbanization leads to dramatic changes in draining streams, with urban streams receiving a high frequency of scouring flows, together with the nutrient, contaminant, and thermal pollution associated with urbanization. These changes are known to cause significant losses of sensitive insect and fish species from urban streams, yet little is known about how these changes affect the composition and function of stream microbial communities. Over the course of two years, we repeatedly sampled sediments from eight central North Carolina streams affected to varying degrees by watershed urbanization. For each stream and sampling date, we characterized both overall and denitrifying bacterial communities and measured denitrification potentials. Denitrification is an ecologically important process, mediated by denitrifying bacteria that use nitrate and organic carbon as substrates. Differences in overall and denitrifying bacterial community composition were strongly associated with the gradient in urbanization. Denitrification potentials, which varied widely, were not significantly associated with substrate supply. By incorporating information on the community composition of denitrifying bacteria together with substrate supply in a linear mixed-effects model, we explained 45% of the variation in denitrification potential (p-value<0.001). Our results suggest that (1) the composition of stream bacterial communities change in response to watershed urbanization and (2) such changes may have important consequences for critical ecosystem functions such as denitrification.
Anastomotic Urethroplasty For Bulbar Urethral Stricture: Analysis Of 168 Patients

Purpose: We reviewed our experience with anastomotic urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture.Materials and Methods: A chart review revealed 168 patients 6 to 82 years old (mean age 38) with at least 6 months of followup (mean 70, range 6 to 291) after anastomotic urethroplasty.Results: Average stricture length was 1.7 cm. Of the 168 patients stricture recurred in 8 (5%) but was managed by direct vision internal urethrotomy or a single dilation in 5, while repeat urethroplasty was required in 3 (2%). In these 3 cases extenuating circumstances included patient dislodgment of the catheter with attempts to replace it that disrupted repair, a history of urethrocutaneous fistula and periurethral abscess, and previous irradiation complicating the stricture in 1 each. Other complications were uncommon, such as transient thigh pain or numbness in 3 patients (2%), small wound dehiscence in 2 (1%), and scrotal hematoma, erectile dysfunction and self-limited pulmonary edema in 1 (less than 1%) each.Conclusions:...
Transition flow effects on plume radiation

A calculational comparison of a free molecular plume code (HAPAIR: High Altitude Plume-Atmosphere Interaction Radiation) and a Monte-Carlo Plume Code (TRAMP: Transitional and Rarefied Axisymmetric Monte-carlo Plume) is made for a selected sequence of cases going from a free molecular (Kn = 15) to a highl transitional (Kn = 0.07) flow regime. Results are presented which document the breakdown of free molecular flow assumptions in the transition regime and show the effect on the critical physical processes responsible for plume emission.
Optimal Scaling of Balls and Polyhedra.

The concern is with solving as linear or convex quadratic programs special cases of the optimal containment and meet problems. The optimal containment or meet problem is that of finding the smallest scale of a set for which some translation contains a set or meets each element in a collection of sets, respectively. These sets are unions or intersections of cells where a cell is either a closed polyhedral convex set or a closed solid ball.
The double-layer interaction between dissimilar ionizable surfaces and its effect on the rate of deposition

Abstract Rates of deposition were calculated for cases in which sol and collector surfaces are dissimilar and acquire their charge by the dissociation of multiple acidic and/or basic sites. The double-layer interaction between such dissimilar surfaces can induce a sign reversal in the surface charge or the force. These sign reversals are not observed between identical surfaces. A qualitative analysis of the governing equations allows prediction of the double-layer interaction at very small separations without solving the complete equations. Two strongly acidic or basic surfaces practically always repel if the separation is small enough, regardless of the relative signs of their surface charges, whereas two amphoteric surfaces having high buffer capacity practically always attract in the limit of small separation. The lowest rates of deposition are obtained when both particle and collector are strongly acidic or basic and of like charge, whereas the highest rates are obtained when both surfaces are amphoteric. These bounds on the rate are orders of magnitude apart. Of interest was the observation that a strongly acidic particle could be effectively prevented from depositing on a strongly basic collector by double-layer repulsion, even though the charges on the two surfaces have opposite signs. A necessary condition is that the ratio of the two surface potentials at infinite separation must be significantly different from −1.
SU-GG-I-153: A Novel Relevance Feedback Approach for Efficient Mammogram Image Retrieval

Purpose: With the rapid increase of medicaldatabases and PACS (picture archiving and communication systems) image volumes, it became critical to develop new tools to retrieve images from these archives more effectively and efficiently for routine clinical practice. A key factor for successful imageretrieval systems lies in the development of efficient methods that can derive high‐level semantic concepts from low‐level image content features. Despite many efforts, an efficient retrieval system for medical images still remains a challenging problem due to their complex contents in relation to disease conditions. Towards this goal we have developed a machine learning framework that utilizes expert's knowledge for online retrieval of relevant mammogramimages based on clustered microcalcifications. Method and Materials: We tested a database of 200 clinical mammograms that were taken from 104 patients with known pathology. To automatically retrieve mammograms from the database that are perceptually similar to a given query image, we proposed an efficient relevance feedback algorithm based on support vector machine (SVM) regression and incremental learning that dramatically reduces the processing time, avoiding the retraining of the retrieval system.Results: We conducted various experiments to evaluate the developed algorithm under varying user's interactions. It was observed that our proposed method showed significant superiority over off‐line learning. In particular, in a matching fraction test where the top‐k retrieved images were compared with the disease condition of the query image (benign or malignant) after the user's relevance feedback, the proposed method achieved a matching fraction as high as 82.4%. Conclusions: We have developed a novel relevance feedback method for effective retrieval of relevant mammogramimages. Our experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method is not only better in performance, but more computationally efficient than offline SVM based on re‐training, while maintaining its effectiveness for online clinical application.
Low-end general-purpose systems

Since the announcement of the IBM System/3 in 1969, IBM has been incorporating leading-edge technology in products referred to as small general-purpose systems. With the many models of the System/3, System/32, System/34, and System/ 38, IBM has introduced many technological advances addressing the needs of diverse customers, from the novice, firsttime user to the experienced user in the distributed data processing account. By identifying the goals, objectives, design themes, major salient features, and development constraints, this paper reviews and highlights the technical evolution of these products in terms of their systems layout, processor architecture, machine structure, and programming support.
Complex formation between anionic polyelectrolytes and cationic/nonionic mixed micelles

Abstract Turbidimetry has been used to study the formation of complexes between anionic polyelectrolytes, i.e., poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) and poly(sodium acrylate); and cationic micelles, i.e., dimethyldodecylamine oxide, and mixed micelles of Triton X-100 and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. At fixed ionic strength, complex formation and concomitant phase separation occur abruptly upon increase in micelle surface charge density σ. σ is controlled by pH titration, in the case of the amine oxide surfactant, or by adjustment of surfactant composition, in the mixed micelle system. The micelle surface charge density required for phase separation increases with ionic strength. The corresponding phase boundary is a smooth line for the mixed micelle system but displays a discontinuity for the amine oxide system at conditions of pH and ionic strength where this micelle appears to undergo a sphere-rod transition. At fixed ionic strength, the mole fraction of ionic head groups in the micelle at incipient phase separation is much smaller for the amine oxide micelle than for the mixed cationic/nonionic micelle. This effect is attributed to the bulky nonionic surfactant head groups in the latter which increase the distance of closest approach between polyion segments and the ionic surfactant head groups.