cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as an important mechanism of disease and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Under basal or pathological conditions, electron leakage for ROS production is primarily mediated by the electron transport chain and the proton motive force consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors controlling ROS production in the mitochondria include flavin mononucleotide and flavin mononucleotide-binding domain of complex I, ubisemiquinone and quinone-binding domain of complex I, flavin adenine nucleotide-binding moiety and quinone-binding pocket of complex II, and unstable semiquinone mediated by the Q cycle of complex III. In mitochondrial complex I, specific cysteinyl redox domains modulate ROS production from the flavin mononucleotide moiety and iron-sulfur clusters. In the cardiovascular system, mitochondrial ROS have been linked to mediating the physiological effects of metabolic dilation and preconditioning-like mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation. Furthermore, oxidative post-translational modification by glutathione in complex I and complex II has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, protein-protein interactions, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, increase mitochondrial ROS production via oxidative injury of complexes I and II and superoxide anion radical-induced hydroxyl radical production by aconitase. Further insight into cellular mechanisms by which specific redox post-translational modifications regulate ROS production in the mitochondria will enrich our understanding of redox signal transduction and identify new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases in which oxidative stress perturbs normal redox signaling.
Inferring species trees from incongruent multi-copy gene trees using the Robinson-Foulds distance

Background Constructing species trees from multi-copy gene trees remains a challenging problem in phylogenetics. One difficulty is that the underlying genes can be incongruent due to evolutionary processes such as gene duplication and loss, deep coalescence, or lateral gene transfer. Gene tree estimation errors may further exacerbate the difficulties of species tree estimation.
A novel method of realizing two-dimensional array systems of high-T/sub c/ step-edge Josephson junctions

We have developed a unique substrate terracing process to achieve two-dimensional arrays of high-T/sub c/ step-edge superconductor-normal metal-superconductor Josephson junctions. This process has been used to realize 3/spl times/3 and 3/spl times/6 antenna coupled arrays for direct detection of emission. An enhancement to this process incorporating a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// base layer and a Nb/PdAu ground plane is described. This modification enabled the fabrication of arrays capacitively coupled to detector junctions for detection of emission at frequencies beyond 300 GHz. This report details the motivation, design, fabrication process, and preliminary results of several array experiments. >
Dynamics of an impinging jet. Part 2. The noise generation

The aerodynamic noise generated by a subsonic jet impinging on a flat plate is studied from measurements of near-field and surface-pressure fluctuations. The far-field noise measured at 90° to the jet axis is found to be generated by two different physical mechanisms. One mechanism is the impinging of the large coherent structures on the plate, and the other is associated with the initial instability of the shear layer. These two sources of noise radiate to the far field via different acoustical paths.
Physiological and taxonomic description of the novel autotrophic, metal oxidizing bacterium, Pseudogulbenkiania sp. strain 2002

A lithoautotrophic, Fe(II) oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacterium, strain 2002 (ATCC BAA-1479; =DSM 18807), was isolated as part of a study on nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation in freshwater lake sediments. Here we provide an in-depth phenotypic and phylogenetic description of the isolate. Strain 2002 is a gram-negative, non-spore forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium which tested positive for oxidase, catalase, and urease. Analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence placed strain 2002 in a clade within the family Neisseriaceae in the order Nessieriales of the Betaproteobacteria 99.3% similar to Pseudogulbenkiania subflava. Similar to P. sublfava, predominant whole cell fatty acids were identified as 16:17c, 42.4%, and 16:0, 34.1%. Whole cell difference spectra of the Fe(II) reduced minus nitrate oxidized cyctochrome content revealed a possible role of c-type cytochromes in nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation. Strain 2002 was unable to oxidize aqueous or solid-phase Mn(II) with nitrate as the electron acceptor. In addition to lithotrophic growth with Fe(II), strain 2002 could alternatively grow heterotrophically with long-chain fatty acids, simple organic acids, carbohydrates, yeast extract, or casamino acids. Nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and oxygen also served as terminal electron acceptors with acetate as the electron donor.
Earth Rotation: Theory and Observation

The rotation of the solid Earth, as monitored from observatories fixed on the Earth's crust, is not constant. The measurements reveal minute but complicated changes of up to several parts in 108 in the speed of the Earth's rotation, corresponding to several milliseconds in the length of the day (LOD) and even larger variations in polar motion. Earth studies have embarked on a new era with the advent of highly accurate space geodetic techniques and the availability of complementary geophysical data sets. Techniques utilized include laser-ranging to the Moon and artificial satellites, and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). Comparisons between techniques indicate that Earth rotation is routinely determined at the 0.05–0.10 millisecond level (approximately 2–5 cm at the equator), with higher accuracy in some cases. Geophysically interesting variations are detectable at these levels. The analysis and understanding of these phenomena draw upon and contribute to meteorology, oceanography, astronomy, celestial mechanics, seismology, tectonics, and geodynamics.
A proposal for a methodological approach to the characterisation of Widespread Landslide Events: an application to Southern Italy

Abstract. This paper presents a methodological approach to both identifying and characterising Widespread Landslide Events (WLE), defined as the occurrence of several landslides through wide areas (thousands of square kilometres). This approach is based on a comparative analysis of two historical databases: a rainfall database and a landslide database, both concerning the same period. This methodology was tested on Calabria (Southern Italy) by analysing a period of more than 80 yr. The data allowed the individuation of 25 WLEs generated by the following: (a) a single rainfall event (RE), (b) a few distinct but temporarily close REs, or (c) several consecutive REs occurring over a period of up to two months. An empirical curve, obtained by interpolating the number of landslides occurred during the WLEs and the average values of cumulative rainfall that triggered them enables the individuation of the relationship between rainfall and number of landslides. The proposed methodological approach can be used wherever historical series of both rainfall and landslides are available. The results can be useful for monitoring the development of events and for the planning of emergency management.
Toward a Theory of Backlash: Dynamic Resistance and the Central Role of Power

To understand backlash theoretically, we must first carve out an analytically useful term from the cluster of its common political associations. In colloquial usage, “backlash” denotes politically conservative reactions to progressive (or liberal) social or political change (Faludi 1991 is a classic in this vein). Here, however, we attempt a nonideological definition of backlash embedded in a more neutral approach to its study. In colloquial usage, backlash includes acts of genuine persuasion as well as of power. Here, however, we suggest that it may be analytically helpful to confine its meaning to acts of coercive power. We draw on the sociological literature on social movements and countermovements, as well as the political science literature on power, preferences, and interests. We focus mostly on examples drawn from the United States and relating to feminism and gender. We begin where the process of backlash itself begins, with power and a challenge to the status quo.
Influence of heme metabolism and redox regulation of sGC in the control of vascular function

The redox status of cytosolic NAD(P)H and the biosynthesis and metabolism of heme are potentially key factors regulating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and the role of cGMP in vascular relaxation. The availability of both cytosolic NADH and NADPH control the generation of NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their influence on sGC. Cytosolic NADPH redox appears to preserve nitric oxide-stimulation of sGC and relaxation by preventing an inhibitory effect of oxidized glutathione and by maintaining the sGC heme in its ferrous form. Studies on isolated bovine pulmonary arteries (BPA) after a 24 hour organ culture have revealed that the heme precursor aminolevulinic acid promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in amounts that stimulate sGC and cGMP-mediated relaxation, in a manner modulated by the availability of iron. Cobalt-inducers of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) cause a HO-1 dependent depletion of heme which can be associated with a loss of heme-dependent stimulation of sGC, and an up regulation of SOD activity which potentially alters the influence of ROS on sGC and vascular relaxation. from 3rd International Conference on cGMP Generators, Effectors and Therapeutic Implications Dresden, Germany. 15–17 June 2007
High-risk characteristics of fellow eyes of patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine whether clinical tests of ocular function and macular appearance independently can help to predict which patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) will have a choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) develop in their fellow eye. Design The study design was a prospective cohort study. Participants One hundred twenty-seven patients with unilateral neovascular AMD observed for up to 4.5 years participated. Intervention Functional measurements included visual acuity, macular visual field, glare recovery time, and foveal electroretinogram amplitude and implicit time. Main outcome measure The age-adjusted proportion of patients having a CNVM develop over follow-up assessed by the Cox proportional hazards model with stepwise selection was measured. Results On average, 8.8% of patients had a CNVM develop each year. Independent risk factors for the fellow eye were its glare recovery time in minutes (relative risk=1.30, confidence interval=1.10–1.54, P = 0.003) and its extent of visible macular abnormalities on a four-point scale (relative risk=1.62, confidence interval=1.06– 2.59, P = 0.03). Of the fellow eyes that converted, the interval to have a CNVM develop was inversely related to the foveal electroretinogram implicit time. Conclusions A slower recovery from glare and more extensive funduscopic changes appear to be independent risk factors for the development of a CNVM in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral neovascular AMD. A slower foveal electroretinogram implicit time may be a sign of early stage CNVM development, perhaps because of outer retinal ischemia. These results have clinical management implications, particularly for those patients at high risk of having a potentially treatable form of AMD develop.
Protecting the public's health following the Virginia Tech tragedy: issues of law and policy.

Assessing legal responsibility in the aftermath of the April 2007 tragedy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) is inevitable. Beyond assigning blame, law- and policymakers should examine ways to protect the public from future incidences of gun violence on campuses and other settings. Although no combination of legal responses may fully deter individuals who are intent on causing significant harm, select legal reforms have the potential to prevent future acts of gun violence. These reforms include considering more restrictive gun laws nationally, reporting individuals with known mental impairments that may endanger themselves or others to federal or state databases, and refining laws that limit institutions from acting in advance to address prospectively dangerous people. Each of these reforms has the potential to reduce acts of gun violence to improve the public's health, but also implicates individual rights and interests. Language: en
A Survey Addressing On-Chip Interconnect: Energy and Reliability Considerations

Scaling CMOS process technology continues to enable increased levels of system integration, leading to on-chip communication demands beyond what traditional digital signaling techniques can efficiently provide with sufficient reliability. In this paper we survey the state of the art of on-chip interconnect techniques for improving performance, energy, and reliability and provide a review of interconnect reliability considerations. Finally, we provide a case study to evaluate the efficiency of error correcting codes on a state-of-the-art energy-efficient low-swing interconnect.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Contaminant Plumes

Before remediation of a site with contaminated soil or groundwater, the contaminant plume must first be characterized. This involves sampling the contaminant concentration at a set of locations in and around the contaminated area. To present the measured concentrations in a meaningful form, the concentrations are typically interpolated to the nodes of a three-dimensional grid, and the plume is visualized by constructing iso-surfaces from the gridded data. The critical step in this process is the interpolation stage. Improper application of an interpolation scheme can result in grossly misleading three-dimensional plume maps. There are a number of problems that often occur when interpolating contaminant plume data, including generation of negative concentrations, oscillation of interpolated values, improper estimation of maximum concentrations, and skewing of the results due to data clustering. These and other difficulties associated with plume characterization are discussed, along with a simple set of guidelines for detecting and overcoming these problems.
Error in specialty update on adult reconstructive knee surgery.

To The Editor: The purpose of this letter is to point out an error in the article, “Specialty Update. What's New in Adult Reconstructive Knee Surgery” (2004;86:1839-49), by Archibeck and White. On page 1842, the authors quote my 2004 podium presentation at the Knee Society dealing with a prospective randomized study of two types of mechanical compression devices to prevent thromboembolism … Corresponding author: Michael J. Archibeck, MD New Mexico Orthopaedics New Mexico Center for Joint Replacement 201 Cedar S.E., Suite 6600 Albuquerque, NM 87106 archibeckmj{at}ortholink.net
Improved Planning for Infinite-Horizon Interactive POMDPs using Probabilistic Inference (Extended Abstract)

We provide the first formalization of self-interested multiagent planning using expectation-maximization (EM). Our formalization in the context of infinite-horizon and finitely-nested interactive POMDP (I-POMDP) is distinct from EM formulations for POMDPs and other multiagent planning frameworks. Specific to I-POMDPs, we exploit the graphical model structure and present a new approach based on block-coordinate descent for further speed up.
Mayo Clinic: Making Complex Healthcare Simpler

“…Mayo has accomplished in 7 weeks what the outside world could not accomplish in 2 years…What Mayo did the first day that we were here would have taken easily a month or longer at home. And again, [the institutions at home are] renowned medical facilities. It was like test scheduling—you would walk from the exam room to the front desk, and they gave you an itinerary and you already had the test scheduled—that would have taken 2 weeks at home. [At Mayo] it was already set up, and you were having it done in an hour. And then the results of that were quickly sent back to the doctor. Then the doctor was back to you. It was just amazing” [1]. This account taken from a video posted on the Internet recounts the experience of a seriously ill patient who travelled halfway across the USA for care at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. The patient and her spouse are surprised at how Mayo Clinic dealt with the needs of this patient—so quickly, efficiently, and simply.
Stability of Distributed Power Delivery Systems With Multiple Parallel On-Chip LDO Regulators

High quality power delivery for high performance integrated circuits is a significant design challenge. To provide high quality power, the on-chip power needs to be regulated with ultra-small locally distributed power efficient converters. While the quality of the power supply can be efficiently addressed with distributed on-chip power supplies, the stability of these parallel connected voltage regulators is a primary concern. A passivity-based stability criterion is proposed for maintaining a stable power delivery system composed of multiple regulators. To evaluate the proposed approach, a fully integrated power delivery system with distributed on-chip low-dropout (LDO) regulators has been fabricated in a 28 nm CMOS process. The experimental results of a distributed power delivery system composed of six on-chip LDO regulators satisfy this stability criterion, yielding a stable system response within $-$ 25 $^\circ {\text{C}}$ to 125 $^\circ {\text{C}}$ , 10% voltage variations, and 50% to 200% load sharing variations. The system is believed to be one of the first successful silicon demonstrations of stable parallel analog LDO regulators.
The Effects of the Timing of Successive Births upon the Social Organization of American Families

Abstract A national survey of preschool children is used to investigate the relationship between birth spacing and the household division of labor. Task allocation involving intramural roles such as childcare and household task performance is found to be highly responsive to variation in average interval achieved for households with four or more children. The longer the average interval, the more likely household members other than the husband and wife will make a significant contribution to the household division of labor. Households with working wives are much more likely to have the husband and other household members participating in the division of labor than households with non-working wives. An extramural role, shopping, is found to be highly inelastic wirh regard to size and spacing.
Enhanced Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenic Differentiation on Cold Atmospheric Plasma Modified Cartilage Scaffold

Articular cartilage is prone to degeneration and possesses extremely poor self-healing capacity due to its low cell density and absence of blood vessels. It has extensively reported tissue engineered scaffold can be a promising approach for cartilage repair. However, there still remains an inherent lack of desirable scaffolds that stimulate cartilage regrowth with appropriate functional properties. Therefore, in this study, we develop a biomimetic cartilage substitute comprising of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) modified cell favorable surface and sustained bioactive factor (bovine serum albumin (BSA) or transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)) incorporated microspheres inside for improving stem cell chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the drug delivery spheres homogeneously distribution in the fibrous scaffold. Furthermore, CAP treatment renders the scaffold’s surface more hydrophilic and results in more specific vitronectin adsorption as illustrated by contact angle and ELISA testing. Our results showed that the CAP treated scaffold can greatly improve growth and chondrogenic differentiation (such as increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis) of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
Feeding in the Larvae of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta: Behavior and Morphological Adaptations

Adult workers of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, feed liquid foods, including sucrose and soybean oil, to larvae of all instars, and feed solid proteinaceous foods only to the 4th instars. Solid foods, including undamaged fire ant eggs, experimentally placed on larvae, are ingested only by 4th instars. Workers place solid food, of a specific size range, on the antero ventral region of 4th instars. This region bears specialized hairs and spines which hold solid food while the larvae feed on it. The relationship of larval feeding to a possible method of fire ant control is discussed.
Contrasting Themes in the Political Theories of Jefferson, Calhoun, and John Taylor of Caroline

The ideas of John Taylor of Caroline have been discussed in several excellent studies. More remains to be said, however, because overstated parallels have been drawn in previous studies between the agrarianism of Taylor and Jefferson and the states' rights philosophy of Taylor and Calhoun. The Jeffersonian side of Taylor has been emphasized by commentators who seem to have assumed that Taylor's theory was the hard core of Jeffersonian agrarianism, written by an individual whose public career was unimportant enough to him to require intellectual compromise. Taylor is considered by other commentators as the most important states' rights theorist before Calhoun. Other scholars see Taylor's doctrines as links between those of Jefferson and Calhoun.'
Artistic interventions in contemporary China

This concluding article examines the ways in which Chinese artists depict, decipher, and react to urbanization in contemporary China. It summarizes several important themes in the cluster of articl...
Using structural motifs for learning Markov logic networks

Markov logic networks (MLNs) use first-order formulas to define features of Markov networks. Current MLN structure learners can only learn short clauses (4-5 literals) due to extreme computational costs, and thus are unable to represent complex regularities in data. To address this problem, we present LSM, the first MLN structure learner capable of efficiently and accurately learning long clauses. LSM is based on the observation that relational data typically contains patterns that are variations of the same structural motifs. By constraining the search for clauses to occur within motifs, LSM can greatly speed up the search and thereby reduce the cost of finding long clauses. LSM uses random walks to identify densely connected objects in data, and groups them and their associated relations into a motif. Our experiments on three real-world datasets show that our approach is 2-5 orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art ones, while achieving the same or better predictive performance.
The World Food Conference. "Perceptions 1974" in perspective.

Adequate nutrition for all people is a reasonable goal, but a world food policy which would supersede national sovereignties is needed if this goal is to be achieved.
Tuning redox potentials of CO2 reduction catalysts for carbon photofixation by Si nanowires

Si nanowires (SiNWs) are shown to absorb visible light to reduce Ni catalysts into Ni^0 compounds, enabling alkyne carboxylation reactions with CO_2 as a carbon feedstock. The reduced Ni catalysts are effective in CO_2 fixation through a 4-octyne carboxylation reaction. The reduction potentials of the Ni catalysts can be tuned from -1.35 to -0.51 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) by altering the binding ligands. The results shed light on the nature of charge transfer from SiNWs to the catalyst for this new class of photocatalytic reactions. By controlling the CO_2 reduction potential of the catalysts with carefully ligand designs, it will bring more opportunities and options to realize the highly selective, effective and sustainable CO_2 reduction in the future.
SU-F-T-221: An Assessment of the Potential for Improved Local Control of Skull- Base Chordomas Via Reduction of the Proton Beam Range Uncertainty

Purpose: The beam range uncertainty presents a special challenge for proton therapy. Novel technologies currently under development offer strategies to reduce the range uncertainty [1,2]. This work quantifies the potential advantages that could be realized by such a reduction for dosimetrically challenging chordomas at the base of skull. Therapeutic improvement was assessed by evaluating tumor control probabilities (TCP) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP). Methods: Treatment plans were made for a modulated-scanned proton delivery technique using the Eclipse treatment planning system. The prescription dose was 7920 cGy to the CTV. Three different range uncertainty scenarios were considered: 5 mm (3.5% of the beam range + 1 mm, representing current clinical practice, “Curr”), 2 mm (1.3%), and 1 mm (0.7%). For each of 4 patients, 3 different PTVs were defined via uniform expansion of the CTV by the value of the range uncertainty. Tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) for organs-at-risk (OARs) were calculated using the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman[3] formalism and published model parameters [ref Terahara[4], quantec S10, Burman Red Journal v21 pp 123]. Our plan optimization strategy was to achieve PTV close to prescription while maintaining OAR NTCP values at or better than the Curr plan. Results: The average TCP values for the 5, 2, and 1 mm range uncertainty scenarios are 51%, 55% and 65%. The improvement in TCP for patients was between 4 and 30%, depending primarily on the proximity of the GTV to OAR. The average NTCPs for the brainstem and cord were about 4% and 1%, respectively, for all target margins. Conclusion: For base of skull chordomas, reduced target margins can substantially increase the TCP without increasing the NTCP. This work demonstrates the potential significance of a reduction in the range uncertainty for proton beams.
Interrelationships of polymorphonuclear neutrophil membrane-bound calcium, membrane potential, and chemiluminescence: studies in single living cells

Stimulated neutrophils show ionic fluxes that may function as “transducers” between stimuli and effector functions. Using fluorescent probes, patterns of membrane-associated calcium (chlortetracycline, CTC) and membrane potential (3–3′-dipentyloxacarbocyanine, di-O-C5 (3)) in single living human neutrophils were observed with a fluorescence microscope fitted with an image intensifier and photometer. Fluorescence changes were related to chemiluminescence. In unstimulated neutrophils, CTC and di-O-C5 (3) fluorescence was brightest in the perinuclear region. Di-O-C5 (3) fluorescence was also seen in mitochondria. Neutrophil stimulation with zymosan, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or calcium ionophore (A23187) resulted in loss of di-O-C5 (3) and CTC fluorescence and chemiluminescence proportional to the strength of the stimulus. Experiments demonstrated the independence of these processes. (1) Digitonin stimulation caused chemiluminescence and di-O-C5 (3) darkening without loss of CTC fluorescence. (2) Depolarization of neutrophils did not induce CTC darkening or chemiluminescence. (3) Calcium ionophore (A23187) stimulation of neutrophils in calcium-free medium resulted in normal di-O-C5 (3) and CTC darkening, but a blunted chemiluminescence peak. (4) Calcium ionophore (A23187) stimulated the loss of di-O-C5 (3) and CTC fluorescence from chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils, but did not trigger an oxidative burst. Although neutrophil depolarization, calcium release from membranes, and oxidative activity are linked, these processes can clearly be separated.
Maize and Prairie Root Contributions to Soil CO2 Emissions in the Field

Increasing soil carbon content via agricultural practices not only enhances the production potential of the land, but also counteracts rising atmospheric CO₂ levels. When predicting production systems’ effects on soil carbon, quantifying CO₂ efflux derived from live roots is of particular importance as it is a through-flux and does not signify depletion of soil carbon. This field study aimed to measure and compare soil CO₂ emissions derived from roots in annual and perennial agroecosystems. We used periodic 48-hour shading over two growing seasons to estimate root growth-derived CO₂ in continuously grown maize (CC) with grain and 50% stover harvested each year, unfertilized reconstructed tallgrass prairie (P), and the same prairie grown with spring nitrogen fertilization (PF), both which had biomass harvested post-frost. In CC, P, and PF root-derived CO₂ contributed to 28, 31, and 30% of each crop’s respective growing season cumulative CO₂ emissions in 2012, and 19, 24, and 28% in 2013, respectively. Season-cumulative root-derived CO₂ was not proportional to end-of-season belowground biomass (BGB): P had nearly twice the BGB of PF, but their cumulative root-derived fluxes were not significantly different in either year. A significant proportion of soil CO₂ emissions is derived from roots, making it a critical process to consider when comparing or modeling soil emissions of cropped or prairie soils. Using BGB alone may not be a useful proxy for estimating root contributions.
Three-Way Unfolding and Consumer Preference Analysis

A new metric multidimensional scaling model is developed to accommodate the analysis of three-mode dominance and nonsymmetric proximity data. One of the many possible marketing applications is presented concerning the modeling of consumer preferences for various breakfast and snack foods.
John McMillan's Journal: Presbyterian Sacramental Occasions and the Second Great Awakening

John McMillan (1752–1833) was an industrious Presbyterian official who moved to the Pennsylvania backcountry during the revolutionary era, and his journal helps us understand an important Presbyterian prac-tice during those days: the sacramental gathering. McMillan was known for his leadership in churches, presbyteries, ministerial education, revival-ism, war, and politics. The son of immigrants from northern Ireland, McMillan was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania. After receiving a Presbyterian revivalist education (which included a stint at the College of New Jersey), he moved west over the Allegheny Mountains to Washington County, Pennsylvania, where he arrived in 1776 to pastor two congregations, Chartiers Creek and Pigeon Creek. McMillan and several Presbyterian ministers who moved to that area formed presbyter-ies and educational institutions that trained frontier ministers and created ministerial networks for cooperative endeavors.
Transcriptome Sequencing of Diverse Peanut (Arachis) Wild Species and the Cultivated Species Reveals a Wealth of Untapped Genetic Variability.

To test the hypothesis that the cultivated peanut species possesses almost no molecular variability, we sequenced a diverse panel of 22 Arachis accessions representing Arachis hypogaea botanical classes, A-, B-, and K- genome diploids, a synthetic amphidiploid, and a tetraploid wild species. RNASeq was performed on pools of three tissues, and de novo assembly was performed. Realignment of individual accession reads to transcripts of the cultivar OLin identified 306,820 biallelic SNPs. Among 10 naturally occurring tetraploid accessions, 40,382 unique homozygous SNPs were identified in 14,719 contigs. In eight diploid accessions, 291,115 unique SNPs were identified in 26,320 contigs. The average SNP rate among the 10 cultivated tetraploids was 0.5, and among eight diploids was 9.2 per 1000 bp. Diversity analysis indicated grouping of diploids according to genome classification, and cultivated tetraploids by subspecies. Cluster analysis of variants indicated that sequences of B genome species were the most similar to the tetraploids, and the next closest diploid accession belonged to the A genome species. A subset of 66 SNPs selected from the dataset was validated; of 782 SNP calls, 636 (81.32%) were confirmed using an allele-specific discrimination assay. We conclude that substantial genetic variability exists among wild species. Additionally, significant but lesser variability at the molecular level occurs among accessions of the cultivated species. This survey is the first to report significant SNP level diversity among transcripts, and may explain some of the phenotypic differences observed in germplasm surveys. Understanding SNP variants in the Arachis accessions will benefit in developing markers for selection.
The Postsynthetic Renaissance in Porous Solids

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have rapidly grown into a major area of chemical research over the last two decades. MOFs represent the development of covalent chemistry “beyond the molecule” and into extended structures. MOFs also present an unprecedented scaffold for performing heterogeneous organic transformations in the solid state, allowing for deliberate and precise preparation of new materials. The development of these transformations has given rise to the “postsynthetic renaissance”, a suite of methods by which these materials can be transformed in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal manner. Postsynthetic modification, postsynthetic deprotection, postsynthetic exchange, postsynthetic insertion, and postsynthetic polymerization have exploited the unique features of both the organic and inorganic components of MOFs to create crystalline, porous solids of unique complexity and functionality.
Dysbindin Deficiency Modifies the Expression of GABA Neuron and Ion Permeation Transcripts in the Developing Hippocampus.

The neurodevelopmental factor dysbindin is required for synapse function and GABA interneuron development. Dysbindin protein levels are reduced in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients. Mouse dysbindin genetic defects and other mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders share defective GABAergic neurotransmission and, in several instances, a loss of parvalbumin-positive interneuron phenotypes. This suggests that mechanisms downstream of dysbindin deficiency, such as those affecting GABA interneurons, could inform pathways contributing to or ameliorating diverse neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we define the transcriptome of developing wild type and dysbindin null Bloc1s8sdy/sdy mouse hippocampus in order to identify mechanisms downstream dysbindin defects. The dysbindin mutant transcriptome revealed previously reported GABA parvalbumin interneuron defects. However, the Bloc1s8sdy/sdy transcriptome additionally uncovered changes in the expression of molecules controlling cellular excitability such as the cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1, KCC2, and NCKX2 as well as the potassium channel subunits Kcne2 and Kcnj13. Our results suggest that dysbindin deficiency phenotypes, such as GABAergic defects, are modulated by the expression of molecules controlling the magnitude and cadence of neuronal excitability.
Urban Community Gardens as Multimodal Social Spaces

This chapter examines the social and collective dimensions of urban gardening. Through a review of recent literature and cases around the world, it examines urban community gardens in terms of their multiple modalities, specifically as a convivial space, a cultura l space, an inclusive space, a restorative space, a democratic space, and a resilient space. As convivial spaces, urban gardens build and nurture agency of individuals as well as social ties in a community. As inclusive, cultural spaces, urban gardens can function as a place for cross-cultural learning and understanding and building of connections across social and cultural divides. As restorative space, urban gardens contribute to individual and community health and well-being. As democratic spaces, urban gardens serve as a vehicle to engage individuals and communities in efforts toward other social and environmental initiatives. As resilient space, urban gardens function as social safety nets and provide for the community in time of calamity and struggles. Through these different expressions and opportunities for active engagement by communities and citizens, the chapter argues that urban gardening can serve as a model for other urban greening strategies to incorporate considerations for multiple social, cultural, and economic goals.
Wavelet-bounded empirical mode decomposition for measured time series analysis

Abstract Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is a powerful technique for separating the transient responses of nonlinear and nonstationary systems into finite sets of nearly orthogonal components, called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which represent the dynamics on different characteristic time scales. However, a deficiency of EMD is the mixing of two or more components in a single IMF, which can drastically affect the physical meaning of the empirical decomposition results. In this paper, we present a new approached based on EMD, designated as wavelet-bounded empirical mode decomposition (WBEMD), which is a closed-loop, optimization-based solution to the problem of mode mixing. The optimization routine relies on maximizing the isolation of an IMF around a characteristic frequency. This isolation is measured by fitting a bounding function around the IMF in the frequency domain and computing the area under this function. It follows that a large (small) area corresponds to a poorly (well) separated IMF. An optimization routine is developed based on this result with the objective of minimizing the bounding-function area and with the masking signal parameters serving as free parameters, such that a well-separated IMF is extracted. As examples of application of WBEMD we apply the proposed method, first to a stationary, two-component signal, and then to the numerically simulated response of a cantilever beam with an essentially nonlinear end attachment. We find that WBEMD vastly improves upon EMD and that the extracted sets of IMFs provide insight into the underlying physics of the response of each system.
The Right Way to Teach Left-Handed Residents: Strategies for Training by Right Handers.

Purpose Left-handed (LH) residents remain underrepresented among surgical trainees, and there are few available data on how best to train them. The challenge is amplified when pairing a LH resident with a right-handed (RH) mentor. This report provides recommendations on how to improve the training of LH surgeons in a safe and effective manner. Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed using different databases and search engines to identify all articles relevant to the training of LH residents. Results A total of 40 articles highlighted the challenges for LH surgical residents and RH mentors. Our recommendations are based on the following 4 themes: identifying inherent differences in left vs. RH residents, providing guidance to RH mentors training LH residents, adapting the RH environment to the LH surgeon, and maximizing safety during training. Conclusion An organized approach needs to be taken in training the LH resident. Changes should be instituted at program-wide and national levels to ensure that the training experience of the sinistral surgical resident is optimized.
Abstract 4917: Therapeutic inhibition of Notch1 in metastatic prostate cancer

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the primary cause of prostate cancer specific mortality, and is currently incurable. Defining new mechanisms that can predict progression and drive lethal CRPC is critical. Notch1 receptor, a cell surface-signaling molecule dysregulated in many cancers, is highly expressed in CRPC. Chronic activation of Notch1 synergizes with multiple oncogenic pathways altered in early disease to promote the development of poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma. Consistent with its activation in clinical CRPC, tumors driven by NICD1 in combination with alternative pathways altered in prostate cancer are metastatic and resistant to androgen deprivation. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 activity decreases cell proliferation and colony formation of 22RV1 prostate cancer cells in vitro. 22RV1 subcutaneous xenograft growth was significantly impaired by treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of Notch1 activation over the course of 20-day treatment. Further, Notch1 inhibition in combination with other standard prostate cancer treatments compounded efficacy of individual treatments to attenuate colony formation potential of prostate cancer cells in vitro. The Notch1 signaling axis, confirmed to synergize with multiple pathways to promote metastatic CRPC already provides a novel pathway for diagnostic stratification of prostate cancer patients. Our studies additionally implicate Notch1 as a therapeutically relevant target for aggressive prostate cancer. Citation Format: Meghan A. Rice, En-Chi Hsu, Tanya Stoyanova. Therapeutic inhibition of Notch1 in metastatic prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4917. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4917
Temporal relationships between food acquisition and voluntary exercise in mice

Patterns of operant food acquisition in a closed economy and bouts of either voluntary wheel running (WR) or spontaneous locomotor activity in a standard condition (SC) with no wheel were examined in young adult male and female C57BL/6 mice across a range of nose poke prices (FUP) per food pellet. Both sexes showed vigorous WR or locomotor activity. At each FUP, WR groups had higher food intake than SC groups. Despite substantially higher mean body weight of males compared with females, intakes and activity did not differ by sex in the SC groups and males lost weight more rapidly as FUP increased. In contrast, WR males ran ∼33% further per day than females, increased their food intake (above that of SC counterparts) more than females, and lost less body weight than SC males. By parsing the night in four 3h epochs it was found that food intake declined progressively through the night in both WR and SC mice and that the hyperphagia of WR relative to SC groups was most evident early in the night, coincident with highest activity. No large or systematic sex differences were revealed in these temporal analyses. Analysis of data at 60s resolution showed that pellet acquisition occurred in many small or short bouts, the timing of which was either intercalated or concurrent with either locomotor activity or WR. The results show that increased eating due to WR occurs concurrently with maximum running, and with no evidence of delayed compensation.
High-order harmonic generation in ZnO using few-cycle mid-IR pulses generated via self-compression

We exploit nonlinear self-compression in YAG to generate sub-three-cycle, 10 μJ pulses from a 50 kHz mid-IR OPA. Efficiency and cutoff enhancement of generated high-order harmonics in ZnO relative to longer driving pulses demonstrates the potential for solid-state attosecond pulse generation through nonlinear self-compression.
Aminoglycosides: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance

Aminoglycosides have been an important part of the antimicrobial armamentarium since their introduction into clinical use in the 1940s. The spectrum of activity, rapid bactericidal activity, and favorable chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of aminoglycosides make them a clinically useful class of drugs. Although the introduction of efficacious and less toxic agents such as the broad-spectrum β-lactam antimicrobials led to a shift away from the use of aminoglycosides, the recent emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens has led to renewed interest in the aminoglycoside class, including the development of new molecules with potent activity against otherwise highly resistant pathogens.
Team Psychological Safety and Conflict Trajectories’ Effect on Individual’s Team Identification and Satisfaction:

Using a multilevel field study with data collected over a 9-month period, we tested how team psychological safety interacts with levels of team relationship conflict to influence an individual’s te...
Genetic and molecular analyses of mutations involved in Drosophila raf signal transduction.

Abstract We have identified dominant mutations that suppress the lethality associated with an R217-->L mutation in the GTP.Ras binding region (CR1) of the Drosophila raf (D-raf) serine/threonine kinase. Four intragenic and seven extragenic suppressors were recovered. Each of the four intragenic mutations contains one compensatory amino acid change located in either the CR1 or the kinase domain of D-raf. The seven extragenic suppressors represent at least four genetic loci whose effects strongly suggest that they participate in both the sevenless and Drosophila EGF receptor (DER) signaling pathways. One of these mutations, Su(D-raf)34B, is an allele of D-mek which encodes the known signaling molecule MAPK kinase (MEK). A D83V mutation in D-MEK is identified and shown to be sufficient to confer the dominant activity of Su(D-raf)34B.
Evaluating the Partnership and Enhancing Future Successes

Upon completion of Chapter 6: Evaluating the Partnership and Enhancing Future Successes, the student will be able to:
Phylogenetic and Developmental Constraints Dictate the Number of Cusps on Molars in Rodents

Mammal tooth morphology and function correlate strongly with dietary ecology, and convergence is a major feature of mammalian tooth evolution. Yet, function and ecology are insufficient to explain morphological diversification and convergence within mammalian molar evolution; suggesting that development and phylogeny also limit possible structural solutions to selective pressures. Here, I use in silico models and empirical studies of extant and fossil rodent teeth to identify morphogenetic rules that influence molar morphology. Because rodents are the most diverse group of mammals with corresponding dental disparity they represent an excellent system for investigating how genetic interactions limit morphology. I find that lower first molars are limited to a minimum of four cusps and a maximum of nine cusps. Multiple developmental pathways produce the same numbers of cusps, despite highly variable cusp morphologies, indicating the existence of limits on how morphological evolution can fill a morphospace defined by cusp numbers. These constraints are both developmental and phylogenetic in nature and the identification of their influence on rodent molar shape provides a framework for investigation of how tooth batteries evolved an array of functions despite fundamental structural limits. The data presented here increase predictability of cusp number and evolutionary outcomes of rodent cheek dentition.
Perilous Futures: On Carl Schmitt’s Late Writings. Peter Uwe Hohendahl. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2018. vii-viii + 232 pp. ISBN 978150726545

“Is There a Usable Schmitt?”—the subtitle of Peter Hohendahl’s conclusion encapsulates the thematic thrust of Perilous Futures. It is also one of the most pressing and contentious questions in poli...
Predictive value of an electronic frailty index (FI) in U.S. Veterans with newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

11545Background: Frailty is a well-established predictor of survival, but assessing it in a real-world healthcare setting is often time-consuming and impractical. We sought to determine if a quanti...