cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attracting, retaining, and preparing a diverse academic engineering workforce: The AGEP model for success

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has recognized that the Nation's need for a technical workforce is in conflict with the changing demographics facing the nation. Our nation is rapidly becoming more diverse due to growth in groups that have traditionally been underrepresented in technical fields. Nowhere is this underrepresentation more evident than in academia. It was determined that one potential way to attract more underrepresented students to pursue engineering careers was to increase the diversity of the engineering faculty, proving powerful role models to potential technical students. Therefore, over 10 years ago, NSF began a program that sought to diversify the Nation's faculty in engineering, science and mathematics fields, called the Alliances for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP). The AGEP Program is now a national network of multi-institution alliances. Nationally, the AGEP program has recorded significant gains in doctoral degrees awarded to underrepresented minorities in engineering. The Southeast Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (SEAGEP) Program includes the University of Florida, Clemson University, and the University of South Carolina. SEAGEP is the top producer of Hispanic PhDs in the country and is third in the production of African American PhDs in engineering. Best practices in recruiting, retention, and preparation for the professoriate are detailed.
Mammalian Vesicle Trafficking Proteins of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus (

Vesicle traffic propagates and maintains distinct subcellular compartments and routes secretory products from their site of synthesis to their final destinations. As a basis for the specificity of vesicular transport reactions, each step in the secretory pathway appears to be handled by a distinct set of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Mammalian proteins responsible for vesicle trafficking at early steps in the secretory pathway are not well understood. In this report, we describe rat sec22 (rsec22) and rat bet1 (rbet1), mammalian sequence homologs of yeast proteins identified as mediators of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein transport. rsec22 and rbet1 were expressed widely in mammalian tissues, as anticipated for proteins involved in fundamental membrane trafficking reactions. Recombinant rsec22 and rbet1 proteins behaved as integral membrane components of 28 and 18 kDa, respectively, consistent with their primary structures, which contain a predicted transmembrane domain at or near the carboxyl terminus. Recombinant rsec22 and rbet1 had distinct subcellular localizations, with rsec22 residing on endoplasmic reticulum membranes and rbet1 found on Golgi membranes. Studies with brefeldin A and nocodazole indicated that rbet1 function might involve interaction with or retention in the intermediate compartment. The distinct localizations of rsec22 and rbet1 may reflect their participation in opposite directions of membrane flow between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
THE EFFECT OF THE ABLATION OF THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA UPON THE CONTINUANCE OF LIFE

Some recent work by Meltzer (1920) on the ablation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia indicates that certain common laboratory animals do not survive the removal of these bodies. This careful investigator found in a large series of animals that approximately 90 per cent of his experimental animals succumbed in from one to ten days to this operative procedure, exhibiting on death pulmonary lesions. It was suggested by this worker that these results may have been due to an endocrine function exercised by these ganglia. These results, whatever may have been the cause of death, are at variance with somewhat similar work of other investigators. E. Sharpey Shafer (1919) demonstrated before the English Physiological Society two rabbits, each of which had had its superior cervical sympathetic ganglia removed in two operations a week apart, one ganglion being removed at each operation. These animals were alive weeks after the last operation had been performed.
Demonstration of coronary artery myogenic vasoconstriction in the awake dog

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not coronary vasoconstriction occurs in response to a transient increase in coronary perfusion pressure. Eleven awake dogs with formalin-induced heart block, chronically instrumented with aortic and left ventricular catheters and left circumflex coronary and aortic electromagnetic flowprobes, were studied at a paced heart rate of 60 beats/min. A transient increase in aortic diastolic pressure of 17.3±1.5% for 330±20 ms and of 33.6±2.2% for 520±20 ms, via the inflation of an intra-aortic balloon, resulted in an increase in diastolic coronary vascular resistance index in the first response beat of 6±1% and 11±1%, respectively. An identical increase in diastolic coronary flow produced by the omission of a single paced beat resulted in no significant change in diastolic coronary vascular resistance index in the first response beat. Thus, the increase in diastolic coronary vascular resistance index following diastolic pressure augmentation is related to the increase in aortic diastolic pressure and not to the increase in diastolic coronary flow. These data are consistent with that of a brief myogenic response.
Computed tomography from X-rays: Old 2-D results, new 3-D problems

We consider old results on 2-D computerized tomography methods and their relevance to new fully 3-D problems. We examine the 2-D filtered back-projection (FBP) method from several perspectives to better understand how it works. Based on that understanding, we question whether highly stable, reliable reconstruction algorithms can be found for wide-detector cone-beam 3-D machines with their resulting large-slant beams. We use a numerical method of ‘point response function fitting’ to compute convolution kernels H(u, v) (for use with back-projection) for a model slant-beam problem. These kernels exhibit disturbing, growing and spreading oscillations which would greatly amplify errors in the projection data.
Longitudinal analysis of differential effects on agitation of a therapeutic wander garden for dementia patients based on ambulation ability

A growth model within the framework of hierarchical linear modeling was used to assess the impact of visiting a wander garden on monthly agitation levels of a group of elderly veterans diagnosed with dementia, with attention to their ambulatory ability. A sample of 34 veterans residing in a locked ward in a dementia unit was observed for a baseline period and for twelve months after a wander garden was opened in their facility. Findings suggest that visiting the wander garden helped lower agitation levels in the dementia patients and that there was a differential effect based on the patient’s ability to walk unassisted.
Flight software development for the isothermal dendritic growth experiment

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) is a microgravity materials science experiment scheduled to fly in the cargo bay of the shuttle on the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP) carrier. The experiment will be operated by real-time control software which will not only monitor and control onboard experiment hardware, but will also communicate, via downlink data and uplink commands, with the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The software development approach being used to implement this system began with software functional requirements specification. This was accomplished using the Yourdon/DeMarco methodology as supplemented by the Ward/Mellor real-time extensions. The requirements specification in combination with software prototyping was then used to generate a detailed design consisting of structure charts, module prologues, and Program Design Language (PDL) specifications. This detailed design will next be used to code the software, followed finally by testing against the functional requirements. The result will be a modular real-time control software system with traceability through every phase of the development process.
Community Corrections Facilities for Juvenile Offenders in Ohio An Examination of Treatment Integrity and Recidivism

Although prior research suggests that juvenile correctional programs can be effective at reducing recidivism, research has also found that some programs are more effective than others. This suggests that identifying the characteristics of effective correctional programs is an important issue surrounding interventions with juveniles. The current research not only examines the effectiveness of Ohio’s community correctional facilities in reducing recidivism, but it also examines whether measures of treatment integrity are related to recidivism. The findings revealed that programs that scored higher on treatment integrity were more effective at reducing recidivism. Specifically, community corrections facilities that served higher risk youth, targeted dynamic risk factors with cognitive behavioral modalities, and employed trained and qualified staff were found to have stronger effects on recidivism than those that did not.
Importance of the carboxyl terminus of human thyroid peroxidase in the efficient expression of the protein in eukaryotic cells.

Abstract Carboxyl terminal truncation of membrane-associated human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO), with the elimination of its single membrane-spanning and short intracytoplasmic regions, generates a soluble, secreted, enzymatically active protein (amino acids 1–848). In order to determine the effects of further carboxyl terminal deletions on the expression of hTPO, Chinese hamster ovary cells were stably transfected with plasmids constructed to express amino acids 1–771, 1–636, 1–539 and 1–382 of the 933 amino acid TPO protein, respectively. Unlike hTPO1–848, the more severely truncated TPO mutant proteins could not be detected in conditioned media by polyclonal anti-TPO antibodies. Using detergent-solubilized microsomal proteins from these cells, very low levels of hTPO1–771 (approximately 90 kDa), but not the more extensive deletion mutations, were detected by these anti-TPO antibodies. Confirmation of the loss of efficient expression of more severely truncated hTPO was obtained using a anti-hTPO monoclonal antibody with an epitope near the amino terminus and which recognizes only the denatured protein. The mRNA for all hTPO mutants was detected in the stably-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. In summary, the present study indicates that a largely intact extracellular portion of hTPO is required for expression in eukaryotic cells.
Nursing care delivery systems. Status and vision

Nurse executives may compare nursing care delivery system elements in their organizations to data from 987 U.S. hospitals. The report includes the status of governance, patient assignment, and other elements in 1986 and 1989 as well as projections for 1992. The changes and projections comprise a vision for the near future of hospital nursing.
The effects of photoperiod and food intake on reproductive development in male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Seasonal breeding is a tactic that has evolved in rodents that limits reproduction to specific times of the year to increase reproductive success. In order to time breeding accurately, many animals respond to changes in daily photoperiod. Short day lengths inhibit breeding in many nontropical rodent species. Restricted food availability can also inhibit reproductive function among some individuals in these so-called “photoperiodic” populations. Rodents born at the end of the breeding season typically delay sexual maturation until the following spring. Prepubertal rodents exposed to day lengths that are <12 h light/day will not undergo puberty for 4–7 months in the laboratory. Food restriction can also affect the timing of puberty onset. Reproductive function of food-restricted juvenile mice may remain inhibited until food availability improves. Alternatively, reproductive function of food-restricted juvenile mice might eventually develop despite restricted food intake. This study examined the effects of chronic food restriction and photoperiod on reproductive development in male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Short-day mice fed ad lib delayed gonadal development for 5–7 months, but eventually achieved reproductive maturity. The reproductive function of short-day mice fed ad lib was indistinguishable from long-day control animals when assessed at week 32. Long-day food-restricted mice exhibited an intermediate level of gonadal development and function. Short-day food-restricted deer mice also inhibited reproductive growth, but failed to demonstrate reproductive maturity by week 32 of the study. Taken together, these results suggest that retardation of reproductive development by food restriction is only superficially similar to the delay in reproductive maturation imposed by short day exposure. It does not appear that male deer mice escape from the inhibitory effects of food restriction to attain sexual development.
Minimal Polynomials and Distinctness of Kloosterman Sums

In this paper, we use the Stickelberger theorem on Gauss sums to study the minimal polynomial and distinctness of n-dimensional Kloosterman sums over a finite field Fq of q elements. In particular, we improve some results of Fisher Contemp. Math. 133 (1992), 81?102; Kloosterman sums as algebraic integers, Math. Ann., to appear.] obtained by ?-adic methods. We also show that the minimal polynomials of certain exponential sums (including many Kloosterman sums) are p-Eisensteinian in a broader sense.
Age differences in racial self-identity of young black girls.

The experimenters modified the Clark and Clark doll procedure to assess racial self-identity in young black girls. The two groups of black children (3- to 4-yr.-olds and 6- to 7-yr.-olds) were shown three dolls that differed in skin color and/or hair style. They were asked which doll looked like them, which doll was prettiest, and which doll was ugliest. Although the majority of both groups identified with the black dolls, the older children displayed a more accurate racial self-identity. The children differed significantly in their perception of the ugliest doll: the younger group selected the black doll wearing an afro while the older group selected the white doll. These results were discussed in terms of the role of greater experience with blacks and whites and a possible over-reaction to the “black is beautiful” feeling on the part of the older group.
The structure of the centralizer of a permutation

Relative to the symmetric groups Sn the structure of centralizers of permutations are known as direct products of certain general wreath products. A recent generalization of the cycle notation for partial one-one transformations (charts) is applied to show that relative to the symmetric inverse semigroups Cn the structure of centralizers of permutations are also direct products of certain subsemigroups of a wreath product, and this latter wreath product includes the former as a subgroup. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for two charts to commute and the approach for the Cn-case parallels and generalizes the one for the Sn-case. As a result, the Cn-case yields the standard known characterizations of commuting permutations, as well as formulas for the orders of centralizers as corollaries. It is an open problem to extend these results to the centralizers of arbitrary charts in Cn.
The American Psychiatric Association and the history of psychiatry

The history committee within the American Psychiatric Association was actively involved in the history of psychiatry in the early decades of the twentieth century, as well as from 1942 to 2009.This paper explores the role of this committee in the context of changes in the psychiatric profession over the twentieth century.
A reflective microring notch filter and sensor

We present a new design of wavelength selective reflector composed of a Y junction and a singly coupled microring resonator, and demonstrate its biochemical sensing applications with a prototype device. In contrast with other reflectors like distributed Bragg reflectors, this device acts as notch filter at its reflection port. One promising application of the device is for remote sensing of harsh or inaccessible site, where only one optical fiber is required to transmit the input and reflected light signal over a long distance. The design can also be used to make microring cavity lasers.
Pyruvate-extended Amino Acid Derivatives as Highly Potent Inhibitors of Carboxyl-terminal Peptide Amidation

Carboxyl-terminal amidation, a required post-translational modification for the bioactivation of many neuropeptides, entails sequential enzymatic action by peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PAM, EC 1.14.17.3) and peptidylamidoglycolate lyase (PGL, EC 4.3.2.5). The monooxygenase, PAM, first catalyzes conversion of a glycine-extended pro-peptide to the corresponding α-hydroxyglycine derivative, and the lyase, PGL, then catalyzes breakdown of this α-hydroxyglycine derivative to the amidated peptide plus glyoxylate. We now introduce the first potent inhibitors for peptidylamidoglycolate lyase. These inhibitors, which can be viewed as pyruvate-extended N-acetyl amino acids, constitute a novel class of compounds. They were designed to resemble likely transient species along the reaction pathway of PGL catalysis. A general synthetic procedure for preparation of pyruvate-extended N-acetyl amino acids or peptides is described. Since these compounds possess the 2,4-dioxo-carboxylate moiety, their solution tautomerization was investigated using both NMR and high performance liquid chromatography analyses. The results establish that freshly prepared solutions of N-Ac-Phe-pyruvate consist predominantly of the enol tautomer, which then slowly tautomerizes to the diketo form when left standing for several days in an aqueous medium; upon acidification, formation of the hydrate tautomer occurs. Kinetic experiments established that these novel compounds are highly potent, pure competitive inhibitors of PGL. Kinetic experiments with the ascorbate-dependent copper monooxygenases, PAM and dopamine-β-monooxygenase, established that these compounds also bind competitively with respect to ascorbate; however, pyruvate-extended N-acyl-amino acid derivatives possessing hydrophobic side chains are much more potent inhibitors of PGL than of PAM. Selective targeting of N-Ac-Phe-pyruvate so as to inhibit the lyase, but not the monooxygenase, domain was demonstrated with the bifunctional amidating enzyme of Xenopus laevis. The availability of potent inhibitors of PGL should facilitate studies regarding the possible biological role of α-hydroxyglycine-extended peptides.
Effects of hot working on the martensitic transformation of NiTi alloy

Among shape memory alloys, Ni-Ti alloys of near-equiatomic composition have been used for various commercial applications, since they have good mechanical properties and well-known shape memory effects. Processing disadvantages, however, include the difficulties and expenses of processing. Moreover, cold working to high reduction is difficult and expensive because limited cold workability and high work hardening, makes hot working indispensable. Therefore, optimization of hot working parameters and control of shape memory behavior is necessary. It is generally known that the influence of work hardening and subsequent isothermal annealing on the stability of the individual phases formed in Ni-Ti shape memory alloys has been investigated. Work hardening promotes the formation of the rhombohedral R phase. The matrix work hardening suppresses the phase transformation B2[leftrightarrow]B19[prime]. In this study, the equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy is plastic deformed by hot compression at various temperatures. The effects of hot compression on the martensitic transformation are investigated with differential scanning calorimeter measurements and hardness tests. The optimal hot working temperature range is also discussed.
Renal disease and black Americans: selected issues.

Black Americans compared with their white counterparts are disproportionately hypertensive and have a greater incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal disease is a frequent end point of accelerated hypertension. The reasons why black Americans have a higher incidence of ESRD relative to white Americans are explored. As transplantation is a preferred mode of treatment for chronically ill ESRD patients, the paper examines some of the reasons why blacks are more reluctant than whites to donate their organs (e.g. kidneys) for transplantation. Although various reasons affect organ donation, altruism is explored as a possible factor that may influence the willingness of blacks to donate their organs.
Abstract 4527: p53-Reactivating Small Molecules Induce Apoptosis in Head and Neck Cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Novel small molecules have been reported to restore the p53 tumor suppressor function inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The p53-targeting therapy may overcome the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. This study evaluated whether small molecules induce p53-dependent apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines. PRIMA-1, CP-31398, RITA, and nutlin-3 were tested in 6 HNSCC cell lines with different p53 status and MDM2 expression levels. Cell growth, viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis after the treatment or combined treatment with common chemotherapeutic agents were assessed. The p53 reactivation was observed in mutant TP53-carrying cell lines by PRIMA-1 or CP-31398 treatment and in wild-type TP53-carrying cell lines by nutlin-3 treatment. The cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by the small molecules was associated with up-regulation of p21, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. PRIMA-1 or CP-31398 induced also significant apoptosis in cell lines without p53 protein expression. Nutlin-3 or RITA showed maximal suppression in tumors with MDM2-induced tumor degradation. The small molecules enhanced the antitumor activity of the cell lines with a combination of cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, or erlotinib. The small molecules effectively restored p53 tumor suppressive function in HNSCC with mutant or wild-type p53. The p53 reactivating agents may be used for HNC with a combination of commonly-used chemotherapeutic agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4527.
Perceptions of Latinas on the Traditional Prenatal Genetic Counseling Model

The traditional genetic counseling model encompasses an individualized counseling session that includes the presentation of information about genes, chromosomes, personalized risk assessment, and genetic testing and screening options. Counselors are challenged to balance the provision of enough basic genetic information to ensure clients' understanding of the genetic condition in question with a personalized discussion of what this information means to them. This study explored the perceptions Latinas have about prenatal genetic counseling sessions and aimed to determine if they had preferences about the delivery of care. Data were collected through focus groups and one-on-one, semi-structured interviews of 25 Spanish speaking Latinas who received genetic counseling during their current pregnancy. We implemented grounded theory to evaluate participant responses, and were able to identify common emergent themes. Several themes were identified including an overall satisfaction with their prenatal genetic counseling appointment, desire for a healthy baby, peace of mind following their appointment, lack of desire for invasive testing, and faith in God. Several participants stated a preference for group genetic counseling over the traditional individual genetic counseling model. Our data indicate that Latinas value the information presented at prenatal genetic counseling appointments despite disinterest in pursuing genetic testing or screening and suggest that group prenatal genetic counseling may be an effective alternative to the traditional genetic counseling model in the Latina population.
I. Kant: Letter to Carl Leonhard Reinhold (1789)

Nouvelle traduction anglaise d'une lettre de Kant a Reinhold datee du 1er decembre 1789, ou le philosophe de Konigsberg temoigne de sa lecture systematique du recent traite que son disciple a consacre a la faculte de representation, tout en avouant de maniere poignante les difficultes liees a son âge avance.
MAGNETIC POLARIZABILITY OF CLOSED SHELLS.

The polarizability of closed atomic shells near field inhomogeneities is discussed in connection with several problems of physical interest. We find that magnetically "neutral" $S=0$ atoms or closed shells are attracted and polarized by magnetic field gradients. The effect is demonstrated through sample calculations for noninteracting as well as for interacting electrons.
Temporal changes in dry aggregate size and stability : tillage and crop effects on a silty loam Mollisol in Illinois

Soil aggregation is one of the main factors controlling the chemical, physical, and biological processes that contribute to soil productivity and agricultural sustainability. Little is known about the relationship between dry-sieved aggregate size and aggregate stability. Temporal changes in the size and stability of dry-sieved aggregates were studied in a Thorp silt loam (US Taxonomy: fine-silty, mixed, mesic Argiaquic Argialboll; FAO Classification: Orthic Greyzems) in a long-term (1986–present) tillage experiment established in Urbana, IL, US. Tillage treatments included no-tillage (NT), disk/field cultivation (DT), and moldboard/chisel plow (MP) in which corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max L.) were rotated annually. Soil samples were collected in 1995 before and after fall field operations and again before planting in 1996. The dry mean weight diameter (DMWD), wet mean weight diameter (WMWD), and wet aggregate stability (WAS) of surface soil (0–5 cm), and the WAS of dry-aggregate size classes were analyzed. Aggregate DMWD was greater in NT (8.8 mm) than in DT (7.1 mm) or MP (7.2 mm) soils. The DMWD increased regardless of tillage or crop from October (7.3 mm) to December (9.4 mm), and had decreased sharply by April (6.3 mm). Soil water content at the time of sampling did not significantly influence DMWD and WAS. Crop alone had no significant influence on soil aggregation but interacted with sampling time and tillage. Dry aggregate size, WMWD, and WAS were positively correlated. Aggregate size increased with soil organic carbon (SOC) and the large (8–25 mm) dry aggregates, which were most affected by tillage, were the most water stable. These findings suggest that large dry-sieved structural units function like true aggregates and should be studied further.
Intermediate depth representations

The limitations of shallow representations have in part driven AI researchers to focus on deeper representations of knowledge. While deep representations solve some problems, they come at a computational cost. This paper focuses on the computational and representational advantages that may exist in using representations whose depth is intermediate between shallow and deep. The Roschian notion of basic level categories is used to help develop the notion of the cognitively most economic representation. For medical diagnostic systems that reason about time varying aspects of disease, it is proposed that qualitative disease histories are a good intermediate representation, lying between shallow disease patterns and deeper qualitative models. Since no single representation will provide complete coverage of a problem domain, this paper further considers how one could construct, in a principled way, a reasoning system that uses multiple representations. Measures of intra- and inter-representational adequacy are proposed to define the optimal level of such a knowledge base for a given problem. These measures define the trade-offs that occur when using a particular representational level, and the conditions under which a reasoner can decide to switch representations. As an example, the formal relationships between histories and the qualitative models that produce them are shown to define conditions that can be used by a reasoning system to switch from histories to deeper models.
Interaction of diffusive waves and ultrasound

The interaction of ultrasound with diffusive optical waves holds the promise of improved resolution and depth of penetration for non-ionizing, non-invasive medical imaging. Light offers the ability to make spectroscopic measurements, which can monitor metabolism but, while it can propagate deeply into the body at near infrared wavelengths, it is so strongly scattered in most tissues that imaging is achieved only with measures such as time-resolved or frequency-domain techniques. On the other hand ultrasound has the ability to penetrate deeply with considerably less scattering. We have proposed a mechanism for imaging through the body by mixing diffusive optical waves with focussed ultrasound to produce new, so-called virtual diffusive sources. In the present work, we consider various mechanisms of interaction and report some results suggesting that the interaction in a laboratory phantom is predominantly the result of particle motion rather than variations in the index of refraction of the background medium. This result may be important in development of techniques to maximize the strengths of the virtual sources.
A BCS theory for heavy fermion superconductivity

Abstract The periodic Anderson model is extended by an attractive off-site interaction between the f-electrons. Using a theory, which can properly describe the normal state Kondo lattice in the large degeneracy limit, a self-consistency equation for the order parameter is derived. The resulting superconductivity is always gapless and p-wave like pairing seems to be favored.
A move toward species-specific analyses in behavior genetics.

It is essential that behavior genetics move toward a closer association with other biological disciplines and cast its experiments and interpretations within an evolutionary context. In my opinion, behavior genetics has been too preoccupied with the extent of genetic variability and may, in many cases of high heritability, be dealing with genetic junk. The species as a unit of behavioral response, and as the outcome of genetic polishing, deserves more consideration. Adaptation is always the crux of natural selection and offers the best hope of understanding the evolution of behavior and the restriction of genetic variability. Moreover, it is essential to understand the overwhelming significance of regulatory mechanisms of gene action in natural selection and to relate these to behavioral speciation. Examples for these arguments are discussed here.
Thinking identity differently: dynamics of identity in self and institutional boundary

In research oriented universities, research and teaching are often viewed as separate. Aydeniz and Hodge present one professor’s struggles to synthesize an identity from three different spaces, each with competing values and core beliefs. As Mr. G’s story unfolds, and he reflects upon his negotiation between teaching and research responsibilities, we seek to expand the discussion by presenting a caution to identity researchers. The caution pertains to construction of understanding on how identities are created, and the role that individual stories take in how identities are created and enacted. In this forum contribution, we present several questions in the hopes of furthering the discussion on identity research, and our understanding of the conceptualization of institutional boundaries and objectivity, as well as questions on participant involvement in the process of research.
Psychosocial and Physiological Stress Among Women Leaving Welfare

Women receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) report more stress and have poorer health than women in the general population. Studies suggest chronic stress may contribute to poor health via physiological mechanisms, yet little is known about these mechanisms in this population. This study examined psychosocial stress, salivary cortisol, 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate, and health among 40 single mothers before and after exiting TANF. As a group, perceived stress decreased after leaving TANF (p = .02), with other measures of psychosocial and physiological stress remaining unchanged. Within participants, changes in psychosocial stress predicted depression and general health over time (adjusted R(2) = .30 and .22; p = .006 and .004, respectively). These findings indicate psychosocial stress is positively associated with depression and negatively associated with general health as women exit welfare. Psychosocial stress was not associated with changes in physiologic indicators of stress.
The state of travel and tourism human resources in Latin America

Abstract The results of a study undertaken among 209 Travel and Tourism enterprises and 17 National Tourist Offices in Latin America, indicate a shortage of qualified human resources, and deficiencies in foreign languages, computers and marketing skills. Participants expressed the opinion that there were not enough external tourism education and training institutions in their respective countries and that most of the existing ones were not of good quality. They also indicated that the travel and tourism industry did not command sufficient respect and support from their governments and political institutions.
T-Ray Sensing and Imaging

Terahertz (THz) radiation occupies part of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and microwave bands. Until recently, technology at THz frequencies was under-developed compared to the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum, leaving a gap between millimeter waves and the far-infrared (FIR). In the past decade, interest in the THz gap has been increased by the development of ultrafast laser-based T-ray systems and their demonstration of diffraction-limited spatial resolution, picosecond temporal resolution, DC-THz spectral bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios above 104. This chapter reviews the development, the state of the art and the applications of T-ray spectrometers. Continuous-wave (CW) THz-frequency sources and detectors are briefly introduced in comparison to ultrafast pulsed THz systems. An emphasis is placed on experimental applications of T-rays to sensing and imaging, with a view to the continuing advance of technologies and applications in the THz band.
The Influence of State and District Conditions on the Representation of Women in U.S. State Legislatures

Women hold slightly more than one fifth of all seats in state legislatures in the United States. This analysis examines why women are elected more often in some states and districts than in others. Using logistic regression, a variety of explanations related to differences in culture, institutions, electoral structures, and demographic features are found to influence the probability that women are elected. Findings show that free-for-all districts increase the chances that women are represented; however, when considered in conjunction with other contextual features, this factor's influence is far from overwhelming. The findings have implications for modeling aspects of the electoral process as well as for informing the policy debate over reforms intended to bring about more equitable representation. Results show that altering current electoral procedures presently used in state legislatures will have only a limited impact on the number of women legislators. Of the factors examined, political culture and e...
A new species of Caryodaphnopsis (Lauraceae) from Peru

Abstract. A new species, Caryodaphnopsis parviflora, is described and illustrated. It shares with C. tomentosa small flowers with six 2-locular stamens, but differs in its glabrous leaves. Vegetatively it resembles C. fosteri closely, but the latter species has larger flowers with nine 4-locular stamens.
Evaluating North Atlantic Religious History, 1640–1859. A Review Article

Religious history of several kinds is flourishing, and it is flourishing in no era more obviously than for 1660-1859, the period studied in the books under review here. This period was the span between public agitation over Puritanism in the "early moder" history and that marked by the publication of The Origin of Species at the onset of the "recent moder." Far-reaching social, economic, and intellectual change occurred then, yet traditional religion of one sort or another also still commanded widespread respect. The variety and strength of recent books published about this era and dealing with England, Scotland, Ireland, and the American colonies and states are nearly breath-taking. These recent histories are primarily of three
Efficacy of ϵ-aminocaproic acid in children undergoing cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: To compare coagulation test results, blood loss, and blood product transfusions between patients receiving prophylactic ϵ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and a control group matched for age, resternotomy, and surgery in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: University-affiliated, pediatric medical center. Participants: Same study period; 70 patients in EACA group and 70 patients in control group. Interventions: Prophylactic EACA administered intravenously (load, 150 mg/kg, infusion; 30 mg/kg/h) to 70 patients at increased risk for bleeding (reoperation or Ross procedure). Measurements and Main Results: Coagulation test values were measured before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Intraoperative blood loss, postoperative chest tube output, and allogenic blood product transfusions were recorded. Comparison of demographic and surgical data indicated close matching of the EACA and control groups. The EACA group ((median, 25th to 75th quartile] 15.6 mL/kg; 9.2 to 26.3 mL/kg) had less intraoperative blood loss than the control group (22.2 mL/kg; 14.3 to 36.3 mL/kg; p = 0.02). Postoperative chest tube output at 6 hours (p = 0.08), 12 hours (p = 0.07), and 24 hours (p = 0.08) was not significantly different between groups. Fewer EACA group patients required reexploration for bleeding (p Conclusion: EACA reduced intraoperative blood loss but did not significantly decrease blood product transfusions. Lack of efficacy may be related to relative underdosing and should be further studied.
Oestradiol Regulates Neuropeptide Y Release and Gene Coupling with the GABAergic and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Adult Female Rat Dentate Gyrus

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous modulator of neuronal activity affecting both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. Previously, we found that oestradiol modifies the number of NPY immunoreactive neurones in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In the present study, we investigated which oestrogen receptor type is responsible for these changes in the number of NPY-positive neurones. Furthermore, we determined the effects of oestrogen receptor activation on NPY release. Finally, we examined the contribution of oestrogen toward the remodelling of the GABAergic and glutamatergic gene networks in terms of coupling with Npy gene expression in ovariectomised rats. We found that activation of either oestrogen receptor type (ERα or ERβ) increases the number of NPY-immunopositive neurones and enhances NPY release in the dentate gyrus. We also found that, compared to oestrogen-lacking ovariectomised rats, oestrogen replacement increases the probability of synergistic/antagonistic coupling between the Npy and GABAergic synapse genes, whereas the glutamatergic synapse genes are less likely to be coupled with Npy under similar conditions. The data together suggest that oestrogens play a critical role in the regulation of NPY system activity and are also involved in the coupling/uncoupling of the Npy gene with the GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses in the female rat dentate gyrus.
HELIUM ATMOSPHERES ON WARM NEPTUNE- AND SUB-NEPTUNE-SIZED EXOPLANETS AND APPLICATIONS TO GJ 436b

Warm Neptune- and sub-Neptune-sized exoplanets in orbits smaller than Mercury’s are thought to have experienced extensive atmospheric evolution. Here we propose that a potential outcome of this atmospheric evolution is the formation of helium-dominated atmospheres. The hydrodynamic escape rates of Neptune- and subNeptune-sized exoplanets are comparable to the diffusion-limited escape rate of hydrogen, and therefore the escape is heavily affected by diffusive separation between hydrogen and helium. A helium atmosphere can thus be formed —from a primordial hydrogen–helium atmosphere—via atmospheric hydrodynamic escape from the planet. The helium atmosphere has very different abundances of major carbon and oxygen species from those of a hydrogen atmosphere, leading to distinctive transmission and thermal emission spectral features. In particular, the hypothesis of a helium-dominated atmosphere can explain the thermal emission spectrum of GJ 436b, a warm Neptune-sized exoplanet, while also being consistent with the transmission spectrum. This model atmosphere contains trace amounts of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, with the predominance of CO over CH4 as the main form of carbon. With our atmospheric evolution model, we find that if the mass of the initial atmosphere envelope is 10 �3 planetary mass, hydrodynamic escape can reduce the hydrogen abundance in the atmosphere by several orders of magnitude in ∼10 billion years. Observations of exoplanet transits may thus detect signatures of helium atmospheres and probe the evolutionary history of small exoplanets.
Chitosan-Coated Fibers for Use in Papermaking

Chitosan was precipitated onto wood pulp, glass and polypropylene fibers suitable for papermaking. The coating which formed on the fibers was characterized by photomicrography after the formation of colored derivatives, and by scanning electron microscopy. The most uniform and adherent coatings were formed on the wood pulp fibers and the least were formed on the polypropylene fibers. Paper handsheets were readily formed from the chitosan-coated wood pulp and glass fibers, but not from the chitosan-coated polypropylene fibers.
Central thalamic deep brain stimulation for cognitive neuromodulation: a review of proposed mechanisms and investigational studies

We review the history of efforts to apply central thalamic deep brain stimulation (CT/DBS) to restore consciousness in patients in a coma or vegetative state by changing the arousal state. Early experimental and clinical studies, and the results of a recent single-subject human study that demonstrated both immediate behavioral facilitation and carry-over effects of CT/DBS are reviewed. We consider possible mechanisms underlying CT/DBS effects on cognitively-mediated behaviors in conscious patients in light of the anatomical connectivity and physiological specializations of the central thalamus. Immediate and carry-over effects of CT/DBS are discussed within the context of possible effects on neuronal plasticity and gene expression. We conclude that CT/DBS should be studied as a therapeutic intervention to improve impaired cognitive function in severely brain-injured patients who, in addition to demonstrating clinical evidence of consciousness and goal-directed behavior, retain sufficient preservation of large-scale cerebral networks within the anterior forebrain. Although available data provide evidence for proof-of-concept, very significant challenges for study design and development of CT/DBS for clinical use are identified.
The unity of consciousness: subjects and objectivity

This paper concerns the role that reference to subjects of experience can play in individuating streams of consciousness, and the relationship between the subjective and the objective structure of consciousness. A critique of Tim Bayne’s recent book indicates certain crucial choices that works on the unity of consciousness must make. If one identifies the subject of experience with something whose consciousness is necessarily unified, then one cannot offer an account of the objective structure of consciousness. Alternatively, identifying the subject of experience with an animal means forgoing the conceptual connection between being a subject of experience and having a single phenomenal perspective.
Carotid pulses and peripheral plethysmograms at rest. Comparison between older healthy men and men with coronary artery disease.

In 75 healthy men and 47 men with previous coronary occlusion (mean age for both groups 60.0 years), the right carotid pulses and an impedance plethysmogram of the forehead were recorded. There were no significant differences between the major items of the carotid pulse in the two groups, but the absolute and relative peak times of the forehead plethysmograms of the coronary group were shorter than those of the normal group of the same age, and more similar to the pulse contours in healthy younger population. The correlation between the carotid pulse and the forehead impedance plethysmograms was highly significant for most items in the healthy group, whereas in the coronary group only the ratio of initial anacrotic break height to maximal pulse height was significantly correlated in the two pulses. The results suggest a compensatory reaction of peripheral circulation in patients with previous coronary occlusion, and the possible mechanism is discussed.
The Effects of Accounting Standard Setting on Accounting Quality

We investigate the accounting quality attributes of nineteen general purpose accounting standards implemented over the past thirty years. Our research is timely given recent criticism of U.S. standard setting, within the context of international convergence. Evidence on how U.S. accounting standards impact accounting quality helps evaluate the overall standard setting process. While we find no differences in earnings forecast dispersion or persistence before and after accounting standards implemented during this period, analyst forecast errors decrease following new standards consistent with improved information environments for the analysts to forecast earnings. Earnings response coefficients (ERCs) and accrual quality decrease, but the value relevance of the balance sheet increases, consistent with the trend toward an asset/liability focus of accounting standards. These results are consistent with FASB's adherence to definitions of assets and liabilities (a balance sheet focus) and enhanced disclosures in implementing standards during this period. Thus, we provide evidence based on existing standards that can be used to assess the merits of the U.S. standard setting and to evaluate proposals on the direction of future standard setting.