cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Land Is Ours

The Land Is Ours. 1997. 56 minutes. video produced by Laurence A. Goldin. For more information contact University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704.
BAY 94-9392 - A novel F-18 L-glutamate derivative for tumor-specific PET imaging

412 Objectives Specific tracers for intermediary tumor metabolism possess the potential to be more specific than FDG, detect slow-growing tumors and guide therapeutic intervention. We recently presented promising results using 4-[F-18]fluoro L-glutamic acid (BAY 85-8050, Koglin et al., Krause et al., JNM 2010 Meeting Abstract Vol. 51) Aim of the current study is to provide a metabolically stable F-18 glutamic acid analogue and to explore the underlying transport mechanism in more detail. Methods A variety of L-glutamic acid derivatives was synthesized and investigated in cell competition assays. An automated radiosynthesis was established on a commercial synthesis module for the most promising candidate. The resulting F-18 labeled tracer was characterized in a panel of in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Tumor specificity was investigated in the turpentine oil induced inflammation model in rats. Results (4S)-(3-[F-18]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamic acid (BAY 94-9392) was obtained with a radiochemical yield of > 40 % (d.c.) and purity of > 92 % (n = 40) via nucleophilic substitution. Transport of BAY 94-9392 is inhibited by p-carboxy-phenylglycine, L-glutamate and L-cystine but not by L- or D-aspartate, indicating specific transport via the sodium-independent xCT transporter (SLC7A11). Reduced uptake of BAY 94-9392 was observed in shRNA xCT knock down human A549 lung cancer cells. BAY 94-9392 shows high uptake and retention in a variety of tumor models. No metabolic degradation and a rapid renal clearance occurred in vivo. In contrast to FDG, BAY 94-9392 did not accumulate in induced inflammatory lesions. Conclusions High metabolic stability, rapid excretion and xCT transporter mediated uptake of BAY 94-9392 led to excellent tumor specific visualization. Clinical investigations are in progress
Making Microbiology Even Smaller

We outline protocols for producing slant-minis (SLINIs) and mini-deeps (MEEPs) and examples of their use in simple microbiology experiments suitable for high school students. The principal benefits of these protocols are decreased cost associated with significantly reduced media use; easier, less expensive disposal of waste; and increased safety by switching from glass tubes to nonbreakable plastic. Additionally, these protocols can be utilized as hands-on reinforcement of concepts of pH, metabolism, and digestion.
Creating Responsive Schools: Contextualizing Early Warning, Timely Response

Building upon extensive research, Early Warning, Timely Response: A Guide to Safe Schools asserts that schools can prevent violence and its preceding behaviors by providing a supportive schoolwide climate and responding early to at-risk students' academic and behavioral problems. The Guide's fundamental premise is that none of its recommended policies or procedures should be used to harm or label children. It stresses developing climates that avert violence and its precursors, through prevention approaches, collaboration, and clear and effective policies. Early and imminent warning signs are highlighted, as are procedures for developing appropriate responses to warning signs, including interventions and crisis plans. The Guide's blueprint can be used and adapted to prevent violence and develop safe and effective schools and communities.
The “Crisis” over Day Labor

Anti-day labor campaigns have been part of a larger anti-immigrant campaign in California. Cities have responded with restrictive ordinances and removal to alternative sites. In response, day laborers have also organized.
Tumor Length and Location of Cancer on Biopsy Predict for Side Specific Extraprostatic Cancer Extension

ABSTRACTPurpose: We studied preoperative variables in a contemporary series of men who underwent nonnerve sparing radical prostatectomy in an effort to establish criteria that would predict side specific extraprostatic extension (EPE) of cancer.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 430 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer with no prior therapy between 1996 and 1998, and for whom we had at least sextant biopsy information. We evaluated biopsy data (Gleason score, maximum length of cancer in positive cores, percent of cancer per involved core, proportion of positive biopsy cores, tumor location and number of positive biopsy cores) and correlated these findings with EPE at the neurovascular bundle and posterior lateral (NVB/PL) region.Results: We found that a higher number of positive cores, a higher biopsy Gleason score on a side, a positive core at the basal region, 50% or greater tumor in the core or a maximum tumor length of 7 mm or greater increased the ...
Regulation of HAX-1 anti-apoptotic protein by Omi/HtrA2 protease during cell death

Omi/HtrA2 is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial serine protease that has a pro-apoptotic function in mammalian cells. Upon induction of apoptosis, Omi translocates to the cytoplasm and participates in caspase-dependent apoptosis by binding and degrading inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Omi can also initiate caspase-independent apoptosis in a process that relies entirely on its ability to function as an active protease. To investigate the mechanism of Omi-induced apoptosis, we set out to isolate novel substrates that are cleaved by this protease. We identified HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), a mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein, as a specific Omi interactor that is cleaved by Omi both in vitro and in vivo. HAX-1 degradation follows Omi activation in cells treated with various apoptotic stimuli. Using a specific inhibitor of Omi, HAX-1 degradation is prevented and cell death is reduced. Cleavage of HAX-1 was not observed in a cell line derived from motor neuron degeneration 2 mice that carry a mutated form of Omi that affects its proteolytic activity. Degradation of HAX-1 is an early event in the apoptotic process and occurs while Omi is still confined in the mitochondria. Our results suggest that Omi has a unique pro-apoptotic function in mitochondria that involves removal of the HAX-1 anti-apoptotic protein. This function is distinct from its ability to activate caspase-dependent apoptosis in the cytoplasm by degrading inhibitor of apoptosis proteins.
Fixed-interval punishment of running in hamsters

Abstract Four hamsters received brief electric shocks contingent upon running in a wheel. The fixed interval between shocks was varied systematically from 0 to 60 sec. Time spent running was directly related to the length of the fixed interval, while running speed remained roughly constant. Running depended on the fixed interval between shocks in the same way as bar-pressing maintained by food reinforcement, despite the fact that running was not established with nor maintained by explicit reinforcement.
Combinatorial and distinct roles of α5 and α4 integrins in stress erythropoiesis in mice

To delineate the role of specific members of β1 integrins in stress erythropoiesis in the adult, we compared the response to phenylhydrazine stress in 3 genetically deficient models. The survival of β1-conditionally deficient mice after phenylhydrazine is severely compromised because of their inability to mount a successful life saving splenic erythroid response, a phenotype reproduced in β1Δ/Δ reconstituted animals. The response of bone marrow to phenylhydrazine-induced stress was, unlike that of spleen, appropriate in terms of progenitor cell expansion and mobilization to peripheral blood although late differentiation defects qualitatively similar to those in spleen were present in bone marrow. In contrast to β1-deficient mice, α4Δ/Δ mice showed only a kinetic delay in recovery and similar to β1Δ/Δ, terminal maturation defects in both bone marrow and spleen, which were not present in VCAM-1Δ/Δ mice. Convergence of information from these comparative studies lends new insight to the distinct in vivo roles of α4 and α5 integrins in erythroid stress, suggesting that the presence of mainly α5β1 integrin in all hematopoietic progenitor cells interacting with splenic microenvironmental ligands/cells is instrumental for their survival and accumulation during hemolytic stress, whereas presence of α4, or of both α5 and α4, is important for completion of terminal maturation steps.
Convex hull of Brownian motion ind-dimensions

We supposeK(w) to be the boundary of the closed convex hull of a sample path ofZt(w), 0 ≦t ≦ 1 of Brownian motion ind-dimensions. A combinatorial result of Baxter and Borndorff Neilson on the convex hull of a random walk, and a limiting process utilizing results of P. Levy on the continuity properties ofZt(w) are used to show that the curvature ofK(w) is concentrated on a metrically small set.
The effects of temperature, relative humidity and reducing gases on the ultraviolet response of ZnO based film bulk acoustic-wave resonator

Abstract This study investigated the influence of temperature, relative humidity and reducing gases on the ultraviolet (UV) response of ZnO based film bulk acoustic-wave resonator (FBAR). As temperature increased, the UV response of the FBAR degraded. This was attributed to the softening of the ZnO film with increasing temperature. Water molecules can replace adsorbed oxygen on the ZnO surface. At high relative humidity, more oxygen was replaced by water. In this way, the density of the ZnO film increased and less oxygen was left on the surface to be desorbed by UV, both of which contributed to a lower UV response. Reducing gases, such as acetone, can react with the surface adsorbed oxygen and reduce the density of the ZnO film, resulting in UV response degradation.
The supercontinent cycle and gondwanaland assembly: Component cratons and the timing of suturing events

Abstract The Neoproterozoic Gondwana supercontinent cycle includes the break-up of a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent here termed Pangea Y, followed by the fusion of several cratons and the large East Gondwana continent to form Gondwanaland. The accretion can be analysed in terms of plate tectonics. Rifting of Pangea Y was active in the 1100-650 Ma interval. Collision and deformation events occurred in the 820-540 Ma interval. The earliest collision event at 820 Ma between the Sao Francisco-Congo craton and East gondwana formed the Zambezi belt. Major shear zones in transpressional mobile belts developed from 820 to 550 Ma. Post orogenic magmatism and extension events affected the Gondwana supercontinent in the 660-500 Ma interval.
Fluxoid structure in superconducting films

Abstract In the framework of the Ginzburg-Landau theory we make a detailed study of the fluxoid structure in a superconducting film in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. We establish that the fluxoid structure is a stable solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equations if the film thickness d is sufficiently smaller than λ the penetration depth independently of κ the Ginzburg-Landau parameter. The explicit expressions of the free energy as well as the magnetic induction are obtained at some limiting cases.
Circumferential stiffeners as buckle arrestors in long panels

It is well known that certain larger structures are susceptible to a type of collapse which starts locally but under favorable conditions can spread and has the potential of affecting the whole structure. The lowest load which can sustain this spreading of collapse (propagation load) is usually significantly lower than the critical buckling load of the geometrically intact structure. As a result, the option of avoiding the potentiality of propagating collapse by using the propagation load as the design criterion can result in significant penalties in cost and weight. An alternative is to base the design on the critical buckling load of the structure while including periodic stiffeners to arrest potential propagating collapse and keep its effect local. This paper illustrates this new design philosophy through an example involving a long pressure-loaded panel with sparsely spaced circumferential stiffeners cast in the role of buckle arrestors. An analysis is presented which models the process of quasi-static buckle penetration through such a stiffener. A general measure of arresting performance is defined, based on the maximum pressure experienced during the penetration process. A general framework for establishing the dependence of the stiffener arresting efficiency on the problem parameters is developed. Furthermore, fundamental concepts regarding limiting values for stiffener length and thickness are introduced, and results are presented which indicate that in this problem short, thick stiffeners provide the most arresting capacity for a given amount of stiffener material.
Robustness of Low-Frequency Circulation Patterns Derived from EOF and Rotated EOF Analyses

Abstract The robustness of low-frequency circulation patterns defined by unrotated and rotated empirical orthogonal functions (E0Fs) are compared based on the Northern Hemisphere 10-day low-pass filtered wintertime 500-hPa height field. The Pacific/North American pattern and the North Atlantic Oscillation are the most prominent modes of low-frequency variability in the data. The reproducibility of the spatial patterns derived from EOF and rotated EOF analysis is assessed by repeating the analysis on 50 subsets of the data, each comprised of the maps belonging to 22 randomly selected winters from the 44 winters in the total record. The results indicate that rotated spatial patterns are less sensitive to sampling fluctuations than their unrotated counterparts.
Bounds on outputs of the exact weak solution of the three‐dimensional Stokes problem

A method for obtaining rigorous upper and lower bounds on an output of the exact weak solution of the three-dimensional Stokes problem is described. Recently bounds for the exact outputs of interest have been obtained for both the Poisson equation and the advection-diffusion-reaction equation. In this work, we extend this approach to the Stokes problem where a novel formulation of the method also leads to a simpler flux calculation based on the directly equilibrated flux method. To illustrate this technique, bounds on the flowrate are calculated for an incompressible creeping flow driven by a pressure gradient in an endless square channel with an array of rectangular obstacles in the center.
fPOP: footprinting functional pockets of proteins by comparative spatial patterns

fPOP (footprinting Pockets Of Proteins, http://pocket.uchicago.edu/fpop/) is a relational database of the protein functional surfaces identified by analyzing the shapes of binding sites in approximately 42,700 structures, including both holo and apo forms. We previously used a purely geometric method to extract the spatial patterns of functional surfaces (split pockets) in approximately 19,000 bound structures and constructed a database, SplitPocket (http://pocket.uchicago.edu/). These functional surfaces are now used as spatial templates to predict the binding surfaces of unbound structures. To conduct a shape comparison, we use the Smith-Waterman algorithm to footprint an unbound pocket fragment with those of the functional surfaces in SplitPocket. The pairwise alignment of the unbound and bound pocket fragments is used to evaluate the local structural similarity via geometric matching. The final results of our large-scale computation, including approximately 90,000 identified or predicted functional surfaces, are stored in fPOP. This database provides an easily accessible resource for studying functional surfaces, assessing conformational changes between bound and unbound forms and analyzing functional divergence. Moreover, it may facilitate the exploration of the physicochemical textures of molecules and the inference of protein function. Finally, our approach provides a framework for classification of proteins into families on the basis of their functional surfaces.
Economic Transition in the Czech Republic: Attempts to Privatize the Health System

The transitional economies of Central Europe have given way to a rapid emergence of the private sector. This article examines the attempts to privatize the Czech Republic’s health care system from both a social and economic perspective. Provided is a general discussion of the mass privatization of state-owned enterprises in the Czech Republic, an analysis of the previous health system, and an explanation of the transformation process to a privatized health care system. Finally, a discussion of outcomes and an assessment of these outcomes follow.
Identification of putative transcription factor binding sites in rodent selenoprotein W promoter

To understand transcriptional regulation of the selenoprotein W (SeW) gene, we used in vitro binding assays to identify transcription factors that may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the SeW gene. Using protein from rat C6 (glial) cell nuclear extracts, oligonucleotides containing putative regulatory elements in the SeW promoter and antibodies, we observed that specificity protein 1(Sp1) transcription factor binds to the Sp1 consensus sequence in the SeW promoter as well as to the metal response element (MRE). Although competition analysis showed specific binding at the TFII-1 site, super-shift analysis using anti-TFII-1 antibody did not yield any super-shifted band. Therefore, the SeW gene may be a target for Sp1 whose binding to various regulatory sequences of the SeW promoter may activate or repress the transcription of SeW. The MRE, GRE, AP-1 and LF-A1 sites were also tested but no evidence was obtained for specific binding as indicated by lack of competition with unlabeled probes.
Cardiovascular reactivity and family history of hypertension: A meta-analysis

A regression-based meta-analysis examined the degree to which the effects of a family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity are moderated by the magnitude of cardiovascular responses elicited in challenge/task conditions. Mean change scores for negative family history groups were regressed on mean change scores for positive family history groups. The slopes of separate regression lines obtained for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were significantly less than 1.0 and the y-intercepts for these regression lines were significantly greater than zero. This pattern indicates that family history differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are greatest in situations that elicit the smallest baseline-stressor change scores in non-family-history groups.
Prevalence of Lens Opacities in Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino eye study

Abstract Objective To estimate the age- and gender-specific prevalence of posterior subcapsular (PSC), nuclear, cortical, and mixed lens opacities in a population-based sample of Latinos 40 years and older. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants Six thousand three hundred fifty-seven Latinos 40 years and older from 6 census tracts in Los Angeles, California. Methods A population-based sample of Latinos underwent a complete eye examination, including assessment of presence and severity of lens opacification, using the slit lamp–based Lens Opacities Classification System II (LOCS II). All lens changes (including pseudophakia/aphakia); any nuclear, PSC, and cortical opacities; and nuclear-only, PSC-only, and cortical-only opacities were evaluated. Frequency distributions and chi-square test analyses were used to determine the age- and gender-specific prevalences for each opacity type. Main outcome measures Prevalences of cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular opacities. Results Of the 7789 eligible subjects, 6357 completed a clinical examination (82% participation rate). Of all participants with LOCS II grading, 20% had all lens changes, 7.6% had cortical-only opacities, 3.5% had nuclear-only opacities, 0.4% had PSC-only opacities, and 5.9% had mixed-type opacities. The prevalence of all types of lens opacities increased with age ( P Conclusion Our data provide the first population-based estimates of the prevalence and severity of lens opacities in Latinos. Cortical opacities were the most common type. The high rate of visual impairment from lens opacities suggests that programs that increase access to cataract surgery for older Latinos could help to reduce the burden of visual impairment in the United States.
CdS thin films for terrestrial solar cells

Abstract Four different polycrystalline thin-film CdS-based solar cells have been reported with conversion efficiencies ibn excess of 5%. These cells (Cu 2 S/CdS, CdTe/CdS, InP/CdS, and CuInSe 2 /CdS) are briefly reviewed here. We note that present economic projections require the fabrication of terristrial solar cells with 10% conversion efficiency, a constructed array cost of $60/m 2 , and at volumes of approximately 10 8 m 2 /yr. We describe some of the physical constraints on CdS thin films and the economic constraints on CdS thin film fabrication, imposed, respectively, by the 10% conversion efficieny requirement andthe low-cost production scale-up requirement.
pH sensitivity of ammonium transport by Rhbg.

Rhbg is a membrane glycoprotein that is involved in NH3/NH4+ transport. Several models have been proposed to describe Rhbg, including an electroneutral NH4+/H+ exchanger, a uniporter, an NH4+ chann...
Evolution of feeding structure plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae: a possible trade-off between arm length and stomach size

Abstract The ability of an organism to alter its morphology in response to environmental conditions (phenotypic plasticity) occurs in several species of marine invertebrates. Examples are sea urchin and sand dollar larvae (plutei). When food is scarce, plutei produce longer food-gathering structures (larval arms and a ciliary band) and smaller stomachs than when food is abundant. However, it is unclear whether stomach size is actually induced through changes in morphogenesis or simply by food distending the stomach. Distinguishing between these two hypotheses is possible because plutei morphologically respond to food concentrations and change the length of their food-gathering structures before they are capable of feeding. More importantly, these two hypotheses provide insights to whether a trade-off exists between the response in food-gathering structures and the response in stomach size—a possible explanation for the evolution of feeding-structure plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae. In this study, I investigated whether sea urchin larvae (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus) reared in different amounts of food produced stomachs of different sizes before they were capable of feeding. Prior to having the ability to ingest food, larvae produced larger stomachs and shorter arms when food was abundant than when food was scarce, consistent with the hypothesis that food induced changes in morphogenesis. In addition, there was a strong negative correlation between the magnitude of plasticity in larval arm length and the magnitude of plasticity in stomach size. These results are consistent with the idea that a trade-off exists between the response in arm length and the response in stomach size, and at least in part, explains the evolution of feeding structure plasticity in plutei. This may also explain why feeding-structure plasticity has evolved in larvae of other taxa (e.g. other echinoderms and gastropods).
The role of photoelectrons in photodissociation of CH3Cl on Pt(111) and C-covered Pt(111)

Photoelectron yields were directly measured during UV-irradiation (⩽5.4 eV) of CH3Cl adsorbed at 50 K on Pt(111) and C-covered Pt(111) surfaces and were correlated with C-Cl bond dissociation rates measured for 0.25–9 CH3Cl coverages. The rates were analyzed based on a simple first-order kinetic assumption with respect to the number of both CH3C1 molecules and photoelectrons. We obtained an excellent fit, with a single rate coefficient, to the above kinetic assumption for the entire coverage range on C-covered Pt(111) and for multilayer coverages on C-free Pt(111). From this quantitative correlation, we conclude that the photoelectron mechanism (dissociative electron attachment) dominates in the CH3Cl surface photochemistry, especially in the multilayer regime. The characteristic attenuation length of the very-low-energy electrons (< 1 eV), ca. 1.8 monolayers, was determined from the simple exponential decay of the photoelectron flux through the condensed adsorbate layers. This short attenuation length, implying strong electron-molecule interactions, is consistent with our conclusion on the photofragmentation mechanism.
The Relationships between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Cardiometabolic Markers in Young Children

Abstract Background The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been implicated as a major contributor to the development of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Objective To evaluate the relationships between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic markers in young children. Design A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. Participants A total of 4,880 individuals aged 3 to 11 years from nationally representative samples of US children participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1999-2004 were studied. Main outcome measures Concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein as well as waist circumference and body mass index percentile for age–sex. Statistical analyses performed Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine independent associations between each outcome variable and the number of serving equivalents of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed after adjusting for age, sex, race, poverty status, physical activity, and energy intake. Results Increased sugar-sweetened beverage intake was independently associated with increased C-reactive protein concentrations ( P =0.003), increased waist circumference ( P =0.04), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations ( P Conclusions In this cross-sectional analysis of children's dietary data, sugar-sweetened beverage intake was independently associated with alterations in lipid profiles, increased markers of inflammation, and increased waist circumference in children. Prospective studies are needed, but awareness of these trends is essential in combating the growing metabolic and cardiovascular disease burden in the pediatric population.
CP VIOLATION IN THE LEPTON SECTOR WITH SMALL NEUTRINO MASSES

Small, even vanishing neutrino masses are consistent with large CP violation effects in the leptonic sector. As an example, and a proof of existence of this situation, we present a model based on the SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1) gauge symmetry, where the fermion content has been Extended to include a gauge singlet lepton SL. Interesting features of this model (which should be seen as a mere example) are: (1) neutrino masses can either vanish or be in the range where the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) mechanism for the solar neutrino puzzle is operative, and (2) CP violation effects in the lepton sector are manifestly large and therefore accessible to current experiments. In particular, it is found that the electron electric dipole moment, drme, can be of order 10−24e·cm; if generation mixing is negligible, the μ longitudinal polarization, PrmL, in the decay KL → μμ can be in the range 10−10−10−3.
Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of the predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in angiosperms.

Abstract Of the approximately 380 families of angiosperms, representatives of only 10 are known to form symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules. The morphologically based classification schemes proposed by taxonomists suggest that many of these 10 families of plants are only distantly related, engendering the hypothesis that the capacity to fix nitrogen evolved independently several, if not many, times. This has in turn influenced attitudes toward the likelihood of transferring genes responsible for symbiotic nitrogen fixation to crop species lacking this ability. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences for the chloroplast gene rbcL indicates, however, that representatives of all 10 families with nitrogen-fixing symbioses occur together, with several families lacking this association, in a single clade. This study therefore indicates that only one lineage of closely related taxa achieved the underlying genetic architecture necessary for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
Bone Dimensional Change with Age: Interactions of Genetic, Hormonal, and Body Size Variables

Changes in bony dimensions with age were assessed longitudinally from standardized X-ray films in 170 middle-aged Caucasian women, starting at age 40 years and with a median duration of observation of 21.125 years. Consistent with earlier work, cortical area of the metacarpals and radial shaft declined with age at rates ranging from 0.57 to 0.86%/year. As predicted, estrogen replacement therapy decreased this loss in a dose-dependent manner. Not previously reported is the fact that weight gain over the period of observation reduced upper extremity bone loss. Moreover, this protection was independent of the estrogen effect. In contrast with bone loss in the upper extremity, both femur shaft diameter and femur shaft cortical area increased significantly with age (0.23 and 0.26%/year, respectively). Estrogen replacement therapy inhibited femur shaft expansion but had no effect on femur cortical area. Weight change, however, strongly influenced gain (or loss) of femur cortical area: those in the highest weight change tertile gained 4 times as much cortical area as those in the lowest weight change tertile. VDR genotype also significantly influenced femoral shaft changes: women with the bb genotype had both greater shaft expansion and a greater increase in cortical area. The VDR effects were independent of the effects of weight change and estrogen. Femoral shaft expansion was of sufficient magnitude to suggest that the mechanical properties of the entire femur may change appreciably with age. Finally, contrary to widespread belief, there was significant, if modest, expansion at the femoral neck with age.
The Influence of Intrapartum Antibiotics on the Clinical Spectrum of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection in Term Infants

Objective. The use of intrapartum antibiotics to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal (EOGBS) infection has left pediatricians in a quandary about the appropriate evaluation and treatment of infants at risk for this infection. The aim of this study was to determine whether intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis changed the constellation and timing of onset of clinical signs of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in term infants. Methodology. We conducted a retrospective chart review of infants who had EOGBS infection and were born in Southern California Kaiser Permanente Hospitals from 1988 through 1996. Objective criteria were used to ascertain maternal risk of infection, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and onset of clinical signs of infection. Results. Three hundred nineteen infants with EOGBS sepsis, bacteremia, or clinically suspected infection were identified from a population of 277 912 live births. Of the 172 term infants with culture-positive infection who had clinical signs of infection, 95% exhibited them in the first 24 hours of life. All of the infants exposed to intrapartum antibiotics became ill within the first 24 hours of life. Conclusions. Exposure to antibiotics during labor did not change the clinical spectrum of disease or the onset of clinical signs of infection within 24 hours of birth for term infants with EOGBS infection. A 48-hour stay is not required to monitor asymptomatic term infants exposed to intrapartum antibiotics for onset of GBS infection.
Emotional and Behavioral Functioning of Offspring of African American Mothers with Depression

Extensive research demonstrates the negative impact of maternal depression on their offspring. Unfortunately, few studies have been explored in African American families. This study examined emotional and behavioral functioning among children of African American mothers with depression. African American mothers (n = 63), with a past year diagnosis of a depressive disorder, and one of their children (ages 7–14) completed behavioral rating scales in a cross-sectional design. Results showed that 6.5 and 15% scored within the clinical range for depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Approximately a third of the offspring reported suicidal ideation. Based on mothers’ report, 25.4 and 20.6% of the offspring exhibited internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the clinical range, respectively. Offspring whose mothers were in treatment exhibited higher levels of self-reported anxiety symptoms. Offspring of African American mothers with depression were exhibiting socioemotional problems in ways that are similar to offspring of European American mothers with depression.
Study on Powder Metallurgical Preparation of NiCoMnIn Alloy Foam

The magnetic shape-memory alloy NiCoMnIn shows, in monocrystalline form, a large reversible magnetic-field-induced strain (MFIS). But it is difficult to achieve the properties in polycrystalline NiCoMnIn alloys. The technique of powder metallurgical preparation of NiCoMnIn foam was studied to improve the properties of polycrystalline NiCoMnIn alloys in the present paper. We introduced a processing route including choosing appropriate space-holding fillers, sintering NiCoMnIn alloy and the filling agent with appropriate grain size. The sintering temperature and time and the optimum volume fraction of the filling agent were determined by analysis of the structure of sintered bulk foams.
Hemoptysis in Patients with Septic Pulmonary Infarcts from Tricuspid Endocarditis

Three drug addicts with tricuspid valve endocarditis and pulmonary cavitation secondary to septic pulmonary infarcts developed massive hemoptysis. Two patients died of asphyxia and one survived. Both who died were improving clinically and had negative blood cultures when the fatal hemoptysis occurred. Therefore, however slight it may be, hemoptysis occurring in association with septic pulmonary infarcts associated with endocarditis may require prompt and aggressive measures.
Results of ventilation-perfusion scans: Emergency department patients with and without risk factors

We prospectively studied 141 of 143 consecutive patients over a 6-month period referred for a ventilation-perfusion (\(\dot V/\dot Q\)) scan from the emergency department of an 800-bed university-affiliated teaching hospital. Numerous clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data were analyzed. Our hypothesis was that performing a\(\dot V/\dot Q\)scan in a patient without a risk factor for pulmonary embolus (PE) is of little value.
Vision guides the adjustment of auditory localization in young barn owls

Barn owls raised with one ear plugged make systematic errors in auditory localization when the earplug is removed. Young owls correct their localization errors within a few weeks. However, such animals did not correct their auditory localization errors when deprived of vision. Moreover, when prisms were mounted in front of their eyes, they adjusted their auditory localization to match the visual error induced by the prisms, as long as the visual and auditory errors were within the same quadrant of directions. The results demonstrate that, during development, the visual system provides the spatial reference for fine-tuning auditory localization.
Emergent Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Hemorrhage from a Giant Cavernous Hepatic Hemangioma: Case Report and Review

Introduction Cavernous hemangiomas represent the most common benign primary hepatic neoplasm, often being incidentally detected. Although the majority of hepatic hemangiomas remain asymptomatic, symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas can present with abdominal pain, hemorrhage, biliary compression, or a consumptive coagulopathy. The optimal surgical management of symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas remains controversial, with resection, enucleation, and both deceased donor and living donor liver transplantation having been reported.
Multiple communication networks for a radiological PACS

The authors have implemented a communication network connecting multiple buildings for their picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in the Radiology Department at UCLA. The network consists of three types of local area networks (LANs) and a 1.0-km fiber-optic link connecting the outpatient and inpatient facilities. Images from radiologic imaging devices (4 CT scanners, 5 MR scanners, 4 CR units and 5 film digitizers) are transmitted to the acquisition computers via the Ethernet LAN. The fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) LAN then provides data communication among the cluster controllers, the acquisition computers, and the database servers. A 1-gigabit UltraNet LAN is used to route images from the cluster controllers to remote display workstations. All inter-building connections are through fiber-optic cables. Among these multiple networks, Ethernet offers multi-access to the multimodal PACS in image acquisition, FDDI controls a fast data flow so that all acquired images have a shorter residence time on local disks, and UltraNet provides high-speed transfer of images from the cluster controllers to the display workstations. The three-tiered functionality of Ethernet, FDDI, and UltraNet eliminates network traffic bottlenecks and hence provides high performance in image communication. The delay time of a 2K X 2K X 8-bit CR image (4 MBytes) from acquisition to display is less than 5 minutes. In addition, the standard Ethernet serves as a backup to guarantee network connectivity of the entire PACS.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Joining of carbon fibre-reinforced silicon nitride composites with 72Ag-26Cu-2Ti filler metal

Unidirectionally reinforced carbon fibre/Si3N4 matrix composites were joined with 72Ag-26Cu-2Ti filler metal. Joining interfaces were observed by SEM and analysed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. The strength of the joints was evaluated by four-point bending tests. Most of the interfaces of Si4N4 matrix/filler metal were firm without cracking and separation. At the interfaces, reaction between the composites and filler metal was limited. Only a concentration of titanium at Si3N4 matrix/filler metal interface was confirmed. On the fracture surfaces, many holes left as traces of pull-out of carbon fibres and pulled out fibres could be observed. The maximum joining strength and the average strength, measured by the bending test, were 159 MPa and 107 MPa, respectively. The pull-out process of fibres from the matrix and the reasons for the large scatter in the strength of joints, were discussed. The fibre pull-out behaviour could be related to fibre distribution density at the joining interface.
NMR study of 1:1 complexes between divalent sulfur and aromatic compounds: a model for interactions in globular proteins.

Abstract The existence of 1:1 complexes between various divalent sulfur and aromatic compounds in CCl 4 solution is demonstrated by the method of Job. By making measurements at different temperatures we find that the heat of complex formation is close to 1 kcal/mol. We propose that this interaction, which is stronger than that due to van der Waals' forces alone, be included in attempts to calculate the energy of native proteins or to predict the folding of polypeptide chains.
Contribution of monoaminergic modulation to the analgesic effect of tramadol

1. In humans, the central analgesic effect of tramadol 100 mg orally is only partially reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.8 mg intravenously). As suggested by in vitro and animal data tramadol analgesia may thus result from an action on opioid as well as monoaminergic pathways. We therefore investigated the effect of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonism with yohimbine on tramadol analgesia. 2. Healthy volunteers (n = 10) received tramadol (100 mg orally), followed (+3 h) by yohimbine (0.1 mg kg-1 intravenously), and yohimbine + naloxone (0.8 mg intravenously) and their respective placebo according to a randomized, double-blind crossover, placebo (P) controlled design. Analgesia was assessed over 8 h by subjective pain threshold (pain intensity numerical scale--PINS) and objective pain threshold (RIII nociceptive reflex--RIII) monitoring. 3. Tramadol induced a significant increase in both pain thresholds. Peak analgesic effect was observed at 3.7 h (RIII + 39.6 +/- 3.9% and PINS 50.1 +/- s.e.mean 5%) and the analgesia lasted about 6 h. 4. Yohimbine significantly reversed the analgesic effects of tramadol for 2.8 h with a maximum decrease of 97 +/- 4% (RIII) and 67 +/- 12% (PINS), whereas the addition of naloxone abolished tramadol effects throughout the study period with a decrease of 90 +/- 6% (RIII) and 79 +/- 9% (PINS), P < 0.05). 5. Yohimbine alone did not significantly reduce pain thresholds. 6. alpha 2-Adrenoceptor antagonism reverses tramadol effects, thus pointing to the significant role of monoaminergic modulation and the synergy with opioid agonism in tramadol antinociception after a single oral dose.
Factors Influencing Competency Perceptions and Expectations of Technical Services Administrators

This study investigates the factors that influence perceived and expected daily task competencies for technical services administrators; that is, the competencies technical services administrators claim to possess (perceived) and those they believe they ought to possess (expected) in the areas of acquisitions, cataloging, and serials. For the purposes of this paper, a technical services administrator is one who oversees, at a minimum, the acquisitions, cataloging, and serials units in her library. The author surveyed 116 technical services administrators via e-mail in Fall 2003, receiving a response rate of fifty-four percent and an acceptable use rate of fifty-three percent. The survey was designed to correlate perceived and expected competencies with (1) an incumbent’s professional background; (2) tenure in current position at present institution; and (3) size of technical services unit as measured in full-time equivalents (FTE). The study concludes that incumbent tenure and size of the technical services unit affect both perceived and expected competencies, with the latter having a greater effect. Professional background affects competency possession, but has only a marginal effect on competency expectation. The findings reveal that administrators with ten or more years in their current positions, who have non-cataloging backgrounds, and who have at least ten FTE in their technical services units are least likely to know the daily procedures of their technical services units. Administrators with ten or more years in their current positions, who have cataloging backgrounds, and who have at least ten FTE in their technical services units are least likely to feel they ought to know the daily procedures of their technical services departments. These administrators are also least likely to have responsibilities that fall outside of technical services.
Artificial intelligence, or the mechanization of work

AI is supposed to be a scientific research program for developing and analyzing computer-based systems that mimic natural psychological processes. I argue that this is a mere fiction, a convenient myth. In reality, AI is a technology for reorganizing the relations of production in workplaces, and specifically for increasing management control. The appeal of the AI myth thus serves as ideological justification for increasing managerial domination. By focusing on the AI myth, critics of AI are diverting themselves from the very important task of preventing this increasingly dangerous threat to deskill and dehumanize large sectors of the workforce.
Developing a Code of Ethics: A Case Study Approach

(1996). Developing a Code of Ethics: A Case Study Approach. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 2-14.
Disruption, atom distributions, and energy levels for Ge/GaAs(110), Ge/InP(110), and Ge/InSb(110) heterojunctions

We report a detailed room-temperature synchrotron-radiation photoemission study of Ge overlayer growth on n-type GaAs(110), InP(110), and InSb(110) in order to correlate changes in bonding configurations and atom distribution with the movement of the Fermi level in the substrate band gap and the evolution of the electronic properties of the Ge overlayer. For Ge/GaAs(110), the interface is abrupt, but substrate core-level line-shape analysis indicates changes in the boundary layer and unique interface bonding configurations. Ge adatoms induce substrate disruption for InP(110) and InSb(110), and there are coverage-dependent morphology changes as atoms dissociated from the substrate redistribute themselves in the thickening Ge overlayer. In atoms segregate to the Ge surface but exhibit no tendency to form clusters; P atoms remain near the buried Ge/InP interface; and Sb atoms are expelled to the overlayer surface. The deposition of Ge on GaAs and InP causes the Fermi level to move toward midgap at low coverage, but then move back toward the conduction band. The reversal in direction correlates well with changes in substrate core-level line shapes. Low-temperature studies of Ge/n-type GaAs did not show this reversal, but the final position of ${E}_{F}$ in the gap was the same. The fully developed valence-band discontinuities were 0.73, 1.03, and 0.12 eV for amorphous Ge/GaAs(110), Ge/InP(110), and Ge/InSb(110) heterojunctions, respectively.
The extragalactic and solar system celestial frames: Accuracy, stability, and interconnection

Abstract Reference frames determined from measurements of extragalactic and solar system objects are used in interplanetary navigation, earth orientation measurements, geodesy, and astrometry. The extragalactic frame is derived solely from Very Long Baseline Interferometric (VLBI) measurements of compact radio sources, while the solar system frame is derived from a variety of range measurements to the inner planets and the moon. We present evidence that, within the spans of presently available observations, each frame exhibits approximately one milliarcsecond (mas) internal precision and is characterized by coordinate drifts which are uncertain by
Dissolution rates of uranium compounds in simulated lung fluid.

Abstract Maximum dissolution rates of uranium into simulated lung fluid were measured at 37°C to estimate clearance rates from the deep lung. The materials tested included: ore and yellowcake, an airborne sample from an industrial site, and purified samples of (NH 4 ) 2 U 2 O 7 , U 3 O 8 , UO 2 and UF 4 . A batch procedure was developed to test samples containing as little as 10 μg of natural uranium. Values of dissolution halftimes varied from 0.01 day to several thousand days depending on the physical and chemical form of the uranium. Dissolution occurred predominantly by formation of the [UO 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ] 4− ion; and as a result, tetravalent uranium compounds dissolved slowly. Dissolution rates of size-separated yellowcake aerosols were found to be more closely correlated with specific surface area than with aerodynamic diameter.
Report of the Special Panel on Statistical Particle Bias Problems in Laser Anemometry

An account is given of the findings contained in a concensus document compiled by a group of experts on laser anemometry concerning statistical particle bias and its possible remedies. Emphasis is placed on the systematic character of this bias, rather than its magnitude. Since bias errors are a function of flow velocity and turbulence intensity, the measured results may contain apparent trends due solely to the measurement process. Attention is given to the panel's attempt to clear up terminological confusions in the matter of rates, scales, and magnitudes, as well as to its suggested processing methods for the elimination of velocity bias and the remedy of angle bias.