cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared measurements on allene and allene-d4

Abstract Several vibration-rotation absorption bands of allene (C 3 H 4 ) and allene- d 4 (C 3 D 4 ) have been measured with high resolution. From measurements of a parallel and a perpendicular band of C 3 H 4 the following constants were obtained: B 0 = 0.2963 2 ± 0.00006 cm −1 , D J = 11. 6 ± 2.4 × 10 −8 cm −1 and D JK = 4. 6 ± 1.8 × 10 −6 cm −1 . The best measurements on C 3 D 4 were for a parallel band at 2790.25 cm −1 for which the values B 0 = 0.2321 4 ± 0.00008 cm −1 and D J = 4. 1 ± 1.9 × 10 −8 cm −1 were obtained. By combining infrared and Raman measurements of ν 8 a value of A 0 = 4.807 ± 0.008 cm −1 was obtained. The resulting bond parameters are r 0 ( CC ) = 1.308 4 ± 0.0003 A , r 0 ( CH ) = 1.087 2 ± 0.0013 A , and 3 H 4 spectra are described.
The Limits and Promise of Environmental Conflict Prevention: The Case of the GEF*

Sustainable development practices should be embraced not only to forestall environmental destruction and resource exhaustion, but also to prevent conflicts apparently triggered by these causes. Unfortunately, environmentally-caused conflicts are perhaps most likely to erupt in the world's poorest states, which are least capable of pursuing sustainable development without substantial external aid. The global assistance burden is felt primarily by multilateral developments agencies, such as the World Bank, which distributes more than USD 20 billion annually. Interestingly, the Bank acts as Trustee for the sizable Global Environment Facility (GEF) which was specifically designed to add environmental dimensions to projects funded for more general development purposes. Ironically, before the GEF was created, the World Bank was long criticized for funding unsustainable development, for ignoring its own environmental standards, for making decisions without the input of affected parties or non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and for withholding vital project information from potential critics, such as transnational environmental groups. While the danger of financing unsustainable projects and overlooking environmental standards is obvious, denying access to decision-making and program information also undermines environmental progress. In short, sustainable development depends upon the free flow of information and multiple inputs into decision-making. This article explores whether the GEF can be expected to identify and fund significant environmental projects in conflict-prone regions. It also examines the politics of GEF decision-making, with an emphasis on transparency, accountability, and participation.
An Empirical Equation for Predicting Penetration Depth into Soft Sediments

The design and use of kinetic energy marine sediment penetrators require a capability for predicting penetration depth. A natural test target of soft saline clay deposits was chosen for its similarity to marine sediments, and 35 instrumented penetrator tests were conducted. An equation was developed to fit the data with an accuracy of approximately \pm 15 %. The equation includes penetrator mass and diameter, impact velocity, and an index of sediment penetrability. The marine sediment equation is similar in form to a soil penetration equation previously developed. The only sediment related term in the equation is the index of penetrability, which must be estimated from information ranging from a general description to detailed physical properties of the soft sediment. The equation is applicable to very soft saturated clay or soft marine sediments.
Sexual behaviors and drinking patterns among middle school and high school students in southeastern North Carolina

Considering that current trends in sexual behavior and alcohol use among adolescents pose a significant public health risk, more research is needed in this area. Using a cross-sectional design, this study examined sex and alcohol behaviors among middle school and high school students in southeastern North Carolina. The findings suggested that there were strong associations between overall drinking patterns and sexual behaviors. Further analyses examined the effect of several demographic and behavioral factors on sexual experience and condom use for both middle and high school students. Alcohol, race, and age were significant determinants of sexual experience for all students while gender was significant for middle school students. None of the measured factors, including AIDS education, significantly increased condom use among sexually active students. The results suggested that sexuality and alcohol education methods and content should be reevaluated and should begin in or before middle school.
Human dimensions of large carnivore conservation and management: introduction to the special issue.

Efforts to conserve large carnivores worldwide have met with a number of successes in recent decades. Through reintroduction and natural recolonization gray wolves (Canis lupus) and black bears (Ur...
Interface propagation and nucleation phenomena for discontinuous poisoning transitions in surface-reaction models.

Here, we consider discontinuous nonequilibrium phase transitions to poisoned or adsorbing'' states in lattice-gas models of surface reactions. Specifically, we examine the monomer or CO-poisoning transition in the Ziff-Gulari-Barshad monomer-dimer reaction model for CO oxidation, modified to include adspecies diffusion. For CO pressures below the poisoning transition, we first characterize the propagation of and fluctuations at an interface between reactive and CO-poisoned states. Here, we utilize ideas from spatial contact models, reaction-diffusion theory, and kinetic roughening theory. Evolution is described by the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation, but with the nonlinearity and kinetic surface tension vanishing on approaching the transition. Next, again for CO pressures below the transition, we consider the evolution of a nucleus'' of the reactive state embedded in the CO-poisoned state, now exploiting concepts from epidemic theory. We elucidate the divergence and sharpening'' of the critical size of this nucleus, both approaching the transition and with increasing adspecies diffusion rates. The deviation from mean-field divergence approaching the transition is related to the vanishing of the kinetic surface tension. The sharpening is related to the reduced influence of fluctuations. Throughout this contribution, we focus on providing a unifying framework that can describe both the fluctuation-dominated behavior of the lattice-gas model formore » low adspecies diffusion rates, and the crossover to the deterministic mean-field behavior for high diffusion rates where the adlayer is well mixed or randomized.« less
Vegetation differentiation in the patterned landscape of the central Everglades: importance of local and landscape drivers

Aim We present a model to account for self-assembly of the slough‐ridge‐tree island patterned landscape of the central Everglades in southern Florida via feedbacks among landforms, hydrology, vegetation and biogeochemistry. We test aspects of this model by analysing vegetation composition in relation to local and landscape-level drivers. Location We quantified vegetation composition and environmental characteristics in central Water Conservation Area (WCA) 3A, southern WCA-3A and southern WCA-3B in southern Florida, based on their divergence in water management and flow regimes over the past 50 years. Methods In 562 quadrats, we estimated species coverages and quantified maximum, minimum and average water depth, soil depth to bedrock, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and proximity to the nearest tree island. We used non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMS) to relate compositional variation to local and landscape-level factors, and evaluated environmental differences among eight a priori vegetation types via  . Results Wa ter depth and hydroperiod decreased from sloughs to ridges to tree islands, but regions also differed significantly in the abundance of several community types and the hydroregimes characterizing them. NMS revealed two significant axes of compositional variation, tied to local gradients of water depth and correlated factors, and to a landscape-scale gradient of proximity to tall tree islands. Sawgrass height and soil thickness increased toward higher ridges, and NDVI was greatest on tree islands. Main conclusions This study supports four components of our model: positive feedback of local substrate height on itself, woody plant invasion and subsequent P transport and concentration by top predators nesting on taller tree islands, compositional shifts in sites close to tree islands due to nutrient leakage, and flow-induced feedback against total raised area. Regional divergence in the relationship of community types to current hydroregimes appears to reflect a lag of a few years after shifts in water management; a longer lag would be expected for shifts in landscape patterning. Both local and landscape-level drivers appear to shape vegetation composition and soil thickness in the central Everglades.
Resource allocation via dynamic programming in activity networks

Abstract We investigate the application of dynamic programming to the problem of resource allocation in a project, with the objective of minimizing the project completion time. We assume that there is a relationship between the amount of the resource allocated to an activity and its duration, which is monotone nonincreasing in its argument. The motivation for this study is the recent development of a procedure which yields the minimum number of nodes to be ‘reduced’ in the AN. This drastically alters the complexity of the DP approach from O( U h ) to O( U c ), where h is the number of ‘common’ activities and c is the minimum number of ‘reduced’ nodes since, typically, h ⪢ c . We present and illustrate the DP optimizing procedure, which is easily seen to be still plagued by the ‘curse of dimensionality’ despite the drastic reduction in complexity mentioned above. We then present an elementary approximating procedure which provides an upper bound on the optimum and is computationally more economical for c ⩾ 3. We illustrate both procedures by a small numerical example. Continuing research is devoted to evaluating the efficacy of the approximating procedure, and investigating other approximations.
Analyzing Faculty Citations for Effective Collection Management Decisions

The article provides details of a faculty citation analysis study conducted at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. The citation analysis analyzed faculty citations for publications published from 2002 to 2010. The citation analysis was used for a collection assessment project and continues to be used, along with other data to help assist with collection management decisions.
Current injection into a two-dimensional anisotropic bidomain

A two-dimensional sheet of anisotropic cardiac tissue is represented with the bidomain model, and the finite element method is used to solve the bidomain equations. When the anisotropy ratios of the intracellular and extracellular spaces are not equal, the injection of current into the tissue induces a transmembrane potential that has a complicated spatial dependence, including adjacent regions of depolarized and hyperpolarized tissue. This behavior may have important implications for the electrical stimulation of cardiac tissue and for defibrillation.
THE ANATOMY OF THE EMBRYO OF CEDRUS IN THE DORMANT STAGE

There are some very interesting anatomical features which beconme differentiated in the embryos of matured conifer seeds. Some differences may be found between the embryos of different genera and families, even though the plan of meristematic organization in the embryo is remarkably uniform throughout the Coniferales. A survey of the literature shows that relatively little which has to do with details in cellular arrangement and organization has been recorded. Most of the investigations have been concerned with the gross external morphologv including size, shape, and number of cotyledons. Schleiden (I3), in his text-book, was among the first who gave a description of tlhe half-grown embryo of a pine and of the embryo in the stage of the matured seed. He reported the order of appearance of the primordia for the organs: root tip, stem tip, and cotyledons. Strasburger (14), the largest single contributor on this subject, corrected Schleiden's error concerning one feature, namely, that it is the plerome apex of the root and not the true root tip which is the first part of the embryo to become differentiated. Schacht (I2) described the meristem of the root tip in a pine and Strasburger gave us more fully the meristematic organization of the root tip and stem tip of various conifers. 1Ie also gave a description of the more mature embryos of Thuja occidentalis, Pinus pnitvilio, Picca vulgaris, Tarus baccata and Ephedra altissima, pointing out the great uniformity in the anatomical structure and organization of the embryo in conifers. His investigations did not include Cedrus which has, at least externally, some striking differences from most of the remaining genera of Abietineae. A few other stages of conifer embryos have occasionally been described such as the descriptions of germinating seedlings by Lord Avebury (ii). In taxonomic monographs and general text-books there are scattered records concerning the size, shape and the number of cotyledons, and occasionally these show sections of seeds or the embryos removed from the seeds. In an extensive series of studies of the vascular anatomy of conifer seedlings, Hill and De Fraine (7) have given a conmprehensive comparison of the seedlings in stages after the early vascular elements are well organized. From these we know the facts concerning the number of cotyledons in a large series of species, with records of the vascular connections in the root and transition region, occurrence and prevalence of fused cotyledons and cotyledonary tubes, divided or fused vascular strands, etc.
Hierarchy-aware distributed overlays in data centers using DC2

Popular online services such as social networks, e-commerce and bidding are routinely hosted in large-scale data centers. Group communication systems (e.g., multicast) and distributed key-value stores are among some of the most essential building blocks for these services. Due to their scaling requirements, overlay networks such as distributed hash tables (DHTs) have been traditionally used in such systems. Modern hierarchical datacenter networks and global services running across datacenters pose unique challenges that traditional systems are ill-equipped to handle. For instance, the inherent multi-rooted tree topology design with oversubscription at the core translates into lesser bandwidth at the upper levels of the trees; traditional systems do not take this into consideration leading to a wastage of precious network resources. To solve this problem, we introduce a hierarchy-aware distributed overlay framework called DC2, for large scale and highly dynamic services. We build two applications—DC2-Multicast and DC2-Store—on top of DC2. In our experiments using a real prototype deployed over 700 nodes running over a Modelnet topology with 2 datacenters, we found that DC2-Multicast minimizes message latencies by several orders of magnitude, and reduces node and link stress by a factor of 2 to 3. We also find a reduction in object lookup latency by a factor of 8.
Cooperative learning: Making “groupwork” work

Students working cooperatively in carefully-structured small groups can maximize their own and each other's learning.
Proposed framework for sustainability screening of urban transport projects in developing countries: A case study of Accra, Ghana

This paper documents a framework suggested for screening urban transport projects in developing countries to reflect local issues relevant to sustainability. The framework is based on the integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge to reflect the sustainability of candidate projects. This is achieved through a participatory approach to integrate inputs from system users and providers to produce a term defined as the Localized Sustainability Score (LSS). The LSS of the projects are then used to produce a relative ranking of potential projects, for use as a decision support for project screening and selection. Proof-of-concept development of the proposed LSS framework is presented via a preliminary case study in Accra–Ghana and the results indicate that the framework adequately represented local sustainable transport needs, priorities and perceptions. The LSS determined for some selected projects maintained the original relative rankings that were already derived using conventional methods. The LSS also has the added advantage of evaluating projects of different scales, which were not easy to evaluate together by conventional methods.
Detection Methods for Holographic Data Storage

Different data detectors for holographic data storage are compared using real data page as well as simulated data pages. The results show that iterative decision feedback (DFE) based detector works well, even for data pages with low signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Detection of fatigue microdamage in whole rat femora using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography.

Abstract Microdamage in bone tissue is typically studied using destructive, two-dimensional histological techniques. Contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was recently demonstrated to enable non-destructive, three-dimensional (3-D) detection of microdamage in machined cortical and trabecular bone specimens in vitro. However, the accumulation of microdamage in whole bones is influenced by variations in the magnitude and mode of loading due to the complex whole bone morphology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the presence, spatial location, and accumulation of fatigue microdamage in whole rat femora in vitro using micro-CT with a BaSO4 contrast agent. Microdamage was detected and observed to accumulate at specific spatial locations within the cortex of femora loaded in cyclic three-point bending to a 5% or 10% reduction in secant modulus. The ratio of the segmented BaSO4 stain volume (SV) to the total volume (TV) of cortical bone was adopted as a measure of damage. The amount of microdamage measured by micro-CT (SV/TV) was significantly greater for both loaded groups compared to the control group (p
Sustainable mobility: from technological innovation to societal learning

Abstract This paper addresses a persistent and worsening societal dilemma worldwide: the ecological unsustainability of the automobile as the primary means for providing personal mobility. The solution to this problem will require input from all segments of society, and must include technological innovation, changes in the physical infrastructure and land use, and social, cultural, and institutional changes. A fundamental rethinking of the entire system of personal mobility is necessary. Governments can play a significant role in promoting change: by stimulating technological innovation through regulations, incentives and subsidies, by investing in the infrastructure, by providing leadership, and by organizing and supporting a debate with a focus on the system as a whole: its spatial characteristics, the motives for transport, and the alternatives that are presently not developed. From the technological perspective, one of the much-discussed solutions is a hydrogen-powered automobile. We argue that the future of this approach is questionable, and propose a fundamental re-framing of the significance of hydrogen: from viewing it as a solution to the personal mobility problem to seeing it as a medium for transporting and storing energy that has been generated elsewhere (preferably by renewable resources). A new and radically different way of seeing the problem of individual mobility, and of the roles of various stakeholders in finding solutions, is also necessary. This is the essence of higher order learning. To facilitate such learning among various societal groups, we advocate a combination of multi-stakeholder visioning processes, scenario building, backcasting exercises, and small-scale socio-technical experiments. These approaches may be practiced at various levels, from local to national, with experimentation probably being best suited for a smaller scale. An ongoing process of visioning future mobility in the Boston Metropolitan area illustrates how such approaches may be used.
Large-memory real-time multichannel multiplexed pattern recognition

The principle and experimental design of a real-time multichannel multiplexed optical pattern recognition system via use of a 25-focus dichromated gelatin holographic lens (hololens) are described. Each of the 25 foci of the hololens may have a storage and matched filtering capability approaching that of a single-lens correlator. If the space-bandwidth product of an input image is limited, as is true in most practical cases, the 25-focus hololens system has 25 times the capability of a single lens. Experimental results have shown that the interfilter noise is not serious. The system has already demonstrated the storage and recognition of over 70 matched filters - which is a larger capacity than any optical pattern recognition system reported to date.
Financial Leverage Strategy with Transaction Costs

This is a sequel to our paper Pecking Order as a Dynamic Leverage Theory, European Journal of Finance 4, 1998, 157-183. Here we offers a class of diffusion models that mimic the firm's pecking order behavior and are designed to optimize an intertemporal leverage strategy under a more complex scenario of both fixed and variable refinancing transaction costs. The proposed class of models is compatible with traditional static tradeoff theories and can be used to recast those theories in a dynamic framework by superimposing refinancing costs. We derive analytical expressions for the parameters of an optimal leverage strategy with exogenous refinancing limits, including the minimum cost of capital in a stochastic dynamic framework with transaction costs, target values to which the leverage should be readjusted when the limits are reached, and the mean leverage implied by the optimal strategy. Our class of models enriches the pecking order theory and provides a quantitative framework for its implementation as a decision tool. It also provides additional hypotheses for empirical validation of that theory. Symmetrically, our results show the importance of dynamic factors in designing and interpreting empirical tests of static tradeoff theories.
Cost-Effectiveness of Coronary Artery Calcium Testing for Coronary Heart and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction to Guide Statin Allocation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

© 2015 Roberts et al. Background: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) showed that the addition of coronary artery calcium (CAC) to traditional risk factors improves risk classification, particularly in intermediate risk asymptomatic patients with LDL cholesterol levels <160 mg/dL. However, the cost-effectiveness of incorporating CAC into treatment decision rules has yet to be clearly delineated. Objective: To model the cost-effectiveness of CAC for cardiovascular risk stratification in asymptomatic, intermediate risk patients not taking a statin. Treatment based on CAC was compared to (1) treatment of all intermediate-risk patients, and (2) treatment on the basis of United States guidelines. Methods: We developed a Markov model of first coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We modeled statin treatment in intermediate risk patients with CAC≥1 and CAC≥100, with different intensities of statins based on the CAC score. We compared these CAC-based treatment strategies to a treat all strategy and to treatment according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) guidelines. Clinical and economic outcomes were modeled over both five- and ten-year time horizons. Outcomes consisted of CHD and CVD events and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses considered the effect of higher event rates, different CAC and statin costs, indirect costs, and re-scanning patients with incidentalomas. Results: We project that it is both cost-saving and more effective to scan intermediate-risk patients for CAC and to treat those with CAC≥1, compared to treatment based on established risk-assessment guidelines. Treating patients with CAC≥100 is also preferred to existing guidelines when we account for statin side effects and the disutility of statin use. Conclusion: Compared to the alternatives we assessed, CAC testing is both effective and cost saving as a risk-stratification tool, particularly if there are adverse effects of long-term statin use. CAC may enable providers to better tailor preventive therapy to patients' risks of CVD.
Cellular immune aspects of the human fetal-maternal relationship. III. Mixed lymphocyte reactivity between related maternal and cord blood lymphocytes.

Abstract Gravida and related cord blood lymphocytes were studied in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture to find out if tolerance or sensitization existed between these organisms. Maternal lymphocytes were consistently stimulated by both related cord blood and adult allogeneic lymphocytes, and the kinetics of the reactions did not suggest that any specific tolerance or sensitization existed toward fetal histocompatibility antigens. Cord blood lymphocytes were stimulated by related maternal lymphocytes in approximately one-half the tests, and also seemed less reactive toward adult allogeneic cells. However, the temporal kinetics of the reaction did not suggest any sensitization or tolerance toward maternal lymphocytes. The findings suggest that the success of the human pregnancy in terms of cell-mediated immunity does not depend upon intrinsic cellular maternal-fetal tolerance.
The Potential Application of Erythroid 5-Aminolevulinate Synthase Variants for Photodynamic Therapy

5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) catalyzes the reaction of succinyl-CoA with glycine to produce 5-aminolevulinate (ALA), carbon dioxide, and CoA, the first and rate-limiting step of the heme biosynthetic pathway in animals. Erythroid ALAS (ALAS2) is negatively regulated by heme at the level of mitochondrial import and, in its mature form, certain mutations of the murine ALAS2 active site loop result in an increase in production of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), the precursor for heme. Interestingly, generation of PPIX is a crucial component in the widely used cancer treatment photodynamic therapy (PDT). ALAS2 variants that cause accumulation of PPIX provide a novel means of targeted photosensitization, and have potential for use in studies to evaluate immunological effects in tumors. In order to assess the potential utility of ALAS2 variants in PPIX production for PDT, K562 cells and HeLa cells were transfected with plasmids encoding ALAS2 variants and the level of accumulated PPIX was analyzed using flow cytometry with fluorescence detection between 620-640nm. Further, cells overexpressing ALAS2 variants were subjected to light treatments after which cell viability was determined. In HeLa cells, we found that transfection of murine ALAS2 hyperactive variants, specifically those with mutated mitochondrial presequences and active site loops, causes significant accumulation of PPIX. Light treatments revealed that ALAS2 overexpression results in an increase in apoptosis in comparison to ALA treatment producing a similar amount of PPIX. Thus, the delivery of very active and stable ALAS2 variants has the potential to considerably improve current ALA-PDT.
Striking Similarity of Murine Nectin-1α to Human Nectin-1α (HveC) in Sequence and Activity as a Glycoprotein D Receptor for Alphaherpesvirus Entry

A cDNA encoding the murine homolog of human nectin-1α (also known as poliovirus receptor-related protein 1 [Prr1] and herpesvirus entry protein C [HveC]) was isolated. The protein encoded by this cDNA proved to be 95% identical in sequence to the human protein and to have similar herpesvirus entry activity. Upon expression of the murine cDNA in hamster cells resistant to alphaherpesvirus entry, the cells became susceptible to the entry of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2), pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1. HSV envelope glycoprotein D (gD), a viral ligand for human nectin-1α, is also a ligand for the murine homolog based on evidence that (i) a soluble hybrid protein composed in part of the murine nectin-1 ectodomain bound specifically to purified soluble forms of HSV-1 and HSV-2 gD as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, (ii) a soluble hybrid of HSV-1 gD bound to hamster cells expressing murine nectin-1α but not to control cells, and (iii) cells expressing both murine nectin-1α and one of the alphaherpesvirus gDs were resistant to entry of HSV-1, indicative of interference with entry resulting from interactions of cell-associated gD with the entry receptor. Northern blot analysis revealed that nectin-1 is expressed in most of the mouse tissues examined and at high levels in the brain, skin, and kidneys. Immunocytochemical localization demonstrated the presence of nectin-1 in epithelial cells of the mouse vagina and also in neuronal cells of the central nervous system, suggesting an expression pattern relevant to both infection at a portal of entry and spread of infection to the brain.
Using Monte Carlo Software to Teach Abstract Statistical Concepts: A Case Study

Violations of assumptions, inflated Type I error rates, and robustness are important concepts for students to learn in an introductory statistics course. However, these abstract ideas can be difficult for students to understand. Monte Carlo simulation methods can provide a concrete way for students to learn abstract statistical concepts. This article describes the MC4G computer software (Brooks, 2004) and the accompanying instructor's manual (Raffle, 2004). It also provides a case study that includes both assessment and course evaluation data supporting the effectiveness of Monte Carlo simulation exercises in a graduate-level statistics course.
Psychoanalytically oriented hypnotic treatment of autoerythrocytic sensitization and blindness.

Abstract A patient with petechial rash and purpura on the lower extremities and hysterical blindness did not respond to conventional medical treatment or to initial courses of psychotherapy, including hypnosis. However, a psychoanalytically oriented hypnotic method was able to elicit the sources of the illness and enabled the author to design a successful therapeutic approach.
Infectious Bronchitis Virus E Protein Is Targeted to the Golgi Complex and Directs Release of Virus-Like Particles

The coronavirus E protein is a poorly characterized small envelope protein present in low levels in virions. We are interested in the role of E in the intracellular targeting of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) membrane proteins. We generated a cDNA clone of IBV E and antibodies to the E protein to study its cell biological properties in the absence of virus infection. We show that IBV E is an integral membrane protein when expressed in cells from cDNA. Epitope-specific antibodies revealed that the C terminus of IBV E is cytoplasmic and the N terminus is translocated. The short luminal N terminus of IBV E contains a consensus site for N-linked glycosylation, but the site is not used. When expressed using recombinant vaccinia virus, the IBV E protein is released from cells at low levels in sedimentable particles that have a density similar to that of coronavirus virions. The IBV M protein is incorporated into these particles when present. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy showed that E is localized to the Golgi complex in cells transiently expressing IBV E. When coexpressed with IBV M, both from cDNA and in IBV infection, the two proteins are colocalized in Golgi membranes, near the coronavirus budding site. Thus, even though IBV E is present at low levels in virions, it is apparently expressed at high levels in infected cells near the site of virus assembly.
SIDE GROUP ADDITION TO THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CORONENE BY PROTON IRRADIATION IN COSMIC ICE ANALOGS

Ices at ∼15 K consisting of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene (C24H12) condensed either with H2O, CO2, or CO in the ratio of 1 : 100 or greater have been subjected to MeV proton bombardment from a Van de Graaff generator. The resulting reaction products have been examined by infrared transmissionreflection-transmission spectroscopy and by microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization mass spectrometry. Just as in the case of UV photolysis, oxygen atoms are added to coronene, yielding, in the case of H2O ices, the addition of one or more alcohol ( i OH) and ketone (1CuO) side chains to the coronene scaffolding. There are, however, significant differences between the products formed by proton irradiation and the products formed by UV photolysis of coronene containing CO and CO2 ices. The formation of a coronene carboxylic acid ( i COOH) by proton irradiation is facile in solid CO but not in CO2, the reverse of what was previously observed for UV photolysis under otherwise identical conditions. This work presents evidence that cosmicray irradiation of interstellar or cometary ices should have contributed to the formation of aromatics bearing ketone and carboxylic acid functional groups in primitive meteorites and interplanetary dust particles. Subject headings: astrobiology — astrochemistry — comets: general — cosmic rays — ISM: molecules — molecular processes
A Review of: “Donald Dutton. The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why “Normal” People Come to Commit Atrocities.”

Donald Dutton's “The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence” is an excellent, erudite, and essential work. But it makes for brutal reading. Dutton sheds light on the darkness of th...
Why Use Multiple Choice Questions with Excess Information

Abstract The examinations administered by accounting instructors, professional certification examiners, textbook writers, and preparatory accounting software all routinely include multiple-choice (MC) questions with excess (yet related) information. Despite their widespread use, little is known about how MC questions with excess information (hereafter, MCE questions) affect student test performance. Based on an empirical analysis of the tests of 374 students in two introductory accounting classes at a single university, we found that average performance was lower on MCE questions than non-MCE questions, but was sensitive to the overall difficulty of the tested concept. We also found no significant difference in the power of the two question types to discriminate – both types appeared equally competent in differentiating between low- and high-performing students. Although accounting professors may wish to use MC questions with excess information for a number of other reasons, we found that MCE questions, as used in the present setting, do not appear to better discriminate student understanding relative to non-MCE questions.
The Direct Synthesis of Organosilicon Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter describes methods for the synthesis of organosilicon compounds and their extension to organic derivatives of other elements. The method for the preparation of organosilicon compounds utilized the halides. Elemental silicon or ferrosilicon reacts readily with chlorine or chlorides; ferrosilicon and chlorine, for example, yield almost pure silicon tetrachloride at 500°, the intermediate polychlorosilanes formed being destroyed by their thermal instability and susceptibility to further chlorination at this temperature. The problem of the efficient large-scale production of compounds with silicon-carbon bonds was essentially solved by Rochow in 1940. The reaction, involving what is now known as the Direct Synthesis, was discovered independently by Muller in 1942 and by James in 1944. The analog of the Direct Synthesis reaction for carbon is not known. The chapter discusses the reaction mechanism and also mentions other Direct Syntheses. The Direct Synthesis has, to a very large extent, been studied with the object of preparing new and useful compounds, and it is probably reasonable to question if some of the claims made in the patent literature are in fact scientifically accurate. The whole subject is, indeed, confusing when considered from the point of view of possible reaction mechanisms. Nevertheless remarkable progress has been made in elucidating some of the steps by which the simpler reactions proceed.
Pharmacologic support for postoperative low cardiac output

Abstract This review has outlined a rational approach to the understanding and pharmacologic treatment of low output states after cardiac surgery. There are clearly other reasonable schemes for the use of these agents for management of these difficult patients. However, the principles of management remain the same. Data about the specific effects of these drugs must be applied to specific patients whose particular hemodynamic derangements have been analyzed carefully. However, the complex and changing interactions between the heart and the peripheral vascular system and the effects of these agents on both signify that these analyses must be made continuously during the early hours after cardiac surgery. Rational use of these agents requires careful analysis of the specific hemodynamic disorder in a given patient. Pharmacologic inotropic therapy should then be tailored to these abnormalities and based on what is known about the expected effects of these drugs on the heart and peripheral circulation. Careful and repeated follow-up measurements to document both the effects of the drugs and potential changes in the patient's hemodynamic state are equired if successful therapy is to be achieved. A rational approach to the selection of the inotropic agents requires not only an understanding of the effects of the drugs, but continuous monitoring of the patient's hemodynamic state and recognition that the patient's condition and needs may change and dictate alteration in subsequent therapy.
Modeling and Evaluation of Centrifugal Compressor Performance Variations Using Probabilistic Analysis

This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the variation in compressor stage performance due to component dimensional variations for a range of flows, speeds, gas compositions and scale factors. Due to the large number of input parameters involved, a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach was used to develop key variables, and to develop response surface models of head coefficient and efficiency in terms of these key variables. These response surface-based performance models then are used for a probabilistic analysis of head coefficient and efficiency as functions of dimensional variations, for a range of compressor sizes. The variations in dimensions are expressed as probability distributions and evaluated using a Monte-Carlo integration technique. The techniques for developing the response surfaces and performing the probabilistic analysis are described, as are methods for evaluating both the effects of dimensional variation on performance and for evaluating how much dimensional variation can be tolerated before the variation exceeds established limits.© 2005 ASME
The “Danger Area” Curve

(1920). The “Danger Area” Curve. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 27, No. 11, pp. 398-401.
THE EFFECT OF FREEZING ON BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CARPAL TUNNEL SUBSYNOVIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Biomechanical evaluation of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) provides insight into the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome. Studies of carpal tunnel mechanics have been performed using fresh-frozen cadaver tissue. Freezing can affect mechanical properties of some tissues, but its effect on SSCT is unknown. A total of 16 rabbit paws were harvested from eight New Zealand rabbits and subjected to mechanical testing consisting of three repeated tendon excursions in sets of three different excursion magnitudes. One paw from each animal was unfrozen. The contralateral paw was frozen and thawed before testing. Force, energy and stiffness of the first cycle of each set were evaluated, as were ratios of the second to first cycle for each parameter. Two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures over both factors was performed. No significant interactions between factors were found. There were no significant differences between fresh and frozen paws for any parameters, though there were significant differences between excursion amplitudes. The damage threshold was not different between fresh and frozen paws. This study demonstrated that freezing rabbit subsynovial connective tissue does not significantly change its mechanical properties. The same may be true for human cadaver tissues. Results of cadaver mechanical testing may not be influenced by this preservation technique.
The Equilibrium Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions of Morpholine: Experimental Data and Thermodynamic Modeling

Experimental carbon dioxide solubility data in aqueous 34.8 wt % (6.14 m) and 43.5 wt % (8.85 m) morpholine solutions at 40, 60, 100, and 120 °C are presented. The solubility measurements were done...
A Time-Dependent and Cosmological Model Consistent with Cosmological Constraints

The prevailing constant cosmological model agrees with observational evidence including the observed red shift, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), and the current rate of acceleration. It assumes that matter contributes 27% to the current density of the universe, with the rest (73%) coming from dark energy represented by the Einstein cosmological parameter in the governing Friedmann-Robertson-Walker equations, derived from Einstein’s equations of general relativity. However, the principal problem is the extremely small value of the cosmological parameter (~10−52 m2). Moreover, the dark energy density represented by is presumed to have remained unchanged as the universe expanded by 26 orders of magnitude. Attempts to overcome this deficiency often invoke a variable model. Cosmic constraints from action principles require that either both and remain time-invariant or both vary in time. Here, we propose a variable cosmological model consistent with the latest red shift data, the current acceleration rate, and BBN, provided the split between matter and dark energy is 18% and 82%. decreases (, where is the normalized cosmic time) and increases () with cosmic time. The model results depend only on the chosen value of at present and in the far future and not directly on .
Sleep and Cognitive Performance From Teens To Old Age: More Is Not Better

Objectives To determine the interaction of age and habitual sleep duration in predicting cognitive performance in a large sample of participants aged 15 to 89 years. Methods This study is a cross-sectional analysis of performance data gathered between January 2012 and September 2013. First-time players (N = 512823) of three internet cognitive training games measuring processing speed, working memory, visuospatial memory, and arithmetic participated in the study. Results Performance was based on a measure of speed and accuracy for each game. The relationship between performance and self-reported habitual sleep duration was examined in the sample as a whole and across 10-year age groups starting at age 15 and ending at 75 and older. Performance peaked at 7 h of sleep duration for all three games in the sample as a whole, and the decrements in performance for sleep durations greater than 7 h were either comparable or greater in the youngest as compared to the oldest age groups. Conclusions These findings challenge the hypothesis that deteriorating cognitive performance with long sleep duration is driven by medical comorbidities associated with aging. Further, these data are consistent with an optimal dose model of sleep and suggest that the model for the homeostatic recovery of cognitive function as a function of sleep duration should incorporate a curvilinear decline with longer duration sleep, indicating that there may be a cost to increased sleep. Replication and further research is essential for clarifying the sleep duration-cognition relationship in youth and adults of all ages.
Foramina Parietalia Permagna Syndrome

A boy, born with a soft cranium, had symmetrical defects in the parietal bones, small head, triangular face, micrognathia, small mouth, downslanted palpebral fissures, arched eyebrows, short webbed neck, branchial fistulae, and sensorineural deafness.
The research and development of comprehensive evaluation and management system for harmonic and negative-sequence

Power quality interference sources generate a large number of harmonics and negative-sequence current into power grid in the process of using electricity. Harmonics and negative-sequence current not only affect power grid's safety and economical operation also cause interference to other normal users, which brings large threat and danger to the power grid and users. As an effective method to prevent and control power quality interference source, it is important to evaluate the harmonic and negative-sequence current at the installation part of power quality interference source, guide the user taking measures to control power quality in the design of current electricity-consummation. This paper describes the research and development of comprehensive evaluation and management system for harmonic and negative-sequence current. This software has the following functions: harmonic computation, comprehensive assessment of user harmonic and negative-sequence, filter design and checking, SVC measurement, harmonic source database management. This software models the system components, load and typical harmonic source under the CIGRE standard with graphical interface. It models the power supply network by the means of one-line diagram, completes the harmonic calculation by Monte-Carlo or Laguerre polynomial, and simulates the distribution of power system harmonics by statistical moment with harmonics power flow techniques. The evaluation of user's harmonic and negative-sequence based mainly on the GB, combined with the access point short-circuit capacity, power capacity and protocol capacity to calculate the limit value of harmonic and negative-sequence current that assigned to user. According to the typical user's harmonic emission level or measured value, we can calculate the value of harmonic current generated by user and execute assessment by comparing them. One way to design filter and carry on SVC evaluation is calculating by custom method. Another way is to cut the existing data into calculation and checking, and then the bus voltage waveform before and after inputting filter or SVC by graphical virtual operation can be obtained, and a rich and intuitive results reports and graphics can be generated at the same time. This software is easy to operate, and its calculation results are accurate. It is an effective tool to assess and manage power quality.
Origins of Cardiovascular Surgery at the Mayo Clinic

Sixty years ago, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, an ambitious group of pioneers, led by Dr John W. Kirklin and supported by a multidisciplinary team of physicians and technicians embarked on a planned series of surgical cases using a heart-lung machine to allow direct visualization of the inside of the opened human heart to repair otherwise fatal congenital intracardiac defects. Their success sparked the beginning of a new era of open-heart surgery. In this historical article, we discuss the contributions of a few key figures of this revolution and also share the story of the first successful cardiac surgery operation using cardiopulmonary bypass performed at Mayo Clinic.