cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Significance of Helminth Endoparasites on the Physiological Performance of Two Sympatric Fishes

We investigated the effects of helminth endoparasite load on the physiological performance of 2 sympatric fishes, Lepomis macrochirus and Lepomis megalotis (Centrarchidae). Species-specific swimming endurance and thermal tolerance were used as measures of physiological performance. A discriminant function analysis for endurance indicated that only kidney parasite load significantly correlated with the first discriminant function. However, overall increases in parasite load within the mesentery, heart, liver, and small intestine were each associated with observed decreases in endurance for both species. A discriminant function analysis also indicated that increases in mesentery and liver parasite load were significantly correlated with decreases in thermal tolerance. An overall increase in parasite load within the mesentery, heart, liver, small intestine, and spleen was also correlated with decreased thermal tolerance. Thus, our results suggest that helminth endoparasite load may play an important role in the physiological performance of these sympatric fishes. Differences in microhabitat utilization and partitioning of L. macrochirus and L. megalotis correlate with species-specific physiological performance. For example, microhabitats with greater current velocities are used by L. megalotis because of the greater capacity of this species for endurance. However, parasite loads that significantly reduce endurance would force changes in habitat utilization causing direct competition among species normally partitioned. We offer a theoretical discussion of how parasite load may create opportunities for interaction and competition among individuals and species usually partitioned by physiologically based preferences in microhabitat utilization.
Ceftazidime in the treatment of nosocomial sepsis

Abstract Ceftazidime has broad antibacterial activity against many gram-positive and most clinically significant nosocomial gram-negative bacillary pathogens. Many studies have been undertaken both in this country and in western Europe to determine the clinical effectiveness of ceftazidime in seriously ill patients. Differentiating between nosocomial and community-acquired infections is difficult in many reports, but high cure rates, usually exceeding 80 percent, have been reported for documented gram-negative bacillary infections. In non-neutropenic patients, response rates have also been in a comparable range. Particularly Impressive have been the high cure rates In Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia complicating burns and other gram-negative bacteremias in patients with underlying diseases. In comparative studies carried out in seriously ill or neutropenic patients, the results with ceftazidime have not significantly differed from those obtained with regimens that included beta-lactam agents paired with aminoglycosides. Some problem areas persist in these studies: the interpretation of comparative studies in which a large number of cases were eliminated because of "unevaluability," superinfections due to gram-positive organisms that may require or necessitate addition of agents like vancomycin, and the emergence of resistance as seen in three groups of organisms—Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Enterobacter species. Nonetheless, summary data from cases treated in the United States indicate cure and/or improvement in 100 percent of 14 cases of Serratia bacteremia, 83 percent of 12 cases of Enterobacter sepsis, 82 percent of 22 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, and 85 percent in 27 cases of P. aeruginosa bacteremia. Only 11 of 86 cases of bacteremla due to the organisms just cited were judged unevaluable. Three of the four failures in the treatment of Pseudomonas bacteremia occured in neutropenic patients. More definitive information on the relative efficacy of ceftazidime in controlled trials, particularly in granulocytopenic patients, may result from more careful analysis of survivorship using methods that do not eliminate "unevaluable cases." Techniques for this type of analysis have already been implemented in some studies.
On the Purity of Laboratory-Generated Sulfuric Acid Droplets and Ambient Particles Studied by Laser Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACT Particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry (PALMS) was used to examine sulfuric acid particles representative of stratospheric sulfate aerosols (SSAs) and ambient tropospheric aerosols. Sulfuric acid particles were generated in the laboratory by condensing sulfuric acid vapors in a flow stream of particle-free dry air or nitrogen. The purest particles were produced using filtered, high-purity nitrogen in a clean glass and stainless steel system. In contrast, generation techniques using filtered compressed air, Tygon tubing, or Viton o-rings resulted in detectable organic impurities in the positive ion spectra of sulfuric acid droplets. With the PALMS instrument, the lower limit of our detection of organics is at most 0.02 wt% α-tocopherol in sulfuric acid, which in terms of surface coverage corresponds to less than one monolayer on a 0.2-μm-diameter particle. When we eventually deploy the PALMS instrument in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, we should be able to detect the presence ...
31P and 29Si Magic‐Angle Sample‐Spinning NMR Investigation of the Structural Environment of Phosphorus in Alkaline‐Earth Silicate Glasses

Les etudes par spectrometrie RMN MASS indiquent que le phosphore ajoute sous forme de P 2 O 5 a des verres de metasilicate alcalinoterreux est present sous forme d'unites structurales monomeres (PO 4 ) 3− et que l'incorporation de ce phosphore augmente la polymerisation moyenne de la fraction silicate du verre; les resultats concordent avec les interpretations publiees des spectres Raman des verres de meme composition
Depression screening is not enough.

The findings of Valenstein and colleagues in this issue do not imply that detecting depression is unimportant. Instead, the authors' cost–utility analysis raises questions about universal screening...
Identification of drugs by high-pressure liquid chromatography with dual wavelength ultraviolet detection

Abstract Using three solvent-column systems, 101 drugs of forensic interest were characterized by their high-pressure liquid chromatographic relative retention times and by the ratio of their absorbances at 254 and 280 nm. Using relative retention times alone, only 9% of the drugs could be distinguished; while when both the retention times and absorbance ratios were used, 95% of the drugs could be distinguished. The compounds were also characterized by comparisons of their retention times on an adsorption column and a reversed-phase column, however this pair of discriminators were less useful than the former techniques.
Estimating the economic burden of depression in children and adolescents.

Background Depression in childhood and adolescence creates significant burden to individuals, families, and societies by increasing morbidity, increasing mortality, and negatively affecting quality of life during times of significantly depressed mood. Several studies have estimated the cost of depression in the United States and elsewhere, but none have included the costs associated with depression in children or younger adolescents. This paper reviews data currently available on the cost of depression in childhood and the cost effectiveness of interventions to treat and prevent depression in this population. Methods A systematic review was conducted of published literature related to the cost of depression in children and adolescents and of economic evaluations of interventions to treat or prevent depression in this population. Results Five articles were identified that included any type of data related to the cost of depression in childhood; four articles were identified that conducted economic evaluations of interventions to treat or prevent depression in children or adolescents. Conclusions Little information on the economic burden of depression in childhood is currently available. Future research in this area needs to include a broad range of costs; long-term outcomes; and costs relevant to decision makers in public and private agencies, such as implementation costs and costs of sustaining intervention fidelity over time.
Effect of screening of the Coulomb interaction on the conductivity in the quantum Hall regime

We study variable-range hopping in the quantum Hall effect regime in the presence of a metallic gate parallel to the plane of a two-dimensional electron gas. Screening of the Coulomb interaction by the gate causes the partial ``filling'' of the Coulomb gap in the density of localized states. At low enough temperatures this leads to a substantial enhancement and a different temperature behavior of the hopping conductivity. As a result, the diagonal conductivity peaks become much wider. The power-law dependence of the width of the peaks on the temperature changes: the corresponding exponent turns out to be twice as small as that for gateless structures. The width dependences on the current in the non-Ohmic regime and on the frequency for the absorption of the electromagnetic waves experience a similar modification. The experimental observation of the crossovers predicted may demonstrate the important role of the Coulomb interaction in the integer quantum Hall regime.
Clinical correlates of poor sleep quality in posttraumatic stress disorder

Sleep disturbances (SD) are a core clinical feature of PTSD. The goal of the study was to determine the influence of patient-related characteristics, disorder-related characteristics, and psychiatric comorbidity on the severity of SD in PTSD outpatients (n = 367) who were not recruited for a sleep study. Increased severity of SD paralleled increasing overall PTSD severity. The severity of SD did not differ according to gender, age groups, types of trauma, PTSD chronicity, or psychiatric comorbidity. Results suggest that age, gender, and psychiatric comorbidity have minimal impact on sleep quality in this PTSD sample. The inclusion of PTSD patients who were not specifically seeking treatment for SD reinforces the study findings.
Time Judgment and Level of Aspiration

Accuracy of judgment of auditory signals as more or less than a clock second is related to sociomecric status (3). The present srudy took extreme overescimators (N = 7), underestimators (N = 9), and most accurate Ss (N = 14) from the same population and examined their performance on three level of aspiration (LA) tasks. The Cassel LA procedure (1) required prediction of amount of performance per unit time; a card-sorting procedure (2) required prediction of amount of time to complete a task; the Rotter Board (4) involved prediction of scores without a time factor. Direction and accuracy of LA measures were treated with Mann-Whitney U tests.Vith the cardsorting, time-based procedure, overestimators had a less accurate LA (P < .05) than the other two time judgment groups; with the Cassel speed task overestimators had a lowered and less accurate LA (P < .05); with the Rotter Board task no LA-time judgment relationship was found. Underestimators were not different from accurate estimators, while overestimators were more inaccurate in predicting level of performance on time-based LA tasks When an LA procedure involves a temporal component either in the form of predict~ng performance per unit time or predicting amount of time to complete a task, inaccurate aspiration accompanies overestimation of time. This time judgment-LA relationship was not obtained when the LA task excluded a temporal component. Time judgment is related to a temporally based LA in the same population
X-Ray Identification of Element 104

The daughter x-ray identification technique has been applied to the identification of element 104. The characteristic $K$-series x rays from the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decay daughter isotope, nobelium ($Z=102$), have been observed in coincidence with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles from the decay of 4.5-sec $^{257}104$, thus providing an unequivocal determination of the parent atomic number, $Z=104$.
Residents as teachers: psychiatry and family medicine residents' self-assessment of teaching knowledge, skills, and attitudes.

Objective Residents are one of the prime sources of information and education for medical students. As an initial step in supporting residents as teachers, a baseline self-assessment of residents’ knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values related to teaching was conducted among psychiatry and family medicine residents to compare and improve their confidence and skills as teachers.
Can Early Reading Achievement Be Predicted with Traditional Learning Disabilities Tests? A Case Study.

Abstract This case study examines how a first grade boy, for whom difficulties in literacy acquisition were predicted from tests, progressed in learning to read and write. Data included: (a) test scores from a psychologist, a speech therapist, an audiologist, and standardized school tests; (b) samples of school reading and writing tasks; (c) samples of writing and reading attempts done outside of school; (d) samples of talk about reading and writing and the nature of written language by the child; and (e) observation and tracking of school instruction. Actual progress in first-grade reading indicated that no relationship existed between the test results and the child's actual level of success. The limited view of literacy acquisition reflected in the Learning Disability (LD) test battery and an approach to diagnosis which accounts for experience with written language are discussed.
Seamless Joining of Silicon Nitride Ceramics

High-strength joining of Si3N4 ceramics has been achieved by developing a process that effectively eliminates the seam, and may allow for fabrication of large or complex silicon nitride bodies. This approach to joining is based on the concept that when sintering aids are effective in bonding individual grains, they could be equally effective in joining bulk pieces of Si3N4. Optimization of the process led to Si3N4/Si3N4 joints with room-temperature bend strengths as high as 950 MPa, corresponding to more than 90% of the bulk strength of the Si3N4. At elevated temperatures of 1000° and 1200°C joint strengths of 666 and 330 MPa, respectively, were obtained, which are the highest values reported to date for these temperatures. These bend strengths are also more that 90% of the strength of bulk Si3N4 measured at these temperatures.
Survival of mouse bone-marrow cells frozen and thawed in solutions of amino acids.

An investigation was made of the survival of bonemarrow cells frozen and thawed in various ways. Mechanisms by which living cells are able to survive freezing were also investigated. (C.H.)
Analyses of Pressure Oscillations in an Open Cavity

Open cavities an aircraft exposed to high-speed flow, such as weapon bays, can give rise to intense selfinduced pressure oscillations. The amplitude of these oscillations, under certain flight conditions, can cause structural damage. Substantial experimental and analytical efforts have investigated these pressure fluctuations, resulting in some understanding of the complex interaction of the external shear layer and cavity acoustical disturbances. However, no numerical computations have been obtained for the complete governing fluid mechanical equations. The purpose of this study is to obtain numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for an open cavity in order to provide a new tool for the analysis of this phenomenon. '
Pentosan-induced thrombocytopenia: support for an immune complex mechanism

Summary Pentosan polysulphate is a low molecular weight heparinoid that is used as an anticoagulant. Because the drug also has antineoplastic properties, it has been used experimentally at the National Institutes of Health to treat metastatic malignancies. We present the case of a patient who developed thrombocytopenia resembling Type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) during the course of pentosan therapy. The patient's plasma demonstrated platelet reactivity both by aggregometry and 14Cserotonin release in the presence of pentosan. Heparin and other polyanions could substitute for pentosan in aggregation studies. The aggregating activity co-purified with the patient's IgG and was inhibited by pre-incubation with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to the platelet Fc receptor. To elucidate the relationship between the platelet, the polyanion and the antibody, we measured the binding of 3H-heparin to platelets in the presence of the patient's IgG and found that it was increased 6-fold over binding in the presence of control IgG. Heparin binding was not reduced by MoAb against the Fc receptor. Taken together, these data support a model in which polyanion-antibody complexes attach to the platelet surface by the polyanion and secondarily stimulate the platelet via their Fc termini.
Method of rapid mix EPR applied to the folding of bi-spin-labeled protein as a probe for the dynamic onset of interaction between sequentially distant side chains

The time scale over which an interaction between distant residues is established impacts the nature of protein folding. Our method for probing the interaction between distant residues is the result of newly developed rapid-mix flow EPR apparatus and of cysteine-directed spin labeling. In our method, entire spectra of bi-labeled protein have been acquired with better than millisecond time resolution after the start of folding. To do this, we use an ultra rapid ball-mixer interfaced to a mini dielectric resonator and combined with simultaneous rapid field scanning. Details of the specialized mixer, resonant structure, and the field sweep/data gathering are presented. This initial application focused on iso-1-cytochrome c cysteine-specifically bi-labeled at the cysteine-mutated sites, Ser47Cys and Lys79Cys. These are sequentially distant sites whose unmutated side chains in folded protein are less than 10 A away from each other and whose spin labels are ∼14 A distant as evidenced by spin−spin dipolar broaden...
Porous vessels: A critique of the nation, nationalism and national character as analytical concepts

(1989). Porous vessels: A critique of the nation, nationalism and national character as analytical concepts. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 705-720.
The ν4 bands of 10BF3 and 11BF3 at high resolution

Abstract The perpendicular bands ν 4 ← 0 at 480 cm −1 in the infrared spectra of 10 BF 3 and 11 BF 3 have been measured with a resolution of ca. 0.03 cm −1 . The bands are similar in appearance and, in each case, the fine structure is almost fully resolved at low J values. We determined the rotational constants of the V 4 = 1 state in both isotopic molecules; in particular, ζ 44 (z) ( 10 BF 3 ) = −0.809 and ζ 44 (z) ( 11 BF 3 ) = −0.789 and the vibrational frequencies ν 4 ( 10 BF 3 ) = 481.13 cm −1 and ν 4 ( 11 BF 3 ) = 479.36 cm −1 . These new results serve to fix the E species quadratic force constants of the BF 3 molecule.
Valuation, policy, and software strategy

The emergence of the Virtual Observatory as a new model for doing science means that the value of a facility instrument is no longer limited to its own lifetime. Instead, value becomes the net effect of optimizing observational throughput, the quality and quantity of data in the archive, and the applicability of the data that can survive and be used for future research even after a telescope ceases operations. Valuation aims to answer two questions which are especially important to funding agencies: what am I getting for my investment, and why should I care? Policy establishes guidelines for achieving the goals that lead to increased value. The relative roles of valuation and policy in inventory control and archiving strategies, adoption of standards, and developing maintainable software systems to meet these future goals are examined.
Many-Body Effects in Photoemission

A many-body formalism utilizing a tunneling operator is proposed for the photoemission process, thereby avoiding the artificial separation of the process into distinct steps. The lowest-order term in the formalism, corresponding to surface scattering, is developed in detail for simple metals. Energy-distribution curves from this "surface term" are presented for both free and interacting electrons. Many-body effects, including plasmarons, are prominent in the latter and have tentative experimental support.
Spectral selectivity of composite enamel coatings on 321 stainless steel

Abstract Composite porcelain-enamel coatings consisting of spinel-type transition-metal-oxide pigments embedded in a borosilicate-glass matrix were deposited on 321 stainless steel using screen-printing techniques and characterized using total reflectance over the spectral range of 200 nm to 25 μm. The composite coatings exhibited moderate spectral selectivity and excellent thermal stability at 450 °C. Solar absorptance (α) ranged from 0.82 to 0.90 and calculated thermal emittance at 500 °C (e) ranged from 0.46 to 0.79. Both depended on coating thickness and pigment volume concentrations. As an example, the highest solar selectivity was measured in a 0.9 μm coating with α and e (500 °C) being 0.82 and 0.46, respectively.
Optimal regularization method to determine the strength of a plane surface heat source

Abstract The regularization method combined with the generalized cross-validation (GCV) approach is used to solve the problem of inverse heat conduction involving the determination of the strength of a surface heat source located inside a plate. The advantage of the present approach lies in the fact that the GCV method allows the determination of the optimum value of the regularization parameter. Numerical experiments are presented to show that the value of the regularization, α, determined in this manner is indeed optimum.
The (epi)genetic control of mammalian X-chromosome inactivation

Abstract In mammals, the X chromosome is uniquely capable of complete inactivation. Research in the past two years has validated the long-held hypothesis that the ‘ X-inactivation center ’ ( Xic ) controls events of X inactivation and that its resident gene Xist is not only required but is at least partially responsible for the cis -restriction of X inactivation. Progress has also been made in identifying genes within the Xic . Although Xist remains the only known required element, evidence now suggests that a separate element for X counting must exist and that the Xic may be entirely contained within a 450 kb sequence. This small region may be sufficient for both initiation and establishment of X inactivation.
Effects of Drilling Mud on the Reef-Building Coral Montastrea annularis

The skeletal extension and corallite shape of individuals of the Caribbean and Atlantic reef-building coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) were measured after more than six weeks' continuous flow-through exposure in laboratory aquaria to treatments of 0, 1, 10 and 100-ppm (μl 1-1) drilling mud. Linear increase of the skeleton (extension rate) and fossa length were significantly depressed in the 100-ppm treatment. Chronic exposure to 100-ppm drilling mud impairs coral skeletal growth rate and possibly interferes with sediment rejection capability by lowering calical relief.
Preventing perioperative obstruction of tympanostomy tubes: a prospective trial of a simple method☆

The intraluminal obstruction of tympanostomy tubes by hemorrhage incurred in the perioperative period is not a rare problem. The exact frequency, however, is unknown and methods of prevention have not been studied. We prospectively investigated a method of unilaterally coating one grommet with antibiotic ointment in 128 children undergoing bilateral tympanostomy tube placement; the contralateral tube was not treated. We established the incidence of intraluminal obstruction by blood in untreated grommets to be 4.7%. The incidence of hemorrhagic obstruction of the coated tubes was less (2.3%) but did not achieve statistical significance (P <0.20). The technique of antibiotic ointment application to the tympanostomy tube at the time of surgery was not sufficiently efficacious to justify routine use.
Test of Time-Reversal Invariance in Elastic Electron Scattering from the Deuteron

A test of time-reversal invariance for an electromagnetic interaction at high momentum transfer has been performed by measuring the recoil-deuteron vector polarization for the elastic scattering of electrons from an unpolarized deuteron target for an incident electron energy of 1 GeV and a recoil-deuteron four-momentum of $q=721$ MeV/c. The value obtained for the vector polarization is $|P|=0.075\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.088$, showing no significant $T$ nonconservation.
Facing reality in the George Bush era

T he George Bush economy will mean substantial change for American business. Reaganomics is now a closed chapter in United States economic history. The key parts were tax cuts; new expenditure priorities, notably defense spending increases; monetary restraint; and regulatory reform. Consider the very different focus of the current policy debates. It is not on cutting taxes but on which kind of tax increase or new tax to support. Nor is the emphasis now on increasing defense; it is on how much to cut. Monetary policy is no longer geared to bringing down double-digit inflation but to generating enough liquidity to keep the economy growing on a sustainable basis. Regulatory reform is no longer an active term in the policymakers' vocabulary. Nevertheless, the Reagan legacy will strongly influence the policy choices of President Bush.
The ironic effects of weight stigma

Abstract America's war on obesity has intensified stigmatization of overweight and obese individuals. This experiment tested the prediction that exposure to weight-stigmatizing messages threatens the social identity of individuals who perceive themselves as overweight, depleting executive resources necessary for exercising self-control when presented with high calorie food. Women were randomly assigned to read a news article about stigma faced by overweight individuals in the job market or a control article. Exposure to weight-stigmatizing news articles caused self-perceived overweight women, but not women who did not perceive themselves as overweight, to consume more calories and feel less capable of controlling their eating than exposure to non-stigmatizing articles. Weight-stigmatizing articles also increased concerns about being a target of stigma among both self-perceived overweight and non-overweight women. Findings suggest that social messages targeted at combating obesity may have paradoxical and undesired effects.
Identification of 24h Ixodes scapularis immunogenic tick saliva proteins.

Abstract Ixodes scapularis is arguably the most medically important tick species in the United States. This tick transmits 5 of the 14 human tick-borne disease (TBD) agents in the USA: Borrelia burgdorferi , Anaplasma phagocytophilum , B. miyamotoi , Babesia microti , and Powassan virus disease. Except for the Powassan virus disease, I. scapularis -vectored TBD agents require more than 24 h post attachment to be transmitted. This study describes identification of 24 h immunogenic I. scapularis tick saliva proteins, which could provide opportunities to develop strategies to stop tick feeding before transmission of the majority of pathogens. A 24 h fed female I. scapularis phage display cDNA expression library was biopanned using rabbit antibodies to 24 h fed I. scapularis female tick saliva proteins, subjected to next generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and bioinformatic analyses. A total of 182 contigs were assembled, of which ∼19% (35/182) are novel and did not show identity to any known proteins in GenBank. The remaining ∼81% (147/182) of contigs were provisionally identified based on matches in GenBank including ∼18% (27/147) that matched protein sequences previously annotated as hypothetical and putative tick saliva proteins. Others include proteases and protease inhibitors (∼3%, 5/147), transporters and/or ligand binding proteins (∼6%, 9/147), immunogenic tick saliva housekeeping enzyme-like (17%, 25/147), ribosomal protein-like (∼31%, 46/147), and those classified as miscellaneous (∼24%, 35/147). Notable among the miscellaneous class include antimicrobial peptides (microplusin and ricinusin), myosin-like proteins that have been previously found in tick saliva, and heat shock tick saliva protein. Data in this study provides the foundation for in-depth analysis of I. scapularis feeding during the first 24 h, before the majority of TBD agents can be transmitted.
High molecular weight phosphorus oxyfluorides

Abstract Mass spectrometric studies have revealed the existence of many high molecular weight POF polymers, i.e., phosphorus oxyfluorides. Fluorinated samples of reagent grade P 4 O 10 were vaporized into a mass spectrometer at temperatures between 25°C and 350°C. Ionic species of mass greater than 1000 have been observed. The ions, formed by impact with 15 V electrons, can be classified into three groups. Group I consists of ions of the type P n O 2 n −1 F n +2 + , for n = 1–13. The neutral molecular precursors for the first two members of this series are the well characterized molecules, POF 3 and P 2 O 3 F 4 . Group II consists of ions of the type P n O 2 n F n +2 + , n = 2–11, and Group III includes ions of the type P n O 2 n +2 + , n = 2–10. It is suggested that the parent ions of Group I result from the simple ionization of a linear polymer with the general formula, (PO 2 F) n , where each of the terminal phosphorus atoms of the chain is bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of which is a bridging atom, and to two fluorine atoms.
Frequency comb referenced displacement interferometry for the NIST calculable capacitor

This paper describes the ongoing work on measuring the variable spacing between two electrodes in the next-generation NIST calculable capacitor. The spacing measurement is based on a high finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer system where displacements are inferred from optical frequency measurements. Using a frequency comb referenced to an atomic clock as an optical frequency standard, we achieve a fractional uncertainty of δν/ν ∼ 2·10−11 at 2 seconds. This corresponds to a stabilization of the spacing at the picometer level.
A contextual account of the generation effect: A three-factor theory ☆

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the generation effect (items generated by an individual are better remembered than items that are read) can be diminished or eliminated under between-subjects deployment of the encoding task (generating vs. reading). Three experiments that further delineate the nature of the generation effect in between-subjects designs are reported. Experiments 1 and 2, using a structured word list, found significant generation effects in free recall under certain cue-target conditions and written-response conditions. Generation effects in recognition and cued recall occurred in all conditions. In Experiment 3, with intentional learning instructions, significant generation effects were not obtained. Current accounts of recent failures to find significant generation effects are discussed in light of our results, and all are found lacking to some degree. We propose an extension to the idea that generation enhances both cue-target relational processing and individual-item processing; namely, in some contexts generation will enhance whole-list processing.
Integration issues in transmitter and receiver modules for WDM

The research activity on WDM transmitter and receiver modules is presented. The integration of laser array and optical combiner as well as demultiplexer and detector array is discussed. The challenges and potential approaches for integrated modules are presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A problem in the mathematical biophysics of blood circulation: I

The standard approximation method used in mathematical biophysics is applied to the problem of flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in an elastic distensible tube. It is found that the wall of the tube may perform damped transversal harmonic oscillations due to that flow. The phenomenon is independent of the viscosity, the latter contributing only a damping factor. While, due to rather rough approximations, the practical applicability of the equation derived is rather limited, it is suggested that they may give a clue to the understanding of vibrations of the walls of blood vessels which long ago have been suggested as the possible source of some hemic murmurs.
Proton transfer to residues of basic pKa during catalysis by carbonic anhydrase

Abstract The maximal velocity in the hydration of CO 2 catalyzed by the carbonic anhydrases in well-buffered solutions is limited by an intramolecular proton transfer from zinc-bound water to acceptor groups of the enzyme and hence to buffer in solution. Stopped-flow spectrophotometry was used to accumulate evidence that this maximal velocity is affected by residues of basic p K a , near 8 to above 9, in catalysis of the hydration of CO 2 by carbonic anhydrases III, IV, V, and VII. A mutant of carbonic anhydrase II containing the replacement His-64→Ala, which removes the prominent histidine proton shuttle (with p K a near 7), allows better observation of these basic groups. We suggest this feature of catalysis is general for the human and animal carbonic anhydrases and is due to residues of basic p K a , predominantly lysines and tyrosines more distant from the zinc than His-64, that act as proton acceptors. These groups supplement the well-studied proton transfer from zinc-bound water to His-64 in the most efficient of the carbonic anhydrases, isozymes II, IV, and VII.
British Policy Toward Egyptian Labour Activism, 1882–1936

In May 1896 Lord Cromer, the British Agent and Consul-General in Egypt and that country's de facto ruler, received a “very numerously signed petition” from the coalheavers of Port Said. These workers, most of them migrants from Upper Egypt, were employed through labor contractors by several English and other foreign-owned companies to carry coal onto ships transiting the Suez Canal. The coalheavers complained of ill-treatment by the contractors (shuyuūkh), who “buy and sell us like slaves”, stealing part of their wages and forcing them to buy all they needed at stores owned by the contractors. Cromer acknowledged receipt of the petition in a letter to the coaling companies, commenting that the workers “seem to have some real grievances, notably in connection with the truck system”. Suggesting that the employers seek to avoid a strike, he expressed the opinion that the government “should deal with a strike at Port Said on the same lines as a strike in England, that is to say, that they should preserve order and not interfere to any serious extent between employers and labourers.”
Experimental measurements of statistical properties of scattered light due to double passage through a random phase screen

An experiment was performed to analyze the effects of random phase screen correlation upon reciprocal path scattering (RPS) for a mirror target. It is well known that when a propagation wave is passed through a random phase screen, then back reflected through the same phase screen, signal enhancement and increased signal fluctuations occur. As the phase screen encountered by the back reflected beam evolves from that which the transmitted beam encountered, the RPS phenomena degrades. The results due to Taylor phase screen slewing are presented.
Myomodulin application increases cAMP and activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the accessory radual closer muscle of Aplysia

Myomodulin A (MMA) application or stimulation of neuron B16, which releases MMA, increases cAMP levels in the accessory radula closer (ARC) muscle of Aplysia. MMA application also increases cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) activity in one subcellular compartment of the muscle. These results suggest that at least part of MMA's effects in this system are mediated via the cAPK signal transduction pathway. Since the effects of the small cardioactive peptides (SCPs) on ARC muscle contraction are similar to those of MMA, our results suggest that the convergent physiological effects of MMA and SCPB in this system may be due, in part, to the two peptide neuromodulators utilizing the same signal transduction pathway.
Ideology and Social Improvement in Bolivia during the 20th Century

This essay relates improvements in social indicators in Bolivia during the Twentieth Century to ideological changes during the same period. During the Twentieth Century, most social indicators improved dramatically in Bolivia. Separately, scholars have vigorously debated ideologies, such as neoliberalism and its macroeconomic competitors, and the potential social impact of these ideologies. Despite the separate emphases on ideas and social outcomes, no systematic attempt has been made by scholars of Bolivia to link long–term ideological change to long–term social improvement in the country. This essay argues that it is probable that such a relationship exists, but it is important to consider mass ideology, which affects the whole of Bolivian society, in addition to elite ideology, which affects a much more limited portion of society.
Neuronal Development: Specifying a Hard-Wired Circuit

The formation of neuronal circuits that relay distinct olfactory information is thought to depend on cues provided by pre-synaptic receptor neurons. But direct visualization of second order neurons in Drosophila now suggests that dendritic targeting occurs independently of interactions with incoming sensory neurons.
Contact-Induced Nonlinearity in Oscillating Belts and Webs:

This study is motivated by issues in belt dynamics and paper forming where the oscillatory motion of the contact point between the belt and pulley or the web and roll is important. The objective is to evaluate the influence of the nonlinear contact boundary conditions on the dynamics of the belt or web. To accomplish this objective, two models are analyzed using perturbation methods. The first model represents a string on an elastic foundation (an approximation of the paper forming process) and the second model represents a tensioned beam (accessory drive belt). The first correction to the fundamental natural frequency and the dynamic belt/web length are determined as a function of the governing parameters. For both models, the change in belt length is found to be proportional to the radius of the pulley/roll and the initial belt/web energy.
Combined preoperative use of celecoxib and gabapentin in the management of postoperative pain.

Background In 2005 we reported a study on the efficacy of the preoperative use of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex) for reducing both postoperative pain and opioid requirements in patients undergoing bilateral subpectoral breast augmentation. Our findings showed that patients who received 400 mg of celecoxib 30 min before surgery required significantly less postoperative opioid analgesics compared with those given a placebo. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an agent commonly used to control neuropathic pain. Here we describe a prospective study assessing the efficacy of preoperative gabapentin in combination with celecoxib for reducing postoperative pain and opioid requirements in elective subpectoral breast augmentation.
The Synapse-Associated Protein Rapsyn Regulates Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Proteins Colocalized at Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Clusters

Abstract Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has been suggested to play an important role in the clustering of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the developing neuromuscular junction. Recent studies have shown that the 43-kDa synapse-associated protein rapsyn induces clustering of the AChR in heterologous expression systems. In this study we examined whether tyrosine phosphorylation is involved in this rapsyn-induced AChR clustering. Rapsyn-induced AChR clusters in fibroblasts contain phosphotyrosine, as detected using immunofluorescent labeling with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. No anti-phosphotyrosine staining of rapsyn clusters is seen in the absence of AChR expression, indicating that the AChR is required for the appearance of phosphotyrosine at clusters. In addition, coexpression of rapsyn with the AChR induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the β amd δ subunits of the AChR. Surprisingly, mutation of the tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the AChR did not inhibit rapsyn-induced clustering of the AChR and clusters of the mutant AChRs still contained high levels of phosphotyrosine. Experiments with single AChR subunits demonstrate that the α subunit of the AChR appears to be necessary and sufficient for codistribution of phosphotyrosine with rapsyn-induced clusters of AChR subunits. Finally, transfection of cells with rapsyn activates cellular protein tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several membrane-associated proteins. These results suggest that rapsyn may therefore regulate clustering at least in part by regulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins.
Risk Factors Associated With Surgical Site Infection in 30,491 Primary Total Hip Replacements

We examined patient and surgical factors associated with deep surgical site infection (SSI) following total hip replacement (THR) in a large integrated healthcare system. A retrospective review of a cohort of primary THRs performed between 2001 and 2009 was conducted. Patient characteristics, surgical details, surgeon and hospital volumes, and SSIs were identified using the Kaiser Permanente Total Joint Replacement Registry (TJRR). Proportional-hazard regression models were used to assess risk factors for SSI. The study cohort consisted of 30,491 THRs, of which 17,474 (57%) were performed on women. The mean age of the patients in the whole series was 65.5 years (13 to 97; SD 11.8) and the mean body mass index was 29.3 kg/m(2) (15 to 67; SD 5.9). The incidence of SSI was 0.51% (155 of 30,491). Patient factors associated with SSI included female gender, obesity, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥ 3. Age, diagnosis, diabetes and race were not associated with SSI. The only surgical factor associated with SSI was a bilateral procedure. Surgeon and hospital volumes, use of antibiotic-laden cement, fixation method, laminar flow, body exhaust suits, surgical approach and fellowship training were not associated with risk of SSI. A comprehensive infection surveillance system, combined with a TJRR, identified patient and surgical factors associated with SSI. Obesity and chronic medical conditions should be addressed prior to THR. The finding of increased SSI risk with bilateral THR requires further investigation.
THE EFFECTS OF SENSORY MODALITY AND INFORMATION PRIORITY ON IN-VEHICLE SIGNING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

This paper describes a study in which subjects drove an interactive driving simulator and were presented road sign information from a visual dash-mounted LCD display or from digitized auditory voice. Information priority was also manipulated in that subjects received all sign information typically present in the roadway environment, or only filtered high priority regulatory and notification information. The effects of display type and filtering on information recall driver performance, and driver preferences were measured. The results indicate that presenting information in an auditory mode results in a higher level of road sign information recall, but also decreases the subjects' driving performance when compared to a visual display.
Input shaping design using sequential linear programming (SLP) for non-linear systems

This paper presents a sequential optimization technique for the design of optimal controllers. Linearizing the system model about nominal trajectories results in a linear programming problem which is used to select a perturbation to the nominal control to satisfy the boundary conditions and the state and control constraints. Sequential solution of linear programming problem where the linearized system and control influence matrices are time varying results in the optimal control. Two approaches wherein the perturbation control is constant and linearly varying within a sampling interval are tested on benchmark problems and the results are compared to illustrate the performance of the proposed technique.
Radiation-induced second cancers: the impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT

Information concerning radiation-induced malignancies comes from the A-bomb survivors and from medically exposed individuals, including second cancers in radiation therapy patients. The A-bomb survivors show an excess incidence of carcinomas in tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, breast, thyroid, and bladder, which is linear with dose up to about 2.5 Sv. There is great uncertainty concerning the dose-response relationship for radiation-induced carcinogenesis at higher doses. Some animal and human data suggest a decrease at higher doses, usually attributed to cell killing; other data suggest a plateau in dose. Radiotherapy patients also show an excess incidence of carcinomas, often in sites remote from the treatment fields; in addition there is an excess incidence of sarcomas in the heavily irradiated in-field tissues. The transition from conventional radiotherapy to three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) involves a reduction in the volume of normal tissues receiving a high dose, with an increase in dose to the target volume that includes the tumor and a limited amount of normal tissue. One might expect a decrease in the number of sarcomas induced and also (less certain) a small decrease in the number of carcinomas. All around, a good thing. By contrast, the move from 3D-CRT to intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) involves more fields, and the dose-volume histograms show that, as a consequence, a larger volume of normal tissue is exposed to lower doses. In addition, the number of monitor units is increased by a factor of 2 to 3, increasing the total body exposure, due to leakage radiation. Both factors will tend to increase the risk of second cancers. Altogether, IMRT is likely to almost double the incidence of second malignancies compared with conventional radiotherapy from about 1% to 1.75% for patients surviving 10 years. The numbers may be larger for longer survival (or for younger patients), but the ratio should remain the same.
Thermodynamic properties of the cholesterol transfer reaction from liposomes to cytochrome P450scc: An enthalpy-entropy compensation effect

Abstract We have investigated the thermodynamic properties of the cholesterol transfer reaction from various types of liposomes to purified steroid-free cytochrome P450scc. From the results of temperature effect on the reaction, we obtained ΔG+, ΔH+, and ΔS+ values for the reaction with various phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing different fatty acyl chains. The plots of ΔH+ against ΔS+, and ΔG+ against ΔH+ both reveal that an enthalpyentropy compensation effect was seen in a series of phospholipid and micellar media of cholesterol. Our β-value of 420° K is unusually high among reported values for biochemical reactions.
Arrangement of latches in scan-path design to improve delay fault coverage

A problem involving the arrangement of latches in a scan-path design to improve the coverage of delay faults is described. The problem is NP-hard, and a heuristic algorithm is introduced for solving this arrangement problem. A necessary and sufficient condition is also given to determine whether there is a scan path to implement a given delay-fault test pair. Only LAM (latch-arrangement-mapping) implementable test pairs need to be simulated by a delay-fault simulator for a semi-completed LSSD (level-sensitive-scan-design) circuit. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can find a LAM with better fault coverage than a randomly selected ones. >