cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A General Model for Providing Active Computer Support to Design, Planning, and Management

Our objective is to design computer systems which provide active computer support to users. “Active support” occurs when the computer works independently to assist the user, without explicit direction from the user. Such support would be very valuable to engineers. designers, planners, managers, and other professionals who work on complex problems. We argue that, for a computer system to provide active support, the system must build and maintain a model of the user's model of the problem. Such a model must be based on a valid descriptive theory of human problem-working processes. We describe such a theory and show how it can be used in designing a computer system to provide active support.
Sco X-1: Hints of Periodic Variability at Radio Frequencies

We present the results of the flux density variability observations of Sco X-1 obtained during six VLA observing sessions between 1981 and 1990. The light curves indicate three timescales of flux density variation: slow, intermediate, and rapid. The rapidity of the variations sets a conservative upper limit on size of ~6 mas, assuming a distance of 200 pc, from light travel arguments for the radio-emitting regions. The corresponding brightness temperature of greater than 107 K indicates a nonthermal origin for the radio emission. A detailed analysis of the light curves suggests that the radio emission may exhibit true periodicity on timescales of ~3 hr. We also provide a prescription for accurate signal recovery and image restoration of point and extended sources when an object of varying signal is present in the synthesized beam.
Chronopotentiometric determination of interdiffusion coefficients and heats of interdiffusion in molten salts

Chronopotentiometry was used to determine the interdiffusion coefficients and heats of activation for Ag/sup +/ Cd/sup 2+/ Pb/sup 2+/, Bi/sup 3+/, and U/sup 4+/ in lithium chloride--potassium chloride eutectic and for Ag/ sup +/ in molten sodium nitrate and in molten cesium nitrate. In LiCl-- KCl, the diffusion coefficients in cm/sup 2//sec x 10/sup 6/ at 400 deg C, and the heats of activation for diffusion in kcal/mole are given after the ionic species with errors indicated: Ag/sup +/: 24. plus or minus 7., 5.8 plus or minus 0.2; Cd/ sup 2+/: 12.1 plus or minus 2., 6.5 plus or minus 0.3; Pb/sup 2+/:8.9 plus or minus 2., 7.9 plus or minus 0.1; Bi/sup 3+/99.8 plus or minus 1., U/sup 4+/:4.9, 7.7. The temperature range studied was approximately 365--750 deg C. The diffusion coefficient and heat of activation for diffusion for Ag/sup +/ in sodium nitrate (in the same form as above) is 32.5 plus or minus 0.2, 4.52 plus or minus 0.1, and in cesium nitrate is 24.8 plus or minus 2. and 5.06 plus or minus 0.1. The data indicate interdiffusion proceeds by a mechanism other than viscous flow, and are consistent with transport by iondiameter jumps intomore » ion-sized holes. Significant transport via a paired vacancy mechanism is not supported for interdiffusion in these melts. (auth)« less
Post-installation status of the ATLAS pixel detector

The ATLAS pixel detector was installed in June 2007 and was fully connected and operating at the time of this conference. An assessment is given of the state of the as-installed system in the context of the technological challenges of hybrid pixels. Comparisons with CMS are made drawing on material presented at this conference. This paper is intended as a companion to the talk slides presented at the conference and excludes the many photographs from the talk.
The Zairian Language Policy and its Effect on the Literatures in National Languages

The existence of hundreds of languages in the Democratic Republic of Congo has rendered the language policy a very critical issue from the time this huge territory became a private possession of the Belgian King Leopold II, through its colonization by Belgium and to today. Each administration responded to this question in a different way. The interest in local languages was instrumental in the emergence of four national linguae francae, namely, Kikongo, Lingala, Swahili, and Tshiluba. After the country's independence, a presidential ordinance made French the official language, and this situation has remained unchanged. The prominence of French nega-tively affected the growth of literature in national languages, especially during the postcolonial era. The timid evolution the literature in national languages experienced previously and during the first few years after Congo's independence was finally stopped when President Mobutu banned missionaries' periodicals, the only major outlet for writings in nationa...
Factors affecting the rate and extent of heat release during the immersion of powdered coals in alkanols

Abstract The heats of immersion of both bituminous coals (Virginia-C and Kentucky-Blend) and subbituminous coals (Wyodak) in alkanols have been determined micro-calorimetrically. Studies have been made of the effects on immersional heat release of varying outgassing conditions and prior extraction of the coal samples with methanol. Investigations of the heat release and the rate of heat release across the range of simple alkanols containing from one to ten carbon atoms show considerable variation in behaviour, with the butanol isomers revealing particularly striking differences. The observed values of the heats of immersion are interpreted in terms of limited alcohol accessibility to the pore structure of the coals.
Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects in Microsolvated Gas-Phase E2 Reactions

This work describes the first experimental studies of deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the gas-phase E2 reactions of microsolvated systems. The reactions of F−(H2O)n and OH−(H2O)n, where n = 0, 1, with (CH3)3CX (X = Cl, Br), as well as the deuterated analogs of the ionic and neutral reactants, were studied utilizing the flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube technique. The E2 reactivity is found to decrease with solvation. Small, normal kinetic isotope effects are observed for the deuteration of the alkyl halide, while moderately inverse kinetic isotope effects are observed for the deuteration of the solvent. Minimal clustering of the product ions is observed, but there are intriguing differences in the nature and extent of the clustering process. Electronic structure calculations of the transition states provide qualitative insight into these microsolvated E2 reactions.
Drug repositioning by integrating target information through a heterogeneous network model

Motivation: The emergence of network medicine not only offers more opportunities for better and more complete understanding of the molecular complexities of diseases, but also serves as a promising tool for identifying new drug targets and establishing new relationships among diseases that enable drug repositioning. Computational approaches for drug repositioning by integrating information from multiple sources and multiple levels have the potential to provide great insights to the complex relationships among drugs, targets, disease genes and diseases at a system level. Results: In this article, we have proposed a computational framework based on a heterogeneous network model and applied the approach on drug repositioning by using existing omics data about diseases, drugs and drug targets. The novelty of the framework lies in the fact that the strength between a disease–drug pair is calculated through an iterative algorithm on the heterogeneous graph that also incorporates drug-target information. Comprehensive experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms several recent approaches. Case studies further illustrate its practical usefulness. Availability and implementation: http://cbc.case.edu Contact: ude.urwc@ilgnij Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
RACIAL SOLIDARITY AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

Studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s generally confirmed that racial group solidarity boosted rates of participation among African Americans. But since the 1980s, research has tended to conclude that the effect of solidarity on voter turnout among blacks and other minorities has moderated if not faded entirely. We hypothesize that part of this observed decline is explained by a dilution of measures of group solidarity in recent studies. We argue that a fair test of racial solidarity requires using a comprehensive measure that incorporates both psychological “identification” and the ideological beliefs that comprise “consciousness.” Moreover, we hypothesize that the effects of solidarity, will vary across forms of participation and be greatest on political activities that require group coordination. Our re-analysis of the 1984 NBES using separate measures of identification and consciousness indicates that the more narrowly circumscribed measures of these concepts used in recent studies are likely to have underestimated its influence on political participation. We show that racial identification and consciousness had a modest effect on voting turnout in 1984, but a significant influence on participation in several traditional campaign activities, petitioning government officials, and especially participation in protests and boycotts.
PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION: AN EVALUATION OF THE ARGUMENT FOR A PERSONAL EXPENDITURE TAX

The fundamental problem of designing a wide scope general revenue tax can be reduced to the selection of the base used for administering the tax. Our current personal income tax is a hybrid version of a tax assessed on the basis of a tax unit's annual income receipts. An alternative to an income‐based tax that has received much theoretical treatment but little actual application is an expenditure‐based tax. An expenditure tax (also called a consumption tax or cash flow tax in the context of this paper) differs from an income tax in that it exempts net saving and investment from the tax base. Though the details of a consumption tax design are discussed more fully elsewhere in this paper, the tax base of an expenditure tax is roughly determined by subtracting net savings from gross receipts (including wages, tips, salaries, income from investments, interests, etc.). Withdrawals from savings constitute dissavings and are appropriately included in net savings. The cash flow tax, with wealth transfers deductible to the donor and included in the tax base of the recipient, would be a tax on an individual's standard of living. Similar to the present income tax standard deduction, some universal credit or exemption for a small level of consumption could be allowed.
Steroid profiles of the female tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, and correlation with oocyte growth and mouthbrooding behavior

Plasma levels of progesterone, 17 alpha-OH-progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17 beta were measured by radioimmunoassay during the ovarian cycles of two groups of female tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. One group included females that successfully mouthbrooded fry, while the other group consisted of females in which the zygotes were either removed or swallowed within 1 day after spawning. The mouthbrooders had a longer ovarian cycle (about 40 days) and were sampled 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 days after spawning. The non-mouthbrooders had an ovarian cycle of about 25 days. They were sampled 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days after spawning. Initial peaks in levels of testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone occurred later in the cycle of mouthbrooders. The first peak of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta occurred at 15 days after spawning. While estradiol-17 beta levels remained high, testosterone levels fell at 25 days after spawning, and increased again just prior to spawning. In the latter phase of mouthbrooding (15-25 days after spawning), the oocytes in the ovary did not increase in size, and testosterone and estradiol levels were high. During this time, estradiol may have a function other than stimulating vitellogenesis, such as an involvement (with testosterone?) in parental behavior, or protecting the oocytes from atresia. In non-mouthbrooders, testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone levels initially peaked at 10 days after spawning, then dropped at 15 days after spawning. At the end of the cycle, testosterone and estradiol-17 beta levels increased again. The drop in estradiol levels is contrary to the profile seen in mouthbrooders. Also in mouthbrooders, progesterone levels did not rise until 25 days after spawning, then decreased and peaked again towards the end of the cycle. 17 alpha-OH-progesterone concentrations were low, with a single peak at 7 days after spawning in non-mouthbrooders, and at 40 days after spawning in mouthbrooders. There appears to be a relationship between the delayed initial peaks of the steroid hormones measured, oocyte growth arrestment, and longer-lived postovulatory follicles in mouthbrooding female tilapia.
A Review of “The New Chemistry” editor-in-chief Nina Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2000; ISBN 0 521 45224 4; xi + 493 pages; $49.95

(2001). A Review of “The New Chemistry” editor-in-chief Nina Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2000; ISBN 0 521 45224 4; xi + 493 pages; $49.95. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals: Vol. 369, No. 1, pp. 273-273.
Examination of a scale to assess irritability

Abstract The Snaith scale to measure irritability, anxiety and depression was explored for its internal consistency. A factor analysis of the items showed that the scales were not factorially pure. Furthermore, the scales correlated highly with one another and with other measures of depression and neuroticism.
The unrealized potential of everyday technology as a context for learning

This four-part article argues that technology education should play a far more substantial role in the schools. In the first section the article broadly defines the term technology to include the artifacts of everyday life as well as environments and systems. Second is a description of the City Technology Curriculum Guides project, of which most of the thinking in this article is a product. The third section presents a comprehensive set of goals for elementary technology education, using classroom examples from City Technology. Many of these goals coincide with the goals of other school subjects, including math, science, English language arts and social studies. The concluding section suggests a broad role for technology education in providing a context for learning in these areas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 730–745, 2001
Effect of Immunosuppression on First-generation Isotransplantation of Chemically Induced Tumours in Mice

THE existence of host defence mechanisms which operate against autochthonous cancer has been suspected for many years, and the possibility has been suggested that such resistance might depend on mechanisms similar to those which bring about homograft and heterograft rejection1,2. This presupposes that the host is able to recognize its own tumour cells as foreign and to react so as to inhibit them, perhaps by way of specific immunological mechanisms. Several authors have presented evidence from transplantation and serological studies which suggests that tumour cells are antigenically different from normal cells of the tumour-bearing host in which they arise3.
Kendon, Adam (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. UK: Cambridge University Press. 400 pp. $32.32, hardcover, ISBN 0-521-83525-9

The essence of this book is well captured in its title. Unlike previous books on the subject, which often connect gesture and other semiotic systems by the conjunction “and” (e.g., Emmorey & Reilly...
Effect of surfactant and oil type on the solution synthesis of nanosized silica

Abstract We have investigated the effects of using two different oils, cyclohexane and chloroform, and two different surfactants, nonylphenyl pentaethylene glycol (NP-5) and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) in a modified Stober process for synthesizing silica colloids. Mean particle size was affected by both the oil and the surfactant used, and a significant interaction was also observed between these two factors: DDAO produced larger particles in cyclohexane, and NP-5 produced larger particles in chloroform. Water-to-surfactant and water-to-silicate ratios, as well as volume of oil added, were also observed to affect mean particle size. Only the volume of added oil was determined to affect the size dispersity of particles, with the use of a smaller volume of oil leading to a lower dispersity in particle size.
The Hydrogen and Helium Pressure Broadening at Planetary Temperatures of the 183 and 380 GHz Transitions of Water Vapor

Abstract The pressure broadening of the 3 1,3 -2 2,0 and 4 1,4 -3 2,1 transitions of water at 183 and 380 GHz, respectively, has been obtained experimentally in the temperature region between 80 and 600 K using hydrogen (H 2 ) and helium (He) as broadening gases. This extends for the first time the study of condensable gases in general and water in particular into the temperature regime typical of the atmospheres of the outer planets. Above 250 K the measurements were taken in a conventional equilibrium cell. Low temperature measurements were taken in a collisionally cooled cell which can provide a laboratory environment very similar to that of the atmospheres of the outer planets. For the lines broadened by He, data were found to fit to the usual power law for the entire temperature range studied with resultant temperature exponent n values of 0.49 ± 0.02 and 0.54 ± 0.03, respectively. For the H-broadened lines the data above 150 K were found to fit to the power law with resultant n values of 0.95 ± 0.07 and 0.85 ± 0.05, respectively. Below 150 K the H 2 pressure broadening parameters were measured to have smaller values than predicted by the relation. The results are compared with earlier experimental and theoretical work.
Determining the Appropriate Oral Surgery Anesthesia Modality, Setting, and Team

This article reviews the anesthesia modalities available to the practicing oral and maxillofacial surgeon, including the anesthesia TEAM makeup. If office-based anesthesia is not the best option for the patient, alternative locations are discussed including out-patient surgery centers and hospitals. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) has fought long and hard to establish and maintain our ability to provide office-based anesthesia. This is our Standard of Care!
Comparison of fuzzy clustering methods and their applications to geophysics data

Fuzzy clustering algorithms are helpful when there exists a dataset with subgroupings of points having indistinct boundaries and overlap between the clusters. Traditional methods have been extensively studied and used on real-world data, but require users to have some knowledge of the outcome a priori in order to determine how many clusters to look for. Additionally, iterative algorithms choose the optimal number of clusters based on one of several performance measures. In this study, the authors compare the performance of three algorithms (fuzzy c-means, Gustafson-Kessel, and an iterative version of Gustafson-Kessel) when clustering a traditional data set as well as real-world geophysics data that were collected from an archaeological site in Wyoming. Areas of interest in the were identified using a crisp cutoff value as well as a fuzzy α-cut to determine which provided better elimination of noise and non-relevant points. Results indicate that the α-cut method eliminates more noise than the crisp cutoff values and that the iterative version of the fuzzy clustering algorithm is able to select an optimum number of subclusters within a point set (in both the traditional and real-world data), leading to proper indication of regions of interest for further expert analysis
The National Lipid Association's new recommendations for patient-centered management of cholesterol

James Underberg, MD, is a clinical assistant professor of medicine and clinical lipidologist at New York University Medical School and the NYU Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. He is the Director of the Lipid Clinic at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. He is also a member of the board of directors of the National Lipid Association, and serves on the scientific advisory board of the FH Foundation. He serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Clinical Lipidology. Dr. Underberg's clinical interests focus on the clinical management of patients with lipids and lipoprotein disorders, hypertension management and cardiovascular disease prevention. He maintains an active clinical research program in these areas and has authored numerous articles and book chapters in the field of clinical lipidology.
The relationship between biochemical adrenarche and decreasing alpha-2-macroglobulin levels in children

Abstract Alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-MG) is one of the major serum protease inhibitors in adults and appears to be even more important in children. Previous studies have suggested that α2-MG levels are dependent upon age and sex. In order to evaluate the influence of biochemical adrenarche on α2-MG, we compared α2-MG concentrations in normal children and children with premature adrenarche (PA) with levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (D-S), the marker for biochemical adrenarche. We found that α2-MG was inversely correlated with age and with log 10 [D-S] in the normal children. In the children with PA, the α2-MG levels were significantly lower than predicted based on age alone and were similar to the predicted values based on log 10 [D-S] levels. We suggest that adrenarche is the process that causes the age-related changes in α2-MG.
Symbolic Computation and Graphic Presentation of Magneto-Static Field and Its Associated Vector Potential for a Steady Looping Current

With the advent of Computer Algebra System (CAS) such as Mathematica [1], challenging symbolic longhand calcula-tions can effectively be performed free of error and at ease. Mathematica’s integrated features allow the investigator to combine the needed symbolic, numeric and graphic modules all in one interactive environment. This assists the author to focus on interpreting the output rather than exerting the efforts of relating the scattered separate modules. In this note the author, utilizing these three features, explores the magneto-static field and its associated vector potential of a steady looping current. In particular by deploying the numeric features of Mathematica the exact value of the vector potential of the looping current conducive to its 3D graph is presented.
Impact of Medicaid disenrollment on health care use and cost.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the health care use of children who are covered by public insurance and uninsured children who live in a large urban area and the potential impact of disenrollment on health care use and costs if these children become uninsured. METHODS. The 2004 health care transactions for 43313 uninsured children and 168722 children who were insured by Medicaid/State Children9s Health Insurance Program and living in the Phoenix metropolitan area were analyzed using a community-wide administrative health database (Arizona HealthQuery). Using a multivariate model of health care use by currently uninsured children, we examined the effect of 10% disenrollment of the children who were currently insured by Medicaid/State Children9s Health Insurance Program. RESULTS. A 10% disenrollment would increase the costs of health care in the community by $3460398 annually, or $2121 for each child disenrolled. This increase in costs is attributed to a shift of care from ambulatory settings to more expensive emergency departments and an increase in hospital days. We determined that 69% of the change in emergency department visits, 58% of the change in hospital stays, and 74% of the change in ambulatory visits would be attributable to the change in insurance status. CONCLUSIONS. Programmatic changes that result in disenrollment from public insurance programs will increase the number of emergency department visits and hospital days as well as the total community costs of health care. These increases in health care use can be expected to aggravate community problems of emergency department overcrowding and inpatient bed shortages. The majority of the changes in use are attributable to changes in insurance status, which results in a shift of care from less expensive ambulatory settings to emergency departments and increases in hospital days when children lose Medicaid/State Children9s Health Insurance Program coverage.
Stand-alone microprocessor-based central controller for circuit breaker coordination

Abstract In power distribution circuits the circuit breakers are commonly coordinated by the use of instantaneous/time overcurrent relays or solid-state controllers. This paper explains that these devices can be replaced by a microprocessor-based system that provides high efficiency and reliability of control and operation of the circuit breakers. The design of a system is presented that constitutes a stand-alone dedicated controller specifically built for a power system rather than a general-purpose control system. For the flexibility of operation a keyboard matrix and a 16-character LED display are used for the operator to monitor the circuit breakers and feed the time-current parameters for their selective operation.
Control of Helicoverpa zea in tomatoes with chlorantraniliprole applied through drip chemigation.

Abstract Chlorantraniliprole (=Rynaxypyr) is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide that is of interest to vegetable growers because of its low mammalian toxicity and systemic properties. Field tr...
Perceptions and Use of Language Learning Strategies among ESL Teachers and ELLs.

This survey study explored perceptions and use of language learning strategies among English as a second language teachers and English-learning students (Grades 3–8, 10, and 11). The sample comprised 1,057 students (651 elementary, 275 middle, and 131 high school) and 54 teachers (31 elementary, 11 middle, and 12 high school) from 38 schools located in one urban midwestern U.S. school district. Results indicate that (a) the level of strategy effectiveness awareness among teachers working at all educational levels was high; (b) teacher and student strategy ratings differed qualitatively, with most of the teacher scores being above the high-level benchmark and most of the students' scores within the medium-level benchmark; and (c) none of the correlations between teacher and student strategy ratings were statistically significant. Implications for teachers and professional development providers are discussed.
Initial Sintering Kinetics of Beryllium Oxide

The initial sintering kinetics of beryllium oxide are examined, including the effects of calcining temperature, purity, and water-vapor content of the sintering atmosphere. Sintering occurs by a diffusion mechanism in dry-air atmospheres. Small additions of MgO to BeO increase the sintering rate markedly. The diffusion constant calculated from sintering data for pure BeO is three orders of magnitude lower than the measured diffusion of Be in BeO. Water vapor in the sintering atmosphere slows the shrinkage rate of pure BeO.
Line strengths, spin-splittings, and forbidden transitions in the (101) band of 14N16O2☆

Abstract Measurements of line strengths in the (101) and (111)-(010) bands of 14N16O2 have been made at a resolution of 0.02 cm−1 in the region 2863 to 2934 cm−1. The strength data in the (101) band were analyzed to determine a vibrational band strength and coefficients of the F factor. Each subband for K−1 ≤ 9 was analyzed separately and all the F-factor coefficients in terms of the rotational quantum number, N, were found to be too small to be of significance. However, F was found to be dependent on K−1 and the experimentally determined subband strengths were least-squares fitted to the expression Sv0·F, where Sv0 = 68.3 cm−2 atm−1 at 296 K and F = 1 + (2.899 × 10−3)K−1 + (4.08 × 10−3)K−12 − (2.34 × 10−4)K−13. The integrated strengths for the (101) and (111)-(010) bands were found to be 70.9 ± 2.3 and 2.7 ± 0.3 cm−2 atm−1 at 296 K, respectively. Also included in this study are measurements of line center positions in the two bands and spin-splittings in the (101) band. Recent frequency measurements of lines with K−1 ≤ 8 in the (101) band have been made at a resolution of 0.0033 cm−1 by V. Dana and J. P. Maillard (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 71, 1–4) (1978)) for the region above 2889 cm−1 and our values are in excellent agreement with theirs. Separations of the split lines measured in this work (K−1 ≤ 10) agree well with calculated values using expressions which include the ηaaaaK−14 term with η′aaaa = −1.70 ± 0.15 × 10−4 cm−1 as derived for the (101) state. Three forbidden (ΔN ≠ ΔJ, ΔK−1 = 0) transitions in the (101) band were observed with their identifications based on the agreement between measured and calculated line positions and strengths.
Aerobic Activity in Prevention and Symptom Control of Osteoarthritis

Abstract Almost 27 million adults in the United States experience some form of osteoarthritis (OA). An epidemic of arthritis-associated disability is expected in the United States during the next 2 decades, largely fueled by the aging population and the tremendous growth in the prevalence of knee OA. Regular physical activity (PA), particularly strengthening and aerobic activity, can reduce pain and improve function and health status among patients with knee and hip OA. The focus of this review is on the impact of aerobic activity on the progression and symptom control of OA. In general, both strengthening and aerobic exercise are associated with improvements in pain, perceived physical function, and performance measures for persons with lower limb OA, although comparisons of strengthening versus aerobic exercise on these outcomes are unusual. Structural disease progression in persons with established OA has been directly evaluated by a limited number of PA clinical trials for persons with knee OA, but these protocols focused on strength training exclusively. In healthy subjects, it appears that overall PA is beneficial, rather than detrimental, to knee joint health. Possibly the most important reason for engaging in PA is to prevent obesity, which independently has been associated with many serious chronic diseases, including the incidence and progression of OA. More research is needed to determine the optimal types and dosing of aerobic conditioning.
The Interaction Between Mast Cells and Endothelial Cells

Mast cells (MC) are widely distributed throughout different organs with a relative predilection for potential portals of entry into the host. In tissues, MC are generally concentrated around small blood vessels and lymphatics, as well as nerves and glandular tissue. This close association with vascular structures suggests an important interaction between MC and endothelial cells (EC). Tissue MC are known to generate and release a number of mediators including histamine, prostaglandin D2, and leukotrienes that induce vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability. These MC-mediated effects on vessels may enhance responses to tissue injury or infection by facilitating the deposition of plasma components and inflammatory cells into involved sites. Important interactions between MC, EC, and peripheral nerves also occur. MC-derived histamine and possibly other mediators induce axon reflexes in unmyelinated sensory nerves leading to the release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, calcitonin generelated peptide, and adenine nucleotides. These neurotransmitters exert direct effects on blood vessels, and in some instances, may act as MC stimulators. In vitro studies indicate that MC also affect EC growth and new blood vessel formation. Mast cell-derived heparin has been implicated as an important cofactor in tumor-induced angiogenesis, whereas histamine has been reported to augment human dermal EC growth in culture. The recent identification of a tumor necrosis factor-like peptide in MC and the reported cytostatic effects of TNF on EC suggest that MC may inhibit the proliferation of these cells under certain conditions. Taken together, these observations indicate that the interactions between MC and EC are important in both physiologic and pathologic events. J Invest Dermatol 93:107S-112S, 1989
Occupational‐related victimization of trial court judges

Judges are increasingly targeted for violence by individuals involved in criminal trial proceedings, yet this phenomenon is relatively unstudied by social scientists. This research addressed the nature and extent of victimization suffered by judges pursuant to their activities on the bench. Five types of victimization were assessed: 1) verbal abuse and face‐to‐face threats of physical harm, 2) mail and telephone harassment, 3) physical assaults to self and family, 4) theft and vandalism to personal property, and 5) general fear of victimization resulting from the job. Significant levels of each type of victimization were observed among a sample of state criminal court judges. Causal speculation concerning such violence, as well as victimization reduction strategies, are discussed in the concluding remarks.
Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in petals of the red (llHHPrPr), white (llhhpp) and purple (LLhhPrPr) genotypes of Impatiens balsamina☆

Abstract Mature petals of the red (llHHP r P r ), white (llhhpp) and purple (LLhhP r P r ) genotypes were examined quantitatively for hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and qualitatively for other phenolic compounds. p -Coumaric and ferulic acids were analyzed and found to occur free as well as in acid and base labile forms. p -Coumaric acid (both free and bound) was found in the highest concentration in the red genotype and lowest in the white, while ferulic acid was found in the highest concentration in the purple genotype, but was essentially equal in both the red and white tissue. The possible role of genes H and L on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of these acids is discussed.
An ophthalmic ultrasound scanning system

Abstract An ultrasonic compound scanning system has been developed specifically for ophthalmology. Clinical application and facility of operation are important criteria in its design. A hand-operated scanning mechanism and special circuitry are used to attain the high-resolution displays needed in ultrasonic investigations of the eye region. Accessible controls are provided for clinically relevant functions. Potentially troublesome operational tasks are performed internally by the system.
Application of the Chebyshev polynomial in solving Fredholm integral equations

In this paper the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is solved, where Chebyshev polynomials are applied to approximate a solution for an unknown function in the Fredholm integral equation and convert this equation to a system of linear equations. Also, convergence and rate of convergence are given. The accuracy of this method is verified through some numerical examples and the results are compared to a previous result set to investigate the effects of choosing Chebyshev and Legendre polynomials.
Editing tools for 3D medical imaging

A set of tools called MPR Edit (multiplanar reconstruction editor) is presented. Designed like a paint and drawing program for 3-D data sets, MPR Edit allows the interactive creation of shapes that define volumes of interest in images of medical data. The implementation of MPR Edit is described, and examples of its use are given. Clinical applications are discussed. >
Randomized Trial of Iron Supplementation versus Routine Iron Intake in VLBW Infants

OBJECTIVE: To determine if iron supplementation of 2 mg/kg per day, in addition to routine iron-fortified formula or mother9s milk, increased the hematocrit (Hct) at 36 weeks9 postmenstrual age (PMA). METHODS:: Infants with a birth weight RESULTS: One hundred fifty infants were enrolled (76 iron, 74 controls). There were 2 deaths (1 in each group). One hundred other infants (47 iron, 53 controls) received transfusion(s). There was no significant difference in the primary outcome ranking ( P = .59), in the number of transfusions per subject ( P = .64), or in 36-week Hct (iron mean ± SD, 29.2% ± 4.0%; control, 28.3% ± 4.5%; mean difference and 95% confidence interval 0.9 [−0.5 to 2.3]; P = .21) or reticulocyte count among survivors. No short-term adverse effects of iron supplementation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Among infants
Collocation time finite element procedures for integration of strongly nonlinear initial value problems

By use of a collocation time finite element formulation a modification of the well-known generalized midpoint method is derived. The new family possesses an additional free parameter. This allows for significant improvement of the numerical solution in strongly nonlinear situations. Numerical results show the accuracy of the proposed algorithm in comparison to the midpoint method.
Effect of the Built Environment on Motorized and Nonmotorized Trip Making: Substitutive, Complementary, or Synergistic?

It has become well recognized that nonmotorized transportation is beneficial to a community's health as well as its transportation system performance. In view of the limited public resources available for improving public health and transportation, the present study aims to (a) assess the expected impact of built environment improvements on the substitutive, complementary, or synergistic use of motorized and nonmotorized modes and (b) examine how the effects of built environment improvements differ for different population groups and for different travel purposes. The bivariate ordered probit models estimated in this study suggest that few built environment factors lead to the substitution of motorized mode use by nonmotorized mode use. Instead, factors such as increased bikeway density and street network connectivity have the potential to promote more nonmotorized travel to supplement individuals' existing motorized trips. Meanwhile, the heterogeneity found in individuals' responsiveness to built environ...
Rhythmic properties of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus in vivo

We recorded multiple unit neural activity [multiunit activity (MUA)] from inside and outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in freely moving male golden hamsters housed in running-wheel cages under both light/dark cycles and constant darkness. The circadian period of MUA in the SCN matched the period of locomotor activity; it was ∼24 hr in wild-type and 20 hr in homozygous tau mutant hamsters. The peak of MUA in the SCN always occurred in the middle of the day or, in constant darkness, the subjective day. There were circadian rhythms of MUA outside of the SCN in the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, the caudate putamen, the accumbens nucleus, the medial septum, the lateral septum, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the medial preoptic region, and the stria medullaris. These rhythms were out-of-phase with the electrical rhythm in the SCN but in-phase with the rhythm of locomotor activity, peaking during the night or subjective night. In addition to circadian rhythms, there were significant ultradian rhythms present; one, with a period of ∼80 min, was in antiphase between the SCN and other brain areas, and another, with a period of ∼14 min, was in-phase between the SCN and other brain areas. The periods of these ultradian rhythms were not significantly different in wild-type and tau mutant hamsters. Of particular interest was the unique phase relationship between the MUA of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the SCN; in these two areas both circadian and ultradian components were always in-phase. This suggests that the BNST is strongly coupled to the SCN and may be one of its major output pathways. In addition to circadian and ultradian rhythms of MUA, neural activity both within and outside the SCN was acutely affected by locomotor activity. Whenever a hamster ran on its wheel, MUA in the SCN and the BNST was suppressed, and MUA in other areas was enhanced.
Errors in Projection of Plane Waves Using Various Basis Functions

Basis functions play important roles in computational electromagnetics (CEM). It is interesting to investigate the errors in the projection of the equivalent current of a plane wave using various basis functions. In this work, the projection error of various basis functions is studied. The basis functions involved are the pulse basis function, the triangular basis function, higher-order versions of these basis functions, and the divergence-conforming basis function on rectangular and triangular elements. The projection errors are derived in closed form. The asymptotic expression of the closed form is given. The analytical results are verified by numerical results. The projection error of the pth order one-dimensional (1D) basis is asymptotically inversely proportional to the (p+1)th power of the density of unknowns. Based on the closed-form projection errors in the one-dimensional case, it is found that when the expansion basis is fixed, the application of different testing functions only affects the coefficient of the projection error, rather than the order. Generally, the error of the divergence-conforming basis in the projection of curl-free vectors is less than that of divergence-free vectors.
Collisional Effects in Multiple Photon IR Absorption

The collisionless multiphoton ir dissociation of polyatomic molecules is a topic of intense research since this process has been shown to be isotopically selective [1],[2]. Recent emphasis has centered on determining the primary photoproducts and their excited state distribution in order to elucidate the mechanism of the unimolecular dissociation pathway and the energy distribution in the laser excited molecules [3], [4], [5]. The results reported herein, however, show that collisions can have a marked effect on the multiple photon ir absorption process. In particular, for fluence levels below the threshold for collisionless multiphoton dissociation in SF6, there is an increase in the absorption cross section which is directly related to the number of collisions with a nonabsorbing collision partner.
GlobSol user guide

We explain the installation and use of the GlobSol package for mathematically rigorous bounds on all solutions to constrained and unconstrained global optimization problems, as well as non-linear systems of equations. This document should be of use both to people with optimization problems to solve and to people incorporating GlobSol's components into other systems or providing interfaces to GlobSol.
Fundamental Limits and Design Guidelines for Miniaturizing Ultra-Wideband Antennas

Fundamental physical limitations restrict an antenna's performance based on its electrical size. These fundamental limits are of the utmost importance, since the minimum size needed to achieve a particular figure of merit can be determined from them. In this paper, the physical limitations of antennas are reviewed in general, with particular emphasis on impedance matching as it relates to ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas (high-pass response). Additionally, the use of antenna miniaturization techniques to approach these limits is discussed. Using a spiral antenna as an example, guidelines are presented for miniaturizing UWB antennas.
Breast cancer prevention and detection update

CANCER is the most common cancer und in both white and nonwhite women in the United States and is second only to lung cancer in cancer-related deaths. In 1993, the estimated number of new cases of breast cancer in the United States is 183,000, and the estimated number of deaths is 46,300. ~ Breast cancer today represents 32% of the total cancer incidence for women and 18% of total cancer deaths. It continues to be the leading cause of cancer death for females 15 to 54 years of age and the second leading cause of cancer death for postmenopausal women 55 to 74 years of age. Yearly incidence rates have increased steadily over the past decade from 1% to 2% per year to the current 3% to 4%. Nearly 30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer will die from the disease. 2 Part of the increase in incidence can be explained by better detection methods such as screening mammography. More women are participating in early detection screening, and most of the increase in breast cancer incidence has occurred in women with smaller primary breast tumors. Of those women diagnosed with breast cancer in 1991, approximately 75% to 80% had clinical stage I or II disease, and approximately two thirds of those women had no lymph node involvement. These factors may also explain why mortality rates have remained relatively unchanged despite increasing incidence) Although the outlook for prevention of breast cancer may appear bleak, scientists are moving closer to finding answers to prevention-related questions. This update will discuss those areas of progress where sufficient knowledge exists to provide increased clarity of understanding regarding prevention and screening.
Plerixafor in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care for multiple myeloma (MM) and relapsing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients. Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) have become the main source of grafts for ASCT due to several advantages over bone marrow grafts. Poor PBSC mobilization and inadequate collection of CD34+ cell dose for safe engraftment is a reality for significant proportion of these patients. For this review, we conducted a PubMed search using the titles plerixafor and AMD3100 as well as poor stem cell mobilization. English-language articles were selected and data were extracted with focus on clinical studies of PBSC mobilization in MM and NHL patients. We discuss predictors of poor PBSC mobilization, the impact of poor mobilization on ASCT outcomes, the available agents that have been routinely used to enhance mobilization to achieve optimal CD34+ cell dose, and the role of plerixafor, the first CXCR4 antagonist to be approved for stem cell mobilization. Studies have shown that plerixafor is effective and safe when given with G-CSF either upfront or as a rescue for patients with MM or NHL. Currently, more patients are getting transplanted because of plerixafor. The challenge now is how to use the drug in the most cost effective way. Several scenarios on how to use the drug in proven or predicted poor mobilizers are proposed in this manuscript; however, validation for some of these approaches is still needed.