cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in adiposity among children and adolescents in the United States, 1999–2006 to 2011–2018

BACKGROUND Data from the NHANES indicate that BMI has increased in some subgroups of children and adolescents in the United States over the past 20 y; however, BMI is an indirect measure of body fatness. OBJECTIVES We assessed changes in DXA-derived measures of adiposity in a nationally representative population of US children and adolescents aged 8-19 y from 1999-2006 to 2011-2018. METHODS Using data from the NHANES, we compared the means and distributions of DXA-derived percentage body fat (%BF) and fat mass index (FMI; fat mass/height2 in kg/m2) between 1999-2006 (n = 10,231) and 2011-2018 (n = 6923) among males and females by age group, race and Hispanic origin, and BMI categories. Estimates were standardized by age and race and Hispanic origin. RESULTS From 1999-2006 to 2011-2018, mean %BF increased from 25.6% to 26.3% (change in %BF: 0.7%; 95% CI: 0.2%, 1.2%; P < 0.01) among all males, whereas mean %BF increased from 33.0% to 33.7% (change in %BF: 0.7%; 95% CI: 0.2%, 1.2%; P = 0.01) and mean FMI increased from 7.7 to 8.0 fat mass kg/m2 (change in FMI: 0.3 fat mass kg/m2; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.6 fat mass kg/m2; P = 0.02) among all females. Changes were not consistent across all age, race and Hispanic origin, and BMI categories. Both %BF and FMI increased among Mexican-American children and adolescents, but not other race and Hispanic origin groups. CONCLUSIONS Among US children and adolescents, DXA-derived measures of adiposity increased from 1999-2006 to 2011-2018, albeit not consistently in every age, race and Hispanic origin, and BMI subgroup. These data reinforce the need to consider other measures, besides BMI categories, when studying adiposity in children and adolescents.
Self-efficacy and achievement emotions as mediators between learning climate and learning persistence in college calculus: A sequential mediation analysis

Abstract The current study aims to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of motivational and emotional profiles in entry-level calculus. Specifically, we tested a multiple mediation model to examine the linking roles of students' self-efficacy and achievement emotions (anxiety and enjoyment) in the relationship between learning climate and learning persistence in entry-level calculus. A sample of 267 college students enrolled in the entry-level calculus classes at a southern urban university took measures of learning climate, self-efficacy, achievement emotions (enjoyment and anxiety), and learning persistence. A multiple mediation path model was conducted to examine the mediating roles of self-efficacy and achievement emotions in linking learning climate and learning persistence in college calculus. The results revealed that self-efficacy played a prominent role in mediating the relationship between learning climate and learning persistence. Moreover, self-efficacy and anxiety serially mediated the relationship between learning climate and learning persistence.
Efficacy of Pantothenic Acid as a Modifier of Body Composition in a Porcine Model of Obesity Development

Our group’s previous research has shown that pantothenic acid (PA) fed in amounts above that needed to maximize body growth effectively reduce fat tissue accretion in pigs. In the current study, the efficacy of PA to minimize fatty tissue accretion in a porcine model of obesity development was determined. Heavy weight pigs (156 kg) were allotted to one of four dietary regimens consisting of a basal diet (8 ppm PA) supplemented with 0, 80, 800, 8000 ppm added PA. The basal diet contained a dietary nutrient mix representative of the American diet (34 % of calories from fat) at daily caloric intakes equivalent to 1.8 times the animal’s maintenance needs for 144 days. A state of obesity development occurred over the duration of the study. Specifically, pigs accrued 73 kg of body weight, of which 48 % was fat tissue. Whole body fat tissue content responded quadratically to increasing PA additions. Body fat percentage was reduced by .9 percentage units by the 80 ppm added PA and increased by 1.6 and 1.1 percentage units by the 800 and 8000 ppm added PA. Based on these data, PA is not an efficient modifier of body composition in a porcine model of obesity development induced by a high fat dietary regimen.
Scalable multicasting: the core-assisted mesh protocol

Most of the multicast routing protocols for ad hoc networks today are based on shared or source-based trees; however, keeping a routing tree connected for the purpose of data forwarding may lead to a substantial network overhead. A different approach to multicast routing consists of building a shared mesh for each multicast group. In multicast meshes, data packets can be accepted from any router, as opposed to trees where data packets are only accepted from routers with whom a “tree branch” has been established. The difference among multicast routing protocols based on meshes is in the method used to build these structures. Some mesh-based protocols require the flooding of sender or recieved announcements over the whole network. This paper presents the Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol, which uses mesh for data forwarding, and avoids flooding by generalizing the notion of core-based trees introduced for internet multicasting. Group members form the mesh of a group by sending join requests to a set of cores. SImulation experiments show that meshes can be used effectively as multicast routing structures without the need for flooding control packets.
A 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS processor with dynamic execution

A next generation, Intel-Architecture compatible microproceesor with dynamic execution is implemented in 0.60 /spl mu/m 4-layer metal BiCMOS. Performance is achieved through the use of a large, full-speed cache accessed throrgh a dedicated bus interface feeding a generalized dynamic execution microengine. A primary 64 b processor bus includes additional pipelining features to provide high throughput to this CPU and cache. These and other techniques result in a projected performance of >200 Ispec92. Testability features built into the design allow complete access to all structures without the overhead of a full LSSD implementation. This processor implements dynamic execution using an out-of-order, speculative-execution engine, with register renaming of integer floating-point and flags variables, multiprocessing bus support, and carefully-controlled memory access reordering.
Flexible and Modular Cell Design

The evolution of manufacturing from stand-alone automation to computer-integrated manufacturing has occurred since the 1960s. During the 1960s, stand-alone automation received the most attention. This type of automation, also known as point automation, consists of workstations that may vary from one numerically controlled machine to a number of numerically controlled machines operated by a skilled operator. In standalone automation, the material handling normally is performed manually.
Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past

Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Culture, and the Past. Sidney W. Mintz. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.149 pp.
Reliability study of digital silicon photonic MEMS switches

We report on the reliability test of 50×50 digital silicon photonic MEMS switches. The switch operates reliably over 10 billion cycles and up to 48 hours of continuous contact in ambient environment without packaging.
Hepatic Steatosis in HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfection: Prevalence and Significance Compared With Hepatitis C Monoinfection

Liver disease in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has received increasing attention in recent years. Steatosis is accepted as an important contributor to liver disease in patients with HCV, but despite coinfected patients having several reasons to have steatosis, the prevalence and significance of such changes has received scant attention. We examined steatosis in an unselected cohort of coinfected patients and compared its prevalence and predictors with findings in monoinfected patients, where these relationships have been established. We studied 92 coinfected and 372 monoinfected patients undergoing staging liver biopsy. Baseline characteristics of the two groups differed significantly, pointing at different contributors to steatosis in each. Histological inflammation and fibrosis were very similar in the two groups, but steatosis was less in coinfected patients. Steatosis had a univariate association with fibrosis in both groups, but retained a multivariate association only in monoinfected patients. Other multivariate predictors of steatosis in monoinfected patients were the accepted variables of elevated body mass index, male sex, and genotype 3a infection, as well as age. In coinfected patients, however, age was the only multivariate predictor. Undetectable HIV viral load was associated with steatosis in coinfected patients in univariate analysis, but highly active antiretroviral therapy or its individual components could not be initially linked to steatosis. In conclusion, steatosis is less common in HIV/HCV coinfected patients than similar HCV monoinfected patients, and predictors of steatosis differ between the two groups.
Caring for themselves: facilitators and barriers to women home care workers who are chronically ill following their care plan.

Compliance literature has paid little attention to the ability of patients to carry out their care plan. Indeed, throughout this literature, the voices of patients are disturbingly absent. In this paper, I report a study of compliance issues among women home care workers who were chronically ill. Twenty-nine women participated in five focus groups. They were asked to share perspectives on what helps, what hinders, and how their health care providers were either facilitators or barriers to their care plan. Key findings were identified through a qualitative content analysis. My findings suggest that perspectives on compliance, which do not begin with an understanding of factors affecting compliance within the individual's control, are unrealistic. For these women, following a care plan required being sufficiently motivated and having necessary supports. Supports were identified as good doctor-patient communication, adequate financial resources, time and ability to attend to their care, and spirituality. Yet...
Prospective evaluation of prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS) algorithm in abdominal CT: a comparison of reduced dose with standard dose imaging

Purpose To prospectively study CT dose reduction using the “prior image constrained compressed sensing” (PICCS) reconstruction technique.
Compensating for wind variability using co-located natural gas generation and energy storage

Wind generation presents variability on every time scale, which must be accommodated by the electric grid. Limited quantities of wind power can be successfully integrated by the current generation and demand-side response mix but, as deployment of variable resources increases, the resulting variability becomes increasingly difficult and costly to mitigate. We model a co-located power generation/energy storage block which contains wind generation, a gas turbine, and fast-ramping energy storage. Conceptually, the system is designed with the goal of producing near-constant “baseload” power at a reasonable cost while still delivering a significant and environmentally meaningful fraction of that power from wind. The model is executed in 10 second time increments in order to correctly reflect the operational limitations of the natural gas turbine. A scenario analysis identifies system configurations that can generate power with 30% of energy from wind, a variability of less than 0.5% of the desired power level, and an average cost around $70/MWh. The systems described have the most utility for isolated grids, such as Hawaii or Ireland, but the study has implications for all electrical systems seeking to integrate wind energy and informs potential incentive policies.
Study of lymphocyte dynamics in the ocular circulation: Technique of labeling cells

The purpose of this experiment was to study in vivo the dynamic behavior of the lymphocyte in the retinal circulation. We developed a new technique capable of visualization of lymphocyte motion in the retinal and choroidal vessels using a rat model. Live cells freshly removed on a donor animal were labeled by a simple method using fluorescein isothiocyanate. Labeled cells were injected systemically into another animal. Retinal images were reconstituted on a video screen with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) utilizing the argon green laser excitation wavelength (514.5 nm) to detect cell fluorescence. Lymphocytes were clearly seen and followed in the retinal vessels. Some slowed down in the capillary system, or even stopped for a few seconds, or were definitively caught in it. Labeled cells remained visible after circulating several times. A method was developed for in vivo visualization of lymphocytes in the retinal circulation. This method has the potential for application in the study of lymphocyte ...
Insights into the role of elastin in vocal fold health and disease

As one of the key fibrous proteins in the extracellular matrix, collagen plays a significant role in the structural and biomechanical characteristics of the vocal fold. Anchored fibrils of collagen create secure structural regions within the vocal folds and are strong enough to sustain vibratory impact and stretch during phonation. This contributes tensile strength, density, and organization to the vocal folds and influences health and pathogenesis. This review offers a comprehensive summary for a current understanding of collagen within normal vocal fold tissues throughout the life span as well as vocal pathology and wound repair. Further, collagen's molecular structure and biosynthesis are discussed. Finally, collagen alterations in tissue injury and repair and the incorporation of collagen-based biomaterials as a method of treating voice disorders are reviewed.
Effect of metabolic state on agglutination of human erythrocytes by concanavalin

Abstract Intact freshly drawn or stored human erythrocytes, which show little agglutination by concanavalin A, become agglutinable by this lectin in the presence of adenosine. α-Methylglucose (10 mM) completely inhibits this agglutination. The concanavalin A agglutination shows no sensitivity to vinblastine or cytochalasin B. Resealed membranes prepared with ATP in lysing and resealing medium give modest agglutinability, while the presence of adenosine in both the lysing and the resealing medium results in a substantial agglutinability of the resealed membranes. Mild trypsin treatment of the erythrocytes causes an enhanced sensitivity to adenosine activation of the concanavalin A agglutination, while extensive trypsin treatment produced highly agglutinable erythrocytes that show no response to the presence of adenosine in the lectin solution. The extensively treated erythrocytes also show concanavalin A agglutination at temperatures below 37°C, under conditions in which intact or moderately treated erythrocytes do not agglutinate, with or without adenosine present. Results suggest that the adenosine activation of concanavalin A agglutination of intact human erythrocytes is mediated through a metabolic conversion of adenosine to a rapidly turned over metabolite which participates directly in the activation of agglutination. The agglutinability does not appear to depend on whole cell ATP levels, but may involve a particular pool of ATP. The effect of variation of cellular metabolic state and the response of particular systems involved in lectin-mediated agglutinability to cellular metabolism seem to be worth consideration in explaining the frequently large differences in agglutinability of und in cells indifferent biological states, such as those encountered in normal and transformed cells.
Three-dimensional Marangoni convection in electrostatically positioned droplets under microgravity

Abstract A numerical study of steady-state and transient 3-D Marangoni convection and heat transfer in electrostatically levitated droplets. The analysis is based on the Galerkin finite element solution of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations. Numerical aspects for the computation of surface driven flows in general curvilinear coordinate system are discussed within the framework of finite elements and differential geometry. Results show that for practical microgravity conditions under which the deformation is small, the single and double beam heating arrangements, when placed at the poles or equator plane, produce an approximately axisymmetric flow profile and temperature distribution with the axis of symmetry defined by the line passing through the centers of the laser beam and the droplet. Thus, an axisymmetric model could provide a reasonably good description, and an exact one when the laser beam is placed at a pole or one beam is placed at both poles. When a tetrahedral or octahedral heating arrangement is applied, complex 3-D flow structures occur, which result from interaction of flow motions associated with each laser beam. For the case studied, the tetrahedral heating arrangement does not seem to produce a significant reduction in internal velocity, in contrast to perception, but the temperature is more uniform. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the 2- and 4-beam arrangements result in a surface temperature gradient of approximately the same magnitude. The six-beam heating placement produces, however, a much more significant reduction in both velocity and temperature non-uniformity. The transient decaying during cooling is characterized by the evolution of both temperature and velocity fields evolve in a rather complex fashion, with the initial stage dominated by the pronounced thermal and flow mixing on the surface layer of a droplet. The strong surface mixing quickly brings out a surface temperature distribution of axisymmetry, while a 3-D structure still prevails inside until much later. The flow reversal is also observed in the droplets that have been heated by 4- or 6-beam lasers during the decay, and there is a spike in velocity and temperature at the time when the flow reversal occurs.
Generalized Chemical Reactivity of Curved Surfaces: Carbon Nanotubes

We have developed a model to predict the chemical reactivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) quantitatively from their initial structures. The parameters, universal for each reaction, of the model can be obtained from a graphene sheet analysis. The chemical reactivity of hydrogenation, hydroxylation, and fluorination were predicted within 0.1-0.3 eV errors, compared with first principle simulation results. The model also predicted the enhanced chemical reactivity of mechanically bent CNTs. The predictions can be applied to the controlled functionalization of CNTs.
The Renin-Aldosterone Response to Stimulation and Suppression During Normal Pregnancy

Objective. During normal pregnancy, studies have shown increased activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and a dissociation of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (Aldo) evidenced by a greater increase in Aldo relative to PRA. The aims of this study were to examine the RAAS response to stimulation by upright posture and suppression by saline infusion and to investigate the PRA-Aldo dissociation under these two conditions. Methods. We studied 24 healthy normotensive women (mean ± standard error of mean, ages 29 ± 1 yrs) in sodium (Na) balance in the second and third trimesters and postpartum. Subjects underwent a 24-hour urine collection which was analyzed for Na, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (Epi), and dopamine (DA); a posture study with analysis of blood pressure (BP), PRA, Aldo, NE, Epi, DA, and cortisol; and a 0.9% NaCl infusion study (500 mL/hr for 3 hrs) with analysis of BP, PRA, Aldo, cortisol, and digitalis-like factor (DLF). Analyses included paired t tests to compa...
Essential Role of LAT in T Cell Development

Abstract The linker molecule LAT is a substrate of the tyrosine kinases activated following TCR engagement. Phosphorylated LAT binds many critical signaling molecules. The central role of this molecule in TCR-mediated signaling has been demonstrated by experiments in a LAT-deficient cell line. To probe the role of LAT in T cell development, the LAT gene was disrupted by targeting. LAT-deficient mice appeared healthy. Flow cytometric analysis revealed normal B cell populations but the absence of any mature peripheral T cells. Intrathymic development was blocked within the CD4 − CD8 − stage. No gross abnormality of NK or platelet function was observed. LAT is thus critical to both T cell activation and development.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ibuprofen Binding to Aβ Peptides

Using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and the implicit solvent model we probed binding of ibuprofen to Aβ10–40 monomers and amyloid fibrils. We found that the concave (CV) fibril edge has significantly higher binding affinity for ibuprofen than the convex edge. Furthermore, binding of ibuprofen to Aβ monomers, as compared to fibrils, results in a smaller free energy gain. The difference in binding free energies is likely to be related to the presence of the groove on the CV fibril edge, in which ibuprofen tends to accumulate. The confinement effect of the groove promotes the formation of large low-energy ibuprofen clusters, which rarely occur on the surface of Aβ monomers. These observations led us to suggest that the ibuprofen binding mechanism for Aβ fibrils is different from that for monomers. In general, ibuprofen shows a preference to bind to those regions of Aβ monomers (amino terminal) and fibrils (the CV edge) that are also the primary aggregation interfaces. Based on our findings and on available experimental data, we propose a rationale for the ibuprofen antiaggregation effect.
Relative Potencies of Anastrozole and Letrozole to Suppress Estradiol in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Ovarian Stimulation before in Vitro Fertilization

Context: Breast cancer patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for embryo or oocyte cryopreservation should be induced by the method that leads to the least increase in estradiol (E2) levels. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the potency of anastrozole to suppress serum E2 levels in breast cancer patients undergoing COH. Design and Setting: A prospective sequential cohort study was conducted in an academic center for reproductive medicine between May 2003 and November 2005 for letrozole and between December 2005 and April 2006 for anastrozole. Patients: Breast cancer patients presenting for fertility preservation participated in the study. Intervention: COH using FSH and letrozole (n = 47) or anastrozole (n = 7) was followed by oocyte retrieval and embryo cryopreservation. Main Outcome Measures: Serum E2 levels, area under the curve for E2, and outcomes of COH cycles were measured. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding length o...
Using Montane Mammals to Model Extinctions Due to Global Change

We use data on the species-area relationship and the nested subset structure of the boreal mammal faunas inhabiting isolated mountaintops in the Great Basin to develop a simple quantitative model that predicts the number and identity of species that would go extinct under an assumed scenario of changing climate and vegetation. Global warming of 3°C is predicted to cause the loss of 9–62% of the species inhabiting each mountain range and the extinction of three of fourteen species throughout the region. These results suggest (1) that it is possible to make highly plausible predictions about the susceptibility of species to extinction without detailed information about their population biology, and (2) that global and regional environmental changes seriously threaten the survival of species that are restricted in distribution to both natural “habitat islands” and biological reserves. Usando datos acerca de la relacion especie-area y la estructura en subgrupos anidados que caracteriza a la fauna de mamiferos boreales que habitan los picos montanosos aislados en “Great Basin,” desarrollamos un modelo quantitativo que predice el numero e identidad de las especies que se extinguirian bajo un supuesto escenario de cambios en clima y vegetacion. Se predice que un calentamiento global de 3°C causaria la perdida de un 9–62% de las especies que habitan cada cadena montanosa y la extincion de tres de las 14 especies a traves de la region. Estos resultados sugieren que: (1) es posible hacer predicciones con un alto grado de seguridad acerca de la suceptibilidad de las especies a la extincion, sin contar con una detallada informacion acerca de sus biologias poblacionales, y (2) que cambios ambientales tanto globales como regionales, amenazan seriamente la supervivencia de las especies, cuya distribucion se encuentra restringida tanto a “habitat insulares” de caracter natural como a reservas biologicas.
Crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of netrin g2.

Abstract Netrin G proteins represent a small family of synaptic cell adhesion molecules related to netrins and to the polymerization domains of laminins. Two netrin G proteins are encoded in vertebrate genomes, netrins G1 and G2, which are known to bind the leucine-rich repeat proteins netrin G ligand (NGL)-1 and NGL-2, respectively. Netrin G proteins share a common multi-domain architecture comprising a laminin N-terminal (LN) domain followed by three laminin epidermal growth factor-like (LE) domains and a C′ region containing a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Here, we use deletion analysis to show that the LN domain region of netrin Gs contains the binding site for NGLs to which they bind with 1:1 stoichiometry and sub-micromolar affinity. Netrin Gs are alternatively spliced in their LE domain regions, but the binding region, the LN domain, is identical in all splice forms. We determined the crystal structure for a fragment comprising the LN domain and domain LE1 of netrin G2 by sulfur single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing and refined it to 1.8 A resolution. The structure reveals an overall architecture similar to that of laminin α chain LN domains but includes significant differences including a Ca 2+ binding site in the LN domain. These results reveal the minimal binding unit for interaction of netrin Gs with NGLs, define structural features specific to netrin Gs, and suggest that netrin G alternative splicing is not involved in NGL recognition.
The mechanism of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Abstract In the presence of Fe 3+ and complexing anions, the peroxidation of unsaturated liver microsomal lipid in both intact microsomes and in a model system containing extracted microsomal lipid can be promoted by either NADPH and NADPH : cytochrome c reductase or by xanthine and xanthine oxidase. Erythrocuprein effectively inhibits the activity promoted by xanthine and xanthine oxidase but produces much less inhibition of NADPH-dependent peroxidation. The singlet-oxygen trapping agent, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, had no effect on NADPH-dependent peroxidation but strongly inhibited the peroxidation promoted by xanthine and xanthine oxidase. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation was also shown to be unaffected by hydroxyl radical scavengers.. The addition of catalase had no effect on NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation, but it significantly increased the rate of malondialdehyde formation in the reaction promoted by xanthine and xanthine oxidase. These results demonstrate that NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation is promoted by a reaction mechanism which does not involve either superoxide, singlet oxygen, HOOH, or the hydroxyl radical. It is concluded that NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation is initiated by the reduction of Fe 3+ followed by the decomposition of hydroperoxides to generate alkoxyl radicals. The initiation reaction may involve some form of the perferryl ion or other metal ion species generated during oxidation of Fe 2+ by oxygen.
Texas Police Chiefs' Attitudes Toward Gay and Lesbian Police Officers:

Local police agencies throughout the State of Texas have moved increasingly toward more community-oriented approaches to policing. This philosophy embraces the ideas that (a) the police should reac...
An error detecting and tagging framework for reducing data entry errors in electronic medical records (EMR) system

We develop an error detecting and tagging framework for reducing data entry errors in Electronic Medical Records (EMR) systems. We propose a taxonomy of data errors with three levels: Incorrect Format and Missing error, Out of Range error, and Inconsistent error. We aim to address the challenging problem of detecting erroneous input values that look statistically normal but are abnormal in medical sense. Detecting such an error needs to take patient medical history and population data into consideration. In particular, we propose a probabilistic method based on the assumption that the input value for a field depends on the historical records of this field, and is affected by other fields through dependency relationships. We evaluate our methods using the data collected from an EMR System. The results show that the method is promising for automatic data entry error detection.
Mission and Theological Education ‐ Berlin, Athens, and Tranquebar: A North American Perspective

An intense discussion of the nature and purpose of theological education has insufficiently regarded the vital importance of the missionary perspective. This article reviews the contemporary debate about theological education with special reference to the contributions of Edward Farley and David Kelsey. The prevailing paradigms of “Berlin” and “Athens” need to be complemented through the perspective of “Tranquebar.” Through a critical appreciation of the work of Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg (1682‐1719), the retrieval of a fresh and urgently needed missionary paradigm can be facilitated for the contemporary work of theological education. Ziegenbalg demonstrated attentiveness to local culture, collected and cataloged perspectives on South Indian deities, respected the dignity of the Tamil people, and embodied a vibrant theology of mission. The implications of his contribution are translated into an agenda for theological education today and are illustrated through the example of one particular theological school.
THE INCREASED DURATION OF INSULIN ACTION BY THE USE OF PROTAMINE ZINC INSULIN IN PELLET FORM1

BEST (1) has reviewed the numerous attempts to prolong the action of insulin. Many recent experiments have shown the increased effectiveness of compressed pellets of estrone, testosterone propionate and desoxycorticosterone implanted subcutaneously (2, 3). We are reporting experiments on the effect of compressed subcutaneous pellets of crystalline Zn insulin3 and mixtures of crystalline Zn insulin with protamine, on the blood sugar concentration of dogs. Adult dogs were depancreatized under nembutal anesthesia, and stabilized on a diet of lean meat 250 gm., cane sugar 25 gm., and pancreas 50 gm., given at 9 A.M. and 4 P.M. daily. The dogs received 10 u of insulin daily, except on the day before each experiment. Pellets were made of crystalline Zn insulin and carefully ground mixtures of Zn insulin and protamine, in an apparatus made for this purpose. The apparatus has two steel plates (fig. 1) with opposing surfaces that are machine ground. These can be fastened firmly together.
Evaluating hybrid poplar clonal growth potential in a three-year-old genetic selection field trial

Abstract Survival, growth, and insect and disease damage of 54 hybrid poplar clones were compared in a three-year-old genetic selection field trial located in the St Lawrence River Valley, near Massena, New York, USA. Clones were grouped into growth potential classes using cluster analysis and indices of total growth and canker severity. Statistical significance of growth potential classes was tested using discriminant analysis. Seven of the 54 clones examined (DN16, NM6, NE17, D51, DN38, DN55 and NE21) were recommended for additional evaluations in larger scale clone-site trials. The technique presented in this report facilitates hardwood clone performance evaluation for a wide variety of desired products.
Shame, guilt, symptoms of depression, and reported history of psychological maltreatment

Abstract Objective The purpose of the present study was to provide preliminary data extending earlier research on shame and guilt, examining their relationships both to symptoms of depression and to psychological maltreatment. Symptoms of depression were expected to correlate positively with shame, but not with guilt. Psychological maltreatment was also expected to correlate positively with shame. The relationship between psychological maltreatment and guilt was examined on an exploratory basis. Method Two hundred and eighty participants from a public community college and a private university completed scales assessing shame, guilt, depression, and history of childhood psychological maltreatment. Pearson correlations were conducted with all data. Results Results indicated that symptoms of depression were positively correlated with both shame and guilt. Partial correlations were then conducted in which the linear effects of shame were removed from guilt. In this latter analysis, guilt was no longer positively correlated with symptoms of depression. Psychological maltreatment was also positively correlated with depression and with shame, but not with guilt. Conclusions These results highlight the significance of psychological maltreatment in the relationship to the self-conscious emotions of guilt and shame. As in earlier studies, shame has been consistently correlated to poor psychological functioning, while guilt appears to be relatively unrelated to pathological functioning.
Increased 24-hour variation of human intraocular pressure with short axial length.

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma. There are other known risk factors that include the refractive state of the eye. Axial myopia is a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma,1,2 and hyperopia accompanied by short axial length and shallow anterior chamber depth is a risk factor for angle-closure glaucoma.3–5 During office hours, levels of IOP measured in patients while sitting are correlated to the refractive state. A longer myopic eye has relatively higher IOP and a shorter hyperopic eye has relatively lower IOP than do emmetropic eyes.6–11 In a study performed in our sleep laboratory, sitting IOP during the diurnal/wake period in healthy young adults with moderate to severe myopia (myopia group) was higher than in individuals with emmetropia and mild myopia (emmetropia group).12 A similar difference was not observed when supine IOP was measured during the nocturnal/sleep period. Based on the observation that the myopia group showed a smaller 24-hour IOP variation than the emmetropia group, one may hypothesize that basal 24-hour IOP variation correlates with axial length or eye size.12 To test this hypothesis over the entire spectrum of healthy young adults, hyperopic individuals with a shorter axial length should be included. However, no IOP data in hyperopic individuals during the nocturnal period is available in the literature. Thus, we collected 24-hour IOP data from a group of hyperopic young adults in the sleep laboratory and analyzed their 24-hour IOP variations along with those young adults with emmetropia and myopia, to evaluate the hypothesis.
Effects of Image Charges on the Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Cloud Droplets and on Droplet Charging and Possible Ice Nucleation Processes

Abstract Previous calculations of the rate at which falling droplets in clouds collide with aerosols have led to the conclusion that except in thunderclouds any electrical charges on the aerosols or droplets have little effect on the collision rate. However, it had been assumed that the aerosols would have only a few elementary charges on them, whereas it is now known that at the tops of nonthunderstorm clouds the evaporating droplets may have several hundred elementary charges on them and that much of this charge remains on the residual aerosol for 5 min or so after the evaporation. Also, most previous calculations neglected image charge forces that provide strong attraction at close range even when droplet and aerosol have charges of the same sign and of comparable magnitude. The authors present numerical calculations showing that electrical effects dominate collision rates for charged evaporation aerosols. The calculations are for the size range of 0.1- to 1.0-μm radius with the collision efficiency co...
Temperature effects on thyroid function in the lizard Sceloporus cyanogenys.

Abstract The effects of chronic and acute cold temperature exposure on thyroid function were investigated in groups of adult lizards, Sceloporus cyanogenys . Some animals were placed in constant temperature chambers at 16°C for 2 wk prior to testing, while those exposed to acute cold were placed in a 4°C environment for 0.5 hr preceded by a 14-day acclimation period at 32°C. Various parameters of thyroid function were measured, including total thyroid 131 I uptake, thyroxine synthesis, and protein-bound iodine. Pituitary-thyroid relationships in both thermal situations were indirectly determined by comparing hypophysectomized and/or TSH injected animals to controls. Chronic cold reduced thyroid activity while acute cold stress apparently stimulated pituitary TSH secretion. Though TSH could not increase oxygen consumption in tissue slices from cold-treated animals, injection of this hormone did cause thyroid hormone uptake by peripheral neurons under similar conditions. Furthermore, serum proteins seem to act as peripheral storage depots for thyroxine during periods of cold-induced inactivity. TSH can apparently free the protein-bound hormone under appropriate conditions. A discussion of the possible role of thyroxine in reptilian thermoregulation is included.
Atubular glomeruli in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease

Atubular glomeruli in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease. Background Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is associated with a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that often leads to end-stage renal disease. The basis for this decline in GFR is poorly understood. Methods Glomeruli in heterozygous Han:SPRD rats with ADPKD and their normal litter mates were studied by light microscopy, using serial sectioning techniques. The connections of the renal corpuscles to proximal tubules were classified as normal, atrophied, or absent (atubular glomerulus). Renal corpuscles also were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Single nephron glomerular blood flows were determined using microspheres. Results In the kidneys of six-month-old rats with ADPKD, 50% of the glomeruli were atubular and another 26% were associated with atrophied neck segments; these glomeruli were most often smaller in size than normal. About 16% of the glomeruli were hypertrophied and had normal connections to proximal tubules. Sclerotic changes in cystic kidney glomeruli were usually mild or moderate, and belied the failure of glomerular function. Glomerular blood flow in the cystic kidneys averaged half of normal and was markedly heterogeneous; the majority of small glomeruli displayed very low blood flows and a few showed relatively high blood flows. Fewer glomerular abnormalities were found in rats treated for five months with potassium citrate in their drinking water. Conclusions The diminished GFR in the rat with ADPKD can be accounted for largely by the formation of atubular glomeruli. Compensatory glomerular hypertrophy also is present and may contribute to the progression of the renal disease.
Temperature sensor based on light reflection from a glass/liquid boundary

A temperature sensor is constructed in which light strikes the boundary between a glass (BK7) corner cube reflector and a small volume of liquid (water). The liquid is contained in a metallic housing, which is bonded to a test structure. As the structure changes temperature, the indices of refraction of both the liquid and the glass vary, and the amount of light reflected out of the corner cube changes. A full three-dimensional vector analysis of the corner cube sensor is presented in conjunction with the Fresnel equations and the refractive index temperature dependence of both BK7 and water. Experimental results show the sensor output to be roughly linear with temperature for the range between 30 and 90 degrees Celsius.
Single-Stranded DNA Scanning and Deamination by APOBEC3G with Single-Molecule Resolution

APOBEC3G (Apo3G) is a deoxycytidine deaminase that converts C → U on single-stranded (ss) DNA, favoring ataCCCaaa and disfavoring tttCCCttt motifs. Apo3G inactivates HIV-1 by attacking cDNA in T cells lacking the viral infectivity factor (Vif). Here, we observe Apo3G scanning and C → U product formation in real-time on ssDNA using single-molecule fluorescence. Apo3G displays short (<25 s) and long duration (25 s - 10 min) binding events about equally distributed. Mean displacements from the initial binding site are about 10 A, which vary depending on motif location and identity. Apo3G “long binders” retain contact with the DNA, but do not remain tethered at a single binding site. Instead, the time trajectories suggest a random, bidirectional motion, while contracting the ssDNA in a motif-dependent manner. Our data further indicate that the enzyme tends to scan more often in the vicinity of a hot motif, especially when located near the 5′-end. Using Cy5-labeled Pfu DNA polymerase, which binds U on ssDNA selectively, we show that Apo3G-catalyzed deaminations are strongly favored in the 5′-direction. The observation that random scanning generates non-random catalysis supports a model in which Apo3G binds in an asymmetric catalytically active orientation.
Receptor for advanced glycation end products is upregulated in optic neuropathy of Alzheimer's disease

Although Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been shown to be associated with a true primary optic neuropathy, the underlying pathophysiology of this disease and in particular the optic nerve disorder is still poorly understood. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD by mediating the transport of plasma amyloid-β into the brain. Once ligated, RAGE can play a role in signal transduction, leading to amplification and perpetuation of inflammatory processes. As a key player in the reaction to CNS injury, astrocytes have been shown to associate with RAGE in a number of diseases, including AD. To investigate the role of RAGE and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD optic neuropathy, we conducted immunohistochemical studies to examine the presence of RAGE in donor eyes from patients with AD (n = 10) and controls (n = 3). Both qualitative observation and quantitative analyses using imaging software were used to document the extent of RAGE in the neural tissues. The intensity and extent of RAGE expression was more prominent in AD nerves compared to controls (P < 0.05). The RAGE immunoreactivity was observed in the microvasculature and in close proximity to astrocytic processes. While RAGE immunoreactivity increased with age, the increase was more precipitous in the AD group compared to the controls. The up-regulation of RAGE in the AD optic nerves indicates that RAGE may play a role in the pathophysiology of AD optic neuropathy.
Discordant regulation by luteinizing hormone of ornithine decarboxylase activity and testosterone production in isolated rat testicular cells invitro

Abstract Possible functional relationship between luteinizing hormone-stimulated ornithine decarboxylase and testosterone production was examined in rat testicular interstitial cells in vitro . Although luteinizing hormone enhanced both ornithine decarboxylase activity and testosterone production at a similar physiological dose range, we found dissociation in the two responses in terms of their temporal aspect and the way they were affected by an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, and protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The results suggest that there appears to be no causal coupling between luteinizing hormone-stimulated enzyme activity and testicular steroidogenesis.
Audio Fingerprinting: Combining Computer Vision & Data Stream Processing

In this paper, we present waveprint, a novel system for audio identification. Waveprint uses a combination of computer-vision techniques and large-scale-data-stream processing algorithms to create compact fingerprints of audio data that can be efficiently matched. The resulting system has excellent identification capabilities for small snippets of audio that have been degraded in a variety of manners, including competing noise, poor recording quality, and cell-phone playback. We measure the tradeoffs between performance, memory usage, and computation through extensive experimentation. The system is more efficient in terms of memory usage and computation, while being more accurate, when compared with previous state of the art systems.
Accumulation of chlorine-36 ring-labeled DDT residues in various tissues of two species of shrew.

Storage of DDT [trichloro-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane] residues by the shrew species,Blarina brevicauda andSorex cinereus, was studied in a 4.05-hectare old-field ecosystem, treated in June, 1969, with36Cl-ring-labeled DDT at a dosage of 0.92 kilograms per hectare. The mean radioactive DDT-derived residue contents ofBlarina liver (10 ppm), muscle (10 ppm), brain (4 ppm), and fat (135 ppm) of resident shrews were the same in 1970 and 1971, and they were not influenced by sex. Significant peaks occurred in the DDT residue content of fat in August, 1970 (243 ppm) and November, 1971 (236 ppm), which may have resulted from the consumption of slugs (Deroceras), whose population peaks coincided with the maximum residue levels of DDT in fat.Blarina released into the treated area accumulate DDT-derived residues in liver, brain, muscle, and fat comparable to the levels found in resident shrews, within 15 to 20 days of exposure to the area. Equilibrium between intake and excretion of DDT apparently occurs inBlarina liver, brain, and muscle within approximately 30 days and, in fat, within 40 days. InSorex, DDT residue levels in muscle and viscera reached peaks during the summer of DDT application (1969) and declined towards the end of the growing season, the pattern being similar to that found for the tissues ofBlarina. However,Sorex, unlikeBlarina, accumulated residue levels of DDT in 1970 and 1971 which were successively greater than the levels present in 1969, indicating that DDT probably was increasing in availability toSorex, with the passage of time. Mean levels of DDT residue in muscle (4 ppm) and viscera (3 ppm) are not influenced by sex but are influenced by breeding condition. Male shrews with scrotal testes and lactating females develop lower levels of DDT in muscle and viscera than males with abdominal testes or nonlactating females.