cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potentiation of the amnesic effect of electroconvulsive shock by detention

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) administered to mice 10 min after training in a one-trial passive avoidance situation decreases their step-through latencies in the retest trial given 24 h later. A similar degree of impairment is found if the animals are detained in the same compartment of the conditioning apparatus for 10 min immediately after the training trial If ECS is given at the end of the detention period, its amnesic effect on the conditioned response is greatly increased.
Electrophoretic analyses of wall glycoproteins in normal and mutant cells.

Abstract Glycoproteins have been isolated from the cell walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardi; the wall is a sevenpartite structure and the glycoproteins are derived from that part of the wall which has a highly ordered lattice structure (layers 2 to 6). Identical glycoproteins were extracted from wild type and from two mutant strains which show defects in cell wall biogenesis.
Repulsive long-range forces between anisotropic atoms and dielectrics

We investigate long-range forces between atoms with anisotropic electric polarizability interacting with dielectrics having anisotropic permittivity in the weak-coupling approximation. Unstable configurations in which the force between the objects is repulsive are constructed. Such configurations exist for three anisotropic atoms as well as for an anisotropic atom above a dielectric plate with a hole whose permittivity is anisotropic. Apart from the absolute magnitude of the force, the dependence on the configuration is qualitatively the same as for metallic objects for which the anisotropy is a purely geometric effect. In the weak limit, closed analytic expressions for rather complicated configurations are obtained. The nonmonotonic dependence of the interaction energy on separation is related to the fact that the electromagnetic Green's dyadic is not positive definite. The analysis in the weak limit is found to also semiquantitatively explain the dependence of Casimir forces on the orientation of anisotropic dielectrics observed experimentally. Contrary to the scalar case, irreducible electromagnetic three-body energies can change sign. We trace this to the fact that the electromagnetic Green's dyadic is not positive definite.
Two New Cerococcus Species, with a Revised Key to the Genus in North America (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Asterolecaniidae)

Descriptions and figures are given of the adult female and the first and second nymphal instars of Cerococcus deklei , and of the adult female of C. russellae . Numerical analyses of morphological characters were conducted when material was available. C. deklei has been found principally on Hibiscus spp. in Florida, and is known also from Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Panama, and from a few other plants. C. russellae was taken on cotton at Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. A revised key, including these species, is based on that of Ferris to the 6 Nearctic species that were previously known.
Determinants of the collateralization of credit by small firms

This study presents results of an empirical investigation of debt collateralization using samples of small firms. We examine the fraction of debt that is collateralized and find substantial support for firm size, firm age, and collateral quality as determinants of collateralization. Our results regarding firm size and age are different from prior research and may stem from basic financial differences between small and large firms. We find mixed support for growth opportunities and taxation and little support for default probability, regulation, and form of legal organization as determinants of collateralization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"Globalization" and Vertical Structure

This paper analyzes the effects of international openness on vertical integration. Vertical integration can confer a negative externality, by thinning the market for inputs and thus worsening opportunism problems; this induces strategic complementarity and multiple equilibria in the integration decision, thus providing a theory of different industrial systems or industrial cultures in ex ante identical countries. International openness thickens the market, facilitating leaner, less integrated firms, thus providing gains from international openness quite different from those that are familiar from trade theory. This may be taken as one theory of outsourcing, downsizing, and Japanization as consequences of globalization.
The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul: The Emergent Unfolding of a Complex Adaptive System

The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul offers an example of a physical environment containing specific districts that have emerged over time. This paper theorizes that the Grand Bazaar exhibits the characteristics of a Complex Adaptive System. Then, it considers specific urban elements found in the Bazaar, in light of complexity theory, to see how these facilitate processes that lead to the emergence of contiguous districts. This study repurposes Kevin Lynch’s categorization of urban elements to provide a useful framework for discussing complexity theory. This research is further informed by economic analysis derived from Evolutionary Economic Geography, which examines the emergence of business clusters.
The Wolf and the hare: Epic expansion and contextualization in Derek Walcott'sOmeros

Derek Walcott'sOmeros should be read within the horizons of traditional epic, as that genre has been revised by recent scholarship. Lyric elements in the poem exemplify the traditional epic's expansive tendencies vis-a-vis other genres. The development of a vivid image of a bleeding hare in Book Two illustrates assimilation of the metaphoric density of lyric. The image of the hare is expanded into a network of imagery which depicts a theme of the levelling of predators and their prey, and—on the human level—the conflation of winners and losers. The contextualization of this theme within the characterization of Achille contributes to his exemplarity, another traditional epic criterion, and likewise adds to the revision of the epic hero, which further suggestsOmeros as an innovative epic text. That Achille's exemplary qualities derive from traits which the poet finds in his own people relates in turn to the poem's instructional intent and social utility, motives which again one associates with the epic.
Open versus endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: which offers the best long-term outcome?

In this article, Gilbert Upchurch considers the findings of the study by Blankensteijnet al., which found that there was no long-term survival advantage with endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm when compared with open repair.
Intermolecular Dimerization within Pillared, Layered Clay Templates

Solutions of pyrene in the presence of a pillared, layered montmorillonite clay produce hybrid organic-inorganic materials with substantial molecular loading in the gallery regions between the clay layers. The results are in sharp contrast to other aromatics, such as benzene, naphthalene, or perylene, which show minimal incorporation of the molecules into the gallery regions of the clay. We present evidence that the unusual affinity for pyrene to form intermolecular dimers is the reason for the high loading. Pyrene monomers are easily introduced to the layers. Through steric hindrance, subsequent intermolecular dimer formation is allowed, and they are captured by the pillared, layered structure. CW and time-resolved emission spectra strongly indicate the presence of face-to-face intermolecular dimers (excimers) within the clay galleries. The combination of the ease of high molecular loading into an inorganic, high aspect ratio template and the collective optical properties of the organic layer may be useful as a new means to create hybrid structures.
Sexual Addiction Counseling Competencies: Empirically-Based Tools for Preparing Clinicians to Recognize, Assess, and Treat Sexual Addiction

This article presents the findings of a national study that devised an empirically tested list of competencies necessary for the recognition, assessment, and treatment of sexual addiction. Following this presentation are practical suggestions for how to apply this new knowledge to inform educational experiences for current and future counseling professionals.
Multiple scale meshfree methods for damage fracture and localization

Abstract The Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), which utilizes the fundamental notions of the convolution theorem, multiresolution analysis and meshfree properties, is reviewed. The multiple-scale RKPMs are then proposed as an alternative to commonly used numerical methods such as the finite element method. The elimination of a mesh, combined with the filtering properties of window functions, makes a particle method suitable for problems with large deformations, high gradients, and localization problems. This class of methods has been applied to shear band problems, and large deformation fracture and damage problems.
Genetic evaluation with data presenting evidence of mixed major gene and polygenic inheritance

A procedure for genetic evaluation with field data is proposed for situations in which there is mixed major gene and polygenic inheritance and the major genotype membership of some or of all individuals is unknown. Location parameters (fixed environmental, major genotype and polygenic effects), major genotype frequencies and variance components are estimated by the modal values of joint and marginal posterior distributions. The method is described for continuous and discontinuous data as well as for univariate and multivariate evaluations. Results from a simulation study are presented.
ANALYSIS OF EDGE-DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR CRACK IDENTIFICATION IN BRIDGES

Bridge monitoring and maintenance is an expensive yet essential task in maintaining a safe national transportation infrastructure. Traditional monitoring methods use visual inspection of bridges on a regular basis and often require inspectors to travel to the bridge of concern and determine the deterioration level of the bridge. Automation of this process may result in great monetary savings and can lead to more frequent inspection cycles. One aspect of this automation is the detection of cracks and deterioration of a bridge. This paper provides a comparison of the effectiveness of four crack-detection techniques: fast Haar transform (FHT), fast Fourier transform, Sobel, and Canny. These imaging edge-detection algorithms were implemented in MatLab and simulated using a sample of 50 concrete bridge images (25 with cracks and 25 without). The results show that the FHT was significantly more reliable than the other three edge-detection techniques in identifying cracks.
The development of figurative language in children

Children in the third, fourth, and fifth grades were asked to do three different tasks in an attempt to determine their ability to use figurative language. Results for a Composition task showed that children produced a greater number of frozen than novel figures and that the absolute level of such usage decreased over grades. Results for a Multiple Sentences task revealed that children produced more frozen than novel figures and that both showed a marked increase over grade. Results for a Comparisons task indicated that figurative language increased over grade, and that for this task children used more novel than frozen figures. Taken in conjunction with earlier work, these data suggest that children are able to use figurative language well before theycan explain the exact nature of the relationship linking elements of the figure. In Piagetian terms, this implies that children use figurative language in the stage of concrete operations but cannot explain such usage until the stage of formal operations.
An AC Dielectrophoretic Trap for Cellular Assembly

A mathematical model and numerical techniques are proposed to study AC electric field induced cellular assembly in a microfluidic device. In the mathematical model, the Maxwell stress tensor is used to calculate the dielectrophoretic force acting on particles by considering the physical effect of particles in the computational domain. Thus, the proposed model eliminates the approximations used in point dipole methods for calculating dielectrophoretic force. The numerical method is based on hybrid immersed boundary-immersed interface methods. An immersed boundary method is used for the fluid equations and particle transport, while an immersed interface method is employed to obtain the AC electric field in a fluid media with suspended particles. For the immersed interface method, an iterative algorithm is developed to solve the complex Poisson equation using a real variable formulation. The decoupled algorithm for solving complex differential equations converges rapidly. The hybrid method is used to investigate the physics of AC dielectrophoresis in a cross-channel junction. The numerical results show that with proper design and appropriate selection of applied potential and frequency, global electric field minima can be obtained to facilitate multiple particle trapping by exploiting the mechanism of negative dielectrophoresis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Difference equations for magnetic amplifiers

THE analysis of magnetic amplifiers through the use of difference equations will result in a different view of the mechanics of operation of the magnetic amplifier. It shows that all magnetic amplifiers operate upon the same basic principles, and that these basic principles are demonstrated by the operation of the basic half-cycle response magnetic amplifier shown in Fig. 1. The purpose of the analysis presented in this article is only to clarify these basic principles.
Methionine oxidation and inactivation of α1-proteinase inhibitor by Cu2+ and glucose

The effect of glucose/Cu2+ incubation on (a) pure methionine oxidation, (b) the oxidation of active-site methionine in α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1PI) and (c) the resulting activity and structural changes of this inhibitor was investigated. While no methionine was oxidized during a 24 day, 37°C incubation with 0.01 M EDTA and 100 mM glucose, 64.2% oxidation occurred in 6 days when 0.01 mM Cu2+ was added to the 100 mM glucose. The first-order rate constant for oxidation in 10 mM glucose, 0.01 mM Cu2+ was 0.0218 day−1. Oxidation was inhibited by catalase, but accelerated by ascorbate ion. The active-site methionyl residue of α1PI was oxidized 71.3% after a 4 day incubation in 100 mM glucose, 0.01 mM Cu2+ (pH 7.45), 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The elastase and trypsin inhibiting activities were lowered to 3.1 and 1.5% of control samples during this incubation. The inclusion of 1 mM DETAPAC, a transition metal chelator, resulted in a 98+% retention of actiivty. Intrinsic fluorescence (350 nm excitation, 415 nm emission) of α1PI increased 576% over control for the sample incubated in 100 mM glucose, 0.01 mM Cu2+ and SDS-PAGE revealed protein fragment molecular weights of 44.4 and 39.8 kDa. These studies suggest that both methionine oxidation and free radical induced fragmentation contribute to loss of α1PI activity during glucose/Cu2+ incubations.
Family planning attitudes of medically underserved Latinas.

Objective: To evaluate the cultural and socioeconomic factors that may influence family planning decisions in Latinas attending a community health center. Methods: Contraceptive choices made by medically underserved Latinas attending a federally funded community health clinic were surveyed, and the societal, religious, economic, and community factors that affect their use were evaluated. Results: In a cohort of 97 Latinas, almost one third were not using birth control, and those using birth control often chose nonhormonal methods. Early pregnancy was desired by this cohort, with 72 women (84%) reporting that 25 years or younger was an ideal age for a first pregnancy; 81 women (89 %) indicated having children was an extremely important goal for them. Conclusions: Contraceptive use was lower than the national average in this cohort of mainly Spanish-speaking Latinas, with most of the women using methods considered not as efficacious as hormonal ones. These data suggest that initial counseling for young Lati...
Comparing the performance of different commercial clays in fly ash-modified mortars

Three different commercially available clays (Actigel, Concresol, and Metamax) were compared based on their performance and effect on fly ash-modified mortars prepared with a consistent w/b of 0.45 and s/b of 2.75. Three fly ashes (FA1–3) from different sources were selected to evaluate the performance of these three clays. Ternary mortar blends were formed at various addition and replacement levels of these clays to study their performance in terms of the heat of hydration, thermal setting time, air content, flow ability, and compressive strength development up to 90 days. Results indicated that slight addition of Actigel or Palygorskite significantly affects the rheology as well as decreases the setting time of fresh mortar, the clay being able to alter the fresh state properties to a great extent. All the clays accelerated the cement hydration process as well as decreased the flow ability of mortars. Metamax or metakaolin was found to be the most reactive clay among the three clays in terms of its pozz...
Clostridium perfringens α-toxin action facilitates the Perfringolysin O-cholesterol interaction

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes gangrene and gastrointestinal disease in humans. These pathologies are mediated by potent extracellular protein toxins, particularly alpha-toxin (phospholipase C or PLC) and theta-toxin (perfringolysin O or PFO). While PLC hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, PFO forms large transmembrane pores upon binding and oligomerization on cholesterol-containing membranes.We have shown previously that PFO binding to model membranes requires a high concentration of cholesterol and we have also shown recently that binding cholesterol molecules is necessary and sufficient to trigger all the conformational changes that effect PFO oligomerization and initiate pore formation. These results suggested that the ability of PFO to perforate the membrane of the target cells is dictated by how much cholesterol is exposed at the membrane surface.Given that the enzymatic activity of C. perfringens alpha-toxin cleaves the phosphocholine head group of phosphatidylcholine,,we reasoned that PLC activity may facilitate exposure of cholesterol, thus assisting the interaction of PFO with cell membranes.Our present studies reveal that PLC action on membrane bilayers facilitates the PFO-cholesterol interaction as evidenced by a reduction in the amount of cholesterol required in the membrane for PFO binding and pore-formation. In addition, we showed that the ability of PFO to recognize cholesterol in membranes is modulated by the structural arrangement of amino acids located at the tip of Domain 4 - a compact beta-sandwich bearing a tryptophan-rich motif. Modification of amino acids located close to a conserved residue, C459, modified the ability of PFO to bind to membranes in a cholesterol dependent manner. These studies suggest a mechanism for the concerted action of PLC and PFO during C. perfringens pathogenesis.
Stimulation of chicken lymphocytes in a serum-free medium

Abstract RPMI 1640 without serum or other additives consistently supported the in vitro proliferative reaction of chicken spleen and peripheral lymphocytes when stimulated by phytomitogens, anti-chicken IgG serum, a specific antigen (sheep red cells), and homologous cells. Optimal growth conditions were 1.0 × 10 7 mononuclear cells per milliliter in flat-bottomed glass vials. The proliferation of phytohemagglutinin— or Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell cultures in the presence of 10% homologous serum was inconsistent and in general lower.
Adaptive policies, policy analysis, and policy-making

Abstract Public policies must be devised in spite of profound uncertainties about the future. When there are many plausible scenarios for the future, it may well be impossible to construct any single static policy that will perform well in all of them. It is likely, however, that the uncertainties that confront planners will be resolved over the course of time by new information. Thus, policies should be adaptive – devised not to be optimal for a best estimate future, but robust across a range of plausible futures. Such policies should combine actions that are time urgent with those that make important commitments to shape the future and those that preserve needed flexibility for the future. In this paper, we propose an approach to policy formulation and implementation that explicitly confronts the pragmatic reality that policies will be adjusted as the world changes and as new information becomes available. Our suggested “adaptive” approach allows policymakers to cope with the uncertainties that confront them by creating policies that respond to changes over time and that make explicit provision for learning. The approach makes adaptation explicit at the outset of policy formulation. Thus, the inevitable policy changes become part of a larger, recognized process and are not forced to be made repeatedly on an ad hoc basis. This adaptive approach implies fundamental changes in the three major elements of policy-making: the analytical approach, the types of policies considered, and the decision-making process.
JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 are p53 N-terminal serine 34 kinases

The function of the tumor suppressor protein p53 is modulated by post-translational events, primarily by phosphorylation. p53 is phosphorylated at multiple sites by a variety of protein kinases depending on the cellular environment. It has been suggested that serine 34 of mouse p53 is specifically phosphorylated by a stress- activated protein kinase in response to ultraviolet radiation. Since serine 34 is a major site of phosphorylation of mouse p53 in vivo and its specific protein kinase is still not definitively identified yet, we have examined the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activity on p53 by expressing JNK1 in 293T cells. We show here that activated JNK1 phosphorylates mouse p53 specifically at serine 34 in vitro, while a dominanant-negative JNK1 mutant does not phosphorylate p53. More importantly, JNK1 associates with p53 in vivo, with or without activation, confirming that JNK1 is indeed a p53 kinase. Interestingly, activated JNK2 and JNK3 also phosphorylate serine 34 of mouse p53. Furthermore, JNK2 and JNK3 also associate with p53 in vivo, indicating that not only JNK1, but also JNK2 and JNK3 are p53 N-terminal serine 34 kinases. Phosphorylation of p53 by JNKs may play an important role in nuclear signal transduction in response to environmental stress or tumorigenic agents.
Passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivities with fractions from sera of sensitized animals.

Abstract Passive transfer of DTH with sera has been reported occasionally, but not substantiated. Sera, in this study, were obtained from guinea pigs, bovines, and sheep sensitized against bacterial, viral, fungal, and chemical agents. Sera were separated by electrophoresis to obtain a γ-globulin fraction which could be separated further by electrophoresis to obtain a fraction which migrated in the α-globulin range and could passively transfer specific DTH within and across species barriers. Passive transfer of DTH was demonstrated by erythematous indurated skin test reactions and histologic evaluations. Specificity of the transfer was shown by skin tests with homologous and heterologous antigens.
Simultaneous supralinear line-narrowing and sensitivity enhancement at high fields in magic angle spinning NMR of spin-1/2 nuclei in solids.

We report that, in the 15N CP/MAS NMR measurements on NH4H2AsO4 (ADA), the line widths decrease nonlinearly on going from 7.0 to 21.1 T (0.260 to 0.071 ppm, respectively), which can be attributed t...
COMPLEX ANEUPLOIDY IN AN APPARENTLY NORMAL FEMALE

A 35 year old woman was referred for genetic counseling after delivering a stillborn with multiple congenital anomalies. Thirty percent of peripheral blood chrotoscnes were aneuploid after PHA stimulation compared to less than 5 percent usually found. This increased to 48 per cent in skin fibroblasts after 6 months in tissue culture. Chromosome studies of the patient's two children, mother, father and two brothers were normal. G, D, and C group chromosomes were aneuploid, but not A, B or F. 13 of 25 clones from single cells grew up, and greater than 30 per cent aneuploidy was demonstrated in each one. These findings may be secondary to in vitro tissue culture conditions, and may not represent a defect in cell division in vivo. Mouse cells, for example, demonstrate high aneuploid rates in vitro. Nevertheless, these findings also may represent a new genetic mutation of mitotic cell division, perhaps in spindle fiber formation, and may be related to clinical aneuploid conditions such as trisomy chromosome syndromes.
Fine Structure of Trypsin-Dissociated Rat Adrenal Cells*

Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
Freezing Transition Studies Through Constrained Cell Model Simulation

In the present work, a simulation method based on cell models is used to deduce the fluid–solid transition of a system of particles that interact via a pair potential, $$\phi \left( r\right) $$ , which is of the form $$\phi \left( r\right) = 4\epsilon \left[ \left( \sigma /r\right) ^{2n}- \left( \sigma /r\right) ^{n}\right] $$ with $$n=10$$ . The simulations are implemented under constant-pressure conditions on a generalized version of the constrained cell model. The constrained cell model is constructed by dividing the volume into Wigner–Seitz cells and confining each particle in a single cell. This model is a special case of a more general cell model which is formed by introducing an additional field variable that controls the number of particles per cell and, thus, the relative stability of the solid against the fluid phase. High field values force configurations with one particle per cell and thus favor the solid phase. Fluid–solid coexistence on the isotherm that corresponds to a reduced temperature of 2 is determined from constant-pressure simulations of the generalized cell model using tempering and histogram reweighting techniques. The entire fluid–solid phase boundary is determined through a thermodynamic integration technique based on histogram reweighting, using the previous coexistence point as a reference point. The vapor–liquid phase diagram is obtained from constant-pressure simulations of the unconstrained system using tempering and histogram reweighting. The phase diagram of the system is found to contain a stable critical point and a triple point. The phase diagram of the corresponding constrained cell model is also found to contain both a stable critical point and a triple point.
p53 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α Regulate the Expression of a Mitochondrial Chloride Channel Protein

A novel chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) gene, clone mc3s5/mtCLIC, has been identified from differential display analysis of differentiating mouse keratinocytes from p53+/+ and p53−/− mice. The 4.2-kilobase pair cDNA contains an open reading frame of 762 base pairs encoding a 253-amino acid protein with two putative transmembrane domains. mc3s5/mtCLIC protein shares extensive homology with a family of intracellular organelle chloride channels but is the first shown to be differentially regulated. mc3s5/mtCLIC mRNA is expressed to the greatest extent in vivo in heart, lung, liver, kidney, and skin, with reduced levels in some organs fromp53−/− mice. mc3s5/mtCLIC mRNA and protein are higher in p53+/+ compared withp53−/− basal keratinocytes in culture, and both increase in differentiating keratinocytes independent of genotype. Overexpression of p53 in keratinocytes induces mc3s5/mtCLIC mRNA and protein. Exogenous human recombinant tumor necrosis factor α also up-regulates mc3s5/mtCLIC mRNA and protein in keratinocytes. Subcellular fractionation of keratinocytes indicates that both the green fluorescent protein-mc3s5 fusion protein and the endogenous mc3s5/mtCLIC are localized to the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Similarly, mc3s5/mtCLIC was localized to mitochondria and cytoplasmic fractions of rat liver homogenates. Furthermore, mc3s5/mtCLIC colocalized with cytochrome oxidase in keratinocyte mitochondria by immunofluorescence and was also detected in the cytoplasmic compartment. Sucrose gradient-purified mitochondria from rat liver confirmed this mitochondrial localization. This represents the first report of localization of a CLIC type chloride channel in mitochondria and the first indication that expression of an organellular chloride channel can be regulated by p53 and tumor necrosis factor α.
A probabilistic interpretation of the United Nations’ 1995–2005 population projections

I develop probabilistic interpretations for the United Nations’ 10-year population forecasts by comparing 1995 projections for 212 countries to the population sizes reported for 2005. Errors in the estimation of the intrinsic rate of increase, presumably caused by erroneous assumptions about birth, death and/or immigration rates, appear to be more consequential than errors based on inaccurate estimation of the starting, or ‘jump-off’, population size. For only about 20% of the countries did the ‘actual’ 2005 population size fall between the United Nations’ low- and high-variant projections. I propose prediction intervals for country-specific population sizes 10 years in the future of the form $$[ N_i^{\prime} (t+10) / k , \, k \cdot N_i^{\prime} (t+10) ],$$ where N i ′(t + 10) is the medium-variant prediction for year t + 10 made in year t, and k is a number that varies with starting population size. Based on the 1995–2005 United Nations’ data, values of k giving 95% coverage range from 1.11 for countries with a population on the order of 109, to 1.45 for countries with a population of 105.
Hemp for Sovereignty: Scale, Territory and the Struggle for Native American sovereignty

Abstract This paper considers the question of sovereignty in the context of Native American struggles within the US. In this case, residents of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation sought political and economic autonomy by growing industrial hemp on the reservation. Their efforts illustrate the importance of geographical scale, territoriality and legal geographies in defining both the question of sovereignty and political struggle in the context of Native American political life, as their activities constitute a larger social movement.
"Flora e Pornona": L'orticultura Dei disegni e Delle Incisioni dei secoli XVI-XIX

This catalogue of an exhibition of prints, drawings and illustrated books was organized by the Drawings and Print Department of the Uffizi museum in Florence. The works exhibited are drawn primarily from their collection but prints and drawings from other museums in Florence, Bologna and Vallombrosa were also included.
NMR determination of pKa values in α‐synuclein

The intrinsically unfolded protein α-synuclein has an N-terminal domain with seven imperfect KTKEGV sequence repeats and a C-terminal domain with a large proportion of acidic residues. We characterized pKa values for all 26 sites in the protein that ionize below pH 7 using 2D 1H-15N HSQC and 3D C(CO)NH NMR experiments. The N-terminal domain shows systematically lowered pKa values, suggesting weak electrostatic interactions between acidic and basic residues in the KTKEGV repeats. By contrast, the C-terminal domain shows elevated pKa values due to electrostatic repulsion between like charges. The effects are smaller but persist at physiological salt concentrations. For α-synuclein in the membrane-like environment of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) micelles, we characterized the pKa of His50, a residue of particular interest since it is flanked within one turn of the α-helix structure by the Parkinson's disease-linked mutants E46K and A53T. The pKa of His50 is raised by 1.4 pH units in the micelle-bound state. Titrations of His50 in the micelle-bound states of the E46K and A53T mutants show that the pKa shift is primarily due to interactions between the histidine and the sulfate groups of SDS, with electrostatic interactions between His50 and Glu46 playing a much smaller role. Our results indicate that the pKa values of uncomplexed α-synuclein differ significantly from random coil model peptides even though the protein is intrinsically unfolded. Due to the long-range nature of electrostatic interactions, charged residues in the α-synuclein sequence may help nucleate the folding of the protein into an α-helical structure and confer protection from misfolding.
Transforming Growth Factor-β1-induced Activation of the ERK Pathway/Activator Protein-1 in Human Lung Fibroblasts Requires the Autocrine Induction of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is involved in multiple processes including cell growth and differentiation. In particular, TGF-β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung diseases. In this study, we examined regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by TGF-β1 in primary human lung fibroblasts. TGF-β1 treatment resulted in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activation in a delayed manner, with maximal activity at 16 h. ERK activation occurred concomitantly with the induction of activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding, a nuclear factor required for activation of multiple genes involved in fibrosis. AP-1 binding was dependent on ERK activation, since the MEK-1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TGF-β1-induced binding. Induction of the receptor tyrosine kinase-linked growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) protein expression temporally paralleled the activation of ERK/AP-1. Induction of AP-1 by TGF-β1-conditioned medium was observed at 2 h, similar to AP-1 induction in response to exogenous bFGF. Dependence of ERK/AP-1 activation on bFGF induction was demonstrated by inhibition of TGF-β1-induced ERK/AP-1 activation when conditioned medium from TGF-β1-treated cells was incubated with bFGF-neutralizing antibody. Together, these results demonstrate that TGF-β1 regulates the autocrine induction of bFGF, resulting in activation of the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and induction of AP-1 binding.
Lower anxiogenic effects of serotonin agonists are associated with lower activation of amygdala and lateral orbital cortex in adolescent male rats.

Abstract There has been controversy over use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat affective disorders in children and adolescents due to clinical reports of increased risk for suicidal ideation and behavior during treatment, and animal studies showing changes in adult anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors after repeated treatment during adolescence. However, the acute effect of serotonergic drugs on affective behavior during adolescence is poorly understood. We investigated serotonergic modulation of anxiety-like behavior in adolescent (PN28-32) and adult (PN67-73) male rats using the SSRI fluoxetine, the 5-HT 1A agonist 8-OH DPAT, and the 5-HT 2 agonist mCPP. Acute treatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) produced greater anxiogenic effects in adults than adolescents in the light/dark (LD) test for anxiety-like behavior, but fluoxetine (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased extracellular serotonin in the medial prefrontal cortex similarly in both ages. Adults were also more sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of 8-OH DPAT (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), but not mCPP (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), in the LD test. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) stimulated greater increases in c-Fos expression across the extended amygdala in adults than in adolescents, and 8-OH DPAT (0.5 mg/kg) produced greater increases in c-Fos in the lateral orbital cortex and central nucleus of the amygdala in adults. These data show that lower anxiogenic effects of acute SSRIs in adolescents are associated with lesser activation of cortical and amygdala brain regions. This immaturity could contribute to the different profile of behavioral effects observed in adolescents and adults treated with SSRIs.
Trends in Signal Processing Education [In the Spotlight]

This summary captures the ideas presented in the Trends session on Signal Processing Education (SPED) at ICASSP 2011. In that session, we surveyed a number of key areas of educational innovation and solicited other trends from the audience. While we strive to be as comprehensive as possible, there are quite likely to be gaps in our treatment.
Gamma-Ray Imaging with a Rotating Hexagonal Uniformly Redundant Array

Laboratory experiments have been performed to demonstrate the capabilities of a ?-ray imaging system employing a NaI Anger camera and a rotating coded aperture mask. The mask incorporates in its design a new type of hexagonal uniformly redundant array (HURA) which is essentially antisymmetric under 60° rotation. The image formation techniques are described and results are presented that demonstrate the imaging capability of the system for individual and multiple point sources of ?-ray emission. The results are cornpared to analytical predictions for the imaging and point source localization capabilities of coded aperture systems using continuous detectors.
An arrow hits the Wnt signaling pathway

A recent series of papers in Nature shows that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family members play a role in transduction of Wnt signals. These findings, in addition to other work from the past two years, have important implications for the role of Wnts in neural development.
Subchronic oral toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the guinea pig: comparisons with a PCB-containing transformer fluid pyrolysate.

Abstract In contrast to the well-characterized acute toxicity of the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) in the guinea pig, the effects of prolonged po exposure in this species are unknown. The present report describes the results of administration to guinea pigs of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the feed at levels of 0, 2, 10, 76, or 430 ppt for up to 90 days. Additional aims were to examine recovery following prolonged 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure in the guinea pig and to generate data to facilitate comparison of the previously reported toxicity of a transformer fluid pyrolysate with that of pure 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Animals receiving 430 ppt 2,3,7,8-TCDD exhibited body weight loss, thymic atrophy, liver enlargement, and 60% mortality by Day 46 (males) and by Day 60 (females), when surviving animals in this group were sacrificed. Total 2,3,7,8-TCDD consumption was approximately 1.3 and 1.9 μg/kg, respectively. Animals receiving 76 ppt 2,3,7,8-TCDD for 90 days (total 0.44 μg/kg) exhibited a decreased rate of body weight gain and increased relative (to body) liver weights. Male animals also displayed a reduction in relative thymus weights and elevated serum triglycerides, while females exhibited hepatocellular cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and lowered serum alanine aminotransferase activities. Toxic effects were generally similar to those observed after acute 2,3,7,8-TCDD administration. No dose-related alterations were seen in animals receiving either 10 ppt (total 0.06 μg/kg) or 2 ppt (total 0.01 μg/kg) for 90 days, establishing a no-observed-effect level of approximately 0.65 ng 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg/day. In the recovery study, groups of guinea pigs were administered 430 ppt 2,3,7,8-TCDD for 11, 21, or 35 days and then allowed to recover for an additional 79, 69, or 55 days, respectively. Treatment-related mortality in each group was 0, 10, and 70%, respectively, by Day 90. An effective LD50 of 0.8 μg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg for prolonged exposure was calculated on the basis of these results, a value lower than those previously reported from this laboratory for acute exposure. The results also suggested a possible lowering of the body weight “set point” following 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure. Comparison of the present findings with those previously reported for a transformer fluid pyrolysate containing a mixture of polychlorinated aromatic species indicated both a greater variety of toxic effects and flatter dose-response relationships for the pyrolysate in the guinea pig.
Using hip measures to avoid misdiagnosing early rapid onset osteoarthritis for osteonecrosis.

In the early phases, subchondral insufficiency fractures and rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip are often mistaken for osteonecrosis of the hip. Three hip measures were used comparing combined subchondral insufficiency fractures and rapidly destructive 18 osteoarthritis patients to 18 osteonecrosis patients. Due to the rarity of these conditions there was no statistical power. Initial diagnoses for the osteoarthritis patients were recorded. The osteoarthritis group had significantly higher means for Tonnis angle (P < 0.001), lateral center edge angle (P = 0.006), and acetabular extrusion index (P = 0.014). Only 7 of the 18 patients were initially diagnosed without reservation as subchondral insufficiency fracture or rapidly destructive osteoarthritis. Using hip measures will reduce the misdiagnosis of rapid onset osteoarthritis of the hip for osteonecrosis.
The Theoretical Domains of Retailing Research: A Retrospective

Abstract In a previous review article [Brown, James R. and Dant, Rajiv P. (2008a), “Scientific Method and Retailing Research: A Retrospective,” Journal of Retailing , 84 (April), 1–13], we had discussed the substantive domains, the methodological approaches, and the inferential tools that researchers used to test their conceptual frameworks in 164 articles published in the Journal of Retailing during 2002–2007. In this article, we continue this introspective process, by reviewing the theories used in 173 articles published in the Journal of Retailing in the 2004–2009 (to Issue 2) time period, and classifying those theories according to their application to various substantive issues. A total of 119 different theories were used across these 173 articles, which we sub-grouped into twelve broad-based theoretical categories: (1) marketing theories, (2) microeconomic theory, (3) consumer choice theory, (4) social exchange theory, (5) information processing theory, (6) satisfaction theory, (7) reference price theory, (8) competitive theory, (9) attribution theory, (10) other psychological theories for individuals, (11) other social psychological/sociological theories, and (12) other theories. We also examine the methodological approaches and tools used to test those theories. A number of research gaps are identified for future retailing scholarship.
Enhanced Carbon Diffusion in Austenitic Stainless Steel Carburized at Low Temperature

Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was carburized by a novel, low-temperature gas-phase process. Using a calibrated scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) analysis of cross-sectional specimens under dynamic sputtering, we determined the fraction–depth profile of carbon. The profile is concave—very different from the shape expected for concentration-independent diffusion—and indicates a carbide-free solid solution with carbon levels up to 15 at. pct and a case depth of ≈30 μm. A Boltzmann–Matano analysis with a careful evaluation of the stochastic and potential systematic errors indicates that increasing levels of carbon significantly enhance carbon diffusion. For the highest carbon level observed (15 at. pct), the carbon diffusion coefficient is more than two orders of magnitude larger than in dilute solution. The most likely explanation for this strong increase is that carbon-induced local expansion of metal–metal atom distances, observed as an expansion of the lattice parameter, reduces the activation energy for carbon diffusion.
Fractionation and characterization of industrial lignins

Abstract Three industrial lignins (Indulin AT Kraft softwood, Protobind 1000, and corn stover) were fractionated in methanol to obtain soluble and insoluble fractions. The original lignin and obtained lignin fractions were characterized chemically by a combination of FTIR spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectrum (py-GC–MS), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The methanol soluble lignin fractions contained fewer condensed structures than the original lignin and methanol insoluble fractions. The thermal (e.g. glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability) and rheological properties of the lignins were characterized by a combination of DSC, TMA, TGA and parallel plate rheology. TMA and modulated temperature DSC (MTDSC) proved to be sensitive techniques in determining Tg. The methanol soluble lignin fractions had the lowest Tg values relative to the original lignin and methanol insoluble fractions. The original lignin and methanol insoluble fractions had a higher thermal degradation temperature relative to the methanol soluble lignin. Solvent partitioning offers a practical approach to fractionate lignin into low Mw and Tg fractions which show promise as starting materials for making lignin-copolymers.
Articulating Civic Virtue in the Second 1996 Presidential Debate

Political theory literature has become increasingly interested in the concept of community, focusing particularly on the variable of civic virtue. Social constructionist theory suggests how civic virtue can be enacted and made symbolic for an audience. This article synthesizes communitarian political theory and social constructionist theory to help characterize how Bill Clinton and Bob Dole articulated a concept of the “good citizen” in their second presidential debate.
Extended School Year Services: A Review of Eligibility Criteria and Program Appropriateness

Students with disabilities may require extended school year services (ESYS) to receive a free appropriate public education (FAPE). Although the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) re...
Calculation of soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic compounds as controlled by the soil‐to‐indoor air exposure pathway

Two deterministic models that calculate volatilization of contaminants from soil were compared and used to calculate soil cleanup criteria for carcinogenic volatile organic compounds so that acceptable total doses would not be exceeded through the inhalation of indoor air. A hypothetical scenario was used which assumed that subsurface contaminant diffuses through a layer of clean soil and then is swept into the building interior via advection, where long-term inhalation of contaminant was assumed to occur. The first model was one of three recently described by Little et al. It assumed a constant source concentration and infinite thickness for the contaminated soil zone, and resulted in a steady-state interior air concentration. The model was modified to allow for first-order decay of the contaminant source. The second model was adapted from the behavior assessment model of Jury et al. It calculated time-dependent volatilization, simulated the depletion of source contaminant via both volatilization and degradation, and could be used with a contaminated zone of finite thickness. For a given chemical, the predicted total exposure (and the resulting cleanup criteria) varied by up to seven orders of magnitude, depending on the model, whether a finite or infinite contaminated soil layer thickness was used and whether degradation was considered. When calculating soil cleanup standards for volatile organic compounds in the part-per-million range or lower, it appears to be important to consider contaminant source depletion with time and the actual thickness of the contaminated soil layer.