cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biting releases constraints on moray eel feeding kinematics

We present an analysis of prey capture functional morphology in eels by comparing two species of moray eels, Muraena retifera and Echidna nebulosa (Family Muraenidae), to the American eel Anguilla rostrata (Family Anguillidae). The skulls of both moray species exhibited extreme reductions of several prominent components of the suction-feeding mechanism, including the hyoid bar, the sternohyoideus muscle and the pectoral girdle. Associated with these anatomical modifications, morays showed no evidence of using suction during prey capture. From 59 video sequences of morays feeding on pieces of cut squid we saw no hyoid depression and no movement of prey toward the mouth aperture during the strike, a widely used indicator of suction-induced water flow. This was in contrast to A. rostrata, which exhibited a robust hyoid, sternohyoideus muscle and pectoral girdle, and used suction to draw prey into its mouth. Average prey capture time in morays, about 500 ms, was roughly 10 times longer than in A. rostrata, and morays frequently reversed the direction of jaw and head rotation in the midst of the strike. We tested whether the absence of suction feeding reduces temporal constraints on feeding kinematics, permitting greater variance in traits that characterize timing and the extent of motion in the neurocranium, by comparing moray eel species with A. rostrata, two Centrarchids and a cichlid. Kinematic variance was roughly 5 times higher in morays than the suction-feeding species. Prey capture by suction demands a rapid, highly coordinated series of cranial movements and the loss of this mechanism appears to have permitted slower, more variable prey capture kinematics in morays. The alternative prey capture strategy in morays, biting, may be tied to their success as predators in the confined spaces of reef crevices where they hunt for cephalopods, crustaceans and fish.
Toxoplasma gondii: Survival time and variability in mouse host strains

Abstract The survival time of four strains of mice, namely Turk, Glaxo, Balb-C, and C 57 Black, inoculated with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii, was determined. Results obtained were analyzed to show how the “number of Toxoplasma” is related to the strain of mice and its survival time. All three effects and the interaction term were significant at level p = 0.05. The regression of the number of Toxoplasma per inoculum on log of host survival time differed significantly between Turk-Glaxo strains, and both Balb-C and C 57 Black strains. At a dose of 10,000 Toxoplasma/mm3 no difference in host strain susceptibility was apparent. The relatively superior survival time of Glaxo and Turk at increasing doses is interpreted as reflecting genetic resistance to the lethal effect of Toxoplasma. Specific evidence on this point, as well as the magnitude of the genetic effect, must await further examination.
Membrane lipid peroxidation and its prevention

The study of membrane peroxidation has been carried out using model systems consisting of a polyunsaturated fatty acid monolayer and an unsaturated phosphatidylcholine bilayer system. It has been shown that the major products of lipid peroxidation in monolayer and mixed saturated-unsaturated liposomes are epoxides, hydroxy-epoxides and their hydrolysis products. These same products are found in lungs of rats, particularly after 24 hr of breathing 6 ppm NO2. In all cases, inclusion of tocopherol introduces a lag period during which little peroxidation occurs.
Stewardship politics and the control of wild weather : Levees, seawalls, and state building in 17th-century France

The failure of the levees in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina not only ended the lives of many of the city's inhabitants, but also undermined the legitimacy of government officials, from the mayor to the president. The structures that crumbled were built by the Army Corps of Engineers, and represented the ability and will of the state to stabilize the land and make it safe for habitation. The fact that it was not safe reflected the lowered commitment of the government to ordinary people, and the failure of politicians to maintain national infrastructures. It signified and furthered a deterioration of the American landscape. It also marked the decline of the political culture of stewardship that had gained authority, along with tech niques for building levees and seawalls in 17th-century France. During the reign of Louis XIV, good governance was equated with effective land management. Levees and seawalls were used to improve the countryside, and give the young monarch greater authority over his king dom (Mukerji, 1997; Turnbull, 2000). His finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert, systematically studied and protected French natural resources, while creating a new infrastructure of fortresses, roads, bridges, canals, and ports (Clement, 1968; 1979: vols II and IV). The politics of steward ship helped empower the state vis-a-vis the traditional nobility by provid ing measures of good governance that could be used to hold aristocrats accountable for poor uses of the countryside. Local nobles had tradition ally leveraged their control over local estates and regional legal institu tions to resist demands from the state. But where they misused royal lands, Colbert proved them to be poor stewards of these parcels, and claimed the territory for the state in the name of stewardship (Mukerji, 2005, 2007). Even as it was being used against them, stewardship politics was hard for nobles to oppose because it was based on Christian principles. Since the
Size and amplitude of Langmuir waves in the solar wind

[1] Langmuir waves in the solar wind are known to be the origin of many types of solar radio emissions. In situ observations have shown that the most intense Langmuir waves often appear as wave packets. Several models have been proposed to explain this localization, such as kinetic localization and eigenmode formation. In the present paper we investigate the role of background turbulence on the size of the Langmuir wave packets through modeling of both quasi-planar growth in constant density regions and eigenmode growth in density wells. We compute both numerically and analytically the growth of the waves, the size of the wave packets, and the amplitude of these packets. Our theoretical results are compared to the in situ measurements of Ulysses and STEREO and appear to be consistent with the measured amplitude distributions.
Gamma rhythms link prefrontal interneuron dysfunction with cognitive inflexibility in Dlx5/6+/− mice

Abnormalities in GABAergic interneurons, particularly fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) that generate gamma (γ; ∼30-120 Hz) oscillations, are hypothesized to disrupt prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognition in schizophrenia. Although γ rhythms are abnormal in schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether they directly influence cognition. Mechanisms underlying schizophrenia's typical post-adolescent onset also remain elusive. We addressed these issues using mice heterozygous for Dlx5/6, which regulate GABAergic interneuron development. In Dlx5/6(+/-) mice, FSINs become abnormal following adolescence, coinciding with the onset of cognitive inflexibility and deficient task-evoked γ oscillations. Inhibiting PFC interneurons in control mice reproduced these deficits, whereas stimulating them at γ-frequencies restored cognitive flexibility in adult Dlx5/6(+/-) mice. These pro-cognitive effects were frequency specific and persistent. These findings elucidate a mechanism whereby abnormal FSIN development may contribute to the post-adolescent onset of schizophrenia endophenotypes. Furthermore, they demonstrate a causal, potentially therapeutic, role for PFC interneuron-driven γ oscillations in cognitive domains at the core of schizophrenia.
Resveratrol induces apoptosis in LNCaP cells and requires hydroxyl groups to decrease viability in LNCaP and DU 145 cells.

BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the effects of resveratrol on prostate cancer cell viability through apoptosis induction and the significance of the three hydroxyl groups on resveratrol to the measured effect. METHODS Hormone-sensitive LNCaP cells and hormone-insensitive DU 145 cells were treated with resveratrol, tri-methoxy-resveratrol, or diethylstilbestrol (DES; the positive control for toxicity and apoptosis). Cell viability was determined by using an MTS assay. Apoptosis was determined by the appearance of apoptotic morphology, annexin V-FITC–positive intact cells, and caspase activation. RESULTS Resveratrol and DES decreased viability in LNCaP cells, but only resveratrol-treated cells expressed apoptotic morphology, annexin V-FITC–positive cells, and caspase activation. Tri-methoxy-resveratrol had no effect on DU 145 cell-viability and was less toxic to LNCaP cells than resveratrol. CONCLUSION Resveratrol was toxic to cells regardless of whether the cells were hormone-responsive or -unresponsive. This finding suggests that the cell's hormone responsive status is not an important determinant of the response to resveratrol. Furthermore, the hydroxyl-groups on resveratrol are required for cell toxicity. Finally resveratrol but not DES induced caspase-mediated apoptosis. Prostate 52: 319–329, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of Recreation Specialization to Understand Resource Knowledge of Trout Anglers

This study combined the activity involvement and place attachment scores of trout anglers at Montauk State Park (Missouri, USA) into a typology of recreation specialization. The framework was used to explain anglers' knowledge of park resources. Highly specialized anglers were more knowledgeable about the park than those who were less specialized. Although utilization of interpretive media was related to resource knowledge, this relationship was fairly weak. These findings suggest that a visitor segmentation procedure based on recreation specialization can be a useful way to accomplish some management objectives at state parks, such as environmental education.
Voices of Midwives: A Tapestry of Challenges and Blessings

Purpose: To describe the lived experience of nurse-midwives. Design and Methods: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 10 seasoned nurse-midwives. Two data-generating questions guided the study: "How would you describe the circumstances involving your decision to become a nurse-midwife?" and "What is the experience of being a nurse-midwife like for you?" Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data saturation was achieved, and analysis procedures were adapted from Colaizzi. Results: Seven themes emerged from the data: (1) The path to midwifery: Decisions and plans; (2) Midwifery education: Rigor and enlightenment; (3) Being "with woman": Positive presence and therapeutic alliance; (4) Midwifery as a vocation: A call to serve; (5) A juggling act: Balancing career and family life; (6) Professional struggles: Stress and frustration; and (7) Professional triumphs: Joys and satisfactions. Clinical Implications: Insight into the experience of nurse-midwives provides a framework for additional research in this arena. Listening to the voices of midwives provides vital information about women's healthcare providers who do so much to add to the comprehensive care of women.
Managing faculty support: expectations and change in the classroom

This paper will focus on the experience of instructional technology support in implementing change via a faculty advisory committee and other methodologies for customer input. The paper will emphasize key factors in the success of the program including: increased faculty input in instructional support issues; visible improvements to support infrastructure as a direct result of committee input; and a sense of shared responsibility in decision making for both faculty and support professionals. The paper also contrasts the faculty advisory committee approach with other mechanisms used on the University of San Diego campus for faculty input.
Automated S/W Reengineering for Fault-Tolerant and Energy-Efficient Distributed Execution

Reengineering extant software systems into distinct, distributed components communicating across a network has become indispensable in modern software maintenance practices. Such reengineering practices can be applied to migrate portions of an application's functionality to the cloud, both to take advantage of superior cloud computing resources and to reduce the energy consumption of mobile applications. Executing such reengineering tasks naively results in distributed applications that suffer from two main problems: a lack of reliability and poor energy efficiency. Specifically, transformed applications are subject to partial failure, in which its different components (client, server, or network) may fail independently from each other. Effective handling of partial failure requires that the reengineering process systematically introduces special failure handling functionality. Furthermore, mainstream middleware architectures, the calls to which the reengineering process inserts, lack sufficient expressiveness and adaptivity to use the limited energy resources of mobile devices optimally. This research addresses these two fundamental reengineering problems through innovation in program transformations and distributed programming abstractions. In this paper, we discuss the general vision and contributions of this research, as well as the related state of the art, and preliminary results.
Interactionist Models II

A common weakness of most models of emotion is that they either ignore genetic variability completely, or worse, they evoke genetics as a tautological explanation. For example, as discussed in Chapter 12, there is a high concordance rate between panic disorders and anxiety and/or depression in biological relatives. Such correlations tell us only that a genetic predisposition may exist and not that genetic vulnerability does exist. To interpret these findings as “panic disorder patients are genetically vulnerable to panic attacks” is, pure and simply, tautological. It is equally plausible (and tautological) to infer that anxiety and depression may be produced by the intense psychosocial stress of coping with a relative who experiences spontaneous panic attacks. “Wasn’t that your uncle Fred who freaked out in the middle of church last week?” A correlation implies only that a relationship exists, but it does not tell us why the relationship exists.
Effects of chronic fetal hyperinsulinemia on plasma arachidonic acid and prostaglandin concentrations.

Abstract In adult diabetic subjects and infants of diabetic mothers, hyperglycemia has been associated with increased intravascular thromboxane and decreased prostacyclin production. Because of the association between states of altered insulin concentration and prostaglandin metabolism, we hypothesized that chronic experimentally induced fetal hyperinsulinemia results in perturbations in fetal arachidonic acid and prostaglandin metabolism. Arachidonic acid, thromboxane B 2 (the stable breakdown product of thromboxane A 2 ), and 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α (the stable breakdown product of prostacyclin) were determined in the arterial blood of chronically catheterized fetal sheep after 9 to 12 days of continuous insulin (15 U · day -1 , n = 7) or placebo ( n = 5) infusion. Fetal insulin infusion resulted in fetal hypoglycemia and a reduction in fetal arterial plasma arachidonic acid concentration (p 2 relative to 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α was significantly reduced in the insulin-treated group compared with the placebo-treated group (p 2 relative to prostacyclin. The hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic state in the fetus influences the relative proportion of the vasoconstricting to the vasodilating prostaglandins, thereby potentially modulating fetal vasomotor tone.
Kinematic theory of signature verification measurements

Abstract Previous empirical work on signature verification suggests a theoretical study of appropriate measurements. First, plausible arguments from imagined experiments isolate pen-point accelerations as basic variables. Then, heuristic analysis offers a conjectural form for size and speed variations, while vector-matrix notation permits a brief appraisal of position and velocity measurements. Recent test instrumentation of Herbst and Liu motivates a broad investigation of accelerometer data. Then, recovery of the pen-point acceleration requires determination of the complete pen trajectory, and theorems about ordinary differential equations preclude degeneracies of the assumed instrument configuration. Also, block triangularization of a nondegenerate system provides effective reduction to known computational methods, and spatial alignment of the point trajectory permits numerical solution with incomplete initial conditions. An analytic solution for certain degenerate cases shows the specific pathologies of such instrumentation. A hypothetical constraint on handwriting motion yields an iterative solution from fewer measurements. Some final remarks evaluate data-reduction proposals.
Metabolic and functional effects of perfluorocarbon distal perfusion during coronary angioplasty

Myocardial lactate metabolism and left ventricular function were studied in 12 patients during angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery performed with distal coronary perfusion (oxygenated and nonoxygenated Fluosol) and by conventional technique without distal perfusion. Before balloon inflation there was net lactate extraction by the heart (31 +/- 6%). During balloon inflations performed with distal perfusion there was net lactate release into the great cardiac vein while the balloon was inflated; the great cardiac vein lactate concentration was approximately 25% lower during perfusion with oxygenated versus nonoxygenated Fluosol (p less than 0.02) indicating less myocardial lactate release. After balloon deflation washout of lactate into the great cardiac vein (net myocardial release) was observed in all 3 protocols. Left ventricular ejection fraction measured by echocardiography decreased markedly during nonperfused (53 +/- 3 to 36 +/- 3%, p less than 0.001) and nonoxygenated Fluosol (52 +/- 2 to 30 +/- 3%, p less than 0.001) inflations. This dysfunction was largely prevented by oxygenated Fluosol where only a minimal decrease in ejection fraction (51 +/- 2 vs 48 +/- 2%, p less than 0.02) occurred. Analysis of regional contractile function yielded similar results. Although oxygenated perfluorocarbons decrease cardiac lactate release during angioplasty, this study provides evidence for the onset of lactate production even when ventricular function is preserved.
Sanders’ Energy-Release Rate Integral for a Circumferentially Cracked Cylindrical Shell

Analytical and numerical values for Sanders’ path-independent energy-release rate integral I and the combined stress-intensity factor are obtained for a circumferentially through-cracked cylindrical shell. Two types of loadings are considered. First, the shell is subject to axial tension and, second, the shell is subject to edge moments. New procedures for evaluating I from the governing integral equations are presented. In particular, for a very thin shell subject to edge moments, a method of evaluating I by circumventing the solution of the integral equations is shown.
Determination of small amounts of mineral in bone, cartilage and muscle by x-ray absorption☆

Abstract An earlier method for determining the inorganic content of macro amounts of dried, ground bone has been refined so that specimens as small as 50 mg. can be analyzed with a probable error of less than 2%. Instead of the dry sample used in the earlier study, the inorganic fraction of bone, hyaline cartilage, or striated muscle is placed into solution and the absorbance of K-capture x-radiation from an iron-55 source by 0.04 ml. of the solution is a function of its mineral concentration. It was determined that the effects of sample evaporation and variations of solution temperature upon repeated measurements fall well within 0.5%; but the nonuniformity of sample volumes might cause errors of 1.2% or more.
The long time tail conundrum in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics

Abstract The existence and significance of long time tails in diffusion processes is discussed from the viewpoints of computer simulation, theory, and experiments. It is argued that our understanding of this phenomenon is not satisfactory for each of these three points of view.
Transparent oxide semiconductors: Recent material developments and new applications

Amorphous oxide semiconductors have been studied primarily as the active semiconducting material for thin film transistors for active matrix display and transparent/flexible electronic applications. Recent results on printed amorphous oxide semiconductors for thin film transistors, the role of surface functionalization, and the integration of these materials for resistive random access memory applications will be described.
ADuS: Adaptive resource allocation in cluster systems under heavy-tailed and bursty workloads

A large-scaled cluster system has been employed in various areas by offering pools of fundamental resources. How to effectively allocate the shared resources in a cluster system is a critical but challenging issue, which has been extensively studied in the past few years. Despite the fact that classic load balancing policies, such as Random, Join Shortest Queue and size-based polices, are widely implemented in actual systems due to their simplicity and efficiency, the performance benefits of these policies diminish when workloads are highly variable and heavily dependent. In this paper, we propose a new load balancing policy named ADuS, which attempts to partition jobs according to their sizes and to further rank the servers based on their loads. By dispatching jobs of similar size to the servers with the same ranking, ADuS can adaptively balance user traffic and system load in the system and thus achieve significant performance benefits. Extensive simulations show the effectiveness and the robustness of ADuS under many different environments.
Interactions of Stocking Density and Water Turnover on Growth and Food Conversion of Channel Catfish Reared in Intensively Stocked Tanks

(1971). Interactions of Stocking Density and Water Turnover on Growth and Food Conversion of Channel Catfish Reared in Intensively Stocked Tanks. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 197-203.
Interests and the Wall of Ideas: Germany's Eastern Trade Policy after Unification

Since 1989, Germany's domestic and international environments have experienced significant changes. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that the country's long-standing foreign and domestic policies will adapt to novel challenges and pressures. This article examines eastern trade policy, an area in which one might expect to observe a greater degree of government intervention postunification. In fact, no such adaptation has taken place. This empirical puzzle lends itself to analysis based on the interaction of interests, institutions, and ideas. Unification altered the prevailing constellation of material economic interests in Germany, as well as parliamentary-electoral institutions. However, the events of 1989 to 1990 left untouched dominant ideas that shaped the West German political economy, as well as crucial sets of domestic and international institutions linked to those ideas. The authors conclude that the absence of an interventionist trade response stems from continuity at the nexus of ideas and insti...
Certain phosphorylated sugars can prevent the mRNA-induced inhibition of Met-tRNAfMet binding to initiation factor eIF-2

Abstract The effect of mRNA on the GTP-dependent binding of initiator tRNA to partially purified reticulocyte eIF-2 has been examined in the presence of a number of sugars and phosphorylated sugars. The inhibitory effect of mRNA (0.25 μg–0.42 μg/50 μl assay) is largely prevented by the simultaneous addition of fructose 6-phosphate (0.09 mM–0.45 mM). Glucose 6-phosphate (0.45 mM) and fructose 1,6-diphosphate (0.45 mM) are 62% and 47% as effective as fructose 6-phosphate. Other sugars and phosphorylated sugars tested, including deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, give negative results.
Photodissociation dynamics of small ionic clusters. The O+2 · (CO2)2 trimer

Abstract The photodissociation dynamics of the cluster O + 2 · (CO 2 ) 2 are studied in a crossed ion beam/laser beam machine from 590 to 458 nm. Absolute photodestruction cross-sections are obtained by comparing with previously measured (CO 2 ) + 2 cross-sections. The values increase monotonically from immeasurably small at 590 nm to 8 × 10 −18 cm 2 at 458 nm. This variation is very similar to previously measured cross-sections of O + ·CO 2 and totally dissimilar to (CO 2 ) + 2 . Hence, the chromophored in O + 2 ·(CO 2 ) 2 is deduced to be O + 2 ·CO 2 . Branching ratios are measured at all wavelengths. The CO + 2 ion dominates at all wavelengths varying from 75% at 514 nm to 100% at 458 nm. Small amounts of (CO 2 ) + 2 and O + 2 ionic product are observed at 514 nm and less at 488 nm. Formation of the CO + 2 photoproduct takes essentially all of the energy available from the photon. Arguments are made that the mechanism for formation of this product occurs via a two-step process. Evidence to support this interpretation is drawn from an asymmetry parameter analysis of the product angular distributions and from the measured product kinetic energy distributions. Absorption of the photon directly accesses a repulsive state of the O + 2 ·CO 2 chromophore leading instantaneously to CO + 2 /O 2 products. The CO + 2 ion forms a transitory complex with the remaining CO 2 molecule as it tries to escape from the cluster. The greatest percentage of these ions subsequently dissociate to CO + 2 /CO 2 but a small percentage survive as (CO 2 ) + 2 products. Collision-induced dissociation yields predominantly the lowest energy products, O + 2 ·CO 2 /CO 2 , in contrat to photodissociation where no O + 2 ·CO 2 was observed. Suggestions about the possible mechanism are given.
CHAPTER 11: Fostering Creative Minds through Problem Solving in a 3-D Visualization Design Research Program

ABSTRACT This chapter describes how a design research project that develops children's 3-D visualization capacity fosters creative teaching and teaching for creativity. Through the spatial operation capacity framework (van Niekerk, 1997; Yakimanskaya, 1991) that guides the development of the mathematics in this study, children are exposed to activities that require them to act on a variety of physical and mental objects and transformations to develop spatial skills. Children use 3-D figures, 2-D representations of 3-D figures, verbal representations, and a dynamic computer interface to solve spatial problems. The project is enacted in a dual-language elementary school that serves a typical urban population.
Abnormal P600 word repetition effect in elderly persons with preclinical Alzheimer’s disease

We sought cognitive event-related potential (ERP) biomarkers of “Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease” (Pre-AD) using an incidental verbal learning paradigm with high sensitivity to prodromal AD. Seven elderly persons, with normal cognition at the time of ERP recordings, but who showed subsequent cognitive decline or AD pathology at autopsy (n = 5, mean Braak stage = 2.8), were compared to 12 “robust” normal elderly (RNE) persons who remained cognitively normal (Mfollow-up = 9.0 years). EEG was recorded during a word repetition paradigm (semantically congruous (50%) and incongruous target words repeat ~10–140 seconds later). The RNE P600 congruous word repetition ERP effects (New minus Old congruous words) were significantly larger than in Pre-AD (mean amplitudes = 3.28 vs. 0.10 μV, p = .04). High group discrimination (84%) was achieved (by a P600 amplitude cutoff of ~1.5 μV). Abnormal P600 word repetition effects in cognitively normal elderly persons may be an important sign of synaptic dysfunction and Precli...
Mechanical stratigraphy and fault–fold interaction, Absaroka thrust sheet, Salt River Range, Wyoming

Abstract A distinct contrast in deformation style from tightly folded and faulted Cambrian through Ordovician strata to broadly folded and faulted Mississippian and younger strata is displayed in the hanging wall of the Absaroka thrust, Salt River Range, Wyoming. Based on style, the Paleozoic section can be divided into two main structural lithic units. Each unit is characterized by a relatively weak, ductile, anisotropic lower section and a relatively strong, brittle, more isotropic upper section. Where the two units were stacked within the thrust sheet, inverted fault–propagation folds formed in the center of each unit, and the overall transition upward from close- to wide-spaced folds and imbricate faults developed in the multilayer. Where the upper unit was isolated, deformation was dominated by imbricate faulting with little associated folding, and inverted fault–propagation folds did not form. Observations illustrate that the mechanical interaction between the two units and boundary conditions imposed on them were significant to defining the deformation response. It is note-worthy that the boundary between the two structural lithic unts, in part defined by the roof thrust of the Stewart passive roof duplex, occurs within a dolostone rather than in overlying shale of the Darby Formation. I propose that the roof thrust and other detachments in dolostone reflect the relatively low frictional strength of dolostone under shallow crustal conditions. Cross-cutting relations suggest that the Absaroka sheet was cut by large imbricate faults during late-stage movement over a major dip ramp. A high deviatoric and low mean compressive stress state just beyond the upper ramp–flat corner promoted break-back imbrication and allowed tectonic thickening of the thrust wedge necessary to reestablish critical taper and for forward translation.
A comparison of the interference of fatty acids in the competitive binding radioassay and radioimmunoassay for serum T4.

Abstract A number of nonesterified fatty acids interfere in the competitive protein binding radioassay for thyroxine in serum. We have tested a number of fatty acids (both saturated and unsaturated) for interference in the radioimmunoassay for thyroxine in serum and have found that the extent of interference is negligible.
Kinetic parameters of human carbonic anhydrase B as determined from NMR linewidths of 13C in CO2 and HCO3

Abstract The linewidths of the 13C NMR signals of CO2 and HCO 3 − , in equilibrium aqueous solutions containing small amounts of carbonic anhydrase, are determined mainly by the rate of enzyme-induced interconversion of CO2 and HCO 3 − . We have measured these linewidths in unbuffered solutions of human carbonic anhydrase B for several values of [CO2], at 25°C as a function of pH. From a least-squares analysis of the data, using the equations relating the linewidths to the enzyme kinetics, we have obtained values for the kinetic (Michaelis-Menten) parameters that characterize this interconversion. These preliminary results are in approximate agreement with published values for highly buffered solutions. Additionally, the results confirm that the product of the hydration reaction, and the substrate for the dehydration, is the neutral molecule H2CO3.
The effects of opportunity costs and target compliance on the behavior of a threatening source

Abstract Subjects were given options to send threats to a simulated target in a modified Prisoner's Dilemma. Manipulated variables included three levels of opportunity costs for threat enforcement and three levels of compliance by the target. Results showed that the sending of threats was deterred when the costs were greater than the anticipated gains from target compliance. However, threat enforcement was not affected by costs, indicating that once a commitment was made by sending a threat, enforcement costs had already been taken into account. No effects of target compliance were found.
Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder

The present study examined the efficacy of an 8-wk, cognitive-behavioral group treatment for panic disorder. Patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were randomly assigned to treatment (N = 34) or delayed treatment control (N = 33). The treatment consisted of: (a) education and corrective information; (b) cognitive therapy; (c) training in diaphragmatic breathing; and (d) interoceptive exposure. At posttreatment, 85% of treated Ss were panic free, compared to 30% of controls. Treated Ss also showed clinically significant improvement on indices of anxiety, agoraphobia, depression and fear of fear. Recovery, as estimated conservatively by the attainment of normal levels of functioning on each of the major clinical dimensions of the disorder (i.e. panic, anxiety and avoidance), was achieved in 64% of the treated Ss and 9% of the controls. At the 6 month follow-up, 63% of the treated patients met criteria for recovery. These findings mirror those from recently-completed trials of individually-administered cognitive-behavioral treatment, and suggest that CBT is a viable alternative to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of panic disorder.
Present status and significance of the glutamine cycle in neural tissues.

Abstract Evidence derived from various types of neurochemical experiments indicates that in the CNS of vertebrates there is a net flux of glutamate and GABA from neurons to astroglia and a metabolic conversion of these amino acids to glutamine. This glutamine is apparently released into the interstitial fluid and is in part taken up neurons and converted back into glutamate and GABA. This process, which is frequently referred to as “the glutamine cycle”, probably reflects the involvement of astrocytes in maintaining very low extracellular levels of glutamate and GABA, and the role of glutamine as a metabolic precursor of the transmitter pools of glutamate and GABA. The synthesis and release of glutamine by astrocytes may also reflect the role of these cells in ammonia detoxification. The quantitative importance of glutamine as a precursor of the neurotransmitter pools of glutamate and GABA has yet to be established. Other potential metabolic precursors such as α-ketoglutarate have not yet been evaluated adequately.
How to teach your edition how to swim

The mutability of electronic editions confronts editors with a new world, in which large parts of current editorial theory must be re-thought, based as it often is on assumptions based on the properties of paper editions. Software can adapt more easily than paper to the needs and interests of the reader, which means many choices about the selection of information in an edition and its presentation to the reader no longer need to be fixed for all time, but can be left open for the reader. Software also tends to have a very short lifetime compared to paper; in order to remain usable for more than a few years, electronic editions must find ways of representing the essential information of the edition in software-independent, non-proprietary ways.
The influence of the Columbia River plume on the survival of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): a numerical exploration

Are smolt-to-adult return rates (SARs) for wild steelhead (i.e., sea-run rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and wild Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to changes in the Columbia River plume at the time that juvenile migrants enter the ocean? We used three-dimensional (3D) numerical models of the baroclinic circulation in the Columbia River estuary–plume–shelf system to simulate within-season variation in plume size and location, comparing the results with SARs for each day that juvenile salmon entered the ocean for 1999–2003. We found that steelhead benefited from the plume environment at a narrow window of time around their ocean entry. However, when large-scale ocean conditions turned unfavorable, the contribution of local plume conditions to the overall variability in steelhead survival became not significant. A similar evaluation revealed that the plume did not affect survival of Chinook salmon, at least at the fine scale of variability considered. The differ...
Progress in Gulf Stream temperature‐investigations

Franklin observed Gulf Stream temperatures a century and a half ago in order to identify the strong current of the Gulf Stream that meant so much to navigators in the days of slow sailing-vessels. The subsequent investigations of James Rennell (1832), Lieutenant M. P. Maury (1842), and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, beginning with Professor A. D. Bache in 1344 and culminating with Lieutenant J. E. Pillsbury in the late '80s, were also primarily in the interest of navigation, though the studies were in a detail that exceeded the immediate need (1). The same is true of the later investigations by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and by the International Ice Patrol. The United States Bureau of Fisheries, interested in the distribution of life in the sea, became an important investigator of Gulf Stream temperatures. Observations of Gulf Stream temperatures were also made by M. P. Idrac for M. Georges Claude to determine the differences in temperature available for the operation of a low-pressure steam-engine. Among the purely scientific expeditions that have observed Gulf Stream temperatures may be mentioned the Challenger Expedition, the Dana Expedition, and the cruises of the Carnegie
Increased QT dispersion in breath-holding spells.

UNLABELLED Breath-holding spells (BHS) in children can be a frightening and clinically challenging paroxysmal, non-epileptic childhood disorder. The pathophysiology has been found to incorporate central nervous system dysregulation in addition to an underlying genetic predisposition. Akalin and colleagues found group differences (BHS versus controls) in QT dispersion and QTc dispersion. These differences, however, may have been affected mainly by normal sinus arrhythmia from the predominant cyanotic BHS cohort. CONCLUSION The subtle differences measured in the current study between pallid and cyanotic breath-holder groups, in terms of increased QTc dispersion in the pallid group, may represent an additional factor impacted upon by the resting state of underlying central autonomic dysregulation.
High-efficiency AlGaAs/GaAs HBT power amplifier MMIC for 1.9 GHz Japanese digital cordless phone

A highly efficient personal hand phone (PHP) power amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) based on AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology is discussed. The amplifier operates at a supply voltage of only 3 V, and yet a power-added efficiency as high as 40% is achieved at a 1-dB compression point of 24 dBm. This is the highest power-added efficiency ever reported for such an amplifier operating at any voltage. The amplifier also has high linearity. >
Predicted Swimming-Associated Gastroenteritis at New York Bight Bathing Beaches

A model, developed to predict the beach-specific rates and annual number of cases of swimming-associated, acute gastroenteritis, was applied to the data obtained from a study of 78 coastal sampling stations and associated bathing beaches along the New York Bight from Cape May, New Jersey to the Shinnecock Inlet, Long Island. The predicted rates were < 0.1/1000 swimmers for most of the stations, even at the 90 percentile level. There were 14 stations, at which the rates approached or exceeded 5/1000 swimmers 10 percent of the time; of these, seven were directly affected by polluted water emanating from Lower Hudson Bay. In general, the predicted rates were consistent with known sources of municipal wastewater discharges; and there were no detectable effects of sludge dumping in the Bight.
A differential game approach to planning in adversarial scenarios: A case study on capture-the-flag

Capture-the-flag is a complex, challenging game that is a useful proxy for many problems in robotics and other application areas. The game is adversarial, with multiple, potentially competing, objectives. This interplay between different factors makes the problem complex, even in the case of only two players. To make analysis tractable, previous approaches often make various limiting assumptions upon player actions. In this paper, we present a framework for analyzing and solving a two-player capture-the-flag game as a zero-sum differential game. Our problem formulation allows each player to make decisions rationally based upon the current player positions, assuming only an upper bound on the movement speeds. Using Hamilton-Jacobi reachability analysis, we compute winning regions for each player as subsets of the joint configuration space and derive the corresponding winning strategies. Simulation results are presented along with implications of the work as a tool for automation-aided decision-making for humans and mixed human-robot teams.
Impacts of elevated nitrogen inputs on oak reproductive and seed ecology

The effects of increased anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen (N) have been studied at the Harvard Forest Chronic N Experiment, where NH 4 NO 3 has been applied experimentally since 1988 to increase atmospheric deposition rates ∼6- and ∼18-fold above ambient. This paper asks whether conditions favorable to primary production also resulted in plastic increases to flower, fruit, and seedling traits, and focuses primarily on the oaks that dominate the hardwood stands of the Harvard Forest experiment. Litterfall samples collected between 1996 and 2001 revealed that flowers and fruits were significantly more abundant in N-treated plots, and an analysis of oak tree abundance found significant variation both among and within plots. Acom samples collected during 2003 and 2004 (a mast and a postmast year) were therefore analyzed using ANCOVA models that included an estimate of oak tree abundance. This tree abundance estimate was the only significant driver of increased acorn production during the mast year, and in both years it was a significant factor on plots receiving the highest levels of N. In the postmast year, acorn production was increased in direct response to N-related factors other than tree abundance. Our comparisons of control and N-treated plots for acorn quality traits (e.g. rates of acorn damage, germination percentage, seedling growth) revealed negligible or only transient differences. Shifts in overall acom abundance - particularly disproportionate N-mediated increases during nonmast years - could have a wide range of ecological consequences beyond the more frequently examined impacts of N deposition on primary production and carbon sequestration.
Fragment ion formation from n‐alkanes and cycloalkanes by plasma desorption

The plasma desorption of hydrogen loss fragment ions from frozen films of several classes of aliphatic volatile hydrocarbons was investigated with 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry. A time-of-flight instrument suitable for the reproducible sampling and analysis of volatile hydrocarbons in the solid state was designed for this study. Representative compounds from the n-alkanes and cycloalkanes were analyzed. For all the compounds studied, radical molecular ions. M+., and hydrogen loss fragment ions, [M mH]+ with m varying from 1 to 10, were produced. The length of the alkane chain, the size of the alkane rings and the stability of the resulting H-loss ions affected the number and abundance of these ions. Smaller molecules underwent proportionally more hydrogen loss than larger molecules of the same class.
A multichip analog neural network

A multichip, programmable analog neural network for real-time dynamic computations is described. The network's interconnection structure, the neuron characteristics, synaptic connections, and synaptic time constant are modifiable. The chips are designed to allow a modular and expandable gross architecture that can be adjusted to the complexity of the task. The network operates fully analog in real time. However, a digital host is used to set the network parameters and monitor the neuron outputs. A prototype neural computer consisting of 72 neurons has been assembled and tested. The network has been successfully configured for several applications and found to have a performance that is equivalent to a digital machine of 10/sup 11/ FLOPS. >
A new illness recognition framework using frequent temporal pattern mining

Living alone in their own residence, older adults are at-risk for late assessment of physical or cognitive changes due to many factors such as their impression that such changes are simply a normal part of aging or their reluctance to admit to a problem. Sensors networks have emerged in the last decade as a possible solution to older adult health monitoring and early illness recognition. Typical early illness recognition approaches are either concentrated on the detection of a given set of activities such as a fall or walks, or on the detection of anomalies such as too many bathroom visits. In this paper we propose a new illness recognition framework, MFA, based on detecting a missing frequent activity from the daily routine. MFA is implemented using a frequent temporal pattern detection algorithm and demonstrated on a pilot dataset collected in TigerPlace, an aging in place community from Columbia, Missouri.
Simulating Pass Transistor Circuits Using Logic Simulation Machines

An algorithm for pass transistor simulation using the Yorktown Simulation Engine (YSE) is outlined. Implementing this algorithm yields an efficient tool for custom VLSI circuit design verification and fault simulation. Modeling of circuits under this environment is defined, including the analysis of the algorithm's performance for some general circuit types. A number of specific examples are discussed in detail.
Arylethynyl Substituted 9,10-Anthraquinones: Tunable Stokes Shifts by Substitution and Solvent Polarity

2-Arylethynyl- and 2,6- and 2,7-diarylethynyl-substituted 9,10-anthraquinones were synthesized via Sonogashira coupling reactions of 2-bromo-, 2,6-dibromo-, and 2,7-dibromo-9,10-anthraquinone with para-substituted phenylacetylenes. While the redox properties of those compounds are almost insensitive to substitution, their absorption maxima are linearly related to the Hammett constants with different slopes for electron donors and electron acceptors. All compounds are photoluminescent both in solution (quantum yields of emission ≤6%), and as solids. The emission spectra have the characteristics of charge-transfer bands with large Stokes shifts (100−250 nm). The charge-transfer character of the emitting state is supported by large dipole moment differences between the ground and the excited state as concluded on the basis of molecular modeling and Lippert−Mataga correlations of the Stokes shifts with solvent polarity. Maximum Stokes shifts are attained by both electron-donating and -withdrawing groups. This...
Pitavastatin for the treatment of primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia

Pitavastatin is a new, synthetic member of the statin class of lipid-lowering drugs. Compared with other available statins, it has a unique cyclopropyl group on its base structure that is believed to increase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition by a factor of five and to significantly increase the transcription and activity of LDL receptors. Pitavastatin is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation and is not a substrate for the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme, thus avoiding the potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions. Clinical trials have shown that pitavastatin is comparable to atorvastatin and simvastatin in improving lipid measures, and more potent than pravastatin. Pitavastatin is effective in reducing triglycerides and increasing HDL-cholesterol, so it will be particularly beneficial in treating patients with mixed dyslipidemia. Its safety and adverse event profile is similar to that of other available statins, and it has an established history of use in Asia indicating tolerability and safety for treatment lasting up to 7 years.