cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Bite Marks Differential Diagnosis

Human bite marks are common findings in cases of fights among children, child abuse, sexual abuse, among institutionalized persons, and in a number of homicide cases. Human bites can mimic annular or arciform dermatoses. These are reviewed from both a clinical and histologic viewpoint. An example is presented of a 2 year-old girl with several annular lesions that were clinically mistaken for a dermatophyte infection. Antifungal medications were ineffective. After several days, a dermatologist identified the lesions as human bites. Physicians and other health care workers must be able to differentiate the clinical appearance of bite marks from other dermatologic diseases at an early stage so as to initiate proper therapy and counseling and, if indicated, a search for the perpetrator.
FXR Promotes Endothelial Cell Motility Through Coordinated Regulation of FAK and MMP-9

Objective— Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) mediates important signaling functions of bile acids in diverse cell types including those residing in the vascular wall. Indeed, recent work has identified FXR as a potential regulator of vascular structure and function in part through transcriptional activation of MMP-9. However, the signal transduction pathways linking bile acids to changes in actin cytoskeleton that are responsible for bile acid-induced vascular cell migration remain unexplored. Methods and Results— The FXR agonist and prototypical bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), significantly increased endothelial cell (EC) motility, as analyzed by time lapse video microscopy, and tube formation, an in vitro correlate for angiogenesis. Increased cell motility was associated with prominent increases in focal adhesion (FA) plaques and was inhibited by FXR or MMP-9 siRNA, indicating a FXR-MMP-9-dependency of this signaling pathway. Mechanistically, incubation of cells with CDCA was associated with phosphorylation of a key FA protein, Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) at Y397 but not at Y576/577, or Y925. Studies using a site-specific phosphorylation mutant (phosphodeficient) of FAK revealed that FAK phosphorylation at tyrosine residue −397 was required for CDCA induced activation of the downstream FA assembly protein, paxillin. Lastly, siRNA-based silencing of FAK as well as phosphodeficient FAK mutant inhibited CDCA induced upregulation of MMP-9, cell motility, and vascular tube formation. Conclusion— Thus, this study demonstrates a pivotal role for FAK in the process of FXR-induced and MMP-9-dependent EC motility and vascular tube formation.
Dividing without centrioles: innovative plant microtubule organizing centres organize mitotic spindles in bryophytes, the earliest extant lineages of land plants.

Background and aims As remnants of the earliest land plants, the bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are important in understanding microtubule organization in plant cells. Land plants have an anastral mitotic spindle that forms in the absence of centrosomes, and a cytokinetic apparatus comprised of a predictive preprophase band (PPB) before mitosis and a phragmoplast after mitosis. These microtubule arrays have no counterpart in animal cells and the nature of the plant microtubule organizing centre (MTOC) remained an enigma for many years until antibodies to g-tubulin, an essential component of the MTOC in all eukaryotes, became available for tracing the origin of microtubule arrays. Methodology We used immunofluorescence techniques to colocalize g-tubulin, microtubules and chromosomes in mitotic cells of a representative liverwort, moss and hornwort to study the organization of microtubules during mitotic cell division. Principal results The future division site is marked by a PPB in all taxa but the MTOCs initially generating the half spindles differ: polar organizers in the liverwort, plastid MTOCs in the hornwort, and nuclear envelope-associated MTOCs in the moss. By mid-prophase, the forming spindles become more similar as g-tubulin begins to spread around the polar regions of the nuclear envelope. Conclusions Regardless of origin, mature metaphase spindles are identical and indistinguishable from the typical anastral spindle of higher plants with broad polar regions consisting of numerous subsets of converging microtubules. A curious phenomenon of plant spindles, true of bryophytes as well as higher plants, is the movement of g-tubulin into the metaphase spindle itself. The bipolar arrays of phragmoplast microtubules are organized by diffuse g-tubulin located at proximal surfaces of reforming nuclear envelopes. Phragmoplast development appears similar in the three taxa and to vascular plants as well.
Performance on the Very Edge

Functions that have traditionally related stress to capacity show a graceful degradation in performance as stress level ascends above an optimal point. In contrast, this work advocates for a threshold model in which performance stays relatively stable up to a critical point. This article focuses on capability in and around this point and thus performance on the very edge of failure.
Phase contrast neutron imaging at a medium intensity neutron source

Neutron Imaging is a technique for the nondestructive testing (NDT) of materials. It is characterized by its sensitivity to materials composed of low atomic number (Z) elements such as hydrogen. Enhancement of the spatial resolution and the contrast of the obtained images are primary objectives that are continuously being pursued in the development of this technique. An approach of improving the contrast at the material edges of a sample is non-interferometric phase contrast neutron imaging, which has been demonstrated at the start of this decade. Since then it has been performed at multiple facilities located at high flux neutron sources. However, due to its physical requirements (e.g., the use of pinhole apertures), the applicability of this technique remains primarily limited to such high flux facilities. Consequently, to expand its utilization in NDT applications, its performance at low and medium intensity neutron sources, that are available around the globe, should be explored. In this work, the feasibility of performing phase contrast neutron imaging at the North Carolina State University PULSTAR reactor was studied. The 1-MW PULSTAR represents a prototypical medium flux neutron source. It is demonstrated that phase contrast imaging can be successfully implemented if careful attention is given to tailoring the neutron beam with the objective of maximizing the thermal neutron flux (and content) while minimizing the gamma-ray and fast neutron noise. Results are presented of imaging exercises demonstrating the phase contrast concept using a Fuji BAS-NDG image plate detector.
Hydrolysis of several substituted methyl benzoates in the aqueous solution

Abstract The hydrolysis of several ring substituted methyl benzoates was investigated in aqueous solution over a pH range of 3–10. Both the pH dependence (at pH > 5) and the variation of hydrolysis rates with ring substitution are consistent with a mechanism involving the addition of hydroxide ion to the ester carbonyl group. Extrapolation of the rate data to a pH and temperature that would be consistent with soil and groundwater (pH 8, 10°C) indicate that these esters could have hydrolysis half lives from several months to several years in the environment.
Limits on MeV Dark Matter from the Effective Number of Neutrinos

Thermal dark matter that couples more strongly to electrons and photons than to neutrinos will heat the electron-photon plasma relative to the neutrino background if it becomes nonrelativistic after the neutrinos decouple from the thermal background. This results in a reduction in ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ below the standard model value, a result strongly disfavored by current CMB observations. Taking conservative lower bounds on ${N}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and on the decoupling temperature of the neutrinos, we derive a bound on the dark matter particle mass of ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}g3--9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, depending on the spin and statistics of the particle. For $p$-wave annihilation, our limit on the dark matter particle mass is stronger than the limit derived from distortions to the CMB fluctuation spectrum produced by annihilations near the epoch of recombination.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in CF and non-CF homes is found predominantly in drains

Abstract Background For patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a major contributor to progressive lung disease. While colonizing strains are thought to be primarily environmental, which environments are important in lung colonization is unclear. Methods We took 11,674 samples from a broad range of sites over 3–8 visits to homes with (7) and without (8) CF patients. Results Twenty-eight percent of sampled drains yielded P. aeruginosa at least once, and a general mixed linear model estimated that 6.3% of samples from drains yield P. aeruginosa . This is more than eight times the estimated recovery from any other type of household environment. Conclusions These findings implicate drains as important potential sources of P. aeruginosa infection. They suggest that maximizing P. aeruginosa control efforts for drains would reduce exposure with minimal extra burden to CF patients and families.
Inducible regulatory T cells (iTregs) from recent-onset type 1 diabetes subjects show increased in vitro suppression and higher ITCH levels compared with controls

CD4+CD25+(high) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the control of the immune response. A growing body of evidence suggests the reduced function of these cells in autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Restoration of their function can potentially delay further disease development. In the present study, we have converted conventional effector T cells into induced Tregs (iTregs) in recent-onset (RO) T1D (n=9) and compared them with the same cells generated in controls (n=12) and in long-standing (LS) T1D subjects (n=9). The functional potential of in-vitro-generated Tregs was measured by using an in vitro proliferation assay. We noted that the suppressive potential of iTregs exceeded that of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) only in the RO T1D subjects. We showed that iTregs from RO T1D subjects had increased expression of Foxp3, E3 ubiquitin ligase (ITCH) and TGF-beta-inducible early gene 1 (TIEG1) compared with control and LS T1D subjects. We also expanded natural, thymically derived Tregs (nTregs) and compared the functional ability of these cells between subject groups. Expanded cells from all three subject groups were suppressive. RO T1D subjects were the only group in which both iTregs and expanded Tregs were functional, suggesting that the inflammatory milieu impacts in vitro Treg generation. Future longitudinal studies should delineate the actual contribution of the stage of disease to the quality of in-vitro-generated Tregs.
Isolation, Complementation, and Initial Characterization of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of the Baculovirus Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Sixteen temperature-sensitive mutants of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were isolated. Several interesting phenotypes were observed. A large proportion of the mutants were unable to form polyhedral occlusion bodies (polyhedra) at the nonpermissive temperature (32.5 degrees C). At 32.5 degrees C, one mutant formed plaques in which the cells lacked polyhedra. Another mutant type was defective in the production of progeny extracellular nonoccluded virus and produced a "plaque" consisting of only a single cell containing polyhedra at 32.5 degrees C. One mutant was defective in plaque formation, progeny nonoccluded virus formation, and polyhedra formation at 32.5 degrees C. Several mutants produced nonoccluded virus but failed to produce plaques or polyhedra at 32.5 degrees C. Other phenotypes were also distinguished. Complementation analyses, performed by either measuring the increase in extracellular nonoccluded virus formation or by observing polyhedra formation in mixed infections at 32.5 degrees C, indicated the presence of 15 complementation groups. A high frequency of recombination was observed. Four of the mutants were found to be host dependent in their temperature sensitivity for polyhedra formation.
Are business students buying it? A theoretical framework for measuring attitudes toward the legitimacy of environmental sustainability

Environmental sustainability has begun to penetrate the business school curriculum. Whether it ultimately becomes a key component of managerial decision-making models will depend upon whether it is perceived as legitimate within the context of profit-making enterprises. This paper draws upon the cognitive psychology and organizational legitimacy literatures to develop a conceptual framework for operationalizing perceived legitimacy. This framework can be used to develop survey instruments and simulations that evaluate the effectiveness of various pedagogical approaches to integrating sustainability into business school curricula. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The influence of active coping and perceived stress on health disparities in a multi-ethnic low income sample

Background Extensive research has shown that ethnic health disparities are prevalent and many psychological and social factors influence health disparities. Understanding what factors influence health disparities and how to eliminate health disparities has become a major research objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of coping style, stress, socioeconomic status (SES), and discrimination on health disparities in a large urban multi-ethnic sample.
Doppelte Stereodifferenzierung und eine neue Strategie zur Stereokontrolle in der Organischen Synthese

Bei der doppelten Stereodifferenzierung (doppelt asymmetrischen Synthese) wird ein chirales Substrat mit einem chiralen Reagens umgesetzt. Dieser Aufsatz befast sich mit der doppelten Stereodifferenzierung unter theoretischen und praktischen Gesichtspunkten. An vier bedeutenden organisch-chemischen Reaktionen – der Aldol- und der Diels-alder-Reaktion, der katalytischen Hydrierung und der Epoxidation – wird gezeigt, das dieses Phanomen als Funktion der einfach asymmetrischen Reaktionen eines jeden der beiden chiralen Reaktanten mit einem achiralen Partner analysiert werden kann. Es wird eine Regel vorgeschlagen, die das Ergebnis dieser einfach asymmetrischen Reaktionen und den stereochemischen Verlauf der doppelten Stereodifferenzierung qualitativ verknupft. Mit einer leistungsfahigen neuen Strategie, die auf dieser Regel aufbaut, konnen Chiralitatszentren in vorhersagbarer Weise eingefuhrt werden; die Strategie hat sich bereits bei der Synthese von Zuckern und Macroliden bewahrt.
Target recognition using UWB radar signatures extracted via complex ICA

This paper uses the Fast Independent Component Analysis (FastICA) algorithm, as adapted to noncircular complex sources, to extract radar scattering signatures. Part of these signatures is then used as features in an airborne target recognition system. The concept is illustrated using synthetic target models and then applied to real target models with UWB signatures spanning a 10 GHz bandwidth.
Xenobiotic transporters of the human organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) family

1. The organic anion transporting polypeptides (humans OATP; other species Oatp) belong to the SLCO gene superfamily of transporters and are twelve transmembrane domain glycoproteins expressed in various epithelial cells. Some OATPs/Oatps are expressed in a single organ, while others are expressed ubiquitously. 2. The functionally characterized members mediate sodium-independent transport of a variety of structurally independent, mainly amphipathic organic compounds, including bile salts, hormones and their conjugates, toxins, and various drugs. 3. This review summarizes the general features and the substrates of the eleven human OATPs. Furthermore, it reviews what is known about the mechanism of their multispecificity, their predicted structure, their role in drug-food interactions, and their role in cancer. 4. Finally, some open questions are raised that need to be addressed to advance OATP research in the near future.
Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision

The study of the inheritance of defective color vision began in 1777, when Huddart described the abnormal color vision of a shoemaker named Harris and his family. Subsequent development of genetic models of normal and defective human color vision can be traced through the research efforts of Dalton, Horner, Lord Rayleigh, Mendel, Franceschetti, DeVries, Pickford, Lyon, Rushton, Sperling, Smith and Pokorny, and many others. Using a genetic model that postulated an allelic series at two X-linked color-vision loci, a team of psychophysicists and molecular biologists recently examined the DNA of color-normal and color-defective human males, expecting to find a single copy each of the red- and green-cone photopigment genes on their subjects’ X-chro-mosomes, with the genes subtly mutated in their color-defective subjects. Instead, the DNA of their color-normal subjects harbored a single copy of the red-cone photopigment gene and a variable number of copies of the green-cone photopigment gene, and the DNA of their color-defective subjects showed strong evidence for gene hybridization rather than mutation. Both the variable number of color-vision genes and the presence of hybrid genes can be explained by anomalous recombination.
Children Talking Mathematically in Multilingual Classrooms: Issues in the Role of Language

In the United States and in many other countries, our assumptions as to what constitutes acceptable mathematics teaching and learning recently have changed dramatically We now recognize that communication about mathematics plays an imporant role in the learning of the subject, and consequently, that a language rich classroom facilitates learning among children see, for example, NCTM, 1989). As we have started to create such classrooms, we also have begun to recognize various factors related to language which affect children’ learning such as teachers’ discourse (Khisty, McLeod, & Bertilson, 1990) and the language of mathematics itself (Firm, 1987).
Adult Height in Relation to the Incidence of Cancer at Different Anatomic Sites: the Epidemiology of a Challenging Association

Recent analyses of large cohort studies indicate that adult height is associated with cancer at specific sites. In this overview, we review (1) the epidemiology of the association of height with specific cancer sites/types, focusing on the consistency and magnitude of the association and the possibility of confounding; (2) genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of variants associated with height; (3) studies using Mendelian randomization to investigate the association with several types of cancer; (4) studies of dietary and hormonal exposures associated with linear growth, particularly milk intake and circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), that might mediate an association of height with cancer; and (5) the possibility that greater organ size associated with greater height may explain part of the association. We conclude that epidemiologic studies strongly suggest that height is associated with certain cancer sites/types and not with others, and propose a number of avenues for beginning to elucidate the pathways underlying this association.
The cerebellum in cases of lowered blood pressure and “shock,” an experimental study:

ConclusionIn drawing conclusions from this work we must bear in mind two points. The first is that the baneful effect of serious hemorrhage on the central nervous system has been well recognized for years. Hoche has shown'how rapidly the central nervous system is affected by hemorrhage and in the experimental work incident to a paper on “Hemorrhage into the Ventricles”2 I found how quickly the cortex of the brain and the lateral columns of the cord lost their faradic excitability in severe hemorrhage. Let us remember this point in considering P. 4, P. 6, P. 7 and P. 8.The second point to bear in mind is the severity of the stimuli in P. 2. My conclusions are therefore as follows:I. Lowered blood-pressure and peripheral trauma such as caused by surgical operations under anesthesia have no demonstrable effect on the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.2. The syndrome known as “shock” is totally unconnected with any demonstrable change in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.
The Relationship of Petromys to the Octodontidae

Allusions appear frequently in the literature to the idea that a special relationship exists between the African hystricomorph rodents Petromys and Thry-onomys and the Octodontidae and Myocastoridae (Capromyidae auct .), respectively, of South America. I have elsewhere ( In press ) reviewed the history of this arrangement and attempted to show that few positive reasons for classifying these two genera with South American families have ever been advanced. The idea derives ultimately from the unsupported assertion of Waterhouse (1839). Ellerman (1940) classified both Petromys and Thryonomys as sole representatives of the subfamilies Petromurinae and Thryonomyinae of the Echimyidae. This “Echimyidae” is roughly the equivalent of Simpson's (1945) “Octodontoidea,” so these two authors really classified Petromys and Thryonomys in the same way, as Simpson lists them under Petromyidae and Thryonomyidae of the Octodontoidea, stating (p. 212), “… Thryonomys and Petromys are morphologically octodontoid and it has been common practice to refer them to neotropical families and subfamilies, for instance, placing Petromys with Octodon and Thryonomys with Capromys .” Wood (1955) separates Thryonomys and Petromys from the South American hystricomorphs in his splitting apart of the suborder Hystricomorpha. He divides the hystricomorphs into two suborders: Hystricomorpha (Old World forms) and Caviomorpha (New World forms). He still asserts, however, that there is “morphological similarity” between Petromys and Thryonomys and New World families. He says (p. 184), “There are many obvious similarities to the Octodontidae and Echimyidae respectively. These are so great that formerly the African genera were placed in South American families. This is still done sometimes, the latest example being Ellerman, Morrison-Scott and Hayman (1953: 237–239) who consider the Thryonomyinae, Petromurinae and Echi-myinae to be subfamilies of the Octodontidae.” As a matter of fact, Ellerman, Morrison-Scott and Hayman (1953) concede that there may be some doubt about the classification of Thryonomys , …
Lost (and Found) in Translation: André's Actual Method and Its Application to the Generalized Ballot Problem

(2008). Lost (and Found) in Translation: Andre's Actual Method and Its Application to the Generalized Ballot Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 115, No. 4, pp. 358-363.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS ON MELANIZED SPERM IN DEVELOPING AND FULLY FORMED SPERMATOPHORES OF MALE SHRIMP, PENAEUS VANNAMEI

ABSTRACT: Developing spermatophores in the medial vas deferens and black spermatophores in the terminal ampules of pond-cultured Penaeus vannamei males were prepared for light and electron microscopical study. As in previous studies, black spermatophores frequently contained mixtures of normal appearing unistellate sperm, abnormal spikeless sperm, and degenerating sperm, with oval pigment droplets occurring in the nuclei of both normal appearing unistellate sperm and of abnormal spikeless sperm. Oval pigment droplets also occurred among sperm in the extracellular matrix of spermatophores. Developing spermatophores in both the proximal and distal segments of the medial vas deferens similarly contained normal appearing unistellate sperm and abnormal spikeless sperm, each with oval intranuclear pigment droplets. Testicular sperm were unistellate just prior to their exit from the testicular lobes into the proximal vas deferens. No intranuclear pigment droplets were encountered in testicular sperm. Sperm melanization may occur as sperm leave the proximal vas deferens and enter the medial vas deferens. The mechanism by which sperm become melanized remains to be determined. No bacteria and no hemocytes were encountered in either light or electron microscopical preparations of developing or fully formed melanized spermatophores.
Vaccines and Antibodies in Relation to Pregnancy and Lactation

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immunopro-phylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to hel...
The Dark Side of Multi-Unit Franchising: The Drawbacks of Local Responsiveness

In attempting to solve agency issues associated with single-unit franchising and international adaptation issues with company-owned outlets, franchisors engage in multi-unit franchising. Extant research has examined the antecedents and positive outcomes of multi-unit franchising, but the dark side has largely been neglected. In a sample of 16 corporations that operate 25 brands from the period of 2005–2012, we examine how the density of multi-unit franchising impacts overall franchise system growth and internationalization growth. The results of our study show that multi-unit franchising negatively impacts franchise system growth and a franchise system’s internationalization efforts. While benefits of multi-unit franchising have been explicated by previous research, our results show that companies should be concerned about the long-term impact of multi-unit franchising and that there is indeed a dark side.
Black Urban Regime

In 2013 black urban regimes, defined as black-led city governments in the United States with a majority black electoral base, governed twenty-four cities with populations over a hundred thousand. In such regimes the electoral base is composed of low- and moderate-income black voters, while most of the benefits of its development model accrue to the regime's corporate governing partners. The central focus of studies informed by black urban regime theory is analyzing how this contradictory relationship is managed. Keywords: African American; class; race; urban sociology
Beyond talk: Creating autonomous motivation through self-determination theory

Many managers and academics have a passing familiarity with self-determination theory (SDT), which articulates the core principles that underlie the concept of sustainable motivation in organisatio...
Migrant Students’ Emergent Conscientization Through Critical, Socioculturally Responsive Literacy Pedagogy:

This article analyzes data from a summer literacy program for intermediate and middle-level children of migrant farmworkers. The program was grounded in a sociocultural perspective on literacy, str...
Remotely Visible Width and Discontinuity of 50 Tornado Damage Paths through Forested Landscapes

Tornado damage-path width is a necessary component for calculation of area impacted, which allows estimation of hazards. To date, rarely has variation in damage path width or path discontinuity been a focus. In this paper, using a damage threshold of >25% canopy damage, we quantify width and discontinuity in 50 tornado paths in forested areas. Tornado-path starting and end points were overlaid on Google Earth imagery obtained ≤24 months after the tornadoes, and damage-path width (or absence of damage) was measured for severities >25% canopy loss, at fixed intervals. Width was measured only where both sides of the damage path were clearly defined by forest tree damage, thus many points were excluded from our analysis. Given our threshold level of forest canopy damage, no EF0 tornadoes showed remotely visible damage, and analyses were thus restricted to ≥EF1 tornado paths. Variation in remotely visible damage width was quantified as coefficient of variation, which ranged from 0.227 to 0.852, with a mean of 0.531 among the 50 paths. Discontinuity in remotely visible damage also varied among damage paths; up to 45% of the total number of measured points within a path lacked visible damage. Almost 40% of tornado damage paths exhibited such discontinuity along 20% or more of their path length. We suggest that the long, narrow EF-scale contours (particularly for ≥EF1) often reported after storm surveys may mask extensive width variation in severe damage and substantial portions of tornado paths with no severe damage.
Probabilistic Voltage Sensitivity Analysis (PVSA)—A Novel Approach to Quantify Impact of Active Consumers

Active consumers will be integral to the future smart grid, scheduling their load and managing renewable generation in accordance with real-time pricing. The impact of spatially distributed renewable generation and active consumers on the distribution system must be quantified for operational planning. Most of the current studies are scenario-based and derived results are scenario specific. Determining the impact of spatially distributed active consumers with temporally variable behavior requires investigation of a large number of scenarios, which is computationally intractable using current iterative power flow algorithms. The objective of this work is to provide a new analytical method of voltage sensitivity analysis that allows for stochastic analysis of change in grid voltage due to change in consumer behavior (load and generation choices). This paper first derives an upper bound for change in voltage at a particular bus due to change in complex power at other buses in a radial distribution network. This bound is verified via simulations. Next, this bound is used to derive the probability distribution of voltage change at a bus due to random behavior of spatially distributed multiple active consumers. Results from the proposed probabilistic voltage sensitivity analysis is validated via traditional-scenario-based simulation of the IEEE 69 bus test system.
Automating Collection Development of Non-Latin Script Materials With Macros

Non-Latin scripts pose issues of labor, language fluency, and accuracy for libraries. WorldCat already provides multilingual data on many of the world's non-English monographs. With a macro designe...
Management of Well-differentiated Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEPNETs): A Review

Abstract Purpose Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous tumors that arise from the neuroendocrine cells of the digestive tract and other organs, such as the lung, ovary, and thyroid glands. They can be well differentiated or poorly differentiated, and management of these tumors differs for each histologic subtype. We have performed a review of NETs and focused on management of well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs) and carcinoid syndrome. Methods A PubMed search was performed to obtain articles on the management of well-differentiated NETs. Using the key words neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid, pNET, octreotide, somatostatin analogues, and radiolabeled therapy, we reviewed Phase II and III trials that were published over the past 30 years. We also reviewed guidelines from the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, North America Neuroendocrine Tumor Society, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network in our search. Findings NETs are usually slow-growing tumors that remain asymptomatic for a long duration and can be either nonfunctioning or functioning. Surgical resection is recommended for locoregional disease, impending obstruction, symptom control, and advanced disease. Nonsurgical treatment options include somatostatin analogues (SSAs), multikinase inhibitors, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiolabeled SSAs. Carcinoid syndrome is mainly treated with SSAs. Implications Although GEPNETs are slow-growing tumors, most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease, and therefore it is important that the management of each patient be discussed in a multidisciplinary setting to optimize the treatment strategy. Patients should be considered for clinical trials and refractory cases referred to a specialty center.
Nine-year prostate cancer survival differences between aggressive versus conservative therapy in men with advanced and metastatic prostate cancer.

Background To the authors' knowledge, the survival benefit of local therapy in the setting of advanced prostate cancer remains unknown. The authors investigated whether prostate-directed treatment with either surgery or radiotherapy versus conservative treatment in the setting of locally advanced or metastatic disease was associated with improved survival within a cohort of men from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Breast and Prostate Cancer Data Quality and Patterns of Care Study (CDC POC-BP). Methods Men diagnosed with locally advanced (cT3-T4 or N+ and M0) or metastatic prostate cancer were identified. The authors compared survival by treatment type, categorized as conservative (androgen deprivation therapy only) versus aggressive (radical prostatectomy or any type of radiotherapy). Nine-year overall survival and prostate cancer-specific survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine factors independently associated with 9-year prostate cancer-specific survival. Results For men with advanced, nonmetastatic prostate cancer, conservative treatment alone was associated with a 4 times higher likelihood of prostate cancer mortality compared with men treated with surgery (hazard ratio, 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-12.14). In contrast, no difference was found between conservative versus aggressive treatment after adjusting for covariates for men with metastatic disease. The 9-year prostate cancer-specific survival rate was 27% for those receiving aggressive treatment versus 24% for men undergoing conservative treatment. Conclusions The authors did not observe a survival advantage with local therapy in addition to standard androgen deprivation therapy for men with metastatic prostate cancer. However, the results of the current study did affirm advantages in the setting of locally advanced disease. Aggressive local therapy in the setting of metastatic disease needs to be studied carefully before clinical adoption. Cancer 2018;124:1921-8. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Simulational fluency reduces feelings of psychological distance

Why do some events feel "like yesterday" whereas others feel "ages away"? Past research has identified cues that influence people's estimates of distance in units such as how many miles or days away events are from the self. However, what makes events feel psychologically close or distant? We examine the hypothesis that increased simulational fluency, the ease with which people mentally imagine events, makes events feel psychologically close. Simulational fluency was associated with feelings that multiple past and future holidays were psychologically close (Studies 1a and 1b). Writing short, easy-to-generate descriptions of Christmas made it feel psychologically closer and more fluently simulated compared with writing longer, difficult-to-generate descriptions (Study 2). This pattern was not anticipated by readers of the same content who did not directly experience the fluency of writing descriptions. Writing descriptions of Halloween made it feel fluently simulated and psychologically close, even as concrete "how" descriptions reduced construal level compared with abstract "why" descriptions (Study 3). Listening to a fluent audio description of a past Super Bowl, compared with a disfluent audio description, caused the game to feel psychologically closer in both space and time (Study 4). Reading a description of the Super Bowl in easy-to-read font, compared with difficult-to-read font, made the game feel more fluently simulated and psychologically closer (Study 5). These findings have implications for theories of psychological distance and its role in everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record
Summary, Conclusions, and the Future of Induced Gauge Fields and Lattices with On-Site Correlations

Although rotation and effective magnetic fields have been around essentially since the first observations of Bose–Einstein condensates, they have only more recently become capable of approaching exotic states. The (former) Chu group have created fractional quantum Hall puddles in a lattice, using methods similar to those discussed in Chap. 9 (N. Gemelke, private communication).
Hormones and Behavior

Behavioral maturation is a major part of adolescence that, together with the many concomitant physical changes of puberty, transforms children into young adults. The dramatic hormonal changes that also occur at this time have prompted interest in the role of hormones in adolescent behavior. This survey commences by reviewing why the psychobehavioral health of adolescents is of particular importance today. The following sections explain the regulation and developmental course of hormones of significance in puberty and adolescence. To streamline the enormous complexity of the neuroendocrine system, discussion focuses on three key elements of adolescent maturation: reproduction (the gonads), stress (adrenals), and affective-cognitive processing (brain). Note that the term ‘neuroendocrine’ signifies that the nervous and endocrine systems essentially form a functional unit; however, each undergoes significant albeit slightly different schedules of maturational change during adolescence. The relationship of hormones and behavior in adolescence must be understood to operate within a network of interacting developmental, physiological, perceptual, and social forces. A heuristic model of these developmental biosocial dynamics is provided to walk the reader through the complexities. Then, translation of the insights gained from hormone-behavior dynamics for addressing the practical problem of adolescent mental health is applied to the urgent matter of depression. A consideration of implications for global youth concludes the discussion.
Non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging of apoptotic retinal photoreceptors

Phosphatidylserine externalization is an early molecular signature for apoptosis. In many retinal degenerative diseases, photoreceptor neurons die by apoptosis. Here, we report utility of the phosphatidylserine-binding conjugate of Bis(zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (Zn-DPA) with Texas-red (PSVue-550) in transiently labeling apoptotic photoreceptors in living pigmented or albino rats and mice with retinal degeneration. Applying PSVue-550 as eyedrop is non-toxic and eliminates need for intraocular injection. PSVue-550 fluorescence specifically and transiently labeling dying retinal photoreceptors is detectable in anesthetized animals using standard retinal or whole small animal imaging systems. Importantly, prior PSVue-550 eyedrop administration and imaging does not affect repeat testing. Altogether, our results establish PSVue-550 imaging as a completely non-invasive method that provides the opportunity to longitudinally monitor retinal photoreceptor cell death in preclinical studies.
Anti-N and anti-Doa immunoglobulin G alloantibody-mediated delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction with hyperhemolysis in sickle cell disease treated with eculizumab and HBOC-201: case report and review of the literature.

Background Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) with hyperhemolysis is a potentially fatal complication resulting from alloimmunization that can cause severe hemolysis of both transfused and intrinsic red blood cells (RBCs). Patients with sickle cell disease often receive multiple RBC units during their lifetime and thus are likely to develop alloantibodies that increase the risk for DHTR. Treatment to decrease hemolysis includes intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), steroids, eculizumab, rituximab, and plasmapheresis in addition to erythropoietin (EPO), intravenous (IV) iron, vitamin B12, and folate to support erythropoiesis. RBC transfusion is preferably avoided in DHTR due to an increased risk of exacerbating the hemolysis. Case report We report a rare case of anti-N and anti-Doa immunoglobulin (Ig)G alloantibody-mediated life-threatening DHTR with hyperhemolysis in a patient with hemoglobin SS after RBC transfusion for acute chest syndrome who was successfully treated with eculizumab and HBOC-201 (Hemopure) in addition to steroids, IVIG, EPO, IV iron, and vitamin B12. HBOC-201 (Hemopure) was successfully used as a RBC alternative in this patient. Conclusion Anti-N and anti-Doa IgG alloantibodies can rarely cause severe life-threatening DHTR with hyperhemolysis. HBOC-201 (Hemopure) can be a lifesaving alternative in this scenario. Our report also supports the use of eculizumab in DHTR; however, prospective studies are needed to determine the appropriate dose and sequence of eculizumab administration.
Effect of annealing on electrochemical stability of chemically preintercalated bilayered vanadium oxide cathodes in batteries

Bilayered vanadium oxide, δ-V2O5·nH2O, is a promising electrode material for Na-ion batteries due to its large interlayer spacing, 11.5 A, that allows for insertion of many charge-carrying ions. Previously, δ-V2O5·nH2O electrodes have shown high capacities in Na-ion batteries1-3. However, capacity fade is common when synthesized via cost effective, sol-gel routes. Poor cycling stability is attributed to the loss of V-O layers’ stacking order upon cycling1. Therefore, methods to improve the structural stability of the δ-V2O5·nH2O phase are necessary for its utilization as Na-ion cathodes. A synthesis approach known as chemical pre-intercalation allows for the insertion of inorganic cations into the structure of electrode materials prior to electrochemical cycling. Previously, we have demonstrated that chemical pre-intercalation of Na-ions into the bilayered phase results in high initial capacities above 350 mAh g-1 in Na-ion cells3. In this study, we focus on the incorporation of low-temperature annealing to increase structural and electrochemical stability of the bilayered phase in Na-ion batteries. We demonstrate that annealing can lead to increased crystallinity leading to increased cycling stability. This result shows how synthesis approaches affect the structure of the bilayered vanadium oxide phase and can lead to increased electrochemical stability in Na-ion cells.
Diffusion and migration in polymer electrolytes

Author(s): Choo, Y; Halat, DM; Villaluenga, I; Timachova, K; Balsara, NP | Abstract: Mixtures of neutral polymers and lithium salts have the potential to serve as electrolytes in next-generation rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The purpose of this review is to expose the delicate interplay between polymer-salt interactions at the segmental level and macroscopic ion transport at the battery level. Since complete characterization of this interplay has only been completed in one system: mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO/LiTFSI), we focus on data obtained from this system. We begin with a discussion of the activity coefficient, followed by a discussion of six different diffusion coefficients: the Rouse motion of polymer segments is quantified by Dseg, the self-diffusion of cations and anions is quantified by Dself,+ and Dself,−, and the build-up of concentration gradients in electrolytes under an applied potential is quantified by Stefan-Maxwell diffusion coefficients, D0+, D0-, and D+-. The Stefan-Maxwell diffusion coefficients can be used to predict the velocities of the ions at very early times after an electric field is applied across the electrolyte. The surprising result is that D0- is negative in certain concentration windows. A consequence of this finding is that at these concentrations, both cations and anions are predicted to migrate toward the positive electrode at early times. We describe the controversies that surround this result. Knowledge of the Stefan-Maxwell diffusion coefficients enable prediction of the limiting current. We argue that the limiting current is the most important characteristic of an electrolyte. Excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental limiting current is seen in PEO/LiTFSI mixtures. What sequence of monomers that, when polymerized, will lead to the highest limiting current remains an important unanswered question. It is our hope that the approach presented in this review will guide the development of such polymers.
Depression phenotype identified by using single nucleotide exact amplicon sequence variants of the human gut microbiome

Single nucleotide exact amplicon sequence variants (ASV) of the human gut microbiome were used to evaluate if individuals with a depression phenotype (DEPR) could be identified from healthy reference subjects (NODEP). Microbial DNA in stool samples obtained from 40 subjects were characterized using high throughput microbiome sequence data processed via DADA2 error correction combined with PIME machine-learning de-noising and taxa binning/parsing of prevalent ASVs at the single nucleotide level of resolution. Application of ALDEx2 differential abundance analysis with assessed effect sizes and stringent PICRUSt2 predicted metabolic pathways. This multivariate machine-learning approach significantly differentiated DEPR (n = 20) vs. NODEP (n = 20) (PERMANOVA P < 0.001) based on microbiome taxa clustering and neurocircuit-relevant metabolic pathway network analysis for GABA, butyrate, glutamate, monoamines, monosaturated fatty acids, and inflammasome components. Gut microbiome dysbiosis using ASV prevalence data may offer the diagnostic potential of using human metaorganism biomarkers to identify individuals with a depression phenotype.
Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells via shortwave infrared polymer passivation

Abstract Defect passivation plays an important role in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a narrow bandgap conjugated polymer with hole mobility of 3.4 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 is utilized as a passivation agent in the fabrication of air-prepared PSCs. Theoretical calculations complemented by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrate that N, S and O atoms in the polymer can behave as Lewis bases, which interact with Pb defects in the MAPbI3 films to passivate grain boundaries (GBs) and interface defects. These interactions synergistically promote an enhancement of the crystallinity and smoothness of the films. Solar cells fabricated with the polymer passivation layer exhibit average efficiencies of 18.7%–19.6% compared to an average of 16.7% for reference devices. Unencapsulated devices retained approximately 80% of their initial efficiency following 600 h of exposure in air, compared with ~30% for reference devices. The moisture stability of the devices was also dramatically improved owing to the long hydrophobic alkyl chains within the polymer. This study demonstrates that narrow bandgap materials with tailored functionality can dramatically improve the PCE and stability of PSCs and shed light on the design of the passivants that further improve film quality and device performance.
Lessons we never wanted to learn: pandemic as pedagogy

The purpose of this paper is a reflective account in which one person who has been around long enough to see a good bit considers how COVID-19 might change the general contours of the world.,This paper follows a broadly based and relatively unstructured approach, based on personal understandings and whatever rigor might have been gained by a life spent thinking about research design and the limits of methodology.,The opposite of what many others believe will happen is argued for. Things will change more than we wish. Most will change for the worse.,Accounting research will have a role to play, but to have impact, this study will require that researchers adopt a much more critical perspective about capitalism and its consequences than before.,Everyone must do the best they can. Everyone must learn to accept the new and not rage to restore that which existed in before times.,Harsher climate of interpersonal relations will be realized.,This paper is more about change than about accounting. A 30,000-foot level analysis that does not try to provide many examples. An effort to rise above the specifics that vary across the world.