cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories

Abstract Information on the amount, distribution, and characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) in forest ecosystems is in high demand by wildlife biologists, fire specialists, and ecologists. In its important role in wildlife habitat, fuel loading, forest productivity, and carbon sequestration, CWD is an indicator of forest health. Because of this, the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station’s Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program recognized the need to collect data on CWD in their extensive resource inventories. This paper describes a sampling method, measurement protocols, and estimation procedures to collect and compile data on CWD attributes within FIA’s forest inventory. The line-intersect method was used to sample CWD inside the boundaries of the standard inventory field plot. Previously published equations were customized to allow for easy calculation of per-unit-area values, such as biomass and carbon per hectare, log density per hectare, or volume per hectare, for each plot. These estimates are associated with all other information recorded or calculated for an inventory plot. This allows for indepth analysis of CWD data in relation to stand level characteristics. The data on CWD can be used to address current, relevant issues such as criteria no. 5 outlined in the 1994 Montreal process and the 1995 Santiago declaration. This criteria assesses the contribution of forests to the global carbon cycle by measuring such indicators as CWD, live plant biomass, and soil carbon.
Weighting Information from Relatives to Select forMilk in Holsteins

Abstract Selection indexes to predict the general breeding values of individual Holsteins for milk production were developed from 7,638 deviations of first lactations from herd averages in a variety of combinations of the cow, her dam, daughters, and sisters. Heritability from the regression of paternal sisters on the cow was 0.246. The multiple correlation of the index with the cow's genotype ranged from 0.50 to 0.73 depending on the kinds and amounts of information available from relatives. Selection by index was compared with mass selection on the cow's own record in a test population of 429 Holstein cows and their 498 daughters. The first record of an unselected daughter was correlated with the cow's index 0.166 and with the cow's own first record 0.140—an increase in accuracy of nearly 19% in favor of index selection. The index appears practical to increase genetic progress for milk production—especially to select dams of future sires.
The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos

The evolution of nonconceptive sexuality in bonobos and chimpanzees is discussed from a functional perspective. Bonobos and chimpanzees have three functions of sexual activity in common (paternity confusion, practice sex, and exchange for favors), but only bonobos use sex purely for communication about social relationships. Bonobo hypersexuality appears closely linked to the evolution of female-female alliances. I suggest that these alliances were made possible by relaxed feeding competition, that they were favored through their effect on reducing sexual coercion, and that they are ultimately responsible for the relaxed social conditions that allowed the evolution of “communication sex.”
Toward inclusive housing and neighborhood design: A look at visitability

As the population ages and faces a greater number of physical disabilities, housing and community design must be re‐examined. This research explores the growing need for accessible housing in the United States and the recent emergence of visitability as an affordable and sustainable design strategy aimed at increasing the number of accessible single family homes and neighborhoods. Both a qualitative and quantitative methods approach was utilized to study the evolution of accessible housing policy in the United States, the history and fundamental principles of visitability, and the number and diversity of visitability initiatives and programs. The research explores trends in the visitability movement, as well as the challenges and controversies currently surrounding the visitability movement and potentially threatening its future success.
Relation between acute ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular late potentials and mortality in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The relation between ventricular late potentials and the occurrence of acute (in-hospital) and hyperacute (before hospital admission) ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation was studied in 281 consecutive patients with uninterrupted acute myocardial infarction. The prevalence of late potentials was significantly higher in patients with than without ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (65 vs 22%; p Total in-hospital mortality, as well as in-hospital cardiac mortality, was significantly higher among patients with than without acute ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. However, at 1 year, mortality rates did not differ between the 2 groups. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: (1) Late potentials are closely related to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in hyperacute and acute phases of infarction. (2) Presence of left bundle branch block does not mitigate against the finding of late potentials in these patients. (3) Early ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in acute infarction is related to large infarctions and to a high in-hospital mortality rate.
Collecting fusion gains for detection of spread spectrum signals using compressive wideband radios

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of improving the blind detection performance of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals for cognitive radios (CRs). We consider a scenario where a wide range of frequency spectrum needs to be monitored by a single CR, and the presence of spread spectrum signals need to be identified reliably in a cost effective manner. We employ compressive sensing to achieve realistic sensing time without imposing excessive sampling-rate requirements on the analog-to-digital converter of the CR. We assume that the number, the center frequencies, and the spreading codes of the DSSS signals are unknown, but only the spread signal's bandwidth is known. We propose a three-step algorithm for the CR. First, the power spectral density (PSD) of the wideband spectrum is estimated using compressed samples, and then detection is performed by thresholding to detect spectrum occupancy based on the estimated PSD. In the third step, knowledge of the spread signal's bandwidth, and the estimated PSD are used to perform fusion by looking at spectrum occupancy at adjacent frequency bins using a sliding window. We present some simulation results illustrating the performance gain in detection achieved by introducing the fusion step. This is a useful result since it allows us to detect with improved performance the presence of multiple DSSS signals distributed over a very wideband spectrum, without requiring the knowledge of each signal's spreading code.
Long days and thyroxine program american tree sparrows for seasonality: evidence for temporal flexibility of the breeding season of euthyroid females.

To explore the role of the thyroid in the control of seasonality, photosensitive female American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) were thyroidectomized (THX), moved to long days, and given daily injections of thyroxine (T4) for 3 weeks; THX and thyroid-intact (THI) controls received daily injections of alkaline vehicle. Birds were retained on long days 4 additional weeks and then moved to constant light and given T4 in drinking water for 5 weeks in order to test for photorefractoriness. Endpoints were ovarian mass, molt score, and hypothalamic cGnRH-I (chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone I) content; data were collected as independent measures at intervals of 1 to 5 weeks. THX females given T4 replacement therapy (THXT4 females) exhibited all components of seasonality (i.e., photoperiodic ovarian growth, photorefractoriness, and postnuptial molt), as did THI females. THX females not given replacement T4 were aseasonal: They showed only minor thyroid-independent photoperiodic ovarian growth; they remained photosensitive, despite chronic photostimulation; and they did not initiate postnuptial molt. Collectively, these observations support, and extend to female tree sparrows, our model of seasonality in male tree sparrows, wherein control circuits are programmed for gonadal growth, photorefractoriness, and postnuptial molt by interactive effects of long days and thyroid hormone during the first 3 weeks of photostimulation. The unexpected finding that constant light and/or exogenous T4 extended the simulated breeding seasons of some THI females prompted us to investigate the nature and expression of photorefractoriness. Our approach was to evaluate the same endpoints as before in chronically photostimulated THI females either retained on long days, with or without T4 in drinking water, or moved to constant light, with or without T4. The results showed that exposure to constant light (not T4) near the end of a simulated breeding season can-though usually it does not-temporarily extend the breeding season and prevent the onset of postnuptial molt. It remains unclear whether these perturbations caused by constant light reflect a transitional relative photorefractoriness or merely a delay in the onset of absolute photorefractoriness. In either case, the thyroid- and daylength-dependent programs controlling seasonality in female American tree sparrows have a heretofore undemonstrated potential for limited temporal flexibility.
Nrg1 is an injury-induced cardiomyocyte mitogen for the endogenous heart regeneration program in zebrafish

Heart regeneration is limited in adult mammals but occurs naturally in adult zebrafish through the activation of cardiomyocyte division. Several components of the cardiac injury microenvironment have been identified, yet no factor on its own is known to stimulate overt myocardial hyperplasia in a mature, uninjured animal. In this study, we find evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1), previously shown to have mitogenic effects on mammalian cardiomyocytes, is sharply induced in perivascular cells after injury to the adult zebrafish heart. Inhibition of Erbb2, an Nrg1 co-receptor, disrupts cardiomyocyte proliferation in response to injury, whereas myocardial Nrg1 overexpression enhances this proliferation. In uninjured zebrafish, the reactivation of Nrg1 expression induces cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, overt muscle hyperplasia, epicardial activation, increased vascularization, and causes cardiomegaly through persistent addition of wall myocardium. Our findings identify Nrg1 as a potent, induced mitogen for the endogenous adult heart regeneration program.
Registration method providing high visual magnification of microposition errors

An image registration method is proposed which provides high visual magnification of micro-position errors so that they may be easily quantified with an unaided eye. The method consists of overprinting a pair of fine line or screen patterns of the same spatial frequency in which one pattern functions as a variable mask that unveils a stepped image embedded in the second pattern in proportion to registration error. The larger scale image can be composed of one or a series of symbols each designed to be unmasked at specific registration error thresholds. Pattern structure and duty cycle differences are used to create the masking function. The use of embedded images allows for a wide variety of visual symbols to be displayed at precise error thresholds. The large symbol dimensions provide the high visual magnification, typically a factor of 100 to 100. Advantages over moire technique are that the symbol outline is sharp, its shape is not dependent on interference effects, and it can independently designed to optimize for intuitive visual impact. Applications include a visual pass/fail mark, a numerical scale providing coarse error measurement, and the printed equivalent of a quadrature detector indicating direction and magnitude of error. The position sensing image pair is compact and suitable for photographic, offset printing or other image generation/replication processes where registration is critical. Imagesetter results for a 0.3 mil registration threshold sensor will be presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perceptual learning of motion direction discrimination in fovea: Separable mechanisms

Dosher and Lu (1998) [Perceptual learning reflects external noise filtering and internal noise reduction through channel reweighting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95 (23), 13988-13993.] proposed three mechanisms of perceptual learning: stimulus enhancement, external noise exclusion, and multiplicative noise reduction. In this study, we used pre-training as a manipulation to evaluate the separability of these mechanisms as a key test of the theoretical framework. Observers were trained in identifying the motion direction of a moving sine-wave grating in fovea with varying amount of superimposed external noise across trials, after receiving no pre-training, pre-training in high external noise, or pre-training in zero external noise in the same task. We found: (1) Without pre-training, perceptual learning significantly reduced contrast thresholds by about the same amount across all the external noise levels. (2) Both types of pre-training significantly reduced contrast thresholds in the corresponding conditions. (3) Pre-training in high external noise greatly reduced subsequent learning in high external noise, accounting for 64.6% of the total (pre-training + subsequent) improvements in that condition. On the other hand, the amount of subsequent learning in low external noise conditions was essentially the same as the total (pre-training + subsequent) amount of improvements in high external noise, suggesting that pre-training in high external noise had mostly only improved performance in noisy displays. (4) Pre-training in zero external noise practically eliminated or left very little additional learning in all the external noise conditions. We concluded that the two mechanisms of perceptual learning, stimulus enhancement, and external noise exclusion, can be trained independently in motion direction discrimination in fovea; training in low noise suffices to improve observer performance over all the external noise conditions.
Reductions of 3,6-dimethoxyestrapentaene and 3,6-dimethoxyestrahexaene carboxylic acids

Abstract Palladium hydrogenation of the ester I gave an epimeric mixture II. The dicarboxylic acid diester III on hydrogenation with palladium in ethyl acetate furnished the esters V and VI which were isomerized to X and VII, respectively. The ester VIII, under similar hydrogenation conditions, gave the product IX, which was isomerized to VII. Hydrogenation of the esters V, VI and VII with palladium in acetic acid yielded the corresponding ring A tetrahydro compounds.
Axisymmetric indentation of an elastic layer supported by a Winkler foundation

Abstract Axisymmetric indentation problems of an elastic layer supported by a Winkler foundation are studied in this paper. The indentation on the upper surface is made by a rigid axisymmetric conical, paraboloidal or ellipsoidal indenter. Fundamental solutions for an arbitrary surface load are derived first. The above problems are formulated into an integral equation which is solved numerically. Extensive results are provided for contact radii, displacements and contact pressures. A layer on a rigid smooth base is treated as a special case of the Winkler foundation. The associated analytical solutions for the rigid indenters on a half space arc retrieved as the layer depth approaches infinity. Conversely, useful relations are also derived from thin plate theory for relatively shallow layers.
A prospective examination of whether childhood sexual abuse predicts subsequent sexual offending.

Importance Childhood sexual abuse has been assumed to increase the risk for sexual offending. However, despite methodological limitations of prior research, public policies and clinical practice have been based on this assumption. Objective To empirically examine the commonly held belief that sexually abused children grow up to become sexual offenders and specialize in sex crimes. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study and archival records check included cases and control individuals originally from a metropolitan county in the Midwest. Children with substantiated cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (aged 0-11 years) were matched with children without such histories on the basis of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and approximate family social class (908 cases and 667 control individuals). Both groups were followed up into adulthood (mean age, 51 years). The court cases were from 1967 to 1971; the follow-up extended to 2013. Main Outcomes and Measures Criminal history information was collected from federal and state law enforcement agency records at 3 points in time and from state sex offender registries. Results Overall, individuals with histories of childhood abuse and neglect were at increased risk for being arrested for a sex crime compared with control individuals (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.17; 95% CI, 1.38-3.40), controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Specifically, individuals with histories of physical abuse (AOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.02-4.16) and neglect (AOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.39-3.51) were at significantly increased risk for arrest for sex offenses, whereas for sexual abuse, the AOR (2.13; 95% CI, 0.83-5.47) did not reach significance. Physically abused and neglected males (not females) were at increased risk and physically abused males also had a higher mean number of sex crime arrests compared with control individuals. The results did not provide support for sex crime specialization. Conclusions and Relevance The widespread belief that sexually abused children are uniquely at risk to become sex offenders was not supported by prospective empirical evidence. These new findings suggest that early intervention programs should target children with histories of physical abuse and neglect. They also indicate that existing policies and practices specifically directed at future risk for sex offending for sexually abused children may warrant reevaluation.
Short‐period oceanic circulation: Implications for satellite altimetry

Atmospherically forced, high-frequency oceanic variability is investigated using different configurations of an ocean general circulation model. At periods less than 20 days, the dynamic response of the sea surface to pressure loading exceeds that due to wind stress, and is mostly barotropic. Energy at these periods aliases into satellite altimeter measurements of sea surface height (SSHT). The global variance of collinear (≈10 day) differences of this modelled aliased SSHT is between (2 cm)² and (3.5cm)², depending on the model configuration used. The local variance can reach (14cm)² at some high latitude locations. We use the ocean model predictions to remove the high-frequency signals from TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) observations. We obtain a global variance reduction in collinear differences of up to (2cm)², about 7% of the T/P signal. Our model has difficulty in predicting the variability at periods less than 5 days.
Relational Dialectics Among In-Laws

This interpretive study gathered information from interviews with 42 participants who had recently acquired in-laws. Rather than examining specific dyads on in-laws, this study explored how the entry of the newcomer into a family group created tensions that were managed as the newcomer advanced through the stages of socialization into the group. Relational dialectics analysis indicated that in-laws experienced the external dialectical tensions of inclusion/seclusion, conventionality/uniqueness, and revelation/concealment. However, the tensions manifested in unique ways and were managed with a variety of strategies, some of them unique to the in-law relationship. New strategies for managing these tensions included mediating the communication between some in-laws, while seeking closer direct communication among adult siblings (-in-law). Through new relationships with adult siblings, the family was transformed from the family-of-childhood to the family-of-adulthood. These findings suggest that in-law relatio...
Seizures in Pregnancy/Eclampsia

The physical and emotional stress of pregnancy can precipitate new-onset seizures in a woman. In these cases, emergency department evaluations must rule out underlying pathology. Careful consideration of antiepileptic drug use must be considered in the first trimester as all antiepileptic drugs have been linked to some teratogenic effect. Eclampsia must always be considered in the pregnant woman who is more than 20 weeks gestation; 25% of eclamptic seizures occur in the postpartum period. Magnesium is the recommended treatment for eclamptic seizures when delivery is not possible.
Movement of three removable partial denture clasp assemblies under occlusal loading

This investigation indicates that the design of the clasp assembly affects the magnitude of movement of the abutment tooth adjacent to an extension base but generally does not affect the direction of movement. Some clasp assemblies (distal rest) moved more than other clasp assemblies (wrought wire or I-bar), and hence, the abutment tooth moved more. The design of the clasp assembly did not seem to affect the magnitude of movement in the apical direction.
Probability and Conditionals

The aim of the paper is to draw a connection between a semantical theory of conditional statements and the theory of conditional probability. First, the probability calculus is interpreted as a semantics for truth functional logic. Absolute probabilities are treated as degrees of rational belief. Conditional probabilities are explicitly defined in terms of absolute probabilities in the familiar way. Second the probability calculus is extended in order to provide an interpretation for counterfactual probabilities — conditional probabilities where the condition has zero probability. Third, conditional propositions are introduced as propositions whose absolute probability is equal to the conditional probability of the consequent on the antecedent. An axiom system for this conditional connective is recovered from the probabilistic definition. Finally, the primary semantics for this axiom system, presented elsewhere, is related to the probabilistic interpretation.
Racial Disparities in Gastrointestinal Cancers-Related Mortality in the US Population

Background Racial difference in cancer-related mortality has been described in epidemiological studies and evidence points towards higher mortalities in the minorities. To determine the magnitude of racial disparities and sex differences in GI cancer-related mortalities in the US population, we analyzed the data using the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and related mortality data files.
Design of class-based storage racks for minimizing travel time in a three-dimensional storage system

This paper deals with a new storage structure layout method called ‘cubic-in-time’, for minimizing the travel time of selected handling equipment in a three-dimensional palletized storage system. Storage-system design algorithms for minimizing travel times are described, the results are analysed, and some general conclusions are drawn.
Effect of nitroglycerin ointment on penile skin flap survival in hypospadias repair Experimental and clinical studies

The mobilization of penile neurovascular skin flaps is associated with vasospasm, which may result in ischemic necrosis. A prospective clinical trial of nitroglycerin was performed in 40 children undergoing hypospadias repair. Quantitative fluorescein studies were performed in another group of patients who underwent circumcision. These studies represent the first clinical application of nitroglycerin ointment in human subjects. Our preliminary data suggest that nitroglycerin ointment can enhance survival of skin flaps.
U.S. EPA Regulatory Perspectives on the Use of QSAR for New and Existing Chemical Evaluations

As testing is not required, ecotoxicity or fate data are available for approximately 5% of the approximately 2,300 new chemicals/year (26,000 + total) submitted to the US-EPA. The EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) regulatory program was forced to develop and rely upon QSARs to estimate the ecotoxicity and fate of most of the new chemicals evaluated for hazard and risk assessment. QSAR methods routinely result in ecotoxicity estimations of acute and chronic toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and algae, and in fate estimations of physical/chemical properties, degradation, and bioconcentration. The EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory of existing chemicals currently lists over 72,000 chemicals. Most existing chemicals also appear to have little or no ecotoxicity or fate data available and the OPPT new chemical QSAR methods now provide predictions and cross-checks of test data for the regulation of existing chemicals. Examples include the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), the Design for the Environment (DfE), and the OECD/SIDS/HPV Programs. QSAR screening of the TSCA Inventory has prioritized thousands of existing chemicals for possible regulatory testing of: 1) persistent bioaccumulative chemicals, and 2) the high ecotoxicity of specific discrete organic chemicals.
The most general planar transformations that map parabolas into parabolas

Consider the space of vertical parabolas in the plane interpreted generally to include nonvertical lines. It is proved that an injective map from a closed region bounded by one such parabola into the plane that maps vertical parabolas to other vertical parabolas must be the composition of a Laguerre transformation with a nonisotropic dilation. Here, a Laguerre transformation refers to a linear fractional or antilinear fractional transformation of the underlying dual plane.
An Approach to Psychiatric Referrals in Pediatric Patients Psychosomatic Complaints

Psychiatric referral is an important aspect of clinical pediatric practice. This paper discusses referral to a family-oriented psychiatrist of difficult families with children who have an acute or chronic psychosomatic complaint. It is the responsibility of primary care physicians to de velop facility in making psychiatric referrals. In this way the physician will be equipped to deal effectively with cases requiring attention beyond his time and expertise, as well as cases that he will manage alone. The paper considers five decision-points relevant for pediatricians making effective referrals of children with somatic complaints. (1) The pediatrician decides whether to conduct the evaluation on an outpatient or inpatient basis. In either case the work-up should be completed rapidly. A diagnostic hospitalization, whereby the parents agree to accept the results of a clearly defined evaluation as definitive, may be used with inpatient evaluations. The proposal of such a diagnostic hospitalization is considere...
The Hemoglobin Glycation Index Identifies Subpopulations With Harms or Benefits From Intensive Treatment in the ACCORD Trial

OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that intensive treatment in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial disproportionately produced adverse outcomes in patients with diabetes with a high hemoglobin glycation index (HGI = observed HbA 1c − predicted HbA 1c ). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ACCORD was a randomized controlled trial of 10,251 patients with type 2 diabetes assigned to standard or intensive treatment with HbA 1c goals of 7.0% to 7.9% (53 to 63 mmol/mol) and less than 6% (42 mmol/mol), respectively. In this ancillary study, a linear regression equation (HbA 1c = 0.009 × fasting plasma glucose [FPG] [mg/dL] + 6.8) was derived from 1,000 randomly extracted participants at baseline. Baseline FPG values were used to calculate predicted HbA 1c and HGI for the remaining 9,125 participants. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used to assess the effects of intensive treatment on outcomes in patients with a low, moderate, or high HGI. RESULTS Intensive treatment was associated with improved primary outcomes (composite of cardiovascular events) in the low (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75 [95% CI 0.59–0.95]) and moderate (HR 0.77 [95% CI 0.61–0.97]) HGI subgroups but not in the high HGI subgroup (HR 1.14 [95% CI 0.93–1.40]). Higher total mortality in intensively treated patients was confined to the high HGI subgroup (HR 1.41 [95% CI 1.10–1.80]). A high HGI was associated with a greater risk for hypoglycemia in the standard and intensive treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS HGI calculated at baseline identified subpopulations in ACCORD with harms or benefits from intensive glycemic control. HbA 1c is not a one-size-fits-all indicator of blood glucose control, and taking this into account when making management decisions could improve diabetes care.
Surface Changes Detected by Lectins and Implications for Growth Regulation in Normal and in Transformed Cells

If transformed cells differ in as many behavioral traits as have been discussed by Dr. Stoker in the previous chapter, one would expect to find quite a few changes in the cell surface of these cells since the surface is probably involved either directly or at least as a mediator of the stimuli which lead to alterations in social behavior of cells among themselves.
Tools in support of creative collaboration

Creativity support tools are set an especially difficult task when they are applied to art/science collaboration. Not because of any fundamental incompatibility between the disciplines, but because creativity support tools are rarely supple enough to manage dramatically shifting requirements at various stages of design or handle the diversity of artifacts that might be generated. Traditional methods of evaluation of collaborative support tools may not address these aspects. This workshop aims to examine three specific areas open to expanded modes of evaluation; the social aspects of tools and tool use, how artifacts are created and manipulated in support tools, and how the expanding contexts of art/science collaborations may be rapidly changing support tool requirements.
Strategies to Mitigate Peanut Allergy: Production, Processing, Utilization, and Immunotherapy Considerations

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop grown worldwide for food and edible oil. The surge of peanut allergy in the past 25 years has profoundly impacted both affected individuals and the peanut and related food industries. In response, several strategies to mitigate peanut allergy have emerged to reduce/eliminate the allergenicity of peanuts or to better treat peanut-allergic individuals. In this review, we give an overview of peanut allergy, with a focus on peanut proteins, including the impact of thermal processing on peanut protein structure and detection in food matrices. We discuss several strategies currently being investigated to mitigate peanut allergy, including genetic engineering, novel processing strategies, and immunotherapy in terms of mechanisms, recent research, and limitations. All strategies are discussed with considerations for both peanut-allergic individuals and the numerous industries/government agencies involved throughout peanut production and utilization.
Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-Inducible Protein GADD34 Targets Protein Phosphatase 1α to the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Promotes Dephosphorylation of the α Subunit of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2

The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein, GADD34, associates with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and promotes in vitro dephosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, (eIF-2α). In this report, we show that the expression of human GADD34 in cultured cells reversed eIF-2α phosphorylation induced by thapsigargin and tunicamycin, agents that promote protein unfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GADD34 expression also reversed eIF-2α phosphorylation induced by okadaic acid but not that induced by another phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A (CA), which is a result consistent with PP1 being a component of the GADD34-assembled eIF-2α phosphatase. Structure-function studies identified a bipartite C-terminal domain in GADD34 that encompassed a canonical PP1-binding motif, KVRF, and a novel RARA sequence, both of which were required for PP1 binding. N-terminal deletions of GADD34 established that while PP1 binding was necessary, it was not sufficient to promote eIF-2α dephosphorylation in cells. Imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-GADD34 proteins showed that the N-terminal 180 residues directed the localization of GADD34 at the ER and that GADD34 targeted the α isoform of PP1 to the ER. These data provide new insights into the mode of action of GADD34 in assembling an ER-associated eIF-2α phosphatase that regulates protein translation in mammalian cells.
Role of Fibronectin in the Prevention of Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Buccal Cells

Recent evidence suggests that colonization of the upper respiratory tract by gram-negative bacilli is mediated by adherence to regional epithelial cells. Buccal epithelial cells were obtained for study from 12 seriously ill patients, all of whom were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In comparison to cells from uncolonized controls, cells obtained from these patients attached significantly more P. aeruginosa organisms during incubation in vitro. Although the sialic acid content of colonized patients' cells was less than that of controls' cells, removal of sialic acid from normal cells with neuraminidase did not increase bacillary adherence. Trypsinization of normal cells increased bacillary adherence and significantly reduced the amount of fibronectin on the cell surface. Both trypsinized normal cells and cells recovered from seriously ill colonized patients attached large numbers of P. aeruginosa organisms in vitro and demonstrated decreased fibronectin on the cell surface by immunofluorescent staining. These findings suggest that the host alteration associated with increased susceptibility to adherence by P. aeruginosa is the loss of fibronectin from the cell surface.
Health Risk Behaviors Among Five Asian American Subgroups in California: Identifying Intervention Priorities

This analysis assessed the prevalence of excess body weight, physical inactivity and alcohol and tobacco use in Asian American subgroups. Using 2005 California Health Interview Survey data, we estimated the prevalence of body mass index (BMI) categories using both standard and World Health Organization-proposed Asian-specific categories, physical inactivity, and alcohol and tobacco use for Chinese (n = 1,285), Japanese (n = 421), Korean (n = 620), Filipino (n = 659) and Vietnamese (n = 480) Americans in California. About 80% of Japanese and Filipino American men and 70% of Korean American men were “increased/high risk” by Asian-specific BMI categories. Most Asian American subgroups were more likely to walk for transportation than non-Hispanic whites, but less likely to report other physical activities. Highest smoking and binge drinking prevalences were among Korean, Vietnamese and Filipino American men and Japanese and Korean American women. These results suggest risk profiles for each Asian American subgroup to consider when setting priorities for health promotion programs.
Anchoring the French Voter: Ideology versus Party

In their pivotal 1986 volume, Converse and Pierce rekindle the debate over whether left-right ideological attachment or party identification serves as the psychological anchor of the French electorate. They argue that, much like Americans, French voters use partisanship to orient themselves to the political landscape. Our study, which employs the data used by Converse and Pierce, draws a different conclusion. We find that ideology, in terms of both scope and strength, clearly exceeds party in its importance for vote choice.
Origin of Solid‐State Activated Sintering in Bi2O3‐Doped ZnO

Activated sintering in Bi2O3-doped ZnO has been studied with emphasis on the mechanistic role of intergranular amorphous films. The atomic-level microstructures and bismuth solute distributions in doped powders have been investigated using high-resolution electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Densification is observed to be significant below the bulk eutectic temperature in the presence of Bi2O3 concentrations as low as 0.58 mol%. Transmission electron microscopy of as-calcined and sintered powders shows that significant neck growth and particle coarsening occur in the solid state. Intergranular amorphous films of ∼1 nm thickness, terminating in wetting menisci at sinter-necks, are observed to form concurrently with the onset of activated sintering. In a few instances, amorphous films are also observed at surfaces of the ZnO particles. These films appear to be the free-surface counterpart to equilibrium-thickness intergranular films. Activated sintering in this binary system is attributed to rapid mass transport through subeutectic, equilibrium-thickness intergranular films, with the amorphous phase also providing capillary pressure.
Looking backward: German technical writers in the 1930s

This paper briefly explores an historical period in the development of technical writing and documentation in the years immediately preceding World War II. German writers were meticulous in recording efforts to eradicate politically undesirable groups and used the most modern technology of the times for record-keeping. Students in engineering and writing classes can benefit from examining these documents by learning how apparent ethically neutral material does indeed have social and ethical implications.
Controlled Photochemical Release of Nitric Oxide from O2-Naphthylmethyl- and O2-Naphthylallyl-Substituted Diazeniumdiolates

The photochemistry of O2-naphthylmethyl- and O2-naphthylallyl-substituted diazeniumdiolates has been investigated. Electron-donating methoxy group substitution is shown to have a significant effect on the observed photochemistry, with the appropriate substitution pattern resulting in efficient diazeniumdiolate photorelease. Observed nitric oxide release rates from these photoprecursors are consistent with those expected for normal thermal dissociation of the diazeniumdiolate in aqueous solutions and show the same pH dependence.
Perceptual scales for assessing audience response to social problem information campaigns

(1975). Perceptual scales for assessing audience response to social problem information campaigns. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 77-84.
Gynecologic decisions for women at risk for Lynch syndrome

Lynch syndrome, or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, predisposes women to an increased risk of gynecologic malignancies. Various preliminary clinical models have been attempted to identify those at-risk. Currently, the Bethesda criteria have the most sensitive guidelines for identifying at risk individuals for genetic testing. Universal screening of patients with colorectal cancer or endometrial cancer has not been found to be cost effective, but introduces the concept of extracolonic cancer as a ‘sentinel cancer’ other than colorectal cancer for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. While there is a lack of strong evidence supporting gynecologic surveillance or risk-reducing surgery, they are both considered important options to this high-risk population. Risks and benefits of each strategy should be addressed by gynecologic oncologists.
Variation in the flowering time orthologs BrFLC and BrSOC1 in a natural population of Brassica rapa

Understanding the genetic basis of natural phenotypic variation is of great importance, particularly since selection can act on this variation to cause evolution. We examined expression and allelic variation in candidate flowering time loci in Brassica rapa plants derived from a natural population and showing a broad range in the timing of first flowering. The loci of interest were orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes FLC and SOC1 (BrFLC and BrSOC1, respectively), which in Arabidopsis play a central role in the flowering time regulatory network, with FLC repressing and SOC1 promoting flowering. In B. rapa, there are four copies of FLC and three of SOC1. Plants were grown in controlled conditions in the lab. Comparisons were made between plants that flowered the earliest and latest, with the difference in average flowering time between these groups ∼30 days. As expected, we found that total expression of BrSOC1 paralogs was significantly greater in early than in late flowering plants. Paralog-specific primers showed that expression was greater in early flowering plants in the BrSOC1 paralogs Br004928, Br00393 and Br009324, although the difference was not significant in Br009324. Thus expression of at least 2 of the 3 BrSOC1 orthologs is consistent with their predicted role in flowering time in this natural population. Sequences of the promoter regions of the BrSOC1 orthologs were variable, but there was no association between allelic variation at these loci and flowering time variation. For the BrFLC orthologs, expression varied over time, but did not differ between the early and late flowering plants. The coding regions, promoter regions and introns of these genes were generally invariant. Thus the BrFLC orthologs do not appear to influence flowering time in this population. Overall, the results suggest that even for a trait like flowering time that is controlled by a very well described genetic regulatory network, understanding the underlying genetic basis of natural variation in such a quantitative trait is challenging.
Transcriptome profiling of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) accessions in response to salt stress

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is a prominent turfgrass in the cool-season regions, but it is sensitive to salt stress. Previously, a relatively salt tolerant Kentucky bluegrass accession was identified that maintained green colour under consistent salt applications. In this study, a transcriptome study between the tolerant (PI 372742) accession and a salt susceptible (PI 368233) accession was conducted, under control and salt treatments, and in shoot and root tissues. Sample replicates grouped tightly by tissue and treatment, and fewer differentially expressed transcripts were detected in the tolerant PI 372742 samples compared to the susceptible PI 368233 samples, and in root tissues compared to shoot tissues. A de novo assembly resulted in 388,764 transcripts, with 36,587 detected as differentially expressed. Approximately 75 % of transcripts had homology based annotations, with several differences in GO terms enriched between the PI 368233 and PI 372742 samples. Gene expression profiling identified salt-responsive gene families that were consistently down-regulated in PI 372742 and unlikely to contribute to salt tolerance in Kentucky bluegrass. Gene expression profiling also identified sets of transcripts relating to transcription factors, ion and water transport genes, and oxidation-reduction process genes with likely roles in salt tolerance. The transcript assembly represents the first such assembly in the highly polyploidy, facultative apomictic Kentucky bluegrass. The transcripts identified provide genetic information on how this plant responds to and tolerates salt stress in both shoot and root tissues, and can be used for further genetic testing and introgression.
Fiduciary disparity clarity: Ethics of divided allegiances.

An experienced senior vascular surgeon, Dr H. O. Nest, at a university medical center is asked to evaluate a patient with a rare complex vascular problem. The patient is a high-ranking university official, Mr N. Otable, well known to all in the university setting. Dr Nest has had very limited experience with the condition. He has viewed presentations about it but is aware of a world expert at another institution. He discusses transfer with the patient, who agrees on that approach. Later that day, when Dr Nest receives a visit from the Chief-of-Staff and the hospital CEO asking about Mr Otable, they are very concerned that transfer will reflect badly on the medical center's reputation. Dr Nest is strongly requested to reconsider his recommendation — almost at gunpoint. What should he do? A.If he believes that the outcome will be satisfactory, he should schedule the operation. B.He should explain the situation to the patient and let him choose where he wishes to have his surgery. C.He should continue with the plan to refer the patient to another center. D.He must understand his limits and base his decision accordingly. E.He should arrange a conference with the surgeons in the vascular division and the administrators.
Chapter 7 Code-Division Multiple Access

Multiple access is the ability of many users to communicate with each other while sharing a common transmission medium. Wireless multiple-access communications are facilitated if the transmitted signals are orthogonal or separable in some sense. Signals may be separated in time (time-division multiple access or TDMA), frequency (frequency-division multiple access or FDMA), or code (code-division multiple access or CDMA). This chapter presents the general characteristics of spreading sequences and frequency-hopping patterns that are suitable for CDMA systems, which comprise direct-sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA) and frequency-hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA) systems. The use of spread-spectrum modulation in CDMA allows the simultaneous transmission of signals from multiple users in the same frequency band. All signals use the entire allocated spectrum, but the spreading sequences or frequency-hopping patterns differ. Information theory indicates that in an isolated cell, CDMA systems achieve the same spectral efficiency as TDMA or FDMA systems only if optimal multiuser detection is used. However, even with single-user detection, CDMA has advantages for mobile communication networks because it eliminates the need for frequency and time-slot coordination, allows carrier-frequency reuse in adjacent cells, imposes no sharp upper bound on the number of users, and provides resistance to interference and interception. Multiuser detectors, which have great potential usefulness but are fraught with practical difficulties, are described and assessed.
π-π Stacking Molecular Interactions Between Carbon Nanotubes and 5CB Liquid Crystal

Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) align by coupling to the liquid crystals’ (LC) nematic director in LC/MWCNT dispersions. This coupling is so strong that the LC molecules act as molecular motors to reorient the MWCNTs when an electric field is applied across oriented electro optic cells. On the other hand, MWCNTs also improve the LC order and modify the crystal phase of LCs. We investigate the physical reasons for those strong effects by studying the molecular interactions between a host LC and MWCNTs. It has been predicted theoretically that the aromatic rings could stack with their π orbitals in 4-Cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) and MWCNT nanocomposites. Experimentally 5CB modifies the MWCNTs Raman breathing modes in the same nanocomposites. In turn, we look for evidence of this interaction between MWCNTs and LCs at the 5CB molecules. Using FTIR spectroscopy we found that the modes corresponding to 5CB aromatic rings vibrations are affected in the presence of MWCNTs which confirms that π-π stacking of 5CB’s biphenyl rigid core to the carbon rings on the MWCNTs’ surface may indeed be major mechanism for MWCNT/LC nematic coupling. It shows also that the Raman breathing mode effects on MWCNTs can be due to this π-π stacking interaction with 5CB. Further investigations of the MWCNTs interactions with 5CB can lead to developing of a complete model of this phenomenon and help applications for electro optic cells, nanoswitches, new crystal forms for optics, communication technology and others.