cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware works, software doesn't: enforcing modularity with Mondriaan memory protection

Two big problems with operating systems written in unsafe languages are that they crash too often and that adding features becomes much more difficult over time. One cause of both of these problems is the lack of enforceable memory protection between module boundaries. Clear module boundaries make dependencies explicit, resulting in more reliable and maintainable code. Mondriaan Memory Protection (MMP) is a hardware/software design for fine-grained memory protection that can enforce module boundaries for systems written in unsafe languages. We present the design of an MMP-based modular operating system kernel and show how MMP can be used to provide module isolation while maintaining performance.
Resuscitation practices for infants in the NICU, PICU and CICU: results of a national survey.

Resuscitation practices for infants in the NICU, PICU and CICU: results of a national survey
Opportunistic scheduling using ARQ feedback in multi-cell downlink

We study cooperative, opportunistic multiuser scheduling using ARQ feedback in multi-cell downlink systems. Adopting the cell breathing ICI control mechanism, we formulate the scheduling problem as an infinite horizon discounted reward partially observable Markov decision process and study two scenarios. When the cooperation between the cells is asymmetric, we show that the optimal scheduling policy has a greedy flavor and is simple to implement. Under symmetric cooperation, we link the scheduling problem with restless multiarmed bandit processes and propose a low complexity index scheduling policy. The proposed index policy is essentially Whittle's index policy, if the scheduling problem is Whittle indexable. Extensive numerical experiments suggest that the proposed policy is near-optimal.
Limited linkages of aboveground and belowground Phenology: A study in grape

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plant phenology influences resource utilization, carbon fluxes, and interspecific interactions. Although controls on aboveground phenology have been studied to some degree, controls on root phenology are exceptionally poorly understood. METHODS We used minirhizotrons to examine the timing of grape root production over 5 yr in Fredonia, New York, USA, in a humid continental climate; and over 3 yr in Oakville, California, USA, in a Mediterranean climate. We used data from previous experiments to examine the relationship of root phenology with aboveground phenology. We compared interannual variability in root and shoot growth and determined the influence of abiotic factors on the timing of root initiation, peak root standing crop, peak root growth rate, and cessation of root growth. KEY RESULTS Root phenology was not tightly coupled with aboveground phenological periods. Both sites typically had one yearly root flush and high interannual variability in root growth. Root phenology was more variable in California than in New York. In this and other published studies, interannual variation in root phenology was greater than variation in aboveground phenology. The three phenological phases of root growth-root initiation, peak root growth, and root cessation-were related to different suites of abiotic factors. CONCLUSIONS Root phenology is highly variable among years. Analysis of potential controlling factors over several years suggest that belowground phenological phases should be analyzed separately from each other. If aboveground grape phenology responds differently than belowground phenology to changes in air temperature, global warming may further uncouple the timing of aboveground and belowground growth.
Relationships of Microbial Quality of Retail Meat Samples and Sanitary Conditions

A sanitation profile scoring form for evaluating sanitation in retail food stores was designed. The profile was tested in 10 Oregon retail markets to evaluate its ability to reflect sanitary conditions. At the time of inspection, samples of meat processed in-store were purchased for microbiological analysis to explore the feasibility of bacterial quality as a measurement of sanitary conditions. Microbiological tests performed included total aerobic plate count (A PC), coliform, Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Clostridium perfringens , and Salmonella . Certain deficiencies were noted in the profile designed; however, it provides a means for objective, uniform measurement of sanitary conditions. Data show no correlation exists between microbiological quality of products processed in the store and total store profile sanitary conditions. Fifty percent of the products sampled exceeded bacterial load guidelines currently enforced in Oregon. These "high" counts appear to be directly related to poor temperature control.
Anodic Behavior of Specimens Prepared From a Full-Diameter Alloy 22 Fabricated Container for Nuclear Waste

Alloy 22 (N06022) has been extensively tested for general and localized corrosion behavior both in the wrought and annealed condition and in the as-welded condition. The specimens for testing were mostly prepared from flat plates of material. It was important to determine if the process of fabricating a full diameter Alloy 22 container will affect the corrosion performance of the alloy. Specimens were prepared directly from a fabricated container and tested for corrosion resistance. Results show that both the anodic corrosion behavior and the localized corrosion resistance of specimens prepared from a welded fabricated container was the same as from flat welded plates.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Quantum Error Correction with Only Two Extra Qubits

Noise rates in quantum computing experiments have dropped dramatically, but reliable qubits remain precious. Fault-tolerance schemes with minimal qubit overhead are therefore essential. We introduce fault-tolerant error-correction procedures that use only two extra qubits. The procedures are based on adding "flags" to catch the faults that can lead to correlated errors on the data. They work for various distance-three codes. In particular, our scheme allows one to test the ⟦5,1,3⟧ code, the smallest error-correcting code, using only seven qubits total. Our techniques also apply to the ⟦7,1,3⟧ and ⟦15,7,3⟧ Hamming codes, thus allowing us to protect seven encoded qubits on a device with only 17 physical qubits.
Disruptions in Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism Linking Community Violence Exposure to Adolescent Internalizing Problems

Although community violence is an established risk factor for youth aggression, less research has examined its relation with internalizing psychopathology. This study examined associations of community violence exposure with internalizing symptoms, and state and trait emotion dysregulation as mechanisms underlying these associations, in 287 adolescents aged 16-17 (45.6% male; 40.8% White). Community violence exposure was associated with internalizing symptoms, negative affect during peer evaluation, trait emotional reactivity, and infrequent problem solving. Multiple emotion dysregulation indices were also associated with internalizing symptoms. In simultaneous multiple mediator models, indirect effects of community violence on internalizing problems were significantly explained by state and trait emotion dysregulation. Findings implicate emotion dysregulation as one mechanism linking community violence exposure to adolescent internalizing symptoms.
Acceleration of Dynamic n-Tuple Computations in Many-Body Molecular Dynamics

Computation on dynamic n-tuples of particles is ubiquitous in scientific computing, with an archetypal application in many-body molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We propose a tuple-decomposition (TD) approach that reorders computations according to dynamically created lists of n-tuples. We analyze the performance characteristics of the TD approach on general purpose graphics processing units for MD simulations involving pair (n = 2) and triplet (n = 3) interactions. The results show superior performance of the TD approach over the conventional particle-decomposition (PD) approach. Detailed analyses reveal the register footprint as the key factor that dictates the performance. Furthermore, the TD approach is found to outperform PD for more intensive computations of quadruplet (n = 4) interactions in first principles-informed reactive MD simulations based on the reactive force-field (ReaxFF) method. This work thus demonstrates the viable performance portability of the TD approach across a wide range of applications.
GPU-based parallel algorithm for generating massive scale-free networks using the preferential attachment model

A novel parallel algorithm is presented for generating random scale-free networks using the preferential-attachment model. The algorithm, named cuPPA, is custom-designed for single instruction multiple data (SIMD) style of parallel processing supported by modern processors such as graphical processing units (GPUs). To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first to exploit GPUs, and also the fastest implementation available today, to generate scale-free networks using the preferential attachment model. A detailed performance study is presented to understand the scalability and runtime characteristics of the cuPPA algorithm. In one of the best cases, when executed on an NVidia GeForce 1080 GPU, cuPPA generates a scale-free network of two billion edges in less than 3 seconds.
Sleep and aging

This review describes normal and disordered sleep in the older adult population. Although several distinctive sleep changes across the lifespan are normative, including changes in the amount of time spent in different stages of sleep and a shift in the timing of circadian rhythms, sleep disorders are also common in late life. Sleep-disordered breathing, insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, and parasomnias occur frequently in older adults and contribute to overall higher rates of poor sleep with advanced age. Assessment and treatment of sleep disorders has been shown to improve functioning and quality of life in older adults; however, the process of diagnosis and intervention is often complicated due to the presence of multiple medical comorbidities, medication side effects, and specific age-related risk factors for sleep disruption. Additional challenges to recognizing, diagnosing, and treating sleep disorders in older adults with dementia and those in long-term care facilities also exist, further complicating the clinical management of sleep disorders in these patients.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF FLUIDIZED BED COAL COMBUSTION OPERATIONS II. MAMMALIAN RESPONSES FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO GASEOUS EFFLUENTS

Several coal combustion technologies, including fluidized bed combustion, have potential for meeting government-imposed environmental pollution guidelines. Fluidized bed combustion enables the combustion of high sulfur coal while limiting the emission of sulfur dioxide.
Biofouling-resistant nanocellulose layer in hierarchical polymeric membranes: Synthesis, characterization and performance

Abstract In this study, we developed a hierarchical thin-film nanofibrous composite (TFNC) membrane with electrospun mat as substrate and hydrophilic nanocellulose as the antifouling barrier layer. We found that, due to the super-hydrophilic nature of the nanocellulose, the contact angle of the barrier layer ( 20 − 28 ° ) decreased rapidly with time and reached nearly zero after a few seconds, whereby the membrane flux were remarkably higher ( 52 L . m − 2 . h − 1 ) than conventional polymeric membranes ( 4 − 14 L . m − 2 . h − 1 ) at a very low transmembrane pressure of 0.5 psi. In addition, the membrane surface was considerably more negatively-charged due to the high concentration of carboxylate groups, resulting in higher repulsive electrostatic forces between the barrier layer and the model foulant. As a result, the nanocellulose-based hierarchical membranes exhibited a lower fouling tendency ( 10 % ) and a higher degree of protein rejection ratio compared with the conventional membranes (fouling tendency > 30 % ). The effect of the nanocellulose layer thickness on the membrane fouling was also examined and it was demonstrated that the nanocellulose barrier layer thickness had a significant effect on the membrane fouling. The higher flux, lower fouling, and good rejection properties of this membrane system suggest nanocellulose is a promising barrier material for filtration membranes for water purification and other separation processes.
Studies of induced malignant tumors of placental and uterine origin in the rat: III. Identification of experimentally induced choriocarcinoma by detection of placental hormone

Abstract In order to verify a placental derivation, the luteotropic and mammotropic activities of experimentally induced choriocarcinoma were examined by the deciduoma test in traumatized endometrium and by the induction of lobuloalveolar proliferation of the mammary glands of hypophysectomized rats. All 5 assay animals injected with the tissue extract of a choriocarcinoma showed mammotropic activity (lobuloalveolar growth of mammary gland). Nineteen induced malignant tumors other than choriocarcinoma had no such hormonal activities by these tests. These results lead to the convincing conclusion that the induced tumors which were diagnosed as choriocarcinoma histologically are true choriocarcinomas. Our findings also appear to favor the concept that the source of luteomammotropic substance is the trophoblastic giant cell.
Approximate NoC and Memory Controller Architectures for GPGPU Accelerators

High interconnect bandwidth is crucial for achieving better performance in many-core GPGPU architectures that execute highly data parallel applications. The parallel warps of threads running on shader cores generate a high volume of read requests to the main memory due to the limited size of data caches at the shader cores. This leads to a scenarios with rapid arrival of an even larger volume of reply data from the DRAM, which creates a bottleneck at memory controllers (MCs) that send reply packets back to the requesting cores over the network-on-chip (NoC). Coping with such high volumes of data requires intelligent memory scheduling and innovative NoC architectures. To mitigate memory bottlenecks in GPGPUs, we first propose a novel approximate memory controller architecture ( AMC ) that reduces the DRAM latency by opportunistically exploiting row buffer locality and bank level parallelism in memory request scheduling, and leverages approximability of the reply data from DRAM, to reduce the number of reply packets injected into the NoC. To further realize high throughput and low energy communication in GPGPUs, we propose a low power, approximate NoC architecture ( Dapper ) that increases the utilization of the available network bandwidth by using single cycle overlay circuits for the reply traffic between MCs and shader cores. Experimental results show that Dapper and AMC together increase NoC throughput by up to 21 percent; and reduce NoC latency by up to 45.5 percent and energy consumed by the NoC and MC by up to 38.3 percent, with minimal impact on output accuracy, compared to state-of-the-art approximate NoC/MC architectures.
Developing natural mentoring relationships among Latinx youth: the roles of trust in adults and stressors

Mentoring is one avenue to support Latinx adolescents in their positive development. The current study examined the roles of stressors and interpersonal trust toward adults in the formation and qua...
3D Printed Wideband Multilayered Dual-Polarized Stacked Patch Antenna With Integrated MMIC Switch

Capability of 3D printing for developing wideband multilayered antenna systems packaged with active RF circuit components remains relatively unexplored. To address this gap, this manuscript demonstrates wideband patch antenna that is integrated with a polarization selection switch. Antenna bandwidth is enhanced with customized substrate thicknesses and stacked patch layers. Switch is integrated with 3D vertical transitions to achieve wide bandwidth, smaller packaging, and low-loss. To enable future antenna array applications, a detailed investigation is also presented to maximize the performance of the microstrip feed lines by adjusting the substrate thickness and deposition process. The antenna consists of 13 dielectric and conductive layers. Specifically, the manuscript demonstrates the lowest attenuation in the literature for a fully printed microstrip line with 0.25 dB/cm measured loss at 18 GHz. The antenna operates with more than 80% radiation efficiency and 45% bandwidth. The polarization switch is embedded within the antenna structure. The antenna retains a high cross-polarization ratio of ~20 dB due to 3D feed line transitions and symmetric location of the switch with respect to the antenna feeds.
Considering the potential for gene-based therapy in prostate cancer

Therapeutic gene manipulation has been at the forefront of popular scientific discussion and basic and clinical research for decades. Basic and clinical research applications of CRISPR-Cas9-based technologies and ongoing clinical trials in this area have demonstrated the potential of genome editing to cure human disease. Evaluation of research and clinical trials in gene therapy reveals a concentration of activity in prostate cancer research and practice. Multiple aspects of prostate cancer care - including anatomical considerations that enable direct tumour injections and sampling, the availability of preclinical immune-competent models and the delineation of tumour-related antigens that might provide targets for an induced immune system - make gene therapy an appealing treatment option for this common malignancy. Vaccine-based therapies that induce an immune response and new technologies exploiting CRISPR-Cas9-assisted approaches, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, are very promising and are currently under investigation both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Although laboratory and preclinical advances have, thus far, not led to oncologically relevant outcomes in the clinic, future studies offer great promise for gene therapy to become established in prostate cancer care.
Prediction of cavitating performance of a tip loaded propeller and its induced hull pressures

Abstract A numerical method solving for the diffraction potential on the hull is coupled with a boundary element method (BEM) to evaluate the propeller-induced hull pressures. The BEM is first implemented for the hydrodynamic analysis of non-cavitating/cavitating propellers in the absence of the hull, and the predicted solutions are taken as the known unbounded potentials in the hull pressure calculations. A tip loaded propeller (TLP) is adopted as the model propeller and mounted under the flat hull subject to uniform inflow. The TLP is operated close to the hull so that infinite speed of sound can be assumed, reducing the frequency domain Helmholtz equation to Laplace's equation which can be solved by a BEM solver. Unsteady sheet cavitation and developed tip vortex cavitation are predicted on the propeller by the hydrodynamic BEM and considered in the calculation of the hull pressures. Several loading conditions are imposed on the propeller and the corresponding pressure predictions and cavitation patterns are compared to published experimental data and to those from unsteady full-blown Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. Very good agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured results, especially under moderately loaded condition.
Learning Nonlocal Phonotactics in a Strictly Piecewise Probabilistic Phonotactic Model

Phonotactic learning is a crucial aspect of phonological acquisition and has figured signifi cantly in computational research in phonology (Prince & Tesar 2004). However, one persis tent challenge for this line of research is inducing non-local co-occurrence patterns (Hayes & Wilson 2008). The current study develops a probabilistic phonotactic model based on the Strictly Piecewise class of subregular languages (Heinz 2010). The model successfully learns both segmental and featural representations, and correctly predicts the acceptabilities of the nonce forms in Quechua (Gouskova & Gallagher 2020).
Youth Critical Data Practices in the COVID-19 Multipandemic

This study investigates how youth from two cities in the United States engage in critical data practices as they learn about and take action in their lives and communities in relation to COVID-19 a...
Distance traveled to glioblastoma treatment: A measure of the impact of socioeconomic status on survival.

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown improved post-surgical outcomes in patients who travel farther for glioblastoma treatment. This study investigates socioeconomic and facility factors that may influence this relationship. Methods Overall survival was calculated and compared by distance to treatment facility using univariate and multivariate survival models. The analysis was stratified by facility type, income quartile and insurance status and the association re-evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were created to analyze the relationship between overall survival and distance group. Results Individuals who traveled less than 5 miles to treatment had the shortest overall survival (11.8 months), while those who traveled greater than 50 miles had the longest survival (12.9 months). Stratification by income quartile failed to demonstrate an association between distance traveled and survival for those making less than $63,000 (adjusted hazard ratio range: 0.94–1.01). There was no association between survival and distance traveled for patients treated at a community cancer center, comprehensive community cancer center or an integrated network cancer program (adjusted hazard ratio range: 0.86–1.04). Conclusion Financial strain, rather than distance traveled to treatment, may be associated with glioblastoma survival.
Effect of Educational Intervention on Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening in Hispanic Women

To evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on four domains of health care utilization and cervical cancer prevention and screening in a Hispanic population. Data collected from a survey were used to design education strategies focused on four domains of interest. A second survey was conducted to measure the impact of the intervention. Following the intervention, respondents were more likely to have any knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV). Respondents living in the United States (US) for <5 years were more likely to have had a Papanicolaou smear in the preceding 3 years (p = 0.0314), to report knowledge of HPV vaccination (p = 0.0258), and to be willing to vaccinate themselves (p = 0.0124) and their children (p = 0.0341) after the intervention. Educational interventions designed to meet the needs identified by the sample group led to an increase in HPV awareness throughout the entire population surveyed and an increase in health care service utilization and HPV vaccine acceptance for women living in the US for <5 years. These tools should be promoted to reduce the cervical cancer burden on vulnerable populations.
Chapter 2 Acanthamoeba Myosin I: Past, Present, and Future

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the discovery and nomenclature of myosin I isoforms in Acanthamoeba castellanii , the myosin I isoforms of Dictyostelium, and the intestinal brush border myosin I. The chapter uses the term myosin I for all nonfilamentous, single-headed myosins (that is, one heavy chain) and myosin II for the “conventional” filamentous, two-headed myosins. Acanthamoeba also contains a myosin II isoform. It has been speculated that nonfilamentous myosin I might be capable of moving one actin filament relative to another by virtue of the postulated presence of two actin-binding sites in the same molecule and might serve to link actin filaments to the plasma membrane or other membranous structures. This chapter also discusses the heavy chain sequences. The genomic DNAs, corresponding to Acanthamoeba myosin IB and myosin IC heavy chains, have been cloned and sequenced. Some partial protein sequences are available for myosin IA. There is discussion on the structural basis of the actin-activated adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase activity, mechanochemical properties and their structural basis, regulation, and intracellular localization. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed that the myosin I isozymes are located near the plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba . The myosin I is not linked to the plasma membrane through the F-actin that is also associated with the membranes. The myosin I could be removed by elevated ionic strength and purified myosin I could rebind to the plasma membranes with a K D of about 30-50 n M . It has been found that myosin I could bind with equivalent affinity to a partially purified membrane fraction that included plasma membranes, even if the membranes are stripped of most of their proteins by alkaline extraction.
Thermo-Fluid Modeling of the Friction Extrusion Process

Friction extrusion is a novel manufacturing process for producing high-value materials (e.g. metal wires) from low-cost precursors (e.g. powders) or through recycling of machining wastes (e.g. chips). In the friction extrusion process, the material experiences high temperature and severe plastic deformation before it forms the final product in the form of a wire. The present work is focused on understanding the heat transfer and material flow phenomena in the friction extrusion process. A numerical thermo-fluid model has been developed and validated by experimental measurements. In the model, the experimentally measured mechanical power is used as the heat input to predict the temperature field in the experiment. The processing material is treated as a non-Newtonian fluid with a viscosity that is temperature and strain rate dependent. Select marker particles in the material are followed and their motions observed in the simulation to study material flow patterns. It is found that predictions of the temperature field and marker particle trajectories match reasonably well with experimental measurements. Results of this study suggest that the proposed thermo-fluid model can capture the main features of the thermo-fluid phenomena in the friction extrusion process and can be used to provide reasonable predictions of the temperature and material flow fields in the friction extrusion process.
New Issues in the Study of Infant Categorization: A Reply to Husaim and Cohen.

Husaim and Cohen's focus (Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1981, 27, 443-456) on the learning of ill-defined categories by infants is securely motivated. Still, some of the particular questions they pursue—namely, how many dimensions are used to form the categories and what is the salience hierarchy of the di mensions—are tricky and perhaps misleading. Underlying their design and analysis is the basic assumption that the dimensions or attributes of the stimulus as defined by the experimenter have psychological reality for the infants. This assumption is questioned. Infants may perceive different attributes in the stimulus or they may not articulate the stimulus into attributes at all.
Murine eosinophils labeled with indium-111 oxine: localization to delayed hypersensitivity reactions against a schistosomal antigen and to lymphokine in vivo.

We have evaluated a method for quantitation of eosinophil migration to stimuli in vivo. Upon transfusion into normal syngeneic mice, 111In- labeled eosinophils had an intravascular half-life of 9.5 hr and distributed predominantly into spleen, bone marrow, and liver. In either Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice or recipients of lymphoid cells from infected mice, intradermal (ear pinna) injection of the schistosomal egg antigenic preparation (SEA) elicited time-dependent accumulation of 111In-labeled eosinophils detectable by either gamma scintillation counting of tissue samples or by nuclear medicine external imaging. Intradermal administration of a lymphokine fraction (containing eosinophil stimulation promoter activity) similarly caused accumulation of 111In-labeled eosinophils. Both reactions depended on the concentration of stimulus (SEA or lymphokine). 111In-labeled neutrophils or macrophages or 125I-albumin did not preferentially accumulate at the reactions examined to the extent found with 111In- labeled eosinophils, indicating that localization of label depends on an active process and is due to eosinophils rather than a contaminating cell type. The method was used to estimate how long eosinotactic lymphokine remained at dermal sites: 60% of initial activity was present 12 hr after injection. The model is discussed with regard to the role of lymphokines in hypersensitivity reactions with eosinophil involvement, such as the granulomatous response to S. mansoni eggs.
A population-specific formula predicting creatinine excretion in continuous peritoneal dialysis.

ObjectiveThe Cockroft–Gault formula was shown to systematically overestimate the decline in creatinine excretion with age in continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients and is, therefore, not sui...
Reduced order models for many-query subsurface flow applications

Inverse modeling involves repeated evaluations of forward models, which can be computationally prohibitive for large numerical models. To reduce the overall computational burden of these simulations, we study the use of reduced order models (ROMs) as numerical surrogates. These ROMs usually involve using solutions to high-fidelity models at different sample points within the parameter space to construct an approximate solution at any point within the parameter space. This paper examines an input–output relational approach based on Gaussian process regression (GPR). We show that these ROMs are more accurate than the linear lookup tables with the same number of high-fidelity simulations. We describe an adaptive sampling procedure that automatically selects optimal sample points and demonstrate the use of GPR to a smooth response surface and a response surface with abrupt changes. We also describe how GPR can be used to construct ROMs for models with heterogeneous material properties. Finally, we demonstrate how the use of a GPR-based ROM in two many-query applications—uncertainty quantification and global sensitivity analysis—significantly reduces the total computational effort.
Acute graft-versus-host disease in children

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the major complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Many variables including stem cell source, age of donor and recipient, preparative regimen and prophylaxis can impact the likelihood and severity of GVHD. The major portion of this review concentrates on risk factors, treatment and outcome, since here we may see differences between children and adults. Pathophysiology and manifestations/grading of acute GVHD are also briefly presented. An effort has been made to concentrate either on pediatric trials or look specifically at the pediatric subset of larger studies.
AIDS and the skin: parasitic diseases.

Parasitic diseases frequently encountered in HIVpositive individuals, which because of their immune status they are prone to, are represented by toxoplasmosis, visceral leishmaniasis, and scabies. In contrast, strongyloidiasis, onchocerciasis, and acanthamebiasis are not specifically connected with the HIV status of the patient. It should be recognized, however, that in developing countries where the latter parasitosis could be endemic, the frequency of HIV-positive individuals is considered high but the percentage is unknown. Thus, the possibility of underreported or unreported co-infection is also very probable. In Medline search since 1997 only scattered co-infection cases were reported that could be only a casual coincidence. The specific cutaneous manifestations of parasitosis in cases of HIV co-infection are related to leishmaniasis, either to the visceral or the cutaneous form, and to scabies, whereas to our knowledge only a unique case of disseminated cutaneous toxoplasmosis has been reported. Therefore, the present review is focused in leishmaniasis and scabies in the effort to clarify their incidence in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, and to differentiate the characteristic skin features, to iluminate the diagnostic approach and the differential diagnosis, and to present the current therapeutic approach.
Antiadhesion effects of docosahexaenoic acid on normal human peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts

Objective To determine whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces adhesion marker mRNA levels in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting University Medical Center. Patient(s) Three patients undergoing laparotomy with excision of adhesions and normal peritoneum. Intervention(s) DHA treatment (100 μM) of cell cultures for 24 hours. Main Outcome Measure(s) Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantification of relative changes (mRNA copies/μg mRNA) in mRNA levels of type I collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Result(s) The DHA treatment significantly reduced type I collagen and VEGF, but not TGF-β1 mRNA levels in normal peritoneal fibroblasts compared to normal controls. The DHA treatment of adhesion fibroblasts reduced type I collagen mRNAs to those of normal peritoneal fibroblasts, decreasing mRNAs by 35% compared to untreated adhesion fibroblasts. The VEGF mRNA levels were 50% lower in DHA-treated adhesion fibroblasts versus untreated adhesion fibroblasts. Docasahexaenoic acid reduced TGF- β1 mRNA to normal levels in treated adhesion fibroblasts compared to untreated normal peritoneal fibroblasts. Conclusion(s) Docasahexaenoic acid substantially reduces levels of adhesion-related markers in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. This study provides the molecular basis for an easily administered and potentially, highly efficacious, antiadhesion adjuvant.
Ulnar Neuropathy After Tube Thoracostomy for Pneumothorax

Abstract Background: Chest tube placement is a frequently required surgical procedure among patients in the emergency department. Although the procedure is often simple, occasionally there are known complications, including unresolved pneumothorax or hemopneumothorax, extrathoracic placement of the tube, and damage to the intercostal neurovascular bundle. Objectives: We report an unusual yet noteworthy complication of ulnar neuropathy after chest tube placement for pneumothorax. Awareness of the association between acute ulnar neuropathy and chest tube placement will alert the physician to reposition the tube and prevent ongoing compression. Case Report: A 43-year-old man developed right-sided rib fractures (6–9 and 12) and a pneumothorax from blunt trauma to the right chest wall. Upon insertion of a 36 French chest tube, the patient reported immediate ulnar nerve distribution paresthesias of the ipsilateral arm. The tube was subsequently repositioned with improvement of symptoms. He was later discharged with occupational therapy outpatient follow-up. Conclusion: Ulnar neuropathy is a rare, though significant, complication associated with tube thoracostomy. Management of persistent symptoms is expectant, with early upper extremity range of motion and strength exercise.
Chemistry of Bifunctional Photoprobes.1 3. Correlation between the Efficiency of CH Insertion by Photolabile Chelating Agents and Lifetimes of Singlet Nitrenes by Flash Photolysis: First Example of Photochemical Attachment of 99mTc−Complex with Human Serum Albumin

Systematic functionalization of perfluoroaryl azides with chelating agents capable of complexing transition metals produces a new class of bifunctional photolabile chelating agents (BFPCAs). The strategy to shield the azide functionality from the electronic and steric influence of the electron-rich metal Pd through ester and amide bridges raised CH insertion efficiency to unprecedented levels (>92%) in a model solvent (cyclohexane). In contrast, perfluoroaryl azides attached to chelating agents via hydrazones show no significant CH insertion in cyclohexane upon photolysis. Measurements of the lifetimes of the singlet nitrenes derived from these agents by flash photolysis techniques correlate well with the efficiency of CH insertion by demonstrating longer lifetimes (10−50 times) for singlet nitrenes derived from azidotetrafluorinated esters and amides compared with the related hydrazones, which failed to yield significant CH insertion. A representative BFPCA 12 is chelated to diagnostic radionuclide 99mTc...
The Common Functional Dynamics of Molecular Motor and Switch Proteins

Understanding how protein ligand binding can promote distinct conformational states, with different affinities for binding partners, is key to understanding the structural basis of protein efficacy. Here we study eight molecular motor and G-protein families that undergo GTP or ATP associated conformational changes to regulate important cell processes, including signal transduction and intracellular transport. Employing comparative structure analysis, accelerated molecular dynamics and Brownian dynamics simulations we unveil the pervasive similarity of functionally associated dynamical fluctuations. Different families were observed to have variable inactive but common active nucleotide biding site configurations. Activating conformational changes that reconfigure analogous nucleotide binding site residues were also observed in nucleotide free molecular dynamics simulations. This result suggests that this common flexibility is an intrinsic feature of these families. In addition, conformational changes at the nucleotide binding site in all families were observed to accompany the concerted rearrangements of distinct family specific sub-domains. These sub-domains range from 16-202 residues in length and are joined to common core structural elements at topologically equivalent sites. Moreover, structural changes, correlated with those at the nucleotide binding site, were found to alter the geometry, dynamics and electrostatic field properties of these sites. Furthermore, Brownian dynamics simulations reveal that for kinesin, ras, rab, and rho families these electrostatic differences can modulate the kinetics of protein-protein association events. In summary, our accumulated results indicate that similar activating conformational changes link nucleotide binding to distal topologically equivalent sub-domains that in turn play a role in modulating distinct protein-protein interactions. We speculate that this fundamental mechanism operates in all motor and switch proteins. These results have implications for allosteric drug development and future protein engineering efforts on these systems.Images and animations related to this work can be found at: http://thegrantlab.org/
Quadrature-squeezed light detection using a self-generated matched local oscillator

A local oscillator (LO) which can correctly decode the spatiotemporally distorted quadrature-squeezed light generated by means of single-pass traveling-wave optical parametric amplification is experimentally demonstrated. Such a matched LO is automatically produced in our squeezed-light generation scheme. With the matched LO 5.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 dB [(74 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1)%] of quadrature squeezing is observed which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the highest observed in any traveling-wave squeezing experiment to date.
Some Psychometric Properties of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory

In Study I responses to the 60 BSRI items from 580 college students were factor analyzed. Four fac tors were rotated to the Varimax criterion and la beled Emotional Expressiveness, Instrumental Ac ...
Concept of dimensionality and optional shift performance in nursery school children.

Abstract The ability to order correctly a set of stimuli varying in brightness has been shown to be a good predictor of performance in a mandatory reversal shift problem (Johnson and White, 1967). In the present experiment, nursery school children were administered concept of dimensionality tests (DT) during which they were required to order sets of stimuli varying in size or brightness. DT-training effects were assessed by presenting the DTs immediately before, immediately after, a week before, or a week after an optional shift problem. Results showed that Ss who made few errors on a DT were more likely to make optional reversal shifts. However, performance on one DT dimension was not a reliable predictor of performance for another relevant dimension during initial discrimination learning. DT performance was shown to be a better predictor of performance on the optional shift problem than was age. No significant DT-training effects were found. The results were taken to indicate that the concept of a dimension underlies the ability to make a reversal shift response.
Kinematic Reliability Analysis of Five-Axis Machine Tool

Five-axis CNC machine tool is the top product of numerically controlled machine tool. Kinmatic accuracy is an important index to evaluate the quality of mechanism. Kinematic accuracy analysis of the Five-axis machine tool in previous study ignores the randomness of each input error component, so the conclusions are imprecise. Using the homogeneous transformation, inverse kinematics of VMC650 Five-axis machine tool is calculated. Based on Multi-body System Theory, error model of the machine tool is presented. Considering the randomness of every input error components, applying the Monte Carlo method, math model of kinematic reliability of the mechanism is deduced. The calculation method of kinematics reliability are put forward applying point evaluation and track evaluation. Kinematic reliability analysis provides some theoretical reference for improving the machining accuracy and operation life of machine tool.
Primary carcinoma of the ureter: a prognostic study.

Forty-one patients with primary invasive carcinomas of the ureter were seen at Memorial Hospital from 1947 to 1972. Overall survival patterns were similar in 19 patients with and 22 patients without prior or concomitant urothelial cancers elsewhere in the urinary tract, with 5-year survival rates, as estimated by the product-limit method, of 41% for both groups. Prognosis was determined primarily by anatomical stage of ureteral cancer. In 11 Stage A (submucosal) patients, 7 Stage B (muscular), 12 Stage C (periureteric fat), and 9 Stage D (extraureteral), the similarly estimated 5-year survival rates were 91%, 43%, 23%, and nil, respectively. None of Stage A cases had metastases for periods ranging from 5 to 11 years after surgery alone. Seventy-eight percent of patients with more advanced stages died within 3 years of treatment, with metastases mainly in pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes.
Response Cards as a Strategy for Increasing Opportunities to Respond An Examination of the Evidence

This study evaluated the quality of the research and evidence base for using response cards to increase opportunities to respond (OTR) for students with and without disabilities at the elementary level (i.e., kindergarten through Grade 5). Using quality indicator criteria for single-case research, six single-case studies investigating response cards were analyzed. Based on an analysis of quality indicators, results established the use of response cards as an evidence-based practice with a moderate level of evidence. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Identifying Similarities in Cognitive Subtest Functional Requirements: An Empirical Approach.

Abstract In the cognitive test interpretation literature, a Rational/Intuitive, Indirect Empirical, or Combined approach is typically used to construct conceptual taxonomies of the functional (behavioral) similarities between subtests. To address shortcomings of these approaches, the functional requirements for 49 subtests from six individually administered scales of cognitive ability (WISC-IV, WPPSI-III, SB-V, WJ-III, CAS, and UNIT) were typed on index cards. Forty-eight (48) in-service and/or pre-service school psychologists were asked to sort the cards into two, three, five, or eight functionally similar piles. A multidimensional scaling analysis was performed on a 49 × 49 matrix of similarity scores collapsed across all 48 subjects. Three dimensions were extracted from the data: Reproduction of Stimuli Sequences versus Picture Viewing (Dimension 1), Timed Speed versus Untimed Power (Dimension 2), and Verbal versus Performance (Dimension 3). A hierarchical clustering procedure was then applied to the matrix data, and results were compared to previous categorization schemes identified in the test interpretation literature.
Polysilyne resists for 193 nm excimer laser lithography

Polyalkylsilynes have been used as resists for 193-nm projection lithography. These resists can be either wet developed using toluene or dry developed using HBr reactive ion etching (RIE). Wet development relies on crosslinking via intermolecular Si-O-Si bond formation to reduce solubility (negative tone) whereas the dry development relies on photo-oxidation to induce etch selectivity (also negative tone). The sensitivity in either case ranges from 20 to 200 mJ/cm2 and depends on the resist formulation. The best resist compositions are those that contain predominantly small (n-butyl) aliphatic pendant groups rather than large (cyclohexyl, phenyl) pendant groups. Using a 0.33 NA catadioptric lens with a phase mask, equal line-and-space features as small as 0.15 micrometers have been printed and transferred through 1.0 micrometers of planarizing layer (aspect ratio > 6) using oxygen RIE.
Cooperation for Secure Communication: The Relay Wiretap Channel

It is well known that a non-zero secrecy capacity of the wiretap channel is only possible when the legitimate receiver is less noisy than the wiretapper. This work shows that user cooperation is an efficient solution to this limitation. In particular, the four-terminal wiretap relay channel is considered in our work where several cooperation strategies, that enable secure communication, are constructed and the corresponding rate-equivocation regions are characterized. Of particular interest is the novel noise forwarding strategy which establishes the deaf helper phenomenon. Here, the relay is able to facilitate secure communication over the main channel while being totally ignorant of the transmitted message. The gain offered by the proposed strategies is proved theoretically and validated numerically in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Overall, our work establishes the utility of user cooperation in facilitating secure communication over wireless channels.
Random walk for interacting particles on a Sierpínski gasket

The random motion for an arbitrary number of particles is numerically studied on a finitely ramified Sierp\'{\i}nski gasket with the restriction that no two particles can occupy the same site. We find that the long time behavior of a ``tagged particle'' in the presence of others is the same as that of a noninteracting one, i.e., 〈${\mathit{r}}^{2}$(t)〉\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}_{\mathit{w}}^{2/\mathit{d}}$, where ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{w}}$=2.322 is the fractal dimensionality of the path of a single random walker in the gasket. This is contrary to the results for a one-dimensional (1D) chain where the presence of the interaction markedly alters the motion of the walkers. However, the collective displacement for all the particles undergoes normal diffusion, as on a 1D chain, with a characteristic length 〈\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\Delta}R${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{2}$〉\ensuremath{\sim}1-\ensuremath{\rho}, where \ensuremath{\rho} is the density of particles per site. We have shown that this should be true in general for all random walks in regular and self-similar fractal lattices.
Stroke Essentials for Primary Care: A Practical Guide

Type and Scope of Book: A multiauthored overview of the approach to the diagnosis and management of cerebrovascular disease.