cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the Complex Relationship Between Beliefs, Practice, and Change Related to Inquiry-Based Instruction of One Science Teacher

This case study examines the complex relationship between beliefs, practice, and change related to inquiry-based instruction of one science teacher teaching in a high-poverty urban school. This study explores how video-supported collaboration with peers can provide the catalyst for change. Transcribed collaborative dialogue sessions, written self-reflections, and videotapes of lessons were used to identify and isolate the belief systems that were critical to the teacher’s decision making. The Interconnected Model of Professional Growth was then used to trace the trajectories of change of the individual belief systems. Analysis of the data revealed the relationship between beliefs and practices was complex in which initially espoused beliefs were often inconsistent with enacted practice and some beliefs emerged as more salient than others for influencing practice. Furthermore, this research indicates change in both beliefs and practice was an interactive process mediated by collaborative and self-reflection through participation in the video-supported process.
Coordinate invariance and energy expressions in general relativity

The invariance of various definitions proposed for the energy and momentum of the gravitational field is examined. We use the boundary conditions that ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ approaches the Lorentz metric as $\frac{1}{r}$, but allow ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu},\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ to vanish as slowly as $\frac{1}{r}$. This permits "coordinate waves." It is found that none of the expressions giving the energy as a two-dimensional surface integral are invariant within this class of frames. In a frame containing coordinate waves they are ambiguous, since their value depends on the location of the surface at infinity (unlike the case where ${g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu},\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ vanishes faster than $\frac{1}{r}$). If one introduces the prescription of space-time averaging of the integrals, one finds that the definitions of Landau-Lifshitz and Papapetrou-Gupta yield (equal) coordinate-invariant results. However, the definitions of Einstein, M\o{}ller, and Dirac become unambiguous, but not invariant.The averaged Landau-Lifshitz and Papapetrou-Gupta expressions are then shown to give the correct physical energy-momentum as determined by the canonical formulations Hamiltonian involving only the two degrees of freedom of the field. It is shown that this latter definition yields that inertial energy for a gravitational system which would be measured by a nongravitational apparatus interacting with it. The canonical formalism's definition also agrees with measurements of gravitational mass by Newtonian means at spacial infinity. It is further shown that the energy-momentum may be invariantly calculated from the asymptotic form of the metric field at a fixed time.
Regulation of Corporate Tax Avoidance

This chapter synthesizes reports of more than 19 countries indicating that all employ some form of a substance over form doctrine in order to defeat taxpayer attempts to obtain a tax advantage in situations not anticipated by the legislature. Some countries regulate corporate tax avoidance under general rules, such as abuse of law principles, that deny tax benefits when an arrangement that meets the literal terms of a statute falls outside the category of transactions intended to be covered. A little more than half of the countries have enacted a statutory general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR) that enunciates principles to be applied by the tax administrator and the courts in a uniform manner. A GAAR provides notice to corporations seeking to aggressively plan transactions that skirt the margins of acceptability and guidance for the adjudicators. It also sends a signal to other taxpayers not willing or unable to manipulate the tax rules to obtain a reduction in tax that standards will be employed to insure that all taxpayers pay a fair share of the revenues the government needs to provide essential public goods and services. When the GAAR has focused too narrowly on a limited number of transactions, some countries have contemplated expansion of coverage. Countries have also buttressed a GAAR by including targeted anti-avoidance rules (TAARs) in specific tax provisions. Countries that have enacted a GAAR have frequently added substantial penalties for participation in tax avoidance schemes and disclosure requirements that alert the tax administration to the construction of new tax-avoidance arrangements. There is some evidence that penalty and reporting provisions have, in some instances, deterred proliferation of aggressive tax avoidance schemes.
Statics of Random Beams

Fundamental descriptions of the statics of linear random beams, i.e., linear beams having at least one random characteristic, material or loading are derived. A variety of well-known deterministic expressions for concentrated loads and moments for different support conditions are shown to possess an underlying polynomial-type random model. Techniques are devised for their treatment, and the results are expressed in terms of operational transforms. Their use is illustrated in obtaining the probability function for moment in the examples considered. For expositional clarity, the analysis is limited to mutually independent random variables. Generalizations are easy to conceptualize but expressions become cumbersome.
Physical therapy residency and fellowship education: Reflections on the past, present, and future

The physical therapy profession continues to respond to the complex and changing landscape of health care to meet the needs of patients and the demands of patient care. Consistent with this evolution is the rapid development and expansion of residency and fellowship postprofessional programs. With the interested number of applicants exceeding the number of residency and fellowship slots available, a "critical period" in the educational process is emerging. The purposes of this perspective article are: (1) to analyze the state of residency and fellowship education within the profession, (2) to identify best practice elements from other health professions that are applicable to physical therapy residency and fellowship education, and (3) to propose a working framework grounded in common domains of competence to be used as a platform for dialogue, consistency, and quality across all residency and fellowship programs. Seven domains of competence are proposed to theoretically ground residency and fellowship programs and facilitate a more consistent approach to curricular development and assessment. Although the recent proliferation of residency and fellowship programs attempts to meet the demand of physical therapists seeking advanced educational opportunities, it is imperative that these programs are consistently delivering high-quality education with a common focus on delivering health care in the context of societal needs.
Sensing Key Species During Fuel Oxidation in a Shock Tube Using Absorption Spectroscopy

Measurement of the OH radical in the ground state was made for a mixture of H2/O2 diluted in 98% argon within a shock tube behind the reflected shock wave. Tests were recorded at temperatures of 1170 to 1548 K and pressures of 12.0 to 13.4 atm. Absorption spectroscopy of OH was recorded by way of light from a high-power xenon source passed through the shock tube and into a spectrometer with an EFL of 500 mm. Data recorded with this method were calibrated to mechanism predictions which have been validated by laser absorption spectroscopy experiments. The diagnostic demonstrated in this study is a relatively inexpensive method for obtaining important species time history information that can be useful for validating chemical kinetics mechanisms.
Analysis E-commerce Security Certification Protocol

Certification of e-commerce security technology to ensure the participation of the authenticity of the identity of the parties to the transaction,they will guarantee that the e-commerce activities carried out normally.This article from e-commerce level security authentication protocol to explore the technology of e-commerce security certification.
Sampling survey of children guardian's vaccination knowledge,attitudes and behavior in Qinghai province

Objective To understand the status of childrens' preventive vaccination and guardian's vaccination knowledge,attitudes and behavior( KAP) in Qinghai province,to promote the immunization programs development of Qinghai province,to improve the quality of immunization services,and provide a scientific basis for planning immunization strategies. Methods In 4 project counties of HuaLong,Xunhua,Gonghe and Haiyan,to take home survey methodology and guardians of 724 children,using the questionnaire approach to the coverage and KAP survey. Results Hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of the first needle timely coverage 77. 4%;93. 9% of parents believe that vaccination is good for children,66% know that the children should be vaccinated after birth; 82. 5% believe that vaccination can prevent disease,72. 2% of parents do not know the child needs hepatitis B vaccine at birth,46. 4% of parents did not know after the birth of the child must apply for vaccination certificate. Conclusions The work of advocacy and enforcement related to policies and regulations of immunization programs should be strengthen,to improve the rate of Hepatitis B vaccination timely and the coverage for other vaccines,and to enhance the awareness and knowledge related the vaccine against the disease for children's parents / guardians.
Solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-containing peptidomimetics.

A solid-phase method for the synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-containing peptidomimetics has been developed. The key step in the strategy is the Pictet−Spengler condensation of a resin-bound tryptophan-containing fragment with an Fmoc-amino aldehyde.
Youth homicide racial disparities: gender, years, and cause.

OBJECTIVE: To study racial disparities and the weapons used to commit youth homicide in New Jersey. METHODS: The homicide data were obtained from New Jersey death certificate files, 1989-1997. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant racial disparity in homicide incidence rates in this study. The homicide incidence rates was 10 times and four times higher among African-American than white, adolescents (age 15-19 years) and young adults (age 20-24 years) (respectively). Youth (15-24 years) homicide incidence rate correlated with New Jersey's 21 counties' high urbanization index and with low level of education. The ratio of male/female homicide incidence rates was 6:4 for adolescents and young adults, respectively. African-American adolescent homicide rates increased consistently from 1989 to 1997. Sixty percent of all youth homicide was committed by firearms. CONCLUSION: Significant youth homicide racial and gender disparities exist in New Jersey's 21 counties. If the existing trend of homicide violent crime victimization continues in New Jersey, African-American teenagers will soon become the leading segment of the population to be murdered in the state. Sixty percent of the youth homicide victimization was committed by firearms; and correlation analyses of New Jersey's 21 counties suggested that low levels of education and high levels of urbanization provided an environment of key risk factors for homicide.
“You gotta respect”: Mexican-origin Adolescents’ Perspectives on Respect in Organized Activities

Respect is crucial for promoting participation and positive experiences in organized activities, especially among ethnically diverse youth. However, little is known regarding how Mexican-origin adolescents conceptualize respect and specifically how to promote respect in activities. Guided by theory and previous research, we used qualitative content analysis to elucidate perspectives on respect and features involved in the development of respect in activities. Our sample consisted of 18 Mexican-origin 7 th graders who resided in the Southwest of the U.S., an area with a history of inter-ethnic group tensions. The adolescents in this study described three different types of respect: humanity respect, respect for culture, and linguistic respect. Potential features involved in the development of respect were identified, including individual- (e.g., moral virtues), contextual (e.g., welcoming atmosphere), and inter-personal (e.g., shared experiences) features. This study increases out depth of understanding of respect in activities, identifies areas for researchers to pursue in future research, and unveils potential implications for designing activities that promote positive, respectful relationships.
Focal Myoclonus and Cortical Dysplasia

Four patients aged 9 to 19 years with focal myoclonus and intractable focal motor seizures beginning at age 4 to 6 years were treated surgically at the Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Casting a Wary Eye: Individuals Higher in Dispositional Distrust Demonstrate More Accurate Discrimination of Trustworthy and Untrustworthy Faces

Past research demonstrates that individuals are relatively accurate at discriminating trustworthiness from untrustworthiness utilizing facial cues alone, and that this capacity is augmented for those with activated self-protection threat concerns. In the current study, we predicted that individuals who are dispositionally more wary of trusting others (those scoring high in dispositional distrust) would be more accurate at discriminating trustworthy from untrustworthy faces. Participants viewed a series of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces and indicated whether each target was trustworthy or untrustworthy; participants then completed a general distrust inventory. Consistent with predictions, those higher in dispositional distrust demonstrated more accurate discrimination of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces. Additionally, higher dispositional distrust was associated with a higher criterion for reporting targets as trustworthy. Interestingly, the higher discriminability and criterion of more distrustful individuals seemed to be driven by a tendency to make fewer false alarms (i.e., decisions to categorize an untrustworthy face as trustworthy), but not at the expense of fewer hits (i.e., decisions to categorize a trustworthy face as such). Despite the necessity of trust for social affiliation, these results suggest greater dispositional distrust may facilitate the identification of favorable conspecifics for social exchange and poor social exchange partners to be avoided.
Reinforcing Immutability of Permissioned Blockchains with Keyless Signatures' Infrastructure

With the emergence of Bitcoin, businesses are focusing on leveraging Bitcoin's blockchain technology to non-cryptocurrency based applications to improve efficiency of the operations. These business applications operate in environments where participants have verified identities; these are called permissioned environments. Blockchain is an immutable and append only distributed ledger that can be utilized for record keeping applications. We observe that when blockchain technology is adapted from permissionless environments to permissioned environments the immutability of blockchain becomes questionable as the end-users may not monitor or store a copy of the blockchain. We propose the use of Keyless Signatures' Infrastructure as an additional mechanism to ensure irreversible and irrefutable proof of block confirmations which acts as a global proof thus preserving long term immutability of blockchain in permissioned environments.
From Everywhere to Everywhere (FETE): Adaptation of a Pedestrian Movement Network Model to a Hybrid Parallel Environment

Shortest-path algorithms are hard to parallelize because they require a large number of global operations to estimate the costs of alternative routes. However, some geographic problems, such as locating archaeological sites and tracking the spread of infectious diseases, demand the ability to find a large number of the shortest paths on very large graphs or grids. Here, we present an approach based on the out-of-RAM Dijkstra shortest-path algorithm that can be employed in hybrid massively parallel or cloud environments. In this approach, we partition the graph, precompute all paths inside each partition, and then assemble the routes from precomputed paths. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by estimating travel frequency in pedestrian networks.
Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase as a Therapeutic Target in a Mouse Model of Gulf War Illness

More than twenty five years after the end of the 1900-1991 Gulf War, a substantial contingent of veterans still suffer from a number of health problems such as chronic fatigue, muscle and joint pain, cognitive deficits, etc. – this constellation of symptoms is collectively termed Gulf War Illness. The etiology of Gulf War Illness remains elusive, yet likely involves exposure to various chemicals as well as physical and psychological stresses unique to the Gulf War theatre. We adapted a mouse model of Gulf War Illness by exposing mice to Gulf War-related chemicals in addition to immobilization stress and assessed their cognitive functions along with pain susceptibilities. The mouse model recapitulated several aspects of the human illness, namely deficits in working spatial memory and recognition memory, along with heightened pain sensitization—precursor to chronic pain, impaired descending inhibition of pain, and increased tonic pain. Neuropathological changes, including the presence of neuroinflammation and increased oxidative stress, were found in brain tissues long after the completion of Gulf War chemical exposure. Coinciding with these chronic conditions was a reduction in the perineuronal net encapsulating inhibitory neurons, suggesting an imbalance in the excitation and inhibition of neuronal signal transmission. To assess whether enhanced antioxidant capacity can suppress the aforementioned neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and ultimately counter the symptoms of Gulf War Illness, transgenic mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase in neurons (EC-SOD mice) were utilized. These mice were also exposed to Gulf War-related chemicals and immobilization stress, after which cognitive functions along with pain susceptibilities were assessed. The negative impacts of Gulf War, including neuropathological changes, cognitive deficits, and pain susceptibilities were largely diminished in these EC-SOD mice, suggesting the benefit of antioxidants in improving symptoms of Gulf War Illness.
Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to review a spectrum of calcified pancreatic masses and propose an algorithm for diagnostic radiologic evaluation. CONCLUSION. Pancreatic calcifications are being detected more frequently because of the widespread use of imaging, particularly CT. Pancreatic calcifications are most commonly associated with chronic pancreatitis related to alcohol abuse. Several other pathologic entities, however, can cause pancreatic calcifications. Familiarity with these entities and their CT appearance is helpful in making an accurate diagnosis.
Functional angiotensin and bradykinin receptors are expressed on primary human mast cells

Purpose The role of mast cells (MCs) has traditionally been recognized as an effector cell for IgE-mediated allergic diseases, involving ~20% of USA citizens. However, everyone has MCs, indicating their involvement in biologic and pathobiologic conditions beyond allergy. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, while a bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2R) inhibitor is used to treat attacks of hereditary angioedema. We examined the expression and biological function of AT1R, B2R and B1R on primary human MCs. Methods MCs were dispersed from fresh surgical human skin obtained from CHTN, and placed into culture with SCF (100 ng/ml) for 4–8 weeks. FACS analysis, western blotting, qRT-PCR, degranulation (β-hexosaminidase release), cytokine/chemokine secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and CCL5, nitric oxide (NO) production (DAF-AM diacetate) were measured. Results FACS analysis and western blotting showed the AT1R and B2R are expressed on MCs. Angiotensin II (0.1–10 μM) and bradykinin (BK, 0.1–2 μM) stimulated MCs to release cytokines (1–4 ng/ml) which was inhibited by specific inhibitors. BK also stimulated the production of NO. Both the B2R and B1R are up-regulated by TNFα (10 ng/ml for 3 days), leading to enhanced activation of MCs by BK (1 μM) and desArg-LysBK (1 μM). Exposure of MCs to angiotensin II (2 μM), angiotensin (1–7)(10 μM) or ACEI (ramipril 1 μM) also enhanced cytokine secretion triggered by low concentration of BK (0.03–0.25 μM). Conclusion These findings suggest functional interactions of AT1R, B2R, ACE and Mas on human MCs, providing novel roles for MCs in cardiovascular, inflammatory and allergic disorders.
EVALUATION OF CD23 EXPRESSION IN PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS OF MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE

The CD23 antigen is expressed in a normal subset of B lymphocytes and in some non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reactivity for anti-CD23 (BU38) is present in paraffin-embedded tissue in the large majority of nodal small lymphocytic lymphomas, as well as in follicular center cell lymphomas. Most studies of gastric lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) reported a lack of CD23, but these studies were performed on frozen tissue. We evaluated CD23 staining in paraffin-embedded tissue in a large series of gastric MALT lymphomas, as well as in cases of chronic gastritis. We assayed 49 well-characterized gastric lymphomas (9 high-grade non-MALT and 40 MALT [20 low grade, 13 mixed low and high grade, and 7 high grade]). High-grade MALT lymphomas without a low-grade component were distinguished from high-grade non-MALT lymphomas by the presence of lymphoepithelial lesions composed of large cells. In addition, we studies nine cases of chronic gastritis containing B-cell aggregates. We used anti-CD23 (BU38) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. All of our low-grade gastric MALT lymphomas lacked CD23 immunoreactivity. One of the 13 mixed low-grade and high-grade lesions showed CD23 expression in the high-grade component. All of the high-grade MALT and high-grade non-MALT lesions lacked CD23. All of the nine cases of chronic gastritis lacked CD23. CD23 highlighted residual follicular dendritic cells and gastric epithelium. We concluded that gastric MALT lymphomas lacked CD23 (BU38) in paraffin-embedded tissue, with rare exceptions. This lack of CD23 expression might represent a useful feature in small or partially crushed biopsy specimens, particularly in the differential diagnosis with follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma presenting in the gastrointestinal tract.
Reflections on Retirement

ABSTRACT In this commentary, I offer personal experience as I approach retirement and share thoughts on how to successfully end an academic career. I consider both the economic aspects of retirement and the emotional aspects of retirement.
Zooming in on vibronic structure by lowest-value projection reconstructed 4D coherent spectroscopy.

A fundamental goal of chemical physics is an understanding of microscopic interactions in liquids at and away from equilibrium. In principle, this microscopic information is accessible by high-order and high-dimensionality nonlinear optical measurements. Unfortunately, the time required to execute such experiments increases exponentially with the dimensionality, while the signal decreases exponentially with the order of the nonlinearity. Recently, we demonstrated a non-uniform acquisition method based on radial sampling of the time-domain signal [W. O. Hutson et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 1034 (2018)]. The four-dimensional spectrum was then reconstructed by filtered back-projection using an inverse Radon transform. Here, we demonstrate an alternative reconstruction method based on the statistical analysis of different back-projected spectra which results in a dramatic increase in sensitivity and at least a 100-fold increase in dynamic range compared to conventional uniform sampling and Fourier reconstruction. These results demonstrate that alternative sampling and reconstruction methods enable applications of increasingly high-order and high-dimensionality methods toward deeper insights into the vibronic structure of liquids.A fundamental goal of chemical physics is an understanding of microscopic interactions in liquids at and away from equilibrium. In principle, this microscopic information is accessible by high-order and high-dimensionality nonlinear optical measurements. Unfortunately, the time required to execute such experiments increases exponentially with the dimensionality, while the signal decreases exponentially with the order of the nonlinearity. Recently, we demonstrated a non-uniform acquisition method based on radial sampling of the time-domain signal [W. O. Hutson et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 1034 (2018)]. The four-dimensional spectrum was then reconstructed by filtered back-projection using an inverse Radon transform. Here, we demonstrate an alternative reconstruction method based on the statistical analysis of different back-projected spectra which results in a dramatic increase in sensitivity and at least a 100-fold increase in dynamic range compared to conventional uniform sampling and Fourier reconstru...
Basic Phenomena in Reactive Etching of Materials

Plasma-induced etching of materials has become an extensively-investigated subject because of its relevance in forefront technologies such as fusion(1) and microelectronics(1). Recently, etching processes have been proven to be relevant in deposition of thin films, an example being the synthesis of diamond-like and diamond films(2). Materials exposed to plasmas during either etching or deposition processes are, in most cases, simultaneously bombarded by particles [ions/neutrals (inert and chemically active), electrons] and photons. In the case of fusion reactors, neutrons will have to be added to the list of particles. Device fabrication in microelectronics often involves the use of relatively low temperature (thousands of K) plasma discharges, which are used either to etch micron-size features or to deposit films for integrated circuits design(3); here, high erosion and deposition rates are generally desirable. Hot (hundreds of millions of K) fusion plasmas, by contrast, produce erosion of the fusion device inner walls, which is generally undesirable(4,5).
Conserving Energy for Tomorrow

Just about everything I know about sustainability I learned growing up on my family’s produce farm in Alabama. My grandparents, parents, and extended family taught me to love and respect the earth, the water, and the air. They taught me to work hard and pray for rain and sunshine – but not too much of either. And they taught me that natural resources are precious gifts that need to be nurtured, protected, and never squandered.
Synthesis and evaluation of a C-11 labeled reboxetine analog as a norepinephrine transporter imaging agent

1821 Objectives: The norepinephrine transporter (NET), a specific marker of noradrenergic neurons, has been recognized in the involvement of several neurological and psychiatric disorders and is an established molecular target for the treatment of depression, ADHD, and anxiety disorder. (S,S)-reboxetine, a potent and selective NET ligand, has recently become the model compound for the development of NET imaging agents. As part of an ongoing research project in our laboratories to develop NET imaging agents, we developed a novel reboxetine analog, (S,S)-2-[α-(2-methylphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ((S,S)-MENET). We report here the asymmetric synthesis, C-11 labeling, and evaluation of its potential as a PET tracer for NET. Methods: (S,S)-MENET was synthesized stereospecifically in eight linear steps starting from commercially available (S)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol. In vitro competition assays of (S,S)-MENET were performed in cells expressing human NET, SERT and DAT. Radiolabeling of (S,S)-[11C]MENET was accomplished by palladium catalyzed cross coupling of N-t-Boc-protected aryl-stannane precursor with 11CH3I followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid and HPLC purification. In vivo regional brain uptake of (S,S)-[11C]MENET was determined in rhesus monkeys with a Concorde microPET P4. Results: (S,S)-MENET exhibited high affinity and selectivity for the NET (Ki = 3.55 nM) over the SERT (Ki = 113.95 nM) and the DAT (Ki = 327.5 nM). (S,S)-[11C]MENET was obtained in 31% decay-corrected radiochemical yield with a radiochemical purity of >98%, and a log P7.4 of 2.04. The microPET images showed (S,S)-[11C]MENET displayed regional specificity, with high uptake in thalamus, cerebellum, midbrain, and pons and little uptake in striatum, consistent with the known NET distribution. A significant blocking effect was observed in NET-rich regions such as thalamus and cerebellum with the desipramine pretreatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that (S,S)-[11C]MENET could be a potential agent for mapping the human NET by PET.
Chloride Channels in Epithelial Cells of Intestine

Small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells work to absorb chloride, sodium, and water from the lumen. Salt and water transport is under strong control, with a variety of agonists serving to reduce Cl− absorption or even induce secretion of Cl− and water by the gut (Liedtke 1987). In recent years, considerable effort has been directed toward understanding the membrane mechanisms underlying transcellular Cl− transport, both absorption and secretion. The picture which is emerging is that multiple, carrier-mediated uptake processes for Cl− reside within the same cell in parallel with a variety of Cl− conductive pathways (Cl− channels). By dissipating transmembrane electrochemical gradients generated by active Cl− uptake, these Cl− channels play a regulatory role in both absorption and secretion of chroride. In this chapter, recent studies are reviewed defining the characteristics of Cl− channels in small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells. Two recent reviews (Gogelein 1988; Frizzell and Halm 1990) provide a general description of Cl− channels in epithelia.
Choroidal blood flow in the foveal region of the human ocular fundus.

Purpose. To develop a noninvasive method for the investigation of choroidal blood flow (ChBF) and its regulation in the foveal region of the human ocular fundus. Methods. Measurement of ChBF was based on the technique of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Sixteen normal subjects (age range, 20 to 64 years), with normal eye examination results, were asked to fixate on a diode laser beam (wavelength = 811 nm, 60 //W at the cornea) delivered to the undilated eye through a fundus camera. Light scattered by red blood cells in the tissue volume sampled by the incident laser beam was detected at the fundus image plane of the camera by an optical fiber. The diameter of the beam at the fundus of the emmetropic eye was about 300 fxm. Relative ChBF was measured in both eyes by analyzing the Doppler signal with commercial skin blood flowmeters. The average pulsatile component of ChBF, ChBFp, was determined over the cardiac cycle, and its value was compared to the average total ChBF, ChBFAV. Responses of ChBF to various physiological stimuli, such as increased blood O2 and CO2 concentrations, rapid increases in intraocular pressure, and valsalva maneuvers, were documented. Results. Significant correlations were obtained between the ChBFAV values measured with both flowmeters (P < 0.001) and between the ChBFAV values measured in the right and left eye (P < 0.001). ChBFp represented less than 23% of ChBFAV. ChBFAV was not significantly affected by 5 minutes of breathing 100% oxygen. Raising end-tidal CO2 in one subject from 37 to 59 mm Hg increased ChBFAV by approximately 40%. Acute elevation of the intraocular pressure by suction cup or finger pressure on the globe reduced ChBFAV by as much as 90%. Valsalva maneuvers induced reproducible responses that were very different from those recorded from the skin microcirculation. Conclusions. Although LDF of the choroidal circulation is still at an early stage of development, this noninvasive method appears to provide continuous and sensitive measurements of relative choroidal blood flow in the foveal region of the human fundus. Near-infrared laser diodes enable measurements through undilated pupils. Examples of responses suggest new avenues in the investigation by LDF of the effect of various physiological stimuli, pharmacologic agents, and pathologic processes on the choroidal circulation in man. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:4273-4281.
AQP2, aquaporin 2

Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a 28.8 kD transmembrane molecular water channel that belongs to the ubiquitous …
Comparison of Potential Energy Surface and Computed Rate Coefficients for N2 Dissociation

Comparisons are made between potential energy surfaces (PESs) for N2+N and N2+N2 collisions and between rate coefficients for N2 dissociation that were computed using the quasi-classical trajectory...
Young adult dual combusted cigarette and e-cigarette users' anticipated responses to a nicotine reduction policy and menthol ban in combusted cigarettes.

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to assess young adult dual e-cigarette (EC) and combusted cigarette (CC) users’ anticipated responses to a hypothetical very low nicotine content product standard and menthol ban in CC. Methods Data came from 240 young adult (18–29 years) dual CC and EC users recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk between June 20–22, 2017. Descriptive statistics were used to report sample characteristics. McNemar’s tests were used to assess differences between product categories in terms of anticipated responses to hypothetical regulations. Results A hypothetical very low nicotine content product standard in CC resulted in reported intentions to quit or reduce CC use and increase use of EC (p’s Conclusions This work provides preliminary evidence of the impact that regulations regarding nicotine content and menthol in CC may have on the use of EC among young adult dual users.
Early life adversity blunts responses to pioglitazone in depressed, overweight adults.

Abstract Purpose Early life adversity is associated with both metabolic impairment and depression in adulthood, as well as with poorer responses to antidepressant medications. It is not yet known whether individual differences in sensitivity to antidiabetic medications could also be related to early life adversity. We examined whether a history of early life adversity affected the observed changes in metabolic function and depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of pioglitazone for augmentation of standard treatments for depression. Purpose Early life adversity is associated with both metabolic impairment and depression in adulthood, as well as with poorer responses to antidepressant medications. It is not yet known whether individual differences in sensitivity to antidiabetic medications could also be related to early life adversity. We examined whether a history of early life adversity affected the observed changes in metabolic function and depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of pioglitazone for augmentation of standard treatments for depression. Findings We found that early life adversity significantly impaired the metabolic response to pioglitazone. Effects on depressive symptoms did not reach significance, but nonetheless suggested that pioglitazone could mitigate the depressant effects of childhood adversity, only among those insulin resistant at baseline. Conclusions We conclude that a history of early life adversity may impair the body’s ability to respond to insulin sensitizing pharmacotherapy, and furthermore that its contribution to resistant depression may function in part via the generation of an insulin resistant phenotype.
Fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsy of metastatic malignancy of unknown primary site.

Metastatic malignancies of unknown primary site (MUP) is the eighth most common form of malignancy, with an estimated 10–15% of oncology patients having a MUP. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) are often the first procedures utilized in the work-up of these cases and have a pivotal role for the diagnosis of metastases. There is an increasing emphasis on the precise classification of malignancy and determination of primary site of origin, utilizing smaller specimens. Recent available data suggest that there is a management benefit in identifying the primary site and/or specific cell lineage of MUP. In addition, the pathologists are asked to preserve the limited diagnostic material for potential molecular testing, as selected patients may benefit from targeted therapy. However, these tasks can become extremely challenging, especially if there is no previous history of malignancy, prior pathology is not available for review, or there is an unpredictable pattern of metastasis. In this review, we present a contemporary clinicopathologic approach to the work-up of MUP that includes cytomorphology, ancillary studies, and clinicopathologic correlation. The cytohistologic subclassification of malignancies into specific cell lineages and/or morphologic categories is presented. Knowledge of the various patterns of metastasis to common and unusual sites can help narrow down the location of a primary site. The use of ancillary studies with particular emphasis on IHC utilizing an algorithmic approach and the role of molecular analysis as a diagnostic and theranotic test are also discussed. When the cell block and/or CNB lacks sufficient material for ancillary testing, the cell transfer technique may be utilized.
Potential Impacts of Sand Mining on Hydrodynamics and Fine Sediment Suspension and Deposition on an Inner-shelf Shoal

ABSTRACT Kobashi, D. and Jose, F., 2018. Potential impacts of sand mining on hydrodynamics and fine sediment suspension and deposition on an inner-shelf shoal. In: Almar, R.; Almeida, L.P.; Trung Viet, N., and Sall, M. (eds.), Tropical Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 81, pp. 76–85. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Wave and hydrodynamic models are implemented to investigate whether sand mining on a transgressive sand shoal could influence hydrodynamic processes and sedimentary environment of the shoal covered with fine sediments. An effort is made to evaluating shoal hydrodynamic response to a hypothetical dredging scenario under a host of probable storm conditions. The model results show that changes in hydrodynamic and sedimentary environment strongly depend on the storm conditions and the shoal bathymetry. Wave dissipation, flow conditions and sediment re-suspension are significantly higher on the shallower western shoal and gradually decrease towar...
Abstract 9: Electronic Cigarette Use is Associated With a Higher Risk of Stroke

Introduction: In 2016, 3.2% of US adults and 11.3% of high school students reported using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the preceding 30 days. Its use among young people increased by 900%...
Altered Sex Ratios in Offspring of U.S. Submariners Urban Legend or Fact – Do Submariners Have More Daughters?

INTRODUCTION There is a widespread and long-held belief in the submarine community that submariners father more daughters than the general population. The U.S. Sex Ratio at birth (males/females) has remained around 1.05 since the early 2000s. Limited evidence exists that certain environmental exposures including chemicals, heavy metals, radiation and g-forces may influence sex ratio at birth. A reduction in male births in a population has been associated with lower male fertility. A 1970 single site study showed a higher ratio of female offspring in personnel serving aboard U.S. Navy nuclear submarines than the general population. A 2004 study concluded that this was probably not true. However, this study was small, and did not evaluate the difference between children conceived during sea duty versus shore duty. They did note a higher chance of female offspring correlated with a longer time in the community, as well as an increased ratio in sonar technicians. These findings warrant further investigation. METHODS An electronic survey was e-mailed to submariners, after receiving required IRB and Navy approvals. Participants were asked birth year, year they entered submarine service, and how many children they had. For each child they were asked sex, child's birth year, mother's birth year, and whether they were on sea duty or shore duty at the time of conception. Those who were on sea duty at the time of conception were asked what their job was, where they were stationed and what type of submarine they were on. Those who were on shore duty at the time of conception were asked whether they were in contact with submarines on a regular basis, whether they were officer or enlisted, and what region they were stationed in for shore duty. RESULTS Four thousand eight hundred responses were received with a total of 6,958 children included in the analysis. Respondents had a SR of 0.95 compared to 1.05 U.S. population in 2015 (p < 0.0001). Submariners on sea duty had a SR of 0.88 compared to 1.02 on shore duty (p = 0.007). Those who had regular submarine contact on shore duty had a SR of 0.72 compared to 1.17 in those who did not (p < 0.001). Geographical location during shore duty did show differences that were statistically significant (p = 0.018). Geographical location during sea duty did not show significant differences. No significant differences were seen for paternal age, maternal age, job during sea duty, type of submarine assigned to or time in community. CONCLUSION The submariners surveyed reported greater numbers of daughters than the general population, especially when on sea duty or in regular contact with submarines during shore duty. Further study should be done to confirm results and explore possible etiologies of differences in sex ratio.
USP6 GENE REARRANGEMENT TESTING OF GNATHIC ANEURYSMAL BONE CYSTS: A MULTICENTER ANALYSIS OF TEN CASES

Background The jaws are an uncommon location for primary aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs), and few gnathic cases have been tested for USP6 rearrangement. Rearrangements of CDH11 and/or USP6 are identified in approximately 70% of primary extragnathic ABCs. MATERIALS/METHODS Herein, this multi-institutional, IRB-approved study investigates the USP6 status and clinicopathologic characteristics of cases histopathologically diagnosed as primary gnathic ABC. This study retrospectively identified 11 cases from four Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology Services and submitted them for USP6 analysis. Evaluation of one case failed, but the results of FISH testing, histomorphology, patient age and sex, lesion location, lesion duration, and clinical impression were abstracted for the remaining 10 cases. Results The patients ranged in age from 10 to 43 years (mean: 25.4 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 (5:5). Nine cases occurred in the mandible and one case in the maxilla. The majority of lesions were present for an unknown duration or more than one month. Morphologically, five cases exhibited classic ABC features while five exhibited few cystic spaces with “solid” morphology. None of the tested cases demonstrated rearrangement of the USP6 locus by FISH. Conclusion In the jaws, lesions that morphologically mimic primary extragnathic ABC rarely show USP6 abnormalities, and may be genetically distinct lesions. Lesions with USP6 rearrangement are neoplastic; however, the etiology of lesions lacking rearrangement is less certain and may represent primary ABC without USP6 rearrangement, secondary ABC that have effaced the lesion of origin, or ABC-like degenerative lesions.
The “Capone Discovery”: Extortion as a Method of Terrorism Financing

This article analyzes extortion by terrorist groups. A three-factor theoretical framework borrowed from the literature on organized crime informs the qualitative analysis of several terrorist organ...
Use of Electronic Health Record Data to Study the Association of Sugary Drink Consumption With Child Weight Status.

Abstract Background Sugar-sweetened beverages and, to some extent, fruit juice are modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity. Data on consumption have not been previously systematically collected in the electronic health record (EHR) in a way that could facilitate observational research and population health management. Methods In 2017-18, we used data from an EHR-based SSB and fruit juice screener to study the association between consumption and weight status among children 6 months through 17 years of age. We used linear models to examine the cross-sectional association between sugary drinks and BMIz, adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, clinic site, and encounter type. We also used separate mixed effects models to examine the association of baseline consumption with ∆BMIz. Results Our dataset included 22,291 children (15% Conclusions In our EHR-derived data, sugary drink consumption was most associated with high BMIz in school-aged children. Early childhood may be a critical period for intervening on sugary beverage consumption in obesity prevention efforts.
The Impact of Interprofessional Shared Governance and a Caring Professional Practice Model on Staff's Self-report of Caring, Workplace Engagement, and Workplace Empowerment Over Time.

OBJECTIVETo describe the impact of the implementation of interprofessional shared governance and a caring professional practice model (Relationship-Based Care [RBC]) on the staff's self-report of caring, work engagement, and workplace empowerment over a 4-year time frame.BACKGROUNDShared or interpro
Reanchoring the Ontology of International Business

To clarify the ongoing debate over the balance of global positivism and local nuance in international business (IB), we mapped the ontology from 1965 through 2018. Though imbalanced, IB has progres...
Low-cost, bottom-up fabrication of large-scale single-molecule nanoarrays by DNA origami placement

Large-scale nanoarrays of single biomolecules enable high-throughput assays while unmasking the underlying heterogeneity within ensemble populations. Until recently, creating such grids which combine the unique advantages of microarrays and single-molecule experiments (SMEs) has been particularly challenging due to the mismatch between the size of these molecules and the resolution of top-down fabrication techniques. DNA Origami Placement (DOP) combines two powerful techniques to address this issue: (i) DNA origami, which provides a 100-nm self-assembled template for single-molecule organization with 5 nm resolution, and (ii) top-down lithography, which patterns these DNA nanostructures, transforming them into functional nanodevices via large-scale integration with arbitrary substrates. Presently, this technique relies on state-of-the-art infrastructure and highly-trained personnel, making it prohibitively expensive for researchers. Here, we introduce a bench-top technique to create meso-to-macro-scale DNA origami nanoarrays using self-assembled colloidal nanoparticles, thereby circumventing the need for top-down fabrication. We report a maximum yield of 74%, two-fold higher than the statistical limit of 37% imposed on non-specific molecular loading alternatives. Furthermore, we provide a proof-of-principle for the ability of this nanoarray platform to transform traditionally low-throughput, stochastic, single-molecule assays into high-throughput, deterministic ones, without compromising data quality. Our approach has the potential to democratize single-molecule nanoarrays and demonstrates their utility as a tool for biophysical assays and diagnostics.