cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Charge, Redox State, and Metabolite Turnover in Single Human Hepatocytes Revealed by Capillary Microsampling Mass Spectrometry.

Metabolic analysis of single cells to uncover cellular heterogeneity and metabolic noise is limited by the available tools. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of capillary microsampling electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation for nontargeted analysis of single cells. On the basis of accurate mass measurements and collision cross-section determination, a large number of chemical species, 22 metabolites and 54 lipids, were identified. To assess the cellular response to metabolic modulators, the adenylate energy charge (AEC) levels for control and rotenone treated cells were evaluated. A significant reduction in the AEC values was observed for rotenone treated cells. For the cells under oxidative stress, the mean value for the [reduced glutathione (GSH)]/[oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] ratio was significantly decreased, whereas the distribution of the [uridine diphosphate N-acetylhexosamine (UDP-HexNAc)]/[uridine diphosphate hexose (UDP-hexose)] ratio exhibited dramatic ta...
Maintaining helper wellness and competence in a shared trauma reality

As shared trauma reality becomes more common in Israel and other countries, this commentary argues that we need more research to inform how to best assist mental health professionals who are both victims and helpers in the aftermath of traumatic events. Typical remedies for the occupational hazards of working with trauma survivors may not apply for those who are exposed to a prolonged terror threat. Research-informed self-care strategies need to be identified and practiced.
Quantitative simultaneous dual isotope micro-SPECT in the small animal

662 Objectives: Simultaneous dual Tc-99m/I-123 imaging has great potential in assessing neurodegenerative disease models and associated therapies in rodents. In addition to high-energy pinhole septal penetration, scatter and cross-talk are important factors affecting Tc/I micro-SPECT because of the close photopeak energies (140 and 159keV). Our aim is to design and optimize a spectral approach for scatter, cross-talk, and septal penetration compensation in micro-SPECT. Methods: Projections of a micro-cylindrical phantom (3cm ID) containing five syringes (5mm ID) with relative Tc:I concentrations varying from 100:0 to 0:100, were acquired on the Harvard micro-SPECT, equipped with 6 axially shifted 2.4mm-pinholes mounted on 3 detectors, in 4 windows: w1:92-120, w2:132-152, w3:156-172 and w4:180-200 keV (acq1). Projections were reconstructed using a multi-pinhole OSEM that modeled all calibration parameters and depth of interaction in the crystal. Next, the background was filled with Tc activity to mimic non-specific binding and the phantom imaged again (acq2). A third acquisition was performed 24 hours later after decay of Tc (acq3). Tc and I distributions were estimated as a weighted linear combination of the 4 energy windows and weights iteratively calculated using the known activity ratios in acq2 and acq3. After 4 iterations, all weights converged. Finally, the accuracy of Tc and I activity estimates were tested in acq1. The accuracy of the compensation method was also tested in a simultaneous perfusion (Tc-99m-HMPAO)/D2 receptor (I123-IBF) study in a 140mg rat. 207MBq of HMPAO were injected and the rat imaged for 30 min, 30 min later. Next, 246MBq of IBF were injected and both isotopes imaged dynamically for 110 min. The accuracy of our compensation approach was tested by comparing the Tc distribution computed from the corrected dual isotope acquisition to the Tc-alone acquisition (corrected for scatter using a simple Compton window). Results: The mean estimation bias±stdev, for the corrected Tc images, averaged over the 5 syringes, were 2.3±2.9 and 3.4±2.2% for acq1 and 2, respectively. The corresponding biases with no correction (20% Tc window, w2) were significantly greater (> 30±9%, p Conclusions: Accurate simultaneous dual Tc-99m/I-123 brain micro-SPECT is achievable in the rat with errors less than 9%. Research Support (if any): NIH: EB-005876, EB-000802, EB-001989
Vector Biology and West Nile Virus

West Nile virus (WNV) infection of competent mosquito vectors is essential for maintenance and amplification of the virus in natural mosquito–bird cycles. Bridge vectors are necessary to link the enzootic cycle to humans, and a complex set of vectorial, host and environmental factors determine the magnitude and dynamics of the epidemics. Identifying WNV vectors and controlling their numbers and/or reducing their rate of infection are the best current strategies for preventing human disease. Availability of new tools such as mosquito genome sequences presents opportunities for development of novel control strategies.
Energetics of Interstitial Hydrogen and Hydrogen Diffusion in Realistic Models of a-Si:H

In order to determine the mechanism or mechanisms of hydrogen transport in a-Si:H one must identify the reactions that bring deeply bonded H (on dangling bonds) to the transport band which is some form of interstitial hydrogen. Further, one must have reliable estimates of the energy difference between these deep states and transport states as well as the barrier energies among transport sites. In this paper we consider all of these ingredients in order to partially explain how hydrogen migrates in a-Si:H.
Inference-driven semantic analysis

A primary problem in the area of natural language processing is the problem of semantic analysis. This involves both formalizing the general and domain-dependent semantic information relevant to the task involved, and developing a uniform method for access to that information. Natural language interfaces are generally also required to have access to the syntactic analysis of a sentence as well as knowledge of the prior discourse to produce a semantic representation adequate for the task. This paper briefly describes previous approaches to semantic analysis, specifically those approaches which can be described as using templates, and corresponding multiple levels of representation. It then presents an alternative to the template approach, inference-driven semantic anaylsis, which can perform the same tasks but without needing as many levels of representation.
Hypnosis and Treating Depression : Applications in Clinical Practice

Michael Yapko’s seminal 1992 book, Hypnosis and the Treatment of Depressions, was the first book ever written on the subject of applying hypnosis in the treatment of depressed individuals. Since its publication, Yapko’s work has not only withstood the test of colleagues previously dismissive of the merits of hypnosis as a tool of treatment, but has thrived in the face of it. Hypnosis and Treating Depression diversifies the range of topics to consider and increases the number of knowledgeable contributors on the subject of treating depression with hypnosis. The book features chapter contributions by highly experienced and well-known experts on using hypnosis to treat specific forms of depression, with assessment and intervention strategies as well as sample transcripts of the use of hypnosis in therapy sessions. It discusses both broad and targeted applications of hypnosis in treatment, the treatment of depression with hypnosis in special populations, as well as special considerations regarding hypnotic treatment. As a practical guidebook for clinicians looking to add to their treatment protocols, Hypnosis and Treating Depression: Applications in Clinical Practice provides an updated and comprehensive volume on therapeutic uses of hypnosis in the treatment of depression.
Associations between Adherence to Epilepsy Quality Measures and Patient Reported Outcomes in Epilepsy (P4.062)

Objective: We assessed the relationship between adherence to epilepsy quality measures (EQMs) over 2-3 years and reported quality of life in individuals with epilepsy. Background: In 2014, the American Academy of Neurology published a revised set of 8 EQMs in an ongoing effort to establish valid predictors of quality care in epilepsy. It remains unknown if the utilization of these measures improves clinical outcomes and quality of life in this population. Methods: 6150 patients from two academic medical centers were screened using RPDR. 550 met all of the following criteria: 18-85 years old; epilepsy diagnosis; ≥2 outpatient neurology visits between 1/2011 and 6/2014, including ≥1 visit per year; and treatment with ≥1 anti-seizure drug. Permission to approach patients was obtained from treating physicians, yielding 175 patients from which socio-demographic and clinical data were retrospectively abstracted and to whom we offered a phone survey. 56 participated (32[percnt] response rate); 53 completed the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31) questionnaire. Care was assessed as percent adherence to EQMs (continuous score 0-1). High quality care was defined as an EQM score above the mean (0.6). A t-test compared QOLIE-31 scores and quality care. Secondarily, linear regression was used to assess the relationship between continuous EQM and QOLIE-31 scores. Results: High vs. low quality care groups were comparable with respect to demographic (e.g. age, race, language, education level), clinical (e.g. seizure type, disease duration, co-morbidities number, treatment responsiveness, visit number) characteristics. Patients who received high quality care did not report significantly different QOLIE-31 scores (n=24, QOLIE-31=71.7 ± 18.6) compared to patients with low quality care (n=27, QOLIE-31=68.7 ± 21), p=0.59. Linear regression confirmed this finding between continuous EQM and QOLIE-31 scores, p=0.28. Conclusions: In our sample, there was no strong signal of an association between EQM and patient-reported quality of life. Disclosure: Dr. Moura has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carneiro has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thorn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vickrey has received personal compensation for activities with Genentech as an consultant. Dr. Hoch9s spouse holds stock and/or stock options in Merck, Biogen Idec, and Regeneron.
Vitamin D levels in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive congenital malformation syndrome caused by mutations in the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase gene. This inborn error of cholesterol synthesis leads to elevated concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC also serves as the precursor for vitamin D synthesis. Limited data is available on vitamin D levels in individuals with SLOS. Due to elevated concentrations of 7-DHC, we hypothesized that vitamin D status would be abnormal and possibly reach toxic levels in patients with SLOS. Through a retrospective analysis of medical records between 1998 and 2006, we assessed markers of vitamin D and calcium metabolism from 53 pediatric SLOS patients and 867 pediatric patients who were admitted to the NIH Clinical Center (NIHCC) during the same time period. SLOS patients had significantly higher levels of 25(OH)D (48.06 ± 19.53 ng/ml, p < 0.01) across all seasons in comparison to the NIHCC pediatric patients (30.51 ± 16.14 ng/ml). Controlling for season and age of blood draw, 25(OH)D levels were, on average, 15.96 ng/ml (95%CI 13.95–17.90) higher in SLOS patients. Although, mean calcium values for both patient cohorts never exceeded the normal clinical reference range (8.6–10.2 mg/dl), the levels were higher in the SLOS cohort (9.49 ± 0.56 mg/dl, p < 0.01) compared to the NIHCC patients (9.25 ± 0.68 mg/dl). Overall, in comparison to the control cohort, individuals with SLOS have significantly higher concentrations of 25(OH)D that may be explained by elevated concentrations of serum 7-DHC. Despite the elevated vitamin D levels, there was no laboratory or clinical evidence of vitamin D toxicity.
How MHC molecules grab citrullinated peptides to foster rheumatoid arthritis

The molecular immunologist's dream is to elucidate a fundamental biochemical process that explains the basis of an affliction that affects millions of people, and that, precisely understood, might yield a rational approach to diagnosis, prevention, or therapy. In this issue of JBC, Ting et al. report proteomic, biochemical, and structural analyses that better explain how the antigen-presenting HLA-DR4 molecules bind citrullinated peptides to provoke rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease that affects 0.5–1% of the population.
Supporting Wayfinding in Desktop Geovirtual Environments

Publisher Summary Advances in the technology for both dynamic visual representation and dissemination of those representations using the Internet are changing the way geoscientists access and apply geospatial and related data. Desktop geovirtual environments (GeoVEs) offer new ways to interactively display geospatial structures and phenomena for geovisualization. However, users have aggravating difficulties in utilizing the potentials of desktop GeoVEs because of navigation and wayfinding constraints. This chapter explains the design of graphical user interface methods that support navigation and orientation within desktop GeoVEs and facilitate user's wayfinding tasks. The egocentric perspective is the most natural form of human space perception and most desktop GeoVEs feature only a nonimmersive egocentric view on the geovirtual environment. Desktop GeoVEs have the ability to view spaces from an exocentric frame of reference that is independent of the observer's position and orientation. The chapter also examines the way in which an egocentric frame of reference is best extended with an exocentric frame of reference, and whether adding an exocentric frame of reference will significantly reduce navigation and wayfinding problems in desktop GeoVEs.
Customer Reactions to Brokered Ultimatums: Integrating Negotiation and Justice Theory

The growth of discount travel intermediaries such as Priceline and Hotwire highlights the importance of studying customer reactions to brokered ultimatum bargaining contexts. We examine how procedural variations in a brokered ultimatum game (BUG) affect customer behaviors (offer made for the current purchase, repatronage behavior, and future bidding behavior) and attitudes (willingness to recommend the service to others). We find that while participants behave in economically prudent ways when determining their bid values, they rely on their perceptions of fairness when making decisions related to others and their own future use of the intermediary. Specifically, we find that transaction structure (ultimatum vs. negotiation), timeliness of response, and offer acceptance/rejection influence most of our customer outcomes, and that customer perceptions of justice (in particular, informational justice and distributive justice) mediate the relationships between the procedural variations and customer outcomes.
Measuring Sense of Community: Beyond Local Boundaries

One hundred and thirty-three male addicts and alcoholics completed psychometric measures of psychological sense of community, stress, social support, and hope. Factor analysis of item responses (Varimax rotation) on the sense of community scale produced a three-factor solution, with Factor 1 (12 items) labeled Mission, assessing the perception that one is actively engaged with others in the pursuit of a common purpose; Factor 2 (12 items) labeled Reciprocal Responsibility, referring to the perception that there are acknowledged members of an ongoing group who are mutually responsible to each other; and Factor 3 (6 items) labeled Disharmony, representing dissatisfaction with aspects of community experience. The resulting composite scale was significantly correlated with a standardized measure of social support, and serves to measure the psychological sense of community construct beyond the context of local residence.
Analysis and Active Control of Pressure Drop Oscillation in Microchannel Vapor Compression Cycle

Using phase-change cooling, microchannel evaporators can dissipate significantly higher heat fluxes with large heat transfer coefficients and faster response time compared to conventional macroscale evaporators. However, it is well known that microchannel heat exchangers are prone to flow instabilities. The analysis of flow instabilities has been limited to simple open cycle systems consisting of the microchannel evaporator with fixed boundary conditions, which has limited application in closed cycled systems with temporally varying operating conditions. This paper analyzes the pressure drop oscillation phenomenon occurring in a vapor compression cycle (VCC) consisting of a microchannel evaporator, compressor, condenser, electronic expansion valve, and accumulator. Using a combination of lumped dynamic and static models for the system components, we predict the occurrence of pressure drop oscillation in the VCC under certain operating conditions with linearized analysis and nonlinear simulations. Furthermore, we demonstrate how a VCC with flow oscillations can be stabilized by changing the expansion valve openness. Once the flow oscillations in the system is removed, active control of the compressor speed and accumulator heat input based on evaporator wall temperature feedback can effectively regulate the evaporator temperature, even with a fluctuating heat input to the evaporator. As a result, this allows the use of a microchannel-integrated VCC system for dissipating high heat fluxes as well as addressing time-varying cooling demands.
Crystal structure of a dimerization domain of human Caprin-2: similar overall dimeric fold but different molecular surface properties to that of human Caprin-1

Human Caprin-1 and Caprin-2 are prototypic members of the caprin (cytoplasmic activation/proliferation-associated protein) protein family. Vertebrate caprin proteins contain two highly conserved ho...
Reading Instruction for Students with Learning Disabilities in Grades 4 and 5: An Observation Study.

Researchers conducted an observation study to explore the instructional practices of special education teachers (N = 20) responsible for teaching reading to students with learning disabilities in G...
Cell-Type-Specific Proteomics: A Neuroscience Perspective

Cell-type-specific analysis has become a major focus for many investigators in the field of neuroscience, particularly because of the large number of different cell populations found in brain tissue that play roles in a variety of developmental and behavioral disorders. However, isolation of these specific cell types can be challenging due to their nonuniformity and complex projections to different brain regions. Moreover, many analytical techniques used for protein detection and quantitation remain insensitive to the low amounts of protein extracted from specific cell populations. Despite these challenges, methods to improve proteomic yield and increase resolution continue to develop at a rapid rate. In this review, we highlight the importance of cell-type-specific proteomics in neuroscience and the technical difficulties associated. Furthermore, current progress and technological advancements in cell-type-specific proteomics research are discussed with an emphasis in neuroscience.
An Approximated, Control Affine Model for a Strawberry Field Scouting Robot Considering Wheel–Terrain Interaction

Recently, autonomous field robots have been investigated as a labor-reducing means to scout through commercial strawberry fields for disease detection or fruit harvesting. To achieve accurate over-bed and cross-bed motions, it is preferred to design the motion controller based on a precise dynamic model. Here, a dynamic model is developed for a custom-designed strawberry field robot considering terramechanic wheel–terrain interaction. Different from existing models, a torus geometry is considered for the wheels. In order to obtain a control affine model, the longitudinal force is curve-fitted using a polynomial function of the slip/skid ratio, while the lateral force is curve-fitted using an exponential function of both the slip/skid ratio and slip angle. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is then developed to estimate the unknown parameters in the approximated model such that the state variables propagated by such a model can match experimental data. The approximated model and the EKF-based parameter estimation method are then validated in a commercial strawberry farm.
Heparin inhibits the expression of interleukin-11 and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor in primate bone marrow stromal fibroblasts through mRNA destabilization

Interactions between different cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and various cell types inside the bone marrow microenvironment are believed to play important roles in the regulation of hematopoiesis. We observed that both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can stimulate the expression of IL-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) genes in a primate bone marrow stromal fibroblast cell line, PU-34. We also found that IL-1 or TPA-stimulated IL-11 and GM-CSF expression in PU-34 cells can be abolished by heparin, a class of molecules related to extracellular matrix components, glycosaminoglycans. Because the growth inhibitory signals provided by extracellular factors were less understood, the mechanisms of heparin inhibition of IL-11 and GM-CSF gene expression were further investigated. Our data demonstrate for the first time that heparin did not alter the transcription of endogenous IL-11 and GM-CSF genes or an exogenous IL-11 promoter construct containing an AP-1 sequence. Instead, heparin facilitated the degradation of the corresponding mRNAs. Through RNA gel shift assays, heparin-mediated mRNA destabilization was tentatively linked to its competition for mRNA binding proteins both in the cell-free system and in intact cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that varying degrees of heparin inhibition may provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of cytokine expression during the growth and differentiation of different lineages of hematopoietic cells.
Partner Disagreement on the Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Among a National Sample of Heterosexual Young-Adult Couples:

To assess the extent and patterns of partner disagreement on the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among a young-adult couple sample, the Add Health Romantic Pairs data are used (N = 1,183 heterosexual couples). Among young-adult couples in which IPV is reported, substantial partner disagreement is the norm. Moreover, women are more likely to report their own perpetration of minor and physical IPV than men. For injurious and sexual IPV, no gendered patterns are observed. In conclusion, IPV prevalence rates vary depending on which partner's self-reports are being considered. Prior research may have suffered from a reporting bias and to obtain accurate estimates of IPV both partners of a couple should be included in future research.
D-Knife Decompression Technique (DDT): Amirlak Modification of Endoscopic SON Decompression

Endoscopic approaches to the supraorbital nerve for migraine surgery has been shown to be superior to direct transpalpebral approaches. This modification to the endoscopic approach, with the use of a D-knife blade, can be employed in patients with a long forehead or severe frontal bossing, which may normally lead to difficult access and visualization of the supraorbital foramen.
Bioenergetic constraints on the origin of autotrophic metabolism.

Autotrophs form the base of all complex food webs and seemingly have done so since early in Earth history. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that early autotrophs were anaerobic, used CO2 as both an o...
Does Comanagement of Patients With Hip Fracture Influence 30-Day Outcomes:

Introduction:Comanagement of hip fractures is thought to optimize outcomes for these high-risk patients, but this practice is not universal. We aimed to determine whether comanagement of patients w...
Noisy Adaptive Group Testing using Bayesian Sequential Experimental Design

When the infection prevalence of a disease is low, Dorfman showed 80 years ago that testing groups of people can prove more efficient than testing people individually. Our goal in this paper is to propose new group testing algorithms that can operate in a noisy setting (tests can be mistaken) to decide adaptively (looking at past results) which groups to test next, with the goal to converge to a good detection, as quickly, and with as few tests as possible. We cast this problem as a Bayesian sequential experimental design problem. Using the posterior distribution of infection status vectors for $n$ patients, given observed tests carried out so far, we seek to form groups that have a maximal utility. We consider utilities such as mutual information, but also quantities that have a more direct relevance to testing, such as the AUC of the ROC curve of the test. Practically, the posterior distributions on $\{0,1\}^n$ are approximated by sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) samplers and the utility maximized by a greedy optimizer. Our procedures show in simulations significant improvements over both adaptive and non-adaptive baselines, and are far more efficient than individual tests when disease prevalence is low. Additionally, we show empirically that loopy belief propagation (LBP), widely regarded as the SoTA decoder to decide whether an individual is infected or not given previous tests, can be unreliable and exhibit oscillatory behavior. Our SMC decoder is more reliable, and can improve the performance of other group testing algorithms.
Anomalous muon magnetic moment, supersymmetry, naturalness, LHC search limits and the landscape

Abstract The recent measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment a μ ≡ ( g − 2 ) μ / 2 by the Fermilab Muon g − 2 experiment sharpens an earlier discrepancy between theory and the BNL E821 experiment. We examine the predicted Δ a μ ≡ a μ ( e x p ) − a μ ( t h ) in the context of supersymmetry with low electroweak naturalness (restricting to models which give a plausible explanation for the magnitude of the weak scale). A global analysis including LHC Higgs mass and sparticle search limits points to interpretation within the normal scalar mass hierarchy (NSMH) SUSY model wherein first/second generation matter scalars are much lighter than third generation scalars. We present a benchmark model for a viable NSMH point which is natural, obeys LHC Higgs and sparticle mass constraints and explains the muon magnetic anomaly. Aside from NSMH models, then we find the ( g − 2 ) μ anomaly cannot be explained within the context of natural SUSY, where a variety of data point to decoupled first/second generation scalars. The situation is worse within the string landscape where first/second generation matter scalars are pulled to values in the 10 − 50 TeV range. An alternative interpretation for SUSY models with decoupled scalar masses is that perhaps the recent lattice evaluation of the hadronic vacuum polarization could be confirmed which leads to a Standard Model theory-experiment agreement in which case there is no anomaly.
Neglected validities: A diagnostic look at the state of early childhood assessment

Abstract To ensure that all children are on positive developmental trajectories, early education professionals need scientifically-based assessments of children's growth and development. Such assessments meet established standards for measurement and therefore support valid and reliable inferences about children's functioning. This study used the Mental Measurement Yearbook to provide a comprehensive examination of the degree to which early childhood assessment developers report evidence of validity and reliability in line with the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. The Mental Measurement Yearbook provides the most comprehensive and continuous examination of assessment developers' development and validation practices. Findings from this study suggest that only a small percentage of the 404 early childhood assessment reviews in the MMY provide evidence on all of the critical sources of validity outlined in the Standards. Response processes and consequences of testing are the most neglected sources of validity evidence. Implications of the findings from this study for early childhood assessment development, validation, and use are discussed.
Networks of Flow

A natural, though by no means elementary, question that comes to mind when studying networks is that of the maximum possible flow between two specified nodes of the network. The physical problem arises in almost every instance in which commodities — physical or otherwise — flow from a source s to a destination t. Thus, in a traffic network we may be interested in the maximum rate of traffic flow between two cities; in an electric power distribution network we may be interested in the maximum power transmitted from a generating station (or stations) to a particular location; in a natural gas distribution network we may be interested in the maximum rate at which gas can be supplied to a particular consumer, etc.
American Constitutionalism: From Theory to Politics

Despite the outpouring of works on constitutional theory in the past several decades, no general introduction to the field has been available. Stephen Griffin provides here an original contribution to American constitutional theory in the form of a short, lucid introduction to the subject for scholars and an informed lay audience. He surveys in an unpolemical way the theoretical issues raised by judicial practice in the United States over the past three centuries, particularly since the Warren Court, and locates both theory and practices that have inspired dispute among jurists and scholars in historical context. At the same time he advances an argument about the distinctive nature of our American constitutionalism, regarding it as an instance of the interpenetration of law and politics.American Constitutionalism is unique in considering the perspectives of both law and political science in relation to constitutional theory. Constitutional theories produced by legal scholars do not usually discuss state-centered theories of American politics, the importance of institutions, behaviorist research on judicial decision making, or questions of constitutional reform, but this book takes into account the political science literature on these and other topics. The work also devotes substantial attention to judicial review and its relationship to American democracy and theories of constitutional interpretation.
Lyme Disease: What the Wilderness Provider Needs to Know

Lyme disease is a multisystem tickborne illness caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is the most common vectorborne disease in the United States. Prognosis after initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy is typically good if treated early. Wilderness providers caring for patients who live in or travel to high-incidence Lyme disease areas should be aware of the basic biology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of Lyme disease.
Catamenial epilepsy: current concepts of definition, prevalence, pathophysiology and treatment

Seizures do not occur randomly. They tend to cluster in the majority of men and women with epilepsy. Seizure clusters, in turn, often show a periodicity. When the periodicity of seizure exacerbation aligns itself with that of the menstrual cycle, it is designated as catamenial epilepsy. The neuroactive properties of reproductive steroids and the cyclic variation in their serum concentrations are important pathophysiologic factors. There is evidence for the existence of at least three patterns of catamenial seizure exacerbation: perimenstrual and periovulatory in ovulatory cycles and entire luteal phase in anovulatory cycles. A rational mathematical basis for this categorization of catamenial epilepsy has been developed. It identifies approximately 1/3 of women as having catamenial epilepsy. If seizures show hormonal sensitivity in their occurrence, they may also respond to hormonal treatment. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled NIH Progesterone Trial found that cyclic progesterone supplement is no better than placebo overall but did reduce seizure frequency significantly in the subset of women with perimenstrual seizure exacerbation. There have also been successful open label trials using depomedroxyprogesterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues.
Sorting urban development strategies in a federal system: An information theoretic approach

Abstract Changes in population for the nation's largest central cities are decomposed into their regional shift and city-suburban disparity components. These decompositions, performed within an information theoretic context, provide a basis for distinguishing urban development policy roles among the federal, state, and local governmental sectors.
Repetitive generalized seizure-like activity during emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia.

Purpose: Sevoflurane-induced seizures are most often described during mask induction of anesthesia when high concentrations of the volatile agent are administered concomitant with alveolar hyperventilation. The occurrence of seizure-like activity during emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia has been rarely reported. Clinical features: We describe a patient who developed several episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizure-like activity during and immediately after emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia and discuss the potential factors that contributed to this unusual complication. The patient was treated with intravenous propofol, midazolam, and phenytoin and required intensive care management before his neurologic status stabilized. Conclusion: The report emphasizes that sevoflurane is capable of producing excitatory central nervous system (CNS) phenomena in spite of causing primarily CNS depressant effects.
Autonomous Search for Information in an Unknown Environment

The search for information in a complex information space such as the Web or large digital libraries, or in an unkown robotics environment requires the design of efficient and intelligent strategies for (1) determining regions of interest, (2) detecting and classifying information of interest, and (3) searching the space by autonomous agents. This paper discusses strategies for directing autonomous search based on spatio-temporal distributions. We discuss a model for search assuming that the environment is static, and where the information that agents have is updated as they pursue their discovery of the environment. Autonomous search algorithms are designed and compared using simulations.
The partial purification and properties of hydroxylysine kinase from rat liver.

Abstract Hydroxylysine kinase (guanosine triphosphate:5-hydroxy-l-lysine O-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.-) has been purified 1200-fold from rat liver and its properties partially elucidated. The enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of allohydroxy-l-lysine and hydroxy-l-lysine with an apparent Km ∼ 6 µm, but has no activity with either of the d isomers. The maximum velocity with allohydroxy-l-lysine was 1.5 to 3 times greater than with hydroxy-l-lysine. GTP or hypo-xanthine triphosphate, serve as the phosphate donor. Mg2+ is specifically required for the reaction while both Mn2+ and Zn2+ are inhibitory. The active phosphorylating agent appears to be the MgGTP2- complex with guanosine diphosphate as the nucleotide product. The kinase is present in the liver or kidney, or both, of rats, mice, chickens, bovine, rabbits, and two species of primates.
Modulation of plasma membrane calcium-ATPase activity by local calcium microdomains near CRAC channels in human T cells

The spatial distribution of Ca(2+) signalling molecules is critical for establishing specific interactions that control Ca(2+) signal generation and transduction. In many cells, close physical coupling of Ca(2+) channels and their targets enables precise and robust activation of effector molecules through local [Ca(2+)](i) elevation in microdomains. In T cells, the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) is a major target of Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. Elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) slowly modulates pump activity to ensure the stability and enhance the dynamic nature of Ca(2+) signals. In this study we probed the functional organization of PMCA and CRAC channels in T cells by manipulating Ca(2+) microdomains near CRAC channels and measuring the resultant modulation of PMCAs. The amplitude and spatial extent of microdomains was increased by elevating the rate of Ca(2+) entry, either by raising extracellular [Ca(2+)], by increasing the activity of CRAC channels with 2-aminoethoxyborane (2-APB), or by hyperpolarizing the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, doubling the rate of Ca(2+) influx does not further increase global [Ca(2+)](i) in a substantial fraction of cells, due to a compensatory increase in PMCA activity. The enhancement of PMCA activity without changes in global [Ca(2+)](i) suggests that local [Ca(2+)](i) microdomains near CRAC channels effectively promote PMCA modulation. These results reveal an intimate functional association between CRAC channels and Ca(2+) pumps in the plasma membrane which may play an important role in governing the time course and magnitude of Ca(2+) signals in T cells.
X-ray Tomography as a Tool for Micromechanical Investigations of Cement and Mortar

The complex heterogeneous nature of cement and mortar presents us with a wide range of materials characterization problems. X-ray microtomography provides us with new insight into the structure and behavior of these complex materials systems. In this work we explore the 3D imaging and interpretation that allows us to further our understanding of damage, fracture, and other properties.
Do Emerging Equity Markets Respond Symmetrically to US Market Upturns and Downturns? Evidence from Latin America

We investigate the existence of asymmetries in Latin American equity markets to upturns and downturns in the US stock market. We find the magnitude and duration of an upturn in the US market are fully reflected in equity markets of Latin America and that the impact is significantly different from that of a downturn. The results are consistent with the view that international investors react more sharply to downturns than upturns. We conclude that if portfolios are formed based on average co-movements, which assume symmetry, the performance of the investment may be worse than expected in down markets.
The Nazareth Baptist Church as Subordinationist Christianity

In response to earlier syncretic and nationalist approaches, recent scholarship has avoided questions of how African Zionist churches fit within Christendom. This article contends that we should not abandon such comparative questions, even though the first and second generation of attempts produced results we now find objectionable. An examination of the theology of Isaiah Shembe and the early Nazareth Baptist Church reveals both a soteriology and a concept of Godhead that was subordinationist. This article illustrates that when contextualised within Christian history Shembe and the Nazareth Baptist Church would best be understood as an alternative and latent form of Christianity that has surfaced at multiple points in Christian history. The early Nazareth Baptist Church, as previous scholarship insisted, represents neither a syncretic deviation from orthodoxy nor an oasis of indigenous cultural preservation, but was rather an alternative form of Christianity. However, unlike neighbouring churches in colo...
Toroidal nanotraps for cold polar molecules

Electronic excitations in metallic nanoparticles in the optical regime that have been of great importance in surface-enhanced spectroscopy and emerging applications of molecular plasmonics, due to control and confinement of electromagnetic energy, may also be of potential to control the motion of nanoparticles and molecules. Here, we propose a concept for trapping polarizable particles and molecules using toroidal metallic nanoparticles. Specifically, gold nanorings are investigated for their scattering properties and field distribution to computationally show that the response of these optically resonant particles to incident photons permit the formation of a nanoscale trap when proper aspect ratio, photon wavelength, and polarization are considered. However, interestingly the resonant plasmonic response of the nanoring is shown to be detrimental to the trap formation. The results are in good agreement with analytic calculations in the quasistatic limit within the first-order perturbation of the scalar electric potential. The possibility of extending the single nanoring trapping properties to two-dimensional arrays of nanorings is suggested by obtaining the field distribution of nanoring dimers and trimers.
Sexual cannibalism in fishing spiders (Dolomedes triton): an evaluation of two explanations for female aggression towards potential mates

I manipulated food availability in juvenile and adult fishing spiders (Dolomedes triton) to test two hypotheses for sexual cannibalism. The adaptive foraging hypothesis posits that sexual cannibalism is an economic, adaptive foraging strategy on the part of the adult female. In contrast, the aggressive-spillover hypothesis suggests that precopulatory sexual cannibalism is misplaced aggression favoured in previous life-history phases. Several results indicated support for the adaptive foraging hypothesis. First, increased adult food availability produced marginally nonsignificant fecundity benefits in female's first egg sacs and highly significant fecundity benefits in female's second egg sacs. Second, while consumption of a male did not result in more offspring in either egg sac, it did significantly increase the probability a female would successfully hatch an egg sac. Finally, mating trials revealed mixed support for the adaptive foraging hypothesis as, for the most part, female mating behaviour (attack or mate) was not determined by the adaptive value a male represented (food item or sperm donor). Specifically, the likelihood of a precopulatory attack was not determined by male size, date (an indirect estimate of male availability) or female nutrient load. However, mated females did tend to attack courting males more often than virgin females. The aggressive-spillover hypothesis was supported by several findings. For juveniles, food availability had a significant positive effect on fixed female size (cephalothorax area at final moult) which, in turn, had a significant positive effect on fecundity. Thus, the spillover hypothesis' assertion that strong fecundity selection acts on juvenile feeding and fixed adult size was supported. The possibility that the spillover and adaptive foraging hypotheses are not mutually exclusive is discussed, especially in light of the presence of high levels of sexual cannibalism both before and after mating.
Diagrammatic many-body perturbation expansion for atoms and molecules: II. Second-order and third-order ladder energies

Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s Oppenheimer approximation. University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in Method of solution this issue) The diagrammatic many-body perturbation expansion is employed through third-order in the energy and first-order Computer: IBM 360/91; Installation: The Johns Hopkins in the wavefunction, including all many-body effects that University Applied Physics Laboratory arise. The calculations areperformed within the algebraic approximation [1] in whicheigenfunctionsare parameterOperating system: ASP izedby expansion in a finite set of basis functions. Computer algorithms are presented for the evaluation of second-order Programming language: FORTRAN IV energies; overlap integrals over the first-order perturbative wavefunction; and third-order particle--particle andhole—hole High speed storage required: 200 kilobytes ladder diagrams.
Regulatory interactions among the cya, crp and pts gene products in Salmonella typhimurium

A well-characterized set of pts deletion mutants of Salmonella typhimurium were used to re-evaluate the purported role of the PTS in the inducer exclusion process and in regulation cAMP synthesis. During the course of these studies a class of secondary mutations was isolated which suppress the inhibition of cAMP synthesis caused by pts mutations. These suppressor mutations were traced to the crp locus and tentatively designated as acr (adenylate cyclase regulation) mutations. A new model is proposed in which CRP rather than adenylate cyclase is believed to be the central regulatory element in the catabolite repression phenomenon.
Digital image correlation in experimental mechanics and image registration in computer vision: Similarities, differences and complements

Abstract Digital image correlation and image registration or matching are among the most widely used techniques in the fields of experimental mechanics and computer vision, respectively. Despite their applications in separate fields, both techniques primarily involve detecting the same physical points in two or more images. In this paper, a brief technical comparison of the two techniques is reviewed, and their similarities and differences as well as complements are presented. It is shown that some concepts from the image registration or matching technique can be applied to the digital image correlation technique to substantially enhance its performance, which can help broaden the applications of digital image correlation in scientific research and engineering practice.
Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange☆

Social network analysis is an approach and set of techniques used to study the exchange of resources among actors (i.e., individuals, groups, or organizations). One such resource is information. Regular patterns of information exchange reveal themselves as social networks, with actors as nodes in the network and information exchange relationships as connectors between nodes. Just as roads structure the flow of resources among cities, information exchange relationships structure the flow of information among actors. Social network analysis assesses information opportunities for individuals or groups of individuals in terms of exposure to and control of information. By gaining awareness of existing information exchange routes, information providers can act on information opportunities and make changes to information routes to improve the delivery of information services.
Tracking Shallow Chemical Gradients by Actin-Driven Wandering of the Polarization Site

Summary Background Many cells are remarkably proficient at tracking very shallow chemical gradients, despite considerable noise from stochastic receptor-ligand interactions. Motile cells appear to undergo a biased random walk: spatial noise in receptor activity may determine the instantaneous direction, but because noise is spatially unbiased, it is filtered out by time averaging, resulting in net movement upgradient. How nonmotile cells might filter out noise is unknown. Results Using yeast chemotropic mating as a model, we demonstrate that a polarized patch of polarity regulators "wanders" along the cortex during gradient tracking. Computational and experimental findings suggest that actin-directed membrane traffic contributes to wandering by diluting local polarity factors. The pheromone gradient appears to bias wandering via interactions between receptor-activated Gβγ and polarity regulators. Artificially blocking patch wandering impairs gradient tracking. Conclusions We suggest that the polarity patch undergoes an intracellular biased random walk that enables noise filtering by time averaging, allowing nonmotile cells to track shallow gradients.
Mucopolysaccharide Defect in Experimental Lathyrism.

SummaryThe hexosamine content of bone callus of aminoacetonitrile-treated rats has been studied 10 and 17 days after fracture and has been found to be decreased by about 50% as compared to controls. The decrease has been found to be due wholly to galactosamine, while glucosamine content remains the same. On the basis of these and of previously available data it is concluded that only Ch-4-SO4 and Ch-6-SO4 are affected by the AAN intoxication. It has also been confirmed that the solubility of collagen in the lathyritic bone callus is greatly increased.