cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nano-Porosity on High Gain Permeable Metal-Base Transistors

As one type of vertical thin-film transistors, permeable metal-base transistors (PMBTs) with a permeable metal film embedded between two semiconductor layers have been proposed for high gain current amplifier. In principle, compared with conventional bipolar transistors, PMBTs should have a higher speed and are easier to fabricate compatible with flexible and printed electronics. However, functional PMBTs are not realized due to low current gains (<50) and lack of output current saturation. In this paper, making use of the nano-textured surface of an organic semiconductor, we are able to fabricate devices with permeable metal base films having a pore size of about 20 nm and achieve current gains up to 476 with output current saturation. Correlations between the nano-scale porosity and the charge transmission/amplification behaviors in the device are explained with characterization of the metal base porosity. From our device simulation results, the small pore size is essential to achieve current saturation in the device due to the potential-pinning effect in the small pore regions. Finally, using a similar strategy, we also demonstrate a high gain (=260) solution-processed metal oxide-based PMBTs with output current saturation.
Augmented reduced mechanisms for NO emission in methane oxidation

Abstract A previously derived 12-step, 16-species augmented reduced mechanism (ARM), based on GRI-Mech 1.2, was shown to be comprehensive for methane oxidation at the levels of global response as well as detailed flame structure. The present study updates and extends this effort by basing the reduction on the recently released GRI-Mech 3.0 and by including the description of NOx formation. Specifically, by assuming all the nitrogen-containing species (except N 2 ) are in steady state, an equivalent 12-step ARM was developed. Subsequently, a 14-step and a 15-step ARMs were derived to account for NO formation. The 14-step ARM is basically the 12-step ARM plus two more steps that respectively describe the thermal, prompt, and nitrous oxide mechanisms, and the prompt mechanism. Further inclusion of NH 3 -related reactions yielded the 15-step ARM. A 17-step ARM was also developed to account for the additional emissions of nitrogen dioxide and nitrous oxide. It is shown that, by including such optimum numbers of non-steady-state intermediates for the various mechanisms the present ARMs exhibit good to excellent performance in predicting a wide range of combustion phenomena under extensive thermodynamic parametric variations.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS : THE ELIMINATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE FECES, BILE, AND URINE OF INFECTED GUINEA PIGS.

1. After intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs with tubercle bacilli, the microorganisms may appear in the feces and elimination may persist during 1 week. Subsequently during several weeks no tubercle bacilli can be recovered from the feces. 2. When tuberculosis is widely disseminated in the body of guinea pigs, tubercle bacilli are discharged with the feces. 3. Tubercle bacilli are occasionally eliminated in the bile of guinea pigs immediately after inoculation but are almost constantly found in the bile after several weeks when the disease is well established. 4. Tubercle bacilli are eliminated in the urine of experimentally infected guinea pigs only when infection is far advanced.
Dead Birds: The “Theater” of War among the Dugum Dani

ABSTRACT Thanks in part to the film Dead Birds, the theatrical and largely innocuous battles fought by the Dugum Dani of New Guinea are regarded as a classic instance of restrained or “ritualized” combat. This impression is misplaced. Participants were trying to kill one another, but the waterlogged terrain of the mid–Baliem Valley blunted their ability to do so. If they were to engage on a large scale, Dani armies had to prearrange confrontations on one of two narrow ribbons of raised land; the tight confines of these strips lent their fighting its nonserious or “sporting” air; and the surrounding, waterlogged terrain made it hazardous to chase after and massacre a defeated side. The case highlights the importance to an anthropology of war in small-scale societies of attending not just to “cultural” or symbolic landscapes and “rules” of war but also to military scale and terrain.
What went wrong with Africa : a contemporary history

The first two chapters deal roughly with the period 1960-1990, from the beginnings of independence to the end of the Cold War. Although African countries became formally independent in this period, there was still considerable outside influence on the African state system and econmics. Most of the book is devoted to the period since the end of the Cold War - the 1990s and the opening years of the twenty-first century. Chapter 3 looks at the democratisation of African politics and chapter 4 examines the idea that, as a result of all the changes Africa has been through, it may now be on the eve of a renaissance. Chapters 5 and 6 focus on the collapse of state authority and the condition of the state system, covering such topics as civil and inter-state war, the disintegration of the social fabric and outright genocide. Chapter 7, on globalisation, turns to the international context once more, with particular emphasis on economic developments. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss major changes affecting the population, including international aid. Finally, chapter 10 looks at the stability (or otherwise) of Africa's states and its entire state system.
Effects of selected pesticides and adjuvants on germination and vegetative growth of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent for Amaranthus spp.

Summary: Phomopsis amaranthicola, a bioherbicide agent for Amaranthus spp., was tested in vitro for its compatibility with commercial formulations of 16 adjuvants, 24 herbicides, nine fungicides and four insecticides at 2X, 1X (highest labelled product dose rate), 0.75X, 0.5X and 0.25X concentrations. These chemicals were tested for their effects on spore germination. Selected herbicides and fungicides at 1X were also tested for their influence on colony growth and sporulation. All tested compounds were finally categorized in compatibility classes regarding germination, mycelial growth and sporulation such as low, medium and high compatibility. High compatibility in terms of germination and fungal colony growth was only observed with the herbicide bentazone. Many of the adjuvants tested were highly compatible in the germination studies. Most fungicides and insecticides had medium and low compatibility with P. amaranthicola. Effects of pesticides on spore germination did not fully correspond with their effects on colony growth. Thus, it is possible to integrate the use of P. amaranthicola with some herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and adjuvants but not others. A case-by-case selection of application methods, such as tank-mix or sequential application, along with proper timing of applications of the fungus and the chemical agents will be necessary.
Human Computer Interaction Based Intrusion Detection

In this paper we survey the state of the art in human computer interaction based biometrics which are based on abilities, style, preference, knowledge, or strategy used by people while working with a computer. We examine current research and analyze the types of features used to describe HCI behavior. After comparing accuracy rates for verification of users using different HCI-based biometric approaches we address privacy issues which arise with the use of HCI dependant biometrics. Finally, we present results of our experiments with behavior-based intrusion detection in online game networks based on the strategy utilized by the players
Proteome Assay of Temperature Stress and Protein Stability in Extreme Environments: Groundwork with the Heat Stress Response of the Bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria

Abstract Protein metabolism is an expensive cellular process that can generally account for one third of basal metabolism in animals. Shifts in the stability of proteins under increased environmental temperatures could potentially alter the energy budget of an organism. However, studying the thermal stability kinetics of individual proteins is tedious and ultimately, difficult to relate to changes in the fitness of an organism. Yet understanding how organisms inhabiting extreme environments (polar seas, hydrothermal vents, and deep ocean basins) are able to maintain or limit the rate of protein turnover in the total cellular protein pool is crucial for our understanding of the total metabolic costs associated with survival in these habitats. To assess protein stability in field collected organisms at a proteome scale, we developed a high-throughput assay for protein denaturation profiles of total tissue extracts in bivalves. These profiles are quantitative and reveal unique compositional features of diffe...
Regulation of Cation Balance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

All living organisms require nutrient minerals for growth and have developed mechanisms to acquire, utilize, and store nutrient minerals effectively. In the aqueous cellular environment, these elements exist as charged ions that, together with protons and hydroxide ions, facilitate biochemical reactions and establish the electrochemical gradients across membranes that drive cellular processes such as transport and ATP synthesis. Metal ions serve as essential enzyme cofactors and perform both structural and signaling roles within cells. However, because these ions can also be toxic, cells have developed sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms to regulate their levels and avoid toxicity. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have characterized many of the gene products and processes responsible for acquiring, utilizing, storing, and regulating levels of these ions. Findings in this model organism have often allowed the corresponding machinery in humans to be identified and have provided insights into diseases that result from defects in ion homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how cation balance is achieved and modulated in baker's yeast. Control of intracellular pH is discussed, as well as uptake, storage, and efflux mechanisms for the alkali metal cations, Na + and K + , the divalent cations, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and the trace metal ions, Fe 2+ ,Z n 2+ ,C u 2+ , and Mn 2+ . Signal transduction pathways that are regulated by pH and Ca 2+ are reviewed, as well as the mechanisms that allow cells to maintain appropriate intracellular cation concentrations when challenged by extreme conditions, i.e., either limited availability or toxic levels in the environment. Abstract 677
Vascular and pigmented birthmarks.

Vascular and pigmentary lesions comprise most birthmarks. Lesions range from uncommon to very common, some being essentially normal variants. The natural history of these lesions varies from being transient phenomena of no significance to permanent cutaneous abnormalities that may be associated with significant systemic complications or diseases. This article describes the most commonly encountered, clinically significant lesions according to topography and clinical presentation, stressing diagnosis and findings that should prompt early assessment and treatment.
Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise

This study tests the hypothesis that a dose of 6 g of orally administered essential amino acids (EAAs) stimulates net muscle protein balance in healthy volunteers when consumed 1 and 2 h after resi...
Kinesin-2: A Family of Heterotrimeric and Homodimeric Motors with Diverse Intracellular Transport Functions

Kinesin-2 was first purified as a heterotrimeric, anterograde, microtubule-based motor consisting of two distinct kinesin-related subunits and a novel associated protein (KAP) that is currently best known for its role in intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. Subsequent work, however, has revealed diversity in the oligomeric state of different kinesin-2 motors owing to the combinatorial heterodimerization of its subunits and the coexistence of both heterotrimeric and homodimeric kinesin-2 motors in some cells. Although the functional significance of the homo- versus heteromeric organization of kinesin-2 motor subunits and the role of KAP remain uncertain, functional studies suggest that cooperation between different types of kinesin-2 motors or between kinesin-2 and a member of a different motor family can generate diverse patterns of anterograde intracellular transport. Moreover, despite being restricted to ciliated eukaryotes, kinesin-2 motors are now known to drive diverse transport events outside cilia. Here, I review the organization, assembly, phylogeny, biological functions, and motility mechanism of this diverse family of intracellular transport motors.
The impacts of water stress on phloem transport in Douglas-fir trees

Despite the critical role that phloem plays in a number of plant functional processes and the potential impact of water stress on phloem structural and phloem sap compositional characteristics, little research has been done to examine how water stress influences phloem transport. The objectives of this study were to develop a more accurate understanding of how water stress affects phloem transport in trees, both in terms of the short-term impacts of water stress on phloem sap composition and the longer-term impacts on sieve cell anatomical characteristics. Phloem sieve cell conductivity (kp) was evaluated along a gradient of tree height and xylem water potential in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees in order to evaluate the influence of water stress on phloem transport capacity. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation was used with measurements of sieve cell anatomical characteristics, water content of phloem sap, non-structural carbohydrate content of phloem sap and shoot water potential (Ψl) to evaluate impacts of water stress on kp. Based on regression analysis, for each 1 MPa decrease in mean midday Ψl, sieve cell lumen radius decreased by 2.63 µm MPa(-1). Although there was no significant trend in sucrose content with decreasing Ψl, glucose and fructose content increased significantly with water stress and sieve cell relative water content decreased by 13.5% MPa(-1), leading to a significant increase in sugar molar concentration of 0.46 mol l(-1) MPa(-1) and a significant increase in viscosity of 0.27 mPa s MPa(-1). Modeled kp was significantly influenced both by trends in viscosity as well as by water stress-related trends in sieve cell anatomy.
The Comparison of Digital Communication Systems

Two methods are proposed for comparing the performances of digital communication systems differing in the number of available signals, in bandwidth, in rate of transmission, and in complexity. The systems are ranked on the basis of the probability of correct reception of transmitted messages. The signal durations are adjusted so that the systems have either equal bandwidths or equal rates of transmission. The concept of 'strictly comparable systems' is introduced; for these the two methods lead to the same ranking. From one group of strictly comparable systems to another, the reliability of communication tends to decrease as the relative rate of transmission increases or as the bandwidth decreases. A number of systems are graphically compared by these methods, including some to which parity-check coding has been applied. The advatage over binary systems of systems of higher order, in which more than one kind of signal can be transmitted, is illustrated.
Experimental observations of two dimensional blade-vortex interaction

Blade-vortex interaction is the source mechanism for a prominent impulsive noise created by rotorcraft. An experimental study of two-dimension al blade-vortex interaction was performed to determine controlling parameters governing the strength of the blade-vortex interaction process. The interaction process is shown to involve a combination of effects on the vortex, including changes in trajectory and distortion of the vortex core shape while the blade undergoes significant transient loading. Calculations of the acoustic field produced by the interaction using measured unsteady blade surface pressure data are presented. The effects of the interaction process on the blade and the vortex are shown to be increased by both reduction of blade-to-vort ex spacing and increase in blade loading.
Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.

Diabetes increases the risk for disorders that predispose individuals to hospitalization, including coronary artery, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, infection, and lower-extremity amputations. The management of diabetes in the hospital is generally considered secondary in importance compared with the condition that prompted admission. Recent studies (1,2) have focused attention to the possibility that hyperglycemia in the hospital is not necessarily a benign condition and that aggressive treatment of diabetes and hyperglycemia results in reduced mortality and morbidity. The purpose of this technical review is to evaluate the evidence relating to the management of hyperglycemia in hospitals, with particular focus on the issue of glycemic control and its possible impact on hospital outcomes. The scope of this review encompasses adult nonpregnant patients who do not have diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic crises. For the purposes of this review, the following terms are defined (adapted from the American Diabetes Association [ADA] Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus) (3): The prevalence of diabetes in hospitalized adult patients is not known. In the year 2000, 12.4% of hospital discharges in the U.S. listed diabetes as a diagnosis. The average length of stay was 5.4 days (4). Diabetes was the principal diagnosis in only 8% of these hospitalizations. The accuracy of using hospital discharge diagnosis codes for identifying patients with …
Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals

Only recently have sociologists considered the role of nonhuman animals in human society. The few studies undertaken of battered women and their animal companions have revealed high rates of animal abuse co-existing with domestic violence. This study examines several aspects of the relationship between humans and animals in violent homes. The study explored the role of companion animals in the abusive relationship through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with clients at a battered women's shelter. In particular, the study focused on the use of companion animals by women's violent partners to control, hurt, and intimidate the women; the responses of the animals to the women's victimization; and the role of pets as human surrogates and the resulting symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman family members. The significance of the findings for family violence research and application are discussed, as well as the broader implications for sociological investigation of human-animal interaction.
Diffusion Mechanism of Cations and Anions in Cation-Exchange Process for Fabrication of High-Tc Superconducting HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ Films

We have investigated the diffusion mechanism of Hg and Tl cations in cation-exchange process that has been used successfully for fabrication of Hg-based high-Tc superconducting films. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was employed to map the distribution of Tl and Hg cations in films quenched at different stages of the cation exchange process. SEM/EDS mappings showed that the nonuniform distribution of Hg is visible in micrometer size on the surface of samples quenched after short-time (~10min) Hg-annealing, but this nonuniformity disappears for longer-time (~45 min) Hg-annealing samples. This change could be ascribed to different stages in Hg diffusion -- the former is the early stage when Hg is concentrated in the channels and the latter Hg-cations have already diffuse to grains. Our experimental results hence suggest that Hg-cations channel through defects in the films then diffuse into grains along a-b planes and vise versa for Tl-cations. The diffusion mechanism of anions (oxygen) in post annealing has also been discussed. Fluorine-doped Hg-1212 films were post annealed in flowing oxygen at 300 o C for several hours. Magnetic measurement has shown these samples are comprised pure overdoped Hg-1212 phase with smooth and sharp transition below 120 K, but resistivity vs. temperature measurement shows a kink at ~123 K. This implies that the optimally doped Hg-1212 phase with higher Tc might be surrounded by overdoped Hg1212 phase and their contribution to magnetization is minimized, thus the possible diffusion mechanism for anions is also through grain boundaries at a much larger time scale compared to the cations.
Photochemical vapor generation of iodine for detection by ICP-MS

A systematic evaluation of UV-photochemical generation of volatile iodine species for detection by ICP-MS is described. Several UV-based systems were studied, the most advantageous design being a modified cyclonic spray chamber fitted with a 6 W mercury pen lamp supplying 1 ml min−1 sample to a glass concentric nebulizer. Optimal conditions utilized a 5% v/v solution of acetic acid as the generation medium. The presence of the UV field enhanced signal intensity approximately 40-fold, providing a (blank limited) limit of detection of 0.7 pg ml−1127I+ and a precision of replicate measurement of 4% RSD at 10 ng ml−1 iodine. Using DRC technology and O2 as the reaction gas, suppression of 129Xe+ provided an estimated LOD of 6 fg ml −1129I+ in aqueous samples.
Building Ethical Capacity for Collaborative Research

Researchers collaborate for a number of reasons: clarify questions, sharpen arguments, influence practice, and many others. That said, collaborations—especially those that go beyond parallel writing on a single topic—bring normative frameworks into conflict. Values infuse the voluntary sector, nonprofit organizations, and our research on both, yet it is far from clear how we go about managing normative claims as a positive resource. This article discusses a process for developing moral pluralism into ethical capacity that advances collaborative work. The process consists of three cumulative stages: diagnosis, description, and mutual accommodation. The ethical capacity generated in these stages is not extrinsic but internal to collaboration. It allows us to develop and sustain the intellectual spaces in which assets and limitations interact to create knowledge that cannot be created by individuals working alone.
Evolution of treatment for diabetic nephropathy: historical progression from RAAS inhibition and onward

The past 2 decades have brought rapid advances in treatment options for chronic kidney disease; however, even with the best treatment, the decline of renal function and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continues in a significant number of patients. The prognosis of patients with diabetes and ESRD is grim, with < 50% of patients surviving beyond 5 years after diagnosis. Therefore, early recognition and optimal use of available interventions are essential, and research into newer therapeutic targets is needed. This article will review recent advances in our understanding of renal pathophysiology, summarize the evidence to date supporting current treatment options for diabetic nephropathy, and highlight new options that lie on the horizon for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease.
Space-time information from two-particle correlations

Abstract Final state interactions and (for identical particles) quantum statistics modify the relative wave function between two coincident particles emitted in nuclear collisions, with details depending on the space-time characteristics of the emitting system. In this talk I will discuss what we have learned from two-proton and two-neutron correlation function measurements performed in recent years at Michigan State University.
Groupthink, Iraq, and the War on Terror: Explaining US Policy Shift toward Iraq

Existing scholarship on the Iraq War decision-making process generally treats the event as a logical extension of pre-existing ideas and policies. This paper considers the Bush administration’s decision to absorb Iraq into the broader War on Terror as a deviation from long-held views of Saddam Hussein. I argue that the decision to incorporate Iraq into the wider post 9 ⁄ 11 mission was pathologically driven by groupthink, which caused a shift in the administration’s view of Saddam from a troubling dictator to an existential threat to US security. Therefore, groupthink can simultaneously explain the defects in the decision-making process and the shift from cautious restraint to accelerated urgency with respect to US relations with Iraq. A wealth of literature has emerged claiming that the US invasion of Iraq was a logical extension of ideas and policies that predated 9 ⁄ 11. Cognitive and psychological explanations attribute the decision to personality profiles or individual and group level pathologies (Houghton 2008). Shannon and Keller (2007) examine Bush’s leadership style as a potential explanation for the US’ violation of international norms. For Kaufmann (2004), structural faults undermined the ‘‘marketplace of ideas,’’ allowing the administration to inflate the Iraqi threat. The international relations discipline also took up the question of the Iraq War, viewing it from the perspective of imperialism and hegemonic stability. For Cox (2004), the Bush Doctrine and the policies that followed cemented the neoconservative drive toward American domination in the post-Cold War world. Layne (2006) describes the post-9 ⁄ 11 grand strategy as one that finds it roots in American hegemony since the 1940s. While the academy generally explained the decision to invade Iraq in somewhat path dependent terms, an abundance of atheoretical literature emerged from journalists, commentators, and, later, key members of the decision-making team that shed light on the intricacies of the decision-making process. For example, Gellman (2009) argues that the administration, in particular Bush and Cheney, began viewing Saddam Hussein as a new kind of threat in the days that followed September 11, 2001. Instead of considering Hussein a troubling dictator––as they had in the past––the Iraqi leader came to represent a new type of threat in the 9 ⁄ 11 milieu. Yet, scholars, journalists, and pundits alike remain fixated on explaining the decision to remove Saddam Hussein from power, rather than the decision to incorporate Iraq into the War on Terror. This paper takes the latter approach. I argue that the decision to conflate Iraq with the threat of terrorism represented a significant departure from long-held images of that state and strategies for dealing with Saddam Hussein as advocated by members of the Bush administration
Speculations on the science of web user security

There appears to be consensus among seasoned cyber security researchers that there is substantial disconnect between the research community's priorities and the real world-notwithstanding numerous intellectual advances in the theory and practice of cyber security over the past four decades. This is in part manifested by recent recurring calls for dramatic shifts in cyber security research paradigms, including so called game-changing approaches that go beyond the typical computer science and engineering perspectives. This article focusses on a specially important piece of cyber security called web user security where the prime concern is security for the ordinary consumer of web application services. The proliferation of web services and their enthusiastic reception by the ordinary citizen attests to the tremendous practical success of these technologies. As such it is prima facie evident that the current web is ''secure enough'' for mass adoption. Now, one certain prediction about the web is that it will continue to evolve rapidly. This article gives the author's personal perspective on what web user security science might be developed to address the need to be ''secure enough'' in light of continued evolution. To this end the article begins by considering what happened in evolution of the web in the past and how much of it, if any, was guided by ''science.'' The article identifies some security principles that can be abstracted from this short but eventful history. The article then speculates on what directions the science of web user security should take.
A Sinusoidal Model Approach to Acoustic Landmark Detection and Segmentation for Robust Segment-Based Speech Recognition

In this paper, we present a noise robust landmark detection and segmentation algorithm using a sinusoidal model representation of speech. We compare the performance of our approach under noisy conditions against two segmentation methods used in the SUMMIT segment-based speech recognizer, a full segmentation approach and an approach that detects segment boundaries based on spectral change. The word error rate of the spectral change segmentation method degrades rapidly in the presence of noise, while the sinusoidal and full segmentation models degrade more gracefully. However, the full segmentation method requires the largest computation time of the three approaches. We find that our new algorithm provides the best tradeoff between word accuracy and computation time of the three methods. Furthermore, we find that our model is robust when speech is contaminated by various noise types.
Response of Lactating Cows to Free-Choice Feeding of Milled Diets Containing from 10 to 100% Concentrates

Abstract Four milled diets having hay-to-concentrate ratios of 90:10, 60:40, 30:70, and 0:100 were compared by feeding to groups of six first-lactation cows after the peak of lactation. Judged from all criteria, the 60:40 ratio resulted in the best performance. Cows obviously were unable to consume sufficient feed from the 90:10 diet to meet their energy requirements. Milk yield was depressed, especially during the first few weeks on trial, and the animals lost condition, although this was not reflected in significantly lower weight gains, due to apparent errors in estimate of live weight. In the two high-concentrate groups it was obvious from the over-conditioning of the cows that energy intakes exceeded milk production ability. The milk fat percentage of the cows on the all-concentrate ration was depressed very markedly. No significant effect of diet on protein or SNF content of the milk was observed. For 6 wk before the trial all cows were fed the 30:70 diet and for the first 14 wk milk protein content of the cows continued on this diet was maintained, whereas that of the others fell slightly. The significance of this effect disappeared after the 14th wk. None of the diets appeared to have any deleterious effects upon the health of the animals, with the exception of one suspected, but not positively diagnosed, case of laminitis.
Vibrational deactivation of HE in the H 2 -F 2 chain reaction

The population of the excited vibrational states \upsilon = 1 through \upsilon = 6 of hydrogen fluoride has been determined by spectroscopic measurements on a chain reacting mixture of hydrogen and fluorine dilute in helium. The reaction is initiated by partially dissociating the hydrogen molecules with an electric discharge prior to mixing with the fluorine. Mixing is accomplished with a specially designed laminar flow nozzle to provide an easily modeled reaction region. Typical experimental conditions are a mixture of 1:1:20 (H 2 :F 2 :He) at a total pressure of 5 torr and a flow velocity of 100 m/s. Information on deactivation rates is obtained by making population measurements at various distances along the flow, which is equivalent to following the time development of the populations. Because there are a number of time dependent phenomena occurring simultaneously (e.g., reaction, diffusion, \upsilon-\upsilon and \upsilon-t processes) it is not possible to determine deactivation rates directly from the experimental data. Instead, the experimental data are compared with the predictions of a computer model of the reaction which treats all the significant processes and includes the best currently available reaction and deativation rates. The calculated populations for vibrational levels \upsilon = 4-6 are consistently larger than the experimentally measured populations, particularly for \upsilon = 6 where the error approaches a factor of 10. The low populations imply a deactivation rate for the higher vibrational levels of HF which is significantly larger than the currently accepted values. A straightforward analysis based upon the known pumping rates and the known concentrations of deactivating species strongly suggests that deactivation by hydrogen atoms is responsible. The data do not provide sufficient information to choose between the two hydrogen atom reactions 1) H + HF* → HF + H 2) H + HF* → H 2 + F as the cause of the deactivation. Computer calculations using reactions 1 and 2 separately produce better agreement, however, for the reverse "cold" reaction 2. The rate constant required to explain the low population of \upsilon = 6 is approximately 2 \times 10^{-10} cm3/molecule.s or an effective collision cross section 0.4 times the gas kinetic cross section.
The Dimensions of Supply Chain Quality

With the increased level of competition due to globalization and improved telecommunication technologies, many of the natural barriers to enter for many markets became inconsequential. One of the most significant effects of increased competition is the erosion of profit margins. As such, companies need to find new ways of improving cost efficiencies: The answer was to better manage the supply chain. A supply chain consists of those interconnected companies, both upstream (i.e., supply channels) and downstream (i.e., distribution channels), and the ultimate consumer.
Retrieval of Atmospheric Optical Depth Profiles from Downward-Looking High-Resolution O2 A-Band Measurements: Optically Thin Conditions

Abstract A quasi-linear retrieval was developed to profile moderately thin atmospheres using a high-resolution O2 A-band spectrometer. The retrieval is explicitly linear with respect to single scattering; the multiple-scattering contribution is treated as a perturbation. The properties of the linear inversion, examined using singular value decomposition of the kernel function, demonstrate the impacts of instrument specifications, such as resolution, out-of-band rejection, and signal-to-noise ratio, on information content. A system with 0.5 cm−1 resolution, signal-to-noise ratio of 100:1, and out-of-band floor of 10−3 has four independent pieces of information. A fast radiative transfer model was developed to compute the multiple-scattering perturbation, in which multiple scattering is calculated at 16 different O2 absorption depths to synthesize the O2 A band. The linear system is then solved using Tikhonov's regularization with inequality constraints. Tests with synthetic data, including noise, of O2 A-b...
Analysis of the Improvement in Implied Meridional Ocean Energy Transport as Simulated by the NCAR CCM3

Abstract The implied meridional ocean energy transport diagnosed from uncoupled integrations of two atmospheric general circulation models—the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model versions 2 and 3 (CCM2 and CCM3)—shows radically different transport characteristics throughout much of the Southern Hemisphere. The CCM2 simulation requires an equatorward transport of energy by the oceans, and the CCM3 exhibits a poleward energy transport requirement, very similar to what is derived from observational analyses. Previous studies have suggested that errors in the implied ocean energy transport are largely attributable to errors in the simulated cloud radiative forcing. The results of this analysis show that although the proper simulation of the radiative effects of clouds is likely to be a necessary condition for realistic meridional ocean energy transport, it is not sufficient. Important changes in the CCM3 equatorial surface latent heat fluxes, associated with a deep formulation for...
File Naming in Digital Media Research: Examples from the Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper identifies organizational challenges faced by Social Science and Humanities (SSH) scholars when dealing with digital data and media, and suggests improved file naming practices in order to maximize organization, making files easier to find, more useable, and more easily shared. We argue that such skills are not formally discussed in the literature and therefore many scholars do not recognize the problem until they cannot locate a specific file or are sharing files with colleagues. We asked SSH scholars to share their file naming strategies (or lack thereof ) and we use these narrative anecdotes to discuss common problems and suggest possible solutions for their general file naming needs.
A Study of the Effects of Bleaching on the Width and Index of Refraction on Goldfish Cone Outer Segments

Earlier work with frog rod outer segments [1] indicated a slight swelling after bleach (2% to 4% increase in diameter). In this study, we examine the physical changes in the outer segment of goldfish cones that accompany bleaching.
Relative clauses in Asheninka Perene (Arawak)

We argue that existing syntactic typologies of relative clauses which distinguish between two categories of relatives, i.e. headed and headless relative clauses, based on the presence or absence of head NP in the main clause, do not include externally headed relative clauses with reduced and light heads such as demonstratives, pronominal person clitics, classifiers, plural number markers, etc. The Asheninka Perene data show that the third syntactic category of intermediate heads such as demonstratives, indefinite terms, numerals, pronominal verbal clitics and classifiers should be included in syntactic typology of relatives to more accurately represent variability of headed relatives in individual languages.
Characterization of Layered Cylindrical Structures Using Axially Symmetric Waves

For the characterization of the unknown material properties of a layered cylindrical structure, axially symmetric wave signals transmitted and reflected by the structure have been used. Since only a single wave mode propagates in the structure, the measurement and analysis of the transmitted and reflected signals can be simplified significantly. The evaluation of the material properties of the layers can be achieved with great accuracy. In this paper, we first derive the transmission and reflection coefficients for the layered cylindrical structure sonified axisymmetrically by an incident cylindrical wave. We then relate the spectra of the transmitted and reflected wave signals to the transmission and reflection coefficients as ratio functions. The time-domain signals transmitted and reflected by the structure can then be reconstructed from a routine application of the Fourier integrals. A three-layered aluminum/epoxy/aluminum tube is used to illustrate the application of the expressions for both the forward and inverse problems. The results show that the technique developed in this study can be used very effectively for the characterization of layered cylindrical structures.
The Effects of Reminder Type and Anticipatory Interval on Prospective Memory

Prospective memory (PM) failures (or failures to remember a future intention) can result in a wide range of negative consequences. The use of reminders has been shown to improve the rate of PM succ...
Studying Consciousness Using Direct Recording from Single Neurons in the Human Brain

Consciousness represents a unity of experience derived from limitless possibilities and fierce competition for dominance within our brain. This unity reflects the compromise of an internal representation of the world that shapes our perception of the environment and guides the choices we make in interacting with it. Here we investigate the relationship between the external environment, our internal representation of it, and volition, using direct recording from single neurons in the brains of 12 patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy. In two novel experiments we pit the world within against the world outside, and separate the decision making processes within the brain from the sensation of volition. We show that subjects are capable of overriding external sensory input with internal imagery, and can directly control the firing rate of individual neurons in the medial temporal lobe. Additionally, we show that decision can be predicted before the conscious perception of volition, but that feeding this decision forward and bypassing volition leads to a gradual loss of predictive ability as the neurons alter their activity in response. We propose a working definition for consciousness based on these results, suggesting that consciousness involves our memory and experience of events and ties these together in a working narrative.
Habitat and Nutrition of Dipodascus and Cephaloascus

Cephaloascus fragrans Hanawa and Dipodascus aggregatus Francke-Grosmann occasionally serve as a source of food or supplement other food sources for ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Dipoda...
Galactosemia and Nutrition

Since 1945, galactosemia has attracted considerable interest, especially when it was recognized that it led rapidly to irreversible mental disease, the development of which can be prevented by nutritional technics. The disease is inherited, but the precise mode of transmission is not known. Treatment consists of complete exclusion of milk, lactose or galactose-containing foodstuffs, following whatever immediate correction of dehydration and acidosis is needed. The author urges all physicians caring for infants to be alert to the possibility of galactosemia, since early diagnosis and adequate nutritional treatment lessen mortality and reduce the risk of irreversible liver and lenticular damage.
Guest Column: Proof Complexity and Beyond

This essay is a highly personal and biased account of some main concepts and several research directions in modern propositional proof complexity. Special attention will be paid to connections with other disciplines.
Effects of ractopamine, genotype, and growth phase on finishing performance and carcass value in swine: II. Estimation of lean growth rate and lean feed efficiency.

A replicated factorial experiment using 183 individually fed crossbred barrows was conducted. The pigs were fed an 18.5% CP (.95% lysine) diet with 3,594 kcal of mg. ?he effects of five genotypes (GT): 1) Hampshire (H) x (H x Duroc PI), 2) synthetic terminal sire line, 3) (H x D) x (Landrace b] x workshire (Y) x D]), 4) L x (Y x D), and 5) Y x L; two levels of ractopamine WC) treatment: 0 and 20 ppm; and three treatment weight periods 0: 1) 59 to 100,2) 73 to 114, and 3) 86 to 127 kg live weight on ADG of dissected lean (ADLG) and fat standardized lean adjusted to 10% fat content (ADSLG) and feed efficiency of ADLG (LFE) and ADSLG (SLFE) were evaluated. Initial carcass lean quantity of each individual animal was determined by a regression equation (R2 = .95) generated from 30 additional barrows (six per GT) slaughtered at 59 kg and 30 (six per GT) untreated pigs slaughtered at 100 kg average live weight. Logarithmic and reciprocal transformations of dependent variables were used to stabilize heterogeneous variances and to improve noFality of the residuals. Ractopamine increased (P c .OO01) ADLG, ADSLG, LFE, and SLFE, respectively, by 19.5, 25.0, 19.6, and 25.5%. Differences (P < .001) were observed among genotypes for all traits, showing that considerable variation existed in the data and indicating that genetic improvement can be realized through the identification and selection of superior genotypes. For ADLG and ADSLG, a RAC x GT interaction (P < .05) was observed, demonstrating greater responses to RAC in leaner genotypes. Pigs achieved greatest lean growth rate in the 73 to 114-kg period among the three. growth phases and likely reached a plateau in lean growth rate at 70 to 90 kg. Lean feed efficiency declined as BW increased. These results clearly indicate that greater benefits can be expected if pigs from leaner genotypes are treated with ractopamine and slaughtered at or before 114 kg live weight.
Developing science-specific, technical vocabulary of high school newcomer English learners

This paper reports on the curriculum development stage for a larger science–literacy intervention for secondary school newcomers enrolled in an urban US school. After providing background to the study, we review literature on effective vocabulary instruction and report on the Science Vocabulary Support program development, refinement, and preliminary effectiveness evaluation in a sample of 92 emergent bilinguals. Results indicated that pre-to-post gains in student vocabulary retention were statistically (p < .005) and practically (d = .59) significant. These results, corroborated by weekly quizzes and interview and observational data, highlight the merit of specifically targeting science-specific, technical vocabulary for instructional interventions.
Disorders of water metabolism: diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

Disorders of body fluids are among the most commonly encountered problems in the practice of clinical medicine. This is in large part because many different disease states can potentially disrupt the finely balanced mechanisms that control the intake and output of water and solute. It therefore behooves clinicians treating such patients to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology, the differential diagnosis and the management of these disorders. Since body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid (ECF), disorders of body water homeostasis can be divided into hypoosmolar disorders, in which there is an excess of body water relative to body solute, and hyperosmolar disorders, in which there is a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. The classical hyperosmolar disorder is diabetes insipidus (DI), and the classical hypoosmolar disorder is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This chapter first reviews the regulatory mechanisms underlying water and sodium metabolism, the two major determinants of body fluid homeostasis. The major disorders of water metabolism causing hyperosmolality and hypoosmolality, DI and SIADH, are then discussed in detail, including the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: Current Management Strategies

ImportanceCesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) has a high rate of morbidity with nonspecific signs and symptoms making identification difficult. The criterion-standard treatment of CSEP has been subject to debate.ObjectiveThis review defines CSEP, discusses pathogenesis and diagnosis, and compares