cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P. W. Bridgman, in revolt against formalism

In the mine of recent American philosophy runs a rich and unique vein of many ores. Professor M. G. White in this book Social Thought in America* has searched these and has found among them a congru ence which he has called "the revolt against formalism." He has shown that those who work this vein with most vigour were and are, by and large, a small band of great and robust amateurs in philosophy includ ing Thorstein Veblen, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Charles Beard and James Harvey Robinson. Despite obvious divergences of interest and profession these men are held together by a common temper which perhaps can best be labelled "pragmatism/' That is, each in his partic ular discipline has been concerned with razing the mildewed block structures of the past, and putting in their stead a new architecture moulded to the stern requirements of practical life. Though Profes sor White has not chosen to do so, I think we may add to the above group of names that of Percy Williams Bridgman, and I shall be con cerned, explicitly and implicitly, in this essay with articulating this hypothesis. It has become rather a common place that the Newtonian world picture dominated the structure of science and philosophy from the 17th Century until Maxwell and Einstein. The mechanistic and deter ministic consequences of Newtonian mechanics have long been re cognized and much discussed, but there is another corrolary which is noticed more rarely, a corrolary which can perhaps be called "New tonian formalism". Specifically what I mean is this. Among the three classic laws of motion of Newton is the famous law of inertia which states that a body at rest shall remain at rest while a body in motion shall, if no force acts, remain in uniform motion, in a straight line, to the infinite. This apparently harmless and intuitive law had for an * Footnotes are to be found at the end of the essay.
Holographic Methods For Imaging Through An Inhomogeneity

Five related holographic methods for imaging through inhomogeneous media are described and compared. The methods are one- and two-way phase conjugation, superresolution with source broadening and with spectral broadening, and combined superresolution and one-way phase conjugation. The advantages and limitations of each are described.
Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography in demonstrating coronary blood flow after coronary artery bypass grafting

In this pilot study, we used transthoracic echocardiography to measure coronary sinus blood flow in 15 patients before and after coronary artery bypass grafting. Coronary sinus blood flow before and after revascularization was 274 ± 95 and 451 ± 102 ml/min, respectively (p <0.001). This finding is consistent with those previously demonstrated by invasive techniques.
SPIN: THE SEQUENTIAL PIPELINED NEUROEMULATOR

This paper proposes a novel digital neural network architecture referred to as the Sequential PIpelined Neuroemulator or Neurocomputer (SPIN). The SPIN processor emulates neural networks producing high performance with minimum hardware by sequentially processing each neuron in the modeled completely connected network with a pipelined physical neuron structure. In addition to describing SPIN, performance equations are estimated for the ring systolic, the recurrent systolic array, and the neuromimetic neurocomputer architectures, three previously reported schemes for the emulation of neural networks, and a comparison with the SPIN architecture is reported.
Chloroplast promoters from higher plants

This survey compiles 60 chloroplast promoter sequences from higher plants published to date and compares them with these sequences from procaryotic systems. The current evidence demonstrates that structurally defined chloroplast promoters are, in most cases, functionally active in initiating gene expression in chloroplasts.
On the Mechanisms of Tearing in Woven Fabrics

A short review is provided of the models used by earlier researchers to explain or predict tear re sistance of woven fabrics. Many such models emphasize either differential yam extension in the region of the tear or differential yarn slippage across the apex of the tear. A limited number of experi ments with selected specimen extremes are used to demonstrate the presence of yam slippage and/or local yarn extensions, both across and along the tear. The use of commercial reprography provides a simple inexpensive method of recording local displacements and strains during or after the tear test.
Mass transfer and surface reaction in the growth and etching of GaAs(s)

Abstract The diffusion-limited model, with As 4 as the slow-diffusing species, that was used to interpret the growth rates of gallium arsenide in a gas stream containing As 4 , As 2 , GaCl, HCl, and H 2 , was found to be inapplicable in the range 700–900°C. By numerical integration of Stefan-Maxwell diffusion equations for As 4 , As 2 , GaCl, HCl, and H 2 , it was shown that the partial pressures of the latter four species at the surface of the GaAs substrate did not conform to equilibrium state as required by the model. The measured rates of etching of GaAs(s) were utilized to derive intrinsic rate constant ( k r ) values by means of a coupled mass transfer and reversible surface reaction model. It was found that ln k r = 21.826(±7.533)−30,875(±7,600) T −1 , where k r (mo l cm −2 atm −1 s −1 is the rate constant for the etching reaction.
Defacement: Indigenous Patients' Experiences in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala

Communication between health care providers and patients is wrought with challenges and involves issues of face and facework. This ethnographic qualitative study explores the patient experiences of the Rabinal Achi people with government healthcare through participant observation, informal interviews, and thematic analysis. The existing face literature is inadequate to explicate the abundant occurrences of dehumanizing communication by government providers emergent in the narratives of the Achi patients. As a result, a new construct is proposed, defacement. Defacement extends beyond the failure to mitigate other-face threats to the destruction of other-face. Defacement devalues the humanity and dignity of a person. Four types of defacement with subthemes, each increasing in intensity and defacing content, emerged from the data: (a) disregarding, (b) degrading, (c) regano-ing, and (d) abusing. The findings reveal that access to healthcare is more complex than simple issues of clinic location and numbers of...
High octane number ethanol–gasoline blends: Quantifying the potential benefits in the United States

Abstract Ethanol provides a significant contribution to road transportation fuel in the US, Brazil, and elsewhere. Renewable fuels regulations in the US and EU imply that ethanol use will continue to increase in the near future. The high octane rating of ethanol could be used in a mid-level ethanol blend to increase the minimum octane number (Research Octane Number, RON) of regular-grade gasoline. Higher RON would enable greater thermal efficiency in future engines through higher compression ratio (CR) and/or more aggressive turbocharging and downsizing, and in current engines on the road today through more aggressive spark timing under some driving conditions. Such an approach would differ from the current practice of blending ethanol into a gasoline blendstock formulated with lower octane rating such that the net octane rating of the resulting final blend is unchanged from historical levels. Developing scenarios of future ethanol availability, we estimate that large increases (4–7 points) in the RON of US gasoline are possible by blending in an additional 10–20%v ethanol above the 10% already present. Keeping the blendstock RON at 88 (which provides E10 with ∼92.5 RON), we estimate RON would be increased to 94.3 for E15 to as much as 98.6 for E30. Even further RON increases may be achievable assuming changes to the blendstock RON and/or hydrocarbon composition. For example, an increase in blendstock RON from 88 to 92 would increase the RON of E10 from 92.5 to 95.6, and would provide higher RON with additional ethanol content (e.g., RON of 97.1 for E15 to 100.6 for E30). Potential CR increases are estimated for the different estimates of future octane number, including the effect of increased evaporative cooling from ethanol in direct injection engines. For the ethanol and blendstock RON scenarios considered, CR increases were estimated to be on the order of 1–3 CR-units for port fuel injection engines as well as for direct injection engines in which the greater evaporative cooling of ethanol can be fully utilized. Impacts to the fuel refining and blending sector and transition considerations are discussed. While additional work is needed to quantify and optimize the costs and benefits for both the automotive and refining sectors and for consumers, it appears that substantial societal benefits may be associated with capitalizing on the inherent high octane rating of ethanol in future higher octane number ethanol–gasoline blends.
Social skills and spinal cord injury: A comparison of three training procedures

A social skills assessment battery consisting of paper and pencil and videotape measures and demographic information was administered to 22 male spinal cord injury patients. The Social Skills group and Social Skills+Film group then participated in a training course involving videotape feedback, lecture-discussion, and modeling in learning to manage situations which had been shown to be problematical. A Film Only group was shown the complete educational film 4 weeks after the preassessment. Another group received no training. The results showed no statistically significant differences among the groups on the subjective measures but did show differences on the behavioral measures. Examination of group means showed that the training groups were greater than the Film Only and No-Training groups on rated overall assertiveness. On the noncompliance and request for new behavior measures the Social Skills group was greater than the other groups. All subjects showed more overall assertiveness and more requests for new behavior with males.
Living Arrangement Concordance and its Association with Self-Rated Health Among Institutionalized and Community-Residing Older Adults in China

Although many studies look at the relationship between living arrangement and health among older adults, very little research takes seniors’ preferred living arrangements into account. This paper uses data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) to examine what factors are associated with concordance between actual and preferred living arrangements for both institutionalized and community-residing Chinese seniors, and to investigate associations between living arrangement concordance and self-rated health. Our analyses show that economic independence is negatively associated with living arrangement concordance among institutionalized older adults (net of other factors), while being older, female, minority ethnicity, having higher SES, and being unmarried are positively associated with living arrangement concordance among communityresiding seniors. For both institutionalized and community-residing older adults, living arrangement concordance increases the likelihood of rating self-rated health as good, with concordance having a greater impact on health for institutionalized elders (odds-ratios of 1.67–1.93) than for communityresiding elders (odds-ratios of 1.12).
Crystallographic texture change during grain growth

This article outlines the importance of anisotropic interfacial properties for microstructure evolution. The anisotropic properties of interfaces profoundly affect the development of microstructure during thin film deposition, sintering, grain growth, and recrystallization, to name but a few processes. The properties of interfaces vary from mildly anisotropic, as for the energy of the solid-liquid interface, to strongly anisotropic, as in the case of diffusion rates along grain boundaries. As a companion to this set of articles on interfacial anisotropy, this article demonstrates the connection between grain boundary anisotropy, primarily in mobility, and texture development during grain growth. A Monte Carlo model is used to investigate the evolution of the so-called cube texture component during grain growth of a polycrystal in which the texture is the result of prior deformation.
Large-scale screening of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage from first-principles calculations based on equilibrium reaction thermodynamics.

Systematic thermodynamics calculations based on density functional theory-calculated energies for crystalline solids have been a useful complement to experimental studies of hydrogen storage in metal hydrides. We report the most comprehensive set of thermodynamics calculations for mixtures of light metal hydrides to date by performing grand canonical linear programming screening on a database of 359 compounds, including 147 compounds not previously examined by us. This database is used to categorize the reaction thermodynamics of all mixtures containing any four non-H elements among Al, B, C, Ca, K, Li, Mg, N, Na, Sc, Si, Ti, and V. Reactions are categorized according to the amount of H2 that is released and the reaction's enthalpy. This approach identifies 74 distinct single step reactions having that a storage capacity >6 wt.% and zero temperature heats of reaction 15 ≤ ΔU0 ≤ 75 kJ mol−1 H2. Many of these reactions, however, are likely to be problematic experimentally because of the role of refractory compounds, B12H12-containing compounds, or carbon. The single most promising reaction identified in this way involves LiNH2/LiH/KBH4, storing 7.48 wt.% H2 and having ΔU0 = 43.6 kJ mol−1 H2. We also examined the complete range of reaction mixtures to identify multi-step reactions with useful properties; this yielded 23 multi-step reactions of potential interest.
Risk factors for dissatisfaction with the indoor environment in open‐plan offices: an analysis of COPE field study data

UNLABELLED We applied binary logistic regression techniques to data collected from 779 participants in a field study of open-plan ('cubicle') offices conducted in nine buildings. Independent variables were physical conditions in the workplace, and dependent variables were derived from occupant satisfaction measures; personal characteristics were included as covariates. There was a significantly higher risk of dissatisfaction with privacy and acoustics (defined as being below the 20th percentile as opposed to being above the 80th percentile) associated with being in a small workstation, or being seated next to a window. A higher risk of dissatisfaction with ventilation was associated with being seated next to a window, temperatures substantially higher than the average neutral temperature, and a carbon dioxide concentration greater than 650 ppm. A higher risk of dissatisfaction with lighting was associated with panel heights greater than 66 inches (1.7 m), high reflected glare on computer screens, desktop illuminances outside 300-500 lux, desktop illuminance uniformity (min/max ratio) less than 0.5, and being in a workstation distant from a window. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS We have demonstrated statistically significant relationships between indoor environment conditions in office spaces and environmental dissatisfaction risk. Although generally supported by prior research, not all of these risk factors are reflected in existing recommended practice documents for office design. Consideration of these findings in future revisions of such documents may be warranted.
Substance Use, Age at Migration, and Length of Residence Among Adult Immigrants in the United States

In this study we scrutinize prevalence of current smoking and binge drinking among adult US immigrants, and examine whether age at migration predicts these two behaviors and moderates the effect of length of residence. Immigrant groups include those from Latin America/Caribbean, East and South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe/Central Asia, and Middle East/North Africa. Multivariate logistic regressions are estimated using cross-sectional data from the New Immigrant Survey (N = 7,397). Results show that patterns of smoking and binge drinking vary by gender and by region of origins. In addition, arriving at age 0–9 are directly associated with higher odds of binge drinking among adult women. Among adult men, age at migration moderates the association between length of residence and substance use. Specifically, length of residence has more detrimental effects for adolescent immigrants (arriving at age 10–18) on smoking, while its detrimental effects are more pronounced for childhood immigrants (arriving at age 0–9) on binge drinking. We interpret our findings within the critical period model in epidemiological research, concluding that adolescence and childhood are critical life stages that are associated with differential effects of length of residence when looking at smoking and binge drinking among immigrant men.
The biological basis of a comprehensive grading system for the adverse effects of cancer treatment

As described in the previous article in this issue by Trotti et al, there have been major changes in the philosophy and scope of the new National Cancer Institute comprehensive grading system for treatment-related toxicities, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE v3.0). The most prominent changes are the merging of early and late effects criteria into a single uniform document and the development of criteria that cover all treatment modalities. In this article, we briefly outline the biological support for the new grading system in the context of our current knowledge base. The clinical consequences of radiotherapy in normal tissue have been classically grouped temporally, into early and late effects, using a somewhat arbitrary dividing line, 90 days after commencement of radiotherapy. This definition was developed in an era of standard fractionation used alone or in simple sequential programs involving other modalities. However, most patients are now managed with multiple highly integrated modalities, often augmenting tissue injury and limiting our ability to ascribe any given effect to a particular modality. The use of complex concurrent or hybrid (concurrent/sequential) schedules also undermines the usefulness of a simplistic temporally defined early-late construct. Moreover, there is growing recognition that chemotherapy and surgery produce inherent long-term biologic and clinical effects as well. Our basic understanding of the roles that surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation play in normal tissue response has expanded over the last decade because of vastly improved molecular techniques. The original biologic paradigm viewing acute and late tissue injury as a continuum of response and repair has been strengthened by these additional laboratory investigations. The expression of toxicity over time has been shown to be caused by a variety of cellular, tissue, environmental, and host factors. We continue to elucidate the roles of DNA damage, cytokines, chemokines, and associated inflammation, which lead in some cases to perpetuation of the wound-healing response, progressive tissue fibrosis, and vascular compromise. The continuum model of tissue injury supports the recent changes in the common toxicity grading system. It also provides insights into potential targets and strategies for modulating response, which may in turn lead to effective interventions for altering the therapeutic ratio.
Response of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hubner) to two potato hybrids selected for resistance to Colorado potato beetle

The response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) to K411-2 and NYL 235-4, fifth- and sixth-generation potato accessions derived from crosses between Solanum tuberosum L. and S. berthaultii (Hawkes) and selected for resistance to Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae, Harris), was measured in field and greenhouse experiments. In one field test, which did not include NYL 235-4, the incidence of corn-borer damaged stems was eight times higher in the commercial potato varieties Atlantic, Superior and Norland than in K411-2. In a later field test, there were 11 times more European corn-borer damaged potato stems on Atlantic than on NYL 235-4. In a choice experiment, European corn-borer moths deposited significantly more egg masses on the susceptible Kennebec variety (72.9%) than on NYL 235-4 (27.1%), but in the absence of a choice, equal numbers of egg masses were deposited on both varieties. In a greenhouse experiment, fewer European corn-borer larvae (44%) were established on NYL 235-4 than on Kennebec plants.
Environmental Heterogeneity and Biological Pattern in a Chaotic Predator-prey System

Abstract This work investigates predator–prey interactions and diffusion in a heterogeneous environment. It has been previously shown that weak diffusion along an environmental gradient can drive an otherwise periodic predator–prey model into quasiperiodicity and chaos. The model is a reaction-diffusion equation with a Type II functional response of the predator and a logistic growth of the prey. The intrinsic growth rate of the prey varies linearly in space. We compare the spatial patterns of the populations to the underlying gradient. The spatial patterns of the predator and prey can differ strongly from the underlying environmental gradient. As diffusion becomes weaker, and the system moves from limit cycles through quasiperiodicity to chaos, this difference is magnified and the population patterns display smaller spatial scales.
The design of truncated sequential test plans based on attributes data

This study investigates the effect of the choice of a truncation strategy on sequential test plan performance for test plans based on attributes data. We present numerical results that demonstrate the effect of varying the truncation sample size m and reject value R for plans having essentially equivalent Type I and Type II error probabilities. The results show that the choice of m and R should not be taken lightly, as both parameters have a significant effect on test performance.
Can communication medium limitations foster better group outcomes? an action research study

Media richness theory has been an influential deterministic theory of communication media adoption and use since its development in the mid-1980s. However, there has been mounting evidence, particularly in the 1990s, that predictions based on the media richness theory do not always hold. For example, there has been evidence that a lean communication medium can be the choice of groups engaged in complex tasks, such as strategic decision making, even when richer media are available. The two main shortcomings of most studies aimed at testing the media richness theory have been: (a) an orientation toward controlled settings, which hampers the drawing of implications for the usually `non-controlled' situations found in organizations in general; and (b) a focus on media adoption patterns, which has led to lack of evidence regarding group task outcomes. Here, we go some way towards filling this research gap by providing evidence that non-controlled groups can voluntarily adopt a communication medium that they perceive as lean. Moreover, we show that, due to a perception of the limitations imposed by the medium, group members can adapt their behavior in order to overcome such limitations, producing outcomes whose quality is perceived as higher by them than in richer media. We studied five process improvement groups in a New Zealand university. The groups, which redesigned typical university processes, voluntarily conducted most of their interactions through an e-mail conferencing system developed by the author.
Efficiency Measurement in Australian Local Government: The Case of New South Wales Municipal Water Services

Australian local government has experienced a series of reforms directed at increasing economic efficiency. An important element in the reform program has been the development of a number of partial indicators of local government service delivery in the states and territories. This paper attempts to augment this literature on performance measurement in Australian local government by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) with holistic indices of allocative and technical efficiency in New South Wales (NSW) municipal water services. It also seeks to incorporate qualitative indicators into efficiency measures. “Best-practice” councils are identified and the underlying causes of municipal water service efficiency are analyzed.
Incorporating QRL Scan Codes in a Geology-Awareness Campus Engagement Project

ABSTRACT This paper discusses how quick resource link (QRL) scan codes were used as part of a geomorphology class project to raise geologic awareness on the college campus. Insight into geologic processes was achieved through the development of Web pages attached to QRLs that host written student descriptions of hallway landscape photography and voice recordings of the students reading their papers. The results of this paper are twofold. First, the comparison of pre- and postsurveys of students in the geomorphology class (n = 7) demonstrate that applying the use of technology to geology assignments can increase student enthusiasm for scientific writing. Second, through similar assessment methods, surveys of hallway passersby (n = 400) suggest that the QRL scan codes helped them to interpret the landscape photographs and increased their knowledge of geologic phenomena. Moreover, hidden counters on the Web pages indicate that the students' geological interpretation of the hallway photographs have reached ap...
Effects of hypothermia on Pavlovian conditioning in the rabbit: II. Heart rate response

The heart rate of 18 New Zealand White rabbits was classically conditioned while the rabbits were in a state of normothermia, moderate hypothermia, and severe hypothermia. The mean conditioned heart rate deceleration during these three temperatures for 45 acquisition trials was 7%, 6%, and less than 2/10 of 1%, respectively. The resting heart rate was depressed in the severe hypothermic rabbits, but it did not vary systematically with the conditioned heart rate decreases. Moderate and severe hypothermia were defined as a drop of 5°C and 10°C, respectively, in rectal temperature.
Phosphorus implantation into 4H-silicon carbide

Sheet resistances in nitrogen- and phosphorus-implanted 4H-SiC are measured to assess the time and temperature dependencies of this variable. In 4H-SiC implanted with 3 × 1015 cm−2 nitrogen ions to a depth of 2800 A, the minimum sheet resistance observed is 534 Ω/□. The minimum sheet resistance in 4H-SiC implanted with 4 × 1015 cm−2 phosphorus ions to a depth of 4000 A is 51 Ω/□, a record low value for any implanted element into any polytype of SiC. Time-independent sheet resistances are observed following anneals at 1700°C for nitrogen and phosphorus samples. Lower temperature anneals produce sheet resistances which decrease monotonically with increasing time of anneal. Overall, sheet resistances from phosphorus-implanted 4H-SiC are an order of magnitude below those measured from nitrogen implanted samples. The response of phosphorus to low-temperature annealing is significant, and sheet resistances below 500 Ω/□ are achieved at 1200°C. Activation of phosphorus is attempted in an oxidizing atmosphere with and without prior argon annealing. A three-hour gate oxidation in wet O2 at 1150°C, followed by a 30 min argon anneal, produced a sheet resistance of 1081 Ω/□. Oxidation after argon annealing caused sheet resistances to increase by about 20% compared to samples subjected solely to argon annealing. It is also found that oxide growth rates are much higher over phosphorus implanted than over unimplanted 4H-SiC. Reasons for the disparity in sheet resistances between nitrogen and phosphorus implants, and for the difference in oxide growth rates are suggested.
New insights into signalling-pathway alterations in rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and young adults. Several recent studies have shed new light on the alterations in signalling pathways and the downstream effects of these pathway alterations in RMS. Many of these effects converge on the fibroblast growth factor and insulin-like growth-factor pathways. These new findings improve the current understanding of RMS, thus offering novel potential therapeutic targets and strategies that may improve the outcome for patients with RMS.
Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.

Objective: This paper reviews the frequency of central nervous system infections due to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae ass
Board Composition and Corporate Fraud

The study reported here examined how various characteristics of the board of directors and other governance features affected the occurrence of U.S. corporate fraud in the 1978–2001 period. The findings suggest that board composition and the structure of a board's oversight committees are significantly correlated with the incidence of corporate fraud. In the sample, as the number of independent outside directors increased on a board and in the board's audit and compensation committees, the likelihood of corporate wrongdoing decreased.
Conservative surgery and radiation therapy in black women with early stage breast cancer. Patterns of failure and analysis of outcome.

Between 1977 and 1986, 75 black and 615 white women with American Joint Committe (AJC) Stages I and II breast cancer were treated with excisional biopsy, axillary dissection, and radiation therapy for breast conservation. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, with and without prednisone and tamoxifen, was given to 92% of premenopausal, 83% of perimenopausal, and 63% of postmenopausal node-positive women; 20 of 106 (19%) postmenopausal node-positive women received tamoxifen only. The clinical characteristics of the similarly treated patients were compared
A new financial risk ratio

Randomness in financial markets has been recognized for over a century: Bachelier (1900), Cowles (1932), Kendall (1953), and Samuelson (1959). Risk thus enters into efficient portfolio design: Fisher (1906), Williams (1936), Working (1948), Markowitz (1952). Reward versus risk decisions then depend upon utility to the investor: Bernoulli (1738), Kelly (1956), Sharpe (1964), and Modigliani (1997). Returns of a portfolio adjusted to risk are measured by a number of ratios: Treynor, Sharpe, Sortino, M2, among others. I will propose a refinement of such ratios. This possibility was mentioned in my recent book: Antieigenvalue analysis, World-Scientific (2011). The result is a new set of growth-to-return risk-based financial ratios of ratios.
Positive-Ion Mobilities in Liquid Helium I

Seven distinct positive-ion mobilities have been found in liquid helium I at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These mobilities correspond to the plateau regions of a mobility discontinuity curve similar to those discovered earlier in liquids helium II, argon, and nitrogen. A semiempirical equation is given which relates the mobilities corresponding to the plateau regions to a set of integers.
The effect of temperature dependent properties on transients measurement with intrinsic thermocouple

Abstract Solution of the transient response of intrinsic thermocouples by Henning and Parker are expanded to include temperature dependent properties. Finite difference and Runge-Kutta numerical solutions are compared with the analytical solution. Results for thermocouples for which the temperature variability is significant are presented. The approach allows the calculation of large temperature steps. An experimental method is described by which large step temperature increases can be simulated. The method also allows for large dimension substrate and thermowire, which reduce errors and slow-down real time performance to simplify measurements. Experiment and calculations agree well after the very initial response. It is suggested that the experiment described is suitable for the measurement of the prompt response of intrinsic thermocouples.
Statistical and physical balances in low Rossby number Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Benard convection is studied using an asymptotically reduced equation set valid in the limit of low Rossby numbers. Four distinct dynamical regimes are identified: a disordered cellular regime near threshold, a regime of weakly interacting convective Taylor columns at larger Rayleigh numbers, followed for yet larger Rayleigh numbers by a breakdown of the convective Taylor columns into a disordered plume regime characterized by reduced efficiency and finally by geostrophic turbulence. The transitions are quantified by examining the properties of the horizontally and temporally averaged temperature and thermal dissipation rate. The maximum of the thermal dissipation rate is used to define the width of the thermal boundary layer. In contrast to the non-rotating Rayleigh–Benard convection, the temperature drop across this layer decreases monotonically with increasing Rayleigh number and does not saturate. The breakdown of the convective Taylor column regime is attributed to the onset...
Autonomic Correlates of Speech Versus Nonspeech Tasks in Children and Adults

Purpose To assess autonomic arousal associated with speech and nonspeech tasks in school-age children and young adults. Method Measures of autonomic arousal (electrodermal level, electrodermal response amplitude, blood pulse volume, and heart rate) were recorded prior to, during, and after the performance of speech and nonspeech tasks by twenty 7- to 9-year-old children and twenty 18- to 22-year-old adults. Results Across age groups, autonomic arousal was higher for speech tasks compared with nonspeech tasks, based on peak electrodermal response amplitude and blood pulse volume. Children demonstrated greater relative arousal, based on heart rate and blood pulse volume, for nonspeech oral motor tasks than adults but showed similar mean arousal levels for speech tasks as adults. Children demonstrated sex differences in autonomic arousal; specifically, autonomic arousal remained high for school-age boys but not girls in a more complex open-ended narrative task that followed a simple sentence production task....
Gangliosides in normal and cataractous lenses of several species

Abstract The present study was undertaken to compare the content, composition and distribution of gangliosides in ocular lenses of different species, both normal and cataractous. Gangliosides were extracted from cow, pig, rat and human lens by either the Folch-Suzuki partition procedure or by the modified tetrahydrofuran procedure. Between 20 and 45% more ganglioside was recovered from lenses by the tetrahydrofuran than the Folch-Susuki partition procedure. Cow, pig, rat and human normal lens extracted by the tetrahydrofuran procedure contained, respectively, 24.8, 22.3, 71.2, and 272.5 μg of ganglioside sialic acid /g lens (wet wt.). No protein-bound sialic acid was detected in any lens. No significant differences were observed in the content or composition of gangliosides from normal and cataractous human lens and from cataractous rat lens induced by the drug U18666A. Although hematoside (GM3) was the predominant ganglioside in bovine (73%) and pig (68%) lens, small amounts of what appeared to be GM1, GD1a, and GT1 Were also detected. GM1 predominated (95%) in rat lens, with the remainder being GM3. This is apparently the highest relative content of Gm1 reported in a non-neural tissue. Human lens contains two gangliosides, GM1 (53%) and GM3 (47%). Examination of the distribution of gangliosides between various regions of the bovine lens revealed that the epithelial cell fraction contained an about 10 times higher concentration of total gangliosides than either the lens cortex or nucleus.
Case study of multiple-wavelength lidar backscatter from aerosols

Range-resolved co-pointing multiple wavelength lidar backscatter from aerosols is analyzed for a summer day in the northeast United States. Lidar backscatter wavelengths are 355 nm, 532 nm, and 1064 nm and were measured at a vertical range gate of 60 meters. The altitude range of lidar measurement is from the surface to 4 km above ground level and the measurement period spanned five hours from late afternoon through several hours after sunset. Vertical profiles of temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity, and surface visibility, were also measured to characterize the prevailing air mass. Lidar aerosol backscatter was significant through 3 km and diminished rapidly above. Several aerosol models selected on an a priori basis are used to compute backscatter ratios for wavelength pairs using scattering theory. These are compared with the profiles of measured backscatter ratios in an attempt to infer the type of aerosol present in the lower atmosphere and estimate multiple wavelength extinction. Measured backscatter ratios agreed with the ratios for soot, water-soluble, and haze aerosol models at the lowest altitudes with little agreement above 1 km for any model. Extinction estimates derived from lidar backscatter at 300 m were significantly higher than the corresponding values deduced from surface observations.
Continuously Recorded Changes of Thoracic Aortic Blood Flow in Man in Response to Leg Exercise in Supine Position

The constant-rate-injection, indicator-dilution technic was used to determine thoracic aortic blood flow before, during, and after five minutes of single-leg exercise (bicycle ergometer) in five healthy male subjects in the supine position. Resistance to blood flow in the lower body and mean aortic pressure decreased immediately at the onset of exercise, at the same time that thoracic aortic blood flow and heart rate increased. There was a further slow rise of heart rate, mean aortic pressure, and thoracic aortic blood flow along with a decrease of lower body resistance until fairly stable levels were reached after five minutes of exercise. After five and ten minutes' rest all values tended to return toward those observed in the control state. These data are consistent with the concept that baroreceptor activity may play an important part in the early cardiovascular responses to exercise in man. Most of the cardiovascular response to this exercise occurred in the first 30 seconds.
mod kaPoW: Protecting the web with transparent proof-of-work

Attacks from automated Web clients are a significant problem on the Internet. Web sites often employ Turing tests known as CAPTCHAs to combat automated agents. Unfortunately, such defenses require frequent human user input, are becoming less effective as computer vision techniques improve, and can be subverted by adversaries willing to hire humans to solve challenges. Several alternative defenses based upon cryptographic methods rather than human input have been proposed to achieve the same goals. Such "proof-of-work" techniques prioritize clients based on their willingness to solve computational challenges of client-specific difficulty set by the server. Unfortunately, few proof-of-work schemes have been deployed since they require wide-scale adoption of special client software to operate properly. To address these problems we present mocLkaPoW, a novel system that has the efficiency and human-transparency of proof-of-work schemes as well as the software backwards-compatibility of CAPTCHA schemes. The system leverages common Web technologies to deliver a challenge, solve it, and submit the client response, while providing accessibility for legacy clients. This paper describes and evaluates a prototype of this system.
Mechanical properties and instabilities of ordered graphene oxide C6O monolayers

We investigate the mechanical properties and instabilities of ordered honeycomb monolayer structures of graphene oxide C6O under various large strains using density functional theory. We found that the in-plane Young's modulus and intrinsic strengths are reduced by the oxidation of graphene with only the epoxy groups in ordered graphene oxide C6O by a factor of 20% and 33%, respectively, opposite to 11% increase of the Poisson's ratio. We obtained the second, third, fourth, and fifth order elastic constants for a rigorous continuum description of the nonlinear elastic response. The pressure effect on the second order elastic constants and Poisson's ratio were predicted from the third order elastic constants.
Network-assisted diversity for random access wireless networks

A novel viewpoint to the collision resolution problem is introduced for wireless slotted random access networks. This viewpoint is based on signal separation principles borrowed from signal processing problems. The received collided packets are not discarded in this approach but are exploited to extract each individual user packet information. In particular, if k users collide in a given time slot, they repeat their transmission for a total of k times so that k copies of the collided packets are received. Then, the receiver has to resolve a k/spl times/k source mixing problem and separate each individual user. The proposed method does not introduce throughput penalties since it requires only k slots to transmit k colliding packets. Performance issues that are related to the implementation of the collision detection algorithm are studied. The protocol's parameters are optimized to maximize the system throughput.
Emotive Imagery and Pain Tolerance

This research considers the relationship between the individual’s imagination, i.e., his or her particular imagetic milieu, and the cognitive evaluation of pain as suffering. Specifically, emotive imagery was manipulated to see if there is a relationship between the imagery being experienced, pain tolerance, and subjective ratings of pain intensity.
Endoscopic surgery for early glottic carcinoma

Abstract Early glottic carcinoma, specifically stage I or II, can be treated with endoscopic excision, radiation therapy, or open partial laryngectomy. Over the past two decades, this topic has received intensive interest, and controversies have often focused on techniques and outcomes comparing the use of endoscopic excision versus radiation therapy. This article will discuss philosophy, techniques, and outcomes of resection using the endoscopic approach to early glottic carcinoma. Optimization through appropriate instrumentation, staging, and technical details are critical to postoperative oncologic and vocal outcomes. The reader must remember that over 90% of T1 lesions and approximately 75% of T2 lesions are curable, and therefore adherence to the principles described below is important to achieve these outcomes.
Social Integration in a Community College Environment

Among current retention models, Tinto’s Interactionalist Model has reached near paradigmatic status. When his model has been applied to two-year college settings, the social integration results have been inconsistent. This has led Maxwell (2000) and Deil-Amen (2011) to suggest that a different construct of social integration exists in community colleges; one that focuses less on purely social activities and more on peer groups centered on academically-related activities, and interactions with faculty and students inside the classroom. But are these two constructs really different? The current study sought to ascertain whether this alternative construct of social integration is, in fact, related to Tinto’s construct. It also was designed to investigate the impact of additional variables including gender, race, age, and program of study (i.e., occupational vs. transfer) have on both constructs. After conducting the analysis, it was found that the two social integration constructs were highly related. Additi...
The rotating hydraulics of the open-channel flow between two basins

The theory of rotating open-channel flow between two basins is presented and experimentally verified for three cases. The first case considered is the submerged weir-flow, i.e. the height of the channel floor is below the free-surface height of the fluid in the lower basin. Flow for this case is found to depend on the fluid level in the downstream basin when the fluid level there is high and is independent of the fluid level downstream as soon as the level falls below a critical height; at that point the flow in the channel becomes critical (controlled). The dependence of the flow on upstream potential vorticity and on rotation rate is also examined. It is shown that transport of the flow decreases whenever rotation rate or upstream potential vorticity is increased. The second case studied is controlled flow through a channel of irregular cross section (the truncated channel). Transport of this flow is shown to increase at some moderate rotations if the channel floor has a cross-channel slope similar to that of the surface of the current. Otherwise, the transport always decreases with rotation rate. The final case is concerned with supercritical separation of the current downstream of the control section, i.e. the current separates from the left wall of the channel (looking downstream). Visual evidence and measurements of formation of such a boundary current are obtained. Comparisons between the theory and the experiment for the three cases are generally reasonable except when flow separates in the control section; the theory is found inapplicable to such separation.
Kill rates and predation patterns of jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil

Jaguars (Panthera onca) often prey on livestock, resulting in conflicts with humans. To date, kill rates and predation patterns by jaguars have not been well documented. We studied the foraging ecology of jaguars in an area with both livestock and native prey and documented kill rates, characteristics of prey killed, patterns of predation, and the influence of prey size on the duration at kill sites and the time interval between kills. Between October 2001 and April 2004 we monitored 10 jaguars equipped with global positioning system (GPS) collars. We collected 11,787 GPS locations and identified 1,105 clusters of locations as sites of concentrated use (e.g., kill sites, bed sites, and dens). Of these, we found prey remains at 415 kill sites and documented 438 prey items. Kills were composed of 31.7% cattle (9.8% adults and 21.9% calves), 24.4% caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare), 21.0% peccaries (mostly Tayassu pecari), 4.1% feral hogs (Sus scrofa), 3.9% marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), 3.2% giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), 2.0% capybaras (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris), 1.6% brocket deer (Mazama americana and M. gouazoubira), and other avian, mammalian, and reptilian species. Individual jaguars differed in the proportion of each species they killed and the proportion of native prey versus cattle. Although all 10 cats killed cattle, 5 killed a high proportion of cattle (.35% of kills), and 3 killed few cattle (,15%). Males (27%) and females (35%) killed cattle in similar proportions. In contrast, male jaguars killed a higher proportion of peccaries than did females, and female jaguars killed more caiman than did males. The mean kill rate for all jaguars was 4.3 days 6 4.4 SD between known consecutive kills. The time interval to the next subsequent kill by jaguars increased with increasing prey size. Jaguars also increased the length of time at a carcass as prey size increased. Jaguar kill rates on peccaries steadily increased over the 4year study. In contrast, kill rates on cattle decreased during the same period. Rainfall, and subsequent water levels on the Pantanal, was the main driver of seasonal kill rates by jaguars on cattle and caiman. As water levels increased, predation on caiman increased as caiman became more distributed throughout the landscape. Conversely, as water levels fell, caiman became less plentiful, and cattle were moved out into pastures thereby increasing their availability to more jaguars. DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-171.1.