cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Potential for Cellular Therapy Combined with Growth Factors in Spinal Cord Injury

Any traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause symptoms ranging from pain to complete loss of motor and sensory functions below the level of the injury. Currently, there are over 2 million SCI patients worldwide. The cost of their necessary continuing care creates a burden for the patient, their families, and society. Presently, few SCI treatments are available and none have facilitated neural regeneration and/or significant functional improvement. Research is being conducted in the following areas: pathophysiology, cellular therapies (Schwann cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells), growth factors (BDNF), inhibitory molecules (NG2, myelin protein), and combination therapies (cell grafts and neurotrophins, cotransplantation). Results are often limited because of the inhibitory environment created following the injury and the limited regenerative potential of the central nervous system. Therapies that show promise in small animal models may not transfer to nonhuman primates and humans. None of the research has resulted in remarkable improvement, but many areas show promise. Studies have suggested that a combination of therapies may enhance results and may be more effective than a single therapy. This paper reviews and discusses the most promising new SCI research including combination therapies.
Tissue-specific expression of ALA synthase-1 and heme oxygenase-1 and their expression in livers of rats chronically exposed to ethanol

5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (ALAS1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are the rate-controlling enzymes for heme biosynthesis and degradation, respectively. Expression of these two genes showed tissue-specific expression pattern at both mRNA and protein levels in selected non-treated rat tissues. In the livers of rats receiving oral ethanol for 10 weeks, ALAS1 mRNA levels were increased by 65%, and the precursor and mature ALAS1 protein levels were increased by 1.8- and 2.3-fold, respectively, while no changes were observed in HO-1 mRNA and protein levels, compared with pair-fed controls. These results provide novel insights into the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on hepatic heme biosynthesis and porphyrias.
Successful management of cerebral embolism during TAVR.

An 89-year-old woman underwent transfemoral aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis as recommended by the institutional heart team (transvalvular gradient max 71 mmHg/mean 55 mmHg). Aortic annulus size as determined by computed tomography (CT) was 19 mm with moderate calcifications. Accordingly, a 23 mm Edwards Sapien XT valve (Edwards Lifesciences) was selected. The patient was preloaded with 500 mg Aspirin and 100 IE/kg of unfractionated heparin was given during the procedure. After successful implantation of the valve under conscious sedation, the patient presented with right sided hemiplegia and aphasia. The patient was immediately transferred from the cath lab to cerebral CT angiography which revealed complete occlusion of the M1 branch of the left middle cerebral artery (ACM). After transfer to the neuroradiology intervention room, intubation, and reaccess to the left femoral artery, a catheter was placed in the left carotid artery confirming the occlusion and sufficient collateralization (Fig. 1a). Contrast injection via a microcatheter after passage of the occlusion with a microwire demonstrated correct positioning (Fig. 1b). Subsequently, a Solitaire 4 9 20 mm Stent Retriever (Covidien) was placed in the occluded segment and released for 5 min. Contrast injection assessed filling of the stent retriever (Fig. 2a). Subsequently, the device was retrieved and substantial thrombotic material was attained (Fig. 3). The final angiogram revealed complete restoration of flow (Fig. 2b). The patient was extubated after the procedure and mobilized on the next day without any residual neurological pathology. Cerebral embolization is a critical complication of TAVR [1]. Successful neurovascular rescue was recently described in a patient with stroke after TAVR performed in general anesthesia [2]. Conduction of TAVR under conscious sedation, however, allows for rapid assessment of neurological symptoms during and after the procedure. Timely diagnosis of cerebral ischemia facilitates immediate and full restoration of cerebral flow.
Importance of CD117 in the evaluation of acute leukemias by flow cytometry

Background The issue of which specific antibodies need to be used when evaluating acute leukemias by flow cytometry is controversial. Methods Recent studies have suggested that antibodies against CD117 or c-kit are not essential for the assignment of blast lineage by flow cytometry, even though CD117 appears to be a very specific marker for myeloid lineage acute leukemias. We report a case of acute myeloid leukemia M2 subtype with an 8:21 translocation, where the leukemic blasts expressed CD117, CD19, and CD15 but did not show definitive expression of the myeloid markers CD13 or CD33. Results and Conclusions This study highlights the importance of CD117 when evaluating acute leukemias by flow cytometry, which was necessary in this case to suggest that the blasts were phenotypically abnormal myeloblasts. In addition, this case presented an unusual acute myeloid leukemia phenotype that will likely be encountered by others and could be difficult to interpret. Cytometry Part B (Clin. Cytometry) 52B:40–43, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Upcoming therapies for heart failure

Treatment of maladaptive neurohormonal activation in congestive heart failure (CHF) has been successful because basic cardiovascular science findings have been confirmed or dismissed through the use of well-controlled, large-scale clinical trials. It should be no surprise that this exciting approach is evolving toward novel agents and devices directed toward other pathways involved in CHF neurohormonal/cytokine activation. Several of these are in advanced clinical development and are likely to play prominent roles in CHF therapy in the near future.
Changes in Glutamate Receptors on Synaptic Membranes Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy or Hyperammonemia in the Rabbit

The status of the excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmitter system in hepatic encephalopathy has been studied. Synaptic membranes (SM) were prepared from the brains of normal rabbits, hyperammonemic normal rabbits, and rabbits with fulminant hepatic failure. Data on the specific binding of glutamate to SM indicated that fulminant hepatic failure was associated with a decrease in the number of glutamate receptors on SM from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and particularly the hippocampus, without any associated change in the affinity of these receptors. In contrast, hyperammonemia was associated with an increase in the affinity and no decrease in the number of glutamate receptors on SM from the hippocampus. These findings indicate that the effects of hyperammonemia and fulminant hepatic failure on cerebral glutamate receptors are fundamentally different. The decreased number of glutamate receptors in hepatic encephalopathy might reflect a decreased sensitivity of glutamatergic neurons to glutamate-mediated neural excitation, a phenomenon that could contribute to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy.
Enhancement by adriamycin of the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on mouse epidermal glutathione peroxidase activity, ornithine decarboxylase induction and skin tumor promotion

Abstract Adriamycin (ADR) failed to inhibit and paradoxically enhanced the biological action of 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mouse epidermis in vivo and in vitro. In the presence of ADR, the tumor promoter caused a greater sequential rapid increase and prolonged decrease in glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GSH:H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) activity accompanied by a greater decrease in the ratio of reduced (GSH)/oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in isolated epidermal cells. The ability of ADR to deplete the intracellular level of GSH correlated with its ability to increase basal and TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, l -ornithine carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activities. In vivo, topical ADR treatments also enhanced TPA-induced ODC activity as well as the tumor-promoting ability of TPA in the two-stage system of mouse skin carcinogenesis. Since lipid peroxidation has been associated with ADR toxicity, these data suggest that the enhancement of the tumor-promoting ability of TPA by ADR may be the result of an increased oxidative challenge that overwhelms the GSH-dependent antioxidant protective system of the epidermal cells.
How useful are IT research and analysis services

Abstract How do firms keep abreast of new waves of information technology (IT) innovations such as CRM and Web services? Many engage IT research and analysis (R&A) firms such as Gartner Group and Forrester Research. But how do buyers of IT R&A offerings actually make use of these services, and how useful do they find them? Why do some companies choose not to use IT R&A services? We examine these questions in the context of a survey, and find that users and non-users of IT R&A services can be classified. Users fall into three groups: proactive, reactive and situational. Non-users are either cost-conscious or need-doubters. We compare the different groups and suggest the implications for management.
Dynamics of protoporphyrin IX in the heme pocket of horseradish peroxidase

Abstract The local motion of protoporphyrin IX in the heme pocket of horseradish peroxidase has been studied using fluorescence methods. The temperature dependence of the anisotropy and lifetime of a protoporphyrin IX-apo-horseradish peroxidase complex, dissolved in a solution of 80% glycerol and 20% buffer (0.1 M. phosphate, pH 7.4), was determined. Anisotropy data were analyzed in terms of the thermal coefficient of the frictional resistance to fluorophore movement. The resultant ‘ Y ’ plot was characterized by three distinct slopes. The slope corresponding to the lowest temperature regime agreed with the value obtained for fluorophores not complexed with protein. The slope corresponding to an intermediate temperature was lower indicating a larger resistance to porphyrin rotation. At higher temperatures this resistance to rotation diminished as evidenced by the increased slope. These results are contrasted with those obtained with the protoporphyrin IX-apomyoglobin complex.
Radiation damage in organic materials

Abstract A surprising number of electrical components and seals are listed as being inside the containment building of a nuclear power plant. The types of radiation and their interaction with organic materials lead to a dosimetry discussion, and then a brief description of the chemical mechanisms which predominate in typical organic materials follows. Relative stability of polymer structures and the types of additives that contribute stabilization to the basic polymer matrix in formulated compounds are reviewed. However, the emphasis must now be directed toward the need to consider the total environment of nuclear plant service on the degradation of these materials if maximum reliability is to be achieved. The degradation mechanisms may be strongly affected by the dose-rate/oxidation effect. Temperature, steam and physical stress, when applied concurrently with the radiation field, can also influence the amount of absorbed dose required to produce a given change in the property being tested. Determining the degree of these influences and developing standardized test procedures to evaluate them have become the objective of several prominent research programs and international committee efforts.
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity Using Steady-State Isothermal Conditions and Validation by Comparison with Thermoelectric Device Performance

A new technique for measuring thermal conductivity with significantly improved accuracy is presented. By using the Peltier effect to counterbalance an imposed temperature difference, a completely isothermal, steady-state condition can be obtained across a sample. In this condition, extraneous parasitic heat flows that would otherwise cause error can be eliminated entirely. The technique is used to determine the thermal conductivity of p-type and n-type samples of (Bi,Sb)2(Te,Se)3 materials, and thermal conductivity values of 1.47 W/m K and 1.48 W/m K are obtained respectively. To validate this technique, those samples were assembled into a Peltier cooling device. The agreement between the Seebeck coefficient measured individually and from the assembled device were within 0.5%, and the corresponding thermal conductivity was consistent with the individual measurements with less than 2% error.
Rhythmicity of Flowering in Pharbitis nil

When young seedlings of Pharbitis nil are grown under continuous light, except for a single inductive dark period, they flower to a varying degree, depending on when this dark period is given. Plants become sensitive to this induction approximately three days after the seedlings emerge from the soil. The expression of flowering varies in a rhythmic fashion for three or more cycles, when an inductive dark period is given at progressively later times. The time between maximum expression of flowering is 24 hours or somewhat longer. It appears necessary that the inductive dark period be of sufficient duration, to only partially induce the plants to flower for this rhythm to be expressed. Under the conditions employed in this study, this duration is 12 hours. If this rhythm is endogenous, it exists at least from when the plants emerged from the soil since no environmental cues are given after that time, and it raises questions of the interpretations of data from previous studies with this organism.
The Need for Culturally Relevant Dance Education

Abstract There is a need for culturally relevant teaching in dance education. Many dance teachers have heard the buzz words “culturally relevant teaching methods.” Yet these dance educators acknowledge that the “dance culture” is not always synonymous with “culturally relevant.” This paper examines the issue of culturally relevant teaching methods in dance education and makes suggestions for development in this area. The author refects on the impact traditional dance training and hierarchy can have on students. While many students of color adapt to and accept this system, there are countless others who are turned-off by the exclusive approach of their dance instructors, therefore never fulflling their potential as dancers. What impact, then, does the traditional dance training process have on students of color, their artwork, and consequently their teaching methods? This article explores these issues and offers practical teaching strategies. In addition it presents questions for refection on the classifca...
Spirituality and life satisfaction in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

This study was a cross-sectional, follow-up survey. To examine the role of importance of religion and spiritual coping on life satisfaction in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was carried out in a specialty hospital system. Individuals who sustained an SCI before age 18 completed a structured telephone interview at ages 24–45. Demographic/medical questionnaires along with standardized measures were administered: Brief COPE, FIM, Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART), 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Satisfaction with Life (SWL) scales. Spirituality was measured with a question assessing importance of religion and using the spiritual coping domain of the Brief COPE. A total of 298 individuals (62% men; 56% with tetraplegia) participated in this study. Approximately half (141) of the participants reported that religion is ‘important to very important’ to them and 55% (163) used spiritual coping. Importance of religion and spiritual coping was significantly associated with older age (P<0.01), longer duration of injury (P<0.01) and higher SWL (P<0.05). Importance of religion was also related to higher SF-12 mental component (P<0.05). Spiritual coping was negatively associated with motor independence (P<0.05) and CHART occupation (P<0.05). Moreover, spiritual coping emerged as a predictor of SWL, whereas importance of religion did not. Over half of the participants endorsed importance of religion and the use of spiritual coping. Spiritual coping, in particular, may serve a unique role in promoting SWL. Consequently, assessment of spirituality needs to become a standard part of care in the treatment of individuals with SCI and the use of spirituality-focused interventions to promote SWL should be explored.
UNDERSTANDING GOVERNMENT: FOUR INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS IN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

In this article a conceptual map of the identity of the study of public administration is developed that encompasses its theoretical diversity and richness. It organizes public administration scholarship into four main intellectual traditions: practical wisdom, practical experience, scientific knowledge and relativist perspectives. The objective is to outline the study’s fundamental heterodoxy and interdisciplinarity. While the study clearly has strong national components everywhere, the four main intellectual traditions go across and beyond national traditions of government and of its study.
A Comparative Study on Dynamic and Static Sparsity Patterns in Parallel Sparse Approximate Inverse Preconditioning

Sparse approximate inverse (SAI) techniques have recently emerged as a new class of parallel preconditioning techniques for solving large sparse linear systems on high performance computers. The choice of the sparsity pattern of the SAI matrix is probably the most important step in constructing an SAI preconditioner. Both dynamic and static sparsity pattern selection approaches have been proposed by researchers. Through a few numerical experiments, we conduct a comparable study on the properties and performance of the SAI preconditioners using the different sparsity patterns for solving some sparse linear systems.
A High Efficiency CMOS Class E Power Amplifier

A new class E power amplifier is designed for GSM wireless system using 0.25 mum CMOS technology. Soft switch technique is used to improve the power efficiency. The power added efficiency is 67.26%. Power gain is 26 dB. Output power is over 30 dBm.
Effects of garlic products on lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats (41494).

AbstractThe effect of garlic prepared in several forms on lipid metabolism was studied in male rats fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol. Garlic was supplemented at 2% of the diet as fresh garlic in forms of ethanol extracted garlic residue, ethanol extract of garlic, whole garlic, and autoclaved garlic. Diets were fed for 4 weeks from 6 weeks of age. The supplementation of garlic products except ethanol-extracted garlic residue reduced plasma and liver cholesterol levels. The reduction in the plasma cholesterol by feeding garlic products was in very low density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fractions. Animals fed diets supplemented with garlic decreased liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities and also reduced the liver weight, inquinal adipose tissue weight, liver total lipids, and plasma triglycerides. The hypocholesterolemic activity of garlic was contained in the ethanol extract and stable when autoclaved at 120° for 1 hr.
Reading abilities in school-aged preterm children: a review and meta-analysis.

AIM Children born preterm (at ≤32wks) are at risk of developing deficits in reading ability. This meta-analysis aims to determine whether or not school-aged preterm children perform worse than those born at term in single-word reading (decoding) and reading comprehension. METHOD Electronic databases were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2013, which assessed decoding or reading comprehension performance in English-speaking preterm and term-born children aged between 6 years and 13 years, and born after 1990. Standardized mean differences in decoding and reading comprehension scores were calculated. RESULTS Nine studies were suitable for analysis of decoding, and five for analysis of reading comprehension. Random-effects meta-analyses showed that children born preterm had significantly lower scores (reported as Cohen’s d values [d] with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) than those born at term for decoding (d=0.42, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.27, p<0.001) and reading comprehension (d=0.57, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.46, p<0.001). Meta-regressions showed that lower gestational age was associated with larger differences in decoding (Q[1]=5.92, p=0.02) and reading comprehension (Q[1]=4.69, p=0.03) between preterm and term groups. Differences between groups increased with age for reading comprehension (Q[1]=5.10, p=0.02) and, although not significant, there was also a trend for increased group differences for decoding (Q[1]=3.44, p=0.06). INTERPRETATION Preterm children perform worse than peers born at term on decoding and reading comprehension. These findings suggest that preterm children should receive more ongoing monitoring for reading difficulties throughout their education.
The selective use of stearoyl-polyunsaturated molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for the synthesis of phosphatidylserine.

Abstract In rat liver microsomes, [3H]serine was incorporated primarily into the two most abundant molecular species of microsomal phosphatidylserine (PS), 18:0 20:4 and 18:0 22:6 , by Ca2+-dependent base exchange. The pattern of PS molecular species synthesized was very similar to the species composition of PS and markedly different from the species composition of either microsomal precursor, phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The data indicated that the enrichment of rat liver PS in mainly three fatty acids — stearic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids, occurred by (1) the preference by PS synthases for the stearoyl-polyunsaturated molecular species, 18:0 20:4 and 18:0 22:6 , of PC and PE and (2) a discrimination against the use of the palmitoyl-polyunsaturated species, 16:0 20:4 and 16:0 22:6 , and the stearoyl-diunsaturated species, 18:0 18:2 . The preferential use of the two species of PC and PE, based on their acyl chain content and not on their relative abundance, demonstrates that an individual molecular species can be selected out of the total pool for a defined function.
Geometric and Functional Abnormalities of the Left Ventricle with a Chronic Localized Noncontractile Area

Abstract Thirty-one patients with coronary artery disease, 25 of whom had a chronic localized noncontractile area in the anteroapical region of the left ventricle, were studied at rest by means of left heart catheterization, left cineventriculography and selective coronary arteriography. The left ventricular volume, stroke volume, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output and the surface area of the noncontractile area were measured. The patients with a noncontractile area were classified in 4 groups according to the size of the noncontractile area relative to the end-diastolic left ventricular surface area. The relative size of the non-contractile area ranged from 5 to 47 percent. Six patients with uncomplicated coronary artery disease comprised the control group. The critical size of the noncontractile area beyond which significant functional derangement occurred appeared to be 20 to 30 percent of the left ventricular internal surface area. The end-diastolic volume increased significantly and the ejection fraction was reduced to less than half of normal when the regional noncontractile area was larger than the critical size. Neither the cardiac output nor the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure correlated closely with size of the noncontractile area. In contrast, the ejection fraction was a more sensitive indicator and correlated well with the extent of regional contraction abnormality. In this study, double vessel disease was most common, followed by single vessel disease. Obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery was significant in the formation of anteroapical noncontractile regions.
New Approaches on the Horizon: Comments on Jaaniste, Hayes, and von Baeyer's “Providing Children With Information About Forthcoming Medical Procedures: A Review and Synthesis”

Jaaniste, Hayes, and von Baeyer contribute to the growing body of work on preparing children for medical events by describing an Information Provision Model to aid clinicians in developing effective preparatory tools. This commentary considers the contributions of this model, and extends several of the principal ideas in new directions. In doing so, particular attention is paid to investigating the meaning of the phrase “timely and appropriate” when used to describe optimal information provision. In addition, discussion of how the model relates to emerging understandings of coping processes on both neurological and behavioral levels is offered. Throughout, emphasis is placed on using information from a diversity of research programs to help inform the development of better strategies for helping children achieve the best possible outcomes in medical settings.
Desflurane Is a Trigger of Malignant Hyperthermia in Susceptible Swine

Desflurane (difluoromethyl 1-fluoro 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether: CF2-H-O-CFH-CF3) is a potent inhalation anesthetic agent being investigated for possible clinical use. The authors examined the effects of this agent on normal swine and those from a special breeding program that were considered purebred for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH). Animals were exposed to 1 or 2 MAC or both doses of desflurane and observed for changes in end-tidal CO2, arterial blood gases, lactate, catecholamines, core temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate. All normal swine tolerated exposure to desflurane without clinical signs of MH, but significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure were noted. In contrast, of six MH susceptible swine tested, two had unequivocal MH reactions to deflurane, defined by significant increases of end-tidal CO2 (greater than 50 mmHg), an increase in PaCO2 (greater than 70 mmHg), a decrease in blood pH (less than 7.30), an increase in blood lactate concentration, and an increase in core temperature. Two other susceptible swine showed equivocal signs of MH but not until desflurane had been administered for 40-60 min. Finally, two other susceptible swine showed no signs of MH after 60 min of exposure to 2 MAC desflurane. These latter four animals all developed episodes of MH immediately after intravenous succinylcholine (2 mg/kg). The increased PaCO2, blood lactate concentrations, and temperature, and the decrease in pH induced by desflurane, were successfully treated with dantrolene and supportive measures. All surviving animals were biopsied 1 to 2 weeks after the exposure to desflurane for in vitro contracture testing to confirm MH susceptibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for lateralizing nodular hyperplasia.

Background Nodular adrenal hyperplasia (NAH) may mimic the biochemical characteristics of an aldosterone-producing adenoma. The authors evaluated the outcomes of unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the setting of lateralizing aldosterone hypersecretion by NAH. Methods Retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism owing to NAH was performed. Patient demographics, perioperative symptoms, medications, radiographic findings, and serum chemistries were analyzed. Response to operation was classified according to postoperative control of hypertension and hypokalemia as resolved, improved, or refractory. Results From January 1999 to October 2004, 15 patients underwent a laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy for hyperaldosteronism owing to lateralizing NAH. Nine (60%) patients presented with ≥5 years of hypertension, including 8 (53%) patients with labile or malignant hypertension. Ten (67%) patients had hypokalemia. Abdominal imaging results were normal in 9 (60%) patients. All patients underwent adrenal venous sampling (94% successfully), which revealed an average adjusted aldosterone ratio of 17.6 (range, 1.2 to 75.9). At a mean follow-up of 26 (range, 4 to 58) months, hypertension had resolved in 4 (27%), improved in 8 (53%), and was refractory in 3 (20%) patients. Hypokalemia resolved in all patients. There were no complications, conversions, or mortalities. Conclusion This series shows that unilateral adrenalectomy for lateralizing NAH results in eradication of hypokalemia and resolution or significant improvement in hypertension in 80% of patients at long-term follow-up. When lateralization of aldosterone production is noted, laparoscopic adrenalectomy provides significant clinical improvement even in patients with a pathologic diagnosis of NAH.
Adoption of cable amidst a multimedia environment

Abstract The diffusion of innovations framework was applied to examine whether cable subscribership is related to use of functionally similar media. Findings suggest that cable adoption is related to use of other entertainment media, but generally unrelated to use of interpersonal media.
Thermal description of pseudosteady-state natural convection inside a vertical cylinder

Abstract The heat transfer correlation, minimum temperature, and mean temperature are presented for pseudosteady-state natural convection heat transfer to a fluid inside a vertical cylinder. The SIMPLER numerical method was used for calculation in the range 0.25 H / D Ra 7 , and Pr = 7. This range includes conduction to weak turbulence. The overall heat transfer for the convection-dominated range was found to be correlated by Nu = 0.519 Ra 0.255 where the temperature difference for both the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers was the center temperature minus the inside wall temperature. Correlations using other temperature differences are also presented and provide a method for prediction of the mean temperature, minimum temperature, or center temperature by knowing any one of them.
136Nd decay and the 136Pr ground state spin

Abstract The decay properties of 50.65 min 136 Nd have been studied. It was produced by the 136 Ce( 3 He, 3n) 136 Nd reaction and decays by electron capture and positron emission to excited states in 136 Pr. It has a total decay energy of 2211 ± 25 keV. The energies and intensities of 30 γ-rays have been measured. The K/L conversion ratios of the 149.2 keV and 109.1 keV γ-rays have been measured to be 7.3 and 7 respectively. The total conversion coefficient of the 40.1 keV γ-ray was found to be 2.73 ± 0.2. The results of γ-γ coincidence measurements together with relative γ-ray intensities have been used to construct an energy level diagram for 136 Pr.
Reversal of Pigment Gallstone Disease in a Canine Model

• Unlike dietary-induced cholesterol gallstones, which may disappear spontaneously when the lithogenic diet is withdrawn, little is known about the natural history of pigment gallstones. We examined whether pigment gallstone disease, which can be uniformly induced in the dog by six weeks of a methionine-deficient diet, can be reversed by return to normal diet. As previously reported, all dogs develop pigment gallstones as well as significant increases in biliary total calcium, free ionized calcium, and cholesterol concentrations after six weeks of a lithogenic diet. These changes are accompanied by a significant increase in the concentration of unconjugated bile salts in bile. In addition, histologic changes in the gallbladder wall occur that are consistent with a moderate degree of chronic cholecystitis. This study clearly demonstrates that return to a normal diet for six weeks allows bile composition to normalize, gallstones to disappear in 50% of dogs, and gallbladder histologic changes to return toward normal. Thus, it would appear that pigment gallstone disease in this model may be reversible, at least early during its course. Although the relevance of these findings to pigment gallstones in humans must be established, the potential for nonoperative treatment of pigment gallstones should not be discounted. (Arch Surg1989;124:463-466)
Current status of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) occurs in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute renal failure, most commonly following exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). NSF can be debilitating and associated with increased mortality. The putative association of NSF with GBCAs prompted the development of guidelines to limit the use of these contrast agents in at-risk patients. Indeed, the incidence of NSF has decreased dramatically following application of these guidelines, which appears to be the only effective means of decreasing NSF incidence. Thus, increasing clinician awareness of these updated guidelines is important. The present review introduces and compares updated guidelines for GBCA use and discusses the latest advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of NSF.
Antropyloric muscle thickness at US in infants: what is normal?

The authors reviewed the ultrasonographic (US) images and medical records of 145 consecutive infants who were seen for evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract because of chronic vomiting and/or regurgitation. At US, the antropyloric muscle of each patient was measured in the midlongitudinal plane. On the basis of this measurement, the patients were divided into the following categories: group 1 (1-2 mm; 99 patients), group 2 (greater than or equal to 3 mm; 40 patients), and group 3 (2- less than 3 mm; six patients). Patients in group 1 were considered to have normal antropyloric muscle thickness, those in group 2 had abnormal thickness, and those in group 3 had muscle thickness that was not definitely normal or abnormal. The final clinical diagnoses for all of the infants in the three groups confirmed the authors' initial impressions that antropyloric muscle thickness of less than 2 mm was anatomically normal, muscle measuring 3 mm or greater was abnormal and diagnostic for pyloric stenosis, and mu...
Performance analysis of the transient thermo-reflectance method for measuring the thermal conductivity of single layer materials

Abstract This work shows that the Fourier number ( Fo ) defines the shape and amplitude of the thermal response of a semi-infinite layer sample. The introduction of the responsivity, Rs, of the TTR method provides the ability to assess the performance of the thermal conductivity measurements. A simplified heat transfer analysis of a finite layer sample revealed that the properties ratio, ( ρC p K ) S /( ρC p K ) L , and the layer thickness, h / δ P , uniquely define both temperature response and measurement responsivity. If the material under test is the substrate, this work can help improve the measurement accuracy by selecting the appropriate thickness of the top layer. If the material is a layer on top of a known substrate, this work suggests that the accuracy of the TTR measurements can be fully maximized.
Orbit Design for the THEMIS Mission

THEMIS, NASA’s fifth Medium Class Explorer (MIDEX) mission will monitor the onset and macro-scale evolution of magnetospheric substorms. It is a fleet of 5 small satellites (probes) measuring in situ the magnetospheric particles and fields while a network of 20 ground based observatories (GBOs) monitor auroral brightening over Northern America. Three inner probes (∼1 day period, 10 RE apogee) monitor current disruption and two outer probes (∼2 day and ∼4 day period, 20 RE and 30 RE apogees respectively) monitor lobe flux dissipation. In order to time and localize substorm onsets, THEMIS utilizes Sun–Earth aligned conjunctions between the probes when the ground-based observatories are on the nightside. To maintain high recurrence of conjunctions the outer orbits have to be actively adjusted during each observation season. Orbit maintenance is required to rearrange the inner probes for dayside observations and also inject the probes into their science orbits after near-simultaneous release from a common launch vehicle.
ANTIBODIES TO MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUSES IN HUMAN SERA.

SummaryHuman sera frequently react with mouse hepatitis viruses in CF and neutralization tests; available evidence indicates that the reacting factor is a specific antiviral antibody. Antibody responses were observed in several population groups, particularly in Marine recruits during winter. The agent responsible for the antibody is not known.We thank Mr. Worth I. Capps for devoted assistance in the performance of neutralization tests and preparation of CF antigens.
Prediction of Typewriting Success

Abstract A report of part of an investigation of factors affecting the acquisition of typewriting skill, made possible by a grant from The Carnegie Corporation through the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
A HALF‐CENTURY OF EDUCATIONAL THEORY: PERSPECTIVES ON THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Anniversaries are an occasion for celebration and reflection: celebration for the fact of longevity and persistence, sometimes in the face of difficulty; reflection as an opportunity to turn the looking-back of self-congratulation into an occasion for learning from the past as a basis for guiding new choices in the future. I am fortunate to be the Editor of Educational Theory during its fiftieth anniversary, because it has given me the chance to learn from the perspectives of the authors who have agreed to contribute to this Symposium, each reviewing a decade’s worth of published issues of the journal.
Effects of axial conduction in laminar tube flow with convective boundaries

Abstract Heat transfer in laminar tube flow with convective boundary conditions and axial heat conduction in the fluid is solved exactly. The effects of the external Biot numbers and the axial conduction in fluid on the temperature distribution and the local Nusselt number are determined for both the upstream and the downstream regions. In order to illustrate the effects of velocity profile, the results for the slug flow and the parabolic velocity profiles are plotted simultaneously. The heat transfer characteristics of the flow are found to be rather sensitive to the Peclet number, the external Biot numbers and the velocity profile in the thermal entrance region.
Nitrogen-added Al rare-earth alloys for thin film transistors

Abstract The effects of nitrogen addition to aluminum-rare-earth alloys were investigated. Yttrium and gadolinium were employed as respective alloy components. The electrical properties and hillock densities of alloy films were investigated, and their nanostructures were studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Nitrogen effectively decreases the grain size, and causes the columnar structure, that is generally present in aluminum-based alloys, to disappear. Nitric aluminum-rare-earth alloys have a strong resistance to hillock formation, and formed no micro-voids even after annealing at 450°C. An N 2 flow rate of 1.3–10% in the sputtering gas gives a low hillock density of 2.0 E +1–7.7 E −1 pcs/mm 2 after annealing at 350°C in both nitric Al-rare-earth alloys. In the case of patterned nitric aluminum-yttrium alloys, an N 2 flow rate of less than 1.3% causes large side-hillocks after annealing at over 350°C. As an optimum value, an N 2 flow rate of 2.5% results in a low hillock density of 1.9 E +1 pcs/mm 2 and a low resistivity of 8.6 μΩ cm after annealing at 350°C.
A morphologic reappraisal of endoscopically but not histologically apparent polyps and the emergence of the overlooked goblet cell--rich hyperplastic polyp

Goblet cell--rich hyperplastic polyps (GCRHP) are morphologically subtle compared to microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHP) and are believed to be the most commonly unrecognized serrated polyp, though this has not been systematically studied. We hypothesize that a gastrointestinal pathologist's review of endoscopically but not histologically apparent polyps will identify previously missed GCRHPs, a finding that may be clinically significant if the addition of this subtype of serrated polyp contributes to sufficient numeric criteria for a clinical diagnosis of serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS). Two blinded reviews were performed on 160 endoscopically but not histologically apparent polyps by a gastrointestinal pathologist, separated by a 6 month "washout period." A final review diagnosis of GCRHP was applied to all polyps with complete agreement on both reviews. Patient records were then searched to determine if the addition of a GCRHP resulted in sufficient numeric criteria for a clinical diagnosis of SPS. Fourteen (9%) polyps were reclassified as GCRHPs. The majority (n = 12, 86%) were originally called "colonic mucosa with surface hyperplastic change (CMWSHC)." Two polyps (1%) were re-classified as MVHPs. No other serrated or adenomatous polyps were identified. For each patient, the addition of a hyperplastic polyp did not result in a clinical diagnosis of SPS, though one patient fell short of this diagnosis by only one polyp. GCRHPs are the most commonly underdiagnosed serrated polyp and are often called CMWSHC. The addition of previously missed GCRHPs is unlikely to contribute to a diagnosis of SPS in an individual patient.
Contingent and noncontingent responding in squirrel monkeys as a joint function of quality of, distance from, and schedule of food reinforcement

Ss worked on chain FI VI, chain FI DRL, multiple SΔ VI or mult SΔ DRL. In chains, onset of the VI or DRL food link was contingent on right-bar presses in the FI link. In multiples, onset of the food component occurred after a preset duration of SΔ, and was not response-contingent. Sucrose or peanut pellets reinforced left-bar presses on the food schedules. Variability among Ss was great, but generally, results were: (1) where quality of the reinforcer made a difference, sucrose maintained higher response rates than peanut, whether responding was contingently or noncontingently reinforced; (2) responding in the components distal to food was somewhat more sensitive to quality of the reinforcer than responding in the proximal food components; (3) with food reinforcement rate in VI and DRL equated, there was no significant effect of type of schedule per se on FI responding in chains, but (4) there was a differential effect on SΔ responding in multiples, with less SΔ responding on mult SΔ DRL than mult SΔ VI.
On surfaces: A rejoinder

It is argued that there is a non‐technical common‐sense view of surfaces that virtually all of us share. This view stands in complicated relationships to the sorts of accounts of surfaces found in mathematics and in various sciences, being in certain ways the bases for these technical analyses, but also containing information about the world that is different from anything to be found in mathematics and the sciences.
Morphologic observations of brain tumors in PD4 hamsters induced by four strains of avian sarcoma virus.

Brain tumors were induced in inbred PD4 hamsters with each of four strains of Avian Sarcoma Virus: CT-559, Bratislava-77, Schmidt-Ruppin, and Bryan.
Delta‐tocotrienol suppresses Notch‐1 pathway by upregulating miR‐34a in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating various cellular functions by transcriptional silencing. miRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors (oncomirs), depending on cancer types. In our study, using miRNA microarray, we observed that downregulation of the Notch-1 pathway, by delta-tocotrienol, correlated with upregulation of miR-34a, in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Moreover, re-expression of miR-34a by transfection in NSCLC cells resulted in inhibition of cell growth and invasiveness, induction of apoptosis and enhanced p53 activity. Furthermore, cellular mechanism studies revealed that induction of miR-34a decreased the expression of Notch-1 and its downstream targets including Hes-1, Cyclin D1, Survivin and Bcl-2. Our findings suggest that delta-tocotrienol is a nontoxic activator of mir-34a which can inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and inhibit invasion, and thus offering a potential starting point for the design of novel anticancer agents.
Artificial modification meeting reminder

A symposium on artificial modification of the ionosphere by high-powered radio waves (V. V. Migulin, Honorary Chairman) will be held September 19–23, 1988, at the Scandic Hotel, Tromso, Norway. The symposium, sponsored by Union Radio Scientifique Internationale Commissions (URSI) G and H, is in the URSI series which started at Suzdal in 1983. Information on the scientific program is available from V.V. Migulin, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 103907, Moscow Center, Marx Avl8, U.S.S.R.; Peter Stubbe, Max- Planck-Institut fuer Aeronomy, D-3411 Katlenburg- Lindau 3, Federal Republic of Germany; or W.E. Gordon, Rice University, Space Physics and Astronomy Dept., Houston, TX 77251. For local arrangements information, contact Asgeir Brekke, Institute Matematisk Realfag, Aurora Observatory, Box 953, N-9001, Tromso, Norway.
Missing persons in the study of groups

This research examined relationships between team-level variables with various patterns of individual non-response. In the first analysis, professional basketball teams (n = 389) were used to study the relationship between team cooperation and team performance. In the second analysis, the same teams were used to study the relationship between team experience and team performance. In the third analysis, professional baseball teams (n = 1984) were used to study the relationship between team experience and team performance. Individuals were deleted from the complete data sets to simulate three different types of non-response that might be encountered in organizational group or team research. In all three analyses, team-level relationships were attenuated as individual members were deleted randomly. Team-level relationships were also generally reduced as individuals were deleted as a function of their level of participation with the team. The overall amount of variance explained, however, showed a pronounced curvilinear effect. Namely, in all three analyses, the variance explained in team performance peaked when 30–40 per cent of the low-participation members were deleted. Finally, in the first analysis, relationships were also attenuated as the least cooperative members were deleted from the data set. The results demonstrate the need for researchers to understand the diverse effects of various types of non-response in team and group research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of a Dilute Particulate Flow (Laminar) Over Tube Banks

This paper presents an investigation of numerical simulation for a dilute particle laden flow (laminar) over in-line tube banks. Particles behavior of two different sizes and density (100 μm sand and 40 μm fly ash) is demonstrated through the present study for a fixed geometry and flow condition, that is, a square in-line tube bank of two rows deep with pitch-to-diameter ratio of two at Reynolds number 400. Dilute particulate flow assumption is used and the drag force is considered as the only external force term that affects the particles behavior in the flow. Experimental rebounding data and semiempirical equation for the erosion estimation are used. It was found through the present simulation that the particles behavior of the different sizes and density in tube bank system is quite different in their trajectories, impact and the erosion pattern. The protective role of the first row of cylinders could be supported with respect to the particles collision on the cylinder but not necessarily to the erosion point of view. Also the information at impact such as the impact velocity and the impact angle which affect the erosion (Tabakoff et al., 1988) can be estimated by using the numerical simulation shown in the present study.