cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Cholesterol on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Plasma Insulin and Free Fatty Acid Levels in Rats

In order to further investigate the metabolic alterations in the liver of cholesterol-fed rats, the following parameters were determined: (a) the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, citrate cleavage enzyme, acetyl CoC carboxylase, and fatty acid synthetase; (b) the rate of hepatic fatty acids synthesis in vivo or in vitro; and (c) the concentration of immunoreactive insulin, free fatty acids, and glucose in the plasma. The experimental diets usually contained 1.5% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid. Cholesterol feeding resulted in a three- to fourfold decrease in the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and citrate cleavage enzyme and up to a two-fold decrease in the activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. The rate of fatty acid synthesis was not sifnigicantly decreased when rats were fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets for only 2 to 4 weeks, despite marked decreases in the activities of the lipogenic enzymes. But when cholesterol feeding was continued for periods longer than 5 weeks, there was a significant decrease in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Cholesterol feeding decreased the levels of circulating insulin and elevated plasma free fatty acid levels. Plasma glucose levels were not significantly changed. Cholesterol feeding can result in a wide range of metabolic alterations. These metabolic alterations may have some impact on the development of hypercholesterolemic-related metabolic disorders.
Education, Training, and Recruitment of Special Collections Librarians: An Analysis of Job Advertisements

This study surveys special collections job advertisements that are appropriate for recent graduates of LIS programs to determine the positions’ core qualifications and duties in relationship to the relatively recent set of core competencies identified by the Rare Book and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL). Rather than tracing the development of the position or identifying changes and trends, the study assembles a composite image of the opportunities available to new graduates, and the qualifications and competencies in demand by employers, over a five-year period. Although this is an exploratory survey, it is hoped . . .
Multivariate and multilocus variance components method, based on structural relationships to assess quantitative trait linkage via SEGPATH

A general-purpose modeling framework for performing path and segregation analysis jointly, called SEGPATH (Province and Rao [1995] Stat. Med. 7:185–198), has been extended to cover ‘‘model-free’’ robust, variance-components linkage analysis, based on identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing. These extended models can be used to analyze linkage to a single marker or to perform multipoint linkage analysis, with a single phenotype or multivariate vector of phenotypes, in pedigrees. Within a single, consistent approach, SEGPATH models can perform segregation analysis, path analysis, linkage analysis, or combinations thereof. SEGPATH models can incorporate environmental or other measured covariate fixed effects (including measured genotypes), genotype-specific covariate effects, population heterogeneity models, repeatedmeasures models, longitudinal models, autoregressive models, developmental models, gene-by-environment interaction models, etc., with or without linkage components. The data analyzed can have any missing value structure (assumed missing at random), with entire individuals missing, or missing on one or more measurements. Corrections for ascertainment can be made on a vector of phenotypes and/or other measures. Because of the flexibility of the class of models, the SEGPATH approach can also be used in nongenetic applications where there is a hierarchical structure, such as longitudinal, repeated-measures, time series, or nested models. A variety of specific models are provided, as well as some comparisons with other linkage analysis models. Particular applications demonstrate the importance of correctly accounting for the extraneous sources of familial resemblance, as can be done easily with these SEGPATH models, so as to give added power to detect linkage as well as to protect against spuriously inferring linkage. Genet Epidemiol 24:128–138,
Mitochondrial Phylogeography of Moose (Alces alces) in North America

Abstract Nucleotide variation was assessed from the mitochondrial control region of North American moose (Alces alces) to test predictions of a model of range expansion by stepping-stone dispersal and to determine whether patterns of genetic variation support the current recognition of 4 subspecies. Haplotypes formed a star phylogeny indicative of a recent expansion of populations. Values of nucleotide and haplotype diversity were low continent-wide but were greatest in the central part of the continent and lowest in peripheral populations. Despite low mitochondrial diversity, moose exhibited a high degree of differentiation regionally, which was not explained by isolation by distance. Our data indicate a pattern of colonization consistent with a large central population that supplied founders to peripheral populations (other than Alaska), perhaps through rare, long-distance dispersal events (leptokurtic dispersal) rather than mass dispersal by a stepping-stone model. The colonization scenario does not ac...
Psychosocial Interventions in Cancer

Cancer survivors are faced with significant disease- and treatment-related symptoms that challenge quality of life and can lead to psychosocial distress or dysfunction. The impact of cancer on psychological and emotional well-being is highly variable and often depends on a number of factors. However, even mild symptoms of distress can lead to impairment in several areas of functioning. Psychosocial interventions for cancer survivors generally aim to reduce emotional distress, enhance coping skills, and improve quality of life. Many different types of interventions have been conducted. Most approaches have involved a group-based format following cognitive behavioral, stress and coping, stress management, and supportive group environment theories and models. Some work has also provided psychoeducational components, engaged spouses/partners, or provided phone-based delivery of the interventions. Many studies have supported the benefit of psychosocial interventions; however, evidence suggests a need for greater awareness of moderating factors associated with emotional distress and intervention efficacy as well as mechanisms of change associated with active versus inactive intervention components. Furthermore, it is important to consider the distress continuum among cancer survivors to determine the most optimal level of care based on their needs and a stepped care model of intervention delivery is recommended.
Aspiration injection treatment for varus sprain of the ankle. A preliminary report.

Forty-seven cases of varus sprain of the ankle, demonstrating normal stress roentgenographic findings, were studied. Thirty-six were treated by aspiration of blood from the ankle and injection of hyaluronidase-lidocaine solution. Seven patients returned to football activity in one week and twenty-seven patients in two weeks. Two patients, because of the severity of the swelling, had injection-aspiration treatment augmented by cast immobilization. They returned to football activity in three weeks. Three recurrences of a sprain following this treatment were reported. Eleven patients were subjected to a more standard form of treatment. One patient returned to athletic activities in three weeks. One patient had the longest recovery time—nine weeks. One case of ankle reinjury in this group was reported.
Sowing seeds of hope in California's fields of resistance to Pharm rice and Frankenfish

California has been an important site of governance on risks from genetically engineered (GE) organisms. This paper reviews California's efforts to govern the ecological and food safety risks from GE salmon and GE pharmaceutical rice. We explain how a political constellation of actors emerged to pursue precautionary policies, and we discuss the prospects for similar policies elsewhere. We find that regulation of particularly risky objects is possible in some places, particularly where social movement organizations are mobilized and the possible consequences are severe, such as with impacts to wild salmon runs or pharmaceutically contaminated foods. But such regulations may only emerge when they are inconsequential to, or aligned with, the market concerns of dominant economic interests. Key Words: genetically engineered organisms, social movements, biosafety, California.
A Device for Demonstrating the Properties of a Simple Permutation Group

(1938). A Device for Demonstrating the Properties of a Simple Permutation Group. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 516-519.
Toward a unified picture of the water self-ions at the air-water interface: a density functional theory perspective.

The propensities of the water self-ions, H3O+ and OH–, for the air–water interface have implications for interfacial acid–base chemistry. Despite numerous experimental and computational studies, no consensus has been reached on the question of whether or not H3O+ and/or OH– prefer to be at the water surface or in the bulk. Here we report a molecular dynamics simulation study of the bulk vs interfacial behavior of H3O+ and OH– that employs forces derived from density functional theory with a generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation functional (specifically, BLYP) and empirical dispersion corrections. We computed the potential of mean force (PMF) for H3O+ as a function of the position of the ion in the vicinity of an air–water interface. The PMF suggests that H3O+ has equal propensity for the interface and the bulk. We compare the PMF for H3O+ to our previously computed PMF for OH– adsorption, which contains a shallow minimum at the interface, and we explore how differences in solvation of ea...
Serum amylase values by the Caraway method in hospitalized patients and normal controls.

In this study Caraway's method for the determination of the serum amylase was found useful for a general hospital. The average normal value was 95 units, with a standard deviation of 32 and a standard error of 3.2. A significant difference between mean serum amylase values of hospital patients and those of normal controls was recorded. Sex, age (between 20 and 87 years), meals (within two hours), time of clay, ingestion of coffee, and administration of 10 mg. of morphine sulfate within one hour had no effect on serum amylase.
Bronchiolitis: Pathologic Considerations

Bronchiolitis represents a cellular and mesenchymal reaction involving bronchioles. The interplay between the cellular infiltrate and the mesenchymal reaction affects the lumen size, lamina propria, muscular layer, and bronchiolar adventitia. The result is a variety of clinical, radiologic, and functional patterns of bronchiolar disease. The anatomy of the small airways is discussed, and a pathologic classification applicable to the surgical pathology of bronchiolitis is presented. The classification is practical and includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cellular bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, bronchiolitis obliterans (including bronchiolitis obliterans with intraluminal polyps and constrictive bronchiolitis), dust-related small airway fibrosis, and (postinflammatory) bronchiolar scarring and peribronchiolar fibrosis.
Convergence studies in meshfree peridynamic simulations

Meshfree methods are commonly applied to discretize peridynamic models, particularly in numerical simulations of engineering problems. Such methods discretize peridynamic bodies using a set of nodes with characteristic volume, leading to particle-based descriptions of systems. In this paper, we perform convergence studies of static peridynamic problems. We show that commonly used meshfree methods in peridynamics suffer from accuracy and convergence issues, due to a rough approximation of the contribution of nodes near the boundary of the neighborhood of a given node to numerical integrations. We propose two methods to improve meshfree peridynamic simulations. The first method uses accurate computations of volumes of intersections between neighbor cells and the neighborhood of a given node, referred to as partial volumes. The second method employs smooth influence functions with a finite support within peridynamic kernels. Numerical results demonstrate great improvements in accuracy and convergence of peridynamic numerical solutions when using the proposed methods.
Morbidity and Mortality analysis on malignant tumor from 2006 to 2011 in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City

[Objective] To analyze the morbidity,mortality and incidence trend of malignant tumor from 2006 to 2011 in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City,and to provide scientific basis for intervention policies.[Methods] Data came from database on cancer incidence and mortality(2006—2011) in Public Health Surveillance System of Xiacheng District.The incidence rate,mortality rate,and years of potential life lost(YPLL) were analyzed using the ICD-10.[Results] In Xiacheng District from 2006 to 2011,the cancer incidence rate was 423.75/lakh.Standardized incidence rate was 244.98/lakh.Mortality rate was 208.74/lakh and standardized mortality rate 100.93/lakh,which were higher in male population than in female population.Both incidence and mortality increased with age.The top 5 cancers in onset order were with lung,colon,stomach,breast,and liver.The front 5 cancers in the order of the highest mortality were lung,colon,liver,stomach,and pancrea.The order for YPLL was different than that for mortality in top 5 cancers.[Conclusion] Cancers have severely affected the health of residents in Xiacheng District.Measures for prevention and control of cancer should be formulated and proper health education and early screening carried out,which are of great importance in lowering incidence and mortality rates of cancer.
Analyses on Re-examining Several Methods of Biological Researches for Ancient Cultivated Rice

The origin and differentiation of cultivated rice research need to do researches from a biological point of view.With the help of natural science research methods and means,archaeological discovery of ancient cultivated rice remains could be applied to the scientific detection and analytical research.The archaeological discovery of ancient cultivated rice remains could be mainly classified as relics and traces.The research methods have appeared in different articles one after anther,and they are: Awn analysis,Grain shape analysis,Pollen analysis,Spodogram,Silica body analysis,DNA analysis,Bi-peaked tubercles,Formulas of grain shape analysis,Pringtings of bi-peaked tubercles analysis,Rachilla analysis,and Spikelet bases analysis.These methods are not the "ultimate method" for the study of ancient cultivated rice remains,and the method itself has limitation in various degrees.However,improvement and innovation of research methods broaden the academic view and raised new issues;therefore,the academic world could be promoted to re-examine the exsiting knowledge and research result,and then go on discovering new methods for a more comprehensive understanding on the problem of cultivated rice's origin and differentiation.
The Domain of Marketing: How Are the Boundaries of the Marketing Discipline Established?

This article examines, from a conceptual perspective, the establishment, evolution and impact of boundaries and definitions on research in marketing. A conceptual model highlighting the key issues and constructs involved in the development and evolution of marketing thought and the boundaries of marketing is presented. Particular attention is given to the relationship between societal trends and research in marketing. The impact of environmental trends and current research directions on the formation of “new” journals in marketing is also examined. In addition, the roles of academicians, practitioners and “gatekeepers” are all discussed, as is their impact on research in the discipline. Three distinct categories of research are identified along with their roles in advancing marketing thought and establishing boundaries for marketing. Finally, the potential implications of “artificial” definitions and boundaries for research in the discipline are examined.
Pathogen–Host Defense in the Evolution of Depression: Insights into Epidemiology, Genetics, Bioregional Differences and Female Preponderance

Significant attention has been paid to the potential adaptive value of depression as it relates to interactions with people in the social world. However, in this review, we outline the rationale of why certain features of depression including its environmental and genetic risk factors, its association with the acute phase response and its age of onset and female preponderance appear to have evolved from human interactions with pathogens in the microbial world. Approaching the relationship between inflammation and depression from this evolutionary perspective yields a number of insights that may reveal important clues regarding the origin and epidemiology of the disorder as well as the persistence of its risk alleles in the modern human genome.
Infection and Immunity

Advancing age is an important risk factor for more frequent and severe infection. This occurs both due to accumulating comorbid illness and frailty and waning immunity with age itself. Critical preventive strategies include optimized therapy of comorbid illness, proper nutrition, and adherence to the recommended vaccine administration schedule for seniors. In those with documented infection, rapid administration of appropriate antibiotics is more important for successful outcomes than it is in young adults. For those with frailty and/or frequent healthcare exposure broad initial coverage for multidrug resistant organisms is appropriate until culture-guided management is possible. Asymptomatic bacteriuria or other colonization without infection should not be treated unless surgical procedures are anticipated.
Synthesis of C-14 radiolabeled glucagon receptor antagonist and its use in a human mass balance study

The synthesis of the radiolabeled glucagon receptor antagonist 1-[14 C] was accomplished based on decarboxylative iodination of acid 2 followed by "reattachment" of 14 C carboxylic function. The method allowed a significant reduction in the number of steps in preparation of the radiolabeled compound. Iodide 4, obtained by the halodecarboxylation, was converted to cyanide 5-[14 C], which was hydrolyzed to provide the radiolabeled acid 2-[14 C]. Coupling with β-alanine fragment and hydrolysis of ester 6-[14 C] completed the synthesis of the target molecule 1-[14 C]. The resulting compound was utilized in a mass balance and metabolism study where hepatic oxidation followed by a trace amount of sulfate conjugation and elimination was the main clearance pathway for 1 in humans.
Environmental Cues Can Promote Symmetrical Division of Functional Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Widespread clinical use of ex-vivo expanded human umbilical cord blood (CB) grafts has been limited by lack of proper understanding of factors regulating self-renewal type of symmetric cell divisions. The expansion of the number of functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) ex-vivo requires the creation of an environment which favors symmetrical division. In our current studies, addition of late acting cytokines, (GM-CSF, IL-6, Epo) with early acting cytokines (thrombopoietin, SCF, Flt-3 ligand) resulted in loss of expansion of stem/progenitor cells. These data indicate that modification of HSC fate is not fully independent of external humoral influences. We have previously demonstrated that following treatment of CD34+ cells with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5azaD) and trichostatin A (TSA) there is a 10- fold increase in the number of SCID mouse repopulating cells (SRC). This increase of SRC, however, occurred concomitantly with an increase in absolute number of CD34+CD90+ cells as well as primitive progenitors which gives rise to colony forming unit Mix lineage (CFU-Mix). We hypothesized that if the primary CD34+ cells generates CFU-Mix/CFU-GM in a ratio of ‘X’, then to observe a higher rate of symmetric cell division we would expect to see the ratio increased (>X) in the 5azaD/TSA treated cells in comparison to cells cultured in the absence of 5azaD/TSA (
Multimodality imaging of adult gastric emergencies: A pictorial review

Acute gastric emergencies require urgent surgical or nonsurgical intervention because they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis since the clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and radiologist may be the first one to suggest a diagnosis as the imaging findings are often characteristic. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of multimodality imaging (plain radiograph, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography) of various life threatening gastric emergencies.
Recombinant antibody-based molecular therapeutics for brain tumor immunotherapy

A28 The limited efficacy of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant glioma calls for innovative approaches targeting specific biological features of these tumors. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), with high specificity and high affinity for their target antigens, can be utilized in targeted therapy for delivery of agents such as radionuclides, enzymes, drugs, or toxins in vivo. Success in MAb-based therapy for brain tumor requires the identification of glioma-associated antigens and the proper selection of target-specific MAbs for each patient. We have validated a panel of promising molecular malignant glioma targets, such as epidermal growth factor receptor type III variant (EGFRvIII) and human transmembrane glycoprotein nmb (GPNMB), and we have performed genetic and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of gliomas to determine incidence, distribution, and pattern of localization of specific antigens in brain tumors, as well as the survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses correlated expression of GPNMB with survival of 39 GBM patients using RNA expression and IHC data, establishing that these patients, whose tumors have relatively high mRNA GPNMB transcript levels, >3-fold over normal brain, as well as positive immunohistochemistry, have a significantly higher risk of death. We have developed both murine and human high-affinity single-chain fragment antibodies from phage and yeast display libraries and immunotoxins with Pseudomonas exotoxin PE38 that are reactive with either EGFRvIII or GPNMB in vitro and in vivo. Antibody engineering also provides a powerful approach for redesigning Abs for use in oncological applications: In preclinical tests for malignant glioma treatment, affinity-matured recombinant Ab fragments in the form of scFv-CH3 fusion and two immunotoxins, MR1-1(dsFv)PE38 for EGFRvIII and F6V(scFv)PE38 for GPNMB, all demonstrate efficient tumor targeting and offer the promise of improved tumor control without substantial toxicity. The IND of MR1-1 immunotoxin was issued in August 2007, and Phase I clinical trials are ongoing at Duke (Dr. D. Bigner, P.I.).
Mapping Political Attitudes: The Impact of Concept Mapping on Ideological Constraint

People with more political knowledge tend to have more coherent ideologies (Delli Carpini & Keeter, 1996; Judd & Krosnick, 1989; Stimson, 1975; Zaller, 1992). Drawing on prominent theories of attitude structure (e.g., Dinauer & Fink, 2005; Hunter, Levine & Sayers, 1976), we propose an explanation for this relationship, testing whether people who spend time thinking about how political concepts relate to one another are more likely to exhibit ideologically coherent attitudes (Judd & Krosnick, 1989). We find that participants who are instructed to participate in an exercise that requires them to think about how political concepts are related exhibit greater correlations between social- and economic-policy attitudes than nonparticipants and find some evidence that participants’ policy attitudes are more consistent over time. Contrary to expectations, there was no evidence of greater consistency between policy attitudes and underlying values, including party identification.
From the Parents' Perspective: The Think College Experience in Rural Vermont.

Through qualitative interviews, perspectives of parents of students who were in the first 2 years of the Think College Program at University of Vermont and Johnson State College were explored, ther...
Developments in Radiation Heat Transfer: A Historical Perspective

Abstract Developments in thermal radiation are presented by the author from his perspective of teaching a graduate-level radiation heat transfer course at Purdue University for about 40 years. The account starts with the nineteenth century. The major findings on the physical nature of radiation are discussed and are continued with the birth of the quantum theory. The focus in the article is on modeling of radiation heat exchange among ideal and real surfaces. Conjugate heat transfer—radiation combined with conduction and/or convection—is briefly discussed. Radiative transfer in participating media is considered next, and the interaction of radiation with other modes of heat transfer is examined. Finally, some unsolved problems needing future research attention are identified.
Habits and Tics

The goal of this chapter is to present a clinician-friendly guide to the identification, functional assessment, treatment, and evaluation of habit and tic behaviors. We combined tics and habits into a single chapter because of the topographical and functional similarities between tics and habits. For example, people who repeatedly shrug their shoulders may do so because they have learned that the specific response of shrugging releases muscle tension (an operant behavior that is maintained by automatic negative reinforcement, also called a habit) or because it is elicited by an internal stimulus as part of an organic disorder (e.g., Tourette’s) which results in a feeling of relief or escape from aversive somatic sensation. In both instances, the topography (i.e., shrugging shoulders) and the function (i.e., negative reinforcement by escape) are the same. Regardless of whether the shoulder shrugging is labeled a tic or a habit, the general assessment and treatment procedures will be identical.
De Re Salica: Fundamental principles of salt tectonics

Following common usage, we broaden the term “salt” to include all rock bodies composed primarily of halite (NaCl). Salt is mechanically weak and flows like a fluid, even at geologically rapid strain rates. Salt is also relatively incompressible so is less dense than most carbonates and all moderately to fully compacted siliciclastic rocks. Salt's fluid rheology and incompressibility make it inherently unstable under a wide range of geologic conditions.
Orthogonal Polynomials and Functional Analysis

This paper studies the measure of orthogonality for a system of polynomials defined by a three term recursion formula, using the techniques of operator theory and functional analysis. Spectral properties of self-adjoint operators and compact operators, perturbation theorems, and commutator equations are used in the development of the ideas.
You as a Scientist

In this chapter we will approach three broad topics: your passion, your values, and your work style. As described in chapter “ The Framework for this Book: The Socioecological Model,” these topics are part of the innermost circle of the socioecological model, which is the individual (YOU, baby!). Each of these aspects of who you are is interlinked and affects your research career. Each requires you to focus on yourself to best understand what and how you want to lead your career as a scientist. In each section we will ask you to reflect and define what your passions, values, and work style are or will be. These are topics you will return to throughout your career, to reaffirm or strengthen and to modify or redirect. Consistent periodic self-reflection will best allow you to move forward in your career and really rock science to its core.
Food sovereignty in place: Cuba and Spain

Attempts to democratize the food system and make it more equitable through food sovereignty take many forms across space. In Cuba, food sovereignty is perceived as the promotion of small-scale farming methods informed by agroecology and permaculture. However, these practices are mediated by discourses of self-sufficiency in the context of the US blockade. Simultaneously, in Basque country, Spain, food sovereignty shapes community-supported agriculture initiatives, farmer union and cooperative-based work, and a deep appreciation for regional foods. In this context, food sovereignty is perceived as part of the struggle to maintain Basque identity and autonomy. In this paper, I discuss how food sovereignty is defined and understood by outside actors who traveled to either Cuba or Basque country to understand how food sovereignty is being practiced in place. As educators, farmers, students, retirees, farmworker organizers, and activists meet in these spaces, I ask how do definitions of food sovereignty differ? I argue that food sovereignty ‘sits in places’ and travelers have difficulty discerning what food sovereignty is when confronted with unfamiliar practices. Findings suggest that such educational tourism is an attempt to create a meaningful space for dialogue about food sovereignty and as a touchstone it offers opportunities for participant discussions, however, understandings of food sovereignty are subject to confusion and alternate conceptions and thus, do not always travel well.
How is phylogeography shaping our understanding of the geography of diversity, diversification, and range dynamics in mammals?

Mammals have played a foundational role in the explosive growth of phylogeography over the past 30 years that it has been a recognized discipline. Novel discoveries of geographic patterns and processes using phylogeographic approaches have integrated disciplines including biogeography, evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation biology. Here, we use several approaches to survey the scope and influence of phylogeography, beginning with use of a well-studied family of North American rodents to contrast information content derived from DNA-based phylogeography versus a popular older method, allozyme electrophoresis, of assaying genetic variation within and among species across geography. We conclude that phylogeography has elevated the quality of insights attainable regarding, for example, the causal role of Earth history events in processes including lineage divergence, speciation, and adaptive evolution. Next, we use searches of the Web of Science with an array of terms that return information on molecular markers employed, numbers of individuals and localities examined, time frames investigated, historical processes and ways that species and biotas have responded to Earth history, design of phylogeographic studies (e.g., single-taxon versus comparative), and current gaps in taxonomic and geographic sampling. Highlighted results from phylogeographic assays include: an average of 3.3 cryptic lineages per taxonomic species in rodents; a bias in number of studies toward less-diverse biogeographic regions; and a relatively low number of mammalian genera studied. We conclude with predicted and recommended directions for future growth in mammalian phylogeography, including prospects for an increasing role of next generation-based genomics.
Evaluation of a contact sterilant as a niche-clearing method to enhance the colonization of apple flowers and efficacy of Aureobasidium pullulans in the biological control of fire blight

Abstract Due to rapid expansion of organic apple production and issues with antibiotic resistance in conventional production, there is a need for novel strategies to protect orchards from outbreaks of fire blight caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora. The biological control material, Blossom Protect (consisting of two strains of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans), has shown promising results in some apple growing regions but has shown reduced efficacy in humid apple-growing regions such as the Midwestern and Eastern United States. In an attempt to increase both flower colonization by A. pullulans and disease control efficacy, we applied a contact sterilant to clear the flower niche of native microbial populations 4 hr prior to application of Blossom Protect. Results from four years of field testing showed that application of the contact sterilant resulted in a significant reduction in populations of bacteria, fungi, and native yeast populations; however, all of these microbial populations recovered after 24 h. Examination of fire blight incidence revealed that use of the contact sterilant did not significantly impact disease control. Two applications of Blossom Protect, at 70–80% bloom and full bloom, exhibited the best efficacy in disease control over four years. In addition, we observed marginal differences in the marketability of the final fruit between treatments, each with less than 8% deemed unmarketable due to russet. Our results indicate that niche-clearing of apple flowers did not enhance flower colonization by A. pullulans, nor produce an increase in biological control efficacy. However, our current experimental results (2014–2018) do indicate consistency and an increase in efficacy of Blossom Protect compared to results from previous years.
Immunogenicity of Factor VIII: Is Clotting the “Danger” Signal?.

It is well established that mice lacking factor VIII (E16 or fVIII−/−) respond to intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of therapeutic doses of human fVIII in PBS. This leads to both T-cell priming for cytokine production and inhibitor formation against fVIII with specificity similar to that of hemophilia A patients (Pratt et al., 2004). The lack of tolerance to murine fVIII may be important in the ability of fVIII−/− mice to respond to human fVIII. Nonetheless, the ability to respond effectively in the absence of extrinsic adjuvant begs the question of what is the “danger signal” required for immune responsiveness to fVIII. Even more surprising is the fact that mice with normal hemostasis respond to therapeutic doses of human fVIII given intravenously (i.v.), a normally tolerogenic route (Lin, Soukhareva, and Scott, ASH 2004). We proposed to investigate whether fVIII has any intrinsic adjuvanticity. Preliminary experiments failed to support the notion that fVIII was a polyclonal B cell activator or could stimulate up regulation of MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules in vitro or in vivo. We hypothesized that the immunogenicity of fVIII is due to its ability to initiate clotting and that this cascade leads to local co-stimulatory events. To test this, fVIII−/− (C57Bl/6 background) or normal Balb/c mice were injected with either native (N) fVIII or heat inactivated (HI) fVIII (56o, 30′). This heat inactivation method was verified to destroy biologic activity of fVIII in chromogenic assays. After five injections, the antibody response elicited by NfVIII was three- to fourfold higher than that elicited by HIfVIII. ELISA assays with monoclonal antibodies against different fVIII domains (a gift of Dr. Pete Lollar) indicated a partial loss of binding to conformational B cell epitopes in HIfVIII. T cell proliferation to both preparations of fVIII demonstrated conservation of T cell epitopes. Importantly, the T cell response to fVIII was dramatically reduced in the group immunized with HIfVIII. These results suggest that the ability of fVIII to initiate a localized clotting event plays a critical role in the immunogenicity of fVIII. (Supported by NIH grants R01 HL061883 and T32 HL07698).
Learning to Airbnb by Engaging in Online Communities of Practice

Technological advances, combined with sustained, minimalist consumerism, have raised the popularity of sharing economy platforms like Airbnb and Uber. These platforms are considered to have disrupted traditional industries and revolutionized how consumers interact with their services. The Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) community has researched various aspects of the sharing economy; however, it is unclear how novices grow into experts in its various instantiations. In this paper, we present a qualitative investigation of Airbnb hosts, and Facebook groups in which they participate, for an enriched understanding of their learning mechanisms. Drawing on the theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP), our findings highlight the learning mechanisms that enable novice hosts to transition from partaking in peripheral roles to becoming integrated members of their (Facebook) communities of practice. We also present recommendations for sharing economy platforms, micro-entrepreneurs, and the online communities that serve them both.
Spatial Inequities in COVID-19 Testing, Positivity, Incidence and Mortality in 3 US Cities: a Longitudinal Ecological Study

Abstract Background Preliminary evidence has shown inequities in COVID-19 related cases and deaths in the US. Objective We explored the emergence of spatial inequities in COVID-19 testing, positivity, incidence, and mortality in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago during the first six months of the pandemic. Design Ecological, observational study at the zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) level from March to August 2020. Setting Chicago, New York City and Philadelphia. Participants All populated ZCTAs in the three cities. Measures Outcomes were ZCTA-level COVID-19 testing, positivity, incidence, monthly from pandemic onset through the end of August, and ZCTA-level COVID-19 mortality cumulatively through the end of August. Predictors were the CDC social vulnerability index and its four domains, obtained from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey. We examined spatial clusters of COVID-19 outcomes using local Moran’s I and estimated associations using negative binomial models. Results We found spatial clusters of high and low positivity, incidence and mortality, co-located with clusters of low and high social vulnerability. We also found evidence for the existence of spatial inequities in testing, positivity, incidence and mortality for the three cities. Specifically, neighborhoods with higher social vulnerability had lower testing rates, higher positivity ratios, incidence rates and mortality rates. Inequities in testing and incidence changed over time in the three cities, and inequities in positivity stayed consistent over time. Limitations ZCTAs are imperfect and heterogeneous geographical units of analysis. We rely on surveillance data, which may be incomplete. Conclusion We found spatial inequities in COVID-19 testing, positivity, incidence, and mortality in three large cities of the US. Registration N/A Funding source NIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644)
Identifying ActiGraph non-wear time in pregnant women with overweight or obesity.

Abstract Objectives Non-wear time algorithms have not been validated in pregnant women with overweight/obesity (PW-OW/OB), potentially leading to misclassification of sedentary/activity data, and inaccurate estimates of how physical activity is associated with pregnancy outcomes. We examined: (1) validity/reliability of non-wear time algorithms in PW-OW/OB by comparing wear time from five algorithms to a self-report criterion and (2) whether these algorithms over- or underestimated sedentary behaviors. Design PW-OW/OB (N = 19) from the Healthy Mom Zone randomized controlled trial wore an ActiGraph GT3x + for 7 consecutive days between 8–12 weeks gestation. Methods Non-wear algorithms (i.e., consecutive strings of zero acceleration in 60-second epochs) were tested at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180-min. The monitor registered sedentary minutes as activity counts 0−99. Women completed daily self-report logs to report wear time. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients for each algorithm were 0.96−0.97; Bland–Altman plots revealed no bias; mean absolute percent errors were Conclusions The 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180-min algorithms are valid and reliable for estimating wear time in PW-OW/OB. However, implementing algorithms with a higher threshold for consecutive zero counts (i.e., ≥150-min) can avoid the risk of misclassifying sedentary data.
Automobility and the politics of development under Miguel Primo de Rivera: a historicized reading of Antonio Espina’s Luna de copas

This article explores the sociopolitical significance of automobility during the Miguel Primo de Rivera dictatorship as a means to historicize Antonio Espina’s novel Luna de copas. Devoting special...
CLAVATA Signaling Ensures Reproductive Development in Plants across Thermal Environments

The ability to thrive in diverse environments requires that species maintain development and reproduction despite dynamic conditions. Many developmental processes are stabilized through robust signaling pathways that cooperatively ensure proper development.1 During reproduction, plants like Arabidopsis thaliana continuously generate flowers on growing indeterminate inflorescences.2 Flower primordia initiation and outgrowth depends on the hormone auxin and is robust across diverse environments.3-6 Here, we show that reproductive development under different thermal conditions requires the integration of multiple pathways regulating auxin-dependent flower production. In colder/ambient temperatures, the receptor complex CLAVATA2/CORYNE (CLV2/CRN) is necessary for continuous flower outgrowth during inflorescence development. CLV2/CRN signaling is independent of CLAVATA1 (CLV1)-related receptor signaling but involves the CLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASE (CIK) family co-receptors, with higher order cik mutant combinations phenocopying clv2/crn flower outgrowth defects. Developing crn inflorescences display reduced auxin signaling, and restoration of auxin biosynthesis is sufficient to restore flower outgrowth in colder and ambient temperatures. In contrast, at higher temperatures, both clv2/crn signaling and heat-induced auxin biosynthesis via YUCCA family genes are synergistically required to maintain flower development. Our work reveals a novel mechanism integrating peptide hormone and auxin signaling in the regulation of flower development across diverse thermal environments.
Bacterial sepsis increases hippocampal fibrillar amyloid plaque load and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background Sepsis, a leading cause for intensive care unit admissions, causes both an acute encephalopathy and chronic brain dysfunction in survivors. A history of sepsis is also a risk factor for future development of dementia symptoms. Similar neuropathologic changes are associated with the cognitive decline of sepsis and Alzheimer's disease (AD), including neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and synaptic loss. Amyloid plaque pathology is the earliest pathological hallmark of AD, appearing 10 to 20 years prior to cognitive decline, and is present in 30% of people over 65. As sepsis is also more common in older adults, we hypothesized that sepsis might exacerbate amyloid plaque deposition and plaque-related injury, promoting the progression of AD-related pathology. Methods We evaluated whether the brain's response to sepsis modulates AD-related neurodegenerative changes by driving amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation in mice. We induced polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in APP/PS1–21 mice, a model of AD-related β-amyloidosis. We performed CLP or sham surgery at plaque onset (2 months of age) and examined pathology 2 months after CLP in surviving mice. Results Sepsis significantly increased fibrillar amyloid plaque formation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1–21 mice. Sepsis enhanced plaque-related astrocyte activation and complement C4b gene expression in the brain, both of which may play a role in modulating amyloid formation. CLP also caused large scale changes in the gut microbiome of APP/PS1 mice, which have been associated with a pro-amyloidogenic and neuroinflammatory state. Conclusions Our results suggest that experimental sepsis can exacerbate amyloid plaque deposition and plaque-related inflammation, providing a potential mechanism for increased dementia in older sepsis survivors.
Google Trends as a method to predict new COVID-19 cases

In this paper, we develop a method that can detect and predict the emergence of new cases of COVID-19 at an early stage. With this method, we try to lay the empirical basis for the development of the model of digital monitoring and prediction of the occurrence of new cases of COVID-19 in Croatia, relying on the analytical tool Google Trends (GT). ResultsIn Croatia search activities using GT for terms such as PCR +Covid", "PCR + test", and symptoms "cough + corona", "pneumonia + corona"; "muscle pain + corona" correlate strongly with officially reported cases of the disease. Google Trends tools are suitable for predicting the emergence of new COVID-19 cases in Croatia, and that the data collected by this method correlate with official data. The benefit of this method is reliable estimates that can enable public health officials to prepare and better respond to the possible return of a pandemic in certain parts of the country. If a region experiences an early, sharp increase in Covid-19-like-illness Google searches, it may be possible to focus additional resources on that region to identify the etiology of the outbreak, providing extra medical capacity or raising local media awareness as necessary. Because the relative frequency of certain queries is highly correlated with the percentage of physician visits in which a patient presents with Covid-19 symptoms, this method can serve as an early alarm to predict the emergence of new cases of COVID-19 in the specific area in Croatia.
Graduate Student Debt

An analysis of graduate student debt points to possible implications for the future of advanced degrees—and suggests steps that higher education administrators can take to ensure continued enrollment and completion.
Como a história da escravidão pode ajudar a formar uma teoria brasileira do direito? | How can the history of slavery inform a Brazilian theory of law?

Resumo O direito brasileiro foi articulado em torno das categorias classicas do liberalismo europeu. Para alem do debate da compatibilidade entre liberalismo e escravidao, esse artigo pretende demonstrar como a necessidade de preservar uma escravidao semilegal constituiu institucionalidades que fizeram com que o direito brasileiro operasse problematicamente sob o registro da tradicao liberal, mesmo em relacao aos seus cidadaos livres. Isso nao foi um “erro” do direito, uma falha, mas foi antes uma acao inteligivel dos arquitetos das formas e modos de funcionamento da juridicidade nacional. Nesse sentido, esse artigo pretende apontar para a necessidade de construcao de uma teoria brasileira do direito que de conta de compreender as particularidades de um sistema juridico profundamente afetado pelo escravismo do seculo XIX. Palavras-chave: Historia do Direito. Teoria do Direito Brasileiro. Direito da Escravidao. Abstract Brazilian Law was crafted around the classical categories of European liberalism. Beyond the debate regarding the compatibility between liberalism and slavery, this paper intends to show how the need to preserve a semi-legal slavery system created illegalities that highlighted the contradictions between Brazilian Law and the liberal tradition. The resulting tensions also created consequences for free citizens, which are the focus of this paper. It demonstrates that these consequences were not mere legal defeasibility, but rather an intelligible action shaping the national legal system. The article advocates for the necessity to build a Brazilian theory of Law that takes these aspects into consideration, accounting for the systematic impact of 19th-century slavery on the idea of legality in Brazil. Keywords: Legal History. Brazilian Theory of Law. Slavery Law.
Evaluation of Health Equity in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Plans in the United States.

This cross-sectional study evaluates measures of health equity in COVID-19 vaccination plans in the 50 US states and Washington, DC.