cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the In-vivo Modulation of Neostriatal Dopamine Release by Fluoxetine and 5−Hydroxy-L-tryptophan in Conscious Rats

To help determine the nature of serotonergic regulation of dopamine activity in the brain an in-vivo microdialysis study has been performed in conscious rats to investigate the modulation of dopamine release in the neostriatum by 5−hydroxytryptamine (5−HT). The 5−HT uptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, and the 5−HT precursor, 5−hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5−HTP), were used to produce an increase in extracellular 5−HT concentration. Systemic administration of fluoxetine (10 mg kg−1, s.c.) produced a 2−to 3−fold increase in extracellular 5−HT concentration but did not change extracellular dopamine concentration in the neostriatum. Co-administration of fluoxetine and 5−HTP (40 mg kg−1, s.c; 60−90 min after fluoxetine) caused a highly significant tenfold increase in extracellular 5−HT concentration in the neostriatum with a slight but non-significant decrease in extracellular dopamine concentration. Pergolide, a dopamine D2 agonist, given systemically caused a dramatic decrease in extracellular dopamine concentration demonstrating the responsiveness of the neurons. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of extracellular 5−HT do not modulate dopamine release in the neostriatum. The possibility that different 5−HT receptor subtypes may mediate different regulation of dopamine release remains to be explored.
Probabilistic retrieval and coordination level matching

Probabilistic models of document-retrieval systems incorporating sequential learning through relevance feedback may require frequent and time-consuming reevaluations of documents. Coordination level matching is shown to provide equivalent document rankings to binary models when term discrimination values are equal for all terms; this condition may be found, for example, in probabilistic systems with no feedback. A nearest-neighbor algorithm is presented which allows probabilistic sequential models consistent with two-Poisson or binary-independence assumptions to easily locate the “best” document using temporary sets of documents at a given coordination level. Conditions under which reranking is unnecessary are given. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aneuploidy and cancer

In contrast to normal cells, aneuploidy--alterations in the number of chromosomes--is consistently observed in virtually all cancers. A growing body of evidence suggests that aneuploidy is often caused by a particular type of genetic instability, called chromosomal instability, which may reflect defects in mitotic segregation in cancer cells. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to aneuploidy holds promise for the development of cancer drugs that target this process.
Absence of DNA repair replication after chemical mutagen damage in Vicia faba.

Abstract Exposure of human (Hela) cells to the mutagens 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) and N -methyl- N ′-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) produces damage in DNA that is repaired by a mechanism involving the insertion of new bases into DNA (repair replication). Vicia faba root tips, either from soaked seeds containing non-proliferating cells or from growing roots, do not perform detectable amounts of repair replication even though the mutagens inhibit DNA synthesis and cause chromosome aberrations. In view of similar failures to resolve excision in Chlamydomonas, Haplopappus, and Nicotiana after irradiation with UV light and in Vicia faba after X-irradiation it appears that plants in general might lack this repair process.
Modulation of aromatase expression in human breast tissue

Aromatase plays an important role in breast cancer development through its role in the synthesis of estrogen. Aromatase expression in breast tissue can be regulated by several mechanisms. The major promoter usage for aromatase expression in breast tumors (i.e. cAMP-stimulated promoters I.3 and II) is different from that in normal breast tissue (i.e. glucocorticoid-stimulated promoter I.4). Recent characterization of transcription factors that interact with the two important regulatory elements near promoters I.3 and II, i.e. S1 and CREaro, helps us better understand the mechanism of the switch of promoter usage between normal breast tissue and cancer tissue. It is thought that in normal breast tissue, the function of promoters I.3 and II is suppressed through the binding of EAR-2, COUP-TFI, and EARgamma to S1, and through the binding of Snail/Slug proteins to their binding site that quenchs the CREaro activity. In cancer tissue, the expression levels of EAR-2, COUP-TFI, EARgamma, Snail, and Slug decrease, and aromatase expression is then up regulated through the binding of ERRalpha-1 to S1 and the binding of CREB or related factors to CREaro. Results from this and other laboratories reveal that aromatase activity in aromatase expressing cells can also be modified by treatment with aromatase inhibitors and the antiestrogen ICI 182, 780. While aromatase inhibitors are used to treat breast cancer, the treatment has been found to increase the level of aromatase in the breast tissue of some patients. The enhancement of aromatase activity by aromatase inhibitors is thought to be due to a decrease of aromatase protein degradation by enzyme-inhibitor complex formation, up-regulation of the aromatase gene transcription through a cAMP-mediated mechanism, and an induction of aromatase expression by gonadtropins that are released from the pituitary in response to a reduction of estrogen levels in circulation in premenopausal women. Antiestrogen ICI 182, 780 has been found to suppress aromatase expression, but the mechanism has not yet been determined. In addition, aromatase activity and expression can be affected by environmental chemicals. A detailed structure-function study has revealed that flavones, but not isoflavones, are inhibitors of aromatase. It was found that flavones bind to the active site of aromatase in an orientation in which their rings-A and -C mimic rings-D and -C of the androgen substrate. The modulation of aromatase expression by endocrine disrupting chemicals is exemplified by two organochlorine pesticides (i.e. toxaphene and chlordane) that have been found to be antagonists of ERRalpha-1 orphan receptor. These compounds reduce ERRalpha-1 activity, resulting in a suppression of aromatase expression.
Revisiting the Danilovskaya Problem

The Danilovskaya problem of classical (coupled) thermoelasticity is re-examined and simplified exact expressions, which are easily implemented numerically, for the stress, temperature, and strain fields are derived using the Laplace transform. In addition, small- and large-time results are presented, propagating jump discontinuities are noted, and the complete solution for the uncoupled (i.e., approximate) theory is given. Last, computational methods are used to compare/contrast selected coupled (i.e., exact) and uncoupled expressions.
Local magnetization and magnetotransport in magnetic semiconductors

Abstract We describe the influence of local magnetization on electron localization in magnetic semiconductors. This includes a review of the magnetic field induced insulator-metal transition in Gd 3-x v x S 4 (where v=vacancy) and the observation of activated transport, i.e. a ‘hard’ gap, in the hopping regime for the diluted magnetic semiconductor Cd 1-x Mn x Te:In.
Seasonal population changes and host relationships of Myocheres major (Williams), a Cyclopoid Copepod from Pelecypods

[Sur 23 echantillons de Bivalves preleves en deux ans a Cotuit, Massachusetts, Myocheres major a ete trouve le plus frequemment chez Tagelus gibbus, beaucoup moins souvent chez Mya arenaria, et seulement occasionnellement chez Venus mercenaria et Ensis directus (ce dernier etant un hote encore non signale). Le copepodite I est apparu dans les Mollusques a la fin de mars, et en avril, et le developpement a ete rapide pendant les mois d'ete, avec deux generations completes et les copepodites d'une troisieme chez Tagelus, mais seulement deux generations chez Mya. C'est en aout que la population de Copepodes est la plus nombreuse. Aucun nauplius identifiable a Myocheres n'a ete trouve. Les mâles adultes devenaient plus abondants que les femelles au fur et a mesure que la saison s'avancait. Les femelles ovigeres etaient presentes chez Tagelus de juin a novembre et chez Mya de juin a septembre. Les copepodes manifestaient une preference pour les coquillages d'une taille superieure a la moyenne. En hiver la population de Copepodes dans les coquillages etait considerablement reduite, avec certains echantillons de Mollusques completement indemnes. On suppose que les Copepodes passent l'hiver soit dans les coquillages, soit sous la forme de stades libres vivant parmi la faune benthique. En plus de M. major, Ostrincola gracilis (en petit nombre), ?Pontoclausia sp. (rare), et Hemicyclops sp. (rare) ont ete trouves chez Tagelus, et Ostrincola gracilis chez Mya, tous etant signales pour la premiere fois dans ces hotes., Sur 23 echantillons de Bivalves preleves en deux ans a Cotuit, Massachusetts, Myocheres major a ete trouve le plus frequemment chez Tagelus gibbus, beaucoup moins souvent chez Mya arenaria, et seulement occasionnellement chez Venus mercenaria et Ensis directus (ce dernier etant un hote encore non signale). Le copepodite I est apparu dans les Mollusques a la fin de mars, et en avril, et le developpement a ete rapide pendant les mois d'ete, avec deux generations completes et les copepodites d'une troisieme chez Tagelus, mais seulement deux generations chez Mya. C'est en aout que la population de Copepodes est la plus nombreuse. Aucun nauplius identifiable a Myocheres n'a ete trouve. Les mâles adultes devenaient plus abondants que les femelles au fur et a mesure que la saison s'avancait. Les femelles ovigeres etaient presentes chez Tagelus de juin a novembre et chez Mya de juin a septembre. Les copepodes manifestaient une preference pour les coquillages d'une taille superieure a la moyenne. En hiver la population de Copepodes dans les coquillages etait considerablement reduite, avec certains echantillons de Mollusques completement indemnes. On suppose que les Copepodes passent l'hiver soit dans les coquillages, soit sous la forme de stades libres vivant parmi la faune benthique. En plus de M. major, Ostrincola gracilis (en petit nombre), ?Pontoclausia sp. (rare), et Hemicyclops sp. (rare) ont ete trouves chez Tagelus, et Ostrincola gracilis chez Mya, tous etant signales pour la premiere fois dans ces hotes.]
The temperature independence of interaction strength in a sit-and-wait predator

The strength of interactions between consumers and their resources has important implications for the overall structure and function of food webs. These interactions can change with warming, depending on the foraging mode of the predator. Theory predicts that warming increases foraging velocity in ectotherms, but in a sit-and-wait predator that has zero velocity when foraging, the interaction strength should be temperature independent. Using the protist Urocentrum turbo and the sit-and-wait copepod Orthocyclops modestus, we tested this prediction by measuring dynamic interaction strengths (effect of a predator on prey population growth rate) and by estimating the parameters of a functional response. Both of these metrics were consistent with the prediction that interaction strength is temperature independent in a sit-and-wait predator. Our results indicate that there may be considerable variability in how warming alters foraging interactions, and estimating the overall effects of climate change on food webs may require consideration of the distribution of foraging strategies and the potential asymmetries that arise with interactions that involve different strategies.
Mechanism of translation initiation by Dicistroviridae IGR IRESs

The Dicistroviridae is a growing virus family characterized by a dicistronic genome, wherein each open reading frame (ORF) is translated from an independent internal ribosome entry site (IRES). The 5' IRES that translates the first open reading frame (ORF1) is similar to the picornaviral IRESs. However the second IRES, referred to as the intergenic region (IGR) IRES, - translates ORF2 by and uses an unusual mechanism of initiating protein synthesis. It folds into a compact RNA structure that can bind directly to 40S ribosomal subunits and form 80S complexes to initiate translation in the absence of any initiation factors. Despite its unusual mechanism, the IGR IRES has proven to be an elegant model for elucidating initiation mechanisms employed by IRESs, as well as making it a powerful research tool with diverse applications.
Kit and foxd3 genetically interact to regulate melanophore survival in zebrafish

We have investigated the role of foxd3 activity in conjunction with signaling by the kit tyrosine kinase receptor in zebrafish black pigment cell (melanophore) development. As loss-of-function of these molecules individually has distinct effects on melanophore number, we have examined the phenotype of double mutants. Individuals with a null mutation in kit have fewer melanophores than wild-type, with cells lost through death. When kit mutants are injected with foxd3 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides or crossed with a foxd3 zebrafish mutant, they have more melanophores than their uninjected or foxd3+ counterparts. Examination of foxd3 loss-of-function in two additional kit mutants that differentially alter kit-dependent migration and survival indicates a change in melanophore number in survival mutants only. Consistently, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end-labeling) analysis confirms a partial rescue of melanophores from cell death. Ectopic expression of foxd3 indicates that foxd3 promotes early melanophore death only when kit is inactive. Taken together, these data suggest a kit-dependent role for foxd3 in the regulation of melanophore survival. Developmental Dynamics 238:875–886, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Gibbs-Wilbraham phenomenon: An episode in fourier analysis

plays an essential r61e in computing the amount of this overshoot. While teaching a course in the theory of functions of a real variable, E. HEWITT found the value 1.71... listed for the integral (1) in HARDY & ROGOSINSKI [271, page 36. This anomaly, as well as others encountered in the literature, led us to a study of the GIBBS phenomenon and its history. In the course of this study we uncovered a maze of forgotten results, interesting and difficult generalizations, faulty constants, and some details about the GIBBS phenomenon that have escaped the attention of many writers on the subject. Despite the familiarity of our theme, we therefore entertain a hope that readers of the Archive will find some interest in a discussion of this corner of FOURIER analysis. The paper is divided into three Parts. In Part I, we examine GIBBS's phenomenon in some detail. In Part II, we take up its curious history and describe briefly some of its congeners. In Part III, we offer some conclusions. The computations given in this paper were carried out on two computers: a Hewlett-Packard 9810 and a Univac 1110. The graphs (barring the simplest) were drawn by a Hewlett-Packard 9862A plotter. All finite decimal expansions are truncated decimal expansions. It is a pleasure to record our indebtedness to GERALD B. FOLLAND, THOMAS L. HANKINS, EINAR HILLE, and STEPHEN P. KEELER, who have made valuable suggestions to us.
A Model System for World Crime Statistics

This article describes a unique method for collecting and utilizing world crime statistics. It proposes a model system based on the “transurban area” as the unit of analysis. The model is presented in five phases: (1) preparation: identifying those urban areas from which data is to be collected, and establishing the procedures by which statistics will be collected, analyzed, and disseminated; (2) collection: implementing the data collection plan within the selected urban areas; (3) processing: analysis of the data; preparation and dissemination of reports; (4) application: utilization of the data by consumer agencies; and (5) evaluation: evaluating the model's operations in order to improve its performance. An important feature of the model is its “behavioral” definition of crime: behavior that is proscribed and punished by the legal codes of the society and that causes death or injury to the victim, or loss of or damage to his property. This concept of crime, based on mala in se behavior, largely determi...
Arrangement of the Respiratory Chain Complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Supercomplex III2IV2 Revealed by Single Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Here we present for the first time a three-dimensional cryo-EM map of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiratory supercomplex composed of dimeric complex III flanked on each side by one monomeric complex IV. A precise fit of the existing atomic x-ray structures of complex III from yeast and complex IV from bovine heart into the cryo-EM map resulted in a pseudo-atomic model of the three-dimensional structure for the supercomplex. The distance between cytochrome c binding sites of complexes III and IV is about 6 nm, which supports proposed channeling of cytochrome c between the individual complexes. The opposing surfaces of complexes III and IV differ considerably from those reported for the bovine heart supercomplex as determined by cryo-EM. A closer association between the individual complex domains at the aqueous membrane interface and larger spaces between the membrane-embedded domains where lipid molecules may reside are also demonstrated. The supercomplex contains about 50 molecules of cardiolipin (CL) with a fatty acid composition identical to that of the inner membrane CL pool, consistent with CL-dependent stabilization of the supercomplex.
Nonrelativistic hyperfine splitting in muonic helium by adiabatic perturbation theory

Huang and Hughes have discussed the hyperfine splitting delta mu of muonic helium using a variational approach. In this paper, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is used to simplify the evaluation of delta mu in the nonrelativistic limit. The first-order perturbed wave function of the electron is obtained in closed form by modifying the method used by Dalgarno and Lynn. The result is close to those of Huang and Hughes which required a large Hylleraas expansion and considerable extrapolation.
Structure-activity of valencenoid derivatives and their repellence to the Formosan subterranean termite.

Eight valencenoid derivatives were evaluated for their repelling activity against Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Among them, 1,10-dihydronootkatone was the strongest repellent, and valencene was the weakest. Results of the structure–repellency relationships indicated (1) reduction of the ketone group to the alcohol on position 2 of nootkatone curtailed the activity; (2) because of the low activity of valencene relative to nootkatone that the ketone group was essential for repellent activity; (3) reduction of the 1,10 double bond (1,10-dihydronootkatone and tetrahydronootkatone) produced compounds more repellent than nootkatone; (4) the isopropenyl group probably does not participate in binding as evidenced by no significant difference in the repellent activity among nootkatone (double bond between position 11 and 12), isonootkatone (double bond between position 7 and 11), and 11,12-dihydronootkatone.
Group 10 telluride and polytelluride complexes: Synthesis and structures of Pd(Te4)22− and (Ph3P)2Pt(μ-Te)2Pt(PPh3)2

Abstract PdCl2 reacts with K2Te4 in DMF to produce Pd(Te4)22−, which was isolated as a bis-PPh4+ salt. The X-ray structure of this compound revealed a square-planar palladium atom with two chelated Te42− ligands. Pt(PPh3)4 reacts with (Bu4N)4Hg4Te12 in DMF to produce (Ph3P)2Pt(μ-Te)2Pt(PPh3)2 which was also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Simulation model evaluation of potential recovery of endangered light-footed clapper rail populations

Abstract Conservation of the endangered light-footed clapper rail Rallus longirosris levipes is a major objective in the remaining areas of Southern California salt marsh. We used simulation modeling to determine the potential of different types of estuaries and different management strategies for increasing the size of the rail population. Analyses of existing data show that the size of breeding populations of rails is closely associated with above-ground biomass of Pacific cordgrass Spartina foliosa . A model cordgrass was constructed to analyze the effects of salinity and soil moisture, and of the impact of various management actions, on the potential for biomass production. The model shows that keeping the salt marsh open to the sea is critically important, but that enhancing the fresh water supplied to the marsh has mixed results. The simulation model was used in conjunction with field estimates of rail density to estimate the potential for rail population recovery. These estimates show that full implementation of the recovery plan for rails is only possible if all remaining wetland area is restored to high-quality rail habitat. Our results suggest that a greater benefit to rails may result from concentrating on habitat improvement of those estuaries that have the greatest potential for Spartina production rather than the dispersion of expenditures upon all existing wetlands, many of which may have limited potential for rail population expansion.
Retrograde cerebral perfusion provides negligible flow through brain capillaries in the pig

Abstract Objectives: Although retrograde cerebral perfusion is being used clinically during aortic arch surgery, whether retrograde flow perfuses the brain effectively is still uncertain. Methods: Fourteen pigs were cooled to 20°C with cardiopulmonary bypass and perfused retrogradely via the superior vena cava for 30 minutes: 7 underwent standard retrograde cerebral perfusion and 7 underwent retrograde perfusion with occlusion of the inferior vena cava. Antegrade and retrograde cerebral blood flow were calculated by quantitating fluorescent microspheres trapped in brain tissue after the animals were put to death; microspheres returning to the aortic arch, the inferior vena cava, and the descending aorta were also analyzed during retrograde cerebral perfusion. Results: Antegrade cerebral blood flow was 16 ± 7.7 mL · min –1 · 100 g –1 before retrograde cerebral perfusion and 22 ± 6.3 mL · min –1 · 100 g –1 before perfusion with caval occlusion ( P =.14). During retrograde perfusion, calculations based on the number of microspheres trapped in the brain showed negligible flows (0.02 ± 0.02 mL · min –1 · 100 g –1 with retrograde cerebral perfusion and 0.04 ± 0.02 mL · min –1 · 100 g –1 with perfusion with caval occlusion; P =.09): only 0.01% and 0.02% of superior vena caval inflow, respectively. Less than 13% of retrograde superior vena caval inflow blood returned to the aortic arch with either technique. During retrograde cerebral perfusion, more than 90% of superior vena caval input was shunted to the inferior vena cava and was then recirculated, as indicated by rapid development of an equilibrium in microspheres between the superior and inferior venae cavae. With retrograde perfusion and inferior vena caval occlusion, less than 12% of inflow returned to the descending aorta and only 0.01% of microspheres. Conclusions: The paucity of microspheres trapped within the brain indicates that retrograde cerebral perfusion, either alone or combined with inferior vena caval occlusion, does not provide sufficient cerebral capillary perfusion to confer any metabolic benefit. The slightly improved outcome previously reported with retrograde cerebral perfusion during prolonged circulatory arrest in this model may be a consequence of enhanced cooling resulting from perfusion of nonbrain capillaries and from venoarterial and venovenous shunting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:331-8
Optimal randomization for privacy preserving data mining

Randomization is an economical and efficient approach for privacy preserving data mining (PPDM). In order to guarantee the performance of data mining and the protection of individual privacy, optimal randomization schemes need to be employed. This paper demonstrates the construction of optimal randomization schemes for privacy preserving density estimation. We propose a general framework for randomization using mixture models. The impact of randomization on data mining is quantified by performance degradation and mutual information loss, while privacy and privacy loss are quantified by interval-based metrics. Two different types of problems are defined to identify optimal randomization for PPDM. Illustrative examples and simulation results are reported.
Heterosis in Poultry 4. Estimation of Combining Ability Variance from Diallel Crosses of Inbred Lines in the Fowl

Abstract TESTING programs to identify superior cross combinations are of importance in commercial poultry breeding. The value of a testcross program as an aid to genetic improvement depends on the degree of accuracy of the measure of performance. Performance of a strain or line in cross combinations may be evaluated in terms of general and specific combining ability. The latter were originally defined by Sprague and Tatum (1942), who utilized a diallel crossing system as the testing procedure. General combining ability may be defined as the average performance of a breed, strain or a line in hybrid (i.e. cross) combination. Specific combining ability may be defined as the deviation in performance of a cross from that which would be expected on the basis of the average performance (general combining ability) of the parental breeds, strains or lines involved. According to these definitions and the genetic mechanisms involved, general combining ability is …
ACCELERATED STABILITY TESTS OF MOISTURE-SENSITIVE PRODUCTS IN PERMEABLE PACKAGES AT HIGH RATES OF MOISTURE GAIN AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

The isothermal “no model” method of accelerated stability testing, which was developed for isothermal storage of moisture-sensitive dehydrated products packaged in water-vapor-permeable containers, was expanded to include storage at different temperatures. The expanded method can be applied to dehydrated products when moisture content changes continuously during storage and when rate of deterioration is only dependent on moisture content and temperature. Knowledge of how rate of deterioration depends on moisture is not required, but it is assumed that at each moisture level the temperature dependence is given by the Arrhenius equation. The method is based on accelerating the deterioration process by subjecting the product to high rates of moisture uptake at elevated temperatures. The mathematical procedure of predicting the extent of deterioration for any combination of package-storage conditions is based on a transformation of data to an arbitrarily determined reference moisture gain curve and an extrapolation to other temperatures by the Arrhenius equation. The method successfully predicted the loss of ascorbic acid in stored tomato powder and the extent of browning in dehydrated cabbage.
Embedding Switch Number, Port Number, and MAC Address (ESPM) within the IPv6 Address

IPv4 protocol, the famous 32-bit address, has been used in networks for many decades [1] and would not have sustained its usability without NAT. IPv6 protocol with its 128-bit address, provides slight routing information [2]. In this paper, we present ESPM, Embedding Switch ID, Port number and MAC Address within IPv6 protocol and SDN technology, imposing a device connectivity hierarchy upon the address space. We amend the IPv6 global addressing scheme for hosts to include their MAC address as well as the switch ID and Switch port number that they are connected to. This scheme encodes information that would ordinarily require a lookup or query packets(ARP) and decrease CAM table entries on the switch by forwarding the packets using the ESPM algorithm. After processing ESPM algorithm to check for OF controller ID, OF switch ID, and the port ID, the amount of total packets transferred on the network to fulfill an ICMP request-reply process decreased by 28.1% in 1-switch-2 hosts. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of such an addressing scheme, we use POF controller and POF switch [3] to emulate ESPM implementation and then measure the impact on the number of network management packets transferred between hosts during connectivity tests.
Worldwide data on reduced visibility due to airborne dust

A synopsis of four reports on the occurrence of blowing dust and dust storms in the boundary layer over selected continental areas of the Earth is presented.
GeMini: The next-generation mechanically-cooled germanium spectrometer

The next-generation mechanically-cooled germanium spectrometer has been developed. GeMini (MINIature GErmanium spectrometer) has been designed to bring high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy to a range of demanding field environments. Intended applications include short-notice inspections, border patrol, port monitoring and emergency response, where positive nuclide identification of radioactive materials is required but power and liquid cryogen are not easily available. GeMini weighs 2.75 kg for the basic instrument and 4.5 kg for the full instrument including user interface and ruggedized hermetic packaging. It is very low power allowing it to operate for 10 hours on a single set of rechargeable batteries. This instrument employs technology adapted from the gamma-ray spectrometer currently flying on NASA’s Mercury MESSENGER spacecraft. Specifically, infrared shielding techniques allow for a vast reduction of thermal load. This in turn allows for a smaller, lighter-weight design, well-suited for a hand-held instrument. Three working prototypes have been built and tested in the lab. The measured energy resolution is 3 keV fwhm at 662 keV gamma-rays. This paper will focus on the design and performance of the instrument.
Gain- and loss-of-function mutations in Zat10 enhance the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress.

C2H2-zinc finger proteins that contain the EAR repressor domain are thought to play a key role in modulating the defense response of plants to abiotic stress. Constitutive expression of the C2H2-EAR zinc finger protein Zat10 in Arabidopsis was found to elevate the expression of reactive oxygen-defense transcripts and to enhance the tolerance of plants to salinity, heat and osmotic stress. Surprisingly, knockout and RNAi mutants of Zat10 were also more tolerant to osmotic and salinity stress. Our results suggest that Zat10 plays a key role as both a positive and a negative regulator of plant defenses.
Differential adaptation to gratings blocked by cubes and gratings blocked by hexagons: A test of the neural symbolic activity hypothesis

After an S views a grating which is partially blocked from view, adaptation (reduction in apparent contrast) occurs to a subsequent grating presented within a portion of the visual field where the prior grating was visible and also within a portion where the grating had been blocked from view. This adaptation effect is statistically significant when a cube blocks the grating portion and is not statistically significant when an outline hexagon blocks the grating portion. This increase in adaptation with depth cues implies that such an effect is not due only to “simple spatial spread” or to eye movements.
Earthquake data visualization shows ground motion in real time

On 11 March 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake shattered the seabed off the eastern coast of Japan's Honshu Island. Visualizations of scientific data showing the peaks of a seismograph or maps overlain with the locations and magnitudes of the earthquake and its numerous aftershocks were brought out to help explain the devastation to the public. While dramatic, such displays can be difficult for the public to interpret clearly because people have trouble trying to picture what the recordings of a seismograph might look like on the ground or because they have trouble understanding the logarithmic relationship between earthquake magnitude and energy. Drawing on the three-dimensional position records of a dense web of high-frequency GPS ground receiver stations, Grapenthin and Freymueller developed an animation of the abrupt horizontal and vertical motions that pulled parts of the country more than 4 meters to the east and sank large portions of its eastern shore more than half a meter into the sea.
New Method for Location of Organic Acids on Paper Chromatograms

A modification of Riegler's nitrite test, employing betanaphthol, sodium nitrite, and naphthylamine or sulfanilamide, has been adapted for location of organic acids on paper chromatograms. Most of the twelve acids tested are detectable at a level of 5 mcg. or less although 50-75 mcg. are required in isolated cases. The reagent may be used with all four of the common solvent systems employed, with no notable differences in sensitivity. The sensitivities of this reagent and four previously described detection reagents have been compared. The new reagent is more sensitive than the best of the previously described procedures.
Proteomes take the electrophilic bait.

New electrophilic reagents for activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can discriminate between nucleophilic amino acids, such as cysteine, that are in different protein microenvironments. These reagents extend the reach of ABPP beyond serine proteases and other proteins with hyperreactive nucleophiles.
YI.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) Vary Among African American Women Who Have Sex with Women Based on Exposure to Male Sexual Partners

Introduction Little is known about partner characteristics or rates of STIs among African American women who have sex with women (AAWSW). Methods African American women aged ≥ 16 years attending a Health Department STD clinic were enrolled in this ongoing study if they reported sexual activity with a female partner during the preceding year. Participants completed a study questionnaire and were tested for curable (trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis) and non-curable (HSV-2, HIV) STIs. Results Of 128 participants reporting female partners during the preceding year, 52% (67/128) also reported sex with men during the same interval (WSWM). WSW and WSWM did not differ with regards to age, lifetime number of female partners, or number of female partners during the preceding year. WSWM reported increased numbers of lifetime male partners compared to WSW ( p = 0.01). During the 30 days preceding enrollment, WSWM reported a median of 2 sexual partners (interquartile (IQR) range 0–4) while WSW reported a median of 1 sexual partner (IQR 0–2). WSWM were significantly more likely than WSW to report new or casual female partners within 30 days preceding enrollment (46% vs. 28%; p = 0.03) while WSW were more likely to report regular female partners (75% vs. 34%; p = 0.01). Additionally, 39% (26/67) of WSWM reported new or casual male partners within 30 days preceding enrollment. Although not statistically significant, diagnosis of all curable STIs (trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis) was more common among WSWM than WSW (30% vs. 16%; p = 0.07). Similarly, seropositivity for HIV and HSV-2 was more than twice as common among WSWM as WSW. Conclusions AAWSW in this study were at high risk for STIs. AAWSWM, as a subgroup, may demonstrate heightened STI rates compared to exclusive AAWSW, perhaps influenced by partnership characteristics. Sexual health services for AAWSW should take into account partner gender heterogeneity when screening for STIs.
Novel homogeneous negative refractive index materials

We introduce a family of materials which are homogeneous and which posses a negative index of refraction at optical frequencies. The desirable negative effect is not based on the chirality of the molecules, but rather on two other ideas (A.-G. Kussow and A. Akyurtlu, Phys. Rev. B, 78, 205202 (2008)): Firstly, there are known materials such as magnetic semiconductors (e.g. In 2-x Cr x O 3 ,), and 3 d transition metals (Fe, Ni), in which the high-frequency spin wave modes coexist with the plasmonic modes. The spin wave (magnon) mode is coupled with the e.m. field of the light close to the boundary of the Brillouin zone. Consequently, the spin wave mode, along with the plasmonic mode, are activated by the e.m. field of the light, with simultaneous negative permittivity and permeability responses. As a result, the material exhibits the negative refractive index effect within the frequency band close to the ferromagnetic resonance. Secondly, based on methods of Quantum Optics , we discuss the possibility of achieving the negative index of refraction in an n-type doped semiconductor . The quantum states of hydrogen-like donor atom and states of an electron in conduction band constitute a discrete-level atomic medium within the optical range. The coherent coupling of an electric dipole transition with a magnetic dipole transition leads to negative permeability and permittivity responses and ensures the negative refractive index effect. The implementation of this scheme is carried out in tin-doped indium oxide, In 2-x Sn x O 3 (ITO), and calculations show feasibility of this effect with FOM > 10.
SU‐GG‐T‐373: Real‐Time Tracking of Inter Marker Distances to Assess Maker Stability, Organ Deformation in Prostate Cancer

Purpose: The use of intraprostatic fiducials as surrogates for prostate gland position assumes that the markers are rigidly positioned within the prostate. To test this assumption, the intermarker distances (IMD) of implanted Calypso® beacon transponders were monitored during radiation therapy to determine marker stability within the prostate gland. Method and Materials: The analysis is performed on 4 patients treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy. A total of 12 markers (3 transponders per patient) were implanted. Each of the three transponder locations are continuously measured using the Calypso® 3D Localization and Real Time Tracking system at a rate of 10 Hz. A total of 110,265 sampling points were available for analysis. Each sampling point allows the computation of the 3 IMDs. To study variations in marker position, daily IMDs were compared with the IMD that was observed during the first alignment. We defined the variation in the IMD as the important measure of intrinsic marker position variation. The standard deviation (SD) of IMD variations was studied as a measure of the extent of marker position variation. Results: The maximum deformation as measured by analysis of IMDs with a 95% confidence interval was +/− 2.8 mm across all 4 patients with the minimum deformation of +/− 0.28 mm. The average deformation with a 95% confidence interval was +/− 2 mm. The maximum relative variation of all the IMDs was 7.7% in the worse case scenario and represents at least a 92.7% confidence in the data. Conclusion: IMDs varied minimally, which indicated relatively little deformation of the gland as well as the absence of significant marker migration. Intraprostatic implanted Calypso ® beacon transponders in the prostate allow for a reliable localization of the prostate gland.
Accelerated test for evaluating slow crack growth of polyethylene copolymers in igepal and air

The time for brittle failure by slow crack growth for 22 polyethylene copolymers was measured in Igepal and air. The notched tensile tests were conducted in Igepal and air at 50°C and 4.2 MPa and in air at 80°C and 2.4 MPa. For failure times less than 103 min, the difference between the Igepal and air environments was not measurable. As the failure time increased beyond 103 min, the ratio of failure in air compared to that in Igepal increased so that for the very highest failure times of 5 × 105 to 108 min in air, the failure time in Igepal was reduced by 25—50 times. The correlation between the Igepal and air tests was generally good with respect to all types of polyethylene. However, a separation of the polyethylenes with respect to their comonomer, butene, hexene, or octene improved the correlation. The resistance to slow crack growth of all the current commercial polyethylene copolymers can be assessed by a notched tensile test in Igepal in about a week or less.
Energy changes associated with some decomposition steps of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine. A non-local density functional study

A non-local density functional approach has been used to compute the energy changes for the individual steps in three proposed decomposition pathways of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine. The loss of the second NO2 is the first step at which their energetics are qualitatively different. It is concluded that products will be obtained from all three pathways.
Aggression and violence and the achievement gap among urban minority youth.

OBJECTIVES: To outline the prevalence and disparities of aggression and violence among school-aged urban minority youth, causal pathways through which aggression and violence adversely affects academic achievement, and proven or promising approaches for schools to address these problems. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Recent national data indicate that among students aged 12-18, approximately 628,200 violent crimes and 868,100 thefts occurred. Physical fighting was more commonly reported by Blacks and Hispanics (44.7% and 40.4%, respectively) than Whites (31.7%). In-school threats and injuries were nearly twice as prevalent in cities as in suburbs and towns or rural areas (10% vs 6% and 5%, respectively). Associations between exposure to and exhibition of aggression and violence and unfavorable educational outcomes are well documented. Causal pathways through which aggression and violence impede learning include cognition, school connectedness, and absenteeism. Disruptive classroom behavior is a well-recognized and significant impediment to teaching and learning. Compelling research has shown that various school-based programs can significantly reduce the nature and extent of aggressive and violent behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Violence and aggressive behavior are highly and disproportionately prevalent among school-aged urban minority youth, have a negative impact on academic achievement by adversely affecting cognition, school connectedness, and absenteeism, and effective practices are available for schools to address this problem. Once the domain of criminal justice, aggression and violence are now recognized as an appropriate and important focus of the education and public health systems. Implementing evidence-based school policies and programs to reduce aggression and violence must be a high priority to help close the achievement gap. Language: en
ANP attenuates inflammatory signaling and Rho pathway of lung endothelial permeability induced by LPS and TNFα

We have previously reported protective effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) against endothelial cell (EC) permeability induced by thrombin via suppression of Rho GTPase pathway of barrier dysfunction by protein kinase A and Epac-Rap1-Tiam1-Rac signaling cascades. This study tested effects of ANP on EC barrier dysfunction induced by inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα and linked them with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFκB signaling cascades known to promote EC hyperpermeability in the models of lung inflammation and sepsis. LPS and TNFα increased permeability in human pulmonary EC monitored by measurements of transendothelial electrical resistance, and caused disruption of EC monolayer integrity monitored by immunofluorescence staining for adherens junction marker protein VE-cadherin. Both disruptive effects were markedly attenuated by ANP. Both LPS and TNFα caused sustained activation of p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases, increased phosphorylation and degradation of negative regulator of NFκB signaling IkBα, and increased Rho-kinase mediated phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase MYPT1 leading to accumulation of phosphorylated myosin light chains. Consistent with protective effects on EC permeability and monolayer integrity, ANP dramatically attenuated activation of inflammatory signaling by LPS and TNFα in pulmonary EC. These results strongly suggest inhibitory effects of ANP on the LPS and TNFα induced inflammatory signaling as additional mechanism of EC barrier preservation in the models of acute lung injury and sepsis.
Applied digital signal processing concepts in a laboratory environment

Methods are presented for supplementing a typical senior-level digital signal processing course with a laboratory session to enhance the intuitive understanding of digital signal processing concepts. Specifically, the current laboratory structure used at Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville is described. The methods of instruction are described in detail. >
Hedges and Shelterbelts on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand: Transformation of an Antipodean landscape

Abstract Hedges and shelterbelts on the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand extend for a combined length of almost 300,000 km (180,000 mi). This network of living fences and windbreaks was initiated in the 1850s when the area was settled as an experiment in English colonization. The colonists juxtaposed images of an antipodean utopia with the reality of a droughty and windy plains. In their attempt to “tame the wilderness,” they introduced a wide array of elements from the outside, combined with those brought from the homeland. Most conspicuous in the landscape are the shelterbelts of Monterey pine and Monterey cypress from California and gorse hedges from Europe. These features combine with the angular fields and sheep pastures to produce a singular patchwork pattern that gives the region much of its distinctive character. This paper focuses on the development and distribution of the hedges and shelterbelts as features of the built landscape. Gorse, important early, lost favor after the turn of the century ...
Counter-Terrorism Intelligence, Policy and Theory Since 9/11

Rohan Gunaratna, Jolene Jerard, and Lawrence Rubin (Eds.). Terrorist Rehabilitation and Counter-Radicalisation: New Approaches to Counter-Terrorism. New York: Routledge, 2011. 176 pp., $150.00 hard...
Differential responses of plant foliage to simulated acid rain

Experiments were performed to show the responses of foliage of several clones of Tradescantia sp., Pteridium aquilinum, Quercus palustris, and Glycine max to simulated acid rain. These experiments were performed to (a) predict the relative sensitivities of foliage of these plants to acid rain, and (b) identify leaf surface and anatomical alterations to simulated acid rain that may be used to diagnose acid rain injury. Plants were exposed to simulated rain at pH levels of 5.7, 3.4, 3.1, 2.9, 2.7, 2.5, and 2.3.
Translational hull and semigroups of binary relations

Various semigroups of partial transformations (and more generally, semigroups of binary relations) on a set have been studied by a number of Soviet mathematicians; to mention only a few: Gluskin [2], Ljapin [4], Shutov [6], Zaretski [7], [8]. In their study the densely embedded ideal of a semigroup introduced by Ljapin [4] plays a central role. In fact, a concrete semigrou Q is described in several instances by its abstract characteristic, namely either by a set of postulates on an abstract semigroup or by a set of postulates (which are usually much simpler) on an abstract semigroup S which is a densely embedded ideal of a semigroup T isomorphic to Q . In many cases, the densely embedded ideal S is a completely 0-simple semigroup. The following theorem [3, 1.7.1] reduces the study of a semigroup Q with a weakly reductive densely embedded ideal S to the study of the translational hull of S : Theorem (Gluskin). If S is a weakly reductive densely embedded ideal of a semigroup Q, then Q is isomorphic to the translational hull ω( S ) of S .