cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nucleotide Sequence of a Low Molecular Weight Ribonucleic Acid from Cells Infected with Adenovirus 2

Abstract A low molecular weight RNA was isolated from human cells infected with adenovirus 2 and its nucleotide sequence deduced to be pG-G-G-C-A-C-U-C-U-U-C-C-G-U-G-G-U-C-U-G-G-U-G-G-A-U-A-A-A-U-U-C-G-C-A-A-G-G-G-U-A-U-C-A-U-G-G-C-(G-U-G-G-A-C-G-A-C-C)-G-G-G-G-U-U-C-G-A-A-C-C-C-C-G-G-A-U-C-C-G-U-G-A-U-C-C-A-U-G-C-G-G-U-U-A-C-C-G-U-C-C-G-C-C-G-C-C-C-G-U-G-C-G-U-C-G-A-A-C-C-C-A-G-G-U-G-U-G-C-G-A-C-G-U-C-A-G-A-C-A-A-C-G-G-G-G-G-A-G-C-G-C-U-C-C-U-Uoh. To determine this sequence, we analyzed the products of extensive digestion of this RNA with T1 RNase, pancreatic RNase, and spleen acid ribonuclease, the products of extensive T1 RNase digests of partially methylated RNA, the products of pancreatic RNase digestion of RNA modified with a water-soluble carbodiimide, the products of limited digestion of the RNA with T1 RNase, and the oligonucleotides produced by spleen acid nuclease digestion of the limited T1 RNase digestion products.
DTU: A Decision Tree for Uncertain Data

Decision Tree is a widely used data classification technique. This paper proposes a decision tree based classification method on uncertain data. Data uncertainty is common in emerging applications, such as sensor networks, moving object databases, medical and biological bases. Data uncertainty can be caused by various factors including measurements precision limitation, outdated sources, sensor errors, network latency and transmission problems. In this paper, we enhance the traditional decision tree algorithms and extend measures, including entropy and information gain, considering the uncertain data interval and probability distribution function. Our algorithm can handle both certain and uncertain datasets. The experiments demonstrate the utility and robustness of the proposed algorithm as well as its satisfactory prediction accuracy.
Chapter 13 Mineral control of minor, trace and rare earth elements during black shale weathering at near-neutral pH

Abstract Mineral dissolution and alteration commonly influence the concentration of chemical species in natural water systems and consequently on water quality. This research looks at the role of mineral-water interactions during black shale weathering in influencing the chemical composition of streams and groundwaters with emphasis on minor and trace elements and the rare earth elements (REE). We performed batch weathering experiments under standard laboratory conditions standard laboratory conditions (standard ambient temperature (∼25°C) and pressure (∼100 kPa)) using three black shale samples from the Utica shale magnafacies of Quebec, Ontario and New York using buffered weathering solutions at pH 5 to determine the mineralogical controls of dissolved metal concentrations. R-mode factor analysis was used to describe the relationship among different elements (Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Sr, Ba, Th, U and the REE) in the weathering fluids. Five factors were extracted that accounted for 95% of the variance within the data. We interpret these five factors as representing the breakdown products of four major mineral phases (phosphates, carbonates, silicates and sulfides) in the black shale as well as the breakdown of organic matter. Our results also suggest that during weathering of black shales, the REE are fractionated leading to enrichment of the MREE (Sm-Dy) and HREE (Ho-Yb) relative to the LREE (La-Nd). We also observed that the average concentration of minor and trace elements and the REE in solution was highest during the first 24 h of reaction and decreased slowly with time. We interpret the changes in dissolved metal concentrations as the result of rapid breakdown or dissolution of easily weathered mineral phases, partial oxidation of organic matter and to the desorption of metals that are loosely bound to exchange sites on clay minerals. The decrease in metal concentration with time may be related to processes such as precipitation of secondary phases and sorption as well as dissolution of easily weathered mineral phases.
Measurement of magnetic noise characteristics on select AUVs with some potential mitigation techniques

This paper is concerned with the early stage efforts to augment the AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) with an enhanced magnetic detection/localization capability that is inherently unaffected by environmental conditions found in the shallow water environment. Prior to the placement of a sensitive magnetic sensor system on an actual AUV, the magnetic characteristics of the vehicle itself must be measured and their detrimental effects on the sensor mitigated. In particular, this paper discusses techniques for the magnetic characterization of several AUVs and a comparison of these results. It then briefly discusses proposed methods of mitigation and some of the surprising results obtained from candidate platforms. Detailed mitigation techniques and results are presented in a companion paper.
Semantic Role Labeling Via Generalized Inference Over Classifiers

Abstract : We present a system submitted to the CoNLL-2004 shared task for semantic role labeling. The system is composed of a set of classifiers and an inference procedure used both to clean the classification results and to ensure structural integrity of the final role labeling. Linguistic information is used to generate features during classification and constraints for the inference process. Semantic role labeling is a complex task to discover patterns within sentences corresponding to semantic meaning. We believe it is hopeless to expect high levels of performance from either purely manual classifiers or purely learned classifiers. Rather, supplemental linguistic information must be used to support and correct a learning system. The system we present here is composed of two phases.
Ubiquitination-mediated p57Kip2 degradation by CSN5-Skp2 confers cancer development

2594 As a Cip/Kip family member, p57Kip2 has a p21Cip1/ p27Kip1-related CDK inhibitory domain at its amino-terminus, thus this domain gives p57Kip2 the ability to be a potent inhibitor of G1- and S- phase CDKs. The CDK inhibitory effect of p57Kip2 has been characterized both in vitro and in vivo and, importantly, p57Kip2 is the only CDK inhibitor shown to be essential for mouse embryogenesis, which suggests p57Kip2 has a specific role that cannot be compensated by other CDK inhibitors. p57Kip2 is frequently deregulated in many human cancers but the molecular mechanism of p57Kip2 regulation is still nebulous. So far, the only evidence contributed to p57Kip2 downregulation is genomic imprinting and promote methylation. Here we showed that overexpression of CSN5, the fifth component of the COP9 signalsome, leads to decreased level of p57Kip2 and ectopic expression of CSN5 partially overcomes p57Kip2-mediated arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-453. Since CSN5 is the only Jab1/MPN domain metalloenzyme (JAMM) motif containing subunit and is responsible for covalently modification of the cullin subunits of Cullin-RING E3 ubiqutin ligases, we further investigate the underlying mechanism in which CSN5-mediated p57Kip2 downregulation. Immunoprecipitation and domain mapping studies showed that CSN5 interacts specifically with p57Kip2 through its N-terminus MPN domain. Enforced expression of CSN5 promotes poly-ubiquitination of p57Kip2. Interestingly, Skp2 is known as the specific E3 ubiqutin ligase of p57Kip2 involved in the degradation of p57Kip2. Further studies reveal Skp2-induced p57Kip2 degradation is compromised while CSN5 is depleted by RNA interference and knockdown of CSN5 causes destabilization of Skp2. In addition, besides CSN5, CSN1, 2, and 6 were all capable of inducing p57Kip2 down-regulation, while ectopically expressed. These results indicate that CSN5 along with COP9 signalosome negatively regulate p57Kip2 through promoting its ubiqutination-mediated proteolysis. Most importantly, clinical study showed the reverse correlation between the expressions of p57Kip2 and CSN5 in both human breast cancer cell lines and thyroid follicular carcinoma specimens. In conclusion, CSN5 collaborates with other COP9 subunits to control the intracellular abundance of p57Kip2, a key regulator of cell cycle, which in turn contributes to the progression of human malignant diseases. Interfering with CSN5 expression probably will be a useful treatment strategy for cancers associated with p57Kip2 deregulation.
Linear discriminants and image quality

The use of linear discriminant functions, and particularly a discriminant function derived from the work of Harold Hotelling, as a means of assessing image quality is reviewed. The relevant theory of ideal or Bayesian observers is briefly reviewed, and the circumstances under which this observer reduces to a linear discriminant are discussed. The Hotelling oberver is suggested as a linear discriminant in more general circumstances where the ideal observer is nonlinear and usually very difficult to calculate. Methods of calculation of the Hotelling discriminant and the associated figure of merit, the Hotelling trace, are discussed. Psychophysical studies carried out at the University of Arizona to test the predictive value of the Hotelling observer are reviewed, and it is concluded that the Hotelling model is quite useful as a predictive tool unless there are high-pass noise correlations introduced by post-processing of the images. In that case, we suggest that the Hotelling observer be modified to include spatial-frequency-selective channels analogous to those in the visual system.
Ramesh Patel at Aragon Entertainment Limited

Ramesh Patel, a high potential employee, was excited to be named to the company's New Horizons Board, a select team responsible for producing recommendations for new products or line extensions for Aragon Entertainment. Patel's co-worker and friend, Jeremy Gibson was also named to the Board, and the two were assigned to work together on a sub-taskforce. Patel was frustrated by Gibson's lack of effort and support on the taskforce and decides he must confront Gibson about his behavior.Learning Objective:To explore the process of providing feedback and coaching for a peer. Provides opportunity for role-playing and experimentation.
Dynamics of analysts' coverage and the firms' information environment

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to study analysts' coverage of stocks. Through a series of ordered probit regressions the paper studies the relationship between changes in coverage and the information environment of a firm. Coverage decreases on average with higher errors in estimation. The data also shows that coverage is less likely to decrease for physically large firms, but more likely to decrease for firms with high lagged market value. Higher past revisions to the predictions also decrease coverage, showing a real cost of uncertainty.
Tolerance to cannabinoid-induced behaviors in mice treated chronically with ethanol

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) treatment decreases the motor-impairing effects of cannabinoids and downregulates the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor. However, these studies have been limited to measures of ataxia and analysis of CB1 expression from whole-brain or hippocampal preparations. To more fully assess the interactions between ethanol and cannabinoids, a tetrad of four well-characterized cannabinoid-induced behaviors (hypolocomotion, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy) was measured in mice following EtOH treatment. Additionally, immunoblotting assessed CB1 protein in tissue from nine brain regions associated with these behaviors and the addiction neurocircuitry. Male C57Bl/6J mice were administered EtOH (0, 2, or 4 g/kg; intraperitoneally (i.p.)) twice daily for 10 days. Tetrad behaviors induced by the CB1 agonist WIN 55212-2 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) were measured in subjects 1 or 10 days following the last EtOH injection. In a separate group of animals, tissue was collected at the same time points for immunoblot analysis. EtOH-treated mice were less sensitive to the hypothermic, hypolocomotive, and antinociceptive effects of WIN, and this effect reversed to control levels over a 10-day abstinence period. EtOH treatment did not affect WIN-induced catalepsy. CB1 protein expression was significantly altered in several brain areas including the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and cerebellum. These results show that chronic EtOH treatment significantly affects the behavioral sensitivity to cannabinoid drugs and alters CB1 expression in several brain regions. Furthermore, these effects are selective as some behaviors and brain regions display an altered response while others do not.
Model-Driven Research in Human-Centric Computing

How can we build systems that enable users to mix and match tools together? How will we know whether we have done a good job in creating usable visual interactive systems that help users accomplish a wide variety of goals? How can people share the results of their explorations with each other, and for innovative tools to be remixed? Widely-used tools such as Web Browsers, Wikis, spreadsheets, and analytics environments like R all contain models of how people mix and combine operators and functionalities. In my own research, system developments are very much informed by models such as information scent, sense making, information theory, probabilistic models, and more recently, evolutionary dynamic models. These models have been used to understand a wide-variety of user behaviors in human-centric computing, from individuals interacting with a search system like MrTaggy.com to groups of people working on articles in Wikipedia. These models range in complexity from a simple set of assumptions to complex equations describing human and group behavior. In this talk, I will attempt to illustrate how a model-driven approach to answering the above questions should help to illuminate the path forward for Human-Centric Computing.
Excitation Function for Charged π-Meson Production in Hydrogen and Carbon by 345- to 380-Mev Protons

The 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} differential cross section for charged meson production in hydrogen and carbon is measured for incident proton energies 345 to 380 Mev. For hydrogen, the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$} meson production energy spectra occur as peaks in the energy region predicted from the kinematics of the reaction $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d$. Ratios of these 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ differential cross sections are $\frac{(d\ensuremath{\sigma})}{(d\ensuremath{\omega})}$ at 380 Mev: $\frac{(d\ensuremath{\sigma})}{(d\ensuremath{\omega})}$ at 365 Mev: $\frac{(d\ensuremath{\sigma})}{(d\ensuremath{\omega})}$ at 345 Mev=2.6:1.6:1 with a statistical uncertainty of 15 percent. For carbon the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ meson production spectra show an increase in the energy of the maximum of the broad distributions, with increasing incident proton energy. The $\frac{({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}{({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$ ratio in carbon is found to be in the range (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3): 1 for all three proton energies studies. Qualitative agreement with these carbon ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ meson spectra is obtained from a phenomenological analysis based upon the assumptions of nucleon-nucleon collisions in which the target has a Gaussian momentum distribution.
A comparison of maximum likelihood methods for appearance-based minimalistic SLAM

This paper compares the performances of several algorithms that address the problem of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for the case of very small, resource-limited robots. These robots have poor odometry and can typically only carry a single monocular camera. These algorithms do not make the typical SLAM assumption that metric distance/bearing information to landmarks is available. Instead, the robot registers a distinctive sensor "signature", based on its current location, which is used to match robot positions. The performances of a physics-inspired maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, the iterated form of the Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF), and a batch-processed linearized ML estimator are compared under various odometric noise models.
The City Privacy Attack: Combining Social Media and Public Records for Detailed Profiles of Adults and Children

Data brokers have traditionally collected data from businesses, government records, and other publicly available offline sources. While each data source may provide only a few elements about a person's activities, data brokers combine these elements to form a detailed, composite view of the consumer's life. The emergence of social media gives data brokers unprecedented opportunities to enhance their profiles. Data brokers are increasingly interested in combining the information collected from offline sources with information publicly available in social networks to profile not only adults but also children. In this paper, we show how data brokers and other third parties can combine online and offline data sources -- namely, public Facebook profiles and voter registration records -- to create detailed profiles of adults, teens, and children in any target city in the US. We outline and execute an approach that leverages a Facebook user's social ties combined with the city's voter registration records to infer the Facebook users who reside in the city. These inferences enable a data broker to create detailed user profiles, which not only include information publicly available from Facebook but also the user's exact residential address, date and year of birth, and political affiliation. We further show how additional inferences can be made from the combined data. We then discuss how this city attack can be extended to create detailed profiles of minors and children. Finally, we make recommendations to Facebook, municipal authorities, and individuals to decrease the risk of this large-scale privacy breach.
The role of risk and protective factors in predicting symptomatology in adolescent self-identified children of alcoholic parents

Tested a stress process model for predicting mental health symptoms in children of alcoholics (COAs). Stress and mental health measures were completed twice over a 3-month period by 145 high school students, 43 of whom self-identified as COAs. Using structural equation modeling, a stress process model for predicting mental health symptoms in children provided a good fit to the data. COA status was related to higher levels of negative and lower levels of positive events. In turn, positive and negative life events were found to have an immediate, but not a longitudinal, direct effect on adolescent symptomatology.
Weak Compactness and Square Bracket Partition Relations

Although there are many characterizations of weakly compact cardinals (e.g. in terms of indescnbability and tree properties as well as compactness) the most interesting set-theoretic (combinatorial) one is in terms of partition relations. To be more precise we define for κ and α cardinals and n an integer the partition relation of Erdos, Hajnal and Rado [2] as follows: For every function F : [ κ ] n → α (called a partition of [ κ ] n , the n -element subsets of κ , into α pieces), there exists a set C ⊆ κ (called homogeneous for F ) such that card C = κ and F ″[ C ] n ≠ α , i.e. some element of the range is omitted when F is restricted to the n -element subsets of C . It is the simplest (nontrivial) of these relations, i.e. , that is the well-known equivalent of weak compactness. 1 Two directions of inquiry immediately suggest themselves when weak compactness is described in terms of these partition relations: (a) Trying to strengthen the relation by increasing the superscript—e.g., —and (b) trying to weaken the relation by increasing the subscript—e.g., . As it turns out, the strengthening to is only illusory for using the equivalence of to the tree property one quickly sees that implies (and so is equivalent to) for every n . Thus is the strongest of these partition relations. The second question seems much more difficult.
Structural transformation or elite land capture? The growth of “emergent” farmers in Zambia

Abstract Over the last decade, Zambia has witnessed a rapid increase in the number of medium-scale “emergent farms” cultivating 5–20 ha of land. This study analyzes the factors underpinning this growth. We find that the growth of emergent farmers in Zambia is primarily attributable to land acquisition by salaried urbanites and by relatively privileged rural individuals. We found little evidence to support the hypothesis that the rise of emergent farmers primarily represents a process of successful accumulation by farmers who began farming with less than 5 ha of land, a situation faced by more than 95% of farming households. We argue that these outcomes are the result of Zambia’s land administration and agricultural spending policies. Rising concentration of landholdings in Zambia raises serious questions about the potential of current agricultural growth to act as a vehicle for broad based economic growth and poverty reduction.
Comparison of two attractants to small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, in honey bee colonies

The small hive beetle Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) continues to be a persistent honey bee pest, particularly in the southeastern USA. A small hive beetle (SHB) attractant using p...
Zollinger-Elson syndrome and neurofibromatosis in a 13-year-old boy

Calculations of toxicity of the PA contained in Senecio longilobus are complicated by the chronic and long­ delayed effects of these alkaloids. Some Indication of relative toxicity, however, is given by the LD,o in rats over a 72-hour period, following a single intraperitoneal injec­ tion. For retrorsine, the major alkaloid in Senecio longilo­ bus, the LDoodetermined by this means is 35 mg/kg. The amount consumed by our patient over a four-day period is large compared to this, especially when it is considered that young animals of all species are more susceptible to the toxic actions of pyrrolizidine. The use ofherbal medicines is commonin the Mexican­ American community. The parents of our patient intended to administer the herb Gnaphalium (gordolobo), a harmless plant used for gastrointestinal complaints and as a cough medicine and gargle. It closely resembles the PA-containing Senecio longilobus. Both plants grow wild in the deserts of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and harvesters may unwittingly confuse the two." Thus, Senecio has been inadvertently distributed by pharmacies and herb stores in the sou thwestern United States and may be consumed by individuals who gather herbs for private use. The routine use of herbal teas may not be elicited in a drug history, nor would their use be considered as a cause of distress. Administration of medicines may be denied. Further, herbs may be known by several folk names, depending upon geographic location. Since nomenclature may be misleading, analysis of any ingested herb must be done in suspected cases. We are indebted to Ms. Betty Kjellberg for library assistance, Ms. Barbara Bengtson for secretarial assistance, and Ms. Martha Ames of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum for technical
Cleaning organized single-walled carbon nanotube interconnect structures for reduced interfacial contact resistance

A method is presented for significantly reducing the interfacial contact resistance of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) interconnects test-structures. Conventional lithographic cleaning steps are insufficient for complete removal of lithographic residues in SWCNT networks, leading to large interfacial contact resistance. Using improved purification procedures and controlled developing time, the interfacial contact resistance between SWCNTs and contact electrodes of Ti/Au were found to reach values below 2% of the overall resistance in two-probe test-structures of SWCNTs, demonstrating the importance of cleaning lithographic residues from the surface of SWCNTs before the fabrication of metal electrodes. These low-resistance contacts are quite stable over a large temperature range, and represent a step towards the implementation of SWCNTs as future interconnects.
Cone-beam X-ray tomography using continuous wavelet transformation

Recently, medical computed tomography (CT) began a transition from fan-beam to cone-beam geometry with the introduction of multi-row-detector systems. Therefore, cone- beam techniques become important for medical CT. Despite recent advances, the approximate reconstruction method of Feldkamp remains the most commonly employed cone-beam reconstruction algorithm because of its computational efficiency and clinical applicability. Unfortunately, the derivation of the Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction formula is based on geometric tilted fan neuristic. In this paper, we given a wavelet derivation of the Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction method. It is found that the Feldkamp algorithm is an outcome of a zero-order approximation to the longitudinal wavelet decomposition of the object function to be reconstructed. Since the approximation is explicitly given, error estimates can be derived analytically. Theoretically, it also arises the possibility of improvement of the Feldkamp cone-beam algorithm.
Preliminary Evidence for Cholinoceptive Sites in the Excitability of Spermatozoa

THE spermatozoa of a variety of species respond to mechanical stimuli and to other physical and chemical alterations in the environment by changing speed and pattern of movement, amplitude, frequency and length of the flagellar wave, as well as membrane potential1–4. The propagation of the flagellar wave thus cannot be attributed entirely to an autonomous oscillator, but must be influenced in a “neurochemical” fashion analogous to smooth muscle control systems.
Delivering Nutrition Education in a Service-learning Course.

For the past six years, students at the University of Connecticut have delivered interactive nutrition education integrated with literacy activities in the waiting rooms of inner-city pediatric clinics in Hartford, Connecticut. This initiative, named Husky Reads for the university’s canine mascot, provides students with real-life, hands-on experiences in community nutrition while the Department of Nutritional Sciences reaches an underserved population. Teams of students visit clinics weekly for two-hour shifts to read aloud and play games with waiting children and to interact with their parents and caregivers (Figure). All program materials, such as children’s books, games and craft activities, feature food and nutrition themes. Hartford provides both economic and ethnic diversity that students could not experience on campus or in nearby communities; it is the second poorest midsize city in the U.S. and Hartford’s children are 92% Black and Hispanic.
HEPATITIS B VACCINATION AND INFECTION AMONG U.S. DENTISTS, 1983-1992

The hepatitis B vaccine became commercially available in 1982. Since then, health care workers, including dentists, have been encouraged to be vaccinated. This study examines the prevalence of hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists from 1983 to 1992.
Increased microvascular flow and foot sensation with mild continuous external compression

Intermittent pneumatic compression of the calf and foot increases inflow to the popliteal artery and skin. We hypothesize that mild, continuous pneumatic compression of the lower extremities of type 2 diabetic patients increases microvascular blood flow to skin (SBF) and muscle (MBF) and improves sensation in feet. Data were collected on 19 healthy volunteers and 16 type 2 diabetic patients. Baseline values of SBF, MBF, and foot sensation were recorded in one leg. The lower extremity was then subjected to 30 mmHg of continuous external air pressure for 30 min, whereas SBF and MBF were continuously monitored. Sensation was reassessed after pressure was released. During 30 mmHg continuous external compression, the healthy control group significantly increased MBF by 39.8% (P < 0.01). Sensation of the foot in this group improved significantly by 49.8% (P < 0.01). In the diabetic group, there was a significant increase in MBF of 17.7% (P = 0.03). Also sensation improved statistically by 40.2% (P = 0.03). Importantly and counterintuitively, MBF and foot sensation both increase after 30 min of leg compression at 30 mmHg. Therefore, mild, continuous pneumatic compression may be a new approach for treating diabetic patients with compromised leg perfusion and sensation.
Patatin purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography

A potato glycoprotein, patatin, was originally isolated by concanvalin A- (Con A) Sepharose chromatography. An equally successful method was developed using Octyl- Sepharose. The new method was applicable to cultivated and wild Solanum species.
Developing a metrics‐based online strategy for libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the various web metrics tools that are available, and to indicate how these might be used in libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes ways in which web metrics can be used to inform strategic decision making in libraries.Findings – A framework of possible web metrics is provided that can be adapted for use as appropriate in libraries.Originality/value – The paper offers assistance to any web site manager in planning new developments, given limited resources.
Critical dimension AFM tip characterization and image reconstruction applied to the 45 nm node

Three significant critical dimension atomic force microscopy (CD AFM) advances are presented in this paper. First, scanning probe image reconstruction methodologies that were formerly limited to parabolic type tip shapes and single-valued surfaces (i.e., non-reentrant topography), are extended to multi-valued surfaces and reentrant tip geometries. This crucial step allows the elimination of image artifacts associated with CD AFM scanning of complex feature shapes using reentrant tips. Second, in situ AFM tip images are provided in an automated tool that enables full image reconstruction. Consequently, for the first time, the combination of in situ tip reconstruction with the inherent reference measurement qualities of the AFM and full morphology reconstruction allow CD AFM metrology essentially free of tip shape effects. CD AFM is now primarily driven by development of tip geometries that contact the entire specimen surface while retaining adequate tip lifetime. The background of CD AFM image dilation is described, and the limitations of "legacy" 1D image reconstruction ("tip width subtraction") are illustrated with idealized probe shapes. Initial validation of the automated software is provided by comparison with TEM micrographs. Tip characterizations are presented for a morphologically complex ~20 nm diameter carbon nanotube tip and reentrant silicon CD32 tips (tip width ~ 30nm). Finally, the capability for CD AFM to scan a reentrant sub-45 nm width trench is demonstrated. An EUV resist trench was scanned with a CD32 tip (tip width = 27.4 nm). Minimum CD ranged from 42 to 45 nm. Reentrant image reconstruction is shown for the scan cross-section.
HELICAL PROCESSING USING PHOELIX

We describe here a set of procedures and algorithms for helical processing that we refer to as the PHOELIX package. The package was developed to provide a time-efficient and semiautomated method for determining a three-dimensional density map from a specimen with helical symmetry. The procedures which are part of PHOELIX are drawn from the original MRC helical processing suite with extensions principally developed using the SUPRIM image processing package. The package in its current form has been optimized for the processing of actomyosin filaments but has been modified and applied to other helical structures.
A classification of nilpotent orbits in infinitesimal symmetric spaces

Abstract Let G be a semisimple algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k whose characteristic is very good for G and not equal to 2. Suppose θ is an involution on G. We also denote the induced involution on g by θ. Let K = { g ∈ G : θ ( g ) = g } and let p be the −1-eigenspace of θ in g . The adjoint action of G on g induces an action of K on p and on the variety N ( p ) , which consists of the nilpotent elements in p . In this paper, we give a classification of the K-orbits in N ( p ) . To do so, we use the theory of associated cocharacters developed by Pommerening.
Use of secondary equilibria in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of dissociation constants of polyprotic leukotrienes

Observed retention factors were determined for leukotriene B 4 , leukotriene E 4 and N-acetylleukotriene E 4 using mobile phases with different percentages of organic modifier in the pH range from 2 to 12. A two-stage least squares fitting procedure for fitting a general equation to the observed retention factors was used to calculate the dissociation constants at each percentage of organic modifier. The obtained dissociation constants were extrapolated to give pK a values in 100% aqueous solutions. The pK a values thus calculated for the leukotrienes were of a magnitude to be expected for compounds of this kind. The polyprotic leukotriene E4 has a pK a1 of 1.54, a pK a2 of 3.41, and a pK a3 of 10.16.
Economic and social changes among distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients

Purpose Although costs of lung cancer care have been documented, economic and social changes among lung cancer patients’ family caregivers have yet to be fully examined. In addition, research has not focused on caregivers with greater need for support services. This study examined various economic and social changes among distressed family caregivers of lung cancer patients during the initial months of cancer care in the USA.
Iterative Coherent Processor For Bandlimited Signal Extrapolation

Given a truncated portion of a bandlimited image with known x and y bandwidths, the extrapolation problem is to determine the signal over all x and y. An iterative extrapolation algorithm, recently proposed by Gerchberg, requires only the repeated operations of Fourier transformation and truncation. This paper presents a coherent optical processor which implements Gerchberg's iterative extrapolation algorithm in two dimensions. Iteration is performed by simple passive feedback. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the processor.
A methodology for improving heat exchanger network operation

Abstract This work proposes a methodology and workflow to assist in the analysis of an existing heat exchanger network design when the operating conditions vary. Its purpose is to facilitate the involvement of the engineer in the daily operation and maintenance of the network. In order to incorporate this new methodology into the operations workflow, the concept of a heat exchanger network unit operation is introduced. The main characteristic of this new unit operation is its complete knowledge of the different complexities of the heat exchanger network model. Moreover, the heat exchanger unit operation is capable of managing the network degrees of freedom to consider different problem formulations. Additional features of this unit operation include the automatic analysis of output variables when the operating conditions change and the analysis of the trends follow by these variables during a given time period. An example showing the application of these features to the preheat train of a crude distillation column is presented.
Donald L. Rosdil, The Cultural Contradictions of Progressive Politics: The Role of Cultural Change and the Global Economy in Local Policymaking (Routledge, 2013).

Donald Rosdil challenges the stranglehold that the political economy (PE) model and regime theory have on the study of urban politics. In exploring how some cities have been able to defy the econom...
ISAR imaging of a small wind turbine

In this work, we carry out the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of a wind turbine. ISAR is an established technique for examining the radar signatures of targets in relation to its geometrical features. ISAR imagery can often provide revealing information about the scattering phenomenology and any motion anomalies associated with the target. The standard ISAR scenario assumes the target to be under constant rotational motion — which is already present in the relatively constant rotation of the turbine blades. Therefore, it is possible to collect the needed data from an operating wind turbine without any additional sensor movement.
Primary sources of hospital administrator stress

Health care professionals were among the first to sound the warning about the physiological and psychological dangers emanating from job stress. Ironically, they themselves have been the subject of little empirical research in this area. Hospital chief executive officers obviously have no immunity from job-related stress, nor would they appear to be functioning in positions that are free of stressful elements. In fact, quite the opposite appears to be true. Considering the diverse nature of the publics they serve, the myriad of manpower and technology employed, the complex interpersonal relations to be maintained, and the critical importance of the services offered, health care delivery systems and their key personnel appear fertile grounds for stress research. The current body of knowledge in the stress area is far from being complete and in consensus, although it is large and rapidly growing. The dynamics of stress are often such that the generalization of findings across occupations is difficult to make (French and Caplan, 1972). There is a need, therefore, for occupation-specific stress research that might serve as a standard to facilitate study within and across occupations as well as to provide a basis for the formulation of more specific adaptive responses. The objective of this study was to perform such an exploratory and diagnostic function relative to the hospital administrator. Specifically, the goals were to (1) identify stressors perceived by the administrators within their work environments; (2) examine the relationship between these stressors and selected demographics; (3) examine relationships between stressors at work and extra-organizational stressors, and (4) examine associations between the perception of work stressors and the experience of physical and mental symptoms of stress related ill health.
The effects of non-stationary processes on chaotic and regular responses of the duffing oscillator

Abstract This paper deals with the effects of non-stationary regimes on stationary chaotic motions and non-linear attractors: (1) linear variations of the excitation frequency, v = v in0 + α v t , and the amplitude B = B 0 + α B t ; (2) cyclic variations of the excitation frequency, v = v 0 + γ sin α c t . It was shown in (1) that for very small values of α v or α B , i.e. for slow sweeps, the non-stationary responses initially coincide with the stationary chaotic, but then they depart. The faster the sweep, the earlier is the departure from the stationary and from other non-stationary responses. An observation is made that for sufficiently fast sweeps, the initially chaotic motion may be changed into a structured one. In (2) initially stationary chaotic motion is changed instantaneously to another type of motion. The stationary attractors transit into different attractors. Many dynamic phenomena in the real world are modelled mathematically by the non-stationary Duffing differential equation. This paper presents the first attempt to apply non-stationary processes to chaotic motion. It is the objective of this study to contribute to the theory of dynamics and technical design.
Disruption of IκB Kinase (IKK)-mediated RelA Serine 536 Phosphorylation Sensitizes Human Multiple Myeloma Cells to Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors

Post-translational modifications of RelA play an important role in regulation of NF-κB activation. We previously demonstrated that in malignant hematopoietic cells, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) induced RelA hyperacetylation and NF-κB activation, attenuating lethality. We now present evidence that IκB kinase (IKK) β-mediated RelA Ser-536 phosphorylation plays a significant functional role in promoting RelA acetylation, inducing NF-κB activation, and limiting HDACI lethality in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Immunoblot profiling revealed that although basal RelA phosphorylation varied in MM cells, Ser-536 phosphorylation correlated with IKK activity. Exposure to the pan-HDACIs vorinostat or LBH-589 induced phosphorylation of IKKα/β (Ser-180/Ser-181) and RelA (Ser-536) in MM cells, including cells expressing an IκBα "super-repressor," accompanied by increased RelA nuclear translocation, acetylation, DNA binding, and transactivation activity. These events were substantially blocked by either pan-IKK or IKKβ-selective inhibitors, resulting in marked apoptosis. Consistent with these events, inhibitory peptides targeting either the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) binding domain for IKK complex formation or RelA phosphorylation sites also significantly increased HDACI lethality. Moreover, IKKβ knockdown by shRNA prevented Ser-536 phosphorylation and significantly enhanced HDACI susceptibility. Finally, introduction of a nonphosphorylatable RelA mutant S536A, which failed to undergo acetylation in response to HDACIs, impaired NF-κB activation and increased cell death. These findings indicate that HDACIs induce Ser-536 phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit RelA through an IKKβ-dependent mechanism, an action that is functionally involved in activation of the cytoprotective NF-κB signaling cascade primarily through facilitation of RelA acetylation rather than nuclear translocation.
The effect of gender on leadership and culture

Increasingly, human resource managers are recognizing the need to understand how the differences between men and women affect organizational culture and leadership. This study of 314 workers examines the influence of gender on the leadership and cultural dimensions identified in the acclaimed Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program. The results show that gender is a significant predictor in two of the nine cultural dimensions—gender egalitarianism and assertiveness—and two of the six leadership dimensions—participative leadership and self-protective leadership. These findings can help HR managers capitalize on the strengths of both male and female employees as they design policies and practices to achieve organizational objectives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extreme body cooling and psychomotor performance

Abstract In a series of experiments on the effect of body cooling ( the lowering of Mean Weighted Skin Temperature (MVVST) while maintaining normal Hand Skin Temperature (HST)) on psychomotor performance, the following results were obtained. (I) Block-stringing (BS) and block-packing (BP) performance decreased linearity across levels of body cooling (MWST's of 78° 74° 70° and 66° f). (2) Body cooling (MWST— 70° f) affected steadiness-aiming (SA) performance, but did not affect performance on the Craik screw task, the Purdue pegboard assembly ( PA) task and the two-plate-tapping task. (3) The effect of level of body cooling on SA performance was similar for fast and slow cooling rates. Significant BS and PA performance decrements occurred only under the low level (70° f MWST) and slow rate (90 min exposure) condition. (4) Increasing the duration of exposure for 20 and 40 min after a given MWST condition was attained resulted in significant decreases in BS performance. (5) Practice resulted in improved BS p...
Photofragment spectroscopy of HN3 cooled in a supersonic beam

Abstract The 248 nm photolysis of HN 3 , cooled to ≈ 3 K by expansion in a supersonic beam, producing NH is studied. The resulting nascent rotational and vibrational distributions of the NH(a ≈1 Δ) are reported. Comparisons at 248 and 266 nm using room-temperature HN 3 are made. A dependence of the final rotational state distributions (NH) on the initial state distributions (HN 3 ) is found.
Chromosome Studies in Preleukemic States V. Prognostic Significance of Single versus Multiple Abnormalities

The prognostic value of marrow chromosome findings was examined in 242 patients with preleukemic myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), with emphasis on the significance of single versus multiple karyotypic changes. In both groups, the results showed that patients with multiple chromosome abnormalities in a marrow clone had a very high probability of early death, from progression to leukemia or from other complications of hematopoietic dysfunction. Conversely, in patients with a hemic clone having only one karyotypic alteration (involving a single chromosome or single translocation), survival over 2 years was only slightly reduced as compared to those without chromosome abnormality. The only single karyotypic alteration perhaps associated with a markedly shortened survival was monosomy 7. These findings suggest that the conclusions of previous studies concerning the grave consequences of chromosome alterations in preleukemia largely reflect the clinical significance of clones with multiple cytogenetic changes. Prior knowledge of the karyotypic status of preleukemic patients should be helpful in evaluating current attempts to find effective treatment for these difficult disorders. Cancer 58:2571-2575, 1986.
A Lattice-Based Cellular Automata Modeling Approach for Granular Flow Lubrication

Liquid lubricants break down at extreme temperatures and promote stiction in micro-/ nanoscale environments. Consequently, using flows of solid granular particles as a "dry" lubrication mechanism in sliding contacts was proposed because of their ability' to carry loads and accommodate surface velocities. Granular flows are highly complex flows that in many ways act similar to fluids, yet are difficult to predict because they are not well understood. Granular flows are composed of discrete particles that display liquid and solid lubricant behavior with time. This work describes the usefulness of employing lattice-based cellular automata (CA), a deterministic rule-based mathematics approach, as a tool for modeling granular flows in tribological contacts. In the past work, granular flows have been modeled using the granular kinetic lubrication (GKL) continuum modeling approach. While the CA modeling approach is constructed entirely from rules, results are in good agreement with results from the GKL model benchmark results. Velocity results of the CA model capture the well-known slip behavior of granular flows near boundaries. Solid fraction results capture the well-known granular flow characteristic of a highly concentrated center region. CA results for slip versus roughness also agree with GKL theory.
N95-Companion Measurement of Cout/Cin Ratios for Two N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators and One Surgical Mask

A previous study in our laboratory measured the ratio of particle concentration outside (Cout)/inside (Cin) of three N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) models with an N95-Companion and other aerosol instruments using a breathing manikin. Results showed that the Companion measured Cin was contributed by particle penetration through face seal leakage and not through filter media suggesting that the Cout/Cin ratio should be similar for different N95 models at any given leak size. To better understand the phenomenon, the current study analyzed the influence of factors, including filter penetration, resistance, and flow rate on the Companion ratios for two N95 FFR (N1 and N2) and one surgical mask (SM1) models using a manikin. Cout/Cin ratios were measured at 10 and 40 L breathing minute volumes with sealed condition and at artificially introduced leaks. Filter efficiency and resistance were measured at 10 and 40 L/min constant flow rates. Results showed that filter efficiency and resistance were higher ...