cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrospun sol-gel fibers for fluorescence-based sensing

Fluorescence based biosensors have the ability to provide reliable pathogen detection. However, the performance could be improved by enhancing the effective surface area of the biosensor. We report on a new nanofibrous fluorescencebased biosensor, whereas a sol-gel platform mesh was constructed by utilizing electrospinning techniques. Furthermore, incorporating cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and conducting pore-forming techniques resulted in a high surface area material suitable for biosensor immobilization. The biosensor was designed to detect Helicobacter hepaticus bacterium by sandwiching the pathogen between two antibodies, one labeled with Alexa Fluor 546 fluorescent dye and the other with 20nm Au nanoparticles. In the presence of pathogen, the close proximity of Au nanoparticles quenched the Alexa Fluor fluorescence, suggesting that the electrospun fiber platforms are suitable for sensing H. Hepaticus. Additionally, sol-gel fibers used as biosensor platform have the added benefit of increased immobilization, as fluorescence intensity from immobilized biosensors is 8.5x10 6 cps higher on fibers than on a flat, non-porous substrate.
Multiobjective Variational Programming under Generalized Type I Univexity

In this paper, we extend the Mishra, Rueda and Giorgi generalized V-univexity type I, defined for multiobjective programming, to multiobjective variational programming problems and we derive various sufficient optimality conditions and mixed type duality results under generalized V-univexity type I conditions.
A role for POR1, a Rac1-interacting protein, in ARF6-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements.

The ARF6 GTPase, the least conserved member of the ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) family, associates with the plasma membrane and intracellular endosome vesicles. Mutants of ARF6 defective in GTP binding and hydrolysis have a marked effect on endocytic trafficking and the gross morphology of the peripheral membrane system. Here we report that expression of the GTPase‐defective mutant of ARF6, ARF6(Q67L), remodels the actin cytoskeleton by inducing actin polymerization at the cell periphery. This cytoskeletal rearrangement was inhibited by co‐expression of ARF6(Q67L) with deletion mutants of POR1, a Rac1‐interacting protein involved in membrane ruffling, but not with the dominant‐negative mutant of Rac1, Rac1(S17N). A synergistic effect between POR1 and ARF6 for the induction of actin polymerization was detected. Furthermore, we observed that ARF6 interacts directly with POR1 and that this interaction was GTP dependent. These findings indicate that ARF6 and Rac1 function on distinct signaling pathways to mediate cytoskeletal reorganization, and suggest a role for POR1 as an important regulatory element in orchestrating cytoskeletal rearrangements at the cell periphery induced by ARF6 and Rac1.
Born to choose: the origins and value of the need for control

Belief in one's ability to exert control over the environment and to produce desired results is essential for an individual's wellbeing. It has repeatedly been argued that perception of control is not only desirable, but is also probably a psychological and biological necessity. In this article, we review the literature supporting this claim and present evidence of a biological basis for the need for control and for choice-that is, the means by which we exercise control over the environment. Converging evidence from animal research, clinical studies and neuroimaging suggests that the need for control is a biological imperative for survival, and a corticostriatal network is implicated as the neural substrate of this adaptive behavior.
Nazi Propaganda toward French Muslim Prisoners of War

Because of the strategic value of French North Africa for the Axis war effort, German authorities carried out extensive propaganda efforts among prisoners of war from that region. Special propaganda camps were established in Germany and occupied France to win over a select group of prisoners who, it was hoped, could later influence other prisoners. German propaganda stressed the power of German arms, affinities between Nazism and Islam, and French discrimination against Muslims, and exploited Muslim resentment over the status of Jews in French North Africa. Although the success of their propaganda efforts among the masses of prisoners was limited, the Germans did manage to recruit some spies and collaborators and to drive a wedge between the Vichy authorities and North African soldiers.
A novel in vitro multiple-stress dormancy model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis generates a lipid-loaded, drug-tolerant, dormant pathogen.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) becomes dormant and phenotypically drug resistant when it encounters multiple stresses within the host. Inability of currently available drugs to kill latent Mtb is a major impediment to curing and possibly eradicating tuberculosis (TB). Most in vitro dormancy models, using single stress factors, fail to generate a truly dormant Mtb population. An in vitro model that generates truly dormant Mtb cells is needed to elucidate the metabolic requirements that allow Mtb to successfully go through dormancy, identify new drug targets, and to screen drug candidates to discover novel drugs that can kill dormant pathogen. Methodology/Principal Findings: We developed a novel in vitro multiple-stress dormancy model for Mtb by applying combined stresses of low oxygen (5%), high CO2 (10%), low nutrient (10% Dubos medium) and acidic pH (5.0), conditions Mtb is thought to encounter in the host. Under this condition, Mtb stopped replicating, lost acid-fastness, accumulated triacylglycerol (TG) and wax ester (WE), and concomitantly acquired phenotypic antibiotic-resistance. Putative neutral lipid biosynthetic genes were up-regulated. These genes may serve as potential targets for new antilatency drugs. The triacylglycerol synthase1 (tgs1) deletion mutant, with impaired ability to accumulate TG, exhibited a lesser degree of antibiotic tolerance and complementation restored antibiotic tolerance. Transcriptome analysis with microarray revealed the achievement of dormant state showing repression of energy generation, transcription and translation machineries and induction of stress-responsive genes. We adapted this model for drug screening using the Alamar Blue dye to quantify the antibiotic tolerant dormant cells. Conclusions/Significance: The new in vitro multiple stress dormancy model efficiently generates Mtb cells meeting all criteria of dormancy, and this method is adaptable to high-throughput screening for drugs that can kill dormant Mtb .A critical link between storage-lipid accumulation and development of phenotypic drug-resistance in Mtb was established. Storage lipid biosynthetic genes may be appropriate targets for novel drugs that can kill latent Mtb.
Detailed experimental and theoretical analysis of chiral discrimination: Enantioselective binding of R/S methyl mandelate by ?-cyclodextrin

Enantiodifferentiation of methyl mandelate by β-Cyclodextrin in the liquid phase is explored in detail. Temperature dependent studies using a β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase provided differential binding enthalpies and entropies. NMR studies revealed where around the host molecule the guest tends to reside. Molecular dynamics simulations correctly predict the retention order and provide an atomistic account of how chiral discrimination takes place. It is found that short range dispersion forces rather than long range coulombic forces are responsible for both complexation and for enantiodiscrimination. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds are not discriminating and the idea that a tight fit of included species within a cyclodextrin cavity be a requirement for chiral discrimination is questioned. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Linear transport in an exponential atmosphere

Two basic theoretical problems concerning linear transport in a subcritical half‐space with an exponential scattering ratio are solved. First, the continuum eigenvolutions developed by Mullikin and Siewert are shown to be half‐range complete. Second, the singular integral equation developed by Martin for the angular flux exiting the half‐space is shown to possess a unique solution.
Post-discharge changes in NT-proBNP and quality of life after acute dyspnea hospitalization as predictors of one-year outcomes

Abstract Aims The association of serial NT-proBNP changes and poor quality of life (QOL) with progressive heart failure (HF) and clinical outcomes in emergency department dyspnea patients is poorly understood. Methods and results The predictive value of changes in NT-proBNP and QOL (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure scale) from baseline to 30-day follow-up was examined for all-cause 1-year mortality and HF hospitalization. Patients with an initially elevated NT-proBNP (≥ 300 ng/L) which persisted at 30-days (no ≥ 25% decrease) were at high risk of death or HF hospitalization (HR = 6.36, 95%CI = 3.04–13.28). Combined with sustained poor QOL, these subjects with persistently elevated NT-proBNP were at highest mortality risk or HF hospitalization (HR = 8.75, 95%CI = 3.62–21.16). Conclusions Dyspnea patients with elevated NT-proBNP concentrations and no improvement in either NT-proBNP or QOL at 30-days are at high risk of mortality and HF hospitalization. These data highlight the value of serial biomarker measurements combined with serial evaluations for QOL.
Finding Optimal Demand Paging Algorithms

A cost is defined for demand paging algorithms with respect to a formal stochastic model of program behavior. This cost is shown to exist under rather general assumptions, and a computational procedure is given which makes it possible to determine the optimal cost and optimal policy for moderate size programs, when the formal model is known and not time dependent. In this latter case it is shown that these computational procedures may be extended to larger programs to obtain arbitrarily close approximations to their optimal policies. In previous models either unwarranted information is assumed beyond the formal model, or the complete stochastic nature of the model is not taken into account.
Screening of Deeply Invaginated Clusters and the Critical Behavior of the Random Superconducting Network

Starting with an expression for the fractal dimension ${d}_{u}$ of the unscreened perimeter of an arbitrary fractal of dimension ${d}_{f}$, there are derived for the random superconducting network the results $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{s}=(2\ensuremath{-}d)+{d}_{u}$, from which follow ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\phi}}}_{s}={d}_{u}$ and ${d}_{w}=d\ensuremath{-}{d}_{u}$. Here $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{s}$ is the conductivity exponent, ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\phi}}}_{s}$ the conductance exponent, and ${d}_{w}$ the fractal dimension of a random walk on the network. For $d=2$, these results differ from the Alexander-Orbach conjecture by 0.3%.
Choledochal cyst disease: A review

The authors present a review of the classification, etiology, presentation, treatment and long-term outcome of children and adults with choledochal cyst disease. Unlike children, adults often present with acute biliary tract symptoms or pancreatitis. The treatment of choice remains extrahepatic cyst excision and biliary bypass. This treatment has excellent long-term results that minimize the development of malignancy.
On the Nature of Ultimate Values in the Fine Arts

In 1933 Alfred North Whitehead asserted that certain kinds of human experience ensue when the subjective form of the prehension therein involved is partly dictated by the “qualitative element” in the objective datum (not the initial datum) of that prehension. These “qualitative elements” come with the prehension and are in the objective datum of that prehension.1
Secure shared continuous query processing

Data stream management systems (DSMSs) are being used in diverse application domains (e.g., stock trading), however, the need for processing data securely is becoming critical to several stream applications (e.g., patient monitoring). In this paper, we introduce a novel three stage (preprocessing, query processing, and postprocessing) framework to enforce access control in DSMSs. As opposed to existing systems, our framework allows continuous queries to be shared when they have same or different privileges, does not modify the query plans, introduces no new security operators, and checks a tuple only once irrespective of the number of active continuous queries. In addition, it does not affect the DSMS quality of service improvement mechanisms as query plans are not modified. We discuss the prototype implementation using the MavStream Data Stream Management System. Finally, we discuss experimental evaluations to demonstrate the low overhead and feasibility of our approach.
America and the Automobile: Technology, Reform, and Social Change. By Peter J. Ling. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. vi + 202 pp. $59.95.)

This interdisciplinary study of the early history of the automobile in the USA draws upon elements of urban sociology and historical geography to explore how the motorcar was accepted by an affluent class of society and interpreted as a means of achieving progressive, middle-class objectives. By examining the concerns of progressive American society, the author interprets the motorcar's significance as an instrument which adjusted to spatial discrepancies in order to accelerate the flow of goods and services, and acted as a safety valve for social tensions through personal mobility.
The Anaphase Promoting Complex Induces Substrate Degradation during Neuronal Differentiation

The anaphase promoting complex (APC) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and mitotic exit. However, APC also plays roles in G1, where it is regulated by Cdh1, and APC activity has also been detected in differentiated and non-proliferating cells, suggesting that it may play roles outside the cell cycle. Here, we report that disrupting APCCdh1 activity inhibits neurite outgrowth of both PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and primary cerebellar granule cells. APCCdh1 activity dramatically increases as PC12 cells differentiate in response to nerve growth factor. Furthermore, a key target degraded by APCCdh1 following nerve growth factor treatment is the F-box protein Skp2, and APCCdh1-mediated destruction of Skp2 is essential for proper terminal differentiation of neuronal precursors.
The effect of gender on the relationship between body fat distribution and lung function

Although abdominal obesity, as measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), has long been recognized as a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, little is known about the effect of WHR on pulmonary function, especially in women. In this study of 1094 men and 540 women (18-102 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), we examined the effect of WHR on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)). Cross-sectional analyses, after accounting for body mass index (BMI) and other variables, showed a strong inverse association of WHR with FEV(1) in men (beta = -1.338, P=.0001) but not in women. Furthermore, larger values of WHR were associated with greater reductions of forced vital capacity (FVC) in men (beta = -1.383, P =.0005) compared to women (beta = -0.679, P =.02). Thus, body fat distribution has independent effects on lung function that are more prominent in men than women.
Assessing Pre-Service Teacher Attitudes and Skills With the Technology Integration Confidence Scale

As technology integration continues to gain importance, preservice teachers must develop higher levels of confidence and proficiency in using technology in their classrooms (Kay, 2006). The acceptance of the National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS-T) by National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) has compelled teacher education programs to reexamine their curricula. However, most of these efforts lack the theory-based measures (Netemeyer, Bearden, & Sharma, 2003) of NETS-T dispositions and proficiency. In an effort to address this need, the Technology Integration Confidence Scale (TICS) was developed at Brigham Young University's McKay School of Education. This article describes the development of the TICS, which consists of 28 self-efficacy items based on tasks described in the NETS-T. It was pilot tested on preservice teachers during the spring 2006 term (N = 52), and the results were analyzed for item functioning and reliability. Evidence was also gathered to su...
Host-microbial interactions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

There has been considerable investigation of host-microbial interactions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in hopes of elucidating mechanisms of disease and better treatment. Most attention has been paid to bacterial infection and potential underlying defects in innate immunity. Bacterial biofilm is present in most patients with CRS undergoing surgical intervention, and its presence is associated with more severe disease and worse surgical outcomes. A role for viral or fungal infection in patients with CRS is less clear. There is no evidence for a primary defect in mucociliary clearance in most patients with CRS. Decreased levels of certain antimicrobial proteins, most notably lactoferrin, have been found in sinus secretions, whereas levels of other antimicrobial proteins have been found to be normal. No primary defects in Toll-like receptors have been found in patients with CRS, although a 50% reduced expression of Toll-like receptor 9 was reported in patients with recalcitrant nasal polyps. A polymorphism in a bitter taste receptor was recently associated with refractory CRS and persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. A downregulation of innate immunity by maladaptive T H 2 tissue inflammation has also been described in patients with recalcitrant nasal polyps, suggesting a link to persistent infection. To date, an effective means of restoring host-microbial balance and mitigating disease in patients with CRS remains elusive.
Optics of the total reflection of nuclear resonant radiation by Fe57

Abstract In an earlier publication (1) we described our measurements of the intensity of a single line Fe 57 λ-ray source totally reflected from an Fe 57 metal mirror as a function of angle of incidence and frequency of the source and compared the measurements with values calculated from theory. In this report several theoretical and computational aspects of the total reflection of Mossbauer radiation are discussed which were not emphasized in the previous work. Curves of reflectivity vs. glancing angle for a set of frequencies are given, showing how the curve shapes vary as the frequency of the λ-rays passes through the resonance frequency. Complete diagrams of the variation of coherent scattering amplitude with frequency for Fe 57 are given, from which the reflectivity as a function of frequency in the resonance region may be obtained by graphical interpolation. The polarization and changes in phase produced on reflection as a function of frequency are discussed, and calculated curves are shown. Because of the importance of the nuclear scattering in the resonance region the polarization and changes of phase produced on reflection are appreciable.
Fast and scalable parallel algorithms for matrix chain product and matrix powers on distributed memory systems

Given N matrices A/sub 1/, A/sub 2/,..., A/sub N/ of size N/spl times/N, the matrix chain product problem is to compute A/sub 1//spl times/A/sub 2//spl times//spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/A/sub N/. Given an N/spl times/N matrix A, the matrix powers problem is to calculate the first N powers of A, i.e., A, A/sup 2/A/sup 3/,..., A/sup N/. We consider distributed memory systems (DMS) with p processors that can support one-to-one communications in O(T(p)) time. Assume that the time complexity of the best known sequential algorithm for matrix multiplication is O(N/sup /spl alpha//), where /spl alpha/<2.3755. Let p be arbitrarily chosen in the range 1/spl les/p/spl les/N/sup /spl alpha/+1//log N. We show that the two problems can be solved on a p-processor DMS in T/sub chain/(N,p)=O(N/sup /spl alpha/+1//p+T(p)(N/sup 2(1+1//spl alpha/)//p/sup 2// /sup /spl alpha//(log p/N)/sup 1-2//spl alpha//+log(p log N/N/sup /spl alpha//) log N)) and T/sub power/(N,p)=0(N/sup /spl alpha/+1//p+T(p)(N/sup 2(1+1//spl alpha/)//p/sup 2// /sup /spl alpha//(log p/log N)/sup 1-2//spl alpha//+(log N)/sup 2/)) times, respectively. We also give instantiation of the above results in distributed memory parallel computers and DMS with hypercubic networks, and show that our parallel algorithms are either fully scalable or highly scalable.
Memorias de la zona tórrida: el naturalismo clásico y la «tropicalidad» americana en el Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1526)

Este ensayo examina el papel que juega la «tropicalidad» en la taxonomia de la naturaleza y cultura americanas que ofrece Oviedo en el Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias (1526). Accediendo a los paradigmas cientificos y tecnicos que informan este tratado, se arguye que la construccion de las Indias como un lugar «tropical» distinto de la Europa mediterranea pero similar a las Indias Orientales, le sirve a Oviedo de un marco de referencia fundamental para representar la compleja otredad de lo americano y a la vez abordar un debate geopolitico sobre el derecho de la conquista.
Soft, curvilinear semiconductor devices for bio-integrated electronics

Biology is curved, soft and elastic; silicon wafers are not. Semiconductor technologies that can bridge this gap in form and mechanics will create new opportunities in devices that require intimate integration with the human body. This talk describes the development of ideas for electronics that offer the performance of state-of-the-art, wafer-based systems but with the mechanical properties of a rubber band. We explain the underlying materials science and mechanics of these approaches, and illustrate their use in bio-integrated, ‘tissue-like’ electronics with unique capabilities in electrocorticography and cardiac electrophysiology, in both endocardial and epicardial modes. In vivo demonstrations with animal models illustrate the functionality offered by these technologies, and suggest several clinically relevant applications.
An Inverse Demand System for the Differentiated Blue Crab Market in Chesapeake Bay

ABSTRACT This article studies ex-vessel demand of the blue crab market in the Chesapeake Bay. In addition to providing empirical results regarding the important local fishery, it offers a useful example of the potential for inverse demand systems for seafood where quantities are often defined prior to prices and a variety of products are obtained from a single species. This is done using a non-linear Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System coupled with seasonal patterns and controlling for endogeneity. The model used here is able to address seasonality in demand in terms of varying flexibilities over seasons and deals with endogeneity in accordance with biological stock assessment data. Empirical results show significant season-varying market behaviors and the presence of endogeneity in the demand system. All market categories are price inflexible across seasons. Cross-category flexibilities suggest that the categories are quantity substitutes in the market. JEL Codes: Q21, Q22.
An Integrated EMI Choke for Differential Mode Noise and Common Mode Noise Suppression

This paper presents a novel integration approach for the EMI choke. The low permeability differential mode (DM) choke is placed within the open window of the common mode (CM) choke. Both chokes share the same winding structure. With the proposed approach, the window area of the toroid core is fully utilized and high DM inductance can be achieved. The small signal measurement was first carried out to demonstrate the design concept and the symmetry of the proposed structure. Then the large signal experimental results verified the attenuation characteristics as well as the thermal performance.
The Role of Charism and Hospitality in the Academy

Administrators at Catholic universities can look to ancient Greek, Old Testament, and New Testament sources for thinking about hospitality in the academy today. A theological view of hospitality, modeled after God’s own hospitality as manifested in the words and actions of Jesus, offers a model for considering a distinctly Catholic approach to intellectual hospitality. The Dominican charism is one example.
Use of Ferrite-50 to strongly damp higher order modes

A higher order mode damping concept has been proposed for use with the superconducting RF cavities for the Cornell B-Factory, CESR-B. All higher-order modes are brought out of the cavity via the beam tubes which have a large diameter and special shape. Because of their propagation, these modes can be damped by a 15-cm-long beam tube section of Ferrite-50 such that the Qs of all the modes are below 200, with most being below 100. The microwave losses of Ferrite-50 have been found to be >or=10/sup 4/ times higher than copper at approximately 1 GHz, and to decrease by a factor of 10 at 10 GHz. The tolerance of Ferrite-50 to high power has been tested up to 10 W/cm/sup 2/ (RMS). >
Mountain gorilla life histories, reproductive competition, and sociosexual behavior and some implications for captive husbandry

New data on modal patterns of, and variability in, mountain gorilla life history tactics and sociosexual behavior, collected during long-term fieldwork at the Karisoke Research Centre, are presented here. These data show that immature males and females develop sociosexual relationships with both peers and adults, and that these relationships—which contribute to more complex social relationships—often lead to mating between natal females and males who are “familiar” partners. They also show that within-group reproductive competition between males can reach considerable levels, but that immature males are sometimes able to copulate with both nulliparous and parous females; that unrelated silverbacked males can reside in the same all-male group but become intolerant of each other if females join the group; and that, whereas females sometimes compete with each other for opportunities of copulate, their probability of conceiving is probably not decreased by any inability to control the mating situation. This information may contribute to continued improvement in the husbandry of captive gorillas.
The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of our Closest Human Relatives

The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of our Closest Human Relatives. REVISED EDITION BY Ian Tattersall. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999. Extinct Humans, Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey Schwartz. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000.
NFκB inhibition decreases hepatocyte proliferation but does not alter apoptosis in obstructive jaundice

Abstract Introduction Cholestasis activates nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), which is involved in both hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis, depending on the cellular microenvironment. We hypothesized that NFκB inhibition would decrease hepatocyte proliferation and potentiate hepatocyte apoptosis in a rat model of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Aim To determine if NFκB inhibition concomitantly decreases hepatocyte proliferation and increases apoptosis in obstructive jaundice. Materials and methods Male Sprague—Dawley rats underwent either sham operation or bile-duct ligation (BDL) combined with portal vein injection of vehicle or 6 × 109 particles of an adenovirus carrying either the control luciferase or the IκB super-repressor (AdIκBSR) transgenes. Liver was harvested 3, 5, and 7 days after sham operation or BDL, and immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling was performed for detection of DNA synthesis and apoptosis, respectively. Results Increased serum total bilirubin and hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver sections confirmed cholestasis in BDL animals. Western blot analysis demonstrated IκBSR protein expression in AdIκBSR-infected animals only. At day 7, NFκB inhibition decreased hepatocyte DNA synthesis in BDL rats compared to both adenovirus carrying the control luciferase and vehicle-treated controls. Apoptosis was increased in BDL vehicle-treated animals compared to sham-operation animals, but NFκB inhibition did not alter hepatocyte apoptosis in the BDL group. Conclusion In obstructive cholestasis, NFκB is required for hepatocyte proliferation, but does not augment apoptosis.
Disease Management: Panacea, Another False Hope, or Something in Between?

Disease management is being promulgated by many policy makers, legislators, and a burgeoning new disease management industry as the next major hope, together with information technology and consumer-directed health care, to bring cost containment to runaway costs of health care. Many expect quality improvement as well. The concept is being aggressively marketed to employers, health plans, and government in the wake of managed care's failure to contain costs. There is widespread confusion, however, about what disease management is and what impact it will have on patients, physicians, and the health care system itself. In this article I give a current snapshot of disease management by briefly addressing (1) its rationale and growth, (2) its track record concerning costs and quality of care, and (3) its impacts on primary care.
A note on modeling, simulation and analysis of wireless LANs in classified environments

In this paper, we present the view that classified Wireless LANs (WLANs) need special handling when it comes to simulation and analyses. Even though classified environment uses open standards, almost exclusively IEEE 802.11, the fact that an array of requirements have to be met according to the DoD policy documents makes them a non-standard network type, thus making the 'regular' simulation and analysis models and libraries essentially useless. We outline this problem in detail and propose that (analysis and) simulation models for classified WLANs should be designed on a per policy based.
Genetic determinants of QT interval variation and sudden cardiac death.

Electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation or shortening is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. The study of Mendelian syndromes in families with extreme long and short QT interval duration and ventricular arrhythmias has led to the identification of genes encoding ion channel proteins important in myocardial repolarization. Rare mutations in such ion channel genes do not individually contribute substantially to the population burden of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Only now are studies systematically testing the relationship between common variants in these genes — or elsewhere in the genome — and QT interval variation and sudden cardiac death. Identification of genetic variation underlying myocardial repolarization could have important implications for the prevention of both sporadic and drug-induced arrhythmias.
A reduced model for nanoparticle coating in non-equilibrium plasma

Abstract In this Letter, a reduced model is developed based on the full model presented earlier [Yarin et al., J. Appl. Phys. 99 (6) (2006) 064310] for the deposition of amorphous hydrogenated carbon onto particles in a methane–hydrogen plasma. The reduced model is developed based on the assumption that, under certain conditions, chemistry may be decoupled from transport. The results from the reduced model are compared to the results from the full model for particle charge and growth rate of the deposited layer. It is shown that the two models are in good agreement for submicron particles that are of interest in nanoparticle coating in low-pressure plasma reactors. The reduced model is computationally far less expensive as compared to the full model and can be implemented for simulation of a large number of nanoparticles in plasma reactors.
The Efficacy and Effectiveness of Community Treatment Programmes in Preventing Crime and Violence Among those with Severe Mental Illness in the Community

There have recently been signs in the United States that treatment of mentally disordered offenders in the community will be influenced by laws and policies inclined towards longer-term incarceration and greater restriction on individual liberties. This represents a marked shift from the US tendency towards community-based treatment of mentally disordered offenders that has parallelled the deinstitutionalization movement for civilly committed patients over the past three decades. The 1997 US Supreme Court decision in Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), involving post-sentence commitment for sexual offenders who have completed a prison sentence, provides a good example of this trend. Public concern about mentally disordered offenders, as with criminal offenders more generally, will not only affect the programmes and interventions that can be offered in the community; it will also underscore the importance of crime and violence as outcome measures of the effectiveness of Community Based Forensic Treatment (CBFT) with this population.
Acidic Polysaccharides: Their Modification and Potential Uses

Acidic polysaccharides are known for their wide range of biological activities. These natural products are obtained from animal sources (i.e., glycosaminoglycans) or are prepared by the chemical sulfation of naturally occurring microbial and plant polysaccharides. For medical applications, heparin is the most commonly used acidic polysaccharide.
The Significance Of State And Local History In The Public Schools Of Pennsylvania

THE significance of state and local history in the public schools of Pennsylvania may be considered from s veral different points of view, depending upon the speaker and the character of his audience. Of these points of view probably the first and most natural is that of the historic past of the state of Pennsylvania and of its various communities. A brief statement, however, offers no satisfactory opportunity to develop this point of view. A survey would contain little if anything not familiar to everyone. Items such as the Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, the Eng lish conquest and occupation from 1664 to 1681, William Penn and the settlement of Pennsylvania, the social and economic features of colonial Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania fur trade and the westward movement, Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War, Pennsylvania and the American Revolution, agriculture, transportation and industry in the state of Pennsylvania, the establishment of public schools in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania in the Civil War, sections and sectionalism in Pennsylvania, and the place of Pennsylvania in the nation today, political, economic and social, each calls for monographs or books rather than a survey. Another and a very different consideration of the topic is that from the point of view of the actual utilization of state and local history in the curriculum and instruction of the public schools of Pennsylvania. An educationist, particularly the alleged scientific educationist with his emphasis upon fact-finding, would very probably handle the topic from this viewpoint. Questionnaires by the thousands might be sent out and an elaborate presentation of statistics be made. Possibly an audience composed mainly of teachers would greatly prefer such treatment of the subject. But this work can be done more easily by assistants in the Bureau 158
Phase-space Imaging of Partially Coherent beams with a Spatial Light Modulator

We develop an imaging system for measuring the local coherence length of partially coherent light beams. The 4D phase-space distributions are captured by scanning and Fourier-transforming an aperture created by a spatial light modulator(SLM).
Cellular Architecture Regulates Collective Calcium Signaling and Cell Contractility

A key feature of multicellular systems is the ability of cells to function collectively in response to external stimuli. However, the mechanisms of intercellular cell signaling and their functional implications in diverse vascular structures are poorly understood. Using a combination of computational modeling and plasma lithography micropatterning, we investigate the roles of structural arrangement of endothelial cells in collective calcium signaling and cell contractility. Under histamine stimulation, endothelial cells in self-assembled and microengineered networks, but not individual cells and monolayers, exhibit calcium oscillations. Micropatterning, pharmacological inhibition, and computational modeling reveal that the calcium oscillation depends on the number of neighboring cells coupled via gap junctional intercellular communication, providing a mechanistic basis of the architecture-dependent calcium signaling. Furthermore, the calcium oscillation attenuates the histamine-induced cytoskeletal reorganization and cell contraction, resulting in differential cell responses in an architecture-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that endothelial cells can sense and respond to chemical stimuli according to the vascular architecture via collective calcium signaling.
Ten recent title VII reports: A perspective

The author of this review is associate dean, College of Education, Pennsylvania State University. Now engaged in research to improve informational motion pictures and filmstrips under Title VII, Dr. VanderMeer has written 30 monographs, articles, and reports on AV. Editor of AV terminology, Dictionary of Education, he is also a member of the AVCR Editorial Board and of the DAVI Board of Directors.
Payments for Ecosystem Services and Wealth Distribution

Abstract Payment for ecosystem services (PES) has come to be regarded as a promising market-based policy instrument to internalize environmental externalities. The potential of PES is linked to the relationship between the willingness to pay (WTP) of ecosystem service buyers and the willingness to accept (WTA) of ecosystem service providers. This study uses an economic model to analyze factors that influence aggregate WTP and WTA in a PES scheme. We demonstrate that wealth disparity between ecosystem services buyers and providers can increase transactions. Furthermore, when wealth disparity exists between the buyers and sellers, the wealthier population would contribute more into the program and the poorer population would benefit more from it. Under these conditions, PES can be socially progressive and mitigate preexisting economic inequality. In this sense, the economic model provides justification for integration of PES and poverty alleviation programs. Results of our study indicate that PES is not a universally applicable conservation tool, and there is a need for a more targeted approach to the design and application of PES.
Hope and the Problem of Divine Silence

The silence of God either by itself or in circumstances of profound suffering can induce hopelessness and despair, eroding a person’s ability to act in ways conducive to her own good. Given the role of hope in human agency, the loss of hope is an event of a significant moral and personal concern. And the standard responses to the problem of divine hiddenness may not address the existential crises occasioned by God’s silence. This paper seeks to develop and address this challenge by evaluating two potential responses to the problem of despair-inducing experience of divine silence.
Clavicle Fractures and Dissociations

Thorough evaluation of fractured (see Fig. 24.1) or dislocated clavicle includes assessment of open vs. closed, neurovascular status, location of fracture, status of overlying skin, associated injuries, and displacement.
Motor decisions are not black and white: selecting actions in the “gray zone”

In many situations, multiple actions are possible to achieve a goal. How do people select a particular action among equally possible alternatives? In six experiments, we determined whether action selection is consistent and biased toward one decision by observing participants' decisions to go over or under a horizontal bar set at varying heights. We assessed the height at which participants transitioned from going over to under the bar within a "gray zone"-the range of bar heights at which going over and under were both possible. In Experiment 1, participants' transition points were consistently located near the upper boundary of the gray zone, indicating a bias to go over rather than under the bar. Moreover, transitional behaviors were clustered tightly into a small region, indicating that decisions were highly consistent. Subsequent experiments examined potential influences on action selection. In Experiment 2, participants wore ankle weights to increase the cost of going over the bar. In Experiment 3, they were tested on a padded surface that made crawling under the bar more comfortable. In Experiment 4, we introduced a secondary task that required participants to crawl immediately after navigating the bar. None of these manipulations altered participants' decisions relative to Experiment 1. In Experiment 5, participants started in a crawling position, which led to significantly lower transition points. In Experiment 6, we tested 5- to 6-year-old children as in Experiment 1 to determine the effects of social pressure on action selection. Children displayed lower transition points, larger transition regions, and reduced ability to go over the bar compared to adults. Across experiments, results indicate that adults have a strong and robust bias for upright locomotion.
Interpretation of Finite Element Procedure as Stress Error Minimization Procedure

The purpose of this technical note is to illustrate and analyze the fact that the minimization of the potential of complementary energy is entirely equivalent to the minimization of a particular measure of error for the approximate stress field.
Correlation Between the Open Approach Teaching in Mathematics and the Critical Thinking of First Year Students of St. Theresa International College, Thailand

The purpose of Correlation between the Open Approach Teaching in Mathematics and the Critical Thinking of First Year Students of St Theresa International College, Thailand, is to study the levels of open approach teaching in mathematics, critical thinking of the first year students of St Theresa International College, Thailand and the levels of correlation between open approach teaching in mathematics and the critical thinking of the first year students of St Theresa International College, Thailand. The sample group used in this research consisted of 214 first year students of St Theresa International College. Tools used are questionnaires, statistic is by mean, t-Test, Pearson’s simple correlation moment. It is found that overall, the levels of open approach teaching in mathematics are at a moderate level. The levels of critical thinking of the students, overall, are also at a moderate level. It is found that the levels of correlation between the open approach teaching in mathematics and the critical thinking of the students, overall, are at a high level with statistic significant at .01, coefficient correlation at .669.
Cryptococcosis and cryptococcal meningitis: New predictors and clinical outcomes at a United States academic medical centre.

As the diagnosis of cryptococcosis is challenging in low-prevalence settings, uncovering predictive factors can improve early diagnosis and timely treatment. The aim of the study was to relate clinical outcomes to predictive variables for the presence of cryptococcosis. A retrospective case-control study matched by collection date, age and gender at a 1:2 ratio (55 cases and 112 controls) was performed in case patients diagnosed with Cryptococcus infection at the University of Colorado Hospital between 2000 and 2017 (n = 167). A bivariate and a forward, stepwise multivariable logistic regression model were performed to identify predictors of cryptococcosis infection. In an adjusted multivariable model, cryptococcal infection was significantly associated with the presence of respiratory symptoms, hyponatremia, lung disease or corticosteroids. Additionally, cryptococcal meningitis was associated with headaches, corticosteroids or increased CSF protein. Conversely, a reduced risk of cryptococcosis was associated with hypertension or peripheral monocytosis. Cryptococcal meningitis leads to subsequent hearing impairment (16% vs 4% (control), P = .013), muscle weakness (40% vs 20%, P = .021), cognitive deficits (33% vs 6%, P = .0001) or any adverse outcome (84% vs 29%, P = .0001). We uncovered novel clinical predictors for the presence of cryptococcal infection or cryptococcal meningitis. This study in patients at a low-prevalence US medical centre underscores the importance of early diagnosis in this population.
Genetics of Fibrocystic Diseases of the Liver and Molecular Approaches to Therapy

Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), Caroli’s disease (CD), and polycystic liver disease (PLD) are the three major descriptive categories of fibrocystic liver disease. Caroli’s syndrome (CS) and CD probably represent different presentations of the same continuum. CS refers to CD in association with CHF. CHF/CS and PLD are often part of multisystem disorders associated with fibrocystic renal involvement. These are collectively referred to as “ciliopathies,” since the abnormal proteins involved function on the primary cilium or its basal body. The inheritance pattern of CHF/CS is autosomal recessive, with rare exceptions such as the CHF associated with X-linked oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1. The inheritance pattern of PLD is autosomal dominant; the majority of patients have autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) caused by mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes. Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD), in which PLD is not associated with renal cysts, refers to a genetically distinct entity caused by mutations in the PRKCSH or SEC63 genes. CHF/CS most commonly presents in association with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene. Multisystem syndromes associated with CHF/CS include Meckel, Bardet–Biedl, and Joubert syndromes and related cerebello-hepatorenal syndromes, renal-hepatic-pancreatic-dysplasia, and ciliary skeletal dysplasias such as Jeune’s chondrodysplasia. Many syndromic ciliopathies display marked genotypic heterogeneity with multiple different genes causing the same disease. This chapter will review the molecular genetic bases of these disorders and provide an overview of novel targeted therapies.