cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Absorption by Charge-Transfer Molecules

An analytical formalism is developed for the calculation of absorption of radiation by charge-transfer molecules with electronic density delocalized between the donor and acceptor parts. The theory...
High Performance 60 GHz Bidirectional Phased Array Front End in SiGe BiCMOS

This paper discusses the design and implementation of a 57-66 GHz bidirectional phased-array frontend in SiGe BiCMOS for time-duplexed transceivers. The TX path includes PA, power detector, variable attenuator and phase inverter. A fine-tuned 0-180° passive phase shifter is shared with the RX path which integrates also LNA, variable attenuators and phase inverter (PI). In RX mode, the front-end achieves 22 dB, gain bandwidth of 14 GHz and 6.4 dB minimum NF in the high-gain mode. In TX mode, the front-end achieves 12 dBm saturated output power, 9.7 dBm output-referred 1dB compression point, 24 dB gain, and 8 GHz bandwidth. The phase shifters achieve full 360° phase span with 6-bit phase resolution, 2.3° rms phase error and 0.2 dB rms gain error at 60 GHz. The IC occupies area of 3.3 mm2 (including pads) and consumes 102 mW / 256 mW in RX/TX (at P1dB), respectively.
Electrophysiological Studies of Reception of Facial Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia

ABSTRACT Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ) are both characterized by difficulty with social cognition. Likewise, social brain activity is atypical in both disorders and indicates atypical reception of facial communication – a key area in the Research Domain Criteria framework for identifying common biological underpinnings of psychiatric disorders. To identify areas of overlap and dissociation between ASD and SZ, this paper reviews studies of electrophysiological (EEG) response to facial stimuli across ASD and SZ populations. We focus on findings regarding amplitude and latency of four brain responses implicated in social perception: P100, N170, N250, and P300. There were many inconsistent findings in both the ASD and SZ literatures; however, replication across studies was strongest for delayed N170 latency in ASD and attenuated N170 amplitude in SZ. EEG responses corresponded with clinical symptoms in multiple samples. These results highlight the challenges associated with replicating research findings in heterogeneous clinical populations, as well as the need for transdiagnostic research and for designing studies to examine relationships among continuous quantifications of behavior and neural activity across neurodevelopmental disorders.
Manipulating sleep duration perception changes cognitive performance – An exploratory analysis

Abstract Objectives To test the effect of perceived sleep duration on cognitive performance. Methods Sixteen healthy individuals [8F; mean age (± SD): 24.2 ± 3.0 years)] received an 8-h sleep opportunity followed by a 5-h opportunity on two consecutive nights. Upon waking, they were randomized to being informed that they received either an 8-h or 5-h sleep opportunity, via a clock that ran either fast, slow or normally. Cognitive performance was assessed using 10-min auditory psychomotor vigilance tests and subjective sleepiness ratings. Homeostatic and circadian sleep drive was assessed using waking electroencephalography (EEG). Results Reaction time was significantly quicker when individuals thought that they had slept for 8 h but given a 5-h sleep opportunity. Conversely, reaction times were significantly slower when individuals thought they had 5 h of sleep but given an 8-h sleep opportunity. EEG delta power (1.0–4.5 Hz) during wake increased significantly when sleep was restricted to 5 h, and individuals thought they slept for 5 h, but this increase was attenuated with a perceived sleep duration of 8 h following a 5-h opportunity. EEG delta power did not increase, however, with perceived sleep restriction. EEG high-alpha activity (10.5–11.5 Hz) was consistently higher when participants thought that they had an 8-h sleep opportunity, regardless of the actual duration. Conclusions These results suggest that perceived sleep duration may modulate psychosomatic responses. Additional studies with predefined outcomes and analyses are necessary to confirm these findings, which may have important implications for understanding how sleep affects cognition and psychosomatic responses.
Characterization of Non-Uniform 2-bit Sigma-Delta Modulator for Gamma-Ray Detectors

To reduce the complexity of the front-end electronics of systems with large number of channels, we have proposed a novel analog-to-digital conversion method based on non-uniform 2-bit sigma-delta modulation. The proposed method simplifies the data acquisition for gamma-ray detectors that require waveform capture to perform analyses such as pile-up detection, pulse-shape discrimination, and maximum-likelihood energy and timing estimation. The modulator consists of an integrator, three comparators with programmable thresholds, one R-2R ladder digital-to-analog converter, and a field-programmable gate array. We have designed a nine-channel front-end board based on a combination of 1-bit SDM for energy estimation, and 2-bit SDM for timing estimation and waveform analysis. In this work, we present the characterization of the non-uniform 2-bit sigma-delta modulator for gamma-ray detection. The metrics utilized to measure performance are integral non-linearity, differential non-linearity, and timing resolution.
Clinical Impact of Antecedent Bariatric Surgery on Liver Transplant Outcomes: A Retrospective Matched Case-control Study

BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery (BS) may be associated with significant malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. METHODS Between March 1987 and January 2017, we performed 922 liver transplants (LT) at our institution; 33 had antecedent BS. We matched the BS cohort to LT recipients without BS (1:3 matching) based on exact matching for gender and cancer and inverse variance matching for age, LT body mass index, MELD score, and transplant date. RESULTS We analyzed outcomes in 132 LT recipients (33 BS; 99 non-BS). The BS cohort comprised 26 (79%) women with a mean age of 52.4 years. The BS procedures included 20 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (61%), 6 jejunoileal bypass (18%), 3 gastric band (9%), 2 sleeve gastrectomy (6%), and 1 duodenal switch (3%). The primary indications for LT listing were alcoholic cirrhosis (9; 27%), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (7; 21%), hepatitis C (8; 24%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (3; 9%). At LT, body mass index for the BS cohort was 29.6, and MELD was 24. Compared with matched controls, BS recipients did not have longer LT length of hospital stay (17.8 versus 15.7 d, P = 0.71), longer intensive care unit length of stay (5.3 versus 4.1 d, P = 0.16), or higher 30-day complication rate (76% versus 85%, P = 0.43). Overall patient survival was similar (1- and 3-y survival was 90.1% and 75.9% for BS; 90.9% and 76.4% for non-BS, P = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS A history of BS does not portend a deleterious effect on LT outcomes.
Optimizing Secondary Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (SESI-HRMS) for the Analysis of Volatile Fatty Acids from Gut Microbiome.

Gut microbiota plays essential roles in maintaining gut homeostasis. The composition of gut microbes and their metabolites are altered in response to diet and remedial agents such as antibiotics. However, little is known about the effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiota and their volatile metabolites. In this study, we evaluated the impact of a moderate level of ampicillin treatment on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) of gut microbial cultures using an optimized real-time secondary electrospray ionization coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). To evaluate the ionization efficiency, different types of electrospray solvents and concentrations of formic acid as an additive (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1%, v/v) were tested using VFAs standard mixture (C2–C7). As a result, the maximum SESI-HRMS signals of all studied m/z values were observed from water with 0.01% formic acid than those from the aqueous methanolic solutions. Optimal temperatures of sample inlet and ion chamber were set at 130 °C and 85 °C, respectively. SESI spray pressure at 0.5 bar generated the maximum intensity than other tested values. The optimized SESI-HRMS was then used for the analysis of VFAs in gut microbial cultures. We detected that the significantly elevated C4 and C7 VFAs in the headspace of gut microbial cultures six hours after ampicillin treatment (1 mg/L). In conclusion, our results suggested that the optimized SESI-HRMS method can be suitable for the analysis of VFAs from gut microbes in a rapid, sensitive, and non-invasive manner.
Post-transfusion hemoglobin response in patients with cirrhosis: Can we expect a 1 g/dL rise per unit transfused?

Background A patient's hemoglobin is typically expected to rise by 1 g/dL/unit transfused PRBCs. However, it has been theorized that mechanisms such as hyperbilirubinemia and splenomegaly might lead to either a direct lysis or sequestration of red blood cells that could decrease this proportionate response. Study design and methods Patients with resolved GI bleeding but still requiring transfusion to correct anemia were compared in cirrhosis and control groups. A retrospective chart review between 2015 and 2020 was conducted at a single institution. Data collected included age, sex, BMI, GI bleed diagnosis, number of PRBCs transfused, presence of splenomegaly and spleen size, alcohol use history, type of cirrhosis, MELD-Na at admission, GFR, and pre-and post-transfusion labs: total bilirubin, ALT, hemoglobin, hematocrit. A logic regression was performed for each group looking at which factors were associated with a successful response (defined as >0.9 g/dL hemoglobin per unit transfused). Results Mean change in hemoglobin was 0.77 g/dL in patients with cirrhosis compared to 1.46 g/dL in patients without (P 0.9 g/dL/unit) were both significant (P = .002) as well as portal hypertensive bleed diagnosis (0.28, N = 85, P = .0015). Factors that did not contribute included: age, race, BMI, alcohol use, GFR, change in ALT, and change in total bilirubin. Conclusions Patients with cirrhosis have an approximately 50% decreased response to transfusion with PRBCs after resolution of a gastrointestinal bleed in comparison to patients without cirrhosis. Risk factors included splenomegaly, portal hypertension, and male sex.
A functional screen identifies transcriptional networks that regulate HIV-1 and HIV-2.

The molecular networks involved in the regulation of HIV replication, transcription, and latency remain incompletely defined. To expand our understanding of these networks, we performed an unbiased high-throughput yeast one-hybrid screen, which identified 42 human transcription factors and 85 total protein–DNA interactions with HIV-1 and HIV-2 long terminal repeats. We investigated a subset of these transcription factors for transcriptional activity in cell-based models of infection. KLF2 and KLF3 repressed HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription in CD4+ T cells, whereas PLAGL1 activated transcription of HIV-2 through direct protein–DNA interactions. Using computational modeling with interacting proteins, we leveraged the results from our screen to identify putative pathways that define intrinsic transcriptional networks. Overall, we used a high-throughput functional screen, computational modeling, and biochemical assays to identify and confirm several candidate transcription factors and biochemical processes that influence HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription and latency.
Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Use in Intracranial Hemorrhage Patients With Cirrhosis Not on Prior Anticoagulation.

Background/Objective:Patients with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) have a 30-day mortality rate up to 52%, and the risk of mortality is increased in patients with disease-induced coagulopathy such as...
Locus coeruleus anchors a trisynaptic circuit controlling fear-induced suppression of feeding

The circuit mechanisms underlying fear-induced suppression of feeding are poorly understood. To help fill this gap, mice were fear conditioned, and the resulting changes in synaptic connectivity among the locus coeruleus (LC), the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), and the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA)-all of which are implicated in fear and feeding-were studied. LC neurons co-released noradrenaline and glutamate to excite PBN neurons and suppress feeding. LC neurons also suppressed inhibitory input to PBN neurons by inducing heterosynaptic, endocannabinoid-dependent, long-term depression of CeA synapses. Blocking or knocking down endocannabinoid receptors in CeA neurons prevented fear-induced depression of CeA synaptic transmission and fear-induced suppression of feeding. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that LC neurons play a pivotal role in modulating the circuitry that underlies fear-induced suppression of feeding, pointing to new ways of alleviating stress-induced eating disorders.
Stability of Trichlorotrifluoroethane — Stainless Steel Systems

The stabilities of trichlorotrifluoroethane metal systems are discussed under simulated solvent-cleaning conditions and under solvent-vapor entrapment conditions at temperatures up to 450°F. Comparisons are made with other systems containing water, acetone, trichlorethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. The data show (1) the systems with trichlorotrifluoroethane are chemically stable, and (2) the solvent can be used to clean austenitic stainless steels regardless of heat sensitization and degree of stress. With reasonable cleaning practices, residual solvent vapors in entrapment configurations are not expected to cause difficulties with austenitic stainless steels at elevated temperatures.
Design and analysis of a radial X-band klystron

The radial klystron is a multi-dimensional rf source where the beam is generated by a cylindrical gun and it expands along the radial dimension. The space charge repulsion forces are balanced in the azimuthal direction. We present the design of a low-voltage klystron, showing the single cavity stability and high efficiency.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for quasilinear elliptic systems

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions for a class of sublinear Dirichlet quasilinear elliptic systems.
Combining explanation-based learning and artificial neural networks

Explanation-based and neural learning algorithms each have their own strengths and weaknesses. An approach for combining these two styles of learning is presented. Rather than being arbitrarily chosen, initial neural network configurations are determined by the generalized explanation of the solutions to specific tasks. If these generalized explanations are not completely correct, the neural network refines them. Empirical tests with an initial implementation of the approach demonstrate that the hybrid out-performs each of the individual algorithms alone.
Computer modeling of events in the inner magnetosphere

The first effort at computer simulating the behavior of the inner magnetosphere during a substorm-type event on 19 September 1976 was completed. The computer model simulates many aspects of the behavior of the closed-field-line portion of the earth's magnetosphere, and the auroral and subauroral ionosphere. For these regions, the program self-consistently computes electric fields, electric currents, hot-plasma densities, plasma flow velocities and other parameters. Highlights of the results of our event simulation are presented. Predicted electric fields for several times during the event agree reasonably well with corresponding data from satellite S3-2. Detailed discussion is presented for a case of rapid subauroral flow that was observed on one S3-2 pass and is predicted by the computer runs. The computed global distribution of Birkeland current agrees reasonably well with the observations of Iijima and Potemra.
Automated detection of medication administration errors in neonatal intensive care

Display Omitted We developed computerized algorithms to detect medication administration errors.We defined administration error rates for high-risk medications using the algorithms.Compared to incident reporting, the algorithms had better sensitivity and precision.Automated algorithms support real-time error identification and mitigation. ObjectiveTo improve neonatal patient safety through automated detection of medication administration errors (MAEs) in high alert medications including narcotics, vasoactive medication, intravenous fluids, parenteral nutrition, and insulin using the electronic health record (EHR); to evaluate rates of MAEs in neonatal care; and to compare the performance of computerized algorithms to traditional incident reporting for error detection. MethodsWe developed novel computerized algorithms to identify MAEs within the EHR of all neonatal patients treated in a level four neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 2011 and 2012. We evaluated the rates and types of MAEs identified by the automated algorithms and compared their performance to incident reporting. Performance was evaluated by physician chart review. ResultsIn the combined 2011 and 2012 NICU data sets, the automated algorithms identified MAEs at the following rates: fentanyl, 0.4% (4 errors/1005 fentanyl administration records); morphine, 0.3% (11/4009); dobutamine, 0 (0/10); and milrinone, 0.3% (5/1925). We found higher MAE rates for other vasoactive medications including: dopamine, 11.6% (5/43); epinephrine, 10.0% (289/2890); and vasopressin, 12.8% (54/421). Fluid administration error rates were similar: intravenous fluids, 3.2% (273/8567); parenteral nutrition, 3.2% (649/20124); and lipid administration, 1.3% (203/15227). We also found 13 insulin administration errors with a resulting rate of 2.9% (13/456). MAE rates were higher for medications that were adjusted frequently and fluids administered concurrently. The algorithms identified many previously unidentified errors, demonstrating significantly better sensitivity (82% vs. 5%) and precision (70% vs. 50%) than incident reporting for error recognition. ConclusionsAutomated detection of medication administration errors through the EHR is feasible and performs better than currently used incident reporting systems. Automated algorithms may be useful for real-time error identification and mitigation.
A technique for the detection, decomposition and analysis of the EMG signal

In the present paper we have described a system for acquiring, processing and decomposing EMG signals for the purpose of extracting as many motor unit action potential trains as possible with the greatest level of accuracy. This system consists of 4 main sections. The first section consists of methodologies for signal acquisition and quality verification. Three channels of EMG signals are acquired using a quadripolar needle electrode designed to enhance discrimination among different MUAPs. An automated experiment control system is devised to free the experimenter from the burden of experiment detailed surveillance and bookkeeping; and to allow on-line assessment of the EMG signal quality in terms of decomposition suitability. The second section consists of methodologies for signal sampling and conditioning. The EMG signal is bandpass filtered (between 1 kHz and 10 kHz), sampled and compressed by eliminating parts of the signal under a preset threshold level. The third section consists of a signal decomposition technique where motor unit action potential trains are extracted from the EMG signal using a highly computer assisted interactive algorithm. The algorithm uses a continuously updated template matching routine and firing statistics to identify MUAPs in the EMG signal. The templates of the MUAPs are continuously updated to enable the algorithm to function even when the shape of a specific MUAP undergoes slow variations. The fourth section deals with ways in which to analyze and display the results. The more frequently used representation formats are: (1) display of MUAP wave shapes; (2) impulse trains representing motor unit firings; (3) IPI plots where time interval between successive firings of the same motor unit is plotted vs. time of the muscle contraction; (4) firing rate plots where the estimated time-varying mean firing rate of the detected motor units is plotted vs. time of the muscle contraction. The performance of the system has been tested in terms of: (1) consistency among results obtained by different operators; (2) accuracy evaluated on synthetic EMG signal; (3) indirect measure of accuracy on real EMG signal by comparing results pertaining the same motor unit action potential trains derived by two EMG signals, independently and simultaneously recorded from two different electrodes.
A novel method for monitoring mass-change response of piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors

Abstract We show that monitoring impedance at a fixed frequency near resonant frequency of a piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensor provides equivalent measurement as the conventional approach of monitoring resonant frequency. Two sensing experiments are used to validate the proposed approach: density change and detection of a pathogen (E. coli O157:H7). The impedance approach is feasible because PEMC sensors exhibit modest Q-values of 30–60 at ∼900 kHz and typical biosensing response falls well below 5 kHz, a frequency band near resonant frequency where impedance is a linear function of frequency. The simpler impedance approach lends itself to high throughput applications where large number of sensor responses is to be monitored simultaneously.
Monoaromatic hydrocarbon transformation under anaerobic conditions at Seal Beach, California: Laboratory studies

Anaerobic biotransformation of several aromatic hydrocarbons found in gasoline including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX) was studied in batch anaerobic laboratory microcosms. Aquifer sediment and ground water were obtained from the site of a historic gasoline spill at Seal Beach, California. Sulfate is present in the site ground water at 80 mg/ L, and sulfate-reducing activity appears to be the dominant intrinsic BTEX bioremediation process where nitrate is absent. In the laboratory, the microcosms were set up with different electron acceptors (sulfate and nitrate) in site ground water and various defined anaerobic media to estimate intrinsic biodegradation rates and to suggest conditions under which anaerobic bioremediation could be enhanced. In unamended microcosms, anaerobic biotransformation of toluene and m+p-xylene (m-xylene and p-xylene were measured as a summed parameter) occurred at a rate of 7.2 and 4.1 μg L−1 h−1, respectively, with sulfate as the apparent electron acceptor. Addition of nitrate stimulated nitrate-reducing conditions and increased rates of toluene and m+p-xylene biotransformation to 30.1 and 5.4 μg L−1 h−1, respectively. The catabolic substrate range was altered to include ethylbenzene in the nitrate-amended microcosms, suggesting an apparent preferential use of different BTEX compounds depending on the electron acceptor available. Under all the conditions studied, more than twice the amount of nitrate or sulfate was used than could be accounted for by the observed BTEX degradation. Benzene transformation was not observed under the conditions studied. Although methane was detected in microcosms prepared with anaerobic media lacking nitrate and sulfate, methanogenic biotransformation of BTEX compounds was not observed. The results of these experiments indicate that indigenous microorganisms from the Seal Beach aquifer have significant capability to degrade BTEX hydrocarbons and that intrinsic processes in the Seal Beach aquifer may remediate a portion of the hydrocarbon contamination in situ without intervention. However, the data also suggest that intervention by nitrate addition would enhance the rate and extent of anaerobic BTEX biotransformation.
A comparison of glyburide and insulin treatment in gestational diabetes mellitus on infant birth weight and adiposity

162 163 LIKELIHOOD OF DIABETES RECURRENCE IN WOMEN WITH MILD GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM) HEATHER J. HOLMES, BRIAN M. CASEY, JULIE Y. LO, DONALD D. MCINTIRE, KENNETH J. LEVENO, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dallas, TX OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the likelihood of recurrence of diabetes during subsequent pregnancies in women with class A1 GDM. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort analysis of nulliparous women diagnosed with GDM and delivered of a singleton infant between January 1991 and June 2003. Pregnant women with a 50-gm oral glucose screen of $140 mg/dL were tested with a 100-gm glucose tolerance test. Women who had two or more abnormal values using NDDG criteria were diagnosed with GDM and those with fasting values less than 105 mg/dL were diagnosed with class A1 GDM and treated with diet alone. Women with a prior history of GDM were routinely screened at initial presentation for prenatal care during subsequent pregnancies. Those womenwith diabetes in a subsequent pregnancy were compared to those who did not have recurrent diabetes. The probability of recurrence of diabetes was calculated using maternal age at first pregnancy, interpregnancy interval, and body mass index (BMI) during the subsequent pregnancy. RESULTS: During the study period, 344 women were identified with class A1 GDM during their first pregnancy and had an additional delivery in our database. 137 (40%) were identified with diabetes during their subsequent pregnancy. Depicted in the graph below is the probability of diabetes recurrence according to age and interpregnancy interval for women with a BMI of 30. Similar analyses were performed for women with a BMI of 25 and 35. CONCLUSION: (1) The probability of diabetes recurrence in pregnant women with a history of GDM is related to age, interpregnancy interval, and BMI. (2) These probability assessments can be used to counsel women with a history of GDM. December 2003 Am J Obstet Gynecol S108 SMFM Abstracts
Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers' Speech to Young Children: Age and Sex Comparisons.

PHILLIPS, JULIET R. Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers' Speech to Young Children: Age and Sex Comparisons. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 182-185. This study compared speech addressed to children with speech addressed to an adult; 10 measures of syntax and vocabulary were used. In addition, comparisons were made of speech addressed to children of different ages (8, 18, and 28 months) and sexes. Significant differences between speech addressed to children and speech addressed to an adult were found in all measures. In 7 measures, significant differences were found between speech addressed to 18-month children and speech addressed to 28-month children. In general these findings obtain equally for separate samples of boys and girls.
Deliberate self-harm in adolescents: hopelessness, depression, problems and problem-solving

Abstract This study looks at a group of adolescents who have taken overdoses and examines the type and severity of their problems. It measures hopelessness and depression, and whether these adolescents feel their parents understand them. The study also examines the ways in which these adolescents perceive their overdose as a problem-solving mechanism. The study shows that hopelessness in adolescent self-harm is an important independent variable over and above the level of depression. The adolescents report a wide range of problems with severe and significant problems particularly in the area of family relationships and school. Finally, the paper postulates links between severity of problems, hopelessness and deficits in problem-solving abilities, and suggests areas for potential therapeutic interventions.
Synthesis and SAR of novel, non-MPEP chemotype mGluR5 NAMs identified by functional HTS

This Letter describes the discovery and SAR of three novel series of mGluR5 non-competitive antagonists/negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) not based on manipulation of an MPEP/MTEP chemotype identified by a functional HTS approach. This work demonstrates fundamentally new mGluR5 NAM chemotypes with submicromolar potencies, and further examples of a mode of pharmacology 'switch' to provide PAMs with a non-MPEP scaffold.
The ZPR-9 Airborne Plutonium Monitoring System

This paper describes an airborne plutonium monitoring system which is installed in the ZPR-9 (Zero Power Reactor No. 9) facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The design and operational experience are discussed. This monitoring system utilizes particle size and density discrimination, alpha particle energy discrimination, and a background-subtraction technique operating in cascade to separate airborne-plutonium activity from other, naturally occurring, airborne activity. Relatively high sensitivity and reliability are achieved.
Evaluation of K-Factors and Weight Functions for 2-D Mixed-Mode Multiple Cracks by the Boundary Element Alternating Method

The concept of the Schwartz-Neumann alternating method [1,2], in conjunction with the boundary element method to solve for the stresses in an uncracked body, and an analytical solution for an embedded 2-D crack subjected to arbitrary crack face loading in an infinite domain, is used to determine the mixed-mode K-factors and weight functions for cracks in a finite body. Situations of edge-cracks, as well as multiple cracks, all under mixed-mode loading are considered. The boundary element method is better suited for these problems since, point wise evaluation of stresses at the location of the crack in the uncracked body is more accurate, and more simple, once the tractions and displacements on the boundary are determined through the standard BEM. It is expected that the above method would yield highly accurate results for this class of problems, in the least expensive way even compared to the finite element alternating method.
The effectiveness of dynamic ant colony tuning

We examine the Genetically Modified Ant Colony System (GMACS) algorithm [3], which claims to dynamically tune an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to its near-optimal parameters. While our research indicates that the use of GMACS does result in higher quality solutions over a hand-tuned ACO algorithm, we found that the algorithm is ultimately hindered by its emphasis on randomized ant breeding. Specifically, our investigation shows that tuning ACO parameters on a single colony using a genetic algorithm, as done by GMACS, is not as effective as it may first appear and has several drawbacks.
A Chebyshev expansion method for solving Nonlinear circuit equations

A new method using Chebyshev expansions is developed for solving nonlinear circuit equations. This technique is more efficient and accurate than existing simulators. Two particular case studies illustrate the methodology, and further applications are outlined.
A study on adsorption of surfactant molecules on magnesium oxide nanocrystals prepared by an aerogel route

Adsorption of surfactant molecules, cationic as well as anionic, has been carried out on nanocrystals of magnesium oxide, prepared by an aerogel route (AP-MgO). Aerosil OT (AOT) and didodecyl dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) have been chosen as examples of anionic surfactant and cationic surfactant, respectively. The adsorption studies were mainly carried out in nonaqueous media. For comparison, adsorption experiments were also carried out for two other magnesium oxide samples, namely, conventionally prepared MgO (CP-MgO) and commercial MgO (CM-MgO), which consist of microcrystals. The adsorption properties of the surfactants have been studied by determining the adsorption isotherms. The results have been interpreted on the basis of the fact that nanocrystals possess increased surface reactivity compared to microcrystals and particle shapes do have a role to play.
The Economic Theory of Fertility Decline

I. Typical behavior versus critical marginal behavior, 2.—II. Development, occupational shifts, and status shifts, 4.—III. The interstatus-income ratio compression effect, 5.—IV. Status and other IMU goods, 7.—V. Intra-household distributions and commitment claim drift, 11.—VI. On the price inelasticity of status goods, 15.—VII. Interstatus total utility differentials and the utility cost of children, 18.—VIII. On the utility of children, 21.—IX. Combining utility and utility cost relations, 26.
Reactions of Mn(II) and Mn(III) with Alkyl, Peroxyalkyl, and Peroxyacyl Radicals in Water and Acetic Acid

The kinetics of oxidation of Mn(II) with acylperoxyl and alkylperoxyl radicals were determined by laser flash photolysis utilizing a macrocyclic nickel complex as a kinetic probe. Radicals were generated photochemically from the appropriate ketones in the presence of molecular oxygen. In both acidic aqueous solutions and in 95% acetic acid, Mn(II) reacts with acylperoxyl radicals with k = (0.5-1.6) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and somewhat more slowly with alkylperoxyl radicals, k = (0.5-5) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). Mn(III) rapidly oxidizes benzyl radicals, k = 2.3 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) (glacial acetic acid) and 3.7 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) (95% acetic acid). The value in 3.0 M aqueous perchloric acid is much smaller, 1 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). The decarbonylation of benzoyl radicals in H(2)O has k = 1.2 x 10(6) s(-1).
Nitrogen input to the Gulf of Mexico.

their percentage of the basin include woodland (18%), range and barren land (21%), wetlands and water (2.4%), Historical streamflow and concentration data were used in regresand urban land (0.6%). About 70 million people live sion models to estimate the annual flux of nitrogen (N) to the Gulf of Mexico and to determine where the nitrogen originates within the within the Mississippi basin, and it contains one of the Mississippi Basin. Results show that for 1980‐1996 the mean annual most productive farming regions in the world. The central total N flux to the Gulf of Mexico was 1 568 000 t yr 21 . The flux was part of the basin produces the majority of the corn, soyabout 61% nitrate N, 37% organic N, and 2% ammonium N. The bean, wheat, cattle, and hogs produced in the United flux of nitrate N to the Gulf has approximately tripled in the last 30 States. Because of the intensive agriculture, the majority years with most of the increase occurring between 1970 and 1983. of all fertilizers and pesticides used in the United States The mean annual N flux has changed little since the early 1980s, but are applied to cropland within the basin. In addition, large year-to-year variations in N flux occur because of variations in
Atypical ductal hyperplasia on core biopsy: an automatic trigger for excisional biopsy?

Excisional biopsy is currently recommended for atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) diagnosed on core needle breast biopsy (CNB), due to risk of upstaging to invasive or in situ carcinoma (DCIS). The study goal was to identify patients who may potentially forego excisional biopsy if the risk of upstaging is low. We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with ADH on CNB who underwent excisional biopsy at one institution (5/2000–5/2011). We evaluated the upstaging rate and clinicopathologic factors associated with increased upstaging risk. A total of 114 cases of ADH were diagnosed on CNB. The median patient age was 64 years. On mammography, a mass/density/area of distortion was present in 23 % of cases; calcifications were present in 77 %. Most biopsies (79 %) were performed stereotactically. Twenty lesions (18 %) were upstaged to infiltrating carcinoma (5 %) or DCIS (13 %). Residual ADH was present in 43 biopsies (38 %). On univariate analysis, significant variables associated with upstaging included age >50 years, a mass lesion on mammography, and shorter length of biopsy core (p < 0.05). No patient ≤50 years of age was upstaged. Three patients who were not upstaged (3 %) developed ipsilateral disease (2 DCIS and 1 infiltrating ductal carcinoma) at a median time of 37 months. The rate of upstaging when ADH is diagnosed on CNB at our institution is 18 %, and routine excisional biopsy is currently recommended for all patients. However, patients <50 years old with focal atypia only and no residual calcifications postbiopsy may represent a low-risk group who could potentially avoid excisional biopsy.
Potassium triphenylsiloxide “-ate” compounds of tin(II): Molecular and separated ion forms and variable potassium coordination numbers

Abstract Neutral bis-silyloxidetin(II) dimers [Sn(OSiPh3)(μ-OSiPh3)]2 (1) and [Sn{OSi(tBu)Me2}{μ-OSi(tBu)Me2}] 2 (2) were synthesized in one step from [Sm{N(SiMe3)2}2] and 2 equiv. of silanol. Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by IR, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) and combustion analysis. The bis-triphenylsilyloxidetin(II) dimer [Sn(OSiPh3 (μ-OSiPh3)]2 (1) reacted with 2 equiv. of [K(THF)n(OSiPh3)], followed by crystallization from dimethoxyethane (DME) to afford [K(DME)2Sn(μ-OSiPh3)3] (3). 1H NMR studies on [K(DME)2Sn(μ-OSiPh3)3] demonstrated that this complex was kinetically labile on the NMR time-scale with respect to exchange with free, added DME. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that [K(DME)2Sn(μ-OSiPh3)3] exists in two crystalline states which formed under apparently identical conditions. Structure determinations showed Sn(μ-OSi Ph3)3K units with K+ further coordinated by two bidentate DME ligands (monoclinic form) or by one bidentate and one monodentate DME (triclinic form). Crystal data : Monoclinic (at −135°C): a = 13.904(3), b = 22.431(5), c = 19.200(4) A, β = 102.23(1)°, with Z = 4 in space group P21/n. Triclinic (−154°C): a = 21.250(4), b = 22.258(5), c = 13.271(3) A, α = 93.26 (1)°, β = 104.44(1)°, γ = 75.79(1)° with Z = 4 in space group P 1 . Reaction of [Sn(OSiPh3)(μ-OSiPh3)]2 with 2 equiv. of [K(18-crown-6)(OSiPh3)] in toluene gave [K(18-crown-6)(η2-toluene)2][K(18-crown-6){Sn(OSiPh3)3}2] (4) in high yields. An X-ray diffraction study revealed a salt-like formulation [(η2-toluene)2K+ (18-crown-6)][{(Ph3SiO)3Sn} 2K(18-crown-6)−]. Crystal data (at −155°C): a = 13.850(4), b = 18.510(5), c = 27.475(7) A, β = 102.47(1)° with Z = 2 (asymmetric units) in space group P21/c. Similarly, [Sn{OSi(tBu)Me2}{μ-OSi(tBu)Me2}]2 (2) reacted with 2 equiv. of [K(OSiMe2tBu)]n, in toluene to give [KSn(μ-OSiMe2tBu)3] (5) as a crystalline solid in good yields. The electronic structure, geometry and nucleophilicity of the model anion, Sn(OH)3−, have been probed using Fenske-Hall methods.
Hearing loss in an institutionalized mentally retarded population. Identification by auditory brainstem response.

• We report the results of auditory brainstem response testing of 122 profoundly retarded institutionalized children, a segment of the retarded population heretofore generally regarded as untestable by behavioral audiometry. Major findings include: (1) 32% of the study population showed, by auditory brainstem response, hearing loss exceeding 20 decibels of hearing level in one or both ears (12% showed conductive loss and 20% sensorineural loss); (2) of the 15.6% with evidence of bilateral sensorineural loss, 7.37% had losses in the 30- to 50-dB range, and 8.19% had losses of 60 dB or greater; and (3) evidence of abnormal brain-stem function was found in 11%. Results of otologic examinations and audiologic habilitative follow-up in selected children are also reported. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;113:32-35)
A neural network approach to robust shape classification

Abstract A neural network approach for the classification of closed planar shapes is described. The primary foci are the development of an effective representation for planar shapes which may be used in conjunction with neural nets, the selection of a suitable neural network structure, and determining training methods to increase the degree of robustness in classification. A three layer perception using backpropagation is initially trained with contour sequences of noisefree reference shapes and its generalization capability is demonstrated. The network is then gradually retrained with increasingly noisy data to improve the robustness of the classifier. The advantages and improvement in robustness using this extended training scheme are shown and typical classification results are presented.
Corrosion of CoCr and NiCr dental alloys alloyed with palladium

Statement of problem A new subclass of casting alloy composition involving the addition of palladium (25 wt%) to traditional base metal alloys, thereby raising their classification to that of a noble alloy, has been recently introduced. Little is known about this class of casting alloy, particularly its corrosion properties, which influence its biocompatibility and esthetics. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the corrosion properties of 2 new CoPdCr and one new NiPdCr alloy and compare them to traditional CoCr and NiCr alloys. Material and Methods The casting alloys investigated were: CoPdCr-A (NobleCrown NF), CoPdCr-I (Callisto CP+), NiPdCr (Noble Crown), CoCr (Argeloy N.P. Special), and NiCr (Argeloy N.P. Star). Cylindrical (4.8-mm diameter) as-cast and oxidized specimens were assessed electrochemically in phosphate-buffered saline at 24°C (n=8 and n=6, respectively). The open circuit potential (OCP) was monitored for 20 hours, followed by linear polarization and cyclic polarization tests. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine whether differences existed between alloys and to examine the effect of oxidation (α=.05). Representative alloy surfaces were scanned and examined with light microscopy. Results The palladium-containing alloys possessed a significantly greater OCP ( P P Conclusions Overall, the inclusion of palladium in CoCr and NiCr alloys had deleterious effects on electrochemical corrosion properties.
Attempting to bridge the gap between laboratory and seismic estimates of fracture energy

[1] To investigate the behavior of the fracture energy associated with expanding the rupture zone of an earthquake, we have used the results of a large-scale, biaxial stick-slip friction experiment to set the parameters of an equivalent dynamic rupture model. This model is determined by matching the fault slip, the static stress drop and the apparent stress. After confirming that the fracture energy associated with this model earthquake is in reasonable agreement with corresponding laboratory values, we can use it to determine fracture energies for earthquakes as functions of stress drop, rupture velocity and fault slip. If we take account of the state of stress at seismogenic depths, the model extrapolation to larger fault slips yields fracture energies that agree with independent estimates by others based on dynamic rupture models for large earthquakes. For fixed stress drop and rupture speed, the fracture energy scales linearly with fault slip.
Issues in globalizing a U.S. government Website

The author applied findings from international technical communication research to compare and contrast two informational Websites: a U.S. government Website (response.restoration.noaa.gov), which she had designed, and an analogous French government Website (www.le-cedre.fr). The Websites reflect contrasting rhetorical choices made by their designers, suggesting that some substantial cross-cultural differences among Websites within a genre may be rhetorical in nature rather than surficial. The author suggests five areas where future research could lead to guidelines for Website globalization.
The use of Tracheal and Pulmonary Aspiration to Diagnose Legionella Micdadei Pneumonia

Legionella micdadei (Pittsburgh pneumonia agent) pneumonia was diagnosed in three patients by transtracheal aspiration and in a fourth patient by percutaneous lung aspiration on two occasions. The organism was identified by direct fluorescent antibody staining and by culture in each case. Diagnosis by aspiration of the respiratory tract was rapid, specific, and safe. This allowed early institution of specific antimicrobial therapy in a group of severely ill, immunocompromised patients. These techniques should be considered whenever the diagnosis of L micdadei pneumonia is likely.
Group velocity dispersion in depressed index type planar waveguides.

Group velocity dispersion is calculated in weakly guiding slab guides having depressed index layer(s) next to the guiding region. Negative guide dispersion is easily obtained in the single mode regime. The amount of negative dispersion increases with index depth and physical width of the depressed index region.
John Dewey’s metaphysical ground-map and its implications for geographical inquiry

Abstract John Dewey was the most significant and influential thinker associated with the American philosophy commonly known as pragmatism. Drawing on Dewey’s writings as well as the work of Deweyan scholars, I endeavor to explain Dewey’s unique contribution to philosophical discourse and how his overlooked scholarship can inform geographical inquiry. After an introduction, I provide a background understanding of Dewey and his context as well as the use of his philosophy in geography and sociology. I then turn to an exposition of Dewey’s metaphysics which are the heart of his philosophy. My discussion breaks his metaphysics into four parts: nature and continuity, contingency and change, situated sociality, and transaction. The subsequent section argues for Dewey’s distinction and value by arguing a particular implication of Dewey’s work for geography—a reconceptualization of place—and more general propositions about what a Dewey-informed geography would, at minimum, entail. A brief conclusion summarizes the Deweyan vision in the context of geographical inquiry.
Algorithms for Iterative Array Multiplication

Algorithms for the parallel multiplication of two n- bit binary numbers by an iterative array of logic cells are discussed. The regular interconnection structures of the multiplier array cell elements, which are ideal for VLSI implementation, are described. The speed and hardware complexity of two new iterative array algorithms, both of which require n-cell delays for one n-bit × n-bit multiplication, are compared to a straightforward iterative array algorithm having a 2n-cell delay and its higher radix version having an n-cell delay.
On the performance of a class of slotted ALOHA dynamic control procedures

The performance characteristics are given for a class of ALOHA systems that employ dynamic control strategies. These strategies are simple to implement and can yield lossless and stable operation for arbitrarily large user populations with aggregate arrival rates below e-1 packets/slot. Figures illustrate the transient and steady state performance, and depict the geometrical concepts used in proving stability.
Increasing homocysteine levels and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.

Objective: To determine if hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for the development of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) and diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN). Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are both associated with premature vascular disease. Microvascular ischemia may be a risk factor for DSPN and DAN; therefore, the relationship of hyperhomocysteinemia to DSPN and DAN was investigated. Methods: Baseline neurological tests and homocysteine levels were determined in patients from a large prospective study of diabetic complications, the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) Trial. Results: Total homocysteine (tHcy) was independently associated with DAN; for each 1 μmol/l increase in tHcy, there was a 7.1% increased risk of developing DAN (P<0.05). There was no association between tHcy and DSPN. Conclusions: Hyperhomocysteinemia may be a risk factor for DAN but not for DSPN. This relationship may be related to differential small fiber injury. Further studies are needed to investigate this relationship between tHcy and DAN, specifically whether treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia may modify DAN.