cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrolytic pretreatment of coal for enhanced liquefaction

Abstract Mild oxidation of coal can result in enhanced coal liquefaction yields, presumably due to the formation and decomposition of carbonyl or hyperoxide groups from the benzylic groups of alkyl bridges in the coal structure. Due to the ability to closely control the oxidizing or reducing conditions at the electrode, electrochemical routes for coal pretreatment have attracted considerable interest. Electrolysis of an Illinois coal in NaOH and H 2 SO 4 electrolytes at potentials of between 1.0 and 1.3 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) resulted in hydrogen production at current efficiencies of about 100% while a significant amount of sulfur was removed from the coal. Liquefaction of the coal was carried out in tetralin at 375°C with an initial hydrogen pressure of 140 psig (10.5 bar). The data obtained clearly indicate that electrochemical oxidation of coal slurries results in significant enhancement (up to 27%) in coal liquefication yields. The products (liquid) obtained from the liquefication of the electrolyzed coal contained substantially larger amounts of the more desirable pentane soluble fraction, while the undesirable benzene insoluble fraction content diminished. The data also show that the molecular weight of the liquid products obtained from pre-electrolyzed coal samples is very much lower than the corresponding molecular weight of the liquid products obtained from an untreated coal under the same liquefaction conditions.
Decomposition of strain measures and their rates in finite deformation elastoplasticity

Abstract For large deformation elastoplasticity, the question of the decomposition of the total strain and the strain rate into the elastic and plastic constituents is critically examined, a new decomposition is introduced, and some existing misinterpretations and errors are corrected.
Acid-catalyzed reaction of 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (MeTAD) with substituted benzenes

The reaction of 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (MeTAD) with substituted benzenes under the influence of trifluoroacetic acid catalysis was investigated. Generally, good-to-high yields of 1-arylurazoles resulting from aromatic substitution were obtained. Successful reaction required moderately electron-rich aromatics with proper substitution patterns. The reaction was tolerant of functionality on the aromatic ring.
The Effect of Shoal Size on Patterns of Body Colour Segregation in Mollies

Individual white and black mollies Poecilia latipinna spent significantly more time near the larger group when given the choice between two shoals of similar colouration to themselves. When given the choice between a large and a small shoal of dissimilar colouration to themselves, black test fish spent significantly more time with the larger shoal while white test fish showed no preference for either group. Both white and black mollies chose the smaller of two shoals when given the choice between a large dissimilarly coloured shoal and a small similarly coloured shoal. The results indicate that mollies actively discriminate between shoals on the basis of both body colour and shoal size. However, body colour segregation appears to have a stronger influence on shoal choice.
Abamectin Bait for Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abamectin in sugar-yeast hydrolysate bait was tested on colony-reared adult Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in the laboratory in a no-choice design. The ECggs irreversible knockdown followed rapidly by. death) for sexually= mature females and males were 12.2 and 19.6 ppm, respectively, at 48 h. Abamectin is a promising alternative to malathion in bait control programs in Florida citrus production.
Major General Norman T. Kirk and Amputee Care During World War II

Major General (Maj. Gen.) Norman T. Kirk MC, US Army is rarely mentioned among the 20th century’s most outstanding leaders in medicine [10–12, 23]. This is an unfortunate omission. As the US Army Surgeon General during World War II, Maj. Gen. Kirk was responsible for the care of approximately 599,724 wounded soldiers, as well as for maintaining the health of approximately 10.4 million soldiers and airmen during the course of the conflict [25, 26]. An outstanding clinician and renowned orthopaedic surgeon, Maj. Gen. Kirk cared for and studied battle casualties throughout his entire military career. War surgery differs from civilian medicine in a number of ways. First, wounded soldiers must be simultaneously treated and evacuated through successive military treatment facilities. Procedures favoring safe transportation, such as leaving wounds open to allow drainage and prevent infection and staged surgeries, are ideal. Once at a site of definitive care, the more complex care can be provided in a more stable environment, where specialized skill may be consolidated. This model, as applied to patients with amputation, was developed by Maj. Gen. Kirk and others in the US military by the end of World War I. War surgery and amputation care are a discontinuous practice, which means they must be subsequently relearned with every conflict. Armed with the necessary understanding of specialized care, Maj. Gen. Kirk organized treatment approaches for patients with amputation. By doing this, he reduced the learning curve, and contributed to the higher quality of care.
Skin and soft tissue infections among HIV-infected persons in the late combination antiretroviral therapy era

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) occur at higher rates among HIV-infected persons, but current trends and risk factors are largely undefined. We evaluated SSTIs among a prospective cohort of HIV-infected persons during the late combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era (2006-2010). Of the 1918 HIV-infected persons evaluated, 379 (20%) developed an SSTI during a median of 3.7 years of follow-up; of these, 118 (31%) developed at least one recurrent SSTI. The incidence rate of SSTIs was 101 (95% confidence interval [CI] 93-109) cases per 1000 person-years, and rates did not significantly change during the study period. Compared with not receiving cART and having an HIV RNA level >1000 copies/mL, patients receiving cART with an HIV RNA level <1000 copies/mL had a reduced risk of an SSTI (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.48-0.86, P < 0.01). In summary, initial and recurrent SSTIs are common among HIV-infected persons, and HIV control is associated with a lower risk of SSTIs.
Head–tail competition and modulated structures in planar surfactant (Langmuir–Blodgett) films

We have observed two distinct types of spatially modulated structures (on nanometer length scales) on the surface of Langmuir–Blodgett films of fatty acid salts using atomic force microscopy. Both involve periodic height modulation of the crystalline molecular lattice. The first type, seen in films containing Ba, Ca, and Mg, is commensurate with the molecular lattice and can be described as a regular series of packing defects that are consistent with the close‐packing requirements of the alkyl tail groups. The other type, seen in films containing Cd and Mn, is not always commensurate and is less perfectly correlated than the first type. We suggest a correspondence between these two types of modulations and the two predicted by a new toy model which incorporates the competition between the in‐plane density preferred by the headgroups in conjunction with the cation and the close‐packing requirements of all‐trans crystalline alkyl chains.
Substance Use Among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Sexual Minority Adolescents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Abstract Purpose We assessed the prevalence, incidence, and correlates of substance use among Asian American individuals transitioning from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave II (1996) and Wave III (2001). Information on substance use was abstracted from a nationally representative sample of 1108 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) from both Waves. Weighted prevalence, incidence, and patterns of smoking, binge drinking, marijuana use, and other drug use were analyzed by sexual orientation and gender. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the unique contribution of being a sexual minority in relation to four types of substance use by gender. Results A link between sexual orientation and substance use behaviors among AAPIs did not emerge until young adulthood. Significant increases in the incidence and prevalence of all four types of substance use (tobacco, binge drinking, marijuana, and other drugs) were found among sexual minority AAPIs. Specifically being an AAPI sexual minority young woman, compared with being a heterosexual young woman, a heterosexual young man, or a sexual minority young man, was significantly associated with substance use after controlling for demographic characteristics, problem behaviors, and substance use during adolescence. Also the highest prevalence of substance use was found among AAPI sexual minority women. Conclusions These findings add greater urgency to addressing the role of sexual orientation in designing substance abuse programs.
Pharmacological changes in dopaminergic systems induced by long-term administration of amantadine

The pharmacological effects of 6 weeks administration of amantadine was evaluated in the mouse. Motor stimulation induced by amphetamine or the amantadine analog memantine was reduced while that of apomorphine was enhanced by the long-term amantadine treatment. This was accompanied by an increase in the binding of spiroperidol to putative striatal dopamine receptors, without a change in amantadine-induced inhibition of dopamine uptake in the striatum. The possible significance of changes in pre- and postsynaptic dopamine mechanisms is discussed in relation to the anti-parkinson activity of the drug.
Modeling Mesoscale Structure in Comb Polymer Materials for Anhydrous Proton Transport Applications

We present Monte Carlo simulation studies of coarse-grained models of some recently developed comb polymers for anhydrous proton transport applications. Our models of the comb polymers incorporate ...
Axonal Traffic Control in Live Neurons by Tailor-Designed Magnetic Forces

The axon acts as a conduit for organized transport of material, between the cell body and the synapse, which is essential for the function and survival of neurons. Axonal traffic jams caused by local accumulation of cargo have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. In order to study the neuronal response to axonal traffic jams we need new noninvasive assays capable of A) slowing/stalling axonal cargo by external forces to induce controlled traffic jams B) monitoring the perturbed transport and the ensuing neuronal response in real time. Here, we present an integrated methodology based on microfluidic neuron culture, high-gradient magnetic trapping and multi-color TIRF imaging that permits external control of axonal traffic in live neurons via magnetic forces. We fabricated a novel microfluidic device for neuron culture by patterned electrodeposition of soft micromagnets (permalloy) on glass coverslips. In the presence of an external magnetizing field, the soft micromagnetic pattern gives rise to local zones of high magnetic gradients. By culturing neurons in this device, with axons aligned along these high gradient zones, we can exert pN forces on axonal endosomes carrying magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs, 50 nm). The magnetic forces counter the molecular motor forces to physically stall the endosomes, which leads to axonal traffic jams. The axonal growth and the delivery of MNP-loaded axonal endosomes along the high gradient zones are achieved by microfluidic compartmentalization of neuron culture. We have successfully A) compartmentalized DRG neurons in prototype magnetic devices B) characterized lectin-mediated axonal transport of 50 nm MNPs by pseudo-TIRF imaging, with/without external magnetic forces C) demonstrated the magnetic induction of controlled axonal traffic jams. These advances can potentially unravel the cooperative mechanics of multi-motor axonal transport and also elucidate the generic links between traffic jams, axonal swellings and neurodegeneration.
The Potential Benefits and Inherent Risks of Vibration as a Non-Drug Therapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

The delivery of mechanical signals to the skeleton using vibration is being considered as a non-drug treatment of osteoporosis. Delivered over a range of magnitudes and frequencies, vibration has been shown to be both anabolic and anti-catabolic to the musculoskeletal tissues, yet caution must be emphasized as these mechanical signals, particularly chronic exposure to higher intensities, is a known pathogen to many physiological systems. In contrast, accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that low intensity vibration (LIV) improves bone quality through regulating the activity of cells responsible for bone remodeling, as well as biasing the differentiation fate of their mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. In vitro studies provide insights into the biologic mechanisms of LIV, and indicate that cells respond to these low magnitude signals through a distinct mechanism driven not by matrix strain but acceleration. These cell, animal, and human studies may represent the foundation of a safe, non-drug means to protect and improve the musculoskeletal system of the elderly, injured, and infirmed.
Satellite droplet formation in a liquid jet

The formation and behavior of satellite droplets in a liquid jet is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The satellite droplet break-off distance is measured stroboscopically as a function of the frequency and amplitude of nozzle vibration. A second-order analysis of spatial instability is developed, which demonstrates the essential features of satellite formation as it is observed. Satellite formation is least likely to occur when the main-drop spacing is five to seven times the jet diameter.
Uranium(IV) and thorium(IV) Tetrakis-(dialkoxyphosphato) and Tetrakis-(alkoxy alkylphosphonato) Polynuclear complexes

Abstract Reaction of UCl4and ThCl4 with neutral phosphate and phosphonate esters at elevated temperatures leads to the precipitation of tetrakis-(dialkoxyphosphato) and tetrakis-(alkoxy alkylphosphonato) MIV complexes. Characterization of these complexes by means of spectral, magnetic and X-ray studies led to the assignment of polymeric configurations involving octacoordinated metal ions, to these compounds. Solubility characteristics and magnetic moments, which are low for octacoordinated UIV compounds, are in favor of polynuclear structures. Significant differences in the positions of the νM-Obands of the complexes of various phosphato and phosphonato ligands are suggestive of formation of two types of polymers. The ethyl ethylphosphonato, dimethylphosphato and di-n-butylphosphato complexes were tentatively assigned a cross-linked double-bridged configuration, and the methyl methylphosphonato and isopropyl methylphosponato analogs a structure involving four-membered chelate rings and single phosphonato bridges. The n-butyl n-butyl-phosphonato complexes appear to be mixtures of these two types of polymers.
Effect of interferon on encephalomyocarditis virus infection of cultured mouse pancreatic B cells.

The M variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC) produces a disease similar to human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in some but not all strains of mice. This diabetogenic M variant was found to induce fivefold more interferon than non-diabetogenic strains of EMC in cultures of mouse L 929 fibroblasts. When interferon induced by the M variant was added to monolayers of B cells from both diabetes-‘susceptible’ CD-1 mice and ‘resistant’ C57 bl/6 mice before EMC infection, B cell damage and virus replication were delayed. In addition, viral production in B cell cultures from C57 bl/6 mice was reduced five-to tenfold. A similar effect was not found when cultures from CD-1 mice were treated with interferon. Thus, interferon might play an important role in modulating the severity of the initial infection of B cells.
Molecular structure and spectroscopy of divalent first row transition metals, Mn–Zn, with salicylaldiminate ligands

Abstract The synthesis and spectroscopy of divalent first row transition metals bearing two monoanionic salicylaldiminate ligands is reported. The reaction of MnCl 2 , FeCl 2 , CoBr 2 , 1,2-(Ph 2 PCH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 )NiCl 2 , and CuCl 2 with 2 equiv. of the alkali metal salt of [OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 C(H) N(C 6 H 3 Me 2 )] 1− produces the corresponding M[OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 C(H) N(C 6 H 3 Me 2 )] 2 , M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu. Reaction of ZnEt 2 with 2 equiv. of the protonated ligand affords Zn[OC 6 H 2 t Bu 2 C(H) N(C 6 H 3 Me 2 )] 2 . The molecular structure of each complex has been analyzed using IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography while UV–Vis, CW-EPR, solution magnetic susceptibilities, and DFT calculations were also used to probe their electronic structure.
Increased Permeability of Superoxide Dismutase at the Blood‐Nerve and Blood‐Brain Barriers with Retained Enzymatic Activity After Covalent Modification with the Naturally Occurring Polyamine, Putrescine

Our previous studies have demonstrated that modification of superoxide dismutase (SOD) with the naturally occurring polyamines--putrescine (PUT), spermidine, and spermine--dramatically increases the permeability-coefficient surface area (PS) product at the blood-brain barrier and blood-nerve barrier after parenteral administration. Because of this increased permeability, the efficient delivery of polyamine-modified SOD (pSOD) across these barriers may enhance its therapeutic usefulness in treating ischemic neuronal degeneration, neurodegenerative disease, or even aging as an important antioxidant therapeutic strategy. Because PUT-SOD had the highest PS values, SOD was modified in the present experiments by activating carboxylic acid groups to the reactive ester with water-soluble carbodiimide and then reacted with PUT as the nucleophilic reagent. Preservation of SOD enzyme activity while maximizing the permeability was accomplished by adjusting the ionization of the protein carboxylic acid with pH. Both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing analyses demonstrated graded conversion of SOD to its polyamine-modified derivative when performed at different pH. Although modification at pH 4.7 resulted in only 6.6% retained SOD activity and the highest PS value (43.35 +/- 3.81 x 10(-6) ml/g/s for the hippocampus), modification at pH 5.7 resulted in 50.1 % retained activity with a PS value of 24.48 1.30 x 10(-6) ml/g/s for nerve endoneurium and 21.95 +/- 1.62 x 10(-6) ml/g/s for hippocampus. This contrasts with a PS of 1.8-3.2 x 10(-6) ml/g/s for native SOD in nerve and various brain regions. Reaction conditions are therefore defined that titrate enzyme activity of PUT-SOD with PS changes in the intact animal after intravenous administration. These studies will allow an evaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of pSOD in animal models of neuronal degeneration.
Tophaceous gout: A case of destructive joint swelling of the fifth toe

Here, we illustrate a case of gout with typical cytologic features from a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the fifth digit on the right foot. The index patient was an 83-yearold man, who presented with severe pain on a backdrop of progressive swelling of the fifth digit of the right foot for a 5-year period. There was a destructive lesion of the right 5th middle phalanx and the head and neck of the proximal phalanx. His past medical history is remarkable for hyperlipidemia and hypertension, which was being treated with thiazide diuretics. A pale colored liquid was aspirated from the toe. Eight cores of tissue biopsies were also sampled for paraffin embedding and H&E staining. Smears were prepared from touch preparation of core biopsies for Papanicolaou staining. The Papanicolaou stain revealed abundant eosinophilic amorphous debris and numerous slender needle-shaped negatively birefringent crystals typical of tophaceous gout (Figs. C-1 and C-2 and ). Review of the H&E stained sections of the core biopsies confirmed the diagnosis, and also demonstrated surrounding multinucleated foreign body type giant cells (Fig. C-3). The serum uric acid value was not available as the patient remained as an outpatient considering therapeutic options.
Comment on G. Hendershot's "Population size, military power, and antinatal policy".

Some improvements to the population-power link in the model proposed by G. Hendershot in his 1973 article "Population size military power and antinatal policy" (Demography 10: 517-524) are presented. Hendershot attempted to construct and test a causal model relating population size economic development military power and population policies; however he did not provide a clear definition of the concept of national power and his test for a relationship between population size and power was not specified correctly. However his conclusion that both are positively associated is supported by conceptually better data e.g. historical evidence on relative population sizes and the outcomes of wars. It is thought that his study should stimulate more research on the neglected topic of population and power. Of the 2 approaches suggested one is an attempt to measure the "disposable surplus" which Knorr and Sauvy see as a determinant of power and to study the extent to which population size contributes to this surplus; the other is to study the characteristics of less populous but victorious combatants in the 50 wars tabulated by Singer and Small.
Histone phosphorylation during sea urchin development

Studies on histone phosphorylation during transitions in chromatin structure occurring in vivo during spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis in sea urchins are reviewed and evaluated in the light of recent studies on histone phosphorylation occurring during chromatin synthesis in frog egg extracts in vitro and evidence that protein kinases and phosphatases play direct roles in the regulation of cellular structure. Sperm-specific histone variants Sp H1 and Sp H2B are maintained as phosphorylated derivatives N and O/P throughout spermatogenesis and early embryogenesis and egg specific histone variants CS H1 and CS H2A are phosphorylated during early embryogenesis. These developmental correlations provide clues about the roles of histone phosphorylation in control of chromatin structure in vivo and provide a basis for the interpretation of data obtained from in-vitro sperm chromatin remodeling in egg extracts and from biochemical studies on the effects of histone phosphorylation on DNA binding. The potential consequences for chromatin structure of the various histone phosphorylation events observed in sea urchins and frog egg extracts are discussed.
Masticatory function and post‐pleistocene evolution in Nubia

The present research focuses on craniofacial variation in Nubia over approximately 10,000 years. Samples were grouped according to their temporal location and subsistence pattern, and represent a transition from a hunting-gathering adaptation (Mesolithic) to a transitional hunting-gathering-agricultural adaptation (A-C Group) and finally to a fully agricultural adaptation (Meroitic/X-Group/Christian). The purposes were: (1) to compare the Mesolithic sample with the later Nubian populations; and (2) to evaluate further the hypothesis that change in Nubian craniofacial morphology was due to changing functional demands associated with the progressive change in subsistence adaptation and associated behavior. The results tend to support recent views that the Nubian Mesolithic population is probably ancestral to later Nubian groups, and that the masticatory-functional hypothesis can best account for craniofacial change among the Nubians since 12,000 B.P. According to this hypothesis systematic reduction in functional demand placed on the masticatory complex from the Mesolithic led, secondarily, to an alteration of the growth of the maxillomandibular complex such that the face became progressively less robust and more inferoposteriorly located relative to the cranial vault. Both the increase in the height of the vault relative to its length, producing a more "globular" appearance, and the reduction in dental size were tertiary, compensatory responses to altered facial size and position.
Digital Gabor holography for particle field imaging

We describe the digital Gabor holography as an effective method for particle field and cellular imaging. It has a particularly simple optical set up and acquisition procedure.
Fluid flows obtained by geometrical characterizations

A problem in fluid mechanics is considered solved in the usual sense, if we can describe fairly explicitly certain functions such as pressure, density, velocity, etc. over a suitable domain. From such a complete description of a “fluid flow” we can pick out certain purely geometrical attributes such as the family of constant pressure surfaces, or the family of curves determined by the streamlines. In actual fact, of course, we don’t often come up with complete explicit solutions of fluid mechanics problems, and often start our consideration of a problem by focusing our attention on the geometry-for instance, we might begin by assuming the flow is “two dimensional.” Such an assumption is usually motivated by a given physical situation. If we are more concerned with obtaining a general understanding of the nature of solutions in fluid mechanics rather than solving a specific problem, then any one of an endless number of geometrical assumptions might be imposed. Thus we might look for flows whose streamlines form normal congruences of curves, or whose principal normal congruences form normal congruences [I], etc. Rather than pick specific geometrical properties we might ask more general questions of the type “to what extent does the specification of the geometry of a flow determine the flow ?” Or “to what extent do the equations governing the flow restrict the possible shapes of the streamlines, constant pressure surfaces, or other intrinsic geometrical configurations ?” The study of the differential geometry of fluids is old. The spirit is represented (and most results presented) in Refs. [l-9] and references therein. The present contribution is in that spirit. We shall be concerned with steady nondissipative compressible fluid flow
Individual effects of product quality signals in the presence versus absence of other signals: differential effects across brick‐and‐mortar and online settings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effectiveness of multiple signals. Specifically, the paper investigates how the individual strength of a marketplace signal varies as a function of whether consumers are exposed to that signal alone or in combination with another signal.Design/methodology/approach – The research uses experimental designs to empirically address the research questions. Hypotheses are formulated primarily based on signaling theory and these hypotheses are tested with laboratory experiments using real consumers.Findings – The key finding is that a signal's stand‐alone credibility largely determines whether its individual strength would be diluted or augmented by the coexistence of another signal. Further, when signals with different stand‐alone strengths coexist, the individual strength of the weaker signal is higher than when that signal is present alone. These effects are observed in brick‐and‐mortar and online shopping media.Originality/value – Past research reports mixed...
Staphylococcus aureus Degrades Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to Promote Immune Cell Death

One spectacular response to bacterial infection is the release of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) of DNA from polymorphonuclear leukocytes that immobilize the pathogens and prevent phagocytosis by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus evades NETs by degrading the DNA into deoxyadenosine (dAdo). Thammavongsa et al. (p. [863][1]) found that dAdo also promotes immune cell death, which appears to ensure the exclusion of macrophages from the center of abscesses within which the bacteria survive. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242255
Assimilation of peridotite in zoned calc-alkaline plutonic complexes: evidence from the Big Jim complex, Washington Cascades

The Big Jim complex is a concentrically zoned ultramafic to felsic plutonic complex which intruded the pelitic Chiwaukum schist. Most of the major plutonic rock types (from websterite through hornblendite, gabbronorite, hornblende gabbro and diorite, to granodiorite) enclose harzburgite and metaperidotite xenoliths similar to foliated metaperidotite lenses included in the Chiwaukum schist. The larger xenoliths preserve tectonite fabrics. All have Mg#'s (mole fraction MgO/(MgO+FeO*)) from 0.90 to 0.89, the same as those of Chiwaukum metaperidotites, and distinctly different from undeformed Big Jim dunite (Mg#'s 0.84 to 0.82) and websterite (0.82 to 0.78). Contact relations indicate widespread, stepwise replacement of harzburgite by pyroxenite, hornblendite, gabbro and diorite. Thermodynamic modelling using an expanded regular solution model for silicate liquids (Ghiorso 1985; Ghiorso and Carmichael 1985) predicts that reaction between olivine (Fo90) and a liquid with the composition of Big Jim diorite +1.5 wt% H2O, at 1,100° C and 3 kb, would produce websterite (Mg#'s 0.75 to 0.81) and dunite (0.79 to 0.82). This process is exothermic and results in a negative change in volume, since it increases total solid mass. Under conditions of decreasing temperature, modelled crystal fractionation with assimilation of olivine reproduces important features of the chemical variation observed in the Big Jim complex where crystal fractionation alone fails. The Big Jim complex has affinities with other ultramafic to felsic plutonic complexes such as the Bear Mountain complex (Snoke et al. 1981, 1982) and the Emigrant Gap complex (James 1971). The latter have wehrlite and clinopyroxenite, rather than websterite, but both have concentric zoning, with olivine-bearing rock types surrounded by successively more felsic pyroxenite, gabbro and diorite. In general, concentrically zoned complexes of this type may form where magma reacts with mantle-derived wall rock or ultramafic cumulates. Assimilation of peridotite in fractionating magma may be important in subduction-related magmatic arcs.
DEC ECC design to improve memory reliability in Sub-100nm technologies

Exacerbated SRAM reliability issues, due to soft errors and increased process variations in sub-100 nm technologies, limit the efficacy of conventionally used error correcting codes (ECC). The double error correcting (DEC) BCH codes have not found favorable application in SRAMs due to non-alignment of their block sizes to typical memory word widths and particularly due to the large multi-cycle latency of traditional iterative decoding algorithms. This work presents DEC code design that is aligned to typical memory word widths and a parallel decoding implementation approach that operates on complete memory words in a single cycle. The practicality of this approach is demonstrated through ASIC implementations, in which it incurs only 1.4 ns and 2.2 ns decoding latencies for 16- and 64-bit words, respectively, using 90 nm ASIC technology. A comparative analysis between conventionally used ECC and DEC ECC for reliability gains and costs incurred has also been performed.
SOME RECENT ADVANCES ON BOOTSTRAP

The bootstrap is a computer-based resampling method that can provide good approximations to the distribution of a given statistic. We review some common forms of bootstrap-based confidence intervals, with emphasis on some recent work on the estimating function bootstrap and Markov chain marginal bootstrap.
Social structural consequences of population growth.

Estimates from archaeological data of the numbers in the elite classes nonelite occupational specialists density of population city size and size of political units in the ancient Maya civilization suggest that there was a quantum shift in rate of development in the Early Classic period associated with intensification of agriculture and that the social structure approximated to a generalized feudal pattern. (Authors)
Factors Associated with Substance Use in Adolescents with Eating Disorders

Purpose To examine the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with substance use in adolescents with eating disorders (EDs).
Recent insights into R gene evolution

SUMMARY Plants are under strong evolutionary pressure to maintain surveillance against pathogens. Resistance (R) gene-dependent recognition of pathogen avirulence (Avr) determinants plays a major role in plant defence. Here we highlight recent insights into the molecular mechanisms and selective forces that drive the evolution of NB-LRR (nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat) resistance genes. New implications for models of R gene evolution have been raised by demonstrations that R proteins can detect cognate Avr proteins indirectly by 'guarding' virulence targets, and by evidence that R protein signalling is regulated by intramolecular interactions between different R functional domains. Comparative genomic surveys of NB-LRR diversity in different species have revealed ancient NB-LRR lineages that are unequally represented among plant taxa, consistent with a Birth and Death Model of evolution. The physical distribution of NB-LRRs in plant genomes indicates that tandem and segmental duplication are important factors in R gene proliferation. The majority of R genes reside in clusters, and the frequency of recombination between clustered genes can vary strikingly, even within a single cluster. Biotic and abiotic factors have been shown to increase the frequency of recombination in reporter transgene-based assays, suggesting that external stressors can affect genome stability. Fitness penalties have been associated with some R genes, and population studies have provided evidence for maintenance of ancient R allelic diversity by balancing selection. The available data suggest that different R genes can follow strikingly distinct evolutionary trajectories, indicating that it will be difficult to formulate universally applicable models of R gene evolution.
The unipolar Shigella surface protein IcsA is targeted directly to the bacterial old pole: IcsP cleavage of IcsA occurs over the entire bacterial surface

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that is able to move within the cytoplasm of infected cells by the continual assembly of actin onto one pole of the bacterium. IcsA, an outer membrane protein, is localized to the old pole of the bacterium and is both necessary and sufficient for actin assembly. IcsA is slowly cleaved from the bacterial surface by the protease IcsP (SopA). Absence of IcsP leads to an alteration in the distribution of surface IcsA, such that the polar cap is maintained and some IcsA is distributed along the lateral walls of the bacillus. The mechanism of unipolar localization of IcsA and the role of IcsP in its unipolar localization are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that cleavage of IcsA occurs exclusively in the outer membrane and that IcsP is localized to the outer membrane. In addition, we show that IcsA at the old pole is susceptible to cleavage by IcsP and that native IcsP is active at the pole. Taken together, these data indicate that IcsP cleaves IcsA over the entire bacterial surface. Finally, we show that, immediately after induction from a tightly regulated promoter, IcsA is expressed exclusively at the old pole in both the icsP−icsA− and the icsA− background. These data demonstrate that unipolar localization of IcsA results from its direct targeting to the pole, followed by its diffusion laterally in the outer membrane.
Postexperience Advertising Effects on Consumer Memory

Past research suggests that marketing communications create expectations that influence the way consumers subsequently learn from their product experiences. Since postexperience information can also be important and is widespread for established goods and services, it is appropriate to ask about the cognitive effects of these efforts. The postexperience advertising situation is conceptualized here as an instant source-forgetting problem where the language and imagery from the recently presented advertising become confused with consumers' own experiential memories. It is suggested that, through a reconstructive memory process, this advertising information affects how and what consumers remember. Consumers may come to believe that their past product experience had been as suggested by the advertising. Over time this postexperience advertising information can become incorporated into the brand schema and influence future product decisions.
Atropisomeric property of 1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-3-[(2R)-amino-2-phenethyl]-5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyluracil.

1-(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)-3-[(2R)-amino-2-phenethyl]-5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyluracil (6), a potent and orally active antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, exists as a pair of atropisomers in solution, which was detected by NMR spectroscopy, and separable by HPLC. In addition to a (R)-configured benzylamine, there is a second stereogenic element due to the presence of a chiral axis between the substituted 5-phenyl group and the uracil core. The rate constant of the interconversion (k = 5.07 × 10−5 s−1) of these two atropisomers was determined by proton NMR analysis of a diastereoisomer-enriched sample in aqueous solution at 25°C, and the corresponding Gibbs free energy ΔG# of rotation barrier (97.4 kJ mol−1) was calculated using the Eyring equation. The diastereoisomer half-life at physiological temperature (37°C) in aqueous media was estimated to be about 46 min. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Chirality 17:559–564, 2005.
Preventing Home Accidents A Training Program for the Retarded

Five retarded adults (moderate to severe) were trained in skills necessary for handling emergencies via classroom training and participant modeling. Training consisted of instructions, modeling, fe...
Vascular Smooth Muscle Thromboxane A2 Receptors Mediate Arachidonic Acid-Induced Sudden Death in Rabbits

We recently identified a subgroup of rabbits (called nonresponders) that were deficient in vascular thromboxane A 2 receptors. Thromboxane A 2 -mediated platelet aggregation was not different between responders and nonresponders. In the present study, we utilized these nonresponders as a model to study the relative contribution of the platelet and vascular thromboxane A 2 receptors to the observed hemodynamic responses associated with arachidonic acid-induced sudden death. Mean arterial pressure was slightly but not significantly lower in the nonresponders compared with the responders. However, nonresponders were protected from arachidonic acid-induced sudden death. While 100% of the responders died at the 2.0 mg dose of arachidonic acid, only 27% of nonresponders died at this same dose. Administration of the thromboxane A 2 mimetic U46619 (5 μg/kg IV) decreased blood pressure by 41±6 mm Hg in responders but had no effect in the nonresponders. The affinity and density of thromboxane A 2 receptors in cultured aortic vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from both responders and nonresponders were assessed using radioligand binding. The K d values were not different (4.4±1.0 versus 2.4±0.6 nmol/L, responder versus nonresponder). However, there was a significant decrease in the density of receptors from vascular smooth muscle cells of nonresponders (B max =397±59 versus 157±59 fmol/10 6 cells, responder versus nonresponder, P 3 H]-thymidine incorporation into responder vascular smooth muscle cells but had no effect in the nonresponder cells. Using an anti-thromboxane A 2 receptor antibody, we compared the amount of receptor expressed in aortic tissue obtained from responders and nonresponders. Consistent with the results observed with [ 3 H]-thymidine uptake and radioligand binding assays, the expression of thromboxane A 2 receptor protein was decreased in nonresponder compared with responder vascular tissue. Platelet thromboxane A 2 receptor expression was not different. These studies demonstrate that the vascular smooth muscle cells of nonresponder rabbits are deficient in the thromboxane A 2 receptor. Furthermore, the reduction in arachidonic acid-induced sudden death in nonresponders indicates that the vascular smooth muscle thromboxane A 2 receptor mediates this effect.
Recent Improvements in the CMU Large Scale Chinese-English SMT System

In this paper we describe recent improvements to components and methods used in our statistical machine translation system for Chinese-English used in the January 2008 GALE evaluation. Main improvements are results of consistent data processing, larger statistical models and a POS-based word reordering approach.
On the extended Bellman-Ford algorithm to solve two-constrained quality of service routing problems

Two-constrained quality of service (QoS) routing finds a route in the network that satisfies two independent quality of service constraints. This problem is NP-hard and a number of heuristic algorithms have been proposed to solve the problem. This paper considers two heuristics, namely the limited granularity heuristic and the limited path heuristic, that can be applied to the extended Bellman-Ford algorithm to efficiently solve two-constrained QoS routing problems. Analytical and simulation studies are conducted to compare the effectiveness of the heuristics in finding the paths that satisfy the QoS constraints and the time/space requirements of the heuristics. The major results of this paper include the following. First, the paper proves an optimal limited granularity heuristic scheme. The scheme is optimal in the sense that it provides an optimal worst-case guarantee in finding the paths that satisfy the QoS constraints among all limited granularity heuristic schemes. Second, the paper shows that, in polynomial time, the limited path heuristic has very high probability of finding a path in a randomly generated graph that satisfies the QoS constraints if such a path exists.
Analysis of distributed systems with many identical processes

The symmetry of distributed systems that have one or more sets of identical processes, is used to reduce the state space for automatic analysis techniques. A model called the Synchronous Token-based Communicating State Model (STOCS) is proposed to facilitate specification and analysis of symmetric distributed systems. Symbolic and inductive techniques to analyze the STOCS are described. The techniques are demonstrated by analyzing the 2-out-of-3, readers-writers, dining philosophers, and mutual exclusion problems. >
Bolivia: Land of Struggle

Bolivia: Land of Struggle. W.Q. Morales Boulder: Westview Press, 1989. xxi + 234pp. $37.50 (cloth). ISBN 0–8133–0197–1.
"Media Time = Family Time": Positive Media Use in Families with Adolescents.

Media use in families has generally been examined from a narrow viewpoint, focusing on monitoring or co-viewing. The current research provides an expanded view of positive media use in families with adolescents by examining associations between diverse positive media use and family and adolescents outcomes. In addition, we used qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive view of how families use media in positive ways, specifically drawing distinctions between traditional entertainment media and social media. Participants included 633 adolescents and their parents who completed a range of quantitative and qualitative measures on media use and adolescent and family outcomes. Results revealed that positive media use was positively associated with general family functioning (for girls), parental involvement (for both boys and girls), and adolescent disclosure to parents (for boys). Qualitative results revealed that families use media in diverse ways including for entertainment, emotional connection, ...
Salt-Induced Increases in Systolic Blood Pressure Affect Renal Hemodynamics and Proteinuria

Nine white and 13 black hypertensive patients with normal serum creatinine were randomized to receive either 2 weeks of a low-salt (40 mEq Na+/d) or high-salt (200 mEq Na+/d) diet followed by 2 weeks of the other diet separated by a 1-week washout on their regular diet. The entire study was conducted in an outpatient setting with intensive dietary instruction and monitoring of blood pressure and 24-hour collections of urine for analysis. Urine electrolyte measurement showed that the patients were able to achieve only a modestly reduced (100 +/- 14 mEq Na+/24 h [mean +/- SEM]) low-salt diet as outpatients, while the higher-salt diet (236 +/- 22 mEq Na+/24 h) was more easily achieved. Eleven patients (8 black, 3 white) were classified as modestly salt sensitive on the basis of an increase or decrease in mean arterial pressure of > or = 3 mm Hg going from lower- to high- or high- to lower-salt diets, respectively. In the salt-sensitive patients, the increase in dietary salt intake increased glomerular filtration rate by 29% (71.2 +/- 6.6 to 85.8 +/- 7.3 mL.min-1.1.73 m2, P = .05), with no significant change in renal plasma flow (412.7 +/- 36.4 to 399.6 +/- 27.8 mL.min-1.1.73 m2). There were no changes in these parameters in the salt-resistant patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Importance of Expectations in Economic Development

What factors and processes influence the wealth of nations? This is the central question addressed by North, Wallis, and Weingast (NWW) (2009) in their framework for "interpreting recorded human history." This essay emphasizes that the implications of NWW's analysis provide the foundations for a realistic reassessment of the constraints facing the development community in their efforts to assist "natural states." The main theme of this paper is the role that expectations play in development. Expectations play a key role in development efforts because they frame the activities of the development community, as well as the perceptions of indigenous politicians and citizens living in the natural state. The failure of many development efforts is due to a lack of appreciation for the important role played by expectations.
Danny’s Fight for Life: Cultural Flexibility and Life History Method Reexamined

This article focuses on Danny, a low-income, first-generation college student living in Los Angeles, California, and the challenges he has faced in preparing for college. The author describes how D...
A realistic simulation of internet-scale events

Internet-scale security incidents are becoming increasingly common, and the researchers need tools to replicate and study them in a controlled setting. Current network simulators, mathematical event models and testbed emulation cannot faithfully replicate events at such a large scale. They either omit or simplify the relevant features of the Internet environment to meet the scale challenge, thus compromising fidelity. We present a distributed worm spread simulator, called PAWS, that builds a realistic Internet model, including the AS-level topology, the limited link bandwidths, and the legitimate traffic patterns. PAWS can support diversity of Internet participants at any desired granularity, because it simulates each vulnerable host individually. Faithful replication of Internet environment, its diversity and its interaction with the simulated event, all lead to a high-fidelity simulation that can be used to study event dynamics and evaluate possible defenses. While PAWS is customized for worm spread simulation, it is a modular large-scale simulator with a realistic Internet model, that can be easily extended to simulate other Internet-scale events.