cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing Expressiveness of Composite Events Using Parameter Contexts

The event-condition-action paradigm (also known as triggersor ECA rules) gives a database "active" capabilities --- the ability to react automatically to changes in the database or the environment. Events can be primitive or composite. Primitive events cannot be decomposed. Different types of primitive events can be composed using event composition operators to form composite events. When a composite event occurs, it is possible that many instances of some constituent primitive event occurs. The contextdetermines which of these primitive events should be considered for evaluating the composite event. Researchers have identified four different contexts, namely, recent, chronicle, continuous, and cumulativethat can be associated with a composite event. Associating a single context with a complex composite event is often times not adequate. Many real-world scenarios cannot be expressed if a composite event is associated with a single context. To solve this problem, we need to associate different contexts for the various constituent primitive events. We show how this can be done by providing a formal semantics for associating contexts with primitive events. Finally, we give algorithms for event detection that implement these semantics.
Rapid Ground Transport of Trauma Patients: A Moderate Distance From Trauma Center Improves Survival

Abstract Background There is debate within the emergency medical services (EMS) community over the value of calling a helicopter for trauma patients within a moderate distance/ Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients brought to a level I trauma center who were admitted with blunt traumatic injuries between 2010 and 2015 in the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database. Two analyses were performed, one in which the patient's reported initial scene vitals met criteria for step one of the Centers for Disease Control's 2011 National Field Triage Guidelines (NFTG) and the other in which the patient's initial scene vitals met those same guidelines and/or had a pulse greater than 110 beats per minute. Patients were categorized on scene to emergency department (ED) transport mode, either HEMS or GEMS. Inclusion criteria were a HEMS response time to the scene that was between 15 and 45 min with a transport time from the scene to the ED that was between 10 and 35 min or a GEMS transport time from the scene to the ED that was between 15 and 45 min. Statistical significance (P Results Four hundred subjects were included in the analysis of patients meeting the first step of the NFTG, with 212 HEMS patients and 188 in the GEMS group. HEMS had a higher mortality rate at 0.184 and GEMS at 0.101, which was statistically significant (P = 0.019). When 606 subjects meeting the first step of the NFTG or with a pulse greater than 110 beats per minute were analyzed, the results were statistically significant (P Conclusions Our data demonstrate that scene-to-ED time is paramount, and rapid ground transport should be used in blunt trauma patients when the scene is up to a moderate ground distance away from the trauma center and there would be a moderate-to-prolonged HEMS response time. In both analyses, hemodynamically unstable trauma patients had lower rates of mortality following ground transport. We recognize that there may be a subset of patients at these distances who could benefit from HEMS response, particularly if the flight crew can offer more advanced and specialized techniques; however, every effort should be made to minimize the scene-to-ED time, and HEMS response, scene, and transport time must be considered. This study only analyzed the patients within a moderate distance of the trauma center and at longer distances or in different environments; HEMS transport may indeed minimize the scene to ED time.
Sterile pustulosis as a rare side effect of fractional bipolar radiofrequency device: a case report.

Fractional bipolar radiofrequency technology is associated with minimal downtime and rare side effects and become an increasingly popular tool in aesthetic dermatology practices. There is limited d...
Why is the Rent So Darn High

Because of migration. In a spatial equilibrium framework, we show that threequarters of the CPI rent increase in the United States from 2000 to 2018 is due to increased demand to live in ex ante housing-supply-inelastic cities. Moving one person to a less elastic city raises the average rent because the positive effect on rents in the inelastic city outweighs the negative effect in the elastic one. In these years, the quantitative importance of this migration channel is greater if people are mobile in response to rent changes. Empirically, we show that people have high long-run mobility by estimating that income changes have similar effects on rents across cities regardless of housing supply elasticity. Supporting this migration channel, the cross-sectional pattern of migration demand implied by our model matches patterns of labor-market and amenity changes.
Detection of Teamwork Behavior as Meaningful Exploration of Tradespace During Project Design

The increasing complexity of Systems requires Teams of Teams (TofT) from different functional domains to work together. This research aims to better detect and understand the teamwork behaviors and interactions amongst the TofT. Using the Project Design approach, 19 groups participated in a model based simulation experiment to reduce the cost and duration of an implementation project for an autonomous vehicle. The performance of the groups was ranked based on generation of non-dominated (cost and schedule) plan alternatives as they explored and simulated the project model. Indicators for coherence in the decision-making process of the groups were explored by the means of visualizing the meaningful exploration of the tradespace via tree diagrams and a “chunking” process. However, sensors to detect meaningful exploration as proposed were not consistently indicative, leading to recommendations for future work on measurement of team exploration and learning during project design.
Targeted Assessment of Enlargement of the Perivascular Space in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia Subtypes Implicates Astroglial Involvement Specific to Alzheimer's Disease

Waste clearance from the brain parenchyma occurs along perivascular pathways. Enlargement of the perivascular space (ePVS) is associated with pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the mechanisms and implications of this dilation are unclear. Fluid exchange along the cerebral vasculature is dependent on the perivascular astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and loss of perivascular AQP4 localization is found in AD. We directly measured ePVS in postmortem samples of pathologically characterized tissue from participants who were cognitively intact or had AD or mixed dementia (vascular lesions with AD). We found that both AD and mixed dementia groups had significantly increased ePVS compared to cognitively intact subjects. In addition, we found increased global AQP4 expression of the AD group over both control and mixed dementia groups and a qualitative reduction in perivascular localization of AQP4 in the AD group. Among these cases, increasing ePVS burden was associated with the presence of tau and amyloid-β pathology. These findings are consistent with the existing evidence of ePVS in AD and provide novel information regarding differences in AD and vascular dementia and the potential role of astroglial pathology in ePVS.
Validation of the nonhydrostatic General Curvilinear Coastal Ocean Model (GCCOM) for stratified flows

Abstract While global- and basin-scale processes can be captured quite well with computationally-inexpensive hydrostatic models, smaller-scale features such as shoaling nonlinear internal waves and bores, coastal fronts, and other convective processes require the use of a nonhydrostatic model to accurately capture dynamics. Here the nonhydrostatic capabilities of the General Curvilinear Coastal Ocean Model (GCCOM) in a stratified environment are introduced. GCCOM is a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic Large Eddy Simulation (LES), rigid lid model that has the ability to run in a fully three-dimensional general curvilinear coordinate system. This model was previously validated for unstratified flows with curvilinear coordinates. Here, recent advances of the model to simulate stratified flows are presented, focusing on sigma coordinate grids with both flat bottom geometry and a local gently sloping seamount. In particular, a suite of test cases widely used as benchmarks for assessing the nonhydrostatic capabilities for gravity-driven flows and internal waves is presented: an internal seiche in a flat bottom tank, the classic lock release and gravity current experiment, and a field-scale internal wave beam experiment consisting of an oscillating tidal flow over a topographic ridge. GCCOM shows excellent agreement with the benchmark test cases and is able to accurately resolve complex nonhydrostatic phenomena in stratified flows. Future studies will utilize the model capabilities for realistic field-scale internal wave simulations.
Thermal-constrained energy efficient real-time scheduling on multi-core platforms

Abstract As the power density of Integrated Circuit chips continues to grow, energy minimization and temperature reduction are two of the most critical design issues in today’s computer system design. Although energy minimization is closely related to temperature reduction, the most energy-efficient method may not be the most effective one to meet the temperature constraints and vice versa. In this paper, we study the problem of how to partition periodic hard real-time tasks on a multi-core platform to maximize the overall energy efficiency under a peak temperature constraint. Differing from the traditional load-balancing approach, i.e., evenly distributing the workload across the chip, we propose a thermal-balancing strategy, i.e. minimizing the thermal gradient across the active cores, to improve the overall system energy efficiency, especially when the temperature constraints are tight. We first identify the lower bound for energy consumption with this approach, and then transform the task partitioning problem to a variable-sized bin packing problem. We further propose an enhanced algorithm to optimize the task partitioning results. Our simulation results show that the proposed thermal-balancing approach can significantly improve the energy efficiency and task partitioning feasibility for real-time systems with high system utilization and tight temperature constraints.
Self-control, social learning theory, social bonds and binge drinking: Results from a national sample

Binge drinking is still an issue among adolescents. The current study applies the theories of low self-control, social learning theory, and social bond theory to adolescent binge drinking. The data...
Prevalence of somatic and germline mutations of Fumarate hydratase in uterine leiomyomas from young patients.

Aims Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the Fumarate hydratase (FH) gene. In young women, the syndrome often presents with symptomatic uterine leiomyomas, leading to myomectomy or hysterectomy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence and mutational profiles of FH-negative leiomyomas from young patients, thus allowing for early identification and triage of syndromic patients for surveillance. Methods and results We evaluated 153 cases of uterine leiomyomas from women aged up to 30 years for loss of FH expression by tissue microarray (TMA)-based immunohistochemical staining. Mutational analysis of tumours with loss of FH was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 10 exons within the FH gene and subsequent Sanger sequencing. The status of promoter methylation was assessed by bisulphite sequencing. Loss of FH protein expression was detected in seven (4.6%) of 153 tested uterine leiomyomas from young patients. All FH-negative leiomyomas displayed staghorn vasculature and fibrillary/neurophil-like cytoplasm. We found that six (86%) of seven FH-negative tumours detected by immunohistochemistry harboured FH mutations, 50% of which contained germline mutations. In particular, the germline mutational rate in FH gene was 2.0% (three of 153 cases). Bisulphite sequencing analysis failed to detect promoter methylation in any of the seven tumours. Conclusion Our study showed a relatively high rate of FH germline mutation in FH-negative uterine leiomyomas from patients aged up to 30 years. While genetic mutations confer protein expression loss, epigenetic regulation of the FH gene appears to be unrelated to this phenotype.
Multipath-Optimal UAV Trajectory Planning for Urban UAV Navigation with Cellular Signals

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) trajectory planning in urban environments is considered. Equipped with a three- dimensional (3-D) environment map, the UAV navigates by fusing global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals with ambient cellular signals of opportunity. A trajectory planning approach is developed to allow the UAV to reach a target location, while constraining its position uncertainty and multipath- induced biases in cellular pseudoranges to be below a desired threshold. Experimental results are presented demonstrating that following the proposed trajectory yields a reduction of 30.69% and 58.86% in the position root-mean squared error and the maximum position error, respectively, compared to following the shortest trajectory between the start and target locations.
The single umbilical artery and what it means. A message straight from the navel.

A case of shigella bacteremia with paroxysmal atrial tachy cardia is described. The causative organism was Shigella sonnei which was also recovered from a sibling of the patient.
Analysis of Geocell-Based Track Design for the Reduction of Stresses in the Track Substructure

This paper presents an analysis of a new railroad track design based on substructure containing a double layer of geocells plus an additional geogrid layer for application on a new rail line being constructed. This new line is designed to accommodate both passenger and freight operations. The analysis looked at the applicability of the proposed design to the track substructure conditions on this new line with a primary emphasis on the bearing strength of poor subgrade locations on the new line. The analysis approach used Beam on Elastic Foundation theory to generate stresses on the top of the ballast layer and top of sleeper and then follow-up analysis to include use of test results to analyze the distribution of these stresses through the substructure and the determination of the subgrade bearing stresses. These bearing stresses were then compared with the strength of soils representative of those found on the proposed line segment. Based on the results of the analyses, the proposed substructure design (with 2 geocell layers and one geogrid layer) was found to significantly reduce stresses on the subgrade so that the proposed track was appropriate for use on even the poorest soil types identified on this line segment. This is because of the improved strength and stiffness characteristics of the geocell reinforced ballast layer.
Abolishing India's Planning Commission: The Results After Five Years

Like other countries, India wrestles with the question of how to plan for the long-term in a society where political and economic power is widely diffused. In 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi abolished the Planning Commission and established a new body, NITI Aayog. Political and economic developments had been working against the Planning Commission for decades. Critics have disparaged NITI Aayog as an ineffective body that is too dependent on the Prime Minister. Some have called for a revived planning body with more independence and power, and some have looked to China for a model. India cannot adopt the Chinese approach. But there may be a case for a body stronger and more autonomous than NITI Aayog, that can serve as a voice for the country's long-term needs.
Developing a Telemedicine Curriculum for a Family Medicine Residency

Introduction Telemedicine has rapidly become an essential part of primary care due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, formal training in telemedicine during residency is lacking. We developed and implemented a telemedicine curriculum for a family medicine residency program and investigated its effect on resident confidence levels in practicing telemedicine. Methods We designed a process map of the telemedicine visit workflow at the residency clinic to identify key topics to cover in the curriculum. We created a live 50-minute didactic lecture on best practices in telemedicine, along with a quick-reference handout. We distributed pre- and postintervention surveys to current residents (N=24) to assess the effect of the educational intervention on their confidence in practicing telemedicine. Results Fourteen residents (58% response rate) completed all aspects of the study including both surveys and participation in the educational intervention. Confidence levels in conducting telemedicine visits increased in three of five domains: (1) virtual physical exam ( P=.04), (2) visit documentation (P=.03), and (3) virtually staffing with an attending ( P=.04). Resident interest in using telemedicine after residency also increased following the educational intervention. Conclusion Telemedicine requires a unique skill set. Formal education on best practices improves resident confidence levels and interest in practicing telemedicine. Primary care residency programs should incorporate telemedicine training to adequately prepare their graduates for clinical practice.
Personalization in Email Marketing: The Role of Noninformative Advertising Content

In collaboration with three companies selling a diverse set of products, we conducted randomized field experiments in which experimentally tailored email ads were sent to millions of individuals. We found consistently that personalizing the emails by adding consumer-specific information e.g., recipient's name benefited the advertisers. Importantly, such content is not likely to be informative about the advertised product or the company. In our main experiment, we found that adding the name of the message recipient to the email's subject line increased the probability of the recipient opening it by 20% from 9.05% to 10.80%, which translated to an increase in sales' leads by 31% from 0.39% to 0.51% and a reduction in the number of individuals unsubscribing from the email campaign by 17% from 1.2% to 1.0%. We present similar experiments conducted with other companies, which show that the effects we document extend from objectives ranging from acquiring new customers to retaining customers who have purchased from the company in the past. Our investigation of several possible mechanisms suggests that such content increases the effort consumers make in processing the other content in the rest of the advertising message. Our paper quantifies the benefits from personalization and sheds light on the role of noninformative advertising content by analyzing several detailed measures of recipient's interaction with the message. It provides external validity to psychological mechanisms and has clear implications for the firms that are designing their advertising campaigns. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1066 .
Diversity Judgments: Democratizing Judicial Legitimacy

The US Supreme Court's legitimacy-its diminishing integrity and contribution to the good of society-is being questioned today like no other time in recent memory. Criticisms reflect the perspectives of both 'insiders' (straight white males) and 'outsiders' (mainly people of color, women, and the LGBTQ community). Neither perspective digs deep enough to get at the root of the Court's legitimacy problem, which is one of process. The Court's process of decision-making is antiquated and out of sync with a society that looks and thinks nothing like the America of the eighteenth century, when the process was first implemented. The current process marginalizes many Americans who have a right to feel disenfranchised. Leading scholar of jurisprudence Roy L. Brooks demonstrates how the Court can modernize and democratize its deliberative process, to be more inclusive of the values and life experiences of Americans who are not straight white males.
Successful embolization of a renal arteriovenous fistula; a feared kidney biopsy complication

The authors report a case of a 57-year-old woman who was successfully treated with a percutaneous embolization procedure for a renal arteriovenous fistula that developed as a complication of a kidney biopsy. An acute kidney injury that failed to resolve with medical management prompted further investigation with a renal biopsy. Five hours after the kidney biopsy, the patient became hemodynamically unstable with a blood pressure of 77 of 52 mm Hg. A stat abdominal computed tomography scan without contrast discovered a large left-sided perinephric hematoma that measured up to 11.5 cm with a moderate amount of perinephric blood. An angiogram subsequently demonstrated the presence of an arteriovenous fistula at the inferior pole of the left kidney. Several 2 × 3 mm and 3 × 3 mm coils were deployed into two separate segmental branches of the inferior pole, and the post embolization angiogram confirmed resolution of the previously visualized arteriovenous fistula.
Decreasing recurrence and increasing survival rates in patients of ethmoid or sphenoid intestinal-type adenocarcinomas: Systematic review and meta-analysis with 1126 cases.

BACKGROUND Ethmoid or sphenoid intestinal-type adenocarcinomas (ITACs) form a distinct subtype of sinonasal adenocarcinomas that occur less than 1 case/100,000/yr. They have obvious exposure relationship to hardwood or leather dusts, infrequent metastasis, but a relatively high local-recurrence rate. They locate at sinuses close to vital structures listed as high-risk areas in surgeries. Even in expert hands, a craniofacial resection is associated with non-negligible mortality and morbidity. Management of these tumors, first or recurrent, needs to weigh these consequences versus the survival, regional-recurrence, and distant-recurrence rates. Due to the rareness of ethmoid or sphenoid ITACs, accurate overall survival and local- or regional-recurrence rates across diverse treatments are unclear. The aim of this study is to report the overall statistics of this cancer and the relationship between enrollment year versus age, recurrence, and survival. METHODS Systemic review and meta-analysis with 1126 cases across various treatments in the literature. RESULTS Here, we show that patients of ethmoid or sphenoid ITACs had overall local-, regional-, and distant-recurrence rates of 32.2%, 2.2%, and 10.3%, respectively, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 66.2%. The results present a significant correlation between age, local-recurrent rate, or overall survival rate versus enrollment year. CONCLUSION This suggests that recent patients of ethmoid or sphenoid ITACs may present at an older mean age, have a lower local-recurrence rate, and have a better 5-year survival rate than before. There was a shifting trend of treating ethmoid ITACs from external approach to endoscopic resection. Clinicians may want to weigh mortality and morbidity rates of external surgeries and these data to share or decide a solution.
Gilson on the Rationality of Christian Belief

In Gilson’s important book, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, he addresses a curious fact of history, one that was lost on me until I read Gilson. While a standard interpretation of ancient Greek society would have us believe that the ancient Greeks cultivated philosophy as a crowning cultural achievement and that this achievement was embraced by the wider population of Greek civilization, the actual story of the relationship of philosophy to the rest of Greek culture is quite different. The truth is that the underlying skepticism in Greek society resisted accommodating philosophy as a part of Greece’s cultural family. Contrary to popular opinion, philosophy suffered a kind of cultural exile in ancient Greece. It was the Catholic Church, Gilson declares, that adopted Greek philosophy and gave it a happy home. This was a happy adoption because the Church recognized that Greek philosophy brought resources to assist in the promulgation of Christian wisdom. The early Church Fathers realized that, if Greek philosophy could reinforce rather than conflict with Christian teachings, Christians could show to skeptical Hellenistic intellectuals that Christianity was reasonable. The Patristics readily understood that Greek philosophy could
Prevalence of gastric myoelectrical abnormalities in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia and H. Pylori infection: Resolution after H. pylori eradication

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of H. pylori eradication on gastric myoelectrical activity and dyspeptic symptoms. Sixty-two subjects with H. pylori infection and no active peptic ulcer participated in this study, which involved three sessions. Anti-H. pylori therapy consisting of clarithromycin and omeprazole was given for two weeks. Gastric myoelectrical activity was measured using surface electrogastrography and dyspeptic symptoms were scored at each session. A [14C] urea breath test was performed at baseline and one month after treatment. In comparison with baseline, the percentage of normal slow waves was significantly increased and the mean total symptom score was significantly reduced one and three months after therapy (P < 0.05). Approximately 40% of patients with nonulcer dyspepsia symptoms and H. pylori infection have abnormal gastric myoelectrical activity, which may be normalized following the eradication of H. pylori infection. The normalization of gastric myoelectrical activity may be one explanation for the significant symptom improvement in this subset of the dyspepsia population after H. pylori eradication.
Translating Social Motivation Into Action: Contributions of Need for Approval to Children's Social Engagement

This research examined how children's need for approval (NFA) from peers predicted social behavior (prosocial behavior, aggression, and social helplessness) and peer responses (acceptance, victimization, exclusion). Children (N = 526, mean age = 7.95, standard deviation = .33) reported on NFA and teachers reported on social engagement. Approach NFA (motivation to gain approval) predicted more positive engagement and less conflictual engagement and disengagement. Conversely, avoidance NFA (motivation to avoid disapproval) predicted less positive engagement and more conflictual engagement and disengagement. Some results differed by gender. This study suggests that social motivation contributes to children's peer relationships, providing a specific target for interventions to optimize social health.
III-Nitride nanowires for UV-visible optoelectronics

Compared to planar films, III-nitride nanowires have several potential advantages for device applications. Using a top-down approach, high quality III-nitride-based nanowires with controllable height, pitch and diameter have been realized. The fabrication, structural characterization, and luminescence of both axial and radial type III-nitride nanowire LEDs will be presented, along with a discussion of their relative merits and weaknesses. The lasing characteristics of GaN-based and GaN/InGaN based nanowires fabricated by this approach will also be presented, along with schemes for single optical mode selection, polarization control, beam shaping, and wavelength tuning. Preliminary results on the top-down fabrication and characterization of AlGaN nanowires will also be presented.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Among Generalized Morality, Institutions, Generalized Trust and Economic Growth

Generalized morality reflects ethical norms in society about the inappropriateness of behaviors that can cause harm to others. Generalized morality may be an important factor affecting the economic performance of countries. A measure of generalized morality is constructed from data from the World Values Survey. One question examined is whether generalized morality is correlated with economic growth rates in per capita GDP across a sample of countries, controlling for institutions and other factors expected to affect economic performance. A second question examined is whether the path by which generalized morality affects growth is direct or indirect through generalized trust. The findings reveal that generalized morality is correlated with economic growth, but its effect is manifested primarily through generalized trust when economic institutions are weak.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Mycotoxin from Penicillium roqueforti

Extracts of pure cultures of Penicillium roqueforti isolated from toxic feed samples and of P. roqueforti NRRL 849 were lethal to rats by either intraperitoneal or oral administration. Purification studies guided by this test led to the isolation of a major toxin which showed intraperitoneal and oral median lethal dose values in weanling rats of 11 and 115 mg/kg, respectively. Partial characterization of the crystalline compound, C17H20O6, by infrared, ultra violet, PMR, and mass spectroscopy, and by several chemical transformations indicated the presence of three C-methyl substituents plus one acetoxy, one aldehyde, and one α,β-unsaturated ketone group. Two oxygen atoms are present either in epoxide or ether form.
Observations Of A Progressive Warm-Fresh Oceanic Front and A Cool-Moist Atmospheric Front At Duck, North Carolina

This paper presents a unique set of observations of nearlycoincident and progressive oceanic and marine atmospheric boundary-layer (MABL) fronts in a coastal zone. The event was observed during the afternoon of 12 May 1996 at the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Field Research Facility pier at Duck, North Carolina. The oceanic front was warm and fresh. Current variabilityaccompanied the oceanic front. A marked MABL front preceded the oceanic front by several minutes and had characteristics of a sea-breezefront. This MABL front separated warmer and dryer pre-frontal air from cooler and moister post-frontal air. Wind direction and wind speedvariability accompanied the MABL front. The sea-surface roughness signatures of both fronts were detected by an X-band pulsed Doppler radar. Supporting data are used to identify each front detected by the radar and to calculate each front's velocity. In an attempt to explain the sea-surface roughness variations associated with each front, the radar data are compared to corresponding variations in wind speed, wind direction, and air-sea temperature difference.
A Strategic Approach to Labor Inspection

The challenges facing workplace regulators are daunting: Workplace agencies in developing and developed countries alike face severe resource constraints. Changes in the workplace, from the growth of the informal sector and the fissuring of the traditional employment relationship to the decline of labor unions and emergence of new forms of workplace risk make the task facing labor inspectors far more complicated. This complex workplace environment cannot be addressed by simple calls for more resources or better training. Instead, I discuss four major principles - prioritization, deterrence, sustainability, and systemic effects - that labor inspectorates need to integrate into framing enforcement policies as part of a strategic approach to the complex regulatory environment. I then apply these criteria to evaluating interventions in the primary domains of enforcement: responding to worker complaints and conducting programmatic investigations.
Grazing management influences the subsidy of terrestrial prey to trout in central Rocky Mountain streams (USA)

Summary 1. Research in forest and grassland ecosystems indicates that terrestrial invertebrates that fall into streams can be an important prey resource for fish, providing about 50% of their annual energy and having strong effects on growth and abundance. However, the indirect effects of land uses like cattle grazing on this important prey subsidy for stream salmonids are unclear. 2. During summer 2007, we compared the effects of three commonly used grazing systems on terrestrial invertebrate inputs to streams in northern Colorado and their use by trout. Cattle graze individual pastures for about 120 days under traditional season-long grazing (SLG), about 35–45 days under simple rotational grazing and 10–20 days under intensive rotational grazing in this region. We also compared these effects to a fourth group of sites grazed only by wildlife (i.e. no livestock use). 3. Overall, rotational grazing management (either simple or intensive), resulted in more riparian vegetation, greater inputs of terrestrial invertebrates, greater biomass of terrestrial invertebrate prey in trout diets, a higher input compared to trout metabolic demand and more trout biomass than SLG. However, these differences were frequently not statistically significant owing to high variability, especially for trout diets and biomass. 4. Despite the inherent variability, riparian vegetation and terrestrial invertebrates entering streams and in trout diets at sites managed for rotational grazing were similar to sites managed for wildlife grazing only. 5. These results indicate that rotational grazing systems can be effective for maintaining levels of terrestrial invertebrate subsidies to streams necessary to support robust trout populations. However, factors influencing the effect of riparian grazing on stream subsidies are both spatially variable and complex, owing to differences in microclimate, invertebrate and plant populations and the efforts of ranchers to tailor grazing systems to specific riparian pastures.
Embracing the sacred: an indigenous framework for tomorrow’s sustainability science

Mahalo (thank you) for reading our paper. What you will find is an attempt to synthesize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of Indigenous and Western perspectives on sustainability and a proposed path leading to the integration of these two perspectives into a sustainability framework that considers resources as much more than commodities. We enter into this discussion with 50 years of experience between us, both of us products of our experimentation with the integration that we are advocating. From this experimentation, we have concluded that sacred relationship must be the foundation of any successful sustainability effort, with success achieved only when resource management practices and policies engage the spirit and are aligned with equitable and respectful interactions among human and non-human. By sacred, we refer to those sentiments, actions, and commitments that emerge from spirit-based relationships that are founded on love, respect, care, intimate familiarity, and reciprocal exchange. By spirit, we refer to that which gives life to the material body, the enigma that is our collective conscious, subconscious, and unconscious beings. In formulating this paper, we made three assumptions: (1) the need to shift our spiritual selves, and our collective weight and resulting ecological footprints, is fully evidenced by the failure of purely Western approaches to sustain the social and biophysical world around us; (2) each and every citizen of our planet contributes to both sustainability’s advancement and its demise; and (3) by engaging the spirit and reclaiming sacredness in all our relationships, we can help move the Earth community towards her fullest potential of wellbeing. Our hope here is that we are able to grow the connections among a nascent but rapidly evolving transformational vision for sustainability, the enlightened thinking of contemporaries, and inspired ancestral knowledge. To facilitate the continued emergence of this transformative vision, we marry Western sustainability concepts to an Indigenous sacredness framework.
Application of a New Power Distribution Scheme for Complex Printed Circuit Boards for High-Speed Signaling

This paper presents a new power distribution scheme using power transmission lines (PTLs) applied to complex printed circuit boards. The structure consists of three daughter cards stacked on a motherboard where the board–board connectors used for connection are highly inductive. We show that in spite of the inductive connections, good signal integrity (SI) and power integrity (PI) are possible without relying too much on decoupling capacitors. This is achieved using a combination of PTL that replaces the voltage planes and current steering techniques. The PTL scheme described in this paper can be used for high-speed digital signaling. The SI and PI are demonstrated for up to 3-Gbit/s transmission between the boards.
Impact of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and gradients on daytime coupled land‐cloudy boundary layer interactions

Using a coupled large-eddy simulation–land surface model framework, the impact of two-dimensional soil moisture heterogeneity on the cloudy boundary layer under varied free-atmosphere stabilities is investigated. Specifically, the impacts of soil moisture heterogeneity length scale and heterogeneity in terms of soil moisture gradients on micrometeorological states, surface fluxes, boundary layer characteristics, and cloud development are examined. The results show that mesoscale circulations due to surface heterogeneity in soil moisture play an important role in transferring water vapour within the boundary layer and in regulating cloud distribution at the entrainment zone, which, in turn, provides feedbacks on boundary layer/surface energy budgets. The initial domain-averaged soil moisture is identical for all homogenous and heterogeneous cases; however, the soil moisture heterogeneity in gradient and length scale between dry and wet regions has a significant impact on the estimates of near-surface micrometeorological properties and surface fluxes, which further affect the boundary layer states and characteristics. Both liquid water potential temperature and liquid water mixing ratio increase with an increasing soil moisture gradient, whereas the amount of specific humidity decreases. Heterogeneity length scale and free atmosphere stability also amplify these impacts on the boundary layer structure and cloud formation. In a low atmospheric stability condition that potentially allows for a deeper boundary layer and a higher entrainment rate, cloud base height and cloud thickness significantly increase as the soil moisture gradient and length scale increase. Analysis to differentiate the influences of surface heterogeneity type (i.e. length scale vs gradient) shows that in general soil moisture gradient provides a larger impact than heterogeneity length scale, although the heterogeneity length scale is large enough to initiate circulation features responsible for differences in the coupled system between homogeneous and heterogeneous soil moisture cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion-like process can account for protein secretion by the pancreas

When fluid secretion by the pancreas was mechanically blocked, amylase secretion into the duct ceased. When flow was reduced in a graded fashion by the application of a back pressure, amylase output was reduced proportionately and amylase concentration in secretion was maintained constant. Thus, the secretion of digestive enzyme from the cell into the duct appears to be dependent upon the concentration of enzyme in the duct system. This behavior is most simply explained by diffusion-like (concentration dependent, bidirectional) fluxes of digestive enzyme across the plasma membrane. A unidirectional process, such as exocytosis, whose rate should be unaffected by fluid flow, cannot readily explain these results.
Recognition of pictorial as compared with verbal descriptions

After being presented with either photographs and/or sentential descriptions thereof, Ss were tested both for pictorial and verbal recognition both immediately and after 48 h. Superior recognition was found for the type of material presented during study, primarily due to very poor pictorial recognition by Ss who had studied sentences. No decrement was found over the delay interval, which actually produced facilitation for the nonpresented modality.
Methyl depletion affects the response of rats to arsenic deprivation

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to ascertain whether methyl depletion produced by guanidoacetic acid would affect the response of rats to arsenic deprivation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed the methyl depletor, guanidoacetic acid, (5 g/kg diet) for 64–70 d. Growth was slower and plasma urea was higher in arsenic-deprived than arsenic-supplemented rats fed the GAA. Dietary GAA elevated liver wt/body wt ratio; the elevation was not affected by dietary arsenic. The findings suggest that arsenic deprivation signs are affected by the labile methyl status of the rat.
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients with sarcoidosis.

ABSTRACT Background Patients with sarcoidosis are at risk for osteoporosis caused by glucocorticoid therapy. However, because of potential hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia, the usual conservative treatment for low bone mass, calcium and vitamin D supplements, may not be well tolerated. Methods Patients with sarcoidosis referred to a metabolic bone clinic were compared with other sarcoidosis patients studied prospectively and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. The subjects underwent bone mineral density (BMD) testing, and the sarcoidosis patients underwent mobility testing and measurements of serum and urine chemistries, vitamin D levels, bone turnover markers, and sex hormone levels. Results The subjects were mostly male African Americans in the 6th decade of life. Many took chronic oral glucocorticoid therapy and often used home oxygen therapy. Low hip BMD was common among the referred group, comparable with patients with COPD. Surprisingly, hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia were uncommon, and serum testosterone levels were frequently low. The use of calcium supplements, multivitamins containing vitamin D, and glucocorticoids had no impact on serum or urine calcium levels. From univariate analysis, potential risk factors for low hip BMD were low weight, low body mass index (BMI), advanced age, and current use of glucocorticoids. However, in stepwise multiple regression analysis, only low BMI predicted about 40% of hip BMD. Conclusions Despite calcium and vitamin D supplements, this group of patients with sarcoidosis had low BMD but relatively infrequent hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia. No prediction model of BMD was adequate. Therefore, we conclude that each patient needs to be assessed individually, including measurement of BMD, serum and urine calcium, and sex steroid status.
Oscillations of circulating plasma insulin concentrations in the rat.

Abstract In previous studies, we found that insulin is secreted in a pulsatile fashion in vitro in isolated rat pancreatic islets. This study evaluated whether similar plasma insulin fluctuations occur in the rat in vivo. Freely moving rats were implanted with a chronic jugular catheter and serial blood samples were obtained 48–72 hrs post surgery. Blood was sampled at 3 min intervals for 60 mins with volume replacement using a red cell preparation. Plasma insulin concentrations were observed to fluctuate around a mean of 10.6 ± 1.1 uU/ml, with an amplitude of 4.7 ± 0.5 uU/ml and a period of 13.3 ± 1 mins (n=6). This was similar to the cycling observed in isolated islets at similar glucose concentrations. Sampling during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle in the rat was associated with an increase in the mean plasma level, amplitude and period of insulin oscillations compared with values obtained during the light phase (n=3). These data are the first in vivo demonstration of oscillatory circulating insulin concentrations in the rat and show that the pulsatility in this species is similar to that observed in other mammals incuding man. We conclude that the chronically catheterised rat is a useful model for the evaluation of oscillating insulin concentrations in vivo, and may provide interesting insights by comparison with in vitro data in the same species.
Mixed model of repeated measures versus slope models in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials

Randomized clinical trials of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) typically assess intervention efficacy with measures of cognitive or functional assessments repeated every six months for one to two years. The Mixed Model of Repeated Measures (MMRM), which assumes an “unstructured mean” by treating time as categorical, is attractive because it makes no assumptions about the shape of the mean trajectory of the outcome over time. However, categorical time models may be over-parameterized and inefficient in detecting treatment effects relative to continuous time models of, say, the linear trend of the outcome over time. Mixed effects models can also be extended to model quadratic time effects, although it is questionable whether the duration and interval of observations in AD and MCI studies is sufficient to support such models. Furthermore, it is unknown which of these models are most robust to missing data, which plagues AD and MCI studies. We review the literature and compare estimates of treatment effects from four potential models fit to data from five AD Cooperative Study (ADCS) trials in MCI and AD.
Minor Species Production from Lean Premixed Combustion and Their Impact on Autoignition of Diesel Surrogates

Formation of minor species, including NO, NO2, and OH, during the premixed burn and cool-down in a constant-volume combustion vessel (CV) was modeled to investigate the effect of these species on t...
Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Change after Bolus Injections of X-ray Contrast Media

each animal after the induced pressure effect subsided. Modification of the CM effects in individual animals was studied by injections of the following substances either before or after the CM: NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; Sigma, St Louis, Mo), which inhibits nitric oxide synthesis; sodium nitroprusside (SNP; Sigma), a nitric oxide donor histamine (Sigma); phenylephrine (Sigma), an alpha-adrenergic agonist; phentolamine (Sigma), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist; L-arginine; (Sigma), which accentuates nitric oxide synthesis; diphenhydramine (Benadryl; Sigma), an H1 blocker); and BQ 123 (American Peptide, Sunnyvale, Calif), an endothelin-1 inhibitor.
Usefulness of Live Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Congenital Heart Disease Center

Three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has numerous potential applications in the care of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, there were few data examining its utility in this setting. The aim was to describe the initial experience and feasibility of this modality at a tertiary CHD center. Twenty-seven 3D-TEE studies using the x7-2t live 3D matrix TEE transducer with an iE33 echocardiographic scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, Washington) were attempted. The utility of this method was examined in the 3 settings of interventional catheterizations (n = 16), intraoperative studies (n = 4), and diagnostic studies (n = 7). The probe was successfully inserted in 26 of 27 patients (weight 22.6 to 110 kg). In conclusion, the current matrix-array 3D-TEE probe was found to have a wide variety of clinical applications in a CHD center.