cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oviposition and Wound-Visiting Behavior of the Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Female screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), visit wounds of warm-blooded animals to feed and oviposit, with feeding visits occurring twice as often as oviposition visits. Feeding visits average 5.4 min and oviposition visits average 15.4 min, but both types of visit may last up to 1 h. Screwworms are iteroparous, with oviposition occurring in a 3-d cycle. One female fly was recorded to live 33 d and oviposited at least eight times. Oviposition activity by the population followed a 17–19-d cycle, which probably corresponds to the life cycle of the fly. Clutch size is variable from 28–492 eggs, with a mean of 200 eggs per clutch. Females deposit their clutch in one to four masses of eggs, usually on the margin of a wound. If a wound is preoccupied by an egg mass, an ovipositing female places her egg mass on top of or in direct contact with the previous egg mass most (67%) of the time. Thus, the presumption of one egg mass equalling the reproductive output of a single female is invalid. Female screwworms combine longevity and iteroparity with autogeny and large clutches. This reproductive behavior is well adapted for exploitation of a transitory resource such as wounds on living animals.
Civic Implications of Secondary School Journalism Associations With Voting Propensity and Community Volunteering

This study examines the association between high school journalism and civic engagement in early adulthood, independent of other civic activities. Nationally representative data show that taking high school journalism classes is related positively to voting in the years following high school, to a similar degree that taking debate classes or participating in student government is related to voting. High school journalism also moderates the association between family socioeconomics and civic engagement. Underprivileged student journalists tend to vote and volunteer more than their non-journalism peers. The study theorizes journalism education’s unique contributions to civic development and civic communication competence.
The influence of psychological climate on the salesperson customer orientation - Salesperson performance relationship

Because salespeople are a primary revenue-generating mechanism for many organizations, it is important that we understand the factors that facilitate or hinder their performance. This study examines psychological climate as a boundary condition of the salesperson customer orientation - salesperson performance relationship. We apply Mischel's (1 976) theory, which suggests that the impact of individual differences (such as salesperson customer orientation) is less pronounced when situational conditions (such as psychological climate) are strong. In addition, we introduce the concept of a strong balanced psychological climate to the marketing literature. Our findings suggest that the salesperson customer orientation - salesperson performance relationship is moderated by psychological climate such that the relationship is weakened in strong balanced psychological climates. Implications of this research are discussed.
Response of experimental pain to analgesic drugs; III. Codeine, aspirin, secobarbital, and placebo

In previous studies16, 17 we demonstrated that the response to experimentally induced pain in man could be modified by morphine and codeine, but we were unable to show any significant effects of aspirin. In both studies, electrical stimulation of two fingers and ice-water (cold-pressor) stimulation of each hand were used to induce pain. Both techniques permit the direct observation of two pain response parameters, pain threshold (minimal pain) and pain tolerance (maximal stimulus intensity tolerated). A third parameter, pain sensitivity range (PSR), the difference between pain tolerance and pain threshold, can also be calculated.
Program your next server in Go

Go is a new general-purpose programming language for professionals who build and maintain production systems. Hundreds of companies and thousands of open-source projects are using Go, including Google, DropBox, Docker, Apcera, and SoundCloud. This talk will present Go to the experienced service developer and show how its radically simple approach to software construction can make teams more productive.
Surface impedance measurements in La 1.8 Ba 0.2 CuO 4-y

Surface impedance measurements at 102 GHz are reported for the high-T/sub c/ superconductor La/sub 1.8/Ba/sub 0.2/CuO/sub 4-//sub y/. In the superconducting state the temperature dependence of the surface resistance R/sub s/ is in agreement with a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer form and magnitude of the gap ..delta..(T). A distribution of gap values was found which is consistent with the smeared transition in the dc resistivity.
Risk Management and Insurance after 9/11

Did September 11, 2001, change every thing in the world of risk management and insurance? Seven years after the horrendous event, the answer is “no.” No, because of the impact of the subsequent mega natural catastrophes of 2005 with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma and the current 2008 major credit and housing crisis. As shown in table 10.1, the insured losses of the 2005 hurricanes surpassed the insured losses of 9/11. However, the hurricane losses did not hurt the net worth of insurers as did the losses of 9/11. As can be gleaned from figure 10.1, 2001 was the worst year for the insurance industry. The return on equity dipped into negative territor y. In terms of the combined ratio—the indicator of the well being of the industry (the ratio of losses plus expenses to premiums)—2001 was the worst year with the largest combined ratio, at 115.8, for the property/casualty (P/C) insurance industry. But, this resilient industry recovered quickly, as shown in figure 10.2. By 2006, the industry recovered and the combined ratio declined to a lowest level of 92.5. Figure 10.2 reflects the strong capacity of the P/C insurance industry to endure major setbacks. At the time of writing this chapter, exactly three years after the mismanagement of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Gustav is fast approaching to the same region. Despite much improved risk handling and communication by all stakeholders, “the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)’s ability to marshal its forces quickly is still lagging.”1
Globalized or glocalized? Transnational or transcultural? Defining language practices in global spaces

Recent years have witnessed an explosion of terminologies that address the complex interplay of languages and cultures in globalized spaces. This increased attention is encouraging for scholars in the area, as it offers an ability to discuss these issues with more nuance than previously possible. However, the sheer number of studies on language, culture, and globalization, with their often similar terms, can be frustrating for a reader wanting to find a concise way of analyzing these issues. In this chapter, I outline current definitions of ‘globalization’ and ‘transnationalism’ and how scholars in applied linguistics have perceived these concepts. I discuss the disconnect that still exists between notions of globalization as a unidirectional transfer from ‘majority’ to ‘minority’ cultures and the more dynamic concepts of ‘glocalized’ and ‘transcultural’ practices (Canagarajah 2013; Robertson 1995). I then turn to the field of indigenous language maintenance, drawing parallels to popular conceptions of globalization as unidirectional and negative. I argue how researchers of the maintenance and revitalization of minority languages such as Quichua might benefit from adopting more dynamic, microanalytic, and practice-based approaches regarding globalization and the loss, gain, and evolution of languages and cultures worldwide.
Special Stains in Dermatopathology

Histochemical Stains Dual staining with hematoxylin, which stains nuclei blue, and eosin, a pink cytoplasmic stain, is the mainstay in routine examination of cutaneous tissue under light microscopy. The ability to delineate differences in tissue type and cellular components is greatly enhanced by exploiting the inherent uptake properties of various tissues with these stains. When particular characteristics are not easily identified with hematoxylin and eosin, histochemical staining becomes of great value. Its merit is recognized diagnostically and economically, as histochemical staining is much less expensive than immunohistochemical staining and is readily available in virtually all dermatopathology practice settings.
Rhinoplasty Education Using a Standardized Patient Encounter.

BACKGROUND Comprehensive aesthetic surgery training continues to be a challenge for residency programs. Our residency program developed a rhinoplasty-based objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) based upon validated methods as part of the residency education curriculum. We report our experience with the rhinoplasty-based OSCE and offer guidance to its incorporation within residency programs. METHODS The encounter involved resident evaluation and operative planning for a standardized patient desiring a rhinoplasty procedure. Validated OSCE methods currently used at our medical school were implemented. Residents were evaluated on appropriate history taking, physical examination, and explanation to the patient of treatment options. Examination results were evaluated using analysis of variance (statistical significance P<0.05). RESULTS Twelve residents completed the rhinoplasty OSCE. Medical knowledge assessment showed increasing performance with clinical year, 50% versus 84% for postgraduate year 3 and 6, respectively (P<0.005). Systems-based practice scores showed that all residents incorrectly submitted forms for billing and operative scheduling. All residents confirmed that the OSCE realistically represents an actual patient encounter. All faculty confirmed the utility of evaluating resident performance during the OSCE as a useful assessment tool for determining the Next Accreditation System Milestone level. CONCLUSIONS Aesthetic surgery training for residents will require innovative methods for education. Our examination showed a program-educational weakness in billing/coding, an area that will be improved upon by topic-specific lectures. A thoroughly developed OSCE can provide a realistic educational opportunity to improve residents' performance on the nonoperative aspects of rhinoplasty and should be considered as an adjunct to resident education.
DISLOCATIONS IN NON-CRYSTALLINE MEDIA?

ABSTRACT Dislocations are the basic ingredient of crystal plasticity. The corresponding question for non-crystalline matter is to inquire about the mechanism of plasticity in such materials. As in the case of crystal plasticity Bragg's soap bubble model, appropriately generalized has been an invaluable analog medium for the study of plasticity in glassy media. Quantitative dynamic analysis of sheared glassy soap bubble rafts has established that the mechanism of inelastic deformation in this analog medium (and by extension in three-dimensional glassy media) is by the nucleation of a broad distribution of shear transformations occurring in small clusters of bubbles (or atoms), usually centered around sites of large free volume. It is assumed that the distributed nature of the process seen in the disordered bubble raft corresponds to the spectral distributions of transformation free energies that have been measured experimentally in metallic glasses. On the basis of this understanding it is possible to answer questions on the stability of line dislocations in glassy media as a special case of the dissipation of long range residual stresses. Thus, if a group of dislocations were artificially introduced into a glassy medium it would be stable for long periods of time at very low temperatures but would readily dissipate above 0.5 Tg by a combination of shear transformations and free volume redistribution. Since this dissipation is a rate phenomenon itself it is possible to foresee the role of mobile groups of continuously distributed dislocations in shear fronts in low temperature, high strain rate deformation, where the presence of long lived atomic dilatancy will cause shear localization. The analysis of the kinetics of the deformation process, whether in homogeneous or heterogeneous form, however, is best understood by concentration of attention to the repeated nucleation of shear transformations which is the basic mechanism of deformation.
Rationale, Terminology, Scope

Population projections can be used for a variety of purposes: forecasting future population change, analyzing the determinants of population change, presenting alternative scenarios of future population change, promoting specific agendas, sounding warnings, and providing a base for making other types of projections. In this chapter we describe several alternative approaches to making population projections, discuss the various roles they can play, and present several illustrations of the use of population projections in real-world decision making. We discuss our reasons for writing this book and describe its geographic focus, coverage, and target audience. We believe this book will help practitioners decide what data sources to use, what methods to apply, and what problems to watch out for when making population projections. It will also give data users the tools they need to evaluate population projections and decide how they can best be used.
Distal Fusion Level Selection in Scheuermann's Kyphosis: A Comparison of Lordotic Disc Segment Versus the Sagittal Stable Vertebrae.

Study Design:Retrospective study.Objective:To compare 2 methods of selecting the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) on the rates of revision surgery for distal junctional kyphosis (DJK) following t...
A single-column particle-resolved model for simulating the vertical distribution of aerosol mixing state: WRF-PartMC-MOSAIC-SCM v1.0

Abstract. The PartMC-MOSAIC particle-resolved aerosol model was previously developed to predict the aerosol mixing state as it evolves in the atmosphere. However, the modeling framework was limited to a zero-dimensional box model approach without resolving spatial gradients in aerosol concentrations. This paper presents the development of stochastic particle methods to simulate turbulent diffusion and dry deposition of aerosol particles in a vertical column within the planetary boundary layer. The new model, WRF-PartMC-MOSAIC-SCM, resolves the vertical distribution of aerosol mixing state. We verified the new algorithms with analytical solutions for idealized test cases and illustrate the capabilities with results from a 2-day urban scenario that shows the evolution of black carbon mixing state in a vertical column.
Adaptive synchronization reference selection for out-of-coverage proximity services

The introduction of Proximity services (ProSe) in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) allows User Equipments (UEs) to communicate directly without routing the data through the LTE access network. This is a major step towards supporting mission-critical communication for first responders who need the ability to communicate ubiquitously. To properly receive data, the UEs must be synchronized. Thus, reducing the synchronization delays is important to avoid service disruption. When operating outside of the network coverage, UEs cannot rely on the synchronization information provided by the base station. In such cases, a distributed protocol is required to announce and detect the synchronization information within devices in proximity. In this paper, we present an adaptive algorithm that reduces the out-of-coverage synchronization delays while meeting the requirements specified in the LTE-A standard. The algorithm takes into account the UE traffic and synchronization conditions to achieve these goals. We evaluate the algorithm performance using our ns-3 ProSe implementation and show that fast convergence time to a synchronized state can be achieved using the proposed algorithm while satisfying the standard performance constraints.
The Role of Bicarbonate in Cognition: Acidosis May Be Corrosive to the Brain.

Acidosis is a common complication of CKD, and it may play a pivotal role in many aspects of its associated high morbidity and mortality. Acidosis has been associated with multiple complications, including mortality ([1][1]), CKD progression ([2][2]), and functional limitations ([3][3]) in recent
Local types of Prüfer rings

Earlier papers by Glaz, Boynton, and the authors established hierarchies of properties for commutative rings in general which become equivalent to “Prufer domain” for integral domains. Between Gaus...
Reduction of Crime Through Methadone Maintenance Treatment

When studying the effectiveness of outpatient methadone maintenance treatment, it is relevant to consider whether crime is reduced consequent to this treatment, as crime is a major component of the deviant and self-destructive way of life associated with contemporary heroin addiction in the United States.1,2 Therefore reduction or elimination of crime is an important aspect of successful rehabilitation. Thus the extent to which crime is reduced during treatment in methadone maintenance programs is a measure of the success of the programs. Conversely, if methadone programs do not reduce crime, do not curtail or eliminate intravenous drug use, and otherwise are unable to change and rehabilitate patients, they cannot be considered successful.
Children’s market researchers as moral brokers

Drawing on interviews with children’s market researchers, brand managers and other market actors in North America, the UK and Europe, this study analyzes and positions children’s market professiona...
Dissociative Bioorthogonal Reactions

Bioorthogonal reactions that proceed readily under physiological conditions without interference from biomolecules have found widespread application in the life sciences. Complementary to the bioorthogonal reactions that ligate two molecules, reactions that release a molecule or cleave a linker are increasingly attracting interest. Such dissociative bioorthogonal reactions have a broad spectrum of uses, for example, in controlling bio-macromolecule activity, in drug delivery, and in diagnostic assays. This review article summarizes the developed bioorthogonal reactions linked to a release step, outlines representative areas of the applications of such reactions, and discusses aspects that require further improvement.
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part IV

The purpose of the review is to provide a concise overview of recent advances in the broadly defined field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in part by the many articles published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (JRS) as well as in trends across all related journals publishing in this research area. Context for the review is provided by considering statistical data on citations for the Thompson Reuters ISI Web of Science by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional statistics of number of papers and posters presented by category at the XXII International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS 2010) is also provided. Papers published in JRS in 2009, as reviewed here, reflect trends at the cutting edge of Raman spectroscopy which is expanding rapidly as a sensitive photonic probe of matter at the molecular level with an ever widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking Outdoor Air Temperature and SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the US Using a Two Parameter Transmission Model

Abstract Outdoor temperature lower than 50F and greater than 70F is shown to nearly double the transmission efficiency of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Outdoor temperature is an important factor behind the current surge in US Covid-19 cases. Correlation of northern state infection data and outdoor temperatures is used to identify the change in disease transmission efficiency as northern states passed through the lower temperature bound (50F) in spring, and more recently transitioned to temperatures above the higher bound (70F). At current disease transmission efficiency levels, social distancing must be increased above a UMD Social Distance Index (SDI) level of 36 to stop the accelerated increase of daily infection cases. At current disease transmission efficiency (G=0.19) and SDI of 33, the US will approach 150,000 infections per day in September before declining as average US temperature falls below 70F. A primary reason for enhanced disease transmission below 50F and above 70F is attributed to inadequate indoor ventilation. Swing season occurs when outdoor temperatures are between 50F and 70F, and is the time of year when homes and buildings are opened to the outdoors. Increased fresh air ventilation (greater than 40cfm per person), improved air filtration (MERV11 and greater filters), and UVGI (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation, 0.02WUV per cfm airflow) coupled with wearing face masks, 6ft distancing and surface sanitation are estimated to reduce indoor disease transmission probability to a third of the transmission probability resulting from standard building ventilation practice.
Outflows from Massive YSOs as Seen with the Infrared Array Camera

The bipolar outflow from the massive star forming cluster in DR21 is one of the most powerful known, and in IRAC images the outflow stands out by virtue of its brightness at 4.5 um (Band 2). Indeed, IRAC images of many galactic and extragalactic star formation regions feature prominent Band 2 morphologies. We have analyzed archival ISOSWS spectra of the DR21 outflow, and compare them to updated H2 shocked and UV-excitation models. We find that H2 line emission contributes about 50% of the flux of the IRAC bands at 3.6 um, 4.5 um , and 5.8 um, and is a significant contributor to the 8.0 um band as well, and confirm that the outflow contains multiple excitation mechanisms. Other potentially strong features, in particular Br alpha and CO emission, have been suggested as contributing to IRAC fluxes in outflows, but they are weak or absent in DR21; surprisingly, there also is no evidence for strong PAH emission. The results imply that IRAC images can be a powerful detector of, and diagnostic for, outflows caused by massive star formation activity in our galaxy, and in other galaxies as well. They also suggest that IRAC color-color diagnostic diagrams may need to take into account the possible influence of these strong emission lines. IRAC images of the general ISM in the region, away from the outflow, are in approximate but not precise agreement with theoretical models.
33. Telemedicine in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Background Telemedicine is broadly used to define medical care delivered remotely through telecommunication technology. This practice is recognized as an alternative strategy to traditional healthcare delivery with comparable health outcomes, and it has been rapidly expanded further in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. While our clinicians have found telemedicine to be a helpful and innovative approach to medicine, its use specific to pediatric and adolescent gynecology has not been published. The primary outcome of this study was to determine the feasibility of virtual visits for ambulatory care in pediatric and adolescent gynecology. Methods This was a retrospective study on the use of telemedicine by the gynecology division at a tertiary pediatric hospital from January 1, 2020, to June 1, 2020. Video-based virtual visits through a hospital-supported software were conducted during the eligible time period. Patient demographics, visit diagnoses, and operational characteristics of the completed visits were obtained. The study received IRB approval. Results There were a total of 654 virtual visits for 614 patients. Ninety-one percent of patients were in-state (558/654), and the median age of patients seen was 17 years (range 0 – 37 years). Five hundred and two out of 654 visits were return visits (76.8%), 115/654 were new patient visits (17.6%), and 32/654 (4.89%) were post-operative follow-up. The median duration of a virtual visit was 12 minutes and 39 seconds (range 5 minutes to over 1 hour). The most common gynecologic diagnoses were dysmenorrhea/endometriosis (N=485), abnormal uterine bleeding (N=225), and pelvic pain (N=82). Visits were further assessed to determine if a follow-up in-person visit was needed within 90 days after the virtual visit. From the 654 virtual visits, 14 follow-up visits were in-person; 5 were within 30 days from initial virtual visit, 6 were within 60 days, and 3 were within 90 days. The most common complaints that prompted an in-person follow-up were contraception administration (depot medroxyprogesterone, intrauterine device) (N=4), vulvovaginal symptoms (N=4), congenital anomaly exam (N=1), abnormal uterine bleeding exam (N=1), and an ovarian cyst (N=1). Conclusions Telemedicine is a feasible method for healthcare delivery in pediatric and adolescent gynecology with low rates of short interval in-person follow-up required. Virtual visits can be conducted for a range of patients with a variety of gynecologic conditions, upon initial presentation and follow-up.
Repeat head computed tomography for anticoagulated patients with an initial negative scan is not cost-effective.

Abstract Background Patients on antithrombotic medications presenting with blunt trauma are at risk for delayed intracranial hemorrhage. We hypothesized that clinically significant delayed intracranial hemorrhage is rare in patients presenting on antithrombotic medications and therefore routine, repeat head computed tomography imaging is not a cost-effective practice to monitor for delayed intracranial hemorrhage. Methods Patients presenting to our institution on antithrombotic (anticoagulant and antiplatelet) medications during a 5-y period from January 2014 through March 2019 who underwent a head computed tomography for blunt trauma were identified in our trauma registry. Patients with an initial negative head computed tomography underwent repeat imaging 6 h after their initial head computed tomography. Patient demographics, antithrombotic medication, international normalized ratio, Glasgow Coma Score, clinical change in neurologic status, and need for neurosurgical intervention were collected. Results Our institution evaluated 1,676 patients on antithrombotic therapy with blunt trauma. The initial head computed tomography was negative in 1,377 patients (82.0%). Of those with an initial negative head computed tomography, 12 patients (0.9%) developed an intracranial hemorrhage that was identified on the second head computed tomography. Delayed intracranial hemorrhage included 6 patients with intraventricular hemorrhage, 3 with subdural hematoma, 2 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 with an intraparenchymal hemorrhage. None of the patients with delayed intracranial hemorrhage developed a change in neurologic status, required an intracranial pressure monitor, or underwent neurosurgical intervention. The estimated total direct cost of the negative head computed tomography scans was $926,247. Conclusion Clinically significant delayed intracranial hemorrhage is rare in trauma patients on antithrombotic therapy, with an initial negative head computed tomography. Routine repeat head computed tomography imaging in patients with a negative scan on admission is not cost-effective.
Detrimental effects and mitigation of the joint feature in double shell implosion simulations

Double shell capsules provide an attractive option in inertial confinement fusion experiments due to their potential for achieving a low-convergence, robust burn. However, these designs suffer from symmetry degradation and accompanying reduced fuel confinement due to the currently necessary joint between the two hemispheres of the outer shell. The gap widens as a result of the excess ablation pressure produced by x rays that penetrate the joint during the drive phase, and this perturbation grows and imprints onto the inner shell during the collision. xRAGE Eulerian radiation-hydrodynamic simulations predict significant reductions in deuterium–tritium fusion yields compared to joint-less simulations when the depth of the outer joint is increased, whereas the performance is less sensitive to the depth of the inner gap. Here we examine the technique of plating the insides of the outer gap with a high-Z material to mitigate the impact of this feature. Gold-plating in quantities comparable to or exceeding the “missing” outer shell mass shows promise toward restoring both implosion symmetry and yield closer to the joint-less levels, and synthetic diagnostics suggest that high-energy x-ray radiographs can capture this shape retention of the inner and outer shells in experiments.
Development of a Standard Test Method for Assessing Mechanical Penetration of Personal Protective Equipment Material to Test Soils by Simulating Actual Use

Preventing healthcare worker exposure to dangerous pathogens is a crucial factor in sustaining the fight against Ebola, Coronaviruses, and other microorganisms that may cause infectious diseases. It is critical that personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect healthcare workers be safe and effective in meeting labeled performance claims for barrier resistance to deadly viruses such as Ebola (Zaire ebolavirus) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aim of this study is to develop a readily reproducible and standardized simulated use test for gown and drape materials using a blood test soil to evaluate the ability of the materials to prevent penetration of clinically relevant test soils at clinically relevant pressures. We designed and constructed a simulated use "elbow lean"apparatus based on the apparatus in ASTM F1819, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood Using a Mechanical Pressure Technique, that applies a physiologically relevant load to PPE material. We developed a test protocol for our proposed method and used the apparatus on a variety of PPE materials to assess penetration of a blood test soil. The testing demonstrated that the new apparatus can be used to assess penetration of a blood test soil through PPE materials under conditions that are more clinically relevant than those in ASTM F1670, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic Blood, and ASTM F1671, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Pathogens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Penetration as a Test System. The apparatus and procedure detailed in this study will be proposed for use in the development of a new standard test method for assessing mechanical penetration of PPE to test soils that better simulate clinical use conditions. Copyright © 2021 by ASTM International.
Socioeconomic threats are more salient to farmers than environmental threats

Abstract It is a difficult time to be a farmer, particularly in the midwestern US, where a slow-moving farm crisis has been brewing. In recent years farmers have faced multiple socioeconomic threats such as a trade war with China, industry consolidation, and decreasing farmgate prices, as well as multiple environmental threats, including flooding and drought. We analyze farmers’ assessments of these concurrent risks and their relationship to stress and farm exit, through a mail survey of 210 soy and dairy farmers in Indiana. On average, environmental threats are perceived as less of a threat to farmers than to immediate socioeconomic threats such as the trade war and, more importantly, long-run economic issues such as price decline and consolidation. We find evidence that farm exit is largely determined by farmer identity, perspectives on the trade war, and stress. The ongoing trade war with China is a key source of stress for soybean farmers and federal payments from the Market Facilitation Program are unlikely to stem farm exit. Addressing the farm exit problem and mitigating the current farm crisis necessitates greater attention to how policies, indirectly lead to farm exit through stress.
Addressing Workplace Accessibility Practices Through Technical Communication Research Methods: One Size Does Not Fit All

Background: Accessibility of digital materials within workplaces continues to be an issue that is not readily and completely addressed through legal compliance and institutional policy. Despite the lack of marked improvement in digital accessibility, many continue to pursue a policy approach to accessibility, including checklists and guidelines. Literature review: Despite the attention paid to accessibility and surrounding issues by scholars in the field of technical and professional communication, little direction has been given to help practitioners advocate for accessibility in the workplace. Research question: Can common ground between institutional values and accessibility be discovered and leveraged to motivate value-driven accessibility? Research methods: Common ground theory was used to code and analyze data obtained from research interviews of 18 university instructors to determine how they consider accessibility within the process of developing their course documents. Data were coded and analyzed to discover common attitudes toward accessibility. Results and discussion: The data revealed that although instructors approached accessibility differently, all were motivated to work for student success, a fact that indicated common ground between instructor practices and accessibility. This finding suggests that accessibility advocates can motivate value-driven accessibility by leveraging common ground. Conclusion: I used the revealed common ground to inform the development of a digital accessibility resource, which underwent usability testing. My research-informed design process illustrates that despite institutional variability, technical and professional communicators can find and leverage common ground to move away from a singular, policy-driven approach to accessibility in favor of a more sustainable value-driven accessibility, which generates and supports long-term accessibility design.
Wavelength and power dependence on multilevel behavior of phase change materials

We experimentally probe the multilevel response of GeTe, Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), and 4% tungsten-doped GST (W-GST) phase change materials (PCMs) using two wavelengths of light: 1550 nm, which is useful for telecom-applications, and near-infrared 780 nm, which is a standard wavelength for many experiments in atomic and molecular physics. We find that the materials behave differently with the excitation at the different wavelengths and identify useful applications for each material and wavelength. We discuss thickness variation in the thin films used as well and comment on the interaction of the interface between the material and the substrate with regard to the multilevel behavior. Due to the differences in penetration depths, absorption, and index contrast, different PCMs could be more suitably used depending on the application and wavelength of operation.
Immunocompromised Cas9 transgenic mice for rapid in vivo assessment of host factors involved in highly pathogenic virus infection

Targeting host factors for anti-viral development offers several potential advantages over traditional countermeasures that include broad-spectrum activity and prevention of resistance. Characterization of host factors in animal models provides strong evidence of their involvement in disease pathogenesis, but the feasibility of performing high-throughput in vivo analyses on lists of genes is problematic. To begin addressing the challenges of screening candidate host factors in vivo, we combined advances in CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing with an immunocompromised mouse model used to study highly pathogenic viruses. Transgenic mice harboring a constitutively expressed Cas9 allele (Cas9 tg/tg ) with or without knockout of type I interferon receptors served to optimize in vivo delivery of CRISPR single-guide RNA (sgRNA) using Invivofectamine 3.0, a simple and easy-to-use lipid nanoparticle reagent. Invivofectamine 3.0-mediated liver-specific editing to remove activity of the critical Ebola virus host factor Niemann-Pick disease type C1 in an average of 74% of liver cells protected immunocompromised Cas9 tg/tg mice from lethal surrogate Ebola virus infection. We envision that immunocompromised Cas9 tg/tg mice combined with straightforward sgRNA in vivo delivery will enable efficient host factor loss-of-function screening in the liver and other organs to rapidly study their effects on viral pathogenesis and help initiate development of broad-spectrum, host-directed therapies against emerging pathogens.
Integrating Child Care Services: Overcoming Structural Obstacles to Collaboration of Institutional and Community Agency Staffs

Social Work practice settings are so diversified that different perspectives inevitably develop among practitioners. These may undermine collaborative efforts between agencies. Child care services afford an example of a field requiring diversified agency settings and therefore vulnerable to development of contrasting perspectives. Some of the sources of an "institutional perspective" and of a "community perspective" are identified, as well as problems originating in lack of a shared perspective. Proposals for overcoming these problems and promoting integration of services comprises the final section of the paper. Within a profession as wide-ranging as social work differences of perspective inevitably emerge among practitioners. Unifying influences such as a common core of norms and values, a generic knowledge base, and shared interventive skills promote a common viewpoint. However, these unifying influences may be at least partially nullified by attributes of the various settings in which social workers pursue their careers. For certain clients effective service necessitates integration of institutional and community facilities. Substance abusers, the mentally ill, adult offenders, and some classes of dependent children exemplify the need for deployment of dual (institutional and community) resource systems. This paper seeks to identify obstacles to effective service generated by varied "definitions of the situation" developed by institutional and community agency staffs. There follow some suggestions which may promote more unified service delivery.
Analyzing the Social Networks of Contributors in Open Source Software Community

We conduct an extensive statistical analysis on the social networks of contributors in Open Source Software (OSS) communities using datasets collected from two most fast-growing OSS social interaction sites, Github.com and Ohloh.net. Our goal is to analyze the connectivity structure of the social networks of contributors and to investigate the effect of the different social ties structures on developers’ overall productivity to OSS projects. We, first, analyze the general structure of the social networks, e.g., graph distances and the degree distribution of the social networks. Our social network structure analysis confirms a power-law degree distribution and small-world characteristics. However, the degree mixing pattern shows that high degree nodes tend to connect more with low degree nodes suggesting a collaboration between experts and newbie developers. We further conduct the same analysis on affiliation networks and find that contributors tend to participate in projects of similar team sizes. Second, we study the correlation between various social factors (e.g., closeness and betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient and tie strength) and the productivity of the contributors in terms of the amount of contribution and commitment to OSS projects. The analysis is conducted under the contexts of global and local networks, where a global network analysis considers a developer’s connectivity in the whole OSS community network, whereas a local network analysis considers a developer’s connectivity within a team network that is affiliated to a project. The analysis demonstrates evident influence of the social factors on the developers’ overall productivity.
Products of span zero continua and the fixed point property

We prove that products of surjective mappings from continua onto span zero continua are universal. It follows that products of span zero continua have the fixed point property.
The Jacobi-Trudi Identity

For another account that derives the Jacobi-Trudi identity as a determinantal identity for characters of S n using Mackey theory see Kerber [100]. The point of view in Zelevinsky [178] is slightly different but also similar in spirit. We take up his Hopf algebra approach in the exercises. For us, the details were worked out some years ago in the Stanford senior thesis of Karl Rumelhart.
The business of getting high: head shops, countercultural capitalism, and the marijuana legalization movement

In the late 1960s and 1970s, countercultural entrepreneurs in the United States sold paraphernalia for enhancing LSD trips or for smoking marijuana at small stores called head shops. These accessories of alternative lifestyles provided hippies with a totemic material culture they could call their own. Head shop owners hoped their countercultural wares and atmosphere would provide hippies with desperately needed public spaces where they could gather in peace without being harassed. More importantly, these entrepreneurs believed their products allowed people to alter their minds – and even their societies – through meaningful drug use. In addition, many head shops made vital contributions to the movement to undermine, reform, and eradicate America’s drug laws. While these businesses were not opposed to turning a profit, their communitarian idealism and political engagement contradict the common charge that so-called hip capitalists were little more than apolitical sell-outs and dupes. Both head shops and th...
Innate immunity at mucosal surfaces: the IRE1-RIDD-RIG-I pathway

Recent studies have linked the ER stress sensor IRE1α with the RIG-I pathway, which triggers an inflammatory response upon detection of viral RNAs. In response to ER dysfunction, IRE1α cleaves mRNA into single-strand fragments that lack markers of self, which activate RIG-I. Certain microbial products from mucosal pathogens activate this pathway by binding IRE1α directly, and the discovery that IRE1 is amplified at mucosal surfaces by gene duplication suggests an important role for IRE1 in mucosal immunity. Here, we review evidence in support of this hypothesis, and propose a model wherein IRE1 surveys the integrity of the ER, acting as a guard receptor and a pattern recognition receptor, capable both of sensing cellular stress caused by microbial infection and of responding to pathogens directly.
Recent Developments and Their Implications for the Future of Academic Statistical Consulting Centers

I describe how developments over the past 25 years in computing, funding, personnel, purpose, and training have affected academic statistical consulting centers and discuss how these developments and trends point to a range of potential futures. At one extreme, academic statistical consulting centers fail to adapt to competition from other disciplines in an increasingly fragmented market for statistical consulting and spiral downward toward irrelevancy and extinction. At the other extreme, purpose-driven academic statistical consulting centers constantly increase their impact in a virtuous cycle, leading the way toward the profession of statistics having greater positive impact on society. I conclude with actions to take to assure a robust future and increased impact for academic statistical consulting centers.
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen

The oxidation-reduction (redox) potential of a chemical system such as wine is a measure of the tendency of the molecules, or ions, to gain or lose electrons. A compound with a large positive reduction potential (e.g., oxygen) will readily accept electrons producing the reduced form of that compound (e.g., water). Conversely, molecules (ions) with a lower (negative) redox potential (e.g., SO2 or sulfite ion, SO 3 = ) exhibit increasing tendencies to lose electrons, hence producing the oxidized form (e.g., sulfate ion, SO 4 = ).
Painless Unsupervised Learning with Features

We show how features can easily be added to standard generative models for unsupervised learning, without requiring complex new training methods. In particular, each component multinomial of a generative model can be turned into a miniature logistic regression model if feature locality permits. The intuitive EM algorithm still applies, but with a gradient-based M-step familiar from discriminative training of logistic regression models. We apply this technique to part-of-speech induction, grammar induction, word alignment, and word segmentation, incorporating a few linguistically-motivated features into the standard generative model for each task. These feature-enhanced models each outperform their basic counterparts by a substantial margin, and even compete with and surpass more complex state-of-the-art models.
Four-year study concerning the inactivation of viruses in blood and plasma.

Summary Screening of 550 compounds for antiviral activity in plasma has revealed that most active viricides can be classified in one of seven groups, based on chemical structure. Of the active agents, nitrogen and sulfur mustard, ethylene oxide and betapropiolactone (BPL) have shown the best potentialities for sterilizing blood or plasma. To date, beta-propiolactone appears the most promising of these compounds from a viricidal and toxicologic standpoint. The bulk of virus activity in plasma can be destroyed by relatively low concentrations of beta-propiolactone (1000 mg./l.), even in the case of the sturdiest laboratory virus. However, two to three times this basal concentration is required to inactivate residual traces of these viruses and to thus insure absence of infecting units in transfusion volumes of plasma. The extent to which the basal concentration must be augmented to overcome this so-called "trailing effect" appears to be a function of individual virus resistance. Therefore, the concentration required for complete sterilization of the serum hepatitis virus must necessarily be determined directly by human volunteer studies with that virus. Investigations of this type have been in progress elsewhere for some time (6). Such factors as virus titer and plasma protein concentration also influence the sterilizing dosage of this compound. Beta-propiolactone possesses possibilities for sterilizing erythrocyte suspensions. Beta-propiolactone and ultraviolet irradiation have been found to be mutually potentiating when used in combination for the sterilization of plasma. Plasma treated with beta-propiolactone displays a striking lack of toxicity even at concentrations three to four times those required for complete inactivation of laboratory viruses. Over a 3-year period 241 patients have received 767 transfusions of plasma treated at viricidal concentrations without evidence of toxicity or production of serum hepatitis.