cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refining fit: Conceptual and methodological challenges

In some respects the development of research on person-environment fit has paralleled that of other methods and constructs in psychology such as psychotherapy and social support. Initial efforts have focused on basic questions such as: “Does psychotherapy work?; What are the correlates of social support?; and Is fit good for you?” However, as research has accumulated, it becomes clear that the initial questions raised were too simple (Gottlieb, 1981; Kiesler, 1971). Like psychotherapy and social support, some kinds of fit may be good for some people, in some places, some of the time, and in some ways. The challenge for researchers in the area is the development of models and methods that capture more fully the richness of the transaction between person and environment.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in an Ideal Plasma

A process analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms is described for an ideal plasma. Two electromagnetic fields whose frequency difference is near, but not equal, to the plasma frequency will drive a longitudinal plasma oscillation whose contribution to the current density opposes the current density produced by either field, if alone. This creates a passband at frequencies which would otherwise be below cutoff.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of meperidine analogues at monoamine transporters.

A series of aryl-substituted meperidine analogues was synthesized, and the binding affinities were determined at the DAT, SERT, and NET as well as at μ-opioid receptors. Generally the analogues exhibited increased affinity for the DAT and SERT relative to meperidine but exhibited low binding affinity for the NET. The 2-naphthyl derivative 7f was the most potent ligand at the SERT (Ki = 0.0072 μM) and was the most selective ligand for the SERT over the DAT (DAT/SERT = 158) and μ-opioid receptors (μ/SERT = 281). The 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e was the most potent ligand at the DAT (Ki = 0.125 μM) and was the most selective ligand for the DAT over μ-opioid receptors (μ/DAT = 16.3) but remained slightly more selective for the SERT over the DAT(DAT/SERT = 6.68). Three compounds, the 3,4-dichlorophenyl derivative 7e and the 2-naphthyl analogues 6f and 7f, were identified that were more potent at the DAT than meperidine and that exhibited well-defined biphasic dopamine uptake inhibition similar to meperidin...
Effects of 4“-Deoxy-4”-Epiavermectin B, Hydrochloride (MK-243) on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Effects of 4“-deoxy-4”-epiavermectin B1 hydrochloride (MK-243) on gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., were determined. LD50’s of MK-243 for third instars were 5.6, 1.1, and 0.32 p.g/g after 1, 2, and 5 d, respectively. LC50’s when third instars were exposed to residues on poplar foilage for 72 h were 0.20, 0.12, and 0.07 ppm at 0,1, and 5 d following exposure, respectively. Hatch of dehaired eggs and intact egg masses was reduced as much as 75% by 10, 5, or 1 ppm MK-243. At 10 ppm, all neonates died after eclosion; 50% of neonates treated with 5 or 1 ppm died following eclosion.
A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the cell cycle.

Abstract The ubiquitously expressed c-Abl tyrosine kinase is localized to the nucleus and binds to DNA. The DNA binding activity is regulated by cdc2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for c-Abl. Here we show that the tyrosine kinase activity of nuclear c-Abl is regulated in the cell cycle through a specific interaction with the retinoblastoma protein (RB). A domain in the C-terminus of RB, outside of the AB pocket, binds to the ATP-binding lobe of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase, resulting in kinase inhibition. The RB-c-Abl interaction is not affected by the viral oncoproteins that bind to RB. Hyperphosphorylation of RB correlates with release of c-Abl and activation of the tyrosine kinase in S phase cells. The nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase can enhance transcription, and this activity is inhibited by RB. Nuclear c-Abl is an S phase-activated tyrosine kinase that may participate directly in the regulation of transcription.
“Westward Drift” of the Satellite Geoid

RECENTLY, Dr. Tuman1 compared the mean free air anomaly as calculated by Jeffreys2 with the satellite geoids calculated by Izsak3 and Kaula4, and on the basis of this suggested that the satellite geoid may have a westward drift. If I were to admit that Jeffreys's geoid of 1943 was adequate for a comparison with the satellite results I might accept that Dr. Tuman's work was meaningful, yet I would still maintain that it is remarkable that Dr. Tuman failed to use better solutions of satellite geoid than Izsak's 1963 solution (many have since been published, for example, by Izsak5, by Anderle6 and by Guier and Newton7). But I must reject that attitude which maintains that Jeffreys's solution of 1943 is adequate for such a comparison. The problem that Jeffreys dealt with was a statistical one. Without observations in vast oceanic areas at the time of his analysis, it was not possible for him to be certain of how much of the gravity anomaly should be attributed to terms of degrees 2 and 3 and how much of it should be attributed to those of higher degrees. The uncertainties in his longitudinal terms were thus considerable. It is significant that the general features of Jeffreys's geoid are compatible with those of the satellite geoid, but the reliability of its detailed features—for example, the longitudinal positions of the maxima and minima of the geoidal height—requires considerable care.
Social business: an opportunity to transform work and create value

Purpose – This is a report on an IBM Institute for Business Value study, based on responses from more than 1,100 individuals and interviews with more than two dozen executives from leading organizations, that aims to suggest ways organizations can use social approaches to create meaningful business value.Design/methodology/approach – IBM conducted interviews of key executives of companies learning to embed their external social tools into core business processes and capabilities.Findings – The paper reveals that leading firms are using social approaches not only to communicate better with their customers, but also to share knowledge with their suppliers, business partners and, perhaps most important, their employees.Practical implications – Social business tools facilitate engagement in extensive discussions with employees, customers, business partners and other stakeholders and allow sharing of resources, skills and knowledge to drive business outcomes. Executives are concerned because social business re...
Leta Hollingworth's contributions to above‐level testing of the gifted

Leta S. Hollingworth (1886–1939) pioneered in above age‐and grade‐level testing of boys and girls in the New York City area whose IQs were extremely high. Her deep insights about measuring general and special abilities led to numerous current academic activities on behalf of intellectually highly talented young persons, especially including above‐level curricula for them.
Triple arthrodesis using external ring fixation and arched-wire compression.

From January 1995 to December 2000, 87 patients at a single medical center underwent triple arthrodesis using external rings and arched-wire compression as the method of fixation. A retrospective evaluation was conducted to assess the clinical results of this technique. Eighty-four patients (97%) achieved clinical and radiographic fusion in 6 to 8 weeks. All of the patients were partially weightbearing during the first postoperative week. Thirty-one patients (36%) developed a superficial infection at one or more wire insertion sites, and nine (10%) experienced dehiscence of an incision. Three patients (3%) developed an asymptomatic nonunion. This article describes the use of external ring fixation with arched-wire compression for triple arthrodesis and presents the findings from 87 patients who underwent this technique. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 12-21, 2004)
Quantitative Visualization of a Submerged Pseudoplastic Jet Using Particle Image Velocimetry

A preliminary experimental study of a pseudoplastic jet flow is reported in this paper. The velocity field was measured using Particle Image Velocimetry. Unlike a Newtonian jet, the pseudoplastic jet was observed to experience a sudden drop in its velocity at a reproducible position downstream of the nozzle for the range of velocities examined. This position moved downstream with an increase in the nozzle exit velocity. The center-line streamwise velocity decayed as X{sup {minus}15} to X{sup {minus}30} within the terminating region of the jet for three different nozzle exit velocities of 2.43, 3.17, and 5.42 m/s. This decay is in contrast to X{sup {minus}1} decay for a turbulent or laminar Newtonian jet. The location of the terminating region did not appear to scale with Reynolds number, Plasticity number, or Hedstrom number. At Reynolds numbers of 3,000 and 6,400, the instantaneous streamwise velocity maps indicated that the flow was fairly laminar, with a sinuous instability appearing at the higher Reynolds number condition. Close observation of the jet indicated that local turbulence could exist within regions of high shear rate. Further detailed study is required to confirm this observation. This work is relevant to jets used for resuspension of settled slurries andmore » colloidal dispersions in waste tanks located at various DOE sites.« less
British Military Intervention after World War II: Militance in a Second-Rank Power

The United Kingdom practiced foreign military intervention more than thirty times in more than twenty countries after World War II. She used force more extensively than any other major country desp...
Antiaromatic dianions: dianions of dixanthylidene by reduction and attempted excited-state deprotonation.

Reduction of dixanthylidene with potassium or lithium resulted in formation of the antiaromatic dianion in high yield. Attempts to form the dianion by excited-state deprotonation of dixanthene with n-butyllithium/TMEDA resulted in formation of the tetraanion from deprotonation ortho to the oxygen. Orientation of the sp3 hydrogens presumably allows preferential deprotonation of the xanthene rings.
Acute Hepatic Necrosis And Liver Failure Associated With Benzodiazepine Therapy In Six Cats, 1986–1995.

Summary A retrospective analysis was conducted of all feline necropsies performed during a nine year period to identify cases of sever, acute, centrilobular (periacinar), hepatic necrosis (ACHN). After exclusion of cats with anemia, a series of seven cases of ACHN was identified. In addition, two similar cases were identified from tissue submitted for histopathology following, and eight had bile duct hyperplasia. Seven of the nine cats received diazepam prior to dath, and one received zolazepam. Of the seven cats that received diazepam, five were healthy prior to treatment and received oral diazepam for the treatment of inappropriate urination, intercat aggression, or skin disease. Two cats which received diazepam exhibited other clinical signs: one had chronic vomiting, and the other received diazepam after biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis was present. Onset of clinical sings in cats receiving oral diazepam occurred 7–13 days following the initiation of treatment. Clinical signs and clinical biochemical analysis were compatible with severe hepatocellular necrosis and acute liver failure. All cats had lesions in other organs: five had pancreatic disease, five had cardiac disease, and five had renal disease. All cats died, or were euthanized, within 4 dyas of the onset of clinical signs and 2 days after presentation to a veterinarian. Fatal, acute, centrilobular hepatic necrosis appears to be a serious adverse reaction to diazepam therapy in certain cats.
25: Functional Analysis of Human Mutations in NAPI-IIC Reveals Important Residues for Surface Expression and Sodium-Phosphate Co-Transport

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MUTATIONS IN NAPIIIC REVEALS IMPORTANT RESIDUES FOR SURFACE EXPRESSION AND SODIUM-PHOSPHATE CO-TRANSPORT Clemens Bergwitz1 Graciana Jaureguiberry1, Thomas O Carpenter3, Stuart Forman2, Harald Juppner1 1Endocrine Unit and 2Dept. of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; 3 Dept. of Pediatrics and Endocrine Unit, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States. We recently reported homozygous and compound heterozygous lossof-function mutations in SLC34A3/NaPi-IIc as the cause for hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). To better understand how some of the point mutations reported by us and others (T137M, S138F, S192L, G196R, R468W, del527L, R353L, D237N and A413E) lead to renal phosphate wasting, we generated expression plasmids encoding enhanced green-fluorescence protein (EGFP) concatenated to the N-terminus of wild-type or mutant human NaPi-IIc. After transient transfection in Opossum kidney cells G196R and R468W were not expressed in apical patches (the renal brush border membrane equivalent), nor were these mutants present in plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes following cRNA injection (50 ng/oocyte). For S138F, S192L, R353L, D237N and A413E oocyte membrane fluorescence was reduced to <20% compared to EGFP-hNaPi-IIc, as quantified by confocal microscopy. The T137M and delL527L mutants were expressed in both kidney cells and oocytes, and sodium-dependent [33P]-uptake into oocytes corrected for surface expression was preserved. When further investigated, the Na:P-stoichiometry of simultaneous [P]and [Na]-uptake was increased from 2.3±0.4 in wild-type to 7.1±3.6 and 23±13 for T137M and delL527L, respectively. Furthermore, two-electrode studies indicated that EGFP-hNaPi-IIc carrying these mutations remains non-electrogenic, like wild-type NaPi-IIc, but displayed a significant phosphate-independent inward-rectified sodiumleak current which appears to be insensitive to phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a known inhibitor of sodium-dependent phosphate co-transport. T137M and delL527L may thus reduce the rate of phosphate uptake by uncoupling sodium-phosphate co-transport, suggesting that these amino acid residues have an important functional role in human NaPi-IIc.
Fatty acids and breast cancer: The role of stem cells

Studies with animal models in vivo as well as with animal and human tumor cells in vitro suggest that specific fatty acids could reduce breast tumorigenesis. The most striking dietary fatty acid studies in animal models that show promise for reduction of breast cancer risk in humans are with conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and n-3 fatty acids. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed, the specific target of those fatty acids is not yet known. We sought to determine whether the effects of those fatty acids on terminally differentiated tumor cell seen could be due to alteration of breast cancer stem cells. The isomers, cis9, trans11-CLA and trans10, cis12-CLA, and the n-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic, reduced the proliferation of, and had increased toxicity towards, mammary tumor initiating cells. One mechanism involved in the effect of n-3 fatty acids may be due to alteration of the profile of prostaglandins. These results indicate that select fatty acids may be useful for preventing or reducing the risk of breast cancer as they may target the tumor initiating cell.
Saccadic anomalies: vergence induces large departures from ball-and-socket behavior.

Abstract The configuration of muscular forces, which maintains a given orientation of the eye, varies with vergence state. As a consequence, changes in vergence produce both static and dynamic violations of simple ball-and-socket behavior: during strong convergence, the entire eye is displaced temporally within its orbit at steady state by as much as 200 μm; and the axis of ocular rotation for small horizontal saccades is consistently displaced forward within the globe by an average of about 1 mm. These phenomena occur regardless of whether vergence is maintained by accommodation or by binocular disparity. Hence, systematic errors of as much as a full degree can arise in measurement of vergence movement, unless monitoring methods are used which are insensitive to translational motion. The observed displacement on the axis of rotation for saccades may be involved in subjective shrinkage of visual targets during convergence (“experimental micropsia”).
Identification of nine novel mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in patients with pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (EDM1) are allelic disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). PSACH is a dominant condition characterized by disproportionate short stature, joint laxity, and early-onset osteoarthritis. EDM1 is a less severe skeletal dysplasia associated with average to mild short stature, joint pain, and early-onset osteoarthritis. COMP is an extracellular matrix protein present in cartilage, ligament, and tendon tissues. Here, we report on nine novel mutations in COMP causing PSACH and EDM1. Four of these mutations are in exons 13C and 14 where no previous mutations had been reported. One of those mutations was identified in two separate EDM1 families. In addition, we have identified the first case of PSACH resulting from an expansion of the five aspartates in exon 17B. We are also reporting a mutation in a third PSACH family with somatic/germline mosaicism. Therefore, this report increases the range of mutations that cause PSACH and EDM1 and provides additional regions to target for mutational analysis.
Evidence of a Substantial Genetic Basis for Risk of Adult Periodontitis

Background: A few previous studies have suggested that risk for adult periodontitis (AP) has a genetic (heritable) component. We estimated genetic and environmental variances and heritability for gingivitis and adult periodontitis using data from twins reared together. Methods: One hundred seventeen (117) pairs of adult twins (64 monozygotic [MZ] and 53 dizygotic [DZ] pairs) were recruited. Probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), plaque, and gingivitis (GI) were assessed on all teeth by two examiners. Measurements were averaged over all sites, teeth, and examiners. Extent of disease in subjects was defined at four thresholds: the percentage of teeth with AL ≥2, AL ≥3, PD ≥4, or PD ≥5 mm. Genetic and environmental variances and heritability were estimated using path models with maximum likelihood estimation techniques. Results: MZ twins were more similar than DZ twins for all clinical measures. Statistically significant genetic variance was found for both the severity and extent of disease. AP was estimated to have approximately 50% heritability, which was unaltered following adjustments for behavioral variables including smoking. In contrast, while MZ twins were also more similar than DZ twins for gingivitis scores, there was no evidence of heritability for gingivitis after behavioral covariates such as utilization of dental care and smoking were incorporated into the analyses. Conclusions: These results confirm previous studies and indicate that approximately half of the variance in disease in the population is attributed to genetic variance. The basis for the heritability of periodontitis appears to be biological and not behavioral in nature. J Periodontol 2000;71:1699-1707.
Inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity by acute administration of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine.

In rats anesthetized with pentobarbital/chloral hydrate, the i.v. injection of desipramine (0.3 mg/kg) caused a rapid fall in mean arterial blood pressure accompanied by a reduction in efferent renal nerve integrated activity. A similar reduction in electrical activity was seen in the preganglionic splanchnic nerve. Pretreatment of the rats with yohimbine (0.3 mg/kg) increased renal nerve activity by 20%, and the decrease in blood pressure and renal nerve activity elicited by a subsequent dose of desipramine was blocked. I.v. injection of prazosin (0.05 mg/kg) caused a reduction in systemic blood pressure. The hypotensive effect of a subsequent dose of desipramine was largely blocked, whereas the fall in renal nerve activity was attenuated, but still present. The data are consistent with an action of desipramine to reduce central sympathetic tone by increasing the release of endogenous noradrenaline which acts on α2-adrenoceptors at CNS sites controlling sympathetic activity. An additional involvement of central α1-adrenoceptors cannot be ruled out.
Shadowing in muon-nucleus scattering

We have measured the $A$ dependence of muon-nucleus scattering at an incident energy of 10.5 GeV and for $0.2l{Q}^{2}l2.4$ (${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, $1l\ensuremath{\nu}l9$ GeV. We observe shadowing over the entire region of ${Q}^{2}$, in disagreement with previous measurements. Current theoretical models predict shadowing only for ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$ (${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$.
Distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in neurons of the rat

Certain neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and some fibers of the sciatic nerve contain histochemically demonstrable carbonic anhydrase activity. Since the distribution of this enzyme throughout the nervous system has not yet been evaluated systematically, we conducted a comprehensive histochemical survey focusing particularly on structures derived from the neural crest and nonneural crest ectoderm. In the peripheral nervous system, we observed carbonic anhydrase activity in some, but not all, neurons of dorsal root, trigeminal, celiac, and myenteric ganglia as well as in glial cells throughout the CNS. Some neurons of the nodose ganglion also showed carbonic anhydrase activity. In all first order sensory ganglia that were studied, the enzyme was found only in large (50 micron or above) and medium (20-50 micron) size neurons; in the case of spinal ganglia, the reactive neurons constituted approximately 30% of the total neuronal population. Of these reactive neurons, 56% were heavily stained and 44% were moderately stained. Several possible roles for neuronal carbonic anhydrase are considered.
Role of the Pharmacist in the Management of Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia is one of a number of independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Numerous large-scale, randomized clinical trials demonstrate the benefit of aggressive lipid-modifying therapy in reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease. Despite these data and the wide dissemination of clinical practice guidelines outlining management strategies for patients with dyslipidemia, particularly those at the greatest cardiovascular risk, studies indicate that a significant proportion of patients are not screened, initiated on appropriate therapy, or treated to target lipid levels. Pharmacists, as part of the multidisciplinary team, can play a vital role in assisting in the management of patients with dyslipidemias. This article reviews published studies that have evaluated the pharmacist's role in lipid management, reviews the process for managing a patient with dyslipidemia, and provides suggestions on how pharmacists can become more involved in lipid management.
Numerical modeling of hydrogen permeation in chemical potential gradients

Abstract A point defect model was used to describe the functional dependence of defect species in SrCe 0.95 Y 0.05 O 3− d on hydrogen, water vapor, and oxygen partial pressure. Concentrations of each defect were simulated with a C programming code. The mobilities of protons, oxygen ions, and electrons were evaluated from partial conductivities. Hydrogen permeation equations derived from chemical diffusion theory were solved by a numerical modeling method. Accurate predictions of the hydrogen permeation flux were possible only when the functional dependence of ionic/electronic conductivity on both hydrogen and oxygen partial pressure was known. The dependence of hydrogen permeation flux on hydrogen potential difference agrees with the P H 2 dependence of electronic conductivity. Hydrogen permeation flux calculated for 1 mm SrCe 0.95 Y 0.05 O 3− d was ≈1.50×10 −9 mol/cm 2 s under Δ P H 2 (=10 −7 –1 atm), P O 2 (=10 −24 –10 −12 atm) with the same P H 2 O (=0.03 atm) on both sides at 973 K.
Role of the microcirculation in the treatment and pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Controversy exists whether the initiating events in psoriasis are primarily epidermal or dermal (vascular). To study this point, serial biopsies from 6 patients were taken from the periphery of individual plaques before, and at 1 to 3day intervals during, Goeckerman and PUVA treatments. Part of the biopsy was studied by electron microscopy to determine the fine structure of the capillary loops and part was incubated with tritiated thymidine to determine the labeling index (LI) of the basal cells. Normal appearing buttock skin of 11 other psoriatic patients not under treatment was studied by identical methods. In 4 of the 6 treated patients, the capillary loops began to return toward normal 3 to 8days before the LI began to decrease. Two patients did not show a return toward normal of either capillaries or LI during the period of the experiment. The LI was elevated in the normal appearing buttock skin of 6 of 11 untreated psoriatics. In 4 of the 6, the loops were normal arterial capillaries. We did not observe abnormal (venous) capillaries associated with a normal LI in the other 5 untreated patients. These data support the concept that the initiating factors in psoriasis are in the epidermis, but epidermal hyperplasia cannot occur without vascular proliferation. Understanding the factors responsible for shortening the capillary loops during epidermal normalization and for inhibition of capillary growth in the presence of an increased LI could lead to other ways of controlling psoriasis.
Human Histological Research: Is It Necessary? Humane? Ethical?

A review of the dental literature in the United States over the past 60 years is replete with studies utilizing human histological evidence for research. The first reference found for the use of human tissue for histological study was published in 1941 in the Journal of Dental Research.1 Much of this literature focuses on the use of block sections, in which teeth scheduled for extraction are removed along with portions of the surrounding soft tissue and bone in order to study the effects of various interventions. The tissue removed in no way facilitates the surgical extraction of the tooth. It is removed to establish the type of healing, repair, or regeneration by histological evidence. There is no compensating benefit to the patient who, in fact, is put at risk—the removal of the extra tissue may compromise the fit of a subsequent prosthetic restoration. J Periodontol 2005;76:1207-1210.
Allergic shock in humans: report of two cases with electrocardiographic findings.

Abstract Two cases of severe shock occurring in asthmatic individuals after the administration of histamine and aspirin are presented. Electrocardiographic changes in both cases during the acute and recovery phases are considered.
Serotonin (2C) receptor regulation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor sensitization

Abstract Previous studies have identified an inhibitory regulatory role of the 5-HT 2C receptor in serotonin and dopamine neurotransmission. As cocaine is known to enhance serotonin and dopamine transmission, the ability of 5-HT 2C receptors to modulate cocaine-induced behaviors was investigated. Alterations in cocaine reward behavior were assessed in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Mice were injected with a selective 5-HT 2C receptor agonist, Ro 60-0175 (0, 1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to cocaine administration (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on cocaine-conditioning days. Administration of Ro 60-0175(10 mg/kg) prior to cocaine attenuated the development of cocaine place preference. To assess the potential of the 5-HT 2C receptor to influence cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization, mice were pretreated with either saline or Ro 60-0175 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and 30 min later, administered cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline once daily for 5 days. Locomotor activity was measured daily following cocaine administration. After a 10-day drug-free period, locomotor activity was measured on day 16 following a challenge injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Pharmacological activation of 5-HT 2C receptors withRo 60-0175 attenuated acute cocaine-induced activity on days 1–5, as well as the development of long-term cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Thus, activation of 5-HT 2C receptors attenuated the rewarding and locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine, as well as inhibited the development of sensitization. The current study shows that 5-HT 2C receptor activity exerts an inhibitory influence on the short-term and long-term behavioral responses to cocaine.
Design of (N)-Methanocarba Adenosine 5′-Uronamides as Species-Independent A3 Receptor-Selective Agonists

2-Chloro-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine analogues containing the (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system as a ribose substitute display increased selectivity as agonists of the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR). However, the selectivity in mouse was greatly reduced due to an increased tolerance of this ring system at the mouse A(1)AR. Therefore, we varied substituents at the N(6) and C2 positions in search of compounds that have improved A(3)AR selectivity and are species independent. An N(6)-methyl analogue was balanced in affinity at mouse A(1)/A(3)ARs, with high selectivity in comparison to the A(2A)AR. Substitution of the 2-chloro atom with larger and more hydrophobic substituents, such as iodo and alkynyl groups, tended to increase the A(3)AR selectivity (up to 430-fold) in mouse and preserve it in human. Extended and chemically functionalized alkynyl chains attached at the C2 position of the purine moiety preserved A(3)AR selectivity more effectively than similar chains attached at the 3-position of the N(6)-benzyl group.
Radiation-induced phosphorylation of Chk1 at S345 is associated with p53-dependent cell cycle arrest pathways.

Because DNA damage-inducible cell cycle checkpoints are thought to protect cells from the lethal effects of ionizing radiation, a better understanding of the mechanistic functions of cell cycle regulatory proteins may reveal new molecular targets for cancer therapy. The two major regulatory proteins of G2 arrest are Chk1 and p53. Yet, it is unclear how these two proteins interact and coordinate their functional roles during radiationinduced G2 arrest. To determine Chk1's role in p53-dependent G2 arrest, we used p53 proficient cells and examined expression of G2 arrest proteins under conditions in which G2 arrest was inhibited by the staurosporine analog, UCN-01. We found that UCN-01 inhibited both G1 and G2 arrest in irradiated p53 proficient cells. The arrest inhibition was associated with suppression of radiation-induced expression of both p21 and 14-3-3σ — two known p53-dependent G2 arrest proteins. The suppression occurred despite normal induction of p53 and normal phosphorylation of p53 at S20 and Cdc25C at S216 — the two known substrates of Chk1 kinase activity. In contrast, we showed that radiation-induced phosphorylation of Chk1 at S345 was associated with binding of Chk1 to p53, p21, and 14-3-3σ, and that UCN-01 inhibited S345 phosphorylation. We suggest that DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of Chk1 at S345, and subsequent p53 binding, links Chk1 with p53 downstream responses and may provide a coordinated interaction between DNA damage responses and cell cycle arrest functions.
The Effects of Gain Adaptation on Qos Deterioration in an Internet-Based Teleoperation Using a Virtual Reality Interface

The Internet connects millions of computers worldwide, and provides a new potential working environment for remote-controlled telerobotic systems. The main drawback of using the Internet in this application is random delays between communicating nodes. These delays are considered disturbances in human-machine interaction and may affect telepresence experiences in teleoperation systems, particularly those integrating virtual reality technology for interface presentation. This research evaluated the effect of constant and random network (communication) delays on remote-controlled telerover performance, operator workload and telepresence experiences. The research also assessed the effect of using a system gain adaptation algorithm to offset the negative impact of communication delays on various response measures. It was expected that with gain adaptation, system stability, performance and user telepresence experiences would improve with a corresponding decrease in workload. Results indicated that gain adapta...
Changes in the media under Gorbachev: The case of television

Under Gorbachev the Soviet media have led the way in the process of mobilization. Television, in particular, has become the first truly national medium in Soviet history, reaching virtually all parts of the country and attracting an audience the size of which has never been approached before. Under Gorbachev, the presentation of Soviet television has changed considerably, and audience impact is likely to have changed in parallel although adequate measures of viewer reaction are not currently available. Spacebridges between the USSR and other countries have been a particularly notable innovation, although a controversial one to many Soviet commentators. Although it may have a long‐term homogenizing effect, the wider penetration of television into Soviet life may raise expectations in a manner that will present difficulties to the central leadership.
Adrenal phasing of a diurnal rhythm of testicular responsiveness to FSH in chickens

Abstract The adrenal steroids have been implicated in phasing a diurnal rhythm of testicular responsiveness to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in sexually immature white Leghom cockerels. FSH injected at the end of a 16-hr photoperiod stimulated a significantly greater weight increase by the testes than the same dose given at 0 or 8 hr. This diurnal rhythm of response to FSH did not occur in chicks receiving Metopirone, an inhibitor of adrenal steroid synthesis. This rhythm of response was absent also in chicks maintained in continuous light. However, among chicks in continuous light, injections of corticosterone phased a period of increased responsiveness to FSH 16 hr later. This diurnal rhythm of response to FSH by the testes indicates the probable occurrence of a rhythmic internal factor capable of mediating this temporally based differential response. The data suggest that in white Leghorn cockerels this factor is corticosterone.
Does intracisternal thrombolysis prevent vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage? A meta-analysis.

Objective Despite existing strategies for the treatment of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm remains a persistent contributor to death and disability. The intracisternal application of thrombolytic agents to dissolve subarachnoid clot has been advocated. The goal of this analysis was to assess the currently available evidence regarding the effectiveness of this treatment. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the published literature; all controlled trials were included. The outcomes of interest were delayed ischemic neurological deficits, poor Glasgow Outcome Scale scores, and death. A formal meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model. Results The search revealed nine trials or trial subgroups (only one of which was randomized), with a total enrollment of 652 patients. Pooled results demonstrated beneficial effects of treatment, with absolute risk reductions of 14.4% (95% confidence interval, 6.5-22.5%; P 0.10). Studies that enrolled only patients at high risk for vasospasm seemed to demonstrate greater treatment effects. Conclusion The meta-analysis suggests a clinically relevant and statistically significant beneficial effect of intracisternal thrombolysis. However, the results of the analysis are limited by the predominance of nonrandomized studies. Further randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials of high-risk patients would be justified.
When acoustic sequences are not perceptual sequences: the global perception of auditory patterns.

Warren, Bashford, and Gardner (1990) found that when sequences consisting of 10 40-msec steady-state vowels were presented in recycled format, minimal changes in order (interchanging the position of two adjacent phonemes) produced easily recognizable differences in verbal organization, even though the vowel durations were well below the threshold for identification of order. The present study was designed to determine if this ability to discriminate between different arrangements of components is limited to speech sounds subject to verbal organization, or if it reflects a more general auditory ability. In the first experiment. 10 40-msec sinusoidal tones were substituted for the vowels; it was found that the easy discrimination of minimal changea in order is not limited to speech sounds. A second experiment substituted 10 40-msec frozen noise segments for the vowels. The succession of noise segments formed a 400-msec frozen noise pattern that cannot be considered as a sequence of individual sounds, as can the succession of vowels or tones. Nevertheless, listeners again could discriminate between patterns differing.only in the order of two adjacent 40-msec segments. These results, together with other evidence, indicate that it is not necessary foracoustic sequences of brief items (such as phonemes and tones) to be processed asperceptual sequences (that is, as a succession of discrete identifiable sounds) for different arrangements to be discriminated. Instead, component acoustic elements form distinctive “temporal compounds,” which permit listeners to distinguish between different arrangements of portions of an acoustic pattern without the need for segmentation into an ordered series of component items. Implications for models dealing with the recognition of speech and music are discussed.
The Effect of the Length of Daily Light Periods on the Volume and Fertilizing Capacity of Semen From Male Chickens

Abstract MOST the research reported on photoperiodism as related to avian reproduction has been concerned either with testis changes in wild birds or with egg production in domestic fowl. The male domestic fowl has received relatively little attention. The effects of varying the length of daily light periods on spermatogenesis and changes in testis size have been reviewed by numerous investigators including Lamoreux (1943a), Amoroso and Marshall (1960) and Romanoff (1960). Lamoreux also reported results of experiments showing the effect of the amount of daily light on semen production in White Leghorn and concluded that 12 hours or more of daily light were required to effectively stimulate semen production. He did not determine the effect of daily light periods on the fertilizing capacity of semen produced. Bonadonna and Pozzi (1955) observed that cocks “steadily kept in the dark,” as well as males kept under continuous illumination, produced smaller semen volumes than…
Morphological response of mammalian cells to pulsed ac fields

Abstract A newly developed method of detecting morphology and morphological changes of adherent mammalian cells cultured on thin film gold electrodes (electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing) has been used to measure the response of cells to external electrical stimuli. When sufficiently high ac voltage pulses were applied, the impedance of the cell layer changed reproducibly, indicating morphological changes in the cell layer, as no such impedance changes were seen with cell-free electrodes. The response increased with increasing voltage pulses and was distinct for different cell types. The threshold voltage across the cell layer causing an observable change was found to be of the order of 0.1 V, which is higher than that reported by others using dc fields. In certain cases, it was found that the impedance of the cell layer decreased upon pulsation and then started to recover, but decreased again before finally recovering. This suggests that two different events cause a drop in impedance of the cell layer when the adherent mammalian cells are transiently exposed to an external electrical field.
SU-E-T-596: High Dose Brachytherapy Planning of a Left Breast Cancer Patient with in Situ Pacemaker:

Purpose: To investigate the benefits of multilumen partial breast Brachytherapy device, SAVI, in reducing dose to in situ pacemakers in patients with cancer of the left breast. Methods: A left breast cancer patient with an in situ pacemaker underwent breast conservative surgery and was referred for Partial Breast Irradiation (PBI) using Ir‐192 High Dose Rate Brachytherapy. The preliminary estimation of the pacemaker dose from a pre‐insertion CT study was about 8 % of the prescribed dose which exceeded the generally accepted dose of 2Gy. The challenge was to use a suitable applicator to treat the tumor bed and 1 cm margin without exceeding the 2Gy limit to the pacemaker and the leads. A seven catheter SAVI device was selected and implanted in the left breast in an optimal direction and a 3D treatment plan was generated following a post insertion CT scan, using the Oncentra Brachy treatment planning system. Several optimization tools available in the planning system namely inverse, graphical, and dose point optimization were utilized to selectively load the catheters and reduce the dose to pacemaker and leads. A set of calibrated TLD chips were used to determine the surface dose on the pacemaker, which was then compared to the calculated surface dose. The pacemaker parameters were monitored before and after the 10 fraction (bid 5days) HDR brachytherapy, by a vendor representative and were found to functioning properly. Results: Using the seven catheter SAVI device it was possible to limit the pacemaker/ leads dose to less than 2 Gy, with an overall satisfactory dose to the target volume. Conclusions: By combining the optimization tools of today's Brachytherapy planning system and a multilumen SAVI applicator, HDR partial breast irradiation can be successfully delivered for left breast cancer patients with in situ pacemaker, with out the concern of interrupting pacemaker functionality
CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF MARINE DIATOMS UNDER SILICATE LIMITATION. II. EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF SKELETONEMA COSTATUM1,2

SUMMARY Two replicate experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of light intensity on the growth and nutrient uptake of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve in silicate-limited continuous culture. Each experiment began with 4 identical chemostat cultures of S. costatum growing at the normal laboratory light (0.14 ly · min−1, continuous illumination) under strong silicate limitation. Screens were placed over 3 cultures reducing them to light intensities of 0.042, 0.021 and 0.0018 ly · min−1. Based on growth rules, nutrient uptake rates, cell morphology and chemical composition, the cultures receiving 0.021, and 0.0018 ly · min−1 appeared to he light-limited, whereas the culture receiving 0.14 ly.
A new method to measure small peptides amended in seawater using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

Abstract Quantifying peptide decomposition rate is crucial in understanding marine carbon and nitrogen cycling, because proteins and peptides constitute a major fraction of labile organic matter. However, analytical techniques of detecting small peptides in nanomolar levels in seawater are limited. A new method was developed to measure low concentrations of small peptides amended in seawater, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). This technique reduces the detection limit of small peptides by two orders of magnitude relative to the common ultraviolet (UV) detection. A 6-way valve was added before the MS and the valve was programmed to guide the salt peak to waste before the peptide peak was introduced to the MS. Therefore, peptides amended in seawater were injected directly to the HPLC–MS without desalting pretreatment. This new method can detect as low as 0.23 pmol of tetrapeptide alanine–valine–phenylalanine–alanine (AVFA), a peptide fragment of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO), with less than 5% precision (relative standard deviation). This method was applied successfully to determine decomposition rates of two small peptides, AVFA and serine–tryptophan–glycine–alanine (SWGA), in coastal oceans, and first data of peptide hydrolysis rates using small plain peptides at lower than micromolar concentrations were obtained. Hydrolysis of AVFA and its fluorescent analog was also compared at such low concentration levels. This analytical method broadens our capability to examine the biogeochemical behavior of small peptides, including their hydrolysis, decomposition, and other possible transformation processes in aquatic environments.
Use of a rastered microbeam to study lateral diffusion of interest to microelectronics

Abstract The use of the Albany MeV rastered microbeam to study lateral diffusion of interest to microelectronics is discussed. As an illustration of this technique, a study is presented of the lateral transport that occurs near the edge of a Ni film deposited on Si when this sample is heated. Used in an imaging mode, these measurements show the formation of a series of distinct regions composed of different stable Ni suicides, starting with the Ni 3 Si and forming progressively less Ni rich suicides as one moves away from the Ni region.
A hypervelocity fragment launcher based on an inhibited shaped charge

Abstract A hypervelocity fragment launcher based on an inhibited shaped charge was developed, which launches a 0.5–1.0 g aluminum fragment at 11.2±0.2 km/s . Experimental and computational work performed during its development are presented. The launched fragment is characterized by in-flight flash radiography and impact crater examination.
Space optics contributions by the College of Optical Sciences over the past 50 years

We present a review of the contributions by students, staff, faculty and alumni to the Nation’s space program over the past 50 years. The balloon polariscope led the way to future space optics missions. The missions Pioneer Venus (large probe solar flux radiometer), Pioneer 10/11 (imaging photopolarimeter) to Jupiter and Saturn, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and next generation large aperture space telescopes are discussed.