cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending the Perception of Shape from Known to Unknown Shading

Two experiments are reported which demonstrate the effects of light-source position as an intervening variable upon the perception of relief in pictures. In the first experiment, it is shown that the pattern of light (attached shadow) falling upon forms that can be recognized as having unambiguous surface relief (concave and convex parts) influences the perception of forms with ambiguous surface relief. In the second experiment it is demonstrated that cast shadows may also determine the interpretation of ambiguous relief. These findings suggest that light-source position, implicitly or explicitly, mediates the interpretation of surface relief in pictures.
Study of transverse flow effects on particle flows and contamination of air bearing sliders

For some complex slider designs the two dimensional approximation incorporated in the Reynolds equation for determining the airflow in the air bearing is not applicable due to steps in the air bearing surface. A model that incorporates some transverse flow effects is needed to better characterize the airflow between the slider and disk for some applications. In this paper such a model is derived to better predict the paths of contamination particles entrained in the air bearing. The characteristics of airflow and particle flow within the air bearing are then studied. The analysis including the transverse effects reveals that the transverse velocity of the air is not negligible in the geometric transition regions of the slider. This transverse velocity has a significant effect on the flight path of particles, and therefore, on the particle contamination profile on slider surfaces. The assumption of adhesion of the particles upon impact with a surface is used as the contamination criteria, and it is viewed as the worst-case scenario.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Cross-modal, auditory-visual Stroop interference and possible implications for speech memory.

This study examines effects of auditory color-word interference on a visual Stroop task with a spoken response. The presence of cross-modal interference indicates that subjects could not prevent the processing of irrelevant, spoken color words. Additional aspects of the results (e.g., lack of effects from noncolor items and additivity of auditory and visual interference) are used to support a description of processing in which multiple verbal items enter a prespeech buffer and a selection mechanism examines buffer items in parallel.
Addition of ionizing radiation or hyperthermia enhances PDT efficacy in glioma spheroids

The effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and gamma radiation, and PDT and hyperthermia (HT) are investigated in human glioma spheroids. In the case of ionizing radiation and PDT, the degree of interaction between the two modalities depends in a complex manner on a number of factors, including light fluence, fluence rate and radiation dose. It is shown that, under certain conditions, PDT and gamma radiation interact synergistically to produce enhanced cell kill. The degree of interaction appears to be independent of both sequence and time intervals investigated. TUNEL assays show that low fluence-rate ALA-PDT is a very efficient inducer of apoptosis, whereas neither high-fluence rate PDT nor ionizing radiation results in significant apoptosis in this system. Synergistic interactions between HT and PDT are observed when the two modalities are given concurrently. The degree of synergism increases with increasing temperature and light fluence. It is shown that apoptosis is the primary mode of cell death following combined HT and low-fluence rate ALA-PDT.
Potato digger adjustment in relation to tuber bruising

Seven factors involving types of potato diggers, their adjustment and operation as related to tuber bruising were studied on 32 New York farms over a three-year period. On the basis of the reduction in bruising obtained in these studies, speed of the apron, type of digger, and depth of digger point may be considered most important under prevailing conditions. However, it is obvious that attention to any one or a combination of several of these factors may result profitably to a potato grower according to his specific conditions.
The Wavy Ekman Layer: Langmuir Circulations, Breaking Waves, and Reynolds Stress

AbstractLarge-eddy simulations are made for the canonical Ekman layer problem of a steady wind above a uniformly rotating, constant-density ocean. The focus is on the influence of surface gravity waves: namely, the wave-averaged Stokes-Coriolis and Stokes-vortex forces and parameterized wave breaking for momentum and energy injection. The wave effects are substantial: the boundary layer is deeper, the turbulence is stronger, and eddy momentum flux is dominated by breakers and Langmuir circulations with a vertical structure inconsistent with both the conventional logarithmic layer and eddy viscosity relations. The surface particle mean drift is dominated by Stokes velocity with Langmuir circulations playing a minor role. Implications are assessed for parameterization of the mean velocity profile in the Ekman layer with wave effects by exploring several parameterization ideas. The authors find that the K-profile parameterization (KPP) eddy viscosity is skillful for the interior of the Ekman layer with wave-...
Critical points in the linear σ model with quarks

We employ a simple effective model to study the chiral dynamics of two flavors of quarks at finite temperature and density. In particular, we determine the phase diagram in the plane of temperature and baryon chemical potential as a function of the pion mass. An interesting phase structure occurs that results in zero, one, or two critical points depending on the value of the vacuum pion mass.
Abstract 2809: Deficiency of Notch-1 signaling in liver increases neuroblastoma hepatic metastases.

Purpose: The Notch signaling pathway has been extensively studied for its role in tumor angiogenesis but its function in tumor metastasis is largely elusive. In the present study we investigated the role of a notch receptor, Notch-1, in the regulation of neuroblastoma liver metastatic process. Methods: To investigate the function of Notch-1 in neuroblastoma liver metastasis we first generated immunodeficient (rag2gammaC deletion) Notch-1 heterozygous (+/-) mice. We crossed a Notch1 heterozygous (+/-) mouse with a rag2/gamma-c double knockout (-/-) mouse. The mouse with Notch1(+/-)rag2(+/-)gammaC(+/-) genotype was then backcrossed with a rag2gammaC double knockout (-/-) mouse to generate rag2(-/-)gammaC(-/-)Notch1(+/-) mouse or rag2(-/-)gammaC(-/-)Notch1(+/+)control mouse . These mice (n=5) were intracardically injected with 105 neuroblastoma NGP (MYCN amplified) cells expressing Firefly luciferase. The mice were subjected to IVIS- bioluminescence imaging, once in a week, to monitor the metastatic spread. All mice were sacrificed at week 8. At the time of sacrifice, mice were injected with Luciferin, sacrificed and liver was then dissected out, imaged and bioluminescence flux was measured (ex vivo imaging). The liver tissues were also sectioned (5um, paraffin) and HE 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2809. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2809
Medical and surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. Strategies to slow symptom progression and improve quality of life.

PREVIEWAlthough Parkinson's disease cannot be cured, judicious use of pharmacotherapy may make the patient's disabilities more tolerable. The authors note that treatment must be individualized and that the patient's age at diagnosis is a consideration in the approach. Research is proceeding on surgical procedures that may be appropriate when drugs fail. For information on causes and diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, see the article by the same authors in the July 1999 issue
Reconsidering nerve decompression: an overlooked opportunity to limit diabetic foot ulcer recurrence and amputation.

Nerve decompression for relief of subjective diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy pain and numbness has been labeled of “unknown” benefit. Objective outcomes in treatment and prevention of diabetic foot complications are reviewed. There is growing evidence that plantar foot ulceration and recurrence in high-risk feet are minimized with this operation. Avoiding neuropathic and neuroischemic ulcer wounds should theoretically reduce amputations and perhaps mortality risk. Protective effects are hypothesized to act via relief of neuro-vascular entrapment, thereby improving neurally modulated tissue homeostasis factors. Nerve decompression deserves considerable research attention to understand its role in limiting foot complications. Its apparent benefits challenge the paradigm that diabetic neuropathy is a purely length-dependent axonopathy and may necessitate appreciation of superimposed nerve entrapment as an significant operant factor.
A resilience assessment framework for infrastructure and economic systems: Quantitative and qualitative resilience analysis of petrochemical supply chains to a hurricane

In recent years, the nation has recognized that critical infrastructure protection should consider not only the prevention of disruptive events but also the processes that infrastructure systems undergo to maintain functionality following disruptions. This more comprehensive approach has been termed critical infrastructure resilience. Given the occurrence of a particular disruptive event, the resilience of a system to that event is the system's ability to reduce efficiently both the magnitude and duration of the deviation from targeted system performance levels. Under the direction of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate, Sandia National Laboratories has developed a comprehensive resilience assessment framework for evaluating the resilience of infrastructure and economic systems. The framework includes a quantitative methodology that measures resilience costs that result from a disruption to infrastructure function. The framework also includes a qualitative analysis methodology that assesses system characteristics affecting resilience to provide insight and direction for potential improvements. This article describes the resilience assessment framework and demonstrates the utility of the assessment framework through application to two hypothetical scenarios involving the disruption of a petrochemical supply chain by hurricanes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Implicit multigrid computation of unsteady flows past cylinders of square cross-section

Abstract An implicit, multigrid scheme has been extended to treat unsteady flows using the concept of temporal subiteration (or dual-time stepping, as it sometimes is called). The efficiency and accuracy of the subiterated, multigrid approach has been discussed in a previous paper. Here, the scheme is applied to compute the unsteady flow past fixed cylinders of square cross-section at moderate Reynolds numbers. The observed pattern of periodic vortex shedding is computed and the dimensionless frequency of this phenomenon (the Strouhal number) is compared with experimentally determined values. Results of coupled aeroelastic computations also are presented that illustrate a hysteresis phenomenon as the structural frequency is varied.
Saturn's E, G, and F rings - Modulated by the plasma sheet?

Saturn's broad E ring, the narrow G ring, and the structured and apparently time-variable F ring(s) contain many micron and submicron-sized particles, which make up the 'visible' component. These rings (or ring systems) are in direct contact with magnetospheric plasma. Fluctuations in the plasma density and/or mean energy, due to magnetospheric and solar wind processes, may induce stochastic charge variations on the dust particles, which in turn lead to an orbit perturbation and spatial diffusion. In addition, Coulomb drag forces may be important, in particular for the E ring. The possibility that electromagnetic effects may play a role in determining the F ring structure and its possible time variations is critically examined. Sputtering of micron-sized dust particles in the E ring by magnetospheric ions yields lifetimes of 100 to 10,000 years. This effect as well as the plasma induced transport processes require an active source for the E ring, probably Enceladus.
Creative blocks: cell-cycle checkpoints and feedback controls

Before division, cells must ensure that they finish DNA replication, DMA repair and chromosome segregation. They do so by using feedback controls which can detect the failure to complete replication, repair or spindle assembly to arrest the progress of the cell cycle at one of three checkpoints. Failures in feedback controls can contribute to the generation of cancer.
Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin, insulin and glucagon in the principal islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus) and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctata)

Somatostatin, insulin and glucagon were localized in the principal islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus) and the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctata) by means of the unlabeled antibody-peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. Both species showed a similar ratio of positive cells 9:6:4 (insulin:somatostatin:glucagon), but the interrelations of the three cell types differed between species. The large number of somatostatin-positive cells may be indicative of an important role for this hormone in teleost physiology. The principal islets appear to be a good source of tissue for further work on somatostatin.
Process variables in neorealist theory

(1996). Process variables in neorealist theory. Security Studies: Vol. 5, Realism: Restatements and Renewal, pp. 167-192.
Advancing Out of Poverty: Social Class Worldview and Its Relation to Resilience

Children born into poverty in the United States are at higher risk for a number of nonresilient outcomes. An extensive body of work examines and then confirms the qualities of resilient children, e...
The effect of bacitracin and Ca ++ on the formation of polyprenylpyrophosphates and their incorporation into ubiquinone precursors in mammalian and bacterial systems.

Abstract Formation of ubiquinone precursors, polyprenylpyrophosphate, and 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid is greatly inhibited by bacitracin. The antibiotic prevents the transfer of polyprenylpyrophosphate to p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rat liver mitochondria and in cell-free extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum . In extracts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacitracin also inhibits the polymerization of isopentenylpyrophosphate to the longer chain polyprenylpyrophosphates. Ca ++ also inhibits the formation of polyprenylpyrophosphate and 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate in rat liver mitochondria. The significance of agents which influence the availability of polyprenylpyrophosphate in synthetic pathways is discussed.
Teaching high-assurance internet protocol encryption (haipe) using opnet modeler simulation tool

HAIPE is a primary encryption technology in the Department of Defense (DoD) Networks and has been a critical architecture component of net-centric operation. It is a fairly new encryption technology similar to Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), and it is not easy to teach different components of HAIPE in a traditional classroom environment. However, Optimum Network (OPNET) Modeler tool with extensive features of HAIPE offers practical experience of the encryption technology to students. A combination of theoretical teaching and practical experience provide easier and in-depth understanding of the technology. This paper discusses how the OPNET Modeler tool can benefit students in the understanding of HAIPE technology and discusses the features in the tool offers that can be used for effective teaching. Lastly, this paper discusses how this tool can be used to meet configuration, visual, and trade-off learning objectives.
Fatigue crack propagation and closure behavior of modified 1070 steel: Experimental results

Abstract A combined experimental and finite element study of fatigue crack propagation and crack closure behavior, in a modified 1070 steel, has been conducted. In this paper, the experimental aspects of this study are presented and discussed. A comparison of crack closure measurement techniques using crack mouth opening displacement, back-face strain gage and a new surface strain gage method was performed. For two thicknesses of compact tension specimens, a series of constant maximum stress intensity and constant load ratio, constant load and constant load ratio, constant maximum stress intensity and increasing load ratio, single tensile overload, and conventional fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted. Implications of the influence of specimen thickness, crack length and test conditions on closure and crack growth behavior are detailed. Electron microscopy observations of the fatigue fracture surfaces were performed to assess the relative importance of crack path meandering, oxide-induced ind surface roughness-induced crack closure mechanisms. In the domain of stable crack growth, closure is dictated by the mechanism of plasticity-induced crack closure; while near-threshold behavior was found to be dominated by the conjoint and mutually interactive mechanisms of oxide-induced and surface roughness-induced crack closure. Test results reveal a significant influence of specimen thickness on closure and overall growth rate behavior. The salient advantages of the new surface strain gage method are elucidated and the conformance of experimentally measured and calculated growth rates is highlighted.
Overcoming Matrix Effects in a Complex Sample: Analysis of Multiple Elements in Multivitamins by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A multivitamin tablet and liquid are analyzed for the elements calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese using atomic absorption spectrometry. Linear calibration and standard addition are used for all elements except calcium, allowing for an estimate of the matrix effects encountered for this complex sample. Sample preparation using standard lab chemicals and equipment allows for this experiment to be easily incorporated into undergraduate analytical laboratory courses.
Response to D’Arms and Hills

The Jamesian approach to emotions, in traditional form and in my supplemented variant, has met with considerable resistance, both from defenders of cognitive theories and even from those who think that many emotions are not cognitive. I could not have found a more thoughtful pair of critics than Justin D'Arms and David Hills, whose subtle worries I failed to anticipate when writing Gut Reactions. So let me begin by acknowledging a heartfelt debt to them. I have learned much from this exchange, and I doubt that my replies to their objections will convince them.
Persistent Rhetoric for Persistent Worlds: The Mutability of the Self in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games

Employing a grounded theory approach to implicit identity theory, this essay seeks to argue that humans create both the product of identity and the process of identity through rhetorical actions in...
The role of Ca2+ in control of malic enzyme activity in bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria

Abstract Low physiological levels of Ca 2+ , in the presence of Mg 2+ allow the reduction of extramitochondrial NADP+ via intramitochondrial malic enzyme. The rate of reduction is dependent on the concentration of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . The Ca 2+ levels producing the appearance of malic enzyme activity also cause an ultrastructural transformation from the aggregated to the orthodox form. The phenomenon requires electron transport and is blocked by agents which interfere with active Ca 2+ accumulation.
Single drop mass transfer augmented by interfacial instability

Abstract A photographic technique was used to determine mass transfer rates from single drops immediately following formation. Measurements were made on a system expected to exhibit interfacial tension driven convection and comparisons are drawn to predictions for stable systems and to measurements in the presence of surfactant. Unusually high mass transfer coefficients are reported.
Segmentation of prostate cancer tissue microarray images

Prostate cancer is diagnosed by histopathology interpretation of hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained tissue sections. Gland and nuclei distributions vary with the disease grade. The morphological features vary with the advance of cancer where the epithelial regions grow into the stroma. An efficient pathology slide image analysis method involved using a tissue microarray with known disease stages. Digital 24-bit RGB images were acquired for each tissue element on the slide with both 10X and 40X objectives. Initial segmentation at low magnification was accomplished using prior spectral characteristics from a training tissue set composed of four tissue clusters; namely, glands, epithelia, stroma and nuclei. The segmentation method was automated by using the training RGB values as an initial guess and iterating the averaging process 10 times to find the four cluster centers. Labels were assigned to the nearest cluster center in red-blue spectral feature space. An automatic threshold algorithm separated the glands from the tissue. A visual pseudo color representation of 60 segmented tissue microarray image was generated where white, pink, red, blue colors represent glands, epithelia, stroma and nuclei, respectively. The higher magnification images provided refined nuclei morphology. The nuclei were detected with a RGB color space principle component analysis that resulted in a grey scale image. The shape metrics such as compactness, elongation, minimum and maximum diameters were calculated based on the eigenvalues of the best-fitting ellipses to the nuclei.
A mass spectrometric study of copper(II) acetate

Abstract Electron and chemical ionization mass spectra of copper(II) acetate monohydrate have been obtained. Exact mass measurements resolve the previously disputed compositions of several cluster ions and new high mass cluster ions are reported. The majority of the ions are consistent with a Cu(I) oxidation state, but a few require Cu(II). The reported reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) on the direct insertion probe is confirmed, but is shown not to proceed to completion. The occurrence of intermolecular hydrogen transfer in electron ionization is conclusively established by exact mass measurement. The methane chemical ionization mass spectrum of copper(II) acetate is recorded for the first time; cluster ions with equal numbers of copper atoms and ligand groups are observed to incorporate hydrogen preferentially. Daughter and parent ion MS/MS experiments are used to establish ion relationships in the gas phase and, in particular, to highlight ions which incorporate additional hydrogen atoms.
A noninvasive approach to body composition in the neonate: dynamic skinfold measurements.

Extract: Midtricipital (MT) and subscapular (SS) skinfolds were measured within 24 hr of birth in 23 normally grown mature (NG-M); 23 normally grown premature (NG-P); 6 intrauterine growth-retarded mature (IGR-M); and 7 intrauterine growth-retarded premature (IGR-P) infants. A rapid initial decrease in measured skinfold thickness (SFT) occurred after application of a Harpenden caliper, but readings stabilized by 60 s (SFT60). Measurements were recorded at 15 and 60 s. The difference between 15− and 60-s readings was expressed in percentage of the 15-s reading (percentage ΔSFT). The amount of subcutaneous fat, estimated from the SFT60 measurements, was affected by duration of gestation in the NG-M and NG-P and the IGR-M and IGR-P groups. In both NG groups, good linear correlations with birth weight (r = 0.852 at MT and 0.874 at SS, P < 0.001) and with gestational age (r = 0.842 at MT and r = 0.804 at SS, p < 0.001) were evident. Values for intrauterine growth-retarded infants deviated markedly from the mean SFT60 expected for their gestational age. Percentage ΔSFT was affected by duration of maturation but not by impaired intrauterine growth. It correlated with gestational age (r = −0.777 at MT and −0.773 at SS, P < 0.001) and with maximal postnatal weight loss (r = 0.579 at MT and 0.553 at SS, P < 0.001) in all groups and with birth weight in the premature groups only (r = −0.479 at MT and −0.520 at SS, P < 0.01). The similarity of these trends with those of direct extracellular water measurements suggested that percentage ΔSFT may be an estimate of subcutaneous interstitial water. Speculation: Changes in body composition during fetal life include fat deposition in the subcutaneous and internal body stores and a decrease in the proportion of body weight occupied by water. Intrauterine growth retardation results in lower fat stores and expansion of all body water compartments. The present data suggest that skinfold thickness recorded 60 s after caliper application and the difference between the 15-and 60-s readings provide estimates of fat stores and subcutaneous interstitial water, respectively. Caliper skinfold measurements can therefore be used for noninvasive studies of perinatal body composition and nutrition.
Functional lipidomics: the roles of specialized lipids and lipid–protein interactions in modulating neuronal function

Lipids fulfill multiple specialized roles in neuronal function. In brain, the conduction of electrical impulses, synaptic function, and complex signaling pathways depend on the temporally and spatially coordinated interactions of specialized lipids (e.g., arachidonic acid and plasmalogens), proteins (e.g., ion channels, phospholipases and cyclooxygenases) and integrative lipid-protein interactions. Recent technical advances in mass spectrometry have allowed unparalled insight into the roles of lipids in neuronal function. Through shotgun lipidomics and multidimensional mass spectrometry, in conjunction with the identification of new classes of phospholipases (e.g., calcium dependent and calcium independent intracellular phospholipases), new roles for lipids in cerebral function have been accrued. This review summarizes the advances in our understanding of the types of lipids and phospholipases in the brain and the role of functional lipidomics in increasing our chemical understanding of complex neuronal processes.
Just Enough is More: Achieving Sustainable Performance in Mobile Devices under Thermal Limitations

With the integration of high-performance multicore processors and multiple accelerators into modern mobile system-on-chips (SoCs), power densities have grown substantially. As a result, thermal management policies, which ensure operation at thermally safe conditions, became essential components of state-of-the-art mobile systems. Traditional thermal throttling approaches aim at maximum utilization of the available thermal headroom to minimize the performance loss and maximize user performance. This paper demonstrates that, in a mobile platform, such greedy techniques can lead to significant degradation in the quality-of-service (QoS) levels as the duration of device activity increases, leading to inconsistent user experience over time. We demonstrate that incorporating user/application QoS requirements into mobile power management to provide "just enough" performance (instead of always maximizing performance) allows for more efficient usage of the thermal headroom, which translates to substantially extended durations of sustainable performance. We propose a closed-loop QoS control policy, including an efficient dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) state scheduling technique, to minimize the thermal impact for extending the sustainability of desired QoS levels. Experiments on a modern smartphone show that the proposed technique provides up to 74% longer sustainable performance while meeting the target QoS demands for a variety of real-life applications.
Deuterium attachment to carbon nanotubes in deuterated water

A systematic investigation on the unusual attachment of labile deuterium to carbon nanotubes in deuterated water and alcohols is reported. The carbon nanotubes were solubilized through the established functionalization of the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids to allow solution-phase reaction and characterization. The deuterium attachment was found under several experimental conditions, including the use of deuterated ethanol as a co-reactant in the nanotube functionalization reaction and the refluxing of functionalized or simply purified carbon nanotubes in deuterated water and alcohols. The solubility of the functionalized carbon nanotube samples in common organic solvents and water allowed unambiguous (2)H NMR characterization. The reproducible broad (2)H NMR signal at approximately 6.5 ppm is assigned to carbon nanotube-attached deuterium species. The assignment is supported by the results from FT-IR measurements. The carbon-deuterium interaction is so strong that the corresponding vibration resembles the typical C-D stretching mode in the characteristic frequency region. The FT-IR peak intensities also correlate well with the (2)H NMR signal integrations in a series of samples. Mechanistic implications of the results are discussed.
Coefficient of Restitution for Low Velocity Transverse Impact of Thin Graphite-Epoxy Laminates

A simple model is presented for the low velocity impact behavior of thin plates composed of T300/5208 graphite/epoxy. The model, which is constructed on the assumption that the plate is inextensible in the fiber direction and that the material is incompressible in the z direction, is able to predict the energy absorbed by the target during an impact event, or the 'coefficient of restitution'. The plate essentially deforms by shear, allowing the model to neglect bending deformations. The coefficient of restitution is predicted to increase with large interlaminar shear strength and low transverse shear modulus of the laminate. The coefficient's experimentally measured values agree with model-predicted values within a reasonable error.
Prostaglandin E2 production by endotoxin-stimulated alveolar macrophages is regulated by phospholipase C pathways.

Background : Eicosanoids play an important role in many aspects of systemic inflammatory responses and host defense. Although the synthesis of eicosanoids by different enzymes has been elucidated, the regulatory mechanism of eicosanoid production is not clear. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that PGE 2 production by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS)-stimulated macrophages (M ?) is dependent on phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathways. Methods : Rabbit alveolar macrophages (M ?) were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. M ? were suspended in RPMI-1640 medium at 1 x 10 6 /mL and were exposed to Escherichia coli LPS (10 ng/mL) ± various agonists and antagonists of PLC and its secondary messengers. After 24 hours of incubation, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production was measured by ELISA. Results : LPS-activated M ? produced four times as much PGE 2 as did control unstimulated M ?. The increase in PGE 2 production was inhibited by PLC inhibitors (U73122 or D609) and a low-molecular-weight PLA 2 inhibitor, manoalide. An increase in intracellular calcium and activation of both the calmodulin and protein kinase C kinase pathways increase PGE 2 production. Conclusions : PGE 2 production is intimately dependent on several phospholipases. Production is not only dependent on low-molecular-weight PLA 2 cleavage of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, but also by-products of PLC activation. PLC-dependent intracellular Ca-calmodulin signaling and protein kinase C activation provide significant modulation of PGE 2 production.
Test of the Fixed Anvil Temperature Hypothesis

AbstractThe fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis is examined based on the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-based cloud-top temperature (CTT) in conjunction with the tropical atmospheric profiles and sea surface temperature (SST) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Reanalysis. Consistent with the physical governing mechanism of the FAT hypothesis, the peak clear-sky diabatic subsidence and convergence profiles are located at roughly the same level (200 hPa) as the peak in the cloud profile, which is fundamentally determined by the rapid decrease of water vapor concentration above this level. The geographical maxima of cloud fraction agree well with those of water vapor, clear-sky cooling rates, and diabatic convergence at 200 hPa. The use of direct CTT measurements suggests the CTT in specific Pacific basins exhibit different characteristics as the frequency distribution of the tropical SST varies from boreal winter to summer. When avera...
1531 CARDIOMYOPATHY ASSOCIATED PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PPHN)

Persistent pulmonary hypertension often occurs in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome or asphyxia. There is a subgroup of infants with PPHN in whom myocardiopathy predominates. We reviewed the course of 7 infants treated for PPHN who had increased heart size on chest x-ray, and/or an EKG with right ventricular hypertrophy. All patients had documented right-to-left shunting by echocardiogram either through PDA or foramen ovale. Mean B.W. was 3.13 ± .49 kg SD (range 2.32 to 3.74), G.A. was 38.85 ± 2.38 weeks SD, Apgars mean of 4.71 ± 2.49 SD at one minute and 6.57 ± 2.43 SD at five minutes. All patients required >90% inspired oxygen concentration, with 6 patients on 100% requiring mechanical ventilation. The following were mean ventilator settings on day one: FiO2 98.57% ± 3.77 SD, rate 87 ± 34.95 SD bpm, IP 38.66 ± 12.35 SD cmH2O, PEEP 5.5 ± 1.64 SD cmH2O. The mean critical PCO2 on day I was 23.85 ± 8.7 SD mmHg, with a mean PO2 of 128.85 ± 109.02 mmHg SD. Six of 7 infants were treated with intravascular volume replacement and dopamine (mean maximum dose 18.58 ± 18.05 SD mcg/kg/min). In 4 surviving infants on dopamine and intravascular volume, the maximum dose of dopamine was associated with a reduction in inspired oxygen within a range of 25-40% within 48 hours followed by entrance into the transitional phase (decrease of 30% inspired O2). The mean day of entry into the transitional phase was 6.4 ± 3.30 SD days of life. These infants represent a subgroup of neonates with PPHN. Cardiomyopathy in these infants appears to benefit most from intravascular volume replacement and dopamine therapy. (Supported in part by NIH grant RR-00240).
Voiding dysfunction after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, and its treatment can be in the form of radiotherapy. Radiation therapy can be delivered in several different modalities, each offering its own unique morbidity profile. Radiation targeting the lower urinary tract tissue has both acute and long-term consequences. Depending on the modality of radiation and patient characteristics, the resultant voiding dysfunctions may include urinary obstruction, incontinence, strictures, and urodynamic changes. Voiding dysfunction after radiation therapy for prostate cancer is progressive by virtue of the insidious nature of obliterative endarteritis. Refinements in technique, such as intensity modulated radiation therapy and imaging guided brachytherapy, are geared toward improving cancer control while reducing complications. Treatment of the most severe complications are challenging due to poor tissue quality and limited blood supply. In the most extreme situations, urinary tract diversion may be necessary.
Computer vision enhances mobile eye-tracking to expose expert cognition in natural-scene visual-search tasks

Mobile eye-tracking provides the fairly unique opportunity to record and elucidate cognition in action. In our research, we are searching for patterns in, and distinctions between, the visual-search performance of experts and novices in the geo-sciences. Traveling to regions resultant from various geological processes as part of an introductory field studies course in geology, we record the prima facie gaze patterns of experts and novices when they are asked to determine the modes of geological activity that have formed the scene-view presented to them. Recording eye video and scene video in natural settings generates complex imagery that requires advanced applications of computer vision research to generate registrations and mappings between the views of separate observers. By developing such mappings, we could then place many observers into a single mathematical space where we can spatio-temporally analyze inter- and intra-subject fixations, saccades, and head motions. While working towards perfecting these mappings, we developed an updated experiment setup that allowed us to statistically analyze intra-subject eye-movement events without the need for a common domain. Through such analyses we are finding statistical differences between novices and experts in these visual-search tasks. In the course of this research we have developed a unified, open-source, software framework for processing, visualization, and interaction of mobile eye-tracking and high-resolution panoramic imagery.
Electron spin resonance of a stereochemically non-rigid penta-coordinate phosphoranyl radical

Abstract Evidence based on temperature dependent ESR line shape changes is presented for the mobility of the ligands in the phosphorus-centered radical (CH 3 ) 3 COPH 3 resulting by addition of a tert-butoxy radical to phosphine. CNDO calculations favor for the slow exchange limit a trigonal bipyramidal structure with an axial oxygen atom and with the unpaired electron in an equatorial position. A density matrix analysis gives an activation energy of 5.3 kcal/mole for the exchange process which permutes the hydrogen atoms.
The leadership journey: becoming an enlightened leader

Leaders need to go beyond knowing the answers to seeking the answers. How can I become a more effective leader? What steps can I take to enhance my leadership skills? Every thoughtful executive or manager should ask such questions regularly. In this article, we’ll offer some practical approaches to answering those questions – and better understanding the leadership journey.
Hypoglycemia: The Limiting Factor in the Management of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

For persons with IDDM, hypogly cemia is an ever-present possi bility. Untreated, it can be life threatening. Based on the assumption that metabolic normalization will prevent long- term complications, many health professionals advocate tight glycemic control of IDDM. However, with today's technology, true metabolic normalization is an illusion. Practitioners need to develop ways to deliver insulin in a more physiologic fashion or learn to prevent, correct, or compensate for defective glucose counterregulation. They also need simpler methods for identifying patients at high risk for hypogly cemia. Patients need to learn how to recognize developing hypogly cemia from symptoms specific to them, how to treat it when it occurs, and how to prevent future episodes. Diabetes educators need to know how to effectively transfer the known body of knowledge about hypoglycemia to the patient with IDDM, since that is the individual charged with primary responsibility for the management of the disease.
Microrheological Study of Magnetic Particle Suspensions

Two different microrheological characterization techniques for the microstructure of complex fluids (i.e. rheomagnetic and rheooptic measurements) were adopted to study the microstructural state of magnetic particle suspensions. These two techniques measure the dispersion state of various single-domain magnetic particles (rodlike γ-Fe2O3 or CrO2 and platelike Ba-ferrite). The techniques complement one other by measuring the order parameter for the magnetic particles in suspension over different concentration ranges. The rheomagnetic measurement is good for on-line characterization of microrheological properties of magnetic particle suspensions. The rheooptical measurement is useful for off-line dispersion microstates and rheological properties of the suspensions.
Bridging the gap between interpersonal thought and action in early adolescence: The role of psychodynamic processes

This study examines the relations among style and development level of four interpersonal and intrapsychic processes: interpersonal thought, self-reported interpersonal action, mechanisms of defense, and object representation. Subjects were 25 girls and 25 boys from the eighth grade of an urban public school System. All four constructs were measured along developmental and stylistic dimensions. Both interpersonal thought and self-reported action processes were measured with the hypothetical and real-life interpersonal negotiation strategies interviews of Selman and colleagues. Defensive process was measured with a questionnaire revised to include Vaillant's developmental analysis of defense mechanisms as well as assessment of style of defense (internalizing vs. externalizing). Object representation style and level were measured with constructs and instruments of Blatt and colleagues. The results supported the main hypothesis: Levels of defense mechanisms and object representation independently predicted level of self-reported interpersonal action, even when controlling for level of interpersonal thought (which also predicted action). This suggests that if there are gaps between interpersonal thought and action levels, the relative level of maturity of psychodynamic processes helps explain action level. In contrast, there were few relationships among the stylistic components of the four constructs, although each style construct was related to its associated level construct. Contrary to hypotheses, no gender differences were found on any of the composited level or style variables. The study suggests operational links between structural-developmental and psychodynamic aspects of personality.
Electrodeposited Co-Pt permanent micromagnet arrays on Cu[111]-Si[110] substrates

Co-Pt cylindrical micromagnets with 2-/spl mu/m diameter have been successfully fabricated by electroplating through resist masks onto Cu[111] seed layers. The influence of the applied current density and cylinder height on the magnetic properties have been investigated. Both coercivity and retentivity increase with increasing aspect ratio, due to the combined effect of the decreasing demagnetizing field and the increasing perpendicular crystalline anisotropy of Co-Pt, which grows preferentially with HCP(0001) orientation. Values as high as 4.3 kOe for the coercivity and 6.9 kG for retentivity have been observed. Large energy products up to 5.38 MGOe (42.83 kJ/m/sup 3/) were attained, rendering these structures potential candidates for hard magnetic components in microelectromechanical systems.
Constitutional Structures for a Strong Democracy: Considerations on the Government of Pakistan

Summary I consider structural reforms to democracy in Pakistan using ideas from the analysis of oligopolistic competition and game theory. Successful democracy requires strong, flexible political parties and high-quality, responsible leaders. Parliamentary responsibility for government helps develop strong parties. National parties should be able to nominate candidates in all elections at all levels. For flexibility, members of the National Assembly should be free to form new parties. With federalism, provincial and local democracy also reduce political entry barriers. Approval-voting open-list proportional representation can strengthen democratic leadership in all communities. Runoff elections would allow more flexible party competition in single-seat districts.
Self-Regulated Learning in the Classroom: A Literature Review on the Teacher's Role

Empirical research has supported the long held assumption that individual differences exist in how students learn. Recent methodological advancements have allowed educational research to examine not only what students learn, but also how they learn. Research has found that active involvement in learning, including setting meaningful goals, selecting appropriate and task-specific strategies, monitoring motivational levels, and adapting based on feedback are all positively related to learning outcomes. How can teachers support students’ development and use of these learning processes? The goal of this paper is to examine research that has used the Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) theory to consider this broad question. Methodological advancements recently used in this field of research, various SRL theoretical frameworks guiding this research, and studies that empirically examined self-regulation with both preservice and inservice teachers are discussed. The paper concludes with the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the reviewed studies.
Challenges in the Interpretation of Peritoneal Cytologic Specimens

Abstract Context.—The presence of malignant cells in peritoneal washings leads to classification as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IC or higher in ovarian carcinomas and at least International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIA in endometrial carcinomas. Unfortunately, the morphologic examination of cytologic specimens has not proven to be a sensitive or specific diagnostic tool. Malignant cells might be few in number and might be unrecognized among a large population of mesothelial cells and/or macrophages, or reactive mesothelial cells might be misinterpreted as neoplastic cells leading to unnecessary chemotherapy. Objective.—To evaluate the main pitfalls in the evaluation of peritoneal washings in patients with gynecologic malignancies and analyze the ancillary studies that might be helpful to achieve the correct diagnosis with an emphasis on immunocytochemistry. Data Sources.—A comprehensive review of the literature was performed. Conclusions.—Peritoneal ef...
INCREASED SURVIVAL FROM CARDIAC ARREST SINCE THE INTRODUCTION OF EXTERNAL MASSAGE.

1.Hospital records of 73 patients treated for cardiac arrest at Charity Hospital from June, 1960 through March, 1962 are reviewed. Patients who developed cardiac arrest during or after cardiac or pulmonary operations are not included. There were 54 arrests in the operating room and 19 in other areas of the hospital. 2.Patients were classified according to type of resuscitative procedure employed. These included (1) closed chest massage, (2) open thoracotomy with massage, and (3) combined closed-open massage. 3.The survival rate in the operating room with closed massage as definitive therapy was 90 per cent and when instituted as a preliminary measure to open-chest massage was 35 per cent. There was a 63 per cent survival among all patients in whom closed massage was attempted in the operating room. When immediate thoracotomy was employed for cardiac arrest in the operating room, the survival rate was 21 per cent. 4.The number of patients resuscitated outside of the operating room is too small to allow any general conclusion. The three survivors reported demonstrate the value of closed chest massage as definitive therapy in cardiac arrest and as a preliminary measure to allow proper preparation for open cardiac resuscitation. There was no patient with cardiac arrest outside the operating room successfully resuscitated with primary open massage. 5.This study demonstrates that as the resident staff of the hospital became more familiar with the technique of external cardiac message, the incidence of open thoracotomy decreased and the survival rate from cardiac arrest increased. 6.External or closed cardiac massage has significantly improved survival from cardiac arrest in the operating room and has resulted in successful resuscitation in other areas of the hospital where cardiac arrest is almost always irreversible.