cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Usability of Web Privacy Policies

Three studies examined (a) the amount and types of personal information requested by Web sites from seven different categories, (b) the goals and readability of existing privacy policies for four categories of sites, and (c) users' comprehension and perceptions of privacy policies. Study 1 showed that different amounts of personal information were requested by Web sites, even within the same category. Content and readability analyses of 100 privacy policies in Study 2 showed that policies tended to be high on both privacy protection and vulnerability goals or low on both. The policies were also written at a reading level corresponding to 13 years of education. Study 3 showed, though, that even college students have poor comprehension of the content of privacy policies. The students perceived longer policies that included many privacy goals as providing better assurance of privacy than shorter policies that included fewer goals. From a usability perspective, there is considerable room for improvement in th...
Angiographic demonstration of an acquired internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula.

A patient with a continuous murmur due to flow through an internal mammary-to-pulmonary artery fistula is described. Previously reported cases have been thought to be congenital in origin. A history of an anteriorly placed chest tube suggests an acquired etiology for this malfor mation.
New endoscopic techniques to identify colorectal dysplasia

Distinguishing dysplastic (adenomatous) from nondysplastic (hyperplastic) polyps is not possible using standard endoscopic techniques. Routine endoscopy is also unable to identify regions of flat dysplasia in ulcerative colitis or Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopists depend on histology to characterize these lesions, which introduces additional costs and risks and invariably delays patient management. A new series of technologies, collectively termed optical biopsy , are capable of immediate, noninvasive diagnosis of dysplasia. We shall review the 2 most promising of these technologies, namely laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and light-scattering spectroscopy (LSS). The principle of LIF is that dysplastic cells emit light (fluoresce) differently than cells that are not dysplastic. Dysplastic cells may contain compounds capable of causing fluorescence (fluorophores), which are different from those found in nondysplastic cells or compounds which are similar but found in an abnormal concentration compared to nondysplastic cells. When a laser or filtered light is used to illuminate the intestinal mucosa, dysplastic cells give off a characteristic fluorescence that can be detected with fiber optic probes or, more recently, standard charged-coupled device (video) chips in the endoscope. Previous studies have evaluated light sources and specific wavelengths of light that optimally cause fluorescence. In addition, the fluorescence characteristics of gastrointestinal tissue are currently being assessed to determine which are best capable of distinguishing dysplastic from nondysplastic lesions. Overall, LIF is very accurate, with sensitivity and specificity of greater than 90%. However, it is less accurate in identifying low-grade, nonpolypoid dysplasia. LSS is based in part on the principle that small particles can be characterized by the way in which they scatter light. When used to study the superficial mucosa of patients with Barrett's esophagus, light-scattering spectroscopy can determine the size and number of nuclei. Because dysplastic cells develop abnormally large nuclei with a larger number of nuclei per area ("crowding") than nondysplastic tissue, LSS may be able to aid in the endoscopic detection of dysplasia. Recent studies in patients with Barrett's esophagus have shown that LSS is capable of accurately detecting both low-grade and high-grade dysplasia. Importantly, because these techniques use objective parameters such as nuclear size and number, they may be less subject to the interobserver variation seen in histological interpretation of dysplasia. New techniques such as LIF and LSS have the potential to provide immediate, noninvasive tissue diagnoses that can accurately distinguish nondysplastic from dysplastic polyps and may be useful for localizing areas of nonpolypoid dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis or Barrett's esophagus.
Current psychological approaches to the management of chronic pain.

Purpose of review To provide a review of the rationale and evidence supporting three frequently used psychosocial interventions for chronic pain: cognitive-behavioral therapy, operant behavioral therapy and self-hypnosis training. We also review recent work in these areas, with an emphasis on the 2006 publishing year. Recent findings Recent clinical trials and laboratory work continue to support the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy and operant behavioral therapy as adjunctive treatments for chronic pain. Notable areas of new research include a novel program of systematic exposure to pain-related fear (such as fear of reinjury) and the adaptation of cognitive-behavioral therapy for special pain groups (e.g. juveniles and those with pain secondary to physical disability). Regarding self-hypnosis training, recent work suggests that hypnosis can provide temporary pain relief to the majority of individuals with chronic pain and that a substantial minority of these patients experience a clinically significant reduction in baseline pain over time. Summary Cognitive-behavioral therapy and operant behavioral therapy treatments focus on factors that exacerbate or maintain suffering in chronic pain, and should be considered as part of a multidisciplinary treatment paradigm. Self-hypnosis training may also be of benefit, although it appears to be no more (or less) effective than other relaxation strategies that include hypnotic elements.
Changes in fluorescence spectra of bioaerosols exposed to ozone in a laboratory reaction chamber to simulate atmospheric aging.

A laboratory system for exposing aerosol particles to ozone and rapidly measuring the subsequent changes in their single-particle fluorescence is reported. The system consists of a rotating drum chamber and a single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (SPFS) utilizing excitation at 263 nm. Measurements made with this system show preliminary results on the ultra-violet laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectra of single aerosolized particles of Yersinia rohdei, and of MS2 (bacteriophage) exposed to ozone. When bioparticles are exposed in the chamber the fluorescence emission peak around 330 nm: i) decreases in intensity relative to that of the 400-550 nm band; and ii) shifts slightly toward shorter-wavelengths (consistent with further drying of the particles). In these experiments, changes were observed at exposures below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits for ozone
Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision

article i nfo There are several policy tools available for the provision of ecosystem services. The economic characteristics of the ecosystem service being provided, such as rivalry and excludability, along with the spatial scale at which benefits accrue can help determine the appropriate policy approach. In this paper we provide a brief introduction to ecosystem services and discuss the policy tools available for providing them along with the dimensions, political feasibility and appropriateness of each tool. Throughout the paper we focus primarily on payments as a mechanism for ecosystem service provision. We present a framework for determining the characteristics of an ecosystem service and when payments are a viable policy tool option based on the characteristics. Additionally, we provide examples of when payments do not provide a socially desirable level of ecosystem benefits. We conclude with a summary of policy recommendations, specifically desirable property rights and payment types based on the particular classification of an ecosystem service. We also discuss the advantages of creating monopsony power to reduce transaction costs, delineating and bundling ecosystem services and utilizing existing intermediaries.
New evidence on predatory price cutting

This paper presents new evidence on predatory price cutting as a monopolization strategy. The evidence consists primarily of what appear to be repeated expressions of predatory intent in business letters exchanged between senior officers of the old Tobacco Trust. These letters come from the trial records of United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 US 106 (1911). Although they are not entirely free of ambiguity, the tobacco letters are remarkably candid and very interesting.
Reflections on the governing board's role in the United Kingdom

The Governance of Public and Non-Profit Organizations: What Do Boards Do? Chris Cornforth, ed. London: Routledge, 2003. 288 pp., $95.00 cloth.
An Unreconciled Double-Observer Method for Estimating Detection Probability and Abundance

ABSTRACT. Multiple-observer point-count methods allow estimation of detection probability and have some advantages over other point-count methods. We introduce the unreconciled double-observer method, an independent double-observer method that does not require observers to match or otherwise reconcile individual observations. The modeling of the counts uses the repeated-counts model (Royle 2004). We compared estimates of detection probability and abundance from the unreconciled double-observer method with estimates from the traditional independent double-observer method (which requires matching of individual animals) using field-simulated bird-point-count data. The unreconciled double-observer method provided point estimates of detection probability and abundance that were essentially identical to the results of the independent double-observer method, even though much less effort was required to collect data with the unreconciled method. Estimates of detection probability from the unreconciled double-obse...
Diagnosing memory leaks using graph mining on heap dumps

Memory leaks are caused by software programs that prevent the reclamation of memory that is no longer in use. They can cause significant slowdowns, exhaustion of available storage space and, eventually, application crashes. Detecting memory leaks is challenging because real-world applications are built on multiple layers of software frameworks, making it difficult for a developer to know whether observed references to objects are legitimate or the cause of a leak. We present a graph mining solution to this problem wherein we analyze heap dumps to automatically identify subgraphs which could represent potential memory leak sources. Although heap dumps are commonly analyzed in existing heap profiling tools, our work is the first to apply a graph grammar mining solution to this problem. Unlike classical graph mining work, we show that it suffices to mine the dominator tree of the heap dump, which is significantly smaller than the underlying graph. Our approach identifies not just leaking candidates and their structure, but also provides aggregate information about the access path to the leaks. We demonstrate several synthetic as well as real-world examples of heap dumps for which our approach provides more insight into the problem than state-of-the-art tools such as Eclipse's MAT.
Evolution of Formal Maintainability Program for Large Manufacturing Company

This case study presents maintainability implementation by means of a formal program developed by a manufacturing company. The manufacturing company's ultimate goal is optimal production availability. Accordingly, projects are planned and designed with a long-term vision that recognizes the importance of life-cycle costs. This relatively new maintainability program addresses the plan and design for maintenance in equipment and facility projects, both new and retrofit. Elements of the formal maintainability program will be described through the model process for implementing maintainability as defined by the Construction Industry Institute, along with qualitative implementation costs and benefits. Additionally, an example of a successful project-level implementation, the clean room project, will be presented.
Livelihoods in transition: transnational gold mining operations and local change in Cajamarca, Peru

This paper examines how transnational gold mining operations are transforming rural household livelihoods in the Cajamarca region of Peru. In particular, this paper evaluates how Newmont Mining Corporation's Minera Yanacocha (MYSA) mining operations are altering access to the produced, human, natural and social capital resources that households utilize to produce their livelihoods. The paper argues that while access to produced and human capital resources has increased in the past decade, albeit unevenly, access to natural and social capital resources has declined. The paper begins with a discussion of new frameworks for evaluating local livelihood change and household access to resources. Subsequently, the paper describes Peru's new transnational mining sector, livelihoods and livelihood change in the Cajamarca region. The paper then presents the results of case study field research evaluating the impacts of MYSA on household access to resources in three communities. Finally, the paper concludes with a critical discussion of livelihoods frameworks and how they can contribute to geographic studies.
Disposition of ampiroxicam, a prodrug of piroxicam, in man

1. Ampiroxicam, a prodrug of the effective anti-inflammatory agent piroxicam, was completely converted to piroxicam after oral administration to man. 2. At clinical doses there was no detectable portal or systemic exposure of man to ampiroxicam, indicating that conversion to piroxicam was complete during the absorption process. 3. The pharmacokinetics of piroxicam from ampiroxicam were essentially the same as those after piroxicam itself except that Cmax was slightly lower and tmax was slightly longer after administration of ampiroxicam.
SHIP Family Inositol Phosphatases Interact with and Negatively Regulate the Tec Tyrosine Kinase

Abstract The Tec family of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs), that includes Tec, Itk, Btk, Bmx, and Txk, plays an essential role in phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) activation following antigen receptor stimulation. This function requires activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), which promotes Tec membrane localization through phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns 3,4,5-P3) generation. The mechanism of negative regulation of Tec family PTKs is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the inositol 5′ phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 interact preferentially with Tec, compared with other Tec family members. Four lines of evidence suggest that SHIP phosphatases are negative regulators of Tec. First, SHIP1 and SHIP2 are potent inhibitors of Tec activity. Second, inactivation of the Tec SH3 domain, which is necessary and sufficient for SHIP binding, generates a hyperactive form of Tec. Third, SHIP1 inhibits Tec membrane localization. Finally, constitutively targeting Tec to the membrane relieves SHIP1-mediated inhibition. These data suggest that SHIP phosphatases can interact with and functionally inactivate Tec by de-phosphorylation of local PtdIns 3,4,5-P3 and inhibition of Tec membrane localization.
The HMG-domain protein BAP111 is important for the function of the BRM chromatin-remodeling complex in vivo

The Drosophila trithorax group gene brahma (brm) encodes the ATPase subunit of a SWI/SNF-like chromatin-remodeling complex. A key question about chromatin-remodeling complexes is how they interact with DNA, particularly in the large genomes of higher eukaryotes. Here, we report the characterization of BAP111, a BRM-associated protein that contains a high mobility group (HMG) domain predicted to bind distorted or bent DNA. The presence of an HMG domain in BAP111 suggests that it may modulate interactions between the BRM complex and chromatin. BAP111 is an abundant nuclear protein that is present in all cells throughout development. By using gel filtration chromatography and immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the majority of BAP111 protein in embryos is associated with the BRM complex. Furthermore, heterozygosity for BAP111 enhanced the phenotypes resulting from a partial loss of brm function. These data demonstrate that the BAP111 subunit is important for BRM complex function in vivo.
A stereotype boost or choking under pressure? Positive gender stereotypes and men who are low in domain identification

In 3 studies, we examined the effect of a positive gender stereotype (e.g., men are superior to women in math and computer science) on performance and motivation as a function of domain identification, with a special emphasis on men low in domain identification. Drawing from past research on stereotype boost and choking under pressure, we predicted that for men low in domain identification, performance would ironically suffer in the positive stereotype condition compared to a nullified stereotype condition. In all 3 studies, we found that men lower in domain identification performed better in nullified stereotype conditions and poorly in gender- stereotypical conditions. Results suggest that the interaction between the expectancies conveyed by a stereotype and the value placed on a domain by an individual may influence performance and motivation regardless of stereotype valence.
Intermodal injection locking of semiconductor lasers

Injection locking of a GaAlAs laser by coupling into non-lasing Fabry-Perot modes is described. Locking of a slave laser mode as far as 22 mode spacings (60 A) away from the gain curve centre is obtained. The dependence of the locking bandwidth on the injected power and the wavelength separation between the free-running and injected mode (Δλ) is described. The dependence of the power required for locking on the magnitude of Δλ is consistent with a 192 A-wide quadratic gain profile.
Adverse Clinical Outcomes in a Primary Modular Neck/Stem System

Abstract We report our experience with 215 recalled neck modular stems due to corrosion. Among the 195 hips with 2years follow-up, 56% had no clinical symptoms, 26% had groin pain (typical of corrosion), and 17% had other symptoms. Cobalt levels were comparable between asymptomatic (3.4μg/L, range 0.7–7.3μg/L) and symptomatic patients (4.0μg/L range 0–13.2μg/L). Abnormal imaging findings were seen in 46% of symptomatic and 11% of asymptomatic hips ( P =0.001). Twenty-six hips (13%) have either undergone revision surgery or have been scheduled. Evidence of corrosion was seen at revision surgery in all patients. Despite modest elevations in serum cobalt levels, abnormal imaging studies were seen in 36%, clinical symptoms were seen in 44%, and revision for corrosion was undertaken or scheduled in 13% of the hips.
Typically Developing Children's Interactions with Peers with Disabilities Relationships Between Mothers' Comments and Children's Ideas About Disabilities

The research reported in this article examined (a) the ways in which mothers talk with their preschool children about physical disabilities and Down syndrome and (b) the relationships between their...
IL28B genotype is associated with differential expression of intrahepatic interferon‐stimulated genes in patients with chronic hepatitis C

Genetic variation in the IL28B (interleukin 28B; interferon lambda 3) region has been associated with sustained virological response (SVR) rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) who were treated with peginterferon-α and ribavirin. We hypothesized that IL28B polymorphism is associated with intrahepatic expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), known to influence treatment outcome. IL28B genotyping (rs12979860) and whole-genome RNA expression were performed using liver biopsies from 61 North American patients with CHC. After correction for multiple testing (false discovery rate < 0.10), 164 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed by IL28B-type. The interferon signaling pathway was the most enriched canonical pathway differentially expressed by IL28B-type (P < 10(-5)), with most genes showing higher expression in livers of individuals carrying the poor-response IL28B-type. In 25 patients for which treatment response data were available, IL28B-type was associated with SVR (P = 0.0054). ISG expression was also associated with SVR; however, this was not independent of IL28B-type. Analysis of miR-122 expression in liver biopsies showed reduced miR-122 levels associated with poorer treatment outcome, independently of IL28B-type. No association was observed between IL28B-type and levels of liver IL28B or IL28A messenger RNA expression. IL28B protein sequence variants associated with rs12979860 were therefore investigated in vitro: no differences in ISG induction or inhibition of HCV replication were observed in Huh7.5 cells. Conclusion: The good response IL28B variant was strongly associated with lower level ISG expression. The results suggest that IL28B genotype may explain the relationship between hepatic ISG expression and HCV treatment outcome, and this is independent of miR-122 expression. IL28B-type was not associated with intrahepatic IL28B messenger RNA expression in vivo. Further investigation of the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which IL28B genetic variation influences HCV outcomes is warranted.
Characterization of Free Volume in a Bulk Metallic Glass Using Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

The free volume of metallic glasses has a significant effect on atomic relaxation processes, although a detailed understanding of the nature and distribution of free volume sites is currently lacking. Positron annihilation spectroscopy was employed to study free volume in a Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be bulk metallic glass following plastic straining and cathodic charging with atomic hydrogen. Multiple techniques were used to show that strained samples had more open volume, while moderate hydrogen charging resulted in a free volume decrease. It was also shown that the free volume is associated with zirconium and titanium at the expense of nickel, copper, and beryllium. Plastic straining led to a slight chemical reordering.
The Nature of Oblique Instability Waves in Boundary Layer Transition

An experimental and analytical study of single oblique Tollmien Schlichting waves is conducted in order to better understand the role of such disturbances in the boundary layer transition process. Oblique waves oriented at various angles to the flow direction are generated using the active surface heating technique of Liepmann, Brown, and Nosenchuck (1,2). The surface heating technique and the particular geometry used in the present experiments are briefly described, and results are presented which demonstrate that single oblique waves are in fact much more unstable than was previously believed to be the case. The vorticity field of the disturbance is then examined by studying the structure of individual vortex lines of the disturbance. The vorticity field is shown to consist of concentric layers of helical vortex lines. The implications of this revealed three-dimensional geometrical structure is then discussed in light of the experimental results.
Serotonin selectively aggravates subendocardial ischemia distal to a coronary artery stenosis during exercise.

BACKGROUNDThe coronary circulation has been shown to remain responsive to vasodilator and vasoconstrictor stimuli during myocardial ischemia. Because serotonin possesses both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor properties, we examined its effect in the coronary circulation distal to an arterial stenosis that resulted in myocardial hypoperfusion during exercise.METHODS AND RESULTSSeven chronically instrumented dogs were studied during treadmill exercise in the presence of a stenosis that reduced distal left circumflex coronary artery perfusion pressure to 42 +/- 1 mm Hg. Myocardial blood flow was assessed with radioactive microspheres during exercise before and during intracoronary infusion of 0.4 and 2.0 micrograms/kg-1.min-1 serotonin. The stenosis was adjusted to maintain distal coronary pressure constant during control exercise and with the two doses of serotonin. In seven dogs, the effect of serotonin (2.0 micrograms/kg-1.min-1) was also studied during exercise with normal arterial inflow. During control ...
The Permian of Pakistan

The Permian of Pakistan has been well known, yet poorly understood. Pakistan represents one of the few places where the Permian of the Paleotethys (Northern Hemisphere) and the Permian of Gondwana both occur. This chapter will review the stratigraphy of Pakistan that represents the northern part of the Indian/Pakistan plate. The Permian of the Paleotethys is in many structural blocks to the north and east of the Kohistan island arc terrane (Fig. 1). Talent et al. (1981) summarize what is known of these barely accessable rocks. South of the Kohistan island arc terrane, in several thrust sheets, are Permian strata that were deposited along the northern part of Gondwana in a rift flank basin. Apparently, the southern margin (craton), basin, and northern margin (rift flank) are preserved in these thrust sheets. The detailed conodont biostratigraphy is important for developing a better understanding of the timing and correlation of these rocks to each other and to the parts of Asia that resided in the Northern Hemisphere in the Permian.
Implications of mismatch repair-deficient status on management of early stage colorectal cancer

For primary colorectal cancers (CRCs), tumor stage has been the best predictor of survival after resection and the key determinant of patient management. However, considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome is observed that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This is particularly important in early stage CRCs where patients can be cured by surgery alone and only a proportion derives benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, the identification of molecular prognostic markers to supplement conventional pathologic staging systems has the potential to guide patient management and influence outcomes. CRC is a heterogeneous disease with molecular phenotypes reflecting distinct forms of genetic instability. The chromosomal instability pathway (CIN) is the most common phenotype, accounting for 85% of all sporadic CRCs. Alternatively, the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype represents ~15% of all CRCs and is caused by deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) as a consequence of germline mutations in MMR genes or, more commonly, epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 gene with frequent mutations in the BRAF oncogene. MSI tumors have distinct phenotypic features and are consistently associated with a better stage-adjusted prognosis compared with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. Among non-metastatic CRCs, the difference in prognosis between MSI and MSS tumors is larger for stage II than stage III patients. On the other hand, the predictive impact of MMR status for adjuvant chemotherapy remains a contentious issue in that most studies demonstrate a lack of benefit for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II MSI-H CRCs, whereas it remains unclear in MSI-H stage III tumors. Here, we describe the molecular aspects of the MMR system and discuss the implications of MMR-deficient/MSI-H status in the clinical management of patients with early stage CRC.
Muscle blood flow during exercise in sedentary and trained hypothyroid rats

Hypothyroidism is characterized by exercise intolerance. We hypothesized that active muscle blood flow during in vivo exercise is inadequate in the hypothyroid state. Additionally, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would restore normal blood flow during acute exercise. To test these hypotheses, rats were made hypothyroid (Hypo) over 3-4 mo with propylthiouracil. A subset of Hypo rats was trained (THypo) on a treadmill at 30 m/min (15% grade) for 60 min/day 5 days/wk over 10-15 wk. Hypothyroidism was evidenced by approximately 80% reductions in plasma triiodothyronine levels in Hypo and THypo and by 40-50% reductions in citrate synthase activities in high oxidative muscles in Hypo compared with euthyroid (Eut) rats. Training efficacy was indicated by increased (25-100%) citrate synthase activities in muscles of THypo vs. Hypo. Regional blood flows were determined by the radiolabeled microsphere method before exercise and at 1-2 min of treadmill running at 15 m/min (0% grade). Preexercise muscle blood flows were generally similar among groups. During exercise, however, flows were lower in Hypo than in Eut for high oxidative muscles such as the red section of vastus lateralis [277 +/- 24 and 153 +/- 13 (SE) ml.min-1.100 g-1 for Eut and Hypo, respectively; P < 0.01] and vastus intermedius (317 +/- 32 and 187 +/- 20 ml.min-1.100 g-1 for Eut and Hypo, respectively; P < 0.01) muscles. Training (THypo) did not normalize these flows (168 +/- 24 and 181 +/- 24 ml.min-1.100 g-1 for red section of vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles, respectively). Blood flows to low oxidative muscle, such as the white section of vastus lateralis muscle, were similar among groups (21 +/- 5, 25 +/- 4, and 34 +/- 7 ml.min-1.100 g-1 for Eut, Hypo, and THypo, respectively; P = NS). These findings indicate that hypothyroidism is associated with reduced blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise, suggesting that impaired delivery of nutrients to and/or removal of metabolites from skeletal muscle contributes to the poor exercise tolerance characteristic of hypothyroidism.
How Urban Planners Caused the Housing Bubble

Everyone agrees that the recent financial crisis started with the deflation of the housing bubble. But what caused the bubble? Answering this question is important both for identifying the best short-term policies and for fixing the credit crisis, as well as for developing long-term policies aimed at preventing another crisis in the future.Some people blame the Federal Reserve for keeping interest rates low; some blame the Community Reinvestment Act for encouraging lenders to offer loans to marginal homebuyers; others blame Wall Street for failing to properly assess the risks of sub-prime mortgages. But all of these explanations apply equally nationwide, while a close look reveals that only some communities suffered from housing bubbles.Between 2000 and the bubble's peak, inflation- adjusted housing prices in California and Florida more than doubled, and since the peak they have fallen by 20 to 30 percent. In contrast, housing prices in Georgia and Texas grew by only about 20 to 25 percent, and they haven't significantly declined.In other words, California and Florida housing bubbled, but Georgia and Texas housing did not. This is hardly because people don't want to live in Georgia and Texas: since 2000, Atlanta, Dallas-Ft. Worth, and Houston have been the nation's fastest-growing urban areas, each growing by more than 120,000 people per year.This suggests that local factors, not national policies, were a necessary condition for the housing bubbles where they took place. The most important factor that distinguishes states like California and Florida from states like Georgia and Texas is the amount of regulation imposed on landowners and developers, and in particular a regulatory system known as growth management.In short, restrictive growth management was a necessary condition for the housing bubble. States that use some form of growth management should repeal laws that mandate or allow such planning, and other states and urban areas should avoid passing such laws or implementing such plans; otherwise, the next housing bubble could be even more devastating than this one.
The Politics of The Grain Trade in Iraq c. 1840-1917

Anyone who watched the televison coverage of, or read about the African famine some years ago could not help but be appalled by the many obstacles erected to impede the progress of getting food to the starving millions in Ethiopia, Somalia and the Sudan. While it is true that the difficult terrain, an inhospitable climate and the lack of rain were partly responsible for the large-scale spread of famine and dearth in the African sub-continent, it is also true that local governments were responsible for creating impediments to the alleviation of mass hunger and starvation. Governments waging war against secessionist regimes and rebel armies used political means—primarily blockades of grain and other foodstuffs—to starve the enemy forces, creating misery among the military as well as civilian populations in the rebel areas.
A Plan-Do-Study-Act Approach to Improving Bowel Preparation Quality:

Up to 20% of patients presenting for colonoscopy have inadequate bowel cleanliness. In this study, the Plan-Do-Study-Act quality improvement process was used to improve bowel cleanliness among outpatients undergoing screening colonoscopy at Boston Medical Center. Rates of inadequate bowel cleanliness were assessed at baseline (April 2010 to September 2012), during several rapid-cycle experiments (October 2012 to September 2013), and through an observation phase (October 2013 to September 2015). The baseline rate of inadequate cleanliness was 9% with a target of 5%. Gap analysis identified 3 areas amenable to specific interventions: contacting patients, commitment to the procedure, and complexity and variation in instructions. Rates of inadequate cleanliness decreased to 4% at the end of the last intervention, but began rising for new reasons. Standardizing instructions and the use of navigators improved preparation quality. Bowel cleanliness is the end result of a multistep process with areas for improvem...
The Acrostic Poem in Sirach 51:13–30

Since the publication of a first century A.D. witness to the first half of this composition, found in 11Q Pssa, col. 21, lines 11–17, it has seemed to the present writer that a textual study of the whole poem is called for which, among other things, will reappraise its relationship to the book of Sirach, to which it regularly forms an appendix. The text as given here is necessarily to some extent reconstruction, primarily in the second half (of which only the last two words are preserved at the beginning of IIQ Pssa, col. 22). It is hoped that the notes given below to the individual lines of the poem will both identify and explain the elements of reconstruction, along with the medieval Hebrew evidence and that of the versions. The translation provided has as its primary purpose to show in small compass how the Hebrew text is being read and understood; it is approximately the rendering contained in the New American Bible (Paterson, N.J., and elsewhere, 1970).
Pheromone Cross-attraction and Inhibition Among Four Coneworms, Dioryctria spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard

Pheromone cross-attraction and inhibition among four species of coneworms was tested by using different combinations of synthetic pheromone baits for Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich (30 µg of [Z]-9-tetradecenyl acetate [Z9–14: Ac]), D. clarioralis (Walker) 30 µg of 88:12% Z9–14: AC to [ E ]-9-tetradecenyl acetate), and D. amatella (Hulst) (300 µg of [Z]-11-hexadecenyl acetate) in pheromone traps. Captures of D. disclusa and D. merkeli Mutuura and Monroe males were significantly reduced by the presence of D. amatella attractant. D. disclusa males were also inhibited by D. clarioralis attractants. D. merkeli males were attracted equally by the pheromones of D. disclusa and D. clarioralis. Catches of D. amatella and D. disclusa were highest in those traps baited with their respective attractants alone. D. clarioralis males were attracted more to D. disclusa pheromone baits than to their own. The pheromone of D. amatella did not significantly reduce trap catches of D. clarioralis. The strong cross-attraction among D. disclusa, D. merkeli, and D. clarioralis will allow seed orchard managers to monitor one set of traps for all three species. However, the inhibition of D. amatella by D. disclusa and D. clarioralis baits will require a separate set of traps for this species.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma

Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma are two of the most common acute complications of diabetes. The pathophysiologic changes that occur in both disease states represent an extreme example of the super-fasted state. The physiology of the fed and fasted state, evaluation, therapeutic issues, recommendations for therapy, immediate follow up care, and complications of therapy are reviewed for both syndromes.
A report from the Mössbauer effect data center

While interest in Mossbauer spectroscopy has continued at a high level during the last ten years, there is no apparent growth or decline, based on several indicators. It should be noted that there are several trends, both in the areas of who is doing Mossbauer spectroscopy and what topics are being investigated. The Mossbauer Effect Data Center continues to develop its capability of providing the information needs for the community of Mossbauer spectroscopists. New developments at the Center are a continuation of a long history of maintaining a center which is using the most recent available hardware and software capabilities.
Marketing as mystification

A panel on “Marketing as Mystification” convened at the 2011 Academy of Marketing conference in Liverpool. Ideas from the Liverpool event were supplemented by commentaries from selected other autho...
Adaptive Speed Limit System of Highway Based on Zig Bee and GSM

In order to let drivers acquire highway speed limit information,we design the adaptive speed limit system of highway based on Zig Bee and GSM. MSP430 microcontroller deals with meteorological data and calculates speed limit information on the highway in current weather condition according to speed limit formula. If it is different from the value calculated in last minute,speed limit information of roadside devices will be updated by GSM network. Vehicle will receive speed limit information when driving to the scope of Zig Bee network of roadside device,if information is changed,vehicle-mounted device will display it on LCD screen and broadcast recording. Test result shows that: vehicle-mounted devices can receive speed limit information normally in the scope of Zig Bee network of roadside device.
Pregnancy is a model for tumors, not transplantation.

Nearly 65 years have passed since Peter Medawar posed the following question: “How does the pregnant mother contrive to nourish within itself, for many weeks or months, a fetus that is an antigenically foreign body.” Now, understanding of reproductive immunology has demonstrated that the HLA antigens in the placenta are non-classical and do not induce rejection. In the placenta and in tumors, 50% or more of the cells are cells of the immune system and were once thought to be primed and ready for killing tumors or the “fetal transplant” but these cells are not potential killers but abet the growth of either the tumor or the placenta. We believe that these cells are there to create an environment, which enhances either placental or tumor growth. By examining the similarities of the placenta's and tumor's immune cells, novel mechanisms to cause tumors to be eliminated can be devised.
A taxonomy to define courses that mix face-to-face and online learning

Abstract The efficacy of courses that mix face-to-face and online instruction, such as blended, hybrid, flipped, and inverted courses, is contested in the literature. Some studies find that they improved learning outcomes and some do not. We argue that these unreliable results are due to inconsistent definitions of these courses. To address this problem, we propose the Mixed Instructional eXperience (MIX) taxonomy to define hybrid, blended, flipped, and inverted based on two dimensions. To test the usefulness of the taxonomy to organize the literature, we reclassified research using the taxonomy. The analysis of the literature after reclassification revealed themes that illuminate how mixing face-to-face and online instruction affects learning. These findings validate the taxonomy as a useful tool for classifying literature and further knowledge in this field.
Immunology and organ transplantation in the neonate and young infant.

Cardiac replacement in neonates and infants with incurable complex heart defects has been performed successfully at the Loma Linda University Medical Center since 1985. Studies of over 125 infant transplants have revealed unique characteristics of the newborn response to foreign tissue. As compared to that of older infants, the neonatal immune system is remarkedly receptive, a phenomenon highlighting the impact of maternalfetal incompatibility on subsequent neonatal immune development.
Hartmut Laufhütte, Wirklichkeit und Kunst in Gottfried Kellers Roman “Der grüne Heinrich.”: Bonn: Bouvier & Co., 1969. Pp. xii, 395.

(1972). Hartmut Laufhutte, Wirklichkeit und Kunst in Gottfried Kellers Roman “Der grune Heinrich.”. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 135-139.
Evaluation of digital libraries

This chapter starts with the discussion of the need for digital library evaluation. After that, digital library evaluation frameworks and dimensions are introduced. This chapter addresses why evaluation is important, when to evaluate, what to evaluate, how to evaluate, and factors hindering the evaluation. The focus of the chapter is to identify digital library evaluation criteria and associated measures. A unique aspect of this chapter is that the authors present the findings of their own study on digital library evaluation purposes, dimensions, criteria, measures, the phases for evaluation, and factors hindering the evaluation in addition to summarizing previous research on digital library evaluation. Finally, challenges for digital library evaluation are raised and discussed.
Iron and Testosterone: Interplay and Clinical Implications

The purpose of this review is to investigate the crosstalk between testosterone and iron metabolism in men and discuss the clinical implications. Testosterone directly regulates body iron levels through inhibition of the master regulator of iron metabolism, hepcidin. There is significant overlap between the side effects of exogenous testosterone administration and iron overload. Testosterone increases dietary iron absorption, providing a direct link between the two. As the body is unable to eliminate excess iron, a negative feedback mechanism allowing iron to inhibit testosterone production to maintain body iron homeostasis is proposed. This review discusses the recent data demonstrating the regulation of body iron stores by testosterone, as well as data suggesting testosterone may be reciprocally regulated by iron. Crosstalk between testosterone and iron has significant implications in testosterone deficiency and therapy. Additionally, the regulation of testosterone by iron may indicate a significant role for iron in the development of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of aging and chronic disease.
The Effect of Mantram Repetition on Burnout and Stress Among VA Staff.

In this study, the authors determined the effect of a structured Internet-delivered Mantram Repetition Program (MRP) on burnout and stress of conscience (SOC), stress related to ambiguity from ethical or moral conflicts among health care workers (HCWs) within the Veteran Affairs (VA) Healthcare System. A secondary purpose was to determine whether practicing meditation prior to the study combined with MRP affected burnout or SOC. The MRP teaches the mindful practices of repeating a mantram, slowing down, and one-pointed attention for managing stress. Thirty-nine HCW volunteers who provided direct patient care completed the Internet-delivered MRP. The outcomes of burnout (i.e., exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) and SOC (i.e., frequency of stressful events and troubled conscience about those events) were measured at baseline (T1), postintervention (T2), and 3-months postintervention (T3). Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that exhaustion significantly (p < .05) declined between T1 and T3; prof...
Case 3733 – Cetonia marmorea Olivier, 1789 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini): proposed conservation by reversal of precedence with Scarabaeus pulcher Swederus, 1787

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the widely used name Gymnetis marmorea (Olivier, 1789), a flower chafer (Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, which is threatened by the unused senior subjective synonym Scarabaeus pulcher Swederus, 1787. The head of the holotype of Scarabaeus pulcher Swederus, 1787 is excluded from the holotype under Article 73.1.5 of the Code since it is a piece belonging to a Cotinis Burmeister glued to the body of a Gymnetis MacLeay.
O-026 Prior antiplatelet use and thrombectomy outcomes

Background Multiple recent studies and randomized controlled trails have advocated mechanical thrombectomy (MT) as a front line management for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) strokes. There is very limited information as to how prior use of antiplatelet (APT) drug affects the outcomes in these patients. In this study we sought to evaluate the association of prior use of APT drug and outcomes after MT in ELVO patients. Methods Consecutive patients with ELVO treated with MT during a 3 year period were evaluated. ELVO patients identified as being on any antiplatelet drugs versus not on any prior to MT. Standard safety (symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) and effectiveness outcomes [complete recanalization, time to recanalization, and favorable outcome (defined as mRS of 0–2 at 3 months)] were compared in both groups. Complete recanalization was defined as TICI score of 2b or 3. Results We evaluated 217 consecutive ELVO patients (mean age 62±18, male 49.8% and median NIHSS 16 (IQR 12–21) who underwent MT. A total of 146 patients (67.3%) were not on prior anti platelets. Prior use of APT medications was reported in 71 patients [aspirin: 56 patients (25.8%], Plavix: 2 patients (1%), Aspirin and Plavix: 12 patients (5.5%) and Aggrenox: 1 patient (0.5%)]. The ELVO group with prior use of APT medication had higher rates of successful recanalization [79% vs 63%, p=0.028] compared to the group without prior APT use. The ELVO group with prior APT use did not differ significantly in terms of groin puncture to recanalization time [minute, median (IQR); 51 (32–67) vs 48 (38–80), p=0.390], rates of favorable outcome [OR: 1.41, 95% CI: (0.63–3.15), p=0.403], and rates of sICH (p>0.1) compared to the group without prior APT use. In multivariable analyses, prior use of APT drug was independently associated with higher rates of successful recanalization (OR: 2.40; 95% CI (1.06–5.46), p=0.036) after adjusting for potential confounders. Further subgroup analyses on ELVO patients with prior use of single vs dual APT drug did not show any difference in safety or efficacy outcomes (p>0.0.1) Conclusion Prior use of APT drug is associated with higher rates of successful recanalization in ELVO patients after MT, however no difference in rates of sICH or functional outcome was noted. Larger studies are needed to further evaluate the role of prior treatment with APT drug in ELVO patients treated with MT. Disclosures A. Pandhi: None. R. Krishnan: None. K. Dillard: None. M. Ishfaq: None. S. Singh: None. D. Hoit: None. A. Arthur: None. G. Tsivgoulis: None. A. Alexandrov: None. L. Elijovich: None. N. Goyal: None.
Observing the Child

Direct observation of a student in the naturalistic environment is used to screen for problems, assess emotional and behavioral functioning, evaluate the classroom environment in the design of interventions, and monitor student performance and progress. Observation, which is required for a child who has been referred for a special education evaluation, takes two primary forms—naturalistic and systematic. Naturalistic observation involves the anecdotal recording of all behaviors occurring, whereas systematic direct observation is conducted under standardized procedures and entails the recording and measurement of specific, operationally defined behaviors. These two approaches are described in greater detail within this chapter, which also includes recommendations for reporting and sample narratives and tables.