cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic hypo-activity and reduced theta-band power in autism spectrum disorder: A resting-state EEG study

Abstract Background Prior studies using a variety of methodologies have reported inconsistent dopamine (DA) findings in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ranging from dopaminergic hypo- to hyper-activity. Theta-band power derived from scalp-recorded electroencephalography (EEG), which may be associated with dopamine levels in frontal cortex, has also been shown to be atypical in ASD. The present study examined spontaneous eye-blink rate (EBR), an indirect, non-invasive measure of central dopaminergic activity, and theta power in children with ASD to determine: 1) whether ASD may be associated with atypical DA levels, and 2) whether dopaminergic dysfunction may be associated with aberrant theta-band activation. Method Participants included thirty-two children with ASD and thirty-two age-, IQ-, and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children. Electroencephalography and eye-tracking data were acquired while participants completed an eyes-open resting-state session. Blinks were counted and EBR was determined by dividing blink frequency by session duration and theta power (4–7.5 Hz) was extracted from midline leads. Results Eye-blink rate and theta-band activity were significantly reduced in children with ASD as compared to their TD peers. For all participants, greater midline theta power was associated with increased EBR (related to higher DA levels). Conclusions These results suggest that ASD may be associated with dopaminergic hypo-activity, and that this may contribute to atypical theta-band power. Lastly, EBR may be a useful tool to non-invasively index dopamine levels in ASD and could potentially have many clinical applications, including selecting treatment options and monitoring treatment response.
Broken Windows, Broken Zzs: Poor Housing and Neighborhood Conditions Are Associated with Objective Measures of Sleep Health

African Americans and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals have higher rates of a variety of sleep disturbances, including short sleep duration, poor sleep quality, and fragmented sleep. Such sleep disturbances may contribute to pervasive and widening racial and socioeconomic (SES) disparities in health. A growing body of literature demonstrates that over and above individual-level SES, indicators of neighborhood disadvantage are associated with poor sleep. However, there has been scant investigation of the association between sleep and the most proximal environments, the home and residential block. This is the first study to examine the association between objective and self-reported measures of housing and block conditions and sleep. The sample included 634 adults (mean age = 58.7 years; 95% African American) from two low-income urban neighborhoods. Study participants reported whether they experienced problems with any of seven different housing problems (e.g., broken windows) and rated the overall condition of their home. Trained data collectors rated residential block quality. Seven days of wrist actigraphy were used to measure average sleep duration, efficiency, and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), and a sleep diary assessed sleep quality. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted for each sleep outcome with housing or block conditions as predictors in separate models. Participants reporting “fair” or “poor” housing conditions had an adjusted average sleep duration that was 15.4 min shorter than that of participants reporting “good” or “excellent” conditions. Those reporting any home distress had 15.9 min shorter sleep and .19 units lower mean sleep quality as compared with participants who did not report home distress. Poor objectively measured block quality was associated with 14.0 min shorter sleep duration, 1.95% lower sleep efficiency, and 10.7 additional minutes of WASO. Adverse housing and proximal neighborhood conditions are independently associated with poor sleep health. Findings highlight the importance of considering strategies that target upstream determinants of sleep health disparities.
Conventional semen analysis and advanced sperm function tests in diagnosis and management of varicocele.

Clinical varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility and affect sperm parameters as measured in a conventional semen analysis. Varicocelectomy has been shown in prospective studies to improve semen parameters in men with a clinical varicocele. Clinical varicoceles are also a well-known source of oxidative stress which may affect the quality of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to a limited capacity for DNA repair. The susceptibility of spermatozoa to oxidative stress is modulated by a balance between ROS and antioxidants, which can be quantified by various laboratory assays. Varicocelectomy has been consistently shown to reduce both ROS and sperm DNA fragmentation, and various assays should be utilised in the diagnosis and treatment of infertile men with a clinical varicocele.
Transdiagnostic connectome-based prediction of craving

Craving is a central construct in the study of motivation and human behavior and is also a clinical symptom of substance and non-substance-related addictive disorders. Thus, craving represents a target for transdiagnostic modeling. We applied connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to functional connectivity data in a large (N=274) transdiagnostic sample of individuals with and without substance-use-related conditions, to predict self-reported craving. CPM is a machine-learning approach used to identify neural signatures in functional connectivity data related to a specific phenotype. Functional connectomes were derived from three guided imagery conditions of personalized appetitive, stress, and neutral-relaxing experiences. Craving was rated before and after each imagery condition. CPM successfully predicted craving, thereby identifying a transdiagnostic craving network comprised primarily of the posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, visual cortex, and primary sensory areas. Findings suggest that craving may be associated with difficulties directing attention away from internal self-related processing, represented in the default mode network.
Intravenous, Intratracheal, and Intranasal Inoculation of Swine with SARS-CoV-2.

Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the susceptibility of animals and their potential to act as reservoirs or intermediate hosts for the virus has been of significant interest. Pigs are susceptible to multiple coronaviruses and have been used as an animal model for other human infectious diseases. Research groups have experimentally challenged swine with human SARS-CoV-2 isolates with results suggesting limited to no viral replication. For this study, a SARS-CoV-2 isolate obtained from a tiger which is identical to human SARS-CoV-2 isolates detected in New York City and contains the D614G S mutation was utilized for inoculation. Pigs were challenged via intravenous, intratracheal, or intranasal routes of inoculation (n = 4/route). No pigs developed clinical signs, but at least one pig in each group had one or more PCR positive nasal/oral swabs or rectal swabs after inoculation. All pigs in the intravenous group developed a transient neutralizing antibody titer, but only three other challenged pigs developed titers greater than 1:8. No gross or histologic changes were observed in tissue samples collected at necropsy. In addition, no PCR positive samples were positive by virus isolation. Inoculated animals were unable to transmit virus to naive contact animals. The data from this experiment as well as from other laboratories supports that swine are not likely to play a role in the epidemiology and spread of SARS-CoV-2.
A Comparative Evaluation of a Wearable MEMS Tactile Sensors Array and a Photoplethysmography Sensor for Atrial Fibrillation Detection Under Sitting Condition

This paper presents an evaluation study of a wearable MEMS tactile sensors array in comparison to a commercial photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor for potential atrial fibrillation (AFib) detection through monitoring heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) from an individual's foot under a sitting condition. The foot is chosen as the monitoring site over other body locations such as the wrist due to its less movement under a sitting environment, which is measured to be less than 0.3g during a one-hour testing period. The PPG sensor exhibits strong motion artifacts (MA) likely due to the toes residual movement when the foot is in a stationary position. The MEMS tactile sensors array is less susceptible to motion artifacts and can accurately obtain HR and HRV under a 0.5g motion, which is suitable for AFib monitoring under a sitting condition.
An Exploratory Study on American- Born Imams: Negotiating Pastoral Responsibilities and Expectations

Symbolic interactionism, applied in the context of Muslim clerics, suggests that society is constructed based on lived experiences and shared symbolic meanings where people see themselves and the social environment through the eyes of others. For this study, data collected from in-depth interviews were examined to investigate the viewpoints and occupational pathways of American born imams. Thus, this study explored the responsibilities assigned to imams and their communal objectives. Overall, this study found several challenges that imams experienced, professional and organizational. Utilizing symbolic interactionism, these issues were explicated, and the following overarching themes were generated: imams received inadequate training as religious leaders in their communities, relationships between the mosque board and an imam can directly reinforce or mitigate a challenging work environment, and it is most advantageous for American communities to hire American-born imams over foreign-born imams. The findings indicate that organizational support extended to imams from mosque boards leads to not only an amicable relationship but more productive community engagement.
Pilot study of Tremelimumab with and without cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Cryoablation in combination with immune checkpoint therapy was previously reported to improve anti-tumor immune responses in pre-clinical studies. Here we report a pilot study of anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) with (n = 15) or without (n = 14) cryoablation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (NCT02626130), 18 patients with clear cell and 11 patients with non-clear cell histologies. The primary endpoint is safety, secondary endpoints include objective response rate, progression-free survival, and immune monitoring studies. Safety data indicate ≥ grade 3 treatment-related adverse events in 16 of 29 patients (55%) including 6 diarrhea/colitis, 3 hepatitis, 1 pneumonitis, and 1 glomerulonephritis. Toxicity leading to treatment discontinuation occurs in 5 patients in each arm. 3 patients with clear cell histology experience durable responses. One patient in the tremelimumab arm experiences an objective response, the median progression-free survival for all patients is 3.3 months (95% CI: 2.0, 5.3 months). Exploratory immune monitoring analysis of baseline and post-treatment tumor tissue samples shows that treatment increases immune cell infiltration and tertiary lymphoid structures in clear cell but not in non-clear cell. In clear cell, cryoablation plus tremelimumab leads to a significant increase in immune cell infiltration. These data highlight that treatment with tremelimumab plus cryotherapy is feasible and modulates the immune microenvironment in patients with metastatic clear cell histology. Anti-CTLA4 therapy has not been comprehensively explored for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Here, in a pilot study of anti-CTLA4 therapy with or without cryoablation in mRCC, the authors report that the combination is feasible and enhances immune infiltration in patients with metastatic clear cell histology.
Moving Toward, Moving Against, and Moving Away: An Interpersonal Approach to Construct Validation of the Horney-Coolidge Type Inventory.

Karen Horney's interpersonal theory of adjustment defined three different neurotic trends involving characteristic social behavior and motives: compliant (moving toward people), aggressive (moving against people), and detached (moving away from people). The Horney-Coolidge Type Inventory (HCTI) was developed to assess these trends, but has not been validated using standard methods in the interpersonal perspective. The studies reported here refined the structure of the HCTI, and utilized the structural summary method (SSM) to identify relationships of the three shortened HCTI trend scales with the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) in single university (n = 514) and multisite university (n = 3,283) samples. Results across both studies confirmed predicted interpersonal characteristics of each trend: Compliance was associated with warm submissiveness, aggression was associated with hostile dominance, and detachment was associated with hostile or cold submissiveness. However, analyses of facets within the three HCTI trend domains revealed significant differences. Results are discussed as a potential guide to further refinement of assessments of the Horney maladaptive trends, and support inclusion of Horney's model in current interpersonal theory.
Seismic and Resistivity Measurements for Real-Time Monitoring of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation in Sand

A variety of biogeochemical processes, from inorganic mineral precipitation to bio-film formation to bio-gas generation, are being investigated as alternative methods to improve soil properties. Every process applied in a geotechnical application requires the ability to monitor the progression of treatment, preferably in real time. While monitoring of the biogeochemical processes is necessary to properly apply and manage the treatment process, ultimately verification that the treatment is improving the engineering soil properties as desired is necessary. Because direct measurements of soil properties (e.g., strength tests) during treatment are infeasible, the use of indirect non-destructive measurements during treatment is desirable. Development of these real-time, non-destructive measurements would increase the “certainty of execution” of bio-treatment methods. To this end, seismic velocity, and resistivity measurements are examined herein to assess their ability to monitor the extent and spatial distribution of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) in sands. Shear wave velocity (S-wave) test results are used to develop a generalized correlation to the precipitated calcite mass; this in turn enables prediction of changes in void ratio (porosity), density, and shear modulus during treatment. Compression wave velocity (P-wave) measurements are determined under different saturation conditions and used in combination with S-wave measurements to observe how the Poisson’s ratio evolved during treatment. The applicability of resistivity measurements for monitoring the MICP treatment process is also examined. Finally, the seismic properties of MICP treated sand are compared with other conventional materials and the implications of these results for real-time monitoring during future field-scale applications discussed.
Micromechanical robustness tests of 28nm BEOL layer stacks

The paper describes two micromechanical stress tests, which evaluate the robustness of Back End Of Line (BEOL) layer stacks under mechanical stress, by applying bending stress to FIB prepared pillars and by using nanoindentation in previously prepared cross sections. Conclusions about mechanical robustness of BEOL integration schemes and particular design features are drawn.
A Carbon-Free Sandwich Complex [(P5)2Ti]2−

Reactions of highly reduced titanium complexes with white phosphorus, P4, at or below 25°C yielded brown to deep red-brown salts of the first entirely inorganic metallocene, [(η5-P5)2Ti]2−(1). Like ferrocene and other carbon-based metallocenes, the structure of1 has parallel and planar five-membered rings symmetrically positioned about the central metal atom. Despite its electron-deficient (16 electron) and formally zerovalent titanium character, salts of1 are highly stable toward heat and air, both in solution and in the solid state. Computational studies show that the pentaphosphacyclopentadienyl unit, P5, functions as an unusually effective acceptor ligand, and this results in substantial stabilization of 1.
Object Detection by Estimating and Combining High-Level Features

Many successful object detection systems characterize object classes with a statistical profile over a large number of local features. We present an enhancement to this method that learns to assemble local features into features that capture more global properties such as body shape and color distribution. The system then learns to combine these estimated global features to improve object detection accuracy. In our approach, each candidate object detection from an off-the-shelf gradient-based detection system is transformed into a conditional random field. This CRF is used to extract a most likely object silhouette, which is then processed into features based on color and shape. Finally, we show that on the difficult Pascal VOC 2007 data set, detection rates can be improved by combining these global features with the local features from a state-of-the-art gradient based approach.
Progress and Competition in Design

This Article argues that applying patent-like doctrine to design makes sense only if a design patent system is premised on a patent-like conception of cumulative progress that permits patent examiners and courts to assess whether a novel design reflects a nonobvious step beyond the prior art. If there is a meaningful way to speak of such an inventive step in design, then design patent doctrine should be based on that conception. If nonobviousness has no sensible meaning in design, then a patent system cannot work for design. At present, design patent doctrine is in disarray because it is unmoored from any conceptual underpinnings. Design patents are not needed to incentivize technological invention, because that kind of innovation is the subject of utility patent law. Because aesthetic expression is not susceptible of an “inventive step” judgment, progress in aesthetic expression is not appropriately incentivized by a patent-like system. Indeed, copyright long has rejected the very possibility of incentivizing aesthetic progress with a “creative step” requirement because it has found no metric along which to measure aesthetic progress.If there is any type of cumulative progress to be sought in design it must therefore involve the interplay between aesthetics and utilitarian function. Aesthetics and utility intersect at the integration of form and function and that, we argue, is where design patents must be justified, if they can be justified at all. Once stated, this point is intuitively appealing. The integration of form and function is what distinguishes industrial design both from purely artistic expression (for which we have copyright) and from technological invention (for which we have utility patent). The converse also follows: if there is no workable means to assess the nonobviousness of a given design’s integration of form and function, there can be no sensible design patent system.
Transport in one-dimensional semiconductor devices

A novel quantum well wire (QWW) realized in a high electron mobility transistor structure is presented. The QWW structure is incorporated in the design of one-dimensional modulation-doped field-effect transistor (1-D MODFET) and one-dimensional quantum interference transistor (1-D QUIT) structures. Transport characteristics of the AlGaAs-GaAs 1-D MODFET and 1-D QUIT are presented and compared with two-dimensional devices. Our calculations show a significant improvement of the transconductance in one-dimensional transistors compared with their two-dimensional counterparts.
A Geometry for Obtaining Unperturbed Angular Correlations in the Presence of Electric Field Gradients

An experimental geometry has been found which makes possible the measurement of unperturbed angular correlations in the presence of axially symmetric static electric field gradients. If an angular distribution through an I = 2 intermediate state involves a 0 – 2 quadrupole gamma radiation, then the angular distribution will be unperturbed by the quadrupole interaction whenever the momentum of the 0–2 radiation is perpendicular to the field symmetry axis, independent of the multipole nature of the second radiation. Similarly all correlations through an intermediate spin I=1 are unperturbed whenever the momentum of one of the radiations is perpendicular to the field symmetry axis.
Biegetheorie der Drehschalen

Fur die Biegetheorie der Drehschalen benutzen wir dieselben Koordi. naten φ, υ wie fur die Membrantheorie (s. S. 21). Wir wollen uns aber in der Biegetheorie auf drehsymmetrische Spannungszustande beschranken, da die Behandlung der hoheren Harmonischen in υ ein so umfangreiches Formelwerk erfordert, das es den Rahmen dieses Buches sprengen wurde.
Sensitivity of nitrate aerosols to ammonia emissions and to nitrate chemistry: implications for present and future nitrate optical depth

Abstract. We update and evaluate the treatment of nitrate aerosols in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric model (AM3). Accounting for the radiative effects of nitrate aerosols generally improves the simulated aerosol optical depth, although nitrate concentrations at the surface are biased high. This bias can be reduced by increasing the deposition of nitrate to account for the near-surface volatilization of ammonium nitrate or by neglecting the heterogeneous production of nitric acid to account for the inhibition of N2O5 reactive uptake at high nitrate concentrations. Globally, uncertainties in these processes can impact the simulated nitrate optical depth by up to 25 %, much more than the impact of uncertainties in the seasonality of ammonia emissions (6 %) or in the uptake of nitric acid on dust (13 %). Our best estimate for fine nitrate optical depth at 550 nm in 2010 is 0.006 (0.005–0.008). In wintertime, nitrate aerosols are simulated to account for over 30 % of the aerosol optical depth over western Europe and North America. Simulated nitrate optical depth increases by less than 30 % (0.0061–0.010) in response to projected changes in anthropogenic emissions from 2010 to 2050 (e.g., −40 % for SO2 and +38 % for ammonia). This increase is primarily driven by greater concentrations of nitrate in the free troposphere, while surface nitrate concentrations decrease in the midlatitudes following lower concentrations of nitric acid. With the projected increase of ammonia emissions, we show that better constraints on the vertical distribution of ammonia (e.g., convective transport and biomass burning injection) and on the sources and sinks of nitric acid (e.g., heterogeneous reaction on dust) are needed to improve estimates of future nitrate optical depth.
eIF4F: A retrospective

The original purification of the heterotrimeric eIF4F was published over 30 years ago (Grifo, J. A., Tahara, S. M., Morgan, M. A., Shatkin, A. J., and Merrick, W. C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 5804–5810). Since that time, numerous studies have been performed with the three proteins specifically required for the translation initiation of natural mRNAs, eIF4A, eIF4B, and eIF4F. These have involved enzymatic and structural studies of the proteins and a number of site-directed mutagenesis studies. The regulation of translation exhibited through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is predominately seen as the phosphorylation of 4E-BP, an inhibitor of protein synthesis that functions by binding to the cap binding subunit of eIF4F (eIF4E). A hypothesis that requires the disassembly of eIF4F during translation initiation to yield free subunits (eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G) is presented.
Reduction of dynamic memory usage in concurrent fault simulation for synchronous sequential circuits

A strategy that reduces the memory usage to minimum is proposed and implemented. The results of implementation show that the dynamic memory usage of the concurrent fault simulator considered is indeed lower than other commonly used memory management strategies. It is shown through experimentation that the reduced memory usage improves substantially the performance of the concurrent fault simulator. >
The role of warnings in younger and older adults' retrieval-induced forgetting

Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) is a phenomenon wherein practicing recalling some items impairs recall of semantically related, unpracticed items. Two experiments examined whether explicitly warning older (Experiment 1) and younger adults (Experiments 1 and 2) about RIF at different times during two exposures to the retrieval-practice paradigm would affect participants’ forgetting. Participants in both experiments were either warned before encoding, retrieval-practice, recall, or not at all. The warning was combined with integration instructions in Experiment 2. Warnings did not reduce forgetting in either age group in Experiment 1. Forgetting increased across exposures in most cases and older adults experienced more forgetting than did younger adults. Combining integration instructions with the warning also did not reduce younger adults’ forgetting relative to baseline conditions in Experiment 2. Results indicate that both younger and older adults are susceptible to retrieval-induced forgetting and th...
Quantum size effects in simple colored glass.

Finite size effects have been observed at low temperatures for electrons confined to semiconductor microcrystallites embedded in a simple borosilicate glass. Luminescence data reveal large electronic energy shifts relative to bulk energy levels which can be used to calculate the confinement energy of the localized electrons. This system provides an attractive alternative to quantum well heterostructures, permitting direct optical studies of electron-confinement effects over a wide range of temperatures.
Stannocenophanes. Ring-bridged di-h5-cyclopentadienyltin(II) derivatives of α,α-dicyclopentadienyl-ortho-, -meta- and -para-xylene

Abstract Three isomeric examples of a new class of stannocene (di-h5-cyclopentadienyltin(II)) derivatives are described in which the h5-cyclopentadienyl rings are linked through methylene bridges to a phenyl system. The ortho-, meta- and para-xylene derivatives are synthesized from the disodium salt of (phenylene- dimethylene)dicyclopentadienide with tin(II) chloride in THF. The products are air-sensitive, off-white powders, soluble in organic solvents, which show no definite melting points. Exposure to air gives the R2SnO derivative and ultimately tin(IV) oxide. Tin-119m Mossbauer data corroborate the tin(II) oxidation state, and parent molecular ions at m/e = 352 are recorded as the highest m/e value in the mass spectra. The action of h5-cyclopentadienyltin(II) chloride on the disodium salt gives meta-phenylenedimethylenedi-h5-cyclopentadienyltin(II) di-h5-cyclopentadiene. The meta-stannocenophane derivative also yields an infusible BF3 adduct from the BF3 etherate. Mossbauer quadrupole splittings for the ortho- and para-stannocenophanes are much larger (1.84 and 1.29 mm s−1 respectively) than for stannocene itself.
Groups and political behavior: Legitimation, deprivation, and competing values

This essay asks what might be most usefully studied in future analyses of the impact of groups on the voting behavior of individuals. A dimension of group analysis so far neglected concerns some value orientations that affect the relevance of group consciousness to voting or other political behavior. In particular, the legitimacy of group political action and of group politics more generally is of central importance. Connected to such evaluations is the character of group comparisons, such as in group-focused relative power deprivation. Also of relevance are competing political value constellations, especially individualism and majoritarianism. By the use of a variety of National Election Studies and Wisconsin survey data, these themes are explored empirically to show the extent of a group focus that goes beyond the usual measures of group consciousness. Relative approval of group-based pluralism is also shown to affect the patterns of relationships of major predictors of turnout. And finally, a LISREL analysis is presented that shows that a group focus is as important as a party focus in affecting the level of political alienation pertinent to voter participation.
Patient's Self-interpretation of Tuberculin Skin Tests

Background In the outpatient use of tuberculin skin testing (purified protein derivative [PPD]), it is at times inconvenient to have a patient revisit for interpretation. Therefore, we assessed patients' ability to self-interpret these test results. Methods In keeping with prior custom, patients were seen by an experienced nurse, who performed skin testing with PPD intermediate strength as well as mumps and Candida anergy control tests in some cases, and explained the procedure. The patients were asked to return 48 to 72 h later, at which time one of the researchers recorded their test interpretations before they were again evaluated by the nurse. Results Sixty-eight patients were studied, of whom 59 returned at appropriate interval. Eighteen patients had a positive PPD test reaction of 10 to 20 mm induration, which only one patient correctly identified as a positive test result. However, positive anergy control tests were correctly interpreted in 10 of 27 cases. Conclusion The small number of positive PPD test result recognition by these patients may be partially attributed to their lack of education, as well as foreign birth and denial of illness. PPD results should be checked by an experienced professional.
Testing the effects of suppression and reappraisal on emotional concordance using a multivariate multilevel model.

Abstract In theory, the essence of emotion is coordination across experiential, behavioral, and physiological systems in the service of functional responding to environmental demands. However, people often regulate emotions, which could either reduce or enhance cross-system concordance. The present study tested the effects of two forms of emotion regulation (expressive suppression, positive reappraisal) on concordance of subjective experience (positive–negative valence), expressive behavior (positive and negative), and physiology (inter-beat interval, skin conductance, blood pressure) during conversations between unacquainted young women. As predicted, participants asked to suppress showed reduced concordance for both positive and negative emotions. Reappraisal instructions also reduced concordance for negative emotions, but increased concordance for positive ones. Both regulation strategies had contagious interpersonal effects on average levels of responding. Suppression reduced overall expression for both regulating and uninstructed partners, while reappraisal reduced negative experience. Neither strategy influenced the uninstructed partners’ concordance. These results suggest that emotion regulation impacts concordance by altering the temporal coupling of phasic subsystem responses, rather than by having divergent effects on subsystem tonic levels.
Computer Search for Economical Operation of a Hydrothermal Electric System [includes discussion]

This paper describes the use of a high-speed digital computer for the purpose of searching for economical modes of operation in a mathematical model of a hydrothermal electric system. The minimization of annual operating cost is treated as a problem in the calculus of variations. A gradient concept is employed to successively seek time schedules of water use which reduce annual operating costs. Such reductions are achieved partly by increasing the energy yield, partly by sacrificing energy yield at one time to reduce high operating costs at another time, and partly by reducing the violation of prescribed rules of operation.
New therapeutic options for advanced forms of thyroid cancer.

Introduction: While the vast majority of patients with thyroid cancer have an excellent prognosis, those with more aggressive courses experience significant morbidity and mortality. Advanced forms of thyroid cancer are typically refractory to standard therapy. Numerous agents with potential usefulness in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer have recently come under study. Areas covered: This article reviews agents identified through a systematic review of the scientific literature as being under investigation for treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. A search of both PubMed and the NCI Clinical Trials website was performed to identify such agents having reached Phase II or III testing. Improved understanding of cancer cell signaling pathways has led to the identification of > 500 kinases as potential therapeutic targets. Additional agents of interest include those that inhibit neoangiogenesis, alter epigenetic factors or stimulate antitumor immune reactions. While presently available agents have shown...
Cancer of the pancreas: Palliative operation, Whipple procedure, or total pancreatectomy

Current reviews of the treatment of cancer of the pancreas, most of which evaluate cases treated in the past one or two decades, continue to present discouraging results. The advantages and disadvantages of performing a resection must be carefully evaluated for each patient. The dilemma of resection should be discussed with the patient before operation and when capable he or she should influence the decisions the surgeon anticipates facing during the operation. Pancreatoduodenectomy is the treatment of choice for carefully selected cases of carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and other periampullary carcinomas. Total pancreatectomy has not, at this point, been shown to provide sufficient advantages to warrant routine adoption as the treatment of choice when resection is to be performed.
Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts

Pancreatic pseudocysts arise as a complication of acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, or after surgery. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts can be achieved using transpapillary and/or transmural (transgastric or transduodenal) approaches with acceptable success rates, complication rates, and recurrence rates. Advantages of endoscopic drainage is the avoidance of external pancreatic fistula.
Programmable Real-Time Cancellation of GLONASS Interference with the Green Bank Telescope

A programmable, real-time, digital signal processing (DSP), least-mean-squares (LMS) interference canceler was developed and demonstrated as a successful method of excising the GLONASS satellite L-band downlink signals from the 100 m Green Bank Telescope (GBT). This canceler has the potential for aiding the observation of redshifted OH lines near 1600 MHz in the presence of GLONASS signals. Our canceler approach is similar to experiments reported by Barnbaum and Bradley, Baan et al., and Kesteven et al. for mitigating ground-based radio frequency interference (RFI), but we add the new features of a tracking dish antenna to follow the satellite for improved cancellation performance, complex adaptive filter coefficients that reduce the required filter length, and a programmable delay line for bulk time delay correction. An analysis of LMS tracking performance for moving satellites is presented, and effective use of a reference antenna distantly located from the telescope is demonstrated. As is expected from the known properties of LMS cancelers, larger filter orders are shown to yield more reliable cancellation and are less sensitive to data time misalignment. GLONASS interference seen by the GBT was suppressed below the noise floor without corrupting a signal that simulated an astronomical source, even with rapid orbital transits and long integration times.
Keratin Expression in Endocrine Organs and their Neoplasms

Keratins are intermediate filaments that provide mechanical support and fulfill a variety of additional functions in epithelial cells. Keratins show outstanding degree of molecular diversity. In humans, 54 functional keratin genes exist. Twenty common types of keratins are expressed in highly specific patterns related to epithelial type and stage of cellular differentiation. In general, keratins are classified as high-molecular-weight keratins (expressed in normal stratified epithelium and tumors derived from it) and low-molecular-weight keratins (expressed in normal simple epithelium and tumors derived from it). Histologically, endocrine organs belong to simple epithelium; thus, endocrine tissues usually express low-molecular-weight keratins. When an endocrine organ undergoes malignant transformation, its keratin profile usually remains constant. However, keratin expression in endocrine organs and endocrine tumors is much more complicated because of their diversified histogenesis. In this review article, we will first briefly review the molecular biology and protein chemistry of the keratins. We will then review the expression patterns of keratins in normal endocrine tissue and endocrine neoplasms.
A slide-ware application to support discursive presentations

Transdisciplinary collaborations call for dynamic, responsive slide-ware presentations beyond the linear structure afforded by traditional tools. The NextSlidePlease application addresses this through a novel authoring and presentation interface. The application also features an innovative algorithm to enhance presentation time management. The cross-platform Java application is currently being evaluated in a variety of real-world presentation contexts.
Atherosclerotic Lesions Grow Through Recruitment and Proliferation of Circulating Monocytes in a Murine Model

Macrophage-derived foam cells in developing atherosclerotic lesions may potentially originate either from recruitment of circulating monocytes or from migration of resident tissue macrophages. In this study, we have determined the source of intimal macrophages in the apoE-knockout mouse flow-cessation/hypercholesterolemia model of atherosclerosis using a bone marrow transplantation approach. We also examined the time course and spatial distribution of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression to assess whether endothelial adhesion molecules were involved in recruitment of either circulating monocytes or resident macrophages. We used allelic variants of the mouse common leukocyte antigen (CD45) to distinguish host-derived and donor-derived white blood cells (WBCs) both in blood and in macrophage-rich carotid lesions. We found that the distribution of CD45 isoforms in lesions is similar to that of circulating WBCs, whereas the host-type CD45 isoform is more prevalent in resident adventitial macrophages. These data indicate that macrophage-derived foam cells in the lesion derive mainly from circulating precursors rather than from resident macrophages. The corresponding time course of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression suggests that recruitment of circulating WBCs by endothelial adhesion molecules is likely to be more important during lesion initiation than during the later phase of rapid lesion growth.
Using interpolation to improve path planning: The Field D* algorithm

We present an interpolation-based planning and replanning algorithm for generating low-cost paths through uniform and nonuniform resolution grids. Most grid-based path planners use discrete state transitions that artificially constrain an agent's motion to a small set of possible headings (e.g., 0, π/4, π/2, etc.). As a result, even “optimal” grid-based planners produce unnatural, suboptimal paths. Our approach uses linear interpolation during planning to calculate accurate path cost estimates for arbitrary positions within each grid cell and produce paths with a range of continuous headings. Consequently, it is particularly well suited to planning low-cost trajectories for mobile robots. In this paper, we introduce a version of the algorithm for uniform resolution grids and a version for nonuniform resolution grids. Together, these approaches address two of the most significant shortcomings of grid-based path planning: the quality of the paths produced and the memory and computational requirements of planning over grids. We demonstrate our approaches on a number of example planning problems, compare them to related algorithms, and present several implementations on real robotic systems.
17O and 11B NMR spectroscopic study of substituted benzo[d]-2,2-difluoro-1,3,2-oxoniaoxaboratins

17O NMR data are reported for 10 benzo[d]-2,2-difluoro-1,3,2-oxoniaoxaboratins derived from various ortho-hydroxyacetophenones and for 2,2-difluoro-1,3,2-oxoniaoxaboratins derived from related hydroxyacetyl naphthalenes and hydroxybenzophenones. The signal for the carbonyl-like oxygen for these compounds is substantially shielded and appears at 288 ± 22 δ. The single bonded oxygen signal for the 1,3,2-oxoniaoxaboratins appears at 122 ± 6 δ, except for the naphthalene analogs, whose signal appears at 146 ± 10 δ. The 11B NMR signal for these compounds is insensitive to structural changes and appears at 0.85 ± 0.25 δ. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Alternative National Ambient Carbon Monoxide Standards

A risk assessment model is developed to relate adverse health effects to alternative carbon monoxide standards. The analysis requires information in the form of available data and expert judgments concerning factors such as ambient CO level, human exposure to CO, physiological responses, and dose-response relationships. Quantitative estimates, including probabilities, are obtained for selected summary measures of adverse health effects.
Integrated design of inelastic controlled structural systems

This paper addresses the integrated design of civil engineering inelastic structures with embedded control systems and devices. Simultaneous optimization of such controlled structures is considered, showing that new structural forms and configurations can be achieved through integrated design. An optimization procedure for controlled structural systems is developed. The optimal design of (i) an SDOF steel portal frame and (ii) an 8-DOF shear-type structure is used as examples to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, which reduces the structural weight of the buildings by incorporating active control elements while preserving the same performance objectives. The numerical results illustrated by these two examples show practical applicability, especially for the case of high-rise buildings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Growth in Marijuana Use Among American Youths During the 1990s and the Extent of Blunt Smoking

Abstract Marijuana use among American youths and young adults increased substantially during the 1990s. This paper reviews that trend using data collected 1979–2003 by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The data suggest that the increase in marijuana use started first among persons age 12–20. Among 18–20 year-olds, the increase started earlier among whites and blacks than Hispanics, among males before females, and surprisingly in areas that are not part of an MSA as opposed to those with a population in excess of a million. Much of the increase in marijuana use could have been attributable to the growing popularity of blunts. Starting in 2000, the NSDUH explicitly asked youths age 12–17 (but not older respondents) about smoking blunts. Of the 9% of youths who reported past-30-day use of marijuana 2000–03, more than half reported smoking blunts. On the other hand, the data also indicate that blunts have not fully supplanted other ways that youths consume marijuana. Blunts were more common ...
Cerebrovascular accidents in infants and children with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Cerebrovascular accidents unrelated to surgery, brain abscess or subacute bacterial endocarditis remain a serious complication in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. To determine the risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents, we reviewed our experience in 29 consecutive cases and in a control group of 220 cases. The overall incidence of cerebrovascular accidents in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease was 1.6 percent. Of 30 cerebrovascular accidents, 21 occurred in infants and children between 5 months and 4 years of age and 9 in older patients. Ninety percent of the accidents occurred in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and dextrotransposition of the great arteries. Hemiplegia was precipitated by acute febrile illness in six patients, cardiac catheterization in two and hyperpneic spells in two. Seven patients recovered completely, and 20 had residual hemiplegia. A seizure disorder developed in five patients and mental retardation in four. Three patients died (mortality rate 10 percent). Cerebrovascular accidents in patients less than 4 years of age were associated with anemia (low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) and hypoxemia. By contrast, cerebrovascular accidents in older patients were associated with polycythemia and hypoxemia. The data suggest that spontaneous cerebrovascular accidents may be prevented in infants and young children with cyanotic congenital heart disease by medical treatment of anemia and surgical relief of the hypoxemia. Since the cardiovascular malformations in 90 percent of our patients who had a cerebrovascular accident are amenable to surgical correction, an aggressive surgical approach with early correction of the malformations may significantly reduce the incidence of this complication.
The Biology of Amblyseius fallcis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) at Various Temperature and Photoperiod Regimes

Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was collected in the field from strawberry at Baton Rouge, La., and studied in the laboratory as a predator of Tetranychus spp. Its life cycle required 7.3 days at 21 °C and 3.3 days at 32°C. Virgin females did not oviposit, but the sex ratio of 2 females to 1 male resulted in fertilization of all females under laboratory conditions. Preoviposition periods of 53 and 18 hours were observed in mites held at 21 and 32°C, respectively. The optimum temperature for A. fallacis was 26.7°C. Photoperiod affected oviposition; more eggs were produced at a photoperiod of 10 hours than at 0,14, or 24 hours. Mites starved when held on bean leaves without the prey species, and no evidence of phytophagous activity or cannibalism was observed.
Mirrors for nanofocusing x-ray beams.

Nanofocused x-ray beams provide a powerful tool for studying materials at the submicron level. One approach to achieve such a small-sized focused beam is to use a pair of mirrors, in the Kirkpatrick Baez (KB) arrangement. Each mirror focuses the beam in one direction and has an elliptical profile. To focus hard x-rays generated from high-brilliance third-generation synchrotron sources to nanometer spots, it is necessary that the mirror figure errors, defined as the deviation of the surface from the ideal ellipse, be in the submicroradian range, or about an order of magnitude smaller than those presently in use. In this paper, the advances in deterministic figuring of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography optics is discussed and is proposed as a technique for developing elliptical mirrors. Such elliptical mirrors with slope errors under 0.2 μrad rms are expected to provide nanometer-focused beams at third-generation synchrotron radiation facilities. The minimum focal size will then be governed by diffraction limit rather than optics quality. An alternative approach to developing an elliptically surface is to use flat or spherical mirrors of the same surface quality, and bend or differentially coat them to attain elliptical profiles. These additional steps would be unnecessary if an elliptical profile is directly polished into the substrate. In any case, the substrate is finally coated with a thin layer (< 400 a) of a high-atomic-number metal to increase the total external reflection critical angle and thereby increase the aperture.