cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversing the Ethical Perspective: What the Allegorical Interpretation of the Good Samaritan Parable Can Still Teach Us:

The parable of the Good Samaritan in Luke 10 is often interpreted as an exhortation to broaden the boundaries of neighbor love. However, prominent patristic exegetes forego this emphasis in favor o...
Packaging of the Virion Host Shutoff (Vhs) Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus: Two Forms of the Vhs Polypeptide Are Associated with Intranuclear B and C Capsids, but Only One Is Associated with Enveloped Virions

The virion host shutoff (Vhs) protein (UL41) is a minor component of herpes simplex virus virions which, following penetration, accelerates turnover of host and viral mRNAs. Infected cells contain 58-kDa and 59.5-kDa forms of Vhs, which differ in the extent of phosphorylation, yet only a 58-kDa polypeptide is incorporated into virions. In pulse-chase experiments, the primary Vhs translation product comigrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the 58-kDa virion polypeptide, and could be chased to 59.5 kDa. While both 59.5-kDa and 58-kDa forms were found in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, the 59.5-kDa form was significantly enriched in the nucleus. Both forms were associated with intranuclear B and C capsids, yet only the 58-kDa polypeptide was found in enveloped cytoplasmic virions. A 58-kDa form, but not the 59.5-kDa form, was found in L particles, noninfectious particles that contain an envelope and tegument but no capsid. The data suggest that virions contain two populations of Vhs that are packaged by different pathways. In the first pathway, the primary translation product is processed to 59.5 kDa, is transported to the nucleus, binds intranuclear capsids, and is converted to 58 kDa at some stage prior to final envelopment. The second pathway does not involve the 59.5-kDa form or interactions between Vhs and capsids. Instead, the primary translation product is phosphorylated to the 58-kDa virion form and packaged through interactions with other tegument proteins in the cytoplasm or viral envelope proteins at the site of final envelopment.
Regulation of expression of the early growth response gene‐1 (EGR‐1) in malignant and benign cells of the prostate

BACKGROUND Expression of the early growth response gene-1 (EGR-1) is elevated in prostate cancer and correlates with tumor progression. This study provides insight into the mechanism(s) that regulate EGR-1 expression and activity in malignant and benign prostate cells. METHODS Western blotting and in vitro pulse labeling were used to examine EGR-1 protein levels and half-life in malignant (PC-3) and benign (BPH-1) prostate cell lines. EGR-1 functional ability was assessed by transient transfections with an EGR-1 promoter driven luciferase plasmid and electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess DNA binding of the EGR-1 protein. Protein levels of casein kinase II (CKII) were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS PC-3 cells maintain high steady-state levels of EGR-1 protein, in part due to a longer half-life of EGR-1 protein. BPH-1 cells responded to mitogenic stimuli with increased EGR-1 protein levels, and enhanced transcriptional activity. In contrast, PC-3 cells showed no response to stimuli. DNA binding of EGR-1 was higher in BPH-1 cells than in PC-3 cells. This appears to be related to the heavily phosphorylated state of EGR-1 in PC-3 cells which is correlated with increased levels of CKII found in these cells. CONCLUSIONS PC-3 cells maintain a long lasting, heavily phosphorylated pool of EGR-1, which binds poorly to DNA and responds poorly to mitogenic stimulus. BPH-1 cells, in contrast, maintain a more responsive, less phosphorylated EGR-1 pool. These findings suggest that EGR-1 expression and activity is differentially regulated in PC-3 and BPH-1 cell lines. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On topology as applied to image analysis

We discuss the recently published claim of V. A. Kovalevsky that the topology of cellular complexes is the only appropriate topology for image analysis. In some sense we confirm this claim and even generalize it from the finite domain to an infinite one. We prove some results which can be interpreted to show that the class of partially ordered sets is strictly equivalent to a class of topological spaces which is certainly powerful enough to handle all of image analysis. However, such equivalence does not carry over when the partially ordered sets are complemented with a dimension function so as to form cellular complexes. In fact, it remains unclear whether the subclass of cellular complexes which use the assignment of dimension which is standard in image analysis is indeed powerful enough to encompass all problems of image analysis.
Evaluation of pleural-based nodules in a 52-year-old woman with a history of metastatic breast cancer.

A 52-y-old woman with a history of invasive ductal carcinoma had undergone right mastectomy, right axillary lymph node dissection, and breast reconstruction. Two of six axillary lymph nodes were positive for ductal carcinoma at surgery, and the patient was staged pT2 pN1a Mx. A one-month follow-up
A hybrid feature extraction framework based on risk minimization and independence maximization

This paper presents a hybrid feature extraction framework based on two diverse optimization problems in aspects of risk and independence to extract features for higher classification performance. The risk minimization as a supervised approach pursues maximum generalization capability among data to directly improve classification performance, whereas the independence maximization process as an unsupervised method projects data onto a space which satisfies maximum independence to indirectly achieve better classification accuracy. Due to the direct and indirect relationship of risk minimization and independence maximization toward classification accuracy improvement, it is expected that features from the hybrid framework simultaneously satisfying both risk and independence criteria would result in the classification performance better than using either criterion. Experimental results show that the proposed hybrid framework provides higher classification performance than various existing feature extractors.
Sequence Polymorphism in the Glycosylation Island and Flagellins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A genomic island consisting of 14 open reading frames, orfA to orfN was previously identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAK and shown to be essential for glycosylation of flagellin. DNA microarray hybridization analysis of a number of P. aeruginosa strains from diverse origins showed that this island is polymorphic. PCR and sequence analysis confirmed that many P. aeruginosa strains carry an abbreviated version of the island (short island) in which orfD, -E and -H are polymorphic and orfI, -J, -K, -L, and -M are absent. To ascertain whether there was a relationship between the inheritance of the short island and specific flagellin sequence variants, complete or partial nucleotide sequences of flagellin genes from 24 a-type P. aeruginosa strains were determined. Two distinct flagellin subtypes, designated A1 and A2, were apparent. Strains with the complete 14-gene island (long island) were almost exclusively of the A1 type, whereas strains carrying the short island were associated with both A1- and A2-type flagellins. These findings indicate that P. aeruginosa possesses a relatively low number of distinct flagellin types and probably has the capacity to further diversify this antigenic surface protein by glycosylation.
Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Aerosol Gels in a Buoyancy-Opposed Flame Reactor

Aerosol gels are a novel class of materials with potential to serve in various energy and environmental applications. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) aerosol gels using a methane-oxygen coflow diffusion flame reactor operated in down-fired configuration (fuel flow in the direction opposite to buoyancy forces). Titanium tetraisopropoxide was fed as a precursor to the flame under different operating conditions. Control of the monomer size and crystalline phase of TiO2 gel particles was achieved by adjusting the flame operating conditions, specifically the flame temperature, which was shown to significantly influence the phase transformation and rate of particle growth and sintering. The resulting materials were characterized for their physical and optical properties. Results showed that the TiO2 aerosol gels had effective densities in the range 0.021–0.025 g/cm3, which is 2 orders of magnitude less than the theoretical mass density of TiO2. The monomer size distribution...
La Psicología Individual de Adler: La Psicología Positiva original

In addressing foundational perspectives, proponents of the current positive psychology movement typically identify Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Gordon Allport as precursors and ancestors. This article demonstrates that the Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler preceded the aforementioned ancestors of positive psychology and could be viewed as the original positive psychology. Following a brief overview of key ideas from Adler’s Individual Psychology, the authors specifically address two foundational tenets of Adler’s theory that particularly resonate with those from positive psychology and then address more broadly the remarkable common ground between Adler’s mature theoretical ideas and the positive psychology movement.
Comparability and comparison levels used in choices among consumer products.

A typology for the classification of products according to their comparability is presented and hypotheses about the levels of comparison used by consumers in making choices among durable goods are...
Comparative study of soluble proteins of corneas from three mammalian species.

Summary1. Methods of concentrating soluble proteins are reported for aqueous extracts of cornea. These methods apparently do not denature the proteins. 2. These methods were applied to increase concentration of protein from aqueous extracts of bovine, swine, New Zealand White rabbit and mongrel rabbit corneas to a level which would permit ultracentrifugal analysis of these extracts. 3. Fundamental differences in number of protein fractions and particle size distribution were noted in these extracts. This suggests a species difference in soluble corneal proteins. 4. Differences were noted in sedimentation diagrams of extracts from New Zealand White rabbits and mongrel rabbits, suggesting differences in soluble corneal protein content of different strains of the same species.The authors wish to thank Lt. Col. L. J. Milch of the School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Field, Texas for valuable advice and evaluation of this work.
Sarcoidosis of the Nervous System

Neurologic manifestations occur in more than 5 percent of patients with sarcoidosis and may be the presenting feature. Neurosarcoidosis can manifest in many ways including by cranial neuropathy, aseptic meningitis, mass lesions, encephalopathy, vasculopathy, seizures, hypothalamic–pituitary disorders, hydrocephalus, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Because its etiology is unknown, its neurologic manifestations are so diverse, and its diagnosis cannot be confirmed readily by laboratory tests, neurosarcoidosis poses many clinical challenges. Its diagnosis is usually based on the identification of characteristic neurologic findings in an individual with proven systemic sarcoidosis. Although corticosteroids are the basis of treatment, they are not always successful and have potentially serious side effects. Moreover, some patients with neurosarcoidosis are refractory to conventional therapy, and approximately 5 percent die. Optimal management of patients with neurosarcoidosis benefits from an understanding of the broad clinical spectrum of the disorder, the ways to best confirm a diagnosis, and the full range of treatment options, including the use of alternative immunotherapies.
Reproduction, Male: Hormonal Control of

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the hormonal control in reproduction process of male insects. Egg production is cyclical and the experimental manipulation of hormones at key developmental periods has a direct effect on the number of offspring that females produce. This has not been the case for the males of most insect species in which the production of sperm may begin early during the larval, nymphal, and pupal stages and often continues throughout adult life. The development of the testes during metamorphosis and their synthesis of proteins respond to the insect hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE). In the reproductively mature male, apical stem cells at the anterior end of the testes are surrounded by cyst progenitor cells and specialized non-dividing somatic cells, known the hub, that together form the stem cell niche. Signaling from the niche regulates the renewal, maintenance, and survival of the stem cells. The stem cells divide mitotically to produce a gonialblast that becomes surrounded by a follicular cyst produced by the cyst progenitor cells. The development and maturation of spermatozoa occurs within these cysts. Given the vastly different hormonal conditions that exist during the immature and adult periods, unifying scheme for the control of male spermatogenesis has not been forthcoming. There are only a few examples of hormones controlling the reproductive processes of male insects.
Validation of a Vibroacoustic Finite Element Model Using Bottlenose Dolphin Experiments

Our understanding of potential impacts of anthropogenic sounds needs to grow so that environmental consequences of ocean noise levels may be evaluated. Experimentally exposing animals is expensive and often impractical or unethical, and thus simulation is among the most promising approaches, especially finite element modeling (FEM). FEM techniques have been successfully used in the area of bioacoustics of marine animals, e.g., the sonar anatomy and acoustic pathways for Cuvier’s beaked whale (Cranford et al. 2008). This animal is at the forefront of concerns about the potential impacts from Navy sonar. An obvious problem in working with this species is that we know so little about it. Neither do we have sufficient experimental observations against which to assess the validity of the simulation results. The work described here remedies that situation by validating our simulation framework using some of the experimental results available for the bottlenose dolphin.
Evidence of Self-Directed Learning on a High School Robotics Team

Self-directed learning is described as an individual taking the initiative to engage in a learning experience while assuming responsibility to follow through to its conclusion. Robotics competitions are examples of informal environments that can facilitate self-directed learning. This study examined how mentor involvement, student behavior, and physical workspace contributed to self-directed learning on one robotics competition team. How did mentors transfer responsibility to students? How did students respond to managing a team? Are the physical attributes of a workspace important? The mentor, student, and workplace factors captured in the research showed mentors wanting students to do the work, students assuming leadership roles, and the limited workspace having a positive effect on student productivity.
The INNOVance Lexicon: Organisation of terms and concepts about construction products

The construction sector is also a knowledge-intensive domain, in which effective and unambiguous communication and knowledge sharing are, at the same time, both essential yet difficult to accomplish. This is primarily due to the several professionals interacting and facing situations involving diverse resources, processes and activities. Each of them brings a different background and perspective, often generating poorly integrated information. Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) are crucial for ensuring completeness, consistency and quality of information. Despite the international trend to encourage the development and use of controlled vocabularies, especially classification systems, until recently in Italy the national coordination policy has not been effective enough. This article describes the first national attempt made, the INNOVance Lexicon that collects and organises knowledge about construction products. It combines taxonomic, terminological and semantic aspects of knowledge and it is a refere...
Bearings and Seals

This chapter focuses on bearings and seals. The bearings in gas and steam turbines provide support and positioning for the rotating components. Radial support is generally provided by journal, or roller bearings, and axial positioning is provided by thrust bearings. Some engines, mainly aircraft jet engines, use ball or roller bearings for radial support, but nearly all-industrial gas turbines use journal bearings. Roller bearings have proven to be extremely rugged, and have demonstrated excellent life in industrial service. Most bearings provide reliable service for over 100,000 hours. There are various types of roller beating types, and they are differentiated according to the direction of the main radial loads (radial beatings), axial loads (thrust bearings), and the type of rolling elements used. Rolling bearings generally consist of bearing tings, inner ring and outer ring, rolling elements that roll on the raceways of the tings, and a cage that surrounds the rolling elements. The heavy frame type gas turbines use journal bearings. Journal bearings may be either full round or split; the lining may be heavy as used in large-size bearings for heavy machinery, or thin as used in precision insert-type beatings in internal combustion engines. Seals are very important and often critical components in turbomachinery, especially on high-pressure and high-speed equipment. They fall into two main categories: noncontacting seals and face seals. Noncontacting seals are used extensively in high-speed turbomachinery and have good mechanical reliability. There are two types of noncontacting seals, namely, labyrinth seals and ring seals. Mechanical seals form a running seal between flat precision-finished surfaces, and its primary function is to prevent leakage.
Long-term survival after surveillance and treatment in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main cause of mortality in patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH). We determined the impact of surveillance and treatments on long-term outcomes in patients with CVH who developed HCC. Between 1984 and 2014, 333 patients with HCC and with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection were evaluated. An adjusted lead time bias interval was added to patients with HCC who presented with HCC (no surveillance), and their survival was compared to patients whose HCC was detected by surveillance. After HCC treatments, survival rates within and beyond 3 years of follow-up were compared. In 175 (53%) patients, HCC was detected through surveillance using alpha-fetoprotein and abdominal ultrasound examinations. Compared to 158 (47%) patients with HCC who had no surveillance, more patients with HCC detected by surveillance received surgical and locoregional treatments (P < 0.0001 to P < 0.001), and their 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for both). During the first 3 years of follow-up, patients with HCC receiving liver transplantation had similar survival rates as those with liver resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA); however, due to HCC recurrence, survival in resection and RFA patients became significantly less when followed beyond 3 years (P = 0.001 to P = 0.04). Factors associated with mortality included tumors beyond University of California at San Francisco criteria (hazard ratio [HR] 2.02; P < 0.0001), Child-Pugh class B and C (HR, 1.58-2.26; P = 0.043 to P = 0.015, respectively), alpha-fetoprotein per log ng/mL increase (HR, 1.30; P < 0.0001), previous antiviral therapy in hepatitis B virus patients (HR, 0.62; P = 0.032), and treatments other than liver transplantation (HR, 2.38-6.45; P < 0.0001 to P < 0.003). Conclusion. Patients with HCC detected by surveillance had prolonged survival. Due to HCC recurrence, survival rates after liver resection and RFA were lower when followed beyond 3 years after treatments. (Hepatology Communications 2017)
Fishing for Answers in Human Mycobacterial Infections.

Two recent studies (Cambier et al., 2017; Madigan et al., 2017) reveal in vivo functions for specific phenolic glycolipids (PGLs) in the mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis or leprosy. M. tuberculosis (and M. marinum) PGL promotes bacterial spread to growth-permissive macrophages, while M. leprae PGL-1 induces macrophages to cause nerve demyelination characteristic of human leprosy.
Market Capitalism and Materialism

Most human beings has a desire to own things; in older times, tribal man had little to acquire because he was always on the move and produced nothing of value to own. In the agricultural age, the institution of private property appeared and gained legitimacy, which enabled it to play an important role in shaping social relations and structures. Though private property facilitated the accumulation of capital, which facilitated progress, private property is partially responsible for the poverty, exploitation, inequality and racism we have today. However, history shows that every society that came after the tribal one was more materialistic and more inclined to exploit others than its predecessor.
Dynamic Simulation of Human Gait Model With Predictive Capability

In this paper, it is proposed that the central nervous system (CNS) controls human gait using a predictive control approach in conjunction with classical feedback control instead of exclusive classical feedback control theory that controls based on past error. To validate this proposition, a dynamic model of human gait is developed using a novel predictive approach to investigate the principles of the CNS. The model developed includes two parts: a plant model that represents the dynamics of human gait and a controller that represents the CNS. The plant model is a seven-segment, six-joint model that has nine degrees-of-freedom (DOF). The plant model is validated using data collected from able-bodied human subjects. The proposed controller utilizes model predictive control (MPC). MPC uses an internal model to predict the output in advance, compare the predicted output to the reference, and optimize the control input so that the predicted error is minimal. To decrease the complexity of the model, two joints are controlled using a proportional-derivative (PD) controller. The developed predictive human gait model is validated by simulating able-bodied human gait. The simulation results show that the developed model is able to simulate the kinematic output close to experimental data.
AlGaN/GaN Micro-Hall Effect Devices for Simultaneous Current and Temperature Measurements From Line Currents

GaN/Al0.20Ga0.80N/GaN heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and fabricated into micro-Hall effect sensors for the purpose of simultaneous current and temperature detection. The devices were characterized over a temperature range of −183 °C to 252 °C and were determined to be linearly dependent on magnetic field and temperature throughout. The high room temperature mobility of 2000 cm2/Vs allowed for a very high magnetic field sensitivity of 113 VA−1T−1, which only decreased to 80 VA−1T−1 at 252 °C. The ability to measure temperature while at the same time measure the magnitude of the B-field, and thus current in a nearby line is demonstrated. A method of decoupling temperature and current signatures is also shown together with a simple method of offset voltage understanding and removal.
Neonatal Ethanol Disturbs the Normal Maturation of Parvalbumin Interneurons Surrounded by Subsets of Perineuronal Nets in the Cerebral Cortex: Partial Reversal by Lithium

Reduction in parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons is observed in adult mice exposed to ethanol at postnatal day 7 (P7), a late gestation fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model. To evaluate whether PV+ cells are lost, or PV expression is reduced, we quantified PV+ and associated perineuronal net (PNN)+ cell densities in barrel cortex. While PNN+ cell density was not reduced by P7 ethanol, PV cell density decreased by 25% at P90 with no decrease at P14. PNN+ cells in controls were virtually all PV+, whereas more than 20% lacked PV in ethanol-treated adult animals. P7 ethanol caused immediate apoptosis in 10% of GFP+ cells in G42 mice, which express GFP in a subset of PV+ cells, and GFP+ cell density decreased by 60% at P90 without reduction at P14. The ethanol effect on PV+ cell density was attenuated by lithium treatment at P7 or at P14-28. Thus, reduced PV+ cell density may be caused by disrupted cell maturation, in addition to acute apoptosis. This effect may be regionally specific: in the dentate gyrus, P7 ethanol reduced PV+ cell density by 70% at P14 and both PV+ and PNN+ cell densities by 50% at P90, and delayed lithium did not alleviate ethanol's effect.
A renormalized local time for multiple intersections of planar brownian motion

We present a simple prescription for ‘renormalizing’ the local time for n-fold intersections of planar Brownian motion, generalizing Varadhan's formula for n=2. In the latter case, we present a new proof that the renormalized local time is jointly continuous.
White Matter: Functional Anatomy of Key Tracts

Functions of the different cortical parts of the brain are mediated by the widespread white matter networks that connect the different parts of the brain. With the advent of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), it is now possible to visualize the larger of these white matter tracts.
IGF-II receptors and IGF-II-stimulated glucose transport in human fat cells

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptors have been described in rat but not in human adipocytes. In both species, IGF-II has been reported to stimulate glucose transport by interacting with the insulin receptor. In this study, we have unequivocally demonstrated the presence of IGF-II receptors in human adipocytes. 125I-labeled IGF-II specifically binds to intact adipocytes, membranes, and lectin-purified detergent solubilized extracts. Through the use of 0.5 mM disuccinimidyl suberate, 125I-IGF-II is cross-linked to a 260-kDa protein that is identified as the IGF-II receptor by displacement experiments with unlabeled IGF-II, IGF-I, and insulin and either by immunoprecipitation or by Western blot analysis with mannose 6-phosphate receptor antibodies. The concentrations of IGF-II required for half-maximal and maximal stimulation of glucose transport in human adipocytes are 35 and 100 times more than that of insulin. The possibility of IGF-II stimulating glucose transport by interacting predominantly with the insulin receptor is suggested by the following: 1) the concentration of IGF-II that inhibits half of insulin binding is only 20 times more than that of insulin; 2) the lack of an additive effect of IGF-II and insulin for maximal stimulation of glucose transport; 3) the ability of monoclonal insulin receptor antibodies to decrease glucose transport stimulated by submaximal concentrations of both IGF-II and insulin; and 4) the ability of IGF-II to stimulate insulin receptor autophosphorylation albeit at a reduced potency when compared with insulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Nature of Chronic Light Damage to the Retina

In 1966, Noell et al. (1), found that rats exposed to constant light with effective retinal irradiance of 11μW/cm2 for a one week period had irreversible damage to their retinas. This occurred only if the animal had a pre-exposure dark adaptation period.
Open Scale Courses: Exploring Access and Opportunity for Less-Educated Learners

An important goal of the MOOC movement was to democratize education. We explore an alternative to the traditional MOOC an “open scale” program specifically designed to increase access and opportunity for those who need a pathway into higher education. We examine the effects of education level (those with a BA or higher vs. lower attainment) and country of residence (US vs. Non-US) on course completion and college credit-earning, and introduce a “committed learner” category to aid in assessing open scale courses. Lower education level learners are represented at a higher rate and perform better than would be predicted by data from standard MOOCs, suggesting that the approach could help achieve some of the loftier goals of open scale education.
Senior healthcare leaders: Exploring the relationship between the rates of job satisfaction and person-job value congruence

Previous research has investigated the relationship between job satisfaction and value congruence, but not the relationship between job satisfaction and person-job (P-J) value congruence. The main ...
The association of pharmacy fill synchronization with breast cancer endocrine therapy adherence

BACKGROUND One-third to one-half of patients prescribed adjuvant endocrine therapy are nonadherent during the recommended 5-year endocrine therapy course. This study investigated whether poor pharmacy synchronization of medication fills (requiring refills on different days) acts as a barrier to adherence. METHODS A cohort of older women with stage 0 to III endocrine receptor-positive breast cancer in 2011 was identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result-Medicare claims-linked cancer registry. Women with endocrine therapy and at least 1 other medication fill were identified, and the 3-month synchronization of their fills was calculated as 1 minus the quotient of the number of pharmacy visits and the number of filled medications. Regression models were used to examine the association between synchronization (in quartiles adjusted for the number of medications) and adherence to endocrine therapy (defined as a medication possession ratio ≥80%) over the subsequent year. RESULTS During the 3 months after the first endocrine therapy prescription, the study cohort of 3212 women had a mean of 8.6 pharmacy visits (standard deviation, 4.7) with a mean synchronization of 0.3 (standard deviation, 0.2). Those in the third (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.59) and fourth (most) medication number-adjusted synchronization quartiles (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.86) were more likely to be adherent than those in the least. Multivariate model predictions showed that the proportion of patients who were adherent over 1 year varied from 68.9% in the least synchronized quartile to 76.6% in the most synchronized one. CONCLUSIONS Prescription refill synchronization is strongly associated with adherence to endocrine therapy. Efforts to improve adherence should address this.
Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior

Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underl...
Preeclampsia and Eclampsia: Nephrologist Perspective

Preeclampsia is a heterogenous, systemic disorder that is caused by maternal and placental factors. Preexisting renal disease and chronic hypertension are significant risk factors for the development of preeclampsia, and the degree of renal insufficiency prior to pregnancy is an important determinant of the risk of maternal complications in pregnancy. While pregnancy itself may accelerate renal decline in some patients, it is not clear whether preeclampsia contributes additional damage. There are currently no clinically used biomarkers that can differentiate preeclampsia from intrinsic renal disease, and an interdisciplinary care approach is the best way to help manage these complex cases. There is evidence that preeclampsia is associated with the future low but increased risk of maternal renal disease. It is still unclear whether it is truly an independent risk factor, but preeclampsia may still identify women early in life who are at future risk of developing renal disease. The optimal long-term follow-up of women with preeclampsia is still not known, but providers should appreciate the significant overlap of renal disease and preeclampsia and have a high index of suspicion in women who do not follow a typical clinical course.
Chapter 9 – Flow in the Lungs

In this chapter, blood flow and airflow through the respiratory system is discussed. To understand these principles, the physiology of the respiratory system, including the conducting pathways, the lungs, and the alveolar structure is described. Boyle’s law is used to model the pressure-volume relationship in the lungs. Mathematical formulations for the lung blood vessel elasticity are developed. Diffusion across the respiratory boundary and changes to the thickness of the respiratory boundary are detailed to describe the movement of small uncharged molecules into and out of the blood. Breathing rate and tidal volume are discussed and calculated in relation to the atmospheric pressure changes. Gas transport through the blood is detailed and the transport pathways for oxygen and carbon dioxide are related to the gases’ solubility. Compressible fluid flow laws are highlighted as a means to calculate various fluid properties within the respiratory system. Properties of emphysema and tuberculosis are also discussed.
What Every Neuropathologist Needs to Know: Practical Aspects and Pitfalls in Molecular Diagnosis of Brain Tumors

Molecular testing has become part of the routine diagnostic workup of brain tumors after the implementation of integrated histomolecular diagnoses in the 2016 WHO classification update. It is important for every neuropathologist to be aware of practical preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors that impact the performance and interpretation of molecular tests. Prior to testing, optimizing tumor purity and tumor amount increases the ability of the molecular test to detect the genetic alteration of interest. Recognizing basic molecular testing platform analytical characteristics allows selection of the optimal platform for each clinicopathological scenario. Finally, postanalytical considerations to properly interpret molecular test results include understanding the clinical significance of the detected genetic alteration, recognizing that detected clinically significant genetic alterations are occasionally germline constitutional rather than somatic tumor-specific, and being cognizant that recommended and commonly used genetic nomenclature may differ. Potential pitfalls in brain tumor molecular diagnosis are also discussed.
Medical and aesthetic improvement of photodamaged skin by the combination of intense pulsed light and photodynamic therapy with 10% aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride gel.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the novel 10% aminolevulinic acid (ALA) hydrochloride gel (10% ALA gel) and BF-RhodoLED® light (635 nm; 37 J/cm2 ) in combination with intense pulsed light (IPL) to augment the medical and aesthetic improvement of photodamaged skin of the decollete. METHODS This was a single-site prospective, randomized, intraindividual split chest pilot study with 20 female subjects with moderate to severe photodamage of the decollete. Subjects were randomized to ALA-PDT + IPL to one split-side of the chest and ALA-PDT only to the contralateral side. Three blinded raters assessed aesthetic improvement using the global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS). RESULTS Eighteen subjects completed the study. Superior GAIS results were achieved on the ALA-PDT + IPL treatment side than on the ALA-PDT only treatment side (p < 0.001) after 24 weeks of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS ALA-PDT using 10% ALA hydrochloride gel and BF-RhodoLED® light had superior rejuvenation effects on the decollete when combined with IPL compared to ALA-PDT alone.
Democratizing Digital Microfluidics

As a subset of microfluidics, digital microfluidics handles fluids as small discrete entities (e.g., droplets) by actuating them individually. The choice of actuation mechanism to handle droplets has been electrowetting, especially in the form of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) developed in early 2000s. Because of its elegantly simple platform (no channel, pump or valve needed), EWOD digital microfluidics has been attracting high research interest and led to a series of commercial products in recent years. However, the number of labs utilizing digital microfluidics is still relatively small due to the difficulties fabricating and operating EWOD devices. To open the bottlenecks, we have been striving to establish a cloud-based ecosystem, where digital microfluidics would be accessible to a wide range of end users regardless of their background. The goal is to allow the end users (researchers, entrepreneurs, students, and hobbyists alike) to focus on their own ideas and applications without worrying about the engineering side of the technology. Presented will be the approach, progress, and the status and direction of the endeavor as well as the future outlook.
Uptake of adriamycin by human leukemic cells as measured by flow cytometry

Leukemic cells were obtained from 12 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and 2 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The specimens were incubated with a range of concentrations of adriamycin (Adr) for different periods of time and then analyzed by flow cytometry. For incubations of up to 5 h, only cells exposed to 5 or more μg of Adr ml−1 became fluorescent while cells incubated with 1 μg ml−1 for 24 h became fluorescent. Flourescence decreased when the cells were washed and further decreased when the cells were incubated in Adr-free media. The cells from different patients exhibited a wide range of Adr uptakes and retentions. Simultaneous analysis of right angle light scatter and fluorescence intensity demonstrated that there may be subpopulations of cells whose Adr uptake and/or retention differ from the weighted mean population values. With this method rare cells which fail to take up Adr can be recognized.
Immunoperoxidase localization of bindin during the adhesion of sperm to sea urchin eggs.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of bindin. Sperm–egg adhesion during sea urchin fertilization is an ideal model system for studying the molecular basis of a specific intercellular adhesion. The biological significance of sperm–egg interaction is well established; the gametes are homogeneous populations of single cells that can be obtained in large quantity and the interaction of sperm and egg occurs with great synchrony in a time span of seconds. The apex of the sea urchin spermatozoan contains a Golgi-derived acrosome granule approximately 0.3 μm in diameter composed of a uniformly electron-dense granular material. Immediately before or during the contact of the sperm with the egg surface, exocytosis of the granule occurs. Bindin is a species-specific agglutin of unfertilized eggs. Experiments with isolated bindin support the concept that it is the ligand bonding sperm to eggs. The egg-agglutinating property of bindin is lost when it is mixed with glycopeptides produced by the trypsinization of unfertilized eggs and trypsinized eggs are not agglutinated by bindin. Failure of antibindin to react with sperm in which the plasma membrane and acrosomal granule membrane remain intact supports the theory that the protein is not exposed until the acrosome reaction has occurred.
The high-redshift star formation history from carbon-monoxide intensity maps

We demonstrate how cosmic star-formation history can be measured with one-point statistics of carbon-monoxide intensity maps. Using a P(D) analysis, the luminosity function of CO-emitting sources can be inferred from the measured one-point intensity PDF. The star-formation rate density (SFRD) can then be obtained, at several redshifts, from the CO luminosity density. We study the effects of instrumental noise, line foregrounds, and target redshift, and obtain constraints on the CO luminosity density of order 10%. We show that the SFRD uncertainty is dominated by that of the model connecting CO luminosity and star formation. For pessimistic estimates of this model uncertainty, we obtain an error of order 50% on SFRD for surveys targeting redshifts between 2 and 7 with reasonable noise and foregrounds included. However, comparisons between intensity maps and galaxies could substantially reduce this model uncertainty. In this case our constraints on SFRD at these redshifts improve to roughly 5-10%, which is highly competitive with current measurements.
Analysis of the use of fortified medium in continuous culture of mammalian cells

Continuous culture is frequently used in the cultivation of mammalian cells for the manufacturing of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals. In such operations a large volume of medium is turned over each day, especially in the case where cell recycle, or perfusion cultivation, is practiced. In principle, the volumetric throughput of medium can be reduced by using a more concentrated feed while maintaining the same nutrient provision rate. Overall, the medium components are divided into two categories: ‘consumable nutrients' and ‘unconsumable inorganic bulk salts’. In such fortified medium, the concentrations of consumable nutrients, but not bulk salts, are increased. With a stoichiometrically-balanced medium, the large amount of nutrients fed into the culture is largely consumed by cells to give rise to residual concentrations of these nutrients in their optimal range. However, unless care is taken to initiate the continuous culture, overshoot of nutrients may occur during the transient period. The high nutrient concentration during overshoot may be inhibitory by itself, or the resulting high osmolality may retard the growth. Using a mathematical model that incorporates the growth inhibitory effect of high osmolality we demonstrate such a potentially catastrophic effect of nutrient and osmolality overshoot by simulation. To avoid overshoot a controlled nutrient feeding scheme should be devised at the initiation of continuous culture.
“You Can’t Vote, Right?”: When Language Proficiency is a Proxy for Citizenship in a Civics Classroom

This article raises questions at the intersection of immigration, citizenship, and formal civics education. Drawing from positioning theory and critical discourse analysis, this article contrasts episodes in two twelfth-grade classrooms taught by the same teacher. In the general education government class, the teacher registered students to vote, while in her English learner (EL) government class she positioned youth as non-citizens. Students’ language status appeared to serve as a proxy for citizenship status. This article serves as an existence proof that teachers may conflate students’ language status with their citizenship status. Additionally, the article highlights the need for understanding more about how teachers navigate citizenship status when there are real or imagined discontinuities between teachers’ citizenship rights and students’. The episodes also raise questions about the implications of teaching in settings where youth may potentially have a variety of citizenship statuses (including official citizenship by birth or naturalization, temporary or permanent “legal” resident status, or undocumented status). Ultimately this work contributes to conceptualizing what a more inclusive and equitable civics education would look like for all students, regardless of citizenship status.
Estimating preferences for outdoor recreation: a comparison of continuous and count data demand system frameworks.

Abstract Continuous and count data demand system models have emerged as attractive alternatives to the discrete choice random utility maximization models (RUMs) that currently dominate the seasonal, multi-site recreation demand literature. This paper compares the frameworks conceptually and investigates their empirical performance with a common data set. Although the two modeling approaches employ substantially different behavioral and econometric assumptions, results from a recreation application based on the 1997 Iowa Wetlands Survey suggest that qualitatively similar policy inferences arise from the competing structures.
Development of Dietary Choice in Livestock on Rangelands and its Implications for Management

Plant species that constitute forage for a given species of livestock vary tremendously throughout the diverse environments inhabited by domestic livestock. Within neurological, morphological and physiological constraints, learning early in life enables herbivores to develop preferences for or aversions to available plants and to acquire the motor skills necessary to harvest and ingest those forages efficiently. Hence, the foraging experiences of young herbivores undoubtedly affect their dietary habits as adults. Three mechanisms help young herbivores to learn efficiently to select appropriate foods: 1) food imprinting, 2) social models and 3) trial and error. Dietary habits of adults apparently are more stable than those of young herbivores. Adults accept new foods less readily, avoid foods that cause gastrointestinal distress to a greater degree, and are influenced less in choice of diet by social models than young animals are. The ability of livestock to learn dietary habits early in life presents both problems and opportunities for managers. Livestock that forage efficiently in the environment where they are reared may not forage as efficiently in a new environment. Diet training may enable managers to create a foraging group more suited to management goals. Additional research is needed to determine how age at which exposure occurs, as well as how duration, intensity, variability and complexity of exposure early in life affect dietary habits of adults. These v~riables affect the efficiency of learning and the persistence of dietary habits and thus are crucial to the development of cost-effective management based on diet training.
Contrasting human versus climatic impacts on erosion

Both human activity and climate change can influence erosion rates and initiate rapid landscape change. Understanding the relative impact of these factors is critical to managing the risks of extreme erosion related to flooding and landslide occurrence. Here we present a 2100 year record of sediment mass accumulation and inferred erosion based on lacustrine sediment cores from Amherst Lake, Vermont, USA. Using deposition from August 2011 Tropical Storm Irene as a modern analogue, we identified distinct event deposits indicative of destructive erosion events. These deposits record a prolonged (multidecadal) interval of enhanced erosion following the initial storm-induced landscape disturbance. The direct impact of human land cover alteration is minimal in comparison to the more recent twentieth century increase in the occurrence of catastrophic erosion linked to overall wetter conditions that favor high erosion rates and more easily trigger landslides during periods of extreme precipitation.
Depletion and Replenishment of Vesicle Pools at a Ribbon-Type Synaptic Terminal

Synaptic depression was studied using capacitance measurements in synaptic terminals of retinal bipolar neurons. Single 250 msec depolarizations evoked saturating capacitance responses averaging ∼150 fF, whereas trains of 250 msec depolarizations produced plateau capacitance increases of ∼300 fF. Both types of stimuli were followed by pronounced synaptic depression, which recovered with a time constant of ∼8 sec after single pulses but required >20 sec for full recovery after pulse trains. Inactivation of presynaptic calcium current could not account for depression, which is attributed instead to depletion of releasable and reserve vesicle pools that are recruited and replenished at different rates. Recovery from depression was normal in the absence of fast endocytosis, suggesting that replenishment was from a reserve pool of preformed vesicles rather than from preferential recycling of recently fused vesicles. Given the in vivo light response of the class of bipolar neuron studied here, it is likely that, under at least some illumination conditions, the cells produce a fast and phasic bout of exocytosis rather than tonic release.