cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamic models of nitroglycerin-induced hemodynamic tolerance in experimental heart failure

Pharmacodynamic tolerance during continuous nitroglycerin (NTG) infusion is a significant limitation of nitrate therapy. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not well-understood but may involve physiologic compensation which involves vasoconstriction. We have obtained pharmacodynamic data on NTG-induced hemodynamic tolerance in a rat model of congestive heart failure (CHF), which we have shown to mimic human behavior toward NTG in vivo. In this report, we developed two mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic models to describe the time-dependent effects of NTG infusion on left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) in CHF rats and compared their abilities to describe the observed hemodynamic data. Both mathematical models introduced a counter-regulatory vasoconstrictive effect as a result of NTG-induced vasodilation and assumed the magnitude of this effect to be driven by the extent of the initial hemodynamic effect produced by NTG. The decay of this counter-regulatory effect was described by a first-order process in both models. A model that assumed vasoconstriction to develop via two sequential first-order processes was statistically superior in describing the data, when compared to one that assumed a single first-order process and a lag phase. Both models provided similar estimates of the half-life for the disappearance of the vasoconstriction (t1/2 of vasoconstriction: 128min vs. 182min, respectively), and both predicted rebound elevations of LVEDP after abrupt NTG withdrawal. These results are consistent with a counter-regulatory mechanism of NTG-induced hemodynamic tolerance and suggest that such an approach may be useful for modeling other tolerance phenomena as well.
Race and the City: The (Re)development of Urban Identity

‘Race’ is a socio-political construct whose meaning has been re-formed and defined in the context of urban development processes. At the same time, core definitions and understandings of the American city have racial connotations. These relationships are not only linguistic maneuvers: the intersecting political economies of race and cities impact each other to material effect in everyday people’s lives. This article uses an overview of post-World War II redevelopment to help frame a conversation about urban race–space intersections in US cities.
Urinary Diversion in the Elderly

The elderly or older population segment has a heterogenous definition in the literature with the majority including patients aged between 60 and 80 years. Several studies have proven that a cystectomy can be performed safely in the elderly population. We sought out to review the literature identifying the specific complications and the considerations requiring attention when performing a urinary diversion on an elderly patient. A review of literature performed using PubMed revealed paucity of citations specifically looking at different urinary diversion techniques and the specific complications related in an elderly population. However, we extrapolated additional data from articles that studied cystectomy surgical cohorts with identifiable age stratification. Particular complications and areas deserving of additional attention included gastrointestinal, renal, uretero-enteric anastomotic technique, metabolic disorders, quality of life, and voiding dysfunction. Detailed history and proper counseling of the patient and family are central to the selection of the appropriate urinary diversion technique and help maintain realistic patient expectations with a higher satisfaction rate. It is of paramount importance when considering continent urinary diversions to address the feasibility of adhering to a higher level of maintenance and the patient’s ability to withstand diversion-related complications.
Temperature-dependent kinetics studies of the reactions of C2H5O2 and n-C3H7O2 radicals with NO

The rate coefficients for the gas-phase reactions of C2H5O2 and n-C3H7O2 radicals with NO have been measured over the temperature range of (201–403) K using chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection of the peroxy radical. The alkyl peroxy radicals were generated by reacting alkyl radicals with O2, where the alkyl radicals were produced through the pyrolysis of a larger alkyl nitrite. In some cases C2H5 radicals were generated through the dissociation of iodoethane in a low-power radio frequency discharge. The discharge source was also tested for the i-C3H7O2 + NO reaction, yielding k298 K = (9.1 ± 1.5) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, in excellent agreement with our previous determination. The temperature dependent rate coefficients were found to be k(T) = (2.6 ± 0.4) × 10−12 exp{(380 ± 70)/T} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k(T) = (2.9 ± 0.5) × 10−12 exp{(350 ± 60)/T} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the reactions of C2H5O2 and n-C3H7O2 radicals with NO, respectively. The rate coefficients at 298 K derived from these Arrhenius expressions are k = (9.3 ± 1.6) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for C2H5O2 radicals and k = (9.4 ± 1.6) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for n-C3H7O2 radicals. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A differential diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: beyond multiple sclerosis

Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), it lacks any definitive diagnostic test. Instead, diagnosis of MS primarily depends upon clinical criteria, supported by abnormalities characteristic of MS on para-clinical investigations including magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine, in the absence of an alternative explanation for underlying neurologic symptoms. While many of the potential disorders that may mimic MS in routine clinical practice are either extremely rare, or associated with specific and characteristic distinguishing diagnostic features, some inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the CNS may be particularly challenging to distinguish from MS, especially during initial presentation. In particular, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and idiopathic transverse myelitis may closely resemble MS, impeding prompt and accurate diagnosis. In this review, we describe the clinical features, diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of these other CNS demyelinating disorders. In addition, we review relevant features of other CNS inflammatory disorders that may mimic MS, including Sjogren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Behcet’s disease, and primary CNS vasculitis.
Treatment adherence among adolescents with epilepsy: What really matters?

Treatment adherence is often suboptimal among adolescents with epilepsy. However, knowledge is lacking regarding factors that affect adherence. Empirical studies and theories of human development suggest that self-management skills, self-efficacy, and sense of control are related to adherence. Eighty-eight adolescents with epilepsy, and their parents, completed standardized measures assessing epilepsy knowledge and expectations, treatment self-management, sense of control, and self-efficacy. Better self-reported parent adherence was correlated with greater epilepsy knowledge/expectations (p<0.001) and more medications (p = 0.042). Better self-reported adolescent adherence was correlated with fewer siblings (p = 0.003) and higher adolescent epilepsy knowledge/expectations (p<0.001). Greater adolescent epilepsy knowledge/expectations correlated with parent self-reported adherence (p<0.001), Powerful others locus of control (p = 0.008), and adolescent/parent discordance regarding epilepsy knowledge/expectations (p<0.001). Interventions that enhance adolescent's knowledge of epilepsy and their treatment plan, while ensuring that teens and parents are in agreement with regard to epilepsy treatment, might contribute to better adherence.
Role of rostral ventrolateral medullary ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK signaling in the pressor effects of ethanol and its oxidative product acetaldehyde.

Background: We tested the hypothesis that alterations of the phosphorylation/dephosphorylationproﬁle of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)underlie the pressor response elicited by ethanol (EtOH) microinjection into the RVLM of spontane-ously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The studies were extended to determine whether acetaldehyde (ACA),the primary oxidative product of EtOH, replicates the molecular eﬀects of EtOH within the RVLMandtheconsequentpressorresponse.Methods: Eﬀects of EtOH or ACA on blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in the absence or pres-ence of selective JNK (SP600125), ERK (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), or ser/thr phosphatases (okadaicacid[OKA])inhibitor.Results: Intra-RVLMEtOH(10 lg/rat)orACA(2 lg/rat)causedasimilarERK2-dependentpres-sor response because EtOH or ACA-evoked increases in BP and in RVLM p-ERK2 level were abol-ished after pharmacologic inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. SP600125 abrogated the pressor actionof EtOH, but not ACA, thus implicating JNK in EtOH action on BP. Despite EtOH enhancement ofp38 phosphorylation, pharmacological studies argued against a causal role for this kinase in EtOH-evoked pressor response. RVLM phosphatase catalytic activity was not inﬂuenced by EtOH or ACA.Interestingly, pharmacologicphosphatase inhibition (OKA), which increasedRVLM p-ERK2 and BP,abrogatedthepressoreﬀectofsubsequentlyadministeredEtOHorACA.Conclusions: Enhancement of RVLM ERK2 phosphorylation constitutes a major molecular mech-anism for the pressor response elicited by intra-RVLM EtOH or its metabolite, ACA, in consciousSHRs. Further, RVLM kinases dephosphorylation does not contribute to intra-RVLM EtOH- orACA-evoked pressorresponse.Key Words: Ethanol,Acetaldehyde,Hypertension,Mitogen-ActivatedProteinKinases,SpontaneouslyHypertensiveRats.
Structural Vulnerability Analysis of Overlapping Communities in Complex Networks

Many complex networks commonly exhibit community structure in their underlying organizations, i.e., They contain multiple groups of nodes having more connections inside a group and less interactions among groups. This special structure not only offers key insights into understanding the network organization principles but also plays a vital role in maintaining the normal function of the whole system. As a result, any significant change to the network communities, due to element-wise failures, can potentially redefine their organizational structures and consequently lead to the malfunction or undesirable corruption of the entire system. Therefore, identifying network elements that are essential to its community structure is a fundamental and important problem. However, to the best of our knowledge, this research direction has not received much been attention in the literature. In this paper, we study the structural vulnerability of overlapping complex network communities to identify nodes that are important in maintaining the complex structure organization. Specifically, given a network and a budget of k nodes, we want to identify k critical nodes whose their exclusions transforms the current network community structure. To effectively analyze this vulnerability on overlapping communities, we propose the concept of generating edges and provide an optimal algorithm for detecting the Minimal Generating Edge Set (MGES) in a network community. We suggest genEdge, an effective solution based on this MGES. Empirical results on both synthesized networks with known community structures, and real data including Reality cellular data, Foursquare and Facebook social traces confirm the efficacy of our approach.
Intra-limb segmental influences on random-like movements in humans

The experiment investigated the influence of segmental coupling on the ability to produce random-like movements in individual limb segments. Adult participants were instructed to move randomly (2 min trials) in the sagittal plane their index finger, hand, and lower arm as "frozen" effector units or where the individual links within the upper limb complex were free to move independently. The findings showed that the distal finger movements were more random-like when the proximal joints were also free to vary, but the reverse directional segmental effects were not present. Analysis of the movement frequency structure of the coordination between limb segments showed that patterns of modal frequencies were preserved even though the participants were trying to produce with equal probability a wide range of frequencies. These findings provide further evidence that: (1) the boundary conditions on the degrees of freedom of the neural output of an effector are relatively restrictive; (2) inter-limb reactive forces can enhance the limits on the dynamical degrees of freedom; and (3) the intrinsic dynamics influence movement output even when the task goal is a random output.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA CAUSED BY ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.

The thirteenth case of hypoglycemia associated with an adrenocortical carcinoma is reported. Preoperative levels of plasma insulin-like activity were normal by the rat epididymal fat-pad assay. Urinary 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticoids, as well as plasma and urinary cortisol, were markedly elevated. The 17-ketosteroid fractionation showed markedly increased dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone. Leucine, tolbutamide and manganese failed to produce hypoglycemia. At operation a 1450-g adrenocortical tumor was found. Arterial-venous blood glucose differential across the tumor was small. It is suggested that greatly increased secretion of anabolic steroids may channel amino acids into protein synthesis, thus making amino acids unavailable for gluconeogenesis. It is postulated that in adrenal abnormalities associated with steroid hypersecretion either hypo- or hyperglycemia may be produced, depending upon the relative proportions of catabolic and anabolic compounds secreted.
THE BORDER CROSSED US: EDUCATION, HOSPITALITY POLITICS, AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE “ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT”

In this essay, Dennis Carlson explores some of the implications of Derrida's “hospitality politics” in helping articulate a progressive response to a rightist cultural politics in the United States of policing national, linguistic, and other borders. He applies the concept of hospitality politics to a critical analysis of the social construction of the “problem” of “illegal immigrants” in U.S. public schools. This entails a discussion of three interrelated discourses and practices of hospitality: a universalistic discourse of philosophical and religious principles, a legalistic-juridical discourse, and a discourse and practice grounded in the ethos of everyday life. Derrida suggested that a democratic cultural politics must interweave these three discourses and also recognize the limitations of each of them. Moreover, a democratic cultural politics must be most firmly rooted in the praxis of ethos, and in the ethical claims of openness to the other.
Two-state displacement by the kinesin-14 Ncd stalk.

Abstract The nonprocessive kinesin-14 Ncd motor binds to microtubules and hydrolyzes ATP, undergoing a single displacement before releasing the microtubule. A lever-like rotation of the coiled-coil stalk is thought to drive Ncd displacements or steps along microtubules. Crystal structures and cryoelectron microscopy reconstructions imply that stalk rotation is correlated with ADP release and microtubule binding by the motor. Here we report FRET assays showing that the end of the stalk is more than ~ 9 nm from the microtubule when wild-type Ncd binds microtubules without added nucleotide, but the stalk is within ~ 6 nm of the microtubule surface when the microtubule-bound motor binds an ATP analogue, matching the rotated state observed in crystal structures. We propose that the stalk rotation is initiated when the motor binds to microtubules and releases ADP, and is completed when ATP binds.
Natural language mediation: A source of interference with extra-experimental interference

Extra-experimental sources of interference have been post­ ulated to explain the forgetting which takes place when Ss who are naive to verbal learning experiments learn a list and later recall it. However, in contradiction to the predic­ tions of interference theory, several experiments have failed to show any effects of extra-experimental interference. The present experiment replicates Ekstrand & Underwood (1965) and shows that these findings may be due to S's use of natural language mediators (NLMs) which make it inappropriate to manipulate extra-experimental interference using letter assoc­ iations. Extra-experimental sources of interference have been postulated to explain the forgetting which takes place when Ss who are naive to verbal learning ex­ periments learn a list and then recall it 24 h later. Underwood (1957) has estimated that the loss will be in the neighborhood of 15-25%. Since no obvious sources of interference exist to account for this loss, Underwood & Postman (1960) assume that the inter­ ference must arise from associations which were learned prior to the experiment. This proactive inhi­ bition (PI) hypothesis follows logically from experi­ mental results which show PI where the learning and recall of one list is degraded by the prior learning of another list (Adams, 1967).
Geophysical and geochronological constraints on the extent and age of mafic intrusions in the basement of west Texas and eastern New Mexico

A deep drill hole recently completed on the Central basin platform of west Texas provides a rare look at almost 5 km of basement rocks. Most of the crystalline rocks encountered were basic and ultrabasic in composition. A variety of geophysical data is available from the bore hole and vicinity. The petrographic and geophysical data suggest that a large, layered, basic intrusion was penetrated by the well. Geochronologic (U-Pb) data indicate an age of about 1.1 Ga for this intrusion. This date has significant tectonic implications because it indicates that commonly accepted analogies with the southern Oklahoma aulacogen (550 Ma rifting) are not valid. However, it is interesting to note that this feature formed during another widespread period of rifting (Keweenawan).
Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle

The involvement of non-N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors in the amygdala in the expression of conditioned fear was examined using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Rats implanted with bilateral cannulae in the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei received 10 pairings of either a visual or auditory conditioned stimulus with footshock on each of 2 days. The next day, they were tested by eliciting the acoustic startle reflex in the presence or absence of the conditioned stimulus and divided into groups with equivalent levels of potentiation. One or two days later, rats were tested again following intra-amygdala infusion of vehicle or 0.025, 0.25, or 2.5 μg of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The drug dose-dependently blocked the expression of potentiated startle in both sensory modalities, indicating that activation of non-NMDA receptors in the amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned fear.
Role of aromatization in anticipatory and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in male rats.

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that aromatization is involved in the maintenance by testosterone of the appetitive component of male sexual behavior. We measured appetitive sexual behavior by administering behavioral tests in bilevel chambers and quantifying anticipatory level changes during a 5-min period prior to introduction of a stimulus female. In addition, we recorded standard measures of consummatory male sexual behavior after the female was introduced. Following 3 weekly tests, level-changing behavior reached a plateau and remained stable for up to 10 weeks. After 10 bilevel tests, rats were given subcutaneous testosterone capsules to clamp circulating androgen at physiological levels. Rats were tested and divided into two groups that were matched for measures of sexual behavior. One group was then treated with the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, Fadrozole (2.5 mg/kg/day), given subcutaneously in β-cyclodextrin and the other group was treated with vehicle. Within 1 week of Fadrozole treatment, the number of anticipatory levels changes was significantly reduced, but not the latency to begin searching. Fadrozole treatment also significantly reduced all measures of copulatory behavior over the period of treatment and increased latencies to first mount, intromission, and ejaculation. After 8 weeks, both treatment groups were given an additional Silastic capsule filled with estradiol and tested for 4 additional weeks. Estrogen treatment partially restored level-changing behavior, mounts, and intromissions but had little effect on ejaculations. These results support the view that aromatization is important for maintaining both the appetitive and the consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in male rats.
Managerial Pay Policies and Behavioural Consequences: A Cross‐Cultural Study

Since the publication of Harbison and Myers' study, many management scholars have devoted their attention to managerial systems in different cultures around the world. However, the various studies in cross‐cultural management have been criticised for not having enough specificity and relatedness. This study is concerned with a very specific aspect of managerial lives, namely, pay. Within a broad theoretical framework, three propositions are related to the data collected from 545 middle managers in Britain and the US. The propositions are; that the degree of understanding of job objectives and the perceived importance of the individual's role are directly related to pay differentials (Proposition I); that this relationship has impact upon the perception of what are and what should be the criteria used for pay determination (Proposition II); and, that if the gaps between “are” and “should be” are large, then the responses on behavioural option indices will be largely negative (Proposition III). The propositions are generally supported by these data. Implications of the findings are also discussed.
To kill or not to kill: the genetic relationship between a parasite and an endophyte.

N utritional strategies among plant pathogenic microbes range from necrotrophy, in which the pathogen rapidly kills the tissue that it is invading and draws its nutrition from it, to biotrophy, in which the pathogen draws its nutrition from living tissue. The most aggressive necrotrophs typically have very wide host ranges and attack young seedlings or stressed or otherwise defense-compromised plants. The most specialized biotrophs typically have very narrow host ranges, develop special differentiated structures for obtaining nutrition from the plant, and are often unable to grow except on the plant. Many pathogens fall between these two extremes. Some necrotrophic fungi and bacteria, called hemibiotrophs, initially proliferate at the site of infection and may spread some distance from it prior to the onset of tissue destruction. In contrast to the pathogenic microbes, many other microbes colonize plant tissues without damaging their hosts. These nonpathogenic endophytes include commensals, which may share a benign coexistence with their hosts, and mutualists or symbionts, which provide benefits for themselves and their hosts. Some notable examples are: fungal endophytes of tall fescue and rye grass, which produce feeding deterrents that protect the grasses from weevilsl; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are obligate symbionts within the roots of many plants, and which enhance phosphorus and water use and provide some disease resistance2; and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which form symbiotic associations with the roots of legumes 3. A fundamental question regarding both pathogens and endophytes is how to evade, suppress or defeat the defense mechanisms of the plant host. Plants have a broad spectrum of defense mechanisms including preformed and microbe-inducible physical and chemical barriers, as well as a rapid necrotic response at a site of infection (hypersensitive response) 4. As a consequence, all plants are resistant to most potential colonists, and the ability of ~,. microbe to colonize a particular plant is a specific function often specialized to a limited number of host species. Are there essential differences between the ways in which pathogens and endophytes colonize plant tissue, or are there common mechanisms for this process? The similarities between the growth habits of endophytes and biotrophs seem fairly obvious. There is some evi.dence for common plant mechanisms involved in symbiotic colonization by diverse organisms: mutations in five complementation groups in pea interfere with colonization both by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae s. Such pathways might also be exploited by biotrophic pathogens. There is also growing evidence that some pathogens produce specific substances, such as toxins or suppressors, that render plant tissue amenable to colonization 6-~. However, what about necrotrophs, which kill plant tissue ahead of the growing hyphae or cells? Does necrotrophy represent an extreme form of suppression of host responses, or is it mech-
Universal statistics of parasitic shunt formation in solar cells, and its implications for cell to module efficiency gap

Parasitic shunt formation is an important cause of variability and module efficiency loss in all photovoltaic technologies. In this letter, we quantify the nature of this shunt variability in four major thin film photovoltaic (TFPV) technologies, namely, amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), organic (OPV), Cu(In,Ga)SSe (CIGS), and CdTe. We analyze a wide variety of datasets to show that the shunt current exhibits a robust universal log-normal behavior for all these technologies. We affirm this conclusion by rigorous statistical analysis of the available data. We use equivalent circuit simulations to quantitatively illustrate the importance of this heavy-tailed distribution towards determining the universal gap between cell and module efficiency.
β-Oxidation of the geometric and positional isomers of octadecenoic acid by rat heart and liver mitochondria

Abstract The cis and trans isomers of Δ 4 through Δ 16 octadecenoic acid, all present in partially hydrogenated soybean oil, were compared as substrates for β-oxidation by isolated rat heart and liver mitochondria. The fatty acids were converted to their coenzyme A esters and oxygen uptake rates measured polarographically in the presence of l -malate, l -carnitine, ADP, and optimum albumin. The cis isomers were catabolized in a similar pattern by heart and liver. The even-positioned cis isomers were oxidized significantly more slowly than adjacent odd-positioned isomers. Most odd-positioned cis isomers were oxidized as rapidly as oleoyl-CoA. The pattern of catabolism of the trans isomers, however, was different from the cis isomers. Liver mitochondria oxidized most even-positioned trans isomers significantly more rapidly than adjacent odd-positioned isomers. The same pattern was observed with heart mitochondria only for the trans isomers in which the double bond was located near the middle of the acyl chain. Heart mitochondria oxidized nearly all the trans isomers significantly more slowly than stearoyl-CoA; however, liver mitochondria oxidized the even-positioned trans isomers nearly as rapidly as stearoyl-CoA. Both heart and liver mitochondria oxidized the cis isomers, especially Δ 9 and Δ 11 , significantly more rapidly than their respective trans isomers, with three notable exceptions: Δ 8 , Δ 10 , and Δ 14 . 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase and Δ 3 - cis - Δ 2 - trans -enoyl-CoA isomerase account for most of the observed β-oxidation patterns. An additional and more efficient pathway for the β-oxidation of n -6 fatty acids is suggested.
Mass transfer between isobutanol and water in concurrent flow through a packed column

Local and mean rates of transfer of isobutanol into the water-rich phase and of water into the isobutanol-rich phase were measured in concurrent upward flow through a column packed with glass spheres. The use of a two-component system permitted determination of the individual-phase coefficients. These are the first rate measurements for concurrent flow in a packed bed. Because the flow rates are not limited by flooding, much higher rates of transfer are attainable than in countercurrent flow.
Resources in Psychological Anthropology

The study of psychological anthropology represents the interworkings of the theories, concepts, empirical findings, and methodologies of psychology and anthropology. This discussion of resources is written from the point of view of an anthropologist, not a psychologist. The psychologists have a related, though not identical, discipline called cross‐cultural psychology. As no scholar nor group of scholars can afford to live in a void, we find the works of members of both disciplines appearing in the same publications. This fact will be evident in the description of resources to follow.
Dysphagia following posterior fossa surgery in adults.

Objective Our study seeks to assess the incidence of aspiration and prolonged dysphagia needing enteral feeding at discharge (EFD) in adults after posterior fossa (p-fossa) surgery. Methods A retrospective review was done on 56 patients with p-fossa surgery who needed a swallowing evaluation postoperatively. Questionnaires were sent to patients with EFD. Using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for aspiration, EFD, and continued enteral feeds were identified. Results Most patients were male and had p-fossa tumors. Multiple swallowing evaluations were needed in 25 (45%) patients. Aspiration was seen in 23 (41%) and 16 (27%) had EFD. Older age and number of evaluations were significantly associated with both aspiration and EFD ( P P = 0.047). In addition, multiple logistic regression identified aspiration as an independent significant predictor for EFD ( P Conclusion Although 27% patients had EFD after p-fossa surgery, only 5/56 (9%) required continued enteral feeding. Aspiration, age, and lateral surgical approach is associated with EFD. In patients who demonstrate aspiration, we recommend placement of enteral feeding tube. Although most will not require continued enteral feeding at follow-up, longer follow-ups are needed.
Evaporation and Energy Transfer for a Partially Molten, Laser‐Heated Sapphire Filament

Molten regions were formed on 0.025-cm-diameter sapphire filaments that were heated from one side with a continuouswave CO2 laser beam in a low-pressure flow reactor. As the laser intensity was increased, the liquid/solid interface moved from the laser-heated edge to the opposite edge of the filament, the apparent temperature measured in the molten region with an optical pyrometer increased from 1470 ± 25 to 2040 ± 30 K, and the filament evaporation rate increased by a factor of 1.6. This change in apparent temperature resulted from an increase in the spectral emittance with the liquid layer thickness. The change in evaporation rate resulted from a 1.09 times larger evaporating area, a 1.24 ± 0.09 times larger evaporation coefficient, and a 10 ± 5 K larger average temperature when the filament cross section was completely liquid than when liquid first formed on the solid filament. Optical and energy-transfer properties of sapphire and liquid Al2O3 were calculated from optical pyrometry, energy-balance measurements, and spectral absorption coefficient data for sapphire. At the melting temperature, the total emittance is approximately 0.051 and 0.31 ± 0.03 for the solid sapphire and liquid aluminum oxide filaments, respectively. The thermal accommodation coefficient for Ar atoms is 0.53 ± 0.07 on the solid and approximately unity on the liquid. The spectral absorption coefficient, kλ, at the optical pyrometer wavelength (0.665 μm) is 0.1 ± 0.04 cm−1 for the solid and 12 ± 12 cm−1 for the liquid. This value of kλ for solid sapphire at the melting point is 12 times that of pure, void-free material and reflects the influence of impurities and small voids in the sapphire filaments that were used.
Metal hydroperoxides as oxygen atom transfer reagents

Transition-metal hydroperoxo complexes, LMO{sub 2}H, (L = ligand system) are gaining increasing recognition as reactive intermediates in the reduction of O{sub 2} by transition metal complexes in chemical and biological systems. As a result, several preparative routes to the more stable MO{sub 2}H complexes have been developed, and the number of known MO{sub 2}H compounds has increased greatly in recent years. Several studies of the reactivity of such complexes have appeared, but surprisingly little is known about the kinetics and mechanisms of such reactions. An evaluation of the reactivities of LMO{sub 2}H and H{sub 2}O{sub 2} toward common substrates would provide a useful and meaningful measure of the activation of H{sub 2}O{sub 2} by metal complexes. To this goal, the authors have previously studied several oxidations by (H{sub 2}O){sub 5}-CrO{sub 2}H{sup 2+}, (H{sub 2}O)([14]aneN{sub 4})CoO{sub 2}H{sup 2+}, and (H{sub 2}O)(Me{sub 6}[14]-aneN{sub 4})CoO{sub 2}H{sup 2+}. The rate constants for one-electron oxidations of transitions metal complexes were found to be comparable for LMO{sub 2}H and H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, with H{sub 2}O{sub 2} being somewhat more reactive. On the other hand, the two-electron (oxygen atom transfer) reactions of the same three LMO{sub 2}H complexes were significantly faster than the corresponding reactions of H{submore » 2}O{sub 2}.« less
Non-invasive imaging of firefly luciferase reporter gene expression using bioluminescence imaging in human prostate cancer models.

Monitoring the expression of therapeutic genes in targeted tissues in disease models is important to assess the effectiveness and safety of systems of gene therapy delivery. In the present study, we employed a CCD (charge-coupled-device) imaging system to monitor how a prostate-specific adenovirus vector (AdPSA-Luc) mediated the long-term, sustained expression of firefly luciferase (Luc) in living human prostate cancer mouse models. The in vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed significantly high levels of luciferase expression up to 1 month, not only in prostate tumours, but also in lungs after intratumoural injection. Systemic tail vein injection of AdPSA-Luc revealed significant luciferase expression in lungs of both human prostate cancer mouse models and naive mice, but significantly higher in the former, while the control virus, AdCMV-Luc, containing CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter and luciferase gene, just restricted expression in the livers. Our findings demonstrate the ability of the cooled CCD camera to sensitively and non-invasively track the location, magnitude and persistence of luciferase gene expression in human prostate cancer mouse models. Monitoring of gene therapy studies in small animals may be aided considerably with further extensions of this technique.
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION : LESSONS FROM FLIES AND WORMS

Insights into the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division have recently been obtained from studies in genetically amenable systems such as Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. These studies have emphasized the importance of cortically localized polarity organizing molecules, adapter molecules, and the actin cytoskeleton in controlling unequal segregation of cell-fate determinants and spindle orientation. The control of asymmetric cell divisions by Wnt signaling in C. elegans and Frizzled signaling in Drosophila reveals additional mechanisms for modulating cellular polarity and suggests that there are some similarities between the two systems.
Value of information-based experimental design: Application to process damping in milling

Abstract This paper describes a value of information-based experimental design method that uses Bayesian inference for belief updating. The application is process damping coefficient identification in milling. An analytical process damping algorithm is used to model the prior distribution of the stability boundary (between stable and unstable cutting conditions). The prior distribution is updated using experimental results via Bayesian inference. The updated distribution of the stability boundary is used to determine the posterior process damping coefficient value. A value of information approach for experimental test point selection is then demonstrated which minimizes the number of experiments required to determine the process damping coefficient. Subsequent experimental parameters are selected such that the percent reduction in the standard deviation of the process damping coefficient is maximized. The method is validated by comparing the process damping posterior values to residual sum of squares results using a grid-based experimental design approach. Results show a significant reduction in the number of experiments required for process damping coefficient parameter determination. The advantages of using the value of information approach over the traditional design of experimental methods are discussed.
Early adolescent childbearing: A changing morbidity?

Statistics on births and abortions in Monroe County, New York were analyzed for the years 1967 through 1978, with special attention to the proportion of infants born weighing less than 2501 g to mothers less than 14 years of age. For that age group, there was an overall increase in low-birth-weight infants from 12.5% to 16.2% of live births. The nonwhite younger adolescents experienced widely fluctuating changes in the proportion of low-birth-weight infants from year to year, with a slight overall increase in the 12-year interval; the white younger adolescents exhibited a steady dramatic increase from 9.1% to 19.2% of live births. Although these changes whether for single year pairs or for grouped years, have not reached statistical significance, we hypothesize that this trend is the result of use of abortion among young adolescents.
Aortoenteric fistula in a patient after pancreaticoduodenectomy and enteral stenting.

RESULTS: The technical and functional success rate was 100% (14/14). Nine patients were treated using the intrahepatic approach. The remaining five patients were treated using the extrahepatic approach. With the intrahepatic approach, two patients showed self-limited pneumoperitoneum. With the extrahepatic approach, no patients had pneumoperitoneum. No bile peritonitis or cholangitis was observed after the procedure in any of the patients treated using the intra- or extrahepatic approach. During follow-up periods (median 6 months), one case of re-intervention (7%, 1/14) necessitated by distal stent migration was observed.
Accurate prediction of the thermodynamic properties of fluids in the system H2O–CO2–CH4–N2 up to 2000 K and 100 kbar from a corresponding states/one fluid equation of state

Abstract Previously, we reported an equation of state (EOS) modeling approach that successfully calculated the PVTX properties of supercritical fluid mixtures. The model is based on a corresponding states assumption applied to a highly accurate EOS for the reference CH4 system. The CH4 EOS was parameterized from 273 to 723 K and 1 to 3000 bar by using experimental PVT data. Molecular dynamics simulated PVT data were used to extend the parameterization in the CH4 system to 2000 K and 20 kbar. Mixing in the H2O–CO2–CH4–N2 system was successfully described by using a simple empirical mixing rule with only two temperature- and pressure-independent parameters for each binary mixture. Results indicated that PVTX properties in higher order systems could be reliably calculated without additional parameters. In this paper, by using experimental PVTX data in the H2O–CO2–CH4–N2 system that were not used in the EOS parameterization, we show that the model predictions are accurate from just above the critical temperature for the least volatile component to 2000 K and from 0 to 100 kbar. We also show that our modeling approach can be extended to reliably calculate supercritical phase equilibria and other thermodynamic properties, such as fugacity and enthalpy, under high-temperature and -pressure conditions.
Transient response of an infinite cylindrical antenna

A simple analytical formula derived from Wu's exact solution for the transient response of an infinite cylindrical antenna is found to be extremely accurate. Existing results from other numerical schemes are also compared to Wu's solution and found to be in good agreement.
Characteristics of QWIPs at low background

Abstract Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) rapidly become mature in high background applications. On the other hand, the detector properties at low temperature and low background conditions are less well characterized. We have studied the current–voltage characteristics of QWIPs under this regime. We found that the current level in a fixed experimental condition can change slowly and substantially with time. The slow time dependence leads to large current hysteresis upon thermal cycling at a finite cycling rate. Under certain conditions, this time constant can be exceeding long, which leads to different metastable current states, depending on the experimental history. We also observed that in a long time scale, the dc current level of a detector need not be directly proportional to the background radiation. Specifically, we observed that the dc current level of some detectors under F /16 can be larger than that under F /2 at 10 K and with 290 K background. We attribute these phenomena to the effects of unintentional dopants in the QWIP barriers. In addition, we found that the dominant noise in this regime is the 1/ f noise caused by the DX centers in the barriers.
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on the Abundance of Two Species of Leptodactylid Frogs in an Andean Montane Forest

We used visual transect surveys to study the effects of forest fragmentation on abundance of two species of Leptodactylid frogs in an Andean forest of northern Ecuador. We measured the abundances of Eleutherodactylus chloronatus and E. trepidotus at various distances from the forest edge in one large forest patch (200 ha) and four adjacent forest fragments (0.25–5.3 ha). We also collected data on forest characteristics ( leaf litter thickness, understory density, and number and size of canopy trees) at each site. Abundance of E. chloronatus and E. trepidotus were respectively 3.5 and 2.1 times higher at sites in the large forest patch than at sites in the small fragments. Abundance of E. chloronatus was positively correlated with the log of patch size and inversely correlated with understory density. E. trepidotus abundance was not correlated with either patch size or understory density, but was inversely correlated with distance from the site to the large forest patch. The two species thus both appear to be affected by habitat fragmentation, but through different processes. Efectos de la Fragmentacion del Habitat en la Abundancia de dos Especies de Ranas Leptodactilidas en un Bosque de Montana de los Andes Utilizamos datos de transectos lineales para estudiar los efectos de la fragmentacion del bosque sobre dos especies de ranas en los Andes del norte de Ecuador. Medimos la abundancia de Eleutherodactylus chloronatus y E. trepidotus en sitios a distancias determinadas del horde del hosque en un fragmento grande (200 ha) y cuatro fragmentos menores adyacentes (0.25–5.3 ha). Obtuvimos dates sobre las caracteristicas del bosque (espesor de la hojarasca, densidad del sotobosque, numero de arboles en el dosel) en cada sitio. La abundancia de E. chloronatus y E. trepidotus fue 3.5 y 2. 1 veces mas alta en los sitios del fragmento grande one en los sitios de los fragmentos menores. La abundancia de E. chloronatus estuvo correlacionada con el logaritmo del tamano del fragmento e inversamente correlacionada con la densidad del sotobosque. La abundancia de E. trepidotus no estuvo correlacionada con el tamano del fragmento, ni con la densidad del sotobosque, pero si con la distancia del sitio hasta el fragmento grande. Po lo tanto, las dos especies aparentemente son sustancialmente impactadas por la fragmentacion del habitat, pero a traves de procesos diferentes.
Establishing Cause for Developing and Implementing a Broad-Based Marketing Effort for the Health Education Field

What exactly is health education? Professionals with advanced degrees in health education have most likely encountered questions such as these either during introductory coursework or from those inquiring about the field. These queries can prove quite perplexing when asked by individuals who are unaware of the health education profession. Because the act of marketing health education is crucial to the sustainability of the field, the purpose of this article is to (a) explore the issue of describing and promoting health education, (b) establish ideas that can facilitate the provision of coordinated marketing efforts, and (c) offer marketing management and implementation principles that can assist in marketing both health education and health educators. Based on this discussion, the authors suggest building mainstream consensus in regards to marketing message development and implementation to better position health education.
Characterization of clonogenic multiple myeloma cells

The identity of the cells responsible for the initiation and maintenance of multiple myeloma (MM) remains unclear largely because of the difficulty growing MM cells in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines and clinical specimens are characterized by malignant plasma cells that express the cell surface antigen syndecan-1 (CD138); however, CD138 expression is limited to terminally differentiated plasma cells during B-cell development. Moreover, circulating B cells that are clonally related to MM plasma cells have been reported in some patients with MM. We found that human MM cell lines contained small (< 5%) subpopulations that lacked CD138 expression and had greater clonogenic potential in vitro than corresponding CD138+ plasma cells. CD138- cells from clinical MM samples were similarly clonogenic both in vitro and in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice, whereas CD138+ cells were not. Furthermore, CD138- cells from both cell lines and clinical samples phenotypically resembled postgerminal center B cells, and their clonogenic growth was inhibited by the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. These data suggest that MM "stem cells" are CD138- B cells with the ability to replicate and subsequently differentiate into malignant CD138+ plasma cells.
VigilNet: An integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance

This article describes one of the major efforts in the sensor network community to build an integrated sensor network system for surveillance missions. The focus of this effort is to acquire and verify information about enemy capabilities and positions of hostile targets. Such missions often involve a high element of risk for human personnel and require a high degree of stealthiness. Hence, the ability to deploy unmanned surveillance missions, by using wireless sensor networks, is of great practical importance for the military. Because of the energy constraints of sensor devices, such systems necessitate an energy-aware design to ensure the longevity of surveillance missions. Solutions proposed recently for this type of system show promising results through simulations. However, the simplified assumptions they make about the system in the simulator often do not hold well in practice, and energy consumption is narrowly accounted for within a single protocol. In this article, we describe the design and implementation of a complete running system, called VigilNet, for energy-efficient surveillance. The VigilNet allows a group of cooperating sensor devices to detect and track the positions of moving vehicles in an energy-efficient and stealthy manner. We evaluate VigilNet middleware components and integrated system extensively on a network of 70 MICA2 motes. Our results show that our surveillance strategy is adaptable and achieves a significant extension of network lifetime. Finally, we share lessons learned in building such an integrated sensor system.