cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science and persuasion: Environmental disease in U.S. courts

Abstract The U.S. system for determining liability for environmental disease requires plaintiffs to demonstrate that the defendant was the legal cause of their illnesses. The determination of cause takes place in an adversary setting. Both sides in the dispute present evidence about causation to a lay judge or jury, who is responsible for deciding whether the defendant is legally responsible. In injury cases this generally means providing evidence of a specific, concrete event or condition that gave rise to the plaintiff's harm. Environmental disease usually presents a very different picture, one in which there is considerable uncertainty about the relationship between exposure to toxic substances and the plaintiff's disease. Scientific evidence about this uncertain link is often an essential part of the case. The reliance on scientific evidence appears to present almost insurmountable problems of proof of causation to the plaintiff. The law requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that, without the defendant's action, the harm would not have occurred. This strict requirement appears incompatible with the substantial scientific uncertainty about the cause of many environmental diseases. A second attribute of legal causation is that it is based on common experience, and is easily understood by lay citizens who are likely to be the final arbiters of causation. Scientific explanations of environmental disease causation, on the other hand, may not draw on common experience and may not have the intuitive appeal necessary to convince a lay decision-maker. Because scientific evidence of causation is difficult for a lay judge or jury to understand, and because of the adversary use of experts with very different opinions about causation, it might be expected that plaintiffs would have a great deal of difficulty demonstrating causation in environmental liability cases. However, the U.S. legal system appears to have accommodated to the plaintiff's difficulty in meeting the formal burden of persuasion. The courts allow juries considerable leeway in using their own experience and beliefs to determine causation, as long as there is some scientific evidence to support the plaintiff's contention. The U.S. environmental disease liability system has been criticized by some for plaintiffs' difficulty in proving causation and by others because plaintiffs can win cases without evidence that would be convincing to a scientist. This has led to suggestions for reform, including: (1) attempts to alter rules governing the introduction of scientific evidence, (2) altering the burden of persuasion to make the legal definition of cause more consistent with the inherent scientific uncertainty in these cases, (3) the use of formal presumptions to aid in establishing legal causation, and (4) replacing or supplementing the existing environmental disease liability system with an administrative compensation system. Those proposing reforms do not always appear to recognize that there is already considerable flexibility in the existing system.
Biexcitons in quantum wells: A quantum Monte Carlo study

Abstract The exact binding energies of biexcitons in GaAs Ga 1−x Al x As quantum wells in the effective mass model are evaluated by diffusion quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The results support the experimental interpretation that biexcitons can exist in quantum confined structures such as the quantum wells of GaAs Ga 1−x Al x As . The electron correlation effects and quantum confinement are shown to enhance the binding of the exciton pairs. The calculated results for various quantum wells provide a guide for further experiments in accurate determination of the binding energies of biexcitons in quantum wells.
373. Targeting the Central Nervous System by Intravenous Administration of a Targeting Lentiviral Vector

We have developed a targeting lentiviral vector using the modified Sindbis virus envelope protein (Morizono, K et al, Nat. Med. 11: 346|[ndash]|352, Morizono, K et al, J. Virol. 75: 8016|[ndash]|8020). The modified envelope, designated m168, can bind to the Fc region of antibodies, so viral binding and entry can redirected based upon the specificity of the conjugated antibody. We have used this vector to demonstrate targeted transduction of metastatic melanoma in the mouse lung by intravenous administration of the virus. Although the viral vector binds, enters and transduces a wide variety of cells via targeted cell surface molecules, certain cell types are resistant to transduction by the vector in spite of the abundant expression of the targeted molecules. To broaden the application of the vector to more tissues and cell types, we attempted to analyze and overcome the blockage of transduction by the vector. Because the resistant cells are permissive for transduction by VSV-G-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, the blockage of transduction seems to be present at the step prior to reverse transcription. In addition, the targeting vector efficiently binds to target cells via targeted molecules, so the blockage most likely occurs at fusion between the target cell membrane and the viral envelope. We found that the amount of cholesterol on the target cell membrane controls the efficiency of viral fusion (entry); i.e., depletion of cholesterol from permissive cells decreases the transduction efficiency by the vector, and addition of cholesterol to resistant cells increases the transduction efficiency of the vector. To increase the transduction efficiency to the cells that contain low amounts of cholesterol, we introduced an additional mutation into the E1 gene of the m168 construct, which has been demonstrated to mediate viral fusion in a cholesterol-independent manner. The envelope with the E1 mutation, designated 2.2, dramatically increasedthe transduction efficiency to cholesterol-depleted cells. The 2.2-pseudotyped vector also more efficiently transduces the previously resistant cells in an antibody-dependent manner, including primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The 2.2-pseudotyped vector was also tested in an in vivo setting. The virus conjugated with the anti-transferrin receptor was administered intravenously into mice to target blood-brain barrier capillary endothelial cells previously known to express abundant amounts of the transferrin receptor. The 2.2 pseudotype expressed the firefly luciferase transgene at the location of the brain and spine, in an antibody-dependent manner, as demonstrated by cooled coupled charged device imaging. We are trying to define the specific cell types transduced in the central nervous system (CNS) tissues by immunohistochemical analysis, as well as delivery of therapeutic molecules into the CNS.
Thermal-protection requirements for near-earth aero-assisted orbital-transfer vehicle missions

The thermal protection required for decelerating and maneuvering spacecraft by aerodynamic forces is determined for return missions from geosynchronous to low Earth orbits. The effect of vehicle configuration on surface heating rates and selection of heat shield materials is analyzed. The effects of the current widespread estimates in the structure of atmospheric density are also evaluated. It is shown that nonequilibrium radiation can be a major source of surface heating during atmospheric entry and a significant factor for heat shielding requirements. It is also demonstrated that drag-brake concepts have application to a broad range of orbital transfer missions because of the favorable tradeoffs with aeromaneuvering vehicles in volumetric efficiency, retrothrust plane-change capability, and heat protection requirements. In addition, the results of this study indicate that the aeroassist technique produces acceptable penalties in vehicle payload capacity for drag-brake concepts, because of the system's heat protection requirements, and is highly attractive relative to all-propulsive orbital change maneuvers.
Fluorescence enhancement of several hallucinogenic drugs in cyclodextrin media

The fluorescence characteristics of selected hallucinogenic drugs dissolved in solutions of α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin are reported. Fluorescence intensity enhancements in cyclodextrin media relative to aqueous solution range from 1.2 to 4.0, probably because inclusion of the drugs into cyclodextrin increases the quantum yield. Calibration graphs are linear over 2–3 orders of magnitude; limits of detection are 6–13 μg l−1 for ibogaine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. The mescaline derivatives show limits of detection in the 0.8–1.4 ppm range. The role of cyclodextrin in enhancing the fluorescence intensities and some of the criteria for this fluorescence enhancement are discussed.
Parent Predictors of Changes in Child Behavior Problems.

Abstract The present study examined whether ineffective discipline, single parent status, social support, parent involvement, and parent depression predicted changes in preschoolers' ( N = 129) behavior problems. This study also evaluated whether child sex and ethnicity moderated the relations between these variables and changes in problem behavior. Parents completed questionnaires at the beginning of the study, and parent, teacher, and observational ratings of children's behavior problems were collected twice during the school year. Parents' own social support predicted improvement for boys and parent depression was associated with worsening symptoms for girls. Single parenthood and parent involvement predicted changes in behavior problems for the sample as a whole. Several significant ethnic differences emerged, highlighting the importance of considering cultural context in studies of parenting and child externalizing behavior.
STABILITY OF CONCORD GRAPE (V. labrusca) ANTHOCYANINS IN MODEL SYSTEMS

An anthocyanin extract was prepared by treating Concord grape filter trim with methanol acidified with 0.01% citric acid. The extract was concentrated to provide an aqueous extract for testing as a colorant for beverages. The concentrate was freeze-dried on a dextran carrier for use with a dry beverage mix. The stability of the anthocyanins in beverages with added glucose or sucrose was not pH dependent over the range from pH 2.8—3.6. Presence of ascorbic acid increased the pigment degradation rate. 5-hydroxymethyl-Zfurfural (HMF) did not accumulate on storage in sufficient amounts to affect appreciably the degradation rate. D2 1 2 and z values were determined under aerobic conditions for several systems. The calorimetric “a/” L' function correlated well with anthocyanin content at higher storage temperatures. The pigment was very stable in carbonated beverages, jelly and dry beverage base mix.
Marriage, gender and obesity in later life.

Abstract A large body of literature argues that marriage promotes health and increases longevity. But do these benefits extend to maintaining a healthy body weight, as the economic theory of health investment suggests they should? They do not. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find that entry into marriage among both men and women aged 51–70 is associated with weight gain and exit from marriage with weight loss. I evaluate three additional theories with respect to the cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in the data. First, it may be that a broader set of shared risk factors (such as social obligations regarding meals) raises body mass for married couples. However, the shared risk factor model predicts that the intra-couple correlation should increase with respect to marital duration. Instead, it declines. Second, scholars have recently promoted a “crisis” model of marriage in which marital transitions, not marital status, determine differences in body mass. The crisis model is consistent with short-term effects seen for divorce, but not for the persistent weight gains associated with marriage or the persistent weight loss following widowhood. And transition models, in general, cannot explain significant cross-sectional differences across marital states in a population that is no longer experiencing many transitions, nor can it account for the prominent gender differences (in late middle-age, the heaviest group is unmarried women and the lightest are unmarried men). Third, I argue that pressures of the marriage market, in combination with gendered preferences regarding partner BMI, can account for all the longitudinal and cross-sectional patterns found in the data.
Competitive Algal Colonization of Peritidal Flats in a Schizohaline Environment: The Lower Ordovician of New York

ABSTRACT Field and petrographic data from Lower Ordovician rocks in New York suggest the intertidal development of undisturbed cryptalgal structures during periods of elevated paleosalinities, whereas mottled cryptalgalaminites represent times of near-normal paleosalinities. The extent to which algal-laminated deposits are preserved is related to salinity controls on the peritidal distribution of grazing and burrowing invertebrates. The invertebrates, if abundant because salinity was near-normal, will destroy the laminated nature of the algal mats in an environment in which these invertebrates thrive. In contrast, algal-laminated deposits are well preserved in environments of elevated salinities because of the paucity or absence of algae-scavenging invertebrates. These conclusions lend support to the concept of an antipathetic relationship between blue-green algae and predatory herbivorous or burrowing invertebrates. This relationship is a second-order process operating on a blue-green algal community that was already displaced to sea-marginal environments since at least the Middle Ordovician.
Effects of kappa opioids in an assay of pain-depressed intracranial self-stimulation in rats.

Rationale Selective, centrally acting kappa opioid agonists produce antinociception in a wide range of preclinical assays, but these compounds perform poorly as analgesics in humans. This discrepancy may be related to the behavioral depressant effects of kappa agonists. Kappa antagonists do not typically produce antinociception, but they produce antidepressant-like effects in some preclinical assays.
Examination of the evidence for neurosecretion in the nervous system of Helisoma tenue (Gastropoda Pulmonata).

Abstract The central ganglia of the basommatophoran pulmonate gastropod, Helisoma tenue , were investigated for cytologic indications of neurosecretion by light and electron microscopy. Fuchsinophilic neurons of possible neurosecretory significance, which contained elementary granules similar to those of established neurosecretory systems, were found in the cerebral ganglia, the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia, and the visceral ganglion. The fuchsinophilia of some neurons in the lateral lobes and the parietal ganglia is due to the presence of glycogen-like granules and not to secretory inclusions. The relationship between the cerebral fuchsinophilic cells and epithelioid mediodorsal bodies was explored. A possible “neurosecretory neuropil” formed by extensive branching of neurites through the ganglionic capsule subjacent to the mediodorsal bodies is described. The possible neuroendocrine status of this complex is discussed. The relationships between the fuchsinophilic cells of the lateral lobe and the follicle gland were examined. Fuchsinophilic neurons with neurites terminating in the follicle appear to contain glycogen. The structure of the follicle gland is not suggestive of an endocrine function. A new possible neurohemal area is described: visceral fuchsinophilic cells apparently send processes to terminate on the anterior aorta and within the perineurium of the nervus intestinalis. The information obtained allows no conclusion as to the definite occurrence of neurosecretion or neuroendocrine complexes but is strongly indicative of their existence in this gastropod species.
A Moroccan Tale of an Outlandish Europe: Ben Jelloun's Departures for a Double Exile

By exploring the relations between Morocco and Spain, Tahar Ben Jelloun's novel Partir provides a critical stance on migration and intercultural exchanges between Africa and Europe that transcends a unilateral indictment of European community-building policies and at the same time refrains from a heroization of the migrant plight as much as from the paternalizing approach it often disguises. Through what it defines as the "migrant bovarysm" in Partir , this article discusses Ben Jelloun's ambivalent position on issues of exile and hospitality between Africa and Europe highlighting the joint (albeit different) responsibilities of the two continents. The idealizations and prejudices emerging from both Mediterranean shores confine the novel's would-be Europeans to a liminal, spectral condition that ultimately alienates them from their homeland as much as from their receiving culture. Partir hence questions ethnic policies on a global scale and the liberating prospect of cultural hybridity as creolization beyond borders, by depicting the Mediterranean at once as threshold and bulwark between cultures
SUPPRESSION OF MURINE LEUKEMIAS BY L-ASPARAGINASE INCIDENCE OF SENSITIVITY AMONG LEUKEMIAS OF VARIOUS TYPES: COMPARATIVE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF GUINEA PIG SERUM L-ASPARAGINASE AND ESCHERICHIA COLI L-ASPARAGINASE

A survey of 109 recently derived leukemias of the mouse revealed that sensitivity to suppression by guinea pig serum is a common property of transplanted leukemias of certain classes. The sensitive leukemias included five that arose spontaneously in mice of strains with a low incidence of leukemia and 21 that were induced by X-radiation. Two GPS-sensitive leukemias were not more sensitive than a GPS-resistant leukemia to a range of standard chemotherapeutic agents. The effectiveness of L-asparaginase EC-2 from Escherichia coli in suppression of the GPS-sensitive leukemia EARAD1 depends upon the conditions of assay. Whereas it is not inhibitory when administered as a single dose at the time of inoculation of the leukemia it is considerably more effective than GPS when used in the treatment of established leukemia. Permanent cures of 7-day generalized transplants of EARAD1 can be effected by the administration of 2000 or more units of EC-2. Immunological factors apparently do not contribute to cure as treated survivors are fully susceptible to rechallenge with minimal numbers of cells from the same leukemia. Reinoculated survivors with progressively growing transplants have been successfully retreated with EC-2. The blood clearance of EC-2 L-asparaginase injected into mice is much more rapid than that of GPS L-asparaginase. After intraperitoneal inoculation of the EC-1 L-asparaginase, which does not have leukemia-inhibitory activity, only very low levels of enzyme activity could be detected in the serum. The effectiveness of EC-2 from E. coli and its availability from a virtually limitless source will make it possible to extend the study of inhibition of leukemias and other tumors by L-asparaginase to species other than small rodents.
Is Society “Sick”? Comment on Zerbe Enns's Article

The author responds critically to the argument (Zerbe Enns, 1988) that an integration of “feminist perspectives” within a “family systems” epistemology will advance the latter's treatment of “power” and “equality” issues.
Adjunctive behavior in children on fixed interval food reinforcement schedules

Abstract Four female children (4 to 6 years of age) were tested on fixed interval (FI) 30-sec and 60-sec food schedule with M&M candy reinforcers. All four subjects displayed increased movement on the FI schedules as compared to appropriate FR 1 baseline conditions. Increased drinking was shown by three subjects, and increased vocalizations by two subjects. These results clearly demonstrated schedule-induced behaviors in children with food reinforcement schedules which are typically used in animal experiments.
Serotonin and Corticosterone Rhythms in Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke and in Patients with COPD: Implication for COPD-Associated Neuropathogenesis

The circadian timing system controls daily rhythms of physiology and behavior, and disruption of clock function can trigger stressful life events. Daily exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) can lead to alteration in diverse biological and physiological processes. Smoking is associated with mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have abnormal circadian rhythms, reflected by daily changes in respiratory symptoms and lung function. Corticosterone (CORT) is an adrenal steroid that plays a considerable role in stress and anti-inflammatory responses. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) is a neurohormone, which plays a role in sleep/wake regulation and affective disorders. Secretion of stress hormones (CORT and 5HT) is under the control of the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since smoking is a contributing factor in the development of COPD, we hypothesize that CS can affect circadian rhythms of CORT and 5HT secretion leading to sleep and mood disorders in smokers and patients with COPD. We measured the daily rhythms of plasma CORT and 5HT in mice following acute (3 d), sub-chronic (10 d) or chronic (6 mo) CS exposure and in plasma from non-smokers, smokers and patients with COPD. Acute and chronic CS exposure affected both the timing (peak phase) and amplitude of the daily rhythm of plasma CORT and 5HT in mice. Acute CS appeared to have subtle time-dependent effects on CORT levels but more pronounced effects on 5HT. As compared with CORT, plasma 5HT was slightly elevated in smokers but was reduced in patients with COPD. Thus, the effects of CS on plasma 5HT were consistent between mice and patients with COPD. Together, these data reveal a significant impact of CS exposure on rhythms of stress hormone secretion and subsequent detrimental effects on cognitive function, depression-like behavior, mood/anxiety and sleep quality in smokers and patients with COPD.
Subjective Workload Assessment for On-Hold Telephone Stimuli

The goal of this study was to begin to understand the subjective workload reported by users who are placed on telephone hold while listening to a number of different stimuli. Two separate studies were conducted. In the first study, participants were placed on hold while listening to a series of on hold stimuli. On-hold stimuli comprised of silence, natural voices and tones were used. While on hold, they performed a secondary task. In the second study, participants were not placed on hold, but simply performed each of the tasks. The NASA-TLX was used to measure workload in each of the conditions. Results show that there is a significant difference between subjective workload for the different on-hold stimuli, but that the contributions of the secondary tasks were not clear.
Carriebowmide, a new cyclodepsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya polychroa.

The new cyclodepsipeptide carriebowmide (1), which contains two rare amino acids, 3-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid and methionine sulfoxide, was isolated from the fish-deterrent lipophilic extract of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya polychroa, collected from the fore reef near the Smithsonian field station at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Its planar structure was determined by NMR spectroscopic techniques. The absolute stereochemistry of the hydroxy acid and all α-amino acid-derived units was ascertained by chiral HPLC analysis of the acid hydrolysate. The stereochemistry of the β-amino acid moiety, 3-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid, was established by Marfey analysis of the acid hydrolysate.
NMR studies of 4-19F-phenylalanine-labeled intestinal fatty acid binding protein: evidence for conformational heterogeneity in the native state.

19F-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have been carried out after incorporation of 4-19F-phenylalanine into the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFABP), a protein composed of two β-sheets containing a large hydrophobic cavity into which ligands bind. NMR spectra have been obtained with both the ligand-free and ligand-bound (oleate) forms. There are 29 residues involved in van der Waals or hydrophobic interactions or both to form a U-shaped ligand binding pocket (Sacchettni J. C., Scapin G., Gopaul D., and Gordon J. I. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 23534−23545). The protein contains eight phenylalanines, and all are included in those residues that line the pocket. Peak assignments were made using site-specific incorporation of 4-19F-phenylalanine. Fluorine is a highly sensitive probe to monitor the conformation and dynamics of the side chains in native state. We find that chemical exchange in the binding pocket exists in the native apo- and holo-state. Of the eight phenylalanine residues, Phe2, P...
Direct Measurement of Nitric Oxide Generation in the Ischemic Heart Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract Nitric oxide, NO, exerts numerous important regulatory functions in biological tissues and has been hypothesized to have a role in the pathogenesis of cellular injury in a number of diseases. It has been suggested that alterations in NO generation are a critical cause of injury in the ischemic heart. However, the precise alterations in NO generation which occur are not known, and there is considerable controversy regarding whether myocardial ischemia results in increased or decreased NO formation. Therefore, electron paramagnetic resonance studies were performed to directly measure NO in isolated rat hearts subjected to global ischemia, using the direct NO trap Fe-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, which specifically binds NO giving rise to a characteristic triplet EPR spectrum with g = 2.04 and aN = 13.2 G. While only a small triplet signal was observed in normally perfused hearts, a 10-fold increase in this triplet EPR spectrum was observed after 30 min of ischemia indicating a marked increase in NO formation and trapping. Measurements were performed as a function of the duration of ischemia, and it was determined that with increased duration of ischemia NO formation and trapping was also increased. NO generation was inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase blocker, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting that NO was generated via nitric oxide synthase. Blockade of NO generation with L-NAME resulted in more than a 2-fold increase in the recovery of contractile function in hearts reperfused after 30 min of global ischemia. Thus, ischemia causes a marked duration-dependent increase of NO in the heart which may in turn mediate postischemic injury.
POLARIZATION OF LYMAN-ALPHA RADIATION EMITTED BY H(2S) ATOMS IN WEAK ELECTRIC FIELDS.

Polarization prediction in modulated beam of ground state hydrogen atoms crossed by dc electron beam
Motion Planning Under External Constraints for Redundant Dynamic Systems

Dynamics of mechanical systems during motion usually involves reaction forces and moments due to the interaction with external objects or constraints from the environment. The problem of predicting the external reaction loads under rigid-body assumption has not been addressed extensively in the literature in terms of optimal motion planning and simulation. We propose a formulation of determining the external reaction loads for redundant systems motion planning. For dynamic equilibrium, the resultant reaction loads that include the effects of inertia, gravity, and general applied loads, are distributed to each contact point. Unknown reactions are determined along with the system configuration at each time step using iterative nonlinear optimization algorithm. The required actuator torques as well as the motion trajectories are obtained while satisfying given constraints. The formulation is applied to several example motions of multi-rigid-body systems such as a simple welding manipulator and a highly articulated whole-body human mechanism. The example results are compared with the cases where the reactions are pre-assigned.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Psychological complications from the use of hypno‐sedatives in dental practice

The use of hypno-sedatives in dentistry, diazepam, and nitrous oxide, may result in psychological sequelae for the patient. These problems are not remedied by technical approaches to treatment. They may be decreased by a better understanding of suggestion, personality, and anxiety. The study of the use of suggestion is recommended.
Diffusion Rate of Carbon in Iron-Cobalt Alloys

Studies of rates of various transformations and reactions in iron alloys seem to indicate that certain elements have a definite influence on the rate of diffusion of carbon in $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-iron. In particular, cobalt shows a pronounced accelerating influence. By direct measurement of the rate of diffusion of carbon in iron-cobalt alloys this conclusion is confirmed and an increase in the diffusion coefficient established. An addition of 4 percent cobalt decteases the activation energy from 32,500 cal. down to 30,000 cal. corresponding to an almost twofold increase of the diffusion rate at 1 atomic percent carbon concentration. At higher carbon contents the accelerating influence of cobalt is smaller. This property of cobalt is unusual especially in view of the fact that both manganese and nickel are known to have practically no influence on the diffusion of carbon.
Calculation of Ionization Potentials and C−H Bond Dissociation Energies of Toluene Derivatives

We present ab-initio and density functional theory calculations (with both local and nonlocal exchange-correlation functionals) on the ionization potentials and C−H bond dissociation energies in para-substituted toluene derivatives and compare the results with available experimental data. We find that with the Hartree−Fock formalism the inclusion of correlation and spin projection is necessary to achieve satisfactory agreement with experiment. The DFT calculations lead to a good reproduction of the ionization potentials with all exchange-correlation functionals investigated, while for the C−H bond energies nonlocal exchange-correlation functionals are necessary. In all cases the B3LYP functional leads to results that are closest to experiment. In agreement with experimental data, we find that the ionization potentials are sensitive to the ring substituents, whereas the bond dissociation energies are hardly affected. The significance of these findings for the reaction mechanism of the chloroperoxidase-depe...
Morphologic response to changes in neuromuscular patterns experimentally induced by altered modes of respiration

The present experiment was designed to test whether specific recordable changes in the neuromuscular system could be associated with specific alterations in soft- and hard-tissue morphology in the craniofacial region. The effect of experimentally induced neuromuscular changes on the craniofacial skeleton and dentition of eight rhesus monkeys was studied. The neuromuscular changes were triggered by complete nasal airway obstruction and the need for an oral airway. Alterations were also triggered 2 years later by removal of the obstruction and the return to nasal breathing. Changes in neuromuscular recruitment patterns resulted in changed function and posture of the mandible, tongue, and upper lip. There was considerable variation among the animals. Statistically significant morphologic effects of the induced changes were documented in several of the measured variables after the 2-year experimental period. The anterior face height increased more in the experimental animals than in the control animals; the occlusal and mandibular plane angles measured to the sella-nasion line increased; and anterior crossbites and malposition of teeth occurred. During the postexperimental period some of these changes were reversed. Alterations in soft-tissue morphology were also observed during both experimental periods. There was considerable variation in morphologic response among the animals. It was concluded that the marked individual variations in skeletal morphology and dentition resulting from the procedures were due to the variation in nature and degree of neuromuscular and soft-tissue adaptations in response to the altered function. The recorded neuromuscular recruitment patterns could not be directly related to specific changes in morphology.
What Research Tells Us About Designing Service Learning Programs

Service learning is growing in popularity. More and more schools and districts are beginning such programs or expanding existing ones. Developing quality initiatives need not feel like a shot in the dark, though. A good research base can help to inform the process and ensure a greater likelihood for success.
A Cyclitively Cleavable Linker for Alcohols: Linker Preparation and Cleavage Conditions

A new linker has been designed and synthesized using the concept of cyclitive cleavage. The linker is stable in moderately acidic and basic conditions prior to activation. However, once activated under a mild reductive condition, it can be readily cleaved using mild and volatile bases such as triethylamine at room temperature.
A SIMPLE PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE FOR COMPARING AVERAGE RESPONSES.

Abstract A technique is described for presenting stimuli in irregular order and entering response samples into appropriate subdivisions of a computer memory for averaging. The approach is conceptually simple and offers advantages of low cost and considerable flexibility in programming. An illustration is given of one program that can be applied to the control of sampling errors. This method, which is somewhat analogous to a split-half reliability test, imposes limits on differences between averages that can be confidently interpreted. One additional application to the study of sensory interaction effects is shown.
The load planning problem of motor carriers: Problem description and a proposed solution approach

Abstract The load planning problem of less-than-truckload motor carriers is the determination of how freight should be routed through the network to minimize costs while maintaining service. The principal issues and tradeoffs raised by the load planning problem are reviewed, and a simple optimization formulation is provided. Given the large size of the problem, a local improvement heuristic is proposed and shown to be effective in reducing costs when tested on the network of a large national carrier.
Resonant enhancement of emission and absorption using frequency selective surfaces in the infrared

We investigate the infrared properties of frequency selective surfaces consisting of aluminum patches on silicon substrates. Resonant behavior is found not only in the transmission and reflection, but also in the absorption and emission of these surfaces. The resonance location is a controllable function of the surface pattern. Simple model calculations reproduce well the qualitative behavior of our samples.
Polarization and asymmetry in 3He(d, p)4He

Abstract We analyse the polarization P, asymmetry A (for a polarized target) and angular distribution in 3He(d, p)4He in terms of the most general transition matrix allowed by the requirements of Galilean invariance and reflection invariance. We determine the conditions for which P = −A (in crude agreement with experiment). A multipole expansion of the amplitudes is presented and a fit to the lowest energy data available is obtained by considering S 1 2 , P 1 2 and P 3 2 angular momentum states only.
Literacy and language planning

Abstract In a world which is simultaneously coming together as a global society while it splinters apart into ever smaller ethnically‐defined pieces, the two‐faced potential of literacy to both open and bar doors of opportunity becomes increasingly evident. Nowhere are these tensions more evident than in multilingual nations, where literacy development faces the challenge of attending to a multilingual population, many of whom do not speak the country's official language. A persistent model of literacy development has been that of national literacy; competing models include mother tongue literacy, multiple literacies, local literacies, and biliteracies, all of which have in common notions of a variety and diversity of literacies, reflective and constitutive of specific contexts and identities. Given such a model of literacy, the question for literacy developers becomes: which literacies to develop for what purpose? Language planning offers a way of outlining options and identifying different literacies an...
A 14K envelope protein of vaccinia virus with an important role in virus-host cell interactions is altered during virus persistence and determines the plaque size phenotype of the virus

The phenomenon of genetic variability and attenuation or virulence of poxviruses is poorly understood. We have identified mutants of vaccinia virus from untreated and interferon (IFN)-treated persistently infected Friend erythroleukemia (FEL) cells that have major alterations in the size of a virus structural protein. This protein is part of the virus envelope as documented with specific monoclonal antibody (mAbC3). This protein, under reducing conditions, has a molecular weight of about 14,000 (14K) Da in wild-type virus but gained 1.5 K in mutants from untreated, persistently infected cells and about 0.5 K in mutants from IFN-treated persistently infected cells. Under nonreducing conditions, this protein forms covalently linked oligomers which also differ in size between wild-type and mutant viruses. The 14K protein elicits humoral immune response as assessed by immunoblots of two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis using rabbit anti-vaccinia serum. Two molecular forms of the 14K protein with different isoelectric points were found only in mutants from untreated, persistently infected cells. Protein modifications were the result of DNA sequence alterations in the virus population since the 15.5 K protein could be reverted to 14K after marker-rescue with the cloned 14K encoding gene. We provide direct evidence that changes in size of the 14K envelope protein are responsible for the small plaque size phenotype of these variants. From our previous studies (J. F. Rodriguez, R. Janeczko, and M. Esteban, 1985, J. Virol. 56, 352-356; J. F. Rodriguez, E. Paez, and M. Esteban, 1987, J. Virol. 61, 395-404) and those described here, we established that the 14K protein plays an important role in virus-host cell interactions. This is because this protein is part of the virus envelope, is highly antigenic, elicits neutralizing antibodies, has a role in virus penetration acting in cell fusion, is involved in the virus plaque size phenotype and is highly conserved among Orthopoxviruses. In addition, because mutants with altered 14K protein that have gained 1.5K in size are attenuated (S. Dallo and M. Esteban, 1987, Virology 159, 408-422), it suggests that a modified form of this protein contributes to the decrease of the virulence of vaccinia virus.
“Lens” Effect in Directed Assembly of Nanowires on Gradient Molecular Patterns

We report a new phenomenon, named here as the “lens” effect, in the directed-assembly process of nanowires (NWs) on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) patterns. In this process, the adsorption of NWs is focused in the nanoscale regions at the center of microscale SAM patterns with gradient surface molecular density just like an optical lens focuses light. As a proof of concepts, we successfully demonstrated the massive assembly of V2O5 NWs and single-walled carbon nanotubes (swCNTs) with a nanoscale resolution using only microscale molecular patterning methods. This work provides us with important insights about the directed-assembly process, and from a practical point of view, it allows us to generate nanoscale patterns of NWs over a large area for mass fabrication of NW-based devices.
Modified laser ablation process for nanostructured thermoelectric nanomaterial fabrication

Abstract A modified pulsed laser deposition process was used to enhance the nanostructure generation inside Bi 2 Te 3 nanocrystals. In this process, an additional femotosecond laser beam was used to add an energy shock on the ablated flume, which can result in rich nanostructures embedded inside Bi 2 Te 3 nanocrystals. A large Si wafer was used to ‘freeze’ such nanostructures and to effectively collect such nanostructured nanocrystals for further processing. The generated nanocrystals were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the results prove the existence of such embedded nanostructures. Such nanocrystals were also characterized electrically and thermally for the conductivity measurements.
Stratified ekman boundary layer models

Abstract “Ekman” layers are proposed for use in geophysical fluid dynamic models which involve no arbitrary “eddy viscosity”. These layers are single slabs which conserve buoyancy and momentum rather than energy, and use a slab Richardson (or Froude) number criterion for closure. With a geostrophic velocity U and Coriolis parameter f, the “Ekman transport” of a layer on a rigid surface is close to 0.0018 U2 /f, independent of the stratification. With a wind stress τ and water density ρ, the Ekman transport of a free surface layer is the usual τ/(fρ).
Combinatorial bases in systems of simplices and chambers

Abstract We consider a finite set E of points in the n-dimensional affine space and two sets of objects that are generated by the set E: the system Σ of n-dimensional simplices and the system Γ of chambers. The relation (A; Σ, Γ) introduced by the incidence matrix M = |aσ,γ| defines the notion of linear independence and the rank of the system of simplices and of the system of chambers. We introduce the notion of a combinatorial basis. Combinatorial bases of chambers can be described in terms of a game. We describe the algorithm of decomposition of a convex polytope into shells. In the case of the affine plane, using the game and the algorithm we construct a combinatorial basis B of chambers. Using the algorithm, we also construct a basis B′ of simplices that together with the basis B of chambers form a ‘triangular pair’.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein 5 (IGFBP-5) Interacts with a Four and a Half LIM Protein 2 (FHL2)

Recent studies using insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) knockout mice demonstrate that IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-5, an important bone formation regulator, itself is a growth factor with cellular effects not dependent on IGFs. Because IGFBP-5 contains a nuclear localization sequence that mediates transport of IGFBP-5 into the nucleus, we propose that IGFBP-5 interacts with nuclear proteins to affect transcription of genes involved in bone formation. We therefore undertook studies to identify proteins that bind to IGFBP-5 using IGFBP-5 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a U2 human osteosarcoma cDNA library. Five related clones that interacted strongly with the bait corresponded to the FHL2 gene, which contains four and a half LIM domains. Co-immunoprecipitation studies with lysates from U2 cells overexpressing FHL2 and IGFBP-5 confirmed that interaction between IGFBP-5 and FHL2 occurs in whole cells. In vitro interaction studies revealed that purified FHL2 interacted with IGFBP-5 but not with IGFBP-3, -4, or -6. Northern blot analysis showed that FHL2 was strongly expressed in human osteoblasts. Nuclear localization of both FHL2 and IGFBP-5 was evident from Western immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence. The role of FHL2 as an intracellular mediator of the effects of IGFBP-5 and other osteoregulatory agents in osteoblasts will need to be verified in future studies.
Sedimentary carbonates through Phanerozoic time

Plate tectonic processes play a critical role in the origin and distribution of sedimentary carbonates through Phanerozoic time. The Phanerozoic age distribution of sedimentary properties like calcite/ dolomite ratio, inferred ooid and cement mineralogy, and survival rate of continental carbonates is cyclic. The cycles appear to be coupled to plate tectonic processes that give rise to global sea level change and changes in the properties of the ocean-atmosphere system. First-order changes in sea level are driven by the accretion of mid-ocean ridges: high accretion rate, high sea level; low accretion rate, low sea level. Although correlations between sea level and sedimentary carbonate properties are not strong, high sea level over an extended period of time appears to be correlated with low calcite/dolomite ratios, lack of inferred aragonite ooids and cements, and maxima in the survival rate of continental carbonates. The opposite is true for extended periods of low mid-ocean ridge accretion rates and global sea levels. The lack of strong correlations may reflect an insufficient data base and the possibility of lags between sea level change and change in carbonate properties. Furthermore, the survival rate of continental carbonates appears to be affected by differential cycling and, therefore, may not be directly related to accumulation rate. It appears that the environmental conditions for early dolomitization and calcite ooid and cement formation are best met during extended times of high sea level when atmospheric CO2 levels are high and the saturation state of seawater with respect to carbonate minerals relatively low. During low sea levels, early dolomitization is less favored, and aragonite precipitates are more abundant because of low atmospheric CO2 levels and enhanced seawater carbonate saturation states. Differential cycling has modified the Phanerozoic sedimentary carbonate mass-age distribution. Because of erosion of younger units within continental carbonate cycles, it may be difficult to derive an unequivocal record of the partitioning of carbonate between the deep-sea and shallow-water realms of deposition during the Phanerozoic. This difficulty must be considered in further quantification of geochemical models describing the geologic history of atmospheric CO2 and climate change.
Acute toxicity of latex microspheres

Abstract The distribution and acute lethality of i.v. administered 3 μm latex spheres were determined in rats. The results extend previous studies demonstrating the similarity between dog and rat in the dynamics of microspheres in these species and the inverse relationship between sphere diameter and hemodynamic toxicity. The results suggest that 3 μm spheres may be safe imaging agents or drug delivery systems for spleen and liver when administered slowly. Acute hemodynamic toxicity appears to be a function of the total volume of the spheres injected.
Does late PCI improve clinical outcome and survival in patients with arterial occlusion after MI

Does late PCI improve clinical outcome and survival in patients with arterial occlusion after MI?
Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels conjugated with a collagenase-sensitive fluorogenic substrate to visualize collagenase activity during three-dimensional cell migration

We have developed collagenase-sensitive hydrogels by incorporating a collagenase-sensitive fluorogenic substrate (CS-FS) within the backbone of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) copolymer to visualize collagenase activity during three-dimensional cell migration. CS-FS was synthesized by conjugating Bodipy dyes to a peptide with collagenase-sensitive sequence, Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala (LGPA), and the products were grafted into the collagenase-sensitive PEG hydrogels. CS-FS both in solution and hydrogels had an increase in the fluorescence intensity after proteolytic degradation by collagenase, but not by non-targeted proteases nor in the absence of an enzyme. Fibroblasts inside the hydrogels conjugated with CS-FS spread and extended lamellipodia in three dimensions over several days, and their pericellular collagenase-mediated proteolysis of the hydrogel was visualized via confocal microscopy. A matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, served as a negative control, significantly reduced the degradation rate of CS-FS by collagenase and prevented cell migration and cell-mediated collagenase activity inside these hydrogels. In summary, we have fabricated collagenase-sensitive hydrogels incorporated with CS-FS and successfully visualized the collagenase activity during three-dimensional cell migration.