cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desalination using gas hydrates: The role of crystal nucleation, growth and separation

Abstract Seawater desalination using gas hydrates is a potential technique for water treatment. However, limited understanding and control in prior studies on nucleation, growth, and separation have prevented adequate commercialization of hydrate desalination processes. Hydrate formation and ‘memory’ experiments of C1 + C2 (74.7/25.3 mol%) gaseous mixtures were carried out using a Jerguson high pressure visual cell. The C1-C2 hydrate formation results indicate that formation onset times were three times longer in salt water compared to fresh water. Furthermore, it was observed that induction times decrease with increasing subcooling, and hydrate memory effects are reduced with increasing replenish time, i.e. the time lapse between dissociation and subsequent gas depressurization. A high-pressure desalination apparatus was also designed and constructed to produce the overflow of hydrates in the inner annulus of a gas bubble column placed inside a dissociation reactor. The working principle for this system is that the overflowing hydrates enter the outer annulus and are then dissociated. The salt removal efficiency was determined by measuring the conductivity of the recovered water. Experiments to assess the efficiency of the process were performed to determine how the salinity in the recovered water depends on different initial salt contents and subcooling for hydrate formation.
Armed Conflicts and Food Insecurity: Evidence from Boko Haram's Attacks

More than half of the 815 million undernourished people in the world live in countries struggling with conflict, violence and fragility. Conflict can impact food security conditions by destroying agricultural production, distribution and markets, hindering economic growth and increasing unemployment levels. By spatially joining the general household survey (GHS) panel data for Nigeria with Boko Haram terrorist incident data, we estimate the impact of Boko Haram attacks on food security conditions. We find that an increase in conflict intensity, measured by number of fatalities, increases the number of days where the household had to (1) rely on less preferred foods, (2) limit the variety of foods eaten, and (3) limit the portion size of meals consumed. However, the number of days that households went without eating anything, a more severe measure of food insecurity, was not affected. The food consumption score is also negatively affected by conflict. We also find that the conflict‐driven food insecurity is mainly materialized through agricultural input and income shocks.
Photonic crystal tunnel junction deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes with enhanced light extraction efficiency

We report on the demonstration of top emitting AlGaN tunnel junction deep ultraviolet (UV) light emitting didoes (LEDs) operating at ∼267 nm. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the light extraction efficiency can be enhanced by nearly a factor of two with the incorporation of AlGaN nanowire photonic crystal structures. A peak wall-plug efficiency (WPE) ∼3.5% and external quantum efficiency (EQE) ∼5.4% were measured for AlGaN LEDs directly on-wafer without any packaging. This work demonstrates a viable path for achieving high efficiency deep UV LEDs through the integration of AlGaN planar and nanoscale structures.
Daily linkages among high and low arousal affect and subjective cognitive complaints.

Objectives: Subjective cognitive complaints may be an early indicator of Alzheimer’s disease pathology and related dementias that can be detectable prior to objective, performance-based decline. Ne...
Crowding Perceptions among Legally Blind Adults in Los Angeles

Reports a study that used blind individuals in order to discover the nonvisual aspects of crowding. The findings indicated that individual personality is the primary influence in the blind person's...
Ledderhose Disease With Concomitant Presence of Dupuytren Contracture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature:

Ledderhose disease, or plantar fibromatosis, is a rare benign disorder of fibrous proliferation in the plantar aponeurosis. It is known to be highly associated with Dupuytren disease of the hand by...
Acute Monocytic Leukaemia with Cutaneous Manifestation

A 50-year-old Caucasian male presented with generalised skin rash. Gingival hyperplasia and hepatosplenomegaly were also noted. His laboratory data showed hemoglobin of 10.3 g/dL, white blood cell count of 203.6 K/uL and platelet count of 72 K/uL. Peripheral blood smears revealed that 67% of the white blood cells was monoblasts, 25% was promonocytes and atypical monocytes. Bone marrow aspirate smears showed that 97% of the nucleated cells were composed of monoblasts and promonocytes. Approximately 80% of the immature cells showed intense non-specific butyrate esterase activity. The morphologic and cytochemical findings were compatible with a diagnosis of acute monocytic leukaemia. Skin biopsy taken from the left medial thigh revealed a Grenz zone and a dense infiltrate of atypical cells throughout the dermis. The cells were positive for KP1 (CD68) immunohistochemical stain. The findings were consistent with cutaneous manifestation of leukaemia (leukaemia cutis). The patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly despite chemotherapy and expired 10 days after initial presentation. Leukaemia cutis is more common in acute monoblastic/monocytic leukaemia (AMoL) than in other subtypes of leukaemia. Leukaemia gingival hyperplasia is another characteristic feature of AMoL. Dissemination to the skin is generally associated with a poor prognosis.
Nucleoporin TPR is an integral component of the TREX-2 mRNA export pathway

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are important for cellular functions beyond nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, including genome organization and gene expression. This multi-faceted nature and the slow turnover of NPC components complicates investigations of how individual nucleoporins act in these diverse processes. To address this question, we apply an Auxin-Induced Degron (AID) system to distinguish roles of basket nucleoporins NUP153, NUP50 and TPR. Acute depletion of TPR causes rapid and pronounced changes in transcriptomic profiles. These changes are dissimilar to shifts observed after loss of NUP153 or NUP50, but closely related to changes caused by depletion of mRNA export receptor NXF1 or the GANP subunit of the TRanscription-EXport-2 (TREX-2) mRNA export complex. Moreover, TPR depletion disrupts association of TREX-2 subunits (GANP, PCID2, ENY2) to NPCs and results in abnormal RNA transcription and export. Our findings demonstrate a unique and pivotal role of TPR in gene expression through TREX-2- and/or NXF1-dependent mRNA turnover.
Funding Student Health Services

This chapter describes concepts related to funding student health services at colleges and universities. As this content will feel familiar for those in the daily practice of college health, the chapter is oriented to university administrators, trustees, students, and others who might desire deeper understanding into the financial sustainability of college health. It builds upon the work done by Brindis and Reyes and examines the significant evolution in this field since 1997. Given the enormous diversity in the size, scope, and mission of institutions of higher education, the particular budget and finance procedures of individual institutions will affect the applicability of some ideas presented here.
Program Directors' Perspectives of ACGME Requirements and Effectiveness of Training Urology Residents: A National Survey in the Era of the Next Accreditation System.

OBJECTIVE To qualitatively assess Urology program directors’ perspectives on the effectiveness of training residents after implementation of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's (ACGME) 2011 Next Accreditation System, and identify differences in current perspectives and prior surveyed perspectives toward the ACGME Outcome Project. METHODS A national survey was developed by an ad hoc committee and distributed electronically to 105 Urology program directors. Thirty-four (34) multiple-choice, Likert-scale questions were administered. Data were evaluated and the results from the survey were compared to the one performed 15 years earlier to determine changes in the learning environment and effectiveness of training urology residents. RESULTS The current survey response rate was 89% which was similar to the 2005 response rate of 88%. Most program directors (61%) agreed that 20% protected time for program directors helped with administrative work and 31% felt this time needs to increase for larger residency programs. Seventy percent (70%) agreed that dedicated program administrator time has helped their program. More than half of the respondents agree that the ACGME is training the current workforce effectively. CONCLUSION Current program directors appear to be more accepting of changes required by the Next Accreditation System as compared to the Outcome Project 15 years ago. Our study supports the need for protected time to train residents and to overcome barriers to change.
Wire-Based Passive Dipole Harmonic Tags for Harmonic Doppler Radar Applications

The design, operation along with verifying measurement for a wire-based harmonic tags for use in harmonic Doppler radar applications are presented. The tags are based on the concept of a wire dipole antenna and diode, along with additional wire-based passive components to improve the impedance matching. The tags are designed to receive an incident 2.5 GHz signal that is passed through a non-linear element generating harmonics. The second harmonic is retransmitted through by a section of the antenna tuned to 5 GHz, and captured by a harmonic radar. Wire-based reactive components are designed and implemented to improve the impedance matching. Three different designs are presented, with measured received signals and calculated efficiencies. The tags present a low-cost method of implementing harmonic Doppler detection of moving tagged objects.
Family routines and practices that support the school readiness of young children living in poverty

Abstract Despite established linkages between family routines and practices with aspects of school readiness, our understanding of these linkages would be further enhanced with research that: measures school readiness skills and behaviors across multiple domains; examines family routines and practices comprehensively; and is sufficiently generalizable to preschool-age children living in poverty. This study investigated the family routines and practices of newly enrolled Head Start attendees and explored connections between routines and practices and children's school readiness at preschool entry across 5 developmental domains: cognitive, physical, language, social-emotional, and approaches to learning. Utilizing the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) 2009 cohort, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed 5 distinct factors that characterize the underlying relationships between family routines and practices children experience. Specifically, family routine and practice patterns included: (1) implementing learning- and literacy-focused activities; (2) implementing art activities and playing games; (3) engaging in community activities; (4) avoiding unhealthful foods; and (5) consuming healthful foods. Regression results revealed the factors related to implementing art activities and playing games and implementing learning- and literacy-focused activities are the most consistent predictors of school readiness outcomes across all domains measured. Using a nationally representative sample of entering Head Start attendees, findings suggest that family routines and practices may serve as protective factors for young children living in poverty and support their school readiness across multiple key readiness domains.
Endomucosal Resection of Colon Polyps and Control of Postpolypectomy Bleeding

Careful assessment of the ability to remove a difficult polyp should be made prior to any attempt at polypectomy. Availability of the proper equipment and trained ancillary personnel should be confirmed prior to attempting an advanced polypectomy. Delaying the polypectomy until all resources are optimal will increase success and decrease complications. Endomucosal resection (EMR) is generally defined as the removal of a flat or sessile polyp confined to the mucosa or submucosa, usually for lesions >2 cm in size. Injection-assisted, cap-assisted and ligation-assisted techniques have been described to perform EMR. EMR is the most widely accepted method of performing advanced polypectomy. Endoscopic submucosal dissection involves dissecting the polyp off the submucosal space and is a more meticulous, time-consuming, and technically challenging method of performing advanced polypectomy.
Chapter 9 Reconstitution of Epithelial Ion Channels

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the reconstitution of ion channels, emphasizing both functional and biochemical approaches. Functional reconstitution means the direct transfer of an ion channel from its native membrane into a planar lipid bilayer, whereas biochemical reconstitution refers to the detergent extraction and purification of an ion channel and its subsequent reinsertion back into a defined lipid environment. The chapter summarizes the experimental approaches used in the isolation of ion channels and discusses planar lipid bilayer techniques used in reconstitution studies. It also provides a description of the channel incorporation process and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method using specific examples of channels studied in each fashion. The chapter considers reconstitution studies of Na + , CI – , and K + channels from epithelial tissues. It concludes by giving projections and expectations of the future of the reconstitution field.
When and How Does Participating in an Organized After-School Activity Matter?

This article was supported by a Grant #181735 from The William T. Grant Foundation.Organized after-school activities are places youth spend time outside of school where they are supervised by an ad...
The New Discourse of Labour Rights: From Social to Fundamental Rights?

This paper explores the emergence of the new discourse of labour and social rights in the world of work and focuses in particular on how this discourse is being used in the European Union and the ILO. The new normative language responds to the need to re-institutionalize the employment relationship in light of economic restructuring, the breakdown of the standard employment relationship, and the challenge to traditional forms of collective representation. It also involves a realignment of the relationship between social rights and the market, and a reconceptualization of the juridical nature of social rights. The idea of social rights relating to work is examined from three perspectives - genealogical, conceptual, and normative. Labour and social rights emerged at a particular time and place, and they have a particular relationship to other human rights. This legacy shapes how labour and social rights have been understood. The lineage of labour and social rights starting with T.H. Marshall's influential conception in the aftermath of World War II and ending with the contemporary discourse is sketched in the next part. The emphasis is on illustrating the extent to which the new language of labour and social rights is a response to the new phase of market expansion associated with globalization and neo-liberalism. The third part provides a bridge from the genealogical to the conceptual and normative approaches to understanding labour and social rights by shifting focus to examine elements in the new discourse of labour and social rights, especially the increased prominence of law, and the conventional typology of different kinds of rights. Labour rights are used to illustrate some of the weaknesses of the prevailing typology as an analytic framework. However, instead of offering a new typology of different types of rights, the fourth part offers a taxonomy of the different dimensions of labour and social rights, which concentrates on the juridical nature of social rights in the EU. The final part provides a brief discussion of the normative basis of the new discourse of labour and social rights at the EU and ILO, which invokes the work of Amartya Sen, especially his concept of capability.
Experimental measurement of hydrogen and helium retention on liquid lithium on FLIRE

Experiments to measure particle pumping ability of liquid lithium have continued on the FLIRE facility. After the first extensive experimental campaign, an energy-dependent diffusion coefficient of 10/sup -3/ cm/sup 2//s was measured for flow velocities of 80 and 215 cm/s, at a temperature of 250/spl deg/C. Further experiments showed a diffusion coefficient on the order of 10/sup -3/ 10/sup -4/ cm/sup 2//s. The goals of the second experimental campaign was to better understand the results previously observed, explain energy dependence of the diffusion coefficient obtained with He bombardment during the previous experiments, study the effect of having two Li streams overlapping after irradiation on the measurements, and take the preliminary steps to expand the work to hydrogen exposure. Further diffusion coefficient estimations based on the measured retention data were also performed. The addition of a new VTI magnetic sector gas analyzer to FLIRE drastically increased the detection in the low mass range compared to quadrupole instruments used in the past, hence making the data analysis more accurate. The new thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)/purification chamber in FLIRE, able to heat the exposed Li charge in a linear fashion up to 660/spl deg/C, was installed and tested. Such addition allowed to detect long-term He trapping in the Li metal by accelerating the release. These thermal release studies will be even more critical to quantitatively measure hydrogen intake and the energetics of the trapped hydrogen for the case of hydrogen irradiation.
Lipophorin from the grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus: Isolation and properties of apolipophorin III

The major hemolymph lipoprotein, lipophorin, was isolated from the grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus. In the resting form the lipoprotein is composed of two apoproteins, apolipophorin I (Mr 250,000) and apolipophorin II (Mr 80,000). Following the administration of synthetic locust adipokinetic hormone to adult G. africanus the density of lipophorin decreased from 1.10 to 1.05 g/ml, and a third apoprotein, apolipophorin III (apoLp-III), associated with the particle. ApoLp-III was isolated from the low density form of lipophorin, using organic solvents to extract the lipids and to denature apolipophorin I and II. The purified apoLp-III has an Mr = 20,000 and contains 5.3% carbohydrate. The protein and its physiological functions appear similar to apoLp-III of Manduca sexta, although the lepidopteran apolipoprotein has a lower molecular weight and does not contain carbohydrate.
Developmental patterns of ganglioside sialosylation coincident with neuritogenesis in cultured embryonic chick brain neurons

Chick brain precursor neurons were observed to introduce sialic acid biosynthetically into only three specific gangliosides: monosialosyl lactosyl ceramide (GM3), disialosyl lactosyl ceramide (GD3), and disialosyl gangliotrihexosyl ceramide (GD2), when sialic acid was labeled metabolically by its obligate precursor, [3H] ManNAc. Sialosyl donor CMP-[3H]NeuAc supplied in the culture medium gave rise uniquely to surface-labeled GD3. Thus sialosyl transferase/GD3 synthase activity is expressed both intraneuronally and in the neuronal exofacial surface. Upon epidermal growth factor-induced onset of neurite outgrowth, labeled complex sialosyl gangliotetrahexosyl ceramide species of gangliosides began to appear in the embryonic neuronal plasma membrane. However, intraneuronal and exofacial sialosyl transferase/GD3 synthase activities remained constant, with or without neurite outgrowth. Moreover, simpler species of gangliosides maintained a steady quantitative sialosyl level (1.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms of sialic acid/mg of protein), whereas more complex species completely absent before neurite outgrowth accrued and reached 4.8 +/- 0.9 micrograms of sialic acid/mg of protein with full neurite development. This analysis of developmental patterns of ganglioside sialosylation has provided evidence that stable neurite outgrowth depends upon generation by the neuron of special plasma membrane with a massive content of complex higher species of gangliosides.
Fair Sharing of MAC under TCP in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In this study we investigate the performance of TCP and MAC layer in a wireless multi-hop network. Using simulation, we provide new insights into the interactions between TCP and various MAC layer protocols, including CSMA, FAMA and 802.11. These MAC protocols were chosen because they provide an evolution of wireless medium access schemes, starting with carrie sing (CSMA), then evolving to the utilization of RTS/CTS control frames (FAMA) and finally progressing to collision avoidance and acknowledgements (802.11). We examine these interactions in various network topologies and in a mobile environment where node movements are unpredictable. In particular, we address the issue of fair sharing of MAC with multiple TCP flows.
Changes in phosphate compounds during the development and maintenance of rigor mortis.

Abstract Rigor mortis was induced in frog sartorii from female Rana pipiens by incubating the isolated muscles in 0.38 mm 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene Ringer's (frog) solution for 90 min at 0°. This compound completely inhibits adenosine triphosphatecreatine phosphotransferase in vivo and eventually induces rigor mortis as characterized by shortening of the muscle to 50% of its rest length and the development of stiffness. As the muscle began to shorten the rate of 45Ca efflux increased and the ATP level fell from 3.80 to 0.0 µmoles per g. There was a lack of correspondence between ATP breakdown and appearance of inorganic phosphate, which can be explained by leakage of inorganic phosphate from the muscle and by an increase in the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and glucose 1-phosphate. The frog sartorius muscle breaks down ATP during a working contraction and in the shortening phase of rigor mortis. There is no ATP requirement for tension maintenance in rigor mortis after the muscle has finished shortening.
Web 2.0 and politics: the 2008 u.s. presidential election and an E-politics research agenda

The Internet was a major factor in the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign and has become an important tool for political communication and persuasion. Yet, information systems research is generally silent on the role of the Internet in politics. In this paper, we argue that IS is positioned to enhance understanding of the influence of the Internet on politics, and, more specifically, the process of election campaigning using Internet-based technologies such as Web 2.0. In this paper, we discuss how these technologies can change the nature of competition in politics and replace or complement traditional media. Our empirical study on how Web 2.0 technologies were used by the candidates leading up to the 2008 U.S. presidential primaries sheds light on how these technologies influenced candidate performance. Finally, we outline a research agenda highlighting where IS can contribute to the academic discourse on e-politics.
Radiative transfer in mountains: Application to the Tibetan Plateau

infrared fluxes. We selected an area of 100 � 100 km 2 in the Tibetan Plateau centered at Lhasa city and used the albedo and surface temperature from MODIS/Terra for this study. We showed that anomalies of surface solar fluxes with reference to a flat surface can be as large as 600 W/m 2 , depending on time of day, mountain configuration, and albedo. Surface temperature is the dominating factor in determining anomalies of the surface infrared flux distribution relative to a flat surface with values as high as 70 W/m 2 at cold mountain surfaces. The average surface solar flux over regional domains of 100 � 100 km 2 and 50 � 50km 2 comprisingintensetopographycandeviatefrom the smoothed surface conventionally assumed in climate models and GCMs by 10–50 W/m 2 . Citation: Liou, K. N., W.-L. Lee, and A. Hall (2007), Radiative transfer in mountains: Application to the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23809, doi:10.1029/2007GL031762.
Comparison between laparoscopically assisted and standard fetoscopic laser ablation in patients with anterior and posterior placentation in twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a single center study.

Background The objective of our study was to compare outcomes following laparoscopically assisted procedure (LAP group) with those seen following a standard approach used in patients with either an anterior placenta (SAP group) or posterior placenta (SPP group). Method This was a retrospective review of all the cases of twin-twin transfusion syndrome treated in our fetal center from October 2011 to July 2013. Technical characteristics of the procedure, perinatal survival outcome, and maternal morbidity were compared. Results The laser procedure time was significantly longer in the SAP group (44 ± 10 min) in contrast with SPP (19.3 ± 13.9 min, p < 0.001) and LAP group (32 ± 11 min, p: 0.012). Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 32 and 34 weeks of pregnancy was significantly more common with LAP versus SAP and SPP (90 vs 33.3 and 70.8% for 32 weeks respectively, p: 0.015; 100 vs 50 and 79.1% for 34 weeks respectively, p: 0.021). In terms of maternal morbidity and neonatal outcome, there were no significant differences between the three groups. Conclusion LAP may be useful in cases where SAP is not feasible. Despite the increased risk of PPROM with LAP, perinatal survival and maternal outcomes are similar to that seen in SAP and SPP patients. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl trans‐1,3‐Butadiene‐1‐carbamate

[77627-82-8] C7H8Cl3NO2 (MW 244.51) InChI = 1S/C7H8Cl3NO2/c1-2-3-4-11-6(12)13-5-7(8,9)10/h2-4H,1,5H2,(H,11,12)/b4-3+ InChIKey = NERUESRQTJURBD-ONEGZZNKSA-N (a diene which provides regio- and stereoselective control in Diels–Alder reactions1) Physical Data: mp 70–71 °C; IR (KBr): cm−1 3350, 1710, 1660, 1540, 710; 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 7.0–5.3 (m), 5.2–4.8 (m), 4.68 (s); 13C NMR: δ 150.7, 132.8, 124.9, 113.3, 112.7, 93.8, 73.5.2 Preparative Method: the synthesis of trans-1,3-butadienecarbamates utilizes a modified Curtius rearragement.3, 4 In the synthesis of 2,2,2-trichloroethyl trans-1,3-butadiene-1-carbamate, Malonic Acid and Acrolein were condensed in pyridine to obtain trans-2,4-pentadienoic acid in 44–51% yield (eq 1).5 This compound, which may be stored in a freezer for several months,4 was treated with Ethyl Chloroformate and the resulting mixed anhydride transformed into the azide derivative. Due to the explosive nature, the azide was not isolated but immediately added to a refluxing solution of 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol in toluene. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (hexane–ethyl acetate = 9∶1) then afforded the title compound.4 (1)
Robust two-dimensional run-length limited codes

A new idea of increasing density is two-dimensional run-length limited (RLL) codes which loosen the maximum run-length, k, constraint compared to one dimensional run-length limited (d,k) codes since the maximum run-length constraint is satisfied in a joint manner of all n tracks in parallel. This paper introduces a robust and simple approach to two-dimensional run-length limited (d,k) codes using n-tuple maximum run-length constraints for adapting each number of bad tracks occurring up to n-1 bad tracks in parallel of n tracks. Therefore, this scheme highly reduces the possibility of losing timing signal. >
Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt

Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt. Lila Abu-Lughod. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2005.
A patient with multiple, malignant melanomas of the lower genital tract

Malignant melanomas of the female genital tract are uncommon lesions. A patient with multiple cutaneous, vulvar melanomas and a subsequent malignant melanoma of the cervix is described.
Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Estimates of Earnings Impacts

To assess nonexperimental (NX) evaluation methods in the context of welfare, job training, and employment services programs, the authors reexamined the results of twelve case studies intended to replicate impact estimates from an experimental evaluation by using NX methods. They found that the NX methods sometimes came close to replicating experimentally derived results but often produced estimates that differed by policy-relevant margins, which the authors interpret as estimates of bias. Although the authors identified several study design factors associated with smaller discrepancies, no combination of factors would consistently eliminate discrepancies. Even with a large number of impact estimates, the positive and negative bias estimates did not always cancel each other out. Thus, it was difficult to identify an aggregation strategy that consistently removed bias while answering a focused question about earnings impacts of a program. They conclude that although the empirical evidence from this literatu...
Absorption of antibiotics by plant cells. III. Kinetics of streptomycin uptake.

Abstract The uptake of streptomycin by cells of the alga Nitella clavata fits monomolecular kinetic equations. The system shows optimal activity at pH 5 and maximal heat stability at 28 °C. The rate of streptomycin uptake fits the Michaelis-Menten equation producing values of 0.5 to 3 × 10 −4 for K s . The energy of activation of the transport system is approximately 7500 cal./mole. These observations point to a mechanism of uptake mediated by an ion-binding carrier system requiring an expenditure of energy on the part of the cell.
Oxides of nitrogen formed in high-intensity methanol combustion

The oxidation of methanol in a jet-stirred reactor has been studied to characterize the mechanisms of methanol combustion and nitric oxide formation in a high-intensity, turbulent environment. Fuel/air equivalence ratios of 0.7 to 1.4 were investigated at a constant temperature of 1870 K and mean reactor residence times of ca. 2.5 msec. Total NO x was measured along with major cornbustion products, CO, CO 2 , H 2 O, O 2 , CH 4 , and C 2 H 2 . Emission spectroscopy was used to determine oxygen atom concentration as well as relative levels of electronically excited radical species, OH • , CH • , and C 2 • . Comparative measurements were repeated with methane as the fuel under similar reactor conditions. Measured NO x for methanol was 8.5 ppm maximum at equivalence ratio 1.10. The ratio of methanol-NO x to methane-NO x varied between one-half for fuel-lean combustion to one-third for equivalence ratios at or above stoichiometric. Molecular O 2 , atomic-O and calculated OH were essentially the same for both fuels. At fuel-rich conditions, methanol demonstrated higher carbon monoxide. Concentrations of CH 4 and C 2 H 2 were markedly higher with methane fuel, as were CH • and C 2 • while OH • was slightly higher. Evidence indicated the persistence of the C−O bond in the methanol molecule during oxidation. The NO x , O-atom, and O 2 concentrations indicated that the extended Zeldovich mechanism was insufficient to explain the difference in observed NO x for methanol and methane. It was hypothesized that hydrocarbon fragments played an important role in NO x formation in the stoichiometric and rich mixtures; it was concluded that low methanol-NO x was due to low hydrocarbon levels.
Drivers of Costs Associated With Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Stroke: The Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial

Background and Purpose—The Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III study tested the effect of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) alone when compared with intravenous tPA followed by endovascular therapy and collected cost data to assess the economic implications of the 2 therapies. This report describes the factors affecting the costs of the initial hospitalization for acute stroke subjects from the United States. Methods—Prospective cost analysis of the US subjects was treated with intravenous tPA alone or with intravenous tPA followed by endovascular therapy in the IMS III trial. Results were compared with expected Medicare payments. Results—The adjusted cost of a stroke admission in the study was $35 130 for subjects treated with endovascular therapy after intravenous tPA treatment and $25 630 for subjects treated with intravenous tPA alone (P<0.0001). Significant factors related to costs included treatment group, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, time from str...
DISTURBANCES OF GRANULOPOIESIS IN CONGENITAL CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) INFECTION

Two infants with severe congenital CMV infection were studied using the in vitro soft agar culture technique. Both infants had atypical lymphocytes and white blood cell counts were 13.5×103/ mm3 and 7.7×103/mm3. CMV was grown directly from the neutrophils of Ficoll-hypaque separated peripheral white blood cells (P.B.) of patient #1. P.B. colony forming cells (CFC) were dramatically increased in both patients (means of 366.25 and 22.66/5×103 cells plated respectively) and bone marrow (B.M.) CFC was also increased in patient #1 (mean of 161.75 col/105 cells plated). It was not possible to assay colony stimulating activity (CSA) from patient III because when his P.B. nucleated cells were plated in underlayers they overgrew the plates with myeloid colonies without an exogenous source of CSA. Patient sera (0.3cc) mixed with ice of control B.M. cells (105 cells/cc) produced stimulation of CFC (mean of 42.25 col/105 cells plated as compared to a mean of 20.27 col/105 cells when plated without serum). These results suggest that CMV is capable of producing marked increases in myeloid stem cell numbers. A shift of these cells from their usual location in the B.M. to the P.B. occurs. No disturbances in myeloid maturation were noted in vivo or in vitro. These findings are not predictable from the total white cell counts or differential counts and make one wonder about the relationship of the “atypical” lymphocyte to the myeloid stem cell and the oncogenic potential of CMV.
Roles of the proline-rich domain in SLP-76 subcellular localization and T cell function

The adaptor protein Src homology (SH)2 domain-containing and leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is critical for signal transduction in multiple hematopoietic lineages. It links proximal and distal T cell receptor signaling events through its function as a molecular scaffold in the assembly of multimolecular signaling complexes. Here we studied the functional roles of sub-domains within the SLP-76 proline-rich region, specifically the Gads binding domain and the recently defined P1 domain. To gain a further understanding of the functions mediated by this region, we used three complementary approaches as follows: reconstitution of SLP-76-deficient cells with functional domain deletion mutants, blocking molecular associations through the expression of a dominant negative protein fragment, and directed localization of SLP-76 to assess the role of the domains in SLP-76 recruitment. We find the Gads binding domain and the P1 domain are both necessary for optimal SLP-76 function, and in the absence of these two regions, SLP-76 is functionally inert. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that SLP-76 localization and, in turn, function are dependent upon association with Gads.
The science of republicanism: Hobbes and Publius

Abstract Sheldon S. Wolin in “Hobbes and the Culture of Despotism,” asks a most important question: “is there a political element embedded in the social representation of scientific knowledge, such that to think in certain representational terms is to re-describe certain political postures, depending on the political character of the representations?” (1961). In this paper I examine this observation and outline the sense in which the scientific enterprise influences both Hobbes and Publius and how Hobbes is a stepping stone for Publius in the construction of a commercially grounded, constitutionally based republican system.
Computer simulation of wave scattering from a dielectric random surface in two dimensions: cylindrical case

The detailed moment method simulation of wave scattering from a computer generated-dielectric rough surface in two-dimensional space is given. The validity of the numerical algorithm is verified by comparing simulation results with Kirchhoff and first order small perturbation theory at their valid regions. The efficiency and versatility of the numerical simulation algorithm as a practical tool to study rough surface scattering is demonstrated. It is found that the Kirchhoff series solution always gives an estimate that is between the VV and HH polarizations for both Gaussian and composite surface if the correct correlation function is used. It is also found that for a single scale surface, the effect of increasing frequency on the backscattering coefficient is to gradually diminish the VV and HH polarization separation from that of Perturbation to Kirchhoff. For surfaces with distinctively different roughness scales, the frequency behavior of the backscattering coefficient depends on the dominance of indi...
Improved Antimicrobial Wash Treatments for Decontamination of Apples

We investigated means of improving efficacy of hydrogen peroxide washes in reducing Escherichia coli populations on inoculated apples by increasing contact between attached bacteria and the wash solution. Golden Delicious apples were inoculated with E. coli and treated with heated 5% H 2 O 2 with or without agitation, by spraying and simultaneous brushing or abrading calyx and stem areas, or by vacuum infiltration. Samples were homogenized, diluted, and plated to enumerate surviving bacteria. Population reductions were greater when apples were treated with agitation, by targeted spraying with abrasion, by vacuum infiltration with stem removal, and by application of treatments at 80 °C. However, discoloration occurred at temperatures above 60 °C.
Detection of true pathologic stage I lung cancer in a screening program and the effect on survival

One-hundred-sixty-nine lung cancers have occurred to date among 10,040 cigarette smoking men who participated in the New York Lung Cancer Detection Program. Almost 40% of the cases, 65, were still Stage I when their disease was diagnosed; 62 had thoracotomy and resection, and in 57, mediastinal node dissection confirmed that the mediastinum was free of metastases ("true pathologic" Stage I). Fifty-four of the 62 (87%) are still alive at this time, while only 15 of 104 (14%) of those with Stage II and III lung cancers are alive. Only two patients of the 62 in Stage I who were treated by resection died of lung cancer, both with T2 tumors. Two others are alive with metastases, one died postoperatively, and five died of other causes without evidence of lung cancer. The estimated probability of survival for true Stage I lung cancer is over 90% at five years, and close to 40% of all lung cancers can be detected in this favorable stage by present radiologic and cytologic screening techniques.
Sex Differences in Dependent Personality Disorder Prevalence Rates

A review of the empirical literature on sex differences in dependent personality disorder (DPD) prevalence rates indicates that, contrary to the assertions of the DSM-IV, women receive DPD diagnoses at significantly higher rates than do men. Research in this area further suggests that sex differences In DPD prevalence rates are due in part to men's unwillingness to acknowledge dependent feelings, attitudes, and behaviors In interviews and on self-report tests. Variations in the magnitude of sex differences obtained with different types of dependency measures are reviewed, and the value of implementing a muftimodal approach to assessing dependency in research and clinical settings is discussed.
The magnetic dipole photodissociation cross section of molecular oxygen.

Abstract The 13 Πg-X3Σg- magnetic dipole photodissociation cross section of O2 is calculated as a function of wavelength and it is shown that the transition does not contribute significantly to the absorption of radiation by O2.
MobiSoC: a middleware for mobile social computing applications

Recently, we started to experience a shift from physical communities to virtual communities, which leads to missed social opportunities in our daily routine. For instance, we are not aware of neighbors with common interests or nearby events. Mobile social computing applications (MSCAs) promise to improve social connectivity in physical communities by leveraging information about people, social relationships, and places. This article presents MobiSoC, a middleware that enables MSCA development and provides a common platform for capturing, managing, and sharing the social state of physical communities. Additionally, it incorporates algorithms that discover previously unknown emergent geo-social patterns to augment this state. To demonstrate MobiSoC's feasibility, we implemented and tested on smart phones two MSCAs for location-based mobile social matching and place-based ad hoc social collaboration. Experimental results showed that MobiSoC can provide good response time for 1,000 users. We also demonstrated that an adaptive localization scheme and carefully chosen cryptographic methods can significantly reduce the resource consumption associated with the location engine and security on smart phones. A user study of the mobile social matching application proved that geo-social patterns can double the quality of social matches and that people are willing to share their location with MobiSoC in order to benefit from MSCAs.
Anticoagulation and microembolus detection in a case of internal carotid artery dissection.

Background. Microembolic signals (MES) have been demonstrated by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in cases of internal carotid artery dissection. The influence of treatment on MES in arterial dissection is uncertain. The authors here present a case of internal carotid artery dissection in which we detected a reduction of MES after the initiation of intravenous heparin. Methods. A 37-year-old woman developed a right temporal headache 10 days prior to admission. This was followed by episodes of left arm numbness and weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a right frontal and deep subcortical ischemic infarct. Catheter angiography confirmed a right internal carotid artery dissection with intracranial extension. She was then monitored with TCD for MES before and after intravenous heparin was started. Results. The first TCD, performed 12 days after symptom onset, showed 39 MES during 60 minutes of insonation of the right middle cerebral artery. Treatment with intravenous heparin resulted in a decline in MES by 50% after 96 hours. This decline continued and no further MES were detected after 11 days of anticoagulation. Conclusion. The authors were able to demonstrate a decline of MES with heparin anticoagulation in a case of internal carotid artery dissection.
Increased local uptake of 2-deoxyglucose after electrochemical or direct deposition of iron into the rat brain

Intracerebral application of Fe2+, 3+ has been widely used to study mechanisms controlling the release of anterior pituitary hormones. Yet its local effects on neuronal function remain controversial. The present study utilized radiolabeled 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) incorporation to assess acute neural metabolic effects at the site of iron deposition. Fe2+, 3+ was applied either directly or electrochemically to preoptic and hypothalamic regions. Application of Fe2+, 3+ resulted in a local increase of 2-DG uptake that succeeded the more transient effect of NaCl injection or anodic direct current applied through platinum electrodes which served as controls. In several cases, a clear pattern of multilaminar rings was evident in autoradiograms. These results are considered as providing additional evidence that the short-term effect of Fe2+, 3+ is to increase neural activity.
Fundamental and practical limitations of FUV/EUV photon-counting image detectors

In EUV and FUV space-astronomy applications, the best contemporary detector designs are based on the use of microchannel plates due to their ability to deliver photon-counting performance with high efficiency. The major unresolved issue is the choice of position-readout system for the individual photoevents. Electrical event-readout systems are divided into two classes: the discrete wire anodes that perform coordinate digitization by wire-group selection, and the continuous centroid-position encoders for which coordinates are digitized in the associated electronics. The centroid-position encoder techniques are discussed in terms of how they overcome the four chief limitations of the discrete-wire readouts - their limited format size, their flat focal surface, their fundamental hex-channel vs squared-pixel moire pattern, and their image undersampling. With these limitations overcome, microchannel based image systems can deliver the performance demanded by the forthcoming generation of applications in space astronomy.
Multiplicity and stability of time-periodic solutions of Ginzburg–Landau equations of superconductivity

Abstract In this article we shall show that the Ginzburg–Landau equations admit at least three time-periodic solutions. One of the time-periodic solutions describes the non-superconductive (or normal) state and the other one describes the superconductivity state. We will also show that the time-periodic solutions are exponentially stable. Furthermore, the method we use in this article can be used to find numerical approximations to the time-periodic solutions.
The retinoid X receptor agonist 9-cis-retinoic acid and the 24-hydroxylase inhibitor ketoconazole increase activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human skin in vivo

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] transactivates its target genes via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR functions in physiology as a dimer complexed with retinoid X receptor (RXR), whose natural ligand is 9- cis -retinoic acid (9- c -RA). Inactivation of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 occurs through a cytochrome P-450 24-hydroxylase (OHase). The promoter of the human 24-OHase gene contains a 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -responsive enhancer element (VDRE). We have used this VDRE containing gene as an endogenous reporter for vitamin D 3 -mediated gene activation in vivo . Normal adult human skin was keratomed after a 2- d exposure to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , 9- c -RA, all- trans -RA, and ketoconazole. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 caused a concentration-dependent increase in 24-OHase mRNA expression as determined by northern blot analysis. The activity of epidermal 24-OHase was also induced by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Compared with vehicle, neither of the BA isomers nor ketoconazole alone induced 24-OHase mRNA. Addition of 9- c -RA or t -RA to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , however, caused a synergistic increase in 24-OHase inRNA. Similarly, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 plus ketoconazole increased 24-OHase mRNA synergistically. Ketoconazole inhibited ex vivo 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 induced epidermal 24-OHase activity. Thus, 24-OHase znRNA induction is a sensitive reporter of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 activity in vivo ; RXR bound to VDR is not a silent partner in vivo , because 9- c -RA enhances 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -liganded RXR/VDR stimulation of the VDRE containing 24-OHase gene; ketoconazole inhibition of 24-OHase enhances 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 activity by impeding its breakdown.Thus, the synergistic response of human skin to topical 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and/or 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 analogs plus RXR retinoids and/or ketoconazole may be exploited to give a desired biologic/therapeutic response with less 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , minimizing the potential calcemic risk from systemic absorption of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 .
African American Men’s Attitudes Toward Marriage

This study examines the factors associated with African American men’s attitudes toward marriage as well as the circumstances and experiences that helped shape their attitudes. Utilizing a mixed-me...