cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of q and cash flow on investment in the presence of measurement error

Abstract I analyze investment, q, and cash flow in a tractable stochastic model in which marginal q and average q are identically equal. I introduce classical measurement error and derive closed-form expressions for the coefficients in regressions of investment on q and cash flow. The cash-flow coefficient is positive and larger for faster growing firms, yet there are no financial frictions in the model. I develop the concepts of bivariate attenuation and weight shifting to interpret the estimated coefficients on q and cash flow in the presence of measurement error.
Effect of Obesity on Postacute Outcomes of Skilled Nursing Facility Residents with Hip Fracture.

Objectives To examine the effect of obesity (body mass index (BMI)≥30.0 kg/m2) on outcomes of older adults admitted to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for hip fracture postacute care (PAC). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting U.S. Medicare‐ and Medicaid‐certified SNFs from 2008 to 2015. Participants Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries discharged to a SNF after hospitalization for hip fracture (N=586,683; n=82,768 (14.1%) meeting obesity criteria). Exclusion criteria were aged younger than 65, being underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), and SNF use in the year prior to index hospitalization. Measurements Residents were divided into 4 BMI categories according to cutoffs that the World Health Organization has established: not obese (BMI 18.5–29.9 kg/m2), mild obesity (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2), moderate obesity (BMI 35.0–39.9 kg/m2), and severe obesity (BMI≥40.0 kg/m2). Robust Poisson regression was used to compare differences in average nursing facility length of stay (LOS) and rates of 30‐day hospital readmission, successful discharge to community, and becoming a long‐stay resident (LOS>100) according to obesity level. Models were adjusted for individual‐level covariates and facility fixed effects. Results Residents with mild (adjusted relative risk (aRR)=1.16, 95% CI=1.12–1.19), moderate (aRR=1.27, 95% CI=1.20–1.35), and severe (aRR=1.67, 95% CI=1.54–1.82) obesity were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days than those who were not obese. The average difference in LOS between residents without obesity and those with mild obesity was 2.6 days (95% CI=2.2–2.9 days); moderate obesity, 4.2 days (95% CI=3.7–5.1 days); and severe obesity, 7.0 days (95% CI=5.9–8.2 days). Residents with obesity were less likely to be successfully discharged and more likely to become long‐stay nursing home residents. Conclusion Obesity was associated with worse outcomes in postacute SNF residents with hip fracture. Efforts to provide targeted care to residents with obesity may be essential to improve outcomes. Obesity may be an overlooked risk adjuster in quality‐of‐care measures and in payment reforms related to PAC for individuals with hip fracture.
Sexually Transmitted Molluscum Contaglosum

Molluscum contagiosum is an autoinoculable benign viral infection of the skin and mucous membranes. Treatment involves removal of the virus in order to shorten the duration of the lesion, decrease autoinoculation, and reduce transmission of the disease. The simplest method of removal of a lesion is by curettage. Alternatively, the base of a lesion can be destroyed by applying phenol or silver nitrate. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is also possible.
The Effects of Higher Eulerian Velocity Moments on the Mean Concentration Distribution

In this paper, we present a well-mixed Lagrangian stochasticmodel for vertical dispersion, that can accommodate a Eulerianprobability density function of vertical velocity derived from themaximum missing information (or maximum entropy) principle. Withthis model, we study the effects of skewness (S) and kurtosis (K) ofvertical velocity on the spacial distribution of the mean concentrationdue to sources in the convective boundary layer. Model calculationsshow that the maximum ground-level concentration increases withincreasing S and decreasing K, but the downstream distance to thelocation of the maximum ground-level concentration is ratherinsensitive to S and K. Some earlier predictions of vertical dispersionfor short travel time are examined.
Genetic Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Review and Reassessment

When a rigorous methodological approach is utilized, a substantial majority of recent studies provide evidence for the familial transmission of schizophrenia. Although the absolute rates of schizophrenia among relatives of schizophrenics tend to be lower than those reported in the earlier studies due to the restrictiveness of contemporary definitions of schizophrenia, the risk to relatives compared to that of controls has remained quite consistent. This observation that relatives of schizophrenics have an elevated risk for schizophrenia compared to controls is consistent with theories of both genetic and environmental transmission. Twin studies of schizophrenia have consistently reported grater concordance rates form monozygotic than dizygotic twins. Although this indicates the importance of genetic factors, the less than 100% concordance for monozyogotic twins observed in every study indicates that nongenetic factors also play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Further, adoption studies offer an opportunity to unconfound genes and environment. The findings of adoption studies confirm that there are genetic components for schizophrenia. Even thought we have shown that family, twin, and adoption studies have provided strong evidence for the role of genetic factors in schizophrenia, the mode of transmission remains unclear. The results of mathematical modeling studies do not support the single gene model. There is somewhat more support for the multifactorial polygenic model, but the model has also been rejected in several studies. Thus, the pattern of inheritance of schizophrenia has eluded an unambiguous characterization. Genetic linkage analysis promised to clarify the mechanisms of transmission, but early positive reports were subsequently overturned and, to date, there are no consistently replicated positive linkage findings for schizophrenia. There is now a world-wide search for the location of the genes on specific chromosomes which are responsible for schizophrenia. The clinical implications of current work to the future of locating a schizophrenic gene or genes will be discussed.
Rationale for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and evidence for long-term lithium treatment.

Because of the great morbidity and mortality associated with bipolar disorder, long-term treatment is necessary to prevent recurrence and reduce the loss of productivity and increased medical costs associated with this illness. The agent with the most evidence of efficacy and the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder is lithium. Lithium may cause a prophylactic response in more than two thirds of patients with bipolar disorder and reduce suicide risk by more than 8-fold. However, lithium may be more effective for patients with classical features such as fully remitting courses and typical manic symptoms than for patients with nonclassical bipolar features such as mixed states and rapid cycling. Because lithium may be toxic at only twice the therapeutic dose, physicians should consider patients' ages and medical history when prescribing this drug. Monitoring requirements; possible side effects; changes in the illness including more treatment-resistant forms; and the introduction of newer agents, which are supported by more marketing and continuing medical education programs than the essentially generic drug lithium, have contributed to the decline in lithium prescription rates in the last 15 years in the United States. However, long-term treatment with lithium continues to be effective in many patients, especially if the dose is periodically evaluated as patients experience changes in their physical health and lithium tolerance. Until newer agents have comparable evidence of efficacy, lithium will be considered a first-line long-term treatment for bipolar disorder, either as monotherapy or in combination therapy.
XNOR-SRAM: In-Memory Computing SRAM Macro for Binary/Ternary Deep Neural Networks

We present an in-memory computing SRAM macro that computes XNOR-and-accumulate in binary/ternary deep neural networks on the bitline without row-by-row data access. It achieves 33X better energy and 300X better energy-delay product than digital ASIC, and also achieves significantly higher accuracy than prior in-SRAM computing macro (e.g., 98.3% vs. 90% for MNIST) by being able to support the mainstream DNN/CNN algorithms.
Origami Multimode Ring Antenna Based on Characteristic Mode Analysis

In this paper, a compact ring shaped Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna operating in two high order modes is implemented on an origami waterbomb structure. Operation in two modes allows the single element to act as a MIMO while the foldable waterbomb structure offers frequency and radiation pattern reconfigurability. Characteristic mode analysis is performed to determine the two most desirable modes of operation. The realized gain as well as the reconfigurable nature of the antenna as it is folded is presented.
New Drug Targets Key Genetic Driver of Cancer.

Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat adolescent and adult patients whose solid tumor cancers are related to a specific genetic defect known as neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion, and for whom there are no effective treatments.Several w
The Associations Between Infant Development and Parenting Stress in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease at Six and Twelve Months of Age.

Abstract Purpose Developmental delays are among the major morbidities of children with complex congenital heart disease. Parents of infants with complex congenital heart disease experience increased parenting stress levels, which can interfere with parenting processes during infancy. The current study examined associations between infant development and parenting stress in infants with complex congenital heart disease at six and twelve months of age. Design and methods A secondary analysis of data examined cross-sectional associations between infant's mental and psychomotor development and parenting stress, using general linear regression modeling (N = 75). Data were obtained from a larger prospective cohort study. Results Mental development was negatively associated with the Parent Domain at six months, and with the Parent Domain and Total Stress at twelve months. Psychomotor development was not significantly associated with parenting stress at six and twelve months. Conclusions Parenting stress in parents of infant with complex congenital heart disease may be among the factors shaping the parent–child relationship during the first year of life, which plays an important role in infant development. A potential bidirectional relationship between parenting stress and infant development may fit a transactional model representing the phenomena. Practice Implications. Family interventions aiming to reshape illness perceptions may promote parental adaptive coping and productive parenting practices in populations at risk.
Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Evaluation of Adjunct Clinical Faculty.

ABSTRACT The clinical experience is often thought of as an opportunity to tie theory to practice. However, with the current shortage of full-time nursing faculty and the increased dependence on adjunct faculty, how do administrators ensure quality? The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to determine the evaluation practices of administrators from accredited universities. Administrators' (n = 26) methods of evaluation were collected via survey with follow-up interviews. Several themes emerged that may assist with the identification of issues in the evaluation of adjunct clinical faculty.
Visual experiences during letter production contribute to the development of the neural systems supporting letter perception

Letter production through handwriting creates visual experiences that may be important for the development of visual letter perception. We sought to better understand the neural responses to different visual percepts created during handwriting at different levels of experience. Three groups of participants, younger children, older children, and adults, ranging in age from 4.5 to 22 years old, were presented with dynamic and static presentations of their own handwritten letters, static presentations of an age-matched control's handwritten letters, and typeface letters during fMRI. First, data from each group were analyzed through a series of contrasts designed to highlight neural systems that were most sensitive to each visual experience in each age group. We found that younger children recruited ventral-temporal cortex during perception and this response was associated with the variability present in handwritten forms. Older children and adults also recruited ventral-temporal cortex; this response, however, was significant for typed letter forms but not variability. The adult response to typed letters was more distributed than in the children, including ventral-temporal, parietal, and frontal motor cortices. The adult response was also significant for one's own handwritten letters in left parietal cortex. Second, we compared responses among age groups. Compared to older children, younger children demonstrated a greater fusiform response associated with handwritten form variability. When compared to adults, younger children demonstrated a greater response to this variability in left parietal cortex. Our results suggest that the visual perception of the variability present in handwritten forms that occurs during handwriting may contribute to developmental changes in the neural systems that support letter perception.
Detecting Internet of Things attacks using distributed deep learning

Abstract The reliability of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices is heavily dependent on the security model employed to protect user data and prevent devices from engaging in malicious activity. Existing approaches for detecting phishing, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and Botnet attacks often focus on either the device or the back-end. In this paper, we propose a cloud-based distributed deep learning framework for phishing and Botnet attack detection and mitigation. The model comprises two key security mechanisms working cooperatively, namely: (1) a Distributed Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) model embedded as an IoT device micro-security add-on for detecting phishing and application layer DDoS attacks; and (2) a cloud-based temporal Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network model hosted on the back-end for detecting Botnet attacks, and ingest CNN embeddings to detect distributed phishing attacks across multiple IoT devices. The distributed CNN model, embedded into a ML engine in the client's IoT device, allows us to detect and defend the IoT device from phishing attacks at the point of origin. We create a dataset consisting of both phishing and non-phishing URLs to train the proposed CNN add-on security model, and select the N_BaIoT dataset for training the back-end LSTM model. The joint training method minimizes communication and resource requirements for attack detection, and maximizes the usefulness of extracted features. In addition, an aggregation of schemes allows the automatic fusion of multiple requests to improve the overall performance of the system. Our experiments show that the IoT micro-security add-on running the proposed CNN model is capable of detecting phishing attacks with an accuracy of 94.3% and a F-1 score of 93.58%. Using the back-end LSTM model, the model detects Botnet attacks with an accuracy of 94.80% using all malicious data points in the used dataset. Thus, the findings demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of detecting attacks, both at device and at the back-end level, in a distributed fashion.
Identification of a prostaglandin E2 receptor that regulates mosquito oenocytoid immune cell function in limiting bacteria and parasite infection

Abstract Lipid-derived signaling molecules known as eicosanoids have integral roles in mediating immune and inflammatory processes across metazoans. This includes the function of prostaglandins and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to employ their immunological actions. In insects, prostaglandins have been implicated in the regulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses, yet studies have been limited by the absence of a described prostaglandin receptor. Here, we characterize a prostaglandin E2 receptor (AgPGE2R) in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and examine its contributions to innate immunity. AgPGE2R expression is most abundant in circulating hemocytes where it is primarily localized to oenocytoid immune cell populations. Through the administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and AgPGE2R-silencing by RNAi, we demonstrate that PGE2 signaling regulates the expression of a subset of prophenoloxidases (PPOs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). PGE2 priming via the AgPGE2R significantly limited bacterial replication and suppressed Plasmodium oocyst survival. Additional experiments establish that PGE2 priming increases phenoloxidase (PO) activity through the increased expression of PPO1 and PPO3, which significantly influence Plasmodium oocyst survival. We also provide evidence that PGE2 priming is concentration-dependent, where high concentrations of PGE2 promote oenocytoid lysis, negating the protective effects of PGE2 priming on anti-Plasmodium immunity. Taken together, our results characterize the AgPGE2R and the role of prostaglandin signaling on immune cell function, providing new insights into the role of PGE2 on anti-bacterial and anti-Plasmodium immune responses in the mosquito host.
Diet Composition and Fat Balance

People who have a difficult time maintaining a desirable body weight are experiencing the First Law of Thermodynamics with a vengeance. Once it is lodged in adipose tissue, body fat persists. To remove triacylglycerol from the fat cell, fatty acids must be mobilized by hormonally activated lipolysis and oxidized in mitochondria in muscles and other tissues. This trait perfectly suits our only truly long-term energy reserve. And adipose tissue is a marvelous invention; it stores about 4,000 kilocalories (17 MJ) per pound of pure fat, or 8,800 kilocalories (37 MJ) per kilogram of pure triacylglycerol. It insulates us against loss of heat, cushions our internal organs, and provides metabolic water when it is oxidized, so that it is equally useful in the chill of winter or the parched heat of late summer. Yet this marvelous substance has been discredited by fashion designers who have a sense of style but none of evolution and its mysteries. Alas, our labor-saving devices have now conserved so much of our energy, and our restaurants make so much available so readily, that many millions of people have become obese; non-insulin-dependent diabetes, once rare, has become commonplace, and death comes to the unmindful by what is called the Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome, with blood clots blocking one or more coronary arteries.
Neck level algorithmic approach to trauma

Trauma to the neck poses a unique set of challenges owing to the presence of multiple important structures lying in close proximity to each other. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the neck as well as having a step wise approach for timely evaluation and management, are crucial in identifying and managing neck injuries. Trauma to the neck can occur due to blunt or penetrating mechanisms. Though the injury patterns may differ, the initial management is similar and follows an algorithm based approach based on anatomic landmarks as well as patient stability. Various imaging and diagnostic modalities are available and are utilized in the prompt diagnosis of cerebrovascular and aerodigestive neck injuries.
INTERMITTENT SELF-SUSTAINING STAR FORMATION IN MASSIVE, LOW-REDSHIFT GALAXIES EXHIBITING A PEAK METALLICITY PLATEAU

The decline of star formation in massive low-redshift galaxies, often referred to as "quenching," has been attributed to a variety of factors. Some proposals suggest that erupting active galactic nuclei may strip galaxies of their interstellar medium (ISM), and thus the ability to form stars. Here, we note that, whereas star formation is universal in small, low-redshift galaxies, the fractional duty cycles Φ of star formation steadily decline in galaxies of increasing mass, although star formation may not cease entirely. We show that when the infall of gas from extragalactic space ceases, galaxies of high stellar mass M* appear to sustain star formation with gas liberated in mass loss from evolved low- and intermediate-mass stars admixed with occasional SN II ejecta. This model quantitatively accounts for the universal limiting metallicity plateau at a ratio of oxygen to hydrogen atoms, , characterizing high-mass, intermittently star-forming galaxies. We show that when duty cycles Φ are specifically taken into account, the star formation rates of galaxies on this plateau correspond to mass loss rates from evolving stars of the order of yr−1, in rough agreement with observed estimates. Far-infrared continuum and fine-structure line observations, as well as molecular data, may soon be able to resolve whether or not low levels of sporadic star formation can be sustained indefinitely in massive galaxies.
Using Satellite Capabilities to Handle the Pacific's Strongest Typhoons

Satellite data and imagery have come a long way to improving the ability to analyze and forecast intense tropical cyclone (TC) development since the use of only visual and infrared imagery. With each new generation of sensor, knowledge of how and when a TC intensifies has expanded greatly, especially when coupled with the latest numerical models. This is especially important in the ocean basins where in situ measurements cannot be routinely obtained. A brief review of these new capabilities is presented here.
Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration and serial lactate measurements in dogs and cats presented to the emergency room (January 2012 - December 2016): 4863 cases.

Objective To determine the prognostic significance of plasma lactate concentration, plasma lactate clearance, and delta lactate in dogs and cats presented to an emergency room (ER). Design Retrospective study. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals A total of 8,321 animals with a plasma lactate concentration measured with 4,863 presenting to the ER and 1,529 dogs and 444 cats having a measurement within 4 hours of admission. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Plasma lactate concentration of dogs and cats presented to a university teaching hospital was retrospectively evaluated. Of dogs and cats with a plasma lactate concentration measured within 4 hours of admission to the ER, hyperlactatemia was common, and the prevalence of hyperlactatemia for dogs 78% (361/462) and cats 67% (78/116) was highest when evaluated within the first 30 minutes following admission. The distribution of patient's plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors at all time points evaluated (P 0.001). Both lactate clearance (P = 0.010) and delta lactate (P = 0.013) were significantly different between survivors and nonsurvivors. A delta lactate > 4.5 mmol/L was 100% (95% CI: 95 to 100%) specific for nonsurvival in patients with hyperlactatemia measured within 1 hour of admission to the ER. The most common cause of hyperlactatemia was shock in dogs (24%) and urinary tract diseases in cats (22%). Shock was associated with the highest mortality rate in both dogs (61%) and cats (77%). Hyperlactatemia was significantly associated with increased mortality for dogs with shock (P = 0.001), respiratory diseases (P = 0.022), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.018), and liver dysfunction (P = 0.006). Conclusions Hyperlactatemia was associated with mortality in both dogs and cats when measured at any time point in the 4 hours following admission to the ER. Serial lactate measurement may also be a valuable tool to guide clinical management decisions.
Eigenvalue Assignment in Compensated Parameter Identifiers

The purpose of this paper is to utilize a class of compensated parameter identifiers for generating bias-free parameter estimates, in the presence of noise disturbance which accounts for the uncertainties in the system. A forward feedback is used to minimize the effect of noise. The observer form of state variable modeling is used to synthesize a ladder circuit whereby the compensated parameter identifiers are asymptotically stable, with added rapid convergence. A new technique is applied to derive state feedback that assures the assignment of closed-loop eigenvalues in arbitrary sectors within the unit circle.
Pyridine nucleotides in the thyroid: III. A method for determination of oxidized and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotides using 6-phospho-[I14C]-gluconate

Abstract Methods are presented for assay of micromicromolar quantities of oxidized and reduced NAD following synthesis to NADP utilizing excess ATP and NAD kinase (ATP:NAD 2′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.23). NADP + is assayed by minor modifications of prior methodology in which the yield of 14 CO 2 is proportional to NADP + when excess 6-phospho[I 14 C]gluconate and excess 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho- d -gluconate:NADP + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.44) are present. The reduced nucleotides are assayed in their oxidized state following reaction with excess α-ketoglutarate, NH 4 + and glutamate dehydrogenase ( l -glutamate:NAD + (NADP + ) oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.1.3). The prior methodology for NADP + assay has been modified, without any sacrifice to sensitivity, so that incubations can be performed in reduced volumes and at room temperature. These modifications have enabled the assay procedures to be performed in center wells, temporarily sealed in counting vials, thereby eliminating the time consuming step of hyamine transfer. Using these methods equivalent amounts of nucleotides per gram wet weight tissue were obtained with different amount of tissue extract. Recovery of internal standards was virtually complete. Values for a number of mammalian tissues, obtained by utilization of the present methodology, are presented and are similar to those previously reported. The influence of extraction procedure upon nucleotide concentration obtained in tissues is mentioned.
Oxidation-Reduction Properties of the 8α-Substituted Flavins

The oxidation-reduction potentials of a variety of riboflavin derivatives substituted at the 8α position have been determined by anaerobic titration with dithionite in the presence of suitable dyes and spectrophotometric determination of the ratio of oxidized to reduced flavin. The potentials of 8α-substituted flavins, including the histidyl-8α-riboflavin component of succinate dehydrogenase and the cysteinyl-8α-riboflavin component of monoamine oxidase, were found to be 0.02 to 0.03 volt higher than the potential of riboflavin. In accord with this, the affinity of the 8α-substituted flavins for sulfite was 10 to 20 times higher than that of riboflavin. Reduction by dithionite to the flavin hydroquinone proceeded with a 2 electron uptake and was completely reversible on admission of O2 in each case, except for the 8α-S-cysteinyl-sulfone of riboflavin. On reduction of the latter by equimolar dithionite, cysteinesulfinate was spontaneously eliminated and riboflavin was formed. This process follows first order kinetics with a pH optimum of 6.0 at 25°.
Application of the Gibbs distribution to hidden Markov modeling in isolated word recognition

A new method of formulating hidden Markov models (HMM) for isolated word recognition is presented. The authors model probabilities of hidden state sequences as Gibbs distributions (GDs) instead of the conventional products of transition probabilities. This formulation is based on the Hammersley-Clifford theorem which establishes the equivalence between Markov random fields (MRF) and GDs. The Markov chains in HMM are equivalent to one-dimensional, first order neighborhood MRFs. The observation sequences are modeled by the usual autoregressive Gaussian densities. The flexibility in the choice of energy functions in GDs makes it possible to use only a few parameters while maintaining a powerful model. The authors have developed a learning algorithm to estimate the parameters using maximum likelihood estimation and an algorithm to efficiently compute 1-D, first order neighborhood GDs using a lattice structure. >
Foam inhibitors from specialty malts

Although there are product-to-product differences, the majority of the crystal and caramel malts tested have been shown to have a net destabilizing impact on foam. A foaming test using a model beer has been developed to quantify the magnitude of this inhibitory effect. Lipid analysis using thin-layer chromatography reveals that there are elevated levels of triglycerides in problematic malts. There also appear to be oxidized lipids in the specialty malts, probably produced in the heating stage of malt production with higher levels in more intensely heated products. However some specialty malts, such as black malt, while containing such foam-negative entities, do display superior foaming properties, probably because they develop even more powerful foam-positive components in the severe heating events. © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling.
Justifying Aggregation With Consensus-Based Constructs: A Review and Examination of Cutoff Values for Common Aggregation Indices

Management researchers often use consensus-based composition models to examine the antecedents and effects of higher-level constructs. Typically, researchers present three indices, rwg, ICC(1), and...
Studies on Rates of Hydrolysis of N Dibasic Acid Substituted Sulfonamides.

ConclusionMuch of the data presented here cannot be correlated to show a relationship between antibacterial activity and rate of deacylation of the conjugated compounds, and it seems clear that the antibacterial activity of these compounds is not due solely to the liberation of the free sulfonamides. A considerable part of the antibacterial activity of these substances must, therefore, reside in the conjugated molecule. The node of action is complex and cannot be defined at this time.
Effect of Substituting a Secondary Cue for a Gap upon a Visual Discrimination

The general aim of this study was to see whether a substitute stimulus would have the same function as an obstacle with which it had previously been associated. Specifically, it was to determine the function of the color of a straightaway containing gaps to be jumped when this color but no gap was subsequently used in one of the alleys of a discrimination box. In a recent parallel experiment (1) with shock in the straightaway it was found that its color alone, when employed in a subsequent discrimination problem, was in some respects as effective as shock. W e therefore assumed that a gap in the straightaway might later function like a shock when only its secondary cues were present. W e were led to entertain such an hypothesis through the results of some of our earlier experiments in which we had found thar electric shock after a point of choice in a discrimination box increased learning efficiency ( 2 ) and that a gap in each choice alley in place of shock had the same effect. It was therefore hypothesized that a gap in the straightaway would increase learning efficiency in a discrimination problem when only the secondary cues for gap were present in the discrimination box.
The phenyl α- and β-L-idopyranosiduronic acids and some other aryl glycopyranosiduronic acids

Abstract Condensation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta- O -acetyl-a- l -idopyranose ( 1 ) with phenol yielded phenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- ( 2 ) and α- l -idopyranoside ( 4 ). Deacetylation of 2 and 4 afforded phenyl α and β- l -idopyranosides ( 3 and 5 ), respectively, the structures of which were verified by periodate oxidation studies. A platinum-catalyzed oxidation of 3 and 5 produced the amorphous phenyl α- and β- L -idopyranosiduronic acids ( 9 and 11 ), respectively, which were isolated as the crystalline cyclohexylammonium salts. Phenyl β- and α- d -glucopyranosiduronic acids are apparent minor byproducts of the catalytic oxidations, resulting from an inversion at C-5. p -Nitrophenyl α- d -mannopyranosiduronic acid and p -nitrophenyl α- and β- d -galactopyranosiduronic acids are also described.
KLA: a new algorithmic paradigm for parallel graph computations

This paper proposes a new algorithmic paradigm — k-level asynchronous (KLA) — that bridges level-synchronous and asynchronous paradigms for processing graphs. The KLA paradigm enables the level of asynchrony in parallel graph algorithms to be parametrically varied from none (level-synchronous) to full (asynchronous). The motivation is to improve execution times through an appropriate trade-off between the use of fewer, but more expensive global synchronizations, as in level-synchronous algorithms, and more, but less expensive local synchronizations (and perhaps also redundant work), as in asynchronous algorithms. We show how common patterns in graph algorithms can be expressed in the KLA pardigm and provide techniques for determining k, the number of asynchronous steps allowed between global synchronizations. Results of an implementation of KLA in the STAPL Graph Library show excellent scalability on up to 96K cores and improvements of 10× or more over level-synchronous and asynchronous versions for graph algorithms such as breadth-first search, PageRank, k-core decomposition and others on certain classes of real-world graphs.
An Ethnographic Analysis of a Church Supper in New England

This ethnographic study uses a transactional perspective to explore and explicate the co-occupation of preparing and serving of church suppers. Findings illustrate the importance of understanding how individual and group relationships, habits and routines, and the cultural, social, and historical context shapes the occupational experience of those involved. One conclusion drawn from this research is that although the observed church suppers are unique because of their situated nature, a careful and clear ethnographic analysis helps uncover aspects which may be used to understand other community co-occupations.
New strategies in behavioural phenotyping research: from individual domains to modeling domain networks

Stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of anxiety and depression. Animal models of these disorders are widely used in behavioral neuroscience to explore stress-evoked brain abnormalities, screen anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs and establish behavioral phenotypes of gene-targeted or transgenic animals. Here we discuss the current situation with these experimental models, and critically evaluate the state of the art in this field. Noting a deficit of fresh ideas and especially new paradigms for animal anxiety and depression models, we review existing challenges and outline important directions for further research in this field. Potential strategies for the development of new animal paradigms include 1) modeling different subtypes
The radiological management of malignant biliary obstruction

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage has become widely accepted as a safe and effective palliative therapy for malignant biliary obstruction. The results of drainage were reviewed over a 3-year period and patients divided by the response to decompression as measured by change in serum bilirubin. Patients with good response survived an average of 198 days, while patients with a poor response survived an average of 12 days. No procedural mortality was encountered. However, despite the generally good results, a 30-day mortality rate of 28% was seen, with good responders having a mortality of 10% and poor responders a mortality of 88%. Patients with hepatic metastatic disease as documented by liver-spleen scan, ultrasonography or computed tomography do poorly, surviving an average of 39 days, despite a good biochemical response. The success of percutaneous biliary decompression has allowed surgeons to select cases for cholecystenterostomy from the group of good responders. A more selective clinical approach is suggested for radiologists on the basis of these results.
The Involvement of Arl-5b in the Repair of Hair Cells in Sea Anemones

The subcellular processes involved in repair of hair cells are not well understood. Sea anemones repair hair bundle mechanoreceptors on their tentacles after severe trauma caused by 1-h exposure to calcium-depleted seawater. Repair is dependent on the synthesis and secretion of large protein complexes named “repair proteins.” A cDNA library on traumatized anemone tissue was probed using polyclonal antibodies raised to a specific chromatographic fraction of the repair protein mixture. An ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein, Arl-5b, was identified. The amino acid sequence of the Arl-5b protein in sea anemones is similar to that among several model vertebrates and humans. A polyclonal antibody raised to a peptide of the anemone Arl-5b labels some but not all hair bundles in healthy control animals. The abundance of labeled hair bundles significantly increases above healthy controls after trauma and continuing through the first hour of recovery. Dilute anti-Arl-5b blocks the spontaneous repair of hair bundle mechanoreceptors, suggesting that Arl-5b acts on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane. Immunoelectron microscopy indicates that Arl-5b is located along the length of stereocilia including sites in the vicinity of tip links. We propose that Arl-5b is involved in installing replacement linkages into damaged hair bundle mechanoreceptors.
Hyperfine shift NMR studies of hydrated phospholipid inverted micelles

Abstract The 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of benzene solutions of hydrated dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) inverted micelles, with and without incorporated paramagnetic lanthanide ions, have been recorded. Individual resonances for micelles containing none, one, and two ions can be resolved and observed in the presence of one another. The relative intensities of these peaks yield some information on the state of aggregation of lipid inverted micelles prepared by ultrasonic irradiation. The relative intensities and chemical shifts of resonances of unsonicated mixtures of preformed micelles containing different numbers of ions per micelle indicate that some kind of equilibration occurs. The data are consistent with a selective fusion of multi-ion micelles with ion-free micelles. The NMR spectra place constraints on the lifetimes of metal ions and lipid and water molecules within a micelle before transfer to another.
In the shadow of power: civil–military relations and the Tunisian popular uprising

This study examines the relative unknown strategic decisions inside the ‘black box’ of Ben Ali's authoritarian regime under stress, and questions the broader narrative claiming that the fall of his regime was mainly the result of the mass uprising. Making use of new primary and secondary material, the author argues that the demise of the autocratic ruler was caused by the failure of the regime's controlling strategies due to the defunct communication among key security figures that represented its coercive apparatus: military, ministries of Defense and Interior, and different domestic security organisations. Indeed, the dysfunctional intra-regime dynamics were responsible for the outcome of the popular uprising, not the number of the demonstrators across the country. In this regard, Ben Ali's departure was the unintended outcome due to his misreading of the civil–military relations, as well as his own ambiguous perception of the military as a protector and potential threat that led to a lack of loyalty on...
Separation of trivalent actinides from lanthanides by solvent extraction

Abstract A method is presented for separating the trivalent actinides, mainly Am and Cm, from trivalent lanthanides by the use of only two solvent extractants. The first solvent removes the heavy lanthanides, leaving the Am, Cm and the lighterlanthanides; the second removes the Am and Cm. Because additional complexing agents are not required, waste-disposal and corrosion problems are reduced. Overall separation factors may be as high as several thousand for the separation of Am and Cm from lanthanides in the fission waste products from reactor fuel processing.
Conformational energies, stereoregularity, and the role of nonstaggered conformations in polymer chains

The role of nonstaggered conformations in polymethylenes and in vinyl polymers is discussed in some detail. In incorporating such conformations into rotational isomeric state treatments, it is essential to so choose rotational states as to assure equitable sampling of configuration space. Tacit identification of rotational states with minima in the conformation energy surface, a common practice at present, may lead to serious errors. The significance and limitations of conformational energy calculations are discussed. It is pointed out that the alleged discrepancy between theory and experiments on the spatial configurations of isotactic polymers of α-olefins in general and of polypropylene in particular is unsupported by valid experiments on polymers of established stereochemical constitution.
A feasible approach to all-electronic digital labeling and readout for cell identification

We present two critical innovations that enable a unique, purely electronic approach to microfluidic whole-cell analysis, focusing on the problem of cell identification and sorting. We used fully-scalable lithographic techniques to microfabricate digital barcodes, providing a means for low-cost, large volume production. We have demonstrated molecular functionalization of the barcodes, using biotin-streptavidin, as well as human CD4 antibody, and we have successfully linked the barcodes to polystyrene beads using the biotin-streptavidin complex. This functionalization allows unique barcodes to be attached to specific cell types, based on phenotype. We have also implemented an electronic barcode readout scheme, using a radio frequency microsensor integrated in an elastomeric microfluidic channel, that can read individual barcodes at rates in excess of 1000 labels s(-1). The barcodes are biologically compatible, and coupled with the electronic sensing technology, provide a route to compact, inexpensive, disposable cell identification, sorting and purification.
Karyotype analysis of four solid gynecologic tumors

Abstract Banded chromosome analyses were carried out on four gynecologic tumors, three ovarian and one uterine. Three of them, two ovarian and one endometrial carcinoma, were found to have a trisomy of part or the entire long arm of chromosome 1. Two tumors were biopsied at two different times, but only one of these, an ovarian carcinoma, showed significant changes between the two specimens. The second, an ovarian (immature) teratoma, showed a trisomy of chromosome 12 as the only abnormality in both specimens.
Investigation of chiral resolution using displacement interactions with polymer networks in capillary affinity zone electrophoresis

Abstract The effect of displacers on the resolution of the stereoisomers folinic acid, mandelic acid and N-benzoylalanine at physiological pH using capillary affinity zone electrophoresis is described. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used as a run buffer additive to incorporate stereoselectivity into the system, while salicylates exhibiting different affinities for BSA are added to the electrolyte for the displacement studies. The salicylate, α-resorcylic acid, was found to increase retention and stereoselectivity for the samples, while other displacers exhibited a negative effect on chiral resolution. Changes in effective mobility and resolution of stereoisomers using different displacers added to the run buffer did not correlate with reported equilibrium binding constants ( K b ) for the displacer-BSA complexes. Protein-wall interactions were minimized using a combination of dextran in the supporting electrolyte and capillaries derivatized with polyacrylamide. Dextran played a secondary role by improving resolution. The results indicate that displacers may be used to optimize chiral separations in affinity capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the use of albumin as a pseudostationary phase may be used to screen drug-displacer interactions with BSA.
Clementine particle measurements in lunar orbit

Abstract The Charge Particle Telescope (CPT) onboard the Clementine spacecraft measured the fluxes of energetic electrons and protons in near-Earth space during solar energetic particle events and magnetospheric disturbances. Protons in the energy range from 10 MeV to 80 MeV were of greatest interest for radiation effects such as total dose and single event upsets. CPT data were particularly useful in multi-spacecraft studies of in-terplanetary disturbances and their effects on the magnetosphere. The proton channels on the CPT provided measurements of solar energetic protons associated with the passage of an interplanetary shock at 0902 UT on 21 February 1994. The data provide good information concerning the shock passage timing and the energetic proton energy spectrum. Results are compared with those from GOES-7, SAMPEX, and GEOTAIL. The lower energy CPT electron channels (25–500 keV) were also of interest for magnetospheric studies. Although there was a significant solar interference problem, the CPT provided opportunities to observe energetic electron bursts during both magnetic storms and magnetospheric substorms.
Building from a Solid Foundation

With a sharper focus on serving problem solvers, IT Pro enters its eighth year with a reaffirmed pledge to offer an eclectic mix of solid information. In his introductory letter, new Editor in Chief Arnold Bragg shares some recent findings from an October 2005 subscriber survey and outlines the magazines upcoming topics, themes, and threads.
Diverting dependency: The effects of diversion on the short term outcomes of TANF applicants

ABSTRACT As part of welfare reform, many states developed programs to “divert” applicants from receiving public assistance. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Oregon are used to assess the outcomes of diverted women during a 21-month period in 1998 and 1999. Within nine months of their initial application, about half of those who were diverted received TANF. Prior welfare use did not increase the likelihood of TANF use. By the end of the study, half of all respondents had incomes below the federal poverty threshold, with more women dropping below the poverty level than rising above it. Neither employment nor TANF receipt during the study had a significant impact on the respondent's poverty status.
Intestinal Uptake and Metabolism of Auranofin, a New Oral Gold-Based Antiarthritis Drug

Auranofin, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranosato-S-(triethy lphosphine)- gold(I), an experimental antiarthritis pharmaceutical, metabolized in contact with hamster or rat gut wall to yield the deacetylated form of the drug. This product, 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranosato-S-(triethylphosphine)gold(I), passed through hamster or rat intestinal wall in an everted gut experiment. The metabolite was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by retention time, chemical reactivity to yield a known product, and comparison to a synthetic sample of the metabolite.