cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN/AAD-5 Infrared Sensor

This paper describes the AN/AAD-5 infrared reconnaissance sensor, a high performance line scanner which was developed by the HRC under USAF Systems Command funding for use in tactical aircraft like the Phantom II RF4. A brief history of the development cycle is given, followed by discussions of some of the technical and program problems encountered during the system design and the preproduction phases. The current production status of the AN/AAD-5 is then discussed and samples of the hard copy output from the sensor are shown. The entire paper is unclassified.
Socioeconomic status does not affect the outcome of liver transplantation.

The outcome of liver transplantation is dependent on many factors. It was suggested that racial disparities in outcome may be related to differences in socioeconomic status (SES). In this retrospective study, we analyzed the effect of SES on graft and patient survival. Two hundred seventy-six adult patients who underwent liver transplantation at our institution from July 1988 to June 2001 were included in the analysis. Educational and occupation statuses were coded using established criteria (Hollingshead Index of Social Status [HI]). SES then was calculated using the HI formula: SES = education level × 3 + occupation × 5, and categorized into four groups: group 1, score less than 29 (n = 71); group 2, score of 29 to 42 (n = 82); group 3, score of 42 to 53 (n = 69); and group 4, score greater than 53 (n = 54). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for graft and patient survival, and Cox regression analysis was used to determine the effect of confounding factors. Demographics of all four groups were similar. One-, 2-, and 5-year graft and patient survival did not differ significantly across groups by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression survival analysis. In conclusion, SES did not predict graft and patient survival after liver transplantation.
An investigation of the dissolved free amino acids and their relation to phytoplankton cell density in the Damariscotta River estuary, Maine

The DFAA composition was analyzed over the course of one year, along with salinity, temperature, phytoplankton nutrients, chlorophyll and cell counts. Stepwise multiple linear regression on all variables indicated that the total dissolved free amino acids were only directly related to individual amino acid variations, and not the other variables measured. In the prediction of cell density, only silicate and chlorophyll were significant predictors. Individual amino acids may be more significant in blooms of a single species.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Scoring By Fortran

A FORTRAN V program is cited that quickly and accurately scores large numbers of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Tests.
X-ray diffraction studies of human chordae tendineæ

Abstract X-ray diffraction patterns of chordae tendineae in 32 autopsy cases in subjects of varying age show a poor orientation of collagen molecules in the younger age groups (below four years) and an increasing degree of orientation in older age groups (all subjects over 45 years show a high degree of orientation).
Double-crystal X-ray topography characterization of an electrical-bias-induced stress variation in metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors

n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field effect transistors were biased under different operating conditions. Superficial silicon strain patterns were recorded by reflection mode double-crystal topography. Stress redistributions caused by various applied electrical field E biases were observed. A comparison of the electrical-field-induced stress and mechanically induced stress was made. On the basis of this result, the amount of bias-induced stress was measured. X-ray peak reflection intensity, the diffraction angle of this peak, and the full width at half-maximum of the X-ray double-crystal rocking curves under various biases were also analyzed. All of these measurements indicate that a weak piezoelectric effect exists in the superficial layers of MOS devices.
"Rip" Engle, the Tigers, and the Spirit of Waynesboro

Situated in the Cumberland Valley, just north of the Mason-Dixon Line, is a sleepy little town that has long been overshadowed by nearby Civil War sites such as Gettysburg, Chambersburg, and Antietam, and the larger metropolises of Harrisburg, Baltimore, and Washington, DC. Virtually no notable persons or events have been associated with Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, but from the 1930s to the 1950s this municipality of about 12,000 experienced a strong sense of communal pride from its football teams that had far-reaching consequences....The key figure behind this phenomenon was a young mathematics teacher named Charles "Rip" Engle, who for over a decade coached the local high school team to an unprecedented series of victories and stimulated a general interest in football until he entered the college ranks in 1941.
Circulating tumour cells—monitoring treatment response in prostate cancer

The availability of new therapeutic options for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has heightened the importance of monitoring and assessing treatment response. Accordingly, there is an unmet clinical need for reliable biomarkers that can be used to guide therapy. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are rare cells that are shed from primary and metastatic tumour deposits into the peripheral circulation, and represent a means of performing noninvasive tumour sampling. Indeed, enumeration of CTCs before and after therapy has shown that CTC burden correlates with prognosis in patients with mCRPC. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the potential of molecular analysis of CTCs in monitoring and predicting response to therapy in patients. This Review describes the challenges associated with monitoring treatment response in mCRPC, and the advancements in CTC-analysis technologies applied to such assessments and, ultimately, guiding prostate cancer treatment.
Common cause failure prediction using data mapping

Abstract To estimate power plant reliability, a probabilistic safety assessment might combine failure data from various sites. Because dependent failures are a critical concern in the nuclear industry, combining failure data from component groups of different sizes is a challenging problem. One procedure, called data mapping , translates failure data across component group sizes. This includes common cause failures, which are simultaneous failure events of two or more components in a group. In this paper, we present a framework for predicting future plant reliability using mapped common cause failure data. The prediction technique is motivated by discrete failure data from emergency diesel generators at US plants. The underlying failure distributions are based on homogeneous Poisson processes. Both Bayesian and frequentist prediction methods are presented, and if non-informative prior distributions are applied, the upper prediction bounds for the generators are the same.
Physical Exercise as Psychotherapeutic Strategy: How Long?? What Will It Take??

Edited byMarian Roman, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BCUniversity of Tennessee, School of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee, USAThe two questions in the subtitle are often attributed to individuals responding to the...
Ultrasensitive nanoelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry using poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchips with monolithically integrated emitters

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a widely used substrate for microfluidic devices, as it enables facile fabrication and has other distinctive properties. However, for applications requiring highly sensitive nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) detection, the use of PDMS microdevices has been hindered by a large chemical background in the mass spectra that originates from the leaching of uncross-linked oligomers and other contaminants from the substrate. A more general challenge is that microfluidic devices containing monolithically integrated electrospray emitters are frequently unable to operate stably in the nanoflow regime where the best sensitivity is achieved. In this report, we extracted the contaminants from PDMS substrates using a series of solvents, eliminating the background observed when untreated PDMS microchips are used for nanoESI-MS, such that peptides at concentrations of 1 nM were readily detected. Optimization of the integrated emitter geometry enabled stable operation at flow rates as low as 10 nL min−1.
Abstract 5383: Inhibition of MCL-1 in mammary and CNS tumor cells promotes cell deathin vitroandin vivo

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Treatment of cells with the BH3 domain/MCL-1 inhibitor obatoclax enhanced the lethality of lapatinib in a synergistic fashion in multiple tumor cell types, including ER+; HER2+; triple negative breast cancer cells and glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells. Knock out of MCL-1 and BCL-XL enhanced lapatinib toxicity to a similar extent as obatoclax and suppressed the ability of obatoclax to promote lapatinib lethality. Pre-treatment of cells with lapatinib or with obatoclax enhanced basal levels of BAX and BAK activity and further enhanced drug combination toxicity. In vitro, treatment of breast cancer cells with obatoclax and lapatinib enhanced the toxicity of ionizing radiation. In vivo tumor growth data in xenograft and syngeneic model systems of breast cancer confirmed our in vitro findings. Lapatinib and obatoclax interacted to suppress mammary tumor growth in vivo without causing toxicity to multiple normal tissues including brain, heart, lungs, liver or kidneys. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5383. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5383
Temporal and spatial interference with vernier acuity.

Abstract Vernier resolution is substantially reduced when onset asynchrony of the two lines of the target reduce the simultaneous exposure of both lines to 100 msec or less. It is show a that this reduction is caused by backward interference of the target component that remains exposed. Temporal interference of short-exposure vernier resolution is limited to the 150 msec following the target presentation and to a spatial region of about 10′ flanking the stimuli. Most effective interference is caused when line interfering stimuli are at a distance of 3–6′, not when they are superimposed on the vernier target. The orientation of the interfering lines is not critical. Quantitative analysis of the results eliminate ocular light scatter as the principal origin of the phenomena, and the fact that interference with vernier acuity still occurs with dichoptic testing rules out the retina as the site of interaction.
The mechanism of ammonia assimilation in nitrogen fixing bacteria

Enzymatic and genetic evidence are presented for a new pathway of ammonia assimilation in nitrogen fixing bacteria: ammonium → glutamine → glutamate. This route to the important glutamate-glutamine family of amino acids differs from the conventional pathway, ammonium → glutamate → glutamine, in several respects. Glutamate synthetase [(glutamine amide-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase) (oxidoreductase)], which is clearly distinct from glutamate dehydrogenase, catalyzes the reduced pyridine nucleotide dependent amination of α-ketoglutarate with glutamine as amino donor yielding two molecules of glutamate as product. The enzyme is completely inhibited by the glutamine analogue DON, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase is not affected by this inhibitor; the glutamate synthetase reaction is irreversible. Glutamate synthetase is widely distributed in bacteria; the pyridine nucleotide coenzyme specificity of the enzyme varies in many of these species. The activities of key enzymes are modulated by environmental nitrogenous sources; for example, extracts of N2-grown cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae form glutamate almost exclusively by this new route and contain only trace amounts of glutamate dehydrogenase activity whereas NH3-grown cells possess both pathways. Also, the biosynthetically active form of glutamine synthetase with a low K m for ammonium predominates in the N2-grown cell. Several mutant strains of K. pneumoniae have been isolated which fail to fix nitrogen or to grow in an ammonium limited environment. Extracts of these strains prepared from cells grown on higher levels of ammonium have low levels of glutamate synthetase activity and contain the biosynthetically inactive species of glutamine synthetase along with high levels of glutamate dehydrogenase. These mutants missing the new assimilatory pathway have serious defects in their metabolism of many inorganic and organic nitrogen sources; utilization of at least 20 different compounds is effected. We conclude that the new ammonia assimilatory route plays an important role in nitrogenous metabolism and is essential for nitrogen fixation.
Infrared matrix isolation study of the thermal and photochemical reactions of ozone with dimethylzinc.

The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to explore the reaction of (CH3)2Cd with O3 over a range of time scales and upon irradiation. During twin jet deposition, multiple novel product species were observed along with several stable “late” products. Following annealing of these matrices to 35 K, absorptions due to two novel product species increased in intensity. In addition, new bands appeared, indicating the formation of an additional product. Subsequent UV irradiation destroyed several of the initial products and produced a new photoproduct. On the basis of 18O and 16,18O spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations, the novel intermediates H3COCdCH3, H3CCdCH2OH, H3COCdOOCH3, and H3CCdCHO were identified. Merged jet deposition led to a number of stable “late” products, including H2CO, CH3OH, and C2H6, identifications that were confirmed by 18O substitution. Mechanistic inferences for this reaction are discussed.
Does investment lead to greater output? A panel error-correction model analysis

In this study we attempt to determine the direction of causality between fixed investment spending and output. A literature has been developed which examines this causal structure. The results have been anything but consistent. De Long and Summers (1991) find strong evidence of the traditional causal relationship from investment to output growth. But Blomstrom et al. (1996) find just the opposite. One problem with these studies is that each fails to recognize the implied long-run relationship between fixed investment and output such that a Vector Autoregressive Representation (VAR) in these variables should be modelled as an error correction mechanism. We employ panel cointegration techniques on data from the Penn World Tables 6.1 covering 98 countries over 40 years. Our results suggest that investment and output are cointegrated and that the direction of causality generally runs in both directions. However, we find that in African- and low-income nations the direction of causality runs from output to inv...
The Relationship of Student Satisfaction With Advising to Administrative Support for Advising Services

This study revealed that students in a College of Business reported receiving fewer of what were identified as priority advising activities than did students in two other colleges at the same unive...
Antibacterial and Laundering Properties of AMS and PHMB as Finishing Agents on Fabric for Health Care Workers' Uniforms:

This study examined whether antibacterial finishes can effectively reduce the presence of bacteria on fabric used for health care workers' uniforms (HCWUs). The specific objectives of this research were (a) to compare the antibacterial property (percentage bacterial reduction) of a 65/35 polyester/cotton blend fabric treated with two commercially available antibacterial agents, AEGIS Microbe Shield (AMS) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), before laundering and after 5, 10, and 25 laundering cycles and (b) to determine which agent may be a better choice for HCWU fabrics. The results provided evidence that an antibacterial finish can be an effective way to combat the problem of bacteria contamination. PHMB-treated fabrics are a good candidate for use in reusable HCWUs incurring up to 25 laundering cycles. PHMB-treated specimens had a significantly larger reduction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria before laundering and after 5, 10, and 25 laundering cycles than did A...
Measuring Rates of Biodegradation in a Contaminated Aquifer Using Field and Laboratory Methods

Rates of biodegradation were measured in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer using a combination of field and laboratory methods. These methods are based on tracking concentration changes of substrates (both electron donors and acceptors) or final products of microbial metabolism over time. Ground water at the study site (Hanahan, South Carolina) is anoxic, and sulfate reduction is the predominant terminal electron accepting process. Laboratory studies conducted with sediment cored from the site showed that {sup 14}C-toluene was mineralized to {sup 14}CO{sub 2} with a first-order degradation rate constant (K{sub tol}) of {minus}0.01 d{sup {minus}1} under sulfate-reducing conditions. Under nitrate-amended, Fe(III)-amended, or nonamended (methanogenic) conditions, toluene was not significantly mineralized. {sup 14}C-Benzene was degraded at low but measurable rates (k{sub ben} = {minus}0.003 d{sup {minus}1}) under sulfate-reducing conditions whereas degradation under methanogenic conditions was negligible. These results illustrate the extreme sensitivity of laboratory-measured biodegradation rates to terminal electron-accepting conditions, and show the necessity of carefully matching experimental conditions to in situ conditions. Concentration decreases of toluene along aquifer flowpaths, when the uncertainty of ground-water flow velocities was considered, indicated k{sub tol} values ranging from {minus}0.0075 to {minus}0.03 d{sup {minus}1}. Concentration decreases of sulfate and concentration increases of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), whenmore » normalized for assumed stoichiometric oxidation of toluene coupled to sulfate reduction, yielded a k{sub SO{sub 4}} range of {minus}0.005 to {minus}0.02 d{sup {minus}1}, and a k{sub DIC} value range of +0.00075 to +0.003 d{sup {minus}1}. A combination of both laboratory and field methods is the most appropriate procedure for evaluating biodegradation rate constants in contaminated ground-water systems.« less
Ductile crack growth−III. Transition to cleavage fracture incorporating statistics

Abstract The fracture resistance of ferritic steels in the ductile/brittle transition regime is controlled by the competition between ductile tearing and cleavage fracture. Under typical conditions, a crack initiates and grows by ductile tearing but ultimate failure occurs by catastrophic cleavage fracture. In this study the tearing process is simulated using void-containing cell elements embedded within a conventional elastic-plastic continuum; details of the cell model are discussed in Parts I and II of this article. Weakest link statistics is incorporated into the cell element model and this new model is employed to predict the onset of unstable cleavage fracture. Our approach differs from previous analyses in several important ways. The elastic-plastic field computed for crack growth by ductile tearing is fully integrated with a weakest link cleavage fracture model. The model also accounts for the competition between the nucleation of voids from carbide inclusions and the unstable cracking of inclusions precipitating catastrophic cleavage fracture. This model leads immediately to a natural definition of the Weibull stress measure pertinent to cleavage fracture. The model is not restricted by the extent of plastic deformation and ductile tearing. Two effects are associated with ductile crack growth: the cumulative sampling volume is increased and the crack tip constraint is altered. Both effects have important roles which are treated within the present cleavage fracture model. Load-displacement behavior, ductile tearing resistance and transition to cleavage fracture are investigated for several different test geometries and a range of microstructural parameters. It is found that certain variations in microstructure can result in pronounced effects on the cleavage fracture toughness though they have no effect on the ductile tearing resistance preceding cleavage. Rate effects on ductile tearing and transition to cleavage fracture are also discussed. The model predicts trends in ductile/brittle transition that are consistent with available experimental data.
Determination of Total Ammonia Nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Fish Culture Systems

Abstract Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) was measured by the phenate method on filtered and distilled portions of samples from waters used for intensive fish culture. There was a high correlation (r = 0.987; P < 0.01) between TAN values for filtered and distilled portions of samples. The slope and the y-intercept of the regression line did not differ from 1.0 and 0.0, respectively, indicating close agreement between magnitudes of TAN values for filtered and distilled samples. The average percentage recovery of 0.30-mg/liter additions of total ammonia nitrogen to samples was 96.4% for distilled portions and 96.7% for filtered portions. Precision of the two versions of the phenate method did not differ. A simple heat-of-dilution chemical oxygen demand (COD) technique was developed which yielded values highly correlated with standard COD values (r = 0.970; P < 0.01). The heat-of-dilution technique was as precise as the standard COD method, but did not oxidize organic matter as completely. COD values by the heat...
A Versatile Secondary Trigger for a Multi-Detector System

The electronics of a secondary trigger for particle physics is described. The system has several desirable features that solve track recognition problems in situations where several subsystems of various cell configurations participate in the decision making. Track curvature and multiplicity are the criteria used. Versatility is attained through the use of Programmable Array Logic (PAL) and a 48-bit wide ROM-based sequencer that determines, with the resolution of a cell, the participation of each element in the decision process. Data from layers with arbitrary numbers of cells are shifted in a programmable manner through a PROM mask containing eight different track definitions. The results of any one of the eight triggering criteria are available 5.6 ?s after the end of drift interval.
The human side of automation

To assure the success of a changeover to automation, the individual should be carefully educated, in order to overcome the human characteristic of resistance to change. In this way, the problem of adverse reactions may be greatly reduced.
Analysis of the Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Performance of Charring Ablators

Effectiveness of charring ablators strongly influenced by stream enthalpy level and heating rate
AIX usability enhancements and human factors

As microcomputers become capable of running increasingly large and complex operating systems, the question of the usability of those operating systems becomes critical. Most microcomputer users neither are nor want to be systems programmers, yet most of the existing large operating systems assume the existence of a dedicated systems programming organization to install and maintain system software. This paper describes the process by which a large existing operating system was modified to allow it to be installed, configured, maintained, and used by individuals with minimal programming knowledge. We describe the aspects that had to be changed, the kinds of modifications that were required, the reasoning behind those modifications, and the priorities that constrained our activity. We also describe the development process by which potential usability problems were identified and corrections were defined, implemented, and validated.
Infective endocarditis: Perioperative management and surgical principles

Despite advances in microbial prevention and elimination, the frequency of endocardial infection is still increasing and it remains to be a serious condition. The strategies and aggressiveness of medical and surgical algorithms for managing these patients are evolving and having a significant effect on morbidity and mortality. This review addresses the current understanding of the processes by which the most common and most threatening complications occur, and the current management strategies that cardiologists and cardiac surgeons should be aware of when treating these seriously ill patients.
A call for improved clinical trials of the efficacy of antidepressants in the management of chronic, nonmalignant pain

Acritical consideration of the empirical literature evaluating the efficacy of antidepressant medi­ cations as analgesics is important from two main perspectives. As emphasized by Good­ kin, Vrancken, and Feaster in their accompanying Focus article, in the clinical domain the use of antide­ pressants as an alternative or adjunct to other anal­ gesics in the treatment of the chronic, nonmalignant pain patient has become almost universally accepted. Given the huge population of suffering individuals who interact aggressively with physicians to obtain relief from pain, and physicians' general tendency to oblige them, the possible availability of an alternative is more than welcomed. Could it be that physicians have been biased in their clinical observations of the effectiveness of antidepressants in relieving chronic pain in support of their continued use? Even more disconcerting, have investigations of their efficacy been unusually sloppy or their results overinterpreted in the service of discovering a safe alternative to opiates? Maybe antidepressants are not any more effective than placebos, or of greatly limited use. These, according to Goodkin and col­ leagues, are questions that need to be answered. Not mentioned by these authors is the tact that the presumed analgesic potential of antidepressants has been cited as evidence to support a role of bioamines, particularly serotonin, in the regulation of pain.' Is it pos­ sible that false conclusions regarding a relationship between antidepressants (and depression) and analge
Reducing the carbon content in baddeleyite corundum products

An experimental batch of BKCh-33V articles amounting to 7.2 tons was produced for the working zones of glass furnaces. The content of carbon impurity in the experimental goods does not exceed 0.04%, which is a half of that in industrial articles. The optimum parameters of plasma-arc melting of the batch were determined in order to produce articles with a low-carbon content. Measures are recommended for setting up the industrial production of these products.
Isolation of osteoclasts from fetal rat long bones

Cell isolates containing multinucleate osteoclasts were obtained from longitudinally split fetal rat long bones by treatment with testicular hyaluronidase. The total yield of osteoclasts and the osteoclast enrichment of the isolate were increased if the intact bones were first cultured for 72 h. Even greater enhancement was obtained if the bones were treated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] during the culture period. This technique resulted in a cell population containing approximately 15% osteoclasts in yields greater than 50 osteoclasts per long bone. The yield of osteoclasts and the percentage of osteoclasts correlated well with the extent of bone resorption induced by 1,25(OH)2D3. The effectiveness of several isolation procedures was compared using the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated long bones. Conventional digestion with 1 mg/ml crude collagenase gave a much poorer yield of osteoclasts than simply agitating the split long bones. Hyaluronidase plus EDTA was not significantly different from EDTA alone. Even with milder procedures, however, the isolated osteoclasts were damaged as judged by their failure to exclude trypan blue. The osteoclasts are obviously very fragile cells. The isolation technique coupled with May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining permitted reliable determination of the median number of nuclei per osteoclast. This parameter was the same in uncultured bones or in bones cultured for 72 h in control media. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the nuclear number. At lower levels of bone resorption, nuclear number did not increase, but it was significantly greater in more highly resorbed bones.
The electrochemical aspects of some biochemical systems (XIV) coulokinetic behavior of induced and repressed β-galactosidase systems

Data are presented which suggest that E. coli which have been harvested in the stationary phase of their cycle after growth on galactose or lactose, requires the induction of one or more enzymes in order that gluconolactone be metabolized by these organisms. It also appears that when these bacteria are grown on glucose, they metabolize galactose by a pathway similar to that of galactonolactone. This pathway is different in nature to the one used for the metabolism of galactose when a suitable quantity of galactokinase is present as is found in the E. coli grown on galactose.
Reduced resting potentials in dystrophic (mdx) muscle fibers are secondary to NF-κB-dependent negative modulation of ouabain sensitive Na+-K+ pump activity.

Abstract To examine potential mechanisms for the reduced resting membrane potentials (RPs) of mature dystrophic (mdx) muscle fibers, the Na + –K + pump inhibitor ouabain was added to freshly isolated nondystrophic and mdx fibers. Ouabain produced a 71% smaller depolarization in mdx fibers than in nondystrophic fibers, increased the [Na + ] i in nondystrophic fibers by 40%, but had no significant effect on the [Na + ] i of mdx fibers, which was approximately double that observed in untreated nondystrophic fibers. Western blots indicated no difference in total and phosphorylated Na + –K + ATPase catalytic α1 subunit between nondystrophic and mdx muscle. Examination of the effects of the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) indicated that direct application of the drug slowly hyperpolarized mdx fibers (7mV in 90min) but had no effect on nondystrophic fibers. Pretreatment with ouabain abolished this hyperpolarization, and pretreatment with PDTC restored ouabain-induced depolarization and reduced [Na + ] i . Administration of an NF-κB inhibitor that utilizes a different mechanism for reducing nuclear NF-κB activation, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), also hyperpolarized mdx fibers. These results suggest that in situ Na + –K + pump activity is depressed in mature dystrophic fibers by NF-κB dependent modulators, and that this reduced pump activity contributes to the weakness characteristic of dystrophic muscle.
Gluconolactonase: a zinc containing metalloprotein

A metal analysis of bovine hepatic gluconolactonase indicates the presence of at least 1 atom of tightly bound zinc per enzyme subunit in this hexameric protein. Other divalent metals are present in lesser quantities and are subject to removal by EDTA. Activation energies for the manganese and magnesium catalyzed reactions are 5.3 and 11.0 kcal/mole, respectively.
CHOCS: a framework for estimating compressive higher order cyclostationary statistics

The framework of computing Higher Order Cyclostationary Statistics (HOCS) from an incoming signal has proven useful in a variety of applications over the past half century, from Automatic Modulation Recognition (AMR) to Time Dierence of Arrival (TDOA) estimation. Much more recently, a theory known as Compressive Sensing (CS) has emerged that enables the ecient acquisition of high-bandwidth (but sparse) signals via nonuni- form low-rate sampling protocols. While most work in CS has focused on reconstructing the high-bandwidth signals from nonuniform low-rate samples, in this work, we consider the task of inferring the modulation of a communications signal directly in the compressed domain, without requiring signal reconstruction. We show that the HOCS features used for AMR are compressible in the Fourier domain, and hence, that AMR of various linearly modulated signals is possible by estimating the same HOCS features from nonuniform compressive sam- ples. We provide analytical support for the accurate approximation of HOCS features from nonuniform samples and derive practical rules for classication of modulation type using these samples based on simulated data.
Temperature programmed desorption studies of the copper-sapphire (0001) system

Abstract Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies of copper atoms were conducted on sapphire (0001) surfaces Submonolayer to multimonolayer coverages of copper atoms were deposited onto the surfaces at room temperature. Subsequent copper desorption spectra at submonolayer coverages showed two peaks. The thermal activation energies associated with these peaks were determined to be 2.7 and 2.9 eV. The TPD spectra were consistent with copper island formation on the surface. The effects of annealing and oxidation on the samples were investigated.
ACORN: a system for CVS macro design by tree placement and tree customization

ACORN is a system for the physical design of cascode voltage switch (CVS) macros which utilizes tree placement and tree customization to improve macro wirability. The results obtained by designing a 43-tree differential (DCVS) macro on a masterslice chip image are presented to illustrate the design improvements. In this example, tree placement reduces wire length and via count by 12 percent relative to a transistor-pair placement design. Tree customization increases this improvement to 25 percent, and increases the porosity of the wired macro to vertical global wires from 8 percent for tree placement alone to 15 percent.
A fast graphics printing program for neurophysiological data

A program was written in assembly language for fast graphics screen dump of neurophysiological data during and after experiments. This program takes approximately 3 s to plot a 1024 x 768 graphics image. A resident program has also been produced, which allows a screen graphics image to be printed by using a keyboard command. A Pascal-compatible object file is available to interface the program with Turbo-Pascal programs.
Exploring the Mechanism of Aqueous C−H Activation by Pt(II) through Model Chemistry: Evidence for the Intermediacy of Alkylhydridoplatinum(IV) and Alkane σ-Adducts

The protonolysis mechanisms of several alkylplatinum(II) complexes [(tmeda)PtMeCl (2) (tmeda = N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine), (tmeda)Pt(CH2Ph)Cl (5), (tmeda)PtMe2 (11), and trans-(PEt3)2Pt(CH3)Cl (15)] in CD2Cl2 and CD3OD have been investigated. These reactions model the microscopic reverse of C−H activation by aqueous Pt(II). Each of the four systems (2 in CD3OD, 5 in CD2Cl2, 11 in CD3OD, and 15 in CD3OD) exhibits different behavior in the protonolysis reaction as observed by low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Protonolysis of 2 in methanol-d4 proceeds with no observable intermediates. Reversible reaction between 5 and HCl in CD2Cl2 at −78 °C produces (tmeda)Pt(CH2Ph)(H)Cl2 (6), which undergoes reductive elimination of toluene at higher temperatures. Treatment of 11 with HCl in methanol at −78 °C generates (tmeda)PtMe2(H)Cl (12), which incorporates deuterium from solvent (CD3OD) into the methyl groups prior to reductive elimination of methane. Finally, 15 reacts with H+ in methanol to liberate m...
Possible relation of prostaglandins to PMN-derived mediators of host metabolic responses to inflammation.

Abstract Stimulated rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) preparations simultaneously produce prostaglandin-like material and mediators that induce metabolic alterations in experimental animals characteristic of the host's responses to inflammation. The alterations observed in rats include responses by: proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, trace metals, and total blood neutrophils. This study demonstrates a possible relationship between prostaglandins and PMN-derived substances that mediate plasma zinc depression, hepatic amino acid uptake, and increased numbers of blood neutrophils. Production of these mediators by stimulated-PMN preparations was prevented by 23 μM indomethacin or 93 μM aspirin. Conversely, morphine (2 mM or less) had no detrimental effect on production of these mediators, although, it consistently stimulated production of a substance stimulating total blood neutrophilia. In addition, 2 μM prostaglandin E and F stimulated production of substances mediating hepatic amino acid uptake and plasma zinc depression, respectively. At this concentration, neither prostaglandin significantly altered production of substances mediating increased numbers of total blood neutrophils. A partial-nitrogen atmosphere, dibutyryl cyclic analogs of AMP and GMP, or homogenization of the PMN had no effect on mediator production. The inhibitory effect of indomethacin and aspirin also was observed with PMN-homogenates. These experimental observations suggest that prostaglandin synthesis has a function in production of mediators by stimulated-PMN preparations.
Nanoimaging: Image contrast using time

Laser-based imaging can distinguish between semiconducting and metallic nanotubes in vitro and in vivo, offering a way to study the interactions of carbon nanostructures in biological systems without the use of labels.
Differential effects of chlordiazepoxide and fluphenazine in two anxious patient populations

Fluphenazine and chlordiazepoxide were evaluated for therapeutic effectiveness in a double-blind study carried out with anxious neurotic patients attending either a hospital clinic or a general practitioner's office.
Interfacial layer optimization of high-k/metal gate stacks for low temperature processing

Understanding the requirements for obtaining high mobility gate stacks in a low temperature process is crucial for enabling a low temperature integration flow. A low temperature integration scheme may be necessary for higher-k dielectrics (k>25) or for extremely scaled devices (<15nm node). This paper demonstrates that nitrogen free interfaces are required for high mobility gate stacks in a low temperature (600^oC) process flow.
Zur Chemie des Schwefeltrioxyds. I. Die Reaktion von Alkalinitrat und -Nitrit mit Schwefel-trioxyd· N2O4 · 3SO3, N2O3 · 3SO3

Die Reaktion von Kaliumnitrat und Schwefeltrioxyd verlauft bei einer Temperatur von 35° unter Bildung von Kaliumtrisulfat, K2S3O10, und einer Verbindung der Zusammensetzung N2O5 · 4 SO3, die, auf 60° erwarmt, 1 Mol SO3 abgibt und in N2O5 · 3 SO3 ubergeht. Aus dem Reaktionsprodukt last sich eine Verbindung der Zusammensetzung N2O4 · 3 SO3 in Form harter, farbloser, nadeliger Kristalle gewinnen. Aus dem unter analogen Bedingungen erhaltenen Reaktionsprodukt aus Natriumnitrit und Schwefeltrioxyd wird in gleicher Weise eine Verbindung der Zusammensetzung N2O3 · 3 SO3 ebenfalls in Form harter, farbloser, nadeliger Kristalle dargestellt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Verbindungen der Stickstoffoxyde mit Schwefeltrioxyd auf Grund ihres salzartigen Charakters als Tetra- bzw. Trisulfat der Ionen [NO2]+und [NO]+ aufzufassen und zu formulieren.
Vector modes in cylindrical resonators

The vector field properties of the modes in cylindrical resonators are analyzed in detail. Modes with spatially varying directions of polarization are shown to exist even in the absence of polarizing elements. The polarizing properties of conical elements may cause such modes to become dominant. The vector field equations governing these modes are reduced to a pair of coupled integral equations by expanding the vector components in a Fourier series in the azimuthal angle. Two solution methods are derived by expanding the Fourier components in series of the radial modes of the related scalar field problem. Applications of these methods to annular resonators are included by developing commutation relations between annular propagation operators and conical element polarization operators.
Evaluation of alternative strategies to prevent Newcastle disease in Cambodia

Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (vvNCD), which is endemic in Cambodia, can be prevented in theory by a combination of biosecurity and immunization of broiler flocks. The relative contribution of appropriate biosecurity and effective vaccination was quantified at the farm level, applying realistic projections for capital investment, fixed and variable production costs and losses following infection. Non-protected broiler flocks generate a loss when the probability of vvNCD infection exceeds 0.4. Applying both biosecurity and effective vaccination would sustain profitability up to a probability of exposure of 1.0. The benefit to cost ratios for alternative strategies were evaluated for a range of probabilities of exposure to vvNCD extending from 0.1 to 1.0. The benefit-to-cost ratio for biosecurity exceeded unity at a risk of exposure exceeding 0.1, and 0.2 for vaccination and the combination of vaccination and biosecurity respectively. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the efficiency of protection, feed cost, and financial consequences of infection markedly affected the projected benefit-to-cost ratios associated with alternative methods of prevention.
Lateral variations in compressional velocities beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn traveltime tomography

SUMMARY A back-projection algorithm is applied to 353 P,, traveltime measurements to image the lateral variations in compressional velocity in the uppermost mantle in and around Tibet. Prior to the tomographic inversion, we refined the apparent P,, slowness measurements based on a recently developed relocation procedure (Zhao & Helmberger 1991), and mathematical formulations of Zhao (1993). These refinements are crucial in obtaining a high-quality velocity image. We obtained an average P-velocity value for the uppermost mantle of 7.93 kms-l, and an average mantle P-velocity gradient of 3.1 x lO-'s-' for Tibet. The final 2-D P-velocity image in the uppermost mantle is characterized by a large (7" to 9" in dimension) low-velocity (down to about 7.78 km s-') region in north central Tibet, and by large high-velocity (up to 8.11 km s-I) regions in the western and eastern flanks of Tibet. The crustal thickness is greater than 70 km inside the Tibetan plateau; it decreases toward the southern, eastern and western boundaries of the plateau. At and beyond these boundaries, the crustal thickness is similar to those beneath the Eurasian shield. Rigorous analyses of resolution and error suggest that: (1) there is a pronounced difference between the tomographic velocity image obtained with and without the refinements to the P,,-slowness measurements, indicating a significant improvement in the quality of our inversion by these refinements. (2) Random errors in measuring earthquake origin times and locations, and in the P,, arrival times, should not cause errors of more than 0.1 km s-' in the velocity image. (3) The resolution is generally within 6" to 10". The velocity image obtained in this study is consistent with previous S-P traveltime studies and geothermal/petrological studies, and is consistent with a mantle-convection model in which a convective upwelling is occurring in north central Tibet and downwellings occurring in the surrounding regions (Molnar 1988, 1990).
Positive pregnancy tests at Stanford: a follow up study, 1978-1980.

Abstract The present study is a follow up to a previous article on unplanned pregnancies and contraceptive practices among Stanford University students. Students with positive pregnancy tests were asked to fill out a questionnaire with regard to contraceptive utilization. Comparison was made to a control population. Use of the diaphragm continues to rise and is paralleled by an increase in unplanned pregnancies. New approaches are needed to combat the ultimate reliance upon abortion as a birth control method.
Meconium: A Marker for Peripartum Infection

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF) is associated with maternal and neonatal infection, both before and after delivery. Methods: Nine hundred thirty-six laboring women were analyzed for the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid and occurrence of peripartum infection. Meconium was assessed clinically as thin, moderate, or thick. Intra-amniotic infection and endometritis were diagnosed by standard definitions. All patients were tested for vaginal group B streptococcus, bacterial vaginosis, and other aerobic organisms. Results: Meconium-stained AF was present in 28% of the study participants (9% thin, 12% moderate, 7% thick). The presence of meconium was associated with increased intra-amniotic fluid (17% versus 9%, relative risk [RR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 3.1), endometritis (10% versus 5%, RR 2.38, 95% CI 1.3, 4.4), and total infection (25% versus 13%, RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.5, 3.2). Thick meconium had higher infection rates than clear AF (44% versus 13%, RR 5.18, 95% CI 2.9, 9.3). Meconium was associated independently with peripartum infection by multiple logistic regression (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.1, 1.6). Conclusion: Meconium-stained AF is associated with increased peripartum infection, independent of other risk factors for infection. Thick meconium, in particular, is associated with a marked increase in peripartum infectious morbidity.
Photocurrent generation by immobilized cyanobacteria via direct electron transport in photo-bioelectrochemical cells

Cyanobacteria possess unique and exciting features among photosynthetic microorganisms for energy conversion applications. This study focuses on production of direct electricity using a cyanobacterium called Nostoc sp. (NOS) as a photo-biocatalyst immobilized on carbon nanotubes on the anode of photo-bioelectrochemical cells. By illuminating with light (intensity 76 mW cm−2) the NOS immobilized on a carbon nanotube (CNT) modified electrode generated a photocurrent density of 30 mA m−2 at 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The contribution of different photosynthetic pigments in NOS to the light capture was analyzed and chlorophyll-a was found to be the major contributor to light capture followed by phycocyanin. Further investigation using a set of inhibitors revealed that the electrons were redirected predominantly from PSII to the CNT through the plastoquinone pool and quinol oxidase. A rudimentary design photosynthetic electrochemical cell has been constructed using NOS/CNT on the anode and laccase/CNT on the cathode as catalysts. The cell generated a maximum current density of 250 mA m−2 and a peak power density of 35 mW m−2 without any mediator. By the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone as a redox mediator, the electricity generation capability was significantly enhanced with a current density of 2300 mA m−2 and a power density of 100 mW m−2. The power densities achieved in this work are the highest among ‘non-engineered’ cyanobacteria based electrochemical systems reported to date.
Assessing creativity with self-report scales: A review and empirical evaluation.

This article reviews recent developments in the assessment of creativity using self-report scales. We focus on four new and promising scales: the Creative Achievement Questionnaire, the Biographical Inventory of Creative Behaviors, the revised Creative Behavior Inventory, and the Creative Domain Questionnaire. For each scale, we review evidence for reliability, validity, and structure, and we discuss important methodological features for users to consider. We then present new analyses of each scale based on a large, diverse sample. We evaluate each scale’s item-level and scale-level psychometric features, using both classical test theory and item response theory, and we examine how the scales converge. All four scales performed well and covaried highly with each other. Based on the latest generation of tools, self-report creativity assessment is probably much better than creativity researchers think it is.