cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A contextual study of the ‘fossilized’ prehispanic canal systems of the Tehuacan Valley, Puebla, Mexico

Nearly three decades ago, Woodbury & Neely (1972) published the first analysis of the extensive and complex system of Prehispanic Canals found in the northern portion of the Tehuacan Valley of Puebla, Mexico. These springfed canals, functioning to supply waters for irrigation and domestic uses, were uniquely preserved in near entirety by natural processes. The canals have been ‘fossilized’ in place through a process of mineral deposition. They are clearly visible on the landscape for many kilometres and have aggraded in height, now standing 2 to 3 m high in several places. Time, funding and the archaeological methodology of the mid 1960s limited Woodbury & Neely’s fieldwork, and therefore the study did not fully investigate the system. Although a basic description and discussion of the technology and functioning of the system was accomplished, a detailed analysis of these aspects remained to be done. A schematic mapping of the system was accomplished, but an accurate mapping of the canals and associated habitation and administrative sites was lacking. The chronological placement of these canals was attempted by means of the cross-dating of ceramics on archaeological sites found bordering the channels, but an accurate chronological sequence of the system’s development was not attainable. A general climatic reconstruction of the valley was generated, but since the emphasis placed by the Tehuacan Archaeological and Botanical Project was on the earlier periods of habitation that focused on the development of maize domestication, the climatic contexts into which the canals were later constructed was not known.
LIKE FATHER, LIKE SON? NOT AMONGST THE EURYPTERIDS (CHELICERATA) FROM BEARTOOTH BUTTE, WYOMING

The eurypterid Strobilopterus princetonii from the Lower Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation of Wyoming is redescribed, and previously unknown morphological features, including shape and position of eyes and ocelli are identified, and the prosomal appendages are described in more detail. The monotypic Erieopterus latus, based on a much smaller specimen from the same locality, shares a large number of characters with S. princetonii, and must be interpreted as belonging to the genus Strobilopterus. It is here interpreted as a juvenile S. princetonii, but exhibits extreme ontogenetic variation in the morphology of the swimming leg. The other monotypic eurypterid from the locality, Dorfopterus angusticollis, remains mysterious. It might be a S. princetonii telson, but evidence is inconclusive. The name of the Devonian eurypterid genus Syntomopterus is preoccupied for a beetle (Coleoptera: Insecta) and the replacement name Syntomopterella is proposed. The phylogenetic position of S. princetonii is problematic since it lacks unequivocal synapomorphies with other eurypterids, but the genus is showing more similarities to Syntomopterella, Erieopterus and Buffalopterus than it does to Dolichopterus, contrary to earlier suggestions.
Clinical challenges of functional MRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized clinical brain mapping by allowing relatively rapid and noninvasive assessment of brain activity. Because of its relative ease, it has become the predominant functional neuroimaging technique since its original report by Belliveau et al. [1]. The appeal of fMRI is attributable to several advantages that it offers over other functional neuroimaging techniques. Perhaps the most important advantages, especially in clinical populations, relate to the safety of fMRI: it is noninvasive, in contrast to either the Wada test or electrical stimulation mapping, and does not require exposure to ionizing radiation (as with positron emission tomography [PET]). The other major advantage of fMRI is that it offers the opportunity for reliable, repeated measurements of the same task to investigate response consistency, to compare activations across tasks, and to measure change over time. Above all, fMRI is sufficiently powerful to produce maps of cognitive and motor functions that are reliable and valid at the single-subject level. This has made possible the transition of fMRI from a research tool into a practical, approved, and reimbursable clinical procedure.
Physical Activity for Every Body: A Model for Managing Weight Stigma and Creating Body-Inclusive Spaces

ABSTRACTModern cultural idealizations of thin bodies have created a climate in which fat individuals are stigmatized in physical activity spaces. Given the unwelcoming climate of these spaces, many individuals are unlikely to engage in and benefit from regular physical activity. As such, a new model for physical activity spaces is needed to engage and retain a largely marginalized population. In the current article, the authors give a brief review of the complex relationships among body weight, stigma, health, and physical activity, arguing that the current model underserves larger individuals. Using a Health at Every Size paradigm, the authors then argue for the creation of body-inclusive spaces as a means of encouraging greater participation and outline a model that encourages greater access to the benefits of physical activity to all bodies. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Patency after Flow-Diverting Stent Treatment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The rate of PICA occlusion after flow-diverting stent placement for vertebral and vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms is not known. The purpose of this study is to determine the medium-term rate of PICA patency and risk factors for occlusion after such aneurysm treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were identified who had vertebral or vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms and who were treated by placing a flow-diverting stent across the PICA ostium. Demographic and procedural factors associated with stent placement were recorded. Patency of the PICA was evaluated immediately after stent placement and on follow-up angiography. RESULTS: Thirteen patients with vertebral or vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms were treated in the study period, of whom 4 presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The average number of devices that spanned the PICA ostium was 1.77 (range, 1–3), with no immediate PICA occlusions. There were no postoperative strokes in the treated PICA territory, although there was 1 contralateral PICA-territory stroke of unclear etiology without clinical sequelae. In 11 patients with follow-up angiography at a mean of 10.6 months (range, 0.67–27.9 months), the PICA patency rate remained 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Flow-diverting stent placement across the PICA ostium in the treatment of vertebral and vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms may not result in immediate or midterm PICA occlusion.
Resources for Extraordinary Healing: Schizophrenia, Bipolar and Other Serious Mental Illnesses

Emma Bragdon is a psychologist who for over a decade has been active in the spiritualist healing movement. Residing in both the USA and Brazil, she maintains connections with spiritist healers and ...
Differential Effects of Reinforcement on the Self-Monitoring of On-Task Behavior

In the current study, the differential effects of reinforcement on a self-monitoring intervention were evaluated. Three students nominated by their teachers for having a marked difficultly maintaining on-task behaviors participated in the study. Using an alternating treatments single-case design to assess self-monitoring with and without reinforcement, students self-monitored their on-task behavior while being prompted by a vibrating timer at 1-min intervals for 20-min sessions. The investigators collected data regarding the students' percentage of intervals on-task and the accuracy of their recordings. Accuracy was measured by calculating the percent of agreement between the observer and student. For half of the self-monitoring sessions, students were provided reinforcement for matching at least 80% of their self-monitored ratings with those of the observer. Results indicated that self-monitoring alone was effective for 2 students in increasing their on-task behaviors in a general education classroom and self-monitoring with reinforcement was effective for all 3. Two students demonstrated an increase in on-task behavior when self-monitoring was paired with the opportunity to receive reinforcement compared to self-monitoring alone. Percentage of nonoverlapping data for self-monitoring without reinforcement ranged from 16.6% to 100%, and self-monitoring with reinforcement ranged from 83% to 100%. Additionally, the opportunity to receive reinforcement impacted students' accuracy in self-monitoring resulting in more accurate self-recording of on-task behavior. Including reinforcement as a component of a self-monitoring intervention package is an important consideration as it may impact the effectiveness of the intervention for students with significant difficulties maintaining attention to tasks.
Abstract A58: Wnt signaling pathway components are associated with telomerase activity in breast cancer

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that adds TTAGGG repeats to telomeres in a highly regulated fashion. Telomerase activity is absent in normal somatic cells, thus limiting their number of cell divisions due to telomere shortening. In contrast, the large majority of tumor cells upregulate telomerase activity, consistent with their ability to maintain stable telomere lengths and to divide indefinitely. Telomerase activity is detectable in over 90% of breast tumors, and it is well established that telomerase overexpression is an important step in the progression of normal epithelium to invasive breast cancer. In addition to telomerase upregulation, deregulation of various signaling pathways promotes tumor progression and metastasis. To better understand in which cellular pathway telomerase and telomeres are involved, we comprehensively quantified telomerase activity and telomere length in a panel of 52 extensively characterized breast cancer cell lines and correlated these metrics with the expression profiles of the cell lines. Across the entire panel of breast cancer cell lines, expression of 530 genes was significantly correlated with telomerase activity (FDR-corrected p-val (1) Vaske, C. J. et al. Inference of patient-specific pathway activities from multi-dimensional cancer genomics data using PARADIGM. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:i237–245 (2) Park, J. I. et al. Telomerase modulates Wnt signaling by association with target gene chromatin. Nature 2009; 460:66–72 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A58.
The Latest Purge: The Attack on Black Nationalism and Pan-Afrikanism by the New Left, The Sons and Daughters of the Old Left

(1974). The Latest Purge: The Attack on Black Nationalism and Pan-Afrikanism by the New Left, The Sons and Daughters of the Old Left. The Black Scholar: Vol. 6, Black Education: The Future of Black Studies, pp. 43-56.
Impact of Corneal Endothelial Dysfunctions on Intraocular Oxygen Levels in Human Eyes.

Cataract and glaucoma are two of the most common ocular morbidities. Previous studies by our group and others have suggested that exposure of the crystalline lens to excessive oxygen may have a critical role in the pathogenesis of age-related nuclear cataracts.1–9 Specifically, the oxygen level is relatively low in the vitreous gel and nuclear cataracts are prone to develop after vitrectomy by increasing lens exposure to oxygen from the posterior segment altering the normally hypoxic environment around the lens. Furthermore, Chang10 reported an increased risk of open angle glaucoma developing after vitrectomy and subsequent cataract surgery. The presence of the natural lens at the time of vitrectomy was associated with a 28-month delay in the onset of glaucoma.10,11 We hypothesized that exposure of the anterior segment to oxygen may increase the risk of glaucoma. A large body of evidence indicates that increased oxidative stress or the accumulation of oxidative damage contributes to the pathogenesis of open angle glaucoma.12–22 Recent studies by our group on oxygen distribution in the human eyes clearly demonstrated that the oxygen level was significantly elevated in aqueous humor near the trabecular meshwork (TM) after combined vitrectomy and cataract surgery. Therefore, it further supports the notion that the elevated oxygen near the TM may contribute to the development of open-angle glaucoma.19–22 Our most recent study also has revealed a steep oxygen gradient in the anterior segment of human eyes with an inverse correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) exclusively in the anterior chamber (AC) angle.22 As the corneal endothelial pumps require active oxygen consumption, we speculated that corneal endothelial dysfunctions could impact the oxygen tension in the anterior segment of human eyes. This study further explored the oxygen consumption by corneal endothelium and its implications for oxidative stress in the anterior segment. Measurements of pO2 were performed in the anterior segment of patients undergoing either cataract surgery (normal control) or Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) due to Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) or pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK).
Structural and Biochemical Kinetics of Cardiac Myosin and its Perturbation by a Known Heart Failure Drug Investigated with Transient Time-Resolved FRET

Myosin cycles between pre- and post-powerstroke structural states during active force generation in muscle. We recently used transient time-resolved FRET to measure the kinetics and thermodynamics of this cycling, finding that in fast skeletal muscle myosin the actin-activated powerstroke occurs before actin-activated phosphate release. Here we investigate the structural kinetics of cardiac myosin during active ATPase cycling to determine (1) how the powerstroke and phosphate release steps are coordinated in a slower muscle myosin, and (2) how the heart-failure drug omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), that binds to the pocket near the force transducing beta-sheet of cardiac myosin, affects the structural kinetics of the cardiac myosin powerstroke. OM stabilizes the post-hydrolysis ADP.Pi bound biochemical state and should therefore (a) stabilize the pre-powerstroke structural state. Furthermore, it accelerates actin-activated phosphate release, so we reasoned it should (b) accelerate the powerstroke as well. Our results support hypothesis (a) but not (b): we find that OM increases the mole fraction of pre-powerstroke structural state in the absence of actin, but surprisingly, we find that OM causes the powerstroke to occur more slowly, after actin-induced phosphate release, rather than before as in the absence of the drug. These results suggest that OM changes the fundamental structural mechanics of the myosin powerstroke. Supported by NIH AR032961 & AR057220 (DDT), the Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center (JMM), American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant (JMM), and Graduate Excellence Fellowship-University of MN (JAR).
Federal homelessness policy: A robust political economy approach

In the wake of the financial crisis, the United States government introduced a new large-scale initiative to address homelessness. The policy mandate is marked by both an unprecedented increase in federal funding and a dramatic reallocation of resources toward Housing First, a service model emphasizing immediate housing subsidization. Although this service paradigm has received support from a sizeable literature, our knowledge of its success to date has been limited. This paper sheds light on the unobservable or unmeasured costs of this new centralized approach to ending homelessness. I argue that federal homelessness policy under the Housing First approach 1) generates resource misallocation, 2) exacerbates the Samaritan’s dilemma, and 3) invites rent seeking.
Inpatient Geriatric Assessment Detects Impairment Among Older Adults Receiving Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia.

Abstract 1401 Poster Board I-423 Background: Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a disease which largely affects older adults, for whom optimal therapy is unclear. Evidence-based strategies to identify those older adults who may tolerate and benefit from standard therapies are lacking. Objective: Test the utility of a bedside geriatric assessment (GA) to detect impairment in multiple geriatric domains among older adults initiating induction chemotherapy for AML. Methods: Ongoing prospective study of patients ≥60 years of age with newly diagnosed AML and planned induction chemotherapy admitted to Wake Forest University. Bedside geriatric assessment (GA) was performed during inpatient work-up for AML. GA measures included the Modified Mini-Mental Status Exam (3MS), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Distress thermometer, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI), Pepper Assessment Tool for Disability ([PAT-D], includes self- reported activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mobility questions), Short Physical Performance Battery ([SPPB], includes timed 4-meter walk, chair stands, standing balance), and grip strength. Results: 26 of 29 eligible patients enrolled between 1/2009 and 8/2009. The median age was 68 (range 60-82) years, and 42.3% were female. Prior myelodysplastic syndrome was present in 34.6%, with intermediate or poor-risk cytogenetics in 95.6%. Baseline laboratory measures included white blood cell count (mean 17.3×103/mm3, SD 25.0×103), hemoglobin (mean 9.2g/dl, SD 1.5), lactate dehydrogenase (mean 282.4 U/L, SD 168.8). Mean baseline GA scores included: 3MS 83.0 (SD 14.7), CES-D 9.4 (SD 9.3), Distress 3.8 (SD 3.4), HCT-CI 1.3 (SD 1.6), PAT-D 1.4 (SD 0.7), SPPB 7.1 (SD 3.9), grip strength 32.4 kilograms (SD 9.2). Although 84.6% of subjects had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance score <2, a substantial proportion met criteria for impairment in multiple geriatric domains. | Characteristic | % impaired | |:------------------------------------------------------------:| ---------- | | Poor performance status (ECOG≥2) | 15.4 | | Comorbidity (HCT-CI score >1) | 38.5 | | Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) | 34.6 | | Impairment in objective physical function (SPPB<9) | 60.0 | | Cognitive impairment (3MS<77) | 15.4 | | Depression (CES-D ≥16) | 23.1 | | Distress (score ≥4) | 50.0 | Conclusions: GA measures detect abnormalities which are not adequately reflected by the ECOG performance score in older adults with AML. Future analyses from this ongoing study will evaluate whether these abnormalities are independently associated with treatment-related morbidity and survival. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Human FcγRIIA at center stage

In this issue of Blood , Jonsson et al show in an elegant transgenic study that human FcγRIIA, an activating IgG receptor, can trigger active and passive anaphylaxis and airway inflammation.[1][1] The term “aphylaxis” was originally coined by Charles Richet in 1902 and later changed to “
Teaching Personality Psychology with Apology

Socrates is hauled in front of a jury of his Athenian peers to answer the charges of worshipping strange gods and corrupting the minds of the youth. Socrates’ defense gives us a glimpse into the personality of this strange man. Socrates believes he has a “daimon” inside him who insists he be true to his calling in life to pursue truth and cultivate virtue in himself and other people. Students also learn about trait theories of personality, assessment, and the major personality tests. Classroom time is spent discussing what personality is in psychology, what its major dimensions are, and how to measure it. Students then compare this psychological understanding of personality with Socrates “eudaimonic” view.
Two-stage hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases: A multi-institutional retrospective review.

351Background: A significant number of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) present with unresectable bilobar disease. Two-stage hepatectomy with portal vein embolization (PVE) have been described as a treatment for CRLM allowing for volume regeneration of a functional liver remnant. No large-scale multi-institutional studies exist. The aim of this project was to describe outcomes following two-stage hepatectomy, including overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and complications. Methods: Patients completing two-stage hepatectomy for CRLM at five US institutions were identified and retrospectively analyzed (2000-2015). Overall survival and recurrence-free survival following second-stage surgery, short-term mortality, Clavien-Dindo complications, and readmission rates were examined. Results: A total of 209 patients were identified. Mean age was 52 (SD +/-11.4), 59.8% were male, and 87.0% had synchronous disease. A total of 65.1% of patients underwent PVE, and 27.3% underwent hep...
A Hybrid Multigroup/Continuous-Energy Monte Carlo Method for Solving the Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Equation

A hybrid multigroup/continuous-energy Monte Carlo algorithm is developed for solving the Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck equation. This algorithm differs significantly from previous charged-particle Monte Carlo algorithms. Most importantly, it can be used to perform both forward and adjoint transport calculations, using the same basic multigroup cross-section data. The new algorithm is fully described, computationally tested, and compared with a standard condensed history algorithm for coupled electron-photon transport calculations.
A mass reducing flow for real-valued flat chains with applications to transport networks

An oriented transportation network can be modeled by a 1-dimensional chain whose boundary is the difference between the demand and supply distributions, represented by weighted sums of point masses. To accommodate efficiencies of scale into the model, one uses a suitable M α norm for transportation cost for α ∈ (0, 1]. One then finds that the minimal cost network has a branching structure since the norm favors higher multiplicity edges, representing shared transport. In this paper, we construct a continuous flow that evolves some initial such network to reduce transport cost without altering its supply and demand distributions. Instead of limiting our scope to transport networks, we construct this M α mass reducing flow for real-valued flat chains by finding a higher dimensional real chain whose slices dictate the flow. Keeping the boundary fixed, this flow reduces the M α mass of the initial chain and is Lipschitz continuous under the flat-α norm. To complete the paper, we apply this flow to transportation networks, showing that the flow indeed evolves branching transport networks to be more cost efficient.
Implementing Pattern or Practice Police Reform: A Comparative Analysis

Using data drawn from independent monitor reports and stakeholder interviews, this paper examines the implementation of the DOJ’s pattern or practice police misconduct reform in four jurisdictions: Pittsburgh, PA; Washington, D.C.; Cincinnati, OH; and Prince George’s County, MD. Results of the inquiry show that the affected departments experienced considerable variation in the length of time needed to implement key settlement agreement components. Yet despite these differences, all four departments reached “substantial compliance” with the terms of their settlement. These results are best explained by the interaction of several variables, including strong police leadership, external oversight, adequate resources, and support for the process among community members, civil society, and the jurisdiction’s political class.
Patient characteristics associated with adherence to pulmonary nodule guidelines.

Abstract Background While pulmonary nodule guidelines provide follow-up recommendations based on nodule size and malignancy risk, these are inconsistently followed in clinical practice. In this study, we sought to identify patient characteristics associated with guideline-concordant nodule follow-up. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with a pulmonary nodule between 2011 and 2014 at Boston Medical Center. Appropriate nodule follow-up evaluation was based upon the 2005 Fleischner Society Guidelines. In primary analysis, we compared patients with guideline-concordant follow-up to those with delayed or absent follow-up. In secondary analysis, we compared those with any follow-up to those without follow-up as well as the rate of guideline-concordant follow-up in patients seen by a pulmonologist. Results Of 3916 patients diagnosed with a pulmonary nodule, 1117 were included for analysis. Overall, 598 (53.5%) patients received guideline-concordant follow-up. Lower rates of guideline concordance were seen in patients of Hispanic ethnicity (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.36–1.00), while higher rates were seen for nodules 7–8 mm (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.02–2.35) and nodules >8 mm (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01–2.20). Having a history of COPD (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.26–2.43), and being seen by a pulmonologist (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.51–2.58) were also associated with guideline concordance. Among patients seen by a pulmonologist, 62.2% received guideline-concordant follow-up. Conclusion Overall rates of pulmonary nodule follow-up are low. Patient ethnicity, COPD history, nodule size and involvement of a pulmonologist may impact follow-up rates and are potential targets for implementation interventions to improve pulmonary nodule follow-up.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Symptoms of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network Study.

Background Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) such as sexual and physical violence, serious illness, and bereavement have been linked to number of chronic pain conditions in adulthood, and specifically to urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS). Purpose We sought to characterize the prevalence of ACEs in UCPPS using a large well-characterized cohort in comparison with a group of healthy controls. We also sought to determine the association of ACE severity with psychological factors known to impact pain and to determine whether ACEs are associated with patterns of improvement or worsening of symptom over a year of naturalistic observation. Methods For longitudinal analyses we used functional clusters identifying broad classes of (a) improved, (b) worsened, and (c) stable groups for genitourinary pain and urinary symptoms. We employed a mediation/path analysis framework to determine whether ACEs influenced 1 year outcomes directly, or indirectly through worse perceptions of physical well-being. Results ACE severity was elevated in UCPPS (n = 421) participants compared with healthy controls (n = 414; p < .001), and was most strongly associated with factors associated with complex chronic pain, including more diffuse pain, comorbid functional symptoms/syndromes, and worse perceived physical well-being (all p < .001). Finally, worse physical well-being mediated the relationship between ACE severity and less likelihood of painful symptom improvement (OR = .871, p = .007)) and a greater likelihood of painful symptom worsening (OR = 1.249, p = .003) at 1 year. Conclusions These results confirm the association between ACEs and UCPPS symptoms, and suggest potential targets for therapeutic interventions in UCPPS. Clinical Trial registration NCT01098279.
Loss of tooth structure associated with preparation for two monolithic CAD-CAM complete coverage restorations.

Abstract Statement of problem Different techniques are used to fabricate complete coverage restorations. Each fabrication technique requires a specific preparation design that may violate a principle of tooth preparation, that is, conservation of tooth structure. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the volume of loss of mandibular first molar structure associated with a preparation for computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) versus conventionally fabricated complete coverage restorations. Materials and methods Fifty artificial mandibular right first molars were weighed before and after preparation for complete coverage restorations of the following types: complete cast, monolithic zirconia, monolithic pressed lithium disilicate, monolithic milled lithium disilicate, and metal-ceramic crowns (n=10 per method). Tooth mass loss was measured by subtracting the mass after preparation from the mass before the preparation, and tooth volume loss was calculated by dividing the mass by the density of the material. A robust analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc test, was used to compare the volume of tooth loss (α=.01). Results Mean tooth volume losses were 255.6 mm 3 , 270.0 mm 3 , 312.7 mm 3 , 331.7 mm 3 , and 309.9 mm 3 for complete cast, monolithic zirconia, monolithic pressed lithium disilicate, monolithic milled lithium disilicate, and metal-ceramic crowns, respectively. Teeth prepared for monolithic CAD-CAM zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns did not exhibit a significantly lower ( P >.01) decrease in volume loss than with complete cast and monolithic pressed lithium crowns. Conclusions Preparation of teeth for monolithic CAD-CAM complete coverage restorations is not associated with a significantly higher volume of tooth loss than their conventionally fabricated counterpart preparations.
Exploring the Feasibility of Transferring Nitrogen Fixation to Cereal Crops

Among the land plants, legumes are unique as they establish symbiotic relationship with soil-borne, nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia to meet their nitrogen demand. This symbiotic interaction is considered a promising component of sustainable agriculture due to its economic and ecological benefits. However, the scope of this symbiosis, which is currently limited to legumes, needs to be extended to non-legumes, in particular to economically important cereal crops, to achieve sustainable production of staple crops. This chapter explores the feasibility of transferring the symbiotic nitrogen fixing machinery to non-legume crops.
Limited Legal Recourse for Older Women's Intersectional Discrimination Under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act

Older women compose a large share of labor force in the U.S. There are two federal statutes that can provide protection for older women against employers’ discriminatory behavior: the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (Title VII). Theories and empirical evidence suggest that older women are more discriminated against for being old and female, but there is a concerning policy implication that current legislation does not provide adequate protection for older women. The main reason for this concern is that older women’s intersectional discrimination invokes age-plus-sex or sex-plus-age cause of action. However, the courts do not recognize this cause of action under the ADEA and they have mixed views on this issue under Title VII. This article discusses evidence of older women’s intersectional discrimination and the importance of recognizing this intersectionality in proof structure. It also reviews case laws and the effectiveness of the age discrimination laws on older women’s labor market outcomes. The findings indicate that the ADEA does not provide equal employment opportunities for older women. Older women’s legal recourse for their unique intersectional discrimination for being old and female is constrained under the ADEA and Title VII strictly due to legislative peculiarities in statutes intended to solve this exact problem.
Author Correction: World’s landlocked basins drying

In the version of this News & Views originally published, the lead author of ref. 3 was incorrectly referred to as ‘Yang’ in the main text; the correct surname is ‘Wang’. This has now been corrected in the online versions.
WNK4 limits distal calcium losses following acute furosemide treatment

The distal nephron is essential for calcium homeostasis. This is evidenced by disordered calcium transport following disrupted distal nephron function occurring in salt-wasting tubulopathies or with diuretic use. A plethora of studies support a role for WNK4 in thick ascending limb (TAL) and distal convoluted tubule ion transport with most studies focusing on sodium transport. Little is known about the in vivo role of WNK4 in regulating calcium homeostsis. Here, we investigated the role of WNK4 in regulating distal nephron calcium transport using WNK4 knockout animals (WNK4-/- ). As has been shown previously, we found that baseline urinary calcium levels are normal following WNK4 deletion. Following acute treatment with the loop diuretic, furosemide, which causes hypercalciuria through TAL inhibition, WNK4-/- animals demonstrated increased calcium wasting compared with wild-type controls. WNK4-/- animals had decreased TRPV5 expression along DCT2 supporting a mechanistic role for this calcium channel in the increased calciuresis. As this supported the hypothesis that WNK4-/- animals have a tendency toward calcium wasting under stress, we tested the effects of a calcium-deplete diet on urinary calcium excretion. Urinary calcium excretion and plasma ionized calcium levels were not different between control and knockout animals following consumption of a calcium-deplete diet. Our data show that WNK4, via regulation of TRPV5, limits distal calcium losses following acute treatment with furosemide; however, WNK4 deletion does not affect the chronic renal response to dietary calcium depletion. Our data reveal an in vivo role for WNK4 in distal nephron calcium handling that is important for fine-tuning calcium reabsorption.
Municipal recreation and park standards in the United States: Central cities and suburbs, 1975–1980

Abstract This article is a replicative follow‐up to the first nationwide assessment of the comparative relationship of central city and suburban municipal recreation in the United States that appeared in Volume 2, Numbers 3/4 of Leisure Sciences. By reapplying three traditionally developed standards to these municipal situations, a longitudinal research base is established that advances and amplifies the initial study and makes it now possible to more positively describe the central city and suburban municipal recreation relationship and situation. Key research results reveal the entire municipal recreation situation to have experienced a real and significant growth with the municipal recreation land situation having stabilized in the central cities and deteriorated in the suburbs. The substantial 1975 municipal recreation operating advantage that the central cities had over the suburbs was, by 1980, reduced to its 1965 allocative level.
Optimal dynamic information provision in traffic routing

We consider a two-road dynamic routing game where the state of one of the roads (the "risky road") is stochastic and may change over time. This generates room for experimentation. A central planner may wish to induce some of the (finite number of atomic) agents to use the risky road even when the expected cost of travel there is high in order to obtain accurate information about the state of the road. Since agents are strategic, we show that in order to generate incentives for experimentation the central planner however needs to limit the number of agents using the risky road when the expected cost of travel on the risky road is low. In particular, because of congestion, too much use of the risky road when the state is favorable would make experimentation no longer incentive compatible. We characterize the optimal incentive compatible recommendation system, first in a two-stage game and then in an infinite-horizon setting. In both cases, this system induces only partial, rather than full, information sharing among the agents (otherwise there would be too much exploitation of the risky road when costs there are low).
Before and After Rome: The Incised Contours Technique in the Art of Gallia Narbonensis

The art of ancient Gallia Narbonensis constitutes a coherent corpus thanks to a number of shared visual characteristics. Prominent among them is a carving technique that consisted of deeply incising the contours of figures in sculpted reliefs, a trend that was rare in Roman art elsewhere. This paper investigates the presence of incised contours in monuments erected between the late first century BC and the early decades of the first century AD at sites such as Orange, Carpentras, and Glanum. I argue that we can explain this peculiar feature by establishing continuities with pre-Roman monuments created in the region, which reveal a similar aesthetic solution. Relying on visual analysis and employing the lens of two postcolonial paradigms, creolization and hybridity, I offer a reconsideration of well-known provincial monuments, expanding our understanding of the role of visual culture as an essential marker of the colonial transformation of Gaul.
Experience, experts, statistics, or just science? Predictors and consequences of reliance on different evidence types during the COVID-19 infodemic.

As an unprecedented global disease outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic is also accompanied by an infodemic. To better cope with the pandemic, laypeople need to process information in ways that help guide informed judgments and decisions. Such information processing likely involves the reliance on various evidence types. Extending the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model via a two-wave survey (N = 1284), we examined the predictors and consequences of US-dwelling Chinese's reliance on four evidence types (i.e. scientific, statistical, experiential, and expert) regarding COVID-19 information. Overall, Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables such as information insufficiency and perceived information gathering capacity predicted the use of all four evidence types. However, other Risk Information Seeking and Processing variables (e.g. informational subjective norms) did not emerge as important predictors. In addition, different evidence types had different associations with subsequent disease prevention behaviors and satisfaction with the US government's action to address the pandemic. Finally, discrete emotions varied in their influences on the use of evidence types, behaviors, and satisfaction. The findings provide potentially valuable contributions to science and health communication theory and practice.
Climate skeptics’ identity construction and (Dis)trust in science in the United States

In this paper we argue that climate change skepticism is an opinion-based social identity rooted in subjectively perceived marginality and exclusion from climate science. We use 33 interviews condu...
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Stable Isostere of Malonyllysine

Lysine malonylation is a recently characterized posttranslational modification involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and gene expression. One unique feature of this posttranslational modification is its potential susceptibility to decarboxylation, which poses possible challenges to its study. As a step towards addressing these challenges, here we report the synthesis and evaluation of a stable isostere of malonyllysine. First, we find that synthetic substitution of the malonyl group with a tetrazole isostere results in amino acids resistant to thermal decarboxylation. Next, we demonstrate that protected variants of this amino acid are readily incorporated into peptides. Finally, we show that tetrazole isosteres of malonyllysine can be recognized by anti-malonyllysine antibodies and histone deacylases, validating their ability to mimic features of the endogenous lysine modification. Overall, this study establishes a new chemical strategy for stably mimicking a metabolite-derived posttranslational modification, providing a foothold for tool development and functional analyses.
A Fokker-Planck feedback control framework for optimal personalized therapies in colon cancer-induced angiogenesis

In this paper, a new framework for obtaining personalized optimal treatment strategies in colon cancer-induced angiogenesis is presented. The dynamics of colon cancer is given by a It\'o stochastic process, which helps in modeling the randomness present in the system. The stochastic dynamics is then represented by the Fokker-Planck (FP) partial differential equation (PDE) that governs the evolution of the associated probability density function. The optimal therapies are obtained using a three step procedure. First, a finite dimensional FP-constrained optimization problem is formulated that takes input individual noisy patient data, and is solved to obtain the unknown parameters corresponding to the individual tumor characteristics. Next, a sensitivity analysis of the optimal parameter set is used to determine the parameters to be controlled, thus, helping in assessing the types of treatment therapies. Finally, a feedback FP control problem is solved to determine the optimal combination therapies. Numerical results with the combination drug, comprising of Bevacizumab and Capecitabine, demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed framework.
Identifying knowledge base deficiencies by observing user behavior

We are developing an application of explanation based learning to refine and complete the knowledge base of an expert pilot's assistant. A companion paper in this volume reports on the issues specific to planning and temporal (Perschbacher, Levi & Shalin.) In this paper we focus on the role of learning experiences in our project, and how they are used to direct the refinement of the knowledge base of the pilot's assistant. The knowledge base of the assistant must share a representation of actions and goals that is common to the user in order to coordinate activity with the user. The first knowledge base refinement problem in this project is to identify deficiencies in the system's knowledge base by observing and explaining unexpected user behavior. The second knowledge base refinement problem is to refine the knowledge base of the underlying EBL system. We present our approach to the first problem, and some comments on the second problem.
In vitro immune blastogenesis during contact sensitivity in tumor-bearing mice. I. Description of progressive impairment and demonstration of splenic suppressor cells.

Abstract T-cell responsiveness was measured by the DNA response of disassociated spleen and lymph node cells when exposed to antigen in vitro . Sensitized splenic lymphocytes from fibrosarcoma-bearing mice immunized with 2,4-dinitro-1,5-difluorobenzene (DN2FB) demonstrated a progressive decrease in T-cell responsiveness to the haptenprotein conjugate DNP-BSA. Hyporesponsiveness to the dinitrophenylated-protein conjugate appeared in the spleens but not lymph nodes of tumorous animals. Normal host lymph node cells (LNC) responded strongly 24 to 48 h after sensitization and subsequently declined with a corresponding increase in responsiveness in the spleen. Tumor-bearing hosts (TBH) had similar LNC kinetics during immunization, however, spleen cells were significantly suppressed when compared to normal BALB/c mice sensitization kinetics. Spleen cells from TBH were also capable of suppressing the in vitro response of normal primed lymphocytes to DNP-BSA when admixed. Results from these experiments suggest that in vitro measurement of contact sensitivity was affected by suppressor cells/products existing in the spleens but not lymph nodes of fibrosarcoma-bearing mice.
El paisaje reservado

Antologia poetica 1978-2003. Victor Gaviria. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, 2006, 177 pags.
A kinetic approach to crystallization from ionic solution: II. Crystal Nucleation

Abstract A novel theory to describe the kinetics of homogeneous nucleation of crystals from ionic solution has been developed. The theory separates those aspects of the nucleation process that are inherently kinetic from those that are inherently thermodynamic. The supposition that an expression for the crystal nucleation rate can be adopted “by analogy” to vapor condensation is unnecessary in this theory and is shown to be incorrect. In order to compare experimental data on the total number of particles after a rapid precipitation with our rate expression, we have used a computer model which combines the present theory for nucleation, the theory for crystal growth developed in the previous paper (1) with the concept of Ostwald ripening, and a population balance model. Good agreement between the model predictions and the experimental results is obtained.
Longitudinal assessment of Web retailers: Issues from a consumer point of view

Presents results of a study to investigate reliability and consistency of e‐tailer site features when used by a browser/shopper over time. Sites are assessed for information (product, personal, company); product (search, currency, pricing); ordering (online, help, security); user friendliness; format interactivity; and homepage updates. It was found that the sites presented varied results. Discusses implications for a browser/shopper and long‐term loyalty.
Thermodynamic Systematics of Oxides of Americium, Curium, and Neighboring Elements

Recently-obtained calorimetric data on the sesquioxides and dioxides of americium and curium are summarized. These data are combined with other properties of the actinide elements to elucidate the stability relationships among these oxides and to predict the behavior of neighboring actinide oxides.
When the medium become the message: The case of the rather‐Bush encounter

(1988). When the medium become the message: The case of the rather‐Bush encounter. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 22, No. 1-4, pp. 241-272.
Learning Language from Perceptual Context

Current systems that learn to process natural language require laboriously constructed human-annotated training data. Ideally, a computer would be able to acquire language like a child by being exposed to linguistic input in the context of a relevant but ambiguous perceptual environment. As a step in this direction, we present a system that learns to sportscast simulated robot soccer games by example. The training data consists of textual human commentaries on Robocup simulation games. A set of possible alternative meanings for each comment is automatically constructed from game event traces. Our previously developed systems for learning to parse and generate natural language (KRISP and WASP) were augmented to learn from this data and then commentate novel games. The system is evaluated based on its ability to parse sentences into correct meanings and generate accurate descriptions of game events. Human evaluation was also conducted on the overall quality of the generated sportscasts and compared to human-generated commentaries.