cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed tumor of the vulva: A report of two cases probably arising in Bartholin's gland

A case of benign mixed tumor of the vulva and a case of carcinoma arising in a similar benign mixed tumor of the vulva are reported. Both mixed tumors were of salivary gland type and probably arose in the Bartholin's gland. Only three previous cases of benign mixed tumor of the vulva have been documented in the literature. Two arose in the vestibular glands, and the third arose in cutaneous sweat glands. No case of carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumor of the vulva has been previously documented.
Getting at the Mathematics: Sara's Journal.

In this paper, we discuss issues in planning and conducting research into mathematics learning. We emphasize two central themes: (a) the learners’ mathematics (especially the issues and ideas, in given problem situations, that learners choose to think about and to present) and (b) the kinds of knowledge that learners may be building (including their ideas about what mathematics is, and how people do, learn, use, communicate and understand it). While the first theme is at least partly mathematical, the second interweaves cognition and epistemology. Anchored in student data from an extended classroom teaching experiment in the mathematics of change, we focus on key choices needed to build narratives to help researchers capture, in detail, how students engage with mathematics in extended problem explorations.
A collection of problems in transport theory

Problems presented are: (1) definition of transport operators; (2) relation between the integro-differential and integral form of the transport equation; (3) asymptotic behavior of the scalar density near curved boundaries and interfaces; (4) singularities at a corner; (5) regularity of the solution of the transport equation; (7) transport equations on a manifold; (8) numerical analysis; (9) cubature; (10) point spectrum of the transport operator; (11) convergence of the multigroup approximation; (12) convergence of discrete ordinates approximations; (13) the finite double-norm property; (14) convergence of discrete ordinates approximation. The presentation of the problems is intended to direct attention to gaps in the existing knowledge of transport theory and to stimulate research into new areas of transport theory. (GHT)
Instructional Set and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory

Effects of the manipulation of instructional set on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were studied for high school boys and girls. Total self-esteem scores were significantly greater under the ...
Study of human papillomavirus infection in patients with anal squamous carcinoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV DNA) in anal squamous carcinoma. METHODS: HPV DNAin situhybridization for HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 was performed on the formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissue from 53 perianal and anal squamous carcinomas and 10 controls. RESULTS: HPV DNA sequences were identified in 18 of 53 anal squamous carcinomas (34 percent). All 10 controls were negative for HPV DNA. Of the 18 positive patients, 10 were perianal squamous carcinomas, and 8 were anal canal squamous carcinomas. Six of the perianal carcinomas were positive for HPV Types 6 and 11. The remaining four perianal carcinomas and all eight of the anal canal carcinomas were positive for HPV Types 16 and 18. CONCLUSION: HPV DNA sequences can be identified in anal squamous carcinomas. Anal squamous epithelium is another site where HPV infection may carry a risk for malignant transformation. One-third of anal squamous carcinomas may be associated with prior HPV infection. Patients with anogenital HPV infection should be routinely screened for anal squamous lesions.
Femtoscience: From femtoseconds to attoseconds

A method for generating single attosecond pulses has recently been proposed [1,2]. If successfully demonstrated, the march to ever shorter pulse duration will resume after an approximately ten-year pause. As we consider ultrashort pulse science today, and look forward into the future, it is clear that many important tools are available. For example, laser science has developed techniques for generating optical pulses with durations as short as three periods or less in all wavelength ranges from the visible [3], through the infrared [4] to the terrahertz frequency range [5]. That is, pulses with photon energy from eV to meV. For shorter wavelength light, pulses are much longer when measured in optical periods, but still sub-picosecond pulses cover the range from meV to MeV [6,7], nine orders of magnitude in photon energy. Not only can pulses with these photon energies be produced individually, but pulses of different photon energy can accurately be synchronized one with the other.
Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond

Improving feed efficiency of pigs with dietary application of amino acids (AAs) is becoming increasingly important because this practice can not only secure the plasma AA supply for muscle growth but also protect the environment from nitrogen discharge with feces and urine. Lysine, the first limiting AA in typical swine diets, is a substrate for generating body proteins, peptides, and non-peptide molecules, while excess lysine is catabolized as an energy source. From a regulatory standpoint, lysine is at the top level in controlling AA metabolism, and lysine can also affect the metabolism of other nutrients. The effect of lysine on hormone production and activities is reflected by the change of plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Lysine residues in peptides are important sites for protein post-translational modification involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. An inborn error of a cationic AA transporter in humans can lead to a lysinuric protein intolerance condition. Dietary deficiency of lysine will impair animal immunity and elevate animal susceptibility to infectious diseases. Because lysine deficiency has negative impact on animal health and growth performance and it appears that dietary lysine is non-toxic even at a high dose of supplementation, nutritional emphasis should be put on lysine supplementation to avoid its deficiency rather than toxicity. Improvement of muscle growth of monogastric animals such as pigs via dietary lysine supply may be due to a greater increase in protein synthesis rather than a decrease in protein degradation. Nevertheless, the underlying metabolic and molecular mechanisms regarding lysine effect on muscle protein accretion merits further clarification. Future research undertaken to fully elucidate the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms of lysine nutrition could provide a sound scientific foundation necessary for developing novel nutritional strategies to enhance the muscle growth and development of meat animals.
Assessment of naltrexone in the treatment of schizophrenia

Naltrexone, a long acting opiate antagonist, and placebo were administered to eight schizophrenics in doses of 200 mg per day for 1 week in a double-blind, crossover design. No improvement was noted, and no side effects resembling the opiate withdrawal syndrome with naltrexone were found. Naltrexone does not appear to alter schizophrenic symptomatology.
Superstitious Behavior Among American and Japanese Professional Baseball Players

We examined the use of superstitious behavior by major league baseball players in the United States and Japan. The majority of professional players in both countries reported using superstitious behaviors but expressed little confidence that the behavior actually affected outcomes. Consistent with the uncertainty hypothesis, the more players believed luck affected outcomes during the game, the more they engaged in superstitious behavior. American players tended to be more superstitious than Japanese players. American players were more likely than the Japanese players to believe their superstitions aided their individual performance, whereas Japanese players were more likely than Americans to believe their superstitions helped the team performance.
Carrier relaxation dynamics in MoS 2 measured by optical/THz pump-probe spectroscopy

We present results on the relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in MoS 2 using optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy. Our measurements indicate that carrier recombination is accelerated at low temperatures where defect-assisted recombination becomes more efficient.
SOME ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF CERTAIN FERN PROTHALLIA—CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS LINK., ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON OAKES

The part played by the prothallia in the ecological history of ferns has been given but little attention. If the studies on apogamy and related phenomena be left out of consideration the work along this line is very limited indeed. What work has been done may be arranged in three groups, as it has had to do with the increase of growing points by branching of the prothallia or by the production of special proliferations, the influence of light upon the germination of the spore and the development of the prothallium, the influence upon the prothallia of variations of water supply. (A) Goebel (II: I97-2IO) has summed up the findings concerning the vegetative increase of the prothallia of homosporous ferns. Briefly stated there are two general types of growth, thaL which leads to the formation of a more or less regular heart-shaped plant, and that which leads regularly to considerably branched forms. Of the second group the Vittariaceae and Hymenophyllum show a lobular or ribbon-like body which arises by the branching of a simple primary cell plate. In Trichomanes, also of the second group, the prothallium is a mass of more or less branched filaments. With reference to those forms which regularly develop heartshaped prothallia Goebel (II: 203) says: " Young fern plants which have not yet formed typical meristem easily pass over again into the filamentous stage in feeble illumination. . . .In older prothallia this only takes place if they have lost their meristem and are enfeebled by unfavorable environment. Commonly these conditions result in the production of pluricellular shoots." To this last group mentioned by Goebel belong the plants often cited as producing adventitious outgrowths following mutilation in hybridization experiments. This author also mentions a case of proliferation by adventitious shoots from the base of an old prothallium of Osmunda regalis (loc. cit. I: 49). Mote recently several authors have found 477
Predominant role for activation-induced cytidine deaminase in generating IgG anti-nucleosomal antibodies of murine SLE.

Serum IgG anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) directed to complexes of DNA and histones are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reflect a failure in lymphocyte self-tolerance. A prior study utilizing spontaneously autoimmune B6.Nba2 mice deficient in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and with heterozygous deficiencies in Jh and Igk loci underscored the importance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) as a major generator of SLE-associated ANA. This interpretation had to be qualified because of severely limited opportunities for receptor editing and restricted VHCDR3 diversity. Therefore, we performed the converse study using mice that carried functional Tdt genes and wild type Jh and Igk loci but that could not undergo SHM. Analyses of ANA and ANA-producing hybridomas from B6.Nba2 Aicda−/− mice revealed that few animals produced high titers of the prototypical ANA directed to complexes of histones and DNA, that this response was delayed and that those cells that did produce such antibody exhibited limited clonal expansion, unusual Jk use and only infrequent dual receptor expression. This, together with the additional finding of an intrinsic propensity for SHM to generate Arg codons selectively in CDRs, reinforce the view that most IgG autoimmune clones producing prototypical anti-nucleosome antibodies in wild type mice are created by SHM.
Coupled lossy transmission line characterization and simulation

It has been shown that the frequency domain solution of the coupled lossy transmission line differential equations has a similar appearance to that of the single line. The frequency-dependent n × n characteristic admittance matrix Y0 and propagation matrix Γ can be obtained from network analyzer insertion loss data treating the coupled transmission lines as a 2n-port network. This paper develops a transient simulation technique for coupled lossy transmission lines based on frequency-dependent Y0 and Γ data. Simulation results agree very well with transient measurements.
ORIGINS OF VARIATION IN THE FUNGAL CELL SURFACE

The increase in hospital-acquired fungal infections has been attributed to the ability of fungi to adhere not only to human tissues, but also to the plastic prostheses and invasive devices that are used to treat disease. These properties are conferred by a family of fungal cell-surface proteins, called adhesins. Adhesins might also have a central role in the formation of fungal biofilms, which are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. The structure of the genes that encode adhesin-family members, and the sequence homology between them, enables genetic reshuffling of domains to form new genes. Coupled with epigenetic changes in gene expression, these genetic rearrangements provide a reservoir of cell-surface molecules with new functions.
Role of cytokines in photodynamic therapy-induced local and systemic inflammation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumour results in the rapid induction of an inflammatory response that is considered important for the activation of antitumour immunity, but may be detrimental if excessive. The response is characterised by the infiltration of leucocytes, predominantly neutrophils, into the treated tumour. Several preclinical studies have suggested that suppression of long-term tumour growth following PDT using Photofrin® is dependent upon the presence of neutrophils. The inflammatory pathways leading to the PDT-induced neutrophil migration into the treated tumour are unknown. In the following study, we examined, in mice, the ability of PDT using the second-generation photosensitiser 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) to induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as adhesion molecules, known to be involved in neutrophil migration. We also examined the role that these mediators play in PDT-induced neutrophil migration. Our studies show that HPPH-PDT induced neutrophil migration into the treated tumour, which was associated with a transient, local increase in the expression of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC. A similar increase was detected in functional expression of adhesion molecules, that is, E-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and both local and systemic expression of interleukin (IL)-6 was detected. The kinetics of neutrophil immigration mirrored those observed for the enhanced production of chemokines, IL-6 and adhesion molecules. Subsequent studies showed that PDT-induced neutrophil recruitment is dependent upon the presence of MIP-2 and E-selectin, but not on IL-6 or KC. These results demonstrate a PDT-induced inflammatory response similar to, but less severe than obtained with Photofrin® PDT. They also lay the mechanistic groundwork for further ongoing studies that attempt to optimise PDT through the modulation of the critical inflammatory mediators.
The Perceived Benefits of a Preparing Future Faculty Program and Its Effect on Job Satisfaction, Confidence, and Competence:

The training of effective instructors and future faculty members is a critical component of doctoral programs in sociology. Many universities and departments have instituted a single course, course sequence, or certification program dedicated to the preparation of future academic faculty. This article evaluates the efficacy of one such program, and asks two questions: (1) What are the most useful aspects of the Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) program? (2) Is participation in the PFF program associated with greater job satisfaction, confidence, or competence? Qualitative data from Indiana University alumni suggest that the program is beneficial for exposing students to pedagogical knowledge, encouraging professionalization, and providing institutionalized support in the form of peer and faculty mentorship. Quantitative data indicate that although PFF participants were not significantly more satisfied or confident than their nonparticipating peers, the PFF program did appear to help to make participants feel...
Photodegradation of chloramben on a soil surface: A laboratory-controlled study

Photodegradation of chloramben was conducted on a silt-loam soil under xenon irradiance using a laboratory soil photolysis apparatus. The study was conducted using three sets of soil conditions: active moist soil, sterilized moist soil, and dry (air-dry) soil, with temperature-controlled constantly at 25 + 1 °C. Of all three soil conditions, application of chloramben on active moist soil, where moisture was maintained at approximately 75% field moisture capacity (FMC) at 0.33 bar, generated the most accelerated rate of degradation of the chemical. Further, chloramben degraded at a slower rate with a different degradation pattern when it was applied on air-dry soil surface as compared to when it was applied on an active soil at 75% FMC.
Integrated beam-steered optical switch

We report an optical switch that is based on the beam steering of an optical waveguide formed by injection of electrons in a p-i-n slab waveguide structure. The structure consists of an undoped InGaAsP multiple quantum well (MQW) layer, with a total thickness of 0.28 μm that is sandwiched between n-doped InP cladding layers. Zinc is diffused into the top cladding layer through a silicon nitride mask to form the p-regions on top of which a pair of 10 um wide parallel titanium-zinc-gold contact stripes are deposited by evaporation and lift-off. The gap between the stripes is 20 μm wide and the device is cleaved to a length of 800 um. Electrical currents are injected through the electrodes and a laser beam is launched into the middle of the gap region. The injected electrons accumulate in the MQW layer and spread sideways by diffusion. The regions that are saturated with electrons experience a decrease in refractive index and surround a narrow high index region effectively forming a channel waveguide. By carefully controlling the current ratio through the two parallel stripes, the waveguide can be shifted, thereby steering the guided laser beam.
TU‐E‐217BCD‐08: Extraction and Insertion of Tumor Masses in Cone Beam Breast CT Images

Purpose: To develop and validate algorithms for extraction and insertion of three‐dimensional (3D) profiles of tumor masses in cone beam breast CT (CBBCT) images to create simulated abnormality for evaluation with observer performance study. Methods: A bench‐top experimental CBBCT scanner was constructed and used to image mastectomy breast specimens with IRB approval. 5 sets of CBBCT images with confirmed tumor masses and 2 sets of normal CBBCT images were selected and used for this study. All CBBCT images were first corrected for cupping artifacts. The corrected images were then processed to reduce their noise levels and form the denoised images. The corrected and denoised CBBCT images for normal breasts were then segmented into adipose and glandular voxels. The images for abnormal breasts were reviewed by mammographers with the help of clinical images and reports to delineate the tumor masses and form 3D tumor maps. Using these maps, the 3D tumor profiles were rescaled to average glandular signals around the insertion locations in normal images. The boundaries of the 3D rescaled tumor profiles were smoothed to avoid sharp edge. The resultant 3D tumor profiles were inserted onto cupping artifact corrected normal CBBCT images by replacing the signals in adipose voxels near the insertion locations. The cupping artifacts were then added back to generate the simulated abnormal CBBCT images. These images were then visually compared with actual abnormal images for their degree of realism. Results: Based on visual comparison, the simulated abnormal CBBCT images showed no significant difference in realism from actual abnormal CBBCT images.Conclusions: We have successfully demonstrated the technique to extract 3D tumor profiles from abnormal CBBCT images and insert them onto normal CBBCT images to form simulated abnormal images for use in observer performance study. This work was supported in part by grants CA104759, CA13852 and CA124585 from the NIH‐NCI, a research grant EB00117 from the NIH‐NIBIB, and a subcontract from NIST‐ATP.
A procedural theory of eye movements in doing arithmetic

Abstract A procedural theory of eye movement that accounts for main features of the stochastic behavior of eye-fixation durations and direction of movement of saccades in the process of solving arithmetic exercises of addition and subtraction is presented. The best-fitting distribution of fixation durations with a relatively simple theoretical justification consists of a mixture of an exponential distribution and the convolution of two exponential distributions. The eye movements themselves were found to approximate a random walk that fits rather closely in both adult and juvenile subjects the motion postulated by the normative algorithm ordinarily taught in schools. Certain structural features of addition and subtraction exercises, such as the number of columns, the presence or absence of a carry or a borrow, are well known to affect their difficulty. In this study, regressions on such structural variables were found to account for only a relatively small part of the variation in eye-fixation durations.
How Far to the Road Not Taken? The Effect of Psychological Distance on Counterfactual Direction

Upward and downward counterfactuals serve the distinct motivational functions of self-improvement and self-enhancement, respectively. Drawing on construal level theory, which contends that increasing psychological distance from an event leads people to focus on high-level, self-improvement versus low-level, self-enhancement goals, we propose that distance will alter counterfactual direction in a way that satisfies these distinct motives. We found that people generated more downward counterfactuals about recent versus distant past events, while they tended to generate more upward counterfactuals about distant versus recent past events (Experiment 1). Consistent results were obtained for social distance (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 demonstrated that distance affects the direction of open-ended counterfactual thoughts. Finally, Experiment 4 explored a potential mechanism, demonstrating that manipulating temporal distance produced changes in participants’ self-improvement versus self-enhancement motivations w...
High resolution scanning electron microscopy at the subcellular level.

SUMMARY Recently developed scanning electron microscopes provide sufficient resolution to allow useful observation of subcellular biological objects. Preparation methods for such objects need not be limited to the traditional coating and mounting procedures. Many methods developed for transmission electron microscopy are immediately adaptable to scanning electron microscopy. We show that a number of techniques are available to the microscopist which yield adequate contrast and high resolution. As examples we show skeletal muscle myofibrils dispersed to reveal thick filaments, uncoated on a thin carbon film; a tropomyosin tactoid, negatively stained with uranyl acetate; oncornavirus, conventionally coated; and T4 bacteriophage on an aluminium substrate.
The critical role of experience in the early development of multisensory perception

Human infancy is a time of rapid neural and behavioral development and multisensory perceptual skills emerge during this time. Both animal and human early deprivation studies have shown that experience contributes critically to the development of multisensory perception. Unfortunately, Bodison because the human deprivation studies have only studied adult responsiveness, little is known about the more immediate effects of early experience on multisensory development. Consequently, we have embarked on a program of research to investigate how early experience affects the development of multisensory perception in human infants. To do so, we have focused on multisensory perceptual narrowing, an experience-dependent process where initially broad perceptual tuning is narrowed to match the infant’s native environment. In this talk, I first review our work demonstrating that multisensory narrowing characterizes infants’ response to non-native (i.e., monkey) faces and voices, that the initially broad tuning is present at birth, that narrowing also occurs in the audiovisual speech domain, and that multisensory narrowing is an evolutionarily novel process. In the second part of the talk, I present findings from our most recent studies indicating that experience has a seemingly paradoxical effect on infant response to audio–visual synchrony, that experience narrows infant response to amodal language and intonational prosody cues, and that experience interacts with developmental changes in selective attention during the first year of life resulting in dramatic developmental shifts in human infants’ selective attention to the eyes and mouth of their interlocutors’ talking faces.
Transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA decreases in brain in response to glucocorticoid treatment of adrenalectomized rats

Abstract Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was cloned from a rat hippocampal cDNA library by differential screening as a mRNA that was decreased by corticosterone (CORT) treatment. CORT responses in adult brain were investigated using a cRNA probe directed against the region of the TGF-β1 transcript coding for the mature processed polypeptide. Hippocampal TGF-β1 mRNA decreased 30% in rats treated with CORT (10 mg/day for 4 days) compared with adrenalectomized (ADX) controls; GAP-43 mRNA did not change in replicate samples. Hippocampal TGF-β1 mRNA (2.5 kb) decreased 35 and 40% after 2 h of treatment with 1 and 10 mg CORT, respectively. The specific receptor agonist, RU 28362, decreased TGF-β1 mRNA in hippocampus to a greater extent than CORT, aldosterone, or dihydrotestosterone, indicating that the response is mediated by type II glucocorticoid receptors. TGF-β1 mRNA also decreased 20 to 50% in response to CORT in hypothalamus, cerebellum, striatum, and cortex, when compared with ADX controls. Finally, TGF-β1 mRNA in cortex increased 20% at 3 days post-ADX compared with intact controls, which were similar to CORT-replaced rats. These results suggest that TGF-β1-regulated actions in brain are subject to inhibitory control by glucocorticoids.
ULTRASOUND AND OTHER IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Various imaging modalities in the evaluation and treatment of critically injured patients are available. The advancement of technology enables the imaging to be rapidly performed in ICUs with portable equipment, thus eliminating the risks of transporting critically ill patients. Clinical applications of sonography have increased, and this can be a useful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill trauma patients. Surgeons are now performing more of these imaging and interventional procedures, but the learning curve is steep. Other modalities are also now portable, and images can be obtained expeditiously at the bedside in ICUs. Some of the technology is still under development, however, and its cost-effectiveness and efficacy need further study.
Measurement of neutron flux from a tokamak plasma device

Abstract A system has been developed for neutron flux measurements at the ORMAK tohamak device. This system allows measurement of the time-dependence of the neutron flux during a single shot of the device as well as the energy spectrum of the neutrons. Pulse shape discrimination techniques are used with a liquid scintillation counter (NE 213) to eliminate events in the detector due to gamma rays and X-rays generated in the plasma. Results are presented for the mode in which neutral deuterium is injected into a deuterium plasma.
Analysis of the epoxide of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its hydrolysis products by gas chromatography

Abstract Column chromatography and electron-capture gas chromatography have been applied to the separation and quantitative analysis of the K-region epoxide of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 5-hydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, and trans -5,6-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Deactivation of chromatographic alumina with water permitted quantitative elution of the three compounds. In a solution of acetone and water, the epoxide was hydrolyzed to the 5,6-diol, but none of the 5-hydroxy derivative was formed.
Therapeutic Approaches to Gastrointestinal Viral Infection of the Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Patient

Viral infection of the gastrointestinal tract following bone marrow transplantation in childhood continues to be an important clinical problem associated with significant morbidity. In addition to acute symptoms, gastrointestinal viral infection may potentially initiate graft-versus-host disease or lead to persistent symptoms related to alterations in gastrointestinal motility. Effective therapeutics for this problem are limited. In this review we consider the potential protective effects of probiotic and passive immune therapy. We also discuss the potential role of novel, anti-inflammatory biologic therapeutics that may decrease symptoms and prevent the onset and perpetuation of graft-versus-host disease.
Recent advances in active noise control

Recent progress in the field of active noise control is reviewed. The advent of the digital computer and subsequent speed and capacity improvements have made active noise control more practical and have encouraged rapid advancement in research. Several surveys of research have been done in the past, so emphasis is placed on the newest and most innovative research. In particular, the advancement of research on active noise control during the decade of the eighties is reviewed.
Simultaneous detection of analytes based on genetically engineered whole cell sensing systems

Abstract Sensing systems for the simultaneous detection of analytes utilizing whole cells provide efficient ways to develop analytical assay systems with reduced cost. In this work, a whole cell-based sensing system was developed for the simultaneous detection of two model analytes, β-lactose and l -arabinose, using genetically-designed bacteria. Two variants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), BFP2 and GFPuv, were used as the reporter protein for the detection of each analyte. The corresponding reporter genes were introduced into the bacteria in such a way that they can be co-expressed along with the other genes induced by the respective sugar. Each of these fluorescent proteins is expressed only in the presence of their respective analyte and their fluorescence emission can be monitored using the intact whole cell samples. By exciting the cells at 380 nm, emission for BFP2 and GFPuv can be collected at 440 and 509 nm, respectively. The fluorescence emission thus obtained can be correlated with the amount of sugars present in the sample. Calibration curves for β-lactose and l -arabinose were generated. It was observed that this system shows no significant response to other closely related sugars thus providing high selectivity for β-lactose and l -arabinose detection.
Analyzing perceptual organization in information graphics

We propose a new method for assessing the perceptual organization of information graphics, based on the premise that the visual structure of an image should match the structure of the data it is intended to convey. The core of our method is a new formal model of one type of perceptual structure, based on classical machine vision techniques for analyzing an image at multiple resolutions. The model takes as input an arbitrary grayscale image and returns a lattice structure describing the visual organization of the image. We show how this model captures several aspects of traditional design aesthetics, and we describe a software tool that implements the model to help designers analyze and refine visual displays. Our emphasis here is on demonstrating the model's potential as a design aid rather than as a description of human perception, but given its initial promise we propose a variety of ways in which the model could be extended and validated.
Hot-electron currents in very short channel MOSFET's

The behaviors of the hot-electron gate and substrate currents in very short channel devices were studied. For a test device with electrical channel length of 0.14 µm, the hot-electron substrate current can be detected at 0.9-V drain voltage which is lower than the silicon band gap. The gate current can be measured at 2.35-V drain voltage, which is lower than the oxide-silicon energy barrier for electrons. These measurements support the quasi-thermal-equilibrium approximation and suggest that the hot-electron-induced problems cannot be eliminated in future VLSI MOSFET's of arbitrarily short channels by reducing the drain bias below some constant critical energies. An empirical relationship between the effective electron temperature and the field is found to be T e = 9.05 × 10-3E.
Allocating the materials funds using total cost of materials

Abstract The need to reallocate the materials budget and cancel journal subscriptions has increased pressure on the library to develop criteria-based strategies for taking these actions. This article presents a formula-based plan for redistributing materials funds that uses data on program level and the price of materials available in each discipline.
The effect of diamide on amino acid transport by rat renal cortex slices

Abstract Diamide directly added to renal cortical slices inhibits the uptake of amino acids. Steady-state kinetic analysis indicates an inhibition of α-amino acid influx without effect on efflux. The effect could be reversed by addition of pyruvate to the incubation medium. Although there was a good correlation of the transport effect of diamide with its ability to decrease cellular reduced glutathione concentration, there did not appear to be a necessary connection between them. This was shown by the fact that renal cortical slices stored at 4°C have no alteration in amino acid uptake despite the fact that GSH concentration is as low as that seen with diamide. Diamide was shown to have a direct effect on the uptake of glycine by isolated renal brush border membrane vesicles.
Energy-modelled climb and climb-dash-the Kaiser technique

F. Kaiser's germinal 1944 report on his ''resultant-height'' concept, now known as energy modelling, is reviewed. The data base for the Me. 262 jet fighter is recreated via spline-lattice representation of specific excess power. Minimum-time and ''distance''-climb trajectories are generated in an attempt to check Kaiser's results. Agreement is good for the minimum-time calculations but only qualitative agreement is obtained for the mysterious ''distance climbs,'' whose documentation is fragmentary. The character of optimal climb-dash trajectories in energy approximation is examined and illustrated.
Digital Computer Methods for Water‐Quality Dataa

The digital computer is used on a routine basis in the ground-water program in Kansas for tasks ranging from the listing of water-quality data in tabular and publishable form to statistically and graphically analyzing a mass of data. In the past year a number of computer programs in FORTRAN IV have been developed by Charles O. Morgan and Jesse M. McNellis using an IBM-7040 computer to store, retrieve, and manipulate water-quality data. These programs: (1) Tabulate data at the rate of 40 chemical analyses of water per minute in a format similar to that found in the Kansas ground-water publications. (2) Perform necessary calculations and print Stiff diagrams at the rate of 30 per minute. (3) Perform necessary calculations and print Piper diagrams, including a square modification of the normally diamond-shaped cation-anion diagram, and trilinear diagrams of the cations and anions. The symbol representing the analyses located on the diagrams can be designated by either an analysis number or a geologic unit number. A cation-anion diagram showing the average chemical composition of water for an aquifer can also be printed. These diagrams for 50 analyses can be produced in 1.5 minutes. (4) Plot maps of 42 individual, combined, or calculated parameters obtained from the data cards. These maps can be plotted to any specified scale and for as many as 10 designated geologic units. Computer time involved for one map with 50 plotted points is 15 seconds. It is estimated that the use of these programs will save several man-months during a ground-water study, and the error inherent in the manual manipulation of data is greatly reduced. The present cost for running 50 analyses through the four water-quality programs on the computer is approximately $20.
SCHOOLS OF ACTIVITY AND INNOVATION

Explanations of artistic innovation have generally focused on political or psychological factors influencing individual socialization. This article suggests an alternative approach focusing on the ...
Ultrasonic determination of depletion flocculation in oil-in-water emulsions containing a non-ionic surfactant

The flocculation of emulsion droplets has been monitored using low intensity ultrasound. A series of 20 wt.% n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions (average droplet diameter d32 = 0.55 μm) containing different concentrations of free surfactant in the aqueous phase (0–12 wt.% polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) was prepared. Enhanced droplet creaming was observed at free surfactant concentrations greater than 7 wt.%, which was attributed to depletion flocculation caused by the exclusion of surfactant micelles from the narrow region separating droplets that are close together. The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient of the emulsions were measured at 20.0°C from 1–4 MHz. The ultrasonic measurements indicated that scattering of ultrasound by the emulsions decreased dramatically when droplets flocculated. Ultrasound therefore offers a sensitive tool for investigating the structure of concentrated and optically opaque emulsions.
Understanding and managing three-dimensional/four-dimensional model implementations at the project team level

This paper introduces an extant, theoretical, social-psychological model that explains the sense-making processes of project managers confronted with a new technology to improve our understanding of project-based innovation processes. The model represents the interlinked processes through which project managers decide to implement new technologies on their projects according to the outcomes of these sense-making processes. The paper validates the model against observations gathered in four case studies of technology implementation on construction projects. Doing so, it assesses the general usefulness of the model to explain the success of technology implementation dynamics in project teams. The paper also derives a number of management suggestions from the model: for example, project managers should focus squarely on the immediate benefits of the technology in improving work processes on the project instead of focusing on long-term strategic firm or industry benefits.
Dissociated patterns of nocturnal prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone secretion after stroke

The secretory activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is influenced by suprahypothalamic regulatory mechanisms. To evaluate the effect of brain lesions on hormonal patterns, we investigated eight patients convalescing from hemispheric stroke and five sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. Studies were conducted during two consecutive nights with continuous polygraphic recording and sequential blood sampling. Nocturnal plasma hormone measurements showed a normal rhythm of cortisol (a marker of ACTH), elevated prolactin concentrations (p less than 0.05) and low growth hormone values (p less than 0.05). The study suggests that major suprahypothalamic lesions influence hypothalamic function so as to facilitate prolactin secretion and inhibit growth hormone release. They have no effect on the more basic pattern of ACTH-cortisol secretion, however.
Hormone receptors in vestibular schwannomas.

The possibility that steroid hormones play a role in vestibular schwannoma proliferation has been suggested by a number of investigators. There is conflicting information about the presence of steroid hormone receptors in these tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of androgen, progesterone, glucocorticoid and estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels (mRNA) in twenty-one vestibular schwannomas by either Northern blot analysis or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
MECP2 mutations in Rett syndrome adversely affect lymphocyte growth, but do not affect imprinted gene expression in blood or brain

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). As female somatic cells are mosaic for expression of mutant MECP2, we performed single cell cloning of T lymphocytes from four RTT patients with MECP2 mutations to isolate cells expressing mutant MECP2. Mutant-expressing clones were present at a significantly lower frequency (P<0.0001) than wild-type clones. These results demonstrate that although MECP2 is not essential for lymphocyte growth, expression of the MECP2 mutation causes a growth disadvantage in cultured clonal T cells by reducing the response to mitogenic stimulation. Mutant MECP2 was expressed at normal transcript and protein levels, and exhibited no significant effect on acetylated histones or methyl-binding protein 3 (MBD3) levels. Since MeCP2 was predicted to silence transcription of methylated genes, we hypothesized that MeCP2 may be required for silencing imprinted or methylated gene expression. The allelic expression of three different imprinted genes (SNRPN, IPW and IGF2) was examined by RT-PCR and RFLP analysis, and demonstrated normal monoallelic expression of all RTT clones. We also examined the expression of five imprinted genes (SNRPN, IPW, NECDIN, H19 and IGF2) in RTT brain samples and observed exclusive monoallelic expression. Expression levels were also normal in MECP2 mutant-expressing T cells for IFNG, a non-imprinted, but methylated gene differentially expressed in T cells, and LINE-1 retrotransposons hypothesized to be silenced by MeCP2. The histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A did not alter SNRPN expression, but did reverse silencing of IFNG in a MECP2-mutant-expressing clone. In conclusion, our results do not support an essential role for either MeCP2 or HDAC in the silencing of several imprinted genes.
Comparison of two insulin protocols for diabetic dogs undergoing cataract surgery.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of two insulin doses to maintain an acceptable range of blood glucose concentrations (70-200 mg dL-1) in the peri-operative period in diabetic dogs. Animals Twenty-four diabetic dogs with a median weight of 20.6 kg and a median age of 8 years old. Methods The dogs were randomly assigned to receive either 25 or 100% of their normal insulin dose subcutaneously on the morning of surgery. The anesthetic and feeding protocols were standardized. On the day before surgery, venous blood was collected for measurement of β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein and urea nitrogen. On the day of surgery, blood glucose concentrations were measured prior to anesthesia, prior to the start of surgery, 1 and 2 hours after beginning of surgery, 1 hour after extubation, at 16 : 00 hours and at 20 : 00 hours. β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured at 20 : 00 hours that day. At 08 : 00 hours the following day, β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations were measured. The significance of differences between groups was tested with Wilcoxon's two-tailed rank-sum test, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results There were no differences in insulin treatments, clinical signs, concurrent diseases and most clinicopathological parameters between the two groups of dogs at entry to the study. The 25% dose group had blood glucose values of 296 (102-601) mg dL-1 at 16 : 00 hours and 429 (97-595) mg dL-1 at 20 : 00 hours on the day of surgery. The 100% insulin dose group had lower corresponding values of 130 (55-375) mg dL-1 (p = 0.04) and 185 (51-440) mg dL-1 (p = 0.004). No other differences (p < 0.05) were detected between the two groups. Conclusions The administration of a full dose of insulin is only marginally advantageous for reducing glucose to normal (70-120 mg dL-1) after anesthesia but neither dose consistently induced glycemic values in an acceptable range (70-200 mg dL-1) or normoketonemia. Clinical relevance Blood glucose should be measured immediately before anesthesia and periodically throughout the peri-operative period in all diabetic dogs because presurgical subcutaneous administration of 25 or 100% of the normal insulin dose resulted in unpredictable blood glucose concentrations.
Design of optical systems with both near-field and far-field system requirements

Abstract. The authors describe a simple technique for the generation of well-corrected optical designs with both far-field and near-field requirements. Several design examples illustrate the use of this technique and its range of applicability.
Design of electrically small, parasitic arrays for multiple bands

The possibility of multiple bands in electrically small, parasitic (Yagi) antenna arrays was explored. With a folded driver, and twisted, two-helical directors, where the maximum height of the elements is 0.096λ, two different bands were generated. The gain patterns at both bands are similar to that of two-element, conventional Yagi antenna.
The Absence of Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Certain Fungi in Culture1

Two problems in practical mycology are the inhibition of the growth of saprophytic fungi in cultures and a rapid, simple cultural method of differentiating between Microsporon audouini and Microsporon canis {lanosum), the organisms most often found in cases of tinea capitis. Leise and James (1,2) have, to a large extent, made easy the isolation of dermatophytes from saprophytes in mixed cultures by taking advantage of the fact that a medium of high alkalinity (initial pH of 10.5) inhibits saprophytic fungi and allows the dermatophytes to grow. While there are good methods for the cultural differentiation between the two species of Microsporon, there is still much to be desired in this direction.
Phase size/composition dependence in immiscible blends: Experimental and theoretical considerations

The influence of composition on phase size in immiscible polymer blends is examined both experimentally and theoretically. It was found for eight noncompatibilized blends, of widely varying particle size morphology, that a master curve of phase size versus log-relative composition could be obtained by shifting the data along the volume fraction axis. The magnitude of the shift factors (aϕ) correlates with the interfacial tension and viscosity ratio of the systems. The theoretical dependence of the master curve is proportional to ϕ + ϕ2 dependence as in Tokita's theory, but estimation of the coefficients to the ϕ and ϕ2 terms indicates that the influence of power and shear stress on breakdown of the dispersed phase is significantly overestimated by the theory. A master curve is also generated for four compatibilized blends and the dispersed phase sizes are significantly less dependent on composition.