cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can't shake that feeling: event-related fMRI assessment of sustained amygdala activity in response to emotional information in depressed individuals.

Abstract Background: Previous research suggests that depressed individuals engage in prolonged elaborative processing of emotional information. A computational neural network model of emotional information processing suggests this process involves sustained amygdala activity in response to processing negative features of information. This study examined whether brain activity in response to emotional stimuli was sustained in depressed individuals, even following subsequent distracting stimuli. Methods: Seven depressed and 10 never-depressed individuals were studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during alternating 15-sec emotional processing (valence identification) and nonemotional processing (Sternberg memory) trials. Amygdala regions were traced on high-resolution structural scans and co-registered to the functional data. The time course of activity in these areas during emotional and nonemotional processing trials was examined. Results: During emotional processing trials, never-depressed individuals displayed amygdalar responses to all stimuli, which decayed within 10 sec. In contrast, depressed individuals displayed sustained amygdala responses to negative words that lasted throughout the following nonemotional processing trials (25 sec later). The difference in sustained amygdala activity to negative and positive words was moderately related to self-reported rumination. Conclusions: Results suggest that depression is associated with sustained activity in brain areas responsible for coding emotional features.
Nuclear power and nuclear weapons: the connection is dangerous

At a time when the United States is reassessing its support of the International Atomic Energy Agency, it is important to examine the relationship between nuclear power and the spread of nuclear weapons. Following is the first of two articles; the second will appear in the February Bulletin.
An infrared spectroscopic study of carbon monoxide adsorbed on polycrystalline gold using the reflection-absorption technique

Abstract The Cz.sbnd;O stretching band is recorded for CO adsorbed on an evaporated gold film. This band appears at 2120 cm−1 for low coverage and shifts to 2115 cm−1 for maximum coverage. The reflection-absorption system produces a measurable band from as little as 1 20 of monolayer coverage of CO, using a standard spectrometer with no additional signal processing. From the band intensities adsorption isobars and isosteres are plotted. From the isosteres, heats of adsorption and entropy changes on adsorption are obtained for coverages ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 monolayer. The isosteric heat of adsorption for coverages from 0.1 to 0.6 averages 13.1 kcal mole . The difference between the gas phase entropy at 1 atm and the differential molar entropy of the adsorbed layer averages 26.3 cal mole ° C .
Closure to “Modulus of Soil Reaction ( E′ ) Values for Pipeline Design” by Jey K. Jeyapalan and Reynold Watkins

A closure to a discussion of an article with the aforementioned title, published in this journal (Volume 130, No. 1, January/February 2004), is presented. The closure, by W. David Carrier III, was published in the current issue. The authors respond to Carrier's discussion of engineering considerations of buried ductile iron pipe. The authors respond that the best practical design parameters for establishing what design criteria would govern the sectional properties of a pipe wall would be the pipe-soil stiffness ratio, rather than a qualitative distinction of whether the pipe is flexible or rigid. The authors also believe that sound engineering would always involve an efficient use of pipeline materials and the ground conditions by applying fundamental design principles.
An Event Counter with a Selectable Time Gate for Neurophysiological Applications

A low-cost TTL counter with a selectable time gate is described. A manual or an external trigger initiates the time-gated counting cycle. Included in the circuitry is a variable trigger delay and a test circuit that allows display of the clock signal. The counter has applications in neurophysiology including counting units for a predetermined time interval.
Validating a model of patient satisfaction with emergency care

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to validate a previously developed model of emergency department patient satisfaction in a general population using a standard mailed format. The study aims to export the findings of a comprehensive ED quality-of-care study to an easily measured patient population. Methods: A double-sided, single-page survey was mailed to all patients discharged home from 4 teaching hospital EDs during a 1-month period. Determinants of patient satisfaction were analyzed with a previously developed multivariate, ordinal logistic-regression model. Results: The mail survey response rate was 22.9% (2,373/10,381). The survey validates the importance of previously identified determinants of patient satisfaction, including age, help not received when needed, poor explanation of problem, not told about wait time, not told when to resume normal activity, poor explanation of test results, and not told when to return to the ED ( P P Conclusion: A patient satisfaction model was previously developed from a comprehensive research survey of ED care. We demonstrate the generalizability of this model to a mail survey population and replicate the finding that satisfaction strongly predicts willingness to return. The response rate of this study is typical of commercial patient-satisfaction surveys. The validated model suggests that ED patient satisfaction improvement efforts should focus on a limited number of modifiable and easily measured factors. [Sun BC, Adams JG, Burstin HR. Validating a model of patient satisfaction with emergency care. Ann Emerg Med. November 2001;38:527-532.]
B Cell Affinity Discrimination Requires Kinetic Proofreading

B cells signaling in response to antigen is proportional to antigen affinity, a process known as affinity discrimination. Recent research suggests that B cells can acquire antigen in membrane-bound form on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), with signaling being initiated within a few seconds of B cell/APC contact. During the earliest stages of B cell/APC contact, B cell receptors (BCRs) on protrusions of the B cell surface bind to antigen on the APC surface and form micro-clusters of 10-100 BCR/Antigen complexes. In this study, we use computational modeling to show that B cell affinity discrimination at the level of BCR-antigen micro-clusters requires a threshold antigen binding time, in a manner similar to kinetic proofreading. We find that if BCR molecules become signaling-capable immediately upon binding antigen, the loss in serial engagement due to the increase in bond lifetime as affinity increases results in a considerable decrease in signaling with increasing affinity. Adding a threshold antigen binding time for BCR to become signaling-capable favors high affinity BCR-antigen bonds, as these long-lived bonds can better fulfill the threshold time requirement than low-affinity bonds. A threshold antigen binding time of ∼10 seconds for BCR to become signaling-capable results in monotonically increasing signaling with affinity, replicating the affinity discrimination pattern observed in B cell activation experiments. This time matches well (within order of magnitude) with the experimentally observed time (∼ 20 seconds) required for the BCR signaling domains to undergo antigen and lipid raft-mediated conformational changes that lead to association with Syk.
A phase I trial of gemcitabine administered as a 96-h continuous intravenous infusion in patients with advanced carcinoma and lymphoma.

Preclinical data suggest gemcitabine may have schedule-dependent activity fovoring prolonged infusion. We sought to determine the recommended phase II dose (RPTD) and toxicity of gemcitabine when given as a continuous intravenous (CIVI) over 96 h. Gemcitabine was initially given at 1 mg/m2/d for 48, then, 72, and finally 96 h. The dose was then increased to 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/m2/d. Dose levels of 7, 8, 9 mg/m2/d as 96-h infusion were added later after a protocol modification. After identifying the RPTD using an every 3-wk schedule. we then evaluated the feasibility of repeating the infusion every 2 wk, and then weekly for 3 of 4 wk. Thirty-four patients with a variety of tumor types received a total of 126 cycles of therapy (median of 2 cycles, range 1–10 cycles). The RPTD, was 8 mg/m2/d every 3 wk, and 6 mg/m2/d every 2 wk. The most common grade 2 or higher toxicities at all dose levels (>- grade 2) included fever (n=14), dyspnea (n=7). mucositis (n=6), hypotension (n=6), nausea/vomiting (n=6), and fatigue (n=5). Neutropeni and/or thrombocytopenia were uncommon. A dministration of gemcitabine as a 96-h infusion results in a markedly different toxicity profile and RPTD than when given by a conventional 30-min infusion. The RPTD was 8 mg/m2/d (32 mg/m2/course) when given every 3 wk, or 6 mg/m2/d (24 mg/m2/course) when given every 2 wk.
Human CD1c+ dendritic cells drive the differentiation of CD103+ CD8+ mucosal effector T cells via the cytokine TGF-β

Summary In comparison to murine dendritic cells (DCs), less is known about the function of human DCs in tissues. Here, we analyzed, by using lung tissues from humans and humanized mice, the role of human CD1c + and CD141 + DCs in determining the type of CD8 + T cell immunity generated to live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine. We found that both lung DC subsets acquired influenza antigens in vivo and expanded specific cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in vitro. However, lung-tissue-resident CD1c + DCs, but not CD141 + DCs, were able to drive CD103 expression on CD8 + T cells and promoted CD8 + T cell accumulation in lung epithelia in vitro and in vivo. CD1c + DCs induction of CD103 expression was dependent on membrane-bound cytokine TGF-β1. Thus, CD1c + and CD141 + DCs generate CD8 + T cells with different properties, and CD1c + DCs specialize in the regulation of mucosal CD8 + T cells.
Dynamic variations in the expression of type I collagen and its molecular chaperone Hsp47 in cells of the mouse dental follicle during tooth eruption.

Abstract Tooth eruption is a precisely timed and sequenced event that brings the tooth from within bone into a functional position in the mouth. Every part of the developing tooth has been theoretically implicated as a primary factor in this process, but it now appears that eruption is multifactorial, with the dental follicle and type I collagen playing an important part. Immunological probes were used here to investigate in vivo and in vitro the temporal and spatial expression of type I collagen and its molecular chaperone Hsp47 in the dental follicle during eruption. Mandibles were dissected from 2-, 5-, 9- and 11-day-old neonatal mice and fixed in 95% ethanol overnight. Sections of 7 μm were obtained and reacted with antibodies directed against type I collagen. Dental follicles were isolated from 2-, 5-, 9- and 11-day-old neonates and cells were grown in culture for 8 days. Slides were then reacted with antibodies directed against type I collagen and Hsp47. The production of type I collagen and Hsp47 in the follicle varied with the stage of dental development and eruption. There was a progressive decrease of type I collagen in the coronal part of the follicle, leading to an arrest of its production in these areas. These findings support the notion that cells of the coronal portion of the dental follicle stop producing type I collagen as a prerequisite to the initiation of tooth eruption and that this phenotype persists in vitro .
A soybean lectin-GFP fusion labels the vacuoles in developing Arabidopsis thaliana embryos

We report the use of a derivative of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to directly label the plant vacuole in live, unfixed tissues of stably transformed transgenic plants. We used the developmentally regulated soybean seed lectin promoter and the 32 amino acids of the soybean lectin amino terminal signal sequence to create an in-frame fusion polypeptide with GFP (pLGFP5). This construct was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana by vacuum infiltration, and the transformed lines were characterized by DNA blotting and immunoblotting to detect the presence and expression of the GFP gene. GFP fluorescence was detected in the protein storage vacuoles of developing Arabidopsis embryos as imaged by fluorescence microscopy. Very little signal was detected in any other compartments including the cell wall. Thus, despite the absence of vacuolar sorting signals in GFP and other foreign proteins fused to the lectin sequence, the 32-amino-acid lectin signal sequence has general utility to direct foreign proteins to the protein storage vacuoles in seeds.
Dinuclear (d3−d3) Diolate Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten. 2.1 Derivatives of 2,2‘-Methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide). Direct Observation of the Conversion of Bridged to Chelate Isomers (M = Mo) and Reversible Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Oxidative Addition (M = W)

Hydrocarbon solutions of Mo2(NMe2)6 and 2,2‘-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) (≥2 equiv), HOCH2OH, yield Mo2(NMe2)2(OCH2O)2, I, which exists in bridged Ib and chelated Ic isomers. These ar...
Implementation of Automated Travel-Time Information and Public Reaction on Urban Highway Rehabilitation

Transportation agencies are becoming more aware of the seriousness of traffic delay caused by urban freeway rehabilitation and are experimenting with the use of intelligent transportation systems to control traffic demand in construction work zones (CWZ). This case study presents the process, evaluation, and public reaction to the implementation of an automated work zone information system (AWIS), as well as an Internet public outreach program, to mitigate traffic delays during the reconstruction of a section of Interstate-15 (I-15) near Devore in Southern California. The project consisted of a 4.5-km stretch of high traffic volume concrete pavement that was rebuilt during two 9-day closures (one for each direction) using continuous construction operations. The approach produced up to 18% reduction in peak-hour traffic demand through the CWZ, which reduced maximum delays from 90 to 50 min producing a $3.6 million benefit in potential road user cost savings. The intelligent systems also contributed to reversing initial public reluctance toward the accelerated rehabilitation approach. The study will help transportation agencies efficiently configure and operate AWIS in combination with public outreach for highway rehabilitation under high traffic volume.
Normal-ordered second-quantized Hamiltonian for molecular vibrations

A normal-ordered second-quantized form of the Hamiltonian is derived for quantum dynamics in a bound potential energy surface expressed as a Taylor series in an arbitrary set of orthogonal, delocalized coordinates centered at an arbitrary geometry. The constant, first-, and second-order excitation amplitudes of this Hamiltonian are identified as the ground-state energy, gradients, and frequencies, respectively, of the size-extensive vibrational self-consistent field (XVSCF) method or the self-consistent phonon method. They display the well-defined size dependence of V1 − n/2, where V is the volume and n is the number of coordinates associated with the amplitudes. It is used to rapidly derive the equations of XVSCF and vibrational many-body perturbation methods with the Moller–Plesset partitioning of the Hamiltonian.
Fractions of Percoll Eliminated Sperm: Increased Sperm Yield in Percoll Wash

Sperm preparation by Percoll is one of the most widely used techniques, but it has the disadvantage of producing a low final yield of motile sperm. This study compared the quality of Percoll-eliminated sperm with that of Percoll recovered sperm to determine if the profile of the Percoll preparation could be improved. Semen specimens were fractionated by discontinuous Percoll gradient column. This resulted in 4 sperm fractions: sperm retained in the semen (SRS), sperm clumped at the interface of 40 and 80% Percoll (SCI), sperm scattered in the column (SSC), and sperm-forming pellet, called Percoll-recovered sperm (PRS). The sperm fractions were evaluated for count, motility, viability, vitality, and morphology. The SRS exhibited the lowest motility, viability, and vitality (40, 68, and 64%, respectively), which were significantly different from those of SCI, SSC, and PRS. The motility, viability, and vitality differences between SSC and PRS did not reach a statistically significant level. Good motility (grades a and b) was found in SSC (73%) when compared with that of PRS (82%). The lower part of SSC and PRS exhibited identical sperm morphology. The Percoll sperm recovery was 18%, but if SSC is combined with PRS, the total recovery becomes 40%. These data suggest that the SSC fraction, particularly the lower part, which maintains the physical contact with the PRS, can be pooled together to increase the final sperm yield without compromising the quality of the sperm to be used for insemination.
Caballeros and Indians: Mexican American Whiteness, Hegemonic Mestizaje, and Ambivalent Indigeneity in Proto-Chicana/o Autobiographical Discourse, 1858–2008

In the spirit of a new people that is conscious not only of its proud historical heritage but also of the brutal gringo invasion of our territories, we, the Chicano inhabitants and civilizers of the northern land of Aztlan from whence came our forefathers, reclaiming the land of their birth and consecrating the determination of our people of the sun, declare that the call of our blood is our power, our responsibility, and our inevitable destiny. —Alurista
Bilayer disruption and liposome restructuring by a homologous series of small Arg-rich synthetic peptides.

The effects of a series of low molecular weight water-soluble cationic linear peptide analogs (LPAs, <1000 MW) with increasing hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance on lipid bilayer phase behavior and permeability were examined using liposomes composed of zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and mixed zwitterionic/anionic DPPC/dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) lipid bilayers. LPAs were synthesized using a previously reported alkyl linkage strategy as Arg-Cn-Arg-Cn-Lys, where Cn represents the saturated alkyl linkage separating the cationic residues (n = 4, 7, or 11) (Ye et al., 2007 [1]). Differential scanning calorimetry results show that the cationic LPAs bound to and disrupted DPPC and, to a greater extent, DPPC/DPPG phase behavior. When added to preformed unilamellar liposomes, the LPAs led to significant structural changes based on cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Coupling cryo-TEM with carboxyfluorescein leakage studies indicate that the LPAs induced permeabilization through bilayer expansion, which caused membrane thinning. The effects were inconsistent with increasing LPA hydrophobicity, which suggests that a cooperative effect between electrostatic binding and hydrophobic insertion determined the location of LPAs within the bilayer and their membrane activity. Our results for LPA-induced membrane disruption correlate with previous breast cancer cell uptake studies that showed minimal LPA-C4 uptake, but high LPA-C11 uptake through a non-endocytic mechanism.
Synthesis of an Iron Parent Amido Complex and a Comparison of Its Reactivity with the Ruthenium Analog

The iron amido complex (dmpe)2Fe(H)(NH2) (2; dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) has been prepared from the hydrido chloride complex using sodium amide in a liquid ammonia/THF solvent mixture. The complex is a mixture of trans and cis isomers in solution, although it crystallizes as the trans isomer exclusively. Complex 2 is a strong base, although somewhat weaker than the ruthenium amido complex trans-(dmpe)2Ru(H)(NH2) (1). Amido complex 2 deprotonates several weak acids, and some of these deprotonations result in displacement of ammonia, while others do not. The basicity of complex 2 is further demonstrated with systems in which acidic substrates are reversibly deprotonated. Complex 2 undergoes H/D exchange with toluene-d8, and it catalyzes H/D exchange between toluene-d8 and several other extremely weak acids. An investigation into the mechanism of the H/D exchange and isomerization reactions of trans-9,10-diisopropyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (trans-4) using 1, 2, and cis-(PMe3)4Ru(H)(NH2) (5) as ca...
Leishmania manipulates sandfly feeding to enhance its transmission

Malaria parasites manipulate mosquitoes to ensure transmission between mammalian hosts; painstaking experiments have now demonstrated that another medically important protozoan, Leishmania, enhances its transmission through the adaptive manipulation of one of its sandfly vectors, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Experimental Leishmania infections specifically increased sandfly biting persistence and feeding on multiple hosts, but only if the parasites produced infective forms and a gel plug of filamentous proteophosphoglycan in the anterior midgut of the sandfly. This fundamental research is relevant to vaccine development.
Oncogenes as markers for early detection of cancer

Oncogenes are formed in human tumors as a result of mutations or DNA rearrangements leading to the abnormal expression or function of proto-oncogenes. Approximately 20 different oncogenes are reproducibly activatd in malignancies of several types, including breast, colon, lung, pancreatic, and thyroid carcinomas, leukemias, and lymphomas. The potential utility of these oncogenes as markers for early detection of cancer is dependent on the stage of tumor development at which they are activated, and on whether the mutated oncogenes are readily distinguished from the corresponding proto-oncogenes by assays that are sufficiently sensitive to detect precancerous lesions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chronic fatigue, abuse-related traumatization, and psychiatric disorders in a community-based sample

The relationship between sexual and physical abuse history and negative health effects has been well-documented in medical facility samples. Few studies have examined the role of abuse history and its relationship with chronic fatigue and psychiatric disorders in a diverse, randomly selected community-based sample. The present study compared rates of different types of abuse events in individuals with chronic fatigue and non-symptomatic controls. Relationships between specific types of abuse and psychiatric disorders commonly associated with chronic fatigue were also explored. A stratified random sample of 18,675 adults residing in ethnically and socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Chicago first completed a telephone screening questionnaire. A control group and a group of individuals with chronic fatigue symptomatology were identified and administered a semi-structured psychiatric interview assessing DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders and a sexual and physical abuse history questionnaire. Controlling for sociodemographic differences, fatigue outcome was significantly predicted by childhood sexual abuse and the total number of different childhood abuse events. Within the chronic fatigue group, diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly predicted by childhood sexual abuse, childhood death threat, the total number of childhood abuse events, and lifetime abuse events. Sexual abuse during adolescence or adulthood significantly predicted other anxiety disorders among individuals with chronic fatigue. These findings suggest that a history of abuse, particularly during childhood, may play a role in the development and perpetuation of a wide range of disorders involving chronic fatigue. Among individuals with chronic fatigue, PTSD and other anxiety disorders appear to demonstrate the strongest association with abuse history. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Solving Witten's string field theory using the butterfly state

We solve the equation of motion of Witten's cubic open string field theory in a series expansion using the regulated butterfly state. The expansion parameter is given by the regularization parameter of the butterfly state, which can be taken to be arbitrarily small. Unlike the case of level truncation, the equation of motion can be solved for an arbitrary component of the Fock space up to a positive power of the expansion parameter. The energy density of the solution is well defined and remains finite even in the singular butterfly limit, and it gives approximately 68% of the D25-brane tension for the solution at the leading order. Moreover, it simultaneously solves the equation of motion of vacuum string field theory, providing support for the conjecture at this order. We further improve our ansatz by taking into account next-to-leading terms, and find two numerical solutions which give approximately 88% and 109%, respectively, of the D25-brane tension for the energy density. These values are interestingly close to those by level truncation at level 2 without gauge fixing studied by Rastelli and Zwiebach and by Ellwood and Taylor.
Optimisation and performance evaluation of mechanisms for latency tolerance in remote memory access communication on clusters

This paper describes the design and performance evaluation of the mechanisms for latency tolerance in the remote memory access communication on clusters equipped with high-performance networks such as Myrinet. It discusses strategies that bridge the gap between user-level requirements and network-specific communication interfaces while attempting to increase opportunities for latency hiding. Mechanisms for overlapping communication with computation and coalescing small messages (trading latency for bandwidth) are explored. The effectiveness of these techniques is evaluated using microbenchmarks and application kernels including the NAS parallel benchmark suite. The microbenchmark results showed a much better degree of overlap for non-blocking operations in ARMCI when compared with MPI. Application results showed up to 30 45% improvement over MPI on using non-blocking operations. The aggregation of small messages yielded performance improvement of up to 78% over non-aggregated communication.
Glucosinolate metabolism and its control

Glucosinolates and their associated degradation products have long been recognized for their distinctive benefits to human nutrition and plant defense. Because most of the structural genes of glucosinolate metabolism have been identified and functionally characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, current research increasingly focuses on questions related to the regulation of glucosinolate synthesis, distribution and degradation as well as to the feasibility of engineering customized glucosinolate profiles. Here, we highlight recent progress in glucosinolate research, with particular emphasis on the biosynthetic pathway and its metabolic relationships to auxin homeostasis. We further discuss emerging insight into the signaling networks and regulatory proteins that control glucosinolate accumulation during plant development and in response to environmental challenge.
Ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation

In the last decade, ensemble-based methods have been widely investigated and applied for data assimilation of flow problems associated with atmospheric physics and petroleum reservoir history matching. This paper focuses entirely on the reservoir history-matching problem. Among the ensemble-based methods, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is the most popular for history-matching applications. However, the recurrent simulation restarts required in the EnKF sequential data assimilation process may prevent the use of EnKF when the objective is to incorporate the history matching in an integrated geo-modeling workflow. In this situation, the ensemble smoother (ES) is a viable alternative. However, because ES computes a single global update, it may not result in acceptable data matches; therefore, the development of efficient iterative forms of ES is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose to assimilate the same data multiple times with an inflated measurement error covariance matrix in order to improve the results obtained by ES. This method is motivated by the equivalence between single and multiple data assimilation for the linear-Gaussian case. We test the proposed method for three synthetic reservoir history-matching problems. Our results show that the proposed method provides better data matches than those obtained with standard ES and EnKF, with a computational cost comparable with the computational cost of EnKF.
Unified approach to unconstrained minimization via basic matrix factorizations

Abstract Important classes of algorithms for unconstrained minimization, when applied to a quadratic with Hessian A, may be regarded as alternative ways to effect certain basic matrix factorizations of or with respect to A. This approach enables a unified presentation of many existing algorithms and suggests some new algorithms. Two basic underlying factorizations are of particular interest—tridiagonalization coupled with Cholesky factorization and the Gram-Schmidt or QR factorization.
Normative Misperceptions of Peer Seat Belt Use Among High School Students and Their Relationship to Personal Seat Belt Use

Objectives: This research examined gender-specific perceptions of peer seat belt use norms among high school students and their relationship with one's own seat belt use. We expected that students would underestimate the seat belt use of their peers and that these perceptions would be positively associated with their own seat belt use.Methods: High school students from 4 schools (N = 3348; 52% male) completed measures assessing perceived seat belt use and personal seat belt use.Results: Findings demonstrated that students perceived that others engaged in less seat belt use than they do and that perceived norms were positively associated with one's own seat belt use.Conclusions: Peer influences are a strong predictor of behavior, especially among adolescents. Ironically, adolescents’ behaviors are often influenced by inaccurate perceptions of their peers. This research establishes the presence of a misperception related to seat belt use and suggests that misperception is associated with own behaviors. This...
Use of antibodies to probe membrane glycoproteins associated with drug-resistant J774.2 cells

Abstract Three drug-resistant sublines of the murine macrophage-like cell line J774.2 were selected in vitro for their ability to grow in high concentrations of either taxol, vinblastine, or colchicine. Each contains a major plasma membrane glycoprotein (130–150 kDa), which is barely seen in the drug-sensitive parental cell line. Polyclonal antibodies, raised against the glycoproteins present in the colchicine- and vinblastine-resistant cells, were used to probe for relationships among the three glycoproteins. Our observations suggest that the glycoproteins from the different drug-resistant cell lines share many common domains but are not identical.
Computer-based visual communication in aphasia

Abstract The authors describe their recently developed Computer-aided VIsual Communication (C-VIC) system, and report results of single-subject experimental designs probing its use with five chronic, severely impaired aphasic individuals. Studies replicate earlier results obtained with a non- computerized system, demonstrate patient competence with the computer implementation, extend the system's utility, and identify promising areas of application. Results of the single-subject experimental designs clarify patients' learning, generalization, and retention patterns, and highlight areas of performance difficulties. Future directions for the project are indicated.
The Evidence-Based Group Worker

ABSTRACT This essay reflects on recent practice and educational trends contributing to the current impetus for consistent incorporation of evidence into practice. Evidence-based group work is defined as the conscientious and judicious use of evidence in current best practice. In operationalizing this definition, the evidence-based group worker (a) appraises critically systematically-collected evidence from all sources; (b) acquires knowledge through reading professional journals, attending conferences and presentations, and writing/presenting knowledge that he/she develops; (c) evaluates the outcomes of practice, using consistent methods; (d) implements models, either existing or developed by the practitioner, consistently and rationally; (e) attends to the impact of individual differences in making evidence-based practice decisions; and (f) incorporates evidence in understanding group process, leadership, and development. These principles lead to four behaviors associated with being an evidence-based gro...
Testing an object file theory of object correspondence across saccades

230 219 309 292 Correct Position Correct Color How does the visual system establish correspondence between objects visible on separate fixations? Object file theory (Kahneman et al., 1992) proposes that objects are represented as a spatial index, with object property information bound to the index. In this view, object correspondence across disruptions such as saccades is established by position consistency (spatiotemporal continuity) without reference to an object’s visual properties. However, Hollingworth et al. (submitted) recently found that object correspondence across saccades can be driven by memory for an object’s shape or color. In the present study, we placed position and object property information at odds to investigate the primary determinant of object correspondence across saccades.
Thermal energy charge transfer reactions involving CH4 and SiH4. Lack of evidence for non-spiralling collisions☆

Abstract Rate constants for reaction of a number of thermal ions with methane and silane have been determined. It is demonstrated that within experimental error none of the reactant pairs undergoes a charge transfer reaction with a rate constant higher than the estimated collision rate constant. It is concluded that there is no evidence for the occurrence of charge transfer reactions of thermal ions by an “electron jump” mechanism involving non-spiralling ion-molecule collisions in which no momentum is transferred.
Community dynamics of the benthic fauna in a woodland springbrook

The benthic macrofauna of a woodland springbrook, Morgan's Creek, Kentucky, was studied between February 1963 and September 1964 at eight collecting sites. The basic habitat type of the stream is a rubble-riffle complex. Four stations (III, IV, VI, and VII) were located in riffle sections at different points along the stream and additional stations were established at the spring source (I), a cascade area (II), a pool (V), and a reach at the mouth of the stream (VIII).
The metabolic syndrome: an emerging health epidemic in women

The metabolic syndrome is a compilation of factors characterized by insulin resistance and the identification of 3 of the 5 criteria of abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting plasma glucose. According to census data from 2000, these criteria have lead to the diagnosis of approximately 47 million Americans with the metabolic syndrome, correlating with the 61% increase in the incidence of obesity between 1991 and 2000. Insulin resistance occurs when target tissues cannot respond properly to normal concentrations of insulin. The results are hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and eventually coronary artery disease. Treatment involves lifestyle modification, including diet and exercise, to treat obesity and prevent the development of diabetes. Patients who meet the criteria for the metabolic syndrome may also be treated with insulin-sparing and insulin-sensitizing medications that help to improve endothelial function, vascular reactivity, and vascular inflammation. Ultimately, treatment goals are to prevent cardiovascular disease by both altering the risk factors that are components of the syndrome, and treating the lifestyle issues inherent to the disease process, such as caloric restriction and increased physical activity. There are 2 million more women than men in the United States categorized as being obese, with the trend of obesity and diabetes increasing. In the last decade there has been a 74% increase in obesity, mostly in women. This epidemic needs to be understood and managed to prevent further morbidity and mortality owing to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
LINGUISTIC THEORY AND THE REAL WORLD1

Traditionally, applied linguists have looked to theoretical linguistics for help, and not vice versa, and they haven't found much enlightenment. Recent work by theoretical linguists on the interaction between language use and real world phenomena may begin to change this situation. Language teachers have realized that some aspects of language are harder to teach than others: the use of particles like “well,” hedges like “sort of,” and “I guess,” sex link uses of various sorts, and forms marking levels of politeness. Although analogues are found between languages, exact parallelism between a form and its function in two languages seldom exists. Theoretical linguistics is becoming able to formalize the properties of this area of language use. Its discoveries could aid teachers in explaining the uses of these forms. Conversely, there is much not yet understood by theory. For one thing, we don't know which of the properties of these forms are universal. Applied linguists know where second-language learners make mistakes and what kind of errors they make. The nature of these errors should prove a diagnostic aid to theorists, showing what is common to all languages and what is not. Thus, in this area as in many others, progress can best be made by theoretical and applied linguists if they will work together as equal partners.
Seeing and hearing a word: combining eye and ear is more efficient than combining the parts of a word.

To understand why human sensitivity for complex objects is so low, we study how word identification combines eye and ear or parts of a word (features, letters, syllables). Our observers identify printed and spoken words presented concurrently or separately. When researchers measure threshold (energy of the faintest visible or audible signal) they may report either sensitivity (one over the human threshold) or efficiency (ratio of the best possible threshold to the human threshold). When the best possible algorithm identifies an object (like a word) in noise, its threshold is independent of how many parts the object has. But, with human observers, efficiency depends on the task. In some tasks, human observers combine parts efficiently, needing hardly more energy to identify an object with more parts. In other tasks, they combine inefficiently, needing energy nearly proportional to the number of parts, over a 60∶1 range. Whether presented to eye or ear, efficiency for detecting a short sinusoid (tone or grating) with few features is a substantial 20%, while efficiency for identifying a word with many features is merely 1%. Why? We show that the low human sensitivity for words is a cost of combining their many parts. We report a dichotomy between inefficient combining of adjacent features and efficient combining across senses. Joining our results with a survey of the cue-combination literature reveals that cues combine efficiently only if they are perceived as aspects of the same object. Observers give different names to adjacent letters in a word, and combine them inefficiently. Observers give the same name to a word’s image and sound, and combine them efficiently. The brain’s machinery optimally combines only cues that are perceived as originating from the same object. Presumably such cues each find their own way through the brain to arrive at the same object representation.
Traditional and Emerging Definitions of Educational Evaluation.

Reviews of evaluation literature reveal considerable variance in the conceptual frame works and procedures utilized by evaluators. This disparity can be traced to the lack of a unified undergirding theory of evaluatton. Traditional and emerging definitions of educational evaluation are reviewed followed by presentation of a value-oriented conceptualization of evaluation which synthesizes the ideas of many contemporary evaluation researchers with the earlier notions of educator John Dewey. This concep tualization is offered as an initial attempt to elucidate an adequate underlying theoretical basis for evaluative inquiry. A discussion of the advantages and implications of this value-oriented perspective is presented.
Fractionation and purification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B by electrofocusing.

Abstract Electrofocusing fractionation of purified Staphylococcus enterotoxin B was performed utilizing pH 7–9, 7–10, and 9.0–9.5 ampholine—sucrose gradients. On the pH 7–10 focusing experiments, four physically distinct, but antigenically similar entities were isolated. The major component (isoionic point pH 9.4 at 4°C) was refocused and found to be stable.
Gastro-intestinal manifestations of heart disease

1. Gastro-intestinal manifestations were noted in 10% of cardiac patients. 2. Pain, distress, or fullness in the epigastric region, over the entire abdomen, or in the right upper quadrant were the most common complaints and occurred either previous to or at the same time as the important cardiac symptoms. 3. Early gastro-intestinal manifestations of heart disease were belching, obstipation, and flatulence, but they were far less frequent in occurrence. 4. All of the gastro-intestinal manifestations were usually unrelenting in character and persisted until the cardiac condition was relieved. 5. Combined gastro-intestinal and heart disease may occur but it is uncommon; only three patients in this series had both conditions present at the same time.
Tablet Computer Use by Medical Students in the United States

The value of tablet computer use in education is an area of considerable interest. Preliminary investigations shows that medical students feel that tablet computers were a positive addition to the preclinical curriculum. To better understand how and why medical students use tablet computers, we conducted an online survey of medical students in the United States This study shows frequent tablet computer use by medical students. Students in clinical years of medical school are the most frequent users of tablet computers. The high frequency of tablet computer use suggest that this may be an important area for medical educators to explore.
A variable, circular‐arc rule; An aid in constructing stereographic projections

A drafting instrument which provides a ruling edge for drawing arcs of circles the radii of which are unusually long is described. A complete range of arcs of different curvature, within the limits prescribed by the construction of the instrument, are obtainable. This instrument was developed originally to allow accurate construction of circular arcs of very low curvature, which are difficult or impossible to draw with an ordinary compass, in constructing stereographic projections. It is apparent, of course, that numerous other applications are possible. To satisfy the authors' needs, a relatively small model was constructed, but the same general construction could be used in larger models.
Some Fundamental Laws of Language Learning

The author stresses the importance of defining language, analyzing how it functions and studying analogies between linguistic activities and impressions in native and foreign tongues.)
Chlorine isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes by anaerobic bacteria.

Chlorine isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) to cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) by anaerobic bacteria was investigated. The changes in the 37Cl/35Cl ratio observed during the one-step reaction (TCE to cDCE) can be explained by the regioselective elimination of chlorine accompanied by the Rayleigh fractionation. The fractionation factors (α) of the TCE dechlorination by three kinds of anaerobic cultures were approximately 0.994−0.995 at 30 °C. The enrichment of 37Cl in the organic chlorine during the two-step reaction (PCE to cDCE) can be explained by the random elimination of one chlorine atom in the PCE molecule followed by the regioselective elimination of one chlorine atom in the TCE molecule. The fractionation factors for the first step of the PCE dechlorination with three kinds of anaerobic cultures were estimated to be 0.987−0.991 at 30 °C using a mathematical model. Isotope fractionation during the first step would be the primary ...
Chew-Low Formalism for Two Interactions

An extension of the method of Chew and Low is developed for interacting boson-fermion systems for which a portion (H1) of the interaction can be treated exactly and is included in the zero-order problem. It is applied to the scalar pair term of meson theory.
Comparison of methods for the assessment of central nervous system stimulant response after dextroamphetamine administration to healthy male volunteers

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate a series of potential pharmacodynamic measures of central nervous system stimulation, including quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroendocrine, mood, and psychomotor performance measures. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the measures were compared. The study was conducted in two parts. The first part investigated the interindividual and intraindividual variability associated with a series of potential pharmacologic response measures under baseline (i.e., drug-free) conditions. It was an open-label, three-period pilot study in which healthy male volunteers underwent a series of tests (EEG, a visual continuous performance task, a finger tapping task, and self-rated mood scales) repeatedly during each study period. The second part evaluated the sensitivity of a series of potential response measures to detect the effects of dextroamphetamine, and was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period crossover study in nine healthy male volunteers. Subjects received 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of dextroamphetamine or placebo orally and underwent the same series of tests as in Part I in addition to blood collection for determination of serum prolactin and dextroamphetamine levels. Peripheral response to dextroamphetamine was assessed by heart rate and blood pressure measurement. The greatest variability among days, within days, and among participants was associated with the quantitative electroencephalographic parameters studied. First-session effects were apparent for several of the tests, including EEG. Consistent response on EEG (increased alpha power) to dextroamphetamine was observed only in the three subjects who had a baseline alpha activity greater than 35%. Serum prolactin levels were inversely associated with the amount of dextroamphetamine administered, with the largest decrease in serum prolactin levels observed after the 5-mg dose, and this finding was statistically significant. Mood scales showed that three of nine participants experienced dysphoria after at least one dose level of dextroamphetamine. The effect on mood was generally greater as the dose increased. Doses could not be distinguished based on the results of the performance tests. Serum prolactin concentration was the most sensitive measure of central nervous system stimulation on EEG produced by dextroamphetamine under these study conditions. Cardiovascular measures were more sensitive measures of dextroamphetamine effects than the central nervous system measures.
Liquid Crystal Fiberoptic Temperature Probe for the Measurement of Electromagnetic Power Absorption in Tissue

A temperature probe has been constructed which uses liquid crystals as a temperature-sensitive sensor and fiberoptic to transmit light to and from the sensor. Since the probe is completely nonmetallic, it is ideal for making temperature measurements in tissue subjected to electromagnetic radiation. The probe can measure temperature differences to within 0.1/spl deg/C accuracy.