cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic interface pressure between seated users and their wheelchairs

Abstract Little is known about the dynamic pressure distribution changes that take place on the sitting surface of a wheelchair while one propels oneself on a level surface. An understanding of these dynamic pressure changes may influence the design of wheelchair seat cushions to minimize pressure sores in wheelchair users. This research investigated the dynamic interfacial pressure changes on the seated wheelchair user during short bursts of locomotion on a level surface. The pilot project included only able-bodied subjects who sat in sling-seat wheelchairs. Pneumatic bladders arranged in a flexible grid matrix (50 elements covering a 7.5″ × 15″ area) were instrumented with miniature piezoresistive pressure transducers and placed between the user and the wheelchair seat. One half of the subject/seat interface was instrumented: one-half-inch-thick foam covered the remaining half of the seat. Dynamic pressure distribution in the left and right halves was measured in separate trials for every subject. Each sensor element was sampled 10 times per second during the time it took the subject to traverse approximately 25 feet from start to stop. A trial lasted 5.6 seconds on average. The greatest shift in center of pressure observed for any trial was 3.15 inches. The lowest, static, and highest average pressures obtained were 14.2 mmHg, 27.8 mmHg, and 36.5 mmHg, respectively. The lowest, static, and highest maximum pressures were 42.0 mmHg, 135.0 mmHg, and 178.8 mmHg, respectively. There was no significant difference in location between the lowest and highest maximum pressures. The sizes of the buttock area in which pressure exceeded 35 mmHg were determined for smallest area, static, and largest area conditions. These were 2.25 sq.in., 27.0 sq.in, and 47.25 sq.in., respectievly.
Partial liquid ventilation and nitric oxide in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract Purpose: In congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) there is immature lung development with a resulting clinical picture of pulmonary hypoplasia, surfactant deficiency, and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypoplasia and surfactant deficiency both have been successfully treated using partial liquid ventilation (PLV). Pulmonary hypertension associated with CDH has proven difficult to treat, but inhaled nitric oxide, which is a potent highly selective pulmonary vasodilator, may have potential. The aim of this study was to assess PLV in CDH and to document the effect of nitric oxide when administered through perfluorocarbon. Methods: This study using the lamb CDH model consisted of two groups; a conventional mechanically ventilated (CMV) group and a PLV group. At 1 and 3 hours, nitric oxide (80 ppm) was given for 15 minutes. Data collected included blood gases, pulmonary function tests, pulmonary and systemic blood pressure. Results: After 30 minutes of ventilation, blood gases in the PLV group were all significantly improved ( P CO 2 , CMV 139 ± 26 mmHg versus PLV 52 ± 11 mmHg; P O 2 , CMV 26 ± 15 mmHg versus PLV 184 ± 60 mmHg. In addition, there was a significant increase in dynamic compliance and a reduction in pulmonary hypertension. Nitric oxide was only efficacious in the PLV group, causing a further increase in oxygenation and a decrease in pulmonary hypertension. These effects were reversed when the nitric oxide was stopped. Conclusion: This study shows that PLV both improves gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in CDH and allows the effective delivery of nitric oxide to reduce the pulmonary hypertension associated with CDH.
Caprolactam and benzoin: tests for induction of chromosome aberrations and SCEs in mouse bone marrow

CAP and ZOIN were tested in vivo for their ability to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells. Single intraperitoneal injections of ZOIN to a maximum of 3000 mg/kg body weight failed to increase the number of SCEs in metaphases recovered 24 h post-treatment, and doses of 1500 mg/kg did not induce measurable increases in chromosome-aberration levels among first-division metaphases at 18 h. Similarly, neither endpoint showed a significant increase following near-lethal doses of 700 mg/kg of CAP. Two lower doses of each chemical were also ineffective. Under the in vivo conditions of our test system, both chemicals were cytogenetically inactive.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Population Divergence and Resistance to Oxidative Stress in Clinical, Domesticated and Wild Isolates

Background: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been associated with human life for millennia in the brewery and bakery. Recently it has been recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen. To study the evolutionary history of S. cerevisiae, the origin of clinical isolates and the importance of a virulence-associated trait, population genetics and phenotypic assays have been applied to an ecologically diverse set of 103 strains isolated from clinics, breweries, vineyards, fruits, soil, commercial supplements and insect guts. Methodology/Principal Findings: DNA sequence data from five nuclear DNA loci were analyzed for population structure and haplotype distribution. Additionally, all strains were tested for survival of oxidative stress, a trait associated with microbial pathogenicity. DNA sequence analyses identified three genetic subgroups within the recombining S. cerevisiae strains that are associated with ecology, geography and virulence. Shared alleles suggest that the clinical isolates contain genetic contribution from the fruit isolates. Clinical and fruit isolates exhibit high levels of recombination, unlike the genetically homogenous soil isolates in which no recombination was detected. However, clinical and soil isolates were more resistant to oxidative stress than any other population, suggesting a correlation between survival in oxidative stress and yeast pathogenicity. Conclusions/Significance: Population genetic analyses of S. cerevisiae delineated three distinct groups, comprising primarily the (i) human-associated brewery and vineyard strains, (ii) clinical and fruit isolates (iii) and wild soil isolates from eastern U.S. The interactions between S. cerevisiae and humans potentiate yeast evolution and the development of genetically, ecologically and geographically divergent groups.
The kinetics of codon-anticodon interaction in yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA.

Temperature-jump kinetic studies have been done on the binding of U-U-C and U-U-C-A to yeast tRNA Phe . The fluorescence of the Y base was used to follow the kinetics. The data show that the rate of formation of the U-U-C complex ( k r =2×10 5 m −1 s −1 ) is about ten times slower than that found for complementary oligonucleotides. The rate of formation of the U-U-C-A complex ( k r =2×10 7 m −1 s −1 ) is about 100 times faster than the U-U-C complex. This can be explained by a difference in kinetic mechanisms. The rate of dissociation of both complexes ( k d ∼100 s −1 at 0°C) is about three ordors of magnitude smaller than expected. The differences in kinetics from model oligonucleotides are all in the entropies of activation; the enthalpies of activation are the same. Fluorescence-detected circular dichroism measurements of yeast tRNA Phe show that the circular dichroism of the Y nucleotide decreases on binding U-U-C and U-U-C-A. The data suggest that the anticodon loop is flexible and changes conformation on binding the codon.
Influence of high magnetic fields on the low temperature heat capacity of the itinerant electron ferromagnet Sc3In

Abstract The low temperature (1.3–20 K) heat capacity of the weak itinerant electron ferromagnet Sc3In was measured in magnetic fields up to 10 T. The measurements were made on three different samples containing 24.1, 24.3 and 24.4 at.% In with Curie temperatures at H = 0 of 5.5, 6.0 and 6.3 K, respectively. The heat capacity peak at Tc becomes smaller with increasing fields and at 9.98 T the magnetic entropies are only 11 to 19% of the zero field value. Above Tc the spin fluctuation contribution to heat capacity, which is enhanced by the magnetic field at low fields (
Packaging Woman: The Concurrent Rise of Beauty Pageants, Public Bathing, and Other Performances of Female “Nudity”

En examinant la censure associee aux exhibitions publiques du corps feminin a travers les costumes de bain ou les revues legeres, cet article met en evidence les questions complexes posees a la societe americaine de la fin du siecle dernier aux annees 1920 en termes d'image de la femme, de loisir, de morale et de droit. La position adoptee ici est que les deux formes de censure ont abouti a une legitimation ritualisee de la representation publique du corps feminin denude a travers le concours de beaute
Determination of CN internuclear distances by rotational-echo double-resonance NMR of solids

Abstract Rotational-echo, double-resonance (REDOR) 15 N 13 C NMR has been performed on an alanine cocrystallized from five-component alanines, isotopically enriched in 13 C, 15 N, or 12 C. REDOR 15 N 13 C NMR involves the dephasing of carbon magnetization by 15 N 180° pulses synchronized with magic-angle spinning. The CN dipolar coupling determines the extent of dephasing. The results of these experiments on alanine show that it is practical to use REDOR to measure the CN dipolar coupling of 5 μmol of a 13 C 15 N-labeled pair having an Internuclear separation of the order of 4.5 A.
Experimental Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Functional Alteration of the Developing Hippocampus

It is estimated that ∼1.5 million Americans suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year, of which ∼80% are considered mild injuries. Because symptoms caused by mild TBI last less than half an ...
Demo of the Generic Smart Alarm: a framework for the design, analysis, and implementation of smart alarms and other clinical decision support systems

Cheap and energy efficient wireless technologies have the potential to usher in an era of pervasive and ubiquitous patient monitoring. Some applications which could take advantage of pervasive monitoring are smart alarms and clinical decision support (CDS) systems. We demonstrate the Generic Smart Alarm (GSA), a framework for the design, analysis, and implementation of smart alarm or CDS systems. We will show how the a GSA can be used to adapt a smart alarm for specific patient populations as well as how a smart alarm can be tailored to the performance characteristics of a specific networking platform.
Cold-induced corneal edema in patients with trigeminal nerve dysfunction.

Two previous cases of cold-induced corneal edema have been reported in patients with corneal anesthesia secondary to a trigeminal nerve disorder. We studied six patients with complete unilateral corneal anesthesia after trigeminal ablation. Subjects' eyes were exposed to 4 C air from a fan for one hour. We measured corneal thickness, corneal surface temperature, and endothelial permeability to fluorescein. During cold exposure, two of the six study eyes exhibited reversible corneal swelling (11% and 26% over baseline value). All anesthetic corneas were consistently colder (13.8 +/- 0.7 C) than the contralateral corneas (21.0 +/- 1.7 C, P = .001). Baseline endothelial permeability and aqueous humor flow rates were similar in both the study and control groups. After cold exposure, the study eyes had a significant transient increase in permeability compared to the controls (7.5 +/- 2.4 x 10(-4) cm/min vs 2.9 +/- 1.4 x 10(-4) cm/min, P = .007). Baseline endothelial photomicrographs also showed increased pleomorphism (fewer hexagonal cells) in the anesthetic corneas. These data suggest that sensory denervation of the eye influences ocular temperature regulation and corneal endothelial cell morphologic characteristics. Some anesthetic corneas are prone to cold-induced edema, which may result from excessive cooling.
The Dynamics of Ascent-Forced Orographic Convection in the Tropics: Results from Dominica*

The mountainousCaribbeanisland of Dominica was chosen as a natural laboratory for studyingorographic convection in the tropics. Here, the authors focus on a prototypical case study, taken from the Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) field campaign in the spring of 2011. Airborne measurements and high-resolution numerical experiments are used to examine the mesoscale dynamics of moist airflow over Dominica and its relationship to convection, turbulence, and rainfall. Upwind of the island, there is minimal lateral deflection or lifting of the flow, largely because of latent heat release in the overisland convection. Over the terrain, forced ascent leads to rapid development of moist convection, buoyancy-generated turbulence, and rainfall. Although this convection produces sporadic bursts ofheavyrainfall,itdoesnotappeartoenhancethetime-meanrainfall.Overtheleeslopes,adryplungingflow produces anisotropic shear-generated turbulence and strong low-level winds while quickly dissipating convection and rainfall. In the wake, low-level air is decelerated, both by turbulence in the plunging flow and by frictional drag over the island. Low-level wake air is also dried and warmed, primarily by turbulent vertical mixing and regional descent, both associated with the downslope flow. Rainfall and latent heating play only a secondary role in warming and drying the wake.
A Review of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer With Artificial Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are useful for the prediction and control of complex systems in which it is difficult or impossible to do so from first principles. This is particularly true for many thermal systems due to the presence of complex fluid mechanics like turbulence or two-phase flows, lack of knowledge of exact material properties, complex geometries, etc. The applications of ANNs to thermal systems in general has been reviewed before by the present authors (Sen and Yang, 1999). As a continuation of this, there is a growing body of recent work related to multiphase flow and heat transfer which is the subject of this review. There are several areas of applications in multiphase flow and heat transfer to which ANN techniques have been applied. Roughly speaking they may be classified in the following manner: two-phase flow in pipes including flow regime identification in pipes and heat transfer in two-phase flows; multiphase flows and heat transfer in columns, towers, packed beds and other fluid-particle systems; heat transfer in evaporators; boiling heat transfer in liquid mixtures; heat transfer in manufacturing processes; and thermal processing of food. There is a detailed list of references that can be used for further information.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Monoclonal T-Cell Proliferation and Plaque Instability in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background—Unstable angina (UA) is associated with systemic inflammation and with expansion of interferon-γ–producing T lymphocytes. The cause of T-cell activation and the precise role of activated T cells in plaque instability are not understood. Methods and Results—Peripheral blood T cells from 34 patients with stable angina and 34 patients with UA were compared for the distribution of functional T-cell subsets by flow cytometric analysis. Clonality within the T-cell compartment was identified by T-cell receptor spectrotyping and subsequent sequencing. Tissue-infiltrating T cells were examined in extracts from coronary arteries containing stable or unstable plaque. The subset of CD4+CD28null T cells was expanded in patients with UA and infrequent in patients with stable angina (median frequencies: 10.8% versus 1.5%, P<0.001). CD4+CD28null T cells included a large monoclonal population, with 59 clonotypes isolated from 20 UA patients. T-cell clonotypes from different UA patients used antigen receptors wi...
The dynamics of development and evolution: Insights from behavioral embryology

The perspective that features of species-typical behavior could be traced to experience that occurred prenatally was raised by Zing-Yang Kuo [1921 Journal of Philosophy 18: 645-664] early in the last century and Gilbert Gottlieb subsequently elaborated on and provided empirical support for this idea over the course of more than four decades of innovative psychobiological research. Although we are still a long way from fully understanding the specific pathways and processes by which prenatal experience can influence postnatal development, Gottlieb's research with precocial birds provided significant insights into the conditions and experiences of prenatal development involved in the achievement of species-typical perception and behavior. In particular, his elegant series of studies on the development of species identification in ducklings documented how the features and patterns of recurring prenatal sensory experience (including self-stimulation) guide and constrain the young individual's selective attention, perception, learning, and memory during both prenatal and postnatal periods. I review how this body of research supports the view that the structure and functions of the developing organism and its developmental ecology together form a relationship of mutual influence on the emergence, maintenance, and transformation of species-typical behavior. I also explore how Gottlieb's empirical demonstrations of the prenatal roots of so-called "instinctive" behavior provided a foundation for his conceptual efforts to define the links between developmental and evolutionary change.
Impact properties of irradiated HT9 from the fuel duct of FFTF

Abstract This paper reports Charpy impact test data for the ACO-3 duct material (HT9) from the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) and its archive material. Irradiation doses for the specimens were in the range of 3–148 dpa and irradiation temperatures in the range of 378–504 °C. The impact tests were performed for the small V-notched Charpy specimens with dimensions of 3 × 4 × 27 mm at an impact speed of 3.2 m/s in a 25 J capacity machine. Irradiation lowered the upper-shelf energy (USE) and increased the transition temperatures significantly. The shift of ductile–brittle transition temperatures (ΔDBTT) was greater after relatively low temperature irradiation. The USE values were in the range of 5.5–6.7 J before irradiation and decreased to the range of 2–5 J after irradiation. Lower USEs were measured for lower irradiation temperatures and specimens with T-L orientation. The dose dependences of transition temperature and USE were not significant because of the radiation effect on impact behavior nearly saturated at the lowest dose of about 3 dpa. A comparison showed that the lateral expansion of specimens showed a linear correlation with absorbed impact energy, but with large scatter in the results. Size effect was also discussed to clarify the differences in the impact property data from subsize and standard specimens as well as to provide a basis for comparison of data from different specimens. The USE and ΔDBTT data from different studies were compared.
Ferrite/piezoelectric microwave phase shifter: studies on electric field tunability

A 1-10 GHz magnetostatic wave (MSW) phase shifter that uses a single crystal yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and lead zirconium titanate (PZT) layered structure as a medium for MSW propagation is studied. The structure provides electric field control of the phase shift due to magnetoelectric interaction at the YIG-PZT interface. Phase shifts of the order of a radian have been obtained for nominal electric fields.
Quantitative Photochemistry of Cp‘Pt(CH3)3 (Cp‘ = η5-C5H4CH3) in Solution: A Highly Efficient Organometallic Photoinitiator for Hydrosilylation

The quantitative photochemistry of the platinum organometallic complex, Cp'Pt(CH(3))(3) (Cp' = eta(5)-C(5)H(4)CH(3)), has been investigated in methylcyclohexane and n-pentane solutions at 293 K following UV irradiation into the lowest lying absorption bands. Absolute photochemical quantum efficiency (phi(cr)) results obtained for Cp'Pt(CH(3))(3) at 313 and 366 nm reveal that the system very effectively photoreacts with phi(cr) = 0.34-0.41 in these solvents and 0.79-0.85 when 53 mM Et(3)SiH is incorporated. These photoefficiencies indicate that the quantitative photochemistry is 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously recognized. The application of Cp'Pt(CH(3))(3) as an effective photoinitiator for hydrosilylation reactions involving vinyl/hydride silicone mixtures is demonstrated.
Neurologic recovery and improved detrusor contractility using muscle-derived cells in rat model of unilateral pelvic nerve transection

Objectives To create a model of peripheral neuropathy and explore the potential of using muscle-derived cells (MDCs) to facilitate the regeneration of autonomic nerves and improve bladder function. Damage to the peripheral nerves that innervate the bladder from radical pelvic surgery is refractory to the currently available treatments. Methods Rat MDCs were isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle using the preplate technique. The unilateral pelvic nerve was cut in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Three experimental groups were included: control (n = 5); unilateral pelvic nerve transected with sham injection (n = 5); and unilateral pelvic nerve transected with injection of MDC (3 × 105 cells/site; n = 5). Two weeks after injection, the intravesical pressures were measured during electrical stimulation of the proximal transected preganglionic nerve. The contralateral major pelvic ganglion was excised to ensure that any observed bladder activity was due exclusively to inputs on the unilateral side. The rats were killed, the experimental side major pelvic ganglion was removed, and enkephalin immunoreactivity was counted. Results After unilateral pelvic nerve transection, no change occurred in bladder weight or capacity or postvoid residual urine volume. The maximal intravesical pressures for the control, sham, and MDC groups, after the contralateral pelvis had been cut, was 31.7 ± 10.3, 9.6 ± 4.5, and 15.2 ± 7.7 cm H2O, respectively (P <0.05). After transecting the preganglionic pelvic nerve, the intensity of pericellular enkephalin immunoreactivity varicosities was significantly decreased in the sham group but unchanged in the MDC group compared with the control group. Conclusions MDCs can promote peripheral autonomic nerve regeneration. The morphologic changes correlated with the functional neurologic recovery effect of MDCs. The underlying neurologic recovery mechanisms of MDCs need to be exploited.
Quantum physics: Quantum leaps in the solid state.

Jumps resulting from the measurement of discrete state changes in single quantum systems have fascinated scientists from the early days of quantum theory. They have now been observed in solid-state quantum bits.
Computing in the Classroom: A Workshop for Teachers to Infuse Computational Thinking into K-12 Classrooms (Abstract Only)

Computational thinking is an essential skill for everyone in today's world. It is a problem solving skill that incorporates problem decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, logical and algorithmic thinking. Yet the exposure of students in K-12 curriculum to computational thinking is minimal in most schools. There are various opportunities for computational thinking to be included in almost all content areas in the curriculum. In order for this to be realized, teachers need introduction to the concept of computational thinking and they need to be equipped with tools to provide practices in this concept in the classrooms. Inspired by this idea, we organized a workshop in June 2014 to involve all teachers from all grade levels and all disciplines where we introduced them to the concept of computational thinking and taught them tools such as Scratch, Google Sites, HTML, and AppInventor. The workshop attracted 34 teachers mostly from the Muscogee County School District in Georgia. In this poster we present our recruitment strategy, methodology of our workshop, and results from our pre and post surveys. In particular, we present the influence of our workshop on teachers' views of computational thinking. We also share highlights from the projects that the teachers worked on during the workshop and presented at the end.
Critical exponent in the fractional quantum Hall effect

Abstract We report the observation of a universal critical exponent in the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) from a study of the temperature (T) dependent electron transport in between Landau level filling factors v = 2 5 and v = 1 3 , over a T range from 1.2 K to 22 mK. in an AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure. Specifically, the maximum value of dp xy dB and the width of pxx show the same power law dependence on T, i.e. ~T−K. The critical exponent K=0.43 ± 0.02.This power law dependence is the same as that obtained in the integral quantum Hall effect (IQHE) [Wei et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 1294], in analogy to which our result indicates the existence of a divergent correlation length for the wavefunction of the quasi-particles in the FQHE for 1 3 2 5 . The localization to delocalization transition can be characterized by a universal critical exponent, k, in both the IQHE and the FQHE.
A NOTE ON MULTIHEAD FINITE-STATE AUTOMATA

We present connections among nondeterministic and one-sided-error probabilistic multihead finite-state automata. Several properties of logarithmic-space Turing machines follow from the more refined results that we prove in the setting of the corresponding multihead finite-state automata.
Effects of molecular structure on aerosol yields from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes in the presence of NOx.

The effect of hydrocarbon molecular structure on the measured yield and volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes in the presence of NOx was investigated in an environmental chamber. SOA yields from reactions of homologous series of linear and cyclic alkanes increased monotonically with increasing carbon number due to the decreasing volatility of the parent alkanes and thus the reaction products. For a given carbon number, yields followed the order cyclic > linear > branched, a trend that appears to be determined primarily by the extent to which alkoxy radical intermediates decompose and the nature of the resulting products, with parent alkane volatility being of secondary importance. The trend was investigated quantitatively by correlating SOA yields with the fraction of OH radical reactions that lead to alkoxy radical decomposition (the remainder isomerize), calculated using structure−reactivity relationships. For alk...
Learning words from reliable and unreliable speakers.

Abstract Three studies examined whether 3- and 4-year olds would trust a reliable speaker over an unreliable speaker when learning a new word and whether that trust would be reversed, and the word mapping revised, when a trusted speaker later proved unreliable. Study 1 indicated that 3- and 4-year olds trusted a reliable speaker over an unreliable speaker. Study 2 indicated that some 4-year olds reversed trust and revised a word mapping when a trusted speaker later proved unreliable. Study 3 indicated that those 4-year olds who reversed trust and revised the word mapping were likely to maintain the revision and tended to favor the previously reliable speaker over time. These results are discussed in terms of the role of speaker reliability in young children's word learning.
Evidential reasoning using stochastic simulation of causal models

Abstract Stochastic simulation is a method of computing probabilities by recording the fraction of time that events occur in a random series of scenarios generated from some causal model. This paper presents an efficient, concurrent method of conducting the simulation which guarantees that all generated scenarios will be consistent with the observed data. It is shown that the simulation can be performed by purely local computations, involving products of parameters given with the initial specification of the model. Thus, the method proposed renders stochastic simulation a powerful technique of coherent inferencing, especially suited for tasks involving complex, nondecomposable models where “ballpark” estimates of probabilities will suffice.
The NIST smart data flow system II multimodal data transport infrastructure

Multimodal interfaces require numerous computing devices, sensors, and dynamic networking, to acquire, transport, and process the sensor streams necessary to sense human activities and respond to them. The NIST Smart Data Flow System Version II embodies many improvements requested by the research community including multiple operating systems, simplified data transport protocols, additional language bindings, an extensible object oriented architecture, and improved fault tolerance.
Insights into the primary–secondary and regional–local contributions to organic aerosol and PM2.5 mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

This paper presents chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis of organic molecular marker data to investigate the sources of organic aerosol and PM2.5 mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The model accounts for emissions from eight primary source classes, including major anthropogenic sources such as motor vehicles, cooking, and biomass combustion as well as some primary biogenic emissions (leaf abrasion products). We consider uncertainty associated with selection of source profiles, selection of fitting species, sampling artifacts, photochemical aging, and unknown sources. In the context of the overall organic carbon (OC) mass balance, the contributions of diesel, wood-smoke, vegetative detritus, road dust, and coke-oven emissions are all small and well constrained; however, estimates for the contributions of gasoline-vehicle and cooking emissions can vary by an order of magnitude. A best-estimate solution is presented that represents the vast majority of our CMB results; it indicates that primary OC only contributes 27±8% and 50±14% (average±standard deviation of daily estimates) of the ambient OC in the summer and winter, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of the primary OC is transported into Pittsburgh as part of the regional air mass. The ambient OC that is not apportioned by the CMB model is well correlated with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) estimates based on the EC-tracer method and ambient concentrations of organic species associated with SOA. Therefore, SOA appears to be the major component of OC, not only in summer, but potentially in all seasons. Primary OC dominates the OC mass balance on a small number of nonsummer days with high OC concentrations; these events are associated with specific meteorological conditions such as local inversions. Primary particulate emissions only contribute a small fraction of the ambient fine-particle mass, especially in the summer.
Quaternion Algebras with the Same Subfields

Prasad and Rapinchuk asked if two quaternion divisionF-algebras that have the same subfields are necessarily isomorphic. The answer is known to be “no” for some very large fields. We prove that the answer is “yes” if F is an extension of a global field K so that F∕K is unirational and has zero unramified Brauer group. We also prove a similar result for Pfister forms and give an application to tractable fields.
Differential Uptake of Lithium Isotopes by Rat Cerebral Cortex and Its Effect on Inositol Phosphate Metabolism

Abstract: Twenty hours following the subcutaneous administration of 5 mEq/kg doses of 6LiCl and 7LiCl to two groups of rats, the cerebral cortex molar ratio of 6Li+/7Li+ is 1.5. The effects of the lithium isotopes on cortex myo-inositol and myo-inositol-1 -phosphate levels are the same as we have reported earlier: a Li+ concentration-dependent lowering of myo-inositol and increase in myo-inositol-1-phosphate. Thus 6LiCl, when administered at the same dose as 7LiCl, produces the larger effect on inositol metabolism. When the 6LiCl and 7LiCl doses were adjusted to 5 mEq/kg and 7 mEq/kg, respectively, the cortical lithium myo-inositol and myo-inositol-1-phosphate levels of each group of animals became approximately equal, suggesting that the isotope effect occurs at the level of tissue uptake, but not on inositol phosphate metabolism. The inhibition of myo-inositol-1-phosphatase by the two lithium isotopes in vitro showed no differential effect. The isotope effect on cerebral cortex uptake of lithium is in the same direction as that reported by others for erythrocytes and for the CSF/plasma ratio, but of larger magnitude.
CRISPR–Cas9-assisted recombineering in Lactobacillus reuteri

Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and the CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease protect bacteria and archeae from foreign DNA by site-specific cleavage of incoming DNA. Type-II CRISPR-Cas systems, such as the Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-Cas9 system, can be adapted such that Cas9 can be guided to a user-defined site in the chromosome to introduce double-stranded breaks. Here we have developed and optimized CRISPR-Cas9 function in the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475. We established proof-of-concept showing that CRISPR-Cas9 selection combined with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) recombineering is a realistic approach to identify at high efficiencies edited cells in a lactic acid bacterium. We show for three independent targets that subtle changes in the bacterial genome can be recovered at efficiencies ranging from 90 to 100%. By combining CRISPR-Cas9 and recombineering, we successfully applied codon saturation mutagenesis in the L. reuteri chromosome. Also, CRISPR-Cas9 selection is critical to identify low-efficiency events such as oligonucleotide-mediated chromosome deletions. This also means that CRISPR-Cas9 selection will allow identification of recombinant cells in bacteria with low recombineering efficiencies, eliminating the need for ssDNA recombineering optimization procedures. We envision that CRISPR-Cas genome editing has the potential to change the landscape of genome editing in lactic acid bacteria, and other Gram-positive bacteria.
Mindful Leaders in Highly Effective Schools: A Mixed-method Application of Hoy’s M-scale

This article presents a mixed-method study utilizing teacher ratings of principal mindfulness from 149 public schools in Texas and follow-up qualitative data analysis through semi-structured interv...
Humoral Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes: Prediction, Significance, and Detection of Distinct Disease Subtypes

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease encompassing the T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells and the production of autoantibodies against islet proteins. In humoral autoimmunity in T1D, the detection of islet autoantibodies and the examination of their associations with genetic factors and cellular autoimmunity constitute major areas in both basic research and clinical practice. Although insulin is a key autoantigen and may be primus inter pares in importance among T1D autoantigens, an abundant body of research has also revealed other autoantigens associated with the disease process. Solid evidence indicates that autoantibodies against islet targets serve as key markers to enroll newly diagnosed T1D patients and their family members in intervention trials aimed at preventing or halting the disease process. The next challenge is perfecting mechanistic bioassays to be used as end points for disease amelioration following immunomodulatory therapies aimed at blocking immune-mediated β-cell injury and, in turn, preserving β-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
P5J-4 256x256 2-D Array Transducer with Row-Column Addressing for 3-D Imaging

In previous work, we presented experimental results using a prototype 64 x 64 2-D array with row-column methods. The main benefits of this row-column design are a reduced number of interconnects, a T/R switching scheme with a simple diode circuit, and an ability to perform transmit beamforming in azimuth direction and receive beamforming in elevational direction for a volumetric imaging of targets near the transducer. In this paper, we present experimental results acquired from a new 256 times 256 2-D array transducer. The center frequency was 6.4 MHz with a -6 dB bandwidth of 57 %. The series resonant impedance was 120 Ohms near 5.8 MHz. The mean crosstalk of the adjacent element was -22 dB in the frequency range of interest. For a wire target, in azimuth direction with transmit beamforming, we measured the -6 dB beamwidth to be 0.75 mm at a depth of 25.5 mm compared to a theoretical beamwidth of 0.68 mm. We successfully acquired 3-D images of a wire target and a cylindrical anechoic cyst of 10 mm in diameter made of graphite scatterers in gelatin.
Diamond Heteroepitaxial Lateral Overgrowth

A method of diamond heteroepitaxial lateral overgrowth is demonstrated which utilizes a photolithographic metal mask to pattern a thin (001) epitaxial diamond surface. Significant structural improvement was found, with a threading dislocation density reduced by two orders of magnitude at the top surface of a thick overgrown diamond layer. In the initial stage of overgrowth, a reduction of diamond Raman linewidth in the overgrown area was also realized. Thermally-induced stress and internal stress were determined by Raman spectroscopy of adhering and delaminated diamond films. The internal stress is found to decrease as sample thickness increases.
High Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm to Resetting by Short Wavelength Light

The endogenous circadian oscillator in mammals, situated in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, receives environmental photic input from specialized subsets of photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells. The human circadian pacemaker is exquisitely sensitive to ocular light exposure, even in some people who are otherwise totally blind. The magnitude of the resetting response to white light depends on the timing, intensity, duration, number and pattern of exposures. We report here that the circadian resetting response in humans, as measured by the pineal melatonin rhythm, is also wavelength dependent. Exposure to 6.5 h of monochromatic light at 460 nm induces a two-fold greater circadian phase delay than 6.5 h of 555 nm monochromatic light of equal photon density. Similarly, 460 nm monochromatic light causes twice the amount of melatonin suppression compared to 555 nm monochromatic light, and is dependent on the duration of exposure in addition to wavelength. These studies demonstrate that the peak of sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to light is blue-shifted relative to the three-cone visual photopic system, the sensitivity of which peaks at â�¼555 nm. Thus photopic lux, the standard unit of illuminance, is inappropriate when quantifying the photic drive required to reset the human circadian pacemaker.
Among elderly men, feelings of loneliness are associated with increased 10-year mortality risk, independent of social isolation and medical and psychiatric conditions

Implications for practice and research: Clinicians should have heightened awareness and inquire about feelings of loneliness when providing care for older adults. More studies are needed to further elucidate gender-based differences on the relationship between loneliness and mortality.
Network flow for outlier detection

Detecting outliers is an important topic in data mining. Sometimes the outliers are more interesting than the rest of the data. Outlier identification has lots of applications, such as intrusion detection, and unusual usage of credit cards or telecommunication services. In this paper, we propose a novel method for outlier identification which is based on network flow. We use the well known Maximum Flow Minimum Cut theorem from graph theory to find the outliers and strong outlier groups. Especially, it works on high dimensional data. This outlier detection occurs in a novel setting: to repair poor quality clusters generated by a clustering algorithm.
Reactive oxygen species production in energized cardiac mitochondria during hypoxia/reoxygenation: modulation by nitric oxide.

Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury. When isolated from ischemic myocardium, mitochondria demonstrate increased ROS prod...
Effects of phosphodiester and phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on cell lines which overexpress c-myc: Implications for the treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma

The product of the c-myc proto-oncogene is a highly conserved nuclear phosphoprotein whose expression is closely linked to cellular proliferation and differentiation. We have been interested in developing an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strategy to inhibit the proliferation of c-myc-dependent malignancies for use in future specific therapies and bone marrow purging regimens. Our experimental approach was to incubate either antisense or sense ODNs, spanning the 5' cap region of the c-myc gene, with c-myc overexpressing cell lines (HL-60) Raji, MJBL, CA-46) for up to seven days. Proliferation assay to test the inhibitory effect of an unmodified antisense ODN 15-mer (GCACAGCTCGGGGGT) showed that concentrations as low as 50 micrograms/ml significantly decreased proliferation of HL-60 cells by approximately 40% (P < 0.0001; n = 6) compared to controls. Clonogenic assays showed that the same antisense ODN inhibited colony formation by MJBL (40%0 and Raji (52%) cells. Subsequent experiments to study the effect of a more nuclease-stable, phosphorothioate-modified antisense ODN 18-mer (GCAGCACAGCTCGGGGGT) revealed 66% inhibition of HL-60 cell proliferation at 96 and 120 hours at 50 micrograms/ml, whereas sense ODN control had no effect. However, tenfold less of the modified antisense ODN (1 micrograms/ml) was required to inhibit proliferation of HL-60 cells by 50% compared to the unmodified antisense ODN. A decrease in the HL-60 native c-myc protein level was also observed with 100 micrograms/ml of modified antisense ODN, but not with the sense ODN control, by immunoblot analysis. Additionally, concentrations up to 10 micrograms/ml of either modified antisense or sense ODN did not decrease CFU-GM formation (145 +/- 35%, P = 0.27) in human bone marrow, suggesting that these levels of ODN would have a negligible effect on normal hematopoietic cells. These pilot data suggest that modified antisense ODN directed at the cap region of the c-myc gene could specifically inhibit c-myc expression at a single, lower dose than unmodified ODN and may play a future role in inhibiting the growth of c-myc-dependent malignant cells.
Adaptive control of some stochastic semilinear equations

In this paper an adaptive control problem for some stochastic semilinear systems is formulated and the solution is described. The linear part of the semilinear equation is a negative, self-adjoint generator of an analytic semigroup. The semilinear equation has a unique invariant measure that is shown to be continuous with respect to parameters. The optimal control for the stochastic control of the known semilinear equation with a cylindrical noise is a continuous function of parameters. A family of least squares estimates is strongly consistent for a class of adaptive controls. A certainty equivalence adaptive control law is self-optimizing, that is, the family of average costs using this adaptive control converges (almost surely) to the optimal ergodic cost. >
Price Discovery in the Treasury-Bill When-Issued Market

When-issued (i.e., forward) trading in T-bills yet to be auctioned provides a unique environment for examining price discovery. Because T-bills are auctioned in a sealed-bid process, when-issued traders cannot observe the spot market price. Yet the forward price must ultimately converge on the auction outcome price. Our results indicate that traders in the whenissuedmarket“discover”theultimateauctionprice.Littleevidenceisfoundthatstandardorder flow variables contribute to price discovery. Instead, the ability to observe a few trades with relatively small volume in the when-issued market is sufficient to discover the auction price resulting from the sealed-bid process.
An Antiatherosclerotic Signaling Cascade Involving Intestinal Microbiota, MicroRNA-10b, and ABCA1/ABCG1-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport

A sobering fact is that human DNA represents <10% of the total DNA within each of us. Every mucosal surface harbors a diverse and distinct microbial composition, with the human intestines containing by far the largest and most complex microbial ecosystem (intestinal microbiota). Serving as the filter for our largest environmental exposure—what we eat—the human intestinal microbiota is enormous—at least 3.3 million nonredundant microbial genes, making it ≈150× larger than the human gene complement.1 Analyses of fecal metagenomes (genomic analysis of a community of microorganisms) from individuals, both with distinct long-term dietary patterns2 and from around the world,3 demonstrate the existence of a more limited number of stable clusters of microbial compositions, termed enterotypes, which represent relatively durable host-microbial symbiotic states. Metabolomics analyses reveal that intestinal microflora exert a significant effect on mammalian blood metabolites,4 raising the possibility that distinct enterotypes may respond differently to environmental (dietary or drug) exposures. Article, see p 967 Consistent with this notion, significant mounting evidence indicates that numerous cardiometabolic phenotypes within the human superorganism are influenced by a complex interplay among environmental (typically dietary nutrient) exposures, intestinal microbiota composition, and host factors. One of the earlier examples demonstrating the importance of intestinal microflora in a complex cardiometabolic phenotype was first reported by Turnbaugh et al,5 who showed that differences in the efficiency of energy harvest from food of distinct microflora compositions within lean versus obese inbred strains of mice could contribute to the development of obesity. Importantly, the obese phenotype was shown to be a transmissible trait, with obese versus lean cecal microbiota transplant into germ-free mice resulting in significantly greater body fat accumulation, despite equivalent caloric intake.5 Metabolomics studies by Nicholson et al6 suggested that intestinal microbiota may similarly play an active role in the development …
Optimal distance geographic routing for energy efficient wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks require energy efficient routing protocols owing to limited resource on the sensor node. In this paper, we develop optimal distance geographic routing (ODGR), an application-independent algorithm that uses geographic information and power control in the transmission scheme to dynamically explore the optimal routing path. ODGR is derived from fundamental radio energy model to minimise total communication energy using convex theory. Case study on a two-dimensional array network shows that ODGR is able to reduce total communication energy by 66.41% and 43.89%, and average latency by 76.45% and 26.27%, when compared to traditional MTE and cluster algorithms.
The Biologist/Poet & the Poet/Biologist

I remember John Enders’ obituary in Nature magazine because of the way it begins. F.S. Rosen (1985) writes that Enders died unexpectedly at the age of 87 just as he had finished reading a volume of T.S. Eliot’s poems. Rosen seems to consider this a particularly fitting ending for someone who, though he had won the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1954 for discovering how to grow the polio virus in culture, had begun his academic career with graduate study in English literature. Enders was deflected from this path because his roommate was a student of the microbiologist Hans Zinsser, and it was Zinsser who reawakened Enders’ early interest in biology. Enders ended up working in Zinsser’s lab and getting a doctorate in microbiology for research on the tuberculosis bacterium.