cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solving Optimization Problems with Dynamic Geometry Software: The Airport Problem

This paper describes how the author’s students (in-service and pre-service secondary mathematics teachers) enrolled in college geometry courses use the Geometers’ Sketchpad (GSP) to gain insight to formulate, confirm, test, and refine conjectures to solve the classical airport problem for triangles. The students are then provided with strategic hints to develop a mathematical proof to justify the conjecture discovered with the help of GSP.
Bacteriorhodopsin, Molecular Biology of

Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven pump that generates an electrochemical gradient for protons across the membrane. It is unique among such transporters, widespread in biology, in being a small, seven-transmembrane helical protein. Its remarkably simple transport mechanism is driven by the thermal reisomerization of the photoisomerized 13-cis retinal to all-trans. The ease of performing static and time-resolved spectroscopy of many kinds, as well as the propensity of the protein for crystallization, have generated a large amount of valuable information about the transformations of the retinal and the protein during the transport cycle. The data describe how the motions of the retinal cause structural changes that result in proton transfers between donor and acceptor groups inside the protein and in the release and uptake of a proton at the opposite membrane surfaces. As a result, today, bacteriorhodopsin is the best-understood ion pump. Keywords: Photoisomerization; Photocycle; Photointermediates; Retinal Schiff Base; Schiff Base Counterion; Transmembrane Helix; Ion Pump; Chemiosmotic Coupling
The Modern Student and the Post-Modern Curriculum

Abstract This paper presents a model of intellectual development, illustrating the model with material from a graduate social work class. This cognitive-developmental model is offered as a way to conceptualize the characteristics of students as learners and the implicit cognitive demands of our curricula. Such a model can help us address the question of fit between students' ways of knowing and graduate social work education.
Systemic Signalling in Plant Defence

Systemic signalling involves a complex network of signal transduction and amplification that leads to the activation of defence genes and establishment of systemic resistance throughout the entire plant. On microbial invasion, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and effectors are frequently detected and recognized by plant receptors. Localized perception at the infection site rapidly triggers a cascade of early signalling events such as ion fluxes, protein phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species. Subsequently, secondary signal molecules are synthesized and involved in amplification of defence signalling and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. In addition, crosstalks often occur among various signalling pathways, which further modulate host defence in response to different types of pathogen attack. Key concepts: Local resistance to pathogen infection generally results from PAMP (pattern-associated molecular pattern)-triggered immunity, otherwise known as basal defence, and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Microbial infection of local tissues often leads to systemic acquired resistance in distal tissues which provides long-lasting broad-spectrum resistance to a variety of pathogens. Mobile signals for systemic acquired resistance are translocated via vasculature and may include small peptides such as AtPep1, methyl salicylate, jasmonate, azelaic acid and other lipid-derived molecules. Both local and systemic resistance involve a complex network of signal transduction which includes extensive crosstalks among reactive oxygen species (e.g. hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide), salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin and MAP kinase signalling pathways. Keywords: systemic acquired resistance; plant defence response; salicylic acid; jasmonic acid; signal transduction
The Myhill—Nerode Theorem

Let \( R \subseteq \sum {^*}\) be a regular set. Recall from Lecture 15 that a Myhill—Nerode relation for R is an equivalence relation \( \equiv \;on\;\sum {^*} \) satisfying the following three properties: (i) ≡ is a right congruence: for any x, y ∈ ∑* and a ∈∑ $$x \equiv y\; \Rightarrow \;xa \equiv ya; $$ (ii) ≡ refines R: for any x, y ∈∑*, $$ x \equiv y\; \Rightarrow \left( {x \in R \Leftrightarrow y \in R} \right);$$ (iii) ≡ is of finite index; that is, ≡ has only finitely many equivalence classes.
Molecular profiling in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Ability to detect this cancer early and availability of better prognostic markers are critical in order to decrease morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer. With the recent development in gene expression analysis methodology, expression profiles of thousands of genes can be generated in tissue samples and cell lines. Comparison of the global gene expression patterns between normal prostate and tumors at different stages may allow us to understand better the molecular mechanism of prostate tumorigenesis and progression. Different cancer cell lines and tissues appear to have different gene expression patterns that provide a new tool to classify tumors. Molecular classification of prostate cancer holds great promise for early detection and prognosis of this disease in the future. In this review, we summarize some of the recent mRNA and protein expression profiling studies performed in prostate cancer. Further, we discuss the potential benefits and limitations of current profiling technology.
Anatomy of the Spinal Accessory Nerve Plexus: Relevance to Head and Neck Cancer and Atherosclerosis

The term spinal accessory nerve plexus may be defined as the spinal accessory nerve with all its intra- and extracranial connections to other nerves, principally cranial, cervical, and sympathetic. The term is not new. This review examines its applied anatomy in head and neck cancer and atherosclerosis. Over the centuries, general studies of neural and vascular anatomy and embryology formed a basis for the understanding upon which the plexus is described. During the past century, its anatomy and blood supply have come to be better understood. The importance of almost all of the plexus to head, neck, and upper extremity motor and sensory functions has come to be realized. Because of this understanding, surgical neck dissection has become progressively more conservative. This historical progression is traced. Even the most recent anatomic studies of the spinal accessory nerve plexus reveal configurations, new to many of us. They were probably known to classical anatomists, and not recorded in readily available literature, or not recorded at all. Human and comparative anatomic studies indicate that the composition of this plexus and its blood supply vary widely, even though within the same species their overall function is very nearly the same. Loss of any of these structures, then, may have very different consequences in different individuals. As a corollary to this statement, data are presented that the spinal accessory nerve itself need not be cut during surgical neck dissections for severe impairment to occur. In addition, data are presented supporting the theory that atherosclerosis by obstructing vessels to this plexus and its closely connected brachial plexus will very likely result in their ischemic dysfunction, often painful. Finally evidence, as well as theory, is stated concerning anatomic issues, methodology, outcome, and possible improvements in surgical procedures emphasizing conservatism.
RFLP map of peanut

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) provides a significant source of oil and protein for large segments of the population, particularly in the less developed regions of Asia, Africa, and South America. In the United States, peanut is considered a high-value cash crop of regional importance, with production concentrated in the Southeast region of the country along with parts of Texas, Oklahoma, North Carolina and Virginia. Domestically, peanuts are grown primarily for use in the snack-food, peanut butter and confection industries, but also serve as an excellent source of mono-unsaturated cooking oil, as well as a source of meal for livestock.
Augmentation of cardiac protein delivery using ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction.

Abstract Gas-filled microbubbles have become an important tool as ultrasonic contrast agents. We have previously shown that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) can direct plasmids to the heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate UTMD for protein delivery. Six different groups of rats received 1 μg of luciferase protein with varying protocols: (1) luciferase-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound; (2) luciferase only; (3) luciferase and ultrasound; (4) luciferase-loaded microbubbles; (5) unloaded microbubbles incubated with luciferase and ultrasound; (6) unloaded microbubbles with ultrasound followed by luciferase. Relative luminescence units per mg protein per s were determined in hearts and control organs. The rats that received ultrasound and luciferase-loaded bubbles showed a six-fold higher cardiac luciferase uptake compared with control groups that did not include bubbles. None of the other groups significantly augmented cardiac luciferase activity. We conclude that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can substantially and noninvasively augment organ-specific delivery of proteins. (Email: ralph.shohet@utsouthwestern.edu )
Bacteriology and therapy of lung abscess in children

The bacteriology and clinical findings of ten pediatric patients with lung abscess are presented.Bacteriologic data were based on percutaneous transtracheal aspiration obtained before initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Anaerobic bacteria were present in all ten patients; in nine they were mixed with aerobic bacteria. The most frequent isolates were Peptostreptococcus (8), Peptococcus (5), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (6), and Bacteroides fragilis (3). The aerobic isolates most frequently recovered were alpha-hemolytic streptococci (5), group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (4), and Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 each). Virtually all abscesses were located in dependent pulmonary segments. Antimicrobial therapy was guided by the bacteriologic findings and was successful in all instances.
MetaCAPTCHA: A Metamorphic Throttling Service for the Web

Spam is a problem that refuses to go away. An immense amount of time and money is currently devoted to hiding spam, but not enough is devoted to effectively preventing it. CAPTCHAs are a prevalent spam prevention mechanism, but are getting harder for humans to solve and easier for programs to "break". CAPTCHAs also cannot prevent spam from hijacked accounts since they are mostly used during account creation. Proof-of-work approaches are gaining popularity, but current implementations are not effective enough and cannot be used by generic web applications. We present MetaCAPTCHA, an application-agnostic spam prevention service for web applications. MetaCAPTCHA dynamically issues CAPTCHAs and proof-of-work "puzzles" while ensuring that more malicious users solve "harder" puzzles. In order to support its operation, MetaCAPTCHA implements a novel secure protocol--for authenticating web sites and validating proof-of-work solutions--that allows for seamless integration across a variety of web applications.
CT Provides Precise Size Assessment of Implanted Titanium Alloy Pedicle Screws

Background After performing instrumented spinal fusion with pedicle screws, postoperative imaging using CT to assess screw position may be necessary. Stainless steel implants produce significant metal artifact on CT, and the degree of distortion is at least partially dependent on the cross-sectional area of the implanted device. If the same effect occurs with titanium alloy implants, ability to precisely measure proximity of screws to adjacent structures may be adversely affected as screw size increases.
A completion of Lu's determination of the spectrum of large sets of disjoint Steiner Triple systems

Lu [6, 7, 8] proved that large sets of disjointS(2, 3, v) exist for allv ≡ 1 or 3 (mod 6),v ≠ 7. However, due to the death of the author, [8] remained unfinished and crucial parts of the proof for six values were lost. As Lu's result can be used in many other combinatorial problems, the fact that nobody actually could provide a construction for these values was very annoying. It is the purpose of this paper to complete the proof for these six values. Our method is different from the procedure suggested in [8], but uses the same combinatorial structures, namelyLD(n). Our new construction forLD(n) also allows us to substantially shorten Lu's proof.
Theory of light quenching: effects of fluorescence polarization, intensity, and anisotropy decays

Experimental studies have recently demonstrated that fluorescence emission can be quenched by laser light pulses from modern high repetition rate lasers, a phenomenon we call "light quenching." We now describe the theory of light quenching and some of its effects on the steady-state and time-resolved intensity and anisotropy decays of fluorophores. Light quenching can decrease or increase the steady-state or time-zero anisotropy. Remarkably, the light quenching can break the usual z axis symmetry of the excited-state population, and the emission polarization can range from -1 to +1 under selected conditions. The measured anisotropy (or polarization) depends upon whether the observation axis is parallel or perpendicular to the propagation direction of the light quenching beam. The effects of light quenching are different for a single pulse, which results in both excitation and quenching, as compared with a time-delayed quenching pulse. Time-delayed light quenching pulses can result in step-like changes in the time-dependent intensity or anisotropy and are predicted to cause oscillations in the frequency-domain intensity and anisotropy decays. The increasing availability of pulsed laser sources offers the opportunity for a new class of two-pulse or multiple-pulse experiments where the sample is prepared by an excitation pulse, the excited state population is modified by the quenching pulse(s), followed by time- or frequency-domain measurements of the resulting emission.
Neural responses to auditory temporal patterns.

Sets of regularly repeating auditory stimuli elicit unique perceptions; listeners are able to identify specific temporal patterns. Some temporal patterns are unambiguous (only one pattern can be perceived), while others are ambiguous (numerous patterns can be detected). While the psychophysical properties of such percepts have been well studied, little is known about the underlying neurological bases of temporal pattern perception. In this experiment, the role of adaptation in temporal pattern perception is examined by studying neural responses in four cats to a temporal pattern that is perceptually unambiguous and one that is perceptually ambiguous. Measurements were made of the whole‐nerve action potential, the auditory brain‐stem response, and potentials from the surface of the primary auditory cortex. The adaptation patterns corresponded with the perceptual organization of temporal patterns in humans at all levels of the nervous system studied.
An Examination of Descriptive and Injunctive Norm Influence on Intention to Get Drunk

The influential impact of norms on problematic drinking is widely documented; however, the relevant theories purporting these effects point to multiple and varied normative components. A better understanding of the conceptual distinctions and the differential role they play can have practical implications for college prevention efforts. The purpose of the current study was to test the role of campus drinking norms, as posited by Social Norms theory (SNT) in predicting intentions to get drunk using a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework. Results found that SNT components did not significantly add to the prediction of intent beyond that of attitudes, subjective norms, and past behavior. Implications for prevention campaigns are discussed.
On monodromy representations in Denham–Suciu fibrations

Abstract We study the monodromy representation corresponding to a fibration introduced by G. Denham and A. Suciu [5] , which involves polyhedral products given in Definition 2.2 . Algebraic and geometric descriptions for these monodromy representations are given. In particular, we study the case of a product of two finite cyclic groups and obtain representations into Out ( F n ) and SL n ( Z ) . We give algebraic descriptions of monodromy for the case of a product of any two finite groups. Finally we give a geometric description for monodromy representations of a product of 2 or more finite groups to Out ( F n ) , as well as some algebraic properties. The geometric description does not rely on choosing a basis for the fundamental group of the fibre in terms of commutators, hence avoids this delicate question.
Advances in Real-Time Aerodynamic Model Identification

We describe the development of an in-flight, near real-time, aerodynamic model identification (RAMI) technique, for fixed-wing aircraft. This technique can be used to develop and validate an aerodynamic model to the Federal Aviation Administration AC 120 Level D flight simulator aerodynamic model criteria; and initial demonstrations of its capabilities are taking place on the National Research Council Falcon 20 research aircraft. As part of the RAMI development, innovative, self-contained software algorithms and hardware processing have been designed for onboard use. As well, novel hardware and software techniques are being applied to calibrate fundamental in-flight measurements, such as air data, in real time. The RAMI technique uses the 2-3-1-1 (alternating control input steps in seconds) maneuver, executed in each of the pitch, roll and yaw axes. These maneuvers are flown in flight conditions that span the entire flight envelope of interest. At each flight condition, the small perturbation stability and control derivatives (point model) are determined in real time. An automatic curve-fit process then combines the point models to develop a global aerodynamic model of the aircraft
The Ikhana unmanned airborne system (UAS) western states fire imaging missions: from concept to reality (2006-2010)

Between 2006 and 2010, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the US Forest Service flew 14 unmanned airborne system (UAS) sensor missions, over 57 fires in the western US. The mi...
Yiddish as a vernacular language: teaching a language in obsolescence

The task of teaching non-territorial languages such as Yiddish at the university level is a complex undertaking. The teaching of Yiddish has its own particular difficulties due to an ever-diminishing population of native speakers available to students, a lack of contemporary cultural materials, and an abundance of outdated teaching materials. A critique of the two major textbooks used to teach Yiddish underscores the necessity for a new approach. In creating a web-based Yiddish curriculum, contemporary problems that are particular to the Yiddish classroom can be overcome. The defragmentizing nature of multimedia interactive technologies help students develop communicative competence in Yiddish, a language that was once the vernacular of the majority of Jews in the world but, in the aftermath of genocide, has come to be taught as a written – and not spoken – language.
Influence of Running and Walking on Hormonal Regulators of Appetite in Women

Nine female runners and ten walkers completed a 60 min moderate-intensity (70% VO2max) run or walk, or 60 min rest in counterbalanced order. Plasma concentrations of the orexogenic peptide ghrelin, anorexogenic peptides peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and appetite ratings were measured at 30 min interval for 120 min, followed by a free-choice meal. Both orexogenic and anorexogenic peptides were elevated after running, but no changes were observed after walking. Relative energy intake (adjusted for cost of exercise/rest) was negative in the meal following running ( − 194 ± 206 kcal) versus walking ( 41 ± 196 kcal) ( P = 0.015 ), although both were suppressed ( P 0.05 ) compared to rest ( 299 ± 308 and 284 ± 121 kcal, resp.). The average rate of change in PYY and GLP-1 over time predicted appetite in runners, but only the change in GLP-1 predicted hunger ( P = 0.05 ) in walkers. Results provide evidence that exercise-induced alterations in appetite are likely driven by complex changes in appetite-regulating hormones rather than change in a single gut peptide.
An economic basis for certain methods of evaluating probabilistic forecasts

This paper deals with the question of selecting an appropriate measure of compatibility (also called Scoring Rule) between probabilistic models and empirical data. It is natural to require that if the model predicts the occurrence of an observed event with probability p The paper establishes relations between the compatibility measure and the user's distribution of future pay-offs and shows that each of the commonly used measures (e.g. logarithmic, spherical, quadratic) represents a natural payoff emanating from an economic environment of a specific character. Using these relations the problem of selecting an appropriate measure of compatibility reduces to that of characterizing the economic impact of the forecast at hand.
Parotoidectomy: Points of technique for brief and safe operation

Abstract Parotidectomy is, in the experience of some surgeons, a very long and cumbersome procedure. If followed in detail, the technique that has been presented makes it possible to perform the procedure safely and in a relatively short period of time.
Primary structure of the L subunit of the reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

The reaction center is an integral membrane protein that, together with several cofactors, mediates the primary photochemical events in bacterial photosynthesis. The amino-terminal sequences of the three subunits, L, M, and H, of the reaction center protein and the sequence of the structural gene encoding the M subunit have been reported previously. In the present study, we found that the 3' end of the structural gene encoding the L subunit overlaps by eight bases the 5' end of the gene encoding the M subunit. The primary structure of the L subunit has been determined from the nucleotide sequence of the gene and from analyses of the amino and carboxyl termini of the protein. The sequences of a number of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were used to corroborate the nucleotide sequence. The L subunit was found to be composed of 281 amino acids (Mr 31,319) and to contain five hydrophobic segments. It is homologous to the M subunit and to a plant thylakoid protein referred to as the QB or Mr 32,000 protein.
iDevice forensics - Data integrity

There are different types of embedded portable iDevices which can be used in criminal activities. The most commonly used gadget in the field of embedded portable iDevices is the iPad. Techniques used to acquire data from iPad include jail breaking, using inbuilt operating system utilities and using forensic tools (open source, freeware or commercial). Data integrity is a vital element of digital forensics which must be ensured for acceptability of findings (retrieved forensic artifacts) in a court of law. In order to establish data integrity in iDevice forensics, investigations were performed using different techniques, specifically an operating system inbuilt utility, a freeware tool and a commercial tool. The forensic artifacts acquired from these tools and techniques were then compared to ascertain their data integrity. The results have shown that on one hand the freeware tools, under certain circumstance, also preserve data integrity as their commercial counterparts but on the other hand the commercial tools, under certain circumstance, also make data integrity doubtful as generally believed for freeware tools. Based on the results, the research has also recommended various data acquisition tools that the forensic examiner can select depending on the requirement.
A Fast RF Structure Monitor

A number of high energy physics experiments are based on a random distribution of particles entering the experimental appa. ratus. Unfortunately, the extra. cted beam from a proton synchrotron will display a bunching due to the RF cavity. However, this bunching can be reduced or destroyed by various techniques; such as, by introducing noise into the RF cavity during extraction, or by lengthening the energy loss target. Therefore, in order to measure the effectiveness of these various techniques, a monitoring system is needed to detect the amount of RF structure present in the extracted beam. The design of the RF structure monitor used at the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) will now be described. Further, the results obtained from using this system will be discussed.
Schur stability and stability domain construction

Abstract A discrete version of Foster's reactance theorem is developed and, subsequently, used to delineate necessary and sufficient conditions for a given polynomial with complex or real coefficients to be of the Schur type. These conditions, obtained from the decomposition of a polynomial into its circularly symmetric and anti-circularly symmetric components, facilitate the construction of stability domains for a family of polynomials through the use of linear inequalities. These results provide the complete discrete counterpart of recent results for a family of polynomials which are required to be tested for the Hurwitz property.
Estrogen receptors α and β in choroid plexus epithelial cells in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may reduce the risks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the potential actions of estrogen is through its effect on β-amyloid elimination into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment from the brain parenchyma. CSF secretion is controlled largely by the choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the status of estrogen receptor (ER) α and β subtypes in CP epithelial cells. Tissue from 49 AD and 12 non-AD patients were studied using immunohistochemistry with anti-ER antibodies. ER α and ER β were present in CP epithelial cells in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments. Male and female AD patients had lower ER α and β densities in CP compared to non-AD patients. We further stratified the female AD patients into four groups according to their hormonal status. Among the female AD patients, those without hysterectomy and with ERT had the highest ER α density. In contrast, those with hysterectomy and without ERT had the lowest ER α density. The effects of hysterectomy and ERT were additive. For ER β, ERT but not the status of hysterectomy was associated with higher receptor density. The lower ER density in CP epithelial cells of AD patients supports a potential role of estrogen in the regulation of CSF secretion of β-amyloid protein, which may affect the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain parenchyma. Among AD patients, the association of ER α density with status of hysterectomy and ERT supports estrogen effects through receptor-mediated mechanisms.
Fractional-order elastic models of cartilage: A multi-scale approach

Abstract The objective of this research is to develop new quantitative methods to describe the elastic properties (e.g., shear modulus, viscosity) of biological tissues such as cartilage. Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides the lining for most of the joints in the body. Tissue histology of cartilage reveals a multi-scale architecture that spans a wide range from individual collagen and proteoglycan molecules to families of twisted macromolecular fibers and fibrils, and finally to a network of cells and extracellular matrix that form layers in the connective tissue. The principal cells in cartilage are chondrocytes that function at the microscopic scale by creating nano-scale networks of proteins whose biomechanical properties are ultimately expressed at the macroscopic scale in the tissue’s viscoelasticity. The challenge for the bioengineer is to develop multi-scale modeling tools that predict the three-dimensional macro-scale mechanical performance of cartilage from micro-scale models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR elastography (MRE) provide a basis for developing such models based on the nondestructive biomechanical assessment of cartilage in vitro and in vivo . This approach, for example, uses MRI to visualize developing proto-cartilage structure, MRE to characterize the shear modulus of such structures, and fractional calculus to describe the dynamic behavior. Such models can be extended using hysteresis modeling to account for the non-linear nature of the tissue. These techniques extend the existing computational methods to predict stiffness and strength, to assess short versus long term load response, and to measure static versus dynamic response to mechanical loads over a wide range of frequencies (50–1500 Hz). In the future, such methods can perhaps be used to help identify early changes in regenerative connective tissue at the microscopic scale and to enable more effective diagnostic monitoring of the onset of disease.
Review: Automatic Particle Detection in Electron Microscopy

Advances in cryoEM and single-particle reconstruction have led to results at increasingly high resolutions. However, to sustain continuing improvements in resolution it will be necessary to increase the number of particles included in performing the reconstructions. Manual selection of particles, even when assisted by computer preselection, is a bottleneck that will become significant as single-particle reconstructions are scaled up to achieve near-atomic resolutions. This review describes various approaches that have been developed to address the problem of automatic particle selection. The principal conclusions that have been drawn from the results so far are: (1) cross-correlation with a reference image ("matched filtering") is an effective way to identify candidate particles, but it is inherently unable to avoid also selecting false particles; (2) false positives can be eliminated efficiently on the basis of estimates of particle size, density, and texture; (3) successful application of edge detection (or contouring) to particle identification may require improvements over currently available methods; and (4) neural network techniques, while computationally expensive, must also be investigated as a technology for eliminating false particles.
Cation and anion contributions to gustatory quality of simple salts

Curves of mean percentages of the four gustatory quality responses as a function of concentration of solutions of LiCl, KCl, lithium sulfate, and potassium sulfate were evaluated as to the relative contributions of the cation and anion to the quality. It was concluded that chloride ion, and sulfate ion to a lesser degree, were responsible for the salty quality. In the mid-range concentrations, potassium ion was responsible for the bitter quality, and lithium ion, by means of an ion-soliient interaction; was responsible for the sour quality reported. At the very low concentrations, at which all salts tested evoked sweet responses, a structure produced by a solvent-cation interaction was assumed to be responsible. The details of the presumed structure are still to be clarified. Although one ion in each salt is primarily responsible for a particular quality over a given concentration, the other ion usually modifies the effect.
INTERCALATION AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SMECTITE BY TWO NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

Non-ionic surfactants Brij 56 and Igepal CO 720, containing hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) segments, expanded smectite from 1.5 nm to 1.7 nm at room temperature. The surfactant-smectite composites had larger layer spacings than Ca-smectite after heat treatment. The surfactant-smectite composites were solvated and expanded to 1.8–1.9 nm by polar solvents, glycerol and water, but were not affected by the non-polar or weakly polar solvents, toluene, hexane or octanol. The hydrophilic PEO segments of non-ionic surfactants would logically access the interlayer spaces of smectite whereas the hydrophobic segments extend away from the mineral. The molecular structure and solvation properties suggest that the surfactant molecules are probably concentrated in the margin area of the interlayer galleries forming an annular ring structure between two neighboring silicate sheets. Only two layers or less of the surfactants could access the interlayer galleries of smectite and layer spacings did not exceed 1.8 nm even where excess surfactant was introduced into the composites. The layer spacings of the surfactant-smectite composites were well preserved during water or electrolyte solution washings, indicating stability of most non-ionic surfactant molecules in the interlayer galleries even though ∼30% of the adsorbed Igepal CO 720 was desorbed by exhaustive washing. The non-ionic surfactant treatment preserved >80% of the CEC of the smectite. The interlayer cations of the resulting surfactant-smectite were exchangeable as in the untreated smectite. Therefore, the non-ionic surfactant-smectite was much more efficient at removing heavy metal ions than activated carbon or cationic surfactant-treated smectite. The surfactant-smectite composites effectively removed aromatic chlorophenols from a pH 4.9 acetate buffer solution while untreated smectite did not adsorb these molecules. The enhanced adsorption of the aromatic compounds is attributed to the aliphatic segments of the two surfactants.
Groups and Bullying

School bullying and cyberbullying have been prominently featured in the popular media recently. Despite a proliferation of prevention programs, bullying remains a serious problem in our schools. Cy...
Iatrogenic Renal Dissection during Renal Artery Stenting.

Renal artery angioplasty and stenting has become the initial treatment of choice for many patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Iatrogenic renal artery dissection is one of the most feared complications and usually occurs either at the time the lesion is crossed with a guidewire or during dilation.
Distribution of tracers in the deep oceans of the world

Abstract With the Stommel-Arons model of abyssal circulation of the world ocean a numerical study of the two-dimensional advective-diffusive-decay equation is made to determine those values of the intensity of circulation and eddy diffusivity which give the best agreement with observed distributions of 14 C and dissolved oxygen. Good quantitative agreement with observed data is obtained with a horizontal eddy diffusivity coefficient of 10 7 cm 2 sec −1 and a uniform upwelling beneath the main thermocline of 1·25 × 10 −5 cm sec −1 . The recirculation through the Drake Passage in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is taken as 10 7 m 3 sec −1 which corresponds to an eastward velocity somewhat more than half of the estimated observed velocity. Because the procedure incorporates a consistent dynamical treatment of the motion of the waters in the interior abyssal oceans, it provides a model for interpreting the observed tracer distribution which is preferable to the direct-circulation model traditionally used to interpret tracer data.
Numerical modeling of complex interactions between underwater shocks and composite structures

To study the complex interactions between underwater shocks and composite structures, a strongly coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical solver is developed. The coupled numerical solver consists of an Eulerian fluid solver, a Lagrangian solid solver, a one-fluid cavitation model, and an interface capturing scheme. The interface capturing scheme features a fluid characteristics method and a modified ghost fluid method (MGFM). The MGFM is reformulated for fluid–solid coupling by treating simultaneously the fluid characteristics equation and the solid equation of motion to determine the interface variables, leading to a strongly coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme. Various components of the numerical solver are first individually tested and validated. The strongly coupled solver is then applied to realistic shock-structure interaction problems involving composite structures. The accuracy of the coupled solver is demonstrated via comparison with numerical predictions and experimental observations available in literature. Finally, the validated coupled numerical solver is utilized to study the effectiveness of a proof-of-concept shock mitigation scheme.
Sleeping Beauty, evidential support and indexical knowledge: reply to Horgan

Terence Horgan defends the thirder position on the Sleeping Beauty problem, claiming that Beauty can, upon awakening during the experiment, engage in “synchronic Bayesian updating” on her knowledge that she is awake now in order to justify a 1/3 credence in heads. In a previous paper, I objected that epistemic probabilities are equivalent to rational degrees of belief given a possible epistemic situation and so the probability of Beauty’s indexical knowledge that she is awake now is necessarily 1, precluding such updating. In response, Horgan maintains that the probability claims in his argument are to be taken, not as claims about possible rational degrees of belief, but rather as claims about “quantitative degrees of evidential support.” This paper argues that the most plausible account of quantitative degree of support, when conjoined with any of the three major accounts of indexical thought in such a way as to plausibly constrain rational credence, contradicts essential elements of Horgan’s argument.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa porin OprF: Properties of the channel

Using ion channel reconstitution in planar lipid bilayers, we examined the channel-forming activity of subfractions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprF, which was shown to exist in two different conformations: a minority single domain conformer and a majority two-domain conformer (Sugawara, E., Nestorovich, E. M., Bezrukov, S. M., and Nikaido, H. (2006) J. Biol. Chem. 281, 16220-16229). With the fraction depleted for the single domain conformer, we were unable to detect formation of any channels with well defined conductance levels. With the unfractionated OprF, we saw only rare channel formation. However, with the single domain-enriched fraction of OprF, we observed regular insertion of channels with highly reproducible conductances. Single OprF channels demonstrate rich kinetic behavior exhibiting spontaneous transitions between several subconformations that differ in ionic conductance and radius measured in polymer exclusion experiments. Although we showed that the effective radius of the most conductive conformation exceeds that of the general outer membrane porin of Escherichia coli, OmpF, we also found that a single OprF channel mainly exists in weakly conductive subconformations and switches to the fully open state for a short time only. Therefore, the low permeability of OprF reported earlier may be due to two factors: mainly to the paucity of the single domain conformer in the OprF population and secondly to the predominance of weakly conductive subconformations within the single domain conformer.
Interferences in photodissociation in the classical limit.

The interference between different values of the total angular momentum of photofragmentation, and its behavior in the high-J limit, are discussed using the semiclassical angular momentum theory of G. Ponzano and T. Regge [in Spectroscopic and Group Theoretical Methods in Physics, edited by F. Bloch et al. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1968)]. Taking the angular momentum of an unobserved part as a quantization axis reveals an interesting aspect of the interference in the high-J limit. The result indicates that a high-J limit does not necessarily correspond to a ``classical'' limit. The relation between the representation of angular momentum transfer and of total angular momentum is also obtained in the high-J limit in the same way. This relation completes the quantum derivation of classical results for the polarization of fluorescence excited by photodissociation.
Farm-to-school programs: perspectives of school food service professionals.

Abstract Objective This qualitative study used a case study approach to explore the potential of farm-to-school programs to simultaneously improve children's diets and provide farmers with viable market opportunities. Design Semistructured interviews were the primary data collection strategy. Setting Seven farm-to-school programs in the Upper Midwest and Northeast regions of the United States. Participants Seven school food service professionals, 7 farmers, and 4 food distributors recruited from 7 farm-to-school programs. Phenomenon of Interest Interviews probed why farmers, school food service professionals, and food distributors participate in farm-to-school programs and how they characterize the opportunities and challenges to local school food procurement. Analysis Data were analyzed using thematic coding and data displays. Results School food service professionals described 3 motivators for buying locally grown food for their cafeterias: (1) “The students like it,” (2) “The price is right,” and (3) “We're helping our local farmer.” Students' preference for locally grown food was related to food quality, influence of school staff, and relationships with farmers. Buying food directly from farmers and wholesalers was associated with lower prices and flexible specifications, and the “local feel.” Conclusions and Implications Understanding school food service professionals' motivations for buying locally grown food is critical to the sustainability of farm-to-school programs.
GRAVITY-INDUCED EFFECTS ON MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND SIZE OF LEAVES ON HORIZONTAL SHOOTS OF ACER SACCHARUM (ACERACEAE)

The influence of gravity on the size and mechanical properties of mature leaves on horizontal shoots and etiolated seedlings of Acer saccharum Marsh. (Aceraceae) was examined. Leaves were grouped into three categories regarding their location on shoots (dorsal or "top" T, lateral or "left/right" L/R, and ventral or "bottom" B). Young's modulus E, petiole length L, lamina surface area A and weight P, and the cross-sectional areas of different tissues within petioles were measured for each leaf and were found to be correlated with leaf location (T, L/R, and B): T leaves were smaller and had lower E than their B counterparts; the size and material properties of L/R leaves were intermediate between those of T and B leaves. In general, A, P, and E decreased from the base to the tip of shoots. In addition to anisophylly, the influence of gravity induced petiole bending and torsion and resulted in the horizontal planation of laminae. This was observed for field-grown mature plants and etiolated seedlings. Petiole bending and torsion were interpreted as gravimorphogenetic phenomena. Anatomically, L, E, and petiole deflection angle 4 measured from the vertical were highly correlated with the combined cross-sectional areas of phloem fibers and xylem in petioles of B leaves and when data from all leaves were pooled. It is tentatively advanced that the correlation of E with the transverse areas of phloem fibers and xylem is evidence that either the pattern or the extent of lignification of petiole tissues is influenced by petiole position with respect to gravity. This paper, which is part of a long-term study of the mechanical attributes of leaves (Niklas, 199 la-d), treats the influence of gravity on the size, mechanical properties, and anatomy of the petioles borne on anisophyllous horizontal shoots of Acer saccharum Marsh. The objective was to determine whether leaves derived from primordia with different orientations with respect to gravity have similar size-dependent relationships among the surface areas and weights of laminae and the lengths, elastic mod
Microwave tomography for bone imaging

Osteoporosis is a major health problem affecting roughly 55% of the U.S. population 50 years of age or older. Current methods to detect osteoporosis or assess bone fracture risk involve a bone mineral density (BMD) exam generally using x-ray techniques - primarily dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). While this technique provides a measure of the bone mass, it does not offer any insight into bone quality, structure or biology which are regarded as important components of bone health. Microwave tomography for bone imaging consists of recovering bone dielectric properties, which have been shown to have strong correlations with clinically important mechanical properties of bone. In this paper we present some preliminary results from a simulation experiment along with some patient data.
Enhancing Performance Optimization of Multicore/Multichip Nodes with Data Structure Metrics

Program performance optimization is usually based solely on measurements of execution behavior of code segments using hardware performance counters. However, memory access patterns are critical performance limiting factors for today's multicore chips where performance is highly memory bound. Therefore diagnoses and selection of optimizations based only on measurements of the execution behavior of code segments are incomplete because they do not incorporate knowledge of memory access patterns and behaviors. This article presents a low-overhead tool (MACPO) that captures memory traces and computes metrics for the memory access behavior of source-level (C, C++, Fortran) data structures. MACPO explicitly targets the measurement and metrics important to performance optimization for multicore chips. The article also presents a complete process for integrating measurement and analyses of code execution with measurements and analyses of memory access patterns and behaviors for performance optimization, specifically targeting multicore chips and multichip nodes of clusters. MACPO uses more realistic cache models for computation of latency metrics than those used by previous tools. Evaluation of the effectiveness of adding memory access behavior characteristics of data structures to performance optimization was done on subsets of the ASCI, NAS and Rodinia parallel benchmarks and two versions of one application program from a domain not represented in these benchmarks. Adding characteristics of the behavior of data structures enabled easier diagnoses of bottlenecks and more accurate selection of appropriate optimizations than with only code centric behavior measurements. The performance gains ranged from a few percent to 38 percent.
Novel benzophenones as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1.

GW4511, GW4751, and GW3011 showed IC50 values ≤2 nM against wild type HIV-1 and <10 nM against 16 mutants. They were particularly potent against NNRTI-resistant viruses containing Y181C-, K103N-, and K103N-based double mutations, which account for a significant proportion of the clinical failure of the three currently marketed NNRTIs. The antiviral data together with the favorable pharmacokinetic data of GW4511 suggested that these benzophenones possess attributes of a new NNRTI drug candidate.
LoxP-FRT Trap (LOFT): a simple and flexible system for conventional and reversible gene targeting

Background Conditional gene knockout (cKO) mediated by the Cre/LoxP system is indispensable for exploring gene functions in mice. However, a major limitation of this method is that gene KO is not reversible. A number of methods have been developed to overcome this, but each method has its own limitations.