cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Conceptual Framework for Human-Animal Interaction Research: The Challenge Revisited

AbstractThe potential benefit of the human-animal interaction has been explored for over 20 years with limited success. Continued concern focuses upon the reLiance of anecdotal and case reports, as well as limited, well-designed empirical studies. Professionals from many disciplines have examined the benefit(s) a companion animal can have for persons with special needs. Pets can lower blood pressures (Baun et al. 1984, Friedmann 1983, Grossberg et al. 1988), heart rates (DeShriver and Riddick 1990, Wilson 1987), and anxiety (Wilson 1991), enhance social environments (Brickel and Brickel 1980/1981, Mugford and M'Comisky 1975), and decrease depression (Bolin 1987).Although much has been made over the potential benefits of a pet, little attention has been given to the key recommendations of the Delta Society Conferences in 1984 and 1986 and the NIH Technology Assessment Conference (1988), where participants proposed that theoretical bases of the various disciplines be adopted and tested in the area of human-...
A hybrid approach of OpenMP for clusters

We present the first fully automated compiler-runtime system that successfully translates and executes OpenMP shared-address-space programs on laboratory-size clusters, for the complete set of regular, repetitive applications in the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. We introduce a hybrid compiler-runtime translation scheme. Compared to previous work, this scheme features a new runtime data flow analysis and new compiler techniques for improving data affinity and reducing communication costs. We present and discuss the performance of our translated programs, and compare them with the performance of the MPI, HPF and UPC versions of the benchmarks. The results show that our translated programs achieve 75% of the hand-coded MPI programs, on average.
Living with ambiguity: prices and survival when investors have heterogeneous preferences for ambiguity

This paper investigates asset prices and the long run wealth of investors in an asset market populated by investors who have heterogeneous preferences over risk and ambiguity. In a dynamic setting I characterize conditions under which investors who are averse to ambiguity will have an effect on long run asset prices. If ambiguity averse investors always believe that the true distribution could be wrong in many possible directions then a necessary condition for their survival is that the market exhibit no aggregate risk, a condition not met by many asset pricing models of interest. However, unlike investors with irrational beliefs, there do exist markets in which ambiguity averse investors survive.
ASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE FIERYNECKED NIGHTJAR

Summary Jackson H. D. 1985. Aspects of the breeding biology of the Fierynecked Nightjar. Ostrich 56: 263–276. A marked population of nightjars in Zimbabwe was studied intensively for four breeding seasons. This paper covers certain aspects of the breeding biology of the Fierynecked Nightjar Caprimulgus pectoralis. The male shows strong site fidelity during the breeding season (September to December), singing, feeding and breeding within an area of about 5,8 ha. There is some evidence of site defence by the male. The female shows strong mate fidelity, resulting in a pair bond for life. Egg laying starts with full moon in September and is further stimulated by the next two full moon periods. The eggs are laid directly on dense leaf litter at a site overhung by foliage. The normal clutch is two eggs (12S % are one egg) laid on successive days during the afternoon. Incubation starts with the first egg and is by the male at night and the female by day. The incubation period is 18 days. The birds respond to und...
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES OF STEM CELL TRANSPLANT

The psychological impact after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be immense. HSCT is an intense and distinctive experience for patients and families and has the potential to cause prolonged psychological distress unlike other experiences with oncology patients.1, 2 The Institute of Medicine report identified that meeting psychosocial health needs of the patients and family is the current exception rather than the common occurrence in this current health care climate.3 Because of the unique nature of the transplant experience, psychosocial assessment and interventions should be a high priority. The transplant procedure itself is complex and although the mortality has improved over the years since transplants began in the 1970’s it continues to be a significant stressor. The recovery after transplant can come with prolonged physical and psychological set-backs, and extreme social strain on the patient’s caregiver, friends and family members. In addition, the transplant experience can include multiple hospital readmissions for acute complications, slow recovery and long-term issues. Often the psychological and social issues can be more challenging for the health care team than the medical issues.4 This article discusses the psychosocial issues of three populations surrounding the transplant experience: the patient, the caregiver and the nurse. The patient section is divided into 3 sections: overall psychosocial concerns and assessment, common in-depth issues such as depression, and suggested interventions.
Study of mixed refrigerant undergoing pulsating flow in micro coolers with pre-cooling

Abstract Micro cryogenic coolers can provide low temperatures with a smaller volumetric footprint and smaller power draw than their conventional-scale counterparts. However, they can exhibit lower-than-desired cooling power. We measure the specific cooling power of a refrigerant expanding from a high pressure of 0.6 MPa to a low pressure of 0.1 MPa, while undergoing pulsating flow in a micro cryogenic cooler with pre-cooling. We further observe that the pulses in the flow-rate occur due to a volume of liquid forming in the high-pressure coupling mini-channel. The composition of the flowing refrigerant is analyzed with gas chromatography and thermal conductivity detection (GC/TCD), showing that there is no overall composition change in the refrigerant after it enters the pre-cooling lines. A model of the cooling power under such a pulsating flow regime is developed with good agreement to measured values. An improved refrigerant mixture is designed with this model, and subsequently tested, showing increased specific cooling power.
Missing players: Phonology and the past-tense debate

The proposition that the mental lexicon is a ‘dual route’ system, advanced by Pinker and others to account for regular and irregular morphology, overlooks the important fact that morphological regularity correlates inversely with phonological regularity — ‘regular’ past-tense beeped being phonologically irregular (exceptional syllable), while ‘irregular’ past-tense kept is phonologically just regular. I argue that the correlation, which is general, can only be captured under a single — rather than ‘dual’ — architecture, and an associational — rather than rule based — theory of morphology. Where word-to-word associations are strong, morphology looks regular and phonological alternations are inhibited, making phonology look irregular. In a system in which regularities are attributed to ‘rules’, rules should be able to coexist with other rules, and morphological and phonological regularities should correlate directly, rather than inversely.
High-speed LC Analysis Using Electrochemical Detection

Abstract The chromatographic performance of an electrochemical detector incorporating a flowcell with improved dispersive charac- teristics has been evaluated for use in high-speed liquid chroma- tography. High-speed C18/3 um columns, 100 × 4.6 mn, i.d. were found to be well matched to this detector with respect to extra- column contributions to band broadening. The capabilities of this high-speed LC-EC system are demonstrated by a 3-minute separation of phenols and a 4-minute separation of catecholamines and ace- t ominophen.
"Depressed" mothers' perceptions of infant vulnerability are related to later development.

Fifty-four depressed and non-depressed mothers were interviewed when their infants were 3 and 12 months of age. The depressed mothers assigned greater vulnerability scores and their infants engaged in less exploratory play and had lower Bayley mental and motor scores. The depressed mothers' vulnerability scores at 3 months were related to less exploratory play in their infants as well as lower Bayley mental scores at 12 months.
The number and distribution of immune cells in the cervicovaginal mucosa remain constant throughout the menstrual cycle of rhesus macaques.

A number of studies have shown that the ovarian hormone cycle affects genital tract immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and T cell function in both humans and rhesus monkeys. We hypothesized that shifts in immune cell populations occurring in response to hormone cycles are involved in the observed changes in genital tract immunity. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the type, number, and distribution of immune cells in the cervicovaginal mucosa at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Tissues from 18 normal female rhesus macaques were studied by immunohistochemistry and computerized morphometric analysis. The number and distribution of CD1a+ Langerhans' cells, CD2+, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and surface Ig+ plasma cells did not change in samples collected at the different stages of the cycle. However, in no relation to the stage of the menstrual cycle, the number of Langerhans' cells and other immune cell types was different in the various regions of the cervicovaginal mucosa examined. In addition, variation in thickness of the ectocervical and vaginal epithelium during a normal menstrual cycle of rhesus macaques is not accompanied by changes in intraepithelial immune cell populations. We conclude that steroid hormones do not influence genital mucosal immunity by changing the number or distribution of immune cells in the lower reproductive tract.
Inner core attenuation anisotropy

Abstract We investigate the attenuation structure of the Earth's inner core and its relationship to the velocity structure globally and along various sampling directions, by studying the amplitude ratios and the differential travel times of the PKiKP–PKIKP and PKPbc–PKIKP phases. Our observations reveal that the amplitude ratios of these core phases, like the differential travel times, vary in both sampling direction and geographic location, and the correlation is ubiquitous between small (large) PKIKP/PKiKP or PKIKP/PKPbc amplitude ratios and large (small) differential PKiKP–PKIKP or PKPbc–PKIKP travel times. These observations indicate that the Earth's inner core is anisotropic in attenuation, and the direction of high (low) attenuation corresponds to that of high (low) velocity. Such anisotropic behaviors can be explained by different alignments of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron crystals under the hypothesis that the hcp iron crystals are anisotropic in attenuation with their axis of high (low) attenuation corresponding to that of high (low) velocity.
Business activities, competitive resources and ownership types of Chinese textile and apparel manufacturing firms

This study aimed to gain a deep and timely understanding about the stature of textile and apparel (T&A) manufacturers in China, whose industry appears to be transitioning from the growth to the mature phase of the industry life cycle. The texts under ‘About Us’ or ‘Company Information’ available on firms' websites were coded following Barney's (Barney, J., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), 99–120) resource-based theory of the firm framework. The results of Mann–Whitney and Chi-square tests of the coded data were consistent with the thesis that Chinese T&A industries might be in transition from the growth to the mature phase of the life cycle, shifting their business bases from manufacturing to retailing, designing and marketing, while putting emphasis on general operational resources, organisational knowledge and learning resources. Firms with foreign ownership or partnership were more likely engaged in non-manufacturing, value-added business activiti...
Relationship of STD-Related Shame and Stigma to Female Adolescents’ Condom-Protected Intercourse

Abstract Purpose Shame and stigma associated with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are barriers to adolescents seeking prompt and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. However, little is known about how these constructs are related to STD-protective behaviors, such as condom-protected intercourse. Thus, we prospectively examined the relationship between shame and stigma and condom use in adolescent females. Methods There were 192 African American females age 17.4 ± 1.7 years (range 15–21 years) recruited for the study from local teen-oriented health clinics. At baseline, participants completed demographic and psychosocial measures (including STD-related shame and stigma), and chart- or laboratory-confirmed history of STDs was obtained. At 6 months follow-up, rate of condom-protected intercourse in past 14 days was assessed. Participants' baseline shame and stigma scores, prior history of STDs, and select demographic and theoretically important psychosocial variables were entered into a hierarchical linear regression model to predict condom-protected intercourse in the 14 days prior to the 6-month follow-up assessment. Results After controlling for variables identified in bivariate correlations, STD-related shame was significantly predictive of condom-protected intercourse in the 14 days prior to follow-up, with higher shame predicting higher rates of condom-protected intercourse. Conclusions Future prevention efforts attempting to reduce adolescents' risks for STDs and HIV may benefit from addressing STD-related shame and stigma in addition to explicitly linking health-promoting behavior changes (condom use) to a decreased likelihood of future infection with STDs.
Transmission of human T-cell leukemia virus type I from a patient with HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and an asymptomatic carrier to rabbits.

Rabbits were infected successfully with two strains of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), one isolated from a Colombian patient with HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and the other from an asymptomatic carrier. HTLV-I was repeatedly demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) of infected rabbits, and the rabbits had elevated antibodies against the various structural proteins of HTLV-I. Four rabbits inoculated with HTLV-I-infected autologous lymphoid cells intravenously (i.v.) and intracerebrally (i.c.) had virus present in their PBMNC for more than 40 weeks, while those that were inoculated either with HTLV-I-infected human lymphoid cells or with autologous rabbit lymphoid cells intraperitoneally (i.p.) had episodes during which virus was not recovered from their PBMNC. The one rabbit inoculated i.p. developed antibodies to viral envelope glycoproteins earlier than did those inoculated i.v. and i.c. Rabbit lymphoid cell lines persistently infected with HTLV-I were established by cocultivating the rabbit PBMNC with HTLV-I-infected human lymphoid cells that had been irradiated or by inoculation with cell-free supernatant fluids of HTLV-I infected non-irradiated lymphoid cell cultures. HTLV-I-infected rabbit cell lines were of T-cell origin and expressed HTLV-I antigens by immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy revealed type-C retrovirus particles.
An Inverse Analysis of Cohesive Zone Model Parameter Values for Ductile Crack Growth Simulations

Abstract An inverse analysis using a modified Levenberg–Marquardt method is carried out to identify cohesive zone model parameter values for use in 3D finite element simulations of stable tearing crack growth events in Arcan specimens made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The triangular cohesive law is employed in the simulations. The set of cohesive parameter values is determined in the inverse analysis by minimizing the difference between simulation predictions of key points on the load–crack extension curve with experimental measurements. From three different initial values, similar cohesive parameter value sets are reached. Using these sets of values, the predicted load–crack extension curves and the variation of a generalized crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) with crack extension for mixed-mode loading cases are compared with experimental measurements, which provide a validation of the cohesive parameter values and of the finite element simulation predictions.
Igh-6b expression in BALB.nude mice.

Abstract Mice that differ at Igh loci and the reagents that permit resolution of such distinctions are powerful genetic tools for studying B cell heterogencity. In this report, IgM-allotype-specific ELISA revealed that two of three sources of mice designated as BALB. nude express the Igh-6b (IgM b ) allotype characteristic if C57BL mice. This observation serves to warn investigators that not all strains of mice designated BALB. nude express the Igh-6a (IgM a ) allotype.
The influence of stress treatment on femur cortical bone porosity and medullary bone status in Japanese quail selected for high and low blood corticosterone response to stress.

Abstract 1. 1. Femurs taken from Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) genetically selected for either exaggerated (HS; high-stress) or reduced (LS; low-stress) blood corticosterone (B) response to unfamiliar environments were examined to determine their cortical bone porosity (CBP; degree of osteoporosis) and medullary bone (MB) status following treatment with or without stress. 2. 2. Femur CBP was elevated in both sexes of stressed, HS-line quail and was attributed directly to the presumably exaggerated blood B responses known to occur in this line as a consequence of the stress treatments used. 3. 3. The increase in CBP in stressed, HS-line birds occurred independently of changes in the numbers of osteoclast cells (CLASTS) associated with cortical bone. 4. 4. Stress treatment was associated with lower CLAST numbers/mm2 of MB and with increased MB accretion. 5. 5. These stress-induced effects were considered to be the consequence of a reduced rate of lay found in stressed quail hens. 6. 6. There was only marginal evidence for a direct effect of B in stimulating MB resorption.
Minimum-Time Low-Thrust Rendezvous and Transfer Using Epoch Mean Longitude Formulation

Themathematicsofminimum-timerendezvous and transfer usinga set ofnonsingularorbital elements involving the mean longitude at epoch is presented and shown to represent a basis from which the current time formulations are derived. The state and adjoint differential equations are explicit functions of time in this formulation that involves natural orbital elements that stay constant if no perturbation is applied. The optimal Hamiltonian also is varying in time; however, the function that de nes the transversality condition at the end time in minimum-time problems is shown to remain constant during the optimal transfer, effectively replacing the numerical check for the constantHamiltonian in accepting a converged trajectory as being truly optimal.Themappingmatrices for the Lagrangemultipliers of this as well as all of the other formulations previously developed also are shown explicitly. A numerical example is presented that uses the shooting method coupled with a quasi-Newtonian scheme to solve the two-point boundary-valueproblem and generate the numerically integrated trajectory.
Identification of regulatory domains in ADP-ribosyltransferase-1 that determine transferase and NAD glycohydrolase activities.

Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (ART1–7) transfer ADP-ribose from NAD+ to proteins (transferase activity) or water (NAD glycohydrolase activity). The mature proteins contain two domains, an α-helical amino terminus and a β-sheet-rich carboxyl terminus. A basic region in the carboxyl termini is encoded in a separate exon in ART1 and ART5. Structural motifs are conserved among ART molecules. Successive amino- or carboxyl-terminal truncations of ART1, an arginine-specific transferase, identified regions that regulated transferase and NAD glycohydrolase activities. In mouse ART1, amino acids 24–38 (ART-specific extension) were needed to inhibit both activities; amino acids 39–45 (common ART coil) were required for both. Successive truncations of the α-helical region reduced transferase and NAD glycohydrolase activities; however, truncation to residue 106 enhanced both. Removal of the carboxyl-terminal basic domain decreased transferase, but enhanced NAD glycohydrolase, activity. Thus, amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of ART1 are required for transferase activity. The enhanced glycohydrolase activity of the shorter mutants indicates that sequences, which are not part of the NAD binding, core catalytic site, exert structural constraints, modulating substrate specificity and catalytic activity. These functional domains, defined by discrete exons or structural motifs, are found in ART1 and other ARTs, consistent with conservation of structure and function across the ART family.
Feasibility study of a wearable carbon monoxide warning system for construction workers

This paper presents a feasibility study of a wearable computing system to protect construction workers from carbon monoxide poisoning. A pulse oximetry sensor has been integrated into a typical construction helmet to allow continuous and non-invasive monitoring of workers' blood saturation levels. To show the feasibility of monitoring for carbon monoxide poisoning without subjecting users to dangerous conditions, a prototype for monitoring blood O 2 was constructed and tested during a user study involving typical construction tasks to determine its reliability while undergoing motion. Because monitoring for blood O 2 and CO involve the same principles and technologies, if monitoring O 2 is feasible, then monitoring for CO will be feasible as well. The results of this initial study show that integrating an oximeter into a construction helmet will warn the user of impeding carbon monoxide poisoning with a probability greater than 99%.
Small prey hunting technology and zooarchaeological measures of taxonomic diversity and abundance: Ethnoarchaeological evidence from Central African forest foragers

Archaeological analyses of faunal assemblages often rely on rationale derived from the prey choice model to explain temporal and spatial changes in taxonomic measures of diversity and/or abundances. In this paper, we present analyses of ethnoarchaeological observations and bone assemblages created by Central African BoW and Aka forest foragers which show that diVerent small prey hunting technologies target speciWc suites of prey and that hunters vary their technological choice depending on their foraging goals. Analysis of ethnoarchaeological bone assemblages produced by the BoW and Aka shows that variability in target prey can create spatially distinct, but contemporaneous, faunal assemblages with diVerent diversity values and abundance indices. These data reveal important variation in how individuals within a contemporary human population rank prey and challenge current assumptions about the meaning of diversity and abundances measures in archaeological contexts. We argue that the use of diversity and abundance indices can obscure important intrasite variability in prehistoric foraging eVort and suggest strategies that might enhance current techniques.
A Cognitive‐Physiological Process Model of Sexual Arousal and Response

Three decades of research have focused on identifying cognitive and physiological processes in human emotion. The mechanisms by which these components interact to mediate sexual arousal are unknown, and scientific knowledge on women Is lacking. New findings have identified (a) key components of sexual response, (b) mechanisms by which cognitive and physiological processes form a feedback loop in the mediation of sexual arousal, and (c) a method to increase genital response and cognitive expectancy, via pairing general autonomic activation and physiological genital feedback. This approach interrupted the dysfunctional process and initiated a positive cognitive-physiological feedback loop of sexual arousal to levels comparable with sexually functional women within 3 min. This empirically derived process model identifies a cognitive-physiological pathway for sexual response, and a potential common pathway for emotion processing and an integrated behavioral medicine approach to women's health.
Tob1 is a constitutively expressed repressor of liver regeneration

How proliferative and inhibitory signals integrate to control liver regeneration remains poorly understood. A screen for antiproliferative factors repressed after liver injury identified transducer of ErbB2.1 ( Tob1 ), a member of the PC3/BTG1 family of mito-inhibitory molecules as a target for further evaluation. Tob1 protein decreases after 2/3 hepatectomy in mice secondary to posttranscriptional mechanisms. Deletion of Tob1 increases hepatocyte proliferation and accelerates restoration of liver mass after hepatectomy. Down-regulation of Tob1 is required for normal liver regeneration, and Tob1 controls hepatocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. Tob1 associates directly with both Caf1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1 and modulates Cdk1 kinase activity. In addition, Tob1 has significant effects on the transcription of critical cell cycle components, including E2F target genes and genes involved in p53 signaling. We provide direct evidence that levels of an inhibitory factor control the rate of liver regeneration, and we identify Tob1 as a crucial check point molecule that modulates the expression and activity of cell cycle proteins.
Proton magnetic resonance of poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(butyl acrylate), poly(ethyl vinyl ether), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl stearate), and vinyl stearate from 77°K

Molecular motion in one monomeric and five polymeric materials was investigated by means of broad line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, the widths and second moments of the resonant absorption lines being obtained at temperatures from 77 to 280–340°K. The materials investigated were: poly(ethyl vinyl ether), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(butyl acrylate), vinyl stearate, and poly(vinyl stearate).
Are There Election Cycles in Wage Agreements? An Analysis of German Public Employees

In this article, the possibility of Nordhaus political wage cyclesin the West German public services during 1961–1965 is investigated.Since wage negotiations are centralized, one might expect a systematicallyhigher wage increase shortly before a federal election. A regression ofwage increases from 30 consecutive public sector pay contracts is run onan election variable and several additional explanatory variables. Thenull of no election influence is rejected for worker wage increases. Theestimated increase in wages due to an imminent election is predicted to bein the range of 2.5 to 3 percentage points.
Natural Biology of Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen

“It has been commented by someone that ‘polyoma’ is an adjective composed of a prefix and suffix, with no root between—a meatless linguistic sandwich” (C. J. Dawe). The very name “polyomavirus” is a vague mantel: a name given before our understanding of these viral agents was clear but implying a clear tumor life-style, as noted by the late C. J. Dawe. However, polyomavirus are not by nature tumor-inducing agents. Since it is the purpose of this review to consider the natural function of middle T antigen (MT), encoded by one of the seemingly crucial transforming genes of polyomavirus, we will reconsider and redefine the virus and its MT gene in the context of its natural biology and function. This review was motivated by our recent in vivo analysis of MT function. Using intranasal inoculation of adult SCID mice, we have shown that polyomavirus can replicate with an MT lacking all functions associated with transformation to similar levels to wild-type virus. These observations, along with an almost indistinguishable replication of all MT mutants with respect to wild-type viruses in adult competent mice, illustrate that MT can have a play subtle role in acute replication and persistence. The most notable effect of MT mutants was in infections of newborns, indicating that polyomavirus may be highly adapted to replication in newborn lungs. It is from this context that our current understanding of this well-studied virus and gene is presented.
A Flexible Software-Based Framework for Online Detection of Hardware Defects

This work proposes a new, software-based, defect detection and diagnosis technique. We introduce a novel set of instructions, called access-control extensions (ACE), that can access and control the microprocessor's internal state. Special firmware periodically suspends microprocessor execution and uses the ACE instructions to run directed tests on the hardware. When a hardware defect is present, these tests can diagnose and locate it, and then activate system repair through resource reconfiguration. The software nature of our framework makes it flexible: testing techniques can be modified/upgraded in the field to trade-off performance with reliability without requiring any change to the hardware. We describe and evaluate different execution models for using the ACE framework. We also describe how the proposed ACE framework can be extended and utilized to improve the quality of post-silicon debugging and manufacturing testing of modern processors. We evaluated our technique on a commercial chip-multiprocessor based on Sun's Niagara and found that it can provide very high coverage, with 99.22 percent of all silicon defects detected. Moreover, our results show that the average performance overhead of software-based testing is only 5.5 percent. Based on a detailed register transfer level (RTL) implementation of our technique, we find its area and power consumption overheads to be modest, with a 5.8 percent increase in total chip area and a 4 percent increase in the chip's overall power consumption.
The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus.

Summary Tst, the gene for toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST1), is part of a 15.2 kb genetic element in Staphylococcus aureus that is absent in TSST-1-negative strains. The prototype, in RN4282, is flanked by a 17 nucleotide direct repeat and contains genes for a second possible superantigen toxin, a Dichelobacter nodosus VapE homologue and a putative integrase. It is readily transferred to a recA π recipient, and it always inserts into a unique chromosomal copy of the 17 nucleotide sequence in the same orientation. It is excised and circularized by staphylococcal phages f13 and 80a and replicates during the growth of the latter, which transduces it at very high frequency. Because of its site and orientation specificity and because it lacks other identifiable phage-like genes, we consider it to be a pathogenicity island (PI) rather than a transposon or a defective phage. The tst element in RN4282, near tyrB, is designated SaPI1. That in RN3984 in the trp region is only partially homologous to SaPI1 and is excised by phage 80 but not by 80a. It is designated SaPI2. These PIs are the first in any Gram-positive species and the first for which mobility has been demonstrated. Their mobility may be responsible for the spread of TSST-1 production among S. aureus strains.
ChirP-compensated autocorrelation of optical pulses.

A novel electric-field correlation technique is presented. By the incorporation of a dispersion-compensating element into the autocorrelator, it is possible to determine both the pulse amplitude and the amount of phase chirp for well-behaved pulses. The technique requires no nonlinear processes or spectral analysis.
A Cell‐Permeable ATP Analogue for Kinase‐Catalyzed Biotinylation

ATP analogs have been powerful tools in the study of kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation. However, the cell impermeability of ATP analogs has largely limited their use to in vitro lysate-based experiments. Here we report the first cell permeable ATP analog, ATP-polyamine-biotin (APB). APB promoted biotin labeling of kinase substrates in live cells. APB has future application in phosphoprotein purification and analysis. More generally, these studies provide a foundation for development of additional cell permeable ATP analogs for cell signaling research.
A comparative study of coarse- and fine-grained safe regression test-selection techniques

Regression test-selection techniques reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting a subset of an existing test suite to use in retesting a modified program. Over the past two decades, numerous regression test-selection techniques have been described in the literature. Initial empirical studies of some of these techniques have suggested that they can indeed benefit testers, but so far, few studies have empirically compared different techniques. In this paper, we present the results of a comparative empirical study of two safe regression test-selection techniques. The techniques we studied have been implemented as the tools DejaVu and TestTube; we compared these tools in terms of a cost model incorporating precision (ability to eliminate unnecessary test cases), analysis cost, and test execution cost. Our results indicate, that in many instances, despite its relative lack of precision, TestTube can reduce the time required for regression testing as much as the more precise DejaVu. In other instances, particularly where the time required to execute test cases is long, DejaVu's superior precision gives it a clear advantage over TestTube. Such variations in relative performance can complicate a tester's choice of which tool to use. Our experimental results suggest that a hybrid regression test-selection tool that combines features of TestTube and DejaVu may be an answer to these complications; we present an initial case study that demonstrates the potential benefit of such a tool.
Imaging Biomarkers for Treatment Development for Impaired Cognition: Report of the Sixth CNTRICS Meeting: Biomarkers Recommended for Further Development

The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiative, funded by an R13 conference grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, has sought to facilitate the translation of measures from the basic science of cognition into practical brain-based tools to measure treatment effects on cognition in schizophrenia. In this overview article, we summarize the process and products of the sixth meeting in this series, which focused on the identification of promising imaging paradigms, based on the measurement of cognitive evoked potentials (event-related potential) of cognition-related time-frequency analyses of the electroencephalography as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 23 well-specified paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that measure cognitive functions previously identified as targets for treatment development were identified at the meeting as being recommended for the further developmental work needed in order to validate and optimize them as biomarker measures. Individual paradigms are discussed in detail in 6 domain-based articles in this volume. Ongoing issues related to the development of these and other measures as valid, sensitive and reliable measurement, and assessment tools, as well as the steps necessary for the development of specific measures for use as biomarkers for treatment development and personalized medicine, are discussed.
Matched or Mismatched Environments? The Relationship of Family and School Differentiation to Adolescents' Psychosocial Adjustment

This study applies the family-systems concept of differentiation (the balance of autonomy-granting and connectedness) to another primary system of adolescent development—school. This study assessed the relationships among levels of family and school differentiation to the externalizing and internalizing behaviors, peer group membership, and academic achievement of 693 middle and high school students. High levels of family and school differentiation were correlated with all measures of well-being. Individuals in the low-low matched differentiation group had the lowest academic achievement, whereas individuals in the high-high matched differentiation group had the highest academic achievement. Students in the mismatched group, who had high differentiation with parents, but low differentiation with school, had lower grade point averages, higher school absences, and higher disciplinary actions than those in the mismatched group with high school differentiation and low parent differentiation.
Fuel Injection Anomalies Observed During Long-Term Engine Performance Tests on Alternate Fuels

Anomalies de l'injection de carburant au cours d'essais de longue duree de moteurs avec des carburants de remplacement
Marketing Strategies of Gift and Souvenir Shops in Canada and the United States. A Comparative Exploratory Study

The souvenir is an integral part of the travel experience and most tourists return home with souvenirs to preserve and commemorate such experiences. However, souvenirs and souvenir retailing is for the most part an untapped field of research. This research investigates the marketing strategies implemented by gift/souvenir shops and whether differences are found between Canada (Quebec and Ontario regions) and the United States (Vermont/New York region). The findings suggest that differences exist in the marketing strategies of gift and souvenir shops in these three regions. The marketing strategy ratings for product, price, promotion, and place were consistently higher for Ontario gift shops, followed by New York, and lowest for Quebec. The qualitative findings provide some insight into the specific variables that contribute to these differences. Gift and souvenir shop owners may benefit from identifying best practices that differentiate the Ontario stores and make their marketing strategy more appealing to visitors. This may provide useful guidelines for implementing changes to improve their marketing strategy.
Here Begins the Fourteenth Chapter, On Finding Square and Cubic Roots, and on the Multiplication, Division, and Subtraction of Them, and On the Treatment of Binomials and Apotomes and their Roots

Let me insert in this chapter on roots certain necessary results that are said to be key, and they are clearly demonstrated in Euclid’s second book; it suffices to proceed to the definitions of them according to arithmetic [1]. The first of them is with the number separated into parts; the products of the parts by the entire separated number added together are equal to the separated number squared, namely the product of the number by itself. For example, let 10 be parted into 2, 3, and 5. I say that the sum of the products of the two, the three, and the five by the 10, namely 20, 30, and 50, is equal to the product of 10 by itself, that is 100. Also if some number is separated into parts, and each part is multiplied by some other number, and all of the products are added together, they will equal the product of the separated number by the other number; for example, if 10 is separated into the abovesaid parts, and each part is multiplied by some other number, we say 12, and the products are added together, namely the 24, the 36, and the 60, then undoubtedly the resulting 120 will be equal to the product of the 10 and the 12. Also if a number is separated into any two parts, then the product of each part by itself plus double the product of one part by the other equals the square of the entire number; for example, if 12 is separated into 5 and 7, the product of 5 by itself will be 25, and the 7 by itself will be 49, and the double of 5 times 7 will be 70; these numbers added together make 144, namely the product of the entire number by itself.
Advertising on Cable Television in the Presidential Primaries: Something to Look For in '92

The cost of running presidential primary campaigns has increased dramatically since the primary replaced the party convention as the preferred method of presidential candidate selection. Much of this well documented rise in campaign spending has been attributed to the increased use of televised political advertising. Today, political parties have been supplanted by the media as the most prominent link between the voter and the election process. It is not party identification or the “get out the vote” apparatus, but slick, high tech, 30-second spot advertisements that have helped to make or break presidential campaigns for party nominations in recent years. Today, candidates are apt to spend two-thirds or more of their primary campaign budgets on paid political advertising, and the 1992 presidential primary season promises more of the same. In addition, the '92 primaries may offer an interesting twist in campaign strategy. In the past, media battles for the nomination have been waged over the broadcast airwaves. In the future, primary watchers would be well advised to pay close attention to the role played by cable television.
Two distinct myosin II populations coordinate ovulatory contraction of the myoepithelial sheath in the Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad

In the nematode somatic gonad, nonmuscle myosin and muscle myosin form distinct filaments and coordinate ovulatory contraction of the myoepithelial sheath. Nonmuscle myosin regulatory light chain i...
The laboratory construction scheme for the determination of basic parameters of gas disaster prevention and control

For coal mine,timely grasping the basic parameters of coal seam gas is the basis of understanding the regularities of gas occurrence and making scientific plans of gas prevention and control.Based on the research at home and abroad for the basic parameters testing technology of gas prevention and control,combined with the experience of the basic testing laboratory construction of the gas disaster prevention and control,this article provides a set of applicable solutions for the laboratory,from technical advancement,experimental environment safety and economic suitability,and has a certain reference and guidance significance to obtain the parameters required for production safety measures in coal mine.
Progress in Non- hydrodesulfurization Techniques of Oil

In this paper,the adsorption desulfurization processes of IRVAD,S-Zorb,LADS,extraction desulfuriza-tion by acidic-basic washing,organic solvent,ionic liquid,alkylation desulfurization,bio-desulphurization by Bacte- ria,microbe,new biological treatment,membrane desulfurization,additive agent desulfurization were discussed. Advantage and disadvantage of these methods were compared and discussed as well. Ultimately,from the view of cleaner production,prospects of oxidative desulfurization techniques were outlined.
Oxalate Stone Disease After Intestinal Resection

AbstractThere have been 543 jejuno-ileal bypass patients screened for the presence of urinary calculi 1 to 6 years postoperatively. Of these patients 9 per cent have had 1 to 2 calculi during the followup and 3 per cent have had multiple calculi. Ninety-four per cent of the recovered calculi consisted entirely of calcium oxalate. Seven patients had a history of stones before the bypass, 6 of whom have had additional stones postoperatively.To define the conditions associated with stone formation in these patients measurements of serum and urinary oxalate concentration, urinary calcium oxalate saturation, urinary crystal size distribution, and the rates of intestinal oxalate absorption and urinary crystallization have been performed on patients who did and did not have stones postoperatively. On the basis of these studies it appears that the patients in whom stones formed differ from those in whom they did not form only in the rate of urinary crystallization and in the number of large crystal particles pres...
Local minimum in fragility for trehalose/glycerol mixtures: implications for biopharmaceutical stabilization.

Approximately a decade ago it was observed that adding a small amount (5 wt %) of glycerol to trehalose could substantially improve the stability of enzymes stored in these glasses even though the final glass transition temperature (Tg) was reduced by ∼20 K. This finding inspired great interest in the fast dynamics of dehydrated trehalose/glycerol mixtures, leading to the observation that suppression of fast dynamics was optimal in the presence of ∼5 wt % of glycerol. It was also recognized that the fast dynamics should, in theory, be related to the fragility of these glass formers, but experimental confirmation of this hypothesis has been lacking for trehalose/glycerol mixtures or any other mixtures of this nature. In the present study a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to determine both the Tg and the kinetic fragility index (m) of trehalose/glycerol mixtures within the mass fraction range of 80–100 wt % of trehalose. It was found that the fragility index correlated with the mass fraction of t...
Experiences of Advanced Practitioners with Inserting the Copper Intrauterine Device as Emergency Contraception

Abstract Introduction The copper intrauterine device (IUD) is the most effective method of emergency contraception (EC) available for use after unprotected intercourse. Family planning clinics, commonly staffed by advanced practice clinicians, fulfill a significant role in health care and contraceptive service delivery for women in the United States. There are limited data assessing the perspectives and experiences of these providers in using the copper IUD as EC in these settings. Methods Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with 12 advanced practice clinicians with experience inserting the copper IUD. A phenomenological approach was used to frame the study and analysis. A modified version of the Van Kaam method of analysis was used to analyze the data from interview transcripts. Results Participants reported feelings of responsibility to support long-acting and highly effective methods of contraception. Patients' abilities to provide an accurate history of the last instance of unprotected intercourse in relation to their menstrual cycles and fear of painful insertions influenced participants’ willingness to offer the copper IUD. This included provider concerns about causing uterine perforation prompting discontinuation of IUD insertion attempts. The participants perceived patients as having little knowledge about the copper IUD in general and as not being committed to using the copper IUD long term. Conclusions Numerous factors influenced advanced practice clinicians’ decisions to present the copper IUD as a method of EC. Promoting support and sharing practitioner experiences with inserting the copper IUD as EC may increase practitioner comfort with the copper IUD as EC.
Psychosocial Factors Related to Underuse of Medical Services

In this longitudinal study, we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the historical, predisposing, enabling/barrier, and need factors as related to the underuse of medical services during early midlife. We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort of community-dwelling men and women (N = 548) followed from adolescence to early midlife. The findings supported a mediational model: A mutually affectionate parent-child relationship in early adolescence was inversely related to underuse of medical services in early midlife via the mediational roles played by later predisposing factors (i.e., depressive mood and cigarette smoking), need factor (i.e., physical health problems), barriers (i.e., financial difficulty), and enabling factors (i.e., social support for health services in early midlife). In addition, satisfaction with medical services in the neighborhood had an association with less underuse of medical services in early midlife. Family therapy focused on an increase in the affectionate relationship between the adolescents and his/her parents and cognitive-behavioral treatment of depressive mood may lead to a decrease in the underuse of medical services.