cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-Flight Performance of MESSENGER's Mercury Dual Imaging System

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched in August 2004 and planned for insertion into orbit around Mercury in 2011, has already completed two flybys of the innermost planet. The Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) acquired nearly 2500 images from the first two flybys and viewed portions of Mercury's surface not viewed by Mariner 10 in 1974-1975. Mercury's proximity to the Sun and its slow rotation present challenges to the thermal design for a camera on an orbital mission around Mercury. In addition, strict limitations on spacecraft pointing and the highly elliptical orbit create challenges in attaining coverage at desired geometries and relatively uniform spatial resolution. The instrument designed to meet these challenges consists of dual imagers, a monochrome narrow-angle camera (NAC) with a 1.5° field of view (FOV) and a multispectral wide-angle camera (WAC) with a 10.5° FOV, co-aligned on a pivoting platform. The focal-plane electronics of each camera are identical and use a 1024×1024 charge-coupled device detector. The cameras are passively cooled but use diode heat pipes and phase-change-material thermal reservoirs to maintain the thermal configuration during the hot portions of the orbit. Here we present an overview of the instrument design and how the design meets its technical challenges. We also review results from the first two flybys, discuss the quality of MDIS data from the initial periods of data acquisition and how that compares with requirements, and summarize how in-flight tests are being used to improve the quality of the instrument calibration.
Analysis of critical parameters for EPL mask fabrication

Electron projection lithography (EPL) requires mask formats that are significantly different from those used in traditional optical lithography. These masks must consist of a thin membrane that is either patterned with transmissive perforations for stencil masks or patterned with a scatterer layer to form a continuous membrane mask. In this paper, the critical requirements for fabrication of EPL masks are discussed. Challenges for mask blank fabrication, image size uniformity, image placement accuracy, and defect control are presented with examples from mask fabrication. The impact of these parameters on EPL mask cost is then discussed. The mask cost is compared for different critical device levels and for different chip sizes. The influence of mask parameters and need for complementary masks drives higher mask costs for certain device levels. By examining the factors influencing mask cost for certain levels, the areas of mask technology that are most critical to controlling mask cost can be identified.
Effect of phospholipid methylation on calcium transport and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity in kidney cortex basolateral membranes.

Abstract Basolateral membranes isolated from hog kidney cortex, enriched 12- to 15-fold in (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity, were 80% oriented inside-out as determined by assay of oubain-sensitive (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity before and after opening of the membrane vesicle preparation with a mixture of deoxycholate and EDTA. In these membrane preparations 80% of total phosphatidylethanolamine was accessible to trinitrophenylation by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid at 4°C, while at 37°C all of phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was chemically modified. Phospholipase C treatment resulted in hydrolysis of 80% phosphatidylethanolamine, 40% phosphatidylcholine and 35% of phosphatidylserine. Sphingomyelinase treatment resulted in 20% hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, presumably derived from right-side-out oriented vesicles. Results indicate that phosphatidylethanolamine is oriented exclusively on the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer of inside-out oriented vesicles. Methylation of phospholipids in basolateral membranes with S- adenosyl [methyl- 3 H ] methionine resulted in the three successive methylation of ethanolamine moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. The K m for S- adenosylmethionine was 1·10 −4 M with an optimum pH 9.0 for the formation of all three methyl derivatives. Mg 2+ was without any effect between pH 5 and 10. Basolateral membranes incubated in the presence of methyl donor, S- adenosylmethionine , exhibited increased (12–15%) (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase activity and increased ATP-dependent uptake of calcium. ATP-dependent calcium uptake in these vesicles was insensitive to oligomycin and ouabain but was abolished completely by 50 μM vanadate. The increase in ATP-dependent calcium uptake was due to an increase in V max and not due to a change in K m for Ca 2+ . Preincubation of membranes with S- adenosylhomocysteine , a methyltransferase inhibitor, abolished the stimulatory effect of phospholipid methylation on calcium uptake. Phospholipid methylation at both low and high pH did not result in a change in bulk membrane fluidity as determined by the fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene. These results suggest that phospholipid methylation may regulate transepithelial calcium flux in vivo.
The power of linkage analysis of a disease-related endophenotype using asymmetrically ascertained sib pairs

A linkage study of a qualitative disease endophenotype in a sample of sib pairs, consisting of one disease affected proband and one sibling is considered. The linkage statistic compares marker allele sharing with the proband in siblings with an abnormal endophenotype to siblings with the normal endophenotype. Expressions are derived for the distribution of this linkage statistic, in terms of the recombination fraction and (1) the genetic parameter values (allele frequency and endophenotype and disease penetrance) and (2) the abnormal endophenotype rates in the population and in classes of relatives of disease affected probands. It is then shown that when either the disease or the abnormal endophenotype has additive penetrance, the expressions simplify to a monotonic function of the difference between abnormal endophenotype rates in siblings and in the population. Thought disorder is considered as a putative schizophrenia endophenotype. Forty sets of genetic parameter values that correspond to the known prevalence values for thought disorder in schizophrenic patients, siblings of schizophrenics and the general population are evaluated. For these genetic parameter values, numerical results show that the test statistic has >70% power (@a=0.0001) in general with a sample of 200 or more proband-sibling pairs to detect linkage between a marker (@q=0.01) and a locus pleiotropic for schizophrenia and thought disorder.
Ritualized Embarrassment At “Coed” Wedding and Baby Showers

The goal of this study was to examine embarrassment in naturally‐occurring interactions within a ritualized context. Thus, ritualized embarrassment was studied via observations of males and females at “coed”; wedding and baby showers. Results revealed that women embarrassed men at showers by teasing and causing them to look unpoised and men used avoidance, humor, remediation, and justification. A new strategy, compliance, was added to previous frameworks to explain males’ reaction to embarrassment. The importance of context and degree of embarrassment is discussed.
Consideration of Total Energy Loss in Theory of Flow to Wells

Abstract Cooley, R.L. and Cunningham, A.B., 1979. Consideration of total energy loss in theory of flow to wells. In: W. Back and D.A. Stephenson (Guest-Editors), Contemporary Hydro-geology — The George Burke Maxey Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 43: 161-184. A coupled numerical solution was developed for unsteady flow in single or multiple confined or semiconfined aquifers and in the well penetrating the system. Analysis of hypothetical problems indicates that, because of friction losses and non-uniform flow in the well bore, a significant region of non-radial flow in the aquifer(s) results whenever aquifer hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 0.015 m/min. and pumping rate is greater than about 1.2 m 3 /min. Because of this non-radial flow, use of standard aquifer testing equations can lead to significant errors in computed aquifer transmissivity whenever aquifer hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 0.03 m/min. Because of unsteady flow in the well bore, flow may be highly non-radial for the first few seconds of pumping irrespective of hydraulic conductivity or pumping rate. Percentage of open area in the screened or perforated section of well bore, Fanning friction factor, and contraction coefficients characterizing flow through the perforations or slots are parameters that could cause large head losses in the well in some cases. Expressions for parameters B and C in the total drawdown equation s w = BQ + CQ 2 (where s w is drawdown in the well and Q is pumping rate) were developed dimensionally from expressions used in this study. The development shows that both B and C could theoretically be dependent on Q .
Auditory differential conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: III. Effects of US shock intensity and duration

Forty-eight rabbits were employed to investigate effects of US intensity and US duration upon differential conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. It was found that the level of conditioning varied directly with increases in intensity and duration, while differential performance was influenced only by intensity. Results were attributed to the increasing noxiousness of the US and were discussed with reference to studies of human eyelid conditioning.
The impact of problem-solving feedback on team-based learning case responses.

Objective. To determine the amount and type of feedback needed to improve pharmacy students’ problem-solving skills using team-based learning (TBL) and a problem-solving rubric.Methods. A problem-solving rubric was developed to assess the ability of pharmacy students’ to prioritize, organize, and defend the best and alternative options on TBL cases The study involved 3 groups of pharmacy students: second-year students in a cardiology class who received no feedback (control group), third-year students in an endocrinology class who received written feedback only, and third-year students in an endocrinology class who received written and verbal feedback. Students worked in groups on all TBL cases except the first and last one (beginning and end of course), which students completed independently as it served as a pretest and posttest.Results. Significant improvements were seen in the ability of the third-year students who received verbal and written feedback to prioritize the information presented in the case...
The Effectiveness of School Desegregation Plans, 1968-1991

A major debate in school desegregation policy is whether voluntary, market-based mechanisms (such as magnet schools) result in more school desegregation than command-and-control approaches (such as...
Elucidation of mu-opioid gene structure: How genetics can help predict therapeutic response to opioids

Opioid drugs are among the most commonly used and effective human analgesics. To date, the clinical benefits of opioid analgesics have not been fully realized due to substantial individual variations in the responses to opioids, insufficient drug dosing, and a high rate (up to 66%) of adverse events. As such, there is a substantial need to identify the genetic and molecular biological mechanisms that mediate individual responses to opioid therapy. Recent discoveries show that genetic variations in the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene locus play an essential role in inter-individual responses. The majority of genetic association studies have focused on the A118G polymorphism, which codes for a non-synonymous change in OPRM1 exon 1. In addition to the A118G polymorphism, another functional SNP (rs563649), which is located within an alternatively-spliced OPRM1 isoform (MOR-1K), has been identified. The MOR-1K alternatively-spliced variant codes for 6TM OPRM1 isoforms that display excitatory rather than the inhibitory cellular effects, which are characteristic of the canonical 7TM isoforms. Thus, stimulation of the 6TM isoforms may engage the molecular mechanisms mediating opioid-dependent hyperalgesia, tolerance and dependence. Future clinical and basic studies that seek to identify the functional genetic variants within OPRM1 locus, and associated molecular mechanisms, will result in a better understanding of individual responses to opioid therapy and ultimately to the development new pharmacotherapeutics and diagnostic tools.
Reproducibility of packed-column supercritical-fluid chromatography with helium head-pressure carbon dioxide

Abstract Controversy still exists concerning the use of helium head-pressure carbon dioxide as a pump-filling technique in supercritical-fluid chromatography. Previously published work in this area has produced contradictory results, with some authors reporting good reproducibility with this technique, while others have reported very poor results. This paper attempts to clarify this situation by seeking to determine whether this discrepancy in reported results is due to some factor related to instrument hardware such as the type of injection system or pumping system used, or perhaps to some inherent property of the technology itself. Reproducibility data for a hydrocarbon series and for caffeine using helium head-pressure carbon dioxide and non-split injection is presented. A possible cause of previously reported poor reproducibility is suggested.
Geopolitics of Poland

THE EVALUATION OF POLAND s geographical location in Europe has been misrepresented in American and British historiography to a degree that is really astounding. This misrepresentation can be traced, from one point of view, to the traditions of historical scholarship. It cannot be overemphasized that most of the founders of the graduate departments in history in the American universities either received their training in Germany or came eventually under the spell of its traditions. Halecki's evaluation of the influence of Ranke in this respect is quite valuable.' Ranke maintained in his earliest writings that the Germanic and Romance nations alone form a cultural unit having a common history to be identified with the history of Europe. This view was accepted by the whole German historiography, and consequently Poland in particular was practically excluded from any presentation of Europe's political and cultural development. Ranke thus expressed the attitude of his nation which was not only in no sympathy with Poland but had recently benefited from her partitions. "And owing to the influence of German scholarship," concludes Halecki, "the whole part of Europe east of Germany herself, including of course Poland, used to be disregarded even in French or English studies of universal history." These traditions are by no means dead:
Opposing Theories and the Buckling Strength of Unequal-Leg Angle Columns

A structural engineer wishing to determine the buckling load of unequal-leg angle columns receives conflicting information from published literature because researchers offer two radically different models for their analyses of thin-walled open-profile bars. One model considers the bar to be a continuum whereas the American Institute of Steel Construction adopts a noncontinuum multifilament model. Furthermore, the continuum model defines the normal planes of the deflected bar with the line of centroids whereas the multifilament model uses the shear center line. A test program based on 5×3×1/4 in. (127×76×6 mm) steel angles is proposed to resolve the issue by determining which model produces computed buckling loads that better correlate with collapse loads obtained from tests. The possibility that neither method produces a buckling load that correlates with collapse loads is not ruled out.
FIRUS; the FNAL site-wide fire and utility monitoring system

Abstract FIRUS is the site-wide fire, utility, security, and power consumption monitoring system at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. A replacement configuration has been designed which will greatly enhance the capabilities, potential growth, and flexibility of the system.
Effects of Collisional Zonal Flow Damping on Turbulent Transport

Results from 3D global gyrokinetic particle simulations of ion-temperature-gradient driven microturbulence in a toroidal plasma show that the ion thermal transport level in the interior region exhibits significant dependence on the ion-ion collision frequency even in regimes where the instabilities are collisionless. This is identified as arising from the Coulomb collisional damping of turbulence-generated zonal flows.
Conditional lethal mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. III. Host range properties, interfering capacity, and complementation patterns of specific hr mutants.

Abstract A group of host-restricted ( hr ) mutants of VSV-Indiana that was previously shown to be defective for virus-directed RNA synthesis in nonpermissive HEp-2 cells has been further characterized. Thirty animal cell lines tested for their ability to support productive infections with mutant or wild-type virus showed that complete or partial restriction of mutant virus was the dominant phenotype. Certain cell lines such as BHK-21 were highly permissive for both wild-type and hr virus, whereas a gradient of restriction for mutant virus replication was observed among other cell types which was most pronounced with cells of human origin. Homotypic interference against VSV-Indiana and heterotypic interference against VSV-New Jersey could be demonstrated in HEp-2 cells abortively infected with certain hr mutants. Mixed infection of nonpermissive HEp-2 cells with pairwise combinations of 10 hr mutants demonstrated weak complementation between certain pairs resulting in enhanced virus yields. No hr + recombinants were detected. Final assignment of these mutants to distinct complementation groups is not yet advocated since it is suggested that complementation may occur at the intragenic level based on the relatively low efficiency observed and the high probability that most of the hr mutants will be found to involve genetic lesions occurring in the cistron coding for the L (transcriptase) protein of VSV. The general findings of this study emphasize the importance of unidentified host factors which appear to be essential for the replication of this rhabdovirus.
Calorimetric studies of fully hydrated phosphatidylcholines with highly asymmetric acyl chains

We have semi-synthesized 52 molecular species of saturated diacyl mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines. All 52 phosphatidylcholine molecules are highly asymmetrical with delta C/CL values in the range of 0.43-0.63. The aqueous dispersions of these phosphatidylcholines have been studied by the high-resolution differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. Upon heating, the lipid dispersions prepared individually from these 52 phosphatidylcholines all exhibit a sharp, single, endothermic peak at a characteristic temperature or Tm, implying that the self-assembled lipid molecules in excess water undergo the mixed interdigitated gel to the liquid-crystalline phase transition. The Tm values obtained from aqueous lipid dispersions prepared from these mixed-chain phospholipids have been analyzed based on the molecular packing model of the mixed interdigitated bilayer, and a linear relationship between the Tm and (delta C)-1 for various phospholipids at a constant value of delta is observed. Based on these linear relationships, empirical equations are derived to predict the Tm values for highly asymmetrical mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines with delta C/CL values in the range of 0.43-0.63. The predictive power of these empirical equations is shown to be very good, since a comparison between the predicted and the experimental data indicates that the largest relative error in Kelvin is only 0.4%. A table containing 81 predicted Tm values for highly asymmetrical mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines is presented. The definitions of the various structural parameters such as delta C, CL, delta C/CL and delta are given in the text.
Resource scheduling: specification and proof techniques

Interprocess interactions in concurrent programs serve two major functions: conditional exclusion and scheduling. This article presents high-level techniques for specification of scheduling policies, and for proving the starvation-free property of scheduling policies after they are formally specified. Specification is based on a scheduler model that parallels the typical method of implementing a scheduler in high-level concurrent languages: as an abstract data object superimposed with the function to enforce the synchronization constraints that are required by a scheduling policy. A formal proof of the starvation-free property is based strictly on the model and a formal specification of a policy only, without using an intuitive, informal description of the policy itself. In general, the potential of a scheduling policy to cause starvation can not be determined by a posteriori testing. Therefore, an a priori formal proof to ensure that a scheduling policy is starvation-free is particularly important. Examples of specification and proof of fairly complex scheduling policies are given.
Temporal changes in the outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute dynamic registry

Background Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at higher risk for adverse outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods To determine whether outcomes have improved over time, we analyzed data from 2,838 consecutive patients with medically treated DM, including 1,066 patients (37.6%) treated with insulin, in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry undergoing PCI registered in waves 1 (1997-1998), 2 (1999), 3 (2001-2002), 4 (2004), and 5 (2006). We compared baseline demographics and 1-year outcomes in the overall cohort and in analyses stratified by recruitment wave and insulin use. Results Crude mortality rates by chronological wave were 9.5%, 12.5%, 8.9%, 11.6%, and 6.6% ( P value trend = .33) among those treated with insulin and, respectively, 9.7%, 6.5%, 4.1%, 5.4%, and 4.7% ( P value trend = .006) among patients treated with oral agents,. The adjusted hazard ratios of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and overall major adverse cardiovascular events (death, MI, revascularization) in insulin-treated patients with DM in waves 2 to 5 as compared with wave 1 were either higher or the same. In contrast, the similar adjusted hazard ratios for oral agent–treated patients with DM were either similar or lower. Conclusions Significant improvements over time in adverse events by 1 year were detected in patients with DM treated with oral agents. In insulin-treated diabetic patients, despite lower rates of repeat revascularization over time, death and MI following PCI have not significantly improved. These findings underscore the need for continued efforts at optimizing outcomes among patients with DM undergoing PCI, especially those requiring insulin treatment.
More Rights, Less Power: Labor Standards and Labor Markets in East European Post-communist States

This paper examines changes in labor markets and labor rights for 13 post-communist states of East Central Europe and the Former Soviet Union. It focuses on the simultaneous pressures to increase the flexibility of labor markets and improve labor standards in the years since the collapse of communism. Comparative measures and patterns of both de jure and de facto standards and flexibility are presented, and the roles of key institutional promoters of change are analyzed. I find that a combination of democratic regime type and European Union accession has pulled East European states toward the strengthening of collective labor rights. The effect is strongest on the states that joined the EU in 2004, weaker for those joining in 2007, while the three post-Soviet, non-accession states remain significantly more labor-repressive. Labor market flexibilization has been a more uniform trend in the post-communist region. In the context of this project’s inter-regional comparisons, contemporary Eastern Europe has the strongest labor rights. At the same time, the decline of trade unions and limits of collective bargaining in most post-communist states undermine the effectiveness of transposed EU legislation and bargaining institutions in empowering labor. As shown by the exceptional case of Slovenia, strong unions are necessary to fully enforce rights.
The Relation between Speech Perception and Phonemic Awareness: Evidence from Low-SES Children and Children with Chronic OM.

The Developmental Weighting Shift (DWS) suggests that children adjust the weights they assign to the acoustic parameters of the speech signal as they gain experience with a native language, and that this developmental shift in perceptual weighting strategies is related to another developmental change: increased sensitivity to the phonetic structure of the speech signal. To test these claims, children presumed to differ in the amount of linguistic experience they had received during their preschool years participated in two kinds of tasks: a labeling task designed to estimate differences among groups in the weights assigned to various acoustic parameters, and tasks of phonemic awareness. The experimental groups were children from low-socioeconomic (low-SES) backgrounds, children with histories of chronic otitis media (OM), and children who experienced both conditions. A control group of children who experienced neither of these conditions also participated. The hypotheses were that, because of their diminished linguistic experience, children in the three experimental groups would display both more immature weighting strategies and poorer phonemic awareness than children in the control group, and that developmental advance in perceptual weighting strategies and phonemic awareness would be correlated. Results indicated that children with histories of chronic OM performed more poorly on both kinds of tasks than did children in the control group, and low-SES children performed more poorly still. Children experiencing both low-SES and chronic OM performed no differently than the low-SES children. These results provide support for the claim that the development of mature perceptual weighting strategies for speech and of phonemic awareness are related. Support is also provided for the claim that both depend on receiving sufficient and appropriate experience with a native language during the preschool years.
Does Attrition Behavior Help Explain the Duration of Interstate Wars? A Game Theoretic and Empirical Analysis

Does attrition behavior, defined as waiting for the other side to give in despite the costs of delay, help explain the duration of interstate wars? To answer this question we develop a war and bargaining model that integrates a dynamic progression of the war and allows the rivals to make offers at any time of their choosing while they fight. The model predicts that, in equilibrium, states choose to fight without making significant offers in the hope that the other side will give in to outstanding demands. The model also predicts that each side’s flow cost of war increases with the probability that the other side gives in to its demands. This is the testable consequence of attrition behavior. Our statistical analysis suggests that both challenger and defender include attrition behavior in their conduct of warfare, and that this behavioral element significantly affects the duration of interstate wars.
Fast RNS division algorithms for fixed divisors with application to RSA encryption

Residue number systems (RNS) present the advantage of fast addition and multiplication over other number systems, and have thus received much attention for high-throughput computations. Digit-parallel, carry-free, and constant-time multiplication and addition is a unique feature of RNS. However, certain operations such as overflow detection, magnitude comparison, and division are quite difficult in RNS. Thus, RNS is in general limited to applications that do not require extensive use of those difficult operations; for example, liltering in Digital Signal Processing. By improving RNS division, many application areas for which RNS was previously infeasible, such as RSA encryption, can use the fast RNS multiplication without being penalized too much by the slow RNS division.
Beam-waveguide antenna performance predictions with comparisons to experimental results

An overview of a NASA/JPL antenna project, with specific focus on the methodology used to predict the microwave performance of a 34-m-diameter beam-waveguide (BWG) reflector antenna, designated DSS 13, is given. Microwave performance predictions are given, as well as a summary of test results for the antenna, which has Cassegrain and centerline BWG operating models at X-band (8.450-GHz) and Ka-band (32-GHz) frequencies. Predictions were used to identify critical and poorly understood areas needing further study and diagnostic testing, and assisted in planning, scheduling, and evaluating the final results of a detailed test program. Predictions were assembled for all known losses that contribute to antenna performance degradation. It was found that predictions and experimental results agreed reasonably well for beam-peak gain and corresponding efficiency, and for several (but not all) noise temperatures. >
Progress in Retrieving Canopy Structure Parameters from NASA Multi-Angle Remote Sensing

All remote sensing of the Earth's surface in the solar wavelengths is impacted by the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF): all Earth surfaces scatter light anisotropically. The BRDF describes the angular distribution of scattered light and is thus what most remote sensing instruments sample. The BRDF is dependent on the structural as well as the optical characteristics of surfaces and multiple samples of the BRDF may be exploited to retrieve structural parameters. It is less than seven years since instruments designed explicitly to exploit the directional signal obtained by viewing at multiple Sun and/or viewing angles have been placed in orbit. NASA's flagship multi-angle imager, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) flown on the Terra satellite is the first of these to image the surface with a ground resolution of less than 1 km. This review will focus on recent progress in exploiting multi-angle data from MISR and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to retrieve parameters providing information on canopy structure.
Effect on Postnatal Health and Beyond

Current evidence suggests regular maternal physical activity while pregnant does not negatively influence in utero or postnatal growth and development. Weight and length/height, however, are fairly crude measures of overall health and well-being. Similar to an adult exercise trained response, infants of women who exercised have improved cardiac ANS relative to same age counterparts not exposed to maternal exercise. Furthermore, adults who were exposed to exercise in utero had no signs of cardiovascular disease. Offspring exposed to maternal exercise show evidence of improved nervous system development as suggested by academic and sports performance even into adulthood. This is also seen on aspects of intelligence tests, such as language scores. Children of women who exercised during pregnancy showed evidence of better temperament. Further, children exposed to exercise in utero had decreased adiposity at birth and into adulthood. These postnatal findings have enormous implications on conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes. Considering the potentially positive impact on public health, more research should be done in this area.
Recovery of SHGCs from a single intensity view

Generalized cylinders are a flexible, loosely-defined class of parametric shapes capable of modeling many real-world objects. Straight homogeneous generalized cylinders are an important subclass of generalized cylinders, whose cross-sections are scaled versions of a reference curve. Although there has been considerable research into recovering the shape of SHGCs from their contour, this work has almost exclusively involved methods that couple contour and heuristic constraints. A rigorous approach to the problem of recovering solid parametric shape from a single intensity view should involve at least two stages: (1) deriving the contour constraints, and (2) determining if additional image constraints, e.g., intensity, can be used to uniquely determine the 3D object shape. In this paper, the authors follow the approach just described. This methodology is also important for the recovery of object classes like tubes, where contour and heuristic constraints are shown to be insufficient for shape recovery. First, the authors prove that SHGC contours generated under orthography have exactly two degrees of freedom. Next, the authors show that the remaining free parameters can be resolved using reflectance-based constraints, without knowledge of the number of light sources, their positions, intensities, the amount of ambient light; or the surface albedo. Finally, the reflectance-based recovery algorithm is demonstrated on both synthetic and real SHGC images.
Slippage and migration in Taylor-Couette flow of a model for dilute wormlike micellar solutions

Abstract We explore the rheological predictions of a constitutive model developed for dilute or semi-dilute worm-like micellar solutions in an axisymmetric Taylor–Couette flow. This study is a natural continuation of earlier work on rectilinear shear flows. The model, based on a bead-spring microstructure with non-affine motion, reproduces the pronounced plateau in the stress–strain-rate flow curve that is observed in laboratory measurements of steady shearing flows. We also carry out a linear stability analysis of the computed steady-state solutions. The results show shear-banding in the form of sharp changes in velocity gradients, spatial variations in number density, and in alignment or stretching of the micelles. The velocity profiles obtained in numerical solutions show good qualitative agreement with those of laboratory experiments.
High-speed fuel tracer fluorescence and OH radical chemiluminescence imaging in a spark-ignition direct-injection engine

An innovative technique has been demonstrated to achieve crank-angle-resolved planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of fuel followed by OH* chemiluminescence imaging in a firing direct-injected spark-ignition engine. This study used two standard KrF excimer lasers to excite toluene for tracking fuel distribution. The intensified camera system was operated at single crank-angle resolution at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) for 500 consecutive cycles. Through this work, it has been demonstrated that toluene and OH* can be imaged through the same optical setup while similar signal levels are obtained from both species, even at these high rates. The technique is useful for studying correlations between fuel distribution and subsequent ignition and flame propagation without the limitations of phase-averaging imaging approaches. This technique is illustrated for the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and will be useful for studies of misfire causes. Finally, a few general observations are presented as to the effect of preignition fuel distribution on subsequent combustion.
A subspace method for space time adaptive processing

The problem of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) using a nonlinear array is considered. A key part of STAP is the estimation of the space-time covariance matrix of the received data. The conventional method of doing this causes significant performance degradation at short ranges because of the nonstationarity of the data. We present an alternative algorithm which circumvents this problem by projecting the data on the subspace orthogonal to the clutter and jammer subspaces. The clutter subspace is computed from the known array manifold, while the jammer subspace is estimated from clutter-free measurements. Numerical examples illustrate the performance improvement achieved at short ranges.
INDUCED ABORTION AND THE CHROMOSOMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSEQUENT MISCARRIAGES (SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS)

Data from a case-control study of miscarriages (spontaneous abortions) were used to test whether single and multiple induced abortions are associated with miscarriage in subsequent euploid (chromosomally normal) pregnancies. Cases and controls were identified in three New York City hospitals between April 1974 and November 1982. It was hypothesized that, if induced abortion increased the risk of subsequent miscarriage, an association would be observed with euploid but not aneuploid (chromosomally abnormal) miscarriage. The frequencies of single and multiple induced abortions among euploid cases and aneuploid cases were compared with those among controls. Among both private and public patients, the proportion of women reporting a single induced abortion was similar in euploid cases and in aneuploid cases compared to controls. Among public patients only, the proportions reporting multiple induced abortions were also similar in euploid cases and in aneuploid cases compared to controls (odds ratios = 0.9 and 1.0, respectively). In contrast, among private patients, the proportion reporting multiple induced abortions was raised among euploid cases (odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-3.7), although not among aneuploid cases. This association was strongest when the first induced abortion was carried out before 1973, at a young age, or with a procedure other than suction curettage. In public patients, the associations with miscarriage did not vary with characteristics of the first induced abortion, but multiple induced abortion histories when the first two induced abortions occurred before 1973 were in excess among euploid cases compared to controls. These results suggest that, for both private and public patients, neither single nor multiple induced abortions as now performed are likely to increase the risk of miscarriage in subsequent pregnancies. They also suggest a mechanical origin for some miscarriages.
Discrete arrays of liquid-crystal-supported proteolipid monolayers as phantom cell surfaces.

The phospholipid bilayers of living cell membranes exist almost universally in a liquid state. This enables motion and spatial reorganization of membrane components on multiple length scales, which is an essential feature of many biological processes. There is great interest in the development of molecularly defined interfaces between synthetic materials and living cells. To this end, there- is a need for solid substrate materials that can be derivatized with ffuld, membrane-like interfaces. Herein, we describe array fabrication of discrete liquid-crystal areas supporting phospholipid monolayer membranes, and characterize the interactions with several different membrane surface proteins [avidin series, cholera toxin, green fluorescent protein (GFP), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and major bistocompatibillty complex (MHC)]. Three different linkage strategies (biotin, nickel chelating lipids complexing with histidine, and the choleratoxin binding unit (CTB) associating with G M1 are evaluated. Additionally, experiments with live immunological Tcells forming active synapses at the interface exhibit the specific nature of the surface.
Temperature dependence of the vibrational spectra of acetanilide: Davydov solitons or Fermi coupling?

Abstract The unusual temperature dependence of the amide-I region in the IR spectrum of acetanilide (C 6 H 5 NHCOCH 3 ) has recently been attributed to a self-trapped Davydov-like soliton. The temperature dependence of the single-crystal Raman scattering, from acetanilide and its ND and 13 CO substituted analogs in the phonon and internal mode regions has now been studied. The behavior of the amide-I region in the Raman spectra of the normal isotopic species is similar to that observed earlier in infrared studies. However, on the basis of results obtained from the ND and 13 CO substituted species the unusual temperature dependence in the 1650 cm −1 region has been attributed to Fermi coupling of the amide-I fundamental and a combination band involving the in-plane NH deformation and a low-frequency torsional mode. As temperature is lowered, the strong blue-shift of the torsional mode results in a commensurate blue-shift in the combination level thereby increasing the Fermi coupling. Temperature tuning of the Fermi coupling results in the anomalous intensity changes observed in the IR and Raman spectra of the amide-I region for the normal isotopic species.
Active Learning and Student-centered Pedagogy Improve Student Attitudes and Performance in Introductory Biology

We describe the development and implementation of an instructional design that focused on bringing multiple forms of active learning and student-centered pedagogies to a one-semester, undergraduate introductory biology course for both majors and nonmajors. Our course redesign consisted of three major elements: 1) reordering the presentation of the course content in an attempt to teach specific content within the context of broad conceptual themes, 2) incorporating active and problem-based learning into every lecture, and 3) adopting strategies to create a more student-centered learning environment. Assessment of our instructional design consisted of a student survey and comparison of final exam performance across 3 years—1 year before our course redesign was implemented (2006) and during two successive years of implementation (2007 and 2008). The course restructuring led to significant improvement of self-reported student engagement and satisfaction and increased academic performance. We discuss the successes and ongoing challenges of our course restructuring and consider issues relevant to institutional change.
Churg-Strauss syndrome

The patient is a 34-year-old female with a previous diagnosis of eosinphilic pneumonia and an 8 year history of asthma treated with inhaled b-agonists, inhaled steroids, and occasional oral steroids. Seven days prior to admission, the patient noted numbness in her right foot. Over the next 2–3 days, she developed weakness and pain involving both legs. A complete blood count demonstrated a leukocytosis of 23.6×10 cells/l with 60% eosinophils. On examination, crackles and rales were present throughout the left lung. Imaging studies included PA and lateral chest radiographs and a thoracic CT scan. A thoracoscopic lung biopsy was subsequently performed.
Suppression of Signals from the Probe in NMR T1, Measurements

Abstract A simple method is described for accurately measuring spin lattice relaxation times in the presence of large probe background resonances. The method relies on selectively exciting those spins which are In the center of the rf coil, by employing pulse schemes which were developed for surface coil studies. The accuracy of the technique is checked by measurements on camphor in the solid state.
Vanishing bronchus intermedius syndrome in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis after lung transplantation

Airway complications occur frequently after lung transplantation. Bronchial stenosis is the most frequently encountered complication with the most severe form of that being the vanishing bronchus intermedius syndrome (VBIS). This rare disorder has never been reported in the pediatric population. This is the first report of VBIS in a pediatric patient, specifically a 16-yr-old male patient with cystic fibrosis whose course was complicated by a lower airway infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. The VBIS responded to bronchoscopic balloon dilation and placement of an airway stent.
Difference and Political Legitimacy: Speakers' Construction of “Citizen” and “Refugee” Personae in Talk about Hurricane Katrina

Public talk about mainstream U.S. news journalists' use of the term “refugee” in the wake of Hurricane Katrina constituted a social drama that illuminated widely held beliefs about two categories of person in some American public settings: the “citizen” and the “refugee.” This study examines a corpus of 193 mass media texts that contested the symbols, meanings, premises, and rules for public talk about “citizens” and the differences between them. Using the perspective of speech codes theory, this study expands upon the cultural codes underlying a rule of speaking identified by Philipsen (2000) in the “discourse of difference.”
Software reliability analysis models

This paper discusses improvements to conventional software reliability analysis models by making the assumptions on which they are based more realistic. In an actual project environment, sometimes no more information is available than reliability data obtained from a test report. The models described here are designed to resolve the problems caused by this constraint on the availability of reliability data. By utilizing the technical knowledge about a program, a test, and test data, we can select an appropriate software reliability analysis model for accurate quality assessment. The delayed S-shaped growth model, the inflection S-shaped model, and the hyperexponential model are proposed.
Growth of thermally stable crystalline C60 films on flat-lying copper phthalocyanine

We observe thermally stable growth of fcc(111) films of fullerene-C60 on top of crystalline, flat-lying, CuPc film structures on graphite using combined grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy. Such a morphology is nearly ideal for bilayer films of C60/CuPc in solar cells. Very similar crystallinity and morphology is observed when varying the film thickness of either material from 5 nm up to more than 100 nm, suggesting that this advantageous solar cell morphology is not only robust, but may actually be preferred compared to the typical mounded fullerene morphology often seen on standing, edge-on aromatic film substrates. The large, ordered domains observed in both materials and the cofacial interface should greatly increase charge carrier mobility leading to increased fill factor. We envision that bilayer films, such as described here, grown on very high quality graphene as a transparent conducting electrode would simultaneously optimize crystallinity and molecular orientation for peak solar cell performance.
Climatic and landscape influences on fire regimes from 1984 to 2010 in the western United States

An improved understanding of the relative influences of climatic and landscape controls on multiple fire regime components is needed to enhance our understanding of modern fire regimes and how they will respond to future environmental change. To address this need, we analyzed the spatio-temporal patterns of fire occurrence, size, and severity of large fires (> 405 ha) in the western United States from 1984–2010. We assessed the associations of these fire regime components with environmental variables, including short-term climate anomalies, vegetation type, topography, and human influences, using boosted regression tree analysis. Results showed that large fire occurrence, size, and severity each exhibited distinctive spatial and spatio-temporal patterns, which were controlled by different sets of climate and landscape factors. Antecedent climate anomalies had the strongest influences on fire occurrence, resulting in the highest spatial synchrony. In contrast, climatic variability had weaker influences on fire size and severity and vegetation types were the most important environmental determinants of these fire regime components. Topography had moderately strong effects on both fire occurrence and severity, and human influence variables were most strongly associated with fire size. These results suggest a potential for the emergence of novel fire regimes due to the responses of fire regime components to multiple drivers at different spatial and temporal scales. Next-generation approaches for projecting future fire regimes should incorporate indirect climate effects on vegetation type changes as well as other landscape effects on multiple components of fire regimes.