cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision Programming: A Model of Man-Machine Control

A stochastic equation is used to generate a sequence of pointer positions on a voltmeter dial. The successive positions are characterized by a ``drift'' parameter and a ``noise'' parameter. The voltmeter dial also shows a pair of symmetrical tolerances. A subject and a machine share the task of maintaining the pointer within the tolerances. The task is accomplished by repetitively asking and answering three questions: 1) Is the pointer now within the specified tolerances?, 2) If not, what corrective action is appropriate?, and 3) Was the preceding corrective action effective in maintaining control over the pointer?
Sharing learned models among remote database partitions by local meta-learning

We explore the possibility of importing "black-box" models learned over data sources at remote sites to improve models learned over locally available data sources. In this way, we may be able to learn more accurate knowledge from globally available data than would otherwise be possible from partial, locally available data. Proposed meta-learning strategies in our previous work are extended to integrate local and remote models. We also investigate the effect on accuracy performance when data overlap among different sites.
SPONASTRIME dysplasia: report of an 11-year-old boy and review of the literature.

SPONASTRIME (SPOndylar and NAsal changes, with STRIations of the MEtaphyses) dysplasia is a rare, autosomal recessive bone disorder first described by Fanconi et al. [1983: Helv Paediatr Acta 38:267-280]. Radiographic findings include abnormal vertebral bodies with age-dependent changes, and striations of the metaphyses, scoliosis, and retarded ossification of the carpal bones. Physical features include severe short stature, lumbar lordosis, midface hypoplasia, frontal bossing, and a depressed nasal root. To date, 12 patients from 6 families have been reported. Four additional patients have been reported with a variant of this condition, which includes mental retardation. We report on an 11-year-old boy with features consistent with SPONASTRIME dysplasia. Height was 106.1 cm (-6 SD). He had a coarse appearing face with a depressed nasal bridge, short, upturned nose, and midface hypoplasia. Intelligence was normal. A clinical evaluation at 6 years of age suggested the diagnosis of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED). However, genetics evaluation at 11 years of age with repeat radiologic studies revealed delayed carpal ossification (-4 to -5 SD), metaphyseal irregularities and striations most notably in the distal femurs and the proximal tibias, lumbar lordosis, narrow interpedicular distances of the lumbar spine, and pear-shaped vertebral bodies. These findings were most consistent with the diagnosis of SPONASTRIME dysplasia, and not SED. Although radiographic findings of SPONASTRIME dysplasia are distinguishable from SED, the physical appearance may be similar. Many bone dysplasias have overlapping radiographic findings and clinical presentation but with different recurrence risks, making genetic counseling a challenge.
Quantitative Clay Petrology: The Trees But not the Forest?

Gravitational settling and centrifuge techniques have been criticized in the preparation of X-ray specimen mounts for quantitative clay petrology because of the marked mineral segregations that can occur. Although the same factors can operate to produce error in the separation of the traditional less-than-2-μm fraction, this potentially more important source of bias is seldom taken into consideration. A fair representation of the bulk sample deserves at least as much attention as a representative X-ray mount. The most accurate and precise X-ray analyses may be geologically misleading or meaningless otherwise and translate as exercises in precision for its own sake.
Relating results of chronic toxicity responses to population‐level effects: Modeling effects on wild chinook salmon populations

Abstract Standard toxicity tests assess the physiological responses of individual organisms to exposure to toxic substances under controlled conditions. Time and space restrictions often prohibit the assessment of population-level responses to a toxic substance. Compounds affecting various toxicity endpoints, such as growth, fecundity, behavior, or immune function, alter different demographic traits and produce different impacts on the population. Chronic effects of immune suppression, reproductive impairment, and growth reduction were examined using life history models for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Modeled immune suppression acted through reductions in age-specific survival, with first- and second-year survival producing the greatest changes in the population growth rate (λ). A 10% reduction in various reproductive parameters all produced a similar λ, but different sensitivity and stable age distributions. Growth reduction models incorporated effects to both survival and reproduction and...
Development of abamectin loaded lignocellulosic matrices for the controlled release of nematicide for crop protection

Poor mobility of abamectin (Abm) in soil compromises its nematicide efficacy against nematode infestation. In the present work, four lignocellulosic materials (abaca, banana, softwood and hardwood) were fabricated into a handsheet matrix and characterized for loading and controlled release of Abm in a field-deployable matrix. The physical and chemical properties of different lignocellulosic matrices affected its function as a substrate for Abm loading as well as its ability to wrap around the plant seedlings during application. Incorporating Abm into lignocellulosic matrices by physisorption resulted in active matrices with distinct release rates for Abm. The rate of release is shown to be dependent on the matrix’s chemical compositions of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and the corresponding distribution of each component within the matrix. The higher lignin content (ca. 10.2 %) in the bulk of lignocellulosic matrix, e.g. mechanical-pulped banana matrix, enabled the slow and sustained release of loaded Abm; providing an efficacious crop protection around the growing tomato seedlings in the root knot nematode-infected soil. Conversely, the decreased lignin content (ca. 3.4 or 4.8 %) in other lignocellulosic matrices due to kraft-pulping and bleaching led to a relative quick release of loaded Abm thus compromising the long-term delivery of Abm to the growing plant root.
Long-term effect of PROLI/NO on cellular proliferation and phenotype after arterial injury

Vascular interventions are associated with high failure rates from restenosis secondary to negative remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. Periadventitial delivery of nitric oxide (NO) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, preserving lumen patency. With the development of new localized delivery vehicles, NO-based therapies remain a promising therapeutic avenue for the prevention of restenosis. While the time course of events during neointimal development has been well established, a full characterization of the impact of NO donors on the cells that comprise the arterial wall has not been performed. Thus, the aim of our study was to perform a detailed assessment of proliferation, cellularity, inflammation, and phenotypic cellular modulation in injured arteries treated with the short-lived NO donor, PROLI/NO. PROLI/NO provided durable inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia for 6 months after arterial injury. PROLI/NO inhibited proliferation and cellularity in the media and intima at all of the time points studied. However, PROLI/NO caused an increase in adventitial proliferation at 2 weeks, resulting in increased cellularity at 2 and 8 weeks compared to injury alone. PROLI/NO promoted local protein S-nitrosation and increased local tyrosine nitration, without measurable systemic effects. PROLI/NO predominantly inhibited contractile smooth muscle cells in the intima and media, and had little to no effect on vascular smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts in the adventitia. Finally, PROLI/NO caused a delayed and decreased leukocyte infiltration response after injury. Our results show that a short-lived NO donor exerts durable effects on proliferation, phenotype modulation, and inflammation that result in long-term inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia.
TORNADOCHASER: A REMOTELY-PILOTED UAV FOR IN SITU METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

The TornadoChaser is a remotely-piloted uninhabited aerial vehicle designed to fly into a pretornadic, severe thunderstorm. The project goal is to provide in situ meteorological measurements during tornadogenesis, the initial stage of tornado development. Past attempts to gather this information have put pilots, and their aircraft, into dangerous situations. A remotely-piloted vehicle removes the pilot from the storm while keeping a human in the loop to make cognitive decisions that are not possible with present fully autonomous system. This paper presents the motivation and requirements for the tornadogenesis mission followed by an overview of the TornadoChaser project.
Impact of Pasture Development on Winter Bird Communities in Belize, Central America

We studied bird use of actively grazed and abandoned (2-4 years) pastures during February 1990 in Belize, where pastures often are maintained by repeated mowing. A total of 46 species was observed in the two pasture types, with 15 species detected in grazed and 39 in abandoned. Species richness for both migrants and residents was lower by >50% in grazed pastures. Overall abundance of birds was lower by nearly 70% in grazed pastures compared with the more structurally diverse abandoned pastures (P < 0.001). Based on data from a concurrent study on bird use of forest interior habitat in Belize, 2-4 times more resident species would be expected in nearby broadleaved forests compared to an equal census effort in grazed pastures. In contrast, only about 1.5 times more migrant bird species would be predicted in broadleaved forest interior than in grazed pastures. Foraging guilds were not equally represented between pasture treatments; most notable was an absence of frugivores and nectarivores in grazed pastures maintained by mowing. Our results indicate that retention of some shrubs and overstory trees may reduce the negative effects of pasture development of winter bird populations in Central America.
Space-time clusters with flexible shapes.

INTRODUCTION Detection of space-time clusters plays an important role in epidemiology and public health. Different approaches for detecting space-time clusters have been proposed and implemented. Many of these approaches are based on the spatial scan statistic formulation. One key aspect of these cluster detection methods is the choice of cluster shape. OBJECTIVES In this report, the effect of using flexible shapes for clusters is explored by discussing the issues that need to be considered and evaluated. METHODS The first issue is the flexibility of the shape and its ability to model the disease cluster being studied. Another subtle and related factor is that with a more flexible shape, clusters can appear more often by chance, which will be reflected in the p value obtained through Monte Carlo hypothesis testing. Choosing more complex cluster shapes can affect the computational requirements and also constrain the cluster detection approaches that could be applied. RESULTS The New Mexico brain cancer data set is used to illustrate the tradeoffs. The analysis of these data should not be construed as a comprehensive investigation from the public health perspective. The data set is used to illustrate and compare clusters with two different shapes, cylinder and square pyramid. The results indicate the insights that can be gained from these shapes, individually and collectively. CONCLUSION The domain expert should choose the cluster shape, being aware of the disease being modeled and the analysis goals. For example, a flexible shape like the square pyramid can model either growth or shrinkage and movement of the disease and might provide insights on its origin. In addition, performing the analyses with more than one shape can lead to increased insights regarding the disease cluster.
America to the Rescue

The difficulty of American relations with Iran early in the year 1950 was that something seemingly needed to be done and yet no ranking American diplomat knew what it was nor wanted to find out. The very mention of the name Iran within the State Department raised talk of excess American commitments, the impossibility of solving all problems with money, the high cost of the Marshall Plan, the new responsibilities of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. The Democrats who had returned to office after the presidential election of 1948 talked so much about money they sounded almost like Republicans. The administration of President Truman, to be sure, was a bit on the conservative side. The president himself was a fiscal conservative; Truman for years had read presidential budget proposals and congressional amendments, and not merely knew what the small-point figures meant but had become convinced that the monetary outlays for the relief programmes of the Roosevelt administration and the huge cost of World War II had strained federal credit; he would have liked to see the government take up further burdens, but Western Europe had been enough and in all conscience, and with his experience in Washington for 15 years, he believed he could do no more.
Biostatistics, Data Mining and Computational Modeling

With the rapid development of high-throughput experimental technologies, bioinformatics and computational modeling has been a rapid evolving science field concerned with the development of various analysis methods and tools for investigating these large biological data efficiently and rigorously. There are many methods and tools available for the analysis of single omics dataset. It is a great challenge that biological systems are being further investigated by integrating multiple heterogeneous and large omics data. Many powerful methods and algorithmic techniques have been developed to answer important biomedical questions through integrative analysis. In this chapter, in order to help the bench biologist analyze omics data, we introduced various methods from classical statistical techniques for single marker association and multivariate analysis to more recent advances from gene network analysis and integrative analysis of multi-omics data.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Migraine Headaches

Migraine headache is a common disorder affecting nearly 18% of women and 6% of men in the United States. The American Academy of Neurology, in conjunction with the seven participating specialty societies of the US Headache Consortium, performed an evidence-based review of available treatments for migraine headache in both acute and preventive settings, as well as assessing the role of diagnostic imaging in evaluation and treatment of headache (1,2).
Chapter VI: High polymeric materials

Chemical Abstracts was used in the compilation of these references. Our review of high polymer dielectrics will depart from the review of last year in the subject matter covered, format, and grouping of references. Patents have been excluded from this review, but those applicable to this chapter can be easily found in Chemical Abstracts. The references have been grouped according to the physical properties investigated and we have categorized the 1964 literature on high polymer dielectrics into the following areas: Theoretical Papers; Relaxation Phenomena; Dipole Moments and Polymer Structure; Semiconducting Polymers; Biopolymers; Effects of Radiation; and Technology.
Aortic Arch Advancement and Ascending Sliding Arch Aortoplasty for Repair of Complex Primary and Recurrent Aortic Arch Obstruction

The optimal treatment of patients with complex coarctation of the aorta and hypoplastic aortic arch is controversial. Children undergoing repair of obstructive arch lesions are at lifelong risk of recurrence. Multiple techniques have been described to address complex primary and recurrent coarctation. Our approach at Texas Children's Hospital (Houston, TX) has been to address these lesions in an anatomic fashion via median sternotomy, under cardiopulmonary bypass using the techniques of aortic arch advancement and ascending sliding arch aortoplasty. Anatomic repair of complex primary or recurrent aortic obstruction is safe and produces a favorable repair with a low rate of recurrence. Both operations restore normal arch contour using native aortic tissue. The decision of which particular surgical strategy to use depends on the patient's age, anatomy, and the elasticity of the tissue.
Evaluating single board computer clusters for cyber operations

The emergence of single board computers (SBCs) has enabled individuals cheap and portable access to multicore architectures. In this paper, we discuss the use of SBC clusters to assist in cyberspace operations. The small form-factor of SBCs make them highly portable, allowing soldiers to easily transport individual units and clusters. While each individual SBC is not very powerful, a cluster of SBCs can greatly increase the computational power available for cyberspace applications down range for relatively low cost. We discuss common SBC architectures and present a case study in which two clusters of SBCs are used to crack canonically “weak” passwords encoded with bcrypt. Our results show that an 8-node Parallella SBC cluster can crack password files up to 5.95 times faster than a high end laptop, at roughly half the cost. We also present several novel applications for offensive and defensive cyberspace operations using SBCs and SBC clusters. We believe that our work can be used to develop novel parallel military applications incorporating SBCs, and is useful for educating soldiers and endusers about the potentials (and dangers) of parallel processing.
How School Leaders Can Use Formative Assessment Strategies to Enhance School Climate

Formative assessment is widely implemented in the classroom to provide both teachers and students timely feedback about learning. A growing body of applications of formative practice has emerged over the last few decades that is based upon research. This is a highly successful approach that has the potential to serve school leaders and enhance school climate and culture. In this manuscript how school leaders can apply formative assessment concepts and strategies to assess and improve working relationships is examined. Specific strategies that principals, teacher leaders, and superintendents can use are reviewed. Discussed are the reflective practice that is facilitated by use of such strategies and how this experience is received by the constituencies a leader serves.
Characterization of the Tertiary Structure of the Peptidoglycan of Enterococcus Faecalis

Solid-state NMR spectra of whole cells and isolated cell walls of Enterococcus faecalis grown in media containing combinations of 13C and 15N specific labels in d- and l-alanine and l-lysine (in the presence of an alanine racemase inhibitor alaphosphin) have been used to determine the composition and architecture of the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The compositional variables include the concentrations of (i) peptidoglycan stems without bridges, (ii) d-alanylated wall teichoic acid, (iii) cross-links, and (iv) uncross-linked tripeptide and tetra/pentapeptide stems. Connectivities of l-alanyl carbonyl‑carbon bridge labels to d-[3-13C]alanyl and l-[e-15N]lysyl stem labels prove that the peptidoglycan of E. faecalis has the same hybrid short-bridge architecture (with a mix of parallel and perpendicular stems) as the FemA mutant of Staphylococcus aureus, in which the cross-linked stems are perpendicular to one another and the cross-linking is close to the ideal 50% value. This is the first determination of the cell-wall chemical and geometrical architecture of whole cells of E. faecalis, a major source of nosocomial infections worldwide.
DEA Software Packages

It is probably a truism that the lack of simple access to reliable DEA software packages has hampered the diffusion and wider application of DEA analyses. Although, in principle, DEA solutions can be obtained with convential linear programming software, in reality this task can be time-consuming. In principle, DEA solutions require the calculation of as many linear programs as there are DMUs. When using ordinary linear programming software packages, this task can become daunting even for small problems (e.g., 100DMUs). DEA calculations with standard LP software packages are also prone to inaccurate classification of the improperly efficient and nearly efficient DMUs because of the need to calibrate, perhaps by trial and error, the appropriate magnitude of the non-Archimedean infinitesimal1 that introduces lower-bound constraints on all variables (see Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes, 1979; Lewin and Morey, 1981; see also chapter 4 of this volume and Ali and Seiford (1993) for a comparison of results with different values for the non-Archimedean infinitesimal). Specialized DEA codes eliminate the need to calibrate the non-Archimedean infinitesimal by a preemptive approach. In addition, specialized DEA codes automate the recursive running of LP programs, the scaling of data, and the choice of models (orientation and returns to scale). Most of the empirical DEA papers to date (including many of the chapters in this book) do not provide information on how the DEA calculations were made (e.g., standard LP packages or specialized DEA code). At this stage in its development, the maturation of DEA practice and its wider acceptance will, in our judgment, be facilitated by 1) standardizing DEA notation and reference to models (e.g., as developed in chapters 2 and 3) and 2) providing adequate information regarding the method of computation.
Developmental Links Between Gaming and Depressive Symptoms.

The current longitudinal study tested the reciprocal relationships between video game play and depressive symptoms among 9,421 adolescents from the Add Health (Mage = 16.15 years, SD = 1.64, 55% female), over 11 years (Waves 2, 3, and 4), ages 16 to 27. Based on structural equation modeling as well as latent growth models, findings indicated that (1) excessive gaming was largely transient over time, from adolescence to early adulthood; (2) excessive gaming predicted increases in depressive symptoms; and (3) in turn, depressive symptoms predicted decreases in gaming over time. Multigroup model tests by sex provided additional evidence that longitudinal relationships from excessive gaming to depressive symptoms were supported for male, but not for female youth.
The Political Self

The theoretical tradition of symbolic interactionism is often criticized by more macro-oriented sociologists for its failure to consider and develop issues of power that go beyond the dynamics of interpersonal relations. During the decades of the 1960’s and 70’s critics such as (1970) and (1973) chastised symbolic interactionists and microoriented sociologists such as Goffman, as irrelevant, and naive when it came to the larger and more central concerns of sociology. The publication of (1980) Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version, can be read at least in part as a response to these criticisms. By merging key elements of role theory with a symbolic interactionist theory of self, Stryker was able to construct a conceptual framework more open to mainstream (i.e. macro) sociological concerns. While his theory does not explicitly focus on social forces of domination and control, (1980: 151) does stress that “there is nothing inherent in symbolic interactionism that necessitates either naivete with reference to, or denial of the facts of differentially distributed power.”
Screening donated breast milk in the developing world: Market evaluation and needs identification for rapid and sustainable methods of screening donated milk at human milk banks

Human breast milk is considered the gold standard for infant nutrition, as breast milk is the only substance that is able to provide infants with the necessary nutrients in their first six months of life. Infants who are fed mother's breast milk are at lower risk for developing a variety of infections and autoimmune diseases and often display better developmental and cognitive performance compared to infants who are not fed breast milk. Most notably, studies have shown that breastfeeding could prevent up to 13% of child deaths worldwide [5]. However, many women are unable to breastfeed for a variety of reasons, including immuno-compromised status due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS, lack of time, or cultural pressures to use infant formula. In an attempt to solve this problem, there has been a global emergence of human breast milk banks that receive breast milk from screened donors and pasteurize the donated breast milk for distribution. However, the process of ensuring that donor milk is safe for use through pasteurization and screening via bacterial culturing is costly and time-consuming. Accordingly, a standardized implementation of the process has ranged widely. Furthermore, there are a lack of universal guidelines regarding the processing and treatment of breast milk donations around the world. This paper presents a comprehensive review detailing the different methods of pasteurization (including the Holder Method and flash pasteurization) and screening (such as Dornic acidity, bacterial culturing, and crematocrit method) at human milk banks in both developed and developing countries. Understanding different practices worldwide will help in identifying gaps in current efforts to ensure the safety of donated milk, highlighting areas for possible technology development and implementation. Our review demonstrates that few, if any solutions, currently exist for screening donated milk in a cost-effective and efficient manner.
Economics of Agricultural Residuals and Overfertilization: Chemical Fertilizer Use, Livestock Waste, Manure Management, and Environmental Impacts

This article discusses the production side of nutrient pollution from agricultural sources, given that farmers' nutrient management practices and environmental discharges cannot be directly monitored and regulated or taxed. Do unpriced environmental impacts of farmers' fertilizer decisions lead to ‘overfertilization’? If so, what is the source of the incentive for overfertilization and how can it be corrected? Two types of farmers are considered: (1) crop farmers who choose how, when, and how much commercial fertilizer to apply to their crops and (2) livestock facility operators who manage the manure waste from their livestock, including treatment regimens and applications to surrounding croplands. This article describes how ‘overfertilization’ can arise despite fixed coefficient (von-Liebig) production technologies that might be expected to produce fixed fertilizer applications to farmlands. Farmer choices on timing and rates of fertilizer application, between organic and chemical fertilizers, and on livestock manure disposal on farmlands proximate to confined animal production facilities, all yield private economic trade-offs and ignored environmental effects that can motivate government price interventions in fertilizer markets (such as chemical fertilizer taxes) and regulation of observable practices that affect nutrient discharges (such as irrigation and waste treatment technologies).
The AutoSOAR autonomous soaring aircraft, part 1: Autonomy algorithms

Autonomous soaring has the potential to greatly improve both the range and endurance of small robotic aircraft. This paper describes an autonomous soaring system that generates a dynamic map of lift sources (thermals) in the environment and uses this map for online flight planning and decision making. Components of the autonomy algorithm include thermal mapping, explore/exploit decision making, navigation, optimal airspeed computation, thermal centering control, and energy state estimation. A finite state machine manages the aircraft behavior during flight and determines when changing behavior is appropriate. A complete system to enable autonomous soaring is described with special attention paid to practical considerations encountered during flight testing. A companion paper describes the hardware implementation of this system and the results of a flight test campaign conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground in September 2015.
The impact of cost sharing on women's use of annual examinations and effective contraception.

Background We sought to describe the relationship between the elimination of out-of-pocket costs and women’s use of preventive care office visits and long-acting reversible contraception after accounting for baseline levels of cost sharing. Objectives The objective of this analysis was to describe the relationship between the elimination of out-of-pocket costs and utilization of preventive care visits and long-acting reversible contraception insertion while taking baseline cost sharing levels under consideration. Study Design In 2017, we used administrative health plan data to examine changes in out-of-pocket costs and service utilization among 2,172,065 women enrolled in 15,118 employer-based health plans between 2008 and 2015. We used generalized estimating equations to examine utilization patterns. Results Women in this sample generally had low costs at baseline ($24 and $29 for preventive care visits and long-acting reversible contraception insertion, respectively). The elimination of baseline out-of-pocket costs were related to changes in the utilization of both services but more consistently for contraceptive device placement. Women whose low/moderate out-of-pocket costs were eliminated were more likely to use a preventive care office visit than women with persistent low/moderate costs (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.05), but women with high out-of-pocket costs had lower utilization rates, even after their costs were eliminated. In contrast, the odds of having a contraceptive device placed was higher among all groups of women when out-of-pocket costs were zero, as compared with women with low/moderate costs. For instance, when compared with women with low/moderate costs, women were less likely to have a contraceptive device inserted (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–0.97) when they had high costs but more likely after their costs were eliminated (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.20). Conclusion Out-of-pocket costs were low prior to the Affordable Care Act. Eliminating costs was associated with increases in preventive service use among those with high levels of cost, but effect sizes were low, suggesting that cost is only 1 barrier. Failing to recognize that cost sharing was already low could cause us to falsely conclude that the elimination of cost sharing was ineffective.
The association of pain, race and slow gait speed in older adults.

Abstract Gait speed is an important indicator of mobility and quality of life in older adults. Pain is related to gait speed; however, it is unknown if this relationship varies by race in a population based national sample. The aim of this study was to examine if the association between slow gait speed and pain differed between 7,025 older African Americans and non Hispanic Whites in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Those with pain in the last month had higher odds of slow gait speed (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.10 - 1.73) than those without pain. The relationship between pain and slow gait speed did not vary by race (interaction p = 0.6). This is important because it points to the underlying racial disparities in pain and gait speed being factors such as disparate opportunities and living conditions, and healthcare rather than attributes intrinsic to race.
A whole-brain and cross-diagnostic perspective on functional brain network dysfunction

A wide variety of mental disorders have been associated with resting-state functional network alterations, which are thought to contribute to the cognitive changes underlying mental illness. These observations have seemed to support various theories postulating large-scale disruptions of brain systems in mental illness. However, existing approaches isolate differences in network organization without putting those differences in broad, whole-brain perspective. Using a graph distance measure - connectome-wide correlation - we found that whole-brain resting-state functional network organization in humans is highly similar across a variety of mental diseases and healthy controls. This similarity was observed across autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Nonetheless, subtle differences in network graph distance were predictive of diagnosis, suggesting that while functional connectomes differ little across health and disease those differences are informative. Such small network alterations may reflect the fact that most psychiatric patients maintain overall cognitive abilities similar to those of healthy individuals (relative to, e.g., the most severe schizophrenia cases), such that whole-brain functional network organization is expected to differ only subtly even for mental diseases with devastating effects on everyday life. These results suggest a need to reevaluate neurocognitive theories of mental illness, with a role for subtle functional brain network changes in the production of an array of mental diseases.
Examples of Two-Dimensional Systems

This chapter provides a complete characterization of several representative examples of two-dimensional dynamical systems. These examples include a first-order linear system with real eigenvalues, a first-order linear system with complex eigenvalues that exhibits periodic orbit, a first-order linear system with complex eigenvalues that exhibits a spiral sink, a first-order nonlinear system characterized by oscillatory convergence, and a second-order one-dimensional system that is converted into a first-order, two-dimensional system characterized by a continuum of equilibria and oscillatory divergence.
Knowing intentional individuals, and reasoning about knowing intentional individuals

This paper outlines an approach toward computationally investigating the processes involved in reasoning about the knowledge states of other cognitive agents. The approach is Fregean and is compared with the work of McCarthy and Creary. We describe how the formalism represents the knowing of intensional individuals, coreferentiality, iterated propositional attitudes, and we describe plans to test, the scheme in the domain of speech act recognition.
Lineage dynamics of murine pancreatic development at single-cell resolution

Organogenesis requires the complex interactions of multiple cell lineages that coordinate their expansion, differentiation, and maturation over time. Here, we profile the cell types within the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the murine pancreas across developmental time using a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and genetic lineage tracing. We identify previously underappreciated cellular heterogeneity of the developing mesenchyme and reconstruct potential lineage relationships among the pancreatic mesothelium and mesenchymal cell types. Within the epithelium, we find a previously undescribed endocrine progenitor population, as well as an analogous population in both human fetal tissue and human embryonic stem cells differentiating toward a pancreatic beta cell fate. Further, we identify candidate transcriptional regulators along the differentiation trajectory of this population toward the alpha or beta cell lineages. This work establishes a roadmap of pancreatic development and demonstrates the broad utility of this approach for understanding lineage dynamics in developing organs.
A New Era in Spatial Data Recording: Low-Cost GNSS

Archaeologists have long recognized that precise three-dimensional coordinates are critical for recording objects and features across sites and landscapes. Traditionally, for relatively small areas, an optical transit or, more recently, an electronic distance measurement device (EDM) has been used to acquire these three-dimensional points. While effective, such systems have significant limitations in that they require a clear line of site. Real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS/GNSS systems (Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems) have been available for well over a decade, and can provide quick and accurate point measurements over a wide area without many of the limitation of older technologies. The cost of such systems, however, has generally been prohibitive for archaeologists, and so their use has been rare. Recently, a new generation of low-cost systems has become available, making this technology more accessible to a wider user base. This article describes the use, accuracy, and limitations of one such low-cost system, the Emlid Reach RS, to show why this is an important tool for archaeological fieldwork.
Treatment of Distal Femur Fractures With the DePuy-Synthes Variable Angle Locking Compression Plate.

Objectives To determine the failure rate of the DePuy-Synthes variable angle locking compression curved condylar plate (VA-LCP) and quantify failure modes. Design Retrospective review. Setting Level I Trauma Center. Patients/participants One hundred thirteen patients with 118 OTA/AO classification 33A and 33C distal femoral fractures were included in the study. Intervention Internal fixation using only the DePuy-Synthes VA-LCP plate. Main outcome measurements Primary outcomes included mechanical failure rate of the DePuy-Synthes VA-LCP plate in open and closed fractures. Secondary outcomes included overall failure rate of treatment, risk factors for mechanical failure, and the specific location of failure: loss of fixation in the proximal segment, implant failure over the working length, or failure of locking screw fixation distally. Results There were 11 total failures (9.3%) in 118 fractures. Failure rates for the closed and open fracture groups were 5.4% and 15.9%, respectively. Twenty patients (16.9%) required reoperation to promote union. Open fractures (P = 0.00475), the presence of medial metaphyseal comminution (P = 0.037), the length of the zone of comminution (P = 0.037), and plate length (P = 0.0096) were significantly higher in those with implant failure. Most failures (63.6%) were in the working length of the implant. Conclusions The use of the Synthes VA-LCP is a viable option in distal femoral fractures and has an acceptable failure rate and reoperation to promote union rate. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Satisfaction with Primary Care Providers and Health Care Services Among Patients with Chronic Pain: a Mixed-Methods Study

Chronic pain is a prevalent health concern in the United States (US) and a frequent reason for patients to seek primary care. The challenges associated with developing effective pain management strategies can be perceived as a burden on the patient-provider relationship. This study explored the relationship between patients’ overall satisfaction with their primary care providers (PCPs) and their satisfaction with their chronic pain treatment, as well as the provider behaviors that contributed to chronic pain patients’ satisfaction with their PCPs. Concurrent nested mixed-methods design 97 patients with chronic pain who were assigned to the usual care arm of the Pain Program for Active Coping and Training (PPACT) study. We analyzed phone interview and survey data (n = 97). Interviews assessed provider behaviors that led to patient satisfaction. Interview transcripts were analyzed based on a content analysis approach. Survey responses assessed patient satisfaction with primary care and pain services. We calculated a Pearson’s correlation coefficient using five response categories. Interviews revealed that high satisfaction with primary care was driven by five concrete PCP behaviors: (1) listening, (2) maintaining communication with patients, (3) acting as an access point to comprehensive pain care, (4) providing an honest assessment of the possibilities of pain care, and (5) taking time during consultations with patients. In surveys, participants reported higher satisfaction with their primary care services than with the pain services they received; these variables were only moderately correlated (r = 0.586). Results suggest that patients with chronic pain can view the relationship with their PCPs as positive, even in the face of low satisfaction with their pain treatment. The expectations that these patients held of PCPs could be met regardless of providers’ ability to successfully relieve chronic pain.
Early High-Dose Vitamin D3 for Critically Ill, Vitamin D–Deficient Patients

Abstract Background Vitamin D deficiency is a common, potentially reversible contributor to morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients. The potential benefits of vitamin D supplementatio...
Recurrent Pulmonary Artery Interventions Following the Norwood Procedure Are Not Associated With Conduit Type

Given pulmonary artery interventions following the Norwood procedure can recur, the average number of occurrences per patient over time is likely more informative than the crude percentage of patients who required an intervention. Pulmonary artery intervention was defined as any surgical or catheter-based procedure after the Norwood procedure. The number of pulmonary artery interventions for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were compared between patients with modified Blalock-Taussig Shunts (MBTS) and right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits (RVPA) at a single institution from 2011 to 2018. The comparison was replicated using data from the Single Ventricle Reconstruction Trial (SVR), a nonoverlapping dataset. The mean number of pulmonary artery interventions per patient over time (mean cumulative function, MCF) is described using Nelson-Aalen estimates and compared using the pseudo-score test. The number of patients requiring intervention was compared using the chi-square test. Using our institutional dataset, the Norwood operation was performed on 117 patients (59 MBTS, 58 RVPA). In total, 73 patients had a pulmonary artery intervention, including 32 of 58 (55%) after MBTS and 41 of 59 (69%) after RVPA (P= 0.11). The MCF did not vary between cohorts (P = 0.55). Using the SVR trial dataset, 140 of 549 patients required pulmonary artery intervention, including 55 (21%) after MBTS and 85 (30%) after RVPA (P = 0.0090). The MCF did not vary between cohorts (P = 0.067). Although more patients with RVPA than MBTS require pulmonary artery interventions after the Norwood procedure, the MCFs are not different, which may be of greater importance to patients and families.
Developmentally-orchestrated mitochondrial processes prime the selective inheritance against harmful mitochondrial DNA mutations

Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is prone to mutation and not all conventional DNA repair systems operate in mitochondria, deleterious mutations are exceedingly rare. How the transmission of detrimental mtDNA mutations is restricted through the maternal lineage is debated. Here, we use Drosophila to dissect the mechanisms of mtDNA selective inheritance and understand their molecular underpinnings. Our observations support a purifying selection at the organelle level based on a series of developmentally-orchestrated mitochondrial processes. We demonstrate that mitochondrial fission, together with the lack of mtDNA replication in germarium region 2A, effectively segregates mtDNA into individual organelles. After mtDNA segregation, mtDNA transcription begins, which leads to the activation of respiration in each organelle. The expression of mtDNA-encoded genes allows the functional manifestation of different mitochondrial genotypes in heteroplasmic cells, and hence functions as a stress test for each individual genome and sets the stage for the replication competition. We also show that the Balbiani body has a minor role in mtDNA selective inheritance by supplying healthy mitochondria to the pole plasm. The two selection mechanisms may act synergistically to secure the transmission of functional mtDNA through Drosophila oogenesis.
Self-configuring silicon photonics systems and applications

Silicon photonics can make complex circuits. We now understand that meshes of interferometers can perform arbitrary linear operations, beyond previous optical approaches. But configuring and stabilizing large meshes could be challenging. Fortunately, a class of architectures can both implement any linear transform and can also be self-configured and self-stabilized, even without any calculations. They can also adapt in real time to changing problems and environments. Applications include adaptive mode multiplexing and demultiplexing, automatic beam coupling, complex linear transforms for classical and quantum processing, and full measurement of amplitude and phase of multimode fields. Architectures, algorithms, and applications will be discussed.
Diseases of the Coagulation System: Hemophilia, Von Willebrands Disease, Cryoglobulinemia, and Inborn Errors of Factor Synthesis

The coagulation system is a complex system that controls homeostasis through activation of the coagulation cascade. This cascade utilizes factors, cells, and proteins to achieve an end result of clot formation necessary to protect the body against bleeding from sustained injury. There are a variety of diseases that can affect the coagulation system. These disorders include Hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and cryoglobulinemia. These are rare conditions and can be potentially life threatening if they are left unrecognized and untreated. They can vary in severity and affect multiple organ systems, including the central nervous, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and vascular system. This chapter will discuss some of the most common disorders, their pathophysiology, and perioperative anesthetic considerations.
Effects of a Human Sexuality Course on Attitudes Toward Rape and Violence

Researchers have indicated that false beliefs about rape, known as rape myths, are widely accepted and provide cultural support for the occurrence of rape. We examined changes in college students' acceptance of rape myths and attitudes concerning interpersonal violence resulting from exposure to a course in human sexuality. Subjects were 97 college students enrolled in a human sexuality course and 48 college students who served in a control condition. All subjects completed the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Interpersonal Violence Scale at the beginning and end of the course. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed a significant posttest difference between groups in the acceptance of rape myths. Students exposed to the human sexuality course were significantly less accepting of rape myths. No difference between groups emerged on the Interpersonal Violence Scale and no gender differences were found. Results are discussed with respect to statistical versus practical significance, and implications f...
DFT and MP2 study of the effects of mutations on the binding of ligands within the SULT1A3 active site

Abstract Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are important in the metabolism and regulation of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates, such as neurotransmitters. In this study, we apply a previously validated model chemistry (Bigler et al., 2014) to study the role of specific active site amino acid residues in the selectivity of SULT1A3 for particular ligands. Experimental work (Brix et al., 1999; Liu et al., 2000) has verified the importance of two amino acid residues in the binding of ligands to this active site (E146 and D86); the current work provides a molecular-level explanation for the observed results and then offers further interpretation of specific interactions important to ligand binding. A suite of ligands were optimized in three mutant SULT1A3 active sites using M062X/6-31G with relaxed amino acid side chains and implicit solvation. M062X/6-311+G∗ and MP2/6-311+G∗ were used to calculate counterpoise-corrected interaction energies between the ligands and the mutant active site residues. These results were found to agree well with the experimental site-directed mutagenesis studies of SULT1A3.