cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of cellular microstructure in laser powder bed fusion of 316L stainless steel

Abstract Laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (L-PBF AM) offers great potential for local microstructure control. During this process, solidification occurs in conditions that are far from equilibrium and possesses – in the majority of cases – a strong directionality. In general, the size and morphology of the resulting microstructure is a function of two well-known parameters: the temperature gradient within the liquid phase (G) and the velocity of the solidification front (R). To provide guidance in selecting appropriate, systematically defined, process parameters for L-PBF of 316L stainless steel square pillars, we developed an intentionally simple thermal model to express these two parameters, G and R, as a function of selected process variables (laser scan speed, laser power) and material properties (thermal diffusivity). Results from both microstructural and mechanical characterization of the pillars indicate that high-strength, fully-dense parts with a highly oriented cellular microstructure can be obtained when using significantly different sets of process parameters. Furthermore, despite its simplicity, the numerical model correlates well with experimental evidence and confirms that rather than creating variable microstructures, the process parameter constraints actually lead to a stable cellular microstructure regardless of the wide process window studied.
A Systematic Review of General Educator Training With Functional Behavior Assessments

Functional behavior assessment is a process that should have precedence in addressing behaviors that impact a student’s learning or the learning of others. A rigorous, comprehensive, and beneficial...
Probing energy landscapes in multilayer heterostructures: Challenges and opportunities

Quantitative characterization of energy landscapes at buried interfaces is essential for assessing their functionality. This perspective highlights recent developments in reconstructing internal potential profiles based on hard x-ray photoemission experiments that have proved to be a rich source of information. We show that band-edge profiles can be reconstructed from core-level photoelectron spectra by performing a comprehensive search for the best-fit set of associated layer-resolved spectra. The use of hard x-rays allows heterostructures to be probed over length scales comparable to relevant electronic screening lengths. Significantly, this information takes our understanding of such systems to a new level that is not currently achievable using any other experimental technique.
Gendering Peacebuilding in Post-conflict Northern Uganda

Approximately 1.8 million northern Ugandans were internally displaced during conflict between the Ugandan government and Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) rebels (1987-2006). The ethnographic and qualitative research findings presented in this article illuminate the need to address structural violence, not just physical violence, in the aftermath of conflict, and to pay particular attention to how conflict and peacebuilding processes are gendered. Although gender-sensitive approaches to peacebuilding have increased in recent years, especially among scholars, in practice these processes often still fail to adequately address the myriad needs of survivors and to understand the complex interplay between gender, conflict, and post-conflict rebuilding. Instead, “gendered” peacebuilding efforts focus attention on physical sexual violence experienced by women during conflict as opposed to structural violence pervading conflict and the post-conflict period. For example, findings from research among Acholi and Langi, the two most prominent ethnic groups in northern Uganda, indicate that structural violence stemming from devastated economic livelihoods, poverty, ruptured sociocultural norms, and shifting gender roles exacerbate the effects of violent conflict and disproportionately affect women. Despite the prevalence of and participants’ concerns about structural violence, peacebuilders and policy-makers continue to emphasize and prioritize resolution of physical violence, such as rape. Based on primary research, this article explores the link between livelihood, peacebuilding efforts, and gender, and argues that gendering peacebuilding to address economic opportunity, land conflict, and other forms of pervasive structural violence is central to building sustainable peace in the region.
Developing interactional repertoires in the classroom through dynamic strategic interaction scenarios

In this article, we report on the implementation of Dynamic Strategic Interaction Scenario tasks as one approach to developing L2 learners’ interactional repertoires. The tasks involve pre-task planning, a performance, and immediate feedback during a whole-class debriefing discussion. We focus specifically on the appropriation of turn allocation devices within a single class meeting in which three small groups performed the same scenario. We show how the first group’s performance prompted a focus on turn allocation during their debriefing, and how the subsequent groups were able to build on the feedback in their own performances. We discuss our findings and their implications for research and pedagogy along three dimensions: 1) the role of feedback as mediation in the debriefing discussions; 2) the contribution of task repetition from a group-as-collective perspective; and 3) the documentation of interactional repertoire development over time.
Life in the Universe

From an estimate of the number of planets in our galaxy that orbit in the habitable zone of their star and that have the right range of size to hold a light atmosphere, astrobiologists expect there to be millions of examples of life throughout the galaxy. Whether these life forms have evolved to the point of being able to destroy all life on their planet is a more difficult calculation. In this chapter, we explore the requirements for life and the conditions needed for life’s initiation and progression.
Computational modeling of hot rolling process for biaxial prestraining of shape memory polymer sheets

This Conference Presentation, “Computational modeling of hot rolling process for biaxial prestraining of shape memory polymer sheets,” was recorded for the Smart Structures + Nondestructive Evaluation 2021 Digital Forum.
Sex and Sensibility: The Meaning of Sexual Consent

In this paper, I argue against the dominant academic view that consent in sexual crimes should be understood and defined as performative. Instead, I advocate the attitudinal model of consent which focuses on the internal feelings of the parties rather than their external expression. My criticisms of the performative model of consent can be briefly summarized as follows. A rape statute based on the performative model is over-inclusive and unjust. Consider two sexual partners, Adam and Eve. Under the law based on the performative model, Adam would be guilty of rape in any circumstances when Eve wholeheartedly welcomed intimacy with Adam but, for any reason, failed to express her feelings. Adam would be guilty of rape even if he honestly believed that Eve welcomed their intimacy and, in fact, was correct in that belief. The performative model thus would authorize criminal punishment in the absence of either wrongful harm or culpability. By disregarding Eve’s choice to have sex on her terms (without outwardly expressing consent), the law disregards Eve’s autonomy and treats her as a legally incompetent individual, incapable of independent decisions and requiring special protection. Denying normative force to Eve’s attitudinal consent imposes on Eve an affirmative duty, on the pain of her partner’s criminal conviction, to behave, in the most intimate situations, not how she prefers but how the state tells her to behave. Under the performative standard, Eve may not have sex unless she explicitly sexually encourages her partner. The rape laws based on the performative standard would undercut decades of legal battles fought in the name of privacy, autonomy, and respect for sexual liberty. Such laws are offensively paternalistic in that they categorically invalidate Eve’s consent unless she satisfies the absolutist, good-for-all, statutory requirement (explicit encouragement of her partner). Moreover, such laws are implicitly sexist and strongly smack of the infamous requirement of “corroboration” motivated by distrust to women in anything related to sex. The performative model is not suited better than attitudinal to target sexual misconduct. The paper reviews legal outcomes in a number of scenarios presenting different interplays of wrongdoing and culpability from the attitudinal and performative perspectives. The comparison of the two models demonstrates the advantages of the attitudinal model over performative in producing a just and proportionate punishment. The paper concludes that attitudinal model of consent in sexual crimes has both doctrinal and practical advantages over the performative. The paper also considers college disciplinary rules regulating students’ sexual conduct and concludes that a model of “contextual consent” may be more appropriate for such rules.
8 – GENITAL AND PERINATAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS: PROPHYLACTIC VACCINES

Genital herpes can be caused by either herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2). The pathogenesis of HSV genital infection is complex and involves primary, latent, and recurrent infections. The high frequency with which HSV-2 sheds from the genital tract shows that the asymptomatic or the unrecognized shedding is responsible for most of the perinatal and sexual transmission of HSV-2. The perinatal herpes infection is the infection of a fetus or neonate—that is, an infant less than 1-month old—and is one of the most dreaded complications of genital herpes. The development of safe and effective HSV vaccines is the only practical strategy to control the disease and limit the spread of infection. Universal vaccinations in infancy with boosters in adolescence have the ability to protect a recipient from symptomatic oral, ocular, and genital herpes and also to reduce the risk of spread to unimmunized people.
Cross-Border Commercial Contracts and the Ongoing Need for Consideration

Private contracts for the exchange of goods and services are increasingly made across national borders. Firms continue to look for the best suppliers for their inputs or the best markets for their outputs, and as the costs of transport come down, global market access goes up. Yet the most fundamental tool of international business — the contract — may be much less “global” than the business itself. The understanding that a firm has of how a contract is formed and enforced in their home jurisdiction may conflict with that of their partners or customers in foreign jurisdictions. In this article, I will examine the common law contract requirement of consideration, an element that can make or break a contract. I will compare the requirements for forming a contract in civil and common law jurisdictions and explain how consideration can be overlooked or underemphasized and what effect this has on the enforcement of commercial contracts. Finally, I will offer practical suggestions for the parties to avoid a consideration challenge following execution of their agreement.
A supervised fuzzy adaptive resonance theory with distributed weight update

The Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory is an unsupervised clustering algorithm that solves stability plasticity dilemma The existing winner-take-all approach to updating weights in Fuzzy ART has two flaws: (i) it only updates one cluster while an input might belong to more than one cluster and (ii) the winner-take-all approach is costly in training time since it compares one weight to the input at a time We propose an algorithm that compares all weights to the input simultaneously and allows updating multiple matching clusters that pass the vigilance test To mitigate the effects of possibly updating clusters belonging to the wrong class we introduced weight scaling depending on the “closeness” of the weight to the input In addition, we introduced supervision to penalize the weight update for weights that have the wrong class The results show that our algorithm outperformed original Fuzzy ART in both classification accuracy and time consumption.
On the relationship between 1/f and alpha-stable processes

1/f/sup /spl beta//-type spectral behavior has received considerable attention in the literature because it arises from a wide range of natural phenomena. In this paper we consider a filtered Poisson process model, and show that this model gives rise to a power-law /spl alpha/-stable process if /spl beta/<1, or to a process with power-law /spl alpha/-stable increments if 1</spl beta/<3. Based on the relationship between /spl alpha/ and /spl beta/ we propose a new method for the estimation of the spectral exponent of the sample spectrum, which is particularly robust in the case 0</spl beta/<1.
Maximalglied und Zentralindex, Maximalbetrag und Nullstellenanzahl

Es seien a 0, a 1, a 2,..., a n ,... komplexe Zahlen, die nicht samtlich verschwinden. Die Potenzreihe $$ f(z) = {a_0} + {a_1}z + {a_2}{z^2} + ... + {a_n}{z^n} + ... $$ besitze den Konvergenzradius R, R >0 . Wenn R = ∞ ist, heist f(z) eine ganze Funktion.
Evaluation of an Obstetric Ultrasound Curriculum for Midwives in Liberia

OBJECTIVES Point-of-care ultrasound is an effective tool for clinical decision making in low- and middle-income countries, but lack of trained providers is a barrier to its utility in these settings. In Liberia, given that midwives provide most prenatal care, it is hypothesized that training them in prenatal ultrasound through an intensive condensed training course is both feasible and practical. METHODS This quantitative prospective study of preobservational and postobservational assessment evaluated a 1-week ultrasound curriculum consisting of 4 modules, each comprising a didactic component, a practical session, and supervised patient encounters. A knowledge-based pretest and presurvey addressing prior use and comfort were administered. At the intervention conclusion, identical posttests and postsurveys were administered with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The test, survey, and OSCE were repeated after 1 year. All scores and responses were tabulated, and qualitative analysis with paired t tests was performed. RESULTS Thirty-one midwives underwent intervention and written evaluation, with 14 followed up at 1 year. Seventeen underwent the OSCE, with 8 retained at 1 year. There was a significant increase between pretest and immediate and 1-year posttest scores (36.6% versus 90% and 66%; P .05). Average overall comfort using ultrasound increased from presurvey to immediate postsurvey scores (from 1.8 to 3.8; P .05). CONCLUSIONS Midwives in Liberia had very low baseline knowledge and comfort using ultrasound. A 1-week curriculum increased both short- and long-term knowledge and comfort and led to adequate overall OSCE scores that were retained at 1 year.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in diagnosis of osteoporosis: basic principles, indications, and scan interpretation.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is currently the most commonly used modality for the diagnosis of osteoprosis, allowing fast, accurate, and noninvasive measurements of bone mineral density. In this review we discuss the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of this diagnostic technique.
Perceived Locus of Control and Attraction as a Function of Locus of Control Orientation

Several studies have found that one's locus of control orientation affects perceived locus of control. However, the nature and extent of this influence has not been consistent. In this investigation internal and external subjects interacted with strangers whose responding was characteristic of internality or externality (resistence or yielding to attitude change), and perceived locus of control and attraction were assessed. Contrary to the previous research, one's own locus of control did not affect perception of locus of control. In addition, attraction was found to be a function of the stranger's resistence or yielding to attitude change rather than personality similarity.
English for occupational purposes: one language?

English for occupational purposes: one language? By D. Kim, London, Continuum, 2008, viii + 227 pp., $150 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-8264-9734-5 The continuous scarcity of research on English for occup...
Prostate volume and pathologic prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives To more clearly elucidate the relationship between prostate volume (PV) and prostate cancer parameters. Methods The Urologic Oncology Database was reviewed. A total of 3460 patients had undergone radical prostatectomy from 1988 to 2006. Of these, 2600 with complete data were included in the study and were stratified by the PV: normal (0 to 40 cm 3 ), moderate (40 to 80 cm 3 ), or large (greater than 80 cm 3 ). The prostate cancer variables were evaluated using analysis of variance. Regression models were used to determine the role of PV in Gleason sum discordance (greater than 1 unit) controlling for prostate-specific antigen level and clinical and pathologic stage. Results Of the 2600 patients, 1453 (55.2%) had a normal, 1035 (39.8%) a moderate, and 130 (5.0%) a large PV. Patients with a normal PV were more likely to have a Gleason sum greater than 6 at biopsy (46.2%) and radical retropubic prostatectomy (68.4%) compared with patients with a moderate (39.0% and 58.9%, respectively) or a large (41.5% and 57.7%, respectively) PV ( P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively). Patients with a normal PV had greater rates of extraprostatic extension (32.3%) and positive margins (28.2%) compared with those with a moderate (25.5% and 22.4%, respectively) or a large (23.3% and 20.3%, respectively) PV ( P = 0.002 and P = 0.005, respectively). Of all 2600 patients, 55.9% had no change between the biopsy and pathologic Gleason sum, 255 (9.8%) were downgraded, and 890 (34.3%) were upgraded. Patients with a large PV had a greater rate of downgrading (16.2%) than those with a normal (8.7%) or moderate (10.5%) PV ( P = 0.01). Patients upgraded had the greatest rate of pathologically advanced disease (35.3% with Stage T3 or greater, P P = 0.005), prostate-specific antigen level (odds ratio 1.03, P P Conclusions The results of our study have shown that patients with a large PV (greater than 80 cm 3 ) are more likely to have a lower Gleason sum, locally confined and less-aggressive pathologic disease, and were more often downgraded.
Interference filters for the ultraviolet and the surface plasmon of aluminum.

It is shown that (Al-MgF2)-interference filters of better performance than have been predicted and obtained previously are possible in the uv below 2500 A. Experimental results are given for conventional filters of first and higher order and for new filter designs that use multilayer structures for the two mirrors of the filter. All discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results are explained by a coupling of light into the surface plasmon of aluminum via a surface roughness of the MgF2 films.
Expanding the Conceptualization of Workplace Violence: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice

Workplace violence generally refers to interpersonal aggression, sexual harassment, bullying, and other forms of discrimination and oppression occurring within the confines of the paid workplace. Workplace violence affects women across the globe, resulting in a wide range of health, economic, and social problems. We advocate for broader, transdisciplinary, intersectional, and transnational conceptualizations of workplace violence in research, policy, and practice. Supported by findings from research conducted around the globe, we argue that workplace violence occurs not only within the context of women’s paid employment in the formal workplace, but also within the contexts of other types of work in which women of all ages engage. An expanded, more inclusive conceptualization of women’s workplaces in research, policy, and practice will promote broader recognition and acknowledgement of women’s experiences of interpersonal violence in the contexts of their multiple work roles in unpaid and informal work, as well as the paid labor force. Incorporating intersectional, transnational, and transdisciplinary perspectives into research, policy, and practice related to workplace violence will expand understandings and interpretations of women’s experiences of workplace violence across the lifespan; within their own multi-faceted cultural contexts and racial, ethnic, gender, and class identities; and will facilitate transnational, cross-cultural comparisons. Implementation of policies based on expanded conceptualizations of workplace violence can contribute to more effective education and prevention efforts, improved reporting procedures, and enhanced post-violence support services and treatment programs that meet the needs of women across a wider spectrum of workplace contexts.
Sex in Broad Daylight: Turning a New Leaf—Fungal Style

Cryptococcus spp. are potentially lethal fungal pathogens of humans and animals that are not easily communicable. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Xue et al. describe sexual reproduction of Cryptococcus in association with plants and identify plant-derived mating stimulatory compounds. These results may have wide significance in explaining environmental sources of effective inoculum in human disease foci.
Linguistic Recognition as a Source of Confidence in the Justice System

How does linguistic recognition in the courtroom affect popular confidence in the justice system among minorities? The authors argue (a) the recognition of either a minority language and/or a third...
Feed Intake, Apparent Diet Digestibility, and Rate of Particulate Passage in Dairy Cattle

Abstract Depressions in digestibility of both diet and feed fractions were measured in two diets fed at two intakes to dairy cattle. A low forage diet of 32% forage and 68% concentrate (dry matter) and a high forage diet of 83% forage and 17% concentrate were fed to dry cows at maintenance and lactating cows at ad libitum intake. Lactating cows consumed 42.1 and 32.2 g dry matter/kg body weight on the low forage and high forage diets whereas dry cows consumed 12.0 and 13.0. Energy digestibilities were 67.5 and 64.0% for lactating cows on the low forage and high forage diets and 73.7 and 67.6% for dry cows. Depressions in digestibility for dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, energy, and cell solubles per unit of intake were greater on the low forage diet. Retention time of concentrate increased by .44 units for each unit increase in retention time of forage. Retention times in the total tract for forage and concentrates were 62 and 73% less at low intake on the low forage diet. Similar results for the high forage diet were 80 and 81%. Retention times of concentrate and forage were correlated with digestibility of gross energy.
False loops through resource sharing (logic CAD)

The effects of false loops caused by resource sharing are described. When a separate controller and data path are constructed, two types of false loops can be distinguished: the ones that go through the controller and the ones that loop around in the data path. A model to detect both types of loop during the resource sharing phase is described. Based on this model an algorithm which prevents false loops in the combinatorial network to be constructed, while maintaining as much freedom as possible for the resource sharing, is described. Experiments show that the loop-free data-paths do not need more functional units than the ones that contain false loops. >
Abstract A23: Gene set enrichment analysis of renal cell carcinoma genome-wide association data identifies the JAK-STAT pathway mediating susceptibility

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully discovered novel loci associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. However, a portion of genetic variation contributing to RCC susceptibility remains uncovered by traditional individual SNP analysis in GWAS. Several pathway-based analytical tools have been developed to complement individual SNP analysis. In this study, we performed gene set enrichment analysis using our RCC GWAS dataset comprised of 894 cases and 1,516 controls with three different tools: GenGen, SNP ratio test, and ALIGATOR. Seven pathways defined by KEGG, GO, and REACTOME were significantly associated with RCC susceptibility in all the three algorithms, with JAK-STAT-signaling (155 genes, PGenGen=0.033, PSNP ratio=0.002, and PALIGATOR=0.002) and Glycine-Serine-Threonine-metabolism (31 genes, PGenGen=0.04, PSNP ratio=0.043, and PALIGATOR Citation Format: Xiang Shu, Meng Chen, Yuanqing Ye, Maosheng Huang, Jian Gu, Christopher G. Wood, Xifeng Wu. Gene set enrichment analysis of renal cell carcinoma genome-wide association data identifies the JAK-STAT pathway mediating susceptibility. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A23.
A Role of Sodium Hydroxide in the Process of Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption/Oxidation on Caustic-Impregnated Activated Carbons

Four activated carbons of various origins were impregnated with different concentrations of sodium hydroxide and used as hydrogen sulfide adsorbents in an accelerated test. The materials were characterized using nitrogen sorption, thermal analysis, and standard ASTM methods. The results showed that, with increasing loading of NaOH, the H2S breakthrough capacity increases 4−5 times until maximum capacity is reached at about 10% NaOH. This capacity per unit volume of the carbon bed is the same for all carbons and insensitive to their pore structures and surface areas. The specific capacity per unit surface area is also the same for all materials studied, including activated alumina. This indicates that the amount of NaOH present on the surface is a limiting factor for the capacity. By increasing the pH value of the carbon, sodium hydroxide causes an increase in the HS- ion concentration. These ions can be further oxidized to elemental sulfur or sulfuric acid, as suggested by changes in the surface pH values...
In vivo imaging of molecularly targeted phage.

Abstract Rapid identification of in vivo affinity ligands would have far-reaching applications for imaging specific molecular targets, in vivo systems imaging, and medical use. We have developed a high-throughput method for identifying and optimizing ligands to map and image biologic targets of interest in vivo . We directly labeled viable phage clones with far-red fluorochromes and comparatively imaged them in vivo by multichannel fluorescence ratio imaging. Using Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (osteonectin) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as model targets, we show that: 1) fluorescently labeled phage retains target specificity on labeling; 2) in vivo distribution can be quantitated (detection thresholds of ~ 300 phage/mm 3 tissue) throughout the entire depth of the tumor using fluorescent tomographic imaging; and 3) fluorescently labeled phage itself can serve as a replenishable molecular imaging agent. The described method should find widespread application in the rapid in vivo discovery and validation of affinity ligands and, importantly, in the use of fluorochrome-labeled phage clones as in vivo imaging agents.
The State of the Powder Metallurgy Industry—1982 and Beyond

This paper reviews what has been taking place in the North American P/M industry with special emphasis on conventional P/M applications. It discusses some of the problems encountered and plans for overcoming them. A brief overview of some technical advancements that hold particular promise for the future will also be given.
Exploring Contrasting Formulations of Expectancy Theory

The explanatory potential of four forms of expectancy theory with additive and multiplicative expectancy terms and linear and nonlinear valence functions were contrasted. A behavioral decision-making theory approach was used when 101 subjects were asked to make 128 hypothetical job-choice decisions. More than 25,800 decisions under a within-subjects framework were analyzed. Results indicate that the majority (83 percent) of subjects employed additive or multiplicative expectancy models with linear valence functions. However, the predictive efficacy of the expectancy theory model was improved for 17 percent of the subjects when nonlinear valence terms were introduced. The findings imply that different functional forms of expectancy theory may be needed to model individuals' decision-making processes.
Compartmentalization of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-binding proteins in human platelets.

Abstract Adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cAMP) plays a major role in the control of platelet function. The major cAMP-binding proteins in mammalian tissues, the regulatory subunits of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases, were evaluated in human platelets with the photoaffinity label 8-azido [ 32 P]cAMP. We observed that approximately equal quantities (0.408 – 0.421 pmol/mg protein) of the regulatory subunit of a type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase (R I ) were present in the particulate and soluble fractions from human platelets. The soluble fraction contained 0.351 pmol/mg protein of the regulatory subunit of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (R II ). However, little if any, R II was present in the particulate fraction. These data indicate that the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase is compartmentalized to the soluble fraction and suggest that preferential phosphorylation of protein kinase substrates may result from such compartmentalization. The K D for cAMP-binding to R I was similar in the soluble and particulate fractions (0.005 μM and 0.003 μM, respectively). The K D for cAMP-binding to R II varied widely. In some experiments, a clear-cut, biphasic double-reciprocal plot was observed, suggesting two different cAMP-binding sites. Two-dimensional analysis of 8-azido-[ 32 P]cAMP-labeled platelets prepared in a buffer which inhibits platelet phosphoprotein phosphatase suggested the presence of equal amounts of two forms of R II with characteristics similar to those previously described for phospho- and dephospho-R II .
Optimal power control for underlay cognitive radio systems with arbitrary input distributions

This paper studies optimal power control policies that maximize the achievable rates of underlay cognitive radio systems with arbitrary input distributions under both peak/average transmit power and peak/average interference power constraints for general fading distributions. In particular, optimal power adaptation schemes are formulated and low-complexity optimal power control algorithms are proposed. Additionally, simpler approximations of optimal power control policies in the low-power regime are determined. By considering gamma distributed channel power gains of the interference link between the secondary transmitter and the primary receiver and of the transmission link between the secondary transmitter and the secondary receiver, closed-form expressions for the maximum achievable rate attained with optimal power control in the low-power regime are provided. Through numerical results, the impact of the fading severity of both interference and transmission links and transmit power and interference power constraints on the maximum achievable rate of the cognitive user for different practical constellations and Gaussian signals are investigated.
Depletion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in substantia nigra neurons of Parkinson's disease brain.

The distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of Parkinson's disease (PD) brains was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cases studied included four 69–77 year old neurologically normal male controls and four 72–79 year old male PD patients. Integrated optical densities (IODs) of immunofluorescence over individual neuromelanin-containing neurons and in areas of neuropil and the number of neurons on H & E stained adjacent sections were quantitated with the use of the BioQuant Image Analyzer. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, including the unpaired two-tailed Student t-test and the Mann–Whitney test. The results showed 55.8% (P<0.0001) dropout of SNc neurons in PD brains compared to age-matched controls. Despite considerable neuronal dropout, immunofluorescent NTFs in the PD brains showed differential reductions that were consistent within the group as compared to age-matched controls: reductions were GDNF, 19.4%/neuron (P<0.0001), 20.2%/neuropil (P<0.0001); CNTF, 11.1%/neuron (P<0.0001), 9.4%/neuropil (P<0.0001); BDNF, 8.6%/neuron (P<0.0001), 2.5%/neuropil. NGF, NT-3 and NT-4 showed no significant differences within surviving neurons or neuropil. Since the depletion of GDNF both within surviving neurons and neuropil was twice as great as that of CNTF and BDNF and since the other NTFs showed no changes, GDNF, of the tested NTFs, is probably the most susceptible and the earliest to decrease in the surviving neurons of SNc. These observations suggest a role for decreased availability of GDNF in the process of SNc neurodegeneration in PD.
A digital three-dimensional atlas of structure/function relationships.

Abstract The techniques and issues relevant to the development of a digital three-dimensional atlas of brain structure and function are discussed. The goals were to develop the appropriate methods for an interactive and quantitative stereotactic atlas to describe both anatomy and physiology. The work presented here used serial sections from unstained, thionin-stained and 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic data sets.
The Inverse Gothic Invasion Motif in Daphne Du Maurier's Jamaica Inn: The National Body and Smuggling as Disease

Although a staple of Gothic fiction, the theme of invasion by alien forces, so prominent in Dracula, the Sherlock Holmes canon, and other masterpieces of the genre, does not at first glance lend it...
Gravity field of Jupiter and its satellite from Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 tracking data

Accurate two-way Doppler tracking data obtained from Pioneers 10 and 11 during their Jupiter encounters are analyzed to yield significantly improved values for the masses of the Galilean satellites, the harmonic coefficients of Jupiter, and the mass of the planet. The spacecraft trajectories relative to Jupiter are discussed, and nongravitational spacecraft accelerations are taken into account. Gravity results are derived from a simultaneous iterative weighted least-squares solution for the orbital elements of seven bodies, the masses of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites, the right ascension and declination of Jupiter's instantaneous pole relative to the 1950.0 mean earth equator and equinox, the Jovian gravity harmonic coefficients, the mass of a hypothetical mascon at the Great Red Spot, and the nongravitational-acceleration parameters. Four separate solutions are determined, and the best numerical values are given for the ratios of the masses of the four Galilean satellites to the mass of Jupiter; the ratio of the sun's mass to that of the Jupiter system; the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth zonal harmonic coefficients of Jupiter; the sectoral harmonics; and the ratio of the hypothetical mascon's mass to that of Jupiter.
Bone marrow stroma-dependent modulation of CD45R isoform expression on Abelson virus transformed pre-B cells.

The CD45 glycoprotein family exhibits cell-lineage-associated structural heterogeneity which is due, in part, to alternative pre-mRNA splicing. The Abelson murine leukemia (A-MuLV) preferentially transforms immature B cells that express a B-cell-specific high molecular weight CD45 isoform, called B220. However, we observed that A-MuLV-transformed cell lines are often B220- while maintaining high levels of “pan” CD45 expression. In vitro transformation of murine bone marrow revealed that the stromal microenvironment over which A-MuLV-transformed lymphoblasts are grown affected the B220 phenotype of the pre-B cells. Over a period of a few weeks, B220+ populations grown over a clonal stromal cell line gradually became B220-. However, the transition from a B220+ to B220- phenotype was dependent on the lot of fetal calf serum used. In contrast, cells grown over a heterogeneous bone marrow stroma maintained B220+ expression for long periods of time. The appearance of B220- cells in clonal B220+ populations indi...
Oxidant types in copper-dioxygen chemistry: the ligand coordination defines the Cu(n)-O2 structure and subsequent reactivity

The considerable recent advances in copper–dioxygen coordination chemistry demonstrate the existence of a variety of dioxygen-derived Cun-O2 complexes, forming a basis for discussion of alternate oxidant types in copper chemistry and biochemistry. Peroxo complexes may react as nucleophilic reagents, and several types of electrophilic mono- or dicopper (hydro)peroxides exist. Side-on peroxo-dicopper(II) species effect aromatic hydroxylations, including phenolic substrates, in model systems and in the enzyme tyrosinase. Bis-μ-oxo-dicopper(III) entities are capable of hydrogen-atom abstraction reactions, or atom transfer to phosphines and sulfides. The scope and mechanisms of mononuclear Cu(II) superoxides or peroxides are yet to be established, but may be relevant to monooxygenases like peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase.
Spatial summation and the dynamics of warmth sensation

Various areal extents of the forehead and back were thermally irradiated at various levels of intensity. For any areal extent, the degree of apparent warmth grows approximately as a power function of intensity level; the larger the area, the smaller the exponent of the power function. Two families of psychophysical functions, one for the forehead, the other for the back, both show that the power functions extrapolate to a point of convergence in the neighborhood of the threshold for pain and tissue impairment. The rules that govern spatial summation of warmth reveal themselvesin the two families. Intensity and area trade one for the other to preserve the same level of warmth. At faint sensation levels, reciprocity is the rule of trading; but with increasing sensation level, area makes a weaker and weaker relative contribution to warmth, and, as a result, it takes a larger and larger percentage change in area to offset a given percentage change in intensity.
Reproducibility of noninvasive tests of peripheral occlusive arterial disease

Abstract We studied the reproducibility of four tests of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in 54 subjects, 32 of whom had this disease. We found that the reproducibility of systolic blood pressures obtained at rest from the thighs, calves, and ankles approximated that of arm systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as did the ankle-to-arm systolic blood pressure ratios. The average of the tenth and ninetieth percentile ranges of the resting systolic blood pressure ankle-to-arm rations was ± 0.10. Systolic blood pressures from the fingers were somewhat less reproducible, and those from the toes were even more variable. Systolic blood pressure ankle-to-arm ratios measured after the patient had exercised were less reproducible than resting ratios. The average of the tenth and ninetieth percentile ranges of the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-minute ratios after exercise was −0.13 to +0.16. Skin temperatures from the fingers and toes were approximately as reproducible as systolic blood pressures from the arms and legs and as the resting ankle-to-arm blood pressure ratios. Pulse-volume recordings from the thighs, calves, ankles, feet, toes, and fingers were very poorly reproducible. We conclude that information on the reproducibility of these measurements is essential in the evaluation of noninvasive arterial tests that are used to determine the course of peripheral occlusive arterial disease. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:678-83.)
Determinants of operative risk in human heart transplantation

Abstract In the past two and a half years twenty-six patients have received heart transplants at Stanford. Over-all survival is 45 per cent at six months, 38 per cent at twelve and eighteen months, and 30 per cent at two years. Analysis of mortality after operation allows separation of these patients into three groups. Three patients died within seventy-two hours of operation, all secondary to markedly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance resulting in progressive right heart failure (group I). Nine patients died in the hospital within two months of operation of infection or rejection (group II). Thirteen patients were discharged in satisfactory condition one to four months after operation (group III). One patient died in the early postoperative period from a cerebrovascular accident apparently unrelated to transplantation. Patients in group I differed significantly from those in groups II and III in having a higher pulmonary artery mean pressure and a higher calculated pulmonary vascular resistance. Patients in group II differed from those in group III with respect to age and the duration of known heart disease. No differences were found between the three groups with respect to number of HL-A antigen mismatches, duration of severe heart disease, cardiac index, mean left atrial pressure, or preoperative bilirubin or blood urea nitrogen levels. Follow-up study of the thirteen patients who survived the immediate postoperative period shows 84 per cent survival at six months, 75 per cent at twelve and eighteen months, and 60 per cent at two years. For patients with end-stage myocardial insufficiency, heart transplantation in appropriately selected cases offers a substantial probability for return to normal activity.
Speciation of aluminum using capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection

Abstract Capillary zone electrophoresis was evaluated as a method for the speciation of aluminum in aqueous solution using indirect UV absorption detection. Flu
BRCA2 and pancreatic cancer

Many factors, including a family history of cancer, have been implicated in the development of pancreatic cancer. Among these factors, germline BRCA2 mutations have been clearly associated with the development of this disease, while mutations in BRCA1 appear to have a limited role. Patients with pancreatic cancer and germline BRCA2 mutations tend to be Ashkenazi Jewish, have a younger than average age of onset, and in many cases, lack family history for breast, ovarian, or pancreatic cancers. In addition, somatic mutations of BRCA2 appear to be rare in tumors of the pancreas. The mechanism by which mutant BRCA2 contributes to development of pancreatic cancers is not well understood. However, it appears that inactivation of several independent functions of BRCA2 including regulation of gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, cell growth, DNA damage repair, and chromosomal instability may provide a pathophysiological basis for the association of BRCA2 mutations and pancreatic cancer.
A comparison of power approximations for satterthwaite's test

When testing equality of means from two independent normal populations, many statisticians prefer heterogeneity tolerant tests. Moser, Stevens, and Watts described the noncentral density and a numerical integration algorithm for computing power. We present simple and accurate approximations for the power of the Satterthwaite test statistic. Two advantages accrue. First, the approximations substantially reduce the computational burden for tasks such as plotting power curves. Second, the approximations substantially simplify the programming and thereby make power calculations more widely available. Four methods of power approximation are evaluated for test sizes of .001, .01, .05, and .10, sample sizes of 6 and 51, variance ratios of 1 and 10, and noncentrality parameters from 0 to 50 by 1. A method based on a ratio of expected values is recommended due to its accuracy and simplicity.
Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Assabiyya: An Alternative Tool for Understanding Long-Term Politics

This essay considers Ibn Khaldun's concept of assabiyya with respect to the generation of the collective political action, particularly, directed to state formation. Special attention is paid to the nature and genesis of assabiyya as a technical term developed cumulatively throughout the Muqaddimah. It asks whether assabiyya, as Ibn Khaldun defined it, can be reformulated and applied in understanding and explaining current political developments. It concludes with the assertion that, considering its holistic and interdisciplinary nature, its moral implications, and, most importantly, its spatio-temporal dimension, assabiyya can emerge as an alternative conceptual tool in overcoming the impasse currently facing political theory in general and the liberal democratic paradigm in particular.
Equipment Decontamination Procedures for Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring Programs: Status and Prospects

A major portion of the work effort and, therefore, the money spent during investigations of ground water and the vadose zone at hazardous waste sites is associated with collecting chemical data. To that end, effective decontamination of reusable drilling equipment, sampling apparatus, and tools is critical to the credibility of chemical data. Samples representative of the site under study are essential. Several state and federal regulatory agencies have established guidelines for procedures that should be considered when developing decontamination protocols. These agencies were contacted and asked to furnish copies of their decontamination guidelines. The information received was reviewed, and comparisons were made to assess the status of standards of decontamination practices for ground water and vadose zone monitoring programs at hazardous waste sites. Summaries of a variety of decontamination protocols were prepared. From this review, it is apparent that there is a need to standardize, to the extent possible, procedures for the field decontamination of equipment. Two ASTM Subcommittees, D18.14 on Waste Management and D18.21 on Ground Water and Vadose Zone Monitoring, are currently working on developing standards for decontamination procedures. They, in cooperation with state and federal agencies and other interested technical groups, will develop standards for the field decontamination of equipment used to study ground water and the vadose zone.
Phenylpropanolamine OROS (Acutrim) vs. placebo in combination with caloric restriction and physician‐managed behavior modification

We added phenylpropanolamine OROS (Acutrim; Ciba-Geigy Corp.) or placebo to a physician-managed behavior modification, mild caloric restriction, and exercise weight control program. One hundred six healthy, overweight (115% to 130% ideal body weight) women participated in this 14-week double-blind clinical trial. On average, the participants who took Acutrim lost significantly more weight (X +/- SE; 6.1 +/- 0.6 kg; 8.0% +/- 0.8%) than did those taking placebo (4.3 +/- 0.7 kg; 5.5% +/- 0.8%; P less than 0.05). Those taking Actrim continued to lose weight over the Christmas holiday, while the placebo group gained weight. Fifteen participants taking placebo withdrew, three because of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Thirteen of 53 participants in the Acutrim group left the study, two because of ADRs. Dry mouth was the most frequent complaint from participants taking Acutrim. No serious cardiovascular effects occurred. Both complaints and the number of participants reporting ADRs decreased with continued dosing. We conclude that Acutrim is a safe, modestly effective adjunct to a physician-managed, integrated weight control program.