cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy in Cancer Patients and Survivors

As the number of survivors of childhood and young adult cancers increases, it is becoming more common to manage the pregnancies of women who have a history of exposure to chemotherapies and radiation therapy. Similarly, these women want to know what the effect of their past cancer and cancer treatment will have on their ability to carry a pregnancy to term as well as on their future children’s health. Chemotherapeutic agents and radiation exposure can have long-term effects on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal function; normal adaptations in these same systems occur during pregnancy to ensure fetal health. The patient should be counseled—preferably preconceptionally—about the potential fetal and maternal risk of previous cancer treatment. An understanding of the patient’s cancer type and treatment history can help the obstetrician in planning prenatal care and monitoring during pregnancy. For women who are diagnosed with cancer during a pregnancy, care is multidisciplinary, provided by a team of obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, surgeons, oncologists, neonatologists, nurses, and mental health professionals. Treatment must balance the risks to the mother in terms of her cancer treatment and prognosis against the risks posed to the fetus by treating the cancer. Treatment decisions take into consideration the age of the mother, the type and stage of cancer, and the length of the pregnancy. This information will be used to determine whether and how to treat the cancer, timing of treatment, and the type of surveillance that will be used during the pregnancy. Patients should be counseled on the impact of radiation and chemotherapy on the fetus, that certain chemotherapeutic agents can cross the placenta, and the ability of the fetus to metabolize these drugs.
Xanthine oxidase and activated neutrophils cause oxidative damage to skeletal muscle after contractile claudication.

We previously showed oxidative damage and edema within skeletal muscle after contractile claudication. To investigate the sources of this oxidative damage in the gastrocnemius muscle, we administer...
Contemporary open partial nephrectomy is associated with diminished procedure-specific morbidity despite increasing technical challenges: a single institutional experience.

Objective To review trends in open partial nephrectomy (OPN) at our center, concentrating on patient selection, technique and perioperative complications.
Preliminary Statistical Analysis of Large Sample of Lepidocyclina, an Eocene Orbitoid Foraminifer from Isla de Margarita, Venezuela: ABSTRACT

A statistically large sample of Lepidocyclina (Lepidocyclina) sp. from the upper orbitoid beds of the Punta Carnero Group, at Punta Mosquito, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, was analyzed to determine the amount and nature of morphologic variation and to provide a basis for evaluation of present lepidocyclinid End_Page 565------------------------------ taxonomy. More than 250 thin sections were measured for as many as 24 variables in equatorial section and 14 variables in vertical section. Equatorial and vertical sections were analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistical analyses, cluster analysis, R-mode factor analysis, analysis of variance, and discriminant function analysis. Results show that the range of morphologic variation is large. High correlation coefficients between some variables and the grouping of variables into factors indicate redundancy in the variable set. Future studies of this type could use fewer variables without sacrificing much information. Morphologic differences in Lepidocyclina (L.) sp. forms found in this sample were not great enough to allow classification of subgroups as separate species. The differences are gradational, and the intermediate forms were impossible to classify objectively. The variation in this sample, however, has limits, and these limits are considered the range of variation of Lepidocyclina (L.) pustulosa. Previous classifications based on only a few variables and individuals are inadequate considering the large degree of uncorrelated morphologic variation in some samples. The most useful classification scheme should be based on a wide range of morphologic features of the test, analyzed by statistical techniques on high-speed computers. End_of_Article - Last_Page 566------------
Induction of reproductive diapause in Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) hinges on prey quality and availability

In the High Plains of western Kansas, USA, the convergent lady beetle Hippodamia convergens Guerin completes a spring generation feeding on cereal aphids in winter wheat before leaving fields in large numbers around the time of harvest. In late May, large aggregations of coccinellids form on wild sunflowers, Helianthus annuus, and certain other weeds, that appear to serve as important sources of water absorption for the beetles, and other beneficial insects, during the dry prairie summer. Adult beetles were collected from sunflower plants and held in four treatments: (1) access to water only, (2) access to sunflower stalks only, (3) eggs of Ephestia kuehniella provided ad libitum + water and, (4) greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani provided ad libitum. Most females fed greenbug matured eggs in less than a week and only a few entered reproductive diapause. In contrast, more than half of the females fed Ephestia eggs, an inferior diet, entered reproductive diapause, and those that matured eggs required an average of almost three weeks to do so. Time to 50% mortality was 7 days for beetles receiving only water, and 12 days for those receiving only sunflower stalks, whereupon all survivors were fed greenbug. Even after feeding on greenbugs for a month, less than half of the surviving females in these two treatments produced eggs. We conclude that reproductive diapause is an important adaptation for improving H. convergens survival during summer when aphids are scarce, although females will forgo diapause if they have con- tinuous access to high quality prey.
Generation of a Mouse Model with a Reversible Hypomorphic Cytochrome P450 Reductase Gene: Utility for Tissue-Specific Rescue of the Reductase Expression, and Insights from a Resultant Mouse Model with Global Suppression of P450 Reductase Expression in Extrahepatic Tissues

A mouse model termed Cpr-low (CL) was recently generated, in which the expression of the cytochrome P450 reductase (Cpr) gene was globally down-regulated. The decreased CPR expression was accompanied by phenotypical changes, including reduced embryonic survival, decreases in circulating cholesterol, increases in hepatic P450 expression, and female infertility (accompanied by elevated serum testosterone and progesterone levels). In the present study, a complementary mouse model [named reversible-CL (r-CL)] was generated, in which the reduced CPR expression can be reversed in an organ-specific fashion. The neo cassette, which was inserted into the last Cpr intron in r-CL mice, can be deleted by Cre recombinase, thus returning the structure of the Cpr gene (and hence CPR expression) to normal in Cre-expressing cells. All previously identified phenotypes of the CL mice were preserved in the r-CL mice. As a first application of the r-CL model, we have generated an extrahepatic-CL (xh-CL) mouse for testing of the functions of CPR-dependent enzymes in all extrahepatic tissues. The xh-CL mice, generated by mating of r-CL mice with albumin-Cre mice, had normal CPR expression in hepatocytes but down-regulated CPR expression elsewhere. They were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in body and liver weights, circulating cholesterol levels, and hepatic microsomal P450 expression and activities; however, they still showed elevated serum testosterone and progesterone levels and sterility in females. Embryonic lethality was prevented in males, but apparently not in females, indicating a critical role for fetal hepatic CPR-dependent enzymes in embryonic development, at least in males.
Decrease of Vanillin Flavor Perception in the Presence of Casein and Whey Proteins

Abstract The effect of sodium caseinate and whey protein concentrate on vanillin flavor intensity was determined by quantitative descriptive analysis deviation from reference. A 12-member trained panel marked a horizontal line to rate vanillin, sodium caseinate, and whey protein concentrate flavor intensities in vanillin-sodium caseinate or vanillin-whey protein concentrate solutions using vanillin (78.5 ppm), sodium caseinate (.25%), or whey protein concentrate (.25%) references. The vanillin-sodium caseinate and vanillin-whey protein concentrate solutions contained 78.5 ppm vanillin, 2.5% sucrose, and .125, .25, and .5% sodium caseinate or whey protein concentrate, which were held 17 h at 6°C. The panel evaluated samples at room temperature and found that vanillin flavor intensity was moderately less than the reference for all sodium caseinate levels. As whey protein concentrate concentration increased from .125 to .5%, vanillin flavor decreased from moderately less than vanillin reference to much less than vanillin reference. This decrease in vanillin flavor intensity in the presence of sodium caseinate or whey protein concentrate may be due to cysteine-aldehyde condensation or Schiff base formation.
Polynomial Time Algorithms for Ratio Regions and a Variant of Normalized Cut

In partitioning, clustering, and grouping problems, a typical goal is to group together similar objects, or pixels in the case of image processing. At the same time, another goal is to have each group distinctly dissimilar from the rest and possibly to have the group size fairly large. These goals are often combined as a ratio optimization problem. One example of such a problem is a variant of the normalized cut problem, another is the ratio regions problem. We devise here the first polynomial time algorithms solving optimally the ratio region problem and the variant of normalized cut, as well as a few other ratio problems. The algorithms are efficient and combinatorial, in contrast with nonlinear continuous approaches used in the image segmentation literature, which often employ spectral techniques. Such techniques deliver solutions in real numbers which are not feasible to the discrete partitioning problem. Furthermore, these continuous approaches are computationally expensive compared to the algorithms proposed here. The algorithms presented here use as a subroutine a minimum s,t-cut procedure on a related graph which is of polynomial size. The output consists of the optimal solution to the respective ratio problem, as well as a sequence of nested solutions with respect to any relative weighting of the objectives of the numerator and denominator.
Inertial manifolds and finite dimensional exponential stabilization of nonlinear beam equations

The objective of this paper is to show a new approach to solve the spillover problem for certain nonlinear beam equations. The spillover problem is whether or not one can find a finite dimensional feedback control to stabilize the beam system exponentially. If yes, then how. From a different angle, one can investigate such a nonlinear beam without control as an infinite dimensional dynamical system. In view of the weak damping, one may wonder whether or not there exist some finite dimensional permanent patterns of dynamics. Indeed, the author can prove that to these questions the answers are all yes. However, since the purpose of this paper is to show the connection between the existence of inertial manifolds and the existence of a solution to the spillover problem, the author does not address the issue of the global attractor.
Building Artificial Nerves for Structures

Building artificial nerves for smart structures and for structural health monitoring is discussed. Structural Health Monitoring refers to using in-situ sensors to monitor the strains and strain waves and from these interpret the health of a structure in real-time. This will allow a structure to be operated at its maximum performance and efficiency while minimizing fatigue and other damage. To achieve this capability on a large structure, artificial nerves are used to mimic the biological nervous system. Two design concepts for nerve fibers are considered; piezoceramic active fibers and carbon nanotube conductive fibers. The piezoceramic fibers are self-powered and can sense acoustic emissions and dynamic strains due to damage. The carbon nanotube fibers change conductance when strained and can sense high strain due to damage. The processes being developed to fabricate the two types of nerves are discussed and some initial experimental results are presented.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The security policies of the Russian federation: The “Near Abroad” and Turkey

Since its emergence into the international arena, the Russian Federation (RF) has changed its security policies as a result of domestic and external dynamics. It has moved from a pro‐Western approach emphasizing cooperation and integration with the West, to one that emphasizes the “near abroad” — especially the Trans‐Caucasus and Central Asia — as a national security zone and part of the Russian sphere of influence. The RF's policy of preventing other countries from establishing close contacts with states in these regions has led to a rivalry with Turkey. Despite their conflicts, however, the RF and Turkey have mutual interests that suggest the benefits of cooperation.
GASdb: a large-scale and comparative exploration database of glycosyl hydrolysis systems

Background: The genomes of numerous cellulolytic organisms have been recently sequenced or in the pipeline of being sequenced. Analyses of these genomes as well as the recently sequenced metagenomes in a systematic manner could possibly lead to discoveries of novel biomass-degradation systems in nature. Description: We have identified 4,679 and 49,099 free acting glycosyl hydrolases with or without carbohydrate binding domains, respectively, by scanning through all the proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase and the JGI Metagenome database. Cellulosome components were observed only in bacterial genomes, and 166 cellulosomedependent glycosyl hydrolases were identified. We observed, from our analysis data, unexpected wide distributions of two less well-studied bacterial glycosyl hydrolysis systems in which glycosyl hydrolases may bind to the cell surface directly rather than through linking to surface anchoring proteins, or cellulosome complexes may bind to the cell surface by novel mechanisms other than the other used SLH domains. In addition, we found that animalgut metagenomes are substantially enriched with novel glycosyl hydrolases. Conclusions: The identified biomass degradation systems through our large-scale search are organized into an easy-to-use database GASdb at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/~ffzhou/GASdb/, which should be useful to both experimental and computational biofuel researchers.
Bayesian Detection and Modeling of Spatial Disease Clustering

Many current statistical methods for disease clustering studies are based on a hypothesis testing paradigm. These methods typically do not produce useful estimates of disease rates or cluster risks. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian procedure for drawing inferences about specific models for spatial clustering. The proposed methodology incorporates ideas from image analysis, from Bayesian model averaging, and from model selection. With our approach, we obtain estimates for disease rates and allow for greater flexibility in both the type of clusters and the number of clusters that may be considered. We illustrate the proposed procedure through simulation studies and an analysis of the well-known New York leukemia data.
Low-level avalanche multiplication in IGFET's

Results are presented for both theoretical and experimental analyses of low-level avalanche multiplication in an insulated gate field-effect transistor (IGFET). The theoretical model is derived from the ionization integral using a linear field approximation for the electric field at the drain. Experimental multiplication factors are determined by measuring channel and substrate currents. The model is shown to lead to reasonable agreement with data in the range of multiplication factors defined by (M n - 1) less than unity.
End-to-End Flow Fairness Over IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Mesh Networks

Economies of scale make IEEE 802.11 an attractive technology for building wireless mesh networks (WMNs). However, the IEEE 802.11 protocol exhibits serious link-layer unfairness when used in multi-hop networks. Existing fairness solutions either do not address this problem, or require proprietary MAC protocol to provide fairness. In this paper, we argue that an ideal transport protocol should be able to achieve fairness even on top of an unfair MAC layer such as 802.11. Towards this end, we propose a co-ordinated congestion control algorithm that performs global bandwidth allocation and provides end-to-end flow-level max-min fairness despite weaknesses in the MAC layer. The proposed algorithm features an advanced topology discovery mechanism that detects the inhibition of wireless communication links, and a general collision domain capacity re-estimation mechanism that effectively addresses such inhibition. Through an ns-2-based simulation study we demonstrate that the proposed algorithm substantially improves the fairness across flows, eliminates starvation problem, and simultaneously maintains a high overall network throughput.
Platonic Gold Nanocrystals

Thiswork was supported by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Beckman Foundation, the National Science Foundation (CAREER) and Department of Energy. P.Y. isan Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow.Work at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was supported by the Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science of the U.S. Department of Energy. We thank the National Center for Electron Microscopy for the use of their facilities.
Diversion of blood flow from noncompliant to compliant vasculature in awake dogs: mechanical impact on right atrial pressure.

The distribution of cardiac output between compliant vasculature (e.g., splanchnic organs and skin) and noncompliant vasculature (e.g., skeletal muscle) is proposed to constitute an important deter...
Precedence knowledge acquisition for generating robot assembly sequences

An approach for obtaining precedence knowledge of n parts for generating all the feasible assembly sequences to construct a mechanical object is presented. Generally, to generate all the assembly sequences, the precedence-logical forms are obtained from the answers regarding the relation between pairs of parts consecutively asked about a design engineer, and the assembly sequences are deduced by logic induction. Previous work has shown that the question-answer pattern requires 2l operations (where l is total number of the liaisons and bound between n-l and (n/sup 2/-n)/2). The author proposes an efficient method and pattern-matching operation to obtain precedence relationships of parts. This approach results in only l questions to be answered to obtain such knowledge. For a special case with one-fixture assembly system, the question-answer format only requires n questions to be answered, resulting in a reduction of order of complexity. Detailed algorithms, analysis, and examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. >
New results on the synthesis of PID controllers

This paper considers the problem of stabilizing a first-order plant with dead time using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Using a version of the Hermite-Biehler theorem that is applicable to quasi-polynomials, the complete set of stabilizing PID parameters is determined for both open-loop stable and unstable plants. The range of admissible proportional gains is first determined in closed form. For each proportional gain in this range, the stabilizing set in the space of the integral and derivative gains is shown to be either a trapezoid, a triangle or a quadrilateral. For the case of an open-loop unstable plant, a necessary and sufficient condition on the time delay is determined for the existence of stabilizing PID controllers.
The Role of Education in Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Policy

Education is often used to provide producers with information on how to operate more efficiently with current technologies or on profitable new technologies that generate less pollution. While such "win-win" solutions to water quality problems are attractive, we use a simple economic framework to show that education cannot be considered a strong tool for water quality protection. Its success depends on a number of factors related to profitability and altruism, and "win-win" solutions are not always guaranteed, even when they appear to exist. Evidence suggests that net returns are the chief concern of producers when they adopt alternative management practices.
Preventing Bandwidth Abuse at the Router through Sending Rate Estimate-Based Active Queue Management

We propose a rigorous mathematical interpretation of a novel family of active queue management schemes, called sending rate estimate based queue management (SREQM) scheme, that aims to provide fair bandwidth allocation to all the flows in a router by estimating the flow sending rates, while maintaining only minimal per-flow state information. We propose an optimized implementation of SREQM, called fair sending rate estimate based queue management (FSREQM) scheme, and show through comparative simulation that FRESQM is the only scheme among those tested that successfully prevents bandwidth abuse while maintaining high link utilization.
High Fidelity Nonlinear Aeroelastic Analysis for Scaled Vehicle Design

A multi-national team of researchers is working to design, manufacture, and flight test a 1/9 th scale joined-wing remotely piloted aircraft. Producing specific nonlinear aeroelastic behavior is crucial to the program goals. High fidelity nonlinear aeroelastic analysis is required to verify that the scaled model will produce the desired response. This paper develops and demonstrates an aeroelastic coupling interface that loosely couples a newly developed vortex lattice code with MSC.Nastran. The nonlinear aeroelastic coupling scheme is verified against an aeroelastic code for low order beam elements. Once verified, the aeroelastic coupling scheme is applied to a high fidelity model of a joined-wing aircraft. Results show that the previous flight test vehicle is too stiff to exhibit the desired nonlinear behavior. A new more flexible model needs to be designed for the flight test program. A design optimization methodology is prototyped on a beam model which has geometry and initial stiffness that are representative of the as-built flight test model. The beam model is successfully designed to show the desired nonlinear aeroelastic response.
An unusual case of right-sided heart failure caused by giant sinus of Valsalva aneurysm obstructing right ventricular outflow tract

A 63-year-old male with a previous history of leg swelling for many decades and dyspnoea on exertion for few months, presented to the local emergency department complaining of unexpected fall. He was found to have a systolic murmur and abnormal ECG for which he was referred to our clinic for further evaluation. His physical examination was significant for a loud ejection systolic murmur at the left upper sternal border, an elevated jugular venous pressure and bilateral lower extremity oedema with significant venous stasis changes. An ECG showed normal sinus rhythm with incomplete RBBB. Transthoracic …
Bacterial community associated with black band disease in corals.

Black band disease (BBD) is a virulent polymicrobial disease primarily affecting massive-framework-building species of scleractinian corals. While it has been well established that the BBD bacterial mat is dominated by a cyanobacterium, the quantitative composition of the BBD bacterial mat community has not described previously. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was used to characterize the infectious bacterial community of the bacterial mat causing BBD. These analyses revealed that the bacterial composition of the BBD mat does not vary between different coral species but does vary when different species of cyanobacteria are dominant within the mat. On the basis of the results of a new method developed to identify organisms detected by T-RFLP analysis, our data show that besides the cyanobacterium, five species of the division Firmicutes, two species of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides (CFB) group, and one species of δ-proteobacteria are also consistently abundant within the infectious mat. Of these dominant taxa, six were consistently detected in healthy corals. However, four of the six were found in much higher numbers in BBD mats than in healthy corals. One species of the CFB group and one species of Firmicutes were not always associated with the bacterial communities present in healthy corals. Of the eight dominant bacteria identified, two species were previously found in clone libraries obtained from BBD samples; however, these were not previously recognized as important. Furthermore, despite having been described as an important component of the pathogenetic mat, a Beggiatoa species was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. These results will permit the dominant BBD bacteria to be targeted for isolation and culturing experiments aimed at deciphering the disease etiology.
Viability, prognosis, revascularization, and Pascal.

The presence and severity of ischemic left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is an important predictor of prognosis. There are ample data demonstrating that for patients with coronary artery disease and ischemic LV dysfunction, revascularization is associated with a better prognosis compared
"Advanced Design Techniques and Realizations of Microwave and RF Filters" - eBook WILEY & IEEE

Microwave and RF filters play an important role in communication systems and due to the proliferation of radar, satellite, and mobile wireless systems there is a need for design methods that can satisfy the ever increasing demand for accuracy, reliability, and fast development times. This book provides modern design techniques for a wide variety of microwave filters operating over a frequency range from 1 GHz to 35 GHz. It has grown out of the authors own research and teaching and as such has a unity of methodology and style, essential for a smooth reading. The book is intended for researchers and RF and microwave engineers but is also suitable for an advanced graduate course in the subject area. Furthermore, it is possible to choose material from the book to supplement traditional courses in microwave filter design. The fundamental principles that can be applied to the synthesis and design of microwave filters are first recalled in a concise manner. Each of the ten design chapters provides a complete analysis and modeling of the microwave structure used for filtering as well as the design methodology. We hope that this will provide the researcher with a set of approaches that he/she could use for current and future microwave filter designs. We also emphasize the practical nature of the subject by summarizing the design steps and giving numerous examples of filter realizations and measured responses so that RF and microwave engineers can have an appreciation of each filter in view of their needs. This approach, we believe, has produced a coherent, practical and real-life treatment of the subject. The book is therefore theoretical but also experimental with over 20 microwave filter realizations.
WORSENING RENAL FUNCTION DURING AGGRESSIVE HEART FAILURE MANAGEMENT IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OUTCOMES: RESULTS FROM THE PRO-BNP OUTPATIENT TAILORED CHRONIC HEART FAILURE THERAPY (PROTECT) STUDY

Worsening renal function (WRF) has been linked to poor outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). When WRF develops during aggressive titration of medical therapy, it commonly leads to less aggressive care. It remains unclear if biomarker guided HF management causes more WRF. 151 patients
Liposuction of the arm concurrent with brachioplasty in the massive weight loss patient: is it safe?

Background Brachioplasty continues to be a sought-after procedure among the massive weight loss population. Residual adiposity of the upper arm can make this procedure more difficult. The authors sought to determine the safety of arm liposuction outside the region of excision with concomitant excisional brachioplasty. Methods Data were analyzed from a prospective registry of massive weight loss patients who underwent brachioplasty alone or with concurrent arm liposuction. Variables examined included age, sex, body mass index, method of weight loss, medical comorbidities, and smoking status. Outcomes included complications such as seroma, wound dehiscence, infection, hematoma, lymphedema, and need for revision. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess outcome measures. Results One hundred forty-four patients (139 women and five men; mean body mass index, 29.6 ± 4.1 kg/m; mean age, 46 ± 10.7 years) underwent brachioplasty. Sixty-four patients had concomitant arm liposuction at the time of brachioplasty. The remaining 80 patients underwent excisional brachioplasty alone. Despite significantly higher operative body mass indices among those undergoing concurrent liposuction, no significant differences in complication rates were seen between the liposuction and excision-alone cohorts for seroma (19.1 percent versus 23.1 percent), wound dehiscence (7.9 percent versus 2.6 percent), infection (4.8 percent versus 6.4 percent), hematoma (3.2 percent versus 0 percent), or lymphedema (3.2 percent versus 1.3 percent). Revision rates were similar between the two groups (9.5 percent with liposuction and 8.9 percent without liposuction). Conclusion Liposuction can be performed safely and effectively outside the region of excision at the time of brachioplasty without the need for prior debulking or staged arm-contouring procedures. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
309 DISSEMINATED MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM AND AIDS: A CHANGING SPECTRUM OF DISEASE.

Introduction Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in patients with AIDS classically presents as a disseminated infection involving liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. However, we have noted that the increasing use of azithromycin for treatment of pneumonia and the presence of immune reconstitution syndrome in patients with AIDS beginning antiretroviral therapy can greatly complicate the diagnosis. We report here a patient with AIDS who presented with waxing and waning mediastinal adenopathy, endobronchial masses, and pulmonary infiltrates. We believe these findings represent an atypical presentation of MAC infection that may become increasingly common in the current era of antibiotic choices and antiretroviral treatment. Case Report A 32 year old male with AIDS, CD4 cell count of 36/mm3, on no antiretroviral therapy, presented with a nonproductive cough, pleuritic chest pain, fever, and pancytopenia. He had 4 cm mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and a right middle lobe infiltrate. Blood, bone marrow, and bronchoscopy cultures were negative. The patient improved on empiric treatment for pneumonia with ceftriaxone and azithromycin with resolution of fevers and chest CT findings. Two months after initiating antiretroviral therapy he was readmitted for fever and cough with CD4 cell count of 140/mm3. Chest CT showed a left lower lobe infiltrate and a recurrence of hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Bronchoscopy was remarkable for an nearly occlusive nodular endobronchial lesion. Biopsy demonstrated +AFB in poorly formed granulomas. Sputum cultures were positive for MAC. The patient was diagnosed with MAC and immune reconstitution syndrome. His symptoms and CT abnormalities resolved with treatment for MAC and continued antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions Disseminated MAC in AIDS patients was previously a well described syndrome with a straightforward diagnostic approach. However, the increased use of empiric antibiotics to cover atypical pneumonia has made diagnosis by culture increasingly difficult. Furthermore, partial resolution of MAC infection from azithromycin for empiric treatment of pneumonia may also confuse the clinical picture. In addition, immune reconstitution syndrome leads to atypical presentations with localized findings (endobronchial nodules in this case) not usually seen with MAC in AIDS. We believe that a heightened awareness of the changing presentation of disseminated MAC in AIDS is important to prevent delay in diagnosing this opportunistic infection.
CURRENT CHEMOTHERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN

SUMMARY Antituberculosis medications are extremely well tolerated by children and have proved to be very successful. The newer regimens of intensive short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis have several ad-vantages over traditional two-drug regimens, including faster sterilization and bactericidal action, shorter duration over which patient noncompliance can occur, less expenditure of resources for monitoring treatment, lower failure and relapse rates, and broader coverage for possible drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. The currently recommended regimen for pulmonary and most extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis in children is 6 months of isoniazid and rifampin supplemented during the first 2 months by pyrazin-amide. Treatment during the first 1 to 2 months should, if possible, be daily but the last 4 to 5 months of therapy can be either daily or twice weekly under direct observation of a health-care professional. For patients in whom social or other constraints prevent reliable selfadministration of daily treatment in the initial phase, medications may be given twice weekly from the beginning under close observation. For these situations, a total duration of treatment of 6 to 9 months is reasonable. Non-life-threatening forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis can be treated in the same manner as pulmonary tuberculosis. Although tuberculous meningitis probably will respond to these regimens, the relative lack of data at present leads most experts to recommend total durations of between 6 and 12 months for this form of tuberculosis. The major limitation to controlling tuberculosis in the United States is noncompliance or nonadherence to medications by patients. The physician and other health-care providers must devote a great deal of their time and energy to ensuring adherence with medications and take whatever steps are necessary to make sure that the child with tuberculosis is adequately treated.
Chapter 22 The Political Economy of Law

Abstract In the 1980s scholars began applying Positive Political Theory (PPT) to study public law. This chapter summarizes that body of research and its relationship to other schools of legal thought. Like Law and Economics, PPT of Law uses sequential game theory to examine how rules and procedures shape policy and evaluates these outcomes from the perspective of economic efficiency. Like the Legal Process School in traditional legal scholarship, PPT of Law focuses on how the structure and process of legislative, bureaucratic and judicial decision-making influences the law and evaluates these procedures using the principle of democratic legitimacy; however, rather than using procedural norms derived from moral and political philosophy to evaluate procedures, PPT of Law conceptualizes the decision-making procedures of government as rationally designed by elected officials to shape the policies arising from decisions by executive agencies, the courts, and future elected officials. After summarizing this theory, the essay turns to applications of this approach in administrative law and statutory interpretation.
Patient and family member perspectives on searching for cancer clinical trials: A qualitative interview study.

Abstract Objective Clinical trials are vital in the context of ovarian cancer and may offer further treatment options during disease recurrence, yet enrollment remains low. Understanding patient and family member experiences with identifying trials can inform engagement and education efforts. Methods Interviews were conducted with 33 patients who had experience with clinical trial conversations and 39 nominated family members. Thematic analysis examined experiences and generated findings for clinical practice. Results Trial conversations with providers at diagnosis were uncommon and often overwhelming. Most participants delayed engagement until later in the disease course. With hindsight, though, some wished they considered trials earlier. Difficulty identifying appropriate trials led some to defer searching to providers, but then they worried about missed opportunities. Most family members felt unqualified to search. Conclusion Trial conversations during clinical encounters should start early and include specifying search responsibilities of providers, patients, and family. Patients and family members can be engaged in searches but need guidance. Practice implications Trials should be discussed throughout the disease course, even if patients are not ready to participate or are not making a treatment decision. Education should focus on identifying trials that meet search criteria. Transparency regarding each individual’s role in identifying trials is critical.
Adipocyte microenvironment promotes Bcl xl expression and confers chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells

Resistance to mitochondria-initiated apoptosis is a hallmark of chemoresistant cancer stem cells including CD44+/MyD88+ epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) stem cells. This is controlled by members of the Bcl2 family of proteins, which function as rheostats of mitochondrial stability. We observed a differential expression profile of Bcl2 family members comparing the chemoresistant EOC stem cells and the chemosensitive CD44-/MyD88- EOC cells. Chemoresistant EOC stem cells surprisingly express higher levels of the pro-apoptotic members Bak and Bax compared to the chemosensitive EOC cells. In addition, whereas chemosensitive EOC cells preferentially express Bcl2, chemoresistant EOC stem cells preferentially express Bclxl. In the EOC stem cells, 40% knock-down of Bclxl expression was sufficient to induce the full activation of caspases and this can be reversed by concurrent knock-down of Puma. More importantly, we demonstrate that Bclxl expression levels in EOC cells is dynamic and can be regulated by microenvironments that are enriched with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 such as the cancer stem cell and adipocyte niches. Adipocyte-induced upregulation of Bclxl correlated with acquisition of chemoresistance and thus demonstrates how a specific microenvironment can regulate the expression of apoptotic proteins and confer chemoresistance.
If Some Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implants Are Futile, Can We Identify Them A Priori?∗

Risk stratification, with respect to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy, might seek to identify: 1) patients who are likely to experience a ventricular arrhythmia (i.e., ICD benefit); 2) patients who, although eligible, actually do not need an ICD (i.e., efficiency or cost-
Effects of a simulated wolf encounter on brain and blood biomarkers of stress-related psychological disorders in beef cows with or without previous exposure to wolves

This experiment compared mRNA expression of brain-blood biomarkers associated with stress-related psychological disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in beef cows from wolf-naive and wolf-experienced origins that were subjected to a simulated wolf encounter. Multiparous, non-pregnant, non-lactating Angus-crossbred cows from the Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center (Burns, OR; CON; = 10) and from a commercial operation near Council, ID (WLF; = 10) were used. To date, gray wolves are not present around Burns, OR, and thus CON were naive to wolves. Conversely, wolves are present around Council, ID, and WLF cows were selected from a herd that had experienced multiple wolf-predation episodes from 2008 to 2015. After a 60-d commingling and adaptation period, CON and WLF cows were allocated to groups A or B (d -1; 5 CON and 5 WLF cows in each group). On d 0, cows from group A were sampled for blood and immediately slaughtered, and samples were analyzed to evaluate inherent differences between CON and WLF cows. On d 1, cows from group B were exposed in pairs (1 CON and 1 WLF cow) to experimental procedures. Cows were sampled for blood, moved to 2 adjacent drylot pens (1 WLF and 1 CON cow/pen) and subjected to a simulated wolf encounter event for 20 min. The encounter consisted of (1) cotton plugs saturated with wolf urine attached to the drylot fence, (2) reproduction of wolf howls, and (3) three leashed dogs that were walked along the fence perimeter. Thereafter, another blood sample was collected and cows were slaughtered. Upon slaughter, the brain was removed and dissected for collection of the hypothalamus, and one longitudinal slice of the medial pre-frontal cortex, amygdala, and Cornu Ammonis (1 region of the hippocampus from both hemispheres). Within cows from group A, expression of in hippocampus and amygdala were greater ( < 0.01) in WLF vs. CON cows. Within cows from group B, expression of hippocampal mRNA and expression of c mRNA in hippocampus and amygdala were less ( ≤ 0.04) in WLF vs. CON cows. These are key biological markers known to be downregulated during stress-related psychological disorders elicited by fear, particularly PTSD. Hence, cows originated from a wolf-experienced herd presented biological evidence suggesting a psychological disorder, such as PTSD, after the simulated wolf encounter when compared with cows originated from a wolf-naive herd.
Diagnostic In Vivo and In Vitro Methods in Insect Allergy

The diagnosis of immediate-type hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera venom begins with a clinical history of an insect sting-induced large local or systemic reaction. This is followed by confirmation of sensitization to one or more medically important Hymenoptera venoms using in vivo (intradermal or epicutaneous skin test) and in vitro (IgE antibody serology, basophil activation, or mediator release) assays. Each of these confirmatory modalities has their strengths and limitations which are overviewed within the context of currently available technology. These confirmatory tests are, however, not perfect as there are patients with a convincing sting reaction history who have negative IgE antibody confirmatory test results and others with positive confirmatory tests who manifest no symptoms upon a Hymenoptera sting. This discordance between the patient’s clinical history and confirmatory test results occurs as a result of multiple factors that are related to the heterogeneous composition of venom allergen preparations employed, variability in the design and performance of testing methods, and differences in data analysis, positive threshold criteria, and interpretation methods. The insect sting challenge is considered the gold standard diagnostic test. However, due to logistic challenges of timely procurement of appropriate insects and potential safety concerns, it is rarely used except in research studies. Recent advances in molecular allergology have permitted the production of recombinant venom allergens that will supplement complex venom extracts and provide clarity in the future to patient sensitization patterns that are confounded by cross-reactivity resulting from common carbohydrate or protein epitopes that occur across venom species.
Multiplex recording of cellular events over time on CRISPR biological tape

Although dynamics underlie many biological processes, our ability to robustly and accurately profile time-varying biological signals and regulatory programs remains limited. Here we describe a framework for storing temporal biological information directly in the genomes of a cell population. We developed a “biological tape recorder” in which biological signals trigger intracellular DNA production that is then recorded by the CRISPR-Cas adaptation system. This approach enables stable recording over multiple days and accurate reconstruction of temporal and lineage information by sequencing CRISPR arrays. We further demonstrate a multiplexing strategy to simultaneously record the temporal availability of three metabolites (copper, trehalose, and fucose) in the environment of a cell population over time. This work enables the temporal measurement of dynamic cellular states and environmental changes and suggests new applications for chronicling biological events on a large scale.
Monoamine oxidase. I. Purification, crystallization, and properties of plasma monoamine oxidase.

SUMMARY 1. Crystalline plasma monoamine oxidase was prepared from beef blood by a procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipi- tation, diethylaminoethyl cellulose and hydroxylapatite chroma- tography. 2. The recrystallized enzyme was homogeneous by electro- phoresis and at least 90% pure when examined in the ultra- centrifuge. The molecular weight was determined to be approxi- mately 255,000. 3. The crystalline enzyme was pink in color and showed an absorption maximum at about 480 mp. This maxi- mum was abolished by substrate as well as by sodium dithionite and was restored by oxygenation. 4. Some properties of the enzyme, such as stability, effects ionic strength, and pH, were investigated. 5. The substrate specificity was re-examined with the crystal- line preparations of the enzyme. Acknowledgments-The authors wish to thank Dr. L. H. Snyder for his support of this project and Miss P. Gee for her technical assistance.
Transmission models for the fish pathogen Ichthyophonus: Synthesis of field observations and empirical studies

Empirical studies have demonstrated that Ichthyophonus is transmitted among piscivores via consumption of infected prey; however, this unidirectional mode of transmission from small to large fish c...
Analytic Energy Gradients for Open-Shell Restricted-Hartree-Fock, Limited Multiconfiguration Scf, and Large Scale Configuration Interaction Wavefunctions.

Analytic derivatives of the energy with respect to nuclear coordinates are exceedingly useful in the optimization of equilibrium and transition state geometries and in the characterization of the stationary points on potential energy surfaces via vibrational analyses (1). However, until quite recently the use of such gradients was somewhat restricted as the gradient method had been developed in detail for only closed-shell single determinant SCF (2) or open-shell unrestricted Hartree-Fock wavefunctions (3). The restriction to these methods would not allow even a qualitatively correct treatment of many reactions such as those for which orbital symmetry considerations suggest a “forbiddenness” due to an orbital crossing or of many unusual free radicals of interest in physical organic chemistry. Within the last two years, the analytic energy gradient approach has been extended to the open-shell restricted Hartree-Fock method (4) to avoid difficulties sometimes encountered with the UHE approach in which the wavefunction is not an eigenfunction of S2 . Certain limited multiconfigu-ration self-consistent-field gradient methods (4,5) have also been developed and applied which allow for a qualitatively correct description of Woodward-Hoffmann forbidden processes and of radicals such as trimethylene.