cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forbidden atomic transitions driven by an intensity-modulated laser trap

Spectroscopy is an essential tool in understanding and manipulating quantum systems, such as atoms and molecules. The model describing spectroscopy includes the multipole-field interaction, which leads to established spectroscopic selection rules, and an interaction that is quadratic in the field, which is not often employed. However, spectroscopy using the quadratic (ponderomotive) interaction promises two significant advantages over spectroscopy using the multipole-field interaction: flexible transition rules and vastly improved spatial addressability of the quantum system. Here we demonstrate ponderomotive spectroscopy by using optical-lattice-trapped Rydberg atoms, pulsating the lattice light and driving a microwave atomic transition that would otherwise be forbidden by established spectroscopic selection rules. This ability to measure frequencies of previously inaccessible transitions makes possible improved determinations of atomic characteristics and constants underlying physics. The spatial resolution of ponderomotive spectroscopy is orders of magnitude better than the transition frequency would suggest, promising single-site addressability in dense particle arrays for quantum computing applications.
Koreans in America: A Demographic and Political Portrait of Pattern and Paradox

This essay analyzes basic demographic trends and patterns of political participation for Koreans in the United States and considers the prospects for an engaged and organized Korean-American political voice.
Small intestinal microcirculatory effects of octreotide.

Somatostatin and its analogue, octreotide acetate, are thought to decrease mesenteric blood flow; however, it is unknown whether the decrease occurs at the central, regional, or microvascular level. We hypothesized that the circulatory effects of octreotide are regulated at the microvascular level. Changes in superior mesentery artery (SMA) flow in response to octreotide were measured with a perivascular ultrasonic flow probe. In separate experiments, the jejunal microcirculatory effects of octreotide were studied using in vivo videomicroscopy. After accrual of baseline hemodynamic and microcirculatory data, animals were randomized to control or treatment (10 μg/kg octreotide) iv groups. Measurements were made every 15 min during the infusion and for 90 min after the completion of the infusion. Results are expressed as means ± SEM. Intravenous infusion of octreotide caused no significant change in arterial pressure, cardiac index, or systemic vascular resistance index in either group in either set of experiments. A statistically significant decrease in heart rate (9%) occurred in the control group of animals undergoing SMA flow measurement. SMA flow did not change significantly with infusion of octreotide. In contrast, jejunal first-order arteriole flow increased to 117.9 ± 9.7% of baseline (P < 0.05) in the absence of significant changes in microvessel diameters. This was due to an increase in centerline red cell velocity (116 ± 5% of baseline, P < 0.05). We conclude that octreotide increases jejunal first order arteriole flow by mechanisms that are regulated at the microcirculatory level.
Relationship of understory diversity to soil nitrogen, topographic variation, and stand age in an eastern oak forest, USA

Nitrogen (N) availability is a primary limiting factor in many temperate deciduous forests. However, increased atmospheric N deposition over recent decades has dramatically altered nutrient cycles in many eastern forests. Given the variability of ecosystem responses to N deposition and the sensitivity of herbaceous layer vegetation to edaphic and microenvironmental conditions, changes in nutrient dynamics could have important implications for forest diversity and productivity. To better understand variations in soil N relative to understory dynamics, we sampled herbaceous layer composition and diversity across topographic gradients in managed (10-year-old aggrading) and mature (>125 years) mixed-oak stands in southeastern Ohio. Vegetation was sampled in spring and summer to capture variations in vernal and late season herb communities. Edaphic and microenvironmental conditions were characterized during these same periods, including analyses of upper mineral soil samples for total C, N, and C/N ratio. Aggrading stands showed significantly lower soil N than mature forest stands (spring = 0.145% versus 0.165%; summer = 0.146% versus 0.197%; P < 0.001). Topography influenced soil N, with greater availability on lower and north-facing slopes (P < 0.05). Across all stands, C/N was strongly correlated with herb layer composition (spring r = 0.606; summer r = 0.449) and, in mature stands, was a strong predictor of understory richness (linear regression; r 2 = 0.634; P < 0.001), particularly on poorer sites. These results emphasize that changes in soil and vegetation with increased N deposition are likely to be site-specific, even within relatively uniform systems. Understory diversity patterns on less fertile sites or in more mature forests, those systems exhibiting strongest correlations with soil C/N ratios, appear most likely to be affected, whereas edaphic limitations in vigorously growing, aggrading vegetation may be less impacted. Because herbaceous layer interactions are tightly linked to ecosystem-level nutrient dynamics and to woody seedling success, these influences have the potential to significantly alter overstory recruitment patterns and broader ecosystem responses to N deposition. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
X-RAY ABSORPTION MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM: SIMPLIFIED SPIN-ALIGNMENT ANALYSIS OF F ELECTRON SYSTEMS

A simplified expression relating branching ratios to spin-alignment and circular polarization is presented for X-ray absorption in the rare-earth and actinide elements. This approximate method, while probably of less comprehensive utility than the analogous expression for 3d materials, can still provide useful information under many conditions, particularly limiting case situations. Analysis of gadolinium data will demonstrate the utility of this method.
Using Dynamic Programming Techniques to Detect Multi-hop Stepping-Stone Pairs in a Connection Chain

Stepping-stone attack in network intrusion detection are attackers who use a sequence of intermediate (or so called stepping-stone) hosts to initiate attacks in order to hide their origins. We investigate a number of dynamic programming based pattern recognition approaches and our novel algorithm for detecting correlation and similarity of two connections not only into and out of a single stepping stone host(consecutive streams), but also across multiple stepping-stone hosts. The goal of this paper is to find out which technique can be better adopted for detection applications. To evaluate their accuracy and efficiency, we conduct extensive experiments. We also evaluate how chaff packets and time skew may affect these methods. We compare the results from five methods with their false positive and false negative rates. We demonstrate that our proposed approach named OSSM returns very good performance even under a variety of complex circumstances.
Chronic phenytoin administration and the hepatic mixed function oxidase system in female rats

The long term effects of phenytoin administration on mixed function oxidase activities and serum estradiol in female rats were examined. No induction of hepatic mixed function oxidases was seen until 8 days after the administration of 100 mg phenytoin/kg/day either orally or intraperitoneally. Maximum increase in aniline hydroxylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethylmorphine-N-deethylase activities occurred between days 8 and 16 of treatment and decreased thereafter. No induction of lung or intestinal AHH activity was observed. Serum levels of estradiol were significantly decreased after 16 days of phenytoin treatment. Maximal increases in hepatic cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome c reductase occurred after 8-16 days of treatment. Furthermore, pentobarbital sleeping times were shortest after 16 days of phenytoin administration. The activities of all enzymes after 32 days of phenytoin treatment were less than at the peak activities at 8-16 days.
Comprehensive investigations of high voltage non-punch-through double gate-injection enhanced gate transistor

Abstract Comprehensive numerical simulations were performed to investigate a novel double gate-injection enhanced gate transistor (DG-IEGT). The DG-IEGT structure eliminates the need for trading off the forward voltage with the switching loss. Because DG-IEGT is a four-quadrant switch, it is capable of conducting currents and blocking voltages in both directions. This capability enables DG-IEGT to be used in many applications to replace multiple switches and diodes. DG-IEGT, therefore, is close to an ideal power switch and should be developed as a next generation device to replace high power insulated gate bipolar transistor.
Some Notes on Noise Figures

The subject matter of this paper first appeared in the form of laboratory reports. Outside interest in these reports prompted the preparation of the material for publication. Despite the attention given to noise and noise figures in the literature, the basic concepts are still little understood by the average engineer. This paper takes up the basic ideas and definitions proposed by H. T. Friis and presents them in a form that is more easily understood. Naturally, complete generality is not achieved, and the conclusions are subject to restrictions. Nevertheless, useful results are obtained. Subjects treated include expositions of the meaning of the "available gain," and the derivation of simple noise-figure formulas for many types of circuits in common use.
Predicting structure and energy of dislocations and grain boundaries

A microscopic phase field (MPF) model is formulated to describe quantitatively the core structure and energy of dislocations using ab initio data as input. Based on phase field microelasticity theory implemented in the slip plane using Green’s function to describe the longrange elastic interaction, the MPF model is a three-dimensional generalization of the Peierls model. Using the same generalized stacking fault energy as input, the core structure and energy predicted for straight dislocations by the MPF model show complete agreement with those predicted by the Peierls model. The ability of the MPF model to treat dislocations of arbitrary configurations is demonstrated by calculating the structure and energy of a twist grain boundary in aluminum. After discrete lattice sampling a la Nabarro, the grain boundary energy manifests Read–Shockley behavior for low-angle boundaries as well as deep cusps for high-angle special boundaries, indicating a “Peierls torque friction” effect for grain boundaries that has the same physical origin as the Peierls lattice friction for dislocation cores.
Explaining and Predicting the Impact of Branding Alliances and Website Quality on Initial Consumer Trust of E-Commerce Websites

Trust is a crucial factor in e-commerce. However, consumers are less likely to trust unknown websites. This study explores how less-familiar e-commerce websites can use branding alliances and website quality to increase the likelihood of initial consumer trust. We use the associative network model of memory to explain brand knowledge and to show how the mere exposure effect can be leveraged to improve a website's brand image. We also extend information integration theory to explain how branding alliances are able to increase initial trust and transfer positive effects to websites. Testing of our model shows that the most important constructs for increasing initial trust in our experimental context are branding and website quality. Finally, we discuss future research ideas, limitations, implications, and ideas for practitioners.
Report on the 13th Meeting of the European Federation of Immunological Societies, Rome, 13–16 September 1988.

Knowledge of the interactions between T lymphocytes and other immunocompetent cells are central to understanding the pathogenesis of allergic disease. In recent years immunologists have made considerable progress towards delineating the mechanisms which regulate the production of IgE and which modulate the activity of non-specific effector cells (eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes). Papers on this subject were presented in several sessions at the recent EFIS meeting (held in September in Rome). In this report, Tony Frew summarizes the news from this meeting and explains why researchers in the field of allergy need to keep abreast of developments in T lymphocyte biology.
Behavior of soluble and immobilized acid phosphatase in hydro-organic media

The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate by wheat germ acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2) has been investigated in mixtures of aqueous buffers with acetone, dioxane and acetonitrile. The enzyme was either in free solution or immobilized on a pellicular support which consisted of a porous carbonaceous layer on solid glass beads. The highest enzyme activity was obtained in acetone and acetonitrile mixed with citrate buffer over a wide range of organic solvent concentration. In 50% (v/v) acetone both V and Km of the immobilized enzyme were about half of the values in the neat aqueous buffer, but the Ki for inorganic phosphate was unchanged. In 50% (v/v) mixtures of various solvents and citrate buffers of different pH, the enzymic activity was found to depend on the pH of the aqueous buffer component rather than the pH of the hydro-organic mixture as measured with the glass-calomel electrode. The relatively high rates of p-nitrophenol liberation in the presence of glucose even at high organic solvent concentrations suggest that transphosphorylation is facilitated at low water activity.
Base selectivity is impaired by mutants that perturb hydrogen bonding networks in the RB69 DNA polymerase active site.

To investigate the molecular basis for the selective utilization of nucleoside triphosphates complementary to templating bases, by RB69 DNA polymerase (RB69 pol), we constructed a set of mutants that we predicted would perturb the “floor” of the nascent base-pairing interface in the enzyme. We then determined the pre-steady-state kinetic parameters for the incorporation of complementary and noncomplementary dNTPs by the exo- form of RB69 pol and its mutants. We found that the Y567A mutant had the same Kd and kpol values for incorporation of C versus G as the wild-type exo- enzyme; however, the kpol/Kd ratio for G versus G incorporation with the Y567A mutant was 10 times higher than the kpol/Kd efficiency of G versus G incorporation using the exo- RB69 pol. The reduced level of discrimination by the Y567A mutant against incorporation of mismatched bases was also seen with the Y391A mutant. Stopped-flow fluorescence was also employed to monitor rates of putative conformational changes with the exo- RB69 pol...
How search and its subtasks scale in N robots

The present study investigates the effect of the number of controlled robots on performance of an urban search and rescue (USAR) task using a realistic simulation. Participants controlled either 4, 8, or 12 robots. In the fulltask control condition participants both dictated the robots' paths and controlled their cameras to search for victims. In the exploration condition, participants directed the team of robots in order to explore as wide an area as possible. In the perceptual search condition, participants searched for victims by controlling cameras mounted on robots following predetermined paths selected to match characteristics of paths generated under the other two conditions. By decomposing the search and rescue task into exploration and perceptual search subtasks the experiment allows the determination of their scaling characteristics in order to provide a basis for tentative task allocations among humans and automation for controlling larger robot teams. In the fulltask control condition task performance increased in going from four to eight controlled robots but deteriorated in moving from eight to twelve. Workload increased monotonically with number of robots. Performance per robot decreased with increases in team size. Results are consistent with earlier studies suggesting a limit of between 8-12 robots for direct human control.
A Comparison of Two Depression Scales in a Geriatric Assessment Clinic

Two commonly used geriatric depression rating scales are the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CS). The GDS is a self-rating scale used to identify depressed older adults, whereas the CS is used to assess severity of depression based on a clinical interview. Because the scales may thus be complementary, their use was examined in 182 patients undergoing an outpatient geriatric assessment. Geriatric psychiatrists, blind to the results of the GDS, completed the CS and assigned clinical diagnoses. Both scales distinguished depressed from nondepressed individuals by means of ROC-generated cutoff scores relative to a clinical diagnosis of depression. The scores on the depression scales were not affected by cognitive status as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination. The mean GDS scores did not vary by geriatric psychiatrist. The mean CS scores, however, did significantly differ across psychiatrists despite the fact that the psychiatrists were not blind to patients' clinical diagnosis.
A model for 532-nanometer pulsed potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser-induced injury in the rat larynx.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser is emerging as a potentially effective treatment for various vocal fold pathologies. To date, the precise mechanism(s) of action of this wavelength on the layered microarchitecture of the vocal fold remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to develop an in vivo model for the use of the KTP laser in the rat vocal fold and to characterize the potential of this model for future studies. Study Design: In vivo survival surgery. Methods: A model for videoendoscopic visualization and injury to the rat vocal fold was established using a microlaryngoscope and rigid telescope. Unilateral vocal fold injury was induced with the KTP laser at 10 Watts (W) 20 milliseconds (ms) pulse width. Animals were euthanized at 1 day post-treatment. Larynges were subjected to gross visual analysis and histological analyses via hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome staining. Results: Consistent endoscopic visualization and injury was obtained without significant operative morbidity or mortality. The KTP laser caused superficial blanching and minor edema in the vocal fold, which resolved grossly by 24 hours postinjury. A modest inflammatory cell infiltrate was observed 1 day following injury. However, no remarkable alterations to the vocal fold microarchitecture were observed in the acute period. Conclusions: We propose that this novel model simulates the clinical scenario of laser use for the vocal folds. Use of this model will allow us to further characterize effects, mechanisms, and therapeutic ef ficacy of this wavelength.
Transcriptional activation by the SV40 AP-1 recognition element in yeast is mediated by a factor similar to AP-1 that is distinct from GCN4

The consensus recognition element for the mammalian transcription factor AP-1 is very similar to that of the transcriptional activator GCN4. Here, we show that the AP-1 recognition element (ARE) found in the SV40 enhancer can activate transcription from a heterologous promoter in S. cerevisiae. This activation, however, is not dependent on the presence of GCN4 as evidenced by ARE-dependent transcription in a gcn4 yeast strain. A previously unknown yeast transcription factor that is probably responsible for this activation was identified and highly purified. The yeast factor, designated yAP-1, shares remarkably similar biochemical and DNA-binding characteristics with mammalian AP-1. These data suggest that the yeast and mammalian AP-1 are evolutionarily conserved and perhaps functionally related. Also note-worthy is that GCN4 can bind to a GCN4 recognition element (GCRE) and to the ARE with approximately equal affinities; yAP-1, however, has a much lower affinity for the GCRE than the ARE, suggesting that yAP-1 can discriminate between these elements in vivo.
The sense of consciousness.

I propose that consciousness might be understood as the property of a system that functions as a sense in the biological meaning of that term. The theory assumes that, as a complex system, the sense of consciousness is not a fixed structure but implies structure with variations and that it evolved, as many new functions do, through the integration of simpler systems. The recognized exteroceptive and enteroceptive senses provide information about the organism's environment and about the organism itself that are important to adaptation. The sense of consciousness provides information about the brain and thus about the organism and its environment. It senses other senses and processes in the brain, selecting and relating components into a form that "makes sense"-where making sense is defined as being useful to the organism in its adaptation to the environment. The theory argues that this highly adaptive organizing function evolved with the growing complexity of the brain and that it might have helped resolve discrepancies created at earlier stages. Neural energies in the brain that are the input to the sense of consciousness, along with the processing subsystem of which they are a part, constitute the base of consciousness. Consciousness itself is an emergent effect of an organizing process achieved through the sense of consciousness. The sense of consciousness thus serves an organizing function although it is not the only means of organization in the brain. Its uniqueness lies in the character of the organization it creates with consciousness as a property of that organization. The paper relates the theory to several general conceptions-interactionism, epiphenomenalism and identity theory-and illustrates a number of testable hypotheses. Viewing consciousness as a property of a sense provides a degree of conceptual integration. Much of what we know about the evolution and role of the conventionally recognized senses should help us understand the evolution and role of the sense of consciousness, and of consciousness itself.
Enhancing the response time for photorefractive beam fanning

Two types of optical limiting devices which have been demonstrated using photorefractive crystals are the 'beam fanning' limiter and the 'two-beam coupling' limiter. Experimental demonstrations of these two devices have revealed an interesting difference in behavior between those two limiter types. The two-beam coupling limiter is consistently faster than the beam fanning limiter for the same incident intensity. This is somewhat surprising since the beam fanning limiter is based on two-beam coupling phenomena. Our recent experiments show, however, that the relative speed of the two devices can be made more alike using a phase grating at the entrance face of the beam fanning limiter. While the phase grating scatters only about 1% to 5% of the incident light is apparently provides sufficient seeding to significantly enhance the beam fanning response time. Since the diffracted light is only about 1% the distortion to vision through the limiter due to dispersion is minimal. In the presentation we will present results from an experimental investigation of the effect of seeding on the 'beam fanning' limiter response time. In particular, we have examined the response time dependence on the intensity and direction of the seed beam. Comparison with theory will also be presented.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION STUDIES USING A HOLLOW-CATHODE TUBE AS AN ABSORPTION SOURCE

Abstract When hollow-cathode tubes are used as the emission source and as the absorption source, atomic absorption studies reveal microgram quantities of several elements; sodium, magnesium, calcium, beryllium, and silicon were detected in the discharge of the absorption tube. Conventional, independent circulating systems and d.c. power supplies, were used with each tube, along with other readily available equipment. An analytical curve plotted for sodium over the range 0—100 μg, obeys Beer's law. Lithium and magnesium suppress the sodium absorption values, thus careful standardization is necessary. The average percent deviation from the mean for a number of sodium samples analyzed was ± 8.0%.
Penicillin and Streptomycin in Lungs and Blood Serum of Rats Following Inhalational and Intramuscular Administration.

Summary1. Penicillin and streptomycin were found in the lungs of rats in far greater concentrations following inhalational administration than after intramuscular injection of similar and even higher doses,2. Penicillin was retained in the lungs in a high concentration for 1 hour following inhalation. It was still detectable in smaller amounts at 2 hours.3. Streptomycin was retained in the lungs in an effective concentration for at least 3 hours following inhalation.4. Penicillin was present in the blood stream in effective concentrations for 2 hours following inhalation.5. Streptomycin was poorly absorbed from the lungs into the blood following inhalation.
Merton Davies (1917-2001)

Merton Davies passed away unexpectedly in April at age 83 due to complications from surgery. He will be remembered for establishing the prime meridian for essentially every solid planet in the solar system with the exception of Earth and Pluto. He was an AGU Fellow, and had been a member since 1970 (Planetary Sciences).
Dipyridamole mediated enhanced antiproliferative activity of 10-ethyl- 10-deazaaminopterin (10-EDAM) against human lung cancer cell lines

10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (10-EDAM) is a rationally designed derivative of the antifolate, methotrexate (MTX). In a number of tumor models these design features have resulted in an improved spectrum of antiproliferative activity as compared with the parent compound. Using an MTT growth assay, we compared in vitro antiproliferative activity of 10-EDAM with MTX in eight lung cancer cell lines. Growth was inhibited in all lines tested by clinically achievable concentrations of 10-EDAM (0.1–1,000 nM). 10-EDAM was more cytotoxic than MTX at the same concentrations in all eight lung cancer cell lines. In an effort to enhance the antiproliferative effect, we evaluated the addition of dipyridamole (DPM), an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, to 10-EDAM (0.1–10 μm). DPM decreased the concentration of 10-EDAM required to cause 50% growth inhibition (IC50) in all eight cell lines tested. This supperssion was statistically significant by 2-sided sign test (P = .0078). By contrast, the IC50 of MTX was decreased in only two of the eight cell lines when DPM was added (0.1–10 μM). In defined thymidine depleted media, cell kill by the combination of 10-EDAM and DPM was no greater than 10-EDAM alone, consistent with the possibility that DPM exerts some of its effect by inhibition of extrinsic nucleoside salvage. In consideration of the published activity of 10-EDAM in lung cancer and the modest clinical toxicity of DPM based biochemical modulation, we conclude the current in vitro data provide justification for clinical evaluation of this combination in patients with lung cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.11
Development of a Knowledge-Based Potential for Crystals of Small Organic Molecules: Calculation of Energy Surfaces for C)0‚‚‚H-N Hydrogen Bonds

This paper describes the derivation of a Knowledge-Based Potential for intermolecular interactions from the statistical information stored in the Cambridge Structural Database. We develop a statistical mechanical method that relates the occurrences of intermolecular contacts in the database to their energies. Our approach allows us to quantify (in the form of energy) the geometrical preferences of interactions. We use our method to construct energy maps for a hydrogen bond between carbonyl oxygen and amino hydrogen. Our results demonstrate high orientational selectivity of this type of hydrogen bonding.
Synthesis and optical properties of light‐emitting π‐conjugated polymers containing biphenyl and dithienosilole

Copolymers containing oligo(phenylene vinylene) (2.5), fluorene, and 4,4-dihexyldithienosilole (DTS) units were synthesized and characterized. The π-conjugated monomers were joined with the palladium(0)-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, thus forming either biphenyl- or phenyl-thiophene linkages. These polymers were photoluminescent, with the fluorescent quantum efficiency between 54 and 63% and with λ max for fluorescence at ∼448 nm in tetrahydrofuran. The presence of 5% DTS in the copolymers had little influence on the optical absorption and emission wavelengths. Double-layer light-emitting-diode devices using these polymers as emissive layers had low turn-on voltages (3.5-4 V) and moderate external quantum efficiencies (0.14-0.30%). The results show that DTS plays a positive role in improving the charge-injection characteristics of poly(phenylene vinylene) materials.
Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma is the Most Common Nonclear Renal Cell Carcinoma in Young Women: Results from the SEER Database

Purpose: The renal cell cancer incidence is relatively low in younger patients, encompassing 3% to 7% of all renal cell cancers. While young patients may have renal tumors due to hereditary syndromes, in some of them sporadic renal cancers develop without any family history or known genetic mutations. Our recent observations from clinical practice have led us to hypothesize that there is a difference in histological distribution in younger patients compared to the older cohort.Materials and Methods: We queried the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) 18-registry database for all patients 20 years old or older who were surgically treated for renal cell carcinoma between 2001 and 2008. Patients with unknown race, grade, stage or histology and those with multiple tumors were excluded from study. Four cohorts were created by dividing patients by gender, including 1,202 females and 1,715 males younger than 40 years old, and 18,353 females and 30,891 males 40 years old or older. Chi-square analysis...
Non-spectator behavior of carborane ligands in icosahedral metallacarboranes

Abstract Icosahedral metallacarboranes with closo -3,1,2-MC 2 B 9 frameworks are formally derived by η 5 coordination of the open face of a nido -7,8-C 2 B 9 cage to a metal atom. Recent work has established that the boron vertices of these faces readily form exo -polyhedral bonds of various kinds. These include linkages to other metal-ligand systems via either three-center two-electron BH ⇀ metal of two-center B-metal σ interactions, as well as attachments to organic groups with BC or BO bonds. Many new types of molecular structure have been identified, thereby opening a new domain of metallacarborane chemistry which merits further study.
Prostaglandins in human semen during fish oil ingestion: Evidence for in vivo cyclooxygenase inhibition and appearance of novel trienoic compounds

Marine oils may offer cardiovascular benefits, but inhibition of prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F synthesis by fish oil has been found in animal studies, and such effects could alter physiological responses in man to a clinically significant degree. Since greater amounts of E and F-type prostaglandin are made in human seminal vesicles than in the rest of the body combined, the influence of n-3 supplements upon semen prostaglandins was assessed in 10 subjects before and after one month of taking 50 ml menhaden oil daily. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and their 19-hydroxy derivatives were measured by HPLC-UV as PGB's, and prostaglandin E3, 19-OH PGE3, and analogous PGF's by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fish oil ingestion reduced concentrations of one- and two series prostaglandins (mean reduction in PGE's = 37%, in PGF's = 20%, p < 0.05), while more than doubling the low amounts of PGE3 and PGF3α, and their previously undescribed 19-hydroxy derivatives. Semen phospholipids were enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid after dietary fish oil, but sperm counts and motility were not altered during the study. Since dietary fish oil reduces prostaglandin concentration in semen, clinical trials of n-3 fatty acids should also evaluate other possible results of in vivo cyclooxygenase inhibition.
Mutations in the gene for the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome B alter cell elongation and physiological responses throughout arabidopsis development

Phytochromes are a family of plant photoreceptors that mediate physiological and developmental responses to changes in red and far-red light conditions. In Arabidopsis, there are genes for at least five phytochrome proteins. These photoreceptors control such responses as germination, stem elongation, flowering, gene expression, and chloroplast and leaf development. However, it is not known which red light responses are controlled by which phytochrome species, or whether the different phytochromes have overlapping functions. We report here that previously described hy3 mutants have mutations in the gene coding for phytochrome B (PhyB). These are the first mutations shown to lie in a plant photoreceptor gene. A number of tissues are abnormally elongated in the hy3(phyB) mutants, including hypocotyls, stems, petioles, and root hairs. In addition, the mutants flower earlier than the wild type, and they accumulate less chlorophyll. PhyB thus controls Arabidopsis development at numerous stages and in multiple tissues.
Strategic Management Education Incorporating Written or Simulation Cases: An Empirical Test

In the context of hospitality education, this article reports on an empirical study of student learning considering four factors: strategic management skills, team process skills, level of difficulty, and overall perceived learning. Results of the empirical study suggest that the use of management computer simulation cases facilitates greater educational development than does the use of written cases (or a combination) as perceived by hospitality students in a capstone strategic management course. Discussion and future research proposals on using computer simulation cases for team and individual strategic management development and research are noted.
How Do Earnings Numbers Relate to Stock Returns? A Review of Classic Accounting Research with Updated Evidence

An extensive body of academic research in accounting develops theory and empirical evidence on the relation between earnings information and stock returns. This literature provides important insights for understanding the relevance of financial reporting. In this article, we summarize the theory and evidence on how accounting earnings information relates to firms' stock returns, particularly for the benefit of students, practitioners, and others who may not yet have been exposed to this literature. In addition, we present new empirical evidence on the relation between earnings and returns by replicating and extending three classic studies using data from 1988 through 2002. Specifically, we first demonstrate the relation between earnings changes and stock returns, replicating Ball and Brown (1968), and we compare that relation to the relation between changes in cash flows from operations and stock returns. Second, we demonstrate the impact of earnings persistence on stock returns, extending findings from s...
Dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response: analysis of CR-related single-unit activity

Previous investigations have suggested that the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (DLP) may be part of a system essential for classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. The present study examined CR-related firing patterns of extracellularly-recorded single units in the DLP. Differential conditioning, using tonal CSs and periocular electrostimulation as the US, was employed so that firing patterns on CR and non-CR trials could be compared. Cells that exhibited CR-related increases in firing (excitatory cells) were found in reticular formation surrounding the motor trigeminal nucleus (zone h), including the supratrigeminal region, and in a region dorsal and dorsomedial to the brachium conjunctivum. Cells that exhibited CR-related decreases in firing (inhibitory cells) were observed in subcoeruleus/medial parabrachial regions and dorsal nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis. A third class of cells (temporal cells) exhibited CR-related shifts in the temporal distribution of spikes; these cells were located in various brain stem regions. The firing of many of the excitatory, inhibitory, and temporal cells preceded the behavioral CR by an amount of time sufficient for causal involvement. In light of evidence indicating that the cerebellum is critically involved in conditioning, the present study suggests that two systems, the cerebellum and the DLP, may be in control of CRs. The relationship of the two systems and their possible roles in conditioning are discussed.
Asthma may protect against autoimmune diseases

▴ Tirosh A, Mandel D, Mimouni FB, et al. Autoimmune disease in asthma. Ann Intern Med2006;144:877–83 [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3] In this cross sectional study, data from the Israeli Defence Force database were used to analyse the prevalence of autoimmune disorders in asthmatic and non-asthmatic military personnel between 1980 and 2003. Of the 488 841 individuals enrolled, significantly more women … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnals%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DANN%2BINTERN%2BMED%26rft.issn%253D0003-4819%26rft.aulast%253DTirosh%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D144%26rft.issue%253D12%26rft.spage%253D877%26rft.epage%253D883%26rft.atitle%253DAutoimmune%2Bdiseases%2Bin%2Basthma.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16785476%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16785476&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F10%2F868.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000238555500002&link_type=ISI
Comparison of two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis

M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of infectious endocarditis and its complications was reviewed. In 21 consecutive patients with clinical endocarditis, 22 valves were involved (12 aortic, 5 mitral and 5 tricuspid). M-mode echocardiography detected vegetations in 10 patients (four aortic, two mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications of endocarditis in 2 patients (one aortic root abscess and one flail aortic cusp). Two-dimensional echocardiography detected vegetations in 9 patients (four aortic, one mitral and four tricuspid) and detected complications in ten patients (five flail aortic cusps, one aortic root abscess, one sinus on Valsalva aneurysm, two flail mitral leaflets and one flail tricuspid valve). Thus, although M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography had a similar ability to detect actual vegetations, two-dimensional echocardiography was superior to M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing complications of the destructive process.
A Computer-Based Approach for Deriving and Measuring Individual and Team Knowledge Structure from Essay Questions

This proof-of-concept investigation describes a computer-based approach for deriving the knowledge structure of individuals and of groups from their written essays, and considers the convergent criterion-related validity of the computer-based scores relative to human rater essay scores and multiple-choice test scores. After completing a classroom-based course, undergraduate participants in a sophomore-level management course completed a 100-item multiple-choice final examination and then answered an extended-response essay question comparing four management theories. The essays were quantified with ALA-Reader software applying both sentencewise and linear lexical aggregate approaches, and then analyzed with Pathfinder KNOT software. The linear aggregate approach was a better measure of essay content structure relative to the sentence-wise approach, with significant Spearman correlations of 0.60 and 0.45 with the human rater essay scores. The group network representations of low and high performing students were reasonable and straightforward to interpret, with the high group being more similar to the expert, and the low and high groups more similar to each other than to the expert. Suggestions for further research are provided.
Modified ilioinguinal node dissection for metastatic melanoma

Abstract Background : Standard ilioinguinal node dissection for melanoma has substantial cost and morbidity. Beginning in 1988, we modified the procedure in hopes of reducing side effects without compromising survival. Patients and methods : Dissection was standard except for preservation of saphenous vein and femoral sheath and omission of sartorius muscle transfer. To date, 19 patients with recurrent melanoma in the groin have had the procedure, 6 for N1 disease and 13 for N2, M1 metastases. Results : Average hospital stay was 4.5 days (range 3 to 7). Postoperative edema occurred in 1 (5%) patient. Disease-free survival at 40 months was 66% for N1 disease and 26% for N2, M1 metastases. Conclusion : Modified ilioinguinal node dissection appears to reduce cost and morbidity of treating recurrent melanoma in the groin without compromising survival.
Studies of the phase in a U(1) gauge-Higgs model with global SU(2) symmetry

Abstract Properties of the phases in a gauge-Higgs model with SU(2)global ⊗ U(1)local symmetry are investigated using a variety of probes. These include studies of the low-lying spectrum and measurement of a quantity that is sensitive to the breaking of the global SU(2) symmetry and which provides useful information even on finite lattices. The strength of the effective gauge coupling and the ability (or lack thereof) of gauge interactions to induce chiral symmetry breaking is tested by evaluating 〈 ψ ψ〉 in the quenched approximation for singly-charged fermions.
Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction on Weekly Timescales in the North Atlantic and Pacific.

Abstract Large-scale atmosphere–ocean interaction over the North Atlantic and North Pacific during winter using a 14-yr record of weekly sea surface temperature and atmospheric circulation fields is examined. Singular Value Decomposition is used to quantify objectively the degree of coupling between the sea surface temperature and 500-mb geopotential height fields as a function of time lag, from −4 weeks to +4 weeks. The authors show that the air–sea coupling is strongest when 500-mb height leads sea surface temperature by 2–3 weeks—twice as strong as the simultaneous covariability and nearly four times as large as when sea surface temperature leads 500-mb height by a few weeks. The authors believe the 2–3-week timescale may be a reflection of high-frequency stochastic forcing by the atmosphere on the ocean mixed layer, in line with the theoretical model of Frankignoul and Hasselmann. Sensible and latent energy fluxes at the sea surface are shown to be an important component of the atmospheric forcing. Th...
A spectrum of exercise training reduces soluble Aβ in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Physical activity has long been hypothesized to influence the risk and pathology of Alzheimer's disease. However, the amount of physical activity necessary for these benefits is unclear. We examined the effects of three months of low and high intensity exercise training on soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in extracellular enriched fractions from the cortex and hippocampus of young Tg2576 mice. Low (LOW) and high (HI) intensity exercise training animals ran at speeds of 15m/min on a level treadmill and 32 m/min at a 10% grade, respectively for 60 min per day, five days per week, from three to six months of age. Sedentary mice (SED) were placed on a level, non-moving, treadmill for the same duration. Soleus muscle citrate synthase activity increased by 39% in the LOW group relative to SED, and by 71% in the HI group relative to LOW, indicating an exercise training effect in these mice. Soluble Aβ40 concentrations decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in the cortex. In the hippocampus, concentrations were decreased significantly in the HI group relative to LOW and SED. Soluble Aβ42 levels also decreased significantly in an exercise training dose-dependent manner in both the cortex and hippocampus. Five proteins involved in Aβ clearance (neprilysin, IDE, MMP9, LRP1 and HSP70) were elevated by exercise training with its intensity playing a role in each case. Our data demonstrate that exercise training reduces extracellular soluble Aβ in the brains of Tg2576 mice in a dose-dependent manner through an up-regulation of Aβ clearance.
Abstract 2676: Lipoprotein associated-phospholipase A2 Activity Level is Increased in Acute Cerebral Ischemic Events

Introduction: Lipoprotein associated -phospholipase A2 (Lpa-A2) mass and activity can help identify high risk TIA patients. We evaluate the yield of Lpa-A2 mass and activity to differentiate acute cerebral ischemic events from non-ischemic events. Methods: From July 2007 to March 2009, 48 patients presenting to the Stanford Unversity Medical Center Emergency room with stroke or TIA symptoms were prospectively enrolled and blood samples were obtained at time of presentation, 24 hours, and 72 hours after presentation. Blood samples were analyzed for Lpa-A2 mass and activity using commercially available assays (diaDexus, Inc). Patients with final diagnosis of stroke or TIA were classified as ischemic and others as non-ischemic. The size of the ischemic lesion was measured among stroke patients on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Results: Twenty eight patients (58%) had a diagnosis of brain infarction [median NIHSS=7 (IQR=4-12)], 9 (19%) had a diagnosis of TIA [median ABCD2=4, (IQR=3-6)] and 11(23%) had a non ischemic event (1 peripheral vertigo, 2 infections, 3 seizures, 4 peripheral neuropathy/myopathy, 1 multiple sclerosis relapse). Among the 37 ischemic patients, stroke mechanisms were according to TOAST criteria: 6 (16%) large artery atherosclerosis, 21 (57%) cardioembolic, 1 (3%) small artery, 4 (11%) other determined and 5 (13%) undetermined. At admission, Lpa-A2 activity level was higher among patients experiencing an ischemic event (stroke or TIA) compared to non ischemic event (p=0.007). Among ischemic patients, Lpa-A2 activity measured at admission was lower than the activity measured at day 1 (p=0.006) and day 3 (p=0.002) and was stable among non ischemic patients. Among the 24 ischemic patients who underwent acute MRI and were found to have an ischemic lesion on DWI, there was no relation between Lpa-A2 activity level and infarct volume. Lipoprotein associated -phospholipase A2 mass level was not different between ischemic and non ischemic patients. The mass levels remained stable over time in each group and were not related to infarct volume. Conclusions: Lpa-A2 activity levels were higher among ischemic patients compared with non ischemic etiologies. Lpa-A2 activity levels rose during the first days after brain ischemia. This exploratory data suggests Lpa-A2 activity level could possibly help physicians discriminate cerebral ischemic from non ischemic events. Further research is warranted and ongoing.
Dynamic adaptive neural network arrays: a neuromorphic architecture

Dynamic Adaptive Neural Network Array (DANNA) is a neuromorphic hardware implementation. It differs from most other neuromorphic projects in that it allows for programmability of structure, and it is trained or designed using evolutionary optimization. This paper describes the DANNA structure, how DANNA is trained using evolutionary optimization, and an application of DANNA to a very simple classification task.