cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A RAPID COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

THE clinical importance of sodium metabolism becomes increasingly evident with every year. However, widespread investigation in this field has been severely restricted because of the absence of a generally useful method for sodium determination, i.e., one which requires no specialized equipment, unusual technical skill, or great expenditure of time and which may therefore be fitted into the routine of the general clinical laboratory. The speed and sensitivity of the flame photometer, for instance, are largely offset by its capriciousness: the problem of flame stability has not yet been overcome, with the result that the reproducible accuracy in expert hands is only 5 to 10 per cent and that “frequently an hour or more is required to establish conditions of equilibrium for the desired range of concentration” (1). Also, the cost of such instruments at the present time may be prohibitive. A sensitive nephelometric technique has been described (2) but this seldom-used method also requires an instrument which ...
Interoperable metadata semantics with meta-metadata: a use case integrating search engines

A use case involving integrating results from search engines illustrates how the meta-metadata language facilitates interoperable metadata semantics. Formal semantics can be hard to obtain directly. For example, search engines may only present results through web pages; even if they do provide web services, they don't provide them according to a mutually interoperable standard.We show how to use the open source meta-metadata language to define a common base class for search results, and how to extend the base class to create polymorphic variants that include engine-specific fields. We develop wrappers to extract data from HTML search results from engines including Google, Bing, Delicious, and Slashdot. We write a short meta-search program for integrating the search results, reranking them, and providing formatted HTML output. This provides an extensible formal and functional semantics for search. Meta-metadata also directly enables representing the same integrated search results as XML or JSON. This research can profoundly transform the derivation and representation of interoperable metadata semantics from a multitude of heterogeneous wild web sources.
Verbal aggression in sibling relationships

This study focused on verbal aggression in sibling relationships. The study examined the relationship between (a) verbal aggressiveness with satisfaction and interpersonal trust, (b) the relationship between teasing and verbal aggressiveness, (c) whether people more satisfied with their siblings report that receiving verbal aggression is more personally hurtful, and (d) whether sibling sex influenced verbal aggression in the relationship. Results support the destructiveness of verbal aggression in that verbal aggressiveness was negatively related to satisfaction and trust. Teasing was found to be positively related to being verbally aggressive. Sibling satisfaction was positively related to being hurt from receiving verbally aggressive messages. Results involving sex show that women are more satisfied and report using less verbal aggression and teasing than the other sibling dyads. Conclusions, future directions, and limitations are discussed.
Study of Donor-recipient Liver Size Match for Transplantation

Objective This animal experiment investigated the donor-recipient liver size match for safe liver transplantation. Background In spite of refinements in surgical techniques in reduced liver transplantation, the liver size disparity remains one of the most common complications in pediatric patients. Optimal size matching remains unknown. Methods The experiment compared eight groups of liver-transplanted rats with designated ratios of donor and recipient liver weights. Donor livers harvested from rats weighing 420-520 g were reduced to the designated size by liver lobectomy and implanted in rats weighing 170-240 g. Bile secretion and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in groups 2, 4, and 6 were studied after surgery. Results Stepwise increase of the ratio of donor and recipient liver weights from 1.04:1 in group 4 to 1.26:1 in group 3, 1.56:1 in group 2, and 2.04:1 in group 1 caused stepwise decrease of survival rates from 83.3% to 66.7%, 16.7%, and 0%, respectively. Stepwise decrease of the ratio from 1.04:1 in group 4 to 0.79:1 in group 5, 0.53:1 in group 6, 0.35:1 in group 7, and 0.24:1 in group 8 also caused stepwise reduction of survival rates from 83.3% to 66.7%, 50%, 0%, and 0% in each group. Conclusion The range of ratios of donor and recipient liver weights for successful rat liver transplantation is from 0.53:1 to 1.26:1. Increase and decrease of ratios of donor-recipient liver weights from equal size do not increase the recipient survival rates. Recipients of reduced donor liver weights tend to have a higher survival rate than recipients of increased donor liver weights.
Strength Distributions of a Quench-Strengthened Aluminosilicate Ceramic

The quench strengthening of an aluminosilicate ceramic body was studied by measuring the strengths and determining the strength distributions, estimating the residual compressive stresses at the surface by measuring the bending moments, and directly observing the surface crack patterns of quench-strengthened specimens. When considered in combination, these related results enable the assessment of the individual contributions of the residual compressive surface stresses and the changes in the flaw populations to the quench strengthening phenomenon. The quench strengthening phenomenon is discussed as a combination of those features of the process and a general schematic diagram of the phenomenon is presented.
Profiling risk of fear of an intimate partner among men and women.

Abstract Objective Fear of a partner, a component of intimate partner violence (IPV), can be used in clinical IPV assessment. This study examines correlates of fear in a population-based, urban sample to inform a gender-specific health care response to IPV. Methods This study used pooled data on 9687 men and 13,903 women collected in 2002, 2004 and 2005 through three random-digit-dial surveys of New York City adults. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine associations between fear and sociodemographic and health-related factors. Results There was no significant difference in age-adjusted prevalence of reported fear of a partner between women (2.7%) and men (2.2%). In multivariable analysis, fear was correlated with being female, younger age, divorced or separated marital status, poor self-reported health status, and multiple sex partners. The most striking gender difference was in the stronger association with multiple sex partners among women (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 6.2; p p Conclusion IPV is a health concern for both men and women, and a risk profile for fear can guide IPV assessment in health care. Physicians should consider multiple sex partners in women and alcohol misuse in low-income patients as potential markers for IPV.
Preventive measures for patients at risk for amputation from diabetes and peripheral arterial disease.

When patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) receive treatment for vascular disease, amputation rates tend to be lower, suggesting that greater utilization of vascular care is associated with lower amputation risk (1). However, procedural care is not provided in isolation. Patients should be engaged in a care system where preventive measures, such as hemoglobin A1c testing, podiatric care, and noninvasive vascular testing are routinely provided (2,3). However, it remains unknown how commonly patients at risk for amputation actually receive preventive measures. Therefore, we studied how commonly patients at risk for amputation actually receive evidence-based preventive measures aimed at limiting amputation. We identified a cohort of 52,505 patients with diabetes and PAD in Medicare claims (2008–2009), who had been admitted to the hospital for an episode of lower …
Range-Doppler ambiguity mitigation via closed-loop, adaptive PRF selection

In this paper, we present a method of calculating and updating target probabilities in ambiguous range-Doppler cells along with an adaptive pulse repetition frequency (PRF) selection technique based on mutual information (MI). We approach the problem of updating the probability in multiple ambiguous cells by using a multiple hypothesis test for the target state. The probability ensemble is then used to determine which PRF will maximize MI on the next update. Since MI is a measure of the reduction in entropy of the ensemble, it indicates the amount of information the radar stands to learn about the channel due to the selected PRF. We compare the results of MI-based PRF selection to two other PRF selection methods and demonstrate how blind zones and clutter aliasing can be seamlessly integrated into our PRF-selection procedure.
The Effects of Flavonoid Allelochemicals from Knapweeds on Legume–Rhizobia Candidates for Restoration

Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) and Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) are allelopathic weeds invasive in North American grasslands. Both species contain at least one phytotoxic flavonoid root exudate with demonstrated negative influences on other plants. Previous findings indicated that Silky lupine (Lupinus sericeus), among other legumes, was relatively resistant to Spotted knapweed invasion and allelochemistry. We hypothesized that legume species may exhibit resistance to flavonoids in knapweed root exudates and may serve as candidate species for management efforts. Because legumes form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia, these bacteria must also be evaluated for allelochemical resistance before legumes can be recommended for restoration. In this study, we examined four legume species for effects of 7,8-benzoflavone (from Russian knapweed) and (±)-catechin (from Spotted knapweed) on rhizosphere interactions involving legume roots and associated rhizobia. Pure cultures of four rhizobia strains exhibited varied responses when grown with 7,8-benzoflavone or (±)-catechin. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and its bacterial symbiont, Sinorhizobium meliloti, exhibited allelochemical resistance that varied with (±)-catechin concentration when grown in vitro. Four legume species were grown under greenhouse conditions. Plants that were inoculated and nodulated generally exhibited no response to 7,8-benzoflavone or (±)-catechin treatments. Plants that were not inoculated exhibited stronger responses. Therefore, inoculation and nodulation may confer resistance to allelochemicals. These results, when coupled with previous research and field observations, suggest that legumes may not be susceptible to knapweed allelopathy and may be good choices in restoration of knapweed infestations when inoculated, particularly on sites with low soil nitrogen.
Efficient simulation for the maximum of infinite horizon discrete-time Gaussian processes

We consider the problem of estimating the probability that the maximum of a Gaussian process with negative mean and indexed by positive integers reaches a high level, say b . In great generality such a probability converges to 0 exponentially fast in a power of b . Under mild assumptions on the marginal distributions of the process and no assumption on the correlation structure, we develop an importance sampling procedure, called the target bridge sampler (TBS), which takes a polynomial (in b ) number of function evaluations to achieve a small relative error. The procedure also yields samples of the underlying process conditioned on hitting b in finite time. In addition, we apply our method to the problem of estimating the tail of the maximum of a superposition of a large number, n , of independent Gaussian sources. In this situation TBS achieves a prescribed relative error with a bounded number of function evaluations as n ↗ ∞. A remarkable feature of TBS is that it is not based on exponential changes of measure. Our numerical experiments validate the performance indicated by our theoretical findings.
Assessing trends in practice demographics of underrepresented minority pediatricians, 1993-2007.

Objective: To assess whether underrepresented minority (URM) pediatricians serve minority and/or publicly insured or uninsured children to a greater degree than non-URM pediatricians, and to evaluate trends in these relationships. Participants and Methods: Respondents to American Academy of Pediatrics surveys in 1993, 2000, and 2007, provided their race/ethnicity, practice locations, and estimated race/ethnicity and insurance sources of their patient panels. We classified pediatricians by race/ethnicity as either URM (black, Hispanic, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaskan Native) or non-URM (white, non-Hispanic/Latino, Asian, or other). We compared the average percentages of minority individuals (excluding Asians) in the patient panels of URM and non-URM pediatricians, and compared the average percentages of publicly insured (includes TRICARE) or uninsured patients. Results: Response rates were >50% for all surveys. There were 1003 (10.2% URM) postresidency respondents in 1993, 707 (11.8% URM) in 2000, and 900 (11.1% URM) in 2007. In all 3 surveys, the average percentage of minority children in URM pediatricians9 patient panels was higher than for non-URM pediatricians by approximately 20 percentage points (all P P Conclusions: Over the last 14 years, URM pediatricians were more likely than their non-URM peers to care for minority children and publicly insured or uninsured patients. This relationship has not appeared to attenuate over time, and these data support ongoing and enhanced efforts to recruit qualified URMs into pediatric careers to meet the growing needs of the expanding minority child population.
The generalizedD[X]/D/1 queue: A flexible computer communications model

A generalization of theD [X] /D/1 queue is investigated, where independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) batches of customers arrive at a single-server queue periodically. The service requirement of a customer is a fixed constant equal for all the customers. In the time between two successive arrivals, the server can accommodate exactlyK?1 customers. The queue size and the waiting time distributions for the infinite buffer queue are derived. Important numerical aspects are addressed and simple approximations for light and heavy traffic for various values ofK and Poisson distributed batches are proposed. Finally, the analysis for the finite queue is highlighted and its blocking probability derived.
How Not to Be Seen

The concept of stealth - as it pertains to computers - shares a great deal with its real-world counterpart. In this article, we take a look at stealth from both a historical and a technological perspective. This is a hugely important topic, for if an unwanted computer program can't be seen, it can't be eliminated. In addition, software developers - especially security software developers - must have a solid understanding of what can be trusted in an environment - and what can't. When it comes to deception, stealth is the state of the art
Opioid-mediated pain sensitivity in mice bred for high voluntary wheel running.

We tested the hypothesis that thermal tail-flick latency, a common measure of pain sensitivity in rodents, would be altered in lines of mice that had been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior. Specifically, we predicted that the selected (High-Runner) lines would show decreased pain sensitivity relative to their control (C; randombred) lines, and would respond differently to drugs that block opioid receptors. We first compared tail-flick latency between High-Runner and C female mice during the day (no wheel access) and at night (with wheel access). Second, we compared effects of the opioid antagonist naloxone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on tail-flick latency during the day (no wheel access). Third, we compared effects of naloxone (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and naltrexone, a longer-lasting opioid antagonist (0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), on voluntary wheel running. Tail-flick latencies were longer at night (when mice were active on wheels), but mice from High-Runner and C lines did not differ during the day or night. Administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased tail-flick latency measured during the day, equally in High-Runner and C mice. Naloxone (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and high doses of naltrexone (50 and 100 mg/ kg, i.p.) decreased wheel running equally in High-Runner and C mice. Further studies will be required to determine whether other types of pain sensitivity have also failed to evolve in association with increased voluntary wheel running.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist use is associated with increased pregnancy rates in ovulation induction–intrauterine insemination to in vitro fertilization conversions, independent of age and estradiol level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration

Objective To determine whether the use of GnRH antagonist in cycles converted from ovulation induction–IUI to IVF affects cycle outcome and pregnancy rates. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic research institution. Patient(s) One hundred eighty-two consecutive patients with ovulation induction–IUI to IVF conversions undergoing oocyte retrieval conducted at our institution from 2004 to 2006. Intervention(s) The relation between observation of fetal heartbeat and GnRH antagonist exposure was evaluated with use of multivariable logistic regression. The difference in intermediate cycle outcomes by antagonist exposure was estimated with use of linear regression. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fetal cardiac activity on early ultrasound, intermediate cycle parameters. Result(s) For patients given treatment with a GnRH antagonist, the odds ratio for achieving pregnancy was 2.13 (95% confidence interval=1.03–4.39) compared with untreated patients, independent of age and E 2 levels on day of hCG. Patients given antagonist had 1.6 more follicles and 2.1 more oocytes retrieved, 1.9 more mature oocytes, and 2.3 more fertilized oocytes, and the fertilization rate was 9.7% higher. Conclusion(s) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist use in ovulation induction–IUI to IVF conversions was associated with increased pregnancy rates and improved intermediate cycle parameters, controlled for age and E 2 levels on day of hCG. Addition of a GnRH antagonist should be considered in ovulation induction–IUI to IVF conversions.
Maxwell-type constructions for multiple nonequilibrium steady states.

Abstract A stochastic analysis is used to obtain Maxwell-type constructions for multiple nonequilibrium steady states in homogeneous systems. The stochastic theory shows that homogeneous molecular fluctuations can nucleate the Maxwell construction only on a time scale that is the order of a Poincare recurrence time and indicates that hysteresis should be observed. The nonrelevance of homogeneous fluctuations for systems that undergo phase separation or in which spatial structures occur is discussed.
Abstract ADV22: Susan G. Komen story map.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The Susan G. Komen Foundation began as a promise between two sisters to end breast cancer forever. Susan Goodman Komen was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 33 and died three years later. Ms. Komen's younger sister, Nancy Goodman Brinker, created the foundation in 1982. The Komen Puget Sound Affiliate was founded in 1993 to forward the mission of our national organization - to save lives and end breast cancer forever by empowering people, ensuring quality of care for all and energizing science to find the cures. Since its inception, the Komen Puget Sound Affiliate has invested nearly $23 million in local nonprofit, tribal and government agencies that provide breast health and breast cancer services to medically underserved residents of our 16-county service area (Service Area). The Puget Sound affiliate as a community that identify disparities, gaps in service and barriers to care that prevent women who live in our community from accessing, early detecting and surviving breast cancer. Citation Format: Rebecca Seago-Coyle. Susan G. Komen story map. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr ADV22. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-ADV22
Relationship between differences in silica fume additives and fine-scale microstructural evolution in cement based materials

The effects on the microstructural development of adding silica fume to cements and concretes during cement hydration have been studied using small-angle neutron scattering and ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering. A previously developed fractal based microstructural model has been applied to extract representative microstructural parameters from the small-angle scattering data. A link has been established between the existence of coarse or agglomerated particles in the silica fume particle size distribution and possible deleterious microstructural evolution during cement hydration.
Postprandial absorptive augmentation of water and electrolytes in the colon requires intraluminal glucose.

Abstract Postprandial absorptive augmentation of water and electrolytes occurs in the small intestine and colon. The role of intraluminal nutrients in this response is poorly understood. Our aim was to determine whether postprandial absorptive augmentation of water and electrolytes in the colon requires the presence of intraluminal glucose. Four adult dogs underwent enteric isolation of a 50 cm segment of proximal colon. An ileal-like electrolyte solution (Na+, 130 mEq/L; K+, 10 mEq/L; Cl−, 115 mEq/L; and HCO3−, 25 mEq/L), alone or containing glucose (10 mmol/L), was infused at 4 ml/min into the colonic segment. Experiments were performed during fasting and postprandially after a 400 Kcal mixed-nutrient meal. Effluent was collected in 60-minute intervals after steady state was achieved. Net absorptive flux of water was increased in the presence of intraluminal glucose during the fasted state (11 ± 0.8 vs 7.4 ± 0.9 μl/min/cm, P J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:310-315.)
Exploring the Mental Health of Mexican Migrant Farm Workers in the Midwest: Psychosocial Predictors of Psychological Distress and Suggestions for Prevention and Treatment

The purposes of the present study were threefold: (a) to assess the prevalence levels of anxiety and depression in a sample of Mexican migrant farm workers in the midwestern United States; (b) to explore the relationships among acculturative stress, anxiety, and depression; and (c) to examine the variables that best predict anxiety and depression. The overall sample revealed elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Migrant farm workers with heightened levels of acculturative stress were more likely to report high levels of anxiety and depression. Family dysfunction, ineffective social support, low self-esteem, lack of agreement with the decision to migrate, high education levels, high levels of acculturative stress, and high levels of anxiety were significantly associated with high depression levels. The overall findings suggest that migrant farm workers who experience elevated levels of acculturative stress may be at risk for experiencing high levels of anxiety and depression. The findings highlight the importance of establishing prevention and treatment services for migrant farm workers that aim to increase levels of emotional support, self-esteem, and coping skills.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, SOLAR RADIATION AND MOISTURE ON THE REDUCTION OF ACETYLENE BY EXCISED ROOT NODULES FROM ALNUS GLUTINOSA

SUMMARY This study describes the influence of light, temperature, and moisture on N2-fixing ability of Alnus glutinosa. Diurnal and day by day variations in the rate of acetylene reduction by excised root nodules were observed. Field-grown A. glutinosa responded in C2H2-reducing ability due to fluctuation in solar radiation or temperature or both when the plants were not under moisture stress. When solar radiation and temperature increased during the day, the rate of C2H2 reduction increased. Ample soil moisture was needed for nodules of A. glutinosa to be responsive to solar radiation or temperature.
Applicant Attitudes across the Recruitment Process: Time is of the Essence

While extant research on recruiting has highlighted a number of applicant attitudes that predict future attitudes and decisions, questions regarding how attitudes develop over time and when attitud...
Development and validation of a work-specific measure of cognitive failure: Implications for occupational safety

Two studies were conducted to develop and validate a work-specific measure of cognitive failure, the Workplace cognitive failure scale (WCFS). In initial item development, content validity was gained via sorting. In StudyI, data were obtained from an employee sample that supported the factorial, construct, and criterion-related validity of the WCFS. In particular, results supported the expected relationships of workplace cognitive failure with facets of personality, role overload, components of self-regulation, and self-reported measures of safety outcomes. Study 2 examined the WCFS in two additional employee samples, and provided further criterion-related validity using objective measures of injury and supervisor ratings of safety behaviour. Overall, results supported the validity and utility of the new measure in assessing organizational safety behaviour and outcomes, more so than the general cognitive . failure scale.
Thermal resistance of UV-mutagenesis to photoreactivation in E. coli B/r uvrA ung: estimate of activation energy and further analysis.

Ultraviolet light (UV) induced mutations in the glnU and glnV utRNA genes in Escherichia coli are thought to be targeted by UV photoproducts. In a previous study with a uracil-DNA glycosylase deficient strain, UV-induced glnU oand glnV otRNA suppressor mutations became resistant to photoreactivation (PR) following thermal treatment. It was proposed that deamination of cytosine in the cytosine-containing cyclobutyl dimers at the sites of these suppressor mutations produced uracil residues in sequence upon PR. In the absence of glycosylase, the C → U conversion yielded the requisite G:C → A:T transitions. In the present study, this thermal resistance of UV-mutagenesis to PR is characterized. It is dependent on the initial UV-fluence and temperature of holding but not on the UmuC+ gene product. The data obtained yield an estimate of an activation energy of 17±3 kcal/mol for the deamination of cytosines contained in dimers. This compares to 29 kcal/mol for unaffected cytosines in DNA. In addition, an estimate of the probability of cyclobutyl dimer formation at the target sites for glnU oand glnV osuppressor mutations indicate that these lesions can not entirely account for the mutation frequencies recovered in the absence of PR. This is interpreted as an indication that, in addition to thyminecytosine cyclobutyl dimers, other UV-induced lesions, possibly Thy(6-4)Cyt photoproducts, may also target glnU oand glnV osuppressor mutations.
Atopic dermatitis. How to incorporate advances in management.

PREVIEWOne of the most common skin disorders in temperate, industrialized nations, atopic dermatitis is clearly a condition that is itching for attention. But while the prevalence of the disorder increases, it remains misdiagnosed and ineffectively treated. In this article, Drs Leicht and Hanggi review the etiology, diagnostic criteria, triggers, associated complications, and treatment of this condition. Research surrounding the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is also examined.
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Quality of Life for Disadvantaged Men With Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Self-efficacy is associated with increased participation in treatment decision making and improved health related quality of life. We examined the influence of perceived efficacy in patient-physician interactions on health related quality of life among low income, uninsured men with prostate cancer during a 2-year period.Materials and Methods: We analyzed data derived on participants enrolled in a state funded program providing free prostate cancer treatment and care to indigent men. We used validated instruments to measure patient self-efficacy (confidence in interacting with physicians), and the general and prostate specific health related quality of life outcomes of urinary, sexual and bowel bother, symptom distress, psychological well-being and vitality. We performed repeated measures analysis with general linear mixed modeling to estimate the association of sociodemographic and clinical covariates with health related quality of life.Results: Our cohort included a total of 472 observations in...
Enduring Legacy? Charles Tilly and Durable Inequality

This article assesses Charles Tilly’s Durable Inequality and traces its influence. In writing Durable Inequality, Tilly sought to shift the research agenda of stratification scholars. But the book’s initial impact was disappointing. In recent years, however, its influence has grown, suggesting a more enduring legacy.
The relationship between children's physical activity and family income in rural settings: A cross-sectional study

Objective To examine potential differences in children's physical activity and parent support of their children's physical activity based on family income within the rural setting.
Thermal deformation in frictionally heated contact

Abstract When sliding occurs with significant frictional heating thermoelastic deformation may lead to a transition from smoothly distributed asperity contact to a condition where the surfaces are supported by a few thermal asperities. This circumstance may be associated with a transition to a condition of severe wear because of the elevated contact pressure and temperature, and also because of production of tensile stresses. This second stress component may lead to heat checking whereupon the rough checked surface acts to abrade the mating material. The factors influencing transition are discussed, including wear, cooling and hydrodynamic lubrication. The transition state is also discussed with regard to the stress distribution, rate of movement of the contact patches and temperatures.
Natural and artifactual kinds : Are children realists or relativists about categories ?

Research in cognitive development has highlighted important differences between conceptions of natural kinds and artifacts. One interpretation of the distinction is that natural kinds are categories one discovers, whereas artifactual kinds are invented. Four studies assessed whether children and adults saw categorization decisions as objective matters of fact or as invented conventions. Preschool-age children treated basic-level categories of animals and human-made artifacts as objective. At the superordinate level, kinds of animals were treated as more objective than were kinds of artifacts. In general, adults' judgments were similar to children's. Both children and adults have reliable and differentiated intuitions regarding category objectivity. The results from these studies are discussed in terms of their implications for structural and theory-based accounts of category naturalness.
The adaptor protein CRK is a pro-apoptotic transducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Excessive demands on the protein-folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause irremediable ER stress and contribute to cell loss in a number of cell degenerative diseases, including type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration. The signals communicating catastrophic ER damage to the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery remain poorly understood. We used a biochemical approach to purify a cytosolic activity induced by ER stress that causes release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria. We discovered that the principal component of the purified pro-apoptotic activity is the proto-oncoprotein CRK (CT10-regulated kinase), an adaptor protein with no known catalytic activity. Crk(-/-) cells are strongly resistant to ER-stress-induced apoptosis. Moreover, CRK is cleaved in response to ER stress to generate an amino-terminal M(r)~14K fragment with greatly enhanced cytotoxic potential. We identified a putative BH3 (BCL2 homology 3) domain within this N-terminal CRK fragment, which sensitizes isolated mitochondria to cytochrome c release and when mutated significantly reduces the apoptotic activity of CRK in vivo. Together these results identify CRK as a pro-apoptotic protein that signals irremediable ER stress to the mitochondrial execution machinery.
Balloon deflection technique: A method to facilitate entry of a balloon catheter into a deployed stent.

The entry of an angioplasty balloon into a coronary stent is occasionally difficult due to poorly expanded stent struts or calcified tissue blocking balloon passage. We describe a simple technique using a second guidewire and balloon to facilitate entry into the stent. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 51:312-313, 2000.
Hip Arthroscopy Improves Symptoms Associated with FAI in Selected Adolescent Athletes

Background Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is increasingly diagnosed in young and middle-aged patients. Although arthroscopic procedures are becoming frequently used in the treatment of FAI, there are little data regarding rates of complications or the ability of hip arthroscopy to improve hip function specifically in the adolescent athlete population. Because arthroscopic treatment is being used in the treatment of FAI, it is vital to know what, if any, improvements in hip function can be expected and the potential complications.
Patient-Specific Hemodynamic Simulations in Coronary Artery Aneurysms Caused by Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute pediatric illness and the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, with over 4,000 cases diagnosed annually in the US. The incidence of KD in San Diego County is 25/100,000 for children less than 5 years of age. In absence of a diagnostic test for KD, many patients are not diagnosed in time to receive treatment with intravenous gamma globulin. Approximately 25% of untreated patients develop large aneurysms in their coronary arteries, which puts them at risk for myocardial infarction. In this project we performed patient specific computational simulations of blood flow in aneurysmal left and right coronary arteries of a 10-year-old KD patient. Several relevant hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress (WSS) and recirculation time were obtained, as a first step toward developing a risk assessment tool for thrombosis in KD patients.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A Discourse on Methods.

It is widely accepted that cultures are reflected by, and are reflections of, their technologies, and also that changes in technology may both reflect and catalyze significant changes in the societies that employ them. Perhaps the generic case in point is agriculture, where advances in crop cultivation led to fundamental changes in the organization of society. Crop cultivation "encouraged settlement of stable farm communities, some of which grew to be towns and city states.... Early agricultural implements-the digging stick, the scythe, the hoe, and the plow-developed slowly over the centuries, each innovation ... causing profound changes in human life." (Bridgwater & Kurtz, 1963, p. 29.) Similar effects can be traced to the current era: The existence of techniques for mass agricultural production is a necessary condition for the existence of a highly urbanized society, as well as a contributor to the decrease in the percentage of the farming population, and the kind of life associated with it.
Culture and the Common School

This essay addresses the question: given the flattening out of the cultural hierarchy that was the vestige of colonialism and nation-building, is there anything that might be uniquely common about the common school in this postmodern age? By ‘uniquely common’ I do not mean those subjects that all schools might teach, such as reading or arithmetic. Nor do I mean just subjects that might serve a larger public purpose, but that might be taught in either publicly supported or privately supported schools. Rather I mean subjects that speak to the shaping of a child's identity as a member of a common community in the way that the common school was intended to create when its commission was to develop and maintain a single national or colonial identity and loyalty. I argue that there is a kind of connectivity that common schools should foster even as the nation-building and colonial past is rejected, and that this connectivity is what is common about the common schools. I argue that any concept of culture that merely flattens out the normative dimension of educating is deficient as an educational theory, and propose a conception of culture that is educationally productive.
A System For Graphical Image Analysis

A system to perform digital analysis of graphical images has been developed and utilized in the analysis of six channel strip chart recordings over the past three years. Silicon linear photo-diode arrays were employed as the image digitizer, simplifying preprocessing techniques in the scanner. The scanner consists of control and logic electronics, light source, lenses, paper transport mechanism and six 128 x 1 photo-diode integrated circuit arrays. The graphics scanner is interfaced to a minicomputer system which includes display, storage, and analysis capabilities. The scanner's preprocessing includes threshold detection of edges and removal of reference grid lines from the digitized image. This system has been used to perform statistical analysis on wideband communications data as recorded on six channel strip chart recordings by the United States Air Force Communications Service at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. Several thousand meters of strip chart have been analyzed over the past three years, successfully demonstrating the utilization of solid state scanners and computerized analysis of graphical data.
Jazz Age Jews

By the 1920s, Jews were - by all economic, political, and cultural measures of the day - making it in America. But as these children of immigrants took their places in American society, many deliberately identified with groups that remained excluded. Despite their success, Jews embraced resistance more than acculturation, preferring marginal status to assimilation. The stories of Al Jolson, Felix Frankfurter, and Arnold Rothstein are told together to explore this paradox in the psychology of American Jewry. All three Jews were born in the 1880s, grew up around American Jewish ghettos, married gentile women, entered the middle class, and rose to national fame. All three also became heroes to the American Jewish community for their association with events that galvanized the country and defined the Jazz Age. Rothstein allegedly fixed the 1919 World Series - an accusation this book disputes. Frankfurter defended the Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. Jolson brought jazz music to Hollywood for the first talking film, "The Jazz Singer", and regularly impersonated African Americans in blackface. Each of these men represented a version of the American outsider, and American Jews celebrated them for it. Michael Alexander's account complicates the history of immigrants in America. It challenges charges that anti-Semitism exclusively or even mostly explains Jews' feelings of marginality, while it calls for a general rethinking of positions that have assumed an immigrant quest for inclusion into the white American mainstream. Rather, Alexander argues that Jewish outsider status stemmed from the group identity Jews brought with them to this country in the form of the theology of exile. "Jazz Age Jews" shows that most Jews felt culturally obliged to mark themselves as different - and believed that doing so made them both better Jews and better Americans.
Towards a functional neuroanatomy of conscious perception and its modulation by volition: implications of human auditory neuroimaging studies

Conscious sensory perception and its modulation by volition are integral to human mental life. Functional neuroimaging techniques provide a direct means of identifying and characterizing in vivo th...
Chronic phenylethylamine stereotypy in rats: a new animal model for schizophrenia?

Abstract The chronic administration of phenylethylamine (50 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (3.75 mg/kg) produces stereotyped behavior in rats. This chronic administration induces a behavioral sensitization consisting of an increase in intensity of stereotypies and a decrease in their latency to onset. The substitution of phenylethylamine for d-amphetamine, or vice versa, maintains not only stereotypies but also the sensitization effect. Acute pretreatments with the anti-psychotic dopamine blockers haloperidol and pimozide block stereotypy induced by both phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine, whereas antipsychotics with fewer extrapyramidal effects, thioridazine and clozapine, preferentially block phenylethylamine-evoked behavior. The fact that stereotypy induced by phenylethylamine, unlike that induced by d-amphetamine, does not depend so greatly upon neostriatal actions suggests that it may therefore represent a better animal model for schizophrenia.
The Volatile Constituents of Passion Fruit Juicea

SUMMARY The characteristic flavor of passion fruit was found in the water-insoluble oil, which constituted ca 36 ppm of the juice. Four components, n-hexyl caproate, n-hexyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, and ethyl butyrate, made up ca 95% of the oil, and, among these four, n-hexyl caproate was found to be the principal component, accounting for ca 70% of the volatile passion fruit essence. The unidentified portion of the oil (ca. 5%) very likely contains compounds of greater structural complexity than those identified. Evidence for this assumption comes from the appreciable specific rotation of the crude oil. It is also reasonable to assume that the olefinic unsaturation encountered in the crude oil (Table 1) has its origin in the unidentified portion of the oil.
Renal tubular transport of cadmium-metallothionein

Abstract Immediately following arterial injection of labeled cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT) into rabbits, all of the Cd isotope excreted in the urine is contained in the CdMT fraction; the label can be used, therefore, for analysis of the renal handling of CdMT. No evidence was found for tubular secretion of injected CdMT. At high transient plasma concentrations following bolus injection of 1 mg of CdMT, fractional recovery in urine approached that of inulin. This suggests that CdMT is freely filterable; in addition, its reabsorption appears completely saturable, not only partially as described previously. Of several proteins tested, only myoglobin interfered with CdMT reabsorption. Reabsorption was also depressed following Cd exposure, at a time when renal cortical concentrations of Cd exceeded 200 μg/g wet weight, although PAH and creatinine clearances remained normal. This represents another instance of the relatively specific nephrotoxicity of Cd. The conclusion is reemphasized that for quantitative reasons tubular rejection of filtered CdMT is unlikely to play a role in Cd excretion by rabbits.
On the choice of a spanning tree for greedy embedding of network graphs

Greedy embedding is a graph embedding that makes the simple greedy geometric packet forwarding successful for every source-destination pair. It is desirable that graph embeddings also yield low hop overhead (stretch) of the greedy paths over the corresponding shortest paths. In this paper we study how topological and geometric properties of embedded graphs influence the hop stretch. Based on the obtained insights, we design embedding heuristics that yield minimal hop stretch greedy embeddings and verify their effectiveness on models of synthetic graphs. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of our heuristics on instances of several classes of large, real-world network graphs.
Knowledge-based scoring function derived from atomic tessellation of macromolecular structures for prediction of protein-ligand binding affinity

Structure-guided drug design efforts stand to benefit greatly from insights provided by accurate predictive models of binding affinity. Here we use Delaunay tessellation to analyze atomic four-body interactions in a diverse set of high-resolution crystal structures for three hundred protein-ligand complexes, each with an experimentally determined dissociation constant. Two hundred of these complexes are randomly selected to derive an empirical function for predicting the standard Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔG). In each case, structural atomic coordinates are used to generate tessellations for the protein-ligand complex as well as for the isolated protein without the bound ligand. An all-atom four-body knowledge-based statistical potential is used to generate a topological score based on each tessellation, and binding affinity is calculated as an empirical linear function of the difference between the topological scores of the complex and the isolated protein. Experimental and calculated ΔG values are in good agreement, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.79 and a standard error of 1.98 kcal/mol. To evaluate the method, tessellation-based topological score differences are calculated for the remaining one hundred complexes, and the linear transformation derived from the training data is used to predict their binding affinities. Again, the correlation coefficient is 0.79 between experimental and calculated binding energies for the test set, with a standard error of 1.93 kcal/mol.
Adaptive HARQ scheme for reliable multicast communications

In wireless multicast communications, the mitigation of distributed errors in different users is crucial. The corrupted packets in the transmission of multicast streaming can be recovered by retransmitting another redundancy version of the same packets or by transmitting a new parity packet generated by packet-level erasure encoders. In this paper, a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) scheme is proposed for efficient multicast communications. The proposed scheme estimates the contributions of each candidate packet to the marginal recovery on the erroneous packets and then transmits the packet which generates the most marginal recovery. The length of coded bits in the redundancy versions can also be adjusted to further save the radio resources. Simulations are conducted to verify the throughput efficiency of the proposed scheme, which outperforms the conventional schemes in all the range of packet error rates.
Garwood valley, antarctica: A new record of last glacial maximum to holocene glaciofluvial processes in the mcmurdo dry valleys

We document the age and extent of late Quaternary glaciofluvial processes in Garwood Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, using mapping, stratigraphy, geochronology, and geochemical analysis of sedimentary and ice deposits. Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence indicates damming of the valley at its Ross Sea outlet by the expanded Ross Sea ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. Damming resulted in development of a proglacial lake in Garwood Valley that persisted from late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene time, and in the formation of a multilevel delta complex that overlies intact, supraglacial till and buried glacier ice detached from the Ross Sea ice sheet. Radiocarbon dating of delta deposits and inferred relationships between paleolake level and Ross Sea ice sheet grounding line positions indicate that the Ross Sea ice sheet advanced north of Garwood Valley at ca. 21.5 ka and retreated south of the valley between 7.3 and 5.5 ka. Buried ice remaining in Garwood Valley has a similar geochemical fingerprint to grounded Ross Sea ice sheet material elsewhere in the southern Dry Valleys. The sedimentary sequence in Garwood Valley preserves evidence of glaciofluvial interactions and climate-driven hydrological activity from the end of the Pleistocene through the mid-Holocene, making it an unusually complete record of climate activity and paleoenvironmental conditions from the terrestrial Antarctic.