cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis-Error Statistics of a Quasigeostrophic Model Using Three-Dimensional Variational Assimilation

A perfect model Monte Carlo experiment was conducted to explore the characteristics of analysis error in a quasigeostrophic model. An ensemble of cycled analyses was created, with each member of the ensemble receiving different observations and starting from different forecast states. Observations were created by adding random error (consistent with observational error statistics) to vertical profiles extracted from truth run data. Assimilation of new observations was performed every 12 h using a three-dimensional variational analysis scheme. Three observation densities were examined, a low-density network (one observation ; every 202 grid points), a moderate-density network (one observation ; every 102 grid points), and a high-density network (; every 52 grid points). Error characteristics were diagnosed primarily from a subset of 16 analysis times taken every 10 days from a long time series, with the first sample taken after a 50-day spinup. The goal of this paper is to understand the spatial, temporal, and some dynamical characteristics of analysis errors. Results suggest a nonlinear relationship between observational data density and analysis error; there was a much greater reduction in error from the low- to moderate-density networks than from moderate to high density. Errors in the analysis reflected both structured errors created by the chaotic dynamics as well as random observational errors. The correction of the background toward the observations reduced the error but also randomized the prior dynamical structure of the errors, though there was a dependence of error structure on observational data density. Generally, the more observations, the more homogeneous the errors were in time and space and the less the analysis errors projected onto the leading backward Lyapunov vectors. Analyses provided more information at higher wavenumbers as data density increased. Errors were largest in the upper troposphere and smallest in the mid- to lower troposphere. Relatively small ensembles were effective in capturing a large percentage of the analysis-error variance, though more members were needed to capture a specified fraction of the variance as observation density increased.
Change in Crystallinity During Heat Sealing of Cast Polypropylene Film

The crystallinity of a heat sealed region of corona treated poly propylene film was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The profile of thermograms of a film's sealed region diners from that of an unsealed region. The percent crystallinity of the heat sealed polypropylene increased after heat sealing. Crystallinity increased with a rise in sealing temperature. However, the heat sealing dwell time and pressure had little effect on the in crease in crystallinity.
Nonlinear bound on unstable fluctuation level in low-density non-neutral plasma

Application d'un modele de fluide froid a la description des evolutions non lineaires d'un plasma non neutre de faible densite immerge dans un champ magnetique axial intense. On suppose qu'il n'y a pas de dependance axiale et que le fluide electronique se deplace avec la vitesse de derive E×B usuelle. On utilise les contraintes de conservation globales satisfaites par les equations de continuite et de Poisson pour obtenir une limite non lineaire sur le niveau de fluctuation instable pour un profil de densite initial general
Metal-dependent gene regulation in the causative agent of Lyme disease.

Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) is the causative agent of Lyme disease transmitted to humans by ticks of the Ixodes spp. Bb is a unique bacterial pathogen because it does not require iron (Fe2+) for its metabolism. Bb encodes a ferritin-like Dps homolog called NapA (also called BicA), which can bind Fe or copper (Cu2+), and a manganese (Mn2+) transport protein, BmtA; both proteins are required for colonization of the tick vector, but BmtA is also required for the murine host. This demonstrates that Bb’s metal homeostasis is a critical facet of the complex enzootic life cycle between the arthropod and murine hosts. Although metals are known to influence the expression of virulence determinants during infection, it is unknown how or if metals regulate virulence in Bb. Recent evidence demonstrates that Bb modulates the intracellular Mn2+ and zinc (Zn2+) content and, in turn, these metals regulate gene expression through influencing the Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) homolog Borrelia Oxidative Stress Regulator (BosR). This mini-review focuses on the burgeoning study of metal-dependent gene regulation within Bb.
Oral step-down therapy is comparable to intravenous therapy for Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis.

Summary Background We hypothesized that regimens with an early switch to oral antibiotics are as effective as prolonged parenteral regimens for staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of adult patients with osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus as determined by sterile site cultures, who had at least 6months of follow-up post-therapy. The population was divided into two treatment groups: (1) an intravenous group (IV) that received ≥4weeks of parenteral therapy, and (2) a switch group that received Results A total of 72 patients (36 in each group) were identified with groups evenly matched for demographic and clinical characteristics. The overall apparent cure rate was 74%; 69% for the IV group and 78% for the switch group ( P =0.59). Apparent cure rates were similar regardless of duration of intravenous therapy: 83% P =0.68). Among the 39 patients who received rifampin-based combinations, those treated simultaneously with vancomycin and rifampin did significantly worse than those who received other rifampin combinations ( P Conclusions Overall outcomes did not differ significantly between IV and switch groups. Given the markedly lower costs and ease of administration, prolonged oral regimens after initial intravenous therapy may be a preferred regimen for staphylococcal osteomyelitis.
Distinct subsets of microRNAs are expressed differentially in the human placentas of patients with preeclampsia.

Objective Preeclampsia and small-for-gestational age (SGA) neonates have partially overlapping clinicopathologic features. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. This study was performed to determine whether preeclampsia and SGA are associated with alterations in placental miRNA expression. Study design Placentas were obtained from patients with (1) preeclampsia (n = 9); (2) SGA (n = 9); (3) preeclampsia + SGA (n = 9); and (4) a control group with spontaneous preterm labor and delivery (PTL; n = 9). The expression of 157 miRNAs was assessed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Differential expression between preeclampsia and the control group (miR-210, miR-182) and between preeclampsia + SGA and the control group (miR-210, miR-182*, and others) was found. Gene Ontology analysis of the target genes revealed enrichment for specific biological process categories (antiapoptosis: miR-182; regulation of transcription: miR-210). Conclusion This study reports, for the first time, increased expression of specific placental miRNAs in preeclampsia with and without SGA. The findings also provide novel targets for further investigation of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.
A Diagnostic and Modeling Study of the Monthly Mean Wintertime Anomalies Appearing in a 100-Year GCM Experiment

Abstract The nature of simulated atmospheric variability on monthly time scales has been investigated by analyzing the output from a 100-year integration of a spectral GCM with rhomboidal wavenumber 15 truncation. In this experiment, the seasonally varying, climatological sea surface temperature was prescribed throughout the world oceans. The principal modes of variability in the model experiment were identified by applying a rotated empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to the Northern Hemisphere monthly averaged 515-mb geopotential height for the winter season (November through March). The individual leading spatial modes are similar to the observed north-south dipoles over the North Atlantic and North Pacific, as well as wavelike patterns in the Pacific/North American and Northern Asian sectors. Quasigeostrophic geopotential tendencies forced by synoptic-scale (2.5–6 day) eddy vorticity and heat fluxes were computed for those months when the individual EOF modes are particularly active. The comp...
Reactions of Atomic Metal Ions with H2, CH4, and C2H6: Electronic Requirements for H—H, C—H, and C—C Bond Activation

One of the obligations (and difficulties) faced by gas phase inorganic chemist is relating their work to the general field of condensed phase inorgani chemistry. One specific area of common interest to both gas phase and con densed phase inorganic chemists is the activation of C—H bonds by meta centers. Research into homogeneous systems which activate alkanes has seei a flurry of activity in recent years.(1) Similarly, ever since the first observatioi by Allison, Freas, and Ridge(2) in 1979 that atomic transition metal ions cai activate C—H and C—C bonds, a tremendous amount of experimental worl has centered on the gas phase reactions of M+ with alkanes. Unfortunately the connection between these gas phase and condensed phase systems ha been elusive. This relationship is critical if the data of the gas phase chemis are to be most meaningful.
Internal Contradictions in the SEC's Proposed Proxy Access Rules

The Securities and Exchange Commission has proposed proxy rules mandating shareholder access under conditions that can be modified by a shareholder majority to make proxy access easier, but not more difficult. The Proposing Release, however, contradicts the Proposed Rules in two distinct respects that render the Proposed Rules arbitrary and capricious in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. The first contradiction relates to core principles of shareholder self determination. A fundamental premise of every proxy access proposal is that the majority of shareholders are sufficiently intelligent and responsible to nominate and elect directors. But the Proposed Rules prohibit the identical shareholder majority from establishing a proxy access regime, or from amending the Proposed Rules to establish more stringent access standards. The Commission offers no rationale as to why an identical majority of shareholders is so selectively intelligent and responsible that it can be relied upon to elect directors nominated pursuant to the Commission’s imposed access standards, but cannot be relied upon to set its own access standards.The second contradiction relates to the Commission’s assertion that the Proposed Rules replicate the physical shareholder meeting as governed by state law. Nothing in state law sets a minimum proxy access standard, defines the contours of any access proposal to be considered by shareholders, or prohibits a majority of shareholders from amending an access standard to make it more stringent while allowing the same majority to relax the standard. The Proposed Rules thus fail to achieve the Commission’s stated objective, and instead erect barriers to shareholder action that exist nowhere in state law.Both contradictions are potentially cured by a fully-enabling approach in which proxy rules are modified to allow shareholders to propose, and a majority of shareholders to adopt, access rules that are appropriately suited to the individual circumstances of individual corporations. Only this fully-enabling approach is consistent with core principles of shareholder self-determination, and with the operation of state law governing by-law amendments.
Prying into the Shadows: A General Equilibrium Model to Analyze the Effects of the Emerging Institutions on the Structure of Production and Welfare in Developing Countries

A two-sector general equilibrium model has been developed where the inelastically supplied male labor is used in both sectors, but the elastically supplied female labor is used only in the shadow economy. Women's economic participation involves a welfare loss in addition to the usual disutility from work as it conflicts with the existing social values and limits their access to the informal credit market involving neighbors, friends and relatives. The model disentangles the economic and welfare effects of the credit and non-credit based institutional interventions as observed in many developing countries. The finding suggests that microfinance, if not coupled with women's empowerment, may in fact result in only a zero sum game involving an increase of the percentage share of the shadow economy at the cost of the formal sector. The result also contests the conjectures of the existing literature that high economic growth will ultimately reduce the size of the shadow economy over time. Rather it shows that microfinance can increase the share of the informal sector even in a growing economy. Given the cognition of the literature that a large shadow economy can limit the provision of public goods, the finding of this paper is important for the donor agencies who are euphorically pouring funds for microcredit programs.
Moral or civic ties? Deservingness and engagement among undocumented Latinas in non-profit organisations

ABSTRACTAs alternatives to mainstream institutions, local non-profit organisations (NPOs) are important sites for immigrant civic engagement; yet, there is little research on how immigrants negotiate the benefits of NPOs. We use ethnographic fieldwork and multiple in-depth interviews with 39 NPO staff and Latina immigrants in San Francisco, California. We offer new insights about how undocumented, low-income, Latina mothers – a group constrained by multiple barriers – negotiate direct assistance and civic engagement in NPOs. Although NPOs provide both direct services and civic engagement opportunities, we find that moral judgments within the broader anti-immigrant and anti-welfare climate impact how Latinas feel the need to ‘give back’ or ‘ration’ services in NPOs. Additionally, the expectation that direct services are an entree for civic engagement has consequences for how Latinas negotiate deservingness and work to preserve their self-worth. For some, these expectations depress further engagement or dri...
Camera Keyframing using Linear Interpolation of Matrices

Alexa's method for linearly interpolating matrices is well-suited for application to camera matrices. This paper discusses implementation issues that arise when applying this method to camera interpolation. We show how to include the perspective matrix, even though Alexa's operators cannot be applied directly to it. We discuss cases where Alexa's operators fail to converge and show how to work around this problem. Additionally, we present implementation details for three interpolation methods: linear, spline-based smooth approximation, and smooth interpolation using subdivision. We also discuss general issues with implementing Alexa's method. We note changes to his provided pseudocode and discuss suitable values for e to maximize efficiency. Finally, we show examples of the technique and describe a quality metric that can be used to compare our technique to camera parameter interpolation.
Review: Immunology of sinusitis, trauma, asthma, and sepsis.

BackgroundThis review article is important for allergists/immunologists and otolaryngologists. It discussed chronic rhinosinusitis, epidemiology, pathogenesis, innate adaptive immunology, nuclear f...
Developmental Risk and Goodness of Fit in the Mother–Child Relationship: Links to Parenting Stress and Children's Behaviour Problems

Despite the compelling nature of goodness of fit, empirical support has lagged for this construct. The present study examined an interactional approach to measuring goodness of fit and prospectively explored associations with mother-child relationship quality, child behavior problems, and parenting stress across the preschool period. In addition, as goodness of fit might be particularly important for children at developmental risk, the presence of early developmental delay was considered as a moderator of goodness of fit processes. Children with (n = 110) and without (n = 137) developmental delays and their mothers were coded while interacting in the lab at child age 36 months and during naturalistic home observations at child ages 36 and 48 months. Mothers also completed questionnaires at child age 60 months. Results highlight the effects of child developmental risk as a moderator of mother-child goodness of fit processes across the preschool period. There was also evidence that the goodness of fit between maternal scaffolding and child activity level at 36 months influenced both mother and child functioning at 60 months. Findings call for more precise models and expanded developmental perspectives to fully capture the transactional and dynamic nature of goodness of fit.
Variant Calling From Next Generation Sequence Data

The use of next generation nucleotide sequencing to discover and genotype small sequence variants has led to numerous insights into the molecular causes of various diseases. This chapter describes the use of freely available software to align next generation sequencing reads to a reference and then to use the resulting alignments to call, annotate, view, and filter small sequence variants. The suggested variant calling workflow includes read alignment with novoalign, the removal of polymerase chain reaction duplicate sequences with samtools or bamUtils, and the detection of variants with Freebayes or bam2mpg software. ANNOVAR is then used to annotate the predicted variants using gene models, population frequencies, and predicted mutation severity, producing variant files which can be viewed and filtered with the variant display tool VarSifter.
The Importance of Healthy Living and Defining Lifestyle Medicine

Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are a primary source of the global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) and account for about 63 % of all deaths. Over the past several years, there has been an increased interest in evaluating the benefit of adhering to ‘low-risk lifestyle’ behaviors and ideal ‘cardiovascular health metrics.’ Although a healthy lifestyle has repeatedly been shown to improve mortality, the population prevalence of healthy living remains low. Lifestyle medicine is a new discipline that has recently emerged as a systematized approach for management of chronic disease. The practice of lifestyle medicine requires skills and competency in addressing multiple health-risk behaviors and improving self-management. This chapter focuses on the impact of a healthy lifestyle on chronic disease, the rarity of good health, and defining lifestyle medicine as a unique discipline.
Determination of Electrophoretic Forces in a Gel Matrix in Different Ionic Strength Conditions

Nanocoding, a genome analysis platform, relies on very low ionic strength conditions to elongate DNA molecules up to 1.06 (fully stretched DNA molecule = 1)1, which is the largest stretch reported in the literature. Understanding how electroosmotic and electrophoretic forces vary, as ionic strength decreases, will enable better Nanocoding devices to be developed. Using two different gel assays to determine electroosmotic and overall mobility (includes contributions from electrophoretic forces and electroosmotic forces), we were able to determine electrophoretic mobility in different ionic strength solutions. Our first gel assay relied on electrophoresising linear DNA molecules [pUC19 (2.7 kb), pBR322 (4.4 kb), φX174 (5.4 kb), and PSNAPf-H2B (6.2 kb)] in varying gel concentrations (1.5%, 1.25%, 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%) to determine the free solution mobility (overall mobility) of these molecules in dilutions of TE buffer. As the buffer concentration decreases from 2X (Ionic strength = 13.8 mM) to 1X (Ionic strength = 7.3 mM), the overall mobility increased. As we further diluted TE (< 1X TE), the overall mobility drastically decreased as the ionic strength decreased.1. Kounovsky-Shafer, K.L., Hernandez-Ortiz, J.P., Jo, K., Odijk, T., de Pablo, J.J., and David C. Schwartz, D.C. Presentation of large DNA molecules for analysis as nanoconfined dumbbells, Macromolecules, 2013, 46 (20), 8356-8368.
Structures, Processes, and the Flow of Information

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the structures and processes involved in human information processing through sensor-motor and memory. Human memory can be divided into different systems using a model known as the “Modal Memory Model.” The Modal Model postulates three broad sets of memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). The basic properties of sensory memory systems, STM, and LTM are discussed. The chapter reviews some major findings about how the flow of information between memory systems is regulated, including encoding and storage, rehearsal, and retrieval. These four concepts are useful in describing activities involved in the use of memory stores. The chapter focuses on the demands these various processes place on limited capacity mechanisms and on how the flow of information between different memory systems is controlled. A tentative analysis of processes involved in copying information among different memory structures is presented, postulating several distinct forms of “attention” with specifiably different properties.
Identification of extracellular miRNA in archived serum samples by next-generation sequencing from RNA extracted using multiple methods

miRNAs act as important regulators of gene expression by promoting mRNA degradation or by attenuating protein translation. Since miRNAs are stably expressed in bodily fluids, there is growing interest in profiling these miRNAs, as it is minimally invasive and cost-effective as a diagnostic matrix. A technical hurdle in studying miRNA dynamics is the ability to reliably extract miRNA as small sample volumes and low RNA abundance create challenges for extraction and downstream applications. The purpose of this study was to develop a pipeline for the recovery of miRNA using small volumes of archived serum samples. The RNA was extracted employing several widely utilized RNA isolation kits/methods with and without addition of a carrier. The small RNA library preparation was carried out using Illumina TruSeq small RNA kit and sequencing was carried out using Illumina platform. A fraction of five microliters of total RNA was used for library preparation as quantification is below the detection limit. We were able to profile miRNA levels in serum from all the methods tested. We found out that addition of nucleic acid based carrier molecules had higher numbers of processed reads but it did not enhance the mapping of any miRBase annotated sequences. However, some of the extraction procedures offer certain advantages: RNA extracted by TRIzol seemed to align to the miRBase best; extractions using TRIzol with carrier yielded higher miRNA-to-small RNA ratios. Nuclease free glycogen can be carrier of choice for miRNA sequencing. Our findings illustrate that miRNA extraction and quantification is influenced by the choice of methodologies. Addition of nucleic acid- based carrier molecules during extraction procedure is not a good choice when assaying miRNA using sequencing. The careful selection of an extraction method permits the archived serum samples to become valuable resources for high-throughput applications.
Subsurface Drainage Modeling

The original subsurface drainage model is the Hooghoudt equation, which is a one-dimensional steady-state simplification of the two-dimensional transient flow to parallel drains. It calculates the midpoint water table elevation between drains. Bower and van Schilfegaarde modified the Hooghoudt equation for transient analysis. The Bureau of Reclamation also developed drainage equations for transient analysis of midpoint water table elevation. Kirkham developed a Laplace analytic solution for the two-dimensional subsurface drainage geometry. He also adapted this solution for transient analysis with the concept of fixed streamtubes along the path of water flow. The advantage of this approach is that water table height can be simulated as a function of distance from the drain rather than just the midpoint water table elevation. The Kirkham streamtube approach is used in the WINDS drainage model, which enables WINDS to model water, salinity, and nitrogen in the soil profile as a function of distance from the drain. The chapter also includes an example of the economic analysis of drain spacing and depth.
Subpar Performance of the Mexican Economy in the NAFTA Era: Plausible Explanations

ABSTRACTSince 1994, the Mexican peso/U.S. dollar monthly real exchange rate conforms to the Purchasing Power Parity Theory. Evidently, Mexico has opened its economy and moved away from pre-NAFTA exchange rate interventionist policies. Mexico has tamed inflation—since 1999, the inflation rate has been stable relative to the U.S. inflation rate. Notwithstanding these impressive accomplishments, Mexico’s real GDP growth rate has lagged behind that of several Latin American countries. It is likely that the perceived state of lawlessness has dampened foreign investment and tourism. Additionally, higher labor costs relative to China have adversely affected manufacturing sector exports.
Walls of indifference: immigration and the militarization of the US-Mexico border

Above all, voices came alive in this intriguing ethnographic work of the militarization of the US-Mexico border. Author Nicole Torres aptly defines the parallels of the harsh environment of the ari...
Salvage external beam radiotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after definitive brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose Patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after definitive prostate brachytherapy have few evidence-based salvage options. We evaluate the efficacy and treatment-related side-effects of salvage external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) after definitive prostate brachytherapy (PBT). Methods and Materials Eleven patients previously treated with definitive PBT and with biopsy-proven local-only recurrence received salvage reirradiation with EBRT. Genitourinary (GU) function was assessed with International Prostate Symptom Scores. Treatment-related toxicities were graded using CTCAE v 4.03. Results Median follow-up was 26.5 months (range, 1–53.6 months); median age at EBRT salvage was 67 years (range, 61–81 years). Salvage EBRT included the whole pelvis in 8 patients. Two patients were treated with 3D-CRT; 9 underwent IMRT. Five patients (45%) received androgen deprivation therapy concurrent with salvage EBRT as part of long- or short-course hormone therapy. The median prostate dose was 70.2 Gy (range, 64.8–75.6 Gy). Actuarial 3-year overall and biochemical failure–free survival were 77% and 69%, respectively. Five patients (45%) had worsening GU symptoms, and 9 (82%) experienced a decline in erectile function. One patient experienced acute grade 2 GU toxicity. Four patients (36%) experienced late grade ≥2 GI/GU toxicities, including 2 who experienced grade 3 toxicities (rectourethral fistula/incontinence, bladder outlet obstruction). No grade 4/5 toxicities were noted. Conclusions Our data suggest that salvage EBRT can provide similar disease control and treatment-related toxicity to more established salvage therapies. This approach warrants further investigation on a larger scale.
Marijuana Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Review

Marijuana is used by millions of people, with use likely to increase in the USA because of the trend towards increased decriminalization and legalization. Obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) rates have increased dramatically in the USA over the past 30 years, with a recent estimate of 29 million individuals with DM. Because there is a plausible link between marijuana use and diabetes due to the known effects of cannabinoids on adipose tissue and glucose/insulin metabolism, it is important to study and understand how marijuana use is related to obesity and diabetes. This paper provides background on the human endocannabinoid system and studies of the association of marijuana use with body mass index/obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes. The studies to date have shown that marijuana use is associated with either lower odds or no difference in the odds of diabetes than non-use.
Bacteriophage T7 DNA Translocation during Infection is Bolstered by the Host ATP Synthase Complex

Translocation of bacteriophage T7 dsDNA into its host cell is an integral step in infection initiation that is energy dependent and is catalyzed principally by transcription per host and viral RNA polymerases. Here we show utilizing high-throughput cryo-electron tomography, a hexameric ring complex exists below the T7 trans-envelope channel in the host-cell cytoplasm during infection. Using sub-tomogram averaging and extensive classification we isolated T7 in the brief stage of genome translocation in coordination with the ring. This host-cell nanomachine is ∼30nm in diameter, ∼8nm in height with a ∼10nm channel. The complex was not observed in ATP synthase-deficient Escherichia coli mutants, suggesting that the complex functions in an energy-dependent manner. T7 grows in these mutant strains, and thus DNA ejection is not dependent on the complex. The ring is not host-specific; it has also been observed in an infected rough strain of Salmonella typhimurium, which supports the growth of T7. These results, only obtainable by in situ structural analysis, provide details on the essential process of DNA translocation and reveal the ability of T7 to recruit host-cell machinery to aid in the initiation of infection.
Reproductive Healthcare Services and the U.S. Supreme Court: beyond Roe v. Wade and 'Abortion Clinics'

At a time when the United States is sharply divided on women's reproductive rights, the focus has shifted from legality to that of access to reproductive healthcare services. This debate is too often defined by the pro-choice/anti-choice binary. This binary overlooks women who seek reproductive healthcare services for reasons other than abortion (such as pap smears, gynecological check-ups, birth control, STD testing, breast cancer preventive screenings, etc.). Self-proclaimed sidewalk counselors approach these women to convince them that there are alternatives to abortion. While some women may welcome a sidewalk counselor's approach, the women who choose to ignore them more often than not risk being scolded, yelled at, harassed, and humiliated publicly. These interactions leave many of these women shaken, nervous, and deterred from seeking necessary reproductive healthcare services. Many states have enacted buffer zone legislation to protect women trying to access reproductive healthcare clinics, but an overwhelming amount of these laws have been struck down on a First Amendment basis. The Supreme Court has decided these cases without defining who qualifies as a sidewalk counselor and who is properly deemed a more threatening protester against whom a legal action may be brought. This has caused great uncertainty in the law. This paper argues that sidewalk counselors and activists’ protesting against abortion outside of these clinics is futile. Reproductive healthcare clinics offer a wide range of services—not just abortions. Therefore, it is impossible for anti-abortion activists to ascertain who is seeking an abortion and who is not without intruding into women’s personal reproductive choices and medical needs. Buffer zones around reproductive healthcare facilities help protect women’s privacy and their right to access so they may obtain the reproductive healthcare they are entitled to receive.
Scaling Challenges for Advanced CMOS Devices

The economic health of the semiconductor industry requires substantial scaling of chip power, performance, and area with every new technology node that is ramped into manufacturing in two year intervals. With no direct physical link to any particular design dimensions, industry wide the technology node names are chosen to reflect the roughly 70% scaling of linear dimensions necessary to enable the doubling of transistor density predicted by Moore’s law and typically progress as 22nm, 14nm, 10nm, 7nm, 5nm, 3nm etc. At the time of this writing, the most advanced technology node in volume manufacturing is the 14nm node with the 7nm node in advanced development and 5nm in early exploration. The technology challenges to reach thus far have not been trivial. This review addresses the past innovation in response to the device challenges and discusses in-depth the integration challenges associated with the sub-22nm non-planar finFET technologies that are either in advanced technology development or in manufacturing. It discusses the integration challenges in patterning for both the front-end-of-line and back-end-of-line elements in the CMOS transistor. In addition, this article also gives a brief review of integrating an alternate channel material into the finFET technology, as well as next generation device architectures such as nanowire and vertical FETs. Lastly, it also discusses challenges dictated by the need to interconnect the ever-increasing density of transistors.
Is there Still a PR Problem Online? Exploring the Effects of Different Sources and Crisis Response Strategies in Online Crisis Communication Via Social Media

This study examined the effects of source and crisis response strategy on crisis communication outcomes in the context of social media. A 3 (source: organization, CEO, or customer) × 2 (strategy: accommodative or defensive) × 2 (crisis type: airline crash or bank hacking) mixed experimental study was conducted with 391 participants. The organizational sources were more likely to be perceived as more credible than the non-organizational sources. In particular, the CEO appeared to be the most trustworthy and credible source in delivering crisis messages. The path analysis indicated that perceived source credibility mediated the effect of source on reputation and behavioral intentions. This mediation appeared to be contingent on the type of crisis response strategy.
“We that are young”: Youth and Age in King Lear

This essay argues that reading Lear's characters within the paradigm of youth and age reveals the shaping power that stages of life have on each character's response to tragic situations. In fact, age provides characters with a framework for rebellious behavior, a way to cope with suffering, and one path to self-knowledge, that vital but elusive quality throughout Lear. Throughout the play, the venerable age of Lear and Gloucester is constantly evoked to display their lack of wisdom or to create greater pathos as they suffer. The younger characters, particularly Edgar and Cordelia, often frame their behavior in response to the expectations, and sufferings, of their elders. Additionally, Lear's own self-knowledge is tied in important ways to his age – it is important for him to realize not just that he is an ordinary man, fallible like any human, but also that he is an old man. These three ways in which age illuminates character – responding to expected behaviors, to suffering, and to self-knowledge – allo...
Coarse‐graining molecular dynamics models using an extended Galerkin projection method

SUMMARY We present a new framework for coarse-graining molecular dynamics models for crystalline solids. The reduction method is based on a Galerkin projection to a subspace, whose dimension is much smaller than that of the full atomistic model. To effectively reduce artificial reflections of phonons at the interface, we construct extended subspaces with increasing accuracy by adding more coarse-grained variables near the interface between lattice defects and the surrounding region. This approach is equivalent to the generalized Langevin model. But it eliminates the need to precompute the memory function, a well-known practical difficulty. Further, the variational formulation preserves the stability of the molecular models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of U.S. Census Bureau Data to Expose Students to Dynamic Population Growth

Global human population size and understanding how it has changed and will change in the future are important concepts for students. Here I describe exercises that use online databases provided by the U.S. Census Bureau to show students how both population size and the rate of change vary over time. In the first exercise, the U.S. population clock is used to calculate daily birth, death, and migrant and death rates, and how the world population clock is used to calculate the rate of change. These rates can be used to predict what the population size would be if the rates remained unchanged for a predetermined time interval. In the second exercise, historical data are used to determine the years with the most change in U.S. and world population size, then calculate how much larger the current population would be if those historical rates of change remained constant. These exercises have improved quantitative literacy while showing students current and historical trends in human population.
Using Adaptive Governance to Enhance Transitions toward Sustainable and Resilient Energy Systems

AbstractThe field of energy policy is concerned with the promotion of energy production systems and consumption patterns that enhance socio-economic well-being, energy efficiency, environmental protection, and equitable access. It is increasingly recognized that the attainment of sustainable energy systems requires a transformation from the current system, characterized by the dominance of fossil fuels, toward an alternative system that accommodates renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, modern biomass, and small-scale hydropower. Renewable energy sources offer several advantages, including environmental friendliness, diversity, security, and opportunities for local community involvement through decentralized management. Yet the process of transition toward alternative energy supply sources has been slow. Using theoretical insights from research on resilience in social-ecological systems, this paper argues for an adaptive governance approach to enhancing the transition toward sustainable and resil...
Abstracts presented at the International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) 19th Annual Meeting, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, October 2017.

The 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Addiction Medicine (ISAM) was held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in October 2017. Contained in this paper are the abstracts of scientif...
Do Right-to-Work Laws Work? Evidence from Individual Well-Being and Economic Sentiment

This paper investigates the effects of state right-to-work (RTW) laws on dimensions of individual well-being. Using licensed micro-data from Gallup between 2008-2017, this paper finds that the adoption of RTW laws is associated with a 0.029sd and 0.041sd increase in individual life satisfaction and economic sentiment, respectively. A difference-in-difference estimator suggests that these improvements are concentrated among union workers. These results are also robust to entropy balancing and border-pair approaches. Moreover, these improvements in well-being are consistent with an increase in competition among unions, which prompts them to provide higher quality services that are valued by their members.
Bestiarium Judaicum: Unnatural Histories of the Jews, by Jay Geller, New York, Fordham University Press, 2017, ix + 404 pp., US$75.00 (hardback), ISBN 978 0 8232 7559 5

Informed by critical animal studies, new historicism, and psychoanalysis, Jay Geller's Bestiarium Judaicum: Unnatural Histories of the Jews is witty and wide-ranging, its richness matching that of ...
Relative Costs and Benefits of a Continuous and a Periodic Forest Inventory in Minnesota

We show that the Annual Forest Inventory System (AFIS) being developed by the USDA Forest Service and tested in the state of Minnesota is no more costly than the periodic Minnesota forest inventory (12 year measurement cycle). Since very useful results could be generated with AFIS every 4 years in addition to the results from the periodic survey, a continuous inventory would be cost effective. Periodic surveys yield more precise estimates within the first few years of the full survey but afterwards the annual survey would be more precise. Where the changeover in precision occurs still needs to be determined. This cost-neutral advantage of AFIS is quite important to note since the USFS has decided to go to annualized inventories such as AFIS this year.
Snyder v. Phelps, Private Persons and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress: A Chance for the Supreme Court to Set Things Right

For nearly twenty years, the Westboro Baptist Church has been protesting at funerals with impunity. But that may change. In March, the Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari in a case in which the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, on First Amendment grounds, struck down a $5 million award against the church. The plaintiff was a private person who brought an action for intentional infliction of emotional distress and other torts. Albert Snyder was not involved in a matter of public debate but was merely attempting to bury his son when he was targeted by the church. The boundaries of intentional infliction cases should be narrowly drawn, but the Snyder case falls into even the most narrow of those boundaries. It involves a private figure involved in private matters, so the heightened burden of proof the Supreme Court established for public figures in intentional infliction actions does not apply. Snyder did not bring the action because he disagreed with the message disseminated by the church, so there was no debate on matters of public concern. The Supreme Court seems primed to overrule the Fourth Circuit and sustain the verdict, as it should.
ON GROUPS OF CENTRAL TYPE

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews groups of central type. K. Iwahori and S. Matsumoto noted that G, a finite group with center Z having an irreducible character x such that x (1) 2 = [G:Z], is a group of central type if and only if there is a central simple projective group algebra KH associated with G where H is finite. They conjectured that groups of central type are solvable. G/Z, where G is a counterexample to the conjecture, has a homomorpnic image, say G/N, such that S 1 × … × S m ≤ G/N ≤ Aut(S 1 × … × S m ), where S i ≅ S a non-Abelian simple group and G/N acts transitively on the m components.
Arrhythmias Caused by Cardiac Glycosides

Electrical manifestation of toxic doses of cardiac glycosides are reviewed. Cardiac glycosides have been shown to: 1) intoxicate Purkinje fibers sooner than ventricular muscle fibers; 2) enhance the pacemaker potential in specialized fibers of the heart but not to induce diastolic depolarization in working myocardium; 3) intoxicate an active fiber sooner than a resting fiber; 4) induce activity in quiescent fibers and accelerate spontaneously active fibers; 5) cause transient depolarizations on top of diastolic depolarization; 6) provoke small fast discharging action potentials at a depolarized level; 7) enhance idioventricular automaticity in vivo, although not consistently; 8) cause repetitive ectopic activity which depends on an initiating beat; and 9) poison the sodium-potassium pump and thus abolish overdrive suppression. All these actions appear of interest in accounting for some of the arrhythmias encountered in man.
Effect of Surface Slope and Build Orientation on Surface Finish and Dimensional Accuracy in Material Jetting Processes

Abstract This work seeks to elucidate the effect of surface slope and build orientation upon the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of specimens fabricated by material jetting processes. Specimens with a flat area and four feature designs (i.e., spherical and prismatic hole and protrusions) were printed in two orientations (i.e., along (XY) and across (YX) the print head direction) and two surface slopes (i.e., horizontal (0∘) and 45∘) and scanned with a white-light profilometer to quantify the surface texture, areal, and material ratio parameters for dimensional accuracy and areal fidelity. The results indicate that surface slope and build orientation appear to have a greater influence on the recessed features compared to the protruded ones. The height and volumetric functional surface parameters are significant and show better surface finish for the 0∘ surface slope compared to 45∘. Also, prismatic and recessed features might benefit from printing on a 45∘ sloped surface while the design fidelity of cross-sections in holes and protrusions greatly vary depending on the specimen slope. The contributions of this work include illustrating the potential for increased production, resolution and fidelity capabilities if 3D printing equipment could incorporate tilting print trays, adaptable print orientation, and local angles, among others.
Rooted Pedagogies: Black Women Activist Teachers Planting Seeds

The history of activism on the part of African American women has laid the foundation on which contemporary African American women activists and scholars have developed theories, critiques, and cultural frameworks that challenges pre- established paradigms and epistemologies. This paper focuses on extending the research that begun on African American teacher activists to gain sufficient insight into their political perspectives and how their perspectives were manifested in their personal and professional lives to influence their role as a teacher. This study was informed by black feminist epistemology and it employs portraiture as its research methodology. Data analysis yielded significant findings. The subjects of the study considered those life experiences to be most significant that contributed in developing their critical consciousness as children through the influence of their family, school, and community. Each teacher pointed to the need to teach critical thinking skills so that students of color will be able to establish their places in the world as productive citizens. The pedagogical approaches of the black women activist teachers were theorized and it emerged as a model of Rooted Pedagogies grounded in the historical tradition of black women’s activism. Furthermore, the implications for teacher education and practice were discussed, alongside with the recommendations for future research.
CARMA3 Is a Critical Mediator of G Protein-Coupled Receptor and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Driven Solid Tumor Pathogenesis.

The CARMA-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome, an intracellular protein complex composed of a CARMA scaffolding protein, the Bcl10 linker protein, and the MALT1 protease, was first discovered because the genes encoding its components are targeted by mutation and chromosomal translocation in lymphoid malignancy. We now know that the CBM signalosome plays a critical role in normal lymphocyte function by mediating antigen receptor-dependent activation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-survival NF-B transcription factor, and that deregulation of this signaling complex promotes B-cell lymphomagenesis. More recently, we and others have demonstrated that a CBM signalosome also operates in cells outside of the immune system, including in several solid tumors. In this case, CARMA1 (also referred to as CARD11), which is expressed primarily within hematopoietic cells, is replaced by the more widely expressed CARMA3 (CARD10), and the resultant CARMA3-containing CBM complex operates downstream of specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and/or growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Since inappropriate expression and activation of GPCRs and/or RTKs underlies the pathogenesis of several solid tumors, there is now great interest in elucidating the contribution of CARMA3-mediated cellular signaling in these malignancies. Here, we summarize the key discoveries leading to our current understanding of the role of CARMA3 in solid tumor biology and highlight the current gaps in our knowledge.
Complex Variables and Functions

Complex numbers and functions are discussed. This material lays the groundwork for fundamental relaxation results.
THE FORGOTTEN ACCOUNTING ASSOCIATION: THE INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTS

This paper focuses on the origin and operation of the Institute of Accountants and Bookkeepers established in New York City in 1882, one of the earliest recorded efforts to establish the accounting...