cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-self-injective injective hulls with compatible multiplication

Let R be a ring, and let S be the injective hull of the right regular module RR. Suppose that S can be made into a ring with multiplication compatible with that of R. Osofsky, in 1964, asked if SS is necessarily injective. We construct examples giving a negative answer to this question, and even construct an infinite chain of such rings.
Superconformal ward identities and the WZW model

Abstract We discuss the supersymmetric Wess-Zumino-Witten model in the context of superconformal field theory. The values of the superconformal central charge and the anomalous dimensions of all fields are shown to follow from the defining relation of the model. The superconformal and super-Kac-Moody Ward identities are employed to find the exact super-four-point function for the elementary field of the model, both for SU(N) and(N) symmetry.
Optimization of BARC for nonplanar lithography by three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation

A rigorous 3D nonplanar lithography simulator based on the integral equation approach to electromagnetic scattering is presented. The novelty of our approach lies in computing the scattering of each diffraction order separately during the initial setup phase of a simulation. Thereafter, the image intensity distributions for arbitrary mask geometries and defocus settings can be generated readily by appropriate superposition of the scattering results for the various diffraction orders. This capability allows one to simulate the effects of mask bias and defocus on a given BARC process efficiently.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intrinsic Role of Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule in Photic Phase Resetting of the Mammalian Circadian Clock

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the location of the mammalian circadian clock, are one of the few adult brain regions that express the highly polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). A role for the polysialic acid (PSA) component of PSA-NCAM, which is known to promote tissue plasticity, has been reported for photic entrainment of circadian rhythmicity in vivo. The in vivo results, however, do not discriminate between PSA acting upstream or downstream of the glutamatergic synapses that convey photic information to the SCN. To address this key issue, we exploited an in vitro rat brain slice preparation that retains robust circadian function. As in the intact SCN, PSA levels in the isolated SCN are rhythmic, with higher levels during the early subjective day and lower levels during subjective night. Importantly, bath application of glutamate to SCN slices rapidly and transiently increases PSA levels during both the subjective day and night. Pretreating the slices with endoneuraminidase, which selectively removes PSA from NCAM and thereby prevents this increase, abolishes glutamate- and optic chiasm stimulation-induced phase delays of the SCN circadian neuronal activity rhythm. These results support the hypothesis that PSA expression in the SCN is controlled by both the circadian clock and photic input to the clock and that expression of PSA in the SCN is critical for photic-like phase shifts of the clock. Together, these results establish that such actions of PSA are manifested downstream from presynaptic retinohypothalamic terminals and therefore are intrinsic to the SCN itself.
Performance and characterization of a 20 kV, contact face illuminated, silicon carbide photoconductive semiconductor switch for pulsed power applications

A 20 kV, lateral geometry, contact face illuminated, silicon carbide (SiC) photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) is presented. The SiC PCSS was fabricated from high purity semi-insulating, bulk 4H-SiC (12.7 mm × 12.7 mm × 0.35 mm), in a lateral geometry, (0.6 mm gap) with both the anode and cathode contacts located on the same face of the device. The device was illuminated with light from a tripled Nd:YAG laser (355 nm-7 ns FWHM) entering from the contact face. The device demonstrated sub-ohm on-state resistance for laser pulse energies in the mJ range, and micro-amp leakage currents at 20 kVdc in the off-state. Voltage hold-off and low leakage currents in the off state were achieved through high energy electron beam irradiation of the bulk material. The switch's geometry and packaging are discussed, along with experimental switching and blocking characteristics.
Drafting Support for War: Conscription and Mass Support for Warfare

How does a military’s recruitment policy—whether a country has a draft or conscript army—influence mass support for war? We investigate how military recruitment affects the way the American public evaluates whether a war is worth fighting. While some argue that conscription decreases support for war by making its costs more salient, others argue that it increases support by signaling the importance of the conflict. Existing evidence is inconclusive, with data limited to one particular conflict. Using an original survey experiment, we find strong support for the argument that conscription decreases mass support for war, a finding that replicates in several different settings. We also show that these findings are driven by concerns about self-interest, consistent with our theory. We conclude by discussing the relevance of these findings for debates about how domestic political conditions influence when states go to war.
What Did You Expect? An Examination of Career-Related Support and Social Support Among Mentors and Protégés

Perceptions of mentors and proteges were examined to understand how the mentoring exchange is perceived and how perceptions of the exchange influence feelings about the relationship. In particular, we suggest that there are specific behaviors related to career and social support exhibited throughout the mentoring process. It was hypothesized that when relevant career and social support behaviors are exhibited sufficiently to meet the expectations of a partner, higher levels of relationship effectiveness, and trust for a partner are realized. Findings indicate that when proteges are open to advisement and coaching, and put forth effort in accomplishing required work or projects, a mentor’s perceptions of relationship effectiveness and trust felt for the protege are positively influenced. When mentors engage in sufficient levels of social support behaviors to meet a protege’s expectations, a protege will form higher perceptions of relationship effectiveness and trust for the mentor. The findings of this stu...
Relations as semantic constructs in an object-oriented language

The relation as a semantic construct in an object-oriented language clearly expresses associations and constraints among objects which would otherwise be buried in implementation code. The externalization of references between objects permits a symmetric, non-redundant conceptual model which merits its own special notation and predefined operations. The object-relation model, which combines the object-oriented model with the entity-relationship model from data base theory, is particularly useful for designing and partitioning systems of interrelated objects. Relations can be implemented efficiently using hash tables. The model proposed here has been fully implemented in an object-oriented language written by the author which has been used to implement several production applications.
Effect of certain surface active agents upon bacterial growth.

The character of the growth of rough strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, and Neisseria catarrbalis was not changed when these organisms were cultured in the presence of 0.001 to 0.0001 per cent of sodium lauryl sulfate. Lecithin in concentrations of 0.003 to 0.01 per cent stimulated the growth of the two Grampositive organisms but had no effect upon the growth of the Gram-negative organism. Tween 80 in concentrations of 0.3 to 2 per cent caused the rough Staphylococcus aureus to grow as a smooth suspension in broth medium but did not change the colony structure on agar medium. The Streptococcus and Neisseria species were not affected.
Historical Fiction as Oppositional Discourse: A Retrieval of Georg Lukács' Popular Front Revival of Walter Scott's Historical Novels

Abstract In 1936–37, during the popular front movement against fascism, the German speaking Hungarian philosopher, Georg Lukacs used a version of Marxist class theory deeply rooted a German philosophy—specifically Hegelian politics, ethics and aesthetics—to interpret Walter Scott's historical novels. Lukacs also interpreted Hegel as a republican in politics and ethics. In doing so, he paved the way for a republican interpretation of Scott. My thesis is that increased emphasis on republican ethics can fit the oppositional aesthetic qualities of Scott's historical novels extremely closely to their oppositional political themes.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals: a new standard for scientific evidence in the courts?

The Supreme Court, in Daubert v. Merrell Dow explored the guidelines for admitting “scientific evidence” by way of expert opinion in legal cases. The Federal Rules of Evidence that were revised in 1975 did not explicitly mention the Frye standard and thus left it unclear as to what guidelines should be used by judges in federal courts. The Court held that the Frye rule was superseded by the new Rules and that the judge had to exercise some gatekeeping functions. An expert with sufficient credentials and something relevant to say was an insufficient standard. The implications of this ruling for psychiatric expert testimony are reviewed.
A HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE MAP FOR THE STATE OF GEORGIA

Hydrologic response, defined as the ratio annual direct runoff divided by the annual precipitation, was calculated from 178 years of record on 55 watersheds less than 200 mi2 in the State of Georgia. Direct runoff was determined from Geological Survey records by a universal method of hydrograph separation. Regression analysis showed that the effect of area and the deviation of actual from normal annual precipitation can be removed from the response ratio, revealing the average capacity of watershed source areas for releasing or detaining potential flood waters. A map of Georgia reveals a four-fold range in the response ratio between major provinces, and another map of a small mountain watershed shows an eight-fold range over a distance of three miles. The response ratio is proposed as a new mapping unit and its use in watershed planning and education is discussed.
On Mass Distribution: A case study of chain stores in the restaurant industry

This article considers the problem of chain store development in a particular area of retail trade – the restaurant industry. Restaurants have been singled out as the quintessential example of chain store organization. In this article, it is suggested that, in spite of the increasingly huge size of the market, substantial segments of the industry are composed of single, independent establishments. After drawing on the distinction between full-service and fast-food restaurants, the author shows that mass distribution develops in a bipolar fashion across proximate fields – high in the fast-food sector and minimal in the full-service sector. Differential chain store growth is traced to variation in profit environments. Data from the economic census on chain store development from 1963 to 1992 are used to support the conclusion that different profit environments generate different market structures and different strategies for survival.
Ultrasound evaluation of sacroiliac motion in normal volunteers.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives We demonstrated quantitatively, using ultrasound imaging, the passive range of motion of the normal sacroiliac (SI) joint. Methods Ultrasound images of the SI joints of 22 adults at rest and during a manual medicine maneuver designed to induce a passive range of motion in the SI joint were obtained. Differences between the baseline alignment of the SI joint and alignment during induced passive motion were observed and measured by six radiologists. Results Significant movement (>2 mm) of at least one SI joint was demonstrated in 82% of the subjects using ultrasound recordings. Interobserver ( r = .49–.81) and intraobserver ( r = .87) correlations were high. Conclusion The results suggest that the range of passive SI joint motion is more than 2 mm, and may be up to 10 mm in some normal subjects, and that ultrasound imaging could be a useful method for assessing passive SI movement.
Mapping specific adhesive interactions on living human intestinal epithelial cells with atomic force microscopy

Specific molecular-receptor interactions with gut epithelium cells are important in understanding bioactivity of food components and drugs, binding of commensal microflora, attachment and initiation of defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria and for development of targeted delivery systems to the gut. However, methods for probing such interactions are lacking. Methodology has been developed and validated to measure specific molecular-receptor interactions on living human colorectal cancer cells as in vitro models for the gut epithelium. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure ligand-receptor interactions and to map receptor locations on cell surfaces. Measurements were made using silica beads attached to the AFM tip-cantilever assembly, which were functionalized by coupling of ligands to the bead surface. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) binds to the glycosylated extracellular domain III of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Methodology was tested by measuring binding of WGA to the surface of confluent monolayers of living Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. The measured modal detachment force of 125 pN is typical of values expected for single molecule interactions. Adhesive events were used to map the location of binding sites on the cell surface revealing heterogeneity in their distribution within and between cells within the monolayer.
ROBOImplant II: Development of a Noninvasive Controller/Actuator for Wireless Correction of Orthopedic Structural Deformities

An implantable actuator and its accompanying driver circuit are presented for the purpose of lengthening bones and correcting skeletal deformities without requiring physical contact between the operator and the implanted device. This system utilizes magnetic coupling to form a magnetic gear, allowing an external motor to drive an implantable telescoping rod. The accompanying electronics are able to monitor the progress, in the form of turns delivered, as well as detect procedural errors, such as magnet decoupling. The force applied by the implanted telescoping rod can be accurately measured by monitoring the current necessary for the external controller to drive the extension of the implanted rod. After characterization, the system was shown to reliably deliver extension distances within 34 μm and maintain coupling out to 70 mm. The system is also able to measure torques as low as 0.12 mN m. System variability and accuracy of external monitoring are addressed.
Stereotypes of Giftedness in Current and Future Educators

This article is a mixed-methods exploration of the levels of stereotypic views about gifted individuals held by current and future educators. Because educators are often asked to provide recommendations for participation in gifted programs, it is important to determine whether those recommendations are based, in part, on stereotypic thinking. Stereotypic views held by educators could bias the selection of participants for gifted programs, preventing students from receiving appropriate gifted educational services. Participants were volunteer undergraduate (n = 91) and graduate (n = 20) education majors. Qualitative and quantitative data analyses were conducted to determine both the levels of stereotypic thinking within each group as well as differences in levels of stereotypic thinking between groups. Results suggest both preservice and in-service teachers hold stereotypical thoughts about the gifted in multiple areas.
Personality Interactions and Scaffolding in On-Line Discussions

The potential of on-line discussions to prompt greater reflection of course material is often stymied by a tendency of students to agree with one another rather than to formulate counter-arguments. This article describes an experiment using note starters and elaborated cases to encourage counterargumentation and examines interactions with personality characteristics. Participants were 48 undergraduates who wrote on-line discussion notes in response to two issues in educational psychology. Participants also completed a personality survey, based on McCrae and Costa’s (1997) five-factor personality model. There was a significant positive main effect of note starters on the frequency of disagreement, as well as personality-treatment interactions between note starters and several personality characteristics, The results suggest that note starters are most useful for students with low degrees of curiosity (“openness to ideas”) or assertiveness, and who are not overly anxious. Note starters appear to encourage students to consider other points of view during on-line discussions.
Methods for Peptide and Protein Quantitation by Liquid Chromatography-Multiple Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry

Liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry of peptides using stable isotope dilution (SID) provides a powerful tool for targeted protein quantitation. However, the high cost of labeled peptide standards for SID poses an obstacle to multiple reaction monitoring studies. We compared SID to a labeled reference peptide (LRP) method, which uses a single labeled peptide as a reference standard for all measured peptides, and a label-free (LF) approach, in which quantitation is based on analysis of un-normalized peak areas for detected MRM transitions. We analyzed peptides from the Escherichia coli proteins alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase spiked into lysates from human colon adenocarcinoma RKO cells. We also analyzed liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry data from a recently published interlaboratory study by the National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomic Technology Assessment for Cancer network (Addona et al. (2009) Nat. Biotechnol. 27: 633–641), in which unlabeled and isotopically labeled synthetic peptides or their corresponding proteins were spiked into human plasma. SID displayed the highest correlation coefficients and lowest coefficient of variation in regression analyses of both peptide and protein spike studies. In protein spike experiments, median coefficient of variation values were about 10% for SID and 20–30% for LRP and LF methods. Power calculations indicated that differences in measurement error between the methods have much less impact on measured protein expression differences than biological variation. All three methods detected significant (p < 0.05) differential expression of three endogenous proteins in a test set of 10 pairs of human lung tumor and control tissues. Further, the LRP and LF methods both detected significant differences (p < 0.05) in levels of seven biomarker candidates between tumors and controls in the same set of lung tissue samples. The data indicate that the LRP and LF methods provide cost-effective alternatives to SID for many quantitative liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry applications.
Optimization of Active Layer and Anode Electrode for High-Performance Inverted Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells

Inverted ZnO-NPs/C60-self-assembled monolayer (SAM)/poly(3-hexyl-thiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester solar cell devices were systemically optimized by varying the weight blend ratio of donor and acceptor from 1:0 to 1:1, the active layer thickness, the annealing temperature, the annealing time, and the top anode electrode. These inverted cells using C60-SAM modification show a transition to a more bulkheterojunction device at blend ratios of 1:0.3 to 1:0.4, thus leading to large increase in device efficiencies from 1.6% to 3.5%. Further increase in the ratio shows eventual saturation in device efficiency to 4.5%, thus indicating an optimum blend composition. A strong dependence of the annealing temperature and time on the fill factor of the device is observed, which is correlated to changes in the morphology of the active layer. The anode metal electrode work function was varied using Ca/Al, Al, Ag, Cu, Au, and Pd as the contacts. Devices incorporating a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) between the active layer and anode electrode exhibit similar Voc regardless of electrode work function, whereas devices without the PEDOT:PSS layer exhibited behavior more similar to the MIM model. Optimized devices show efficiencies of 4.5% using a blend ratio of 1:0.7, an active layer thickness of ~200 nm, and a thermal annealing condition of 160°C for 10 min using Ag as the top-metal-anode contact. Inverted polymer-based solar cells using cheaper metals like Cu showed similar device efficiency.
Endoscopic management of benign and malignant biliary strictures

Background It is now possible to manage most extrahepatic bile duct strictures, benign or malignant, using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography (ERCP) with endoscopic dilatation and stenting. Methods Over a 5-year period we treated 218 patients with strictures of extrahepatic bile ducts. Eighty-six patients had benign biliary stricture. Endoscopic treatment was performed in 67 (78%) of these patients. Open surgical biliary drainage was preferred in 12 patients (14%), and 7 patients (8%) were managed conservatively without stenting or surgery. One hundred and thirty-two patients had malignant biliary stricture. One hundred and one patients (77%) underwent endoscopic stent placement. Thirty-one patients (23%) underwent surgery for potential curative resection after diagnostic ERCP. The average life span in the malignant stricture group was 5 months (range 0.1 to 25 months) after the initial endoscopic procedure. Results Altogether 313 endoscopic procedures in 218 patients were performed for benign and malignant bile duct strictures. Complications included hemorrhage in 8 (3%), pancreatitis in 10 (3%), and suspected retroperitoneal perforation in 2 (0.6%). There were no ERCP related deaths; one patient died of uncontrolled bleeding from transhepatic stenting. In benign strictures, there has been no recurrence of strictures after the last stent removal with a mean followup of 21 months (range 0.1 to 31 months). All complications were successfully treated conservatively. Conclusions Endoscopic management of benign and malignant biliary stricture is possible with minimal morbidity and mortality and should be considered an acceptable option to surgical management.
Kinetically-aware Conformational Distances in Molecular Dynamics

In this paper, we present a novel approach for discovering kinetically metastable states of biomolecular conformations. Several kinetically-aware metrics which encode both geometric and kinetic information about biomolecules are proposed. We embed the new metrics into k-center clustering and r-cover clustering algorithms to estimate the metastable states. Those clustering algorithms using kinetically-aware metrics are tested on a large scale biomolecule conformation dataset. It turns out that our algorithms are able to identify the kinetic meaningful clusters.
Accuracy and feasibility of contrast echocardiography for detection of perfusion defects in routine practice: Comparison with wall motion and Technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography

Abstract Objectives. We sought to assess the feasibility and accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) using standard imaging approaches for the detection of perfusion defects in patients who had a myocardial infarction (MI). Background. Myocardial contrast echocardiography may be more versatile than perfusion scintigraphy for identifying the presence and extent of perfusion defects after MI. However, its reliability in routine practice is unclear. Methods. Fundamental or harmonic MCE was performed with continuous or triggered imaging in 203 patients with a previous MI using bolus doses of a perfluorocarbon-filled contrast agent (NC100100). All patients underwent single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) after the injection of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi at rest. Quantitative and semiquantitative SPECT, wall motion and digitized echocardiographic data were interpreted independently. The accuracy of MCE was assessed for detection of segments and patients with moderate and severe sestamibi-SPECT defects, as well as for detection of patients with extensive perfusion defects (>12% of left ventricle). Results. In segments with diagnostic MCE, the segmental sensitivity ranged from 14% to 65%, and the specificity varied from 78% to 95%, depending on the dose of contrast agent. Using both segment- and patient-based analysis, the greatest accuracy and proportion of interpretable images were obtained using harmonic imaging in the triggered mode. For the detection of extensive defects, the sensitivity varied from 13% to 48%, with specificity from 63% to 100%. Harmonic imaging remained the most accurate approach. Time since MI and SPECT defect location and intensity were all determinants of the MCE response. The extent of defects on MCE was less than the extent of either abnormal wall motion or SPECT abnormalities. The combination of wall motion and MCE assessment gave the best balance of sensitivity (46% to 55%) and specificity (82% to 83%). Conclusions. Although MCE is specific, it has limited sensitivity for detection of moderate or severe perfusion defects, and it underestimates the extent of SPECT defects. The best results are obtained by integration with wall motion. More sophisticated methods of acquisition and interpretation are needed to enhance the feasibility of this technique in routine practice.
"Damned if you do, damned if you don't": perceptions of guns, safety, and legitimacy among detained gun offenders

Procedural justice research generally indicates that legitimacy produces compliance when people perceive the law and legal actors to be fair. Drawing upon 140 in-depth interviews with gun offenders...
Ideologías del alfabetismo en una ceremonia de año nuevo en Chicontepec, Veracruz

Este articulo analiza la sangria ceremonial de aves como una firma contractual entre los participantes de la ceremonia y los dioses de la naturaleza. De manera mas especifica, trata de dos casos realizados en la ceremonia de Moyankwilia, de la comunidad nahua de Tepecxitla, en el mes de enero de los anos 2004 y 2005. El analisis demuestra que esta firma simbolica refleja y reproduce ideologias actuales sobre el alfabetismo, y particularmente las relativas a las funciones de la escritura para la vida cotidiana. Los datos empleados en este articulo provienen de mi observacion participante, de entrevistas con costumbristas, y grabaciones digitales. Finalmente, los casos de la firma contractual y otros ejemplos de symbolic literacy events en la Moyankwilia aparecen como adaptaciones de la escritura, en las cuales las relaciones sociales e institucionales, prescritas en la documentacion cotidiana, tienen su propio valor en contextos ceremoniales. Abstract : This article analyzes ceremonial fowl bloodletting as the signature of a contract between the ceremonial participants and the deities of nature. Specifically, this article will address two cases of the Moyankwilia ceremony, performed in the Nahua community of Tepecxitla, in January of 2004 and 2005. The thesis of this analysis is that this symbolic signature reflects and reproduces current ideologies about literacy, specifically about the functions of literacy in daily life. Data for this article come from my participant observations; interviews with local chroniclers; and digital recordings. Finally, the cases of the contractual signature and other examples of “symbolic literacy events” in Moyankwilia appear as adaptations of writing, in which social and institutional relations, prescribed in daily life, have their own distinct value in ceremonial contexts. Resume : Cet article analyse la saignee de la volaille comme la signature d’un contrat entre les participants d’une ceremonie et les dieux de la nature. Plus specifiquement, cet article concerne deux exemples de la ceremonie de Moyankwilia, realisee dans la communaute nahua de Tepecxitla, en janvier 2004 et 2005. Cette analyse demontre que cette signature symbolique reflete et reproduit les ideologies courantes a propos de l’alphabetisme, en particulier en ce qui concerne les fonctions de l’alphabetisme dans la vie quotidienne. L’information contenue dans cet article est issue de mes observations participantes, de mes entretiens avec des costumbristas et de mes enregistrements numeriques. Finalement, les exemples de la signature contractuelle et les autres exemples de “ symbolic literacy events ” a Moyankwilia apparaissent comme des adaptations de l’ecriture, dans lesquelles les relations sociales et institutionnelles, prescrites dans la vie quotidienne, ont leur propre valeur dans les contextes ceremoniels.
Quadriceps dislocation medial approach for intraarticular and medial structures of the knee.

To minimize possible complications such as patellar subluxation, quadriceps atrophy and skin tightness and slough which interfere with successful rehabilitation following knee surgery, the author employed a quadriceps dislocation medial approach for total knee arthroplasty and ligament (medial and both cruciates) surgery. The results of this approach (99 knees) were compared with a medial capsular incision approach (111 knees), a lateral capsular incision approach (114 knees), and Hughston's medial hockey stick incision approach (122 knees). The skin slough, patellar subluxation, and sense of tightness during rehabilitation occurred least with the quadriceps dislocation medial approach (P less than .05). The quadriceps dislocation medial approach was also the most convenient approach of the four.
Editorial: New Publication Mode for "Issues and Trends in Educational Technology"

Recognizing that academic culture is adapting to technological affordances, Issues and Trends in Educational Technology will now publish articles as they are approved for inclusion in each issue. DOI: 10.2458/azu_itet_v1i2_czerkawski
CX3CR1 ablation ameliorates motor and respiratory dysfunctions and improves survival of a Rett syndrome mouse model.

Abstract Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding MeCP2, an epigenetic modulator that binds the methyl CpG dinucleotide in target genes to regulate transcription. Previously we and others reported a role of microglia in the pathophysiology of RTT. Because microglia in the Mecp2 knockout ( Mecp2KO ) mouse model of RTT over-produce neurotoxic mediators glutamate and reactive oxygen species, we hypothesize that blocking neuron–microglia interaction by ablation of CX 3 CR1, a chemokine receptor expressed in microglia/myeloid cells mediating such interaction by pairing with its neuronal ligand CX 3 CL1, would ameliorate the RTT-like phenotype in Mecp2KO mice. Here we report that CX 3 CR1 ablation prolonged the lifespan of Mecp2KO mice from a median survival of 54.5–74 days, and significantly improved the body weight gain, symptomatic scores, major respiratory parameters, and motor coordination and performance. CX 3 CR1 ablation rectified previously identified histological abnormalities in the Mecp2KO brain such as neuronal soma size in hippocampal CA2, and the number, soma size, and process complexity of microglia. Moreover, CX 3 CR1 ablation enhanced the neurotrophic action of microglia in Mecp2KO mice by producing higher amount of insulin-like growth factor 1. Our data support a role of myeloid cells/microglia in RTT and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for RTT by targeting CX 3 CR1 with specific antagonists or genetic downregulation.
“Every Journey Begins with a Single Step”: Building Localized Movements for Global Peace and Sustainability

This article explores the local dimensions of movement work being done with regard to ostensibly global issues such as economic justice and environmental degradation. It is posited that local work focusing on peace/nonviolence and resilience/sustainability is often emphasized by virtue of necessity and efficacy alike. Issues of global import play out in myriad local contexts, and represent a point of convergence between peace and environmental movements. This analysis highlights the inherent connection between social and environmental issues, and between microcosmic and macrocosmic processes. It is concluded that small steps by networked actors can impact larger issues in a meaningful way.
Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal of Empoasca fabae12

The alimentary canal of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), is one without a true filter chamber. The distinctive features are (1) the absence of suspensory muscles and associated membranes enclosing anterior and posterior parts of the mesenteron and/or anterior portion of the proctodeum, and (2) the location of the malpighian tubule attachments near the union of the mesenteron with the short proctodeum. Since 2 constricted areas of ventriculus II are closely associated with the fused distal ends of the malpighian tubules and the anterior portion of ventriculus I, perhaps a functional but different type of filtering mechanism is utilized by this leafhopper.
Four New Species of Drosophila, with Notes on the Funebris Group

Two of the species herein described, Drosophila subfunebrisr n. sp., and Drosophila macrospina, n. sp., appear to be closely related to Drosophila funebris Fabricius, type species of the genus. Drosophila funebris has been used extensively in genetic studies by H. A. and N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1926), Spencer (1928), Romaschoff and Balkashina (1931) and others- Over one hundred mutant types have been recorded. In general the nature of these mutations, at least in their phenotypic expression, differs markedly from that of mutations found in other species of the genus, i. e., melanogaster Meig., virilis-Sturt ., pseudoobscura, hydei Sturt., ananassae, simulans Sturt. and willistoni .
Detection of a brain metastasis from osteosarcoma with 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate bone scanning.

99mTc-methylene diposphonate (MDP) bone scintigraphy demonstrated localization in an intracranial metastasis of osteogenic sarcoma. This unusual case suggests that bone scintigraphy may have diagnostic value in the early diagnosis of metastatic ossifying lesions.
A full-wave phase aberration correction method for transcranial high-intensity focused ultrasound brain therapies

Transcranial high-intensity focused ultrasound has recently been used to noninvasively treat several types of brain disorders. However, due to the large differences in acoustic properties of skulls and the surrounding soft tissue, it can be a challenge to adequately focus an ultrasonic beam through the skull. We present a novel, fast, full-wave method of correcting the aberrations caused by the skull by phasing the elements of a phased-array transducer to create constructive interference at the target. Because the method is full-wave, it also allows for trajectory planning by determining the phases required for multiple target points with negligible additional computational costs. Experimental hydrophone scans with an ex vivo skull sample using a 256-element 1-MHz transducer show an improvement of 6.2% in peak pressure at the focus and a reduction of side-lobe pressure by a factor of 2.31. Additionally, mispositioning of the peak pressure from the intended treatment location is reduced from 2.3 to 0.5 mm.
Note on the diet of Long-billed Curlew chicks in western Idaho

The diet of Long - billed Curlew chicks is described for the first time. Five insect orders and one arachnid order were identified from nine stomach contents samples. Grasshoppers and carabid beetles were dominant prey items.
Management of guidewire-induced distal coronary perforation using autologous fat particles versus coil embolization

Distal coronary perforation is a rare, yet potentially lethal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Early recognition and treatment remains critical in preventing potentially life-threatening adverse outcomes, such as cardiac tamponade. The most commonly used strategies for treating distal perforation are fat and coil embolization. We present two cases of guidewire-induced distal coronary perforation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of coil vs. fat embolization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decision making with pregnant patients: a policy born of experience.

Article-at-a-Glance Background In June 1987, Angela Carder was dying of cancer. Both she and her baby died within 48 hours of a court-ordered cesarean section. The anguish of all those involved with these events prompted the George Washington University Hospital to develop a policy to guide physicians and pregnant patients in their decision making, with particular attention to circumstances in which fetal well-being appears to be in question. Methods Members of the Hospital Ethics Committee, including an ethicist, a theologian, as well as the hospital administrator, representatives from the departments of pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology, and representatives of the American Civil Liberties Union, all contributed to the discussions that resulted in the final policy adopted by the George Washington University Medical Staff. Conclusions An ethics committee can maintain an identity independent of a hospital’s risk managers while serving the goals of risk management. As part of the George Washington University Hospital’s efforts to conclude the Angela Carder litigation, the ethics committee promulgated a policy regarding decision making with pregnant patients. The policy acknowledges the pregnant woman and her fetus as two patients, each of whose welfare is important. In addition, the policy envisions decision making as a joint enterprise between physicians and patients in which a complementary set of values must be considered and respected. Finally, the policy specifies that ethical issues that arise should be resolved within the physician-patient relationship (extended to include such entities as ethics committees) and not within the courts.
The DEAD-Box Protein Dhh1p Couples mRNA Decay and Translation by Monitoring Codon Optimality

A major determinant of mRNA half-life is the codon-dependent rate of translational elongation. How the processes of translational elongation and mRNA decay communicate is unclear. Here, we establish that the DEAD-box protein Dhh1p is a sensor of codon optimality that targets an mRNA for decay. First, we find mRNAs whose translation elongation rate is slowed by inclusion of non-optimal codons are specifically degraded in a Dhh1p-dependent manner. Biochemical experiments show Dhh1p is preferentially associated with mRNAs with suboptimal codon choice. We find these effects on mRNA decay are sensitive to the number of slow-moving ribosomes on an mRNA. Moreover, we find Dhh1p overexpression leads to the accumulation of ribosomes specifically on mRNAs (and even codons) of low codon optimality. Lastly, Dhh1p physically interacts with ribosomes in vivo. Together, these data argue that Dhh1p is a sensor for ribosome speed, targeting an mRNA for repression and subsequent decay.
The Democratic Significance of the Classical Athenian Courts

Towards the end of the fifth century, the Athenians formally increased the political powers of their courts at the expense of those of the assembly. The significance of this move has been disputed, but it is agreed the aim was democratic self-restraint. This article questions that interpretation. There is no evidence the Athenians conceived judicial activity as a restraint on the demos. To the contrary, numerous sources cast the courts as the most demotic organ in the political system, and an examination of the respective compositions, procedures and functions of the assembly and courts finds several possible reasons why. The reconceptualization of Athenian democracy this invites poses a considerable challenge to our understanding of democracy both ancient and modern.
Morel-Lavallée Injuries: A Multimodality Approach to Imaging Characteristics.

Morel-Lavallee lesions are relatively rare closed degloving injuries caused by a shearing force resulting in separation of the dermis and the hypodermis from the subjacent deeper fascia. Although most commonly encountered lateral to the greater trochanter, these injuries may occur throughout the body in a variety of locations. Separation of the hypodermal tissue planes results in a complex serosanguinous fluid collection with areas of internal fat necrosis. The imaging appearance is variable and nonspecific, potentially mimicking superficial hemorrhagic bursitis, or cystic or necrotic primary soft tissue neoplasms. If not treated in the acute or early subacute setting, these collections are at risk of superinfection, overlying tissue necrosis, and continued expansion. In this article, we will review the pathophysiology, cross-sectional imaging features, and differential diagnostic considerations of Morel-Lavallee lesions as well as discuss management and treatment options.
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among Tanzanian migrants: a cross-sectional study.

For the many millions of migrants, mobility creates vulnerabilities and elevates risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We document, among Tanzanian agricultural plantation residents, mig...
Public Sociology When the “Public” Is under Attack: Response to Hartmann

ABSTRACTIn his presidential address, Douglas Hartmann refines existing theoretical approaches to provide a more precise framework of public sociology. In this response piece, I consider several of his key points and elaborate on their implications for contemporary society. Specifically, I address whether distinctions between types of sociology remain essential and consider the challenges associated with doing public sociology in an increasingly fractured public sphere. I conclude with a call for sociologists to think through these issues in more detail to heighten our influence on the social spheres we research and discuss.
Skin Deep: Enhanced Variable May Help Explain Racial Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes

The study refined definitions of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (Pre-/T2D) via its four-category outcome variable. Respondents were identified as Pre-/T2D on the basis of (a) doctor’s diagnosis only (i.e., managed Pre-/T2D); (b) biomarker only (i.e., undiagnosed Pre-/T2D); or (c) both diagnosis and biomarker (i.e., unmanaged Pre-/T2D). The reference was Pre-/T2D not indicated. We linked the outcome to social structural and social support factors, health care-related factors, mental disorder, and lifestyle variables, for each racial/ethnic group. We used the 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys to measure the four-category outcome and examine race/ethnicity’s role in explaining the outcome. We found Pre-/T2D to be associated with age, BMI, physical activity, income, education, receiving health services, and other factors. A moderating role for race/ethnicity was also confirmed. The racial disparities observed in our three main categories generally resulted from high levels of undiagnosed Pre-/T2D and high levels of diagnosed but unmanaged Pre-T2D. Race/ethnicity’s moderating role generally indicated that, through the factors BMI, age, and receiving health services, minority status (with its attendant disadvantages) could facilitate undiagnosed Pre-/T2D as well as Pre-/T2D indicated concurrently by diagnosis and biomarker.
Understanding Sierra Leonean and Liberian teachers’ views on discussing past wars in their classrooms

ABSTRACTVarious curricular and textbook initiatives exist to aid in the national processes of coming to terms with past violence, often serving the political goals of the victors, sometimes supported by international transitional justice institutions. Sierra Leone and Liberia each experienced a devastating civil war during the 1990s and into the 2000s, and each is struggling to rebuild shattered education systems. In addition, each country has experienced a set of post-conflict transitional justice initiatives: Truth and Reconciliation Commissions in each, and a Special Court for Sierra Leone. Although their respective ministries of education have attempted to address peace education through UNICEF-sponsored curriculum revision processes, those efforts have not yet reached the majority of serving teachers, so a discussion of teachers’ actual practices is vital. This article uses interviews with teachers in rural and urban Sierra Leone and Liberia to discuss whether and how teachers talk about past war in ...
Use of a Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in a Patient with Minimally Painful Severe Glenohumeral Arthritis and a Progressive Plexopathy: A Case Report.

CASE A 70-year-old woman presented with severe but minimally painful right glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA), with progressive weakness and numbness radiating to the right hand. Imaging revealed a large fluid collection extending from the joint to the subcoracoid space, with a mass effect on the brachial plexus. A total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and decompression of a ganglion cyst were performed. Follow-up with serial electromyography demonstrated resolution of the brachial plexopathy and restoration of function. CONCLUSION Ganglion cysts may arise secondary to severe glenohumeral OA and may compress the surrounding structures, producing a progressive plexopathy. Treatment of the underlying pathology with a TSA may be effective.
Convincing Systems Engineers to Use Human Factors During Process Design

A controlled between-groups experiment was conducted to demonstrate the value of human factors for process design. Twenty-four Sandia National Laboratories employees completed a simple visual inspection task simulating receipt inspection. The experimental group process was designed to conform to human factors and visual inspection principles, whereas the control group process was designed without consideration of such principles. Results indicated the experimental group exhibited superior performance accuracy, lower workload, and more favorable usability ratings as compared to the control group. The study provides evidence to help human factors experts revitalize the critical message regarding the benefits of human factors involvement for a new generation of systems engineers.
Environment Imagination Situation

Engagement with a place can foster interdisciplinary research and exploration. Becoming familiar with the place combines developing an understanding of situational specificity and a larger cultural mentality. When members of different disciplines come together in a place, they combine, inter-compare, and hone their concepts and give rise to more robust understandings. Certain cultural practices and structures facilitate environmental connections and enable a cultural imagination in the direction of an environmental imagination. Not only designated parks or nature areas foster an environmental imagination, but also infrastructural features can be designed and experienced as technologies of environmental engagement. A most commonplace piece of infrastructure, a storm water retention pond, can be a place of engagement, a situation in which one encounters natural entities as well as other people. The experiential boundary between hydrological infrastructure and natural landscape feature can become porous and lead to a green and grey hybrid infrastructure and a public space, a place of encounter, fostering a bio-cultural nexus. Such a porous boundary fosters erosion of boundaries between disciplines, between humanities and sciences, between the public and academia.