cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA5-3: HIFs, hypoxia, and tumor progression

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and −2α display unique and sometimes opposing activities in regulating cellular energy homeostasis, cell fate decisions, and oncogenesis. To fully characterize hypoxic adaptations, distinct functions of HIF-1α versus HIF-2α must be elucidated. Macrophages accumulate both HIF-αS under hypoxia, but HIF-2α overexpression in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is specifically correlated with high-grade human tumors and poor prognosis. HIF-1α regulates myeloid-mediated inflammatory and antibacterial activities, in part through control of glycolysis and ATP production. However, the precise role of HIF-2α during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses remained unclear. We demonstrate here that mice lacking myeloid HIF-2α are resistant to lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and display a marked inability to mount inflammatory responses to cutaneous and peritoneal irritants. Furthermore, HIF-2α directly regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in macrophages activated in vitro. Using independent murine hepatocellular and colitis-associated colon carcinoma models, we show that HIF-2α -deficient macrophages exhibit migratory defects associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and progression. Of note, HIF-2α modulates macrophage migration by regulating the expression of cytokine receptor M-CSFR and chemokine receptor CXCR4, without altering intracellular ATP levels. Collectively, our data identify HIF-2α as an important regulator of innate immunity, suggesting it may be a useful therapeutic target for treating inflammatory disorders and cancer. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):IA5-3.
AC: composable asynchronous IO for native languages

This paper introduces AC, a set of language constructs for composable asynchronous IO in native languages such as C/C++. Unlike traditional synchronous IO interfaces, AC lets a thread issue multiple IO requests so that they can be serviced concurrently, and so that long-latency operations can be overlapped with computation. Unlike traditional asynchronous IO interfaces, AC retains a sequential style of programming without requiring code to use multiple threads, and without requiring code to be "stack-ripped" into chains of callbacks. AC provides an "async" statement to identify opportunities for IO operations to be issued concurrently, a "do..finish" block that waits until any enclosed "async" work is complete, and a "cancel" statement that requests cancellation of unfinished IO within an enclosing "do..finish". We give an operational semantics for a core language. We describe and evaluate implementations that are integrated with message passing on the Barrelfish research OS, and integrated with asynchronous file and network IO on Microsoft Windows. We show that AC offers comparable performance to existing C/C++ interfaces for asynchronous IO, while providing a simpler programming model.
Postnatal placental confirmation of trisomy 2 and trisomy 16 detected at chorionic villus sampling: a possible association with intrauterine growth retardation and elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.

Detection of trisomy 2 and trisomy 16 mosaicism through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is not an infrequent finding. We describe here two cases, one of non-mosaic trisomy 2 and the other of high level mosaicism for trisorny 16. Amniocentesis in both cases demonstrated non-mosaic 46,XY karyotypes. Each pregnancy continued to delivery of liveborn, normal-appearing boys; both pregnancies were complicated by severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Postnatal studies of placental biopsies in both cases confirmed the original CVS findings, whereas cord blood karyotypes were normal in both boys. Both children have demonstrated adequate catch-up growth.
Isolation of binary species-specific PCR-based markers and their value for diagnostic applications.

Representational diVerence analysis (RDA), a technique for the isolation of diVerences between highly similar complex genomes, was employed for isolation of species-specific markers. These markers can be easily adapted for a high throughput PCRbased assay in which multiple specimens can be simultaneously identified based on the presence/absence of amplification products. One of the important features of RDA performed on genomes of diVerent species (interspecific RDA) is its ability to preferentially isolate families of repetitive sequences that are unique to one of the compared genomes. Such families of repetitive DNA are homoplasy-free characters that can be used for cost-eYcient, mass identification of specimens in a variety of situations ranging from mark-recapture studies to screenings of egg or larval stages. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer group identification and variation in New York Latino English laterals

Following recent work showing that adolescent peer culture affiliation correlates with phonological variation, our research explores the effect of peer identities and national heritages on the English of Latino students in a New York City high school. Data were gathered in sociolinguistic interviews embedded in a two-year ethnography. The peer groups investigated for Spanish-English contact effects include Hip-Hoppers, Skaters, Geeks, and non-participants in high school peer cultures. Our data show that New York Latino English (NYLE) is distinct from both African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and New York European American Vernacular English (NYEAVE). Here we discuss a previously unexamined variable: the lateral (l). Our most robust research finding is the frequent occurrence of apical /l/ in the L1 Latino English onsets of our sample. This Spanish feature is foreign to NYEAVE and AAVE. Its frequency in L1 NYLE is highest among speakers unaffiliated with the high school peer cultures which promote convergence with NYEAVE and AAVE.
Notes on the German Literary Scene 1946-1948

IT WOULD be a mistake to think that the events of 1945 had radically changed the character of German letters as we knew it during the decade before the war. The political machinery which maintained a host of distinctly Nazi writers has, of course, collapsed. Some talents (such as Dwinger, Grimm, Kolbenheyer) and many merely vociferous choristers (G. Schumann, H. Johst) have disappeared from the literary scene. Several of the conspicuous figures of the Thirties, such as Gerhart Hauptmann, Ricarda Huch, Carossa, and, of secondary importance, F. Thiess, and Edschmid, whose prestige, integrity, or vitality enabled them to continue writing and publishing during the Nazi decade, became immediately after the collapse the object of political controversy: one of Carossa's novels was blacklisted by the Americans, and while Gerhart Hauptmann's plays were for a time not permitted on the stages in the Western Zones, they were energetically produced by the Russians in Berlin. No one can be surprised at the redistribution of acclaim or condemnation which inevitably followed the political upheaval. At the same time a veritable deluge of new periodicals began to appear in which older and younger writers undertook to define the conditions under which the literary life could and should proceed. The number of these "little magazines" is astonishing, but-after only three years-not more than a handful, have lived up to early promises. The truly distinguished, among them Wandlung, Hochland, Gegenwart, Merkur, Neue Beitraige, Berliner Hefte, Deutsche Rundschau, Welt und Wort, Die Sammlung, testify to a remarkable intellectual, and indeed physical, energy which has asserted itself in the face of enormous technical difficulties of production. They are edited, generally speaking, by men whose names were familiar before 1945, and most of them reflect the political predilections of the respective licensing authorities-quite naturally, they devote much of their space to the promotion of those authors, past and present, who represent the American, French, British or Russian attitude. But one cannot overlook in any of these periodicals an independent native concern for the German scene, whether east or west of the dividing line, and something like an attachment to those familiar "provincial" values of the region in which they are publishedHeidelberg, Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, G6ttingen.
Augmenting wireless LAN technology for Wi-Fi PAN

The penetration of Wi-Fi in mobile and consumer electronic devices is increasing at a rapid pace. This increasing adoption in devices other than portable computers enables new usage models for end users. People want to view, listen, share and print their media anytime and anywhere. This paper looks at what new usages a Wi-Fi PAN can enable, its architecture, its components and its core technologies.
Autotuning algorithmic choice for input sensitivity

A daunting challenge faced by program performance autotuning is input sensitivity, where the best autotuned configuration may vary with different input sets. This paper presents a novel two-level input learning algorithm to tackle the challenge for an important class of autotuning problems, algorithmic autotuning. The new approach uses a two-level input clustering method to automatically refine input grouping, feature selection, and classifier construction. Its design solves a series of open issues that are particularly essential to algorithmic autotuning, including the enormous optimization space, complex influence by deep input features, high cost in feature extraction, and variable accuracy of algorithmic choices. Experimental results show that the new solution yields up to a 3x speedup over using a single configuration for all inputs, and a 34x speedup over a traditional one-level method for addressing input sensitivity in program optimizations.
Anisotropic Impact Sensitivity and Shock Induced Plasticity of TKX-50 (Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bis(tetrazole)-,1′-diolate) Single Crystals: From Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bis(tetrazole)-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) is a newly synthesized energetic material with high energy storage, low impact sensitivity, and low toxicity. These features make it a viable candidate to replace such commonly used energetic materials as RDX and CL-20 in the next generation of explosives. Sensitivity determines the engineering application of energetic materials (EMs) and has been widely studied for various EMs. To understand the origin of the anisotropic sensitivity and properties of this new synthesized EM, we report a flexible classical force field for TKX-50 developed to reproduce the molecular properties (geometry, vibrational frequencies and torsion barriers) and the crystal properties (cell parameters and lattice energy). We then used this force field in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to predict such thermodynamic and mechanical properties as isothermal compressibility, thermal expansion, elastic moduli, and heat capacity. Furthermore, we carried out large scale (∼a half million atoms) MD simulations to investigate the mechanical response to shocks in the [100], [010] and [001] directions. The predicted Hugoniot elastic limits (HELs) are 6.1 GPa for [100], 14.2 GPa for [010] and 9.1 GPa for [001] shocks. Thus, single crystal TKX-50 shows anisotropic impact sensitivity with [010] as the most sensitive direction and [100] as least sensitive. The plastic deformations in shock compression along the [100] direction primary arise from the (001)/[210] and (010)/[001] slip systems of. For the [010] shock, the primary slip systems are (100)/[021] and (001)/[210]. However, no obvious slip system was observed for [001] shock.
Beneficial Microorganisms: Countering Microbephobia

“Microbes run the world. It's that simple.” (Committee on Metagenomics, 2007 ). Microbial communities make the essential elements of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur available for other life on our planet. Without microbial decomposer communities, life would be smothered in dead organisms. Microorganisms also carry out almost half of the photosynthesis on our planet, increasing oxygen levels and lowering carbon dioxide (Pedros-Alio, 2006 ). Both animals and plants are closely associated with microbial communities that make nutrients more available, provide protection from diseases, make essential vitamins, or a combination. For example, each human body hosts 10 microorganisms for every human cell, and these microbes contribute to digestion, produce vitamin K, promote development of the immune system, and detoxify harmful chemicals. And, of course, microbes are essential to making many foods we enjoy, such as bread, cheese, and wine. Unfortunately, students often think of microorganisms in negative terms. Negative attitudes are supported by the public health and media focus on microbe-caused diseases as well as advertising for microbe-destroying soaps and cleaners. Although reducing disease transmission is important for individual and community health, students also need to understand the beneficial contributions microbes and microbial communities provide. Quite a few online resources focus on microorganisms and disease. For this review, I sought resources that educators can use to help students in introductory and nonmajors biology courses understand the beneficial contributions of microbes.
Numerical Solution of Plasma Fluid Equations Using Locally Refined Grids

This paper describes a numerical method for the solution of plasma fluid equations on block-structured, locally refined grids. The plasmas under consideration are typical of those used for the processing of semiconductors. The governing equations consist of a drift?diffusion model of the electrons, together with an energy equation, coupled via Poisson's equation to a system of Euler equations for each ion species augmented with electric field, collisional, and source/sink terms. A discretization previously developed for a uniform spatial grid is generalized to enable local grid refinement. This extension involves the time integration of the discrete system on a hierarchy of levels, each of which represents a degree of refinement, together with synchronization steps to ensure consistency across levels. This approach represents an advancement of methodologies developed for neutral flows using block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) to include the significant additional effect of the electrostatic forces that couple the ion and electron fluid components. Numerical results that assess the accuracy and efficiency of the method and illustrate the importance of using adequate resolution are also presented.
On measuring deprivation and living standards of societies in a multi-attribute framework

When measuring a society's deprivation in a multi-attribute framework, researchers often resort to what we call a 'column-first two-stage procedure'. Under such procedures one first determines the society's deprivation for each attribute separately by aggregating the individuals' deprivation levels in terms of that attribute, and then assesses the society's overall deprivation by aggregating the society's deprivation levels for different attributes. In this paper, we argue that all such procedures are seriously flawed insofar as none of them can satisfy simultaneously three highly appealing properties: (i) anonymity, which requires that the individuals be treated symmetrically; (ii) non-invariance, which reflects the sensitivity of the society's overall deprivation to certain switches of deprivation levels between individuals; and (iii) positive responsiveness, which requires that the society's overall deprivation must increase if the society's deprivation for some attribute increases without any decrease in the society's deprivation for any attribute. Copyright 2012 Oxford University Press 2011 All rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
Aggregating Behavior During Oviposition in the Dragonfly Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Abstract This study examined the adaptive significance of ovipositing near conspecifics by pairs of the dragonfly Sympetrum vicinum. Studies were conducted at two artificial ponds in New York using a series of 1 m2 plots along their shorelines. Although the majority of pairs oviposited alone, pairs also tolerated the presence of others only 5–10 cm away, and sometimes 2–7 pairs oviposited together within a single plot. Habitat selection (preference for certain plots over others) partially accounted for such behavior. However, where adjoining plots were homogeneous (i.e., used equally for oviposition), newly arriving pairs were more likely to begin dipping in a plot in which one or more pairs were already present, thus also suggesting mutual attraction among pairs. Oviposition efficiency (measured as no. abdominal dips/s) was apparently not compromised by ovipositing near conspecifics. Harassment from unpaired males had little effect on oviposition since unpaired males were uncommon and rarely approached p...
Optimal engine calibration for individual driving styles

Increasing functionality of electronic control units has enhanced our ability to control engine operation utilizing calibration static maps that provide the values of several controllable variables. State-of-the-art simulation-based calibration methods permit the development of these maps with respect to extensive steady-state and limited transient operation of particular driving cycles. However, each individual driving style is different and rarely meets those test conditions. An alternative approach was recently implemented that considers the derivation of these maps while the engine is running the vehicle. In this approach, a self-learning controller selects in real time the optimum values of the controllable variables for the sequences of engine operating point transitions, corresponding to the driver’s driving style. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the benefits in fuel economy and emissions, derived from employing a self-learning controller for optimal injection timing in a diesel engine. The engine is simulated over transient operation in response of a hypothetical driver’s driving style.
The Sophomore Jinx

This case discusses the so-called sophomore jinx: professional athletes who perform superbly as rookies never seem to do as well in their second--sophomore--season. The case gives performance data for Rookie of the Year award winners in major-league baseball through 2003 (29 pitchers and 83 nonpitchers). Data cover both the first and second years. Students must decide for themselves, based on the data, whether the sophomore jinx is real or imagined.
Breast Density Knowledge and Awareness: A Review of Literature.

Objectives: We reviewed the literature on breast density knowledge and breast density awareness to explore what challenges are faced by this area of research. Method: A review of PubMED, PsycINFO, ...
Texture Maps for Orientation Evolution During Grain Growth in Thin Films

Orientation selective grain growth in thin films arises due to anisotropy in materials properties. For continuous thin films, there are at least two orientation dependent driving forces for grain growth: (i) surface and interface energy anisotropy; (ii) strain energy anisotropy (both elastic and plastic). In fcc metals, the preferred growth of grains with (111) texture occurs due to their low surface and interface energy. Stresses in thin films arise during deposition and as a result of post-deposition annealing. A texture dependence of strain energy density arises in biaxially strained thin films due to anisotropy of elastic properties and/or orientation-dependent yield stresses. For most fcc metals, the strain energy driving force promotes the growth of (001) grains due to minimization of the combined elastic and plastic strain energy. The magnitudes of the orientation dependent driving forces for grain growth depend on the characteristics and processing conditions of the film and substrate. We have performed grain growth experiments for Ag films on single crystal Ni on MgO; Ag films on plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) SiO2 on MgO; Ag films on oxidized Si; and Ni films on oxidized Si. The texture resulting from grain growth in films of different thicknesses and deposited at different temperatures were determined, and the results are presented in the form of texture maps. The texture which dominates as a result of grain growth can be understood through the use of texture maps and compares well with analytic models for texture development during grain growth in thin films.
Association of Depressive Symptoms With All-Cause and Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in Adults With Self-Reported Hypertension

Background Hypertension (HTN) is a prevalent and important risk factor for both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Depression is often present in hypertensive patients and has also been associated with increased mortality risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of depressive symptoms with all-cause mortality and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality among adults with self-reported HTN. Methods We studied 10,025 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHANES I) who were alive and interviewed in 1982 and had complete data for the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Four groups were identified based screening status at initial interview: (i) no HTN, no depression (reference group); (ii) HTN, no depression; (iii) no HTN, depression; and (iv) both HTN and depression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of death for each group. Results Over an average of 8 years (83,943 person-years) of follow-up, patients with both self-reported HTN and depressive symptoms had the highest multivariate-adjusted HR for all-cause mortality at 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14, 1.69) as well as for IHD mortality at 1.59 (95% CI 1.08, 2.34). In post hoc analysis, nondepressed hypertensive patients had significantly lower adjusted HR for all-cause mortality compared to depressed hypertensive patients (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.73-1.00), but the HR for IHD mortality was not significant (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.63-1.20). Conclusion Comorbid depressive symptoms are associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with self-reported HTN.
Titanium, a metal for surgery.

Studies on titanium made by implanting into subcutaneous tissue of rabbits, and femora of rats, have demonstrated that titanium is an inert metal which appears to be ideal for fixation of fractures. A sufficient number of plates and screws have not been used to determine whether or not they will break in the treatment of fractures. It is hoped that eventually plates and screws can be produced which will not readily break.
Diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests with different degrees of human disturbance in Gutianshan,Zhejiang Province

The aims of this study were to investigate the diurnal and seasonal variations in soil respiration in different broad-leaved forest types with different degrees of human disturbance, to identify the major abiotic and biotic factors affecting the daily and seasonal patterns of soil respiration, and to evaluate the effects of different forest management types and human disturbance on soil respiration in subtropical forests. We selected four different 1 hm2forests with different degrees of human disturbance in Gutianshan, Zhejiang Province: An old-growth forest(OF, almost no human disturbance); two secondary forests(SF1, a secondary forest regrown after clear cutting about 50 years ago, and SF2, a secondary forest regrown after clear cutting about 50 years ago and selective cutting about 20 years ago); and a plantation forest (AF, planted about 20 years ago). We measured the diurnal and seasonal changes in soil respiration rates in each plot every month from May 2011 to July 2012. We also measured soil temperature and water content of the surface soil layer during sampling. The annual means of daily accumulated soil carbon release were 1.48, 1.48, 1.51, and 0.87 g C m 2d 1in OF, SF1, SF2, and AF plots, respectively. The soil respiration rate in AF was significantly lower than those in the other three forest types. On the diurnal scale, there were no significant variations in soil respiration rates among the four forest types. Our results indicated that the rate of soil respiration measured any time during the day can be used to predict daily accumulated soil carbon release. Significant positive relationships were found between soil respiration and surface soil temperature (R2=0.88 0.94) for all four forest types. There were no significant relationships between soil respiration and soil water content. The Q10 value of OF was significantly higher than those of the other three forest types. The results showed that the soil respiration rate and its sensitivity to temperature were significantly decreased in the plantation with the most intense human disturbance (AF). The soil respiration rates and Q10 values of both SF forests were similar to those of OF forest. Soil temperature was the most important driving factor for soil respiration. Together, our results implied that different degrees of human disturbance had different effects on soil respiration in these forests. This information is important to estimate the role of human interference in regional carbon cycles. Also, the finding that there was no significant variation in the diurnal soil respiration rates is very important for guiding further research on soil respiration in related regions.
Involvement of Vicia faba L. Aquaporin in Regulation of Stomatal Movement by Microfilament

The effects of 0.73 μmol·L-1 fusicoccin (FC), 25 μmol·L-1 HgCl2, 20 μmol·L-1 cytochalasin D (CD) and 100 μmol·L-1 phalloidin on Vicia faba guard cell protoplast swelling were studied. The results indicated that HgCl2, CD and phalloidin remarkably affected Vicia faba guard cell protoplast swelling by FC, and HgCl2 obviously suppressed the effects of FC and CD on Vicia faba guard cell protoplast swelling. However, HgCl2 had no effect on the role of phalloidin. The above results suggested that aquaporin might be involved in stomatal movement regulated by FC and microfilament.
Neurourological implications of the changing approach in management of occult spinal lesions

Occult lesions of the spine in children are a rare but recognizable cause of neurogenic dysfunction involving the lower extremities, and lower urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. We report the preoperative and postoperative urodynamic findings in 40 children with varying spinal abnormalities. Of these patients 28 were neonates or infants (average age 8.7 months) and 12 were older children (average age 11.7 years). Preoperative urodynamic testing revealed normal function in 18 of 28 children (64 per cent) in the younger age group in contrast to 1 of 12 (8 per cent) in the older age group. Of the 10 infants with abnormal studies postoperative urodynamic findings returned to normal in 6, while 2 others remained abnormal but were improved. In contrast, of 11 older children with abnormal preoperative evaluations 3 (27 per cent) reverted to normal postoperatively. The neurourological changes seen in these occult lesions are variable, may occur at any age, are progressive and are potentially reversible by surgical correction but this reversibility diminishes with age.
Design of an Autonomous Social Orienting Training System (ASOTS) for Young Children With Autism

Social communication is among the core areas of impairment for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The training of social orientation is important for improving social communication of children with ASD. In recent years, technology-assisted ASD intervention had gained momentum due to its potential advantages in terms of precision, sustainability, flexibility and cost. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop autonomous computer system, named ASOTS, for training social orientation skills to young children with ASD. This system is designed to detect and track a child’s attention in response to social orientation bids and help the child towards appropriate social orientation when needed. Response to name, an important social orientation skill, was used to demonstrate the functionality of the proposed system. Ten toddlers with ASD participated in a pilot user study to show whether the system could be used on young children who have been diagnosed with ASD. Another pilot user study with 10 TD infants tested whether this system has a potential to be applied for early detection for infants who were younger than the age when ASD diagnoses can be done. This was done intentionally to separately demonstrate utility and functionality for the clinical population of interest and to demonstrate functionality beyond current clinical identification capacity (i.e., infants). The results showed that the proposed system and the protocol were well tolerated by both groups, successfully captured young children’s attention, and elicited the desired behavior.
Canons of Just Taxation: Efficiency and Fairness in an Economy with a Public Good:

This article analyzes the relationships among three canons of “just” taxation: Pareto optimality, individual rationality, and fairness (nonenvy). Using a helpful device called a Kolm triangle, the ...
The Skilled Worker and Working-Class Protest

Not so long ago the skilled worker was regarded by labor historians as the black sheep of the labor movement, and the artisan's attempt to preserve his position and to retain his shop-floor autonomy was condemned out of hand. No more. Spurred on by the studies of E. P. Thompson in England, Albert Soboul in France, and George Rude in both countries, historians have discovered the skilled worker's importance in labor protest and rebellion; everywhere artisans have been found in the midst of what once were thought to be proletarian crowds. The continuing inspiration of Thompson, Soboul, and Rude is apparent in all of the articles in this collection, although they are by no means simple reiterations of these historians' insights. Viewing working-class life from the perspective of an entire century and two continents, the following essays suggest new generalizations and, inevitably, raise fresh questions. The articles in this issue of Social Science History show that the pioneering methods used to study artisanal life in the early nineteenth century are capable of improving our understanding of working-class life and protest throughout the entire century. First of all, the articles reveal the essential continuity of the militant struggles of workers in Stockton and Toulouse in the early nineteenth century with those in Bridgeport and Glasgow in the early twentieth century. The connecting link is not so much skilled workers' resistance to machinery as it is their opposition to the dynamic of capital accumulation, a more encompassing and protracted process. Further, the articles focus on the concrete institutions--cafes, neighborhoods, and work groups-which define working-class community, and show how these institutions were affected by developing capitalism. In observing informal workingclass life, the articles allow us not only to compare artisanal and industrial communities, but also to look at secular differences in the internal community life of similar groups of skilled and semiskilled workers. Finally, all the articles show how changes in the informal and
Fracture of layered zirconia restorations at 5 years: A dental laboratory survey.

Abstract Statement of problem The use of ceramic restorations has significantly increased in recent years because of their esthetic properties and the high cost of noble metals. However, given the lack of long-term clinical trials and the limitations of in vitro studies, the durability of ceramic restorations is still questionable. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the fracture rate of layered zirconia restorations at up to 5 years of clinical performance by using a dental laboratory survey model. Material and methods Data up to 5 years were collected from 2 commercial dental laboratories. Layered zirconia restorations returned to the laboratory for remaking because of failure (fracture) were identified and included. Restorations were categorized as anterior or posterior. Each category was further divided into complete coverage single crowns (SCs) and multiple unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Fracture rates were compared and analyzed using the chi-square test (α=.05). Results A total of 31594 restoration records were reviewed and included 13419 anterior restorations (10134 SCs and 3285 FDPs) and 18175 posterior restorations (12810 SCs and 5365 FDPs). The overall fracture rate up to 5 years for all restorations (anterior and posterior) was 3.31%. The fracture rates for anterior restorations were less than for posterior restorations. The fracture rates for anterior SCs were approximately half those of the posterior SC fracture rate, and the combined fracture rate (anterior and posterior) was 3.25%. For FDPs, anterior FDPs fractured at a rate similar to that of posterior FDPs. The combined fracture rate (anterior and posterior FDPs) was 3.47%. Conclusions Layered zirconia restorations displayed relatively low fracture rates in the relatively short term of 5 years.
Rapid Methods in the Food Industry

In the past 15 years, interest in the field of rapid methods and automation in microbiology has been growing steadily on an international scale. At first, the emphasis was in medical microbiology but recently the food industry has become more and more interested in this new technology. Some of the more important works concerning rapid methods and automation in the food industry were published by Fung and Cox (1981), Cox et al. (1982), Fung et al. (1984), Cox et al. (1984), Fung et al. (1987), Fung et al. (1988), and Fung (1989). Two recent books, Foodborne Microorganisms and Their Toxins: Developing Methodology and Rapid Methods in Food Microbiology, on the subject were written by Peirson and Stern (1986) and Adams and Hope (1989), respectively.
Abstract TP81: Faster Start of IV tPA Does not Decrease the Need for Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Recent patient series have shown IV tPA to more often lyse cerebral thrombi when started sooner after symptom onset in patients with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion ...
Predictive risk factors associated with cholangitis following ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with stent placement is used for the management of many pancreaticobiliary disorders. It is generally safe with a few short-term complications. The risk factors for the development of post-ERCP cholangitis due to stent occlusion have not been previously described. This study identified such risk factors among patients undergoing ERCP and stent placement for pancreatic or biliary obstruction. 3648 ERCPs performed at the University of Louisville from 2008 to 2016 were reviewed. Data including patient demographics, diagnostic, laboratory, and ERCP related data were included. Patients were classified as having post-ERCP cholangitis if they developed jaundice, fever, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and confirmatory findings of stent occlusion and/or purulent drainage at the time of repeat ERCP. These patients were compared to those who did not develop post-ERCP cholangitis using univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 431 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 57 (13.2%) developed post-ERCP cholangitis. The average age of patients was 57 years with 57% women and 43% men. On univariate analysis, patients developing post-ERCP cholangitis were more likely to be of increased age, have higher white blood cell count (WBC), total bilirubin (TBili), AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase (AlkPhos), and a decreased serum albumin level. Risk factors for post-ERCP cholangitis due to stent occlusion identified on multivariate analysis include: a diagnosis of cancer, the placement of multiple biliary stents at index ERCP, and low serum albumin level. The development of post-ERCP cholangitis due to stent occlusion is strongly associated with the presence of malignancy, the placement of multiple biliary stents, and low serum albumin. A decreased threshold to monitor for stent occlusion, including routine liver function tests and prophylactic stent removal or exchange, should be employed in patients with these characteristics.
Aircraft Flight Data Recorders

Both airline crashes and criminal acts are initially mysterious events as to what caused them. For nearly 50 years, aircraft flight data recorders have proven increasingly effective in determining crash causation. Early opposition to airline recorders and how this resistance has been gradually overcome is recounted. Recorders offer forensic science the potential of expanding traditional crime laboratory capability from subjective analysis to objective data that enhance determination of criminal evidence. Beyond enhancing the establishment of criminal guilt, recorders have begun to also spearhead efforts to reduce crime itself in automotive, rail, and other transportation applications via event data recorders.
Extended plausible inference

A generalized theory of plausible inference has been developed. extended to arbitrary expressions of propositional calculus from Shortliffe and Buchanan's original MYCIN formulation. The theory represents uncertainty of belief, and invokes four rules of inference, instead of the two of standard logic. Areas of application include diagnostic problems and deciding between alternative hypotheses. The theory has been implemented in the PI system. The intended area of application for PI is the trouble-shooting of a failed spacecraft, and the solution to a simplified problem drawn from this area is described.
Design of ALES: a broad wavelength integral field unit for LBTI/LMIRcam

The Arizona Lenslet for Exoplanet Spectroscopy (ALES) has been conceived of as an integral field spectrograph (IFS) that can be integrated with the existing 1-5 micron imaging camera LBTI/LMIRcam. Retrofitting an IFS to an existing camera poses interesting optical design issues. We have developed four reflective magnifier designs to create the proper scale for each spaxel of the IFS across the operational wavelengths of ALES. The lenslet design utilizes the flexible nature of silicon etching to provide aberration correction of images across the field of view that are introduced by inserting these magnifiers into the existing LMIRcam optical system. Finally, direct vision prism designs have been developed to provide suitable dispersion modes for the reference science cases of ALES.
First Year Results from the IBM Watson AI XPRIZE: Lessons for the “AI for Good” Movement

The IBM Watson AI XPRIZE is a four-year competition awarding a $5 million prize purse to teams improving the world with artificial intelligence. The competition began in 2017 with 148 teams competing to solve problems in sustainability, robotics, artificial general intelligence, healthcare, education, and a variety of other grand challenge problem domains. The first round of judgment narrowed the field to 59 teams. The characteristics of the advancing and rejected problem domains highlight the opportunities and challenges of “AI for Good” as a social and technological movement. This work surveys the problem domains and technologies of teams, details the prize judging process executed to date, and explores several case studies from the first year of the competition. The results indicate where AI researchers may direct their efforts to address problems that are simultaneously important for humanity, technically challenging, and feasible to solve within the competition timeline.
Spreading of platelets on fibrin is mediated by the amino terminus of the beta chain including peptide beta 15-42.

We have investigated the adhesion and spreading of platelets on polymerized fibrin of varying structure to identify sites that mediate these interactions. Fibrin was prepared with thrombin to remove both fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and fibrinopeptide B (FPB) and with reptilase or Agkistrodon contortrix thrombin-like enzyme (ACTE) to selectively remove FPA or FPB, respectively. Residual fibrin-bound enzymes were inhibited with D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethyl ketone (PPACK). Platelet adhesion was independent of fibrinopeptide cleavage and was equal on fibrin prepared with each of the three enzymes. In contrast, FPB cleavage increased spreading as quantitated by fluorescence microscopy of platelets stained for glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. The 24% +/- 4% spreading on reptilase-fibrin was significantly less than the 70% +/- 8% on thrombin-fibrin or 65% +/- 9% on ACTE-fibrin (P < .0005 for both). Protease III from Crotalus atrox venom was used to specifically cleave residues B beta 1–42 from fibrinogen to further investigate the role of the beta chain N-terminus in promoting platelet spreading. After clotting with thrombin, this fibrin derivative lacked beta 15–42 and supported significantly less spreading. A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) reactive with beta 15–21 inhibited spreading on thrombin-fibrin as did peptide beta 15–42, while control MoAbs and peptides had no significant effect. These results indicate that adhesion and spreading of platelets on fibrin are mediated by different interactions, and that spreading can be mediated by FPB cleavage and the amino terminus of the beta chain including residues beta 15–42.
Subsampling-extrapolation bandwidth selection in bivariate kernel density estimation

This paper focuses on bivariate kernel density estimation that bridges the gap between univariate and multivariate applications. We propose a subsampling-extrapolation bandwidth matrix selector tha...
A Study of Localized Corrosion in Al Resulting From The Controlled Introduction of Cl

High purity Al samples were implanted with 35 keV Cl+ then polarized in Cl--free electrolyte in order to ascertain corrosion behavior as a function of Cl content. Electrochemical data indicated implant fluences between 5x1015 and 2x1016 Cl+cm-2 resulted in little or no localized attack. Implant fluences of 3x1016 and 5x1016 Cl+cm-2 resulted in significant attack with the severity scaling as a function of implant fluence. The low variability in the behavior of localized corrosion for the 5x1016 Cl+cm-2 sample suggests that this implant dosage may result in a critical Cl- in the sample for pit nucleation. Optical and Electron microscopy images indicated some reactivity associated with lower fluences (1x1016Cl+cm-2), possibly indicating enhanced general dissolution. At high magnification the corrosion was observed to occur outside the implanted boundary through mechanisms of tunneling or altered local chemistry at those sites. The SEM images reveal a form of localized corrosion with a crystalline character.
The Changing Characteristics of African-American Adolescent Suicides, 2001-2017.

African-American (AA) adolescents (13–19 years of age) have disproportionately higher rates of suicide. In this study, to explore the nature of suicidal deaths and suicide attempts in African- American adolescents, we utilized the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) and the Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) database from years 2001 to 2017. The rate of AA male suicides increased by 60% and for AA females increased by 182% from 2001 to 2017. Suicides were the second leading cause of death for AA adolescents. Additionally, in 2017 alone, 68,528 AA males and 94,760 AA females made suicide attempts serious enough that they had to be treated by health professionals. Males were most likely to use firearms (52%) or to hang/suffocate themselves (34%) to commit suicide. Females used hanging/suffocation (56%) or firearms (21%) to commit suicides. The ten states with the greatest number of AA adolescent suicides (2015–2017) were: Georgia, Texas, Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, and Missouri. There is an urgent need to further explore the changing nature and epidemiology of AA adolescent suicides and to study for whom and under what circumstances interventions can reduce suicides and suicidal behaviors in AA adolescents.
Visualizing the metazoan proliferation-differentiation decision in vivo

SUMMARY During organismal development, differential regulation of the cell cycle is critical to many cell biological processes, including cell fate specification and differentiation. While the mechanisms of cell cycle regulation are well studied, how control of the cell cycle is linked to differentiated cellular behavior remains poorly understood, mostly due to our inability to directly and precisely measure cell cycle state. In order to characterize cell cycle state live, we adapted a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) biosensor for in vivo use in the roundworm nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The CDK biosensor measures the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear localization of a portion of human DNA Helicase B (DHB) fused to a fluorescent protein to assess cell cycle state. The dynamic localization of DHB results from phosphorylation of the biosensor by CDKs, thereby allowing for quantitative assessment of cell cycle state. We demonstrate here the use of this biosensor to quantify lineage-specific differences between cycling cells and to examine the proliferation-differentiation decision. Unlike other live cell imaging tools (e.g., FUCCI), we show that DHB can be used to distinguish between actively cycling cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and terminally differentiated cells exited in G0. Thus, we provide here a new resource to study the control and timing of the metazoan cell cycle during cell fate specification and differentiation.
States’ Rights and State Wrongs: SNAP Work Requirements in Rural America

A resurgence in work requirements for safety net programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), has marked the early years of the Trump administration. Some lawmakers at both the federal and state level have moved to revive and expand SNAP’s work requirements, despite evidence that such work requirements do little to increase self-sufficiency or improve long-term economic outcomes among those living in poverty. This chapter takes up the issue of work requirements in the context of rural communities, where the need for safety net programs and food system supports is acute. Indeed, data suggest that rural communities are more reliant on SNAP and that the program, like other safety net programs, has greater positive, poverty-alleviation benefits for rural recipients than for urban ones. At the same time, work requirements are particularly poor fits for rural communities, which tend to be characterized by weak labor markets; lack of economic opportunity; and other structural deficits such as geographic isolation, lack of access to transportation, and insufficient childcare. Such factors make it especially difficult for rural residents to satisfy work requirements and thus retain access to SNAP. This chapter takes up the issue of SNAP work requirements in the context of rural America. We begin with a brief overview of SNAP and examine the recent push to make SNAP work requirements more strict. We then turn to an overview of the need and current state of use of the social safety net in rural America. If work requirements are to be effective — and, indeed, appropriate — work opportunities must be available. We therefore consider employment data and information on safety net use across the rural-urban axis. Finally, we present a case study about the results of relatively early efforts to impose work requirements on SNAP receipt in Maine. While safety network requirements are politically popular, in practice they often fail to achieve their goals of promoting self-sufficiency and in fact worsen the plight of those already suffering the ill-effects of poverty and food insecurity.
Marginalized Students’ Perspectives on Instructional Strategies in Middle-School Mathematics Classrooms

Marginalized students face a range of gaps in experience, highlighting the importance of understanding these students’ perspectives on their opportunities to learn. The current study contributes to...