cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineered Biomimetic Neural Stem Cell Niche

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into functional neurons, heightening their potential use for therapeutic applications. This review explores bioengineered systems which recapitulate NSC niche cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Delivery of NSCs to the cytotoxic injured brain is limited by low cell survival rates post-transplantation and poor maintenance of native niche bioactive components. The use of biomaterial platforms can mimic in vivo the environment of the two germinal areas of the adult brain in which NSCs thrive. An environmental mimic that includes extracellular proteins and moieties, along with appropriate biomechanical cues has recently demonstrated promising results in enhancing neurogenesis, aiding the production of a bioengineered niche. Biocomposition, biomechanics, and biostructure can be manipulated through engineered platforms to re-create the biofunctionality of an NSC niche. Upon transplantation and delivery with biomimetic scaffolds, NSCs show potential to promote functional recovery and rebuild neural circuitry post neurological trauma.
Characteristics of the Carbonate System in a Semiarid Estuary that Experiences Summertime Hypoxia

In oceanic environments, two sources of CO2 have been found to contribute to acidification of stratified water bodies, i.e., CO2 invasion due to anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 increase and respiration-produced CO2 from organic matter remineralization. Acidification caused by these CO2 sources has been observed frequently in numerous environments spanning from open continental shelves to enclosed estuaries. Here, we report observations on carbonate system dynamics in a relatively well-buffered lagoonal estuary, Corpus Christi Bay (CCB), in a semiarid subtropical region that is influenced by summertime hypoxia as well as strong evaporation and seagrass vegetation in the vicinity. While the relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in the bottom waters of CCB was positive as in other coastal and estuarine environments prone to hypoxia, the slope was significantly less than in other systems. We attribute the high buffering capacity in CCB to the presence of abundant seagrass meadows adjacent to CCB and strong evaporation-produced density flow that delivers low CO2 waters to the bottom of CCB. Thus, despite the occurrence of hypoxia, neither bottom water carbonate saturation state with respect to aragonite (Ωarg) nor CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) reached critical levels, i.e., undersaturation (i.e., Ωarag 1000 µatm), respectively.
RILCA: Collecting and Analyzing User-Behavior Information in Instant Search Using Relational DBMS

An instant-search engine computes answers immediately as a user types a query character by character. In this paper, we study how to systematically collect information about user behaviors when they interact with an instant search engine, especially in a real-time environment. We present a solution, called RILCA, which uses front-end techniques to keep track of rich information about user activities. This information provides more insights than methods based on traditional Web servers such as Apache. We store the log records in a relational DBMS system, and leverage the existing powerful capabilities of the DBMS system to analyze the log records efficiently. We study how to use a dashboard to monitor and analyze log records in real time. We conducted experiments on real data sets collected from two live systems to show the benefits and efficiency of these techniques.
“I haue lost it”: Apologies, Appeals, and Justifications for Misplacing The Wild-Goose Chase and Other Plays

While John Fletcher’s The Wild-Goose Chase (1621) is not a lost play, seventeenth-century paratexts referencing its temporary misplacement reveal more generally freewheeling attitudes toward theatrical loss and responsibility than scholars have previously assumed. In the 1647 Beaumont and Fletcher Folio, stationer Humphrey Moseley regretted omitting the play after an anonymous nobleman borrowed and lost the manuscript; in 1652, it was found. Moseley printed it with a dedication by actors, who delicately sidestepped their own textual mismanagement and the nobleman’s bungling. Two genres contextualize these characterizations of a lost play: siquisses, similar to lost-item fliers, and “lost-sheep” paratexts, which justified and publicly apologized for losing texts. Constructions of loss elevated Wild-Goose Chase—and by extension Fletcher, the theaters, and the acting profession—in reputation and value.
Developing a programme of staff support in a children's hospital

The management of children who are seriously ill or with life-threatening conditions has always been difficult, and the stakes are high. More recently, the range of illnesses and conditions has changed: presentations have become increasingly complex. Caring for such children and their families brings new challenges.1 Our hospital has seen a rise in the length of stay and complexity of patients, and the associated challenges mentioned. The literature points to the detrimental effect of such cases on staff well-being.2 In November 2019, the General Medical Council (GMC) also acknowledged the impact of burnout and overload on patient care.3 In our hospital, staff reported a negative personal impact of their work, and this was apparent in increased requests for psychological debriefs. This programme has involved a culture change whereby we openly acknowledge the emotional stress of working in Paediatrics. By addressing the psychological needs of staff, we hope to strengthen their ability to look after children and their families. We established a working group to implement change: the programme of work began by exploring and developing a robust protocol for debrief after difficult events, with psychologist-mediated debrief core …
Mechanisms of endocannabinoid transport in the brain.

The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide are among the best studied lipid messengers in the brain. By activating cannabinoid receptors in the CNS, endocannabinoids tune synaptic function, thereby influencing a variety of physiological and behavioural processes. Extensive research conducted over the last few decades has considerably enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well-established that endocannabinoids are synthesized by postsynaptic neurons and serve as retrograde messengers that suppress neurotransmitter release at central synapses. While the detailed mechanisms by which endocannabinoids gate synaptic function and behavioural processes are relatively well characterized, the mechanisms governing endocannabinoid transport at central synapses remain ill defined. Recently, several studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms governing intracellular and intercellular endocannabinoid transport. In this review, we will focus on new advances in the mechanisms of intracellular and synaptic endocannabinoid transport in the CNS.
ELIT: Emory Language and Information Toolkit.

We introduce ELIT, the Emory Language and Information Toolkit, which is a comprehensive NLP framework providing transformer-based end-to-end models for core tasks with a special focus on memory efficiency while maintaining state-of-the-art accuracy and speed. Compared to existing toolkits, ELIT features an efficient Multi-Task Learning (MTL) model with many downstream tasks that include lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging, named entity recognition, dependency parsing, constituency parsing, semantic role labeling, and AMR parsing. The backbone of ELIT's MTL framework is a pre-trained transformer encoder that is shared across tasks to speed up their inference. ELIT provides pre-trained models developed on a remix of eight datasets. To scale up its service, ELIT also integrates a RESTful Client/Server combination. On the server side, ELIT extends its functionality to cover other tasks such as tokenization and coreference resolution, providing an end user with agile research experience. All resources including the source codes, documentation, and pre-trained models are publicly available at this https URL.
Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army

Examines why countries imitate the military systems of one another. A book of theory and history, it builds on and extends the most influential theory in international relations - neorealism. It offers an alternative account for emulation and convergence in the international system. It explains why states make certain choices in how to organize, prepare, and fight wars, and how international structures shape their choices. The work develops a neglected area of neorealism, applies it in new ways, widens its explanatory scope, and offers three rich - and uncommon - historical cases based on archival research.
ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE STRUCTURES

The challenge of the eighties is to make the computerized structural analysis technology, developed mostly in the seventies, a productive tool of vehicle design and development activities. This article describes modelling philosophy as well as systems and facilities used to support extensive modelling and analysis activities at Ford. Structural analysis support of vehicle design starts in early concept design and continues until a few months before production. Each vehicle design phase requires a varying extent of analysis support and emphasizes different areas of analysis capabilities. This article describes various analysis procedures used to support design: static and dynamic analysis of vehicle body structure; acoustic analysis of passenger air space; and evaluation of body structure dynamic effects on overall vehicle noise, vibration, and harshness. Selected design analysis examples are included to show, in key areas of investigation, the use of analysis results in vehicle design and development.
Gradient Flow and Scale Setting on MILC HISQ Ensembles

Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation's Teragrid/XSEDE Program; NSF [OCI-0725070, ACI-1238993]; State of Illinois; National Science Foundation [OCI-0832315, PHY-1067881, PHY-10034278, PHYS-1417805, PHY-1316748]; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-FG02-91ER40628, DE-FC02-12ER41879, DE-FG02-91ER40661, DE-SC0010120, DE-FG02-13ER-41976, DE-AC02-98CH10886, DE-AC02-07CH11359]
Search for the sources of color in thermally aged, weathered and γ‐ray irradiated bisphenol a polycarbonate

Bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) is an important high performance engineering thermoplastic well known for its outstanding combination of toughness, transparency and heat resistance. These properties make it an idel material for demanding applications where it is exposed to external stresses such as elevated temperatures, ultraviolet light and γ-ray sterilization. However, on extended exposure to these conditions, BPA-PC slowly degrades, turning progressively more yellow, eventually leading to a decrease in its physical properties. Over the years, there has been numerous studies made to understand these degradative processes so as to better design more stable BPA-PC formulations. In this paper, this chemistry is briefly reviewed along with more recent work in this area with a special emphasis on the efforts made to identifying the actual chemical species responsible for the observed yellow color and the chemistry responsible for their formation.
Social Context Influences on Children's Rejection by Their Peers

Abstract— Peer rejection has gained much attention in recent years, due to repeated findings that negative peer experiences in childhood predict adjustment difficulties in adolescence and adulthood. The dominant conceptualization within developmental psychology has overwhelmingly focused on deficits within rejected children that contribute to their difficulties and has neglected contextual factors in the peer group setting that may also influence peer rejection. This article reviews growing evidence that the social context in which peer interactions occur does affect children’s liking or disliking of peers and argues that a complete model of peer rejection will be obtained only through understanding influences of social contexts. Implications for improving existing peer-rejection interventions and for public policy are discussed.
High power cascaded mid-infrared InAs/GaSb light emitting diodes on mismatched GaAs

InAs/GaSb mid-wave, cascaded superlattice light emitting diodes are found to give higher radiance when epitaxially grown on mismatched GaAs substrates compared to lattice-matched GaSb substrates. Peak radiances of 0.69 W/cm2-sr and 1.06 W/cm2-sr for the 100 × 100 μm2 GaSb and GaAs-based devices, respectively, were measured at 77 K. Measurement of the recombination coefficients shows the shorter Shockley-Read-Hall recombination lifetime as misfit dislocations for growth on GaAs degrade the quantum efficiency only at low current injection. The improved performance on GaAs was found to be due to the higher transparency and improved thermal properties of the GaAs substrate.
Maternal response to child affect: Role of maternal depression and relationship quality

Abstract Background Maternal depression is associated with negative outcomes for offspring, including increased incidence of child psychopathology. Quality of mother–child relationships can be compromised among affectively ill dyads, such as those characterized by maternal depression and child psychopathology, and negatively impact outcomes bidirectionally. Little is known about the neural mechanisms that may modulate depressed mothers' responses to their psychiatrically ill children during middle childhood and adolescence, partially because of a need for ecologically valid personally relevant fMRI tasks that might most effectively elicit these neural mechanisms. Methods The current project evaluated maternal response to child positive and negative affective video clips in 19 depressed mothers with psychiatrically ill offspring using a novel fMRI task. Results The task elicited activation in the ventral striatum when mothers viewed positive clips and insula when mothers viewed negative clips of their own (versus unfamiliar) children. Both types of clips elicited activation in regions associated with affect regulation and self-related and social processing. Greater lifetime number of depressive episodes, comorbid anxiety, and poor mother–child relationship quality all emerged as predictors of maternal response to child affect. Limitations Findings may be specific to dyads with psychiatrically ill children. Conclusions Altered neural response to child affect may be an important characteristic of chronic maternal depression and may impact mother–child relationships negatively. Existing interventions for depression may be improved by helping mothers respond to their children's affect more adaptively.
Functionalization of carbon silica composites with active metal sites for NH3 and SO2 adsorption

Abstract A highly porous adsorbent capable of broad spectrum filtration of toxic industrial chemicals is necessary for many civilian and military applications. A carbon-silica composite material previously developed in our lab consists of two unique phases used to target low concentrations of NH 3 and SO 2 , representative of basic and acid-forming gases. In this work, it is shown that the adsorption performance of this base CSC material can be further enhanced by functionalization with reactive metal sites. Several water-soluble metal salts at various concentrations are added to the CSC material as well as to MCM-41 via incipient wetness. Along with capacity measurements, the incorporation of metal salts on CSCs and MCM-41 is studied using crystallinity, microscopy, and porosity characterization techniques. Results show that successful, well-dispersed functionalization of metals on CSCs is possible while maintaining structural integrity. Capacity measurements show that ZnCl 2 -CSC is the most effective material for NH 3 adsorption, while K 2 CO 3 -CSC is most effective for SO 2 adsorption. In order to efficiently target both adsorbates with one material, [30 wt% Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ]-CSC is identified as the best compromise, with NH 3 and SO 2 capacities of 4.0 and 0.45 mol/kg, respectively.
Sequential Growth, the Labor-Safety-Valve Doctrine and the Development of American Unionism*

“Let those who will consult the spirit rappers to bring forth its ghost.”Such was Professor Shannon's firm caveat as he laid Frederick Jackson Turner's safety-valve doctrine to rest after a post mortem performed with some gusto. The warning seems to have had the effect intended. Although Turner's frontier concept continues to influence the work of American historians and not a few economists the labor-safety-valve doctrine seems generally to have been accepted as dead and buried. We have little taste for ghosts or spirit rapping, but we would like to argue that die safety-valve doctrine, even if suffering from neglect, retains more than a spark of vitality.
Visual discrimination of texture

Julesz (1975) proposed a theory of texture discrimination, based on an order statistics principle, which states that no two textures can be perceptually discriminated if they have identical second-order statistics. The experiments reported here demonstrate that this principle is not adequate to predict visual texture discriminability. Both letter and dot micropatterns were used to create texture pairs that either differed or were identical with respect to secondorder statistics. The subject’s task was to decide which quadrant of an array contained a disparate texture. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, when controlling for spatial overlap, texture pairs having identical second-order statistics were discriminated more quickly than similar texture pairs having different second-order statistics, in contradiction to the principle. Although a significant effect in the direction predicted by the order statistics principle was found in Experiment 4 for texture pairs created from the dot micropatterns, other factors, such as spatial overlap, border differences, and goodness of pattern, must also be considered in predicting texture discriminability.
WE‐C‐WAB‐03: Correspondence Between FDG‐PET and Diffusion‐Weighted MRI After Deformable Registration in Locally‐Advanced Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: To develop and evaluate a framework for aligning diffusion‐weighted MR images (DWI) to CT and PET/CT in locally‐advanced lung cancer, and to evaluate the correspondence of FDG‐PET and DWI prior to radiation therapy. Methods: Pretreatment FDG‐PET/CT, 4D fan beam planning CT, and MR were acquired in five locally‐advanced lung cancer patients. Deformable registration was used to align the b=0 s/m2 DWI to a high‐resolution morphological MRI to reduce spatial distortion and respiratory effects. The morphological MRI was then registered to planning CT to map DWI to the planning CT reference frame. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was computed from DWI. PET/CT was also registered to planning CT. 40% of maximum lesion SUV (SUVmax) threshold was used to delineate primary tumor on PET, and a physician delineated the lesion on DWI. Dice coefficient between PET and DWI primary tumor volumes was computed to assess whole lesion location. To establish correspondence of tumor subvolumes, the region of 70% SUVmax on PET (high SUV) was delineated, and the ADC distribution from the spatially‐registered DWI extracted in this region. This process was repeated for the 40%–50% SUVmax (low SUV) region. Results: All registrations were judged visually acceptable. The PET and DWI‐defined primary tumor Dice coefficient was 0.6 +/‐0.1 after registration. The mean ADC corresponding to the high SUV region was lower than the mean ADC in the low SUV region in 4/5 patients (mean difference of −130 m2/s). One patient had higher ADC in the high SUV region, with a difference of 94 m2/s between regions. This patient had a highly heterogeneous lesion with small hyperintense pockets on ADC images indicating necrosis. Conclusion: Deformable registration of thoracic MR appears feasible to reduce the effects of distortion and motion artifacts. High SUV generally corresponded with the most restricted diffusion signal from DWI.
Influence of oxygen on the proliferation and metabolism of adipose derived adult stem cells.

Articular cartilage is an avascular connective tissue that exhibits little intrinsic capacity for repair. Articular cartilage exists in a reduced oxygen (∼5%) environment in vivo; therefore, oxygen tension may be an important factor that regulates the metabolism of chondrocyte progenitors. A number of recent studies have developed tissue engineering approaches for promoting cartilage repair using undifferentiated progenitor cells seeded on biomaterial scaffolds, but little is known about how oxygen might influence these engineered tissues. Human adipose-derived adult stem (hADAS) cells isolated from the stroma of subcutaneous fat were suspended in alginate beads and cultured in control or chondrogenic media in either low oxygen (5%) or atmospheric oxygen tension (20%) for up to 14 days. Under chondrogenic conditions, low oxygen tension significantly inhibited the proliferation of hADAS cells, but induced a two-fold increase in the rate of protein synthesis and a three-fold increase in total collagen synthesis. Low oxygen tension also increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis at certain timepoints. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significant production of cartilage-associated matrix molecules, including collagen type II and chondroitin-4-sulfate. These findings suggest oxygen tension may play an important role in regulating the proliferation and metabolism of hADAS cells as they undergo chondrogenesis, and the exogenous control of oxygen tension may provide a means of increasing the overall accumulation of matrix macromolecules in tissue-engineered cartilage. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transcranial Doppler, MRA, and MRI as a screening examination for cerebrovascular disease in patients with sickle cell anemia: an 8-year study

Objective. The authors previously reported five transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) findings as significant in detecting clinical cerebrovascular disease in a 4-year study in patients with sickle cell disease. This is a follow-up to evaluate the validity of the original findings over another 4-year period during which the study population doubled. A clinical follow-up of the original asymptomatic sickle cell patients with positive TCD, MRA, and MRI was also made. Materials and methods. Over an 8-year period TCD, MRI, and MRA were prospectively performed in 90 sickle cell patients who were clinically asymptomatic for stroke and in 27 sickle cell patients with clinical stroke. Results. Of the 4 out of original 46 control patients in 1992 who had positive MRA and TCD, 3 have subsequently had clinical stroke. None of the 9 original patients with positive TCD and positive MRI but negative MRA have developed stroke. All five original TCD indicators of disease were still significant (P 35 cm/s, mean velocity in middle cerebral artery (MCA) > 170 cm/s, resistive index (RI) in OA 200 cm/s. Conclusion. Positive MRA with a positive TCD in an asymptomatic patient in long-term follow-up suggests a trend for developing clinical stroke. A 4- to 8-year follow-up of nine patients with positive TCD, positive MRI, but not positive MRA did not show development of clinical stroke. Nine Doppler findings are significant in screening for clinically symptomatic vascular disease in sickle cell patients. It is recommended that children with sickle cell disease be screened for cerebrovascular disease with TCD. If one or two indicators of abnormality are present, MRA is recommended. If the MRA is positive, the patient may be considered for transfusion therapy or other treatment for prevention of stroke.
A response to LDR 2 LDR: KNEX 2 U

An act of leadership is always an act of practical theory. We lead because we hold visions of the world as it ought to be, because of the not yet, because of the potential that we see in ideas and people. Yet, there still exists a perceived binary between leadership theory (in the strong sense) and leadership practice, a binary that divides organizations, classrooms, and the differing bodies of leadership literature. In this Symposium, Duncan Waite and his colleagues discuss the barriers they have faced in bringing theory to the educational leadership classroom, as well as the promise they feel theory holds for more productive, equitable, and humane schooling organizations.
The Needs of Parents of Hospitalized Children

Parents of hospitalized children experience many stressors and have many needs The purpose of this study was to identify the needs of parents who have a child hospitalized for at least 2 weeks and to identify who is most likely to meet parents' needs Twenty-two parents of children between the ages of 3 and 10 years of age completed a 44-item Likert scale questionnaire Parents identified the need for information and the need to feel important and useful to their child as their most important needs The physician and nurse were identified as the persons most likely to meet their needs.
The United Republic of Tanzania’s National Policy on Disability: A Policy Analysis

In the spirit of international cooperation and to advance human rights, many nations have signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD). Ratification, however, differs from implementation, as the current analysis of the disability policy of the United Republic of Tanzania reflects. Here, the authors have accepted the Tanzanian Minister for Labour, Youth Development, and Sports’ invitation for local and international communities to rally to ensure that the desired outcomes of the NPD are realized. They examine Tanzania’s National Policy on Disability (NPD) using a policy analysis framework that has identified 18 core concepts of disability policy. They compare and contrast Tanzania’s NPD with this framework and conclude that the core concept of accountability is absent from the NPD. The authors then propose accountability techniques that might assist Tanzania to fulfill its firm and early commitment to the UN CRPD.
On the decomposition of the harberger tax incidence equation

This paper has re-examined an important area in tax incidence analysis: how the famous Harberger equation can and should be decomposed. The well-known and generally accepted decomposition scheme proposed by Mieszkowski has recently been challenged byH-H, with potential ramifications concerning the significance of the general equilibrium approach pioneered by Harberger. It has been shown that this challenge has been misplaced:H-H failed to appreciate the equal yield requirement in the Mieszkowski scheme and, consequently, their proposed method of decomposition is of little economic content. This analysis reaffirms the validity and usefulness of theH-M approach.
Genomic Organization of the Murine CTL Lipase Gene

Murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) lipase was originally identified as an IL-4-inducible gene in CD8-positive T cells. To further our understanding of both the function and the regulation of CTL lipase in T cells, we have cloned and characterized the murine gene. Two overlapping phage clones spanning 29 kb contain the entire CTL lipase gene. The exon structure is similar to those characterized for the human and canine pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 genes, with notable differences in the 5' end. Transcripts initiate from a site that matches a consensus for an initiator sequence. Potential cis-regulatory elements in the CTL lipase 5' regulatory region that would confer dual tissue specificity in exocrine pancreas and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are identified. The implications of this promoter organization are discussed.
1039 IN VITRO LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS

Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Host factors responsible for immunity to GBS include specific antibody, functional neutrophils and intact complement pathways. The role of cell-mediated immunity is unknown. To investigate the relationship between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity to GBS, the in vitro lymphocyte response to whole bacteria was studied in 13 healthy adult volunteers. Lymphocytes were isolated and cultured in 15% autologous serum in microtiter plates. Each well contained 2 X 106 cells and either 1) washed formalin killed type III GBS in cell to organism ratios of 1:10, 1:1, or 1:0.1, 2) PHA, or 3) SK:SD. 3H thymidine incorporation was measured at 5,6 or 7 days. The serum concentration of type III GBS antibody was determined with an enzyme immunoassay. Six of 13 adults responded to type III GBS as defined by a stimulation index of >10 or absolute count >4000 CPM. The mean serum concentration of type III GBS antibody in responders (15.5±7.4 M± SEM ug/ml) did not differ significantly from non-responders (6.0±10.1 ug/ml). Maximal response to GBS occurred at a cell/organism ratio of 1:1, (p<.05). Thymidine incorporation was significantly greater at 6 days than at 5 or 7 days (p<.005). The in vitro lymphocyte response to type III GBS may be an important determinant of host susceptibility to infection.
Observations of anomalous mass-loss behavior in SRM coals and cokes on drying.

The determination of moisture content in coal and coke is required for the accurate reporting of physical and chemical constituents on a dry mass basis. Interlaboratory comparisons are reported on a dry mass basis and require reproducible assessments of moisture content to minimize differences among laboratories. Comparability between laboratories is necessary to ensure equity in trade and to avoid costly disputes between buyer and seller. Moisture loss was measured as mass (M) loss as a function of time (t) at constant temperature in a dynamic inert nitrogen atmosphere on 10 SRM coals (7 bituminous and 3 subbituminous) and 4 SRM cokes. Three different patterns of mass-loss were observed-ideal (dM/dt = 0), and two anomalous behaviors, negative deviation (dM/ dt 0). Bituminous coals with lower moisture (1-4%) and volatile content (33-38%) tend to display either ideal or positive behavior while subbituminous coals with higher moisture (12-17%) and volatile content (41-47%) display negative behavior. The identification of these different mass-loss patterns demonstrates the potential for method bias depending on the drying end-point definition (ASTM and LECO) used.
Sex, illness, illness behavior, and the use of health services☆☆☆

Many investigators of the sex differences in health confound conception with reporting, illness with illness behavior, and symptoms with disability. There is also a tendency to confuse subjects' responses, those attributable to the selective process through which men and women appear at varying sources of help, and those due to the attitudes and the behavior of health personnel. This paper considers a group of alternative hypotheses that attempt to account for sex differences in health. Existing data suggest that women seem to report many more subjective symptoms than men. Also, much of the excess chronic illness reported by women is in part a reflection of how they define and respond to illness and to their life situations. There is a need for developing research designs that test alternative conceptions of the sex differences in health more rigorously.
Bad jobs in America: standard and nonstandard employment relations and job quality in the United States

The prevalence of nonstandard jobs is a matter of concern if, as many assume, such jobs are bad. We examine the relationship between nonstandard employment (on-call work and day labor, temporary-help agency employment, employment with contract companies, independent contracting, other self-employment, and part-time employment in "conventional" jobs) and exposure to "bad" job characteristics, using data from the 1995 Current Population Survey. Of workers age 18 and over, 31 percent are in some type of nonstandard employment. To assess the link between type of employment and bad jobs, we conceptualize "bad jobs" as those with low pay and without access to health insurance and pension benefits. About one in seven jobs in the United States is bad on these three dimensions. Nonstandard employment strongly increases workers' exposure to bad job characteristics, net of controls for workers' personal characteristics, family status, occupation, and industry. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Acute traumatic disruption of the thoracic aorta: emergency department management.

Abstract Study objective: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of temporary IV antihypertensive therapy in patients with acute traumatic thoracic aortic disruption. Design: Retrospective chart review of all patients treated for proven traumatic aortic disruption during the ten-year period of 1980 through 1989. Setting: Emergency department of a large, urban, Level I trauma center. Interventions: Preoperative IV β-blockade and nitroprusside after initial resuscitation in hemodynamically stable patients. Results: Thirty-seven patients with angiographically proven aortic disruption were separated retrospectively into one of three groups. Group 1 (15 patients without preoperative antihypertensive therapy) had two deaths. Group 2 (15 patients treated for two to seven hours [mean, 3.8 hours] before surgery with antihypertensives) had one death. Group 3 (seven patients treated with antihypertensives for 24 hours to four months before surgery to allow recovery from associated severe injuries) had one death. There were no complications resulting from antihypertensive therapy. Conclusion: Temporary antihypertensive therapy appears to be safe and effective in patients with aortic disruption.
The sequence of the mouse phosducin-encoding gene and its 5'-flanking region.

Abstract Phosducin (Pd), a principal protein of retinal photoreceptor cells, modulates the phototransduction cascade by interacting with transducin. A recent report indicated that Pd and the G-protein-inhibitor protein (GIP) in brain are virtually identical. Here, we have sequenced the complete mouse clone (P1-AT) carrying the Pd gene, 3026 bp of its 5′-flanking region, and cDNAs generated from the retinal mRNAs. Gene Pd is 15 kb in length and has four exons. The splice sites for donor and acceptor were in good agreement with the GT/AG rule. Deduced Pd amino acid sequences were highly homologous to those of human, bovine and rat. In addition, we found more than one similar Pd gene and two different mRNAs. The P1-AT clone encodes one of the Pd mRNAs. These results open the possibility that the multiple Pd genes encode multiple Pd.
The role of fibroblasts and fibroblast-derived factors in periprosthetic osteolysis.

Objective This study was undertaken to investigate how fibroblasts respond to stimulation with particulate wear debris and/or conditioned media obtained from pathologic tissue, and whether these activated fibroblasts express compounds that are involved in bone resorption. Methods Conditioned media from explant cultures of synovial tissue, periprosthetic soft tissue (interface membranes), titanium particles, and proinflammatory cytokines were used to stimulate fibroblasts. RNase protection assay was used to measure altered gene expression, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot hybridization, and flow cytometry were used to determine fibroblast protein expression. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was used to identify multinucleated osteoclast-like cells. Results The most dominant compounds measured in the conditioned media from interface membranes were tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Fibroblasts phagocytosed particulate wear debris and responded to cytokine/chemokine stimulation. The most prominent up-regulated genes and proteins secreted by fibroblasts in response to stimulation were matrix metalloproteinase 1, MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), COX-2, leukemia inhibitory factor 1, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and TGFβ receptor type I. In addition, interface membrane fibroblasts expressed RANKL and osteoprotegerin in response to stimulation with conditioned media, TNFα, or IL-1β. Stimulated fibroblasts cocultured with bone marrow cells in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor induced osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion Interface membrane fibroblasts respond directly to particulate wear debris, possibly via phagocytosis, expressing proinflammatory cytokines and RANKL. Thus, these cells may be actively involved in osteoclastogenesis and pathologic (periprosthetic) bone resorption.
Variation in pollination performance gradients in a Dudleya species complex: can generalization promote floral divergence?

Summary 1Adaptive floral divergence may evolve in plants that are generalized for pollination when geographic variation in pollinator assemblages produces a mosaic of phenotypic optima. Within a Dudleya species complex, I estimated the relationship between pollination success and floral phenotype at four sites, and asked whether this relationship depended on the composition of the pollinator assemblage. 2Flowers were visited by hummingbirds and insects (primarily bees), and the frequency of visitors varied among sites and between years. In 2000, pollination success did not depend on floral phenotype, but in 2001 visitation by hummingbirds increased, and flowers that were longer, produced more nectar, and had more inserted stigmas received more pollen. 3An independent experiment with hummingbirds confirmed a positive relationship between pollination success and these floral traits, which was due in part to a hummingbird visitation preference for longer, more rewarding flowers. 4The absence of a trade-off in obtaining service from insects vs birds suggests that variation in pollination environment will not promote floral divergence in Dudleya. However, if longer, more rewarding flowers incur metabolic costs, then the difference between insects and birds as agents of selection on floral function may be sufficient to generate trade-offs in total fitness.
Anti-counterfeit code for aquatic product identification for traceability and supervision in China

There are not or weak anti-counterfeit functions in the current traceability system. As a result, the counterfeiters could imitate this system easily. This phenomenon had a large impact on the traceability system construction and on consumer trust in the traceability information. The aim of our research was to construct an anti-counterfeit code for aquatic product identification, for traceability and supervision of aquatic enterprises in the domestic market. The aquatic products batch code (APBC) was in the form of a segmented combination encoding an enterprise identification code, a product code and a check code, which implements a combination of traceability and supervision. An encryption algorithm based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was designed for decimal anti-counterfeit code based on the unique identification of the aquatic trace units. Simulation tests indicated that a diffusion rate of greater than 90% was achieved when the encryption was run four or more times, thereby leading to the implementation of an anti-counterfeiting technique for aquatic traceability, known as “one time, one code”. The anti-counterfeit code combined with GS1 was used in a product label, and the method has a high level of security and is used for supervision and tracing of aquatic products in China.
Education: Make mentorship matter.

John M. Braxton calls for teaching-integrity committees to deal with academics who fail in their responsibilities.
Hindbrain rhombic lip is comprised of discrete progenitor cell populations allocated by Pax6.

Summary The lower rhombic lip (LRL) is a germinal zone in the dorsal hindbrain productive of tangentially migrating neurons, streaming extramurally (mossy fiber neurons) or intramurally (climbing fiber neurons). Here we show that LRL territory, operationally defined by Wnt1 expression, is parceled into molecular subdomains predictive of cell fate. Progressing dorsoventrally, Lmx1a and Gdf7 expression identifies the primordium for hindbrain choroid plexus epithelial cells; Math1 , for mossy fiber neurons; and immediately ventral to Math1 yet within Wnt1 + territory, a climbing fiber primordium dominated by Ngn1 -expressing cells. Elimination of Pax6 results in expansion of this Ngn1 + progenitor pool and reduction in the Math1 + pool, with accompanying later enlargement of the climbing fiber nucleus and reductions in mossy fiber nuclei. Pax6 loss also disrupts Msx expression cell-nonautonomously, suggesting Pax6 may influence LRL progenitor identity indirectly through potentiating BMP signaling. These studies suggest that underlying the diversity and proportions of fates produced by the LRL is a precise suborganization regulated by Pax6.
Scientific psychology: Should we bury it or praise it?

Abstract In the century since William James published his Principles of Psychology , scientific psychology has made great strides. Yet James' concerns about the lack of coherence of psychology have continued until this day. An analysis of the current disciplinary terrain suggests that large parts of contemporary psychology are being absorbed by the newly emerging fields of cognitive science and neuroscience. Social psychology may become part of a broader field of cultural studies, while other subfields have primarily an applied status. What will remain central to scientific psychology is a concern with those issues which were pivotal for William James—self, will, consciousness, and personality. This enduring “core” of psychology may benefit from deeper and more extended interactions with literary and other artistic studies.
Parameter identification in hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equations of cylindrical geometry from overspecified boundary data

Abstract This paper treats several diffirent problems for identifying unknown parameters or functions in parabolic and hyperbolic partial differential equations of cylindrical geometry from overspecified boundary data. Explicit solutions are obtained for various problems and the existence of various other problems is presented.
Cytomegalovirus infection promotes bacterial translocation in thermally injured mice

Thermally injured mice that were given intraperitoneal injections of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) appeared to be clinically septic and to have increased mortality rates. To evaluate the possible role of MCMV infection in promoting bacterial translocation in burned mice, mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured from two strains of mice (BALB/c and CBA) that were given thermal injuries alone, MCMV alone, or both. BALB/c mice injected with 5 X 10(5) plaque-forming units MCMV following a 15% to 16% total body surface area scald injury had increased incidence of positive mesenteric lymph node cultures compared with other groups. No intestinal mucosal histologies, mucosal dry weights, or wet-to-dry weight ratios in any animals were abnormal. Differences in cecal bacterial concentrations were not observed. Murine cytomegalovirus infection appears to enhance bacterial translocation in this model.
Why Njelele, a Rainmaking Shrine in the Matobo World Heritage Area, Zimbabwe, Has Not Been Proclaimed a National Monument

Njelele, a rainmaking shrine on the southwestern fringes of Zimbabwe’s Matobo National Park, has not been proclaimed a national monument in spite of being one of the most important cultural heritage places in southern Africa. The initial motivation for proclaiming Njelele a national monument emanated, in part, from contests for recognition of spiritual status and thus control of Njelele by members of local indigenous communities. Control over Njelele also has been a source of conflict between the local people and government departments since at least the 1960s. I contend that neither colonial administrators nor post-liberation politicians, who consulted the oracle at Njelele at the height of the country’s liberation struggle, could bring about national monument status for Njelele because it embodied the diverse values of several interest groups.
Renal Cell Carcinoma in Young Patients: a Review of Recent Literature

Renal cellcarcinoma is mostcommonin patientsin the seventh decade of life. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients under the age of 40 represent 3-7 % of all renal tumors. These young patients develop RCC from a variety of mechanisms including genetic syndromes, heritable mutations, and sporadic mutations. This population encom- passes a distinct clinical entity that requires early identification and adjustments in standard practices including sometimes- aggressive surgical measures in order to improve oncologic management.
Microsomal mixed-function oxidase-dependent renaturation of reduced ribonuclease

Abstract A purified hepatic microsomal mixed-function drug oxidase (EC 1.14.13.8) catalyzes oxidation of cysteamine to cystamine. Since cysteamine is a normal intracellular metabolite, this reaction could provide an enzymic mechanism for the continuous generation of disulfides required for formation of disulfide bonds in newly synthesized proteins. This hypothesis was tested by studying the renaturation of reduced ribonuclease in media containing glutathione reductase, purified microsomal oxidase, an NADPH-generating system, and physiological concentrations of glutathione and cysteamine. Under these conditions renaturation of reduced-disorganized ribonuclease is completely dependent upon the microsomal oxidase, and optimal renaturation rates are obtained when the relative activities of glutathione reductase and cysteamine oxidase approximate levels present in whole liver homogenates.
Low temperature cleaning of Si by a H 2 /AsH 3 plasma prior to heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)

A method using a H2/AsH3 plasma to clean the Si surface before GaAs heteroepitaxy was investigated and the dependence of the effectiveness of this treatment on arsine partial pressure was studied. Thin GaAs-on-Si films deposited on the plasma-cleaned Si were analyzed using plan-view TEM, HRXTEM and SIMS. Although not optimized, this method of Si cleaning makes heteroepitaxial deposition of GaAs possible. Some roughening of the Si surface was observed and a possible explanation is offered. Using the results of this study, thick (2.5–3.0μm) epitaxial GaAs films were then deposited and their quality was evaluated using RBS, XTEM and optical Nomarski observation. All Si surface cleaning and GaAs deposition were carried out at temperatures at or below 650°.
Catheter-related complications of total parenteral nutrition in infants.

We have reported five complications related to the catheters used for total parenteral nutrition. The only acceptable position for the catheter tip is in the superior vena cava near the junction of the right atrium. Rigid aseptic technique, careful nursing skills and repeated radiographic and clinical examination of the patient can reduce these catheter-related complications.
Protein Absorption by the Intestine of the Fetal Rat in Utero

Horseradish peroxidase (molecular weight, about 40,000) injected into the amniotic sacs in pregnant rats has been identified ultrastructurally, 6 to 18 hours later, within the fetal intestine in the absorptive cells and the underlying vascular endothelium. This indicates that macromolecular protein within amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus can be absorbed and transported by fetal intestine, and may indicate that physiological compounds can be transported by this enteric route to contribute to fetal development.