cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutagenicity of cigarette smoke in Drosophila melanogaster

Mutagenicity of cigarette-smoke condensate has been reported in Salmonella (DeMarini, 1981a; Kier et al., 1974; Mizusaki et al., 1977; Sato et al., 1977), Neurospora (DeMarini, 1981b), yeast (Hannan et al., 1980), and mammalian cells (Clive et al., 1979). Cigarette smokers have been reported to have increased frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (Lambert et al., 1978) and chromosomal aberrations (Obe and Herha, 1978) in their peripheral lymphocytes. Cigarette smokers also have mutagenic urine as detected in Salmonella (Yamasaki and Ames, 1977). Cigarette smoke itself is mutagenic in Salmonella (Basrur et al., 1978) and yeast (Gairola, 1982), and causes mitotic abnormalities in Allium root tips (Bhalla et al., 1976). Preliminary studies in Drosophila indicated that cigarette smoke induced sex-linked recessive lethal mutations (SLRLs) in larvae, but the data are not available (Pescitelli, 1979). This paper demonstrates that cigarette smoke does indeed induce SLRLs in larvae of Drosophila and that induction occurs in a specific germ-cell type, spermatocytes.
The White Path Crossing two rivers: a contemporary Japanese garden represents the past

Abstract When Westerners think of Japanese gardens, several images may come to mind. One image might be of attractive paths through which visitors stroll on stepping stones, passing a stone lantern or a stone water basin, and arriving at a pavilion overlooking a pond.1 Another might be of a stretch of gravel punctuated by rocks, perhaps with some greenery. Vaguely, we might call such gravel spaces ‘meditation gardens,’ imagining devotees seated on the verandas of temples contemplating these rock and gravel constructions through which they are invited to stroll only in their minds.2 Recently, the American Express Company drew on this second stereotype for an advertisement featuring a monk contemplating the famous garden at the Zen Buddhist temple of Ryoanji in Kyoto (figure r).3
Telling stories: creative literature and ethics.

selves-the chapter reviewing the malpractice climate and the section comparing fault-based and no-fault systems, for example. Medical Malpractice: Solving the Crnis, by FrankJ. Edwards, M.D. (New York: Henry Holt, 1989), 182 pp., is a book devoted to examining the various theories put forth to explain the malpractice crisis. The author does this by giving each theory a chapter by itself, and he develops his ideas around a case. Thus, each chapter is a story in itself, but Edwards has done his homework. Woven into
Effects of suture tension and surgical approach during unilateral arytenoid lateralization on the rima glottidis in the canine larynx.

Objectives— To evaluate the effect of abduction suture tension and cricothyroid (CT) joint disarticulation on the area, height, and width of the rima glottidis (RG) during unilateral arytenoid lateralization. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Nine canine cadaver larynges. Methods— Left arytenoid lateralization was performed with high or low abduction suture tension. RG area, height, and width were measured by computerized planimetric analysis with the epiglottis in an open and closed position. The experiment was performed with the CT joint intact and disarticulated. The effects of suture tension, CT disarticulation, and their interaction on RG area with the epiglottis closed or open were evaluated by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results— RG area increased by 82% and 129% (P < .0001) with low and high suture tension, respectively. The aperture not covered by the epiglottis in a closed position was 467% larger with high suture tension than with low tension (P < .0001). CT disarticulation had no significant effect on RG geometry with either low or high suture tension (P= .4970). Conclusions— Low suture tension increased RG area when the epiglottis was in an open position without increasing RG aperture when the epiglottis was closed. Suture tension had a significant effect on RG opening when the epiglottis was closed. CT disarticulation did not modify the geometry of the RG. Clinical Relevance— Use of a low-suture tension should be considered during arytenoid lateralization because it has the potential to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Object lessons: a cultural genealogy of the dunce cap and the apple as visual tropes of American education

When we look in depth at how the experience of education was represented in American culture, we find evidence of visual tropes representing evolving but persistent aspects of the experience of schooling, such as the performance of judgement, and the desire to know the world. These tropes were rendered in terms of pictorial conventions that went back centuries to chapbook woodcuts, and that by the early twentieth century had appeared and would reappear in movies, illustrations of novels and textbooks, magic-lantern slides and stereograph cards, and the art of popular magazines. Focusing on the dunce cap and the apple, this essay shows how these two simple objects arrived in the early twentieth century as icons for the process of education and the experience of schooling. While changing over time, they were important for the way in which they gave successive generations common symbols for understanding school. In the process of being appropriated repeatedly over the space of decades and centuries as symbol...
Syringomatous squamous tumors of the breast

Four cases are reported of syringomatous squamous tumors of the breast occurring in women aged 37 to 70 years. The lesions were characterized histologically by relatively well-circumscribed tumor-like nodules composed of a proliferation of teardrop or comma-shaped islands of squamous epithelium. The squamous epithelial islands contained central lumens lined by eosinophilic cuticles and were surrounded by a densely cellular fibrous matrix, thus closely resembling the growth pattern of dermal eccrine syringomas. The lesions appeared to arise de novo from breast parenchyma without evidence of transitions with the surrounding normal or hyperplastic mammary epithelium and were not associated with the overlying skin or nipple epidermis. In all cases, the surrounding breast tissue showed fibrocystic and benign proliferative changes, and in one case, the lesion was found in the vicinity of a large cyst surrounded by microcalcifications. All patients were treated by local surgical excision and have shown no evidence of recurrence over a follow-up period of 1 to 6 years. The histologic differential diagnosis and the possible pathogenesis of these lesions are discussed.
What is the place of bupivacaine in obstetric epidural analgesia

neurobiological effects in the neonate. 8 At term the vascularity of the epidural space is increased, thus enhancing the possibility of systemic drug absorption. Epinephrine (1:200,000) is commonly employed to decrease systemic absorption. However, it should be noted that resultant plasma concentrations of epinephrine may be sufficient to produce peripheral vasodilation through beta-adrenergic stimulation.
Evidence for a Serotonin-Mediated Effect of Cocaine Causing Vasoconstriction and Herniated Umbilici in Chicken Embryos

Some of cocaine (COC)’s pathophysiological effects on exposed embryos likely result from its vasoconstrictive action, and serotonin2 (5-HT2) agonists such as dimethoxyiodophenylaminopropane (DOI) can mimic these effects. Infusions of COC (5 mg/kg/min) or DOI (0.5 mg/kg/min) for 15 min into chicken eggs with embryos on E15 caused a significant reduction in blood vessel diameters (14 and 30%, respectively). Pretreatment with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin (RIT, 0.9 mg/kg) 18–22 h earlier blocked the effect of COC and blocked or attenuated the effect of DOI. In separate groups of chicken embryos exposed to multiple injections of low doses of COC on E18, herniated umbilici were prominent in hatchlings. A single bolus injection of the same absolute amount of COC did not cause herniated umbilici. An additional experiment replicated the induction of herniated umbilici by multiple injections of COC and demonstrated the probable involvement of 5-HT2 receptors because RIT blocked COC’s ability to induce this anomaly. These data suggest that COC’s vasoconstrictive effect, via 5-HT2 receptors, may play a mechanistic role in some adverse outcomes in embryos exposed to COC.
Anesthesia Techniques in Complex Spine Surgery

The safe performance of complex spine surgery requires the close collaboration of the anesthesiology and surgical teams. The avoidance of medical and anesthetic complications depends on the appropriate preoperative medical evaluation, patient positioning, selection and administration of anesthetic agents, management of intraoperative fluid status, emergence from anesthesia, and administration of postoperative analgesia.
Mitochondrial Abnormalities in a Mouse CPVT Model with RyR2 Loss-Of-Function Mutation

Mitochondria exchange matrix content in a unique and dynamic way by one of two mechanisms: a short-range direct interaction via closely spaced kissing junctions or long-range propagation of signal by the extrusion of extended nanotubular extensions (nanotunneling) (Huang et al 2013. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110(8): 2846-51). Both are normal, but infrequent features of cardiac myocytes. It is interesting to know whether this behavior may be affected by changes in Ca2+ homeostasis. We evaluated the cardiac ultrastructure in 7-month old heterozygous mice with a cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) mutation (RyR2-A4860G) that depresses channel function and leads to Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) without hypertrophy (Zhao et al., submitted). The mutation is embryonic lethal in mice homozygous for the mutation. In ventricular myocytes of heterozygotes mice (RyR2-A4860G+/−) it has a dual effect on SR Ca2+ release: an initial reduction due to lower RyR2 activity, linked to random bursts due to SR Ca2+ overload. The most striking and only structural alteration in cardiac myocytes in the mutant left ventricle is a clear increase in the frequency of long thin nano-tunneling mitochondrial extensions. The frequency of nanotunneling was ∼3 fold higher in mutant than in WT mice. Numerous small mitochondrial profiles are more frequent in mutant mice resulting in an average surface area of 0.17± 0.15 µm2 in mutant versus 0.28 ± 0.22 µm2 in WT (p<0.00001). This decrease is mostly due to sections through the thin tunneling extensions. The increased nanotunneling frequency would indicate an enhanced rate of long range intermitochondrial signal transfer. Interestingly, no activation of nanotunneling has been reported by EM in other CPVT models and/or in other alterations affecting proteins of CRU and Ca2+ homeostasis, making this a unique mitochondrial response.
Phthalates and children's health.

Phthalates are a class of man-made chemicals produced in large volumes and used in a wide variety of industrial and common household products such as children’s toys, lubricants, baby care products, chemical stabilizers in cosmetics, personal care products, medical products including intravenous (IV) tubing, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing. 1 Phthalates are structurally noncovalently bound in products and can therefore easily leach out and be ingested, inhaled, dermally absorbed, or can directly enter the bloodstream (IV exposures) of young children. 2 Because of widespread use of phthalates in our society, phthalate compounds are commonly found in household dust and indoor air in low to high concentrations depending on the surrounding environment. Children likely have multiple sources and routes of exposure, and current research indicates that almost all children’s urine samples contain measurable concentrations of phthalates metabolites. Public concern over phthalates has emerged in recent years due to potential human toxicity. Many animal studies examining prenatal and early developmental exposures to some phthalates report a variety of adverse health outcomes with specific toxicity to the developing male reproductive tract including an increased incidence of hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and testicular toxicity. An increase in the incidence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism has been reported in newborn males in the United States and other industrialized countries, 3,4 but few human studies examine health outcomes related to in utero or early childhood phthalate exposures. Other potential human health effects include reproductive toxicity, increased incidence of asthma/allergies, liver toxicity, and acute irritant effects. In 2005, The American Academy of Pediatrics released a technical report on pediatric exposure and toxicity of phthalates as endocrine disrupting chemicals and recommended conducting more research to determine potential exposures, toxicokinetics, and health outcomes. 2 This review will synthesize the current available literature related to phthalates and children’s health and provide recommendations on how to counsel patients regarding phthalate exposure and toxicity.
Megapower metal hydride anthroform biorobotic actuator

This study is focused on the development effort conducted on a new generation of biorobotic actuators suitable for use in many industrial and biomedical applications. The new robotic actuator herein called the Metal Hydride Anthroform Biorobotic Actuator (MHABA) uses metal hydrides as hydrogen sponge and can be operated both electrically and thermally. A small metal hydride biorobotic actuator has been built using a porous metal hydrice compact of LaNi5/CU. The reported MHABA has high specific-force (over 100 N/g of metal hydride), and is biomimetic, compact, operationally safe, lubricationless, noiseless, fast and soft actuating, and environmentally benign. The potential for applying the MHABA as electrically/thermally-controllable large force and displacement robotic actuator to industrial, biomedical, and space structures is enormous. The preliminary data shows a great potential for these metal hydride actuators to be used as high power actuators.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fatigue crack growth through partially stabilized zirconia at ambient and elevated temperatures

Abstract Fatigue crack growth through magnesia stabilized zirconia at 20, 450 and 650°C has been observed dynamically in a high temperature loading stage for the scanning electron microscope. Crack tip micromechanics parameters were measured using the stereoimaging technique. Fatigue crack growth at ambient temperature was found to be very similar to crack growth through metallic alloys. With increasing temperature, the stress intensity levels in which stable fatigue crack growth could be sustained were found to narrow significantly, until fatigue is expected to not be a valid mechanism of crack growth above about 750°C. Measured crack tip parameters were used to derive the low-cycle fatigue and the stress-cycles to failure characteristics. The latter agreed with measured SN curves. Deformation within the plastic zone was shown to account for the measured value of fracture toughness. The mechanisms of crack growth are discussed.
Women's reported weight: is there a discrepancy?

Objective: To compare self-reported pre-pregnancy weight & delivery weight with documented pre-pregnancy & delivery weight and determine whether there are differences compared with the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) guidelines. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 234 women. Inclusion criteria included documented height, self-reported pre-pregnancy weight, self-reported delivery weight, documented pre-pregnancy weight ± 12 weeks from last menstrual period, and documented delivery weight ± 2 weeks from delivery. We determined the difference between self-reported pre-pregnancy weight vs. documented pre-pregnancy weight and self-reported delivery weight vs. documented delivery weight. Using documented pre-pregnancy weight and documented delivery weight, we calculated gestational weight gain (GWG) relative to IOM criteria. Results: Self-reported pre-pregnancy weight was 2.94 kg less than documented pre-pregnancy weight (p < 0.0001). Self-reported BMI was 1.11 mg/kg2 less than documented BMI (p < 0.0001...
SIN AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HUMAN NATURE IN THE SUMMA THEOLOGIAE

The question of sin in Aquinas's Surnma Theologiae is an unusual one, for unlike the systematic treatment of other topics, such as virtue or happiness, sin remains an ambiguous concept throughout the work. In certain places, Thomas speaks of sin in the theological concepts of the Patristic tradition as a violation of God's law or as a rupture in the proper relationship between God and the believer. In others, he uses a discourse in keeping with Classical philosophy's notion of vice to describe sin as an act contrary to the dictates of reason. While the two perspectives are not completely opposed, Aquinas's use of both results in sin's nature never being adequately defined as a single reality in the Summa and thus raises the question, not only how best to understand sin, but what a philosophical or theological understanding of sin might imply for Aquinas's ethical system as a whole. The ambiguity of sin reflects a tension within Thomas's thought between the theological and philosophical sources on which he bases his theory. In particular, Aquinas's seeming inability to reconcile the two perspectives reveals his divergence from Augustine's assumptions about human nature as thoroughly corrupt, and thus marks a necessary departure from the Patristic tradition for the development of Thomas's virtue ethic founded upon the belief in the essential goodness of human nature. An examination of the concept of sin in the Summa therefore does not yield a definitive answer to the question of Aquinas's operative understanding of the term, but it does point to his tendency to favor a philosophical approach, when read in the light of his fundamental beliefs about human nature.
WE‐A‐201B‐02: Calcification Visibility in Cone Beam Breast CT: Effects of Under‐Sampling and Limited Angle Scans

Purpose: To investigate the effects of under‐sampled and limited angle‐sampled projections on microcalcification visibility in cone beam breast CT.Materials and Methods: Different sizes of calciumcarbonate grains were embedded in a gelatin cylinder to simulate microcalcifications in dense breasts. The phantom was then imaged at 80 kVp with a bench‐top CBCTsystem, which employs a‐Si/CsI based flat panel detector with a pixel size of 194 microns operated in the non‐binning mode. For scans with under‐sampling technique, projections corresponding to 30, 50, 60, 75, 100, and 150 equally spaced views were acquired over 360 degrees with adjusted mAs per image to keep the total mAs the same. The resulting CBCTimages were compared to those obtained with 300 projections, which have been considered adequate for breast imaging. For scans with limited angle sampling technique, an angular range of 60, 72, 90, and 120 degrees were chosen to acquire projections with an increased mAs per image while a reduced mAs per image was used to acquire projections for views outside this angular range to generate a complete projection image set with the same total mAs. Feldkamp algorithm with a ramp filter was used for image reconstruction. The reconstructed images were sequentially displayed on a review workstation and reviewed by a reader at two different times. The reader was asked to indicate the visible microcalcifications, of which the ratios were calculated over all readings. Result: The visibility ratio was found to increase with the size range of the calcifications with both scanning techniques. It was found that the number of projections had no significant effect on the calcification visibility. However, the visibility ratio increased with the angular range for high exposure projections. (supported in part by research grants CA104759 and CA124585 from NCI and EB000117 from NIBIB, and a subcontract from NIST‐ATP)
Neutrophil Influx Measured in Nasal Lavages of Humans Exposed to Ozone

Neutrophils (PMNs) obtained by nasal lavage were counted to determine if ozone, an oxidant air pollutant, induces an acute inflammatory response in the upper respiratory tract (URT) of humans. Background data were obtained by the nasal lavages from 200 nonexperimentally exposed subjects. Then, using a known inflammatory agent for the URT, rhinovirus-type 39, the induction, peak, and resolution of an acute inflammatory response was shown to be documented by the nasal lavage PMN counts. To determined if ozone induces this response, 41 subjects were exposed to either filtered air or 0.5 ppm ozone for 4 hr, on 2 consecutive days. Nasal lavages were taken pre-, immediately post each exposure, and 22 hr following the last exposure. Lavage PMN counts increased significantly (p = .005) in the ozone-exposed group, with 3.5-, 6.5-, and 3.9-fold increases over the air-exposed group at the post 1, pre 2, and post 2 time points, respectively. Ozone induces an inflammatory response in the URT of humans, and nasal lavage PMN counts are useful to assay the inflammatory properties of air pollutants.
Abstracts of special session on differential algebra: American Mathematical Society, Eastern Section Spring Meeting: Stevens Institute of Technology, April 14-15, 2007

The Special Session on Differential Algebra of the American Mathematical Society (AMS) Eastern Section Spring Meeting, will be held on April 14-15, 2007 at Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, USA. The following abstracts of invited speakers at this Special Session have been edited for reproduction by kind permission of AMS. With some exceptions, they are listed in alphabetical order by presenters. For all abstracts, only the email contact information of the presenter is given. The Special Session is jointly organized by the Kolchin Seminar in Differential Algebra of the City University of New York and the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Newark Campus of Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. For further information, please visit site below.
The action of phospholipase A on lipoproteins.

Abstract Snake venom has been shown to cause a clearing of a suspension of egg yolk. This clearing is due to phospholipase A (phosphatide acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) acting on the Upoproteins to produce lysolecithin (and lysophosphatidylethanolamine). The lysolecithin produced is capable of solubilizing the egg yolk suspension. The clearing of egg yolk suspension under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, and type of salt used, can be the basis for a rapid assay method for phospholipase A activity. A variety of venoms were tested and a wide range of phospholipase A activity was observed. The most active venoms were Agkistrodon p.p., Naja naja, Ophiophagus hannah, Vipera russelli , and Micrurus fulvius . The activity of phospholipase A was found to be inhibited to varying degrees by certain cations (Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ ), EDTA, iodoacetate, solvents (dioxan), formaldehyde, heating, freezing, sonication, ultraviolet irradiation, and exposure to high pH. The activity of phospholipase A was enhanced by trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) treatment and mild HCl treatment, and by addition of ethyl ether to the egg yolk suspension. Column chromatography of a variety of snake venoms on Sephadex G-75 gave different distribution profiles for each venom. Of the venoms studied only that from Vipera russelli was resolved into two distinct phospholipase A containing peaks. Paper chromatography serves as a rapid check for confirming the presence of phospholipase A. The confirmation is necessary since certain agents (Al 3+ , high pH, high salt concentration) cause a clearing of the egg yolk suspension in the absence of the enzyme.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CELLULAR CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND FREE RADICAL GENERATION IN MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY

Abstract This review describes the interrelationship between two important biological factors, intracellular calcium overloading and oxygen-derived free radicals, which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Free radicals are generated during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids are the likely targets of the free radical attack. On the other hand, activation of phospholipases can provoke the breakdown of membrane phospholipids which results in the activation of arachidonate cascade leading to the generation of protaglandins, and oxygen free radicals can be produced during the interconversion of the prostaglandins. In conclusion, it has been emphasized that the two seemingly different causative factors of reperfusion injury, intracellular calcium overloading and free radical generation are, in fact, highly interrelated.
Contributions to diophantine approximation in fields of series

The following topics are taken up: (i) the dimension of certain vector spaces defined in terms of denominations of differential polynomials, (ii) examples of series for which a Thue-Siegel-Roth type theorem holds, (iii) approximation of linear forms whose coefficients satisfy algebraic differential equations, and (iv) rational approximations to solutions of algebraic difference-differential equations.
Indian ocean trade and sultanic authority: the nāẓir of Jedda and the Mamluk political economy

AbstractFaced with a mounting economic crisis, the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Barsbāy (r. 1422-1438) sought new sources of revenue from the commercial economy of the Red Sea port of Jedda, which was emerging in the 15th century as a hub for maritime trade between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. This article examines the career of the first nāẓir, or financial supervisor, of Jedda, a Coptic secretary appointed by Sultan Barsbāy. A glimpse at his career sheds light on strategies employed by the Mamluk sultan to align his household bureaucracy with the business of trade at Jedda and the interests of influential merchant networks, as well as the limitations of such strategies.
The inhibition of isocitrate lyase from Escherichia coli by glyoxylate

Inhibition patterns have been studied to shed light on the current controversy involving the kinetic mechanism for isocitrate lyase fromEscherichia coli. A new coupled enzymatic assay for the product succinate has been developed, enabling the determination that glyoxylate, the other product, is a linear competitive inhibitor of isocitrate cleavage. This and other evidence suggest that the kinetic mechanism is steady-state, ordered uni-bi, and that succinate and glyoxylate are sequentially released from the enzyme after cleavage of isocitrate.
Alterations in Bone Mineral Density in Marfan Syndrome and Homocystinuria

Homocystinuria and Marfan syndrome represent distinct genetic conditions that share phenotypically similar skeletal features. An overview of the current understanding of genetic and physiologic contributing to the etiology of these conditions is summarized. The focus of this review is to explore the present understanding of the pathophysiology of Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria relative to the occurrence of osteoporosis in both conditions. Osteoporosis has been reported in association with homocystinuria. However, evidence supporting an association of osteoporosis with Marfan syndrome is equivocal and sources of ambiguity are critically reviewed. Advisability and approaches to bone mineral density monitoring in patients with Marfan syndrome or homocystinuria to inform clinical management are discussed. Finally, future research foci are proposed which will improve understanding of association of osteoporosis with Marfan syndrome or homocystinuria.
Clinical technology specialists

Who needs them? We do We are in the midst of a rapid proliferation of patient facing clinical technologies. More than 50 000 mobile health applications are available for people to download directly onto their mobile devices, and the number grows daily. A range of commercial wearable sensors (such as wristbands, patches, chest monitors) are also appearing to promote healthy lifestyles or to monitor medical conditions in the context of clinical care, strengthening the role of patients in quantified self tracking.1 2 Two way video and texting applications are making different forms of telemedicine increasingly accessible and popular. Every day more and more people look to internet based resources such as chat forums to help them understand their medical conditions and explore treatment options. In the United States, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act was signed into law in 2009 to promote and incentivize the broad adoption and meaningful use of health information technology to improve healthcare.3 Apple recently began offering software that culls and centralizes users’ health information as a standard feature of their new operating system …
Algorithmic unsolvability of the triviality problem for multidimensional knots

We prove that for any fixedn≥3 there is no algorithm deciding whether or not a given knotf: Sn→ℝn+2 is trivial. Some related results, are also presented.
Effect of dietary linolenic and linoleic acids upon growth and lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Nine diets, each containing different levels of linoleic acid (18∶2ω6) and linolenic (18∶3ω3) were fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 weeks. The growth rate, feed efficiency, accumulated mortality, and fatty acid composition of neutral fat and phospholipids of these groups of fish were determined. The growth was slow in the groups of fish receiving diets containing (A) low concentration of 18∶3ω3 and (B) high concentration (5%) of 18∶2ω6. The accumulated mortality was high in these groups of fish. The diet containing 1% 18∶3ω3 alone supported rapid fish growth with low mortality. The feed efficiency of this diet was also high. The metabolism of 18∶2ω6 and 18∶3ω3 in fish and their conversion to more unsaturated fatty acids typical of fish lipids was investigated.
Stomatitis and Cancer Chemotherapy

To the Editor.— With the development of increasingly more effective cancer chemotherapy drugs and drug combinations, more patients will be receiving this form of treatment. One of the major toxicities of several antineoplastic drugs is stomatitis. At times the stomatitis may be of such severity as to limit the dose of the drug used and thereby compromise effective chemotherapy and possibly lead to septicemia during periods of myelosuppression. It has been postulated that the incidence of stomatitis may relate to the degree of dental plaque formation and periodontal disease during cancer chemotherapy. 1 Based on this finding, before patients receive chemotherapy, it is important that they receive a thorough dental evaluation and necessary dental care along with oral hygiene by a dentist to lessen the degree of stomatitis and possibly prevent it from occurring.
Self-Assembled Complexes of Synthetic Polypeptides and Oppositely Charged Low Molecular Weight Surfactants. Solid-State Properties

Solid-state properties of the stoichiometric complexes formed by sodium poly(α,L-glutamate) and oppositely charged low molecular weight surfactants (alkyltrimethylammonium bromides) were examined by circular dichroism, infrared, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The polypeptide chains in the complexes were shown to be predominantly in the α-helical conformation at room temperature. At higher temperatures, weakening or disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonds stabilizing the α-helical conformation was observed. The polypeptide−surfactant complexes were shown to adopt lamellar structures in the temperature range 20−150 °C. The lamellae consist of alternating layers of polyglutamate chains and bimolecular layers of surfactant, with the surfactant alkyl chains aligned perpendicular to the lamellar surfaces and interdigitated.
Eddy Resolution versus Eddy Diffusion in a Double Gyre GCM. Part II: Mixing of Passive Tracers

Abstract The parameterization of the effect of the unresolved scales of motion on a passive tracer field in large-scale numerical ocean models is analyzed through a combination of Lagrangian and Eulerian velocities. The primitive equation isopycnal model discussed by Bleck and Boudra is used in Part I to simulate the trajectory of particles in an eddy-resolving double gyre circulation. From these trajectories, and from the associated Eulerian velocity field, a Lagrangian isopycnal diffusivity field and a deformation-dependent diffusivity distribution were estimated (Part I). Here (Part II), the same velocity field is used to simulate the evolution of idealized passive tracer fields in fine (20 km) and coarse (200 km) resolution models. The main goal of this work is to test the limitations that coarse horizontal resolution imposes on the advective–diffusive equation by comparing the evolution of a passive tracer field in a high-resolution version of the model and in an “off line” version. This off-line vel...
Aminostratigraphy of UK Pleistocene deposits

Ratios of D-alloisoleucine to L-isoleucine have been determined on freshwater molluscs from 13 interglacial sites in South East England and on marine molluscs and foraminifera from 10 Pleistocene and Upper Pliocene Crag sites in East Anglia. We can distinguish the Ipswichian, then either one or two interglacials that may be younger than the classical Hoxnian, then the Pleistocene Crags, then the Pliocene Coralline Crag.
Estuarine stream piracy: Calvert County, U.S. Atlantic coastal plain

The topography of Maryland's western shore of the Chesapeake Bay shows that five steams now flowing eastward into the bay comprise the pirated (and inverted) headwaters of streams previously flowing westward from a varnished Pliocene upland now occupied by the central Chesapeake. Estuarine shoreline erosion during Pleistocene interglaciations removed the upland, exposing the upper reaches of west-flowing stream valleys. Headward (westward) erosion by east-flowing streams then occurred along existing valleys, facilitated by steep eastward gradients and easily eroded valley-floor sediments. Stream inversion may be more common than previously recognized, since any eroding shoreline causes consumption of seaward-draining watershed and steepening of gradients, thus setting the stage for eventual stream inversion.
The use of ionization chambers for the absorbed dose calibration of high energy electron beam therapy units.

Abstract A system is proposed for high-energy electron-beam calibration using small calibrated thimble ionization chambers. It is suggested that D = R . N . C F when D is the dose in rad., R the chamber reading, N the exposure factor for 60 Co and C F is the overall conversion factor dependent upon the mean energy of the primary electrons at the point of measurements. Two sets of experimental data involving several different makes of chambers are compared with theoretical calculations and excellent agreement is found within experimental limits. A set of C F factors is proposed for different initial-energy electrons when a standard calibration phantom is used.
Electrophoresis of pig serum lipoproteins in agarose gel.

Abstract The lipoproteins of pooled pig serum were separated into three distinct zones by electrophoresis in 0.45% agarose gel in Barbitone-acetate buffer, pH 8.6. High-density lipoproteins ( d = 1.09–1.20) moved with albumin, very low-density lipoproteins ( d = 1.007) with α 2 -globulins, and low-density lipoproteins ( d = 1.007–1.09) with β-globulins. The apparent absence of α 1 -globulin with the presence of high-density lipoproteins lends support to the use of lipoprotein nomenclature based on ultracentrifugal rather than on electrophoretic properties. The multiple components of low-density lipoproteins visible in the ultracentrifuge under certain conditions could not be resolved in Barbitone (diethylmalonylurea), borate, or Tris buffers. Mobilities of pig serum proteins and lipoproteins were compared to the mobilities of the corresponding components of human serum. Electrophoresis in agarose gel was also successfully applied on a preparative seale and individual lipoprotein classes were thus isolated from total lipoproteins. Improved methods for fixation and lipid staining were devised which led to better visualization of the components and better preservation for documentation purposes.
Constrained search of conformational hyperspace.

We introduce a new method for determining pharmacophore or active site geometries by analysis of the structures of a series of active compounds. The method, constrained search, and the key concepts on which it is based, is described and illustrated by its application to 28 potent inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). The data set is one utilized by Mayer et al. [J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 1 (1987) 3–16] to determine a unique geometry for the active site. Our experiment validated the previously reported results, obtained by a systematic search, while reducing the computer time requirement by more than two orders of magnitude. The experiment also identified a previously unrecognized alternative active site geometry for the ACE series.
Survival during Early Life Stages of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) in the South-Central Mojave Desert

Early age classes of the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) are particularly vulnerable to predation by several mammal and bird species. We studied tortoise survival at the Sand Hill Training Area of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, from 1998 to 1999. We radiographed and thread-spooled 25 females to determine reproductive and nesting ecology. Predators consumed 11 of 42 monitored nests during the first 70 days of incubation. Ninety-one of 132 eggs in nests fenced after 70 days developed into healthy neonates. We recorded 0.84 and 0.91 neonate survival probability during dispersal in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Applying neonatal survival to egg success, we predict that 40% of individuals survived from oviposition to hibernation. Our findings support other chelonian life-history models indicating relatively high mortality early in life. Our data also suggest that neonatal Desert Tortoises are less susceptible to predation than was previously thought, perhaps because of their cryptic coloration and secretive habits. The Common Raven (Corvus corax) was not found to be a source of neonate mortality during this study.
“There's No Fresh Air There: Narratives of Smoke Exposure among Residents of Extended-Stay Hotels

Hotel environments have been identified as places where hospitality workers and patrons are at an increased risk for smoke exposure and associated health hazards. However, little research has been conducted to understand experiences of long-term hotel residents. This article presents narrative accounts of tobacco smoke exposure from 37 residents at extended-stay hotels in a large metropolitan Atlanta county. Residents' narratives included an awareness of smoking as an unhealthy habit but a shared activity that facilitates social engagement at the hotel. Secondhand smoke narratives included descriptions of exposure from roommates and hotel neighbors. Thirdhand smoke narratives included reports of persistent pollution and smoke residue in the hotel environment. These results suggest a need for further research to understand the extent and impact of tobacco smoke exposure among this understudied population. The implications of this research support the efforts of social workers to engage in clean air advocacy and policy making for a vulnerable population.
Patterns of displacement along the Wasatch fault

Patterns of recurrent movement along the Wasatch fault are indicated by the size and spacing of pediment remnants preserved at the apices of successive generations of faceted spurs. A preliminary study suggests that movement occurred along the fault until 200 to 300 m of vertical displacement were produced; this movement was followed by a period of quiescence. For the southern part of the fault, eight periods of nearly continuous movement were apparently separated by relatively short periods of stability. Northward, the pattern changes to one with fewer periods of active displacement separated by longer periods of quiescence during which little or no displacement occurred. The results suggest that during late Cenozoic time the Wasatch fault has experienced a history of recurrent displacement.
Pharmacogenetics, enzyme probes and therapeutic drug monitoring as potential tools for individualizing taxane therapy

The taxanes are a class of chemotherapeutic agents that are widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors. Although taxanes are highly effective in cancer treatment, their use is associated with serious complications attributable to large interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and a narrow therapeutic window. Unpredictable toxicity occurrence necessitates close patient monitoring while on therapy and adverse effects frequently require decreasing, delaying or even discontinuing taxane treatment. Currently, taxane dosing is based primarily on body surface area, ignoring other factors that are known to dictate variability in pharmacokinetics or outcome. This article discusses three potential strategies for individualizing taxane treatment based on patient information that can be collected before or during care. The clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics, enzyme probes or therapeutic drug monitoring could enable clinicians to personalize taxane treatment to enhance efficacy and/or limit t...
Efficient visualization of encoded Fourier transform infrared microscopic data of osteoporotic bone

Fourier transform IR microspectroscopy (FTIRM) of bone slices has become a major research tool to analyze the chemical constitution of calcified structures. Qualitative as well quantitative measures of bone components using this technique have been shown to be useful in the characterization of normal bone in both animal and human specimens. Furthermore, the technique can be used to characterize bone diseases like osteoporosis and the effects of different chemical constitutions on bone structures. However, the ever-increasing number of FTIRM studies is yielding an amount of data that is becoming unmanageable in terms of size for the purpose of storage. We address this problem by applying two different lossless coding techniques to the images generated by the studies. Compression ratios as high as 100:1 are obtained by coding the lower bit levels of the image while retaining the information that is used by the specialists.
A real-time spoken- language system for interactive problem-solving

SRI is developing a system to improve complex problem-solving through the use of interactive spoken language in conjunction with other media. This requires real-time performance, large vocabulary, high semantic accuracy and habitability, as well as robustness to expected and unexpected variability. SRI's spoken-language system is being developed in the air travel planning domain along two overlapping research and development lines, one focussed on an SLS kernel for database query, and the other on the full interactive system.
High-Gradient Insulators

High voltage systems operated in vacuum require insulating materials to maintain spacing between conductors held at different potentials. Traditional vacuum insulators consist of a single material, often machined with a 45deg angle to suppress surface flashover. However, insulating structures composed of alternating layers of dielectric and metal can also be built, and have been experimentally shown to have higher breakdown voltages than conventional insulators. These "high-gradient insulators" allow closer spacing of components in vacuum, and therefore; have application to a wide range of high-voltage vacuum systems where compact size is important. This paper describes ongoing simulations and experimental work on these structures, as well as the theoretical understanding driving this research
Women's attitudes toward breast cancer screening procedures: Differences by ethnicity

B reast cancer is the leading cause of death among women ages 35-54 and is the second leading cause of death in women ages 55-74.’ Approximately 184,300 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and about 44,300 will die from this disease during 1996.’ The mortality rate from breast cancer has been fairly stable since 1973, yet the rate of breast cancer continues to rise? Earlier detection of breast cancer through screening activities accounts for the stable mortality rate in spite of the rising incidence of breast cancer. White women have the lowest mortality rate from breast cancer, but they have the second highest incidence rate of 88.8/100,000 (native Hawaiians have the highest incidence rate of 106.1/100,000).3 The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends specific screening procedures that all women can implement to promote early detection of breast cancer: (1) every woman should perform monthly breast self-exam (BSE) beginning at age 20; (2) every woman between the ages of 20 and 40 should have a clinical breast examination every 3 years and annually after age 40; and (3) every woman should have a baseline mammogram at age 35, a mammogram every 2 years between 40 and 49 years of age, and annually thereafter.4 For women under 50, the recommendations about mammography have been questioned from a cost-benefit perspective.4 Women must make decisions about breast cancer screening behaviorswhether to have a mammogram or whether to have a clinical breast examination (CBE). According to the theory of reasoned action (TRA),5 people make rational decisions about engaging in particular behaviors based upon available information. As an example, the TIM5 suggests that the intention to participate in screening for breast cancer is determined primarily by two factors: the woman’s attitude toward breast cancer screening procedures and the social normative influence of the people who are important in her life. The research into attitudes toward breast cancer screening procedures has
The current state of cognitive therapy: a 40-year retrospective.

The basic framework of the cognitive theory of psychopathology and cognitive therapy of specific psychiatric disorders was developed more than 40 years ago. Since that time, there has been continuing progress in the development of cognitive theory and therapy and in the empirical testing of both. A substantial body of research supports the cognitive model of depression and, to a somewhat lesser extent, the various anxiety disorders. Cognitive therapy (CT), often labeled as the generic term cognitive behavior therapy , has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms and relapse rates, with or without medication, in a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. Suggestions for future research and applications are presented.
Clinical disease course during the last year in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective(s) The objective was to determine whether there were changes in the pattern and nature of hospitalizations during the last year that could be used in the assessment of whether chemotherapy should be continued. Methods Retrospective data were collected from patients who died from ovarian cancer between 1/2000 and 12/2001. Charts from four hospitals were reviewed to abstract chemotherapy, reason for hospitalization, and the incidence of three significant clinical events (bowel obstruction, pleural effusion requiring thoracentesis, and abdominal ascites requiring paracentesis). Data were analyzed in 3-month intervals. Results Sixty-two patient charts were reviewed. Quarterly admissions increased linearly over the year (7, 18, 27, and 47, P Conclusion(s) There were significant changes in the pattern and nature of hospitalization during the last 6 months that included hospitalizations for bowel obstruction, pleural effusion, or ascites. The occurrence of these events suggests that further chemotherapy should be realistically evaluated with the patient, which may reduce the number of patients who receive chemotherapy during their last few months of life.