cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-Level Model for High-Resistivity Gallium Arsenide

ALTHOUGH gallium arsenide is usually prepared with low resistivities ( 106 ohm-cm.). This latter material can be produced by zone refining1, by the addition of impurities such as oxygen1, or under growth conditions where the main shallow donor, silicon, is reduced below roughly one part per million1. To explain the occurrence of high-resistivity gallium arsenide, Welker2 suggested that the donors and acceptors are built into the lattice in pairs. More recently, Allen3 has termed this material ‘semi-insulating’, and claims that the existence of n-type high-resistivity material requires that there be a very high degree of compensation between the shallow donor and a deep acceptor. He also states that because of the frequency of occurrence of high resistivities, some mechanism of automatic compensation must be operative. Later, to explain gradual transitions in resistivity along floating-zone refined ingots, Gooch et al.4 have shown that a wide range of resistivities can still occur even on assuming a high degree of automatic compensation. However, according to their model, the degree of automatic compensation must vary along the ingot, yet cannot vary too much otherwise p-type material is predicted, which is not observed.
Inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in the dog: evaluation of a standard method of measurement

The inclination and anteversion angles of the femoral head and neck in 30 mongrel dogs were determined using a radiographic biplanar technique. The angle of anteversion of the 30 necropsy specimens was measured directly and compared with the in vivo radiographic measurements. The average value for the angles of anteversion, inclination, and corrected real angles of inclination were 31.3°, 148.8°, and 144.7°, respectively. Graphs were established using existing trigonometric relations to facilitate the analysis. The method used was found to be simple, reliable, and accurate. The mean difference between the indirect radiographic biplanar technique and direct measurements on isolated bones was ° 1.5°. The difference between the mean values of anteversion angles determined after radiographic biplanar technique and direct bone measurements was not significant (p > 0.05).
Reactivity of Hydrogen with Solid-State Films of Alkylamine- and Tetraoctylammonium Bromide-Stabilized Pd, PdAg, and PdAu Nanoparticles for Sensing and Catalysis Applications

Hydrogen gas spontaneously adsorbs to Pd metal as atomic hydrogen and diffuses into the lattice to form PdHx. We previously showed that films of hexanethiolate-coated Pd monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) do not readily react with H2 due to the strong chemical bonding of the thiolate to the Pd, which inhibits the reaction. Consequently, these films require ozone or heat treatment for reactivity to occur, which is inconvenient for sensing or catalysis applications. In this report, we describe the reactivity between H2 and solid-state films of alkylamine-coated Pd, PdAg (10:1), and PdAu (10:1) MPCs and films of tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr)-stabilized Pd and PdAg (10:1) nanoparticles as determined by changes in film conductivity. Our data show that Pd nanoparticles coated with these more weakly coordinated amine or ammonium groups readily react with H2 without any need for ozone or heat treatment. The conductivity of films of octylamine (C8NH2)- or dodecylamine (C12NH2)-coated Pd, PdAg, and PdAu MPCs ...
Nonconformance of standard metabolic rate with body mass in Hawaiian Honeycreepers.

Among four species of Hawaiian Honeycreepers, three from Hawaii (Vestiaria coccinea, 15.0 g; Himatione sanguinea, 12.9 g; Loxops virens, 10.7 g) and one from Kauai (Loxops parva, 7.9 g), standard metabolic rate (in ml O2/g·h) was positively related to body mass, the opposite of that predicted by conventional endothermic allometry. SMR of V. coccinea conformed to the predicted value, but in the remaining species was progressively reduced below expected levels as body mass decreased. All four species occur predominantly in Metrosideros collina forests, where their preferred food is the nectar of its blooms. At least on Hawaii and during periods of moderate bloom the species are aligned along a dominance hierarchy, with the largest species most dominant and most successful at nectar exploitation. I believe that nonconformancy of SMR with body mass in the smaller species reflects an energy-conserving measure, the degree of which is dictated by social position and relative success in nectar exploitation.
“Forbidden” soft-X-ray absorption edges in the alkali halides

Abstract Transitions from s core levels to the conduction-band edge and to excitons derivable therefrom are forbidden by symmetry in the alkali halides. Excepting K spectra, all indications from the literature seem to be that L1, M1, N1, O1 spectra are in fact unobservable. By untangling some data available for NaBr in the region where the Na+L1 and Br−M4 5 spectra overlap, we suggest that “forbidden” spectra may indeed by observable, and more detailed scans in certain regions of photon energy might be useful. The importance of excitons in X-ray spectra is further elucidated and earlier conclusions are confirmed.
Novel Graphitic Structures by Design

Graphitic Structures by Design (GSD) is a novel technology for growing graphite in precise patterns from the nano to the macroscale, rapidly (>1 layer/sec), at low temperatures (ca. 500°C), and in a single step using ordinary laboratory equipment. The GSD process consists of exposing particular metals (Ni, Pd, Pt, Co), which act as ‘templates’, to a fuel rich combustion environment. As an example, we have thoroughly characterized graphite growth on nickel in a mixture of ethylene and oxygen (O2 /C2 H4 ratio<3), and found that it grows in a geometry remarkably consistent with the shape of the metal template at a rate of the order one graphene layer/second at temperatures between about 500 and 700°C. Graphite structures created with GSD to date include two dimensional ‘screens’ that are inches in extent, yet are composed of micron scale squares graphite foam, hollow nanoparticles, and micron scale particles. All alternative technologies for graphite growth require specialty equipment, such as 2000 °C + ovens, and multiple steps. The alternatives are also not suited for a wide variety of pattern growth in either two or three dimensions. We propose to change focus from demonstrating GSD to determination of the mechanism of graphite growth. GSD could meet a number of recognized technological needs for future generation integrated circuits (IC). Precise patterns of oriented graphite are envisioned as: i) replacements of carbon fibers as structural elements in some aerospace and transport applications, ii) as heat conductive pathways aiding thermal management in ICs iii) as electrical conduits in ICs, iv) as the basic elements of nano-scale logic circuits. GSD graphite is arguably superior to the older and more broadly studied carbon nanotubes technology for all these IC applications for many reasons: only GSD be grown in any pattern on any surface, GSD is far cleaner (no metal residue in the graphite structure, in contrast to nanotubes), GSD structures can be formed consistently and cheaply, at low temperature, and only GSD can be readily grown into large designed macrostructures required for some heat transfer applications.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hemodynamic Changes During Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation of Normal Adrenal Tissue in Dogs

Objective— To determine the hemodynamic response to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of normal adrenal tissue in dogs. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Healthy adult mixed-breed dogs (n=6). Methods— During general anesthesia a Swan–Ganz thermodilution catheter was flow directed into the pulmonary artery and used to quantify cardiac output. An arterial catheter was used for direct blood pressure measurements. An RFA device was introduced into the left adrenal gland under observation through laparoscopic instrumentation. Blood samples were collected and hemodynamic variables studied after a stable surgical anesthetic depth was achieved (time 1), during CO2 insufflation of the abdomen (time 2), during adrenal RFA (time 3), and after completed RFA (time 4). Catecholamine determinations were performed with a human enzyme immunoassay. Histopathology was performed to verify medullary necrosis. Results— Arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressure, and plasma norepinephrine increased more during RFA than during abdominal insufflation. Heart rate and cardiac index did not differ between time points. High baseline epinephrine was present and significant differences between time points were not detected. Systemic vascular resistance had very high individual variation and differences were not detected. Conclusions— RFA of normal adrenal tissues is associated with severe hemodynamic alterations. Further studies of the optimal blockage of catecholamine-induced hypertension in dogs are warranted. Clinical Relevance— Clinicians should prepare for potential hypertensive crisis during RFA of adrenal masses, especially if treating a margin of normal tissue.
Academic credit for life experiences in criminal justice: Issues and concerns

Abstract This article focuses on awarding credit for life experiences (work experience, training, or other forms of experiential learning) in criminal justice education. The efficacy and consequences of this practice are explored in an attempt to delimit the issues and raise relevant questions that need to be explored in developing policies for awarding such credit. The authors raise questions concerning the definition of viable and relevant experiential learning and the process of evaluating life experiences. The article also discusses the need to consider a number of factors in implementing a credit-for- experiential-learning program; for example, the implications for “in-service” versus “preservice” students, extra-university regulations, the transferability of credit to other institutions, and the importance of a careful assessment of the overall impact on the criminal justice system and on criminal justice as an academic discipline.
Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: differences in thermostability between normal and abnormal enzyme from cultured human cells.

Cystathionine β-Synthase Deficiency: Differences in Thermostability between Normal and Abnormal Enzyme from Cultured Human Cells
Formation of the η ′ (958)-mesic nuclei in missing mass spectroscopies

Abstract We calculate the formation cross section of the η ′ -mesic nuclei by ( π , N ) and ( p , d ) reactions based on the latest theoretical considerations of the η ′ properties in nucleus. The results shown here are important to give predictions and support for future experiments and to establish the connection between the η ′ mesic nucleus formation spectra and the modifications of the η ′ properties at finite density, which will give us new information on the η ′ mass generation mechanism.
Hyperspectral imaging of chlorophyll in the Caballo Reservoir in New Mexico

Chlorophyll is a good water quality indicator for determining other pollutants in inland water bodies. Chlorophyll concentrations can be measured by remote sensing techniques; however, studies show that the broad wavelength spectral data available on current satellites do not permit discrimination between chlorophyll and suspended sediments. Hyperspectral imaging by satellite and aircraft sensors provide significant relationships between chlorophyll and radiance/reflectance measurements. This paper describes the identification of chlorophyll concentrations using hyperspectral imagery in inland water bodies. This hyperspectral study site is located in the Caballo Reservoir along the Rio Grande in the State of New Mexico. Run off from agricultural fields, failing septic tanks, and other sources of pollutants enter this water body. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory flew the flight line on June 30, 1999 and acquired the images in the study with an Advanced Visible infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). No groundtruth measurements were available at the time of the AVIRIS flight mission to compare to the images of the flight line. The images were atmospherically corrected for distortions using the ACORN software. Hyperspectral image analysis techniques using ENVI software were used for identifying potential chlorophyll areas. The spectral matching signature method was used to identify chlorophyll near the shores of the Caballo Reservoir. This method allows mapping of the chlorophyll constituent using the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification technique. The clean–up tasks afterwards are easier for eliminating any point or non–point pollutant sources because it reduces equipment and field sampling costs by obtaining water quality pollutant concentrations over a large geographical area.
A set-theoretical approach to the problem of hierarchical clustering

Abstract A set-theoretical formalization is developed for the problem of generating hierarchically organized collections of subsets, or to use a phrase common in the applied substantive literature, for the problem of hierarchical clustering. A number of terms are introduced to characterize those clustering methods that attempt to limit the size of the overlap between each pair of subsets constructed at a specific “compactness” level. Several examples, motivated primarily by graph theory, are discussed briefly to illustrate the various set-theoretical concepts presented.
Comprehensive Evaluation and Compilation of H3+ Spectroscopy

Abstract Since its initial detection in 1980, there have been 17 laboratory studies of the H 3 + infrared spectrum, reporting 895 transitions from a variety of fundamental, overtone, combination, and hot bands. The results of these two decades of labor, however, are difficult to utilize. There is no comprehensive list of the observed H 3 + transitions, and the literature contains errors in frequency measurement and assignment due to the inherent difficulty of the measurements and the complexity of the spectrum. This paper resolves these problems while assembling all of the data into a single source. We have reviewed all reported transitions of H 3 + for reliability in frequency measurement and have reassigned them based on a comparison with recent theoretical calculations. We have also developed a complete labeling scheme for all energy levels below 9000 cm −1 , which alleviates the confusion in assigning H 3 + transitions that results from the difficulty of labeling the rovibrational energy levels of a molecule with such strong mixing. Our comprehensive linelist was then used to produce a set of 526 experimentally determined energy levels, which facilitates direct comparison with theoretical calculations and prediction of the “forbidden” pure rotation spectrum of H 3 + .
Asymmetric amyloid fibril elongation: a new perspective on a symmetric world.

Amyloids are insoluble, fibrous proteins formed through the aggregation of misfolded proteins. They accumulate in the tissue of individuals with degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fibril growth from an initial model fibril seed is unidirectional or bidirectional. The prevailing theory on amyloid formation is that a symmetric fibril elongates equally from both ends. This study provides evidence to the contrary; the process occurs predominately unidirectionally, demonstrating that amyloid fibrils may be asymmetric and propagate mostly in one direction. Alexa Fluor 568 labeled insulin fibrils were seeded into a native insulin solution and allowed to elongate at 65°C while the kinetics of fibril growth was monitored. The resulting elongated fibrils were labeled with thioflavin-T, and the fluorescent images of the fibrils show that a majority of the elongated fibrils propagated along only one end of the seed, with the remaining labeled fibrils having bidirectional elongation or no elongation. Using a crystallographic model, we offer a structural explanation for asymmetric growth of the insulin fibrils. Thus, instead of the current view that fibrils grow symmetrically from both ends of the fibril, this is the first evidence that insulin amyloid fibrils formed in solution are asymmetric and appear to grow from only one end. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ion beam enhancement of metal-insulator adhesion

Abstract Ion beam mixing and substrate surface tailoring may be used to enhance the adhesion at metal-glass, metal-ceramic and metal-polymer interfaces. Some recent publications on the chemical and structural nature of such bonding are reviewed, with special reference to the roles of interface chemistry and morphology.
Impediments to mothers leaving welfare: The role of maternal and child disability

This research examines the relationship between disabilities in families and exits from welfare. Controlling for variations in characteristics known to be associated with welfare exits, this study investigates and documents that specific configurations of disabilities in families are also strongly associated with reduced rates of welfare exits. The impact of a child with a disability on welfare exits is similar to the mother's own disability, with an impact equivalent in magnitude to minority status. The presence of a child with a disability limits the chances that a mother with disability will leave welfare. Our findings add to the literature on welfare dependency and have implications for welfare reforms that emphasize work, self-sufficiency, and reducing poverty.
Hieroglyphs and Archaeology at Copan

The study of Copan's extensive hieroglyphic texts has grown hand in hand with long-term architectural excavations. Recent progress in Maya decipherment, much of it derived from work at Copan, now allows for new and potentially rewarding opportunities to integrate epigraphy and “dirt” archaeology. Toward this end, this paper provides an overview of the current knowledge of Copan's elite history, summarizing current knowledge of the ruler sequence and attributions of monuments and architecture to individual reigns. Thematic and stylistic changes are evident in the inscriptions between the Early and Late Classic periods, including a proliferation of subordinate elite texts in the decades leading up to political collapse. Also, new information is provided on the changing relations between Copan and Quirigua throughout the Classic period.
Trends in Male–Female Status Inequality, 1940–1990

Abstract This study is the first to examine long-term trends in male–female status inequality. Male–female status inequality is measured by the difference in mean status between men and women on Nam–Powers–Terrie SES scores. Overall, we found evidence of much greater inequality than indicated by previous studies in the status attainment literature. Results also indicate that levels of male–female status inequality increased between 1940 and 1980, changing little during the 1940s, increasing substantially during the 1950s and 1960s, and then declining modestly during the 1970s. Inequaltiy then declined sharply during the 1980s primarily as a result of an upgrading of female status.
Clutter invariant ATR

One of the central problems in automated target recognition is to accommodate the infinite variety of clutter in real military environments. The principle focus of our paper is on the construction of metric spaces where the metric measures the distance between objects of interest invariant to the infinite variety of clutter. Such metrics are formulated using second-order random field models. Our results indicate that this approach significantly improves detection/classification rates of targets in clutter.
Long-term histologic and mechanical results of a Permacol™ abdominal wall explant

We hypothesize that Permacol™ may allow controlled integration over time while providing long-term mechanical stability and native tissue remodeling. The purpose of this report is to investigate these properties in an explanted piece of Permacol™ after 2 years in vivo. A 62-year-old female presented with a complex abdominal wall history having undergone a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction 10 years ago, followed by an abdominal wall repair with Marlex™ mesh for weakness 3 years later. Two years ago, she developed an abdominal bulge repaired with a Permacol™ overlay. Twenty-three months postoperatively, she presented with abdominal distension. Computed tomography (CT) scanning demonstrated a fluid collection behind the Permacol™. She underwent incision and drainage of the hematoma/bursa and quilting repair of the abdominal wall. A 1 × 6-cm Permacol™ section was resected as part of closure. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and mechanical testing of the Permacol™ explant were performed. Histology showed fibroblast and blood vessel ingrowth with no cellular infiltrates reflective of inflammation. Immunohistochemistry for human-specific collagen types I and III and elastin detected staining throughout. Sections stained with non-specific control antibody exhibited no discernable staining. Elastin highlighted blood vessels. Native Permacol™ had a breaking strength of ~20 N, while for explanted Permacol™, it was ~33 N. Permacol™ maintained durability while allowing vascular ingrowth without residual inflammation. Explant demonstrated integration with human collagen and elastin remodeling throughout. Increase in mechanical strength may reflect newly synthesized collagen and elastin. These histologic findings and clinical result support the use of Permacol™ in complex abdominal wall reconstruction.
Effective localized regression for damage detection in large complex mechanical structures

In this paper, we propose a novel data mining technique for the efficient damage detection within the large-scale complex mechanical structures. Every mechanical structure is defined by the set of finite elements that are called structure elements. Large-scale complex structures may have extremely large number of structure elements, and predicting the failure in every single element using the original set of natural frequencies as features is exceptionally time-consuming task. Traditional data mining techniques simply predict failure in each structure element individually using global prediction models that are built considering all data records. In order to reduce the time complexity of these models, we propose a localized clustering-regression based approach that consists of two phases: (1) building a local cluster around a data record of interest and (2) predicting an intensity of damage only in those structure elements that correspond to data records from the built cluster. For each test data record, we first build a cluster of data records from training data around it. Then, for each data record that belongs to discovered cluster, we identify corresponding structure elements and we build a localized regression model for each of these structure elements. These regression models for specific structure elements are constructed using only a specific set of relevant natural frequencies and merely those data records that correspond to the failure of that structure element. Experiments performed on the problem of damage prediction in a large electric transmission tower frame indicate that the proposed localized clustering-regression based approach is significantly more accurate and more computationally efficient than our previous hierarchical clustering approach, as well as global prediction models.
Neutron-scattering study of short-range order in a model two-dimensional ferroelectric

Copper formate tetrahydrate is a layered hydrogen-bonded substance which undergoes a phase transition from a state in which hydrogen atoms are positionally disordered into an ordered state in which two-dimensional ferroelectric planes are stacked so that the polarization alternates in sign from layer to layer. We report here the results of a neutron-scattering study of the positional correlations between hydrogen atoms in the disordered phase. The results show that long-wavelength intralayer polarization fluctuations are suppressed in the disordered phase, even though a long-ranged polarization develops in the ordered phase. Fluctuations at intermediate wavelengths increase as the phase-transition temperature is approached. These results are discussed in terms of the two-dimensional dimer model. A qualitative understanding of the short-range order can be achieved if one takes into account a conservation law which holds for six-vertex models: in any allowed configuration of the lattice, polarization is conserved from one row to the next.
Language, Culture, and Moral Development: A Vygotskian Perspective

Abstract This article outlines a sociocultural perspective on the study of moral development. Grounded in Vygotsky's exploration of the developmental relationship between speech and thinking, it highlights the semiotic mediation of moral functioning via inner speech as inner moral dialogue, the social origins of moral functioning, and the sociocultural situatedness of moral development. In so doing it not only gives rise to a very different account of the process of moral development from that offered by other theoretical perspectives currently en vogue in the field of moral development—most notably, the cognitive-developmental paradigm—but also addresses questions about the origins of moral sensibility and questions about differences in moral functioning that currently plague researchers and theoreticians alike.
Dynamics of organic matter in soils

Dynamics of C, N, S, and to some extent P are expressed by a knowledge of the size and turnover rates of plant constituents such as soluble C and N components, cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin. Soil organic matter constituents include: the microbial biomass as determined chemically or microscopically, non-biomass active components determined by isotopic dilution, stabilized N constituents for which good techniques are not yet available, and resistant or old C and associated N determined by carbon dating. The processes involved in the nutrient transformations and transfers are reasonably well understood. The control mechanisms require further elucidation to be able to extrapolate from the laboratory to the field, and between field sites. Major control mechanisms requiring further insight include the effects of C availability on transformations of C and N. The other control for which every little is known is that of spatial compartmentalization. Compartmentalization ranges from landscape or management sequences to pedogenic layers, rhizosphere-mycorrhizal effects, clay-sesquioxide surfaces, aggregation, localized enzymes, and microbial effects such as membrane boundaries. Control mechanisms for concurrent mineralization-immobilization, the stabilization of microbial products, and the relative role of the biomass as a catalyst rather than as a source-sink for nutrients, must be understood. There is potential for combining a knowledge of microbial production and turnover with that of the roles of the soil organic active fraction as a temporary storehouse for nutrients. This, in conjunction with management techniques such as zero tillage and crop rotation, should make it possible to better utilize soil and fertilizer N, especially in areas of the world where the cost of nutrients is high relative to the value of the crop grown.
Genome-wide characterization of microRNA in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica )

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding, endogenous RNAs that play key roles in many biological processes in both animals and plants. Although many miRNAs have been identified in a large number of organisms, the miRNAs in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) have, until now, been poorly understood. In this study, two replicate small RNA libraries from foxtail millet shoots were sequenced, and 40 million reads representing over 10 million unique sequences were generated. We identified 43 known miRNAs, 172 novel miRNAs and 2 mirtron precursor candidates in foxtail millet. Some miRNA*s of the known and novel miRNAs were detected as well. Further, eight novel miRNAs were validated by stem-loop RT-PCR. Potential targets of the foxtail millet miRNAs were predicted based on our strict criteria. Of the predicted target genes, 79% (351) had functional annotations in InterPro and GO analyses, indicating the targets of the miRNAs were involved in a wide range of regulatory functions and some specific biological processes. A total of 69 pairs of syntenic miRNA precursors that were conserved between foxtail millet and sorghum were found. Additionally, stem-loop RT-PCR was conducted to confirm the tissue-specific expression of some miRNAs in the four tissues identified by deep-sequencing. We predicted, for the first time, 215 miRNAs and 447 miRNA targets in foxtail millet at a genome-wide level. The precursors, expression levels, miRNA* sequences, target functions, conservation, and evolution of miRNAs we identified were investigated. Some of the novel foxtail millet miRNAs and miRNA targets were validated experimentally.
Experience with a new negative pressure incision management system in prevention of groin wound infection in vascular surgery patients

Objective Groin wound infection is an important cause of postoperative morbidity in vascular surgery patients, especially when prosthetic grafts are involved. The objective of this study was to investigate if Prevena (Kinetic Concepts, Inc, San Antonio, Tex), a negative pressure incision management system, could reduce the risk of groin wound infection in patients after vascular surgery. Methods Ninety patients (115 groin incisions) underwent longitudinal or transverse femoral cutdown for vascular procedures. A retrospective chart review was performed on 63 consecutive incisions in patients in the non-Prevena group from December 2009 to November 2010 and on 52 consecutive incisions in patients in the Prevena group from January 2011 to December 2011. Prevena was applied intraoperatively and removed 5 to 7 days postoperatively. The non-Prevena group received either a skin adhesive or absorbent dressing. Groin incisions were assessed, and infection was graded based on Szilagyi classifications. Student t -test and two-sample proportion z test were used for statistical analyses. A P value Results Comorbidities and known risk factors for infection were compared; there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Prosthetic material was used in 34 (65%) incisions in the Prevena group and 29 (46%) incisions in the non-Prevena group. Fifty (96%) incisions within the Prevena group and 60 (96%) in the non-Prevena group were classified as clean surgical wounds. Wounds were evaluated at 7 days and 30 days postoperatively. Of 63 groin incisions in 49 patients in the non-Prevena group, 19 (30%) incisions had groin wound infections. Wound infections were classified into Szilagyi grade I (10; 16%), Szilagyi grade II (7; 11%), and Szilagyi grade III (2; 3%). Of 52 groin incisions in 41 patients in the Prevena group, three (6%) incisions had Szilagyi grade I wound infections. No grade II or III infections occurred in this group. Overall incidence of infection between the two groups was statistically significant ( P = .0011). Conclusions In this clinical study, Prevena negative pressure dressing significantly decreased the incidence of groin wound infection in patients after vascular surgery.
Reference Librarians’ Adoption of Cloud Computing Technologies: An Exploratory Study

This study examines how reference librarians use cloud computing technologies, particularly the general-purposed, consumer-oriented software as service (SaaS) tools, to support and facilitate their work. A survey was conducted and the findings suggest that librarians use these tools for a variety of purposes, ranging from facilitating internal communication and collaborative work, to supporting information literacy instruction. Advantages and disadvantages of the tools were also identified. This study will help interested librarians gain a concrete understanding of how to benefit from the increasingly popular cloud computing technologies and thus make more informed decisions when migrating to the cloud.
Der Doppelspaltversuch in moderner Form

Der Doppelspaltversuch gilt als eines der zentralen Experimente der Quantenmechanik. Dies gilt insbesondere auch fur die 1961 durchgefuhrte Variante mit Elektronen. Physiker in Europa und den USA haben diesen Versuch nun so abgeandert, dass die Interferenz nicht im Orts-, sondern im Zeitraum stattfindet.
Linguistic nonimmediacy and communicators' anxiety.

Linguistic nonimmediacy refers to the degree of verbal indirectness with which a person refers to himself or to that about which he communicates. Current research on linguistic nonimmediacy indicates that this indirectness of verbal reference increases as the speaker experiences increased negative affect. The purpose of this investigation was to test the reliability of this finding in a nonlaboratory setting and using a within-Ss design. The results of the previous research were replicated, and the argument was advanced that nonimmediacy analysis of Ss' language can be a legitimate substitute for conventional paper-and-pencil attitude tests.
The finding that teaching joint control may increase listener responses in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DD) is considered inconclusive due to a lack of supporting evidence and generalizability

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Causin, K.G., Albert, K.M., & Carbone, V.J. (2013). The role of joint control in teaching listener responding to children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 997–1011.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding were reported and no conflicts of interests were reported.
Data-Driven DPPM Estimation and Adaptive Fault Coverage Calibration Using MATLAB®

A manufacturing defect is a finite chip area with electrically malfunctioning circuitry caused by fabrication errors. The fraction of defective chips that escapes to the customer is called the defect level, also known as defective parts per million (DPPM, or simply PPM) when normalized to one million units. This paper demonstrates a technique used to correlate coverage goals to DPPM based on test fallout data using a MATLAB®-based error function minimization approach. This analysis is explained using regression models for DPPM yield versus fault/defect coverage. This approach is beneficial to semiconductor companies for calibrating their fault coverage goals to meet DPPM requirements from automotive or other customers that have very aggressive (i.e., ultra-low) DPPM demands.
Numerical examination of the nonlinear dynamics of a hybrid acousto-optic Bragg cell with positive feedback under profiled beam propagation

In standard weak interaction theory, acousto-optic Bragg analysis typically assumes that the incident light and sound beams are uniform plane waves. Acousto-optic Bragg diffraction with nonuniform profiled input beams is numerically examined under open loop via a transfer function formalism. Unexpected deviations in the first-order diffracted beam from the standard theory are observed for high Q values. These deviations are significant because the corresponding closed-loop system is sensitive to input amplitudes and initial conditions, and the overall impact on the dynamical behavior has not been studied previously in standard analyses. To explore the effect of such nonuniform output profiles on the feedback system, the numerically generated scattered output is fed back to the acoustic driver, and the resulting nonlinear dynamics are manipulated to create novel monostable, bistable, multistable, and chaotic regimes. The effects of the nonuniform input on these regimes are examined using the techniques of Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation maps. The orbital behavior is characterized with quadratic maps, which are an intuitive method of predicting the parametric behavior of the system. The latter trajectory-based approach offers yet a third arm in the process of developing a fuller understanding of the profiled output beam under feedback. The results of this work indicate that the nonlinear dynamical thresholds of the hybrid cell are significantly different for the profiled propagation problem than for the uniform case. The mono and bistable regimes do not coincide with the well-known uniform plane wave results, and the chaotic thresholds, which are critical to understanding encryption applications, are altered noticeably.
INVARIANCE, SYMMETRY AND RATIONALITY

Using recent work by Forster and Sober, I identify circumstances in which appeals to symmetries in physical laws are rational with respect to the aim of predictive accuracy. I then consider a Bayesian account of symmetry, and argue that such an account faces serious problems explaining when and why appeals to symmetry would be rational.
The Learning Journal Bridge: From Classroom Concepts to Leadership Practices.

The value of reflective writing assignments as learning tools for business students has been well-established. While the management education literature includes numerous examples of such assignments that are based on Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning model, many of them engage only the first two phases of the model. When students do not move through the complete model, they are less likely to take what they learn from the classroom to the workplace. This article describes a graduate learning journal assignment that incorporates all phases of Kolb’s model. The assignment’s success in creating a bridge between simply learning about leadership and actually putting leadership knowledge into practice is grounded in three learning theories.
Preterm infants born at less than 31 weeks' gestation have improved growth in cycled light compared with continuous near darkness.

Abstract Objectives: Our purpose was to evaluate the benefits of cycled light (CL) versus near darkness (ND) on health in preterm infants born at Study design: Randomized, interventional study comparing infants receiving (1) CL from birth, (2) CL at 32 weeks' postconceptional age (PCA), and (3) CL at 36 weeks' PCA in transition for discharge home. Statistical significance was assessed with segmented mixed general linear models, analysis of covariance, general estimating equations, χ 2 , and Fisher's exact procedure. Results: Infants receiving CL at birth and 32 weeks' PCA gained weight faster than infants not receiving CL until 36 weeks' PCA. There were no differences among the groups in length of hospitalization stay or number of ventilator days, but the power was low for these variables. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CL has significant weight gain benefits over ND, and there are no short-term advantages of ND over cycled light for health in preterm infants. (J Pediatr 2002;140:192-9)
Toluene abuse causes diffuse central nervous system white matter changes

We describe the findings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in 6 chronic toluene vapor abusers and the neuropathological findings in 1 abuser not studied by MRI. MRI in 6 chronic toluene abusers revealed the following abnormalities: (1) diffuse cerebral, cerebellar, and brainstem atrophy; (2) loss of differentiation between the gray and white matter throughout the central nervous system; and (3) increased periventricular white matter signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Another chronic toluene abuser (MRI not performed) died as a result of acute toluene overdose. The brain displayed diffuse, ill-defined myelin pallor, maximal in cerebellar, periventricular, and deep cerebral white matter. Neurons were preserved throughout, axonal swelling or beading was not seen, gliosis was minimal, and occasional, scant perivascular macrophage collections were seen. Taken in concert, these findings suggest that the pathological and MRI abnormalities are due to either increased water content of the white matter or subtle toluene-induced metabolic changes in myelin.
Virtual Reality Data Visualization for Team-Based STEAM Education: Tools, Methods, and Lessons Learned

We present a discussion of tools, methods, and lessons learned from nearly ten years of work using virtual reality data visualization as a driving problem area for collaborative practice-based STEAM education. This work has spanned multiple universities and design colleges. It has resulted in courses taught to both students majoring in computer science and students majoring in art or design. Within the classroom, an important aspect of our approach is including art and design students directly in real scientific research, often extended beyond the computer science aspects of data visualization to also include the research of collaborators in biology, medicine, and engineering who provide cutting-edge data visualization challenges. The interdisciplinary team-based education efforts have also extended beyond the classroom as art and design students have participated in our labs as research assistants and made major contributions to published scientific research. In some cases, these experiences have impacted career paths for students.
Pulmonary Alveolar Blood Flow

Explicit results concerning blood flow, alveolar blood volume, regional differences, and transit time distribution are derived from the sheet-flow theory and compared with experimental evidence available in the literature. A general consistency is indicated. The theory exhibits in a simple form the effects on flow of the arterial, alveolar, and venous pressures, the alveolar area, the mean path length between arterioles and venules, and the tension in the alveolar membrane, both elastic and surface tension; thus the theory provides a quantitative understanding of a large number of factors.
Parity-nonconserving optical rotation on the 6 s 6 p 3 P 0 → 6 s 6 p 1 P 1 transition in atomic ytterbium

A new scheme to measure parity-nonconserving effects in atomic ytterbium is proposed. This method entails measuring parity-nonconserving optical rotation on the $1.28 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m} 6s6p{ }^{3}{P}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6s6p{}^{1}{P}_{1}$ transition, for which optical rotation per unit absorption length is predicted to be an order of magnitude larger than that for transitions experimentally studied in thallium, lead, and bismuth. In the proposed experiment using a vapor cell filled with buffer gas, the lifetime of the lower metastable $6s6p{ }^{3}{P}_{0}$ state is limited by collisional de-excitation. Atoms are excited to the lower metastable state by, e.g., short $(\ensuremath{\sim}10 \mathrm{ns})$ near-resonant light pulses and spurious optical rotation is subtracted on a pulse by pulse basis. The potential sensitivity of this technique may enable precise measurements of electroweak parameters.
Democracy and environment: congruencies and contradictions in southern Africa

Using case studies from Malawi, South Africa, and Mozambique, this paper suggests that there is no necessary relationship between democracy and the environment. In Africa, democratization since the late 1980s has been the source of increased optimism about the environment, particularly as ideas of `participatory' resource management have replaced older top-down conservation models. However, this optimism may be premature. Commonly identified linkages between democracy and environment include increased accountability, development, and participation. In many African countries, however, `democracy' is an empty shell, lacking the political institutions, civil society, and economic and cultural conditions necessary to achieve real democratic competition and accountability. Moreover, the paper illustrates from the case studies that even where the goals of democracy are realized, these can have negative as well as positive environmental consequences. Hence, faith in `democracy'—wherever and in whatever form—to solve Africa's environmental problems may be misplaced. The question that needs to be asked is not whether democracy is good for the environment, but how and when it can be made to work to meet social and environmental objectives. There is room for hope: democratization in Africa has provided a more open arena for political discourse, in which questions can be asked about the specific kinds of political, social, and economic reforms and social institutions that will be needed to make `participatory' community-based resource management successful. The optimistic discourse about democracy and environment in Africa tends to obscure these difficult questions, putting at risk the true promise of democratization.
Theoretical studies of CH3, CH+3 and CH−3 using correlated wavefunctions☆

Abstract Studies of CH3, CH+3 and CH−3 have been performed using Hartree—Fock, generalized valence bond and configuration interaction wayefunctions, employing a good quality gaussian basis set. The primary emphasis was placed on the calculation of the out-of-plane vibration in CH3 and CH+3 and on the calculation of the electron affinity of CH3. We find that CH3, and CH3+ are planar with frequencies of v2 = 585 cm−1 for CH+3 and v2 = 1570 cm−1 for CH3+. This allows us to select between the sets of v2 obtained by Herzberg leading to v2 = 607 cm−1 for CH3 and v2 = 1360 cm−1 for the (Rydberg) excited state of CH3. We find that the outer electron of CH3− is not bound.
Interface design and thermal stresses in layered microelectronic assemblies

In microelectronic components thermal stresses arise from the thermal and elastic mismatch of the bonded materials. The incorporation of continuum mechanics descriptions of interfaces into the finite element method and the application of this approach is demonstrated here. The present paper uses a fracture process zone model to describe the non-linear behavior of interfaces. A cohesive strength and a cohesive energy characterize the interface with both material parameters being embedded in a traction-separation law. With the fracture process zone model cracking in bi-material strips under thermal loading is studied. Initiation and propagation of cracks is predicted in dependence of the applied temperature change. Cracking occurs at a critical temperature which depends not only on the property mismatch of the two solids but more strongly on the properties of the interface. Subsequent material separation is dominantly in shear. The crack growth rate is found to be very large initially but decreases to zero as the crack propagates. Based on these simulations the model shows a path towards increasing robustness in electronic packaging by appropriate interface design.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-beta1 (TGF-beta1) IS SUFFICIENT TO INDUCE FIBROSIS OF RABBIT CORPUS CAVERNOSUM IN VIVO

AbstractPurpose: The pleotropic cytokine TGF-beta1 which induces connective tissue synthesis, and inhibits the growth of smooth muscle cells, has been implicated in corpus cavernosum fibrosis. The objective of this study was to determine the dose and time dependence of TGF-beta1 as an active agent in penile corporal fibrosis in an animal model.Materials and Methods: A time release method of delivery was developed using sodium alginate microspheres containing recombinant human (rh) TGF-beta (1). New Zealand White rabbits were injected intracorporally with a single alginate microsphere either with or without rh-TGF-beta1. Dosage was varied from 325 to 1500 ng./bead. Animals were sacrificed at either three or five days post injection and the penises removed en bloc, examined, and processed for quantitative histomorphometric analysis, staining the sections with Masson's trichrome.Results: Alginate microspheres containing [(125) I]-rh-TGF-beta1 showed slow-release kinetics (t1/2 = 10.5 hours). Histomorphometri...