cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ochún: (N)Either the (M)Other of All Cuabainis (n)or the Bleached Virgin

The Cuban Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre/Ochun has the potential to inspire a theology of reconciliation for the Cuban community of Miami, Florida, and La Habana, Cuba. To ignore Ochun disregards the religious contribution to reconciliation that can be made by Cuba's most marginalized communities. Although La Virgen de la Caridad/Ochun can serve as a catalyst for reconciling the two Cubas, She also serves as a witness against the dominant white Cuban elite who reconstruct Her image in a way that masks their own power and privilege.
A case of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome with Peters anomaly, congenital glaucoma, and heterozygous mutation in CYP1B1.

AbstractWe read with interest the recent publication by Tarlan and colleagues1 describing a patient with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and ocular features of right microphthalmia and left anterior segment dysgenesis. While anterior segment dysgenesis disorders are occasionally reported with 22q11.2 deletions,2–5 this remains a rare association. We report here an 8-year-old patient with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and bilateral Peters anomaly with congenital glaucoma; in addition, our patient was found to have a single heterozygous mutation in CYP1B1, c.83C > T, p.(Ser28Trp).
Lightning Flash Rates as an Indicator of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the Eastern North Pacific

Lightning flashes in convective tropical clusters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean are detected by the Long-Range Lightning Detection Network and are analyzed for temporal patterns in electrical activity. The rates of lightning flash discharge in the 2006 season are analyzed for both tropical cyclones and nondeveloping cloud clusters to 1) determine if there is a difference in the convective activity of these two populations and 2) find a level of electrical activity that constitutes development in a particular system. Convective activity is associated with tropical cyclogenesis and thus we use the rate of electrical discharge as a proxy for convection associated with the likelihood of organization of individual cloud clusters into a tropical depression strength system. On the basis of the rates of lightning flashes in the cloud clusters, four levels of development are defined, ranging from non- and partially developing to fully developing cloud clusters. The levels of development are further supported by the analysis of other remotely sensed observations, such as surface scatterometer winds, that allow for the description of the mesoscale and large-scale circulation patterns in which the cloud clusters are embedded. It is found that lightning flash rates distinguish those cloud clusters that do not fully develop into tropical depressions from those that do. Receiver operating characteristic curves for these groupings are calculated, and a level of flash rate can be chosen that gives a probability of detection of 67% for a false-alarm rate of 24%.
Application of super capacitors for voltage regulation in aircraft distributed power systems

The feasibility of the use of a super capacitor and a DC-DC power converter to improve the regulation of the bus voltage of an aircraft is studied in this paper. A PWM boost DC-DC power converter is used to transfer the energy from the capacitor to the DC bus. A PWM buck DC-DC power converter is used to transfer the energy from the DC bus to the super capacitor. Experimental results indicate that a super capacitor and a DC-DC power converter can he used to improve the regulation of the DC bus voltage of distributed power systems.
Nodulation gene regulation and quorum sensing control density-dependent suppression and restriction of nodulation in the Bradyrhizobium japonicum-soybean symbiosis.

The nodulation of Glycine max cv. Lambert and the nodulation-restricting plant introduction (PI) genotype PI 417566 by wild-type Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 is regulated in a population-density-dependent manner. Nodulation on both plant genotypes was suppressed (inhibited) when plants received a high-density inoculum (109 cells/ml) of strain USDA110 grown in complex medium, and more nodules were produced on plants receiving a low-cell-density inoculum (105 cells/ml). Since cell-free supernatants from strain USDA110 grown to high cell density in complex medium decreased the expression of an nodY-lacZ fusion, this phenomenon was attributed to bradyoxetin-induced repression of nod gene expression. Inoculation of either the permissive soybean genotype (cv. Lambert) or PI 417566 with 109 cells/ml of the nodD2, nolA, nodW, and nwsB mutants of USDA110 enhanced nodulation (up to 24%) relative to that seen with inoculations done with 105 cells/ml of the mutants or the wild-type strain, indicating that these genes are involved in population-density-dependent nodulation of soybeans. In contrast, the number of nodules produced by an nodD1 mutant on either soybean genotype was less than those seen with the wild-type strain inoculated at a low inoculum density. The nodD2 mutant outcompeted B. japonicum strain USDA123 for nodulation of G. max cv. Lambert at a high or low inoculum density, and the results of root-tip-marking and time-to-nodulate studies indicated that the nolA and nodD2 mutants nodulated this soybean genotype faster than wild-type USDA110. Taken together, the results from these studies indicate that the nodD2 mutant of B. japonicum may be useful to enhance soybean nodulation at high inoculum densities and that NodD2 is a key repressor influencing host-controlled restriction of nodulation, density-dependent suppression of nodulation, perception of bradyoxetin, and competitiveness in the soybean-B. japonicum symbiosis.
Hepatic Function After Long-Term Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Support

s S225 Methods: Records of 36 patients from Jan 2013 to Oct 2014 who underwent BTT VAD implantation were reviewed. Complete data set of HLA class I and II single antigen luminex antibody profiles, B cell multiparameter flow immunophenotypes, and 38-multiplex serum cytokines available for 9 patients who were enrolled in an IRB-approved study were analyzed. JMP Pro 11.0 was used to analyze flow cytometry data by linear regression and nonparametric analysis, and R was used for multiplex cytokine analysis. Results: 3 of 9 patients had strong HLA antibody production (MFI> 5000) during their VAD course. Average increase in existing Class I and II antibodies was 118.3% and 53.3%, respectively while on device support. For all patients, CD27+ 38++ plasmablast frequency increased with post operative date (POD) (% CD27+38++ = 1.82+0.12*POD, p= 0.007) while there was a trend towards statistically significant increase over time for CD27+ IgDswitched memory, %CD27+IgD= 13.72+0.35*POD, p= .086). No significant change in CD27-IgD+ mature naive cells was seen over time. (p= 0.14). Sensitized patients has a statistically significant increase in median levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) receptor as compared with nonsensitized patients (90.4% compared with 74.5%, p= 0.015) and lower median frequencies of switched memory cells (12.3% compared with 19.8%, p= 0.030). Although baseline cytokine levels prior to surgery varied between patients, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha and IL-13 increased over time after VAD implantation in a statistically significant fashion when analyzed by mixed effect model (p< 0.05). Conclusion: VADs induce significant upregulation in HLA antibody production in patients already sensitized. Changes in B cell subsets towards antibody producing phenotypes such as plasmablasts in the setting of ongoing inflammation may suggest a potential mechanism. Increased levels of BAFF receptor may be another mechanism promoting development of sensitization, pointing to new potential methods for desensitization.
An implantable wireless biosensor for the immediate detection of upper GI bleeding: a new fluorescein-based tool for diagnosis and surveillance (with video).

Background Early recurrent hemorrhage after endoscopic intervention for acute upper GI bleeding (UGIB) can approach 20% and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Little has changed over the past several decades regarding immediate posthemorrhage surveillance, and there has likewise been no significant improvement in outcomes. Objective To develop and test an endoscopically implantable wireless biosensor for real-time detection of fluorescein-labeled blood in ex vivo and in vivo porcine models of UGIB. Setting Animal laboratory. Design Benchtop and acute animal studies. Subjects Five pigs. Interventions UGIB models were surgically created in living pigs. Biosensors were endoscopically deployed in the stomach using standard endoscopic clips. The ability to detect acute UGIB and estimated blood loss leading to biosensor activation were recorded. Feasibility of wireless data transmission out of the body to an external computer and cell phone was assessed. Main Outcome Measurements Technical feasibility and immediate complications. Results A porcine UGIB model was successfully created. Biosensors were able to detect all acute bleeding events and wirelessly transmit out of the body, and successfully sent an emergency text message to the intended cell phone in all cases. Average estimated blood loss leading to biosensor activation was 30 mL (10–75 mL). Limitations Animal study; small numbers. Conclusions An endoscopically implantable wireless biosensor successfully detected acute hemorrhage in a porcine UGIB model and sent an emergency cell-phone alert in real time.
CHLORAMPHENICOL-INDUCED INCREASE AND TETRACYCLINE-MEDIATED INHIBITION OF CELL YIELDS OF POTERIOCHROMONAS STIPITATA; INEFFECTIVENESS OF OTHER ANTIBIOTICS.

SYNOPSIS. Of 6 representative antibiotics only tetracycline inhibits this phytoflagellate. Whereas penicillin, neomycin, erythromycin and streptomycin exert no real influence on the organism, addition of chloramphenicol to the growth medium results in a marked increase in cell yields.
Immunization against Schistosoma japonicum in chimpanzees by administration of x-irradiated cercariae

Abstract Although immunization against S. japonicum infection in rhesus monkeys with X-irradiated cercariae has proved to be successful, preliminary study with the same methods and procedures as applied to rhesus monkeys showed no significant effect in chimpanzees.
Application of ultrafiltration for enzyme retention during continuous enzymatic reaction.

In most enzymatic reactions, batch or continuous, separation of the enzyme for reuse is difficult if not impossible. A process will be presented in which an Ultrafiltration membrane serves to separate the reaction products from the enzyme and the substrate. In this manner the enzyme may be retained and re-used. Furthermore, under these conditions, the enzyme need only be present in catalytic amounts regardless of the amount of product produced. Under proper operating conditions and proper ultrafiltration membrane selection, a pure solution of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis may be retained with no loss in enzyme activity over a test period of 30 hr after steadystate has been achieved. In the presence of substrate, the membrane support and ultrafiltration cell serve as the reaction vessel for the hydrolysis of starch. The substrate is continuously pumped into the cell under constant ultrafiltration pressure. The di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides formed from the enzyme reaction then either pass through the membrane as products or are retained. The molecular weight distribution of the products is dependent on the nominal molecular weight cut-off of the membrane, absolute ultrafiltration pressure, enzyme-to-substrate ratio, temperature, and residence time of the substrate in the reactor. In addition to the partial hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase, some preliminary findings on the complete hydrolysis of starch by glucoamylase will also be presented. In these latter studies, the substrate may be completely hydrolyzed to glucose units.
A Comparison of Laboratory and Seismologically Determined Elastic Constants of Rocks

Measurements of the elastic constants of rocks were made in the laboratory by static methods using specimens of rock taken from the locality in which Leet and Ewing had measured the elastic constants by seismological methods. It was found that the statical elastic constants, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio were always less than the seismologically determined ones, and that the statical compressibility of the “covered” rock is always far too large. On the other hand, the statically obtained compressibility of the “uncovered” rock is in excellent agreement with the seismic value. These experimental results can be clearly explained qualitatively as due to the presence of cracks and cavities in the rocks between adjacent crystals. This explanation at the same time suggests that the cracks and cavities will cause the rock to behave as an absorbing and dispersing medium for the propagation of elastic waves. At great depths in the Earth the probable disappearance of pores in the rocks will eliminate this behavior of elastic waves.
Role of spinal cord glutamate transporter during normal sensory transmission and pathological pain states

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter critical for spinal excitatory synaptic transmission and for generation and maintenance of spinal states of pain hypersensitivity via activation of glutamate receptors. Understanding the regulation of synaptically and non-synaptically released glutamate associated with pathological pain is important in exploring novel molecular mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies of pathological pain. The glutamate transporter system is the primary mechanism for the inactivation of synaptically released glutamate and the maintenance of glutamate homeostasis. Recent studies demonstrated that spinal glutamate transporter inhibition relieved pathological pain, suggesting that the spinal glutamate transporter might serve as a therapeutic target for treatment of pathological pain. However, the exact function of glutamate transporter in pathological pain is not completely understood. This report will review the evidence for the role of the spinal glutamate transporter during normal sensory transmission and pathological pain conditions and discuss potential mechanisms by which spinal glutamate transporter is involved in pathological pain.
The effects of midodrine on the natriuretic response to furosemide in cirrhotics with ascites

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1044–1050 Summary Background Resistance to loop diuretics is common in patients with ascites. Diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is thought to mediate resistance to loop diuretics. Midodrine, a commonly used alpha-1 agonist, has been shown to improve GFR in non-azotemic patients with cirrhosis. Aim To conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study to test the hypothesis that midodrine significantly increases natriuretic response of IV furosemide in non-azotemic cirrhotics with ascites. Methods All subjects participated in both phases, which were (i) furosemide IV infusion + oral midodrine 15 mg administered 30 min before furosemide (ii) furosemide IV infusion + oral placebo administered 30 min before furosemide. Primary outcomes were 6-h urine sodium excretion and 6-h total urine volume. Results A total of 15 patients (men: 8; age: 52.7 ± 7.6 years; serum creatinine: 1.06 ± 0.2 mg/dL) were studied. Total 6-h urine sodium excretion was 109 ± 42 mmol in the furosemide + midodrine treatment phase and was not significantly different from that in the furosemide + placebo treatment phase (126 ± 69 mmol, P = 0.6). Similarly, mean 6-h total urine volume was not significantly different between two groups (1770 ± 262 mL vs. 1962 ± 170 mL, P = 0.25). Conclusions Oral midodrine does not increase the natriuretic response to furosemide in non-azotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites. Orally administered midodrine does not increase natriuretic response to furosemide in non-azotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites.
Learning from "Escuela": Documentary Film as a Context for Teacher Learning.

AbstractThis article reports on the design of a teacher education activity that involves the documentary film, Escuela, which was produced by Hannah Weyer. We describe this instructional design, highlighting how documentary film can be used strategically to create opportunities for teacher candidates to approximate the work of culturally relevant teaching.
Molecular Structure, Spectroscopy, and Photoinduced Kinetics in Trinuclear Cyanide Bridged Complex in Solution: A First-Principles Perspective

We investigate the molecular structure of the solvated complex, [(NC)6Fe–Pt(NH3)4–Fe(CN)6]4–, and related dinuclear and mononuclear model complexes using first-principles calculations. Mixed nuclear complexes in both solution and crystal phases were widely studied as models for charge transfer (CT) reactions using advanced spectroscopical and electrochemical tools. In contrast to earlier interpretations, we find that the most stable gas phase and solvated geometries are substantially different from the crystal phase geometry, mainly due to variance in the underlying oxidation numbers of the metal centers. Specifically, in the crystal phase a Pt(IV) metal center resulting from Fe ← Pt backward electron transfers is stabilized by an octahedral ligand field, whereas in the solution phase a Pt(II) metal complex that prefers a square planar ligand field forms a CT salt by bridging to the iron complexes through long-range electrostatic interactions. The different geometry is shown to be consistent with spectros...
Myocardial reperfusion injury: the critical challenge.

Early reperfusion of the culprit occluded artery in acute myocardial infarction is crucial, yet may have deleterious effects. Reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction is well documented in the literature and in the laboratory, yet measurement and treatment remain under investigation. Recognition and comprehension of reperfusion injury provide a unique challenge for the critical care nurse.
Stroke Risk among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Zhejiang: A Population-Based Prospective Study in China

Objective. This study aimed to explore the incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the long-term surveillance data in Zhejiang, China, during 2007 to 2013. Materials and Methods. During January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013, a total of 327,268 T2DM and 307,984 stroke patients were registered on Diabetes and Stroke Surveillance System, respectively. Stroke subtypes were classified according to standard definitions of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes was calculated by standardized incidence ratio (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared with general population. Results. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with T2DM was significantly higher than in general population. Stroke risk was found significantly increased with an SIR of 3.87 (95% CI 3.76–3.99) and 3.38 (95% CI 3.27–3.48) in females and males, respectively. The excess risk of stroke was mainly attributable to the significantly higher risk of cerebral infarctions with the risk for T2DM being four times that for general population. Conclusions. The relationship between stroke and T2DM was strong, especially in female. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with T2DM was up to 3-fold higher than in general population in Zhejiang province, especially the subtype of cerebral infarctions.
Application of Kriging Techniques in Groundwater Hydrology

Many common parameters of groundwater hydrology are found to be "regionalized variables", i.e. they are highly variable but exhibit a certain spatial structure. Geostatistics, which has been developed for the estimation of the grade of ore bodies, is found to be equally applicable to groundwater problems as well. The basic principles of a geostatistical estimation are outlined, and the usual kriging equations given. The extension of kriging to multivarliate problems is also described. An example is given of the use of these methods for the estimation of the transmissivity using a limited number of observations, both pumping test and specific capacity data. The study was carried out on the chalk aquifer (3000 km 2 ) lying partly in northern France and partly in western Belgium. Both values of transmissivity (72 data points) and specific capacity (235 data points) show a log-normal distribution. All the three methods of cokriging, kriging combined wlth linear regression and kriging with the mean as a function of another variable yielded same results for the transmissivity values estimated.
Fluvial bevelling of topography controlled by lateral channel mobility and uplift rate

Rivers crossing zones of active uplift can bevel broad alluvial platforms. Experiments suggest that competition between lateral channel mobility and uplift rate controls the ability of a river to flatten the landscape.
Sexual Communication in Interpersonal Contexts: A Script-Based Approach

Sexual communication is the means by which individuals come to select potential partners for sexual relations, and through which the meanings, functions, and effects of sexual relations are negotiated. Most cultures, relationships, and individuals develop standard expectancies and practices through which sexual relations are initiated and completed. These standard expectancies and practices can be viewed as scripts that identify some degree of the content, sequence, and boundaries of appropriate behavior for pursuing, negotiating, and enacting the sexual act. This chapter reviews the research relevant to sexual scripts as well as their descriptive and explanatory value in depicting communication and sexual relations. Scripts are shown to reveal both competent and incompetent influences in the unfolding of sexual interactions.
Governor J.A. Stewart Mackenzie and the Making of Ceylon

James Alexander Stewart Mackenzie (1784–1843), governor of Ceylon 1837–41, accomplished much in an administration cut short by illness. His Legislative Council passed the legislation that opened the doors for the rapid development of the colony’s coffee plantation economy. He was also the only governor in this period to attempt humanitarian reforms, which has not been recognised in the literature and may have had a greater impact on the colony in the long run than his role in the plantation economy. This chapter reviews his career as one of the elite Highland landowners and as a Member of Parliament, and reassesses his governorship. He belongs among the nineteenth century Scottish colonial governors who helped shape the British Empire.
What Have Remittances Done to Development? Evidence from the Caribbean Community and Common Market:

This paper analyzes the long-run impact of remittances on socio-economic development in the Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) between 1970 and 2013. We find that remittances have improved the health indicators, reducing infant and child mortality, and food deficit and improving life expectancy, and sanitation and water sources, especially in the rural areas. However, remittance inflows have no significant impact on education and communication infrastructure. Neither do they contribute to any demographic changes.
Neonatal Feeding Behavior as a Complex Dynamical System.

The requirements of evidence-based practice in 2017 are motivating new theoretical foundations and methodological tools for characterizing neonatal feeding behavior. Toward that end, this article offers a complex dynamical systems perspective. A set of critical concepts from this perspective frames challenges faced by speech-language pathologists and allied professionals: when to initiate oral feeds, how to determine the robustness of neonatal breathing during feeding and appropriate levels of respiratory support, what instrumental assessments of swallow function to use with preterm neonates, and whether or not to introduce thickened liquids. In the near future, we can expect vast amounts of new data to guide evidence-based practice. But unless practitioners are able to frame these issues in a systems context larger than the individual child, the availability of “big data” will not be effectively translated to clinical practice.
Role of transplanted bone marrow cells in development of rotator cuff muscle fatty degeneration in mice.

Background Rotator cuff muscle fatty degeneration after a chronic tendon tear is an irreversible pathologic change associated with poor clinical outcomes of tendon repair, and its exact pathogenesis remains unknown. We sought to investigate the role of transplanted bone marrow cells in the development of fatty degeneration, specifically in adipocyte accumulation, using a mouse model. Methods Fourteen mice were divided into 2 bone marrow chimeric animal groups: bone marrow transplantation (BMT) group and reverse BMT group. For the BMT group, C57BL/6J wild-type mice underwent whole body irradiation followed by BMT into the retro-orbital sinus from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic donor mice. For the reverse BMT group, GFP-transgenic mice received BMT from C57BL/6J wild-type donor mice after irradiation. The supraspinatus tendon, infraspinatus tendon, and suprascapular nerve were surgically transected 3 weeks after transplantation. The rotator cuff muscles were harvested 13 weeks after transplantation for histologic analysis and GFP immunohistochemistry. Results On histologic examination, both groups showed substantial fatty degeneration, fibrosis, and atrophy of the cuff muscles. The BMT group showed no noticeable GFP immunostaining, whereas the reverse BMT group showed significantly stronger GFP staining in most adipocytes ( P Conclusions This study's findings suggest that most adipocytes in fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles originate from sources other than bone marrow–derived stem cells, and there may be more than 1 source for the adipocytes.
Access to Trade Justice: Fixing NAFTA's Flawed Dispute Settlement Process

Without a properly functioning dispute process, the obligations in a trade agreement may not be worth much. As part of the NAFTA renegotiation, the NAFTA parties should try to fix certain flaws in the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement process that emerged a few years after NAFTA came into force. Chapter 20 was used regularly in its early years, but usage dropped considerably after panel selection was blocked in a case involving U.S. restrictions on Mexican sugar. In this paper, we examine recent innovations on panel selection in the TPP, CETA, and JEEPA dispute provisions, and draw from those to develop principles that can guide revisions to the NAFTA Chapter 20 panel selection process.
Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease and Inherited Parkinsonian Syndromes.

Despite extensive research, the functions of the basal ganglia (BG) in movement control have not been fully understood. Eye movements, particularly saccades, are convenient indicators of BG function. Here we review the main oculomotor findings reported in Parkinson’s disease and genetic parkinsonian syndromes. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder caused by dopaminergic cell loss within the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in depletion of striatal dopamine and subsequent increased inhibitory BG output from the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Eye movement abnormalities are common in PD: anomalies are more evident in voluntary than reflexive saccades in the initial stages, but visually guided saccades may also be involved at later stages. Saccadic hypometria (including abnormally fragmented saccades), reduced accuracy, and increased latency are among the most prominent deficits. PD patients show also unusually frequent and large square wave jerks and impaired inhibition of reflexive saccades when voluntary mirror saccades are required. Poor convergence ability and altered pursuit are common. Inherited parkinsonisms are a heterogeneous group of rare syndromes due to gene mutations causing symptoms resembling those of PD. Eye movement characteristics of some parkinsonisms have been studied. While sharing some PD features, each syndrome has a distinctive profile that could contribute to better define the clinical phenotype of parkinsonian disorders. Moreover, because the pathogenesis and the underlying neural circuit failure of inherited parkinsonisms are often well defined, they might offer a better prospect than idiopathic PD to understand the BG function.
First International Conference on New Actions of Parathyroid Hormone

The convening of this international meeting to review the non-mineral ion actions of parathyroid hormone reflects a growing realization of the potential significance of the actions of parathyroid hormone on such diverse tissues as vascular endothelium, cardiac muscle, hematopoetic cells and nerve and muscle tissue, as well as lipid metabolism. There are obvious questions regarding the mechanism whereby PTH causes these diverse actions, the biological significance and/or the therapeutic potential. With peptide hormones the initial event that results in the physiological actions characteristic of the peptide are now universally understood to involve interaction with specific receptors on target cells. Hormone/receptor interaction generates an intracellular signal or signals which transduce hormone binding into a series of specific cellular biochemical changes and, ultimately, the physiological actions at the tissue and organ level.
Some Univariate Noise Probability Density Function Models

In this chapter we will apply the results we have derived so far to some particular models for univariate non-Gaussian noise probability density functions. The models we will consider have been found to be appropriate for modeling non-Gaussian noise in different systems. A large number of investigations have been carried out over the course of the last forty years on the characteristics of noise processes encountered in different environments. In particular, there has been much interest in characterization of underwater acoustic noise, urban and man-made RF noise, low-frequency atmospheric noise, and radar clutter noise. For such situations it is well-recognized that the mathematically appealing simple Gaussian noise model is often not at all appropriate. It is not within the scope of this book to detail the development of the non-Gaussian noise models that we will describe here, and we will have to refer the reader to the relevant literature to gain an understanding of the basis for the models.
Circadian Rhythms of the Isolated Chicken Pineal in Vitro

Behavioral experiments with passerine birds and physiological experiments with the pineal of chickens demonstrate that the avian pineal contains one or more circadian oscillators (for review see, Takahashi and Menaker 1979). In house sparrows, the pineal is necessary for the persistence of circadian rhythmicity (Gaston and Menaker 1968); pineal transplants restore circadian rhythmicity in arrhythmic pinealectomized hosts (Zimmerman and Menaker 1975, Menaker and Zimmerman 1976); and, more importantly, pineal transplants determine the phase of the restored rhythm (Zimmerman and Menaker 1979). These results argue that the pineal functions as a pacemaker within the circadian system of the sparrow.
The Roussopoulos and Schwinger Functionals for Nuclear Systems Involving Imprecisely Known Fluxes and Parameters: Distinctions and Equivalences

For over 60 years, the Roussopoulos and Schwinger functionals have been used in many works and textbooks under the assumption that they provide “second-order accurate” trial functions for the forwa...
Summary and Qutlook

In this chapter, the results of the work are presented in relation to the research questions, and a concluding examination of the results of the work is carried out. Subsequently, an outlook is given on further fields of investigation and new questions.
The positive evidence bias in perceptual confidence is not post-decisional

Abstract Confidence in a perceptual decision is a subjective estimate of the accuracy of one’s choice. As such, confidence is thought to be an important computation for a variety of cognitive and perceptual processes, and it features heavily in theorizing about conscious access to perceptual states. Recent experiments have revealed a “positive evidence bias” (PEB) in the computations underlying confidence reports. A PEB occurs when confidence, unlike objective choice, over-weights the evidence for the chosen option, relative to evidence against the chosen option. Accordingly, in a perceptual task, appropriate stimulus conditions can be arranged that produce selective changes in confidence reports but no changes in accuracy. Although the PEB is generally assumed to reflect the observer’s perceptual and/or decision processes, post-decisional accounts have not been ruled out. We therefore asked whether the PEB persisted under novel conditions that eliminated two possible post-decisional accounts: 1) post-decision evidence accumulation that contributes to a confidence report solicited after the perceptual choice, and 2) a memory bias that emerges in the delay between the stimulus offset and the confidence report. We found that even when the stimulus remained on the screen until observers responded, and when observers reported their choice and confidence simultaneously, the PEB still emerged. Signal detection-based modeling also showed that the PEB was not associated with changes to metacognitive efficiency, but rather to confidence criteria. We conclude that once-plausible post-decisional accounts of the PEB do not explain the bias, bolstering the idea that it is perceptual or decisional in nature.
ELectron-Lattice Coupling in the Cuprates

This article summarizes the principal points of discussions at the Erice workshop on the relevance of electron-lattice coupling to high temperature superconductivity. While the majority in the field still believes that the phonons and lattice are irrelevant to the superconductivity in the cuprates, such a view is strongly challenged by recent experimental results, particularly in conjunction with the increasing evidence of intrinsic electronic inhomogeneity. It is likely that phonons are a vital component of the phenomenon through the unconventional electron-phonon coupling.
Distal Radius Fractures in Patients Aged 50 Years or Older: Obstacles to Bone Health Analysis and Follow-Up in a Community Setting

Purpose To determine barriers to implementing an osteoporosis protocol in a community institution following distal radius (DR) fragility fracture to help prevent subsequent fragility fractures. Methods This cross-sectional study included elderly patients with DR fractures that occurred between 2016 and 2018. Exclusion criteria were age under 50 years, high-energy mechanism, and inability to follow-up locally. Patients were directed to follow-up with the hospital’s osteoporosis center (OC) or an endocrinologist. Patients were contacted to identify if care was established with the OC and screened for potential barriers in evaluation for bone health. Primary outcomes included the completion of a follow-up visit with an osteoporosis care provider and identification of barriers for patients who did not complete this visit. Secondary outcomes included whether or not patients obtained bone health labs, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, and/or underwent medical treatment for osteoporosis. Results One hundred seventy-five patients met final inclusion criteria and were contacted after discharge. Fifty patients agreed to follow-up with the OC, voicemails were left for 66 patients, only 70 (60.3%) patients actually followed up for bone health analysis. Patients were lost to follow-up due to lack of accessibility (32 patients; death, incorrect phone number, no voicemail, or impaired cognition), and lack of interest (27 patients). Ninety-six (54.9%) patients received appropriate treatment based on bone health labs and/or DEXA scan. Ninety (51.4%) patients had chemical treatment for osteoporosis. Fifty-five patients underwent DEXA scans with equal distribution of patients with normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic bone. Forty-three (78%) patients who had DEXA scans underwent treatment. Conclusions Establishing a protocol for follow-up for bone health assessment following a DR fracture is challenging. Only half of the patients underwent evaluation and management of their bone health. It is imperative to understand the barriers for at-risk patients to provide them with care that will improve their quality of life. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
ATTITUDE ALIGNMENT AMONG COUPLES IN THE FACE OF BELONGING THREAT

ATTITUDE ALIGNMENT AMONG COUPLES IN THE FACE OF BELONGING THREAT By: Chelsea A. Reid, B. A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Co-Director: Dr. Jeffrey D. Green, Associate Professor of Psychology Co-Director: Dr. Jody L. Davis, Assistant Professor of Psychology The present research sought to expand upon previous research demonstrating that individuals shift their attitudes to match the attitudes of their romantic partner. This research examined whether attitude alignment is influenced, in part, by belonging threats. Participants reported their attitudes about social issues and were randomly assigned to receive a belonging threat (or acceptance) in the form of feedback about their future relationships prior to discussing issues about which they disagreed with their partner. Partners discussed issues that were central to self peripheral to partner and peripheral to self central to partner. Attitude alignment was measured following discussion and at a one-week follow-up. Attitude alignment was expected to vary as a function of belonging threat, centrality of issue, and strength of unit relationship. Results did not support hypotheses, but did reveal noteworthy points to be considered for future work in this area.
Rôle de certains additifs alimentaires dans l’apparition d’une inflammation intestinale et du syndrome métabolique chez la souris

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Enhancement of Photodynamic Cell Killing (with Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine) by Treatment of V79 Cells with the Ionophore Nigericin

The K+/H+ ionophore nigericin dramatically increases killing of V79 cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT), when cells pretreated with 1 microM chloroaluminum phthalocyanine are incubated with nigericin before exposure to red light. Nigericin affects primarily the shoulder of the PDT dose-response curve, reducing the surviving fraction from 0.90 to 0.02 after a fluence of 7 kJ/m2 and from 0.80 to 0.0003 after a fluence of 12 kJ/m2. Optimal enhancement of PDT occurs when cells are incubated with 2 microM nigericin, at pHe 6.7, for 30 to 60 min before irradiation. However, significant enhancement of PDT also occurs when nigericin is added immediately before irradiation. Treatments with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine and nigericin, nigericin alone, or nigericin and red light are not toxic to cells. Cells treated with the combined agents display a rounded morphology 2 h after light exposure and lyse within 12 h. However, rounding of cells is not accompanied by severe depletion of ATP or by permeabilization of the plasma membrane to trypan blue. These results, together with known metabolic effects of nigericin, suggest that nigericin potentiates PDT by perturbing ion transport across either mitochondrial or plasma membranes.
Case Control Analysis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) Loci Repeat Expansion Size in Essential Tremor (ET) (P4.071)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate association of repeat expansion size in 10 common SCA genes (SCA-1 (ATXN1), SCA-2 (ATXN2), SCA-3 (ATXN3), SCA-6 (CACNA1A), SCA-7 (ATXN7), SCA-8 (ATXN8OS), SCA-10 (ATXN10), SCA-12 (PPP2R2B), SCA-17 (TBP) and DRPLA (ATN1) in ET. BACKGROUND: Family and twin studies provide evidence for high heritability and a contribution of genetic factors to ET disease etiology. An overlap between the ET phenotype and other neurological diseases including SCAs has been documented and, therefore, SCA gene analyses may provide insight into the genetics of ET. DESIGN/METHODS: ET cases (n=323) and controls (n=299) were enrolled in a clinical-epidemiological study at Columbia University, New York (2000-2007). All participants underwent a detailed neurological evaluation. Using published research criteria, diagnoses of possible, probable, or definite ET were assigned (E.D.L.). Genetic analysis of triplet repeats in SCA loci was preformed as described previously using fluorescent PCR and fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3730 instrument. The identification of normal allele size and expanded alleles in the pathogenic range was based on previous reports in the literature. To test significance of the allele distribution between cases and controls, a chi square and CLUMP analysis was performed. RESULTS: Overall, we did not identify any ET cases with repeat expansions in the pathogenic range in the ten SCA genes analyzed. Significant differences in the distribution of repeats in the ‘normal’ range were observed between cases and controls, with an increased frequency of specific alleles in cases compared to controls, for SCA-2 (23-24 CAG repeats, p=0.001) and SCA-8 (12, 14-16 CAG repeats, p=0.015), however the allele distribution for all other loci was similar between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that pathogenic repeat expansions in SCA loci are not associated with ET. Study Supported by: National Institutes of Health NS073872 and The Parkinson9s Disease Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Clark has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ye has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hernandez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ottman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ionita-Laza has nothing to disclose. Dr. Louis has nothing to disclose.
Gene expression in murine erythroleukemia cells. Transcriptional control and chromatin structure of the alpha 1-globin gene.

The transcriptional activation and chromatin structure of the α 1 -globin gene was analyzed during induced erythroid differentation in murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC). In uninduced MELC, a low level of α 1 -globin, coding-strand-specific transcription is detectable. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)-mediated MELC differentiation is associated with a 10 to 20-fold increase in the rate of α 1 -globin gene transcription. In induced MELC, α 1 -globin gene transcription initiated predominantly near the cap site, occurs only off the coding strand, and might terminate, or attenuate, in a region 50 to 250 base-pairs 3′ of the polyadenylation site. Before transcriptional activation of the gene, chromatin surrounding the gene displays overlapping DNase I and S 1 nuclease sensitive sites, which map to a region 100 to 200 base-pairs 5′ of the cap site. After induction, the nuclease sensitivity of these pre-established, overlapping sites increases. In addition, induction generates novel, non-overlapping DNase I and S 1 nuclease sensitive sites, which map to regions centered 300 base-pairs 5′ and approximately coincident with the cap site, respectively. We compared the time-course of α 1 -globin transcriptional activation to the chromatin structure changes. A twofold increase in gene transcription is detected within two cell cycles (approximately 24 hours) of exposure of cells synchronized in the G 1 /early s-phase to inducer. Transcription rates continue to increase for at least 48 hours in MELC cultured with HMBA (the latest time assayed). Chromatin structure changes appear nearly complete after two cell cycles.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Portable Electrical Generators

Abstract Background Portable electrical generators have been responsible for over 800 accidental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning deaths in the United States from 1999–2012. Objectives Because mortality figures are typically the only data reported with regard to the adverse effects of generators, we describe a nonfatal segment of the poisoned population to further emphasize the significance of the problem. Methods Unidentifiable information about patients treated in the United States with hyperbaric oxygen for acute CO poisoning was prospectively reported by participating centers. Those patients poisoned by portable generators were selected for analysis. Results Of 1604 patients reported from August 1, 2008 to July 31, 2011, there were 264 accidentally poisoned by portable generators. Exposures occurred in 151 incidents in 33 states. In 99 incidents, poisoning occurred in a residence. Average patient age was 37 ± 20 years (range 1 to 90+ years). Of those poisoned, 146 (55%) were non-Hispanic white, 57 (22%) were black, 52 (20%) were Hispanic white, 4 (2%) were Asian, and 4 (2%) were Native American. English was spoken by 96%. The most common symptoms included headache (62%), dizziness (52%), and loss of consciousness (50%). Blood carboxyhemoglobin levels averaged 22.7 ± 9.0% (range 2.3–48.3%). Thirty-six patients demonstrated evidence of cardiac ischemia. Conclusions Acute, severe CO poisoning from portable electric generators is common in the United States, likely affecting an estimated 4000 individuals annually, occurring predominantly in residential settings, and affecting English language-speaking individuals.
Dynamics of income inequality in Sweden

Abstract This paper investigates income inequality among individuals in Sweden overtime using generalized entropy measures in short-run (annual) and long-run (medium term) from 1978 to 1990. The results suggest that short-run inequality tends to decrease with fluctuations, partially due to transitory components. Long-run inequality declines in early years due to smoothing of transitory components. Further decline in long-run inequality is due to actual equalization. Gender, cohort, marital status, and region are used to investigate their implications. Between-group inequality due to gender and cohort are shown to be significant part of inequality. Within-group equalizations are generally more pronounced. Distinct group specific differences are observed.
Sarcomere length in experimental myocardial infarction: Evidence for sarcomere overstretch in dyskinetic ventricular regions

In eight open-chest dogs, the lengths of subendocardial segments of the left ventricle were recorded with ultrasonic crystals in ischemic and normal regions during left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. After cardiac arrest in diastole at various times after coronary artery occlusion (15 min, 45 min, 2 h), ischemic segment lengths were adjusted to the maximum length observed during paradoxical systolic expansion; some hearts were filled to diastolic lengths. The hearts were then fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde, and sarcomere lengths were measured under the electron microscope in subendocardial, midwall and epicardial zones of ischemic and control regions. As early as 15 min after the onset of ischemia, sarcomeres were longer in ischemic than in control regions. The distribution of sarcomere lengths was broader in ischemic zones after 45 min of coronary occlusion, and after 2 h this dispersion was markedly increased with hypercontracted sarcomeres as well as sarcomeres up to 3.6 μm in length. Even in extremely long sarcomeres, no clear H zone was observed. However, the normal ratio between myosin and actin filaments in the A band was not always found, indicating absence of some actin filaments. Fragmentation and agglutination of actin filaments in the I band also was sometimes observed. It is concluded that marked sarcomere overstretch occurs rapidly in bulging ischemic regions of the ventricle due in part to disengagement and rupture of the actin filaments.