cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronous broadcast messaging: the use of ICT

IBM Community Tools (ICT) is a synchronous broadcast messaging system in use by a very large, globally distributed organization. ICT is interesting for a number of reasons, including its scale of use (thousands of users per day), its usage model of employing large scale broadcast to strangers to initiate small group interactions, and the fact that it is a synchronous system used across multiple time zones. In this paper we characterize the use of ICT in its context, examine the activities for which it is used, the motivations of its users, and the values they derive from it. We also explore problems with the system, and look at the social and technical ways in which users deal with them.
Polymer-induced leakage of cations from dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol liposomes.

The amphipathic polyacid, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid) (PEAA) has recently been shown to form fluctuating channels in patch-clamp measurements of phospholipid bilayers [J.C. Chung, D.J. Gross, J.L. Thomas, D.A. Tirrell, L.R. Opsahl-Ong, Macromolecules 29 (1996) 4636–4641.]. To explore this phenomenon further, we have quantified the PEAA-mediated pH-dependent release of sodium and calcium ions from phospholipid vesicles. Permeability to calcium increases linearly with polymer concentration and exponentially with decreasing pH. Permeabilization of negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) liposomes occurs to a similar extent and with a similar pH dependence to that of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes, implying that a charge neutral species is responsible for the leakage. The pH dependence of leakage shows that the cooperative protonation of from three to five carboxylate anions is required for permeabilization. Such neutralization could result in a neutral segment of polymer chain of sufficient length to span the bilayer.
Immunomodulators in the immunotherapy of cancer and other diseases

interest in new approaches to the immunotherapy of canLer has led to the commercial development of several biological substances such as interferon and the thymic hormones and also rn the chemical synthesis of a numher of defined compounds having immunomodulatoty propetties. These immunomodulating agents have in turn been applied expcrimcw tally to a variety of other disease states. including acute and chronic viral and bat terial infections, immunodefciencies and collagen disorders. This ‘prohos. form of therapy has as its primary tberdpeutic objec- tive the auginentation of cellular immune response and consequently the improve ment of a particular disease state. The initial therapeutic effr rts have been sufficiently successful to indicate that growth in this area of ‘biological response mod&atWwiUcontinueatampidrate. f this growth is to be effective in delivering well-applied and safe immunotherapeutic agents to the clinical setting. there will have to be developed a basic, preclinical and clinical science of therapeutic immune rep ulation. The intmduction of immunologically active substances into cancer immunotherapy was plrmised on the notions that human cancers develop within the framework of immunodeticiency or at least of defective immune surveillence and that human tumors Kc. antigenic and. if reacted to by a 4mulated immune system. they would regress or. at least. perhaps not recur so frequently following their removal by surgery, chemotherapy or radio&empy. The initial enthusiasm over the develop men1 of this type of therapy tended to ex- aggerate expectations of a ‘silver bullel’ cure. The last IO years have ptnduced a nzasonable interpretation of the n’alities of the circumstance. It is apparent that cancer. in general, is associated with immunoleficiency which IS progrc~v. with the stage of diwase and compounded by immunosuppression associated u ith other therapies. particularly combmed chemotherapy. Most of the tests of immunrcompetence that were employed to define these deficiencies were developed for congenital immuttodef~iency. and thus looked for the lack of a cell population. of an immunoglobulin class or of a corn plemenr component. It is apparent that the more perceptive tests of immune dysfunc- tion in cancer are those Hhich looked for dysfunction or suppression. As a resu!: of our experience uith the immunological tests which were most effective in detecung the immune disturbances in cancer. onI> recently have UT hen able to perceive con- sistent effects .>f immunotherap> on the immune system itself. The clinical responses to immunothcmpy have almost exclusively been obscrvcd within the context of adjunctive therap). that is, the immunothrmp). ia applied fol- lowing radical ablative therdpy uith surgery. drugs or radiation. In order for the immunotherdpy to have
Coital Behavior in Dogs Iii. Effects of Early Isolation On Mating in Males

Three groups of male beagles were reared from weaning to sexual maturity under special circumstances and their responses to estrous females were compared in a series of mating tests. Five dogs were reared under conditions of semi-isolation (SI). They lived in individual cages and had very little physical contact with other animals throughout the experiment. The 5 males constituting the control group also inhabited individual cages but for 15 min. each day they were set free in the colony room where they could interact with other uncaged dogs. A final group of 5 males was reared together with 5 females in a I-acre field. None of the subjects had contact with estrous bitches except during the mating tests. The copulatory performance of the control and the group-reared males was essentially the same, but that of the semi-isolates was deficient in one particular. SI males mounted estrous females as readily and as frequently as members of the other 2 groups, but the orientation of mounting was abnormal. Ninety-seven per cent of the mounts by control and group-reared males were oriented to the female's rear, whereas 39 per cent of the mounts by SI dogs were directed to the head, side, or flank of the receptive bitch. One consequence of this difference was that SI males achieved intromission in only 24 per cent of their tests, as compared with 58 per cent and 54 per cent for the control and group-reared animals.
IONIZATION ENERGIES OF THE NEUTRAL RARE EARTHS

The ionization energies of the neutral rare earths have been derived by means of interpolated values for the energy differences between the 4fN6s2, 4fN6s7s, and 4fN6s8s configurations and the difference in the effective quantum numbers of the 4fN6s7s and 4fN6s8s configurations. In Ce i the 4f5d2ns series was used. The results in eV are: Ce i5.65Pr i5.42Nd i5.49Pm i5.55Sm i5.63Eu i5.68Dy i5.93Ho i6.02Er i6.10Tm i6.18Yb i6.25.The uncertainty is estimated to be ±0.02 eV in all cases but Ce i for which the estimated uncertainty is ±0.06 eV. Values for La i and Gd i obtained spectroscopically by other workers are also tabulated. The present results are compared with those obtained by means of surface ionization. The calculated result for Tb i was inconclusive because of the lack of sufficient knowledge of the energy-level structure.
The Effect of the Distribution of Ag in High TC Bi- Compound Superconductors

A series of 4336 Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide samples doped with 1 to 5% metallic Ag was prepared by solid state reaction. The distribution of Ag, the microstructure and the crystal structure of the samples were studied using energy dispersive spectrometry, EDS, scanning electron microscopy, SEM, and x-ray diffractometry, XRD. Addition of Ag leads to a marked increase in preferred orientation with (001) planes perpendicular to the pressing direction in sintered pellets. The resistivity-temperature data show an enhanced Tc in Ag-doped samples under certain conditions. Energy dispersive spectrometry indicates that the dopant mostly segregates to the grain boundaries.
A quantitative histochemistry technique for measuring regional distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the brain using digital scanning densitometry.

Studies of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are traditionally based on biochemical assays, immunoreactivity, and histochemistry. Conventional histochemistry yields rich morphological data from tissue sections but yields quantitative results only with great difficulty. Several histochemical methods developed in recent years, including microdensitometry, microphotometry, and video-based histochemistry, are effective in quantitative and detailed study of AChE in tissue sections. However, they are usually time-consuming. As we report here, we adapted digital scanning densitometry to quantitate AChE histochemical staining in brain sections. The AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as measured by the method, were heterogeneously distributed throughout the brain, results that are consistent with those obtained by biochemical methods. The staining intensity is dependent on section thickness, substrate concentration, and reaction time. The cholinesterase inhibitor methyl paraoxon significantly decreased AChE staining intensity. Furthermore, data acquired from densitometry are similar to those obtained by video-based microscopy or by spectrophotometry. The advantage of the densitometric measurements compared to other quantitative histochemical methods is that it is very rapid while collecting data that are equivalent in quality. Because the digital scanning densitometers provide high quality and sensitive imaging, wide dynamic ranges, and convenient image analysis software, they are very useful tools in quantitative histochemistry.
Stability studies of tetracycline in methanol solution

The stability of tetracycline in methanol solution was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, HPLC and TLC methods. After dissolution in methanol, tetracycline decomposed rapidly under the influence of light and atmospheric oxygen, forming more than fourteen different degradation products. None of the previously reported degradation products, such as the epi- and anhydro-compounds, were detected as the final degradation products. The molecular structures for eight of the compounds were suggested by their product-ion mass spectra. A degradation sequence was proposed for the reactions of tetracycline with methanol. A new HPLC-MS mobile phase was developed, which solved the clogging problem at the interface between the HPLC and MS chamber and enabled a high separation efficiency.
On the shape of a gas bubble in a viscous extensional flow

The method developed previously (Youngren & Acrivos 1975) for obtaining numerical solutions to the Stokes equations for flows past solid particles is extended to problems with free boundaries. This technique is applied to the determination of steady shapes for an inviscid gas bubble symmetrically placed in an extensional flow. For large surface tension the computed bubble shape is found to be in excellent agreement with that obtained analytically by Barthes-Biesel & Acrivos (1973), while for small surface tension it agrees with an expression derived by Buckmaster (1972) using slender-body theory.
Reactions to Leadership Style as a Function of Locus of Control and Ascendancy of Subordinates.

To investigate the effects of ascendancy and perceived locus of control on reactions to participative and manipulative leadership, 108 subjects were divided into 4 groups on the basis of Guilford-Zimmerman ascendancy scores and Rotter I-E scale scores. Members of each group were randomly assigned to either a participation or manipulation session in which they were asked to resolve a small group dilemma. Results indicated that the two personality measures were associated with different reactions to the two styles of leadership. Furthermore, as predicted by the path-goal theory of leadership, even small differences in personal rewards were related to satisfaction with the decision, satisfaction with the job, and estimation of future productivity
Applying Environmental Psychology in the Design of Domestic Violence Shelters

This conceptual article illustrates the potential of leveraging environmental psychology concepts in the physical design of domestic violence (DV) emergency shelters, enabling shelters to go beyond the role of secure structures, housing an array of services, to being buildings designed to increase psychological well-being of residents. The co-authors' professional and scholarly backgrounds are in architecture and social work. Interdisciplinary collaboration in this article blends the theoretical and practical approaches of these fields, using environmental psychology to assert that the built physical environment is an overlooked element with potential to hinder or facilitate well-being of DV survivors. This article introduces environmental psychology and related design guidelines, successful in health care facilities, that might translate into shelter design and increase residents' psychological well-being, especially with design strategies that increase sense of control, social support, and reduce enviro...
On Generalized Hamming Weights for Galois Ring Linear Codes

The definition of generalized Hamming weights (GHW) for linear codes over Galois rings is discussed. The properties of GHW for Galois ring linear codes are stated. Upper and existence bounds for GHW of ZF_4– linear codes and a lower bound for GHW of the Kerdock code over Z_4– are derived. GHW of some ZF_4– linear codes are determined.
Parasol: An Architecture for Cross-Cloud Federated Graph Querying

Large scale data fusion of multiple datasets can often provide insights that individual datasets cannot. However, when these datasets reside in different data centers and cannot be collocated due to technical, administrative, or policy barriers, a unique set of problems arise that hamper querying and data fusion. To address these problems, a system and architecture named Parasol is presented that enables federated queries over graph databases residing in multiple clouds. Parasol's design is flexible and requires only minimal assumptions for client clouds. Query optimization techniques are also described that are compatible with Parasol's lightweight architecture. Experiments on a prototype implementation of Parasol indicate its suitability for cross-cloud federated graph queries.
Novel C3-symmetric n-type tris(aroyleneimidazole) and its analogs: synthesis, physical properties and self-assembly.

Novel n-type C3-symmetric materials are synthesized and shown to have desirable bandgap, broad absorption and high thermal stability, thus pose as viable candidates for organic photovoltaics. The strong intermolecular interactions among the extended π-surfaces beget the self-assembly of nanofibers.
Presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody isotypes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis synovial fluid indicates autoantibody production at the site of inflammation

Results Eleven of 47 (23%) JIA SF samples were positive for the different anti-CCP antibody isotypes. IgM anti-CCP antibodies were positive in 9 JIA patients, including 5 oligoarthritis, 3 IgM RF+ and 1 IgM RFpolyarthritis. IgG antiCCP antibodies were positive in 8 JIA patients, including 4 oligoarthritis, 2 IgM RF+, 1 IgM RFpolyarthritis, and 1 enthesitis-related. Two IgM RF+ polyarthritis patients were positive for IgA anti-CCP antibodies, and also positive for all 3 isotypes. Four JIA patients were positive for 2 anti-CCP antibody isotypes, including 1 IgM RFpolyarthritis patient (IgG and IgM) and 3 oligoarthritis patients (2 IgG and IgM, 1 IgA and IgM). Five JIA patients were positive for 1 anti-CCP antibody isotype, including 3 oligoarthritis (2 IgM, 1 IgG), 1 enthesitis-related (IgG), and 1 IgM RF+ polyarthritis patient (IgM). Three JIA patients were positive for the combined IgA/IgG anti-CCP antibody ELISA, including 2 with IgM RF+ polyarthritis and 1 enthesitis-related. Polyarthritis patients demonstrated significantly higher levels of all anti-CCP antibody isotypes compared to the other JIA subtypes (p<0.05). When only evaluating the IgM RF+ polyarthritis patients against the other subtypes, the levels were even more significantly increased (p<0.05). Serum-matched IgG anti-CCP antibody data was available in 27 JIA patients and 5 healthy controls. All 3 IgM RF+ polyarthritis patients were positive for the IgG anti-CCP antibodies in serum and SF. Two JIA patients who were positive for IgG anti-CCP antibodies in SF had a negative result in serum. Date-matched SF and serum IgM and IgA data was available on 12 JIA patients. More JIA patients were positive for IgA anti-CCP antibodies in serum compared to SF, while SF showed increased positivity for IgM anti-CCP antibodies compared to serum.
Reply by Author to C. H. Murphy

Ohman determines the onset of instability for a given spin rate as the altitude above the initial point (A#) at which [f]max starts to grow and compares that with the altitude for which the larger \3 changes sign. But from Eq. (13) we see that the modal amplitude for the smaller X/ will continue to shrink after the other amplitude starts to grow and, therefore, |f|max will initially continue to shrink. Thus, the exact calculations should be compared with the altitude for minimum |f|max. This can be obtained by differentiating Eq. (13);
B cell activation in chickens induced by Staphylococcusaureus

Abstract Conventional mammalian polyclonal B cell activators were evaluated for activity in chicken spleen and peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures. Although lipopolysaccharide was found to have a marginal influence on proliferation, two strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan I and Wood 46 strains) induced moderate proliferation in both spleen and PBL cultures. In spleen cell cultures the proliferating cell population was identified as the B cell. The mitogenic response required the presence of adherent cells since their removal eliminated the response. Evidence of in vitro polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis could not be obtained. However, when administered intravenously, S. aureus induced polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis.
Adult opinions about the age at which children can be left home alone, bathe alone, or bike alone: Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2).

Problem This study describes adult opinions about child supervision during various activities.
Expression profile of a degenerating neo-y chromosome in Drosophila.

Summary Background Gene-poor, degenerate Y chromosomes have evolved repeatedly from ordinary autosomes, but little is known about the processes that silence most genes on an evolving Y. Results Here, I quantify relative expression levels of 58 gene pairs on the recently formed neo-sex chromosomes of Drosophila miranda , in order to test competing models of gene inactivation on its newly evolving Y chromosome (the neo-Y). Although the neo-Y of D. miranda still contains the majority of its original genes, most exhibit an accelerated rate of protein evolution, and many contain frameshift or nonsense mutations. All but three of these genes show significantly different levels of expression from the neo-X and neo-Y chromosome, with ∼80% of all genes being expressed at lower levels from the neo-Y. The downregulation of many genes on the neo-Y appears to occur randomly, regardless of the level of accumulation of amino acid substitutions or whether the gene produces a functional protein. In addition, adjacent genes show considerable heterogeneity in levels of gene expression, an observation that argues against chromatin-structure-mediated changes in gene expression levels. Conclusions My results suggest that transcriptional inactivation of degenerating Y linked genes is an accidental by-product of mutation accumulation, and not driven by selection to either maintain expression at functional loci or downregulate maladapted genes from the neo-Y. Thus, most mutations observed on the neo-Y are likely to have deleterious effects on fitness and accumulate as a result of the reduced efficiency of natural selection on a nonrecombining chromosome, rather than neutrally or adaptively.
First CDF Measurement of the Top Quark Charge using the Top Decay Products

We present the first CDF measurement of the top quark's charge using its decay products based on close to 1 fb−1 of data. The Standard Model(SM) predicts the top charge to be + 2 / 3 but an alternative theory introduces an exotic quark of charge − 4 / 3 . We classify events as top like or exotic like depending on the the charge of the b jet and the associated W boson. We determine the charge of the b jet using the jet charge algorithm. We find the p-value under the SM hypothesis to be 0.35. Our p-value is consistent with the SM, and excludes the exotic quark hypothesis with 81% confidence, for which we have chosen a priori that the probability of incorrectly rejecting the SM would be 1%.
F/# Estimation Using a Chirp z-Transform and Analytic Gradients for Wavefront Sensing

In this paper we demonstrate a formulation for determining the F/# or sampling factor from a measured point-spread function in a nonlinear optimization algorithm with analytic gradients and FFT-like asymptotic complexity for phase retrieval.
Transformative technologies and understanding.

This exciting volume of Pediatric Clinics of North America eloquently tells the story of the advances in our understanding and treatment of many previously misunderstood psychological, neurologic, and developmental disorders over the last few decades. With the increased knowledge of clinical conditions and genetic patterns arising from the rapidly expanding field of genome research coupled with expanded neurologic imaging and neuropsychological testing, previously unrecognized and misidentified disorders can now be diagnosed. Diagnosis in many cases can be followed by therapeutic regimens that result in far better outcomes, and in some cases, cures. This is an area of pediatrics in which great advances are continually being made, allowing much brighter futures for impacted children and families. These disorders are not obscure, hopeless, or rare, and thus, it is important that practicing pediatricians be aware of the new diagnoses and diagnostic criterion and the substantial therapeutic options available for most affected children. This issue will enable pediatricians to bring clarity and hope to distressed families andmap a path forward for affected children. Dr Gyula Acsadi and the outstanding group of geneticists, pediatric neurologists, and developmental pediatricians he has assembled havewritten an exciting and enlightened set of treatises that will be very helpful in every day practice.
The BJP’s Fragile Mandate: Modi and Vote Mobilizers in the 2014 General Elections:

It has become commonplace to attribute the BJP’s victory in the 2014 Indian general elections to Narendra Modi. In this article we unravel the Modi effect and argue that Modi’s success is tied to h...
Efficient solution of a stochastic SI epidemic system

One of the side-effects of the climate changes that are upon us is that infectious diseases are adapting, evolving and spreading to new geographic regions. It is, therefore, imperious to develop epidemic models that shed light on the interplay between the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases and the combined effects of various vaccination and prevention regimens. With this in mind, in this work we propose a epidemic model operating on a large population; we restrict our attention to strains of infectious diseases that resist treatment. The time-dependent epidemic accounts, among others, for the effects of improved sanitation, education and vaccination. Our first main contribution is to derive the time-dependent probability mass function of the number of infected individuals in such a system. Our derivation does not use probability generating functions and partial differential equations. Instead, we develop an iterative solution that is conceptually simple and easy to implement. Somewhat surprisingly, the epidemic model also provides insight into various stochastic phenomena noticed in sociology, macroeconomics, marketing, transportation and computer science. Our second main contribution is to show, by extensive simulations, that suitably instantiated, our epidemic model be used to model phenomena describing the adoption of durable consumer goods, the spread of AIDS and the dissemination of mobile worm spread.
Missed opportunities to facilitate the diagnosis of colon cancer in emergency department patients

We have been aware that colon cancer in our public institution is too often diagnosed at a late stage. We evaluated the pattern of visits of these patients to the emergency department (ED) prior to the diagnosis of cancer.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE CYTOSKELETAL ELEMENTS IN THE NOTOCHORD CELLS OF BONY FISHES

The medulla of the unconstricted notochords of the shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostratus, and African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and the cellular component of the intervertebral joint tissue of the teleost fish, Perca flavescens, are comprised of cells with a large central vacuole. Previous studies on the fine structure of this tissue revealed that the cytoplasm surrounding these vacuoles consists of 10-nm-diameter intermediate filaments. Since in mammals there are a large number of tissue-specific types of intermediate filaments, this study uses antibodies to mammalian intermediate filaments to determine the type of filaments present in the notochord cells of bony fishes. Positive labeling using a polyclonal antibody to human skin keratins is observed in the cytoplasm of the notochord cells in the intervertebral tissues of Perca. These tissues are also probed with the AE series antibodies that label keratins found in mammalian epithelial cells. In both Protopterus and Acipenser the peripheral cytoplasm of the notochord cells is labeled with all three AE antibodies. In Perca only the AE3 antibody probe produces positive staining. These staining patterns are consistent with previous studies on the localization of cytokeratins in fish tissues and indicate that the intermediate filaments in the notochord cells of bony fishes are immunologically similar to the mammalian keratins. J. Morphol. 236:105–116, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generation of the covariance matrix for a set of nuclear data produced by collapsing a larger parent set through the weighted averaging of equivalent data points

Abstract A method is described for generating the covariance matrix of a set of experimental nuclear data which has been collapsed in size by the averaging of equivalent data points belonging to a larger parent data set. It is assumed that the data values and covariance matrix for the parent set are provided. The collapsed set is obtained by a proper weighted-averaging procedure based on the method of least squares. It is then shown by means of the law of error propagation that the elements of the covariance matrix for the collapsed set are linear combinations of elements from the parent set covariance matrix. The coefficients appearing in these combinations are binary products of the same coefficients which appear as weighting factors in the data collapsing procedure. As an example, the procedure is applied to a collection of recently-measured integral neutron-fission cross-section ratios.
Electromagnetic Simulation for Inhomogeneous Interconnect and Packaging Structures

The paper contains a novel mechanism for full wave electromagnetic simulation of complicated inhomogeneous structures, such as on-chip interconnects, IC packaging, antennas, and scattering objects. It uses only equivalent principle based EFIE instead of both EFIE and MFIE to establish the surface integral equations for practical inhomogeneous structure so that a much more simplified formulation process is needed in the EM simulation procedure. To overcome the numerical error of K operator in the formulation, a new analytical solution to the K operator for general full-wave integral equations is provided. Numerical results are demonstrated to verify the proposed algorithm.
Molecular mechanisms of crystallization and defect formation

Using the atomic force microscope (AFM) in situ during the crystallization of the protein apoferritin, we show that for this system the kink density along the steps is an equilibrium property that, multiplied by the frequency of molecular attachment, fully determines the propagation of growth steps. The intermolecular bond energy is ${3.2k}_{B}T$. Point defects are nonequilibrial and are caused by incorporation of impurity molecules, and replicate in subsequent layers due to the strain they cause. Using single-molecule manipulation with the AFM tip, the defects can be healed to restore the regular lattice.
Effect of Extension Osteotomy of the 1st Metacarpal on Laxity of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the human thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is a debilitating disease. It has been proposed in the clinical literature that joint ligamentous laxity, or joint looseness, is a major etiological factor in OA of the CMC joint (Figure1) [1–4]. Previous investigations of laxity and stability of the human thumb CMC joint have been performed visually, with no quantitative measures of joint laxity recorded [5–7]. Surgical treatment has been a common solution to reduce the pain associated with CMC OA. One treatment, extension osteotomy of the 1st metacarpal, has been suggested not only to reduce the pain of OA, but also improve hand function [8], however, little is known about its biomechanical effects. A complete description of joint laxity requires that all physiological directions of motion be fully tested. A custom-designed, 4 degree of freedom tester was constructed and instrumented for displacement and load in the distraction-compression, dorsal-volar, pronation-supination, and radial-ulnar directions. The purpose of this study was to use this device to: 1) Measure the joint laxity and compliance of non-OA human thumb CMC joints and 2) Determine the effect that a simulated extension osteotomy has on joint laxity and joint stiffness. This study provides an accurate baseline for future comparisons with osteoarthritic, surgically corrected, and otherwise non-healthy CMC joints.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
PolyQ repeat expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS are CAA interrupted repeats.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating, rapidly progressive disease leading to paralysis and death. Recently, intermediate length polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats of 27–33 in ATAXIN-2 (ATXN2), encoding the ATXN2 protein, were found to increase risk for ALS. In ATXN2, polyQ expansions of ≥34, which are pure CAG repeat expansions, cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. However, similar length expansions that are interrupted with other codons, can present atypically with parkinsonism, suggesting that configuration of the repeat sequence plays an important role in disease manifestation in ATXN2 polyQ expansion diseases. Here we determined whether the expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS were pure or interrupted CAG repeats, and defined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs695871 and rs695872 in exon 1 of the gene, to assess haplotype association. We found that the expanded repeat alleles of 40 ALS patients and 9 long-repeat length controls were all interrupted, bearing 1–3 CAA codons within the CAG repeat. 21/21 expanded ALS chromosomes with 3CAA interruptions arose from one haplotype (GT), while 18/19 expanded ALS chromosomes with <3CAA interruptions arose from a different haplotype (CC). Moreover, age of disease onset was significantly earlier in patients bearing 3 interruptions vs fewer, and was distinct between haplotypes. These results indicate that CAG repeat expansions in ATXN2 associated with ALS are uniformly interrupted repeats and that the nature of the repeat sequence and haplotype, as well as length of polyQ repeat, may play a role in the neurological effect conferred by expansions in ATXN2.
Stereo Visual Tracking Within Structured Environments for Measuring Vehicle Speed

We present a novel visual tracking method for measuring the speed of a moving vehicle within a structured environment using stationary stereo cameras. In the proposed method, visual stereo tracking and motion estimation in 3-D are integrated within the framework of particle filtering. The visual tracking processes in the two views are coupled with each other since they are dependent upon the same 3-D motion and correlated in the observations. Considering that the vehicle's motion is physically constrained by the environment, we further utilize the path constraint reconstructed from stereo views to reduce the uncertainty about the vehicle's motion and improve the accuracy for both tracking and speed measuring. The proposed method overcomes the challenges arising from the limitation of depth accuracy in a long-range stereo, and the experiments on the synthetic and real-world sequences have demonstrated its effectiveness and accuracy in both the tracking performance and the speed measurement.
Study of current redistribution in an aluminium stabilized superconductor

Abstract When a superconductor switches from a superconducting to a normal state, the current will move out of the superconductor and redistribute itself in the stabilizer. To study this current diffusion phenomenon in the conductor, a separation of variables method is used to solve directly the current diffusion equation for a rectangular composite conductor. The average power generation over the conductor cross-section is obtained based on the calculated current density profile. An excess power generation term is found during the transition period that decays exponentially with time. Finally, a comparison between this approach and the Devred solution shows a good agreement.
Constitutive expression of zif268 in neocortex is regulated by synaptic activity.

Abstract Transcription factors are rapidly and transiently induced in brain by excitatory stimuli and may be important in coordinating changes in gene expression underlying neuronal plasticity. In contrast to their transient induction after stimulation, certain transcription factors display stable, relatively high basal levels of expression in brain. Here we demonstrate that this "constitutive" expression of the transcription factor zif268 in cortex is driven by natural synaptic activity. Blockade of afferent visual activity with intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin results in rapid, dramatic reductions of Zif268 mRNA and immunoreactivity in visual cortex. Moreover, dark-adaptation for several days lowers zif268 expression in visual cortex, and expression rapidly returns to control levels upon subsequent light exposure. Several other transcription factors, which are induced in cortical neurons by excitatory stimuli, appear less responsive to changes in natural sensory input. These studies suggest that transcription factors play a role not only in responses to artificial stimuli but also in the normal maintenance of cortical physiology. Anatomic markers for zif268 may be useful in mapping normal cortical activity in brain.
Selling Silicon Valley: Frederick Terman's Model for Regional Advantage

This paper explores the origins of the Silicon Valley model for regional economic development, and attempts to deploy this model elsewhere in the United States and abroad. Frederick Terman, Stanford's provost, first envisioned its unique partnership of academia and industry, and trained the first generation of students who effected it. He patiently cultivated an aggressively entrepreneurial culture in what he called “the newly emerging community of technical scholars.” Beginning in the 1960s, business groups elsewhere set out to build their own versions of Silicon Valley, some enlisting the assistance of Terman and his proteges. After discussing the emergence of the Stanford-Silicon Valley effort, the paper examines in detail the New Jersey Institute of Science and Technology, an effort led by Bell Laboratories; the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest and the SMU Foundaton for Science and Engineering in Dallas, Texas; and the Korea Advanced Insitute of Science and Technology, Terman's last and arguably most successful attempt. The paper discusses the reasons for the difficulties in creating new versions, and suggests explanations for the apparent success of the Korean experiment.
Childhood cirrhosis associated with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

A study of 27 relatives of a child with fatal hepatic cirrhosis due to homozygous Z variant alpha-1-antitrypsindeficiency revealed 15 members with heterozygous MZ phenotypes. Levels of circulating alpha-1-antitrypsin and trypsin-inhibiting capacity were shown to be unreliable in identifying the heterozygous state, Pi typing being necessary for definitive diagnosis. The morphologic evolution of the hepatic changes in this condition have been studied, and the importance of the PAS stain in identification of the characteristic cytoplasmic bodies is stressed.
Accuracy of a video strain measurement system

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of a video system which our laboratory has been using to measure soft tissue strain. Both static and dynamic error analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of our video system. Static error was defined as the amount of movement reported by the video system for markers that were stationary. Dynamic error was defined as the difference between the motion of the markers as reported by the video system and their actual motion. Two sets of fluorescent markers were attached to a servohydraulic materials test machine. One marker set was attached to the hydraulic actuator (moving markers) and the other set was attached to the base of the machine (stationary markers). Five different marker sizes, five camera distances, and seven different loading rates were studied. Results indicated that the static error was independent of marker size, and that the dynamic error was independent of the loading rate and marker size for loading rates of 50% of the camera field of view (CFV) per second or slower. For loading rates greater than 50% of CFV per second, the marker size did have an affect on the dynamic error. The mean static error was found to be 0.026% of CFV and the mean dynamic error was found to be 0.062% of CFV.
A note on the clarke and shrestha linear space model

Abstract This note re-examines two important propositions in the Clarke and Shrestha linear space model. We provide a complete analysis of designing and locating a secondary energy generation facility in the Clarke and Shrestha linear model and clarify two of their propositions.
Oral tetrahydrobiopterin improves the beneficial effect of adenoviral-mediated eNOS gene transfer after induction of hindlimb ischemia.

We tested the hypothesis that oral supplementation with the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) improved the therapeutic efficacy of eNOS gene transfer in the ischemic rat hindlimb. BH4 or vehicle were begun 1 week before induction of hindlimb ischemia, whereas recombinant adenovirus containing bovine eNOS cDNA (AdeNOS) or vehicle [phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)] was infused intra-arterially into the ischemic hindlimb 10 days after induction of ischemia. Rats receiving co-treatment with dietary BH4 and eNOS gene transfer (the [eNOS, +BH4] group) had greater eNOS expression, phospho-eNOS expression (Ser1177), Ca2+-dependent NOS activity, and nitrite + nitrate concentrations in the ischemic gastrocnemius than did rats receiving AdeNOS alone. The [eNOS, +BH4] group demonstrated less nitrotyrosine and a higher ratio of reduced:oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) in the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle than did rats receiving AdeNOS alone. The [eNOS, +BH4] group had greater flow recovery and a higher capillary:myocyte ratio in the ischemic hindlimb than did rats receiving AdeNOS alone. Finally, the [eNOS,+BH4] group had less necrosis of hindlimb muscles than rats given AdeNOS alone. We conclude that adjunctive dietary therapy with BH4 increases the beneficial effects of eNOS gene transfer within the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle, as evidenced by increased nitric oxide (NO) production, diminished oxidative stress, enhanced flow recovery, and reduced necrosis.
Preface: Overview of the Forum on Functional Inorganic Materials

Inorganic Chemistry is pleased to present a Forum on Functional Inorganic Materials. A recent workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation highlighted these materials and their technological impact (Prog. Solid State Chem. 2008, 36, 1-133). As the report makes clear, we are presently at the halfway point of the solid-state century [The Solid State Century. Sci Am. 1997, 8 (1)], in which, to date, functional inorganic materials have played profound societal and technological roles. It is without question that new functional inorganic materials will be indispensible during the second half of the solid-state century. In addition, the Department of Energy recently published their Grand Challenges for Basic Energy Sciences (http://www.science. doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html). Successfully meeting the challenges described in their report will require the synthesis and characterization of new and advanced functional inorganic materials. Rapidly changing technologies, for example, associated with cell phones, digital video devices, and computers, continue to drive the discovery of new materials. The replacement of SiO2 as a high dielectric constant (high-κ) material in transistors is crucial if additional microelectronic miniaturization is to be achieved. Currently, hafnium-based oxides and oxynitrides show promise, but it remains an ongoing challenge to discover new high-κ materials. What exactly defines an inorganic material, or for that matter any material, as functional? One broad definition would encompass materials that exhibit properties important to a new or changing technological advance. Functional inorganic materials encompass a vast and growing field, and it is not possible to present all of the ongoing research in one Forum. As part of this important multidisciplinary subject, this Forum on Functional Inorganic Materials deals mainly with oxides and other solid-state materials. Functional inorganic materials are found in batteries and fuel cells, computer memories, sensors, and thermoelectrics. In addition, microporous and open-framework materials including zeolites and metalorganic framework (MOF) compounds increasingly are used in heterogeneous catalysis and gas storage. Materials such as Nd:YAG and GaN are utilized for infrared and blue laser applications. Functional inorganic materials are not limited to nonmolecular compounds and also include numerous molecular compounds. A. F. Wells in his fifth edition of Structural Inorganic Chemistry stated that “the structural [functional] side of inorganic chemistry cannot be put on a sound basis until the knowledge gained from the study of the solid state [molecular and nonmolecular] has been incorporated into chemistry as an integral part of the subject”. A host of other attributes including the oxidation state, ion size, crystallographic order or disorder, coordination number, and symmetry, play a key role in determining the functionality of an inorganic material. The complex associations between these attributes and compound functionality must be fully understood if “rational materials design” is to be achieved.
DETECTION OF SHIGELLA SONNEI IN SELECTED FOODS BY FLOW‐THROUGH IMMUNOCAPTURE FOLLOWED BY REAL‐TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION OR ISOLATION ON MACCONKEY AGAR

This study compared flow-through immunocapture (FTI), using the Pathatrix, followed by plating on MacConkey (MAC) agar (FTI-MAC) or analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (FTI-PCR) to the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Shigella culture method for the detection of Shigella sonnei on tomatoes, in potato salad and in ground beef. For tomatoes, FTI-MAC and FTI-PCR achieved significantly improved detection (P 0.05) among the three methods. For ground beef, FTI-MAC was not significantly different (P > 0.05) than the BAM for the detection of S. sonnei; however, FTI-PCR was superior (P < 0.05). No tomato and only one potato salad sample resulted in the isolation of background microflora by FTI-MAC. In contrast, the analysis of ground beef by FTI-MAC resulted in consistent isolation of background microflora with or without co-isolation of S. sonnei.
Rate optimal scheduling of recursive DSP algorithms by unfolding

We propose a novel criterion called modified generalized perfect rate graph (MGPRG) to facilitate efficient synthesis of recurrent digital signal processing (RDSP) algorithms on application specific multiprocessor systems. We prove that a rate optimal schedule, which is a multiprocessor realization with maximum throughput rate, exists if and only if the dependence graph of the corresponding RDSP algorithm is unfolded sufficient number of times to satisfy the MGPRG condition. We show that MGPRG is a more general and unified criterion compared to earlier proposed criteria. An advantage of MGPRG is that the original algorithm needs not to be unfolded too many times before it can be guaranteed to have a rate optimal schedule. Consequently, the resulting MGPRG will consist of fewer nodes and edges, making it easier to find the rate optimal schedule. >
Tumor immunolocalization using 124I-iodine-labeled JAA-F11 antibody to Thomsen–Friedenreich alpha-linked antigen

Clinical immunolocalization has been attempted by others with an anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF-Ag) mAb that bound both alpha- and beta-linked TF-Ag. In this report, 124 I-labeled mAb JAA-F11 specific for alpha-linked TF-Ag showed higher tumor specificity in in vivo micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET) of the mouse mammary adenocarcinoma line, 4T1, showing no preferential uptake by the kidney. Labeled product remained localized in the tumor for at least 20 days. Glycan array analysis showed structural specificity of the antibody.
Molecular recognition: directed hydrogen bonding receptors for acylamino acid carboxylates

Abstract A new series of receptors for acylamino acid carboxylates has been synthesized and shown to have increased binding affinity for the substrate as the number of hydrogen bonding groups in the cavity increases.
Age-related changes in top-ten men's U.S. Masters 50-m freestyle swim times as a function of finishing place.

Summavy.-This study described age-related changes in swim time as a function of top-ten finishing place for Masters swimmers. Previous research has documented increases in 50-m freestyle swim times for men beyond age 35 using aggregated topten times. The present study examined the relationship between age and swim time, taking into account the potential influence of finishing place in the top-ten. Data were retrieved from the United States Masters Swimming database for male top-ten finishers in the 50-m short course freestyle for the years from 1993 to 2002. Data from each year were analyzed using linear regression procedures with Age, Square of age, and Finishing place as predictor variables and Swim time as the dependent variable. Analysis indicated that, when Finishing place was considered, a more gradual increase in Swim time as a function of age was seen for finishing places closer to first place than for those closer to tenth place.
An experimental examination of the economics of information

This article presents an experimental test of propositions that come from Stigler's classic economics of information theory. It reviews previous empirical evidence for the propositions and discusses the mixed support provided for the theory. It also discusses a major assumption of the theory and presents hypotheses that suggest that the propositions are not as universal as has been thought. The results indicate that buyers with more certain beliefs about retailer-price images search less and are less responsive to changes in the costs and benefits of search than buyers with less certain beliefs. Finally, the article discusses the implications of the results for both economics and marketing.