cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring third-grade students’ historical distancing strategies throughout an inquiry on African American history

Abstract While scholars agree that an essential component of antiracist education is supporting students in studying the historical roots of racism, little is known about how learning difficult history may support elementary-aged students, especially White students, in adapting an antiracist stance. In this study, I analyzed the language of eight third-grade students (ages 8 and 9) living in a predominantly White community in the Midwest region of the United States used language throughout an 11-week historical inquiry on African American history. Using a reconstituted framework of historical distancing, I illustrate the ways students employed distancing strategies when describing racial oppression in their written artifacts and interview comments. My analysis revealed that students who demonstrated less distancing named whites as responsible for historical racial oppression and acknowledged racial discrimination as ongoing. I provide implications for supporting K-5 antiracist social studies education about African American history.
Legal Theory and Linguistic Reality: A Critical Examination of Modern Legal Scholarship

This article is an attempt to apply some of the basic concepts of modern analytic and linguistic philosophy to legal scholarship. More specifically, the analysis tries to demonstrate important connections between the ideas of the modern German philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein and those of the legal realists, including Karl Llewellyn and Jerome Frank. Both embrace a notion of language, and the practice of capturing ideas in language, that emphasizes the difficulty of assigning definitive formal meanings to words and to phrases and that instead focuses on the degree to which words convey meaning as part of the inherently open-textured and often very complicated social activity that is verbal and written speech. This notion of language of course carries significant implications for the nature and operation of a legal system that must employ language to capture ideas that are then used to resolve disputes and to regulate a wide range of activities in our society. It also has interesting implications for the academic study of that system. It is some of those implications that this article seeks to explore.
Pathology and Pathogenesis of Virus Infections

This chapter reviews the cycle of virus infection and discusses the anatomic and physiologic defense mechanisms that are situated at each of the common portals of virus entry. The concepts of cell and tissue tropism are central to an understanding of viral pathogenesis, since the lesions and, subsequently, the clinical features resulting from viral infections typically reflect the cellular and tissue localization of these obligate intracellular parasites. Examples of viral receptors and attachment proteins are provided in the chapter. The chapter concludes with a discussion of virus-induced cellular injury, with emphasis on morphologic features of infection, followed by an organ system-based presentation of virologic syndromes. Many virus infections are cytolytic, since the invading virus induces lethal physiologic or morphologic alterations in the host cell. A section of the chapter examines viral disease pathogenesis from the perspective of major organ systems and important disease syndromes that affect them. Syndrome presentation and major organ involvement in viral infections have been discussed in the chapter. The pathogenesis of two common respiratory disease syndromes, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia are described. The chapter examines viral disease pathogenesis from three general perspectives: from the perspective of basic concepts of infection and transmission, from the perspective of morphologic aspects of cell injury, and from the perspective of major organ systems and disease syndromes that affect them.
A Comparison of NDE Methods for Inspection of Composite Ceramic Armor

Abstract : As part of a US Army supported project to establish appropriate NDE modalities for inspecting layered ceramic-composite armor, a series of 84 40 cm (16-inch) square by 50 mm (2-inch) thick, multi-layered ceramic composite armor specimens has been prepared. Some of these have had "designed defects" located in the interior--some do not. All samples are to be ballistically impacted and are to be inspected before and after ballistic testing. The question to be answered is--which NDE modality might best be used to quantify ballistically-induced damage. NDE modalities under present study include: 1) immersion phased array ultrasonics, 2) through-transmission, direct-digital x-ray imaging, 3) non-contact scanning microwaves, 4) air-coupled ultrasound and 5) immersion, through transmission and pulse-echo single-transducer ultrasound. At this time, all 84 samples have been inspected prior to ballistic testing. This paper will discuss these NDE techniques, issues that have been uncovered and will present results obtained.
An Ocean Observing System for Large-Scale Monitoring and Mapping of Noise Throughout the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary

Abstract : The project goals were to map the low-frequency (less than 1000 Hz) ocean noise budget throughout the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) ecosystem, identify and quantify the contributing sources of anthropogenic sounds within that ecosystem, and determine whether or not such noises have the potential to impact endangered marine mammals and fishes that use the Sanctuary. This project represented a high-level, integrative 'bench mark' study aimed at characterizing the marine acoustic environment and the health of an urbanized, productive ecosystem, SBNMS. The primary products were a suite of tools designed to be transferable to other ecological regions and an extensive database specific to the project. These included both mechanisms for data collection and analysis as well as a conceptual framework for integrating and interpreting the scientific results.
Effect of impurities on transport through organic self-assembled molecular films from first principles

We calculate electron transport through molecular monolayers of saturated alkanes with point defects from first principles. Single defects (incorporated Au ions, kinks, dangling bonds) produce deep localized levels in the gap between occupied and unoccupied molecular levels. Single defects produce steps on the $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ curve, whereas pairs of (unlike and like) defects give negative differential resistance peaks. The results are discussed in relation to the observed unusual transport behavior of organic monolayers and compared with transport through conjugated polythiophenes.
Brief announcement : detecting users’ connectivity on online social networks

We present a heuristic algorithm which leverages the topological properties of social networks to efficiently detect a small subgraph on an OSN which connects a group of target users, particularly from the perspective of a third-party analyst.
Current and emerging approaches to studying invasion in apicomplexan parasites.

In this chapter, we outline the tools and techniques available to study the process of host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites and we provide specific examples of how these methods have been used to further our understanding of apicomplexan invasive mechanisms. Throughout the chapter we focus our discussion on Toxoplasma gondii, because T. gondii is the most experimentally accessible model organism for studying apicomplexan invasion (discussed further in the section, “Toxoplasma as a Model Apicomplexan”) and more is known about invasion in T. gondii than in any other apicomplexan.
A subunit-sized butyrylcholinesterase present in high concentrations in pooled rabbit serum

A butyrylcholinesterase of mol.wt. approx. 83000 was observed in pooled rabbit serum. The enzyme was named monomeric butyrylcholinesterase to distinguish it from the larger oligomeric butyrylcholinesterase of horse and human serum whose subunits are the same size as the monomeric enzyme. The active-site concentration of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase in the pooled serum was 0.18μm, which is five times the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase in pooled horse serum. This was surprising, since the horse serum is regarded as a rich source of butyrylcholinesterase, whereas rabbit serum is not generally thought to contain significant amounts of any butyrylcholinesterase. The explanation, in large part, was the relatively low kcat. of the monomeric enzyme, which was approx. 57s−1 with butyrylthiocholine as substrate and is one-thirtieth of the comparable kcat. of horse butyrylcholinesterase. The substrate specificity of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase also differed significantly from that of horse and human butyrylcholinesterase. For example, with the monomeric enzyme, the hydrolysis of 1mm-acetylthiocholine was only 4% the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine, whereas human and horse butyrylcholinesterases hydrolysed 1mm-acetylthiocholine at 50% of the rate for 1mm-butyrylthiocholine. Moreover, monomeric butyrylcholinesterase generally hydrolysed aromatic esters more rapidly than choline esters, whereas the reverse is true of the butyrylcholinesterases. To facilitate the study of monomeric butyrylcholinesterase, it was separated from the larger butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase, also present in rabbit serum, and purified 89-fold by fractionation with (NH4)2SO4 and ion-exchange chromatography.
Unique fiber sum decomposability of genus 2 Lefschetz fibrations

Abstract By applying the lantern relation substitutions to the positive relation of the genus two Lefschetz fibration over S 2 , we show that K 3 # 2 CP ‾ 2 can be rationally blown down along seven disjoint copies of the configuration C 2 . By counting the number of triangles in the line arrangement of the branched locus for corresponding hyperelliptic Lefschetz fibration, we show the maximum number of possible lantern relation substitutions on the global monodromy of K 3 # 2 CP ‾ 2 is seven. We compute the Seiberg–Witten invariant of the resulting symplectic 4-manifolds and show that they are symplectically minimal. We also investigate how these exotic smooth 4-manifolds constructed via lantern relation substitution method are fiber sum decomposable. Furthermore by considering all the possible decompositions for each of our decomposable exotic examples, we will find out that there is a uniquely decomposing genus 2 Lefschetz fibration which is not a self-sum of the same fibration up to diffeomorphism on the indecomposable summands.
Identification of Escherichia coli DNA helicase IV with the use of a DNA helicase activity gel.

A DNA helicase activity gel was developed based on the assumption that DNA helicases could unwind double-stranded DNA in a polyacrylamide matrix. The production of single-stranded DNA was detected by staining the activity gel with acridine orange and visualizing the gel under long-wave UV light. The products of DNA helicase activities appeared as red bands within a green fluorescent background. A novel DNA helicase, called helicase IV, was detected in crude extracts of Escherichia coli with the use of the helicases activity gel assay. The new DNA helicase was purified to near homogeneity. The chromatographic properties and the sequence of its 11 amino-terminal residues proved that helicase IV was distinct from all of the previously described DNA helicases from E. coli. Images
Adaptive importance sampling for optimization under uncertainty problems

Abstract Design-under-uncertainty problems where a probabilistic performance is adopted as objective function and its estimation is obtained through stochastic simulation are discussed. The focus is on reducing the computational burden associated with the stochastic simulation through adaptive implementation of importance sampling (IS) across the iterations of the optimization algorithm. The proposed formulation relies only on available information (i.e., function evaluations) from the current iteration of the optimization process to improve estimation accuracy in subsequent iterations, and therefore corresponds to a IS selection with a small additional computational burden. Kernel density estimation (KDE) is employed to construct the IS densities based on samples distributed proportional to the integrand of the probabilistic performance. The characteristics of the proposal density are optimally selected to minimize the anticipated coefficient of variation for the objective function if such a proposal density is used as IS distribution. To avoid numerical problems that can occur when trying to develop IS for all uncertain model parameters, a prioritization is first performed using a recently proposed global sensitivity analysis to quantify the relative importance of each model parameter. Therefore, the IS density is only constructed for the most important parameters, with the exact number also a variable that is optimally selected based on the anticipated accuracy. To facilitate the overall adaptive scheme efficient guidelines for the sharing of information across iterations of the optimization algorithm are developed. The numerical example considered verifies the efficiency of the proposed adaptive IS framework.
Three characterizations of non-binary correlation-immune and resilient functions

A functionf(X1,X2, ...,Xn) is said to betth-order correlation-immune if the random variableZ=f(X1,X2,...,Xn) is independent of every set oft random variables chosen from the independent equiprobable random variablesX1,X2,...,Xn. Additionally, if all possible outputs are equally likely, thenf is called at-resilient function. In this paper, we provide three different characterizations oft th-order correlation immune functions and resilient functions where the random variable is overGF (q). The first is in terms of the structure of a certain associated matrix. The second characterization involves Fourier transforms. The third characterization establishes the equivalence of resilient functions and large sets of orthogonal arrays.
Youth on racial minority operated U.S. farms, 2008: demographics and injuries.

Abstract Introduction To obtain injury surveillance data for youth on racial minority operated farms, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health developed the Minority Farm Operator Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey (M-CAIS) in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Methods Using a regionally stratified telephone survey of U.S. minority operated farm households, M-CAIS data were collected for youth less than 20 years of age. Results There were an estimated 37,443 youth living on racial minority operated U.S. farms in 2008, almost half (46%) of these youth worked on the farm. Racial minority farm operators hired 6,443 youth, and reported an estimated 775,991 youth relative and other visitors on the farm. These youth suffered an estimated 516 injuries (5.9 injuries/1000 farms). Conclusions Household youth had an injury rate of 7.8 injuries/1000 household youth and a work-related injury rate of 6.9 injuries/1000 working household youth. Practical applications The research enables agricultural safety and health researchers, practitioners, and educators to identify priorities and design trainings and interventions to minimize the risk of farm hazards to youth on racial minority farm operations in the United States.
Ultrawideband Superstrate-Enhanced Substrate-Loaded Array With Integrated Feed

A superstrate-enhanced substrate-loaded array (SESLA) with an integrated feed is presented. The design allows for a practical implementation of the SESLA, a concept previously presented by the authors for realizing extremely wideband (> 10:1) low-profile arrays. Specifically, the feed provides unbalanced to balanced transformation allowing the balanced-fed SESLA to be excited with a 50Ω unbalanced line. The resulting array/feed combination is matched across a 13.9:1 bandwidth (infinite array, VSWR ≤ 2.4). When scanned to 450 in the E-, H-, and D-planes, the unit cell operates across a 13.3:1 bandwidth using a relaxed matching criterion of VSWR ≤ 3. The design is validated through extensive measurement of an 8 × 8 prototype array.
Psychophysiologic instrumental for measurement of conditions of deficit in learning

Several research were carried out to find how are the innate brain conditions determining deficit in school performance or if exist special conditions that modify the executive functions (EF) originated in relationships or environmental context, in order to explain poor school performance. Were designed and built ad-hoc instruments like Tachistoscope, reaction time meter, Estesiometer, MAINS or maze. Psychophysiological tests used were extrapolated from the adult world to the school children area and compared with conventional written tests of student performance. Tests were applied to a universe of 145 children with a control group of 25 students in good academic standing.
Tilt perception during dynamic linear acceleration.

Head tilt is a rotation of the head relative to gravity, as exemplified by head roll or pitch from the natural upright orientation. Tilt stimulates both the otolith organs, owing to shifts in gravitational orientation, and the semicircular canals in response to head rotation, which in turn drive a variety of behavioral and perceptual responses. Studies of tilt perception typically have not adequately isolated otolith and canal inputs or their dynamic contributions. True tilt cannot readily dissociate otolith from canal influences. Alternatively, centrifugation generates centripetal accelerations that simulate tilt, but still entails a rotatory (canal) stimulus during important periods of the stimulus profiles. We reevaluated the perception of head tilt in humans, but limited the stimulus to linear forces alone, thus isolating the influence of otolith inputs. This was accomplished by employing a centrifugation technique with a variable-radius spinning sled. This allowed us to accelerate the sled to a constant angular velocity (128 degrees/s), with the subject centered, and then apply dynamic centripetal accelerations after all rotatory perceptions were extinguished. These stimuli were presented in the subjects' naso-occipital axis by translating the subjects 50 cm eccentrically either forward or backward. Centripetal accelerations were thus induced (0.25 g), which combined with gravity to yield a dynamically shifting gravitoinertial force simulating pitch-tilt, but without actually rotating the head. A magnitude-estimation task was employed to characterize the dynamic perception of pitch-tilt. Tilt perception responded sluggishly to linear acceleration, typically reaching a peak after 10-30 s. Tilt perception also displayed an adaptation phenomenon. Adaptation was manifested as a per-stimulus decline in perceived tilt during prolonged stimulation and a reversal aftereffect upon return to zero acceleration (i.e., recentering the subject). We conclude that otolith inputs can produce tilt perception in the absence of canal stimulation, and that this perception is subject to an adaptation phenomenon and low-pass filtering of its otolith input.
Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA): advancing the theft of African genetic wealth

Debates around the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation address its three strategic interventions in African food systems: expansion through res...
Activism as practice: Some queer considerations

This chapter explores how theory, activism, and practice around sexual orientation and gender identity come together, as viewed through the lens of queer critical postmodernism.
Ribosomal RNA gene variation in diploid and tetraploid Tolmiea menziesii

Abstract Evidence from gross morphology, karyology and flavonoid chemistry suggests that Tolmiea menziesii is one of the clearest examples of autopolyploidy in natural populations. To provide additional data regarding the origin of the tetraploid cytotype of Tolmiea, both the 5S and 18S-25S ribosomal RNA genes were studied at the restriction enzyme level. Using restriction enzymes that cut once per repeat, the lengths of the 5S and 18S-25S ribosomal genes were estimated in diploids and tetraploid plants. There appear to be no consistent differences between diploids and tetraploids for the repeat length of the 18S-25S ribosomal genes. Furthermore, there is no significant repeat length heterogeneity within tetraploid plants for these genes. In addition, no differences in repeat length of the 5S genes were observed among the diploid and tetraploid plants analysed. The homogeneity observed among diploid and tetraploid plants for repeat length of the 5S and 18S-25S ribosomal genes is consistent with the hypothesis that the tetraploid cytotype is of autopolyploid origin.
Atrial-Pacemaker Block, A New Electrocardiographic Syndrome Associated with Implanted Synchronous Pacemakers*

A new electrocardiographic syndrome of second degree atrial pacemaker block has appeared following the implantation of a synchronous pacemaker. Unusual electrocardiographic features of electrial pacing and ventricular fusion beats were noted. This is the result of a delay of the atrial impulses reaching the atrial pickup electrode as the impulse may normally traverse the A-V junction. Supernormal ventricular excitation was demonstrated when a sinus beat fell at a critical period (0.48 seconds) following ventricular discharge. Transitory atrial pickup block has no linical significance in this type of synchronous pacemaker, since the fixed rate pacemaker automatically takes over the impulse formation.
Development of the RTI item bank on risk of bias and precision of observational studies.

Abstract Objective To create a practical and validated item bank for evaluating the risk of bias and precision of observational studies of interventions or exposures included in systematic evidence reviews. Study Design and Setting The item bank, developed at RTI International, was created based on 1,492 questions included in earlier instruments, organized by the quality domains identified by Deeks et al. Items were eliminated and refined through face validity, cognitive, content validity, and interrater reliability testing. Results The resulting item bank consisting of 29 questions for evaluating the risk of bias and precision of observational studies of interventions or exposures (1) captures all of the domains critical for evaluating this type of research, (2) is comprehensive and can be easily lifted “off the shelf” by different researchers, (3) can be adapted to different topic areas and study types (e.g., cohort, case–control, cross-sectional, and case series studies), and (4) provides sufficient instruction to apply the tool to varied topics. Conclusion One bank of items, with specific instructions for focusing abstractor evaluations, can be created to judge the risk of bias and precision of the variety of observational studies that may be used in systematic and comparative effectiveness reviews.
Geocasting in mobile ad hoc networks: location-based multicast algorithms

The paper addresses the problem of geocasting in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environments. Geocasting is a variant of the conventional multicasting problem. For multicasting, conventional protocols define a multicast group as a collection of hosts which register to a multicast group address. However for geocasting, the group consists of the set of all nodes within a specified geographical region. Hosts within the specified region at a given time form the geocast group at that time. We present two different algorithms for delivering packets to such a group, and present simulation results.
Family Structure and School-Based Parental Involvement: A Family Resource Perspective

Little research has systematically studied the influence of family structure on school-based parental involvement. Using data from parents of children enrolled in grades 1–12 in the United States and interviewed in the 2007 National Household Education Study, we (a) delimited 10 family structure types, (b) estimated the differential levels of parental involvement across these family structures, and (c) statistically adjusted these levels for differences in family resources. We found that biological married parents had the highest levels of variety and frequency of involvement in school-based activities. While the extent of these differences were significantly reduced after accounting for family resources, residual differences remained between biological married parents and all other family structure types across at least one of the parental involvement measures, except for biological cohabiting parents. Analyses found that differences in social and cultural capital best accounted for the heightened levels of involvement among biological married parents.
Factors affecting the sexual arousal value of pictures

Abstract This study examines factors that contribute to the sexual arousal value of pictures of a nude model. One male and one female model were photographed separately in an indoor setting. The following dimensions were factorially manipulated across pictures: male or female model, front or back view, standing or reclining position, semi‐nude or nude. Male and female subjects viewed slides of these pictures one at a time and rated the degree of sexual arousal value of each picture. Significant main effects of position, view, and clothing resulted, as well as a significant interaction of sex of subject x sex of model x position x clothing. These results suggest that with so many uncontrolled, extraneous factors in this type of research, studies in which global aspects of erotic stimuli are manipulated should be evaluated with caution. More systematic consideration of the micro‐variables that change from picture to picture is advisable to evaluate clearly what factors truly contribute to changes in sexual ...
Class and productive avoidance in The Real Housewives reunions

Abstract This paper considers the relationship between topic avoidance, talk, and class in reality television. I analyze interactions in reunion episodes of The Real Housewives, a reality television series that since 2006 has followed casts of women in metropolitan locales around America, focusing on their affluent lifestyles. Reunion shows bring cast members together to discuss the previous season׳s episodes, providing space to talk about what happened and confront each other over unresolved issues. Because disclosure is normative in the reunion context, the casting of topics as “taboo” for discussion is interactionally salient and productive. My analysis shows that topic avoidance is triggered not by a set of categorically taboo topics, but rather by topics that momentarily threaten Housewives׳ enactment of culturally elite identities. Avoidance serves to protect their public images as both materially endowed—having status—and well-behaved—having class. I identify and illustrate three types of avoidance stance, which differ in the role alignments through which participants are positioned. These stances can function to limit the discussion of information threatening to one׳s own material status, to preserve one׳s own image as “classy,” and to introduce threatening information about another׳s status or class. Ultimately, avoidance stances are a way for Housewives to negotiate the tension between being on a reality television show, which requires openness and disclosure, and being evaluated as culturally elite, which requires behavioral restraint regarding talk about self and others.
Historical Perspective on School Psychology as a Scientist-Practitioner Specialization in School Psychology.

Abstract This article provides an overview of the development of school psychology as a scientist-practitioner specialization in regard to the contributions of thehistory of the professional and scientific foundations for practice, the role of educational agencies and professional organizations in setting standdards, perspective derived from major conferences on education and training related to professional practice, and the directions for scientific and professional development reflected in the literature. In conclusion an agenda is proposed for continued development of the scientific- practitioner traditions of our field that is based on creating strategies for studying the reflective thinking of students in training as well professionals in practice so as to become informed about the strategies used for integrating science with practice.
Using Java and the socket interface in teaching client/server programming

In this poster, we present our experience developing JAVA applets and applications to create a client/server system on the world wide web, and show how the product is used in upper-division computer science classes.The set of programs consist of a client and a server. The client program in the prototype is a JAVA applet that is downloaded into the client machine and is executed in a user's web browser using the local memory, CPU and other resources. The server program in the prototype is a JAVA application that runs on a web server all the time. The client and the server programs use the socket interface [ Comer&Stevens 96] as the communication protocol, and are able to transmit data back and forth successfully over the internet. Figure 1 illustrates how the client and the server communicate over the socket interface.With the set of programs in place, students in the upper-division computer science classes, including software engineering, databases systems, and distributed application development, are able to build their own software for the course projects, on top of the software prototypes.Revision of a given set of JAVA programs proves to be a better approach in learning client/server programming using JAVA and sockets, compared to requiring students to create JAVA programs from the scratch.
Research concerns, cautions and considerations on Black males in a ‘post‐racial’ society

Black males continue to be one of the most academically marginalized groups of students in US schools, and undoubtedly the role of race and racism has largely influenced these experiences. The paradox of the underperformance of Black males has been the election of President Obama in 2008. The Obama election has led some to question whether or not race and racism continue to be pertinent factors in how racially diverse groups experience life in the United States. This article takes an examination of research on Black males in what some are attempting to label the United States’ first ‘post‐racial’ era. In this article, the authors take exception to the term ‘post‐racial’ and any suggestion that the United States is beyond race, and that race no longer matters in US life, law, policy, and life experiences. The article calls for researchers to be mindful of important cautions, concerns, and considerations as they engage in scholarly inquiry on Black males.
The New Urban Governance: Processes for Engaging Citizens and Stakeholders

The new urban governance requires not only tools (like tax incentives and contracts for privatizing government functions), but also new processes to carry the tools into effect, including deliberation and dialogue for making policy and dispute resolution (like negotiation, mediation, and voluntary monitoring) for implementing and enforcing it. The processes vary with their application in the policy process, from upstream identification of policy preferences to downstream enforcement. These processes share certain characteristics. All empower citizens and stakeholders to exercise their voice and become more engaged in their communities. All can substitute for or supplement traditional governance processes such as rulemaking or adjudication. They make it possible for leaders to collaborate with community stakeholders, and together to consider a broader and perhaps different set of ideas and proposals. These processes may permit participants to develop a consensus on priorities based on community values and interests rather than simply legal rights.
(Re)Capturing Womanhood: Perspectives and Portraits Through Mobile Photography

10.1080/15551393.2013.820590-F0001 Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Freedom, 2012. Photograph by Ghadeer Zachery. Ordinary or vernacular images are a pervasive and understudied category of photography...
Ion clustering in molecular dynamics simulations of sodium iodide solutions

Model systems of sodium iodide dissolved in dimethyl ether or 1,2-dimethoxyethane (glyme) were studied in order to investigate the structural and dynamic properties of ionic solutions in small and polymeric ethers. Full molecular dynamics simulations were performed at a range of different salt concentrations. An algorithm was designed which assigns ions to clusters and then calculates all the terms which contribute to ionic conductivity. In dilute solutions, free ions are the most common ionic species, followed by ion pairs. As the concentration increases, pairs become the most common species, with significant concentrations of clusters with 3 through 6 ions. Changing the solvent from dimethyl ether to glyme significantly decreases the ion clustering due to the chelate effect in which the two oxygens on a solvent stabilize an associated cation. The conductivity in stable systems is shown to be primarily the result of the movement of free ions and the relative movement of ions within neutral pairs. The Nernst-Einstein relation, commonly used in the discussion of polymer electrolytes, is shown to be inadequate to quantitatively describe conductivity in the model systems.
Multiple statistical comparisons: Fishing with the right bait

Abstract Statistical tests are used to determine the probability that an association between independent and dependent variables observed in a study sample represents an association that exists in a larger, target population. All too frequently, however, investigators conduct statistical “fishing expeditions” to increase the likelihood of “catching” significant differences across multiple experimental groups, but fail to consider the effects these practices have on experiment-wise error rates. As with fishing, it is important to impose limits on the number of catches that can be considered “keepers.” In statistical testing, these limits are expressed as type I and type II decision errors. Some statistical techniques to decrease type II errors, which increases statistical power, while simultaneously controlling for type I errors are described. A priori techniques discussed include planned contrasts and Dunn's test. For post hoc data analyses, tests based on range statistics, including Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test, the Newman-Keuls procedure, Dunnett's test, and the Schaffe approach, are considered, and examples of their use are provided. These techniques involve different trade-offs between type 1 and type II error rates. We discuss the investigator's responsibility to consider relevant ethical and theoretical considerations, as well as experimental concerns, when determining an appropriate compromise between these two types of decision errors. We conclude our description of multiple statistical comparison procedures with recommendations for which test to use under specific experimental conditions.
Suppression of Interleukin-1β-induced Nitric-oxide Synthase Promoter/Enhancer Activity by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells EVIDENCE FOR MECHANISMS OTHER THAN NF-κB

Abstract Nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) utilize L-arginine to produce NO, a potent vasodilator that contributes to the regulation of vascular tone. We demonstrated previously that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 down-regulates inducible NOS after its induction by interleukin (IL)-1β by decreasing the rate of inducible NOS gene transcription. In the present study we transfected reporter plasmids containing various lengths of the inducible NOS 5′-flanking region into primary cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells and stimulated the cells with IL-1β or vehicle. IL-1β increased the activity of the plasmid containing −1485 to +31 of the inducible NOS gene by more than 10-fold, indicating the presence of IL-1β-responsive elements. Further deletion analysis revealed that a construct containing −234 to +31 of the inducible NOS gene contained the majority of promoter/enhancer activity after IL-1β stimulation. Mutation of the NF-κB site within this region partially reduced IL-1β-inducible activity; however, a large portion of activity remained independent of the NF-κB site. TGF-β1 suppressed promoter/enhancer activity after IL-1β stimulation, and this suppression was complete in the construct with a mutated NF-κB site. In addition, TGF-β1 did not decrease the binding of nuclear proteins to the NF-κB site. These data suggest that the ability of TGF-β1 to suppress inducible NOS promoter/enhancer activity occurs through a site(s) other than the NF-κB motif in vascular smooth muscle cells.
A simplified algorithm for determining the stability of linear systems

^ran, R.J., Orazio, F.D., Paris, P.C., Irwin, G.R., and Hertzberg, R., "Investigation and Analysis Development of Early Life Aircraft Structural Failures," Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFFDL-TR-70-149, March, 1971. Bowie, O.L., "Analysis of Infinite Plate Containing Radial Cracks Originating from a Circular Hole," Journal of Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 23, April 1956, pp. 60-71. Isida, M., "Effect of Width and Length on Stress Intensity Factors of Internally Cracked Plates Under Various Boundary Conditions," International Journal of Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 7, Sept. 1971, pp. 301-316. Tada, H., Paris, P.C., and Irwin, G.R., The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook, Del Research Corporation, Hellerstown, Pa., 1973, p. 14.1. Aberson, J.A. and Anderson, J.M., "Cracked Finite-Elements Proposed for NASTRAN," Third NASTRAN User's Colloquium, NASATMX-2893, 1973, pp. 531-550.
Solvation of the Menshutkin Reaction: A Rigorous Test of the Effective Fragment Method

The recently developed effective fragment potential (EFP) method is used to study the effect of two, four, six, and eight solvating water molecules on the Menshutkin reaction between ammonia and methyl bromide. The EFP method reproduces all ab initio geometries and energetics (including zero-point energy, thermal, and entropy effects) for the two-water case very accurately. Energetics from all ab initio single-point energies at the EFP geometries for the four, six, and eight water cases are in excellent agreement with corresponding EFP energetics. In the gas phase, the above Menshutkin reaction is kinetically highly unfavorable with a free energy of activation (at 298.15 K) of 40.6 kcal/mol at the RHF level with a double-ξ basis set augmented with polarization and diffuse functions. An ion-pair product is found, in agreement with previous work, in which the bromide anion is hydrogen-bonded to an ammonium hydrogen, giving a free energy of reaction of 2.8 kcal/mol. The addition of solvating water molecules ...
On the monodromy groups of Riemann surfaces of genus zero

Abstract It is known that every finite group G can appear as the monodromy group of some Riemann surface of genus ⩾0. The fact that symmetric groups of all orders can appear as monodromy groups of Riemann surfaces of genus zero is a long-standing one. In this paper, a further search has been made in order to determine which finite groups G can and cannot appear as monodromy groups of Riemann surfaces of genus zero. It has been shown, on the one hand, that every alternating group, the simple group PSL(2, 7) and all cyclic and dihedral groups can appear as such monodromy groups by using a right coset representation of each with respect to a particular subgroup. It has been shown, on the other hand, that the quaternion group, the generalized quaternion group of order 16, a non-Abelian group of order 27 with specified presentation as well as every finite direct product Xi = 1n Zmi with mi | mi + 1 and n > 1 of cyclic groups of order >4 can never appear as such monodromy groups using right coset representations with respect to subgroups. The examples cited above suggest the conjecture that all simple groups can appear as monodromy groups (right coset representations with respect to subgroups being employed to determine the monodromy group) of Riemann surfaces of genus zero and that noncyclic, solvable groups cannot appear unless they are extensions of degree 2 of a cyclic group.
Functional and anatomic follow-up of enterocele repairs

Abstract Objective: To identify the functional and anatomic outcomes in women who have surgery for pelvic organ prolapse with enterocele repair. Methods: Fifty-four women had surgery for pelvic organ prolapse which included enterocele repair. Preoperative and postoperative examinations were done by a research nurse, including a pelvic examination using the International Continence Society staging system and standardized questionnaires about bowel function, sexual function, and prolapse symptoms. Results: Fifty-four women had enterocele repairs as part of their surgery. Mean follow-up time was 16 months (range 6–29 months). Postoperatively five women were excluded from the analysis because of fluctuation in stage of prolapse over time. At the apex and posterior wall of the vagina, 33 women had stage 0 or I prolapse, and 16 had stage II prolapse. None had stage III or IV prolapse. Fifty-three percent of women had improvement in bowel function and 91% had improvement in vaginal prolapse symptoms. Functional outcomes were not significantly different in women with and without stage II prolapse at follow-up. Conclusion: Most women who had surgery for pelvic organ prolapse with enterocele repair reported improvement in vaginal prolapse symptoms. Functional outcomes did not differ significantly between women with stage 0 and I prolapse and women with stage II prolapse at the vaginal apex and posterior vaginal wall. This was an observational study and the lack of statistically significant findings could result from inadequate sample size; however, the observed differences were judged to be not clinically significant.
Biased information processing as a vulnerability factor for depression

Individuals who become clinically depressed once are more likely than are their never-depressed counterparts to experience a future episode of depression. This finding suggests that there is a stable vulnerability factor, or set of factors, that predisposes some individuals to become depressed repeatedly over the course of their lives. Cognitive theories of depression (e.g., Beck, 1967 , Beck, 1976 ) contend that negatively biased information processing may constitute such a vulnerability factor for the onset and/or maintenance of depression. In this paper, we review research using information-processing paradigms that examines depression-associated biases in attention to, and memory for, negative information. We conclude that there is strong evidence that depression is associated with concurrent information-processing biases. Moreover, based on the results of recent priming studies, we argue further that some aspects of cognitive functioning, particularly those involving memory processes, may indeed represent a vulnerability factor for depression. We conclude this paper with a discussion of implications of this line of research for the prevention and treatment of depression.
Computerized ABC analysis: The basis for inventory management

Abstract This paper presents a microcomputer-based ABC analysis for inventory management. The conceptual framework and technical issues involved in the design of the system are discussed. The program is designed to be user-friendly and is full of many informative functions, such as, pause for reaction, full screen, menu selection, error checking, warning, correction, and graphic display.
Flexibility and resiliency of process systems

Abstract Because chemical plants are never operating at the nominal design conditions or at a steady state it is important to include aspects of flexibility, operability and control into the design procedures. The available techniques for this purpose are reviewed and future research needs are identified.
Simulation of Occupant Response in Space Capsule Landing Configurations With Suit Hardware

The purpose of this study was to compare the response of the total human model for safety (THUMS) human body finite element model (FEM) to experimental postmortem human subject (PMHS) test results and evaluate possible injuries caused by suit ring elements. Experimental testing evaluated the PMHS response in frontal, rear, side, falling, and spinal impacts. The THUMS was seated in a rigid seat that mirrored the sled buck used in the experimental testing. The model was then fitted with experimental combinations of neck, shoulder, humerus and thigh rings with a five-point restraint system. Experimental seat acceleration data was used as the input for the simulations. The simulation results were analyzed and compared to PMHS measurements to evaluate the response of the THUMS in these loading conditions. The metrics selected to compare the THUMS simulation to PMHS tests were the chest acceleration, seat acceleration and belt forces with additional metrics implemented in THUMS. The chest acceleration of the simulations and the experimental data was closely matched except in the Z-axis (superior/inferior) loading scenarios based on signal analysis. The belt force data of the model better correlated to the experimental results in loading scenarios where the THUMS interacted primarily with the restraint system compared to load cases where the primary interaction was between the seat and the occupant (rear, spinal and lateral impacts). The simulation output demonstrated low injury metric values for the occupant in these loading conditions. In the experimental testing, rib fractures were recorded for the frontal and left lateral impact scenarios. Fractures were not seen in the simulations, most likely due to variations between the simulation and the PMHS initial configuration. The placement of the rings on the THUMS was optimal with symmetric placement about the centerline of the model. The experimental placement of the rings had more experimental variation. Even with this discrepancy, the THUMS can still be considered a valuable predictive tool for occupant injury because it can compare results across many simulations. The THUMS also has the ability to assess a wider variety of other injury information, compared to anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), that can be used to compare simulation results.
Central place theory and its reemergence in regional science

This paper presents an interdisciplinary review—from the perspectives of geography, economics, and urban planning—of the literature on central place theory (CPT) and its important role in regional science. Along the way, CPT is compared to a more recent description/explanation of the space economy, the new economic geography (NEG). The main arguments of the paper are that for a host of reasons: (i) CPT is ripe for reemergence and; (ii) NEG models are best viewed as complements to, not competitors of, CPT. Some general observations for future research in regional science follow from these conclusions.