cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Willful Choice: The Ineffective and Incompassionate Application of Wisconsin’s Criminal Laws in Combating the Opioid Crisis

Wisconsin’s drug-induced homicide law, known as the Len Bias law, was intended to prosecute for-profit drug dealers and was rarely charged for several decades after it was enacted in 1986. In recent years, prosecutors have brought hundreds of Len Bias charges in response to opioid deaths. Often, these charges are brought against overdose victims’ friends and family members — people who are also mired in addiction and who shared or helped obtain the fatal drug. In contrast, Wisconsin’s Good Samaritan overdose law (GSOL), enacted in 2014, focuses on harm reduction. If a person calls for help when another person is overdosing, the law provides both people with some insulation from prosecution of a range of drug-related charges. These laws approach the problem of overdose death from very different angles: The Len Bias law punishes addicts for their role in overdose deaths, while the GSOL offers addicts protection from prosecution in order to encourage calls for medical intervention in overdose situations. Unfortunately, the current implementation of the Len Bias law diminishes the potential of GSOL to save lives because addicts are faced the possibility of a homicide charge when they summon help for an overdose victim. With the rise of lethal synthetic opioids in Wisconsin, the criminal justice system must adjust its current laws and practices in order to reduce overdose deaths. The criminalization of addiction represented by the Len Bias law thwarts rehabilitation efforts, miring addicts in a cycle of incarceration and drug use that ends with death in too many cases. This Comment proposes a solution: separating addicts from for-profit drug dealers in the eyes of the law by implementing a joint-user defense in Len Bias cases. Addicts are more likely to use opioids with other addicts than alone. By removing the possibility of a homicide conviction, addicts will more readily utilize the GSOL and call for medical intervention when a fellow addict is overdosing. Additionally, separating addicts from dealers allows the Len Bias law to be charged in accordance with its intended purpose, while freeing up investigatory and prosecutorial resources for the more complex task of investigating commercial drug dealers and disrupting the drug trade. This proposed solution would begin to align Wisconsin’s criminal laws with the state’s rehabilitation-focused public health efforts at combating opioid addiction in communities and reducing overdose deaths.
Museums, Activism, and the Importance of Self-Reflection: Book Review Essay

Review of Apsel, Joyce, and Amy Sodaro, eds. Museums and Sites of Persuasion: Politics, Memory, and Human Rights. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2020, hardback £120, paperback £34.99, ebook £31.49, pp.232. Chynoweth, Adele, Bernadette Lynch, Klaus Petersen, and Sarah Smed, eds. Museums and Social Change: Challenging the Unhelpful Museum. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2021, hardback £120, paperback £34.99, ebook £31.49, pp.214. Cole, Johnetta Betsch, and Laura L. Lott, eds. Diversity, Equity, Accessibility, and Inclusion in Museums. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, hardback £61.41, paperback £25.29, ebook £21.67, pp.182.
Reflexões sobre o trabalho com descritores de língua portuguesa por meio da leitura de tiras cômicas: em foco as técnicas de construção do humor

Neste artigo, refletimos sobre o uso de tiras comicas no ensino de lingua portuguesa por meio de descritores. Nosso objetivo e evidenciar como o uso desse genero, partindo das tecnicas de construcao do humor associadas aos descritores de leitura, tem se revelado um material promissor para o desenvolvimento da competencia leitora. Para isso, embasamo-nos em estudos sobre o genero tira comica, pautados pelo vies da Linguistica Textual, interessando-nos os trabalhos de Ramos (2012, 2013, 2017, 2018). No que tange as tecnicas de construcao do humor, adotamos como referencial teorico especialmente os pressupostos de Possenti (1998, 2018) e Travaglia (1992, 2015). Ja em relacao as habilidades de leitura e descritores, o trabalho se ancora nas consideracoes de Carvalho (2018). Este e um estudo qualitativo, de teor exploratorio o qual tambem envolve levantamento bibliografico. Os resultados obtidos tem nos mostrado como as tiras podem ser um recurso eficaz tanto para o desenvolvimento da habilidade de leitura por meio dos descritores quanto para a aprendizagem e reflexao do uso dos recursos da lingua por meio das tecnicas de construcao do humor.
Measurements of Parameters Essential to Predicting Nuclide Migration

In order to understand the migration of radionuclides in the environment characteristic for proposed geological repositories it is necessary to identify and measure the parameters that reflect the basic mechanisms of mobility and retention of the migrating species. Under the conditions expected to prevail in a repository only water can act as a mobilizing medium for the embedded material. The transport of nuclides can then occur in two different ways only, by entrainment in the flowing water and by diffusion. In general flowing water will cause faster migration than diffusion alone, but in the case of static conditions such as obtain e.g. in the sediment on the ocean floor the movement of the radionuclides takes place solely by diffusion.
Canonical Equation K52 for Hankel and Toeplitz Random Matrices

In this chapter, the perturbation and orthogonalization methods (see [Gir54]) are applied to the analysis of normalized spectral functions of random Hankel matrices. Furthermore, limit theorems of the type of the law of large numbers and central limit theorem are proved: the general form of the limiting distributions for normalized resolvents of random Hankel matrices is found. This chapter presents several basic facts about Toeplitz random matrices. This is a rich area and we do not intend this chapter to be exhaustive.
An Overview of the CRAFT Concept Annotation Guidelines

We present our concept-annotation guidelines for an large multi-institutional effort to create a gold-standard manually annotated corpus of full-text biomedical journal articles. We are semantically annotating these documents with the full term sets of eight large biomedical ontologies and controlled terminologies ranging from approximately 1,000 to millions of terms, and, using these guidelines, we have been able to perform this extremely challenging task with a high degree of interannotator agreement. The guidelines have been designed to be able to be used with any terminology employed to semantically annotate concept mentions in text and are available for external use.
Effects of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) on transplanted cholinergic neurons from the fetal septal nucleus.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) on fetal medial septal-diagonal band cholinergic cells transplanted into the adult rat hippocampal formation (HF). IGF-II has a beneficial effect on cholinergic tissue transplanted into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Transplant potentiation has been determined by the evaluation of a variety of cellular responses, including neurite outgrowth, cell survivability, and neurochemical and behavioral function. NGF has been demonstrated to promote sympathetic graft fiber outgrowth, enhance cholinergic graft choline acetyltransferas (ChAT) activity, and maintain adrenal medullary graft survival and function, indicating that a growth factor may have different effects on different cell populations and transplantation models. Other less well-defined growth factors, such as injury-induced neuronotrophic factors and an NGF-like factor have also been reported to potentiate neuronal transplantation into the CNS, indicating that at least several potentiating factors have yet to be identified. As the presence of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-11) and its receptor in the CNS and in light of its reported neurotrophc effects on neuroblastoma cells and peripheral neurons, IGF-II may have trophic effects on neurons transplanted into the CNS.
CD25 and IFN-γ expression in the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID) are a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by a severe deficiency in immune function. These deficiencies result from abnormal differentiation, maturation, or activation of specific immune cells, and can involve humoral, cellular or complement-mediated immunity [1]. Typical presentation involves recurrent and persistent infections, autoimmune-type reactions, and in some cases malignancy [2]. To date, more than 95 disorders are classified as PID [1]. Early detection of PID is paramount, as infections in childhood can cause debilitating organ failure or even death [3]. Flow cytometry provides an ideal method for analyzing the populations present in peripheral blood, allowing for quick and cost-effective assessments of immune function. In the case of PID, flow cytometry has been used to help with initial diagnosis by characterizing the absence of specific cellular subsets or to enhance an established diagnosis by examining specific markers of immune cell function [4]. Throughout the past two decades we have seen rapid advances in the level of complexity and the usefulness of clinical cytometry with regard to PID. Indeed, as flow cytometry itself becomes more advanced, we should constantly strive to apply this technology to improving diagnoses and outcomes of our patients.
The Interplay of Web Aggregation and Regulations (LawTech)

The development of web technology has led to the emergence of web aggregation, a service that collects existing web data and turns them into more useful information. We review the development of both comparison and relationship aggregation and discuss their impacts on various stakeholders. The aggregator's capability of transparently extracting web data has raised challenging issues in database and privacy protection. Consequently, new regulations are introduced or being proposed. We analyze the interactions between aggregation and related policies and provide our insights about the implications of new policies on the development of web aggregation.
Whitewash or Renovation: An Examination of Why International Organizations Institutionalize Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations

This research project explores the relationship between inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Specifically, it attempts to determine why some IGOs institutionalize relations with NGOs through the creation of new institutional mechanisms that codify interactions between these two parties, while others do not. This phenomenon, which I call formalization, has been observed at many different types of IGOs and takes several different forms. Using an original survey of over one hundred inter-governmental organizations, this paper tests a novel explanation for formalization based on the institutional complexity of the IGOs – an approach that highlights the preferences of the IGO bureaucracy as a determinant of institutional change. Preliminary statistical analysis of an original survey of inter-governmental organizations supports these suppositions.
Child Abuse, Resting Blood Pressure, and Blood Pressure Reactivity to Psychosocial Stress

OBJECTIVE: Childhood trauma is associated with hypertension in adults. It is unknown whether childhood trauma predicts elevated blood pressure earlier in development. We investigated whether the trauma of child abuse was associated with blood pressure in adolescents. METHODS: The sample included 145 adolescents aged 13-17 years, 40% with exposure to child abuse. The mean age of participants was 14.93 years (SD = 1.33); 58% were female. The majority self-identified as non-Hispanic White (43%), with the remainder identifying as non-Hispanic Black (17%), Hispanic (17%), or other/mixed race (23%). We used established age/sex/height-specific cutoffs to determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in the sample. We used two-sample t tests to examine associations of abuse with resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood pressure reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test and a frustration task. We used linear regression to adjust for potential confounders including sociodemographic variables, body mass index, smoking, and psychopathology. RESULTS: Mean resting SBP and DBP were 114.07 mmHg and 61.35 mmHg in those with a history of abuse and 111.39 mmHg and 56.89 mmHg in those without a history of abuse. This difference was significant for DBP only. Twelve percent of participants met criteria for prehypertension or hypertension based on resting blood pressure values; this did not differ between those with and without an abuse history. Child abuse was associated with lower DBP and SBP reactivity to laboratory stress tasks and reduced DBP reactivity to frustration. These associations were robust to adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Child abuse is associated with higher resting DBP and blunted DBP and SBP reactivity to laboratory stress in adolescence. These findings suggest a potential pathway by which child abuse leads to hypertension. Language: en
Investigation of Aluminides as Potential Matrix Materials for Inert Matrix Nuclear Fuels

New nuclear fuel forms are being sought in an effort to bum down plutonium inventories and for minor actinide transmutation. A study was conducted to screen two potential materials for a new fuel form. In this study, inert matrix fuels (IMFs) were considered as a nuclear fuel type, with particular emphasis on the matrix materials and their compatibility with surrogate oxides/nitrides and cladding materials. In a fuel cycle application, fuel materials need high thermal conductivity, good radiation tolerance, relatively high melting point, ease of fabrication, and suitability for separation. Due to their physical, mechanical and thermal properties, as well as relative ease of fabrication, nickel aluminide (NiAl) and ruthenium aluminide (RuAl) and their solid solutions were considered as potential matrix candidates for IMFs. Such IMFs can be of interest for fast and thermal spectrum applications. This study focused on the ease of fabrication, interaction of molten NiAl and RuAl with the oxides/nitrides, and the compatibility of NiAl and RuAl with the materials in the system, such as oxide/nitrides and typical cladding materials (Zr-4 and HT-9). Results from the experiments indicate limited interaction between the aluminides and cladding materials where inter-diffusion over the 168 hour test period occurred in the worst case a distance of about 11 μm. In light of the results, it was concluded that RuAl and NiAl are promising candidates for IMF materials, warranting further investigation.
Reactions of t-butyl peresters—V : Reactions of acyloxy derivatives of sulfides

Abstract α-Acyloxy derivatives of straight-chain aliphatic sulfides in boiling t-butyl alcohol give mercaptals. Thus, α-benzoyloxy di-n-propyl sulfive and α-acetoxy di-n-butyl sulfide yielded propio-aldehyde di-n-propyl mercaptal and butyroaldehyde di-n-butyl mercaptal, respectively. However, 2-benzoyloxytetrahydrothiophene gave a dimer of dihydrothiophene. Pyrolysis in absence of alcohol of acyloxy derivatives of sulfides results in unsaturated sulfides. Thus, α-acetoxy and α-benzoyloxy derivatives of diethyl sulfide and tetrahydrothiophene yielded ethyl vinyl sufide and 2,3-dihydrothiophene, respectively.
Aberrant animals showing disparate liver and kidney beta-glucuronidase activities in a genetic study.

SummaryIn the course of a study of the inheritance of liver and kidney β-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase activities, animals aberrant with regard to β-glucuronidase were observed. Thus, 2.7% of the animals in the F2 and 7.1% of those in the F1-backcross to recessive generations exhibited liver β-glucuronidase levels characteristic of the “high” β-glucuronidase parental strain A/Jax while their kidney values were in the “low” category, typical of the C3H/Heston parents. On the other hand, the inheritance of acid phosphatase proceeded independently of that for β-glucuronidase. It is suggested that these aberrant animals may reflect the segregation of multiple alleles governing hormonal levels and probably also the alteration in hormonal status due to crowding.
The new NATO and relations with Russia

(2000). The new NATO and relations with Russia. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 23, NATO Enters the 21st Century, pp. 92-110.
Laboratory studies of the visible NH sub 3 bands with applications to Jupiter

Ammonia red and green bands measured line positions, strengths and half widths applied to Jupiter atmospheric pressure determination
An Analysis of "Distributed Free Space" in an Operating and Data Management Systems Environment

Due to subsequent insertion and deletion, the performance of a file will decline as time goes by. In order to maintain a fast response time at the expense of storage space, a technique commonly known as "within distributed free space" has been developed and used in many access methods. In this paper, a procedure to determine and preallocate the size of "within distributed free space" is presented. The optimal block size for a data storage area, which minimizes the CPU operations and I/O interruptions, is also described.
NetEgg: Programming Network Policies by Examples

The emergence of programmable interfaces to network controllers offers network operators the flexibility to implement a variety of policies. We propose NetEgg, a programming framework that allows a network operator to specify the desired functionality using example behaviors. Our synthesis algorithm automatically infers the state that needs to be maintained to exhibit the desired behaviors along with the rules for processing network packets and updating the state. We report on an initial prototype of NetEgg. Our experiments evaluate the proposed framework based on the number of examples needed to specify a variety of policies considered in the literature, the computational requirements of the synthesis algorithm to translate these examples to programs, and the overhead introduced by the generated implementation for processing packets. Our results show that NetEgg can generate implementations that are consistent with the example behaviors, and have performance comparable to equivalent imperative implementations.
At-Risk Students and Microcomputers: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?.

This article summarizes and critiques research on the effectiveness of computer applications with at-risk students. Though the research claims many positive outcomes (unproved achievement, lower absenteeism, higher self-esteem, better attitude toward school) resulting from computer use with these students, this review concludes that many of the findings are questionable as a result of several issues. These include flaws in study design, measurement problems, failure to control critical factors associated with the learning environment, lack of specificity regarding utilization and implementation, and a general disregard for the influence of gender and SES in examining and assessing results.
Influence of apple cultivar, tree phenology, and leaf quality on the development and mortality of Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

The obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is a polyphagous insect that is occasionally a serious pest of apple trees. To determine how well adapted it is to this host plant, we studied its nutritional ecology by measuring the development and mortality of larvae and pupae reared on different sets of leaves. We investigated the influence of 3 apple cultivars, 2 time periods (June, July–August), and several leaf types, including those with different ages and different branch positions, on these processes. Larvae and pupae developed more rapidly with lower mortality on younger leaves than on older ones. When larvae were fed leaves collected from the same cultivar and branch position at different times during the season, developmental rates were faster and survival rates were higher earlier in the season. Development and survival were similar on leaves of all cultivars.
Parametric studies of coupled vibration of cylindrical pipes conveying fluid with the wave propagation approach

Abstract The wave propagation approach is extended to the coupled frequency analysis of finite cylindrical pipes conveying dense fluid. The downstream, upstream and mixed frequencies of the pipe are defined and discussed. The effects of fluid and shell parameters on the coupled frequencies are investigated. The difference between the coupled and uncoupled frequencies decreases with the circumferential mode n , but increases with the mode n after the number n where the fundamental frequency is obtained. The fundamental frequency can change from one circumferential mode to another circumferential mode with the h / R ratios. However for a shorter shell the fundamental frequency may keep with the same mode n in the interested h / R ratios. For different boundary conditions the transition of fundamental frequency between circumferential modes occurs at different h / R ratios. The downstream frequency increases with increasing fluid velocity, whereas the upstream frequency decreases as the fluid velocity increases. However, the mixed frequency of the pipe decreases with the increase of the fluid velocity. For a given flow velocity all the three frequencies decrease with decreasing h / R ratios. However the mixed frequency drops more with increasing fluid velocity at small h / R ratios than at large h / R ratios. Therefore negative frequencies may occur for small h / R ratios if the fluid velocity is large enough, which means that instability occurs first for thinner pipes.
Pharmacogenomics and bioinformatics: PharmGKB.

The NIH initiated the PharmGKB in April 2000. The primary mission was to create a repository of primary data, tools to track associations between genes and drugs, and to catalog the location and frequency of genetic variations known to impact drug response. Over the past 10 years, new technologies have shifted research from candidate gene pharmacogenetics to phenotype-based pharmacogenomics with a consequent explosion of data. PharmGKB has refocused on curating knowledge rather than housing primary genotype and phenotype data, and now, captures more complex relationships between genes, variants, drugs, diseases and pathways. Going forward, the challenges are to provide the tools and knowledge to plan and interpret genome-wide pharmacogenomics studies, predict gene–drug relationships based on shared mechanisms and support data-sharing consortia investigating clinical applications of pharmacogenomics.
A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere

This paper provides a review of our current understanding of the processes responsible for gravity wave saturation as well as the principal effects and variability of saturation in the lower and middle atmosphere. We discuss the theoretical and observational evidence for linear and nonlinear saturation processes and examine the consequences of saturation for wave amplitude limits, momentum and energy fluxes, the diffusion of heat and constituents, and the establishment of a near-universal vertical wavenumber spectrum. Recent studies of gravity wave variability are reviewed and are seen to provide insights into the significant causes of wave variability throughout the atmosphere.
The endogeneity of the exchange rate as a determinant of FDI: A model of entry and multinational firms

Abstract This paper argues that when the exchange rate and projected sales in the host country are jointly determined by underlying macroeconomic variables, regressions of FDI flows on both exchange rate levels and volatility are subject to bias. The results demonstrate that a multinational firm's response to exchange rate volatility will differ depending on whether the volatility arises from shocks in the firm's native or host country. It is the first study to depart from the representative-firm framework in an analysis of direct investment behavior with money.
Investigating Fuel Condensation Processes in Low Temperature Combustion Engines

Condensation of gaseous fuel is investigated in a low temperature combustion engine fueled with double direct-injected diesel and premixed gasoline at two load conditions. Possible condensation is examined by considering real gas effects with the Peng-Robinson equation of state and assuming thermodynamic equilibrium of the two fuels. The simulations show that three representative condensation events are observed. The first two condensations are found in the spray some time after the two direct injections, when the evaporative cooling reduces the local temperature until phase separation occurs. The third condensation event occurs during the late stages of the expansion stroke, during which the continuous expansion sends the local fluid into the two-phase region again. Condensation was not found to greatly affect global parameters, such as the average cylinder pressure and temperature mainly because, before the main combustion event, the condensed phase was converted back to the vapor phase due to compression and/or first stage heat release. However, condensed fuel is shown to affect the emission predictions, including engine-out particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Alcohol and college students: Reasons, realization and intention to quit

Abstract Alcoholism is a devastating social and economic problem in the United States, and young college students are perhaps most vulnerable to this problem. Using data from 892 students, this study empirically examines the determinants of intention to quit alcohol among college students. The results indicate that intention to quit drinking is positively associated with realization of excessive drinking, recall of alcohol ads, and escape as a reason for drinking, but negatively with fun as a reason for drinking. In turn, realization of excessive drinking is positively associated with recall of alcohol ads and deal-proneness, and escape, loneliness, and social, but not with fun, relaxation and taste as reasons for drinking. Discussion of these findings, their implications and limitations are provided in this study.
Picosecond pulse generation from a synchronously pumped mode‐locked semiconductor laser diode

A semiconductor laser diode was mode locked in an external cavity when synchronously pumped with 90-ps current pulses. Transform-limited optical pulses with a 10-ps pulse width and a peak power of 160 mW were produced. Operating characteristics of such a system are described.
Corner Detection Based on Convex Corner Point Element

Corner detection in image processing plays an important role in matching, representation, recognition, registration, and computer vision. As one of the template based approaches, the morphological detector has some problems which are still under research, such as the element selection, high computation cost, and inaccurate representation of detected corners. In this paper, a modified morphological method with convex corner points structuring element is proposed in improving running efficiency and detecting accuracy. A new simple structuring element is used in the detector, and the speed performance is improved in a large degree. In experiments, the performance of the new detector is tested on a set of standard images. Six other detectors are involved to provide comparative performance information.
The maximum number of q-cliques in a graph with no p-clique

Let @?(n, p, q) be the maximum possible number of q-cliques among all graphs on n nodes with no p-clique. Turan, in 1941, determined @?(n, p, 2) for all n and p. For each n and p, he found the unique graph which attains this maximum. In this paper we determine @?(n, p, q) for all values of n, p and q. We show that, except for the trivial case 1 =< n < q, Turan's graph is the unique graph which attains the maximum @?(n, p, q) for all q such that 1 < q < p.
Alternative Medicine--A Randomized Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Garlic in Hypercholesterolemic Children ♦ 661

Alternative Medicine--A Randomized Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Garlic in Hypercholesterolemic Children ♦ 661
Die NO‐katalysierte Isomerisierung von 2,6‐Dimethyl‐1, trans‐3,6‐heptatrien in der Gasphase

The nitric oxide catalyzed isomerization of 2,6-dimethyl-1, trans-3,6-heptatriene has been measured for temperatures ranging between 209.1 and 311.4°C. The reaction follows second order kinetics and appears to be truly homogeneous. The main products are 1.5.5-trimethyl-1.3-cyclohexadiene (1,5,5-TCHD), 2.6.6-trimethyl-1.3-cyclohexadiene (2,6,6-TCHD) and 2.6-dimethyl-1, trans-3.5-heptatriene. Only traces of the cisoid structures of the linear trienes are detected, in equilibrium with the trans-isomers, which is attributed primarily to a loss of conjugation energy in the cis-isomer. The least squares regression analysis yields for the overall rate constants the ARRHENIUS equation log k (1/mole-s) = (7.78 ± 0.14) − (25340 ± 350) /2.303 RT (°K). The analysis of the rate data shows that the reaction proceeds via a NO catalyzed geometrical isomerization followed by a thermal intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen transfer and subsequent cyclization of the 1, cis-3. 5-triene structure. No competition with abstraction of the «triallylic» hydrogen by NO is observed.
The tritium systems test assembly at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Abstract The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a facility for the integrated testing, in full scale, of the processes and safety systems required for the reprocessing and recycling of plasma exhaust gas from a tokamak reactor. The facility can reprocess and reuse tritium at the rate of 1000 g per day, with a tritium inventory of 130 g. TSTA has been operated since 1984 with increasing amounts of tritium and an increasing degree of system integration without significant releases to the environment or doses to workers. Full loop integration was achieved in 1988. Since 1987, the TSTA has been jointly funded and jointly operated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. Objectives include: the demonstration of long-term reliability and safety, the qualification of equipment for tritium service, and the verification of a facility that can be copied for future fusion machines, such as the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER). Future plans include the installation and integrated testing of a new impurity removal system of Japanese design, testing the effect on the plasma exhaust gas reprocessing systems of off-normal conditions in the torus, and the development and testing of technology for processing tritium contained in a breeding blanket product stream.
VIS-IR transmitting windows

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has developed two unique materials with excellent properties for various military and commercial applications in the UV-Vis-IR wavelength range. These materials are: an amorphous Barium Gallo-Germanate (BGG) glass and a polycrystalline Magnesium Aluminate Spinel. The BGG glass is made using traditional glass melting techniques, and was developed as a low cost alternative to the currently used window materials. Large prototype windows have been fabricated for a Navy reconnaissance program. BGG windows have been successfully tested for environmental ruggedness (MIL-F-48616) and rain erosion durability up to 300 mph. BGG glass is currently under development and evaluation for High Energy Laser (HEL) applications. A new process has been developed to sinter spinel to clear transparency with very high yields. This process has been used to make various sizes and shapes (flats and domes) and is readily scalable to industrial sizes to produce large windows & domes for various applications. NRL has also developed modified BGG glasses, which are compatible with Spinel and ALON substrates for bonding.
Macrophage Priming and Activation During Fibrosarcoma Growth: Expression of c-myb, c-myc, c-fos, and c-fms

Macrophages (M phi)3 function by a two-step process that includes priming (induction of cytokine and enzyme mRNA) and activation (production of effector molecules). The initial steps in M phi priming involve the expression of certain proto-oncogenes that regulate expression of other genes. Because tumor growth primes M phi to produce several suppressor monokines, we determined if cancer induced M phi expression of these proto-oncogenes. Unstimulated peritoneal M phi from tumor-bearing hosts (TBH) constitutively expressed the proto-oncogenes c-fms, c-fos, c-myc, and c-myb, whereas normal host (NH) M phi had little or no expression of these proto-oncogenes. When M phi were given a 24-h adherence priming stimulus, NH M phi expressed c-fms and c-fos at levels equivalent to TBH M phi constitutive expression. Adherence had little or no effect on c-fms and c-fos expression in TBH M phi or on NH and TBH M phi c-myc expression. c-myb expression was not induced in NH M phi during adherence and was strongly decreased in TBH M phi. Activation with a 1-h lipopolysaccharide-treatment increased NH and TBH M phi expression of c-fms, c-fos, and c-myc, with higher expression of these proto-oncogenes in TBH M phi. Activation failed to induce c-myb expression in NH M phi and completely inhibited expression in TBH M phi. Because c-fms, c-fos, and c-myc are normally expressed early during M phi activation, our results suggest that tumor growth primes M phi by inducing expression of these proto-oncogenes. c-myb is expressed in immature M phi and is downregulated during M phi activation. These observations explain why NH M phi expression of c-myb was not induced and are consistent with reports that suggest TBH M phi have not reached full developmental maturity. The induction of M phi proto-oncogene expression during cancer may put M phi in a primed state, which leads to earlier and stronger production of adverse suppressor and cytotoxic molecules.
Cortical activation during visual illusory walking in persons with spinal cord injury: A pilot study

Abstract Objective To determine the location of cortical activation during a visual illusion walking paradigm, a recently proposed treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI)–related neuropathic pain, in persons with SCI compared with able-bodied controls. Design Pilot experimental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) trial. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation clinic. Participants Persons with paraplegia (n=3) and able-bodied participants (n=5) were included in this study. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Cortical activation as measured by the blood oxygenation level-dependent method of fMRI. Results During visually illusory walking there was significant activation in the somatosensory cortex among those with SCI. In contrast, able-bodied participants showed little to no significant activation in this area, but they showed activation in the frontal and premotor areas. Conclusions Treatment modalities for SCI-related neuropathic pain that are based on sensory input paradigms (eg, virtual walking, visual illusory walking) may work by targeting the somatosensory cortex, an area that has been previously found to functionally reorganize after SCI.
The costs of an enhanced employee assistance program (EAP) intervention

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the economic costs of an enhanced Employee Assistance Program (EAP) intervention being delivered through a large Midwestern EAP that services over 90 worksites. Resource use and cost estimates are determined for both developmental and implementation activities. In addition, enhanced services costs are compared with total and average costs of standard EAP services. The results show that total developmental costs were $44,000 and implementation costs for the first year of the intervention were $140,000. The annual cost per eligible employee for standard EAP services is $22.92 and the incremental annual cost per eligible employee for enhanced services is $5.01 under full implementation. These findings provide benchmark cost estimates for other EAPs that may be considering offering enhanced services. In future work, cost estimates will be combined with intervention outcomes for additional program evaluation.
Land use effects on soil crusting and hydraulic response of surface crusts on a tropical Alfisol

Soil surface crusting, a common phenomenon on cultivated soils, has major implications for agriculture and the environment because of its effects on soil hydrological properties, erosion and crop establishment. The objectives of this study were to evaluate land use controls on crust formation and the hydraulic response of soils to crust development for a Patancheru series soil (clayey skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic Udic Rhodustalf) in south-central India. Soil aggregates, obtained from cultivated (PL) and naturally vegetated fallow (NV) land, were packed into sample trays and subjected to laboratory rain simulation to form crusts. Thin sections and visual observation indicated that crust development reached a more advanced stage in the PL case compared with NV following 90 min of rain at 40–80 mm h−1 intensity. This was reflected in a thicker crust layer with fewer voids in the former and a less smooth surface with partially disintegrated aggregates in the latter. The hydraulic response of the soil surface with the progression of crust development indicated a more permeable and less dense crust formed on NV than on PL soil. The results suggested that NV soil aggregates were more stable and that crust formation is more gradual for stable aggregates compared with the less stable PL aggregates. A structural crust-type formed on the Patancheru soil by means of parallel subprocesses involving translocation and illuviation of aggregate disruption by products, and raindrop compaction and particle rearrangement. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Asymptotic Theory of Nonlinear Stratified Flow of Large Depth over Topography

The generation of internal-wave disturbances by continuously stratified flow of large depth over topography is studied in the Boussinesq approximation. For constant background velocity and Brunt-Vaisala frequency, the model of Long (1953) predicts a class of two-dimensional nonlinear steady-state wave patterns, under the hypothesis of no upstream effects from the topography. Here, Long's theory is generalized to describe the dynamics of slightly unsteady nonlinear disturbances near the hydrostatic limit (extended topography), allowing for the presence of weak variations in the background flow. A pair of nonlinear integral-differential amplitude-evolution equations are derived for disturbances of finite amplitude that remain valid as long as no flow reversal occurs. Previous weakly nonlinear or steady-state theories follow from this formulation as special cases. The proposed asymptotic theory seems well suited for investigating the long-time transient behaviour of the nonlinear response, and the validity of Long's hypothesis of no upstream influence.
Mobilization of residual tetrachloroethylene during alcohol flushing of clay-containing porous media

Mobilization of residual DNAPL in a contaminated aquifer may be problematic for the application of enhanced dissolution remediation techniques such as alcohol or surfactant flushing. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of clay fines on residual saturation, permeability and the onset of mobilization of PCE during alcohol flushing. Column experiments were conducted with soils containing 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 20% clay that was completely mixed within a well-sorted Ottawa sand. Column characterization included pressure-saturation relationships, pore-size distribution, permeability, and residual saturation. The columns were flushed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in concentration increments to determine when mobilization of PCE occurred. Trapping numbers were calculated. Results showed that increasing amounts of clay resulted in decreased hydraulic conductivity, increased residual PCE saturation and a larger pore size distribution. Residual PCE was found to begin to mobilize in the clay-mixed media at a range of trapping numbers below those reported in the literature for homogeneous well-sorted sand. This suggests that the potential to mobilize the residual PCE is greater in the mixed media. This may be explained by the formation of multi-pore branched ganglia in the clay-containing media as opposed to singlet formation in a well-sorted media. The multi-pore ganglia may mobilize more readily than singlets due to the added force of head acting on the PCE interface where the trapping is occurring. Using a narrow range of trapping numbers determined in homogeneous media to predict mobilization may not be appropriate in mixed media because mobilization was noted at a variety of trapping numbers. However, relationships between the trapping number at mobilization and various soil parameters such as the amount of clay, residual DNAPL saturation, and pore size distribution, indicate that these, coupled with the trapping number, may aid in our ability to predict mobilization.
Quantitative Relationships for Acoustic Emission from Orthogonal Metal Cutting

Theoretical relationships have been drawn between acoustic emission (AE) and the metal cutting process parameters by relating the energy content of the AE signal to the plastic work of deformation which generates the emission signals. The RMS value of the emission signal is expressed in terms of the basic cutting parameters. Results are presented for 6061-T6 aluminum and SAE 1018 steel over the range of speeds 25.2 to 372 sfm (0.128 to 1.9 m/s) and rake angles 10 to 40 deg. Good correlation has been found between predicted and experimental signal energy levels. In addition, AE generation from chip contact along the tool face is studied and the AE energy level reflects the existence of chip sticking and sliding on the tool face, and indicates the feasibility of utilizing AE in tool wear sensing.
Magnetic field effects on recombination fluorescence: comparison of VUV and fast electron excitation

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of fluorescence from the geminate recombinations of isooctane, neopentane or anthracene cations with perfluorobenzene or perfluorocyclobutane anions are comprared for excitation by vacuum UV light and by beta particles. Differences in the characteristics of this dependence, especially in the vicinity of the level-crossing resonances, are attributed to differences in radial probability densities of initial geminate ion-pair separation distances.
Picosecond laser-induced fluorescence study of the collisionless photodissociation of nitrocompounds at 266 nm

Abstract The photodissociation of nitroalkanes and dimethylnitramine by picosecond laser pulses at 266 nm has been investigated by observing fluorescence from electronically excited NO* 2 formed directly in the UV photodissociation process and also by laser-induced fluoresence (LIF) probing of NO 2 formed in the electronic ground state. The formation of the ground state fragment is a monophotonic process, and follows closely the integrated laser pulse shape, implying that the NO 2 is formed within 6 ps after absorption of a 266 nm photon by CH 3 NO 2 or (CH 3 ) 2 NNO 2 . Formation of NO* 2 from dimethylnitramine was monophotonic; for the nitroalkanes the observed NO* 2 formation was much less efficient and increased faster than linearly with increasing energy in the UV photolysis pulse. In the RNo 2 nitroalkanes under study (R  Ch 3 , C 2 H 5 , n -C 3 H 7 and i -C 3 H 7 ), the quantum efficiency of NO 2 formation does not depend on the nature of the alkyl group. An estimation of the quantum yields of photodissociation is discussed.
Implementing guidelines for the institutional use of factor VIIa (recombinant): a multidisciplinary solution.

Recombinant activated factor seven (VIIa) is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein that is structurally similar to human plasma-derived factor VIIa. It has received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A or B who have
A New Class of Synthetic Jet Actuators—Part I: Design, Fabrication and Bench Top Characterization

Although the potential of synthetic jets as flow separation control actuators has been demonstrated in the existing literature, there is a large gap between the synthetic jet actuators (SJA) used in laboratory demonstrations and the SJAs needed in realistic, full-scale applications, in terms of compactness, weight, efficiency, control authority and power density. In most cases, the SJAs used in demonstrations are either too large or too weak for realistic applications. In this work, we present the development of a new class of high-power synthetic jet actuators for realistic flow control applications. The operating principle of the actuator is the same as that of crankshaft driven piston engines, which makes a significant part of the technology necessary for the actuator development available off-the-shelf. The design of the actuator is modular and scalable. Several building block units can be stacked in series to create the actuator of the desired size. Moreover, active exit slot reconfiguration, in the form of variable exit slot width, decouples the actuator frequency from the actuator jet momentum coefficient and allows the user to set the two independently (within limits). We present the design, fabrication and bench top characterization of the actuator. Several versions of the actuator were designed, built and tested, leading up to the development of a six-piston compact actuator that has a maximum power consumption of 1200 W (1.6 hp) and can produce (for the tested conditions) peak exit velocities as high as 124 m/s.
Covering in the lattice of equational theories and some properties of term finite theories

For countable languages, we completely describe those cardinals κ such that there is an equational theory which covers exactly κ other equational theories. For this task understanding term finite theories is helpful. A theoryT isterm finite provided {ψ:Tτϕ≈ψ} is finite for all terms ϕ. We develop here some fundamental properties of term finite theories and use them, together with Ramsey's Theorem, to prove that any finitely based term finite theory covers only finitely many others. We also show that every term finite theory possesses an independent base and that there are $$2^{\kappa _0 } $$ such theories whose pairwise joins are not term finite.
A Simple, Research-Based Guide to Better Teaching

Review of : How Learning Works: Seven Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching ; 1st ed.; Susan Ambrose, Michael Bridges, Michele DiPietro, Marsha Lovett, and Marie Norman. (2010) . Jossey-Bass, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., San Francisco, CA. 301 pages.
Replicating Family Size: Does Living in a Single Parent Family Matter?

Abstract A well documented relationship exists between size of family of orientation and preferred family size. This relationship is influenced by factors such as the level of solidarity within the family of orientation and life chances available while growing up. This paper examines how living in a single parent family affects intergenerational marriage patterns regarding preferred family size. Data collected from 1300 college students at a large midwestern university provide further evidence of a positive relationship between number of siblings in one's family of origin and preferred marital family size. However, this relationship does not hold for all groups. Factors affecting preferred family size differ for males and females from intact and nonintact family structures. The positive relationship between size of family of orientation and family of procreation holds only for individuals from intact homes.