cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RAPID CLEAN-UP OF FAT EXTRACTS FOR ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUE DETERMINATION USING C18 SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION CARTRIDGES

Abstract Commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges with C 18 bonded silica packings effectively cleaned up acetonitrile extracts of 3-g samples of fats and oils for determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Cartridges from three different sources were tested and found to differ in lipid capacity and inertness (free silanol activity). Consequently, the amount of packing (i.e., number of cartridges) and/or the choice of eluent used were adjusted for each brand of cartridge to achieve optimum clean-up and analyte recovery. Seven pesticides with a wide range of polarity (acephate, azodrin, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, methamidophos and methyl parathion) were separated from coextracted lipids by elution with either acetonitrile or methanol, depending on the brand of cartridge used. Cartridges were regenerated by purging lipids with dichloromethane and were reused numerous times without apparent loss of effectiveness. Recoveries from vegetable oils and butterfat fortified with the seven compounds at levels of 0.05–0.87 μg g −1 ranged from 80 to 103%. Practical limits of determination range from 0.01 to 0.08 μg g −1 , depending on analyte response.
Light scattering and dynamics of interacting Brownian particles

The relative motions of interacting Brownian particles in liquids may be described as radial diffusion in an effective potential of the mean force. By using a harmonic approximation for the effective potential, the intermediate scattering function may also be evaluated. For polystyrene spheres of 250 A mean radius in aqueous environment at 0.00125 g/cu cm concentration, the results for the calculated mean square displacement are in qualitative agreement with experimental data from photon correlation spectroscopy. Because of the interactions, the functions deviate considerably from the exponential forms for the free particles.
Supporting multiple accelerators in high-level programming models

Computational accelerators, such as manycore NVIDIA GPUs, Intel Xeon Phi and FPGAs, are becoming common in work-stations, servers and supercomputers for scientific and engineering applications. Efficiently exploiting the massive parallelism these accelerators provide requires the designs and implementations of productive programming models.In this paper, we explore support of multiple accelerators in high-level programming models. We design novel language extensions to OpenMP to support offloading data and computation regions to multiple accelerators (devices). These extensions allow for distributing data and computation among a list of devices via easy-to-use interfaces, including specifying the distribution of multi-dimensional arrays and declaring shared data regions among accelerators. Computation distribution is realized by partitioning a loop iteration space among accelerators. We implement mechanisms to marshal/unmarshal and to move data of non-contiguous array subregions and shared regions between accelerators without involving CPUs. We design reduction techniques that work across multiple accelerators. Combined compiler and runtime support is designed to manage multiple GPUs using asynchronous operations and threading mechanisms. We implement our solutions for NVIDIA GPUs and demonstrate through example OpenMP codes the effectiveness of our solutions for performance improvement.
Alar photoplethysmography: a new methodology for monitoring fluid removal and carotid circulation during hemodialysis.

Hemodialysis (HD) hemoconcen tration measurements may not predict hypotension, and are confounded by impaired compensatory responses to ultrafiltration (UF). We devised noninvasive photople thysmograph (PPG) technology to monitor carotid blood flow at the nasal alar, quantify cardiac and respiratory components, and study the effect of UF and resistance breathing in HD patients and blood donors. The PPG was recorded using a novel alar probe in 40 subjects (20 each group), before and after their procedure, with 3 airway resistances. Raw data were separated into a low frequency component (LFC, based on the effect of respiration on thoracic pressure and blood capacitance) and a rapid pulsatile cardiac component (PCC), yielding 3 measures of carotid flow and vascular tone. The device produced stable signals amenable to automated processing. The LFC (respiration-induced variation in carotid flow) increased with UF (P as low as 0.03, depending on airway resistance), not changing in blood donors. Two PCC variables (measuring blood vessel distention with each heart beat) decreased (P ≤ 0.03) with blood donation, but not UF. This new noninvasive PPG method detects altered respiration-associated carotid circulation during UF. With blood donation there is dampening of pulsatile vessel distention, consistent with increased vascular tone. That compensatory mechanism was impaired in HD patients and helps explain their instability with fluid removal.
The Moderating Effects of CEO Stock-Based Pay on Performance Feedback and Acquisition Risk

Traditional theoretical frameworks have assumed that all types of stock options uniformly facilitate risky acquisitions. This study extends the behavioral agency model by developing a nuanced theor...
Alternative common factor models for multivariate biometric analyses.

In prior research we have shown how linear structural equation models and computer programs (e.g., LISREL) may be simply and directly used to provide alternatives for the traditional biometric twin design. We use structural equations and path models to define biometric group differences, we write traditional common-factor models in the same way, and then we take a detailed look at some alternative multivariate and biometric models. We contrast the biometricfactors covariance structure approach used by Loehlin and Vandenberg (1968), Martin and Eaves (1977), and others with the psychometric-factors approach used by McArdle et al. (1980) and others. We use the multivariate primary mental abilities data on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from Loehlin and Vandenberg (1968) to detail fundamental differences in model specification and results. We extend both multivariate biometric approaches using exploratory and confirmatory multiple-factor models. These comparisons show that each alternative multivariate methodology has useful features for empirical applications.
Use of Imipramine in Children with Intractable Asthma and Psychiatric Disorders: A Warning

Imipramine is an established treatment for anxiety in adults. Some evidence also exists that it may be beneficial in children. Because of the frequent co-occurrence of anxiety and affective symptomatology in asthmatic children, a pilot study was undertaken to obtain clinical observations on the effects of imipramine on symptoms of asthma as well as those of separation anxiety and depression in children suffering from intractable asthma. The pilot trial was terminated because of medical complications after 6 patients participated.
The Greek—Ottoman Boundary as Institution, Locality, and Process, 1832-1882:

Borders are often described as lines of conflict between states. The Greek—Ottoman boundary of the 19th century is no exception; history condemned it as a dangerous front of Greek state expansionism at the expense of a declining Ottoman Empire. This article uses Ottoman and Greek archival documents and British consular records to show that the Greek—Ottoman boundary was, in many ways, a well-managed institution. The central states that governed it and the two sides' border guards often cooperated and colluded to provide security and forestall conflict. Although the border eventually collapsed and moved northward at the expense of the Ottomans, this article demonstrates that the early decades of the boundary contain tremendous insight for historians and social scientists interested in contentious politics and institutions.
Alterations in TLRs as new molecular markers of congenital infections with Human cytomegalovirus

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in non-specific immunity against various infections. The most common intrauterine infection, caused by Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), results in perinatal morbidity and mortality of primary infected fetuses. The induction of immune response by TLRs was observed in HCMV infections in murine models and cell lines cultured in vitro. Studies reported an immunological response in pregnant women with primary HCMV infection and TLR2 activity in collecting of HCMV particles in placental syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) in vivo and cultured ST, and in stimulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression and damage of villous trophoblast. Expression levels of TLRs are associated with cell type, stage of pregnancy and response to microorganisms. We show the effect of HCMV infection on the development of pregnancy as well as the effect of TLR single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the occurrence and course of infectious diseases, immune response and diseases of pregnancy. We report the impact of TLRs on the function of miRNAs and the altered expression levels of these molecules, as observed in HCMV infections. We suggest that the methylation status of TLR gene promoter regions as epigenetic modifications may be significant in the immune response to HCMV infections. We conclude that it is important to study in detail the molecular mechanisms of TLR function in the immune response to HCMV infections in pregnancy.
Comparison of the capacity of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid to relieve the effects of muscle and cartilage teratogens in developing chick embryos.

Abstract Two teratogens, 3-acetylpyridine and 6-aminonicotinamide, have their effects neutralized by nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Nicotinamide proves to be much more powerful an antagonist than does nicotinic acid. Because of this observation and others, NAD(P) biosynthesis in the developing chick is suggested to proceed through a pathway in which nicotinamide is directly incorporated into pyridine nucleotides without first being deaminated to form nicotinic acid. This suggestion is in accord with the speculation that nicotinamide plays a central or controlling role in chick limb mesodermal cell expression into myogenic or chondrogenic phenotypes.
A variety of lattice-ordered groups containing all representable covers of the abelian variety

A small variety of representable lattice-ordered groups is constructed, which contains all of the representable covers of the abelian variety.
Calculation of Optical Signal Using Three-Dimensional Bidomain/Diffusion Model Reveals Distortion of the Transmembrane Potential

Optical mapping experiments allow investigators to view the effects of electrical currents on the transmembrane potential, Vm, as a shock is applied to the heart. One important consideration is whether the optical signal accurately represents Vm. We have combined the bidomain equations along with the photon diffusion equation to study the excitation and emission of photons during optical mapping of cardiac tissue. Our results show that this bidomain/diffusion model predicts an optical signal that is much smaller than Vm near a stimulating electrode, a result consistent with experimental observations. Yet, this model, which incorporates the effect of lateral averaging, also reveals an optical signal that overestimates Vm at distances >1 mm away from the electrode. Although Vm falls off with distance r from the electrode as exp(−r/λ)/r, the optical signal decays as a simple exponential, exp(−r/λ). Moreover, regions of hyperpolarization adjacent to a cathode are emphasized in the optical signal compared to the region of depolarization under the cathode. Imaging methods utilizing optical mapping techniques will need to account for these distortions to accurately reconstruct Vm.
Fabrication of DNA–magnetite hybrid nanofibers for water detoxification

Abstract DNA–magnetite hybrid nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning a spin dope consisting of oleic acid coated magnetite nanoparticles and DNA–CTMA in ethanol/chloroform mixed solvent. The fabricated nanofibers exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour owing to embedded magnetite nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that these nanofibers can be used as effective detoxification materials in aqueous media as a combined result of DNA's affinity to both organic and inorganic toxicants, high surface area of the nanofibers and the fast and easy separation due to magnetite nanoparticles under external magnetic field. In addition to detoxification, these novel hybrid nanofibers have potential applications in many technological areas such as catalysis and drug delivery.
Shared/traded control of telerobots under time delay

Abstract In this paper, we describe the design and development of a robotic system with Traded and Shared Control capability. This system will be able to accept and execute commands both from a hand controller (teleoperation) and an autonomous system, or a combination of the two. We begin by justifying the need for such a system, especially for space applications. Our efforts are directed towards building a system that retains the advantages of each mode (autonomous or teleoperated), which allowing for its shortcomings to be overcome by the other. We consider a two-tiered robotic system here; the higher generates task-level programs, and the lower, actually executes them on a robot. Shared control is implemented in both of these two levels. The operator can provide task level commands to either modify or supplement the autonomous task planner as well as modify or influence the position and force trajectories at the servo level. Finally, a control architecture is presented to realize the above notions of Traded and Shared Control. This includes a description of the hardware and the software of the system.
Measuring sexual behaviour in the era of HIV/AIDS: the experience of Demographic and Health Surveys and similar enquiries.

Objectives: To review the sexual behaviour data collected in the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other similar national surveys from the perspective of data quality. Methods: Two indicators of premarital and higher risk sexual behaviour were analysed for 31 surveys in 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis focused on the internal consistency of trends and gender differences in the reported indicators. Results: The authors found fluctuating trends in premarital sex in sub-Saharan Africa but consistent increases in Latin America and the Caribbean. Changes in questionnaire design do not seem to contribute to these trends and there is evidence that the increase in premarital sex is genuine in Latin America. Trends in sex with non-spousal, non-cohabiting partners show large fluctuations and inconsistencies between surveys in some countries but not others. Men are consistently more likely to report non-marital sexual partners than women and unmarried women are less likely than unmarried men to report casual partners. Conclusions: Surveys are potentially a valuable source of information on sexual behaviour but there are sufficient grounds for concern to warrant considerable caution in the use of survey data to monitor trends in sexual behaviour. Survey findings must be evaluated carefully and interpreted in the context of other available information. These results caution against placing heavy emphasis on short term changes in sexual behaviour between individual surveys and highlight the need for attention to quality in data collection.
An adaptive observer design for recirculation based solid oxide fuel cell systems using cell voltage measurement

In this paper we present an observer design for species concentration estimation in recirculation based solid oxide fuel cell systems. The proposed strategy is useful for sensor reduction and control. In designing the observer, we attempt to reduce the number of required concentration sensors, that are often less reliable and also expensive, and instead use readily available voltage. We design a nonlinear adaptive observer based on voltage measurement that is an improvement upon our prior results. For this observer, we prove ultimate boundedness of state and parameter estimation errors with arbitrarily small error bounds.
Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Controller applied to a synchronous generator control

In this paper is presented an alternative control strategy where rotor angle and field flux of a synchronous generator connected to an infinite-bus power system is controlled by a variable structure model reference adaptive controller. A decoupling theory is used on the synchronous generator model to obtain two subsystems, where rotor angle and field flux can be controlled independently. Simulation results are presented for the synchronous generator decoupled model and compared to the coupled synchronous generator controlled by a classical proportional-integrative-derivative controller.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of three-day and five-day regimens of azithromycin in plasma and urine.

In an open crossover study, the pharmacokinetics of three-day and five-day regimens of azithromycin were compared. Fourteen healthy volunteers received oral doses of azithromycin once-daily, over three days (500 mg/day) and over five days (500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg/day on days 2-5). Plasma and urine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Azithromycin was found to be absorbed rapidly on the first and the last days of both regimens, with mean Tmax ranging between 2.5-3 h. On day 1, peak plasma concentrations were 0.37 mg/L and 0.31 mg/L, respectively, with three- and five-day regimens, and increased to 0.42 mg/L on the last day of the three-day regimen, but decreased to 0.18 mg/L at the end of the five-day regimen. Similarly, the AUC0-24 increased from 1.30 to 1.88 h.mg/L during the three-day regimen, and decreased from 1.24 to 0.80 h.mg/L on the five-day regimen. After absorption, azithromycin was distributed rapidly; the respective half-lives were 2.4 h and 2.2 h with the three-day and five-day regimens. Thereafter, a polyphasic decline of plasma concentrations was observed; the average half-lives between 8-48 h after administration were 27.9 h (three-day regimen) and 35.8 h (five-day regimen). In urine, 5.5% (three-day regimen) and 4.6% (five-day regimen) of the total dose was found as unchanged azithromycin over a 12-day period. The observed pharmacokinetics of azithromycin with both regimens conformed with the known pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug. The treatment-related differences seen in the plasma concentrations were as expected from the different dosage schedules.
An Item Discriminability Study of Textually Explicit, Textually Implicit, and Scriptally Implicit Questions

This paper reports the effect that background knowledge has on the item discriminability of reading comprehension items; item discriminability is an index of how well a test item discriminates bet ...
Stable isotopic signature of a palaeoaquifer, Mississippian Alamogordo Member limestones, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, USA

Nine stratigraphic sections, each =5 m thick, were sampled from the Alamogordo Member limestones of the Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, USA. Four stratigraphic sections consist entirely of lime mudstone and wackestone, whereas the other five sections have a prominent layer of crinoidal packstone about 1 m thick at their base. Stable isotopic analyses reveal that the lime muds in the sections with basal packstone layers show a downward decrease in δ 1 8 O and constant δ 1 3 C values, whereas those in the sections solely composed of lime mudstone and wackestone have, in general, relatively uniform δ 1 8 O and δ 1 3 C values. The diagenesis of the Alamogordo Member limestones was previously believed to have been governed by the downward percolation of meteoric water from a regional pre-Pennsylvanian exposure surface =100 m above this unit. However, the uniform δ 1 3 C and downward decrease in δ 1 8 O values in the lime muds in the sections with basal packstones indicate that the meteoric water ascended within the Alamogordo Member, rather than descended from the overlying exposure surface. This indicates that the basal packstones were probably a conduit for meteoric water. This is further supported indirectly by the relatively uniform δ 1 8 O and δ 1 3 C values of the lime mud in the sections without basal packstones. The implications are that the oxygen isotopic gradients may be used to identify palaeoaquifers, flow directions within these aquifers and that meteoric diagenesis below an exposure surface could be governed by flow through a palaeoaquifer.
Wound closure in the lamellipodia of single cells: Mediation by actin polymerization in the absence of an actomyosin purse string

The actomyosin purse string is an evolutionarily conserved contractile structure that is involved in cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and wound healing. Recent studies suggested that an actomyosin purse string is crucial for the closure of wounds in single cells. In the present study, morphological and pharmacological methods were used to investigate the role of this structure in the closure of wounds in the peripheral cytoplasm of sea urchin coelomocytes. These discoidal shaped cells underwent a dramatic form of actin-based centripetal/retrograde flow and occasionally opened and closed spontaneous wounds in their lamellipodia. Fluorescent phalloidin staining indicated that a well defined fringe of actin filaments assembles from the margin of these holes, and drug studies with cytochalasin D and latrunculin A indicated that actin polymerization is required for wound closure. Additional evidence that actin polymerization is involved in wound closure was provided by the localization of components of the Arp2/3 complex to the wound margin. Significantly, myosin II immunolocalization demonstrated that it is not associated with wound margins despite being present in the perinuclear region. Pharmacological evidence for the lack of myosin II involvement in wound closure comes from experiments in which a microneedle was used to produce wounds in cells in which actomyosin contraction was inhibited by treatment with kinase inhibitors. Wounds produced in kinase inhibitor-treated cells closed in a manner similar to that seen with control cells. Taken together, our results suggest that an actomyosin purse string mechanism is not responsible for the closure of lamellar wounds in coelomocytes. We hypothesize that the wounds heal by means of a combination of the force produced by actin polymerization alone and centripetal flow. Interestingly, these cells did assemble an actomyosin structure around the margin of phagosome-like membrane invaginations, indicating that myosin is not simply excluded from the periphery by some general mechanism. The results indicate that the actomyosin purse string is not the only mechanism that can mediate wound closure in single cells.
Contemporary evaluation and management of parapharyngeal space neoplasms.

Objective:This review summarises the contemporary, multidisciplinary approach to managing parapharyngeal space neoplasms.Overview:Parapharyngeal space neoplasms are uncommon head and neck tumours and are most often benign. Most tumours are of either salivary gland or neurogenic origin. Patients tend to be asymptomatic even when tumours reach large sizes. Patients may present with a mass in the pharynx or neck, although frequently the tumour is found incidentally on an imaging study. Due to the limitations of physical examination in this anatomical area, imaging studies are essential to the evaluation of parapharyngeal space neoplasms. Cytopathology may provide additional diagnostic information. Open biopsy is rarely necessary and can be hazardous. Treatment is primarily surgical, and various surgical approaches can be tailored for a given neoplasm. Recently, a trend toward observation of select patients with asymptomatic neurogenic tumours has been advocated.Conclusion:The evaluation and management of parapharyngeal space tumours is best done by a multidisciplinary team. Treatment should be individualised, and the risks and benefits of surgical intervention need to be carefully weighed. Complications are best avoided by careful surgical planning.
Imaging the mountainless root of the 1.8 Ga Cheyenne belt suture and clues to its tectonic stability

Receiver-function analysis across the Cheyenne belt, an Archean‐Proterozoic suture, images a 100-km-wide zone of 50‐60-km-thick crust. This thick crust is thought to be a remnant from the original 1.8 Ga suturing event. The thick and presumably buoyant crust is remarkable in that it is not associated with a large topographic or gravitational anomaly, suggesting isostatic balance and a high-density mass at depth to compensate the crustal root. These features could account for the lithosphere’s long-term stability. The presence of eclogite below the crustal root is a likely source for the high-density mass, as it would not produce a seismically unusual Moho, yet it would provide the required excess mass.
Multi-modal classification in digital news libraries

This paper describes a comprehensive approach to construct robust multi-modal video classification on a specific digital source, broadcast news. Broadcast news has a very stable structure and every segment has its specific purpose. Video classification can support fundamental understanding of the structure of the video and the content. The variety of video content makes it hard to classify; however, it also provides multimodal information Our approach tries to solve two important issues of multimodal classification. The first one is to select few discriminative features from many raw features and the second one is to efficiently combine multiple sources. We applied Fisher's Linear Discriminant (FLD) for feature selection and concatenated the projections into a single synthesized feature vector as the combination strategy. Experimental results on the 2003 TRECVID news video archive show that our approach achieves very robust and accurate performance.
A rule-based energy management strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) combine the power from an electric motor with that from an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle. The HEV electric motor is typically powered by a battery pack through power electronics. The HEV battery is recharged either by the engine or from regenerative braking. The electric drive mode is very limited for an HEV due to the limited battery power. A more powerful battery will increase the electric drive range of the vehicle, thus improving fuel economy. However, the battery will need to be recharged using an electric outlet since the regenerative braking and limited engine usage will not be sufficient to fully recharge the larger battery pack. In this paper, a rule-based energy management strategy for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is presented. Since large amount of electric energy is stored in the battery from the electric power grid, the fuel consumption is reduced significantly as compared with HEV counterpart. The proposed energy management strategy is implemented on a PHEV model in ADVISOR and the model is then simulated for a number of predefined drive cycles. The proposed PHEV algorithm results are compared with those for HEV with similar battery capacity as PHEV.
Heterogeneous and decreasing HIV prevalence among women seeking antenatal care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Background We examined HIV prevalence trends over 4.5 years among women receiving antenatal care in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, by geographic location, clinic management and urbanicity. Methods Quarterly proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pregnant women with HIV positive results were determined using aggregate service provision and uptake data from 22 maternity units that provided vertical HIV prevention services from October 2004 to March 2009. Assuming linearity, proportions were assessed for trend via the Cochran–Armitage test. Multivariable binomial regression was used to describe detailed prevalence trends. Results HIV testing was offered to 220 006 pregnant women; 210 348 (95.6%) agreed to be tested and 191 216 (90.9%) received their results. A total of 3999 women were found to be HIV positive, a prevalence of 1.90% (95% CI: 1.84–1.96%). The median quarterly proportion of women testing positive for HIV was 1.94% (range: 1.44–2.44%). Prevalence was heterogeneous in terms of maternity management, urbanicity and geographic location. Modeling suggested that the overall prevalence dropped from 2.04% (95% CI: 1.92–2.16%) to 1.77% (95% CI: 1.66–1.88%) over 4.5 years, a relative decrease of 13.2% (95% CI: 3.53–22.9%). Trend testing corroborated this decline (P < 0.01). Conclusions The decreasing HIV prevalence among Kinshasa antenatal care seekers is robust and encouraging. The relatively low prevalence and the weak existing healthcare system require prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions that strengthen maternal and child healthcare service delivery. Complacency would be unwarranted: assuming a uniform national crude birth rate of 50/1000 and 1.8% antenatal HIV prevalence, approximately 7000 pregnant HIV infected women in Kinshasa, and 60 000 nationwide, are in need of care and prevention services yearly.
Harsh, inconsistent parental discipline and romantic relationships: Mediating processes of behavioral problems and ambivalence

According to the Development of Early Adult Romantic Relationships (DEARR) model (Bryant, C. M., & Conger, R. D. [2002]. Conger, R. D., Cui, M., Bryant, C. M., & Elder, G. H., Jr. [2000] interactional characteristics in the family of origin influence early adult romantic relationships by promoting or inhibiting the development of interpersonal competencies that contribute to relationship success in young adulthood. The present study uses the DEARR model as a general framework to help examine the long-term link between parental discipline practices in adolescence and young adult's interactions in the early years of marriage or cohabitation. Using prospective data from 288 target participants, their families, and their romantic partner, beginning when the targets were adolescents and continuing up to the fifth year of their marital or cohabiting relationships, we found empirical support for the DEARR model. Parental discipline practices in adolescence were associated with romantic relationship quality during the early years of marriage or cohabitation through processes in late adolescence and young adulthood. Specifically, harsh and inconsistent discipline practices were associated with greater attitudinal ambivalence toward parents in adolescence. Inconsistent discipline was also associated with higher risks of externalizing problems during late adolescence years. Externalizing problems and ambivalence toward parents predicted poorer relationship quality through aggressive behaviors and ambivalence toward a romantic partner during the early years of marriage or cohabitation. Implications for practitioners working with couples and families are discussed.
Application of Model-Based Change Detection to Airborne VNIR/SWIR Hyperspectral Imagery

Hyperspectral change detection (HSCD) provides an avenue for detecting subtle targets in complex backgrounds. Complicating the problem of change detection is the presence of shadow, illumination, and atmospheric differences, as well as misregistration and parallax error, which often produce the appearance of change. Recent development of a model-based (MB) approach to HSCD has demonstrated potential improvement for mitigating false alarms due specifically to shadow differences using calibrated data. Further development and application of the MB approach is provided here. The method is extended for use on both uncalibrated and relatively calibrated hyperspectral data and is applied to airborne hyperspectral imagery collected using the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment visible to short-wave infrared sensor and uncalibrated tower imagery collected by the Air Force Research Laboratory.
Tropospheric column ozone: matching individual profiles from Aura OMI and TES with a chemistry-transport model

Of all satellite measurements of ozone, only two instruments have coincident, spatially overlapping measurements to allow direct comparison of tropospheric column ozone (TCO): the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the NASA Aura spacecraft. For two years (2005–2006), we collect all observations between 60° S and 60° N from nadir (~65 000 from OMI and TES) and cross-track swaths (~30 000 000 from OMI) and compare with a chemistry-transport model (CTM) simulating each observation with corresponding spatial and temporal coincidence. High-frequency TCO variations are indicative of stratospheric intrusions of ozone-rich air, and the individual, level 2 data provide access to these short-lived phenomena. Although we can identify some seasonal and large-scale biases in the model, the CTM as a transfer standard identifies weaknesses in the observations and further helps quantify the measurement noise of individual profiles. The relatively noise-free CTM bridges these two satellite measurements and improves their cross-validation to better precision than a simple direct comparison. Previous validation studies of TES TCO versus ozonesondes found a bias of about +4 Dobson Units (DU) for large regions. The three-way comparison and the CTM transfer method that use a far greater number of coincidences, indicate that monthly zonal mean OMI-TES TCO biases fall within 5–10%, and thus quantifies the zonal mean OMI TCO bias at a few DU. For small regions (i.e., 5 × 5°), however, the monthly mean OMI-TES differences can exceed ±10 DU at many places (e.g., tropics for the direct OMI-TES comparison) due to different tropospheric sensitivities of the two instruments at these locations. Partly removing the influence of different sensitivities by applying the CTM as the transfer standard, the OMI-TES differences generally decrease, especially over the tropics. In addition, the CTM-TES comparison split into day versus night observations shows no apparent bias in TES at very low levels, ±1 DU. These OMI-TES-CTM comparisons highlight the importance of the a priori ozone profiles that went into each satellite retrieval, including a false agreement due to CTM-a priori similarity, and the importance of including the vertical information (i.e., averaging kernel) in the retrieval products. This study also highlights the advantages of overlapping measurements in terms of cross-validation and the application of a model as the transfer standard.
Interleaved Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) Buck Power Factor Correction (PFC) Converter

An interleaved boundary conduction mode power-factor-correction buck converter that maintains high efficiency across entire load and line range is proposed. The adaptive master-slave interleaving method maintains stable 180° out-of-phase operation during any transient. By interleaving two parallel-connected buck converters, the input current ripple is halved while the ripple frequency is doubled, which leads to a smaller differential mode line filter. The line current harmonic distortion is analyzed to examine the allowable output voltage range while meeting harmonic regulations. The operation and performance of the proposed circuit is verified on a 300 W, universal line experimental prototype with 80 V output. The measured efficiencies remain above 96% down to 20% of full load across the entire universal line range. Even at 10% of full-load condition, the efficiency remains above 94%. The input current harmonics also meet the IEC61000-3-2 (class D) standard.
Writing-Across-The-Law-School-Curriculum: Theoretical Justifications, Curricular Implications

A second approach to writing across the curriculum, learning to write in the discipline, has received less attention. This approach uses the features of written communication in a specific discipline to teach students to enter that discipline's discourse community. It differs significantly from the writing-to-learn approach: writing within the disciplines . . . involves embracing the conventional genres, audiences, and purposes of writing in a particular discipline, involves the student's entry into a discourse community not yet her own, learning its language, its customs, its forms of life . . . . [T]he student is, in a way, herself consumed by the disciplinary community, and thus becomes a part of that community, an anthropologist, an historian, a lawyer. Writing in the discipline has strong potential for law school curricula because it is supported by common themes among various learning theories. Moreover, this approach to writing across the curriculum reconciles various compositional theories. The article concludes with a proposal for a writing-across-the-law-school-curriculum program that can enhance students' learning and better prepare them to enter the legal profession.
Temperature dependent mistranslation in a hyperthermophile adapts proteins to lower temperatures

All organisms universally encode, synthesize and utilize proteins that function optimally within a subset of growth conditions. While healthy cells are thought to maintain high translational fidelity within their natural habitats, natural environments can easily fluctuate outside the optimal functional range of genetically encoded proteins. The hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix (A. pernix) can grow throughout temperature variations ranging from 70 to 100°C, although the specific factors facilitating such adaptability are unknown. Here, we show that A. pernix undergoes constitutive leucine to methionine mistranslation at low growth temperatures. Low-temperature mistranslation is facilitated by the misacylation of tRNA(Leu) with methionine by the methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS). At low growth temperatures, the A. pernix MetRS undergoes a temperature dependent shift in tRNA charging fidelity, allowing the enzyme to conditionally charge tRNA(Leu) with methionine. We demonstrate enhanced low-temperature activity for A. pernix citrate synthase that is synthesized during leucine to methionine mistranslation at low-temperature growth compared to its high-fidelity counterpart synthesized at high-temperature. Our results show that conditional leucine to methionine mistranslation can make protein adjustments capable of improving the low-temperature activity of hyperthermophilic proteins, likely by facilitating the increasing flexibility required for greater protein function at lower physiological temperatures.
The Early-Stage Term Sheet

The typical term sheet for a venture-capital investment contains a host of contract provisions designed to protect the value of an investor’s capital. The purpose of this note is to focus on a few key terms (namely, antidilution, liquidation preference, dividends, redemption, and control rights) and to discuss the ways in which these terms may be made more investor-friendly or entrepreneur-friendly. The terms discussed in this note are widely regarded by practitioners as having the greatest ability to affect the economic returns for the parties involved in an early-stage investment. At the end of the discussion of each term, a chart highlights the various ways in which these terms may be structured. The examples, though not meant to be exhaustive, offer a perspective on the various ways a term might be worded in order to confer different rights on the parties.
Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico

During June and July 1970 and 1971, 15,223 horse flies representing 7 species were collected in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico. Ninety percent were Hybomitra laticornis (Hine) which comprised 84 percent of 8239 females and 96 percent of 6984 males collected. This species was found at all sites where flies were collected. The geographic and seasonal distribution of all species was reported as well as rather definite elevational ranges.
Biomarkers for Brain Disorders Electrochemically Detected By BRODERICK PROBE Microelectrodes/Biosensors

Here, we present results from two independent studies carried out using Neuromolecular Imaging (NMI) with miniature BRODERICK PROBE ® biosensors. In the first study, we imaged neurotransmitters and neurochemicals in human epilepsy patients intraoperatively during early and late neurodegeneration. In the second study, we imaged neurotransmitters and neurochemicals in an experimental murine model using animals with and without neurodegeneration caused by Parkinson’s disease (PD). We compared our results derived from animals with lesioned group (PD) with non-lesioned group (non-PD), using the same in vivo NMI paradigm. NMI biotechnology enabled neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neurochemical imaging of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), homovanillic acid (HVA), L-tryptophan (L-TP), dynorphin A (DYN A) and somatostatin (SRIF). Each neurotransmitter and neurochemical was imaged at its respective signature i.e., its electroactive oxidation/half-wave potential. Results showed neuropeptide signatures of DYN A and SRIF as common biomarker molecules following late neurodegeneration in epilepsy patients and in PD animal models. Placing these two studies together allowed us to us to provide a new hypothesis about a possible biomarker link between the two neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy and PD. Interestingly, this biomarker link, to our knowledge has not been observed previously. These findings will provide new strategies for better diagnoses, detection of and protection against epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease
The short-term consumption of a moderately high-fat diet alters nitric oxide bioavailability in lean female Zucker rats.

To determine whether short-term consumption of a moderately high-fat diet (MHFD) affects nitric oxide (NO) production, the concentration of stable NO metabolites (NOx) in urine and plasma of rats f...
Acculturation, psychological adjustment, and parenting styles of Chinese immigrant mothers in the United States.

Objectives This study examined whether acculturation to American culture, maintenance of Chinese culture, and their interaction predicted Chinese immigrant parents' psychological adjustment and parenting styles. We hypothesized that American orientation would be associated with more positive psychological well-being and fewer depressive symptoms in immigrant mothers, which in turn would be associated with more authoritative parenting and less authoritarian parenting. The examination of the roles of Chinese orientation and the interaction of the 2 cultural orientations in relation to psychological adjustment and parenting were exploratory. Method Participants were 164 first-generation Chinese immigrant mothers in the United States (Mage = 37.80). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of acculturation on psychological adjustment and parenting. Bootstrapping technique was used to explore the conditional indirect effects of acculturation on parenting as appropriate. Results American orientation was strongly associated with positive psychological well-being, which was in turn related to more authoritative parenting and less authoritarian parenting. Moreover, American and Chinese orientations interacted to predict depressive symptoms, which were in turn associated with more authoritarian parenting. Specifically, American orientation was negatively associated with depressive symptoms only at mean or high levels of Chinese orientation. Conclusions Results suggest acculturation as a distal contextual factor and psychological adjustment as 1 critical mechanism that transmits effects of acculturation to parenting. Promoting immigrant parents' ability and comfort in the new culture independently or in conjunction with encouraging biculturalism through policy intervention efforts appear crucial for the positive adjustment of Chinese immigrant parents and children. (PsycINFO Database Record
Rheumatology visit frequency and changes in functional disability and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To determine if the frequency of visits to rheumatologists by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with either short term (6 month) or longterm (10 year) changes in functional disability or pain. Methods. Information on health care utilization and health status was obtained for up tolO years by biannual mailed Health Assessment Questionnaires (HAQ) in a community based cohort of patients with RA. We studied the relationship between the frequency of visits to rheumatologists and changes in functional disability and pain among 127 patients who were treated by a rheumatologist at least once each year. Results. The median visit frequency was 7.2 visits/year (range 2-17.5 visits/year). The number of rheumatology visits was significantly associated with short term changes in both functional disability and pain : each additional visit in a 6 month study interval was associated with a decrease in the pain score in the current interval by an average of 0.02 points (on a 3 point scale), and each additional visit was associated with a decrease in the HAQ Disability Index in the subsequent 6 month interval by an average of 0.007 points (on a 3 point scale). In analyses of longterm changes in health status, there was a U-shaped relationship between the frequency of rheumatology visits and the rate of progression of functional disability over time, with the lowest rates associated with average visit frequencies of between 7 and 11 visits/year. Average pain scores over time were positively correlated with the average annual frequency of rheumatology visits (r = 0.25). Conclusion. More frequent visits to rheumatologists were associated with greater improvements in pain and functional disability over periods of 6 and 12 months, respectively. Rates of progression of functional disability over time were also higher among patients with less than 7 visits/year than among those with 7-11 visits/year, suggesting that the outcomes of these patients might have been improved with more frequent visits.
Chapter 7 – Osteosarcoma in Paget’s Disease of Bone

Osteosarcoma arising in pagetic bone is rare, estimated to occur in less than 1% of persons with Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) and accounting for a small percentage of those osteosarcomas occurring in adults >40 years of age. Consistent with the distribution of PDB in the population, pagetic osteosarcomas tend to arise in elderly persons >60 years of age, and in white more than black males. These cancers show a predilection for the same bones affected by PDB except to note an increased incidence in the humerus and infrequent appearance in the spine. Neoplastic transformation appears to arise equally in both monostotic and polyostotic PDB, and is associated with variable elevations in the serum alkaline phosphatase. Osteogenic osteosarcomas predominate, and are seen by histopathology as arising in pagetic bone marked by the presence of large spindle cells, osteoid and chaotic bone remodeling. Osteoclast-like giant cells similar to those seen in pagetic bone may be seen infiltrating the tumor. These cancers may present as synchronous or metachronous lesions. Although there is clearly an increased risk for osteosarcoma in Paget’s disease, the molecular basis for this remains unclear. Relative expression levels of a number of genes representing key signaling pathways have been examined in Paget’s disease and pagetic osteosarcoma. New insights from the analysis of cellular constituents of pagetic osteosarcomas as well as from pagetic bone are changing the way we think about the pathogenesis of this disease.