cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Back Pain in Female Adolescent Gymnasts and Functional Pain Scales

Abstract Objectives To determine the scores of gymnasts with low back pain (LBP) on two functional pain scales: the Micheli Functional Scale (MFS) and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Gymnastics facilities. Participants Female gymnasts aged 7–18 years. Main outcome measures We grouped gymnasts into those having pain affecting gymnastics and those with pain not affecting gymnastics and then compared MFS and ODQ scores for various activities. Results Eleven of the 29 participants (38%) endorsed LBP during gymnastics and 18 had LBP not affecting gymnastics. There were no demographic differences between the two groups. A significantly greater proportion of gymnasts who had pain during gymnastics reported pain with jumping (N = 11, 100% vs N = 8, 44%, p = 0.003) and lifting weights (N = 4, 36% vs N = 0, p = 0.016) compared to those not having pain during gymnastics. There were no significant differences between the two groups for pain with spine flexion or extension or for hip flexibility. Conclusions Although gymnastics requires extreme flexion and extension of the spine, gymnasts whose pain affects them during gymnastics do not endorse more pain with these movements. Gymnasts with LBP during gymnastics are more likely to have pain with jumping and with lifting weights.
Formation of Bound States in the Continuum in Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Systems

A bound state in the continuum (BIC) is a localized state of an open structure with access to radiation channels, yet it remains highly confined with, in theory, an infinite lifetime and quality factor. There have been many realizations of such exceptional states in dielectric systems without loss. However, realizing BICs in lossy systems such as those in plasmonics remains a challenge. In this Letter, we explore the possibility of realizing BICs in a hybrid plasmonic-photonic structure consisting of a plasmonic grating coupled to a dielectric optical waveguide with diverging radiative quality factors. The plasmonic-photonic system supports two distinct groups of BICs: symmetry-protected BICs at the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ point and off-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ Friedrich-Wintgen BICs. The photonic waveguide modes are strongly coupled to the gap plasmons in the grating, leading to an avoided crossing behavior with a high value of Rabi splitting of 150 meV. Moreover, we show that the strong coupling significantly alters the band diagram of the hybrid system, revealing opportunities for supporting stopped light at an off-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ wide angular span.
P105 Outcome Evaluation of Ohio State University Extension SNAP-Ed Social Marketing Campaign

Background USDA's Food and Nutrition Service encourages social marketing to enhance nutrition education in SNAP-Ed. In 2018, Ohio State University (OSU) Extension implemented Celebrate Your Plate (CYP), a social marketing campaign intended to increase awareness of the importance of eating fruits and vegetables across two quadrants of Ohio comprising 45 counties. Objective To measure awareness of CYP and assess healthy behaviors of low-income Ohioans in areas with the campaign. Study Design, Settings, Participants Low-income Ohioans residing in the two quadrants were randomly selected for a telephone survey. Data were collected at three time points between May and September 2018; post-implementation in one quadrant, and pre- and post-implementation in the other. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Indicators from the SNAP-Ed Evaluation Framework related to healthy eating and food resource management were measured along with demographic characteristics. Data were weighted to represent SNAP recipients in the quadrants. Comparisons between quadrants, demographics and campaign exposure were made using 95% confidence intervals to determine significant differences. Results Post-implementation, 18% of low-income Ohioans were exposed to CYP. Exposure was highest among women (23%), households with children (27%), and participants in food assistance programs (26%). Ohioans exposed to the campaign ate more fruits and vegetables daily than those unexposed, although this was not significant. Among assistance programs participants, campaign exposure was significantly associated with higher readiness to increase vegetable consumption. Reported barriers to eating healthier were cost, health reasons, dislike, and being too busy to shop for, cook or prepare healthy foods. Actions taken after campaign exposure included thinking about making healthier food choices, buying and eating more fruits and vegetables, and planning healthy meals for their family. Conclusion OSU Extension successfully launched a multi-modal social marketing campaign in 2018 recognized by nearly one-fifth of low-income Ohioans. CYP was particularly effective in reaching Ohioans participating in assistance programs and may increase their readiness to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.
ACL Reconstruction Graft Angle and Outcomes: Transtibial vs Anteromedial Reconstruction:

The importance of creating an anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been receiving significant attention. The best technique by which to achieve this anatomic reconstruction continues to be debated. The two most common methods are the transtibial (TT) and anteromedial (AM) techniques. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, and the literature comparing the two remains uncertain. In this prospective comparative study, we aimed to compare the ACL graft and tunnel angles achieved using the anatomic transtibial (TT) and anteromedial (AM) techniques; compare the ACL graft and tunnel angles in knees that have undergone ACL reconstruction and knees with intact ACLs; and determine whether differences in the graft or tunnel angle produce differences in clinical outcomes, as measured using both physical exam and patient-reported outcomes, after ACL reconstruction. Patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with bone–tendon–bone grafts using a TT or AM technique were included. Femoral graft angle (FGA), tibial graft angle (TGA), and sagittal orientation of the reconstructed ACL and contralateral native ACL were measured on post-operative magnetic resonance imaging. Post-operatively, patients underwent measurement of knee stability and completed the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) survey. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled (AM group, 14; TT group, 15); at follow-up, KOOS data were available for 26 patients (13 in each group). There were no differences in sagittal ACL graft angle between groups or in comparison with the normal knee. The FGA was more vertical after TT reconstructions; the TGA was comparable between groups. There were no significant differences in 2-year post-operative physical exam measurements or in KOOS scores. Anatomic ACL angle was restored after reconstruction with both the TT and AM techniques, despite different FGAs. No significant differences in clinical outcome were noted between groups on physical exam or KOOS at 2 years after surgery. These results suggest that TT reconstruction results in a graft position similar to that seen in AM reconstruction and that the location of the intra-articular tunnel aperture matters more than the orientation of the tunnel.
Intra- and intermolecular interception of a photochemically generated terminal uranium nitride.

The photochemically generated synthesis of a terminal uranium nitride species is here reported and an examination of its intra- and intermolecular chemistry is presented. Treatment of the U(III) complex LArUI(DME) ((LAr)2− = 2,2′′-bis(Dippanilide)-p-terphenyl; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with LiNImDipp ((NImDipp)− = 1,3-bis(Dipp)-imidazolin-2-iminato) generates the sterically congested 3N-coordinate compound LArU(NImDipp) (1). Complex 1 reacts with 1 equiv. of Ph3CN3 to give the U(IV) azide LArU(N3)(NImDipp) (2). Structural analysis of 2 reveals inequivalent Nα–Nβ > Nβ–Nγ distances indicative of an activated azide moiety predisposed to N2 loss. Room-temperature photolysis of benzene solutions of 2 affords the U(IV) amide (N-LAr)U(NImDipp) (3) via intramolecular N-atom insertion into the benzylic C–H bond of a pendant isopropyl group of the (LAr)2− ligand. The formation of 3 occurs as a result of the intramolecular interception of the intermediately generated, terminal uranium nitride (LAr)U(N)(NImDipp) (3′). Evidence for the formation of 3′ is further bolstered by its intermolecular capture, accomplished by photolyzing solutions of 2 in the presence of an isocyanide or PMe3 to give (LAr)U[NCN(C6H3Me2)](NImDipp) (5) and (N,C-LAr*)U(NPMe3)(NImDipp) (6), respectively. These results expand upon the limited reactivity studies of terminal uranium–nitride moieties and provide new insights into their chemical properties.
Correlation of caveolin 1 expression with disease-free survival in skin melanoma.

e19016 Background: As clinical and histological parameters are unable to precisely predict the behavior of skin melanoma, new criteria are required to improve risk assessment. Caveolin 1 (CAV1), a ...
Ensemble Learning Using Fuzzy Weights to Improve Learning Style Identification for Adapted Instructional Routines

Mobile personalized learning can be achieved by the identification of students' learning styles; however, this happens with the completion of large questionnaires. This task has been reported as tedious and time-consuming, causing random selection of the questionnaires' choices, and thus, erroneous adaptation to students' needs, endangering knowledge acquisition. Moreover, mobile environments render the selection of questionnaires' choices impractical due to confined mobile user interfaces. In view of the above, this paper presents Learnglish, a fully developed mobile language learning system incorporating automatic identification of students' learning styles according to the Felder-Silverman model (FSLSM) using ensemble classification. In particular, three classifiers, namely SVM, NB and KNN, are combined based on the majority voting rule. The major innovation of this task, apart from the ensemble classification and the mobile learning environment, is that Learnglish takes as input a minimum number of personal (i.e., age and gender) and cognitive characteristics (i.e., prior academic performance categorized using fuzzy weights), and solely four questions pertaining to the FSLSM dimensions, to identify the learning style. Furthermore, Learnglish incorporates adapted instructional routines to create an individualized learning environment based on students' learning preferences as determined by their style. Learnglish was fully evaluated with very encouraging results.
An Entry-Triggering Protein of Ehrlichia Is a New Vaccine Candidate against Tick-Borne Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis.

ABSTRACT Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging disease transmitted by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum. E. chaffeensis outer membrane protein entry triggering protein of Ehrlichia (EtpE) is necessary for bacterial entry into human cells. We investigated the role of EtpE in transmission of the bacteria from tick to human cells and whether or not vaccination with EtpE can prevent transmission of ehrlichiae from ticks to mammals. An antiserum against the recombinant C terminus of EtpE (rEtpE-C), which binds a mammalian cell-surface receptor and triggers bacterial entry, significantly inhibited E. chaffeensis transmission from infected tick cells to human monocytes in culture. Each of five specific-pathogen-free dogs were vaccinated with rEtpE-C along with an immunostimulating complex or were sham vaccinated with the complex alone. Dogs vaccinated with rEtpE-C developed high antibody titers against rEtpE-C and produced interferon-γ-secreting cells, as assessed with the ELISpot assay. All 10 dogs were challenged with A. americanum adult ticks infected as nymphs by syringe inoculation with E. chaffeensis. Upon challenge, both the vaccinated and control dogs became infected by day 1 post-tick attachment, but the majority of rEtpE-C-vaccinated dogs rapidly cleared the infection from the bloodstream as soon as day 7, whereas most of sham-vaccinated dogs remained infected at day 35. Peripheral blood leukocytes from vaccinated dogs had significantly elevated interferon-γ mRNA levels and secreted significantly elevated interferon-γ soon after tick attachment. Thus, the EtpE-C vaccine represents the first ehrlichial protein vaccine demonstrated to reduce bacterial infection in mammals upon challenge with infected ticks. IMPORTANCE The incidence of tick-borne diseases has risen dramatically in the past two decades and continues to rise. Discovered in 1986 and designated a nationally notifiable disease in 1998 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, which is caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia chaffeensis, is one of the most prevalent, life-threatening, emerging tick-borne zoonoses in the United States. We investigated the role of the E. chaffeensis protein EtpE in transmission of the bacterium from tick to human cells and in vaccinated dogs with EtpE to assess the efficacy of vaccination against E. chaffeensis-infected tick challenge. Our results help fill gaps in our understanding of E. chaffeensis-derived protective antigens that could be used in a candidate vaccine for immunization of humans to counter tick-transmitted ehrlichiosis.
Needs assessment of current palliative care education in U.S. hematology/oncology fellowship programs

Palliative care (PC) education for fellows in hematology/oncology (H/O) training programs is widely accepted, but no studies to date have assessed PC education practices and values among program leadership. Program Directors and Associate Program Directors of active H/O fellowship programs in the U.S.A. were surveyed. Of 149 programs contacted, 84 completed the survey (56% response rate), of which 100% offered some form of PC education. The most frequently utilized methods of PC education were didactic lectures/conferences (93%), required PC rotations (68%), and simulation/role-playing (42%). Required PC rotations were ranked highest, and formal didactic seminars/conferences were ranked fifth in terms of perceived effectiveness. The majority felt either somewhat (60%) or extremely satisfied (30%) with the PC education at their program. Among specific PC domains, communication ranked highest, addressing spiritual distress ranked lowest, and care for the imminently dying ranked second lowest in importance and competency. Solid tumor oncologists reported more personal comfort with pain management (p = 0.042), non-pain symptom management (p = 0.014), ethical/legal issues (p = 0.029), reported their fellows were less competent in pain assessment/management (p = 0.006), and communication (p = 0.011), and were more satisfied with their program’s PC education (p = 0.035) as compared with hematologists. Significant disparities exist between those modalities rated most effective for PC education and those currently in use. Clinical orientation of program leadership can affect both personal comfort with PC skills and estimations of PC curriculum effectiveness and fellows’ competency. H/O fellowship programs would benefit from greater standardization and prioritization of active PC education modalities and content.
Exploring the Relationship Between Multilayered Choroidal Neovascularization and Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits in AMD

Purpose We used optical coherence tomography angiography to test the hypothesis that more complex, multilayered choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes in AMD are associated with worse flow deficits (FD) in the choriocapillaris. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional study including 29 eyes of 29 subjects with neovascular AMD. En face choriocapillaris images were compensated for signal attenuation using the structural OCT slab and signal normalization based on a cohort of healthy subjects. We binarized the choriocapillaris using both local Phansalkar and global MinError(I) methods and quantified FD count, FD density, and mean FD size in the entire area outside the CNV, in the 200-µm annulus surrounding the CNV, and in the area outside the annulus. We used projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography to quantify CNV complexity, including highest CNV flow height, number of flow layers, and flow layer thickness. We explored the relationship between CNV complexity and choriocapillaris FD using Spearman correlations. Results The highest CNV flow signal significantly correlated with lower FD count (P Conclusions CNV vascular complexity is correlated with choriocapillaris FD outside the CNV area, providing evidence for the importance of choriocapillaris dysfunction in neovascular AMD, as well as the potential role of choroidal ischemia in the pathogenesis of complex CNV membranes.
Individual Autonomy and Collective Empowerment in Labor Law

This paper examines the tensions between individual rights and theories of collective action in the context of union membership. Using the examples of resignations and strikebreaking, the paper argues that the neo-liberal disempowerment of working-class Americans operated, in part, through judicial preferences for individual worker autonomy over collective union action. The article first explores the philosophical and historical-sociological roots of labor and labor-capital relations,focusing on the meaning of employment and the history of collective action. Next, the essay examines the social and legal origins of the 1980s program to increase union members' resignation and strikebreaking rights at the expense of union solidarity and strength. The essay concludes that in the American system of voluntary unionism,courts must uphold labor solidarity rights in order to permit labor law to function at all and to afford vastly less powerful workers the possibility of developing as the truly autonomous individuals the judiciary claims to favor. In retrospect, these decisions helped lay the legal groundwork for creating disempowered workers for today's fissured workplace and atomized workforce.
Imaging an Abdominal Mass in Children: Concepts and Challenges

The majority of abdominal masses in children are benign and a large number of them are cystic. A cystic mass is almost always benign, especially in the young child. In a vast majority, the cystic mass originates from the urinary tract and is due to some obstructive lesion, especially in a newborn or infant. Solid or heterogenic malignant abdominal masses are often characteristic of the child’s age. The origin of an abdominal mass may be a malformation, a neoplasia, trauma (including an iatrogenic lesion) or an inflammatory or metabolic process.
Identification of chemoattractant-elicited increases in protein phosphorylation.

Publisher Summary Modulation of protein phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms by which D. discoideum transduces receptor-mediated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signals to bring about cellular responses such as chemotaxis and signal relay. The chapter discusses the techniques for labeling amoebae with [32P]orthophosphate and then immunoprecipitating myosin under conditions in which in vivo levels of phosphorylation are preserved, it demonstrated that phosphorylation of both the heavy chain and the 18,000-Da light chain of myosin transiently increases in response to a cAMP stimulus. Direct observation of cAMP-mediated in vivo changes in phosphorylation of a protein is the necessary first step in implicating the phosphorylation as one of the transducers of the signal. To determine how the protein phosphorylation is regulated, it is necessary to be able to assay for cAMP-mediated changes in phosphorylation rate in vitro. One scenario for how cAMP-induced changes in myosin phosphorylation result in directed cell movement is that light chain phosphorylation activates motive force production while heavy chain phosphorylation gives direction to the movement by initiating redistribution of myosin filaments in a polarized manner through modulation of the assembly–disassembly cycle. Analysis of the effects of phosphorylation on myosin and purification and characterization of additional regulatory factors help to provide a better understanding of the mechanism by which Dictyostelium responds to a chemotactic signal.
A Review of “Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem between the Wars”

The necessary but often difficult task of filling in the gaps found in African American historical narratives falls on those brave souls determined to understand three questions: How did particular...
The analysis of aqueous sediments for heavy metals

Abstract The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediments from lakes around a coal‐powered electric generating plant in southwest Houston, Texas, have been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The plant had been operational for only about one year at the time of sample collection; therefore, variations of trace metals with depth are considered to be essentially unaffected by the plant. The current concentrations of these trace metals which have been established constitute baseline data for determining future anthropogenic additions. Evidence is also presented to show that Fe and Mn have influenced the distribution of the trace metals studied in these lakes.
EBU Technical Committee Meeting, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, April 18–21, 1967

The Annual Meeting of the Technical Committee of the European Broadcasting Union convened on April 18 at the Grand Hotel Krasnapolsky, on the Dam in Amsterdam. This meeting was held to permit the Directors of Engineering of the broadcasting organizations active in the European Broadcasting Area to discuss mutual problems and to review the progress of the several Working Parties that the Technical Committee has established to carry projects forward in the interim period between formal Technical Committee meetings. In addition, the staff of the EBU Technical Center, headed by Georges Hanson, was given an opportunity to report on the activities of the Technical Center and its facilities in Brussels and Jurbise, Belgium.
The Role of Electronic Commerce In Financial Services Integration

Abstract In recent years, the combined effects of deregulation in financial services, along with advances in telecommunications and information technology, are forcing far-reaching changes upon the insurance industry. The result is the industry is becoming more competitive. The emerging role of electronic commerce (e-commerce) is particularly important and interesting to study. I offer a brief survey of the role of e-commerce in the insurance industry. The paper is organized in the following manner: Section 1 summarizes Internet trends and discusses various related public policy issues; Section 2 addresses online insurance supply and demand; Section 3 discusses the economics of disintermediation and reintermediation and explains how this applies to e-commerce in the insurance industry. Finally, Section 4 offers a set of concluding remarks.
Reflectance of dispersed vitrinite in shales hosting Pb–Zn–Cu ore deposits in western Cuba: comparison with clay crystallinity

Abstract The Pinar del Rio district of western Cuba contains several examples of stratiform Pb–Zn mineralization underlain by stockwork Cu mineralization. Similar deposits in Canada and Australia have been variously interpreted as products of seafloor hydrothermal systems or of much later hydrothermal activity associated with peak metamorphism during deep burial. The Cuban deposits are Jurassic in age and are less overprinted by later tectonic events than other deposits of this type, so they offer a useful opportunity to resolve these controversies. Vitrinite reflectance and illite and chlorite crystallinity were studied from cores and mine exposures from several localities in western Cuba. Dispersed vitrinite in host shales shows a sharp increase in thermal maturity over three distinct stages from host-rock to stratiform mineralization to stock-work mineralization. Based on vitrinite data from modern hydrothermal systems, the paleotemperatures are 175, 250, and 300 °C. The clay mineral results also show a step-wise increase in the crystallinity of illite and chlorite. In addition, there is an increasing dominance of chlorite over illite. When compared to burial diagenetic trends, chlorite crystallinity in the Cuban samples matches values expected from R r , whereas illite tends to yield lower-than-expected crystallinities. The clay results indicate that chlorite is an ore-stage mineral that equilibrated at the same temperature/pressure conditions as the vitrinite, whereas the illite is largely detrital and only incompletely recrystallized in the relatively short times available. These results are best explained as reflecting relatively low amounts of heating of shales in the country rock by burial diagenesis, progressing to intermediate heating by exhalative seafloor hydrothermal fluids in the stratiform portion of the deposits, and finally to still higher temperatures in the sub-seafloor stockwork portion.
Quantum dots light emitting devices on MEMS - Microcontact printing, near-field imaging, and early cancer detection

Controlled patterning of light emitting devices on semiconductors and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) enables a vast variety of applications such as structured illumination, large-area flexible displays, integrated optoelectronic systems and micro-total analysis systems for real-time biomedical screening. We have demonstrated a series of techniques of creating quantum dot-based (QD) patterned inorganic light emitting devices at room temperature on silicon (Si) substrate. The innovative technology was translated to create localized QD-based light sources for two applications: (1) Three-dimensional scanning probe tip structures for near field imaging. Combined topographic and optical images were acquired using this new class of "self-illuminating" probe in commercial NSOM. The emission wavelength can be tuned through quantum-size effect of QDs. (2) Multispectral excitation sources integrated with microfluidic channels for tumor cell analyses. We were able to detect the variation of sub-cellular features, such as the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, to quantify the absorption at different wavelength upon the near-field illumination of individual tumor cells towards the determination of cancer developmental stage.
Vectorial theory of self-trapped light beams

Abstract Nonlinear optical media may support self-trapped “filaments” with transverse electric (TE), transverse magnetic (TM), or hybrid (HE and EH) field configurations. The divergence of the electric field vanishes in a certain class of configurations thereby introducing a simple criterion for their existence. The HE 11 , TE 0 q and TM 0 q filaments, distinguished by a high degree of symmetry, are discussed in detail. Of these, only the TE 0 q type allows for well-defined modes consisting of tubular beams of light.
Sulfonated Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: Synthesis, Self-Assembly in Water, and Application as Stabilizer in Emulsion Polymerization

Described is the synthesis of diblock copolymers generated via sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) followed by chain augmentation with either sulfonated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) or poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) blocks. ATRP of PHEMA or PHEA from PnBA macroinitiator was conducted in acetone/methanol 50:50 (v/v) and produced diblock copolymers of low PDI (<1.3). Hydroxyl functional groups were converted to sulfonate through esterification using excess 2-sulfobenzoic acid cyclic anhydride (SBA). TEM images of aqueous block copolymer solutions reveal an array of polymer micelle morphologies including monodisperse spheres, cylinders, and cylinder aggregates. Surface tensions and critical micelle concentrations appear to be dependent more on hydrophile structure as opposed to its length. Application of the synthesized block copolymers as stabilizers for batch emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate showed the polymeric surfactant ef...
Micromachining of borosilicate glass surfaces using femtosecond higher-order Bessel beams

We report experimental results on micromachining of borosilicate glass slides with femtosecond higher-order Bessel beams. Transverse intensity profiles of these beams comprise concentric rings that are maintained over extended linear focus zones, facilitating machining geometries with large working distances and high aspect ratios. Both single-shot and multi-shot front-surface machining and multi-shot back-surface processing are experimentally investigated. Material removal in the latter case is furnished through the immersion of the back side of the glass slide in water. Under certain conditions, we observe evidence of self-focusing and azimuthal breakup of the initially smooth ring intensity features of the beams near the glass–water interface. These beam dynamics result in the formation of beaded ring features on the back surface of the glass slide. In the case of multi-shot front-surface machining, pillar-like structures can be fabricated.
Breast cancer detection epoch

The Action and Planning Committee on Breast Cancer Control was formed in 1970 by the American Cancer Society, based on their earlier successful experience with early-detection programs for uterine cancer. The original intention was to support 12 centers for 2 years, but with the passage of the Conquest of Cancer Act in 1971, and the consequent availability of more funds for cancer programs, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute decided jointly to expand the program to 27 Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Centers, with 280,000 women participating, who would be examined annually for 5 years. Data from the examinations, which included history, physical examination, mammogram, and thermogram, were subjected to a continuing computer analysis. The thermogram was deleted after the second year. Although patients were randomly selected, there was an almost identical number of subjects in two age groups--35-49 years and 50-75 years. The results of the study are presented, and the importance of the program's efforts at breast self-examination education as contained in the program's original protocol, is discussed.
Multibaryon configurations in the ω-stabilized skyrme model

Abstract Skyrmion configurations with baryon number greater than one are studied in the context of a chiral lagrangian containing π and ω fields. In particular, the B=2 configuration which corresponds to the deutron and multibaryon configurations which correspond to simple cubic and face-centered cubic lattices of neutrons are found by numerical methods. Comparisons are made with calculations performed using the Skyrme model proper.
Incidence of carcinoma of the thyroid in nodular goiter.

FOUR years ago we reviewed the data in the Illinois Research Hospital on carcinoma of the thyroid with particular reference to its incidence in goiter. We noted that carcinoma was found in 17.1 per cent of all our patients having thyroidectomy for nontoxic nodular goiter (1). One of the reasons why this figure appeared high was because other authors had failed to break down the types of goiter and had reported the incidence in all types of goiter, or in both types of nodular goiter combined. Our incidence of carcinoma in toxic and nontoxic nodular goiter was 7.2 per cent in the 1936–1944 series. Since this figure appeared quite high, we decided a few months ago to review our recent data. By a strange coincidence, the incidence of carcinoma in nontoxic nodular goiter was found to be almost identical, namely, 17.2 per cent. The incidence of carcinoma in toxic nodular goiter varies considerably, as would be expected, largely because there is considerable difficulty in determining whether or not certain mild ...
Cassini Encounters Enceladus: Background and the Discovery of a South Polar Hot Spot

The Cassini spacecraft completed three close flybys of Saturn9s enigmatic moon Enceladus between February and July 2005. On the third and closest flyby, on 14 July 2005, multiple Cassini instruments detected evidence for ongoing endogenic activity in a region centered on Enceladus9 south pole. The polar region is the source of a plume of gas and dust, which probably emanates from prominent warm troughs seen on the surface. Cassini9s Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) detected 3 to 7 gigawatts of thermal emission from the south polar troughs at temperatures up to 145 kelvin or higher, making Enceladus only the third known solid planetary body—after Earth and Io—that is sufficiently geologically active for its internal heat to be detected by remote sensing. If the plume is generated by the sublimation of water ice and if the sublimation source is visible to CIRS, then sublimation temperatures of at least 180 kelvin are required.
Can we improve adenoma detection rates? A systematic review of intervention studies.

Li et al, 201031,32 1 gastroenterologist; Mayo Health System, Mankato, Minn Baseline: 6/2004-9/ 2004 (4 mo); 124 examinations Intervention: 7/ 2009-10/2009 (4 mo); 112 examinations Mean age (baseline): 60 y; female (baseline): 55%; indications: screening, history of colon polyp or cancer, family history, anemia, diverticulosis, other; exclusions: not reported Adopted a policy to record withdrawal time; increased procedure time slot from 30 to 45 min; compliance: mean withdrawal times (baseline), not recorded; intervention, 19.6 min Adenoma detection rates: baseline, 40.32%; intervention: 62.50% (P .01); overall polyp detection rates: baseline, 62.01%; intervention, 77.68% (P .01) Hall et al, 201038 11 gastroenterologists; academic endoscopy unit; site and location: not reported Baseline: 10/20063/2007 (6 mo); 550 examinations; intervention: 7/ 2009-9/2009 (3 mo); 413 examinations Median age: 53 y; female: 52%; indications: screening; exclusions: above-average risk Endoscopists were notified of their comparative results and educated on recommendations for withdrawal times and adenoma detection rates; compliance: mean withdrawal times, (baseline), 8.9 min; intervention, 12.6 min (P .001) Adenoma detection rates: baseline, 46%; intervention: 57% (P .051) Harewood et al, 200827 Gastroenterology fellowship trainees (no. not reported); setting, site, and location not reported Baseline: 2 mo; 285 examinations; intervention: 4 mo; 296 examinations; study periods not reported Mean age: not reported; female: % not reported; indications: not reported; exclusions: not reported In this trial, fellow trainees were randomized to either receive feedback or no feedback (control); confidential feedback on cecal intubation and polyp detection was provided monthly to each trainee in the feedback group by a gastroenterology consultant; compliance: not applicable Adenoma rates: not reported; overall polyp rates: feedback group: baseline, 12.9%; intervention, 18.0% (P .2 for difference); control group: baseline, 16.7%; intervention, 19.6% (P .5) Mellen et al, 2010,41 Yuan et al, 2010,40 6 endoscopists; VA Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ Baseline: 2 mo; 217 examinations; intervention: 4 mo; 343 examinations Mean age: not reported; female: % not reported; indications: screening; exclusions: not reported Endoscopists were informed first that adenoma detection rates were being recorded and later informed of their performance and how it compared with that of their peers; compliance: mean procedure times, baseline, 25.3 min; intervention, 27.2 min Adenoma detection rates: baseline, 34.6%; intervention, 42.6% (P .06); 2 of 4 moderate detectors increased rates; 0 of 2 high detectors increased rates; all examiners increased mean no. of polyps detected www.giejournal.org Volume 74, No. 3 : 2011 GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY 659
Terahertz Switch/Modulator Based on Metamaterials

Real-time control of terahertz metamaterial has been experimentally demonstrated through an electrical approach. The THz switching and modulation capabilities are realized by the external voltage bias to a planar hybrid metamaterial-semiconductor structure.
Neurosurgical treatment of tourette's syndrome: A critical review

Some patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS) remain disabled despite conventional treatment. Recently, neurosurgical procedures have been reported to be potentially effective interventions for such intractable cases. Clinicians are now being asked to make recommendations to patients about these candidate operations. This review explores the reported experience with neurosurgical treatment of TS to assess critically the evidence regarding risks and benefits. Toward that end, the rationale for the various procedures and the relevant neuroanatomy are outlined and recommendations for patient selection and management of future cases are discussed. We reviewed all available published reports on this subject and two unpublished cases, totaling 36 patients. Although a variety of operations have been used to treat TS, there is limited evidence pertaining to the risks or benefits of any surgical procedure. Neurosurgical treatment of TS remains experimental, since there is only anecdotal experience with these operations. Furthermore, there is no compelling evidence that any neurosurgical procedure is superior to all others. If these experimental neurosurgeries are to continue, guidelines should be developed regarding patient and operation selection, and interdisciplinary assessment committees should implement such guidelines at institutions where these operations are performed. Moreover, future cases should be prospectively studied using contemporary technologies to assess lesion placement and size and validated clinical instruments to characterize patients and assess outcome, including adverse effects.
Long-chain methylalkanes from haemolymph of larvae of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica

Abstract Over 30 alkanes were found in haemolymph of larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica . They consisted of several homologous series: the n -alkanes from 20 to 37 carbon atoms, a series of 2- and 3-methylalkanes from 25 to 31 carbon atoms, a series of internally-branched monomethylalkanes from 20 to 43 carbon atoms, and two series of dimethylalkanes consisting of from 23 to 32 and 41 to 47 carbon atoms, respectively. Only trace amounts of alkanes between 30 and 40 carbon atoms were present. The major n -alkane was tricosane (9%); the major monomethylalkane was 11-methyltricosane (20%); and the major dimethylalkane was 9,13-dimethyltricosane (40%). Also present were 2- and 3-methylalkanes, which eluted from OV-101 with the dimethylalkanes. About 16% of the alkanes were n-alkanes, 29% were internally branched monomethylalkanes, and 55% were dimethylalkanes plus 2- and 3-methylalkanes. Several very long-chain alkanes were found; on the basis of their equivalent chain length and mass spectra, we concluded that they represented a series of dimethylalkanes; 11,19-dimethyltritetracontane, 12,20-dimethyltetratetracontane, and 11,19- and 13,21-dimethyl-pentatetracontanes were identified.
The power of Nommo: the case of African literature in Portuguese language

Abstract Communication and literary practices in the Portuguese-speaking countries of Africa are extremely significant and related to the general movement of the renaissance of African culture. Highlighted by an Afrocentric discussion of Sleepwalking Land by Mia Couto, the aim of this study is to give evidence of the common and particular characteristics of these literatures under the Portuguese colonial rule and identify some of the major problems that the use of a colonial language entails in the process of reclaiming the African identity.
Between Worlds: Poetry, Ethnicity and Class.

The world of contemporary poetry can be extremely polarised, most obviously between the so‐called page poets, who are often academically trained in creative writing programmes, and the so‐called stage poets, who are performers as well as poets and, even if they were so inclined, would be hard pressed to find a college or university where they might receive instruction in their chosen art form. This essay investigates how this division is made manifest in the poetry community and how the students of a tremendously diverse, urban community college experience it and are affected by it.
Imperfect Information, Uncertainty, and Credit Rationing: Comment and Extension

The Jaffee and Russell [1976] model of credit rationing under imperfect information and uncertainty suggests that a single-contract equilibrium will tend to occur at a point of rationing and that a multiple-contract equilibrium will likely be unstable. This paper respecifies and extends the Jaffee-Russell model to incorporate default expectations on the demand side and to consider the price of credit more appropriately to be the net (after expected default) yield rather than the contract rate. Results show rationing is not necessary in the single-contract equilibrium case, nor is an unstable equilibrium possible in the multiple-contract case.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry overestimates bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in persons with spinal cord injury
An Approach for Actuation Specification and Synthesis of Dynamic Systems

Refinement or improvement of a dynamic system to meet a frequency response specification can benefit from the option to use passive or active compensation, or a combination of both. The process becomes more effective when supplemented with methods derived from classical network theory to synthesize candidate designs for actuators and their control systems. The synthesis procedure presented here provides an explicit way to formulate system topologies that employ passive and active elements to achieve a desired targeted performance specification, i.e., frequency response. Active elements are used to represent elements that are not physically realizable, such as negative impedances and elements that have ill-defined connectivity. A working premise is that these elements indicate the need for actuation technology. Coupled with a topological description of the system, the synthesis procedure provides a systematic approach that offers design solutions not previously conceived of through insight or experience. These "first draft" designs can be improved upon by later utilizing complementary approaches, such as optimization methods, as dictated by detailed system requirements and operating regimes. The flexibility of this synthesis approach allows the consideration of design restrictions unrelated to frequency response, but critical nonetheless in assessing the viability of candidate designs. Further, the procedure does not require assumption of a particular control/compensation architecture at the outset; this renders novel architectures that depart from traditional architectures such as proportional integral, propotional-integral-derivative, etc. The procedure is couched within a simulation basis, so that extension to state-space simulation and thus growth of the system and inclusion of more complex and nonlinear representations become possible. The concept of a virtual state space is introduced, which is integral to the development of controller architectures and associated parameters. It is found that customized passive/active compensation systems can be derived using a bond graph approach, making this approach more easily applicable to multi-energetic systems. Examples are used to demonstrate the approach, including a case study of an electromechanical vehicle suspension, from which an experimental model is derived to illustrate the synthesis procedure. Comparison of results between these examples illustrate the practical utility of the synthesis procedure. In particular, simulations reveal that increasing the number of realized passive elements for a particular system does not necessarily minimize actuator energy consumption. Detailed analysis of synthesis results show that certain design candidates feature active devices that work against either passive elements or other active devices within the system.
Family Interactions of Alcoholics as Related to Alcoholism Type and Drinking Condition

Background: Several studies have reported that the marital interactions of antisocial and aggressive, versus nonantisocial and nonaggressive, alcoholics exhibit higher rates of aversive-defensive communications and higher levels of negative reciprocity. To extend these findings, we examined the effect of alcoholism type (high- versus low-antisocial alcoholics: HAS, LAS) and drinking condition on family communication patterns. Methods: Marital and parent-child dyads from 100 alcoholic families were videotaped while they discussed personally relevant issues during drinking and no-drinking sessions (no children were offered any alcohol). All interactions were coded with the Marital Interaction Coding System, and the data were assessed for differences in rate of positive, negative, and problem-solving behaviors, as well as sequential structures. Results: HAS couples were more negative during the drink versus no-drink condition, whereas drinking did not affect negativity for LAS couples. In addition, the negative communications of HAS versus LAS alcoholics were more likely to increase spouse negativity during the drink versus no-drink condition. Group differences for parent-child interactions were few. Conclusions: The nature of family interactions was related to both alcoholism type and alcohol consumption, and the marital interactions of alcoholism types could be differentiated on the basis of the frequency and sequential structure of negative exchanges. It is most important to note that it is the interactions of the HAS alcoholic that undergo the most change as a function of drinking condition, with little support for the “adaptive consequences” hypothesis that alcohol consumption leads to more effective problem-solving for couples in which the alcoholic exhibits fewer antisocial and more internalizing characteristics. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Theory and Simulation of Ion Conduction in the Pentameric GLIC Channel

GLIC is a bacterial member of the large family of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. To study ion conduction through GLIC and other membrane channels, we combine the one-dimensional potential of mean force for ion passage with a Smoluchowski diffusion model, making it possible to calculate single-channel conductance in the regime of low ion concentrations from all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We then perform MD simulations to examine sodium ion conduction through the GLIC transmembrane pore in two systems with different bulk ion concentrations. The ion potentials of mean force, calculated from umbrella sampling simulations with Hamiltonian replica exchange, reveal a major barrier at the hydrophobic constriction of the pore. The relevance of this barrier for ion transport is confirmed by a committor function that rises sharply in the barrier region. From the free evolution of Na+ ions starting at the barrier top, we estimate the effective diffusion coefficient in the barrier region and subs...
The Use of 2-Deoxy-d-glucose for Genital Herpes

To the Editor.— We have several questions concerning the methods and results of the study by Blough and Giuntoli (241:2798, 1979) on the use of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in the treatment of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV). Although the authors claimed to have performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 36 patients received 2-deoxy-D-glucose, while for "ethical reasons" only 15 received the placebo therapy. Was a formal randomization design employed, and was this compatible with a double-blind study design? In addition, in evaluating the conditions of patients with first episodes of genital herpes, stratification by serological tests into those with true "primary genital herpes," ie, those who are experiencing their first exposure to HSV and those who have experienced prior HSV type 1 infection, must be performed, because patients with primary genital herpes experience a longer duration of viral shedding (mean, 13.0 days) than those with previous HSV type 1 infection (mean, 7.5 days).