cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
106 THE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 IN COMPLETE TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES

Quantitative assessment of hemodynamics in neonates with complete transposition (TGA) was performed using two-dimensional (2D) directed pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Both the aortic valve (RV) and pulmonary valve (LV) flow velocities were obtained in 5 neonates before and during a 1 hour infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE) at 0.1 mcg/kg/min following balloon atrial septostomy. Ductus arteriosus (DA) size by 2D imaging increased in all and pulmonary to aortic shunting was excluded by Doppler sampling in DA. Stroke volume changes were estimated by the product of the Doppler time-velocity integral (TVI) and heart rate (cm/min). Doppler systolic time intervals (PEP/ET) were calculated.
On the inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis by coumarin

Abstract Previous work showed that coumarin is an effective inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis. In the present study parallel determinations of cell production and cellulose formation by Acetobacter xylinum as a function of coumarin concentration in the medium suggested that the effect of coumarin is one of a general cell poison, rather than a specific inhibitor of cellulose synthesis. Because coumarin had no effect on cellulose biosynthesis in Glaser's cell-free particulate suspension from A. xylinum , the point(s) of general inhibition must be before the formation of uridine diphosphoglucose. Nonetheless, the pathway to cellulose in green plants must be more sensitive to coumarin than the pathways to hemicellulose or pectin.
Science Signaling Podcast: 11 October 2011

This Podcast features a conversation with the senior author of a Research Article published in the 11 October 2011 issue of Science Signaling . Eddy De Robertis discusses his group’s finding that the phosphorylation status of the transcription factor Mad determines whether it participates in Wingless (Wg) or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling ( 1 ). Phosphorylation of Mad by the BMP receptor leads to Mad-mediated stimulation of BMP-responsive target genes, whereas phosphorylation of Mad by glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) targets it for degradation. Wg signaling prevents GSK-3–mediated phosphorylation of Mad, thus allowing it to stimulate expression of Wg-responsive genes.
The Legal Self: Executive Processes and Legal Theory

When laws or legal principles mention mental states such as intentions to form a contract, knowledge of risk, or purposely causing a death, what parts of the brain are they speaking about? We argue here that these principles are tacitly directed at our prefrontal executive processes. Our current best theories of consciousness portray it as a workspace in which executive processes operate, but what is important to the law is what is done with the workspace content rather than the content itself. This makes executive processes more important to the law than consciousness, since they are responsible for channeling conscious decision-making into intentions and actions, or inhibiting action. We provide a summary of the current state of our knowledge about executive processes, which consists primarily of information about which portions of the prefrontal lobes perform which executive processes. Then we describe several examples in which legal principles can be understood as tacitly singling out executive processes, including principles regarding defendants’ intentions or plans to commit crimes and their awareness that certain facts are the case (for instance, that a gun is loaded), as well as exculpatory principles which result in lesser responsibility for those who are juveniles, mentally ill, sleepwalking, hypnotized, or who suffer from psychopathy.
Some Exact Results for One-Dimensional Models of Solids

Exact results are presented for one-dimensional models of a band problem, an elastic solid, and a classical relativistic field theory with broken symmetry.
NQR studies of scandium metal at low temperatures

Abstract We have performed susceptibility and relaxation time measurements on scandium metal using nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) techniques at temperatures down to 100μK.
The promise of controlled fusion

One of the outstanding reasons for the active development of controlled fusion nuclear reactors as a source of electric power, aside from economic advantages, is that they are extremely attractive from an environmental standpoint. The basic principles and some of the most pressing problems are presented in this article. Among the problems considered are plasma confinement, heating, fuel injection, and exhaust collection.
Randomised double-blind comparison of the incidence of tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia during long-term treatment with olanzapine or haloperidol

BACKGROUND Tardive dyskinesia is important in the side-effect profile of antipsychotic medication. AIMS The development of tardive dyskinesia was evaluated in patients treated with double-blind, randomly assigned olanzapine or haloperidol for up to 2.6 years. METHODS Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Tardive Dyskinesia (RD-TD), it was defined as meeting RD-TD criteria at two consecutive assessments. The risk of tardive dyskinesia, the relative risk, incidence rate, and incidence rate ratio were estimated. RESULTS The relative risk of tardive dyskinesia for the overall follow up period for haloperidol (n = 522) v. olanzapine (n = 1192) was 2.66 (95% CI = 1.50-4.70). Based on data following the initial six weeks of observation (during which patients underwent medication change and AIMS assessments as frequently as every three days), the one-year risk was 0.52% with olanzapine (n = 513) and 7.45% with haloperidol (n = 114). The relative risk throughout this follow-up period was 11.37 (95% CI = 2.21-58.60). CONCLUSION Our results indicated a significantly lower risk of tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine than with haloperidol.
The Politics of Bread and Circuses: Building the City for the Visitor Class

City leaders in the United States devote enormous public resources to the construction of large entertainment projects, including stadiums, convention centers, entertainment districts, and festival malls. Their justification is that such projects will generate economic returns by attracting tourists to the city. Although this economic expectation is tested in the literature, little attention is given to the political and social implications of building a city for visitors rather than local residents. A focus on building the city for the visitor class may strain the bonds of trust between local leaders and the citizenry and skew the civic agenda to the detriment of fundamental municipal services.
Aqueous-phase adsorption and desorption of toluene in activated carbon fixed beds : experiments and model

Abstract The aqueous-phase adsorption and desorption of toluene in Filtrasorb-300 (F-300) activated carbon fixed-bed adsorbers at 25°C were investigated under a wide range of operating conditions. Process dynamics were described successfully using a homogeneous surface diffusion model with external mass transfer and a surface diffusion coefficient that increases with surface coverage. The model also accounted for irreversible toluene adsorption on F-300. The adsorption isotherm parameters, the surface diffusion coefficient and its dependence on surface concentration were determined independently in batch adsorption studies. The value of the external mass transfer coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number was determined by fitting the adsorption breakthrough curves. The fraction of irreversible toluene adsorption as a function of initial surface loading was found from the desorption breakthrough curves. Use of these independently measured equilibrium and transport parameters in the model permitted the successful description of experimental rates of toluene adsorption and desorption in F-300 fixed beds under a variety of operating conditions.
Existence of the Møller wave operators in quantum scattering theory

Existence of the wave operators of quantum mechanical scattering theory is established. The Hamiltonians are constant coefficient partial differential operators and perturbations of them by variable coefficient linear partial differential operators. The coefficients may be short range in the usual sense but they may also be oscillating. The problem of establishing existence is reduced to that of approximating solutions of a certain partial differential equations on cones in phase space. The proof is based on a refinement of Cook's argument.
Bankers' Dilemmas: Private Cooperation In Rescheduling Sovereign Debts

Cooperation among creditors has been the foundation of international debt arrangement! and is critical to preserving the value of foreign capital. Such cooperation is inherently difficult because every debt rescheduling involves hundreds of banks worldwide, each witr its own financial interests. Nevertheless, large money-center banks have been able to devisi common negotiating positions and conclude rescheduling agreements. Their cooperation i based partly on their extensive daily interactions, which permit both reciprocity and retal iation. In addition, most large banks are permanent fixtures in international capital markets; their ties to other banks and foreign borrowers could be jeopardized if they obstructed a rescheduling. Smaller banks, which lack these international ties, are more apt to hold out from joint arrangements. To secure their agreement, creditor committees (composed of large banks) rely on their domestic ties to these smaller institutions, which is occasionally reinforced by support from central banks.
Nonfatal bathroom injuries among persons aged ≥ 15 years—United States, 2008

PROBLEM: Information about where nonfatal unintentional injuries occur is limited, but bathrooms commonly are believed to be a hazardous location. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of hospital emergency departments (ED) was used to quantify and characterize nonfatal unintentional bathroom injuries among people aged ≥15years. RESULTS: In 2008, an estimated 234,094 nonfatal bathroom injuries were treated in EDs. Most injuries (81.1%) were caused by falls and 37.3% of injuries occurred when bathing, showering, or getting out of the tub or shower. Both injury and hospitalization rates increased with age. SUMMARY: These results suggest that bathrooms tend to be most hazardous for persons in the oldest age groups. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Bathroom injuries among all household members might be reduced by increasing awareness about potentially hazardous activities in the bathroom combined with simple environmental changes such as adding grab bars inside and outside the tub or shower. Language: en
Influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the thermal stability of bovine serum albumin stabilized oil-in-water emulsions

The influence of an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) on the thermal stability of emulsions stabilized by a globular protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) was examined. 1 wt% n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions (0.5 wt% BSA, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM imidizole, pH 7.0) were held isothermally at temperatures from 30 to 90 °C for 30 min. Extensive droplet flocculation was only observed in emulsions held at 90 °C, which lead to rapid creaming instability. The thermal stability of emulsions heated at 90 °C could be greatly improved by adding SDS at surfactant-to-protein molar ratios (R) greater than 5 (∼0.01 wt% SDS). On the other hand, adding surfactant (0<R<600) to the emulsions after heating could not prevent extensive droplet aggregation. Adding SDS to emulsions prior to heating may have improved their thermal stability by increasing the electrostatic repulsion between the lipid droplets or by increasing the denaturation temperature of the adsorbed proteins. These results may have important applications in the development of heat-stable emulsions.
Evaluation of Calcium Sulfate for Use in Aquaculture Ponds

Abstract Sodium bicarbonate and fertilizer were applied to six 0.04-hectare ponds with low total hardness (9–15 mg/L) to produce total alkalinity around 150 mg/L (both as CaCO3) and reproduce a water quality situation (high alkalinity and phosphate, low hardness) encountered in ponds in certain areas. Three ponds were treated with enough gypsum to approximately equalize hardness and alkalinity. Gypsum treatment reduced phytoplankton abundance by lowering dissolved orthophosphate concentration through calcium phosphate precipitation. Gypsum also reduced carbonate concentration through calcium carbonate precipitation. Reduction in phytoplankton abundance and carbonate concentration resulted in lower pH in gypsum-treated ponds than in control ponds. Ponds turbid with suspended clay particles were treated with 250–500 mg gypsum/L. After 3 d, turbidities were 6.7–62.5% of initial values. The effectiveness of gypsum in removing turbidity increased as pretreatment turbidity values increased. A lower gypsum treat...
Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked activity of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2.

The effects of a potent synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 on nociceptive responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the lumbar spinal cord were investigated in anesthetized rats. WDR neurons were identified by their responses to innocuous brushing and to a range of pressure stimuli from innocuous to noxious. Noxious pressure was applied to regions of the ipsilateral hind paw corresponding to the receptive field of the neuron. WIN 55,212-2 (125 micrograms/kg and 250 micrograms/kg, i.v.) produced a profound inhibition of firing evoked by the noxious pressure stimulus. By contrast, the cannabinoid did not alter the evoked activity of non-nociceptive neurons in response to non-noxious levels of stimulation. Treatment with either vehicle or the inactive enantiomer WIN 55,212-3 (250 micrograms/kg) failed to alter noxious stimulus-evoked activity of WDR neurons. These data provide direct evidence for cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of pain neurotransmission in the spinal dorsal horn. The site of action for these effects remains to be determined.
Reappraising liabilities of foreignness within an integrated perspective of the costs and benefits of doing business abroad

Abstract Several international business scholars have elaborated upon Hymer's [Hymer, S. H. (1960). The international operations of national firms: A study of direct investment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA] costs of doing business abroad through the liability of foreignness notion. While this research has made important contributions, there is need for more conceptual refinement and synthesis due to the vastly increased scale and scope of MNE operations in recent years. Consequently, this study attempts to more precisely delineate the liabilities of foreignness component of costs of doing business abroad from other costs/liabilities that arise from the increasing complexity of global business. Further, we synthesize both the costs and benefits of cross-border operations that accrue to the foreign subsidiary into an integrated conceptual framework, and advance 11 theoretical propositions on how those impact its competitive dynamics. We illustrate these notions through a longitudinal case study on the operations of Ford Motor Company in India over the past 80 years.
Optimization of unconstrained functions with sparse hessian matrices-newton-type methods

Newton-type methods for unconstrained optimization problems have been very successful when coupled with a modified Cholesky factorization to take into account the possible lack of positive-definiteness in the Hessian matrix. In this paper we discuss the application of these method to large problems that have a sparse Hessian matrix whose sparsity is known a priori.
The Scientific Literature on Herbs

This paper contains information related to the scientific literature on herbs, a group of plants important in the medicinal, perfume, culinary, and dye industries. Background information on the literature, use, and economic value of herbs is reported in the introduction and a detailed historical section. Problems associated with herbal literature are identified with suggestions for their resolution. Journals, monographs, conferences, government publications, copmuter databases, and other information sources are evaluated. Specific recommendations are offered to assist the reader in developing a scientific literature collection to support research on herbs.
EFFECT OF COOKING OIL TYPE ON FINAL CHOLESTEROL CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF GROUND BEEF

The purpose of this study was to compare three oils for extraction of cholesterol when used to cook ground beef and to determine the effect of oil type on fatty acid composition of the ground beef. Ground beef (30 % fat) was cooked in 1 L of corn, canola or palm oil at 100–110C and then rinsed with 500 ml of boiling water, which significantly decreased ether-extractable fat. Control hamburger was skillet-fried without any added oil. Total lipids were extracted and analyzed for fatty acid composition and cholesterol content. Changes in fatty acid composition of residual fat on the meat after cooking reflected those of the oils used for cooking. Cholesterol was significantly lower in all oil-cooked hamburger than in the control. In conclusion, cooking ground beef in any of the three vegetable oils will extract cholesterol, and the lipid remaining after a boiling water rinse will contain fatty acids characteristic of the cooking oil.
Reinventing the wheel: can librarians help?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to encourage librarians to become involved in the development of emerging technology standards.Design/methodology/approach – Large amounts of data are accumulating, both in corporations and on the web. New methods of structured information retrieval are under development to help manage and access this information. Librarians, preoccupied with changes internal to the institution of the library, have not been active participants in this process, although they have much needed expertise in this area. Several important standards bodies are profiled.Findings – While the web continues to be a public information space, its guardians will need to concern themselves with some of the same issues with which libraries and librarians always have been concerned. If librarians want to have a say in how the web develops, they will need to learn to speak the same language as those who currently determine the policy and direction of the web.Originality/value – It will be useful for un...
Landsat transfer may occur soon

The Earth Observing Satellite Company (EOSAT) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) appear to be close to signing a contract for the transter of the land remote-sensing satellite (Landsat) system from public to private operation, according to sources at EOSAT and NOAA. An allocation of $125 million to subsidize the transition was approved by Congress as part of a supplemental appropriations bill (H.R. 2577) passed just before the August recess. The bill does not specify EOSAT as the company chosen to take over the system; however, EOSAT is the only company now under consideration.
Performance evaluation of iterative tomography algorithms for incomplete projection data

Projection data obtained through optical techniques for tomographic measurements, such as interferometry for refractive-index-based measurements, are often incomplete. This is due to limitations in the optical system, data storage, and alignment and vignette issues. Algebraic iterative reconstruction techniques are usually favored for such incomplete projections. A number of iterative algorithms, based on additive and multiplicative corrections, are used with a known simulated phantom and noise source to assess the reconstruction performance of incomplete data sets. In addition, we present reconstructions using experimental data obtained from a coherent gradient sensing interferometer for a steady temperature field in a fluid medium. We tested the algorithms using the simulated data set for incompleteness conditions similar to those found in the experimental data, and the best-performing algorithm is identified.
Students' Stories: Adolescents Constructing Multiple Literacies Through Nature Journaling

The integration of nature studies within language arts instruction offers multiple possibilities for guiding students toward close readings of literature, their changing selves, natural phenomena, and the world around them. The authors document their own rediscovery of nature study and what happened when environmental observations were incorporated into the lives of 67 seventh-grade students as an alternative mode of literacy instruction.
Choline acetyltransferase and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in motoneurons after different types of nerve injury.

This study examined changes in choline acetyltransferase and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in hypoglossal motoneurons of rats at 1, 3, 7, 20 and 50 days after three types of nerve injury: crush, transection and resection. Peripheral reinnervation was assayed by retrograde labelling of the motoneurons after injections of the exogenous protein, horseradish peroxidase, into the tongue. Maximal reduction in choline acetyltransferase immunostaining occurred at seven days after nerve damage and the amount of the decrease was related to the nature of the injury. The recovery of choline acetyltransferase to normal levels was related to the timing of reinnervation after nerve crush, but not after transection or resection injuries. In contrast to these findings, a rapid increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity preceded the decrease in choline acetyltransferase levels. A striking increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was observed at one day postoperative and was maximal at three days postoperatively for all injuries. Later changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were dependent on the type of injury. Increased calcitonin gene-related peptide staining persisted to 20 days after nerve crush. After nerve transection or resection, calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity decreased to basal levels at seven days postoperatively. This declination was followed by a second rise in calcitonin gene-related peptide immunolabeling at 20 days for nerve transection or at 50 days after resection. Nearly complete reinnervation was established by 20 days after nerve crush. At 50 days after transection, less than half the number of normally-labelled neurons contained horseradish peroxidase. At this time only 1% of those whose axons had been resected were labelled. These observations suggest that different mechanisms regulate the responses of choline acetyltransferase and calcitonin gene-related peptide to nerve injury. The present results indicate that choline acetyltransferase levels in motoneurons can not be used to predict either the likelihood of or the timing of reinnervation after nerve transection or resection. However, our results strengthen the premise that an increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity serves as a reliable index for predicting nerve regeneration/reinnervation after cranial nerve injury.
An index to measure the effects of temperature change on trophic interactions

Experimental studies document the fact that environmental temperature changes can affect the timing of interactions in many consumer-resource systems through altered, or shifted, phenologies of the species involved. We develop a simple mathematical model that shows one method to measure, quantitatively, the magnitude of the shift. Under different temperature regimes we compute the intersection of two regions in a joint phenology space: the region where temporal interactions can occur and the region where particular-sized predators consume particular-sized prey. The area of the intersection provides a numerical value for measuring the effective interaction. A comparison of the areas for different temperature histories defines an index, or yardstick, for quantitatively assessing the effects of temperature variations on phenological shifts.
Detection of age-dependent brain injury in a mouse model of brain amyloidosis associated with Alzheimer's disease using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging.

Abstract Using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the present study investigates changes in both gray and white matter in the APPsw transgenic mouse (Tg2576), a model of β-amyloid plaque deposition associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). DTI analyses were performed in cross-sectional groups of transgene-positive and -negative mice at 8, 12, 16, and 18 months of age to assess the magnitude of water diffusion in gray matter (i.e., Tr(D)) and changes in diffusion in white matter that may be indicative of axonal degeneration (i.e., reduced water diffusion parallel to axonal tracts, λ‖) and myelin degradation (i.e., increased water diffusion perpendicular to axonal tracts, λ⊥). No appreciable changes in gray or white matter were observed between the APPsw and the age-matched control mice at 8 months of age. Reduced Tr(D) and λ‖ were observed in gray and white matter, respectively, for the APPsw mice at ages greater than 8 months, which coincides with the time period when appreciable amyloid plaque accumulation was confirmed by ex vivo histopathological studies. The decreases in λ‖ suggest the presence of axonal injury in multiple white matter tracts of APPsw mice. Unlike λ‖, λ⊥was unaltered between control and APPsw mice in most white matter tracts. However, in the corpus collosum (CC), λ⊥ increased at 16 and 18 months of age, suggesting the possibility of myelin damage in the CC at these later ages. This work demonstrates the potential for DTI as a noninvasive modality to detect evolving pathology associated with changes in tissue water diffusion properties in brain tissues.
Gate‐recessed normally‐off GaN‐on‐ Si HEMT using a new O2‐BCl3 digital etching technique

A new, semi-self-limiting, digital etch process using separate oxygen (O2) and boron trichloride (BCl3) plasmas to sequentially remove layers of material from AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on the order of a few angstroms per cycle is presented. This novel digital or atomic layer etching (ALE) technique was used for the conversion of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices from depletion mode (normally-on operation) to enhancement mode (normally-off operation). For a fixed BCl3 time of 60 sec per cycle, the etch rate per cycle was increased from 1.4 nm/cycle to 2.5 nm/cycle by increasing the O2 time per cycle from zero to 15 seconds, and remained fairly constant with higher O2 time per cycle for a self-limiting etch process. Two GaN-on-Si wafers from the same CVD growth were processed side-by-side using the device layout and process steps, except for the depletion-to-enhancement conversion step, to compare ALE and fluorine treatment. The ALE-processed had a peak gm of 250 mS/mm, 67% higher than the fluorine-treatment process. The ALE process resulted in a threshold voltage variation of +/- 150 mV across the 3 inch wafer (σ = 63 mV), which was less than half of that of the fluorine-treatment wafer. The three-terminal breakdown voltage of the ALE-processed wafer exceeded 1100 V, which is the first demonstration of such a high voltage device using GaN-on-Si and a gate recess technique, and the drain leakage current was in the μA/mm range at 1100 V. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and sub-threshold bulimia nervosa

Increasing empirical evidence supports the validity of binge eating disorder (BED), a research diagnosis in the appendix of DSM-IV, and its inclusion as a distinct and formal diagnosis in the DSM-V. A pressing question regarding the specific criteria for BED diagnosis is whether, like bulimia nervosa (BN), it should be characterized by overvaluation of shape and weight. This study compared features of eating disorders in 436 treatment-seeking women comprising four groups: 195 BED participants who overvalue their shape/weight, 129 BED participants with subclinical levels of overvaluation, 61 BN participants, and 51 participants with sub-threshold BN. The BED clinical overvaluation group had significantly higher levels of specific eating disorder psychopathology than the three other groups which did not differ significantly from each other. Findings suggest that overvaluation of shape and weight should not be considered as a required criterion for BED because this would exclude a substantial proportion of BED patients with clinically significant problems. Rather, overvaluation of shape and weight warrants consideration either as a diagnostic specifier or as a dimensional severity rating as it provides important information about severity within BED.
Conformation and Dynamics of Poly(oxyethylene) in Benzene Solution: Solvent Effect from Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The detailed analysis of the conformation and the dynamics of poly(oxyethylene) (POE) in benzene solution is presented in order to examine the solvent effect relative to a POE aqueous solution. The analysis is based on a 5 ns molecular dynamics simulation of a POE chain with 15 repeating units in a solution of 191 benzene molecules. The results are compared to the previous simulation of the same POE chain in aqueous solution. The helical conformation taken from the simulation in an aqueous solution transformed to a random coil in 0.5 ns in a benzene solution. Further, much faster conformational transition rates around the internal bonds have been found in a benzene solution than in an aqueous solution, indicating a significantly smaller solvent damping effect on the POE chain in benzene solution. The C−C−O pairwise conformational populations are also compared with those obtained from the recent POE melt simulation in light of the POE chain dimension in different states. The chain conformation, the conform...
High Performance Dense Linear System Solver with Resilience to Multiple Soft Errors

Abstract In the multi-peta-flop era for supercomputers, the number of computing cores is growing exponentially. However, as integrated circuit technology scales below 65 nm, the critical charge required to flip a gate or a memory cell has been reduced and thus causing higher soft error rate from cosmic-radiations. Soft errors affect computers by producing silently data corruption which is hard to detect and correct. Current research of soft errors resilience for dense linear solver offers limited capability when facing large scale computing systems, and suffers from both soft error and round-off error due to floating point arithmetic. This work proposes a fault tolerant algorithm that recovers the solution of a dense linear system Ax = b from multiple spatial and temporal soft errors. Experimental results on Cray XT5 supercomputer confirm scalable performance of the proposed resilience functionality and negligible overhead in solution recovery.
Stability of explicit Runge—Kutta methods

Abstract The classical theory of stability of explicit Runge—Kutta methods is concerned with Lipschitzian problems. It is not useful for stable problems with “large” Lipschitz constants. The classical theory of absolute stability considers some very special problems of this kind. The problems treated arise when a general problem is linearized. It is hoped that the behavior in the case of the special problem provide guidelines as to the behavior in the case of a general problem. A synthesis is proposed here which responds to this unsatisfactory state of affairs in the classical theory.
An Experiment in Visual Learning at the Eleventh-Grade Level

This study was an investigation of the effectiveness of eight types of visual illustrations used to complement oral instruction. An attempt was made to evaluate the instructional value of black and white and colored visual Illustrations. Two hundred sixty-four eleventh-grade students were randomly assigned by class to one of nine treatment groups. Student learning was evaluated by means of five criterion tests designed to measure different educational objectives. Comparisons among the means of the nine treatment groups yielded significant differences. It was found that the realism continuum for still visuals is not a reliable predictor of learning efficiency; however, visual illustrations were found to significantly increase student learning on three criterion tests. Color in visual illustrations did not appear to be an important variable in increasing student learning in is study.
Dust Models with Tight Abundance Constraints

The reference abundance of the interstellar medium (the abundances of heavy elements in both the grains and the gas) is perhaps as low as 65% of solar, rather than solar as has been widely assumed in the past. Furthermore, ≈38% of the solar C/H is now known to be in the gas rather than in grains. The evidence for these statements is reviewed. These reductions in the amounts of heavy elements available for grains have profound significance for the nature of interstellar dust.Models to fit the new and much tighter abundance constraints are presented. They consist of small graphite particles (to produce the 217.5 nm bump), some small silicate particles, and composite grains containing carbon (either amorphous, hydrogenated amorphous, or graphitic), silicates, oxides, and possibly vacuum. Only the nature and size distribution of the larger grains (a > 0.05 μm) are constrained by the reference abundance because these grains contain most of the mass. This paper assumes that in the ISM all elements other than H and He are reduced by a factor ZISM/Z☉. The minimum values of ISM ZISM/Z☉ are achieved with one form of amorphous carbon (AMC). It can fit the usually accepted value of the extinction per H atom with a C/H=155×10-6 (ppM) in the grains, including those producing the 217.5 nm feature. This abundance is ~42% of a commonly accepted solar value. About 183 ppM of "organic refractory" or 200 ppM of a heavily hydrogenated carbon are required, corresponding to ZISM/Z☉ = 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. If ZISM /Z☉ < 0.81, one or more of the basic observational parameters [the A(V)/N(H) of the diffuse ISM, the cosmic C/H ratio, or the C/H in the gaseous ISM] must be changed from its currently accepted best value. When all of the basic parameters are relaxed by 1 ρ, an AMC model can fit ZISM /Z☉ = 0.68. Models with AMC in the composite grains fit ZISM /Z☉ = 0.58 if the parameters are relaxed by 2 σ. Compact grains (no vacuum) and those with 80% vacuum require more solid materials than those with 45% vacuum. If the Sun is, indeed, richer in heavy elements than the ISM, this paper strengthens the evidence from interstellar polarization that large interstellar grains are not extremely fluffy.The strengths of the 9.7 and 18 μm "silicate" bands provide a serious objection to the assumption that all elements are reduced uniformly from solar abundances. They seem to require at least the solar abundance of Si. Possibly some oxides can alleviate this problem.
The influence of anticipated choice on the halo effect

Abstract An experiment tested the hypothesis that individuals faced with making choices about other persons will demonstrate a greater halo effect in their impressions of those persons; that is, there will be a higher intercorrelation of traits attributed to those persons. Male college students ranked photographs, of two different sizes, on a number of desirable traits. They had been told that half of the photographs of each size were of promiscuous girls and that in a later experiment they would choose from among the photographs of one size (the choice set) which were the promiscuous girls. In confirmation of the hypothesis, the intercorrelation of the rankings of the photographs in the choice set was higher than the intercorrelation of rankings of the other photographs.
The Laurent Isomorphism Theorem: II

Let F(z) be an element of Rat(n, m, p). We may assume that p ≤ m (otherwise deal with F′(z)). Then, Chapter 4, F(z) = P(z)Q -1(z) with P, Q coprime, Q column proper, det Q(z) monic, and ∂1 ≥ ⋯ ≥ ∂ m where ∂ i = ∂ i (Q). Let $$ {M_F}\left( z \right) = \left[ {\mathop {P(z)}\limits_{Q(z)} } \right] $$ (9.1) be the p+mxm matrix corresponding to F. We call M F(z) the system matrix. Then M F(z) has rank m for every z ∈ k and so corresponds to an element W F(z) of Gr(m, p+m) ⊂ ℙ N , \( N = \left( {\mathop {m + p}\limits_p } \right) - 1 = \left( {\mathop {m + p}\limits_m } \right) - 1 \), for every z ∈ k. Let α = (α1, …, α m ) with 1 ≤ α1 < … < α m ≤ m+p and let $$ {\psi _{F,a}}\left( z \right) = \det \left[ {\left. {{M_F}\left( z \right)} \right|_{1 \cdots m}^{{a_1} \cdots {a_m}}} \right]. $$ (9.2)
Label-free optical imaging of nonfluorescent molecules by stimulated radiation

Imaging contrasts other than fluorescence are highly desirable for label-free detection and interrogation of nonfluorescent molecular species inside live cells, tissues, and organisms. The recently developed stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated emission microscopy techniques provide sensitive and specific contrast mechanisms for nonfluorescent species, by employing the light amplification aspect of stimulated radiation. Compared to their spontaneous counterparts, stimulated radiation can enhance the imaging performance significantly, making the previously ‘dark’ molecules observable. Here we review and summarize the underlying principles of this emerging class of molecular imaging techniques.
The Conduction Mechanism of Highly Disordered Semiconductors (A Possible Model for Semiconducting Glasses) II. Influence of Charged Defects

The band perturbation due to a high density of charged defects is discussed, and it is shown that the saddle point between Coulomb-repulsive centers can act as a potential barrier, above which conductivity takes place, if the average distance between these saddle points is small compared to the mean free path of the carriers. For a defect density of 1020 cm−3 the saddle points lie ≈ 0.25 eV from the respective band edges and are an average of 20 A apart from each other, while the mean free path, as calculated from ion-scattering for carriers of an energy 1 kT above these saddle points is about three times as large. These potential barriers are suggested to be responsible for the fact, that for glasses the thermal activation energy for semiconductivity is usually 0.1 to 0.3 eV larger than half the optical band gap. Bandverbiegungen infolge einer hohen Dichte geladener Storstellen werden diskutiert, und es wird gezeigt, das Sattelpunkte zwischen Coulomb-repulsiven Zentren als Potentialbarrieren wirken konnen, uber die hinweg Leitfahigkeit stattfindet, falls der mittlere Abstand zwischen den Sattelpunkten klein gegen die mittlere freie Weglange ist. Fur eine Defektdichte von 1020 cm−3 liegen die Sattelpunkte etwa 0,25 eV von den entsprechenden Bandkanten entfernt und haben einen Abstand von 20 A, wahrend die mittlere freie Weglange, bestimmt durch Streuung von Ladungstragern an Ionen, etwa dreimal so gros ist, falls sie sich etwa 1 kT oberhalb dieser Sattelpunkte bewegen. Es wird vorgeschlagen, das die Sattelpunkte masgebend fur die Tatsache sind, das die thermische Aktivierungsenergie gewohnlich 0,1 bis 0,3 eV groser ist als die halbe Breite der optisch bestimmten verbotenen Zone.
An Immunofluorescent Staining Method for Rapid Identification of Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

SummaryAn immunofluorescence method for rapid identification of RS virus is described; results of the identification tests were available in approximately 24 hours. With respect to sensitivity, it appears that as few as 10 infectious virus particles per ml of inoculum are readily detectable within a similar period. Seventy-one of 75 viral isolates examined by the immunofluorescence method were identified as RS virus. The remaining viruses were subsequently identified as 1 mumps virus, 1 simian virus, and 2 adenoviruses. Although serum-neutralization tests indicate the existence of antigenic differences between strains of RS virus(3), no differences in antigenic composition between strains were noted in this study by immunofluorescent staining. A possible reason for this is discussed.
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by T Lymphocytes: A Role for CD40 Signaling in Plaque Rupture?

Physical disruption of an atheromatous lesion often underlies acute coronary syndromes. Matrix-degrading enzymes, eg, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may cause loss in mechanical integrity of plaque tissue that favors rupture. T lymphocytes accumulate at sites where atheromata rupture, but the mechanisms by which these immune cells may contribute to plaque destabilization are unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that the T-lymphocyte surface molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L), recently localized in atherosclerotic plaques, regulates the expression of MMPs in human vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the most numerous cell type in arteries. We report here that stimulated human T lymphocytes induced the expression of the matrix-degrading enzymes, ie, interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin (MMP-3), gelatinase B (MMP-9), and activated gelatinase A (MMP-2), in human vascular SMCs by cell contact via CD40 ligation, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, zymography, and antibody neutralization. Recombinant human CD40L (rCD40L) induced de novo synthesis of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 on vascular SMCs and stimulated the expression of these enzymes to a greater extent than did maximally effective concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta, established agonists of MMP expression. Interferon gamma, another T-lymphocyte- derived cytokine, inhibited the induction of MMPs by rCD40L. Immunohistochemical analysis of human coronary atheromata colocalized MMP-1 and MMP-3 with CD40-positive SMCs. These results demonstrated that CD40 ligand, expressed on T lymphocytes, promoted the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes in vascular SMCs and thus established a new pathway of immune-modulated destabilization in human atheromata.
Evaluating eddy covariance cotton ET measurements in an advective environment with large weighing lysimeters

Eddy covariance (EC) systems are being used to assess the accuracy of remote sensing methods in mapping surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) from local to regional scales, and in crop coefficient development. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of EC systems in measuring sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes. For this purpose, two EC systems were installed near large monolithic weighing lysimeters, on irrigated cotton fields in the Texas High Plains, during the months of June and July 2008. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were underestimated with an average error of about 30%. Most of the errors were from nocturnal measurements. Energy balance (EB) closure was 73.2–78.0% for daytime fluxes. Thus, daylight fluxes were adjusted for lack of EB closure using the Bowen ratio/preservation of energy principle, which improved the resulting EC heat flux agreement with lysimetric values. Further adjustments to EC-based ET included nighttime ET (composite) incorporation, and the use of ‘heat flux source area’ (footprint) functions to compensate ET when the footprint expanded beyond the crop field boundary. As a result, ET values remarkably matched lysimetric ET values, with a ‘mean bias error ± root mean square error’ of −0.03 ± 0.5 mm day−1 (or −0.6 ± 10.2%).
Fuel and CO 2 self-exchange system with micro fluid channels for a micro direct methanol fuel cell

This paper shows a self-exchange system to supply liquid fuel and to exhaust CO2 spontaneously for micro direct methanol fuel cell (muDMFC). The system performs effectively and continuously without any circulation loops and external pumps. The fuel is carried to the anode due to capillary force. The system is consisted of a hydrophobic porous membrane and two comb-shape channels. It was confirmed that the muDMFC works with a less differential pressure than1 kPa between a fuel inlet and a CO2 outlet. The fuel supply rate of only several mul/min/cm2 was needed for the DMFC to work. Furthermore, the fuel supply rate was spontaneously varied along the electric current with constant pressure.
The complexity of finding an optimal policy for language convergence

An important problem for societies of natural and artificial animals is to converge upon a similar language in order to communicate We call this the language convergence problem In this paper we study the complexity of finding the optimal (in terms of time to convergence) algorithm for language convergence We map the language convergence problem to instances of a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process to show that the complexity can vary from P-complete to NEXP-complete based on the scenario being studied.
Comparison of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) age estimates derived from dorsal fin spines and pectoral fin rays

Understanding population dynamics of invasive species is critical for formulating effective management plans but dependent upon the reliability of age estimations. We compared age estimates derived from dorsal fin spines and pectoral fin rays from common carp (Cyprinus carpio), a widespread invasive species that imposes deleterious ecosystem effects. Age estimates derived from each structure were highly correlated with one another. Percentage agreement (PA) was higher (57.9%) and coefficient of variation (CV) was lower (6.6%) initially for dorsal fin spines compared to pectoral fin rays (43.5%, 9.9%, respectively), but both structures had high PA (∼95%) and low CV (0.3%) following a joint examination. Thus, both dorsal fin spines and pectoral fin rays provide similar age estimates of common carp and can be used to understand population dynamics of this species.
Seismic Evaluation of Gravity-Load-Designed Column-Grid System

This paper presents experimental research findings of gravity-load-designed perforated waffle-slab systems. The tested system is part of an industrial facility where the floor is subjected to heavy gravity loads. The presented test program consists of two reduced-scale identical specimens modeling half the height of an interior column with a portion of the waffle slab bounded by the centerlines of adjacent bays. For seismic evaluation, lateral loading is applied at the tested column end in a bidirectional quasistatic manner. The results indicate high deformation ductility of the system with minor damage to the waffle slab. The mode of failure is governed by formation of stable plastic hinging at the junction between the column and the waffle-slab joists. Special attention is given to modeling the structural response at the column-joists region. Moment transfer between the column and the floor joists is discussed through the use of curvature distributions along the floor joists.
Half-price architecture

Current-generation microprocessors are designed to process instructions with one and two source operands at equal cost. Handling two source operands requires multiple ports for each instruction in structures--such as the register file and wakeup logic--which are often in the processor's critical timing paths. We argue that these structures are overdesigned since only a small fraction of instructions require two source operands to be processed simultaneously. In this paper, we propose the half-price architecture that judiciously removes this overdesign by restricting the processor's capability to handle two source operands in certain timing-critical cases. Two techniques are proposed and evaluated: one for the wakeup logic is sequential wakeup, which decouples half of the tag matching logic from the wakeup bus to reduce the load capacitance of the bus. The other technique for the register file is sequential register access, which halves the register read ports by sequentially accessing two values using a single port when needed. We show that a pipeline that optimizes scheduling and register access for a single operand achieves nearly the same performance as an ideal base machine that fully handles two operands, with 2.2% (worst case 4.8%) IPC degradation.