cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irrigated Alfalfa Response to Phosphorus and Potassium in a Calcareous Soil

Abstract The response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer often varies with soil type, the initial soil test P and K levels, irrigation and harvest management, and yield level. The objectives of this study were to determine the response of irrigated alfalfa to P and K fertilizer on a Wetherill loam soil in southwestern Colorado and to assess the impact on soil test P and K levels. Four P (0, 37, 74, and 148 kg ha−1) by three K (0, 93, and 186 kg ha−1) rates were applied to newly seeded alfalfa in the fall of 1995. An additional 37 kg P ha−1 was applied annually to half of each plot in the spring of 1997, 1998, and 1999. Potassium fertilizer increased alfalfa dry matter (DM) yield significantly in 1996 only. Alfalfa K uptake averaged 311 kg ha−1 yr−1 in 1997–1999. Soil test K level at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth was not impacted by K fertilization and remained above the critical level throughout the duration of the study. On the basis of these and other research results...
Isolation and partial characterization of transferrin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus

Abstract 1. 1. Transferrin was isolated and purified from sea lamprey serum by DEAE column chromatography in 0·005 M PO4 buffer, pH 8·0. 2. 2. Lamprey transferrin has a molecular weight of 73,200–78,000 and a S20,ω value of 5·5. 3. 3. Six polymorphic forms of lamprey transferrin can be demonstrated. 4. 4. Total amino acid analysis shows the absence of any appreciable amounts of arginine. 5. 5. No free N-terminal amino acid was found. 6. 6. Immunoradioautography shows the presence of two antigenically distinct iron-binding proteins.
Intestinal stem cells and the colorectal cancer microenvironment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a highly fatal condition in part due to its resilience to treatment and its propensity to spread beyond the site of primary occurrence. One possible avenue for cancer to escape eradication is via stem-like cancer cells that, through phenotypic heterogeneity, are more resilient than other tumor constituents and are key contributors to cancer growth and metastasis. These proliferative tumor cells are theorized to possess many properties akin to normal intestinal stem cells. Not only do these CRC "stem" cells demonstrate similar restorative ability, they also share many cell pathways and surface markers in common, as well as respond to the same key niche stimuli. With the improvement of techniques for epithelial stem cell identification, our understanding of CRC behavior is also evolving. Emerging evidence about cellular plasticity and epithelial mesenchymal transition are shedding light onto metastatic CRC processes and are also challenging fundamental concepts about unidirectional epithelial proliferation. This review aims to reappraise evidence supporting the existence and behavior of CRC stem cells, their relationship to normal stem cells, and their possible dependence on the stem cell niche.
Phytochrome gene diversity

The structures and functions of the phytochrome apoprotein genes (the PHY genes), their diversity across the plant kingdom, and their evolution are central concerns in the study of red-light sensing in plants. We summarize here recent advances in two areas relating to these topics: (1) the characteristics of the PHY gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, the higher plant species for which the most extensive information on these genes is available, and (2) the similarity relationships, phylogeny, and evolutionary implications of PHY gene sequences and partial sequences which have been described from various plants. Together, these two areas of study, one directed at understanding in detail the phytochromes present in a single species and the other directed at a much broader understanding of PHY gene relatedness and distribution, are producing an increasingly clear picture of the diversity and evolution of plant red-light photoreceptors. Moreover, they suggest that the complexity of the phytochrome family has increased as land plants have evolved novel morphologies.
Phase equilibria for the mean-force potential of globular protein solutions

When polymers are added to a solution containing proteins, the protein may deposit as an amorphous precipitate or as crystals. Experimental evidence indicates that from a thermodynamic viewpoint, an amorphous precipitate should be treated as a liquid phase dense in the protein and crystals as true solids. To understand the conditions under which protein precipitation or crystallization may occur Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation and Gibbs-Duhem integration techniques are used to calculate the liquid-liquid and liquid- solid phase boundaries for protein precipitation induced by polymers. In these simulations, the system is modeled using the pseudo-one-component approximation with an appropriate potential of mean force. The critical point for fluid-fluid phase equilibrium disappears as the attractive part of the mean-force potential becomes very short ranged. The accuracy of the second-order Barker and Henderson perturbation theory is examined by comparing the phase diagram predicted using this method with the simulation results. Perturbation theory is able to predict the general trends observed in the simulations but not with quantitative accuracy. Perturbation theory is then used to examine a broader range of conditions for protein deposition.
Towards real-time texture synthesis with the jump map

While texture synthesis has been well-studied in recent years, real-time techniques remain elusive. To help facilitate real-time texture synthesis, we divide the task of texture synthesis into two phases: a relatively slow analysis phase, and a real-time synthesis phase. Any particular texture need only be analyzed once, and then an unlimited amount of texture may be synthesized in real-time. Our analysis phase generates a jump map, which stores for each input pixel a set of matching input pixels (jumps). Texture synthesis proceeds in real-time as a random walk through the jump map. Each new pixel is synthesized by extending the patch of input texture from which one of its neighbours was copied. Occasionally, a jump is taken through the jump map to begin a new patch. Despite the method's extreme simplicity, its speed and output quality compares favourably with recent patch-based algorithms.
Comparability of methods used in the sampling of primate behavior.

Two measures of a behavior are defined as comparable if one is predictable from the other. The comparability of one-zero, instantaneous, actual-frequency, and actual-duration sampling was investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation to extend the range of sampling intervals beyond those ordinarily found in the literature. Several combinations of bout time, rate of response, and observation interval were simulated. Comparability between one-zero or instantaneous scores and actual frequency or actual duration was higher for higher behavior rates, decreased with longer observation intervals, and was usually higher for longer bout times. Curves of β2s from multiple regression analyses revealed a fundamental difference in the source of one-zero and instanteous predictability. Both actual frequency and actual duration contributed substantially to one-zero predictability, indicating high comparability between one-zero scores and a weighted combination of actual frequency and actual duration. Once the contribution of actual duration to instantaneous scores was accounted for, actual frequency contributed virtually nothing additional. Long-standing meanings of validity, reliability, and comparability were applied to the findings, resulting in the conclusion that all of the sampling methods are useful, depending upon the researcher's approach, resources, and problem.
THE DEGREE OF COMPENSATORY RENAL HYPERTROPHY FOLLOWING UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY : II. THE INFLUENCE OF THE PROTEIN INTAKE

Compensatory hypertrophy of the kidney in albino rats is increased by an increase in the protein intake. The effect is greater in old rats than young rats. Successive increases in the protein intake are followed by a reduction in the increase in the degree of compensatory renal hypertrophy.
Structured layout for resizable background art

We have investigated a method to represent dynamically resizable background art images using a structured layout language. Background art is often used in photo layout to enhance the photo sharing experience, to impose a theme in story telling or to add better visual effect to photos. Different from natural scene photographs, background art images tend to have strong regularity and symmetry. Directly applying general resizing techniques to the whole image often fails to preserve the original design intention. By examining the background images that are manually composed for different page sizes by graphic artists, we have come up with a set of design theories. Based on these theories, we developed a design language and a transformation algorithm that together enable dynamic adaptation of images to different layout dimensions, while preserving the original look and feel. The design language describes the composition of a background with primitive image elements. Based on the attributes of the elements, the transformation algorithm dictates how each element should be resized and translated with the layout dimension. In our test cases, the automatically resized images give comparable results to manually resized ones. This method provides several benefits for automatic photo album layout: not only it adapts the art design to different page dimensions, it also automatically adjusts the photo placement regions, and it often allows the composition of large and high resolution images with relatively small number of image primitives.
Precise tailoring of acoustic velocity in optical fibers by hydrogenation and UV exposure

Tailoring of acoustic properties in solids has many potential applications in both acoustics, i.e. acoustic gratings and waveguides, and photon-phonon interactions, i.e. stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). One immediate application is in the area of SBS suppression in optical fibers. We demonstrate, for the first time, a post-processing technique where hydrogen is diffused in to a fiber core and then locally and permanently bonded to core glass by a subsequent UV exposure. It is discovered that local acoustic velocity can be altered by as much as ~2% this way, with strong potential for much further improvements with an increased hydrogen pressure. It is also found that the large change in acoustic velocity is primarily due to a reduction in bulk modulus, possibly as a result of network bonds being broken up by the addition of OH bonds. It is possible to use this technique to precisely tailor acoustic velocity along a fiber for more optimized SBS suppression in a fiber amplifier. Change in Brillouin Stokes frequency of ~320MHz at 1.064μm was observed.
High brightness electron sources

High energy physics accelerators and free electron lasers put increased demands on the electron beam sources. This paper describes the present research on attaining intense bright electron beams using photoinjectors. Recent results from the experimental programs will be given. The performance advantages and difficulties presently faced by researchers will be discussed, and the following topics will be covered. Progress has been made in photocathode materials, both in lifetime and quantum efficiency. Cesium telluride has demonstrated significantly longer lifetimes than cesium antimonide at 10/sup -8/ torr. However, the laser system is more difficult because cesium telluride requires quadrupled YLF instead of the doubled YLF required for cesium antimonide. The difficulty in using photoinjectors is primarily the drive laser, in particular the amplitude stability. Finally, emittance measurements of photoinjector systems can be complicated by the non-thermal nature of the electron beam. An example of the difficulty in measuring beam emittance is given.
Mutations in Chromatin Components Suppress a Defect of Gcn5 Protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast GCN5 gene encodes the catalytic subunit of a nuclear histone acetyltransferase and is part of a high-molecular-weight complex involved in transcriptional regulation. In this paper we show that full activation of the HO promoter in vivo requires the Gcn5 protein and that defects in this protein can be suppressed by deletion of the RPD3 gene, which encodes a histone deacetylase. These results suggest an interplay between acetylation and deacetylation of histones in the regulation of the HO gene. We also show that mutations in either the H4 or the H3 histone gene, as well as mutations in the SIN1 gene, which encodes an HMG1-like protein, strongly suppress the defects produced by the gcn5 mutant. These results suggest a hierarchy of action in the process of chromatin remodeling.
A 3-D laser line scanner for outcrop scale studies of seafloor features

Manned submersibles and remotely operated vehicles make it possible to use many of the techniques of land geology on the seafloor. A fundamental aspect of geological maps is the documentation of the orientation of various planes and lines in space. Strike and dip typically characterize planes, and trend and plunge characterize lines. Sedimentary bedding, lava flow tops, dike margins, igneous layering, metamorphic foliations, joints and faults, etc. Land geologists determine the orientation of outcrop-scale features with various types of hand-held compasses and inclinometers. However, this type of instrument is not appropriate for use on the seafloor and different approaches are required to obtain orientation data. A 3D laser scanning system currently being developed by the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Engineering Division, under National Science Foundation and Duke University sponsorship, affords a method of collecting orientation data. Similar to previously designed HBOI systems, surfaces of interest are rapidly scanned to produce high-resolution digital maps. The 3D map coordinates combined with the measured roll and pitch angles of the instrument are used to accurately determine orientation of the scanned geologically relevant planes and lines on seafloor outcrops. Unlike other techniques currently in use, this instrument does not need to be carefully positioned or placed on the rock surface and is not affected by magnetic fields. Furthermore, due to the high scan rate, the instrument need not be held stationary while scanning. During a single seafloor traverse of several hours, thousands of measurements can potentially be made.
Morbidly obese patients receive delayed ED care: body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 have longer disposition times.

Abstract Objectives Our study compares treatment times of morbidly obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >40 kg/m 2 ) with patients having BMI less than 35 kg/m 2 . Methods We used an institutional review board–approved, retrospective, sequential, cohort, data analysis of emergency department (ED) medical records from our county teaching hospital (January 2010). Our data set of 102 morbidly obese patients (World Health Organization class 3 [BMI >40 kg/m 2 ]) was compared with that of 195 normal or mildly obese patients (World Health Organization class 0 or 1 [BMI 2 ]). Inclusion was limited to patients of Emergency Severity Index level 2 and 3 who presented for triage. The primary outcome variable was total length of stay for patients discharged home from the ED. Results Morbidly obese patients take significantly longer to disposition than normal or mildly obese patients (difference, 101 minutes [95% CI, 55-146]; P 2 was 287 minutes in contrast to 388 minutes for patients with BMI greater than 40 kg/m 2 . Computed tomography use was significantly less likely in the BMI class 0 and 1 groups compared with the BMI class 3 group (0.41 [79/195] vs 0.56 [57/102]; difference, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.03-0.27]; P = .012). Conclusions In our institution, morbidly obese patients take significantly longer to disposition home than patients of more normal weight.
NEW SPECIES OF ALLOPHARYNX (DIGENEA: PLAGIORCHIIDAE) AND OTHER HELMINTHS IN URANOSCODON SUPERCILIOSUS (SQUAMATA: TROPIDURIDAE) FROM AMAZONIAN BRAZIL

Allopharynx daileyi n. sp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from the small intestine of the tropidurid lizard Uranoscodon superciliosus from Amazonian Brazil is described and illustrated. Of the 11 currently recognized species of Allopharynx, we consider Allopharynx megorchis Simha, 1961 a synonym of Allopharynx mehrai (Gogate, 1935) Price 1938 and Allopharynx puertoricensis Acholonu, 1976 a synonym of Allopharynx riopedrensis Garcia-Diaz; thus, A. daileyi becomes the 10th species assigned to the genus. The trematode species Mesocoelium monas and 2 species of Nematoda, Africana chabaudi and Cosmocerca vrcibradici, were also present.
An ultra high speed encoder for 5GSPS Flash ADC

In the design of an ultra high speed Flash ADC, a major challenge lies in designing a high speed thermometer code to binary code encoder. In this paper, design of a high speed encoder deploying a new logic design style to convert the thermometer code to binary code with fewer transistors through the use of pseudo-dynamic CMOS logic circuits is presented. With this encoder a much higher conversion rate is achieved when compared to traditional encoders. The sampling frequency can go up to 5GHz with an average power dissipation of 184.8µW. To demonstrate performance, the encoder is implemented in a 4 bit Flash ADC designed in CMOS 90nm technology. The functionality of 4 bit Flash ADC is verified by performing transient analysis and fast fourier transform analysis. The results clearly show that it outperforms commonly used encoders in terms of speed and cost.
On Plasma Instabilities in the High-Latitude Ionospheric E Region

This paper discusses two main questions, both related to the Farley-Buneman instability in the high-latitude E region of the earth’s ionosphere, namely: (a) the use of the instability as a diagnostic tool for ionospheric (and solar wind) electric fields, and (b) the effect of Farley-Buneman waves on certain cosmic (radio) noise absorption (CNA) events observed on riometers.
Under the Lens: The Geography of Optical Science as an Emerging Industry

abstractOptical science is the study of light and the ways in which light interacts with matter. Although its origins coincide with the earliest scientific inquiry, modern optics is an enabling technology that is applied to a variety of intermediate markets—telecommunication equipment, medical devices, scientific instruments, semiconductors, imaging and reproduction, defense and security, and retail logistics. One difficulty in studying emerging technology is the limitation of current industrial categories and patent classes. This article examines the geography of optical science inventions using a new methodology that can be applied to study other emerging industries. We rely on companies that self-identify as working on optics on the basis of their voluntary membership in the Optics Society of America. We investigate the inventive activity of these companies from 2004 to 2007 and identify a set of International Patent Classes that defines the emergent technology space in optical science. Using this defi...
Strain-dependent variation in collateral circulatory function in mouse hindlimb.

The extent (density and diameter) of the native (preexisting) collateral circulation in healthy tissues and the capacity of collaterals to enlarge/remodel in obstructive arterial disease are important determinants of ischemic injury. Evidence suggests that these parameters vary widely from yet-to-be-identified genetic and environmental factors. Recently, a locus on chromosome 7 was linked to less recovery of perfusion after femoral artery ligation in BALB/c and A/J versus C57BL/6 mouse strains. Moreover, evidence suggested that BALB/c and A/J share an allele(s) at this locus that is different from C57BL/6 mice. Here we tested the hypothesis that differences in collateral extent and/or remodeling underlie these findings. Compared with C57BL/6, BALB/c and A/J strains have fewer native collaterals in hindlimb (also confirmed in brain)—associated with greater reduction in perfusion immediately after femoral ligation, slower recovery of perfusion, greater hindlimb use impairment, and worse ischemia. However, A/J also differed from BALB/c in a number of these parameters, including having more robust collateral remodeling. Analysis of A/J → C57BL/6 chromosome substitution strains confirmed that a difference in an allele(s) on chromosome 7 conferred most, but not all, of the magnitude of the differences in collateral function. Additional studies of C57BL/6 × BALB/c F1 mice demonstrated that alleles of the C57BL/6 strain exert dominance for collateral traits. Finally, negative results were obtained from studies examining a previously identified candidate gene potentially responsible for these differences—Bcl2-associated athanogene-3. These findings emphasize the major contribution of genetic background to variation in the collateral circulation and its capacity to lessen ischemia in obstructive disease.
Deoxybenzoin-based epoxy resins

Abstract The diepoxide of bishydroxydeoxybenzoin, termed BEDB, was prepared and used as a diepoxide in adhesive formulations with various aromatic diamine cross-linkers. These novel epoxy resins were characterized and compared to the properties of bisphenol A (BPA)- and 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA)-based epoxies in terms of their thermal and mechanical properties. Cured formulations were characterized to determine glass transition temperatures by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The char residue, heat release capacity, dynamic mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and adhesion strength of the cured resins were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microscale combustion calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), plain-strain fracture toughness tests, and lap shear tests. The BEDB-based resins exhibited significantly higher fracture toughness and adhesion strength compared to the BPA-epoxy resins, as well as low heat release properties (i.e., lower flammability) despite the absence of halogen.
Citrine: providing intelligent copy-and-paste

We present Citrine, a system that extends the widespread copy-and-paste interaction technique with intelligent transformations, making it useful in more situations. Citrine uses text parsing to find the structure in copied text and allows users to paste the structured information, which might have many pieces, in a single paste operation. For example, using Citrine, a user can copy the text of a meeting request and add it to the Outlook calendar with a single paste. In applications such as Excel, users can teach Citrine by example how to copy and paste data by showing it which fields go into which columns, and can use this to copy or paste many items at a time in a user-defined manner. Citrine can be used with a wide variety of applications and types of data and can be easily extended to work with more. It currently includes parsers that recognize contact information, calendar appointments and bibliographic citations. It works with Internet Explorer, Outlook, Excel, Palm Desktop, EndNote and other applications. Citrine is available to download on the internet.
The Genomisotopic Approach: A Systematic Method to Isolate Products of Orphan Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

With the increasing number of genomes sequenced and available in the public domain, a large number of orphan gene clusters, for which the encoded natural product is unknown, have been identified. These orphan gene clusters represent a tremendous source of novel and possibly bioactive compounds. Here, we describe a "genomisotopic approach," which employs a combination of genomic sequence analysis and isotope-guided fractionation to identify unknown compounds synthesized from orphan gene clusters containing nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Analysis of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 genome led to the identification of an orphan gene cluster predicted to code for the biosynthesis of a lipopeptide natural product. Application of the genomisotopic approach to isolate the product of this gene cluster resulted in the discovery of orfamide A, founder of a group of bioactive cyclic lipopeptides.
Non-neuronal cell-conditioned medium regulates muscarinic receptor expression in cultured sympathetic neurons

Regulation of muscarinic receptor expression was examined in cultured sympathetic neurons of the neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion. Receptor concentration was determined by measuring binding of the muscarinic antagonist 1-quinuclidinyl[phenyl-4-3H] benzilate (3H-QNB). 3H-QNB bound to one apparent class of noninteracting sites on sympathetic neuron membranes with a Kd of 28.9 pM and a Bmax of 2.91 pmol/mg protein. Binding increased as a linear function of tissue protein and was saturable. The number of receptors per milligram protein increased approximately 6-fold during 16 d of culture, and receptor numbers were down-regulated by treatment with the agonist carbachol. These observations suggested that measurement of 3H-QNB binding would provide a reliable estimate of muscarinic receptor number on cultured sympathetic neurons. To determine whether nonneuronal cells produce soluble factors that influence muscarinic receptor expression, the effects of treatment with rat fibroblast-conditioned medium (RFCM) were examined. Exposure of sympathetic neurons to 50% RFCM resulted in a 57% decrease in muscarinic receptor numbers without a change in the apparent Kd. The decrease in 3H-QNB binding in response to RFCM was dose-related, with a minimum dose of 15% RFCM required to observe a significant effect. In contrast to the carbachol-induced down-regulation, the reduction in binding after RFCM treatment was not prevented by atropine, indicating that the effect was not mediated by acetylcholine stimulation of muscarinic receptors. Binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin, which labels a nonfunctional membrane site distinct from nicotinic receptors, was not altered by treatment with RFCM, indicating the selectivity of the change in membrane muscarinic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introducing SB-CoRLA, a schema-based constructivist robot learning architecture

We introduce the SB-CoRLA architecture that we have developed by extending our previously developed centralized ASyMTRe architecture (CA) to enable constructivist learning for multi-robot team tasks. We believe that the schema-based approach used in ASyMTRe is a useful abstraction for enabling constructivist learning. The CA algorithm only finds complete solutions for the entire team and is not well-suited for identifying useful schema chunks that can be used to find future task solution. Thus, we explore an evolutionary learning (EL) technique for the offline learning of schema chunks. We compare the solutions discovered by the EL algorithm with those that are found using CA, as well as with a third algorithm that randomizes the CA algorithm, called RA. Four different applications in simulation are used to evaluate the techniques. Our results show that the EL approach finds solutions of comparable quality to the CA technique, while also providing the added benefit of learning highly fit schema chunks.
Oviposition and survivorship of sugarcane grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) at different soil moistures

The oviposition of the sugarcane grubs. Cyclocephala parallela Casey and Ligyrus subtropicus (Blatchley), was measured at different soil moistures. In addition, the flood tolerance of third instars of these two species was also measured. Oviposition of both species was defined by Gaussian models that showed oviposition rates approaching zero at soil moisture extremes and the optima at the midrange of soil moistures. However, our data showed that C. parallela oviposited in wetter soils than L. subtropicus . This ovipositional behavior corresponds to the greater flood tolerance of third instar C. parallela compared with L. subtropicus .
Efficacy of external counterpulsation enhanced with outpatient cardiac rehabilitation

AbstractEnhanced external counterpulsation (EECP®) is useful in reducing angina pectoris and increasing functional capacity in patients with coronary artery disease. We sought to determine whether undergoing EECP with outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OP-CR) would potentiate functional capacity and ventilatory threshold and decrease depression. A retrospective analysis was conducted on all (n = 91) patients undergoing EECP from 2001 to 2012. Those who underwent EECP only (n = 56) were compared with those who underwent EECP with OP-CR (n = 35). Patients underwent cardiopulmonary testing and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) before starting and on completion of EECP. A general linear mixed model was used to compare the impact of adding OP-CR to EECP. Mean values, standard deviations and standard errors of the mean were calculated for each subgroup. Both groups significantly decreased PHQ9 and increased aerobic exercise performance and ventilatory threshold, but the EECP with OP-CR group inc...
Redox Switchable Daisy Chain Rotaxanes Driven by Radical–Radical Interactions

We report the one-pot synthesis and electrochemical switching mechanism of a family of electrochemically bistable ‘daisy chain’ rotaxane switches based on a derivative of the so-called ‘blue box’ (BB4+) tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). These mechanically interlocked molecules are prepared by stoppering kinetically the solution-state assemblies of a self-complementary monomer comprising a BB4+ ring appended with viologen (V2+) and 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) recognition units using click chemistry. Six daisy chains are isolated from a single reaction: two monomers (which are not formally ‘chains’), two dimers, and two trimers, each pair of which contains a cyclic and an acyclic isomer. The products have been characterized in detail by high-field 1H NMR spectroscopy in CD3CN—made possible in large part by the high symmetry of the novel BB4+ functionality—and the energies associated with certain aspects of their dynamics in solution are quantified. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectro...
Bioassays of segregating plants : A strategy for studying chemical defenses.

Solanum chacoense is a wild potato species resistant to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Most genotypes ofS. chacoense synthesize the glycoalkaloids solanine (sol) and chaconine (chac) and are hosts of the beetle. A few rare genotypes have a gene(s) for acetylation of carbon-23 of the steroid aglycone of sol and chac. Laboratory bioassays and replicated field tests of clones differing in the presence or absence of the acetyl moiety showed that acetylation of sol and chac markedly affects the response of both adults and larvae to the foliage. Adult feeding deterrency conferred by acetylated forms of sol and chac (leptines) in leaf-disk preference tests was consistent with the degree of antixenosis measured in the field. Development of larvae on foliage of clones with leptines was also inhibited. The studies support the validity of using laboratory bioassays of plants segregating for levels of a suspected defense compound to determine the role the compound has in defending the plant from attack by an insect predator in the field.
Justice at Trial: Dramatic Ironies of the Postracial State

This article challenges the celebration of Sonia Sotomayor’s confirmation to the Supreme Court as the realization of the American dream and Court diversity in a colorblind era. It analyzes the epis...
Abstract 3175: Detection of hypermethylated vimentin gene in urine of colorectal cancer patients

Although the success of cancer treatment often depends on the early detection of cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is hindered by low compliance rates (40%) of inconvenient, invasive screening tests. Previous studies have demonstrated that urine contains circulation-derived low-molecular-weight (LMW) DNA ( 1 kb) fractions. The MethyLight assay was used to quantify the amount of mVIM in each DNA sample. mVIM was detected in 75% (15/20) of the LMW urine DNA fraction, 0% (0/20) of the HMW urine DNA fraction and 85% (17/20) of the CRC tissue DNA. There was a 60% concordance in detecting mVIM between the CRC tissues and their corresponding urine samples. As negative controls, twenty LMW urine DNA fractions from subjects with no known neoplasia were also tested for mVIM and only 10% (2/20) of control samples contained detectable mVIM. mVIM may be a useful part of a urine based genetic biomarker panel for the early detection of CRC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3175. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3175
Physical Education Websites and Webpages in the State of Alabama: Are We Painting a Positive Self-Portrait?.

A well-designed, high quality physical education (PE) website is beneficial for establishing communication, presenting a positive image, encouraging and improving parental involvement, encouraging students to take control of their own health, collaborating with other educational resources, and most important, improving student learning. However, there is a dearth of research in which PE program websites have been examined. We investigated and described the online presence of PE programs by examining the prevalence, content, and design quality of public school PE program websites in the state of Alabama. Data collection included a review of all public school websites (N = 1,280) in Alabama for the presence of webpages and websites dedicated to PE programs. PE program webpages and websites (n = 84) were analyzed according to content, control, consistency, and corroboration features. Findings revealed an exceptionally low prevalence and quality of PE program websites or webpages in Alabama public schools. The results of this study underline the continued need to create and maintain professional websites for all PE programs that are educational and can be used as a tool, as a supplement to instruction, and to enhance student learning and teaching effectiveness.
LBO type-I critical phase-matched intracavity sum-frequency mixing 572nm yellow laser

All solid-state continuous-wave yellow laser at 572 nm is firstly reported.The yellow laser is from two Nd∶YAG line of 1444 nm and 946 nm have a non-linear sum frequency,the two lines corresponding to energy levels in their respective crystal transition for 4F3/2-4I15/2 and 4F3/2-4I9/2,respectively,the yellow laser at 572 nm is obtained by using a doubly folded-cavity,type-Icritical phase matching LBO crystal intra-cavity sum frequency mixing by 1444 nm and 946 nm.When injected into two Nd∶YAG crystal for the pump power 24 W and 14.8 W,respectively,TEM00 mode yellow laser at 572 nm of 592 mW is obtained at last.The power stability in 4 h is better than ±3.6%.
Higher-order conditioning and the retrosplenial cortex

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is known to contribute to contextual and spatial learning and memory. This is consistent with its well-established connectivity; the RSC is located at the interface of visuo-spatial association areas and the parahippocampal-hippocampal memory system. However, the RSC also contributes to learning and memory for discrete cues. For example, both permanent lesions and temporary inactivation of the RSC have been shown to impair sensory preconditioning, a form of higher-order conditioning. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the role of the RSC in a closely related higher-order conditioning paradigm: second-order conditioning. Sham and RSC lesioned rats received first-order conditioning in which one visual stimulus (V1) was paired with footshock and one visual stimulus (V2) was not. Following first-order conditioning, one auditory stimulus (A1) was then paired with V1 and a second auditory stimulus (A2) was paired with V2. Although lesions of the RSC impaired the first-order discrimination, they had no impact on the acquisition of second-order conditioning. Thus, the RSC does not appear necessary for acquisition/expression of second-order fear conditioning. The role of the RSC in higher-order conditioning, as well as a possible dissociation from the hippocampus, is discussed.
Persistent Progressives: The Rocky Mountain Farmers Union. By John F. Freeman

Persistent Progressives: The Rocky Mountain Farmers Union . By John F. Freeman. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2016. xvi + 235 pp. Illustrations, map, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95, £25.00.) In 2013 a fourth-generation Colorado farmer and member of the Rocky Mountain Farmers Union (RMFU) urged his fellow members to support a “Buy Fresh, Buy Local” campaign. “The last thing [large agribusinesses] want is consumers who care what’s in their food, where it comes from, and whether it’s safe,” he wrote, adding that union members understand “the social importance of a viable family farm economy and the need to keep rural America strong” (p. 195). With farmers and ranchers now a tiny proportion of the … mwflamm{at}owu.edu
Psychological Aspects of Exercise

Publisher Summary The benefits of exercise are explained on several theoretical bases. They include biochemical, physiological, neurophysiological, psychoanalytic, meditative or consciousness alteration, hypnotic, religious, and psychological. The large muscle groups activity is considered important in exercise therapy because of the associated blood flow changes and muscular enhancement. Running is the primary form of exercise used to treat depression, anxiety, and phobias. Most therapeutic approaches are based on the running therapy for several reasons, the main reason being the ease with which the doctor can quantify the exercise prescription. The use of exercise to treat mental disorders is empiric even though exercise has been recognized for its beneficial effects on the psyche for over a century. The exercise for every individual is different; it depends on the physiological characteristics as well as on the mental state. The effects of exercise on the mind are beneficial overall except when done to excess. The responsibility of the therapist is to learn where enough ends and where excess begins.
Interpreting Moral Doctrine: Newman on Conscience and Law

The religious epistemology of John Henry Newman offers an avenue, unexplored by scholars, for interpreting moral doctrine today. Although he did not write any work on moral theology, a systematic account of the interaction between conscience and moral law in his writings can illumine foundational concerns about personal morality and episcopal authority in the Roman Catholic Church. In reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment Newman had remarkable confidence in the capabilities and trustworthiness of the personal, historical reasoning of individuals and ecclesial communities alike—a type of reasoning that he recognized as the driving force for the genesis and the application of moral law. Not surprisingly, his concern for historical moral consciousness, with its emphasis upon subjectivity, generated a significant shift from abstractness to concreteness in theological method, a shift that would later influence the thought of Bernard Lonergan. To illustrate the contemporary relevance of Newman's commitment to personal reasoning in theology, his explanation of the legitimate authority of conscience and doctrine provides the basis for an instructive critique of the document On the Interpretation of Dogmas (1989) from the International Theological Commission.
Designing Intrablock Attractions to Increase the χ Parameter of a Symmetric Diblock Copolymer

Block copolymer (BCP) lithography is capable of forming features on the order of tens of nanometers, and this size is desirable for numerous applications, including data storage devices, microprocessors, and membranes. BCPs must be oriented to form device-relevant structures, and poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS–PMMA) is the most widely studied BCP due to its ability to form perpendicularly oriented features when simply heated on an energetically nonpreferential substrate. However, the smallest practical feature sizes attainable by PS–PMMA are about 11 nm. In this work, we incorporate a self-interacting monomer, vinylnaphthalene, into the styrenic block of PS–PMMA to effectively increase its Flory–Huggins interaction parameter. Introducing 35 mol % of vinylnaphthalene into the BCP more than doubled its χ parameter, resulting in a BCP structure that is capable of forming features as small as 6.3 nm. We also demonstrate that like PS–PMMA, this new poly((styrene-random-vinylnaphthalene)-block-meth...
Pediatric Digital and Metacarpal Injuries

Pediatric digital and metacarpal injuries require timely assessment of open vs. closed status, neurovascular compromise, intra-articular vs. extra-articular involvement, postreduction stability, associated injuries, displacement, physeal involvement, and nail bed involvement. “Fight bite” injuries and open fractures required escalation of management.
Behavioral barriers transitioning to college

Abstract This paper presents a review of mostly experimental evidence demonstrating the potential usefulness of simplifying the college admission and enrollment process. Seemingly small differences in the process of students transitioning to college often determine whether some matriculate or not. Behavioral models that imply the possibility of sub-optimal long-run outcomes may be needed to better explain these results. We argue that the model which fits the results best is one where some students are inattentive to their college possibilities and therefore let opportunity slip by. Making the process to get to college easier and more salient helps offset this inattentiveness and prevents some exiting high school from falling through the cracks.
Medication-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia: A Review and Update.

Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder that causes involuntary, repetitive body movements and is commonly seen in patients who are on long-term treatment with antipsychotic medications. However, several other classes of medications with different mechanisms are also associated with TD. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search using keywords and combined word searches that involved medication-induced TD, as well as agents that are associated with causing or are used to treat medication-induced TD. We attempted to include as many recent (publication date of 2015 and later) articles as possible. Results: The reported incidence of TD seems to be reduced with the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs, yet the risk of developing TD remains with these medications. Furthermore, several other medication classes have a high prevalence of TD and yet are not commonly considered to be TD-inducing. This review highlights the need for a prevention-based focus of TD treatment that starts with a clinical consideration of pharmacologic choices related to each individual patient9s history. Conclusion: This review offers the information current as of 2016 on the pathophysiology, etiology, and epidemiology of TD, as well as the medications associated with TD, mechanisms of medication-induced TD, and treatments for medication-induced TD.
Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: Water Treatment

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.1 is to “achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all” by 2030. The indicator for this target requires that the drinking water source is compliant with fecal and priority chemical standards, and therefore, treatment of the water source is required. With an increasing global population, decreasing availability of freshwater resources, and increasing pollution of existing water sources from industrial and agricultural activities, the global scale of water in need of treatment is large. In this chapter, we describe the contaminants of interest in drinking water, the challenges faced by both developed and developing countries in providing safe drinking water, and we characterize the scale of treatment needed to achieve the SDG drinking water target.
Therapy of Scalp Psoriasis

The scalp is frequently involved in patients who have psoriasis and poses a therapeutic challenge to both patient and physician. It is often necessary to use combinations of topical treatment, as well as to change the topical therapy regularly, to achieve and maintain good control of scalp psoriasis. In severe, recalcitrant, socially incapacitating disease, it may be necessary to consider using systemic therapy with appropriate precautions.
The ADAMTS endopeptidases

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of ADAMTS endopeptidases. The Human Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) adopted the acronym ADAMTS (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease domain (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motifs) to designate a new gene and enzyme family distinct from ADAMs. Like the related matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) families, ADAMTS enzymes are bipartite, consisting of a prometalloprotease domain attached to a complex array of ancillary domains. ADAMTS enzymes are present in invertebrates and have been shown to have major roles in morphogenesis. Caenorhabditis elegans Adt-1 mutants have abnormal ray formation, possibly because of defective cuticle ECM remodeling, and show altered male copulatory behavior. The adt-1 gene encodes an ADAMTS that is structurally quite different in some respects from mammalian ADAMTS. In contrast, gon-1 closely resembles ADAMTS9 and ADAMTS20. Naturally occurring mutations in gon-1 result in defects in gonadal morphogenesis owing to the failure of migration of distal tip cells in the developing gonad. This suggests a role for GON-1 in cell migration, basement membrane remodeling or processing of migration cues.
Hydrothermal synthesis of plate-like hydroxyapatite crystals

A precursor hydroxyapatite (HAp) slurry prepared from CaHPC4 2H2O and CaCO3 was treated under hydrothermal conditions at 180°C for 5 hours with various alcohols; i.e. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol. The products were identified as carbonate-containing HAp by X-ray diffraction and IR spectrometry. TEM showed that crystals obtained from the slurry prepared in the absence of alcohol were rod-like, about 20nm in width and 50nm in length. In contrast, the products from slurries containing alcohol were found to be a mixture of plate-like and rod-like crystals. The ratio of plate-like to rod-like crystals increased with increasing alcohol content in the slurry. When 50wt% of monohydroxy or dihydroxy alcohol was used, the shape of products was plate-like. The shape of the crystals depended on the number of hydroxy groups in the particular alcohols used, but was independent of the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the alcohol.