cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHILD DEVELOPMENT I: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE AND EPIDMIOLOGY: Perinatal mortality, economic and racial influences on the sex ratio

An excess of fetal and neonatal deaths in male offspring is found in man, domestic animals and some insects. In humans, the male disadvantage is reportedly less when perinatal infant mortality is high, i.e. in nonwhites and the socioeconomically disadvantaged. The present study offers some explanations. In an analysis of 2735 consecutive newborn autopsies, the ratio of males to females was 1.28:1 which differs significantly from the 1.05:1 ratio for all U.S. live-births. Within this series the ratio for stillbirths was 0.95:1 and for live-births 1.45:1. Most disorders which were present in both stillborn and liveborn infants had a much lower male:female ratio in the former group. The ratio for infants of poor families was 1.17:1, nonpoor 1.40:1, whites 1.34:1, blacks 1.22:1, Puerto Ricans 1.22:1, and Mexican-Americans 1.23:1. The ratio for liveborns with infections of antenatal origin was 1.15:1 whereas the ratio for infants with infections acquired after birth was 1.58:1. Removal of the cases with antenatal infections from the analysis eliminated much of the sex ratio difference between whites and nonwhites and between the poor and the nonpoor. A decreasing incidence of such antenatal infections may well explain why the ratio of male to female neonatal deaths is increasing in the U.S. and other industrial societies and why U.S. poor whites and nonwhites have fewer excess male deaths than their more prosperous counterparts.
Maternoembryonic transfusion and congenital malformations

There is an increasing number of reports relating chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to transverse limb reduction defects or the oromandibular limb hypogenesis complex. In addition, a correlation has been established between the severity of the defect and the gestational age when CVS is performed. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the increased incidence of congenital malformations after CVS including vascular disruption. Recently, it has been suggested that maternoembryonic transfusion can occur after CVS and that this can lead to a local antibody-mediated reaction, followed by local pathogenetic cell degeneration, i.e., apoptotic cell death, due to vascular disruption. This increased apoptotic cell death will ultimately result in congenital malformations. This paper describes an experimental model that can explain the pathogenesis of congenital malformations after CVS. The model designed uses a whole rat embryo culture technique and intracardiac injection of antisera, mimicking transplacental transfusion after CVS. Injection of antibodies directed against blood group antigens is capable of inducing increased apoptotic cell death. Immunological staining gives evidence of involvement of antibody-mediated reactions in the occurrence of apoptotic cell death. The dorsal aortae in 10-day-old rat embryos of 10-somite stages of development consist of a continuous endothelial cell layer. The effect of intracardiac injection of antisera on the dorsal aortae is only transient. Smaller vessels such as the pharyngeal arch arteries or arteries of the limbs still have fenestrated endothelium and are therefore more vulnerable to the pathogenetic effect of the reaction after transplacental transfusion causing vascular disruption. Development of the vascular pattern and differentiation of the vascular wall reduce the risk of severe malformations later on in pregnancy, although the risk of malformations remains throughout pregnancy. Thus, intracardiac injection of antisera simulating maternoembryonic transfusion such as after CVS can lead to an antibody-mediated reaction with vascular disruption early in pregnancy inducing apoptotic cell death. Increased cell death may ultimately result in congenital malformations, such as transverse limb defects or the oromandibular limb hypogenesis complex.
New approaches to blockade of α4-integrins, proven therapeutic targets in chronic inflammation

Abstract The recruitment of leukocytes into tissue is a pivotal step in inflammation. α4-Integrins are adhesion receptors on circulating leukocytes that mediate attachment to the endothelium and facilitate their migration into the inflamed tissue. This multistep process is mediated by the interaction of α4-integrins with their counter receptors VCAM-1 and MadCAM-1 that are expressed on endothelial cells. α4-Integrins act as both adhesive and signaling receptors. Paxillin, a signaling adaptor molecule, binds directly to the α4 cytoplasmic tail and its binding is important for cell migration. Blocking the adhesive functions of α4-integrins has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but also carries the risk of defects in development, hematopoiesis and immune surveillance. Interfering with α4 signaling by inhibiting the α4–paxillin interaction decreases α4-mediated cell migration and adhesion to VCAM-1 and MadCAM under shear flow. These in vitro effects are accompanied by a selective impairment of leukocyte migration into inflammatory sites when the α4–paxillin interaction is blocked in vivo. Thus, blockade of α4-integrin signaling may offer a novel strategy for interfering with the functions of these receptors in pathological events while sparing important physiological functions.
Transcription of the β-like globin genes and pseudogenes of the goat in a cell-free system

We have examined the transcription in a cell-free system of all the members of a highly regulated gene family, the beta-like hemoglobin genes of the goat. These five genes, which code for embryonic, fetal, juvenile, and adult beta-globin proteins, are all transcribed to roughly the same extent in the in vitro system. In all cases initiation of transcription is accurate. However, two goat beta-globin pseudogenes, as well as several artificially constructed deletion mutants, are not transcribed in vitro. A common feature of the transcriptionally inactive genes is the lack of an AT-rich consensus sequence just upstream of the presumptive initiation site.
Preprocessing GPR Signatures For Cascading Neural Network Classification

A solution to the problem of long training times is found by segmenting classification and parameter estimation problems into several smaller problems. Information cascades from one neural network to another with each level increasing the specificity of the problem. To be used most effectively, the networks require small input pattern vectors. Therefore much pre-processing is done to extract information from the GPR records that is germane to the classification. A novel method of extracting and enhancing the target reflection through the use of logical filters is developed. A cascading network is constructed that classifies the type of target as point or plane and then identifies the composition. Finally, the size and location of the target are estimated. The modular nature of the network allows it to train faster, give more accurate results and be easily modified.
Immediate denture using patient's existing dentition

W hen time is a factor and complete arch extractions followed by an immediate denture is the treatment of choice (Fig. l), the following technique allows the dentist to perform the laboratory procedures in a minimum of time with no other equipment than that available in all dental offices. This technique requires a maximum of two appointments following the initial visit, reduces time between appointments, improves esthetics, maintains the vertical dimension of occlusion, and requires no remount, since the existing occlusion is used. This technique is not advocated for all patients requiring immediate dentures for the following reasons: (1) the posterior dentition should be almost complete (two or three teeth may be absent), (2) the patient’s occlusion should be acceptable or corrections of gross interferences should be made prior to the final impression, and (3) the patient’s general health should be such that complete arch extractions can be performed in one appointment. Although both upper and lower immediate dentures can be made at the same time for the patient if necessary, the following technique will describe the steps for a maxillary immediate denture.
A Targeted Genetic Modifier Screen Links the SWI2/SNF2 Protein Domino to Growth and Autophagy Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

Targeted genetic studies can facilitate phenotypic analyses and provide important insights into development and other complex processes. The SWI2/SNF2 DNA-dependent ATPase Domino (Dom) of Drosophila melanogaster, a component of the Tip60 acetyltransferase complex, has been associated with a wide spectrum of cellular processes at multiple developmental stages. These include hematopoiesis, cell proliferation, homeotic gene regulation, histone exchange during DNA repair, and Notch signaling. To explore the wider gene network associated with Dom action, we used RNAi directed against domino (dom) to mediate loss-of-function at the wing margin, a tissue that is readily scored for phenotypic changes. Dom RNAi driven through GAL4-UAS elicited dominant wing nicking that responded phenotypically to the dose of dom and other loci known to function with dom. We screened for phenotypic modifiers of this wing phenotype among 2500 transpositions of the EP P element and found both enhancers and suppressors. Several classes of modifier were obtained, including those encoding transcription factors, RNA regulatory proteins, and factors that regulate cell growth, proliferation and autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway that affects cell growth under conditions of starvation and stress. Our analysis is consistent with prior studies, suggesting that Dom acts pleiotropically as a positive effector of Notch signaling and a repressor of proliferation. This genetic system should facilitate screens for additional loci associated with Dom function, and complement biochemical approaches to their regulatory activity.
The Impact of Audit Committee and Shareholder Activism on the Association between Audit-Firm Tenure and Accounting Conservatism

The objective of this study is to (1) re-examine the association between accounting conservatism and audit-firm tenure, (2) investigate the influences of audit committee characteristics on the association between accounting conservatism and audit-firm tenure, and (3) examine the impact of shareholder activism on the association between audit-firm tenure and accounting conservatism. Using two proxies for accounting conservatism (accrual-based and market-based measures), we find a negative relation between accounting conservatism and audit-firm tenure. We also find that the association between accounting conservatism and audit-firm tenure is weakened in firms with more audit committee members being more than 65 years old and higher level of shareholder activism. The results indicate that firms can reduce the effect of long audit firm tenure when the firms have more experienced audit committee member and more shareholder activism. Our study extends the current literature on audit committee and shareholder activism. The current study is also of interest to firms, regulators, and investors.
Vasculitis, Kawasaki disease, and hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Aside from Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease, vasculitis in childhood is rare. The etiology, clinical characteristics, and therapy of Kawasaki disease continue to be important areas of investigation, and a number of important observations recently were published. Recent clinical descriptions of other vasculitis disorders such as cutaneous polyarteritis and Wegener's granulomatosis are also reviewed in this article. Hemolytic uremic syndrome is an acute disorder of childhood characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute nephropathy. Treatment of children with severe manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome with plasma exchange therapy in addition to traditional supportive approaches is proving to be life saving in many cases.
Exploring the opportunities of mobile technology use in nonprofit organizations

The proliferation of mobile technology has opened up opportunities for more effective services through improved work processes in nonprofit organizations. Contrary to the potential of mobile technology, few nonprofits fully exploit the capabilities of mobile technology. We present results of a qualitative study of current usage of information technology in nonprofit organizations, and explore the reasons for the underutilization and potential opportunities of mobile technology. We categorize the type of nonprofits with regard to the types of public engagement and identify the challenges of adopting mobile technology to bridge the gap between the current and potential use of mobile technology. Finally, we provide implications that reflect common needs and unique characteristics that nonprofits share with regard to mobile technology for data collection.
Simulation of an advanced small aperture track system

Simulation development for EO Systems has progressed to new levels with the advent of COTS software tools such as Matlab/Simulink. These tools allow rapid reuse of simulation library routines. We have applied these tools to newly emerging Acquisition Tracking and Pointing (ATP) systems using many routines developed through a legacy to High Energy Laser programs such as AirBorne Laser, Space Based Laser, Tactical High Energy Laser, and The Air Force Research Laboratory projects associated with the Starfire Optical Range. The simulation architecture allows ease in testing various track algorithms under simulated scenes with the ability to rapidly vary system hardware parameters such as track sensor and track loop control systems. The atmospheric turbulence environment and associated optical distortion is simulated to high fidelity levels through the application of an atmospheric phase screen model to produce scintillation of the laser illuminator uplink. The particular ATP system simulated is a small transportable system for tracking satellites in a daytime environment and projects a low power laser and receives laser return from retro-reflector equipped satellites. The primary application of the ATP system (and therefore the simulation) is the determination of the illuminator beam profile, jitter, and scintillation of the low power laser at the satellite. The ATP system will serve as a test bed for satellite tracking in a high background during daytime. Of particular interest in this simulation is the ability to emulate the hardware modelogic within the simulation to test and refine system states and mode change decisions. Additionally, the simulation allows data from the hardware system tests to be imported into Matlab and to thereby drive the simulation or to be easily compared to simulation results.
Identification and levels of 2'-carboxyarabinitol in leaves.

2'-Carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity. A chloroplast phosphatase has previously been identified that degrades CA1P in vitro to carboxyarabinitol (CA) plus phosphate, but CA has not yet been detected in plants. Here, we detail procedures to isolate and assay CA from leaves and utilize mass spectrometry to demonstrate for the first time that CA is present in plants. CA was present in leaves of all 13 species examined, including those of C(3), C(4), and Crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthetic subgroups. CA was present both in species with high levels of CA1P (e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris, Lycopersicon esculentum, Beta vulgaris) as well as in species with low levels of CA1P (e.g. Spinacea oleracea, Triticum aestivum). CA levels in the light were sometimes greater than those in the dark. Bean leaves had the most CA of any species tested, with levels in the light approaching 1 micromole per milligram of chlorophyll. In illuminated bean leaves, about 63% of the CA is located outside the chloroplast. CA is one of only a few branched chain sugar acids to be identified from plants.
Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Health: Does Sexism Influence Women's Health?

This commentary provides a brief overview of theory and research that supports the idea that sexism may be related to the disproportionate negative cardiovascular health outcomes in women. It describes sexism as a stressor and outlines its association with a variety of health outcomes as evidence for why sex disparities should be examined within the context of pervasive inequities. To date, population-based studies have not explicitly examined the relationship between sexism and cardiovascular disease, but smaller studies have yielded fairly consistent results. It is suggested that future research should aim to examine the influence of 2 types of sexism (ie, hostile and benevolent) and that daily or within-day designs be used to assess cognitive, behavioral and physiological responses to everyday sexist experiences.
Temperature-swing separation of hydrogen-methane mixture

Particles of a coal char (from Montana lignite) were used in a fixed bed for cyclic separation of a mixture of hydrogen and methane. The column was operated in the temperature cycling mode between 25 and 250/sup 0/C at a total pressure ranging from 21 to 34 atm. The methane concentration was enriched from 50% to over 90%, which was the goal of separation for production of high-Btu gas. It has been shown that the coal char is as effective as a commercial activated carbon being used as the sorbent. The experimental data showed that pore diffusion is important in separation. A simplified pore-diffusion model was developed which gave satisfactory predictions of the performance of temperature-swing separation. In the simplified model a parabolic intraparticle concentration profile was assumed and the computation was further simplified by using a particle volume-averaging technique.
Weather Noise Forcing of Surface Climate Variability

Abstract A model-based method to evaluate the role of weather noise forcing of low-frequency variability of surface properties, including SST, surface currents, land surface temperature, and soil moisture, is presented. In this procedure, an “interactive ensemble” coupled model, in which the ocean and land components are coupled to the mean of an ensemble of atmospheric models, is externally forced by the time-dependent surface fluxes due to the weather noise. The coupling to the ensemble mean atmosphere has the effect of strongly reducing the internally generated atmospheric weather noise so that, for example, observed weather noise forcing can meaningfully be prescribed. The surface flux due to weather noise is determined by removing the ensemble mean surface flux response of an ensemble of atmospheric models to specified surface boundary conditions from the total surface flux. When the system is entirely noise forced and the forcing is specified in this manner, the interactive ensemble model will repro...
Determination of critical temperatures and panicle development stage for fertility change of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line ‘5460S’

The effect of a 1–5 day low temperature treatment applied at different stages during panicle development on the male sterility of 5460S, a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line (TGMSR), was studied. Before and after the period of low temperature treatments the plants were continuously grown under 14.75 h daylength and 29.6° C average temperature (max. 33° C/min. 29° C) in growth chambers in order to avoid any other possible influences on the male sterility. The results indicate that the plant responses to low temperature was dependant on the developmental stage of the young panicle. The stages from formation of pollen mother cell to late uninucleate of pollen grains were the most sensitive to temperature. It is concluded that the critical temperature for the fertility change from male sterile to partially fertile in ‘5460S’ is about 28.5° C in the sensitive panicle development stages under the condition studied.
From Sacred to Secular in Umbertina and A Piece of Earth

Italian-American writers of roughly the first half of the twentieth century, closer in time to the immigrants of the mass migration, were also closer to their Italian Catholic roots. In 1983, applying Burton Bledstein's analysis of professionalism, Robert Viscusi pointed out that some early Italian-American novels, such as D'Agostino's Apple on the Old Olive Tree (1940), depict a tension between Italian Catholic communal values of virtue and loyalty to the group's well-being and a vertical vision of individualistic professionalism. Viscusi notes that middle class individuals in America prized the ambitious professional person who "expressed his expanding expectations at ascending stages of an occupation." While the development of professional expertise is gratifying to the ego, Bledstein held that it took an enormous toll on the integrity of the individual. In a society structured towards a vertical vision of career, where the creativity of the self is liberated and the ego is encouraged to explore the world, discover knowledge, and revere professional expertise, responsibility to one's community can all too easily be ignored. The losses to one's personal integrity comprise a moral narrowing of vision in which the goal of upward ascent, exercised to extremes, excludes from its pursuit any of the traditional Catholic values of fellowship, charity, loyalty, or even human decency. Bledstein tells us that the Victorians rejected this horizontal loyalty or unity to those on the same plane as, or lower than, oneself. Whereas Viscusi analyzes how this tension between Catholic and middle class professional values is resolved in favor of the Italian Catholic half of the equation in these early novels, my consideration of two contemporary Italian-American authors will shift the focus: first, away from an exclusive discussion of middle class professionalism to the broader category of the secularization of society; and second, away from the "triumph" of Italian Catholic values over American professionalism.
Ionizing radiation and busulfan inhibit murine bone marrow cell hematopoietic function via apoptosis-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Abstract Objective Ionizing radiation (IR) and busulfan (BU) are commonly used as preconditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We examined whether induction of apoptosis in murine bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic cells contributes to IR- and BU-induced suppression of their hematopoietic function. Methods The hematopoietic functions of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors were analyzed by the cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) assay. Apoptosis was determined by measuring 3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiCO 6 ) uptake, annexin V staining, and/or sub-G 0/1 cells. Four cell types were studied: murine BM mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), linage-negative hematopoietic cells (Lin − cells), Lin − Scal + c-kit + cells, and Lin − Scal − c-kit + cells by flow cytometry. Results Exposure of BM-MNCs to IR (4 Gy) or incubation of the cells with BU (30 μM) resulted in a significant reduction in CAFC frequency ( p − cells, HSCs, and progenitors, whereas BU failed to increase apoptosis in these cells. In addition, preincubation of BM-MNCs with z-Val-Ala-Asp (OCH3)-fluoromethylketone, methyl ester (z-VAD) attenuated IR-induced reduction in CAFC but not that induced by BU. Conclusion IR and BU differentially suppress the hematopoietic function of HSCs and progenitors by fundamentally different mechanisms. IR inhibits the function primarily by the induction of HSC and progenitor apoptosis. In contrast, BU suppresses HSC and progenitor function via an apoptosis-independent mechanism.
Numerical search for diabolical points in the energy spectrum of the single-molecule magnet Fe 8

Certain diabolical points in the tunneling spectrum of the single-molecule magnet Fe${}_{8}$ were previously believed to be have been eliminated as a result of a weak fourth-order anisotropy. As shown by Bruno, this is not so, and the points are only displaced in the magnetic field space along the medium anisotropy direction. The previously missing points are numerically located by following the lines of the Berry curvature. The importance of an experimental search for these rediscovered points is discussed.
The swirling round laminar jet

The swirling round laminar jet in an unbounded viscous fluid is investigated in this paper. The axisymmetric laminar jet with a swirling velocity is simulated by a linear-momentum source and an angular-momentum source, both located at the origin. The first-order and the second-order solutions in the far field have been obtained by solving the complete Navier—Stokes equations. It is found that the first-order solution is the well-known round-laminar-jet solution without the swirling velocity obtained by Landau [2] and Squire [3]. The second-order solution represents a pure rotating flow. The swirling velocity predicted by the present solution is compared with that obtained by Loitsyanskii [15] and Gortler [16], who solved the corresponding boundary-layer equations. It is found that the swirling velocity predicted by the present theory is smaller than that obtained from the boundary-layer equations.
The effects of dietary tryptophan on chronic maxillofacial pain and experimental pain tolerance

Abstract This study investigated the effects of daily administration of three grams of tryptophan in conjunction with a high carbohydrate, low fat, low protein diet on chronic maxillofacial pain, experimental pain thresholds, and anxiety and depression. In a double-blind study, 30 chronic pain patients were randomly assigned to a tryptophan or placebo group. At the initial appointment and 4 weeks later, the patients' subjective ratings of their pain were recorded, electrical tooth pulp stimulation was used to measure pain thresholds, and psychological tests of depression and anxiety were administered. Over the 4 weeks of the study, there was a greater reduction in reported clinical pain and a greater increase in pain tolerance threshold in the tryptophan group than in the placebo group. The group did not differ in anxiety and depression—for all subjects there was lowered depression and anxiety over the 4 weeks of study.
Crystal Packing Forces Dictate η1- versus η2-Coordination of Benzyl Groups in [Guanidinate]Zr(CH2Ph)3

An X-ray structure determination of {CyNC[N(SiMe3)2]NCy}Zr(CH2Ph)3, crystallized from pentane, differs from the solid-state structure previously reported for the same compound crystallized from toluene. In contrast to the earlier report, we find no evidence for the presence of an η2 interaction in the solid state by X-ray crystallography or in solution by means of 1H or 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Complex critical exponents for percolation transitions in Josephson-Junction arrays, antiferromagnets, and interacting bosons

We show that the critical behavior of the XY quantum-rotor model undergoing a percolation transition is dramatically affected by its topological Berry phase 2π ρ. In particular, for irrational ρ, its low-energy excitations emerge as spinless fermions with fractal spectrum. As a result, critical properties not captured by the usual Ginzburg-Landau-Wilson description of phase transitions arise, such as complex critical exponents, log-periodic oscillations and dynamically broken scale invariance.
Determination of fracture toughness of epoxy using fractography

Fracture toughness of epoxy was determined by quantitative fractography, one of the techniques for brittle materials based on fracture mechanics. Two different epoxy systems, an anhydride-cured and an amine-cured epoxy based upon diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were studied. Epoxies with different average molar mass between crosslinks (Mc) or crosslink density were prepared by varying the cure profiles. The materials were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), and density measurements. Optical microscopy was used to measure the dimensions of the different regions on the fracture surfaces of unnotched samples that were tested to failure under tension. The fracture toughness values were calculated from the relationship between the measured sizes and fracture stress. Epoxies with lower Mc values or higher crosslink densities have lower fracture toughness values. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 257–268, 1999
Cytokines amplify the function of accessory cells

Accessory cells have two broad functions at the onset of T cell-mediated immunity. One is the "presentation" of antigen in association with MHC products. The other is a "sensitization" function which is thought to require IL-1 and leads to the development of lymphoblasts that secrete lymphokines and respond to T cell growth factors. This review summarizes evidence, much of it recent, that specific cytokines upregulate both the presentation and sensitization functions of accessory cells. Lymphokines, particularly IFN-gamma, upregulate class II MHC products on macrophages and many non-leukocytes, but not dendritic cells. The enhanced levels of class II improve presentation to T lymphoblasts, but not the sensitization of unprimed and memory T cells. Dendritic cells in lymph and lymphoid organs are active accessory cells for primary responses without any supplementation by exogenous cytokines. IL-1, while not a product of dendritic cells, further amplifies their function several fold. In thymus, IL-1 has a second effect, including the formation of Ia+ thymic dendritic cells from Ia- precursors. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important cytokine for epidermal Langerhans cells, which are immature dendritic cells. GM-CSF maintains viability in culture, and enhances the sensitization function for primary responses 10-20 fold. Why does the immune system regulate expression of Ia on many cell types, as well as dendritic cell function? In the discussion, it is proposed that the local modification of accessory cells by cytokines helps to reduce anti-self or autoreactive T cell responses, and to enhance the retention of sensitized T cells at sites of antigen deposition.
Air Incubation of Eggs of the Gulf Killifish

Abstract Effects of air incubation on egg hatchability and subsequent fry growth of gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) were examined in the laboratory. Mats with approximately equal coverage of pond-spawned eggs were kept moist at a temperature of 22°C. First hatch of eggs transferred from mats to water occurred at 19 d postspawning. Total hatching occurred in 24 h, with 90% hatching in 2 h. After 31 d of air incubation, deaths of hatched fry were first noted. Air incubation on mats was terminated at 36 d. Laboratory-spawned eggs were incubated on moistened filter paper in a sealed container at 26°C. Air incubation periods were 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 d. For eggs with 0 d and 6 d air incubation, hatching occurred 8–11 d after they were spawned. Eggs incubated in air for 12 d and longer hatched after 30 min in water. Mean survivals were significantly higher in the 6- and 12-d groups (95 and 92%) than in the 0- and I8-d groups (85 and 83%). All of these survival values were significantly higher than in the 24-d...
Preservation of taenia coli by freezing and storage at −196 °C

Abstract Some damaging effects that occur during cryopreservation by freezing to −196 °C have been evaluated in rabbit taenia coli by analyzing the proportional recovery of acetylcholine- and histamine-induced maximal contractions. Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) 10 v/v% was used as the cryoprotectant; it reversibly abolishes spontaneous contractility even after incubation at 37 °C during 2 hr. Programmed freezing at 0.6 °C/min with compensation for the latent heat of fusion and warming at 35 °C/min proved to be slightly superior to programmed cooling without compensation and slower warming. The degree of functional recovery was comparable after either abrupt or stepwise removal of Me 2 SO. Freezethawing resulted in a significant reduction of contractile force in each buffer solution tested, and acetylcholine-induced contractility was always better preserved than histamine-induced contractility. The best preservation (~65%) was obtained in a potassium-rich buffer solution. The absence of calcium and magnesium from the incubating medium had no influence, whereas the presence of EDTA significantly affected functional recovery. It is difficult to compare our results with those reported by others because of multiple methodological differences. However, it seems that previous results can be improved by changing the freezing rate and the composition of the incubating and cryoprotecting medium.
THE PREDICTION OF THE 19F NMR SIGNAL POSITIONS OF FLUOROALKENES USING STATISTICAL METHODS

Abstract 19F NMR data for fluoroalkenes have been analyzed by the use of statistical substituent chemical shift (SSCS) values and SSCS values in combination with interaction factors. The correlation coefficient of observed versus predicted signal position when SSCS values alone are used is r = 0.960 with a standard deviation s = 10.0 ppm, whereas r = 0.997 and s = 2.8 ppm when SSCS values are used together with 2,3-, 2,4- and 3,4-interaction factors.
Analysis of grating-coupled radiation in GaAs:GaAlAs lasers and waveguides - I

Grating-coupled radiation in GaAs:GaAlAs lasers and waveguides is analyzed. A general formulation is developed for arbitrary-shaped gratings which need not be small in size. Two methods are used to solve the resulting equations in the case of rectangular-shaped gratings. The first is a perturbation technique and the second is iterative in nature. The iterative procedure converges to a numerical exact solution in many cases of practical interest and indicates that the perturbation results are quite accurate. Curves are presented for radiated power from traveling waves as a function of grating tooth height, tooth width, refractive index, waveguide thickness, and period for rectangular gratings in heterostructure waveguiding geometries. It is shown that radiation is not a monotonically increasing function of tooth height, but rather maxima occur when the teeth are half the optical wavelength in the material. Also, in particular geometries with an air:GaAs grating interface, radiated power of a mode can exceed 100 cm-1.
Properties of highly conducting nitrogen-plasma-doped ZnSe:N thin films

Values for the acceptor ionization energy, Ea, and compensating donor ionization energy, Ed, have been obtained from an analysis of variable-temperature photoluminescence data taken for a series of highly conducting nitrogen-plasma doped ZnSe thin films. Eawas found to be highly temperature dependent, with values ranging from Ea ~110 meV at low temperatures to ~60 meV at room temperature. The compensating donor ionization energy ranged from Ed ~31 meV at low temperatures to ~24 meVat room temperature. These results provide clear evidence of thenonhydrogenic nature of the nitrogen acceptor state in heavily doped ZnSe:N thin films and suggest that interstitial bonding of N, at two or more stable sites, may play a central role in the p-type doping and compensation of this material at high doping levels.
The efficient detection of Korotkoff sounds

A new method is described for detecting the Korotkoff sounds which signal systolic and diastolic blood pressure. By mounting a sound transducer wholly within the conventional arm-encircling cuff, high intensity sounds can be detected with the cuff placed in any location on the upper arm. The blood pressure values obtained with the cuff-microphone are essentially the same as those measured with a sound detector placed in the antecubital fossa.
Is the War on Poverty attacking mental illness

Based on a 2-year study of Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) programs in a large urban center, this paper examines the potential of Community Action Cen- ters for serving low-income clients with emotional problems. The processing, referral and follow-up patterns of the indigenous counseling staff are described. Strategies for mental health agencies are de- veloped for enhancing their links with these programs and increasing the impact of the War on Poverty on mental illness. The apparent relationship between low economic status and elevated incidence and prevalence of mental illness has be- come increasingly apparent to mental health practitioners during the past 10 or 15 years. The New Haven study in 1958 (Hollingshead & Redlich, 1958) following by the Midtown Manhattan Study in 1961 (Srole, Langner, Michael, Opler, & Rennie, 1961) were both widely read and quoted by mental health professionals. The findings of these and other large research efforts indicated that there was a direct re- lationship between the experience of poverty and a high rate of emo- tional disturbance as well as differential use and availability of treatment modes and facilities by different social classes. Michael Harrington more dramatically made the same point and reached a still wider audience in his discussion of the impoverished in America (Harrington, 1964). He depicted mental illness as an important concomitant of poverty in this country. Following these studies, and undoubtedly in response to them, some mental health programs developed with the specific aim of reaching and serving low-income groups. A body of literature has developed, ex- emplified by The Mental Health of the Poor (Reissman, Cohen, & Pearl, 1964), that documents the failure of existing service delivery systems and treatment methods to meet the needs of the poor and describes new programs aimed at low-income clients. At the same time the community mental health movement, with its emphasis on serving total communities or in its jargon "catchment
Cardinality constrained Boolean quadratic polytope

We study the polyhedral structure of an integer programming formulation of the cardinality constrained Boolean quadratic problem. We give many facet-defining inequalities. The separation problems for these inequalities appear to be difficult, which explains, in part, the difficulty encountered in solving these problems via a branch-and-cut methodology. As a special case of these inequalities, we obtain some previously known inequalities for the equipartition problem.
ANTIFOUNDATIONALISM, LEADERSHIP, BLACK POLITICS

In the remarks that follow, I attempt to clarify and further to develop some of the key concepts and arguments that I set forth in In the Shadow of Du Bois (2009). Specifically, I respond to issues that Rogers Smith and Tommie Shelby address with regard to the relationship between elite and democratic politics; to questions that Smith and Cristina Beltran pose with regard to my “no-foundations” analysis of Black politics; and to a worry Smith presents with regard to my effort to reorient the critique of Black poverty from social theories framed by a technical interest in normalizing the behavior of the ghetto poor to an emancipatory interest in fostering the radical reform of an oppressive social order. I begin with Smith's criticisms and then turn to Shelby's and Beltran's essays.
Love and sex: polyamorous relationships are perceived more favourably than swinging and open relationships

Consensual non-monogamy (CNM) refers to romantic relationships in which all partners agree to engage in sexual, romantic and/or emotional relationships with others. Within the general framework of CNM, subtypes of relationships differ in the extent to which partners intend for love and emotional involvement to be a part of their multiple relationships (that is, some relationships may prioritise love over sex with multiple partners, or vice versa). The present study examined whether individuals were more likely to stigmatise relationships that: (i) focus on loving more than one person (which is characteristic of polyamory), (ii) focus on having sex without love (which is characteristic of swinging lifestyles), or (iii) involve having sex without love without a partner’s participation (which is characteristic of open relationships). In the present research, participants were assigned to read a definition of one of the three CNM relationship types (i.e. a swinging, polyamorous or open relationship) and to in...
On the concrete nature of human thinking: Content and context in analogical transfer.

Although the development of abstract knowledge and critical thinking skills has often been extolled as an ideal and as the goal of education (Nisbett et al., 1987), much research in problem solving and other cognitive endeavours points to the role that concrete information and examples play in thinking (Medin & Ross, 1989; Reeves & Weisberg, in press). We discuss the concrete vs abstract knowledge debate in terms of the use of analogies in problem solving and conclude that exemplar‐specific details of problems and the context in which problems are learned guide the transfer of a solution principle from one base problem to a target. The content of problems—what they are about—is often more important than the more abstract, schematic solution principle in influencing retrieval of base analogues (Holyoak & Koh, 1987; Keane, 1987; Ross, 1987) and mapping of the solution principle from base to target (Gentner & Toupin, 1986; Ross, 1987, 1989; Fong & Nisbett, 1991). It is suggested that learning abstract soluti...
Design, analyses, and model tests of an aeroelastically tailored lifting surface

Aeroelastic tailoring provides a measure of control over the interaction of aerodynamic loading and structural response during the design of composite lifting surfaces. A recent investigation involving the design, fabrication, and test of an aeroelastically tailored fighter wing was conducted to provide data for validating the design methodology. Three sets of composite wings with different design objectives were tested in addition to a set of rigid steel wings. The static aeroelastic tests featured the measurement of model forces, pressure distributions, and deflected shapes in the transonic regime. Test results are compared with analytical predictions and show significant aeroelastic benefits.
Identification of aromatic aldehydes in cigarette smoke and in tobacco

Abstract The following free phenolic aldehydes have been identified in the particulate phase of smoke from cigarettes: p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, m-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde. These aldehydes together with protocatechualdehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural have also been identified in the smoke from cigarettes prepared without the usual flavorings or other additives, and in the ether and ethyl acetate extracts of tobacco from cigarettes.
Fluorescent diffuse photon density waves in homogeneous and heterogeneous turbid media: analytic solutions and applications

We present analytic solutions for fluorescent diffuse photon density waves originating from fluorophores distributed in thick turbid media. Solutions are derived for a homogeneous turbid medium containing a uniform distribution of fluorophores and for a system that is homogeneous except for the presence of a single spherical inhomogeneity Generally the inhomogeneity has fluorophore concentration, and lifetime and optical properties that differ from those of the background. The analytic solutions are verified by numerical calculations and are used to determine the fluorophore lifetime and concentration changes required for the accurate detection of inhomogeneities in biologically relevant systems. The relative sensitivities of absorption and fluorescence methods are compared.
GENDER AND COLONIALISM: EXPANSION OR MARGINALIZATION?

Hardly two decades old, historians of gender and colonialism might well claim to have invented a whole new field of scholarship: gender and colonialism specialists draw as much of their intellectual inspiration from each other as they do from the nation- or region-bound fields in which they research and teach. As the field of gender and colonialism has developed and expanded, it has been faced with two significant challenges. One is whether the concerns of gender and colonial history have affected the concerns of older fields in history, such as economic, political, labour, and military histories; recent assessments of imperial history suggest that gender is considered a marginal category of analysis. Another challenge is how to define and study gender and colonialism so that it does not replicate the inequalities and hierarchies of colonialism, so that we study colonizing and colonized societies in equal measure.
Recovery from Radiation-Induced Delay of Cleavage in Gametes of Arbacia punctulata.

A decrease in delay of cleavage, when irradiated sperm fom Arbacia punctulata were allowed to lrecoverr inside eggs, occurred when cell division was interrupted by the removal of oxygen soon after fertilization. The recovery mechanisms in irradiated eggs of this species before and after fertilization have been compared and appear to differ.
Anchor points in DEA

Abstract Anchor points play an important role in DEA theory and application. They define the transition from the efficient frontier to the “free-disposability” portion of the boundary. Our objective is to use the geometrical properties of anchor points to design and test an algorithm for their identification. We focus on the variable returns to scale production possibility set; our results do not depend on any particular DEA LP formulation, primal/dual form or orientation. Tests on real and artificial data lead to unexpected insights into their role in the geometry of the DEA production possibility set.
Embodied Social Presence Theory

We discuss and reflect on the importance of embodiment, context, and spatial proximity as they pertain to the sense of presence obtained by individuals in virtual environments. We propose Embodied Social Presence (ESP) Theory, a theoretical framework that focuses on the embodied virtual representation (i.e., the avatar) as the nexus of activity in social interaction within virtual worlds. We review the literature on place and space, presence and embodiment and draw on theories of embodiment, feminism, and Activity Theory to frame our model. We propose that a social actor in a virtual environment derives meaning during interactions with his or her environment through actions, context, and tools and that the virtual body is a tool for mediating communication.
Interchangeability of expectation and differentiation of waiting times in GI/G/1 queues

Abstract A family of stable GI/G/1 queues, whose service time distributions depend on a real-valued parameter, θ, is considered. Let z n ( θω ) denote a realization of the waiting time of the n th customer in the θ-dependent queue, for a sample sequence ω in the underlying probability space. Let Z (θ) denote the expected value of waiting time in the θ-dependent queue, that is, the queue with the θ-dependent service time distribution. Under appropriate conditions, the following will be shown: (1) Z is a continuously differentiable function of θ; (2) for almost every ω, ∂z n ( θ , ω )/ ∂θ exists for every n =1,2,…, and as N →∞,∑ ∞ n =1 ( ∂z n ( θ , ω )/ ∂θ )/ N → ∂Z ( θ )/ ∂θ . These properties are important in simulation-based optimization of functions of θ, involving the average customer's waiting time in GI/G/1 queues.
Images in cardiovascular medicine. Right ventricular lead perforation presenting as left chest wall muscle stimulation.

An 83-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and 3-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting underwent implantation of a pacemaker (Medtronic EnPulse E2DR01) at an outside facility because he experienced recurrent syncope and an abnormal response to tilt table testing. Active fixation leads were implanted in the right atrium (Medtronic 5076-52) and right ventricle (Medtronic 5076-58). At the time of implantation, all lead parameters were within normal limits, and the right ventricular lead was positioned in the apex. Twelve days after the implantation, the patient developed intermittent left …