cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating shear into stochastic Eulerian–Lagrangian methods for rheological studies of complex fluids and soft materials

Abstract We develop computational methods that incorporate shear into fluctuating hydrodynamics methods. We are motivated by the rheological responses of complex fluids and soft materials. Our approach is based on continuum stochastic hydrodynamic equations that are subject to shear boundary conditions on the unit periodic cell in a manner similar to the Lees–Edwards conditions of molecular dynamics. Our methods take into account consistently the microstructure elastic mechanics, fluid–structure hydrodynamic coupling, and thermal fluctuations. For practical simulations, we develop numerical methods for efficient stochastic field generation that handle the sheared generalized periodic boundary conditions. We show that our numerical methods are consistent with fluctuation–dissipation balance and near-equilibrium statistical mechanics. As a demonstration in practice, we present several prototype rheological response studies. These include (i) shear thinning of a polymeric fluid, (ii) complex moduli for the oscillatory responses of a polymerized lipid vesicle, and (iii) aging under shear of a gel-like material.
Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein by a two-site immunoradiometric assay.

Abstract The two-site immunoradiometric assay (two-site IRMA) for the brain-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA protein) is carried out by reaction of the GFA protein solution with a solid-phase anti(GFA) followed by a second reaction in which the insoluble product is incubated with purified, radioactive anti-(GFA). Unreacted labeled antibodies remain in solution and are washed away. As the amount of GFA increases, the radioactivity in the solid-phase increases. The most significant assay variables include (a) stability and reactivity of the solid-phase antibody, (b) washing the solid-phase, (c) nonspecific interference by serum proteins, and (d) a paradoxical fall in tube radioactivity which occurs at high dose (the “high-dose hook effect”). The assay becomes more sensitive and precise and the serum effect is minimized when the solid-phase antibody is separated from the matrix by an immunoglobulin “spacer-arm”. For a triplicate determination, the minimal detectable dose averaged 73 pg 200 μ l incubation. The assay precision enables a 500-fold assay range. GFA activity found in aged crude tissue or tissue-culture extracts, CSF, and used tissueculture media, often did not appear to be immunologically identical to the purified standard GFA protein. This may be explained by the known tendency of GFA protein to aggregate. The assay does not cross-react significantly with other common CNS proteins. Assay of various rat tissues confirms the localization of GFA protein only to the CNS.
Further studies on renal hyperlipemia.

Summary1. Determinations of total lipids, total and free cholesterol were carried out in 3 patients subjected to unilateral nephrectomy. No hyperlipemia was observed.2. Total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids were determined in the serum of 6 patients with mercury bichloride poisoning. The values were normal or low.3. Daily intravenous infusions of equal parts of 5% glucose and saline solution in dogs after unilateral nephrectomy and subcutaneous injection of mercury bichloride had some influence on the post nephrectomy hyperlipemia.
ET INTERVIEW: PROFESSOR G.S. MADDALA

Over the last three decades, G.S. Maddala (universally known as “G.S.”) has been a familiar name to all doing econometric work. His substantial contributions to the discipline through numerous books and articles single him out as one of the most distinguished econometricians of our time. Because of his extraordinary ability to synthesize and exposit complex methodological results in simple intuitive terms, he has influenced econometric research in other areas of social science also. According to the Social Science Citation Index, G.S. has been one of the top five most cited econometricians during each of the years 1988–1993. He writes econometrics in plain English with a characteristic sense of wit and humor. There cannot be too many empirical economists around the world who have not been influenced by G.S.'s writings in some way or other. Often he has taken a critical look at evolving econometric techniques, particularly those that have no practical applications, and has not hesitated to go against the tide of the profession.
THE DISCOVERY OF MEANING THROUGH SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS FORMS OF INDWELLING

Abstract. Because of similarities between some implications of Michael Polanyi's theory of personal knowledge and intelligent design, claims have been made that his theory provides support to the project of intelligent design. This essay contends that, when Polanyi's reflections on a Ideological framework for contextualizing evolutionary biology are properly understood as a heuristic vision, his position contrasts sharply with the empirical claims made on behalf of intelligent design.
Modeling Osmotic Lysis of Cells by Antimicrobial Peptides: Transient Diffusion of Ions and Osmotically-driven Flow

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising new class of antibiotics that are believed to kill pathogens by permealizing their cell membranes. We present a model for the transient transport that takes place in a bacterial cell as a result of exposure to high concentrations of protegrin, a particularly potent AMP found in porcine leukocytes. In particular, we focus on the efflux of potassium, the decay of the transmembrane potential, and the volume changes associated with osmotic flow across the membrane, all of which are coupled phenomena. The model that we employ is based on the classic nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach for transport of solutes across permeable membranes, commonly referred to as Kedem-Katchalsky formalism. In our model, the cellular interior and the exterior bath are assumed to be well-mixed compartments, separated by a thin homogeneous membrane region. Overall mass balances on each diffusing species and an overall volume balance yield a tractable set of initial-value, ordinary differential equations; some complexities arise in the modeling of the electrostatic potential and the hydrostatic pressure differences across the membrane. The model parameters that relate to membrane properties appear as parameters in the flux expressions. This work allows us to investigate the timeline of events that follow protegrin treatment leading to cell death, as well as assessing the role of osmotic lysis as a mechanism of action for antimicrobial peptides.
Evaluation of the calcifying characteristics of biological fluids and inhibitors of calcification.

The calcifying activities of biological fluids can be measured,in vitro andin vivo, by their ability to reharden softened blocks of tooth enamel. The activity is expressed in terms of the calcium (and phosphate) concentrations of synthetic calcifying solutions of known concentration and activity. A typical human plasma had an activity corresponding to that of a solution of the following concentration: calcium, 0.70 mM; Ca/P, 1.67 and fluoride, 0.05 mM. The relatively low activity of serums and plasmas was shown to arise from the presence of a number of ionic inhibitors. Pyrophosphate ion is one such inhibitor but cannot account for the major inhibition. Both anionic and cationic inhibitors were shown to be present, with the cations respresenting the major portion. The following ions at their reported physiological concentration were shown to be inhibitors in synthetic systems: P7O 7 4− , HCO 3 − , SiO 4 2− , CrO 4 2− , Mg2+, Zn2+. In combination, these ions caused a total inhibition similar to those for plasmas.
Acceptation et observance à long terme du traitement par pression positive continue

Resume Introduction L’observance du traitement par pression positive continue (PPC) est un element determinant de la prise en charge du syndrome d’apnees du sommeil (SAS). Cette observance au long cours est relativement peu etudiee. Methode La probabilite de poursuite a long terme de la PPC a ete evaluee retrospectivement selon une technique d’analyse de survie chez 252 patients appareilles dans les suites d’un depistage de 472 patients durant les annees 2002 et 2003. Resultats Vingt-huit patients presentant des criteres de traitement ont refuse d’emblee la PPC. La duree moyenne de suivi des 252 patients traites etait de 76,9 ± 46,4 mois, au cours desquels 38 patients sont decedes et 75 ont ete desappareilles. Les 136 patients qui poursuivaient le traitement utilisaient la PPC en moyenne 7,4 ± 1,6 h par jour. La probabilite de poursuite du traitement etait de 71 % a 5 ans et de 68 % a 10 ans. La severite du SAS etait un facteur predictif d’acceptation a long terme de la PPC avec un taux d’acceptation a 10 ans de 82 % en cas d’index apnees-hypopnees > 60 contre 68 % en cas d’index entre 30 et 60, et a 44 % en cas d’index Conclusion Le traitement par PPC est globalement bien accepte a long terme avec une probabilite de poursuivre le traitement de 68 % a 10 ans, notamment dans le groupe de patients les plus severes. L’observance quotidienne a long terme est tres satisfaisante.
A comparison of muscle relaxation and electromyogram biofeedback treatments for muscle contraction headache

Abstract The separate and combined effects of muscle relaxation and biofeedback in the treatment of muscle contraction headaches were examined. The results indicate that a muscle relaxation treatment, and a combined muscle relaxation and biofeedback treatment were equally more effective than either a biofeedback treatment alone or a no-treatment control in reducing headache frequency. Further, both the muscle relaxation treatment, and the combined muscle relaxation and biofeedback treatment were significantly more effective in reducing headache duration than the biofeedback treatment. However, with regard to headache severity, the combined treatment was the only procedure to be significantly more effective than the no-treatment control.
The Emotional Impact and Behavioral Consequences of Post-M&A Integration: An Ethnographic Case Study in the Software Industry:

This ethnographic case study has focused in depth on one type of acquisition, that of two small, young firms (each with less than 2,000 employees and less than ten years in operation) acquired by one company in the software development industry based in the United States. The underlying research extends understanding of postacquisition integration by (I) offering new insights into why actors become so intransigent about preserving their self-and group identity, especially in situations of major organizational change; (2) illustrating how seeking socio-emotional support from one's in-group may actually lead to perverse, unintended consequences for both the individual and the organization-level goal of integration; and (3) through the "emic" perspective adopted in this ethnographic research, the findings extend thinking in a number of theoretical realms, illuminating the complexities of postmerger integration by demonstrating how social identity, emotions, the appraisal process, and coping strategies both motivate and constrain human behavior.
Vibrationally mediated photodissociation of ammonia: product angular distributions from adiabatic and nonadiabatic dissociation

Velocity map ion imaging of H atoms from the photodissociation of vibrationally excited ammonia molecules measures the angular distribution of the fragments from dissociation of the excited state symmetric N–H stretch (11) and the antisymmetric N–H stretch (31). For the symmetric stretching state, the high rotational energy NH2 fragments recoil with an angular distribution whose maximum is parallel to the polarization direction of the lasers, and the low rotational energy fragments recoil with a perpendicular angular distribution. This behavior is similar to that observed for photodissociation from the origin (00) but with a larger range in the anisotropy parameter (β 2) caused by additional alignment in the two-photon excitation. The dissociation through the excited state antisymmetric N–H stretch produces primarily electronically excited products ( ). The initial alignment of molecules in the antisymmetric stretching state is a combination of perpendicular alignment from the vibrational excitation and p...
Building local environmental knowledge in undergraduates with experiential wilderness skills and awareness training: the case of environmental sentinels

Undergraduates in environmental studies and sciences today receive an increasingly global education but often suffer from a lack of knowledge about their local environment. As a result, they often have an unclear sense of their place in the ecosystems they will soon be called on to manage. We developed a course to address these related problems called Environmental Sentinels, which integrates experiential wilderness skills and awareness training with subject matter about local natural history, ecology, and environmental management. We used mixed methods to ascertain the potential in this approach for local environmental knowledge transmission and transformation in students' relationships with their local environment. Pre-and post-tests addressing local ecology, natural hazards, land use, and skills show that this course effectively delivers local environmental knowledge. Mean (n = 48) scores increased threefold over the course of the semester. These quantitative results complement more ample qualitative results in a case study conducted from 2008 through 2011 that illustrates the specific activities, assignments, and pedagogical techniques by which the course fosters local environmental knowledge and personal transformation. This study demonstrates great promise in wilderness awareness training for transformative learning in environmental studies and sciences. Nevertheless, this approach faces some key instructional and administrative challenges regarding academic rigor, expertise, resources, and risk that should be addressed in future applications.
Abstract 4970: The role of POU5F1B in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA POU5F1B is the one of the pseudogenes of POU5F1 (also known as Oct3, Oct4) with protein-coding potential. It is localized on chromosome 8q24.21, inside of the 1.2 Mb “gene desert” between the FAM84B and the c-MYC gene, which is closely associated with prostate cancer risk. Recent studies shown that POU5F1B, but not POU5F1, is expressed in prostate tissue and is overexpressed in prostatic carcinoma, compared to normal prostatic tissue surrounding the carcinoma. However, the role of POU5F1B in prostate cancer is still unknown. Through in silico analysis of dataset HG-U95A, we found that POU5F1B expression is increased in prostate tumor and markedly increased in metastatic tumors. Western blot analysis revealed a marked increase in POU5F1B expression in prostate cancer cells when compared to non-tumorigenic RWPE-1 cells. To study the role of POU5F1B in prostate cancer, we cloned POU5F1B from prostate cancer cells, sequenced the amplicons, and found several polymorphism. We made pCDH-myc-POU5F1B constructs and expressed POU5F1B in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3. Prostate cancer cell lines that ectopically overexpress POU5F1B form dramatically fewer cell-cell junctions and exhibit significantly increased invasiveness in vitro. Further, we found that E-Cadherin expression is downregulated in DU145-POU5F1B cells. Methylation of the E- Cadherin locus is increased in DU145-POU5F1B cells and methyltransferase inhibitors can partially restore E-Cadherin expression. These data collectively suggest an important role of POU5F1B in prostate tumor progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Hongmei Jiang, Man-Tzu Wang, Daotai Nie. The role of POU5F1B in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4970. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4970
Human papillomaviruses and anogenital cancers.

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the cervix (cervical cancer) has long been known to have all the epidemiologic characteristics of a sexually transmitted infectious disease. Annually, there are about 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer worldwide, and most of these are in nations with few resources. It is now established that cervical cancer is caused by infection of the genital tract with one of about a dozen sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPVs).1 Cervical cancer may well be the first major human neoplasm for which we have identified a single, necessary etiologic factor. Both epidemiologic and laboratory studies support this conclusion. In all . . .
Pseudomonas osteochondritis complicating puncture wounds of the foot in children

Puncture wounds of the foot in children become infected in only 3% to 15% of initial injuries. Typically, the earliest infections seen complicating nail puncture wounds are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and various species of Streptococcus. Osteochondritis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative enteric organisms is the second most common infection. A well-established correlation exists between puncture wounds to the foot through a tennis shoe and osteochondritis approximately 7 to 14 days from the time of the injury. However, puncture wounds to the foot associated with other types of shoes, and even with bare feet, have been described. The appropriate management for Pseudomonas osteochondritis complicating foot wounds in children is effective surgical debridement of all infected and necrotic tissue, removal of any foreign body, and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The overall complications from nail puncture wounds to the foot are related more to the initial injury than to infection when effective surgical/medical management is instituted.
SLAM - vectorized calculation of refraction and reflection for a Gaussian beam at a nonlinear interface in the presence of a diffusive Kerr-like nonlinearity

Abstract Title of program: SLAM Catalogue number: ABBT Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue) Computer: Cray X-MP/48 Operating system: CTSS Programming language: FORTRAN 77 Storage required: 572000 (octal) bytes Number of lines: 1107 Number of FORTRAN statements: 544
How resources and encounters affect the distribution of foraging activity in a seed-harvesting ant

We examined how the foraging ecology of the seed-harvesting ant Messor andrei depends upon the distribution of resources and the presence of conspecifics. Bait experiments showed that colonies can recruit to high-density patches of seeds. However, at the seasonal scale, natural resource distribution did not affect the distribution of foraging activity. We conducted the study in years of high rainfall and thus seed availability may not have been a limiting factor. Colonies always preferred to forage in areas closer to their nest, which may reduce travel time between the nest and foraging sites. On a day-to-day scale, encounters between neighboring colonies at a site increased the probability that colonies would return to forage at that site; this was true both for natural and experimental encounters. In the summer, this resulted in colonies foraging at the sites of intraspecific encounters on more days than in areas where no encounter had occurred. Encounters between colonies included fighting, and there was little overlap between the foraging areas of neighboring colonies: both results suggest that one function of encounters is to defend foraging space. The high probability of return to the site of an encounter between colonies suggests that encounters may have a second function: to indicate the presence of resources.
Accuracy and Speed of Electronic Health Record Versus Paper-Based Ophthalmic Documentation Strategies

Purpose To compare accuracy and speed of keyboard and mouse electronic health record (EHR) documentation strategies with those of a paper documentation strategy. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Three documentation strategies were developed: (1) keyboard EHR, (2) mouse EHR, and (3) paper. Ophthalmology trainees recruited for the study were presented with 5 clinical cases and documented findings using each strategy. For each case-strategy pair, findings and documentation time were recorded. Accuracy of each strategy was calculated based on sensitivity (fraction of findings in actual case that were documented by subject) and positive ratio (fraction of findings identified by subject that were present in the actual case). Results Twenty subjects were enrolled. A total of 258 findings were identified in the 5 cases, resulting in 300 case-strategy pairs and 77 400 possible total findings documented. Sensitivity was 89.1% for the keyboard EHR, 87.2% for mouse EHR, and 88.6% for the paper strategy (no statistically significant differences). The positive ratio was 99.4% for the keyboard EHR, 98.9% for mouse EHR, and 99.9% for the paper strategy (P Conclusions No documentation strategy was perfectly accurate in this study. Documentation speed for both EHR strategies was slower than with paper. Further studies involving total physician time requirements for ophthalmic EHRs are required.
Inhibition of cathepsin B and papain by peptidyl α-keto esters, α-keto amides, α-diketones, and α-keto acids

Abstract A series of peptidyl α-keto esters, α-keto amides, α-keto acids, and α-diketones were synthesized which reversibly inhibit papain and cathepsin B. Methyl 3-( N -benzyloxycarbonyl - l - phenylalanyl)amino-2-oxopro-pionate (a dicarbonyl compound) inhibits papain with a k i value of 1 μ m , whereas the K i of 3-( N -acetyl- l -phenylalanyl)aminopropanone (a monocarbonyl compound) is 1.5 m m (M. R. Bendall et al. , 1979. Eur. J. Biochem. 79, 201–209). Both carbonyl groups are required for effective inhibition. Extension of these inhibitors by addition of P′ substituents (e.g., hexyl) does not affect the K i for papain, but reduces K i for cathepsin B 33-fold. For these two enzymes slow binding inhibition was observed with slow on rates ( k on , 5.2 × 10 2 M −1 s −1 for papain, and 2.7 × 10 3 m − s − for cathepsin B). Addition of a P 3 substituent (glycine) has no effect on K i . We propose that the mechanism of inhibition involves the formation of a hemithioketal by addition of the active-site thiol to the carbonyl group of the inhibitor closer to the N-terminus. The hemithioketal intermediate is most likely stabilized by the electron withdrawing effect of the second carbonyl group.
Quantification of apolipoproteins in rat serum and in cultured rat hepatocytes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to measure apolipoproteins in rat serum. Nondelipidated whole serum was heat-treated at 52°C for 3 h in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.1% Tween-20 before assay. Monospecific rabbit anti-rat apolipoprotein antibodies were added to 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates which had been coated with purified rat serum apolipoproteins or unknown samples. After incubation and washing, goat anti-rabbit serum antibodies conjugated with hoseradish peroxidase were added to the plates and incubated. The bound peroxidase activity was assayed after further washing. Serum apolipoprotein concentrations were calculated by comparison against purified standards that were assayed simultaneously with the unknown samples. The intraassay coefficients of variation for apolipoprotein AI, E, and AIV (Apo AI, E, and AIV) were 2.3, 4.4, and 5.3%, and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.1, 5.5, and 7.9%, respectively. THe ELISA assay is sensitive to nanogram quantities of rat serum apolipoproteins and the results agree well with those measured by densitometry. The serum concentrations of Apo AI, E, and AIV of a normal fed rat were found to be 504 ± 8, 413 ± 20, and 262 ± 20 μg/ml, respectively. When cultured as monolayers in Waymouth's medium for 1 day, rat hepatocytes secreted Apo AI, E, and AIV at rates of 2.51, 61.8, and 48.9 ng protein/mg cell protein/h.
Whatever Happened to Learning

Twenty-five years ago, when I began my career in higher education, it seemed to me that adult students started or went back to college because they wanted to learn. Either they felt something missi...
Finite rotations of a rigid body and the airplane landing-gear problem

Abstract The hinge axis for an airplane landing gear frequently is determined graphically. Alternative the solution by vectors is more general and can be made with more precision in less time. The methods described here also apply to the deployment from launch configuration to the cruise configuration of antennas and various sensors on a space craft. In addition, the application of vectors to these problems elucidates relationships between rigid body components of spatial configurations. Rodrigues' formula, for which an unfamiliar proof is given, and solutions of the vector equation A × U = B, are the principal techniques on which the analysis is based. A numerical example is included.
Asymmetric and symmetric stem-cell divisions in development and cancer

Much has been made of the idea that asymmetric cell division is a defining characteristic of stem cells that enables them to simultaneously perpetuate themselves (self-renew) and generate differentiated progeny. Yet many stem cells can divide symmetrically, particularly when they are expanding in number during development or after injury. Thus, asymmetric division is not necessary for stem-cell identity but rather is a tool that stem cells can use to maintain appropriate numbers of progeny. The facultative use of symmetric or asymmetric divisions by stem cells may be a key adaptation that is crucial for adult regenerative capacity.
Effect of extrinsic mortality on the evolution of senescence in guppies

Classical theories1,2 for the evolution of senescence predict that organisms that experience low mortality rates attributable to external factors, such as disease or predation, will evolve a later onset of senescence. Here we use patterns of senescence in guppies derived from natural populations that differ in mortality risk to evaluate the generality of these predictions. We have previously found that populations experiencing higher mortality rates evolve earlier maturity and invest more in reproduction, as predicted by evolutionary theory3. We report here that these same populations do not have an earlier onset of senescence with respect to either mortality or reproduction but do with respect to swimming performance, which assesses neuromuscular function. This mosaic pattern of senescence challenges the generality of the association between decreased extrinsic mortality and delayed senescence and invites consideration of more derived theories for the evolution of senescence.
Stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by trans-(±)-ACPD is greatly enhanced when astrocytes are cultured in a serum-free defined medium

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that astrocytes have much greater abilities to produce and respond to signalling molecules in the CNS than had been previously estimated. We now report a dramatic enhancement in the ability of a glutamate metabotropic receptor agonist, 1-aminocyclopentane-trans-(±)-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-(±)-ACPD, to stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in astrocytes cultured in a serum-free defined medium compared with astrocytes cultured in conventional serum-containing medium (43.2±3.6 vs. 3.2±0.48-fold of basa respectively). This enhancement was selective to trans-(±)-ACPD as little or no difference in the response to carbachol or norepinephrine was seen between the two culture conditions. These results indicate a great potential for the phosphoinositide pathway in astrocyte glutamatergic signal transduction.
Climate change and the ecophysiological response of Arctic lichens

Under field conditions of optimal water hydration, lichen photosynthesis is primarily light-limited and nitrogen fixation is temperature-limited in both Peltigera canina and Stereocaulon tomentosum at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Thus, where duration of optimal hydration conditions remains unchanged from the present-day climate, the anticipated temperature increases in the Arctic may enhance nitrogen fixation in these lichens more than carbon gain. Because nitrogen frequently limits productivity in Arctic ecosystems, the results are potentially important to the many Arctic and subarctic ecosystems in which such lichens are abundant.
A rib-containing free flap to reconstruct mandibular defects

A composite free flap based on intercostal vessels may be used to reconstruct in one stage defects around the mandible in which skin, soft tissue and bone are missing. A delay procedure is recommended one week prior to transfer.
Dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmental area modulate male sexual behavior in rats

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine tract is considered to be a substrate for motivation and reward as well as for locomotor behavior. The present experiments assessed the role of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the source of this tract, in the copulatory behavior of male rats. The dopamine agonist apomorphine or the dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol were microinjected into the VTA immediately before sexual behavior tests with a receptive female. Apomorphine delayed the onset of copulation and slowed its rate, presumably by stimulating somatodendritic autoreceptors and thereby decreasing the firing rate of VTA neurons. Control injections of apomorphine into the substantia nigra were without effect. cis-Flupenthixol, which would have blocked autoreceptors and thereby depolarized VTA neurons, shortened the latency to begin copulating in those animals that did copulate; however, fewer animals exhibited sexual behavior. One possible explanation for the apparently contradictory effects of cis-flupenthixol may be that VTA neurons increased their rate of firing in some animals, leading to a faster onset of copulation, but that in other animals depolarization block in a substantial number of neurons resulted in a lack of copulation. These results are consistent with a contribution of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine tract to motivational and/or motor aspects of male copulatory behavior.
Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-1α and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Protein 1 in Ileal Tissues of Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is associated with high levels of morbidity, decreased production, and early culling in dairy cattle. Clinical symptoms of Johne's disease include persistent diarrhea, inappetence, and resultant weight loss due to chronic inflammation of the small intestine. Although the presence or absence of intestinal lesions cannot be used as a definitive indicator of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, most infected cattle exhibit significant changes to intestinal mucosa, with the focus of pathology surrounding the ileal cecal junction. Typical pathology of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection includes inflammation, thickening of the lumenal wall, and hyperplasia in draining lymph nodes. To further understand the pathology of Johne's disease, we compared the gene expression profiles of ileal tissues from Johne's disease-positive (n = 6), and Johne's disease-negative (n = 5) Holstein cattle. Gene expression profiles were compared with a bovine total leukocyte (BOTL-3) cDNA microarray. Genes that were expressed at significantly higher levels (>1.5-fold; P < 0.05) in tissues from Johne's disease-infected animals relative to noninfected animals included those encoding tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAF1), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), MCP-2, N-cadherin, and β1 integrin (CD29). Dramatic upregulation of IL-1α (21.5-fold) and TRAF1 (27.5-fold) gene expression in tissues of Johne's disease-positive cows relative to tissues from control cows was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analysis confirmed that IL-1α and TRAF1 mRNA levels resulted in increased protein expression in tissues of Johne's disease-positive cattle relative to tissues from control cattle. High levels of IL-1α can produce symptoms similar to those found in clinical Johne's disease. Taken together, the data presented in this report suggest that many outward symptoms of Johne's disease may be due to IL-1α toxicity. In addition, enhanced levels of TRAF1 could result in cells within the lesions of Johne's disease-positive cattle that are highly resistant to TNF-α-induced signaling.
Errors in Dielectric Measurements Due to a Sample Insertion Hole in a Cavity

The measurement of complex permittivities of isotropic media at microwave frequencies is performed with high precision by means of cylindrical cavity resonators. However, a hole in the cavity wall, for inserting the sample causes a frequency pulling of the resonator, which in turn introduces an error in the measured dielectric constant. These effects are measured, and with perturbation theory as a guide, correction factors are developed.
Interaction of microwaves and a temporally incoherent magnetic field on spatial learning in the rat

The effect of a temporally incoherent magnetic field ('noise') on microwave-induced spatial learning deficit in the rat was investigated. Rats were trained in six sessions to locate a submerged platform in a circular water maze. Four treatment groups of rats were studied: microwave-exposure (2450-MHz continuous-wave microwaves, power density 2 mW/cm(2), average whole-body specific absorption rate 1.2 W/kg), 'noise' exposure (60 mG), 'microwave+noise' exposure, and sham exposure. Animals were exposed to these conditions for 1 h immediately before each training session. One hour after the last training session, animals were tested in a 2-min probe trial in the maze during which the platform was removed. The time spent during the 2 min in the quadrant of the maze in which the platform had been located was scored. Results show that microwave-exposed rats had significant deficit in learning to locate the submerged platform when compared with the performance of the sham-exposed animals. Exposure to 'noise' alone did not significantly affect the performance of the animals (i.e., it was similar to that of the sham-exposed rats). However, simultaneous exposure to 'noise' significantly attenuated the microwave-induced spatial learning deficit (i.e. 'microwave+noise'-exposed rats learned significantly better than the microwave-exposed rats). During the probe trial, microwave-exposed animals spent significantly less time in the quadrant where the platform was located. However, response of the 'microwave+noise'-exposed animals was similar to that of the sham-exposed animals during the probe trial. Thus, simultaneous exposure to a temporally incoherent magnetic field blocks microwave-induced spatial learning and memory deficits in the rat.
Group Sunspot Numbers: Sunspot Cycle Characteristics

We examine the "Group" sunspot numbers constructed by Hoyt and Schatten to determine their utility in characterizing the solar activity cycle. We compare smoothed monthly Group Sunspot Numbers to Zurich (International) Sunspot Numbers, 10.7-cm radio flux, and total sunspot area. We find that the Zurich numbers follow the 10.7-cm radio flux and total sunspot area measurements slightly better than the Group numbers. We examine several significant characteristics of the sunspot cycle using both Group numbers and Zurich numbers. We find that the "Waldmeier Effect" - the anti-correlation between cycle amplitude and the elapsed time between minimum and maximum of a cycle - is much more apparent in the Zurich numbers. The "Amplitude-Period Effect" the anti-correlation between cycle amplitude and the length of the previous cycle from minimum to minimum - is also much more apparent in the Zurich numbers. The "Amplitude-Minimum Effect" - the correlation between cycle amplitude and the activity level at the previous (onset) minimum is equally apparent in both the Zurich numbers and the Group numbers. The "Even-Odd Effect" - in which odd-numbered cycles are larger than their even-numbered precursors - is somewhat stronger in the Group numbers but with a tighter relationship in the Zurich numbers. The "Secular Trend" - the increase in cycle amplitudes since the Maunder Minimum - is much stronger in Group numbers. After removing this trend we find little evidence for multi-cycle periodicities like the 80 year Gleissberg cycle or the two- and three-cycle periodicities. We also find little evidence for a correlation between the amplitude of a cycle and its period or for a bimodal distribution of cycle periods. We conclude that the Group numbers are most useful for extending the sunspot cycle data further back in time and thereby adding more cycles and improving the statistics. However, the Zurich numbers are more useful for characterizing the on-going levels of solar activity.
The Promenade Plantée: Politics, Planning, and Urban Design in Postindustrial Paris

This essay examines the Promenade Plantee in the context of the broader effort to remake Paris for a Postindustrial Age. It traces the political, social, and economic forces that shaped the Promena...
Are objects required for object-files? Roles of segmentation and spatiotemporal continuity in computing object persistence

Two central tasks of visual processing are (1) to segment undifferentiated retinal images into discrete objects, and (2) to represent those objects as the same persisting individuals over time and motion. Here we explore the interaction of these two types of processing in the context of object files—mid-level visual representations that “stick” to moving objects on the basis of spatiotemporal properties. Object files can be revealed by object-specific preview benefits (OSPBs), wherein a “preview” of information on a moving object speeds the recognition of that information at a later point when it appears again on the same object (compared to when it reappears on a different moving object), beyond display-wide priming. Here we explore the degree of segmentation required to establish object files in the first place. Surprisingly, we find that no explicit segmentation is required until after the previews disappear, when using purely motion-defined objects (consisting of random elements on a random background...
Valuing Conflicting Public Information About a New Technology: The Case of Irradiated Foods

Scientists and advocates can disagree on the value of new products or technologies, such as growth hormones, genetically modified organisms, and food irradiation. Both sides of the debate disseminate information to the public hoping to influence public opinion. This study assesses the economic value of both pro and anti public information using food irradiation as a case study. The value of information sources is estimated in isolation and in combination. In isolation, the results indicate each set of information has value. In combination, only the anti-irradiation information is found to have net positive value (persuading some consumers to purchase non-irradiated products). Pro-irradiation information worked to decrease the value of anti-irradiation information by 68% per person.
Opportunities in Resident Education

As opposed to the highly structured educational process of college and medical school, education of the surgical resident can be more challenging in that it must occur simultaneous with patient care responsibilities. Maintaining balance between service and education can be difficult, and surgical educators must guide residents down this often narrow path. Just as there are diverse opportunities for faculty to participate in research within a department, so are the opportunities for participating in resident education. Whether in the operating room, on wards, or in formal didactic sessions, educational opportunities exist in all aspects of a surgical faculty’s day. This chapter summarizes the opportunities for resident education and discusses some of the benefits and barriers commonly encountered.
Toward a Taxonomy of Loanword Prosody

Building on previous works (e.g. Kubozono 2006, and Kang 2010), this article attempts to establish a taxonomy for loanword prosody, referring specifically to the patterns of stress, tone, or pitch-accent that are found in loanwords. Toward a taxonomy, we consider the following factors: (i) whether the pronunciation of the word in the source language influences the assignment of prosody in the borrowing language; (ii) whether prosody assignment is aided by rules (or constraints) that are specific to loanwords; and (iii) whether segmental features or suprasegmental features play a role. Exemplification of languages instantiating the taxonomy will be provided with discussion regarding issues that arise from the proposed taxonomy.
Effect of Salts and Organic Solvents on the Activity of Halobacterium cutirubrum Catalase

Catalase in extracts of the extreme halophile Halobacterium cutirubrum exhibits up to threefold stimulation by 0.5 to 1.5 m monovalent salts and by 0.1 m divalent salts. Above these concentrations, inhibition of enzyme activity is observed. The inhibitory effect, and to some extent the stimulation, is salt-specific; the effectiveness of a salt in inhibiting enzyme activity depends on both cation and anion. Thus, the order of effectiveness is MgCl(2) > LiCl > NaCl > KCl > NH(4)Cl, and LiCl > LiNO(3) > Li(2)SO(4). The magnitude of enzyme inhibition for the salts tested is positively correlated with their molar vapor pressure depression in aqueous solution. Stimulation of enzyme activity was observed when one salt was added at its optimal concentration in the presence of inhibiting concentrations of another salt, indicating that the effect on the enzyme is not due to changing water activity but probably to enzyme-salt interaction. Aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol, glycerol, and dimethyl sulfoxide containing no ions influence enzyme activity in the same manner as do salts.
A measurement study determining the effect of Internet eXchange points on popular webservers

Internet exchange points (IXPs) are an upcoming and essential component of the Internet infrastructure exhibiting numerous effects on various aspects of Internet topology and packet routing. While IXPs have been shown to play a major role in the evolution of the Internet topology, there has been little prior work in determining their effect on packet routing across the Internet. This paper presents a step forward in this regard by presenting initial measurements and results obtained from studying how IXPs affect routes to the most popular websites across the world. The main focus of our measurements are in determining the bandwidth availability of links along a route traversing an IXP and the corresponding effect on end-to-end latencies. We observe the presence of occasional bandwidth bottlenecks located at the IXP routers/switches along a path resulting in higher queuing delays which in-turn lead to a greater probability of congestion losses occurring downstream from the IXP. However, end-to-end latencies on IXP paths are lesser than non-IXP paths suggesting that gains made by bypassing the Internet backbone altogether through the establishment of peering relationships at the exchange points does in-fact lead to more efficient packet routing across the Internet.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum and development of z lines in skeletal muscle fibers of fetal and postnatal rats

In electron microscope examinations of leg muscles from fetal and postnatal rats the development of SR tubules precedes the development of Z lines and the formation of fibrils, thus showing that a function of SR in Z line development is possible. Early stages of fibril formation reveal very small Z lines (0.06 μ thick) which are encircled by SR tubules separated from the Z lines by a space about 100 A wide, and this space is traversed by electron-opaque strands which appear to be connections between SR tubules and Z lines. The encircling SR tubules are observed from the beginning to the completion of Z line development. The small Z lines contain dense lines transversely oriented between thin filament tips that resemble transversely oriented dense lines found in fully developed Z lines. It is concluded that Z line enlargement involves growth in circumference of encircling SR tubules as the tubules incorporate additional layers of thin filament tips. It is suggested that the substance represented by electronopaque strands connecting SR tubules and Z lines might provide precursors for the substance represented by transversely oriented dense lines between thin filament tips.
Dynamic characteristics of high speed p-substrate GaInAsP buried crescent lasers

A detailed behavior of 1.3- mu m GaInAsP p-substrate buried-crescent lasers emitting maximum output powers of more than 30 mW/facet is discussed. A 3-dB modulation bandwidth of 11.5 GHz, and relative intensity noise level of approximately -145 dB/Hz were observed at 5 I/sub th/. The two-tone intermodulation distortion was more than 30 dB below the 9-GHz subcarriers for a current modulation index of approximately 40%. >
Characterization of the Human Insulin Receptor Solubilized from Cultured Fibroblast and Erythrocyte Cell Membrane Preparations

Human insulin receptors have been partially purified from cultured diploid fibroblasts and from erythrocytes. Cell membrane fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation and solubilized with Triton ×-100. Gel filtration chromatography of the 45,000 × g pellet yielded a single sharp peak of binding activity with an apparent molecular weight of 370,000. Solubilized receptor preparations showed binding affinity, pH optimum, and analog specificity similar to those for whole cells. These data indicate that insulin receptors may be isolated from readily obtainable normal human cells. In the case of the fibro-blast, the system has the potential for the coordinated study of insulin receptor biochemistry and insulin action. (J Clin Endo-crinolMetab 52: 17, 1981)
Applying the precautionary principle to ocean shipments of radioactive materials

A new regime is emerging to govern the sea transport of ultrahazardous materials such as plutonium and high‐level nuclear wastes. Building on the precautionary principle and on provisions in the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention and the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the International Maritime Organization are developing instruments that confirm the requirements of prior consultation on routes and emergencies and the preparation of environmental impact assessments. State practice, as reflected in the complaints voiced during the 1992 shipment of plutonium and the 1995 shipment of vitrified high‐level wastes from France to Japan, and in the acquiescence of the vessels to these complaints, indicates that the countries involved in and affected by these shipments already understand and accept the emergence of this new regime.