cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myths and Realities of Raising Children and Creating Family Life in a Rural County

The purpose of this study is to examine the myths that surround rural areas and the expectations parents have of family life based on residence in a rural Michigan county. In face-to-face interviews with rural parents, we find that expectations for the creation and maintenance of family life are often at odds with the economic, political, and material conditions of rural living. Yet, parents adhere to myths about self-sufficiency, safety, family life, and community solidarity, myths that are separate and distinct from beliefs and perceptions they have of what family would be in an urban area. Myths about rural places are incorporated into parents' perceptions of their family life. Parents' perceptions are shaped by farm or nonfarm rural residence, whether they grew up in a rural or urban area, and whether or not they have other family or kin that live in the same rural county.
Strategies to Control Nonpoint Source Water Pollution

: Strategies for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution are discussed in terms of three representative states and eighteen regional agencies. The programs in Virginia, New York, and Wisconsin are seen to exhibit control options which range from voluntary action to strict regulation. Four conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, nonpoint sources of pollution are a major component of the overall water pollution problem in the three states. Second, technical controls are generally available to solve the problems. Third, existing controls programs are not necessarily technologically sound or cost effective. Finally, existing control programs are capable of instituting solutions to the problems if and only if specified actions take place within the respective states and regions in the future. Critical research needs are identified which will assist states and regions in developing cost effective programs to control nonpoint source pollution.
An Exploratory Study of the Validity of Visual Fit Assessment From Three-Dimensional Scans

3D scans are considered to be potentially useful visual analysis tool, but there have been few studies regarding the validity of 3D scans as a tool for visual analysis. We investigated this by comp...
Conflict Tactics and the Level of Emotional Commitment Among Unmarrieds

The responses of 690 college students were analyzed to determine if the level of emotional commitment in their relationship affected the type of conflict tactics used. Significant differences were found between the lowest level and higher levels of commitment for the Reasoning and the Verbal Aggression subscales while no differences were found among the levels of commitment based on the Violence subscale. The Reasoning score increased significantly at the point when the subject became emotionally attached to his or her partner. Also, females reported significantly higher Reasoning and Verbal Aggression scores than did the males. The study indicated that at the point the subjects decide that their partner was a potential mate, major distortions occurred in how the subjects view the partners' conflict tactics behaviors. This period of distortion is referred to as the period of partner idolization and its impact on both the respondent's and their partner's behavior is discussed.
Electric propulsion with the sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor: model and approach

In this paper, a rotor position estimator for the sensorless permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is developed. The proposed approach exploits the time-scale separation between the electrical and mechanical time constant of the PMSM to formulate a linear observer. The observer produces accurate rotor angle estimates in steady-state and transient, and is attractive for electric propulsion applications due to its independence from mechanical parameters such as load torque, inertia, and friction. The sensorless strategy is well-suited to the nonsaturating slotless PMSM, but the demonstrated robustness of the observer to modeling uncertainties allows for application to slotted construction as well. Experiments are conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Elevated disgust sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy: Evidence supporting the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis

Abstract By motivating avoidance of contaminants, the experience of disgust guards against disease. Because behavioral prophylaxis entails time, energy, and opportunity costs, Fessler and Navarrete [ Evol. Hum. Behav. 24 (2003) 406–417] hypothesized that disgust sensitivity is adjusted as a function of immunocompetence. Changes in immune functioning over the course of pregnancy offer an opportunity to test this notion. Relative to later stages, the first trimester of pregnancy involves substantial suppression of the maternal immune response, and both maternal and fetal vulnerability to pathogens are greatest during this phase; food-borne illnesses, in particular, pose a threat during the first trimester. Using a Web-based survey of 496 pregnant women, we compared participants in the first trimester with those in later stages of pregnancy. Results reveal heightened disgust sensitivity in the first trimester, notably including disgust sensitivity in the food domain. This pattern is not simply a consequence of elevated nausea during the first trimester, as, although disgust sensitivity and current level of nausea are correlated, first trimester women remain more easily disgusted in the food domain even after controlling for the greater incidence of nausea. These results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that disgust sensitivity varies during pregnancy in a manner that compensates for maternal and fetal vulnerability to disease.
A comprehensive immunotopographic map of human thymus.

We have achieved a comprehensive immunotopographic mapping of human thymus by using a large battery of monoclonal antibodies and the methodological refinement of comparative serial tissue section immunohistochemistry, allowing analysis of multiple phenotypes in the same tissue site. Previous immunohistochemical studies of thymus have concentrated on the majority T-cell and epithelial cell populations. Besides demonstrating the complexity of T-cell antigenic expression (e.g., simultaneous cortical expression of Leu 2, Leu 3, CALLA, Tdt, and Leu 6), we delineate surprisingly complex B-cell zones (e.g., septal B-follicles with DRC+C3d+ dendritic cells and zonal maturation of B-cells). Whereas septal B-follicles were found in 25% of cases, medullary B-cells were universally present as a substantial minority component. This expanded immunotopographic knowledge of the complex T-, B-, epithelial, and reticulum cell neighborhoods suggests that the thymus is an organ capable of a broad repertoire of immunological responses, not limited to T-cell development.
Frequency-switching speed and post-tuning drift measurement of fast-switching microwave-frequency synthesisers

Frequency-switching speed is a critical parameter in many communication systems, target detection as well as in automated test systems. Measuring frequency-switching speed is necessary to determine the suitability of the frequency synthesiser for a particular application. In this paper, a method for measuring frequency-switching speed of fast-switching microwave-frequency synthesisers is described and demonstrated. The measurement set-up utilises a general-purpose analogue spectrum analyser to perform the measurement. Frequency-switching measurement is demonstrated up to 70 GHz. This method can also be utilised in monitoring slow- and fast-frequency drifts in microwave oscillators.
The New Challenge to Cost-Benefit Analysis

Last year, researchers Frank Ackerman of Tufts University, Lisa Heinzerling of Georgetown University, and Rachel Massey of the Environmental Research Foundation released a highly controversial study challenging the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as part of government policymaking. The three carried out their own original empirical study of several environmental decisions from the 1960s and 1970s. They conclude that CBA would have yielded results that history shows would have been undesirable. But are their analyses fair ones, and is it correct to assume that their undesirable results correctly characterize CBAs?
Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Drives Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Suppressing Mitofusins in Cerebellar Granule Neuron Precursors and Medulloblastoma

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is closely coupled with bioenergetics of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Shh-associated medulloblastoma arises from cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP), a neural progenitor whose developmental expansion requires signaling by Shh, a ligand secreted by the neighboring Purkinje neurons. Previous observations show that Shh signaling inhibits fatty acid oxidation although driving increased fatty acid synthesis. Proliferating CGNPs and mouse Shh medulloblastomas feature high levels of glycolytic enzymes in vivo and in vitro . Because both of these metabolic processes are closely linked to mitochondrial bioenergetics, the role of Shh signaling in mitochondrial biogenesis was investigated. This report uncovers a surprising decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and overall ATP production in CGNPs exposed to Shh, consistent with increased glycolysis resulting in high intracellular acidity, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation. Ultrastructural examination of mitochondria revealed a spherical shape in Shh-treated cells, in contrast to the elongated appearance in vehicle-treated postmitotic cells. Expression of mitofusin 1 and 2 was reduced in these cells, although their ectopic expression restored the MMP to the nonproliferating state and the morphology to a fused, interconnected state. Mouse Shh medulloblastoma cells featured drastically impaired mitochondrial morphology, restoration of which by ectopic mitofusin expression was also associated with a decrease in the expression of Cyclin D2 protein, a marker for proliferation. Implications: This report exposes a novel role for Shh in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and rescue of the metabolic profile of tumor cells to that of nontransformed, nonproliferating cells and represents a potential avenue for development of medulloblastoma therapeutics. Mol Cancer Res; 14(1); 114–24. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/14/1?iss=1
Succinylcholine Is Associated with Increased Mortality When Used for Rapid Sequence Intubation of Severely Brain Injured Patients in the Emergency Department.

Objective To compare succinylcholine and rocuronium regarding mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are intubated in the emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in an academic ED in the United States. Adult patients with TBI who underwent rapid sequence intubation (RSI) in the ED with rocuronium or succinylcholine between October 2010 and October 2014 were included. The main outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Subjects were stratified based on severity of injury using head abbreviated injury scores. The high-severity group had a severe or critical head injury (score 4 or higher); the low-severity group had a less than severe head injury (score lower than 4). Main Results The final study cohort included 233 patients who were underwent RSI with succinylcholine (149 patients) or rocuronium (84 patients). In patients who received rocuronium, mortality was 22% (12/54) and 23% (7/30) in the low-severity and high-severity categories, respectively (difference 1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −18% to 20%). In patients who received succinylcholine, mortality was 14% (14/103) and 44% (20/46) in the low-severity and high-severity categories, respectively (difference 30%, 95% CI 14–46). In the multivariate analysis after adjusting for important confounders, there was no significant association between succinylcholine and mortality in the low-severity category (odds ratio [OR] 0.75, 95% CI 0.29–1.92). However, in patients in the high-severity category, succinylcholine was associated with increased mortality compared with rocuronium (OR 4.10, 95% CI 1.18–14.12). Conclusions In severely brain-injured patients undergoing RSI in the ED, succinylcholine was associated with increased mortality compared with rocuronium.
Streamlined discovery of cross-linked chromatin complexes and associated histone modifications by mass spectrometry

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are key contributors to chromatin function. The ability to comprehensively link specific histone PTMs with specific chromatin factors would be an important advance in understanding the functions and genomic targeting mechanisms of those factors. We recently introduced a cross-linked affinity technique, BioTAP-XL, to identify chromatin-bound protein interactions that can be difficult to capture with native affinity techniques. However, BioTAP-XL was not strictly compatible with similarly comprehensive analyses of associated histone PTMs. Here we advance BioTAP-XL by demonstrating the ability to quantify histone PTMs linked to specific chromatin factors in parallel with the ability to identify nonhistone binding partners. Furthermore we demonstrate that the initially published quantity of starting material can be scaled down orders of magnitude without loss in proteomic sensitivity. We also integrate hydrophilic interaction chromatography to mitigate detergent carryover and improve liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric performance. In summary, we greatly extend the practicality of BioTAP-XL to enable comprehensive identification of protein complexes and their local chromatin environment.
Homicides by Police: Comparing Counts From the National Violent Death Reporting System, Vital Statistics, and Supplementary Homicide Reports.

Objective. To evaluate the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a surveillance system for homicides by law enforcement officers.Methods. We assessed sensitivity and positive predictive value of the NVDRS “type of death” variable against our study count of homicides by police, which we derived from NVDRS coded and narrative data for states participating in NVDRS 2005 to 2012. We compared state counts of police homicides from NVDRS, Vital Statistics, and Federal Bureau of Investigation Supplementary Homicide Reports.Results. We identified 1552 police homicides in the 16 states. Positive predictive value and sensitivity of the NVDRS “type of death” variable for police homicides were high (98% and 90%, respectively). Counts from Vital Statistics and Supplementary Homicide Reports were 58% and 48%, respectively, of our study total; gaps varied widely by state. The annual rate of police homicide (0.24/100 000) varied 5-fold by state and 8-fold by race/ethnicity.Conclusions. NVDRS provides more com...
Instantaneous Directional Growth of Block Copolymer Nanowires During Heterogeneous Radical Polymerization (HRP)

Polymeric nanowires that consist of ultrahigh molecular weight block copolymers were instantaneously prepared via one-step surfactant-free heterogeneous radical polymerization (HRP). Under heterogeneous reaction and initiator-starvation conditions, the sequential copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers facilitates the formation of amphiphilic ultrahigh molecular weight block copolymers, which instantaneously assemble to polymeric nanowires. As polymerization progresses, initially formed nanoparticles exhibit the directional growth due to localized repulsive forces of hydrophilic blocks and confinement of the hydrophobic blocks that adopt favorable high aspect ratio nanowire morphologies. Using one-step synthetic approach that requires only four ingredients (water as a solvent, two polymerizable monomers (one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic), and water-soluble initiator), block copolymer nanowires ∼70 nm in diameter and hundreds of microns in length are instantaneously grown. For example, ...
Abstract 5137: A genome wide RNAi screen identify STAT3 activation as essential for ErbB2 mediated transforamtion of breast cancer cells

The generation of multidimensional datasets characterizing genetic, epigenetic, and functional properties of large normal and tumor-related samples is creating unique opportunities for the systems-level dissection of mechanisms associated with malignant phenotypes. Integrated data sets may lead to more efficient and specific approaches for the elucidation of therapeutic targets and biomarkers and for the identification of specific small molecule inhibitors. However, the power of these computational methods to study human cancer from an unbiased global perspective is severely compromised by the low through-put approaches necessary to functionally validate the in silico predictions. During the last years, RNA interference (RNAi) emerged as a very powerful genetic strategy to functionally interrogate the entire genome by loss-of-function studies. This cellular process can be experimentally controlled to knock down the expression of any specific gene. Our group has pioneered the development of RNAi-based genetic tools to translate RNAi studies to mammalian systems generating a shRNA-mir pooled lentiviral library that allows performing functional studies at genome-wide level. ErbB2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase found overexpressed in 20-40% of breast tumors correlating with a malignant phenotype and worse prognosis. Different targeted therapies have been developed to specifically inhibit its activity such the monoclonal antibody Herceptin, or the small tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinib. Despite of the success of these inhibitors in the treatment of tumors that overexpress ErbB2, about 30% of them become resistant making necessary to look for alternative targets in these cases. The combination of the state-of-the-art computational analysis and RNAi-based technology toward system biology studies must represent a powerful tool to dissect the regulatory networks that govern the homeostasis of breast tumors. Applying this combined approach to an overexpressing ErbB2 breast cancer model we have identified the genes that are critical in those cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5137. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5137
Oviposition patterns, percent egg hatch, and larval mortality of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on cotton plants

Laboratory-reared female pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), moths released in field cages containing cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants laid most of their eggs on vegetative plant parts from late May through late July. However, some eggs were laid on cotton bolls when they were present on the plants. Numbers of eggs laid increased with increasing plant growth and cotton fruit development. Egg hatch in the laboratory of samples taken from plants in the field cages ranged from 48 to 90%. Based on percentages of egg hatch and larval infestations found in squares and bolls, larval survival ranged from <1 to 18%.
The (Literally) Steepest Slope: Spatial, Temporal, and Elevation Variance Gradients in Urban Spatial Modelling

This paper presents an analysis of elevation gradient and temporal future-station effects in urban real estate markets. Using an extraordinary dataset from the Hong Kong publicly-constructed housing sector, we find enormous housing price effects caused by levels of terrain incline between apartments and subway stations. Ceteris paribus, two similar apartments with closest metro stations of the same walking distance may sell at a difference of up to 20% because of differences in the apartment-station slope alone. Anticipatory effects are similarly robust: apartment buyers regard a future, closer metro station as being 60% present when making purchases two years prior to its opening.
Assessing the impact of elective regional radiotherapy on survival.

PURPOSE Elective regional irradiation (ERI) of sites of likely tumor spread has been common radiation oncology practice for decades. It is based, in part, on the assumption that cancer often spreads in an orderly fashion and that an improvement in regional control will increase survival. METHOD The clinical data regarding the impact of ERI on local-regional control vs survival are reviewed for a variety of tumor sites. RESULTS Improvements in survival with ERI have been reported in some clinical situations. For most, however, survival improvements have been difficult to realize. In most clinical situations, the realistic improvement in survival that is achievable with ERI is small and would be difficult to document in reasonably sized clinical trials. DISCUSSION The dose-response relationship for the impact of ERI on survival is discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that a reduction in the dose of ERI may improve the therapeutic ratio of ERI (with respect to its impact on survival) is presented.
Alechinsky, Cobra and the Book

The 1992 Travaux d’Impression by Michel Butor and Michel Sicard lists close to 90 illustrated books, yet this aspect of Alechinsky’s work is little known.1 The authors mention a wide range of books, from ordinary volumes with reproduced vignettes to priceless “livres de peintre.” The artist makes use of a variety of graphic techniques, quite often in combination: etching, assemblage, stencil, lithograph, woodcut, china ink drawing. Moreover, Alechinsky’s inventive lettering, whether typographical, handwritten, hand-scribbled, calligraphed, or simply semic, flows into unusually shaped inscriptions which go beyond the bounds of recognizable illustration. The painter actually started out as a printer. “Je suis un peintre qui vient de l’imprimerie” [I’m a painter who started out as a printer].2 He never dreamed of disowning his earlier profession, for even his most painterly compositions reflect in one way or another the art of printing. He invented a great variety of devices so as to maintain throughout his production a close contact between the verbal and the visual. Nor did he cross the barrier between the two, for he never acknowledged their separation.
The Right Multidimensional Riemann–Liouville Fractional Integral

Here we study some important properties of right multidimensional Riemann–Liouville fractional integral operator, such as of continuity and boundedness.
PTEN/MTM Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatases

Publisher Summary PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) mutations are found at high frequencies in certain tumors, including endometrial carcinomas, gliomas, and breast and prostate cancers. Germline mutations in the PTEN gene are found in the related autosomal disorders Cowden disease, and Lhermitte-Duclos and Bannayan-Zonana syndromes. Biochemical and genetic analyses of PTEN and its role in these diseases have placed it in a group of gatekeeper genes essential for controlling cell growth and development. The crystal structure of PTEN has revealed several features that contribute to its unique substrate specificity. It shows an extensive interface between its PTP domain and C2 domain, suggesting that membrane targeting and lipid phosphatase activity are interdependent. Although the roles of the PH and FYVE domains in MTM function have yet to be determined, it is possible that they serve as targeting motifs to direct the lipid phosphatase domains to specific subcellular environments where PI(3)P is abundant. The physiologic function of myotubularin and related proteins in cell development and signaling processes remains unknown. Studies directed toward clarifying the regulation of myotubularin-related enzymes, as well as identifying downstream effectors, will be of significant value in understanding their roles in cell signaling and development.
Power Management and Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations

Future electric distribution systems will deploy an increasing number of distributed generations (DG), with a large portion being renewable generations and some being fossil-fueled generations. There will be a rising number of microgrids that can operate in both grid-connected and off-grid mode. A microgrid has sufficient local generators to balance critical local loads in off-grid operation mode. Renewable generations including solar and wind generation are not dispatchable, and their power outputs are intermittent depending on weather conditions. Variability in renewable generations causes system voltage to fluctuate. So there is a need for power management and control systems for optimizing system operation and voltage regulation, which will be discussed in this chapter. A large penetration of DGs will pose challenges on protection of future distribution systems . This chapter presents a promising method for better protecting future distribution systems.
Distribution and demographics of Ailanthus altissima in an oak forest landscape managed with timber harvesting and prescribed fire

Ailanthus altissima ((Mill.) Swingle, tree-of-heaven), an exotic invasive tree that is common throughout much of the eastern United States, can invade and expand dramatically when forests are disturbed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fire facilitates its spread, but the relationship between fire and this prolific invasive tree is poorly understood. To better understand the impacts of fire on Ailanthus, we conducted studies at Tar Hollow State Forest in southeastern Ohio, where Ailanthus is widely distributed and where, since 2001, prescribed fire has been applied to 25% of the 3885-ha study area. Our objective was to gain a better understanding of how the distribution and abundance of Ailanthus is related to recent fires, harvesting activity, and site characteristics. We quantified the abundance and demography of Ailanthus, as well as prescribed fire, harvesting, aspect, slope, and available light, using a systematic grid (400 m) of sample plots (N = 267). From these data, we identified time since last timber harvest, not prescribed fire history, as the major driver of both Ailanthus seedling and tree presence and density. Two site factors, aspect index (a transformation of aspect) and photosynthetically active radiation, were also significant predictors of seedling presence or density. These findings to demonstrate that dormant-season prescribed fire has a limited impact on the distribution of Ailanthus within forested landscapes and that recent timber harvesting (within 20 years) is the primary predictor. Thus, care in harvesting to prevent soil disturbance and spread of Ailanthus seed is paramount when managing for this aggressive species.
Light Scattering Properties of Nematic Liquid Crystals

The fundamental properties of simple liquid crystal systems will be reviewed. In particular the elastic and hydrodynamic properties will be discussed in terms of a new, simple, rigorous theory that is more general than previous theories. The light scattering properties observed by Chatelain, and more recently by the Orsay group, follows simply from this theory. Basically this differs from previous theories in that the hydrodynamics and elastic properties are treated purely in terms of the usual conserved quantities (momentum, energy and mass) without the need to postulate a separate equation for the director. The introduction of this separate equation, that has been common, requires assumptions that are not usually necessary in rigorous hydrodynamics and that are not in fact needed to explain the existing observations on liquid crystals.
Videofluroscopic Swallowing Study Examination: An Overview of Fluoroscopic Imaging and a Perspective on Radiation Exposure

Swallowing impairment is common, particularly with the aging patient population. The videofluroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) examination is an effective means of evaluating patients with oropharyn...
Evidence for the Blood Oxygen Boundary Layer pO2 Gradient (ΔpO2) as a Significant Determinant of Intimal (PW) and Lowest Medial pO2 (pδn) in the Vivo Dog Femoral Artery

For a considerable number of years, accumulating evidence from the biochemical laboratory has suggested that intimal thickening, perhaps as a part of the atherosclerotic process, is associated with hypoxia of portions of the arterial wall (1–3). This hypoxia has in turn been associated with the further development or acceleration of atherosclerosis, based on observations such as the increased incorporation of cholesterol into cultured myocytes at low levels of oxygen tension (4).
Regulation of CYP2J2 and EET Levels in Cardiac Disease and Diabetes

Cytochrome P450 2J2 (CYP2J2) is a known arachidonic acid (AA) epoxygenase that mediates the formation of four bioactive regioisomers of cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Although its expression in the liver is low, CYP2J2 is mainly observed in extrahepatic tissues, including the small intestine, pancreas, lung, and heart. Changes in CYP2J2 levels or activity by xenobiotics, disease states, or polymorphisms are proposed to lead to various organ dysfunctions. Several studies have investigated the regulation of CYP2J2 and EET formation in various cell lines and have demonstrated that such regulation is tissue-dependent. In addition, studies linking CYP2J2 polymorphisms to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) yielded contradictory results. This review will focus on the mechanisms of regulation of CYP2J2 by inducers, inhibitors, and oxidative stress modeling certain disease states in various cell lines and tissues. The implication of CYP2J2 expression, polymorphisms, activity and, as a result, EET levels in the pathophysiology of diabetes and CVD will also be discussed.
Using Simulations as a Starting Point for Constructing Meaningful Learning Games

For many school administrators and decision makers, the term “video games” holds numerous cultural associations which make their adoption in the education space challenging. Additionally, the term is so broad that it can sometimes be difficult to communicate explicitly a desire to build learning experiences that go beyond the Drill and Kill edutainment titles that currently dominate most people’s perceptions of educational games. By contrast, the term “simulations” is often well respected among educators, particularly in the natural sciences. With “simulation” already being a full genre of video games, it would seem natural that researchers are beginning to explore the overlaps between simulation games and pedagogical goals that go beyond those found in Drill and Kill games. In this chapter, we survey some of the relevant research concerning both simulations and video games and outline practical pathways through which we can leverage the interest and frameworks designed for simulation construction to facilitate the introduction of video game concepts and experiences into the classroom environment. In particular, we report on the use of Starlogo TNG, a graphical programming environment in which kids themselves can create simulation-based video games, for deepening children’s understanding of scientific concepts.
Effects of soil moisture on control of Heterodera schachtii with Aldicarb.

Soil moisture and the nematode population density in aldicarb-treated soil influenced control of the sugarbeet nematode, Heterodera schachtii. Greater numbers of nematode larvae infected 14-day-old sugarbeet seedlings growing in aldicarb-treated soil at 20-30% than at 80-100% field capacity (F. C.), and plant growth was inversely related to nematode infection and the nematode population density. Compared with that of control plants, plant growth increase also was greater at 80-100% F. C. when the nematode population was above 1.8 larvae/gm soil. A nematode population of 1.8 larvae/gm soil did not significantly affect sugarbeet yields. Aldicarb gave less control when soil moisture levels dropped to 20 and 50% F. C. at nematode populations of 3.5 and 6.2 larvae/gm soil. More effective control was obtained wth soil moisture levels at or above 80% F. C. This difference was attributed to continued activity of the toxicant in the rhizosphere at the high moisture level. Key Words: sugarbeet, sugarbeet cyst nematode, oxime carbamates, nematicide.
Syndromes Due to Autosomal Deletions and Duplications

Most cytologically visible autosomal deletions cause multiple malformations and mental retardation. A small proportion of deletions produce recognizable phenotypes, these are called segmental aneusomy or contiguous gene syndromes. The same malformations, and even the same combination of malformations, or syndrome, may be caused by deletions involving two or more different chromosomes. (1998) have worked out a chromosomal deletion map for 47 human malformations, based on the analysis of the phenotypes associated with 1753 deletions involving 89% of the 289 autosomal bands (based on the ISCN 400 band nomenclature). A series of specific malformation-associated bands were identified in this way.
29-year-old with dyspareunia and vulvar mass: An unusual diagnosis of Bartholin's gland carcinoma

•Bartholin's gland carcinoma, adenoid cystic subtype, can occur in younger patients.•These cancers are at high risk of local recurrence and surveillance is needed.•There remains limited evidence specific to these cancers.
Toward a technology of generalization: The identification of natural contingencies of reinforcement.

Applied behavior analysts have directed a growing effort towards the development of a technology for behavioral generalization and maintenance over the past decade. Among the list of potential generalization promoters thought to exist is the natural contingency of social reinforcement (i.e., a behavioral trap) for new behavior in its untrained form or setting, or over time. Although past researchers have noted a need to program for the generalization and maintenance of behavior change, the current understanding of behavioral traps precludes the use of these contingencies to support behavioral changes when interventions are not in operation. This article describes five forms of evidence useful for the identification and analysis of natural contingencies of reinforcement. Examples from the applied research literature are provided to illustrate the kinds of studies that would greatly enhance our knowledge of behavioral traps and improve our ability to understand and program the generalization of trained behaviors across diverse forms and settings, and over time.
Linear and non-linear: An exploration of the variation in the functional form of verbal IQ and antisocial behavior as adolescents age into adulthood

Abstract Objectives Prior scholarship assessing the association between verbal IQ and antisocial behavior has generally assumed that the functional form of the association is linear. Nevertheless, if this assumption is not valid, the interpretations from prior scholarship could be biased. The current study re-examines the functional form of the association between verbal IQ and antisocial behavior to address three limitations in the prior scholarship and four research questions. Methods The current study uses data derived from the restricted version of the Add Health (N = 9947–14,921). Forty-eight multivariate negative binomial regression models and twelve bivariate non-parametric kernel regression models were used to estimate the association between verbal IQ and antisocial behavior. Results The findings suggested that verbal IQ had both a linear and curvilinear association with antisocial behavior depending upon the operationalization of antisocial behavior, the age of the participants, the sex of the participants, and the race of the participants. Conclusions The findings demonstrated the need for a formalized process to ensure the proper specification of the direct association between verbal IQ and antisocial behavior. As outlined, the two-step process encourages future scholarship to be extremely meticulous when specifying the association between verbal IQ and antisocial behavior.
Field temperature and moisture loads from a building envelope as the basis for accelerated aging of barrier membranes1

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) data within the building envelope of a single-family home at the National Research Council of Canada’s Canadian Centre for Housing Technology were collected o...
Influence of smartphone use on the median frequency of mastigatory and trapezius muscles in women - a Pilot study.

Abstract Introduction The use of smartphones is growing every year, and their excessive use can cause adverse physical and mental effects. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the influence of smartphone use on the median frequency of the masticatory muscles and upper trapezius muscles in healthy women. Method Six healthy young women were evaluated. All the volunteers underwent a submaximal bite test to evaluate their masticatory muscles. In addition, the volunteers underwent a test for bilateral shoulder elevation to a submaximal load to evaluate their upper trapezius muscles. Both protocols were performed before and after a task using the smartphone for 30 min. Median frequency (MF) values were collected during the submaximal bite and submaximal shoulder elevation tests. Results Data were analyzed using specific statistical tests. A statistically significant reduction in the MF for all the masticatory muscles was observed in the bilateral bite task when comparing pre and post smartphone use (p Conclusion It appears that prolonged smartphone use may contribute to fatigue in the masticatory and upper trapezius muscles. Therefore, guidelines for smartphone users should include advice on the moderate use of this device.
Fluid overload as a therapeutic target for the preservative management of chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of review There is growing clinical evidence of adverse effects of fluid overload on kidney outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease who are not yet receiving kidney replacement therapy. In this review, we discuss the patient populations most at risk for fluid overload, the pathophysiology associated with fluid overload, and finally treatment options. Recent findings The severity of fluid overload is an independent risk factor for both an increased risk of rapidly declining kidney function and increased risk for the need of kidney replacement therapy. High venous pressure within the kidney secondarily causes a decrease in kidney perfusion, which in turn signals salt retention and the resulting increase in plasma volume completes a vicious cycle propagating ongoing kidney injury. Fluid overload has also been identified as a risk factor for the combined outcome of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. This increased risk in some studies has been identified as more important than hypertension in predicting both the increased risk of kidney disease progression and morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Once fluid status is accurately assessed, a combination of salt restriction and effective diuretic therapy is the first-line therapy to manage this complication. In those patients who require additional therapy, use of a V2 receptor antagonists can be considered. Finally, some patients may benefit from peritoneal dialysis to bring about volume removal even if they do not yet require dialysis for uremic complications. Summary Excess fluid or fluid overload appears to enhance chronic kidney disease progression and its treatment and resolution is a potential disease-modifying intervention.
Balancing Tensions between Caregiving and Parenting Responsibilities in Pediatric Patient Care

In pediatric chronic care, the treatment process affects not just the child's physical health, but his or her psychosocial and emotional development. As a result, caring for pediatric patients with a chronic illness such as cancer is becoming a daunting task for parental caregivers. They are expected to fulfill the caregiving needs of managing the child's health condition and treatment while also meeting the parenting needs of translating knowledge, communicating about the illness, and making numerous decisions on a daily basis for their sick child due to the child's young age. Drawing on 15 semi-structured interviews, we examined parental caregivers' perspectives on raising a child while also managing the child's health. We identified three tensions that participants encountered as they balanced parenting and caregiving responsibilities: (i) tension between ensuring the child's health and safety and attending to the child's social development, (ii) tension between disclosing health-related information and minimizing the psychological burden on the child, and (iii) tension between rewarding the child's cooperation in treatment and maintaining discipline. Together, these tensions reveal an ongoing process through which caregivers assess and interpret their actions and responsibilities relative to anticipated consequences across multiple time scales. These findings reveal opportunities for sociotechnical systems to account for and support this active process of iterative cycles of assessment.
Spin-vorticity coupling for massive vector mesons

Recent experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have indicated that hadrons containing strange quarks produced in noncentral heavy ion collisions can be polarized. We investigate in detail the coupling of spin and vorticity for electrically neutral, massive vector bosons using the Proca equation, and provide the nonrelativistic reduction of the field equations via a single Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation. We find that the resulting Hamiltonian is not Hermitian, but $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$ invariant, and involves a spin dependent term $\frac{1}{2}{s}_{z}\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ to leading order in vorticity. We also calculate further relativistic and quantum corrections to the Hamiltonian.
Identifying candidate Aspergillus pathogenicity factors by annotation frequency

Members of the genus Aspergillus display a variety of lifestyles, ranging from saprobic to pathogenic on plants and/or animals. Increased genome sequencing of economically important members of the genus permits effective use of “-omics” comparisons between closely related species and strains to identify candidate genes that may contribute to phenotypes of interest, especially relating to pathogenicity. Protein-coding genes were predicted from 216 genomes of 12 Aspergillus species, and the frequencies of various structural aspects (exon count and length, intron count and length, GC content, and codon usage) and functional annotations (InterPro, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes terms) were compared. Using principal component analyses, the three sets of functional annotations for each strain were clustered by species. The species clusters appeared to separate by pathogenicity on plants along the first dimensions, which accounted for over 20% of the variance. More annotations for genes encoding pectinases and secondary metabolite biosynthetic enzymes were assigned to phytopathogenic strains from species such as Aspergillus flavus. In contrast, Aspergillus fumigatus strains, which are pathogenic to animals but not plants, were assigned relatively more terms related to phosphate transferases, and carbohydrate and amino-sugar metabolism. Analyses of publicly available RNA-Seq data indicated that one A. fumigatus protein among 17 amino-sugar processing candidates, a hexokinase, was up-regulated during co-culturing with human immune system cells. Genes encoding hexokinases and other proteins of interest may be subject to future manipulations to further refine understanding of Aspergillus pathogenicity factors.
The physiologic response to rescue therapy with vasopressin versus epinephrine during experimental pediatric cardiac arrest

Aim Compare vasopressin to a second dose of epinephrine as rescue therapy after ineffective initial doses of epinephrine in diverse models of pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods 67 one- to three-month old female swine (10-30 kg) in six experimental cohorts from one laboratory received hemodynamic-directed CPR, a resuscitation method where high quality chest compressions are provided and vasopressor administration is titrated to coronary perfusion pressure (CoPP) ≥20 mmHg. Vasopressors are given when CoPP is <20 mmHg, in sequences of two doses of 0.02 mg/kg epinephrine separated by minimum one-minute, then a rescue dose of 0.4 U/kg vasopressin followed by minimum two-minutes. Invasive measurements were used to evaluate and compare the hemodynamic and neurologic effects of each vasopressor dose. Results Increases in CoPP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were greater with vasopressin rescue than epinephrine rescue (CoPP: +8.16 [4.35, 12.06] mmHg vs. + 5.43 [1.56, 9.82] mmHg, p = 0.02; CBF: +14.58 [-0.05, 38.12] vs. + 0.00 [-0.77, 18.24] perfusion units (PFU), p = 0.005). Twenty animals (30%) failed to achieve CoPP ≥20 mmHg after two doses of epinephrine; 9/20 (45%) non-responders achieved CoPP ≥20 mmHg after vasopressin. Among all animals, the increase in CBF was greater with vasopressin (+14.58 [-0.58, 38.12] vs. 0.00 [-0.77, 18.24] PFU, p = 0.005). Conclusions CoPP and CBF rose significantly more after rescue vasopressin than after rescue epinephrine. Importantly, CBF increased after vasopressin rescue, but not after epinephrine rescue. In the 30% that failed to meet CoPP of 20 mmHg after two doses of epinephrine, 45% achieved target CoPP with a single rescue vasopressin dose.
How Frequently Is Asthma Objectively Demonstrated before Starting a Biologic? Quality Assessment of a Group Practice of Allergists and Immunologists

Worldwide, asthma-related healthcare cost remains a major burden. Individuals with severe asthma account for 50% of that cost. Although they are expensive, biologics such as anti-IL5 and anti-IgE agents promise cost-effectiveness when judiciously used to decrease asthma-related hospitalization and the debilitating side effects of systemic corticosteroids. Before considering biologics to treat patients with asthma, current guidelines recommend confirmation of asthma and control of comorbid diseases. Diagnostic confirmation of asthma can be challenging among individuals with severe asthma. In this quality assessment study, we determined the frequency of objective asthma confirmation and addressing of comorbidities prior to starting biologics at a group practice of allergists and immunologists. We surveyed our specialty providers to understand habit(s) leading to the observed results. We identified 40 adult patients who started on biologic modifiers for asthma over the past 5 years. Only 58% of these patients had a proper diagnosis of asthma. Providers underutilized several diagnostic methods that may prove useful in confirming asthma diagnosis in this patient population. The factors contributing to poor asthma control were rarely addressed. A sense of urgency to initiate biologics was the primary reason for the observed results. Further interventions are needed to improve asthma diagnosis and management prior to the initiation of biologic therapeutics.