cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isentropic Compressible Flow for Non-Ideal Gas Models for a Venturi

The non-ideal gas equations and mathematical formulation developed in this work using the compressibility factor in the equation of state closely resemble the derivations used for the ideal gas mathematical formulation for a direct comparison of the differences between the ideal versus the non-ideal gas law. The local Mach number is defined for the non-ideal gas. The plenum total variables used in compressible flow are expressed in terms of the local Mach number for the polytrope and Rayleigh models. A power law relationship is derived between the thermodynamic variables that allow an analytical result for the mass flow under certain constraints
The Brain Uncoupling Protein UCP4 Attenuates Mitochondrial Toxin-Induced Cell Death: Role of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases in Bioenergetics Adaptation and Cell Survival

Increased bioenergetics demand can stimulate compensatory increases in glucose metabolism. We previously reported that neural cells expressing the brain uncoupling protein UCP4 exhibit enhanced dependency on glucose for support of cellular bioenergetics and survival. The switch from oxidative toward glycolytic metabolism reduces the production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases cellular resistance to toxicity induced by 3-nitropropionic acid, a mitochondrial complex II inhibitor that compromises cellular bioenergetics. In this study we elucidate the underlying mechanism whereby expression of UCP4 promotes bioenergetics adaptation and cell survival. We found that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) is necessary and sufficient for the increased dependency on glucose utilization. Pharmacological inhibition of ERKs not only abrogated bioenergetics adaptation but also reduced the activation of cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) protein suggesting that CREB protein signaling contributes in part to UCP4-dependent cell death rescue from 3-nitropropionic acid-induced toxicity. We also demonstrated that activation of ERKs by growth factors ameliorated the bioenergetics compromise and reduced cellular toxicity induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Collectively, our results support the involvement of ERKs in UCP4 dependent bioenergetics adaptation and cell survival.
NATURE OF THE INOTROPIC ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN ON VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM.

The effect of changes in various chemical and physical factors on the positive inotropic action of angiotensin was studied in isolated papillary muscles of kittens. Pretreatment of the animals with reserpine did not diminish the positive inotropic effect of angiotensin. Concentrations of nethalide which strongly antagonize the response of the papillary muscle to levarterenol or tyramine had no effect on the inotropic concentration-effect curve for angiotensin. It is concluded that angiotensin does not release significant amounts of cate-cholamines from the cardiac stores and that its inotropic action on ventricular myocardium does not result from stimulation of adrenergic β-receptors. Increases in external calcium concentration, decreases in sodium concentration, and shortening of the interval between contractions diminish both the absolute and the relative inotropic effect of angiotensin. All these maneuvers and angiotensin itself raise myocardial contractility by increasing the degree of activation of the contractile element. Cooling of papillary muscles does not decrease the absolute inotropic effect of the drug. Angiotensin and increases in external calcium concentration affect the mechanical properties of papillary muscles in a similar fashion. Angiotensin may raise contractility by augmenting the entry of Ca ++ into the myocardial fiber.
Acute Metabolic Influences on the Natriuretic Peptide System in Humans

Abstract Background The cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), have central roles in sodium and blood pressure regulation. Extracardiac factors (e.g., obesity and diabetes) influence NP production, potentially altering cardiovascular responses to volume and pressure stress. Objectives This study examined the effects of acute carbohydrate intake on the NP system in humans, and investigated underlying mechanisms. Methods Normotensive subjects (N = 33) were given a high-carbohydrate shake. Venous blood was sampled to measure N-terminal (NT)-proANP and NT-proBNP levels. Human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and HepG2 cells were treated with glucose, and expression levels of NPs and micro ribonucleic acid 425 (miR-425), a negative regulator of ANP, were examined. The role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the glucose-mediated effects was investigated using a NF-κB inhibitor and expression plasmids encoding NF-κB subunits. Results We observed a 27% reduction in the levels of circulating NT-proANP (p Conclusions Acute carbohydrate challenge is associated with a reduction in ANP production. The mechanism appears to involve a glucose-induced increase in the expression of miR-425, mediated by NF-κB signaling.
69.3: A Mechanics Framework for Ion‐Exchanged Cover Glass with a Deep Compression Layer

A cover glass that is capable of having a deep ion exchange compression layer enables one to tailor the glass to the intended device application. Key to this effort is having a glass mechanics framework that includes resistance to visible and strength-limiting contact damage as well as maintaining sufficient strength to survive localized glass flexing during contact events.
Six month follow-up of early-onset chronic depression.

Background This study sought to characterize the morbidity and treatment behavior of 49 patients with early-onset chronic depression, 6 months after terminating treatment at a university-based psychopharmacology research clinic. Method Patients with and without early-onset chronic depression were selected to participate in a naturalistic follow-up study. Assessments were conducted blind to patients' histories. Patients' depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning, and post-discharge treatment histories were assessed. Results After termination, the mean length of recovery for the sample was 3.6 months. When they left the clinic, 78% (38/49) were euthymic. At follow-up, 37% (14/38) of these had relapsed; while 45% (17/38) remained in remission for 6 months. During the follow-up period, 47% of the patients were on antidepressants. Sixty-three percent of the patients who relapsed, or were depressed when they left the clinic, did not enter treatment, 50% of whom cited insufficient resources as the primary reason for not receiving care. Conclusions After leaving a depression research clinic, a substantial portion of patients with early-onset chronic depression remained recovered during a 6-month period, but financial impediments prevented a majority of those who did poorly from entering treatment. Depression 4:63–67 (1996). © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular Epidemiology of Two Klebsiella pneumoniae Mastitis Outbreaks on a Dairy Farm in New York State

Klebsiella spp. have become an important cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in New York State. We describe the occurrence of two Klebsiella mastitis outbreaks on a single dairy farm. Klebsiella isolates from milk, feces, and environmental sources were compared using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR typing. The first mastitis outbreak was caused by a single strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, RAPD type A, which was detected in milk from eight cows. RAPD type A was also isolated from the rubber liners of milking machine units after milking of infected cows and from bedding in the outbreak pen. Predominance of a single strain could indicate contagious transmission of the organism or exposure of multiple cows to an environmental point source. No new cases with RAPD type A were observed after implementation of intervention measures that targeted the prevention of transmission via the milking machine as well as improvement of environmental hygiene. A second outbreak of Klebsiella mastitis that occurred several weeks later was caused by multiple RAPD types, which rules out contagious transmission and indicates opportunistic infections originating from the environment. The diversity of Klebsiella strains as quantified with Simpson's index of discrimination was significantly higher for isolates from fecal, feed, and water samples than for isolates from milk samples. Several isolates from bedding material that had the phenotypic appearance of Klebsiella spp. were identified as being Raoultella planticola and Raoultella terrigena based on rpoB sequencing.
On The Origin Of Theses: An Exploration of Horace Bushnell's Rejection of Darwinism

Horace Bushnell's children knew him as a tender, playful father whose after-dinner romps and continual courtesy warmed the memories of their early family life. But his daughter, Mary, once told of a curious and glaring exception to his habit of fun and kindness at home. "The sight of a doll or [toy] monkey was abhorrent to him," she remembered, "and he could not restrain his expression of the disgust thus awakened.... Woe to the doll which lay in his path!"' Mary insisted that Bushnell's scorn of such seemingly innocent toys stemmed from his great respect for human dignity. According to her observation, he was angered by mechanical models of humanity that only caricatured, and thus insulted, the human race. If her reasoning was correct about Bushnell's attitude, the anecdote provides a vivid illustration of his stance toward the work of his contemporary, Charles Darwin. Decades before most Americans had even heard of Darwin, Bushnell examined and rejected the Darwinian system. Such a rejection, though not unusual among religious thinkers since then, nevertheless has puzzled students of Bushnell for nearly a century, beginning with Theodore Munger, his first biographer. Their puzzlement arises from two features of Bushnell's thought which might be expected to have made him open and even attracted to evolutionary theory: first, his positive regard for modern science, even when its claims conflicted with religious claims; and, second, his "organic" mode of thinking, which seems to suggest certain affinities with Darwin's views.
Bioengineering embryonic stem cell microenvironments for exploring inhibitory effects on metastatic breast cancer cells

The recreation of an in vitro microenvironment to understand and manipulate the proliferation and migration of invasive breast cancer cells may allow one to put a halt to their metastasis capacity. Invasive cancer cells have been linked to embryonic stem (ES) cells as they possess certain similar characteristics and gene signatures. Embryonic microenvironments have the potential to reprogram cancer cells into a less invasive phenotype and help elucidate tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we explored the feasibility of reconstructing embryonic microenvironments using mouse ES cells cultured in alginate hydrogel and investigated the interactions of ES cells and highly invasive breast cancer cells in 2D, 2&1/2D, and 3D cultures. Results showed that mouse ES cells inhibited the growth and tumor spheroid formation of breast cancer cells. The mouse ES cell microenvironment was further constructed and optimized in 3D alginate hydrogel microbeads, and co-cultured with breast cancer cells. Migration analysis displayed a significant reduction in the average velocity and trajectory of breast cancer cell locomotion compared to control, suggesting that bioengineered mouse ES cell microenvironments inhibited the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. This study may act as a platform to open up new options to understand and harness tumor cell plasticity and develop therapeutics for metastatic breast cancer.
Behavior of corn, wheat and rice starch gels in uniaxial compression

Abstract Corn, wheat and rice starch dispersions (7 and 10% dry solids) were heated at 80, 94 and 121°C for 30 min under mild shear conditions and at 121°C under high shear. The cooked starch slurries were poured into ring molds and held therein at room temperature for 24 h. The gels were then removed from the molds and their Theological properties, measured in lubricated uniaxial compression, were determined. The starch gels prepared at 94 and 121°C behaved as neo-Hookean materials at low deformation so that an apparent initial cross4ink density could be calculated. Gels prepared at 80°C, composed mainly of swollen granules with little soluble exudate, did not show this initial neo-Hookean response. Wheat and rice starch gels could not be formed from samples prepared at 121°C under high shear conditions. The corn starch dispersion prepared under these conditions did form a gel but it was very weak with a low apparent cross-link density. Particle size can have a significant effect, fine particles giving a weaker gel.
Controlling the Leidenfrost Temperature Through Laser-Assisted Surface Micro/Nano Texturing

In the present work, the effect of surface features and wettability on the Leidenfrost temperature are experimentally investigated. The surface features were fabricated on a 304 stainless steel surface using a femtosecond laser. This technique allows for a wide variety of surface microstructures (spikes, mounds, holes, and pyramids) to be created, ranging in size, shape, and spacing. Changing the fluence and shots of the laser produce different micro/nano textured surfaces. A smooth surface sample was fabricated as a reference surface with a measured Leidenfrost temperature as a benchmark. The droplet lifetime experimental method was employed to determine the Leidenfrost temperature for both the smooth and the textured surfaces. A precision dropper was used to control the droplet size to 4.2 microliters (diameter of 2.0mm) while surface temperatures were measured by means of an embedded thermocouple. In comparison to the smooth stainless steel surface, a shift in the Leidenfrost temperature, as high as 55 °C, was observed with the textured surface. The textured surface hasa high emissivity, compared to the smooth surface. As a result, in addition to the shift in the Leidenfrost temperature, significant enhancement of the film boiling heat transfer coefficients were also observed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Numerical algorithms for cyclic phase transformation hysteresis in a shape memory plate subject to axisymmetric plane stress

We present numerical algorithms for calculating stress fields in an annulus composed of a shape memory material under conditions of quasi-static edge loading at constant temperature. The algorithms track the material microstructure in terms of the volume fraction of austenite (A) and martensite (M), the latter of which provides a transformation strain. The dependence on load path imparts significant hysteresis in the stress induced transformation between A and M. A previous study that was restricted to proportional loading in the direction of forward transformation (J. Appl. Mech. 2005; 72:44–53) is here generalized to consider arbitrary loadings. The shooting algorithm that was robust for the previously considered proportional loadings is found to be subject to numerical instability for the most general transformation possibilities considered here. This motivates the development of an alternative iterated mapping algorithm that is found to generate a robust semi-analytical finite difference procedure. The algorithm efficiently determines the operative transformation type, as is illustrated in cases where forward and reverse loading are occurring simultaneously at different plate locations. At those locations where phase transformation is inactive, the algorithm continues to account for martensite reorientation that alters the local transformation strain. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Striatal dopamine denervation and sensory integration for balance in middle-aged and older adults

Abstract The dopaminergic system of the basal ganglia has been implicated in the integration of sensory information important for balance based on studies in patients with Parkinson's disease. Striatal dopaminergic activity decreases with normal aging. Objective To investigate the relationship between regional striatal dopaminergic denervation and sensory information integration important for balance in middle-aged and older adults. Methods Community-dwelling subjects ( N = 35; age 41–83) with no clinical diagnoses of conditions affecting balance underwent dynamic posturography testing (Sensory Organization Test/SOT) and C-11-beta-CFT dopamine transporter positron emission tomography. Results Reduced ventral striatal dopamine was significantly correlated with increased anterior–posterior sway in three SOT conditions. Specifically, during quiet standing (SOT Conditions #1, 2) and when repeatedly to sway-referenced visual environments (SOT Condition #3, Trial #3), pre-synaptic dopaminergic denervation in the anteroventral striatum explained over 20–25% of the variability in sway magnitude above and beyond that explained by age ( p ≤ 0.01). Striatal dopaminergic denervation did not impact balance in sway-referenced floor conditions. Conclusions The SOT Condition #3 findings suggest that, in normal aging, the central ability to inhibit balance destabilizing vision-related postural control processes depends at least partially on striatal dopaminergic pathways. In contrast, striatal dopaminergic denervation does not appear to impair the ability to disengage destabilizing proprioceptive inputs and to trigger the vestibular control system during challenging sensory perturbations (SOT Conditions #4–6). Finally, quiet standing results (SOT Conditions #1, 2) justify the need to further investigate the impact of striatal dopaminergic denervation on the ability to tune muscle tone in healthy adults.
Evidence-Based Practice: Pressure Ulcer Management Guidelines for Spinal Cord Injury

Evelyn M. Phillips, MS, RD, LDN, is Clinical Nutrition Manager and Researcher, Magee Rehabilitation Hospital/Jefferson Health System, Regional SCI Center of the Delaware Valley, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ndividuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have the highest prevalence of pressure ulcers in the United States (15.2%–30% I from 1990 to 2000) and an incidence range (7.5%–23.7%) similar to long-term care residents (7%–23.9%). Malnutrition is a major risk factor for the development of pressure ulcers in both acute and chronic spinal injury populations. As a federally designated Regional SCI Center, Magee Rehabilitation Hospital provides acute rehabilitation after initial SCI (approximately 330 admissions per year) as well as lifetime follow-up care for approximately 2,500 individuals with chronic SCI – the majority of whom either have or will develop a pressure ulcer at some point in their lifetimes. Development of Pressure Ulcer Management Guidelines
EVALUATION OF INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES IN ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC LAYER SUBSTRATES

The lowest order mode of the generalized Lamb wave was used to examine the interfacial properties of imperfect layered substrates. Specimens of controlled interface conditions were made with a meshed intervening layer technique. The results showed that the position of the turning point in the dispersion curve was sensitive to bond quality variation. By incoiporating an effective interface layer into a multiple layer formulation and comparing the calculated results with the experimental data, the interfacial properties of the layered substrate were evaluated. Moreover, the shape of the dispersion curve of this lowest order mode was found to be dependent on the bond quality and anisotropy, but the dominating factor was the bond quality. Consequently, the turning point in the dispersion curve of the lowest order mode can be used to assess bond quality in an anisotropic layered substrate.
Interleukin‐1, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin‐17 synergistically up‐regulate nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in explants of human osteoarthritic knee menisci

Objective In osteoarthritis (OA), a combination of biochemical and biomechanical factors may damage both menisci and articular cartilage. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been implicated as mediators of inflammation in OA. The goals of this study were to determine if menisci from patients with OA produce NO and PGE2, and if the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and IL-17 augment NO and PGE2 production by these tissues. Methods Menisci were obtained from 17 patients (age 47–75 years) undergoing total knee replacement for OA. Tissue explants were cultured alone or with IL-1β, IL-17, or TNFα, and the release of NO and PGE2 from the tissue as well as the presence of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) antigens were measured. Results All menisci constitutively produced NO, and significant increases in NO production were observed in the presence of IL-1β, TNFα, or IL-17 (P < 0.05). The combination of IL-17 and TNFα significantly increased NO production compared with either cytokine alone. Basal and cytokine-stimulated NO synthesis was inhibited by the NOS inhibitors NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or N-3-aminoethylbenzylacetamidine (1400W). IL-1β significantly increased PGE2production. The combination of IL-1β and TNFα had an additive effect on PGE2 production, while addition of IL-17 to TNFα or IL-1β synergistically enhanced PGE2 production. Inhibition of NO production by 1400W significantly increased IL-1β–stimulated PGE2 production, and inhibition of PGE2 production by the COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide significantly increased IL-17–stimulated NO production. Conclusion Menisci from humans with OA spontaneously produced NO and PGE2 in a manner that was synergistically or additively augmented by cytokines. NO and PGE2 exhibited reciprocal regulatory effects on one another, suggesting that pharmaceutical agents designed to inhibit NOS2 or COX-2 production may in fact be influencing both pathways.
Loss of fertilizing power of sea-urchin and Urechis sperm treated with univalent antibodies vs. antifertilizin.

SummaryAntisera were produced in rabbits by immunization with purified anti-fertilizin of Lytechinus and of Urechis and were photo-oxidized so as to convert the antibodies into the “univalent” (non-agglutinating) form. Sperm treated with such antisera were found to possess less than 1/64 of the fertilizing capacity of the controls although their activity was not noticeably affected. The bearing of the results on the significance of antifertilizin in the fertilization reaction is briefly discussed and the possible general use of “univalent” antibodies is mentioned.
Demographics Matter Travel Demand, Options, and Characteristics Among Minority Populations

Race and ethnicity are important in terms of travel choices, needs, and options. Many factors contribute to the differences in patterns of travel within population segments. This paper uses data from the US Census Bureau and the National Household Travel Survey Program to examine the demographic characteristics of minority populations and the resulting differences in their travel behavior. As the U.S. society becomes more diverse over the next few decades, a significant portion of growth in travel demand will come from minority populations. Minorities on average are more transit dependent, have higher automobile occupancies, and have lower levels of vehicle ownership. Factors such as these should be considered when forecasting travel demand and developing policy and planning initiatives.
A neural network tool for identifying text-editing goals

When performing a computer task, a user will decompose the task into cognitive goals and subgoals. These goals are accomplished through the use of external operators (e.g. keystrokes, mouse button presses) or internal mental operators (e.g. reading parts of the display, deciding on the goal). Users may utilize different goals and sequence the goals differently to accomplish the same overall task. Determining the goals and the sequencing of the goals could be useful for several reasons, such as providing a means for on-line assistance with the task. Determining these goals in the past, however, has been a time-consuming process. A neural network tool for automatically identifying cognitive text-editing goals from operators is investigated. The first of three memos edited by subjects was used to train the neural network successfully to map the operators (keystrokes) to cognitive goals. In a test of the trained network's ability to generalize to new input?the second and third memos edited by the subjects?the net could identify the cognitive goals with an overall performance accuracy of 96%. Two methods were used to investigate the validity of the goals which were identified by the tool. The characteristics of the goals were consistent with that which could be expected based upon previous research. This research illustrates that a neural network tool can identify the cognitive goals of a task.
Theatrical Bodies: Acting Out Comedy and Tragedy in Two Anatomical Displays

Culturally constructed relationships between art, science, and economics are reflected in human anatomy displays and entwined with their rhetorical efficacy. This paper juxtaposes Andre Vesalius’ 1543 book of anatomy, On the Fabric of the Human Body, with the contemporary anatomy display Bodies … The Exhibition in order to think about the cultural contexts that inform these works, the unique intents of their designers, and the visual similarities and differences that in some ways unite them and in other ways mark them as centuries apart. Ultimately, what becomes clear is how these two displays manifest two alternate visions—one Comic and one Tragic—of the human anatomy, both reflective of their cultural contexts.
Rapid serial roentgenographic cephalometry for observing mandibular movements

Abstract The rapid cassette changer will permit the exposure of six 11 by 14 inch roentgenograms per second. This cassette changer, used with the cephalometric head holder and the technique outlined, makes an accurate method for studying mandibular movement. The accuracy of this procedure is within ± 0.5 mm.
Inhibition of sterol C14 demethylation by imidazole-containing antifungals.

Several factors influencing the activity of imidazole-containing antifungals as inhibitors of sterol C14 demethylation have been investigated in Candida spp. It has been shown that inter-species variation in the susceptibility of C14 demethylases and ability of the antifungals to penetrate the fungal cell, as well as structural variation, affect the antifungal activity of this class of compounds.
Nutrient Consumption of Migrant Farmworkers in The Midwest

Abstract Healthy People 2000 has recognized migrant farmworkers as a "small but important subset of Hispanic Americans, deserving special attention." Few recent studies have been published on the nutrient consumption of this population. Each year thousands of migrants participate in agricultural activities in the Midwest. The objective of this study was to assess the nutrient content of the diet of migrants in Indiana and to compare the intake to current recommendations. Using a modification of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) dietary questionnaire, 99 subjects (19-63 years; male, n=54; female, n=45) were randomly selected within geographic locations of migrant facilities and interviewed by registered dietitians with the assistance of translators when needed. The 24-hour dietary recalls were analyzed for mean (±SEM) nutrient content and compared to standards using the t-test statistic (p
Selenoprotein W expression and regulation in mouse brain and neurons

Background Selenoprotein W (Sepw1) is a selenium-containing protein that is abundant in brain and muscle of vertebrate animals. Muscular expression of Sepw1 is reduced by dietary selenium (Se) deficiency in mammals, whereas brain expression is maintained. However, expression of Sepw1 depends on the Se transporter selenoprotein P (Sepp1). Methods We assessed the regional and cellular expression of Sepw1 in the mouse brain and neuronal cultures. Results We found that Sepw1 is widespread in neurons and neuropil of mouse brain and appears in both the soma and processes of neurons in culture. Pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus express high levels of Sepw1. It is also abundant in Purkinje neurons and their dendritic arbors in the cerebellum. Analysis of synaptosome fractions prepared from mice brains indicated that Sepw1 is present at synapses, as were several proteins involved in selenoprotein synthesis. Synaptic expression of Sepw1 expression is reduced in mice lacking Sepp1 compared with control mice, although selenoprotein synthesis factors were similarly expressed in both genotypes. Lastly, Sepw1 mRNA coimmunoprecipitates with Staufen 2 protein in a human neuronal cell line. Conclusions Our results suggest that Sepw1 may be locally synthesized in distal compartments of neurons including synapses.
The Association Between Diabetes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Evidence

Background & Aims: We conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis to estimate the magnitude and determinants of association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: MEDLINE searches were conducted for published full studies (between January 1966 and February 2005) that provided risk estimates and met criteria concerning the definition of exposure and outcomes. Two investigators independently performed standardized search and data abstraction. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for individual outcomes were obtained or calculated for each study and were synthesized using a random-effects model. Results: A total of 26 studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 13 case-control studies, diabetes was associated significantly with HCC in 9 studies (pooled odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.8–3.5). Among 13 cohort studies, diabetes was associated significantly with HCC in 7 studies (pooled risk ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–3.2). The results were relatively consistent in different populations, different geographic locations, and a variety of control groups. The significant association between HCC and diabetes was independent of alcohol use or viral hepatitis in the 10 studies that examined these factors. Few studies adjusted for diet and obesity. Conclusions: Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for HCC. However, more research is required to examine issues related to the duration and treatment of diabetes, and confounding by diet and obesity.
Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of KEAP1 disrupted and sulforaphane-treated human breast epithelial cells reveals common expression profiles

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, is a potent inhibitor of experimental mammary carcinogenesis and may be an effective, safe chemopreventive agent for use in humans. SFN acts in part on the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway to regulate a battery of cytoprotective genes. In this study, transcriptomic and proteomic changes in the estrogen receptor negative, non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial MCF10A cell line were analyzed following SFN treatment or KEAP1 knockdown with siRNA using microarray and stable isotopic labeling with amino acids in culture (SILAC), respectively. Changes in selected transcripts and proteins were confirmed by PCR and Western blot in MCF10A and MCF12A cells. There was strong correlation between the transcriptomic and proteomic responses in both the SFN treatment (R = 0.679, P < 0.05) and KEAP1 knockdown (R = 0.853, P < 0.05) experiments. Common pathways for SFN treatment and KEAP1 knockdown were xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidants, glutathione metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and NADH/NADPH regeneration. Moreover, these pathways were most prominent in both the transcriptomic and the proteomic analyses. The aldo–keto reductase family members, AKR1B10, AKR1C1, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3, as well as NQO1 and ALDH3A1, were highly upregulated at both the transcriptomic and the proteomic levels. Collectively, these studies served to identify potential biomarkers that can be used in clinical trials to investigate the initial pharmacodynamic action of SFN in the breast.
Perk gene dosage regulates glucose homeostasis by modulating pancreatic β-cell functions.

Background Insulin synthesis and cell proliferation are under tight regulation in pancreatic β-cells to maintain glucose homeostasis. Dysfunction in either aspect leads to development of diabetes. PERK (EIF2AK3) loss of function mutations in humans and mice exhibit permanent neonatal diabetes that is characterized by insufficient β-cell mass and reduced proinsulin trafficking and insulin secretion. Unexpectedly, we found that Perk heterozygous mice displayed lower blood glucose levels. Methodology Longitudinal studies were conducted to assess serum glucose and insulin, intracellular insulin synthesis and storage, insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation in Perk heterozygous mice. In addition, modulation of Perk dosage specifically in β-cells showed that the glucose homeostasis phenotype of Perk heterozygous mice is determined by reduced expression of PERK in the β-cells. Principal Findings We found that Perk heterozygous mice first exhibited enhanced insulin synthesis and secretion during neonatal and juvenile development followed by enhanced β-cell proliferation and a substantial increase in β-cell mass at the adult stage. These differences are not likely to entail the well-known function of PERK to regulate the ER stress response in cultured cells as several markers for ER stress were not differentially expressed in Perk heterozygous mice. Conclusions In addition to the essential functions of PERK in β-cells as revealed by severely diabetic phenotype in humans and mice completely deficient for PERK, reducing Perk gene expression by half showed that intermediate levels of PERK have a profound impact on β-cell functions and glucose homeostasis. These results suggest that an optimal level of PERK expression is necessary to balance several parameters of β-cell function and growth in order to achieve normoglycemia.
X chromosome expression during oogenesis in the mouse

Abstract The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been assayed in mouse oocytes at several stages of follicle development isolated from XX and XO female mice. Throughout the entire growth period the activity of G6PD was proportional to the number of X chromosomes present in the oocyte, whereas no difference in LDH activity was detected between XX and XO oocytes. It is concluded, therefore, that both X chromosomes are functional throughout oogenesis.
Franz John A. Torek

Franz John A. Torek (1861 to 1938) is one of the pioneering surgeons in thoracic surgery. The son of German immigrants, he worked in the German (now Lenox Hill) Hospital in New York City. In 1913 he performed the first thoracic esophagectomy for cancer, and the patient survived for 12 years. We describe the surgical work and private life of Torek and recall the details of the groundbreaking operation.
Composition dependent structural properties of Pb1−xEuxSe thin films

Abstract We report on the composition dependent structural properties of Pb 1− x Eu x Se thin films deposited by a co-evaporation method. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that all the films deposited over a composition range of x =0.1 to 0.45 are polycrystalline in nature with sharp diffraction peaks independent of compositions and growth conditions. The lattice parameter of the films calculated using the strongest reflection (200) has been found to deviate from Vegard's law at higher compositions. The grain sizes have been found to be in the range of 100–450 A with (200) as the preferred orientation of the grains. The dependence of grain size and orientation on film composition and growth temperature has been studied in detail to understand the mechanisms governing the polycrystalline grain growth. The incorporation of europium and surface re-evaporation of selenium have been found to critically affect the polycrystalline grain growth.
Subchronic Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis Induced by Silica in Rats Are Attenuated by Amiodarone

A previous study demonstrated that the acute phase of silica-induced lung injury in rats can be attenuated by concomitant administration of amiodarone, a cationic amphiphilic drug that inhibits phospholipase activity in the lungs. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether continued amiodarone administration could inhibit subchronic silica-induced lung injury and fibrosis. Male Fischer-344 rats were administered amiodarone (150 mg/kg, p.o., 5 days/week) for 14 days and were then instilled with silica (100 mg/kg) intratracheally. Amiodarone treatment then continued for 60 days. Injury was evaluated by parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and fibrosis was assessed by lung hydroxyproline content and trichrome staining of collagen. Within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, amiodarone treatment resulted in significant decreases in silica-induced elevations in albumin levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity, β-glucuronidase activity, and neutrophil influx. Amiodarone treatment resulted in sig...
Outstanding challenges in testing nanotechnology based integrated circuits

Summary form only given. This presentation raises questions in all three dominant domains in the area of testing: traditional issues, power issues, and test application time issues. Traditional issues such as ATPG systems, fault simulators, and stuck-at faults are discussed, as well as new faults like capacitive and inductive crosstalks. The requirements in power delivery to the devices during normal operation as well as during test are expected to be largely in the area of test scheduling. Finally, the variable cost, the cost of testing each device, is likely to be dominated by the test application time. Hence, we need to develop novel solutions to the test application problem. This may mean re-looking at the most often used DFT and BIST methods. Also, we need to develop new and superior test generators and fault simulators that can handle faults from the new fault models for nanotechnologies and possibly deal with multiple faults.
Provisional classifications v standard avian sequences: heuristics and communication in ornithology

The past decades have been exciting ones for ornithologists interested in avian macrosystematics with many new ideas being proposed for consideration and further study. But this excitement should not blind ornithologists to the important distinction between the provisional classifications proposed by specialists in macrosystematics, no matter how convincing they may appear at first glance, and the standard sequence needed to maintain optimal communication among all students of avian biologists. An excellent standard sequence for Recent birds exists in Peters' Check-list. We urge that all ornithologists, authors and editors use this sequence until the time arrives, as it undoubtedly will, when enough is known about avian relationships to permit agreement on a new and better standard sequence.
The effect of Ba ions on the growth and mitochondrial metabolism of Mung bean seedlings

The presence of high concentrations of BaCl2 in vermiculite grown Mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) resulted in a reduction in shoot growth compared with plants grown in equivalent concentrations of CaCl2. A high level of Ba ion was found in the mitochondria from plants grown at high Ba ion concentrations. Respiration rates of isolated mitochondria from plants grown at high levels of Ba were more rapid with all substrates tested, while the coupling parameters, including respiratory control with all substrates tested and ADP/O ratios with pyruvate-malate were partially reduced. These results were discussed as a possible mechanism of inhibition of plants grown in high-Ba soils.
The constant fallacy: A persistent logical flaw in applications of Lanchester's equations

Abstract A particular logical flaw is continually being made in interpretations of Lanchester's equations. The fallacy will be exposed in this paper. Because of this fallacy, certain applications of Lanchester's N -square law of combat are invalid. Also, a popular method for empirically determining the functional form of the attrition equations is invalid. Correct interpretations of this situation are offered, and a logically sound approach is indicated.
Whistler wave mode conversion to lower hybrid waves at a density striation.

The first observation of mode conversion of whistler waves to lower hybrid waves at a density striation has been made in a laboratory plasma. The observed lower hybrid wavelength is consistent with that predicted by linear mode coupling. The lower hybrid waves have amplitudes up to 20% of the incident whistler waves.
Glycerol as a reference material for fecal fat quantitation using low-resolution time domain ¹H NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Objectives To assess glycerol as reference material for low-resolution time-domain 1H NMR analysis of fecal fat. Design and methods NMR analysis of fecal fat in stool samples with added glycerol was used to assess linearity, recovery, and relationship with NMR lipid signal. Results The study revealed for added glycerol excellent linearity (r = 0.9998), recovery (101–104%), and linear relationship with simulated fecal fat content. Conclusions Glycerol is an effective reference material for NMR fecal fat analysis.
Photochemical and Acid-Catalyzed Rearrangements of 4-Carbomethoxy-4-methyl-3-(trimethylsilyl)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one.

The synthesis of 4-carbomethoxy-4-methyl-3-(trimethylsilyl)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (1) in 60% overall yield from benzaldehyde is described. Irradiation (366 nm) of 1 in benzene solution gave products of type A photorearrangement; e.g., diastereomers of the 4-(trimethylsilyl)- and 5-(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ones 8 and 9. Bicyclohexenones 9a and 9b could not be isolated, but underwent acid-catalyzed protiodesilylative rearrangements on attempted chromatography (silica gel) to give a 1:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-4-(carbomethoxymethylmethylene)cyclopent-2-en-1-ones 12 and 13. Irradiation (366 nm) of either 12 or 13 resulted in photoisomerization to a photostationary state that was also a 1:1 mixture. Irradiation of 8a or 8b gave equivalent mixtures of phenols 14 and 15 by way of the type B oxyallyl zwitterion 17. The available experimental evidence suggests that both 9a and 9b undergo regiospecific photorearrangement to phenol 16 with no trace of 3-methyl-4-carbomethoxyphenol (19), the product...
Advances in Camera, Video, and Imaging Technologies in Laparoscopy

The introduction of technological advances, such as HDTV, three-dimensional laparoscopy, and further miniaturization of high-resolution digital video cameras, will allow significantly enhanced opportunities for laparoscopic surgical proficiency and further broadening of laparoscopic applications in urology. These enhancements, coupled with the recent advances in telemedicine and surgical simulation, will improve laparoscopic training and skill acquisition, decrease operative times and costs, minimize morbidity, and improve overall patient care.
Diffusion in order-disorder alloys. The face centered cubic AB3 alloy

Abstract Formulae for the order dependent part of the vacancy formation energies and migration energies have been derived for a Cu3Au alloy using Kirkwood's theory. The vacancy formation energy for sites on the Au sublattice is strongly order dependent and larger than the energy for vacancy formation in the Cu sublattices. Explicit consideration of different types of jumps shows that diffusion in a Cu3Au alloy below the critical temperature cannot be a random walk process. It is suggested that the activation energies determined in quenching experiments are determined by the activation energy of a jump of a Au atom and that this energy will be different from the activation energy for diffusion of Au atoms as determined in a diffusion experiment. Possible jump sequences for the Au and Cu atoms and an explanation for internal friction experiments are also suggested.
The use of microorganisms for the formation of metal nanoparticles and their application

Nanomaterials are at the leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. The development of reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of nanomaterials over a range of chemical compositions, sizes, and high monodispersity is one of the challenging issues in current nanotechnology. In the context of the current drive to develop green technologies in material synthesis, this aspect of nanotechnology is of considerable importance. Biological systems, masters of ambient condition chemistry, synthesize inorganic materials that are hierarchically organized from the nano- to the macroscale. Recent studies on the use of microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles are a relatively new and exciting area of research with considerable potential for development. This review describes a brief overview of the current research worldwide on the use of microorganisms in the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles and their applications.
Human parotid α-amylase—A test of the error theory of aging

Abstract The error catastrophe theory of aging predicts that an enzyme from an older organism should have a fraction of defective copies which are either inactive or active but heat labile. Salivary α-amylase from older humans does not meet this prediction. The ratio of α-amylase activity to total protein does not decrease with age, and no fraction of rapidly heat inactivated enzyme can be detected in samples from older subjects.
Experimental intestinal ischemia: provocative absorption studies following gradual celiac and superior mesenteric artery occlusion.

Abstract Intestinal absorption of d-xylose was studied during the postprandial period after ingestion of a provocative meat meal in experimental animals with chronic celiac and superior mesenteric artery occlusions. Statistically significant impairment of d-xylose absorption occurred in the presence of celiac artery occlusion. In theory this was attributed to the effect of collateral circulation upon blood flow velocity within the superior mesenteric artery and altered perfusion of its distal branches.
All-optical micromechanical chemical sensors

We describe experimental results from micromechanical resonators coated with chemoselective polymers that detect chemical vapors from volatile organic compounds or explosives using all-optical interrogation. The shift in the resonant frequency of a gold microbeam is read-out using photothermal actuation and microcavity interferometry. For detection of toluene vapor, response times of less than 5 seconds are achieved for vapor concentrations as low as 60 ppm. For detection of TNT vapor, concentrations as low as 10 ppb are detected in 100 seconds. An analysis of the measured frequency noise in these sensors shows that it is dominated by thermal-mechanical fluctuations at the fundamental flexural mode. Our measurements thus indicate that thermal-mechanical frequency noise is the primary intrinsic detection limit for typical resonant-frequency MEMS biosensors or chemical vapor sensors.
WHO OPPOSES PUBLIC/PRIVATE FINANCIAL PARTNERSHIPS FOR URBAN RENEWAL? A CASE STUDy

A public/private financial partnership to build a regional mall in the central business district was defeated in Bellingham, Washington, by a successful initiative drive. It prohibited the city from issuing bonds to pay for its share of the joint project. The purpose of this study was to find out who opposed the project and why. The research evidence suggests that critics of the intra-urban shopping center supported the initiative for two interrelated sets of reasons: dislike of specific aspects of the matt proposal and dislike of the public/private financial planning approach. Since the concept of government/corporate cooperation is gaining popularity in public policies dealing with economic and land-use planning, the research focused on the second type of opposition. The data revealed a pattern that may have relevance in other communities also. It appears that (1) traditional critics of government power, i.e., individualist-conservatives, libertarians, and right-wing populists; (2) traditional critics o...