cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rectification, Gating Voltage, and Interchannel Communication of Nanoslot Arrays due to Asymmetric Entrance Space Charge Polarization

A nanoslot array with a uniform surface charge and height but with asymmetric slot entrances is shown to exhibit strong rectification, gating type current-voltage characteristics and a total current higher than the sum of isolated slots at a large voltage. Unlike previous reports of low-voltage current rectification within nanopores and nanochannels with a nonuniform surface charge and/or height, the asymmetry is due to asymmetric space-charge polarization and interslot communication at only one of the two different entrances.
Synthesis of stilbenes via homocoupling of aryl aldehyde tosylhydrazones

Abstract Stilbenes are readily prepared in good yields via homocoupling of aryl aldehyde tosylhydrazones in the presence of lithium tert -butoxide and trimethyl borate under reflux in THF.
Polyharmonic Approximation on the Sphere

The purpose of this article is to provide new error estimates for a popular type of spherical basis function (SBF) approximation on the sphere: approximating by linear combinations of Green’s functions of polyharmonic differential operators. We show that the L p approximation order for this kind of approximation is σ for functions having L p smoothness σ (for σ up to the order of the underlying differential operator, just as in univariate spline theory). This improves previous error estimates, which penalized the approximation order when measuring error in L p , p>2 and held only in a restrictive setting when measuring error in L p , p<2.
Synthesis and conformational features of topographically constrained designer chimeric amino acids: The β-isopropyl phenylalanines

Abstract All four optically pure isomers of the highly conformationally constrained novel chimeric amino acid, β-isopropylphenylalanine or β-phenylleucine, were asymmetrically synthesized in five to six steps in 20–25% overall yield. Computer-assisted molecular modeling revealed that the β-isopropyl group in these chimeric amino acids plays the dominant role in determining the most favorable side chain conformations.
An Aryl to Imidoyl Palladium Migration Process Involving Intramolecular C−H Activation

Biologically interesting fluoren-9-one and xanthen-9-one derivatives have been prepared by a novel aryl to imidoyl palladium migration, followed by intramolecular arylation. The fluoren-9-one synthesis appears to involve both a palladium migration mechanism and a C-H activation process proceeding through an unprecedented organopalladium(IV) hydride intermediate. The results from deuterium labeling experiments are consistent with the proposed dual mechanism.
An empirical investigation of trends in barter activity in the Russian Federation

Abstract Barter, which has dominated the Russian economic landscape for years, has significant economic and accounting implications. Barter often camouflages Russian businesses' financial and tax statements making true costs, prices, values, and profits a mystery, thereby compromising financial-statement transparency. Contemporary literature suggests that barter is still rampant in Russia. For this study a group of Russian businesspersons were asked to complete a survey regarding the levels of barter in Russia since 1996. The empirical evidence we collected provides insight into recent trends in barter in Russia, including indication that the incidence of barter has dramatically decreased. These findings have significant implications for Russian business and economic development. A reduction in barter is likely to enhance financial-statement transparency, thus minimizing information risk for potential investors and creditors.
Effect of Performance Model Accuracy on Optimal Pavement Design

In the first part of this paper, an analysis of the data collected during the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) road test, based on probabilistic duration modeling techniques, is presented. Duration techniques enable the stochastic nature of pavement failure time to be evaluated as well as censored data to be incorporated in the statistical estimation of the model parameters. The second part of this paper presents the use of economic optimization principles for determining the optimal design of flexible pavements. We study the effect of deterioration model accuracy on optimal design and lifecycle costs by comparing three models. The first is a simple regression model developed by the AASHO, which forms the basis of design standards in use today. The second is a regression model that was developed with the same AASHO data set, but that includes a correction for data censoring. The third model is the probabilistic model developed in the first part of this paper. The results show that the AASHO model, when used as an input to lifecycle cost minimization, produces a pavement structural number that is lower than that produced by using the other two deterioration models. This results in shorter pavement lives and higher costs due to more frequent resurfacing. The savings in lifecycle cost accrued by using optimal structural number are shown to be quite significant, offering a sound basis for revising current design practices.
The Scientific Work of Jørgen Lund and a Personal Assessment of Its Significance

A selection of the more important works of Jorgen Lund are described. The industrial features of the periods in which specific developments in rotordynamics took place are discussed, together with these developments themselves and the investigators who made them. Lund's contributions are included within the latter part of this framework. The comparative value of Lund's work is considered in terms of several criteria, which are judged to apply to the work of investigators generally. These criteria are used to examine the characteristics of three important pioneers of vibration technology, to demonstrate the validity of these criteria. Lund's contributions are shown to be of high caliber when judged by the same criteria.
Relationship between Pulmonary Artery End-Diastolic Pressure and Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Patients in Shock

Bedside catheterization permitted 56 simultaneous measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure (PAEDP) in 25 patients in shock. Measurements were made over a wide range of heart rates (60-160 beats/min), arterial oxygen tension (Poo2; 33-562 mm Hg), stroke volumes (9-105 ml), and systolic arterial pressures (65-250 mm Hg), and before and during various therapeutic interventions. There was good correlation between PAEDP and LVEDP (r = +0.85) and PAEDP and left ventricular pre-a pressure (r = +0.82). In 16 patients breathing room air, mean arterial Poo2 was 58 ± 15 mm Hg and rose significantly to 282 ± 16 mm Hg after breathing oxygen (P<0.01), but there was no significant change in the correlation between PAEDP and LVEDP before (r = +0.80) or during oxygen breathing (r = +0.80). Similarly, in seven patients treated with inotropic agents there was excellent correlation between PAEDP and LVEDP before (r = +0.96) and during inotropic therapy (r = +...
Texture classification on block-transformed data

ABSTRACT We introduce two texture classification techniques applicable to images compressed using block DCT. The first technique is a parametric approach. It models a texture as a stationary Gaussianprocess and utilizes the diagonalizing property of DCT. The second one uses the concept of power spectrum in the DCT domain. The energy distribution is employed to discriminate different textures. Both techniques work on compressed data without decoding and are designed to be robust against quantization noise. Keywords: Texture classification, stationary Gaussian process, block transform, DCT power spectrum, Bayesian decision rule, minimum distance rule. 1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, image processing and analysis in the compression domain has become an attractive research area. Many algorithms have been proposed for processing JPEG-coded data, such as image matching [6] and video manipulation (scaling, rotation, etc.) [2]. An analogy to the convolution theorem for Fourier transform is shown for wavelet transform [13] ,
Prompt Radiation Damage and Short Term Annealing in CMOS/SOS Devices

The radiation induced damage and the subsequent short term annealing in CMOS/SOS devices have been experimentally investigated. Transient threshold voltage shifts were measured after exposure to prompt ionization pulses. The measurements concentrated on early annealing, within 100 microseconds after the ionization pulse. Longer term annealing, up to 100 seconds after the ionization, was also characterized. The effects of prompt dose-rate, temperature, gate oxide thickness, and the electric field in the gate oxide during the ionization and during the annealing period were examined. The data demonstrate that the threshold shift is independent of dose-rate for prompt (less than 30 nanosecond) ionization. The annealing rate is shown to be a strong function of temperature with no annealing occurring at -195°C and an enhanced annealing rate at +125°C. The data demonstrate that, at room temperature and for zero field in the gate oxide, there is no significant annealing occurring before one microsecond after a prompt pulse. Threshold shift is shown to be proportional to the square of the gate oxide thickness. Threshold shift and annealing rate are shown to be dependent on the magnitude and polarity of the field in the gate oxide. The bias dependence results for p-channel transistors are consistent with those predicted by a stochastic thermal charge-hopping transport model.
Contact Zone Force Profile and Machining Performance of Filamentary Brush

Filamentary brushing tools are used in a wide range of surface finishing processes, such as deburring, edge radiusing, polishing, and surface decontamination applications. Moreover, these tools are easily adapted to automation because the filament tips, which perform the machining operation, readily conform to the workpart surface without the need for sophisticated control systems technology. However, little is known about the material removal mechanics of filamentary brushes and, therefore, trial-and-error experimentation is often necessary before the tool is implemented in a production environment. This uncertainty of performance can be traced to a lack of understanding of the actual forces that are generated within the contact zone, that is, along the interface of the filament tip and workpart surface. Although previous experimental research has focused on the overall (i.e., resultant) brush force exerted onto the workpart, no information exists in the literature regarding the variation of force within the contact zone. Such information is essential for understanding the material removal profile within the contact zone, and could provide valuable information regarding the most active machining site along the contact surface. In this paper, a novel experiment is proposed for evaluating the force profile of filament tip forces that are generated within the contact region of a brushed surface. A specially designed workpart fixture is constructed and used in conjunction with a multiaxis force sensor for measuring the detailed force variation within the contact zone. The experiment is conducted using a wire brush at several different rotational speeds, which enables one to ascertain the role of filament inertia in the material removal process. Findings are reported which suggest that a significantly enhanced material removal rate can be achieved at a selective location within the contact zone at moderately elevated spindle speeds.
Invariance of generalized wordlength patterns

The generalized wordlength pattern (GWLP) introduced by Xu and Wu (2001) for an arbitrary fractional factorial design allows one to extend the use of the minimum aberration criterion to such designs. Ai and Zhang (2004) defined the J-characteristics of a design and showed that they uniquely determine the design. While both the GWLP and the J-characteristics require indexing the levels of each factor by a cyclic group, we see that the definitions carry over with appropriate changes if instead one uses an arbitrary abelian group. This means that the original definitions rest on an arbitrary choice of group structure. We show that the GWLP of a design is independent of this choice, but that the J-characteristics are not. We briefly discuss some implications of these results.
An operator approach to string equations

In this paper, a new approach to string dynamics is proposed. String coordinates are identified with a non-commuting set of operators familiar from free string quantization, and the dynamics follows from the Virasoro algebra. There is a very large gauge group operating on the non-commuting coordinates. The gauge has to be fixed suitably to make contact with the standard string picture.
A variational formalism for tidal excitation: non-rotating, homentropic stars

We present a variational formalism for describing the dynamical evolution of an oscillating star with a point-mass companion in the linear, non-relativistic regime. This includes both the excitation of normal modes and the back-reaction of the modes on the orbit. The general formalism for arbitrary fluid configurations is presented, and then specialized to a homentropic potential flow. Our formalism explicitly identifies and conserves both energy and angular momentum. We also consider corrections to the orbit up to 7/2 post-Newtonian order.
Coordination Complexes of Decamethylytterbocene with 4,4‘-Disubstituted Bipyridines: An Experimental Study of Spin Coupling in Lanthanide Complexes

The paramagnetic 1:1 coordination complexes of (C5Me5)2Yb with a series of 4,4‘-disubstituted bipyridines, bipy−X, where X is Me, t-Bu, OMe, Ph, CO2Me, and CO2Et, have been prepared. All of the com...
A mechanism for land–ocean contrasts in global monsoon trends in a warming climate

A central paradox of the global monsoon record involves reported decreases in rainfall over land during an era in which the global hydrologic cycle is both expected and observed to intensify. It is within this context that this work develops a physical basis for both interpreting the observed record and anticipating changes in the monsoons in a warming climate while bolstering the concept of the global monsoon in the context of shared feedbacks. The global-land monsoon record across multiple reanalyses is first assessed. Trends that in other studies have been taken as real are shown to likely be spurious as a result of changes in the assimilated data streams both prior to and during the satellite era. Nonetheless, based on satellite estimates, robust increases in monsoon rainfall over ocean do exist and a physical basis for this land–ocean contrast remains lacking. To address the contrast’s causes, simulated trends are therefore assessed. While projections of total rainfall are inconsistent across models, the robust land–ocean contrast identified in observations is confirmed. A feedback mechanism is proposed rooted in the facts that land areas warm disproportionately relative to ocean, and onshore flow is the chief source of monsoonal moisture. Reductions in lower tropospheric relative humidity over land domains are therefore inevitable and these have direct consequences for the monsoonal convective environment including an increase in the lifting condensation level and a shift in the distribution of convection generally towards less frequent and potentially more intense events. The mechanism is interpreted as an important modulating influence on the “rich-get-richer” mechanism. Caveats for regional monsoons exist and are discussed.
Putting their money where their mouths are: Consumer willingness to pay for multi-ingredient, processed organic food products

In response to dramatically increasing adoption in consumer markets, the National Organic Program (NOP) initiated novel labeling standards for food products in the US in 2002. This program is a particularly relevant standardization effort for multi-ingredient processed foods. Rather than a simple binary message (organic or not), gradations of organic content are now codified. No existing published study evaluates consumer willingness to pay or motivation to purchase in response to such a rich organic label. This article presents evidence of the impact of the NOP through analysis of data collected in seven central Ohio, USA grocery stores. Results suggest that consumers are willing to pay premium prices for organic foods, even those with less than 100% organic ingredients. The magnitudes of WTP premia varied significantly among consumer groups, suggesting that targeted marketing may be effective for organic merchandisers.
A novel bifunctional reagent: 2,2′-bis(methoxymethylene)- 2,2′-sulfonyldiacetonitrile

Abstract Preparation properties and reactions of the title reagent are reported. The reagent is potentially useful for cross-linking proteins and/or nucleic acids.
A three-dimensional, polarization-insensitive superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetector

We measure a peak system detection efficiency (SDE) of 87.7 ± 0.5 % and a polarization dependence of less than 2 % using vertically-stacked superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors connected electrically in parallel.
EuAgxAl11−x with the BaCd11-Type Structure: Phase Width, Coloring, and Electronic Structure

The EuAgxAl11−x (loading composition, x ≈ 3−8) ternary system was experimentally and theoretically investigated. According to powder X-ray diffraction, phases adopting the BaCd11-type structure (space group I41/amd, Z = 4) were obtained for a narrow composition range, i.e., x ≈ 5−6. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography showed that Ag and Al atoms share 4b, 8d, and 32i sites and that 4b site distinctly prefers Ag to Al. Eu is divalent in these phases, which was supported by both magnetometry and unit-cell dimensional analysis. Comparison with other isostructural RE (rare earth)−Ag−Al compounds showed that the BaCd11-type structure is stable specifically at the valence electron concentrations (vec) of 2.1−2.3 e− per atom. A Mulliken population analysis was performed with Extended Huckel calculations, the result of which explained the observed site preferences of the Ag and Al atoms. TB-LMTO-ASA calculations were used to study the relative energies of various models established according to crystallography a...
Solvent Dependent Dehydrating Condensation of Benzylsulfonyl Acetic Acids

Abstract Convenient and simple synthesis of β‐keto benzylsulfones, isothiochromanone‐2,2‐dioxides was carried out by dehydrating condensation of benzylsulfonyl acetic acids using phosphorous pentoxide in aromatic solvents benzene and halobenzenes. Depending on the solvents, the products formed were predominantly either β‐keto benzylsulfones or isothiochromanone‐2,2‐dioxides.
Lattice QCD at finite isospin density

We have simulated QCD at a finite chemical potential μI for isospin (I3) to probe part of the phase diagram for nuclear matter. Preliminary results suggest that for μI > μc, this theory forms a charged pion condensate which spontaneously breaks I3, and the isospin density is non zero.
Minorities and the National Ethos

This essay focuses on the question of how to curb the tension between the rights of members of minorities and the particularistic values of the national community. The essay first examines a radical multicultural treatment of this issue and shows it to be unattainable and inadvisable. The essay then proposes an alternative treatment, Diversity Within Unity, a societal design that combines the nurturing communities of minorities and of the majority and is more conducive to human flourishing. Diversity Within Unity assumes that all citizens will embrace a core of values while being welcomed to follow their own subcultures on other matters.
Early detection and optimal corrective measures of power system insecurity in enhanced look-ahead dispatch

This paper presents a novel algorithm for the early detection and optimal corrective measures of power system insecurity in an enhanced look-ahead dispatch framework. By introducing short-term dispatchable capacity (STDC) into the proposed look-ahead security management (LSM) scheme, the algorithm is capable of predicting and identifying future infeasibilities that pose security risks to the system under both normal conditions and assumed contingency conditions. An optimal recovery plan can be computed to prevent system insecurity at a minimal cost. Early awareness of such information is of vital importance to the system operators for taking timely actions with more flexible and cost-effective measures. This, in addition to the economic benefits studied in the literature, demonstrate the advantage of security improvement of the look-ahead dispatch framework. The performance of the proposed algorithms is illustrated in a revised 24 bus IEEE Reliability Test System as well as in a practical 5889 bus system.
The Nursing Human Resource Planning Best Practice Toolkit: Creating a Best Practice Resource for Nursing Managers

Evidence of acute nursing shortages in urban hospitals has been surfacing since 2000. Further, new graduate nurses account for more than 50% of total nurse turnover in some hospitals and between 35% and 60% of new graduates change workplace during the first year. Critical to organizational success, first line nurse managers must have the knowledge and skills to ensure the accurate projection of nursing resource requirements and to develop proactive recruitment and retention programs that are effective, promote positive nursing socialization, and provide early exposure to the clinical setting. The Nursing Human Resource Planning Best Practice Toolkit project supported the creation of a network of teaching and community hospitals to develop a best practice toolkit in nursing human resource planning targeted at first line nursing managers. The toolkit includes the development of a framework including the conceptual building blocks of planning tools, manager interventions, retention and recruitment and professional practice models. The development of the toolkit involved conducting a review of the literature for best practices in nursing human resource planning, using a mixed method approach to data collection including a survey and extensive interviews of managers and completing a comprehensive scan of human resource practices in the participating organizations. This paper will provide an overview of the process used to develop the toolkit, a description of the toolkit contents and a reflection on the outcomes of the project.
Adapted packet speech interpolation

Adapted packet speech interpolation (APSI) is presented as an evolution of digital speech interpolation (DSI) techniques. The inherent overload penalties of DSI are mitigated by the use of an overload strategy which distributes the penalties uniformly across all active speech sources. A novel use of linear delta modulation (LDM) allows the system to re-encode the input sources at various rates depending upon the total offered load to the system. The subjective performance of hardware is discussed. Two models of silence and talk-spurt behaviour (called activity) of speech are presented: an analytic model for single speakers obtained by the application of renewal theory, and a simulation model obtained from the analytic model.
Light-cone distortion of the clustering and abundance of massive galaxies at high redshifts

Observational surveys of galaxies are not trivially related to single-epoch snapshots from computer simulations. Observationally, an increase in the distance along the line of sight corresponds to an earlier cosmic time at which the properties of the surveyed galaxy population may change. The effect of observing a survey volume along the light cone must be considered in the regime where the mass function of galaxies varies exponentially with redshift. This occurs when the haloes under consideration are rare, that is either when they are very massive or observed at high redshift. While the effect of the light cone is negligible for narrow-band surveys of Lyα emitters, it can be significant for dropout surveys of Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) where the selection functions of the photometric bands are broad. Since there are exponentially more haloes at the low-redshift end of the survey, the low-redshift tail of the selection function contains a disproportionate fraction of the galaxies observed in the survey. This leads to a redshift probability distribution for the dropout LBGs with a mean less than that of the photometric selection function (PHSF) by an amount of order the standard deviation of the PHSF. The inferred mass function of galaxies is then shallower than the true mass function at a single redshift with the abundance at the high-mass end being twice or more as large as expected. Moreover, the statistical moments of the count of galaxies calculated ignoring the light-cone effect deviate from the actual values.
Biomechanical analyses of rising from a chair

Quantification of the biomechanical factors that underlie the inability to rise from a chair can help explain why this disability occurs and can aid in the design of chairs and of therapeutic intervention programs. Experimental data collected earlier from 17 young adult and two groups of elderly subjects, 23 healthy and 11 impaired, rising from a standard chair under controlled conditions were analyzed using a planar biomechanical model. The joint torque strength requirements and the location of the floor reaction force at liftoff from the seat in the different groups and under several conditions were calculated. Analyses were also made of how body configurations and the use of hand force affect these joint torques and reaction locations. In all three groups, the required torques at liftoff were modest compared to literature data on voluntary strengths. Among the three groups rising with the use of hands, at the time of liftoff from the seat. the impaired old subjects, on an average, placed the reaction force the most anterior, the healthy old subjects placed it intermediately and the young subjects placed it the least anterior, within the foot support area. Moreover, the results suggest that, at liftoff, all subjects placed more importance on locating the floor reaction force to achieve acceptable postural stability than on diminishing the magnitudes of the needed joint muscle strengths.
Optimal Fiscal Policy in Overlapping Generations Models

In this article, we explore the proposition that the optimal capital income tax is zero using an overlapping generations model. We prove that for a large class of preferences, the optimal capital i...
Entropy exchange in laser cooling

It is usually presumed that spontaneous emission is necessary to remove the entropy lost by laser-cooled atoms. Here we show that the changes in the laser beams themselves constitute a sufficiently large reservoir of $N$ states accessible to the system that their entropy $S={k}_{B}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ln}(N)$ is sufficient to absorb the entropy lost by the atoms in the cooling process. Proper choice of laser parameters could possibly produce cooling of atoms or molecules over a wide range of temperatures without spontaneous emission.
Utilizing air-turborocket and rocket propulsion for a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle

With appropriate technology advances, a horizontal-takeoff single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) launch vehicle could be designed which utilizes a combination of air-turborocket (ATR) and rocket propulsion systems. Such a vehicle is currently under study at Langley, and this paper presents the results of that study. Estimated vehicle weight characteristics, engine characteristics, geometry, aerodynamics, performance, structures, and subsystems are summarized. Trade studies performed on the reference vehicle to optimize the initial thrust-to-weight ratio (T/W) and the T/W after transition to the rocket phase with respect to vehicle weights are also presented. Throughout the vehicle presentation, special attention is given to the design issues, sensitivities, and performance parameters involved.
Electron cloud studies at Tevatron and main injector

Estimates indicate that the electron cloud effect could be a limiting factor for Main Injector intensity upgrades, with or without the presence of a new 8 GeV superconducting 8 GeV Linac injector. The effect may turn out to be an issue of operational relevance for other parts of the Fermilab accelerator complex as well. To improve our understanding of the situation, two sections of specially made vacuum test pipe outfitted for electron cloud detection with ANL provided retarding field analyzers (RFAs) were installed in the Tevatron and the Main Injector. In this report we present some measurements and discuss future plans for studies.
THERMODYNAMIC LIMITS ON MAGNETODYNAMOS IN ROCKY EXOPLANETS

To ascertain whether magnetic dynamos operate in rocky exoplanets more massive or hotter than the Earth, we developed a parametric model of a differentiated rocky planet and its thermal evolution. Our model reproduces the established properties of Earth's interior and magnetic field at the present time. When applied to Venus, assuming that planet lacks plate tectonics and has a dehydrated mantle with an elevated viscosity, the model shows that the dynamo shuts down or never operated. Our model predicts that at a fixed planet mass, dynamo history is sensitive to core size, but not to the initial inventory of long-lived, heat-producing radionuclides. It predicts that rocky planets larger than 2.5 Earth masses will not develop inner cores because the temperature-pressure slope of the iron solidus becomes flatter than that of the core adiabat. Instead, iron "snow" will condense near or at the top of these cores, and the net transfer of latent heat upward will suppress convection and a dynamo. More massive planets can have anemic dynamos due to core cooling, but only if they have mobile lids (plate tectonics). The lifetime of these dynamos is shorter with increasing planet mass but longer with higher surface temperature. Massive Venus-like planets with stagnant lids and more viscous mantles will lack dynamos altogether. We identify two alternative sources of magnetic fields on rocky planets: eddy currents induced in the hot or molten upper layers of planets on very short-period orbits, and dynamos in the ionic conducting layers of "ocean" planets with ~10% mass in an upper mantle of water (ice).
TRADE, UNCERTAINTY AND NEW FARM PROGRAMS

I have contended for some years that the principal economic problem facing commercial agriculture is instability (Tweeten, 1989). It threatens not only farmers’ financial viability but also consumers’ food security, given consumer desire for stable food availability in the face of intermittently unstable food production.
A voltage-multiplying self-powered ac/dc converter with 0.35 V minimum input voltage for energy harvesting applications

This paper demonstrates a highly efficient, low-voltage ac/dc converter using a voltage multiplier (octupler) circuit architecture intended for vibrational energy harvesting applications where a low-voltage ac waveform is used to charge a battery. The circuit employs output-powered active diodes and does not require any external power supply or startup circuitry. The circuit rectifies and boosts input ac voltages in the range of 0.35–2 V and 20–500 Hz to a dc voltage output that is ∼8 times higher than the input amplitude. The circuit can cold-start from an input voltage of 0.5 V or higher, providing an output voltage sufficient to charge a 3.7 V lithium ion battery. Once started, the circuit can maintain operation at input voltage amplitudes as low as 0.35 V. Over 80% efficiency is achieved from 20 Hz to 100 Hz, with output power ranging from a few microwatts to one milliwatt. Furthermore, in testing with an actual electrodynamic (magnetic) vibrational energy harvester that generates >0.5 V ac output, the circuit delivers power to a lithium-ion battery with an efficiency of >80%.
Automated Lattice Drawing

Lattice diagrams, known as Hasse diagrams, have played an ever increasing role in lattice theory and fields that use lattices as a tool. Initially regarded with suspicion, they now play an important role in both pure lattice theory and in data representation. Now that lattices can be created by software, it is important to have software that can automatically draw them.
1/N 2 corrections to the holographic Weyl anomaly

We compute the $ \mathcal{O} $ (1) contribution to holographic c − a for IIB supergravity on AdS5 × S 5 / $ {{\mathbb{Z}}_n} $ and on AdS5 × T 1,1 / $ {{\mathbb{Z}}_n} $ . In both cases, we find agreement with the dual field theory results, thus providing 1/N 2 checks of AdS/CFT with reduced supersymmetry. Since the holographic computation involves a sum over shortened multiplets in the KK tower, we provide some details on the S 5 and T 1,1 spectra in a form that is convenient when considering their $ {{\mathbb{Z}}_n} $ orbifolds. The computation for the even $ {{\mathbb{Z}}_n} $ orbifolds of S 5 includes a sum over the multiplets in the twisted sector that is essential for obtaining agreement with the dual field theory.
Computation of Actuation Power Requirements for Smart Wings with Morphing Airfoils

New generations of highly maneuverable aircraft, uninhabited combat air vehicles or micro air vehicles, are likely to feature very flexible lifting surfaces. To enhance the performance and control characteristics of these vehicles, the replacement of hinged control surfaces by smart wings with morphing airfoils is investigated. This requires a fundamental understanding of the interaction between aerodynamics, structures, and control systems. The modeling of a smart wing with morphing airfoils is described. Trailing-edge flaps for maneuvering are replaced by airfoil morphing via distributed structural actuation. The goal is to build a model consistent with distributed control and to exercise this model to determine the progress possible in terms of flight control (lift, drag, and maneuver performance) with an adaptive wing. The model is used to study the roll performance and actuation power requirements of a smart wing with morphing airfoils. For selected flight conditions, actuation power requirements of a smart wing with morphing airfoils are compared to those of a conventional wing with trailing-edge flaps.
Photooxidizing Chromium Catalysts for Promoting Radical Cation Cycloadditions

The photooxidizing capabilities of selected CrIII complexes for promoting radical cation cycloadditions are described. These complexes have sufficiently long-lived excited states to oxidize electron-rich alkenes, thereby initiating [4+2] processes. These metal species augment the spectrum of catalysts explored in photoredox systems, as they feature unique properties that can result in differential reactivity from the more commonly employed ruthenium or iridium catalysts.
Ergodic and Outage Performance of Fading Broadcast Channels With 1-Bit Feedback

In this paper, the ergodic sum rate and the outage probability of a downlink single-antenna channel with K users are analyzed in the presence of Rayleigh flat fading, where limited channel state information (CSI) feedback is assumed. Specifically, only 1-bit feedback per fading block per user is available at the base station. We first study the ergodic sum rate of the 1-bit feedback scheme and consider the impact of feedback delay on the system. A closed-form expression for the achievable ergodic sum rate is presented as a function of the fading temporal correlation coefficient. It is proved that the sum rate scales as log log K, which is the same scaling law achieved by the optimal nondelayed full CSI feedback scheme. The sum-rate degradation due to outdated CSI is also evaluated in the asymptotic regimes of either large K or low SNR. The outage performance of the 1-bit feedback scheme for both instantaneous and outdated feedback is then investigated. Expressions for the outage probabilities are derived, along with the corresponding diversity-multiplexing tradeoffs (DMTs). It is shown that, with instantaneous feedback, a power allocation based on the feedback bits enables doubling of the DMT compared with the case with short-term power constraint in which a dynamic power allocation is not allowed. However, with outdated feedback, the advantage of power allocation is lost, and the DMT reverts to that achievable with no CSI feedback. Nevertheless, for finite SNR, improvement in terms of outage probability can still be obtained.
Military applications of high accuracy frequency standards and clocks

The application of frequency control and timing devices in modern military electronics systems is reviewed. The manner in which the stability and accuracy of these devices impact the performance of military communication, navigation, surveillance, electronic warfare, missile guidance, and identification-friend-or-foe (IFF) systems is discussed. >
THE ROTATION PERIOD OF THE PLANET-HOSTING STAR HD 189733

We present synoptic optical photometry of HD 189733, the chromospherically active parent star of one of the most intensively studied exoplanets. We have significantly extended the timespan of our previously reported observations and refined the estimate of the stellar rotation period by more than an order of magnitude: P = 11.953 ± 0.009 days. We derive a lower limit on the inclination of the stellar rotation axis of 54° (with 95% confidence), corroborating earlier evidence that the stellar spin axis and planetary orbital axis are well aligned.
Assessment of Bridge Remaining Fatigue Life through Field Strain Measurement

With the aging of existing steel bridges and the accumulated stress cycles under traffic loads, assessment of remaining fatigue life for continuing service has become more important than ever, especially for decisions on structure replacement, deck replacement, or other major retrofits. Experience from engineering practice indicates that fatigue analysis based on specification loads and distribution factors usually underestimates the remaining fatigue life of existing bridges by overestimating the live load stress ranges. Fatigue evaluation based on field-measured stress range histograms under actual traffic load proves to be a more accurate and efficient method for existing bridges. This paper describes the application of such a method in assessing the remaining fatigue life of bridge structures. Current AASHTO specifications for fatigue evaluation of existing bridges are reviewed and compared. Case studies of three major highway bridges are discussed. Finally, a procedure is proposed for evaluating fatigue life of existing bridges through field strain measurement.
Nitrierung von 1‐ und 2‐Methoxymethyl‐naphthalin

2-Methoxymethyl naphthalene (1) was synthesized and its properties were found to be different from those reported in the literature. The reaction of this compound with cold conc. nitric acid gave 8-nitro-2-naphthaldehyde (2). When 1-methoxymethyl naphthalene (4) was treated similarly 4-nitro-1-methoxymethyl naphthalene (5) and 8-nitro-1-naphthaldehyde (6) were obtained.
Finance capital in Chandlerian capitalism

Alfred Chandler wrote a great deal on finance capital in the development of big business. In making bold and provocative statements, he provided scholars with a variety of stimulating ideas. To a large extent, however, we still do not know whether Chandler's assertions were correct. Ultimately, the value of revisiting Chandler's research on finance capital in the rise of US big business is to understand how much research needs to be done and the questions it needs to address. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
Global Asset Pricing

Financial markets have become increasingly global in recent decades, yet the pricing of internationally traded assets continues to depend strongly upon local risk factors, leading to several observations that are difficult to explain with standard frameworks. Equity returns depend upon both domestic and global risk factors. Further, local investors tend to overweight their asset portfolios in local equity. The stock prices of firms that begin to trade across borders increase in response to this information. Foreign exchange markets also display anomalous relationships. The forward rate predicts the wrong sign of future movements in the exchange rate, implying that traders can make profits by borrowing at lower interest rate currencies and investing in higher interest rate currencies. Furthermore, the sign of the foreign exchange premium changes over time, a fact difficult to reconcile with consumption variability. In this review, I describe the implications of the current body of research for addressing t...
A modular molecular tweezer designed using CAVEAT

A pair of water-soluble molecular tweezers designed using the computer program CAVEAT were prepared and their binding to an N-ethylquinolinium cation was demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
MEASURING THE ENERGY SAVINGS FROM HOME IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM MONTHLY BILLING DATA

An important factor driving energy policy over the past two decades has been the “energy paradox,” the perception that consumers apply unreasonably high hurdle rates to energy-saving investments. We explore one possible explanation for this apparent puzzle: that realized returns fall short of the returns promised by engineers and product manufacturers. Using a unique data set, we find that the realized return to attic insulation is statistically significant, but the median estimate (9.7%) is almost identical to a discount rate for this investment implied by a CAPM analysis. We conclude that the case for the energy paradox is weaker than has previously been believed.
Ligand binding specificity of a rabbit alveolar macrophage receptor for C3b

We have recently reported the isolation from rabbit alveolar macrophages of a receptor which retained its ligand-binding activity for the third component of complement (C3) and for its major proteolytic derived activation fragment (C3b). The isolated receptor demonstrated a greater ability to bind C3b than an equimolar amount of C3. C3b differs from C3 in at least two ways: it is a proteolytic cleavage product of C3 and it lacks the internal thiolester bond of C3. We have analyzed the binding ability to isolated receptor to various C3 and C3b analogs and we demonstrate that the specificity of the C3b-C3b receptor interaction depends upon the lysis of the C3 thiolester bond and accompanying conformational change rather than upon proteolytic cleavage of the C3 molecule. Minimal, if any, binding of C3 with an intact thiolester bond to the isolated receptor was demonstrable.
Integrity Assessment Scheme for Situational Awareness in Utility Automation Systems

Today's more reliable communication technology, together with the availability of higher computational power, have paved the way for introduction of more advanced automation systems based on distributed intelligence and multi-agent technology. However, abundance of data, while making these systems more powerful, can at the same time act as their biggest vulnerability. In a web of interconnected devices and components functioning within an automation framework, potential impact of malfunction in a single device, either through internal failure or external damage/intrusion, may lead to detrimental side-effects spread across the whole underlying system. The potentially large number of devices, along with their inherent interrelations and interdependencies, may hinder the ability of human operators to interpret events, identify their scope of impact and take remedial actions if necessary. Through utilization of the concepts of graph-theoretic fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) and expert systems, this paper puts forth a solution that is able to reveal weak links and vulnerabilities of an automation system, should it become exposed to partial internal failure or external damage. A case study has been performed on the IEEE 34-bus test distribution system to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Stability of Sliding in a System Excited by a Rough Moving Surface

A two-degree-of-freedom translational system has been developed to study the influence of normal force oscillations on the stability of the steady sliding position. Excited by a small, periodic surface roughness, the normal and tangential motion are coupled through a velocity-dependent friction law. The linearized system has been examined using the first-order averaging technique of Krylov and Boguliubov. In addition to the primary forced resonance, a 2:1 parametric resonance and a 1/2 sub-harmonic resonance have been encountered. Arising from velocity-dependent coupling of the normal and tangential modes and the periodic normal force variations, the parametric resonance has been found to produce locally unstable responses in some cases. Conditions for the stability of the local response based upon local friction curve slope, static normal force, system damping, and surface velocity have been derived for a broad range of frequency.
Forced Response of Turbine Engine Bladed Disks and Sensitivity to Harmonic Mistuning

The mistuned forced response of turbine engine bladed disks is treated using harmonic perturbations in the properties of a continuous ring. A continuous shear spring is attached to the ring in which the stiffness is allowed to vary along the ring annulus. The modes of such a structure with a single harmonic mistuning pattern are shown to obey the Mathieu equation, which is solved to obtain the natural frequencies and modes of the mistuned system. The forced response of the system is then examined to determine the sensitivity of the system to small mistuning. The model is extended to include multiple harmonics, allowing for the possibility of general mistuning. An expression for the maximum amplitude magnification due to small mistuning is developed by showing that high response is caused by distortion of the structural modes. A method to intentionally mistune systems for maximum forced response is demonstrated, and numerical results demonstrate the accuracy of the analytical prediction. The intentionally mistuned system response is shown to be robust with respect to small random mistuning. Such a result might be useful for designing a test rotor for screening new bladed disk designs or for establishing the root cause of fatigue problems.
Forming Narrowband Filters at a Fixed Sample Rate with Polyphase Down and Up Sampling Filters

There are signal processing scenarios for which a narrowband signal, such as a pilot tone, is to be extracted from a wide bandwidth signal while preserving the sample rate of the wideband signal. A FIR filter that extracts this signal has many taps due to the large ratio of sample rate to the filter's transition bandwidth. We significantly reduce the workload required to accomplish the filtering by operating the filter at a reduced sample rate. We use a polyphase filter as a preprocessor to reduce the sample rate and then as a post processor to return the sample rate to its original value. This method proves to require considerably less resources than the alternate scheme using an iterated FIR filter.
Molecular Requirement for Sterols in Herpes Simplex Virus Entry and Infectivity

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) required cholesterol or desmosterol for virion-induced membrane fusion. HSV successfully entered DHCR24(-/-) cells, which lack a desmosterol-to-cholesterol conversion enzyme, indicating that entry can occur independently of cholesterol. Depletion of desmosterol from these cells resulted in diminished HSV-1 entry, suggesting a general sterol requirement for HSV-1 entry and that desmosterol can operate in virus entry. Cholesterol functioned more effectively than desmosterol, suggesting that the hydrocarbon tail of cholesterol influences viral entry.