cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Food Availability and the Food Desert Frame in Detroit: An Overview of the City’s Food System

This article takes a new approach to studying food access. It combines environmental justice analysis with systems thinking in an examination of the food environment of Detroit. The article reviews food access literature and identifies how each body of scholarship’s underlying assumptions help or distort our understanding of urban food environments. The article argues for more comprehensive approaches to studying food access and demonstrates how such approaches can be implemented. We collected data from multiple sources, including ReferenceUSA, Orbis, and the Michigan Department of Agriculture, between 2011 and 2013 to build a database of food outlets in the city. We used SPSS 22 and ArcGIS 10.1 to analyze and map the data. The article analyzes the location of 3,499 food outlets in Detroit, comprising 34 categories food retailers, growers, supply chain, and food assistance programs. The study identified 96 supermarkets or full-line grocery stores; 1,110 small groceries, convenience stores, mini marts, and liquor stores; 279 specialty food stores; 306 pharmacies, dollar, and variety stores; 1,245 full-service and fast food restaurants and other food service outlets; 157 supply chain operations; 206 farms, community and school gardens, farmers’ markets, and produce markets; and 100 food assistance programs. The article finds that though Detroit has areas that lack food outlets, the portrayal of the entire city as a “food desert” is misleading. Moreover, the traditional approach of food desert research of using only or primarily the presence or absence of supermarkets and full-line grocery stores to study food access ignores many important venues from which people obtain food. It also ignores the strategies people use to cope with food insecurity and their responses to limited food access.Environmental Practice 17: 102–133 (2015)
“We were unheeding in those days”: An interview with Ashok Shahane

AbstractAshok Shahane is one of the very important figures in the publishing of Marathi literature, both in terms of his involvement in the little magazine movement, and through the Bombay publishing house Pras Prakashan, which has brought out the work of many of the most significant Marathi writers. In this interview, conducted in Marathi in 2015 and 2016, and translated into English by his interviewer Anjali Nerlekar, he describes his admiration for Bengali literature and his early ventures in magazine publishing in Bombay in the 1960s. He goes on to discuss his collaborations with Bhalchandra Nemade and Arun Kolatkar, his own work as a literary critic, and his association with Allen Ginsberg during and after the American poet’s 1962 visit to India. Shahane also discusses his little magazine Aso, and the work of Pras Prakashan.
A Multivariate Comparison of Family, Felony, and Public Mass Murders in the United States:

The mass murderer is known by a variety of names in both public and academic spheres, from the family annihilator to the active shooter, from the workplace avenger to the rampage school shooter. Although most researchers acknowledge that the phenomenon is heterogeneous, mass killing has defied classification, and currently no consensus typology exists. Most previous efforts at developing a classification scheme have focused on sorting these multicides into three broad groups, namely, family, felony, and public mass killings, exclusively relying on qualitative methods and case-study analysis to do so. The present study employs a multivariate approach to examine differences among types in victim, offender, and incident characteristics on the population of all mass murders in the United States from 2006 to 2016.
Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Nodal Disease and Nodal Surgery by Tumor Subtype.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is known to downstage disease in the breast and increase breast conservation. It can also decrease nodal disease extent. We evaluated the impact of NAC on nodal positivity, nodal burden, and nodal surgery by tumor subtype. All cT1–4c breast cancers from 2010 to 2014 in the National Cancer Database were evaluated, comparing patients receiving NAC with those undergoing primary surgery (PS). Rates of pathologic node-negative status (pN0) and sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery (1–5 nodes) were compared using chi-square tests, and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were estimated. Of 461,549 patients, 36,715 (8.0%) received NAC and 424,834 (92.0%) had PS. In cN0 patients, pN0 rates were higher in NAC compared with PS patients in ER−/HER2+ [93.2 vs. 79.0%, odds ratio (OR) 3.64, p < 0.001], ER−/HER2− (89.9 vs. 85.2%, OR 1.55, p < 0.001), and ER+/HER2+ (84.7 vs. 78.3%, OR 1.54, p < 0.001). Patients with cT2–3, N0 tumors had significantly higher rate of SLN surgery for NAC versus PS for each biologic subtype except for ER+/HER2− tumors, amongst which this was true only for T3 tumors. In cN1–3 patients, pN0 rates after NAC were 61.3% in ER−/HER2+, 47.7% in ER+/HER2+, 47.3% in ER−/HER2−, and 20.2% in ER+/HER2− and SLN surgery was highest in ER−/HER2+ (28.9%, p < 0.05 versus other subtypes). NAC increases rates of pN0 among cN0 patients compared with PS. Among cN+ patients, 20–61% undergoing NAC convert to pN0 depending on tumor type, with lowest nodal response in ER+/HER2− disease. Use of NAC results in less extensive axillary surgery than in patients treated with PS in both cN0 and cN+ disease.
Temperature-Dependent Nanoparticle Dynamics in Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels

Nanoparticle (NP) probes were used to characterize the local structure of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), a thermoresponsive hydrogel, using single particle tracking (SPT). Swelling ratio, and thus gel network confinement, was varied by tuning polymer and cross-linker concentrations. Based on the swelling ratio, the volume phase transition (VPTT) was determined to be near 32 °C. In general, NPs were found to be localized by two barriers. A primary localization region of approximately 100 nm was attributed to attractive interactions between the NIPAAM strands and the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush grafted to the NP. As the polymer and cross-linker concentrations were reduced, or temperature approached the VPT, NPs escape the primary localization region and explore a larger secondary localization region (150–300 nm), ascribed to confinement by the gel network. As temperature was raised above the VPT, however, the increase in confinement due to the collapse of the NIPAAM strands dominated, causing NPs to ...
Molecular theory of ultramicro clusters and nucleation. i. the surface free energy

Publisher Summary In the process of nucleation, single molecules of a mother phase gather, grow, and form macroscopic particles of the new phase. Therefore, clarification of the surface properties of the clusters at the early stage of the nucleation process or the ultramicro clusters should provide the crucial information for the process. By thermodynamically clarifying that the surface free energy, σ, is a normal surface potential, the size dependence is estimated with the help of a rigid sphere, pair-wise attractive intermolecular potentials. For large clusters, the model results agreed with the Tolman equation in tendency but for ultramicro clusters, the result of the nearest neighbor interaction model became much smaller for the dimer, by a factor of 10. When the long range interaction was considered, the factor became about 30. The estimated σ behavior of ultramicro clusters indicates σ = 0 at monomer, which the Tolman equation does not.
Management Games in the International Business Classroom

Management games have been a cornerstone in the Business Policy course for two decades and have spread to the areas of marketing and finance. They have not made the same impact as a pedagogy tool in international business (IB) courses, where the case study remains the primary experiential learning tool. One of the reasons IB is slow to adopt the business simulation game may be due to their perceived lack of validity as a teaching tool, that is, their inability to address the critical issues of international business. This paper attempts to assess their suitability for the classroom by examining the degree to which the games address relevant international business issues. If they are found to have an acceptable degree of validity, some of the reluctance to use the games may be alleviated.
That thing is so annoying: How proactive chat helps us reach more users

The comment came from a fellow librarian when I asked if she had noticed our new proactive chat widget. Yes, she said, “that thing is so annoying.” When I mentioned the percentage our chat requests were up by her eyes got wide and she replied, “Really?” Yes, really, and I was somewhat surprised myself. I should explain.
Actuators and Sensors Based on Tensegrity D-bar Structures

Tensegrity offers lightweight deployable structures for use in many engineering disciplines. Among all of the available tensegrity forms, D-Bar has a potential for combined applications of sensing, actuation, and structural support. In this paper, we enhance the minimal mass formulation of the D-Bar by including yielding of the compressive members as a design constraint in contrast to the previous assumption which considers buckling as the sole failure mechanism. In addition, we analyze the length and force gains of a D-bar system analytically by considering the minimal mass D-bar as the design constraint. Furthermore, we calculate the stiffness of the D-Bar and when appropriate use as design constraints as well. To enhance the minimal mass properties of the D-Bar, we combine T-bar and D-bar systems. The analysis shows that these structures are the basis for effective force transducers, force-controlled actuators, and efficient deployable compressive structures.
Programming quantum computers: a primer with IBM Q and D-Wave exercises

This tutorial provides a hands-on introduction to quantum computing. It will feature the three pillars, architectures, programming, and algorithms/applications of quantum computing. Its focus is on the applicability of problems to quantum computing from a practical point, with only the necessary foundational coverage of the physics and theoretical aspects to understand quantum computing. Simulation software will be utilized complemented by access to actual quantum computers to prototype problem solutions. This should develop a better understanding of how problems are transformed into quantum algorithms and what programming language support is best suited for a given application area. As a first of its kind, to the best of our knowledge, the tutorial includes hands-on programming experience with IBM Q and D-Wave hardware.
Reviewing the Current State of Library Support for Open Educational Resources

Academic institutions around the United States are facing pressure to reduce tuition and fees in order to keep higher education accessible. Open Education Resource (OER) is one attempt by academic ...
Does State or Local Government Support for Small Businesses Attract Better Entrepreneurs

In this study, we examine the relation between government support for small businesses and owner characteristics. Does government support attract certain types of entrepreneurs into an area? We find that more experienced and politically more conservative entrepreneurs tend to concentrate in the high-state government support score states. Also, there are fewer community college graduates and more technical college graduates among the owners in these states. When we examine the impact of local government support, we find that less experienced owners tend to concentrate more in the high-local government support score states while more experienced owners tend to concentrate more in the low-local government support score states. We also find that more experienced entrepreneurs and more conservative people tend to concentrate in the high-local government support score states. Our results show that there are more owners with technical college diplomas and fewer owners with an undergraduate degree among the owners in the high-score states. These findings indicate that entrepreneurs with certain characteristics are more concentrated in the high-government (i.e. state or local) support score states. Therefore, if a state or a city/town wants to attract certain types of entrepreneurs into their area, they can use the findings here when making their policy decisions.
Phase 1 study of lenalidomide, bendamustine, and rituximab in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

AbstractBendamustine-rituximab (BR) is a standard therapy in CLL, and lenalidomide has single-agent activity. This phase 1 study evaluated lenalidomide-BR as initial CLL therapy. Thirteen patients ...
Green Innovation and Profitability: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Uncertainty

The questions whether it pays to be green is in the focus of researchers for many years already. For green innovation, generally a positive relation to firm performance is found. In this paper, we ...
The Secret Sauce to Teaching Collaboration and Leadership to Lawyers: The 3-4-5 Method of Innovation

It is a hard sell to convince lawyers that they need to learn how to innovate. However, when we consider the skillset and mindset that is honed in the process of learning how to innovate, this decision should be a no-brainer. This is because, as discussed in prior chapter (Innovation: A New Key Discipline for Lawyers and Legal Education), the call for innovation by clients is also a call for service transformation. When clients ask their lawyers to innovate, they are asking for their lawyers to co-collaborate more proactively and with a different mindset and skillset. The easy sell is that, in the process of learning how to innovate, lawyers learn to do just that: they learn to co-collaborate and hone the mindset and skillset that clients desire. An additional and under-emphasized benefit to learning how to innovate and honing the innovator’s DNA is that we also hone the DNA of leaders. When you compare the key qualities of an inclusive, adaptive leader with the key qualities of an innovator, they overlap. Research demonstrates that innovators, like leaders, have high emotional intelligence and communication skills: they are empathetic, open- and growth-minded, self-aware, associative, and audacious. This is why I believe that all lawyers should try their hand at innovation, even if their business model is not broken. This is also why I believe that innovation should be the new, key discipline in legal education for practicing and aspiring lawyers. By teaching practicing and aspiring lawyers how to innovate, we are, in turn teaching collaboration and leadership—and the lawyers don’t even know it. It’s like getting away with putting broccoli in someone’s ice cream—it’s the secret sauce. But it’s not an easy sauce to whip together. That is, although these benefits may make the need for teaching innovation an easy sell, teaching lawyers how to innovate is not an easy task. This chapter (first published by Stampfli Verlag in the book: New Suits: Appetite for Disruption in the Legal World) begins by explaining why this is so and why we need to utilize a method of innovation designed specifically for lawyers. It then describes the method of teaching innovation that I designed, re-designed, and tested over the past 10 years on over 200 multidisciplinary teams that included lawyers, business professionals, and law and business students: The 3-4-5 Method of Innovation for Lawyers. It then explains the secret sauce, why this new method works. Finally, this chapter concludes with a call to action for law schools, law firms, and legal departments to put on “New Suits” by creating a culture that inspires lawyers and aspiring lawyers to learn how to innovate (i.e., that cultivates intrinsic motivation) and that provides external rewards (the extrinsic motivation) to those that do.
Long‐term monitoring reveals forest tree community change driven by atmospheric sulphate pollution and contemporary climate change

AIM: Montane environments are sentinels of global change, providing unique opportunities to assess impacts on species diversity. Multiple anthropogenic stressors such as climate change and atmospheric pollution may act concurrently or synergistically in restructuring communities. Thus, a major challenge for conservation is untangling the relative importance of different stressors. Here, we combine long‐term monitoring with multivariate community modelling to estimate the anthropogenic drivers shaping forest tree diversity along an elevational gradient. LOCATION: Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont, USA. METHODS: We used Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) to model spatial and temporal turnover in beta diversity along an elevational gradient over a 50‐year period and tested for spatiotemporal shifts in density and elevational distribution of individual species. GDMs were used to predict community turnover as nonlinear functions of changes in elevation, climate and atmospheric pollution. RESULTS: We observed significant shifts in elevational range and density of individual species, which contributed to an overall reduction in the elevational gradient in beta diversity through time. GDMs showed the combined effects of sulphate deposition and temperature as drivers of this temporal reduction in beta diversity. Spatiotemporal changes differed among species, with shifts observed both up‐ and downslope. For example, in a reversal of a previous upslope range contraction, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) increased in density and shifted downslope since the 1990s, occupying warmer, drier climates. MAIN CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that global change is impacting the stratification of forest tree diversity along elevational gradients, but the responses of individual species are complex and variable in direction. We suggest abiotic drivers may directly impact individual species while also indirectly altering species interactions along elevational gradients. Our approach modelling the drivers of compositional turnover quantifies the rate and amount of change in beta diversity along environmental gradients and serves as a powerful complement to studying species‐specific responses.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Employer-Provided Student Loan Repayment Assistance Programs

This paper analyzes employer-provided student loan repayment assistance programs to determine their overall effectiveness for clients who are federal student loan borrowers. Borrowers who have a manageable student loan balance and are planning on paying off their federal student loans on the standard 10-year repayment plan can benefit from employers providing student loan repayment assistance programs. Borrowers who have a high debt-to-income ratio and are planning on receiving loan forgiveness under an income-driven repayment plan should consider negotiating for additional compensation or additional employer-provided retirement plan contributions instead of participating in an employer’s student loan repayment assistance program. Borrowers who will qualify for public service loan forgiveness should negotiate for additional compensation or decline participating in the employer’s student loan repayment assistance program unless the employer’s assistance is not considered taxable income to the employee. Example cases illustrate how financial planners can evaluate effective repayment strategies for clients with large federal student loan balances. Recommending that borrowers pay down federal student loan debt quickly may not be the best decision in all circumstances.
A unique role of histidine in Fe-catalyzed lipid oxidation by fish sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fraction of fish muscle contains an enzymic lipid peroxidation system requiring NADH and Fe that is stimulated by ADP.1,2 Although in these and other studies, concentrations of metabolites used are representative of the conditions in situ, the amount of Fe is present at a much higher concentration than would normally occur in tissues, e.g., Fe in the low molecular weight fraction of flounder muscle is <3% of total iron.3 Thus, the amount and state of the Fe is most probably a rate limiting factor in lipid oxidation in situ. A large number of 0- N-, and S-containing compounds are capable of binding Fe in either the Fe+2 or Fe+3 states, and it is likely, therefore, that Fe is not found free in vivo but is bound to these cellular metabolites. Chelation of Fe is important in lipid oxidation in vitro since it may keep the Fe soluble or change its oxidation-reduction potential. In this study, we demonstrate that the free amino acid histidine can either enhance or inhibit Fe-catalyzed lipid oxidation to a significant degree. The effect of histidine is determined in part by the presence of a nucleotide.
A Teacher and an Administrator in the Time of Corona

This article is the reflection of a university president who was also teaching two classes when the pandemic forced him to move his institution to remote setting. His misadventures include a struggle with the community, and an even more difficult struggle with technology. But the story has a happy ending.
O ócio criativo e suas perspectivas na educação

The work aims to discuss the idea of creative idleness of Domenico de Masi (2000; 2017; 2020), in an attempt to hermeneutically understand his perspectives and developments in education. Creative idleness encompasses three dimensions: working to produce riches and learning from the other; study to create new knowledge; and play to generate well-being. From the debates raised with the formative interfaces of creative idleness, we propose to question and build creative bridges to the development of human globality. We conclude that education needs to promote the experience of creative idleness, from the perspective of the metamorphoses of the process of forming in free time, since the process of knowledge implies recognizing the potential recreator of the subject.
A field-scale evaluation of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as a road base material: Considerations for reuse practices

ABSTRACT Laboratory studies indicate that municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) can serve as a suitable road base material. However, very little is known about how field-scale design variables, such as layer thickness and compaction effort, and changes in moisture content over time affect the long-term performance of MSWI BA base courses. Understanding how these parameters affect the physical performance of BA base courses is necessary for developing construction specifications and guidelines specific to this material – a critical step in promoting widespread reuse practices. In this study, processed MSWI BA aggregate was tested in a field-scale test facility that replicated real-world scenarios to examine their effects on two important material properties: resilient modulus and permanent deformation. These results suggest that layer thickness, compaction effort, and moisture content can affect the base layer's resilient modulus and the permanent deformation, with moisture content having the most significant impact. Moisture content above the material's optimum decreased base modulus and increased permanent deformation, but the degree of deformation proportionally decreased with increasing layer thickness. Based on these results, guidelines on designing and reusing MSWI BA as a base course are discussed, suggesting optimal performance from highly compacted, thicker layers while stressing a need for tight control of moisture during and post-construction.
Abstract 14362: Shifting Trends in Timing of Pacemaker Implantation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Introduction: Hospital length of stay with transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs) has decreased, though the rate of heart block requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation after TAVR ...
Divide and Conquer: How China Can Exploit the Multiplicity of Investment Rules in the EU

For over fifty years, the European Union (EU) was not an actor of foreign investment policy. Member States had the authority to negotiate bilateral investment treaties (BIT) with third countries and did so with gusto, concluding more than 1,200 BITs – almost half of such agreements in the world. This lack of internal EU cohesiveness created costs for Europe, notably in terms of bargaining leverage over market access and norms. The 2009 Lisbon Treaty formally transferred competence over foreign direct investment (FDI) to the EU, which became in theory a unified actor with respect to both outbound and inbound FDI. However, many political and legal ambiguities surround the true extent of the EU’s authority and autonomy over foreign investment. This paper argues that the surge of Chinese FDI into Europe, which is taking place simultaneously to this transition to a new EU foreign investment regime, has the potential to influence the final shape of this regime by exerting both centripetal and centrifugal pressures.
Abstract P58: Motor Recovery After Chronic Stroke Correlates With Diffusion Tensor Measures of Ipsilesional Cerebral and Cerebellar White Matter Integrity

Introduction: We aimed to determine whether white matter (WM) tract integrity improved after a brain-computer interface (BCI) rehabilitation program for chronic stroke patients with upper extremity...
So You Want to Analyze Scheme Programs With Datalog

Static analysis approximates the results of a program by examining only its syntax. For example, control-flow analysis (CFA) determines which syntactic lambdas (for functional languages) or (for object-oriented) methods may be invoked at each call site within a program. Rich theoretical results exist studying control flow analysis for Scheme-like languages, but implementations are often complex and specialized. By contrast, object-oriented languages (Java in particular) enjoy high-precision control-flow analyses that scale to thousands (or more) of lines of code. State-of-the-art implementations (such as DOOP on Souffle) structure the analysis using Horn-SAT (Datalog) to enable compilation of the analysis to efficient implementations such as high-performance relational algebra kernels. In this paper, we present an implementation of control-flow analysis for a significant subset of Scheme (including set!, call/cc, and primitive operations) using the Souffle Datalog engine. We present an evaluation on a worst-case term demonstrating the polynomial complexity of our m-CFA and remark upon scalability results using Souffle.
Going alone or together? A configurational analysis of solo founding vs co-founding

Research and practice suggest that co-founded ventures outperform solo-founded ventures on average. Yet, little work has explored the conditions under which solo founding might be possible or even preferable to co-founding. Combining an inductive case-oriented analysis with a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 70 new entrepreneurial ventures, we examine why and how solo founders can be as successful as their peers in co-founded ventures. We find that successful solo founders strategically use a set of co-creators rather than co-founders to overcome liabilities, retain control, and mobilize resources in unique and unexpected ways. A primary contribution of this paper is an emergent configurational theory of entrepreneurial organizing. Overall, we reveal the broader significance and theoretical importance of adopting a configurational lens for both practitioners and scholars of entrepreneurship.
Radioimmunoassay of nonhistone proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of a radioimmunoassay of nonhistone proteins (NHP). A radioimmunoassay has a greater potential sensitivity, as it is capable of detecting proteins in nanogram or even picogram levels. In addition, radioimmunoassay is inherently more specific because it is not subject to interference by nonspecific factors as is complement fixation. In this study, the development of a radioimmunoassay procedure was undertaken for the quantitation of specific NHP. Extensive preliminary studies using iodinated NHP as antigens were largely unsuccessful because of the varying stabilities of nonhistone proteins after iodination. However, an indirect procedure was developed based on an initial reaction of unlabeled NHP with rabbit antinonhistone-protein antibodies followed by detection of the antigen–antibody complexes with radioiodinated antirabbit gamma globulin. The binding of antirat liver NHP antibodies to the rat liver and brain NHP preparations as detected by the indirect radioimmunoassay is illustrated in the chapter.
Adsorption of Enteroviruses to Soil Cores and Their Subsequent Elution by Artificial Rainwater

The adsorption and elution of a variety of human enteroviruses in a highly permeable, sandy soil was studied by using cores (43 by 125 mm) collected from an operating recharge basin on Long Island. Viruses studied included field and reference strains of polioviruses types 1 and 3 and reference strains of coxsackie virus B3 and echovirus types 1 and 6. Viruses suspended in treated sewage effluent were allowed to percolate through soil cores, and the filtrate was assayed for unadsorbed viruses. To determine the likelihood of desorption and mobilization, soil-bound viruses were subjected to a rinse with either treated sewage effluent or simulated rainwater which reflected the anion, cation, and pH characteristics of a typical northeastern United States rainfall. The results demonstrated that all polioviruses tested, including both reference and field strains, adsorbed extremely well to cores. Adsorption was somewhat reduced when clean, unconditioned soils were used. Soil-bound poliovirus strain LSc was not significantly mobilized by flooding columns with either a sewage effluent or rainwater rinse. One virus was mobilized by both types of rinses. The amount of viruses mobilized by rainwater rinses ranged from 24 to 66%. Variable adsorption-elution results were observed with other enteroviruses. Two guanidine-resistant mutants of poliovirus LSc demonstrated a soil adsorption-elution profile different from that of the parent strain. The data support the conclusion that soil adsorption-elution behavior is strain dependent and that poliovirus, particularly strain LSc, represents an inappropriate model.
Human Behavior Based Predictive Brake Assistance

Driver assistance systems have both the potential to alert the driver to critical situations and distract or annoy the driver if the driver is already aware of the situation. As systems attempt to preemptively warn drivers more and more in advance, this problem becomes exacerbated. We present a predictive braking assistance system that identifies not only the need for braking action, but also whether or not a braking action is being planned by the driver. Our system uses a Bayesian framework to determine the criticality of the situation by assessing (1) the probability that braking should be performed given observations of the vehicle and surround and (2) the probability that the driver intends to perform a braking action. We train and evaluate our system using over 22 hours of data collected from real driving scenarios with 28 different drivers.
The geochemistry of fallout plutonium in the North Atlantic: II. ratios and their significance

A systematic decrease in the 240Pu239Pu ratio in marine sediments is found with increasing water depth along a transect of cores between Woods Hole and Bermuda. The 240Pu239Pu atom ratios range from ≅O.18 on the shelf to ≅O.10 at 5000 m but do not change with depth in individual cores. A model is presented which can account for the range of 240Pu239Pu ratios found in this and other similar studies (Noshkin and Gatrousis, 1974; Scottet al., 1983). We propose that there have been at least two distinct sources of fallout Pu to this region. The major source of Pu is global stratospheric fallout, characterized by a 240Pu239Pu ratio of 0.18 and a relatively long residence time in seawater. The second source is characterized by a much lower 240Pu239Pu ratio, and relative to global fallout it must have been much more efficiently removed from the water column to deep-sea sediments. We suggest that surface-based low yield testing at the Nevada Test Site is the only source of low ratio fallout Pu which could account for the timing, inventories, and refractory characteristics of this second component of fallout Pu inputs to the North Atlantic.
Second metatarsal osteotomies for metatarsalgia: a robotic cadaveric study of the effect of osteotomy plane and metatarsal shortening on plantar pressure.

Symptom relief of recalcitrant metatarsalgia can be achieved through surgical shortening of the affected metatarsal, thus decreasing plantar pressure. Theoretically an oblique metatarsal osteotomy can be oriented distal to proximal (DP) or proximal to distal (PD). We characterized the relationship between the amount of second metatarsal shortening, osteotomy plane, and plantar pressure. We hypothesized that the PD osteotomy is more effective in reducing metatarsal peak pressure and pressure time integral. We performed eight DP and eight PD second metatarsal osteotomies on eight pairs of cadaveric feet. A custom designed robotic gait simulator (RGS) generated dynamic in vitro simulations of gait. Second metatarsals were incrementally shortened, with three trials for each length. We calculated regression lines for peak pressure and pressure time integral vs. metatarsal shortening. Shortening the second metatarsal using either osteotomy significantly affected the metatarsal peak pressure and pressure time integral (first and third metatarsal increased, p < 0.01 and <0.05; second metatarsal decreased, p < 0.01). Changes in peak pressure (p = 0.0019) and pressure time integral (p = 0.0046) were more sensitive to second metatarsal shortening with the PD osteotomy than the DP osteotomy. The PD osteotomy plane reduces plantar pressure more effectively than the DP osteotomy plane. Published 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 32:385–393, 2014.
Averting the Captain Vere “Veer”: Billy Budd as Melville’s Republican Response to Plato

This article shows how Melville's Billy Budd, rightly one of law and literature's most widely studied canonical texts, answers Plato's challenge in Book X of the Republic: Show how poets create better citizens, especially better rulers, or banish them from the commonwealth of reasoned law. Captain Vere is a flawed but instructive version of the Republic's philosopher-king, even as his story is precisely the sort of poetry that Plato should willing allow, by his own republican principles, into the ideal polity. Not surprisingly, the novella shows how law's agents must be wise, even as their law must be philosophical, if they are to do justice. Paradoxically, the novella also shows how poetry can save law's agents, particularly the more Platonic, from Captain Vere's veer, a dangerous turn from fully legal justice to false and fatal severity. Captain Vere has a tragic flaw all too common among leaders otherwise completely conscientious and competent: When faced with a range of courses - all legal, moral, and practicable - Vere invariably charts the most personally painful. Part of his no pain, no gain course steers him into fastidious studies that exclude both mere fiction and pure theory, ironically banishing Plato himself along with his poets. But Vere's own story, with its narrator's frequent theoretical interruptions and occasional allusions to Plato, demonstrates that the reading of just such stories may deliver leaders like him from over-harsh treatment of themselves and their most vulnerable charges. The novella, then, not only reveals Captain Vere's veer; it also shows a way to avert that ever dangerous, often fatal tack. If the studious captain had been prepared to study stories like his own, his readings might have made him a vastly better guardian of his symbolic flock, particularly of Billy Budd, his most innocent sheep; had Starry Vere been more a philosopher-king and less a surrogate father-god, he need never have made his excruciating mistake, sacrificing his most beloved foster son to save their microcosmic world.
Temporal asynchrony interferes with vernier acuity

Two dots may be aligned vertically with a precision much higher than that expected from two-point resolution provided they are separated by a visual angle of 3-5 min of arc. This precision suffers when the two dots are not exposed synchronously. Neither onset nor offset asynchronies can be tolerated; exposure differences of the two components of the vernier task as low as 30 ms can lead to a reduction in performance when the total exposure is below 90 ms. This effect cannot be compensated for by synchronizing the onset of one stimulus component with the offset of the other, even when the two are of opposite contrast. The data suggest that vernier acuity may be subserved by a dynamical linking of cortical excitation generated by the synchronous arrival of signals within a range of locations in the cortex whose spatial separation is critical for optimal hyperacuity performance. The evidence presented in this paper must be taken into account when a physiological substrate for hyperacuity is considered.
The Effects of an Inclusive Preschool Experience on the Playfulness of Children with and without Autism

This paper describes the results of a program evaluation that was undertaken to assess the playfulness of preschool children with and without autism. The assessment used in the evaluation was the Test of Playfulness (ToP). Children with autism were compared with typically developing preschoolers over the course of one school year. Changes in the playfulness of 6 children with autism labeled “high functioning” and 8 typically developing classmates in one inclusive preschool program were compared with those of 12 typically developing children enrolled in a non-inclusive program. Data analyses revealed no differences in ToP scores from the beginning to the end of the school year for 8 of the children in the inclusive program (5 with autism; 3 typically developing). The scores of 4 typically developing children and 1 child with autism decreased; 1 typically developing child's score increased. In contrast, the ToP scores of 11 typically developing children enrolled in the non-inclusive program increased; 1 typ...
Irrigation effects of cooling tower effluent on soil chemistry and alfalfa in the Rio Grande river basin

Development of alternative sources through wastewater reuse is important to meet water demands in arid regions. However, effects of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and crop performance must be evaluated before advocating its widespread use. Objectives of this study were to evaluate: (i) effects of prior evaporative disposal of saline-sodic blowdown water (BW) on soil (fine-loamy, mixed, and thermic Typic Calciorthods) properties in the disposal area, and (ii) effects of flood irrigation with three water qualities (control, BW 1X, and BW 2X) on soil salinity and alfalfa performance using a greenhouse soil column study (soil collected from same study area as objective (i)). Results indicated that although prior land disposal of BW had increased salinity and sodicity of soil, they were within the tolerance limits of the intended crop, alfalfa. Mass balance calculations indicated measured (15·6 Mg ha−1) and calculated (13·2 Mg ha−1) salt accumulation at the test site used for evaporative disposal were similar. Alfalfa grown using BW under greenhouse conditions produced prime quality hay and biomass yield similar to the control treatment (8·3 g column−1 vs. 10·5 g column−1 in control). Although 3·6 years equivalent of flood irrigation with BW 1X did not result in saline soil (BW 1X irrigated soils EC ranged from 2·2 to 3·5 dS m−1), BW 2X irrigation resulted in saline soils. Sodicities of irrigated soils were greater in fine textured deep soils than coarse textured surface soils (e.g., SAR of 6·1 at 0–5 cm vs. 19·5 mmol1/2 L−1/2 at 30–60 cm in BW 1X), indicating the need for high solubility Ca amendments for long-term irrigation with BW on fine texture soils within the soil profile. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three techniques for harmonic retrieval in unknown colored noise

Abstract This work summarises and suggests new extensions of three recently developed techniques for recovering harmonic signal information in the presence of additive unknown colored noise. This setting is important in many noise and vibration problems wherein it is desirable to distinguish truly periodic components from random narrowband components. The techniques considered include a modified and extended version of Pisarenko's decomposition, a state space approach, and a maximum likelihood spectral family method. After summarising the key elements of each of these and pointing out methods for improving their utility a numerical example is presented to illustrate their harmonic retrieval properties, in contrast to those of the basic discrete Fourier transform and autoregressive methods.
Enucleation of human endometrial cells: Nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of DNA polymerase α and estrogen receptor

Nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of estrogen receptors and DNA polymerase alpha activity in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells (HEC-50 line) was evaluated after separation of nuclei following either homogenization or enucleation with cytochalasin B. About 30% of the estrogen receptor was found in the nuclear fraction after homogenization whereas 86% was found in the karyoplasts after enucleation. The total amounts of estrogen receptor per cell after homogenization and enucleation were not significantly different (14,000-17,000 binding sites/cell). Receptor measurements were carried out using the hydroxylapatite method after labeling with [3H]estradiol (5 nM [3H]E2 +/- 500 nM E2) at 30 degrees C for 3 h. About 20% of the DNA polymerase alpha activity was found in the nuclear fraction after homogenization, whereas 96% was found in the karyoplasts after enucleation. The average total activity (0.84 Units/10(6) cells) in homogenized cells was about 1/8 of the activity in karyoplasts. These results indicate that estrogen receptor and DNA polymerase alpha activity reside in the nucleus in intact HEC-50 cells. DNA polymerase alpha is translocated to the cytoplasmic fraction and inactivated after homogenization.
Combustion waves with wide reaction zones

Abstract Combustion waves are traditionally studied using high activation energy asymptotics. The structure of the combustion wave involves a thin reaction zone which separates the initial reactants from the combustion product. All previous mathematical studies were focused on such combustion waves. However, even if the activation energy of the reaction is high, combustion waves exhibiting very different structures may exist. We develop a new asymptotic theory to describe experimentally observed combustion waves with wide reaction zones. They occur when the reaction rate is significantly reduced in the course of the reaction as the product is formed.
Examples of optimal prediction in the infinite horizon case

Abstract Timing of financial decisions, especially in a volatile market such as the one we are in now, is crucial to maintaining and growing wealth. Without premonition or inside information, buyers and sellers of financial assets may experience a form of remorse for selling too late or buying too early. A valuable tool in reducing such regret is an algorithm that tells the asset holder when to sell “optimally”. In the case of a Brownian-valued asset, Graversen et al. (2000) proposed the strategy of Optimal Prediction, where the Brownian motion is stopped as close as possible, in the mean-square sense, to its ultimate maximum over the entire term [ 0 , T ] . Any candidate for the optimal stopping time must be adapted to the filtration of the underlying asset, since no inside information is to be assumed. Later work, nicely summarized in the book of Peskir and Shiryaev (2006) , has extended this field to include different non-adapted functionals and different measures of “closeness”. In this article, we seek to extend the field of optimal prediction to the perpetual, or infinite horizon, case. Some examples related to the ultimate risk associated with holding a toxic liability and the ultimately best time to sell a stock are presented, and their closed form solutions are computed.
Rhythms of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase mRNA in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there is a rhythm in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) message in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of rats housed in a light:dark cycle. The mRNAs encoding two isoforms of GAD (i.e., GAD65 and GAD67) were examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Computerized image analysis of film autoradiographs revealed that GAD65 mRNA was significantly higher in the light than it was in the dark. GAD67 mRNA levels were lower overall and did not decrease significantly in the dark. Following emulsion autoradiography, silver grain counts over individual SCN cells indicated that GAD65 mRNA was highest in the dorsomedial hypothalamus during the light. These data suggest that GAD mRNA varies rhythmically in the SCN and that mRNA levels are regulated differently within SCN subdivisions during the light:dark cycle.
A Theory of Southern Factionalism

Although the political significance of factionalism has been appreciated since the publication of Key's Southern Politics, there have been few attempts to explain southern factionalism. Drawing on 175 Democratic primaries waged in the South from 1920 through 1980, this paper develops and tests a theory of factionalism in which multifactionalism is viewed as the "natural" mode of intraparty competition once a party's reputation for competitiveness or predominance in general elections is firmly established. It is argued that deviations from the expected pattern of multifactionalism generally require the presence of one or more of three structuring factors (listed in order of importance): the presence of an incumbent governor among the field of candidates, the use of single rather than dual primaries, and the presence of a successful durable faction. The persistence of southern multifactionalism is explained as the product of (1) high rates of multifactionalism found in circumstances which reinforce the norm...
Thrombin-activatable procarboxypeptidase B regulates activated complement C5a in vivo.

Plasma procarboxypeptidase B (proCPB) is activated by the endothelial thrombin-prothrombomodulin complex. Activated (CPB) functions as a fibrinolysis inhibitor, but it may play a broader role by inactivating inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, C5a-induced alveolitis was studied in wild-type (WT) and proCPB-deficient mice (proCPB−/−). C5a-induced alveolitis, as measured by cell counts and total protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, was markedly enhanced in the proCPB−/− mice. E229K thrombin, a thrombin mutant with minimal clotting activity but retaining its ability to activate protein C and proCPB, attenuated C5a-induced alveolitis in WT but not in proCPB−/− mice, indicating that its beneficial effect is mediated primarily by its activation of proCPB. Lung tissue histology confirmed these cellular inflammatory responses. Delayed administration of E229K thrombin after the C5a instillation was ineffective in reducing alveolitis in WT mice, suggesting that the beneficial effect of E229K thrombin is due to the direct inhibition of C5a by CPB. Our studies show that thrombin-activatable proCPB, in addition to its role in fibrinolysis, has intrinsic anti-inflammatory functions. Its activation, along with protein C, by the endothelial thrombin-TM complex represents a homeostatic response to counteract the inflammatory mediators generated at the site of vascular injury.
Origin of Solar Systems

I WISH to express respectful admiration for the dynamical analysis which has enabled Mr. Jeans to give such a discourse as you have happily reproduced in the issue of NATURE of March I on the genesis of stars. His tentative deductions about a possible mode of origin for our solar system are also of profound interest, and I may be permitted to ask a question.