cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, properties and fracture of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welded Ti14.8wt%Al21.3wt%Nb titanium aluminide

Recent rapid solidification, powder metallurgy and quenching studies on Nb-rich Ti-Al-Nb alloys have determined that rapid cooling suppresses beta decomposition to ..cap alpha../sub 2/ and instead promotes the formation of an ordered BCC ..beta.. superlattice (CsCl) designated as B2. Based on these observations, the present study was initiated in which a pulsed Nd:YAG laser was utilized to generate a rapidly cooled fusion zone microstructure in Ti-14-21 comprised of a potentially ductile ordered ..beta.. phase. The authors have determined that the generation of a metastable ordered ..beta..-phase can improve weld ductility while providing hardness levels superior to that of the base metal. Although laser processing should alleviate weld cracking, the optimization of weld properties in service will require the determination of an optimum stabilizing heat treatment which provides acceptible room and elevated temperature properties.
Anomalous long time tails due to trapping

A new mechanism is described for producing slow decays in the velocity correlation function of diffusive systems with directed trapping. If the directions for entering and leaving a trap are correlated and if the distribution of trapping times has a long tail then the velocity correlation function will have a corresponding long time tail. This new long time tail like t at a negative exponent of (2 + alpha), where alpha is an exponent characterizing the tail of the distribution of trapping times. A simple random walk model which illustrates this mechanism is analyzed.
Multiple channel neural network model for texture classification and segmentation

A computational image analysis model that resembles the functioning of the brain is introduced. The multiple-channel neural network model consists of three stages: multiple-channel representation, neural network classification and spatial context correction. The model is implemented and applied to the problem of texture analysis. Gabor filters are involved to represent the textural patterns. Low misclassification rates are obtained. Composite textural images are also applied to the system and accurately segmented images are obtained. The usefulness of the model is demonstrated. >
REPRESENTING AND PROCESSING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CONNECTIONIST ARCHITECTURES

Much effort has been expended on developing special architectures dedicated to the efficient execution of problems in artificial intelligence (AI), especially production systems. While artificial neural networks (ANNs) offer the promise of solving various problems in pattern recognition and classification, we demonstrate here that the ANN approach can be applied to the AI production system paradigm. Among various types of neural networks, the three-layers of ring-structured feedback network is considered in this paper to suit the problem domain under investigation. Characteristics of the production system paradigm are identified. Various aspects of the use of feedback neural networks in mapping production systems are discussed. Two types of representation techniques are studied: local and hierarchical representations. A hierarchical representation derives features from patterns in production systems and constructs a 3-dimensional space called feature space, where a pattern can be uniquely defined by a vector. To demonstrate the efficient use of the neural network approach, a mapping of the generic production system is detailed throughout the paper. The results of a deterministic simulation demonstrate that the three layers of ring-structured feedback neural network architecture can be an efficient processing mechanism for the AI production system paradigm.
Thermodynamic Analysis of a Newcomen Steam Engine

This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the Westfield Newcomen engine using archival data from two articles by Gerald Newbould. After a description of the configuration and operation of the Westfield engine, the subsequent analysis calculates the efficiencies of the major components which comprise a Newcomen engine: the boiler, the piston and cylinder, the pumps, and the engine-driven auxiliary machinery. The separate contributions of these component efficiencies to the performance of the Westfield engine are shown and the poor thermodynamic efficiency of the engine is quantified.
Optimum Cluster Designs within a Primary Unit Using Combined Telephone Screening and Face-to-Face Interviewing

Abstract Telephone samples are widely used for screening to locate special subgroups in the population where the final interview will be conducted face to face. This article discusses the conditions when this method is more efficient than face-to-face screening. An analysis of cost functions indicates that the phone methods will be more efficient unless the homogeneity within the cluster is small, the density of interviews is low, and/or the locating and screening costs are low relative to the cost of the interview.
Aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous graft stenosis

Aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia in a pig model of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Background Vascular access dysfunction is the most important cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the hemodialysis population in the United States at a cost of well over one billion dollars per annum. Venous neointimal hyperplasia characterized by stenosis and subsequent thrombosis, is the major cause of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dialysis graft failure. Despite the magnitude of the problem, there are currently no effective therapies for the prevention or treatment of venous neointimal hyperplasia in PTFE dialysis grafts. We believe that this is partly due to the lack of a validated large animal model of arteriovenous stenosis that could be used to test out novel interventions. Methods Seven-centimeter PTFE loop grafts were placed between the femoral artery and vein of domestic pigs. The grafts were removed at 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery and subjected to a detailed histological and immunohistochemical examination. Results Significant neointimal hyperplasia and venous stenosis developed by 28 days at the graft-vein anastomosis. There was minimal neointimal hyperplasia at the graft-artery anastomosis. Venous neointimal hyperplasia (VNH) was characterized by ( a ) the presence of smooth muscle cells/myofibroblasts; ( b ) angiogenesis within both the neointima and adventitia; and ( c ) the presence of an active macrophage cell layer lining the PTFE graft material. These results are very similar to the human lesion previously described by us in dialysis patients. Conclusions We have developed and validated a pig model of venous neointimal hyperplasia that is very similar to the human lesion. We believe that this is an ideal model in which to test out novel interventions for the prevention and treatment of clinical hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction.
Pseudocholinesterase Activity and Atracurium V . Suxamethonium Block

Serum pseudocholinesterase activity in pregnant women was assayed spectrophotometrically using either propionylthiocholine or suxamethonium as substrate. All patients had a normal phenotype as indicated by normal dibucaine and fluoride numbers. However, the mean cholinesterase activity was lower than in the general population. There was a negative correlation between cholinesterase activity and the duration of neuromuscular blockade following suxamethonium, but no correlation was observed between the cholinesterase activity and the duration of block following atracurium.
Morphology of femtosecond-laser-ablated borosilicate glass surfaces

We study the morphology of borosilicate glass surface machined by femtosecond laser pulses. Our observations show that a thin rim is formed around ablated craters after a single laser pulse. When multiple laser pulses are overlapped, the crater rims also overlap and produce a surface roughness. The rim appears to be a resolidified splash from a molten layer generated during the ablation process. We estimate that this molten layer is a few micrometers thick and exists for a few microseconds. During this melt lifetime, forces acting on the molten layer move it from the center to the edge of the crater.
A Numerical Study of the ERICA IOP 4 Marine Cyclone

Abstract A numerical study is conducted using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) limited-area model to study the evolution and structure of a rapidly intensifying marine cyclone observed during intensive observing period 4 (IOP 4; 4–5 January 1989) of the Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) over the North Atlantic Ocean. The single grid version of the NRL model used in the study has 16 layers in the vertical with a horizontal resolution of 1/3° longitude and 1/4° latitude. The primitive equation, hydrostatic model in sigma coordinates includes parameterized physics of cumulus convection, radiation, and the planetary boundary layer. The National Meteorological Center (NMC) Regional Analysis Forecast System (RAFS) analysis is used to provide the initial and boundary conditions. Starting from the 0000 UTC 4 January RAFS initialization, the control model simulates the ensuing cyclogenesis, deepening the initial disturbance from 998 to 952 mb in 24 h. While the simulated cycl...
Impact of genetics and environment on nutritional and metabolite components of maize grain

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) recommends the measurement of specific plant components for compositional assessments of new biotechnology-derived crops. These components include proximates, nutrients, antinutrients, and certain crop-specific secondary metabolites. A considerable literature on the natural variability of these components in conventional and biotechnology-derived crops now exists. Yet the OECD consensus also suggests measurements of any metabolites that may be directly associated with a newly introduced trait. Therefore, steps have been initiated to assess natural variation in metabolites not typically included in the OECD consensus but which might reasonably be expected to be affected by new traits addressing, for example, nutritional enhancement or improved stress tolerance. The compositional study reported here extended across a diverse genetic range of maize hybrids derived from 48 inbreds crossed against two different testers. These were grown at three different, but geographically similar, locations in the United States. In addition to OECD analytes such as proximates, total amino acids and free fatty acids, the levels of free amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and selected stress metabolites in harvested grain were assessed. The major free amino acids identified were asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, and proline. The major sugars were sucrose, glucose, and fructose. The most predominant organic acid was citric acid, with only minor amounts of other organic acids detected. The impact of genetic background and location was assessed for all components. Overall, natural variation in free amino acids, sugars, and organic acids appeared to be markedly higher than that observed for the OECD analytes.
The effect of volume of disease in patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Abstract This is a retrospective study of 635 consecutively treated patients with FIGO Stage IIB or IIIB carcinoma of the uterine cervix. All patients were treated definitively with radiation therapy. The effect of volume of disease on outcome was studied. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year disease-free survivals (DFS) for the 346 Stage IIB patients were 64%, 61%, and 58%, respectively. Corresponding DFS for the 289 Stage IIIB patients were 40%, 38%, and 34%, respectively. The presence of bilateral parametrial invasion did not alter the 10-year DFS in Stage IIB patients (61% vs 64%, p = 0.60) but did decrease it in Stage IIIB patients (34% vs 50%, p = 0.006). Patients with both Stage IIB and IIIB cancers and central bulky disease (≥5 cm in diameter) had decreased DFS when compared to those without central bulky disease. Stage IIB patients with the lateral half of the parametrium involved had a decreased 10-year DFS in comparison with medial half involvement (52% vs 68%, p = 0.004). The total pelvic failure rate was 23% for Stage IIB and 41% for Stage IIIB patients. Central bulkiness increased the pelvic failure rate by about 11% for all patients. Bilateral parametrial disease increased the pelvic failure rate in Stage IIIB patients but not in patients with Stage IIB disease. The total pelvic failure rate for Stage IIB patients was greater in those whose disease extended into the lateral parametrium. Multivariate analysis was done using stage, lateral pelvic wall dose, parametrial disease, central bulkiness, age, and total dose to point A as variables. With local control as the endpoint, only stage (IIB vs IIIB) was significant ( p = 0.008). Using DFS as the endpoint, stage ( p = 0.0001) and central bulkiness of tumor ( p = 0.026) were significant. Complications were not increased in patients with bulky or bilateral disease. We conclude that there is justification for subdividing FIGO Stage IIIB patients into those with unilateral or bilateral disease; however, these data do not support such a division for FIGO Stage IIB patients. These latter patients would be better analyzed with reference to medial versus lateral parametrial extension because of the difference in pelvic control and survival.
Raising the bar: Encouraging high level thinking in online discussion forums

More universities are offering online instruction for students though we know little about effective online learning. Some have found online instruction increases student participation while others...
Radial basis function neural networks for nonlinear Fisher discrimination and Neyman&#151Pearson classification

We propose a novel technique for the design of radial basis function (RBF) neural networks (NNs). To select various RBF parameters, the class membership information of training samples is utilized to produce new cluster classes. This allows emphasis of classification performance for certain class data rather than best overall classification. This allows us to control performance as desired and to approximate Neyman-Pearson classification. We also show that by properly choosing the desired output neuron levels, then the RBF hidden to output layer performs Fisher discrimination analysis, and that the full system performs a nonlinear Fisher analysis. Data on an agricultural product inspection problem and on synthetic data confirm the effectiveness of these methods.
Venturi and other atomizing scrubbers efficiency and pressure drop

Particle collection efficiency and gas pressure drop for venturi and other atomizing scrubbers can be predicted by means of equations developed in this paper. The significance of the details of the liquid atomization process, the collection of particles on single drops, and the uncertainty regarding them are discussed. The role of drop holdup in the scrubber throat is also important.
Storage Alternatives for High-Calcium Fly Ashes

One of the major problems currently restricting the utilization of high-calcium (ASTM Class C) fly ashes in Iowa is lack of adequate storage space. High-calcium fly ashes are self-cementitious and are generally not economically reclaimable once they have been exposed to water (i.e., the environment). Since the on-site silo storage capacity of a given power plant is normally only about one or two weeks of overall generating capacity (assuming nearly full load), the fly ash industry is hard-pressed to meet the demand for fly ash during the peak construction months. This paper presents some early research findings concerning the storage alternatives available for these high-calcium fly ashes. A simple pan agglomerator, requiring only the addition of a water spray was used to produce fly ash pellets. Since the method required minimal energy input the process would be expected to be economically feasible for field production. Laboratory produced pellets appeared strong and durable and would be expected to withstand field handling without significant degradation. The pelletization process did not appear to result in a loss of reactivity for either the air-dried or water-cured pellets. This is highly important for potential use in Portland cement concrete or soil stabilization.
Cytochemical changes in the adrenal cortex of the rat in pyridoxine deficiency.

HISTOLOGICAL changes observed in the adrenal cortex of pyridoxine-deficient rats, though suggestive of the alarm and adaptation reaction, have not been attributed to the absence of pyridoxine in the diet (Antopol and Unna, 1942). However, other cytochemical studies have demonstrated a transitory augmentation of lipoid in the adrenal cortex of rats fed a pyridoxine-free diet for three weeks (Deane and Shaw, 1947). Malnutrition has been shown to effect a modification in structure and function of endocrine glands indicative of hypofunction (Jackson, 1925, 1929; Stephens, 1941). Morphologic changes in the adrenal gland are difficult to interpret, since differences in the degree of inanition as well as certain vitamin deficient states markedly influence the adrenal gland. Complete inanition generally produces hypertrophy, whereas, chronic underfeeding, at least in the rat, may result in atrophy of the adrenals (Mulinos and Pomerantz, 1941; Mulinos et al., 1942; Cameron and Carmichael, 1946).
Corporate responsibility in the global economy: a business case

Purpose – To develop the self‐interested, business rationale for the export of socially responsible business behavior by multinational firms to developing economies.Design/methodology/approach – Review the rationale for the ascendance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the developed economies, the skepticism that emerged regarding CSR and the proliferation of codes to guide CSR conduct. From this perspective build a parallel case for the development of a business rationale for CSR in the developing economies and how multinational firms can play a transformative role.Findings – Corporations typically have a self‐interested approach to adopting CSR values; either for marketing purposes, or to sustain acceptance among socially conscious investors, consumers, competitors, etc. This same approach should be adopted in the developing world: because consumers and investors transfer these same expectations globally; because businesses in developing countries want acceptance; and because multinationals can...
Radioimmunoassay of Bradykinin

IN the past few years highly sensitive and specific radioimmunological methods have been developed for the determination of many polypeptide hormones1. Radioimmunoassays are usually based on the competitive reaction of a measured amount of polypeptide hormone labelled with iodine-125 and iodine-131 and varying amounts of unlabelled hormone with hormone antiserum. This report describes a radioimmunoassay technique for bradykinin, a nonapeptide of considerable physiological and pathological importance. Bradykinin differs from other polypeptide hormones, which have been assayed by this method, in its lack of immunogenicity and inaccessibility to iodination. Formation of antibody against this peptide was therefore induced by immunizing goats with a bradykinin–haemocyanin conjugate2. An isotopic label was introduced into the molecule by acetylating its terminal amino-group with 14C-acetic anhydride*. This approach makes it possible to use commercially available bradykinin and renders an isotopic synthesis of the peptide unnecessary. Antibody which binds 14C-acetyl bradykinin was demonstrated in antiserum by a gel nitration procedure which separates antibody-bound from unbound peptide. Partial to complete displacement of the labelled acetyl peptide from its antibody-complex was observed on addition of increasing amounts of unlabelled bradykinin or acetyl bradykinin to the incubation mixture of a fixed amount of 14C-acetyl bradykinin and antiserum. Unlabelled bradykinin was found to be about 10–20 times less effective in this reaction than unlabelled acetyl bradykinin.
Social media use by pharmacy faculty: Student friending, e-professionalism, and professional use

Abstract Objectives This study examined social media use by pharmacy faculty members and their strategies for Facebook friending of students. Additional objectives included determining faculty members' opinions regarding e-professionalism, how they responded to e-professionalism transgressions, and their use of social media for teaching, learning, and professional interests. Methods A 32-item questionnaire was sent to 358 pharmacy faculty members at five schools via a web-based survey tool. Results One hundred and fifty-nine faculty members completed the questionnaire for a 44.4% response rate. Almost 65% ( N =103) of the respondents use Facebook. The most common (37.6%, N =38) Facebook-friending philosophy was not to accept any student friend requests. Half ( N =27) of the faculty members who have viewed student profiles noticed an e-professionalism transgression. Fifty-nine (50.1%) faculty members responded that they were either likely or very likely to use social media for teaching. A little less than half (46.6%, N =54) of the respondents reported using social media for professional networking purposes. Conclusions A majority of pharmacy faculty members have an online social media presence, with Facebook being the most common application. Strategies for Facebook-friending students varied, but in general they were very conservative. The majority does not accept any Facebook friend requests from students, or accepts them only when students have graduated. Most faculty members agreed that social media connections with students might compromise the instructor–student relationship boundary. It is important that higher education faculty adapt to the paradigm and examine the appropriate contexts of use for professional, educational, and networking purposes.
Aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents

A case of aspiration of activated charcoal and gastric contents is reported. The patient developed immediate airway obstruction treated by endotracheal intubation and suctioning. Protracted respiratory insufficiency characterized by severe bronchospasm developed after airway obstruction was alleviated.
NF-κB inhibition reveals a novel role for HGF during skeletal muscle repair.

The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/p65 is the master regulator of inflammation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Disease severity is reduced by NF-κB inhibition in the mdx mouse, a murine DMD model; however, therapeutic targeting of NF-κB remains problematic for patients because of its fundamental role in immunity. In this investigation, we found that the therapeutic effect of NF-κB blockade requires hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) production by myogenic cells. We found that deleting one allele of the NF-κB subunit p65 (p65+/−) improved the survival and enhanced the anti-inflammatory capacity of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) following intramuscular transplantation. Factors secreted from p65+/− MDSCs in cell cultures modulated macrophage cytokine expression in an HGF-receptor-dependent manner. Indeed, we found that following genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of basal NF-κB/p65 activity, HGF gene transcription was induced in MDSCs. We investigated the role of HGF in anti-NF-κB therapy in vivo using mdx;p65+/− mice, and found that accelerated regeneration coincided with HGF upregulation in the skeletal muscle. This anti-NF-κB-mediated dystrophic phenotype was reversed by blocking de novo HGF production by myogenic cells following disease onset. HGF silencing resulted in increased inflammation and extensive necrosis of the diaphragm muscle. Proteolytic processing of matrix-associated HGF is known to activate muscle stem cells at the earliest stages of repair, but our results indicate that the production of a second pool of HGF by myogenic cells, negatively regulated by NF-κB/p65, is crucial for inflammation resolution and the completion of repair in dystrophic skeletal muscle. Our findings warrant further investigation into the potential of HGF mimetics for the treatment of DMD.
The Shared-Electron Chemical Bond.

With the development of the quantum mechanics it has become evident that the factors mainly responsible for chemical valence are the Pauli exclusion principle and the Heisenberg-Dirac resonance phenomenon. It has been shown that in the case of two hydrogen atoms in the normal state brought near each other the eigenfunction which is symmetric in the positional coordinates of the two electrons corresponds to a potential which causes the two atoms to combine to form a molecule. This potential is due mainly to a resonance effect which may be interpreted as involving an interchange in position of the two electrons forming the bond, so that each electron is partially associated with one nucleus and partially with the other. The so-calculated heat of dissociation, moment of inertia, and oscillational frequency of the hydrogen molecule are in approximate agreement with experiment. London has recently suggested that the interchange energy of two electrons, one belonging to each of two atoms, is the energy of the non-polar bond in general. He has shown that an antisymmetric (and hence allowed) eigenfunction symmetric in the coordinates of two electrons can occur only if originally the spin of each electron were not paired with that of another electron in the same atom. The number of electrons with such unpaired spins in an atom is, in the case of Russell-Saunders coupling, equal to 2s, where s is the resultant spin quantum number, and is closely connected with the multiplicity, 2s + 1, of the spectral term. This is also the number of electrons capable of forming non-polar bonds. The spins of the two electrons forming the bond become paired, so that usually these electrons cannot be effective in forming further bonds.
Assessment of counting efficiencies for labeled protein and other macromolecules in filter disk assays

A several-fold greater counting efficiency is observed for protein labeled with [3H]leucine than for free [3H]leucine using a conventional filter disk assay. A similar, though less marked, effect is noted for 14C-labeled molecules. These results are comparable to those reported by others for counting efficiencies of labeled DNA and deoxynucleotides and illustrate the generality of this effect with regard to macromolecules and their low-molecular weight precursors. This phenomenon, presumably due to differences in the distribution of large and small molecules within filters, gives rise to errors in the quantitation of macromolecule synthesis if a counting efficiency identical to that of the precursor is assumed to apply. A convenient method for determining counting efficiencies of various molecules bound to filters is presented which eliminates this problem.
High transverse momentum correlations in STAR

Azimuthal correlations of charged hadrons with transverse momenta above 2 GeV/c are measured relative to ≥ GeV/c trigger particle in p+p and Au+Au at \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200\) GeV in STAR. The correlations exhibit small relative azimuthal angle correlations characteristic of jets. The p+p and peripheral Au+Au data exhibit a peak on the opposite side of the jet indicating the presence of hard scattering in the form of di-jets. The away-side jet disappears for the most central Au+Au collisions, suggesting jet quenching in a dense medium.
Understanding the Complex Relationship Between Creativity and Ethical Ideologies

The relationship between individuals’ creativity and their ethical ideologies appears to be complex. Applying Forsyth’s (1980, 1992) personal moral philosophy model which consists of two independent ethical ideology dimensions, idealism and relativism, we hypothesized and found support for a positive relationship between creativity and relativism. It appears that creative people are less likely than non-creative people to follow universal rules in their moral decision making. However, contrary to our hypothesis and the general stereotype that creative people are less caring about others, we found a positive relationship between creativity and idealism. These findings indicate that highly creative people are likely to be what Forsyth called “situationists,” individuals with both an ethic of caring and a pragmatic moral decision-making style. The finding that creative individuals tend to be situationists, and particularly that they tend to be high in idealism, appears to refute the line of reasoning that argues for a “creative personality” characterized in part by social insensitivity. Understanding the relationship between creativity and ethical ideologies has important implications for researchers, managers and teachers.
Temperature-dependent radiative recombination of free excitons in high-quality GaAs heterostructures

Abstract We have measured photoluminescence decay kinetics versus temperature for high-quality MOCVD GaAs/Al 0.3 GaAs 0.7 double heterostructures which have been thoroughly characterized at room temperature. The measured lifetime is in good agreement with the lifetime obtained from a kinetic model of interacting free carriers and excitons. This theory explains the evolution from exponential decay at very low temperatures to more nonexponential bimolecular decay at higher temperature in terms of thermal ionization of the excitons. The theory shows that the temperature dependence of the decay kinetics can be nearly entirely in terms of a temperature-independent radiative lifetime.
Estimating reliability in proportional odds ratio models

Abstract In this paper, we are mainly interested in inference on the reliability coefficient, R = P ( X Y ) , in proportional odds ratio models based on the new family of tilted survival functions introduced by Marshall and Olkin [Marshall, A.W., Olkin, I., 1997. A new method for adding a parameter to a family of distributions with application to the exponential and Weibull families. Biometrika 84 (3), 641–652]. We also present some results on stochastic comparison between the survival distribution functions. Asymptotic and various bootstrap confidence intervals of R are investigated. The performance of asymptotic and bootstrap confidence intervals is studied through a simulation. A numerical example based on real-life data is presented to illustrate the implementation of the proposed procedure.
Laws, passion, and the attractions of right action in Montesquieu:

This article examines Montesquieu's concept of natural law and treatment of legal customs in conjunction with his theory of moral psychology. It explores his effort to entwine the rational procedur...
Sentiment and the U.S. business cycle

Abstract Psychological factors are commonly believed to play a role on cyclical economic fluctuations, but they are typically omitted from state-of-the-art macroeconomic models. This paper introduces “sentiment” in a medium-scale DSGE model of the U.S. economy and tests the empirical contribution of sentiment shocks to business cycle fluctuations. The assumption of rational expectations is relaxed. The paper exploits, instead, observed data on expectations in the estimation. The observed expectations are assumed to be formed from a near-rational learning model. Agents are endowed with a perceived law of motion that resembles the model solution under rational expectations, but they lack knowledge about the solution’s reduced-form coefficients. They attempt to learn those coefficients over time using available time series at each point in the sample and updating their beliefs through constant-gain learning. In each period, however, they may form expectations that fall above or below those implied by the learning model. These deviations capture excesses of optimism and pessimism, which can be quite persistent and which are defined as sentiment in the model. Different sentiment shocks are identified in the empirical analysis: waves of undue optimism and pessimism may refer to expected future consumption, future investment, or future inflationary pressures. The results show that exogenous variations in sentiment are responsible for a sizable (above forty percent) portion of historical U.S. business cycle fluctuations. Sentiment shocks related to investment decisions, which evoke Keynes’ animal spirits, play the largest role. When the model is estimated imposing the rational expectations hypothesis, instead, the role of structural investment-specific and neutral technology shocks significantly expands to capture the omitted contribution of sentiment.
S-100-Mediated Inhibition of Brain Protein Phosphorylation

The effects of the glial-specific, calcium-binding, S-100 protein on brain membrane and supernatant protein phosphorylation were assessed. S-100 concentrations as low as 5 micrograms/ml caused a marked inhibition of the phosphorylation of a soluble brain protein having a molecular weight of 73,000 daltons (73K). This protein was designated the S-100 protein-modulated phosphoprotein (SMP). Half-maximal inhibition of the phosphorylation of SMP by S-100 was obtained at concentrations of 12 micrograms/ml (0.57 microM). The inhibition of SMP phosphorylation by S-100 was calcium-dependent, with a calculated calcium Ka of 2.0 +/- 0.3 microM. SMP phosphorylation was also inhibited by calmodulin, but only partially and with a much lower potency. The inhibition of SMP phosphorylation by S-100 was not inhibited by fluphenazine, whereas the effect of calmodulin was. SMP was found in many brain areas, with the highest levels seen in the corpus callosum. Various peripheral tissues, such as kidney; liver; and pineal, pituitary, and adrenal glands, did not contain detectable SMP levels. At higher S-100 concentrations, greater than 10 micrograms/ml, the phosphorylation of several other soluble proteins was markedly inhibited. These proteins have molecular weights of 56K, 50K, and 47K. The phosphorylation of these proteins was enhanced by calmodulin. These data suggest that the S-100 protein may function to modulate the phosphorylation of brain proteins in a manner analogous to (although in a reciprocal fashion) that of calmodulin.
Expanding help desk services: the benefits of student S.O.S.

It is a given fact that information technology managers often must make decisions on how to best serve the community at large while most effectively utilizing the manpower and resources available to them. Many Help Desks have expanded services by offering new technology, like Desktop Streaming, that has enabled them to meet the users' demands for immediate service without having to wait for a technician. However, what can the Help Desk do when this technology will not work because the user cannot get online? In this case, we rely on technicians to go out and fix the problem.At Brown University we recently initiated a Service on Site (S.O.S.) program that is free of charge to our community. In the case of our student clients, we send two person teams of student consultants to the dorm room of the client who needs assistance. Besides the obvious benefit of being able to fix problems that cannot be solved over the phone or via Desktop Streaming we have seen many additional benefits. We will outline each benefit in this paper. For the Brown Help Desk they have been: 1. a positive adjustment in the way the community views our services; 2. the ability to help users secure their computers against virus and compromise incidents; 3. the ability to educate customers on how to use their computers to best fit each customer's individual needs; 4. the opportunity to educate customers on other services the department offers, such as software, training, and file services; 5.on-the-job training for our newer consultants and cross-training for our more experienced consultants.Since some problems will always require on-site technicians to resolve them, it makes sense to use the technicians to further expand and promote our services.
Hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the choroid during intermittent hypoxia increases risk of severe oxygen-induced retinopathy in neonatal rats.

Purpose. Extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) requiring oxygen therapy often experience frequent episodes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) and are at high risk for severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Using an established model for oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), we examined the hypothesis that there is a critical number of daily brief IH episodes which will result in irreversible retinal oxidative damage.
Brillouin Scattering in a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Near the Cholesteric-Isotropic Transition

Abstract Brillouin scattering is used to study the propagation of hypersonicwaves in a cholesteric medium at the liquid-to-liquid-crystal tramition. Contrary to the results obtained by others, we have found no anomalouschange in either the velocity or the attenuation of the hypersonic waves at the transition.
Digital mammography in the radio-dense and complex pattern breast

The sensitivity of mammography for the detection of breast cancer is decreased in the radiodense breast. Storage phosphor digital radiographic systems have a wider latitude of exposure than conventional mammographic screen film systems. By using low resolution histogram equalization one can produce a mammographic image of the breast that retains the high frequency information that defines the edges of microcalcifications, architectural distortion and some masses but which, at the same time, allows one to look through into regions of increased breast radiodensity and identify microcalcifications within them. This paper demonstrates the effect of this special form of image processing.
Ring contraction in the reaction of cationic (h5-C5H5)Mo(CO)2(schiff base chelate) complexes with methyl and phenyl lithium

Abstract The crystal structures of (C 5 H 5 )Mo(CO) 2 (NHR)[C(NC 5 H 4 )R′] with R = −CH(CH 3 )(C 6 H 5 ), R′ = −CH 3 (I) and R = −CH(CH 3 ) 2 , R′ = −(C 6 H 5 )(II) have been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The first compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /a with a = 17.053(9), b = 11.185(5), c = 11.011(3) A, β = 104.48(3)dg; the second crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 with a = 8.477(3), b = 14.132(7), c = 16.670(8) A. Both compounds are characterized by the existence of a three membered ring formed by a n 2 -aminomethylene ligand bonded to the Mo through its C and N atoms. The coordination polyhedron around the Mo atom is a distorted square pyramid; the greatest deviation from the theoretical geometry being the N(1)MoC(8) angle for which values of 37.6(4) and 38.0(2)° were observed. The orientation of the pyridine ring is determined by the formation of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between its nitrogen and the N(1)H(6) hydrogen of the aminomethylene moiety.
Inhibition of hepatic oxidative xenobiotic metabolism by piperonyl butoxide.

Abstract The oxidative metabolism of piperonyl butoxide to a metabolite which forms a complex with reduced cytochrome P-450 is not inhibited by cyanide, but is prevented by the mercurial mersalyl. The apparent K m for this oxidation of piperonyl butoxide is low, being 65 μM. The inhibition of ethylmorphine N -demethylation by piperonyl butoxide in vitro is proportional to the amount of cytochrome P-450 present as the cytochrome P-450-piperonyl butoxide metabolite complex. Piperonyl butoxide shows mixed inhibition kinetics when present during ethylmorphine N -demethylation, i.e. competitive during the formation of the piperonyl butoxide metabolite, and noncompetitive once the metabolite is complexed with cytochrome P-450. Differences in the rate of formation of the piperonyl butoxide metabolite-cytochrome P-450 complex in liver microsomes from rats and mice can account for the greater sensitivity of mice to piperonyl butoxide inhibition of drug metabolism. Enhancement of absorption spectra in turbid solutions, such as piperonyl butoxide dispersions, is examined and discussed.
Mechanoreceptors and Stochastic Resonance

Stochastic Resonance (SR) is a counterintuitive phenomenon whereby noise under appropriate conditions can enhance the detection of weak signals rather than interfering with signal transmission. Originally described in nonlinear physical systems, SR is applicable as well for biological processes that are also frequently nonlinear. The first demonstration of SR in biology utilized the mechanoreceptive hairs of crayfish.
Acid-sensing cation channels: structure, function, and pathophysiologic implications.

In both the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS), energy metabolism, neuronal activity, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and inflammation elicit pH fluctuations that may affect neuronal excitability and function. The acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent cation channels that are activated by acidic pH and are expressed in neurons throughout the body. ASICs belong to the degenerin/epithelial sodium (Na+) channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily, which includes several amiloride-sensitive cation channels. ASICs are primarily permeable to Na+ and elicit cell depolarization, leading to secondary intracellular accumulation of calcium (Ca2+). ASICs in peripheral sensory neurons participate in nociception, mechanosensation, and taste transduction. In the CNS, ASICs are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, fear conditioning, and maintenance of retinal integrity. Studies using ASIC channel blockers or transgenic mice indicate that ASICs may be involved in several neurologic disorders, including pain, cerebral ischemia, seizures, and neurodegeneration. ASICs may also have a role in anxiety and depression. Therefore, ASICs may represent novel targets for potential treatment of these disorders. The structure, function, modulation, and clinical implications of ASICs have been the subjects of several reviews.1–10
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) protects pregnant mother and fetus from the immunotoxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Scope: The “fetal basis of adult disease” hypothesis proposes that prenatal exposure to environmental stress can lead to increased susceptibility to clinical disorders later in life. In utero exposure of fetus to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) leads to alterations in T-cell differentiation in the thymus and increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease later in life. TCDD triggers toxicity through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and severely affects maternal and fetal immune system during pregnancy. Methods and results: In this study, using a mouse model, we investigated if administration of resveratrol (RES; 3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) would inhibit immunotoxicity induced by TCDD during pregnancy in the mother and fetus. We observed that RES protected not only normal nonpregnant mice but also pregnant mothers and their fetuses from TCDD-induced thymic atrophy, apoptosis, and alterations in the expression of T-cell receptor and costimulatory molecules as well as T-cell differentiation. In addition, there was significantly reduced expression of CYP1A1 in thymi of both the mother and the fetus when RES was used in vivo post-TCDD exposure. Conclusion: In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that consumption of RES, a natural plant product, during pregnancy, may afford protection to the mother and the fetus from the toxicity induced by environmental pollutants that mediate their effects through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
Polluting The Polls: When Citizens Should Not Vote

Just because one has the right to vote does not mean just any vote is right. Citizens should not vote badly. This duty to avoid voting badly is grounded in a general duty not to engage in collectively harmful activities when the personal cost of restraint is low. Good governance is a public good. Bad governance is a public bad. We should not be contributing to public bads when the benefit to ourselves is low. Many democratic theorists agree that we shouldn't vote badly, but that's because they think we should vote well. This demands too much of citizens.
Incorporation of polybasic aromatic amines into ruthenium(II) chloro complexes

Abstract The reactions of RuCl2[P(C6H5)3]3 with excesses of various aromatic amines led to six coordinate, pseudo-octahedral complexes. Thus, three equivalents of pyridazine or 3-methylpyridazine could be incorporated, or two equivalents of pyrazole or phthalazine, all as monodentate ligands. Reaction with 1,8-naphthyridine led to the incorporation of one bidentate ligand. X-ray structural data were obtained for the pyridazine, phthalazine and 1,8-naphthyridine complexes.
Electrophoresis of a thin charged disk

The electrophoretic velocity of a charged disk of zero thickness is computed in the limit of small surface potentials, but with arbitrary double layer thickness. The disk represents an idealized clay particle, and has uniform surface charge over its flat surface, together with a uniform line charge around its edge. The contributions of these two charges to the electrophoretic velocity are considered separately. Asymptotic results are obtained for thin and thick double layers, and intermediate results are obtained by numerical integration. The singularities in both the electrical and hydrodynamic fields at the edge of the particle enhance the importance of the edge charge when the double layer thickness κ−1 is small compared to the disk radius a.
STERIC AND ELECTRONIC BALANCE IN METAL-PHOSPHINE COORDINATION: THE PHOSPHINE TWIST

Abstract The relationship between the bite angles of cis phosphines and the electron distribution and bonding to the metal is studied by gas phase valence photoelectron spectroscopy. The complexes selected for the electronic structure comparison are cis-Mo(CO)4(PMe3)2, Mo(CO)4DMPE (DMPE = 1,2-bis dimethylphosphinotethane), Mo(CO)4DMPM (DMPM = bis(dimethylphosphino) methane), cis-W(CO)4(PMe3)2, W(CO)4DMPE, and cis-W(CO)4DMPM. The Mo carbonyl complexes give simple photoelectron spectra with the valence ionizations originating from the phosphine lone pairs bonding to the metals and from the metal d 6 configurations. The W complexes give similar spectra, but have an additional electronic spin-orbit perturbation. The ionizations from the phosphine lone pairs that donate to the metals in σ bond formation show the effects of the different bite angles of the ligands. However, the total interaction and charge distribution of the phosphines with the metals look very similar in each case. The metal-based ionizations...
A case of endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary associated with pregnancy

This is the second report of endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary associated with an intrauterine pregnancy. The previous report presented six cases, making this the seventh. Characteristics of the tumor are reviewed, as are the guidelines for the management of ovarian carcinoma complicating pregnancy.
Absence of a Primary Division of the Pulmonary Trunk An Ontogenetic Theory

An ontogenetic theory is proposed to explain the absence of a primary division of the pulmonary trunk on the basis of an error in the septation of the truncus arteriosus, and the two common varieties of the syndrome are discussed in detail. It is suggested that: Both lateral pulmonary arteries are present in this syndrome, but one of them arises anomalously from the systemic circulation. The aberrant origin of one lateral pulmonary artery derives from the dorsal shifting of one of the two ridges responsible for the septation of the truncus arteriosus. The sixth arch on the side of the dorsorotated truncal ridge then becomes incorporated into the newly formed ascending aorta. The combination of tetralogy of Fallot, right aortic arch, and absent left primary pulmonary division results from a single primordial error: a dorsorotation of the left ridge extending throughout the truncoconus. The initial portion of the aberrant (systemic) pulmonary artery may obliterate postnatally, thus impairing maturation of the terminal portion. This would explain the frequent failure to demonstrate the artery by angiography and, occasionally, at dissection.