cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CAMPS: Conflict-Aware Memory-Side Prefetching Scheme for Hybrid Memory Cube

Prefetching is a well-studied technique where data is fetched from main memory ahead of time speculatively and stored in caches or dedicated prefetch buffer. With the introduction of Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), a 3-D memory module with multiple memory layers stacked over a single logic layer using thousands of Through Silicon Vias (TSVs), huge internal bandwidth availability makes memory-side prefetching a more efficient approach to improving system performance. In this paper, we introduce a memory-side prefetching scheme for HMC based main memory system that utilizes its logic area and exploits the huge internal bandwidth provided by TSVs. Our scheme closely monitors the access pattern to memory banks and make intelligent prefetch decisions for rows with high utilization or causing row buffer conflicts. We also introduce a prefetch buffer management scheme that makes replacement decision within the prefetch buffer based on both the utilization and recency of the prefetched rows. Our simulation results indicate that our approach improves performance by 17.9% on average, compared to a baseline scheme that prefetches a whole row on every memory request. Our scheme also outperforms an existing memory-side prefetching scheme by 8.7% on average, which dynamically adjusts the prefetch degree based on the usefulness of prefetched data. In this sample-structured document, neither the cross-linking of float elements and bibliography nor metadata/copyright information is available. The sample document is provided in "Draft" mode and to view it in the final layout format, applying the required template is essential with some standard steps.
A Wearable Platform for Research in Augmented Hearing

We have previously reported a realtime, open-source speech-processing platform (OSP) for hearing aids (HAs) research. In this contribution, we describe a wearable version of this platform to facilitate audiological studies in the lab and in the field. The system is based on smartphone chipsets to leverage power efficiency in terms of FLOPS/watt and economies of scale. We present the system architecture and discuss salient design elements in support of HA research. The ear-level assemblies support up to 4 microphones on each ear, with 96 kHz, 24 bit codecs. The wearable unit runs OSP Release 2018c on top of 64bit Debian Linux for binaural HA with an overall latency of 5.6 ms. The wearable unit also hosts an embedded web server (EWS) to monitor and control the HA state in realtime. We describe three example web apps in support of typical audiological studies they enable. Finally, we describe a baseline speech enhancement module included with Release 2018c, and describe extensions to the algorithms as future work.
The Next Higgs Boson(s) and a Higgs-Yukawa Universality

We consider multi-Higgs-doublet models which, for symmetry reasons, have a universal Higgs-Yukawa (HY) coupling, $g$. This is identified with the top quark $g=g_t\approx 1$. The models are concordant with the quasi-infrared fixed point, and the top quark mass is correctly predicted with a compositeness scale (Landau pole) at $M_{planck}$, with sensitivity to heavier Higgs states. The observed Higgs boson is a $\bar{t}t$ composite, and a first sequential Higgs doublet, $H_b$, with $g\approx g_t\approx 1$ coupled to $\bar{b}_R(t,b)_L$ is predicted at a mass $3.0 \lesssim M_b \lesssim 5.5$ TeV and accessible to LHC and its upgrades. This would explain the mass of the $b-$quark, and the tachyonic SM Higgs boson mass$^2$. The flavor texture problem is no longer associated with the HY couplings, but rather is determined by the inverted multi-Higgs boson mass spectrum, e.g., the lightest fermions are associated with heaviest Higgs bosons and vice versa. The theory is no less technically natural than the standard model. The discovery of $H_b$ at the LHC would confirm the general compositeness idea of Higgs bosons and anticipate additional states potentially accessible to the $100$ TeV $pp$ machine.
Advances in motion and electromyography based wearable technology for upper extremity function rehabilitation: A review.

Abstract Study Design Scoping review. Introduction With the recent advances in technologies, interactive wearable technologies including inertial motion sensors and e-textiles are emerging in the field of rehabilitation to monitor and provide feedback and therapy remotely. Purpose of the Study This review article focuses on inertial measurement unit motion sensor and e-textiles–based technologies and proposes approaches to augment these interactive wearable technologies. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of relevant electronic databases (eg, PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database). The scoping review included all study designs. Results Currently, there are a numerous research groups and companies investigating inertial motion sensors and e-textiles–based interactive wearable technologies. However, translation of these technologies to the clinic would need further research to increase ease of use and improve clinical validity of the outcomes of these technologies. Discussion The current review discusses the limitations of the interactive wearable technologies such as, limited clinical utility, bulky equipment, difficulty in setting up equipment inertial motion sensors and e-textiles. Conclusion There is tremendous potential for interactive wearable technologies in rehabilitation. With the evolution of cloud computing, interactive wearable systems can remotely provide intervention and monitor patient progress using models of telerehabilitation. This will revolutionize the delivery of rehabilitation and make rehabilitation more accessible and affordable to millions of individuals.
Development of Nickel-Rich Nickel–Titanium–Hafnium Alloys for Tribological Applications

Nickel-rich (54–56 at.% Ni) NiTi-based alloys have gained increased attention for their high hardness, corrosion resistance, strength, and wear resistance, leading to their development for high-performance bearings and other wear applications. An investigation of a broader compositional range of NiTiHf alloys, in terms of Ni and Hf content, is presented in this study. Their Vickers micro-hardness, 3 ball-on-rod rolling contact fatigue, and compression performances are benchmarked against early compositions identified for bearing applications, e.g., Ni55Ti45 and Ni54Ti45Hf1. The results show that by varying heat treatments and alloy composition, certain NiTiHf alloys can exhibit long life (~ 107 cycles) at 10–20% greater contact stress levels (up to 2.2–2.4 GPa), together with up to 20% greater hardness (up to 770 HV) and 30% larger compressive yield strengths (up to 3.4 GPa) than the original bearing compositions. These improvements are attributed to the ability to develop alloys with high-volume fractions of fine precipitate phases. Interestingly, a variety of combinations of different precipitate strengthening phases, depending on alloy composition and heat treatment, were able to achieve improvements relative to Ni55Ti45 and Ni54Ti45Hf1, demonstrating the versatility of the NiTiHf system.
Incorporating Financial Statement Information to Improve Forecasts of Corporate Taxable Income

We contribute to the research on the information content of earnings as it applies to the forecasting of economic activity across reporting models. We examine whether publicly available financial statement information is incrementally useful in forecasting confidentially reported taxable income. More precise firm-level taxable income forecasts can improve policymakers’ modeling of the tax system and their ability to analyze the effect of proposed changes in corporate tax law. When aggregated, improved micro-forecasts can also yield more accurate macro-forecasts of corporate taxable income, a significant component of the federal budget. We find that financial statement information improves firm-level estimates of future taxable income by providing more timely information. We also document the usefulness of the deferred tax valuation allowance in improving taxable income estimates for loss firms. Our evidence suggests public financial statement information complements proprietary data to improve estimates of future taxable income for budgetary and policy use.
Comparing and Predicting Public Attitudes Toward Stuttering, Obesity, and Mental Illness

Purpose Extensive research on public attitudes has documented stigma toward stuttering, obesity, and mental illness; however, most studies have focused on only one of these conditions. This study s...
Reasonable Doubt Ratcheting: How Jurors Adjust the Standard of Proof to Reach a Desired Result

Research has already been conducted into how jurors alter the reason-able doubt standard based on different legal definitions of the standard provided and perceived harshness of punishment. This article discusses the findings of research that is the first to analyze how jurors also alter the reasonable doubt standard based on their sympathy toward the defendant — namely, how jurors “ratchet up” reasonable doubt to acquit sympathetic defendants and “ratchet down” reasonable doubt to convict unsympathetic defendants. Political affiliation and gender are also analyzed for potential causal relationships with this effect. The results of this novel re-search provide valuable information for trial attorneys, judges, and advocates of criminal justice reform.
Ensemble epistasis: thermodynamic origins of non-additivity between mutations

Abstract Non-additivity between mutations—epistasis—profoundly shapes evolution. It can be difficult to understand its mechanistic origins. Here we show that “ensemble epistasis” is likely a universal feature of macromolecules. Using a simple analytical model, we found that epistasis arises when two conditions are met: 1) a macro-molecule populates at least three structures and 2) mutations have differential effects on a least two of the inactive structures. To explore the relative magnitude of ensemble epistasis, we performed a virtual deep-mutational scan of the allosteric Ca2+ signaling protein S100A4. We found that 27% of mutation pairs gave ensemble epistasis with a magnitude on the order of thermal fluctuations, 1 kT. We observed many forms of epistasis: magnitude, sign, and reciprocal sign epistasis. Depending on the effector concentration, the same mutation pair could even exhibit different forms of epistasis. The ubiquity of ensembles in biology and its pervasiveness in our dataset suggests that ensemble epistasis may be a universal mechanism of epistasis. Significance statement Addressing the mechanistic origins of evolutionary unpredictability is critical to understanding how mutations combine to determine phenotype. Here we lay the theoretical foundations and investigate the plausibility of a potentially universal mechanism of unpredictability in macromolecules. Macromolecules often adopt a set of interchanging structures, called a thermodynamic ensemble. Mutations can change the relative population of each structure, introducing unpredictability in the mapping between genotype and phenotype. The conditions under which we expect this to arise are common in macromolecules, suggesting that this form of unpredictability may be pervasive in evolution. We conclude that the thermodynamic ensemble bakes unpredictability into biology and that future attempts to address it might incorporate this mechanistic insight.
Abstract 16748: Stent Type and Outcomes in Patients With Malignancy Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background: Coronary artery disease and cancer share some of the same risk factors, so it is not uncommon to find them in same patient. So PCI is increasingly performed in these patients. However t...
Modulation of sagittal-plane center of pressure and force vector direction in human standing on sloped surfaces.

Abstract The multi-joint coordination responsible for maintaining upright posture in the standing human manifests in the pattern of variation of the support-surface force (F). Assessment of both the translational and rotational kinematics in the sagittal-plane requires understanding the critical relationship between the direction and location of F. Prior work demonstrated that band-pass filtered F direction and center-of-pressure (CoP) covary in time such that the F vector lines-of-action pass near a fixed point called an intersection point (IP). The height of that IP (IPz) varies systematically with the frequency of the pass band. From F measurements in able-bodied humans (n = 17) standing on various pitched surfaces, the present study also found the emergent property of an IP, with IPz located above the center of mass (CoM) at frequencies
Teaching Video NeuroImage: Abnormal Movements due to Brainstem Release Phenomenon.

A 15-month-old child with spinal muscular atrophy presented with refractory myoclonic status epilepticus post cardiorespiratory arrest. During therapeutic burst suppression, the patient developed rhythmic upper extremity movements (video), only during the suppression phase, with cessation in the burst phase. Brain MRI (figure) showed global ischemic injury.
COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: A simulation study of the effects of combination therapy with tocilizumab and siltuximab.

Aim To assess the potential of interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling blockade in the lung to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection via model-based simulation by exploring soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) sequestration by tocilizumab (TCZ) and IL-6 sequestration by siltuximab (SIL). Methods Literature values of IL-6, IL-6 antagonist SIL, sIL-6R, IL-6R antagonist TCZ, and their respective binding constants were used to develop a model to predict the impact of treatment on IL-6 signaling. Models were used to generate simulated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations for normal subjects, subjects at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and subjects with ARDS under four conditions: without treatment, treatment with TCZ, treatment with SIL, and treatment with TCZ + SIL. Results With TCZ intervention, IL-6 levels are unaffected and sIL-6R is reduced somewhat below the Normal case. IL-6:sIL-6R complex only slightly decreased relative to the no-intervention case. With SIL intervention, sIL-6R levels are unaffected and IL-6 is greatly reduced below the Normal case. IL-6:sIL-6R complex is greatly decreased relative to the no-intervention case. With TCZ + SIL intervention, IL-6 and sIL-6R levels are reduced below the Normal case and achieve suppression equivalent to monotherapy results for their respective targets. IL-6:sIL-6R complex reduction is predicted to be greater than that achieved with monotherapy. This reflects sequestration of both components of the complex and the nonlinear binding equilibrium. Conclusion Co-administration of both IL-6 and IL-6R sequestering products such as SIL and TCZ may be necessary to effectively treat COVID-19 patients who have or are at risk of developing ARDS.
Polyvinyl alcohol/silver electrospun nanofibers: Biocidal filter media capturing virus-size particles

In response to the nowadays battle against SARS-CoV-2, we designed a new class of high performant filter media suitable to advance the facemask technology and provide new efficient widespread solutions against virus propagation. By means of the electrospinning technology we developed filter media based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers doped with AgNPs combining three main performance requirements: high air filtration efficiency to capture nanometer-size particles, low airflow resistance essential to ensure breathability and antimicrobial activity to inactivate aerosolized microorganisms. PVA/AgNPs electrospun nanofibers were produced by electrospinning the dispersion of colloidal silver into the PVA water solution. A widespread physicochemical characterization was addressed to the Ag colloidal suspension. The key functional performances of the electrospun nanofibers were proven by water stability, antibacterial activity, and filtration efficiency and pressure drop measurements performed under conditions representative of facemasks. We assessed a total bacterial depletion associated to a filtering efficiency towards nano-aerosolized particles of 97.7% higher than required by the EN149 standard and a pressure drop in line with FFP1 and FFP2 masks, even at the highest filtration velocity. Such results pave the way to the application of PVA/AgNPs electrospun nanofibers in facemasks as advanced filtering media for protecting against airborne microorganisms.
The Distorted Reality of Civil Recourse Theory

This article provides an alternative critique of civil recourse theory, which describes Torts as a scheme of private rights for the redress of legal wrongs and rejects as insignificant “pure” strict liability and all doctrines and concepts shaped solely by instrumental concerns. Previous detractors have challenged the theory’s conception of duty or questioned its completeness or effects. I argue that civil recourse theory suffers from more fundamental deficiencies, including a biased and myopic perspective, an inapt methodology, and a strained or selective interpretation of the facts. These errors produce skewed observations and flawed conclusions. Once these mistakes are corrected, Torts’ true nature quickly emerges. It is not a cohesive, unitary system of civil wrongs and private justice, as civil recourse theory suggests, but rather is a disjointed patchwork of moral and instrumental canons expediently interwoven into a decidedly diverse institution serving both public and private objectives. Once civil recourse theory embraces this reality, it can be more usefully recast as a normative enterprise — one which prescribes a treatment for unprincipled instrumentalism and a plan for restoring rights and wrongs to tort law.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Spartina species (Poaceae)

The cordgrasses in the genus Spartina have become model organisms for studying biological invasions from both ecological and genetic perspectives. Here we characterize 11 disomic loci in Spartina alterniflora that show promise for population studies and for studying hybridization events between S. alterniflora and S. foliosa . Comparisons among invasive and native S. alterniflora populations showed that levels of allelic variation are lower in invasive populations. In addition, nearly all loci that amplified in S. foliosa populations and in a swarm of S. alterniflora × foliosa hybrids were polymorphic. We also found that several loci amplified successfully in other Spartina species.
Transport of nonmetabolizable opines by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Abstract We have examined the uptake of [14C]octopine and [14C]nopaline by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing the C58 chromosomal background in medium suitable for the induction of vir genes. All strains tested could transport both of these opines, regardless of the presence or type of Ti plasmid (octopine or nopaline) present in the bacterium. The transport of these opines required active cellular metabolism. Nonradioactive octopine, nopaline, and arginine competed effectively with [14C]octopine and [14C]nopaline for transport into A. tumefaciens A136, suggesting that the transport of these opines occurs via an arginine transport pathway not encoded by the Ti plasmid.
Public broadcasting in a changing political & regulatory environment: The case of Africa

Abstract The end of the Cold War triggered media‐political liberalization on the African continent. Private commercial and community radio stations were launched. Divergent voices are being heard and many more people have access to the mass media. Many Western government‐owned broadcasters joined in the fray and lined up African affiliates to broadcast or rebroadcast their programming. This intense international and local competition has affected governmental public service broadcasting. Government‐owned stations must now decide whether to continue being broadcast media which serve all citizens or just ‘niche’ broadcasters. The position of this paper is that commercial pressures and competition need not lead African broadcasters to abandon their traditional role of broadcasting non‐profitable local cultural programming.
The steady-state distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the in vivo cornea. I. The open eye in air and the closed eye.

The steady-state distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the in vivo cornea for the open and closed eye are calculated from the diffusion, solubility, and consumption or production parameters of the system. The endothelium is shown to have little effect on the distribution because of its thinness. In the open eye, oxygen is transported into the cornea at the epithelial surface and out at the endothelial surface. Carbon dioxide moves from the aqueous humor through the cornea and out into the air. For the closed eye oxygen moves into the cornea across the epithelial and endothelial surfaces. Carbon dioxide moves out across both these surfaces. Postulating a stagnant aqueous humor layer of 0·150-mm thickness on the posterior surface does not change the above conclusions.
Leech neurogenesis. I. Positional commitment of neural precursor cells.

Abstract This paper reports analyses of the differentiation and distribution of identified peripheral neurons and central 5-HT-containing neurons in embryos of the glossiphoniid leech Theromyzon rude that have been deprived of one of the bilaterally paired major ectodermal cell lines called the n bandlets. Cells descended from a lone surviving n bandlet were abnormally distributed across both sides of the ventral midline. Nevertheless, they produced the complement of identified neurons that they would have produced in a normal embryo. Neurons produced by cells that crossed the midline occupied the normal positions of their absent homologs, as demonstrated by morphometric analysis of normal and n-bandlet-deprived ganglia. Ablations of ectodermal cell lines other than the n bandlets (o and p, or q) allowed the formation of normal distributions of neurons descended from the n bandlets. These results are interpreted as showing that neural precursor cells are committed to occupy particular positions before reaching those positions and probably use positional cues of predominantly nonectodermal origin to recognize those positions. Together, the results reported here and in the accompanying paper ( S. Torrence, M. Law, and D. Stuart, 1989, Dev. Biol. 136, 40–60 ) suggest that ectodermal cells that are committed to give rise to specific neurons use cues provided by the mesoderm to find positions appropriate to their fates.
Intractable ventricular tachycardia. Unusual mode of conversion to normal rhythm following intravenous procaine amide.

Abstract A case of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia of twenty-eight days' duration failed to respond to large doses of oral and intramuscular antiarrhythmic drugs. Conversion was accomplished following the administration of 3,940 mg. of procaine amide intravenously in eighty minutes.
Exercise modifies α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor expression in striatopallidal neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse.

The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic-acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) plays a critical role in modulating experience-dependent neuroplasticity, and alterations in AMPAR expression may underlie synaptic dysfunction and disease pathophysiology. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of dopamine (DA) depletion, our previous work showed exercise increases total GluA2 subunit expression and the contribution of GluA2-containing channels in MPTP mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise-dependent changes in AMPAR expression after MPTP are specific to the striatopallidal (D2R) or striatonigral (D1R) medium spiny neuron (MSN) striatal projection pathways. Drd2-eGFP-BAC transgenic mice were used to delineate differences in AMPAR expression between striatal D2R-MSNs and D1R-MSNs. Striatal AMPAR expression was assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, Western immunoblotting (WB) of preparations enriched for postsynaptic density (PSD), and alterations in the current–voltage relationship of MSNs. We found DA depletion results in the emergence of GluA2-lacking AMPARs selectively in striatopallidal D2R-MSNs and that exercise reverses this effect in MPTP mice. Exercise-induced changes in AMPAR channels observed after DA depletion were associated with alterations in GluA1 and GluA2 subunit expression in postsynaptic protein, D2R-MSN cell surface expression, and restoration of corticostriatal plasticity. Mechanisms regulating experience-dependent changes in AMPAR expression may provide innovative therapeutic targets to increase the efficacy of treatments for basal ganglia disorders, including Parkinson's disease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperature- and salt-responsive polyoxometalate–poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hybrid macromolecules in aqueous solution

Polyoxometalate (POM) polar head groups were covalently functionalized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) tails. The macromolecular hybrid demonstrates solution behavior of hydrophilic macroions by self-assembling into blackberry structures at room temperature. The hybrid behaves like an amphiphilic surfactant by forming a vesicular structure when the temperature is above the phase transition of PNIPAM. The reversible self-assembly is also salt-sensitive and the salt-induced smaller vesicular formation results from counterion-association.
Electrostatic and full wave simulations of interdigitated BST varactors with buried plates

This work presents electrostatic and full wave analysis of an underappreciated model of ferroelectric interdigitated varactor, in which the plates are buried in the ferroelectric thick film. The electrostatic simulations show that with this design the tuning voltage could be decreased by more than 50%. The full wave simulations show that with this design capacitance per unit area could be increased by more than 100%.
The influence of reviewer engagement characteristics on online review helpfulness: A text regression model

Abstract The era of Web 2.0 is witnessing the proliferation of online social media platforms, which develop new business models by leveraging user-generated content. One rapidly growing source of user-generated data is online reviews, which play a very important role in disseminating information, facilitating trust, and promoting commerce in the e-marketplace. In this paper, we develop and compare several text regression models for predicting the helpfulness of online reviews. In addition to using review words as predictors, we examine the influence of reviewer engagement characteristics such as reputation, commitment, and current activity. We employ a reviewer's RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary Value) dimensions to characterize his/her overall engagement and investigate if the inclusion of those dimensions helps improve the prediction of online review helpfulness. Empirical findings from text mining experiments conducted using reviews from Yelp and Amazon offer strong support to our thesis. We find that both review text and reviewer engagement characteristics help predict review helpfulness. The hybrid approach of combining the textual features of bag-of-words model and RFM dimensions produces the best prediction results. Furthermore, our approach facilitates the estimation of the helpfulness of new reviews instantly, making it possible for social media platforms to dynamically adjust the presentation of those reviews on their websites.
Modern science and western culture: The issue of time

(1982). Modern science and western culture: The issue of time. History of European Ideas: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 371-401.
Determination of chlorite at very low levels by using differential pulse polarography

Abstract A method is reported for the determination of μgl−1 levels of chlorite by using differential pulse polarography. The electrochemical reduction of chlorite was studied between pH 3.7 and 14 and in an ionic strength range of 0.05–3.0 M. The optimum conditions are pH 4.1–4.4 and an ionic strength of 0.45 M. The current under these conditions is diffusion-controlled and is a linear function of chlorite concentration ranging from 2.77×10−7 to 2.80×10−4 M (19 μgl−1 to 19 mg l−1). The imprecision is better than ±1.0% and ±3.4% at concentrations of 2.87×10−5 M and 1.74×10−6M, respectively, with a detection limit of 1×10−7 M (7μgl−1). An interference study and the application of this method for determining chlorite in drinking water are reported.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in the NICU: Lessons We’ve Learned

The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) presents a unique challenge within hospitals. A neonate’s response to an infectious insult is challenging to differentiate from other pathologic processes, thereby making antimicrobial management more difficult. Antimicrobial stewardship programming has sought to combat this difficulty, relying on its core principles of appropriate antimicrobial selection, dose, duration, and route of administration. Increasing evidence suggests that imprudent and prolonged use of antimicrobials can lead to various undesirable health outcomes for neonates, including necrotizing enterocolitis, disseminated fungal infection, and even death. The need for empiric antimicrobial use is unavoidable, but there are ways in which concomitant antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention efforts can allow for optimal clinical outcomes. Pharmacy-driven stewardship efforts of optimal neonatal dosing and therapeutic drug-level management of patients in our institution’s NICU serve as examples of NICU-specific stewardship initiatives. These types of stewardship efforts function as part of a larger effort to create a culture of conscientious and judicious antimicrobial use within our NICU.
Effects of food deprivation on subjective effects and self-administration of marijuana in humans.

The effects of fasting on the intake and subjective effects of marijuana were studied in five marijuana smokers. A within-subjects design was used in which subjects smoked either active (0.8 and 3.6% THC) or placebo (0.0% THC) marijuana after eating normally or after fasting for 24 hr. Six experimental sessions were conducted in a randomized order. Each 3-hr. session consisted of two periods: a sampling period in which subjects took 4 controlled puffs from a cigarette of a given potency, followed about one hour later by a 30-min. self-administration period, in which subjects could smoke as much or as little of the sampled marijuana as desired. Subjective and physiological measures (i.e., carbon monoxide level and heart rate) were assessed before and 5, 20, and 60 min. after the four puffs during the sampling period. During the self-administration period, the number of puffs taken was recorded. Dose-dependent effects of marijuana, such as elevated heart rate and “high” ratings, were observed during the sam...
Numeracy Skills Explain Racial Differences in HIV Medication Management

Racial disparities in HIV/AIDS are well established and efforts to understand key factors that may explain these differences are needed. Recent evidence suggests that health literacy may contribute to disparities in health behaviors among African American HIV patients. One component of health literacy, numeracy, is emerging as an important skill for successful self management of medications. We therefore tested whether numeracy mediated the effects of race on medication management among HIV seropositive patients. Results showed that poor management of a simulated HIV medication regimen among African Americans and women was mediated by lower numeracy. Poor medication self-management may be a significant root cause for health disparities in African Americans with HIV/AIDS. Whether African American women may be at particular risk requires further study. Interventions to improve HIV medication self-management through addressing numeracy skills may help to narrow the gap in health disparities among African Americans with HIV/AIDS.
The relevance of Old World archeology to the first entry of man into the New World

Abstract Archeological evidence from the USSR suggests that cultural adaptations to the most rigorous (most continental) environments of northern Eurasia were not achieved until 35–40,000 BP. This presumably sets an absolute basement date for the entry of man into Alaska through the region of Beringia. The absence of evidence for pre-14,000 yr old man in the 48 adjacent United States comparable in any sense to the evidence that has been developed for man prior to 14,000 y.a. in the Old World suggests that movement south out of Alaska only occurred after 14,000 BP.
Noise and detection limits of indirect absorption detection in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract The factors which contribute to the noise and signal in indirect absorption detection in capillary zone electrophoresis are studied. Two independent noise sources, the visualization agent and the detector, are distinguished. The noise from the visualization agent can be affected by the applied voltage, the surface modification of capillaries and the concentration of the visualization agent. A new factor named the “noise coefficient” is found which represents the contribution to the noise from the visualization agent. The physical interpretation of the noise coefficient is the ratio of the concentration fluctuation to the concentration of the visualization agent. A new equation that correlates detection limits with molar absorptivity and concentration of the visualization agent, noise coefficient and instrument noise is proposed, and the functions of those factors are discussed.
A possible mechanism for the amplifier effect in the retina

Abstract Light transforms the trans -retinene, thereby making the molecule longer and highly resonant. It is proposed that these changes permit electron flow through the lamellar membranes, with the electrons provided by and received by oxidation-reduction enzymes, one on each side of a membrane. This conductive state of retinene occurs only in the lumi- and metarhodopsins. While conductive, a molecule of retinene, under electron pressure from oxidation-reduction enzymes, might conduct many electrons, thereby providing an amplifier mechanism, and causing depolarization of the membrane.
Evasion as a team against a faster pursuer

In this paper, we present an open-loop formulation of a single-pursuer-multiple-evader pursuit-evasion game. In this game, the pursuer attempts to minimize the total capture time of all the evaders while the evaders, as a team, cooperate to maximize this time. The information pattern considered here is conservative towards the evaders. One important advantage of this open-loop approach over the geometrical approach in the literature is that it provides guaranteed survival time of the evader team for all initial conditions, without the limitation that the pursuer must capture the evaders in a specific sequence. Another advantage of this approach is that under the open-loop framework, we can quickly generate controls for multiple players that the classical Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs (HJI) approach, due to its computational infeasibility, cannot handle. We also relax the conservatism inherent in this open-loop formulation by presenting an iterative open-loop scheme of the evaders' evasion strategy. Simulations for the open-loop, the iterative open-loop as well as the HJI approaches are presented, with the results on performance analyzed and discussed.
Policies Designed to Reduce Hospital Readmissions May Result in Increased Limb Loss

Methods: Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) data for 465 EVAR and 431 OAAA were linked to cost data at two centers. High-cost cases were defined as those in the upper quartile of cost for each procedure at each center. VQI data elements were then examined for their relative risk of predicting a high-cost outcome. Total cost of hospitalization for AAA repair was the cost measure evaluated. Categoric variables were tested by c and continuous variables by two-sample t-test. Results: The cost of OAAA (mean, $28,183; range, $12,557$266,615) and EVAR (mean, $32,6546; range, $11,926-$60,894) at center A were compared with OAAA (mean, $27,744; range, $7139$583,701) and EVAR (mean, $26,634; range, $5372-$302,111) at center B. Factors linked to high cost are reported in the Table. Conclusions: Markers of adverse intraoperative performance and postoperative complications were better predictors of high-cost hospitalizations than preoperative patient characteristics in both OAAA and EVAR patients. Future efforts to optimize costs in all AAA repairs should focus on improving intraoperative performance. This strategy differs from other quality efforts where risk-adjusted models using preoperative patient characteristics were developed to aid patient selection. The total cost of EVAR (and potential applicability of this technology at a given center) is significantly affected by the structure of local stent graft contracting.
Why settle for baseline health and fitness

Our medical system is principally based on disease. Fair enough. If patients have a problem that decreases function, they see a doctor, a diagnosis follows, and an attempt is made to restore their capacity to normal. When patients see a doctor, the physician's main concern is the presence or absence of disease and whether they can be treated in some fashion.
Childhood trauma, borderline personality, and eating disorders: a developmental cascade

In this article, we discuss the nature and role of trauma in relationship to borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. As is clinically evident, trauma can result in a variety of psychological consequences. These consequences include both Axis I and II disorders. Among the Axis II disorders, trauma appears to heighten the risk for the development of borderline, antisocial, avoidant, paranoid, and even schizotypal personality disorders. Likewise, trauma may heighten the risk for developing an eating disorder. There appear to be complex inter-relationships among trauma, borderline personality disorder, and eating disorders. In this article, we attempt to summarize these inter-relationships.
The number of extreme triples of a planar point set

An extreme triple or 3-set of a finite setS in the plane is a subset ofS of size 3 of the formS∩h, for some half-planeh. We establish an upper bound [11n/6]+1 for the number of extreme triples of anyS with |S|=n≥10. This almost matches the known lower bound [11n/6].
Incorporating Video Modeling Into a School-Based Intervention for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Purpose: Video modeling is an intervention strategy that has been shown to be effective in improving the social and communication skills of students with autism spectrum disorders, or ASDs. The purpose of this tutorial is to outline empirically supported, step-by-step instructions for the use of video modeling by school-based speech-language pathologists(SLPs) serving students with ASD. Method: This tutorial draws from the many reviews and metaanalyses of the video modeling literature that have been conducted over the past decade, presenting empirically supported considerations for school-based SLPs who are planning to incorporate video modeling into their service delivery for students with ASD. The 5 overarching procedural phases presented in this tutorial are (a) preparation, (b) recording of the video model, (c) implementation of the video modeling intervention, (d) monitoring of the student’s response to the intervention, and (e) planning of the next steps. Conclusion: Video modeling is not only a promising intervention strategy for students with ASD, but it is also a practical and efficient tool that is well-suited to the school setting. This tutorial will facilitate school-based SLPs’ incorporation of this empirically supported intervention into their existing strategies for intervention for students with ASD.
On the solutions and the steady states of a master equation

A complete characterization of the time behavior of the means and variance of a stochastic process which is generated by a finite number of independent systems is presented based on the master equation for the conditional probability. It is found that the means and variance relax to a steady state and that the steady state will be independent of the initial state if and only if a matrix related to the transition matrix is nonsingular. Finally, the result that the variance approaches its steady-state form at twice the rate of the means is shown to depend on the nonsingularity of the same matrix.
The long range effect of antibacterial therapy on pneumonia, empyema, bronchiectasis and pulmonary abscess; an analysis of incidence and mortality in 74,489 admissions to a Children's Hospital in twenty years.

A review of the incidence and mortality of 5, 927 cases of pneumonia observed among 74, 489 admissions to Milwaukee Children's Hospital over a period of 20 years has revealed the following trends: 1)The introduction of sulfonamides and antibiotic substances did not reduce the incidence of pneumonia in general. This may have been partly due to the inclusion of virus pneumonia. 2)The incidence of lobar pneumonia shows a definite decline after 1939. 3)Secondary broncho-pneumonia, as a complication during the hospital stay of children, also shows a marked decline and it decreased almost to the vanishing point during the last five years. 4)The death rate of all types of pneumonia has been sharply curtailed in recent years. 5)Postpneumonic empyema decreased from 13.5 per 100 cases of pneumonia from 1929-1934 to 1.0 per 100 from 1944-1949. 6)The occurrence of bronchiectasis and pulmonary abscess has become decidedly more rare and the mortality of the latter one has been sharply curtailed.
Diffusive inflationary cosmology

In the paradigm of inflation, at some time the early universe behaves roughly as the de Sitter solution of the relativistically covariant (i.e. hyperbolic) vacuum Einstein field equations with a large positive cosmological constant. Here, we consider what happens if a metric g(t) on a compact 3-manifold evolves according to R. Hamilton's parabolic Ricci flow equation g′(t) = −2k Ric(g(t)) + + Dg(t), with an added positive source term Dg(t) which is analogous to the cosmological term in Einstein's equation. In spite of the fact that this Ricci-flow equation is parabolic, and hence nonrelativistic, we show that if the diffusion constant k in the Ricci-flow equation is related to the cosmological constant Λ by Λ = 316 (ck)2 and D = 12 c2k, then the Ricci flow solution agrees with the de Sitter solution, modulo exponentially decaying terms, in the case where spherical symmetry is assumed. In the case where the initial metric on the spatial 3-manifold has positive (but not necessarily nearly constant) Ricci curvature, we show that under the Ricci flow, the universe not only expands, but becomes as round and de Sitter-like as desired, by choosing k appropriately. In contrast, similar “no hair” theorems in the relativistic case, not only assume a homogeneous spatial metric, but also have weaker conclusions. Moreover, in the relativistic setting, most attempts to reduce local inhomogeneities, in order to conform with observations, are rather contrived, as their authors admit.
Reduced muscle creatine in paralyzed young E-low rats.

SummaryA marked loss in skeletal muscle creatine occurs during the paralysis of suckling rats from mothers held on an E-low diet. These muscles showed extensive degeneration. There was a subsequent rise to normal creatine values with spontaneous recovery from the paralysis. Such muscles showed histological normality. The lowered muscle creatine was not produced by inanition.
The mouse calretinin gene promoter region: structural and functional components

Abstract The 5′ flanking region of the mouse calretinin gene was cloned and a 1.8 kbp region adjacent to exon 1 was sequenced. Putative upstream promoter and enhancer elements were identified, including appropriately positioned TATA and CAAT boxes (positions −50 and −68, respectively). There was considerable sequence and structural homology between mouse and human upstream elements. Neuron-restrictive activity was demonstrated via transfection of calretinin promoter-reporter constructs into primary embryonic mouse brain cultures expressing calretinin. In promoterless reporter constructs, the proximal upstream 1.5 kbp of the mouse calretinin gene boosted luciferase activity (up to 100-fold) exclusively in the neuronal population. Deletion analysis revealed the minimal promoter to be within the 95-bp proximal to the transcription start site. Transfections with SV40 promoter constructs in these cultures resulted in reporter gene expression predominantly in non-neuronal cells. Inserting the proximal 1.5 kbp of mouse calretinin upstream in SV40 promoter-reporter constructs reduced luciferase activity. Thus, calretinin upstream sequences increased reporter expression in cultured neurons and decreased expression from the SV40 promoter in non-neuronal cultured brain cells. The calretinin promoter contained relevant regulatory element consensus motifs and demonstrated in vitro neuron-restrictive bioactivity.
Buoyancy Effects on the Temperature Field in Downward Spreading Flames

It is shown that flames which spread vertically down thermally thin fuels at the same Damkoehler number, and therefore have the same dimensionless spread rate, also have the same dimensionless temperature fields irrespective of differences in physical size. The Frey and Tien (1976) effects of pressure on flame size are due to the effects of pressure on the character of the induced buoyant flow.
Elastic Scattering of Protons from Na 23

The elastic scattering of protons from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ has been obtained over the proton energy range from 0.58 to 1.50 Mev at the angles of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 157.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Additional readings were made at angles of 125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at resonances. Thin metallic sodium targets on thin nylon backings were used. Out of 31 known resonances for ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ in this energy region, 12 unambiguous assignments of spin and parity were made. With the energy given in Mev, these are ${E}_{p}=0.594(3\ensuremath{-}); 0.725(0\ensuremath{-}); 0.797(1\ensuremath{-}); 0.815(2+); 0.849(4+); 0.877(1+); 0.922(2+); 1.022(2\ensuremath{-}); 1.176(1+); 1.258(1+); 1.288(1\ensuremath{-}); 1.398(3+); \mathrm{and} 1.460(3\ensuremath{-})$. Three tentative assignments were made for ${E}_{p}=1.206(2\ensuremath{-}); 1.213(3+); \mathrm{and} 1.365(0\ensuremath{-})$. The excitation curve for alphaparticle emission to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ was obtained simultaneously to give a differential cross section for this reaction. Resonance states were found which agreed in spin and parity as well as energy with those found before only in the elastic scattering of alpha particles from ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$.