cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epoxy Die Attach Challenges in Miniature and Compact DFN / QFN Packages

The global semiconductors market is still showing high demand growth in Dual Flat No-Lead (DFN) and Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN) packages since several years ago, and that involved a lot of applications. In mobile application, some DFN (or QFN) packages need to equip with multiple functions together with significant amount of miniaturization. Therefore, certain DFN packages were designed to be small and compact with multiple dice, and epoxy dispensing need to take place on narrow and flimsy bonding flag. The situation got worse when epoxy dispensing through tiny nozzle was exposed to capillary effect on roughen leadframe surface that intended for better package robustness. Whole dispensing process became very susceptible to quality issues such as epoxy inconsistency (insufficient or overflow), epoxy on die or lead, and even lifted die. In order to fulfill such stringent die bonding requirements, epoxy dispensing process need to have breakthrough design and optimization. A new nozzle design with proper material found to be effective in improving its life span several times and meantime providing ability to produce smaller but stable epoxy dots or lines. Some of the major design considerations were base on leadframe flimsiness and possibility of silver filler agglomeration inside the epoxy paste. In conjunction with the new nozzle, process parameters required changes through statistical study, together with development of special dispensing mechanism. New process window was tested on the most challenging dispensing process which happened with the smallest nozzle. It did not allow any significant amount of epoxy adhesion on nozzle tip, hence achieving long term cleanliness for consistent dispensing quality. On the other hand, epoxy material was found significant in causing setup issue, mainly due to its composition and mixture balancing between resin and silver filler. In addition to that, there were also some precautions on thermal expansion mismatch in between epoxy paste and syringe inner wall during transportation or thawing process. If that happened, epoxy paste has trapped bubbles that could become disastrous to the stability of dispensing responses, regardless to their size and amount. At the die attach machines, new hardware modifications were focus on enabling robust handling of flimsy leadframe. Meanwhile, machine vision could be utilized in performing auto measurement on epoxy volume in real time. With proper machine configuration, epoxy dispensing process could be controlled statistically, hence maintaining robust and stable performance. The new improved epoxy die attach process which was established on extremely stringent requirements allowed smooth manufacturing process of other DFN/QFN packages without any quality risk.
Insulin and angiotensin II are additive in stimulating TGF-β1 and matrix mRNAs in mesangial cells

Insulin and angiotensin II are additive in stimulating TGF-β1 and matrix mRNAs in mesangial cells. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and insulin are implicated in the mesangial cell hypertrophy and excessive accumulation of mesangial matrix seen in glomerulosclerosis. Therefore, the effects of Ang II with and without insulin on mRNA levels of several important extracellular matrix genes and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) were examined. Ang II alone (1 µM) added to quiescent, murine mesangial cells in serum-free, insulin-free media slightly but not significantly increased TGF-β1, fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV and laminin message levels. The slight elevations in message expression were reversed by losartan, suggesting that these modest effects are mediated by the AT-1 receptor. Ang II alone also had no significant effects on TGF-β1 and extracellular matrix message levels in quiescent rat mesangial cells. In contrast, significant increases in mRNA for collagen I (6-fold), collagen IV (4-fold), fibronectin 1 (4-fold) and TGF-β1 (2-fold) were seen with insulin alone (10−6 M) in rat mesangial cells, and a dose-response effect could be demonstrated for insulin (10−9 to 10−6 M). Ang II plus insulin further significantly increased collagen I (9-fold), collagen IV (9-fold), fibronectin 1 (5-fold) and TGF-β1 (3-fold) message expression. These effects were partially reversed in the presence of losartan. The Northern analyses were supported by measurements of active and total TGF-β1 activity (pg/ml/5 × 106 cells): 1145 ± 76 and 1960 ± 199, serum free control; 1121 ± 92 and 1932 ± 214, Ang II (10−6 M); 4589 ± 103 (P
Browser Design Impacts Multitasking

With smartphones, tablets and laptops, it has become easier than ever to multitask constantly. How does the design of devices and applications encourage or discourage multitasking behavior? Given the ease and seamlessness of switching between goal-oriented tasks and distractions in a browser, and the propensity to lose track of time, our design team focused on increasing awareness of switching between browser tabs, and on increasing awareness of how time is spent within tabs. We designed a browser plug-in that automatically categorized URLs as work or non-work, altered tab color, size and placement, and added a status bar that displayed the total amount of time spent on a tab and overall in work/non-work mode. We conducted a two-week field study to evaluate the effects on browsing behavior. We found that modifying the browser design influenced multitasking: participants spent less time on non-work tabs, switched between tabs less frequently and spent more time on work-related websites.
Dendritic Cytoskeletal Protein Expression in Mental Retardation: An Immunohistochemical Study of the Neocortex in Rett Syndrome

Many syndromes associated with mental retardation (MR) are characterized by cortical dendritic anomalies. Despite their morphological similarity, these changes appear to involve different stages of dendritic development. The neuronal cytoskeleton, which includes microfilaments, neurofilaments and microtubules, is essential for these developmental processes. Levels and phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which stabilize microtubules, seem to determine different stages of dendritic formation with certain MAPs (e.g. MAP-2) appearing to mediate the effects of external modulators upon these processes. Early studies on neuronal cytoskeleton in MR, which have shown a selective reduction in MAP-2 expression, have focused on Rett syndrome (RS). Here, by a semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the pericentral cortex, we examine the contribution of specific neuronal populations to these changes in cytoskeletal proteins. Decreased MAP-2 staining in RS was more marked in layers V-VI, while increased nonphosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity was found in layers II-III in RS. Age-related increases in dendritic MAP-2 immunoreactivity in layers V-VI were also absent in RS. The specificity of these cytoskeletal protein changes, their significance for RS pathogenesis and plasticity, as well as their implications for other MR-associated disorders, are also discussed.
Demonstration of a thick holographic Stokesmeter

Using two sets of multiplexed thick-holographic gratings, we measured the Stokes parameters for three different polarization states of an input beam. These values compared well to values measured using the conventional quarter-wave plate/linear polarizer method.
Distinguishing Multiple Dimensions of Conceptions of Ability: Implications for Self-Evaluation

Three separate lines of research have suggested that conceptions of ability may play a key role in the development of self-evaluation. Each line has focused on a different dimension of conceptions of ability: conceptions of ability as uncontrollable, conceptions of ability as constant, and conceptions of ability as capacity. Unfortunately, there has been little attention to the convergences and divergences among the 3 dimensions. The present study examined this issue in 236 second- through fifth-grade children. Children indicated the extent to which they conceived of ability as uncontrollable, as constant, and as capacity. Two forms of self-evaluation (performance following failure and the extent to which self-perceptions of competence converge with external indicators of competence) were investigated. In addition, cognitive competence was assessed. The near-zero correlations, 3-factor solution yielded by confirmatory factor analysis, variability in age-related differences, differential links to cognitive competence, and diverse forms of self-evaluation among the 3 dimensions suggested that the 3 are relatively distinct, and that they may play different roles in the development of self-evaluation. Moreover, the 3 dimensions appear to interact with one another to influence self-evaluation.
The Domestic Sources of Donor Credibility When and How Can Domestic Interest Groups Improve the Effectiveness of Threats and Promises

Donors often condition foreign aid to recipients on policy adjustments. How do domestic interest groups influence a donor’s ability to credibly commit to implementing threats and promises? In our model, domestic interest groups in the donor country can mobilize to support the donor’s implementation of punishments and rewards. The expectation of such mobilization influences the credibility of threats and promises at the prior contracting stage. The analysis produces three central findings. First, the donor chooses to rely on a single instrument when the domestic interest group exhibits a strong preference for that instrument, even if the cost of using that instrument is relatively high. Second, for credibility reasons the donor often promises generous rewards or threatens ruthless sanctions that seem out of proportion. Finally, the donor cannot simultaneously make credible threats and promises unless domestic interest groups mobilize to support both instruments. We examine the case of US foreign aid to Isr...
Quantitative autoradiographic localization of central dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptors.

Interest in the role of dopamine (DA) as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system has been increasing markedly over the last several years (Kaiser and Jain, 1985); in fact, it has become the “most extensively investigated neurotransmitter in the nervous system” (Kaiser and Jain, 1985). One area that has been the subject of intensive research is the study of DA receptors. Controversies exist on the actual number of different types of DA receptors, but based on dopamine stimulated adenylate cyclase activity (Kebabian and Calne, 1979; Stoof and Kebabian, 1984) there are primarily two subtypes of DA receptors. The dopamine type-1 (D-1) receptor which is positively associated with adenylate cyclase, and the dopamine type-2 (D-2) receptor which is not associated with this enzyme or, more appropriately, negatively linked.
Self-Awareness in Supervision

This paper concerns self-awareness in the supervisory process. It examines several academic theories of selfawareness, presents a cross-section of research in the area, describes various factors influencing self-awareness and finally, presents a number of suggestions which foster self-awareness in the supervisory process.
CMOS compatible nanowires for biosensing

Semiconducting nanowires (NWs) have the potential to function as highly sensitive and selective sensors for label-free detection of minute concentrations of target molecules. We discuss here an approach to NW sensors using CMOS (complementary metal - oxide - semiconductor) - FET (field effect transistor) compatible technology, which enables detection of biomolecules to clinically relevant concentrations, as well as real-time monitoring of response. This approach eliminates the need for hybrid methods and enables system-scale integration of these sensors with signal processing and information systems. The ability to monitor antibody binding and sense real-time live cellular immune response with readily available technology will facilitate widespread diagnostic applications.
ACR Presidential Address ACR: Imagine the World Without Her

Abstract Imagine the world without the ACR. Imagine that Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen had died before November 8, 1895. Imagine that Albert Soiland, MD, had not founded the ACR in 1923. What would medicine look like now? The ACR is important in many ways: advocacy and economics, education, quality and safety, clinical research, publication, leadership, and diversity. The ACR is vital to patients, radiologists, and other physicians. The ACR is unique: No other organization or group of societies could fill the void. So instead of imagining a world without the ACR, imagine a better world—one in which patients always come first, and all imaging professionals are active members of the ACR. We are the lucky ones—we can change the world.
Pretend Play Skills and the Child's Theory of Mind.

Pretend play has recently been of great interest to researchers studying children's understanding of the mind. One reason for this interest is that pretense seems to require many of the same skills as mental state understanding, and these skills seem to emerge precociously in pretense. Pretend play might be a zone of proximal development, an activity in which children operate at a cognitive level higher than they operate at in nonpretense situations. Alternatively, pretend play might be fool's gold, in that it might appear to be more sophisticated than it really is. This paper first discusses what pretend play is. It then investigates whether pretend play is an area of advanced understanding with reference to 3 skills that are implicated in both pretend play and a theory of mind: the ability to represent one object as two things at once, the ability to see one object as representing another, and the ability to represent mental representations.
Automatic trace analysis for logic of constraints

Verification of system designs continues to be a major challenge today. Simulation remains the primary tool for making sure that implementations perform as they should. We present algorithms to automatically generate trace checkers from formulas written in the formal quantitative constraint language, Logic Of Constraints (LOC), to analyze the simulation traces for functional and performance constraint violations. For many interesting formulas, the checkers exhibit linear time complexity and constant memory usage. We illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of this approach with large designs and traces.
Blind channel estimation for MIMO systems with structured transmit delay diversity

In this paper, space-time transmit diversity is exploited to relax the restrictive blind channel identifiability constraints for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. First, a simple structured transmit delay diversity scheme is proposed. Unlike existing transmit diversity schemes, in which different antennas transmit delayed, zero-padded, or time reversed versions of the same signal, in the proposed scheme, each antenna transmits an independent data stream and therefore promises higher data rate. Secondly, a second-order statistics based blind channel estimation algorithm is developed for MIMO systems with the structured transmit diversity. The proposed approach involves no pre-equalization, has no limitations on channel zero locations and does not require the MIMO channel matrix to be irreducible. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed scheme
Characteristics of soils in the tropical rainforest biome of Biosphere 2 after 3 years

Abstract After 3 years in place, soils of the tropical rainforest (TRF) area of Biosphere 2 were quantitatively sampled to determine the chemical and physical properties at different depths. Analyses were made of soils from six pits to determine several physical and chemical properties of the topsoil of the lowland forest and ginger belt zones. Comparisons were made with rainforest soils in Puerto Rico and elsewhere. Soils in the rainforest area of Biosphere 2 were started with relatively homogeneously mixed organic and inorganic materials according to two different ‘recipes’, and then planted with tropical plant species along with additional introduced life forms. The data presented in this study reveals some soil development processes taking place (vertical differences in soil aggregates, organic matter, nitrogen, and soil-borne animals). Soils remained slightly alkaline (pH 7.4–7.5), with higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and potassium than in acid soils of older rainforests.
Systematics of collision-induced light emission from hot matter

The hypersonic impact of a molecular cluster at a hard surface generates a hot and compressed globule that in a very short while expands and shatters. Even at impact velocities below the onset of ionization this hot matter has a time varying transient dipole that can emit light. We discuss the spectral range and the power (in absolute units) of the emission spectrum. The computational results for the emission spectrum from our molecular dynamics simulation are compared to extrapolations of experimental results for collision-induced absorption at lower energies. The very short time interval during which the cluster survives intact means that the emitted power is low so options for increasing the yield of photons are discussed.
Very Late Antigen-5 Facilitates Stromal Progenitor Cell Differentiation Into Myofibroblast

Fibrotic disease is associated with abrogated stromal cell proliferation and activity. The precise identity of the cells that drive fibrosis remains obscure, in part because of a lack of information on their lineage development. To investigate the role of an early stromal progenitor cell (SPC) on the fibrotic process, we selected for, and monitored the stages of, fibroblast development from a previously reported free-floating anchorage-independent cell (AIC) progenitor population. Our findings demonstrate that organotypic pulmonary, cardiac, and renal fibroblast commitment follows a two-step process of attachment and remodeling in culture. Cell differentiation was confirmed by the inability of SPCs to revert to the free-floating state and functional mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) differentiation into osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, and fibroblastic lineages. The myofibroblastic phenotype was reflected by actin stress-fiber formation, α-smooth muscle production, and a greater than threefold increase in proliferative activity compared with that of the progenitors. SPC-derived pulmonary myofibroblasts demonstrated a more than 300-fold increase in fibronectin-1 (Fn1), collagen, type 1, α1, integrin α-5 (Itga5), and integrin β-1 (Itgb1) transcript levels. Very late antigen-5 (ITGA5/ITGB1) protein cluster formations were also prevalent on the differentiated cells. Normalized SPC-derived myofibroblast expression patterns reflected those of primary cultured lung myofibroblasts. Intratracheal implantation of pulmonary AICs into recipient mouse lungs resulted in donor cell FN1 production and evidence of epithelial derivation. SPC derivation into stromal tissue in vitro and in vivo and the observation that MSC and fibroblast lineages share a common ancestor could potentially lead to personalized antifibrotic therapies.
A laser-induced fluorescence study of energy transfer between the symmetric stretching and bending modes of CO2

Abstract The equilibration of the lower laser levels in CO 2 , 10 O 0 and 02 O 0, has been studied via a laser-induced fluorescence technique. We conclude that the coupling between these levels is rapid, ⩾1100 ms −1 Torr −1 , and that these levels are also coupled though at a somewhat slower rate of 387 ± 75 ms −1 Torr −1 to the bending modes of CO 2 .
Social Networks and Pathways to Psychiatric Treatment

Cultural interpretations have dominated the study of class differences in entering psychiatric treatment. This study compares the power of cultural variables and structural variables to predict the entry into psychiatric treatment. The concept of the social network is used to show that structural relationships, in addition to the culture of the different social classes, are important predictors of psychiatric labels and referrals, severity of symptoms, and duration of symptoms in the community. Interviews with 120 outpatients and short-term inpatients at a community mental health center provide the data for the study. The findings support the hypothesis that structural variables are important determinants of the pathways into psychiatric treatment and point to the need to link the structure of social networks to the content of networks. Studies of psychiatric help-seeking have emphasized the cultural forces predisposing individuals to enter psychiatric treatment. Sociologists have paid particular attention to the attitudes, knowledge, and verbal skills of persons of various social class backgrounds (Dohrenwend and Chin-Song; Gove and Howell; Hollingshead and Redlich; Myers and Roberts). For example, middle-class persons have more favorable attitudes toward psychiatry and greater knowledge to correctly identify psychiatric disorders than lower-class people, leading them to enter psychiatric treatment with less severe problems and in shorter periods of time (Gove and Howell). In addition, the greater intellectual sophistication of the middle and upper classes makes them more likely to initiate hospitalization themselves while the lack of such sophistication among the lower classes makes social control agents more likely to initiate hospitalization (Gove and Howell). The primary causal factor in these studies has been different cultural attitudes -how they lead to different behavior patterns in psychiatric help-seeking. Recently, researchers have questioned this preoccupation with cultural forces and have used structural patterns of interaction to predict
Relevance of low testosterone to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition where there is excess accumulation of triglycerides in the liver in the absence of excess alcohol consumption. It ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD, one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in Western populations, is the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and is associated with increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT), insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Studies have also shown that testosterone deficiency is associated with increased VAT and insulin resistance in males while hyperandrogenemia has been associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and VAT in females. Thus, the aims of this review are to discuss the available experimental and epidemiological data evaluating the association between testosterone and NAFLD, to discuss the potential clinical relevance of these data, and to identify gaps in the literature.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Targeted Imaging and Therapy of Cancer

The idea of making biocompatible multifunctional nanoparticles, combining therapy, imaging and targeting, was aimed at cancer from the start a dozen years ago. This presentation will emphasize targeted theranostic nanoparticles, where “theranostic” literally means combining therapy and diagnostics, but more generally may mean a combination of imaging/visualization with therapy/surgery. Specific examples will cover (1) imaging (MRI, CT and optical methods), (2) therapy (chemo, photodynamic, radiation) and (3) guided surgery (using intra-operative imaging and therapy). Progress on brain and on head and neck cancer will be reported.
RAPID Programming of Pattern-Recognition Processors

We present RAPID, a high-level programming language and combined imperative and declarative model for programming pattern-recognition processors, such as Micron's Automata Processor (AP). The AP is a novel, non-Von Neumann architecture for direct execution of non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs), and has been demonstrated to provide substantial speedup for a variety of data-processing applications. RAPID is clear, maintainable, concise, and efficient both at compile and run time. Language features, such as code abstraction and parallel control structures, map well to pattern-matching problems, providing clarity and maintainability. For generation of efficient runtime code, we present algorithms to convert RAPID programs into finite automata. Further, we introduce a tessellation technique for configuring the AP, which significantly reduces compile time, increases programmer productivity, and improves maintainability. We evaluate five RAPID programs against custom, baseline implementations previously demonstrated to be significantly accelerated by the AP. We find that RAPID programs are much shorter in length, are expressible at a higher level of abstraction than their handcrafted counterparts, and yield generated code that is often more compact. In addition, our tessellation technique for configuring the AP has comparable device utilization to, and results in compilation that is up to four orders of magnitude faster than, current solutions.
Research on Fault Location Algorithm Based on EHV Transmission Line Parameter Estimation

Based on the distributed parameter model of power transmission line,a dichotomy algorithm for fault location is proposed in which the accurate value of the line parameters does not need to be known.According to the distribution regularity of positive sequence voltage along the transmission line and applying search method,it determines accurately the distance of fault point.In theory this algorithm is not affected by fault resistance and does not need fault phase identification.MATLAB simulation results show that the algorithm has high accuracy.
Survival and growth of seed trees 20 years after a natural regeneration cut in the piedmont of Georgia

An exyerimenr was installed in 1982 ro cornpare six methods of natural regenernlion in rhe Piedrnont of Gcorgia. These nwthods include (I) cienrcur wirh seed in place; (2) clearcu? wirh seed in place andpreharvest burn; (3) seed tree; (4) seed rree wirh yrehantesr burn;. (5) shelremood; and (61 shelrenvood wirh prehawesl burn. Because of eizdarzgered species regularions ill the years nfrer establishment of the sfudy, no seed trees %$ere cut and the seed rree and shsltenvood plots have grown into wo-story stands. Individual tree and srand characteristics were analyzed ro derermine the eakcts of burning and regeneration method on the remaining seed trees afier 20 years. Diameter at breast lzeighr (iibh) growrh was greater on seed free plots than on sheltenuood plots, but burned plots huh increased dbh growth ort sheitenrjood plo~s and decreased dbh growrh on seed tree plots. Total heighr growth also exlzibired an interaction between the burning and regemeratiott merhod bur with an opposite eflecr. Total height growth decreased on burned shelfenvood plols bu~ increased on burned seed rree plots. Shelterwood plors had apllrbximarely double rhe basal area and merchantable green weight of the seed lree plow. The economic nnoiysis indicates the seed rree method leads ro greater financial returns and is less sensitiv~ ro discounl rate variarions than the shelrerwood rne~hod. South. J. Appl. For: 29($):173-178.
Viruses and the Kidney

There are several possible mechanisms by which viruses can injure the kidney: 1. Viruses may directly injure kidney tissues. In this way the virus itself, toxic products made by the virus, or cellular enzymes (i. e., lysozymes) released during viral infection may subsequently lead to destruction of infected tissues. 2. Viruses may contain unique antigens that have immunologic identity with structural antigens of the kidney such that the immune responses made against the virus will elicit an antibody that also cross reacts with kidney tissues. A variant on this theme is that virus may uncover or free latent antigens normally hidden in kidney tissue, thus making it accessible to interact with antibody. There is little experimental evidence at present that favors either of the above hypotheses.
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis.

Summary Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease of adults that should be distinguished from true disk space infection. It is due to a hematogenous seeding (either venous or arterial) of the subchondral bony elements of the vertebral body. The disk space is involved secondarily, later in the course of the disease. The underlying bacteremia is from another focus of infection, frequently in the urinary tract. Disk space infection in adults is caused by direct violation of the disk, most commonly at the time of surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus. The bony elements of both adjacent vertebral bodies are secondarily involved. The clinical feature common to both types of infection is back pain that generally begins insidiously and then gradually increases in severity and becomes continuous and is accompanied by marked muscle spasm. The sedimentation rate is always increased; it decreases only with resolution of the infection. The diagnosis of vertebral infection is often not suspected because fever and leukocytosis generally are absent. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although gram-negative bacterial infections also occur. Bacteriologic diagnosis should be sought in each case by blood cultures (generally negative with postoperative disk space infection) or percutaneous needle biopsy. Soft tissue abscesses may require open debridement and drainage. Treatment of both types consists of rest, immobilization, and specific antibiotic treatment. The prognosis for resolution of the infectious process within six to nine months, with adequate treatment, is excellent.
Chapter 17 – Early Developments in Polypeptide Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses schemes that have been used to link amino acids into peptides and polypeptides with random sequences and cases where simple biochemical systems have been used for synthesis of peptides with defined sequences. Steps in the emergence of a translation system are: transfer RNAs were probably borrowed from other systems; large ribosomal subunit could have served as a binding surface for aminoacyl tRNAs and as a catalyst for polypeptide synthesis; and transition from a ribozyme-directed system to a template-directed system was probably a gradual process. Useful polypeptides probably had to have defined sequences. It seems highly likely that such polypeptides were not synthesized until ribozymes had evolved that could catalyze specific peptide linkages. The first tRNAs were probably borrowed from other systems. The first mRNAs were probably not very specific, but merely served as a stabilizing force for bringing tRNAs together on the ribosome surface. The interaction between anticodons on the tRNAs and codons on the mRNAs became so strong that the ribozyme specificity properties became redundant and gradually gave way to this new way of determining specificity of sequence.
Language and aging

The ability to understand and remember language depends on a coordinated array of processing components that translate an orthographic or acoustic signal into meaning. Language production is similarly multifaceted, requiring message formulation from which a surface form is constructed. Aging brings both growth (e.g., knowledge) and decline (e.g., speed of processing) in computational capacity, resulting in a variety of changes in both of these aspects of language processing. Evidence for these changes can be found in behavioral data, event-related potentials, and imaging.
Constitutional Telomerase-Associated Gene Variants in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Abstract Abstract 1408 Background: Telomerase is an enzyme complex that maintains telomeric DNA, the TTAGGG repeats localized to chromosome ends. Defects in telomerase result in abnormally short telomeres in somatic cells, leading to early cell senescence, chemosensitivity, and susceptibility to genomic instability. Germline telomerase mutations are associated with a spectrum of disorders including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, familial liver disease, aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and dyskeratosis congenita, which confers a 90% lifetime risk for bone marrow failure, a 200-fold risk for AML, and a 2500-fold risk for MDS. These disorders have a variable clinical phenotype, but pronounced telomere shortening is a universal finding. Of note, enrichment of specific telomerase variants is observed in adults with hematologic malignancies. Our goal is to investigate the role of germline telomerase variants in pediatric AML development and treatment-related toxicities. We hypothesize that deleterious germline telomerase variants occur in children with AML and are associated with a telomere biology disorder phenotype. Exposure to chemotherapy and/or transplant may accelerate telomere shortening and manifestation of disease phenotype in affected individuals. Methods: This exploratory analysis will determine (1) the frequency of germline telomerase variants in our local pediatric AML population (2) the implication of these variants on telomerase function, and (3) whether variants are associated with a telomere biology disorder phenotype. We are sequencing the exons and flanking intronic regions of four telomerase-related genes, TERT, DKC1, TERC, and TINF2, in germline pediatric AML samples (n=100), and functionally characterizing all novel variants. We are reviewing all cases blinded to telomerase variant status for clinical evidence characteristic of a telomere biology disorder. Results: To date, out of the first 88 subjects sequenced, 12 constitutional heterozygous variants resulting in missense changes or deletions were found in 19 subjects (21.6%). Of the variants found, 7 are novel, and several represent rare variants observed in adult populations with hematologic malignancies. Among the 62 subjects that have undergone blinded chart review, clinical characteristics of telomere biology disorders were noted in subjects both with and without variants. In subjects with variants, the most predictive characteristics were (1) nail dysplasia, skin hyperpigmentation, and oral leukoplakia, (2) persistent liver or pulmonary disease of unknown etiology, and (3) delays in chemotherapy of more than 2 months due to cytopenias. Conclusion: Presence of deleterious telomerase variants may be susceptibility loci in pediatric AML. Our results suggest that further investigation of the disease phenotypes associated with these variants is warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Adelaide University and Medical Residency, 1946–1953

This chapter describes my period as a medical student in the University of Adelaide. Unfortunately the course was not well taught because these were the days before academic departments of medicine and surgery. This changed shortly after I graduated. I wanted to take part in a research project but the opportunity was not available. However I took full advantage of all the other opportunities. For example I had a wonderful group of friends who were very talented and musical, and with whom I have kept in touch. I captained the field hockey team and we played in several competitions in other states. After graduation I spent a year doing a medical residency, but shortly after that I left for London.
Abstract 3685: Collagen Isoform Distribution Patterns In Cerebral Vessels In CADASIL

Objective: Arteries in CADASIL are susceptible to fibrosis and smooth muscle cell loss. The molecular components underlying vascular remodeling are not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that distinct collagen isoforms accumulation in the media of the cerebral vessels in CADASIL. Methods: Brain sections from six CADASIL patients with mutations in NOTCH3 were compared to age matched controls. Expression of Type I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and IX collagen were studied by immunohistochemistry. Results: We identified a consistent increase of Type I, III, IV, and VI collagen content in the large and small vessels of CADASIL brains relative to controls. We did not find Type II, V, IX collagen in the brain. Within leptomeningeal arteries where we could definitively visualize the three layers of each vessel, we found that Type I, III, IV and VI collagens were found in heterogeneous locations. Types I and III collagen was mostly transmural or adventitial/medial. Type IV was strictly intimal/medial. Type VI was largely adventitial/medial. The most significant difference between CADASIL and controls was the appearance of all four collagen types in the vascular media. Within the thickened penetrating arteries of CADASIL patients, all four collagens extended through most of the arterial wall. Finally, we observed increased staining of capillaries in CADASIL for Type I, IV, and VI. Conclusion: In CADASIL, brain vascular collagen subtypes are increased in multiple layers of both large and small vessels, with the most dramatic changes in the tunica media and thickened small penetrating vessels. These studies suggest that collagen accumulation in the vascular media may play a pathogenic role in small vessel disease.
Further Evaluation of Animal Systemic Insecticides, 1967

The following 16 insecticides were found to be active in screening tests for animal systemic insecticides: Bayer 54203 (O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O -ester with 5-chlo-rosalicylonitrile), Bayer 62863 (2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-7-ben-zofuranyl methylcarbamate), Bayer 64995 (O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4′-dithiodiphenol), Bayer 65258 (O -ethyl S -methyl phosphoramidothioate), Chipman RP-13072 (O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 2-[(2-mercaptoethyl) thio[- N ,2-dimethylpropionamide), Dowco® 182 (2,4-dichlorophenyl dimethyl phosphate), Dowco® 183 (2-chloro-4- tert -pentylphenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate), Monsanto CP-40507 (O -phenyl methylphosphonothioate O-ester with p-hydroxybenzonitrile), Schering 34615 (m -cym-5-yl methylcarbamate), Stauffer B-9625 (O, O -dimethyl S -[ (2-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-2-yl) methyl] phosphorodithioate), Stauffer B-10094 (O -ethyl phenylphosphonothioate O -ester wtih p-hydroxyben-zonitrile), Stauffer B-11163 (O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate, O -ester with 4-hydroxy- m -anisonitrile) Stauffer N-4328 (O -methyl S-p -tolyl ethylphosphonodithioate), Stauffer N-4548 (S .[[ (p-chlorophenyl) thio]methyl] O -methyl methylphosphonodithioate), Union Carbide UC-8454 (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl methylcarbamate), and Velsicol FCS-303 (O -(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O -ethyl phenylphos-phonothioate). Of 28 systemic insecticides administered to cattle to controll larvae of cattle grubs, Hypoderma spp., the following treatments gave better than 90% control: Bay 64995 by capsule (10 mg per kg); famphur in feed for 10 days at 5 mg per kg per day; fenthion as a 0.05% spray (12 mg per kg); Imidan® (O, O -dimethyl S -phthalimidomethyl phos-phorodithioate) as 1 or 2 sprayings of 0.25% (60 mg per kg); menazon in feed for 10 days at 1 mg per kg per day and as 0.5% (120 mg per kg) and 0.25% (60 mg per kg) sprays; Stauffer B-9627 (O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with mercapto-2-propanone diethyl mercaptole), by capsule (10 mg per kg); and Stauffer B-10094 as a 0.5% spray (60 mg per kg).
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine 300 U/mL in healthy dogs.

Abstract Insulin glargine 300 U/mL and insulin detemir are synthetic long-acting insulin analogs associated with minimal day-to-day variability or episodes of hypoglycemia in people. Here, 8 healthy purpose-bred dogs each received 2.4 nmol/kg subcutaneous injections of insulin detemir (0.1 U/kg) and insulin glargine 300 U/mL (0.4 U/kg) on 2 different days, >1 wk apart, in random order. Blood glucose (BG) was measured every 5 min, and glucose was administered intravenously at a variable rate with the goal of maintaining BG within 10% of baseline BG (“isoglycemic clamp”). Endogenous and exogenous insulin were measured for up to 24 h after insulin injection. The effect of exogenous insulin was defined by glucose infusion rate or a decline in endogenous insulin. Isoglycemic clamps were generated in all 8 dogs after detemir but only in 4 dogs after glargine. Median time to onset of action was delayed with glargine compared to detemir (4.0 h [3.3–5.8 h] vs 0.6 h [0.6–1.2 h], P = 0.002). There was no difference in time to peak (median [range] = 6.3 h [5.0–21.3 h] vs 4.3 h [2.9–7.4 h], P = 0.15) or duration of action (16.3 h [6.1–20.1 h] vs 10.8 h [8.8–14.8 h], P = 0.21) between glargine and detemir, respectively. Glargine demonstrated a peakless time-action profile in 4/8 dogs. The total metabolic effect and peak action of detemir was significantly greater than glargine. Significant concentrations of glargine were detected in all but 1 dog following administration. Glargine might be better suited than detemir as a once-daily insulin formulation in some dogs based on its long duration of action and peakless time-action profile. Day-to-day variability in insulin action should be further assessed for both formulations.
Effects of Dihydrotestosterone and Prolactin on Lacrimal Gland Function

Because both Sjogren’s and non-Sjogren’s lacrimal insufficiencies affect women much more frequently than men, it is reasonable to predict that there is a hormonal basis for both conditions, and attention turns to the estrogens as plausible candidates. However, the hormonal states during which women are most likely to experience lacrimal insufficiency are characterized by widely differing estrogen levels. Both Sjogren’s and non-Sjogren’s lacrimal insufficiencies are commonly regarded as afflictions of the postmenopausal state, which is characterized by dramatic decreases in ovarian estrogen production. However, women also tend to experience lacrimal insufficiency particularly frequently during estrogen-based oral contraceptive use, which is characterized by high estrogen levels; pregnancy, which is characterized by high estrogen and increasing prolactin levels; and lactation, which is characterized by low estrogen and high prolactin levels.
ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR 6Li WITH SHORT-RANGE DYNAMICAL CORRELATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy calculations for 6Li with short-range dynamical correlations. The electron scattering studies of the nucleon scattering and pion absorption have also simulated interest in the nucleon–nucleon correlations. The dynamical correlations arise from the short-range part of the nucleon–nucleon interaction. In order to fit the high momentum transfer data, the short-range correlation factor is introduced. It shows that the short-range correlation factor changes both the high and low Fourier components of the charge density. With a great deal of improvement in the accuracy of measurements of high-energy electron scattering from nuclear targets, valuable information about the nuclear structure has been obtained. However, some of the features exhibited at large momentum transfer cannot be explained with the ordinary independent-particle shell model wave functions of nuclei in the pure harmonic oscillator model.
Winning on Social Media: Candidate Social-Mediated Communication and Voting During the 2016 US Presidential Election:

The 2016 US Presidential Election provided an opportunity to examine how political candidates’ use of social media can affect voting intentions. This study considers how political candidates can us...
What Is ‘Good Science’?

This paper approaches the question concerning the “human character” of science. Recent controversies over particular scientific endeavors have led some commentators to assert the impropriety of imposing moral, political, or religious limits on scientific inquiry. In such claims, I suggest, we also have an attempt to minimize the “human character” of science, and, in particular, of “good science.” I want here to look more closely at the relationship between science – “good science” – and morality. This relationship exists, I shall argue, on at least three axes which I shall call the external ethics of science, the social ethics of science, and the internal ethics of science. Of these, only the first – the external ethics of science – suggests that good science may not necessarily be good morally. If good science has the characteristics I describe in this paper, then the project of science “populated and exercised by machines” is chimerical. Good science as science is and must be a human activity permeated by human concerns and norms.
Clinical and pathologic features of cognitive-predominant corticobasal degeneration.

Objective To describe clinical and pathologic characteristics of corticobasal degeneration (CBD) with cognitive predominant problems during the disease course. Methods In a series of autopsy-confirmed cases of CBD, we identified patients with cognitive rather than motor predominant features (CBD-Cog), including 5 patients thought to have Alzheimer disease (AD) and 10 patients thought to have behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We compared clinical and pathologic features of CBD-Cog with those from a series of 31 patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBD-CBS). For pathologic comparisons between CBD-Cog and CBD-CBS, we used semiquantitative scoring of neuronal and glial lesion types in multiple brain regions and quantitative assessments of tau burden from image analysis. Results Five of 15 patients with CBD-Cog never had significant motor problems during their disease course. The most common cognitive abnormalities in CBD-Cog were executive and visuospatial dysfunction. The frequency of language problems did not differ between CBD-Cog and CBD-CBS. Argyrophilic grain disease, which is a medial temporal tauopathy associated with mild cognitive impairment, was more frequent in CBD-Cog. Apathy was also more frequent in CBD-Cog. Tau pathology in CBD-Cog was greater in the temporal and less in perirolandic cortices than in CBD-CBS. Conclusion A subset of patients with CBD has a cognitive predominant syndrome than can be mistaken for AD or FTD. Our findings suggest that distribution of tau cortical pathology (greater in temporal and less in perirolandic cortices) may be the basis of this uncommon clinical variant of CBD.
Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy (Conpokal) on Live Cells.

Techniques available for micro- and nano-scale mechanical characterization have exploded in the last few decades. From further development of the scanning and transmission electron microscope, to the invention of atomic force microscopy, and advances in fluorescent imaging, there have been substantial gains in technologies that enable the study of small materials. Conpokal is a portmanteau that combines confocal microscopy with atomic force microscopy (AFM), where a probe “pokes” the surface. Although each technique is extremely effective for the qualitative and/or quantitative image collection on their own, Conpokal provides the capability to test with blended fluorescence imaging and mechanical characterization. Designed for near simultaneous confocal imaging and atomic force probing, Conpokal facilitates experimentation on live microbiological samples. The added insight from paired instrumentation provides co-localization of measured mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus, adhesion, surface roughness) by AFM with subcellular components or activity observable through confocal microscopy. This work provides a step by step protocol for the operation of laser scanning confocal and atomic force microscopy, simultaneously, to achieve same cell, same region, confocal imaging, and mechanical characterization.
Why Do We Use the Materials and Operating Conditions We Use for Heterogeneous (Photo)Electrochemical Water Splitting

Water splitting through the use of (photo)electrocatalysts is a carbon-free route to sustainably produce hydrogen gas for use in various applications, such as ammonia and methanol synthesis, hydrot...
Response to AEMJ-20-1087.R1

The authors appreciate the comments of Dr. Corbin and his colleagues, as well as those of our colleagues suggesting our findings are "premature conclusions." A primary concern of our colleagues pertains to the limited number of confounders adjusted in our analyses. Indeed, while we were able to adjust for two of the variables noted (substance use and mental health diagnoses), we did not have the data available in this study to analyze potential effects of infection, neurovascular or metabolic complications, or trauma.