cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of amygdaloid ablation or stimulation on plasma corticosterone levels in the male rat

Abstract Participation of the amygdaloid complex in pituitary-adrenal function was assessed by measuring plasma corticosterone levels after a variety of ablative or stimulatory procedures in male rats. Transection of the stria terminalis, ablation of the basolateral amygdalopiriform region or subtotal amygdalectomy did not alter a.m. or p.m. non-stress plasma corticosterone levels. Likewise, stress-induced increments in plasma corticosterone concentrations in experimental rats were not different from those in controls after 3 min exposure to ether vapor or immobilization in a supine position. As a corollary to the ablation studies, rats bearing chronically implanted electrodes were subjected to sham or electrical stimulation. In non-anesthetized (freely moving) rats electrical stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala, and basolateral amygdala, dorsal hippocampus and arcuate nucleus resulted in plasma corticosterone levels significantly ( P ) greater than from those in sham stimulated controls. In contrast, in pentobarbital anesthetized rats plasma corticosterone concentrations in the amygdaloid and hippocampal stimulated animals were not different from those of sham stimulated rats; only stimulation of the arcuate nucleus produced plasma corticosterone levels greater ( P ) than those in sham stimulated rats. These data indicate that in the male rat the amygdala is capable of influencing ACTH secretion. However, the finding that pituitary-adrenal function was not compromised by either selective or extensive amygdaloid ablation suggests that the amygdala is not essential for pituitary-adrenal function as we assessed this function.
Biochemical changes in articular cartilage after joint immobilization by casting or external fixation

Knees of mature dogs were immobilized for 6 weeks by long-leg casts allowing 8 degrees-15 degrees of motion, a model studied by others, or with external fixators, a new, more severe model that kept the joints rigid. Some animals were allowed to recover for 1 week after the immobilization period. Articular cartilage was examined histologically and biochemically. After 6 weeks of immobilization, water increased 7% in both casted and fixator-immobilized joints compared with normal knee cartilage, while hexuronic acid was 23 and 28% lower, respectively. The limited motion permitted by the casts resulted in a smaller depression of proteoglycan synthesis and less proteoglycan loss during immobilization than occurred in the rigid external fixator group. The protective effect of limited motion was shown clearly during the recovery period: as measured by hexuronic acid content, cartilage from the casted joints had almost recovered within 1 week, whereas the external fixator group experienced little or no recovery during the week after treatment. In contrast to previous studies by others with casted joints, both newly synthesized [35S]sulfate-labeled and accumulated unlabeled proteoglycans from both casted and fixator-immobilized cartilages were able to form complexes with exogenous hyaluronic acid to the same extent as those from control cartilage. Thus, in immobilized cartilage, failure of the newly synthesized proteoglycan to bind to hyaluronate is not a mechanism of accelerated proteoglycan loss. The accelerated proteoglycan turnover appears to be caused by a combination of decreased synthesis and increased proteolysis of the secreted proteoglycans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A census of Gulf Stream rings, spring 1975

During 1975 several shipboard expendable bathythermograph surveys plus satellite infrared imagery provided a nearly synoptic view of the distribution and number of Gulf Stream rings in the western North Atlantic. Twelve rings were identified; nine were cyclonic (cold core) rings and three were anticyclonic (warm core) rings. This is the largest number of rings ever observed during a short period of time (4 months). Evidence suggests that the mean movement of these rings was southwestward.
A programmable "build-couple" approach to the synthesis of heterofunctionalized polyvalent molecules.

A maximally divergent “build–couple” synthesis of heterofunctionalized polyvalent molecules is described. This strategic approach enables the synthesis of highly diverse polyvalent structures from a pre-programmed combinatorial set of modules.
Preparation of silica-supported diaryl ketones for use as photosensitizers: A novel synthetic application of silica-supported phenyllithium

Abstract Reaction of silica-supported phenyllithium, GSiC6H4Li (G  silica support) with p-(CH3)2NC6H4CO2CH3 gives a silica-supported diaryl ketone of the type GSiC6H4COC6H4N(CH3)2 which is an active sensitizer for the photoisomerization of norbornadiene to quadricyclane. A major side-reaction in this synthesis is the combination of two phenyllithium functionalities with one p-(CH3)2-NC6H4CO2CH3 to give a silica-supported triarylcarbinol of the general type (GSiC6H4)2[(CH3)2NC6H4]COH thereby indicating the ineffectiveness of the silica matrix at isolating the phenyllithium sites.The silica-supported phenyllithium required for this synthesis can either be obtained by lithium-hydrogen exchange using the sequence GSiCl → GSiC6H5 → GSiC6H4Li with n-butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine as the metallating reagent or by lithium-hallogen exchange using the sequence GSiCl → GSiC6H4Br-p → GSiC6H4Li with n-butyllithium as the metallating reagent. The latter method involving lithium—halogen exchange appears to be preferable for this synthesis.
Visual detection in relation to display size and redundancy of critical elements I

Visual detection was studied in relation to displays of discrete elements, randomly selected consonant letters, distributed in random subsets of cells of a matrix, the S being required on each trial to indicate only which member of a predesignated pair of critical elements was present in a given display. Experimental variables were number of elements per display and number of redundant critical elements per display. Estimates of the number of elements effectively processed by a S during a 50 ms. exposure increased with display size, but not in the manner that would be expected if the S sampled a fixed proportion of the elements present in a display of given area. Test-retest data indicated substantial correlations over long intervals of time in the particular elements sampled by a S from a particular display. Efficiencies of detection with redundant critical elements were very close to those expected on the hypothesis of constant sample size over trials for any given display size and were relatively invariant with respect to distance between critical elements.
Characterization and Expression of the Mouse Lumican Gene

Lumican is one of the major keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPG) in vertebrate corneas. We previously cloned the murine lumican cDNA. This study determines the structure of murine lumican gene (Lum) and its expression during mouse embryonic developments. The mouse lumican gene was isolated from a bacterial artificial chromosome mouse genomic DNA library and characterized by polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization. The lumican gene spans 6.9 kilobase pairs of mouse genome. The gene consists of three exons and two introns. Exon 1 constitutes 88 bases (b) of untranslated sequence. Exon 2 is 883 b and contains most of the coding sequence of lumican mRNA, and exon 3 has 152 b of coding sequence and 659 b of 3′ noncoding sequence. The mouse lumican gene has a TATCA element, a presumptive TATA box, which locates 27 b 5′-upstream from the transcription initiation site. Northern hybridization and in situ hybridization indicate that in early stages of embryonic development, day 7 post coitus the embryo expresses little or no lumican. Thereafter, different levels of lumican mRNA can be detected in various organ systems, such as cornea stroma, dermis, cartilage, heart, lung, and kidney. The cornea and heart are the two tissues that have the highest expression in adult. Immunoblotting studies found that KSPG core proteins became abundant in the cornea and sclera by postnatal day 10 but that sulfated KSPG could not be detected until after the eyes open. These results indicate that lumican is widely distributed in most interstitial connective tissues. The modification of lumican with keratan sulfates in cornea is concurrent with eye opening and may contribute to corneal transparency.
Clusters, Superatoms, and Building Blocks of New Materials†

The physical and chemical properties of cluster systems at the subnano and nanoscale are often found to differ from those of the bulk and display a unique dependence on size, geometry, and composition. Indeed, most interesting are systems which have properties that vary discontinuously with the number of atoms and composition, rather than scale linearly with size. This realm of cluster science where “one atom makes a difference” is undergoing an explosive growth in activity, and as a result of extensive collaborative activities through theory at VCU and experiment at PSU, our groups are recognized as pioneers in this area in which we have been active for many years. Herein we provide an overview of the field with primary focus on our joint undertakings which have spawned the superatom concept, giving rise to a 3-D periodic table of cluster elements and the prospect of using these as building blocks of new nanoscale materials with tailored properties.
On integrability of power series

This paper deals with the integrability of a power series. Our results generalize certain results of Ram, and Askey and Karlin.
Blockade of U50,488H analgesia by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to a κ-opioid receptor

The recently cloned κ-opioid receptor has binding characteristics consistent with those of a κ1-opioid receptor. Repeated intrathecal administration of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against the κ1-opioid receptor selectively lowers U50,488H (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetemide) analgesia (P < 0.02) without affecting μ or δ analgesia. A mismatched antisense oligodeoxynucleotide in which 4 bases had been switched is inactive against U50,488H analgesia. These studies confirm at the molecular level traditional pharmacological studies implying a distinct receptor mechanisms for κ1 analgesia and demonstrate the utility of antisense approaches in studies of opioid pharmacology.
Laser effects in photoionization : spectrum of radiation scattered resonantly by atomic hydrogen

The spectrum of scattered radiation was computed for an electron, bound initially in the ground state of an isolated hydrogen atom and driven resonantly by the field of a moderately intense (∼1013 W(cm)m2), linearly polarized laser. A numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation was performed for the duration of a short (∼30 femtosecond) laser pulse. The spectrum of radiation scattered by this transient state was determined from the autocorrelation function of the electronic acceleration defined as: C a(t) =  X m X dt′ d 1s Sa(t′)·a(t′mt) S 1s ¢. The spectral density of emitted radiation was then S(z) = (f 3 /3 ~)  X m X dt exp (i z t) C a (t). Numerical results are presented and comparison is made with an earlier less precise formulation.
Approximation of logarithmic spirals

Abstract The radius of curvature of a logarithmic spiral is proportional to its arc length, a property that is desirable for the design of aesthetic curves. We describe a method for approximating logarithmic spiral segments by rational cubic spline curves. This approach provides the tools for the construction of planar spline curves whose curvature radius plot is continuous and close to piecewise linear. A number of examples illustrate the approximation method.
The two-dimensional electrostatic field configuration for parallel plate dust particle guide including end effects

Abstract Microdiameter dust particles in a viscous air medium are to be transported by a bi-planar arrangement of flat parallel plate electrodes. Sequential shifting of the static potentials on the electrodes is employed to guide the particles. The two dimensional configuration of these quasi-electrostatic fields in the semi-infinite guide composed of the parallel plate electrodes is theoretically and numerically examined. Loading effects of a two dimensional external rectangular cavity are incorporated in the theory. Numerical error resulting from the slow convergence properties of the series representing the fields near the boundaries of the guide is corrected. Field plots are presented and discussed in a qualitative manner for particle transport. The analytical fields are also compared with the fields obtained from employing the finite element method. Good agreement is shown.
Perception of anxiety as a contributing factor of asthma: indigent versus nonindigent.

Although asthma is not an emotional or psychological disease, strong emotions can sometimes make asthma worse. Asthmatic attacks and reductions in FEV1 have been intentionally induced in asthmatic patients through exposure to emotional stimuli. People of lower socioeconomic status have been associated with higher prevalences of both anxiety and depression. Therefore, a group of indigent (IP) and nonindigent privately insured asthmatic patients (non-IP) were surveyed to determine their perceptions of asthma triggers. The patients responded to several possible triggers by the following descriptors: never, rarely, sometimes, frequently, always. There were no significant differences at the 0.05 level between the groups in age, gender, or length of history of asthma. In response to the question pertaining to asthma triggered when upset or anxious, 51% of 57 patients responded to the "frequently" or "always" category in the IP compared to 19% of 52 in the non-IP. Further research is warranted to explain these differences. If these differences are real, optimal therapies for psychogenic asthma (e.g., addition of anticholinergic aerosols) or the treatment of anxiety itself in the IP need to be evaluated.
Playing with Mirrors: Narrative Inquiry and Congregational Consultation

Abstract This article proposes that narrative inquiry methods fruitfully shape the role and strategies of persons who consult with religious communities. It suggests that the composition of field texts and transition from research notes to narratives enables consultants to mirror the stories of congregations so congregants can recognize, claim, and transform their own narratives. It explores the dynamic relationship between the autobiographical stories (both personal and theoretical) a consultant brings to observational and analytical tasks and the diversely expressed stories of the community in which the consultant sojourns. It also considers theological and ethical justifications for and consequences of such work.
Practice variation among Michigan neurologists in the use of intravenous heparin

Background/Objective: The indications for intravenous (IV) heparin use in acute ischemic stroke are uncertain. We sought to determine the current practice patterns of neurologists in Michigan with regard to IV heparin use, in view of the fact that several major multi-center trials evaluating heparin and related compounds have been completed in the last decade. Methods: A survey was conducted of 180 active, practicing neurologists in Michigan. Five clinical scenarios were included and factors influencing heparin use were also determined. Results: The vast majority of neurologists in Michigan would use IV heparin for patients with atrial fibrillation-related stroke (91% of those with a defined opinion). Heparin use was also popular for stroke-in-evolution (77%). There was a lesser degree of heparin use for patients with more than one transient ischemic attack (49%) or for patients with stroke and normal cardiac rhythm. Medicolegal factors at least sometimes influenced the selection of heparin as a therapy for 41% of physicians. Conclusions: Despite recent clinical trial data on heparin and related compounds which for the most part has been negative, IV heparin use remains popular for certain clinical scenarios, especially acute stroke with atrial fibrillation. Further studies are necessary to determine whether negative clinical trials have the same impact on neurologist behavior as positive studies.
Informant Agreement in Treatment Gains for Child Anxiety

The present study examined multiple informant agreement in reports of treatment gains in a sample of children (M age = 10.27) treated for social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. Mothers and fathers agreed on their child's improvement, and parents and children also generally agreed on the child's improvement. This agreement was typically not differentiated by child's age or gender. Mothers and fathers did not agree with teachers. Parent-child “improvement agreement” was not predicted by child's age, gender, social desirability, or maternal psychopathology. The results indicate that mothers, fathers, and children report similar magnitudes of improvement following treatment.
Curcumin reduces the toxic effects of iron loading in rat liver epithelial cells.

Background/Aims: Iron overload can cause liver toxicity and increase the risk of liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of the food spice turmeric, has antioxidant, iron binding and hepatoprotective properties. The aim of this study was to quantify its effects on iron overload and the resulting downstream toxic effects in cultured T51B rat liver epithelial cells. Methods: T51B cells were loaded with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) with or without the iron delivery agent 8-hydroxyquinoline. Cytotoxicity was measured by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Iron uptake and iron bioavailability were documented by chemical assay, quench of calcein fluorescence and ferritin induction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by a fluorescence assay using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Oxidative stress signalling to jnk, c-jun and p38 was measured by a Western blot with phospho-specific antibodies. Results: Curcumin bound iron, but did not block iron uptake or bioavailability in T51B cells given FAC. However, it reduced cytotoxicity, blocked the generation of ROS and eliminated signalling to cellular stress pathways caused by iron. Inhibition was observed over a wide range of FAC concentrations (50–500 μM), with an apparent IC50 in all cases between 5 and 10 μM curcumin. In contrast, desferoxamine blocked both iron uptake and toxic effects of iron at concentrations that depended on the FAC concentration. The effects of curcumin also differed from those of α-tocopherol, which did not bind iron and was less effective at blocking iron-stimulated ROS generation. Conclusions: Curcumin reduced iron-dependent oxidative stress and iron toxicity in T51B cells without blocking iron uptake.
Development of infrared photothermal deflection spectroscopy (mirage effect) for analysis of condensed-phase aerosols collected in a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor.

The potential of mid-infrared photothermal deflection spectrometry for aerosol analysis is demonstrated. Ammonium nitrate aerosols are deposited on a flat substrate using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). Photothermal spectroscopy with optical beam deflection (mirage effect) is used to detect deposited aerosols. Photothermal deflection from aerosols is measured by using pulsed infrared laser light to heat up aerosols collected on the substrate. The deflection signal is obtained by measuring the position of a spot from a beam of light as it passes near the heated surface. The results indicate non-rotating impaction as the preferred MOUDI impaction method. Energy-dependent photothermal measurement shows a linear relationship between signal and laser intensity, and no loss of signal with time is observed. The detection limit from the signal–mass curve is 7.31 ng. For 30 minutes collection time and 30 L/min flow rate of the impactor, the limit of detection in terms of aerosol mass concentration is 0.65 μg m−3.
A Persistent Preference for Layer Motifs in Self-Assemblies of Squarates and Hydrogen Squarates by Hydrogen Bonding [X−H···O; X = N, O, or C]: A Crystallographic Study of Five Organic Salts

The synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structures of hydrogen squarates of imidazole (1), histidine (2), and 2-aminopyridine (4) and squarates of histidine (3) and 4-aminopyridine (5) are reported. Both hydrogen squarate [HSQ]1- and squarate [SQ]2- ions participate in complementary hydrogen bonding [X−H···O; X = N, O, or C] networks. While the [HSQ]1- ion acts both as a donor and as an acceptor of hydrogen bonds in salts 1, 2, and 4 and creates head-to-tail infinite chains of anions in 1 and head-to-head ten-membered cyclic dimers in 4, the [SQ]2- ion participates as a powerful acceptor of as many as six hydrogen bonds in 3 and 5. In all cases, extensive hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions between the components lead to layered assemblies. In 1, the cross-linking of the [HSQ]1- chains by protonated imidazolium ions through N−H···O bonds creates a two-dimensional ionic sheet which is further stabilized by the presence of C−H···O bonds resulting from the participation of the imidazolium C-H groups. In 2...
Nitric oxide-releasing fumed silica particles: synthesis, characterization, and biomedical application.

The preparation, characterization, and preliminary biomedical application of various nitric oxide (NO)-releasing fumed silica particles (0.2-0.3 microm) are reported. The tiny NO-releasing particles are synthesized by first tethering alkylamines onto the surface of the silica using amine-containing silylation reagents. These amine groups are then converted to corresponding N-diazeniumdiolate groups via reaction with NO(g) at high pressure in the presence of methoxide bases (e.g., NaOMe). N-Diazeniumdiolate groups were found to form more readily with secondary amino nitrogens than primary amino nitrogens tethered to the silica. Different alkali metal cations of the methoxide bases, however, have little effect on the degree of N-diazeniumdiolate formation. The N-diazeniumdiolate moieties attached on the silica surface undergo a primarily proton-driven dissociation to NO under physiological conditions, with an "apparent" reaction order somewhat greater than 1 owing to local increases in pH at the surface of the particles as free amine groups are generated. The rates of N-diazeniumdiolate dissociation are further related to the parent amine structures and the pH of the soaking buffer. The N-diazeniumdiolate groups also undergo slow thermal dissociation to NO, with zero-order dissociation observed at both -15 and 23 degrees C. It is further shown that the resulting NO-releasing fumed silica particles can be embedded into polymer films to create coatings that are thromboresistant, via the release of NO at fluxes that mimic healthy endothelial cells (EC). For example a polyurethane coating containing 20 wt % of NO-releasing particles prepared with pendant hexane diamine structure (i.e., Sil-2N[6]-N(2)O(2)Na) is shown to exhibit improved surface thromboresistivity (compared to controls) when used to coat the inner walls of extracorporeal circuits (ECC) employed in a rabbit model for extracorporeal blood circulation.
A predictive model and validation of laser cutting of nitinol with a novel moving volumetric pulsed heat flux

Abstract Nitinol alloys are widely used in manufacturing of cardiovascular stents due to excellent biomechanical properties. Laser cutting is the predominant process for stent manufacturing. However, laser cutting induces thermal damage such as heat affected zone (HAZ), micro cracks, and tensile residual stress, which detrimentally affect product performance. Laser cutting induced temperature distribution, stress development, and HAZ formation are critical process characteristics. However, they are difficult to measure experimentally due to the highly transient process. To better understand the process mechanics in laser cutting of nitinol, a three-dimensional finite element model of pulsed laser cutting was developed to incorporate a novel moving volumetric pulsed heat flux model with high spatial accuracy. A material subroutine was also incorporated to model superelasticity and shape memory of nitinol. The predicted kerf geometry and dimensions agreed well with the experimental data. Also, the effects of cutting speed, pulse power, and pulse width on kerf profile, temperature, and heat affected zone (HAZ) were investigated.
Jazz, Black Transnationalism, and the Political Aesthetics of Langston Hughes’s Ask Your Mama

Lowney's essay examines how Langston Hughes's cultural work in the 1950s and early 1960s illustrates the challenge of developing a progressive black transnationalist literary culture. It concentrates especially on Hughes's longest and most ambitious poem, Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz (1961), which renders his dual commitment to a black transnationalist public and an innovative African diaspora jazz poetics. Ask Your Mama features the interaction of African cultures in the Americas and Africa, with its evocation of Afro-Caribbean as well as African American music and its movement among different sites of black revolutionary struggle. In this context, jazz plays an explicitly political role in expressing the revolutionary desire for black liberation in the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean. This is most evident in the opening mood of Ask Your Mama, "Cultural Exchange," which introduces the black transnationalist network of musical forms, proper names, and social locations that reverberate throughout the poem. Lowney's essay discusses the implications of Hughes's ironic allusion to the "cultural exchange" of African American "jazz ambassadors," who were funded by the US State Department to perform in Africa in the 1950s. In doing so, it draws from recent research in jazz studies by Penny Von Eschen and Ingrid Monson to underscore the historical complexity and political incisiveness of Hughes's enactment of a black transnationalist public in the poem.
New ternary magnets (Ca, Sr, Ba)14MnBi11

Abstract The temperature dependence of the magnetization in two new compounds is presented and compared with Ca14MnBi11. One of the new compounds, Sr14MnBi11, orders ferromagnetically and the other, Ba14MnBi11, is an antiferromagnet at low T. The Curie-Weiss constants C and Θ, found above the ordering temperatures, imply that Mn has four unpaired electrons in each compound and that the near neighbor magnetic coupling in each compound is ferromagnetic, even for antiferromagnetic Ba14MnBi11. For each of these compounds the low temperature high field moment is consistent with the Mn having about 2.5 unpaired electrons.
Variations on a theme: the alternate translocations in APL

The t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation is tightly linked to the APL phenotype, and the resultant PML-RAR fusion can be demonstrated in 98% of APL cases. Rare variant translocations have been reported, the majority of which on detailed analysis represent cryptic PML-RAR fusions. However, a handful of APL cases have been described with different genotypes. These include the t(11;17)(q23;q21) that produces the PLZF-RAR fusion, t(5;17)(q35;q21) that forms NPM-RAR, t(11;17)(q13;q21) that generates NUMA-RAR, and der(17) that creates STAT5b-RAR. In this review we will discuss these variant translocations, and discuss the insights that we have gained from their study.
Reviewing the history of electric power and electrification

Although the electric power industry is one of the world's largest industries, scholars have not rushed to study its history. Although a few works produced by professional historians standout, there are a much wider variety of related titles written by economists, political scientists, environmentalists, journalists and the power companies themselves. This essay surveys the development of electrical history and points readers toward the best literature in the field.
Profit maximization and power management of green data centers supporting multiple slas

While a large body of work has recently focused on reducing data center's energy expenses, there exists no prior work on investigating the trade-off between minimizing data center's energy expenditure and maximizing their revenue for various Internet and cloud computing services that they may offer. In this paper, we seek to tackle this shortcoming by proposing a systematic approach to maximize green data center's profit, i.e., revenue minus cost. In this regard, we explicitly take into account practical service-level agreements (SLAs) that currently exist between data centers and their customers. Our model also incorporates various other factors such as availability of local renewable power generation at data centers and the stochastic nature of data centers' workload. Furthermore, we propose an optimization-based profit maximization strategy for data centers for both cases, without and with behind-the-meter renewable generators. Using various experimental data and via computer simulations, we assess the accuracy of the proposed mathematical model for profit and also the performance of the proposed optimization-based profit maximization strategy.
A Numerical Model for Water Flow and Chemical Transport in Variably Saturated Porous Media

A two-dimensional numerical model is developed for the simulation of water flow and chemical transport through variably saturated porous media. The nonlinear flow equation is solved using the Calerkin finite-element technique with either the Picard or the Newton iteration scheme. A continuous velocity field is obtained by separate application of the Galerkin technique to the Darcy's equation. A two-site adsorption-desorption model with a first-order loss term is used to describe the chemical behavior of the reactive solute. The advective part of the transport equation is solved with one-step backward particle tracking while the dispersive part is solved by the regular Galerkin finite-element technique. A precondi tioned conjugate gradient-like method is used for the iterative solution of the systems of linear simultaneous equations to save on computer memory and execution time. The model is applied to a few flow and transport problems, and the numerical results are compared with observed and analytic values. The model is found to duplicate the analytic and observed values quite well, even near very sharp fronts.
Evaluation of polyethylene hollow-fiber membranes for hydrogen delivery to support reductive dechlorination in a soil column

Abstract Engineered systems are often needed to supply an electron donor, such as hydrogen (H 2 ), to the subsurface to stimulate the biological dehalogenation of perchloroethene (PCE) to ethene. A column study was performed to evaluate the ability of gas permeable hollow-fiber membranes to supply H 2 directly to PCE-contaminated groundwater to facilitate bioremediation. Two glass columns were packed with soil obtained from a trichloroethene-contaminated site at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and were fed a minimal medium spiked with PCE (7 μM) for 391 days. The columns were operated in parallel, with one column receiving H 2 via polyethylene hollow-fiber membranes (lumen H 2 pressure of approximately 1 atm) and a control column receiving no H 2 . PCE was initially dechlorinated at a similar rate and to a similar extent in both columns, likely due to the presence of soil organic matter that was able to support dechlorination. After 265 days of operation, dechlorination performance declined in the control column and the benefits of membrane-supplied H 2 became evident. Although the membrane-supplied H 2 effectively stimulated PCE dechlorination at the end of the experiment (days 359–391), the system was inefficient in that only 5% of the supplied H 2 was used for dechlorination. Most of the remainder was used to support methanogenesis (94%). Despite the dominance of methanogens, nearly complete dechlorination of PCE to ethene was observed in the H 2 -fed column. In addition to the inefficient use of H 2 , operational problems included excessive foulant accumulation on the outside of the membrane fibers and water condensation inside the fibers. Use of alternative membrane materials and changes to the operating approach (e.g. pulsing or supplying H 2 at low partial pressures) may help to overcome these problems so that this technology can provide effective and stable remediation of aquifers contaminated with chlorinated ethenes.
Achievement by All Students within the Context of Cooperative Learning Groups

Three elementary-aged students with multiple severe disabilities acquired basic communication and motor skills within cooperative learning activities conducted in their general education classrooms. With gradually fading assistance from the instructor, the members without disabilities of the cooperative learning groups provided cues, prompts, and consequences to promote the learning of the member with disabilities. The results showed that the three students with disabilities not only independently demonstrated targeted basic skills within cooperative academic activities, but also generalized those skills during follow-up sessions to activities with other members of a newly formed cooperative learning group. In addition, tests of achievement of targeted academic objectives by the members without disabilities in their cooperative learning groups indicated that they performed as well as members of a control group within the classroom that did not include a child with severe disabilities and that members of b...
Acute Aortic Regurgitation Secondary to Disk Embolization of a Björk-Shiley Prosthetic Aortic Valve

Having passed the 30th anniversary of the first implantation of a Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave tilting mechanical valve, recognition of the life-threatening complication of strut fracture is not widespread. The authors report the case of a 48-year-old man with acute-onset chest pain and dyspnea found to have strut fracture and disk embolization of a 26-year-old Bjork-Shiley prosthetic aortic valve. The value of echocardiography in the diagnosis of this condition is discussed.
A Discourse of Originality in Late Ming Chinese Painting Criticism

Late Ming painting critics promoted the discourse of originality in active exchange with literary, philosophical, societal and economic developments. Although this discourse was culturally pervasive, it was transparent, thus unidentified until recently. As this paper argues, a set of key terms signals the discourse. Important texts by late Ming critics newly translated here show how originality was advocated in judging artistic merit. The result is a new way to interpret the painting of early seventeenth-century China.
Performance Benchmark for Network MIMO Systems: A Unified Approach for MMSE Transceiver Design and Performance Analysis

Network MIMO (multiple-input multiple output), also known as Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), is a key enabling technology of future cellular systems. A unified framework and a novel generalized iterative approach (GIA) is proposed for the minimum mean square error (MMSE) transceiver design of general MTMR (multiple-transmitter multiple-receiver) MIMO systems with different CoMP configurations (including Non-Coordinated Multipoint, Coordinated Beamforming, Joint Processing Downlink, Joint Processing Uplink and Joint Processing Single User) subject to general linear power constraints. Performance analysis of the different CoMP configurations is provided for the per-antenna and total power constraints at each base station or user equipment. The result provides a benchmark for joint transceiver designs based on other criteria.
Perceptually Grounded Language Learning: Part 1—A Neural Network Architecture for Robust Sequence Association

In this two-part series, we explore how a perceptually based foundation for natural language semantics might be acquired, via association of sensory/motor experiences with verbal utterances describ...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Antagonist Modulates Leukocyte Trafficking and Protects Mouse Livers against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Although hypoxia stimulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), little is known of the role or mechanism by which VEGF functions after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this report, we first evaluated the expression of VEGF in a mouse model of liver warm ischemia. We found that the expression of VEGF increased after ischemia but peaked between 2 and 6 hours after reperfusion. Mice were treated with a neutralizing anti-mouse VEGF antiserum (anti-VEGF) or control serum daily from day −1 (1 day before the initiation of ischemia). Treatment with anti-VEGF significantly reduced serum glutaminic pyruvic transaminase levels and reduced histological evidence of hepatocellular damage compared with controls. Anti-VEGF also markedly decreased T-cell, macrophage, and neutrophil accumulation within livers and reduced the frequency of intrahepatic apoptotic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells. Moreover, there was a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ), chemokines (interferon-inducible protein-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and adhesion molecules (E-selectin) in parallel with enhanced expression of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2/Bcl-xl and heme oxygenase-1) in anti-VEGF-treated animals. In conclusion, hypoxia-inducible VEGF expression by hepatocytes modulates leukocyte trafficking and leukocyte-induced injury in a mouse liver model of warm I/R injury, demonstrating the importance of endogenous VEGF production in the pathophysiology of hepatic I/R injury.
A High-Speed, Wireless Network for Ship-to-Ship and Ship-to-Shore Data Exchange

Abstract Wireless networking equipment was installed on three research vessels and at three shore stations during the 1998 Thin Layers Experiment in East Sound, Washington. This wireless network provided high-speed data communication between scientists on separate vessels and permitted rapid transfer of data from vessels and from moored instruments to a common file server at one of the shore stations. This server was connected, via wireless link, to a local Internet service provider, thus permitting continuous Internet access from each vessel and each shore station. The wireless network used 900-MHz and 2.4-GHz spread spectrum systems and provided throughput comparable to T1 lines. Omnidirectional antennas were used between vessels and shore stations, providing communications at ranges up to 12 km. Such systems provide the capability for rapid data exchange during coordinated field operations and give investigators on separate vessels the opportunity to adapt sampling protocols to rapidly evolving conditi...
Error Performance of DQPSK with EGC Diversity Reception Over Arbitrarily Correlated Fading Channels

This paper derives the average bit error probability (BEP) of the differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK) with postdetection equal gain combining (EGC) diversity reception over arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels. Our main contribution lies in presenting relatively simple BEP expressions, the error expressions are given in terms of a finite sum of a finite-range integral. The penalty in signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to arbitrarily correlated channel fading is investigated. It is observed that the performance degradation due to the correlation among the diversity branches in Rician fading channels is severer than that in Nakagami-m fading channels as a result of the presence of the specular component.
Public Administrators' Trust in Citizens: A Missing Link in Citizen Involvement Efforts

An important but unattended consideration in citizen participation efforts is whether public officials trust citizens and, if not, whether they can formulate and implement policies that really engage, empower, and emancipate citizens. This study attempts to answer four questions: Is public officials' trust in citizens relevant and important? Is it a valid construct that can be differentiated from other constructs? What factors influence its level? And how does trust influence citizen involvement efforts? Based on a survey of 320 public administrators, the study finds that public administrators' trust in citizens is a relevant and valid construct and a predictor of proactive citizen involvement efforts. Public administrators generally have a neutral (neither trustful nor distrustful) view of citizens. Finally, factors affecting the level of trust are identified at the individual, organizational, and societal levels.
Neurofinance: Bridging Psychology, Neurology, and Investor Behavior

The purpose of this paper is to catalog some of the important findings from the fields of psychology and neurology, and to show potential implications for economics, with particular emphasis on financial markets. The blending of these fields is developing a new sub-field of neuroeconomics known as neurofinance.
Studies on the Phosphorylase Activity in Isolated Perfused Rat Heart

AbstractPhosphorylase a activity in the isolated perfused rat heart was about 20 % of the total enzymes. Various standard freezing and thawing procedures or seasonal variation did not alter the basal level of the enzyme activity and is not considered to be the effect of anoxia. Blood and noradrenaline were found to increase phosphorylase activity in the heart. Perfusing the heart with low concentrations of glucose increased phosphorylase activity without changes in cardiac function. A linear relationship between noradrenaline-induced changes in phosphorylase activity and contractile force in the rat heart was observed.
Problems in Design and Research on Condensers of Vapours and Vapour Mixtures

The theoretical background is outlined for condensation of pure and mixed vapours in conditions of a film-type condensate. The effect of vapour velocity is important for both pure vapours and those mixed with non-condensable gases. On the basis of the fundamental mechanism of condensation involved, approximation procedures are developed which are particularly useful for designers who wish to have quick methods for use in estimating and rough checking.It is concluded that there is great need at present for testing theoretical and approximate methods against full-scale performance data.
Reactive Attitudes as Communicative Entities

Many theorists claim that the reactive emotions, even in their private form, are communicative entities. But as widely endorsed as this claim is, it has not been redeemed: the literature lacks a clear and compelling account of the sense in which reactive attitudes qua private mental states are essentially communicative. In this paper, I fill this gap. I propose that it is apt to characterize privately held reactive attitudes as communicative in nature because they, like many paradigmatic forms of communication, have representational content and the function of evoking uptake of this content in a recipient.
Lamenting the list: a partial test of Sherman’s defiance theory as applied to female sex offenders

Through the community notification and sex offender registry laws that have been passed, the USA has created a strict legal environment that requires sex offenders to remain in compliance with the registry requirements placed on them by the state once they are released back into their communities. A variety of unintended consequences, such as unemployment and housing issues, have resulted from these laws and have the potential to impact the reentry efforts of released sex offenders. Using Sherman’s defiance theory as a theoretical lens, the current study examines the experiences of registered female sex offenders living in Florida. One hundred and six registered female sex offenders were surveyed to examine their experiences while on the registry, and whether those events influence feelings of defiance toward the registry and criminal justice systems. Results suggest that these offenders indeed experience unintended consequences due to their registration status, which in turn shows support for the four ca...
OrgConv: detection of gene conversion using consensus sequences and its application in plant mitochondrial and chloroplast homologs

The ancestry of mitochondria and chloroplasts traces back to separate endosymbioses of once free-living bacteria. The highly reduced genomes of these two organelles therefore contain very distant homologs that only recently have been shown to recombine inside the mitochondrial genome. Detection of gene conversion between mitochondrial and chloroplast homologs was previously impossible due to the lack of suitable computer programs. Recently, I developed a novel method and have, for the first time, discovered recurrent gene conversion between chloroplast mitochondrial genes. The method will further our understanding of plant organellar genome evolution and help identify and remove gene regions with incongruent phylogenetic signals for several genes widely used in plant systematics. Here, I implement such a method that is available in a user friendly web interface. OrgConv (Org anellar Conv ersion) is a computer package developed for detection of gene conversion between mitochondrial and chloroplast homologous genes. OrgConv is available in two forms; source code can be installed and run on a Linux platform and a web interface is available on multiple operating systems. The input files of the feature program are two multiple sequence alignments from different organellar compartments in FASTA format. The program compares every examined sequence against the consensus sequence of each sequence alignment rather than exhaustively examining every possible combination. Making use of consensus sequences significantly reduces the number of comparisons and therefore reduces overall computational time, which allows for analysis of very large datasets. Most importantly, with the significantly reduced number of comparisons, the statistical power remains high in the face of correction for multiple tests. Both the source code and the web interface of OrgConv are available for free from the OrgConv website http://www.indiana.edu/~orgconv . Although OrgConv has been developed with main focus on detection of gene conversion between mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, it may also be used for detection of gene conversion between any two distinct groups of homologous sequences.
POLARIZED ION SOURCES FOR HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS AND COLLIDERS

The recent progress in polarized ion source development is reviewed. In dc operation a 1.0 mA polarized H{sup -} ion current is now available from the Optically-Pumped Polarized Ion Source (OPPIS). In pulsed operation a 10 mA polarized H{sup -} ion current was demonstrated at the TRIUMF pulsed OPPIS test bench and a 3.5 mA peak current was obtained from an Atomic Beam Source (ABS) at the INR Moscow test bench. The possibilities for future improvements with both techniques are discussed. A new OPPIS for RHIC spin physics is described. The OPPIS reliably delivered polarized beam for the polarized run at RHIC. The results obtained with a new pulsed ABS injector for the IUCF Cooler Ring are also discussed.
High-Quality 150 mm InP-to-Silicon Epitaxial Transfer for Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits

The integration of dissimilar materials is of great interest to enable silicon photonics and enable optical interconnects in future microprocessors. The wavelength transparency of Si in the telecom window 1.3–1.6 m is another compelling reason to integrate microphotonics and microelectronics. A major challenge for this integration is the incompatibility of the III–V compound and Si semiconductors used to implement microphotonics and microelectronics, respectively. Si and InP have an 8.1% lattice mismatch, making heteroepitaxial growth of InGaAsP compounds on Si with low misfit dislocation density difficult. 1