cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prejudice for the Thinking Classes Media Exposure, Political Sophistication, and the Anti-Christian Fundamentalist

Research on attitudes toward Christian fundamentalists shows that antagonism toward this group has become a significant factor since the early 1990s in structuring candidate preferences and issue positions. This article explores how information conveyed in news media helped inform popular evaluations of fundamentalists and instruct antifundamentalists on how to make use of these judgments politically in the culture wars. Our thesis is that attitudes toward Christian fundamentalists can be considered in large measure as a reaction to messages about this group carried in media, filtered through individual differences in political attentiveness and predispositions. Data from the 1988—2004 American National Election Studies show significant media effects, which increased over time, particularly among the sophisticated segment of the public. Our findings illuminate how variation in media attentiveness and individual differences in political and cultural predispositions conjoin to determine whether and the degr...
When Public Participation in Administration Leads to Trust: An Empirical Assessment of Managers’ Perceptions

This study empirically assesses the argument that public participation enhances public trust. A model was constructed to include five intermediate factors that might link participation and trust: consensus building, ethical behaviors, accountability practices, service competence, and managerial competence. As expected, participation does explain a significant amount of public trust. However, using path analysis, only two intermediate factors—ethical behaviors and service competence—were found to significantly contribute to trust. Even successful consensus-building activities are not likely to enhance trust unless administrative performance improves. These results indicate that if increasing public trust is the primary goal, then the primary focus should be on administrative integrity and performance results.
Peptide Libraries Define the Fine Specificity of Anti-polysaccharide Antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungus that causes a life-threatening meningoencephalitis in patients with AIDS. Monoclonal antibodies to the capsular glucuronoxylomannan can modulate the infection in mice, but the epitopes on this complex polysaccharide recognized by protective and non-protective antibodies have not been defined. We have used 2H1, one of our most protective antibodies, to screen phage display peptide libraries for peptide mimotopes that would allow us to explore the fine specificity of anti-cryptococcal polysaccharide antibodies. Hexa- and decapeptides have been identified with sequence homologies that define four motifs: 1, (E)TPXWM/LM/L; 2, W/YXWM/ LYE; 3, DWXDW; and 4, (Ar)WDGQ(Ar). Peptides representing these motifs compete with each other for a shared binding site that overlaps the polysaccharide binding site. Motifs 1 and 2 confer high affinity binding, and PA1, which displays a motif 1 peptide with the sequence LQYTPSWMLV, binds to 2H1 with a Kd of 295 nM. Analysis of the interaction between the 2H1 binding peptides and 24 structurally related anti-polysaccharide antibodies reveals a complex pattern of reactivity that strongly suggests binding to or close to the complementary determining regions. Furthermore, those antibodies that have been shown to have different specificity, and in some cases different protective potential, do not bind any of the peptides selected by the protective 2H1 antibody. This study shows that peptide mimotopes for a complex microbial polysaccharide can be identified by screening phage peptide libraries and demonstrates the usefulness of such peptides in analyzing closely related interactive sites of proteins in general and of antibodies in particular.
Spaced-trial partial reward in the lizard

Two matched groups of lizards were given one trial a day for 90 days in a simple runway with partial and with consistent reward. During acquisition, running time of the partial reward group was slower than that of the consistent reward group. The groups showed no difference in resistance to extinction. The results were compared with similar spaced-trial runway studies using other organisms.
Titin Mediates Sarcomere Length Dependence of Myocyte Power

According to the Frank-Starling relationship, ventricular pressure increases with end-diastolic volume. This is controlled, in large part, by sarcomere length (SL) dependence of cardiac myofibrillar force, loaded shortening, and power. Consistent with this, both myofibrillar force and power fall at shorter SL, however, when Ca2+ activated force and presumably thin filament activation levels are matched between short and long SL (by increasing the activator [Ca2+]) short SL actually yields faster loaded shortening and greater peak normalized power output (PNPO). A potential mechanism for faster loaded shortening at short SL is that as SL decreases titin becomes less taut which reduces the impedance of cross-bridges, a process that may be mediated by titin's interactions with the thick filament. We propose a more slackened titin yields greater myosin head radial and azimuthal mobility and these flexible cross-bridges are more likely to maintain thin filament activation, which would allow more force-generating cross-bridges to work against a fixed load resulting in faster loaded shortening. We tested this idea by measuring SL dependence of power at matched forces in rat skinned cardiac myocytes containing either N2B titin or a longer, more compliant N2BA titin. We predicted less overshoot in power by short SL in N2BA titin myocytes. Consistent with this, peak power did not overshoot but was actually less at short versus long SL at matched thin filament activation levels in N2BA-containing myocytes (Wt: ΔPNPO = +0.0121 ± 0.0115 (n=5), N2BA titin: ΔPNPO = −0.0566 ± 0.0493 (n=5)). These findings are consistent with SL per se modulating the mechanical properties of cross-bridges with this modulation being mediated by titin. This myofibrillar mechanism may help sustain ventricular power during periods of low preloads, and perhaps a breakdown of this mechanism is involved in impaired function of failing hearts.
Staffing issues among small hospitality businesses: A college town case

Abstract Many studies have reported on the operational challenges that hospitality businesses face, including shortage of skilled labor and high turnover. To date, however, little attention has been paid to whether these challenges differ for small hospitality enterprises (SHEs). In particular, little is known about SHEs located in college towns, where plentiful labor supply of job-ready applicants is available on a constant basis. The present study explores labor issues with 21 small and medium hospitality owners and managers. The findings not only demonstrate that attracting labor is a daunting undertaking among participating businesses, but also that both turnover and other staffing related problems are on top of their list of challenges. These problems are of such nature that other issues, including getting the word out about their businesses or facing competition appear to be rather minor in comparison. Furthermore, only the least participants seem to understand the value of keeping staff for as long as possible; accordingly, these few operators have developed basic yet critical initiatives to promote employee retention. The importance of retaining valuable employees becomes paramount as it may reflect on several areas of the operation, including consistency and quality of service. However, despite its importance, the employee retention component appears to be missing.
Steroid receptors study in breast carcinoma.

Estrogen receptors (ER) were measured on specimens taken from 27 patients with benign breast condition and 109 patients with breast cancer. By the sucrose gradient assay 15% (4/27) of benign lesions and 56% (61/109) of malignant tumors were ER-positive (i.e. 8S or 8S+4S levels more than 7 fmol/mg of cytosol protein). Progesterone receptors (PR) were tested on specimens from 28 patients and 39% (10/26) of the cancers were PR-positive. ER protein activity could not be correlated with stage histology size of primary lesions or extent of axillary or distant metastasis. Tumors with low ER levels were more likely to recur and recurrent tumors after longer disease-free intervals were more likely to be ER-positive. Detailed analysis showed that ER levels did correlate with age and serum albumin levels. Concentrations of alpha-1-globulin were decreased whereas immunoglobulins G and M were significantly increased among positive ER patients. 18 evaluable patients with advanced breast cancer had endocrine therapy and 13 had objective response. 12 of the 13 had 8S receptor above 10 fmol/mg or 4S above 15 fmol/mg or 8S+4S above 25 fmol/mg. The 1 exceptional patient had tumor with high PR but without detectable ER.
Integration of Rolling Wheel Deflectometer Deflection Measurements into Pavement Management Systems: Use of Multivariate Statistical Methods and Fuzzy Logic

The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) conducted a research project with the rolling wheel deflectometer (RWD) on approximately 1,400 mi of asphalt concrete roadways. The major outcomes of the study were evaluation of the effectiveness of the RWD as a structural assessment tool on Louisiana highways and the introduction of the RWD index (RI). The purpose of this study was to define RI ranges for treatment selections or pavement structural conditions linked to current methods of the Louisiana DOTD's pavement management system; multivariate (factor analysis) and descriptive [analysis of variance (ANOVA)] statistical methods and fuzzy logic functions were used. The factor analysis revealed that the RI could be used as a single index for assessing pavement structural conditions. ANOVA revealed that the RI could not be used to establish the four treatment methods typically used by the Louisiana DOTD but that it could be used to infer whether a pavement was structurally sound or defic...
Conditioned reinforcement and discrimination in second-order schedules.

Pigeons were exposed to multiple second-order schedules in which responding on the “main key” was reinforced according to either a variable-interval or fixed-interval schedule by production of a brief stimulus on the “brief-stimulus key”. A response was required to the brief stimulus during its fourth (final) presentation to produce food; responses to the earlier brief stimuli indicated the extent to which the final brief stimulus was discriminated from preceding ones. Main-key response rates were higher in early components of paired brief-stimulus schedules, in which each brief stimulus was the same as that paired with reinforcement, than in comparable unpaired brief-stimulus or tandem schedules. Poor discrimination occurred between paired brief stimuli (Experiment I). When chain stimuli on the main key induced a discrimination between the first two and second two brief stimuli, the response-rate enhancement in the paired brief-stimulus schedule persisted (Experiment II). Rate enhancement diminished when the initial link of the chain included the first three components (Experiment IV). Eliminating the contingency between responding and brief-stimulus production also diminished rate enhancement (Experiment III). The results show that the discriminative and conditioned reinforcing effects of food-paired brief stimuli may be selectively manipulated and suggest that the reinforcing effects are modulated by other reinforcers in the situation.
Finite element analysis of broadband acoustic pulses through inhomogenous media with power law attenuation.

Acoustic waves in tissues and weakly attenuative fluids often have an attenuation parameter, α(ω), satisfying α(ω)=α0ωy in which α0 is a constant, ω is the frequency, and y is between 1 and 2. This power law attenuation is not predicted by the classical thermoviscous wave equation and researchers have proposed different modified viscous wave equations in which the loss term is a convolution operator or a fractional spatial or temporal derivative. In this paper, acoustic waves undergoing power law attenuation are modeled by a modification to the thermoviscous wave equation in which the time derivative of the viscous term is replaced by a fractional time derivative. An explicit time domain, finite element formulation leads to a stable algorithm capable of simulating axisymmetric, broadband acoustic pulses propagating through attenuative and dispersive media. The algorithm does not depend on the Born approximation, long wavelength limit, or plane wave assumptions. The algorithm is validated for planar and fo...
Neutrophils and inflammatory metabolism in antimicrobial functions of the mucosa

In this mini-review, we will discuss recent findings that implicate neutrophil infiltration and function in establishing a metabolic environment to facilitate efficient pathogen clearance. For decades, neutrophils have been regarded as short lived, nonspecific granulocytes, equipped with toxic antimicrobial factors and a respiratory burst generating ROS. Recent findings demonstrate the importance of HIF signaling in leukocytes and surrounding tissues during inflammation. Here, we will review the potential mechanisms and outcomes of HIF stabilization within the intestinal mucosa.
Glass microstructure and initial crystallization of Pb0.32Bi1.68Sr1.75Ca2Cu3Ox

Abstract Microstructure and phase development of as-quenched and annealed samples of the glass of composition Pb0.32Bi1.68Sr1.75Ca2Cu3Ox have been studied. Evidence for liquid-liquid phase separation during quenching was found The microstructure of this glass during the early stage of crystallization is similar to that found for Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (2212) glass. The first phase that crystallizes on annealing at low temperatures appears to be Cu2O. In further heat treatments the sequential crystallization of the R-phase of (PbyBi2−y)Sr2CuOx (‘2201’) composition and the PbyBi2−ySr2CaCu2Ox (‘2212’) phase was found, in agreement with other studies. Phase separation determines the initial crystal phase and the development of the superconducting phases. Phase separation observed in this glass points to the possibility that immiscibility may be a common feature of a wide range of Bi(or PbBi)SrCaCuO compositions.
The effect of vaccination on children's physical and cognitive development in the Philippines

We use data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) in the Philippines to link vaccination in the first 2 years of life with later physical and cognitive development in children. We use propensity score matching to estimate the causal effect of vaccination on child development. We find no effect of vaccination on later height or weight, but full childhood vaccination for measles, polio, Tuberculosis (TB), Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus (DPT) significantly increases cognitive test scores relative to matched children who received no vaccinations. The size of the effect is large, raising test scores, on average, by about half an SD.
Balancing aggregation and smoothing errors in inverse models

Abstract. Inverse models use observations of a system (observation vector) to quantify the variables driving that system (state vector) by statistical optimization. When the observation vector is large, such as with satellite data, selecting a suitable dimension for the state vector is a challenge. A state vector that is too large cannot be effectively constrained by the observations, leading to smoothing error. However, reducing the dimension of the state vector leads to aggregation error as prior relationships between state vector elements are imposed rather than optimized. Here we present a method for quantifying aggregation and smoothing errors as a function of state vector dimension, so that a suitable dimension can be selected by minimizing the combined error. Reducing the state vector within the aggregation error constraints can have the added advantage of enabling analytical solution to the inverse problem with full error characterization. We compare three methods for reducing the dimension of the state vector from its native resolution: (1) merging adjacent elements (grid coarsening), (2) clustering with principal component analysis (PCA), and (3) applying a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with Gaussian pdfs as state vector elements on which the native-resolution state vector elements are projected using radial basis functions (RBFs). The GMM method leads to somewhat lower aggregation error than the other methods, but more importantly it retains resolution of major local features in the state vector while smoothing weak and broad features.
Age‐Related Changes in Prosodic Features of Maternal Speech to Prelingually Deaf Infants with Cochlear Implants

This study investigated prosodic and structural characteristics of infant-directed speech to hearing-impaired infants as they gain hearing experience with a cochlear implant over a 12-month period of time. Mothers were recorded during a play interaction with their HI infants (N = 27, mean age 18.4 months) at 3, 6, and 12 months post-implantation. Two separate control groups of mothers with age-matched normal-hearing infants (NH-AM) (N = 21, mean age 18.1 months) and hearing experience-matched normal-hearing infants (NH-EM) (N = 24, mean age 3.1 months) were recorded at three testing sessions. Mothers produced less exaggerated pitch characteristics, a larger number of syllables per utterance, and faster speaking rate when interacting with NH-AM as compared to HI infants. Mothers also produced more syllables and demonstrated a trend suggesting faster speaking rate in speech to NH-EM relative to HI infants. Age-related modifications included decreased pitch standard deviation and increased number of syllables in speech to NH-AM infants and increased number of syllables in speech to HI and NH-EM infants across the 12-month period. These results suggest that mothers are sensitive to the hearing status of their infants and modify characteristics of infant-direct speech over time.
Antenna packaging of a 32 element TX/RX phased array RFIC for 60 GHz communications

An integrated CMOS 60GHz phased array antenna module supporting symmetrical 32 elements TX/RX for wireless docking is described. The RFIC is packaged with a 6×6 patch antenna on LTCC creating a 25mm × 25mm LGA package having an antenna gain of 19dBi and ~2dB routing loss. The TX total EIRP is 29dBm at -19dB EVM with scanning of +/-30deg. The RFIC is also packaged with two 2×16 slot loop antenna on high density PCB with 17dBi peak gain and steering of up to +/-50deg.
Progression of BRAF -induced thyroid cancer is associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition requiring concomitant MAP kinase and TGFβ signaling

Mice with thyroid-specific expression of oncogenic BRAF (Tg-Braf) develop papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) that are locally invasive and have well-defined foci of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC). To investigate the PTC-PDTC progression, we performed a microarray analysis using RNA from paired samples of PDTC and PTC collected from the same animals by laser capture microdissection. Analysis of eight paired samples revealed a profound deregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion and intracellular junctions, with changes consistent with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, as vimentin expression was increased and E-cadherin lost in PDTC compared with adjacent PTC. Moreover, PDTC stained positively for phospho-Smad2, suggesting a role for transforming growth factor (TGF)β in mediating this process. Accordingly, TGFβ-induced EMT in primary cultures of thyroid cells from Tg-Braf mice, whereas wild-type thyroid cells retained their epithelial features. TGFβ-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, transcriptional activity and induction of EMT required mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation in Tg-Braf thyrocytes. Hence, tumor initiation by oncogenic BRAF renders thyroid cells susceptible to TGFβ-induced EMT, through a MAPK-dependent process.
Effect of Pre‐Slaughter Treatments on the Chemical Composition of Various Beef Tissuesa

SUMMARY Twenty-four Hereford steers were used to determine the effect of periodic electrical stimulation and limited feeding prior to slaughter on the chemical composition of the liver and certain muscles, which included the longissimus dorsi, psoas major and quadriceps femoris. Periodic electrical stimulation and limited feeding significantly increased the glycogen concentration of the liver. Periodic electrical stimulation significantly decreased the glycogen concentration in all three muscles studied. Limited feeding significantly decreased the glycogen concentration in the longissimus dorsi and quadriceps femoris muscles. Periodic electrical stimulation and limited feeding significantly decreased the lactic acid concentration in the psoas major and quadriceps femoris muscles. These treatments also produced small changes in all chemical components except sodium, in either the liver or the various muscles studied.
Susceptibility of Interstitial Rabbit Collagens to Rabbit Articular Chondrocyte Collagenase

Abstract Conditioned culture media from confluent rabbit articular chondrocytes maintained in serum-free monolayer culture contained metal-dependent neutral pH collagenolytic activity degrading Type I, II and III rabbit [ 125 I]-labeled collagens. This collagenolytic activity degraded Type II collagen more slowly than Type I collagen and Type III collagen at 37°C. By contrast, collagenolysis by chondrocyte cytosolic protein, lysosomal granule protein and residual lysosomal membrane protein was highly specific for Type II collagen. Although collagenolytic activity against all the collagen isotypes tested was predominantly in a latent form after 24 h of culture, increasing levels of constitutive collagenolytic activity was measured with increasing culture time. These results are consistent with a differential degradation of rabbit interstitial collagens by rabbit chondrocyte collagenase. The data suggest a cellular compartmentalization of collagenolytic activity with specificity toward Type II collagen.
Safer, longer-lasting regulatory T cells with beta-catenin.

Expressing a stabilized form of β-catenin extends the lifespan of regulatory T cells— one goal of therapies that take advantage of these cells (pages 162–169).
Interleukin-15, IL-15 Receptor-Alpha, and Obesity: Concordance of Laboratory Animal and Human Genetic Studies

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine which inhibits lipid deposition in cultured adipocytes and decreases adipose tissue deposition in laboratory rodents. In human subjects, negative correlations between circulating IL-15 levels and both total and abdominal fat have been demonstrated. Deletions of IL15 in humans and mice are associated with obesity, while gain-of-function IL-15 overexpressing mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity. IL-15 is highly (but not exclusively) expressed at the mRNA level in skeletal muscle tissue, and the regulation of IL-15 translation and secretion is complex. Conflicting evidence exists concerning whether circulating IL-15 is released from skeletal muscle tissue in response to exercise or other physiological stimuli. The IL-15 receptor-alpha (IL-15Rα) subunit has a complex biochemistry, encoding both membrane-bound and soluble forms which can modulate IL-15 secretion and bioactivity. The gene encoding this receptor, IL15RA, resides on human chromosome 10p, a location linked to obesity and type-2 diabetes. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human IL15RA and IL15 correlate with adiposity and markers of the metabolic syndrome. Genetic variation in IL15RA may modulate IL-15 bioavailability, which in turn regulates adiposity. Thus, IL-15 and the IL-15Rα may be novel targets for pharmacologic control of obesity in the human population.
Immune Protection of Human Milk

Human milk contains a very large number of specific and nonspecific immunologic and nonimmunologic factors who provide passive and active protection to the newborn. The immunologic factors are either immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive. The immunostimulatory ones increase host defense mechanisms mainly against infective illness, and the immunosuppressive ones downregulate inflammation and the development of allergies. Furthermore, human milk has been found to promote intestinal growth and maturation and to have immunomodulating effects beyond infancy, later on in life. In conclusion, human milk represents a very valuable weapon for enhancing the immature immunologic system of the newborn and for strengthening its deficient host defense mechanisms against infective or other foreign agents.
Indicators of development in Wisconsin counties: 1970

This research focused on the problem of measuring economic and social ‘development’. Existing theories of economic and social change were used to select important indicators of development. For each indicator, principal components analysis was used to collapse several related variables into a single index. The indexes were labeled economic base, economic growth, personal economic opportunity, health inputs, health status, educational inputs, and educational attainment. In each case, selection of variables and indexes were constrained by two factors: (1) the data had to be available from secondary sources; (2) the selection of the indicators, and the procedure, had to be easily understood and cheaply and quickly repeatable by state or local agency personnel. In general the indexes were consistent with each other and the variables enter into the indexes with the expected sign. The high correlation among the indexes suggests that they may indeed measure some underlying attribute, development. There is no rigorous or absolute measure of development against which to check the validity of the indexes. However, the results have been judged ‘reasonable’ measures of development by the state agency staff and local development groups which have utilized the indexes.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE THIRD WORLD: PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Nations of the Third World are not developing as quickly as their potential suggests they should. This article posits that one of the major reasons for this lack of development is a scarcity of trained public managers. Teaching citizens of developing countries public administration presents a special challenge. The authors point out that the emphasis in training these individuals should be placed on practical learning. In addition, curriculum should not be based solely on the American model, but should recognize the cultural and economic dissimilarities that exist. The authors close the article by suggesting some possible training approaches for developing nations.
Polarization fraction of /sup 1/P line radiation in helium

A cascade-free determination of the polarization fraction of 2 /sup 1/P line radiation excited by electrons in the energy range from 30 to 500 eV has been made from electron-photon angular-correlation and differential-cross-section data. The present results are, in general, larger than previous results and are in good agreement with Glauber-approximation calculations. Evidence is also given to show that the polarization fraction of the 3 /sup 1/P state is larger than that of the 2 /sup 1/P state at 80 and 100 eV.
Shallow splay fault properties of the Nankai Trough accretionary wedge inferred from seismic inversion

Studying fault properties from reflection seismic data is essential for seismic interpretations. A three-dimensional (3D) industry standard reflection seismic volume acquired over the Nankai Trough offshore the Kii Peninsula in Japan has been used to map the splay fault system since many parts of these faults appear as strong reflectors in the stacked seismic data. However, some parts of the splay faults are too steep to be well imaged by reflection seismic data. This may cause misinterpretation of the splay fault properties and seismogenesis. To better interpret the data, we applied a model-based inversion which combines seismic data with well log data to obtain elastic properties and rock properties. Our inversion uses both a low-frequency initial model and a hybrid which considers the fractal statistics of the well log data. The latter shows better estimation of model parameters and thus can provide us with more confidence in interpreting the impedance. The inverted results show that seismic inversion is able to provide clear images of the elastic and rock properties of the regions around and at the well locations. Impedance anomalies along the shallow splay faults suggest the change of fluids, weakness and other physical parameters. Interpretation of one strong reflector cutting through the drilling site C0001 based on the seismic images alone is ambiguous since it can be interpreted either as a sedimentary bed or a splay fault. Our inverted results demonstrate that this reflector is more likely splay fault breached.
Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on myocardial blood flow in patients with severe coronary artery disease

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that myocardial blood flow distal to a critical stenosis would increase during intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. Accordingly, 13 patients with severe coronary artery disease were studied at the time of elective preoperative insertion of an Intraaortic balloon catheter. Hemodynamic measurements and measurements of myocardial blood flow were made before and during counterpulsation. Myocardial blood flow was measured with a xenon-133 washout technique. Compared with control measurements, the heart rate decreased from 87.8 ± 18.8 to 82.8 ± 13.4 beats/min (p = 0.02) and systolic arterial pressure decreased from 112.1 ± 17.9 to 97.8 ± 14.8 mm Hg (p = 0.004) during counterpulsation. Diastolic arterial pressure increased from 72.2 ± 10.1 to 120.2 ± 21.4 mm Hg (p = 0.00002) during counterpulsation. Myocardial blood flow for the entire group decreased from 48.8 ± 14.1 to 42.6 ± 11.0 ml/100 g per min (p = 0.008). Regional flows in the left anterior descending and circumflex distributions also decreased. Left anterior descending artery blood flow decreased insignificantly from 51.5 ± 14.4 to 47.4 ± 11.7 ml/100 g per min (p = not significant), while circumflex flow decreased from 50.7 ± 12.2 to 41.1 ± 8.9 ml/100 g per min (p = 0.008). When normalized for the rate-pressure product, myocardial blood flow was 53 ± 16 x 10-4at rest and 55 ± 12 x 10-4(p = not significant) during counterpulsation. The results suggest that the effects of Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in stable patients with severe coronary artery disease are largely due to a reduction in demand, rather than to a primary increase in coronary blood flow.
Effects of Vasopressin on Insulin Secretion and Inositol Phosphate Production in a Hamster Beta Cell Line (HIT)

The recent isolation of vasopressin (VP) from the rat and human pancreas led us to investigate the effects of VP on insulin secretion. In the SV 40-transformed hamster beta cell line (HIT), 0.1–1.0 nM VP caused rapid stimulation of insulin secretion. Slight but significant inhibition of insulin secretion was observed in the presence of 10 pM VP. These effects of VP on insulin secretion were paralleled by dosedependent changes in inositol phosphate (IP) production, indicating mediation by V1-type VP receptors. VP stimulated IP3 production at 30 sec and production of IPiby 60 sec. VP (0.1 μM to 1 /tM) failed to stimulate the release or cellular content of cAMP, whereas forskolin was an effective stimulus. Forskolin and VP together caused at least additive stimulation of insulin secretion. Taken together, these observations indicate that VP is not acting via V2-mediated pathways. However, VP-induced stimulation of insulin and IP production were only slightly inhibited by a Vla pressor antagonist in 100- or 1...
Infantile pneumatosis intestinalis.

Abstract Pneumatosis intestinalis of infancy appears to develop as a consequence of bacterial invasion of the bowel wall. Due to a functional break in the mucosal barrier bacteria reach the submucosal space. The bacteria propagate, and gas collects in large cystic spaces. Because of an inadequate local blood supply, the gas cannot be absorbed more rapidly than it accumulates. The sepsis then becomes overwhelming and the infant usually dies within a brief period of time. In humans the clinical course usually progresses from an episode of enterocolitis, through a stage of marked paralytic ileus, to a terminal state that is typical of either generalized sepsis or fulminating pneumonia. Animal investigations and a review of all reported cases in infants tend to support the theory of a bacterial origin and appear to stress the need for an energetic supportive and anti-infectious regimen. Successful treatment requires the administration of effective antibiotics and possibly the selective use of either adrenal steroids or the hyperbaric oxygen chamber. Intensive but careful fluid and electrolyte therapy are absolute necessities, as are all other supportive measures.
Support for collaborative design reasoning in shared virtual spaces

This paper discusses collaborative design, emphasizing the elaboration and transformations of a problem space, and the role that unstructured verbal communication and graphic communication can play in these processes. An asynchronous collaborative system, called the Immersive Discussion Tool (IDT), is introduced as a means for supporting productive design exchanges. IDT allows collaborators to reason about 3-D models over the Internet using view-dependent and view-independent diagrammatic marks, dynamic simulations, geometric design surrogates and text annotations. IDT relies on VRML to view the models, with an extensive Java-based interface driving the interactive behavior, including the construction and playback of graphical annotations, the management of threaded discussions, and the management of file input/output. The development and initial implementation of IDT has revealed the difficulty of constructing complex marks in a virtual 3-D space. Possible strategies for dealing with these problems are suggested.
Patterns of fruit production in a neotropical orchid: pollinator vs. resource limitation

Patterns of growth, and of flower and fruit production, were monitored over two years in a population of the orchid Aspasia principissa Reichb. f. in central Panama. Observations and experimental manipulations were used to determine the relative importance of pollinator and resource limitation on fruit production. Within a season, fruit production was limited by pollinator availability. Fruit set for hand-pollinated flowers was over six times greater than that for naturally pollinated flowers. However, in plants that produced more than one fruit, fruit size declined in subsequent fruits, indicating that resources could limit seed production within a season. Plants producing fruits in 1986, on average, produced smaller shoots and inflorescences in 1987 relative to plants that flowered but produced no fruit in 1986. Thus, plants are likely to be resource limited over their lifetimes. Most individuals of reproductive size (82.5%) did not produce fruit over a three-year period. The reproductive dominance of a few individuals in this population of Aspasia principissa may have important implications for understanding the population structure of the species and the high species diversity of orchids. INVESTIGATIONS of breeding systems in plants often begin with the observation that more ovules and ovaries are produced than seeds or fruits. In the absence of herbivory, predation, or adverse conditions, it is often assumed that the availability of resources ultimately limits seed or fruit production (Lloyd, 1980; Stephenson, 1981). However, pollen or pollinator limitation has been demonstrated in a substantial number of cases and this source of low seed or fruit production may be common (Bierzychudek, 1981; Rathcke, 1983). Resource or pollen/pollinator limitation hypotheses are usually tested by comparing the seed or fruit set of flowers, inflorescences, or individual plants receiving supplemental hand pollination with those of open-pollinated counterparts within a season. Pollen or pollinator limitation
Chemically-Mediated Antennular Grooming Behavior and Associated Asymmetric Setae: Toward a Hypothesis on Their Evolution in Reptantian Decapods

Abstract Crustaceans groom their olfactory organ, the antennules, by wiping them through a pair of mouthpart appendages. Antennular grooming behavior (AGB) can be stimulated in four different species of lobsters by at least one chemical (l-Glutamate (Glu)) found in food. However the one crab species tested thus far was unresponsive. In an effort to determine whether chemically-mediated AGB in the Reptantia is present only in the Macrura (lobster taxa) and lacking in the Meiura (crab taxa), we tested for AGB to chemical stimuli in seven reptantian species in the taxa Palinura (Palinurus elephas, Scyllarides aequinoctialis, S. nodifer), Astacidea (Enoplometopus debelius, Procambarus clarkii), Brachyura (Hemigrapsus sanguineus), and Anomura (Clibanarius tricolor), and one non-reptantian decapod in the taxon Caridea (Palaemonetes pugio). Because asymmetric setae on the lateral flagella of the antennules are the sole source of chemosensory input driving AGB, we also examined antennules for asymmetric setae usi...
Fast-drift shadow events in Jupiter's decametric radio spectra

Abstract High-resolution dynamic spectra of Jovian S-bursts frequently reveal sloping gaps crossing bands of L-burst emission with drift rates comparable to those of S-bursts. These “fast-drift shadow” (FDS) events are often sharply bounded on one edge by an S-burst, and sometimes on both edges by a pair of S-bursts emanating from a common vertex. It is suggested that the investigation of such S- and L-burst interactions may provide new insights of considerable importance in the search for the Jovian decametric emission mechanism.
Lysozyme in the pericardial complex of Manduca sexta

The pericardial cell-heart complex (pericardial complex) of fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae has been shown to contain, to synthesize and to release lysozyme. Lysozyme activity was present in homogenates of pericardial complex. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that lysozyme in the pericardial complex was located in pericardial cells. Injection of peptidoglycan elicitors, which markedly increase levels of hemolymph lysozyme, also elevated lysozyme activity in homogenates of pericardial complex, but only moderately. Lysozyme synthesis in the pericardial complex was demonstrated in vitro by the incorporation of [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable lysozyme. This tissue did exhibit an increase in the release of a variety of newly synthesized proteins but not a selective increase in the synthesis and release of lysozyme after peptidoglycan stimulation. In similar experiments, cultured fat body from naive larvae incorporated [3H]leucine into secreted, immunoprecipitable lysozyme at a rate 100-fold greater than that observed for pericardial complex and exhibited a selective increase in lysozyme synthesis and release to 6.5 times its basal level when stimulated with peptidoglycan. We conclude that, of these two tissues, fat body is the primary source of hemolymph lysozyme. On the other hand, pericardial cell lysozyme may function in the intracellular, lysosomal degradation of pinocytosed fragments of bacterial invaders.
Sites of ammonia addition to tubular fluid in rats with chronic metabolic acidosis.

Sites of ammonia addition to tubular fluid in rats with chronic metabolic acidosis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine in which nephron segments ammonia was added to or removed from the lumenal fluid of the rat. Ammonium was measured in proximal and distal tubular fluid samples obtained by micropuncture and in collecting duct fluid samples obtained by microcatheterization. Water abstraction was assessed by examining the tubular fluid-to-plasma inulin concentration, (TF/P) In . In normal or acidotic rats, the vast bulk of the final urine ammonium appeared in the proximal tubular fluid samples. Most of this ammonia was lost, however, in transit from the proximal to the distal tubule so that only 20 to 30% of the excreted ammonium was present at the distal site. Ammonia reentered the lumenal fluid primarily in the cortical collecting duct in acidotic rats and in the medullary collecting duct in normal rats. Although the pattern was qualitatively similar in both groups of rats, the absolute quantity of ammonium in each nephron segment of normal rats was about 10 to 20% of that in acidotic animals. Sites de l'addition d'ammoniaque au liquide tubulaire chez les rats en acidose metabolique chronique. Le but de cette etude a ete d'identifier les segments du nephron ou l'ammoniaque est ajoute ou soustrait du liquide tubulaire chez le rat. L'ammoniaque a ete mesure dans les echantillons de liquide proximal et distal obtenus par microponction et dans les echantillons de liquide du canal collecteur obtenus par micro-catheterisation. La soustraction d'eau a ete evaluee par le rapport liquide tubulaire/plasma de l'inuline. Chez les rats normaux et en acidose la majorite de l'ammoniaque de l'urine definitive apparait deja dans les echantillons tubulaires proximaux. La plupart de cet ammoniaque cependant est perdu entre le tube proximal et le tube distal si bien que 20 a 30% seulement de l'ammoniaque excrete est present au site distal. L'ammoniaque entre a nouveau dans la lumiere tubulaire principalement dans le canal collecteur medullaire chez les rats noir-maux. Bien que les modalites soient qualitativement semblables dans les deux groupes de rats la quatite absolue d'ammoniaque dans chaque segment tubulaire des rats normaux est environ 10 a 20% de celle des animaux en acidose.
Nitrate Therapy for Ischaemic Heart Disease

The beneficial effects on nitrates are related to a combination of coronary and non-coronary effects of the drugs. Patients with different forms of ischaemic heart disease may respond differently. For instance, in a patient with rest angina due to coronary artery spasm, nitrates will reverse or prevent coronary artery spasm. In contrast, the patient with severe coronary artery stenosis and reproducible angina during exercise, may obtain relief because nitrates decrease venous return, left ventricular size and left ventricular pressure, thus decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. Nitrates can be used to treat patients with chronic angina, unstable angina and myocardial infarction. In patients with chronic angina, oral nitrate preparations with sustained-release action have been shown to decrease the indices of myocardial oxygen demand for up to 12 h. In patients with unstable angina, intravenous nitrates usually relieve symptoms in patients refractory to oral therapy. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, early administration with intravenous nitrates may benefit patients as suggested by randomized prospective trials. Nitrate tolerance and nitrate dependence does not seem to be an important clinical problem. Perhaps this is related to the way the drug is given, i.e. intermittently. In some instances, however, when high doses are used or the drug is administered intravenously or by the transdermal route, constant levels of nitroglycerine may be attained and the patients may develop toleranc. Although nitrates are effective drugs, it is naive to think that they will be used alone to manage the complex problems associated with ischaemic heart disease. Other than hypotension and adverse effects of the drug, there seems to be no contraindication to the combination of nitrates with calcium antagonists or beta blockers.
On Some Singular Solutions Of The Equations

The aim of this paper is to study such sequences, which we will call blowing up sequences, and their limits
Generalized inhibition of verbal associations

Summary It was hypothesized that consequent to massed vocal repetition, a stimulus word is weakened in its capacity to elicit its verbal associates. Further, it was anticipated that when associates of the repeated word are used as stimuli they also would show a diminished capacity to elicit their usual associates. Two independent sets of four words each were selected as test stimuli. Each set was composed of the word to be repeated (S0), a high associate to S0 (GS1), a lower associate to S0 (GS2), and an unrelated control word (CoS). Each of the 80 Ss in the Experimental Condition received a practice trial in giving continued associations. After the practice trial, these Ss repeated the S0 word for 30 sec. and then gave their associations to either the S0, GS1, GS2, or CoS word. Control Condition Ss were treated in the same way except that a 30-sec. pause replaced the repetition period. Within the weak inhibition effects obtained, the results tended to support the hypothesis. Specifically, the repetitions resulted in a reduced number of associations early in the response period, a reduced number of popular first associations, and an increased latency for the emission of popular associates. Since the Experimental Condition affected the GS words and not the CoS words it was concluded that inhibition had generalized along associative lines. However, a regular generalization gradient was not observed. Marked differences among the words used were observed as were large and consistent individual differences in S's abilities to emit verbal associations.
A Differentiator for Low-Frequency Signals

An electronic differentiator specifically for low-frequency signals is described. The difference between a signal and its staircase approximation is computed; the peaks of this function approximate the time derivative of the input signal. By regulating the width of the steps in the staircase function, very slow signals can be differentiated.
Interferon-γ modulates terminal differentiation and the expression of desquamin in cultured keratinocytes☆

Abstract Interferon (IFN)-γ has been shown to modulate cell differentiation and the expression of cell surface molecules of cultured human keratinocytes; it also induces cell shedding. We have previously described the properties of desquamin, a cell surface adhesion molecule from the stratum corneum. We report here on the impact of IFN-γ on the expression of desquamin. We document the related morphological changes in terminal differentiation. We cultured human keratinocytes in three different culture systems: in serum-free medium at low Ca 2+ (0.1 m M ), at high Ca 2+ (1.5 m M ), and at high Ca 2+ with 10% serum. IFN-γ (100 U/ml) was added to each culture system after overnight incubation. In all cases, IFN-γ induced an altered phenotype, as shown by phase contrast and electron microscopy. We exposed cultured cells to antibodies to the desquamins (glycoproteins from the stratum corneum). Immunofluorescent localization and Western blotting showed that the desquamins were expressed only under culture conditions where both serum and IFN-γ were present. The induction of desquamin expression by IFN-γ coupled with an increase in cell shedding, suggests that we have developed a suitable culture system for the study of desquamation in vitro .