cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and prior negative mediastinoscopy.

Background Mediastinoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) are complementary for staging non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We assessed (1) the yield of EUS-FNA of malignant lymph nodes in NSCLC patients with combined anterior and posterior lymph nodes that had already undergone mediastinoscopy and (2) the cost implications associated with alternative initial strategies. Methods All patients underwent chest computed tomography (CT) and/or positron emission tomography (PET), and mediastinoscopy. Then, the posterior mediastinal stations (7, 8, and 9) or station 5 were targeted with EUS-FNA. The reference standard included thoracotomy with complete thoracic lymphadenectomy, repeat clinical imaging, or long-term clinical follow-up. A Monte Carlo cost-analysis model evaluated the expected costs and outcomes associated with staging of NSCLC. Results Thirty-five NSCLC patients met inclusion criteria (median age 65 years; 80% men). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA was performed in 53 lymph nodes in various stations, the subcarinal station (7) being the most common (47.3%). Of the 35 patients who had a prior negative mediastinoscopy, 13 patients (37.1%) had malignant N2 or N3 lymph nodes. Accuracy of EUS-FNA (98.1%) was significantly higher than that of CT (41.5%; p Conclusions In patients with NSCLC and combined anterior and posterior lymph nodes, starting with EUS-FNA would preclude mediastinoscopy in more than one third of the patients. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA is a safe outpatient procedure that is less invasive and less costly than mediastinoscopy.
Supply and Demand for Hospitality/Tourism Management Faculty in the United States

This article investigates the supply and demand for hospitality/tourism management (HTM) doctorates in the U.S. A survey questionnaire was developed and mailed to 144 administrators of the programs offering undergraduate and graduate degrees in HTM. Findings in the study indicate that approximately 15–20 students graduate every year with a doctoral degree in HTM. The administrators expect doctoral student enrollments to increase by about one third over the next five years. On the demand side, there has been a significant increase in the number of HTM doctorates hired. According to the survey results, more than half of the doctorates hired by HTM schools during the last three years received their degrees in HTM. Advertisements in the CHRIE newsletter, Communique, announced a total of 201 faculty positions during the last three years in which 74% of the positions required a doctoral degree. This study concludes with implications for prospective students and HTM school administrators.
Reflection/impulsivity and field dependence/ independence in retarded and nonretarded children of equal mental age

Sixty educable mentally retarded and 60 nonretarded children of equal mental age were assessed using Kagan’s Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) and the Children’s Embedded Figures Test (CEFT). Significant differences were not observed in the error and latency scores of the two groups or in the proportion of reflective, impulsive, fast/accurate, and slow/inaccurate individuals. The mentally retarded students were significantly more field dependent, as were subjects characterized as impulsive. A significant negative correlation was obtained between MFFT errors and the number of correct responses on the CEFT. IQ was unrelated to performance on either dependent measure. The results were discussed in terms of theoretical and educational implications.
Universal polyethylene glycol linkers for attaching receptor ligands to quantum dots.

Abstract Biologically active small molecule derivatives that can be conjugated to quantum dots have the promise of revolutionizing fluorescent imaging in biology. In order to achieve this several technical hurdles have to be surmounted, one of which is non-specific adsorption of quantum dots to cell membranes. Pegylating quantum dots has been shown to eliminate non-specific binding. Consequently it is necessary to develop a universal synthetic methodology to attach small molecule ligands to polyethylene glycol. These pegylated small molecules may then be conjugated to the surfaces of quantum dots. Ideally this universal strategy should be adaptable and be applicable to PEG chains of varying lengths. This paper describes the development of one such methodology and the synthesis of a pegylated derivative of the known 5HT 2 agonist 1-(2-aminopropyl)-2,5-dimethoxy benzene. This compound was tested and found to be an agonist for the 5HT 2A and 5HT 2C receptor having EC 50 values of 250 and 50 nM, respectively.
Critical Intersection Signal Optimization During Urban Evacuation Utilizing Dynamic Programming

Despite advancements in the field of traffic planning and operations, many major cities still rely on pretimed signal settings. With only pretimed signal control strategies, the secondary effects of a terror attack are magnified by slow evacuation times resulting in further loss of life. However, the cost of implementing new infrastructure based solely on the chance of a no-notice evacuation is not something that city planners are willing to do. The purpose of the research is to define a cost-effective methodology to develop pretimed signal control strategies to assist evacuations in urban areas. To that end, a dynamic programming methodology was developed to assist critical intersections in urban corridors. To test this methodology, a microscopic traffic-simulation environment was created for a case study of a 10 intersection evacuation corridor in Washington, DC. Using the proposed methodology to optimizing signal splits of a critical intersection within an evacuation corridor, evacuation clearance time...
Activation of the human FP prostanoid receptor disrupts mitosis progression and generates aneuploidy and polyploidy.

Studies have shown prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α to be an endogenous tumor promoter in mouse models of skin carcinogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which PGF2α affects cell cycle events remain unknown. Here we performed cell cycle analyses on HEK cells stably expressing the human FP receptor and found that treatment with PGF2α delays mitosis and is associated with an increased expression of cyclin B1 and Cdc2 kinase activity. In addition, multipolar spindles and misaligned chromosomes were observed in a significant proportion of cells treated with PGF2α. Defective cytokinesis was also observed which resulted in gross aneuploidy and polyploidy. Expression of dominant negative Rho attenuated the cell cycle delay and prevented the generation of micronuclei following treatment with PGF2α. This suggests that FP receptor activation of Rho signaling by PGF2α can interfere with nuclear division. Aneuploidy is associated with genomic instability and may underlie the tumor-promoting properties of PGF2α.
Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency in collisionally broadened lead vapor.

We report the observation of electromagnetically induced transparency on the collisionally broadened resonance line of Pb vapor. By applying a 1064-nm laser beam, the transmission at 283 nm is increased by at least a factor of exp(10), with nearly all of the Pb atoms remaining in the ground state
An appreciation of Lubomír Masner on the occasion of his 75th birthday

Amid the whirlwind of everyday life, we too rarely take advantage of the opportunity to express our appreciation to those who have had a signifi cant infl uence on our lives and careers. Just such a chance presents itself: on April 18, 2009, Lubomir Masner celebrated his 75th birthday. To commemorate this auspicious occasion, I asked a number of colleagues to contribute papers for this issue of ZooKeys. Th eir enthusiastic response follows. But fi rst, I present a brief summarization of the career and scientifi c contributions of Dr. Masner. Lubo earned the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Zoology and Master of Science in Entomology at Charles University in Prague in 1952 and 1957 respectively. He received his doctorate in Entomology from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1962. During the period from 1957 –1964 he worked at the Institute of Entomology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. From 1964–1965 he was a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow at the Biocontrol Laboratory of Agriculture Canada in Belleville, Ontario. Th is was followed by another NRC Postdoctoral Fellowship at Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby, British Columbia. Th e bulk of his professional career, between the years 1969 and 1996, was spent as a Research Scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada on the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario. Th ere he now continues his work in retirement as an Honorary Research Associate. During his career Lubo has received a number of awards. Th ese include postdoctoral fellowships from the University of California, Berkeley (1969), the New Zealand Department of Scientifi c and Industrial Research (1983), the Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organisation of Australia (1983), and a visiting fellowship from the Japanese Society for Promotion of Science (1996). He is an external collaboraZooKeys 20: 1–20 (2009)
The cranial musculature of the toadfish (Opsanus tau)

The highly specialized cranial musculature of the toadfish is characterized by the following features: 1 Absence of intermandibularis and branchiomandibularis muscles. 2 Presence of levator premaxillaris muscle. 3 Very large branchial chamber, the outer wall of which is formed by seven branchiostegal rays connected by a strong fascia provided with muscles (oblique levators and adductors). 4 Highly developed masticator muscles (adductor mandibularis and pterygoids). 5 The rectus abdominis, sternohyoid, and hyohyoid muscles are attached by a median aponeurosis to the hyoid and basibranchial elements and directly to the hypobranchial cartilages; this muscle complex depresses the buccal floor in opposition to the geniohyoid. 6 The pelvic fins are in the jugular position. 7 Two narrow muscles connect the cleithrum with the fourth ceratobranchial. 8 The cranial musculature is obviously adapted to a carnivorous habit and particularly for increasing respiratory capacity under asphyxial conditions.
The effects of semantic integration training on memory for pictograph sentences

Abstract The effectiveness of training a semantic integration strategy for recall of pictograph sequences, and the generalization of the strategy to a related oral sentence task were examined in 60 kindergarten prereaders. Semantic integration training consisted of three individual sessions in which the child was instructed to treat the sequence as a sentence and to act out the pictograph sentences using toys in order to facilitate recall. Repetition and no-practice control groups were included. Pictograph sentence memory post-tests immediately following and 2 weeks after training indicated that semantic integration training substantially improved recall for pictograph sequences, an improvement that was unrelated to the child's initial memory performance or subsequent post-training awareness of the strategy. In addition, the training resulted in better performance on a generalization test of oral sentence synthesis. These findings support a strategy-based conceptualization of individual differences in the semantic processing of written materials.
In vivo activation of macrophages by prolactin from young and aging mice

Abstract Ovine prolactin (PRL), a pituitary hormone, which has been shown to modulate a variety of T-cell immune responses, was tested for its capacity to elevate the respiratory burst and phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages from three strains of young and aging mice following i.p. injection. The results were as follows. (a) PRL was found to enhance superoxide anion (O − 2 ) generation and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) release from macrophages removed from 2–3 months old young male and young female mice of the C 3 H/HeN, BALB/c and Swiss Webster (SW) strains. (b) PRL also increased the respiratory burst of aging mice of C 3 H/HeN (14–15 months old) and BALB/c (20–22 months old), but not the aging (13–15 months old), outbred, SW strain. (c) PRL-induced total H 2 O 2 release was greater in young than aging mice, C 3 H/HeN and BALB/c mice, although the fold increase was similar; however, O − 2 generation was similar between young and aging mice of these strains. In SW mice, both O − 2 generation and H 2 O 2 release were higher in young than in aging mice. (d) A statistically significant gender related difference was observed only in the H 2 O 2 assay where young male BALB/c mice responded more strongly than young females. (e) Finally, phagocytosis of Candida albicans by macrophages from C 3 H/HeN mice was enhanced by PRL, with no demonstrable differences among young male, young female and aging male mice.
Corrosion fatigue and electrochemical reactions in modified HY130 steel

Abstract To investigate the relationship between corrosion fatigue crack growth response of high strength steels in aqueous environments and electrochemical reactions at the crack tip, fatigue and electrochemical simulation tests were carried out on a modified HY130 steel in acetate buffer solution. Corrosion fatigue crack growth rates were determined as a function of temperature (276–363 K) and frequency (0.03–10 Hz) under open-circuit conditions. The electrochemical simulation experiments were carried out over the same range of temperatures and measured the galvanic current transient between a clean and an oxidized surface and the corresponding mixed potential. These experiments were based on the assumption that the newly created surfaces at the crack tip and its neighboring oxidized surfaces formed a localized galvanic cell. The results from the two sets of experiments strongly suggested electrochemical reaction control of corrosion fatigue crack growth. The electrochemical experiments indicated that hydrogen evolution in this system followed the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism. Because of uncertainties associated with extraneous charges introduced by cathodic cleaning of the clean surface, a definitive correlation and an identification of the rate-controlling process could not be made. The results and methods for alleviating this difficulty are discussed.
Increased serum calcitonin levels in bronchogenic cancer.

A study of 26 men with bronchogenic cancer demonstrated high serum calcitonin levels in 62 percent (16). Levels were particularly high in patients with small-cell cancer and adenocarcinoma. Two varieties of hypercalcitonemia have been encountered: (1) ectopic hypercalcitonemia, in which the hormone is secreted by the tumor, and (2) thyroidal hypercalcitonemia, in which the high values emanate from the thyroid gland. In several patients, serum calcitonin levels decreased following therapy for the cancer. Further studies are needed to evaluate the diagnostic value and clinical utility of serum calcitonin levels as a marker substance in bronchogenic cancer.
Are double minutes chromosomes

Double minutes of a human breast cancer cell line revealed no centromeres by Cd banding. They cluster at the periphery of metaphase plates, usually encased in a matrix material. They move in anaphase passively with the chromosomes by attaching to the sides or ends of the chromosomes. The two "sister minutes" move to the same pole without separation. Such anomalous mitotic behavior suggests that double minutes are not chromosomes.
Synthesis of S‐benzyl‐DL‐[1‐13C]cysteine and its incorporation into oxytocin and [8‐arginlne]vasopressin and related compounds by total synthesis. Separation of diastekeoisomers by partition chromatography and HPLC

S-Benzyl-DL-[1-13C]cysteine was prepared from Na13CN by a three step synthesis and converted to the t-butyloxycarbonyl derivative which was suitable for use in peptide synthesis. This compound was incorporated into the 1 and 6 positions of a variety of oxytocin and [8-arginine]vasopressin derivatives and analogues via total synthesis using the solid phase method. The compounds were separated and purified by partition chromatography on Sephadex and their purity was checked by high pressure liquid chromatography. The compounds synthesized include [1-hemi-[1-13C]cystine]oxytocin, [1-hemi-D-[1-13C]-cystine]oxytocin, [1-hemi-[1-13C]cystine, 8-arginine]vasopressin, [1-hemi-D[1-13C]cystine, 8-arginine]vasopressin, [6-hemi-[1-13C]cystine]oxytocin, [6-hemi-D-[1-13C]cystine]oxytocin, [1-hemi-D-[1-13C]cystine, 3-D-leucine]-oxytocin, and [1-hemi-[1-13C]cystine, 3-D-leucine]oxytocin.
All-Atom Force Field for the Prediction of Vapor−Liquid Equilibria and Interfacial Properties of HFA134a

A new all-atom force field capable of accurately predicting the bulk and interfacial properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA134a) is reported. Parameterization of several force fields with different initial charge configurations from ab initio calculations was performed using the histogram reweighting method and Monte Carlo simulations in the grand canonical ensemble. The 12-6 Lennard-Jones well depth and diameter for the different HFA134a models were determined by fitting the simulation results to pure-component vapor-equilibrium data. Initial screening of the force fields was achieved by comparing the calculated and experimental bulk properties. The surface tension of pure HFA134a served as an additional screening property to help discriminate an optimum model. The proposed model reproduces the experimental saturated liquid and vapor densities, and the vapor pressure for HFA134a within average errors of 0.7%, 4.4%, and 3.1%, respectively. Critical density, temperature, vapor pressure, normal boilin...
Finding a Place for David Cusick in Native American Literary History

Though David Cusick was one of the first Iroquois to record the oral literature of his nation in the alphabetic writing of Western civilization, contemporary Iroquois do not necessarily receive his work with praise. For instance, Seneca-Wyandot scholar Barbara A. Mann points out that Cusick inserted missionary interpretations of Iroquois creation stories into the text of his Sketches of Ancient History of the Six Nations ("Lynx" 427). Yet in a climate where Native American issues continue to receive scant attention, despite their fundamental importance to our understanding of the development of United States cultures, Cusick's work deserves critical investigation. It also deserves consideration as a component of our pedagogy, both as an example of how Iroquois writers attempted to combat a false savagism and as an example of the fissures of subjectivity that US foreign policy and missionary activity created within Iroquois nations. It is because Cusick does not necessarily represent the quintessential Tuscarora that we should study him. Too often, we expect to view entire nations of Native Americans through their most prominent writers. Cusick's ambiguous and perhaps liminal status within his nation, his difference from his peers and from contemporary Iroquois, challenges our expectations of homogeneity and unity in Native America. In writing Sketches, David Cusick denied the validity of both the extinction paradigm of post-Removal era savagism1 and the Hobson's choice of civilization-or-extinction that a slightly earlier version of savagism proffered Indian nations and individuals. As Roy Harvey Pearce established in 1953, savagism was the dominant discourse around Native Americans in Amer-European com
Administrative Determinants of Civil Liability Lawsuits Against Municipal Police Departments: An Exploratory Analysis

Most contributions to the police civil liability literature have described trends in the incidence of suits, the outcomes of actual cases, or the impact litigation has on police departments. This article outlines a predictive model of administrative determinants of civil litigation against police. Specifically, it asks: Do police administrators influence trends in litigation? Data drawn from the 1993 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey and from a 1996 survey of 248 police departments suggest that interest in minority recruitment, method of civilian review, and commitment to community-oriented policing affect the incidence of suits. Potential problems with research in this area are discussed.
Consideration of the drive properties of the mammillary bodies solves the “fornix problem”

Fornix problem: Why do lesions of the fornix, which connects the hippocampus (HF) to the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN), often cause no deficits in tasks severely affected by lesions of HF or MMN? Solution: The direct HF feedback to antero ventral (AV) thalamus (MMN ⇒ AV [hArr ] HF), which is blocked by MMN lesions but not fornix lesions, is sufficient for nonscene-relevant consolidation.
Who are interested in online science simulations? Tracking a trend of digital divide in Internet use

Abstract Although the Internet has become a major source for disseminating educational resources for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), little is known about the extent to which these resources are being used, their relationship to academic performance, and the type of users accessing these resources online. This study used two innovative tools, Google Trends and Web analytics, to explore interest in and usage of the PhET website, one of the most well-known online science simulation resources. This study found that search interest in the PhET science simulations has been growing continuously since 2005. However, search interest in PhET was positively correlated with academic performance and income, and negatively correlated with the achievement gap between high- and low-performing students. Moreover, Internet users in states with more White students were more interested in the PhET science simulations. Yet Internet users in states with more Black students were less interested in these science simulations. These findings suggest that the way online STEM resources are being used is likely to widen, rather than narrow, the achievement gap. This is the first study to utilize Internet search trend data and Web analytics tools for monitoring Internet use for educational purposes.
Males, but not females, contribute to sexual isolation between two sympatric species of Gambusia

Reproductive isolation restricts genetic exchange between species. Various pre- and post-mating barriers, such as behavior, physiology and gametic incompatibility, have been shown to evolve in sympatry. In certain scenarios, isolation can be asymmetrical, where species differentially prefer conspecifics. We examined sexual isolation via conspecific mate preference between Gambusia affinis and G. geiseri in both sexes. To investigate male contribution to sexual isolation, we compared the number of mating attempts (gonopodial thrusts) directed at either a conspecific or a heterospecific female, in both species. We also examined sperm priming and expenditure in males in the presence of conspecific or heterospecific females. We then measured female preference for either a conspecific or heterospecific male, in both species. We found that males of both species preferred to mate with conspecific females, but showed no difference in sperm production or expenditure between conspecific and heterospecific females. Females of both species did not prefer conspecific over heterospecific males. Our results suggest that sexual isolation might be mediated by male mate choice in this system and not female choice, suggesting that there is asymmetrical reproductive isolation between the sexes in G. affinis and G. geiseri, but symmetrical species isolation.
Small a-c generators and their applications

Too often an engineering “orphan,” the small a-c generator, nevertheless, is important in its sphere. Factors related to the design and application of these units are discussed herein.
Programmatic assessment of student experiences using a longitudinal survey

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to gather longitudinal data on a pharmacy class cohort concerning programmatic components as well as develop a profile of student experiences as they progress through the curriculum.Methods: The Class of 2006 (n = 67) completed a 2 page instrument at the conclusion of the first 3 professional years (PY) concerning hours spent in various activities, overall quality of various programmatic components, relationships with others in the college, and employment information. During senior week, a more extensive exit survey was administered.Results: At the conclusion of PY1, 56.5% of the class was working as a pharmacy intern. By PY3 this increased to 88.1% with a decrease to 65.7% in the final year. The hourly range of hours worked followed the same pattern. The rating of Dean’s Office Staff and interactions with faculty members remained constant across all 4 years. In the final exit survey the 2 lowest rated program components were the quality of the interaction with assigned faculty advisor and the availability of professional electives. There was no difference across the professional years for the quality of relationships with staff or faculty; however, the mean rating of the quality of relationships with other students was higher for PY4 when compared to PY1.Conclusions: College faculty, administrators, and committees have used the information gathered from students in program assessment and enhancement efforts. Longitudinal data collection allows for tracking of changes and interventions.
Two distinct binding affinities of poliovirus for its cellular receptor.

Abstract To study the kinetics and equilibrium of poliovirus binding to the poliovirus receptor, we used surface plasmon resonance to examine the interaction of a soluble form of the receptor with poliovirus. Soluble receptor purified from mammalian cells is able to bind poliovirus, neutralize viral infectivity, and induce structural changes in the virus particle. Binding studies revealed that there are two binding sites for the receptor on the poliovirus type 1 capsid, with affinity constants at 20 °C ofK D 1 = 0.67 μm andK D 2 = 0.11 μm. The relative abundance of the two binding sites varies with temperature. At 20 °C, the K D 2 site constitutes approximately 46% of the total binding sites on the sensor chip, and its relative abundance decreased with decreasing temperature such that at 5 °C, the relative abundance of theK D 2 site is only 12% of the total binding sites. Absolute levels of theK D 1 site remained relatively constant at all temperatures tested. The two binding sites may correspond to docking sites for domain 1 of the receptor on the viral capsid, as predicted by a model of the poliovirus-receptor complex. Alternatively, the binding sites may be a consequence of structural breathing, or could result from receptor-induced conformational changes in the virus.
How and why does β-actin mRNA target?

beta-Actin mRNA is localized near the leading edge in several cell types where actin polymerization is actively promoting forward protrusion. The localization of the beta-actin mRNA near the leading edge is facilitated by a short sequence in the 3'UTR (untranslated region), the 'zipcode'. Localization of the mRNA at this region is important physiologically. Treatment of chicken embryo fibroblasts with antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the localization sequence (zipcode) in the 3'UTR leads to delocalization of beta-actin mRNA, alteration of cell phenotype and a decrease in cell motility. The dynamic image analysis system (DIAS) used to quantify movement of cells in the presence of sense and antisense oligonucleotides to the zipcode showed that net pathlength and average speed of antisense-treated cells were significantly lower than in sense-treated cells. This suggests that a decrease in persistence of direction of movement and not in velocity results from treatment of cells with zipcode-directed antisense oligonucleotides. We postulate that delocalization of beta-actin mRNA results in delocalization of nucleation sites and beta-actin protein from the leading edge followed by loss of cell polarity and directional movement. Hence the physiological consequences of beta-actin mRNA delocalization affect the stability of the cell phenotype.
Colorimetric Sensor Array for Soft Drink Analysis

Fourteen commercial soft drinks have been analyzed using colorimetric sensor arrays made from a set of 25 chemically responsive dyes printed on a hydrophobic membrane. Digital imaging of the dye array before and after immersion provides a color change profile as a unique fingerprint for each specific analyte. The digital data library generated was analyzed with statistical and chemometric methods, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Facile identification of all of the soft drinks was readily achieved using comparison of the color change profiles or a PCA score plot. Using a HCA dendrogram, the misclassification rate was <2%, and even very similar sodas were easily differentiated. In addition, the monitoring of soft drinks as they degas or upon dilution also proved to be possible. This work demonstrates the potential of our colorimetric sensor array technology for quality assurance/control applications of sodas and perhaps other beverages as well.
Dental plaque as a biofilm

Dental plaque is the diverse microbial community found on the tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin. Once a tooth surface is cleaned, a conditioning film of proteins and glycoproteins is adsorbed rapidly to the tooth surface. Plaque formation involves the interaction between early bacterial colonisers and this film (the acquired enamel pellicle). To facilitate colonisation of the tooth surface, some receptors on salivary molecules are only exposed to bacteria once the molecule is adsorbed to a surface. Subsequently, secondary colonisers adhere to the already attached early colonisers (co-aggregation) through specific molecular interactions. These can involve protein-protein or carbohydrate-protein (lectin) interactions, and this process contributes to determining the pattern of bacterial succession. As the biofilm develops, gradients in biologically significant factors develop, and these permit the co-existence of species that would be incompatible with each other in a homogeneous environment. Dental plaque develops naturally, but it is also associated with two of the most prevalent diseases affecting industrialised societies (caries and periodontal diseases). Future strategies to control dental plaque will be targeted to interfering with the formation, structure and pattern of development of this biofilm.
The Registers of the University of Paris and the Statutes against the Scientia Occamica

Two of the controversial points in the on-going debate over the meaning and context of the so-called anti-nominalist arts faculty statute of December 29, 1340 are (1) the degree of authoritative weight to be assigned to the rubric that accompanies the statute in its published version in the Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis as well as the manuscript from which it was edited; and (2), whether the statute or statutes referred to respectively in the Proctor's Register for the English nation and in the first of the two arts faculty oaths concerned with the scientia occamica is or is not identical with the statute of December 29, 1340. The published Chartularium for the University of Paris, edited by Heinrich Denifle and Emile Châtelain in the 1890s, is a work of the highest scholarship which for the most part obviates the need to consult the manuscripts that lie behind it.Keywords: arts faculty statute; scientia occamica; University of Paris
Outcomes following heart transplantation in children

Abstract After nearly 30 years of heart transplantation in children, following the introduction of cyclosporine, it is clear that early and intermediate survival following transplantation is good. Actuarial survival at one year, 5 years, 10 years are 85%, 75%, and 64% respectively. Fifteen year actuarial survival in the ISHLT Registry is approximately 47%. Naturally, late survival reflects early experience with transplantation in children and a worst case scenario. Recent studies show that survival is improving owing almost entirely to reduced early mortality after transplant. Survival at five years in the current era, 2001–2005, is 77% compared to 72% for the era 1993–2000. Multiple factors may account for this reduced early mortality including better peri-operative management, improved immunosuppression but also better case selection and earlier referral. However, despite improving results and reduced early mortality, there is an ongoing constant phase of mortality, approximately 3% per year, resulting in decreasing survival with time. This ongoing risk of death has persisted but may be less in the current era due to improvements in immunosuppression. Important differences in survival exist between patients of different age at transplant. While early survival in infants is less than in older children, late survival and overall survival is better. For those infants surviving at least one year after transplant subsequent ten year survival is approximately 80% compared to 70% for children 1–10 years of age and 60% for children 11–17 years of age. Of note, the constant hazard for death appears to be less the younger the infant is at transplant, compared to older children. This may represent a degree of conditional tolerance in the youngest infant. Patients with congenital heart disease have good survival following transplant but less than patients with cardiomyopathy or myocarditis. However, for patients with failed Fontan palliation for single ventricle survival is comparable to other patients with congenital heart disease. Outcomes for patients requiring mechanical support are poor for patients bridged to transplant with ECMO but are equivalent to other Status 1 patients for those on left ventricular assist devices (Thoratec, HeartMate, Abiomed, etc.). Outcomes of bridge to transplant with Berlin EXCOR appear to be superior to ECMO but a multi-center study is underway. Despite discouraging late survival estimates based on historical experience, improving survival in more recent eras will probably result in improved long term survival in future years. Development of new strategies for immunosuppression, particularly those aimed at reducing graft loss from chronic rejection, may also significantly improve long term survival. In addition, tailoring therapy to those who are at high risk, including those with high risk due to elevated PRA and those with other risk factors may improve long term survival.
Pearls in Facelift Management

Facelift surgery is complex and requires a significant commitment from both patient and surgeon. This article provides a collection of surgical tips and pearls that can be applied to most facelift procedures, no matter the surgical technique. A holistic approach to patient care is discussed regarding preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative management. Within this article the authors outline details so facial plastic surgeons can provide their patients with the smoothest surgical experience and recovery.
Endophyte Fungal Isolates from Podophyllum peltatum Produce Podophyllotoxin

The lignan podophyllotoxin (1) is highly valued as the precursor to clinically useful anticancer drugs. Substantial drug development of this compound class continues, including potential new use for inflammatory disease. We have isolated two endophyte fungi, both strains of Phialocephala fortinii, from rhizomes of the plant Podophyllum peltatum. The fungi were identified through DNA sequencing and morphology. Both strains of fungi are slow-growing and produce 1 at low but measurable amounts in broth culture. The compound was confirmed through matching HPLC retention times, absorption spectra, and MS data to authentic 1. The yield of 1 has ranged from 0.5 to 189 μg/L in 4 weeks of culture. These fungi have implications for the sustained production of 1 independent of wild populations of the source plants.
Asymbiotic dinitrogen fixation by tundra in the Imnavait Creek drainage, Alaska, USA

N2 fixation by free-living microorganisms was investigated at an intensively studied low Arctic site near Toolik Lake in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, during July 1987. Four characteristic vegetation associations along an elevational gradient were assayed using minimally disruptive in situ acetylene reduction assay methods. The acetylene reduction rates did not differ significantly among vegetation associations. The mean rate for the site was 9.60 μmol m−2 h−1 or 90 μg N m−2 day−1, which is within the range of values given for other Arctic and alpine tundra studies. The complex microtopography and resulting patchy distribution of free-living and phycobiont diazotrophs is the most likely cause of the high spatial variability in acetylene reduction activity. Rates were most variable among samples from the lowest position, a riparian site. The potential contribution of heterotrophic diazotrophs was examined through a laboratory enrichment study. Soils from the two lower slope positions showed dramatic responses to added C, suggesting that heterotrophs may contribute fixed N2 to this system.
Intermediate Work Outcomes for Adolescents with High-Incidence Disabilities.

A longitudinal sample from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 was used to determine differences in work outcomes between (a) individuals with learning disabilities or emotional-behavior dis...
Delayed ionization and delayed atomic ion emission of Ti and V metallocarbohedrenes. Evidence for collective electronic effects

Abstract Investigations of the ionization of titanium and vanadium carbon clusters reveal prompt ionization for the entire range of species produced, and a significant delayed ion signal for the metallocarbohedrenes (Met-Cars), M 8 C 12 . At high laser fluences, emission of delayed atomic metal ions is also observed as a second ionization channel. Neither channel exhibits a dependence on excitation wavelength, but strong laser fluence dependencies are seen. The findings are consistent with thermionic emission from the Met-Car. Delayed atomic emission resulting from further excitation to highly excited states of Met-Cars occurs in an energy range where a giant dipole resonance has been predicted.
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF COMPACTED SOIL LINERS: I. STOCHASTIC MODELS

Regulatory agencies often specify a minimum thickness of compacted soil liners that will ensure that the liner performs adequately. No consensus has been formed, however, on an appropriate minimum thickness. In some states soil liners may be as thin as 60 cm (2 ft), whereas in other states soil liners are required to be at least 360 cm (12 ft) thick. Difficulties encountered in the analysis of soil liners, such as uncertainties in construction, flow in macropores, and spatial variability of hydraulic properties, and variability in past experiences of regulatory agencies are the most likely reasons for the lack of consensus on minimum thickness. In the present paper, the first in a two-part series, two models of fluid flow in compacted soil liners are described. These models incorporate flow in macropores, spatial variability, and uncertainty via probability theory, but only consider advective transport in saturated soil. In the second paper, the models are used to identify an appropriate minimum thickness of soil liners.
Characterization of a 3.3-kb plasmid of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and evaluation of stability of genetically engineered derivatives of this plasmid expressing green fluorescence.

Abstract Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 (strain 86-24) harbors a 3.3-kb plasmid (pSP70) that does not encode a selectable phenotype. A 1.1-kb fragment of DNA encoding kanamycin resistance (Kanr) was inserted by in vitro transposon mutagenesis at a random location on pSP70 to construct pSP70-Kanr that conferred Kanr to the host E. coli strain. Oligonucleotides complementary to 5′ and 3′ ends of the fragment encoding Kanr were used for initiating nucleotide sequencing from the plus and minus strands of pSP70, and thereafter primer walking was used to determine nucleotide sequence of pSP70. Analysis of nucleotide sequence revealed that pSP70 contained 3306 base pairs in its genome and that the genome was almost 100% identical to nucleotide sequences of small plasmids identified in EHEC O157:H7 isolates from Germany and Japan. A DNA cassette encoding a green fluorescent protein (GFP), ampicillin resistance (Ampr), and a double transcriptional terminator (DT) was cloned in pSP70 either at the BamHI site (created by deletion of mobA by PCR) or at the NsiI site located downstream of mobA to generate pSP70 ΔmobA-GFP/Ampr/DT (pSM431) and pSP70-GFP/Ampr/DT (pSM433), respectively. Introduction of pSM431 or pSM433 into EHEC O157:H7 yielded ampicillin-resistant colonies that glowed green under UV illumination. Consecutive subcultures of EHEC O157:H7, carrying pSM431 or pSM433 under conditions simulating the environment of bovine intestine (no selective antibiotic, incubation temperature of 39 °C, with or without oxygen), demonstrated that these plasmids were highly stable as greater than 95% of the isolates recovered from these subcultures were positive for green fluorescence. These findings indicate that EHEC O157:H7 carrying pSM431 or pSM433 would be useful for studying persistence and shedding of this important food-borne pathogen in cattle.
p)ppGpp modulates cell size and the initiation of DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus in response to a block in lipid biosynthesis.

Stress conditions, such as a block in fatty acid synthesis, signal bacterial cells to exit the cell cycle. Caulobacter crescentus FabH is a cell-cycle-regulated β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase that initiates lipid biosynthesis and is essential for growth in rich media. To explore how C. crescentus responds to a block in lipid biosynthesis, we created a FabH-depletion strain. We found that FabH depletion blocks lipid biosynthesis in rich media and causes a cell cycle arrest that requires the alarmone (p)ppGpp for adaptation. Notably, basal levels of (p)ppGpp coordinate both a reduction in cell volume and a block in the over-initiation of DNA replication in response to FabH depletion. The gene ctrA encodes a master transcription factor that directly regulates 95 cell-cycle-controlled genes while also functioning to inhibit the initiation of DNA replication. Here, we demonstrate that ctrA transcription is (p)ppGpp-dependent during fatty acid starvation. CtrA fails to accumulate when FabH is depleted in the absence of (p)ppGpp due to a substantial reduction in ctrA transcription. The (p)ppGpp-dependent maintenance of ctrA transcription during fatty acid starvation initiated from only one of the two ctrA promoters. In the absence of (p)ppGpp, the majority of FabH-depleted cells enter a viable but non-culturable state, with multiple chromosomes, and are unable to recover from the miscoordination of cell cycle events. Thus, basal levels of (p)ppGpp facilitate C. crescentus’ re-entry into the cell cycle after termination of fatty acid starvation.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a nursing home and affiliated hospital: a four-year perspective.

Objectives: To determine the effect of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak in a nursing home on the subsequent MRSA caseload in a closely affiliated hospital. Design: Observational and descriptive; routine and special MRSA surveillance data for nursing home and hospital were reviewed for a four-year period (1988 to 1991) as were records regarding patient transfers from nursing home to hospital. Setting: The 120-bed nursing home care unit (NHCU) and the geographically separate 434-bed acute care facility (hospital) of the Portland Veterans' Affairs Medical Center (PVAMC). Patients: Veterans hospitalized in the acute care division of NHCU. Results: Following the introduction of MRSA into the NHCU in December 1987, it quickly disseminated. Two to 32 newly colonized or infected patients were recognized in each quarter of the study period. Facilitywide prevalence surveys on two occasions disclosed MRSA colonization rates of 34% and 10%. During the study period, 15 to 54 (mean: 37.6) patients were transferred each quarter from the NHCU to the hospital of the PVAMC. The number of MRSA cases transferred ranged from 0 to 16 per quarter (mean: 5.4). During the same period, the total number of MRSA cases in the hospital increased, rising from 7 cases in 1987 to 16 in 1988, 48 in 1989, 34 in 1990, and 35 in 1991. The percentage of hospital MRSA cases accounted for by NHCU transfers was 0% in 1988, 38% in 1989, 12% in 1990, and 11% in 1991. Conclusions: Despite the steady flow of patients between the NHCU and the hospital, the MRSA outbreak in the NHCU was associated with only a modest increase in the MRSA caseload at the affiliated hospital.
Max Weber's Empirical Sociology in Germany and the United States: Tensions between Partisanship and Scholarship

More than any other man of his generation Max Weber remains today influential as well as controversial. Neither intellectually nor politically are scholars done with the man and his work. However, his impact has not been steady over the five decades since his death. At various times Emile Durkheim, Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tonnies, Robert Michels, Vilfredo Pareto, and Sigmund Freud have attracted more attention and approbation. Among these members of the „generation of 1890“—as H. S. Hughes has called them—Durkheim emerges, in the long run, as Weber’s closest rival in sociology.
Electronic Readout Systems for Microchannel Plates

The modes of operation of position-sensitive electronic readout systems for use with high-gain microchannel plates are described and their performance characteristics compared and contrasted.
A Current Reuse Quadrature GPS Receiver in 0.13 $\mu$ m CMOS

A fully-integrated quadrature low-IF L1-band GPS receiver consumes only 6.4 mW in 0.13 μm CMOS. The RF front-end features a gate-modulated quadrature VCO for low phase noise and accurate quadrature phase signal generation. It merges the LNA, quadrature mixer, and quadrature VCO in a single current-reuse stacked topology that provides a conversion gain 42.5 dB with a power consumption of 1 mW. A continuous-time (CT) quadrature bandpass sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) provides inherent anti-alias filtering, which simplifies the overall system. The second-order CT ΣΔ ADC achieves 65 dB dynamic range and dissipates only 4.2 mW using resistor DAC feedback. The receiver exhibits an NF of 6.5 dB and an IIP3 of - 30 dBm; the PLL phase noise is -110 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz frequency offset with quadrature error less than 1°.
Silencing of VEGF slows progression of pulmonary metastasis in a novel orthotopic xenograft model of chest wall Ewing’s sarcoma

31.5 3mmHg compared to 15 1.7mmHg in controls. CO treated, hypoxic mice had mPAP of 21 3.1(P 0.05). eNOS protein increased in the CO treated hypoxic mice determined by immunohistochemistry. CO did not protect eNOS-/mice. mPAP in hypoxic eNOS-/mice was 24 1.1 compared to 14 2.1 in non-hypoxic controls, while CO treated hypoxic eNOS-/mice were 24 2.6. Furthermore, CO increased expression of eNOS in cultured PAEC.