cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable laser ranging instrument

ABSTRACT This paper describes the design and operation of a fast, flexible, non-contact, eye-safe laser ranging instru-ment useful in a variety of industrial metrology situations, such as in-process machining control and partinspection. The system has variable computer-controlled standoff and depth of field, and can obtain threedimensional images of surfaces within a range of from 1.5 feet to almost ten feet from the final optical ele-ment. The minimum depth of field is about 3.5 inches at 1.5 feet and about 26 inches at the far range. Thelargest depth of field for which useful data are available is about 41 inches. Resolution, with appropriateaveraging, is about one part in 4000 of the depth of field, which implies a best case resolution for this pro-totype of 0.00075 inches. System flexibility is achieved by computer controlled relative positioning of op-tical components. 1. Non-Contact Sensing Many approaches to non-contact range sensing have been investigated, primarily in the past twenty years inthe computer vision field, where it is thought to be a useful adjunct to standard luminance imaging such asis obtained from ordinary television cameras in order to support scene analysis. Jarvis1 presents a cogentdescription of the various techniques used to extract range information from the world using data in lumi-nance images and using special purpose hardware. Hardware approaches have included range from focus2,range from stereo disparity1'2, Moire fringe contours3, laser time-of-flight ranging4, and laser triangula-tion1'511.Of all the active ranging approaches tried by research organizations and developed by vendors, triangulationdevices are the most prevalent. As shown in Figure 1 ,
The set-associative cache performance of search trees

We consider the costs of access to data stored in search trees assuming that those memory accesses are managed with a cache. Our cache memory model is two-level, has a small degree of set-associativity, and uses LRU replacement, and we consider the number of cache misses that a set of accesses incurs. For standard tree access--searches and traversals---changing the degree of set-associativity has no effect on performance.To explain this, we develop general stochastic access models, an adaptation of the independent reference model (IRM), and analyze the expected number of cache hits and misses incurred by these types of access. The models and analyses are accurate: we are able to exactly predict the cache performance of tree data structures. In addition, we prove why set-associativity is of little or no benefit for these types of memory access and give examples where direct-mapping performs better than set-associativity.
A comparison of vertical and longitudinal magnetic recording based on analytic models

Simple, approximately self-consistent models of magnetic recording as well as materials limitations are used to show that, ultimately, vertical recording will have no fundamental advantage in signal strength, bit shift, or resolution over conventional longitudinal recording. While very narrow transitions are in principle stable when \overrightarrow{M} is vertical, this analysis predicts written transitions that are much broader than the demagnetizing limit, just as in longitudinal recording. The limiting factor is shown to be the gradient of the writing head's field.
Dropwise condensation of steam at atmospheric and above atmospheric pressures

The results of the initial phases of a study concerned with the mechanism of the dropwise condensation of steam are presented. In the first phase of this work, equivalent heat transfer coefficients at atmospheric pressure for the dropwise condensation of steam on a vertical surface were determined experimentally. The coefficients ranged from 1140 to 37,000 B.t.u./hr-ft2-°F for heat fluxes of 29,900 up to 167,000 B.t.u./hr-ft2 with surface temperature differences varying from 45 to 2°F, respectively. Vapor velocities varied from 1·75 to 7·52 ft/sec with the flow directed down the vertical condensing surface. Observations indicated that the vapor velocity across the condensing surface has a significant effect on the equivalent transfer corfficient with the coefficient exhibiting a maximum with increasing vapor velocity. It is believed that this maximum reflects the transition between dropwise and mixed condensation resulting from the greater vapor—liquid interfacial shear stress developed at the higher vapor velocities. Visual observations of the condensation phenomenon were also made at pressures ranging from atmospheric to 200 psig. These observations showed that, as the pressure increases, a transition from dropwise to mixed condensation occurs between 25 to 50 psig. This transition is posited to be associated with the decreased surface tension of the condensed phase at the higher saturation temperatures. A theoretical analysis is presented which is consistent with the experimental observations.
Intercostal and abdominal muscle afferent influence on caudal medullary expiratory neurons that drive abdominal muscles

Our objective was to determine if caudal ventral respiratory group (VRG) expiratory (E) neurons that drive abdominal expiratory motoneurons in the lumbar cord respond to intercostal and lumbar nerve afferent stimulation. Results showed that 92% of medullary E-neurons that were antidromically activated from the upper lumbar cord reduced their activity in response to stimulation of external and internal intercostal and lumbar nerve afferents. We conclude that afferent information from intercostal and abdominal muscle tendon organs has an inhibitory effect on caudal VRG E-neurons that drive abdominal expiratory motoneurons.
A novel metal–organic coordination polymer for selective adsorption of CO2 over CH4

A unique two-dimensional interpenetrating network structure possessing unsaturated metal sites and uncoordinated carboxylic functional groups exhibits among the highest reported adsorption selectivities for CO2 over CH4.
Use of short monolithic columns for isolation of low abundance membrane proteins

Convective interaction media (CIM) monoliths provide a stationary phase with a high binding capacity for large molecules and are capable of high flow rates at a very low pressure drop. Used as anion- and cation-exchangers or with affinity ligands such as antibodies, these columns have the potential for processing large volumes of complex biological mixtures within a short time. In the present report, monoclonal antibodies against several rat liver plasma membrane proteins were bound and cross-linked to protein A or protein G CIM affinity columns with a bed volume of only 60 microL. Antigens recognized by bound antibodies and co-eluting (interacting) proteins were rapidly isolated in a single step from either total plasma membrane extracts or subfractions isolated using anion-exchange CIM disk-shaped columns. The isolated antigens and co-eluting proteins were subsequently identified by immunoblot or by LC-MS/MS.
Ion exclusion equilibria in the system glycerol–sodium chloride–water–Dowex-50

Ion exclusion is an operation in which an ion exchange resin is used to separate an electrolyte from a nonelectrolyte in a polar solvent. An ion exchange resin tends to absorb a nonelectrolyte and to exclude an electrolyte. This is described quantitatively by the equilibrium distribution of the electrolyte, the nonelectrolyte, and the solvent between the resin phase and the liquid phase surrounding the resin. As no ternary distribution data applicable to ion exclusion are available, and only a few binary data have been published, a principal purpose of this investigation was to determine the distribution data for a typical system: glycerol-sodium chloride-water-Dowex-50.
Parenteral transmission of HIV in Africa.

HIV is known to be transmitted sexually perinatally and parenterally. Parenteral transmission is defined as that which occurs outside of the alimentary tract such as in subcutaneous intravenous intramuscular and intrasternal injections. The relative percentage of HIV infection caused by each of these routes depends upon the prevalence of infection among particular groups of the population and on their shared behaviors. Although heterosexual transmission is the primary mode of HIV infection in Africa health care providers and traditional healers both in and out of the health care setting in Africa administer a large number of injections. As such parenteral transmission could be contributing significantly to HIV infection in the region. This paper reviews what is known about the parenteral transmission of HIV in Africa. The biology of parenteral transmission in blood and in interstitial fluid is described then sections follow on HIV transmission by injection occupational transmission transmission by scarification and transmission by immunization. Available data suggest that while HIV may be occasionally transmitted in Africa through injections it is most likely not a major route of infection in the region. Sterilizing needles and syringes and using injections as last resort therapy will greatly reduce the risk of parenteral HIV transmission.
A commentary on the recent CO2-climate controversy

Suggestions have persisted over the past few years that, contary to conventional estimates, increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide will produce negligible warming of the earth's surface, or might even result in surface cooling. In the present paper we reexamine several aspects of these suggestions and illustrate that they are either founded in various violations of the first law of thermodynamics, or that they are based upon misinterpretations of historical data.
Transform domain CPtNLMS algorithms

The concept of self-orthogonalizing adaptation is extended from the least mean square algorithm to the general case of complex proportionate type normalized least mean square algorithms. The derived algorithm requires knowledge of the input signal's covariance matrix. Implementation of the algorithm using a fixed transform such as the discrete cosine transform or discrete wavelet transform is presented for applications in which the input signal's covariance matrix is unknown.
Exchange, Reproduction and Sex Subordination Among the Kikuyu of East Africa

Social arrangements and the sexual division of labor among the Kikuyu are described. The different social results of foreign trade in slaves and in ivory, local trade for consumption and the circulation of goods for social integra tion are discussed. Trade, it is argued. should not be discussed abstractly, but only in terms of the specific goods involved. The relationship between the growth of the ivory trade, population growth, and the subordination of women is dis cussed. The rate of new household formation is argued to be the key to under standing population growth.
A role for technical environmental assessment in perceptions of environmental quality and well-being

Abstract There is growing interest in including measures of external reality in models of person-environment transactions. That step is necessary to avoid circularity in reasoning and to change environments in desired ways. This study tests the utility of technical assessments of environmental quality, derived independently of the judgements of respondents or observers. Nine components based on objective facts about the residential environment, nine components based on person charactertistics, plus age and sex were used to predict 13 criteria which reflect the residents' perceptions of various aspects of their environment and of its impact on their well-being. The technical environmental assessment indices made statistically significant independent contributions which cross-validated with all of the 13 criteria. The person components plus age and sex also made independent contributions which cross-validated with 12 of the 13 criteria. The results support the idea that technical environmental assessments can play a constructive role in clarifying person-environment transactions, and that they are complementary to rather than redundant with personal characteristics of respondents in affecting environmental perceptions.
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Health Research with Minority Elders: Lessons from a Study of Dementia Caregiving:

The merits of combining qualitative and quantitative methods are well known. While used often in evaluation research, a combined methods approach is rarely used in health studies with minority elders. This approach can be particularly useful for overcoming theoretical and recruitment problems specific to health research with minority elders. A cross-cultural study of family caregiving for demented-affected elders is presented to show how issues of rigor, theory building, language, and cultural adaptation of diagnostic tools can be effectively dealt with using combined methods. Specifically, the authors found qualitative data valuable in ensuring the cultural appropriateness of quantitative measures and in confirming causal relationships to which quantitative data pointed. They also found applying quantitative data collection techniques to qualitative data collection to be useful in theory building and in overcoming some of the reliability problems associated with qualitative data.
Disentangling psychobiological mechanisms underlying internalizing and externalizing behaviors in youth: Longitudinal and concurrent associations with cortisol

Research examining cortisol dysregulation is seemingly contradictory with studies showing that both internalizing and externalizing behaviors are related to high and low cortisol. One extant theory to explain divergent findings in the stress literature is that both hypo- and hyper-arousal of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be present depending on time since onset of the stressor. This theory may extend to the onset of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Data from 96 youth participating in a longitudinal project were used to examine this possibility. Composite measures of internalizing and externalizing behaviors at both childhood and early adolescence were formed using mother and teacher reports. Multiple salivary cortisol samples were also collected over two consecutive days during early adolescence. Problematic behaviors were associated with cortisol and the direction of the association was dependent on amount of time passed since onset of the behaviors. When examined concurrently in adolescence, youth with more internalizing behaviors had higher morning cortisol; however, when examined longitudinally, youth with more internalizing behaviors in childhood had lower morning cortisol levels as adolescents. Youth with more externalizing behaviors in childhood had flattened diurnal cortisol rhythms as adolescents, and this finding persisted when examined in adolescence. Cortisol dysregulation was greatest in children with the most severe behavior problems. Findings support the theoretical model of blunting of the HPA axis over time. While the HPA axis may show hyper-arousal when youth first display behaviors, long-term exposure may lead to a hypo-arousal of the HPA axis which culminates in a dysregulated diurnal rhythm.
Risk factor scoring for predicting venous thromboembolism in obstetric patients

Abstract Objective: To develop a risk factor scoring system for the prediction of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in obstetric patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of all pregnant or postpartum women admitted to our institution from 1987 to 1999 with a discharge diagnosis indicating VTE. For each study subject, the three women who delivered immediately before the index patient were selected for the control group. Data collected included: history of prior thrombosis, age, body mass index, prior abdominal surgeries, presence of systemic diseases, and blood type. Each patient was assigned a score based on the risk factors identified. A χ2 analysis was performed to determine if a significant relationship existed between the assigned score and the development of a thromboembolism. Results: We identified 21 patients who had sustained a VTE during pregnancy or 6 weeks postpartum. Nineteen (90%) of thromboembolic events were diagnosed during pregnancy, and these cases were distributed throughout gestation: 8 (42%), 2 (10%), and 9 (48%) in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Six (28%) of these patients had pulmonary emboli. Two cases of postpartum VTE were documented. Both were cases of pulmonary emboli. There was one maternal death. Only one patient in this series received thromboembolism prophylaxis. Patients with a score of greater than 2 had a significantly increased risk of having a VTE with an odds ratio of 6.0 (P Conclusions: Obstetric patients with high-risk factor scores are at increased risk of thromboembolism.
Transient excitations of the Dirac vacuum as a mechanism of virtual particle exchange

Abstract A model of force is constructed in which virtual particle exchanges are identified with propagating chains of transient particle-antiparticle excitations. The resulting force laws are controlled by the density of vacuum fermions. Electromagnetic interactions are mediated by charged vacuum fermions and gravity by all vacuum fermions (with space curvature corresponding to depression of vacuum density).
89Zr-huJ591 immuno-PET imaging in patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer

Purpose Given the bone tropism of prostate cancer, conventional imaging modalities poorly identify or quantify metastatic disease. 89Zr-huJ591 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in patients with metastatic prostate cancer to analyze and validate this as an imaging biomarker for metastatic disease. The purpose of this initial study was to assess safety, biodistribution, normal organ dosimetry, and optimal imaging time post-injection for lesion detection.
Hydroxycinnamate (hca) Catabolic Genes from Acinetobacter sp. Strain ADP1 Are Repressed by HcaR and Are Induced by Hydroxycinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Thioesters

Hydroxycinnamates are plant products catabolized through the diphenol protocatechuate in the naturally transformable bacterium Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. Genes for protocatechuate catabolism are central to the dca-pca-qui-pob-hca chromosomal island, for which gene designations corresponding to catabolic function are dca (dicarboxylic acid), pca (protocatechuate), qui (quinate), pob (p-hydroxybenzoate), and hca (hydroxycinnamate). Acinetobacter hcaC had been cloned and shown to encode a hydroxycinnamate:coenzyme A (CoA) SH ligase that acts upon caffeate, p-coumarate, and ferulate, but genes for conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA to protocatechuate had not been characterized. In this investigation, DNA from pobS to an XbaI site 5.3 kb beyond hcaC was captured in the plasmid pZR8200 by a strategy that involved in vivo integration of a cloning vector near the hca region of the chromosome. pZR8200 enabled Escherichia coli to convert p-coumarate to protocatechuate in vivo. Sequence analysis of the newly cloned DNA identified five open reading frames designated hcaA, hcaB, hcaK, hcaR, and ORF1. An Acinetobacter strain with a knockout of HcaA, a homolog of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/lyases, was unable to grow at the expense of hydroxycinnamates, whereas a strain mutated in HcaB, homologous to aldehyde dehydrogenases, grew poorly with ferulate and caffeate but well with p-coumarate. A chromosomal fusion of lacZ to the hcaE gene was used to monitor expression of the hcaABCDE promoter. LacZ was induced over 100-fold by growth in the presence of caffeate, p-coumarate, or ferulate. The protein deduced to be encoded by hcaR shares 28% identity with the aligned E. coli repressor, MarR. A knockout of hcaR produced a constitutive phenotype, as assessed in the hcaE::lacZ-Kmr genetic background, revealing HcaR to be a repressor as well. Expression of hcaE::lacZ in strains with knockouts in hcaA, hcaB, or hcaC revealed unambiguously that hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters relieve repression of the hcaABCDE genes by HcaR.
Theorizing Sport as Social Intervention: A View From the Grassroots

Sport and recreation-based approaches to the social problems of “at-risk” urban youth have become very popular in recent years. Yet the lack of a proper theoretical understanding of these initiatives threatens to minimize their effectiveness and could generate a backlash against them. To begin to fill this void, this paper presents a case study—based upon several years of intensive fieldwork—of a Chicago teacher, coach, and grassroots activist and the community-based sports-oriented organization he heads. An examination of this sustained, grassroots attempt to use sport to keep urban youth in and interested in school and education is used to sketch the outlines of a deeper, more multifaceted theory of the possibilities and challenges of using sport as a mode of social outreach and intervention.
On the cusp constraints in extended Hartree—Fock methods

Abstract It is shown that a necessary condition for an extended Hartree—Fock wavefunction or a multi-configuration SCF wavefunction to be optimum is for each occupied natural spin-orbital to satisfy the electron—nuclear cusp constraint. The wavefunction, accordingly, must conform to the same electron—nuclear cusp conditions that are required of an eigenfunction of the hamiltonian. Also, the cusp constraint must be fulfilled by each ϕ i when ψ(1,2, …, N ) = It is demonstrated that different meaningful sets of cusp conditions may be obtained from different representations of the same wavefunction. Data in the literature associated with some constraints due to Goddard are scrutinized and it is found that there exist some simple approximate relationship linking these constraints. A recent criticism of Goddard's constraints is shown to be invalid.
Metabolism and potential clinical applications of short-chain fatty acids

Summary Innovative research advances are on-going concerning the metabolism and potential clinical applications of short-chain fatty acids. Preliminary observations show that the provision of either SCFA or their precursors (undigested starch and soluble fibre) will enhance gut structure and function in selected patients with intestinal dysfunction. These observations provide exciting challenges for potential investigators in this area.
Evidence of strong metal–oxide interactions in promoted Rh/SiO2 on CO hydrogenation: Analysis at the site level using SSITKA

Abstract It has been suggested that the behavior of Group VIII metal catalysts supported on transition metal oxides can be significantly affected by pretreatment conditions due to strong metal–oxide interactions (SMOI). However, the origins for the SMOI effect are still in debate. In this research, SMOI of Rh and vanadium oxide (as a promoter) supported on SiO2 were studied at the site level for the first time, which provides an insight into the modification of surface properties after high temperature reduction. H2 chemisorption, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), and SSITKA (steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis) were used to probe the SMOI effects. The catalytic properties of the catalysts for CO hydrogenation were investigated using a differential fixed bed reactor at 230 °C and 1.8 atm, while for SSITKA, a reaction temperature of 280 °C and an excess of H2 was used to maximize methane production. The addition of V to Rh/SiO2 suppresses H2 chemisorption, and high reduction temperature further decreases H2 chemisorption on Rh/V/SiO2 but has little effect on Rh/SiO2. As reduction temperature increases, the activity for CO hydrogenation on Rh/SiO2 remains essentially unchanged, but the activity of Rh/V/SiO2 decreases significantly. SSITKA shows that the concentration of surface reaction intermediates decreases on Rh/V/SiO2 as the reduction temperature increases, but the activities of the reaction sites increase. The results suggest that Rh being covered by VOx species is probably the main reason for the decreased overall activity induced by high reduction temperature, but more active sites appear to be formed probably at the Rh–VOx interface.
In vivo rates of protein synthesis in brain, muscle, and liver of five vertebrate species.

To compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of five vertebrate species were measured after a single i.p. injection of a flooding dose of [1-14C]valine. In muscle, brain, and liver, the respective average protein synthesis rates, expressed as percent of total protein-bound valine replaced per hour, that is, percent synthesis per hour, in goldfish at 22 degrees C body temperature, were 0.07, 0.23, and 0.57%; in the bullfrog at 20 degrees C, 0.06, 0.18, and 0.55%; in the white Leghorn chicken at 39 degrees C, 0.24, 0.70, and 2.17%; and in the mouse at 38 degrees C, 0.22, 0.65, and 2.0%. In the Tokay lizard at different body temperatures, the synthesis rates were 0.04, 0.13, and 0.43% at 26 degrees C; 0.05, 0.20, and 0.63% at 32 degrees C; and 0.07, 0.27, and 0.81% at 38 degrees C. The results demonstrate differences in protein synthesis rates in organs of the various species examined. The differences among the species seem to be due, to a major extent, to differences in body temperature; rates in lizard are below those in other species at temperatures tried. Protein synthesis rates in brain in all species are almost three times lower than those in liver and almost three times higher than those in muscle.
U.S. Public Preferences for Weather and Road Condition Information

In 2008, the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Board on Enterprise Planning (BEP) established the Committee on Mobile Observations to discuss the application and utilization of mobile weather and road condition data in the context of supporting the weather and transportation communities and how these data could be used to improve safety and mobility across the nation's surface transportation system. The goal of the committee is to articulate a clear vision for mobile data that captures the immense opportunities for these data to improve road weather services and transportation safety and mobility. The Committee on Mobile Observations is engaged in numerous activities to accomplish its goal, which includes a nationwide survey of the traveling public to obtain better information on their preferences for and interests in obtaining weather and road condition information, their willingness to share vehicle data, and their willingness to pay for enhanced services. This paper outlines the results of the surv...
The effect of grouping on the power of the Mantel—Haenszel test for the comparison of survival rates

Abstract A criterion is found which determines, for a simple case, whether pooling observations increases or decreases the asymptotic efficiency of the Mantel—Haenszel test for treatment effect, in uncensored long term comparative trials in discrete time, under arbitrary one sided alternatives.
Optical Interconnects in Supercomputers and High Performance Servers

Optical interconnects will help drive continued performance improvements in supercomputers and high performance servers. Prospects, requirements and future technologies will be reviewed, focusing on the substantial improvements required in bitrate, packaging density and cost.
Accretion by the Galaxy: effects of radiative cooling on the flow structure and infall rate.

The extreme effects of radiative cooling on the structure of an inflow of material into the Galaxy are explored. Significantly, it is found that cooling cannot prevent the formation of a very hot (about 2 million K) corona in the flow close to the Galaxy. When it is important, however, cooling in the flow considerably increases the infall rate over the adiabatic maximum value for the same set of boundary conditions. Limits set on the flow rate and coronal gas parameters by observations of the Galaxy are discussed.
The surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency and combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency using the heart-lung machine

Abstract Open heart surgery now offers a method for correction of mitral insufficiency. The technic consists of posteromedial annuloplasty. The details of the operation are important in that only the annulus of the mural leaflet should be narrowed and not the annulus of the aortic leaflet. In retrospect in only three of the fortytwo patients would the use of a plastic valve be indicated. The surgical mortality was 15 per cent and the patients with good or excellent results comprised 86 per cent of the living patients.
Exploring commonalities across participants in the neural representation of objects

r r Abstract: The question of whether the neural encodings of objects are similar across different people is one of the key questions in cognitive neuroscience. This article examines the commonalities in the in- ternal representation of objects, as measured with fMRI, across individuals in two complementary ways. First, we examine the commonalities in the internal representation of objects across people at the level of interobject distances, derived from whole brain fMRI data, and second, at the level of spatially localized anatomical brain regions that contain sufficient information for identification of object catego- ries, without making the assumption that their voxel patterns are spatially matched in a common space. We examine the commonalities in internal representation of objects on 3T fMRI data collected while participants viewed line drawings depicting various tools and dwellings. This exploratory study revealed the extent to which the representation of individual concepts, and their mutual similarity, is
Image segmentation and matching using the binary object forest

Abstract This paper examines a robust method of image disparity analysis based on matching features derived from a graph theory technique of image segmentation. It is aimed particularly at tracking objects which exhibit large interframe motion. The approach proposed involves using multiple thresholds in an image to obtain a set of binary ‘slices’. These are processed to find all connected elementary regions in each slice. The topological relationships between all elementary regions (‘binary objects’) can be described by a set of trees. This set of trees constitute the binary object forest (BOF) for a given image. After applying this segmentation procedure to each image in turn, matching is performed between features (nodes) in the resulting BOFs to identify areas of change and then to extract moving objects.
Correlation coefficients between nonparametric tests for location and scale

In attempting to find the most practical and efficient nonparametric rank test in the two-sample problem of testing for equality of populations, it is submitted that correlation coefficients might be useful. As a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between comparable test statistics, the correlation helps to determine how the tests distinguish between rank orders in the null distribution. This paper gives expressions for the correlations between Gastwirth's percentile-modifiedTp±Br tests, the Wilcoxon test, Barton-David test, Mood test and Savage tests, and indicates how they could be used in choosing which test to employ in practice, including optimal selection ofp andr in the percentile-modified tests.
Quantification of Biomolecules by External Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) is well-known for its capabilities in structural characterization of molecules. Recent developments in radio frequency excitation, linearized trapping, and accumulation of ions generated from external sources have improved the potential of FTMS for quantitative analysis. Here, a commercial external electrospray ionization FTMS, employing a linearized ion trap (the Infinity Cell) and an ion accumulation procedure in which ions are deflected off-axis and injected into the trap, is evaluated as an analytical method for quantifying amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Linear response over approximately 2-3 orders of magnitude is observed for singly-charged ions with low coefficients of variation (generally < 10%), and the calibration curves generated can be used to quantify structurally similar analytes with < 4% relative error, as shown here for quantification of leucine enkephalin from curves generated by methionine enkephalin. Similar precision is obtained for multiply-charged lysozyme, but over only 1.5 orders of magnitude. Some m/z discrimination is observed as a function of trap accumulation potential for a two-component cytochrome c/lysozyme mixture. The results are promising because they suggest that quantification using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray FTMS is possible.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of A-80556 using microdialysis in a Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis model

Using microdialysis in a rabbit model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, the pharmacolcinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new fluoroquinolone, A-80556, were determined. A-80556 (10 mg/kg iv) was administered to four rabbits. Saline was given to four separate control animals. A microdialysis probe perfused the CSF (2 /jL/min) and effluent was collected at 0-0.25, 0.25-1, 1-2, 2-4, and 4-6 h after injection of A-80556. Seven blood samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC. At 0, 2, 4, and 6h 300 /JL of CSF was withdrawn for pharmacodynamic measurements. Plasma A-80556 concentrations demonstrated AUCo.K 2.40 ± 0.272 /ig.h/mL; Tu 1.07 ±0.011 h; K,6.35 ± 0.50 L/kg; and Cl, 4.23 ± 0.48 L/h.kg. Penetration into the CSF was 18.21%. Pharmacodynamics using time-kill curves showed a 3-log reduction in bacterial counts in CSF at 2 h after administration continuing for the remaining four hours of the experiment. These results demonstrate that microdialysis can be used for determination of drug penetration and efficacy in experimental 51. pneumoniae meningitis.
Correlates and Cross-Linguistic Comparisons of Informativeness and Efficiency on Nicholas and Brookshire Discourse Stimuli in Spanish/English Bilingual Adults

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine (a) correlates of informativeness and efficiency in discourse and (b) potential cross-linguistic and stimulus type (picture vs. nonpicture) differences in measures of informativeness and efficiency in Spanish/English bilingual adults in the United States. Method Eighty-eight Spanish/English young bilingual adults who self-reported being functional in both languages completed the discourse tasks from Nicholas and Brookshire (1993). Responses were analyzed with an adapted version of the scoring system that is based on correct information units (CIUs), the variable corresponding to informative words. Results Regression analyses showed that among participant-provided data, self-ratings of proficiency accounted for most of the variance in informativeness over time (CIUs/min), although usage was also important in Spanish. When naming accuracy was added as a variable, verb-naming accuracy superseded all variables as accounting for the most variance in CIUs/min a...
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Medical Complications During Stroke Rehabilitation

Background and Purpose—The aims of this study were to examine the frequency, types, and clinical factors associated with medical complications that occur during inpatient rehabilitation and to identify risk factors for complications that require a transfer to an acute care facility. Methods—A cohort of 1029 patients consecutively admitted for inpatient stroke rehabilitation was studied. Demographic and stroke information, impairment, preexisting medical conditions, and admission laboratory abnormalities were recorded. Medical complications, defined as new or exacerbated medical problems, were documented for each patient. Complications that required transfer off rehabilitation were noted. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors that were associated with risk of medical complications and risk of transfer off rehabilitation. Results—Seventy-five percent of patients experienced ≥1 medical complication during rehabilitation. Significant factors for the development of...
The heat/mass transfer analogy for a simulated turbine blade

Abstract Due to the complexity of the flow and the difficulty of measuring heat transfer directly in gas turbines or even in turbine cascade, heat transfer coefficients have been extracted from data obtained in mass transfer measurements using the heat/mass transfer analogy. The present paper shows the validity of the heat/mass transfer analogy from separate heat transfer and mass transfer measurements on simulated turbine blades with equivalent experimental and geometric conditions. The Nusselt numbers from heat transfer experiments employing a constant temperature boundary condition are compared to the Sherwood number from mass transfer experiments employing a constant concentration boundary condition.
Strategic Internet and E-Commerce Applications for Local Nonprofit Organizations

SUMMARY The world of Internet applications is expanding faster than many academics and other professionals can follow. Although it is extremely challenging to provide a helpful review of such quickly changing issues, particularly those relating to local nonprofit organizations, we consider previous Internet and e-commerce research, the current state of organizational Web applications, different types of local nonprofit organizations and how their different missions and objectives may impact their strategic Web decisions. Perhaps more important, we also address a wide range of important individual e-technology issues and implications. For any nonprofit considering integrating an Internet presence into their promotion and offering mix, the process may seem to require almost heroic determination and dedication. It is a continuous challenge for professionals to search out critical information sources (books, articles, on-line postings, etc.) and many such sources are included here as examples and references. ...
Word recognition from acoustic onsets and acoustic offsets: Effects of cohort size and syllabic stress

In the traditional gating technique, subjects hear increasing amounts of word-onset information from spoken words until the words can be correctly identified. The experiment reported here contrasted word-onset gating with results when words were gated from their word endings. A significant recognition advantage for words gated from their onsets was demonstrated. This effect was eliminated, however, when we took into account the number of word possibilities that shared overlapping phonology and the same stress pattern as the target words at their recognition points. These results support the position that the perceptual advantage of word-initial information can be understood within a general goodness-of-fit model of spoken word recognition.
Frequency-Magnitude Statistics of Earthquake Occurrences

An effort was made to investigate the magnitude frequency relationship of earthquakes as were reported in the USCGS Preliminary Determination of Epicenters from 1963 to 1968 and Gutenberg and Richter and Duda’s catalog of earthquakes from 1918 to 1963. The study was carried out for different seismic regions and over different time intervals to look for variations. It is necessary to take into account the dependence of the frequency distribution, (especially for low magnitudes), on the detection capabilities of the seismic network which may vary for different regions and over different time intervals. It was found that a second degree curve removes some of the subjectivity in estimating the “b” value. There is still some question whether the regional variations are significant.
Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast: Diagnostic challenges and new translational insights

Comprising less than 1% of invasive carcinomas of the breast, metaplastic carcinomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors in which part or all of the carcinomatous epithelium is transformed into a nonglandular (metaplastic) growth process. Metaplastic carcinomas with a low-grade spindle cell component resembling fibromatosis, as in our present case, are worthy of particular note because they are infrequent, difficult to recognize, and have a high risk of local recurrence. The differential diagnosis of metaplastic carcinomas depends on the degree of atypia observed in the tumor and includes exuberant scars, fibromatosis, nodular fasciitis, myofibroblastomas, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, acute and chronic abscess with fat necrosis, malignant phyllodes tumor, and primary or metastatic sarcoma. Limited studies done on the molecular pathology of metaplastic carcinomas show that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is common in these tumors and that approximately 70% of metaplastic carcinomas show EGFR gene amplification and overexpression. This may have treatment implications because they may lead to targeted treatment for patients with metaplastic carcinomas.
Exercising your patient: which test(s) and when?

With the introduction of the stair climb test of surgical patients in the 1950s, the role of exercise-based testing as a useful diagnostic tool and an adjunct to conventional cardiopulmonary testing was established. Since then, we have witnessed a rapid development of numerous tests, varying in their protocols and clinical applications. The relatively simple “field tests” (shuttle walks, stair climb, 6-minute walk test) require minimal equipment and technical support, and so are generally available to physicians and patients. At the other end of the spectrum is the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), more complex in its equipment requirements, technical support, and with an often complex interpretive strategy. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT), in particular, has evolved into a versatile study with diagnostic utility in many disorders, including COPD, pulmonary hypertension, interstitial lung disease, congestive heart failure, and in the pre-surgical evaluation of patients, among others. With the added dimensions of optional O2 saturation monitoring and calculated post-exercise heart rate recovery, the 6MWT is providing important clinical information well beyond the measure of distance walked. Is it sufficiently robust and informative to replace the more demanding and less available CPET? In many instances, the clinical applications are overlapping, with the 6MWT functioning as an adequate surrogate. However, in the initial evaluation of unexplained dyspnea, in formal evaluation of impairment and disability, in detailed evaluation of congestive heart failure, and in the selected lung cancer patient prior to resection, CPET remains superior. Investigations of portable metabolic and cardiovascular monitoring devices aiming to enhance the diagnostic capabilities of 6MWT may further narrow or close the remaining gap between these two exercise studies.
The Timing Objection to the Frankfurt Cases

According to the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP), a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. Pereboom (Living without free will, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 29:228–247, 2005) has developed an influential version of a Frankfurt case, known as “Tax Evasion,” which he believes is a counterexample to PAP. Ginet (Journal of Ethics 6:305–309, 2002) raises a key objection against Pereboom’s case, known as “the timing objection.” The main claim of the timing objection is that we need to pay close attention to the precise time at which people act in order to determine what they can, and cannot, be morally responsible for. Recently, Pereboom (The philosophy of free will, Oxford University Press, New York, 2012) has defended his position against this objection by developing a new Frankfurt case called “Tax Cut.” In this paper, I assess this new development. I argue that Tax Cut is just as vulnerable to the timing objection as Pereboom’s original case, Tax Evasion. Thus, Pereboom’s response to the timing objection fails, leaving PAP intact from the threat of both of his Frankfurt cases. Along the way, I further motivate and develop the timing objection, and explore the distinction between derivative and non-derivative responsibility.
Activity coefficient and vacancy flux effects on tracer diffusion in silver–gold alloys

The mean atom drift for Ag and Au tracers, placed at the interface of AgAu alloy diffusion couples, has been measured over composition ranges for which the diffusion coefficient gradient is very small. By using large diffusion penetrations and temperatures at which the jump frequency ratio for the two species is large, the tracer shifts were determined sufficiently accurately to confirm the LeClaire and Manning theories of vacancy kinetics in non-dilute alloys. An alternative approach, “diffusion-coefficient analysis”, proved to be less reliable. Der durchschnittliche Atomdrift von Ag- und Au-Tracern, die an der Grenzflache von AgAu-Legierungs-Diffusionspaaren plaziert waren, wurde uber den Kompositionsbereich gemessen, wo der Gradient des Diffusionskoeffizienten sehr klein ist. Durch die Benutzung von grosen Diffusionseindringtiefen, und Temperaturen, bei denen das Verhaltnis der Sprungfrequenzen der beiden Elemente gros ist, wurden die Tracerverschiebungen genugend genau bestimmt, um die Gultigkeit der Theorien von LeClaire and Manning uber die Leerstellenkinetik in konzentrierten Legierungen zu bestatigen. Eine „Diffusionskoeffizienten-Analyse”, der Daten erwies sich als weniger nutzlich.
Food price policy: The rationale for government intervention

Abstract Policy-makers in the most successful developing countries have not accepted either of the two major schools of thought on food price policy. The neo-classical school favours free trade to maximize efficiency of resource allocation. The structuralist school favours interventions to satisfy goals for income distribution. Especially in the rapidly growing, rice-based economies of Asia, policy-makers have been more concerned about stability of domestic prices than their level relative to world prices. This concern, traditionally dismissed by economists as purely political, is justified on economic grounds because of improved macroeconomic and dynamic efficiency from stable food prices. The paper identifies both the benefits from food price stability and the costs of achieving it.
Dynamic ranked retrieval

We present a theoretically well-founded retrieval model for dynamically generating rankings based on interactive user feedback. Unlike conventional rankings that remain static after the query was issued, dynamic rankings allow and anticipate user activity, thus providing a way to combine the otherwise contradictory goals of result diversification and high recall. We develop a decision-theoretic framework to guide the design and evaluation of algorithms for this interactive retrieval setting. Furthermore, we propose two dynamic ranking algorithms, both of which are computationally efficient. We prove that these algorithms provide retrieval performance that is guaranteed to be at least as good as the optimal static ranking algorithm. In empirical evaluations, dynamic ranking shows substantial improvements in retrieval performance over conventional static rankings.
Phishing Infrastructure Fluxes All the Way

Fast flux aims to keep phishing and scam campaigns afloat by provisioning a fraudulent Web site's domain name system records to make the site resolve to numerous, short-lived IP addresses. Although fast flux hurts takedown efforts, it's possible to detect and defend against it.