cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Values-Tailored Web-Based Intervention for New Mothers to Increase Infant Vaccine Uptake: Development and Qualitative Study.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy among parents leads to childhood undervaccination and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. As the reasons for vaccine hesitancy are diverse, there is often not enough time during regular clinical visits for medical providers to adequately address all the concerns that parents have. Providing individually tailored vaccine information via the internet before a clinical visit may be a good mechanism for effectively allaying parents’ vaccination concerns while also being time efficient. Including tailoring based on values is a promising, but untested, approach to message creation. Objective: This study aimed to describe the process by which we developed a Web-based intervention that is being used in an ongoing randomized controlled trial aimed at improving the timeliness of infant vaccination by reducing parental vaccine hesitancy. Methods: Development of the intervention incorporated evidence-based health behavior theories. A series of interviews, surveys, and feedback sessions were used to iteratively develop the intervention in collaboration with vaccination experts and potential end users. Results: In all, 41 specific content areas were identified to be included in the intervention. User feedback elucidated preferences for specific design elements to be incorporated throughout the website. The tile-based architecture chosen for the website was perceived as easy to use. Creating messages that were two-sided was generally preferred over other message formats. Quantitative surveys identified associations between specific vaccine values and vaccination beliefs, suggesting that values tailoring should vary, depending on the specific belief being endorsed. Conclusions: Using health behavior theories, qualitative and quantitative data, and significant expert and end user input, we created a novel, Web-based intervention to improve infant vaccination timeliness. The intervention is based on tailoring messages according to each individual’s values and beliefs. This intervention is currently being tested in a controlled randomized clinical trial.
The Role of Math Misalignment in the Community College STEM Pathway

Limited attention has been placed on the relationship between developmental math and STEM outcomes in community college. We therefore examine one particular experience during the transition from high school to college called math misalignment, which occurs when college students are placed lower in math than is warranted given their high-school course-taking history and record of achievement. Drawing on analysis of linked high school and community college student records, we find that a majority of students in the study sample experienced math misalignment in community college. Moreover, math misalignment especially hindered STEM-aspiring students from pursuing STEM pathways. STEM-aspiring students who experienced math misalignment were less likely to complete STEM courses than STEM-aspiring students who were directly placed in transfer-level math. This study underscores the importance of aligning academic standards across high-school and postsecondary institutions as a means of improving STEM participation.
Who is More Likely to Extend and Return a Favor? China Meets West

Using a population of venture capital (VC) firms spanning the whole Chinese VC history from 1991 to 2017 and comprising 6,001,004 lead– partner VC potential dyads, and conducting qualitative interv...
The Age of Artificial Intelligence: Use of Digital Technology in Clinical Nutrition

Computing advances over the decades have catalyzed the pervasive integration of digital technology in the medical industry, now followed by similar applications for clinical nutrition. This review discusses the implementation of such technologies for nutrition, ranging from the use of mobile apps and wearable technologies to the development of decision support tools for parenteral nutrition and use of telehealth for remote assessment of nutrition. Mobile applications and wearable technologies have provided opportunities for real-time collection of granular nutrition-related data. Machine learning has allowed for more complex analyses of the increasing volume of data collected. The combination of these tools has also translated into practical clinical applications, such as decision support tools, risk prediction, and diet optimization. The state of digital technology for clinical nutrition is still young, although there is much promise for growth and disruption in the future.
Adherence and persistence to long-acting injectable dopamine receptor blocking agent therapy in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Abstract The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess adherence and persistence to long-acting injectable dopamine receptor blocking agents (LAI DRBAs) in published observational cohort studies conducted in the United States. Adherence rate (proportion of days covered ≥80%) and persistence rate (no gap in therapy ≥60 days) to LAI DRBAs were examined in 26 articles for qualitative review and 8 articles for quantitative review. There was significant variability in adherence and persistence rates to LAI DRBAs in the reported observational cohort studies. The mean adherence and persistence rates to LAI DRBAs in the included studies were 36% (8–66%) and 56% (32–80%), respectively. The use of LAI DRBAs showed cumulative benefit of achieving adherence 1.40 times higher compared to oral agents. The persistence rate was measured by number of patients having no more than 60 days gap in therapy at follow-up, and the cumulative benefit of being persistently on the therapy was 1.65 times higher among the LAI agents-exposed group compared to the oral agents-exposed group. The use of LAI DRBAs confers benefit in adherence and persistence compared to oral DRBA formulations.
Pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans: an Evolutionary Perspective

Cryptococcus neoformans has several well-established virulence factors: a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the cell body, melanin production, urease, phospholypase, and growth at 37°C. Among these factors, the best characterized are the capsule and melanin. The fact that the size of the capsule increases after infection suggests that it is required for survival in the host, and mutants unable to undergo this process are less virulent. The ability of C. neoformans to grow at 37°C and in slightly alkaline pH, which are conditions that the yeast encounters during infection in mammalian hosts, is a main feature that allows this yeast to be a pathogenic fungus. Furthermore, the interaction of C. neoformans with some of other hosts such as bacteria, protozoa and slime molds can enhance virulence by affecting what we consider to be the virulence factors of this yeast and the ability to kill mice. This chapter reviews the interactions and discusses how they may influence the virulence of the organism during evolution. Other virulence factors, such as phospholipase, are important for survival of the yeast cells. The chapter reviews how C. neoformans can infect and interact with many different hosts, including amoebas, nematodes, insects, and many mammals. At the same time, C. neoformans increased virulence by exploiting some of the features that this fungus uses for survival in the environment, such as the capsule and melanin production.
Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law

This book provides a comprehensive, economically-oriented treatment of the basic areas of law, namely, property law, tort law, contract law, and criminal law. The book also deals with the litigation process and contains a part on welfare economics, morality, and law. Aimed at a broad audience, neither a legal background nor technical economic knowledge is needed to read it.
A novel time-frequency quantum key distribution technique for optical fiber communication systems

We propose a new quantum encryption scheme that is based on the quantum mechanical duality between time and frequency. We described an experimental implementation using optical fiber and discuss the new protocol's security against eavesdropping.
Mouse NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursors express mRNA for proteolipid protein but not its DM-20 variant: a study of laser microdissection-captured NG2+ cells.

Despite recent advances in our understanding of lineage of oligodendrocytes, detailed molecular characterization of this lineage in vivo is limited, primarily because of our inability to obtain a pure population of cells in situ . To define the molecular characteristics of oligodendrocyte lineage cells during development and their response to injury, we developed a strategy that uses laser capture microdissection (LCM) to isolate cells from sections and reverse transcription-PCR to determine mRNA expression. As a first step, we examined the expression of myelin-specific protein genes in NG2+ cells in cerebral cortex. We demonstrate that NG2+ cells in both developing and adult mice express NG2 mRNA but not mRNA for proteins specific for astrocytes, neurons, or microglia, indicating that a highly pure population of antigen-specific cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage can be obtained using LCM. Furthermore, we show that NG2+ cells express mRNAs for proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein, and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, but they dot not express DM-20 mRNA, a PLP mRNA splicing variant. Our data demonstrate that antigen-specific cells of oligodendrocyte lineage differentially express mRNA for myelin-specific proteins and their variants in vivo , partly define the gene expression in NG2+ cells, and raise questions about the cellular sites of DM-20 expression. This work also shows that LCM is a valuable tool to define and analyze gene expression in the cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage.
EXPERT INTERPRETATION COMPENSATES FOR REDUCED IMAGE QUALITY OF CAMERA-DIGITIZED IMAGES REFERRED TO RADIOLOGISTS

We compared the accuracy of five veterinary radiologists when reading 20 radiographic cases on both analog film and in camera-digitized format. In addition, we compared the ability of five veterinary radiologists vs. 10 private practice veterinarians to interpret the analog images. Interpretation accuracy was compared using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Veterinary radiologists' accuracy did not significantly differ between analog vs. camera-digitized images (P = 0.13) although sensitivity was higher for analog images. Radiologists' interpretation of both digital and analog images was significantly better compared with the private veterinarians (P < 0.05).
Functional modulation of enterocytes by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

Clinical studies have suggested that so-called probiotic bacteria may be effective as therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. However, the molecular mechanisms of their interaction with the intestin...
SWEET! The Pathway Is Complete

Photosynthesis in plants leads to the accumulation of carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, starch), upon which all terrestrial life depends. In most plants, sucrose is the principal carbohydrate transported long-distance in the veins to support the growth and development of roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Sucrose can be directly stored in specialized tissues, such as fruits or the stems of sugarcane and sweet sorghum, or it can be converted into starch in cereal seeds and potato tubers. Thus, proper control of carbohydrate partitioning is fundamental to crop yield and human nutrition and to the development of plant-based biofuels. Given the importance of this process, it may come as a surprise that until now, we did not understand the entire pathway for the export of sucrose from leaves. On page 207 of this issue, Chen et al. ( 1 ) identify and characterize the long-sought missing player in sucrose transport, the sucrose effluxer.
Longitudinal Magnetoresistance of Pure Single-Crystal Copper

The longitudinal magnetoresistance was measured along the [100] direction of a pure single crystal of copper. The temperature dependence of the saturation ratio, $\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}(B=\mathrm{sat}.)}{\ensuremath{\rho}(B=0)}$, is given between 4 and 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A limit is placed on the diffusion approximation for small-angle electron scattering and it is suggested that the assumption of a relaxation time or of a mean free path parallel to the velocity is not valid for some types of impurity or low-temperature phonon scattering.
Identification of the compound in a potent cranberry juice extract that inhibits lipid oxidation in comminuted muscle

Abstract An extract prepared from cranberry juice powder using a mixture of chloroform and methanol was particularly effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey (MST), providing more than 3 weeks of additional stability during −4 °C storage at a usage level of 0.1% (wet weight basis). The chloroform extract was fractionated by flash chromatography (FC) and analysed using reverse-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV/vis diode array detection to identify the component(s) present in the fractions. One of the five fractions obtained was effective in delaying the formation of lipid peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in MST, while the remaining fractions had little to no inhibitory action. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis indicated the presence of two flavonols, quercetin and quercetin-3- O -(6″-benzoyl)- β -galactoside in the inhibitory fraction. This fraction (containing quercetin at 467 μmol/kg MST) inhibited lipid oxidation in MST similarly to pure quercetin added to MST at the same concentration. This indicated that quercetin accounted for all or nearly all of the inhibitory capacity in the chloroform extract.
“The Dear Old Regiment”: Maine's Regimental Associations and the Memory of the American Civil War

When Maine veterans marched home after Appomattox, many sought to preserve connections with former comrades-in-arms and share Civil War experiences. They formed regimental associations, some of whi...
Immunoelectrochemical Assay in Combination with Homogeneous Enzyme-Labeled Antibody Conjugation for Rapid Detection of Salmonella

An immunoelectrochemical assay in combination with homogeneous enzyme-labeled antibody conjugation was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella. The assay was performed by mixing alkaline phosphatase linked anti-Salmonella (APLAS) with Salmonella in a solution. The Salmonella-APLAS conjugate separated by polycarbonate membrane filtration was incubated with a phenyl phosphate substrate to produce phenol. The concentration of Salmonella cells was determined by measuring phenol oxidation peak current using differential pulse voltammetry at a renewable carbon paste electrode. This assay could be completed within two hours with a detection limit of 5 × 103 cells/mL. A linear response was found for Salmonella between 5 × 103 and 1 × 106 cells/mL.
MANAGEMENT OF URETHRAL STRICTURES AFTER HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

AbstractPurpose: We conducted a retrospective study of patients with strictures after hypospadias repair to identify factors contributing to the development of strictures and to attempt to define an optimal strategy for management.Materials and Methods: patients with the diagnosis of hypospadias who had undergone direct vision internal urethrotomy, urethral dilation or urethroplasty were identified. The original location of the meatus, type of initial repair, subsequent procedures and outcome of the interventions were recorded.Results: A total of 38 patients were identified. Of the 29 patients who were initially treated with direct vision internal urethrotomy or urethral dilation 23 (79%) ultimately required open urethroplasty and did well. Of the 8 patients treated with initial urethroplasty 7 had successful outcomes. Overall success, defined as asymptomatic voiding without fistula or residual stricture, was 78% at a mean followup of 6.3 years.Conclusions: Stricture disease continues to be a significant ...
Finite element analysis of plate bending with transverse shear deformation

Abstract Based on Mindlin's plate theory, a finite element stiffness approach for plate bending which includes transverse shear deformation is presented. Three different rectangular plate finite element models are developed and are used to investigate the importance of plate thickness effect in static and free vibration plate bending problems. One of the proposed displacement fields incorporates transverse shear deformations without increasing the number of nodal quantities beyond that associated with existing (classical plate theory) finite elements. The method is applicable for the analysis of thick plates or slabs which occur in Civil Engineering structures such as power plants or nuclear reactors.
Determining acrosomal status of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) sperm by fluorescence microscopy

The acrosome of Macaca fascicularis sperm cannot be distinguished by conventional light microscopy, so determining whether sperm are acrosome-intact or-reacted is difficult. We describe methods for labeling the acrosomal region of sperm with two different probes: fluoresceinated Pisum sativum agglutinin and anti-sperm antiserum. Acrosome-intact sperm are much more heavily labeled in the acrosomal region than are acrosome-reacted sperm, providing a simple means of differentiating the two types of sperm. The two probes detect similar numbers of acrosome-reacted sperm following treatment with the divalent cation ionophore, A23187.
Absence of ethidium bromide induced nicking and degradation of mitochondrial DNA in mouse L-cells.

Abstract The in vivo effects of ethidium bromide on the integrity of mitochondrial DNA have been studied in a mouse L-cell system in which this DNA may be nearly exclusively radiolabelled. This allows the detection of mitochondrial DNA in the presence of contaminating nuclear DNA and eliminates the need for extensive purification of mitochondria or the use of deoxyribonuclease. The mitochondrial DNA in treated cells rapidly attains a high negative superhelix density and is not substantially nickel or degraded over the course of several days.
BANK RATE POLICY UNDER THE INTERWAR GOLD STANDARD: A DYNAMIC PROBIT MODEL*

The classical gold standard occupies an almost mystical position in the literature of international finance. In popular accounts the gold standard is portrayed as a remarkably durable and efficient mechanism for achieving price and exchange rate stability and for relieving balance of payments pressures. The system's resilience is attributed to the willingness of nationa) monetary authorities to refrain from impeding the international adjustment process. When central banks intervened in financial markets, it is said, they did so mechanically, obeying 'rules of the game' which dictated that they reinforce the impact on domestic money and credit of changing balance of payments conditions. Succeeding generations of economists and historians have sought to qualify this popular view. The recent contributions of Bordo (I98I) and Cooper (i982) make a critical assessment of extravagant claims concerning price and exchange rate stability under the classical gold standard. Other authors have extended the research of Bloomfield (I 959), Ford (I962) and Triffin (I964), who emphasised the special conditions that permitted the classical gold standard's smooth operation and cast doubt on the tendency of national monetary authorities to adhere faithfully to 'rules of the game." All too often, scant mention is made of the interwar gold standard, for it is not evident how interwar experience fits into either view. Certain facts are clear. It is clear that the interwar standard was far from durable; Britain's resumption of gold payments in I925 usually is taken to mark the gold standard's resurrection, just as her devaluation a mere 6 years later is taken as its demise. In the interim many of the major participants suffered serious balance of payments pressures that threatened to render their exchange rates indefensible. The system was anything but conducive to stability; it precluded neither price nor income fluctuations, as the Great Depression dramatically illustrated. Numerous explanations have been advanced for the interwar gold standard's
Fate of atrazine and alachlor in redox-treated ferruginous smectite.

The oxidation state of structural iron (Fe) in clay minerals exerts a large influence on clay surface chemistry and may affect the adsorption and degradation of pesticides in the environment. This effect, however, has been little investigated. In the present study, herbicides atrazine and alachlor were reacted with ferruginous smectite (sample SWa-1) in its oxidized, reduced (either chemically or bacterially), and reduced-reoxidized states. In some experiments the herbicide was labeled with 14C. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was also used to detect alachlor degradation products. Compared to oxidized clays, reduction by both chemical and microbial treatments decreased the concentration of both herbicides in the surrounding solution. Reoxidized clay exhibited behavior similar to the oxidized clay. Hydrolysis-dechlorination of atrazine occurred in the presence of chemically reduced SWa-1, and GC-MS analysis of alachlor revealed at least 14 degradation products after treatment with reduced clay and only two with the oxidized clay. Interaction of atrazine and alachlor with the clay may be through a H bond with the waters of hydration surrounding interlayer cations, the extent of which should increase with increasing acidity; but under reduced conditions, the validity of this model is unclear. Reduction of structural Fe may affect pH-dependent phenomena in two ways: The increased surface charge density increases the number of hydrated interlayer cations, thereby enhancing surface acidity, and increased electron density at basal surface oxygens increases their Bronsted basicity. Atrazine could, therefore, adsorb and/or degrade through either acid or alkaline hydrolysis pathways. Increased reduction potential of the reduced clay surfaces may also promote degradation.
In Vitro Regulation of Cell Growth and Angiogenesis by Inositol Hexaphosphate in Bladder Cancer

Background: Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is found in food sources high in fiber content. We hypothesized that IP6 would inhibit the cell growth rate of bladder cancer in vitro. Methods: T24 and TCCSUP bladder cancer cell lines were treated with titrating doses of IP6 (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mM/well). Cell viability and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured. Results: Significant reductions (p M dose of IP6 and at 72 hours with the 0.3 mM dose (p Conclusions: In vitro treatment of bladder cancer with the common dietary polyphosphorylated carbohydrate IP6 significantly decreased cellular growth by anti-angiogenic mechanisms. We feel that this data warrants further investigation and consideration for initiation of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and clinical utility of this agent.
Joint outputs and real wage rates

Abstract The magnification effect in standard international trade theory asserts that if the relative price of the labor-intensive commodity increases, the real wage will also increase, as will the wage/rental ratio. This result depends upon the assumption that both activities are nonjoint—each combining labor and capital to produce a single output, so that if activities are joint instead, the results are in jeopardy. It is shown that if the difference between the share of commodity one produced in the first activity and in the second activity exceeds the difference between the labor distributive shares in the first activity and the second, an increase in commodity 1's relative price raises the wage/rental ratio. The real wage unambiguously rises in this case if and only if the ratio of the commodity output shares in the two activities exceeds the ratio of labor shares.
Inhibitory effects of orientational adaptation.

A variably oriented test grating was presented for identification in angular degrees immediately following 5-s exposure to a high-contrast grating of the same spatial frequency. The adapting grating was fixed at one of four different orientations, each located 15° away from a primary visual axis. The angle of orientation separating the adapting and the test gratings was varied from 0° to ±30° on both sides of the adapting orientation. The visibility of the test grating and its judged orientation following adaptation to the grating were compared with the same quantities following adaptation to a nonstriate control. Significant masking and tilt aftereffects were found as a function of the angle separating the test and masking gratings for every adapting orientation. The results agree with electrophysiological evidence of narrow orientation channels in the visual system and support a structural interpretation of spatially selective mechanisms that are most sensitive to the vertical and horizontal coordinates.
Benthic ammonia oxidizers differ in community structure and biogeochemical potential across a riverine delta

Nitrogen pollution in coastal zones is a widespread issue, particularly in ecosystems with urban or agricultural watersheds. California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, at the landward reaches of San Francisco Bay, is highly impacted by both agricultural runoff and sewage effluent, leading to chronically high nutrient loadings. In particular, the massive discharge of ammonium into the Sacramento River has altered this ecosystem by increasing ammonium concentrations and thus changing the stoichiometry of inorganic nitrogen stocks, with potential effects throughout the food web. To date, however, there has been little research examining N biogeochemistry or N-cycling microbial communities in this system. We report the first data on benthic ammonia-oxidizing microbial communities and potential nitrification rates for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, focusing on the functional gene amoA (encoding the α-subunit of ammonia monooxygenase). There were stark regional differences in ammonia-oxidizing communities, with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) outnumbering ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) only in the ammonium-rich Sacramento River. High potential nitrification rates in the Sacramento River suggested these communities may be capable of oxidizing significant amounts of ammonium, compared to the San Joaquin River and the upper reaches of San Francisco Bay. Gene diversity also showed regional patterns, as well as phylogenetically unique ammonia oxidizers in the Sacramento River. The community structure and biogeochemical function of benthic ammonia oxidizers appears related to nutrient loadings. Unraveling the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of N cycling pathways is a critical step toward understanding how such ecosystems respond to the changing environmental conditions wrought by human development and climate change.
Rupture of nanoparticle agglomerates and formulation of Al2O3-epoxy nanocomposites using ultrasonic cavitation approach : Effects on the structural and mechanical properties

Currently, intense research is underway to develop polymer nanocomposites because of their numerous potential applications. However, the uniform dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposites without an additional chemical phase has proved to be a difficult challenge. In this paper, we present our results that ultrasonic cavitation could be an effective tool to disrupt agglomerates, thus forming well-dispersed inorganic phase polymer nanocomposites. This is especially true if polymer degradation could be minimized during ultrasonic processing. Our results suggest that better dispersion of nanoparticles achieved via ultrasonic cavitation not only improved the elastic modulus of the polymer nanocomposites but also enhanced the stress at 5% strain values. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:426–430, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Droplet-size polydispersity in polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films are useful in light control applications because they can be switched electrically between light scattering and transparent states. The light scattering effectiveness of a film is intimately related to the size-distribution of the liquid crystal droplets and varies with the wavelength of light. The authors have prepared PDLC films with several droplet sizes and size-distributions, some of which exhibit a polydispersity of droplet sizes. Compared with films characterized by a standard or monodisperse droplet size distribution, polydisperse films exhibit enhanced light scattering and appear well suited for a variety of applications where extended or tuned-wavelength-range light-scattering properties are important.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bmp2 instructs cardiac progenitors to form the heart-valve-inducing field.

A hallmark of heart-valve development is the swelling and deposition of extracellular matrix in the heart-valve region. Only myocardium overlying this region can signal to underlying endothelium and cause it to lose cell–cell contacts, delaminate, and invade the extracellular space abutting myocardium and endocardium to form endocardial cushions (EC) in a process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). The heart-valve myocardium expresses bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp2) coincident with development of valve mesenchyme. BMPs belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily (TGF-β) and play a wide variety of roles during development. We show that conditional ablation of Bmp2 in cardiac progenitors results in cell fate changes in which the heart-valve region adopts the identity of differentiated chamber myocardium. Moreover, Bmp2-deficient hearts fail to induce production and deposition of matrix at the heart-valve-forming region, resulting in the inability of the endothelium to swell and impairing the development of ECs. Furthermore, in collagen invasion assays, Bmp2 mutant endothelium is incapable of undergoing EMT, and addition of BMP2 protein to mutant heart explants rescues this phenotype. Our results demonstrate that Bmp2 is both necessary and sufficient to specify a field of cardiac progenitor cells as the heart-valve-inducing region amid developing atria and ventricles.
Kinetic Energy Calculations for Non‐Newtonian Fluids in Circular Tubes

Expressions to calculate the kinetic energy of Herschel-Bulkley fluids flowing in circular tubes are presented. The influence of yield stress, consistency coefficient and flow behavior index are investigated. An equation - based on theoretical considerations - for determining kinetic energy from a kinetic energy correction factor is developed. Solutions are given in a graphical format to facilitate kinetic energy calculations.
Nutrition recommendations and the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative's 2014 approved food and beverage product list.

We compare the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative’s (CFBAI’s) April 2014 list of food and beverage products approved to be advertised on children’s television programs with the federal Interagency Working Group’s nutrition recommendations for such advertised products. Products were assessed by using the nutrients to limit (saturated fat, trans fat, sugar, and sodium) component of the Interagency Working Group’s recommendations. Fifty-three percent of the listed products did not meet the nutrition recommendations and, therefore, were ineligible to be advertised. We recommend continued monitoring of food and beverage products marketed to children.
Diffusion to finite-size traps.

The survival probability of a random-walking particle is derived for hopping in a random distribution of traps of arbitrary radius and concentration. The single-center approximation is shown to be valid for times of physical interest even when the fraction of volume occupied by traps approaches unity. The theory is based on computation of the number of different potential trap regions sampled in a random walk and is confirmed by simulations on a simple-cubic lattice.
Reprogrammable FPLA with universal test set

A field programmable logic array is presented which can be programmed. This FPLA uses one-transistor reprogrammable switches instead of fuses. The FPLA design presented here is also easily testable. In this design, the PLA is partitioned into two parts, which are tested independently. The delay is kept to a minimum for each test vector. Furthermore, parallelism is employed during testing, and thus minimal test time is obtained. It employs a universal test set of minimal length to detect all single crosspoint faults, stuck faults and bridging faults. This universal test set also covers the majority of multiple faults. The test set is simple and avoids test generation complexity. A user can reprogram and test the proposed PLA. >
URANIUM EXTRACTION SELECTIVITIES OF DIBUTYL CARBITOL AND TRIBUTYL PHOSPHATE IN THE SYSTEM UO2(NO3)2-HNO3-H2O-AL(NO3)3-SOLVENT

ABSTRACT Historically, both the BUTEX (dibutyl carbitol-based) and PUREX (tributyl phosphate-based) processes have been used for uranium recovery and purification. Currently, BUTEX- and PUREX-type extraction processes are being used in series for recovery of isotopically enriched uranium at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant. The use of two solvents is predicated on the differing selectivities of each with regard to the contaminant elements present in the uranium source stream. As part of efforts to streamline plant operations in response to decreasing throughput requirements, the Y-12 Development Division is evaluating options for converting the existing two-solvent operation to a single-solvent process. At the request of the Y-12 Development Division, the Robotics and Process Division at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory has undertaken evaluation of solvents for use in a single-solvent recovery process. Initial efforts have been directed toward development of a single-solvent, dibutyl carbitol-or tributyl phospha...
Capital crimes: Suicides in jail

Abstract Suicide in jails is a growing public health problem. It is growing because the suicide rate among young men has increased sharply in the last 20 years and because the recent historic increases in the U.S. rate of jail incarceration have put more and more men, young and old, behind bars. This article reviews the empirical studies resulting from the new attention given jail-suicide research and prevention in the last decade. The author argues that the findings of this literature need to be treated with great caution. The second part of the article considers explanations of the greater risks for completed suicides in jail. The causes for the high rate of jail suicide must lie in the types of people who find themselves in jail (“importation” explanations) or in what jails are like (“deprivation” explanations). A large number of the risk factors for completed and attempted suicide in the general population are overrepresented among jail populations, and the article reviews some of these risk factors. ...
ON THE QUANTIZATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTA IN HEAVY NUCLEI

The individual particle model of nuclear structure fails to account for the observed large nuclear quadrupole moments. It is possible, however, to allow for the existence of the quadrupole moments, and still retain the essential features of the individual particle model, by assuming the average field in which the nucleons move to deviate from spherical symmetry. The assumptions underlying such an asymmetric nuclear model are discussed; this model implies, in particular, a quantization of angular momenta in analogy with molecular structure. The asymmetric model appears to account better than the extreme single particle model for empirical data regarding nuclear magnetic moments.
Heteroepitaxial silicon characterization: Microstructure as related to UV reflectometry

Abstract Some uncertainties have arisen with regard to the relationship between the crystalline quality of heteroepitaxial silicon and data collected by UV reflectometry. Only ≌ 100 A of the silicon most remote from the substrate is sampled in UV reflectometry, while the primary defect structure in the heteroepitaxial silicon consists of {221} twin domains which are initiated at, and concentrated near, the silicon/substrate interface. The correlation between data collected by X-ray pole-figure analysis, cross-sectional TEM and UV reflectometry demonstrates unambiguously that there is a physical relationship between the deposit crystallinity and UV reflectometry. This correlation can be understood through the observation that the degree to which the twin domains propagate to the surface is a function of the volume percent of the twins integrated over the volume of the deposit sampled.
Representation of Reproducing Kernels and the Lebesgue Constants on the Ball

For the weight function (1-@?x@?^2)^@m^-^1^/^2 on the unit ball, a closed formula of the reproducing kernel is modified to include the case -1/2 =0 is n^@m^+^(^d^-^1^)^/^2.
Comment on "Phase Transitions in Instigated Collective Decision Making"

The aim of this comment is to highlight the clear correspondence between some existing experimental data on cooperative foraging in ants, where it is known that mass recruitment is less flexible than combinations of group and mass recruitment, and the idea of "instigated" decision making (Numaoka, 1995). A simple model accounting for the experimental observations is introduced, and its phase diagram is presented briefly.
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of an alkali-activated slag/limestone fine aggregate concrete

Abstract Four limestone-based, alkali-activated slag fine aggregate concretes, two of which contained amorphous silica in the form of diatomaceous earth, were fabricated using different activating solutions (NaOH/waterglass or Na2CO3). Emphasis in this work was placed on using simple manufacturing methods and widely available materials, to ensure that these formulae are practical as construction materials in the developing world. Although cured only at room temperature, these fine aggregate concretes have good compressive strengths (∼45 MPa) and their tensile strengths increased from ∼2.6 MPa after 1 day of curing to ∼4 MPa after 28 day for the NaOH-activated formulae. Samples activated with Na2CO3 had negligible tensile strengths after 1 day, increasing to ∼2.5 MPa after 28 day. The main cementing phase was shown to be calcium–silicate–hydrates in all formulae; those activated with Na2CO3 also showed the presence of hydrotalcite. No evidence of geopolymeric phases was found, though incorporation of Na to form N–S–H that balance charges arising from Al substitution of Si in C–S–H is likely. Despite the short (∼120 s) pot life of the strongest formula, NaCl was shown to be an effective retarding agent, which reduced the strengths of different formulae, at worst, by less than 25% after 28 day of curing.
Ron tyrosine kinase receptor regulates papilloma growth and malignant conversion in a murine model of skin carcinogenesis.

Ron tyrosine kinase receptor regulates papilloma growth and malignant conversion in a murine model of skin carcinogenesis
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sex-specific Behaviors in Vertebrates

From invertebrates to humans, males and females of a given species display identifiable differences in behaviors, mostly but not exclusively pertaining to sexual and social behaviors. Within a species, individuals preferentially exhibit the set of behaviors that is typical of their sex. These behaviors include a wide range of coordinated and genetically pre-programmed social and sexual displays that ensure successful reproductive strategies and the survival of the species. What are the mechanisms underlying sex-specific brain function? Although sexually dimorphic behaviors represent the most extreme examples of behavioral variability within a species, the basic principles underlying the sex specificity of brain activity are largely unknown. Moreover, with few exceptions, the quest for fundamental differences in male and female brain structures and circuits that would parallel that of sexual behaviors and peripheral organs has so far uncovered modest quantitative rather than the expected clear qualitative differences. As will be detailed in this review, recent advances have directly challenged the established notion of the unique role of steroid hormones in organizing and activating male- and female-specific brain circuits and have uncovered new mechanisms underlying the neural control of sex-specific behaviors.
Prehypertension and chronic kidney disease: the ox or the plow?

Nearly ten years ago, practice recommendations supported use of the clinical classification of ‘prehypertension' for people with systolic blood pressure of 120–139mmHg or diastolic pressure of 80–89mmHg. This recommendation was based on observations that these ranges of blood pressure were associated with enhanced cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks compared with blood pressure less than 120/80mmHg. Recent observations, including the report by Yano and colleagues, also suggest that prehypertension is an important risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease.
Transient charge-density-wave dynamics in NbSe 3

The voltage response to rectangular current pulses has been investigated in the charge-density-wave (CDW) state of ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$. For a variety of dc bias current levels and current pulse amplitudes, transient ``ringing'' is observed in the real-time response, which we associate with CDW domain dephasing. Using the ringing phenomenon as a probe, we determine explicitly the time scale for fast relaxation of internal deformations of the pinned CDW condensate.
Bmp2b and Oep promote early myocardial differentiation through their regulation of gata5.

Members of both the bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) and EGF-CFC families have been implicated in vertebrate myocardial development. Zebrafish swirl (swr) encodes Bmp2b, a member of the Bmp family required for patterning the dorsoventral axis. Zebrafish one-eyed pinhead (oep) encodes a maternally and zygotically expressed member of the EGF-CFC family essential for Nodal signaling. Both swr/bmp2b and oep mutants exhibit severe defects in myocardial development. swr/bmp2b mutants exhibit reduced or absent expression of nkx2.5, an early marker of the myocardial precursors. Embryos lacking zygotic oep (Zoep mutants) display cardia bifida and, as we show here, also display reduced or absent nkx2.5 expression. Recently, we have demonstrated that the zinc finger transcription factor Gata5 is an essential regulator of nkx2.5 expression. In this paper, we investigate the relationships between bmp2b, oep, gata5, and nkx2.5. We show that both swr/bmp2b and Zoep mutants exhibit defects in gata5 expression in the myocardial precursors. Forced expression of gata5 in swr/bmp2b and Zoep mutants restores robust nkx2.5 expression. Moreover, overexpression of gata5 in Zoep mutants restores expression of cmlc1, a myocardial sarcomeric gene. These results indicate that both Bmp2b and Oep regulate gata5 expression in the myocardial precursors, and that Gata5 does not require Bmp2b or Oep to promote early myocardial differentiation. We conclude that Bmp2b and Oep function at least partly through Gata5 to regulate nkx2.5 expression and promote myocardial differentiation. We integrate these and other data to propose a pathway of the molecular events regulating early myocardial differentiation in zebrafish.
Age-hardening and tensile properties of low gold (10-14 kt.) alloys.

The age-hardening and tensile properties were determined for seven 10-14 kt. gold alloys, a conventional type II, and a sterling silver alloy. For the low-gold alloys the heat hardening curves indicated that the maximum aging effects were attained after 30 min at 400 degrees C. From tensile tests on either wire or dumbbell specimen configurations, Young's modulus (E), proportional limit (P.L.), ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.), and elongation to break were measured for alloys in both the solution annealed (S) and the hardened (H) state. These stress-strain data not only confirmed previous correlations noted for conventional gold alloys between either E, P.L., or U.T.S. and hardness and between U.T.S. and P.L., but also varied systematically with the Au/Cu ratios in the (H) state. Under identical heat treatment and tensile testing conditions, comparison of the manufacturers' cast samples with this laboratory's specimens showed that, while the E, P.L., and U.T.S. differed somewhat, the greatest change occurred in the elongation to break. Here after measuring the porosity of the different specimen configurations and analyzing the log10 elongation with VHN, the conclusion was clear: Specimen geometry markedly influenced the physical properties. On this basis the proposed dumbbell geometry is advocated over the wire specimen configuration currently cited in ADA Specification No. 5.
The North American mesquites Prosopis Sect. Algarobia (Leguminosae)

Bentham (1875) included nearly all the plants of Prosopis Sect. Algarobia DC. emend. Burk. (Leguminosae) in one polymorphic species, P. juliflora (Sw.) DC., distributed from Chile and Argentina to the United States. His treatment has been followed by most North American authors, e.g. Sargent (1902). Most of these authors have recognized in the United States the varieties glandulosa (Torr.) Coekerell and velutina (Woot.) Sarg. The discovery of an older name, P. chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, based on Chilean plants, was followed by nomenclatural transfers of these varieties. In the same section, Burkart (1940) can recognize a number of species, among others P. chilensis sens. str., P. jutliflora sens. str., P. articutlata S. Wats., P. glandulosa Torr. and P. velutina Woot. That members of this section have indistinct morphic boundaries is probably due, says Burkart, to hybridization. Burkart cited, and presumably saw, rather few North American collections. Benson (1941) agrees that P. chilensis is not conspecific with the North American mesquites, but can recognize only one species in the United States, P. juliflora, with three varieties, glandulosa, veluttina, and torreyana. The oftenremarked taxonomic difficultv of this section needs no further emphasis than to point out these divergences in treatment. Field and herbarium studies of mesquites have been undertaken to determine whether considerable discontinuities exist between populations of mesquites, and whether combinations of certain characters show geographic localization. Some recent work of this nature has been done by Graham (1960) in northeastern Mexico. Graham demonstrates the existence of a narrow contact zone or zone of morphic inter(gradation between the lonI-leaved P. glanidulosa and a kind of "short-leaf" mesquite (included in P. laevigata in this paper). The characters which Graham finds to be siQmifieant are quanititative foliage characters. Benson (1941) distincuished the mesquites of the United States mainly on the basis of quantitative foliage characters. Preliminary studies on all the members of this section likewise indicate that foliage characters are geographically segregated and are of prime taxonomic value. Characters of fully mature fruits are also geomraphically segregated, and well correlated with those of foliage, but such fruits are so infrequently present in the field or on herbarium specimens that their taxonomic value is secondary. Quantitative inflorescence characters, such as absolute length of raceme, or raceme-length relative to leaf-length, may prove to be distinctive, but their evaluation is difficult. Quantitative characters of the flowers are very difficult to evaluate because of the proterogynous development (Burkart 1940) ; measurements have to be taken at comparable stages of developmnent, since the genitalia differ so greatlv in relation. to each other at different stages. The geography of some of the quantitative foliage characters is presented on the nmap, Fig. 2. The data were taken from herbariuim sheets. They do not