cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of patient-centered outcome assessment using PROMIS for patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Few studies have assessed patient-reported outcomes following colorectal surgery. The absence of this information makes it difficult to inform patients about the near-term effects of surgery, beyond outcomes assessed by traditional clinical measures. This study was designed to provide information about the effects of colorectal surgery on physical, mental, and social well-being outcomes. The NIH Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) Assessment Center was used to collect patient responses prior to surgery and at their routine postoperative visit. Four domains were selected based on patient consultation and clinical experience: depression, pain interference, ability to participate in social roles and activities, and interest in sexual activity. Multilevel random coefficient models were used to assess the change in scores during the follow-up period and to assess the statistical significance of differences in trends over time associated with key clinical measures. In total, 142 patients were consented, with 107 patients completing pre- and postoperative assessments (75%). Preoperative assessments were typically completed 1 month prior to surgery (mean 29.5 days before, SD = 19.7) and postoperative assessments 1 month after surgery (mean 30.7 days after, SD = 9.2), with a mean of 60.3 days between assessment dates. Patients demonstrated no statistically significant changes in scores for pain interference (−0.18 points, p = 0.80) or the ability to participate in social roles and activities (0.44 points, p = 0.55), but had significant decreases in depression scores between pre- and postoperative assessments (−1.6 points, p = 0.03) and near significant increases in scores for interest in sex (1.5 points, p = 0.06). Pain interference scores for patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly increased (3.5 points, p = 0.03). Scores for the interest in sex domain decreased (worsened) for patients with oncologic etiology (−3.7 points, p = 0.03). No other differences in score trends by patient characteristics were large enough to be statistically significant at the p < 0.05 threshold. These data suggest that the majority of patients quickly return to baseline physical, mental, and social function following colorectal surgery. This information can be used preoperatively to counsel patients about the typical impact of colorectal surgery on quality of life.
Origin of adventitious roots in black walnut (Juglans nigra) softwood cuttings rooted under optimized conditions in a fog chamber

High-quality black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) logs are of great economic value and are used in the manufacture of high-end products. Indigenous to the central hardwood region, black walnut has been commercially cultivated for many years, and genetic improvement and selections have resulted in superior timber genotypes. The recalcitrance of black walnut cuttings to form adventitious roots is the greatest hurdle for mass propagation of improved material. The goal of this research was to improve the frequency of adventitious root formation in black walnut cuttings, and investigate anatomical changes during root development. Softwood cuttings (15–20 cm) were collected from juvenile and mature sources of elite genotypes, dipped for 60 s in 31.1, 62.2, or 93.2 mM indole-3-butyric acid-potassium salt (K-IBA), or 36.9, 73.8, or 110.7 mM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and then inserted into a moist medium consisting of 3 perlite: 1 coarse vermiculite (v/v). Cuttings were placed in bench-top fog chambers or a mist bench for 5 weeks. To visualize anatomical changes during root formation, stems were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned, and stained on sequential days throughout root development. Rooting was greatest (72%) for cuttings exposed to 93.2 mM K-IBA and placed in the fog chamber, while cuttings treated with IBA rooted at lower frequencies (16–22.2%). Cuttings in the mist bench often deteriorated and rooted at lower frequencies independent of the auxin type. Anatomical analysis revealed adventitious root initials by day 16 and root primordia formation by day 18. Rooted cuttings survived acclimatization to the greenhouse.
Que faire devant la découverte d’un nodule pulmonaire solide sur un CT ou un PET-CT

Resume La decouverte d’un nodule pulmonaire isole sur un CT ou un PET-CT est un evenement frequent. Des lorsqu’un nodule est decouvert, la classification de ce nodule comme (1) tres surement benin, (2) tres surement malin ou (3) de nature indeterminee devrait etre entreprise. Les objectifs de cet article sont de presenter une approche diagnostique permettant une telle classification.
A comparison of concurrent cisplatin versus cetuximab with radiotherapy in locally-advanced head and neck cancer: A bi-institutional analysis.

Abstract Aim To present our experience comparing cisplatin- and cetuximab-based radiotherapy for locally-advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Background The comparative effectiveness of cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy (CRT) versus cetuximab-based bioradiotherapy (BRT) for locally-advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) continues to be explored. Materials and methods Outcomes of LAHNSCC patients treated with CRT (125) or BRT (34) at two institutions were compared retrospectively, with attention to overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant control (DC). Univariate analysis (UVA) using Cox regression was performed to explore the association of intervention with survival and disease control, and multivariate (MVA) Cox regression was then performed to assess the association of intervention with survival. Results There were significant baseline differences between the CRT and BRT groups with respect to age, race, performance status, N-classification, tobacco history, and human papillomavirus status. UVA demonstrated inferiority of BRT versus CRT with respect to both OS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.19, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.03–4.63, p = 0.04) and CSS (HR 3.33, 95%CI 1.42–7.78, p p = 0.98) and DC (HR 2.01, 95%CI 0.78–5.37, p = 0.14). On MVA, there was no significant OS difference between interventions (HR 1.19, 95%CI 0.42–3.35, p = 0.74); there were too few events for the other outcomes to draw meaningful conclusions with MVA. Conclusions In our retrospective analysis, patients undergoing CRT experienced improved OS and CSS over those receiving BRT; however, disease control did not significantly differ. These findings may inform management of LAHNSCC patients.
Chapter 8 – Queueing Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter describes queueing theory in applied mathematics. This theory comprises two systems: (1) open systems and (2) closed systems. An open system queueing theory is presented with the aid of the Poisson process. For the equations discussed in open system, the result can be obtained as a direct consequence of the time reversibility of an M/M/1. For not only does time reversibility imply that the output from server 1 is a Poisson process, but it also implies that the number of customers at server1 is independent of the past departure times from server1. When feedback is allowed, the steady-state probabilities of the number of customers at any given station has the same distribution as in an M/M/1 model even though the model is not M/M/1.
A BSSRDF model for efficient rendering of fur with global illumination

Physically-based hair and fur rendering is crucial for visual realism. One of the key effects is global illumination, involving light bouncing between different fibers. This is very time-consuming to simulate with methods like path tracing. Efficient approximate global illumination techniques such as dual scattering are in widespread use, but are limited to human hair only, and cannot handle color bleeding, transparency and hair-object inter-reflection.We present the first global illumination model, based on dipole diffusion for subsurface scattering, to approximate light bouncing between individual fur fibers. We model complex light and fur interactions as subsurface scattering, and use a simple neural network to convert from fur fibers' properties to scattering parameters. Our network is trained on only a single scene with different parameters, but applies to general scenes and produces visually accurate appearance, supporting color bleeding and further inter-reflections.
Mechanically Robust, Sodium-Ion Conducting Membranes for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Sodium-based batteries are promising for grid-storage applications because of significantly lower cost compared to lithium-based systems. The advancement of solid-state and redox-flow sodium-ion batteries requires sodium-ion exchange membranes with high conductivity, electrochemical stability, and mechanical robustness. This study demonstrates that membranes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) can meet these requirements. Membranes plasticized with tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) achieve high ionic conductivity. Plasticized PEO membranes containing sodium triflate salt (NaTFS) show about 2 orders of magnitude higher conductivity compared to nonplasticized PEO membranes. Results from vibrational spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry describe the coordination chemistry in these multiphase materials and explain the mechanisms behind the increased conductivity. The mechanical properties of the membranes improve by addition of 5 wt % sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) without compro...
PERSISTENCY OF EXCITATION IN POSSIBLY UNSTABLE CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS AND PARAMETER CONVERGENCE IN ADAPTIVE IDENTIFICATION

Abstract We find conditions on the input signal of an output reachable possibly unstable linear system, under which the output is persistently exciting. The conditions are given in both frequency and in time domain versions. Interpreting these results in the context of controllable or observable state space realizations we obtain some interesting facts relating persistency of excitation of the input, state and output signals. To illustrate the importance of our results we propose an adaptive identification scheme with “least squares” update law for multivariable plants with proper transfer function. We conclude that parameter convergence is guaranteed for any stationary piecewise uniformly continuous input with nonzero minimum interdiscontinuity distance and at least 2 n + 1 points of strong support of its spectral measure, where n is the McMillan degree of the plant. With covariance resetting the convergence rate is shown to be exponential. Without covariance resetting we prove, that the convergence rate is as 1 / t for sufficiently fast identifiers, and in any case at least as fast as 1 /√t.
Ca2+ Measurement with Fluorescent Probes in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The release of Ca2+ from intracellular storage compartments constitutes an essential component of most Ca2+ signaling cascades (Clapham, 1995). Thanks to the development and widespread use of sensitive probes for cytoplasmic Ca2+ such as fura- 2 (Grynkiewicz 1985; Tsien, 1989), the calcium ion is likely the most intensively studied of the known second messenger systems. Cytoplasmic signals, however, are influenced by many factors (Pozzan et al., 1994). These include Ca2+ leaks and pumps at both the plasma membrane and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and interactions with endogenous cellular buffers and transport by other organelles (i.e. mitochondria). Therefore, the examination of certain key features of the Ca2+ release and reloading process are best approached by monitoring the cation directly within Ca2+ stores.
The Distribution of Employment

The intention of this chapter is to examine the distribution of employment and unemployment among individual workers. By and large, the literature has dealt with differences in aggregate unemployment rates by demographic groups and with the distribution of unemployed workers by duration of unemployment. In contrast with these ways of looking at unemployment, this chapter concentrates on the size distribution of employment. This distribution is described by a cumulative distribution function for the proportion of a particular group that is unemployed less than or equal to an amount of time x in a period of length t. While the duration of unemployment is simple to model mathematically (at least when transition rates are constant), the proportion of the time spent employed is complicated by the possibility of multiple transitions between employment and unemployment. The appropriate probability density functions are developed in section 4. Related to the description of the size distribution of employment is the question of how unequally unemployment is distributed. That is, how unequally is the burden of unemployment distributed among the population, and how much of this inequality is the result of random outcomes?
Identification of methylation and acetylation sites on mouse histone H3 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

Covalent modifications to histone proteins are well documented in the literature. Specific modification sites are correlated with chromatin structure and transcriptional activity. The histone code is very complex, and includes several types of covalent modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of at least 20 possible sites within the histone proteins. The final chromatin structure “read-out” is a result of the cooperation between these many sites of covalent modifications. Methylation and acetylation sites of histone H3 from many different species have been previously identified. However, a full post-translational modification status on histone H3 from mouse has not yet been reported. Here we demonstrate the use of high-accuracy matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to identify the methylation and acetylation sites of the mouse histone H3. In addition to the sites previously identified from other species, one unique methylation site, Lys-122, from mouse histone H3 was identified. The reported mass spectrometric method provides an efficient and sensitive way for analyzing post-translational modifications of histone proteins.
Comparison of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Machine Models for Real-Time Simulations

This work presents a detailed comparison among three implementations of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) machine model. The alpha-beta-gamma, synchronous (dqo), and natural frame dynamic machine models were deployed on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and compared in terms of execution time and resource utilization. These machine models were also validated against a physical DFIG machine during balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. A benchmark is presented with the objective of selecting the machine model, orientation and state-space representation that is best suited for real-time simulations. The selected machine model is used to develop a real-time emulator of a Type-3 wind system. This emulator enables the study of wind turbine system in realtime using a validated platform while allowing controller testing without relying on expensive third-party solutions.
Arrays of highly complex noble metal nanostructures using nanoimprint lithography in combination with liquid-phase epitaxy.

Current best-practice lithographic techniques are unable to meet the functional requirements needed to enable on-chip plasmonic devices capable of fully exploiting nanostructure properties reliant on a tailored nanostructure size, composition, architecture, crystallinity, and placement. As a consequence, numerous nanofabrication methods have emerged that address various weaknesses, but none have, as of yet, demonstrated a large-area processing route capable of defining organized surfaces of nanostructures with the architectural diversity and complexity that is routinely displayed in colloidal syntheses. Here, a hybrid fabrication strategy is demonstrated in which nanoimprint lithography is combined with templated dewetting and liquid-phase syntheses that is able to realize periodic arrays of complex noble metal nanostructures over square centimeter areas. The process is inexpensive, can be carried out on a benchtop, and requires modest levels of instrumentation. Demonstrated are three fabrication schemes yielding arrays of core–shell, core–void–shell, and core–void–nanoframe structures using liquid-phase syntheses involving heteroepitaxial deposition, galvanic replacement, and dealloying. With the field of nanotechnology being increasingly reliant on the engineering of desirable physicochemical responses through architectural control, the fabrication strategy provides a platform for advancing devices reliant on addressable arrays or the collective response from an ensemble of identical nanostructures.
Historical Landmarks in Singing Voice Pedagogy

ABSTRACTThis article provides a brief overview of some of the most seminal and important events in the history of singing voice pedagogy, from the earliest historical writings through the most rece...
Clutch formation and nest activities by the setting hen synchronize chick emergence with intestinal development to foster viability

Abstract The fertile hen collects eggs in a nest to form her clutch. The egg’s asymmetrical ellipsoid shape encourages placement blunt end up. Chalaza formation centralizes ovum in the egg while its high lipid favors upward positioning as early rotations interface germ with outer thin and access its glucose. Repetitive heating during successive ovipositions together with glucose recovery sustain blastodisc viability. Further turning of eggs upon formal incubation distributes the chorio-allantois over the blunt end while consolidating albumen in its sac at the sharp end. Rupture of the sero-amnionic connection mixes albumen with amnion which the embryo consumes over the next several days. During consumption certain of the proteins directly enter the vascular system while most pass through the jejunum to enter the yolk sac and foster embryonic nutrition. Mineralization of the skeleton, pipping muscle enlargement, multiple fortifications of glycogen, and deposition of subcutaneous fat subsequently occur as liver cholesterol becomes exaggerated. Minimal oxygen during transition from chorio-allantois to pulmonary respiration necessitates umbilical closure together with the heart’s intra-auricle septum as inner to outer shell pipping proceeds. Abdominal pressures during yolk sac retraction force a portion of yolk contents back into the jejunum while bile and pancreatic enzymes initiate its digestion to enhance early mucosal maturation. Concurrently, glycogen is sourced for energy in support of emergence. A narrow hatch window exists for the clutch because of egg uniformity while intermittent pre-incubation heating enabled similar germ development. Hen confinement of emergents to the nest provides insulation and heat sharing to extend body reserves through completion of hatch. Confinement also exposes hatchlings to a mature microbial population from hen excreta that colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Microbe composition in concert with the hen’s environment advantages digestion of hatchling feedstuffs outside the nest while concurrent mucosal failures generate permanent immunoglobins to commensals as passive ones dissipate. Inherent delays to feed with commercial chicks and absence of a favorable microflora impair early intestinal maturation prior to initial feed access. A pre-starting feed providing high protein that assures amino acids favoring mucin is thought to resist lumen microbes while aiding recovery of delayed development. Concurrent dietary enzyme supplementation and a source of nucleic acids are believed to partially substitute for digestive and nutritional complementation expected from commensals.
Targeted delivery of bioactive molecules for vascular intervention and tissue engineering

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. Treatment often requires surgical interventions to re-open occluded vessels, bypass severe occlusions, or stabilize aneurysms. Despite the short-term success of such interventions, many ultimately fail due to thrombosis or restenosis (following stent placement), or incomplete healing (such as after aneurysm coil placement). Bioactive molecules capable of modulating host tissue responses and preventing these complications have been identified, but systemic delivery is often harmful or ineffective. This review discusses the use of localized bioactive molecule delivery methods to enhance the long-term success of vascular interventions, such as drug-eluting stents and aneurysm coils, as well as nanoparticles for targeted molecule delivery. Vascular grafts in particular have poor patency in small diameter, high flow applications, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Grafts fabricated from a variety of approaches may benefit from bioactive molecule incorporation to improve patency. Tissue engineering is an especially promising approach for vascular graft fabrication that may be conducive to incorporation of drugs or growth factors. Overall, localized and targeted delivery of bioactive molecules has shown promise for improving the outcomes of vascular interventions, with technologies such as drug-eluting stents showing excellent clinical success. However, many targeted vascular drug delivery systems have yet to reach the clinic. There is still a need to better optimize bioactive molecule release kinetics and identify synergistic biomolecule combinations before the clinical impact of these technologies can be realized.
Reorganization of Higher-Order Somatosensory Cortex After Sensory Loss from Hand in Squirrel Monkeys

Unilateral dorsal column lesions (DCL) at the cervical spinal cord deprive the hand regions of somatosensory cortex of tactile activation. However, considerable cortical reactivation occurs over weeks to months of recovery. While most studies focused on the reactivation of primary somatosensory area 3b, here, for the first time, we address how the higher-order somatosensory cortex reactivates in the same monkeys after DCL that vary across cases in completeness, post-lesion recovery times, and types of treatments. We recorded neural responses to tactile stimulation in areas 3a, 3b, 1, secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), parietal ventral (PV), and occasionally areas 2/5. Our analysis emphasized comparisons of the responsiveness, somatotopy, and receptive field size between areas 3b, 1, and S2/PV across DCL conditions and recovery times. The results indicate that the extents of the reactivation in higher-order somatosensory areas 1 and S2/PV closely reflect the reactivation in primary somatosensory cortex. Responses in higher-order areas S2 and PV can be stronger than those in area 3b, thus suggesting converging or alternative sources of inputs. The results also provide evidence that both primary and higher-order fields are effectively activated after long recovery times as well as after behavioral and electrocutaneous stimulation interventions.
Gauge field theories with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary dimension

The classification of Lorentz- and $CPT$-violating operators in non-Abelian gauge field theories is performed. We construct all gauge-invariant terms describing propagation and interaction in the action for fermions and gauge fields. Restrictions to the Abelian, Lorentz-invariant, and isotropic limits are presented. We provide two illustrative applications of the results to quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics. First constraints on nonlinear Lorentz-violating effects in electrodynamics are obtained using data from experiments on photon-photon scattering, and corrections from nonminimal Lorentz and $CPT$ violation to the cross section for deep inelastic scattering are derived.
Development of radiotherapeutic rhenium-188 liposomes in alginate microspheres (Rhe-LAMs) for treatment of liver tumors and technetium-99m liposomes in alginate microspheres (Tech-LAMs) for image-guided treatment planning.

e15599Background: Radio-embolic agents such as beta-emitting yttrium-90 spheres have been widely adopted as a modality for liver cancer therapy; however, their production can be timely and costly, ...
An update on the I blood group system.

CONCLUSIONS This update of the I blood group system (Cooling L. Polylactosamines, there's more than meets the "Ii": a review of the I system. Immunohematology 2010;26:133-55) continues to show the Ii antigens to be increasingly recognized as important posttranslational modifiers regulating cell adhesion, signaling, differentiation, and cancer. Ii antigens can modulate the immune response through the galectin lattice, as well as influence specific protein-protein interactions. Changes in GCNT2 and I expression accompany stem cell differentiation and are associated with tumor progression in melanoma and breast and colon cancer. Regulation of GCNT2 expression varies between cell types and differentiation. In red blood cell differentiation, GCNT2 is regulated by methylation, microRNAs, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Methylation and microRNAs also play a prominent role in altering GCNT2 expression in several epithelial cancers. In congenital cataracts, GCNT2 mutations may account for 4-6 percent of all cases. GCNT2 may be particularly susceptible to gene deletion and rearrangements due to the density of Alu-repeat elements.
Coupling between transport and geomechanics affects spreading and mixing during viscous fingering in deformable aquifers

Abstract We investigate the influence of poroelasticity on solute transport processes during viscously unstable flows in a deformable aquifer. We hypothesize that viscous fingering-induced fluctuations in the flow field can increase the strength of coupling between poroelastic stresses and mixing and spreading characteristics of the solute slug. To test the hypothesis, we develop a coupled flow, transport and geomechanics framework to simulate spreading, mixing and deformation mechanisms during viscous fingering in a stress-sensitive aquifer. We show quantitatively that concentration-dependent fluid mobility affects the pressure and effective stress fields, and deformation-driven changes in porosity affects advective and diffusive fluxes. We perform a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the dependence of global transport characteristics—the solute breakthrough time, breakthrough curve and the degree of mixing—on the strength of flow-deformation coupling defined in terms of poroelastic moduli. Results are obtained for different magnitudes of the Peclet number, solute viscosity contrast, Biot coefficient, rock bulk modulus, fluid compressibility, and permeability heterogeneity. We find that, in presence of less consolidated formations, softer rocks, or more compressible fluids, the injected solute breaks through earlier and mixes with the resident fluid better. Our results provide important insights for modeling hydrodynamically unstable contaminant remediation and fluid injection processes in stress-sensitive reservoirs.
Effects of Anthropomorphism and Accountability on Trust in Human Robot Interaction

This paper examines how people’s trust and dependence on robot teammates providing decision support varies as a function of different attributes of the robot, such as perceived anthropomorphism, type of support provided by the robot, and its physical presence. We conduct a mixed-design user study with multiple robots to investigate trust, inappropriate reliance, and compliance measures in the context of a time-constrained game. We also examine how the effect of human accountability addresses errors due to over-compliance in the context of human robot interaction (HRI). This study is novel as it involves examining multiple attributes at once, thus enabling us to perform multi-way comparisons between different attributes on trust and compliance with the agent. Results from the 4×4×2×2 study show that behavior and anthropomorphism of the agent are the most significant factors in predicting the trust and compliance with the robot. Furthermore, adding a coalition-building preface, where the agent provides context to why it might make errors while giving advice, leads to an increase in trust for specific behaviors of the agent.CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing $\rightarrow$ User studies; • Computer systems organization $\rightarrow$ Robotics. ACM Reference Format: Manisha Natarajan and Matthew Gombolay. 2020. Effects of Anthropomorphism and Accountability on Trust in Human Robot Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374839
Transient Stability in Power Systems Using a Convolutional Neural Network

Monitoring power systems using intelligent systems for post-fault transient stability assessment (TSA) is critical for the grid to avoid cascading instability. Machine learning methods with synchrophasor measurements have been adopted widely for TSA due to the gradual deployment of wide area protection and control systems. TSA methods are crucial to alert operators or controls not only that a fault has occurred, but also that the power system has lost or will lose stability and therefore action must be taken. The two conditions that are important in real time application for a power system are accuracy and response time. Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines have been implemented in the past and have achieved satisfying classification accuracy. In this paper, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) system is proposed for TSA to maximize accuracy while minimizing response time to distinguish from older methods of machine learning. The proposed methodology is implemented on a Brazilian 7-Bus System and the WSCC 9 bus system. Power World is used for simulating the 3-phase short circuit faults on all buses in the case studies and MATLAB is used for simulating the CNN algorithm.
The Kennewick Man Story

On the heels of stories about grave-robbing, we turn to the story of a 9000-year-old skeleton that was discovered in the Pacific Northwest’s Columbia River in 1996: Kennewick Man. The unearthing of the ancient remains exposes the bedrock beneath social discourse surrounding the discovery, where notions about the meanings of race, Indigeneity, justice and knowledge are forged. Although a federal law in the United States protects Native remains and relics, a group of scientists who wanted to examine the bones—rather than have them returned to tribes as required by law—won a lawsuit to enable them to examine Kennewick Man. The backstory is explained before we engage in the study of social discourse surrounding the skeleton.
Draft Genome Sequence of an Environmental Vibrio cholerae Strain, 2012Env-25, Obtained Using Nanopore Sequencing Technology.

ABSTRACT Vibrio cholerae is a halophilic Gram-negative bacterial species and the etiological agent of cholera. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of an environmental V. cholerae strain, 2012Env-25, obtained using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) to provide insights into the ecology, evolution, and pathogenic potential of this bacterium.
Projection or Reflection? The Effect of Social Projection, Dark Triad, and Moral Identity on Auditor Risk Assessments and Ethical Action-Taking

Using two distinct scenarios, we investigate how auditors’ personality traits influence their risk assessments and ethical action-taking. First, we draw upon social projection theory (i.e., assigning a state of one’s own to someone else) to determine whether auditors’ use of their own ethical predispositions (i.e., Dark Triad) as a proxy for their clients’ predispositions affects risk assessments. We find a significant interaction between social projection and Dark Triad traits, suggesting that higher Dark Triad auditors assess client risk to be as high, or higher, than lower Dark Triad auditors, depending on whether they exhibit social projection. Second, we extend prior ethical action-taking literature in accounting by finding that while an auditors’ level of Dark Triad personality has historically been directly linked to ethical action-taking, it is ultimately auditors’ moral identities (i.e., the degree to which morality is important to a person’s self-concept) that significantly influences their ethical actions. Our findings support our prediction that auditors’ moral identity is the predominate self-regulatory mechanism restricting unethical actions.
Recovery of kidney function after dialysis initiation in children and adults in the US: A retrospective study of United States Renal Data System data.

Background Little is known about factors associated with recovery of kidney function-and return to dialysis independence-or temporal trends in recovery after starting outpatient dialysis in the United States. Understanding the characteristics of individuals who may have the potential to recover kidney function may promote better recognition of such events. The goal of this study was to determine factors associated with recovery of kidney function in children compared with adults starting dialysis in the US. Methods and findings We determined factors associated with recovery of kidney function-defined as survival and discontinuation of dialysis for ≥90-day period-in children versus adults who started maintenance dialysis between 1996 and 2015 according to the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) followed through 2016 in a retrospective cohort study. We also examined temporal trends in recovery rates over the last 2 decades in this cohort. Among 1,968,253 individuals included for study, the mean age was 62.6 ± 15.8 years, and 44% were female. Overall, 4% of adults (83,302/1,953,881) and 4% of children (547/14,372) starting dialysis in the outpatient setting recovered kidney function within 1 year. Among those who recovered, the median time to recovery was 73 days (interquartile range [IQR] 43-131) in adults and 100 days (IQR 56-189) in children. Accounting for the competing risk of death, children were less likely to recover kidney function compared with adults (sub-hazard ratio [sub-HR] 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.89, p-value Conclusions In this study, we observed that discontinuation of outpatient dialysis due to recovery occurred in 4% of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and was more common among those with ATN or AIN as the cause of their kidney disease. While recovery rates rose initially, they declined starting in 2010. Additional studies are needed to understand how to best recognize and promote recovery in patients whose potential to discontinue dialysis is high in the outpatient setting.
A mechanism for regional variations in snowpack melt under rising temperature

As the planet warms, mountain snowpack is expected to melt progressively earlier each spring. However, analysis of measurements in the western United States shows that the change in the date when snowpack disappears is not uniform: for 1 °C of warming, snowpack disappears 30 days earlier in some regions, whereas there is almost no change in others. Here we present an idealized physical model that simulates the timing of snowpack melt under changing temperature and use it to show that this observed disparity in the sensitivity of snowpack disappearance to warming results from a mechanism related to the sinusoidal shape of the annual cycle of temperature. Applying this model globally, we show that under uniform warming the timing of snowpack disappearance will change most rapidly in coastal regions, the Arctic, the western United States, Central Europe and South America, with much smaller changes in the northern interiors of North America and Eurasia. Warming causes mountain snowpack to melt earlier during local spring. An idealized model suggests that melt date sensitivity to warming depends largely on mean temperature and its seasonal cycle; the largest sensitivities are seen in coastal regions, the Arctic, western United States, Central Europe and South America.
Dietary and Lifestyle-Centered Approach in Gout Care and Prevention

We aim to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature to inform dietary recommendations for patients with gout and hyperuricemia that have the potential to simultaneously lower serum urate and reduce gout morbidity while addressing gout’s cardiometabolic comorbidities holistically. The global burden of gout is rising worldwide, particularly in developed nations as well as in women. Patients with gout are often recommended to follow a low-purine (i.e., low-protein) diet to avoid purine-loading. However, such an approach may lead to increased consumption of unhealthy carbohydrates and fats, which in turn contributes to metabolic syndrome and subsequently raises serum urate levels and leads to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. On the other hand, several well-established diets for cardiometabolic health, such as the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, in combination with weight loss for those who are overweight or obese, also have beneficial effects on relevant gout endpoints. It is important to recognize not only the direct effect of diet on hyperuricemia and gout, but its mediated effect through obesity and insulin resistance. Thus, several preeminent healthy dietary patterns that have proven benefits in cardiometabolic health have the power to holistically address not only gout morbidity but also its associated comorbidities that lead to premature mortality among patients with gout.
Divergent patterns of selection on metabolite levels and gene expression.

BACKGROUND Natural selection can act on multiple genes in the same pathway, leading to polygenic adaptation. For example, adaptive changes were found to down-regulate six genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis-an essential pathway targeted by many antifungal drugs-in some strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the impact of this polygenic adaptation on metabolite levels was unknown. Here, we performed targeted mass spectrometry to measure the levels of eight metabolites in this pathway in 74 yeast strains from a genetic cross. RESULTS Through quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping we identified 19 loci affecting ergosterol pathway metabolite levels, many of which overlap loci that also impact gene expression within the pathway. We then used the recently developed v-test, which identified selection acting upon three metabolite levels within the pathway, none of which were predictable from the gene expression adaptation. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that effects of selection on metabolite levels were complex and not predictable from gene expression data. This suggests that a deeper understanding of metabolism is necessary before we can understand the impacts of even relatively straightforward gene expression adaptations on metabolic pathways.
Characteristics and Organizational Capacity of Nonprofits in Rural, Persistently Poor Southern Counties in the United States

The present study focuses on organizational capacity of nonprofits located in rural, persistently poor counties in the South region of the United States, an area of the country that encapsulates the majority of rural poverty. IRS Form 990 data were utilized for recruitment and to obtain demographic characteristics for nonprofits in the area of interest (N=3,530). Emailed and mailed surveys to all qualifying organizations sought to measure organizational capacity. Data from 292 nonprofits were examined in a descriptive analysis. Overall, the participating rural nonprofits scored moderate to high in most dimensions of organizational capacity. Financial management, strategic planning, collaboration, and program planning were strengths in organizational capacity. Evaluation, succession planning, fundraising planning, human resources, and volunteer management were challenges. Study findings provide guidance to capacity builders and funders to guide future training, investments, and policy related to rural nonprofits and communities they serve.
Genomic Analyses in the Developing and Diseased Heart

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses different approaches to cardiovascular genomics and their implications. Gene expression profiling on a large scale first became possible with the advent of tools to manipulate DNA and RNA. Subtraction hybridization (Hedrick et al., 1984) and the generation of tissue-specific cDNA libraries were the initial strategies used to pursue a broader analysis of gene expression and promote the discovery of novel tissue-restricted genes. New techniques emerged such as “differential display” and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), which were valuable tools for cardiovascular gene discovery. The successful sequencing of the human genome in 2001 revealed that the three billion nucleotide bases comprised approximately 20,000–25,000 genes. The Human Genome Project also generated expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which are short double-stranded fragments usually hundreds of bases in length that were derived from tissue-specific cDNA libraries and used for gene discovery. The sequencing of the human genome, the need for efficient whole-genome screening strategies, and engineering advances all led to the development of the cDNA chip in the early-1990s. The first scientific report using a cDNA platform was published in 1992 (Liang and Pardee, 1992). Since that time, studies in many species utilizing transcriptome analysis (i.e., DNA chips) to interrogate transcript expression have increased exponentially, and now provide a voluminous amount of data to the scientific community.
Software defined radios-Motorola's Wireless Information Transfer System (WITS)

This paper presents an overview of a breakthrough in the development of radio system products. The Motorola Wireless Information Transfer System (WITS) product line has successfully passed field trials and has been selected by the US Navy as the new standard Digital Modular Radio (DMR). The DMR is a software reprogrammable, multi-band, multi-mode, multimedia communication system which meets the standards defined by the Software Defined Radio Forum and the US Department of Defense Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) objectives.
Prototype Tests on a 200-W Forced Convection Liquid Hydrogen/Deuterium Target

A forced convection target system is being developed for use at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) which will produce neutrons by bombarding liquid deuterium with a proton beam via the process p + d → n + 2p. Incident energies will vary in the range from 300 to 800 MeV. This neutron source is favorable from two points of view: (1) At an angle of 0°, the emitted neutrons have a small energy spread and good separation from lower-energy neutrons associated with meson production, and (2) at an angle near 26°, the neutrons are emitted with a spin polarization averaging 30% and with a degraded but usable energy spectrum. To obtain an 800-MeV neutron flux of 107/cm2-sec at 8 m from the source will require an 84-μA proton beam passing through 15 cm of liquid deuterium, which implies 500 W dissipation in the deuterium. This value of beam dissipation has been used as a design goal in the preliminary planning. For various reasons this dissipation value has now been reduced and a 150-W beam dissipation capability at negligible density variation is the present goal.
Lenahan (Gonzales) v. United States & Collective Entity Responsibility for Gender-Based Violence

This article explores the implications of Lenahan (Gonzales) v. United States of America (“Lenahan”) in the context of a broader project considering how theories of “collective entity responsibility” for gender-based violence might be used to improve legal responses to and prevention of such violence. “Collective entities” are defined as institutional, legal entities that represent and have substantial control over the environment of a community of people, and collective entity responsibility theories hold such entities legally responsible for discriminatory violence occurring between members of their communities. Both the international law theory of state responsibility for gender-based violence by non-state actors used in Lenahan and the domestic law theory of “hostile environment” sexual harassment are collective entity responsibility theories. The “state responsibility” theory represented by Lenahan holds governments accountable for gender-based violence committed by non-state actors when they fail to “prevent, investigate, prosecute, punish and provide compensation” for such violence in sex discriminatory ways. Similarly, hostile environment sexual harassment theory holds employers and schools responsible for sex discrimination when they fail to respond adequately to gender-based violence among their employees or students. Moreover, emerging sociological theories about gender-based violence suggest that gender-based violence is surrounded and enabled by the many “silent bystanders” who are aware of the violence but do not report, intervene or otherwise seek to stop it, and that collective entity silent bystanders have particular power to encourage violence or to prevent it. Thus, the state responsibility theory in Lenahan and hostile environment sexual harassment theory show how a theory of collective entity responsibility for gender-based violence could prompt bystander action to address and prevent this violence. In comparing these international law and U.S. domestic law theories, this article demonstrates the commonalities between these international and domestic laws. Therefore, it suggests that Lenahan and the state responsibility theory are more in harmony with existing U.S. domestic law than is often acknowledged, and sees these commonalities as increasing Lenahan’s impact on U.S. domestic law.
Critical Process Issues in the Fabrication of a Lateral, Self-cleaning, MEMS Switch

A lateral contact MEMS switch was developed to address the needs for long life cycle, low contact resistance and low cost switches. The device is unique in its self-cleaning of particles, self-alignment of contact surfaces and the mechanical anchoring of the contact metal into the switch structures. The major issue for the lateral contact device fabrication is the creation of the vertical Au sidewall. Existing physical and chemical vapor deposition methods are found not satisfactory. The final Au sidewalls for electric contact are formed by electroplating in pre-patterned photoresist mold. SEM pictures show that the designed undulated contact surfaces are created successfully, and the surface of the electroplated Au is much smoother and denser than that by e-beam evaporation. The long lifecycle test shows that the contact resistance has been maintained below 0.1 Ω over 1010 cycles. The test results of the fabricated switch have proved the self-cleaning concept and opened the possibility of direct contact MEMS switch for high power and low cost RF applications.
Culture and Commerce

The cost aspects of supplying cultural goods and services have raised many basic questions concerning the economic activity of cultural institutions. There is more or less a consensus that the same criteria that apply to the cost aspects of any business also apply to cultural institutions. The nature of the products supplied and the stress on revenues earned are different. A key question to be asked by each society is how to balance the product mix offered by its cultural institutions taking into consideration both the societal valuation of the public goods provided and the earning potential of the institution. This essay examines some of the questions that occur at this intersection of culture and commerce.