cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Politics of Labor-Initiated Reforms: Swedish Cases of Success and Failure

This article explores the reasons why some reform initiatives launched by the Swedish labor movement have succeeded and others have failed. It presents four case studies: two success stories (the pension reform of 1959 and the industrial democracy reforms of the 1970s), and two failures (inheritance taxation in the 1920s and 1940s, and wage-earner funds in the 1970s). The article casts these case studies in an analytical framework that emphasizes three variables. To the extent that they challenge the interests of capital, labor's reform initiatives are likely to precipitate a powerful countermobilization, but the politics of reformism are also shaped by the extent to which labor's initiatives embody a universalistic conception of social justice and/or appeal to the material interests of swing voters.
Physiological and molecular responses to drought in Petunia: the importance of stress severity

Plant responses to drought stress vary depending on the severity of stress and the stage of drought progression. To improve the understanding of such responses, the leaf physiology, abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of genes associated with ABA metabolism and signalling were investigated in Petunia × hybrida. Plants were exposed to different specific substrate water contents (θ = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, or 0.40 m(3)·m(-3)) to induce varying levels of drought stress. Plant responses were investigated both during the drying period (θ decreased to the θ thresholds) and while those threshold θ were maintained. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis (A) decreased with decreasing midday leaf water potential (Ψ(leaf)). Leaf ABA concentration increased with decreasing midday Ψ(leaf) and was negatively correlated with g(s) (r = -0.92). Despite the increase in leaf ABA concentration under drought, no significant effects on the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes were observed. However, the ABA catabolism-related gene CYP707A2 was downregulated, primarily in plants under severe drought (θ = 0.10 m(3)•m(-3)), suggesting a decrease in ABA catabolism under severe drought. Expression of phospholipase Dα (PLDα), involved in regulating stomatal responses to ABA, was enhanced under drought during the drying phase, but there was no relationship between PLDα expression and midday Ψ(leaf) after the θ thresholds had been reached. The results show that drought response of plants depends on the severity of drought stress and the phase of drought progression.
Identification of a novel recognition sequence for fibronectin within the NH2-terminal β-sandwich domain of tissue transglutaminase

Tissue transglutaminase belongs to the multigene transglutaminase family of Ca2+-dependent protein cross-linking enzymes. Unlike other transglutaminases, it is involved in cell-matrix interactions and serves as an adhesion co-receptor for fibronectin. Previous work established that the fibronectin-binding motif(s) is located within the NH2-terminal proteolytic fragment of the protein consisting of residues 1–272. Here we identify a novel fibronectin recognition site within this sequence of tissue transglutaminase. Substitution of individual domains of tissue transglutaminase with those from homologous factor XIIIA showed that the major fibronectin-binding site is present within the first β-sandwich domain of the protein. Experiments with deletion mutants of the first domain revealed that amino acids 81–140 of tissue transglutaminase are involved in fibronectin binding. Using synthetic peptides encompassing this region, we found that the peptide 88WTATVVDQQDCTLSLQLTT106 inhibited the interaction of tissue transglutaminase with fibronectin and decreased transglutaminase-dependent cell adhesion and spreading. In the three-dimensional structure of the first domain, amino acids 88–106 comprise an extended hairpin formed by antiparallel β strands 5 and 6. Mutations of Asp94 and Asp97 within the β5/β6 hairpin to Ala significantly reduced the affinity of tissue transglutaminase for fibronectin, indicating that these residues are critical for fibronectin binding. Identification of the fibronectin-binding site on tissue transglutaminase will help to dissect the role of this protein in cell-matrix interactions.
Electron microscope studies of nuclear changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during bud formation.

Ultraviolet photolysis was used to obtain transparent yeast cells when observed with the electron microscope. Following proper irradiation the yeast nucleus was easily discernable and appeared to be in various stages of division. Spindle-like figures were seen which give weight to the concept of a mitotic process for the division of the yeast nucleus. Distinct chromosomes were not observed.
A conceptual foundation for systems problem solving

A conceptual framework is presented in this paper within which it is possible to integrate and operationalize results of systems research. The framework is described in terms of an interactive general systems problem solver (GSPS). The paper consists of a discussion of both the motivation for developing GSPS and its implications, and a formal description of its basic aspects. An epistemologieal hierarchy of systems, which underlies the problem solver, and a complete specification of an example of a small version of GSPS are given in two appendices.
Poliovirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (3Dpol): Pre-Steady-State Kinetic Analysis of Ribonucleotide Incorporation in the Presence of Mg2+†

The use of Mn(2+) as the divalent cation cofactor in polymerase-catalyzed reactions instead of Mg(2+) often diminishes the stringency of substrate selection and incorporation fidelity. We have solved the complete kinetic mechanism for single nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from poliovirus (3D(pol)) in the presence of Mn(2+). The steps employed during a single cycle of nucleotide incorporation are identical to those employed in the presence of Mg(2+) and include a conformational-change step after nucleotide binding to achieve catalytic competence of the polymerase-primer/template-nucleotide complex. In the presence of Mn(2+), the conformational-change step is the primary determinant of enzyme specificity, phosphoryl transfer appears as the sole rate-limiting step for nucleotide incorporation, and the rate of phosphoryl transfer is the same for all nucleotides: correct and incorrect. Because phosphoryl transfer is the rate-limiting step in the presence of Mn(2+), it was possible to determine that the maximal phosphorothioate effect in this system is in the range of 8-11. This information permitted further interrogation of the nucleotide-selection process in the presence of Mg(2+), highlighting the capacity of this cation to permit the enzyme to use the phosphoryl-transfer step for nucleotide selection. The inability of Mn(2+) to support a reduction in the efficiency of phosphoryl transfer when incorrect substrates are employed is the primary explanation for the loss of fidelity observed in the presence of this cofactor. We propose that the conformational change involves reorientation of the triphosphate moiety of the bound nucleotide into a conformation that permits binding of the second metal ion required for catalysis. In the presence of Mg(2+), this conformation requires interactions with the enzyme that permit a reduction in catalytic efficiency to occur during an attempt to incorporate an incorrect nucleotide. Adventitious interactions in the cofactor-binding site with bound Mn(2+) may diminish fidelity by compensating for interaction losses used to modulate catalytic efficiency when incorrect nucleotides are bound in the presence of Mg(2+).
The Effect of Various Stresses Upon Histomoniasis in Chickens and Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION HISTOMONIASIS was first described in turkeys by Cushman (1893), and since that time the majority of the investigations have dealt with turkeys since the disease is highly fatal for them. The importance of histomoniasis in chickens has been minimized to the role they play in maintaining and disseminating the etiological agent. Although fatal histomoniasis in chickens does occur (Eriksen, 1925; Hungerford, 1937; Eveleth, 1943), the benign form is seen more often and is followed by recovery, even though the lesions produced are quite similar to the lesions in turkeys dying of the disease. The ability of stress to trigger fatal histomoniasis in chickens has been suggested, although never adequately substantiated with controlled experiments. The purpose of this study was to determine whether various stress conditions (starvation, exposure to temperature extremes, anemia, coccidia infection, fowl pox vaccination, cortisone injection, splenectomy) would alter the disease or mortality in chickens and turkeys …
An improved constant- Q spectrometer for pulsed neutron sources

Abstract We describe a constant- Q spectrometer which has been installed recently at the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center. Although the instrument is based on the concept proposed originally by Windsor, it incorporates a number of important improvements. Features which facilitate spectrometer alignment include a 90° line-up detector flight path which can be collimated both vertically and horizontally and an analyser crystal which is mounted in a way which allows it to be translated accurately in the scattering plane. The latter feature permits the analyser to be moved to the sample position so that its rocking curve can be measured in the line-up detector. A new multi-element analyser crystal is proposed and tested. It exploits the anisotropic mosaic distribution of plastically deformed germanium single crystals in a new way. As test experiments, we have measured incoherent scattering from ZrH 2 and the scattering by phonons in an aluminium single crystal. The data from the latter experiment are presented as an intensity map over a plane in energy-wavevector space and a number of constant- Q scans have been constructed from this map. The results are in agreement with previous work on aluminium and serve to demonstrate the power of the constant- Q spectrometer as a survey instrument. Both dispersive and non-dispersive phonon branches have been recorded. Their line-widths are in agreement with a calculation of the instrumental resolution which is presented in appendix A. A further appendix presents a prescription for data normalisation.
Local effects of EGF, α‐TGF, and EGF‐like growth factors on lobuloalveolar development of the mouse mammary gland in vivo

Five-week-old female mice supplemented with estradiol and progesterone are able to respond to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-like growth factors (alpha-transforming growth factor [alpha-TGF] and crude mammary-derived growth factor) with local lobuloalveolar development when these growth factors are directly introduced into the mammary glands via slow-release cholesterol-based pellets. Contralateral glands receiving pellets containing only cholesterol showed no growth response. The local growth effect is maximal at 4-5 days of exposure to hormones and growth factors. The glands appear to be more sensitive to alpha-TGF than EGF, since local development is seen with one-fifth the level of the former vs. the latter growth factor and can be seen even in the absence of the systemic estrogen/progesterone supplement.
Surface resonant states and superlensing in acoustic metamaterials

We report that the negative material responses of acoustic metamaterials can lead to a plethora of surface resonant states. We determine that negative effective-mass density is the necessary condition for the existence of surface states on acoustic metamaterials. We offer the microscopic picture of these unique surface states; in addition, we find that these surface excitations enhance the transmission of evanescent pressure fields across the metamaterial. The evanescent pressure fields scattered from an object can be resonantly coupled and enhanced at the surface of the acoustic metamaterial, resulting in an image with resolution below the diffraction limit. This concept of acoustic superlens opens exciting opportunities to design acoustic metamaterials for ultrasonic imaging.
Combining Model Results and Monitoring Data for Water Quality Assessment

A Bayesian approach is used to update and improve water quality model predictions with monitoring data. The objective of this work is to facilitate adaptive management by providing a framework for sequentially updating the assessment of water quality status, to evaluate compliance with water quality standards, and to indicate if modification of management strategies is needed. Currently, most water quality or watershed models are calibrated using historical data that typically reflect conditions different from those being forecast. In part because of this, predictions are often subject to large errors. Fortunately, in many instances, postmanagement implementation monitoring data are available, although often with limited spatiotemporal coverage. These monitoring data support an alternative to the one-time prediction: pool the information from both the initial model prediction and postimplementation monitoring data. To illustrate this approach, a watershed nutrient loading model and a nitrogen-chlorophyll a model for the Neuse River Estuary were applied to develop a nitrogen total maximum daily load program for compliance with the chlorophyll a standard. Once management practices were implemented, monitoring data were collected and combined with the model forecast on an annual basis using Bayes Theorem. Ultimately, the updated posterior distribution of chlorophyll a concentration indicated that the Neuse River Estuary achieved compliance with North Carolina's standard.
Survey of software tools for evaluating reliability, availability, and serviceability

In computer design, it is essential to know the effectiveness of different design options in improving performance and dependability. Various software tools have been created to evaluate these parameters, applying both analytic and simulation techniques, and this paper reviews those related primarily to reliability, availability, and serviceability. The purpose, type of models used, type of systems modeled, inputs, and outputs are given for each package. Examples of some of the key modeling elements such as Markov chains, fault trees, and Petri nets are discussed. The information is compiled to facilitate recognition of similarities and differences between various models and tools and can be used to aid in selecting models and tools for a particular application or designing tools for future needs. Tools included in the evaluation are CARE-III, ARIES-82, SAVE, MARKl, HARP, SHARPE, GRAMP, SURF, SURE, ASSIST, METASAN, METFAC, ARM, and SUPER. Modeling tools, such as REL70, RELCOMP, CARE, CARSRA, and CAST, that were forerunners to some of the current tools are noted for their contributions. Modeling elements that have gained widespread use for general systems, as well as fault-tolerant systems, are included. Tools capable of modeling both repairable and nonrepairable systems, accepting constant or time varying failure rates, and predicting reliability, availability, and serviceability parameters are surveyed.
The B Cell SH2/PH Domain-Containing Adaptor Bam32/DAPP1 Is Required for T Cell-Independent II Antigen Responses

Abstract Background: Bam32/DAPP1 is a B cell adaptor composed of both a PH and an SH2 domain. Previous studies in cell culture and chicken DT40 cells have indicated that Bam32 is critical for normal signaling downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR). Results: We now study the function of Bam32 in mice in which Bam32 has been disrupted by a viral gene trap approach. Although B and T cell development is normal in Bam32 −/− mice, B cell proliferation is reduced by about 50% after BCR crosslinking when compared with Bam32 +/+ mice. Differences in the activation of Erk, Jnk and p38 Map kinases, PLCγ, and Ca 2+ flux do not account for the defect in proliferation as activation was similar in Bam32 +/+ and Bam32 −/− B cells. Interestingly, whereas antibody response to T-dependent (TD) and T-independent (TI)-I antigens was similar between Bam32 +/+ and Bam32 −/− mice, TI-II responses were defective in Bam32 −/− mice; Bam32 −/− mice failed to undergo isotype class switch recombination (CSR) to produce IgG3 antibodies due to a cell-autonomous defect in generation of IgG3 germline transcripts. The defect in TI-II antigen response led to an impaired antibody response to immunization with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polyschaccharide (PS), resulting in a markedly increased susceptibility to infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Conclusions: These findings indicate that Bam32 specifically couples an upstream signal to the IgG3 isotype heavy chain CSR and suggest that defects in Bam32 may account for the increased susceptibility to encapusulated organisms in a subset of immunodeficient patients.
Excited States of Stable Nuclei

IN NATURE of June 8, Powell, May, Chadwick and Pickavance report the use of a camera connected with the cyclotron to study the scattering of high energy particles. Such a camera has been in use by me for more than a year1. A picture of the camera was shown in the Royal Photographic Society exhibit last July and a description published2. The detection of elastic and inelastic groups for scattered protons has also been reported3. For 6·7 Mev. protons the inelastic group in the case of magnesium is relatively slightly larger than shown for neon in the experiments reported by Powell and for aluminium is smaller. In both cases 6·7 Mev. protons have been used. The peak separation for aluminium is about 0·8 Mev. and for magnesium, 1·3. Experiments have also been made with deuterons which will be reported shortly.
Maternal antibody to infectious bronchitis virus: its role in protection against infection and development of active immunity to vaccine

Chicks hatched with high levels of maternal antibody had excellent protection (>95%) against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) challenge at 1 day of age, but not at 7 days (<30%). This protection significantly (P<0.05) correlated with levels of local respiratory antibody and not with serum antibody.A high percentage of both maternal antibody-positive (Mab+) and maternal antibody-negative (Mab-) chicks failed to produce IBV antibody when vaccinated at 1 day of age by the intraocular route. In addition, Mab+ chickens had a weaker virus-neutralizing antibody response to a second IBV vaccination compared to Mab- birds (P<0.05). Mab+ chicks experienced a more rapid decline (P<0.01) in maternal antibody after 1-day-of-age vaccination compared to their unvaccinated counterparts.A monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA that measured antibody levels specific to S1 glycoprotein of IBV correlated well with virus-neutralizing antibody titers.
Inhibition of Sphingosine Kinase-2 Suppresses Inflammation and Attenuates Graft Injury after Liver Transplantation in Rats

Inflammation mediates/promotes graft injury after liver transplantation (LT). This study investigated the roles of sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2) in inflammation after LT. Liver grafts were stored in UW solution with and without ABC294640 (100 µM), a selective inhibitor of SK2, before implantation. Hepatic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels increased ∼4-fold after LT, which was blunted by 40% by ABC294640. Hepatic toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit phosphorylation elevated substantially after transplantation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 mRNAs increased 5.9-fold, 6.1-fold and 16-fold, respectively following transplantation, while intrahepatic adhesion molecule-1 increased 5.7-fold and monocytes/macrophage and neutrophil infiltration and expansion of residential macrophage population increased 7.8–13.4 fold, indicating enhanced inflammation. CD4+ T cell infiltration and interferon-γ production also increased. ABC294640 blunted TLR4 expression by 60%, NF-κB activation by 84%, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production by 45–72%, adhesion molecule expression by 54% and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils by 62–67%. ABC294640 also largely blocked CD4+ T cell infiltration and interferon-γ production. Focal necrosis and apoptosis occurred after transplantation with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reaching ∼6000 U/L and serum total bilirubin elevating to ∼1.5 mg/dL. Inhibition of SK2 by ABC294640 blunted necrosis by 57%, apoptosis by 74%, ALT release by ∼68%, and hyperbilirubinemia by 74%. Most importantly, ABC294640 also increased survival from ∼25% to ∼85%. In conclusion, SK2 plays an important role in hepatic inflammation responses and graft injury after cold storage/transplantation and represents a new therapeutic target for liver graft failure.
Circadian Mitotic Rhythms in the Cervical Tissues of the Rat Maxillary Incisor

A pronounced 24-hour fluctuation occurs in the mitotically active tissues of the rat maxillary incisor. High and low periods of activity were seen during the daytime as well as at night. A consistent increase in the number of mitotic figures occurred approximately four hours subsequent to a change in the light-dark regimen.
Analysis of excitation-contraction-coupling components in chronically stimulated canine skeletal muscle.

The chronic stimulation of predominantly fast-twitch mammalian skeletal muscle causes a transformation to physiological characteristics of slow-twitch skeletal muscle. Here, we report the effects of chronic stimulation on the protein components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubular membranes which are directly involved in excitation-contraction coupling. Comparison of protein composition of microsomal fractions from control and chronically stimulated muscle was performed by immunoblot analysis and also by staining with Coomassie blue or the cationic carbocyanine dye Stains-all. Consistent with previous experiments, a greatly reduced density was observed for the fast-twitch isozyme of Ca2+-ATPase, while the expression of the slow-twitch Ca2+-ATPase was found to be greatly enhanced. Components of the sarcolemma (Na+/K+-ATPase, dystrophin-glycoprotein complex) and the free sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+-binding protein sarcalumenin and a 53-k Da glycoprotein) were not affected by chronic stimulation. The relative abundance of calsequestrin was slightly reduced in transformed skeletal muscle. However, the expression of the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+-release channel from junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubular dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channel, as well as two junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum protiens of 90 kDa and 94 kDa, was greatly suppressed in transformed muscle. Thus, the expression of the major protein components of the triad junction involved in excitation-contraction coupling is suppressed, while the expression of other muscle membrane proteins is not affected in chronically stimulated muscle.
Value data and the Bennet price and quantity indicators

Abstract We derive value-based Bennet indicators, expressed in terms of revenues and expenditures (values) and relative prices, rather than prices and quantities. We then show how relative price information is recoverable from value data when agents are rational.
Sensing and responding to compliance changes during manual ventilation using a lung model: can we teach healthcare providers to improve?

Objective To test the hypothesis that an educational intervention would improve the resuscitator’s ability to provide on-target volume ventilation during pulmonary compliance changes. Study design Neonatal professionals (n = 27) ventilated an electromechanical lung model simulating a 3-kg baby while targeting a tidal volume of 4-6 mL/kg. In this preintervention and postintervention study, a one-on-one educational intervention aimed to improve the primary outcome of on-target tidal volume delivery during high and low compliance. Seventeen subjects were retested 8 months later. Results When only pressure was displayed, and using a self-inflating bag, participants improved from a mean of 6% of breaths on-target to 21% immediately after education (P Conclusion When pressure is displayed, resuscitators can improve their ability to respond to changes in compliance after an educational intervention. When volume is displayed, performance is markedly better at baseline, but not improved after the intervention. Our findings reconfirm that resuscitation bags should have volume displays.
Effect of 21 mg transdermal nicotine patches and smoking cessation on heart rate variability

The effect of smoking cessation on cardiac autonomic tone, as reflected by indexes of heart rate variability (HRV), has not been reported. Current smokers (n = 54, mean ± SD age 43 ± 12 years) who desired to quit, and were smoking ≥1 pack/day and had made ≥1 prior attempt at quitting, had 24-hour electrocardiographic recordings. They then attended smoking cessation classes and used transdermal nicotine patches while abstaining from smoking. After 4 to 6 weeks of using 21 mg patches, the 24-hour electrocardiogram was repeated (n = 35). Four weeks after cessation of patch use, the 24-hour electrocardiogram was again recorded in subjects who continued to be abstinent (n = 25). Time and frequency domain measures of HRV based on normal R to R (NN) intervals were computed for all recordings. Smoking cessation significantly decreased heart rate, and increased all 24-hour time and frequency domain indexes of HRV. Part of this change occurred in the transition from smoking to the patch, and further changes occurred with cessation of patch use. For example, the standard deviation of average NN intervals was 114 ± 28 ms at baseline, 121 ± 41 ms with the patch, and 135 ± 26 ms after quitting. At 4 weeks after cessation of all nicotine use, the average heart rate remained higher, and HRV remained lower than values reported for healthy, middle-aged adults.
Infectious diseases and infection control in infant-toddler daycare centers

This article provides an overview of the problem of infectious disease outbreaks in infant/toddler daycare centers. The economic costs incurred by the daycare center attendees' families and employers, and the center itself are presented as just one rationale for the implementation of effective infection control programs. A review of the daycare center infectious disease literature provides an overview of the most common pathogens encountered in these settings and the health implications for center children, their families, and the center staff. A model for understanding infectious disease transmission in a daycare center setting is presented to illustrate the discussion in the text. The article concludes with a review of infection control practices, research findings on the effectiveness of certain practices, and suggestions for the implementation of an effective infection control program.
Preparation of nickel ferrite using liquid metal carboxylates

Unusual metal carboxylates that are liquids at room temperature have been synthesized and applied to the preparation of nickel ferrite. These salts Ni(MEEA)2·0.5H2O and Fe3O(MEEA)7·5.5(H2O) bear the polyether carboxylate anion 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetate (MEEA = CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CO2-). They may be utilized for the low-temperature preparation of nickel ferrite by using Ni(MEEA)2·0.5H2O to coat Fe2O3 powders with a continuous film of NiO. Upon heating this material to 800 °C, a remarkable solid-state reaction occurs to puff the precursor particles into broccoli floret-like collections of very small particles. A homogeneous precursor solution for nickel ferrite may be prepared via dissolution of Ni(NO3)2 in Fe3O(MEEA)7·5.5(H2O). This precursor solution yields a metastable amorphous NiFe2O4 phase at 300 °C which undergoes an exothermic crystallization at 374 °C with an energy change of −126.1 kJ/mol.
Condition Number as a Metric for the Effectiveness of Polarimetric Algorithms

Condition number is a standard metric used to quantify the effectiveness of polarimetric algorithms. In this work several definitions of condition number are compared, and their utility is illustrated by analyzing various polarimeter configurations.
The Effects of a Family Fitness Program on the Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors of Third-Grade Children

This study examined the efficacy of a school-based exercise and nutrition program with a parent component. Third-grade children (N = 238) from six elementary schools participated in the study, with three schools randomly assigned to a program group and the other three schools to a control group. The program group received a health-related fitness school-based program and a home program that required parents and children to complete activities and earn points for nutrition and exercise activities. The control group received their traditional physical education and nutrition education program. Univariate analysis of variance on pre- and posttest scores were completed on the following variables: height, weight, body mass index, skinfold, blood cholesterol, mile run, exercise and nutrition knowledge, calories, protein, carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, fiber, sodium, percentage of calories from carbohydrates, and percentage of calories from fat. At pretest, the treatment and contro...
Comparative study of surface-plasma enhanced-grating coupled detectors

Gold and silver Schottky diodes were fabricated on a structured surface of an n-type GaAs substrate. The structures surface, consisting of a square-wave grating with a period of 450 nm and a depth of 15 nm, was fabricated using the techniques of holography and wet chemical etching. Measurements of the reflected intensity and photocurrent were made at the HeNe wavelength of 633 nm over a range of incident angels. It was observed that the grating coupler enhanced the photodetection for p-polarized light through surface plasmon coupling at the resonant angle. A comparative study of similarly fabricated Au and Ag Schottky diodes were made, along with a comparison to flat, non- structured devices from the same substrate. Fabrication induced shift in the angular position of the resonant angle is also demonstrated.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lower Ordovician through Lower Devonian cratonic margin rocks of the southern Great Basin

Lower and middle Paleozoic rocks in the southeastern Great Basin include thin sequences of gray, generally unfossiliferous dolostones that were deposited in cratonic margin paleoenvironments. Age-diagnostic conodonts recovered from a 295-m-thick section of Mountain Springs Formation indicate that Lower and lower Middle Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, and upper(?) Lower Devonian rocks occur in the section. Distinct disconformities provide evidence for a mid-Ordovician hiatus and a Silurian through Early Devonian hiatus. These cratonic margin rocks thicken, become lithologically more diverse, and form a more temporally continuous section of miogeosynclinal rocks 15 to 20 km to the west. This narrow, northeast-trending facies change is a linear geologic element that is offset ∼40 km by the Las Vegas Valley shear zone.
Some results on ordering of survival functions through uncertainty

Abstract A direct approach to measure uncertainty in the residual life time distribution has been initiated by Ebrahimi (1995) and explored further by Ebrahimi and Pellerey (1995). In this paper, some new properties of the proposed measure are derived and the impact of aging characteristics on the uncertainty of residual life studied. The results obtained help in establishing the uncertainty ordering between survival functions. Further, conditions for decreasing (increasing) uncertainty of residual life are also given.
Real-Time Error Prediction for High-Precision Operation of Parallel Kinematic Machines

Closed-loop parallel kinematic machines (PKMs) have been proposed to improve precision and operation speed over conventional machine tools and robots. However, an embarrassing dilemma is that most of the existing PKMs achieve very lower precision in contrast to equivalent serial machine tools or robots, which are competitive to same tasks. Limited works have been conducted to evaluate errors thus improve precision of machine in real-time control. It becomes necessary to explore the relation of the motion error with the dynamics of a PKM. In this paper, the new model of the error evaluation has been proposed; three major sources of error under consideration are the deformations of the components under dynamic loads, the deformations at joint contacts, and the clearances of passive joints. To illustrate the modeling procedure, the dynamic model of machine is developed to determine internal forces among components and locations of joint contacts. Errors caused by machine dynamics are evaluated analytically in real time; in particular, the errors happened at the contacts of passive joints are estimated based on Hertz theory. The developed error models can be applied to compensate the motion errors of tool tip in real-time. The Exechon parallel kinematic machine is used as a case study, the results from simulation has been compared with the test data.© 2012 ASME
Marvell as libertin: Upon Appleton House and the Legacy of Théophile de Viau

AbstractThis paper argues for a ‘libertine Marvell’ as heir to a line of intellectual and poetic influence stretching from the atheist philosopher Lucilio Vanini, through the poets Theophile de Viau and Marc-Antoine Gerard de Saint-Amant, via their English translators Charles Cotton, Thomas Stanley, and Thomas Fairfax, to Marvell’s poem Upon Appleton House. It argues that Upon Appleton House captures the libertine spirit of Theophile more faithfully than Stanley and Cotton’s largely sanitised versions. Conversely, French libertine poetry and thought of the 1610s and 1620s are seen to provide the best context for understanding the ‘vitalism’ of Marvell’s garden poems, as well as their unusually divagating observational style.
Networking for independence: the Moroccan nationalist movement and its global campaign against French colonialism

The former nationalists of the Istiqlal Party as well as the royal family continue to suppress any discussion of Morocco's post-independence era, when both sides used any means necessary to take over national politics. The outcome of this decade-long struggle, an authoritarian monarchy dominating an array of weak and fragmented political parties, was not only the result of the clash between Morocco's two dominant institutions during the years of state formation, but was also shaped by early Cold War international politics. The Istiqlalis had commenced a global campaign to influence the nascent ‘world opinion’ to support their cause many years prior to independence in 1956. In order to influence the political discourse from the pages of the American media to the corridors of Capitol Hill and the UN building, the nationalists created a network of supporters that enabled them to spread their message to the United States and later on inspired the Algerian Front de Liberation Nationale. This project argues tha...
Imaging Sensors For RPVS

Mission requirements for mini RPV's are given which set the boundary conditions for electro-optical sensor operation. Sensor performance goals are postulated and from these objectives a class of sensor is identified. These include high performance thermal imaging and silicon television as well as more austere intensified solid state imagers and pyroelectric vidicons. Current development status and improvements for these devices is forecast. Finally some system design features are given for various stabilization schemes.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Exact solutions for hydromagnetic flow of a particulate suspension

The work of Chamkha and Peddieson (1988), who reported exact solutions for the asymptotic suction profile of a two-phase suspension in the absence of a magnetic field, is extended by including a uniform transverse magnetic field acting along the y axis. Numerical computations of the exact solutions are presented together with graphical representation of the results, showing the influence of the presence of a magnetic field on the flow properties. It was found that, as the strength of the magnetic field increases, the skin-friction coefficient for the fluid phase increases and the displacement thicknesses for both the fluid and particulate phases decrease. 14 refs.
Third sound resonance in3He−4He mixture films

We report results of frequency, quality factor, and phase measurements of third sound in3He−4He mixture films on a rectangular Nuclepore resonator. The temperature dependence is not adequately predicted by theory. A small local maximum in the resonant frequency near 150 mK is present at low drive power. Structure is observed in the Q and phase as a function of temperature.
Transboundary Crises through the Eyes of Policymakers: Sense Making and Crisis Management

If the world of crisis is changing, it is crucial to understand how policymakers perceive these new, transboundary threats. This article explores how policymakers made sense of such crises in 81 cases. The findings indicate that how much time urgency and surprise the policymakers perceived accompanied a transboundary threat helped to shape the nature of their decision-making process and how they managed the crisis. The data suggest that researchers and practitioners can gain an idea of how a crisis is likely to be managed by ascertaining how policymakers are viewing the triggering event.
Update on Global Intervention Studies in Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Remarkable progress has been made in strategies to arrest pancreatic β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. Although knowledge of the disease has increased, a safe therapeutic intervention to reverse or prevent it remains elusive. The interaction of genes, immune system, and environment result in a complex disease process that has delayed hopes for a cure. Several well-designed prevention and intervention studies have aspired to test potentially efficacious and safe therapies. This article updates the principles used to design prevention and intervention trials, reviews clinical trials, addresses controversial issues, and provides a framework for future efforts to interdict this condition.
The Use of Dual-Number-Automatic-Differentiation With Sensitivity Analysis to Investigate Physical Models

Local sensitivities are explored using dual-number-automatic-differentiation (DNAD) across three mathematical models of physical systems that have increasing complexity. The models are: (1) a model for the approach of a sphere to free fall; (2) the Taylor-analogy-breakup (TAB) model for liquid droplet atomization; and, (3) an evaluation of the BHR model of turbulence for the development of one-dimensional Rayleigh–Taylor driven material mixing. Sensitivity and functional shape parameters are developed that permit a relative study to be quickly performed for each model. Furthermore, compensating errors, measurement parameter sensitivity, and feature sensitivities are investigated. The test problems consider transient (initial condition effects), steady state (final functional forms), and measures of functional shape. Reduced model forms are explored and selected according to sensitivity. Aside from the local sensitivity studies of the models and associated results, DNAD is shown to be one of several useful, quickly implemented tools to investigate a variety of sensitivity effects in models and together with the present results may serve as a means to simplify a model or focus future model developments and associated experiments.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography for detection of cisplatin and its hydrated complexes.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) has been applied to investigate cisplatin and its hydrated complexes. Three hydrolysis products were identified following incubation of cisplatin in aqueous solution: monohydrated species, dihydrated species and the hydroxo-bridged dimer, each of which exhibited characteristic mass spectrometric behavior. The technique was employed to investigate the time- and pH-dependent hydrolysis of cisplatin in aqueous solution. The results have demonstrated that LC/ESI-MS is a powerful technique for the analysis of Pt(II) complexes and for monitoring their hydrolysis reactions.
Variation in Abundance and Feeding Impact of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) for Different Cultivars of Strawberry: Role of Flowering Phenology and Yield Attributes

The current study evaluated whether flowering phenology and yield attributes of different strawberry cultivars affect the abundance and feeding impact of tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), as well as behavioral decisions made by feeding nymphs and ovipositing adults. The distribution of emerged nymphs in cage experiments involving nine different cultivars of June-bearing strawberry cultivars suggests that females lay more eggs on plants with numerous flower receptacles, while cultivar per se did not influence their oviposition behavior. A large number of nymphs emerged from receptacles of strawberry plants, while the distribution of emerged nymphs among receptacles, petioles, leaves, and stems varied for different cultivars. These results suggest that the relative intensity of damage caused by ovipositing females may vary for different cultivars. Foraging nymphs did not exhibit a preference for any strawberry cultivar per se, although the abundance of nymphs increased with the weight of receptacles, especially for late instars. Evaluating the density and feeding impact of L. lineolaris for different cultivars under field conditions revealed that some host plant attributes affect the abundance of plant bugs, such as early flowering season and high productivity. Decreasing number of emerged nymphs per flower per plant with increasing density of receptacles per plant suggests that females lay relatively more eggs per receptacle on plants with few receptacles; this pattern of oviposition may explain, in part, why patches with low density of plants typically have high incidence of damage. Planting a high yielding early season cultivar such as 'Cavendish' may contribute to reduce the incidence of damage by L. lineolaris.
Effect of blood flow on thermal equilibration and venous rewarming.

In this study we have explored the feasibility of using an isolated rat limb as an animal model for studying countercurrent arterial thermal equilibration and venous rewarming in muscle tissue. Unlike in vivo experiments in which animal models have been used for studying thermoregulation or temperature response in tissue under various physiological conditions, isolated organ or tissue provides for better control and more accurate measurement of the blood perfusion rate. It has been shown that the induced perfusion rate in the rat limb can vary from 3 ml/(min ⋅ 100 g) at normal physiological conditions to 25 ml/(min ⋅ 100g) during hyperemic conditions. Temperature distributions along the countercurrent arteries and veins have been measured using fine thermocouple wires. We observed a 25%–78% thermal equilibration along the femoral artery and its branches in intermediate size vessels between 700 and 300 μm diameter. This equilibration depends strongly on the local perfusion rate. In comparison, local perfusion rate plays a minor role in determining the overall venous rewarming in the rat hind limb. Approximately 70%–80% of the heat leaving the artery is recaptured by the countercurrent vein. This agrees well with our previous theoretical and experimental results, which show a dramatic shift in thermal equilibration between the supply artery and vein tissue cylinder and the secondary vessel tissue cylinder as the flow rate changes. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Cleavage of alkylsilanes by strong acids II. The formation of methanesulfonyl fluoride

Abstract The cleavage of methyl groups from trialkylsilyl fluorosulfonates by fluorosulfonic acid has been found to yield appreciable amounts of methanesulfonyl fluoride in addition to the formation of methane. Kinetic data show that this new mode of cleavage occurs after initial protonation of the silyl fluorosulfonate by the acid. A mechanism is proposed for methanesulfonyl fluoride formation in which nucleophilic attack by an acid molecule occurs at the silicon of the protonated silyl fluorosulfonate and is followed by rearrangement of a methyl group from silicon to sulfur.
Variance of the Median of Small Samples from Several Special Populations

Abstract A comparison is made of the exact variances of medians of small samples from several special populations with the values obtained by using the formula for asymptotic variance.
The isolation and characterization of growth hormone from porcine pituitaries.

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of pituitary growth hormone from porcine glands has been described. It involves chromatography on cation exchanger Amberlite IRC-50, countercurrent distribution, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-50. An average yield of 0.25 g. of a highly purified product may be obtained from 1 kg. of fresh porcine pituitaries. The porcine hormone was examined for homogeneity by ultracentrifugation, free and zone electrophoresis, end-group analyses, and biological assays. It is a protein with a molecular weight of 41,600 and an isoelectric point at pH 6.3. The hormone is composed of a single polypeptide chain with phenylalanine at both termini. Partial hydrolysis of the porcine hormone with chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase does not cause loss of growth-promoting activity. Digestion with trypsin and pepsin abolishes the biological activity of the hormone. The similarity of the porcine hormone to whale growth hormone has been discussed.
Development of standardized simulated patients for quality control of the clinical interview

The evaluation and training of clinical trial staff who counsel patients in lifestyle changes for disease prevention is aided by a review of videorecorded interviews conducted with a simulated patient. This report describes the Inventory of Simulated Patient Characteristics, a listing of 34 generic parameters for developing a simulated patient for use in staff training and evaluation in counseling. The Inventory creates a complete person in all critical aspects of counseling for lifestyle change (e.g., daily routines, family, job). The Inventory was used in the Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT) to examine the trial staff's skills in counseling for regimen adherence. In 1979 and 1980, 85 and 52 clinic staff, respectively, conducted a total of 548 interviews with four different simulated patients developed using the Inventory, and rated the portrayals as highly realistic. The Inventory also was used to verify that the simulated patient portrayals were greater than 90% faithful to their characterizations. While simulated patients limited to specific clinical syndromes have been used widely in medical education, no guidelines exist for their use in training trial staff in regimen counseling. The Inventory provides a simple template for creating simulated patients with broad characterizations that closely mimic actual trial participants.