cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of the work environments of Mexican nurses.

Background Studies of the nursing work environment are increasingly common in developed countries, but few exist in developing countries. Because of resource differences between the two contexts, researchers need to clarify what aspects of the work environments are similar and different.
A CASE FOR CRUSTACEAN NAVIGATION (OR `THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE HOME! THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE HOME!')

![Figure][1] While a great many animals, including mollusks, salamanders, turtles and honeybees, are affected by magnetic fields, and other animals are clearly able to obtain compass direction from the Earth's magnetic fields, it is a far different and more complex problem to use our
Ultra-wideband, true-time-delay, metamaterial-based microwave lenses

In this paper, a new technique for designing low-profile, ultra-wideband, true-time-delay (TTD) microwave lenses is proposed. Such a lens is composed of numerous spatial TTD units distributed over a planar surface. Each spatial TTD unit is the unit cell of an appropriately-designed metamaterial structure, which is composed entirely of non-resonant constituting elements. The proposed TTD lens is a low-profile structure with an overall thickness of only 0.15λ 0 and uses spatial TTD units with dimensions of 0.19λ 0 × 0:19λ 0 , where λ 0 is the free-space wavelength at the center frequency of operation. Unlike most metamaterial lenses, which tend to be narrow band and highly dispersive, the proposed lens has a wide operational bandwidth of 30% and a high system fidelity factor close to 1. Furthermore, due to its true-time-delay nature, the fabricated lens prototype does not suffer from chromatic aberration within its operational band. When used in a beam-scanning antenna system, the fabricated prototype demonstrates an excellent scanning performance in a field of view of ±60°
112: POSTNATAL CHRONIC HYPOXIA CHANGES THE OXYGEN SENSITIVITY IN THE CAROTID BODIES

The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia is mediated mainly by the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors. These are active in the last trimester of the fetal lamb. The normal rise in PaO2 occurring at birth silences the CB during the first postnatal days before the postnatal reset of O2 sensitivity has occurred. We hypothesized that the postnatal reset mechanism of the CB oxygen sensitivity can be reversed by longterm exposure to hypoxia. Minute ventilation (Vmin) was studied in 6 lambs at 2 weeks of age during normoxia and during hypoxia (FiO2 0.14). The results were compared to Vmin after 8 days in chronic hypoxia (FiO2 0.14). Vmin decreased 53% during chronic hypoxic exposure compared to Vmin prior to hypoxia. The acute hypoxic ventilatory response to a change in FiO2 from 0.21 to 0.14 was decreased compared to that prior to chronic hypoxia (+3% vs +53%, p 0.002). The hypoxic ventilatory response after chronic hypoxia corresponds to our previously reported hypoxic ventilatory response to CB denervated lambs. We conclude that the decreased hypoxic ventilatory response demonstrated is due to a reversal of the CB oxygen sensitivity. This finding might have implications for the ability to abort apnea in infants at a time period when CB is an important factor in the control of breathing.
Whole-genome sequences of Bacillus subtilis and close relatives

We sequenced four strains of Bacillus subtilis and the type strains for two closely related species, Bacillus vallismortis and Bacillus mojavensis. We report the high-quality Sanger genome sequences of B. subtilis subspecies subtilis RO-NN-1 and AUSI98, B. subtilis subspecies spizizenii TU-B-10T and DV1-B-1, Bacillus mojavensis RO-H-1T, and Bacillus vallismortis DV1-F-3T.
Using artificial neural networks to improve hardware branch predictors

Among the current techniques to predict the outcome of branches in modern microprocessors, two-level branch predictors have shown to be one of the best mechanisms. The correct prediction of branches is a fundamental factor for achieving high performance. Branch interference is a major contributor to the number of branches mispredicted by two-level predictors. Increasing the size of the pattern history table (PHT) reduces the interference, but the number of transistors that can be assigned to the PHT and the frequency at which it can be accessed limits the increase on its size. Another method for reducing interference is that of the gshare predictor. The gshare predictor combines the information used to generate the index into the PHT to increase its efficiency. In this paper, neural networks are used to discover a prediction algorithm to reduce interference and therefore increase the performance of two-level branch predictors. The neural net learns about the dynamics of programs to be executed in a microprocessor. A table of comparative performance with other established prediction methods is provided.
Fracture testing of beryllium copper alloy C17510

Beryllium-copper alloy C17510 has been selected as the primary candidate material for the Burning Plasma Experiment (BPX) toroidal field (TF) coil conductors. Since the coils will be subjected to both mechanical and thermal load cycling during their design life, it becomes imperative to be able to predict the fatigue crack propagation characteristics of this structural system. While C17510 is well defined in terms of conventional static properties, virtually no data existed for its plane-strain fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate constants, but are required if an accurate life prediction of the coils is to be made using linear elastic fracture mechanics. As a result, a test program was implemented that determined fracture constants for two different variants of the C17510 alloy at both room and liquid nitrogen (77 K) temperatures, the thermal bounds of BPX TF operation. The authors discuss the test program, in particular, fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation testing, and their respective results. >
A passive solution to a difficult data center environmental problem

Meeting cooling requirements for hardware cabinets clustered in long and multiple rows and congested in a tight space has proven to be a non-trivial task due to the complexity of dynamics that dictates the cold air delivery in a raised floor data center. The difficulties are compounded when much more cooling air is required for a given footprint to sufficiently cool equipment dissipating dramatically more power at much higher packaging and power densities. As a result of under supply of chilled air to hardware cabinets sitting on raised floor, cooling air temperatures at the inlet of each individual chassis behind a conventional, substantially perforated cabinet door can vary over quite a wide range with high temperature rises and therefore low hardware reliability and availability. This paper describes a new cabinet door design approach that effectively and practically minimizes inlet air temperature rise encountered in most data centers worldwide. Deviating from conventional cabinet door design with inlet vents covering nearly the entire door front, the new door will have a relatively small inlet area located only in the front near the bottom. Test results indicated that the new door can reduce temperature rise from about 8/spl deg/C using a conventional door to 1-2/spl deg/C for a specific test configuration.
Crystal Growth and Observation of the Ferroelectric Phase of PbZrO3

High-purity single crystals of PbZrO3 suitable for electrical measurements were grown from solutions in the PbO-ZrO2-PbF2-B2O3 system. Dielectric, hysteresis-loop, and optical measurements confirmed the existence of an intermediate ferroelectric (FE) form, previously observed only in ceramics, just below the transition temperature (Tc#232°C). The temperature stability range of the FE phase, which cooling curve measurements show to vary from 12° to 26°C, appears to be related to crystal stoichiometry. The maximum value of spontaneous polarization is P8(max)#24 μC/cm2, assuming that the FE phase possesses rhombohedral symmetry.
Random sampling techniques for space efficient online computation of order statistics of large datasets

In a recent paper [MRL98], we had described a general framework for single pass approximate quantile finding algorithms. This framework included several known algorithms as special cases. We had identified a new algorithm, within the framework, which had a significantly smaller requirement for main memory than other known algorithms. In this paper, we address two issues left open in our earlier paper.First, all known and space efficient algorithms for approximate quantile finding require advance knowledge of the length of the input sequence. Many important database applications employing quantiles cannot provide this information. In this paper, we present a novel non-uniform random sampling scheme and an extension of our framework. Together, they form the basis of a new algorithm which computes approximate quantiles without knowing the input sequence length.Second, if the desired quantile is an extreme value (e.g., within the top 1% of the elements), the space requirements of currently known algorithms are overly pessimistic. We provide a simple algorithm which estimates extreme values using less space than required by the earlier more general technique for computing all quantiles. Our principal observation here is that random sampling is quantifiably better when estimating extreme values than is the case with the median.
Projected loss of a salamander diversity hotspot as a consequence of projected global climate change.

Background: Significant shifts in climate are considered a threat to plants and animals with significant physiological limitations and limited dispersal abilities. The southern Appalachian Mountains are a global hotspot for plethodontid salamander diversity. Plethodontids are lungless ectotherms, so their ecology is strongly governed by temperature and precipitation. Many plethodontid species in southern Appalachia exist in high elevation habitats that may be at or near their thermal maxima, and may also have limited dispersal abilities across warmer valley bottoms. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used a maximum-entropy approach (program Maxent) to model the suitable climatic habitat of 41 plethodontid salamander species inhabiting the Appalachian Highlands region (33 individual species and eight species included within two species complexes). We evaluated the relative change in suitable climatic habitat for these species in the Appalachian Highlands from the current climate to the years 2020, 2050, and 2080, using both the HADCM3 and the CGCM3 models, each under low and high CO2 scenarios, and using two-model thresholds levels (relative suitability thresholds for determining suitable/unsuitable range), for a total of 8 scenarios per species. Conclusion/Significance: While models differed slightly, every scenario projected significant declines in suitable habitat within the Appalachian Highlands as early as 2020. Species with more southern ranges and with smaller ranges had larger projected habitat loss. Despite significant differences in projected precipitation changes to the region, projections did not differ significantly between global circulation models. CO2 emissions scenario and model threshold had small effects on projected habitat loss by 2020, but did not affect longer-term projections. Results of this study indicate that choice of model threshold and CO2 emissions scenario affect short-term projected shifts in climatic distributions of species; however, these factors and choice of global circulation model have relatively small affects on what is significant projected loss of habitat for many salamander species that currently occupy the Appalachian Highlands.
Cervical ripening with prostaglandin gel and hygroscopic dilators.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness and morbidity of adding hygroscopic cervical dilators to prostaglandin gel for cervical ripening and labor induction. STUDY DESIGN: Patients of at least 34 weeks' gestation with a medical indication for induction of labor and with a modified Bishop score of 5 or less were randomized to receive either prostaglandin gel or prostaglandin gel with hygroscopic cervical dilators. Primary outcomes were time to delivery, change in cervical score, and infection. Secondary outcomes included cesarean delivery rate and deliveries before 24 hours of induction. Continuous variables were analyzed by Wilcoxon sum rank test and categorical data by chi-square or Fisher exact test, with P < 0.05 being significant. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were randomized to intracervical prostaglandin alone and 23 patients received intracervical prostaglandin plus hygroscopic dilators. No demographic differences were noted between the groups. After six hours of ripening, the combined group achieved a greater change in Bishop score (3.6 vs. 2.1, P = 0.007) and tended to have a shorter induction time (21.7 vs. 26.4 hours, P = 0.085). The combined therapy group had a higher infection rate than the prostaglandin-only group (59% vs. 12%, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Combining cervical dilators with prostaglandin gel provides more effective cervical ripening and a more rapid induction to delivery interval than prostaglandin alone but with a significant and prohibitive rate of infection.
Bilateral synchronous quadriceps tendon rupture: a case report

Bilateral spontaneous rupture of quadriceps tendons is rare and is usually associated with predisposing comorbid conditions. We report an uncommon case of bilateral synchronous rupture of the quadriceps tendon after a ground level fall in a 51-year-old male, 8 years after renal transplant.
Developing sensor activity relationships for the JPL electronic nose sensors using molecular modeling and QSAR techniques

We report a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study using genetic function approximation (GFA) to describe the polymer-carbon composite sensor activities in the JPL electronic nose (ENose), when exposed to chemical vapors at parts-per-million (ppm) concentration levels. A unique QSAR molecular descriptor set developed in this work combines the default analyte property set (thermodynamic, structural etc.) with sensing film-analyte interactions that describes the sensor response. These descriptors are calculated using semi-empirical and molecular modeling tools. The QSAR training data set consists of 15-20 analyte molecules specified by NASA for applications related to life support and habitation in space. The statistically validated QSAR model was also tested independently to predict the sensor activities for test analytes not considered in the training set
Sinus Microbiome Diversity Depletion and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum Enrichment Mediates Rhinosinusitis

Persistent mucosal inflammation and microbial infection are characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Mucosal microbiota dysbiosis is found in other chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the relationship between sinus microbiota composition and CRS is unknown. Using comparative microbiome profiling of a cohort of CRS patients and healthy subjects, we demonstrate that the sinus microbiota of CRS patients exhibits significantly reduced bacterial diversity compared with that of healthy controls. In our cohort of CRS patients, multiple, phylogenetically distinct lactic acid bacteria were depleted concomitant with an increase in the relative abundance of a single species, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum. We recapitulated the conditions observed in our human cohort in a murine model and confirmed the pathogenic potential of C. tuberculostearicum and the critical necessity for a replete mucosal microbiota to protect against this species. Moreover, Lactobacillus sakei, which was identified from our comparative microbiome analyses as a potentially protective species, defended against C. tuberculostearicum sinus infection, even in the context of a depleted sinus bacterial community. These studies demonstrate that sinus mucosal health is highly dependent on the composition of the resident microbiota as well as identify both a new sino-pathogen and a strong bacterial candidate for therapeutic intervention.
Enzymatic Assimilation of Cyanide via Pterin-Dependent Oxygenolytic Cleavage to Ammonia and Formate in Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764

Utilization of cyanide as a nitrogen source by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 occurs via oxidative conversion to carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the latter compound satisfying the nitrogen requirement. Substrate attack is initiated by cyanide oxygenase (CNO), which has been shown previously to have properties of a pterin-dependent hydroxylase. CNO was purified 71-fold and catalyzed the quantitative conversion of cyanide supplied at micromolar concentrations (10 to 50 micro M) to formate and ammonia. The specific activity of the partially purified enzyme was approximately 500 mU/mg of protein. The pterin requirement for activity could be satisfied by supplying either the fully (tetrahydro) or partially (dihydro) reduced forms of various pterin compounds at catalytic concentrations (0.5 micro M). These compounds included, for example, biopterin, monapterin, and neopterin, all of which were also identified in cell extracts. Substrate conversion was accompanied by the consumption of 1 and 2 molar equivalents of molecular oxygen and NADH, respectively. When coupled with formate dehydrogenase, the complete enzymatic system for cyanide oxidation to carbon dioxide and ammonia was reconstituted and displayed an overall reaction stoichiometry of 1:1:1 for cyanide, O(2), and NADH consumed. Cyanide was also attacked by CNO at a higher concentration (1 mM), but in this case formamide accumulated as the major reaction product (formamide/formate ratio, 0.6:0.3) and was not further degraded. A complex reaction mechanism involving the production of isocyanate as a potential CNO monooxygenation product is proposed. Subsequent reduction of isocyanate to formamide, whose hydrolysis occurs as a CNO-bound intermediate, is further envisioned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of enzymatic conversion of cyanide to formate and ammonia by a pterin-dependent oxygenative mechanism.
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Two Adults with Niemann-Pick and Gaucher's Diseases: Implications for the Treatment of Inherited Metabolic Disease

Two adults were seen with cirrhosis caused by different lipid storage diseases. A 42-yr-old woman with Niemann-Pick disease type B had marked hepatomegaly, ascites and recent variceal bleeding. Her evaluation showed chronic bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, multiple stigmata of chronic liver disease including the recent cessation of menses, diuretic-resistant sterile ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and variceal bleeding. Five percent of normal sphingomyelinase activity was measured in peripheral leukocytes. A 42-yr-old man with Gaucher's disease and a history of bilateral hip replacements presented with hepatomegaly, jaundice, refractory ascites and renal insufficiency. His evaluation showed 20% to 23% of normal glucocerebrosidase activity in peripheral leukocytes. Both patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation with resolution of all aspects of decompensated liver function. Assessment of the underlying metabolic defect before and 6 to 14 mo after transplantation showed that after transplantation the patient with Niemann-Pick disease had above normal hepatic sphingomyelinase activity, a less-marked increase in peripheral leukocyte enzyme activity and lower than normal hepatic sphingomyelin and cholesterol content. In contrast, the patient with Gaucher's disease had only a 61% increase in hepatic glucocerebrosidase activity but had an elevated hepatic glucocerebroside content that was only 15% of the pretransplant level and decreased peripheral leukocyte enzyme levels. These findings suggest that variable relationships may exist between posttransplant hepatic and peripheral leukocyte enzyme activities in the different lipidoses, which may have implications for recurrence of glycolipid-induced liver damage.
Multiscale analysis of fMRI data with mixture of Gaussian densities

We describe in this work an exploratory analysis of fMRI data. We regard the fMRI dataset as a set of spatiotemporal signals S/sub x/ indexed by their position x. The analysis is performed on the wavelet packet coefficients of the fMRI signals S/sub x/, and we show that we can characterize the coefficients in terms of a mixture model of multivariate Gaussian distributions.
Children's Understanding of Their Own and Others' Mental States. Part A. Self-Understanding Precedes Understanding of Others in Pretence.

We examined 3- to 6-year-old children's attributions of pretence when their own or another's behaviours were characterized as similar (usually unintentionally) to that of a real or nonexistent animal. In some pretence tasks, we asked children if they were trying to look like or looked like the animal they were characterized as looking like; in others, if and how they could (or why they could not) pretend to be a real or nonexistent animal. Children at 4-6 years of age understood their own pretences better than another's pretences, but even by 6 years of age children continued to fail to understand pretence by another. Across ages children tended to be consistent in their claims about whether or not they looked liked (or were trying to look like) the animal, and whether or not they were pretending to be it. Children appear to take someone's merely looking like an animal as evidence that the person (whether self or other) is pretending to be that animal. Their success on self-pretence tasks probably results from their unwillingness to believe that their own actions look like those of the animal because they had not intended to look like it.
Majority Rules and Incentives

A club's majority rule defines the number of members that must approve a policy proposed to replace the status quo. Since the majority rule thus dictates the extent to which winners must compensate losers, it also determines the incentives to invest in order to become a winner of anticipated projects. If the required majority is large, members invest too little because of a holdup problem; if it is small, members invest too much in order to become a member of the majority coalition. To balance these opposing forces, the majority rule should increase in the project's value and the club's enforcement capacity but decrease in the heterogeneity in preferences. Externalities can be internalized by adjusting the rule. With heterogeneity in size or initial conditions, votes should be appropriately weighted or double majorities required.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER : III. STUDIES OF LICE AND BEDBUGS (CIMEX LECTULARIUS) WITH MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER VIRUS.

Our experiments have shown that the Mooser bodies or Rickettsiae derived from guinea pigs with Mexican typhus fever can survive in bedbugs after intra-coelomic injection for 10 days, remaining capable of infection. We have also succeeded in similarly infecting bedbugs by allowing them to feed on benzolized rats in whose blood Rickettsiae had been shown to be present. Injection of the organs of such bedbugs 5 days after the last, 9 days after the first infectious feeding into guinea pigs produced typical Mexican typhus fever. Some of the guinea pigs infected with such bedbug organs and passing through a typical typhus proved to be immune to subsequent inoculation with the European disease. Attempts to infect normal guinea pigs by allowing infected bedbugs to feed on them or by rubbing the feces into the uninjured skin have, so far, been unsuccessful. We have not, therefore, completed the cycle proving that bedbugs can transmit the disease, but we have shown that this is a possibility when dealing with man, obviously more susceptible to the disease than any of our experimental animals. The ease with which the Rickettsiae seem to survive in the bedbugs suggests the desirability of investigating other common insects for a similar capacity of harboring the typhus Rickettsiae-experiments which we have not yet had the time to carry out.
A Critical Evaluation of the Treatment of Deleted Files in Microsoft Windows Operation Systems

Recent discourse regarding security vulnerabilities within Microsoft Windows® operating systems has called for the removal of these vulnerabilities. Perceived security weaknesses within these operating systems typically involve computer system intrusion or data storage security. This paper calls attention to conflicting normative values regarding the concept of secure data storage. A perceived security risk is associated with the file management system's policy of allowing deleted data to remain intact. Some argue that lingering traces associated with deleted files should not exist. An alternative view perceives usefulness from the ability to retrieve accidentally deleted data. This view is also held from within the forensic computer science field. This presents a dilemma for software designers seeking to provide operating systems that meet the security desires of society. This paper discusses arguments of these conflicting views, and it encourages more research to provide a foundation on which to base suggestions to resolve this quandary.
Assembly and Intracellular Targeting of the βγ Subunits of Heterotrimeric G Proteins

The assembly in living cells of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins from their constituent α, β, and γ subunits is a complex process, compounded by the multiplicity of the genes that encode them, and the diversity of receptors and effectors with which they interact. Monoclonal anti-β antibodies (ARC5 and ARC9), raised against immunoaffinity purified βγ complexes, recognize β subunits when not associated with γ and can thus be used to monitor assembly of βγ complexes. Complex formation starts immediately after synthesis and is complete within 30 min. Assembly occurs predominantly in the cytosol, and association of βγ complexes with the plasma membrane fraction starts between 15–30 min of chase. Three pools of β subunits can be distinguished based on their association with γ subunits, their localization, and their detergent solubility. Association of β and α subunits with detergent-insoluble domains occurs within 1 min of chase, and increases to reach a plateau of near complete detergent resistance within 30 min of chase. Brefeldin A treatment does not interfere with delivery of βγ subunits to detergent-insoluble domains, suggesting that assembly of G protein subunits with their receptors occurs distally from the BFA-imposed block of intracellular membrane trafficking and may occur directly at the plasma membrane.
Hemodynamic effects of balloon obstruction of the abdominal aorta and superior vena caval-distal aortic shunting in dogs with myocardial infarction and shock.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of extracorporeal circulatory support were investigated in closed chest dogs with myocardial infarction with shock produced by coronary embolization. Determinations of cardiac output, coronary perfusion (central aortic) pressure, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular work, right atrial and left ventricular pressures were performed in the control state, following coronary embolization prior to extracorporeal circulatory support and following coronary embolization during two to four hours of extracorporeal circulatory support. Although there was diminution in cardiac output following coronary embolization, systemic vascular resistance did not rise appreciably and hence there was considerable arterial hypotension. Pumping of large volumes of blood from the venae cavae into the abdominal aorta did not produce a rise in central aortic pressure and increase of coronary perfusion. To increase coronary perfusion pressure with the aid of extracorporeal circulation it was necessary to increase systemic vascular resistance. This was achieved by obstruction of the abdominal aorta with a balloon catheter introduced via a femoral artery, the distal aorta below the site of obstruction being supplied with blood pumped from the superior vena cava. This method of mechanically increasing systemic vascular resistance required a small priming volume and relatively simple peripheral cannulations. A sustained rise in coronary perfusion (central aortic) pressure was produced which was unassociated with significant increases in right atrial or left ventricular diastolic pressures or in calculated left ventricular work.
Linear regression and two-class classification with gene expression data.

Motivation: Using gene expression data to classify (or predict) tumor types has received much research attention recently. Due to some special features of gene expression data, several new methods have been proposed, including the weighted voting scheme of Golub et al., the compound covariate method of Hedenfalk et al. (originally proposed by Tukey), and the shrunken centroids method of Tibshirani et al. These methods look different and are more or less ad hoc. Results: We point out a close connection of the three methods with a linear regression model. Casting the classification problem in the general framework of linear regression naturally leads to new alternatives, such as partial least squares (PLS) methods and penalized PLS (PPLS) methods. Using two real data sets, we show the competitive performance of our new methods when compared with the other three methods.
Fluid-Filled Passive Sonar Calibration Spheres: Design, Modeling, and Measurement

Hollow spheres have long been used as simple underwater targets for testing acoustic projector systems. While spheres offer a mathematically simple shape with a resolvable scattering strength, their usage as a passive target has been less successful due to the complicated manner in which a hollow sphere scatters energy from its exterior and interior as a function of frequency and temperature. Furthermore, a sphere's aspect independent scattering requires a surface area that is physically much greater than a wavelength which in turn requires mechanical support systems that are also large, often with target strengths that rival that of the test target itself. This paper discusses the development of several thin-walled spheres, ranging in diameters from 0.1524 to 0.4953 m, filled with a high-density fluid, to be used collectively as calibrated underwater sonar targets in the 5-50-kHz frequency range and an additional 0.4953-m diameter sphere tested over the range of 5-120 kHz. The combination of the spherical shape and focusing effects of the fluid enhances the acoustic scattering strength of the sphere and produces a significantly greater backscattered response than a rigid sphere. A simple theoretical model is presented to compare several fill fluid possibilities and is then used to compare the chosen fluid, fluorolube, against measured data for each sphere.
Fecal Indicator Organism Modeling and Microbial Source Tracking in Environmental Waters

Mathematical models have been widely applied to surface waters to estimate rates of settling, resuspension, flow, dispersion, and advection in order to calculate movement of particles that influence water quality. Of particular interest are the movement, survival, and persistence of microbial pathogens or their surrogates, which may contaminate recreational water, drinking water, or shellfish. Most models devoted to microbial water quality have been focused on fecal indicator organisms (FIO), which act as a surrogate for pathogens and viruses. Process-based modeling and statistical modeling have been used to track contamination events to source and to predict future events. The use of these two types of models require different levels of expertise and input; process-based models rely on theoretical physical constructs to explain present conditions and biological distribution while data-based, statistical models use extant paired data to do the same. The selection of the appropriate model and interpretation of results is critical to proper use of these tools in microbial source tracking. Integration of the modeling approaches could provide insight for tracking and predicting contamination events in real time. A review of modeling efforts reveals that process-based modeling has great promise for microbial source tracking efforts; further, combining the understanding of physical processes influencing FIO contamination developed with process-based models and molecular characterization of the population by gene-based (i.e., biological) or chemical markers may be an effective approach for locating sources and remediating contamination in order to protect human health better.
Acceleration of diabetic wound healing using a novel protease–anti-protease combination therapy

Nonhealing chronic wounds are major complications of diabetes resulting in >70,000 annual lower-limb amputations in the United States alone. The reasons the diabetic wound is recalcitrant to healing are not fully understood, and there are limited therapeutic agents that could accelerate or facilitate its repair. We previously identified two active forms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-8 and MMP-9, in the wounds of db/db mice. We argued that the former might play a role in the body's response to wound healing and that the latter is the pathological consequence of the disease with detrimental effects. Here we demonstrate that the use of compound ND-336, a novel highly selective inhibitor of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and MMP-14, accelerates diabetic wound healing by lowering inflammation and by enhancing angiogenesis and re-epithelialization of the wound, thereby reversing the pathological condition. The detrimental role of MMP-9 in the pathology of diabetic wounds was confirmed further by the study of diabetic MMP-9-knockout mice, which exhibited wounds more prone to healing. Furthermore, topical administration of active recombinant MMP-8 also accelerated diabetic wound healing as a consequence of complete re-epithelialization, diminished inflammation, and enhanced angiogenesis. The combined topical application of ND-336 (a small molecule) and the active recombinant MMP-8 (an enzyme) enhanced healing even more, in a strategy that holds considerable promise in healing of diabetic wounds.
Highly Purified Cytochrome P-450 from Liver Microsomal Membranes: Recent Studies on the Mechanism of Catalysis

The purpose of this paper is to summarize our knowledge of the properties of purified liver microsomal cytochrome P-450, including evidence for multiple forms, and to present data from recent experiments bearing on the mechanism of action of this cytochrome. For the sake of brevity we will confine our discussion to studies in this laboratory on cytochrome P-450 solubilized and purified from rabbit liver microsomes.
A Study of Respiratory Gas Transport in Pulmonary Capillaries

The gas exchange between the pulmonary capillaries and the inspired air in the lungs is analytically studied, with the purpose of determining respiratory gas concentrations in the capillary bed. The capillary bed is modelled as a set of parallel, distributed-parameter, flow-forced diffusional tubes. Based upon constant physiological properties, a complete mathematical description of the system is obtained. The concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide at a particular time and position in the capillary bed are shown to be a function of a dimensionless factor B. Examples are presented which describe the response of the system under both normal and abnormal conditions.
AN IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF FRESHMAN STUDENTS ACCORDING TO THE MOONEY PROBLEM CHECK LIST

The purpose of this study was to identify the major problem areas of freshmen community college students and to determine if significant differences in problems of freshmen students existed as a variable of age, sex, or marital status. The population consisted of 674 community college students enrolled in an Orientation to College program during the fall or spring semester of 1976, 1977, 1978 or 1979. Each student was administered the Mooney Problem Check List (MPCL), College Form (1950) during the first week of enrollment at the community college. he data were analyzed in order to determine if a significant difference existed in the problem areas reported by students according to a Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks. A significant difference produced by the Friedman ANOVA indicated a need to apply a Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test in order to determine which problem areas differed significantly from one another. A Mann Whitney U Test was employed to statistically compare the problem areas of male students and female students as well as married students and single students. A Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks for k independent samples was employed to test differences in the responses of four student age groups: 18 and under, 19 and 20, 20 through 29 and 30 years of age and over.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Social Inequalities in the Context of Environmental Change

This chapter demonstrates the need to study social inequalities in relation to environmental stresses and change, using methods that bring our attention to injustices that are hidden in plain sight due to social, economic, and political dynamics. Using recent research by a collaboration of physical and social scientists, engineers and ethicists about the human-environment interactions in southwestern Bangladesh, I show that familiarity, frequency, and fragmentation can obscure injustices related to environmental and social change, even from those interested in broad patterns of injustice related to climate change. The methodological commitments, which need to be part of a global, connected research agenda to address environmentally exacerbated social inequalities, are interdisciplinarity, integrated local and global scales, and intersectionality.
Abstract 5683: Design and characterization of novel targeted nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer chemotherapy

The success of cancer chemotherapy was considerably hindered by tumor resistance and drug toxicity. A possibly efficient approach to overcoming drug resistance and serious toxicities is the application of targeted nanoparticles linked to or encapsulating cytotoxic drugs. In this study, novel self-assembly targeting supramolecular nanodrug complex was synthesized using α v -intergrin targeting peptidyl cyclodextrins (CyDs) and classic chemotherapeutic drugs used in the therapy of tumor. The targeting supramolecular drug complex were obtained through host-guest interaction between the tripeptide RGD with sequence Arg-Gly-Asp or cyclotripeptide cRGDyk with sequence c (Arg-Gly-Asp-DTyr-Lys) grafting β-cyclodextrin (or γ-cyclodextrin) and a cytotoxic prodrug; the supramolecular drug inclusion are in specific and efficient binding to integrin-expressing tumor cells and would release the chemotherapeutics in a prolonged period. The guest molecule was generated by the reaction of adamantyl chloride and doxorubicin hydrochloride in which the adamantly group acts as a perfect candidate for the host-guest interaction with CyDs. The host moiety was gained through the reaction of mono-6-deoxy-6-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-β-cyclodextrin and the N-terminal of the oligopeptides through nuclephilic reaction. The promising nanodrug complex is expected to offer attractive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for cancer treatment and is undergoing preclinical evaluation using cancer cell lines and nude mouse models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5683. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5683
Evaluation of the child with seizures.

The proper approach to evaluation of a child or adolescent with seizures is reviewed, with emphasis on the importance of the history, thorough physical examination, differential diagnosis, and laboratory testing prior to initiation of therapy. Follow-up is part of this evaluation process.
Drug therapy. Pharmacologic aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction.

NICOTINE has been consumed in the form of tobacco and other plants for many hundreds of years. The compulsive use of tobacco has been observed in nearly every culture into which tobacco has been introduced. Nearly 30 percent of adult Americans smoke despite, in most cases, a desire to quit and despite common knowledge of the health hazards.1 Their failure to quit smoking is attributable in large part to the addictive properties of nicotine. Recently, nicotine has become available as a pharmaceutical agent, marketed as a chewing gum to help people stop smoking. In addition to its direct effect on . . .
Process development and comparison of various boron emitter technologies for high‐efficiency (~21%) n‐type silicon solar cells

This paper shows for the first time a comparison of commercial-ready n-type passivated emitter , rear totally diffused solar cells with boron (B) emitters formed by spin-on coating, screen printing, ion implantation, and atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. All the B emitter technologies show nearly same efficiency of ~20%. The optimum front grid design (5 busbars and 100 gridlines), calculated by an analytical modeling, raised the baseline cell efficiency up to 20.5% because of reduced series resistance. Along with the five busbars, rear point contacts formed by laser ablation of dielectric and physical vapor deposition Al metallization resulted in another 0.4% improvement in efficiency. As a result, 20.9% efficient n-type passivated emitter, rear totally diffused cell was achieved in this paper. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical Observations on Effect of Children Facial Paralysis Treated by Acupuncture and Massage

Objetive:To investigate the effect on therapeutic effctiveness by acupuncture and massage in treating children facial paralysis.Method:92 facial paralysis children were assigned equally to two groups:the treatment group(treat by acupuncture and massage),the control group(only treat by massage).Result:After treatment,the cure effective of treatment group rate was 95.65%,and control group rate 78.26%.There was more significant between the two group(P0.05).Conclusion:Acupuncture and massage treating children facial paralysis can product synergetic effect,reduce residua and have good clinical effect.
Location leaks over the GSM air interface.

Cellular phones have become a ubiquitous means of communications with over 5 billion users worldwide in 2010, of which 80% are GSM subscribers. Due to their use of the wireless medium and their mobile nature, those phones listen to broadcast communications that could reveal their physical location to a passive adversary. In this paper, we investigate techniques to test if a user is present within a small area, or absent from a large area by simply listening on the broadcast GSM channels. With a combination of readily available hardware and open source software, we demonstrate practical location test attacks that include circumventing the temporary identifier designed to protect the identity of the end user. Finally we propose solutions that would improve the location privacy of users with low system impact.
Neuronal energy-sensing pathway promotes energy balance by modulating disease tolerance

The starvation-inducible coactivator cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-cAMP-regulated transcription coactivator (Crtc) has been shown to promote starvation resistance in Drosophila by up-regulating CREB target gene expression in neurons, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. We found that Crtc and its binding partner CREB enhance energy homeostasis by stimulating the expression of short neuropeptide F (sNPF), an ortholog of mammalian neuropeptide Y, which we show here is a direct target of CREB and Crtc. Neuronal sNPF was found to promote energy homeostasis via gut enterocyte sNPF receptors, which appear to maintain gut epithelial integrity. Loss of Crtc-sNPF signaling disrupted epithelial tight junctions, allowing resident gut flora to promote chronic increases in antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression that compromised energy balance. Growth on germ-free food reduced AMP gene expression and rescued starvation sensitivity in Crtc mutant flies. Overexpression of Crtc or sNPF in neurons of wild-type flies dampens the gut immune response and enhances starvation resistance. Our results reveal a previously unidentified tolerance defense strategy involving a brain-gut pathway that maintains homeostasis through its effects on epithelial integrity.
Complexities of Negotiating Power When Re-Constructing Stories About Lone Mothers

Building social inclusion was the primary theoretical and practice goal of a group of researcher/academics who partnered with lone mother research assistants in participatory action research. One o...
The Interaction of Proteins with Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers

Cell membranes can be characterized by their thermodynamic, structural and mechanical properties, such as phase behavior, thickness and rigidity. Experimental and computational studies of membrane properties and their effects on the function of proteins embedded in the lipid environment have focused largely on symmetric bilayers, i.e., with the same lipid composition in the two leaflets. However, the mammalian plasma membrane (PM) has an asymmetric lipid distribution, with an outer leaflet having a significant fraction of high-melting lipids, and an inner leaflet containing low-melting and negatively charged lipids. This asymmetry is often ignored in both experimental and modeling studies especially given the difficulty of preparing asymmetric liposomes in vitro. However, the different elastic and phase properties of symmetric bilayer models of the two PM leaflets, as well as the energy that cells spend to maintain their PM transverse structure, make it likely that this compositional asymmetry provides unique bilayer properties of functional significance. Our goal is to evaluate this hypothesis and its consequences both in vitro and in silico, with a systematic study of symmetric and asymmetric bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and/or phosphatidylethanolamine lipid molecules both in the presence and absence of the transmembrane peptides WALP and Gramicidin. We examine the structural manifestations and mechanisms of interleaflet coupling and their effect on protein-membrane interactions, focusing on changes in bending rigidity, acyl chain order, and surface tension. We then evaluate the implications of these properties for the unique deformation of the asymmetric bilayers around the protein inclusions. Results from computation regarding inter-leaflet coupling are compared to in vitro measurements of the thermodynamics properties of asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles prepared with a newly developed cyclodextrin-mediated exchange protocol.
Laws Governing the Evolution of Mathematics

Most cultural systems exhibit patterns of behavior that are described in the form of “laws.” Each field of mathematics develops its own collective intuition, as its individual practitioners. The individual intuitions agree with one another on major issues, coinciding with the collective intuition. Without the intuitions—collective and individual—research in mathematics would hardly be possible. The individual mathematician tries to prove what he feels intuitively to be “true.” The one who succeeds in proving a proposition that runs counter to the collective intuition of his specialty creates the most attention in the long run. The natural sciences, with their great dependence on mathematics, as a tool and as a source of concepts, have always provided a stimulus to the creation of new mathematics. Most of the classical mathematics was created by, or suggested by, environmental needs of workers in science, commerce, architecture, and other pursuits active at the time. In modern times, the operation of hereditary stress is a more important factor in the evolution of new mathematics; so much that one can speculate on how the growth of mathematics would be affected by a severe economic collapse.