cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zambales ophiolite, Philippines I. Geology and petrology of the critical zone of the Acoje massif

Abstract The Acoje massif constitutes the northernmost massif of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex, an assemblage of relatively intact fragments of a Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere. The critical zone of the massif consists of interlayered dunite, harzburgite, lherzolite, wehrlite, pyroxenite and feldspathic units which grade upsection into gabrronorite and gabbro cumulates. This sequence occurs between highly deformed residual harzburgite and a 4 to 5.5 k thick cumulate and isotropic gabbro sequence. The critical zone can be subdivided into a 540 m thick ultramafic zone and a 390 m thick mafic (feldspathic) zone. The boundary between these zones is marked by the first appearance of cumulus plagioclase. The paragenetic sequence that best describes the cumulus mineralogy is chromite, chromite + olivine, chromite + olivine + orthopyroxene, chromite + olivine + clinopyroxene (± orthopyroxene), olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase (± orthopyroxene, ± amphibole). The lithologie and chemical (including ƒO 2 ) variation across the critical zone reflects multiple magma influx, assimilation of tectonized harzburgite, magma mixing, fractional crystallization, and intercumulus melt/crystal interactions in a sub-oceanic magma chamber. Therefore, this critical zone represents the basal cumulate sequence of the Acoje massif, and not the uppermost portion of the residual mantle. There is a general trend of decreasing of deformation from the bottom to the top of the critical zone. This is attributed to the rheological inhomogeneity of the partially crystallized basal cumulate sequence during deformation. Geothermometric estimates based on the Mg-Fe 2+ exchange between olivine and spinel indicate equilibration to subsolidus temperatures.
Expanding collapse in partially submerged granular soil slopes

The traditional approach to stability analysis of granular slopes leads to the safety factor that is associated with a planar failure surface approaching the slope face, whether the slope is “dry” or submerged. However, for partially submerged slopes, a more critical, nonplanar failure surface can be formed. A family of geometrically similar surfaces can be found that is characterized by the same safety factor. If the safety factor drops down to unity and the slope becomes unstable, then a mechanism of any size can form. Alternatively, the failure may start at some small region and then the volume of the mechanism of failure can expand, giving rise to a progressive failure of a different kind that is typically associated with slopes. This progression has the character of a “disturbance” or a shock-like kinematic discontinuity propagating into the soil at rest. A quantitative analysis is presented and it is demonstrated that the soil dilates while the mechanism expands, leaving the slope weakened and susce...
Organization of the pathway of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Progress No. 9) leaves.

Abstract The organization of the enzymes of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in pea ( Pisum, sativum L. cv Progress No. 9) has been studied. The first three enzymes of the pathway, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase, and dihydroorotase, are readily separable from one another; they are not part of a multifunctional complex. The final two activities of the pathway, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase, copurify and appear to be complexed in vivo . This organizational pattern is distinct from those reported for bacteria, yeast, and mammals. The differences in organization, in a pathway which is present in all organisms, make the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway a very interesting candidate for evolutionary studies.
A micromechanical formulation for piezoelectric fiber composites with nonlinear and viscoelastic constituents

Abstract This study presents a simplified micromechanical model to predict electromechanical behaviors of piezocomposites, having ferroelectric fibers and polymer matrix. A nonlinear electromechanical constitutive model is formulated for the ferroelectric fibers, i.e. PZT fibers. The nonlinearity is due to polarization switching in the PZT materials under high electric field and compression stress. Phenomenological models are used to represent stress–strain and polarization–electric field hysteresis responses during polarization switching. The nonlinear electromechanical constitutive relation is verified using hysteresis polarization and strain responses of PZT-51. Effective responses of piezocomposites at various fiber volume contents, generated using the simplified micromechanical model, are also compared with available experimental data. The effects of viscoelastic polymer matrix on the overall electromechanical hysteresis and creep behaviors of piezocomposites are also examined.
Collective taxonomizing: A collaborative approach to organizing document repositories

Keeping large, growing document repositories organized is a critical challenge. For example, the security failure prior to the 9/11 tragedy was partly due to the ineffectiveness of organizing documents shared among various intelligence organizations. Drawing on the success of Web 2.0 and theories from knowledge management, we argue that a shared document repository with no central organizer may benefit from collective taxonomizing: allowing community members to categorize documents with local document hierarchies and systematically coalesce those local hierarchies into a global taxonomy. Using a design science approach, we develop and evaluate a hierarchy coalescing algorithm. Empirical and analytical evaluation shows promise.
“Integrity testing” for personnel selection: An unsparing perspective

Federal legislation (the Employee Polygraph Protection Act) adopted in 1988 prohibits virtually all private sector employers from requiring or requesting preemployment polygraph examinations for prospective employees. Since then, written integrity testing designed to reliably distinguish those prospective employees who may steal from the company from those who are far less likely to do so has been something of a growth industry. Indeed, the American Psychological Association has recently noted that honesty tests have demonstrated useful levels of validity as an employee selection measure. We provide an alternative perspective. We argue that, even under the most charitable of assumptions, the propensity of integrity tests to generate false positives (i.e., to identify prospective employees as potential thieves when, in fact, they are not) is unsuitably large. Thus, the integrity test as currently configured is largely without merit as a personnel selection device.
Product Inequalities Involving the Multivariate Normal Distribution

Abstract Suppose Y′ = (Y′ 1, …, Y′ k ) possesses a multivariate normal distribution with mean vector 0 and positive semidefinite covariance matrix Σ. If Ci ⊂ Rpi denote convex regions symmetric about the origin, then conditions are given such that and/or obtain. These conditions imply that chi-squared random variables defined from a multivariate normal distribution are always positively dependent and nonnegatively correlated. Other applications involve conservative simultaneous confidence regions in a multivariate regression setting.
Oral Corticosteroids and Onset of Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Objective To estimate the age when cardiomyopathy develops in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and to analyze the effect of corticosteroid treatment on the age of cardiomyopathy onset. Study design We identified a population-based sample of 462 boys with DMD, born between 1982 and 2005, in 5 surveillance sites in the US. Echocardiographic and corticosteroid treatment data were collected. Cardiomyopathy was defined by a reduced fractional shortening ( Results The mean (SD) age of cardiomyopathy onset was 14.3 (4.2) years for the entire population and 15.2 (3.4) years in corticosteroid-treated vs 13.1 (4.8) in non-treated boys. Survival analysis described a significant delay of cardiomyopathy onset for boys treated with corticosteroids ( P P Conclusions Oral corticosteroid treatment was associated with delayed cardiomyopathy onset. The duration of corticosteroid treatment also correlated positively with delayed cardiomyopathy onset. Our analysis suggests that a boy with DMD treated for 5 years with corticosteroids might experience a 20% decrease in the likelihood of developing cardiomyopathy compared with untreated boys.
Comparative Ethics How Students and Human-resources Directors React to Real-life Situations

To head of inappropriate ethical judgments, managers may need to explain right and wrong to employees.
Body time and social time: Mood patterns by menstrual cycle phase and day of the week

Multiple regression analysis traces the effects of two time dimensions (body time as indexed by the female menstrual cycle, and social time as indexed by the calendar week) upon moods, in a prospective study of daily moods over a 40-day period. Positive moods peaked in the ovulatory phase and on weekends, while negative moods peaked in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. An individual difference analysis showed that women whose moods are responsive to the menstrual cycle are physically active, socially assertive, sexually orgasmic women for whom the maternal role is important.
Relationship between Monthly Frontal Overrunning and Offshore-Onshore Temperature Differences across the Central Gulf Coast.

Abstract Under geostrophic and hydrostatic conditions, the Margules equation for the equilibrium slope of a stationary front is applied to study the relationship between monthly frontal overrunning and the temperature difference (ΔT) across the central Gulf Coast. Data employed were 10 years of frontal overrunning statistics, 30 years of onshore temperature and wind records at New Orleans, Louisiana, and 86 years of offshore temperature and wind conditions. Monthly frontal overrunning correlates both meteorologically and statistically with ΔT, as expected. However, the high correlation coefficient of 0.91 was unexpected. The contribution of wind difference across the coastal zone is smaller by far than that of ΔT. The results may therefore be applied for operational planning and to supplement local forecasting of frontal overrunning.
Mixing induced by flow geometry: Spatial distribution and time evolution of the measures of mechanical mixedness

Abstract From the streamline point of view, we have extended the capability of the lamellar description of mechanical mixing. Using the velocity field together with initial and boundary conditions dictated by a particular flow geometry, one can now predict from first principles the spatial distribution and time evolution of the measures of mechanical mixedness: striation thickness and intermaterial surface normal. The two example problems worked out here clearly demonstrate the utility and versatility of the present approach. The recognition of the role of streamlines in formulating intermaterial surface normal is particularly instrumental in mixer design to attain efficient mixing; optimal intermaterial mixing is achieved as the surface normal is aligned with streamlines.
Toxicity of o‐cresol to mink and european ferrets

The toxicity of o-cresol to mink (Mustela vison) and European ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) was evaluated through dietary LC50 and reproduction tests. Twenty-eight-day LC50 tests with each species resulted in no overt signs of toxicity or mortalities, with the highest dietary concentrations being 2,520 ppm for mink and 4,536 ppm for ferrets. Mink were more sensitive to o-cresol than were ferrets, based on feed consumption, body weight data and hematologic parameters. Both species routinely consumed in excess of the estimated oral LD50 in an average day's feed consumption at the highest dietary concentration. Mink in a reproduction test exhibited no significant adverse effects at dietary concentrations as high as 1,600 ppm over 6 months.
Synoptic seeing measurements at the university of hawaii 2.2m telescope

The average seeing at the University of Hawaii 2.2 m telescope from 10 August 1985 to 9 January 1986 was 0.95 ± 0.02 arcsec full width at half-maximum at a wavelength of 0.70 pm. We believe that the dome makes substantial contributions to this average because the see-ing degrades with increasing temperature difference between a point near the primary mirror and the outside air. There is no significant dependence on wavelength (over the range 0.63-0.82 μm), wind direction, or time (over the interval covered to date). The data reported in this paper are the baseline against which we will assess the results of a long-term program of dome thermal balance improvements.
Estrogen-related Receptors Stimulate Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase Isoform 4 Gene Expression

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria and is a key regulatory enzyme in the oxidation of glucose to acetyl-CoA. Phosphorylation of PDC by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK2 and PDK4) inhibits PDC activity. Expression of the PDK genes is elevated in diabetes, leading to the decreased oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. In these studies we have investigated the transcriptional regulation of the PDK4 gene by the estrogen-related receptors (ERRα and ERRγ). The ERRs are orphan nuclear receptors whose physiological roles include the induction of fatty acid oxidation in heart and muscle. Previously, we found that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC-1α) stimulates the expression of PDK4. Here we report that ERRα and ERRγ stimulate the PDK4 gene in hepatoma cells, suggesting a novel role for ERRs in controlling pyruvate metabolism. In addition, both ERR isoforms recruit PGC-1α to the PDK4 promoter. Insulin, which decreases the expression of the PDK4 gene, inhibits the induction of PDK4 by ERRα and ERRγ. The forkhead transcription factor (FoxO1) binds the PDK4 gene and contributes to the induction of PDK4 by ERRs and PGC-1α. Insulin suppresses PDK4 expression in part through the dissociation of FoxO1 and PGC-1α from the PDK4 promoter. Our data demonstrate a key role for the ERRs in the induction of hepatic PDK4 gene expression.
An environmentally-sustainable, integrated, co-culture system for dulse and abalone production

Abstract A co-culture system is described in which both red abalone ( Haliotis rufescens ) and a red seaweed, dulse ( Palmaria mollis ), are grown together in the same culture system. Dulse provides food for the abalone and improves water quality by removal of excreted ammonia. The system can be balanced by determining the effects of light intensity on dulse production and comparing these rates with dulse consumption by abalone of different sizes. In addition, uptake of ammonia by dulse under different light intensities can be balanced against excretion rates of abalone of different sizes. Dulse production rather than ammonia uptake is the limiting factor for rearing abalone in this system. An estimated 21–31 times more area is required for dulse production to meet abalone food requirements compared to that required for removal of excreted ammonia. Dulse production rates and light utilization efficiencies are high compared with those of other marine plants, such as kelp, and comparable to those of the most productive terrestrial crops. The availability of high, year-round light intensities is a key factor in determining the economic commercial value of such co-culture systems.
Aging and disability: Behind and beyond the stereotypes

Abstract The new emphasis on healthy or “successful” aging, while a refreshing contrast to the “decline and loss” paradigm, is problematic as well. In particular, the newer paradigm is seen as reinforcing the “elderly mystique,” or prejudice against disabled elders. This article examines several alternative visions of aging and disability and their implications for policy, with particular attention to the “compression of morbidity” thesis. The social construction of aging and disability then is explored, as are historical patterns in our thinking about “good” and “bad” old age, as these influence current attitudes and practices.
The Value of Left Parasternal Impulse Recordings in the Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation

Left parasternal cardiograms were recorded at the fifth intercostal space in 30 patients with mitral regurgitation. Early systolic outward movements (E), late systolic outward movements (LOM), and the ratio of the LOM area to the total area occupied by the left parasternal cardiogram (LPC area) were examined. Thirteen patients had pure mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae (ten patients) or "floppy mitral valve" (three patients). In these patients LOM/E correlated significantly with the regurgitation volume determined by the difference between angiographic and Fick stroke volumes, (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), and with the height of the "v" wave in the pulmonary artery wedge pressure tracings (r = 0.79; P < 0.01). Simultaneous recordings of left parasternal movements and pulmonary wedge pressures in eight patients in this group showed a close relationship between LOM and "v" waves. Fourteen patients had rheumatic heart disease and mitral regurgitation associated with mitral stenosis of varying de...
Dynamics of the Vorticity Distribution in Endwall Junctions

The dynamics of the vorticity distribution for an unsteady, laminar necklace vortex system are established using quantitative particle image velocimetry techniques. The vortex system is composed of necklace vortices, which form periodically in front of a bluff body junction, translate toward the body, and subsequently amalgamate with a sustained corner vortex. It is shown that cross-diffusion of the necklace vortex vorticity with opposite-sign vorticity generated by a necklace vortex-surface interaction is the dominant mechanism creating a vorticity balance in the system. The instability of the impinging shear layer, under the influence of the adverse pressure gradient generated by the presence of the bluff body, is proposed as the mechanism by which the periodic vortex system frequency is selected.
Triiodide quenching of ruthenium MLCT excited state in solution and on TiO2 surfaces: an alternate pathway for charge recombination.

The excited states of [Ru(bpy)2(deeb)](PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2-bipyridine and deeb is 4,4‘-(CO2CH2CH3)2-2,2‘-bipyridine, were found to be efficiently quenched by triiodide (I3-) in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. In dichloromethane, I3- was found to quench the excited states by static and dynamic mechanisms; Stern−Volmer analysis of the time-resolved and steady-state photoluminescence data produced self-consistent estimates for the I3- + Ru(bpy)2(deeb)2+ ⇄ [RuII(bpy)2(deeb)2+,(I3-)]+ equilibrium, K = 51,000 M-1, and the bimolecular quenching rate constant, kq = 4.0 × 1010 M-1 s-1. In acetonitrile, there was no evidence for ion pairing and a dynamic quenching rate constant of kq = 4.7 × 1010 M-1 s-1 was calculated. Comparative studies with Ru(bpy)2(deeb)2+ anchored to mesoporous nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films also showed efficient excited-state dynamic quenching by I3- in both acetonitrile and dichloromethane, kq = 1.8 × 109 and 3.6 × 1010 M-1 s-1, respectively. No reaction products for the excited-stat...
Bibliographical Aid to the Teaching of the History of German Civilization

T HE popularity of history of civilization courses has greatly risen since the end of World War II. During that time thousands of young Americans have for the first time made contact (though under unpleasant circumstances) with foreign peoples about whom they knew little or nothing. Many of these young men and women are now anxious to learn more about their newly made acquaintances, a sign which should ultimately lead to a better understanding among the nations of the world. From various inquiries to the Chairman of the German Department of this university, it seems that more and more people in high schools, colleges, teachers' colleges, are called upon to teach civilization courses, often at short notice and with little time given for preparation. If the following list of works, which this writer used in his own preparation and teaching of the history of German civilization, should be of some help to such persons, the purpose of this paper is fulfilled. Naturally, no claim to completeness is made. The writer intends to continue his work and hopes ultimately to publish a more or less complete bibliography.
Patients with adenosine-induced ST-segment depressions and normal myocardial perfusion imaging: cardiac outcomes at 24 months.

Background The significance of ischemic ECG changes during adenosine infusion in patients with normal myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is controversial. We evaluated the prevalence of, and defined the predictors for, severe coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with such discordant findings.
Gammalinolenic acid-enriched diet alters cutaneous eicosanoids

There are reports that vegetable oils containing gammalinolenic acid (GLA) may exert beneficial effects on inflammatory skin disorders. To determine whether or not dietary GLA exerts any modulatory role on cutaneous eicosanoids, guinea pigs were fed either a control diet containing safflower oil (<0.5% GLA) or borage oil, a GLA-rich diet containing 25% GLA. After an 8-week feeding period, epidermal samples from both animal groups were analyzed for fatty acid composition and tissue eicosanoids. Analysis of epidermal neutral lipids and phospholipids in borage oil-fed animals showed a marked increase in GLA and its elongase product, dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA). Similarly, analysis of epidermal eicosanoids in the borage oil-fed animals revealed significant increases in the amounts of the 15-hydroxy fatty acid (15-OH-20:3n-6) and prostaglandin PGE1, both metabolites of DGLA. Since these metabolites have anti-inflammatory potential, our results suggest that increased dietary GLA could result in the generation of local anti-inflammatory metabolites thus providing a non-toxic approach to suppression of cutaneous inflammatory skin disorders.
Bounds on the ROC curves from fused correlated ATR systems

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves provide a means to evaluate the performance of ATR systems. Of specific interest, is the ability to evaluate the performance of fused ATR systems in order to gain information on how well the combined system performs with respect to, for instance, single systems, other fusion methods, or pre-specified performance criteria. Although various ROC curves for fused systems have been demonstrated by many researchers, information regarding the bounds for these curves has not been examined thoroughly. This paper seeks to describe several bounds that exist on ROC curves from fused, correlated ATR systems. These bounds include the lower bound for systems fused using Boolean rules and bounds based on a measure of the variance of the ATR system. Examples using simulated ROC curves generated from correlated and uncorrelated ATR systems will be given as well as a discussion of how correlation affects these bounds. Examining such bounds for a set of candidate fusion rules a priori can focus efforts towards those fused systems that better meet specified ATR system performance criteria.
Nucleolus: Changes at puberty in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the preoptic area

Abstract The nucleolus is directly involved in RNA and protein metabolism and may serve both as an indicator of growth and of increased metabolic activity. Neurons in the medial preoptic area (POA), the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and the caudate nucleus of the rat were examined at ages ranging from 1 day to 70 days. Mean cross-sectional areas of nucleoli were determined at each age, including samples taken from animals killed at the time of vaginal opening. The pattern of changes for the mean nucleolar area of the caudate nucleus, POA, and SCN indicated that the primary growth phase was completed between 15 and 25 days of age. In each of the hypothalamic nuclei, but not the caudate nucleus, the nucleoli were found to be significantly increased at the age of vaginal opening. An estrogen-induced early vaginal opening also resulted in an increase in the area of the nucleolus in the hypothalamic nuclei. The position of the nucleolus in relation to the nuclear membrane does not appear to be as labile as the size of the nucleolus. The data show that significant changes in the cross-sectional areas of these neuronal nucleoli may be associated with the onset of puberty.
Bacteria in the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome: molecular approaches to critical research questions.

Purpose: There is a pressing need to determine the causes and consequences of, and optimal therapy for the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome.Materials and Methods: New data suggest that bacterial infection may be critical in some patients. We examined the rationale for and technical approaches to hypothesis driven studies of bacteria in the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome.Results: The first hypothesis was that patients with the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome have prostatic bacteria that distinguish them from controls. In pilot studies patients with inflamed expressed prostatic secretions were more likely to have bacterial DNAs, that is 16S ribosomal DNAs. Current goals are to clone, sequence and compare ribosomal DNAs from patients and controls to determine which bacteria are most specific to the chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome and which should be targeted in clinical trials. The second hypothesis was that bacterial viability correlates wi...
Cost-effectiveness of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements for prophylaxis of variceal re-bleeding

Summary Background : Measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient may identify a sub-optimal response to drug prophylaxis in patients with a history of variceal bleeding. However, the cost-effectiveness of routine hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements to guide secondary prophylaxis has not been examined. Methods : A Markov model was constructed using specialized software (DATA 3.5, Williamstown, MA, USA). Three strategies involved secondary prophylaxis without haemodynamic monitoring using beta-blockers alone, beta-blockers plus isosorbide mononitrate or endoscopic variceal ligation alone. Four strategies involved secondary prophylaxis with beta-blockers plus isosorbide mononitrate or beta-blockers alone, accompanied by one or two hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements to identify haemodynamic non-responders, who underwent endoscopic variceal ligation as an alternative. The total expected costs, variceal bleeding episodes and total deaths were calculated for each strategy over 3 years. Results : The two most effective strategies were combination therapy alone and combination therapy with two hepatic venous pressure gradient measurements. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the latter strategy was $136 700 per year of life saved compared with combination therapy alone. The ratio improved as the time horizon was extended or the rates of variceal re-bleeding were increased. Conclusions : The cost-effectiveness of haemodynamic monitoring to guide secondary prophylaxis of recurrent variceal bleeding is highly dependent on local hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement costs, life expectancy and re-bleeding rates.
Colonic motility in chronic ulcerative proctosigmoiditis and the effects of nicotine on colonic motility in patients and healthy subjects.

Background: Nicotine decreases diarrhoea and pain in ulcerative colitis without reducing inflammation. Aims: (i) To evaluate the effect of ulcerative proctosigmoiditis on motor functions of an uninflamed segment of descending colon; and (ii) to assess nicotine’s effects on colonic motor functions in patients and healthy subjects. Methods: In healthy subjects (n=30) and patients with ulcerative colitis (13; 11 active, two quiescent colitis), we studied the effects of intravenous nicotine on colonic transit of solid residue by scintigraphy (healthy subjects) and on colonic motility in healthy subjects and 11 patients. Results: In ulcerative colitis, fasting colonic motility was increased, whereas motor response to a meal was significantly reduced; compliance was unchanged. In healthy subjects, high-dose nicotine induced transient high amplitude propagated contractions and relaxation of the descending colon followed by decreased phasic contractions. This dose also accelerated colonic transit. Low-dose nicotine (mimicking a transdermal nicotine patch) reduced colonic compliance in healthy subjects, but did not affect motor function in ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: Ulcerative proctosigmoiditis increases fasting colonic motility and reduces tone response to a meal in the descending colon without affecting colonic compliance, suggesting changes in physiological responses but not intrinsic wall properties. Nicotine has dose-dependent effects on colonic motor activity in healthy subjects.
Cultural and social network predictors of drinking among Korean American women

This study estimated the association of cultural and social mechanisms with Korean American women’s drinking behaviors. Data were drawn from telephone interviews with 591 Korean women selected from a random sample of households in California with Korean surnames during 2007. About 62% of eligible respondents completed the interview. Respondents reported any lifetime drinking (yes/no), drinking volume (typical number of drinks consumed on drinking days), level of acculturation, and described their social network by assessing who encouraged or discouraged drinking (drinking support) or drank (drinking models). Multivariable regressions were used for analyses. About 70% (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 67 to 74) of Korean American women reported any lifetime drinking and current drinkers drank 1.18 (95%CI, 1.07 to 1.28) drinks on drinking days. Acculturation was not significantly associated with any lifetime drinking or drinking volume, while models and support for drinking were statistically significantly associated with a higher probability of any lifetime drinking and drinking more on drinking days. Each additional encourager, or one fewer discourager, for drinking in women’s social networks was associated with a 2% (95%CI, 1 to 3) higher probability of any lifetime drinking and drinking 0.25 (95%CI, −0.53 to 1.18) more drinks on drinking days. Each additional drinker in women’s networks was associated with a 4% (95%CI, 1 to 8) higher probability of any lifetime drinking and drinking 0.26 (95%CI, −0.05 to 0.60) more drinks on drinking days. Korean American women’s drinking appears to be strongly related to their social networks, though how women take on traits of their new environment was not.
A Review of “Flying from the Black Hole: The B-52 Navigator-Bombardiers of Vietnam”

In the introduction to Flying from the Black Hole, Robert O. Harder asserts that, dating back to the early days at Kitty Hawk, writers and historians have addressed aviation almost exclusively from...
Gender Differences in Virtual Negotiation: Theory and Research

Social roles create conflicting behavioral expectations for female negotiators; however, virtual negotiations reduce social pressures. This paper reviews theoretical explanations on why men and women might differ in negotiations that occur through email, telephone, or video. Forty-three negotiation studies comparing face-to-face and virtual negotiations were examined for gender differences. All studies were reported in English but not limited to US participants. While many reports omitted gender information, meta-analytic findings supported the prediction that women would be more hostile in virtual compared to face-to-face negotiations, as well as finding no hostility difference for men between virtual and face-to-face negotiations. While negotiators overall were more successful face-to-face than virtually, results separated by gender did not find this effect.
Photoelectrically induced free carrier absorption and amplification of light in cadmium sulfide.

It has been demonstrated that it is possible to control the intensity of visible and infrared light being transmitted through cadmium sulfide by controlled variations in photoelectrically induced free charge carrier densities which absorb the transmitted light. The free carrier optical absorption coefficient is extended to fit the case of photoelectrically induced free carrier absorption in semiconductors. This results in a theoretical modulation parameter which predicts the extent to which light transmission can be controlled by induced free carrier absorption. An experimental technique is presented which demonstrates that photoelectrically induced variations in the density of free carriers in CdS can indeed bring about a consequential control of the light transmission. Complete control over the transmission, in addition to light amplification by stimulated absorption, is demonstrated in CdS for both infrared and visible light between 0.6 μ and 4.0 μ. Theoretically computed and experimentally observed values of modulation are in fair agreement, considering the limitation of the theory and the nature of the solid. The observed transmitted wavelength dependence in CdS is discussed on the basis of both the free carrier absorption theory and various photoconductivity mechanisms, and it is shown to be reasonably consistent with modern theory.
The use of time reversal methods with Lamb waves to identify structural damage in a pipeline system

Harsh environmental and operating conditions often leave pipeline systems prone to cracks, corrosion, and other aging defects. If left undetected, these forms of damage can lead to the failure of the pipeline system, which may have catastrophic consequences. Most current forms of health monitoring for pipeline systems involve nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. These techniques often require a pipeline system to be taken out of operation at regularly scheduled intervals so that a technician can perform a prescribed NDE measurement. Such a measurement also requires direct access to the pipe's exterior or interior surface. This access may require excavation if the pipe is underground and the removal of insulating layers when present. This research proposes the use of Macro-fiber composite (MFC) actuators for damage detection in pipeline structures. Because MFC actuators are durable and relatively inexpensive, they can be permanently bonded to the surface of a pipe during installation. Therefore, measurements for damage detection can be performed at any time, even while the system is still in operation. The time reversal methods use the propagation of Lamb waves to evaluate the structural health of a pipeline system. A burst waveform is used to excite Lamb waves in a pipe at an initial location using an array of MFC patches. The measured response at the actuation location is reversed in time and used as the excitation signal at the second location. The initial excitation signal is then compared to the final response signal. The performance of the time reversal methods was compared to the traditional methods of Lamb wave propagations using standard tone burst waveforms.
Variability of indexes for myocardial ischemia: A comparison of exercise treadmill test, ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and symptoms of myocardial ischemia

Abstract Fifty-four patients with chronic stable angina were studied to determine and compare weekly variability of indexes for the detection of myocardial ischemia. All patients underwent three single-blind placebo periods, each lasting 1 week. An exercise treadmill test, 24 h ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring (analyzed blindly) and an accurate diary of anginal attacks and nitroglycerin use were obtained at the end of each placebo period. An unbalanced, completely random component of variance analysis was used to calculate a component for within subject variability and a component for among subject variability. The coefficient of variation and percent variation (within subjects) of onset of chest pain during exercise were 19% and 30%, respectively; the corresponding values were 28% and 33% for onset of 1 mm ST depression, 15% and 15% for exercise duration, 44% and 27% for number of ischemic episodes/24 h, 56% and 43% for anginal frequency and 55% and 27% for nitroglycerin consumption, respectively. With use of this statistical method and variation within subjects, the change in the value of each variable necessary to exceed those attributable to spontaneous variation was determined. The trade-off between repeated measurements and number of subjects, the sample size estimated for planning studies and the minimal sample size for using various designs were also determined. Although the data indicate that all indexes for myocardial ischemia, both during exercise and during daily activity, vary considerably, but the exercise variables have less variability and are more reproducible. The number of ischemic episodes on Holter monitoring has less spontaneous variability than does anginal frequency or nitroglycerin consumption; however, the duration of ischemic episodes detected by Holter monitoring is the most variable index.
The Effects of Sarbanes‐Oxley on Auditing and Internal Control Strength

We provide a theoretical investigation of the effects of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 on auditing intensity and internal control strength. We propose a model of strategic auditing in which the auditor can use resources for both internal control tests and substantive tests, while the manager can choose the strength of internal controls and the amount of fraud. We find that control tests are a valuable tool for the auditor when control strength is informative about the likelihood of fraud. We find that Sarbanes‐Oxley has the desired effect of inducing stronger internal control systems and less fraud, but does not necessarily induce higher levels of control testing. Our model suggests that audit risk increases as a result of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act.
Solubility of solid mixtures in supercritical fluids

Kurnik, R.T. and Reid, R.C., 1982. Solubility of solid mixtures in supercritical fluids. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 8: 93-105 Supercritical fluids are receiving widespread attention as possible extraction agents for relatively non-volatile solids and liquids. Previous studies of the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids have been limited to pure solids. These pure-component data are interesting and indicate novel properties of supercritical fluids in this respect. The more general problem, however, lies in determining the solubility of multicomponent solids in supercritical fluids. Experimental data have now been obtained on the solubilities of binary, solid hydrocarbon mixtures in both supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical ethylene. Most of the behavior exhibited by pure solids in supercritical fluids still exists for multicomponent solid solute systems (e.g., retrograde solidification, solubility extrema), but new phenomena were also found. The most interesting finding is that the solubility of a solid component when in a multicomponent solute system can be as much as 300% higher than the component solubility in a pure solid system at the same operating conditions. The multicomponent-solid-fluid data usually correlate well with thermodynamic theory.
Association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and low muscle mass in US adults.

Summary Given that low muscle mass can lead to worse health outcomes in patients with chronic infections, we assessed whether chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was associated with low muscle mass among US adults. We performed a cross-sectional study of the National Health Examination and Nutrition Study (1999–2010). Chronic HCV-infected patients had detectable HCV RNA. Low muscle mass was defined as <10th percentile for mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of low muscle mass associated with chronic HCV. Among 18 513 adults, chronic HCV-infected patients (n = 303) had a higher prevalence of low muscle mass than uninfected persons (13.8% vs 6.7%; aOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.39–3.56), and this association remained when analyses were repeated among persons without significant liver fibrosis (aOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.30–3.47). This study demonstrates that chronic HCV infection is associated with low muscle mass, as assessed by MUAC measurements, even in the absence of advanced liver disease.
What's in a Mesh? A Survey of 3D Mesh Representation Schemes

Geometric meshes consist of a set of points in 3D space connected in a (typically manifold) graph structure. As such a vector of 3n real values may represent them, where n is the number of vertices in the mesh. Unfortunately, although straightforward, this is not a very useful representation of the mesh, as it is difficult to naturally manipulate the mesh data using this representation. A better representation would capture the spatial correlation between vertices, be invariant to a class of natural transformations, not be too redundant, and be efficiently invertible. Recent years have seen the development of a variety of mesh representation schemes, intended primarily for mesh editing applications. The author surveys some of these representation schemes, discuss the pros and cons, and demonstrate how the may be used to edit, animate and morph mesh datasets.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Has Evolved Gamma Interferon and Stat1-Repressible Promoters for the Lytic Switch Gene 50

Cytokines regulate viral gene expression with important consequences for viral replication and pathogenesis. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a key regulator of chronic murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection and a potent inhibitor of γHV68 reactivation from latency. Macrophages are the cell type that is responsive to the IFN-γ-mediated control of γHV68 reactivation; however, the molecular mechanism of this IFN-γ action is undefined. Here we report that IFN-γ inhibits lytic replication of γHV68 in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages and decreases transcript levels for the essential lytic switch gene 50. Interestingly, IFN-γ suppresses the activity of the two known gene 50 promoters, demonstrating that an inflammatory cytokine can directly regulate the promoters for the γHV68 lytic switch gene. Stat1, but not IFN-α/β signaling, is required for IFN-γ action. Moreover, Stat1 deficiency increases basal γHV68 replication, gene 50 expression, and promoter activity. Together, these data identify IFN-γ and Stat1 as being negative regulators of the γHV68 lytic cycle and raise the possibility that γHV68 maintains IFN-γ/Stat1-responsive gene 50 promoters to facilitate cell-extrinsic control over the interchange between the lytic and latent cycles.
Smooth sampling trajectories for sparse recovery in MRI

Recent attempts to apply compressed sensing to MRI have resulted in pseudo-random k-space sampling trajectories which, if applied naively, may do little to decrease data acquisition time. This paper shows how an important indicator of CS performance guarantees, the Restricted Isometry Property, holds for deterministic sampling trajectories corresponding to radial and spiral sampling patterns in common use. These theoretical results support several empirical studies in the literature on compressed sensing in MRI. A combination of Gersgorin's Disc Theory and Weyl's sums lead to performance bounds on sparse recovery algorithms applied to MRI data collected along short and smooth sampling trajectories.
The repair of post-traumatic vaginal stenosis using local thigh flaps

Minor degrees of vaginal stenosis, especially lesions close to the vaginal introitus, can be dealt with safely and satisfactorily by local transposition flaps. The more extensive varieties of vaginal stenosis, sometimes amounting to virtual obliteration of the vagina by scar tissue, are a far greater surgical challenge. There are several causes of “post-traumatic” vaginal stenosis and the aetiological pattern in any reported series obviously reflect the geographical and social background of the patients and the surgical skills that are available locally. In the Western world, most cases of severe vaginal stenosis are likely to be the result of trauma to the pelvis and perineum following serious accidents, over-zealous repairs of rectocoele or cystocoele, particularly those repairs complicated by severe infection, and stenosis following treatment by radiotherapy and/or surgery for malignant disease involving the external genitalia, the rectum and the vagina, especially lesions extending into the pelvic floor. By contrast, the surgeon working in the tropics and in the under-developed parts of the world will see vaginal stenosis more often as a complication of vaginal damage due to prolonged obstructed labour and disastrous obstetrical management or the late effects of tropical infections such as lymphogranuloma. The efforts of native medicine men or so-called “healers” to cure infertility or punish infidelity may produce virtual obliteration of the vaginal cavity. A typical example of this severe stenosis is seen in some Middle Eastern countries following the deliberate insertion of crude rock salt into the vagina. Severe stenosis of this degree can be treated along the conventional lines advocated by McIndoe for congenital atresia of the vagina, but only on condition that the scar is completely excised before the insertion of a split skin graft. The amount of bleeding encountered often makes it prudent to do the operation in 2 stages, namely packing the vaginal cavity after the scar excision and grafting the defect some 7-10 days later at a second operation. Even under ideal conditions a complete “take” of the graft cannot be guaranteed and the post-operative co-operation demanded of the patient in keeping the grafted cavity dilated often results in a disappointing and inadequate reconstruction. Experience with 3 cases of vaginal stenosis suggests that the use of bilateral partially de-epithelialised thigh flaps could offer a solution to this problem.
A NEW TYPE HIGH TEMPERATURE FUSION FURNACE1

The limitations of carbon, gas, and electric furnaces for high-temperature fusion are discussed. The new oxyacetylene furnace controls the atmosphere in contact with the test cones, protects furnace parts, and insures uniform conditions throughout the furnace.