cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the signal-averaged P-wave duration in patients with percutaneous coronary angioplasty-induced myocardial ischemia.

To assess the impact of angioplasty-induced myocardial ischemia on the duration of the surface P wave, patients undergoing elective angioplasty of isolated lesion in the left anterior descending, circumflex or right coronary arteries were monitored with a 3-channel electrocardiographic Holter system. The leads used were modified bipolar chest leads V5, aVF and V2 (CM-V5, CS-aVF and CMV2). After electrocardiographic signal-averaging, the earliest onset and the latest offset of the P wave were identified in all of the above timealigned signal-averaged leads, and the composite maximal P duration was measured under 10 X magnification. The maximal ST-segment shift during balloon inflation was also measured in all of the above leads at 60 ms after the J point. In the study group comprising 47 patients, the mean signal-averaged P-wave duration was 125.0 ± 16 ms at baseline versus 130.0 ± 15 ms during balloon inflation, p < 0.005. In the left anterior descending coronary artery group (n = 23), the mean signalaveraged P-wave duration was 122.4 ± 17 ms and 131.3 ± 16 ms during balloon inflation, p < 0.005. In the group with a right coronary artery lesion (n = 18), the values were 127.3 ± 14 ms and 128.4 ± 13 ms respectively (p = not significant). Significant increases in the P-wave duration were found to occur in groups both with (n = 34) and without (n = 13) ST-segment shift ≥1 mm (both p < 0.05). Thus, the duration of the signalaveraged surface P wave is prolonged during angioplasty-induced ischemia, but significantly so only in the group with left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion.
Estimation of free-atom fraction and dissociation energies of compounds in flames by an atomic absorption method

Abstract By means of a relative atomic absorption technique, the degrees of atomization, β, of a number of elements in a shielded premixed, laminar acetylene-air flame (2410°K) were measured. In this method the absorption of each element is compared with the absorption of copper. The results are not a function of the wavelength dependence of the photodetector, and it is not necessary to accurately measure the spray efficiency of the nebulizer, the solution transport rate, losses of solution in the interconnecting tubing and the spectral bandwidth of the monochromator. Also relative oscillator strengths are more accurately known than absolute values. The measured β- values for Ca, Ba and Sr agree quite well with calculated β-values assuming thermal equilibrium. The measured β-values for Mg, Cr, Fe and Mn were used to estimate the dissociation energies of the monoxides to within ±0.1 eV. Other uses of the measured β-values, such as estimation of oscillator strengths and the concentration of atomic oxygen in the flame gases are discussed.
3.2.4 Study on the Influence of Component Uncertainty on Reliability Estimation of Multi‐State Systems with Continuous States

Existing reliability evaluation methods rely on the availability of accurate component states data. They will become ineffective when the states themselves are uncertain or unknown, which usually happens during the early stages of the development of new systems. In such cases it is important to understand how uncertainties will affect the system reliability measures. Another drawback of current methods studying reliability of Multi-State System (MSS) is that they only considered the systems whose components have several discrete states. For those whose components have continuous states, these methods are not effective either. This paper considered the continuous distribution of components states during the approximation of Multi-State System (MSS) reliability and proposed a method to assess the reliability of this kind of system using Monte-Carlo simulation. This method will also be useful when we have no enough data to know the exact discrete states and related probability, and can only estimate components states distribution types and related parameters. Two examples were employed to illustrate the method. Comparison of the two examples shows that component state uncertainty has significant influence on the assessment of system reliability. Our effort will make the reliability approximation more realistic compared with existing methods.
Glucocorticoid protection against PAF-acether toxicity in mice.

Intravenous platelet activating factor (PAF-acether, 10 to 25 micrograms/kg body weight) produced dose-dependent mortality in both male and female mice. Pretreatment with indomethacin (50 mg/kg), verapamil (40 mg/kg) or nifedipine (4 mg/kg) failed to inhibit the lethal effect of 20 micrograms/kg PAF-acether. This suggests that neither arachidonate cyclo-oxygenase products nor availability of extracellular Ca2+ mediate the toxic action. In contrast, pretreatment with 100 mg/kg cortisone acetate (s.c.) daily for four days exerted a highly protective effect, i.e. 100% and 93% survival in males and females, compared to 13% and 7% respectively, in untreated animals. PAF-acether-induced death may be a useful model for the in vivo evaluation of pharmacological agents in anaphylactic shock.
Dead bodies in the postwar discourse of identity in seventeenth-century Korea: Subversion and literary production in the private sector

As katherine verdery notes, dead bodies have had political lives in virtually every civilization since antiquity. They frequently emerge as powerful metaphors of change, especially after a time of crisis when the meaning of political symbols is redefined. This is vividly exemplified by what happened to the exhumed bodies of various ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia (Verdery 1999, 1–22). Postwar discourse is another site in which dead bodies frequently emerge as metaphors. Some of the most unforgettable sights concerning World War II are pictures of huge piles of exhumed human bodies from the mass graves of Jews. We know that these are not skeletons of those who have died natural deaths because these images have often been shown along with the pictures of inmates of the concentration and death camps, emaciated to the point of nonrecognition as living human beings. Through this process, the pictures have acquired an independent status as encoded language: they signify unbelievable evil committed against humanity, and they display the moral weakness of the rest of humanity that failed to resist and end such atrocities.
A Theory for Growing Interfaces in Laplacian Fields: A Many-Body Formulation and Statistical Analysis

I formulate a theory for the growth of an interface in a Laplacian field. The problem is mapped to a many-body system and the process is shown to be Hamiltonian. The corresponding set of dynamical equations is analysed and surface effects are introduced as a term in the Hamiltonian that gives rise to a repulsion between the quasi-particles and the interface. The theory accommodates anisotropic surface effects. The underlying Hamiltonian allows a statistical-mechanical analysis of the limit distribution of the quasi-particles. Noise can be naturally incorporated in this formalism. Finally the distribution of the particles is translated into the statistics of the interface, which leads to predictions on the morphology. The main thrust of this approach is in finding a statistical mechanical approach to this nonequilibrium process.
Glycoprotein V hydrolysis by thrombin. Lack of correlation with secretion.

Abstract Platelet membrane glycoprotein V (GPV) was hydrolyzed during thrombin-induced platelet aggregation releasing a fragment GPV f1 into the supernatant. Hydrolysis of GPV required catalytically active thrombin and was diminished by chemical modification of the fibrinogen binding site of thrombin. Half maximal liberation of GPV f1 occurred at a 10-fold higher concentration of thrombin than was required for half-maximal release. Time course studies at several thrombin concentrations showed disparate release of GPV f1 and thrombospondin. These results emphasize the complexity of the initial events in thrombin-induced platelet activation.
Analysis of FBG Reflection Spectrum with PSO Algorithm

When the parameters were measured by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in practice, there were some parameters hard to measure, which would influenced the reflective spectral of FBG severely, and make the characteristic information harder to be extracted. Therefore, particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed in analyzing the uniform force reflective spectral of FBG. Based on the uniform force sense theory of FBG and particle swarm optimization algorithm, the objective function were established, meanwhile the experiment and simulation were constructed. And the characteristic information in reflective spectrum of FBG was extracted. By using particle swarm optimization algorithm, experimental data showed that particle swarm optimization algorithm used in extracting the characteristic information not only was efficaciously and easily, but also had some advantages, such as high accuracy, stability and fast convergence rate. And it was useful in high precision measurement of FBG sensor.
Hemisphericsymmetries in the identification of band-pass filtered letters Reply to Christman et al. (1997).

Christman, Kitterle, and Niebauer (1997) have examined the hypothesis that the two cerebral hemispheres are specialized for processing different ranges of spatial frequency. Their two experiments partially replicated an experiment of Peterzell, Harvey, and Hardyck (1989), who used Sergent’s (1982) letter identification paradigm with spatial-frequency band-pass filtered letters as stimuli. We acknowledge the unusual strengths of Christman et al.’s experiments, but argue that the results support the original conclusion of Peterzell et al.: The results are not attributable to hemispheric asymmetries in spatial frequency processing.
The transfer of Lyman continuum radiation in chromospheric flares

We study the time evolution of a layer of the middle or lower chromosphere being heated by a stream of energetic particles during a solar flare. The region, which is not in LTE, is allowed to cool by the transfer of Lyman continuum radiation, with collisional as well as radiative processes being considered. The resulting time dependence of the electron density and the effective thickness of the layer are in good agreement with values derived from observations. We assume the supply of energetic particles to be cut off when the central electron density of our model layer reaches the peak value of ne = 4.4 × 1013 cm−3 derived from observations of an importance 3 flare. Depending on the total hydrogen density assumed, the central electron temperature reaches a value ranging from 8000 to 10000 K. These quantities decrease by 20% during the following minute and at a slower rate thereafter.
Maleimide-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers for the Preparation of Peptide and Carbohydrate Biochips†

This paper reports a convenient method for immobilizing biologically active ligands to self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold (SAMs). This methodology is based on monolayers that present maleimide and penta(ethylene glycol) groups. The maleimide groups react efficiently with thiol-terminated ligands, whereas the penta(ethylene glycol) groups prevent the nonspecific adsorption of protein to the substrate. The rate and selectivity of the immobilization of a ferrocene-thiol conjugate were characterized using cyclic voltammetry. This paper presents three examples of biochips prepared using this methodology. In the first example, four carbohydrate-thiol conjugates were immobilized to monolayers and the lectin-binding properties of the substrates were examined using fluorescence and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The second biochip was used to study the enzymatic phosphorylation of the immobilized peptide IYGEFKKKC by the tyrosine kinase c-src. Monolayers presenting this peptide were then...
Characterization of a Modified Hexagonal Silver Iodide Ice Nucleus Aerosol

Abstract A new ice nucleant aerosol was produced by combustion of a 2% AgI-0.5 mole % Bil3-NH4I-acetone-water solution. The ice nucleating effectiveness of this aerosol is an order of magnitude greater than AgI alone at −10°C. An X-ray powder analysis identified the aerosol as the hexagonal crystal form of AgI having the closest match to ice ever reported for a nucleant of this type.
Effect of low-dose alcohol use versus abstention on apolipoproteins A-I and B.

Abstract An inverse association between low to moderate alcohol consumption and coronary heart disease has been demonstrated in epidemiologic studies of diverse design. An attempt was made to determine if this association might be due to an effect of alcohol on apolipoproteins A-I and B and to determine if low-dose alcohol intake might have a potentially protective effect by this mechanism in persons at increased risk for coronary heart disease. To address this, an eight-week prospective randomized clinical trial of abstention versus low-dose alcohol consumption, defined as one beverage per day, was conducted in white men, aged 21 to 60 years, most of whom were patients of a preventive cardiology program. Apolipoprotein A-I levels had a mean increase of 9 mg/dl in the 28 participants who drank alcohol compared with a mean decline of 5 mg/dl in the 28 participants who abstained (p 2 -, or HDL 3 -cholesterol were observed with this low dose of alcohol. This effect on apolipoprotein A-I suggests a possible mechanism by which low-dose alcohol may lower the risk of coronary heart disease.
Effects of in utero pestivirus infection on bovine fetal bone geometry, biomechanical properties and composition.

Abstract Transplacental viral infection of the fetus can result in abnormal trabecular and cortical bone modeling in long bones through impaired bone resorption and formation. Although such infections are frequently associated with neonatal fractures in humans and animals, their effect on the biomechanical properties of the developing skeleton remain poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of transplacental bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection on the biomechanical properties of fetal femora. Pregnant heifers were inoculated intranasally with non-cytopathic BVDV or media alone on day 75 of gestation to produce persistently infected (PI) and control fetuses, respectively, which were then removed on days 192 and 245 of gestation. Histomorphometry, compositional analysis and ‘four-point bending until failure’ were performed on fetal femora. Altered cortical geometry largely accounted for differences in calculated elastic modulus (PI vs. control, and day 192 vs. day 245) and ultimate stress (day 192 vs. day 245). Fetal infection with BVDV did not significantly impair inherent biomechanical properties of bone but rather resulted in decreased periosteal apposition rates, manifested as smaller femoral mid-diaphyseal diameters. There were no differences between PI and control fetuses in cortical thickness ratio, ash density or calcium/phosphorous content; however, cortical thickness ratio decreased with fetal age. Thus even when cortical thickness ratios are similar, differences in mid-diaphyseal diameter affect the error associated with the calculation of stress and strain by classical beam theory equations.
Intracranial hemorrhage in herpes simplex encephalitis: An unusual presentation

We describe a 14-month-old patient with atypical presentation of herpes simplex encephalitis. She initially presented with fever, lethargy, seizures, and large hemorrhages in the right parietal lobe, and clinical findings suggestive of a hypercoagulable state. The etiology of coagulation abnormality was not identified, although it was suggested as a possible causative factor in severe bleeding along with acute neuronal lysis as a result of infection. Although large intracerebral hemorrhages are occasionally described with systemic herpes infection, this presentation is unusual beyond the infant period.
Non-crystallinity and polymorphism in elemental solids

THIS paper shows a universal correlation of the non-crystalline state with polymorphism in elemental solids. This is demonstrated by a map constructed on a plot of the number of polymorphic forms (NPF) against the group number (GN) for all solid elements in the Periodic Table (Fig. 1). From this result, we propose that both the structure and occurrence of a non-crystalline solid are governed by the structures shown by crystalline states of the element.
Computer Usage in Graduate Control Education

The paper describes the usage of computers in some graduate control courses in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at West Virginia University. Computer usage consists of computer programming and utilization of commercial software packages. Examples of assignments are given.
Citizen board issues and local newspaper coverage of risk, remediation, and environmental management: Six U.S. nuclear weapons facilities

We examined site-specific advisory board (SSAB) minutes and local newspaper coverage of the Fernald, Hanford, Idaho, Oak Ridge, Rocky Flats, and Savannah River sites of the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) in order to determine the importance of risk-related issues related to remediation and other forms of environmental management. About one-third of SSAB issues were risk-related, and these were disproportionately major issues at meetings. The media focused on risks associated with remediation and other forms of waste management. The analysis implies that contractors and government officials need to establish and maintain communications with advisory panels and accentuate these contacts well in advance of contemplated new actions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation, Optimization, and Parallelism when Data is Sparse

We study stochastic optimization problems when the data is sparse, which is in a sense dual to current perspectives on high-dimensional statistical learning and optimization. We highlight both the difficulties—in terms of increased sample complexity that sparse data necessitates—and the potential benefits, in terms of allowing parallelism and asynchrony in the design of algorithms. Concretely, we derive matching upper and lower bounds on the minimax rate for optimization and learning with sparse data, and we exhibit algorithms achieving these rates. We also show how leveraging sparsity leads to (still minimax optimal) parallel and asynchronous algorithms, providing experimental evidence complementing our theoretical results on several medium to large-scale learning tasks.
Application Resilience: Making Progress in Spite of Failure

While measures such as raw compute performance and system capacity continue to be important factors for evaluating cluster performance, such issues as system reliability and application resilience have become increasingly important as cluster sizes rapidly grow. Although efforts to directly improve fault-tolerance are important, it is also essential to accept that application failures will inevitably occur and to ensure that progress is made despite these failures. Application monitoring frameworks are central to providing application resilience. As such, the central theme of this paper is to address the impact that application monitoring detection latency has on the overall system performance. We find that immediate fault detection is not necessary in order to obtain substantial improvement in performance. This conclusion is significant because it implies that less complex, highly portable, and predominately less expensive failure detection schemes would provide adequate application resilience.
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ECOSYSTEM MODELING WITH ALTERNATIVE PREFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS

This paper reconciles two sets of literature with regard to the interactive ecological and economic impacts of invasive grass species and cattle stocking. We model cattle as optimal foragers, satiation foragers, and proportional foragers in order to understand the impact that each assumption imposes on predicted economic and ecological outcomes. Through this model sensitivity (as opposed to parameter sensitivity) analysis, we are able to identify three main drivers of plant invasions: exogenous forces such as climate change or nitrogen deposition, poor land management decisions, and a misalignment of incentives between cattle and ranchers even when ranchers behave optimally.
A Geometric Semantics for Program Representation in the Polytope Model

A new geometric framework for parallel program representation is proposed to address the difficulties of parallel programming. The focus of this work is the expression of collections of computations and the inter-, intra-relationships thereof. Both linguistic and nonlinguistic carried geometric semantics are presented and characterized. A formal review of the basic Polytope Model is give.
Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on aerobic metabolic processes in northern elephant seals

Abstract An hypoxia-induced metabolic down-regulation has been implicated as an important protective mechanism against tissue deoxygenation in mammals. Whether the same response to hypoxia occurs in northern elephant seals was studied. The effects of hypercapnia were also examined to determine whether the reduced ventilatory response of seals to CO 2 is associated with an analogous protective metabolic down-regulation. Thirty three seals (7–300-days-old) were studied using open-flow respirometry with simultaneous monitoring of apnea frequencies and heart rates. Hypoxia (11% O 2 ) and hypercapnia (7% CO 2 ) caused increases in metabolism of up to 38% with corresponding decreases in the percent time spent apneic (%AP) and increases in heart rate. The metabolic, breathing and heart rate responses to altered inspired gases were independent of age. Metabolism was strongly negatively correlated with %AP suggesting that elevated metabolism during hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure is attributable to decreases in %AP. In young elephant seals metabolic down-regulation is not an automatic protective response to experimentally-imposed hypoxia or hypercapnia.
Isothermal and nonisothermal sintering kinetics of glass-filled ceramics

Isothermal and nonisothermal sintering behaviors of glass-filled ceramics are compared in this paper. Equations developed to describe the kinetics of shrinkage for both techniques can be readily used to interpret the experimental data. It is shown that the kinetics of linear shrinkage of powder compacts during isothermal and nonisothermal constant rate of heating are consistent and can be described by the viscous flow of glass.
Cloud Computing, I-Service, And IT Service Provisioning

Cloud computing is an architecture for providing computing service via the Internet. Use of the term cloud is a metaphor for the representation of the Internet used in most systems diagrams. In this case, the Internet is the transport mechanism between a client and a server located somewhere in cyberspace, as compared to having computer applications residing on an on premises computer. Adoption of cloud computing practically eliminates two ongoing problems in IT service provisioning: the upfront costs of acquiring computational resources and the time delay of building and deploying software applications. This paper covers both subjects.
Controlled Flaws in Ceramics: A Comparison of Knoop and Vickers Indentation

Application of indentation fracture analysis to Knoop and Vickers indentation is examined, with particular emphasis on determining the limitations of the point force representation for the residual stress field. Deviation from the point force approximation is insignificant for crack-size/plastic-zone-size ratios 1.3. The Vickers deformation/fracture configuration in brittle materials invariably conforms to this requirement, whereas the Knoop configuration does not (except at very high indentation loads). However, stable crack growth during a failure test extends the crack sufficiently that the strength degradation for both types of indentation is well described by the point force approximation.
Strategic Behavior, Debt Neutrality, and Crowding Out:

This article presents an overlapping generations model in which children seek to manipulate the size of the end-of-life bequest they receive from the parent. The author first uses numerical simulations to showthis intergenerational strategic behavior does not negate the debt neutrality assertions of Ricardian equivalence. Then, by introducing capital gains and inheritance taxes, the author shows the crowding out effect of government debt is notably smaller in models with strategic behavior; manipulation by children increases the importance of bequests, which forces parents to save (and bequeath) a larger portion of a debt-financed tax cut. In spite of the neutrality of debt under lump sum taxes, including intergenerational strategic behavior can significantly influence the outcome of government tax policies.
Circulating Osteogenic Precursor Cells in Heterotopic Bone Formation

Cells with osteogenic potential can be found in a variety of tissues. Here we show that circulating osteogenic precursor (COP) cells, a bone marrow-derived type I collagen+/CD45+ subpopulation of mononuclear adherent cells, are present in early preosseous fibroproliferative lesions in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and nucleate heterotopic ossification (HO) in a murine in vivo implantation assay. Blood samples from patients with FOP with active episodes of HO contain significantly higher numbers of clonally derived COP cell colonies than patients with stable disease or unaffected individuals. The highest level of COP cells was found in a patient just before the clinical onset of an HO exacerbation. Our studies show that even COP cells derived from an unaffected individual can contribute to HO in genetically susceptible host tissue. The possibility that circulating, hematopoietic-derived cells with osteogenic potential can seed inflammatory sites has tremendous implications and, to our knowledge, represents the first example of their involvement in clinical HO. Thus, bone formation is not limited to cells of the mesenchymal lineage, and circulating cells of hematopoietic origin can also serve as osteogenic precursors at remote sites of tissue inflammation.
The Thurstone Attitude Scales: II. The Reliability and Consistency of Younger and Older Intellectual Peers

(1939). The Thurstone Attitude Scales: II. The Reliability and Consistency of Younger and Older Intellectual Peers. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 199-208.
Utility of the Psychological Screening Inventory: a review.

The Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI; R. I. Lanyon, 1970, 1973, 1978, 1993, 2006) was developed as a cost-effective screening device in identifying persons for whom a more complete psychological evaluation should be conducted. The author reviews data bearing on the utility of the PSI in this regard and in more general applications. The Alienation scale showed strong effect sizes in distinguishing psychiatric inpatients from controls, the Social Nonconformity scale in distinguishing incarcerated groups from control, and the Discomfort scale in identifying persons with general psychological distress. These findings were supported by correlational data with comparable scales, and by a variety of smaller comparison studies. Meaningful discriminations were also shown for adolescents and for college-age young adults. Findings in studies of substance abusers and medical problems were also reviewed. Response Distortion scales showed effectiveness similar to that of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) validity scales. Validity was also shown for several of the seven available foreign language translations. It was concluded that the PSI is effective for the tasks for which it was designed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 283–307, 2007.
When the Supreme Court Decides, Does the Public Follow?

Can the Supreme Court persuade the public to agree with its rulings on controversial social issues? Or do the Court's pronouncements on these issues cause the Court to lose credibility with those who disagree with it? Both of these questions have been the topics of normative and positive theorizing and analysis of observational data. But to our knowledge, these questions have never been explored experimentally using a nationally representative sample of participants. In this paper, we use an experiment that we embedded in the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) to assess the relationship between Supreme Court rulings on three controversial topics (abortion, flag burning, and homosexual sex), public opinion on these issues, and the public's evaluation of the Court. We find that learning of the Court's ruling decriminalizing gay sex in Lawrence v. Texas leads a small, statistically significant proportion of respondents to change their attitudes to agree with the Court compared to those in a treatment group who are not informed of the decision. But we find no evidence of similar movement in attitudes on abortion (after being informed of Roe v. Wade) and flag burning (Johnson v. Texas). We do, however, find that being informed of the Johnson and Lawrence rulings has much larger effects on respondents' attitudes about the Court itself.
Towards Optimal Multi-level Tiling for Stencil Computations

Stencil computations form the performance-critical core of many applications. Tiling and parallelization are two important optimizations to speed up stencil computations. Many tiling and parallelization strategies are applicable to a given stencil computation. The best strategy depends not only on the combination of the two techniques, but also on many parameters: tile and loop sizes in each dimension; computation-communication balance of the code; processor architecture; message startup costs; etc. The best choices can only be determined through design-space exploration, which is extremely tedious and error prone to do via exhaustive experimentation. We characterize the space of multi-level tilings and parallelizations for 2D/3D Gauss-Siedel stencil computation. A systematic exploration of a part of this space enabled us to derive a design which is up to a factor of two faster than the standard implementation.
The impact of unemployment on the transition to parenthood

This paper seeks to advance our understanding about the impact of unemployment on fertility. From a theoretical perspective, both negative and positive effects might be expected. Existing empirical studies have produced contradictory results, partly because of varying institutional contexts, the use of different measures, and left-censoring problems. We address these theoretical and methodological problems in the extant literature. Our data comes from the German Life History Study (GLHS) and, in particular, the data on the 1971 cohort, which was collected in two representative and retrospective surveys conducted in East and West Germany in 1996-1998 and 2005. Using monthly information, we perform event history analysis to identify the timing of fertility for both men and women conditional on a number of covariates. We present our results as a comparison between East and West Germany, as the institutional contexts, the labour markets, and the value systems differ considerably between the two parts of the German state.
The Curse of Creativity

Computational design creativity is hard to study, and until fairly recently it has received very little attention. Mostly the focus has been on extreme non-routine cases. But there are hard sub-problems and others ways of moving towards creative systems that are worth considering. This paper presents three of the alternatives, discussing one in more depth: i.e., to look at what changes can be made to routine design systems in order to produce more creative outputs. This focuses on working “upwards” towards creativity, examining smaller, ingredient decisions that make a difference to the result. As the amount of creativity displayed by a design is a judgment made by some person or group, it should be possible to investigate the degree of impact of changes to routine design mechanisms. This will contribute to our understanding of less “extreme” reasoning that leads to judgments of increased creativity: i.e., the foundation on which other methods rest.
Effect of School Racial Composition on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Adolescence Through Early Adulthood

We investigate the effect of high school racial composition, measured as percent of non-Hispanic white students, on trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to early adulthood. We also explore whether the effect of school racial composition varies by respondent race/ethnicity and whether adult socioeconomic status mediates this relationship. We analyzed four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health using 3-level linear growth models. We restricted our sample to respondents enrolled in grades 9–12 in 1994/5 who were interviewed at a minimum in Waves I and IV. This resulted in 10,350 respondents enrolled in 80 high schools in 1994/5 (5,561 whites, 2,030 blacks, 1,834 Hispanics, 738 Asians, and 187 of other race). As the percentage of white students increased at the high school respondents attended in 1994/5, blacks reported more depressive symptoms. This effect did not vary by age. In comparison, Asian and Hispanic respondents who attended predominantly white high schools had lower levels of depressive symptoms than their counterparts who attended predominantly minority schools, but they also experienced a slower decline in depressive symptoms through early adulthood. Adult SES mediated the relationship between high school racial composition and depressive symptoms for black, but not for Asian or Hispanic respondents. Our results suggest that high school racial composition is associated with trajectories of depressive symptoms through early adulthood, but the effect differs by respondents’ race/ethnicity. Racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms during early adulthood may have their origins in adolescence.
SOX7 and SOX18 are essential for cardiogenesis in Xenopus

Early in vertebrate development, endodermal signals act on mesoderm to induce cardiogenesis. The F-type SOXs SOX7 and SOX18beta are expressed in the cardiogenic region of the early Xenopus embryo. Injection of RNAs encoding SOX7 or SOX18beta, but not the related F-type SOX, SOX17, leads to the nodal-dependent expression of markers of cardiogenesis in animal cap explants. Injection of morpholinos directed against either SOX7 or SOX18mRNAs lead to a partial inhibition of cardiogenesis in vivo, while co-injection of SOX7 and SOX18 morpholinos strongly inhibited cardiogenesis. SOX7 RNA rescued the effects of the SOX18 morpholino and visa versa, indicating that the proteins have redundant functions. In animal cap explants, it appears that SOX7 and SOX18 act indirectly through Xnr2 to induce mesodermal (Eomesodermin, Snail, Wnt11), organizer (Cerberus) and endodermal (endodermin, Hex) tissues, which then interact to initiate cardiogenesis. Versions of SOX7 and SOX18 with their C-terminal, beta-catenin interaction domains replaced by a transcriptional activator domain failed to antagonize beta-catenin activation of Siamois, but still induced cardiogenesis. These observations identify SOX7 and SOX18 as important, and previously unsuspected, regulators of cardiogenesis in Xenopus.
Disability identity predicts lower anxiety and depression in multiple sclerosis.

Purpose/objective Disability identity involves affirming one's status as a person with a disability and incorporating this group membership into one's identity. It is associated with well-being in populations of people with disabilities, but its relationship with depression and anxiety in multiple sclerosis (MS) has yet to be examined. It was hypothesized that disability identity would predict lower depression and anxiety above and beyond the effects of demographic and disability variables. Research method/design One hundred and six participants with MS completed a cross-sectional Internet survey measuring disability identity, depression and anxiety, activities of daily living performance, MS duration, and demographic variables. Inclusion criteria were as follows: self-reported diagnosis of MS, self-reported impairment in walking, age 18 or older, living in the United States, and English fluency. Results Hierarchical regressions revealed that disability identity was a unique predictor of lower depression and anxiety. Older age and higher activities of daily living performance also predicted lower depression and anxiety. Conclusions/implications Stronger disability identity predicts lower psychological distress in MS. Clinical implications include supporting patient disability identity by encouraging involvement in disability support and advocacy groups. Future research should examine psychosocial interventions to affirm identity.
SCCREAM: A Conceptual Rocket-Based Combined-Cycle Engine Performance Analysis Tool

A new computer analysis tool capable of predicting rocket-based combined-cycle engine performance data (thrust and Isp) over a wide range of e ight conditions and engine operating modes is presented. The tool is called SCCREAM, which stands for simulated combined-cycle rocket engine analysis module. SCCREAM is an objectorientedworkstation-levelcodewritteninC++thatcanberemotelyexecutedthroughaweb-baseduserinterface.It uses quasi-one-dimensional e ow analysis techniques, componentand combustion efe ciencies, and an inlet pressure recovery schedule as simplifying assumptions. SCCREAM was created for the conceptual launch vehicle design environment and is capable of quickly generating large tables of engine performance data for use in subsequent trajectory optimization. An overview of SCCREAM and the program logic is presented. Results from SCCREAM are compared with published rocket-based combined-cycle engine performance data and with data generated by other engine analysis tools for a representative reference vehicle cone guration.
Analysing multiattribute ranking data: Joint and conditional approaches

Rankings, in contrast to ratings, eliminate effects of individual differences in scale usage and avoid arbitrary definitions regarding the number of response categories and category labels. However, despite the appeal and popularity of this technique, few methods are available for the analysis of rankings on several attributes. This paper presents extensions of Thurstonian and logistic models for the joint analysis of multiattribute ranking responses and for conditional analyses where rankings on one of the attributes are modelled as a function of the rankings on the other attributes. These extensions are based on two approaches proposed to account for associations among the ranking responses. Empirical applications of the Thurstonian and logistic ranking models indicate that one of the two approaches appears particularly promising for the analysis of multiattribute ranking data.
Phrasal Ordering Constraints in Sentence Production: Phrase Length and Verb Disposition in Heavy-NP Shift

Abstract Heavy-NP shift is the tendency for speakers to place long or “heavy” noun phrase direct objects at the end of a sentence rather than in the canonical postverbal position. Three experiments using several task variations confirmed that length of the noun phrase influenced the ordering of the noun phrase and prepositional phrase during production. We also found that heavy-NP shift was strongly constrained by the “shifting disposition” of individual verbs. Verbs that do not require their complements (e.g., sentential complements) to appear in an adjacent position yielded more shifting during production than did verbs that more frequently appear adjacent to their complements. Analyses of decision/preparation times suggested that shifted and unshifted structures competed for selection. These findings point to the simultaneous activation of lexically derived syntactic representations and ordering options in sentence planning. A multiple constraints framework provides a means of reconciling the existence of competition among ordering options with incremental sentence construction.
Design For a Patient-Centric Medical Information System Using XML Web Services

Patients' medical information is dispersed on several providers' medical information systems making personal medical information management a difficult task for patients. Given this situation, there is a need for patients to be able to easily access their patient data from the different providers' systems so as to promote effective management of their medical information. The main objective of this work is to propose a design for a system that will alleviate the personal health information management process for patients by providing them a single point of access to their medical information from disparate healthcare providers' systems over the Internet. The proposed design for this system is based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) Web services. An evaluation of a prototype shows that the design allows patients an easy means of managing their health information and the design is also scalable, extensible, secure and interoperable with disparate healthcare providers' information systems
The ABCs of Analogical Abilities: Evidence for Formal Analogical Reasoning Abilities in 24-Month-Olds.

Solving formal analogy problems requires the identification of an initial term and the transformation that occurs between the initial two terms as well as the determination of the final term. Experiment 1 tested 24-month-olds' ability to determine final terms when they were shown the initial term and told the transformation that was to occur. Children selected their responses from an array of two principled distracters. The children were able to determine the correct final term when they were given information about the initial term and transformation. Experiment 2 tested 24-month-olds' ability to solve final-term problems, partial analogies, and complete analogies. The children solved all the three types of problems.
A new Drosophila homeobox gene, bsh, is expressed in a subset of brain cells during embryogenesis

Homeobox genes have been shown to control the determination of positional, tissue and cellular identity during the development of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Because genes involved in the determination of internal structures derived from neural, mesodermal and endodermal tissues may have been overlooked in conventional genetic screens, we undertook the identification of new homeobox genes expressed in these internal tissues. Here we describe the characterization of one of these new Drosophila homeobox genes, called brain-specific-homeobox (bsh). In embryos, bsh is expressed exclusively in the brain. bsh protein accumulates in approximately 30 cells in each brain hemisphere. One of these bsh expressing cells is closely associated with the terminus of the larval visual nerve (Bolwig's nerve). While deletions of chromosomal interval containing the bsh gene show no dramatic changes in embryonic brain morphology, the expression pattern of the bsh gene suggests that it may play a highly specialized role in the determination and function of cell type in the Drosophila brain.
Abstract 155: Improving ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care with Site-specific Reperfusion Goals for Interfacility Transfers

Introduction: Optimizing interfacility transfer of STEMI patients for emergent PCI remains a challenge due to difficulty calculating a customized time goal for transfer from a single non-PCI to PCI center (known as a “STEMI conduit”). Here we propose a simple formula to calculate conduit-specific interfacility STEMI transfer goals, allowing hospitals to assess and optimize their performance. Hypothesis: Optimal time for individual STEMI transfers within a STEMI conduit can be reliably calculated with the formula (V1+ V2 + 60 minutes). In this formula, V1 is the optimal EMS response time to the transferring facility (in minutes) and V2 is the interfacility (door-to-door) transfer time (in minutes). V1 and V2 are site-specific and vary across STEMI conduits. The additional 60 minutes represents the sum of the goal Door to Decision, EMS Scene Turn-around, and PCI Door to Reperfusion times. The goal times for these individual parameters are based on established expectations or national best practices and remain constant for all STEMI conduits. Using this formula, the expected facility-to-facility transfer time [F2F(expected)] can be calculated and this value can then be compared to actual performance [F2F(observed)] with the ratio of observed/expected performance. A ratio close to 1 suggests the transfer occurred in a realistic yet optimized time frame. Methods: Interfacility STEMI transfers occurring within five STEMI conduits over four years were evaluated retrospectively. A performance goal was determined for each conduit using the formula [F2F(expected) = V1 + V2 + 60 minutes] and a ratio of F2F(observed /expected) was calculated for each transfer. Results: The figure demonstrates the F2F ratio ranges and means for transfers within each conduit. Four of five conduits exhibit mean ratios close to 1, indicating that the calculated expected performance is representative of what is optimized and sustainable within that conduit. The remaining conduit has a mean ratio of 0.81 indicating observed performance better than predicted. Conclusion: The proposed formula [F2F(expected) = V1 + V2 + 60 minutes] can be used to accurately calculate interfacility transfer goals for STEMI conduits and can thereby serve as a marker for quality improvement, enabling hospitals to monitor and optimize STEMI transfer performance. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Astonishment and Experimentation

sW ~ * hat is most obvious about contemporary poetry in the United States right now is its large range of forms and tonalities and concerns. Depending on whom you talk to, either the death of Robert Lowell or the publication of Donald Allen's New American Poetry was the death knell of the national poet. An argument could have been made for Allen Ginsberg when he was still alive, but the fact that this argument rarely got made was a sign that not many people felt there was a need for a national poet. About the middle of the twentieth century, poetry moved from a genre where one man proclaimed his genius and everyone listened to a genre that many people use for complex, multivalent, poly-affiliated reasons. I sometimes attempt to argue that there are mainly two sorts of poets right now: the various formally concerned poets (lyric poets, New Formalists, language poets) and the various identity-category poets (much of spoken word and slam; Chicano/a; Bamboo Ridge; cowboy poets; Hawaiian poets; Dark Room Collective). But even this bifurcation breaks down. Contemporary poetry is impossible to map finally. The lines of connections and bifurcation are too extreme and personally variable to be easily represented. And not only that, this impossible map is getting more and more impossible all the time as new technologies mean more work gets published. Astonishment and Experime tation