cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brome Mosaic Virus

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is an isometric, nonenveloped positive-strand RNA virus and a well-studied, representative member of the alphavirus-like superfamily of human, animal, and plant viruses. BMV has been extensively studied as a model for viral RNA replication, gene expression, virus–host interactions, recombination, and encapsidation. Through contributions by many different groups, these studies have not only advanced understanding of BMV, but have also revealed insights and principles extending to many other viruses and to general cellular biology. Among other advances, BMV was used to define the first ribosome binding sites in eukaryotic mRNAs, and to produce the first template-selective eukaryotic viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase extract, the first infectious transcripts from cloned RNA virus cDNA, the first engineered RNA virus expression vectors expressing foreign genes, the first definition of subgenomic mRNA synthesis pathways and determinants, and the first demonstration of higher eukaryotic viral replication in yeast. BMV has also contributed many insights into virion assembly, virus–host interactions, RNA recombination, and RNA replication, including parallels in the replication of positive-strand RNA, reverse-transcribing, and dsRNA viruses. This article reviews the major features of the virus and selected aspects of these and other advances with BMV.
Innovative Team Building Practices for Professionals: Developing Inter-Group Skills to Enhance Effective Performance

The complexities of bringing teams of professionals together to work in a sustained and effective manner toward a common goal are considerable. The necessary inter-group skills involved are often not a part of most professional preparation programs. This article describes an innovative workshop for secondary preservice teachers which targeted the development of communication, problem solving, and team building. Results are promising. Any team of individuals, whether it be a group of professors, a program that utilizes a cohort model (a group of individuals who go through a program or process together), or simply a group needing to develop effective inter-group skills, may benefit from similar workshops. The article invites continued discussion and research concerning the training of professionals in team building and inter-group skills.
Chapter 15 – Monitoring Resistance

This chapter describes the various steps involved in monitoring arthropod populations for evidence of increases in resistance. Definitions of susceptibility and tolerance are discussed. Scientists have several useful techniques for quantifying tolerance in populations, but they should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each. Monitoring programs must be efficient with consideration of logistics, costs and practical issues. Sampling or surveying rare individuals in a population is not easy. Several examples of monitoring programs are reviewed.
Thiosulfinate Tolerance Is a Virulence Strategy of an Atypical Bacterial Pathogen of Onion.

Summary Unlike most characterized bacterial plant pathogens, the broad-host-range plant pathogen Pantoea ananatis lacks both the virulence-associated type III and type II secretion systems. In the absence of these typical pathogenicity factors, P. ananatis induces necrotic symptoms and extensive cell death in onion tissue dependent on the HiVir proposed secondary metabolite synthesis gene cluster. Onion (Allium. cepa L), garlic (A. sativum L.), and other members of the Allium genus produce volatile antimicrobial thiosulfinates upon cellular damage. However, the roles of endogenous thiosulfinate production in host-bacterial pathogen interactions have not been described. We found a strong correlation between the genetic requirements for P. ananatis to colonize necrotized onion tissue and its capacity for tolerance to the thiosulfinate “allicin” based on the presence of an eleven-gene, plasmid-borne, virulence cluster of sulfur redox genes. We have designated them “alt” genes for allicin tolerance. We show that allicin and onion thiosulfinates restrict bacterial growth with similar kinetics. The alt gene cluster is sufficient to confer allicin tolerance and protects the glutathione pool during allicin treatment. Independent alt genes make partial phenotypic contributions indicating that they function as a collective cohort to manage thiol stress. Our work implicates endogenous onion thiosulfinates produced during cellular damage as major mediators of interactions with bacteria. The P. ananatis-onion pathosystem can be modeled as a chemical arms race of pathogen attack, host chemical counterattack, and pathogen defense.
Best Practices for Implementing Recreation Demand Models

AbstractThis article discusses best practices for implementing recreation demand models. We focus on insights that research and experience provide for the typical recreation application, where the ...
Disparities in obstetric morbidity by maternal level of education.

Maternal race and socioeconomic status are predictors of obstetric morbidity and mortality in the U.S. A better understanding of the role that maternal education plays in these disparities could en...
Youth Gun Violence Prevention Organizing

Firearm-related injuries are one of the leading causes of death for young people in the United States. Young people, often singled out and preyed upon in the perpetuation of our toxic gun culture, have unique potential to dismantle American gun culture and bring about productive, intersectional approaches to confronting gun violence. This chapter explains the importance of young people for creating and destroying the modern American gun culture, the toxicity of American gun culture, and the importance of young voices to the growth and eventual success of the gun violence prevention movement.
Minimal submanifolds asymptotic to AdS 4 × S 2 in AdS 5 × S 5

In this work, as an attempt in understanding the interplay between deformations of the external and internal spaces associated with the probe-brane embedding submanifold, we construct the zero-temperature phase diagram for the coupled phase between two two-dimensional defects stacked parallel in a four-dimensional ambient space-time. Different UV parameters are turned on for different defects. We characterize this solution by its infrared geometric data, and present the numerical result showing a first-order phase transition between the asymmetrically coupled phase and the more mundane decoupled phase.
Hyaluronan cable formation by ocular trabecular meshwork cells.

Hyaluronan (HA) in the ocular trabecular meshwork (TM) is a critical modulator of aqueous humor outflow. Individual HA strands in the pericellular matrix can coalesce to form cable-like structures, which have different functional properties. Here, we investigated HA structural configuration by TM cells in response to various stimuli known to stimulate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In addition, the effects of HA cable induction on aqueous outflow resistance was determined. Primary TM cell cultures grown on tissue culture-treated plastic were treated for 12-48 h with TNFα, IL-1α, or TGFβ2. TM cells grown on silicone membranes were subject to mechanical stretch, which induces synthesis and activation of ECM proteolytic enzymes. HA structural configuration was investigated by HA binding protein (HAbp) staining and confocal microscopy. HAbp-labeled cables were induced by TNFα, TGFβ2 and mechanical stretch, but not by IL-1α. HA synthase (HAS) gene expression was quantitated by quantitative RT-PCR and HA concentration was measured by ELISA assay. By quantitative RT-PCR, HAS-1, -2, and -3 genes were differentially up-regulated and showed temporal differences in response to each treatment. HA concentration was increased in the media by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch decreased pericellular HA concentrations. Immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting were used to investigate the distribution and protein levels of the HA-binding proteins, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) and inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). Western immunoblotting showed that TSG-6 and IαI were increased by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch reduced their levels. The underlying substrate appears to affect the identity of IαI·TSG-6·HA complexes since different complexes were detected when TM cells were grown on a silicone substrate compared to a rigid plastic surface. Porcine anterior segments were perfused with 10 μg/ml polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a potent inducer of HA cables, and outflow rates were monitored for 72 h. PolyI:C had no significant effect on outflow resistance in porcine anterior segments perfused at physiological pressure. Collectively, HAS gene expression, HA concentration and configuration are differentially modified in response to several treatments that induce ECM remodeling in TM cells. In ocular TM cells, our data suggests that the most important determinant of HA cable formation appears to be the ratio of HA chains produced by the different HAS genes. However, the act of rearranging pericellular HA into cable-like structures does not appear to influence aqueous outflow resistance.
Smallpox vaccination of the newborn

Abstract In poorly vaccinated communities, the vaccination of newborn infants offers a method for increasing the number of relative immunes in the population. There is practically no danger associated with the inoculation of mature infants immediately after birth, but reactions are apt to be more severe in prematures, and it is advisable to postpone vaccination until they are gaining satisfactorily. The percentage of “takes” depends largely upon the freshness of the vaccine, but girls seem more susceptible than boys, and more positive reactions are obtained on the thighs than on the arms. Positive reactions do not adversely affect the weight curve, and rarely cause elevations of temperature. Moreover, they are not affected by, nor do they affect, the incidence or course of the common intercurrent infections—conjunctivitis, thrush, and impetigo. Children of mothers with positive blood Wassermann reactions rarely show “takes.”
Has Stability Delayed the Delivery of Your Tug

The authors present a simplified method of stability analysis applicable to tugboats which must be reviewed by the U.S. Coast Guard for load line assignment. The paper includes a brief review of tugboat stability leading up to the present criteria applied by the Coast Guard. The present criteria are included. The proposed method consists of two or three conditions which, upon satisfactory analysis, provide considerable leeway to the tugboat captain in the manner in which he operates his vessel. The method of analysis and necessary definitions and interpretations are presented. The authors have made note of especially troublesome areas of design and some good design practices which will improve the stability of tugboats.
Orbiter Post-Tire Failure and Skid Testing Results

An investigation was conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center's Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility (ALDF) to define the post-tire failure drag characteristics of the Space Shuttle Orbiter main tire and wheel assembly. Skid tests on various materials were also conducted to define their friction and wear rate characteristics under higher speed and bearing pressures than any previous tests. The skid tests were conducted to support a feasibility study of adding a skid to the orbiter strut between the main tires to protect an intact tire from failure due to overload should one of the tires fail. Roll-on-rim tests were conducted to define the ability of a standard and a modified orbiter main wheel to roll without a tire. Results of the investigation are combined into a generic model of strut drag versus time under failure conditions for inclusion into rollout simulators used to train the shuttle astronauts.
Fluorescence Techniques for Proteins

Biologists and chemists are increasingly turning to fluorescence to investigate proteins. Not only is fluorescence detection highly sensitive, but it can also report specific information about a range of properties of proteins. For example, fluorescence can be used to probe the environment of fluorescent molecules, interactions with other proteins, and the motions of proteins over time scales from picoseconds to seconds. This article surveys the properties of biologic fluorophores that can be used to study proteins and introduces the fluorescence techniques commonly applied to proteins, with an emphasis on the information generated. Techniques discussed include steady-state emission, time-resolved detection, fluorescence anisotropy or depolarization, energy transfer, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, single-molecule spectroscopy, and fluorescence imaging.
Parental presence in pediatric trauma resuscitation: one hospital's experience

Although parental presence during medical resuscitation of children has been a common practice for years, the same opportunity has rarely been available for families in pediatric trauma resuscitation. Blank Children's Hospital is an exception; for three years, the hospital has had a successful program for family presence in pediatric trauma resuscitation. Beginning with the efforts of one nurse, a task force was established that developed guidelines for this practice in conjunction with nursing and allied health staff, as well as trauma surgeons. Chaplains were approached and then trained to serve as family support persons during trauma resuscitation. Families have been receptive to and pleased with the opportunity to be present during trauma resuscitation of their children.
Modeling the MCAS Way

The spdf-based orbital theory is a sophism. Things must be declared "different" at the electronic level to renounce classical physics. This paper shows that classical physics still operates at the electronic level! Electron particles are always there. Mass-to-wave/energy conversion and its reversal (duality) on-demand does not actually exist - a ruse that cloaks the negative-negative waive. There is no electron spin-reversal - a gimmick with "nmls" not even consistent orthogonality. The MCAS Way describes the behavior of electrons while preserving their wholeness, mutual orthogonality, and interactive adaptivity. Electrostatics of some simple molecules modeled the MCAS Way are presented. The orbital extent of an electron is shown to be finite while its electrostatic presence stretches to infinity. Electrons hardly ever occupy the region on the axis between two nuclei of a molecule. Excellent correspondence of NMR proton shift with the magnitude of the electrostatic field at the proton is found. Wholly integer quantum numbers identify the orbital spaces of an atom. Electrons do not have quantum numbers! The electron of the hydrogen atom is assigned the 11111 orbital; those of helium are in the 11111 and 11-111 orbitals; and so on. Unlike the static spdf designation, an electron moves to a different type orbital with sufficient electron loading of a shell! A quantum theory does not need duality! The current one, however, needs a different base model to treat particulates. Bimolecular substitution reactions are shown to be path-dependent with an electron transferred in the Transition State. Traditional microscopic reversibility is trashed.
Cell proliferation patterns during cytodifferentiation in embryonic chick tissues: liver, heart and erythrocytes

Tritiated thymidine was administered to four groups of embryos at various stages of development. The first group was killed 45 min after isotope administration. The second group received the isotope three times over a 12 h period, the third group four times over a 24 h period, and the last group eight times over a 48 h period. Sagittal histological sections of the embryos were prepared for radioautography. In the radioautographs the percentage labeled nuclei were scored as an index of cell proliferation. The following observations were made. From stage 10 to 23 (45 min series) there is a progressive increase in the proliferative index of the labeled erythrocytes. This was followed by a precipitous drop as embryonic age increased. At stage 23 of the .12 h series, 97% of the cells were labeled. The 24 and 48 h series of embryos also exhibit a high labeling index, 97% and 95% respectively, by stages 20–24. This indicates that at these stages most of the cells were in the proliferative pool. In correlation with the demonstrated presence of hemoglobin as early as stage 10, it was concluded that cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in chick primary erythrocytes are not mutually exclusive. A random pattern of proliferative activity existed in the liver of the early embryos; however, at stage 29 the periphery began to show a higher labeling index than was found in the center. This indicates that liver growth was primarily appositional. From stage 29 through hatching there was a gradual decline in the labeling index. After hatching a burst of proliferative activity occurred but the appositional pattern of growth was not seen. The proliferative activity of the littoral cells remained relatively constant when compared to that of the hepatic parenchymal cells. This suggests that the control of their proliferative activity was somewhat different from that of the hepatic parenchymal cells. The relationship of cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation in the liver could not be established. There was a progressive increase in the proliferative index of the heart ventricular myoblasts from stage 12 through stage 20–23. This was followed by a gradual decline in proliferation as embryonic age increased. An appositional growth of the heart was also demonstrated. Cytodifferentiation of heart myoblasts is known to occur as early as stage 10. Almost all of the myoblasts were labeled at stages 32 and 33 of the group exposed to the isotope for 48 h. This indicates that, in the heart, cytodifferentiation and cell proliferation are not mutually exclusive processes.
Rapid and slow release phenytoin in epileptic patients at steady state: Comparative plasma levels and toxicity

Phenytoin plasma level and toxicity data were compared in a three-way crossover study performed in 18 patients at steady state. Formulations compared were a rapid and a slow release capsule and an oral solution. Plasma concentration-time integrals and maximum plasma phenytoin levels were significantly greater for the rapid release capsule and solution than for the slow release capsule. The incidence of nystagmus and toxicity did not differ for the three treatments,but the occurrence of mental symptoms was more frequent for the oral solution, possibly because of the solvent used in this formulation.
Hemolytic effect of phenylhydrazine during amphibian metamorphosis.

Abstract The correlation between the spectral changes in hemoglobin and the severity of anemia induced by phenylhydrazine treatment was studied for the differential sensitivity of amphibians to the drug. Froglets were the most sensitive to phenylhydrazine, followed by prometamorphic tadpoles, adult frogs, metamorphic climax tadpoles, and triiodothyronine-treated tadpoles. The different sensitivities to the hemolytic action of the drug in these animals was rationalized in terms of accessibility, uptake, and detoxication of phenylhydrazine, and a different rate of removal of damaged cells. Postmetamorphic responses were noted for the low uptake of phenylhydrazine by erythrocytes and the loss of facilitated diffusion of 3- O -methylglucose by the erythrocytes of the adult frog. The rate of regeneration of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis) after phenylhydrazine treatment followed an order almost opposite to that observed in the hemolytic process. Thus, tadpoles at metamorphic climax showed the maximum rate of regeneration, followed by T 3 -treated tadpoles, adult frogs, froglets, and prometamorphic tadpoles. Erythropoiesis immediately following the hemolytic phase did not reveal any abnormal hemoglobins. Survival after exposure to phenylhydrazine followed the same order described for hemolytic susceptibility, i.e., froglets had the highest percent survival. Tadpoles immersed in 2,4-dinitrophenol were more sensitive to the lethal effects of phenylhydrazine.
Bor-Stickstoff-Verbindungen, XLIV. Zur Kenntnis der Umsetzung von Boran mit Aminen, Alkoholen und Thiolen

Frisch entwickeltes Boran reagiert in siedendem Tetrahydrofuran mit primaren oder sekundaren Aminen unter Bildung von Monoaminoboranen, RR′NBH2. Selbst mit einem grosen Amin-Uberschus reagiert unter diesen Bedingungen keine weitere BH-Bindung des Borans. Im Gegensatz hierzu setzen sich unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen α.ω-Diamine, Aminoalkohole, Glykole und Dithiole mit Boran unter Reaktion von zwei BH-Bindungen des Borans zu heterocyclischen Verbindungen um. Boron-Nitrogen Compounds, XLIV. A Study of the Reaction of Borane with Amines, Alcohols and Thiols Freshly generated borane reacts in boiling tetrahydrofuran with primary or secondary amines under formation of monoaminoboranes, RR′NBH2. Even in the presence of a large excess of the amine no additional BH-bond of the borane is reactive under these conditions. In contrast, α.ω-diamines, aminoalcohols, glycols, or dithiols react with borane under otherwise identical conditions by reaction of two of the BH-bonds of the borane to yield heterocyclic systems.
Psychiatric comorbidity in older adults with bipolar disorder

SUMMARY Introduction Comorbidity patterns and correlates among older adults with bipolar disorder (BPD) are not well understood. The aim of this analysis was to examine the prevalence of comorbid PTSD and other anxiety disorders, substance abuse and dementia in a population of 16,330 geriatric patients with BPD in a Veterans Health Administration administrative database. Methods Patients were identified from case registry files during Federal Fiscal Year 2001(FY01). Comorbidity groups were compared on selected clinical characteristics, inpatient and outpatient health resource use, and costs of care. Results Four thousand six hundred and sixty-eight geriatric veterans with BPD were comorbid for either substance abuse, PTSD and other anxiety disorder, or dementia (28.6% of all veterans with BPD age 60 or older). Mean age of all veterans in the four comorbidity groups was 70.0 years (� SD 7.2 years). Substance abuse was seen in 1,460 (8.9%) of elderly veterans with BPD, while PTSD was seen in 875 (5.4%), other anxiety disorders in 1592 (9.7%), and dementia in 741 (4.5%) of elderly veterans. Individuals with substance abuse in this elderly bipolar population are more likely to be younger, minority, unmarried and homeless compared to elderly bipolar populations with anxiety disorders or dementia. Inpatient use was greatest among geriatric veterans with BPD and dementia compared to veterans with BPD and other comorbid conditions. Conclusion Clinical characteristics, health resource use and healthcare costs differ among geriatric patients with BPD and comorbid anxiety, substance abuse or dementia. Additional research is needed to better understand presentation of illness and modifiable factors that may influence outcomes. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of single- versus multiple-dose clotrimazole therapy in the management of vulvovagfinal candidiasis

Single-dose treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with a 500 mg clotrimazole vaginal tablet was compared to 3-day treatment with two 100 mg vaginal tablets administered daily in 115 patients enrolled in a double-blind trial, 101 of whom were evaluated for efficacy. Patients with clinically and mycologically active disease were treated (visit 1) and examined at 5 to 10 days (visit 2) and again at least 27 days (visit 3) post treatment. At visit 2, mycologic tests and clinical examinations were negative in 37 of 48 patients receiving single-dose treatment (77%) and in 47 of 53 patients receiving 3-day treatment (89%). Corresponding results for visit 3 were 65% and 74%, respectively. There were no significant differences in treatment response between groups, and only three patients reported adverse reactions. These data show that single-dose treatment with clotrimazole, 500 mg, is as safe and effective as the more complex 3-day regimen.
Comparison of self-reported and monitored compliance of daily injection of human growth hormone in burned children.

Objectives. We compared insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) levels obtained in two groups with different methods of assessing compliance. Burned children were randomized to receive a daily injection of 0.05-0.1mg/kg per day of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) or placebo. Study design. One hundred twenty-five children (age range 6 months to 17 years) with total body surface area burns >40% participated in the study. Baseline levels of IGF-I were obtained at hospital discharge, at which time daily injections of rhGH or placebo were initiated. Assessment of IGF-I levels was repeated at 3-month intervals for 1 year. A directly monitored group met daily with research staff that witnessed the preparation and injection of the study drug. A self-reported group completed a Self Reported Compliance Questionnaire (SRCQ) that assessed compliance with drug regimen. A compliance of at least 85% (injections reported administered/maximal total injections possible) was accepted as being compliant. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by a Student Newman-Kuels test, with the results given as means+/-S.E.M. Results. The percent change in IGF-I levels between 6 and 9 months in the self-reported (22.7+/-7.9%) and monitored groups (21.9+/-8.6%) were similar. In contrast, the percent change in IGF-I levels in the placebo group was significantly decreased (-5.6+/-6.3%). Conclusions. Self-reported scores via an SRCQ is a potentially useful and valid method of assessing compliance of rhGH injections, as both reported and directly monitored methods yield similar changes in levels of IGF-I.
Martin Meyerson and Jaqueline Tyrwhitt and the Global Exchange of Planning Ideas

This article examines one facet of Martin Meyerson’s internationalism, by tracing the work he did with the English town planner, educator, and editor Jaqueline Tyrwhitt. Their professional associat...
Comparative efficacy of monophasic and biphasic truncated exponential shocks for nonthoracotomy internal defibrillation in dogs.

Pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were studied to determine the relative efficacy of monophasic and biphasic truncated exponential shocks employing a nonthoracotomy internal defibrillation pathway that consisted of a right ventricular catheter electrode (cathode) and a subcutaneous chest wall patch electrode (anode). In part 1 of the experiments, six dogs (19.6 ± 1.1 kg) were utilized. Monophasic pulses of 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 ms duration were compared with biphasic pulses of the same total duration. The biphasic pulses had an initial positive phase (P1) followed by a terminal negative phase (P2) with the initial voltage equal for each phase. For each biphasic total pulse width, five relative P1versus P2durations were tested (50 and 50%, 75 and 25%, 90 and 10%, 25 and 75%, 10 and 90%). Ventricular fibrillation was induced by alternating current and pulse configurations were tested randomly to determine the minimal voltage and energy for defibrillation (threshold). Biphasic shocks with P1longer than P2were associated with significantly tower (p < 0.01) energy thresholds than were monophasic shocks. Additionally, there was no significant relation between pulse width and voltage or energy thresholds. In part 2 of the experiments, six dogs (20.2 ± 1.6 kg) were studied. Monophasic shocks were compared with biphasic shocks with P1versus P2durations of 75 aud 25% and 90 and 10% for total puke widths of 7.5, 10 and 12.5 ms. Threshold determinations were performed as in part 1. Subsequently, five initial voltages clustered about threshold were randomly tested four times and dose-response curves constructed for each pulse configuration with the use of stepwise logistic regression. Biphasic shocks resulted in significantly lower energy (p < 0.0001) and voltage (p < 0.001) requirements than did monophasic shocks. There was no difference in energy requirements between the 75 and 25% and 90 and 10% biphasic shocks, although the 75 and 25% shocks were associated with significantly lower (p < 0.001) voltage requirements than the 90 and 10% shocks. These results indicate that biphasic shocks with P1(initial positive phase) longer than P2(terminal negative phase) markedly reduce energy requirements for nonthoracotomy canine defibrilation and may, therefore, facilitate development of nonthoracotomy devices for clinical application.
Analysis of clustered data in receiver operating characteristic studies

Clustered data is not simply correlated data, but has its own unique aspects. In this paper, various methods for correlated receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve data that have been extended specifically to clustered data are reviewed. For those methods that have not yet been extended, suggestions for their application to clustered ROC studies are provided. Various methods with respect to their ability to meet either of two objectives of the analysis of clustered ROC data are compared to consider a variety of ROC indices and their accessibility to researchers.The available statistical methods for clustered data vary in the range of indices that can be considered and in their accessibility to researchers. Parametric models permit all indices to be considered but, owing to computational complexity, are the least accessible of available methods. Nonparametric methods are much more accessible, but only permit estimation and inference about ROC curve area. The jackknife method is the most accessible an...
The Factor Structure of the DASH-II

There have been few studies on the assessment of psychopathology in people with severe and profound mental retardation. In this study we report the factor structure of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped-II (DASH II) in a large sample of adults in an institutional setting. We found 5 factors that were named Emotional Lability/Antisocial, Language Disorder, Dementia/Anxiety, Sleep Disorder, and Psychosis. Scales derived from this factor analysis were internally consistent and showed good evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), MESSIER, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). The factor structure observed here was broadly similar to that of the original DASH. Implications for future research are identified.
PTPL1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 and modulates Ewing's Sarcoma tumorigenesis

Ewing's Sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are characterized by a translocation t(11:22) forming an aberrant transcription factor EWS-FLI1. Protein tyrosine phosphatase L1 (PTPL1) was identified as a gene upregulated by EWS-FLI1 in transfected cells by microarray. Our results show that PTPL1 is a transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 both by chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter activation studies. We demonstrate that PTPL1 is highly expressed in ESFT cells and patient tumors compared with normal tissues, with a trend towards higher expression in metastatic versus primary tumors. Reduction of PTPL1 protein in ESFT cells correlated with a significant reduction in both monolayer and soft-agar cell growth. In addition, these PTPL1-reduced cells were more sensitive to etoposide-induced apoptosis than the controls. We therefore report a novel transcriptional activation of a phosphatase involved in the oncogenesis of ESFT. Increasing interest in specific phosphatase inhibitors would allow PTPL1 to be evaluated as a therapeutic target in ESFT.
Adipose tissue n-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome

Background—Evidence regarding the relationship of n-3 fatty acids (FA) to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome components (MetS) is inconsistent. Objective—To examine associations of adipose tissue n-3 FA with MetS. Design—We studied 1611 participants without prior history of diabetes or heart disease who were participants in a population-based case-control study of diet and heart disease (The Costa Rica Heart Study). We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for MetS by quartile of n-3 FA in adipose tissue derived mainly from plants [α-Linolenic acid (ALA)], fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], or metabolism [docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), as well as the EPA:ALA ratio, a surrogate marker of delta-6 desaturase activity]. Results—N-3 FA levels in adipose tissue were associated with MetS prevalence in opposite directions. The PR (95% CI) for the highest compared to the lowest quartile adjusted for age, sex, BMI, residence, lifestyle, diet and other fatty acids were 0.60 (0.44, 0.81) for ALA, 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) for EPA, 1.63 (1.22, 2.18) for DPA, and 1.47 (1.14, 1.88) for EPA:ALA, all p for trend <0.05. Although these associations were no longer significant (except DPA) after adjustment for BMI, ALA and DPA were associated with lower glucose and higher triglyceride levels, p<0.05 (respectively). Conclusions—These results suggest that ALA could exert a modest protective benefit, while EPA and DHA are not implicated in MetS. The positive associations for DPA and MetS could reflect higher delta-6 desaturase activity caused by increased adiposity.
Polymerase blockage and misincorporation of dNTPs opposite the ethylene dibromide-derived DNA adducts S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione, S-[2-(N2-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione, and S-[2-(O6-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione.

The carcinogen ethylene dibromide (EDB) has been shown to cause glutathione (GSH)-dependent base-substitution mutations, especially GC to AT transitions, in a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic systems. The known DNA adducts S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]GSH, S-[2-(N2-guanyl)ethyl]GSH, and S-[2-(O6-guanyl)ethyl]GSH were individually placed at a site in a single oligonucleotide. Polymerase extension studies were carried out using Escherichia coli polymerase I exo- (Klenow fragment, Kf-) and polymerase II exo- (pol II-), bacteriophage T7 polymerase exo-, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase in order to characterize misincorporation events. Even though extension was not as efficient as with the nonadducted template, some fully extended primers were observed with the template containing S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]GSH using all of these polymerases. dCTP was the most preferred nucleotide incorporated opposite S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]GSH by most of polymerases examined; however, dTTP incorporation was obs...
Electrocortical activity is coupled to gait cycle phase during treadmill walking.

Abstract Recent findings suggest that human cortex is more active during steady-speed unperturbed locomotion than previously thought. However, techniques that have been used to image the brain during locomotion lack the temporal resolution necessary to assess intra-stride cortical dynamics. Our aim was to determine if electrocortical activity is coupled to gait cycle phase during steady-speed human walking. We used electroencephalography (EEG), motion capture, and a force-measuring treadmill to record brain and body dynamics while eight healthy young adult subjects walked on a treadmill. Infomax independent component analysis (ICA) parsed EEG signals into maximally independent component (IC) processes representing electrocortical sources, muscle sources, and artifacts. We calculated a spatially fixed equivalent current dipole for each IC using an inverse modeling approach, and clustered electrocortical sources across subjects by similarities in dipole locations and power spectra. We then computed spectrograms for each electrocortical source that were time-locked to the gait cycle. Electrocortical sources in the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, and sensorimotor cortex exhibited significant ( p evident in anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, and sensorimotor cortex . These data confirm cortical involvement in steady-speed human locomotion. Future applications of these techniques could provide critical insight into the neural mechanisms of movement disorders and gait rehabilitation.
Religious pluralism as a problem for practical' religious epistemology

After being dismissed for decades in philosophical theology, experiential arguments for the justification of religious belief, including belief in God, have again come to centre stage. One of the most thorough of these is William Alston's recent study, Perceiving God . Alston's purpose is to show that it is rational for someone to participate in what he calls Christian Mystical Practice (CMP) because CMP ‘is a socially established doxastic practice that is not demonstrably unreliable or otherwise disqualified for rational acceptance’ and to hold beliefs which that participation reliably generates. The thesis of this essay is that his individuation of mystical practices is not sufficiently nuanced. Once his naturalistic approach is brought more closely into line with actual practices, what he calls CMP splinters into multiple practices. A more complete account requires a more pluralistic understanding of the Christian traditions than Alston acknowledges.
Novel grating-coupled step-bound-to-miniband transition InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum well infrared photodetector

ABSTRACT A metal grating coupled step-bound-to-miniband (SBTM) transition multiquantum well long wavelengthinfrared photodetector (LWIP) using a lightly strained In007Ga093As quantum well with a short-period A104Ga06As -GaAs superlattice barrier structure has been developed. The new structure created a potential 'step' in the superlattice barrier to block the undesirable electron tunneling current from theheavily doped ground state in the quantum well, which results in a significant reduction in the device dark current. The measured absorbance spectra and photocurrent are in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. The responsivity RA at Vb = 6 V and T = 77 K was found equal to 0.2, 0.15A/W for the backside, and front normal incident illumination, respectively. 1. INTRODUCTION Most of the work reported in the literature on 111-V quantum well long wavelength infrared photode-tectors (LWIPs) has been focused on the lattice-matched narrow well width GaAs/AlGaAs quantumwell systems 18•
Quantum wave processing

Abstract In recent years, the concept of quantum computing has arisen as a methodology by which very rapid computations can be achieved. In general, the ‘speed’ of these computations is compared to that of (classical) digital computers, which use sequential algorithms. However, in most quantum computing approaches, the qubits themselves are treated as analog objects. One then needs to ask whether this computational speed-up of the computation is a result of the quantum mechanics, or whether it is due to the nature of the analog structures that are being ‘generated’ for quantum computation? In this paper, we will make two points: (1) quantum computation utilizes analog, parallel computation which often offers no speed advantage over classical computers which are implemented using analog, parallel computation; (2) once this is realized, then there is little advantage in projecting the quantum computation onto the pseudo-binary construct of a qubit. Rather, it becomes more effective to seek the equivalent wave processing that is inherent in the analog, parallel processing. We will examine some wave processing systems which may be useful for quantum computation.
Patterns of Uterine Motility In the Normal Ovulatory and Anovulatory Cycle, after Castration, Coitus and Missed Abortion

THE HUMAN UTERUS is AN ORGAN designed for the purpose of reproduction. All of its physiologic activities which are under the influence of the hormones of the ovary and its anatomical relationships serve this end. To prepare for the fertilized ovum, aid in its implantation, nurture it until via bility, and expel it when capable of independent existence, these are the functions of the uterus. That these desiderata may be accomplished some mechanism operates to produce a flaccid uterus during gestation and later reverse itself so that contractions occur and expel the fetus. Some knowledge of this control of motility may be gleaned from a study of the non-pregnant uterus. In the non-gravid state this organ undergoes cyclic changes in its endometrium (1) well studied in recent years by numerous investigators; cyclic changes in its vascular system, (2, 3, 4), studied by Markee on corneal transplants of endometrium in the macaque; and cyclic changes in the myometrium now under consideration by several investigat...
Attenuation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) promotes apoptosis of kidney epithelial cells: a potential mechanism of mercury-induced nephrotoxicity.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), a pleiotropic transcriptional factor that promotes cell survival and protects cells from apoptosis, requires reduced thiols at critical steps in its activation p...
Performance Modeling of a Smart Material Hydraulic Actuator

Smart Material Hydraulic Actuators (SMEHAs) allow high-energy-density materials, such as piezoelectrics and magnetostrictives, to be used to develop compact, high-power actuators. Hydraulic rectification using check valves converts the high-frequency, small-displacement motion of a smart material to large displacements of a hydraulic actuator. In this paper, the performance of a magnetostrictive actuator is evaluated over a range of input frequencies and loading conditions and compared to model results of the overall system. The system’s dynamic performance is found to depend highly on the response of both the check valves used to rectify the motion of the smart material driver and the fluid system, including the passages connecting the smart material pump to the output hydraulic cylinder. Using AMESim, a model is developed for the response of the system and compared to experimental results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cation interactions with polyamic acids

Polyamic acid films interact as ion-exchange substrates for dilute aqueous cation solutions. Three conditions were evaluated: basic solutions which form soluble amic acid salts and dissolve the film, weakly acidic solutions which encourage classical weak acid cation exchange, and strongly acidic solutions which discourage exchange. Thermal treatment of the generated cationamate salts generally causes degradation of the polymer backbone. Furthermore, lead and copper react directly with the polyamic acid to yield surface-bound salts, but tin and aluminum seem unreactive.
Normative Beliefs as Risk Factors for Involvement in Unhealthy Weight Control Behavior

Objective: The authors' aim in this study was to determine, after adjustment for the effects of body mass index and sociodemographic measures, whether sex-specific weight control norms would have significant independent relationships with the weight control behavior of college women and men. Participants: The authors used an anonymous questionnaire to assess a sample of 470 college students, aged 18 to 26 years, attending either a 2- year community college or a 4-year public university. Methods: To calculate body mass index, the authors objectively measured the height and weight of each participant. They conducted separate discriminant function analyses for women and men. Results: The discriminant function analyses clearly indicated that weight control norms of same-sex, close friends were the best discriminators of involvement in weight control. Conclusions: The findings indicate that perceived peer norms may be important but overlooked risk factors for engaging in unhealthy weight control practices. The...
Status and progress of research on a removed-from-service steam generator

Abstract Under an NRC directed group sponsored project (including French, Italian, Japanese, and EPRI participation) a steam generator removed from service is the subject of extensive research. The generator now serves as a vehicle for studies involving validation of the accuracy and reliability of current nondestructive examination (NDE) characterization during inservice inspections, determination of remaining integrity of service defected steam generator tubes, determination of failure consequences (leak rate) of defects, and demonstration of cleaning and decontamination techniques. Program objectives are to provide inputs to regulatory guides on inservice inspection and tube plugging criteria. During the past year dilute chemical reagent decontamination of the steam generator channelhead using modified LOMI and Candecon processes, each on one side, has been completed. In addition to decontamination effectiveness other factors such as corrosivity during the process, methods for waste handling, and potential for affecting return to service of the component were evaluated. Following decontamination a subcontracted effort was conducted to remove a large number of plugs placed in the generator during its service life. In under three weeks 969 explosive type plugs were removed. This provided a new level of experience in large scale plug removal. The plug removal was to optimize access to defected steam generator tubes for nondestructive primary side characterization. The first of these nondestructive examinations was conducted toward fiscal year end, employing state-of-the-art eddy current technology. A map of the generator condition, as obtained from 100% eddy current examination, is being formed. In parallel with the above endeavors, extensive efforts have been made toward characterizing the secondary side of the generator. The tubesheet surface and the inner row U-bend regions have been extensively examined. Innovative photographic approaches have provided success in documenting generator conditions in the sludge pile area.
Kinetics of the Thermal Isomerization of Methylcyclopropane

Kinetic parameters for the unimolecular thermal isomerizations of methylcyclopropane to four isomeric butenes have been determined from rate constant measurements over a wide range of temperatures, 695−1154 K, using a single-pulse shock tube and a static reactor. For the overall reaction, Ea = 64.4 ± 0.3 and log(A, s-1) = 15.37 ± 0.07, values consistent with earlier studies at lower temperatures. The measured rate constants for the isomerization to cis- and trans-2-butene give Ea = 63.3 ± 0.3 and 64.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, and log(A, s-1) = 14.60 ± 0.07 and 14.75 ± 0.06, respectively, values in good agreement with the thermochemically based predictions of O'Neal and Benson. The similarity of kinetic parameters for the two reactions is consistent with the formation of the two 2-butenes through a common diradical intermediate. Kinetic data for 1-butene and 2-methylpropene formation are well represented by Ea = 64.5 ± 0.5 and 66.4 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and log(A, s-1) = 15.02 ± 0.11 and 14.81 ± 0.05. The higher Ea for 2-...
An Overview of Follow-On Testing Activities of the A-3 Subscale Diffuser Test Project

An overview of NASA Stennis Space Center's (SSC) A-3 Subscale Diffuser Test (SDT) Project is presented. The original scope of the SDT Project, conducted from April 2007 to January 2008, collected data to support mitigation of risk associated with design and procurement activities of the A-3 Test Stand Project, an effort to construct a simulated altitude test facility at SSC in support of NASA's Constellation Program. Follow-on tests were conducted from May 2008 through August 2009, utilizing the SDT test setup as a testbed for additional risk mitigation activities. Included are descriptions of the Subscale Diffuser (SD) test article, the test facility configuration, and test approaches.