cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of stellatectomy on gastric acid secretion in the dog

The stellate ganglion is the major contributor of adrenergic fibers to the vagus nerve and stellatectomy causes a degeneration of vagal adrenergic fibers. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of stellatectomy on gastric acid secretion (GAS) and gastrin levels in the dog. GAS in response to pentagastrin stimulation was measured in six gastric fistula dogs before and after stellatectomy. Likewise, blood was collected for basal and meat meal-stimulated serum gastrin levels before and after stellatectomy. After bilateral stellatectomy acid secretion increased in response to submaximal doses of pentagastrin stimulation whereas maximal secretion was unchanged. Resting and meal-stimulated gastrin levels did not change. A Horner's syndrome developed in each dog. It is concluded that bilateral stellatectomy increases GAS in response to submaximal stimulation while not altering gastrin release. These results suggest that the vagal adrenergic innervation of the stomach has an inhibitory role in the control of GAS in the dog.
PMD Compensation at Ultra-High Bit Rates or Optical Spectral Processing All-Order PMD Technology: Compensation, Sensing, Emulation

A collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on PMD compensation at ultra-high bit rates and optical spectral processing all-order PMD technology is given.
Test-retest reliability for two indices of ventilatory efficiency measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy men and women

The level of ventilation (V E ) at a given carbon dioxide output (V CO2 ) determines ventilatory efficiency. During cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), ventilatory efficiency can be measured as the slope of the V E versus V CO2 relationship or the lowest V E /V CO2 . We evaluated the test-retest reliability of these two ventilatory efficiency indices in 29 healthy subjects (14 males). Each subject performed duplicate cycle ergometer tests on different days. Ventilation and the gas fractions for oxygen and CO 2 were measured with a Vacumed metabolic cart. Linear regression analysis of the V E versus V CO2 slope for the duplicate tests in the males, females, and both sexes combined yielded correlation coefficients of 0·822, 0·942, and 0-910, respectively. The corresponding correlation coefficients for the lowest V E / V CO2 were 0·745, 0-929, and 0·884. A comparison of the test-retest correlation coefficients between the two ventilatory efficiency measures for the men, women, and both sexes combined revealed that they were not significantly different and, for a given index, there were no sex differences. The bias (mean of difference scores between tests) and 95% limits of agreement for the V E versus V CO2 slope in the males, females, and both sexes combined were -0·05 ± 2·41, -0-57 ± 1-92, and -0·32 ± 2·20, respectively. The bias and 95% limits of agreement for the lowest V E /V CO2 were very similar with values of 0-06 ± 2-45, -0-22 ± 2-03, and -0·10 ± 2-27. We conclude that the test-retest reliability for the V E versus V CO2 slope and the lowest V E /V CO2 is the same and that there is no sex difference in reliability for either index of ventilatory efficiency.
PROGRAMMED ACHIEVEMENT USING A WITHIN-CLASS CONTROL

College students operated under different contingencies in the same classroom. The Programmed Achievement (PA) condition required students to evidence criterion performance (100% mastery) on 12 Chapter quizzes. Failure to evidence mastery performance on any of the quizzes resulted in the loss of a letter grade off the final course grade. The control condition involved a more traditional college classroom structure where students took chapter quizzes with no requirement to evidence mastery. A third group of low achievement students, identified at midterm, operated under control conditions the first half of the semester and were subsequently shifted to the PA contingency the second half of the semester. The results revealed only a slight superiority for PA students over controls and both PA and Control students demonstrated significantly better performance when compared to that of low achievement students prior to midterm. However, following the PA shift these subjects evidenced performance equivalent to that of the other two groups. Procedural and theoretical implications of these data were discussed.
Preliminary studies on conidial liberation of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Controlled attempts to release viable conidia from cultures of Blastomyces dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum with air samplers were unsuccessful. Air velocity was not found to be a limiting factor since the conidia remained attached after the conidiophores had been violently shaken by air currents in an observation chamber. Wetting these same conidiophores readily released the conidia. It is inferred that in nature conidia may be liberated by exposure to water and then dispersed by air currents.
Feeling Good and Taking a Chance? Associations of Hypomania Risk with Cognitive and Behavioral Risk Taking

Although elevated impulsivity among individuals at risk for or with a clinical history of mania has been identified in prior work, questions remain regarding ways in which impulsivity may manifest as risky decision-making and behavior. The present investigation examined how hypomania risk, measured using the Hypomanic Personality Scale, was associated with two facets of risk-taking: cognitive appraisals of risks and benefits that will result from risk-taking, and behavioral risk-taking on a validated task and self-report measures. Hypomania risk was associated with appraising future risk-taking as having less costs, but was unrelated to appraising future risk-taking as having more benefits. On behavioral risk measures, it was associated with increased expectations of engagement in risky behavior over the next 6 months, yet also with markers of lower risk-taking on the BART. The present findings have implications for understanding precise cognitive and behavioral factors that underlie the relationship between hypomania risk and risk-taking.
Problems with areal definitions of endemism: the effects of spatial scaling

Summary The concept of endemism is useful in quantifying the biological uniqueness of an area, and has been used by many authors as a meaningful alternative to simple species richness. The traditional definition of endemism includes those species with ranges restricted to a particular region, and therefore is useful only in reference to that region. To compare different regions, however, a standardized approach is required, so several authors began using area-based definitions. Accordingly, those species with ranges smaller than a particular area (e.g. 50,000 km 2) are deemed endemic. Nevertheless, several problems are associated with this approach: as the area threshold changes, scaling of endemism also changes, producing a different picture of endemism for each spatial scale. Moreover, the areal definition assumes equal levels of heterogeneity in different landscapes (clearly a simplification), which overemphasizes fine-grained regions. Herein, the importance of distinguishing the regional definition (endemism) from the areal definition (range restriction) is emphasized, and investigators are encouraged to consider multiple spatial scales and geographic dimensions in evaluations of biodiversity.
A New Age for Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone?

TO THE EDITOR: I read with interest the recent article by Tuttle et al. ( [1][1] ). For years, patients have been prepared for 131I administration after thyroid cancer surgery. It is believed that the increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration by either thyroid hormone withdrawal (the
Meiosis I arrest and azoospermia in an infertile male explained by failure of formation of a component of the synaptonemal complex.

Abstract Objective To characterize the early stages of meiosis in a male with unexplained azoospermia. Design Case report. Setting Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Patient(s) A 30-year-old male with nonobstructive azoospermia. Intervention(s) Immunostaining for components of the synaptonemal complex and recombination-associated proteins, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for specific chromosomes. Main outcome measure(s) Progression to and through pachytene of meiosis I in controls and in the patient. Result(s) We observed complete meiosis I arrest in the patient, associated with failure of formation of the mature, tripartite synaptonemal complex. Conclusion(s) Abnormalities in synaptonemal complex formation are responsible for a proportion of cases of unexplained male infertility.
Rating the behavioral effects of amphetamine

Abstract A nine point rating scale with a highly standardized protocol for assessing the continuum behavioral effects of amphetamine (e.g. hyperactivity, stereotypy, dyskinetic-reactive effects) in rats is described. Dose-response curves for d- and 1-amphetamine were obtained demonstrating a 4: 1 potency ratio of d- to 1-. The capability of the rating scale to assess antagonism of d-amphetamine by pimozide suggested that this scale may be a useful quantitative measure of neuroleptic activity of drugs.
Associations between symptoms, functioning, and perceptions of mastery with global self-rated health in patients with COPD: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Self-rated health has been shown to be a significant predictor of mortality. However, there is limited knowledge on what factors contribute to the global perception of self-rated health in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective To describe the associations between physical and psychological symptoms, physical and mental health functioning, and perceptions of mastery with concurrent and longitudinal global self-rated health (GSRH) in patients with COPD and to determine if gender modifies these relationships. Design Cross-sectional analysis of data from a longitudinal clinical trial. Setting University medical center in the United States. Participants 115 patients with moderate to severe COPD. Methods GSRH was measured using one question from the Medical Outcomes Study, SF-36 which states, "In general, would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor". Physical and psychological symptoms were measured with the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD); the SF-36 was used to measure physical and mental health functioning; mastery was measured by a sub-scale of the CRQ. The BODE index, a multidimensional disease severity grading system, was also included. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed. Results In cross-sectional analyses, only disease severity as measured by the BODE index was associated with GSRH [odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, CI (1.08, 2.15)]. Stratified analyses by gender showed that the association between the BODE index and the GSRH held up for men, but not for women. Higher perception of symptom control was associated with positive health ratings in women. Subjects with less fatigue at baseline had a lower risk of reporting poor health 12 months later [OR 0.84; 95% CI (0.72, 0.98)]. Conclusions For patients with COPD, ratings of global health were mostly influenced by measures that reflect their physical state, e.g. disease severity and fatigue. While additional work is needed to better understand gender differences in factors that contribute to GSRH, therapeutic nursing interventions might place greater focus on symptom management if the goal is to improve patients' perceptions of their global health.
Children's food acceptance patterns: The interface of ontogeny and nutrition needs

Children's eating behaviors are driven by nutrient needs for growth and health, their developmental stage, and by physical and social aspects of the feeding environment. Engendering healthful eating styles requires recognition of children's needs and abilities and a positive, structured environment in which learning and self-regulation are encouraged.
Hereditary flat adenoma syndrome: A variant of familial adenomatous polyposis?

We describe the clinical and pathologic features in four extended kindreds that are consistent with the hereditary flat adenoma syndrome (HFAS). This colon cancer susceptibility disorder is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant. The principal phenotypic marker is multiple colonic adenomas (usually less than 100), with a tendency for proximal location. The majority of these adenomas are flat or slightly raised and plaquelike, as opposed to polypoid. Colon cancers have typically developed in middle age and show no unusual histologic features. There are a variety of extracolonic manifestations, including adenomas and carcinomas of the small bowel and fundic gland polyps. The HFAS is contrasted with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and shown to be distinct from both in the numbers and distribution of colonic adenomas and the typical age of cancer diagnosis. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Given its linkage to the FAP locus on 5q and the phenotypic parallels between HFAS and FAP, we conclude that HFAS is a variant of FAP.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping of the Sensorimotor Cortex with Tactile Stimulation

ABSTRACTTHE PURPOSE OF this study is to compare tactile stimulation of the palm with voluntary movement of the fingers as paradigms for mapping the sensorimotor cortex in functional magnetic resonance imaging. In 22 subjects, 24 sets of functional magnetic resonance images were obtained with echopla
The optical (free-carrier) absorption of a hole-electron plasma in silicon

Abstract The near-IR absorption of a heavily injected silicon p-i-n diode has been measured. This is thought to be the first comprehensive measurement of the free-carrier absorption of a hole-electron plasma, and it behaves as expected with temperature, injection level and wavelength. However, the absolute value of the absorption is higher than can be accounted for by ionized impurity scattering mechanisms by a factor of about 2.
Direct measurements of wall shear stress by buried wire gages in a shock-wave boundary-layer interaction region

Detailed measurements of wall shear stress (skin friction) were made with specially developed buried wire gages in the interaction regions of a Mach 2.9 turbulent boundary layer with externally generated shocks. Separation and reattachment points inferred by these measurements support the findings of earlier experiments which used a surface oil flow technique and pitot profile measurements. The measurements further indicate that the boundary layer tends to attain significantly higher skin-friction values downstream of the interaction region as compared to upstream. Comparisons between measured wall shear stress and published results of some theoretical calculation schemes show that the general, but not detailed, behavior is predicted well by such schemes.
What is a recursive module

A hierarchical module system is an effective tool for structuring large programs. Strictly hierarchical module systems impose an acyclic ordering on import dependencies among program units. This can impede modular programming by forcing mutually-dependent components to be consolidated into a single module. Recently there have been several proposals for module systems that admit cyclic dependencies, but it is not clear how these proposals relate to one another, nor how one might integrate them into an expressive module system such as that of ML.To address this question we provide a type-theoretic analysis of the notion of a recursive module in the context of a "phase-distinction" formalism for higher-order module systems. We extend this calculus with a recursive module mechanism and a new form of signature, called a recursively dependent signature, to support the definition of recursive modules. These extensions are justified by an interpretation in terms of more primitive language constructs. This interpretation may also serve as a guide for implementation.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology and comorbid depressive symptoms among abused women referred from emergency department care.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) as is comorbid depression. Comorbid depression may exacerbate PTSD severity and chronicity. This study sampled female IPV victims from an urban emergency department to assess the relationship between PTSD symptomatology in the previous 12 months and current depressive symptomatology and to evaluate independent predictors of PTSD symptomatology. Half of respondents had symptoms consistent with PTSD. Those with PTSD symptomatology had significantly higher mean total depression scores and mean scores on 3 of 4 depression subscales than those without PTSD. Depressive symptomatology, being married, sexual IPV, severity of physical IPV, and partner's consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks per occasion at least once a month independently predicted PTSD symptomatology. Our findings underscore the important roles these factors play in IPV-related PTSD and the need for prompt identification and intervention of those at risk. Language: en
Monitoring Behavioral Transitions in Cognitive Rehabilitation with Multi-Model, Multi-Window Stream Mining

This paper describes how quality metrics over stream-mined models can identify potential changes in user goal attainment, as a user learns a personalized emailing system. A sequence of mined models is generated from sequential segments of logged user email commands. When the quality of some models varies significantly from nearby models - as defined by quality metrics - then the user's behavior is flagged as a potentially significant change. This paper describes how this technique works in its application on a case study of cognitive rehabilitation via emailing.
Massage timing affects postexercise muscle recovery and inflammation in a rabbit model.

AB Purpose: This study compared the effect of immediate versus delayed massage-like compressive loading (MLL) on peak isometric torque recovery and inflammatory cell infiltration after eccentric exercise (EEX). Methods: Eighteen skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits were instrumented with peroneal nerve cuffs for the stimulation of hindlimb tibialis anterior muscles. After a bout of EEX, rabbits were randomly assigned to an MLL protocol (0.5 Hz, 10 N, 15 min) that started immediately post-EEX, 48 h post-EXX, or no-MLL control and performed for four consecutive days. A torque-angle (T-[THETA]) relationship was obtained for 21 joint angles pre- and post-EEX and after four consecutive days of MLL or no-MLL. Muscle wet weights and immunohistochemical sections were obtained after final treatments. Results: EEX produced an average 51% +/- 13% decrease in peak isometric torque output. The greatest peak torque recovery occurred with the immediate application of MLL. There were differences in torque recovery between immediate and delayed MLL (P = 0.0012), immediate MLL and control (P < 0.0001), and delayed MLL and control (P = 0.025). Immunohistochemical analysis showed 39.3% and 366.0% differences in the number of RPN3/57 and CD11b-positive cells between immediate (P = 0.71) and delayed MLL (P = 0.12). The area under the T-[THETA] curve showed a difference for immediate (P < 0.0001) and delayed (P = 0.0051) MLL as compared with control. Exercise produced an average 10[degrees] +/- 0.2[degrees] rightward shift from preexercise peak isometric torque angle. Control, immediate MLL, and delayed MLL produced an average leftward angular shift from the postexercise angle (P = 0.28, P = 0.03, and P = 0.47, respectively). Conclusion: Post-EEX, immediate MLL was more beneficial than delayed MLL in restoring muscle function and in modulating inflammatory cell infiltration. These findings invite similar human studies to make definitive conclusions on optimal timing of massage-based therapies
Addiction to Food and Brain Reward Systems

Overeating is emerging as one of the most pressing health issues affecting developed countries. While it is known that overeating leads to overweight and obesity and a number of associated health risks, the etiology of overeating remains unclear. Overeating shares many characteristics with substance use disorders. Furthermore, overeating has been characterized as an addiction and most likely arises from a combination of abnormal cognitive and neuroendocrine processes. Although emotional states have been shown to mediate reward processing, the implications for hunger mediating reward have not been fully elucidated. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between overeating and obesity with other substance addictions and the neural circuitry they share. Additionally, we discuss genetic and environmental influences on eating behaviors and the implications that these influences have on treatment.
Resolutions of non-regular Ricci-flat Kähler cones

Abstract We present explicit constructions of complete Ricci-flat Kahler metrics that are asymptotic to cones over non-regular Sasaki–Einstein manifolds. The metrics are constructed from a complete Kahler–Einstein manifold ( V , g V ) of positive Ricci curvature and admit a Hamiltonian two-form of order two. We obtain Ricci-flat Kahler metrics on the total spaces of (i) holomorphic C 2 / Z p orbifold fibrations over V , (ii) holomorphic orbifold fibrations over weighted projective spaces W C P 1 , with generic fibres being the canonical complex cone over V , and (iii) the canonical orbifold line bundle over a family of Fano orbifolds. As special cases, we also obtain smooth complete Ricci-flat Kahler metrics on the total spaces of (a) rank two holomorphic vector bundles over V , and (b) the canonical line bundle over a family of geometrically ruled Fano manifolds with base V . When V = C P 1 our results give Ricci-flat Kahler orbifold metrics on various toric partial resolutions of the cone over the Sasaki–Einstein manifolds Y p , q .
Multifractal scaling of the intrinsic permeability

Existing fractal studies dealing with subsurface heterogeneity treat the logarithm of the permeability K as the variable of concern. We treat K as a multifractal and investigate its scaling and fractality using measured horizontal K data from two locations in the United States. The first data set was from a shoreline sandstone near Coalinga, California, and the second was from an eolian sandstone (Goggin, 1988). By applying spectral analyses and computing the scaling of moments of various orders (using the double trace moment method (Lavallee, 1991; Lavallee et al., 1992)), we found that K is multiscaling (i.e., scaling and multifractal). We also found that the so-called universal multifractal (UM) (Schertzer and Lovejoy, 1987) model (essentially a log-Levy multifractal), was able to reproduce the multiscaling behavior reasonably well. The UM model has three parameters: a, s, and H, representing the multifractality index, the codimension of the mean field, and the "distance" to stationary multifractal, respectively. We found (a 5 1.7, s 5 0.23, H 5 0.22) and (a 5 1.6, s 5 0.11, H 5 0.075) for the shoreline and eolian data sets, respectively. The fact that a values were less than 2 indicates that the underlying statistics are non-Gaussian. We generated stationary and nonstationary multifractals and illustrated the role of the UM parameters on simulated fields. Studies that treated Log K as the variable of concern have pointed out the necessity for large data records, especially when the underlying distribution is Levy-stable. Our investigation revealed that even larger data records are required when treating K as a multifractal, because Log K is less intermittent (or irregular) than K.
Misreading the past: A reply to binford concerning hunter-gatherer site structure

Binford’s critique of our earlier paper comparing Ngatatjara Aborigines and !Kung household spacing in campsites (Gould and Yellen 1987) operates at several levels. It attacks a broad array of issues ranging from specific cases of Australian Aboriginal campsite structure to general arguments about the scientific philosophies and assumptions subsumed under the label “empirical.” In order to respond effectively, we think it best to present our views jointly but also with enough separation to allow the reader to distinguish our own differences clearly. Not surprisingly, a joint paper like ours in 1987 represented a de facto division of labor reflective of our different geographical and topical areas of interest and expertise. This, too, is a joint paper, but the division of labor regarding ideas and evidence will be flagged more clearly in order to identify differences of emphasis and interpretation. Before embarking upon a detailed reply to Binford’s critique, it may be useful to review and summarize the views we share with Binford, since these can easily be lost in the rhetoric of debate: 1. Ethnoarchaeology is a potent source of explanatory ideas for interpreting the archaeological record. It is no accident that much of the most stimulating discussion about the process of archaeological inference today is being generated by “card carrying” ethnoarchaeologists in the context of continuing efforts to provide usable models for archaeological explanation. 2. For explanations of past human behavior to proceed, one must go beyond pattern recognition in the archaeological record. Such pattern
Guest editor introduction: special issue on nano/bio-inspired applications and architectures

The field of computing today is faced with a major challenge—how to efficiently design and implement computing systems to solve tomorrow’s complex problems? Architects recognize that biology is a valuable source of inspiration for efficiently solving many complex problems in architecture, networks, and nanoscale systems. Designers also recognize the importance of nanotechnology for efficient implementation of computing systems. Recent trends suggest a significant shift in research focus towards biologically inspired computing and nanotechnology. This special issue contains four excellent papers on the topics related to nano/bio-inspired applications and architectures. The first two papers address the challenges associated withmodeling and validation of complex biological systems. In the first paper, “Brain Derived Vision Algorithm on High Performance Architectures”, Nageswaran et al. exploit the features of modern microprocessors to efficiently model and implement massively parallel brain systems. This paper describes the details of a brain derived vision algorithm that is derived from the anatomical structure, and physiological operating principles of thalamo-cortical brain circuits. The authors show that many characteristics of the algorithm lend themselves to implementation on IBM CELL architecture, and yield significant speedups that equal or exceed the performance of specialized solutions such as FPGAs, and thus enabling real-time object recognition for robotic systems. In the second paper, “On-Line Testing of Lab-on-Chip Using Reconfigurable Digital-Microfluidic Compactors”, Zhao and Chakrabarty present an online-testing method to improve dependability of microfluidic lab-on-chip devices. Dependability is an essential system attribute for such devices since they are expected to be deployed
The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill.

Little is known about the impact of thermoregulatory demands on cardiovascular and psychological responses of firefighters during firefighting activities. This study examined selected responses to a training drill in different thermal environments. Male firefighters (n = 16) were randomly assigned to perform a simulated ceiling overhaul task for 16 min in either a neutral (13·7°C) or hot (89·6°C) condition while wearing standard firefighting turnout gear. Physiological and psychological measures were assessed before, after 8 min and 16 min of firefighting activity, and following a 10-min recovery period. The variables assessed included heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature (T tymp), lactate level (LAC), blood glucose level, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceptions of respiration, thermal sensations (TS) and state anxiety (SA). Significant increases were seen for HR, T tymp, LAC, RPE and SA, with the increases being much greater following the hot condition. Recovery was significantly slower followi...
Decentralized quickest change detection

A decentralized formulation of the quickest change detection problem is studied, where the distributions of the observations at all of the sensors in the system change at the time of disruption, and the sensors communicate with a common fusion center. A Bayesian setting is considered in which a priori knowledge of the change time distribution is available. The observations are assumed to be independent from sensor to sensor, conditioned on the change hypothesis. An optimal solution to the problem is derived under a quasi-classical information structure, where each sensor retains only its messages from the past (restricted local memory), and receives feedback from the fusion center about the past messages of the other sensors (full feedback). A technique for implementation of the optimal solution is given, and the solution is extended to the situation where a priori change time distribution information is not available. The structure of the optimal solution is then used to arrive at a simple suboptimal policy that does not require any past massage information. Numerical examples are given, which illustrate that the optimal solution offers little improvement over the suboptimal one, i.e., that feedback from the fusion center cannot be exploited to improve performance.
Integrated Design & Test: Conquering the Conflicting Requirements of Low-Power, Variation-Tolerance and Test Cost

Design objectives of robustness and low-power usually do not go hand in hand with the test objectives of maximum test coverage and minimum test cost. Low power robust design techniques such as dual-Vth, dual-VDD, or adaptive body biasing have negative impact on the associated test cost. Similarly, test techniques like enhanced scan have large overhead in terms of area and power. In this paper, we try to mitigate the conflicting design and test requirements using an integrated approach to design and test that utilizes the existing low power and error resilient design techniques and augments them to improve test coverage and cost. Simulation results on an example 8x8 Wallace tree multiplier in 90nm technology node show 20% reduction in operating power, 60% reduction in test power and 99% reduction in critical paths while at the same time improving the yield from 96% to 100%, compared to existing design and test methodologies. All this comes at the cost of a marginal increase in area (7.8%).
Coupling between Arctic feedbacks and changes in poleward energy transport

[1] The relationship between poleward energy transport and Arcticamplification isexaminedusingclimate modelsand an energy balance model. In 21st century projections, models with large Arctic amplification have strong surface albedo and longwave cloud feedbacks, but only weak increases (or even decreases) in total energy transport into the Arctic. Enhanced Arctic warming weakens the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient and decreases atmospheric dry static energy transport, a decrease that often outweighs increases from atmospheric moisture transport and ocean heat transport. Model spread in atmospheric energy transport cannot explain model spread in polar amplification; models with greater polar amplification must instead have stronger local feedbacks. Because local feedbacks affect temperature gradients, coupling between energy transports and Arctic feedbacks cannot be neglected when studying Arctic amplification. Citation: Hwang, Y.‐ T., D. M. W. Frierson, and J. E. Kay (2011), Coupling between Arctic feedbacks and changes in poleward energy transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17704, doi:10.1029/2011GL048546.
Whispering-gallery-mode electro-optic modulator and photonic microwave receiver

We report on the experimental observation of efficient all-resonant three-wave mixing using high-Q whispering-gallery modes. The modes were excited in a millimeter size toroidal cavity fabricated from LiNbO3. We implemented a low-noise resonant electro-optic modulator based on this wave mixing process. We observe an efficient modulation of light with coherent microwave pumping at 9 GHz with applied power of approximately 10 mW. Used as a receiver, the modulator allows us to detect nanowatt microwave radiation. Preliminary results with a 33-GHz modulator prototype are also reported. We present a theoretical interpretation of the experimental results and discuss possible applications of the device.
General correlation of the initial collection efficiency of granular filter beds

A general correlation for the prediction of the initial collection efficiency of granular filter beds is proposed. The correlation is based on the results obtained from trajectory calculation and the comparison between the numerical results and available experimental data. The correlation includes all the pertinent dimensionless groups and agrees with reported data within experimental accuracy.
Biometric template selection and update: a case study in fingerprints

A biometric authentication system operates by acquiring biometric data from a user and comparing it against the template data stored in a database in order to identify a person or to verify a claimed identity. Most systems store multiple templates per user in order to account for variations observed in a person's biometric data. In this paper we propose two methods to perform automatic template selection where the goal is to select prototype fingerprint templates for a finger from a given set of fingerprint impressions. The first method, called DEND, employs a clustering strategy to choose a template set that best represents the intra-class variations, while the second method, called MDIST, selects templates that exhibit maximum similarity with the rest of the impressions. Matching results on a database of 50 different fingers, with 200 impressions per finger, indicate that a systematic template selection procedure as presented here results in better performance than random template selection. The proposed methods have also been utilized to perform automatic template update. Experimental results underscore the importance of these techniques.
Remote sensing of tropical tropopause layer radiation balance using A‐train measurements

Determining the level of zero net radiative heating (LZH) is critical to understanding parcel trajectory in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) and associated stratospheric hydration processes. Previous studies of the TTL radiative balance have focused on using radiosonde data, but remote sensing measurements from polar-orbiting satellites may provide the relevant horizontal and vertical information for assessing TTL solar heating and infrared cooling rates, especially across the Pacific Ocean. CloudSat provides a considerable amount of vertical information about the distribution of cloud properties relevant to heating rate analysis. The ability of CloudSat measurements and ancillary information to constrain LZH is explored. We employ formal error propagation analysis for derived heating rate uncertainty given the CloudSat cloud property retrieval algorithms. Estimation of the LZH to within approximately 0.5 to 1 km is achievable with CloudSat, but it has a low-altitude bias because the radar is unable to detect thin cirrus. This can be remedied with the proper utilization of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar backscatter information. By utilizing an orbital simulation with the GISS data set, we explore the representativeness of non-cross-track scanning active sounders in terms of describing the LZH distribution. In order to supplement CloudSat, we explore the ability of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) to constrain LZH and find that these passive sounders are useful where the cloud top height does not exceed 7 km. The spatiotemporal distributions of LZH derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements are presented which suggest that thin cirrus have a limited effect on LZH mean values but affect LZH variability.
Solving PDEs in non-rectangular 3D regions using a collocation finite element method

The general-purpose partial differential equation (PDE) solver PDE2D uses a Galerkin finite element method, with standard triangular elements of up to fourth degree, to solve PDEs in general 2D regions. For 3D problems, a very different approach is used, which involves a collocation finite element method, with tricubic Hermite basis functions, and an automatic global coordinate transformation. If the user can define the 3D region by X=X(P1,P2,P3),Y=Y(P1,P2,P3),Z=Z(P1,P2,P3) with constant limits on P1,P2,P3, then the PDEs and boundary conditions can be written in their usual Cartesian coordinate form and PDE2D will automatically convert the equations to the new coordinate system and solve the problem internally in this rectangle. The result is that for a wide range of simple 3D regions, once the global coordinate system is defined, the rest of the input is as simple as if the region were a rectangle.
Two Transsulfurylation Pathways in Klebsiella pneumoniae

In most bacteria, inorganic sulfur is assimilated into cysteine, which provides sulfur for methionine biosynthesis via transsulfurylation. Here, cysteine is transferred to the terminal carbon of homoserine via its sulfhydryl group to form cystathionine, which is cleaved to yield homocysteine. In the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, these reactions are catalyzed by irreversible cystathionine-gamma-synthase and cystathionine-beta-lyase enzymes. Alternatively, yeast and some bacteria assimilate sulfur into homocysteine, which serves as a sulfhydryl group donor in the synthesis of cysteine by reverse transsulfurylation with a cystathionine-beta-synthase and cystathionine-gamma-lyase. Herein we report that the related enteric bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae encodes genes for both transsulfurylation pathways; genetic and biochemical analyses show that they are coordinately regulated to prevent futile cycling. Klebsiella uses reverse transsulfurylation to recycle methionine to cysteine during periods of sulfate starvation. This methionine-to-cysteine (mtc) transsulfurylation pathway is activated by cysteine starvation via the CysB protein, by adenosyl-phosphosulfate starvation via the Cbl protein, and by methionine excess via the MetJ protein. While mtc mutants cannot use methionine as a sulfur source on solid medium, they will utilize methionine in liquid medium via a sulfide intermediate, suggesting that an additional nontranssulfurylation methionine-to-cysteine recycling pathway(s) operates under these conditions.
Longevity and Spontaneous Flight Activity of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Infected with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

The longevity of an Iowa strain of Culex tarsalis Coquillett fed blood meals containing 2 concentrations of western equine encephalomyelitis virus from Iowa (WEE-7738) was compared with that of Cx. tarsalis fed blood without virus. Females exposed to 4.7–5.0 log TCID50 per mosquito of WEE-7738 did not live as long as mosquitoes exposed to 2.7–3.0 log TCID50 per mosquito or controls. Only 1% of mosquitoes fed blood containing the higher virus concentration survived to day 18 after exposure. However, 13% of mosquitoes fed blood with the lower virus titer and 19.5% of the controls were still alive on day 18 after exposure. Flight activity scores of Cx. tarsalis infected with 4.7–5.0 log TCID50 per mosquito of WEE-7738 were 27.5% lower, and there were 26.1% fewer spontaneous flights than noninfected controls from days 6–11 after infection. After day 8 after infection, infected Cx. tarsalis had 37.1% lower activity scores and 40.0% fewer spontaneous flights than noninfected controls. Virus infection did not affect how long a mosquito flew in a 24-h period (the daily flying time) or the duration of individual flights. The spontaneous flight activity pattern (circadian rhythm) of infected mosquitoes was identical to those of controls. Both infected and noninfected mosquitoes began spontaneous flight activity at 2000–2100 hours (CST) and were active throughout the entire dark phase of the 24-h cycle. Although mosquitoes were active throughout the night, there was a burst or peak of activity between 2200 and 2300 hours when the complete dark cycle began. These results indicate that the adverse effect of WEE infection on longevity and spontaneous flight activity of Cx. tarsalis may decrease vectorial capacity of Cx. tarsalis for WEE.
A new species of Alloxytropus Bezzi (Diptera: Scenopinidae: Proratinae) from Israel

A new species of proratine window fly, Alloxytropus elias sp. nov., is described and figured from Israel. A key to species of Alloxytropus Bezzi is included.
Abstract WP37: The Effect of Weekend Admission on Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcome at High Volume Institutions

INTRODUCTION: Admission for urgent care on weekends has been suggested to result in increased risk of poor outcome. Studies have suggested that admissions for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have resulted in a significant increase in in-hospital mortality on a national level. The utilization of regional, high volume centers specializing in the management of acute stroke may be a potential remedy to this variability in care. We sought to test this hypothesis by examining the outcomes of ICH patients admitted to the Columbia University Medical Center Neurological ICU (NICU). Methods: The medical records of 229 ICH patients admitted to the NICU from 2009 to 2012 were identified through the Intra-Cerebral Outcomes Project prospective database and examined for weekend versus weekday admission to the NICU, as well as day versus night admission. Multiple logistic regression was used to asses for predictors of in-patient mortality and poor outcome at 3 months, defined as a modified Rankin score of 4 or greater. Outcome measures were corrected for admission severity of presentation and demographics. Results: Sixty-five admissions were recorded to have occurred on the weekend, with 14 (21.5%) patients dying in hospital. Forty-nine (29.8%) of the 164 weekday admissions resulted in mortality (p=0.27). The 3 month follow up of surviving patients was 3.4 in weekend admissions and 3.1 in weekday admissions (p= 0.93). One hundred and one night admissions occurred, with 30 in-hospital mortalities. One hundred twenty-one patients were admitted during the day shift, with 32 in-patient mortalities occurring (p=0.54). The average outcome at 3 months was 3.0 in night admissions and 3.3 in day-time admissions (p=0.39). Conclusions: No significant difference in the mortality or 3 month outcome of patients was identified regardless of day or time of admission. This may be secondary to a higher number of weekend and night duty personnel capable of being mobilized during crisis situations compared to other centers, or the increased experience of medical staff in the work up and acute management of ICH patients. When possible, aggressive diversion of patients to high volume, specialized care centers may reduce the risk of variability in care based on time of admission.
Hadronic Physics: The Cosmic Ray Perspective

It is an honor and a great pleasure to join in the recognition of the distinguished career of Dr. Rolf Hagedorn. Before turning to a discussion of cosmic ray hadronic physics, I would like to recall some of my own interactions with Rolf. My first extended visit to CERN was in 1961, following a series of experiments at the Berkeley Bevatron on pion-proton elastic scattering. From these early experiments at momenta below 3 GeV/c, we had seen the diffraction peak and, at larger angles, a small but clear more-or-less continuous component to the elastic scattering which fell steeply with energy.1 In considering a possible source for this large angle component, I recalled a much earlier Helvitica Physica Acta paper by Weisskopf on “Compound Elastic” scattering in nuclei, wherein a compound nucleus is formed following interaction with an energetic nucleon, and one of its possible decay modes is the original state. As I had read some of Hagedorn’s papers on the statistical interpretation of elementary particle interactions, I went to him to discuss the possible applicability of this nuclear concept to the higher-energy pion nucleon problem we had been studying. He was very supportive and interested, and we had many substantial discussions on this subject during my stay at CERN. An early result of these discussions was a short paper on “A Statistical Interpretation of Large-Angle Elastic Scattering”.2 It was always a great pleasure to talk with Rolf; he was a patient teacher and clear expositor as well as an altogether delightful personality.
Evaluation of microelectrode materials for direct-current electrocorticography

Objective. Direct-current electrocorticography (DC-ECoG) allows a more complete characterization of brain states and pathologies than traditional alternating-current recordings (AC-ECoG). However, reliable recording of DC signals is challenging because of electrode polarization-induced potential drift, particularly at low frequencies and for more conducting materials. Further challenges arise as electrode size decreases, since impedance is increased and the potential drift is augmented. While microelectrodes have been investigated for AC-ECoG recordings, little work has addressed microelectrode properties for DC-signal recording. In this paper, we investigated several common microelectrode materials used in biomedical application for DC-ECoG. Approach. Five of the most common materials including gold (Au), silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), platinum (Pt), Iridium oxide (IrOx), and platinum-iridium oxide (Pt/IrOx) were investigated for electrode diameters of 300 μm. The critical characteristics such as polarization impedance, AC current-induced polarization, long-term stability and low-frequency noise were studied in vitro (0.9% saline). The two most promising materials, Pt and Pt/lrOx were further investigated in vivo by recording waves of spreading depolarization, one of the most important applications for DC-ECoG in clinical and basic science research. Main results. Our experimental results indicate that IrOx-based microelectrodes, particularly with composite layers of nanostructures, are excellent in all of the common evaluation characteristics both in vitro and in vivo and are most suitable for multimodal monitoring applications. Pt electrodes suffer high current-induced polarization, but have acceptable long-term stability suitable for DC-ECoG. Major significance. The results of this study provide quantitative data on the electrical properties of microelectrodes with commonly-used materials and will be valuable for development of neural recordings inclusive of low frequencies.