cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender influence on perceptions of hostile environment sexual harassment.

Perceptions of sexual harassment were investigated as a function of perpetrators' and recipients' gender. Undergraduate students (100 women, 98 men) were presented 34 scenarios of men and women interacting at work. Participants were asked to read carefully each scenario and indicate on a scale anchored by 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree) their opinions as to whether the scenario represented an incident of sexual harassment. Analysis indicated that women rated “hostile environment” scenarios as more harassing than men, and male perpetrators were rated as more harassing than female perpetrators. Even though some scenarios were rated as more harassing than others, the full range of the 7-point scale was used on every scenario, indicating a lack of agreement on what constitutes harassment. This lack of agreement highlights the debate within the legal community about whether the “reasonable person” or the “reasonable woman” standard should be used to judge sexual harassment in the workplace.
Who Franks? Explaining the Allocation of Official Resources

All members of Congress utilize their official resources, even if the electoral effect is minimal. Congressional reforms in 1995 created the Members Representational Allowance, providing members with more flexibility in deploying their official resources. However, these reforms also created a zero-sum game where a dollar spent on travel is a dollar not available for sending mass mail or paying staff salaries. Using a newly created dataset, we argue and find evidence that members allocate resources to support their particular representational goals, which change throughout the course of a member's career (Fenno 1973; 1978). We conclude that the re-election motive alone cannot explain how members run their offices and technological changes increasingly make the district-Washington dichotomy a false one.
Laparoscopic Presacral Neurectomy in the Treatment ofPrimary Dysmenorrhea

Sixty-one laparoscopic presacral neurectomies were performed in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Center over a 1-year period for patients with primary dysmenorrhea who failed to respond to medical management. Eighty-three percent (50) had complete relief of pain, 10% (6) had significant relief, 3.5% (2) had moderate relief, and 3.5% (2) had no relief from their dysmenorrhea at their first menstruation after the procedure. One vascular complication requiring laparotomy occurred. Average total operation time was 24 minutes, and the average hospital stay was 2 days. Six months follow-up was done in 35 patients with complete symptom relief, and all reported continued relief of menstrual pain. The efficacy of laparoscopic presacral neurectomy for the pain relief of primary dysmenorrhea is justified in this report.
Glacier motion dominated by processes deep in underlying till

Black Rapids Glacier is a 40 km long surge-type glacier in the central Alaska Range. In spring 1997 a wireline drill rig was set up at a location where the measured surface velocities are high and seasonal and annual velocity variations are large. The drilling revealed a layer of subglacial till, up to 7 m thick, that is believed to be water-saturated. At one location a string of instruments, containing three dual-axis tiltmeters and one piezometer, was successfully introduced into the till. The tiltmeters monitored the inclination of the borehole at the ice-till interface and at 1 and 2 m into the till, for 410 days. They showed that no significant deformation occurred in the upper 2 m of the till layer, and no significant amount of the basal motion was due to sliding of the ice over the till. The measured surface velocity at the drill site is about 60 m a -1 , of which 20-30 m a can be accounted for by ice deformation. Almost the entire amount of basal motion, 30-40 m a -1 , was taken up at a depth of > 2 m in the till, possibly in discrete shear layers, or as sliding of till over the underlying bedrock. We propose that the large-scale mobilization of such till layers is a key factor in initiating glacier surges.
A time-stamping algorithm for efficient performance estimation of superscalar processors

The increasing complexity of modern superscalar microprocessors makes the evaluation of new designs and techniques much more difficult. Fast and accurate methods for simulating program execution on realistic and hypothetical processor models are of great interest to many computer architects and compiler writers. There are many existing techniques, from profile based runtime estimation to complete cycle-level simulations. Many researchers choose to sacrifice the speed of profiling for the accuracy obtainable by cycle-level simulators. This paper presents a technique that provides accurate performance predictions, while avoiding the complexity associated with a complete processor emulator. The approach augments a fast in-order simulator with a time-stamping algorithm that provides a very good estimate of program running time. This algorithm achieves an average accuracy that is within 7.5% of a cycle-level out-of-order simulator in approximately 41% of the running time on the eight SPECInt95 integer benchmarks.
Adding automatic dependency processing to makefile-based build systems with Amake

This paper explains how to improve the quality of an existing Makefile-based build system, using a new variant of Make. Ordinary file-oriented dependencies are detected, recorded, and monitored automatically. Checksums are compared, rather than timestamps. Other important dependencies are also processed automatically. This provides an accurate, compact, and low-maintenance build system. Experiences with the Linux kernel/driver build system are described.
Genetic programming: optimal population sizes for varying complexity problems

The population size in evolutionary computation is a significant parameter affecting computational effort and the ability to successfully evolve solutions. We find that population size sensitivity - how much a genetic program's efficiency varies with population size - is correlated with problem complexity. An analysis of population sizes was conducted using a unimodal, bimodal and a multi-modal problem with varying levels of difficulty. Specifically we show that a unimodal and bimodal and multimodal problems exhibit an increased sensitivity to population size with increasing levels of difficulty. We demonstrate that as problem complexity increases, determination of the optimal population size becomes more difficult. Conversely, the less complex a problem is the more sensitive the genetic program's efficiency is to population size.
A nomenclator for the frailejones (Espeletiinae Cuatrec., Asteraceae)

The paramos and high Andean forests of the tropical Andes are largely dominated by frailejones (Nomen nudum Cuatrec., Nomen nudum). These plants are ecologically and culturally essential for both ecosystems and local inhabitants. The frailejones have been studied for over two centuries, but the taxonomic knowledge is still sparse and incomplete. The inedited monograph by Cuatrecasas contains only ca. 70% of the species known today, and publications in the last decade disagree regarding the number of taxa within the group, with estimates ranging from 3 genera and 90 species to 8 genera and 154 species. Moreover the literature contains inexact information about their distribution. As part of a study of the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the group, a thorough revision of the nomenclature was needed as a first step. Currently the subtribe has 8 recognized genera, 141 species, 17 subspecies, 22 varieties, 8 forms, 33 recognized hybrids, 142 synonyms and 5 invalid names, for a total of 368 names (autonyms not counted). The most current list of taxa is presented here, along with some notes and Spanish names. Tamananthus crinitus V.M.Badillo is not included within the subtribe. Various previous species or infraspecific taxa (i.e. Carramboa tachirensis (Aristeg.) Cuatrec., Espeletia algodonosa Aristeg., Espeletia aurantia Aristeg., Espeletia brassicoidea var. macroclada, Espeletia brassicoidea var. pedunculata, Espeletia garcibarrigae Cuatrec. and Espeletiopsis cristalinensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec.) are proposed or confirmed as hybrids. Two new records for Colombia are mentioned: Ruilopezia cardonae (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., which is the first report of Ruilopezia for that country, and Espeletia steyermarkii Cuatrec. Observations regarding the frequency of hybrids in the subtribe are also given.
Femtomole mixer for microsecond kinetic studies of protein folding.

We have developed a microfluidic mixer for studying protein folding and other reactions with a mixing time of 8 μs and sample consumption of femtomoles. This device enables us to access conformational changes under conditions far from equilibrium and at previously inaccessible time scales. In this paper, we discuss the design and optimization of the mixer using modeling of convective diffusion phenomena and a characterization of the mixer performance using microparticle image velocimetry, dye quenching, and Forster resonance energy-transfer (FRET) measurements of single-stranded DNA. We also demonstrate the feasibility of measuring fast protein folding kinetics using FRET with acyl-CoA binding protein.
Isolation of species-specific and stage-specific adhesion promoting component by disaggregation of intact sea urchin embryo cells

Abstract The supernatant obtained from dissociation of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus blastula embryos effectively promoted reaggregation of S. purpuratus blastula cells by more than 3-fold over that in the absence of supernatant. The aggregation enhancing effect was completely species-specific and developmental stage-specific. The supernatant enhanced aggregation of glutaraldehyde-fixed cells, suggesting that it acts at the cell surface. Trypsinization of blastula cells did not affect the ability of dissociation supernatant to promote reaggregation, whereas trypsin treatment of dissociation supernatant completely destroyed reaggregation enhancing activity. We feel that the attributes of this system are several: (1) future biochemical work should be informative because liters of active supernatant containing about 1 mg protein/ ml can easily be obtained; (2) all experiments are done in sea water, the natural medium of the cells resulting in experimental manipulations that are not greatly different from the normal living conditions of the cells; (3) the isolated adhesion-promoting component is species-specific and stage-specific and appears to act at the cell surface.
Studies on the Application of an Ambulatory Suspension System for Gait Rehabilitation

The ambulatory suspension system outlined in this paper is presented as a method and apparatus that would assist patients during gait rehabilitation and used as a safety support for patients during exercise. The apparatus is designed to be adjustable, support the weight of the user, does not impede walking and prevents sudden fall. The paper outlines the development and implementation of a 3-axis motorized support system that provides support in a full range of motion; allowing ambulatory impaired patients to safely rehabilitate themselves under the supervision of a physical therapist. The patient requiring gait rehabilitation would be free to traverse a flat plane and climb a number of stairs. This newly designed apparatus can lift a patient from a sitting position in a wheel chair to a standing position and gives the therapist freedom to manually assist the patient in placing their feet and controlling the weight shift. As the patient begins to gain a feel for proper coordinated movement, the amount of weight borne by the patient is gradually increased to better simulate natural walking conditions. This paper details the concept, methodology, prototype, test results and performance optimization of a 3-axis automated motorized suspension system for gait rehabilitation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Involvement of Two Amino Acid Residues in the Loop Region ofBacillus thuringiensisCry1Ab Toxin in Toxicity and Binding toLymantria dispar

Abstract Two amino acids, Gly and Ser, at positions 282 and 283 in the loop region of domain II of Cry1Ab2 toxin are substituted with Ala and Leu in the Cry1Ab9-033 toxin. Cry1Ab2 exhibited about a 10-fold increase in toxicity and a 9-fold increase in binding affinity to Lymantria dispar compared to Cry1Ab9-033. However, these toxins showed similar toxicity and binding affinity to Manduca sexta and Spodoptera exigua. Heterologous competition assays and brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) ligand blotting experiments demonstrated that Cry1Ab2 and Cry1Ab9-033 toxins recognized the same 210-kDa L. dispar BBMV protein. No measurable differences in dissociation binding assays were observed between these two toxins. Digestion of these toxins with L. dispar gut enzymes and BBMV proteases indicated no differences in stability. Ala and Leu residues in Cry1Ab9-033 were substituted with Gly and Ser by site-directed mutagenesis to produce mutant Cry1Ab α8. This toxin exhibited full recovery of toxicity and binding affinity for L. dispar. These data suggested that the residues Gly and Ser in the loop region might be directly involved in receptor binding and toxicity in L. dispar.
Integration-proficient plasmids for Pseudomonas aeruginosa: site-specific integration and use for engineering of reporter and expression strains.

Abstract An improved method for integration of exogenous DNA fragments at a defined site within the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was developed. The method relies on two integration-proficient vectors, mini-CTX1 and mini-CTX2. These two vectors contain (1) a tetracycline (tet) selectable marker, (2) an oriT for conjugation-mediated plasmid transfer, (3) the pMB1-derived origin of replication, (4) a modified φCTX integrase (int) gene, (5) a versatile multiple cloning site (MCS) flanked by T4 transcriptional termination sequences (Ω elements), and (6) the φCTX attachment site. The MCS and Ω elements are flanked by yeast Flp recombinase target sites that allow in vivo excision of unwanted plasmid backbone sequences, including tet and int, from the genome of integrants by Flp recombinase. In the mini-CTX2 vector int transcription is driven from the strong trc promoter, which is regulated by the Lac repressor that is encoded by lacIq also contained on the plasmid. Upon conjugal transfer, mini-CTX1 and mini-CTX2 integrated at frequencies of 10−8 and 10−7, respectively. The usefulness of the integration vectors for gene fusion analyses was demonstrated by chromosomal insertion of autoinducer (AI)-regulated lasB–lacZ and rhlA–lacZ fusions into wild-type and AI synthase mutants. In wild-type, the fusions responded in a cell density-dependent manner and expression of both fusions was either greatly reduced or abolished in AI synthase mutants. Finally, an expression cassette containing the T7 polymerase gene under Lac repressor control was constructed, integrated into the P. aeruginosa chromosome, and used to express the hexahistidine-tagged P. aeruginosa AI synthase RhlI.
Closed circular DNA as a probe for protein-induced structural changes.

Abstract Biological systems are replete with exampels of DNA formed into a closed loop structure, either alone or in close association with proteins. Such closed circular DNA molecules are subject to a topological constraint that modifies, often in a major way, the structure and reactivity of the DNA. The topological constraint also permits closed circular DNAs to be used as analytical tools to learn about the structure of DNA-protein complexes.
A genetic analysis of nitrosative stress

Nitrosative stress is induced by pathophysiological levels of nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosothiols (e.g., S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO) and arises, at least in significant part, from the nitrosylati...
Minimizing the risk of brain herniation during treatment of diabetic ketoacidemia: a retrospective and prospective study.

We studied retrospectively, 219 episodes of diabetic ketoacidemia in 119 patients aged 13 months to 30 years, to determine the trend of the concentration of sodium in serum as glucose declined during treatment of uncomplicated episodes and of episodes with complications attributable to brain swelling. Of 20 complications, 13 were minor (headache only) and 7 major (death or near death). The concentration of sodium in serum failed to rise as that of glucose declined in 82 (54%) of 164 uncomplicated episodes and in 18 (95%) of 20 complicated episodes ( p + early in therapy, will usually protect against a downward trend in the concentration of sodium in serum and therefore against a rapid decline in effective serum osmolality. This regimen may be protective against near-death episodes and brain herniation during treatment.
Emergency Department Chief Complaint Versus Discharge Diagnosis for Tracking Disease Measures

This analysis compares ED discharge diagnosis data with ED chief complaint data to assess the validity of using ED chief complaint data to track certain illnesses including chronic diseases.
Photoinhibition of the CAM succulent Opuntia basilaris growing in Death Valley: Evidence from 77K fluorescence and quantum yield

Diurnal measurements of low temperature (77K) fluorescence at 690 nm (PS II) from north, south, east, and west facing cladode surfaces of Opuntia basilaris in Death Valley, California were made on six occasions during 1985. The absolute levels of F o(instantaneous fluorescence) and F m(maximum fluorescence), as well as the ratio F v/F m(variable fluorescence, F m-F o, over maximum fluorescence), were greater in the north face relative to the other faces. Diurnal decreases in F o, F mand F v/F mwere found concomitant with increases in incident photon flux area density (PFD). F v/F mwas fairly low throughout the year, indicative of photoinhibition, but became somewhat elevated after a spring rain. In early fall the quantum yield of the south face was considerably depressed relative to that of the north face, and corresponding differences were observed in F v/F m. A decrease in PFD during growth of glasshouse plants led to an increase in chlorophyll concentration, F oand F m, but not F v/F m. Although there was some variability in the quantum yield of well watered glasshouse cladodes, a correlation was found between quantum yield and the light and CO2 saturated rate of photosynthesis. When O. basilaris was water stressed under glasshouse conditions, reductions in quantum yield, F m, and F v/F mwere observed. Reductions in F v/F malways indicated a reduced quantum yield, although the converse was not necessarily so in well watered glasshouse plants. The results of this study indicate that O. basilaris is likely to experience photoinhibition throughout much of its life in Death Valley.
Magnetostructural transition in Gd5Si0.5Ge3.5 : Magnetic and x-ray powder diffraction measurements, and theoretical calculations

Magnetostructural transition, which occurs at $77\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ $(89\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ in the heat-treated (as cast) ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3.5}$, has been examined both experimentally, by magnetic and x-ray powder diffraction measurements, and theoretically, by ab initio calculations. Similar to that observed in a related ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3.6}$ alloy, this first-order phase transformation from a high-temperature ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{4}$-type [O(II)] phase to a low-temperature ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{4}$-type [O(I)] phase is accompanied by an antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. The $H\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ phase diagram, which includes both structural and magnetic features, has been constructed. The total energy as a function of unit-cell volume calculated from first principles confirms the experimentally observed first-order nature of the magnetostructural transformation. Experimental results supported by theoretical calculations indicate that Si promotes the $\mathrm{O}(II)\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3.5}$ to $\mathrm{O}(I)\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3.5}$ transformation by exerting chemical pressure.
Characteristic Supplies and Demands in a Hedonic Framework: U.S. Market for Cotton Fiber Attributes

Hedonic price analysis has frequently been used to determine agricultural commodity characteristics' values. While hedonic price theory consists of a two-stage process, second-stage commodity characteristics' equations have not been successfully estimated until now. The estimated system consisted of 11 first-stage equations to determine cotton characteristics' values. The second stage consisted of 24 characteristic demand and 20 characteristic supply equations to model the underlying characteristic market structure. Cotton characteristic values were shown to vary across regions and over time as characteristic supplies and demands varied.
Integrin/Chemokine Receptor Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Excessive infiltration of leukocytes and the elaboration of inflammatory cytokines are believed to be responsible for the observed damage to neurons and oligodendrocytes during multiple sclerosis (MS). Blocking adhesion molecules or preventing the effects of chemotactic mediators such as chemokines can be exploited to prevent immune cell recruitment to inflamed tissues. An anti-α4 integrin antibody (anti-VLA-4mAb/natalizumab (Tysabri®)) has been used as a treatment for MS and reduces leukocyte influx into the brain. In patients, anti-VLA-4 reduces relapses and disability progression. However, its mechanism of action in the brain is not completely understood. The anti-VLA-4mAb was demonstrated to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells. Interestingly, the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are also key factors regulating the migration of hematopoietic stem cells. Moreover, studies have revealed a crosstalk between SDF-1/CXCR4 and VLA-4 signaling in regulating cell migration. In this study, we address the effects of anti-VLA-4 on chemokine signaling in the brain during MS. We assessed the ability of anti-VLA-4 to regulate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) and chemokine/receptor signaling. Preclinical administration of anti-VLA-4 delayed clinical signs of EAE. We found that anti-VLA-4 treatment reduced chemokine expression. In order to further explore the interaction of anti-VLA-4 with chemokine/receptor signaling we used dual color transgenic mice. After EAE induction, the expression of both SDF-1/CXCL12 and CXCR4 receptor was upregulated, treatment with anti-VLA-4 inhibited this effect. The effects of anti-VLA-4 on chemokine signaling in the CNS may be of importance when considering its mechanism of action and understanding the pathogenesis of EAE.
Emotional interactions of patient and staff: a focus of psychiatric consultation.

Factors in the relationship with the medical staff often precipitate a psychological crisis in a patient eventuating in a request for psychiatric consultation. Such reactions and the part the medic...
Reconsidering the labeling effect for child benefits: evidence from a transition economy

I consider expenditure on food, alcohol and tobacco, and clothing in households with children in Slovenia at the start of its transition to a market economy. I exploit the unique structure of its child benefit program in order to look for evidence that labeling a cash transfer a child benefit influences how that cash transfer is spent. Contrary to much of the recent literature on the non-fungibility of income, I do not find evidence supporting a labeling effect.
Diagnostic testing of nursing students' arithmetic skills

Calculate the percentage strength when 2 ml of disinfectant concentrate is made up to one litre with water. ALL SKILLS are improved with practice. The skills may be in medicine, in music, in mathematics, in sport, or in: any other field of endeavour; but in all cases, the greater the amount of practice, the more the skill is developed. Conversely, lack of practice means that some of the skill is lost. The longer the time since the skill was last used, the less efficient is the practitioner in that area. About two years ago, I was asked by the publishers, Churchill Livingstone, to write a book on arithmetic for nurses. The request for such a publication had come initially from nurse educators who were concerned about the difficulties nursing students encountered when attempting simple computations. This book is now published under the title Nursing Calculations. The specification for the work included a revision of some basic arithmetic. This may seem surprising when most nursing students have passed a mathematics subject at senior secondary school level. However, depending on the course, mathematics at this level may include very little arithmetic. All students should have been taught the relevant arithmetic at some stage of their schooling, but many of them will have forgotten the skills, due to a lack of recent practice. The first chapter of Nursing Calculations comprises a diagnostic arithmetic test and revision exercises. The diagnostic test is an important feature of the book and is directly related to the revision. On completion and correction of the test, students are directed to those revision exercises which correspond with their errors in the test. Printed overleaf is a sample diagnostic arithmetic test. This test, and that published in Nursing Calculations, are parallel tests, using similar questions to test a particular skill. To use a very simple example: 487 x 100 and 293 x 100 both test the same skill of multiplying a three-digit number by 100. The diagnostic test given overleaf, like the diagnostic test and revision exercises in the book, is based only on the arithmetical skills required in nursing. The tests and exercises were prepared by first analysing the arithmetic of the different types of calculations.
Variational Assimilation of Precipitable Water Using a Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Adjoint Model. Part I: Moisture Retrieval and Sensitivity Experiments

Abstract Recently it has been proposed that the phase delay associated with the radio signals propagating from GPS satellites to a ground-based GPS receiving station can be used to infer the vertically integrated water vapor (precipitable water—PW) with a high degree of accuracy. Since a ground-based GPS receiving station is relatively inexpensive, a specially designed, dense GPS network can provide PW measurements with unprecedented coverage. Such a data set can potentially have a significant impact on operational numerical weather prediction. In this paper, a series of numerical experiments were conducted using a variational (4DVAR) data assimilation system based on The Pennsylvania State University –National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5 and its adjoint. The special soundings collected in SESAME (Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment) 1979 wore used in two sets of experiments. In the first set, a 1-h assimilation window and an analysis of the observed PW data were u...
Fluid phase equilibria for the binary system dimethyl ether/1-butene

Abstract Vapor liquid equilibrium data (P-T-x-y) for the binary system dimethyl ether/1-butene have been measured from 283 K to 369 K. This region of vapor liquid coexistence has been explored for the first time. The experimental apparatus and analysis system is described in detail. Barker's method of data reduction has been used to test the consistency, and the ability of cubic equations of state to represent the experimental results has been examined.
A mediational paradigm for the study of motivated forgetting: A critical analysis

A mediational paradigm devised by Glucksberg and King (1967) apparently demonstrated the “repression” of stimuli associated with shock. However, three experiments conducted by these writers, one which replicated the Glucksberg and King results, suggest that undetected inequalities in the degree of original learning may have been responsible for the observed pattern of retention.
The discharge brunch: reducing chaos and increasing smiles on the OB unit.

"Stressed." "Rushed.""Chaotic." These are not the words nurses wish to hear on the day they send new babies and their parents home from the hospital. Yet, in our facility, many new parents complained that the hospital discharge process left them feeling hurried and often overwhelmed.
Epiphyseal lesion of the humerus in a child

A 13-year-old boy presented with a one-and-a-half-month history of right shoulder pain that was precipitated by a competitive wrestling episode during which he felt a “cracking” sensation. The patient did not seek immediate medical attention and was treated at home with a sling, ice, and ibuprofen. After incomplete pain relief radiographs were obtained (Fig. 1). Past medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a right upper extremity that had no muscular asymmetry, normal neurological and vascular function, and normal motor function with a full range of shoulder motion in all planes and axes. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan followed by open biopsy were performed (Figs. 2 and 3). What is the diagnosis?
Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life

The objective of this study is to assess the findings of selected articles regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga and to provide a comprehensive review of the benefits of regular yoga practice. As participation rates in mind-body fitness programs such as yoga continue to increase, it is important for health care professionals to be informed about the nature of yoga and the evidence of its many therapeutic effects. Thus, this manuscript provides information regarding the therapeutic effects of yoga as it has been studied in various populations concerning a multitude of different ailments and conditions. Therapeutic yoga is defined as the application of yoga postures and practice to the treatment of health conditions and involves instruction in yogic practices and teachings to prevent reduce or alleviate structural, physiological, emotional and spiritual pain, suffering or limitations. Results from this study show that yogic practices enhance muscular strength and body flexibility, promote and improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, promote recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improve sleep patterns, and enhance overall well-being and quality of life.
Homeostatic regulation of the immune system by receptor tyrosine kinases of the Tyro 3 family

Receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands mediate cell-cell communication and interaction in many organ systems, but have not been known to act in this capacity in the mature immune system. We now provide genetic evidence that three closely related receptor tyrosine kinases, Tyro 3, Axl, and Mer, play an essential immunoregulatory role. Mutant mice that lack these receptors develop a severe lymphoproliferative disorder accompanied by broad-spectrum autoimmunity. These phenotypes are cell nonautonomous with respect to lymphocytes and result from the hyperactivation of antigen-presenting cells in which the three receptors are normally expressed.
An evaluation of the sessile drop technique for the study of (Hg, Cd)Te surfaces

The sessile drop technique is a method of evaluating and comparing surfaces by measuring the contact angle between a liquid drop and the surface on which it is placed. The technique is extremely sensitive to the outermost surface layer and is thus a potentially useful tool for the evaluation, comparison and monitoring of (Hg, Cd)Te surfaces subjected to various chemical treatments. Drops of deionized water were used to show that many chemicals commonly used in (Hg, Cd)Te processing create surfaces with characteristic contact angles: e.g. ozone <10 degrees , concentrated hydrogen peroxide 45 degrees , 0.5 vol.% Br/methanol solution 73 degrees . Sulphuric and nitric acids gave values that were dependent on chemical concentration. The kinetics of oxidation of a chemically treated (Hg, Cd)Te surface were monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the sessile drop technique, with good agreement. Ellipsometry and the sessile drop method were in good agreement during the monitoring of the initial stages of surface film growth.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Galena (100) Surface Oxidation and Sorption of Aqueous Gold

Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to characterize the growth of oxidized areas on galena (100) surfaces and the formation of gold islands by the reductive adsorption of AuCl4– from aqueous solution. The gold islands and galena substrate were distinguished by atomic resolution imaging and tunneling spectroscopy. Oxidized areas on galena have [110]-trending boundaries; gold islands elongate along [110] directions. However, there are no obvious structural registry considerations that would lead to elongation of gold islands in a [110] direction. Instead, it is probable that a direct coupling of gold reduction and sulfide surface oxidation controls the initial formation of gold islands. Gold islands grow less quickly on preoxidized galena surfaces and show no preferred direction of growth.
A Report of an Iatrogenic Bladder Rupture in a Normal Healthy Child During Voiding Cystourethrography

Iatrogenic and spontaneous bladder disruption in healthy children during a voiding cystourethrography is very uncommon. We present a case of iatrogenic extraperitoneal bladder rupture in a healthy normal child during the filling phase of a voiding cystourethrography performed by a pediatric radiologist, using routine gravity technique. This injury completely healed after 48 hours of catheter drainage with observation and was confirmed with a normal voiding cystourethrogram. The patient's underlying disease, age, proper catheter placement, and appropriate speed and volume of the contrast instilled are important factors to prevent this very uncommon event in this very common radiologic test.
Capillary flow injection: Performance under pressure

Some of the pressure and mixing limitations of capillary flow-injection systems using pressure-induced flow are described. The benefits of low dispersion and small sample and reagent volumes must be weighed against some of the limitations by potential users. The maximum pressure output of conventional peristaltic or syringe pumps can limit the flow rates through microbore capillaries or the types of solutions that can be pumped. Likewise, the peak variance in capillary systems can become limited by injection, detection and connector contributions. Mixing can also be inefficient with capillary systems. Potential solutions to these problems with a new generation of flow-injection instrumentation are discussed along with the trade-offs involved.
Antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors partially prevent the development of cocaine sensitization

Behavioral sensitization to cocaine was tested for in rats pretreated with MK-801, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, or D-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid (D-CPPene), a competitive NMDA antagonist. A 5-day regimen of once-daily cocaine (15 mg/kg) injections yielded sensitization to cocaine (15 mg/kg)-induced behavioral activation. Cocaine sensitization was partially prevented by MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg) or D-CPPene (20 mg/kg) pretreatment. These results differ from previous reports that NMDA receptor antagonists completely prevented the development of stimulant sensitization. While raising questions about methodological differences among laboratories studying this issue, our findings suggest that sensitization may involve mechanisms dependent on NMDA-receptor function as well as NMDA receptorindependent mechanisms.
Organizing for users

Most Computing Centers organize their User Services staff around systems or hardware. Thus, there are for example, IBM mainframe support groups, VAX support groups and various flavors of personal computing support groups. This organization works well when each machine is a discrete entity and users are able to identify or be easily identified by consultants as using one or other machine. However, in more complex environments this discrete quality disappears. Now we may have a user running on a personal computer emulating a terminal connected to a front end minicomputer and submitting jobs over some kind of network link to a supercomputer. Briefly, if a user has a problem who should he contact? Their being able to contact the right person implies that they understand what is causing their particular problem - this may be far from clear even to experts.This paper proposes and describes a theoretical organization built around the user's requirements. A structure is discussed that offers the user a single entry point for problem resolution, a structure in which user questions can be easily tracked and one that allows for broadly based consulting maximizing the possibility of interesting work for the consultant.
Sensory receptor differentiation and axonal pathfinding in the cercus of the grasshopper embryo

Abstract An immunological probe selective for insect neurons (L. Y. Jan and Y. N. Jan, 1982, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2700–2704) was used to characterize the genesis of sensory neurons and the formation of the peripheral nerves in the grasshopper cercus. During embryogenesis the cercal ectoderm produces a characteristic set of sensory neurons in a precise spatiotemporal order. The first neurons migrate from the epidermis into the lumen and send out axons toward the CNS along the epidermal wall. These luminal neurons arise in four distinct groups, each of which establishes a separate branch of the cercal nerve, with the axons of the three distal groups converging onto the cell bodies of the more proximal neurons and thus seeming to use them as an intermediate target on route to the CNS. Epidermal neurons, whose cell bodies remain within the epithelium, begin to appear at a later stage. These cells come to innervate external sensory hairs, and in general their axons grow to the CNS along the preexisting nerves. Each sensory hair possesses two nonneuronal cells—the trichogen (shaft-forming) and tormogen (socket-forming) cells—which also stain with the antibody and begin to display immunoreactivity at the same time as the allied sensory neuron. The trichogen and tormogen cells do not form the hair shaft and socket until much later, with outgrowth occurring in an order quite distinct from that in which the receptors undertook their initial, biochemical differentiation. Thus, these two aspects of trichogen/tormogen differentiation appear to be under separate developmental control.
An Examination of Sporting Event Direct-Spending Patterns at Three Competitive Levels

The purpose of this study was to examine direct-spending patterns while competing in participant-oriented sporting events at three competitive levels. XTERRA off-road triathlon participants were the subjects of this study. Regional, national, and world championship XTERRA events were studied through the use of an online direct-spending survey. Results revealed that the participants, on average, were in their upper 30s, with the majority of respondents being well-educated Caucasian males with middle to upper-middle income levels. Lodging, food and beverage, and transportation were the direct-spending categories at each competitive level that realized the highest levels of direct spending. Significant differences were found to exist between direct-spending patterns at each of the three competitive levels.
The asymptotic game theoretic multiple-fault detection filter

In this paper, the game theoretic multiple-fault detection filter (GTMFDF) is examined as faults are blocked completely from certain residuals. In the prequel, it was shown that the GTMFDF approximates detection filters based on spectral and geometric theories with a set of disturbance attenuation problems by placing faults into approximate detection spaces, and extends these detection filters to time-varying systems. In the current work, the GTFDF is evaluated in the limit as the disturbance attenuation bound goes to zero. The resulting time-varying Riccati equations each obtains a nullspace equal to the detection space of its complementary fault. Thus, by combining the Riccati solutions over the set of target faults, the structure of the spectral and geometric theory-based detection filters is recovered and extended to the time-varying case. Then, in order to implement the asymptotic GTMFDF, a reduced-order detection filter is obtained by truncating directions obtained from the Riccati solutions.
Does incorrect computer prompting affect human decision making? A case study in mammography

Abstract The goal of the data collection and analyses described in this paper was to investigate the effects of incorrect output from a CAD tool on the reliability of the decisions of its human users. Our work follows on a clinical trial that evaluated the impact of introducing a computerised prompting tool (R2 ImageChecker) as part of the breast screening programme in the UK. Our goal was to use data obtained in this trial to feed into probabilistic models (similar to those used in “reliability engineering”) which would allow us to find and assess possible ways of improving the interaction between the automated tool and its human user. A crucial requirement for this modelling approach is estimating the probability that a human will fail in his/her task when the output of the automated tool is incorrect. The data obtained from the clinical trial was not sufficient to inform this aspect of our probabilistic model. Therefore, we conducted a follow-up study to elucidate further the effects of computer failure on human performance. Preliminary analyses of the data resulting from the follow-up study are reported and discussed.
Translocation of Blood from the Isolated Dog's Hindlimb During Levarterenol Infusion and Sciatic Nerve Stimulation

Changes in weight, arterial and peripheral venous pressures, and venous outflow were measured during levarterenol infusion and sciatic nerve stimulation in an isolated hindlimb with constant arterial inflow. Our results indicate that the weight loss which occurs during these procedures is caused by peripheral venous constriction, and that the loss of volume from the hindlimb is almost entirely from the intravascular compartment.
Fast Arithmetic on Reconfigurable Meshes

We show an O(1) time algorithm for computing the N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on an NlogN x NlogN reconfigurable mesh, where each poitn is represented using \Theta(logN) bits. Based on the DFT algorithm, we derive O(1) time algorithms for N-bit multiplication, N-bit modular operations, and computing the quotient of two N-bit numbers on an N x N bit model of the reconfigurable mesh. The proposed algorithms lead to AT^2 optimal designs in the bit model of VLSI for 1 \leqslant T \leqslant \sqrt N. All these algorithms run on the MRN, RMESH, and PARBUS models of the reconfigurable mesh, and employ optimal size of the mesh.
骨格筋の重力応答と廃用性萎縮：細胞外基質・コラーゲンと分子シャペロンから探る

寝たきりの生活や宇宙での生活など運動量が極端に少ない環境において、骨格筋はアクティブに収縮しなくなるだけでなく環境からの伸張刺激も少なくなる。そのような状況下での筋萎縮が健康の維持において問題となっている。本研究では、微小重力および過重力による筋線維の構造や機能の変化ではなく、筋線維を結束しまた筋の発揮する力を骨格に伝達する細胞外基質の変化に着目し、その構成タンパク質であるコラーゲンの合成量の変化を、コラーゲンの分子シャペロンであるHSP47をマーカーとして測定した。その結果、重力の変化に対し30分という短時間で、HSP47及びコラーゲン合成量の変化が現れることが確認された。HSP47の上流には重力応答に関与する新しい制御機構がありそうだ。
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung

Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung encompass a wide spectrum. A carcinoid tumor is either a central smooth endobronchial tumor or a round, well-circumscribed, peripheral parenchymal lesion. Distinguishing typical carcinoid tumors from atypical carcinoid tumors is unreliable from a limited biopsy but can be based on age, presentation, and node enlargement. Large cell neuroendocrine cancer presents similarly to most non-small cell lung cancers. Small cell lung cancer has a characteristic presentation, with a rapid progression of symptoms, and a bulky central and/or mediastinal tumor. A diagnosis is achieved by limited biopsy and is usually reliable.
Genetic and Hormonal Risk Factors in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer poses a serious public health problem, and it is hoped that identification of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of breast cancer will enhance prevention efforts. Two breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) have been identified, and germline mutations in these genes are thought to account for between 5% and 10% of all breast cancer cases. Current findings suggest that mutations in other highly penetrant genes may play an important role in breast cancer susceptibility, and studies aimed at the isolation of these genes are under way. In addition, common variants in a number of gene classes are thought to act as low-penetrance susceptibility alleles, and efforts to identify and characterize these variants are under way. This review discusses the genetic components of susceptibility to breast cancer from the standpoint of both human genetics and rat models.
An implementation model for connection-oriented internet protocols

Recently, a number of research groups have proposed connection-oriented access protocols that can provide a variable grade of service with performance guarantees on top of diverse networks. These connection-oriented internet protocols (COIPs) have performance tradeoffs. The authors have designed a COIP kernel (COIP-K), which can be used as a toolkit to implement any of the proposed COIPs, COIP-K features module interchange and incremental software support. The COIP-K implementation and its performance characteristics are presented. >
The dynamics of plant layout

The problem of plant layout has generally been treated as a static one. In this paper, we deal with the dynamic nature of this problem. Both optimal and heuristic procedures are developed for this problem and are based on a dynamic programming formulation. The use of one of these approaches depends on the ability to solve the static problem efficiently. Finally, we briefly discuss the issue of extending the planning horizon, and how to resolve system nervousness when previously planned layouts need to be changed.
Maintaining the Treatment Effects of Parent Training: The Role of Booster Sessions and Other Maintenance Strategies

In light of the persistent nature of conduct problem behavior in children, and its enormous cost to families and society, the importance of developing effective interventions that foster lasting changes is discussed. Parent-management training (PMT) and studies of its associated long-term gains are reviewed. Although studies have demonstrated short-term gains for PMT, evidence for the long-term maintenance of treatment gains is limited. Strategies designed to promote the maintenance of treatment gains are drawn from both the adult and child treatment literature and applied to parent training. The need to reduce dropout and to examine the content and timing of booster sessions using randomized control group designs is emphasized. Future research must address the course of children's conduct problem behaviors, as well as the behaviors of parents and others (e.g., peers, teachers) who influence the child following treatment.
Probability Density of Weight Deviations Given Preceding Weight Deviations for Proportionate-Type LMS Adaptive Algorithms

In this work, the conditional probability density function of the current weight deviations given the preceding weight deviations is generated for a wide array of proportionate type least mean square algorithms. The conditional probability density function is derived for colored input signals when noise is present as well as when noise is absent. Additionally, the marginal conditional probability density function for weight deviations is derived. Finally, potential applications of the derived conditional probability distributions are discussed and an example finding the steady-state probability distribution is presented.