cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“A Perfect Republic”: The Mosaic Constitution in Revolutionary New England, 1775–1788

Between the United States' declaration of independence and the country's attempt to construct a federal Constitution, a group of New England ministers proclaimed Israel's biblical history an exemplum for their republican and federal aspirations. Tracing this unique interpretive discourse, the essay underscores the importance of political Hebraism to the intellectual history of the early United States.
Influence of internally generated pure tones on the broadband noise radiated from a jet

An experimental study was conducted to determine subsonic-jet-noise amplification by plane waves of sound (pure tones) generated upstream of the nozzle over wide ranges of frequency and amplitude. The data were used to evaluate the behavior of the pure tone and the broadband parts of the radiated sound in the far field. It is shown that a significant increase of broadband noise occurs only when the amplitude of the tone in the far field exceeds the sound pressure of the broadband noise at the same location in the far field. Therefore, the sensitivity of the jet to the pure-tone excitation is not large.
CO2 assimilation of primary and regrowth foliage of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.): response to defoliation.

The CO2 assimilation of primary foliage of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and of regrowth foliage produced in response to simulated insect defoliation, was measured throughout the season by infrared gas analysis: parallel measurements of leaf conductance were obtained by ventilated diffusion porometry. The rate of net photosynthesis, measured at a quantum flux density of 1,150 μmol m-2s-1, of primary foliage of both species increased from slightly negative values to about 5 μmol m-2s-1 by early June. Thereafter the rate of photosynthesis of maple slowly declined to about 4 μmol m-2s-1 before onset of a senescent decline in early September, while that of oak slowly increased to about 8 μmol m-2s-1 before onset of senescence. Manual defoliation to simulate insect attack in mid-June elicited refoliation proportional to the severity of defoliation in early July. After 100% defoliation, fully expanded regrowth foliage of maple, but not of oak, had a rate of net photosynthesis from mid-July through September that was about 50% higher than in the primary foliage of undefoliated trees. A 30 to 60% enhancement of photosynthesis of residual primary foliage remaining on 50 and 75% defoliated trees during July was also observed. The seasonal patterns of CO2 exchange of primary and regrowth foliage, and the enhancement of CO2 assimilation in residual foliage, was paralleled by similar changes in leaf conductance to water vapour.Carbon budgets of leaf canopies of each species showed that the net assimilation of the leaf canopy of both species ranged from 19 to 67% more than what would have been expected solely from replacement of leaf area. This response was greater in maple than in oak, presumably a reflection of the high rate of CO2 assimilation of regrowth maple foliage compared with that of the undefoliated control in maple.The increased CO2 assimilation of regrowth maple foliage and the increases in CO2 assimilation of residual primary foliage after defoliation offer evidence that heretofore unanticipated physiological mechanisms may be important to perennial species coping with herbivory.
Symptom burden: a concept analysis and implications for oncology nurses.

Purpose/objectives To analyze the concept of symptom burden and discuss implications for symptom research and symptom management. Data sources MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Reviews, and published literature. Data synthesis Through Rodgers's evolutionary method of concept analysis, attributes of symptom burden were identified as dynamic, multidimensional, quantifiable, subjective, and physiologic. The major antecedent was multiple symptoms related to worsening disease status. Consequences of symptom burden included decreased survival, poor prognosis, delay or termination of treatment, increased hospitalizations and medical costs, decreased functional status, and lowered self-reported quality of life. Symptom burden is defined as the subjective, quantifiable prevalence, frequency, and severity of symptoms placing a physiologic burden on patients and producing multiple negative, physical, and emotional patient responses. Conclusions Symptom burden is an important concept in the symptoms experience, separate from symptom distress and other related terms. The continued differentiation of symptom concepts is important for sound methodologic research and meaningful interventions that affect and improve patient experiences. Implications for nursing Clarifying multiple symptom concepts in the symptoms experience, determining appropriate measurement methodologies for the concepts, and identifying appropriate strategies will lessen the burden of symptoms and contribute to improved quality of life and better patient outcomes.
A method for examining learning in negotiation

The impact of feedback on interpersonal learning in negotiation was examined. An interactive computer program was developed to isolate the effect of individual judgment on performance. Subjects negotiated three times with a computerized opponent whom they were led to believe was another subject. Some subjects received a complete diagnosis of their opponents' interests following each negotiation (full feedback); others only learned about their opponents' payoffs (outcome feedback); some did not receive any information about the opponent (control). The prediction was that subjects who received a complete diagnosis would make more accurate judgments about their opponents' interests and reach more integrative agreements in subsequent negotiation situations. The results provided weak support for the model. Two indices of performance were studied: negotiators' ability to recognize compatible issues and logrolling, or the ability to make mutually beneficial tradeoffs among issues. The pattern of findings was dramatically different for the two performance measures: Whereas logrolling improved as negotiators gained experience, recognition of compatible issues worsened over trials. The degradation of performance for compatible issues was curbed for negotiators who were provided with full feedback. The feedback did not affect logrolling performance.
Anisotropic modeling for IR navigation-based PDT dosimetry

An infrared (IR) camera system has been developed for use in pleural photodynamic therapy (PDT). This system was introduced to pleural PDT to provide uniform light dose distribution to ensure predictable PDT outcome. Light is delivered through a fiber that is in an endotracheal (ET) tube filled with Intralipid as scattering media. A tracking tool is attached to the ET tube to monitor the position of the optical fiber based point source. An anisotropic light distribution model is introduced to correct the angle dependent light distribution due to a capped end by design of the ET tube, which scatters light differently than the sides. In this study, the anisotropic nature of the balloon was characterized and incorporated into the calculation for light fluence during treatment. This model is verified by the light dose calculation from a phantom study. Furthermore, a new tracking tool was designed with multiple faces to increase the angular field of view and thus collect more viable data during treatment. The new tracking tool is directly entered into the ET tube with the light delivering fiber, thus eliminating the need to calibrate the laser source position prior to treatment via an optimization method. With this improved system, the calculated light fluence and the measured isotropic detector readings are more accurately matched.
Junction phenomena for optimal control with state-variable inequality constraints of third order

It is known that extremal arcs governed by inequality constraints of third order (constraint relations that must be differentiated three times to generate a control equation) cannot join an unconstrained arc, except in special cases. But a control problem is exhibited, for which every extremal includes a constrained arc of third order. The constrained arc joins the end of an infinite sequence of consecutive unconstrained arcs of finite total duration. Evidence (but not proof) is given that this phenomenon is typical, rather than exceptional. An analogous phenomenon is well known for optimal control problems with singular arcs of second order.
Macroeconomic disequilibrium in centrally planned economies: Comment

Abstract The paper criticizes Podkaminer's analysis of microeconomic disequilibria and of their econometric estimation by noting that in the presence of rationing, the proper interpretation of the Kuhn-Tucker conditions leads to well defined effective demand functions; correcting a misinterpretation of the econometric “min” condition; and affirming the increasingly widespread use of models that cope with the aggregation problem.
Automated measurement of myofiber disarray in transgenic mice with ventricular expression of ras

Quantitative assessment of myofiber disarray associated with diseases such as familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) can be performed by estimating local angular deviation of fiber orientation in histologic sections. The large number of measurements required to estimate angular deviation prohibits manual measurement. We describe methods for automated measurement of local orientation and angular deviation in tissue sections from transgenic mice with ventricular expression of ras, proposed as a model of FHC. Images of histologic tissue sections from normal and transgenic mice were analyzed using image processing techniques to estimate local orientation of myofibers. Results from the automated methods were compared with manual measurements. Automated methods estimated differing mean orientation in 7-20% of normal sections and 17-29% of transgenic tissue sections with differing dispersions in 23-30% of normal sections and 25% of transgenic tissue sections. Automated methods estimate 24.47+/-13.03% of total ventricular mass affected by disarray that is comparable to a previous estimate of 21.7% in the same mouse model. Automated methods are a rapid and accurate alternative to manual measurement for estimation of mean orientation and angular deviation in myocardial tissue sections. Differences between manual and automated methods may be attributed to the substantially larger number of measurements made by automated methods. Automated methods are particularly appropriate for use in determining local variation in orientation such as focal myofiber disarray associated with FHC. The generality of these methods suggests they may have use in other biological fields such as quantifying cellular alignment.
USE OF THE INTRAVENOUS ACTH TEST IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

“THE leading and characteristic features of the morbid state to which I would direct attention are anaemia, general languor and debility, remarkable feebleness of the heart's action, irritability of the stomach, and a peculiar change of colour in the skin, occurring in connexion with a diseased condition of the ‘supra-renal capsules.’ ” Since 1855, when Addison thus described the disease which now bears his name (1), other features have been noted regularly in patients suffering from insufficiency of the adrenal cortex: poor tolerance for fasting, with a tendency toward a low blood sugar concentration; difficulty in retaining salt within the body, so that withdrawal of salt from the diet is also poorly tolerated; and difficulty or delay in excreting water when a large amount is ingested. Though Addison's disease remains relatively rare, increasing interest in the adrenal glands, as well as great improvement in the treatment of adrenal insufficiency make accurate diagnosis of adrenal disease increasingly i...
Translational Control of Cytochrome c by RNA-Binding Proteins TIA-1 and HuR

Stresses affecting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) globally modulate gene expression patterns by altering posttranscriptional processes such as translation. Here, we use tunicamycin (Tn) to investigate ER stress-triggered changes in the translation of cytochrome c, a pivotal regulator of apoptosis. We identified two RNA-binding proteins that associate with its approximately 900-bp-long, adenine- and uridine-rich 3' untranslated region (UTR): HuR, which displayed affinity for several regions of the cytochrome c 3'UTR, and T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1), which preferentially bound the segment proximal to the coding region. HuR did not appear to influence the cytochrome c mRNA levels but instead promoted cytochrome c translation, as HuR silencing greatly diminished the levels of nascent cytochrome c protein. By contrast, TIA-1 functioned as a translational repressor of cytochrome c, with interventions to silence TIA-1 dramatically increasing cytochrome c translation. Following treatment with Tn, HuR binding to cytochrome c mRNA decreased, and both the presence of cytochrome c mRNA within actively translating polysomes and the rate of cytochrome c translation declined. Taken together, our data suggest that the translation rate of cytochrome c is determined by the opposing influences of HuR and TIA-1 upon the cytochrome c mRNA. Under unstressed conditions, cytochrome c mRNA is actively translated, but in response to ER stress agents, both HuR and TIA-1 contribute to lowering its biosynthesis rate. We propose that HuR and TIA-1 function coordinately to maintain precise levels of cytochrome c production under unstimulated conditions and to modify cytochrome c translation when damaged cells are faced with molecular decisions to follow a prosurvival or a prodeath path.
Statistically Developed Single Layer Liftoff For Sputtered Films

A statistically developed process is described that uses the unique advantages of the AZ* 5200 reversible tone resist to produce severe retrograde slopes and accommodate a sputtered liftoff patterning. Precision thin film resistors were used in the development to measure the variability and repeatability of the process. The single level liftoff technique offers cost and processing advantages over more complicated systems.
Single-view hair modeling using a hairstyle database

Human hair presents highly convoluted structures and spans an extraordinarily wide range of hairstyles, which is essential for the digitization of compelling virtual avatars but also one of the most challenging to create. Cutting-edge hair modeling techniques typically rely on expensive capture devices and significant manual labor. We introduce a novel data-driven framework that can digitize complete and highly complex 3D hairstyles from a single-view photograph. We first construct a large database of manually crafted hair models from several online repositories. Given a reference photo of the target hairstyle and a few user strokes as guidance, we automatically search for multiple best matching examples from the database and combine them consistently into a single hairstyle to form the large-scale structure of the hair model. We then synthesize the final hair strands by jointly optimizing for the projected 2D similarity to the reference photo, the physical plausibility of each strand, as well as the local orientation coherency between neighboring strands. We demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method on a variety of hairstyles and challenging images, and compare our system with state-of-the-art hair modeling algorithms.
Amiodarone: Risk factors for recurrence of symptomatic ventricular tachycardia identified at electrophysiologic study

Ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed electrical stimulation during amiodarone therapy often does not preclude a good clinical response. The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of discriminant analysis could distinguish patients who remained asymptomatic from those who subsequently developed symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or cardiac arrest. Studies were performed in 37 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia who still had ventricular tachycardia induced during programmed electrical stimulation during amiodarone therapy. The mean follow-up time was 14.1 ± 1.3 months (± SEM). Twenty-three patients remained asymptomatic, whereas 14 patients had symptomatic recurrence of their ventricular tachycardia. In patients with recurrence of arrhythmia compared with asymptomatic patients, administration of amiodarone caused a longer ventricular effective refractory period (296 ± 8 versus 271 ± 7 ms, p
Normal Hessenberg and moment matrices

Abstract There are few normal Hessenberg matrices. The connection with moment matrices sheds light on the global convergence of the QR algorithm for nonsymmetric matrices.
Identification of a Hereditary Pancreatitis Mutation in Four West Virginia Families

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is the second most common cause of chronic childhood pancreatitis in the United States. Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene on chromosome 7 are known to cause HP. We identified four families in West Virginia with symptoms consistent with HP. To determine whether members of these families had defects in the trypsinogen gene, we tested for linkage between the HP gene and simple tandem repeat markers on chromosome 7q and screened for a specific mutation in the cationic trypsinogen gene. Two-point linkage analysis indicated that the disease gene is closely linked to three 7q markers (D7S661, D7S2511, and D7S1805). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that all clinically affected members and nonpenetrant carriers from the four families carried a G to A mutation in the third exon of the trypsinogen gene. These findings indicate that this mutation is the cause of HP in the families in our study. The observation that most individuals who carry the mutation have symptoms of HP is consistent with the high but incomplete penetrance of the trait. The presence of a single mutation and a common linked haplotype indicates that the defective allele arose in an ancestor common to all four families.
Improved efficiency of organic/inorganic photovoltaic devices by electrospun ZnO nanofibers

Abstract The efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) device based on P3HT and PCBM bulk heterojunction is improved by introducing small-diameter electrospun ZnO diffused nanofibers network. Diameter, diffusion and melting of nanofibers are controlled by calcination temperature. The thickness of the active layer is optimized for efficient PV devices by varying electrospinning (ES) time. Increased nanofiber's mat thickness by an increase in electrospinning time beyond a certain optimum value reduces the device performance due to increased series resistance, increased traps and reduced blend infiltration through the nanofiber pores. ES time suggests optimized active area for energy absorption and exciton dissociation. In this study, we report the improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 0.9% to 2.23%, for optimum ES time (∼300 s).
Research directions in transportation regulation and pricing

In his paper, Daughety presents an overview of the historical development of pricing and regulation research as applied to transportation systems, and points toward future research directions in this field. In this paper, he makes a very important observation: if there is one point to be made after wading through the above "list" (of future research directions in the pricing and regulation field) it is that regulatory change has not reduced the number of issues to be examined; it has, in fact, increased them. The purpose of this brief paper is to highlight and expand on some of Daughety's observations and to extend this list of future research directions. These comments will be divided into three categories: issues involved in the analysis of intercity transport systems, issues surrounding urban transport systems, and issues related to private sector applications of the results of this type of research. For paper by Daughety, AF see IRRD 287442. (TRRL)
Vapor-deposition of aluminum on thiophene-terminated self-assembled monolayers on gold

Thermal deposition of aluminum in ultrahigh vacuum on a monolayer of 12-(3-thienyl)dodecanethiol, a thiophene-terminated alkanethiol, self-assembled on gold has been investigated by X-ray and ultra...
Evaluation of Polarization Maintaining Fiber Resonator for Rotation Sensing Applications

Fiber-optic ring resonators have been investigated as one class of fiber-optic gyros, primarily based on the potential for reduced fiber length, increased lnearity and dynamic range, as well as reduced sensitivity to thermal transient gradients1-4. Single mode fiber resonators have been fabricated and tested for rotation sensing applications1 - 3. These devices require polarization-controlling (PC) loops5 to properly match incident light into one of the two resonant polarization eigenstates of the ring resonator. In order to obtain low drift performance, it has been pointed4,6 out that tight tolerances on the PC’s must be maintained. Since the state of polarization in the fiber is sensitive to environmental factors, especially temperature, active control of the PC’s has been suggested1,4. One attractive alternative for achieving the required polarization control is the use of high birefringence polarization maintaining fiber for the resonator loopl,2,4, eliminating the need for polarization controllers.
Transluminal balloon angioplasty improves brain tissue oxygenation and metabolism in severe vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE The effect of transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral biochemical monitoring during treatment of severe cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was investigated. CLINICAL PRESENTATION In a 36-year-old man, an anterior communicating artery aneurysm caused an SAH (Hunt and Hess Grade IV, Fisher Grade III). After clipping, intraparenchymal monitoring (intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen tension [P(ti)O(2)], and microdialysis sampling of extracellular glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate) was initiated. Flow velocities obtained by transcranial Doppler sonography increased in the internal carotid artery (ICA)/middle cerebral artery bilaterally. INTERVENTION After a decrease of P(ti)O(2) to less than 2 mm Hg and an increase of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio to 44 in the territorial region of the left ICA, angiography demonstrated a 70 to 80% stenosis of the left ICA, which was dilated by a temporary occlusion balloon. This maneuver normalized the ICA diameter, P(ti)O(2) increased immediately from 1.5 to 40 mm Hg, the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio decreased from 44 to 30, and extracellular glucose increased from 0.4 to 0.9 mmol/L. No major changes in glutamate or intracranial pressure were seen. In the clinical follow-up, the patient showed a good recovery 6 months after SAH. CONCLUSION Transluminal balloon angioplasty led to a continuous and effective resolution of cerebral vasospasm observed by sustained, improved cerebral biochemical parameters. Both P(ti)O(2) and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio might provide an early diagnosis of severe cerebral vasospasm after SAH and continuous surveillance of threatened tissue regions after transluminal balloon angioplasty.
Tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation in adult patients with Ebstein’s anomaly

Abstract Background . Tricuspid valve supra-annular implantation (TVSI) has been performed for adult patients with Ebstein's anomaly at our hospital for several decades. TVSI is characterized by reliable reduction of tricuspid annulus size without affecting the conduction system; by prevention of residual tricuspid regurgitation (RTR) through preservation of the native tricuspid valve; and by implantation of the bioprosthesis at a supra-annular site. Methods . Ten adult patients with Ebstein's anomaly underwent TVSI. The right ventricular diameter and residual tricuspid regurgitation were evaluated by echocardiography preoperatively, at discharge, 1 year after the operation, and over the long term (12.4 ± 5.5 years). Actuarial survival rate, actuarial freedom from structural valve deterioration rate, and postoperative occurrence of arrhythmia were also evaluated. Results . The actuarial survival rate at 19 years was 76 ± 15%. Tricuspid regurgitation disappeared in 8 patients just after operation. Right ventricular diameter was significantly smaller at discharge than preoperatively (63 ± 11 vs 37 ± 9, p Conclusions . TVSI is useful for adult patients with Ebstein's anomaly. The absence of complications related to fatal arrhythmia and thromboembolism, good durability of the bioprosthesis, and a simple operative procedure are merits of this therapy.
A new family of preconditioned iterative solvers for nonsymmetric linear systems

Abstract A new family of iterative methods, the family of EN-like methods, is introduced, and its relationship to other methods is investigated. The complexity and convergence behavior of the new methods as well as their restarted and truncated versions are examined. The methods are also shown to be suitable in the context of inner/outer iteration schemes. Their adaptive versions are included into a robust software package PARASPAR, and numerical experiments are presented, which demonstrate the efficiency of several members of this new family in comparison with other known methods.
TU‐C‐213CD‐07: Explore Inherent Data Structure in Thoracic CBCT Projections Using Manifold Learning

Purpose: We hypothesize that all thoracic CBCT projections, if viewed as points in a high dimensional Euclidian space V, lie on the surface of a 2‐ torus structure. Understanding this structure helps many other projects, e.g. 4DCBCT phase sorting. This work will validate this hypothesis using a manifold learning algorithm. Methods: An NCAT phantom in the thorax region with a smooth respiratory motion pattern is used to generate a series of CBCT projections with realistic scanning and breathing parameters. A manifold learning technique, diffusion map, is employed to extract the topological structure underlying these projections. Specifically, a diffusion matrix is first constructed, whose entries are determined based on the Euclidian distance between those projections in V. The associated transition matrix is then computed and diagonalized. The eigenvectors, when sorted according to the associated eigenvalues in a descending order, represent the inherent topological structure of the manifold in a coarse‐to‐fine manner. The first three eigenvectors are selected as the coordinates to represent the CBCT projections, which reduces the dimensionality from the space V to a 3D space, while preserving the major topological properties. This also allows for a visualization of the hypothesized 2‐torus structure. Results: The points given by the first three eigenvectors form an oscillatory curve on a distorted 2‐torus in the 3D space. The two principle directions of the torus can be interpreted as the directions corresponding to the gantry rotation and the patient breathing, respectively. During CBCT projection acquisition, the gantry angle continuously increases, while the breathing phase oscillates periodically. Hence, those projections, while being represented by points in this 3D space, travel along a spiral curve winding around the torus. Conclusions: The manifold learning method can recover the 2‐torus structure of the thorax CBCT projections, whose two independent intrinsic dimensions correspond to gantry rotation and patient breathing.
Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency

Single-photon detectors operating at visible and near-infrared wavelengths with high detection efficiency and low noise are a requirement for many quantum-information applications. Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) are capable of detecting visible and near-infrared light at the single-photon level and are capable of discriminating between one-and two-photon absorption events; however these capabilities place stringent design requirements on the TES heat capacity, thermometry, and optical detection efficiency. We describe the fabrication and evaluation of a fiber-coupled, photon-number-resolving TES detector optimized for absorption at 1550 and 1310 nm wavelengths. The measured system detection efficiency at 1556 nm is 95 %±2 %, which to our knowledge is the highest system detection efficiency reported for a near-infrared single-photon detector.Work of US government: not subject to US copyright
Seeing the World Through a Third Eye: Developmental Systems Theory Looks Beyond the Nativist–Empiricist Debate

In response to the commentaries on our paper (Spencer et al., 2009) we summarize what a developmental systems perspective offers for a twenty-first century science of development by highlighting five insights from developmental systems theory. Where applicable, the discussion is grounded in a particular example-the emergence of ocular dominance columns in early development. Ocular dominance columns are a paragon of epigenesis and are inconsistent with the nativist view. We conclude with optimism that developmental science can move beyond the nativist-empiricist debate armed with both modern technological tools and strong theory to guide their use.
The Two Phases of Regulated Exocytosis in Permeabilized Pancreatic Acini Are Modulated Differently by Heterotrimeric G-Proteins☆

In this study we examined the influence on AlF4- and GTP gamma S on amylase secretion from alpha toxin permeabilized pancreatic acini. AlF4- only activates heterotrimeric G-proteins, whereas GTP gamma S activates both small ras-like GTP-binding proteins and heterotrimeric G-proteins (Kahn, R. A., J. Biol. Chem., 266, 15595-15597, 1991). GTP gamma S, but not AlF4-, significantly stimulated Ca2(+)-independent amylase secretion, suggesting that a small GTP-binding protein controls regulated exocytosis distal to the site of action of Ca2+. In contrast, both AlF4- and GTP gamma S modulated Ca(2+)-dependent amylase secretion. AlF4- and GTP gamma S stimulated the initial rapid, ATP-independent, phase of Ca(2+)-dependent secretion but inhibited the second slower sustained, ATP-dependent, phase of release. There were significant differences in the GTP gamma S requirements for the stimulation and inhibition of Ca(2+)-dependent amylase secretion, consistent with GTP gamma S activating separate heterotrimeric G-proteins to modulate each phase of the Ca(2+)-dependent secretory response. Our studies also indicated that neither G-protein is a member of the Gi/o class of heterotrimeric G-proteins.
A MATTER OF TIME: SOME CONSEQUENCES OF STATE LEGISLATIVE TERM LIMITS

There is considerable rhetoric and speculation about the impact of term limitation proposals on state legislatures, but little in the way of empirical analysis. In this paper we examine multi-state data on legislators' backgrounds, and explore the potential impact of term limits on different groups. We are especially interested in the effect on cohorts categorized by gender, race, party, and leadership position. Using data that constitute a demographic snapshot from the late 1980s, we are able to demonstrate that if term limits were immediately imposed, they would affect male Republicans, and leaders and committee chairs more than rank-and-file. It does not appear that term limits would have a significant impact on the representation of African-Americans.
Facial pain as the presenting symptom of lung carcinoma with normal chest radiograph

Facial pain is a rare presenting symptom of nonmetastatic lung carcinoma. Referred pain from tumor invasion and compression of the vagus nerve was the presumed cause in the 31 cases published to date. We report 2 additional cases having an unusual clinical feature, namely, both had radiographic evidence of malignancy absent on initial chest films. Severe facial pain in both cases was explained by pulmonary carcinoma detected only through further investigations. From these cases follows the notable conclusion that referred facial pain of malignant origin can occasionally precede the appearance of neoplasm on routine chest films. It is therefore important for physicians to be familiar with the clinical features of this syndrome in order to choose appropriate further diagnostic testing in patients who may be at risk.
On Limits of Sequences of Rational Functions

We consider the problem of representation of Baire first class functions on compact sets in the complex plane ℂ by pointwise convergent sequences of rational functions and prove a localization theorem.
Direct evidence for the importance of hydrophobic mismatch for cell membrane recognition

In this Letter, we describe the synthesis of amphiphilic oligo(p-phenylene)s from 31 to 44 A length and delineate the interaction of these rigid-rod molecules with lipid bilayers using fluorescence quenching methods. The results demonstrate high importance of hydrophobic mismatch for selective cell membrane recognition by rigid-rod molecules.
Method for determination of citric and lactic acids in dairy products.

Summary A column chromatographic method for the determination of citric and lactic acids has been developed. The column was three-sectioned and was composed of unbuffered H 2 SO 4 and silicic acid. The eluate was collected in three portions of varied size; lactic acid was the only hydroxy acid in the first eluate portion and citric acid was the only acid in the third portion. Citric acid was directly titrated and lactic acid was determined by the use of the FeCl 3 -HCl-hydroxyorganic acid color reaction. Citric acid concentrations of 0.10mg. to 0.4g. per column were determined, with recoveries of 97 to 100%, with an average of 99.18 and a coefficient of variation of 0.47%. Lactic acid concentrations of 50 to 200µg/5ml. of eluate were analyzed with accuracies of 94.5 to 100.7%, with an average of 98.6 and a coefficient of variation of 1.2%. Advantages of this procedure are accuracy, low-cost apparatus, simplicity, and a minimum of sample preparation.
Methodologic Problems Encountered With Cooximetry in Methemoglobinemia

Abstract The objectives of this study were to examine the reported accuracy of cooximetry in determination of methemoglobin levels, to report the apparent discrepant values of “measured” methemoglobin and carboxyhe-moglobin, and to discuss the effect that methemoglobinemia has on pulse oximetry readings. Secondly, relative oxygen saturations measured by pulse oximetry and calculated from arterial blood gas samples were compared. A retrospective analysis was performed in an academic medical center with two patients who were diagnosed with acute methemoglobinemia after taking sulfa-containing medications. Serial pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas, and cooximeter analysis were performed for two patients. Cooximetry was performed using an IL-482 oximeter, arterial blood gas analysis was performed using a BLE 1400 oximeter, and pulse oximetry was performed using Ohmeda Biox 3740, Hewlett Packard SP02, or Marquette SP02 models. Methemoglobin levels ranged from 6% to 48%, however, summation of methemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin were as high as 120%. As a result, negative values of carboxyhemoglobin were recorded by the cooximeter, generating a total sum of 100%. Comparison of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas oxygen saturation (measured and calculated values, respectively) revealed significant discrepancies; methemoglobin was > 9%, whereas oxygen saturation uniformly was lower with pulse oximetry. Therefore, we recommend that when methemoglobin levels exceed 10%, cooximetry be used as a screen for methemoglobinemia and that serial cooximeter measurements be used to guide therapy and reliance on noninvasive pulse oximetry.
Somatostatin analogs as adjuncts to agonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the treatment of experimental prostate cancer.

Abstract The combination of a long-acting delivery system for the agonist [D-Trp6]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ([D-Trp6]LH-RH) with modern somatostatin analogs was studied in the Dunning R-3327H rat prostate cancer model. Microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH releasing 25 micrograms/day were injected once a month. In the first experiment the adjunct was the somatostatin analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2 (RC-121), administered at a dose of 2.5 micrograms twice a day, and the therapy was continued for 70 days. Tumor volume was significantly decreased by [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules or RC-121 given alone. The combination of microcapsules and analog RC-121 caused a greater inhibition of tumor growth than the single agents. Similar effects were seen when the percent increase in the tumor volume was examined. The inhibition of tumor growth caused by the [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules was greater than that caused by RC-121. The combination of the two agents was again the most effective, resulting in the smallest increase in tumor volume. Tumor weights were much lower in the groups treated with microcapsules or RC-121 alone than in controls. The lowest tumor weights were obtained in the group that received the combination of [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules and RC-121. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment, in which the animals were treated for a period of 83 days with microcapsules containing the somatostatin analog D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Trp-NH2 (RC-160) that released 5 micrograms/day and were injected twice a month alone or in combination with microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH. Microcapsules of analog RC-160 given alone significantly decreased tumor growth as measured by the final tumor volume, the percentage change from the initial tumor volume, and the reduction in tumor weight. The inhibition of tumor growth induced by [D-Trp6]LH-RH microcapsules was greater than that caused by RC-160. The most striking decrease in tumor weight and volume was obtained in animals treated with microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH combined with the delayed delivery system for RC-160. The overall response to the combination therapy could reflect the inhibition by somatostatin analogs of the proliferation of prostate cancer cells through a decrease in growth hormone and prolactin release and interference with endogenous growth factors, in addition to the main effect, which is the suppression by [D-Trp6]LH-RH of the growth of androgen-dependent tumor cells. Our results indicate that somatostatin analogs enhance the inhibitory effects of [D-Trp6]LH-RH on the growth of prostate tumors. The administration of somatostatin analogs in combination with microcapsules of [D-Trp6]LH-RH might improve clinical response in patients with advanced prostate carcinoma.
Natural convection in a bottom-heated top-cooled cubic cavity with a baffle at the median height: experiment and model validation

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the natural convection flow and heat transfer in an enclosure with a single-hole baffle at the median height. The temperature in the fluid is quantified by means of temperature sensitive thermo-chromic liquid crystal (TLC) particles. The fluid flow velocity is measured non-intrusively with a full field particle tracking technique. The three-dimensional numerical model, developed and validated with experimental data, provides a computational tool for further investigation of mass and energy transport through the baffle openings in these types of enclosures. The experimentally visualized and numerically simulated flow structures show a pair of streams across the baffle-hole. The two chambers communicate through this pair of streams which carry the fluid exchange and heat transfer between the two chambers. At the baffle opening, the two streams are aligned in a diagonal direction across of the enclosure. The streams are accelerated and form jet-like flows that drive the whole circulation in the chambers. The jet-like flows leave the baffle opening, approach the vertical centerline of the cavity, and finally impinge on the top/bottom walls.
Quantitative relationship between sticky trap catch and beat tray counts of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae): seasonal, sex, and morphotypic effects.

Adult pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were monitored with beat trays, yellow sticky traps, and clear sticky traps for 2 yr at 3 orchards to determine whether a general relationship exists between tray counts and sticky trap catch. Samples were also categorized according to morphotype of the insect (summerform versus winterform), diapause status of winterforms (diapausing versus postdiapause and reproductive), and sex of the insect. Most (42 of 48) of the samples indicated that trap catch varied significantly with tray count (by linear regression analysis). However, aside from the fall winterform generation, no general relationship between trap catch and tray count was noted. Results suggest that sticky trap counts often had a large behavioral or activity component that obscured density effects. These effects were especially noticeable in the spring winterform generation and the summerform generation. Factors affecting sticky trap catch included sex of the insect, reproductive status, trap color, insect age, and leaf fall. We suggest that these factors, as well as others not explored here (e.g., weather), contributed to the lack of a general relationship between tray and trap counts. Previous work indicates that either method predicts damage to the tree; thus, for pest-management decisions, both sampling methods are useful. However, for more precise questions about absolute densities of adults, we suggest that beat trays should be preferred.
Gender Differences in Pain

Apparent gender differences have been identified in epidemiologic surveys of patients with pain and in clinical studies of responses to pain. Women are reported to have lower pain thresholds and lower pain tolerance than men have. Whether women are more willing to report pain than men are or experience pain differently than men do is unclear. However, beliefs about gender differences and pain affect nurses' decisions made regarding the treatment of pain. This article reviews the literature addressing pain in women and suggests how clinical practice is affected. Literature from Medline (1966 to 1994), CINAHL (1983 to 1994), and Psych-Lit (1967 to 1994) data bases was searched using the key words pain, gender, and sex. Comments in the manuscript reflect only those studies addressing epidemiology, experimentally-induced pain, or pain in the clinical setting. Studies describing gender differences in an animal model were not included. Limitations of space required that representative examples of studies in the major areas be included; others describing similar design and outcome were not included.
Considerations in Applying Dynamic Programming Filters to the Smoothing of Noisy Data

Dynamic programming techniques are useful in smoothing and differentiating noisy data signals according to an optimization criterion and the results are generally quite robust to noise spectra different from that assumed in the construction of the filter. If the noise properties are sufficiently different, however, the generalized cross-validation function used in the optimization can exhibit either multiple minima or no minima other than that corresponding to an insignificant amount of smoothing; in these cases, the smoothing parameter desired by the user typically does not lie at the global minimum of the generalized cross-validation function, but at some other point on the curve which can be identified heuristically. I present two cases to demonstrate this phenomenon and describe what measures one can take to ensure that the desired smoothing parameter is obtained.
Seasonal neuroplasticity of the song control system in tropical, flexibly, and opportunistically breeding birds.

The avian song control system is one of the primary models used to study neuroplasticity and neurogenesis in the adult vertebrate brain. A great deal of progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms controlling seasonal neuroplasticity of the song control system. However, relatively little work has been done to identify how prevalent this phenomenon is and if a diversity of environmental cues can regulate it. Photoperiod is the primary environmental cue used by mid- to high-latitude seasonally breeding birds to time growth of the song control system but many birds display flexible or opportunistic breeding patterns that are less reliant on photoperiodic cues. In addition, ∼75% of birds are tropical and in only one such species has neuroplasticity of the song control system been studied. Our goal is to outline some of what is known and expand on the ways that studying tropical, flexibly, and opportunistically breeding birds can advance our understanding of plasticity in the song bird brain.
Potentially preventable emergency department visits by nursing home residents: United States, 2004.

Data from the National Nursing Home Survey, 2004. In 2004, 8 percent of U.S. nursing home residents had an emergency department (ED) visit in the past 90 days. Among nursing home residents with an ED visit in the past 90 days, 40 percent had a potentially preventable ED visit. Injuries from falls were the most common conditions accounting for potentially preventable ED visits by nursing home residents. Nursing home residents who had a potentially preventable ED visit in the past 90 days had shorter lengths of stay and more medications In 2004, 8 percent of U.S. nursing home residents had an emergency department (ED) visit in the past 90 days. Among nursing home residents with an ED visit in the past 90 days, 40 percent had a potentially preventable ED visit. Injuries from falls were the most common conditions accounting for potentially preventable ED visits by nursing home residents. Nursing home residents who had a potentially preventable ED visit in the past 90 days had shorter lengths of stay and more medications. Language: en
Characterization of a Slowly Inactivating Outward Current in Adult Mouse Ventricular Myocytes

We recently have reported that suppression of the slowly inactivating component of the outward current, Islow, in ventricular myocytes of transgenic mice (long QT mice) overexpressing the N-terminal fragment and S1 segment of Kv1.1 resulted in a significant prolongation of action potential duration and the QT interval. Here we describe the detailed biophysical properties and physiological role of Islow by applying the whole-cell patch-clamp technique at both room temperature and 37 degreesC. This current activates rapidly with time constants ranging from 3.8+/-0.8 ms at -20 mV to 2.1+/-0.5 ms at 50 mV at room temperature. The half-activation voltage and slope factor are -12.5+/-2.6 mV and 7. 7+/-1.0 mV, respectively. The inactivation of this current is slow compared with the fast inactivating component Ito, with time constants of approximately 100 ms at 37 degreesC. The steady-state inactivation of Islow is not temperature-dependent, with half-inactivation voltages and slope factors of -35.1+/-1.3 and -5. 4+/-0.4 mV at 37 degreesC, and -37.6+/-1.8 and -5.8+/-0.6 mV at room temperature. Double exponentials were required to describe the time-dependent recovery of Islow from steady-state inactivation, with time constants of 233+/-34 and 3730+/-702 ms at 37 degreesC, and 830+/-240 and 8680+/-2410 ms at room temperature. Islow is highly sensitive to 4-aminopyridine but is insensitive to tetraethylammonium, alpha-dendrotoxin, and E-4031. Stimulation with action-potential waveforms under voltage-clamp mode revealed that this current plays an important role in the early and middle phases of repolarization of the cardiac action potential. We conclude that the biophysical properties and pharmacological profiles of Islow are similar to those of Kv1.5-encoded currents.
Arthritis and related diseases of the foot and ankle: rehabilitation and biomechanical considerations

Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions are among the most common disabilities in the United States. Although arthritic conditions affect the knee and hip joints more frequently than the joints of the foot, disorders of the foot are particularly disabling. This article outlines the types of arthritis conditions affecting the foot and discusses strategies for management and rehabilitation.