cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of the Puerto Rican Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella (Hexapoda: Collembola), a validation of Yoshii's "color pattern species".

Abstract Color pattern was one of the most important characters used to diagnose species in the genus Lepidocyrtus until the introduction of chaetotaxy to Collembola taxonomy. Chaetotaxy confirmed most species diagnoses based only on color patterns, but a number of populations with distinct pigmentation patterns have been found to be identical in all other morphological characters. The absence of individuals showing intermediate color patterns prompted Yoshii to suggest that, despite chaetotaxic identity, populations with distinct color forms represent valid species (implying reproductive isolation and therefore biological species) in what he designated as “color pattern species.” In Puerto Rico Lepidocyrtus biphasis , L. dispar , and L. caprilesi show a remarkable variation in pigmentation and as a group include 11 different color forms. Here I present a phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) in 17 species of Lepidocyrtus and Pseudosinella , including 11 species and 10 color forms of Puerto Rican Lepidocyrtus , to test Yoshii’s color pattern species concept. The analysis shows large genetic distances between species defined based on morphology alone (morphospecies) and between most color variants within morphospecies. The most often used calibration for the COI molecular clock (2.3% sequence divergence per million years) suggests that morphospecies diverged between 20 and 25 million years before present while color forms within morphospecies diverged between 8 and 19 million years ago. This indicates that changes in climate and sea levels during the Pleistocene were irrelevant to the speciation process in the Puerto Rican Lepidocyrtus . Examination of the genetic variation, phylogenetic relationships, and collection data in light of the biological and phylogenetic species concepts supports the hypothesis that most populations of morphospecies differing only in color pattern are distinct species, thus validating Yoshii’s color pattern species concept. As a result it is suggested that morphological characters traditionally used in species diagnoses are very conservative indicators of genetic divergence, that the diversity of springtails has been greatly underestimated, and that studies concerned with identifying factors promoting speciation in Collembola could be misled if they do not include analysis of mitochondrial markers.
Reaction products of densified silica fume agglomerates in concrete

Abstract Most silica fume currently used in concrete is in the dry densified form and consists of agglomerates of sizes between 10 μm and several millimeters. Many of these agglomerates may break down only partially in normal concrete mixing. Examination of various mature silica-fume-bearing concretes using backscatter mode scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis shows that such agglomerates have reacted in situ and given rise to recognizable types of reaction products filling the space within the original outline of the agglomerate. One type is “quiescent,” and usually shows no evidence of volume instability. EDX spectra indicate that the product formed within such grains is C-S-H of very low Ca/Si ratio, with modest alkali contents. Other silica fume agglomerates may undergo a distinct alkali–silica-type reaction (ASR), with the reaction product found within the original outline of the agglomerate having significantly less calcium and usually much higher alkali contents than the quiescent type. Such reacted agglomerates show evidence of local expansion, shrinkage cracking (on drying), and other features common to ASR. Both types may be found within the same concrete, sometimes in close proximity. It further appears that exposure to seawater may convert previously formed reaction products of silica fume agglomerates to magnesium silicate hydrates.
Isoflurane's effect on interfacial dynamics in GAPDH influences methylglyoxal reactivity

Diabetic surgical patients are at risk for peri- and post-operative complications, which can be prevented by maintaining tight glycemic control during anesthesia. Control of blood sugar would decrease unwanted chemical reactions, such as protein glycation, minimizing tissue dysfunction. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a major contributor to protein modification and tissue dysfunction seen in diabetic patients. We hypothesized that inhaled anesthetics may play a role in protein glycation and examined the effects of isoflurane on MG-induced modification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Isoflurane promoted MG-induced modification of GAPDH as evidenced by an increase in fluorescent glycation products, a change in chromatographic elution patterns and a loss of enzyme activity. Isoflurane's effect may be mediated by altering interfacial events. Our working model involves the binding of isoflurane to GAPDH, increasing the susceptibility to MG-induced modification of residues involved in oligomerization. These findings suggest a molecular basis for maintaining glycemic control during anesthesia.
Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in lysosomal storage diseases.

Summary Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a class of genetic disorders in which proteins responsible for digestion or absorption of endocytosed material do not function or do not localize properly. The resulting cellular “indigestion” causes buildup of intracellular storage inclusions that contain unprocessed lipids and proteins that form macromolecular complexes. The buildup of storage material is associated with degenerative processes that are observed in all LSDs, albeit the correlation between the amount of storage inclusions and the severity of the degenerative processes is not always evident. The latter suggests that a specific mechanism set in motion by aberrant lysosomal function drives the degenerative processes in LSDs. It is becoming increasingly clear that in addition to their function in degrading endocytosed material, lysosomes are essential housekeeping organelles responsible for maintaining healthy population of intracellular organelles, in particular mitochondria. The present review surveys the current knowledge on the lysosomal-mitochondrial axis and its possible role as a contributing factor to mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and to cell death in LSDs.
Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of the 3-D metal organic framework {[Ba(in)(H2O)6][in]} ∞

We present a barium metal–organic framework {[Ba(in)(H2O)6][in]} ∞ prepared via a simple acid–base reaction between BaCO3 and inH (inH = 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid). The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (a = 6.2592(18), b = 44.289(12), c = 7.2754(15); α = γ = 90, β = 118.890(18); V = 1765.8(8) A3) displaying an unusual ion association mode with half of the anions metal-bound, whereas the others are associated via a hydrogen-bonded and π ··· π stacking network. Among the coordinated anions, the carboxylate functionalities bridge the metal centers.
The synthesis of two novel pyridazines; A new ring system

The Diels-Alder reaction of 4,5-dimethylene-2,2-diphenyldioxolane with diethyl azodicar-boxylate and 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione was investigated. Reduction of the resultant adducts followed by hydrolysis provided hexahydro-4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-pyridazine dicarboxylic acid diethylester and 1,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-6,7-dihydroxy-2-pheny 1-2H-s-triazolo[1,2-α ]pyrida-zine-1,3-dione.
Molecular Interactions Between the Coactivator CBP and the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Tax Protein

The oncoprotein Tax, encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), is required for high-level viral transcription and is strongly linked to HTLV-I-associated malignant transformation. Recent evidence suggests that Tax stimulates HTLV-I transcription through recruitment of the cellular coactivator protein CBP to the HTLV-I promoter, promoting high-level viral replication via the transcriptional activation properties associated with CBP. Tax directly contacts the KIX domain of CBP to stably anchor the coactivator to nucleoprotein complexes at the promoter. Here, we identify KIX amino acid residues 588 to 683 as the minimal region sufficient for interaction with Tax. This region is similar to the minimal KIX amino acid residues necessary for strong interaction with phosphorylated CREB, and is composed of a structural domain that forms an extensive hydrophobic core. We further show that a double point mutation in KIX differentially affects the binding of Tax and phosphorylated CREB, suggesting that these transcription factors may recognize unique amino acid residues within the KIX domain. These observations suggest that Tax directly contacts the hydrophobic core of KIX, and provides a structural framework to further define the molecular interactions between Tax and CBP.
Intraspecific comb usurpation in the social wasp Polistes fuscatus

Incidents of usurpation were observed in colonies of Polistes fuscatus nesting on farm buildings (1977–79) and in nestboxes (1980–84) in Johnson County, Iowa, USA. Most usurpations (84.8%) occurred in the latter half of the preworker phase of the colony cycle, which coincided with periods of high predation of combs by vertebrates. Usurpers were probably displaced single foundresses which did not join neighbors or refound colonies after comb loss. Most (89–100%) usurpers of known relatedness to the foundresses they replaced were cousins or less related to them. Usurpation was a significant source of nest loss (19.6%) among single foundresses, but was rare (2.2%) in multiple-foundress colonies and colonies with workers (3.5%). Usurpers often destroyed younger brood (eggs and larvae in instars 1–3) in host colonies, while older larvae and pupae were usually spared. Brood destruction was more pronounced in more advanced host combs. Usurper survivorship after workers eclosed was lower than than of queenright single foundresses (61.5% vs 87.0%). Reproductive success by usurpers was less than that of queenright single foundresses, but greater than that of foundresses which initiated colonies late in the preworker colony cycle.
Coupling of the Canine Renal Parathyroid Hormone Receptor to Adenylate Cyclase: Modulation by Guanyl Nucleotides and iV-Ethylmaleimide*

Guanyl nucleotides greatly enhance PTH stimulation of renal adenylate cyclase activity. As part of an investigation of the mechanism of this potentiation, we evaluated the effect of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and a GTP analog, guanylimidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] on the specific binding of l25I-labeled bovine (b) PTH-(l–34) to canine renal cortical plasma membranes. Dissociation of [l25I]bPTH-(l–34) from receptors was slow (t½ 200 min) in the absence of added guanyl nucleotide, whereas in the presence of GTP or Gpp(NH)p (100 μM), dissociation was rapid (t½ 1 min). The increase in dissociation rate prompted by Gpp(NH)p was reflected in a 3- to 4-fold decrease in PTH receptor affinity, from 5 nM to 17 nM. In contrast to the slow dissociation rate of the l25I-labeled agonists [Nle8,Nle18,Tyr34]bPTH-(l–34)amide and bPTH(l–34), the dissociation rate of the l25I-labeled antagonist analog of PTH [Nle8,Nle18,Tyr34]bPTH-(3–34)amide was rapid (t½ 2 min). Moreover, binding of the labeled PTH antagonist analog was not...
Conformational Analysis of NMDA Receptor GluN1, GluN2, and GluN3 Ligand-Binding Domains Reveals Subtype-Specific Characteristics

The NMDA receptor family of glutamate receptor ion channels is formed by obligate heteromeric assemblies of GluN1, GluN2, and GluN3 subunits. GluN1 and GluN3 bind glycine, whereas GluN2 binds glutamate. Crystal structures of the GluN1 and GluN3A ligand-binding domains (LBDs) in their apo states unexpectedly reveal open- and closed-cleft conformations, respectively, with water molecules filling the binding pockets. Computed conformational free energy landscapes for GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN3A LBDs reveal that the apo-state LBDs sample closed-cleft conformations, suggesting that their agonists bind via a conformational selection mechanism. By contrast, free energy landscapes for the AMPA receptor GluA2 LBD suggest binding of glutamate via an induced-fit mechanism. Principal component analysis reveals a rich spectrum of hinge bending, rocking, twisting, and sweeping motions that are different for the GluN1, GluN2A, GluN3A, and GluA2 LBDs. This variation highlights the structural complexity of signaling by glutamate receptor ion channels.
A Gβ-like protein from soybean

A cDNA clone that encodes a G β -like protein was isolated from germinating soybeans. The deduced amino acid sequence for this protein is similar to other G β -like proteins isolated from plants and animals and contains 7 copies of the WD-40 repeat. RNA blots and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that mRNA for the soybean G β -like protein is present during seed development and germination, periods during seed ontogeny that are associated with high levels of biosynthetic activity. DNA blot analysis suggested there are only one or two copies of this gene in the soybean genome. Antibodies were raised against recombinant soybean G β -like protein expressed in bacteria. The antibodies reacted with a 35-kDa soybean protein that was present in minor amounts in developing seeds. The precise functions of G β -like proteins are unknown, but there are indications that they are involved in signal transduction pathways and in this way participate in control of seed growth and development.
Ciprofloxacin (intravenous/oral) versus ceftazidime in lower respiratory tract infections.

Abstract The efficacy and safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin was compared with intravenous ceftazidime in 80 hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infection. There were 40 patients in each treatment group. Patients and physicians were blinded to the randomized scheme for treatment groups until patient consent was obtained. The 37 evaluable ciprofloxacin-treated patients received 200 mg every 12 hours intravenously as initial therapy and 29 completed their course receiving oral ciprofloxacin. The 34 evaluable ceftazidime-treated patients received 1 to 2 g intravenously every eight to 12 hours. The two groups did not differ with respect to patient age, infection severity, and admitting diagnosis. Clinical outcomes were similar with greater than 95 percent of treatments in each group being successful. Headache was the most commonly reported complaint (four patients) in the ciprofloxacin group. Three patients experienced substantial increases in serum theophylline concentrations while receiving ciprofloxacin. The predominant pathogens isolated were Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and susceptibility rates for all organisms were similar for both drugs. The mean peak serum concentration at steady state while receiving intravenous ciprofloxacin was 2.3 μg/ml, and the mean trough concentration was 0.5 μg/ml. Patients randomly assigned to ciprofloxacin therapy received 2.6 fewer days of intravenous antibiotic therapy than those receiving ceftazidime. This 80-patients comparative trial demonstrates that ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime are similar in efficacy and safety when treating gram-negative lower respiratory tract infections. There appears to be potential for cost-reducing benefits through decreased length of intravenous therapy and earlier hospital discharge.
Entangled ethics: Piety and agency in Turkey:

Anthropologist Saba Mahmood has critiqued the Western, feminist concept of liberal selfhood that assumes individual agency naturally resists constraints on autonomy in the process of self-realization. Based on her study of the women’s mosque movement in Egypt, Mahmood suggests that pious Egyptian women readily submit to disciplinary practices that emphasize feminine modesty, humbleness, and obedience – practices that would appear oppressive to many Western feminist observers but allow the women to cultivate a proper and (for them) desirable Muslim piety. While Mahmood’s critique is welcome, she tends to discuss individual ethical cultivation as occurring within only one normative system or another. This article will instead explore the fact that at any point in time, most individuals, especially those in a complex society like Egypt, operate under multiple normative systems and must engage with several layers of authority – family, religion, community, state – some of which may make contradictory demands ...
Tensorial analysis of the long-range interaction between metastable alkaline-earth-metal atoms

Alkaline-earth-metal atoms in their lowest $(\mathrm{nsnp})$ ${}^{3}{P}_{2}$ state are exceptionally long lived and can be trapped magnetically. The nonspherical atomic structure leads to anisotropic long-range interactions between two metastable alkaline-earth-metal atoms. The anisotropy affects the rotational motion of the diatomic system and couples states of different rotational quantum numbers. This paper develops a tensorial decomposition of the most important long-range interaction operators, and a systematic inclusion of molecular rotations, in the presence of an external magnetic field. This analysis illuminates the nature of the coupling between the various degrees of freedom. The consequences are illustrated by application to a system of practical interest: metastable ${}^{88}\mathrm{Sr}.$ Using atomic parameters determined in a nearly ab initio calculation, we compute adiabatic potential-energy curves. The anisotropic interatomic interaction, in combination with the applied magnetic field, is demonstrated to induce the formation of a long-range molecular potential well. This curve correlates to two fully polarized, low-field seeking atoms in a rotational s-wave state. The coupling among molecular rotational states controls the existence of the potential well, and its properties vary as a function of magnetic-field strength, thus allowing the scattering length in this state to be tuned. The scattering length of metastable ${}^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ displays a resonance at a field of 339 G.
Crawling Cells Can Close Wounds without Purse Strings or Signaling

When a gash or gouge is made in a confluent layer of epithelial cells, the cells move to fill in the “wound.” In some cases, such as in wounded embryonic chick wing buds, the movement of the cells is driven by cortical actin contraction (i.e., a purse string mechanism). In adult tissue, though, cells apparently crawl to close wounds. At the single cell level, this crawling is driven by the dynamics of the cell's actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by a complex biochemical network, and cell signaling has been proposed to play a significant role in directing cells to move into the denuded area. However, wounds made in monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells still close even when a row of cells is deactivated at the periphery of the wound, and recent experiments show complex, highly-correlated cellular motions that extend tens of cell lengths away from the boundary. These experiments suggest a dominant role for mechanics in wound healing. Here we present a biophysical description of the collective migration of epithelial cells during wound healing based on the basic motility of single cells and cell-cell interactions. This model quantitatively captures the dynamics of wound closure and reproduces the complex cellular flows that are observed. These results suggest that wound healing is predominantly a mechanical process that is modified, but not produced, by cell-cell signaling.
Molecular mechanisms of reduced β-adrenergic signaling in the aged heart as revealed by genomic profiling

Myocardial aging leads to a reduction of β-adrenergic receptor-induced metabolic and contractile responsiveness. We hypothesize that a change in the patterns of gene expression is important in thes...
Real Reality Revisited: An Experimental Communicative Course in ESL

This article describes an experimental oral communication course (OCC) offered at Passaic County Community College in Paterson, New Jersey, and reports the results of a pilot study to evaluate its initial success. The OCC was designed around weekly, structured field trips to sites where students typically need to communicate in English. Each field trip unit consisted of three related classes. In the class prior to a trip, students listened to tapes, practiced functional language, and decided on what information they wanted to obtain. The trip consisted of a tour of the site, followed by a discussion with a resource person. In the subsequent class, students evaluated the trip and reviewed the new language used and the information gained. Students taking the OCC were also enrolled in a required, grammar-based ESL course. They were compared with a control group taking only the required course. In general, the area of greatest improvement of the OCC group, as compared with the control group, was grammatical accuracy. In addition, a significantly larger number of OCC students passed the component ESL course. Learners evaluated the OCC experience favorably. The primary objective of a communication-oriented second language program must be to provide the learners with the information, practice, and much of the experience needed to meet their communication needs in the second language. (Canale 1983:19) Advances in the fields of linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics have caused us to expand our view of the rule-governed nature of language. We now realize more fully that discourse takes place according to sociolinguistic conventions (Richards 1980) and
Low-capacity quaternary phosphonium resins for anion chromatography

Abstract Trimethylammonium, tributylammonium and tributylphosphonium anion-exchange resins were synthesized and used for single-column ion chromatography. The three resins were prepared using a 7–12-μm polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin and are all of a similar, low capacity. The selectivity of these resins for mono- and divalent anions was evaluated and unique anion separations are presented.
Characterization of the A ⇄ B transition of DNA in fibers and gels by laser Raman spectroscopy

Both Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained from oriented fibers of sodium deoxyribonucleic acid (Na-DNA) as a function of salt content and relative humidity. We have confirmed the previously reported X-ray results that, for oriented fibers, the A-form always exists between 75 and 92% relative humidity and that the conformation will change to the B-form at 92% relative humidity only if an excess (3–5%) of added salt is present. Oriented fibers containing low amounts of added salt remain in the A-type conformation at 92% relative humidity and higher. An exact correlation has been found between the familiar A- and B-type X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers and the Raman spectra previously reported without X-ray verification from this laboratory for the A- and B-forms. In particular, a band at 807 cm−1 was always present when a fiber showed the A-type diffraction pattern, and this band shifts to 790 cm−1 in the B-form. Using the Raman spectrum to determine the specific conformation of DNA in samples less amenable to X-ray analysis, we have studied the A ⇄ Btransformation in unoriented fibrous masses of DNA and in concentrated, oriented gels. We find that in unoriented fibrous masses, the A ⇄ B transition always occurs at 92% relative humidity even at very low salt concentration (0–4%). However, in oriented DNA gels at low salt, the A-form can persist as a metastable state to concentration as low as 20% DNA. The origin of the bands at 807 and 790 cm−1 and the possible biological implications of these findings are discussed.
Pressure-driven water flow through carbon nanotubes: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation

Pressure-driven water flow through carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is examined using molecular dynamics simulation. The results are compared to reported experimental flow rate measurements through similarly sized CNTs and larger carbon nanopipes. By using molecular dynamics simulation to predict the variation of water viscosity and slip length with CNT diameter, we find that flow through CNTs with diameters as small as 1.66 nm can be fully understood using continuum fluid mechanics. Potential mechanisms to explain the differences between the flow rates predicted from simulation and those measured in experiments are identified and discussed.
Unified treatment of slow atom-atom and ion-atom collisions.

A unified treatment of slow ion-atom and atom-atom collisions for many-electron systems is proposed. The time-dependent electronic wave function is expanded in terms of traveling atomic orbitals of the two collision centers at large internuclear separations and is matched to the solution in the inner region where it is expanded in terms of molecular orbitals without translational factors. It is shown that this method avoids the difficulties associated with the conventional perturbed-stationary-state approximation. Application to charge transfer in the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ collision is illustrated.
NEW APOCYNACEAE AND ASCLEPIADACEAE

The botanical collections of Professor H. H. Bartlett incidental to the expedition of the University of Michigan to the Sierra de San Carlos, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, in 1930, and the joint expedition of the University of Michigan and the Carnegie Institution of Washington to Guatemala, in 1931, have brought to light several novelties of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae which are described in the paragraphs immediately following. Although not particularly large, these collections have been unusually interesting, particularly those of northern Guatemala, a region too poorly understood botanically. To the account of the novelties collected by Professor Bartlett have been added the diagnoses of several novelties of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae collected by Dr. W. C. Steere, of the University of Michigan, in the course of the joint expedition of the University of Michigan and the Carnegie Institution of Washington to the peninsula of Yucatan during 1932.
Effect of Molecular Hydrogen on Hydrogen Peroxide in Water Radiolysis

The long-time chemistry occurring in the radiolysis of water with different types of radiation has been examined. Radiolytic processes were probed by determining the influence of added molecular hydrogen on the formation of hydrogen peroxide in the radiolysis of water with γ rays, 2 and 10 MeV protons, and 5 MeV helium ions. Homogeneous model calculations were used to obtain quantitative information about the yields of radicals and molecular products escaping the heavy ion tracks. The results show that the yields of radicals escaping from the tracks of 10 MeV protons is significant, whereas the corresponding yields with 2 MeV protons and 5 MeV alpha particles are much lower. The addition of molecular hydrogen has a negligible effect on the formation or consumption of hydrogen peroxide in the radiolysis of water using heavy ions with a high linear energy transfer rate, LET. This result is contrary to the predictions of a homogeneous model and suggests that the long-time chemistry of water is not well-known...
Practices, Opportunity, and Protest Effectiveness: Illustrations from Four Animal Rights Campaigns

Despite its central role in the study of social movements, research on political and cultural opportunity is problematic. The vague definition and broad applicability of the concept of opportunity make it difficult to identify all the opportunities that exist in a given protest situation. Furthermore, most analyses take place at the broad levels of culture and the state, which can obscure additional, localized factors that create opportunity for protest to occur and succeed. A practice-oriented approach to studying political and cultural opportunity addresses some of these problems. Using data from a study of the outcomes of four animal rights campaigns, I examine opportunity across the campaigns by focusing on the practices targeted for change and the reasons why people engage in them. Viewing opportunity in this way highlights both structural and cultural elements of opportunity structures in national as well as local contexts.
Noise-weighted spatial domain FBP algorithm.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to implement a noise-weighted filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm in the form of “convolution” backprojection, but this “convolution” has a spatially variant integration kernel. Methods: Noise-weighted FBP algorithms have been developed in recent years, with filtering being performed in the Fourier domain. The noise weighting makes the ramp filter in the FBP algorithm shift-varying. It is not efficient to implement shift-varying filtration in the Fourier domain. It is known that Fourier-domain multiplication is equivalent to spatial-domain convolution. An expansion method is suggested in this paper to obtain a closed-form integration kernel. Results: The noise weighted FBP algorithm can now be implemented in the spatial domain efficiently. The total computation cost is less than that of the Fourier domain implementation. Conclusions: Computer simulations are used to show the three-term expansion method to approximate the filter kernel. A clinical study is used to verify the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
A method for solving a quadratic optimal control problem

Hestenes' method of multipliers is used to approximate a quadratic optimal control problem. The global existence of a family of unconstrained problems is established. Given an initial estimate of the Lagrange multipliers, a convergent sequence of arcs is generated. They are minimizing with respect to members of the above family, and their limit is the solution to the original differentially constrained problem.
Perihepatic Lymph Node Micrometastases Impact Outcome after Partial Hepatectomy for Colorectal Metastases

Hepatectomy for resectable colorectal liver metastases provides a survival advantage but is usually reserved for patients without extrahepatic disease. Metastases to perihepatic lymph nodes (LN) occur with controversial significance. This study uses standard pathologic analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the impact of occult metastatic disease to perihepatic LN in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing hepatectomy. Fifty-nine patients with liver metastases from colon or rectal primary cancer were studied prospectively. Perihepatic LN were sampled from the portocaval, pancreaticoduodenal, and common hepatic artery regions. All LN were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and those negative by H&E were analyzed using IHC for cytokeratin. Recurrence and survival were compared amongst LN groups. Median follow-up was 42 months for survivors. There were eight patients with metastatic disease to at least one perihepatic LN identified by H&E and fourteen patients with metastases identified by IHC only. Forty-one patients (70%) recurred after resection, and patients with LN metastases, regardless of detection method, had a shorter recurrence-free survival compared to node negative patients. However, patterns of recurrence differed by LN group. Compared to H&E-positive patients, IHC-positive patients had a better overall survival and were more likely to recur at a single site amenable to salvage resection. In patients with hepatic colorectal metastases, IHC analysis of perihepatic LN adds prognostic value regarding the timing and burden of recurrence after resection. Routine IHC assessment of perihepatic LN is reasonable since the information garnered would potentially influence postresection chemotherapy recommendations.
Brain potentials elicited by words: word length and frequency predict the latency of an early negativity

Prior work has suggested that open- and closed-class words elicit negative components in the event-related potential (ERP) that differ in timing and scalp distribution. We tested this hypothesis against the possibility that the word-class effects are attributable to quantitative differences in word length and frequency. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 13 scalp sites while participants read normal or scrambled prose. ERPs were averaged as a function of word class (open vs. closed) and grammatical category (articles, nouns, verbs, etc.). Regression analyses indicated that the latency of an early-occurring negative component was highly correlated with the mean length and normative frequency of words in each grammatical category. Stronger correlations were observed in the scrambled prose condition than in the normal prose condition. Differences in the scalp distributions of these negativities were found to be a function of grammatical category rather than word class. These results are taken to be inconsistent with the claim that open- and closed-class words elicit qualitatively distinct negativities.
Pressure Dependence of Optical Transitions in In-rich Group III-Nitride Alloys

The hydrostatic pressure dependence of the optical transitions in InN, In-rich In1−xGaxN (0 < x < 0.5) and In1−xAlxN (x = 0.25) alloys is studied using diamond anvil cells. The absorption edges and the photoluminescence peaks shift to higher energy with pressure. The pressure coefficient of InN is determined to be 3.0±0.1 meV/kbar. Together with previous experimental results, our data suggest that the pressure coefficients of group-III nitride alloys have only a weak dependence on the alloy composition. Photoluminescence gives much smaller pressure coefficients, which is attributed to emission involving highly localized states. This indicates that photoluminescence might not be an accurate method to study the pressure dependence of the fundamental bandgaps of group III-nitrides.
Growth, death, and oxygen uptake kinetics of Pichia stipitis on xylose

Pichia stipitis NRRL Y-7124 has potential application in the fermentation of xylose-rich waste streams, produced by wood hydrolysis. Kinetic models of cell growth, death, and oxygen uptake were investigated in batch and oxygen-limited continuous cultures fed a rich synthetic medium. Variables included rates of dilution (D) and oxygen transfer (K(1)a) and concentrations of xylose (X), ethanol (E), and dissolved oxygen (C(ox)). Sustained cell growth required the presence of oxygen. Given excess xylose, specific growth rate (micro) was a Monod function of C(ox). Specific oxygen uptake rate was proportional to mu by a yield coefficient relating biomass production to oxygen consumption; but oxygen uptake for maintenance was negligible. Thus steady-state C(OX) depended only on D, while steady-state biomass concentration was controlled by both D and K(1)a. Given excess oxygen, cells grew subject to Monod limitation by xylose, which became inhibitory above 40 g/L. Ethanol inhibition was consistent with Luong's model, and 64. 3 g/L was the maximum ethanol concentration allowing growth. Actively growing cells died at a rate that was 20% of micro. The dying portion increased with E and X.
Mating in Chlamydomonas: a system for the study of specific cell adhesion. I. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic analyses of flagellar surface components involved in adhesion.

To determine the ultrastructural and biochemical bases for flagellar adhesiveness in the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas, gametic and vegetative flagella and flagellar membranes were studied by use of electron microscope and electrophoretic procedures. Negative staining with uranyl acetate revealed no differences in gametic and vegetative flagellar surfaces; both had flagellar membranes, flagellar sheaths, and similar numbers and distributions of mastigonemes. Freezecleave procedures suggested that there may be a greater density of intramembranous particles on the B faces of gametic flagellar membranes than on the B faces of vegetative flagellar membranes. Gamone, the adhesive material that gametes release into their medium, was demonstrated, on the basis of ultrastructural and biochemical analyses, to be composed of flagellar surface components, i.e., membrane vesicles and mastigonemes. Comparison of vegetative (nonadhesive) and gametic (adhesive) "gamones" by use of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed both preparations to be composed of membrane, mastigoneme, and some microtubule proteins, as well as several unidentified protein and carbohydrate-staining components. However, there was an additional protein of approximately 70,000 mol wt in gametic gamone which was not present in vegetative gamone. When gametic gamone was separated into a membrane and a mastigoneme fraction on CSCl gradients, only the membrane fraction had isoagglutinating activity; the mastigoneme fraction was inactive, suggesting that mastigonemes are not involved in adhesion.
Uncommon flap uses, designs, and terminology: A literature review

Unusual soft tissue and osseous flaps have occasionally arisen out of necessity to reconstruct a complex defect when a more customary method was unavailable or unsuitable. Despite their uniqueness, these flaps are derived from the same basic principles of vascular anatomy. In this article, uncommon uses, designs, and terminology of free and pedicled flaps sought during a literature review are presented.
Growth of oriented single-crystalline rutile TiO(2) nanorods on transparent conducting substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) made from oriented, one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures such as nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes are receiving attention because direct connection of the point of photogeneration with the collection electrode using such structures may improve the cell performance. Specifically, oriented single-crystalline TiO2 nanorods or nanowires on a transparent conductive substrate would be most desirable, but achieving these structures has been limited by the availability of synthetic techniques. In this study, a facile, hydrothermal method was developed for the first time to grow oriented, single-crystalline rutile TiO2 nanorod films on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The diameter, length, and density of the nanorods could be varied by changing the growth parameters, such as growth time, growth temperature, initial reactant concentration, acidity, and additives. The epitaxial relation between the FTO substrate and rutile TiO2 with a smal...
Ultrastructural and histochemical features of the thymus glands of the adult lungless salamander, Plethodon glutinosus (Caudata: Plethodontidae)

The thymus glands of adult slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus) were examined by light and electron microscopy with the objective of describing the populations of epithelial cells believed to be secretory. The results of various histochemical procedures designed to demonstrate nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and mucosubstances were evaluated by light microscopy. Each thymus is incompletely subdivided into a variable number of interconnected lobules by trabeculae extending inward from a thin capsule composed of connective tissues. The thymic parenchyma lacks distinct cortical and medullary regions, although developing lymphocytes and plasma cells tend to accumulate in larger numbers in the outermost portions of the glands. Basophils are found regularly in the capsule and trabeculae, but only very rarely within the thymic parenchyma. The epithelial cells of the thymus can be classified into five categories: epithelial reticular cells; three varieties of granulated cells (types I, II, and III), and myoid cells. Epithelial reticular cells form a three-dimensional network which extends throughout all portions of the thymus. Type I and type II granulated cells can be distinguished from one another by various morphological criteria at the ultrastructural level, but only small differences in the composition of their inclusions can be demonstrated histochemically. Both types of granules are composed principally of a proteinaceous material containing an abundance of primary amino and guanidyl groups. In addition, most type I inclusions possess a lipid component that cannot be demonstrated in type II granules. Type III granulated cells possess very small cytoplasmic inclusions resembling those of gastroenteric endocrine cells. Myoid cells contain concentrically arranged myofibrils composed of sarcomeres. In favorably oriented material, small cysts can be identified whose walls are composed of mixtures of type I cells, type II cells, and epithelial reticular cells. Groups of degenerating epithelial cells form lamellated structures corresponding to Hassall's (thymic) corpuscles.
Laboratory investigation of lightning striking distance to rod and transmission line

The striking distance was investigated by means of laboratory experiments to study the impact of factors such as rod height, ground wire height, and polarity of impulses. The researches which were performed at the Mississippi State University High Voltage Laboratory during the 1998–2009 are summarized and presented. Negative and positive impulses were applied to a conducting rod to represent both polarities of lightning downward leaders. Different configurations of lightning protection system, a vertical rod and a horizontal conductor, were studied. Experimental results were compared to published results by different authors. Mathematical equations were developed to estimate the striking distance under both negative and positive polarities of lightning strokes. Results of studies will help to design the proper placement of a lightning rod or an overhead ground wire and minimize the risk of direct lightning strikes to protected objects.
Effect of herpesvirus infections on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and blastogenic responses in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine

Abstract The immunosuppressive effects of three herpesviruses—cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)—were assessed in 29 renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone. The ratios of Leu 3-positive (“helper-inducer”) to Leu 2-positive (“suppressor-cytotoxic”) T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were only moderately and transiently decreased during primary CMV infection, with or without concurrent reactivated EBV and HSV infections. This effect was due to an increase in absolute numbers of Leu 2-phenotypic and decrease in Leu 3-phenotypic T cells and was associated with symptomatic viral illness. Reactivated CMV infection alone or together with reactivated EBV and HSV infections resulted in less significant alterations in T-cell subsets than did primary CMV infection. Lymphocyte blastogenesis was not significantly altered during the herpesvirus infections. The data suggest that cyclosporine treatment inhibits the activation of suppressor cells and depression of cellular immune function that have been associated with herpesvirus infections in renal transplant recipients undergoing conventional immunotherapy.
A laser scanner for the densitometric analysis of radiographs.

An instrument is described which can scan radiographs and collect densitometric readings for subsequent computer analysis. A laser beam is focused onto the film. Raster scan of the beam is provided by two orthogonal mirror galvanometers. The light, attenuated by the radiograph, is gathered by a lens in such a way that it is directed onto a small detector regardless of the scan position. Beam position signals and density readings are stored and analyzed in a minicomputer.
Spiritual Identity: Personal Narratives for Faith and Spiritual Living

In this article we outline a theoretical and methodological framework for spiritual identity as meaning in folk psychology. Identity is associated with psychological elements of personality that help people manage a time-bound existence. This discussion is extended on anthropological grounds, noting that spiritual goals are reinforced when they become symbolically self-important, often through religious ritual. This makes religious tradition and culture of monotheist exemplars centrally important to understanding idiosyncratic folk narratives like spiritual success.
Effect of Voluntary Exercise on Genetically Obese Cpefat/fat Mice: Quantitative Proteomics of Serum

Objective: To compare the effect of voluntary exercise on body weight, food consumption, and levels of serum proteins between wild-type and carboxypeptidase E-deficient (Cpefat/fat) mice. Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 consisted of three groups of female mice: Cpefat/fat mice with continuous access to exercise wheels for 3 weeks (n = 4); wild-type C57BKS mice with access to exercise wheels for 3 weeks (n = 4); and sedentary Cpefat/fat mice (n = 3). Activity, body weight, and food consumption were monitored for this period and a subsequent 9-week period without exercise wheels. Study 2 consisted of four groups of male mice (n = 6 to 7 each): Cpefat/fat mice with exercise wheels, wild-type mice with exercise wheels, and Cpefat/fat and wild-type mice without exercise wheels. Body weight and food consumption were measured over 4 weeks. Sera were collected, and the protein profile was determined by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Results: Cpefat/fat mice were moderately hyperphagic but lost weight during the initial exercise period because of greater energy expenditure. The effect of exercise was temporary, and the mice gained weight after the second week. Several serum proteins were found to be altered by exercise: haptoglobin was decreased by exercise in Cpefat/fat mice, and several kallikreins were increased by exercise in wild-type mice. Discussion: The access to exercise wheels provided an initial weight loss in Cpefat/fat mice, but this effect was offset by elevated food consumption. The serum proteomics results indicated that Cpefat/fat and wild-type mice differed in their response to exercise.
Severe Mediastinal Infection With Abscess Formation After Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbrochial Needle Aspiration

Endobronchial, ultrasound-guided, transbronchial needle aspiration has recently been introduced as an alternative to mediastinoscopy for lymph node staging of lung cancer and the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. This procedure is less invasive and more cost-effective, and multiple large studies have reported no associated complications. In this case, an individual presented with descending mediastinitis after having this minimally invasive procedure for mediastinal lymphadenopathy.