cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenomenological features of diaphragm discharge

Flame formations of relatively little-studied diaphragm discharge in water at low energy of discharge (up to 10 J) are investigated. Its particular features show up in the fundamental difference in shape between the anode and cathode flames on both sides of the diaphragm, in the difference in variation of their shape and size with the variation of electrical conductivity of the medium, in polar development of flames from the diaphragm to their electrodes, in the possibility of existence of “half-breakdowns”, and in the difference between them depending on polarity, in a special form of cathode breakdown.
Error exponents for composite hypothesis testing with small samples

We consider the small sample composite hypothesis testing problem, where the number of samples n is smaller than the size of the alphabet m. A suitable model for analysis is the high-dimensional model in which both n and m tend to infinity, and n = o(m). We propose a new performance criterion based on large deviation analysis, which generalizes the classical error exponent applicable for large sample problems (in which m = O(n)). The results are: (i) The best achievable probability of error Pe decays as −log(P e ) = (n2/m)(1 + o(1))J for some J > 0, shown by upper and lower bounds. (ii) A coincidence-based test has non-zero generalized error exponent J, and is optimal in the generalized error exponent of missed detection. (iii) The widely-used Pearson's chi-square test has a zero generalized error exponent. (iv) The contributions (i)-(iii) are established under the assumption that the null hypothesis is uniform. For the non-uniform case, we propose a new test with nonzero generalized error exponent.
A New Palaeomagnetic Result from the Lower Cretaceous of East-Central Africa

Summary The mean direction of natural remanent magnetization (NRM) in eight samples of syenite of Lower Cretaceous age from the Mlanje Massif, Malawi, has declination 333" and inclination - 54" (upward) after magnetic cleaning. The stability of remanence in alternating magnetic fields suggests that the NRM is primary. On the assumption of a geocentric dipole field, the palaeomagnetic pole is calculated at 60" N, 98" W. This is in agreement with previous results from volcanics of the Lupata Series nearby in Mozambique, which are of similar age. Combination of results from the Mlanje Massif and the Lupata volcanics yields an estimate of the palaeomagnetic pole for the lower Cretaceous of this part of Africa at 609 N, 993" W, with circular standard deviation (related to palaeosecular variation) of 10".0. Directions of natural remanent magnetization in eight samples from the Lauderdale erosion crater (16" 1' S, 35" 329 E) on the southern side of the Mlanje Massif in south-eastern Malawi are reported. The massif is a syenite-granite complex and has been mapped by Garson & Walshaw (in preparation). The samples were collected from the outer syenite ring of the complex, along about 150 metres of a stream running at right-angles to its contact with the Palaeozoic basement. The boundary of the complex is transitional, the adjacent basement having been syenitized. Only the intrusive body has been sampled. It is several kilometres in diameter, and it is likely that the section which has been sampled represents a long period in the cooling history of the body. Therefore, in spite of the small collection there is reason to believe that palaeosecular variation may have been effectively averaged out in calculating the mean direction, and that the dispersion may be a fair estimate of the palaeosecular variation. Two recent K-Ar age determinations by Snelling (1966) indicate the Cretaceous age of the complex : biotite from perthosite (sample WllOS) from the outer ring at Chambe indicated 1 16T 6 m.y., and biotite-hornblende mixture from quartz-syenite (sample W1112) from the Nanchidwa Hills, some 19 km east of the Lauderdale Crater gave 128 T 6 m.y. Gough & Opdyke (1963) have reported the palaeomagnetism of the Lupata alkaline volcanics and also of one site in redbeds of the Lupata Series, some 160 km south-west of Mlanje, in Mozambique. McDougall made two determinations on anorthoclases from the Lupata volcanics at 110.5 and 106.7m.y. (Gough et al. 1964). Because Gough & Opdyke sampled seven sites in single lava flows, and hence sampled no more
Influence of Pharmacologic Agents on Tissue Metabolism in Circulatory Shock

Our research activities have been oriented to the effect of pharmacologic agents on tissue metabolism in the low-flow state, or circulatory shock. Specifically, we have been most interested in the effect of glucocorticoids on cellular metabolism because these agents exert a reproducible protective effect during septic and endotoxic shock in rats and monkeys. Further, we have studied the differences between untreated animals in shock and those treated with pharmacologic agents in an attempt to determine which cellular metabolic changes are critical to survival. This chapter presents our studies and those of other laboratories, which have defined the effects on tissue metabolism of groups of pharmacologic agents: (a) those that stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (viz., epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, and prostaglandin) and (b) those that do not stimulate AMP (viz., the glucocorticoids).
Impact of size-dependent non-local elastic strain on the electronic band structure of embedded quantum dots:

The effect of mechanical strain on the quantum confinement properties of quantum dots is appreciable and both qualitative and quantitative description of the electronic band structure of quantum dots requires proper incorporation of its effect. Although atomistic calculations such as tight binding or pseudopotential approaches are viable options, the typical and ‘standard’ practice is to employ the coarse-grained multiband envelope function method to compute the band structure of both strained and unstrained quantum dots. The typical recipe involves calculation of strain based on classical continuum elasticity and a subsequent link to the aforementioned eight-band envelope function model. The mechanical strain predicted by classical elasticity is not only size-independent but also departs qualitatively from the actual (atomistic) field owing to neglect of non-local effects that are prevalent at the nanoscale. In the present work, the authors employ the strain as calculated from a size-dependent non-local ...
Biotechnology: industry of the 21st century. Implementing science and technology

The onset and development of a new industry are unique both in its arrival, and its impact by adoption in society (example: onset of the TV/VCR). This quarter century has seen arrival of the biotechnology industry, beginning with the scientific unveiling of genes (the double helix) and understanding the process of cell renewal. That process showed the manner and the consequences of modification of genes. Social embedding of gene-modified product (bioproducts) is found in integration of industry and markets, and acceptance by consumers. This paper is split into two parts which describe this development of an industry. Part 1 discusses the science of the biotechnology industry and part 2 discusses national policies on biotechnology.
On the Optimality of Single-Server Queuing Systems

This paper considers optimal design models for queuing systems in which the decision variables are the number of servers and the mean rate at which each serves, the total cost per unit time of operating the system is the sum of a service cost per unit time and a waiting cost per unit time, and the optimality criterion is long-run expected average cost per unit time. It is shown that a single-server system is optimal for a wide class of arrival processes and service-time distributions, and for a wide variety of waiting-cost functions.
Relationship between photochemical ozone production and NOx oxidation in Houston, Texas

[1] An instrumented aircraft was used to study anthropogenic emissions and subsequent ozone and reactive nitrogen photochemistry in the continental boundary layer downwind of Houston, Texas. Measurements of ozone, carbon monoxide, NOx, and NOx oxidation products were conducted from the NOAA WP-3 aircraft during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study under a variety of meteorological conditions. Sixty-five crosswind transects of plumes from Houston urban and industrial areas performed on 10 daytime flights from 13 September to 6 October 2006 are examined. Coincident measurements of NOx and its oxidation products show that NOx was oxidized predominately to nitric acid and peroxy acyl nitrates on time scales of a few hours. The observed relationships between O3 and NOx oxidation products are affected by both photochemistry and mixing of different air masses. On four flights, background pollutant mixing ratios were constant and CO to NOy enhancement ratios in downwind plume transects remained at the emission ratio. The enhancement ratio of O3 to NOx oxidation products was also nearly constant and could be used to derive ozone production efficiency (OPE) in plumes downwind from the Houston area. On the other flights, variable mixing of regionally polluted background air with plumes caused CO to NOy and O3 to NOy − NOx enhancement ratios to increase as plumes were transported. In such cases, enhancement ratios do not solely reflect plume processing, and OPE could not be determined. The OPE averages 5.9 ± 1.2 in coalesced plumes from urban and petrochemical industrial sources in Houston, with higher values in isolated plumes downwind from petrochemical facilities located along the Houston ship channel.
More accurate confidence intervals in exponential families

SUMMARY Fisher's theory of maximum likelihood estimation routinely provides approximate confidence intervals for a parameter of interest 0, the standard intervals 0? Za5,s where 0 is the maximum likelihood estimator, 5' is an estimate of standard error based on differentiation of the log likelihood function, and Za is a normal percentile point. Recent work has produced systems of better approximate confidence intervals, which look more like exact intervals when exact intervals exist, and in general have coverage probabilities an order of magnitude more accurate than the standard intervals. This paper develops an efficient and dependable algorithm for calculating highly accurate approximate intervals on a routine basis, for parameters 0 defined in the framework of a multiparameter exponential family. The better intervals require only a few times as much computational effort as the standard intervals. A variety of numerical and theoretical arguments are used to show that the algorithm works well, and that the improvement over the standard intervals can be striking in realistic situations.
Parity violation in hot QCD: Why it can happen, and how to look for it

The arguments for the possibility of violation of P and CP symmetries of strong interactions at finite temperature are presented. A new way of observing these effects in heavy ion collisions is proposed—it is shown that parity violation should manifest itself in the asymmetry between positive and negative pions with respect to the reaction plane. Basing on topological considerations, we derive a lower bound on the magnitude of the expected asymmetry, which may appear within the reach of the current and/or future heavy ion experiments.
Performance analysis of multibranch switched diversity systems

We investigate the performance of multibranch switched diversity systems. Specifically, we first derive generic formulas for the cumulative distribution function, probability density function, and moment-generating function of the combined signal power for both switch-and-stay combining (SSC) and switch-and-examine combining (SEC) schemes. We then capitalize on these expressions to obtain closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average error rate for various practical communication scenarios of interest. As a byproduct of our analysis we prove that for SSC with identically distributed and uniformly correlated branches, increasing the number of branches to more than two does not improve the performance, but the performance can be different in the case the branches are not identically distributed and/or not uniformly correlated. We also show that, in general, the SEC performance improves with additional branches. The mathematical formalism is illustrated with a number of selected numerical examples.
Religious Observance and Well-Being among Israeli Jewish Adults: Findings from the Israel Social Survey

This study reports on analyses of Jewish respondents (N = 6,056) from the 2009 Israel Social Survey. Multivariable methods were used to investigate whether religiously observant Jews have greater physical and psychological well-being. After adjustment for age and other sociodemographic correlates of religion and well-being and for a measure of Israeli Jewish religious identity (i.e., secular, traditional, religious, ultra-Orthodox), two findings stand out. First, greater Jewish religious observance is significantly associated with higher scores on indicators of self-rated health, functional health, and life satisfaction. Second, there is a gradient-like trend such that greater religiousness and life satisfaction are observed as one moves "rightward" across religious identity categories. These findings withstand adjustment for effects of all covariates, including Israeli nativity and Jewish religious identity.
Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Macrocystis Pyrifera

The understanding of the organization and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in Macrocystis, the giant kelp, economically and ecologically the most important algal species in the nearshore marine environment of the California coast (1,2), is a first step toward clarification of the photobiology of this unique alga. Our understanding of the structural-functional organization of brown algal chloroplasts is far from complete (3). Fragmentation and separation techniques such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation (4,5) and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (6) have been used to investigate the various pigment-protein complexes of brown algae in an attempt to determine how photosystem (PS)I and PSII are organized. These studies have focused on intertidal or shallow subtidal species such as Fucus serratus (7), Ecklonia radiata (4), Hormosira sp. (8), Acrocarpia pamculata (5) and Laminaria saccharina (6).
Randomized Phase I/II Study of Troxacitabine Combined With Cytarabine, Idarubicin, or Topotecan in Patients With Refractory Myeloid Leukemias

Purpose: Troxacitabine has significant single-agent activity. This study was conducted to define the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of its combination with cytarabine (ara-C), idarubicin, or topotecan. Patients and Methods: Patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), advanced myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase (CML-BP) were initially randomly assigned to receive troxacitabine 5.0 mg/m2 by intravenous (IV) infusion over 30 minutes on days 1 to 5 with ara-C 1.0 mg/m2/d IV over 2 hours on days 1 to 5, idarubicin 12 mg/m2 by 5 minute IV infusion on days 1 to 3, or topotecan 1.0 mg/m2 as an continuous IV infusion on days 1 to 5. Doses were then adjusted to define DLT for each combination. Results: Eighty-seven patients (68 AML, eight MDS, 11 CML-BP) were treated. DLTs were hepatic transaminitis, hyperbilirubinemia, and hand foot syndrome (HFS) on the troxacitabine plus ara-C combination. The recommended phase II doses were 6 mg/m2 once a day for 5 days...
Extending design environments to software architecture design

Domain-oriented design environments are cooperative problem-solving systems that support designers in complex design tasks. We present the facilities and architecture of Argo, a domain-oriented design environment for software architecture. Argo's architecture is motivated by the desire to achieve reuse and extensibility of the design environment. It separates domain-neutral code from domain-oriented code, which is distributed among intelligent design materials as opposed to being centralized in the design environment. Argo's facilities are motivated by the observed cognitive needs of designers. These facilities extend previous work in design environments to support reflection-in-action, opportunistic design, and comprehension and problem-solving.
Optimizing power conditioning components for a Flux Compression Generator using a non-explosive testing system

This paper discusses a non-explosive pulsed power device used to reproduce the output waveforms of a Flux Compression Generator (FCG) driving a High Power Microwave (HPM) source. This system optimizes the power conditioning components of a HPM source while reducing the time and resources inherent to explosively driven FCG schemes. An energy storage inductor, fuse opening switch, and a peaking gap make up the power conditioning system. This system couples large voltage pulses (∼300 kV), suited for HPM sources, to the load by disrupting the energy storage inductor current (∼40 kA). This paper will show that an optimal fuse length was experimentally searched for by varying the calculated fuse wire base length by ±5, 10, and 15%. Various geometric fuse designs were examined to achieve a 45% reduction in the physical fuse length at constant wire length with acceptable performance losses. This paper will also show that the distance between the electrodes of a peaking gap can be optimized to more efficiently switch in the load. Finally results will be shown that depict the amount of microwave power produced by a vircator before fuse and peaking gap optimization.
Is random walk truly memoryless — Traffic analysis and source location privacy under random walks

Random walk on a graph is a Markov chain and thus is `memoryless' as the next node to visit depends only on the current node and not on the sequence of events that preceded it. With these properties, random walk and its many variations have been used in network routing to `randomize' the traffic pattern and hide the location of the data sources. In this paper we examine a myth in common understanding of the memoryless property of a random walk applied for protecting source location privacy in a wireless sensor network. In particular, if one monitors only the network boundary and records the first boundary node hit by a random walk, this distribution can be related to the location of the source node. For the scenario of a single data source, a very simple algorithm by integrating along the network boundary would reveal the location of the source. We also develop a generic algorithm to reconstruct the source locations for various sources that have simple descriptions (e.g., k source locations, sources on a line segment, sources in a disk). This represents a new type of traffic analysis attack for invading sensor data location privacy and essentially re-opens the problem for further examination.
Ball repair of vesicovaginal fistula

Abstract Eighteen patients with vesicovaginal fistula (15 fistulas resulted from vaginal and 3 from abdominal hysterectomy) were all successfully treated using the ball counter-pressure technique.
Cytokine-facilitated transduction leads to low-level engraftment in nonablated hosts

Using a murine bone marrow transplantation model, we evaluated the long-term engraftment of retrovirally transduced bone marrow cells in nonmyeloablated hosts. Male bone marrow was stimulated in a cocktail of interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, IL-11, and stem cell factor (SCF ) for 48 hours, then cocultured on the retroviral producer line MDR18.1 for an additional 24 hours. Functional transduction of hematopoietic progenitors was detected in vitro by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) mRNA from high proliferative potential-colony forming cell (HPP-CFC) colonies. After retroviral transduction, male bone marrow cells were injected into nonablated female mice. Transplant recipients received three TAXOL (Bristol-Myers, Princeton, NJ) injections (10 mg/kg) over a 14-month period. Transplant recipient tissues were analyzed by Southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization for Y-chromosome–specific sequences and showed donor cell engraftment of approximately 9%. However, polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNAs from bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood showed no evidence of the transduced MDR1 gene. RT-PCR analysis of total bone marrow RNA showed that transcripts from the MDR1 gene were present in a fraction of the engrafted donor cells. These data show functional transfer of the MDR1 gene into nonmyeloablated murine hosts. However, the high rates of in vitro transduction into HPP-CFC, coupled with the low in vivo engraftment rate of donor cells containing the MDR1 gene, suggest that the majority of stem cells that incorporated the retroviral construct did not stably engraft in the host. Based on additional studies that indicate that ex vivo culture of bone marrow induces an engraftment defect concomitantly with progression of cells through S phase, we propose that the cell cycle transit required for proviral integration reduces or impairs the ability of transduced cells to stably engraft.
A comparison of synchronous remote and local usability studies for an expert interface

Synchronous remote usability studies can be a convenient and cost-effective alternative to conventional local usability studies. Although they are common in the field, there has been little research comparing synchronous remote usability studies with local studies. In our comparison of remote and local studies of an expert interface, the primary differences were in the participant's and facilitator's qualitative experience. The remote and local studies agreed closely (with no significant differences) in terms of the number of usability issues found, their type, and their severity. While our comparison focuses on an expert interface and more work is needed to understand remote studies in general, our experience suggests that evaluators of expert interfaces will have comparable success identifying usability issues with either remote or local studies.
TAPIDO: trust and authorization via provenance and integrity in distributed objects

Existing web services and mashups exemplify the need for flexible construction of distributed applications. How to do so securely remains a topic of current research.We present TAPIDO, a programming model to address Trust and Authorization concerns via Provenance and Integrity in systems of Distributed Objects. Creation of TAPIDO objects requires (static) authorization checks and their communication provides fine-grain control of their embedded authorization effects. TAPIDO programs constrain such delegation of rights by using provenance information. A type-and-effect system with effect polymorphism provides static support for the programmer to reason about security policies. We illustrate the programming model and static analysis with example programs and policies.
Civilian unemployment and mental health: the moderating impact of alcohol misuse in returning national guard

Postdeployment civilian unemployment has become a common problem and source of additional stress for National Guard (NG) personnel. This study evaluated 126 California NG members, exploring the relationship between immediate postdeployment employment status and self-reported mental health symptoms, including evidence of alcohol misuse. Participants were recruited from a NG unit within the first 3 months after returning home in August 2011. Over one-third of participants reported being unemployed beyond the part-time NG commitment. Mental health symptoms were greater in those participants without civilian employment. Additionally, those participants with comorbid alcohol misuse with either depression or post-traumatic stress disorder were significantly more likely to lack civilian employment. Interaction testing revealed a significant interaction between employment status and alcohol misuse for both depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Alcohol use was concluded to moderate the relationship between civilian unemployment and mental health symptoms. Results suggest that the part-time employment provided through NG service may serve as a protective factor in the development of negative psychological outcomes, except for cases where alcohol misuse is present.
Much Ado about Mosaics: How Original Principles Apply to Evolving Technology in United States v. Jones

This paper argues that supporters and detractors of the concurring opinions in United States v. Jones have overemphasized the role of the “mosaic” or “aggregation” theory in the concurrences. This has led to a misreading of those opinions, an overly narrow view of the Justices’ privacy concerns, and has obscured two limiting principles that are vital to their analysis. This paper provides a path forward by revealing the analysis of reasonable expectation of privacy concerns that is common to both concurrences. The endpoint is a rule both more limited and broader than a simple application of a “mosaic theory.” It is more limited in the sense that the rule applies only to surveillance using technology that operates outside of individual human control and is thus susceptible to overuse and abuse. It is broader in the sense that it finds surveillance intrusive not just where the technology will collect a mosaic of information that reveals more than each one tile of information itself, but where the technology will chill expression of constitutionally protected behavior, behavior that can take place “in public,” with other people, but is shared with a limited group.
Labordiagnostik im Rahmen der Mutterschaftsvorsorge

Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber die wesentlichen Laboruntersuchungen im Laufe einer Schwangerschaft. Neben den durch die Mutterschaftsrichtlinien vorgeschriebenen Bestimmungen werden die wichtigsten Untersuchungen zum Screening auf weitere schwangerschaftsrelevante Erreger aufgefuhrt.
Theory of anisotropic diffusion of entangled and unentangled polymers in rod-sphere mixtures

We present a microscopic self-consistent theory for the long-time diffusion of infinitely thin rods in a hard sphere matrix based on the simultaneous dynamical treatment of topological uncrossabili...
Simulation of Flow Field on a Large Scale Wind Turbine

Large scale wind turbines and wind farms continue to evolve mounting 94.1GW of the electrical grid capacity in 2007 and expected to reach 160.0GW in 2010 according to World Wind Energy Association. They commence to play a vital role in the quest for renewable and sustainable energy. They are impressive structures of human responsiveness to, and awareness of, the depleting fossil fuel resources. Early generation wind turbines (windmills) were used as kinetic energy transformers and today generate 1/5 of the Denmark’s electricity and planned to double the current German grid capacity by reaching 12.5% by year 2010. Wind energy is plentiful (72 TW is estimated to be commercially viable) and clean while their intensive capital costs and maintenance fees still bar their widespread deployment in the developing world. Additionally, there are technological challenges in the rotor operating characteristics, fatigue load, and noise in meeting reliability and safety standards. Newer inventions, e.g., downstream wind turbines and flapping rotor blades, are sought to absorb a larger portion of the cost attributable to unrestrained lower cost yaw mechanisms, reduction in the moving parts, and noise reduction thereby reducing maintenance. In this work, numerical analysis of the downstream wind turbine blade is conducted. In particular, the interaction between the tower and the rotor passage is investigated. Circular cross sectional tower and aerofoil shapes are considered in a staggered configuration and under cross-stream motion. The resulting blade static pressure and aerodynamic forces are investigated at different incident wind angles and wind speeds. Comparison of the flow field results against the conventional upstream wind turbine is also conducted. The wind flow is considered to be transient, incompressible, viscous Navier-Stokes and turbulent. The k-e model is utilized as the turbulence closure. The passage of the rotor blade is governed by ALE and is represented numerically as a sliding mesh against the upstream fixed tower domain. Both the blade and tower cross sections are padded with a boundary layer mesh to accurately capture the viscous forces while several levels of refinement were implemented throughout the domain to assess and avoid the mesh dependence.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Simulation to Improve Patient Safety in Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Patient safety is the foundation of high-quality health care. Simulation has been integrated with patient safety activities in pediatric emergency medicine to improve knowledge, skills, and attitudes; teamwork and communication; systems and processes; and identification and mitigation of threats to safety. Simulation efforts, coordinated with those of key stakeholders, can be a powerful agent of change at the individual provider, team, and system levels. It is imperative that simulation activities be integrated within the systems infrastructure for maximal impact and dissemination of learnings.
What happens when tendons bend and twist? Proteoglycans

When tendons must bend or twist in order to fulfil their function of attaching muscle to bone they are subjected to forces that could damage the tendon. However, there are concomitant protective changes in the structure of the tendon at the location of bending. One of these changes involves increased synthesis and accumulation of the large proteoglycan aggrecan. The accumulation of aggrecan can protect the tendon by providing compressive stiffness, by allowing collagen fascicles to slide relative to one another, and by protecting vascular elements.
Photoluminescence of Eu3+-doped glasses with Cu2+ impurities

Abstract Glasses activated with Eu 3+ ions are attractive as luminescent materials for various photonic applications. Co-doping with copper has been proposed for enhancing material optical properties, but the quenching effect of Cu 2+ impurities on Eu 3+ emission in glass remains largely unexplored. In this work, Eu 2 O 3 /CuO-containing barium–phosphate glasses have been prepared by the melt-quench method, and the Eu 3+ photoluminescence (PL) quenching resulting from Eu 3+ → Cu 2+ energy transfer was evaluated. Optical absorption spectroscopy showed that with the increase in CuO concentration the Cu 2+ absorption band resonant with Eu 3+ emission (e.g. 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 transition around 615 nm) developed steadily. As a result, Eu 3+ PL was progressively quenched. Evaluation of the quenching constants as a function of temperature in the 298–673 K range showed differences basically within experimental error, consistent with a resonant transfer and lack of phonon-assisted processes. Moreover, analysis of the Eu 3+ emission decay dynamics revealed a strong correlation between the decay rates and Cu 2+ impurity levels. Results imply that for practical applications the levels of Cu 2+ in Eu 3+ /Cu + -activated glasses should be reduced if not removed as these will significantly limit device efficiency.
Laser-Driven, Surface-Mounted Unidirectional Rotor

We propose a design for a class of molecular rotors fixed to a semiconductor surface, induced by a moderately intense, linearly polarized laser pulse. The rotor consists of an organic molecule possessing a polarizable headgroup that is attached via a linear component to the surface. The polarization direction in parallel to the surface plane is determined so as to maximize the torque experienced by the molecular headgroup and, hence, the duration of the ensuing rotation, while also controlling the sense of rotation. We find that the molecule continues to rotate for many rotational periods after the laser pulse turns off, before multiple scattering by the potential barrier results in dephasing.
Hookworm and Strongyloides Infections

Abstract Hookworm and Strongyloides are intestinal nematodes that penetrate exposed skin to establish infection. Hookworm infection leads to intestinal blood loss and is a leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Infection results in developmental and cognitive delays in children, as well as reductions in future wage earning; infection in pregnant women in low-income countries results in poor birth outcomes. Therapy is with benzimidazole anti-helminthics. Strongyloides stercoralis infection leads to diarrhea and can cause chronic infection, lasting decades if there is no treatment. Infection is difficult to diagnose because of the paucity of larvae in feces. Hyperinfection with Strongyloides is linked to corticosteroid use or other immune dysregulation and is associated with high mortality. Therapy is with ivermectin; in hyperinfection, prolonged treatment may be required, along with management of secondary bacteremias and bacterial meningitis.
The Collapse of Social Democracy

From the end of WWII until 1973 Britain’s economy grew, with an absolute rise in living standards, while simultaneously experiencing relative economic and geopolitical decline. Political success coincided with economic success as prosperity promoted political stability until the late 1960s. The 1950s produced the paradigmatic type of two-party parliamentary government. But by the 1970s British governments saw events move beyond their control. How a collectivist consensus or governing strategy brought autonomy to the British state and then came apart forms the backdrop to understanding the emergence and impact of privatization on British democracy.
Market Failure and Public Support of R&D

This chapter summarizes the economic arguments for public support of private-sector R&D activity. The economic concept of market failure is discussed.
CEO Compensation and the Sale of Private Firms

We compare the compensation of CEOs of private firms that go public or sell out via acquisition with CEO compensation of standalone firms that remain private. We find that CEOs of IPO and sellout firms have higher compensation than CEOs of firms that remain private. We also show that equity-based compensation is positively related to the likelihood of going public. Although both IPO and sellout firms have higher option-based compensation in the year prior to the event, it is more dominant in firms that go public. We also document a positive relation between CEO cash and equity-based compensation and the valuation of the firm at the time of the acquisition or IPO.
Multiple Antibodies Different Species

The real power of immunocytochemistry is its utility to determine whether several different proteins are colocalized under specific experimental conditions. Therefore, most immunocytochemistry experiments use multiple 1° antibodies.
Agricultural Returns to Labour and the Origins of Work Ethics

We examine the historical determinants of differences in preferences for work across societies today. Our hypothesis is that a society’s work ethic depends on the role that labor has played in it historically, as an input in agricultural production: societies that have for centuries depended on the cultivation of crops with high returns to labor effort will work longer hours and develop a preference for working hard. We formalize this prediction in the context of a model of endogenous preference formation, with altruistic parents that can invest in reducing their offsprings’ disutility from work. To empirically found our model, we construct an index of potential agricultural labor intensity, that captures the suitability of a location for the cultivation of crops with high estimated returns to labor in their production. We find that this index positively predicts work hours and attitudes towards work in contemporary European regions. We find support for the hypothesis of cultural transmission, by examining the correlation between potential labor intensity in the parents’ country of origin and hours worked by children of European immigrants in the US.
The Biogeochemistry of Boreal Beaver Ponds

The flooding of soils by beaver dams causes the depletion of oxygen and development of anaerobic conditions that alter biogeochemical processes. Field studies showed that, as anaerobic conditions increased, porewater concentrations of Fe2+ increased and SO42− decreased, consistent with the predictions of redox reactions. Porewater PO43− concentrations also increased under anaerobic conditions, presumably due to dissolution of iron phosphates following iron reduction. Ammonium concentrations increased with increasing saturation; under aerobic conditions ammonium would normally be converted to nitrate. Porewater Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations also increased with increasing saturation, but the mechanism was probably carbonate dissolution due to increased CO2 pressure in the soil during waterlogging, rather than changes in redox potential. Soil type influenced beaver meadow chemistry: glaciolacustrine soils had higher total N, oxalate-extractable Fe, cation exchange capacity, and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) than did glaciofluvial soils. A split moving window was used along a beaver meadow transect to identify biogeochemical ecotones, the locations where sharp breaks occurred in anaerobiosis and nitrate concentrations. A distributed parameter biogeochemical model was applied to the Finlander watershed of the Kabetogama Peninsula, and indicated that beaver impoundments there would decrease nitrogen concentration, chemical oxygen demand, and sediment yield measured at the watershed outlet cell.
Information Leakage-Aware Computer-Aided Cyber-Physical Manufacturing

Cyber-physical additive manufacturing systems consist of tight integration of cyber and physical domains. This union, however, induces new cross-domain vulnerabilities that pose unique security challenges. One of these challenges is preventing confidentiality breach, caused by physical-to-cyber domain attacks. In this form of attack, attackers utilize the side-channels (such as acoustics, power, electromagnetic emissions, and so on) in the physical-domain to estimate and steal cyber-domain data (such as G/M-codes). Since these emissions depend on the physical structure of the system, one way to minimize the information leakage is to modify the physical-domain. However, this process can be costly due to added hardware modification. Instead, we propose a novel methodology that allows the cyber-domain tools [such as computer aided-manufacturing (CAM)] to be aware of the existing information leakage. Then, we propose to change either machine process or product design parameters in the cyber-domain to minimize the information leakage. Our methodology aids the existing cyber-domain and physical-domain security solution by utilizing the cross-domain relationship. We have implemented our methodology in a fused-deposition modeling-based Cartesian additive manufacturing system. Our methodology achieves reduction of mutual information by 24.94% in acoustic side-channel, 32.91% in power side-channel, 32.29% in magnetic side-channel, and 55.65% in vibration side-channel. As a case study, to help understand the implication of mutual information drop, we have also presented the calculation of success rate and the reconstruction of the 3D object based on an attack model. For the given attack model, our leakage-aware CAM tool decreases the success rate of an attacker by 8.74% and obstructs the reconstruction of finer geometry details.
Preparing an Interdisciplinary Workforce in Oncofertility: A Suggested Educational and Research Training Program

The new field of oncofertility brings together basic and clinical scientists and practitioners in reproductive medicine and oncology, as well as biomechanical engineers, bioethecists, psychologists, and others, in order to provide young cancer patients with their best options for preserving fertility and having a future family. An oncofertility training program must be multifaceted and multidisciplinary in its approach, with mentors that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries to guide the training of fellows interested in this new field. Research and technical expertise at the bench, as well as clinical experience with oncofertility patients and their families, are essential parts of an oncofertility training program. Opportunities to network and discuss with other fellows and leaders across various fields of inquiry will help foster a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach to each fellow’s future research program. Practical issues in setting up an oncofertility training program—its administration, its curriculum, and its evaluation—are discussed in this chapter with the goal of encouraging the entry of more fellows into the field of oncofertility to become tomorrow’s leaders in this exciting new “supra-discipline.”
Das Amerikanische Reisewerk

Im Jahr 1813 schrieb Alexander von Humboldt in seiner Einleitung zu Vues des Cordilleres et monumens des peuples indigenes de l’Amerique (Ansichten der Kordilleren und der Monumente der eingeborenen Volker Amerikas) von einer »gluckliche[n] Umwalzung« in der »Art und Weise, die Zivilisationen der Volker und die Grunde fur das Stocken oder Fortschreiten ihrer Entwicklung zu betrachten« (Humboldt 2004a, 4). Mit dieser Behauptung bezog er klar Stellung in dem andauernden Streitgesprach uber die Neue Welt, das mit der vermeintlichen Entdeckung und der Eroberung Amerikas begonnen hatte und sich im 18. Jahrhundert unter anderem in den Schriften des Comte de Buffon, denen von Cornelis de Pauws und des Abtes Guillaume Raynal deutlich verscharfte. Durch Hegels Arbeiten fand dann diese Debatte im 19. Jahrhundert auch in die Philosophie Eingang. Die Neue Welt (wie auch Afrika) wurde in diesem Disput meist als ein geschichtsloser Kontinent dargestellt. Ihre Einwohner waren kulturlose Horden, die weder eine nennenswerte Vergangenheit noch eine wirkliche Zukunft hatten. Sogar geologisch gesehen war die Neue Welt ›neu‹, ein Festland, das erst kurzlich aus den Wassern riesiger Tiefland-Strome aufgestiegen war. Indem er Francisco Javier Clavijeros zehnbandige Historia antigua de Mexico (1780–1781; Alte Geschichte von Mexiko) heraufbeschwor, brachte Humboldt seine eigenen Ansichten der Kordilleren, die er in Paris zwischen 1810 und 1813 zuerst auf Franzosisch veroffentlicht hatte, in den Disput als kritische Beleuchtung der These von Amerikas kultureller Minderwertigkeit ein (Humboldt 1810–1813). Diese Mutmasung war zum Kennzeichen des Diskurses uber Amerika in den Werken von Autoren geworden, die scheinbar selbstverstandliche Urteile uber den Kontinent fallten, ohne jemals dort gewesen zu sein. Humboldts »gluckliche Umwalzung« veranlasste mit ihrer einschneidenden Kritik an der europaischen, insbesondere franzosischen Aufklarung eine bahnbrechende Veranderung. Es mag als ironisch gelten, dass Humboldt selbst mit seinen Schriften am meisten zu diesem wesentlichen Wandel in der europaischen Auffassung von Kulturunterschieden beitragen sollte.
Invited Article: Visualizing protein synthesis in mice with in vivo labeling of deuterated amino acids using vibrational imaging

Proteins are one of the major components of biological systems, and understanding their metabolism is critical to study various biochemical processes in living systems. Despite extensive efforts to study protein metabolism such as autoradiography, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence microscopy, visualizing the spatial distribution of overall protein metabolism in mammals at subcellular resolution is still challenging. A recent study from our group reported imaging newly synthesized proteins in cultured mammalian cells, tissues, or even in mice using stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy coupled with metabolic labeling of deuterated amino acids (dAA). However, our previous method of dAA administration via drinking water, albeit convenient, is insufficient for in vivo studies. This is due to poor labeling efficiency and limited access to many important organs such as the brain, pancreas, or tumor. In this study, we have significantly improved and optimized the in vivo administration method by intra-carotid arterial injection of dAA in mice and obtained imaging contrast of protein metabolic activity in many more organs and tissues, such as cerebral and cerebellar cortex and hippocampal regions in the mouse brain. We also imaged newly formed proteins in the choroid plexus and pancreas at different time points, illustrating the metabolic dynamics of proteins in these important secretory organs. In addition, we visualized the metabolic heterogeneity of protein synthesis in colon tumor xenografts, which can be used to distinguish tumor and normal tissues. In summary, this combination of a new dAA administration technique and SRS imaging platform demonstrates an effective tool for the in vivo study of complex protein metabolism in mammals, in both physiological and pathological states.
Undergraduate TA and Mentor Programs in Computer Science

Undergraduates have been an important part of the teaching staff at many universities for decades, but this is not a universal practice. This BOF provides a forum to discuss undergraduate TA/mentor programs at various stages in their evolution. Attendees will have an opportunity to discuss the benefits, best practices, and research questions related to the use of undergraduates as teaching assistants and/or mentors. The audience is expected to consist of faculty that have already implemented such programs, and those who might be considering doing so, and want to share information about successes and challenges. Discussion Leader(s): Phill Conrad will facilitate the discussion and invite Colleen Lewis, Cynthia Lee and Diba Mirza to briefly speak about the Undergraduate TA/Mentor programs at their respective institutions. During the balance of the time participants will be invited to contribute ideas or ask questions related to the use of undergraduate TAs and mentors. Expertise of Discussion Leader(s): Diba Mirza and Phill Conrad are faculty in the Computer Science department at UC Santa Barbara, where they have created an undergraduate mentor program in the past two years. Colleen Lewis is an Associate Professor of CS at Harvey Mudd College, and is the lead PI for the csteachingtips.org project, a project to collect and document CS pedagogical content knowledge. Cynthia Lee is a Lecturer in CS at Stanford University, and works closely with the longstanding undergraduate TA program in the department.
Napping: is it really a means by which short sleepers can have their cake and eat it too?

Short sleep duration is pervasive worldwide. It is recognized that short sleep duration, but also long sleep duration, may increase one’s risk of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke (1). In a recent issue of the European Heart Journal , Wang and colleagues present evidence of increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular events in adults reporting both short and long sleep duration (2). This study is noteworthy because it followed a large population from 21 countries around the world over a period of approximately 8 years.
Novel Delivery Systems for Checkpoint Inhibitors

Checkpoint inhibition (CPI) therapies have been proven to be powerful clinical tools in treating cancers. FDA approvals and ongoing clinical development of checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of various cancers highlight the immense potential of checkpoint inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics. The occurrence of immune-related adverse events, however, is a major hindrance to the efficacy and use of checkpoint inhibitors as systemic therapies in a wide range of patients. Hence, methods of sustained and tumor-targeted delivery of checkpoint inhibitors are likely to improve efficacy while also decreasing toxic side effects. In this review, we summarize the findings of the studies that evaluated methods of tumor-targeted delivery of checkpoint inhibitors, review their strengths and weaknesses, and discuss the outlook for therapeutic use of these delivery methods.