cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant-microbe interactions regulate carbon and nitrogen accumulation in forest soils

Abstract Understory removal is a common practice in forest plantations, which is aimed at reducing competition for resources and increasing the productivity of target tree species. Recent studies have shown, however, that the presence of understory vegetation can increase soil carbon and nutrient content, especially where N-fixing species are present. To investigate whether this response can be attributed to changes in soil microbial communities, we conducted experiments with isotopically-labeled litter in Pinus ponderosa stands where N-fixing understory species were present (UP) or absent (UA). We measured carbon and nutrient stocks and monitored changes in soil microbial biomass and composition. Field and laboratory experiments strongly suggest that understory suppression and relatively small changes in litter quality can yield significant changes in soil C and N stocks, which are critical to maintaining forest productivity. We detected a greater accumulation of carbon and nitrogen (relative to controls) when mixtures of pine and N-rich litter were applied to the soil. In contrast, soils amended only with pine litter showed a net loss of carbon and nitrogen stocks. Soil microbial biomass was significantly higher in UP than in UA stands and microbial community composition varied with type of litter inputs and incubation time (0–180 days), but not as a function of understory management. Similar results were obtained from field experiments, in which mesocosms were incubated for ∼2.5 years with pine and N-rich understory litter mixtures. The suppression of understory species caused a decline in litter-derived carbon and nitrogen in the soil, even when the microbial community was resilient to the imposed treatments.
“Together We Can”: Redefining Work in Nairobi's Urban Transportation Sector

Workers in Kenya's informal transportation sector are employed in what anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, and organizational scholars call “dirty work,” or occupations that are tainted morally, socially, or physically. Although the operators of matatu, minibus taxis, carry a large portion of the Kenya population daily, they face stigmatization and discrimination, which can result in a decrease in lifechances and in some cases even death. In this article, I focus on the outcomes of the occupational stigma that matatu workers experience, and I argue that although the informal transportation workers of Nairobi's matatu sector are stigmatized symbolically and institutionally, they are also increasingly able to contest these perceptions of their work in ways that are having a powerful impact on the workers personally and collectively. The way that workers are reframing the meaning of their labor using a worker-run union is having an impact on worker identity and sociability leading to an inclusiveness, characteristic of what theorists describe as cosmopolitanism. This process is important for anthropologists to understand as more people are finding work in undesirable and/or informal employment sectors due to the global economic crisis.
Chapter 41 – Advances in electronic structure theory: GAMESS a decade later

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the new developments in electronic structure theory during the past decade. These developments include new methods in quantum mechanics, including approaches for extrapolating to the full CI and complete basis set limits, novel methods for CASSCF calculations, new coupled cluster techniques, methods for evaluating non-adiabatic and relativistic interactions, new approaches for distributed parallel computing, and QM/MM methods for describing solvent effects and surface science. It is useful to note in this regard that GAMESS is a general-purpose suite of electronic structure and QM/MM methods (including open-and closed-shell Hartree–Fock which has been essentially ignored here) that can be run on virtually any computer, cluster, massively parallel system, or for that matter a desktop Mac or PC. Indeed, GAMESS is used at many universities as an educational tool, making use of its graphical back end MacMolPlt. GAMESS and MacMolPlt can be downloaded at no cost from www.msg.ameslab.gov, with only a simple license required.
Natural Forms of Vitamin E as Effective Agents for Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Initial research on vitamin E and cancer has focused on α-tocopherol (αT), but recent clinical studies on cancer-preventive effects of αT supplementation have shown disappointing results, which has led to doubts about the role of vitamin E, including different vitamin E forms, in cancer prevention. However, accumulating mechanistic and preclinical animal studies show that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol (δT), γ-tocotrienol (γTE), and δ-tocotrienol (δTE), have far superior cancer-preventive activities than does αT. These vitamin E forms are much stronger than αT in inhibiting multiple cancer-promoting pathways, including cyclo-oxygenase (COX)- and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-catalyzed eicosanoids, and transcription factors such as nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3). These vitamin E forms, but not αT, cause pro-death or antiproliferation effects in cancer cells via modulating various signaling pathways, including sphingolipid metabolism. Unlike αT, these vitamin E forms are quickly metabolized to various carboxychromanols including 13'-carboxychromanols, which have even stronger anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects than some vitamin precursors. Consistent with mechanistic findings, γT, δT, γTE, and δTE, but not αT, have been shown to be effective for preventing the progression of various types of cancer in preclinical animal models. This review focuses on cancer-preventive effects and mechanisms of γT, δT, γTE, and δTE in cells and preclinical models and discusses current progress in clinical trials. The existing evidence strongly indicates that these lesser-known vitamin E forms are effective agents for cancer prevention or as adjuvants for improving prevention, therapy, and control of cancer.
Spin–Orbit Torques in NbSe2/Permalloy Bilayers

We present measurements of current-induced spin–orbit torques generated by NbSe2, a fully metallic transition-metal dichalcogenide material, made using the spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) technique with NbSe2/Permalloy bilayers. In addition to the out-of-plane Oersted torque expected from current flow in the metallic NbSe2 layer, we also observe an in-plane antidamping torque with torque conductivity σS ≈ 103 (ℏ/2e)(Ωm)−1 and indications of a weak field-like contribution to the out-of-plane torque oriented opposite to the Oersted torque. Furthermore, in some samples we also measure an in-plane field-like torque with the form m × z, where m is the Permalloy magnetization direction and z is perpendicular to the sample plane. The size of this component varies strongly between samples and is not correlated with the NbSe2 thickness. A torque of this form is not allowed by the bulk symmetries of NbSe2 but is consistent with symmetry breaking by a uniaxial strain that might result during device ...
Impaired granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor bioactivity accelerates surgical recurrence in ileal Crohn's disease.

Impaired granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor bioactivity accelerates surgical recurrence in ileal Crohn’s disease
Consumption of Invasive Western Mosquitofish Fry by Adult Conspecifics and Native Crayfish

The absence of predators is often invoked to explain the ability of non-native species to successfully invade a habitat, however native species can control or regulate populations of invasive species through predation. To better understand the regulation of invasive Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish), we conducted a laboratory experiment to examine the potential for native Cambarus thomai (Little Brown Mudbug) and adult conspecifics to consume Western Mosquitofish fry. On average, female Western Mosquitofish consumed nearly 3 times the number of fry in 24 h than males. Little Brown Mudbug, consumed some of the Western Mosquitofish fry, but the resulting mosquitofish mortality was not significantly higher than the control (which had 100% survivorship). Our results show that cannibalism is a potentially significant source of mortality in Western Mosquitofish, and thus may be a factor involved in the regulation of their population dynamics. However, native Little Brown Mudbug, while they do consume mosquitofish fry, are probably not a major source of mosquitofish mortality in nature.
Association of Vegetation Size With Embolic Risk in Patients With Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Infective endocarditis is a life-threating condition with annual mortality of as much as 40% and is associated with embolic events in as many as 80% of cases. These embolic events have notable prognostic implications and have been linked to increased length of stay in intensive care units and mortality. A vegetation size greater than 10 mm has often been suggested as an optimal cutoff to estimate the risk of embolism, but the evidence is based largely on small observational studies. Objective To study the association of vegetation size greater than 10 mm with embolic events using meta-analytic techniques. Data Sources A computerized literature search of all publications in the PubMed and EMBASE databases from inception to May 1, 2017, was performed with search terms including varying combinations ofinfective endocarditis,emboli,vegetation size,pulmonary infarct,stroke,splenic emboli,renal emboli,retinal emboli, andmesenteric emboli. This search was last assessed as being up to date on May 1, 2017. Study Selection Observational studies or randomized clinical trials that evaluated the association of vegetation size greater than 10 mm with embolic events in adult patients with infective endocarditis were included. Conference abstracts and non–English language literature were excluded. The search was conducted by 2 independent reviewers blinded to the other’s work. Data Extraction and Synthesis Following PRISMA guidelines, the 2 reviewers independently extracted data; disputes were resolved with consensus or by a third investigator. Categorical dichotomous data were summarized across treatment arms using Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity of effects was evaluated using the HigginsI2statistic. Results The search yielded 21 unique studies published from 1983 to 2016 with a total of 6646 unique patients with infective endocarditis and 5116 vegetations with available dimensions. Patients with a vegetation size greater than 10 mm had increased odds of embolic events (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.71-3.05;P Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis of 21 studies, patients with vegetation size greater than 10 mm had significantly increased odds of embolism and mortality. Understanding the risk of embolization will allow clinicians to adequately risk stratify patients and will also help facilitate discussions regarding surgery in patients with a vegetation size greater than 10 mm.
Aldol condensation among acetaldehyde and ethanol reactants on TiO2: Experimental evidence for the kinetically relevant nucleophilic attack of enolates

Abstract Combinations of rate measurements as functions of reactant pressures, in situ infrared spectroscopy, comparisons of kinetic isotope effects, and rate inhibition effects provide experimental evidence that aldol condensation of acetaldehyde proceeds by kinetically relevant nucleophilic attack of a reactive enolate upon an acetaldehyde molecule over anatase TiO2. Steady-state turnover rates of aldol condensation measured as a function of the pressures of C2H4O, C2H5OH, H2O, and H2 between 503 K and 537 K show that rates reflect a second order dependence on C2H4O pressure and an inverse second order dependence on the C2H5OH pressure at the lowest C2H4O-to-C2H5OH ratios. Infrared spectra obtained in situ show that the exposed cationic Ti-atoms that facilitate aldol addition on TiO2 surfaces are saturated with C2H5OH∗ species and C2H4O∗ coverages are much smaller. In addition, aldol rates increase when C2D4O replaces C2H4O as a reactant, which likely reflects an inverse, secondary isotope effect caused by rehybridization of C-atoms at the transition state that forms a C C bond between two reactive intermediates derived from acetaldehyde. These results suggest that the kinetically relevant step is a bimolecular surface reaction, specifically the nucleophilic attack of an enolate onto a vicinal C2H4O∗ species. This conclusion is consistent also with aldol condensation rates that decrease with an inverse second order dependence on pyridine (C5H5N) pressure, because C5H5N displaces C2H4O from the two Lewis acid sites involved in the kinetically relevant step (confirmed by in situ FTIR). Comparisons to recent reports on the mechanism of this reaction on anatase TiO2 indicate that the presence of high coverages of C2H5OH∗ causes nucleophilic attack to become the kinetically relevant step by significantly reducing the number of enolate-acetaldehyde reactant pairs upon the surface.
Dental Law in the United States of America

Dental records have become more and more important with the introduction of more procedures and techniques available to the dentist and the increase legal scrutiny of alleged dental malpractice cases. Dentists no longer simply fill or extract teeth. Today’s dentist, with proper training, is able to provide patients with advanced endodontic, periodontics, restorative, and other general and specialist patient care. As techniques and treatments have expanded, so has the risk involved in providing such advancements. With the increase in risk, the chance of a bad result also increases, such that the patient may become dissatisfied and seek legal recourse. In the early 1970s, it was relatively uncommon that a dentist would be sued. With the increase in legal pursuit to remedy an acceptable or bad result, dental records were found to be lacking of basic information needed to defend the dentist. By the 1980s, there was a large movement within the dental community to improve the records kept by dentists regarding their patient treatment. Hence, greater importance has been placed on the information placed in the dental records as well as proper maintenance of dental patient records.
Dying of Thirst: Kendrick Lamar and the Call for a “New School” Hip-Hop Pedagogy

This chapter examines how a New Literacies approach to hip-hop pedagogy gives students increased opportunities to foster dialogue related to race and power. Using Critical Race Theory to examine the music, art, and media related to two of rapper Kendrick Lamar’s albums, good kid, m.A.A.D. city and To Pimp a Butterfly, the authors provide for educators and academics a critical, multimodal text set that serves as an alternative to traditional literary canons that privilege white authors whose work exists solely in the print medium. Themes in Lamar’s work task the listener to consider the ways white supremacy and consumerism impact black artistry and community, which suggests potential for fostering critical classroom conversations related to ways that capitalism impacts representation of cultures in art.
Issues Related to Literacy of Legally Blind Learners

Literacy has become a national concern explored by television, newspapers, and magazines. Formerly considered to be mainly an educational issue, employers are now equally concerned. Indeed, the con...
Using Standardized Patients to Measure Quality: Evidence from the Literature and a Prospective Study

Article-at-a-Glance Background Use of standardized patients for evaluating the clinical skills of medical students and medical trainees is commonplace. This has encouraged the use of standardized patients to evaluate the quality of physician practice in outpatient settings. However, there may be substantive differences between observing student performance and evaluating whether the provision of care meets defined quality criteria. Objectives This study had two primary objectives: (1) to review studies that use standardized patients to evaluate physician performance and (2) to ascertain directly whether standardized patients could be useful in assessing quality of outpatient care. Methods A comprehensive literature review of studies that used standardized patients to assess physician performance was conducted. A prospective study that included 20 physicians at two outpatient settings and 27 actor patients assessed quality of care using eight clinical cases divided into five clinical domains, each of which had explicit criteria checklists based on widely accepted guidelines. Results The literature review identified five important issues: developing scenarios, selecting explicit criteria, standardizing standardized patient training, creating subterfuges, and ensuring reliability and validity of measures. In the study, trained standardized patients were able to assess physician practice accurately for common medical conditions, using proven criteria linked to health outcomes. The detection rate was 3%. There was no performance variation between actors for seven of the eight cases. Conclusions Using standardized patients to measure the quality of care is practical and feasible. The major methodological challenge is incorporating observable evidence-based criteria into realistic scripts and objective checklists. The major logistical challenge is obtaining and maintaining undetected entry into physicians' offices.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

A 21-year-old right-handed white female with well-controlled epilepsy developed normally without medical conditions or risk factors. Seizure onset was noted at 17 years of age after a night of “cramming” for a final examination in history class. After the test she stayed out with friends until 1 am. She admitted to drinking four Red Bull® energy drinks and staying out late with friends before returning home to sleep. The following day she experienced headache and nausea. When she went to brush her teeth, her right arm jerked, and her toothbrush was jettisoned from her hand. She went to eat breakfast but continued to be “shaky” and found it difficult to eat her cereal due to jerky motions that created trouble guiding the spoon to her mouth. She then described the occurrence of similar jerking in the morning in the first half hour of awakening over the last 2 years. As she was telling her parents about the night before, she suddenly turned her head to the left, let out a scream, and fell to the ground. She was unconsciousness and manifested generalized tonic stiffness and clonic jerking bilaterally for 1 min. She was then tired, sleepy, and confused. Her parents called 911, and she was taken to the ED. In the ED, she was disoriented and confused but without focal or lateralizing features to her neurological examination. A CT brain was normal. An EKG and laboratory testing included a normal CBC, liver function studies, and electrolyte panel, and creatinine was normal. She was given intravenous levetiracetam and was admitted to the hospital overnight. An MRI of the brain was normal and an EEG had the following results (see Fig. 7.1).
Insulin Receptor Substrate Suppression by the Tyrphostin NT157 Inhibits Responses to Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin in Breast Cancer Cells

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling systems regulate breast cancer growth, progression, and metastasis. The insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS1/2) transduce signaling from the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR) and insulin receptor (InR) to mediate the biological effects of receptor activation. In breast cancer, IRS-1 plays a critical role in cancer cell proliferation while IRS-2 is associated with motility and metastasis. NT157, a small-molecule tyrphostin, downregulates IRS proteins in several model systems. In breast cancer cells, NT157 treatment suppressed IRS protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to NT157 inhibited the activation of downstream signaling mediated by the IRS proteins. NT157 induced a MAPK-dependent serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins which resulted in disassociation between IRS proteins and their receptors resulting in IRS degradation. In estrogen receptor-α-positive (ERα+) breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T47D), NT157 also resulted in cytoplasmic ERα downregulation likely because of disruption of an IRS-1-IGF-IR/InR/ERα complex. NT157 decreased S phase fraction, monolayer, and anchorage-independent growth after IGF/insulin treatment in ERα+ breast cancer cells. NT157 downregulation of IRS protein expression also sensitized ERα+ breast cancer cells to rapamycin. Moreover, NT157 inhibited the growth of tamoxifen-resistant ERα+ breast cancer cells. Given that both IGF-IR and InR play a role in cancer biology, targeting of IRS adaptor proteins may be a more effective strategy to inhibit the function of these receptors.
Digital badging systems as a set of cultural tools for personalized professional development

Through design-based research, this study examines a digital badging system to support online, independent teacher Professional development (PD) in Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects. Sociocultural learning theory, in conjunction with the mediation triangle, provided a lens through which digital badging systems were examined as cultural tools for planning and wayfinding. This framework supported personalized teacher professional development in the digital badging system, Teacher learning journeys (TLJ), and the study examined teacher planning through goal articulation and wayfinding through teacher selection of professional development activities. Data consisted of teacher-generated artifacts, including goal statements, orientation activity reflections, intended PD activities, and completed PD activities. Data collection occurred during two 3-month iterations of teacher interaction with TLJ (I-1 = 30, I-2 = 29), and analyses were conducted using qualitative coding and statistical investigation including independent samples t tests and Pearson r correlations. Findings for teacher planning include a positive impact of reflective writing supports for activity completion, a broadening search for content, and four common objectives in written goal statements. Findings for teacher wayfinding discuss how participants used structures of the digital badging system for organizing and completing professional development in different ways. Analyses uncover differences in organizing intended professional development, three time-based patterns of use, and a non-significant relationship between intentions to complete an activity and the completion of activities. The intended and actual use of the TLJ system along with impacts on the teacher-leaners provide valuable insight into design considerations for developers and designers of independent teacher professional development.
Use of resuscitative balloon occlusion of the aorta in a swine model of prolonged cardiac arrest

Abstract Aim We examined the use of a Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) catheter during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest (CA) to assess its effect on haemodynamics such as coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), common carotid artery blood flow (CCA-flow) and end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) which are associated with increased return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Methods Six male swine were instrumented to measure CPP, CCA-Flow, and PetCO2. A 7Fr REBOA was advanced into zone-1 of the aorta through the femoral artery. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for 8 min. CPR (manual then mechanical) was initiated for 24 min. Continuous infusion of adrenaline (epinephrine) was started at minute-4 of CPR. The REBOA balloon was inflated at minute-16 for 3 min and then deflated/inflated every 3 min for 3 cycles. Animals were defibrillated up to 6 times after the final cycle. Animals achieving ROSC were monitored for 25 min. Results Data showed significant differences between balloon deflation and inflation periods for CPP, CCA-Flow, and PetCO2 (p Conclusion REBOA significantly increased CPP and CCA-Flow in this model of prolonged CA. These increases may contribute to the ability to achieve ROSC.
Designing parallel transmit head coil arrays based on radiofrequency pulse performance.

Purpose A new approach to design parallel transmit (pTx) head arrays is proposed that integrates transmit radiofrequency pulse designs with electromagnetic modeling of array coil elements. Theory and methods An approach to design pTx head arrays is proposed that finds optimal groupings of a large number of coils into a small number of channels. An algorithm is proposed to extend array-compressed parallel transmit pulse design by adding the ability to optimally select and prune coil elements, in addition to optimizing compression weights. The performance of the method is demonstrated in simulations of dynamic multislice shimming of the human brain in axial, coronal, and sagittal directions, and of reduced field-of-view excitation targeting the human occipital lobe, with simulated electromagnetic field maps from a group of 5 human head models at 7T. Results For both dynamic multislice shimming and reduced field-of-view excitation, the method successfully designed pTx arrays that simultaneously achieved in general 15% lower mean excitation errors with 20% lower SDs, along with 20% lower mean global averaged specific absorption rate and 50% lower SD than previously reported pTx head array designs. Conclusion With the proposed optimal coil element selection algorithm, the array-compressed parallel transmit pulse design can be extended to design pTx transmit head arrays with joint consideration of the fields within the sample and the radiofrequency pulse. The pTx arrays from such an approach achieved higher transmit excitation accuracy, lower radiofrequency heating in subjects, and more robust performance across subjects compared with previously reported pTx head arrays with the same number of channels.
Complementary Embryonic and Adult Cell Populations Enhance Myocardial Repair in Rat Myocardial Injury Model

We compared the functional outcome of Isl-1+ cardiac progenitors, CD90+ bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, and the combination of the two in a rat myocardial infarction (MI) model. Isl-1+ cells were isolated from embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) rat hearts and expanded in vitro. Thy-1+/CD90+ cells were isolated from the bone marrow of adult Sprague-Dawley rats by immunomagnetic cell sorting. Six-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and received intramyocardial injection of either saline, Isl-1+ cells, CD90+ cells, or a combination of Isl-1+ and CD90+ cells, at the time of infarction. Cells were delivered transepicardially to the peri-infarct zone. Left ventricular function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at 1- and 4-week post-MI and by Millar catheterization (-dP/dt and +dP/dt) at 4-week post-MI. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (Isl-1+cells) and monochrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles labeling (MION; CD90+ cells) were performed to assess biodistribution of transplanted cells. Only the combination of cells demonstrated a significant improvement of cardiac function as assessed by anterior wall contractility, dP/dt (max), and dP/dt (min), compared to Isl-1+ or CD90+ cell monotherapies. In the combination cell group, viable cells were detected at week 4 when anterior wall motion was completely restored. In conclusion, the combination of Isl-1+ cardiac progenitors and adult bone marrow-derived CD90+ cells shows prolonged and robust myocardial tissue repair and provides support for the use of complementary cell populations to enhance myocardial repair.
Effects of short- or long-term infusions of acetate or propionate on luteinizing hormone, insulin, and metabolite concentrations in beef heifers.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of short- (Trial 1) or long-term (Trial 2) intraruminal isocaloric infusions of acetate or propionate on secretion of LH, insulin, and selected metabolites in short- or long-term energy-restricted beef heifers. In Trial 1, 16 Angus heifers were assigned on d 6 to 12 of a synchronized estrous cycle (estrus = d 0) to a body weight-maintenance (BWM; n = 4) or an energy-restricted, body weight-loss (BWL; n = 12) treatment. On d 12 of a synchronized estrous cycle, heifers received PGF2alpha to synchronize estrus, and 12 h later BWL heifers received intraruminal, isocaloric infusions of acetate, propionate, or vehicle for 6 h and BWM heifers received vehicle concurrently. Mean plasma LH and LH pulse frequencies and amplitudes were not affected by treatment (P > .05). In contrast, infusion of propionate increased plasma insulin (P < .05) and reduced plasma concentration of NEFA (P < .05). In Trial 2, six ovariectomized Angus heifers were energy-restricted for 30 d. On d 14 and 26 of restriction, heifers began receiving intraruminal isocaloric infusions of acetate or propionate for 96 h in a switchback approach. Intraruminal infusions of vehicle for 6 h preceded infusions of acetate or propionate. Jugular blood was collected at 12-min intervals during infusions of vehicle and during the last 6 h of infusion of acetate or propionate. Mean concentration of LH and amplitude of pulses of LH were lower during acetate vs propionate or vehicle infusion (P < .05). Infusion of propionate increased insulin relative to acetate or vehicle infusion (P < .05). Plasma NEFA were reduced by infusion of propionate (P < .05) and increased by infusion of acetate (P < .05).
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

A 32-year-old female presented with recurrent narrow complex tachycardia. She had undergone three prior ablations for typical AVNRT. AVNRT was inducible at EP study. Ablation at the typical anatomic site of the slow pathway failed to abolish slow pathway conduction. Entrainment maneuvers suggested a leftward extension of the slow pathway. Ablation of the slow pathway was successful via transseptal approach.
Kirchhoff’s Law of Thermal Emission: 150 Years

In this work, Kirchhoff’s law (Kirchhoff G. Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, sessions of Dec. 1859, 1860, 783–787) is being revisited not only to mark its 150th anniversary but, most importantly, to highlight serious overreaching in its formulation. At the onset, Kirchhoff’s law correctly outlines the equivalence between emission and absorption for an opaque object under thermal equilibrium. This same conclusion had been established earlier by Balfour Stewart (Stewart B. Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 1858, v. 22(1), 1–20). However, Kirchhoff extends the treatment beyond his counterpart, stating that cavity radiation must always be black, or normal: depending only on the temperature and the frequency of observation. This universal aspect of Kirchhoff’s law is without proper basis and constitutes a grave distortion of experimental reality. It is readily apparent that cavities made from arbitrary materials (epsilon < 1) are never black. Their approach to such behavior is being driven either by the blackness of the detector, or by black materials placed near the cavity. Ample evidence exists that radiation in arbitrary cavities is sensitive to the relative position of the detectors. In order to fully address these issues, cavity radiation and the generalization of Kirchhoff’s law are discussed. An example is then taken from electromagnetics, at microwave frequencies, to link results in the resonant cavity with those inferred from the consequences of generalization.
The Natural History of X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease (XLP1): Lessons from a Long-Term Survivor

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by EBV-triggered immune dysregulation, lymphoproliferation, dysgammaglobulinemia, and lymphoma. Early childhood mortality from overwhelming inflammation is expected in most patients. The only curative therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); however, whether to perform HSCT on an asymptomatic patient remains debatable. This uncertainty arises because the natural history of XLP1 patients without transplantation is not clear. In this case report, we present the natural history of XLP1 in a 43-year-old male patient who did not receive HSCT. We also review the literature on untransplanted XLP1 patients who lived into mid-adulthood. Despite surviving childhood presentations that are typically fatal, we found that these rare patients remain susceptible to manifestations of XLP1 decades later.
Association of Childhood Atopic Dermatitis With Atopic and Nonatopic Multimorbidity.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the impact of multimorbidity in childhood atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the likelihood and predictors of chronic disease multimorbidity in childhood AD. METHODS Data were examined for children (<18 years) in the 1996-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, an annual, representative sample of United States households. Multimorbidity was assessed using Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Healthcare Utilization Project Chronic Comorbidity Indicator (HCUP-CCI) and frequency of atopic comorbidities. RESULTS Young children with mild-moderate and severe AD, and adolescents with mild-moderate AD had higher CCI scores. Similarly, young children and adolescents with mild-moderate and severe AD had increased HCUP-CCI scores. Children with AD and atopic disease had higher CCI and HCUP-CCI scores than children with either alone. Young children and adolescents with mild-moderate and severe AD had more atopic comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric AD is associated with increased atopic and non-atopic multimorbidity. Comorbid atopic disease may identify a subset of children with AD who particularly benefit from enhanced screening and management of multimorbidity.
An Innovative Model for Providing Dermatology Services Within Primary Care.

Abstract Objective Dermatologic complaints are common in outpatient pediatrics. However, pediatric dermatology specialty care can be difficult to access. We aimed to test the feasibility of co-locating dermatology services within primary care and increase the proportion of patients treated for basic skin complaints within the medical home while decreasing wait times. Methods The Rapid Assessment of Skin Health (RASH) clinic was created within a hospital-based primary care clinic in 11/2013. The clinic was staffed by 2 pediatricians trained in the dermatology department and supported with specialist advice as needed. Referral volume and wait times to dermatology and RASH clinic were tracked for visits between 11/1/12 and 10/31/18. A chart review was also conducted on a subset of RASH clinic visits. Primary care providers (PCPs) were surveyed about their experiences. Results Fifty-eight percent of patients referred for a dermatologic complaint were scheduled in RASH clinic. Wait times for new patient appointments in RASH clinic were significantly shorter than for new dermatology appointments in the previous 12 months (mean 36 days vs 65 days, P Conclusions Providing dermatologic care to low or moderate complexity patients within the medical home is feasible and leads to better access to care. This innovative model could be spread to other clinics and subspecialties.
BEOL Compatible Indium-Tin-Oxide Transistors: Switching of Ultrahigh-Density 2-D Electron Gas Over 0.8 × 10 14 /cm 2 at Oxide/Oxide Interface by the Change of Ferroelectric Polarization

In this work, we report back-end-of-line (BEOL) compatible indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transistors with ferroelectric (FE) Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) as gate insulator. A tunable high-density 2-D electron gas over 0.8 $\sf \times \,\,10^{14}$ /cm2 is achieved at the HZO/ITO oxide/oxide interface because of the FE polarization, which is confirmed by ${I}$ – ${V}$ , positive up and negative down (PUND), and Hall measurements. Such high carrier density can be completely modulated and switched on and off by FE polarization switching, enabling high mobility ITO transistor with high ON-current and high ON/OFF ratio.
Boosting Entropy and Enhancing Reliability for Physically Unclonable Functions

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are emerging hardware security primitives that leverage random variations during chip manufacturing process to generate unique secrets. The security level of generated PUF secrets is mainly determined by its unpredictability feature which is typically evaluated using the metric of entropy bits. In this paper, we propose a novel Pairwise Distinct-Modulus (PDM) technique that significantly improves the upper bound of PUF entropy bits from the scale of log2(N!) up to O(Nl). The PDM technique boosts entropy by eliminating the correlation within PUF response bits caused by element reuse in conventional pairwise comparison. We also propose a reliability-enhancing scheme to compensate the impact on reducing reliability by saving a significant portion of potential reliable response bits. Experimental results based on a published large-scale RO PUF frequency dataset validated that the proposed technique significantly boosts PUF entropy bits from the scale of O(N.log2(N)) up to approach the new upper bound of O(Nl) with a comparable reliability, and the reliability-enhancing technique saves 4x more on the percentage of reliable response bits.
Two-sample Testing of Discrete Distributions under Rare/Weak Perturbations

We propose a method to perform two-sample tests on discrete distributions, i.e., an unsupervised discriminator testing whether two frequency tables were each sampled from a single unspecified probability distribution. Our proposal takes feature-by-feature P-values based on a binomial allocation model, and combines the P-values using Higher Criticism. Performance on real-world data (e.g. authorship attribution challenges) shows this to be an effective unsupervised untrained discriminator even in violations of the binomial allocation model. The method has interesting theoretical properties, in the ‘rare/weak departures’ setting where, if two distributions are actually different, they differ only in relatively few features and only by relatively subtle amounts. We perform a phase diagram analysis in which the phase space quantifies how rare and how weak such departures are. Although our proposal does not require any formal specification of an alternative hypothesis, nor does it require any specification of a baseline or null hypothesis, in the limit where word counts are high, the method delivers the optimal phase diagram in the rare/weak setting: it is asymptotically fully powerful inside the region of phase space where a formally specified test would have been fully powerful. In the limit where counts are low, we derive the phase diagram as well, although the optimality of the resulting diagram is not discussed here.
Interoceanic Canal Navigation Criteria

The selection of navigation criteria for an interoceanic canal requires the consideration of the charateristics of the shipping which will use the facility and their hydrodynamic interaction with the canal bed and banks and other ships. This paper presents results of an evaluation of the state of knowledge and discusses areas which require additional research for effectiveness in application to design.
Clinical review: Devices and drugs for cardiopulmonary resuscitation – opportunities and restraints

The science and technology of CPR is only just emerging from its infancy. However, substantial improvements are anticipated, including the ability of lay rescuers to identify cardiac arrest promptly, the availability of additional measurements, and expanded intelligence provided by expanded AEDs with which to more effectively prompt the rescuer through the resuscitation procedure. Most important in our view is the ability to maintain uninterrupted precordial compression. Better timing and better waveforms for defibrillation are emerging. The recognition of the importance of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction and the selection of better vasopressor agents to minimize the adverse inotropic and chronotropic actions of adrenergic drugs are also likely to improve outcomes of CPR.
Repetitive sequences of the sea urchin genome: Distribution of members of specific repetitive families☆

Three repetitive sequence families from the sea urchin genome were studied, each defined by homology with a specific cloned probe one to a few hundred nucleotides long. Recombinant λ-sea urchin DNA libraries were screened with these probes, and individual recombinants were selected that include genomic members of these families. Restriction mapping, gel blot, and kinetic analyses were carried out to determine the organization of each repeat family. Sequence elements belonging to the first of the three repeat families were found to be embedded in longer repeat sequences. These repeat sequences frequently occur in small clusters. Members of the second repeat family are also found in a long repetitive sequence environment, but these repeats usually occur singly in any given region of the DNA. The sequences of the third repeat are only 200 to 300 nucleotides long, and are generally terminated by single copy DNA, though a few examples were found associated with other repeats. These three repeat sequence families constitute sets of homologous sequence elements that relate distant regions of the DNA.
PREMO: Parsing by conspicuous lexical consumption

In recent years there has been a renewed emphasis onscalein computational linguistics, and a certain disillusionment with the so-called “toy systems” of linguistic and AI models. Recent years have also seen rising interest in the computational analysis of machine-readable dictionaries as a lexical resource for parsing. These two trends are neither accidental nor independent of each other; an obvious place to look for large-scale linguistic information is in existing dictionaries.
An extended ambiguity criterion for array design

The ambiguity problem in direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a sensor array, manifests itself as spurious peaks in the DOA spectrum, making the true targets indistinguishable from the false alarms. A criterion that determines the presence of certain ambiguities inherent to a symmetric linear array has been proposed in the literature (Manikas, A. and Proukakis, C., IEEE Trans. Sig. Processing, vol.46, no.8, p.2166-79, 1998). The criterion is a useful tool to design reliable sensor arrays. A generalization of this ambiguity criterion is presented. The new ambiguity criterion encompasses more ambiguous DOAs and therefore gives a more accurate measurement of the reliability of an array design.
Faculty Perceptions of Instructional Development and the Success/Failure of an Instructional Development Program: A Naturalistic Study

ISSN 0148-5806 One of the frustrations frequently voiced by instructional technologists is the relatively small impact that technology has had on instruction. In spite of our conviction that our technology could dramatically improve learning, most elementary, secondary, and college instruction proceeds today as it always has. Armed with research findings and their logical implications, we frequently encounter resistance to technology that appears irrational to us. One of the deficiencies in our research
Overview and Basic Concepts

This volume grew out of developments in dynamics aimed at understanding the behavior of an oscillator for a slow change in parameters and at understanding the behavior of coupled oscillators when the coupling is weak. These two problems, first considered independently, were found to be intimately related for multiply periodic systems.
Internet APRS data utilization for biosurveillance applications

APRS is an abbreviation for Automatic Packet Reporting System, and is a method of broadcasting GPS positioning information in real time from packet radio-equipped stations. It was designed in the early 90’s, but it has seen growth in the last few years due to user-friendly software such as WinAPRS or UI-View, and Kenwood’s APRS enabled radio transceivers becoming available. APRS equipped stations send latitude and longitude information, as well as course, speed and altitude of mobile stations. These are commonly set up for use as Search and Rescue operations or special public events such as parades for tactical overviews. Even the International Space Station and a number of low-earth orbiting satellites have an APRS repeater on board, with amateur earth stations watching positions on their PC screens. Many stations also transmit weather data, which is collected for use by the US Weather Service.
Optimum follow the leader algorithm

Consider the following setting for an on-line algorithm (introduced in [FS97]) that learns from a set of experts: In trial t the algorithm chooses an expert with probability p$^{t}_{i}$ . At the end of the trial a loss vector Lt∈[0,R]n for the n experts is received and an expected loss of ∑ip$^{t}_{i}$L$^{t}_{i}$ is incurred. A simple algorithm for this setting is the Hedge algorithm which uses the probabilities $p^{t}_{i} \sim exp^{-\eta L^{<t}_{i}}$. This algorithm and its analysis is a simple reformulation of the randomized version of the Weighted Majority algorithm (WMR) [LW94] which was designed for the absolute loss. The total expected loss of the algorithm is close to the total loss of the best expert $L_{*} = min_{i}L^{\leq T}_{i}$. That is, when the learning rate is optimally tuned based on L*, R and n, then the total expected loss of the Hedge/WMR algorithm is at most $$L_{*} + \sqrt{\bf 2}\sqrt{L_{*}R{\rm log} n} + O({\rm log} n)$$ The factor of $\sqrt{\bf 2}$ is in some sense optimal [Vov97].
Association of temporal factors and suicides in the United States, 2000–2004

Objective The purpose of the study was to examine the association of temporal factors, in particular days of the week and seasons of the year and death from suicide in the United States.
Regional variation in wood specific gravity of planted loblolly pine in the United States

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is the most important plantation species in the southeastern United States and specific gravity (SG) is its most important wood quality trait. Analysis of annual ring SG of breast height (1.37 m) incre- ment cores from 3957 trees representing 147 plantations across the species natural range showed that ring SG increases with increasing age and varies significantly among physiographic regions. The South Atlantic and Gulf regions had the highest ring SGs, while the Hilly and Piedmont regions had the lowest. Based on ring SG, the juvenile period averages 4.3 years, followed by 8.6 years of transition wood, with mature wood produced by year 13. Whole-core mean SG was significantly higher in the South Atlantic (0.486) compared with the other regions (mean = 0.455), which were not statisti- cally different from each other. Trees from the South Atlantic have significantly higher whole-core SG because they con- tain significantly more latewood (40.1%) compared with trees growing in other regions (33.8%). Maps indicate that stands in the South Atlantic and Gulf regions have the highest SG at a given age. Stands growing on the northern and western fringe of the natural range of loblolly pine have the lowest whole-core SG.