cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
METABOLIC EVALUATION OF THE HEART IN THE PREOPERATIVE PATIENT.

Lack of nutrients and anoxemia, the basic metabolic defects in impending cardiac failure, cardiac arrest and coronary disease, are readily recognized. The nutrients which are deficient are glucose, fatty acids, iron, vitamins and electrolytes. Anoxemia must be prevented by assurance that the muscle cell has adequate perfusion.The crux of the preoperative care of a surgical patient is insurance that nutrients, adequate blood volume, and perfusion are present.
Epidemiological investigation of foodborne Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in a school

Objective To find out the risk factors of Salmonella outbreak in a school,and to put forward prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiology study was performed to survey the basic hygiene conditions of the school. Case-control study was conducted to investigate the suspected meal and food through questionnaires. Specimens from patients,culinary workers,residual foods and environment samples were collected for pathogenic isolation,serotype and pulsed field gel electrophoresis( PFGE) molecular classification. Results First case's onset date was June 9 and last case's was June 12. The outbreak lasted 4 days. Epidemiological curve suggested that it be a point source outbreak. A total of 61 cases were identified and were all boarding students,including 12 males and 49 females. The incidence of female( 10. 7%,49 /460) was significantly higher than that of males( 3. 9%,12 /309)( P 0. 01). Case-control study indicated that the egg sandwich of breakfast on June 9 was the risk factor to cause this outbreak( OR = 21. 70,95% CI: 8. 5055. 50). A total of 25 strains of Salmonella enteritidis were isolated and identified,of which 19 were from anal swabs of 25 patients,5 from anal swabs of 14 canteens kitchen staff,and 1 from 11 swabs of refrigerator handles,respectively. PFGE analysis showed that all the 25 strains had the same PFGE type. Conclusion This was a foodborne disease outbreak caused by Salmonella enteritidis and the risk factor was egg sandwich of breakfast. Health supervision and inspection authorities should pay much attention to all kind of food with eggs as the raw material.
Role of Leptin on the expression of Survivin in breast cancer cells

OBJECTIVE:To detect the effect of lepin on Survivin expression in breast cancer cells(T47D).METHODS:To collect breast cancer cells T47D in the logarithmic growth phase,and culture them at 5×104 / well in 48-well plates,respectively,in the following processing.C group:the control group,without any treatment after starvation;L group:cells treated with 10 nmol/L Leptin.The Survivin protein expression was quantified by Western-blot assay.In addition,the Survivin mRNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS:Western blot analysis showed that Survivin protein expression in T47D cells was upregulated afer treatment by 10 nmol/L Leptin for 2 h.RT-PCR showed that Leptin(10 nmol/L) could promote the expression of Survivin mRNA in T47D cells after treatment for 30 min and 60 min,compared with the control group.After treatment by Leptin(10 nMol / L) for 30 min and 60 min,Survivin mRNA expression was 2.15±0.19 and 4.55±0.23 times higher than those of the control group.CONCLUSION:Leptin increases the expression of Survivin in T47D breast cancer cells.
Research and application of real-time fluorescent RT-PCR in detection of novel Bunyavirus nucleic acid

Objective To develop a real-time fluorescent RT-PCR method for detecting novel Bunyavirus nucleic acid,so as to provide scientific basis for early diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Methods Primers and TaqMan probe were designed based on the L gene of novel Bunyavirus. Real time RT-PCR was established to identify novel Bunyavirus in serum samples of 72 clinical suspected patients and 30 healthy people,and the specificity,sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were verified. Results The developed real-time RT-PCR method had good specificity and sensitivity. The reproducibility experiments implied the intraassay coefficient of variation was lower than 1. 0%. In 102 samples,48 samples were positive from 72 clinical patients,while all the 30 serum samples from healthy people were negative. Conclusion The developed real time RT-PCR method exhibited higher specificity,sensitivity and reproducibility,so it could be used for rapid nucleic acid detection of novel Bunyavirus in human. It was also of significance for the early diagnosis of fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.
Convenient Conversion of Amino Acids to Their N-Hydroxylated Derivatives on a Solid Support: Synthesis of Hydroxamate-Based Pseudo-Peptides

N-Hydroxyl-substituted amino acid derivatives are key building blocks for synthesis of hydroxamate-based pseudo-peptides. They have potentially important applications in the synthesis of peptidornimetics, enzyme inhibitors, natural products, and in combinatorial chemistry. Several methods for synthesis of N-hydroxylarnino acid derivatives in solution have been reported. But no method has been reported to our knowledge for the direct conversion of amino acids to their N-hydroxyl-substituted derivatives on a solid support. In our continuing efforts to constructing a library of metal-binding, hydroxamate-based pseudopeptide, we have been interested in developing a protocol for efficient conversion of amino acids to their corresponding N-hydroxylated derivatives on a solid support.
Elastic instabilities of a ferroelastomer beam for soft reconfigurable electronics

Abstract We examine the flexural deformation and snap-through instability of a pre-buckled ferroelastomer beam. The beam is composed of ferromagnetic and electrically conductive microparticles suspended in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Bending and snap-through are controlled remotely with an external magnetic field. The observed magneto-flexural coupling is in reasonable agreement with predictions from an analytic model based on elastic rod theory and variational techniques. Moreover, such coupling results in stable and unstable bending modes that can be exploited for a soft-matter, field-controlled, reconfigurable electrical relay. These two flexural modes correspond to (i) low-power binary (stable) switching and (ii) a more rapid > 10 Hz response that is achieved by momentarily driving the beam to a slightly deformed configuration. This combination of stable and unstable switching states provides a new approach for harnessing elastic instabilities and a means to create a low power, yet rapidly responsive switch for soft electronic systems.
Some mechanistic understanding of the impulse strength of nanocomposites

Improvements in the dielectric properties of composite dielectrics have been previously documented when the filler material used is reduced to nanometric dimensions. While the reasons for this have been traced to the physics and chemistry taking place at the interface, and dramatic changes in the magnitude and dynamics of the internal charge are also known to occur, a clear picture of the exact mechanisms taking place has not emerged. This contribution seeks to compare the direct voltage breakdown of composites formed from biphenyl epoxy resin and titanium dioxide in both nanometric and conventional micron-scale forms with that obtained under impulse voltage conditions. The same materials are subjected to an internal charge analysis using the pulsed electroacoustic technique which shows that, in the case of the nanomaterials, a marked homocharge is formed in front of the cathode which would suggest that the dramatic improvements in voltage endurance seen for these materials may be due to the shielding effect of this negative charge. The finding also suggests that the negative charge is formed as the result of scattering occurring in the nanodielectric which is not present to the same extent in the conventional counterpart.
Cinetics: fueling entrepreneurial innovations through crowdfunding

The case examines how the founder of a startup company came up with the entrepreneurial idea and used Kickstarter as a platform to establish and grow his company. The case describes in detail the history of the company and charts out the crowdfunding campaigns that provided the company the initial funding. The case concludes at the point at which the founder is considering different funding options to scale the company even further. The case can be used in a variety of classes including digital business, open innovation, strategic IT management, digital innovation and entrepreneurship, and digital marketing.
Fingerprint-based technique for indoor positioning system via machine learning and convex optimization

Recently, the indoor positioning system (IPS) based on received signal strength (RSS) has received great attention in both industry and academic fields due to the ubiquity of wireless local area networks (WLAN). In general, Wi-Fi signal is suffering from two major limitations: first, the signal suffers from variation overtime. Secondly, the signal distribution recording on some devices can be more complex (multivariate distribution). In this paper, in order to take into account the full distribution of the RSS, we propose multivariate Kullback-Leibler divergence and Jensen-Shannon divergence (JSD) derived from Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) to measure the probability distribution among the fingerprint database. The proposed algorithm results showed high accuracy with localization error accuracy less than 1 m.
Human Behavior Aware Energy Management in Residential Cyber-Physical Systems

Technological advancements, such as smart appliances, have enabled residential buildings to become a true Cyber-Physical System (CPS), where the devices correspond to the physical system and the smart computation and control mechanisms define the cyber part. An important aspect of these residential cyber-physical systems is their large portion of the overall energy consumption in the electric grid. Researchers have proposed several methods to address the issue, targeting to reduce both the consumption and the cost associated with it, either individually or simultaneously. These methods include using renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, efficient control methods to maximize the benefits of these resources, and smart appliance rescheduling. However, a residential CPS, different than a common CPS, has a lot of direct human interaction within the system. Although the previous residential energy management methods are effective, they do not consider the inherent and dominant human factor. This paper develops a human-behavior-centric smart appliance rescheduling method for a residential neighborhood. We first show an accurate representation of the relationship between the activities of the household members and the power demand of the house. We use this model to efficiently generate several power profiles based on different household characteristics. Then, we formally model how flexible users are when rescheduling appliances. In contrast to previous studies, our work is able to capture the intrinsic human behavior related decisions and actions when automating the residential energy consumption. Our results show 16 percent energy savings and 22 percent reduction in peak power relative to the case without appliance rescheduling while accurately representing and meeting human-related constraints. We also demonstrate that ignoring human preferences can lead to up to more than 90 percent violation of user deadlines.
Incorporation of advanced image analysis in novel post-prostatectomy systems pathology models as an approach to replace the clinical Gleason and provide robust risk stratification.

e16134 Background: Quantitative analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostatectomy tissue can help guide management of post-operative prostate cancer (PCa) patients. We have previously publ...
Patterns of shading tolerance determined from experimental light reduction studies of seagrasses.

Abstract A review and analysis of the experimental literature on seagrass shading evaluated the relationships among experimental light reduction, experimental duration, additional modifying factors and common meadow-scale seagrass response metrics to determine whether there were consistent statistical relationships. Modifying factors included study latitude, field site depth, season of experiment initiation, rhizome connectivity (severed, intact), experiment type (field, mesocosm), and seagrass life history strategy. Highly significant, best fit linear regression models were found for both biomass and shoot density reduction that included light reduction, duration and other modifying variables, although unexplained variation in the data were high. Duration of light limitation affected extent of response for both metrics, and unexplained variance was greatly reduced by analysis of data from durations >60 d for shoot density and for >60 d
Cognitive function and discontinuation of adjuvant hormonal therapy in older breast cancer survivors: CALGB 369901 (Alliance).

To investigate the effects of cognitive function on discontinuation of hormonal therapy in breast cancer survivors ages 65+ (“older”). Older breast cancer survivors with invasive, non-metastatic disease, and no reported cognitive difficulties were recruited from 78 Alliance sites between 2004 and 2011. Eligible survivors (n = 1280) completed baseline interviews; follow-up was conducted annually for up to 7 years. Survivors with estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) cancers who initiated hormonal therapy (n = 990) were included. Self-reported cognitive function was measured using the EORTC-QLQ30 scale; a difference of eight points on the 0–100 scale was considered clinically significant. Based on varying rates of discontinuation over time, discontinuation was evaluated separately for three time periods: early ( 3–5 years). Cox models for each time period were used to evaluate the effects of cognition immediately preceding discontinuation, controlling for age, chemotherapy, and other covariates. Survivors were 65–91 years old (mean 72.6 years), and 79% had stages 1 or 2A disease. Overall, 43% discontinued hormonal therapy before 5 years. Survivors who reported lower cognitive function in the period before discontinuation had greater hazards of discontinuing therapy at the treatment midpoint (HR 1.22 per 8-point difference, CI 1.09–1.40, p < 0.001), considering covariates, but cognition was not related to discontinuation in the other periods. Self-reported cognitive problems were a significant risk factor for discontinuation of hormonal therapy 1–3 years post-initiation. Additional research is needed on the temporality of cognitive effects and hormonal therapy to support survivorship care needs of older survivors.
The Gut Microbiota, Food Science, and Human Nutrition: A Timely Marriage

Analytic advances are enabling more precise definitions of the molecular composition of key food staples incorporated into contemporary diets and how the nutrient landscapes of these staples vary as a function of cultivar and food processing methods. This knowledge, combined with insights about the interrelationship between consumer microbiota configurations and biotransformation of food ingredients, should have a number of effects on agriculture, food production, and strategies for improving the nutritional value of foods and health status. These effects include decision-making about which cultivars of current or future food staples to incorporate into existing and future food systems, and which components of waste streams from current or future food manufacturing processes have nutritional value that is worth capturing. They can also guide which technologies should be applied, or need to be developed, to produce foods that support efficient microbial biotransformation of their ingredients into metabolic products that sustain health.
Live versus attenuated influenza vaccine uptake and post-vaccination influenza-like illness outcomes in HIV-infected US Air Force members.

Abstract Background Although clinical data is limited, guidelines recommend avoiding live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine (LAIV) in HIV-infected persons. Objectives To evaluate non-guideline LAIV use and resulting adverse effects in an HIV-infected population. Study design A retrospective analysis of influenza vaccination in US Air Force (USAF) members with HIV infection immunized between 2005 and 2015 was performed. Influenza vaccination history after HIV diagnosis was evaluated, including receipt of LAIV or inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). The proportion with influenza-like illness (ILI) diagnoses within 30 days after vaccination with IIV or LAIV was assessed by ICD-9 codes. Results 437 patients met inclusion criteria, with 121 (27.7%) receiving at least one dose of LAIV and 316 (72.3%) receiving only IIV during follow-up. The mean number of LAIV doses received was 1.5 ± 0.89 (range, 1–4) and the majority (n = 50, 82%) received their first LAIV vaccination within the first year after HIV diagnosis. Patients were predominantly males and the LAIV group had a lower mean age at HIV diagnosis (27.5 ± 6.6) compared to the IIV group (30 ± 7.8; p Conclusion Although over a quarter of USAF members received LAIV after HIV diagnosis, LAIV administration did not show an increased frequency of post-vaccine ILI diagnoses. Further education is needed to ensure that USAF members with HIV infection are vaccinated according to guideline recommendations, particularly newly diagnosed patients.
Thermal Effects of Phase Transformations

A very simple set of arguments will convince you that, for the theory of phase transformations to be realistic, we have to consider the OP evolution together with other processes that take place simultaneously with the phase transformations. For instance, as we noted in Chap. 2, a phase transition of the first kind is accompanied by the release of the latent heat, which amounts to the difference of the internal energies (or enthalpies) of the phases on both sides of the transition. The heat does not remain localized at the sites where it was released, usually positions of the interfaces. Due to the mechanism of heat conduction, it will diffuse to the places with lower temperatures causing the temperature field to vary. The redistribution of heat and equilibration of temperature causes the feedback effect on the phase transition in the form of changing rate and in some cases even the direction of the transformation. Another example comes from transformations in systems of varying density, e.g., mixtures or substances in gravitational fields. Such transformations cause flow of matter, which also has a feedback effect on the transformation. Many of these processes have characteristic length and time scales longer than those of the OP variations; that’s why sometimes they are called “hydrodynamics” modes. The questions that we have to answer are: How do we couple the OP evolution to these processes? What physical principles are important here? How do we maintain the thermodynamic (physical) consistency between the descriptions of all processes in the system? The main question, which is discussed in this chapter, is: How can we incorporate the mechanisms of heat release and redistribution into our method in a physically rigorous and consistent way? Another question that we will look at is: What are the new effects or features that we may expect from the transformations that are accompanied by the latent heat release? In this chapter, we review practically all aspects of the book with the energy conservation constraint included. One interesting and counterintuitive conclusion of our analysis is that the thermal effects appear even in transformations that proceed without any latent heat release.
Problematizing Authentic Leadership: A Collaborative Autoethnography of Immigrant Women of Color Leaders in Higher Education:

The ProblemAuthentic leadership literature is often seen as acontextual and unproblematic—leaders merely need to “know thyself” and “to thine own self be true.” Even when scholars like Eagly argue ...
Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates Are Resistant to Antibiotics That Influence Their Swimming and Swarming Motility.

Motile bacteria employ one or more methods for movement, including darting, gliding, sliding, swarming, swimming, and twitching. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella carries acquired genes that provide resistance to specific antibiotics, and the goal of our study was to determine how antibiotics influence swimming and swarming in such resistant Salmonella isolates. Differences in motility were examined for six MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates grown on swimming and swarming media containing subinhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, or tetracycline. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline reduced both swimming and swarming, though the effect was more pronounced for swimming than for swarming at the same antibiotic and concentration. Swimming was limited by kanamycin and streptomycin, but these antibiotics had much less influence on decreasing swarming. Interestingly, kanamycin significantly increased swarming in one of the isolates. Removal of the aphA1 kanamycin resistance gene and complementation with either the aphA1 or aphA2 kanamycin resistance gene revealed that aphA1, along with an unidentified Salmonella genetic factor, was required for the kanamycin-enhanced swarming phenotype. Screening of 25 additional kanamycin-resistant isolates identified two that also had significantly increased swarming motility in the presence of kanamycin. This study demonstrated that many variables influence how antibiotics impact swimming and swarming motility in MDR S. Typhimurium, including antibiotic type, antibiotic concentration, antibiotic resistance gene, and isolate-specific factors. Identifying these isolate-specific factors and how they interact will be important to better understand how antibiotics influence MDR Salmonella motility. IMPORTANCESalmonella is one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne infections in the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control consider multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella a "Serious Threat Level pathogen." Because MDR Salmonella can lead to more severe disease in patients than that caused by antibiotic-sensitive strains, it is important to identify the role that antibiotics may play in enhancing Salmonella virulence. The current study examined several MDR Salmonella isolates and determined the effect that various antibiotics had on Salmonella motility, an important virulence-associated factor. While most antibiotics had a neutral or negative effect on motility, we found that kanamycin actually enhanced MDR Salmonella swarming in some isolates. Subsequent experiments showed this phenotype as being dependent on a combination of several different genetic factors. Understanding the influence that antibiotics have on MDR Salmonella motility is critical to the proper selection and prudent use of antibiotics for efficacious treatment while minimizing potential collateral consequences.
Lumacaftor (VX-809) restores the ability of CF macrophages to phagocytose and kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians, is characterized by chronic bacterial lung infection and excessive inflammation, which lead to progressive loss of lung f...
Single photon detection imaging of Cherenkov light emitted during radiation therapy

Cherenkov imaging during radiation therapy has been developed as a tool for dosimetry, which could have applications in patient delivery verification or in regular quality audit. The cameras used are intensified imaging sensors, either ICCD or ICMOS cameras, which allow important features of imaging, including: (1) nanosecond time gating, (2) amplification by 10 3 -10 4 , which together allow for imaging which has (1) real time capture at 10-30 frames per second, (2) sensitivity at the level of single photon event level, and (3) ability to suppress background light from the ambient room. However, the capability to achieve single photon imaging has not been fully analyzed to date, and as such was the focus of this study. The ability to quantitatively characterize how a single photon event appears in amplified camera imaging from the Cherenkov images was analyzed with image processing. The signal seen at normal gain levels appears to be a blur of about 90 counts in the CCD detector, after going through the chain of photocathode detection, amplification through a microchannel plate PMT, excitation onto a phosphor screen and then imaged on the CCD. The analysis of single photon events requires careful interpretation of the fixed pattern noise, statistical quantum noise distributions, and the spatial spread of each pulse through the ICCD.
Liberty's Refuge or the Refuge of Scoundrels?: The Limits of the Right of Assembly

This essay was written for a symposium celebrating the publication of Professor John Inazu’s book, Liberty’s Refuge The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly, held at the Washington University School of Law on March 2, 2012. Liberty’s Refuge presents a fascinating and eye-opening examination of the history of the Assembly Clause of the First Amendment, and argues in favor of the continuing significance of the assembly right. In this essay, I primarily explore an issue that Professor Inazu only touches upon lightly in Liberty’s Refuge, but which I think is likely to play a central role in future debates: the limits of the Freedom of Assembly. In particular, I ask at what point a private group becomes sufficiently threatening to the social order that it falls outside the right of assembly (and the related First Amendment right of Freedom of Association). I discuss three different types of potentially threatening assemblies: violent assemblies, which engage in or plot explicit violence; subversive assemblies, which though they do not themselves act violently, inculcate values in their members or others which might result in violence; and non-conformist assemblies which threaten the social order in ways other than outright violence. I explain how each of these types of assemblies of citizens poses challenges to the general theory of Freedom of Assembly (and indeed, to First Amendment theory generally), because such groups can simultaneously make important contributions to political dialogue and self-governance, but also threaten great social harm, including at their limits undermining the broader social cohesion which is the necessary framework within which a system of popular governance must operate. I close with some preliminary thoughts on how these competing values might be reconciled, consistent with the underlying principles of the First Amendment.
Microtubules and Molecular Motors

The principal components of the cytoskeleton are microtubules and actin microfilaments. These cytoskeletal elements are required for a variety of cellular processes including polarized growth, organelle movement and positioning, secretion, endocytosis, cell division, and chromosome segregation. In addition to the cytoskeleton, proper organelle transport and distribution also require the mechanochemical enzymes myosin, for actin-dependent transport, and kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, for microtubule-dependent transport (reviewed in Mooseker and Cheney 1995; Hirokawa 1998). Each of these molecular motors generates movement by converting the energy of ATP hydrolysis into movement relative to the surface of actin filaments or microtubules.
Heterogeneity of intact collagen by solid state multinuclear magnetic resonance.

Molecular structure of collagen by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy suggests heterogeneity of the molecule in the gap and overlap regions (Fig. 1). Previous 13C NMR data of collagen showed no heterogeneity (Sarkar et al., 1983; Torchia et al., 1985). Therefore we have designed the following two experiments.
Marketing Models for Electronic Commerce

The Internet continues to grow dramatically as a vehicle for facilitating commerce. For example, online sales transactions in the U.S. consumer sector will pass $200 billion in calendar year 2007, growing at a rate of 17 percent per year (comScore 2007). Omitting travel (the largest single category for Internet commerce), online retail sales account for about five percent of the total retail sales in the United States. The success and continued rapid growth of e-commerce (in both consumer and business-to-business sectors), makes it likely that marketing managers working to improve decision making will increasingly seek out modeling approaches suitable for use in this domain. The objective of this chapter is provide an overview of some of the key developments and advances in the application of marketing models to electronic commerce. Given that e-commerce began in earnest little more than a decade ago, all of these advances are quite recent. Indeed, almost all have been published since the year 2000. Many academic fields share a keen interest in studying the Internet and e-commerce. Economists, for example, are interested in the implications of the Internet for search, price dispersion, and competition. Computer scientists and experts in information systems develop new algorithms for optimizing web site operations and analyzing the data collected from Internet usage and transactions. Sociologists are interested in the impact of the Internet on social networks, among other topics. Even within marketing, research on the Internet and aspects of e-commerce is quite diverse; theoretically oriented researchers (e.g., those pursuing game theory types of approaches) have investigated numerous aspects of the Internet (e.g., Lal and Sarvary 1999) while researchers in consumer psychology have published a wide array of experimentally-based studies bearing on shopping behavior in the Internet environment (e.g., Zauberman 2003). The focus of this chapter will be on the modeling contributions which have appeared in the marketing literature.
Advanced Fuels and the Development of Fusion Power

Advanced fuel fusion cycles, including both deuterium and proton based fuels, are briefly reviewed. Such cycles, despite their more stringent plasma heating and confinement requirements, potentially offer improved environmental compatibility and lower costs. This comes about by elimination of tritium breeding requirements, by a reduction in neutron flux (hence, activation and radiation damage) and by having a larger energy fraction carried by charged particles which makes direct energy conversion more suitable. As a first application of such fuels, a symbiotic system of semi-catalyzed-deuterium fueled hybrid fuel factories, supplying both fissile fuel to light water reactors and 3He to D-3He “satellite” fusion reactors, is proposed. Subsequently, an evolution into a system of synfuel factories with satellite D-3He reactors is envisioned.
The Old Frontier of Reverse Engineering: Netlist Partitioning

Without access to high-level details of commercialized integrated circuits (IC), it might be impossible to find potential design flaws or limiting use cases. To assist in high-level recovery, many IC reverse engineering solutions have been proposed. This paper focuses on a hard problem facing reverse engineering researchers, that of netlist partitioning. To assist in this endeavor, we propose our own methods that focus on signal matching by analyzing fan-in trees. This analysis extends to representing signal’s fan-ins numerically by their structural properties. These values go through certain common dimension reducing algorithms; clustering practices are also leveraged to assist in our proposed partitioning process. Adversely researchers have almost never agreed on the metric for evaluating such netlist partitioning methods. To keep our results unbiased, we leverage the Normalize Mutual Information (NMI) to evaluate our proposed partitioning method and compare its results with other techniques that aim to solve the same problem. Lastly, we show how our proposed methods are capable of effectively partition netlists of larger scale than previously proposed schemes.
Collision-avoiding imaging trajectories for linac mounted cone-beam CT.

Background Some patients cannot be imaged with cone-beam CT for image-guided radiation therapy because their size, pose, or fixation devices cause collisions with the machine. Objective To investigate imaging trajectories that avoid such collisions by using virtual isocenter and variable magnification during acquisition while yielding comparable image quality. Methods The machine components most likely to collide are the gantry and kV detector. A virtual isocenter trajectory continuously moves the patient during gantry rotation to maintain an increased separation between the two. With dynamic magnification, the kV detector is dynamically moved to increase clearance for an angular range around the potential collision point while acquiring sufficient data to maintain the field-of-view. Both strategies were used independently and jointly with the resultant image quality evaluated against the standard circular acquisition. Results Collision avoiding trajectories show comparable contrast and resolution to standard techniques. For an anthropomorphic phantom, the RMSE is 0.97, and visual image fidelity is >0.96 for all trajectories when compared to a standard circular scan. Conclusions The proposed trajectories avoid machine-patient collisions while providing comparable image quality to the current standard thereby enabling CBCT imaging for patients that could not otherwise be scanned.
Solid fuel ramjet fuel optimization for maximum impulse-density with respect to air to fuel ratio and relative fuel regression rates derived from thermogravimetric analysis

Abstract A method is presented for the comparative optimization of solid fuel ramjet fuel candidates for the maximization of total impulse in a fixed geometry combustor with respect to the relationship between the impulse, the fuel regression rate, and the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio. The performance equations are cast in terms of the air to fuel ratio and the regression rate in non-dimensional form for the relative comparison of fuels. A method is presented for the use of thermogravimetric data as a means of obtaining relative fuel regression rates from the maximum reaction rates obtained from the differential thermal analysis curves. The approach is applied to nine polymer candidates. The results of the analyses, show that fuels with the combination of low stoichiometric AF ratios, lower regression rates, and high densities tend towards the highest values of total impulse within a given geometry. The objective of this work is to develop a method for optimizing and screening potential fuel polymers at the laboratory scale level.
Community Collaboration Development Tool-Kit

This tool kit was developed to assist legal and other educators in developing a community collaboration. It was developed for a two-part workshop given by the authors, who are co-directors of a law school clinic that is part of a medical-legal partnership. The tool kit contains exercises designed to aid in the creation of a partnership designed to address the socio-economic determinants of health. The model for the workshop is the development plan for an innovative interdisciplinary community collaboration among a law school, a legal services provider, and a pediatric health system. The tool kit contains resources on creating a collaboration, finding partners, defining roles and responsibilities through a Memorandum of Understanding, cultivating financial support and ensuring sustainability, and program evaluation.
Mechanisms of Synchrony in Heterogeneous Inhibitory Interneuronal Networks for Type 1 versus Type 2 Excitability

Abstract PV+ fast spiking basket interneurons are often implicated in gamma rhythms. Here we focus on mechanisms present in purely inhibitory networks. Neurons with type 1 excitability can fire arbitrarily slowly, whereas those with type 2 excitability cannot fire below a minimum frequency. We systematically examine how excitability type affects synchronization of individual spikes to a population rhythm in the presence of heterogeneity and noise, using model neurons of each type with matched F/I curve, input resistance, time constant and action potential shape. Population synchrony in noisy heterogeneous networks is maintained because neurons either fire within a tight time window or skip that cycle. Type 2 neurons with hyperpolarizing inhibition skip cycles due to their intrinsic dynamics; we show here the cycle skipping mechanism for type 1 neurons or type 2 neurons with shunting inhibition is synaptic and not intrinsic. Type 2 neurons are more resistant than type 1 to partial and complete suppression in networks with hyperpolarizing inhibition that exhibit network gamma. Moreover, type 2 neurons are recruited more rapidly and more completely into theta-nested gamma. In contrast, type 1 networks perform better with shunting inhibition on both counts, because the nonlinear dynamics in that case favor suppression of type 2 compared to type 1 neurons. Conductances that control excitability type may provide a therapeutic target to improve spatial and working memory and other tasks that rely on gamma synchrony or phase amplitude coupling. Author Summary The collective, synchronized activity of neurons produces brain rhythms. These rhythms are thought to subserve cognitive functions such as attention and memory encoding and retrieval. Faster rhythms are nested in slower rhythms as a putative way of chunking information. A subset of neurons called fast spiking basket cells tend to inhibit other neurons from firing. These neurons play an important role in oscillations, and in the coupling of faster oscillations to slower ones. In some brain regions these neurons can fire arbitrarily slowly (type 1 dynamics) whereas in others they cannot fire below a minimum cutoff frequency (type 2 dynamics). Mathematically, these distinct origins of rhythmic firing are signatures of very different dynamics. Here, we show that these distinct excitability types affect the ability of networks of these neurons to synchronize their fast oscillatory activity, as well as the ability of slower oscillations to modulate these fast oscillations. The exact nature of the inhibitory coupling, which may vary between brain regions, determines which type synchronizes better and is modulated better.
A mechanistic and kinetic study of the E-ring hydrolysis and lactonization of a novel phosphoryloxymethyl prodrug of camptothecin.

Purpose. This study was done to determine the E-ring hydrolysis and lactonization mechanism of a water-soluble 20-phosphoryloxymethyl (POM) prodrug of camptothecin (P-CPT). Specifically, the role of the phosphate group in facilitating E-ring hydrolysis was examined.
Does Metal Hypersensitivity Have Relevance in Patients Undergoing TMJ Prosthetic Replacement

Purpose Although concerns regarding implant-related metal hypersensitivity exist, no guidelines have been accepted for screening or treatment of patients with metal sensitivity before temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR). The present study aimed to determine the trends in TMJR metal sensitivity screening and the effect of positive test results on patient treatment. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was distributed to members of the American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons and the European Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons using a web-based data collection and analysis tool. The questions aimed to establish the screening methods used to establish a diagnosis of metal hypersensitivity and any changes in management when metal hypersensitivity had been documented. Results A total of 72 responses (32.43%) were collected through the survey, with respondents primarily practicing in the United States (47.22%). Of the participants, 75% believed that metal hypersensitivity occurs with TMJR and only 2.77% did not. Most agreed that patients should be questioned about any metal sensitivities before consideration for TMJR (91.66%), and 80.55% routinely asked their patients if they had a previous sensitivity to any metals. Nickel was the most commonly encountered metal allergen (64.28%). If a metal allergy were reported, 44.28% of surgeons would refer the patient to determine the specific metal allergen. The diagnosis for metal allergy was based primarily on patient signs and symptoms (52.85%) and an allergist or dermatologist consultation (44.28%). The lymphocyte transformation test was the test most used by respondents to confirm the diagnosis. Of the surgeons, 41.42% would choose to observe/monitor as their first choice for patients testing positive for metal hypersensitivity. In the case of a “mild” reaction to metal hypersensitivity testing, 54.28% would alter their implant choice to a nonreactive metal component. For “severe” reactions to preoperative metal hypersensitivity testing, 62.85% would alter their implant choice to a nonreactive metal component, and 22.85% would choose not to perform TMJR. Conclusions The results from the present study have demonstrated that respondent TMJ surgeons agree that metal hypersensitivity occurs with TMJR. However, their approaches to screening and managing metal hypersensitivity vary. Further research of this topic is required to eventually develop specific management pre- and postoperative guidelines for the treatment of patients with metal sensitivities.
Contractile morning glory disk anomaly: analysis of the cyclic contractions and literature review.

Purpose To investigate the contraction mechanism of morning glory disk anomaly using computer-assisted analysis of the cyclic contractions frame by frame and to review the literature on contractile morning glory disk anomaly cases. Methods The fundus video of the patient under anesthesia was recorded using RetCam C300 lens. Frames at 1 second intervals were extracted to quality-preserving TIFF images and manually selected areas of cup, disk, and pigmented ring were measured with image analysis software. Measurements were repeated twice, and estimated uncertainties were calculated. Results Two full-contraction phases and 1 half- and 1 full-dilation phase were recorded and analyzed. At the end of the second dilation phase, cup, disk, and pigmented ring were dilated to 93.7%, 97.6%, and 98.3% of their areas after first dilation. At the end of the second contraction cup, disk and pigmented ring areas remained 1.24, 1.01, and 1.01 times larger, respectively, than the areas at the end of the first contraction. Conclusions Ectopic cholinergic muscle contraction alone is unlikely to explain the cyclic contraction dilation movements under constant stimulus. Potentially present smooth muscle cells can be provoked by the stretch caused by the influx of fluid into the subretinal space. Change in spatial configuration and oscillations with decreasing magnitudes can be explained by decreasing contractions due to decreasing stretch with decreasing fluid influx in each cycle after the initial triggering of outside pressure, causing the greatest pressure gradient and the greatest fluid influx.
LAND DISPOSSESSION AS “ORIGINAL SIN”. CAN CHRISTIAN ORIGINAL SIN TALK BE USED AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL WITHIN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN?

This contribution considers the descriptive value of original sin talk within the public domain against the background of the South African land reform debate. The first section analyses the employment of “original sin” language within this debate by South African President Cyril Ramaphosa in the light of the rise of “white privilege” discourse in South Africa. The subsequent section addresses the theological content and logical consistency of Augustine’s version of original sin. It pays particular attention to Paul Ricoeur’s analysis of the historical development of Augustine’s thought on sin in response to Manicheanism and Pelagianism and concludes by identifying possible risks involved in transposing the Augustinian version of original sin talk to the public domain. The third section probes the question: Does Christian sin talk belong in the public domain at all? It examines the disconnections that exist between Christian sin talk and popular public notions of “wrongdoing”. The article then considers the possible strengths of a non-literalist, non-biological version of original sin doctrine when applied to the public domain, while the last section illustrates the diagnostic benefits of the proposed version of original sin with reference to the South African land debate.
Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Moral Injury in Nurses on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic

OBJECTIVE: To raise awareness of the potential for moral injury in nurses working on the frontlines of COVID-19 patient care and to present aspects of mental functioning that may increase the likelihood of psychological distress. Approaches that draw on psychoanalytic thinking to support frontline nurses' mental health are explained. METHOD: This article draws on recent work that is available from multiple sources, including published journal articles on moral injury, recent reports from news services highlighting the crisis state of the pandemic and effects on nurses, established literature on the structural model of the mind, and recent webinars and online lectures addressing mental health crisis interventions. The author draws on expertise from years of training in the Adult Psychoanalytic Training Program at the Michigan Psychoanalytic Institute and graduation as an academic analyst. RESULTS: How nurses navigate moral hazards inherent in the current state of frontline health care may depend on their existing ego strengths and levels of self-blame and guilt from a harsh superego. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health professionals need to be aware of the mental minefields that frontline nurses must navigate when providing care that, due to circumstances beyond their control, may be morally ambiguous. Educating nurses about the meaning of their own emotional and psychic responses amid the realities in the field may help to decrease the damaging effects of moral injury.
Teleworking and Lost Work During the Pandemic: New Evidence from the CPS

This paper analyzes the responses to questions about teleworking and lost work in a special CPS supplement starting in May 2020. After using the new CPS data on telework due to the pandemic to refine the able to telework scheme initially proposed by Dingel and Neiman, we apply the revised classification to examine trends in telework and the extent to which working in an occupation suitable for telework shields workers from unemployment. Our results indicate that the pandemic resulted in a large increase in teleworking, with a third of US workers reporting teleworking due to the coronavirus in May-June before declining to a still substantial 22 percent in the fourth quarter. The pandemic also directly caused substantial rates of lost work, which varied widely both by an occupation’s suitability for teleworking and by demographic category. Workers with characteristics associated with high-telework occupations enjoyed a substantial advantage in weathering the pandemic.