cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigration and Education in the "Supposed Land of Opportunity": Youth Perspectives on Living and Learning in the United States.

Centering the voices of immigrant youth, this qualitative study seeks to understand how students navigate living and learning in a new country, as well as the meaning they assign to their experiences. Areas of importance to immigrant youth, including the disruption of family and the sociopolitical context of education, are explored. While the realities immigrant students confront in schools are often problematic, they also exert agency, and examples of the adolescents' fervent commitment to their education are also shared, alongside the challenges they face, to provide a more accurate and robust portrait of these students. Drawing from the students' experiences, the authors discuss the implications of this work for educators and policy makers. The article ends with a call to educators to stand in solidarity with their immigrant students to provide understanding, as well as critical and rigorous learning contexts that prepare them to reach their full potential.
Why theories of word learning don't always work as theories of verb learning

Bloom's theory of word learning has difficulty accounting for children's verb acquisition. There is no predominant preverbal event concept, akin to the preverbal object concept, to direct children's early event-verb mappings. Children may take advantage of grammatical and linguistic information in verb acquisition earlier than Bloom allows. A distinction between lexical and grammatical learning is difficult to maintain for verb acquisition.
Detachment Kinetics of Single Kinesin and Dynein

Intra-cellular transport via the microtubule motors kinesin and dynein plays an important role in maintaining cell structure and function. Often, multiple kinesin or dynein motors move the same cargo. Their collective function depends critically on the single motors’ detachment kinetics under load. Single Kinesin's and Dynein's super-force off rates have been measured using an optical-trap based method. We rapidly increased the force on a moving bead and measured the time to detachment. From such events, detachment time distributions for specific super-force values have been measured. In contrast to a possible constant off-rate kinesin has an off-rate increasing with force. At low loads, dynein is sensitive to load; detaching easily but at higher load it exhibited a catch-bond type behavior, with off rate decreasing with load. The super-force experiments also allowed us to determine the probability of backward stepping for the motors. Kinesin and dynein can back-step under load, but this was relatively rare in both directions (<20%), and the typical backward travel distance was short.
Prevalence learning and decision making in a visual search task: an equivalent ideal observer approach

Research studies have observed an influence of target prevalence on observer performance for visual search tasks. The goal of this work is to develop models for prevalence effects on visual search. In a recent study by Wolfe et. al, a large scale observer study was conducted to understand the effects of varying target prevalence on visual search. Particularly, a total of 12 observers were recruited to perform 1000 trials of simulated baggage search as target prevalence varied sinusoidally from high to low and back to high. We attempted to model observers’ behavior in prevalence learning and decision making. We modeled the observer as an equivalent ideal observer (EIO) with a prior belief of the signal prevalence. The use of EIO allows the application of ideal observer mathematics to characterize real observers’ performance reading real-life images. For every given new image, the observer updates the belief on prevalence and adjusts his/her decision threshold according to utility theory. The model results agree well with the experimental results from the Wolfe study. The proposed models allow theoretical insights into observer behavior in learning prevalence and adjusting their decision threshold.
THE INDUCTION OF ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION IN YEAST BY SOME ORGANIC ACIDS: IMPLICATIONS IN POTASSIUM TRANSPORT.

Abstract To suspensions of nongrowing commercial baker's yeast were added various organic acids under anaerobic conditions and low pH. Acetic, propionic, and isobutyric acids elicited carbohydrate breakdown, fermentation, and potassium ion uptake. Formic, lactic, glycolic, succinic, glutaric, citric, and hydrochloric acids did not produce these effects nor did ethanol and acetaldehyde. Various monovalent cations had different inhibitory effects on the production of anaerobic CO 2 by acetic acid. Potassium was most inhibitory, and Na + was least inhibitory. Similarly, K + was most readily transported into the cells, whereas Na + was least readily taken up. The effects of the acids and the implications in K + transport are discussed.
Comparison between implementations of two global surface representations for the optimization of a reflector antenna synthesis

The implementation of two global surface descriptions in the physical-optics synthesis of shaped reflector antennas is compared with a view toward reducing the computational effort involved in the minimization of an appropriate objective function. The versatile behavior of quintic pseudosplines, recently explored in geometrical-optics syntheses, is now confronted with the well-established adequacy of Jacobi polynomial-sinusoidal expansions within the framework of a single offset reflector design for satellite communications. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 25: 412–416, 2000.
An examination of the antecedents and consequences of organizational IT innovation in hospitals

The healthcare industry is widely recognized as information-intensive and IT is considered to be an intrinsic component of the success of healthcare organizations such as hospitals. While both researchers and practitioners have argued that hospitals should aspire to be IT innovators, most tend to be IT laggards. An understanding of the factors that drive hospitals to become IT innovators remains an important phenomenon of interest. However, there is a lack of theory-driven empirical research that systematically investigates the factors that influence a hospital's strategic choice to be an IT innovator and the influence of IT innovation on hospital performance. This study bridges the extant gaps in the literature by developing and testing an integrated model that seeks to understand why certain hospitals are IT innovators. Using IT innovation theory as our theoretical foundation, we examine three antecedents, including the chief information officer (CIO) strategic leadership, the top management team's (TMT) attitude toward IT, and the hospital's climate. Further, we examine the influence of IT innovation on the impact of IT within the hospital and the influence of IT impact on the hospital's financial performance. The research model was tested using both survey and archival data from 70 matched pairs of hospital CIOs and executives. The quantitative analysis is supplemented with by interviews with 10 participating CIOs to further examine the relationship of the CIO to hospital IT innovation. The results suggest that the CIO strategic leadership and the TMT's attitude toward IT are key factors that influence IT innovation; however, the influence of a hospital's climate on organizational IT innovation is contingent upon the CIO's level of strategic leadership. The results also suggest that hospitals that are IT innovators can generate greater impact from IT, which in turn results in greater performance for the hospital. Theoretical and practical implications as well as future research directions are discussed.
Design of intelligent composites with life-cycle health management capabilities

Use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) presents challenges because of their complex manufacturing processes and different damage mechanics in relation to legacy metal materials. New monitoring methods for manufacturing, quality verification, damage estimation, and prognosis are needed to use CFRPs safely and efficiently. This work evaluates the development of intelligent composite materials using integrated piezoelectric sensors to monitor the material during cure and throughout service life. These sensors are used to propagate ultrasonic waves through the structure for health monitoring. During manufacturing, data is collected at different stages during the cure cycle, detecting the changing material properties during cure and verifying quality and degree of cure. The same sensors can then be used with previously developed techniques to perform damage detection, such as impact detection and matrix crack density estimation. Real-time damage estimation can be combined with prognostic models to predict future propagation of damage in the material. In this work experimental results will be presented from composite coupons with embedded piezoelectric sensors. Cure monitoring and damage detection results derived from analysis of the ultrasonic sensor signal will be shown. Sensitive signal parameters to the different stimuli in both the time and frequency domains will be explored for this analysis. From these results, use of the same sensor networks from manufacturing throughout the life of the composite material will demonstrate the full life-cycle monitoring capability of these intelligent materials.
Ion chromatography for determining residual sulfite on shrimp.

An acid distillation (AD) method, followed by ion chromatography (IC) resulted in incomplete extraction (50-65% recovery) of sulfite from shrimp samples fortified with various levels of sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). AD-IC accounted for approximately 30% of the sulfite as determined by the AOAC Monier-Williams method (M-W), when shrimp were treated with a standard sulfite dip. An IC method involving extraction of shrimp samples with an alkaline-formaldehyde solution (AFE-IC) or water (WE-IC) gave residual sulfite levels which averaged 97% of those obtained by the M-W method. Fresh shrimp treated with 0.5% and 1.25% Na2S2O5 dips were found by the M-W and WE-IC methods to have mean residuals of 31 and 83 ppm as SO2, respectively, which were below FDA's legal limit of 100 ppm as SO2.
Introduction to session C: Total cross sections and diffraction

Abstract A brief introduction to total, elastic, and diffraction dissociation cross sections is given. Data measured in pp p , γp , and γγ scattering are reviewed and their phenomenological interpretation in terms of geometrical models is discussed.
A new chemical method for preparation of both pure and doped mullite

Abstract In order to prepare materials for a study of the properties of pure and intentionally doped mullite a new chemical synthetic method was developed. In this process a finely divided suspension is produced by introducing silicon acetate into a solution of aluminum nitrate and dopant compounds dissolved in alcohol. After evaporation this forms a gel, which undergoes thermal decomposition above 500°C to give an amorphous precursor of mullite. Mullites with well-defined x-ray diffraction patterns can then be obtained by heating this precursor at temperatures above 1300°C. Both pure Al2O3-SiO2 mullite solid solutions and mullite solid solutions containing other oxides such as Fe2O3 or V2O5 can be made easily by this process.
Enhanced inflammatory response via activation of NF-κB in acute experimental diabetic neuropathy subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury

Reperfusion following ischemia increases ischemic fiber degeneration (IFD) in diabetic nerves compared to control normoglycemic nerves. The mechanism of this excessive susceptibility is unclear. Since reperfusion injury results in an inflammatory response, we tested the hypothesis that the diabetic state increases the inflammatory cascade. We used an animal model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nerve to evaluate the density and localization of mediators of the inflammatory response using selective immunolabeling methods (for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cytokines and inflammatory cells). We studied a 1-month diabetic group and an age-matched control group (n=6 each). The right limb underwent 3 h ischemia at 35 degrees C and 7 days reperfusion. This was achieved by ligating the supplying arteries and collaterals to the right sciatic-tibial nerve for 3 h, followed by releasing the ties. Immunohistochemistry was performed on proximal sciatic and mid tibial nerves. NF-kappaB expression in diabetic sciatic endothelial cell and Schwann cell (SC) was significantly increased over that of controls subjected to identical IR injury. We observed a nearly 2-fold increase in density of NF-kappaB and ICAM-1 expression in microvessels of diabetic nerve compared with control nerve. Extensive infiltration of monocyte macrophages (1C7) was observed in the endoneurium of diabetic nerves, while only mild infiltration of granulocytes (HIS 48) occurred in the endoneurium of diabetic tibial nerves. This study provides evidence for an enhanced inflammatory response in diabetic nerves subjected to IR injury apparently via NF-kappaB activation.
Multimodality treatment of locally advanced breast carcinoma.

• Forty patients with 41 locally advanced breast lesions at stages IIIA and IIIB and the inflammatory stage were treated with combined-modality therapy from July 1980 to August 1985. Treatment included induction chemotherapy consisting of three cycles of fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide, followed by mastectomy in those patients whose lesions were operable (n=28), and resumption of chemotherapy. Nine patients received postoperative radiation therapy. The mean follow-up was 34 months. Greater than 50% reduction in tumor size was achieved in 72% of patients after three cycles of chemotherapy. Overall, local control was achieved in 85% of patients with 59% survival and 53% disease-free survival, while 10% of patients developed local recurrences. Excluding lymphedema of the upper extremity (n=2) and inflammatory carcinomas (n=4), local control was achieved in 96% of patients, with 75% survival and 68% disease-free survival, while 4% of patients developed local recurrences. The rate of disease-free survival was 71% in patients with partial response to chemotherapy, contrasted with 43% in patients who did not respond or only minimally responded to chemotherapy. Actuarial five-year survival, based on life-table analysis, was calculated to be 46% for the group overall, 58% for the group excluding lymphedema of the upper extremity and inflammatory carcinoma, and 56% for the 28 patients undergoing mastectomy. ( Arch Surg 1988;123:951-955)
Poetics of style mixture: emotivity, identity, and creativity in Japanese writings

Abstract This paper analyzes style mixture in Japanese writings from the perspective of emotivity, identity, and creativity. Expanding my earlier studies which maintain that style mixture offers expressive and interactional strategies, this study examines recent writings (taken from essays and internet websites) that incorporate the new speaking-and-writing-agreement style ( shin genbun itchitai ). I make the case that style mixture in contemporary writings is a strategy through which the writer expresses multiple emotions in varying intensities, creates multiple identities, and enhances the creative use of language. The paper challenges the traditional view that style is closely associated with social and situational factors, and emphasizes that style ultimately functions as a means for self-expression.
Fluorometric study of the equilibrium and kinetics of poly(acrylic acid) association with polyoxyethylene or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

Abstract The fluoresence intensity of dansyl residues attached to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) increases sharply when PAA forms complexes with polyoxyethylene (POE) or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), because the emission from this chromophore is more intense in organic media than in water. Fluorescence data could therefore be used to study complexation equilibria as a function of the ratio of PAA to the polymers acting as hydrogen bond acceptors, the chain length of the POE or PVP, pH and concentration of added salt. PVP was found to form more stable complexes than POE and one vinyl pyrrolidone residue seems to complex with one acrylic acid unit. Similar studies with labelled poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) can be carried out only at pH values where the PMA chain is expanded, but then it forms more stable complexes with PVP than does PAA. After addition of unlabelled PAA to a solution in which dansyl-labelled PAA is complexed with POE or PVP, the decrease in the emission intensity accompanying complex interchange can be followed kinetically. These processes are biphasic.
A 40 mm bore quadrupole magnet for the SSC

A 40-mm bore quadrupole magnet design, called QC, has been made for the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) with the following parameters: a 208-T/m gradient at 6500 A and a two-layer cos 2 theta winding arrangement with 30-strand cable and one spacer wedge per coil. Structural support is provided by self-supporting interlocking collars; two types of symmetrical laminations are preassembled into collar packs for ease of assembly. A description is given of the design of a prototype quadrupole magnet for the SSC and preliminary test results on 1-m models.
Bringing prosocial values to translational, disease-specific stem cell research.

Disease-specific stem cell therapies, created from induced pluripotent stem cell lines containing the genetic defects responsible for a particular disease, have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of refractory chronic diseases. Given their capacity to differentiate into any human cell type, these cell lines might be reprogrammed to correct a disease-causing genetic defect in any tissue or organ, in addition to offering a more clinically realistic model for testing new drugs and studying disease mechanisms. Clinical translation of these therapies provides an opportunity to design a more systematic, accessible and patient-influenced model for the delivery of medically innovative treatments to chronically ill patients. I focus on disease-specific cell therapies because the types of patients who would benefit from them have congenital, severe, high-maintenance chronic conditions. They accordingly have a very strong claim for medical need and therapeutic intervention, must interact regularly with health providers, and so have the greatest stake in influencing, at a systemic level, the way their care is delivered. Given such patients’ shared, aggregate needs for societal support and access to medical innovation, they constitute “patient communities”. To reify the relevance of patient communities within a clinical context, I propose competitive grants or “prizes” to spur innovation in delivery of care, promoting “prosocial” values of transparency, equity, patient empowerment, and patient-provider and inter-institutional collaboration. As facilitators of participant-driven advocacy for health and quality of life-improving measures, patient communities may be synergistic with the broad-based, geo-culturally embedded public health networks typically referred to as “communities” in the public health literature. Prosocial values acquire a strong ethical justification based on shared need, and can be clearly defined as grant criteria, when applied to patients such as those who will benefit from disease-specific stem cell treatments. Within this context, prosociality aims not just to expand patients’ treatment choices, but also their opportunities to take a more active role in the management of their own care and contribute towards shared goals through better-informed advocacy. Accordingly, prosociality promotes relational autonomy as well as other basic bioethical principles, including beneficence and a holistic, relational conception of human dignity.
Flow Diversion in Rabbit Aneurysm Models

Flow diversion treatment of cerebral aneurysms has increasingly been considered, especially for large complex aneurysms with wide necks that are difficult to treat with coils of by clipping. However, the relationship between the hemodynamic environment created immediately after implantation of flow diverters (FD) and the subsequent aneurysm occlusion is poorly understood [1].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Quantitative 13C n.m.r. characterization of aqueous formaldehyde resins: 2. Resorcinol-formaldehyde resins

Abstract 13C n.m.r. chemical shift assignments of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) reaction products have been made to fill many of the voids in the literature, particularly for base-catalysed RF resins and the aromatic carbons in acid-catalysed RF resins. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) factors have been determined for relevant carbons. Quantitative results using these factors appear to be very accurate. Applications of these assignments and quantitative data to the structural characterization of commercial and experimental RF resins are discussed. The results of this study allow more accurate detailed studies of the nature of various RF reactions and provide an extensive data base for future solid-state n.m.r. studies.
Viral interleukin-10 gene therapy to induce tolerance to solid organ transplants in mice

Abstract In this study, a novel gene therapy approach to prolong allograft survival was designed. Autologous (syngeneic) hematopoietic stem cell–enriched bone marrow cells (HSC; lin−) engineered with the vIL-10 gene (vIL-10-HSC) were injected (4 to 6 × 106 cells, iv) into lethally (9.5 Gy) or sublethally (4 Gy) irradiated CBA/J mice 6 weeks prior to allogeneic heart (C57BL/6) transplantation (Tx). Cardiac allograft survival was significantly (P 100 days; recipient T lymphocytes demonstrated hyporeactivity to donor and third-party antigens in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These findings have important implications and potential therapeutic applications in transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Glucose Suppression of Glucagon Secretion METABOLIC AND CALCIUM RESPONSES FROM α-CELLS IN INTACT MOUSE PANCREATIC ISLETS

Glucagon is released from α-cells present in intact pancreatic islets at glucose concentrations below 4 mm, whereas higher glucose levels inhibit its secretion. The mechanisms underlying the suppression of α-cell secretory activity are poorly understood, but two general types of models have been proposed as follows: direct inhibition by glucose or paracrine inhibition from non-α-cells within the islet of Langerhans. To identify α-cells for analysis, we utilized transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins targeted specifically to these cells. Measurements of glucagon secretion from pure populations of flow-sorted α-cells show that contrary to its effect on intact islets, glucose does stimulate glucagon secretion from isolated α-cells. This observation argues against a direct inhibition of glucagon secretion by glucose and supports the paracrine inhibition model. Imaging of cellular metabolism by two-photon excitation of NAD(P)H autofluorescence indicates that glucose is metabolized in α-cells and that glucokinase is the likely rate-limiting step in this process. Imaging calcium dynamics of α-cells in intact islets reveals that inhibiting concentrations of glucose increase the intracellular calcium concentration and the frequency of α-cell calcium oscillations. Application of candidate paracrine inhibitors leads to reduced glucagon secretion but did not decrease the α-cell calcium activity. Taken together, the data suggest that suppression occurs downstream from α-cell calcium signaling, presumably at the level of vesicle trafficking or exocytotic machinery.
Laser micromachined and laminated microchannel components for chemical sensors and heat transfer applications

The fabrication of microchannel chemical sensors with seven laminated individual functional modules is described. The sensors, used to detect chromium in nuclear and chemical waste streams, were fabricated using laser micromachining, bulk silicon micromachining, photolithographic techniques, sputter coating deposition, and anodic and adhesive bonding processes. The size of the sensor was 2 cm by 2.2 cm, with a total thickness of 2.2 cm. It consisted of two or more reservoir modules to hold the liquids being evaluate, two or more micropump modules to pump the liquids through the sensor, a chemical mixing module, a reaction module, and a sensor module with electrical circuitry for connection to external measurement equipment. The fluids were directed through the layers by interconnecting flow channels. The reservoir modules were fabricated by machining Pyrex and anodic bonding to silicon. The chemical mixing module was fabricated by wet etching Pyrex and anodic bonding to silicon. The reaction module contained a serpentine 200- micrometers -wide channel, and was formed by laser micromachining polyimide. The first prototype of this sensor employed external micropumps, while the second prototype will use off-the-shelf piezoelectric micropumps. The detector layer consisted of iridium, silver, and platinum sensor pads connected to gold contact strips. The modules were joined using adhesive bonding, and an electrostatic technique was used for silicon-Pyrex bonding.
Yield and Predictors of Radiologic Studies for Identifying Distant Metastases in Melanoma Patients with a Positive Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Background It is common to obtain radiological studies around the time of a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to exclude patients with distant metastases from completion lymph node dissection. The yield of such a work-up is unknown.
Parasites in motion: flagellum-driven cell motility in African trypanosomes

Motility of the sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, impacts disease transmission and pathogenesis. Trypanosome motility is driven by a flagellum that harbors a canonical 9 + 2 axoneme, together with trypanosome-specific elaborations. Trypanosome flagellum biology and motility have been the object of intense research over the last two years. These studies have led to the discovery of a novel form of motility, termed social motility, and provided revision of long-standing models for cell propulsion. Recent work has also uncovered novel structural features and motor proteins associated with the flagellar apparatus and has identified candidate signaling molecules that are predicted to regulate flagellar motility. Together with earlier inventories of flagellar proteins from proteomic and genomic studies, the stage is now set to move forward with functional studies to elucidate molecular mechanisms and investigate parasite motility in the context of host–parasite interactions.
Characterization of Skin Effect in High-Speed Interconnects and Spiral Inductors

Wireless communication systems are expanding rapidly leading to the proliferation of RF applications in the UHF band (0.9-3 GHz). However stringent requirements are placed to make it essential for these applications to conform to strict technical standards and attain a high level of integration. These demands including low cost, low voltage, low power dissipation, low noise and low distortion cannot be achieved without fabricating high quality passive devices in the same substrate using the same technology. Therefore, recent advances in Bipolar, CMOS and BiCMOS processes have stimulated new approaches to circuit integration and architecture. This has included high conductivity multi-metal layers, low loss substrates and thick oxide to isolate components from lossy substrates. In parallel, with the insight gained from these investigations, simplified physical models and various numerical techniques have been developed to assess the performance of passive devices such as transmission lines and spiral inductors. Unfortunately, these approaches are not easily implemented in CAD tools and sometimes suffer from incompleteness. In fact, in many instances, circuits are successfully simulated but actual prototypes often fail to match the simulated results because of parasitic effects. This work describes the characterization of embedded transmission lines (ETL) and spiral inductors using scattering parameter measurements. A simple approximation allows for the extraction of the devices characteristics, taking into account capacitive and inductive coupling as well as losses. Thus calculations can be easily and quickly performed using these models.
Clinical peer review in the United States: History, legal development and subsequent abuse

The Joint Commission on Accreditation requires hospitals to conduct peer review to retain accreditation. Despite the intended purpose of improving quality medical care, the peer review process has suffered several setbacks throughout its tenure. In the 1980s, abuse of peer review for personal economic interest led to a highly publicized multimillion-dollar verdict by the United States Supreme Court against the perpetrating physicians and hospital. The verdict led to decreased physician participation for fear of possible litigation. Believing that peer review was critical to quality medical care, Congress subsequently enacted the Health Care Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) granting comprehensive legal immunity for peer reviewers to increase participation. While serving its intended goal, HCQIA has also granted peer reviewers significant immunity likely emboldening abuses resulting in Sham Peer Reviews. While legal reform of HCQIA is necessary to reduce sham peer reviews, further measures including the need for standardization of the peer review process alongside external organizational monitoring are critical to improving peer review and reducing the prevalence of sham peer reviews.
Increased expression of c-myc and c-H-ras in dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate-induced liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice

The expression of c-myc and c-H-ras in hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas induced in male B6C3F1 mice after chronic administration of dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) was studied using in situ hybridization. Expression of c-myc and c-H-ras mRNA was increased in both nodules and carcinomas relative to surrounding tissue and tissues obtained from control animals. Myc expression was similar in hyperplastic nodules and carcinomas induced by DCA, but was significantly higher in TCA-induced carcinomas than in hyperplastic nodules and carcinomas produced by DCA. In carcinomas from animals whose TCA treatment was suspended at 37 weeks, c-myc expression remained high relative to control and surrounding liver tissue at 52 weeks. In contrast, the expression of c-H-ras was consistently elevated in carcinomas from both treatments relative to hyperplastic nodules and non-tumor tissue. Within carcinomas from both treatments, focal areas could be located which expressed even higher levels of c-myc. This heterogeneity was not observed in carcinomas hybridized to c-H-ras-probes. These data suggest that elevated expression of c-H-ras and c-myc might play an important role in the development of hepatic tumors in B6C3F1 mice. Elevated expression of c-H-ras was closely associated with malignancy. Increased c-myc expression does not seem necessary for progression to the malignant state. On the other hand, the increased expression of c-myc appears related to the earlier progression of TCA-induced tumors to the malignant state.
Intelligent process‐planning system or optimal CNC programming – a step towards complete automation of CNC programming

One of the bottle‐necks of computer numerical control (CNC) machining is the CNC programming. It relies on the experience and skills of the CNC programmer for the generation of the CNC program. The intelligent process‐planning system described in this paper generates a process plan automatically for CNC programming. It utilizes artificial intelligent technologies such as knowledge base, blackboard system and machine learning to extract machineable features, and proposes and selects optimal tools for the machining of the given part. Its flexibility and simplicity provide a convenient way to include new techniques and knowledge. The incorporation of this system with other CAD/CAM tools could effectively automate the CNC programming process.
Tunneling Induced by Longitudinal Microwave Phonons in Al-Pb, Al-Sn, and Pb-Pb Superconducting Diodes

Measurements are presented of the change $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{s}(V)$ in the tunneling current $I(V)$ in superconducting diodes due to longitudinal microwave phonons as a function of voltage bias $V$, acoustic power, and temperature. The measurements were performed on Al-Pb, Al-Sn, and Pb-Pb diodes in the temperature range 1.3-2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The voltage dependence, which was heretofore thought to be described by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{s}(V)\ensuremath{\propto}\frac{{d}^{2}I}{d{V}^{2}}$, was found to exhibit departures from this law. This effect is most striking in Pb-Pb diodes and somewhat less apparent when one of the superconductors making up the diode is aluminum. Furthermore, the magnitude of the measured $\ensuremath{\Delta}{I}_{s}$ is much larger than one would predict from present theory. The tunnel-diode current-pulse echoes exhibit a nonexponential decay which is strongly temperature-dependent. None of this behavior is predicted by the theory.
Effect of magnesium on nickel-induced genotoxicity and cell transformation

Raising the extracellular level of magnesium ions inhibited nickel-induced DNA strand breaks, DNA-protein crosslinks, sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations and cell transformation. Carcinogenic nickel ions preferentially damaged centromeres and other heterochromatic regions of Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosomes. Elevation of extracellular magnesium levels prevented the effects of nickel on heterochromatin and inhibited cell transformation, but did not substantially reduce the DNA damage induced by nickel in euchromatic regions. This study suggests that heterochromatic DNA damage may be important to the nickel-induced neoplastic transformation process.
Elongational flow model for transmission of supercoiled plasmid DNA during membrane ultrafiltration

Abstract The transmission of a 3.0 kbp supercoiled plasmid DNA through ultrafiltration membranes has recently been shown to be strongly dependent on the filtrate flux due to the elongation of the large DNA molecule in the converging flow field above the smaller membrane pore. The objective of this study was to extend these investigations to different size plasmids and to develop an improved theoretical model describing the effects of plasmid size, pore size, operating temperature, and solution viscosity on the critical filtrate flux for plasmid transmission. Experiments were performed in a stirred ultrafiltration cell using composite regenerated cellulose membranes. The critical filtrate flux, evaluated as the lowest filtrate flux at which plasmid transmission becomes significant, decreased with increasing membrane pore size but was essentially independent of the plasmid size (from 3.0 to 17 kbp). The critical filtrate flux was also a function of the operating temperature and glucose concentration through their effect on the viscosity of the buffer solution. The experimental results were in good agreement with predictions of a new model accounting for the effects of the DNA persistence length on the elongation of the supercoiled plasmid in the converging flow field into the membrane pore.
The case for public funding and public oversight of clinical trials

Clinical drug trials are public goods and should be publicly funded to avoid undersupply, the suppression of adverse results and other problems, according to Tracy R. Lewis, Jerome H. Reichman and Anthony D. So.
Experimental assessment of energy-management strategies in fuel-cell propulsion systems

Abstract The limitations of electric vehicles equipped with electrochemical batteries justify strong research interest for new solutions, based on hydrogen fuel-cell technology that are able to improve vehicle range, and reduce battery recharging time, while maintaining the crucial advantages of high efficiency and local zero emissions. The best working of a fuel-cell propulsion system, in terms of optimum efficiency and performance, is based on specific strategies of energy management, that are designed to regulate the power flows between the fuel cells, electric energy-storage systems and electric drive during the vehicle mission. An experimental study has been carried out on a small-size electric propulsion system based on a 2.5-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and a 2.5-kW electric drive. The fuel-cell system has been integrated into a powertrain comprising a dc–dc converter, a lead–acid battery pack, and brushless electric drive. The experiments are conducted on a test bench that is able to simulate the vehicle behaviour and road characteristics on specific driving cycles. The experimental runs are carried out on the European R40 driving cycle using different energy-management procedures and both dynamic performance and energy consumption are evaluated.
Oral, gingival, and periodontal pathology induced in rats on a low pantothenic acid diet by toxic doses of zinc carbonate.

Abstract A group of seventy-five rats were fed synthetic diets in order to test the effect of zinc poisoning on suboptimal pantothenic acid diets. Weanling rats, weighing 40 ± 3 Gm. were chosen. Forty-seven of these were fed a synthetic diet, complete in every respect but suboptimal in pantothenic acid (about one-fourth of minimum requirements) and containing 0.8 per cent zinc as zinc carbonate; eighteen served as littermate controls; an additional ten rats were fed a diet totally deficient in pantothenic acid. The oral cavities of most were examined at frequent intervals and forty-three of the entire group were studied histologically. The histologic examination included the tongue, cheeks, palate, teeth, and jaws. Other tissues studied were the adrenal glands, kidneys, livers, intestines, stomachs, tracheae, and esophagi. Eighteen heads were x-rayed using a standardized technique. Decolorization of the incisors, similar to that seen in fluorosis, anemia, vitamin A and vitamin E deficiencies, was observed, and fluorine as a causative factor was included. The decolorization was almost universal in the experimental groups; it was apparent in lesser degree in the pantothenic acid deficient animals, but was absent in the control series. Gross observations disclosed the presence of ulcers on the tongue, cheeks, and palate, as well as a change in the “furring” of the tongue. Soft deposits consisting of cell debris and bacteria accumulated on the teeth. The pathologic changes in the tongue and mucous membranes of the cheeks consisted of hyperplasia of the keratin layer and necrosis with ulcer formation. The latter had no typical location, and the hyperkeratinization appeared separate from or bordering on,the ulcers. The necrosis was granular in appearance and in the early stages was strikingly free of the usual inflammatory reaction. Histologic examination of the jaws and teeth showed a similar necrosis. Globular calcification of the teeth and extensive destruction of the interdental papillae and of the periodontal structures were seen. Gross alterations were discernible in the adrenal glands. Both the cortex and medulla showed large areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. These changes were noted in the experimental series and in the complete pantothenic acid deficient group.
Inclusive neutrino reactions in 127I

Abstract We obtain the cross sections for the reactions, ν e + 3 C → e − +X and ν μ + 3 C →μ − +X . For the former reaction we do this for incident neutrino energies from threshold to 100 MeV and for the latter reaction from threshold to 300 MeV. We obtain our results via a tensor model which makes use of data for the total muon capture rate in 13 C. We also obtain the electron neutrino cross section averaged over the Michel spectrum and the muon neutrino reaction averaged over the LAMPF muon neutrino spectrum. We find that these cross sections will contribute only a few percent to the uncertainties in the 12 C neutrino cross sections and we discuss this point in detail.
Why Does Ethnic Diversity Undermine Public Goods Provision

A large and growing literature links high levels of ethnic diversity to low levels of public goods provision. Yet although the empirical connection between ethnic heterogeneity and the underprovision of public goods is widely accepted, there is little consensus on the specific mechanisms through which this relationship operates. We identify three families of mechanisms that link diversity to public goods provision—what we term “preferences,” “technology,” and “strategy selection” mechanisms—and run a series of experimental games that permit us to compare the explanatory power of distinct mechanisms within each of these three families. Results from games conducted with a random sample of 300 subjects from a slum neighborhood of Kampala, Uganda, suggest that successful public goods provision in homogenous ethnic communities can be attributed to a strategy selection mechanism: in similar settings, co-ethnics play cooperative equilibria, whereas non-co-ethnics do not. In addition, we find evidence for a technology mechanism: co-ethnics are more closely linked on social networks and thus plausibly better able to support cooperation through the threat of social sanction. We find no evidence for prominent preference mechanisms that emphasize the commonality of tastes within ethnic groups or a greater degree of altruism toward co-ethnics, and only weak evidence for technology mechanisms that focus on the impact of shared ethnicity on the productivity of teams.
Point Defect Disorder in Models of High Temperature Superconductivity

Experimental high T c systems are intrinsically strongly disordered by point defects. Here we consider two possible consequences of this fact: 1) The magnetic phases of prominent models for high T c are strongly affected. We present numerical calculations of the phase diagram of the Hubbard model as a function of the concentration of point defects and of the band filling in the Hartree Fock approximation. The results may explain the failure to experimentally observe a spin density wave phase predicted by Hartree Fock calculations without defects. 2) The superconductivity of the system may be strongly affected. We consider a model in which the pairing interactions are generated by point defects. We present numerical data on the density of states, T c and local charge density in the BCS approximation, while taking full account of the disorder. The stability of the BCS state was also checked using a variational Monte Carlo calculation.
The neurofibrovascular bundle of the inferior oblique muscle as the ancillary origin of that muscle.

Abstract Purpose: To establish that the neurovascular bundle (NVB) of the inferior oblique muscle has ligamentous qualities that enable it to function as an ancillary origin to the muscle, particularly after anterior transposition of its insertion. Methods: Fresh cadaveric eyes and eyes of surgical patients were studied. Eighteen orbits were dissected to demonstrate the linear course of the NVB and its adjacent fibrous bands. Intact orbits were analyzed histologically, as were autopsy and surgical specimens, to evaluate the capsule of the NVB and the adjacent fibrous bands. The elastic modulus was measured in NVB specimens and in superior oblique tendons. Six eyes in which recurrent inferior oblique muscle overaction developed after an anterior transposition procedure were surgically explored to determine the structure that was serving as its ancillary origin. Results: Gross anatomic and microscopic studies showed a linear orientation of the NVB, with adjacent fibrous bands anteriorly joining the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscle capsules. The NVB showed about 50% fibrocollagenous capsule, with the collagen fibers aligned parallel to the NVB. The elastic modulus was highest (stiffest) in the NVB and lowest in the superior oblique tendon. In patients who had undergone anterior transposition operations, the NVB served as the ancillary origin of the inferior oblique muscle. Conclusion: The name of the NVB should be changed to neurofibrovascular bundle because it has a prominent fibrocollagenous capsule and is encased in fibrous tissue bands anteriorly. The neurofibrovascular bundle has a linear course and is relatively stiff. It binds the midposterior portion of the inferior oblique muscle posteriorly. Its ligamentous qualities enable it to function as an ancillary origin for the inferior oblique muscle.
A theoretical framework for measuring the impact of information technology in the human resource function: untapped potential or unfulfilled promises?

The corporate human resource function is an area that has undergone a great increase in computer support. Unfortunately, human resource information systems (HRIS) bring with them problems endemic to system design as well as issues to resolve. The author extends a theoretical rationale from which to examine these problems and a framework from which to examine the impact of HRIS on the human resource function. The theoretical approach is based in the strategic human resource concept of C. Lengnick-Hall (1988) and A.S. Tsui (1984). From it is derived the framework, called the human strategic resource matrix. This matrix plots both internal and external strategic components of an organization against a five-stage model of organizational development: the stages run from initiation of the component to its full integration into use. Each cell in the matrix contains the human resources needed in that area at that stage. >
User identification using GUI manipulation patterns and artificial neural networks

A masquerade attack is any attack in which the attacker is able to make the target system believe they are someone they are not. One particularly dangerous example of a masquerade attack occurs when an attacker uses an unattended, unlocked computer workstation. Recent studies have demonstrated that analyzing the manners in which a user manipulates a graphical user interface can be used as an effective means of authentication. We present the results of a study into the use of GUI manipulations in combination with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) as a basis for identification.
The Decadent Counterpublic

This paper argues that decadent writers were highly self-conscious about their relationship to their readers, and that they regarded this relationship as a form of anti-nationalist political critique. Drawing upon Michael Warner’s notion of a “counterpublic,” the paper demonstrates the way two writers from the period—Charles Baudelaire and Aubrey Beardsely—depict and encourage the formation of cosmopolitan communities of taste in and through their accounts of the Tannhauser legend.