cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbolic fractions elicit an analog magnitude representation in school-age children

A fundamental question about fractions is whether they are grounded in an abstract nonsymbolic magnitude code similar to that postulated for whole numbers. Mounting evidence suggests that symbolic fractions could be grounded in mechanisms for perceiving nonsymbolic ratio magnitudes. However, systematic examination of such mechanisms in children has been lacking. We asked second- and fifth-grade children (prior to and after formal instructions with fractions, respectively) to compare pairs of symbolic fractions, nonsymbolic ratios, and mixed symbolic-nonsymbolic pairs. This paradigm allowed us to test three key questions: (a) whether children show an analog magnitude code for rational numbers, (b) whether that code is compatible with mental representations of symbolic fractions, and (c) how formal education with fractions affects the symbolic-nonsymbolic relation. We examined distance effects as a marker of analog ratio magnitude processing and notation effects as a marker of converting across numerical codes. Second and fifth graders' reaction times and error rates showed classic distance and notation effects. Nonsymbolic ratios were processed most efficiently, with mixed and symbolic notations being relatively slower. Children with more formal instruction in symbolic fractions had a significant advantage in comparing symbolic fractions but had a smaller advantage for nonsymbolic ratio stimuli. Supplemental analyses showed that second graders relied on numerator distance more than holistic distance and that fifth graders relied on holistic fraction magnitude distance more than numerator distance. These results suggest that children have a nonsymbolic ratio magnitude code and that symbolic fractions can be translated into that magnitude code.
Smart Mobility for Seniors through the Urban Connector

Older adults are a population underserved by technology that faces unique challenges when commuting in urban areas due to a decrease in their physical and cognitive skills associated with aging (e.g., a decline in their sight, slower reflexes, loss of hearing, fear of getting lost or disoriented, fear of falling). Smart Cities aim to provide a high quality of life to residents regardless of the special needs they may have. This paper describes our recent efforts in increasing our understanding of seniors’ mobility needs and how to address them through technology, and in particular the development of the Urban Connector. Urban Connector is a product of our interdisciplinary research efforts aiming to address mobility challenges of seniors in El Paso, a city in the U.S. Southwest and validated in New York, a city in the U.S. Northeast. The Urban Connector is a mobile application which design follows recommendations for the development of technology catered to seniors. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Urban connector to address mobility needs of seniors through technology, an evaluation with 38 beta-testers was performed. The results of this evaluation are presented in this paper along with our future efforts based on these results. The Urban Connector contributes to efforts to foster the use of technology aiming to bridge the generational digital divide and support the creation of more inclusive, sustainable, smart cities.
Generalized Taylor–Duffy Method for Efficient Evaluation of Galerkin Integrals in Boundary-Element Method Computations

We present a generic technique, automated by computer-algebra systems and available as open-source software, for efficient numerical evaluation of a large family of singular and nonsingular four-dimensional integrals over triangle-product domains, such as those arising in the boundary-element method (BEM) of computational electromagnetism. Previously, practical implementation of BEM solvers often required the aggregation of multiple disparate integral-evaluation schemes in order to treat all of the distinct types of integrals needed for a given BEM formulation; in contrast, our technique allows many different types of integrals to be handled by the same algorithm and the same code implementation. Our method is a significant generalization of the Taylor–Duffy approach, which was originally presented for just a single type of integrand; in addition to generalizing this technique to a broad class of integrands, we also achieve a significant improvement in its efficiency by showing how the dimension of the final numerical integral may often reduced by one. In particular, if $n$ is the number of common vertices between the two triangles, in many cases we can reduce the dimension of the integral from $4-n$ to $3-n$ , obtaining a closed-form analytical result for $n=3$ (the common-triangle case).
Impact of Acute Liver Injury Prior to Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy

Purpose The impact of pre-operative acute liver injury on post left ventricular assist device (LVAD) mortality is unknown. Methods The study cohort included adults with first time, continuous-flow LVAD implantation at a single center. Patients with complete laboratory data between -5 and -1 days prior to LVAD were included in the analysis. To assess for patients with acute liver injury pattern, AST and ALT were plotted, log transformed, and smoothed using the Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) function. As AST and ALT tracked together, log AST alone was utilized for the remainder of the analysis. The association between peak and mean log AST prior to LVAD were assessed as predictors of post-LVAD mortality using multivariate cox regression. Results The study cohort consisted of 366 patients. The median age was 58 +/- 14 years old, 54.6% were bridge to transplant (BTT), and 53.3% had ischemic cardiomyopathy. The figure visually demonstrates the pattern of log AST prior to LVAD, stratified by patients who experienced death by 60 days post-implant. In the multivariate analysis, for each 1 unit increase in the peak log AST in the pre-LVAD time period, there was an adjusted 22% increase in post-LVAD mortality (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.45, p=0.023). For each 1 unit increase in the mean log AST in the pre-LVAD time period, there was an adjusted 30% increase in post-LVAD mortality (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05 - 1.61, p=0.016). Models were adjusted for age, sex, BTT status, serum albumin, and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Conclusion Peak AST and higher mean AST levels prior to LVAD implantation were associated with increased post-LVAD mortality, despite improvement in liver injury pattern prior to LVAD. Ongoing organ dysfunction may be part of the mechanism of poor outcomes of patients who have experienced shock prior to LVAD placement.
Functional analysis of generalized linear models under non-linear constraints with applications to identifying highly-cited papers

Abstract This article introduces a versatile functional form for Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) through a simple, yet effective, transformation of the current framework. The models are applied through a new hierarchical bayesian estimation procedure for logistic regression to highly-cited papers in the Management Information Systems (MIS) field. The results are uniformly better, in regards to model fit and inference for in-sample and out-of-sample data, for simulation studies and real-world data applications, requiring very little time to convergence to true population parameters. In simulation studies, I show that the method contains the true parameters nearly three times as often as widely used existing GLMs, and does so while having confidence intervals that are 54.50% smaller, while requiring around two-thirds the number of MCMC iterations as existing bayesian methods. In Scientometric applications the methodology is shown to be highly robust with predictive/classification accuracy, either equaling or exceeding existing methods for identifying highly-cited articles including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Thus, the method is shown to be robust to the amount of asymmetry (or symmetry) of the probability of success (or failure) and robust to unbalanced samples and varying Data Generating Processes. Further, the methodology is equivalent to current methods if the data support them and is therefore complementary to existing methods, without loss of interpretability of model parameters. For the MIS field it finds that Popularity Parameter (PP) of an article Keywords can predict whether a paper will be highly-cited (top 25% of highly-cited articles) between two to three years after publication and beyond. Furthermore, given the small number of iterations needed for convergence, the methodology can also be used as a baseline method in Big Data (BD) settings for both Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) contexts as well.
Finding Unexpected Diversity in Training.

Finding Unexpected Diversity in Training As this is a submission to an essay competition, no abstract has been included. The submitted essay can be found under Manuscript submission.
Saving for Justice

One of the central issues of welfare macroeconomics is, How much ought I a nation to save? The classic answer of Ramsey [11], that savings is optimal if it maximizes the integral of utility over time subject to the national income constraint, has guided research in the area for half a century. Recently this dominion of utilitarianism has come under scrutiny. Mirrlees, for instance, has shown how Ramsey's rule breaks down in the presence of technical change and population growth. Moreover, if the scope of the question is not merely efficiency but also justice, the whole framework of utility maximization may be indefensible. Thus, Rawls in his theory of justice remarks!
Longitudinal Mixing in Natural Streams

Various models used to describe or predict longitudinal mixing coefficients are examined and the conditions under which they are expected to apply are elucidated. Several hundred coefficients, both in laboratory flumes and natural streams, were measured under two-dimensional, uniform flow conditions. The coefficients measured in natural streams are shown to follow equations derived from flume data. The influence of dead zones in the stream on mixing is examined, and it is shown that measured coefficients are much closer to predicted values when the influence of mixing due to the dead zones is separated by the use of a new mixing model.
La percepción de las propiedades semánticas y la adquisición de la morfología verbal en el español como L2

La division entre los estados y los eventos dinamicos es una nocion basica en la identificacion de situaciones verbales; y entre los eventos dinamicos sobresale la importancia de la terminacion o no de un evento. Ademas; hay evidencia de que la adquisicion de la morfologia verbal coincide con la prominencia de estas distinciones conceptuales. El presente trabajo examina como las distintas propiedades del aspecto semantico de los verbos determinan el desarrollo del preterito y del imperfecto entre diferentes grupos de alumnos del espanol como segunda lengua. El analisis revela que en las primeras etapas; los alumnos se dan cuenta solamente de la distincion estativa/dinamica; en la etapa avanzada media incorporan la nocion de felicidad y no es hasta la etapa mas avanzada que son sensibles a la nocion de puntualidad. Se concluye que la adquisicion de la morfologia verbal es un proceso complejo de sensibilizacion en toda la configuracion semantica de eventos.
Refinement of approximate reasoning-based controllers by reinforcement learning

Abstract Previous reinforcement learning models for learning control do not use existing knowledge of a physical system's behavior, but rather train the network from scratch. The learning process is usually long, and even after the learning is completed, the resulting network can not be easily explained. On the other hand, approximate reasoning-based controllers provide a clear understanding of the control strategy but can not learn from experience. In this paper, we introduce a new method for learning to refine the control rules of approximate reasoning-based controllers. A reinforcement learning technique is used in conjunction with a multi-layer neural network model of an approximate reasoning-based controller. The model learns by updating its prediction of the physical system's behavior. Unlike previous models, our model can use the control knowledge of an experienced operator and fine-tune it through the process of learning. We demonstrate the application of the new approach to a small but challenging real-world control problem.
On the Timing and Execution of Open Market Repurchases

Little is known about the timing and execution of open market repurchases. U.S. firms are under no obligation to disclose when they are trading, and generally report only quarterly changes in shares outstanding. We use 64 firms' supplementally disclosed repurchase trading data to provide the first examination of repurchase timing and execution. Across the days reported in our sample, firms adopted a variety of execution styles ranging from immediate intense repurchasing to delayed and smoothed repurchasing. We find no clear evidence that repurchases are timed to coincide with, precede, or follow, days on which information is released. Within a given repurchase day, we find u-shaped repurchase patterns for NYSE firms and end-of-day repurchasing tendencies for Nasdaq firms. We benchmark the costs and value of a given repurchase program against naive accumulation strategies achieving the same terminal portfolio. While there is considerable variation across the firms, NYSE firms on average beat their benchmarks whereas Nasdaq firms do not. Finally, we document the liquidity impact of open market repurchases. We find that repurchasing contributes to market liquidity by narrowing bid-ask spreads on days when repurchase trades are completed.
The Thermal Structure of the Continental Crust

In the United States, the surface heat flow can be separated into two main components. The first component is due to radioactive heat sources in the upper crust, and the second component is due to sources in the lower crust and upper mantle. The heat flow from the lower crust and upper mantle is constant over large regions, called heat flow provinces, and the transitions between provinces are very narrow (less than 100 km). High values of mantle heat flow (>1.4 ical/cm 2 sec) occur in the Basin and Range, Columbia Plateaus, Northern Rocky Mountains, Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic provinces, and in the Franciscan rocks east of the San Andreas fault zone. Normal or near-normal mantle heat flow (0.8) is found in th e United States east of the Rocky Mountains, in the Colorado Plateaus, the Southern California batholith, and in the Puget Sound Region. Subnormal mantle heat flow (0.4, the lowest known anywhere) occurs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The variations in ma ntle heat flow are attributed to the thermal effects of sea -floor spreading during the Cenozoic. Measurements on other continents suggest heat flow provinces there with mantle heat flow values similar to those found in the United States. Temperatures are calculated for the three heat flow provinces under a variety of assumptions. The mantle heat flow is the main determinant of crustal temperatures, and thus vertical variations in electrical conductivity due directly or indirectly to temperature effects must vary in depth between the heat flow provinces. The region in the United States with the lowest crustal temperatures in crystalline terrain is the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada; hence this area should be the most favorable for feasibility studies of crustal transmission of electromagnetic waves.
Error rate of a charge qubit coupled to an acoustic phonon reservoir

We analyze decoherence of an electron in a double dot due to the interaction with acoustic phonons. For large tunneling rates between the quantum dots, the main contribution to decoherence comes from the phonon emission relaxation processes, while for small tunneling rates, the virtual-phonon, dephasing processes dominate. Our results show that in common semiconductors, such as Si and GaAs, the latter mechanism determines the upper limit for the double-dot charge qubit performance measure.
Extractable Lipids of Gram-Negative Marine Bacteria: Phospholipid Composition

Phospholipid compositions of 20 strains of marine and estuarine bacteria were determined. Results showed that phospholipids of marine bacteria differed very little from those of nonmarine organisms with phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol being the predominant phospholipids in all strains examined. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine occurred in significant quantities among a number of the marine bacteria, and two of the isolates contained significant quantities of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. Effects of age and growth temperature on the phospholipid composition were also investigated. It is suggested that phylogenetic relationships among bacteria may be correlated with phospholipid composition.
Training Determinants for Quality Infant Child Care.

Past research indicates that positive caregiver behavior is increased as well as enhanced by training and/or formal education. The majority of studies on relations between caregiver training and interaction with children examine caregiving of preschool‐aged children, the purpose of the present study was to examine associations among infant caregivers’ training and the quality of care they provide. The participants were 50 Caucasian female caregivers, ranging in age from 19 to 70 years. Results clearly showed that as training levels of infant caregivers increased, so did mean scores on some dimensions of quality. The fact that higher levels of infant caregiver training had a significant impact on infant personal care and learning activities lends credibility to the importance of training for infant caregivers. Our method for scoring caregiver training levels has promise for research on child care.
New High-Precision Photoelectric Universal Polarimeter and Birefringence Compensator*

A null-type photoelectric universal polarimeter (or ellipsometer) utilizing Faraday cells and a quarter-wave plate is described and its precision evaluated. For elliptically polarized light of small circularity (i.e., almost linearly polarized), the azimuth could be determined with a precision of 10 sec and the circularity to within 20 sec of arc. For light of large circularity (on the order of 35 deg), the corresponding precisions were 7 min (0.12 deg) for azimuth and 14 min (0.24 deg) for circularity. Errors due to a nonexact quarter-wave plate and nonperfect alignment of the compensator with respect to the elliptically polarized light are discussed. The use of this instrument as a high-precision Senarmont compensator for the measurement of birefringence is also described.
Measuring Students' Level of English Proficiency: Educational Significance and Assessment Requirements

This article discusses the status of existing English language proficiency (ELP) tests, and compares the content coverage and psychometric characteristics of ELP assessments that existed prior to the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) with those developed after NCLB Title III guidelines were introduced. The article argues that the newly developed ELP assessments (post-NCLB) exhibit higher assessment quality when compared with most ELP tests developed prior to NCLB (pre-NCLB). However, more work needs to be done if the new ELP assessments are to inform the instruction and content-based assessment of English language learner students. The results of analyses suggest that ELP assessment outcomes can help inform decisions regarding participation of English language learner students in state content-based assessments.
Finding circular shapes in an image on a pyramid architecture

Abstract The problem of finding circular shapes in an image using a pyramid architecture is considered. In this paper we have defined a new transformation that converts circles in an image to a family of straight lines allowing the problem to be converted to line detection which can be solved by Hough transform algorithms. Also, based on this new transformation we have developed two algorithms for circle detection using a pyramid architecture.
Gestalt theory is alive and well and living in information-processing land: A response to Arnheim☆

How the venerable ideas of Gestalt psychology can inform a contemporary understanding of human visual perception is a natural issue to engage. Julian Hochberg has challenged the contribution of the Gestaltists, presenting examples that show that the whole does not, after all, determine the reading of the parts (Hochberg, 1981). On this point, according to Hochberg, the value of a Gestalt perspective turns. Arnheim takes up the gauntlet and argues that the phenomena pointed out by Hochberg do not contradict Gestalt psychology, which after all allows for Gestalt influences on parts as well as wholes and does not insist that all stimuli allow perfect whole Gestalts. Evidently the issue depends on what one takes a Gestalt theory to mean. Broadly speaking, I am inclined to side with Rudolf Arnheim. More specifically, one can adopt an information-processing perspective on Gestalt theory that turns Hochberg’s examples upside down. Not only do they not refute a Gestalt perspective, they confirm it by displaying Gestalt factors at work, pitted against one another, as indeed Arnheim urges. Moreover, according to this information-processing version of a Gestalt theory, the issue of whole versus parts is a red herring, not only for the reasons Arnheim advances but also because near-whole Gestalts are involved in the examples Hochberg puts forth as counter to the influence of the whole over the parts. Three conceptual moves characterize the Gestalt viewpoint taken here. First of all, the key Gestalt notion of simplicity is interpreted in information theoretic terms as a matter of redundancy and default values (e.g. Attneave, 1954, 1972; Attneave 8c Frost, 1969; Garner, 1962, 1970; Hochberg & McAlister, 1953; Perkins, 1976, 1982; Perkins & Cooper, 1980). Redundancy and default values are relevant both to the whole stimulus and its parts. As Arnheim says, “To apply the [Gestalt] concept only to the ‘whole’ is insufficient. It needs to be applied to the parts as well.” For instance, the default interpretation of a straight line in projection is a straight line in space, not a line that, although curved, by happenstance projects to a straight line. A straight line of course has high redundancy, being determined solely by two points (Attneave, 1954). Here are some other examples of redundancy and default values: bilateral symmetry, right angularity (a right angle equals its complement), planar rather than
Orthotropic index for bone.

An orthotropic index (OI) is proposed to indicate the existence of a preferred material direction in each of the symmetry planes of an orthotropic material such as bone. Currently, this function is performed by the anisotropy ratio (AR) of any two Young’s moduli or compressive (Ac) and shear (As) anisotropy factors comprised of complicated functions of the elastic constants. The OI incorporates the four independent engineering constants (the shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio in addition to the two Young’s moduli) in each symmetry plane into a single index. The OI thus improves upon the AR by reflecting orthotropy in a more holistic sense and upon the AR, Ac and As by taking on a unique value (zero) only when the material is in fact isotropic.
Computer-simulations of aspects of the diagnostic process

This session discusses research related to study of the diagnostic process using computer-assisted methods, and from a perspective that is not necessarily disease-specific or decision oriented. Some of this research concerns itself with the detection of latent diagnostic and prognostic groups, as well as the study of diagnoses evaluated by physicians on computer-simulated patients.
Statistics of random macromolecular networks made by chainwise polymerization of polyfunctional monomers—2. Characterization of the post-gel region

Abstract The molecular parameters characterizing the post-gel properties of macromolecular networks made by chainwise polymerization of polyfunctional monomers are established from the determination of the finite chain probability, computed directly from very simple implicit equations. Thus, sol fraction, crosslink density, effective network chains numbers, dangling trees numbers, and cycle rank are derived easily in very general systems and have expressions morphologically analogous as those obtained for the stepwise polyfunctional polymerization.
Bayesian-based estimation of acoustic surface impedance: Finite difference frequency domain approach

Acoustic performance for an interior requires an accurate description of the boundary materials' surface acoustic impedance. Analytical methods may be applied to a small class of test geometries, but inverse numerical methods provide greater flexibility. The parameter estimation problem requires minimizing prediction vice observed acoustic field pressure. The Bayesian-network sampling approach presented here mitigates other methods' susceptibility to noise inherent to the experiment, model, and numerics. A geometry agnostic method is developed here and its parameter estimation performance is demonstrated for an air-backed micro-perforated panel in an impedance tube. Good agreement is found with predictions from the ISO standard two-microphone, impedance-tube method, and a theoretical model for the material. Data by-products exclusive to a Bayesian approach are analyzed to assess sensitivity of the method to nuisance parameters.
Sugar beet apomixis and its use in breeding.

A method for screeing apomictic genotypes in diploid sugar beet was developed. One from inbred line with high seed and general productivity is now the new cultivar. The main apomictic mechanisms involved were apospory and nucellar embryony.
Within-Field Distribution of Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Its Parasitoids in Texas Winter Wheat

Field sampling of wheat aphids and their parasitoids showed that the green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), was the most abundant aphid species present, followed by the oat-bird cherry aphid, Rhopalosiphum Padi (L.). The primary parasitoids reared from greenbug, in order of abundance, were Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh), and Aphelinus nigritus (Howard). The hyperparasitoids obtained, in order of abundance, were Alloxysta sp. ( megourae complex), Asaphes lucens (Provancher), and Pachyneuron siphonophorae (Ashmead). Samples taken in three separate wheat fields indicated that S. graminum and R. padi were distinctly aggregated. Collectively, the green bug parasitoids were distinctly aggregated and had a significant effect on the density of S. graminum within two of the three fields. Parasitoid distribution in the third field was near random, and no significant relationship was observed between numerical fluctuations of the greenbug and its parasitoids.
Risk factors for treatment failures in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- associated small-vessel vasculitis.

In the past several years, significant progress has occurred in the therapeutic management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. This has resulted in improved survival rates for all members of this group of inflammatory vascular disorders. However, the rate of treatment failure or resistance and relapse has remained relatively constant despite therapeutic advances. This article reviews risk factors associated with these failures, with hopes that better understanding may lead to improved therapeutic responses and less therapyrelated toxicity.
First 3‐D simulations of meteor plasma dynamics and turbulence

Millions of small but detectable meteors hit the Earth's atmosphere every second, creating trails of hot plasma that turbulently diffuse into the background atmosphere. For over 60 years, radars have detected meteor plasmas and used these signals to infer characteristics of the meteoroid population and upper atmosphere, but, despite the importance of meteor radar measurements, the complex processes by which these plasmas evolve have never been thoroughly explained or modeled. In this paper, we present the first fully 3-D simulations of meteor evolution, showing meteor plasmas developing instabilities, becoming turbulent, and inhomogeneously diffusing into the background ionosphere. These instabilities explain the characteristics and strength of many radar observations, in particular the high-resolution nonspecular echoes made by large radars. The simulations reveal how meteors create strong electric fields that dig out deep plasma channels along the Earth's magnetic fields. They also allow researchers to explore the impacts of the intense winds and wind shears, commonly found at these altitudes, on meteor plasma evolution. This study will allow the development of more sophisticated models of meteor radar signals, enabling the extraction of detailed information about the properties of meteoroid particles and the atmosphere.
Theory of abrupt heterojunctions in equilibrium

Abstract An analysis of an instrinsic abrupt heterojunction in equilibrium is given. We review the concepts necessary to construct the energy band diagram and present an analytic solution for the electrostatic potential and transition capacitance. The discontinuity in the conduction and valence band edges is derived. The results, contrary to recent works by Adams and Nussbaum and by von Roos, are in agreement with the Anderson affinity rules. Extension of results to the extrinsic case are indicated.
A configuration management database architecture in support of IBM service management

In this paper, we present the architecture of the IBM Tivoli® Change and Configuration Management Database. Its main features include a rich data model, automatic discovery of data for configuration items, visualization of application dependencies on configuration items, and multicustomer support. We discuss implementation topics, such as relationship management, composite configuration items, data federation, reconciliation of data from different sources, a security model for multicustomer support, and integration of change-management and configuration-management processes.
Energy Aware Grid: Global Workload Placement Based on Energy Efficiency

Computing will be pervasive, and enablers of pervasive computing will be data centers housing computing, networking and storage hardware. The data center of tomorrow is envisaged as one containing thousands of single board computing systems deployed in racks. A data center, with 1000 racks, over 30,000 square feet, would require 10 MW of power to power the computing infrastructure. At this power dissipation, an additional 5 MW would be needed by the cooling resources to remove the dissipated heat. At $100/MWh, the cooling alone would cost $4 million per annum for such a data center. The concept of Computing Grid, based on coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations, is emerging as the new paradigm in distributed and pervasive computing for scientific as well as commercial applications. We envision a global network of data centers housing an aggregation of computing, networking and storage hardware. The increased compaction of such devices in data centers has created thermal and energy management issues that inhibit sustainability of such a global infrastructure. In this paper, we propose the framework of Energy Aware Grid that will provide a global utility infrastructure explicitly incorporating energy efficiency and thermal management among data centers. Designed around an energy-aware co-allocator, workload placement decisions will be made across the Grid, based on data center energy efficiency coefficients. The coefficient, evaluated by the data center’s resource allocation manager, is a complex function of the data center thermal management infrastructure and the seasonal and diurnal variations. A detailed procedure for implementation of a test case is provided with an estimate of energy savings to justify the economics. An example workload deployment shown in the paper aspires to seek the most energy efficient data center in the global network of data centers. The locality based energy efficiency in a data center is shown to arise from use of ground coupled loops in cold climates to lower ambient temperature for heat rejection e.g. computing and rejecting heat from a data center at nighttime ambient of 20°C. in New Delhi, India while Phoenix, USA is at 45°C. The efficiency in the cooling system in the data center in New Delhi is derived based on lower lift from evaporator to condenser. Besides the obvious advantage due to external ambient, the paper also incorporates techniques that rate the efficiency arising from internal thermo-fluids behavior of a data center in workload placement decision.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
On bijections for pattern-avoiding permutations

By considering bijections from the set of Dyck paths of length 2n onto each of S"n(321) and S"n(132), Elizalde and Pak in [S. Elizalde, I. Pak, Bijections for refined restricted permutations, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 105 (2004) 207-219] gave a bijection @Q:S"n(321)->S"n(132) that preserves the number of fixed points and the number of excedances in each @s@?S"n(321). We show that a direct bijection @C:S"n(321)->S"n(132) introduced by Robertson in [A. Robertson, Restricted permutations from Catalan to Fine and back, Sem. Lothar. Combin. 50 (2004) B50g] also preserves the number of fixed points and the number of excedances in each @s. We also show that a bijection @f^*:S"n(213)->S"n(321) studied in [J. Backelin, J. West, G. Xin, Wilf-equivalence for singleton classes, Adv. in Appl. Math. 38 (2007) 133-148] and [M. Bousquet-Melou, E. Steingrimsson, Decreasing subsequences in permutations and Wilf equivalence for involutions, J. Algebraic Combin. 22 (2005) 383-409] preserves these same statistics, and we show that an analogous bijection from S"n(132) onto S"n(213) does the same.
A systematic screen for tube morphogenesis and branching genes in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Many signaling proteins and transcription factors that induce and pattern organs have been identified, but relatively few of the downstream effectors that execute morphogenesis programs. Because such morphogenesis genes may function in many organs and developmental processes, mutations in them are expected to be pleiotropic and hence ignored or discarded in most standard genetic screens. Here we describe a systematic screen designed to identify all Drosophila third chromosome genes (∼40% of the genome) that function in development of the tracheal system, a tubular respiratory organ that provides a paradigm for branching morphogenesis. To identify potentially pleiotropic morphogenesis genes, the screen included analysis of marked clones of homozygous mutant tracheal cells in heterozygous animals, plus a secondary screen to exclude mutations in general “house-keeping” genes. From a collection including more than 5,000 lethal mutations, we identified 133 mutations representing ∼70 or more genes that subdivide the tracheal terminal branching program into six genetically separable steps, a previously established cell specification step plus five major morphogenesis and maturation steps: branching, growth, tubulogenesis, gas-filling, and maintenance. Molecular identification of 14 of the 70 genes demonstrates that they include six previously known tracheal genes, each with a novel function revealed by clonal analysis, and two well-known growth suppressors that establish an integral role for cell growth control in branching morphogenesis. The rest are new tracheal genes that function in morphogenesis and maturation, many through cytoskeletal and secretory pathways. The results suggest systematic genetic screens that include clonal analysis can elucidate the full organogenesis program and that over 200 patterning and morphogenesis genes are required to build even a relatively simple organ such as the Drosophila tracheal system.
Polarization of X Rays from Laser-Produced Plasmas

The first measurement of polarized x-rays from a laser-produced plasma is reported. The degree of polarization is related to the net anisotropy of the hot-electron velocity distribution.
Building a Digital Library in Support of Distance Learning

Abstract In this paper we will describe the University of Massachusetts System libraries' efforts to offer services and information to our students and broader user communities through the creation of a shared digital library. The digital library delivers a library and its services anytime, anyplace, and in any medium. The new UMass Digital Library complements the existing bricks-and-mortar libraries, by maximizing the provision of services and resources through collaborative measures to our growing distance learning community. Each of the major components that went into the development of the digital library are detailed, including extended reference service, developing shared collections, Web site development, and the technical aspects necessary to make everything work together.
The ontogeny of mullerian inhibiting substance in granulosa cells of the bovine ovarian follicle.

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) previously detected in the Sertoli cells of the calf testis has been localized in the granulosa cells of the ovarian Graafian follicle by using an immunoperoxidase technique and a monoclonal antibody (IG8) to MIS that almost completely blocks its biological activity. The immunoperoxidase technique (avidin-biotin complex method) demonstrated specific localization of MIS in the cytoplasm of the ovarian granulosa cells in the bovine Graafian follicles over a wide age span, i.e. one day, one week, three months, two-and-a-half years and five years. The presence of MIS in the ovary implies a function that is as yet unknown.
An Intervention to Help Community-Based Organizations Implement an Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Intervention: The Mpowerment Project Technology Exchange System

Considerable resources have been spent developing and rigorously testing HIV prevention intervention models, but such models do not impact the AIDS pandemic unless they are implemented effectively by community-based organizations (CBOs) and health departments. The Mpowerment Project (MP) is being implemented by CBOs around the US. It is a multilevel, evidence-based HIV prevention program for young gay/bisexual men that targets individual, interpersonal, social, and structural issues by using empowerment and community mobilization methods. This paper discusses the development of an intervention to help CBOs implement the MP called the Mpowerment Project Technology Exchange System (MPTES); CBOs’ uptake, utilization and perceptions of the MPTES components; and issues that arose during technical assistance. The seven-component MPTES was provided to 49 CBOs implementing the MP that were followed longitudinally for up to two years. Except for the widely used program manual, other program materials were used early in implementing the MP and then their use declined. In contrast, once technical assistance was proactively provided, its usage remained constant over time, as did requests for technical assistance. CBOs expressed substantial positive feedback about the MPTES, but felt that it needs more focus on diversity issues, describing real world implementation approaches, and providing guidance on how to adapt the MP to diverse populations.
Culturing and direct PCR suggest prevalent host generalism among diverse fungal endophytes of tropical forest grasses

Most studies examining endophytic fungi associated with grasses (Poaceae) have focused on agronomically important species in managed ecosys- tems or on wild grasses in subtropical, temperate and boreal grasslands. However grasses first arose in tropical forests, where they remain a significant and diverse component of understory and forest-edge communities. To provide a broader context for understanding grass-endophyte associations we char- acterized fungal endophyte communities inhabiting foliage of 11 species of phylogenetically diverse C3 grasses in the understory of a lowland tropical forest at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Our sample included members of early-arising subfamilies of Poaceae that are endemic to forests, as well as more recently arising subfamilies that transitioned to open environments. Isolation on culture media and direct PCR and cloning revealed that these grasses harbor species-rich and phylogenetically diverse communities that lack the endophytic Clavicipitaceae known from diverse woodland and pasture grasses in the temper- ate zone. Both the incidence and diversity of endophytes was consistent among grass species regardless of subfamily, clade affiliation or ancestral habitat use. Genotype and phylogenetic analyses suggest that these endophytic fungi are predominant- ly host generalists, shared not only among distinctive lineages of Poaceae but also with non-grass plants at the same site.
An infrared absorption study of autoxidized methyl linoleate

A study has been made of the infrared absorption spectra of autoxidized methyl linoleate in samples ranging from PV 1 to PV 940 m.e./kg. Principal changes occur in the frequency range 3400–3550 cm−1 where bonded−OH groups absorb and at 1650–1775 cm−1 where >c=0 groups absorb.
Leaves as an Indicator of Exposure to Airborne Volatile Organic Compounds

The concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in leaves is primarily a product of airborne exposures and dependent upon bioconcentration factors and release rates. The bioconcentration factors for VOCs in grass are found to be related to their partitioning between octanol and air equivalent to a relationship previously determined for PCBs. The rate that leaves release VOCs is dependent upon meteorological conditions and the enthalpy of phase change between air and plant. The enthalpy of phase change (ΔHPA) for a compound in leaves is closely related to its enthalpy of vaporization. The BCF and ΔHPA for a compound vary among plants but are highly correlated to each other. The change in BCF by plant (and correlated change in ΔHPA) is likely due to differences in the amount of octanol-equivalent matter contained in their leaves. The concentration of airborne VOCs is predicted to maximize near dawn simultaneous with natural inversion patterns. A model incorporating this phenomenon with other meteorol...
The New Conservatives in Bioethics: Who Are They and What Do They Seek?

A new political movement has arisen in bioethics, self-consciously distingushed from the rest of the field and characterized by a new way of writing and arguing. Unfortunately, that new method is mean-spirited, mystical, and emotional. It claims insight into ultimate truth yet disavows reason.
The sociology of mate swapping: Or the family that swings together clings together∗

In the early decades of this century, and to a certain extent still today, social scientists equated deviant behavior with disease and set about to find the cures. The tone of this early perspective is nicely illustrated by the following excerpt: The study of social pathology is undertaken not to breed pessimism but to furnish a rational ground for faith in the future of the world. The diseases of society, like the diseases of the human body, are to be studied so that remedies may be found for them where they exist, but most of all, that by a larger wisdom the number of diseases may be reduced to the lowest terms and we may set ourselves to social tasks with the ideal of conquering them altogether (Smith, 1911).
Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993-2000

[1] Pilot reports in January 1995 and geologic field observations from the summer of 1996 indicate that a relatively small explosive eruption of Makushin, one of the more frequently active volcanoes in the Aleutian arc of Alaska, occurred on 30 January 1995. Several independent radar interferograms that each span the time period from October 1993 to September 1995 show evidence of ∼7 cm of uplift centered on the volcano's east flank, which we interpret as preeruptive inflation of a ∼7-km-deep magma source (ΔV = 0.022 km3). Subsequent interferograms for 1995–2000, a period that included no reported eruptive activity, show no evidence of additional ground deformation. Interferometric coherence at C band is found to persist for 3 years or more on lava flow and other rocky surfaces covered with short grass and sparsely distributed tall grass and for at least 1 year on most pyroclastic deposits. On lava flow and rocky surfaces with dense tall grass and on alluvium, coherence lasts for a few months. Snow and ice surfaces lose coherence within a few days. This extended timeframe of coherence over a variety of surface materials makes C band radar interferometry an effective tool for studying volcano deformation in Alaska and other similar high-latitude regions.
SideEye: Mobile assistant for blind spot monitoring

Distracted driving is an ever growing concern and driver safety systems are increasingly getting adopted. However, they still remain as features in the luxury vehicles. The high penetration of smartphones has made it possible to bring some of those safety features within everyone's reach. While some of the recent works have proposed tracking the road conditions as well as monitoring the driver with a smartphone, they have not covered the blind spot. In this paper, we present SideEye, a smartphone based system to monitor the blind spot on the driver side and alert the driver about the presence of a vehicle. We explore two approaches based on intensity variation and contour matching to detect a vehicle in the blind spot. Our evaluation shows that, when a vehicle is in the blind spot, our system can detect and alert the driver with an accuracy of 87% in real-time.
Co-extrusion of biocompatible polymers for scaffolds with co-continuous morphology†‡§

A methodology for the preparation of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering using co-extrusion is presented. Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) is blended with poly(ethylene oxide) in a twin-screw extruder to form a two-phase material with micron-sized domains. Selective dissolution of the poly(ethylene oxide) with water results in a porous material. A range of blend volume fractions results in co-continuous networks of polymer and void spaces. Annealing studies demonstrate that the characteristic pore size may be increased to larger than 100 μm. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds are characterized by a compressive modulus on the order of 1 MPa at low strains but displaying a marked strain-dependence. The results of osteoblast seeding suggest it is possible to use co-extrusion to prepare polymer scaffolds without the introduction of toxic contaminants. Polymer co-extrusion is amenable to both laboratory- and industrial-scale production of scaffolds for tissue engineering and only requires rheological characterization of the blend components. This method leads to scaffolds that have continuous void space and controlled characteristic length scales without the use of potentially toxic organic solvents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 20–29, 2002