cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Access to Orthopedic Care post Medicaid Expansion Through the Affordable Care Act.

Abstract Background As of January 2017, 32 states have decided to expand Medicaid through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The uninsured rate in the United States has decreased, but does the increased coverage translate to increased access to outpatient orthopedic care? Through a simulated patient telephone survey, this study aims to evaluate access to orthopedic surgeons for Medicaid patients in Louisiana. Methods A comprehensive list of potentially eligible orthopedic surgeons in the state of Louisiana was obtained from an online public database managed by the Louisiana Medicaid website ( lamedicaid.com ). This list represented all orthopedic surgeons that received a Medicaid payment within the six months prior to February 1st, 2017 (August 1st, 2016–January 31st, 2017). Using an internet search, we found that 309 orthopedic surgeons listed met the inclusion criteria and were practicing in 93 different clinical practices. Because several orthopedists practiced in the same group practice, and some practiced in multiple practices, we sampled unique clinical practices as opposed to individual providers. One telephone call was made to each practice in an attempt to secure an appointment for a simulated Medicaid patient. The average number of orthopedic surgeons per practice was 3.4, with the majority of practices (60%) being private practices with only one surgeon. Results Of the 93 practices in the study, only 17 (18.3%) offered an appointment. The 17 practices represented 41 orthopedic surgeons (13.3%) that were willing to accept new Medicaid patients. That number decreased to 22 (7.1%) if you remove the orthopedic surgeons practicing at safety-net facilities. Conclusion The results suggest that although Medicaid expansion has decreased the uninsured rate, access to outpatient orthopedic care for Medicaid patients in Louisiana is still significantly limited.
Emerging Steep-Slope Devices and Circuits: Opportunities and Challenges

While continuing the CMOS scaling-down becomes unprecedentedly more challenging than before, intensive exploration on beyond-CMOS nanodevice technologies is an appealing approach to further continue the power scaling-down. This chapter reviews some promising beyond-CMOS emerging transistor technologies, including Tunnel FETs, Ferroelectric FETs, and Hyper-FETs. Circuit design techniques based on these emerging devices are also reviewed to provide insights for future energy-efficient analog and digital signal processing. In addition to the opportunities, this chapter also discusses the challenges of emerging devices in circuit and systems.
Impact of data breach locality and error management on attitude and engagement

Abstract Given the growing number of credit card transactions, data breaches have become an increasingly serious concern for hotel businesses. Even when a rival hotel experiences a data breach, customers of the focal hotel may feel vulnerable as well. Nevertheless, firms have little insight into the potential impacts of a data breach on customers and the corresponding recovery strategies. For this study, the joint effect of data breach locality (i.e., focal hotel vs. rival hotel) and error management (i.e., no vs. low vs. high EM) on customers’ attitudes toward the focal hotel and engagement behaviors (i.e., intentions to spread positive WOM and negative WOM) was examined. A 2 × 3 scenario-based experiment was conducted. The results of the MANCOVA analysis suggest that when a rival hotel is breached, low error management is more effective. Interestingly, when the focal hotel is breached, high error management and low error management are equally effective.
Constitutional Challenges to Liver Transplant Policy.

Background Liver transplant candidacy determination can be contentious. When transplantation is declined for reasons perceived as violating fundamental rights or discriminating against a protected class-for example, age, race, religion, nationality-the case may involve a constitutional claim. Judicial review of such cases may result in decisions with sweeping implications for transplant policy. Methods We reviewed all published court opinions involving liver transplantation in 2 legal databases (Lexis Nexus and WestLaw). We included all cases that involved a denial of liver transplant candidacy in violation of constitutional rights. Results The search returned 1562 cases: 290 involved the denial of insurance coverage for a transplant due to a patient's failure to abstain from drinking, 273 cases involved incarcerated inmates who were denied a liver transplant, 2 involved a constitutional claim for patient requesting a bloodless transplant for religious reasons, and 2 cases arose from age discrimination in transplant criteria. These cases highlight legal pitfalls related to the First Amendment (religious freedom), Eighth Amendment (cruel and unusual punishment), and the Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection and due process). Conclusions The risk of a constitutional claim highlights concrete steps needed to ensure the equity of transplant policy. These include efforts to standardize transplant candidacy criteria across payers for candidates with alcohol-related liver disease and advanced age. Efforts to constrain emerging liabilities related to the citizenship of transplant candidates and the definition of donor service areas are also discussed.
Technical Note: Quality assurance and relative dosimetry testing of a 60 Co total body irradiator using optical imaging.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to create an optical imaging-based system for quality assurance (QA) testing of a dedicated Co-60 total body irradiation (TBI) machine. Our goal is to streamline the QA process by minimizing the amount time necessary for tests such as verification of dose rate and field homogeneity. METHODS Plastic scintillating rods were placed directly on the patient treatment couch of a dedicated TBI 60 Co irradiator. A tripod-mounted intensified camera was placed directly adjacent to the couch. Images were acquired over a 30-s period once the cobalt source was fully exposed. Real-time image filtering was used; cumulative images were flatfield corrected as well as background and darkfield subtracted. Scintillators were used to measure light-radiation field correspondence, dose rate, field homogeneity, and symmetry. Dose rate effects were measured by modifying the height of the treatment couch and scintillator response was compared to ionization chamber (IC) measurements. Optically stimulated luminesce detector (OSLD) used as reference dosimeters during field symmetry and homogeneity testing. RESULTS The scintillator-based system accurately reported changes in dose rate. When comparing normalized output values for IC vs scintillators over a range of source-to-surface distances, a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99) was observed. Normalized scintillator signal matched OSLD measurements with <1.5% difference during field homogeneity and symmetry testing. Beam symmetry across both axes of the field was within 2%. The light field was found to correspond to 90 ± 3% of the isodose maximum along the longitudinal and latitudinal axis, respectively. Scintillator imaging output results using a single image stack requiring no postexposure processing (needed for OSLD) or repeat manual measurements (needed for IC). CONCLUSION Imaging of scintillation light emission from plastic rods is a viable and efficient method for carrying out TBI 60 Co irradiator QA. We have shown that this technique can accurately measure field homogeneity, symmetry, light-radiation field correspondence, and dose rate effects.
Orthotopic Bladder Substitution

Orthotopic neobladder has been a commonly used option for urinary diversion since the 1980s. Advantages of this type of diversion are the ability to avoid an ostomy, voiding function similar to the native bladder, and improved cosmesis. Drawbacks unique to a neobladder include urinary incontinence, incomplete emptying, need for self-intermittent catheterization (SIC), and longer operative times. Indications for orthotopic diversion are: absence of malignancy of the prostatic urethra in men or the bladder neck in women, adequate renal function (GFR >35–40), normal liver function, absence of severe urethral stricture disease, absence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and a reliable patient with good mental status and dexterity. Many viable surgical techniques exist and offer good functional and oncological outcomes. Robotic intracorporeal neobladder creation has demonstrated similar outcomes to open technique, and represents a promising minimally invasive diversion for the future.
Re-uptake mechanisms of peptide fragments after DPP IV-mediated proteolysis in the peripheral nervous system.

In the present study we demonstrated the presence of the high-affinity, low capacity peptide transporter PEPT2 at the translational level in dorsal root ganglia of the species guinea pig by employing immunohistochemistry. This finding provides new insights into the fate of peptide fragments, following DPP IV-mediated proteolysis. The results indicate, that the fragments may be re-utilized via uptake mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system of the guinea pig. For the rat nervous system, several studies demonstrated the presence of the transporter mRNA in nervous system astrocytes, satellite cells, subependymal cells, ependymal cells and cells of the choroid plexus6.7.
Microneedling as a Treatment for Acne Scarring: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUNDMicroneedling is a popular, minimally invasive skin rejuvenation modality for acne scarring. Recent reports have evaluated the efficacy and safety of microneedling monotherapy and combination treatment for scarring.OBJECTIVEThis review aims to systematically analyze the current literature
Household Saving Behavior and the Effect of Income Growth: Evidence from Korean Household Survey Data

In this paper the behavior of the household sa띠ng rate is investigated. The life-cycle hypothesis of saving is tested with pooled cross-age time series data of Korean household suπey data from 1977 to 2002. The investigation reveals that real saving rates increase when the duration of life sp없1 and per household real disposable income rise. whereas they decrease when the growth rate of income and net worth-to-GDP ratio rises. The elasticities with respect to the lifetime horizon and in the gro~πh rate of real disposable income are 0.58 없ld -0.03. respectively. The younger and the older age dependency ratios have insigni디cant effects on household saving rate behavior.
MEANINGFUL ENGAGEMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG ASSISTED LIVING RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA: EMERGENT FINDINGS

This poster provides an overview of the aims, methods, and emergent findings from an ongoing five-year NIA-funded project (R01AG062310) examining meaningful engagement and quality of life among assisted living (AL) residents with dementia. The overall goal of this project is to determine how opportunities for meaningful engagement can best be recognized, created, and maintained for individuals with different dementia types and varying levels of functional ability. Guided by grounded theory, this qualitative study will involve 12 diverse AL communities in and around Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Presently, our interdisciplinary team is collecting data in four communities using ethnographic observations, semi-structured interviews, and resident record review. We are studying daily life in each community, following 30 resident participants, and actively recruiting and interviewing their formal and informal care partners. Based on ongoing analysis, we offer key emergent findings. First, meaningful engagement is highly individualized and dynamic. Differing personal interests, along with wide variations in cognitive and physical abilities, can present challenges for AL community staff and other care partners when trying to recognize what constitutes meaningful engagement for residents. Second, multiple complex factors interplay to shape the experience of meaningful engagement among persons living with dementia, such as personal characteristics, care partner background and training, AL community design and philosophy, and state/corporate regulations. Finally, flexibility and ‘meeting the resident where they are at’ appear to be critical to identifying and fostering meaningful engagement for persons living with dementia. We discuss the implications of these preliminary findings for translation, dissemination, and future research.
Current use of stereotactic body radiation therapy for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer: A National Cancer Database Analysis

Background Recent studies have demonstrated both safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as monotherapy in the treatment of low and intermediate risk prostate cancer. Our study aims to provide an update analyzing the use of SBRT compared with conventional and hypofractionated regimens in the United States from 2004 to 2015. Methods This retrospective review was conducted using the National Cancer Database. We identified 114,931 patients with sufficient diagnostic and treatment information treated with definitive radiation therapy in the United States from 2004 to 2015. The relative utilization of conventional fractionation (defined as 180-200 cGy per fraction and >5 fractions), moderate hypofractionation (defined as >200 cGy per fraction and >5 fractions), and SBRT (defined as >200 cGy per fraction and 5 fractions or less) were compared over the same time period. Logistic regression models were used to estimate trends. Demographic factors were collected and analyzed using chi-squared tests and independent t-tests. Results The proportion of prostate cancer patients receiving SBRT increased substantially from 0.9% in 2004 to 19.5% in 2015. Moderate hypofractionation exhibited some growth, increasing from 2.7% of patients to 4.7% in 2015. Conventional fractionation use declined significantly from 96.3% in 2004 to 75.8% in 2015. Notably, there was a sharp decline in the absolute number of patients receiving conventional fractionation in 2011, from 14,699 patients treated in 2009 to 1492 in 2011. Patients treated with SBRT were more likely to be treated in academic centers, younger, and have higher income than other fractionation groups. The most frequently used fractionation schedule was 3625 cGy in five fractions. Conclusions The use of SBRT for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer has increased significantly from 2004 to 2015, coinciding with recently published data supporting the efficacy and favorable toxicity profile of this technique.
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons only partially integrate determinants of value

Evaluation often involves integrating dissimilar determinants of value. A brain region can therefore be placed either before or after a presumed evaluation stage by measuring whether responses of its neurons depend simultaneously on multiple determinants of value. A brain region could also, in principle, show partial integration, which would suggest that it occupies a middle position between (pre-evaluative) non-integration and (post-evaluative) full integration. Existing mathematical techniques cannot distinguish full from partial integration and therefore risk misidentifying regional function. Here we use a new Bayesian regression-based approach to analyze responses of neurons in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) to risky offers. We find that dACC neurons only partially integrate across outcome dimensions, indicating that dACC cannot be assigned to a purely post-evaluative position. Neurons in dACC also show putative signatures of value comparison, suggesting that comparison processes do not require evaluation to be complete to proceed.
A Concise History of United States Resale Price Maintenance Arrangements and its Current Status under State and Federal Laws

Resale price maintenance (RPM), a form of vertical price fixing is the practice whereby manufacturers of brand-name or trademark goods stipulate and attempt to enforce minimum, maximum, or actual wholesale and retail prices of such goods as they progress through the distribution chain to the final consumers of said products.
Eschewing Anticipatory Remedies for Takings: A Response to Professor Merrill

This is a Response to an Essay published by Professor Thomas Merrill entitled Anticipatory Remedies for Takings, 128 Harv. L. Rev. 1630 (2015). Professor Merrill argues that courts hearing takings cases have authority, in addition to awarding just compensation, to issue what he calls anticipatory remedies, defined to include “any remedy other than a judgment requiring the government to pay just compensation.” He contends that one line of Supreme Court precedent suggests that just compensation is the exclusive remedy for a taking, and that another line of precedent suggests that anticipatory remedies are appropriate. He argues that the second line of precedent is “correct” and also offers practical advantages over the first line of precedent. He urges the Supreme Court to embrace the second line of precedent instead of the first line. This Response argues that the Court’s precedents are not in actual conflict. Instead, the Court has ruled (correctly) that just compensation is the exclusive remedy for a taking for public use when the just compensation remedy is available, and the Court has also ruled (again correctly) that what Professor Merrill calls anticipatory remedies available -- but only when a taking does not serve a public use or the just compensation remedy is not available. Because these precedents are not in conflict but are entirely consistent with each, there is no need for the Court to pick one line of precedent over the other. This Response also disputes Professor Merrill’s contention that anticipatory remedies would offer practical advantages and also argues that adopting his proposal would generate new practical problems.
Nanostructured copper selenide as an ultrasensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor

CuSe nanostructures exhibit high-efficiency for glucose detection with high sensitivity (19.419 mA mM−1 cm−2) and selectivity at a low applied potential of +0.15 V vs. Ag|AgCl, a low detection limit of 0.196 μM and a linear range of glucose detection from 100 nM to 40 μM.
Inflammatory cytokine levels implicated in Alzheimer's disease moderate the effects of sex on verbal memory performance

Abstract Despite having an initial verbal memory advantage over men, women have greater rates of Alzheimer’s disease and more rapid cognitive decline once diagnosed. Moreover, although Alzheimer’s disease is influenced by inflammation, which itself has known sex differences, no study has investigated whether sex differences in memory are moderated by peripheral inflammatory activity. To address this issue, we analyzed data from 109 individuals (50 women, Mage = 71.62, range = 55–87) diagnosed as cognitively normal, or having mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease dementia. We then followed the sample for 12 months, as part of a longitudinal study of aging and Alzheimer’s disease. At baseline, we assessed levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma. At baseline and 12 months, we assessed verbal memory using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and nonverbal memory using the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised. As hypothesized, for the full sample, women exhibited stronger verbal (but not nonverbal) memory than men. In women, but not men, higher IL-1β at baseline related to poorer verbal learning across both time points and delayed recall at 12 months. The effect of sex on memory also differed by IL-1β level, with women exhibiting a memory advantage both at baseline and 12 months, but only for those with low-to-moderate IL-1β levels. Therefore, high peripheral inflammation levels may lead to a sex-specific memory vulnerability relevant for Alzheimer’s disease.
Full Spectrum Cloudy Scene Simulation for Remote Sensing Algorithm Development

Development of algorithms for remote sensing applications can be facilitated with accurate scene simulations, where terrain reflectance and topography as well as all atmospheric and illumination conditions are controlled by the investigator. One such scene simulation model is MCScene. The MCScene model is based on a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo approach for modeling 3D atmospheric radiative transport, as well as spatially inhomogeneous surfaces including surface BRDF effects. The model includes treatment of land and ocean surfaces, 3D terrain, 3D surface objects, and effects of finite clouds with surface shadowing. Simulations can be performed from the UV through the LWIR. In this paper, we illustrate the use of MCScene as a tool in remote sensing algorithm development by simulating a partly cloudy scene and using this scene to test and evaluate a spectral cloud masking algorithm.
Shocking Business Bankruptcy Law

The intersection of major crises and financial distress generates no shortage of stock stories. This Essay offers one more: how shocks can be used opportunistically in big Chapter 11 cases to unravel bankruptcy law, and to shift the system further away from the objective of responding to over-indebtedness.
Recording of Death during Electroencephalography

ABSTRACT.Unexpected death during an EEG recording is rare. We describe two patients who died during routine EEG: one of cardiac arrest and the other of respiratory failure. Both patients had “do not resuscitate” orders. In both patients, the EEG showed a rapid evolution of electrocerebral inactivity over a period of a few minutes. Initially, there was gradual loss of faster frequencies and then a decrease in voltage, followed by an intermittent pattern with periods of suppression. The periods of suppression became longer and evolved into complete sustained suppression in association with cessation of cardiorespiratory function.
Odontogenic tumors and epidermoid carcinomas of the oral cavity

Abstract Odontogenic tumors and epidermoid carcinomas of the oral cavity induced in Syrian hamsters by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) have been described. The induced odontogenic tumors show a striking histologic similarity to the human counterparts of this type of tumor. The epidermoid carcinomas were often multicentric and locally invasive. The sites of origin included the gingiva, buccal mucosa, palate, and tongue. The incisor teeth revealed disturbances in odontogenesis. The changes were characterized principally by alterations in morphodifferentiation and histodifferentiation of the dentine. The periodontal membrane reacted by proliferation of nests of epithelial cells which histologically resembled odontogenic epithelium. Occasionally, the clusters of cells had a squamous appearance.
A GLOBAL VIEW

Traditional batch and online approaches to computing relate to a hierarchical pyramid organisation. However, todays networked systems require a more flattened, less bureaucratic company structure. Stern illustrates how the IT suppliers themselves are adapting to this situation by recognising the limitations of proprietary systems and by moving together towards international standards.
External cavity tunable type-I diode laser with continuous-wave singlemode operation at 3.24μm

A tunable external cavity laser (ECL) near 3.24 μm was developed using semiconductor laser gain chips based on GaSb. The type-1 interband laser diodes were grown by molecular beam epitaxy using 17 nm InGaAsSb compressively-strained quantum wells with 30 nm AlInGaAsSb quinary barriers for improved hole confinement. In continuous-wave operation with a diode temperature of 10°C, the ECLs produce up to 1.8 mW of singlemode output power with a tuning range of 60 nm. The devices are tunable through the fundamental ν 3 vibrational absorption features of methane gas, providing a platform for highly-sensitive detection of trace hydrocarbons.
Re-Inventing Rulemaking

I have only two principal disagreements with Bob Anthony. First, I believe that a court should not go behind the objective terms of a statement of agency policy to speculate about whether the statement was "really intended" to bind the public. If by its terms an agency's general statement of agency policy is limited to establishing general policies and explicitly states that the policies must be justified de novo in subsequent applications where the policies are challenged, then a court should not invalidate the policies-on the grounds that, contrary to what the agency's statement says it is, the court thinks that it is "really" or "practically" a "non-rule rule" made without benefit of proper rulemaking procedures.1 Second, I believe that courts should not attempt to force all agency policymaking into the mold of notice-and-comment rulemaking. Noticeand-comment does not always provide genuine public participation in legislative rulemaking; it is useful primarily as a record-making device and is generally employed when a rule is in near-final form.
Repeated α-Galactosylceramide Administration Results in Expansion of NK T Cells and Alleviates Inflammatory Dermatitis in MRL-lpr/lpr Mice

NK T (NKT) cells expressing the invariant Valpha14-Jalpha18 TCR alpha-chain recognize glycolipid Ags such as alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Upon activation by alpha-GalCer, invariant NKT cells secrete multiple cytokines and confer protection in certain immune-mediated disorders. Here we have investigated the role of NKT cells in the development of inflammatory dermatitis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, which shares features with lupus in humans. Our results show that the numbers Sand functions of NKT (TCRbeta(+)CD1d/alpha-GalCer tetramer(+)) cells, particularly of the NK1.1(-) subset, are reduced in MRL-lpr/lpr mice compared with MRL-fas/fas and/or nonautoimmune C3H/Hej and BALB/c mice. Repeated treatments with alpha-GalCer result in the expansion of NKT cells and alleviate dermatitis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Our results indicate that NKT cell deficiency can be corrected by repeated alpha-GalCer treatment and that NKT cells may play a protective role in inflammatory dermatitis of lupus-prone mice.
Educational Credentials and Intra-Occupational Inequality: Evidence from Law Firm Dissolutions.

This study examines how the matching of individuals and employers based on educational credentials contributes to intra-occupational inequality. Treating six U.S. law firm dissolutions as mobility quasi-experiments, I analyze 1,426 lawyers’ post-dissolution labor market outcomes and establish two key findings that reconcile technical-functional and sociocultural accounts of educational stratification. First, consistent with an ability-signaling mechanism, graduates of more prestigious law schools regained employment at more rewarding employers but this tendency weakened with one’s work experience. Second, consistent with a social network mechanism, lawyers were more likely to regain employment at an organization the more former law school classmates were employed by the organization. The results imply that the signal function of educational credentials influences the matching of inexperienced individuals to employers and that social networks reproduce the distribution by structuring opportunities to change employers.
CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR HEATING IN A REACTOR

A calorimeter, for measuring nuclear heating in reactors, of simple construction and high sensitivity is described. Calorimeters of this design are used to measure the nuclear heating in magnesium and bismuth in an experimental facility of the ORNL Graphite Reactor. Gamma radiation gives the most important contribution to nuclear heating for these two elements. Self-shielding is estimated, and the consistency between the measurements for bismuth and magnesium is demonstrated. (auth)
Roles of TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

TRAIL, the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, induces apoptosis of tumor cells, but not normal cells; the roles of TRAIL in nontransformed tissues are unknown. Using a soluble TRAIL receptor, we examined the consequences of TRAIL blockade in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. We found that chronic TRAIL blockade in mice exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. The exacerbation was evidenced primarily by increases in disease score and degree of inflammation in the CNS. Interestingly, the degree of apoptosis of inflammatory cells in the CNS was not affected by TRAIL blockade, suggesting that TRAIL may not regulate apoptosis of inflammatory cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. By contrast, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific Th1 and Th2 cell responses were significantly enhanced in animals treated with the soluble TRAIL receptor. Based on these observations, we conclude that unlike TNF, which promotes autoimmune inflammation, TRAIL inhibits autoimmune encephalomyelitis and prevents activation of autoreactive T cells.
Nonlinear Interactions Treated by the Methods of Theoretical Physics (with Application to the Generation of Waves by Wind)

The ‘Feynman’ diagram method for analysing wave-wave interactions in random wave fields is generalized to include non-conservative interactions between wave fields and external fields. The particle interpretation is no longer applicable, but the transfer expressions can still be conveniently summarized in terms of ‘transfer’ diagrams, which correspond to collision diagrams in the particle picture. The method is applied to interactions between gravity waves and the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. The complete set of lowest order transfer diagrams contains the Phillips and Miles mechanisms of wave generation and an additional set of wave-turbulence interactions, which have not been considered previously. The closure hypothesis invoked in the derivation of the transfer expressions is discussed briefly in appendix A. It is pointed out that Benney & Saffman’s recent derivation of the transfer expressions without the usual closure hypothesis contradicts the irreversibility of the transfer expressions and is valid only initially. The relevant statistical properties depend on the distinction between coarse grained and fine grained distributions. This is illustrated in appendix B by a discussion of the Gaussian property of linear, random wave fields.
Visual detection as a function of attentional demand and perceptual system error

Attentional demands were varied in a two-alternative, forced-choice detection experiment. A bar indicator designated the target form in one condition and occurred in random locations in a second condition. Exposure durations necessary for predetermined single-form display HRs were determined for each of eight Ss to measure performance at different levels of perceptual system error. Forms differed in only a single feature. Detection was superior when the bar indicator designated the target form, and differences increased with increased display size. Evidence for interference in detection due to the presence of nontarget forms apart from noting requirements of such forms was found. Estimates of number of perceptual channels noted did not clearly differentiate serial from parallel processing models. It was concluded that display interference error and spatial selectivity influences are important determinants of detection accuracy.
The locking-on of vortex shedding due to the cross-stream vibration of circular cylinders in uniform and shear flows

The frequencies of vortex shedding from circular cylinders forced to oscillate transversely in low-turbulence uniform and shear flows were investigated. The stream velocity in the shear flow varied linearly with spanwise distance.In both flows the vortex shedding frequency locked on to the cylinder frequency and to submultiples of the cylinder frequency. In uniform flow the range of cylinder frequencies for locking-on was dependent on the amplitude of oscillation and Reynolds number. At the boundaries of locking-on at the cylinder frequency locked-on shedding was intermittent with unforced shedding and locking-on was accompanied by a change in wake width. At a particular cylinder frequency near mid-range it is conjectured that the wake width jumped from being greater to being less than that for the stationary cylinder. In shear flow the spanwise extent of locking-on at the cylinder frequency was explained by considering the uniform flow results and the inclination of shed vortices in shear flow. At the spanwise boundaries of this locking-on, locked-on cells were shed intermittently with unforced cells which were more stable in frequency than the corresponding cells for the stationary cylinder.
Measurement of atmospheric pollutants associated with oil and natural gas exploration and production activity in Pennsylvania's Allegheny National Forest.

Oil and natural gas exploration and production (EP the Bradford Ranger Station (BRS) in McKean County, which is downwind of a large area of historic oil and gas productivity; and the ...
Action of parathyroid extract on bone phosphorus and calcium in the rat.

Summary1. Effect of parathyroid extract upon removal of calcium and phosphate from the long bones of rats was studied by the use of radiocalcium and radiophosphorus. Auto-radiographs showed that significant amounts of both phosphate and calcium could be removed from the subepiphyseal plate region of the long bones of rats by parathyroid extract administration; the amount of radiophosphorus removed was greater than the radiocalcium. 2. These experiments indicate further that parathyroids act directly on bone to produce this removal of calcium and phosphate, and that this effect is enhanced by an additional effect on the kidney whereby the excretion of phosphate is increased. This assumption is based on the fact that serum phosphate values, which are initially reduced by parathyroid extract can be raised above normal by extended treatment of the extract. This increase in serum phosphate levels was accomplished while kidney excretion of phosphate was still approximately ten times the normal daily output, ind...
Prophylactic Effects of Amine Oxides in Radiation Injury in Mice

IN 1957, Haley et al. 1 found that quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide reduced X-radiation mortality in mice by 50 per cent. Two mechanisms were involved, reduction of bacteraemia1 and interaction with X-ray-produced oxidizing radicals2. Comparisons have been made of other N-oxides (Table 1) using groups of 20 CF-1 mice and the same radiation conditions as before1. The 250 mgm./kgm. oral dose of drugs was given 24 hr. prior to irradiation with 550 r. The two quinoxaline derivatives significantly increased the ST 50 day but had less effect on total survival than quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide. Erythromycin N-oxide significantly reduced the ST 50 day and total survival while its anhydro derivative was equivalent to quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide as a radiation prophylactic. All the above compounds are readily absorbed, excreted slowly in the urine and exert antibiotic effects so the radiation bacteraemia could be reduced. On the other hand not all of them can interact with equal facility with the radiation-produced oxidizing radicals. Examination of the chemical structures involved indicated that an amine oxide either in an unsaturated ring, for example, quinoxaline or within one carbon atom of a double bond, for example, anhydroerythromycin is necessary if oxidizing radicals are to be prevented from exerting their deleterious effects. In the dimethyl-substituted quinoxaline compounds difficulties in oxidizing the methyl groups are probably the reason for the decrease in protectant activity even though Francis et al. 4 showed that hydroxylation in the 2 position occurs in vivo. With erythromycin N-oxide, the double bond is lacking and the compound can be oxidized only with difficulty even in vitro 5. Thus, it would appear that amine oxides with the above chemical structures can reduce mortality from ionizing radiation when administered orally 24 hr. prior to exposure.
Adsorption of potassium N-phenylglycinate on hydroxyapatite: role of solvents and ionic charge

The adsorption of the potassium salt of N-phenylglycine (KNPG) on synthetic hydroxyapatite from aqueous and ethanol solutions was studied at 22°C. The adsorption isotherm of KNPG from aqueous solutions is Langmuirian in shape, and the analysis showed that one glycinate ion was adsorbed per about two (100) faces of the unit cell of hydroxyapatite. For each glycinate ion adsorbed, 3.5 phosphate ions were released to the aqueous solution while the calcium concentration decreased slightly. The adsorption from ethanol (99.8%) was total and irreversible from dilute solutions up to a threshold concentration, and reversible and Langmuirian thereafter from concentrated solutions, while the amounts of phosphate and calcium ions in solution are negligible. At maximum coverage from ethanol solution, the surface is fully occupied by reversibly adsorbed molecules which are perched on a one-to-one basis on the top of irreversibly adsorbed molecules totally covering the substrate. The amount of irreversibly adsorbed solute is thus about equal to the reversibly adsorbed solute and about twice the maximum amount adsorbed from aqueous solutions. That the adsorption involves electrically neutral molecular units and not electrically charged ions from ethanol is demonstrated by the irreversibly and maximally adsorbed molecules which totally occupy the surface, showing no ionic repulsion between them, and by the absence of ionic exchange of the molecules with the substrate. The study may have a bearing on the role of solvents upon the chemistry of N-phenylglycine analogs and their salts, both of which are used as surface-active polymerization initiators in the bonding of prosthetic resins to teeth.
The role of cyclooxygenase enzymes in the growth of human gall bladder cancer cells

Information suggests that the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites, the prostanoids, play a role in gall bladder physiology and disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit COX enzymes have been shown in vivo and in vitro to alter the growth patterns of intestinal epithelial cells, and specific COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to decrease mitogenesis in intestinal epithelial cells. The present study was intended to evaluate the effect of specific COX inhibitors on the growth patterns of gall bladder cancer cells. Employing a human gall bladder cancer cell line, mitogenesis, apoptosis and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation were evaluated in response to serum and hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha stimulation in the presence and absence of specific COX-1 and -2 inhibitors. The effect of the mitogens on COX enzyme expression was also evaluated. Serum and the growth factors increased COX enzyme expression and mitogenesis, and decreased apoptosis as evaluated by the percentage of cells that were floating in culture media rather than attached. There was more DNA degradation in floating than in attached cells. The specific COX-2 inhibitor, but not the COX-1 inhibitor, decreased mitogenesis and increased gall bladder cell apoptosis as evaluated by the number of floating versus attached cells and the number of floating cells in the terminal phase of apoptosis or dead. The inhibition of mitogenesis and the increased apoptosis produced by the COX-2 inhibitor was associated with decreased PGE(2) production. The inhibition of replication of gall bladder cancer cells and the increase in apoptosis produced by the selective COX-2 inhibitor suggests that the COX enzymes and the prostanoids may play a role in the development of gall bladder cancer and that the COX-2 inhibitors may have a therapeutic role in the prevention of gall bladder neoplasms.
Comparison of the 3×1 reconstructions of the Si(111) surface induced by Li and Ag

The 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface reconstruction of the Si(111) surface induced by adsorption of Li is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both filled- and empty-state STM images show arrays of atomic scale features with a 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 periodicity, but with different distributions of maxima within the unit cell. There are strong similarities with images of the Ag-induced 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 structure. STM images from both systems are compared with each other and discussed in terms of recent proposals that the metal atoms do not participate directly in the 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 long-range order.
The relationship of microstructure to monotonic and cyclic straining of two age hardening aluminum alloys

The effect of microstructure on the monotonic and low cycle fatigue properties of a high purity, large grain, ternary aluminum-zinc, magnesium (Al-Zn-Mg) alloy and a high strength 7050 aluminum alloy was investigated. The best combination of fatigue life, strength, and ductility for the ternary alloy resulted when aged to produce a microstructure containing predominately η′ having a Guinier radius of approximately 65a and a small amount of incoherent η (MgZn2). Superior fatigue life, strength, and ductility were found when the 7050 alloy was aged to produce the maximum number of partially coherent η′ precipitates having a Guinier radius of approximately 35a. Aging the 7050 alloy to produce particles larger than 50a gave a microstructure that had lower fatigue properties at the low plastic strain amplitudes, δep/2 <1.0 pct. The empirical CoffinManson relationship was found to hold for a given deformation process, however changes in deformation character resulted in changes in the Coffin-Manson parameters.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: Indications, limitations, techniques, and results

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was introduced in 1980 as an alternative to traditional operative methods for the creation of a feeding gastrostomy. The indications for the procedure are essentially the same as those for traditional gastrostomy and include the inability to swallow secondary to neurological impairment, oropharyngeal neoplasms, and facial trauma. The method is contraindicated in the presence of massive ascites, total esophageal obstruction, coagulation disorders, and sepsis. Several variations on the original technique have been developed, and results with each are comparable. The morbidity and mortality with percutaneous methods has been at least as good as those reported for operative techniques while the cost has been lower and patient acceptance high. In spite of the ease with which gastrostomy may be performed by the percutaneous method, patient selection must be appropriate and details of technique closely followed if results are to remain acceptable.
Optimal Low-Thrust Rendezvous Control

A study is made of the coplanar rendezvous maneuver between a thrusting vehicle and a passive vehicle in an elliptic orbit. In the terminal phase of rendezvous, where the equations of relative motion can be linearized, an analytic solution for the fuel optimal thrust program is found for power-limited vehicles when the time to maneuver is fixed. The calculations are carried out in polar coordinates where the solution is found to be closer to the exact nonlinear motion than the solution in Cartesian coordinates used in previous analyses. The optimal power-limited thrust program for a practical example is compared to the exact numerical solution obtained using a Newton-Rhapson algorithm. I. Introduction T HE problem of rendezvous between a maneuvering space vehicle and a nonmaneuvering target has received considerable attention in recent years. The first investigations were of the free motion using linearized equations1'2 and perturbation theory to take into account nonlinear effects.3"5 Fuel optimal maneuvers have been studied to find both the structure of these maneuvers and the absolute bound on fuel consumption for comparisons with suboptimal schemes used in practice because of severe mission restrictions. As in general orbital transfer theory, the optimal control problem has been studied for both low-thrust (power-limited) and high-thrust, constant-exhaust velocity propulsion systems. Of particular importance has been the terminal rendezvous maneuver when the vehicles are relatively close together. Tschauner and Hempel6 and Tschauner7 have presented some analytical results for high-thrust rendezvous for both circular and elliptic target orbits and Paiwonsky and Woodrow8 and Goldstein, Greene, and Johnson9 have presented numerical results for the time optimal problem. For the low-thrust case, Edelbaum10 has found solutions for small changes in all orbital parameters when the thrust is of the same magnitude as the small orbital changes. Billik11 has derived the terminal low-thrust optimal control for circular target orbits and Gobetz12 has done the same for elliptic target orbits using linearized equations in Lagrange's planetary variables. Numerical studies of optimal low-thrust planetary transfer trajectories have been carrried out by Melbourne and Sauer.13 In this study, we shall extend the work of Billik to elliptic target orbits and complement the work of Gobetz, where the linearizing assumptions are different. Also, another new set of coordinates is used such that the solution to the linearized equations better approximates the nonlinear motion. The solution to the homogeneous linear equations of motion2 for elliptic target orbits permits the reduction of the low-thrust rendezvous optimal control problem to quadrature. When the eccentricity is small, a power series expansion can be made in this parameter to evaluate the resulting definite integrals.
Transferring technology from the intelligence community to the medical community

I N 1994 the Office On Women's Health initiated an effort between the National Reconnaisance Office (NRO), National Cancer Institute, and leading medical scientists to explore the transfer of intelligence cornmunity imaging technologies to improve the detection and treatment of breast cancer. At that time the National Information Display Laboratory had several existing technical programs that focused on irnage analysis and display in the intelligence community. Similar needs of the medical community and intelligence community for image analysis suggested thal these technologies could have a high and near-term impact on improving health care. Our results for the first phase of the collaboration show that application of intelligence community techniqnes for irnage registration, pattern recognition, and highresolution display can potentially improve detection and diagnosis in mammography and breast MR irnaging.
EVALUATION OF SINGLE DOSE GENTAMICIN THERAPY (ST) IN COMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI)

ST is effective in uncomplicated lower UTI but its efficacy in complicated cases has not been studied. Eighteen (18) consecutive cases (all girls) of UTI associated with confirmed Pyelonephritis and/or structurally abnormal urinary tract (AUT) were treated with ST. An equal number of similar cases (all girls) were treated alternately with a 10 day conventional therapy (CT) as control. Each patient was examined at least 4 times during 1 month follow-up for recurrence and cure (defined as absence of recurrence). The two groups were comparable in age, sex and incidence of AUTs. Cure and recurrence rates 2-4 days and 1 month after therapy are presented (table). Urine was sterilized at 2-4 days in almost every case in both groups. Recurrence and cure rates were comparable (P > 0.5). All recurrences were reinfections except one in ST group which was a relapse. ST was as effective as CT. Further studies would help confirm the role of ST in complicated UTIs.