cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressing tries for storing dictionaries

A technique for compressing static dictionaries using trie structures is described. The goal is to achieve reasonable compression of such dictionaries while preserving the ability to travel both up and down in the resulting trie. An investigation is conducted of the tradeoffs necessary to accomplish this. The utility of trie structures thus constructed is discussed. >
Frequency-dependent seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation

In this study, seismic models and a Starfak and Tiger Shoal fields data set in the Gulf of Mexico Basin are used to investigate uncertainties caused by the frequency dependence of seismic data and solutions for avoiding pitfalls in seismic-stratigraphic and facies interpretation. Seismic amplitude and instantaneous attributes, along with stratigraphic interpretation of these attributes, are controlled by seismic interference, or tuning, between thin geologic units. Seismic-tuning effects include thickness tuning and frequency tuning, which cause nonlinear variations of reflection amplitude and instantaneous seismic attributes with thickness and/or data frequency. Seismic modeling shows that, whereas thickness tuning determines seismic-interference patterns and, therefore, occurrence of seismic events and seismic facies in layered rock, frequency tuning may further influence the nature of the correlation of seismic data and geologic time and modify seismic facies. Frequency dependence offers a new dimension of seismic data, which has not been fully used in seismic interpretation of geology. Field-data examples demonstrate that a stratigraphic formation is typically composed of lithofacies of varying thicknesses, and a broadband, stacked seismic data set is not necessarily optimal for stratigraphic and facies interpretation. Although it is difficult to predict correct frequency components for interpretation of not-yet-known geologic targets, local geologic models and well data can be used to optimize the frequency components of seismic data to a certain degree and intentionally modify seismic-interference patterns and seismic facies for better seismic interpretation of geologic surfaces, sediment-dispersal patterns, geomorphology, and sequence stratigraphy.
Nucleotide chloramines and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity

Hypochlorite is a reactive oxidant formed as an end product of the respiratory burst in activated neutrophils. It is responsible for killing bacteria and has been implicated in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury associated with the inflammatory process. Although hypochlorite is a potent cytotoxic agent, the primary mechanism by which it exerts its effect is unclear. This review examines evidence that the primary event in hypochlorite cytotoxicity is the loss of adenine nucleotides from the target cell. This loss appears to be mediated by the formation of adenine nucleotide chloramines which are reactive intermediates with a free radical character and are capable of forming stable ligands with proteins and nucleic acids.
Text-mining the voice of the people

Statistical techniques help public leaders turn text in unstructured citizen feedback into responsive e-democracy.
A novel coding mechanism for social vocalizations in the lateral amygdala

The amygdala plays a central role in evaluating the significance of acoustic signals and coordinating the appropriate behavioral responses. To understand how amygdalar responses modulate auditory p...
Suprathermal electron environment of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Observations from the Rosetta Ion and Electron Sensor

Context. The Rosetta spacecraft is currently escorting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko until its perihelion approach at 1.2 AU. This mission has provided unprecedented views into the interaction of the solar wind and the comet as a function of heliocentric distance.Aims. We study the interaction of the solar wind and comet at large heliocentric distances (>2 AU) using data from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium Ion and Electron Sensor (RPC-IES). From this we gain insight into the suprathermal electron distribution, which plays an important role in electron-neutral chemistry and dust grain charging.Methods. Electron velocity distribution functions observed by IES fit to functions used to previously characterize the suprathermal electrons at comets and interplanetary shocks. We used the fitting results and searched for trends as a function of cometocentric and heliocentric distance.Results. We find that interaction of the solar wind with this comet is highly turbulent and stronger than expected based on historical studies, especially for this weakly outgassing comet. The presence of highly dynamical suprathermal electrons is consistent with observations of comets (e.g., Giacobinni-Zinner, Grigg-Skjellerup) near 1 AU with higher outgassing rates. However, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is much farther from the Sun and appears to lack an upstream bow shock.Conclusions. The mass loading process, which likely is the cause of these processes, plays a stronger role at large distances from the Sun than previously expected. We discuss the possible mechanisms that most likely are responsible for this acceleration: heating by waves generated by the pick-up ion instability, and the admixture of cometary photoelectrons.
Tempol protects sleep-deprivation induced behavioral deficits in aggressive male Long-Evans rats.

Earlier, we reported that elevated anxiety-like behavior and high aggression in aged retired breeder Long-Evans (L-E) rats was associated with increased plasma corticosterone and elevated oxidative stress levels. In the present study, we examined how this aged aggressive and anxious rat strain responds to acute sleep deprivation (24h) and whether their behaviors can be modulated via antioxidant tempol treatment. Four groups of L-E rats were utilized: naive control (NC), tempol treated control (T+NC), sleep deprived (SD), tempol treated and sleep deprived (T+SD). Thus, two groups were treated with tempol (1mM in drinking water for 2 weeks) while the other two were not. Two groups were subjected to acute sleep deprivation (24h) using the columns-in-water model while the other two were not. Sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior, led to significant depression-like behavior and short-term memory impairment in SD rats. And, decision-making behavior also was compromised in SD rats. These behavioral and cognitive impairments were prevented with tempol treatment in T+SD rats. Tempol treatment also reduced SD-induced increase in corticosterone and oxidative stress levels in T+SD rats. These results suggest potential involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms in regulation of sleep deprivation induced behavioral and cognitive deficits in male aged-aggressive rats.
Abstract 310: Do Biologic Variations in Plasminogen Levels Affect Endogenous Fibrinolysis and Outcomes in Acute Thrombotic Disease Such as Ischemic Stroke?

Introduction: After activation of plasminogen (Pg), plasmin is the key enzyme that acutely dissolves thrombi. Yet, despite significant biologic variation in Pg levels between humans, there is no clear link between Pg levels (or Pg deficiency) and the development or resolution of acute thrombotic vascular diseases such as stroke. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that plasma levels of Pg affect endogenous fibrinolysis, brain injury, hemorrhage and swelling after thromboembolic stroke. Methods and results: We examined male and female Pg+/+ ([Pg] =84±4.8 μg/ml), Pg+/- ([Pg] =37±5.2 μg/ml) and Pg-/- ([Pg] =1.3±3 μg/ml) mice, n= 10-13 per group. Ischemic stroke was induced by endovascular placement of an autologous 125I-fibrin plasma clot at the origin of middle cerebral artery (MCA) that reduced hemispheric blood flow by ≥80%. After 6 hours of stroke, the dissolution of the culprit MCA thrombus was determined and the effects on brain injury were assessed. Data was analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with Neumann-Keul’s correction. There was a dose-dependent relationship between Pg levels and endogenous dissolution of the MCA thrombus (p=0.0019) with Pg+/+ mice showing greater lysis (20.7±6.6%) than Pg+/- mice (19.0±3.8%) and Pg-/- mice (12.6±6.4%). There was a significant, inverse dose-response effect on brain infarction with higher Pg levels associated with less severe infarction: Pg+/+(24.8±4.3%) <Pg+/-(27.3±9.4%) <Pg-/-(37.4±8.9%) mice. No significant sex based differences were found in fibrinolysis and brain injury. Brain swelling showed a significant, but non-linear dose-dependence on Pg levels (p<0.01) which was affected by sex (p<0.01). There was no significant association between brain hemorrhage and Pg levels. Conclusions: In vivo, Pg levels have concentration-dependent effects on endogenous fibrinolysis, brain infarction and swelling after thromboembolic stroke. Further studies should be done to assess how Pg levels may affect outcomes in human thrombotic diseases.
The Suppression of Pain by Genital Stimulation in Females

(1995). The Suppression of Pain by Genital Stimulation in Females. Annual Review of Sex Research: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 151-186.
FEATURE EXTRACTION OF SHEAR LAYERS

A convective approach is proposed for the extraction of shear layers as features in viscous flow simulations. A source term indicative of shear in the flow combines with convective terms to constitute a conservation equation for a scalar shear layer detector variable. The source term in this investigation conies from the viscous terms of the Navier-Stokes momentum equations. An alternative source based upon the velocity gradient tensor is also proposed. A threshold value of the detector variable indicates the boundary layer or wake edge, while the magnitude of the detector indicates the intensity of shear influence on any particular point in the flow. Test cases validate the convective technique and demonstrate its rejection of false sources. The detector can be applied to visualization as well as grid adaptation and other techniques for improving computational fluid dynamics solutions.
RIBOSOMAL DNA IS DIFFERENTIALLY AMPLIFIED ACROSS LIFE-CYCLE STAGES IN THE FORAMINIFER ALLOGROMIA LATICOLLARIS STRAIN CSH

Genomic content varies over the course of the life cycle in many lineages across the eukaryotic tree of life. Such variation is thought to be widespread in Foraminifera, a microbial lineage within the Rhizaria, as complex nuclear dynamics have been observed in the life cycle of diverse species. Perhaps the most striking example is the elimination of nuclear material, including DNA, which occurs prior to cell division in the uninucleate life-cycle stage of all species that have been examined. This process, termed zerfall, is hypothesized to eliminate DNA that was previously amplified during the life cycle. Here we test this hypothesis by comparing the relative copy number of ribosomal DNA and two protein-coding genes with quantitative PCR before and after zerfall in the cultured foraminifer Allogromia laticollaris strain CSH. Our results reveal higher relative copy number of ribosomal DNA prior to zerfall, while protein-coding loci are relatively more abundant following zerfall. This suggests 1) that like many other eukaryotic lineages, Allogromia differentially amplifies the ribosomal DNA locus, and 2) that zerfall enables Allogromia to reset copy number prior to cell division. Further, these data add to the observation that some lineages of eukaryotes can differentiate germline and somatic genetic material in the context of a single nucleus.
Application of Casing Circumferential Grooves for Improved Stall Margin in a Transonic Axial Compressor

Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to study the fundamental flow mechanisms of circumferential grooves in the casing of a transonic compressor and their influence on compressor stall margin. Three different groove configurations were tested in a highly loaded transonic compressor. Experimental results show that circumferential grooves increase the stall margin of the compressor at the tested operating condition. Grooves with a much smaller depth than conventional designs are shown to be similarly effective in increasing the stall margin. Steady-state Navier-Stokes analyses were performed to study flow structures associated with each casing treatment. The numerical procedure calculates the overall effects of the circumferential grooves correctly. Detailed investigation of calculated flow fields indicates that losses are generated by interaction between the main passage flow and flow exiting the grooves. The grooves increase the stall margin by reducing the flow incidence angle on the pressure side of the leading edge, despite an overall increase in the endwall boundary layer thickness. This is due to complex interaction of the main passage flow with the additional radial and tangential flows created by the grooves.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An interaction quantitative trait loci tool implicates epistatic functional variants in an apoptosis pathway in smallpox vaccine eQTL data

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies have functionalized nucleic acid variants through the regulation of gene expression. Although most eQTL studies only examine the effects of single variants on transcription, a more complex process of variant-variant interaction (epistasis) may regulate transcription. Herein, we describe a tool called interaction QTL (iQTL) designed to efficiently detect epistatic interactions that regulate gene expression. To maximize biological relevance and minimize the computational and hypothesis testing burden, iQTL restricts interactions such that one variant is within a user-defined proximity of the transcript (cis-regulatory). We apply iQTL to a data set of 183 smallpox vaccine study participants with genome-wide association study and gene expression data from unstimulated samples and samples stimulated by inactivated vaccinia virus. While computing only 0.15% of possible interactions, we identify 11 probe sets whose expression is regulated through a variant-variant interaction. We highlight the functional epistatic interactions among apoptosis-related genes, DIABLO, TRAPPC4 and FADD, in the context of smallpox vaccination. We also use an integrative network approach to characterize these iQTL interactions in a posterior network of known prior functional interactions. iQTL is an efficient, open-source tool to analyze variant interactions in eQTL studies, providing better understanding of the function of epistasis in immune response and other complex phenotypes.
Amy and George

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "Namaste! My name is George Payne and I graduated from Fisher in 2004 with a B.A. in Philosophy. I also took several courses in the English Department, History Department and Religious Studies Department." This alumni corner is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol13/iss2/18 George C. Payne and wife, Amy
Study on Report and Referral of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Zhongshan

OBJECTIVE To analyze referral and tracing condition of pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)reported by non-TB institutions from internet-based infectious disease reporting system from 2004 to 2010 in Zhongshan in order to explore the measures to improve case detection.METHODS Analyzing the data from monthly and quarterly report forms and the national infectious disease network-reporting system.RESULTS The referral in place rate and tracing in place rate of patients reported by internet-based infectious disease reporting system were 55.19% and 45.19% respectively,and the overall in place rate was 73.44%;The rate of referral in place increased from 48.45% to 65.66%,the in place rate of tracked cases increased from 24.81% to 64.43%,and the overall in place rate increased from 58.49% to 87.79%;The active pulmonary tuberculosis detection rate of suspects referral from general hospital is 78.45%.CONCLUSION Intensifying the hospitals detection rate of TB patients would do good to increase the case-detection.
Thinking on Interaction between Public Health Platform and Community Information Platform of Huangpu District in Shanghai

The paper introduces the construction status of public health information platform in Huang pu District in Shanghai,concretely elaborates the development of community information platform from background,experiences,contents and electronic health records construction,which tends to realize the interaction between public health platform and community information platform in this district.
Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder or “unipolar depression” is a common condition likely related to several etiologies. Recent research has focused on the biological underpinnings of major depressive disorder as well as treatment advances, involving both pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. In this chapter, the epidemiology, clinical picture, biological theories regarding etiology, clinical presentation in primary care and mental health settings, and treatment of major depressive disorder are reviewed. Advances in genetic approaches to understanding the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder will likely result in better and more precise treatments in the future.
Revisiting the Civic Mission of the American Public Research University

Recently, the East Bay Express published a profile on the University of California at Berkeley’s American Cultures Engaged Scholarship (ACES) program titled “Tumbling the Ivory Tower” (Burke 2015). The title suggests, and the ACES program in its implementation aims to “[break] down the ivory tower by bringing the university’s brain power to issues in the communities that surround it, and learning directly from those communities in the process” (para. 10). It is the story of a public research university implementing its civic mission. And, simultaneously, it is a story of a public research university struggling to implement its civic mission. The ACES program, once robustly supported by a gift from the Evelyn and Walter Haas, Jr. Fund, has run out of funding and is seeking to be considered an institutional priority of the university (with the institutionalized funds such prioritizing would warrant).
Downregulation of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase – 4 (PRMT4) Promotes MiR-223 Expression and Myeloid Differentiation.

Abstract 3632 Protein arginine methyltransferase 4 is a Type I member of PRMT family, that catalyses the addition of a methyl-group to arginine residues of a wide range of proteins, including histones, transcription factors, and RNA binding proteins. PRMT4 has been shown to regulate gene expression through its interaction with various transcription factors and via methylation of numerous substrates. Although PRMT4 has been reported to play an important role in T cell development, lung development and adipocyte differentiation in mouse models, the function of PRMT4 during hematopoiesis has not been studied. To investigate the function of PRMT4 in the hematopoietic system, we utilized human CD34+ haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). We observed that PRMT4 protein level is markedly downregulated during the myeloid differentiation of CD34+ cells without a significant change in the mRNA level. We then utilized a loss of function approach, using short hairpin RNAs, and found that knockdown of PRMT4 leads to an acceleration of myeloid differentiation, with a concomitant loss of the clonogenic potential of the cells. Interestingly, knocking down PRMT4 results in upregulation of miR-223, a myeloid specific microRNA. We also found that, during the myeloid differentiation of CD34+ cells, miR-223 expression steadily increased. Using a microRNA target prediction program, we identified a binding site for miR-223 in the 3′-UTR region of PRMT4 and found that when we over-expressed miR-223 in CD34+ cells, PRMT4 protein expression decreased. To determine the importance of PRMT4 downregulation in myeloid differentiation, we expressed the PRMT4-ORF (that should not be regulated by microRNAs) in CD34+ cells. The forced expression of PRMT4, that lacks the 3′-UTR region, leads to a block in myeloid differentiation and the inability of cells to up-regulate miR-223 during differentiation. Taken together, these data indicate a regulatory loop between PRMT4 and miR-223 that controls the differentiation of CD34+ toward the myeloid lineage. To examine how PRMT4 regulates transcription of miR-223, we examined the miR-223 locus and found a RUNX1 binding site in the promoter of pri-miR-223. We discovered that PRMT4 interacts with RUNX1 and methylates RUNX1 at a specific arginine residue. This results in the recruitment of several novel interacting partners, which appear to control the expression of miR-223. Thus our results indicate that PRMT4 regulate the transcription of miR-223 transcription via its effects on RUNX1. Our study demonstrates a novel function of PRMT4 in myeloid differentiation, through regulation of RUNX1 function and miR-223 expression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
PI3K/AKT-and JAK3-Dependent Regulation of SKP2 Expression Is Mediated by E2F1 in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Abstract The majority of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) leading to the expression of NPM/ALK. The constitutive activation of the NPM/ALK tyrosine kinase induces downstream mediators such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/AKT, JAK3 and STAT3 that result in increased cell proliferation and enhanced survival. Although the molecular mechanism by which these pathways deregulate the cell cycle machinery is not fully understood, previous studies have shown that NPM/ALK-mediated PI3K/AKT activation is required for cell cycle progression and that inhibition of PI3K/AKT results in decreased p27Kip1 degradation and cell cycle arrest. The expression of S-phase kinase protein 2 (SKP2), an F-box motif-containing protein which targets cell cycle regulators including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 via ubiquitin-mediated degradation, was evaluated in a panel of ALCL cell lines. Western blot analysis of five t(2;5)-positive ALCL-derived cell lines demonstrated an inverse pattern of expression between F-box protein SKP2 and p27Kip1. We hypothesized that SKP2 deregulation contributes to the oncogenic activity of NPM/ALK by regulating the degradation of p27Kip1. In this study we investigated regulation of SKP2 and p27Kip1 expression as a consequence of inhibition of two well-known pathways downstream of NPM/ALK. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT with Ly294002 (20 mM) or JAK3 with WHI-P154 (10 mM) resulted in a dose and time-dependent decrease in cell viability (50% or 20% respectively at 24h). To determine the mechanism of SKP2 transcriptional regulation by PI3K, we performed quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis which demonstrated a decrease in both SKP2 transcript and protein levels after PI3K/AKT and JAK2 inhibition (33% or 47% at 24h respectively), with increase in the levels of p27 transcript and protein (47% or 71% at 24h respectively). Furthermore, the levels of E2F1 (a transcription factor associated with cell cycle progression) also decreased upon PI3K/AKT and JAK3 inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that E2F1 binding to the SKP2 gene promoter was reduced as early as 4 hours after inhibition of PI3K/AKT or JAK3 (80% and 59% respectively) while no binding was detected with the GAPDH gene promoter (control). In conclusion, these results indicate that the expression of the F-box protein SKP2 is regulated by NPM/ALK mediators, PI3K/AKT and JAK3, and that E2F1 mediates the transcriptional control of SKP2 expression. Our data supports the role of SKP2–mediated regulation of p27Kip1 in ALCLs and implicates SKP2 and E2F1 as a potential therapeutic target in ALCLs.
Effects of Potassium Sorbate and Sodium Benzoate on Inactivating Yeasts Heated in Broths Containing Sodium Chloride and Sucrose.

Six genera of yeasts possessing a wide range of physiological characteristics were tested for their sensitivities to heat when suspended in media (pH 4.5) with reduced water activities (aw). Five of six strains had increased tolerance to heat, compared to controls, when cells were suspended in broth containing 3% sodium chloride. Further protection was afforded to three strains in broth containing 6% salt, whereas one strain showed increased tolerance to heat when sodium chloride was present in broth at a concentration of 12% (aw = 0.926). Sucrose, at levels up to 60% (aw = 0.892), protected five of six strains against heat inactivation. Addition of potassium sorbate or sodium benzoate at 500 or 1000 ppm to heating menstrua resulted in significantly decreased D values for all yeasts. At the same concentration, the extent to which the two preservatives acted synergistically with heat was dependent upon the nature of the solute used to lower the aw of the heating media.
Urban Young Adults’ Adaptive Functioning: Is There an Association With History of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine and Other Substances?

Research on the association between prenatal substance exposures and adaptive functioning among young adults is limited, with inconsistent conclusions. In a prospective longitudinal study of 138 ur...
Tourists’ consumption and perceptions of red heritage

Abstract Although tourism suppliers project the positive changes visits wrought upon tourists, the latter do not mindlessly consume the information they receive. A research gap exists in understanding how tourists consume political heritage and read the embedded nationalistic discourses from an emic perspective. This paper adopts the framework of social situation analysis to explore how tourists consume and perceive Chinese communist heritage and how those visits can impact their attitudes towards and support for the CCP. The results suggest that tourists were driven by a variety of motives, participated in various activities, and had split opinions about the effectiveness of “red tourism” in enhancing their nationalism. Comparisons of people’s motivations and perceptions between activity-based clusters were conducted. Managerial implications are discussed.
Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Advances in 1.5 Decades of Sustained International Research

exceeded anything that the Earth has experienced for millions of years, and the growth rate has been unprecedented. But such long-term views are sometimes hard to grasp. What is the timescale relevant for society today? Perhaps it is more instructive to consider just the period over which civilization has developed, from the time when the first cities were established around 6000 years ago. If we consider this in terms of the minute hand on a clock, with time ticking away as we approach the present, each minute represents a century (Figure 3). 6000 years ago, CO2 levels were around 270ppmv. When the first writing was developed, around 3800 years ago (20 minutes to the hour in terms of the "civilization clock") CO2 levels were still close to 280ppmv ... and they remained at this level throughout most of our history – throughout Egyptian and Chinese, Incan and Mayan dynasties, all through the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Renaissance and the period of European settlement of the New World. But things began to change significantly following James Watt's invention of the steam piston engine 250 years ago, and Karl Benz and Gustav Daimler's introduction of the first petrol-driven internal combustion engines in 1886 – a little over 100 years ago and only 2 or 3 minutes ago on our clock of civilization. As we began this process of industrialization, CO2 levels were 275ppmv ... but today they have reached 360ppmv and are rising rapidly. Thus, on the time-scale of this clock of civilization it's the last 2 minutes where things have gone badly wrong on a global scale ... and it's in the "next minute" – that is, within this century – that we must fix the problem. We cannot mindlessly hand it off to our children, and to future generations as yet unborn, with the hope that
Novel phase diagram behavior and materials design in heterostructural semiconductor alloys

Structure and composition control the behavior of materials. Isostructural alloying is historically an extremely successful approach for tuning materials properties, but it is often limited by binodal and spinodal decomposition, which correspond to the thermodynamic solubility limit and the stability against composition fluctuations, respectively. We show that heterostructural alloys can exhibit a markedly increased range of metastable alloy compositions between the binodal and spinodal lines, thereby opening up a vast phase space for novel homogeneous single-phase alloys. We distinguish two types of heterostructural alloys, that is, those between commensurate and incommensurate phases. Because of the structural transition around the critical composition, the properties change in a highly nonlinear or even discontinuous fashion, providing a mechanism for materials design that does not exist in conventional isostructural alloys. The novel phase diagram behavior follows from standard alloy models using mixing enthalpies from first-principles calculations. Thin-film deposition demonstrates the viability of the synthesis of these metastable single-phase domains and validates the computationally predicted phase separation mechanism above the upper temperature bound of the nonequilibrium single-phase region.
Evaluating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) leukocyte differential counts comparing the CellaVision DM96 and the manual method

Background The leukocyte differential count is an excellent diagnostic tool; however, the manual differential count has several drawbacks, especially for nontraditional species. Automated cell analyzers commonly used in veterinary practices require species-specific validation for use in nondomestic species other than dogs and cats. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of the CellaVision DM96 (DM96), an automated image analysis system, as a rapid and accurate method for providing a WBC differential count in comparison to the manual WBC differential count in bottlenose dolphins. Methods Ten fresh, EDTA anticoagulated blood samples were collected, blood smears were made and stained, and the differential WBC counts were performed on the DM96 and compared with manual differential WBC counts. Agreement, means, and errors were compared between the methods. Results There was good agreement between the DM96 and manual differential WBC counts for neutrophils; however, there was significant variation when comparing lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. No basophils were seen by any method. Conclusions Despite a small sample size, the DM96 appeared to provide a viable alternative for automated neutrophil counting in blood of bottlenose dolphins. Whether the counts are comparable in animals with highly pathologic differential counts must be addressed in follow-up studies, preferably with more study animals.
Predator-prey interaction reveals local effects of high-altitude insect migration

High-altitude nocturnal insect migrations are ubiquitous and represent significant pulses of biomass, which impact large areas and multiple trophic levels, yet are difficult to study and poorly understood. Predation on migratory insects by high-flying bats provides potential for investigating flows of migratory insects across a landscape. Brazilian free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis, provide valuable ecosystem services by consuming migratory pests, and research suggests migratory insects are an important resource to bats in autumn. We sequenced insect DNA from bat feces collected during the 2010–2012 autumn migrations of insects over southern Texas, and tested the utility of predator–prey interactions for monitoring migratory insect populations by asking: 1) how extensively do bats consume migratory insects during autumn? (2) does the prey community reflect known drivers of insect migrations, e.g. cold fronts? and (3) are migratory insects increasingly important to bats when local food resources decline in autumn? Bats consumed at least 21 species of migratory insects and 44 species of agricultural pests. Prey community richness increased with cold front passage. Bats consumed migratory moths over the entire autumn season, and the proportion of migratory moths in the bat diet increased over the course of the autumn season in all 3 years. This study confirms extensive consumption of migratory insects by bats, links patterns in prey communities to mechanisms driving insect migration, and documents a novel approach to tracking patterns of migratory insect movement. As an important resource for T. brasiliensis in autumn, migratory insects provide stabilizing effects to the local animal community.
A rare temperate terrestrial orchid selects similar Tulasnella taxa in ex situ and in situ environments

Mycorrhizal symbiosis in orchids is unique in that fungal presence is considered a requirement for germination as well as for further development. Additionally, orchid fungal associations can exhibit high specificity in nature. Yet, an important ecological question remains unanswered: ‘With which orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) do un-inoculated orchid seedlings form symbiosis when cultured ex situ?’ Simultaneously, it is asserted that orchid conservation efforts involving ex situ plant culture should exclusively utilize natural symbionts of the respective orchid taxa. We present a first comparison of OMF communities within the roots of asymbiotically cultured plants of the rare orchid Platanthera chapmanii grown ex situ (ES), and those occurring naturally in situ (IS). Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) barcoding region was used to identify peloton forming OMF from roots collected between 2012 and 2014 from both growing environments. Our 114 sequences clustered into 11 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to four closely related clades of the fungal family Tulasnellaceae. Shannon–Wiener (H) and Simpson diversity (D) indices were similar (p = 0.81 for both) for ES and IS OMF communities. Beta diversity comparisons also showed similarity between ES and IS treatments based on weighted (p = 0.10) and unweighted (p = 0.20) Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrices. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylograms clustered ES and IS derived fungal OTUs into the same clades. Our data suggest that P. chapmanii: (1) forms symbiosis with taxonomically similar fungi in ex situ culture and in its native soil, and (2) exhibits a narrow phylogenetic breadth of mycorrhizal fungal OTUs within the Tulasnellaceae.
Multipath signals in a refractive environment

Atmospheric ducting can cause electromagnetic (EM) waves to bend over earth's surface. While ducting can create temporary channels between long ranged receivers, these signals may also experience undesirable multipath fading. A sparse MIMO model is created for detection of such multipaths described by the arrival and departure angles of each path. Simulations suggest that it is effective at identifying the paths of signals with good signal to noise ratio (SNR), assuming few paths. The model is applied to southern California data to observe the multipath properties of ducted signals.
Baring the Sharing Economy: Concepts, Classification, Findings, and Future Directions

This paper reviews the rapidly growing research in the area of the sharing economy. Considerable confusion exists about what constitutes the sharing economy, what has caused its growth, and which terms best describe the phenomenon, while the appearance of papers in different disciplines has hindered a summary of what is known and unknown so far. This paper explains the drivers of the rise of the sharing economy, defines what constitutes the sharing economy, and develops a framework to classify such platforms, research areas, and papers. It identifies 28 theoretical propositions and 58 empirical findings, which it classifies under six broad categories. The empirical papers use seven methods that differ substantially in rigor and popularity across sub-areas. Only a modest match exists between theoretical propositions and empirical findings. However, a common theme emerging from this review is that the sharing economy is transforming our society. The authors argue that the rich set of propositions and findings discussed in this paper can inform managers about strategies, lawmakers, regulators, and municipalities about policy, and researchers about future directions. For this purpose, the paper discusses the strengths and limitations of the papers reviewed and suggests an agenda for future research.
One-Way Noise Measurement of Deployed Optical Fiber for Quantum Networks Using Mode-Locked Lasers

One-way noise across a 42-km deployed optical fiber link is measured using two different techniques employing referenced mode-locked lasers. We compare the two techniques and assess their suitability for stabilizing the fiber for quantum networks.
AN ESTIMATE FOR THE RATE OF CONVERGENCE OF A GENERAL CLASS OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIAL EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS OF BOUNDED VARIATION

This chapter presents an estimate for the rate of convergence of a general class of orthogonal polynomial expansions of functions of bounded variation. It discusses a result that is analog of the well-known Dirichlet–Jordan test for the convergence of ordinary Fourier series of 2π-periodic functions of bounded variation. The chapter discusses the problem of estimating the rate of convergence of the sequence of partial sums { s n ( f , x )}, when f is a function of bounded variation on [−1, 1], not necessarily continuous at the point x ∈ (−1, 1). It also presents a theorem that shows that the convergence of the orthogonal expansion of a function of bounded variation, at a point of discontinuity, depends essentially on the behavior of the orthogonal expansion of the special function ψ ( t ) = sign( t − x ) at the point t = x . This theorem is also deduced from a general estimate of the rate of approximation of a function of bounded variation by certain integral operators.
Li H 3 ( S e O 3 ) 2 : New Room-Temperature Ferroelectric

Li${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$ crystallizes in the monoclinic system and exhibits useful ferroelectric properties in the entire temperature range -196\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The spontaneous polarization and coercive field at room temperature are 15.0 \ensuremath{\mu}coulombs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and 1400 v/cm, respectively. X-ray examination reveals that the crystals belong to the space group $\mathrm{Pn}$, with cell dimensions $a={6.25}_{8}\mathrm{A}$, $b={7.88}_{6}\mathrm{A}$, $c={5.43}_{3}\mathrm{A}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}=105.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, and two formula units per unit cell. The polar direction is perpendicular to the (001) plane. No Curie temperature could be observed. Na${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{2}$ is not isomorphous, but is ferroelectric below -79\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Groovy graphics assignments: ray-traced transmission

This groovy graphics assignment introduces transmissive rays to a basic reflective ray tracer. The assignment is groovy because it introduces transparent objects, application of Snell's Law, and allows for testing of advanced variations (e.g., Schlick's approximation).
Active faulting in the North Valleys region of Reno, Nevada: A distributed zone within the northern Walker Lane

Abstract At the latitude of Reno, Nevada, USA, ~15–25% of the Pacific/North American plate boundary strain is accommodated east of the Sierra Nevada through a combination of normal oblique (dextral) slip along the eastern Sierra Nevada range front and dextral slip along faults in the northern Walker Lane. The North Valleys region sits within the northern Walker Lane directly east of the Sierra range front and is characterized by a series of small north-striking basins bound by Quaternary active faults that accommodate dextral oblique extension. Geodetic studies of the North Valleys estimate that the faults collectively accommodate 0.9–1.7 mm/y of extension and In this paper, geologic observations on the tectonic geomorphic expression and relative activity of faults within and bounding the North Valleys are described, including the Last Chance, Petersen Mountain, Fred's Mountain, and Spanish Springs Valley fault zones, and several un-named faults in Lemmon and Hungry valleys. Geologic observations from the interpretation of lidar-derived hillshade images, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and field reconnaissance indicate that the faults all exhibit evidence of late Quaternary deformation, including offset alluvial fan deposits and abrupt range-front escarpments. The results indicate that the faults of the North Valleys are capable seismic sources characterized by extension rates on the order of hundredths to tenths of millimeters per year. The faults act to transfer slip from the Sierra Nevada range front to the northeastern Walker Lane by accommodating dextral oblique extension consistent with pull-apart basin kinematics within a simple shear right-lateral system.
Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Biochar is a carbon (C) rich product of thermochemical conversion of organic material that is used as a soil amendment due to its resistance to decomposition and its influence on nutrient dynamics; however, individual studies on biochar effects on phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) have proven inconsistent. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis of 124 published studies to evaluate the influence of biochar on available P, microbial biomass P (MBP), and inorganic N (NO3−-N and NH4+-N) in global agricultural ecosystems. Overall, the results showed that biochar applications significantly increased surface soil available P by 45% and MBP by 48% across the full range of biochar characteristics, soil type, or experimental conditions. By contrast, biochar addition to soil reduced NO3−-N concentrations by 12% and NH4+-N by 11%, but in most cases biochar added in combination with organic fertilizer significantly increased soil NH4+-N compared to controls. Biochar C:N ratio and biochar source (feedstock) strongly influenced soil P availability response to biochar where inorganic N was most influenced by biochar C:N ratio and soil pH. Biochar made from manure or other low C:N ratio materials, generated at low temperatures, or applied at high rates were generally more effective at enhancing soil available P. It is important, however, to note that most negative results were observed in short-term ( 12 months) tended to result in neutral to modest positive effects on both P and N. This meta-analysis indicates that biochar generally enhances soil P availability when added to soils alone or in combination with fertilizer. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing more rational strategies toward widespread adoption of biochar as a soil amendment for agricultural P and N management.
Femoral Head Dislocation into the Rectum Following Blunt Trauma

Traumatic hip dislocations require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This injury is further complicated when there is an ipsilateral femur fracture. Here, we present what is likely the first reported case of a patient with traumatic hip dislocation and ipsilateral femur fracture with transrectal displacement of the femoral head. The patient presented to a level one trauma center in 2006 as a transfer from another facility after being thrown from a pickup truck. Upon initial evaluation, a foreign body was palpated in the rectum. Computed tomography (CT) imaging showed that the right femoral head was lodged within the pelvis. In the operating room, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, and anoscopy confirmed the placement of the femoral head within the rectal lumen. The femoral head was extracted from the rectum transanally. The operation was abbreviated, as the patient became hemodynamically unstable, and he was taken to the intensive care unit. He returned to the operating room the following day for a repeat washout and proximal diversion. Despite numerous orthopedic procedures and operative washouts, he ultimately underwent a right hip disarticulation. Physicians should be aware that intracorporeal femoral head displacement is possible in select patients who have experienced a high-energy trauma mechanism. This is a complicated, highly morbid injury that poses various management challenges to orthopedic and acute care surgeons.
Continuity of f-projections on Discrete Spaces

This manuscript proves continuity of f-projections on discrete spaces. The concept of f-projections of finite measures on a compact and convex set is introduced. Continuity of f-projections is proven. An application to the iterative proportional fitting procedure is given.
Voltage Stress Modeling and Measurement for Random-Wound Windings Driven by Inverters

This paper studies voltage stress in complex machine windings under steep-fronted voltage excitations from inverter drives. Electrical stress in this paper includes voltage overshoots between any two conductors in windings and between conductors and the stator. This stress can accelerate insulation degradation in inverter-fed machines compared to that in traditional ac machines. A high-fidelity finite element (FE) model is used to model individual conductors and parasitic parameters of the complex winding structure. The model is able to predict voltage stress between any two conductors or between a conductor and the stator ground wall during switching transients. The winding structure studied in this work is random wound and has multiple serial coils and multiple parallel strands. Both behaviors of single-phase windings and three-phase windings under Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) excitation were simulated to study the voltage stress on the stator insulation system. Experimental tests were performed to verify the FE modeling. Measured voltage distribution and voltage stress agrees with FE simulated results very well.
Four Methods for Low-Distortion Projections

AbstractLow-distortion projections (LDPs) produce mapping grids formulated so that distances obtained by inversing grid coordinates match as best as possible the equivalent horizontal distances obs...
A deep learning approach to trespassing detection using video surveillance data

Railroad trespassing is a dangerous activity with significant security and safety risks. However, regular patrolling of potential trespassing sites is infeasible due to exceedingly high resource demands and personnel costs. This raises the need to design automated trespass detection and early warning prediction techniques leveraging state-of-the-art machine learning. To meet this need, we propose a novel framework for Automated Railroad Trespassing detection System using video surveillance data called ARTS. As the core of our solution, we adopt a CNN-based deep learning architecture capable of video processing. However, these deep learning-based methods, while effective, are known to be computationally expensive and time consuming, especially when applied to a large volume of surveillance data. Leveraging the sparsity of railroad trespassing activity, ARTS corresponds to a dual-stage deep learning architecture composed of an inexpensive pre-filtering stage for activity detection, followed by a high fidelity trespass classification stage employing deep neural network. The resulting dual-stage ARTS architecture represents a flexible solution capable of trading-off accuracy with computational time. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on public domain surveillance data achieving 0.87 f 1 score while keeping up with the enormous video volume, achieving a practical time and accuracy trade-off.