cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task scheduling for reconfigurable systems in dynamic fault-rate environments

Commercial SRAM-based, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have the capability to provide space applications with the necessary performance, energy-efficiency, and adaptability to meet next-generation mission requirements. However, mitigating an FPGA's susceptibility to radiation-induced faults is challenging. Triple-modular redundancy (TMR) techniques are traditionally used to mitigate radiation effects, but TMR incurs substantial overheads such as increased area and power requirements. Using partial reconfiguration (PR), FPGAs could be used to dynamically adjust the fault-tolerance scheme as the radiation environment changes over time. In order to manage these dynamic adjustments, a fault-tolerant task scheduler is necessary. We improve scheduling in the presence of time-varying fault rates by developing a fault-tolerant scheduling heuristic. Our heuristic combines task execution time and system fault rate to determine the optimal fault-tolerance mode for the task. The heuristic is evaluated using software simulations of a system in periodic and burst fault environments. Results show our scheduling technique is capable of reducing the task rejection ratio in periodic environments by 94% and in burst environments by 48% over static TMR, and the adaptive heuristic approaches the performance of an optimal predetermined heuristic. Integration of our fault-tolerant scheduling heuristic with other preexisting PR architectures can enable their use in dynamic fault environments.
Regenerative simulation of networks of queues with general service times: passage through subnetworks

A linear "job stack," an enumeration by service center and job class of all the jobs, is an appropriate state vector for simulation of closed networks of queues with priorities among job classes. Using a representation of the job stack process as an irreducible generalized semi-Markov process, we develop a regenerative simulation method for passage times in networks with general service times. Our estimation procedure avoids Cox-phase representation of general service time distributions and is applicable to networks with "single states" for passage times. Based on a single simulation run. the procedure provides point estimates and confidence intervals for characteristics of limiting passage times.
Asexual Endophytes in a Native Grass: Tradeoffs in Mortality, Growth, Reproduction, and Alkaloid Production

Neotyphodium endophytes are asexual, seed-borne fungal symbionts that are thought to interact mutualistically with their grass hosts. Benefits include increased growth, reproduction, and resistance to herbivores via endophytic alkaloids. Although these benefits are well established in infected introduced, agronomic grasses, little is known about the cost and benefits of endophyte infection in native grass populations. These populations exist as mosaics of uninfected and infected plants, with the latter often comprised of plants that vary widely in alkaloid content. We tested the costs and benefits of endophyte infections with varying alkaloids in the native grass Achnatherum robustum (sleepygrass). We conducted a 4-year field experiment, where herbivory and water availability were controlled and survival, growth, and reproduction of three maternal plant genotypes [uninfected plants (E−), infected plants with high levels of ergot alkaloids (E+A+), and infected plants with no alkaloids (E+A−)] were monitored over three growing seasons. Generally, E+A+ plants had reduced growth over the three growing seasons and lower seed production than E− or E+A− plants, suggesting a cost of alkaloid production. The reduction in vegetative biomass in E+A+ plants was most pronounced under supplemented water, contrary to the prediction that additional resources would offset the cost of alkaloid production. Also, E+A+ plants showed no advantage in growth, seed production, or reproductive effort under full herbivory relative to E− or E+A− grasses, contrary to the predictions of the defensive mutualism hypothesis. However, E+A+ plants had higher overwintering survival than E+A− plants in early plant ontogeny, suggesting that alkaloids associated with infection may protect against below ground herbivory or harsh winter conditions. Our results suggest that the mosaic of E−, E+A+, and E+A− plants observed in nature may result from varying biotic and abiotic selective factors that maintain the presence of uninfected plants and infected plants that vary in alkaloid production.
Naturally Occurring Antifungal Agents against Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Their Synergism

Polygodial was found to exhibit a fungicidal activity against a food spoilage yeast, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, with the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 50 microg/mL (0.17 mM). The time-kill curve study showed that polygodial was fungicidal at any growth stage. The primary action of polygodial comes from its ability to disrupt the native membrane-associated function of integral proteins as nonionic surface active agents (surfactants) followed by a decrease in plasma membrane fluidity. The fungicidal activity of polygodial was increased 128-fold in combination with a sublethal amount (equivalent of 1/2 MFC) of anethole and vice versa relative to the fungicidal activity of anethole. The fungicidal activity of sorbic acid was enhanced 512-fold in combination with 1/2 MFC of polygodial. Conversely, the fungicidal activity of polygodial was enhanced 128-fold in combination with 1/2 MFC of sorbic acid.
The gas phase photolysis and γ-radiolysis of tetramethylenimine

The gas phase photolyses and γ-radiolyses of tetramethylenimine (TMI) have been studied in the pressure range 2–45 torr, at 300°K. The major products observed in the photolyses are ethylene and hydrogen. Methane and propylene which are minor products in the photolyses are significant products in the γ-radiolyses. It is proposed that low-lying excited states of TMI which are not produced in the photolyses (8.4 eV < hv < 11.8 eV) contribute to the formation of propylene in the γ-radiolyses. Photoionization quantum yields of TMI are 0.05, 0.18 and 0.28 at 147, 123.6 and 106.7-104.8 nm respectively. Comparison with the photoionization yield of cyclopentane suggests that the radiationless decay processes of TMI are slightly faster than those occurring in the isoelectronic cyclopentane. Using the γ-radiolyses mechanism derived in this work, the mass spectrum of TMI and other information from the literature, estimates of the ratio of neutral excited states to ions, gex/gion, in the γ-radiolyses is found to be in the range 1.1–1.3.
A colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay for the determination of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by recombinant protein phosphatase 1

A colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by recombinant protein phosphatase 1 was developed for analysis of waters for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. The phosphate released in the assay was determined using a malachite green reagent. Good agreement with toxin concentrations determined by HPLC was obtained. The assay was capable of determining these toxins at concentrations around 1 microgram/L with high precision and without sample concentration. This is of considerable benefit as the World Health Organisation specifies a provisional guideline of 1 microgram/L for microcystin-LR. There was evidence, however, that the sample matrix might affect quantification, leading to false positive results. Thus the assay should be viewed as a screening procedure, and confirmatory analyses by an alternative procedure should be carried out for positive results. Further work is required to resolve the question of matrix interferences if phosphatase inhibition assays are used directly for measuring toxin levels in water, especially if this information is used to check compliance with water quality guidelines.
Study of the photodetachment cross section of F

The photodetachment cross section of F- is calculated using the method of Stieltjes imaging. This technique constructs the photodetachment cross section from the finite number of transition energies and oscillator strengths obtained in a calculation employing discrete basis functions only. The cross sections are obtained at various levels of approximation which assess the importance of the coupling between channel components and of correlation effects. These effects are not found to play an important role in the determination of absorption cross sections by the Stieltjes-imaging method for the particular case under study. The calculated cross sections agree quite well with the measured cross sections.
Spirituality in gynecological oncology: a review.

Abstract The following is a review of some of the work that has been published on issues related to definitions of spirituality and the many ways in which religious or spiritual concerns inform and can sometimes mold the relationships between gynecologic oncology patients, their physicians, and their health. Moreover, we have raised the question whether there is something specific or unique to the experience of women patients with reproductive cancers? Although it might seem clear to many of us that these patients are unique, it is hard to say exactly why. While there are differences between the various types of reproductive cancers, all share a common thread and all undermine the patient9s identity as a woman. For oncologists, exploring the connection between the healing of the body and the healing of the spirit recognizes the comprehensive character of cancer treatment, and furthers the understanding that both physicians and patients share a knowledge that what patients lose in their battle with cancer is more than simply a medical life.
Freezing preservation of the mammalian cardiac explant. II. Comparing the protective effect of glycerol and polyethylene glycol.

We compared the cryoprotective ability of glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) during freezing. Isolated rat hearts were flushed with one of three cardioplegic solutions (CP-14, CP-15, and CP-16), frozen at −1.4 °C, and reperfused after thawing to assess function. After 3 h freezing, cardiac output (CO) in CP-14-flushed hearts recovered to 58.1% of control. CP-16 (CP-14 with 5% PEG) improved CO to 77.5%. Five hours of freezing abolished recovery in CP-14 hearts, but CP-15 (CP-14 with 50 mM glycerol) and CP-16 hearts produced 40.0 and 49.0% CO, respectively. With 6 h freezing, CP-15 hearts did not recover, whereas CP-16 hearts recovered 37.5% CO. In CP-14 hearts frozen for 3 h, 37.4% of the tissue water was ice that increased to 44.7% with 5 h freezing. CP-15 and CP-16 hearts had 34.4 and 30.9% tissue ice, respectively, after 5 h freezing. Tissue water contents in CP-14 and CP-15 hearts (3.83 to 3.96 g H2Og dry) were 14 to 24% higher than that in CP-16 hearts. Six hours of freezing elevated AMP and ADP contents and reduced ATP levels in CP-15 and CP-16 hearts. Total adenine nucleotide (TAN) content of CP-15 hearts was 72% of control, while that of CP-16 hearts was normal. In conclusion, both glycerol and PEG offered cryoprotection by reducing tissue ice formation. PEG was superior by reducing tissue ice content further via dehydration and by better preserving TAN Content.
Surge testing of magnetic-core insulation

A simple, rapid method has been devised for testing lamination insulation in magnetic cores. Where adequate technical and economic data are available for each specific application, results are sufficiently accurate to determine whether a coil should be rewound or scrapped. The same technique and equipment can be used for a large variety of cores
A Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Censored Samples

Modifications of the two-sided one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov “goodness-of-fit” test, for use with censored and truncated samples, are suggested. Tables of the distributions of the modified statistics are given. Applications to life testing and reliability estimation problems are discussed.
Preparing microporous carbon from solid organic salt precursors using in situ templating and a fixed-bed reactor

Abstract Carbon-based adsorbents contain high internal surface area, desirable pore structure, and controlled surface functionalities, making them effective for gas purification, separation, and storage. This research describes a simple technique for preparing porous carbons from solid organic salt precursors and examines the physical and chemical properties of these materials. A two-step (i.e., pyrolysis and washing), fixed-bed system is used to synthesize high surface area carbon from solid organic salt precursors. The organic salts are pyrolyzed to remove reactive leaving groups (i.e., H2O, CO, CO2, and/or HCl). The remaining carbon atoms network around an in situ, solid salt template to develop internal porosity. Post-pyrolysis washing dissolves the salt template to isolate the remaining porous carbon products. Increased microporosity and surface area occur with this technique when compared to carbons prepared by a similar spray pyrolysis approach. Carbons prepared with the two-step method are >70% microporous and up to 740 m2/g. Surface oxygen content of these carbons increases from 5% to 25% with decreasing pyrolysis temperature. This technique provides control over surface area and oxygen content of the carbon products, an important step towards tailoring the carbon’s adsorption capacity for specific applications.
Insights into Atherosclerosis Using Nanotechnology

A developing forefront in vascular disease research is the application of nanotechnology, the engineering of devices at the molecular scale, for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in atherosclerosis. Promising research in this field over the past decade has resulted in the preclinical validation of nanoscale devices that target cellular and molecular components of the atherosclerotic plaque, including one of its prominent cell types, the macrophage. Nanoscale contrast agents targeting constituents of plaque biology have been adapted for application in multiple imaging modalities, leading toward more detailed diagnostic readouts, whereas nanoscale drug delivery devices can be tailored for site-specific therapeutic activity. This review highlights recent progress in utilizing nanotechnology for the clinical management of atherosclerosis, drawing upon recent preclinical studies relevant to diagnosis and treatment of the plaque and promising future applications.
Structure study of 12B from the elastic scattering of neutrons from 11B

Abstract Differential cross sections for neutrons scattered from 11 B have been measured for 2.2 MeV E n R -matrix parameters for broad states in 12 B with assignments 1 − and (1) + at excitation energies E x = 5.8 and 6.8 MeV respectively. The broad 1 − state has not been previously observed and is believed to be the 1 − member of the 1 p 3 2 −1 1 d 5 2 particle-hole multiplet predicted to exist by earlier shell model calculations. Its existence completes the identification of all of the levels of this multiplet (3 − , 2 − , 4 − , 1 − ). The broad (1) + level at E x = 6.8 MeV has not been previously observed. States at excitation energies E x = 5.61, 5.73 and 6.6 MeV have been assigned spins and parities of 3 + , 3 − and (1) + respectively. These states had previously been assigned spins of 2, 3 and ≧ 1 respectively. Work on T = 1 states in 12 C ∗ has been compared with the present work.
Controlled photonic manipulation of proteins and other nanomaterials

The ability to controllably handle the smallest materials is a fundamental enabling technology for nanoscience. Conventional optical tweezers have proven useful for manipulating microscale objects but cannot exert enough force to manipulate dielectric materials smaller than about 100 nm. Recently, several near-field optical trapping techniques have been developed that can provide higher trapping stiffness, but they tend to be limited in their ability to reversibly trap and release smaller materials due to a combination of the extremely high electromagnetic fields and the resulting local temperature rise. Here, we have developed a new form of photonic crystal "nanotweezer" that can trap and release on-command Wilson disease proteins, quantum dots, and 22 nm polymer particles with a temperature rise less than ~0.3 K, which is below the point where unwanted fluid mechanical effects will prevent trapping or damage biological targets.
Chemical stratification of the mantle

Differentiation of the mantle results in a thick layer of basalt which cannot sink below about 670 km even after it converts to eclogite and garnetite. The mantle is therefore chemically stratified. The upper mantle stratification is possibly garnet peridotite overlying eclogite.
Ultrafast optical tuning of superconducting terahertz metamaterials

We demonstrate the ultrafast switching and tuning of the resonance in high temperature superconducting YBCO metamaterial excited by near infrared femtosecond laser pulses. The infrared photons break the Cooper pairs thus destroys the metamaterial resonance.
Basic fibroblast growth factor protects striatal neurons in vitro from NMDA-receptor mediated excitotoxicity.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) promotes the survival and outgrowth of neurons. In this study the neuroprotective effects of bFGF were examined in 12–18-day-old cultured striatal neurons exposed to glutamic acid, kainic acid (KA), and quinolinic acid (QA), an N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-receptor agonist. Results showed that preincubation with bFGF (6 pM) from the day of plating significantly increased the survival of striatal neurons treated for 3 h with glutamate (3 mM) or QA (1 mM), but had little effect on KA (1 mM) induced toxicity. Moreover, maximum protection by bFGF against glutamate neurotoxicity was observed in cultures treated as little as 2 h before glutamate exposure. These results show that bFGF markedly protects striatal neurons from NMDA-receptor induced neurotoxicity.
A rogue and peasant slave: adivasi resistance 1800–2000

Shashank Kela's book is an historical inquiry into the roots of adivasi (a contested term, used by Kela to signify a constitutionally recognized Indian indigenous group) politics in modern India. S...
The use of genetic markers selected in vitro for the isolation and genetic verification of intraspecific somatic hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum L.

A scheme employing genetic markers obtained by in vitro selection was developed for the stringent isolation of hybrid somatic cells of Nicotiana tabacum. Mesophyll protoplasts that carried two dominant alleles of nuclear genes conferring resistance to the herbicide picloram (pmR1) and the ability to utilize glycerol as the sole source of carbon (Gut) were fused with suspension-culture protoplasts that were marked with the dominant nuclear allele (HuR9) conferring resistance to hydroxyurea. Putative somatic hybrid cell lines were identified by selecting for the Gut and HuR9 markers, followed by an assay for the unselected marker PmR1. Plants regenerated from six of these cell lines were proved to be true somatic hybrids by demonstrating the segregation of each of the three parental markers in the progeny of crosses of those plants with normal seed-derived plants.
A mixed‐variable continuously deforming finite element method for parabolic evolution problems. Part III: Numerical implementation and computational results

In Part II a system of ordinary differential equations with respect to time was derived for solving a system of three coupled evolution equations by the deforming grid mixed-variable least squares rate variational finite element method. In this paper, we present the method we have adopted to integrate with respect to time the resulting spatially discretized system of non-linear differential equations. We present computational results obtained using the code in which this deforming mixed finite element method was implemented. The problems were selected to exercise these features with the objective of demonstrating that the formulation is correct and that the numerical procedures adopted converge to the correct solutions
Behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain

Previous studies by our laboratory established a rat model of neuropathic pain which displayed long-lasting heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia that are sympathetically maintained. The present study was undertaken to extend our earlier findings by examining additional behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in our animal model and testing their sympathetic dependency. Neuropathic surgery was done by tightly ligating the L5 and L6 segmental spinal nerves of rats unilaterally. In addition to the behavioral signs of heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia observed before, these rats displayed signs of ongoing pain (lasting at least 10 weeks) and cold allodynia (lasting at least 16 weeks). These behaviors were reduced markedly after surgical lumbar sympathectomy. The results of the present study, together with the previous study, suggest that our animal model exhibits neuropathic pain behaviors including ongoing pain, heat hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia. Since all of these behavioral signs are sympathetically maintained, our model represents a model for sympathetically maintained pain.
Gibt es den Dichte- und den Substitutionseffekt?

Die Marketingforschung bietet viele Ansatze, die dabei helfen, ein neues Produkt so zu positionieren, dass dessen Marktanteil moglichst hoch wird. Demgegenuber existiert noch wenig Wissen zur Frage, welche der bereits vorhandenen Produkte durch die Markteinfuhrung eines Neuprodukts voraussichtlich an Marktanteil verlieren werden. Typischerweise wird ein Anbieter eines zusatzlichen Produkts seinen gesamten Marktanteil zulasten des Marktanteils von Wettbewerbern erhohen wollen, weswegen starke Kannibalisierungseffekte durch eine eigene Neueinfuhrung unerwunscht sind. Wird bekannt, dass ein Wettbewerber ein Neuprodukt auf den Markt zu bringen beabsichtigt, ist es wichtig zu wissen, ob der Marktanteil des eigenen Produkts stark durch diese Neueinfuhrung gefahrdet sein wird, um gegebenenfalls rechtzeitig Gegenmasnahmen einleiten zu konnen. In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage behandelt, wie sehr der Marktanteil bisher existenter Produkte gefahrdet ist, wenn das neu angebotene Produkt einen Kompromiss in Bezug auf bisher angebotene Produkte darstellt. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen werden die Ergebnisse aus drei Studien, die in der Literatur bereits veroffentlicht worden sind, und aus sechs neuen Studien, fur die insgesamt 3.699 Studenten im Zeitraum zwischen 2005 und 2010 befragt worden sind, herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es weder einen Dichte- noch einen Substitutionseffekt gibt, weswegen die Ahnlichkeit zwischen den Produkten keine Aussagekraft dafur hat, welches Produkt in vergleichsweise hohem Mase an Marktanteil verlieren wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass sich Anbieter vor drohenden Marktanteilsverlusten schutzen sollten, unabhangig davon, wie ahnlich sich das neue Produkt und bereits vorhandene Produkte sind. Nach den Befunden aus dieser Studie kommt es darauf an, ob das Kompromissprodukt in einer hochpreisigen oder einer geringpreisigen Produktkategorie angeboten wird, um vorhersagen zu konnen, welches der bisherigen Produkte in hohem Mas an Marktanteil verlieren wird.
Age-related changes in calbindin-D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the human cerebral cortex

Abstract Calbindin-D28k (CB), calretinin (CRT), and parvalbumin (PV) are high-affinity cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) binding proteins (CBP) that have been found to regulate intracellular calcium concentrations in neurons through their buffering capacity and to protect neurons from insults that induce elevations of intracellular Ca2+. In earlier studies we observed a substantial and neurochemically specific loss of CB from the human basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) in the course of normal aging. In the present experiments we expanded our investigation of age-related changes in calcium binding proteins in the human brain by investigating the status of CB-, CRT-, and PV-positive neurons in 17 cortical areas. There was a trend toward a decrease in the number of CB-immunoreactive neurons in all areas studied. However, this trend reached significance in only 4 areas in which the loss of CB-positive neurons ranged between 20 and 46%. Immunoreactivity for CRT was also decreased in many areas and this difference reached significance in three regions (26–37%). Cortical neurons displaying PV immunoreactivity did not show an age-related change. Comparison with other neurochemically specific cortical neurons indicated a similar age-related loss of nonphosphorylated neurofilament and NADPH-d activity in only a few cortical areas. In contrast, neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity was increased in a few cortical areas. These observations indicate that loss of CBP-positive neurons occurs in restricted cortical regions and is not a specific change as other neurochemically specific neurons also display restricted age-related changes. Furthermore, the age-related changes in cortical CBP-positive neurons appear to be considerably smaller than similar changes in the BFCN. The age-related depletion of CBPs is likely to deprive neurons from the capacity to buffer intracellular calcium and thus to leave them vulnerable to pathological processes that can cause increased intracellular calcium and lead to their degeneration.
Minor Salivary Gland Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma A Systematic Review and Report of a New Case

Importance Basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCAC) of the minor salivary gland is an extremely rare disease: the most recent substantive literature review reports only 25 cases. Owing to the rarity of this disease, it has not yet been well characterized in the literature. Objective We sought to expand the knowledge of minor salivary gland BCAC by performing an exhaustive literature review and adding to it a new case that is rare owing to the tumor’s size, aggressive nature, and mixed histologic pattern. The review emphasizes epidemiologic patterns, diagnostic characteristics, treatment patterns, and expected prognosis for minor salivary gland BCAC. Evidence Acquisition In June 2012, PubMed was queried using the term “salivary gland basal cell adenocarcinoma,” and the resultant articles were reviewed. Those specifically mentioning a minor salivary gland BCAC were included in this study. Those that did not differentiate minor salivary gland BCAC from major salivary gland BCAC were excluded. The search was not limited by language and included articles from North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia from 1978 to June 2012. Results The PubMed search resulted in 195 articles, of which 33 articles reported at least 1 case of minor salivary gland BCAC. We report herein 72 cases of minor salivary gland BCAC (71 cases from the literature review and 1 new case reported herein). The mean patient age at the time of presentation was 56 years (range, 24-90 years), and the disease showed no sex predilection. The most common location was the palate, and the average lesions size was 2.4 cm (range, 0.7-4.2 cm). The treatment modality of choice was wide local excision (n = 57; 79%). There was a high local recurrence rate (n = 30; 41%) but a low rate of distant metastasis (n = 8; 11%). Conclusions and Relevance We present a comprehensive review of minor salivary gland BCAC, describing nearly 3 times as many cases as has been previously reported. This review characterizes a rare disease and increases awareness of the disease among otolaryngologists. Minor salivary gland BCAC is similar to major salivary gland BCAC and minor salivary gland tumors in general with regard to patient age, sex, tumor site, treatment modality, recurrence, metastasis, and mortality.
Sizes of isotopically labeled molecules released during lysis of tumor cells labeled with 51Cr and [14C]nicotinamide.

Abstract Previous studies of mechanisms of immune lysis have utilized the release of isotopically labeled molecules from cells labeled with Na 2 51 Cr0 4 and [ 14 C]nicotinamide, among others. The interpretation of specific isotope release from such cells was hampered by the lack of knowledge about the molecular sizes of the released radioactive molecules. In the present study, P815 tumor cells were labeled with the above two isotopic compounds. The cells were then lysed by freezing and thawing, antibody and complement, or immune T-lymphocyte-mediated killing. Soluble supernatants from the lysates were chromatographed in the cold on Sephadex G-10, G-25, and G-200 using several elution media. No differences were detected due to different kinds of lysis or different eluting media. Eighty-five percent of 14 C-labeled molecules released from the cells were indistinguishable from nicotinamide and clearly distinct from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The results suggest that [ 14 C]nicotinamide taken up by the tumor cells during overnight culture is released unaltered during lysis. Ninety percent of 51 Cr-labeled lysate molecules had an apparent molecular weight less than 4000. Most of this material was distinct from inorganic chromate, but its chemical form is not known.
Incorporation of 14C from glucose into CO2, chitin, lipid, protein and soluble carbohydrate during metamorphosis of the blowfly, Phormia regina

Abstract The metabolism of [ 14 C]glucose was ascertained throughout metamorphosis of the blowfly, Phormia regina . Following injection of labelled substrate, individual insects were fractionated at 24-hour intervals during metamorphosis to obtain carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and chitin fractions as well as CO 2 . Each fraction was assayed for 14 C activity. Maximum metabloic activity occurred at two periods which correspond to the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transformations. By the end of metamorphosis, label from injected glucose was present in each fraction in the following proportions: 41.5 per cent in CO 2 ; 8.9 per cent in protein; 8.3 per cent in chitin; 3.6 per cent in glycogen; 3.0 per cent in lipid; and 4.0 per cent in non-glycogen carbohydrate. The remainder was contained in non-protein amino-acid.
Comparative analysis of energy performance between courtyard and atrium in buildings

Abstract In this paper, the energy performance of a central atrium is investigated and compared with the energy performance of a courtyard with the same geometric proportions. The atrium and the courtyard design used for the analysis are square in plan and surrounded by the building on all four sides. The glazing type and percentage for the courtyard walls and atrium skylight are varied in the analysis. Weather data from four cities representative of climatic conditions of cold, temperate, hot-humid and hot-dry were used. The results show that, in general, the open courtyard building exhibits a better energy performance for the shorter buildings. As the building height increases, however, at some point the enclosed atrium exhibits a better energy performance. This “break even” point for the number of stories depends on different factors like glazing and climate parameters discussed above.
Children's performance in complex listening conditions: effects of hearing loss and digital noise reduction

Purpose To determine the effect of hearing loss (HL) on children’s performance for an auditory task under demanding listening conditions and to determine the effect of digital noise reduction (DNR)...
The plasma physics of shock acceleration

The notion that plasma shocks in astrophysical settings can and do accelerate charged particles to high energies is not a new one. However, in recent years considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the role particle acceleration plays both in astrophysics and in the shock process itself. In this paper we briefly review the history and theory of shock acceleration, paying particular attention to theories of parallel shocks which include the backreaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure. We discuss in detail the work that computer simulations, both plasma and Monte Carlo, are playing in revealing how thermal ions interact with shocks and how particle acceleration appears to be an inevitable and necessary part of the basic plasma physics that governs collisionless shocks. We briefly describe some of the outstanding problems that still confront theorists and observers in this field.
Border Maquiladoras and Research Interpretations: An International Symposium

A constant stream of popular and scientific literature has emerged dealing with the expanding maquiladora industry in northern Mexico as a possible menace to Mexico or as its economic savior. Most of these accounts by writers and reporters of the public media, the scholarly analysts and the documentary historians are incongruous and inconclusive as to the desirability or undesirability of this industry. Not only are there vast disparities between these groups of writers, but between writers within each category as well.
Multitime-Scale Data-Driven Spatio-Temporal Forecast of Photovoltaic Generation

The increasing penetration of stochastic photovoltaic (PV) generation in electric power systems poses significant challenges to system operators. To ensure reliable operation of power systems, accurate forecasting of PV power production is essential. In this paper, we propose a novel multitime-scale data-driven forecast model to improve the accuracy of short-term PV power production. This model leverages both spatial and temporal correlations among neighboring solar sites, and is shown to have improved performance compared to the conventional persistence (PSS) model. The tradeoff between computation cost and improved forecast quality is studied using real datasets from PV sites in California and Colorado.
Intercomparison of Quasi-Geostrophic Simulations of the Western North Atlantic Circulation with Primitive Equation Results

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare two numerical models of vastly different complexity and computational requirements, which have been used recently in a number of midlatitude ocean simulations. Specifically, the two-layer quasi-geostrophic (QG) model of Holland (1978) is compared with the five-level primitive equation (PE) model of Semtner and Mintz (1977) for a wind-driven multi-gyre ocean, with effects of bottom topography and thermal forcing included. The dominant feature of the circulation predicted in the previous PE calculations is a strong free jet, with intense mesoscale transients which are maintained by baroclinic instability. The configuration of the QG experiment is designed to approximate closely that of the PE experiment, while retaining as much of the simplicity of the Holland (1978) model as possible. The QG model spins up to a state of statistical equilibrium, which is characterized by a meandering jet and by mid-ocean mesoscale eddies with periods and wavelengths much like...
Alpha-1B adrenoceptors mediate neurogenic constriction in mesenteric arteries of normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive mice

Abstract The contribution of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) subtypes to neurogenic constrictions of mesenteric resistance arteries from SHAM and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) hypertensive mice was assessed. Frequency-response curves (0.5–30 Hz) for transmural stimulation-evoked contractions were examined in SHAM and DOCA-salt arteries in vitro in the absence (control) and presence of prazosin (0.1 μM), PPADS (10 μM), yohimbine (1 μM), 5-methylurapidil (5-MU; 0.1 μM), L-765,314 (1 μM) and BMY-7378 (0.3 μM); selective antagonists at α1-, P2X, α2-, α1A-, α1B-, and α1D-AR, respectively. In SHAM arteries, prazosin but not PPADS inhibited neurogenic responses. L-765,314 substantially inhibited neurogenic responses while 5-MU had a small inhibitory effect. BMY-7378 did not alter contractile responses at all. In DOCA-salt arteries, prazosin reduced neurogenic responses with no further significant inhibition seen with PPADS. L-765,314 antagonized neurogenic constrictions to a level similar to that seen in SHAM arteries. Furthermore, 5-MU and BMY-7378 did not affect these responses. The density of noradrenergic nerves (assessed using glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence) or norepinephrine (NE) content was not altered by DOCA-salt hypertension. These results indicate that NE is the primary mediator of neurogenic constriction of murine mesenteric arteries. Nerve-released NE acts primarily at α1B-and to a lesser extent at α1A-ARs in SHAM arteries whereas NE mediates neurogenic constrictions in DOCA-salt arteries by acting at α1B-ARs.
The ecological dynamics of clade diversification and community assembly.

Abstract: Clades diversify in an ecological context, but most macroevolutionary models do not directly encapsulate ecological mechanisms that influence speciation and extinction. A data set of 245 chordate, arthropod, mollusk, and magnoliophyte phylogenies had a majority of clades that showed rapid lineage accumulation early with a slowing more recently, whereas a small but significant minority showed accelerated lineage accumulation in their recent histories. Previous analyses have demonstrated that macroevolutionary birth‐death models can replicate the pattern of slowing lineage accumulation only by a strong decrease in speciation rate with increasing species richness and extinction rate held extremely low or absent. In contrast, the metacommunity model presented here could generate the full range of patterns seen in the real phylogenies by simply manipulating the degree of ecological differentiation of new species at the time of speciation. Specifically, the metacommunity model predicts that clades sho...
Fluorescence spectroscopy accurately detects irreversible cell damage during hepatic radiofrequency ablation.

Background A current limitation of hepatic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an inability to detect ablation margins in real time. Thermal injury from RFA alters the biochemical properties governing tissue fluorescence. We hypothesized that the changes in hepatic fluorescence measured during hepatic RFA could be used to detect irreversible hepatocyte damage accurately and to determine ablation margins in real time. Methods RFA was performed on healthy pig livers and monitored in vivo simultaneously for fluorescence and temperature by a fiberoptic micro-interrogation probe connected to a spectroscopy system. Ablations were stopped based on previously established real-time fluorescence spectral data, not based on temperature or time. To determine where in the ablated tissue cell death occurred, biopsies for transmission electron microscopy were taken from 4 areas of 3 specimens: (1) nonablated liver, (2) hemorrhagic zone/normal liver interface, (3) hemorrhagic zone/coagulated zone interface, and (4) coagulated zone. In vitro fluorescence emission intensity was determined at each biopsy site. Results Peak hepatic fluorescence intensity occurred at 470 nm and decreased as RFA progressed. Transmission electron microscopy evidence of irreversible hepatocyte damage occurred at the interface of the coagulation zone and the hemorrhagic zone and correlated with a 87.5% ± 9% decrease in fluorescence emission intensity. Tissue fluorescent changes from thermal injury were unaffected by tissue cooling. Conclusion Fluorescence spectroscopy accurately detected hepatocellular thermal injury from RFA in real time and can detect irreversible cell damage during tissue thermal therapy.
Tracing the Pathway of Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Signaling

Most current models of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling involve inhibition of the Cdc20-APC by Mad2 protein. Interestingly, a paper from Hongtao Yu and colleagues in this issue of Developmental Cell suggests that the Cdc20/APC can also be inhibited in a Mad2-independent manner by a complex of proteins that includes BubR1.
Phylogeny of the Anopliidae (Brachiopoda: Chonetidina)

The Anopliidae is one of the most diverse families in the brachiopod suborder Chonetidina. All previous attempts to work out the phylogeny and taxonomy of this family assume that the group is monophyletic. Great phylogenetic significance has been placed on the presence or absence of a single key feature, such as radial external ornament or accessory lateral septa of the brachial valve. In order to evaluate previous classifications of the family and the characters on which they are based, we performed a cladistic analysis of 23 anopliid taxa, two outgroup taxa, Rugosochonetes and Waagenites and three problematic taxa, Trichochonetes, Airtonia and Davoustia whose inclusion within the Anopliidae has been controversial. A single most parsimonious tree was obtained, with a length of 157, CI=0.28 and RI=0.47. The results do not support previous bipartite divisions of the family. In addition, the analysis is inconsistent with the presumption of monophyly for this family. Rather, it supports restriction of the An...
Surface analysis using scattered primary and recoiled secondary neutrals and ions by TOF and ESA techniques

Abstract A spectrometer system for simultaneous mass, velocity, and energy analysis of scattered and sputtered ions and velocity analysis of fast neutrals ejected from a surface by bombardment with a pulsed, mass selected ion beam is described. Combination secondary ion and scattered neutral plus ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectra are presented. Electrostatic sector analysis (ESA) coupled with the TOF technique is used to obtain energy distributions of scattered and sputtered ions and TOF/ESA spectra. The neutralization probability of scattered ions, i.e. the fraction of particles surviving a scattering collision as ions, is obtained by collection of spectra of neutrals plus ions and neutrals alone. TOF and ESA spectra are used to illustrate the measurement of particles scattered and sputtered by direct recoils and surface recoils. The feasibility of detecting such fast sputtered neutrals without postionization is demonstrated. TOF spectra of scattered primary and fast recoiled surface neutrals and ions from selected He+, Ne+, and Ar+ bombardment of CsBr, Ge, GeO2, H2O adsorbed on Ge, and clean and adsorbate covered La are presented. Ion fractions are determined for scattered and recoiled particles and the significance of Auger and resonant neutralization channels is demonstrated. Adsorbed hydrogen and oxygen are detected by surface recoiling and direct recoiling processes.
Accuracy of Minimum Data Set in Identifying Residents at Risk for Undernutrition: Oral Intake and Food Complaints

Objective to evaluate the accuracy of nursing home (NH) staff in documenting two Minimum Data Set (MDS) items that are used to identify residents at risk for undernutrition, low oral intake and food complaints, using standardized observation and interview assessment protocols implemented by research staff. Design and Methods MDS information related to low oral intake (item K4c: Results Research staff documentation based on direct observation and resident interviews showed a significantly larger number of residents being identified as potentially at risk for undernutrition due to low oral intake (73%) and/or stable complaints about the taste of food (32%) as compared with NH staff documentation of MDS items K4c (44%) and K4a (0%), respectively, within the same month. A total of 47% of the participants expressed stable complaints about some aspect of the NH food service (eg, variety, appearance, temperature). Conclusion The documentation of low oral intake and food complaints on the MDS was inaccurate and resulted in a significant underestimate of residents with either of these risk factors for undernutrition.
The relationship between bimolecular rate coefficients for irreversible and reversible diffusion influenced reactions

Abstract A formulation of the theory for diffusion influenced reversible reaction A + B ⇌ C in solution is used to study the effect of the back reaction on the bimolecular forward rate coefficient. The formula recently derived by Szabo that relates the forward rate coefficient in the presence of the back reaction to that in its absence is shown to be valid not only when the reaction occurs at the distance of closest approach but also when it can occur over a range of interparticle distances.
Medication therapy management and the new practitioner

The passage of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act on December 8, 2003 (Public Law 108–73) ushered in a new era for the pharmacy profession. Not only did this law establish a drug benefit for Medicare recipients, but it also established the medication therapy
The structure of alternating-Hamiltonian matrices

Abstract Generalizing results proved recently for the real and complex case, we show over all fields that every alternating-Hamiltonian matrix is similar to a block-diagonal matrix of the form A 0 0 A t , and that any two similar ones are similar by a symplectic transformation. Furthermore, every one is a square of a Hamiltonian matrix. The proofs use a structural idea drawn from the study of pairs of alternating forms. Counterexamples show that the definitions must be carefully chosen to work in characteristic 2.
Turks in the New Germany

The Turkish community in Germany is fractured along ethnic, class, religious, and generational lines, although the practice of reciprocity provides stability and continuity in ethnic identification. Turks are also categorized by German discourses, which shifted after reunification, incorporating Turks into an anxiety-laden east-west problematic. Turkish responses to anti-foreigner violence reflect ethnicity both as category and as practice: withdrawal behind communal boundaries or creation of a transnational creole ethnic self around the practice of reciprocity.
The drug MK-801 attenuates the development, but not the expression, of long-term potentiation and stimulus train-induced bursting in hippocampal slices.

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801), a use-dependent blocker of N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA)-activated membrane channels, attenuates the development of long-term potentiation in vitro and kindling in vivo. Both of these phenomena are manifestations of physiological plasticity related to behavioural states and the results of these studies add to the gathering evidence for the involvement of the NMDA receptor/channel system in such processes. In the present experiment, slices of hippocampus, prepared from rats, were electrically stimulated to produce either long-term potentiation of the CA1 population spike or stimulus train-induced epileptiform bursting in area CA3. At 10 μM, MK-801 attenuated the development of long-term potentiation, but had no attenuating effect upon the previously-potentiated population spike. Similarly, 10 μM MK-801 attenuated the development of epileptiform activity in area CA3, but had little or no effect on the previously-established bursting in area CA3. These data support the suggestion that MK-801 exerts an antiepileptogenic, but not an anticonvulsant effect, at concentrations which also inhibit long-term potentiation.
Applications of adiabatic half passage to NQR

The application of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) to the detection of materials can be hampered by the low sensitivity of the technique. The use of surface coils for remote detection only exacerbates this problem. In this paper we demonstrate the advantages of adiabatic half passage (AHP) for NQR detection ofI=1 spins in powder samples. Under optimal conditions, AHP provides a 15% sensitivity enhancement over traditional optimized, pulsed excitation. AHP excitation is independent of ω1 over more than an order of magnitude variation in radio-frequency (rf) field strength, and can provide up to a factor of two or more sensitivity enhancement over traditional pulsed excitation in inhomogeneous rf magnetic fields. In pulsed spin-locking-type experiments, AHP as a prepulse can provide near constant signal amplitude over a factor of two variation in rf magnetic field strength.