cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical emergency teams and rapid response triggers--the ongoing quest for the 'perfect' patient safety system.

We read with interest the article by Iyengar and colleagues [1] on the impact of standardized implementation of medical emergency teams (METs) for the early identification and management of acutely deteriorating patients on the ward. The vast majority (88%) of all preventable adverse events were classified as ‘therapeutic errors’. The authors have to be commended for their proactive patient safety approach by implementation of a standardized method for root cause analysis and classification of preventable adverse events. We and others have recently proposed an alternative model to the MET, namely one based on defined clinical triggers to initiate a rapid response escalation [2-4]. A clinical triggers system overcomes the ‘classic’ limitations of the MET system, as related to an overuse of resources and the fragmentation of patient care. The clinical triggers program established at Denver Health Medical Center involves a standardized ‘afferent’ limb of patient identification based on objective, physiological response triggers for a rapid response escalation. The ‘efferent’ limb is provided by the designated primary house staff team caring for the individual patient [2,3]. While the present study [1] was not designed to address issues related to response system modalities, the root cause analysis by Iyengar and colleagues supports the rationale of a clinical triggers-based response system. As such, the therapeutic errors identified as the major determinant of preventable adverse events [1] are likely recognized and corrected in a more accurate and timely fashion by a team of providers associated with the continuum of care, as opposed to a MET, which involves people who are unfamiliar with patients’ pertinent medical conditions. These aspects should be taken into consideration in the ongoing debate and controversy about safety and efficiency of the ‘perfect’ rapid response system [5].
Study of the brittle-to-ductile transition in NiAl by texture analysis

Abstract Polycrystalline NiAl displays a brittle-to-ductile transition temperature (BDTT) at the relatively low temperature of 0.3 T m . Explanations of the low BDTT generally suffer from uncertainties in measuring bulk deformation mechanisms in post-deformation thin foils. Therefore, the present study emphasizes the bulk measurement of deformation mechanisms by interpretation of experimental and computer simulated textures. While NiAl develops a 110 fiber texture during elevated temperature extrusion, subsequent uniaxial deformation of NiAl below the recrystallization temperature results in no texture evolution. This can only occur if the active deformation mechanisms produce no crystal rotation, consistent with the reported 〈100〉011 slip system. Activation of any secondary slip system must cause lattice rotation, manifest by a change in texture. These results suggest that no additional slip systems are activated at the BDTT in polycrystalline NiAl and that diffusional processes are responsible for the increased plasticity.
Mesh shape-quality optimization using the inverse mean-ratio metric

Meshes containing elements with bad quality can result in poorly conditioned systems of equations that must be solved when using a discretization method, such as the finite-element method, for solving a partial differential equation. Moreover, such meshes can lead to poor accuracy in the approximate solution computed. In this paper, we present a nonlinear fractional program that relocates the vertex coordinates of a given mesh to optimize the average element shape quality as measured by the inverse mean-ratio metric. To solve the resulting large-scale optimization problems, we apply an efficient implementation of an inexact Newton algorithm that uses the conjugate gradient method with a block Jacobi preconditioner to compute the direction. We show that the block Jacobi preconditioner is positive definite by proving a general theorem concerning the convexity of fractional functions, applying this result to components of the inverse mean-ratio metric, and showing that each block in the preconditioner is invertible. Numerical results obtained with this special-purpose code on several test meshes are presented and used to quantify the impact on solution time and memory requirements of using a modeling language and general-purpose algorithm to solve these problems.
Macroglossia: A Case Study.

Abstract A young child with macroglossia of unknown cause was seen for treatment to modify resting tongue posture and improve speech sound production. Evaluation of the treatments indicated positive change in resting tongue posture and a modest change in speech sound production. Treatment for such patients can be complex and must consider orthodontic and/or surgical interventions, because an enlarged tongue can influence growth, development, and physiology of the oropharyngeal complex. The speech–language pathologist must be prepared to deal with the complex of problems demonstrated by patients with macroglossia during growth and development. Learning outcomes (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to describe the sequelae of macroglossia. (2) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify appropriate treatment options for children with macroglossia.
The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version as Incrementally Valid Predictors of Recidivism

A follow-up of 107 male federal prison inmates previously tested with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) and Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) was conducted to test the incremental validity of both measures. The PICTS General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score was found to predict general recidivism and serious recidivism when age, prior charges, and the PCL:SV were controlled. The PCL:SV, on the other hand, failed to predict general and serious recidivism when age, prior charges, and the PICTS were controlled. These findings support the hypothesis that content-relevant self-report measures like the PICTS are capable of predicting crime-relevant outcomes above and beyond the contributions of basic demographic variables like age, criminal history, and such popular non-self-report rating procedures as the PCL:SV.
The detection of very thin aerosol layers by the measurement of spectral sky radiance

Abstract During the period February 1974 to February 1975 the components of terrestrial sky radiance were measured diurnally at seven wavelengths in the visible spectrum as part of a programme of visibility studies carried out at the Woomera missile range: a locally designed pyrheliometer was employed for the measurement of the components of sky radiance at right angles to the direction of the solar radiation. From an analysis of some of the results it was possible to identify poor optical conditions by their departure from the theoretical value of an idea molecular atmosphere. A method of computing the Rayleigh extinction coefficient for a molecular atmosphere is also proposed which is only applicable in relatively clean atmospheres like those of the Australian outback.
Rapid transfer of hydride ion from a ruthenium complex to C1 species in water.

Solvent water (Gutmann acceptor number, AN = 55) accelerates the rate of reaction of Ru(terpy)(bpy)H+ with CO2 by more than 4 orders of magnitude compared to acetonitrile (AN 18.9) (as reported in ...
A survey of hypernuclear physics

Abstract The present status of experimental and theoretical investigations of hypernuclear physics is reviewed. We emphasize the unique aspects of hadronic many-body systems containing nonzero strangeness and the opportunities that exist to exploit this physics. Our understanding of the elementary hyperon-nucleon interaction and its role in few-body systems is summarized. In particular, we examine the constraints that our knowledge of few-body systems place upon parameterizations of the realistic hyperon-nucleon force models. Also, issues involving the structure of p-shell hypernuclei as well as the weak decays of hypernuclei are summarized in some detail. Finally, the future prospects for strange-particle nuclear physics involving Λs, ∑s, and Ξs at existing facilities are discussed.
Effects of oxidation and oxidation under load on strength distributions of Si3N4

The room-temperature strength distributions of a sintered and a hot-pressed Si3N4 were examined in the as-machined condition, after oxidation at 1370 C and after oxidation under load at 1370 C. The strength-controlling flaw populations were highly transient in nature. Both the duration of oxidation and the magnitude of the applied load were observed to effect changes in strength. This dynamic situation is related to both strengthening and weakening processes, which at times may occur simultaneously in the same strength distribution.
Simple Data Sets for Distinct Basic Summary Statistics

Summary This article offers, with accompanying rationale, simple data sets that produce distinct values of certain basic summary statistics.
Inefficient gene transfer by adenovirus vector to cystic fibrosis airway epithelia of mice and humans

THE success of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) depends on efficient transfer of the complementary DNA encoding the correct version of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) to the affected columnar epithelial cells lining the airways of the lung. Pre-clinical studies in vitro suggest that low doses of adenovirus vectors carrying this CFTR cDNA can correct defective Cl− transport in cultured human CF airway epithelia1. Here we use mice carrying the disrupted CF gene2 to test the efficacy of this transfer system in vivo. We find that even repeated high doses can only partially (50%) correct the CF defect in Cl− transport in vivo and do not correct the Na+ transport defect at all. We investigated this discrepancy between the in vivo and in vitro transfer efficiency using CF mouse and human samples, and found that it reflects a difference in the susceptibility to adenovirus-5 transduction of the epithelial cell types dosed in vivo (columnar) and in vitro (basal-cell-like). These studies indicate that more efficient adenoviral gene-transfer vectors and/or refinement of dosing strategies are needed for therapy of CF lung disease.
Nonclassical aileron buzz in transonic flow

A computational study of inviscid, transonic aileron and trailing-edge buzz instabilities is presented. A mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is used to model the fluid-structure system and to obtain a system of space-discretized equations that is time-marched to simulate the aeroelastic behavior of the wing-aileron system. Results obtained suggest that shock-induced separation may not be an essential driving force behind all buzz phenomena. Several examples are shown where the shock motion interacts with the aileron motion to extract energy from the flow. If the trailing-edge region is sufficiently flexible and the shocks are at the trailing edge, a trailing-edge buzz instability appears possible.
Properties of dendrites; apical dendrites of the cat cortex

Abstract The all-or-none spike characteristic of the nerve axon may be considered a special case of excitable tissue response, of which a more general and fundamental activity is a decremental and nonrefractory response such as dendrites exhibit. Intercortical paths are found which end only on apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells, and may activate only their terminal portions near the cortical surface. When the dendrites are stimulated indirectly via such paths, or directly by local electric shocks, conduction is not all-or-none, occurs more readily away from the cell body than toward it, and has a value of a small fraction of a meter per second. Following indirect activation a second stimulus finds the dendrites excitable at any time later than the absolutely refractory period of the axons exciting them. After a 20 msec. facilitation period, a depression phase ensues accompanied by positivity. It is inferred that the depression phase which in general has been found to follow activation of neurones is chiefly assignable to the properties of their dendrites. Since apical dendrites exhibit no absolutely refractory period, a second response initiated during the first sums with it. By repetitive stimulation a continuous negativity can be maintained. Thus modulation of stimulation afferent to dendrites alone could induce potential wave forms of any duration, and the activity of dendrites appears to be such as to appropriately account for the potentials of the electrocorticogram. Activation of dendrites alone at or near the cortical surface facilitates the discharge of cell body spikes in the responses to afferent radiation volleys if the latter fall during dendritic negativity. Such activation depresses the response to a radiation volley falling during the phase of depression, and more severely depresses the negative phase of that response. It also depresses the response to a second stimulus to dendrites. The different types of responses of excitable tissues are discussed in relation to the type of activity exhibited by dendrites. Patterns of cell-axon spike discharge are inferred to differ depending on the points of activation of the neurone, at the cell body, at dendritic terminals, or at cell body and basal portions of dendrites simultaneously. Examples are cited of graded responses similar to those of dendrites in a wide variety of tissues, ranging from the protozoan slime mold to the mammalian cortex. This type of response is presumed to be the more primitive one, from which the all-or-none spike with an absolutely refractory phase is probably a highly specialized derivative.
CHOICE OF NON‐REINFORCEMENT FOLLOWING FORCED ALTERNATION

Previous research has suggested conditions for the learning of the non-rewarded instead of the rewarded of two alternatives. Two experiments were performed with a reconvergent maze, in which food reward depended upon passing through only one of the two pathways. Rats given a block of non-rewarded then a block of rewarded trials chose predominantly the rewarded pathway during free-choice extinction testing, but those subjected to simple alternation sequences of rewarded and non-rewarded trials chose primarily the non-rewarded pathway. Faster running on non-rewarded trials preceded choice of the non-rewarded pathway by alternation subjects, and the evidence suggests that increased training led to greater preference for the non-rewarded alternative.
Exponentially increased risk of infectious death in older renal transplant recipients.

Exponentially increased risk of infectious death in older renal transplant recipients. Background The benefit of renal transplantation for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been well documented. This benefit is seen throughout all age ranges of patients. However, it has been documented that older renal transplant recipients are at increased risk for death because of infectious causes when compared with younger recipients. The present study addresses whether this increased risk merely parallels an age-related increase in infectious mortality or is reflective of a particular vulnerability in older renal transplant recipients. Methods Patients wait-listed and transplanted between 1988 and 1997 were analyzed utilizing the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) database. The primary study end point was patient death secondary to infection. Secondary end points included death secondary to cardiovascular cause and malignancy. Cox-proportional hazard models were utilized with all pertinent variables. Results Death related to infectious cause increased exponentially in transplanted patients with increasing age (slope = 2.90.34x), while it increased linearly (slope = 1.9x + 8.6) with increasing age for those patients on the waiting list. Overall mortality increases with age were equal between the wait-listed and transplanted groups. Conclusions The overall survival benefit of transplantation is maintained in the older age groups. However, renal transplantation is associated with an increased risk for infectious death beyond the expected age-related increased risk in patients on the renal transplant waiting list. This may have an impact on future immunosuppressive regimens in this population.
Nonlinear ultrasonic characterization of fatigue microstructures

Dislocation dipole substructures formed during metal fatigue are shown to produce a substantial distortion of ultrasonic waves propagating through the fatigued material. A model of ultrasonic wave-dislocation dipole interactions is developed that quantifies the wave distortion by means of a material nonlinearity parameter (beta). Application of the model to AA2024-T4 predicts a value of p approximately 300% larger in material cyclically loaded for 100 kcycles in stress-control at 276 MPa and R=0 than that measured for virgin material. Experimental measurements show a monotonic increase in p as a function of the number of fatigue cycles that closely approaches the predicted increase. The experiments also suggest that the relevant dislocation substructures are localized in the material.
OC25.03: Ultrasound appearance of cystadenofibroma: can we reduce surgical intervention?

Objectives: Transvaginal ultrasound has greatly improved our understanding of ovarian neoplasms. Transvaginal ultrasound has had a very high negative predictive value for excluding ovarian malignancy in cases of unilocular cysts and or minimal septations. Solid components and/or mural nodules have been felt to be a more ominous sonographic finding. Cystadenofibromas are benign ovarian neoplasms that originate from the surface epithelium as well as underlying cortical connective tissue of the ovary. Sonographically they often have solid areas that appear to be papillations coming off the cyst wall (‘‘mural nodules’’) and thus are almost always surgically removed to exclude malignancy. This study was undertaken to determine if any consistent finding of cystadenofibroma could be discerned thereby increasing the negative predictive value of transvaginal ultrasound and color flow Doppler in identifying them as benign. Material and methods: Over a 6 year period 58 cases of pathologically proven cystadenofibromas were identified from our hospital’s pathology database. Of these 32 had transvaginal ultrasound with color flow Doppler performed in our imaging facility. The images were analyzed for size, presence of features beyond simple cystic appearance, and presence or absence of blood flow. Results: 22 of the tumors presented as unilocular cystic structures with one or more solid mural nodules projecting from the cyst wall. None of these displayed any discernable blood flow within the solid area. Ten were multi loculated with multiple solid areas and did not follow this more typical classic appearance. Conclusion: Not all cystadenofribromas will look the same on transvaginal ultrasound and color flow Doppler. The majority(69% in our series) presented as unilocular cysts with a small solid non vascular projection from the cyst wall. This particular presentation was virtually pathognomonic and when present seemed to have reliability for benign cystadenofribroma that approached 100% in this small series. Further study is clearly necessary.
Management of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: association, mechanisms, and treatment implications for depressed cardiac patients.

Importance of the field: Coronary heart disease (CHD) and depression are two leading causes of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. Depression is especially common in cardiac patients, and there is growing evidence that depression is a risk factor for fatal and nonfatal events in CHD patients.Areas covered in this review: This paper reviews current literature of depression as a risk factor for CHD along with pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for depression in cardiac patients.What the reader will gain: Readers will gain knowledge about the importance of depression as a CHD risk factor and learn the results of efforts to treat depressed CHD patients.Take home message: Although randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of medication and non-pharmacologic therapies have not demonstrated that treating depression improves survival, there is evidence that treating depressed patients can reduce depressive symptoms and improve quality of life. Additional RCTs are needed, including evaluat...
Lipophilic Mn porphyrins in the treatment of brain tumors

Lipophilic Mn porphyrins are potent radiosensitizers and chemosensitizers in the treatment of brain tumors.
Differential protein expression in male and female human lumbar cerebrospinal fluid using iTRAQ reagents after abundant protein depletion.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has become one of the most frequently used biological medium for physiological studies for neurological disorders due to its proximity to the brain and clinical availability; however, before undertaking a rational approach to biomarker discovery or diagnostics, it is crucial to understand the underlying characteristics of CSF proteome in subpopulations. In this study, we examined the differential expression of proteins in pooled male and female CSF utilizing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ") reagents after the depletion of six high abundant proteins using a multiple affinity removal system (MARS). A total of 219 proteins were identified (95% confidence level), and 12 proteins showed difference in expression levels. Eleven out of 12 differentially expressed proteins showed ratios of male/female between 1.15 and 1.29 (duplicate average), indicating a remarkable similarity between male and female CSF. One notable exception was the slightly lower expression level of ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) in male CSF (0.81), a copper containing protein that catalyzes the conversion of ferrous iron to ferric iron with antioxidant properties. We also examined the levels of ceruloplasmin in each individual patient sample which constituted the pooled CSF using Western blot analysis which confirmed the lower expression levels of ceruloplasmin in male CSF.
Evidence for vertical phase separation in densely grafted, high-molecular-weight poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes in water

The detailed conformational change of poly($N$-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes at high grafting density in ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ was investigated as a function of temperature using neutron reflection. PNIPAM chains were grafted at high surface density from gold and silicon oxide surfaces by atom transfer radical polymerization. Whereas single layer profiles were observed for temperatures below and above the transition region, bilayer profiles were observed for a narrow range of temperatures near the transition. This nonmonotonic change in the concentration profile with temperature is discussed in the context of theoretical models of vertical phase separation within a brush.
Isotopic evidence for meteoric-hydrothermal alteration of plutonic igneous rocks in the Yakutat Bay and Skagway areas, Alaska

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios were measured on coexisting minerals from quartz diorites and quartz monzonites from a section across the Coast Range batholith in the Skagway area, Alaska, including a variety of outlying plutons west of the batholith in the Yakutat Bay-Mt. St. Elias region (latitudes 59–60°N). The extremely low and variable δ18Oand δD results indicate widespread meteoric-hydrothermal alternaiton of the Coast Range batholith, and to a lesser extent, of the Yakutat Bay plutons as well. In the Yakutat Bay area, the plutons with K—Ar ages younger than 50 m.y. have widely varying δD values of −72 to −148, compared to δD = −69to−90 for all but one sample in the 50–225 m.y. age grouping (one biotite has δD = −109). This suggests that the major meteoric-hydrothermal episodes in this area occurred during the Eocene and Miocene. This involved relatively small meteoric water/rock ratios(<0.1), as none of the δ18O values show any clear-cut evidence of alteration (δ18Oquartz= 7.4 −11.8; δ18Ofeldspar= 5.7−10.0). However, in the section across the Coast Range batholith, 85% of the plutonic rocks have very low δD values of −100 to −167, and the δ18O values are extremely variable δ18Ofeldspar= + 10.3to−4.0 and Δ18Oquartz-feldspar= 0.4−10.5. These data indicate that a major portion of the batholith, particularly the quartz monzonite-rich eastern part, but also including many of the quartz diorite plutons as well, interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal convective systems that involved water/rock ratios of about 0.3–1.4. The quart diorite plutons are most depleted in18O near their northeast contacts against the younger quartz monzonite intrusions. The primary igneous δ18O values of the quartz diorites were apparently higher than those of the quartz monzonites; they are also unusually high in18O compared to most other analyzed quartz diorites, suggesting derivation from, exchange with, or assimilation of high-18O metasediments or altered volcanic rocks. These data and conclusions are very similar to those reached previously on a similar isotopic study of the Coast Range batholith in British Columbia, 700 km to the southeast at latitudes 54–55°N, except that in the Skagway area an even greater proportion of the batholith was apparently depleted in deuterium. This implies that deep (≉5km?) circulation of meteoric groundwaters is probably a characteristic of the later stages of emplacement of the Cordilleran batholiths of western North America, suggesting that the eastern sections of these batholiths in particular were emplaced at relatively shallow depths.
Production of threitol and sorbitol by an adult insect: association with freezing tolerance

WE report here that in adult tenebrionid beetles, Upis ceramboides, an unusual combination of two polyhydric alcohols, sorbitol and threitol, is associated with the ability to tolerate prolonged freezing to at least −50 °C. The occurrence of threitol is of particular interest, since this compound has not previously been found in nature1.
An international comparison of scale economies in banking: Evidence from Turkey

In this article economies of scale are examined for Turkish banks. The literature on economies of scale in depository institutions is substantial. Yet, virtually all published articles have examined production/costs using data for developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Israel. Here we examine data from a country that has an economic system vastly different in terms of per capita productivity. Despite the differences, the results are similar across countries in that we find no significant evidence of economies of scale at output levels near the sample mean. This suggests that the conclusion from examining banks in developed countries—that a bank does not have to be large in order to be competitive from a cost perspective—holds in a less developed country.
Ultrastructural observations on branching patterns of central axons.

Abstract The mode of branching of preterminal axons in the cat oculomotor nucleus was studied by electron microscopy. At many nodes of Ranvier, branching does not occur. At those nodes where branching does occur, trifurcations as well as bifurcations are present. Nodal synapses are common, and, in some cases, both pre- and postsynaptic processes are sorrounded by the myelin sheath. The data indicate that divergence of neural information may occur at trifurcations and higher-order branchings, as well as at bifurcations, and further demonstrate that divergence of neural information may occur at sites, i.e. nodal synapses, that are not discernible at the light microscopic level.
IMMUNIZATION AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL LETHAL SIMIAN COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS USING WHOLE KILLED ARTHROSPORES AND CELL FRACTION.

Immunization against experimental coccidioidomycosis began with the use of a killed, whole-cell antigen. Negroni, Vivoli and Bonfiglioli (8) investigated the immune response in guinea pigs using dead material. Vogel and co-workers (14) at Duke University found that intramuscular immunization with a killed spherule-endospore suspension increased re? sistance of guinea pigs to pulmonary infection. The disease not only occurred less frequently but was less severe in the immunized than in the non-immunized control animals. Later Friedman (1) and Smith (2) reported that killed arthrospore vaccines administered subcutaneously protected mice against lethal disease but not against infection with Coccidioides immitis Rixf. & Gilchr. In the latter experiments the challenge dose was administered intraperitoneally. After Pappagianis and co-workers (10) observed that respiratory exposure appeared to be a more severe test of the resistance of immunized animals than challenge by parenteral inoculation, Levine et al. (5) adopted intranasal instillation as the method of challenge. Killed arthrospores, mycelial and spherule antigens introduced intramuscularly into mice all protected against lethal intranasal challenge. Mice that received the spherule-endospore vaccine appeared to have infections that were milder than mice immunized with other test vaccines. Extending his studies to larger animals, Levine et al (6) tested the efficacy of killed spherule vaccine in cynomolgous monkeys challenged with 200 air-borne organisms. A total dose of 9 mg (dry weight) of vaccine was used for immunizations that were given alternately subcu? taneously and intramuscularly at 1, 11, 28, and 54 days. The animals
Mechanisms regulating GABAergic inhibitory transmission in the basolateral amygdala: implications for epilepsy and anxiety disorders.

The amygdala, a temporal lobe structure that is part of the limbic system, has long been recognized for its central role in emotions and emotional behavior. Pathophysiological alterations in neuronal excitability in the amygdala are characteristic features of certain psychiatric illnesses, such as anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. Furthermore, neuronal excitability in the amygdala, and, in particular, excitability of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and symptomatology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Here, we describe two recently discovered mechanisms regulating neuronal excitability in the BLA, by modulating GABAergic inhibitory transmission. One of these mechanisms involves the regulation of GABA release via kainate receptors containing the GluR5 subunit (GluR5KRs). In the rat BLA, GluR5KRs are present on both somatodendritic regions and presynaptic terminals of GABAergic interneurons, and regulate GABA release in an agonist concentration-dependent, bidirectional manner. The relevance of the GluR5KR function to epilepsy is suggested by the findings that GluR5KR agonists can induce epileptic activity, whereas GluR5KR antagonists can prevent it. Further support for an important role of GluR5KRs in epilepsy comes from the findings that antagonism of GluR5KRs is a primary mechanism underlying the antiepileptic properties of the anticonvulsant topiramate. Another mechanism regulating neuronal excitability in the BLA by modulating GABAergic synaptic transmission is the facilitation of GABA release via presynaptic α1A adrenergic receptors. This mechanism may significantly underlie the antiepileptic properties of norepinephrine. Notably, the α1A adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of GABA release is severely impaired by stress. This stress-induced impairment in the noradrenergic facilitation of GABA release in the BLA may underlie the hyperexcitability of the amygdala in certain stress-related affective disorders, and may explain the stress-induced exacerbation of seizure activity in epileptic patients.
A review of competitive facility location in the plane

In this paper, we review competitive location models. Retail facilities operate in a competitive environment with an objective of profit and market share maximization. These facilities are different from each other in their overall attractiveness to consumers. The basic problem is the optimal location of one or more new facilities in a market where competition already exists or will exist in the future. Extensions to the models include an analysis of the optimal allocation of a budget among new facilities and their best locations, modeling location under conditions of uncertainty and future competition, incorporating the concept of a threshold in competitive location, modeling lost demand, and minimizing cannibalization.
Intergovernmental Conflict on Environmental Policy: the Attitudinal Connection

VER the past few years, the federal government has delegated considerable authority over environmental protection to the states. This practice, begun during the Nixon administration, has accelerated under President Reagan. During Ann Burford's tenure as Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator, for example, state program responsibilities grew from 33 percent of possible assumptions of responsibility to 66 percent (Stanfield 1984). Yet the states complain that they are still saddled with too many federal regulations and too much federal control. These complaints are becoming increasingly bitter as the federal government cuts back on funding for environmental programs. A growing number of scholars sympathize with the states. Indeed, many students of intergovernmental relations argue that the states should have more autonomy, not less (Elazar 1984; Beam 1983; Kettl 1983). Several arguments can be made in favor of greater state discretion. First, state governments today are in excellent institutional shape. Governors are stronger, state legislatures are more professional, and state bureaucracies are better organized. In Elazar's words (1984: 188), "Institutional change in the states since 1960 has been substantial, principally directed to bringing state government into line with the managerial revolution." There is, of course, more to government than institutional machinery. However, improvements in the quality of personnel appear to have paralleled improvements in government institutions. Second, state governments are exposed to a much broader array of interests than they were some years ago. The most dramatic changes have occurred in state administration, long held to be "captured" by special interests. Over the past decade, public representation in state administrative decision making has been institutionalized in many policy domains, especially in the regulatory arena (Gormley 1986). The public is now represented in public utility commission hearings, in nursing home regulatory decisions, and on occupational licensing boards. The public is also represented in state environmental proceedings in a variety of ways (Heberlein 1976; Godschalk and Stiftel 1981; Rosener 1982).
Newly Discovered Brown Dwarfs Not Seen in Microlensing Timescale Frequency Distribution

The 2 Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and the Deep Near-Infrared Survey (DENIS) of the southern sky have revealed a heretofore unknown population of free brown dwarfs that has extended the local mass function down to as small as 0.01 M?. If this local proportion of brown dwarfs extends throughout the Galaxy?in particular in the Galactic bulge?one expects an increase in the predicted fraction of short-timescale microlensing events in directions toward the Galactic bulge. Zhao et al. have indicated that a mass function with 30%-60% of the lens mass in brown dwarfs is not consistent with empirical microlensing data. Here we show that even the much lower mass fraction (~10%) of brown dwarfs inferred from the new discoveries appears inconsistent with the data. The added brown dwarfs do indeed increase the expected number of short-timescale events, but they appear to drive the peak in the timescale frequency distribution to timescales smaller than that observed and do not otherwise match the observed distribution. A reasonably good match to the empirical data is obtained by increasing the fraction of stars in the range 0.08 < m < 0.7 M? considerably above that deduced from several star counts. However, all inferences from microlensing about the appropriate stellar mass function must be qualified by the meagerness of the microlensing data and the uncertainties in the Galactic model.
Bcl2 Negatively Regulates DNA Double-Strand-Break Repair through a Nonhomologous End-Joining Pathway

Bcl2 can enhance susceptibility to carcinogenesis, but the mechanism(s) remains fragmentary. Here we discovered that Bcl2 suppresses DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair and V(D)J recombination by downregulating Ku DNA binding activity, which is associated with increased genetic instability. Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation enhances Bcl2 expression in the nucleus, which interacts with both Ku70 and Ku86 via its BH1 and BH4 domains. Removal of the BH1 or BH4 domain abrogates the inhibitory effect of Bcl2 on Ku DNA binding, DNA-PK, and DNA end-joining activities, which results in the failure of Bcl2 to block DSB repair as well as V(D)J recombination. Intriguingly, Bcl2 directly disrupts the Ku/DNA-PKcs complex in vivo and in vitro. Thus, Bcl2 suppression of the general DSB repair and V(D)J recombination may occur in a mechanism by inhibiting the nonhomologous end-joining pathway, which may lead to an accumulation of DNA damage and genetic instability.
Effect of molecular-orbital rotations on ground-state energies in the parametric two-electron reduced density matrix method.

Different sets of molecular orbitals and the rotations connecting them are of great significance in molecular electronic structure. Most electron correlation methods depend on a reference wave function that separates the orbitals into occupied and unoccupied spaces. Energies and properties from these methods depend upon rotations between the spaces. Some electronic structure methods, such as modified coupled electron pair approximations and the recently developed parametric two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) methods [D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 253002 (2008)]10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.253002, also depend upon rotations between occupied orbitals and rotations between unoccupied orbitals. In this paper, we explore the sensitivity of the ground-state energies from the parametric 2-RDM method to rotations within the occupied space and within the unoccupied space. We discuss the theoretical origin of the rotational dependence and provide computational examples at both equilibrium and non-equil...
Affinity chromatography of monoamine oxidase.

A method is described for the purification of pig liver monoamine oxidase by affinity chromatography, using a colum with covalently bound pargyline.
Chronic dipyridamole administration downregulates [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine binding site affinity in guinea pig kidney but not heart and brain.

Abstract Specific binding of the nucleoside transporter probe, [ 3 H]nitrobenzylthioinosine, ([ 3 H]NBMPR) was measured in washed guinea pig cardiac, renal and forebrain membranes after 14 days of treatment with dipyridamole (37.5 mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d.) or vehicle. When compared to values in vehicle-treated animals, a 100 percent increase in equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) was observed in the kidney of dipyridamole-treated animals (0.51 ± 0.04 to 1.0 ± 0.06, p
Control of the purine nucleotide cycle in extracts of rat skeletal muscle: Effects of energy state and concentrations of cycle intermediates

The enzymes of the purine nucleotide cycle-AMP deaminase, adenylosuccinate synthetase, and adenylosuccinate lyase-were examined as a functional unit in an in vitro system which simulates the purine nucleotide composition of sarcoplasm. Activity of each cycle enzyme in extracts of rat skeletal muscle was observed to increase as ATP/ADP, reflecting the energy state of the system, was lowered from approximately 50 to 1. The increase in AMP deaminase activity could be attributed to effects of energy state and factors such as AMP concentration, which are obligatorily coupled to energy state. The increases in synthetase and lyase activities were accounted for by increases in the concentration of IMP and adenylosuccinate, respectively. The inhibitory influence of IMP concentration on synthetase activity reported in other systems was not observed in this system; synthetase activity progressively increased as IMP concentration was raised to approximately 4 mM, and apparent saturation occurred at concentrations above 4 mM. Also, adenylosuccinate was found to be an activator of AMP deaminase. The results of this study document that the activities of the enzymes of the purine nucleotide cycle increase in parallel at low energy states, and the components of the cycle function as a coordinated unit with individual enzyme activities linked via concentrations of cycle intermediates.
Tissue trafficking patterns of effector memory CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective Clonal populations of CD4+,CD28− T cells accumulating in rheumatoid arthritis functionally resemble end-differentiated, nondividing, short-lived effector memory cells that reside in peripheral tissues. We undertook this study to examine the tissue niche for CD4+,CD28− T cells and the signals regulating their survival and tissue homing patterns. Methods Chemokine receptor expression on CD4+,CD28− T cell clones and peripheral blood lymphocytes was assessed by multicolor cytometry. In vitro chemotaxis and transendothelial migration were examined in a Transwell system. In vivo tissue-homing patterns were established by adoptively transferring fluorescence-labeled T cell clones into SCID mice engrafted either with rheumatoid synovium or with human lymph nodes. Results CD4+,CD28− T cell clones adoptively transferred into human tissue–SCID mouse chimeras infiltrated rheumatoid synovium but preferentially homed to lymph nodes. Such T cells coexpressed the chemokine receptors CCR7, CCR5, and CXCR4 and migrated in response to both inflammatory chemokines (CCL5) and homing chemokines (CXCL12). T cell receptor crosslinking abrogated chemotactic responsiveness. In contrast, interleukin-12 stimulation induced the up-regulation of CCR5 and a shift in the in vivo homing pattern away from the lymph nodes toward the inflamed synovium. Conclusion CD4+,CD28− T cells resemble both short-lived effector memory cells and long-lived central memory cells, and they find a niche both in inflamed synovium and in lymph nodes. Nonspecific cytokine stimulation, not antigen recognition, triggers the transition from the lymph node to the synovium. By maintaining CCR7 expression, these end-differentiated T cells can home to lymphoid organs, enhance their survival, support clonal expansion, and perpetuate autoreactivity.
DNS for flow separation control around an airfoil by pulsed jets

Abstract Direct numerical simulation (DNS) for flow separation and transition around a NACA-0012 airfoil with an attack angle of 4° and Reynolds number of 100,000 has been reported in our previous paper. The details of flow separation, formation of the detached shear layer, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (inviscid shear layer instability) and vortex shedding, interaction of nonlinear waves, breakdown, and re-attachment are obtained and analyzed. The power spectral density of pressure shows the low frequency of vortex shedding caused by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability still dominates from the leading edge to trailing edge. Based on our understanding on the flow separation mechanism, we try to reveal the mechanism of the flow separation control using blowing jets and then optimize the jets. DNS simulations for flow separation control by blowing jets (pulsed and pitched and skewed jets) are reported and analyzed. The effects of different unsteady blowing jets on the surface at the location just before the separation points are studied. The length of separation bubble is significantly reduced (almost removed) after unsteady blowing technology is applied. The mechanism of early transition caused by the blowing jets was found. A blowing jet with K–H frequency, sharp shape function (very small mass blowing), pitching and skewing obtained the best efficiency based on the increase of the ratio of lift over drag and decrease of blowing mass flow. In this work, a DNS code with high-order accuracy and high-resolution developed by the computational fluid dynamics group at University of Texas at Arlington is applied.
Further studies on effects of thermophoresis on seeding particles in LDV measurements of strained flames

The axial velocity profiles for counterflow premixed and diffusion flames were experimentally measured by laser-doppler velocimetry (LDV) and computationally simulated with detailed reaction mechanism and transport properties. The LDV measurements were found to agree well with the computed values in the cooler, decelerating part of the flow upstream of the flame, but to significantly deviate from the calculated values in the rapidly-accelerating preheat region of the flame in which substantial thermal expansion occurs over a very short distance. An analysis of the motion of the LDV seeding particles under the influence of viscous drag and thermophoresis in these well-characterized counterflow flame environments demonstrates that such deviations are consequences of thermophoresis. Furthermore, since the thermophoretic force is in the direction opposite to that of the temperature gradient, and its influence on the motion of the particle depends upon the local flow velocity, a rich variety of LDV velocity profiles were observed for flames with different temperature profiles and distances to the stagnation surface. The stoichiometric mixture fraction was found to be a useful parameter to characterize the velocity profile variation. The study emphasizes the importance of accounting for the effects of thermophoresis in interpreting LDV as well as PIV (particle image velocimetry) data in flames, both laminar and turbulent. An approach to closely simulate experimental counterflow flames is also presented.
T-Mycoplasmas: Growth Patterns and Physical Characteristics of Some Human Strains

Five T-mycoplasmas isolated from patients with nonspecific urethritis and five laboratory strains of T-mycoplasma were examined for differentiating biological properties. The strains differed by the presence or absence of a lag phase and the number of T-mycoplasmas constituting a colony-forming unit (cfu). Most T-mycoplasmas had no lag phase and a cfu consisting of single organisms. All had biphasic ultraviolet inactivation curves typical of suspensions containing both mononucleate and binucleate cells. Binucleate cells probably were in the process of division. They resisted sonication for 3 min. Sonication disrupted multicellular cfu in to single cells within 2 min. Stationary-phase organisms died more rapidly than exponential-phase cells. T-mycoplasmas replicated at 2 C; they grew more slowly in T-broth at 40 C and died in 2.5 min at 56 C. Inactivation curves at 45 C and 50 C differed but insufficiently to permit identification of individual strains. At pressures less than 5 psi, single-cell suspensions passed through filter membranes with 0.65-mum and 0.45-mum pores but were retained by membranes with 0.22-mum pores.
Long-term effects of diet on leptin, energy intake, and activity in a model of diet-induced obesity.

This study investigated the effect of long-term high-fat sucrose (HFS) or low-fat complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) diet consumption on leptin, insulin, fat cell size, energy intake, and markers of activ...