cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean-field bounds on the magnetization for ferromagnetic spin models

The mean-field approximation is shown to give an upper bound on the magnetization for a large class of one-component models with arbitrary ferromagnetic pair interactions. Specific examples include discrete and continuous spin Ising models. In addition, a new comparison inequality for multicomponent rotators is proven which allows this result to be extended to the plane rotator and classical Heisenberg ferromagnets.
Impact of Postoperative Hyperglycemia following Surgical Repair of Congenital Cardiac Defects

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of postoperative hyperglycemia in pediatric patients following surgery for congenital cardiac defects and its impact on morbidity and mortality. It was designed as a retrospective cohort study in a pediatric intensive care unit of a university-affiliated free-standing children’s hospital. A cohort of 213 patients who underwent 237 surgical procedures for repair or palliation of congenital cardiac defects comprised the study. Postoperative blood glucose measurements and all clinical and laboratory data were compiled for the first 10 days after surgery. The intensity and duration of hyperglycemia were analyzed for association with hospital morbidities and mortality. Mild and severe hyperglycemia were highly prevalent in our cohort (97% and 78%, respectively). Survivors had significantly lower peak (289.7 ± 180.77 mg/dl vs. 386 ± 147.95 mg/dl), mean (110.13 ± 36.22 mg/dl vs. 146.75 ± 57.12 mg/dl), and duration (2.59 ± 2.3 days vs. 5.35 ± 2.8 days) of hyperglycemia compared to nonsurvivors. Duration of hyperglycemia was independently associated with morbidity [odds ratio (OR): 1.95; p < 0.001] and mortality (OR: 1.41; p = 0.03) by multivariate logistic regression. Hyperglycemia is common in children following surgical repair or palliation of congenital cardiac defects. Postoperative hyperglycemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in these patients.
The Sperry Corporation and listening: An interview

I discussed the Sperry Corporation's advertising campaign about listening recently with me two people responsible for it: Kenneth F. Thompson, Sperry's Group Executive Vice President, and Delmont J. Kennedy, Director of Advertising. Since I am very interested in listening, I wanted to know something about the comparative success of Sperry's listening campaign. I had seen Sperry's ads on listening in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, other business publications, and on television, and I had many questions about the campaign. We met at Sperry's corporate headquarters at 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, on June 6, 1980. I began by asking: J.D." Tell me, what made you decide to start a campaign about listening? I was very struck with it when I saw it because it seemed like so original and interesting an idea. It had never been done before so what made you decide to use this approach? K.T." Well, we had been using as an advertising theme "making machines do more so man can do more" and it had been working at a couple of the divisions at Sperry. But it didn't really have the kind of impact for Sperry Univac that it had for the rest of Sperry. And so we searched for something else. When you pick a new slogan, the fundamental thing is finding something that is credible, something that people will believe about a company, something you can back up, and something that will have an impact on the market. So we commissioned two research studies to find out what people thought about Sperry Corporat ion-especially what they thought about Sperry Univac-and also what they thought about the other Sperry divisions (farm equipment, Sperry New Holland, Sperry Vickers hydraulics, et cetera). A number of things came back, many positive, some negative. The most positive thing that came back is that we were different because we would listen. And we would try to solve a customer's problems rather than just saying, "Here's our equipment.
Emergency psychiatric consultation to medical-surgical services.

A series of 465 consecutive psychiatric consultations to medical-surgical services was examined to compare consultations designated as emergencies with those requested on a routine basis. Twenty-three percent of the consultation requests were designated as emergencies, and psychotic thinking and suicidality were noted more frequently in this group. Emergencies, however, were invoked less frequently in patients 60 years of age or older. The consultant's approach to emergency consultations demonstrates a more active role, with more recommendations for initiation of psychotropic drugs, more follow-up visits, greater numbers of recommendations for disposition, and greater numbers of contacts with outside sources of information effected. Notably, concordance with diagnostic and psychotropic drug recommendations and representation of psychiatric diagnosis in discharge summaries did not differ significantly between the two groups. The results underscore the usefulness of closely monitoring consultation outcomes and the need to explore and implement interventions that will enhance consultee responses in situations requiring acute psychiatric interventions.
Opioid receptor-mediated hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance induced by sustained opiate delivery

Opiates are commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain and can be used over prolonged periods in states of chronic pain such as those associated with cancer. In addition, to analgesic actions, studies show that opiate administration can paradoxically induce hyperalgesia. At the pre-clinical level, such hyperalgesia is associated with numerous pronociceptive neuroplastic changes within the primary afferent fibers and the spinal cord. In rodents, sustained opiate administration also induces antinociceptive tolerance. The mechanisms by which prolonged opiate exposure induces hyperalgesia and the relationship of this state to antinociceptive tolerance remain unclear. The present study was aimed at determining whether sustained opiate-induced hyperalgesia, associated neuroplasticity and antinociceptive tolerance are the result of specific opiate interaction at opiate receptors. Enantiomers of oxymorphone, a mu opioid receptor agonist, were administered to rats by spinal infusion across 7 days. Sustained spinal administration of (-)-oxymorphone, but not its inactive enantiomer (+)-oxymorphone or vehicle, upregulated spinal dynorphin content, produced thermal and tactile hypersensitivity, and produced antinociceptive tolerance. These results indicate that these pronociceptive actions of sustained opiate administration require specific interaction with opiate receptors and are unlikely to be the result of accumulation of potentially excitatory metabolic products. While the precise mechanisms, which may account for these pronociceptive changes remain to be unraveled, the present data point to plasticity initiated by opiate receptor interaction.
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase

Posttranslational modifications can cause profound changes in protein function. Typically, these modifications are reversible, and thus provide a biochemical on-off switch. In contrast, proline residues are the substrates for an irreversible reaction that is the most common posttranslational modification in humans. This reaction, which is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), yields (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp). The protein substrates for P4Hs are diverse. Likewise, the biological consequences of prolyl hydroxylation vary widely, and include altering protein conformation and protein-protein interactions, and enabling further modification. The best known role for Hyp is in stabilizing the collagen triple helix. Hyp is also found in proteins with collagen-like domains, as well as elastin, conotoxins, and argonaute 2. A prolyl hydroxylase domain protein acts on the hypoxia inducible factor alpha, which plays a key role in sensing molecular oxygen, and could act on inhibitory kappaB kinase and RNA polymerase II. P4Hs are not unique to animals, being found in plants and microbes as well. Here, we review the enzymic catalysts of prolyl hydroxylation, along with the chemical and biochemical consequences of this subtle but abundant posttranslational modification.
Knowledge management for occupational safety, health, and ergonomics

The critical challenge for occupational safety, health, and ergonomics (OSHE) in contemporary industry is management of the existing individual (personal) knowledge, structural knowledge (i.e., knowledge codified into manuals, reports, databases, and data warehouses), and organizational knowledge (activity of learning within the organization) in the vast domain of practical applications. Therefore, the principles and tools of knowledge management (KM) should be used to facilitate the management of OSHE. The authors discuss the requirements for effective knowledge management, review the existing models of KM and their structures, and introduce a model for KM in OSHE. The proposed model of KM for OSHE is based on a strategy that establishes knowledge as the central resource to achieve the goals of OSHE management. The model includes the systems of organizational knowledge, organizational learning (knowledge creation, distribution, elaboration, and consolidation), development of knowledge workers, KM processes (review, conceptualization, reflection, and acting), and relevant information-technologies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 309–319, 2006.
A GAM-NEU VIEWING WINDOW DESIGN

Abstract Scientific and engineering experimenters are increasing their research activities in areas where equally potent amounts of gamma and neutron radiation occur. Shielded viewing windows have offered the best means for visually observing experiments being conducted in a single type of radiation environment. Multiple radiation does not change the usefulness of viewing windows, but it does add to their design problems. A discussion is presented on radiation sources, design criteria, neutron and gamma shielding equations, effective removal cross sections, window configuration, standard terminology, and the construction requirements for a single Gam-Neu window designed for installation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A design approach for a Gam-Neu window is presented as a guide for the development of future shielded viewing window concepts.
Dual Roles of METCAM in the Progression of Different Cancers

METCAM, an integral membrane cell adhesion molecule (CAM) in the Ig-like gene superfamily, is capable of performing typical functions of CAMs, such as mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular interactions, crosstalk with intracellular signaling pathways, and modulating social behaviors of cells. METCAM is expressed in about nine normal cells/tissues. Aberrant expression of METCAM has been associated with the progression of several epithelial tumors. Further in vitro and in vivo studies show that METCAM plays a dual role in the progression of different tumors. It can promote the malignant progression of several tumors. On the other hand, it can suppress the malignant progression of other tumors. We suggest that the role of METCAM in the progression of different cancer types may be modulated by different intrinsic factors present in different cancer cells and also in different stromal microenvironment. Many possible mechanisms mediated by this CAM during early tumor development and metastasis are suggested.
Core loss measurement in a fabricated stator of a single-sided axial flux permanent magnet machine

Core loss prediction and measurement has always been a concern for electrical machine design engineers. In this paper, a method is proposed to measure the core loss in a fabricated stator of a single-sided axial flux permanent magnet machine. The core loss data in the back iron and in a single tooth are measured separately, eliminating the use of any correction factor. The core loss data measured in the fabricated stator is compared with measurements made on an identical toroid to the one from which the stator is fabricated by milling slots, before the milling operation. The purpose of his work is to get the actual core loss as accurately as possible for later loss separation research.
Argon arc lamps.

The spectra of several Ar arc lamps were measured in the 0.4–0.9-μm range. The voltage and current characteristics of these lamps filled with various Ar pressures were also measured. One of the lamps was then used to pump a Nd-YAG laser, and the same laser was also pumped with a common Xe arc lamp. A comparison of the laser performance with both arc lamps is presented.
Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by chorionic gonadotropin during the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells into decidua.

Human endometrial stromal cells contain human CG (hCG)/LH receptors and in vitro, hCG/LH can promote stromal cells differentiation into decidua. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the treatment of stromal cells with exogenous hCG/LH to promote in up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. The stromal cells from proliferative phase endometria were cultured for 10 days with 10 ng/ml estradiol and 100 ng/ml progesterone in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of highly purified hCG. Northern blotting demonstrated that the cells contained a 4.4-kb COX-2 messenger RNA transcript whose levels significantly increased after treatment with hCG. Western blotting showed that the cells contained a 72-kDa COX-2 protein which also significantly increased after treatment with hCG. The effect of hCG on COX-2 messenger RNA and protein was seen at 10 ng/ml and higher concentrations sustained the increased levels. Although human LH mimicked hCG, human FSH, TSH, and isolated a...
The effects of dissolved CO2 on coal structure and properties

Carbon dioxide dissolves in coals and swells them slightly. The dissolved CO2 seems to act as a plasticizer, enabling physical structure rearrangements and lowering the coal's softening temperature. Plasticized coals are known to rearrange to a more associated form in which fluids, including CO2, will be less soluble. A comparison of the sorption of CO2 and ethane, molecules of similar size, shows much greater CO2 uptake probably because of much faster diffusion of CO2 through the coal because CO2 readily dissolves in coals and ethane does not. Only a little is known of the effects of confining coal and lithostatic pressure on CO2 uptake and on the behavior of plasticized coals.
Sequential bond energies of water to sodium glycine cation

Abstract Absolute bond dissociation energies of water to sodium glycine cations and glycine to hydrated sodium cations are determined experimentally by competitive collision-induced dissociation (CID) of Na+Gly(H2O)x, x = 1–4, with xenon in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The cross sections for CID are analyzed to account for unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, multiple ion–molecule collisions, and competition between reaction channels. Experimental results show that the binding energies of water and glycine to the complexes decrease monotonically with increasing number of water molecules. Ab initio calculations at four different levels show good agreement with the experimental bond energies of water to Na+Gly(H2O)x, x = 0–3, and glycine to Na+(H2O), whereas the bond energies of glycine to Na+(H2O)x, x = 2–4, are systematically higher than the experimental values. These discrepancies may provide some evidence that these Na+Gly(H2O)x complexes are trapped in excited state conformers. Both experimental and theoretical results indicate that the sodiated glycine complexes are in their nonzwitterionic forms when solvated by up to four water molecules. The primary binding site for Na+ changes from chelation at the amino nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of glycine for x = 0 and 1 to binding at the C terminus of glycine for x = 2–4. The present characterization of the structures upon sequential hydration indicates that the stability of the zwitterionic form of amino acids in solution is a consequence of being able to solvate all charge centers.
Control of Monolayer Assembly Structure by Hydrogen Bonding Rather Than by Adsorbate−Substrate Templating

Stratified amide-containing self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provide opportunities for investigating the fundamental dependence of supramolecular structure upon molecular constitution. We report a series of amide-containing alkanethiol SAMs (Cn-1AT/Au, n = 9, 11−16, 18) in which the hydrophobic overlayer thickness is systematically varied and the thickness of the polar region is held constant. The results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, reflective IR spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements provide a consistent structural picture of the series. The amide underlayers in all the SAMs are well-ordered and extensively hydrogen bonded. However, the alkyl chains are disordered below n = 15. Comparison of the assembly structures shows that the chain length threshold for alkyl ordering is several methylenes higher than in n-alkanethiol SAMs. This indicates that alkyl chains adjacent to an amide underlayer are destabilized as compared to n-alkanethiols and that the amide unde...
Desired Characteristics of Spouses and Best Friends: Do They Differ by Sex and/or Gender?

In view of the salutary effects that having one's spouse as one's best friend are said to impart (G. R. Lee 1988; Schwartz 1994), we investigated the relationship between desired characteristics of a best friend and of a spouse. Consistent with earlier scholarship in this area, we found that desired characteristics overlap considerably for those two roles. We also found that men's and women's selection of characteristics are highly similar and that having a current same-sex or cross-sex best friend did not modify the characteristics chosen for either best friends or spouses. We discuss these findings in terms of the trend toward nontraditional gender role identities and expectations in close relationships.
Spontaneous phasic activity of isolated human coronary arteries.

The functional behaviour and pharmacological responses of ring segments of large coronary arteries removed from five patients undergoing cardiac transplantation were studied in vitro. All segments showed spontaneous rhythmic contractions which were markedly dependent on external calcium and were rapidly abolished in calcium-free solutions and by verapamil. The contractions were inhibited by cooling and by anoxia. Phasic activity was enhanced by increasing the external potassium concentration over the range 5 to 20 mmol.litre-1 but was abolished by 120 mmol.litre-1 potassium. Noradrenaline and ergonovine enhanced or induced phasic activity. The behaviour of human coronary arteries resembles that of the portal-mesenteric veins of many species and our results suggest that the activation mechanisms of these two tissues may be similar.
PaperCAD: a system for interrogating CAD drawings using small mobile computing devices combined with interactive paper

Smartphones have become indispensable computational tools. However, some tasks can be difficult to perform on a smartphone because these devices have small displays. Here, we explore methods for augmenting the display of a smartphone, or other PDA, using interactive paper. Specifically, we present a prototype interface that enables a user to interactively interrogate technical drawings using an Anoto-based smartpen and a PDA. Our software system, called PaperCAD, enables users to query geometric information from CAD drawings printed on A noto dot-patterned paper. For example, the user can measure a distance by drawing a dimension arrow. The system provides output to the user via a smartpen's audio speaker and the dynamic video display of a PDA. The user can select either verbose or concise audio feedback, and the PDA displays a video image of the portion of the drawing near the pen tip. The project entails advances in the interpretation of pen input, such as a method that uses contextual information to interpret ambiguous dimensions and a technique that uses a hidden Markov model to correct interpretation errors in handwritten equations. Results of a user study suggest that our user interface design and interpretation techniques are effective and that users are highly satisfied with the system.
MIMO radar with broadband waveforms: Smearing filter banks and 2D virtual arrays

In this paper MIMO radars with broadband waveforms are considered. A time domain viewpoint is taken, which allows frequency invariant beamforming with a filter bank called the smearing filter bank. Motivated by recent work on two dimensional arrays to obtain frequency invariant one dimensional beams, the generation of two dimensional virtual arrays from one dimensional ULAs is also considered. It is also argued that when the smearing filter bank is appropriately used, frequency invariant 2D beams can be generated.
ON "THE EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF SOCIAL WASPS AND THE PHYLOGENY OF THE VESPINAE (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE)

SUMMARY VARVIO-AI-IO et al. (1984) incorrectly analyzed their data on allozymes for eight species of European yeUowjackets. Correct analysis produces 50 trees of lower percent standard deviation than their Fitch-Margoliash tree, and three additional Wagner trees of the same length as their network. Construction of consensus trees shows their data to be relatively uninformative on relationships of these vespine species. Their suggestion that Dolichovespula is not monophyletic cannot be upheld.
Release of Infectious Cells from Epidermal Ulcers in Ichthyophonus sp.–Infected Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii): Evidence for Multiple Mechanisms of Transmission

Abstract A common clinical sign of ichthyophoniasis in herring and trout is “sandpaper” skin, a roughening of the epidermis characterized by the appearance of small papules, followed by ulceration and sloughing of the epithelium; early investigators hypothesized that these ulcers might be a means of transmitting the parasite, Ichthyophonus sp., without the necessity of ingesting an infected host. We examined the cells associated with the epidermal lesions and confirmed that they were viable Ichthyophonus sp. cells that were readily released from the skin into the mucous layer and ultimately into the aquatic environment. The released cells were infectious when injected into the body cavity of specific-pathogen-free herring. Our hypothesis is that different mechanisms of transmission occur in carnivorous and planktivorous hosts: Planktonic feeders become infected by ingestion of ulcer-derived cells, while carnivores become infected by ingestion of whole infected fish.
Peace and Security in the Postmodern World: The OSCE and Conflict Resolution

1. Violent Postmodern Conflict: A Need to Go Beyond Symptoms 2. A Framework for Analyzing Violent Postmodern Conflict 3. A Model for Responding to Violent Postmodern Conflict 4. Eliciting the Wisdom of CSCE/OSCE Negotiators: Research Design 5. CSCE/OSCE Negotiators' Perceptions of Select Peace and Security Issues 6. CSCE/OSCE Negotiators' Perceptions of Causes of the Balkan Wars of the 1990s 7. CSCE/OSCE Negotiators' Perceptions of Lessons Learned from the Balkan Wars of the 1990s 8. CSCE/OSCE Negotiators' Visions of Ideal Peace and Security in Postmodern Europe 9. After 9/11: Peace and Security Issues Revisited 10. Implications for Research, Theory, and Policy
Smoothing Regularizers for Projective Basis Function Networks

Smoothing regularizers for radial basis functions have been studied extensively, but no general smoothing regularizers for projective basis junctions (PBFs), such as the widely-used sigmoidal PBFs, have heretofore been proposed. We derive new classes of algebraically-simple mth-order smoothing regularizers for networks of the form f(W, x) = Σi=1N Ujg [xT vj + Vjo] + uo, with general projective basis functions g[ċ]. These regularizers are: RG(W,m) = Σi=1N Uj2||vj||2m-1 Global Form RL(W,m) = Σi=1N uj2||vj||2m Local Form These regularizers bound the corresponding mth-order smoothing integral S(W,m) = ∫dD xω(x) ||∂m f(W,x)/∂xm||2, where W denotes all the network weights {uj, uo, vj, vo}, and Ω(x) is a weighting function on the D-dimensional input space. The global and local cases are distinguished by different choices of Ω(x). The simple algebraic forms R(W, m) enable the direct enforcement of smoothness without the need for costly Monte-Carlo integrations of S(W, m). The new regularizers are shown to yield better generalization errors than weight decay when the implicit assumptions in the latter are wrong. Unlike weight decay, the new regularizers distinguish between the roles of the input and output weights and capture the interactions between them.
Interrelation of Coronary Calcification, Myocardial Ischemia, and Outcomes in Patients With Intermediate Likelihood of Coronary Artery Disease A Combined Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Study

Background— Although the value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) for atherosclerosis screening is gaining acceptance, its efficacy in predicting flow-limiting coronary artery disease remains controversial, and its incremental prognostic value over myocardial perfusion is not well established. Methods and Results— We evaluated 695 consecutive intermediate-risk patients undergoing combined rest-stress rubidium 82 positron emission tomography (PET) perfusion imaging and CAC scoring on a hybrid PET-computed tomography (CT) scanner. The frequency of abnormal scans among patients with a CAC score ≥400 was higher than that in patients with a CAC score of 1 to 399 (48.5% versus 21.7%, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression supported the concept of a threshold CAC score ≥400 governing this relationship (odds ratio 2.91, P<0.001); however, the frequency of ischemia among patients with no CAC was 16.0%, and its absence only afforded a negative predictive value of 84.0%. Risk-adjusted survival analysis demonstrate...
Effects of Short-Term and Long-Term Administration of Procaine Hydrochloride and Mepivacaine Hydrochloride on Hexobarbital-Induced Sleeping Times in Mice

Investigations were performed to determine the effects of short-and long-term pretreatment with procaine and mepivacaine on hexobarbital-induced sleeping times in mice. It was found that short-term preadministration with procaine (40 mg/kg) and mepivacine (40 and 60 mg/kg) significantly increased hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, but long-term pretreatment had no effect.
Seismic responses of deck‐type arch bridges

The dynamic responses of three deck-type arch bridges, with main spans of 59,213 and 518m, are presented. The ratios of natural period to arch span were found to be quite close for all three bridges. Artificial ground motions were applied separately in three directions to finite-element models of each bridge. Three acceleration levels were considered—0.09g, 0.22g and 0.50g—corresponding to the AASHTO Seismic Risk Zones I, II and III, respectively. Responses to uniform lateral motion were generally the largest, while the responses to vertical motion were generally lower than those due to lateral or longitudinal motion. In all cases considered, none of the total stresses in the main members exceeded the yield stress. Connection and secondary member responses were also calculated and are presented. In addition, the effects of unequal motions at the supports were sampled by various deterministic inputs. While the effects of such motions in the vertical and lateral directions were less than the responses to uniform motion, the effects of unequal longitudinal motions at the supports were substantial.
Occupational therapist home evaluations: inequalities, but doing the best we can?

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was (a) to describe the occupational therapy recommendations provided to patients discharged to inner city homes, and (b) to examine the relationship between patient health insurance and the number and type of occupational therapist recommendations for equipment and home modifications. METHOD An archival review was conducted of all referrals to the home evaluation program (n = 755) at a large urban rehabilitation hospital between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998. Additional patient demographic data and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) data were obtained in electronic form from the hospital information database. RESULTS Analysis of results showed that while the pattern of equipment and modification recommendations varied little, publicly insured patients received fewer home modification recommendations compared to privately insured patients (t = 3.7; p < .0005), and were discharged from rehabilitation with significantly lower functional independence (MANOVA F = 3.9; p = .05). CONCLUSION Results alert occupational therapists to the relationship between health insurance and treatment recommendations and point to patient advocacy and health policy as potential pathways to desired a achieve social change.
Conditional probability and correlation coefficient estimators for a first order Bernoulli process

This work is concerned with estimation of parameters associated with a correlated binary state Markov chain, also known as a type of spike train process. The variance expressions for the natural estimators of the process mean, joint and conditional probabilities, and correlation coefficient are given. These estimators are shown to be maximum likelihood estimators.
Conjugate limb coordination after experience with an interlimb yoke: Evidence for motor learning in the rat fetus

This study investigated the capacity of the E20 rat fetus to adaptively alter patterns of interlimb coordination in a prenatal model of motor learning. Fetal limb movement was manipulated with an interlimb yoke, consisting of a fine thread attached at the ankles, which created a physical linkage between two limbs. Exposure to the yoke resulted in a gradual increase in conjugate movements of the yoked limbs during a 30-min training period, which persisted after removal of the yoke. Training effects were evident when the yoke was applied to two hindlimbs, two forelimbs, or a homolateral forelimb-hindlimb pair. A savings in the rate of acquisition also was observed when fetuses experienced yoke training in a second session. These data argue that the rat fetus can respond to kinesthetic feedback resulting from variation in motor performance, which suggests that experience contributes to the development of coordinated motor behavior before birth.
Transcutaneous Bilirubin Measurement: Does It Work in the Real World?

In their study of the routine use of transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurements in 27 well infant nurseries, Taylor et al1 found that 2.2% of TcB measurements underestimated the clinical laboratory measurement of total serum bilirubin (TSB) by ≥3.0 mg/dL, and the tendency for TcB to underestimate TSB increased with advancing newborn age (presumably up to the length of stay of a normal newborn). They nevertheless conclude that TcB measurements “provide reasonably accurate estimates of TSB values” and work well enough as a method for identifying significant hyperbilirubinemia. Because many nurseries now follow the recommendation to screen all infants with a TSB or TcB before discharge,2 it is important to know whether we can rely on the TcB as a screening measurement. Although some 30 years of worldwide experience with this technique have been largely rewarding,3 most of the published data come from research studies where attention is given to detail and quality control. The importance of quality control is illustrated in a report by Wainer et al,4 who noted that 25% of the TcB devices they studied “did not perform within allowable limits of our quality control procedures ….” Both of the instruments currently … Address correspondence to M. Jeffrey Maisels, MB, BCh, DSc, Division of Newborn Medicine, Beaumont Children’s Hospital, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073. E-mail: jmaisels{at}beaumont.edu
Alliance-Building at the Dawn of Chinese Civilization

Two main dimensions of the late Shang state (ca. 1200-1045 B.C,) characterized the early Chinese civilization, although it was not China’s first dynastic state:1 that it was a dynastic state instead of a chiefdom, and that it preserved written records on oracle-bone inscriptions (OBI), which recorded diverse and well-organized human activities during a period of more than 270 years when Anyang was its capital (14th century B.C. – 11 century B.C.). The Shang state developed conceptions of sovereignty with the Shang king and his Zi 子-clan as the political center, which ruled a “territory” of the center (the Shang core, da yi Shang 大邑商, the Great Settlement Shang), hundreds of royal and non-royal lineage-settlements (zu yi 族邑), and various allied Shang and non-Shang settlement-states, the so-called fang方-states (fangguo 方國).2 In all of this the
Cognitive Control in the Service of Self-Regulation

We define the terms ‘conflict,’ ‘cognitive control,’ and ‘self-regulation,’ and discuss their importance in naturalistic behavior, particularly the frequent conflict between automatic and goal-directed behaviors. We discuss the cognitive control mechanisms of attention and response inhibition that support task-relevant, goal-directed behavior in the face of such conflicts. The roles of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex in monitoring conflicts and controlling cognition and behavior, respectively, are discussed in the context of an influential connectionist model of behavioral performance on the Stroop task. The relevance of these ideas to understanding psychopathological processes is also considered, with a brief discussion of the breakdown of cognitive and emotional control in bipolar disorder.
A theoretical investigation on the Ti(H2O)n0,1+(n=1–5) clusters by density functional theory methods

Abstract The first systematic study of the Ti ( H 2 O ) n 0 , 1 + ( n = 1 – 5 ) series of clusters is herein presented at the level of the DFT B3LYP method in conjunction with electron core potential basis sets. The investigated structures are relevant for laser-induced and laser-ablation syntheses of titanium compounds, and also for fundamental spectroscopy studies of metal-bearing species in the gas phase. Calculated properties include optimal geometries, total energies, bond lengths, bond angles, natural orbital population analysis charges, and hydration dissociation energies inter alia. Present results reveal a strict correlation between the clusters total energy and their spin state. Without exception, the most stable neutral (cation) clusters Ti ( H 2 O ) 1 – 5 0 + [ Ti ( H 2 O ) 1 – 5 1 + ] are those with spin state S = 1 (S = 3/2). Comparisons with a few available theoretical results show good agreement.
The open-loop control of MEMS: modeling and experimental results

As adaptive optics (AO) technology progresses, both wide-field and high-order wavefront correction systems become reachable. Deformable mirrors (DMs) in these advanced architectures must exhibit exemplary performance to give low wavefront error. Such DMs must be economically attainable, meet stroke as well as flatness requirements, and show stable and repeatable actuation. Micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirrors, undergoing testing and characterization in the Laboratory for Adaptive Optics (LAO) at the University of California at Santa Cruz, show promise on these fronts. In addition to requiring advanced deformable mirror technology, these progressive AO architectures require advanced DM control algorithms. We therefore present a formulation for accurate open-loop control of MEMS deformable mirrors. The electrostatic actuators in a discrete-actuator MEMS device are attached via posts to a thin reflective top plate. The plate itself can be well-modeled by the thin plate equation. The actuators, although nonlinear in their response to applied voltage and deformation, are independent of each other except through forces transmitted by the top plate and can be empirically modeled via a calibration procedure we will describe. In this paper we present the modeling and laboratory results. So far in the lab we have achieved open loop control to ∼15 nm accuracy in response to arbitrary commands of ∼500 nm amplitude. Open-loop control enables a wealth of new applications for astronomical adaptive optics instruments, particularly in multi-object integral field spectroscopy, which we will describe.
Polaroid Corporation, 1996

This case puts the student in the shoes of the recently appointed treasurer of Polaroid Corporation, who must consider several matters concerning the firm's debt policy. An immediate concern is the company's outstanding $150 million 7.25% notes, due to mature in several months. Although investment bankers interested in doing business with Polaroid have been trying to present proposals for refunding the issue, the new treasurer believes that any refunding decision should be part of a larger review of the firm's financial policies. Accordingly, he has undertaken a review of the firm's overall debt policy, focusing primarily on the mix of debt and equity and on the maturity structure of the debt. The case asks students to consider how much flexibility Polaroid's business will require in future years and to pick a target debt ratio that provides the necessary flexibility. Students must evaluate, in addition to internal demands for funds, the role of bond ratings and investment-grade status in maintaining ongoing access to capital markets.
Yang–Mills for historians and philosophers

The phrase “Yang–Mills” can be used (1) to refer to the specific theory proposed by Yang and Mills in 1954; or (2) as shorthand for any non-Abelian gauge theory. The 1954 version, physically speaking, had a famous show-stopping defect in the form of what might be called the “Pauli snag,” or the requirement that, in the Lagrangian for non-Abelian gauge theory the mass term for the gauge field has to be zero. How, then, was it possible for (1) to turn into (2)? What unfolding sequence of events made this transition possible, and what does this evolution say about the nature of theories in physics? The transition between (1) and (2) illustrates what historians and philosophers a century from now might still find instructive and stimulating about the development of Yang–Mills theory.
Novel Stereochemical Effects in Certain Coordination Compounds

This paper is concerned with the stereochemical properties of certain generically related mononuclear complexes in which the coordination number of the central atom or cation is 7, 8, 9, or 10. New results are reported for amine-polycarboxylate chelates of Zr (IV), high spin Fe3+, and the M3+rare earth ions; the chelating agents are ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; H4Y), 1, 2-diaminocyclohexane -N, N′ -tetraacetic acid (DCTA, H4Z), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA; H3X). X-ray diffraction analyses of three-dimensional data from single crystals provide quantitative descriptions of the chelates for theoretical discussion and correlation with other experimental observations.
Application of Digital Video Interactive Technology for Operation and Maintenance of Industrial Gas Turbines

The operation and maintenance of large combustion turbines for electric power generation can be enhanced by training plant operators and maintenance technicians using Digital Video Interactive (DVI®) technology.DVI® is an all digital format for generating motion video, audio, animation, and graphics and still images. Using DVI® for visual information display provides effective training that encompasses both functional and diagnostic training, and can be augmented by on-line access to gas turbine documentation. The success of DVI® as a training vehicle is expected to be patterned after the success of interactive videodisc with the added advantage of an all digital format. DVI® is being integrated with other advanced technologies including expert systems and intelligent tutoring to form a complete informational resource for diagnostic training, visual data bases, and post disturbance analysis and blade inspection.These informational resources can be applied to on-site training using a new low-cost portable delivery system combining powerful microcomputers, dual visual displays, and large disk storage media. This portable information system is an outgrowth of the EPRI research into field troubleshooting based upon the SA*VANT® system. SA*VANT® is a portable computer-based expert system advisor to aid technicians in troubleshooting the Westinghouse 501 during fail-to-start situations.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
The Toxicity and Residual Effectiveness of Malathion and Diazinon Used for Protection of Stored Wheat

The relative susceptibilities of 17 species of stored-product insects to malathion and diazinon deposits (ppm) on wheat sprayed with acetone solutions of each insecticide were determined from LC values obtained in a series of toxicity tests. Mature larvae of 4 species of Trogodema were used; all other test insects were adults. Diazinon was more effective than malathion against Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr), flat grain beetle; Latheticus oryzae Water-house; Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer; Sitophilus oryzae (L.), rice weevil; S. zeamais Motschulsky; Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), Angoumois grain moth; Tribolium brevicornis (LeConte); T. castaneum (Herbst), red flour beetle; T. confusum Jacquelin duVal, confused flour beetle; Trogoderma inclusum LeConte; T. parabile Beal, and T. simplex Jayne. Diazinon was less effective against Doliema plana (F.); Oryzaephilus menator (Fauvel), merchant grain beetle; O. surinamensis (L.), saw-toothed grain beetle; and Sitophilus granarius (L.), granary weevil. At the LC50, T. glabrum (Herbst) was more susceptible to diazinon than malathion, but not at the LC95. Results from residual protect ant tests designed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various concentrations of insecticide residues (ppm) on wheat in preventing infestations of 6 species of stored-product insects showed diazinon to be slightly more effective than malathion when considering counts of all insects, but the most important differences observed were in the response of species to the treatments involved. Tolerance of “bran beetles” to malathion was in the order of Tribolium castaneum > C. pusillus > O. surinamensis , and tolerance to diazinon was ill the order of O. surinamensis > T. castaneum > C. pusillus . Good protection against R. dominica demonstrated by malathion treatments, as compared with S. oryzae , suggested that susceptibility of R. dominica larvae may be an important factor in the use of grain protect ants for prevention of infestations of this species. Infestations of S. oryzae were greater in malathion-than in diazinon-treated samples of wheat. One species, S. granarius , failed to compete favorably in the test complex.
Some effects of quinidine and quinine on the electromyogram of the colon.

The cat colon was exposed in vitro to two diarrheogenic agents, quinidine and quinine. Six electrodes, uniformly spaced in the long axis of the ascending colon, recorded the electromyogram before and after the addition of either quinidine hydrochloride or quinine dihydrochloride. Records were read for changes in electrical slow wave frequency and congruence, and for changes in the proportion of slow waves bearing spike potentials. Both agents significantly raised slow wave frequency at concentrations of 5 × 10–4 m . Slow wave congruence (as measured by calculating the coefficient of variation of frequency among the six electrodes) was significantly reduced by quinidine at 2 × 10–4 m and by quinine at 5 × 10–4 m . The proportion of slow waves bearing spike potentials increased significantly with quinidine at 5 × 10–4 m but not at 10–3 m .
Verification of an Automated, Digital Dispensing Platform for At-Will Broth Microdilution-Based Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

With rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is often a need to perform susceptibility testing for less commonly used or newer antimicrobial agents. Such testing can often be performed only by using labor-intensive, manual dilution methods and lies outside the capacity of most clinical labs, necessitating reference laboratory testing and thereby delaying the availability of susceptibility data. To address the compelling clinical need for microbiology laboratories to perform such testing in-house, we explored a novel, automated, at-will broth microdilution-based susceptibility testing platform. Specifically, we used the modified inkjet printer technology in the HP D300 digital dispensing system to dispense, directly from stock solutions into a 384-well plate, the 2-fold serial dilution series required for broth microdilution testing. This technology was combined with automated absorbance readings and data analysis to determine MICs. Performance was verified by testing members of the Enterobacteriaceae for susceptibility to ampicillin, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, gentamicin, meropenem, and tetracycline in comparison to the results obtained with a broth microdilution reference standard. In precision studies, essential and categorical agreement levels were 96.8% and 98.3%, respectively. Furthermore, significantly fewer D300-based measurements were outside ±1 dilution from the modal MIC, suggesting enhanced reproducibility. In accuracy studies performed using a panel of 80 curated clinical isolates, rates of essential and categorical agreement and very major, major, and minor errors were 94%, 96.6%, 0%, 0%, and 3.4%, respectively. Based on these promising initial results, it is anticipated that the D300-based methodology will enable hospital-based clinical microbiology laboratories to perform at-will broth microdilution testing of antimicrobials and to address a critical testing gap.
CAMAC: a modular standard

Describes the basic IEEE specifications of CAMAC, acquaints practising system engineers with its basic principles and applications, and gives insight into how this standard can benefit the digital engineering community.
Internet freedom and social media effects: democracy and citizen attitudes in Latin America

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theorize the heightened exposure to information via the internet can lead citizens to be more critical about political conditions in their countries because using social media increases the likelihood of being exposed to dissident information. Further, the authors argue that the degree to which information is restricted, or internet access is limited, across countries can decrease this effect simply because the likelihood of exposure to a dissident flow is diminished. Design/methodology/approach The authors used survey data from the 2010 Latino Barometer to estimate a series of multilevel models to test whether citizens’ attitudes about the political conditions and about democracy in their respective countries worsen, and whether this effect is stronger in countries with higher internet freedom. Findings The results confirm that social media use has a negative influence on citizens’ attitudes about their national political conditions. In addition, respondents from those countries with more internet freedom tended to have more positive attitudes about their democracy and political conditions, generally. However, as a result of more internet freedom, the negative effects of internet and social media use on these attitudes was more pronounced in countries with more internet freedom. Originality/value These results suggest that the flow of information via the internet has substantial effect on how people feel about their government. This could be consequential for political stability, particularly in countries the conditions are not favorable. That said, these results also suggest that governments can actively decrease the odds of this dissidence building by controlling the flow of information.