cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engraftment and bone mass are enhanced by PTHrP 1-34 in ectopically transplanted vertebrae (vossicle model) and can be non-invasively monitored with bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging.

Evidence exists that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) 1–34 may be more anabolic in bone than parathyroid hormone 1–34. While optical imaging is growing in popularity, scant information exists on the relationships between traditional bone imaging and histology and bioluminescence (BLI) and fluorescence (FLI) imaging. We aimed to evaluate the effects of PTHrP 1–34 on bone mass and determine if relationships existed between radiographic and histologic findings in bone and BLI and FLI indices. Vertebrae (vossicles) from mice coexpressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein were implanted subcutaneously into allogenic nude mice. Transplant recipients were treated daily with saline or PTHrP 1–34 for 4 weeks. BLI, FLI, radiography, histology, and µCT of the vossicles were performed over time. PTHrP 1–34 increased bioluminescence the most after 2 weeks, fluorescence at all time points, and decreased the time to peak bioluminescence at 4 weeks (P ≤ 0.027), the latter of which suggesting enhanced engraftment. PTHrP 1–34 maximized vertebral body volume at 4 weeks (P < 0.0001). The total amount of bone observed histologically increased in both groups at 2 and 4 weeks (P ≤ 0.002); however, PTHrP 1–34 exceeded time-matched controls (P ≤ 0.044). A positive linear relationship existed between the percentage of trabecular bone and (1) total bioluminescence (r = 0.595; P = 0.019); (2) total fluorescence (r = 0.474; P = 0.074); and (3) max fluorescence (r = 0.587; P = 0.021). In conclusion, PTHrP 1–34 enhances engraftment and bone mass, which can be monitored non-invasively by BLI and FLI.
Malignant Transformation of Cells by the v-Rel Oncoprotein

The v-Rel oncoprotein is the transforming protein of the replication-defective avian Rev-T retrovirus, which is derived from the Rev-A replication-competent helper virus. Although specific Rel proteins can be regulated in several ways all Rel proteins are likely to be regulated by subcellular location. v-Rel and c-Rel differ in several ways. The deletion of C-terminal sequences in v-Rel has three functional consequences. First, v-Rel and C-terminally truncated forms of c-Rel are located in the nuclei of chicken fibroblasts, whereas full-length c-Rel is located in the cytoplasm, probably because these truncated Rel proteins interact less strongly with IKB-α than does full-length c-Rel. Second, the C-terminal truncation in v-Rel has removed c-Rel sequences that can act as strong transcriptional activation domains. Third, v-Rel and C-terminally truncated forms of c-Rel are highly transforming. The C-terminal deletion in v-Rel appears to be the most important mutation for activating the oncogenicity of c-Rel. Chicken spleen cells transformed in vitro by wild-type v-Rel usually grow as large multicellular clumps. It is fairly clear that most nuclear oncoproteins, including Myc, Ets, Fos, Jun, Myb, and v-Rel, need to bind to DNA and activate transcription to effect malignant transformation. There have been several reports of rearranged rel family genes associated with human lymphoid cancers. Through a recombination event, human c-rel is fused to an unknown gene termed nrg (for non-rel gene) in a cell line derived from a pre-T diffuse large-cell lymphoma, and c-rel has been amplified in two follicular large-cell lymphoma cell lines.
The geographic structure of morphological variation in eight species of fiddler crabs (Ocypodidae: genus Uca) from the eastern United States and Mexico

Species with larger geographic distributions are more likely to encounter a greater variety of environmental conditions and barriers to gene flow than geographically-restricted species. Thus, even closely-related species with similar life-history strategies might vary in degree and geographic structure of variation if they differ in geographic range size. In the present study, we investigated this using samples collected across the geographic ranges of eight species of fiddler crabs (Crustacea: Uca) from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. Morphological variation in the carapace was assessed using geometric morphometric analysis of 945 specimens. Although the eight Uca species exhibit different degrees of intraspecific variation, widespread species do not necessarily exhibit more intraspecific or geographic variation in carapace morphology. Instead, species with more intraspecific variation show stronger morphological divergence among populations. This morphological divergence is partly a result of allometric growth coupled with differences in maximum body size among populations. On average, 10% of total within-species variation is attributable to allometry. Possible drivers of the remaining morphological differences among populations include gene flow mediated by ocean currents and plastic responses to various environmental stimuli, with isolation-by-distance playing a less important role. The results obtained indicate that morphological divergence among populations can occur over shorter distances than expected based on dispersal potential. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 248–270.
Trends in the Research and Practice of Health Communication Campaigns

A compelling communication tool that can potentially impact health-related outcomes and indicators across numerous health problems among a diversity of audiences is the health communication campaign. The purpose of the current article is to discuss trends in the research and practice of health communication campaigns. First, we discuss the issue of campaign effects and discuss a framework that encompasses key principles of effective campaigns. Next, we discuss four trends in health communication campaigns: (a) the increased application of marketing principles in campaigns; (b) the greater use of rigorous outcome evaluation designs in campaign research; (c) the increased use of cost effectiveness analysis in campaigns; and (d) the increased use of new media technologies in campaigns. Finally, we conclude the article with thoughts about the future of health communication campaign research and practice in relation to these trends.
Morbidity of repeat transsphenoidal surgery assessed in more than 1000 operations

Object While transsphenoidal surgery is associated with low morbidity, the degree to which morbidity increases after reoperation remains unclear. The authors determined the morbidity associated with repeat versus initial transsphenoidal surgery after 1015 consecutive operations. Methods The authors conducted a 5-year retrospective review of the first 916 patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery at their institution after a pituitary center of expertise was established, and they analyzed morbidities. Results The authors analyzed 907 initial and 108 repeat transsphenoidal surgeries performed in 916 patients (9 initial surgeries performed outside the authors' center were excluded). The most common diagnoses were endocrine inactive (30%) or active (36%) adenomas, Rathke's cleft cysts (10%), and craniopharyngioma (3%). Morbidity of initial surgery versus reoperation included diabetes insipidus ([DI] 16% vs 26%; p = 0.03), postoperative hyponatremia (20% vs 16%; p = 0.3), new postoperative hypopituitarism (5...
Memory arrays based on molecular RTD devices

Recently, molecular devices have been fabricated which exhibit I-V characteristics similar to those of solid-state resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), including negative differential resistance (NDR). These molecular devices very well could overcome many of the limitations of their solid-state counterparts while also offering promise for the future of VLSI technology. In this paper we examine the operation of an RTD based circuit, often called a Goto pair, which can be used to latch digital data. We focus on a first-in first-out (FIFO) memory architecture where no devices are required to select individual bits in the memory array and only the molecular devices and their interconnect are required for the memory core. Some design considerations and methodologies are also described along with two methods for implementing control logic for the FIFO. Although a long term goal would be to use nanoelectronic components, we describe here how CMOS can be used for control logic as part of a CMOS/Nano co-design methodology.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-linked Xylitol Dehydrogenase in Guinea Pig Liver Cytosol

Abstract Guinea pig liver has previously been reported to contain a highly specific NADP-linked xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.10) and NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.9) of broad substrate specificity. The NADP-linked enzyme, which interconverts xylitol and L-xylulose, has been obtained from mitochondria, while NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenases, which interconvert xylitol and D-xylulose, have been obtained from both mitochondria and cytosol. This report describes a fourth xylitol dehydrogenase activity, which occurs in the cytosol of guinea pig liver. This enzyme is similar to the mitochondrial NADP-linked xylitol dehydrogenase in its coenzyme requirement, substrate specificity, and Km for xylitol, and its activity is much higher than that of the mitochondrial enzyme. The two soluble xylitol dehydrogenases were separated from each other on the basis of differential adsorption on alumina Cγ gel. The occurrence of high activities of these enzymes in the cytosol allows the required conversion of L-xylulose to D-xylulose via xylitol in the glucoronate-xylulose pathway without involvement of the mitochondria. Questions regarding the origin and role of the mitochondrial xylitol dehydrogenases are discussed.
New numerical method to study phase transitions and its applications

We present a powerful method of identifying the nature of transitions by numerical simulation of finite systems. By studying the finite size scaling properties of free energy barrier between competing states, we can identify unambigously a weak first order transition even when accessible system sizes are L/ξ<0.05 as in the five state Potts model in two dimensions. When studying a continuous phase transition we obtain quite accurate estimates of critical exponents by treating it as a field driven first order transition. The method has been successfully applied to various systems.
Interconversion of Purine Mononucleotides in Pasteurella pestis.

Included among the five established determinants of virulence in Pasteurella pestis are the abilities of cells to accomplish the de novo biosynthesis of purines and to grow as dark pigmented (P+) colonies on a solid synthetic medium containing hemin. P+ isolates of P. pestis strain KIM-10 (mouse intraperitoneal ld50 107 cells in mice and > 108 cells in guinea pigs.
Drift of Plumes in the Mantle

We quantified the fixity of mantle plumes relative to the mantle in high Rayleigh number numerical thermal convection with radiallyand temperature-dependent viscosity structures in a 3D spherical shell geometry. The relative velocities between plumes and the mantle increased with increasing Rayleigh number. Net migration rates of plumes vary from ∼0.016-0.053◦/Myr, and differential plume velocities can be up to ∼25% of pastand present-day rates of net lithospheric rotation. Individual plumes migrate on average at ∼0.0617-0.223◦/Myr for Rayleigh numbers between 1 · 107 and 2 · 108. We compared the ratio of plume velocity to horizontal average velocity (a) at the surface and (b) at mid-mantle for experiments with Rayleigh number between 5 · 107 and 2 · 108, which were (a) ∼0.15 and (b) ∼0.35. Additionally, we plotted the mean migration rates of plumes against Rayleigh number and found that a linear fit had a greater R2 value than a power law fit. There is a transition in the long-wavelength structure of convection from degree-2 to degree-1 poloidally dominant motion between Ra = 1 · 107 and Ra = 2 · 107 where thermal upwellings change from dominantly sheet-like to dominantly plume-like. Future studies should investigate whether the scaling of plume velocities with vigor of convection depends on the mode of convection. We find that all cases produce long-lived plume-like features which generate from a thermal boundary layer at the core-mantle boundary, and persist for more than 80 Myr. On average, the lifespan of mantle plumes decreased with increasing Rayleigh number. Our studies suggest that hotspots may be an imperfect proxy for a lower mantle reference frame. Advisor Dr. Maxwell L. Rudolph Department Chair Dr. Martin J. Streck Portland State University 2015
U2 snRNA Conformation is Regulated by Cus2 to Facilitate Dead-Box Protein Loading

The spliceosome undergoes dynamic changes in composition and conformation during assembly and splicing. We are interested in studying how the spliceosomal U2 snRNP loads onto pre-mRNA branchsites during assembly. This involves multiple conformations of the U2 snRNA (stem IIa vs. stem IIc), the Prp5 DEAD-box protein, and the Cus2 RRM protein. Our results show that Cus2 binds to WT or stem IIa stabilized model RNAs but not to stem IIc. In contrast, Prp5 binds indiscriminately to all three types of U2 RNA and each equally stimulates Prp5's ATPase. Prp5 appears to either displace or out compete Cus2 for U2 RNA binding in an ATP-independent process. Using single molecule FRET, we show the U2 core RNA is dynamic with interconverting populations of high- (likely stem IIc) and mid-FRET states (likely stem IIa). Addition of Cus2 depletes the high-FRET state, consistent with conformational selection of U2 stem IIa by Cus2. Together, our data support spliceosomal proteins acting in concert to facilitate loading of the DEAD-box onto a particular RNA structure. This represents a new paradigm for protein:RNA interactions that is distinct from ordered binding of structure specific RNA-binding proteins (i.e., ribosome assembly) or from positional control of DEAD-box protein loading during exon junction complex formation.
Chance constrained unit commitment with wind generation and superconducting magnetic energy storages

System operation reserve requirement keeps going up in the past 3 years to compensate for the variation of wind power. This reduces the efficiency of thermal units by limiting their energy output. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) as a novel technology was proposed to provide up and down regulation reserve due to its fast response to charge and discharge. However, given the cost and utilization ratio of SMES, an optimal unit commitment (UC) with the integration of SMES is necessary. This paper modifies the traditional UC model into a chance-constrained stochastic problem to realize the optimal schedule objective. To solve this non-convex problem, a Branch/Bound (BB) Technique and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is introduced, while the initialization of PSO is achieved by the simplex algorithms. Finally, a comparison between the deterministic UC and stochastic UC is given. The result indicates the model in this paper offers independent system operators (ISO) more freedom to balance the system dispatch cost and reliability and it can successfully reduce the SMES costs.
Quantum Riemann Surfaces III. The Exceptional Cases

We discuss quantum deformations of Riemann surfaces whose fundamental groups are Abelian (the exceptional Riemann surfaces). We prove uniformization theorems, state deformation estimates, and study the dependence of quantum Riemann surfaces on the deformation parameter.
Electron transfer driven by proton fluctuations in a hydrogen-bonded donor-acceptor assembly.

The temperature-isotope dependence of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) for a noncovalent molecular dyad is reported. The system consists of an excited-state Zn(II) porphyrin that transfers a...
Planetary science: Subsurface air flow on Mars

When the atmospheric surface pressure is just right, a temperature difference can drive a continuous flow of rarefied gas through the soil matrix — a previously unrecognized process on Mars.
Unpowered scooter injuries in children.

AIM: An increasing number of scooter-related injuries is being seen in emergency department. This study was initiated to establish the demographic profile and injury characteristics of the children involved, to examine the circumstances and to suggest preventive measures. METHODS: During this descriptive cohort study, data from year 2000 were collected from all children below 16 y of age who were seen in the emergency department of a Swiss hospital following an accident with an unpowered scooter (microscooter). Between January and September, information regarding age, gender, injury sustained and medical management was reviewed. From October to December, data were collected prospectively. A questionnaire was sent (January-September) or handed out personally (October-December) to the patients, to gather information on the circumstances surrounding the injury and the use of safety equipment. RESULTS: Thirty-six children (15M, 21F) were included in the study. The mean age was 8.8 y (range 3.0-15.8 y). The most common injuries involved the face (including six children with dental injuries) (44%) and the head (19%). Thirteen children (36%) (6M, 7F) sustained a fracture. The majority of injuries resulted from falls forward or to the side, caused by a loss of control or collision with an obstacle. Only one patient used any safety equipment. CONCLUSION: Accidents with unpowered scooters can produce severe injuries in children. Although the majority of patients sustained minor injuries (e.g. lacerations, contusions), more serious injuries can occur. The head and face were the most vulnerable. The use of protective gear, especially helmets, may reduce the number and severity of injuries. Parents, doctors and healthcare workers should be aware of the causes and prevention of injuries caused by this rapidly growing recreational activity in childhood. Language: en
Reporting standards for clinical evaluation of new peripheral arterial revascularization devices.

balloon percutaneous transluminal extremities Arteries, stenosis or obstruction Arteries, transluminal angioplasty (PTA) versus surgery, angioplasty Interventional and overly rapid acceptance of some REPORTING STANDARDS procedures Radiology and radiologists, techniques because of the exciteresearch . Statistical analysis ment of new technology without
A survey of linear singular systems

This paper is a brief historical review of linear singular systems, followed by a survey of results on their solution and properties. The frequency domain and time domain approaches are discussed together to sketch an overall picture of the current status of the theory.
Particulate silicone for use in periurethral injections : local tissue effects and search for migration

AbstractWe examined the histologic behavior and migratory tendencies of a silicone-based injectable paste (Macroplastique) with potential application in treating urinary incontinence.Thirteen female dogs were studied. Six received 2 periurethral injections of large-particle paste, with a median diameter of 110 micrometer, and 7 received similar injections with small-particle paste (median diameter, 73 micrometer). The paste was radiolabeled with cobalt-57. Histologic analysis was performed at 4 or 9 months.The pathologic appearance revealed intact large-particle injection sites. The small-particle sites had dissipated significantly. This was confirmed by nuclear imaging. Large particles produced an encapsulated fibrous sheath without local migration. There was a histiocytic reaction within the injection site but no granuloma formation. Distant migration was observed in 1 dog (short term, large particle), without an inflammatory response. Migration of silicone occurred locally and distantly in animals that...
Studies of tolerance development to morphine analgesia in rats tested on the hot plate.

Abstract Tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine was studied in rats using the hot plate method. Animals were tested at intervals of 6 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, or 14 days after the same dose of morphine (5 mg/kg s.c.). The degree of single-dose tolerance, measured as the per cent loss of analgesic effect between the first and second tests, was remarkably similar despite the interval between the tests. For all experiments the mean decrease between the first and second tests was 57% (range, 42 to 73%). When either levallorphan (0.5 mg/kg) or nalorphine (0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg) was given before morphine on the first test, it blocked the analgesic effect of morphine. On the last when the antagonist was omitted, the difference in effect of morphine in the test versus control groups indicated that the antagonist reduced but did not entirely block single-dose tolerance development. This was further suggested by experiments in which levallorphan was given just after testing with morphine.
Structure of the gorilla α-fetoprotein gene and the divergence of primates

Abstract The sequence of the gorilla α-fetoprotein gene, including 869 base pairs of the 5′ flanking region and 4892 base pairs of the 3′ flanking region (24,607 in total), was determined from two overlapping lambda phage clones. The sequence extends 18,846 base pairs from the Cap site to the polyadenylation site, and it reveals that the gene is composed of 15 exons, which are symmetrically placed within three domains of α-fetoprotein. The deduced polypeptide chain is composed of a 19-amino-acid leader peptide, followed by 590 amino acids of the mature protein. The RNA polymerase II binding site, TATAAAA, and the promoter element, CCAAC, are positioned at −21 and −65 from the Cap site, respectively. The polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, is located in the last exon, which is untranslated. The sequence for the gorilla α-fetoprotein gene was compared with that of the previously published human α-fetoprotein gene ( P. E. M. Gibbs, R. Zielinski, C. Boyd, and A. Dugaiczyk, 1987 , Biochemistry 26: 1332–1343). Four types of repetitive sequence elements were found in identical positions in both species. However, one Alu and one Xba DNA repeat within introns 4 and 7, respectively, of the human gene are absent from orthologous positions in the gorilla. The Alu and the Xba DNA repeats probably emerged in the human genome after the human/gorilla divergence and became established novelties in the human lineage. There are 363 21,523 mutational changes between human and gorilla, amounting to 1.69% DNA divergence between the two primate species. The value of 1.69% is lower than the 2.27% obtained from melting temperatures of hybrids between human and gorilla genomic DNA (C. G. Sibley and J. E. Ahlquist, 1984, J. Mol. Evol. 26: 99–121). At the protein level, Homo sapiens differs from Gorilla gorilla only at 4 of 609 amino acid positions (0.665) in the α-fetoprotein sequence. This difference signifies a lower rate of molecular divergence for the α-fetoprotein gene in primates, as compared to rodents.
Geometrically Nonlinear Determination of Energy Release Rate and Mode Ratio in Single Leg Bending Tests

Geometrically linear and nonlinear finite element analyses are used to determine the energy release rate and mode ratio in simulated tests of unidirectional, symmetric, single leg bending (SLB) specimens. It is shown that the finite diameter loading rollers that are typically used in practical test set-ups cause this test to be inherently nonlinear. The differences between the linear and nonlinear results are presented parametrically as a function of material properties, specimen thickness, roller diameter, span length and crack length. These results are used, along with empirically derived equations, to develop an approach for designing SLB experiments where one will have a high degree of confidence in toughness values as obtained from conventional data reduction techniques, and for which relatively little specimen-to-specimen variation in mode ratio will be observed.
Feasibility of the adaptive and automatic presentation of tasks (ADAPT) system for rehabilitation of upper extremity function post-stroke

Current guidelines for rehabilitation of arm and hand function after stroke recommend that motor training focus on realistic tasks that require reaching and manipulation and engage the patient intensively, actively, and adaptively. Here, we investigated the feasibility of a novel robotic task-practice system, ADAPT, designed in accordance with such guidelines. At each trial, ADAPT selects a functional task according to a training schedule and with difficulty based on previous performance. Once the task is selected, the robot picks up and presents the corresponding tool, simulates the dynamics of the tasks, and the patient interacts with the tool to perform the task. Five participants with chronic stroke with mild to moderate impairments (> 9 months post-stroke; Fugl-Meyer arm score 49.2 ± 5.6) practiced four functional tasks (selected out of six in a pre-test) with ADAPT for about one and half hour and 144 trials in a pseudo-random schedule of 3-trial blocks per task. No adverse events occurred and ADAPT successfully presented the six functional tasks without human intervention for a total of 900 trials. Qualitative analysis of trajectories showed that ADAPT simulated the desired task dynamics adequately, and participants reported good, although not excellent, task fidelity. During training, the adaptive difficulty algorithm progressively increased task difficulty leading towards an optimal challenge point based on performance; difficulty was then continuously adjusted to keep performance around the challenge point. Furthermore, the time to complete all trained tasks decreased significantly from pretest to one-hour post-test. Finally, post-training questionnaires demonstrated positive patient acceptance of ADAPT. ADAPT successfully provided adaptive progressive training for multiple functional tasks based on participant's performance. Our encouraging results establish the feasibility of ADAPT; its efficacy will next be tested in a clinical trial.
How Do I Test for Postural Stability

One of the core elements of Parkinson's disease is postural reflex compromise. To test postural stability, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society revision of the UPDRS (MDS-UPDRS) provides very specific instructions for uniform and safe testing. Item 3.12 (postural stability) is assessed after properly positioning the subject and explaining the testing procedure. After, the rater pulls briskly on the shoulders so that the subject must step backward and attempt to stabilize without falling. Based on the stability response, the rater enters the appropriate integer (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4) using the descriptive anchors for this item from the overall scale. With following proper safety measures and guidelines, all raters can perform this testing maneuver.
IQSeq: integrated isoform quantification analysis based on next-generation sequencing.

With the recent advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), biologists are able to measure transcription with unprecedented precision. One problem that can now be tackled is that of isoform quantification: here one tries to reconstruct the abundances of isoforms of a gene. We have developed a statistical solution for this problem, based on analyzing a set of RNA-Seq reads, and a practical implementation, available from archive.gersteinlab.org/proj/rnaseq/IQSeq, in a tool we call IQSeq (Isoform Quantification in next-generation Sequencing). Here, we present theoretical results which IQSeq is based on, and then use both simulated and real datasets to illustrate various applications of the tool. In order to measure the accuracy of an isoform-quantification result, one would try to estimate the average variance of the estimated isoform abundances for each gene (based on resampling the RNA-seq reads), and IQSeq has a particularly fast algorithm (based on the Fisher Information Matrix) for calculating this, achieving a speedup of times compared to brute-force resampling. IQSeq also calculates an information theoretic measure of overall transcriptome complexity to describe isoform abundance for a whole experiment. IQSeq has many features that are particularly useful in RNA-Seq experimental design, allowing one to optimally model the integration of different sequencing technologies in a cost-effective way. In particular, the IQSeq formalism integrates the analysis of different sample (i.e. read) sets generated from different technologies within the same statistical framework. It also supports a generalized statistical partial-sample-generation function to model the sequencing process. This allows one to have a modular, “plugin-able” read-generation function to support the particularities of the many evolving sequencing technologies.
Conditions for Rotational Invariance of a Harmonic Lattice

The conditions for rotational invariance of a Born---von Karman lattice model are re-examined. It is found that the Born---Huang conditions for rotational invariance are necessary but not sufficient. Some additional conditions are obtained which, together with the Born---Huang conditions, constitute a set of necessary and sufficient conditions.
Should induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids be the standard treatment for all patients with giant cell arteritis?

Should induction therapy with high-dose glucocorticoids be the standard treatment for all patients with giant cell arteritis?
The full domain partition approach to distributing adaptive grids

Abstract Adaptive refinement has been shown to be an effective means of speeding up the solution of partial differential equations. Adaptive multilevel methods combine multigrid iteration with adaptive refinement to produce fast O(N) solutions on sequential computers, where N is the number of grid elements. However, many problems of interest require parallel computers. While adaptive refinement, multigrid and parallel computers are individually achieving widespread use in applications, the combination of all three is still a research topic. In this paper we describe the full domain partition (FuDoP) distribution of adaptively refined grids over a distributed memory parallel computer. In the FuDoP approach, each processor has a compatible grid that covers the full domain, but with refinement confined to the processor's partition of the total grid. Outside the partition area, refinement is limited to that required for compatibility and leads to a small number of extra grid elements. With the FuDoP distribution, a parallel multigrid method can maintain a multigrid rate of convergence with only two communication steps per V-cycle. FuDoP also accommodates parallel implementation of adaptive refinement and partitioning.
Haptics in audio described movies

Similar to closed captioning for people who cannot hear, Audio Description (AD) in movies correspond to a secondary audio track describing events that are otherwise visually dominant. To aid people who are visually impaired or blind in understanding the happenings of a movie, the narrator describes the emotions, expressions, and actions presented in a movie scene, among many other details. A major drawback in AD is the necessity to comprehend an overloaded auditory channel. Also, the lack of time available between dialogues leaves certain information not described. By incorporating haptics with AD, we intend to employ a multi-modal approach in an attempt to make movies more accessible for people who are visually impaired. In this demonstration, participants will experience tactile cues for a) the relative position of two actors in a scene through our novel vibrotactile belt, and b) their facial expressions through our novel vibrotactile glove.
Migration of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil induced by percolating water

The results of this study clearly demonstrate that PCBs are not readily leached from soil by percolating water. In the worst case, less than 0.05% of the total Aroclor 1016 available (25,000 ppm) was leached from the soil during the entire four-month duration of these experiments. During this period of time approximately 50–100 liters of water were passed through the three soil columns, an amount of water roughly equivalent to 50–100 ft. of rainfall, assuming no run off.
International political economy: a tale of two heterodoxies

International political economy (IPE) originated in the early 1970s. For almost 20 years it has been dominated by separate, largely non-communicating schools, one centred on scholarly institutions in Britain, the other associated with the US journal, International Organization (IO). In terms of the evolving norms of both economics and political science, both schools are surprisingly heterodox. Rather than developing strong systematic data collections and systematic theory, the IO school has been characterised by a shifting set of conceptual and metatheoretical debates. The British school, which has tended to take a deliberately critical position, has been characterised by an ever widening set of concerns topical concerns fuelled by a desire to include more and more voices in the study of IPE. These outcomes are explicable only by tracing the specific historical developments of the two schools.
Safety and efficacy of extended urokinase infusion plus stent deployment for treatment of obstructed, older saphenous vein grafts

This study was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of extended, continuous infusion of urokinase plus stent deployment to treat older saphenous vein bypass grafts obstructed by both thrombus and atheromatous material. Thirty patients with angiographic evidence of thrombus and atheromatous material obstructing older vein grafts (mean age 8.3 years) underwent the combined interventions of urokinase infusion and stent deployment. The continuous infusion of urokinase was administered directly into each obstructed vein graft over a mean of 20.5 +/- 8.1 hours (median dose 2.2 +/- 0.7 million units). Stents were deployed at the sites of atheromatous obstruction either before (5 patients) or after (25 patients) infusion of urokinase. Twenty-eight of the 30 patients were successfully treated with the combined interventions (success rate 93.3%). In these 28 patients, percent diameter stenosis at the site of obstruction decreased from 86.0% to -0.2% and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial flow increased from 1.0 to 2.5. Two patients (6.7%) developed stent thrombosis followed by myocardial infarction (1 with Q-wave infarction, 3.3%) and congestive heart failure. Minor complications included non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (5 patients, 16.7%) and access-site hemorrhage (5 patients, 16.7%). At 2-week follow-up, anginal symptoms were decreased in all 28 successfully treated patients. At 7.2 +/- 3.7-month follow-up, 5 of the 28 successfully treated patients (17.9%) had reacceleration of angina and angiographically documented restenosis at the site of stent deployment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The striatal balancing act in drug addiction: distinct roles of direct and indirect pathway medium spiny neurons.

The striatum plays a key role in mediating the acute and chronic effects of addictive drugs, with drugs of abuse causing long-lasting molecular and cellular alterations in both dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Despite the wealth of research on the biological actions of abused drugs in striatum, until recently, the distinct roles of the striatum’s two major subtypes of medium spiny neuron (MSN) in drug addiction remained elusive. Recent advances in cell-type specific technologies, including fluorescent reporter mice, transgenic or knockout mice, and viral-mediated gene transfer, have advanced the field toward a more comprehensive understanding of the two MSN subtypes in the long-term actions of drugs of abuse. Here we review progress in defining the distinct molecular and functional contributions of the two MSN subtypes in mediating addiction.
Role of mitochondria in mutant SOD1 linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with an adult onset characterized by loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. In ~10% of cases, patients developed ALS with an apparent genetic linkage (familial ALS or fALS). Approximately 20% of fALS displays mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding superoxide dismutase 1. There are many proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms among which, mitochondrial dysfunctions occur early, prior to symptoms occurrence. In this review, we modeled the effect of mutant SOD1 protein via the formation of a toxic complex with Bcl2 on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Furthermore, we discuss that the shutdown of ATP permeation through mitochondrial outer membrane could lead to both respiration inhibition and temporary mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Moreover, we reviewed mitochondrial calcium signaling, oxidative stress, fission and fusion, autophagy and apoptosis in mutant SOD1-linked ALS. Functional defects in mitochondria appear early before symptoms are manifested in ALS. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
Measurements of the rate at which submicron aerosol particles are scavenged by water drops

Abstract Experiments were performed to measure directly the rate at which submicron aerosol particles are collected by water drops. The scavenging drops were held stationary and the aerosol was passed slowly through the experimental chamber. Measurements were made on monodispersed particles of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.13 μm radius. The measurements were compared to theoretical predictions, which consider the effects of Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis, and found to agree to within a factor of two.
Strengthening the role of unmarried fathers: findings from the Co-Parent Court Project

While the importance of fathers in unmarried coparent families is a strong area of social and political interest, a dearth of community-based interventions exists for supporting the role of fathers in at-risk families. The Co-Parent Court (CPC) was a 3-year demonstration project evaluating the effectiveness of a collaborative intervention to support unmarried coparents establishing paternity and improving their coparenting relationships and paternal involvement in their child's life. A randomized-control experimental design was employed. The paper will explore father involvement and coparent relationship outcomes.
Electrical Stimulation of Acupuncture Meridians May Blunt Salivary Cortisol Stress Response in Premature Infants. 1039

Electrical Stimulation of Acupuncture Meridians May Blunt Salivary Cortisol Stress Response in Premature Infants. 1039
Improvements in selective nuclear magnetic resonance excitation using nonlinear gradients.

The potential role of nonlinearities in the magnetic field gradient in magnetic resonance imaging for producing sharper boundaries for the excited spin slice region is investigated. A theoreticalanalysis based on solving the Bloch equations numerically is presented. Simple criteria for measuring the performance of selective excitation are defined and then used to evaluate the results for selective 90° and 180° pulses.
Voltage drop in mesoscopic systems : a numerical study using a quantum kinetic equation

In this paper, we present a numerical method for evaluating the full Wigner function throughout a device by solving a steady-state quantum kinetic equation in two dimensions, in the linear-response regime. This method has two advantages over conventional treatments of mesoscopic devices. First, dissipative processes can be included within the device, thus allowing a smooth transition from the quantum to the semiclassical regime. Second, the contacts are treated in the same manner as in semiclassical device analysis. A short phase-breaking time can be used in the contact regions so that oscillations in the electron density due to interference effects die out quickly; this is particularly useful when obtaining self-consistent solutions with the Poisson equation. Any quantity of interest, such as electron density or current density per unit energy, can be computed throughout the entire device. We will first show that under low-bias, low-temperature conditions, the diagonal elements of the Wigner function can be used to define a local electrochemical potential (\ensuremath{\mu}) that lends insight into the internal transport physics. We show that separate electrochemical potentials ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{L}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{R}}$ for left- and right-moving electrons show unphysical behavior when defined in a local sense. But sensible results are obtained when these potentials are defined in an average sense over regions the size of a de Broglie wavelength. We then examine the difficulties associated with measuring \ensuremath{\mu}, with numerical examples. Next, we use the local electrochemical potential profile to clarify the nature of the spreading resistance associated with the narrowing of a current lead. Finally, we show that the electrostatic potential (\ensuremath{\varphi}) can be viewed as a convolution of \ensuremath{\mu} with a screening function and present example computations of \ensuremath{\varphi}.
Application of electrochemical kinetics to photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation: The redox element hypothesis and the principle of parametric energy coupling

It is suggested that the transfer of electrons within the biological electron transfer chain is subject to the laws of electrochemical kinetics, when membrane-bound electron carriers are involved. Consequently, small tightly bound molecular complexes of two or more electron transfer proteins of different redox potential within an energy transducing membrane, which accept electrons from a donor at one membrane surface and donate it to an acceptor at the other, may be regarded as real and functioning molecular redox elements, which convert the free energy of electrons into electrochemical energy. Especially, the transfer of an electron from excited chlorophyll to an electron acceptor can be looked upon as an electrochemical oxidation of excited chlorophyll at such a complex. In this reaction the electron acceptor complex behaves like a polarized electrode, in which the electrochemical potential gradient is provided by a gradient of redox potential of its constituents.
Intrinsic coercive force of rare earth iron garnets near the compensation temperature

The intrinsic coercive force of single crystals of those rare earth iron garnets having magnetization compensation temperatures greater than 77°K has been measured as a function of temperature and orientation with particular emphasis given to the temperature range near the magnetization compensation temperature. A single peak in the intrinsic coercive force was observed at the magnetization compensation temperature for almost all of the samples and for all principal orientations. Typically, the peak value of the coercive force was 50 Oe independent of material and orientation with a temperature difference between half-maximum points of less than 3°K. A single-domain model is proposed which concludes that the iron sublattice is primarily responsible for the coercive force near the magnetization compensation temperature and that complete magnetization compensation cannot occur due to the susceptibility of the rare earth sublattice. This leads to a finite coercive force at the magnetization compensation temperature.
Detection of precursor 16 s ribosomal RNA in the polysome fraction of Escherichia coli.

When a culture of Escherichia coli strain D10 was transferred from a rich medium to amino-acid starvation conditions, a particle (about 28 s) containing a pl6-like (precursor 16 s) RNA was produced. This particle will form a 70 s-like ribosome that can be found in the polysome fraction and is as sensitive to low levels of RNase digestion as normal polysomes.
The power of the proposition: frequency of marijuana offers, parental knowledge, and adolescent marijuana use

Background The frequency with which adolescents are offered marijuana has been investigated as a predictor of marijuana use. The current study was designed to test whether the number of marijuana offers received provides an indirect path between parental knowledge and adolescents’ marijuana use.
Tate twists of Hodge structures arising from abelian varieties of type IV

Abstract We show that certain abelian varieties A have the property that for every Hodge structure V in the cohomology of A , every effective Tate twist of V occurs in the cohomology of some abelian variety. We deduce the general Hodge conjecture for certain non-simple abelian varieties of type IV.
Experimental investigation of asymptotic modal analysis for a rectangular plate

Abstract Experimental investigations of the response of a rectangular plate under a point random force have been performed to verify the asymptotic behavior predicted by Asymptotic Modal Analysis (AMA). Measurements have been made for various frequency bandwidths, center frequencies, and locations of the point force. The experimental results approach the results predicted by AMA as the frequency bandwidth becomes large. Moreover, experimental results show that the responses at all points of the plate except for some special areas become the same as the frequency bandwidth becomes large. However, the ratio of experimental results to AMA results has a greater variation from unity when the location of the point force is near the edge of the plate, than when the location of the point force is at the center of the plate. All experimental results show good agreement with the expected results from AMA.
The paradox of persisting self-punitive behavior☆

The paradox presented by the "masochist" who persists in behaviors that are followed contingently be seemingly aversive consequences is analyzed. Prototypical data from infra-human experiments are evaluated for their bearing on two theories of self-punitive actions, one based on traditional stimulus-response principles, the other on cognitive assumptions. Although the label "self-punitive" is widely used, a question remains as to whether animals that react so as to bring about so-called noxious outcomes are properly to be described as "punishing themselves." In an attempt to resolve this question, two major conceptions of punishment are evaluated as they apply to self-punitive studies. Neither conception is deemed adequate because of a lack of criteria for determining which events are aversive. A search for criteria of aversiveness eventuates in a completely relativistic view in which noxiousness and attractiveness are judged to be relational rather than absolute properties of events.