cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructivism in the Age of Trump: Truth, Lies, and Knowing the Difference

Donald Trump lies so often that some have wondered whether he has poisoned the well. Can we continue to defend the constructivism of relational psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on interpretive und...
Unpacking the Inherent Design Principles of Mobile Microlearning

Mobile microlearning targets a new audience of learners: employees and workers outside of offices, using smartphones for flexible, anywhere, anytime training. The term ‘mobile’ emphasizes that the content is made for small screens of smartphones. According to literature and industry reports, micro-lessons are generally between 30 s and 5 min. While research shows that mobile microlearning is a promising approach, it remains unclear how the current systems have been ‘built’: What are the underlying principles of such platforms? The goal of this study was to explore mobile-microlearning platforms and to unpack their inherent design principles. We applied different methods: First, we reviewed literature in both academic publications and industry reports in two iterative rounds. Second, we conducted interviews with industry professionals, e.g., directors and entrepreneurs of mobile- and micro-learning systems. Results show a set of 15 principles regarding technical issues, pedagogical usability of micro-content interaction and sequenced instructional flow. They can be used to detect issues and challenges in existing mobile platforms and may inform meaningful design principles for future development. The results expose that a more critical eye on the learning design implied in the small-screen platforms is needed e.g., future systems may include learning designs for higher order thinking skills.
The People and Motivation Behind the Traitor Benedict Arnold, 1741–1801

Andrews uses correspondence between colonial military and civic leaders to weave a narrative about Arnold’s wounded pride and his journey from revolutionary hero to infamous traitor.
Self-complexity and socio-emotional adjustment to a romantic event in early adulthood

Self-complexity, the extent that people experience themselves as having a number of distinct and meaningful social roles, may have implications for young adults’ socio-emotional adjustment to roman...
Assessment of Biomarker Heterogeneity in Sinus Versus Inferior Turbinate Tissue in Patients Without Chronic Rhinosinusitis

BackgroundCurrently, no consensus exists on the appropriate control specimen site to utilize in studies evaluating for biomarkers in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Studies thus far have utilized tis...
Law of Equity

In this paper I focus on three equitable principles in the common law jurisdictions of England and Sri Lanka and the treatment of those principles in Tinsley v. Milligan (1993) 3 ALL ER 65 (HL) my conclusion is that the UK House of Lords creates the judicial trend of unifying the Law of Restitution with respect to claims to property as relief before the court where the parties admit that there have been previous illegal transactions concerning the use of the property. My remark in this paper is that the development of equitable principles in both Law and Equity in England needed a change in judicial trend, and, for the House of Lords in Tinsley v. Milligan there is justification to make more flexible rules of equity and law under the cover of these progressive judicial trends which appeared in judgments before Tinsley v. Milligan and which are explored in this paper. Therefore the conclusion in this paper is that trends are the influencing factors for the House of Lords in cases like Tinsley v. Milligan with respect to evolving equitable principles in both law and equity which depart from the traditional application of those rules which existed before in the courts in England. I argue in my paper with historical evidence that the three equitable principles of Law and equity ex turpi causa, in pari delicto and the clean hands principle are connected by cannon law and this justifies the approach of The House of Lords to unify the Law of remedies relating to equitable relief so as to avoid departing from judicial precedent such as the Bowmaker rule which the House of Lords imports in Tinsley v. Milligan to make the clean hands principle more flexible in law of equity.
Approaches to Antitrust Analysis: Historical and Modern Objectives, Economic Policy Concerns, and the Theoretical Underpinnings of the Statutory and Adjudicative Frameworks

The principal expression of the federal antitrust policy remains, to this day, the Sherman Act of 1890, which prohibits “[e]very contract, combination... , or conspiracy, in restraint of trade” and “[e]very... attempt to monopolize.” Thus, in enacting the federal antitrust statutes, it may be said that “Congress was dealing with competition, which it sought to protect, and monopoly, which it sought to prevent.” While this deceptively simple formulation seems rhetorically reassuring, it is neither self-defining nor is it as clear as it may appear.
Screening for preterm birth in twin pregnancies.

Twins represent 3.2% of all livebirth. However, they account for 20% of all preterm deliveries, with 60% delivering before 37 weeks, and 10.7% before 32 weeks. Twin pregnancies have five times higher risk of early neonatal and infant death related to prematurity. Monochorionic twins have higher incidence of both indicated and spontaneous preterm delivery compared with dichorionic twins. Additional risk factors include history of preterm delivery and cervical surgery. Transvaginal cervical length before 24 weeks is the best tool to predict preterm birth, independent of other risk factors.
A Comparison of Antecedents and Consequences of Market Mavens and Opinion Leaders

Historically, marketing researchers have been strongly interested in the constructs of market mavenism (MM) and opinion leadership (OL) to understand the interpersonal dissemination of marketplace information (Childers 1986; Feick/Price 1987; Jacoby/Hoyer 1981; King/Summers 1970). Interest in these constructs stems from the fact that market mavens and opinion leaders can influence other consumers through word-of-mouth communication. They are thus an important group for the targeting of marketing activities because they represent powerful forces in the marketplace.
Erfahrungen mit dem neuen ACA-Hüftsystem: Entwicklungsgrundlagen und 2-Jahres-Ergebnisse

Einleitung: An der I. Klinik der Hessingstiftung Augsburg befindet sich eine eigene Entwicklung einer zementfreien Titan-Huftendoprothese in klinischem Einsatz. Ein Entwicklungsziel war die bestmogliche physiologische Krafteinleitung im proximalen Femur und Pfannenbereich bei gleichzeitiger Primarstabilitat. Methodik: Vom Juni 1994 bis Jan. 1997 wurden 432 komplette ACA-Systeme implantiert. Die prospektive Studie beinhaltet eine subjektive, klinische und radiologische Beurteilung. Ergebnisse: Der Harris-Hip-Score war prae/postoperativ 42/84 Punkt, die Komplikationsrate ist kleiner 2%. Bei der radiologischen Auswertung zeigte sich eine sehr gute Osteointegration. Schlusfolgerung: Die ersten Ergebnisse sind sehr erfolgversprechend und lassen eine primare Vollbelastung bei Verwendung des ACA-Systems empfehlen.
Proteins: Folding, Misfolding, Disordered Proteins, and Related Diseases

Proteins are the fundamental biopolymer responsible for much of the biochemistry of living systems. The remarkable versatility of proteins often results from their capacity to spontaneously fold into a defined conformation with specific biological or chemical function. Dysregulation of folding can result in a consequent metabolic dysregulation to give rise to debilitating pathological states. The design of synthetic proteins holds the potential to exploit their functional capacity for novel purposes, although much work remains to achieve a complete understanding of protein folding.
Sub-micrometer control of a traction drive using state feedback and estimation

There is a need to improve the tracking performance of traction drives while overcoming their inherent sensitivity to disturbances. To better understand their behavior, their operating characteristics are investigated and a system model is developed. Using this model, a state feedback regulator is designed. In order to eliminate steady state errors to step commands and improve tracking performance, an outer PID loop is added. The performance of this controller is then compared with that of a PID controller. It is shown that the state feedback/PID scheme reduces the tracking errors and the effects of disturbances better than the PID controller.
The human hepatic metabolism of simvastatin hydroxy acid is mediated primarily by CYP3A, and not CYP2D6

Aims To identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms responsible for the metabolism of simvastatin hydroxy acid (SVA), the most potent metabolite of simvastatin (SV).
A rule-based human interpretation system for semantic textual similarity task

In this paper, we describe the system architecture used in the Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task 6 pilot challenge. The goal of this challenge is to accurately identify five levels of semantic similarity between two sentences: equivalent, mostly equivalent, roughly equivalent, not equivalent but sharing the same topic and no equivalence. Our participations were two systems. The first system (rule-based) combines both semantic and syntax features to arrive at the overall similarity. The proposed rules enable the system to adequately handle domain knowledge gaps that are inherent when working with knowledge resources. As such one of its main goals, the system suggests a set of domain-free rules to help the human annotator in scoring semantic equivalence of two sentences. The second system is our baseline in which we use the Cosine Similarity between the words in each sentence pair.
Continuous Gaussian Mixture Modeling

When the projection of a collection of samples onto a subset of basis feature vectors has a Gaussian distribution, those samples have a generalized projective Gaussian distribution (GPGD). GPGDs arise in a variety of medical images as well as some speech recognition problems. We will demonstrate that GPGDs are better represented by continuous Gaussian mixture models (CGMMs) than finite Gaussian mixture models (FGMMs).
Disjunction Between Probability and Verdict in Juror Decision Making

Although the law assumes a close relation between the probability that a defendant committed the act in question and the ensuing verdict of the jurors, prior research has shown this assumption to be often violated. We present five experiments designed to show that factors that influence probability also influence verdict, but other factors are capable of directly producing changes in verdict without affecting probability. In Experiment 1, we replicated the Wells Effect; scenarios generating the same probability that the Blue Bus Company was to blame for the same accident, nevertheless, generated significantly different likelihoods of finding the defendant liable. In Experiment 2, we showed that equally diagnostic affirmative and negative evidence had differential effects on mock jurors’ probability estimates and verdicts. In Experiment 3, we showed that a completely nondiagnostic witness, who either implicates the same bus company or a different bus company as did a diagnostic witness, significantly influenced mock jurors’ verdicts. However, the nondiagnostic witness did not change the probability that the Blue Bus Company was responsible for the accident. In Experiment 4, we demonstrated that base rate and witness reliability information resulted in very similar probability estimates but radically different verdicts. In Experiment 5, we showed that a change in the diagnosticity of the evidence influenced both probability and verdict with the former mediating differences in the later. Because probability is only one of the several determinants of the verdict, the two dependent variables are not as closely related as the law presumes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. To convict a defendant, how sure should a juror be that the defendant is actually guilty? McCauliff (1982) asked 171 federal judges to provide a numerical definition of “reasonable doubt,” the threshold above which defendants would be found guilty. The judges’ median response was 90%. In a civil trial, the threshold is not “beyond a reasonable doubt” but is instead “the preponderance of the evidence,” which is usually interpreted to mean “greater than 50%.” In both criminal and civil trials, however, there should be a very close relation between the probability that the defendant is responsible for the misdeed in question and the likelihood that the juror will find the defendant guilty or liable. We acknowledge that the law provides exceptions to this probability–verdict relation, such as in cases involving insanity or jury nullification, for example. However, in the overwhelming majority of cases, if the judged probability that the defendant is responsible is greater than the threshold, then the juror should vote accordingly. This “probability– threshold” model does not assume that the juror’s subjective probability is an accurate depiction of the true probability, but it does require that one’s subjective probability and verdict be closely related. In this paper, we will attempt to explain why probability
Disappearance: How Shifting Gendered Boundaries Motivated the Removal of Eighteenth Century Boxing Champion Elizabeth Wilkinson from Historical Memory

In the eighteenth century, one fighter’s reputation outshone all others. She was Elizabeth Wilkinson, a bare-knuckled, trash talking, knife wielding, European boxing champion. Both throughout her life and a century and a half thereafter, writers heaped praise at her feet. She provided a point of imperial pride for authors that pointed to her as proof that the British of both genders were strong and brave. This began to change at the end of the nineteenth century. As the British Empire seemed in danger of collapse and the American economy shifted unpredictably, men on both sides of the Atlantic basin began to redefine their masculinity. They embraced a new form of passionate manhood that judged men as lovers, athletes, and for their ability to give and withstand pain in the boxing ring. Boxing, which had long been British regardless of gender, now became male, regardless of nationality. Men built a mythical past for boxing that ignored Wilkinson and crowned one of her contemporaries, James Figg, the sport's first champion.
The induction of multiple cell cycle events precedes target-related neuronal death

Unexpected nerve cell death has been reported in several experimental situations where neurons have been forced to re-enter the cell cycle after leaving the ventricular zone and entering the G0, non-mitotic stage. To determine whether an association between cell death and unscheduled cell cycling might be found in conjunction with any naturally occurring developmental events, we have examined target-related cell death in two neuronal populations, the granule cells of the cerebellar cortex and the neurons of the inferior olive. Both of these cell populations have a demonstrated developmental dependency on their synaptic target, the cerebellar Purkinje cell. Two mouse neurological mutants, staggerer (sg/sg) and lurcher (+/Lc), are characterized by intrinsic Purkinje cell deficiencies and, in both mutants, substantial numbers of cerebellar granule cells and inferior olive neurons die due to the absence of trophic support from their main postsynaptic target. We report here that the levels of three independent cell cycle markers--cyclin D, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation--are elevated in the granule cells before they die. Although lurcher Purkinje cells die during a similar developmental period, no compelling evidence for any cell cycle involvement in this instance of pre-programmed cell death could be found. While application of the TUNEL technique (in situ terminal transferase end-labeling of fragmented DNA) failed to label dying granule cells in either mutant, light and electron microscopic observations are consistent with the interpretation that the death of these cells is apoptotic in nature. Together, the data indicate that target-related cell death in the developing central nervous system is associated with a mechanism of cell death that involves an apparent loss of cell cycle control.
The electroencephalogram during prolonged experimental sleep deprivation

Abstract 1. 1. Sixteen healthy, volunteer, male student subjects were deprived of sleep up to 120 h. 2. 2. The EEG's showed marked evidence of drowsiness from the 24 and 48 h period on. 3. 3. When the subjects were kept alert the EEG's showed a desynchronized pattern, when the subjects were allowed to relax they dropped off to sleep immediately. 4. 4. Five subjects showed high voltage paroxysmal activity during the first 48 h of sleeplessness. This activity was quite similar to the paroxysms seen in some patients with convulsive disorders of “deep level” origin. 5. 5. The subjects who developed paroxysms during sleep deprivation had also low thresholds for intravenous megimide. 6. 6. The results of the study suggest that prolonged loss of sleep is associated initially with increased cerebral irritability which may result in epileptic-like manifestations in certain predisposed individuals. 7. 7. This increase in cerebral electrical excitability appears to be limited for the most part to the first 48 h of sleep loss.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth: a study of diagnostic comorbidity and child factors

The study of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in maltreated youth has received increased attention, though extensive comparisons to maltreated youth without PTSD and administrations of anxiety-based structured diagnostic interviews remain needed. We examined maltreated youth with or without PTSD using structured diagnostic interviews and standardized child self-report measures. We hypothesized that maltreated youth with PTSD, compared to their peers without PTSD, would experience significantly greater duration of abuse, diagnostic comorbidity, PTSD symptomatology, dysfunctional family environment, and avoidant coping styles. Results indicated that the group with PTSD did indeed experience significantly greater duration of abuse, diagnostic comorbidity, and PTSD symptomatology, though less so dysfunctional family environment or avoidant coping styles. The presence of a mood or anxiety disorder was highly predictive of PTSD in this sample. Results are discussed within the context of evolving etiological and maintenance models of PTSD in maltreated youth.
Taphonomic expressions of sedimentary hiatuses: field observations on bioclastic concentrations and sequence anatomy in low, moderate and high subsidence settings

Field studies of post-Palaeozoic siliciclastic records reveal a strong concordance between different types of bioclastic concentrations and discontinuity surfaces within third-order sequences (≈ 1 My duration), supporting the use of taphonomic criteria in establishing the relative magnitudes of sedimentary hiatuses. Comparison of records across a spectrum of subsidence rates, however (from ≤ 10 m to > 1 km/My), shows that, along with appreciable changes in sequence anatomy, the nature of surface-mantling bioclastic concentrations also changes. The most significant surfaces (second- and third-order sequence boundaries, surfaces or intervals of maximum transgression, transgressive surfaces) tend to be either bare or mantled with taphonomically complex hiatal and lag concentrations. These were more consistently encountered in low subsidence than in moderate subsidence records. In high subsidence records, major surfaces were more often mantled by composite or event concentrations, if they were bioclastic at all. In all subsidence settings, comparatively minor surfaces (parasequence boundaries, bed set boundaries and bedding planes) were bare or mantled with relatively simple event and composite concentrations. Although all fossil assemblages are biased taphonomically to some degree, relative degrees of bias should almost certainly vary among discontinuities as a general rule, suggesting specific adjustments in sampling strategies for evolutionary studies.
A COOH-terminal domain regulates the activity of Leishmania proton pumps LDH1A and LDH1B.

Abstract Leishmania donovani requires actively transporting proton efflux pumps to survive the acidic environment of macrophage phagolysosomal vacuoles and to maintain an electrogenic H + gradient for nutrient uptake. The L. donovani genome contains a differentially expressed pair of genes, LDH 1 A and LDH 1 B , with homology to yeast H + -ATPases that are 98% identical in sequence with amino acid differences concentrated at the COOH-terminus (15 of last 37 differ), a region implicated in regulation of yeast and plant proton pumps. Functional complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deficient in endogenous H + -ATPase activity, support of yeast growth at low pH, and ability to acidify media demonstrate that LDH 1 A and LDH 1 B encode proton pumps. LDH 1 A and LDH 1 B encode a COOH-terminal autoinhibitory domain as COOH-truncated peptides support increased rates of growth in yeast, enhanced media acidification, increased enzyme activity ( V max ) and decreased K m . This regulatory domain mediates differing function properties; LDH1A, but not LDH1B, supports yeast growth at pH 3 and LDH1A shows a greater ability to acidify media. Deletion of the last eight amino acids from LDH1B permits growth at pH 3 and increases media acidification, swapping of the COOH-tails between LDH1A and LDH1B results in LDH1A (with LDH1B tail) unable to support yeast growth at pH 3 and LDH1B (with LDH1A tail) now able to support growth at pH 3. Replacement of the COOH-terminal eight amino acids of LDH1B with those from LDH1A also confers the ability to support growth at pH 3. The complementation system for the Leishmania proton pumps in yeast described here provides a means to dissect the functional properties of the two isoforms, a convenient supply of protein for structural analysis and a model amenable to screening proton pump inhibitors for potential anti-leishmanial therapeutics.
Controlling cytokine signaling by constitutive inhibitors

Cytokines are secreted proteins that regulate diverse biological functions by binding to receptors at the cell surface to activate complex signal transduction pathways including the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Stringent mechanisms of signal attenuation are essential for ensuring an appropriate, controlled cellular response. Three families of proteins, the SH2-containing phosphatases (SHP), the protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS), and the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), inhibit specific and distinct aspects of cytokine signal transduction. The analysis of mice lacking genes for members of the SHP has shed much light on the roles of these proteins in vivo. In recent in vitro studies, the protein modifiers ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) have emerged as key players in the strategies employed by SOCS and PIAS to repress signaling. This review throws light on the mechanisms of action of these regulators as being evolved by the latest researches.
Detection of ricin contamination in ground beef by electrochemiluminescence immunosorbent assay

Ricin is a highly toxic protein present in the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor), grown principally as a source of high quality industrial lubricant and as an ornamental. Because ricin has been used for intentional poisoning in the past and could be used to contaminate food, there is a need for analytical methodology to detect ricin in food matrices. A monoclonal antibody-based method was developed for detecting and quantifying ricin in ground beef, a complex, fatty matrix. The limit of detection was 0.5 ng/g for the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method and 1.5 ng/g for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection of nanogram per gram quantities of ricin spiked into retail samples of ground beef provides approximately 10,000-fold greater sensitivity than required to detect a toxic dose of ricin (>1 mg) in a 100 g sample.
A comparison of Plague vaccine, USP and EV76 vaccine induced protection against Yersinia pestis in a murine model.

Abstract The median lethal dose (MLD) of a pathogenic strain of Yersinia pestis was established by three routes of administration in three strains of mouse. There was no significant difference between the MLDs in the different strains of mouse. The MLD by the subcutaneous route in Balb C and an outbred line was approximately 1 c.f.u.; the MLD following intraperitoneal administration was tenfold higher. There were significant differences in the mean times to death after administration of the challenge by different routes. The relative efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine strain of Y. pestis (EV76) was compared with that of the formaldehyde-killed vaccine (Plague vaccine, USP). EV76 protected against high challenge doses (up to 5.75 × 106 MLD), though immunized animals showed side effects of varying severity. The killed vaccine was less effective in terms of dose-protection (deaths occurred after challenge with 4000 MLD) and several of the vaccinated animals suffered sub-lethal, plague-related sequelae to the challenge.
Decision-based median filter using local signal statistics

ABSTRACT Noise removal is important in many applications. When the noise has impulsive characteristics, linear techniquesdo not perform well, and median filter or its derivatives are often used. Although median-based filters preserve edgesreasonably well, they tend to remove some of the finer details in the image. Switching schemes — where the filter isswitched between two or more filters — have been proposed, but they usually lack a decision rule efficient enough toyield good results on different regions of the image. In this paper we present a strategy to overcome this problem. Adecision rule based on the second order local statistics of the signal (within a window) is used to switch between theidentity filter and a median filter. The results on a test image show an improvement of around 4dB over the medianfilter alone, and 2dB over other techniques.Keywords: Median filter; Image enhancement; Noise removal; Impulsive noise. 1. INTRODUCTION Noise reduction is often necessary as a pre-processing step in situations where a signal is contaminated by noise.In cases where the noise can be adequately modeled as additive Gaussian noise, linear filters are normally efficiciitfor noise-reduction. However, in many cases the noise is impulsive, and in this case linear techniques do not usuallyperform well. The median filter and its derivatives are often the filter of choice for these applications.The median filter is a non-linear filter, and it has the useful property of removing (reducing) impulsive noisewithout (severely) smoothing the edges of the signal. The main drawback of the median filter is that it also modifiesthe points not contaminated by noise, therefore removing the finer details in the signal.In the past 20 years, median filters have been generalized and modified in many ways. A good overview of pastwork on generalizations of median filters can be find in the paper by Gabbouj et al.1 Examples include rank orderfilters, weighted median filters, stack filters, and linear combinations of nonlinear filters. A theory for optimal stackfilters has been developed.2 More recently, filters where the rank selected is based on the pixel rank have been alsoproposed .
Management of Propionibacterium acnes infection after shoulder surgery

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus commonly isolated from the flora of the face, chest, and axilla region. It has emerged as a major pathogen responsible for postoperative shoulder infections after both arthroscopy and arthroplasty procedures. Patients with P. acnes shoulder infection typically present with normal laboratory values (white blood cells (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP)) making diagnosis difficult. Several intraoperative tissue cultures should be obtained and cultured in both agar plate and broth in aerobic and anaerobic conditions for a minimum of 13 days to optimize the sensitivity and specificity to detect P. acnes. The utilization of intraoperative frozen sections to detect P. acnes infection is not reliable. Risk factors include male, cloudy synovial fluid, lucencies around the implant, and periprosthetic membrane formation. Managements include irrigation and debridement, single or two-staged revision, and intravenous antibiotics. Open biopsy prior to the final implantation (two-staged revision) may help detect persistent P. acnes infection. Penicillin and cephalosporins are effective against clinical P. acnes infection and biofilm in vitro. Combination antibiotic therapy with rifampin and daptomycin may further increase the clinical efficacy of treatment.
Relation of atrial natriuretic factor to vasoconstrictor hormones and regional blood flow in congestive heart failure

Abstract Plasma levels of both atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and vasoconstrictor neurohormones are often increased in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). It has been speculated that ANF is a counterregulatory hormone that influences regional blood flow and sodium balance in human patients by either direct vasorelaxation or by inhibiting the release of other vasoconstrictor neurohormones. The exact relation of increased ANF levels to regional vascular resistance and vasoconstrictor neurohormones has not previously been documented. Thus, we examined the relation between plasma ANF levels, levels of vasoconstrictor neurohormones, and forearm, splanchnic and renal blood flow in 20 normal subjects and in 17 patients with chronic CHF. The plasma ANF level was directly correlated with the plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.83, p Thus, in CHF, despite increased plasma ANF levels, the hypothesized inverse relation of plasma ANF with vasoconstrictor hormones or regional vascular resistances was not observed. Instead, the plasma ANF levels correlated directly with the concentration of vasoconstrictor hormones and regional vascular resistances. These data suggest that ANF is a relatively weak counterregulatory hormone in CHF.
Differing views on context cues

The indispensable role of context cues has been acclaimed over the years by a great majority of reading experts. It is obvious, for example, that the resolution of the intended connotation of a word depends on the context in which it resides. Of late, the “whole language” approach to reading development has adopted the use of context cues as one of its basic tenets. Some recent experimental research has questioned the extent to which context cues serve as a means of written word recognition. This evidence suggests that observations that beginning readers depend heavily on context cues for word recognition should not be interpreted to mean that this practice should be reinforced in children learning to read. On the contrary, the modern evidence notes that able, mature readers recognize written words automatically, and thus make little use of context cues. Nonetheless, the finding that small but reliable gains in children's knowledge of word meaning is made through the use of context cues indicates that there is some limited place for instruction in context cues in reading programs.
Relative effects of climate change and wildfires on stream temperatures: a simulation modeling approach in a Rocky Mountain watershed

Freshwater ecosystems are warming globally from the direct effects of climate change on air temperature and hydrology and the indirect effects on near-stream vegetation. In fire-prone landscapes, vegetative change may be especially rapid and cause significant local stream temperature increases but the importance of these increases relative to broader changes associated with air temperature and hydrology are not well understood. We linked a spatially explicit landscape fire and vegetation model (FireBGCv2) to an empirical regression equation that predicted daily stream temperatures to explore how climate change and its impacts on fire might affect stream thermal conditions across a partially forested, mountainous landscape in the western U.S. We used the model to understand the roles that wildfire and management actions such as fuel reduction and fire suppression could play in mitigating stream thermal responses to climate change. Results indicate that air temperature increases associated with future climates could account for a much larger proportion of stream temperature increases (as much as 90 % at a basin scale) than wildfire. Similarly, land management scenarios that limited wildfire prevalence had negligible effects on future stream temperature increases. These patterns emerged at broader spatial scales because wildfires typically affected only a subset of a stream's network. However, at finer spatial and temporal scales stream temperatures were sensitive to wildfire. Although wildfires will continue to cause local, short-term effects on stream temperatures, managers of aquatic systems may need to find other solutions to cope with the larger impact from climate change on future stream warming that involves adapting to the increases while developing broad strategies for riparian vegetation restoration.
Alloimmunization in two multitransfused patient populations

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of alloimmunization in two multitransfused patient populations. Three hundred eighteen unselected patients whose transfusion records were available were studied. One hundred fifty-seven patients had sickle cell disease (SCD) and 161 had thalassemia. Forty-four antibodies were detected in 23 of the 99 transfused SCD patients. The predominate antibodies were in the Rh group: seventeen were anti-rh”(E), eight were anti-rh'(C), and four were anti-rh'w(Cw). Of the remaining antibodies, five were anti-Kell, three were anti-Jka, two were anti-Jkb, three were anti-Fya, one was anti-Bga, and one was anti-S. In the thalassemic patients, six antibodies were detected in 4 of the 39 transfused patients. Of these, there were two anti-Kell and one anti-Rho (D), anti- rh'(C), anti-rh'w(Cw), and anti-Fya each. Although the SCD patients were more likely to have been transfused at the parent institution than were the thalassemic patients (69% vs. 24%, p less than 0.05), the frequencies of alloimmunized patients, the total number of antibodies, and the number of Rh antibodies did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) for transfused patients in the two populations.
The effectiveness of traditional vs. satellite delivery in three management of technology master's degree programs

Abstract This paper presents the results of a “natural experiment” that directly compared traditional classroom and distance learning settings. The distance learners performed better than the traditional learners on several dimensions. It appears that the distance learners’ higher levels of maturity, experience, “kindred spirit,” enthusiasm, and sense of responsibility contributed to their performance, and that these conditions might be vital to successful distance learning. This study also reinforces the importance of giving quick feedback on homework to distance students, and the importance of frequent telephone or other electronic media contacts between the instructor and the distance students. Additional information useful for designing effective distance learning programs was collected.
EFFECTS OF PROCESSING ON THE DIETARY FIBER CONTENT OF WHEAT BRAN, PUREED GREEN BEANS, AND CARROTS

The dietary fiber (DF) components of green beans and carrots were fractionated and analyzed utilizing methodology developed by Anderson and Clydesdale (1980). Samples of each vegetable were examined as purchased, after boiling for 30 min, and after retorting for 60 min. Also, a standard wheat bran, whose DF profile was previously determined by Anderson and Clydesdale (1980), was analyzed after toasting for 30 and 60 min and after boiling for 30 min. Results indicated that toasting significantly increased the “lignin” content of the bran and had little effect on the other components. Wet heat processing tended to first solubilize and then destroy the pectin substances in the pureed green beans, carrots, and wheat bran.
Phonology: a review and proposals from a connectionist perspective.

A parallel distributed processing (PDP) model of phonological processing is developed, including components to support repetition, auditory processing, comprehension, and language production. From the performance of the PDP reading model of Plaut, McClelland, Seidenberg, and Patterson (1996), it is inferred that the acoustic-articulatory motor pattern associator that supports repetition provides the basis for phonological sequence knowledge. From the observation that many patients make phonemic paraphasic errors in language production, as in repetition, it is argued that there must be a direct link between distributed concept representations (lexical semantic knowledge) and this network representation of sequence knowledge. In this way, both lexical semantic and phonotactic constraints are brought to bear on language production. The literature on phonological function in normal subjects (slip-of-the-tongue corpora) and in patients with aphasia is critically reviewed from this perspective. The relationship between acoustic and articulatory motor representations in the process of phonetic perception is considered. Repetition and reproduction conduction aphasia are reviewed in detail and extended consideration is given to the representation of auditory verbal short-term memory in the model. Finally, the PDP model is reconciled with information processing models of phonological processing, including that of Lichtheim, and with current knowledge of the anatomic localization of phonological processing. Although no simulations of the model were run, a number of simulation studies are proposed.
A general approach to classification problems

Abstract In the classification problem the value of the discrete random variable I must be estimated from that of a random variable X given a random sample (I1, X1),(I2, X2),…,(In, Xn). A classification rule giving such an estimate can be based on most nonparametric density estimators which are based on delta sequences. The rate at which the nonerror rate for this rule converges to the optimal is calculated. It is found to be O(n −1 (2d + 2) log d n , where d is the dimension of the variable X under mild assumptions on the densities. A procedure for choosing an associated parameter for small samples is given.
Control of water absorption by purification of graphite

Abstract It is well known that graphite can absorb large quantities of water, which can represent an abundant source of oxygen impurities in fusion plasmas if the corresponding components are not properly outgassed. We have outgassed various fusion-relevant graphites (e.g., POCO AXF-5Q) for 1.5 h at 1500 ° C to release absorbed water and have subsequently exposed the samples to air for various periods of time. Re-absorption of water during the air exposure was estimated by measuring the amount of water produced in subsequent outgassing runs. The results show that the amount of water re-absorbed increases by a factor of approximately 10 within 8 h compared to the sample in the outgassed state but with no air exposure. The water content of the ‘as received’ material is reached after approximately 30 days. Re-absorption of water was significantly reduced by purification of the investigated graphite samples. This purification process, which consists of heating the sample at 2800 ° C for 30 min in an argon atmosphere, reduces the levels of trace impurities which can be responsible for catalytic surface reactions on the internal surfaces of the graphic. After exposing an outgassed sample to an electron cyclotron heated plasma followed by 1 h air exposure, the amount of water desorbed was observed to increase by a factor of 6. Data will be presented to correlate this effect with trace impurities.
Dynamics of Sheared Convective Boundary Layer Entrainment. Part I: Methodological Background and Large-Eddy Simulations

Abstract The reported study examines the dynamics of entrainment and its effects on the evolution of the dry atmospheric convective boundary layer (CBL) when wind shear is present. The sheared CBL can be studied by means of direct measurements in the atmosphere, laboratory studies, and numerical techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed in the present paper, which also describes the methodological background for studying the dynamics of entrainment in sheared CBLs. For the reported study, large-eddy simulation (LES) was chosen as the primary method of convective entrainment investigation. Twenty-four LES runs were conducted for CBLs growing under varying conditions of surface buoyancy flux, free-atmospheric stratification, and wind shear. The simulations were divided into three categories: CBL with no mean wind (NS), CBL with a height-constant geostrophic wind of 20 m s−1 (GC), and CBL with geostrophic wind shear (GS). In the simulated cases, the sheared CBLs grew fastes...
Photochemical oxidation of phenanthrene sorbed on silica gel

There have been relatively few detailed studies of PAH photochemical degradation mechanisms and products at solid/air interfaces under controlled conditions. Results from mechanistic studies on par...
Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route: Studies and Applications

Given the rapid changes that are under way in Arctic sea ice extent, Remote Sensing of Sea Ice in the Northern Sea Route is a timely work. The Northern Sea Route (NSR), along the Arctic coast of Russia, has a long history, dating back to 1932, when the Soviet Union established the NSR administration to develop hydrometeorological services. Shipping along the sea route peaked in the 1980s, but there is renewed interest associated with a lengthening ice-free season and mineral exploitation. Since July 1991, the NSR has been open to all merchant vessels.
The modal equations model of the simplified hydrogen atom

Abstract The modal equations method of classical mechanics is employed to describe a simplified model of the Bohr hydrogen atom. Mathematically the solution agrees with the quantum mechanics solution, but physically the two descriptions of atomic structure are significantly different.
The DaveMLTranslator: An Interface for DAVE-ML Aerodynamic Models

It can take weeks or months to incorporate a new aerodynamic model into a vehicle simulation and validate the performance of the model. The Dynamic Aerospace Vehicle Exchange Markup Language (DAVE-ML) has been proposed as a means to reduce the time required to accomplish this task by defining a standard format for typical components of a flight dynamic model. The purpose of this paper is to describe an object-oriented C++ implementation of a class that interfaces a vehicle subsystem model specified in DAVE-ML and a vehicle simulation. Using the DaveMLTranslator class, aerodynamic or other subsystem models can be automatically imported and verified at run-time, significantly reducing the elapsed time between receipt of a DAVE-ML model and its integration into a simulation environment. The translator performs variable initializations, data table lookups, and mathematical calculations for the aerodynamic build-up, and executes any embedded static check-cases for verification. The implementation is efficient, enabling real-time execution. Simple interface code for the model inputs and outputs is the only requirement to integrate the DaveMLTranslator as a vehicle aerodynamic model. The translator makes use of existing table-lookup utilities from the Langley Standard Real-Time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++). The design and operation of the translator class is described and comparisons with existing, conventional, C++ aerodynamic models of the same vehicle are given.
An examination of Alzheimer's disease case definitions using Medicare claims and survey data.

Abstract Background The prevalence and expenditure estimates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from studies using one data source to define cases vary widely. The objectives of this study were to assess agreement between AD case definitions classified with Medicare claims and survey data and to provide insight into causes of widely varied expenditure estimates. Methods Data were obtained from the 1999–2004 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey linked with Medicare claims (n = 57,669). Individuals with AD were identified by survey, diagnosis, use of an AD prescription medicine, or some combination thereof. We also explored how much health care and drug expenditures vary by AD case definition. Results The prevalence of AD differed significantly by case definition. Using survey report alone yielded more cases (n = 1,994 or 3.46%) than diagnosis codes alone (n = 1,589 or 2.76%) or Alzheimer's medication use alone (n = 1,160 or 2.01%). Agreement between case definitions was low, with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.37 to 0.40. Per capita health expenditures ranged from $16,547 to $24,937, and drug expenditures ranged from $2,303 to $3,519, depending on how AD was defined. Conclusions Different information sources yield widely varied prevalence and expenditure estimates. Although claims data provided a more objective means for identifying AD cases, survey report identified more cases, and pharmacy data also are an important source for case ascertainment. Using any single source will underestimate the prevalence and associated cost of AD. The wide range of AD cases identified by using different data sources demands caution interpreting cost-of-illness studies using single data sources.
P450 Metabolism in Fibromyalgia

Objectives: To determine if the perceived high incidence of hypersensitivity to various substance in firomyalgia, including medications, due to abnormal P450 xenobiotic metabolism. Methods: The metabolism via two genetically polymorphic P450 pathways was determined for 33 fibromyalgia patients, and matched controls. Results: There was no statistical difference between the genotypic frequency of the CYP2D6 gene or phenotypic expression of CYP2C19 between patients and contorls. Conclusion: Xenobiotic metabolism by the two pathways studied is normal in fibromyalgia. Although other P450 pathways could conceivably be abnormal in fibromyalgia, we speculate that such hypersensitivity to multiple substances in these conditions is unlikely to be due to abnormal metabolism, and postulate instead that these symptoms are mediated by neural mechanisms.
Immunogenicity of protein aggregates—Concerns and realities

Protein aggregation is one of the key challenges in the development of protein biotherapeutics. It is a critical product quality issue as well as a potential safety concern due to the increased immunogenicity potential of these aggregates. The overwhelming safety concern has led to an increased development effort and regulatory scrutiny in recent years. The main purposes of this review are to examine the literature data on the relationship between protein aggregates and immunogenicity, to highlight the linkage and existing inconsistencies/uncertainties, and to propose directions for future investigations/development.
A priori knowledge and the scope of philosophy

L'A. defend l'argument de l'evidence qui justifie les deux theses de l'autonomie et de l'autorite de la philosophie par rapport a la science. Fonde sur l'identite des intuitions et de l'evidence, ainsi que sur le fiabilisme modal, l'argument de l'evidence permet de determiner les fondement de la connaissance a priori et de delimiter le domaine de la philosophie