cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of interventions that reduce family caregiving time

Abstract The decreasing number of family/friend caregivers available to help the rising number of older adults is creating a critical family care gap. For this reason, there is a growing need for interventions that reduce family/friend caregiving time. We systematically reviewed five electronic databases to identify randomized trials, case control, quasiexperimental, and cross-sectional studies that evaluated a modifiable element that could be targeted for interventions with care recipients 65 + and/or their family/friend caregivers and reported on an outcome of time spent caregiving. We excluded studies without a comparison, broadly defined. The initial search included 1812 unique records. Following abstract and title screening 311 full-texts were reviewed. Fifty-five studies published between the years of 1990 and 2019 met inclusion criteria. Studies predominantly focused on care recipients with dementia (58%) and were largely conducted in western countries (91%). The categories of interventions reviewed included pharmaceuticals (25%), public long-term care financing (7%), case management (7%), care setting (16%), technology (7%), multicomponent interventions (9%), skills building (15%), additional formal expertise/care (9%), and other (5%), with one study falling into multiple categories. Pharmaceuticals, case management, care setting, and multicomponent interventions demonstrated promising evidence to reduce family/friend caregiving time. Methodologically, studies were inconsistent in measurement and ascertainment of caregiving time. Given the public health concerns of reduced availability of family/friend caregivers for older persons in the upcoming decades, caregiving interventions should consider measurements of caregiving time as key outcomes.
Role of Sucrose Metabolism in the Cariogenicity of the Mutans Streptococci

Dental caries constitutes the most common, and very likely the most expensive, of human diseases. Two members of the mutans streptococci (MS), Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus, are the most common human cariogenic pathogens. Several enzymes or enzyme systems in the MS are associated with the metabolism of sucrose, and most may be involved in the virulence of these oral pathogens. All MS have glucosyltransferases (GTFs) responsible for the synthesis of extracellular homopolymers of glucose which may be water soluble or insoluble, depending on the proportion of α-1,3 linkages present. The amino acid sequences of the proteins predicted by the respective scrA genes shared only 45% identity, whereas the corresponding sucrose phosphate hydrolase (SPH) proteins predicted by the scrB genes shared ~ 70% amino acid identity. An extremely useful feature of recombinant DNA technology is the ability to manipulate cloned genetic determinants from a particular organism, to replace the wild-type determinant with the altered one, and then to test the effects of such manipulation on the phenotype associated with that determinant. Such a process requires an ability to introduce DNA into the organism under study. Finally, the availability of gene transfer systems and appropriate vector molecules will permit comparative analyses of the regulation of sucrose metabolism in the MS.
Chapter 9 Alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the alkaloids of the amaryllidaceae. The previous classification of all Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in the “phenanthridine group” has proved to be an oversimplification since only lycorine and crinine subgroups have been shown to possess this nucleus. All the alkaloids that have been studied structurally contain a benzenoid ring which may be substituted with methylenedioxy or methoxyl groups or both. In a majority of the alkaloids investigated the hydrogen content has indicated the presence of three additional rings after allowance for olefinic unsaturation, an aromatic nucleus, and the methylenedioxy ring. Alkaloids patterned after lycorine generally are levorotatory bases, often unstable to light and heat. Almost all the alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae have been isolated and studied structurally since 1953, and infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra have been invaluable aids in this work.
Central actions of hydrogen sulfide (703.1)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel gaseous signaling molecule that has been shown to exert multiple beneficial effects in vivo, including anti-inflammatory actions and protective effects in the gastrointestinal tract. HS converting enzymes are produced in the central nervous system, and thus may exert important actions in brain. We therefore tested the ability of HS to modulate mean arterial pressure, fluid intake, and stress hormone secretion in adult, male rats, via intracerebroventricular (icv) injection H2S donors (sodium hydrosulfide hydrate). Central administration of H2S donors led to rapid, transient, dose-related increases in mean arterial pressure in conscious, freely moving male rats, but did not alter water or saline intakes. Furthermore, injection of H2S donors led to an increase in plasma corticosterone levels, but not plasma prolactin levels, in non-stressed animals. From these data, we conclude that H2S may act as an important signaling molecule in brain, although elucidation of the physiol...
The influence of corridors on the movement behavior of individual Peromyscus polionotus in experimental landscapes

To assess corridor effects on movement in Peromyscus polionotus (old-field mice), we used a set of three experimental landscapes that contained multiple patches (1.64 ha) of usable, open habitat embedded in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest matrix. Some patches were connected by corridors and others were isolated (unconnected). We introduced mice to nest boxes in experimental patches and followed them through the landscapes via trapping. We found weak evidence that the presence of corridors decreased the probability that P. polionotus (particularly females) would disperse or disappear from a patch. In the process of live trapping the patches, we also encountered `feral' P. polionotus, Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rats), and Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mice). The average number of feral animals did not differ between isolated and connected patches. This suggests that corridors do not act as drift fences that `sieve' individuals out of the matrix and into the patches. However, more male than female P. polionotus and S. hispidus were trapped in isolated patches. This intersexual difference did not exist in connected patches.
Recent Progress on Understanding and Modeling Sediment Transport in Coastal Environment

We present a two-phase flow model for sand transport that uses a collisional theory and a k-e fluid turbulence closure to model the sediment-phase stresses and fluid-phase stresses, respectively. This two-phase flow model also considers the interaction between fluid turbulence and sand particle motions. Model-data comparisons using data measured for oscillatory sheet flows in U-tubes and for open channel sheet flow demonstrate the model’s good predictive ability. Such a model is able to provide sediment transport information both in the near-bed region and throughout the water column. Finally, examples for the washout of a small heap of sand under unidirectional flows are shown.
Dynamics of shift-like polynomial diffeomorphisms of ^{}

We identify a family of polynomial diffeomorphisms of CN and show that these mappings may be studied using certain methods (filtration and potential-theoretic) which were developed for the study of polynomial diffeomorphisms of C2.
RNA-Seq profiling of single bovine oocyte transcript abundance and its modulation by cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

Molecular changes occurring during mammalian oocyte maturation are partly regulated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation (CP) and affect oocyte quality, yet the extent of CP activity during oocyte maturation remains unknown. Single bovine oocyte RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to examine changes in transcript abundance during in vitro oocyte maturation in cattle. Polyadenylated RNA from individual germinal-vesicle and metaphase-II oocytes was amplified and processed for Illumina sequencing, producing approximately 30 million reads per replicate for each sample type. A total of 10,494 genes were found to be expressed, of which 2,455 were differentially expressed (adjusted P 2) between stages, with 503 and 1,952 genes respectively increasing and decreasing in abundance. Differentially expressed genes with complete 3'-untranslated-region sequence (279 increasing and 918 decreasing in polyadenylated transcript abundance) were examined for the presence, position, and distribution of motifs mediating CP, revealing enrichment (85%) and lack thereof (18%) in up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Examination of total and polyadenylated RNA abundance by quantitative PCR validated these RNA-Seq findings. The observed increases in polyadenylated transcript abundance within the RNA-Seq data are likely due to CP, providing novel insight into targeted transcripts and resultant differential gene expression profiles that contribute to oocyte maturation.
A method for fixation of elastin demonstrated by stress/strain characterization.

In the process of examining the effects of oxidants on the mechanical properties of purified ligamentum nuchae elastin, it was found that sodium hypochlorite as constituted in Clorox™ will fix elastin at any preset extension. The treatments were carried out at a 1 to 5 dilution and at 0, 20 and 40% extensions. In each case, the new resting length was near the preset length and the elastic modulus increased remarkably, for example, from 1 to 5 × 10 7 dynes/cm 2 for the sample preset at 20% extension. As reflected in the increased elastic modulus, the fixation was achieved by the formation of irreversible cross-links. Due to the near absence of side chains containing chemically reactive groups suitable for contributing to the formation of additional cross-links required in fixation, this is the first method whereby irreversible fixation of elastin has been achieved. The absence of a suitable fixative for elastic tissues such as lung, arteries, etc. has limited the microscopic characterization of functional extended states of these tissues.
Vanadium-induced inhibition of renal Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase in the chicken after chronic dietary exposure.

Recent work has shown that V accumulates in the kidney and is a potent inhibitor of Na+, K+‐adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) in vitro. Thus, as a nutritionally required element, V may regulate cation transport. The effect of chronic intake of the metal on Na+, K+‐A TPase in vivo has not been reported. In this study laying strain chickens were fed calcium orthovanadate for 15 mo from d 1 of age at levels of 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm in the diet. Whole tissue homogenates and 13,000 × g fractions were analyzed for A TPase activities. Concentrations of V producing 50% inhibition of Na+, K+‐ATPase activity ranged from 1.0 × 10−5 M In liver to 1.8 × 10−6 M in kidney, which was the most sensitive tissue tested in vitro. Mg2+ ‐A TPase was more resistant to V than Na+, K+‐A TPase. Studies in vivo suggested a V‐dependent inhibition of renal Na+, K+‐ATPase. Correlation of enzyme specific activity and levels of V in kidneys suggested V‐A TPase mediated alteration in renal function.
Controlled synthesis of titanium nanochains using a template

Nanochains have unique properties due to their organized structures. We synthesized nanochains of titanium using crown ether as a template exploiting a simple sliding technique. The nanochains of Ti were formed with an average diameter of the sphere nodes around 80 nm separated by organic molecules with a space of 1–5 nm. The method developed here is the simplest reported to date. This process can be used for making nanostructures of different metallic materials. Trapping titanium ion particles is important to reduce the risk of the same material in the biomedical applications. The metallic nanochains are potentially applicable for making electronic and optical devices.
Chlamydia Screening and Positivity in Juvenile Detention Centers, United States, 2009–2011

An estimated 2.9 million new chlamydia infections occur in the United States each year. Among women, chlamydia can lead to serious adverse outcomes, including pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Chlamydia prevalence is highest among females aged 15–19 years. Despite long-standing recommendations directed at young, sexually active females, screening remains sub-optimal. Juvenile detention centers (JDCs) are uniquely situated to screen and treat high-risk adolescents. From 2009–2011, performance measure data on chlamydia screening coverage (proportion of eligible females screened) and positivity (proportion of females tested who were positive) were available from 126 geographically-dispersed JDCs in the United States. These facilities reported screening 55.2% of females entering the facilities (149,923), with a facility-specific median of 66.4% (range: 0–100%). Almost half (44.4%) of facilities had screening coverage levels of 75–100%. This screening resulted in the detection of 12,305 chlamydial i...
Spatial analysis and land use regression of VOCs and NO2 in Dallas, Texas during two seasons

Passive air sampling for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at 24 fire stations and a compliance monitoring site in Dallas, Texas, USA during summer 2006 and winter 2008. This ambient air monitoring network was established to assess intra-urban gradients of air pollutants to evaluate the impact of traffic and urban emissions on air quality. Ambient air monitoring and GIS data from spatially representative fire station sites were collected to assess spatial variability. Pairwise comparisons were conducted on the ambient data from the selected sites based on city section. These weeklong samples yielded NO2 and benzene levels that were generally higher during the winter than the summer. With respect to the location within the city, the central section of Dallas was generally higher for NO2 and benzene than north and south. Land use regression (LUR) results revealed spatial gradients in NO2 and selected VOCs in the central and some northern areas. The process used to select spatially representative sites for air sampling and the results of analyses of coarse- and fine-scale spatial variability of air pollutants on a seasonal basis provide insights to guide future ambient air exposure studies in assessing intra-urban gradients and traffic impacts.
Identification of a Novel Element Involved in Regulation of the Lytic Switch BZLF1 Gene Promoter of Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus capable of establishing a latent state in B lymphocytes. EBV's BZLF1 gene product plays a central role in regulating the switch from latency to productive infection. Here, we identify a sequence element, 5'-CAGGTA-3', called ZV, located at nucleotides -17 to -12 relative to the transcription initiation site of the BZLF1 promoter. ZV sequence-specifically binds a cellular nuclear factor(s), ZVR. ZVR DNA-binding activity was present in the EBV-negative B-lymphocytic cell line DG75, the EBV-positive B-lymphocytic cell lines GG68 and 721, the cervical cell line C33A, and the kidney cell line CV-1 but not in the breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Mutations in ZV that relieve binding of ZVR lead to a two- to fourfold increase in basal expression of the BZLF1 promoter in DG75, C33A, and CV-1 cells. The same mutants exhibited a 40- to 180-fold increase in tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-ionomycin-induced expression in DG75 cells and a 22-fold increase in C33A cells. Thus, ZVR functions as a regulator of the BZLF1 promoter, repressing transcription when bound to the ZV site in the absence of inducers. No differences in basal or induced transcription between wild-type and ZV mutant BZLF1 promoters were observed in ZVR-negative MCF-7 cells. ZVR failed to bind any of the previously identified negative regulatory elements within the BZLF1 promoter. We conclude that ZV functions as an important regulatory element of the BZLF1 promoter, with ZVR likely playing important roles in the maintenance of latency and reactivation of EBV.
A library of RNA bridges.

Translation starts with the assembly of the ribosome from its subunits, which requires the formation of intersubunit bridges. A combinatorial mutagenesis approach has now identified a number of the 16S rRNA residues involved in intersubunit bridging that are functionally important for the ribosome.
Reconstruction of Complex Nasal Dorsal Sidewall Defects

Conclusion: To maintain the nasal dorsal sidewall unit, superior, central dorsal, and nasal sidewall defects have traditionally been reconstructed utilizing a variety of techniques including skin grafts and regional flaps such as glabellar flaps and frontal flaps. We demonstrate that maintaining the nasal dorsal sidewall unit is not necessary and excellent results can be achieved through the expanded use of cheek advancement flaps. Numerous benefits were encountered by repairing nasal sidewall defects with contralateral nasal skin and extended cheek flaps, and the overall outcome in this series was felt to be superior to the results which would be expected with more traditional methods of repair.
Errors in ECG parameter estimation from standard leadsets

Abstract With the availability of low-cost, high-speed computers with (relatively) vast amounts of storage has come something of an explosion in the application of “quantitative electrocardiography.” A search of the Medline medical reference database on the subject string “quantitative AND electrocardiography” reveals no less than 509 citations, suggesting that the term has gained widespread acceptance. However, while quantitative techniques are, in general, to be welcomed to clinical medicine and research, their use as a diagnostic or patient monitoring tool begs a careful examination of just what is being counted and how it is being linked to physiology. In this study, the authors focus on the use of standard electrocardiographic lead systems as the basis for quantitative patient evaluation and attempt to highlight some limitations in the ability to extract meaningful parameters with such a limited sampling of human thoracic electrical activity.
A hybrid self-organizing maps and particle swarm optimization approach

Gene clustering, the process of grouping related genes in the same cluster, is at the foundation of different genomic studies that aim at analyzing the function of genes. Microarray technologies have made it possible to measure gene expression levels for thousands of genes simultaneously. For knowledge to be extracted from the datasets generated by these technologies, the datasets have to be presented to a scientist in a meaningful way. Gene clustering methods serve this purpose. In this paper, a hybrid clustering approach that is based on self-organizing maps and particle swarm optimization is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the rate of convergence is improved by adding a conscience factor to the self-organizing maps algorithm. The robustness of the result is measured by using a resampling technique. The algorithm is implemented on a cluster of workstations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Quasi-Stationary and Transient States of the Solar Wind

There are two states of the solar wind: quasi-stationary and transient. After 30 years of measurements by interplanetary spacecraft, the differences in the physical properties of the two types of wind are fairly well determined, but the physical processes involved in their accelerations are not yet understood in detail. The solar wind exists in part because the upper solar atmosphere, called the corona, is very hot, but the heating mechanisms are also not well understood. Recent research suggests a link between the heating and acceleration mechanisms.
New insights into the value of transit: Modeling inferences from Dade county

Whether transit accessibility influences labor force participation and income of different racial and ethnic groups is examined. The methodology involves the use of two-stage least-squares analysis to control for possible reverse causality in two of the explanatory variables: transit accessibility and auto ownership. Earlier literature on spatial mismatch theory suggests that transit accessibility should make a difference in unemployment rates for African Americans confined to inner city ghettos. In contrast, more recent literature suggests that other variables, such as workplace discrimination, are far more significant explanatory variables. Because all of these studies used measures of transit accessibility that failed to show the ease with which residents of a geographic area could access jobs in the entire region, this study attempts to do so. The transit accessibility measure is first calculated for traffic analysis zones (TAZs) in Dade County, Florida, and it is then used as one of several explanatory variables in models of African American, Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic white labor force participation; median zonal household income; and automobile ownership in TAZs. This research finds that transit accessibility does not explain labor force participation of any of the groups, but it helps explain household income as well as auto ownership. Higher transit accessibility is concluded to either directly or indirectly increase wage rates significantly for auto-disadvantaged groups.
Syntheses and structures of [NMe2(μ-NMet)GaCl]2 and [tmp(μ-OEt)GaCl]2 (tmp = 2, 6-tetramethylpiperidide)

Abstract The bis-dimethylamido gallium chloride, [NMe2(μ-NMe2)GaCl]2 (I) may be prepared by the reaction of two equivalents of lithium amide with GaCl3. The amido ethoxide gallium chloride, [TMP(μ-OEt)GaCl]2 (2), (TMP = tetramethylpiperidide) is formed in the reaction of lithium amide with GaCl3 in diethylether. The structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by X-ray methods. Crystals of 1 are orthorhombic, space group P212121, with a = 8.428(4), b=15.10(1), c=13.138(6) A, Z = 4. Crystals of 2 are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 8.542(1), b = 12.457(1), c = 12.959(1)A, β = 95.483(9), Z = 2. The R values for 1 and 2 are 0.066 and 0.054, respectively. The solid state structure of 1 consists of a nitrogen-bridged dimer, while 2 consists of an oxygen-bridged dimer.
A model based beamformer utilizing spatial chirps to suppress off-axis and near-field clutter

In vivo ultrasonic imaging with transducer arrays suffers from degraded visualization caused by a number of sources including fundamental beamforming limitations and media dependent limitations such as sound speed variation, off-axis scattering and reverberation. To decrease the effect of off-axis scattering and reverberation, we present a new algorithm to suppress these sources of degradation while preserving the radio frequency signal. The algorithm is applied to an 8 patient cohort that includes 43 data sets. The contrast improved by 7.3±4.6 dB, while the contrast to noise ratio remained nearly unchanged, -0.4±5.9 dB.
The social and political economy of coastal zone management: Shrimp mariculture in Ecuador

Abstract The paper examines the applicability of First World CZM policy for the Third World by focusing on Ecuador's shrimp mariculture, an industry whose explosive growth has reshaped the coastal zone and generated problems threatening loss of the resource base itself. This has led to recognized need for CZM and movement by development agencies to transfer the CZ policies of developed countries. Against this background, the analysis explores local concepts of investment and conservation, the role of government and law, and the influence of the social economy on mariculture development. It illuminates how local use and management of coastal resources is inseparable from specifically Ecuadorean cultural concepts, institutions, and practices. This places in relief the salient differences between management in the First and Third Worlds, illuminating how coastal zone management must not only be internally consistent, but cognizant of and integrated into the prevailing social, economic, and political conditions.
Considerations and Strategies for Teaching Online Counseling Skills: Establishing Relationships in Cyberspace

As technology advances and the use of online counseling becomes more routine, attention must be paid to instruction regarding online counseling skills. The authors present considerations for teaching basic online counseling skills to master's-level counseling students. Recommendations are made for helping students to establish and maintain therapeutic relationships online. Suggestions specific to counselor preparation and future research are provided.
The treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer

Abstract The management of well differentiated thyroid cancer continues to generate considerable debate and controversy regarding diagnostic evaluation, extent of surgery, and postoperative adjuvant therapy and follow-up. The fine-needle aspiration biopsy has been routinely used for diagnostic evaluation of thyroid nodule. Understanding prognostic factors and risk group analysis is extremely crucial in the overall management of thyroid cancer regarding the extent of thyroidectomy and adjuvant therapy. Patients in the low-risk group do extremely well and can be treated with lobectomy alone while those in the high-risk group invariably require total thyroidectomy due to the need of adjuvant radioactive iodine treatment. Thyroglobulin appears to be a good tumor marker in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy during follow-up. One of the major nuances in the management of thyroid cancer is the availability of recombinant TSH which can be used for radioactive iodine dosimetry during the follow-up of patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer. This prevents patients from becoming hypothyroid for an extended period of time which directly affects their quality of life. Understanding poorly differentiated thyroid cancer is extremely crucial as an important histologic prognostic factor and generally being nonradioavid tumors. PET scan is useful in the follow-up of these patients to evaluate the extent of distant metastasis.
Apatite fission-track thermochronology of the Pennsylvania Appalachian Basin

Thirty-four apatite fission-track apparent ages and twenty-four track length distributions for ash bed samples from the Valley and Ridge Province and Upper Devonian to Upper Pennsylvania sedimentary samples from the Allegheny Front and Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania suggest that these regions represent different thermal (uplift) regimes as well as different structural provinces. The Valley and Ridge Province Tioga and Kalkberg ash bed samples yield apatite fission-track apparent ages and track length distributions that indicate early post-Alleghanian (285-270 Ma) cooling and unroofing that began at ∼250 Ma. Assuming a geothermal gradient of 25°C km−1, a burial depth of at least 3.4 km can be estimated for all the Pennsylvania samples. At the Allegheny structural front and on the western Allegheny Plateau, the apatite fission-track apparent ages (<150 Ma) and track length measurements indicate a Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous thermal event for these samples possibly resulting from a higher geothermal gradient coinciding with kimberlite intrusion at this time along the Greene-Potter Fault Zone. In northeast Pennsylvania on the Allegheny Plateau, the Upper Paleozoic sedimentary samples yield apatite fission-track apparent ages ≤180 Ma. Narrow track length distributions with long mean lengths (13–14 μm) and small standard deviations (1.3 μm) suggest rapid cooling from temperatures >110°C during the Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous for this part of Pennsylvania. This is consistent with the suggested uplift history of the Catskill Mountain region in adjacent New York State.
Gilsonite varnish from acid sludge produced by the recovery of used lubricating oil

Acid sludge produced from regeneration of used lubricating oil was chemically treated in order to convert it in to a saleable product. Investigates treatment with different inorganic formulations. Determines and discusses the optimum formulation composition. Characterizes the spectroscopic analysis, thermogravimetric and rheology behaviours, and hydrocarbon type analysis (asphaltene, oil and resin) of the extracted multicomponent resin (MCR‐1). Uses the MCR‐1 for the preparation of gilsonite varnish. The physico‐chemical properties of the latter were determined and compared with those of a standard gilsonite varnish. Concludes that treatment of acid sludge with different salt formulations provides a potentially lowest cost source of gilsonite varnish for news ink and also helps reduce an environmental problem created by re‐refining used oil.
Migration of Ag, Cd and Cu into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and pyrolytic coated graphite

Abstract Migration of Cd, Cu and Ag from solution deposited samples of the respective nitrates into highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was studied using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) with platform vaporization. Metal migration was verified by removing the top layers of the HOPG platform after the sample had dried and performing the analysis using ETAAS. The results obtained suggest that the metals or their salts migrate into HOPG only when the sample solutions are deposited on those areas of the platform that have surface imperfections. The surface blemishes can be seen as tiny lines on the otherwise smooth surface of the HOPG platform. One possible driving force for the migration could be simple capillary action; however, additional information is needed to establish the true mechanism. The effect of metal migration into graphite on atomic absorption profiles was also evaluated. This effect was studied by comparing the signals obtained after the sample had been deposited either on the imperfections or on the smooth areas of the HOPG platform. In addition, samples were atomized from both sides of a pyrolytic coated platform in which one of the sides had been roughened with an abrasive material to expose the electrographite. The main effect of metal migration on the absorption profiles seems to be an increased tailing of the back edge of the signals. This could suggest a secondary generation function limited by the rate of diffusion of the metal back to the substrate surface and subsequent vaporization.
Effect of calcium and chromium chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetate on intestinal permeability and collagen metabolism in the rat.

Abstract The parenteral administration of a toxic dose of the calcium chelate of ethylenediaminetetracetate (CaEDTA) to rats caused a marked increase in the permeability of the intestinal wall to normally nonpermeating solutes. By contrast, the administration of an equi m dose of CrEDTA, a highly stable and inert chelate that does not undergo metal exchange in vivo, did not produce any observable toxic effects, and the permeability of the intestine was not affected. The possibility was investigated that either deposition or depletion of metals or a derangement of the connective tissue matrix might explain the enhanced permeability of the intestinal wall. Although no significant changes in metal concentrations of the intestinal wall were measured, the study did not rule out the possibility of an inactivation of metals in situ due to the formation of ternary complexes. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, an imino acid virtually specific for collagen, increased approximately 6-fold in rats treated with CaEDTA, When proline-14C was administered 1 mo preceding treatment with CaEDTA, the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline-14C increased, but its specific activity remained unchanged. The urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was not affected by the administration of CrEDTA. Thus it seems that CaEDTA effects collagen degradation by virtue of its chelating property.
Corkscrew modes in linear accelelators

Abstract The corkscrew mode in linear accelerators, in which a solenoidal beam-transport system is used, is investigated both analytically and numerically. By assuming that both the acceleration gaps and the drift regions between the adjacent magnets are infinitesimal, it is possible to treat the corkscrew mode analytically and to obtain an expression for the corkscrew mode amplitude and the effective emittance growth as a function of the energy variation within the beam pulse and of the tilts of the injector and the solenoid magnets. Reduction of the corkscrew mode amplitude is possible by an energy compensation scheme. This energy compensation scheme is studied numerically for the Experimental Test Accelerator II (ETA-II) configuration. We find that applying the energy compensation scheme at the beginning of the accelerator can reduce the corkscrew mode amplitude by a factor of two.
The environmental photobioreactor (ePBR): An algal culturing platform for simulating dynamic natural environments

Abstract Algae in natural or production setting experience fluctuating environmental conditions including changes in light, temperature, CO 2 and nutrient availability, oxygen and mixing. In response, algae respond to environmental changes dynamically, adjusting light energy capture strategies, physiological processes and cell cycle control. It is thus the combination of environmental conditions and biological responses that determines the performance of the algae. In contrast, much algal research is performed under artificially static laboratory environments, where different constraints determine performance. Consequently, algal strains selected for mass production in the laboratory may fail to perform well or outcompete local algal strains under outdoor production conditions. To address these issues, we have developed a novel environmental photobioreactor (ePBR), designed to mimic lighting from natural pond environments while controlling key environmental parameters including temperature, pH and CO 2 levels, mixing, and culture density. Natural lighting is simulated by illuminating from the top of a columnar culture vessel with a single high power white LED. This combination of lighting and geometry provides light intensities up to full sunlight at the culture surface, with light attenuation through the culture column similar to that observed in raceways or high rate algal ponds. Environmental parameters can be imposed in complex sequences with high time resolution via a user-programmable scripting language. Multiple ePBR units can be networked to perform parallel experiments, enabling semi-high throughput operations. In this report, we demonstrate the utility of this system by showing that fluctuating environmental conditions in ePBR significantly impact algal growth.
The tumour suppressor Hippo acts with the NDR kinases in dendritic tiling and maintenance

Genetic and biochemical evidence details that the tumour supressor Hippo is an upstream regulator of the tumour suppressors Warts/Lats, and that loss of Warts/Lats leads to proper dendritic tiling. Precise patterning of dendritic fields is essential for neuronal circuit formation and function, but how neurons establish and maintain their dendritic fields during development is poorly understood. In Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization neurons, dendritic tiling, which allows for the complete but non-overlapping coverage of the dendritic fields1,2,3, is established through a ‘like-repels-like’ behaviour of dendrites mediated by Tricornered (Trc), one of two NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) family kinases in Drosophila4,5,6,7. Here we report that the other NDR family kinase, the tumour suppressor Warts/Lats (Wts)8,9,10, regulates the maintenance of dendrites; in wts mutants, dendrites initially tile the body wall normally, but progressively lose branches at later larval stages, whereas the axon shows no obvious defects. We further provide biochemical and genetic evidence for the tumour suppressor kinase Hippo (Hpo)11,15 as an upstream regulator of Wts and Trc for dendrite maintenance and tiling, respectively, thereby revealing important functions of tumour suppressor genes of the Hpo signalling pathway in dendrite morphogenesis.
Comparison of Pelvic Organ Prolapse in the Dorsal Lithotomy Compared With the Standing Position

Abstract Objective: To determine if there is a significant difference in the degree of pelvic organ prolapse assigned during examination in the standing position compared with the dorsal lithotomy position with the patient performing maximal Valsalva maneuver. Methods: Fifty-one women with symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse were examined in both the dorsal lithotomy position, while performing maximal Valsalva, and in the standing position at the same visit by one of two examiners. Nine site-specific measures and summary stages were recorded, as outlined by the International Continence Society’s classification system for pelvic organ prolapse. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and correlation coefficients. Results: The mean age was 52 ± 15 years. Excellent correlation was noted between all six points representing the vaginal prolapse. The R values for point Aa were 0.97, Ba 0.96, C 0.98, Ap 0.97, Bp 0.96, and D 0.97. The total vaginal length, perineal body, and genital hiatus measurements were performed in the dorsal lithotomy position with the patient at rest and were not repeated. The stages were identical in 48 of 51 patients. The average stage in the dorsal lithotomy position was 2.3 and in the standing position, 2.3. There was no statistically significant difference between the stage or any of the measured points in the dorsal lithotomy and standing examinations. Conclusion: The degree of pelvic organ prolapse can be assessed adequately in the dorsal lithotomy position with the patient performing maximal Valsalva. It is not necessary to routinely repeat the examination in the standing position.
The unconscious in economic decision-making: Convergent voices

Abstract Mainstream economics assumes that decision-making is a conscious cost-benefit process, ignoring the pervasive role of unconscious thought processes. Recent research in neuroimaging, genomics, and psychoanalysis exposes the role of unconscious and “nonconscious” processes, providing tools for analyzing economic decision-making. Neuroimaging reveals examples of brain function that modulate decision-making, but are not under conscious control. Psychoanalytic research provides evidence of the role of emotions and the unconscious in human behavior and decision-making. We advance the case for integrating psychoanalysis and neuroscience for a new perspective on the role of the mind in decision-making and economic behavior.
Involvement of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in prothoracicotropic hormone-stimulated ecdysone synthesis

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is a brain neuropeptide that stimulates the prothoracic glands to synthesize ecdysone, an event that leads to insect molting. Both cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium have been implicated in PTTH action, with current evidence favoring cAMP as the messenger directly regulating ecdysone synthesis. To further define the role of cAMP in PTTH action, the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) was examined in prothoracic glands from two developmental stages of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (day 3 fifth instar larvae and day 0 pupae). Prothoracic glands at each of these stages of development possess two forms of cAMP-PK which resemble the vertebrate type I and type II isozymes, with the latter being the predominant form (greater than 90%). Marked developmental differences exist in the degree of activation of soluble cAMP-PK following in vitro exposure of the prothoracic glands to PTTH. In larval glands, soluble cAMP-PK is activated within 3-10 min of initial exposure to doses of PTTH that stimulate ecdysone synthesis. By contrast, activation of soluble cAMP-PK in pupal glands occurs only when PTTH is administered in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Developmental differences in the activation of cAMP-PK by PTTH were qualitatively identical to previously observed differences in PTTH-stimulated accumulation of intracellular cAMP. The results suggest an involvement of soluble cAMP-PK in the response of day 3 fifth instar larval prothoracic glands to PTTH, but indicate a difference in the nature, intracellular location, or time course of activation, of hormone-sensitive protein kinase in day 0 pupal glands.
Maximal weighting of qualitative data

A method whereby biographical or other questionnaire data of a purely qualitative nature may be used to predict success or failure on an independent criterion is presented. The method is not new but the present least-squares derivation and the transformation equation for punched card coding were not available in the literature. The proper weights are found to be proportional to the per cent of passers in the various categories. The method is suggested as a suitable substitute for non-linear approaches in connection with purely quantitative data as well. The implications of reweighting in connection with multiple regression is discussed. The lavish use of degrees of freedom makes cross-validation extremely desirable.
Reactivity of Organogallium−Amine Adducts and Gallium Amides toward Some Nonhydrolytic Gel Precursor Mixtures

The synthesis and spectroscopic and structural characterization of some new amine−gallane adducts as well as gallium amides are described. This work was carried out in order to test their reactivity as gallium nitride precursors toward nonhydrolytic gel precursor mixtures. These mixtures usually consist of M(OR)n/M‘Cln (M or M‘ = B, Al, Si, or Ti) species combined in various proportions. It was found that the adduct Me3GaNH(i-Pr)2 reacts with SiCl4 to form compounds with gallium−chlorine bonds and up to three chlorines may be substituted at gallium. The gallium amide (Me2GaNPh2)2 also reacts with SiCl4 to give a chlorinated species. The only amide precursor species that proved inert to SiCl4 was the sterically encumbered derivative Ga{N(SiMe3)2}3 which could be isolated unchanged after several days reaction time. In addition, the compound {TiCl3OEt}n was isolated from a Ti(OEt)4/SiCl4 reaction system and structurally characterized.
The perlecan heparan sulfate proteoglycan mediates cellular uptake of HIV-1 Tat through a pathway responsible for biological activity

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) mediate internalization of HIV-1 Tat. Herein, we report that human WiDr cells, which express perlecan but no other HSPGs, can internalize 125I-labeled Tat with minimal lysosomal degradation. Pre-treatment of cells with heparitinase almost completely abolished 125I-Tat surface binding, while the use of an HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter-reporter construct demonstrated that transactivation was potently blocked by pretreatment of cells with heparitinase, indicating an essential role for perlecan in the biologic effects of Tat. We conclude that the perlecan mediates Tat uptake and is required for HIV-1 LTR-directed transactivation in this human cell type.
Toward a change in syntax in diabetic foot care: prevention equals remission.

Because neuroischemic complications are associated with a high rate of recurrence, we propose a slight shift in the mechanism by which we counsel and communicate risk daily with our patients. If the epidemiology of this problem is comparable with that of cancer, and recurrences are common, then perhaps language commensurate with such risks should follow. After initial healing of an index wound, our unit now refers to patients not as being cured but rather as being “in remission.” This concept is easy for the patient and the rest of the team to understand. We believe that it powerfully connotes the necessity for frequent follow-up and rapid intervention for inevitable minor and sometimes major complications. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(2): 161–162, 2013)
Depth-Buffering Display Techniques for Constructive Solid Geometry

Solid modelers based on constructive solid geometry (CSG) typically generate shaded displays directly from CSG by using ray-casting techniques, which do not require informatin on the faces, edges, and vertices that bound a solid. This article describes an alternative-a simple new algorithm based on a depth-buffering or z-buffering approach. The z-buffer display algorithm operates directly on CSG, does not require explicit boundary data, and is easier to implement than ray casting. Ray-casting and z-beffering algorithms have comparable performances, but z-buffering is often faster for objects with complex surfaces, because it avoids expensive curve/surface intersection calculations. Because of their simplicity, depth-buffering algorithms for CSG are well-suited to hardware implementations, and may lead to machines simpler than those now being built for ray casting.
Temperament and adaptation in infants and young children with disabilities

The study of temperament in infants and young children has been facilitated by an increased availability of measures and a growth of interest in individual difference variables. As an index of behavioral style, temperament is well suited to examine individual differences in adaptation of infants and young children to requirements of the caregiving environment. Given the biobehavioral base attributed to temperament, it may have unique significance in understanding the complexities of adaptation of children whose disabilities are often associated with nervous system deficits. Research and clinical studies are reviewed to consider three questions: (1) to what extent do infants and young children with disabilities differ from their nondisabled peers in behavioral style, (2) in what ways may temperament mediate the adaptation of such infants to environmental demands, and (3) what are the implications for clinical practice, interpreted within a goodness-of-fit context.
Personality and Behavioral Correlates of Cigarette Smoking: One-Year Follow-up:

The smoking behavior of 885 students in high school and 1 yr. later in college was correlated with scores on scales and factor scales of the California Psychological Inventory and of the Objective Behavior Inventory. The data were analyzed separately by sex, and groups of students who started and who quit smoking during the period of study were compared with those who continued either to smoke or to abstain. Smokers were less well-adjusted and more likely to engage in antisocial activities. These relationships were stronger among women than among men, and those who showed behavioral ambivalence toward smoking, i.e., started or quit, were intermediate between' smokers and nonsmokers with respect to personality and behavior. The results are interpreted as suggesting a direct relationship between personality and cigarette smoking.
British depository arrangements for official publications

Abstract This paper was presented at the International Documents Task Force Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November, 1974. Given at the session on National Depository Systems, it represents the result of her investigations in England as a 1973/74 Fellow of the Council on Library Resources.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of a Keggin Polyoxometalate on Metal Electrode Surfaces

Polarization modulation infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are used to interrogate the behavior of the Keggin-type polyoxometalate α-[SiW12O40]4- on...