cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aldosterone and renin inhibition by physiological levels of atrial natriuretic factor.

This study was designed to examine, in the rat, the inhibition of renin release and aldosterone secretion by physiological plasma levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Intravascular volume expansion over 30 min with donor blood equal to 3% body weight increased plasma ANF concentration from a base line of 216 +/- 28 to 1,590 +/- 240 pg/ml (P less than 0.001) in sodium-replete rats. Basal plasma ANF levels were decreased to 125 +/- 9 pg/ml in animals fed a low-sodium diet, and the infusion of synthetic ANF into separate groups of these rats at doses of 15 or 45 ng.kg-1.min-1 elevated plasma ANF to 346 +/- 38 and 720 +/- 96 pg/ml, respectively (P less than 0.001 for both values). Infusion of ANF at 15 ng.kg-1.min-1 resulted in a significantly lower plasma renin activity [30 +/- 3 vs. 69 +/- 5 ng angiotensin I (ANG I).ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.05], but there was no difference in aldosterone secretion between control and infused groups (7.00 +/- 0.49 vs. 7.29 +/- 0.95 ng/min, P greater than 0.05). However, the higher ANF dose of 45 ng.kg-1.min-1 did reduce aldosterone secretion approximately 40% to 4.18 +/- 0.36 ng/min (P less than 0.001) with no further suppression in plasma renin activity. In sodium-replete rats, infusion of ANF at 45 ng.kg-1.min-1 resulted in lower plasma renin activity compared with the control noninfused group (14 +/- 4 vs. 22 +/- 2 ng ANG I.ml-1.h-1, P less than 0.05), but aldosterone secretion was not different (P greater than 0.05) between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accuracy of a passive hemagglutination inhibition method for the determination of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine.

This test (Prepuerin) when performed as described as a qualitative test for chorionic gonadotropin was uniformly negative or 100 per cent accurate on urines from 333 patients with 12 weeks or less of amenorrhea who were not pregnant. With urine from 537 similar patients who were pregnant the accuracy increased from 50 per ceni correct on urine front patients 5 weeks (29-35 days) to 85 then 95, 98, 99, 100, 100, and 100 per cent in the sixth through the twelfth week from the first day of their last menstrual period. On urine from patients with gynecologic complaints and who might be pregnant, the test was 97 per cent accurate over-all being truly positive in 120 of 121 positive tests and truly negative in 159 of 166 negative tests.
The Rtt107 BRCT scaffold and its partner modification enzymes collaborate to promote replication.

ABSTRACTFaithful duplication of the entire genome during each cell cycle is key for genome maintenance. Each stage of DNA replication, including initiation, progression, and termination, is tightly regulated. Some of these regulations enable replisomes to overcome tens of thousands of template obstacles that block DNA synthesis. Previous studies have identified a large number of proteins that are dedicated to this mission, including protein modification enzymes and scaffold proteins. Protein modification enzymes can bestow fast and reversible changes on many substrates, and thus are ideal for coordinating multiple events needed to promptly overcome replication impediments. Scaffold proteins can support specific protein-protein interactions that enable protein complex formation, protein recruitment, and partner enzyme functions. Taken together with previous studies, our recent work elucidates that a group of modification and scaffold proteins form several complexes to aid replication progression and are pa...
Introduction: Interviews and Conversations

The cover photo of this book depicts Steven Spielberg conferring with Whoopi Goldberg on the set of the director’s landmark classic, The Color Purple (1985). The film would not only have a profound impact on the career trajectories of both director and actor, but would mark a significant moment in the history of Classical Hollywood—from the 1920s to the waning years of the last century—as will be seen in this and many other interviews and conversations about films and filmmaking in this book.
Risk Factors for Candida Infection in the Intensive Care Unit

Recent improvements in the delivery of health care in the fields of oncology, surgery, transplantation, and critical care have made possible the support of critically ill and severely immunosuppressed patients for prolonged periods of time. As a result, the opportunity for the acquisition of nosocomial invasive infections has increased. Data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system revealed that the rate of fungal infections increased from 2.0 to 3.8 per 100 hospital discharges between 1980 and 1990 (1). The rate of bloodstream infection (BSI) due toCandidaspecies has increased significantly: nosocomial infections due toCandidaspecies currently rank fourth (2). The associated crude mortality is high despite optimal treatment with amphotericin B and the new triazoles. In a previous cohort study of nosocomial Candida fungemia, the crude and attributable mortality for cases and controls was reported to be 57% and 19% respectively. The attributable mortality rate for the infection was 38% (3). The incidence and relative prevalence of Candida infections in patients requiring intensive care has increased dramatically. Recent studies indicate that 23% of Candida BSIs occurred in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) (4). Numerous outbreaks or clusters of infections due toCandidaspecies in ICUs have been described (5-8) When compared to patients hospitalized in general wards, patients in the ICU are at increased risk for acquiring nosocomial infections including pneumonia, bloodstream and urinary tract infections. This trend is obviously due to several interventions that include the high rate of invasive procedures. Such procedures in the ICU include insertion of central venous catheters peripheral arterial access,endotracheal intubation with positive endexpiratory pressure and bladder catheterization.
The impact of civil union legislation on minority stress, depression, and hazardous drinking in a diverse sample of sexual-minority women: A quasi-natural experiment

Abstract Rationale A small but growing body of research documents associations between structural forms of stigma (e.g., same-sex marriage bans) and sexual minority health. These studies, however, have focused on a limited number of outcomes and have not examined whether sociodemographic characteristics, such as race/ethnicity and education, influence the relationship between policy change and health among sexual minorities. Objective To determine the effect of civil union legalization on sexual minority women's perceived discrimination, stigma consciousness, depressive symptoms, and four indicators of hazardous drinking (heavy episodic drinking, intoxication, alcohol dependence symptoms, adverse drinking consequences) and to evaluate whether such effects are moderated by race/ethnicity or education. Methods During the third wave of data collection in the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study (N = 517), Illinois passed the Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act, legalizing civil unions in Illinois and resulting in a quasi-natural experiment wherein some participants were interviewed before and some after the new legislation. Generalized linear models and interactions were used to test the effects of the new legislation on stigma consciousness, perceived discrimination, depression, and hazardous drinking indicators. Interactions were used to assess whether the effects of policy change were moderated by race/ethnicity or education. Results Civil union legislation was associated with lower levels of stigma consciousness, perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, and one indicator of hazardous drinking (adverse drinking consequences) for all sexual minority women. For several other outcomes, the benefits of this supportive social policy were largely concentrated among racial/ethnic minority women and women with lower levels of education. Conclusions Results suggest that policies supportive of the civil rights of sexual minorities improve the health of all sexual minority women, and may be most beneficial for women with multiply marginalized statuses.
Phase II study of capecitabine and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)

e15077 Background: Failing standard chemotherapy, many mCRC patients (pts) maintain an adequate performance status necessitating therapeutic options. Preclinical data in CRC cell lines shows that 5-FU and gemcitabine have synergistic cytotoxicity by stabilization of thymidylate synthase resulting in stronger inhibition of DNA synthesis. Methods: The primary objective was to assess time to progression (TTP) in mCRC pts who had progressed on irinotecan and oxaliplatin therapy. Secondary objectives included response rate (RR), overall survival (OS), toxicity and correlates to assess genes in the 5-FU, gemcitabine pathways. This single center study was a two stage minimax design. A ≤ 30% chance of progressing within the first 6 weeks would be promising. 27 pts were enrolled in the first stage, if ≥ 13 progressed (or had unacceptable toxicity) prior to 6 weeks then the study would be terminated. The planned sample size was 53 pts. A cycle was defined as capecitabine 650 mg/m2 BID days 1–14 and gemcitabine 1,00...
In Retrospect : Forty years of cellular clues from worms

The cell divisions that occur when a larva develops into an adult Caenorhabditis elegans worm were described in a cell-lineage map in 1977. The work has provided the foundation for many discoveries about developmental mechanisms.
Outcomes after Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for T1a Esophageal Adenocarcinoma with Suggested Algorithm for Management

BACKGROUND: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a well-known complication of Barrett’s esophagus (BE). The ASGE, AGA, and ACG have established guidelines regarding the diagnosis, management and surveillance of patients diagnosed with BE. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is an acceptable therapeutic option for T1a EAC versus esophagectomy. However, no clear guidelines exist regarding the management and follow up of patients with early EAC after EMR. The purpose of this study is: (1) to better define the outcome of EMR for T1a EAC; (2) to analyze the characteristics of our BE patients that underwent EMR for EAC; 3) to evaluate repeat EMR for positive margins of EAC in initial resection specimens. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients at a tertiary care center with BE patients with early EAC who underwent EMR. The electronic medical record was reviewed to collect the following data: age, sex, age at diagnosis of BE and EAC, length of BE segment, pathology results, and imaging. RESULTS: 31 patients with BE who underwent EMR for early EAC were assessed. 29 (93.55%) were male. The median age was 67 ± 9.7 years. The median ages at BE and EAC diagnoses were 63 ± 10.5 years and 63 ± 10.3 years, respectively. The length of BE segments ranged from < 1 cm to 14cm and 17 (54.84%) patients had short segment BE. 19 (61.29%) patients had EAC diagnosed on their first EGD at our institution. On pathology, 8 (25.81%) EMR specimens had margins positive for EAC. 7 (87.5%) of these patients underwent repeat EMR; 5 were successful and 1 required esophagectomy for persistently positive margins. 26 (83.86%) patients had PET/CT after EMR, 4 (15.38%) of which were positive. Overall, 2 (6.45%) patients had EAC recurrence, occurring at 70 and 71 months; both had successful repeat EMR. Mean length of follow up at our institution was 29.1 ± 21.9 months (range 2-87 months). CONCLUSIONS: BE is a known risk factor for EAC. Our study suggests BE patients with early EAC who undergo EMR have a low rate of EAC recurrence. In our population, short segment BE also carried a risk for EAC and should not be de-emphasized. EMR specimens with margins positive for EAC can be successfully managed with repeat EMR.
Inter-satellite communication MBSE design framework for small satellites

An Architectural framework for defining Inter-Satellite Communication system architectures based on Model-Based Systems Engineering concepts will facilitate the development of reliable and consistent system models that can be simulated, verified and validated. However, such a framework does not exist, thereby limiting our ability to define comprehensive and effective inter-satellite communication system architectures. As a means of addressing this challenge, we present an architectural framework design for defining and representing ISC system architecture for Small Satellite Systems based on an MBSE approach. The Systems Modeling Language SysML is used as the modeling tool for the framework design.
Comparison of conventional vs. modular hydrogen refueling stations and on-site production vs. delivery.

To meet the needs of public and private stakeholders involved in the development, construction, and operation of hydrogen fuelling stations needed to support the widespread roll-out of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, this work presents publicly available station templates and analyses. These ‘Reference Stations’ help reduce the cost and speed the deployment of hydrogen stations by providing a common baseline with which to start a design, enable quick assessment of potential sites for a hydrogen station, identify contributors to poor economics, and suggest areas of research. This work presents layouts, bills of materials, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and detailed analyses of five new station designs. In the near term, delivered hydrogen results in a lower cost of hydrogen compared to on-site production via steam methane reforming or electrolysis, although the on-site production methods have other advantages. Modular station concepts including on-site production can reduce lot sizes from conventional assemble-on-site stations.
Introduction to Algorithms

From the Publisher: The updated new edition of the classic Introduction to Algorithms is intended primarily for use in undergraduate or graduate courses in algorithms or data structures. Like the first edition,this text can also be used for self-study by technical professionals since it discusses engineering issues in algorithm design as well as the mathematical aspects. In its new edition,Introduction to Algorithms continues to provide a comprehensive introduction to the modern study of algorithms. The revision has been updated to reflect changes in the years since the book's original publication. New chapters on the role of algorithms in computing and on probabilistic analysis and randomized algorithms have been included. Sections throughout the book have been rewritten for increased clarity,and material has been added wherever a fuller explanation has seemed useful or new information warrants expanded coverage. As in the classic first edition,this new edition of Introduction to Algorithms presents a rich variety of algorithms and covers them in considerable depth while making their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers. Further,the algorithms are presented in pseudocode to make the book easily accessible to students from all programming language backgrounds. Each chapter presents an algorithm,a design technique,an application area,or a related topic. The chapters are not dependent on one another,so the instructor can organize his or her use of the book in the way that best suits the course's needs. Additionally,the new edition offers a 25% increase over the first edition in the number of problems,giving the book 155 problems and over 900 exercises thatreinforcethe concepts the students are learning.
The addictive potential of television binge watching: Comparing intentional and unintentional binges.

This study proposes media audiences engage in 2 types of TV binge watching: intentional and unintentional. Using the differential susceptibility to media effects model as a framework, we draw from research on sensitivity theory and uses and gratifications to test whether unintentional binges are mor
The Gnats — Low-Cost Embedded Networks for Supporting Mobile Robots

We provide an overview of the GNATs project. This project is aimed at using tens to thousands of inexpensive networked devices embedded in the environment to support mobile robot applications. We provide motivation for building these types of systems, introduce a development platform we have developed, review some of our and others’ previous work on using embedded networks to support robots, and outline directions for this line of research.
RECENT ADVANCES IN SPACECRAFT THERMAL-CONTROL MATERIALS RESEARCH

The state-of-the-art of spacecraft thermal-control materials technology has been significantly advanced during the past 4 years. Selective black coatings are discussed together with black paints, dielectric films on metal surfaces, and white radiator coatings. Criteria for the selection of thermal-control surfaces are considered, giving attention to prelaunch protection, the capability of being measured, reproducibility, simulator response, and aspects of a nonindigenous space environment. Progress in space simulation is related to vacuum technology, ultraviolet sources, solar wind simulation, and the production of protons. Advances have been made in the protection against space environmental effects, and in the development of thermal-control surfaces and pigments.
Die Entwicklung des Individuums

Nun sind wir von unserer ergiebigen Forschungsreise ins weite Gebiet der Vererbung zuruckgekehrt und setzen uns wieder geduldig ans Mikroskop, um von unserem Lehrmeister Ascaris den Rest seiner Geschichte zu horen.
Escarabajos (Coleoptera) de Peru: Un muestreo de las familias. Pythidae Solier, 1834

The diversity of the family Pythidae (Coleoptera) is summarized for Peru. One genus (Ischyomius Chevrolat) and two species are recorded. Comments are given on classification and distribution of the family, as well as known biology and natural history, the latter based primarily on larval stages. Based on label data from previously examined specimens and from newly collected material, species of Ischyomius appear to be closely associated with several monocot plant families within order Zingerberales. Ischyomius singularis Chevrolat is recorded from Huanuco and Lima, while I. bicolor Champion is known from Loreto and Madre de Dios; specific collection localities are given.
Creatine and phosphocreatine mapping of mouse skeletal muscle by a polynomial and Lorentzian line-shape fitting CEST method.

Purpose To obtain high-resolution Cr and PCr maps of mouse skeletal muscle using a polynomial and Lorentzian line-shape fitting (PLOF) CEST method. Methods Wild-type mice and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase-deficient (GAMT-/-) mice that have low Cr and PCr concentrations in muscle were used to assign the Cr and PCr peaks in the Z-spectrum at 11.7 T. A PLOF method was proposed to simultaneously extract and quantify the Cr and PCr by assuming a polynomial function for the background and 2 Lorentzian functions for the CEST peaks at 1.95 ppm and 2.5 ppm. Results The Z-spectra of phantoms revealed that PCr has 2 CEST peaks (2 ppm and 2.5 ppm), whereas Cr only showed 1 peak at 2 ppm. Comparison of the Z-spectra of wild-type and GAMT-/- mice indicated that, contrary to brain, there was no visible protein guanidinium peak in the skeletal-muscle Z-spectrum, which allowed us to extract clean PCr and Cr CEST signals. High-resolution PCr and Cr concentration maps of mouse skeletal muscle were obtained by the PLOF CEST method after calibration with in vivo MRS. Conclusions The PLOF method provides an efficient way to map Cr and PCr concentrations simultaneously in the skeletal muscle at high MRI field.
Effect of a soybean hull:soy lecithin:soapstock mixture on ruminal digestion and performance of growing beef calves and lactating dairy cattle

Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a soybean hull, soy lecithin, and soapstock mixture on ruminal fiber and protein digestion, growth efficiency of beef calves, and lactational performance of dairy cattle. An initial mixing experiment determined that a 4:1 ratio (DM basis) of soy lecithin:soapstock could be added to soybean hulls at 15% (wt/wt, DM basis); this mixture had acceptable mixing and handling characteristics. Dietary addition of a mixture of 85% soybean hulls, 12% soy lecithin, and 3% soapstock (DM basis; SLS) to provide 0, 3, 5, or 7% supplemental fat resulted in a linear (P .10) as graded levels of SLS replaced corn grain. However, as graded levels of SLS replaced soybean hulls, daily gain and feed efficiency increased linearly (P < .01). Based on the results of these trials, Holstein dairy cattle were fed four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets that contained either high levels of nonfiber carbohydrates (43%) and no added fat, 1% ruminally inert fat, a 6% level of SLS, or a 12% SLS level (all on DM basis). Efficiency of 4% fat-corrected milk production (kilograms of milk/kilogram of DMI) was greatest for cows fed SLS at 6% of dietary DM. The SLS mixture was an excellent source of fiber and vegetable fat, comparable in feeding value to corn grain, for inclusion in the diets of beef calves and dairy cows.
Botanical metabolite ions extraction from full electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using high-dimensional penalized regression.

Mass spectrometric data analysis of complex biological mixtures can be a challenge due to its vast datasets. There is lack of data treatment pipelines to analyze chemical signals versus noise. These tasks, so far, have been up to the discretion of the analysts. The aim of this work is to demonstrate an analytical workflow that would enhance the confidence in metabolomics before answering biological questions by serial dilution of botanical complex mixture and high-dimensional data analysis. Furthermore, we would like to provide an alternative approach to a univariate p-value cutoff from t-test for blank subtraction procedure between negative control and biological samples. A serial dilution of complex mixture analysis under electrospray ionization was proposed to study firsthand chemical complexity of metabolomics. Advanced statistical models using high-dimensional penalized regression were employed to study both the concentration and ion intensity relationship and the ion–ion relationship per second of retention time sub dataset. The multivariate analysis was carried out with a tool built in-house, so called metabolite ions extraction and visualization, which was implemented in R environment. A test case of the medicinal plant goldenseal (Hydrastis canandensis L.), showed an increase in metabolome coverage of features deemed as “important” by a multivariate analysis compared to features deemed as “significant” by a univariate t-test. For an illustration, the data analysis workflow suggested an unexpected putative compound, 20-hydroxyecdysone. This suggestion was confirmed with MS/MS acquisition and literature search. The multivariate analytical workflow selects “true” metabolite ions signals and provides an alternative approach to a univariate p-value cutoff from t-test, thus enhancing the data analysis process of metabolomics.
Examination of Adsorption Orientation of Amyloidogenic Peptides Over Nano-Gold Colloidal Particle Surfaces.

The adsorption of amyloidogenic peptides, amyloid beta 1–40 (Aβ1–40), alpha-synuclein (α-syn), and beta 2 microglobulin (β2m), was attempted over the surface of nano-gold colloidal particles, ranging from d = 10 to 100 nm in diameter (d). The spectroscopic inspection between pH 2 and pH 12 successfully extracted the critical pH point (pHo) at which the color change of the amyloidogenic peptide-coated nano-gold colloids occurred due to aggregation of the nano-gold colloids. The change in surface property caused by the degree of peptide coverage was hypothesized to reflect the ΔpHo, which is the difference in pHo between bare gold colloids and peptide coated gold colloids. The coverage ratio (Θ) for all amyloidogenic peptides over gold colloid of different sizes was extracted by assuming Θ = 0 at ΔpHo = 0. Remarkably, Θ was found to have a nano-gold colloidal size dependence, however, this nano-size dependence was not simply correlated with d. The geometric analysis and simulation of reproducing Θ was conducted by assuming a prolate shape of all amyloidogenic peptides. The simulation concluded that a spiking-out orientation of a prolate was required in order to reproduce the extracted Θ. The involvement of a secondary layer was suggested; this secondary layer was considered to be due to the networking of the peptides. An extracted average distance of networking between adjacent gold colloids supports the binding of peptides as if they are “entangled” and enclosed in an interfacial distance that was found to be approximately 2 nm. The complex nano-size dependence of Θ was explained by available spacing between adjacent prolates. When the secondary layer was formed, Aβ1–40 and α-syn possessed a higher affinity to a partially negative nano-gold colloidal surface. However, β2m peptides tend to interact with each other. This difference was explained by the difference in partial charge distribution over a monomer. Both Aβ1–40 and α-syn are considered to have a partial charge (especially δ+) distribution centering around the prolate axis. The β2m, however, possesses a distorted charge distribution. For a lower Θ (i.e., Θ <0.5), a prolate was assumed to conduct a gyration motion, maintaining the spiking-out orientation to fill in the unoccupied space with a tilting angle ranging between 5° and 58° depending on the nano-scale and peptide coated to the gold colloid.
Liquid-Metal-Mediated Recrystallization of Zinc Under Ambient Conditions

Liquid-metal-mediated recrystallization is a poorly understood facet of liquid metal embrittlement that has never before been the subject of systematic study. In this work, commercially pure Zn sheet with varied grain size and amount of prior deformation is exposed to liquid eutectic Ga-In, and the resulting microstructural evolution is characterized. The penetration rate of the liquid into the grain boundary network is observed to be strongly dependent on grain size, with little or no dependence on prior deformation. However, the extent of recrystallization and the accompanying evolution of crystallographic and morphologic texture is strongly dependent on prior deformation.
Outcomes of Mechanical Circulatory Support after Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Systematic Review

Purpose Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare, serious form of myocarditis that can require bridging to orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) with mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Given that the roles of MCS and immunosuppressive therapy have not been well defined in this patient population, we sought to analyze the outcomes of patients with GCM who required MCS. Methods A systematic search was performed in June 2019 to identify all studies of biopsy-proven GCM requiring MCS in the English literature after 2009. 27 studies were identified consisting of 43 patients. Patient-level data were extracted for statistical analysis. Results Median patient age was 45 [IQR: 32 - 57] years, and 42.1% (16/38) of patients were female. 34.9% (15/43) of patients presented with symptoms of acute heart failure, and 20.9% (9/43) presented in cardiogenic shock. Biventricular (BiVAD) MCS was required in 76.7% (33/43) of cases. The final diagnosis of GCM was made using endomyocardial biopsy in 72.1% (31/43) of cases, left ventricular apical core biopsy in 23.3% (10/43) of cases, and biopsy of the explanted heart in 2.3% (1/43) of cases. An immunosuppressive regimen was used in 62.8% (27/43) of cases. Of these patients, 81.5% (22/27) received steroids in combination with at least one other immunosuppressant, of which cyclosporine was the most common, administered to 40.7% (11/27) of patients. Immunosuppression was initiated before MCS in 59.3% (16/27) of cases, after MCS in 29.6% (8/27) of cases, and not specified in 11.1% (3/27) of cases. Survival stratified by immunosuppression (Panel A) and mode of MCS (Panel B) is shown. 58.5% (24/41) underwent OHT with a median time to transplant of 104 [58 - 255] days from diagnosis, and 46 [18 - 201] days from the initiation of MCS. Recurrence of GCM after OHT was reported in 8.3% (2/24) of cases. Conclusion Non-dischargeable BiVAD predominates in mechanically supported patients with GCM. Survival appears to be better in patients on immunosuppression, especially if initiated before MCS.
Why and When to Treat Snoring

It is estimated that half of the adult population older than 60 years snores. This article discusses the many aspects of snoring, including impacts on bed partners, the individual who snores, and when and how to appropriately evaluate, diagnose, and treat the perpetrator. The goal is for clinicians to expand their knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment of the phenomenon of snoring.It is estimated that half of the adult population over the age of 60 years of age snores. This chapter discusses snoring, including the impact on bed partners, the individual that snores and when and how to treat the snorer. The goal is for clinicians to expand their knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment of patients who snores.
Planetary Protection Implementation on the Interior Exploration Using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport Mission

The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) Mars flight system is made up of a cruise stage, an aeroshell, and a Phoenix heritage-based lander that s...
Photocatalytic Nanocomposite Microsponges of Polylactide–Titania for Chemical Remediation in Water

We developed a simple and environmentally friendly approach for synthesis of photocatalytic nanocomposites composed of porous polylactic acid microparticles (PLA) with incorporated anatase titania ...
Phasic activity of the locus-coeruleus is not a mediator of the relationship between fitness and inhibition in college-aged adults.

Abstract Aerobic fitness is consistently and robustly associated with superior performance on assessments of cognitive control. One potential mechanism underlying this phenomenon is activation of the locus-coeruleus. Specifically, individuals with greater aerobic fitness may be better able to sustain engagement in a cognitively demanding task via a superior ability to meet the metabolic demands of this neural system. Accordingly, the present investigation examined 1) the relationship between aerobic fitness and phasic activation of the locus-coeruleus (indexed using pupillometry) and 2) the potential mediating influence of locus-coeruleus activity on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive task performance. Participants performed an inhibition task while their pupillary responses were measured using an infrared eye tracker. A VO2max test was then performed to determine individuals' aerobic fitness levels. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of aerobic fitness were related to shorter reaction time. However, phasic activity of the locus-coeruleus did not mediate this relationship – nor did it relate to aerobic fitness level. These results suggest that aerobic fitness does not relate to differences in locus-coeruleus activity in the context of cognitive control in college-aged adults.
The Rise of Rhetoric in Tax Reform Debate: an example

In the United States, rhetoric has always been an intrinsic part of tax debates. The rhetoric of current debates, however, is even more heated than the great debates of the 1980s. Today, rhetoric has so expanded both quantitatively and qualitatively that the real issues have all but disappointed from public discussion. After briefly explaining the basic tax issues involved, this Essay examines the increased use of rhetoric in the tax area. As an illustration of quantitative expansion, the Essay compares two reports prepared by the Joint Economic Committee, a committee established to provide legal assistance to Congress on technical and specialized matters. The 1984 report, largely devoid of rhetoric, provided an analytical framework for congressional discussion by presenting both sides of the basic tax issues. The 1995 report largely devoid of analysis, provided a rhetorical platform to advance only one side of the issues-the pro flat, consumption side. As an example of the qualitative expansion of rhetoric, the Essay notes the rise of a new rhetorical device. Generational warfare – pitting the old against the youth –now joins class warfare as a potent tool in the rhetorical arsenal. The Essay concludes that the expanded rhetoric, especially in government reports such as the JEC reports, is detrimental to the rational public debates necessary for a healthy democracy.
Right to Confrontation: Crawford v. Washington Five Years Later

This article in outline form reviews the subsequent case law in regard to the Crawford v. Washington right to confrontation decision, and how these later cases interpreted that case. The subject matter deals with the Constitutional right of one accused in a criminal case to confront his/her accuser, i.e. cross examine the accuser in court. The later cases often deal with written documents and their admissibility as evidence as opposed to actually having the party/parties connected with the creation of said documents as live witnesses in the case. Also discussed is the "forfeiture by wrongdoing" concept, where the accused has committed wrongdoing in the sense that he/she has done something to either discourage or prevent a witness from testifying against the accused.
The Acetylcholine Receptor I. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MACROMOLECULE ISOLATED FROM ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS

Abstract The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has been isolated from extracts of the electric organ of the eel, Electrophorus electricus. The isolation procedure involves the following elements: (a) a rapid and reproducible assay that is based on the ability of receptor to bind cobra-[3H] neurotoxin and allows complex formation to be measured using DEAE-cellulose paper discs; (b) a series of purification steps including preparation of membrane fragments, extraction of receptors with nonionic detergents, followed by gel permeation, affinity and ion exchange chromatography. The purified receptor is isolated following 8250-fold purification with an over-all yield of approximately 5%. The receptor is a large protein that is free of ultraviolet absorbing prosthetic groups, and migrates as a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both when native and denatured. The amino acid analysis distinguishes this protein from acetylcholinesterase. The best preparations bind 1 mole of neurotoxin per 90,000 g of protein, and the ability to form complexes is sensitive to heat and proteolysis. The molecular weight and subunit structure remain to be determined. The reaction between receptor and cobra neurotoxin proceeds toward the equilibrium state slowly. The apparent affinity of receptor for toxin increases with longer times of incubation. The toxin receptor equilibrium changes as a function of temperature, and this change is entirely due to changes in the rate of association, the dissociation rate remaining temperature independent. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters at 25° are: k1 = 1.35 x 105 mole-1 s-1, k-1 = 1.52 x 10-4 s -1, Kd = 1.13 x 10-9 m, ΔH0 = 15.3 Cal per mole, ΔG0 = -12.2 Cal per mole, ΔS0 = +92 e.u. The toxin-receptor equilibrium and the DEAE-filter paper assay provide a convenient method for studying the interaction of receptor with cholinergic ligands.
Total Lymphoid Irradiation

Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) has become a useful tool for developing strategies to induce tissue specific transplantation tolerance and to treat autoimmune diseases in laboratory animals and humans. TLI was originally developed as a treatment for Hodgkin’s disease, and has been widely used during the past 20 years. Approximately 90% of patients with early stages of the disease are cured after TLI (1). Extensive follow-up observations of more than 1,000 patients in remission for up to 10 years have shown that there is no increased risk of hematologic malignancy or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after treatment with TLI alone (2–4). The incidence of severe complications with TLI, including bacterial infection, is approximately 1% (1).
Structural Bases for Function in Cytochromes c AN INTERPRETATION OF COMPARATIVE X-RAY AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Abstract The tertiary structures of the photosynthetic cytochrome c2 of Rhodospirillum rubrum and eucaryotic mitochondrial cytochrome c are compared, together with data on their physiochemical properties and activities in physiological oxidoreduction systems. The comparison gives rise to the following observations and proposals. 1. R. rubrum cytochrome c2 does not undergo the extensive oxidoreduction-linked conformation change characteristic of eucaryotic cytochromes c, but rather is structurally constrained in a conformation in both oxidation states which is over-all most similar to that of ferrocytochrome c. 2. Upon examination and comparison of the surface structural and charge topography of cytochromes c and c2, it is apparent that they bear by far the closest similarity at their front sides (i.e. facing the heme crevice). This feature manifests itself clearly owing to the absolute invariance of many of the amino acid residues surrounding the perimeter of the heme crevice in both cytochrome c2 and 41 species of eucaryotic cytochrome c. 3. A physiological mechanism for the oxidoreduction of eucaryotic cytochrome c is proposed which is in principle similar to that previously suggested for cytochrome c2 (Sa-lemme, F.R., Freer, S.T., Xuong, Ng.H., Alden, R.A., and Kraut, J. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3910–3921). This mechanism involves front side interaction of the cytochrome c molecule with its oxidase and reductase, and direct electron addition to and withdrawal from the heme concomitant with destabilization of the existing heme oxidation state.
Metal Ties and Anchors for Brick Walls

The integrity of brick masonry structural systems is highly dependent on metal ties, and anchors, which are available in a wide array of materials, sizes and shapes. Ties and anchors are described, and data are provided on their strength in resisting mortar pullout, tension, shear, and compression, based on the present state-of-the-art. Tables are provided on wire properties, recommended maximum spacings of four gages of wire ties in solid, grouted, and cavity walls; on the spacing of corrugated sheet metal anchors for brick veneer and on recommended allowable loads on anchor bolts. Equations are given for mortar-tie pullout strength and the number and spacing of wall anchors to frames and floors or roofs. Research needs and deterrents are cited. Concrete inserts for shelf angles and fasteners for objects supported by masonry walls are not considered.
The Darknet and the Future of Content Protection

We investigate the darknet – a collection of networks and technologies used to share digital content. The darknet is not a separate physical network but an application and protocol layer riding on existing networks. Examples of darknets are peer to peer file sharing, CD and DVD copying, and key or password sharing on email and newsgroups. The last few years have seen vast increases in the darknet’s aggregate bandwidth, reliability, usability, size of shared library, and availability of search engines. In this paper we categorize and analyze existing and future darknets, from both the technical and legal perspectives. We speculate that there will continue to be setbacks to the effectiveness of the darknet as a distribution mechanism, but ultimately the darknet genie will not be put back into the bottle. In view of this hypothesis, we examine the relevance of content protection and content distribution architectures.
Granulomatous enterocolitis induced in rats by purified bacterial cell wall fragments

This study was designed to determine if poorly biodegradable bacterial cell wall components can produce chronic intestinal inflammation. A sterile aqueous suspension of sonically disrupted group A or group D streptococcal cell wall fragments was injected intramurally into the small intestine and cecum of 100 rats. Gross findings in rats killed at intervals of 1 day to 6 mo included intestinal thickening, adhesions, and mesenteric contraction. Acute histologic inflammation subsided by 2 wk, but chronic granulomatous inflammation persisted for 6 mo in the rats injected with group A streptococcal cell wall fragments and 3 mo in the rats injected with group D streptococcal cell wall fragments. Ninety-six control rats identically injected with human serum albumin or phosphate-buffered saline demonstrated mild acute inflammation that resolved, with only 1 rat having chronic intestinal inflammation. Granulomas in the intestine, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes developed in 46% of the rats injected with group A fragments and 45% of the rats injected with group D streptococcal cell wall fragments, compared with 20% of the controls injected with albumin and 4% of the controls injected with phosphate-buffered saline. Group A streptococcal antigen was detected by immunofluorescence at the site of inflammation for 4 mo, and possible reactivation of acute inflammation was seen up to 6 mo after injection. We conclude that bacterial cell wall fragments are capable of producing chronic granulomatous inflammation in the intestinal wall if present in appropriate particle size and concentration. We speculate that cell walls from the enteric microflora may leak across a permeable mucosa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease to initiate and sustain local and systemic inflammation.
The Chameleon of Trawniki: Jack Reimer, Soviet Volksdeutsche, and the Holocaust

The crimes and transformations of Jack Reimer, a heavily-implicated ethnic German Holocaust perpetrator, are examined in the following article. Within little more than a generation, Reimer refashioned himself from repressed farmer to Red Army lieutenant; from Soviet POW in German captivity to senior non-commissioned officer at the SS Training Camp in Trawniki, Poland; and finally from wanted war criminal to upstanding American citizen. This article argues that for one ethnic German perpetrator, participation in the Holocaust served as a vehicle for negotiating Eastern Europe's dangerous wartime multiethnic milieu.
STANDARD-BASED METHOD FOR PROTON-ELECTRON DOUBLE RESONANCE IMAGING OF OXYGEN

Abstract Proton–electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) has been utilized for indirect determination of oxygen concentrations in aqueous samples and living systems. Due to the complexity of the problem, there are seven oxygen related parameters that need to be measured to determine the distribution of oxygen. We present an improved approach in which image intensities from only two PEDRI acquisitions with different EPR irradiation powers are required to determine the distribution of a paramagnetic probe and oxygen in an analyzed sample. This is achieved using three reference samples with known concentrations of a paramagnetic probe and oxygen placed inside the resonator together with the measurement sample. An EPR-off image, which has low signal intensity at low magnetic field (0.02 T) is not required for the calculations, significantly reducing the total time of the experiments and the noise while enhancing the accuracy of these oxygen measurements. The Finland trityl radical was used as the paramagnetic probe and oxygen concentrations could be accurately measured and imaged over the physiological range from 0 to 240 μM.
Response of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase to rapid decreases in blood glucose

Abstract Urinary TV-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) has been shown to be a sensitive indicator of blood sugar control. Twelve insulin-dependent diabetics whose blood glucoses were being controlled with the artificial pancreas had concurrent urinary NAG activity measured. Blood glucose dropped markedly from 198 ± 22 mg/dl ( x ± SEM) to 121 ± 7 mg/dl during the 25 h on the artificial pancreas. For the entire group U NAG : U Cr dropped from 14.9 ± 4.4 to 7.25 ± 1.68 units. In order to determine if larger decreases in blood glucoses over the course of the study resulted in larger decreases in U NAG : U Cr , an arbitrary division at 180 mg/dl was made. Six patients with blood glucoses at or above this level at the start of the study showed a drop in both blood glucoses and U NAG : U Cr (261 ± 24 to 134 ± 12 mg/dl and 21.1 ± 6.1 to 7.29 ± 1.53 U, respectively). Even though the other six patients had blood glucoses below the renal threshold, both blood glucoses and U NAG : U Cr declined (136 ± 4 to 110 ± 4 mg/dl; 8.89 ± 2.4 to 6.2 ± 1.64 U, respectively). Thus not only may urinary NAG activity reflect long-term control and renal complications of diabetes, but this enzyme is also responsive to acute changes in blood glucose.
Analysis of Molecular Beam Epitaxy Process for Growing Nanoscale Magnesium Oxide Films

Like most nanomanufacturing processes, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) processes are based on atomic-level control of growing films and thus are sensitive to subtle changes that make repeatability and reproducibility of desired performance indicators a nontrivial task. The gamut of challenges include insufficient understanding of atomic-level interactions, involvement of a large number of candidate process variables, lack of direct observation and measurement techniques for key performance indicators, and significant cost and time requirements for conducting experiments. A conventional design of experiment-based analysis becomes an unrealistic option due to its demand on extensive experimentation. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach that combines current process knowledge, artificial neural networks, and design of experiments (DOE) to make use of preliminary experimental data to analyze the process behavior, enhance process knowledge, and lay down foundations for cost effective systematic experimentation. Based on preliminary experimental data generated while exploring the MBE process for growing a MgO interface layer on 6H-SiC substrate, we developed a neural-network-based meta model that can interpolate and estimate the process responses to any combination of process variable settings within the input space. Using the neural-network model trained on preliminary experimental data, we estimate the process responses for a three-level full-factorial DOE runs. Based on these runs, the DOE based analysis is carried out. The results help explain the MgO film growth dynamics with respect to process variables such as substrate temperature, growth time, magnesium source temperature, and trace oxygen on the initial substrate surface. This approach can be expanded to statistically analyze the dynamics of other complex nanoprocesses when only the exploratory preliminary experimental data are available. This approach can also lay the foundation for efficient and systematic experimentation to further analyze and optimize the processes to address issues such as process repeatability and reliability.
A comparison of pellet and vipac nuclear fuels

Abstract Cold-press-sinter pellet fuels, under development since 1954, are widely used in commercial thermal power reactors and are generally accepted as being the standard fuel type. This widespread use has resulted in the development of considerable technology related to this fuel type, and the system is reasonably well understood. If proper attention is devoted to design and fabrication, pellet fuel performs satisfactory and meets the performance requirements imposed by present operating conditions. Vibrationally compacted ceramic fuel is considered to be the most promising alternate fuel form. Although of interest since 1959 [1, 2], the effort devoted to the development of vipac fuel has been considerably less than for pellet fuel. Consequently, vipac fuel is not generally accepted for commercial application at the present time. However, the concept is of continuing interest because it possesses several potential advantages over pellet type fuel.