cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience-based quality control of clinical intensity-modulated radiotherapy planning.

Purpose To incorporate a quality control tool, according to previous planning experience and patient-specific anatomic information, into the intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan generation process and to determine whether the tool improved treatment plan quality. Methods and Materials A retrospective study of 42 IMRT plans demonstrated a correlation between the fraction of organs at risk (OARs) overlapping the planning target volume and the mean dose. This yielded a model, predicted dose = prescription dose (0.2 + 0.8 [1 − exp(−3 overlapping planning target volume/volume of OAR)]), that predicted the achievable mean doses according to the planning target volume overlap/volume of OAR and the prescription dose. The model was incorporated into the planning process by way of a user-executable script that reported the predicted dose for any OAR. The script was introduced to clinicians engaged in IMRT planning and deployed thereafter. The script’s effect was evaluated by tracking δ = (mean dose-predicted dose)/predicted dose, the fraction by which the mean dose exceeded the model. Results All OARs under investigation (rectum and bladder in prostate cancer; parotid glands, esophagus, and larynx in head-and-neck cancer) exhibited both smaller δ and reduced variability after script implementation. These effects were substantial for the parotid glands, for which the previous δ = 0.28 ± 0.24 was reduced to δ = 0.13 ± 0.10. The clinical relevance was most evident in the subset of cases in which the parotid glands were potentially salvageable (predicted dose Conclusions This tool proved successful in increasing normal tissue sparing and reducing interclinician variability, providing effective quality control of the IMRT plan development process.
The Consequences of Entrepreneurial Finance: Evidence from Angel Financings

This article documents the fact that ventures funded by two successful angel groups experience superior outcomes to rejected ventures: They have improved survival, exits, employment, patenting, Web traffic, and financing. We use strong discontinuities in angel- funding behavior over small changes in their collective interest levels to implement a regression discontinuity approach. We confirm the positive effects for venture operations, with qualitative support for a higher likelihood of successful exits. On the other hand, there is no difference in access to additional financing around the discontinuity. This might suggest that financing is not a central input of angel groups.
Biochemical and genetic evidence for meta-ring cleavage of 2,4,5-trihydroxytoluene in Burkholderia sp. strain DNT

2,4,5-Trihydroxytoluene (THT) oxygenase from Burkholderia sp. strain DNT catalyzes the conversion of THT to an unstable ring fission product. Biochemical and genetic studies of THT oxygenase were undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of the ring fission reaction. The THT oxygenase gene (dntD) was previously localized to the 1.2-kb DNA insert subcloned in the recombinant plasmid designated pJS76 (W. C. Suen and J. C. Spain, J. Bacteriol. 175:1831–1837, 1993). Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of DntD revealed the presence of the highly conserved residues characteristic of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene family I. The deduced amino acid sequence of DntD corresponded to a molecular mass of 35 kDa. The native molecular masses for the THT oxygenase estimated by using gel filtration chromatography and nondenaturing gel electrophoresis were 67.4 and 77.8 kDa, respectively. The results suggested that the native protein consists of two identical subunits. The colorless protein contained 2 mol of iron per mol of protein. Stimulation of activity in the presence of ferrous iron and ascorbate suggested a requirement for ferrous iron in the active site. The properties of the enzyme are similar to those of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenases (meta-cleavage dioxygenases). In addition to THT, the enzyme exhibited activity towards 1,2,4-benzenetriol, catechol, 3- and 4-methylcatechol, and 3- and 4-chlorocatechol. The chemical analysis of the THT ring cleavage product showed that the product was 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoic acid, consistent with extradiol ring fission of THT.
Green Light Adjusts the Plastid Transcriptome during Early Photomorphogenic Development

During the transition from darkness to light, a suite of light sensors guides gene expression, biochemistry, and morphology to optimize acclimation to the new environment. Ultraviolet, blue, red, and far-red light all have demonstrated roles in modulating light responses, such as changes in gene expression and suppression of stem growth rate. However, green wavebands induce stem growth elongation, a response not likely mediated by known photosensors. In this study, etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings were treated with a short, dim, single pulse of green light comparable in fluence and duration to that previously shown to excite robust stem elongation. Genome microarrays were then used to monitor coincident changes in gene expression. As anticipated, phytochrome A-regulated, nuclear-encoded transcripts were induced, confirming proper function of the sensitive phytochrome system. In addition, a suite of plastid-encoded transcripts decreased in abundance, including several typically up-regulated after phytochrome and/or cryptochrome activation. Further analyses using RNA gel-blot experiments demonstrated that the response is specific to green light, fluence dependent, and detectable within 30 min. The response obeys reciprocity and persists in the absence of known photosensors. Plastid transcript down-regulation was also observed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with similar temporal and fluence-response kinetics. Together, the down-regulation of plastid transcripts and increase in stem growth rate represent a mechanism that tempers progression of early commitment to the light environment, helping tailor seedling development during the critical process of establishment.
Cardioprotection through a PKC-dependent decrease in myofilament ATPase.

Activation of myocardial κ-opioid receptor-protein kinase C (PKC) pathways may improve postischemic contractile function through a myofilament reduction in ATP utilization. To test this, we first e...
Using Synchrotron-Based FT-IR Microspectroscopy to Study Erucamide Migration in 50-μm-thick Bilayer Linear Low-Density Polyethylene and Polyolefin Plastomer Films

The diffusion of additives in thick (~500μm) single layer and multilayer films has been characterized using FT-IR microspectroscopy. The objective of this research was to investigate additive migration and concentration profiles in coextruded multilayer films of industrially relevant thicknesses. In particular, the investigation focused on the migration of an erucamide slip agent in 50-μm-thick coextruded bilayer films of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a polyolefin plastomer (POP). Erucamide concentration profiles were successfully mapped using synchrotron-based FT-IR microspectroscopy. The synchrotron radiation helped to achieve a higher spatial resolution for the thin films. Meticulous sample preparation was needed to map the thin film samples. Results with FT-IR microspectroscopy showed that the additive-concentration profiles were relatively uniform across the multilayer-film thickness irrespective of the intended initial additive distribution. For example, a bilayer planned for 1 wt % erucamide in an LLDPE layer and no erucamide in a POP layer showed significant additive migration into the POP layer at the extrusion rates used. FT-IR microspectroscopy results also showed that more erucamide migrated to the surface of a POP layer than an LLDPE layer. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR spectroscopy was used to confirm the time-dependent increase of erucamide surface concentration and that the increase was more pronounced at the surface of the POP layers.
On the Meaning of Quantified Maintainability

Maintainability analysis stands today where reliability was ten years ago. Many and varying definitions of maintainability have been proposed; many mathematical approaches to maintainability and its various aspects have been pursued. Nevertheless, there is presently no general agreement on the definition of maintainability or on the technique of its quantification. In addition, there is insufficient meaningful maintainability field and laboratory data. As in the case of reliability, analytical techniques are only a part of the maintainability improvement effort. There is a need for improvement in both the design of the total maintenance system as well as analytical techniques for its evaluation.
Quantification and Context in Measure Adverbs

We present a universal quanti?er analysis of for-adverbs which builds on the notion of context-determined temporal partitions (Deo 2009) and intermediate distributivity (Schwarzschild 1996; Champollion 2010a, b). In contrast to the measure function analysis, this analysis places neither selectional restrictions on the arguments of for-adverbs, nor does it appeal to type-shifting coercion operators in accounting for iterative and imperfective readings associated with them. The proposal improves on earlier quanti?cational analyses in dealing with the minimal parts problem and the scopal restriction problem. Further, it also succeeds in capturing a robust psycholinguistic pattern of delayed and sustained cost associated with comprehension of for-adverbs composed with semelfactive/telic predicates, which until now had not been satisfactorily understood. It does so by attributing the cost, not to a mismatch-repair mechanism, but to the lexical and contextual mining necessitated in the retrieval of contextual information (a partition measure) without which the expression cannot be fully interpreted.
110 GHz Si MSM photodetectors

Summary form only given. The authors report an Si MSMPD (metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector) with a 3.7-ps response time and 110-GHz bandwidth. They also present an experimental and theoretical study of the factors that are important to the speed of Si MSMPDs, such as the photon absorption length, carrier diffusion length, carrier mean free path, finger spacing, and finger width. They also discuss new possibilities for even faster ( approximately 400 GHz) Si-based high-speed MSMPDs. >
Individualism and Partnership: A Descriptive Qualitative Analysis of the Chronic Disease Phenomenon as Perceived by Older Adults

With the older adult population projected to increase substantially in the next 10 years, the incidence of chronic disease will become a significant factor in the burden of disease both globally and within the United States. The chronic disease state has been shown to decrease quality of life and the life expectancy of those individuals. In Tennessee the incidence of chronic disease, lower incomes, and education levels increases the risk of decreased quality of life and increased mortality in the older adult population. A review of literature by the researcher reveals that scant research has focused upon the older adult’s perspective toward chronic illness and making changes to their health routine. As part of a mixed-method correlational study, focus groups used a descriptive qualitative approach to increase understanding of the phenomenon of chronic illness. The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine the attitudes and perceptions of older adults in East Tennessee towards behavior change and health maintenance in chronic disease.
Centrosome amplification induces high grade features and is prognostic of worse outcomes in breast cancer

Centrosome amplification (CA) has been reported in nearly all types of human cancer and is associated with deleterious clinical factors such as higher grade and stage. However, previous reports have not shown how CA affects cellular differentiation and clinical outcomes in breast cancer. We analyzed centrosomes by immunofluorescence and compared to ploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) as assessed by 6-chromosome FISH in a cohort of 362 breast cancers with median clinical follow-up of 8.4 years. Centrosomes were recognized by immunofluorescence using antibodies for pericentriolar material (PCM; pericentrin) and centrioles (polyglutamylated tubulin). CA was experimentally induced in cell culture by overexpression of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). CA is associated with reduced all-cause and breast cancer-specific overall survival and recurrence-free survival. CA correlates strongly with high-risk subtypes (e.g. triple negative) and higher stage and grade, and the prognostic nature of CA can be explained largely by these factors. A strong correlation between CA and high tumor ploidy demonstrates that chromosome and centrosome doubling often occur in concert. CA is proposed to be a method of inducing CIN via aberrant mitotic cell divisions; consonant with this, we observed a strong correlation between CA and CIN in breast cancers. However, some CA tumors had low levels of CIN, indicating that protective mechanisms are at play, such as centrosome clustering during mitosis. Intriguingly, some high-risk tumors have more acentriolar centrosomes, suggesting PCM fragmentation as another mechanism of CA. In vitro induction of CA in two non-transformed human cell lines (MCF10A and RPE) demonstrated that CA induces a de-differentiated cellular state and features of high-grade malignancy, supporting the idea that CA intrinsically causes high-grade tumors. CA is associated with deleterious clinical factors and outcomes in breast cancer. Cell doubling events are the most prevalent causes of CA in cancer, although PCM fragmentation may be a secondary cause. CA promotes high-risk breast cancer in part by inducing high-grade features. These findings highlight the importance of centrosome aberrations in the biology of human breast cancer.
U.S. Trust: Evaluating Labor Practices (Unabridged)

The Socially Sensitive Investing Group at U.S. Trust is asked to develop criteria for assessing the fairness of labor practices in both union and nonunion companies. U.S. Trust's client, the Calvert Social Investment Fund, wants more explicit standards than those currently in use. Contrasting views of two members of the Calvert Fund's Advisory Council are detailed in the case, along with U.S. Trust's preliminary perspective. The unabridged version of the case includes background on socially motivated investors and on the financial impact of applying social criteria to investments. The abridged version (UVA-E-0040) omits this background and focuses on the task of establishing labor-related investment criteria. If this case and "U.S. Trust: Investing in Waste Management, Inc." (UVA-E-0036) are used together, the abridged form of one of the cases and the unabridged form of the other should be used, because the background information on socially sensitive investing is identical in the two cases.
Creative Obfuscation

A rational and popular viewpoint is that the function of scientific writing is to communicate knowledge. A study of prominent journals, however, suggests that clear communication is not appreciated within the reading-writing-refereeing community. If clarity is a goal for a journal, the editor must take action.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Flow Topology Past Micro Vortex Generators

Detailed experimental and numerical visualizations of the flow past a micro vortex generator (MVG) in the form of a ramp with swept sides in a Mach 2.5 flow revealed a complex near-field topology. The incoming flow separated over the leading edge of the MVG despite the ramp angle being below the threshold for incipient separation. The separation over the MVG protuberance produced a weak trailing horseshoe vortex system. The attachment line shows a saddle/foci combination on each side of a nodal point of attachment. The flow over the top of the MVG separated off the slant edges to produce a large primary vortex pair. This large primary vortex pair induced two secondary vortex filament pairs, one off the top of the MVG and another at the corner of the MVG with the flat plate. Extra complexities were revealed at the trailing edge with at least two pairs of saddle/foci combinations observed. It is postulated that vortex filaments spring from the various saddle/foci combinations as these were not observed experimentally or computationally. Symmetry breaking due to flow unsteadiness was also observed in the MVG wake.
Air Flow Rate as a Test For Gage Block Wringing.

Gage blocks can be joined by "wringing" to produce a vacuum-tight joint. Hoke gage blocks have square gaging surfaces with a central hole connecting them. The quality of the joints between blocks can be tested by measuring the vacuum leak rates through the joints into the central hole. When two Hoke blocks are in contact at one edge but tilted at an angle ϕ, the vacuum leak rate into a chamber of 22 cm3 produces a rate of pressure increase which can be represented by the following polynomial: dp/dt=0.42 ϕ2+0.022 ϕ3μm Hg/min, where ϕ is in μrad. Hoke blocks in suitable condition to be joined by wringing can also be joined by alining them and evacuating the joint through the center hole.
Posterior shoulder instability in the athletic population: Variations in assessment, clinical outcomes, and return to sport

Posterior instability of the shoulder is becoming an increasingly recognized shoulder injury in the athletic population. Diagnostic elements, such as etiology, directionality, and degree of instability are essential factors to assess in the unstable athletic shoulder. Concomitant injuries and associated pathologic lesions continue to be a significant challenge in the surgical management of posterior shoulder instability. Return to sport and previous level of play is ultimately the goal for every committed athlete and surgeon, thus subpopulations of athletes should be recognized as distinct entities requiring unique diagnostic, functional outcome measures, and surgical approaches.
Initial Assessment and Resuscitation

It has been estimated that one fourth to one third of the deaths from trauma could be prevented by more effective initial care. The majority of traumatized patients who present to the emergency department do not have life-threatening injuries and may be assessed in an orderly manner. Roughly 10 per cent of patients will have life-threatening injuries, however, and speed in assessment, diagnosis, and therapy is crucial to their survival.
Present Status of Research to Develop Useful Semidwarf Oat Germplasm

Lodging of oats (Avena sativa L.) is likely to cause severe grain yield losses in humid regions when the crop is grown at high levels of nitrogen (N). Even when conservative amounts of N fertilizer are applied to an oat crop in the Northeastern USA, lodging may be severe because manure is regularly applied to most fields, legumes are used in most crop rotations, and high levels of N fertilizer are applied to the corn grown in most rotations. Several modern, conventional height cultivars possess good lodging resistance, but additional improvement in that trait is needed to consistently prevent lodging when oats are grown under high levels of fertilizer in an intensive management system.
Cognitive Advantage: Effects of Holistic and Analytic Managerial Attention on Product Innovation

This study introduces the notion of holistic and analytic managerial attention to examine when and how managerial cognition either constrains or enables a firm’s new product introductions. Using data from new product introductions in public companies in the US software industry and creating a novel measure of holistic and analytic managerial attention with a text mining technique called topic modeling, we find two contingent effects of holistic and analytic managerial attention on new product introductions. Specifically, we find that software firms managed by top decision makers with holistic attention are more likely to quickly launch new products containing the feature of discontinuous technologies within their current product domains than those led by top managers with analytic attention. On the other hand, we obtain empirical evidence that software companies with analytic managerial attention are more likely to create novel product domains and introduce new products at those domains than those with ho...
The bilateral emitter switched thyristor (BEST)

A new AC symmetric power device structure, called the bilateral emitter switched thyristor (BEST) is described. The use of concentric geometries for unit cells results in a compact and area efficient design. The symmetry of the device provides an additional MOS gate to facilitate turn-offs and to extend the controllable current range. The measured turn-off time is less than one microsecond. >
Heatwaves and urban heat islands: A comparative analysis of multiple cities

The recent International Panel on Climate Change report predicts the highly urbanized Northeastern U.S. to be at high risk to heat waves. Since urban residents and infrastructure are known to be highly vulnerable to extreme heat, the goal of this paper is to understand the interaction between the synoptic-scale heat wave and the city-scale urban heat island (UHI) effects. The study also qualitatively analyzes the primary factors that contribute to UHIs by comparing their intensities in different cities with distinct geo-physical characteristics. Our results, generated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting model augmented with advanced urban surface parameterizations, confirm that the amplitude of UHI is related to the physical size of the city. However, the results suggest that cities of comparabale sizes might interact differently with heat waves: in New York City; Washington, DC; and Baltimore (but not in Philadelphia) the regular UHI was amplified more strongly during heat waves compared to smaller cities. The results also establish that the pattern of UHI in different cities, its variability, and its interaction with heat waves are inherently linked to dynamic factors.
Long-period seafloor seismology and deformation under ocean waves

Abstract The deformation of the seafloor under loading by long-period ocean waves raises vertical component noise levels at the deep seafloor by 20 to 30 dB above noise levels at good continental sites in the band from 0.001 to 0.04 Hz. This noise substantially limits the detection threshold and signal-to-noise ratio for long-period phases of earthquakes observed by seafloor seismometers. Borehole installation significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio only if the sensor is installed at more than 1 km below the seafloor because the deformation signal decays slowly with depth. However, the vertical-component deformation signal can be predicted and suppressed using seafloor measurements of pressure fluctuations observed by differential pressure gauges. The pressure observations of ocean waves are combined with measurements of the transfer function between vertical acceleration and pressure to predict the vertical component deformation signal. Subtracting the predicted deformation signal from pressure observations can reduce vertical component noise levels near 0.01 Hz by more than 25 dB, significantly improving signal-to-noise ratios for long-period phases. There is also a horizontal-component deformation signal but it is smaller than the vertical-component signal and only significant in shallow water (
Bioinformatic analysis of riboswitch structures uncovers variant classes with altered ligand specificity

Riboswitches are RNAs that form complex, folded structures that selectively bind small molecules or ions. As with certain groups of protein enzymes and receptors, some riboswitch classes have evolved to change their ligand specificity. We developed a procedure to systematically analyze known riboswitch classes to find additional variants that have altered their ligand specificity. This approach uses multiple-sequence alignments, atomic-resolution structural information, and riboswitch gene associations. Among the discoveries are unique variants of the guanine riboswitch class that most tightly bind the nucleoside 2′-deoxyguanosine. In addition, we identified variants of the glycine riboswitch class that no longer recognize this amino acid, additional members of a rare flavin mononucleotide (FMN) variant class, and also variants of c-di-GMP-I and -II riboswitches that might recognize different bacterial signaling molecules. These findings further reveal the diverse molecular sensing capabilities of RNA, which highlights the potential for discovering a large number of additional natural riboswitch classes.
Truncated SPRTs with application to multivariate normal data

We develop truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) procedures for multivariate normal data. The framework includes a general cost structure and arbitrary mean and covariance structures. ...
Systemic and Terminal Ileum Mucosal Immunity Elicited by Oral Immunization With the Ty21a Typhoid Vaccine in Humans.

Background & Aims Systemic cellular immunity elicited by the Ty21a oral typhoid vaccine has been extensively characterized. However, very limited data are available in humans regarding mucosal immunity at the site of infection (terminal ileum [TI]). Here we investigated the host immunity elicited by Ty21a immunization on terminal ileum–lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and peripheral blood in volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy. Methods We characterized LPMC-T memory (TM) subsets and assessed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi)–specific responses by multichromatic flow cytometry. Results No differences were observed in cell yields and phenotypes in LPMC CD8+-TM subsets following Ty21a immunization. However, Ty21a immunization elicited LPMC CD8+ T cells exhibiting significant S Typhi–specific responses (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-17A, and/or CD107a) in all major TM subsets (T-effector/memory [TEM], T-central/memory, and TEM-CD45RA+), although each TM subset exhibited unique characteristics. We also investigated whether Ty21a immunization elicited S Typhi–specific multifunctional effectors in LPMC CD8+ TEM. We observed that LPMC CD8+ TEM responses were mostly multifunctional, except for those cells exhibiting the characteristics associated with cytotoxic responses. Finally, we compared mucosal with systemic responses and made the important observation that LPMC CD8+ S Typhi–specific responses were unique and distinct from their systemic counterparts. Conclusions This study provides the first demonstration of S Typhi–specific responses in the human terminal ileum mucosa and provides novel insights into the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a immunization.
Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol Anchoring of Membrane Proteins

Three of the five complement regulatory proteins discussed in detail in other chapters of this volume are anchored to the plasma membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) structure; specifically, decay accelerating factor (DAF), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), and homologous restriction factor (HRF). This GPI form of membrane anchoring has gone from being an unusual observation of the late 1970s relating to the release of a few hydrolytic enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase, and 5´-nucleotidase) from plasma membranes by Pl-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) to recognition as a fairly common mode of membrane attachment (Low 1987). This is evidenced with almost every new issue of a journal and is reflected in the common use of this mode of attachment by cell membrane proteins, including complement regulatory proteins and other immunologically important molecules, e.g., Thy-1, one form of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (LFA-3), and one form of IgG Fc receptor III.
Neurofinance versus the efficient markets hypothesis

Abstract This paper develops the implication of neurofinance with respect to the efficient markets hypothesis. Neurofinance informs us that thinking imposes strain on the mind, in the sense that thinking is a comparatively laborious, biologically costly, and neurologically expensive cognitive process. The paper shows that people balance the costs and benefits of thinking and demonstrates mathematically that such balancing makes financial markets inefficient.
Costs for the Development of a Virtual University

This paper is an update of one that the author published in 1982. It deals with the costs and effort required to set up a first class academic program for 2000 students that is made up of students and faculty scattered around the world. The establishment of such a University would cost less than the addition of a single classroom building on a physical college campus (approximately $15 million US).
A multi-view active contour method for bone cement reconstruction from C-arm X-ray images

A novel algorithm is presented to segment and reconstruct injected bone cement from a sparse set of X-Ray images acquired at arbitrary poses. The Sparse X-Ray Multi-view Active Contour (SxMAC - pronounced "smack") can (1) reconstruct objects for which the background partially occludes the object in X-Ray images, (2) use X-Ray images acquired on a non-circular trajectory, and (3) incorporate prior CT information. The algorithm's inputs are preprocessed X-Ray images, their associated pose information, and prior CT, if available. The algorithm initiates automated reconstruction using visual hull computation from a sparse number of x-ray images. It then improves the accuracy of the reconstruction by optimizing a geodesic active contour. A cadaver experiment demonstrates SxMAC's ability to reconstruct high contrast bone cement that has been injected into a femur and achieve sub-millimeter accuracy with 4 images.
Cults: A Reference and Guide

Cults examines the history and current status of cults across the United States, Europe, and East Asia. Focusing on the principal controversial religions and movements that have attracted major media attention, the book also includes profiles of hundreds of minority religions, from Jesus People and Rastafarians to voodoo practitioners and the human-cloning Raelians. All the issues central to the practice and the fear of cults are examined - apocalypticism, deprogramming, social isolation, cults and the media, the use and threat of violence, child custody, libel, tax evasion, solicitation, and the techniques of persuasion and conviction - as are the many charismatic cult leaders. Cults presents a comprehensive and authoritative reference, offering a balanced view of the controversy surrounding these new religious movements, assessing the movements themselves as well as the legal and governmental responses to them, including attempts to quantify membership.
Persuasion via Weak Institutions

A sender commissions a study to persuade a receiver, but influences the report with some probability. We show that increasing this probability can benefit the receiver and can lead to a discontinuous drop in the sender’s payoffs. We also examine a public-persuasion setting, where we observe the report’s susceptibility to influence restricts the amount of information the sender can provide. To derive our results, we geometrically characterize the sender’s highest equilibrium payoff, which is based on the concave envelope of her capped value function.
Micromechanical Response Quantification using High-energy X-rays during Phase Transformations in Additively Manufactured 17-4 Stainless Steel

Abstract Recent studies of additively manufactured (AM) 17-4 stainless steel produced via laser powder bed fusion of nitrogen atomized powders have been found to contain large volume fractions of austenite (γ) compared with the fully martensitic ( α ' ) microstructure of wrought 17-4. These AM 17-4 stainless steels have metastable microstructures that transform from a mixed phase composition to predominantly martensitic during deformation. This transformation process, combined with strong preferred crystallographic orientation (texture) that arises during building, produces complex micromechanical interactions that dictate the macroscopic response. Here, high-energy X-ray diffraction performed at a synchrotron light source is used to quantify the volume fraction of austenite and martensite, texture, and the complete orientation dependence of lattice strain (strain pole figures) at various macroscopic strains levels in-situ during uniaxial tension of AM 17-4. Results from wrought 17-4 are also shown for comparison. Initial martensite volume fraction of the stress-relieved AM specimen was measured to be 0.46 and increased to 0.88 after the application of a macroscopic strain of 0.03. During the transformation process, minimal crystallographic texture evolution was observed in either the γ austenite or α ' martensite. The distribution of strains in the specimen is found to be heavily influenced by both the transformation process and the initial texture. Phase transformation is found to generate tensile strains perpendicular to the applied load in untransformed γ austenite, while texture is found to produce high heterogeneity of lattice strains within lattice plane families.
Still Waiting for the Barbarians

It seems almost preordained that James Scott, a scholar who moves with profound agility between the worlds of anthropology and political science, should eventually work his way onto the intellectual terrain of the barbarian. Barbarians play a foundational role in the formation of both disciplines, populating both anthropology's ‘savage slot’ (Trouillot 2003) and political science's prelapsarian ‘state of nature’ (Palmeri 2016). In Scott's most recent book, Against the Grain, the barbarians who helped to shape the world's earliest states play a variety of consequential roles. They are at once the forces of resistance to centralizing power, the refugees seeking respite from sovereignty's infringements and the brigands of the borderlands who provide the slave labour and mercenaries that prop up the fragile state.
Terrorist Attacks & Presidential Approval Rating

After the attacks of September 11th the U.S. focused much of its foreign policy efforts on the War on Terror and prevention of another attack on U.S. soil. This paper will look at terrorist attacks dating back to 1970 in order to fully understand the impact of terrorist attacks on U.S. presidential approval ratings and the existence of the ‘rally around the flag’ effect during different administrations. Location, lethality, style, and political affiliation of the president will be variables focused on in a pre and post 9/11 context. This paper will give special consideration to 9/11, excluding the attacks in many cases, in order to view if there is a significant stable impact on approval ratings from terrorist attacks over time.
Matrix Profile XV: Exploiting Time Series Consensus Motifs to Find Structure in Time Series Sets

In recent years the data mining community has largely coalesced around the idea that many problems in time series analytics essentially reduce to finding and then reasoning about repeated structure in time series. Existing tools can find conserved structure within a single time series (motifs) and between pairs of time series (joins). However, to date there are no tools to find repeated structure in sets of time series, an idea we call time series consensus motifs in recognition of their similarity to their discrete analogs in DNA strings. In this work we introduce a definition of time series consensus motifs and a scalable algorithm to discover them in large data collections. We further show that given this new primitive, we can solve multiple higherlevel problems in time series data mining. We demonstrate the utility of our ideas with case studies in diverse domains.
Sadness and Worry in Older Adults: Differentiating Psychiatric Illness from Normative Distress

Older adults experience greater emotional well-being in late life. However, older adults may be vulnerable to certain physiologic risk factors, including less physiologic resilience to prolonged stress. Depression and anxiety can be difficult to diagnose in late life owing to differences in self-reported symptoms from younger adults and unclear distinctions between normative and non-normative emotional experiences. We discuss age differences in the presentations of depression and anxiety, and normative and non-normative late life developmental trajectories around bereavement and grief, social isolation and loneliness, and thoughts of death and suicide. We provide recommendations for clinicians for assessing and diagnosing older adults.
Amphiphilicity in Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions of Oxobis(iminoxolene)osmium Complexes

Oxobis(iminoxolene)osmium(VI) compounds (Rap)2OsO (Rap = 2-(4-RC6H4N)-4,6-tBu2C6H2O) are readily deoxygenated by phosphines and phosphites to give five-coordinate (Rap)2Os(PR'3) or six-coordinate (Rap)2Os(PR'3)2. Structural data indicate that this net two-electron reduction is accompanied by apparent oxidation of the iminoxolene ligands due to their greater ability to engage in π donation to the reduced deoxy form of the osmium complex. In (Rap)2Os(PR'3)2, the HOMO is a ligand-based combination of the iminoxolene redox-active orbitals, while the LUMO is a highly covalent metal-iminoxolene π* orbital. In the trans isomer, the HOMO is required to be ligand-localized by symmetry, while in the cis isomer, the ligands adopt a conformation that minimizes metal-ligand π* interactions in the HOMO. Kinetic studies indicate that the deoxygenations involve the rate-determining attack of the phosphorus(III) reagent on the five-coordinate oxo complexes. Varying the substituents of the aryl groups on the iminoxolene ligands or on the triarylphosphines has little effect on the rate of oxygen atom transfer, with the best correlation shown between oxygen atom transfer rates and the HOMO-LUMO gap of the oxo complexes. This suggests that the osmium oxo group shows a balance between electrophilic and nucleophilic character in its oxygen atom transfer reactions with phosphorus(III) reagents.
Are Women Opting Out? A Mixed Methods Study of Women Patrol Officers’ Promotional Aspirations:

Using national survey and interview data from women patrol officers in the United States, we assess whether women are underrepresented in the upper ranks of policing because they are self-selecting...
Practicable Alternatives for Wetlands Development Under the Clean Water Act

Section 404(b) of the Clean Water Act authorizes a “practicable alternatives” requirement for dredge and fill permits. EPA has adopted guidelines that set out and interpret that requirement, but the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has substantial discretion in deciding its application to specific sites, and there can be significant variation in practice. This Article examines the practicable alternatives requirement, including comparisons with similar requirements in federal law; discusses other federal, state, regional, and local requirements that intersect with and shape the §404 process; and analyzes how practicable alternatives and other CWA requirements can be met. It makes recommendations for revising the practicable alternatives requirement, process, and decision criteria to improve its role in protecting wetlands resources.
Contested Commoning: Urban Fishing Spaces and Community Wellbeing

This paper analyzes how the more-than-human elements and relationships of urban fishing—piers, bridges, fish, social interactions—constitute spaces that offer the possibility of affecting community wellbeing. In particular, it applies theories of commoning to questions of how urban fishing spaces might affect the social and material dimensions of wellbeing. The paper argues that approaching ideas of community wellbeing from a commoning perspective enables deeper analysis of the ‘messiness’ and contradictions that can arise in accounting for the complex socio-natural interactions that affect wellbeing. The paper examines these questions via a case study of urban fishing in the Tampa Bay region of Florida. Employing survey, interview, and field research, the paper asks how urban fishing spaces support processes of commoning that could lead to increases in wellbeing, while also highlighting where disruptions in the ecological, physical, or social spaces involved in commoning might decrease wellbeing. The paper finds evidence that commoning can increase community wellbeing in concrete ways (e.g., by contributing to collective food security, knowledge-sharing, exposure to economic and racial diversity, and shared experiences), but that these processes and infrastructures are simultaneously precarious and subject to social strife, changes in legality, and ecological contamination which can decrease wellbeing. The paper suggests that particularly for geographies of urban wellbeing, adopting a commoning lens is useful for better parsing how the elements of and challenges to wellbeing are intertwined, and where possibilities might exist for addressing these challenges. The paper contributes to theoretical discussions about the characteristics of commoning, links between commoning and socionatural wellbeing, and shifting understandings of urban space and infrastructures of care.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in children: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a form of immune-mediated inflammatory lung disease involving the distal portions of the lungs associated with intense or repeated exposure to a variety of finely dispersed environmental antigens. Although once believed to be a disease of adults because of its frequent association with the occupational setting, HP exists in the pediatric population and often goes unrecognized. Childhood HP is often associated with exposure to antigens in the home environment as well as with certain hobbies.
SETI - A preliminary search for narrowband signals at microwave frequencies

In the search for intelligent signals of extraterrestrial origin, certain forms of signals merit immediate and special attention. Extremely narrowband signals of spectral width similar to our own television transmissions are most favored energetically and least likely to be confused with natural celestial emission. A search of selected stars has been initiated using observational and data processing techniques optimized for the detection of such signals. These techniques allow simultaneous observation of 10 to the 5th to 10 to the 6th channels within the observed spectral range. About two hundred nearby (within 80 LY) solar type stars have been observed at frequencies near the main microwave transitions of the hydroxyl radical. In addition, several molecular (hydroxyl) masers and other non-thermal sources have been observed in this way in order to uncover any possible fine spectral structure of natural origin and to investigate the potential of such an instrument for radioastronomy.
The Standard Autonomous File Server, a Customized, Off-The-Shelf Success Story

The Standard Autonomous File Server (SAFS), which includes both off-the-shelf hardware and software, uses an improved automated file transfer process to provide a quicker, more reliable, prioritized file distribution for customers of near real-time data without interfering with the assets involved in the acquisition and processing of the data. It operates as a stand-alone solution, monitoring itself, and providing an automated fail-over process to enhance reliability.This paper describes the unique problems and lessons learned both during the COTS selection and integration into SAFS, and the system's first year of operation in support of NASA's satellite ground network.COTS was the key factor in allowing the two-person development team to deploy systems in less than a year, meeting the required launch schedule. The SAFS system has been so successful; it is becoming a NASA standard resource, leading to its nomination for NASA's Software of the Year Award in 1999.
Timbre, tone color, and sound quality: concepts and definitions

Timbre is a magic word used by composers, musicians, sound engineers, and other audio and hearing professionals to describe all auditory sensations other than pitch, loudness, and perceived duration. The concept of timbre is widely used and has a long tradition. However, the meaning of timbre is fuzzy and encompasses an enormous variety of phenomena. The formal definition of timbre, as accepted by the American Standards Association, is very limited and impractical and there is little consistency in its interpretation. There also is general confusion regarding relations among timbre, tone color, and sound quality, which are frequently treated as synonymous terms. In addition, a multidimensional character of timbre is not supported by a practical system of well-defined and clearly linked dimensions. To develop such a system one needs to clarify the meaning of timbre and to reexamine its current definition.
Warfarin: Impact on hemostasis after radial catheterization

Objectives This study explores bleeding risk of warfarin patients undergoing radial catheterization. Background Traditionally warfarin has been held prior to catheterization due to bleeding risk; however, this practice is being reconsidered with radial access. This study examined if radial patients receiving warfarin have similar hemostasis times to those not taking warfarin. Methods A convenience sample of patients undergoing radial catheterization was analyzed. Demographics, procedure characteristics, and pharmacologic therapies were reviewed. Hemostasis times, defined as compression band times, were compared. To exclude confounding effects of aspirin and clopidogrel, a separate analysis of band times for each medication was performed. Specifically, analysis of variance models and exact logistic regression models were used to assess means between usage or nonusage of medications (warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel) while adjusting for other medications. Results Of 208 patients, 60 (29%) were taking warfarin. The breakdown of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel use was as follows: 6 (3%) not taking medications; 14 (7%) warfarin alone; 88 (42%) aspirin alone; 2 (1%) clopidogrel alone; 39 (19%) both warfarin and aspirin; 52 (25%) clopidogrel and aspirin; and 7 (3%) warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel. No major complications occurred. Mean hemostasis times for warfarin and nonwarfarin patients were not different (118 vs. 116 min; P = 0.25). Likewise, there was no difference for aspirin (117 vs. 114 min; P = 0.70). There was a nonsignificant trend toward clopidogrel prolonging hemostasis (123 vs. 114 min; P = 0.09). Conclusion: There were no apparent differences in adequacy of hemostasis or duration of compression time between patients taking warfarin or not taking warfarin after controlling for antiplatelet therapy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Progenitors and Products of Supernovae

We review much of the recent radio and X-ray observational work relevant to the questions of the progenitor populations and explosion products of supernovae. Several illustrative examples are given of how X-ray data on shell-type supernova remants, coupled with analytic and numerical hydrodynamic models, can constrain the mass and evolutionary state of the stellar precursor. We go on to examine the population of Crab-like remnants, pointing out the restrictions imposed on explosion models by the statistics of collapsed remnant cores.
Temperature Dependence of Chloride Complexation for the Trivalent f-Elements

Abstract The influence of elevated temperatures on the formation of 1:1 chloro complexes for Eu3+ and Am3+ are reported. Using a solvent extraction technique, stability constants for the equilibrium M(aq) 3++Cl(aq) – MCl(aq) 2+ have been measured in the temperature range of 25–75 °C. Modest increases in 1 are observed, and small positive enthalpies for these reactions are reported. These data are discussed in the context of previous reports for the trivalent lanthanide and actinide chloro systems.