cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interindustrielle Spillovers in der industrieökonomischen Innovationsforschung

In diesem Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse ausgewahlter theoretischer und okonometrischer Studien uber technologische Spillovers vorgestellt. Im ersten Abschnitt wird auf den derzeitigen Stand der spieltheoretischen Innovationsforschung hinsichtlich der Behandlung intra- und interindustrieller Spillovers eingegangen. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden zu diesem Themengebiet die wichtigsten okonometrischen Arbeiten angefuhrt. Den Abschlus bildet eine kurze Zusammenfassung und kritische Wurdigung der derzeitigen Forschungsergebnisse unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit.
Historical Notes on the First Codes and Institutions in French Louisiana

The attachment of people to their laws and their use of it as a proxy to continue their culture cannot be more graphically illustrated than in the case of Louisiana. The various links between a general history of the times and legal history in a more narrow sense cannot be divorced or overemphasized. Indeed a purely "legal" history devoid of socio-political context is probably just as misleading as a "general" history that makes no mention of law. Though aware of a need for balance, my purpose in these Notes is in fact to stress the legal side of history before and after the Purchase. One reason why I believe this has value is that there is clear linkage between legal developments in the two periods. I would offer only one illustration. The same kind of chauvinism in 1768 which insurrected against the sudden introduction of Spanish law would resurface in 1803 as a Spanish-French chauvinism now ready to defend a mixed civil-law heritage and to resist by all political means the introduction of Common Law in Louisiana. The link between figures such as Lafreniere and Livingston, who were of course widely separated by time and circumstance, would lie in their common defense of the legal status quo against abrupt legal change and their mutual dread of alien laws. The second and more important reason for publishing these Notes is that relatively little is known or has been written about the earlier period. With but few exceptions, historians who have written about the law and institutions of the colonial period have been non-lawyers and they have sometimes given us a rather fanciful interpretation of the legal documents at their disposal. This is undoubtedly due in large measure to the difficulty of accessing the original sources in the archives of Louisiana, France and Spain, but there has also been the difficulty of understanding the background legal context into which they fit.
Estimating Nutrient and Organic Carbon Loads to Water-Supply Reservoir Using Semiparametric Models

AbstractThis study investigated the impact of model form and flexibility on estimates of constituent loads to a water-supply reservoir. A series of load-estimation regression models were calibrated and used to predict nutrient (nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus) and organic carbon loads from three major tributaries of a water-supply reservoir. These models included traditional linear models (LMs) as well as semiparametric generalized additive models (GAMs). The relative performance of each model was determined using cross-validation. GAMs, which employ more flexible model structures, outperformed LMs in most cases, explaining an additional 2% of load variance and 5% of concentration variance in validation data on average. Resulting point load estimates from the 1.5-year study period were similar between the two modeling approaches, yielding overlapping 95% confidence intervals in all nine cases modeled. A novel graphical method was developed to present relative agreement between the two model types as...
The Sensitivity of Adolescent Hearing Screens Significantly Improves by Adding High Frequencies

Abstract Purpose One in 6 US adolescents has high-frequency hearing loss, often related to hazardous noise. Yet, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) hearing screen (500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 Hertz) primarily includes low frequencies ( Methods Eleventh graders (n = 134) participated in hearing screening (2013–2014) including "gold-standard" sound-treated booth testing to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Results Of the 43 referrals, 27 (63%) had high-frequency hearing loss. AAP screen sensitivity and specificity were 58.1% (95% confidence interval 42.1%–73.0%) and 91.2% (95% confidence interval 83.4–96.1), respectively. Adding high frequencies (6,000, 8,000 Hertz) significantly increased sensitivity to 79.1% (64.0%–90.0%; p = .003). Specificity with repeat screening was 81.3% (71.8%–88.7%; p = .003). Conclusions Adolescent hearing screen sensitivity improves with high frequencies. Repeat testing maintains acceptable specificity.
Abstract 2906: Curcumin reduces aberrant crypt foci (ACF) number but does not alter prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or 5-hydroxyeicosanopentaneic acid (5-HETE) concentration in ACF or in normal human colorectal mucosa

Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol derivative of turmeric, has potent cancer preventive activity in in vivo colon carcinogenesis models. To determine whether curcumin has pharmacodynamic effects on the human colon, we administered curcumin at doses of 2 g or 4 g to separate groups of 20 healthy human smokers who had 8 or more aberrant crypt foci on screening colonoscopy. We removed 3 aberrant crypt foci and 4 flat mucosal biopsies under magnifying endoscopy prior to and after 28 days of daily curcumin dosing. We enrolled 41 subjects (66% African Americans, 27% Caucasian, mean age 55+/−6.5 years). PGE2 and 5-HETE concentrations on tissue biopsies (assayed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy) are shown in the Table. Curcumin concentrations assayed by HPLC in the colonic mucosa were undetectable ( (Support: NCI N01-35610, F. Meyskens PI Univ California Irvine) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2906.
Protection from Cerebral Embolic Events During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been a major advancement in the treatment of high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. One of the primary concerns in applying this procedure to a broader patient population is the risk of embolic stroke. Cerebral emboli have been shown to originate from atheromatous plaques within the aorta and from the degenerate stenotic aortic valve itself. Thus, there has been significant interest in embolic protection devices designed to either filter or deflect potential cerebral emboli during TAVR. Here, we review the rationale and current data for embolic protection devices used during TAVR.
A method of analyzing the milk and feces of cows for coumaphos and its oxygen analog after feeding coumaphos for control of house fly larvae.

Milk and feces from dairy cows fed coumaphos (0-44 ppm in air-dried feed) to control house fly larvae, Musca domestica L., were analyzed for coumaphos and its oxygen analog. Coumaphos was recovered only from feces of animals fed this compound while the oxygen analog was undetected. The extracts of feces and milk were analyzed by separating the 2 compounds by liquid chromatography on silica gel, hexane-acetonitrile partition, and gas chromatography of an aliquot of each fraction on a column containing 10% DC-200 on Gas Chrom® Q. The compounds were detected with a phosphorus-sensitive flame photometric cell. Sensitivity of the analysis was better than 0.003 ppm for milk and 0.005 ppm for feces. Larval control was incomplete but was related to the level of coumaphos fed. Potasan® ( O, O -dicthyl O -(4-methyl-2-oxo- 2H -1-benzopyran-7-yl) phosphorothioate), which was found in small amounts in the feces, is very likely a metabolite of coumaphos. Its contribution to the larvicidal activity of the feces is not considered significant.
Principles of Sociology as a Teaching Device

in social and economic organization, which would undoubtedly be reflected in most cultural indices. Thus, although the discrepancy between observed and standardized indices may be hypothetically conceived as due to the effect of urbanization, it is important not to interpret the magnitude of the difference in a literal sense. Furthermore, as a measure of the gross incidence of a given phenomenon, the crude ratio requires no modification. It is only when it is desired to clarify the components of a summary figure that meaningful resort may be had to the standardized figure.7 As a matter of practice, therefore, standardized indices should be presented only in conjunction with the corresponding crude indices. In many cases, it is perhaps the comparison of the two, rather than the absolute value of either, which will prove more enlightening. Despite the necessity of careful interpretation, cultural indices standardized for urbanization provide an important perspective in interregional comparisons. A great number of indices commonly used for regional comparisons would probably show interesting shifts if examined by means of the standardization technique; for example: professional students per 100,000 population, persons in Who's Who per 100,000 population, per capita library circulation, criminal offenses per 100,000 population, newspaper circulation per 1,000 population.8 The principal hindrance to the more widespread use of standardized indices is the lack of data classified by population size groups. It is strongly urged that, in the compilation of primary data for publication, greater attention be given this important tvDe of classification. 7 For example, the crude ratio would have the greater interest for the medical economist as indicating the total need for medical care; whereas the standardized ratio will be of use to regional sociologists for making more valid comparisons of the cultural levels of regions. 8 These items are chosen more or less haphazardly from the variables cited by Odum, Southern Regions, op. cit.
Probe on the Quality Management of Emergency Materials for Public Eventualities

Summary Emergency materials for public eventualities is the base for emergency rescue and management.The storage system for emergency eventualities has been improving in recent years.However,qulity control and management for public eventualities has not been paid enogh attention to.This article analyses and probe the significance and methods of public eventualities to promoto emergency eventualities scientifically
A cross-sectional study on the unhealthy behavior among adolescents

Objective To know the status of the unhealthy behavior of adolescent in Kaihua County. Methods Multi-stage cluster sampling survey was carried out and 741 middle school students in 17 classes from 10 schools were selected. The survey was conducted by using a self-reported questionnaire. Results Middle school students who felt good health status accounted for 46. 96%,while students who had the suicide ideation accounted for 15. 38% and who had suicide behavior accounted for 2. 29%. 34. 55% students had smoking behavior. Students who had never eaten breakfast were accounted to 9. 45%,and who had never drink milk were accounted to 46. 15%. 50. 88% and 60. 32% students had the behavior of washing hands before eating and after using the toilet respectively. Students who had the behavior of brushing teeth were accounted to 88. 08%. Students who had never participated physical activity that was longer than 60 minutes were accounted to 5. 24%,and playing games and chatting were the two major internet activities. The awareness rate of AIDS knowledge was 59. 32%. The rates of behavior of school violence and stolen was 8. 91% and 18. 08% respectively. Sex behavior was 3. 37%. Conclusion There are smoking,playing online games,campus violence,poor hygiene and other bad behavior in some middle school students.
Discussion on Measurement Method of Natural Gas Energy in Small or Medium-Sized City

On the basis of current situation of natural gas measurement in small or medium-sized city,measurement method of natural gas energy for small or medium-sized city's naturel gas company is introduced and discussed.
A Control Study of Combination of Inosine, Vitamin B_6 and Lingyangjiao in the Treatment of Childhood Tic Disorder

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of the combination of Inosine, vitamin B6and Lingyangjiao(abbr. inosine treatment) vs. haloperidol in the treatment of childhood tic disorder.Methods: A total of 88 cases of childhood tic disorder were treated with either inosine treatment(n=44) or haloperidol(n =44). The two groups were followed for 8 weeks, the efficacy of inosine treatment and haloperidol were evaluated by Yale Global Tie Severityb Scale(YGTSS). The side effects of haloperidol were evaluated by TESS. Results: The effective rates had no significant differences between the two groups in the 8th weekend(P0.05). The side effects were significantly less in the inosine treatment group than those in the haloperidol group(P0.05). Conclusion: Inosine treatment is as effective as haloperidol for childhood tic disorder with higher compliance.
Intelligence Training Research Exercise 15-1

The development of effective team training systems has a high degree of complexity. It is critical to balance fidelity for trainees and usability for trainers while optimizing training effectiveness. This paper focuses on the methodology leveraged to elicit the empirical data through a training specific study called a Training Research Exercise (T-REX). T-REX 15-1 kicked off the first combined user evaluation of the three primary components of the Distributed Common Ground System Weapon System Trainer (DWST). Thirteen individuals from the 480th ISR Wing, 27th Intelligence Squadron (IS), Distributed Ground Station-Indiana (DGS-IN), and the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) participated in a 4 day training event to evaluate the usability and fidelity of the DWST. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on the data for the three different measures across all participants; crew trainer fidelity (M = 3.71, SD = 0.30), crew trainer usability (M = 3.69, SD = 0.41), and overall training experience (M = 3.43, SD = 0.42). Results indicate that participants from all groups were satisfied with the fidelity and usability of the crew trainer as well as the training experience in general.
Second allogeneic transplantation: ever? never? or sometimes.

Over the past 20 years, survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for acute leukemia has significantly improved, mainly due to improvements in transplant related mortality, while re...
MEASURING SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY TRAINEE SELF‐EFFICACY

There is an ever-increasing need for school psychology training programs to demonstrate their ability to produce competent practitioners. One method of addressing this need is through the assessment of self-efficacy. However, little research on self-efficacy in school psychology exists likely due to the lack of a psychometrically sound measure of this construct. To address this gap, we examined the construct validity of the Huber Inventory of Self-Efficacy for School Psychologists Research Version (HIS-SP-RV), a preexisting measure of self-efficacy, with a sample of 520 school psychology graduate students. Results suggest that the HIS-SP-RV is not a valid measure of trainee self-efficacy. We then created and conducted a psychometric evaluation of a shortened measure, the Huber Inventory of Trainee Self-Efficacy (HITS). Results supported the validity of a five-factor model. Implications for the use of the HITS for program evaluation, to improve trainee competence, and for future research are discussed.
Hand Grasping Synergies As Biometrics

Recently, the need for more secure identity verification systems has driven researchers to explore other sources of biometrics. This includes iris patterns, palm print, hand geometry, facial recognition, and movement patterns (hand motion, gait, and eye movements). Identity verification systems may benefit from the complexity of human movement which integrates multiple levels of control (neural, muscular, and kinematic). Using principal component analysis we extracted spatiotemporal hand synergies (movement synergies) from an object grasping dataset to explore their use as a potential biometric. These movement synergies are in the form of joint angular velocity profiles of ten joints. We explored the effect of joint type, digit, number of objects, and grasp type. In its best configuration, movement synergies achieved an equal error rate (EER) of 8.19%. While movement synergies can be integrated into an identity verification system with motion capture ability, we also explored a camera-ready version of hand synergies—postural synergies. In this proof of concept system, postural synergies performed well, but only when specific postures were chosen. Based on these results, hand synergies show promise as a potential biometric that can be combined with other hand based biometrics for improved security.
Flexible data views: design and implementation

In this paper, we present a library-based framework of data views over chunks of memory segments. Such views not only enable a uniform treatment of references and arrays, but they provide a more general abstraction in the sense that parts of arrays, references, or even views, can be combined into hierarchies to form new logical data structures. To provide efficient implementations in widely used industrial languages such as C++ and Scala, we employ static and dynamic multi-staging techniques, respectively. Through staging and code specialization, the overhead of traversal and tracking of such view hierarchies is mostly eliminated. Thus, our data views can be used as building blocks for creating data structures for which programmers need not pick a specific representation but can rely on code generation and specialization to provide the right implementation that meets asymptotic running time and space guarantees. We apply our approach in case studies in which two-dimensional array views are used to efficiently encode real-world matrices, showing performance on par with specialized data structures such as sparse matrices from popular linear algebra libraries (Armadillo and Eigen), or hand-tuned dense representations. We also show the practicality of specializing data views at run-time on the JVM via Lightweight Modular Staging, a Scala framework for dynamic multi-stage programming, by designing a user-friendly API that hides the underlying compilation through lazy evaluation and a uniform access principle.
Functional Symptoms in Pulmonology: Taking Your Breath Away

Children with respiratory symptoms often are affected by a functional contribution to their presentation. In order to provide appropriate comprehensive care, clinicians need to identify and address these issues in such children. Some respiratory diagnoses are recognized generally to be of functional origin including functional dyspnea, habit cough, and vocal cord dysfunction. The criteria for establishing these diagnoses are discussed in the first section of this chapter. However, commonly unrecognized are the children with diagnosed physiologic disease such as asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or cystic fibrosis who develop additional or worsening symptoms due to emotional or psychosocial overlay. Whether triggered by physiological or psychological factors, symptoms may be identical, and thus clinicians may even be unaware of the psychological impact on a patient. The second section of this chapter will address how clinicians might recognize and offer optimal treatment for such patients.
Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: high-resolution cross-sectional imaging features with clinico-pathologic correlation

To describe the high-resolution cross-sectional (MDCT/MRI) features of mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) of the pancreas with clinico-pathologic correlation; to identify imaging predictors of high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma; and to estimate MCN growth rate. Thirty-two women (mean age: 46; range, 25–79 years) with resected MCN who underwent preoperative MDCT (n = 20) or MRI (n = 12) examinations over a 14-year period were included. Two radiologists examined retrospectively in consensus the following MDCT/MRI features: MCN location, size/volume, presence of capsule and thickness of the capsule, and presence of mural nodules, enhancing septations, calcifications, chronic pancreatitis, and main pancreatic duct dilation. Imaging features were correlated with clinical symptoms, biochemistry results, and histopathologic features. A univariate model was analyzed for the prediction of high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma. Preoperative MCN growth rate was assessed using a subset of patients with more than one imaging study available (n = 6). Twenty-five (78%) patients presented with symptoms and 8 (25%) patients had abnormal serum biochemical values. Mean MCN maximum dimensions were 48 × 45 × 45 mm with a mean volume of 169 mL. MCN were located in the tail (n = 18), body (n = 10), neck (n = 2), and (head = 2); 30 (93.5%) MCN were encapsulated, 3 (9%) had calcifications, 4 (12%) showed enhancing nodules, 9 (28%) had enhancing septations, and 5 (15%) had main pancreatic duct dilation. Associated chronic pancreatitis was observed in 4 (12%) patients. The only predictors for high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma were MCN size and volume. Using a cut-off size greater than 8.5 cm, the specificity and sensitivity for high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma were 97 and 60%, respectively (p = 0.003; OR 81, 95% CI 3.9–1655.8). Mean MCN growth rate was estimated at 4.2 mm/year with a doubling time of 8.23 years. MCN size (> 8.5 cm) and volume are the only features on MDCT/MR imaging that correlate with high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma. The average growth rate for MCNs is slow at approximately 4 mm per year.
Summarizer: trading communication with computing near storage

Modern data center solid state drives (SSDs) integrate multiple general-purpose embedded cores to manage ash translation layer, garbage collection, wear-leveling, and etc., to improve the performance and the reliability of SSDs. As the performance of these cores steadily improves there are opportunities to repurpose these cores to perform application driven computations on stored data, with the aim of reducing the communication between the host processor and the SSD. Reducing host-SSD bandwidth demand cuts down the I/O time which is a bottleneck for many applications operating on large data sets. However, the embedded core performance is still significantly lower than the host processor, as generally wimpy embedded cores are used within SSD for cost effective reasons. So there is a trade-o between the computation overhead associated with near SSD processing and the reduction in communication overhead to the host system. In this work, we design a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used by the host application to offload a data intensive task to the SSD processor. We describe how these APIs can be implemented by simple modifications to the existing Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) command interface between the host and the SSD processor. We then quantify the computation versus communication tradeoffs for near storage computing using applications from two important domains, namely data analytics and data integration. Using a fully functional SSD evaluation platform we perform design space exploration of our proposed approach by varying the bandwidth and computation capabilities of the SSD processor. We evaluate static and dynamic approaches for dividing the work between the host and SSD processor, and show that our design may improve the performance by up to 20% when compared to processing at the host processor only, and 6when compared to processing at the SSD processor only. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Secondary storage organization; Distributed architectures; Firmware;
A general approach to risk modeling using partial surrogate markers with application to perioperative acute kidney injury.

Surrogate outcomes are often utilized when disease outcomes are difficult to directly measure. When a biological threshold effect exists, surrogate outcomes may only represent disease in specific subpopulations. We refer to these outcomes as “partial surrogate outcomes.” We hypothesized that risk models of partial surrogate outcomes would perform poorly if they fail to account for this population heterogeneity. We developed criteria for predictive model development using partial surrogate outcomes and demonstrate their importance in model selection and evaluation within the clinical example of serum creatinine, a partial surrogate outcome for acute kidney injury. Data from 4737 patients who underwent cardiac surgery at a major academic center were obtained. Linear and mixture models were fit on maximum 2-day serum creatinine change as a surrogate for estimated glomerular filtration rate at 90 days after surgery (eGFR90), adjusted for known AKI risk factors. The AUC for eGFR90 decline and Spearman’s rho were calculated to compare model discrimination between the linear model and a single component of the mixture model deemed to represent the informative subpopulation. Simulation studies based on the clinical data were conducted to further demonstrate the consistency and limitations of the procedure. The mixture model was highly favored over the linear model with BICs of 2131.3 and 5034.3, respectively. When model discrimination was evaluated with respect to the partial surrogate, the linear model displays superior performance (p < 0.001); however, when it was evaluated with respect to the target outcome, the mixture model approach displays superior performance (AUC difference p = 0.002; Spearman’s difference p = 0.020). Simulation studies demonstrate that the nature of the heterogeneity determines the magnitude of any advantage the mixture model. Partial surrogate outcomes add complexity and limitations to risk score modeling, including the potential for the usual metrics of discrimination to be misleading. Partial surrogacy can be potentially uncovered and appropriately accounted for using a mixture model approach. Serum creatinine behaved as a partial surrogate outcome consistent with two patient subpopulations, one representing patients whose injury did not exceed their renal functional reserve and a second population representing patients whose injury did exceed renal functional reserve.
Hedge Funds and Impact Investing: Considerations for Institutional Investors

Impact investing has grown rapidly over the last 10 years, in terms of both investment options and dollars invested. Much of this growth is attributed to the evolution from screening to proactive approaches. Many institutional investors are realizing that along with the social benefit, impact investing can be additive to returns, and they are looking for ways to incorporate this trend. Impact investing options are available in all asset classes, but the adoption rate within the hedge fund community has lagged all the others. This article focuses on three possible reasons for this: hedge fund strategies primarily rely on alpha for returns, possible time horizon mismatch between shorter term focused hedge funds and sustainability trends, and the below-market-return stigma associated with historical SRI investing. The article identifies strategies in which these obstacles may not apply and provides suggestions for ways institutional investors can engage with their hedge fund managers and incorporate these strategies into their hedge fund allocation.
A Dissection of Experiential Learning Theory: Alternative Approaches to Reflection:

The concept of reflection is central to theories of experiential learning common in the field of adult education. In this article, we expand upon the work of Michelson on the dualistic split betwee...
Observations of Fronts

The introduction of the concept of fronts lies in a remarkably succinct paper by J. Bjerknes (1919) which in a mere seven pages provided the conceptual basis for a mode of synoptic analysis revolutionary in its time and pervasive yet today. This paper contained also an early expression of the fundamental idea that the ascent of warm air and the descent of cold, in the cyclone, was fundamental not only to the cyclone but to the general circulation of the atmosphere. To quote Bjerknes while examining Fig. 1, “The lines of flow in a cyclone have approximately the character of logarithmic spirals. By increasing (the) number of observations, however, several aberrations from the regular spiralic shape appear. Among a multitude of details, certain characteristic traits seem to return more or less markedly for all cyclones yet examined.
Gender Identity and Sex-Role Stereotyping: Clinical Issues in Human Sexuality

In our complex society, the physician’s understanding of human sexuality must include an awareness of the sex-role perceptions that serve to shape female and male sexual behaviors. We must realize that, as Luria and Rose (1979) note, “sexual acts are performed in a social context.”
The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To identify brain regions underlying the fastest and slowest reaction times on the Psychomotor Vigilance task (PVT) under well-rested conditions, as well as brain regions related to particularly poor performance after sleep deprivation. DESIGN Subjects took the PVT twice while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging: once 12 hours after waking from a normal night of sleep and once after 36 hours of total sleep deprivation (TSD). Session order was counterbalanced. SETTING UCSD J. Christian Gillin Laboratory for Sleep and Chronobiology (the sleep core of the General Clinical Research Center) and UCSD Magnetic Resonance Institute. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Twenty right-handed healthy adults (8 women; age = 27.4 +/- 6.7 years; education = 15.6 +/- 1.5 years). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After a normal night of sleep, optimal performance was related to greater cerebral responses within a cortical sustained attention network and the cortical and subcortical motor systems. Slow reaction times, particularly after TSD, were associated with greater activity in the "default mode network" consisting of frontal and posterior midline regions. CONCLUSIONS Optimal performance on the PVT appears to rely on activation both within the sustained attention system and within the motor system. Poor performance following TSD may result from a disengagement from the task and related inattention, and brain regions responsible for this localize within midline structures shown to be involved in the brain's "default mode." Finally, particularly poor performance after TSD may elicit a subsequent attentional recovery that manifests as greater activation within the same regions normally responsible for fast reaction times.
Assessment of structural features in Cryo-EM density maps using SSE and side chain Z-scores.

Abstract We introduce a new method for assessing resolvability of structural features in density maps from Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) using fitted or derived models. It calculates Z-scores for secondary structure elements (SSEs) and side chains. Z-scores capture how much larger the cross-correlation score (CCS) is for atoms in such features at their placed locations compared to the CCS at displaced positions. Z-scores are larger when the structural features are well-resolved, as confirmed by visual analysis. This method was applied to all 66 maps submitted to the 2015/2016 EMDB map challenge. For each map, the fitted model provided by the map committee was used in this assessment. The average Z-scores for each map and fitted model correlate moderately well with reported map resolutions (r2 = 0.45 for SSE Z-scores and r2 = 0.56 for side chain Z-scores). Rankings of the submitted maps based on average Z-scores seem to more closely agree with visual analysis. Z-scores can also be used to pinpoint which parts of a model are well-resolved in a map, and which parts of the model may need further fitting or refinement to make the model better match the density.
Rhetoric, Technology, and the Virtues

In Rhetoric, Technology, and the Virtues, Jared Colton and Steve Holmes wrestle with a core question facing digital rhetoricians: how might any example of digital communication technology or practi...
Mitochondria and autophagy in adult stem cells: proliferate or differentiate

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in many different tissues after development. They are responsible for regenerating and repairing tissues after injury, as well as replacing cells when needed. Adult stem cells maintain a delicate balance between self-renewal to prevent depletion of the stem cell pool and differentiation to continually replenish downstream lineages. The important role of mitochondria in generating energy, calcium storage and regulating cell death is well established. However, new research has linked mitochondria to stem cell maintenance and fate. In addition, efficient mitochondrial quality control is critical for stem cell homeostasis to ensure their long-term survival in tissues. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence linking mitochondrial function, remodeling and turnover via autophagy to regulation of adult stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
Effects of diabetic therapeutic footwear and traditional athletic footwear on gait:a cross-sectional investigation

The number of individuals living with diabetes has increased in recent years and is expected to reach 366 million by the year 2030 (Juster-Switlyk & Smith, 2016). Secondary complications such as ne...
Taichi: a language for high-performance computation on spatially sparse data structures

3D visual computing data are often spatially sparse. To exploit such sparsity, people have developed hierarchical sparse data structures, such as multi-level sparse voxel grids, particles, and 3D hash tables. However, developing and using these high-performance sparse data structures is challenging, due to their intrinsic complexity and overhead. We propose Taichi, a new data-oriented programming language for efficiently authoring, accessing, and maintaining such data structures. The language offers a high-level, data structure-agnostic interface for writing computation code. The user independently specifies the data structure. We provide several elementary components with different sparsity properties that can be arbitrarily composed to create a wide range of multi-level sparse data structures. This decoupling of data structures from computation makes it easy to experiment with different data structures without changing computation code, and allows users to write computation as if they are working with a dense array. Our compiler then uses the semantics of the data structure and index analysis to automatically optimize for locality, remove redundant operations for coherent accesses, maintain sparsity and memory allocations, and generate efficient parallel and vectorized instructions for CPUs and GPUs. Our approach yields competitive performance on common computational kernels such as stencil applications, neighbor lookups, and particle scattering. We demonstrate our language by implementing simulation, rendering, and vision tasks including a material point method simulation, finite element analysis, a multigrid Poisson solver for pressure projection, volumetric path tracing, and 3D convolution on sparse grids. Our computation-data structure decoupling allows us to quickly experiment with different data arrangements, and to develop high-performance data structures tailored for specific computational tasks. With 110 th as many lines of code, we achieve 4.55× higher performance on average, compared to hand-optimized reference implementations.
Prenatal pet keeping and caregiver-reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder through preadolescence in a United States birth cohort

While the keeping of pets has been shown to protect against childhood allergic disease and obesity, less is known regarding potential associations of prenatal pet keeping and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We sought to examine the associations between prenatal dog or cat keeping with caregiver-reported ADHD in preadolescents in the Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study (WHEALS) birth cohort (N = 1258). At an interview with the caregiver at child age 10–12 years, caregivers reported if the WHEALS child had ever been diagnosed with ADHD. Similarly, during an interview with the mother prenatally, pet keeping (defined as dog or cat kept inside ≥1 h/day) was ascertained. Logistic regression models were fit to examine the association of prenatal pet keeping (dog keeping and cat keeping, separately) with ADHD. A subset of 627 children were included in the analyses: 93 who had ADHD and 534 with neurotypical development. After accounting for confounders and loss to follow-up, maternal prenatal dog exposure was associated with 2.23 times (95% CI: 1.15, 4.31; p = 0.017) greater odds of ADHD among boys. Prenatal dog keeping was not statistically significantly associated with ADHD in girls (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.06, 1.12; p = 0.070). Prenatal cat keeping was not associated with ADHD. In boys, but not girls, maternal prenatal dog keeping was positively associated with ADHD. Further study to confirm these findings and to identify potential mechanisms of this association (e.g., modification of the gut microbiome, exposure to environmental toxicants or pet-related medications) is needed.
A community five years later

This study is the second installment in an ongoing investigation of a music fan community 5 years after the initial period of data collection ended in 2014. During original collection, 33 fans of t...
Impact of Human Epidermal Growth Factor on Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering technologies have the potential to treat volumetric muscle loss (VML) by growing exogenous muscle tissue. However, there has been limited success in engineering h...
Pimavanserin, a 5HT 2A receptor inverse agonist, rapidly suppresses Aβ production and related pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation into soluble oligomers and insoluble plaques is a precipitating event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that synaptic activity can regulate Aβ generation, we postulated that 5HT2A -Rs may regulate Aβ as well. We treated APP/PS1 transgenic mice with the selective 5HT2A inverse agonists M100907 or Pimavanserin systemically and measured brain interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ levels in real-time using in vivo microdialysis. Both compounds reduced ISF Aβ levels by almost 50% within hours, but had no effect on Aβ levels in 5HT2A -R knock-out mice. The Aβ-lowering effects of Pimavanserin were blocked by extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and NMDA receptor inhibitors. Chronic administration of Pimavanserin by subcutaneous osmotic pump to aged APP/PS1 mice significantly reduced CSF Aβ levels and Aβ pathology and improved cognitive function in these mice. Pimavanserin is FDA-approved to treat Parkinson's disease psychosis, and also has been shown to reduce psychosis in a variety of other dementia subtypes including Alzheimer's disease. These data demonstrate that Pimavanserin may have disease-modifying benefits in addition to its efficacy against neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 560.
A contemporary concept of the value(s)-added food and agriculture sector and rural development

The changing structure of agriculture strains the historically close relationship between commodity agriculture and rural development. Meanwhile, growth in consumer interest for differentiated, val...
webSalvador: a Web Tool for the Luria-Delbrük Experiment.

ABSTRACT Existing Web tools for the Luria-Delbruck fluctuation experiment do not offer many desirable capabilities that are vital to mutation research. webSalvador offers these capabilities via a user interface that allows researchers to access most of the functions in the R package rSalvador without having to learn the R language.
A Note on Responsibility Centers

Organizational design is one of the basic building blocks of control, because it reflects the division of resources and the assignment of responsibility throughout the firm. In particular, each organizational unit headed by a manager can be considered a responsibility center. Excerpt UVA-C-2400 Dec. 13, 2017 A Note on Responsibility Centers Organizational design is one of the basic building blocks of control, because it reflects the division of resources and the assignment of responsibility throughout the firm. In particular, each organizational unit headed by a manager can be considered a responsibility center. Responsibility centers include costs centers, revenue centers, profit centers, and investment centers. Cost centers Cost centers collect information on the resources used and compare those actual costs to the standards allowed for the level of goods produced or services rendered. With cost centers, no attempt is made to attribute revenue to them or to measure the value of the services provided in financial terms. Cost centers, however, do measure the amount of output or services produced. They either express the results in terms of cost per unit or compare actual costs with standard costs, or with some other measure of what should have been spent to generate that amount of output. . . .
Energy-Efficient and High-Performance Processing of Large-Scale Parallel Applications in Data Centers

Next generation supercomputers require drastically better energy efficiency to allow these systems to scale to exaflop computing levels. Virtually all major processor vendors and companies such as AMD, Intel, and IBM are developing high-performance and highly energy-efficient multicore processors and dedicating their current and future development and manufacturing to multicore products. It is conceivable that future multicore architectures can hold dozens or even hundreds of cores on a single die [3].
A Comparative Analysis of Structure and Chaos in Models of Single Nerve Cells and Circadian Rhythms

Chaos in physical and mathematical systems has recently been a topic of great interest in many fields. However, since chaotic behavior has been observed in even very simple dynamical systems, provina the existence of chaos does not, in itself, validate a theory any more than proving the existence of a limit cycle does. The problem of distinguishing deterministic chaos from noise is a further complication. However, a detailed parametric analysis of the structure of solutions of a proposed model, including when and how the solutions become chaotic, probes the strengths, weaknesses, and domain of applicability of the model and theory in question. This approach will be illustrated in the present article by examples taken from the analysis of two model neural systems. The first system (Carpenter, 1974, 1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1979, 1981) is a generalization of the Hodgkin-Huxley model of impulse propagation along an axon (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952), where signal patterns consist of spike sequences. The second system is a small network model (Carpenter and Grossberg, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1983d) of the circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the mammalian hypothalamus (Moore, 1973). Signal patterns of the pacemaker are manifested in activity-rest and wake-sleep cycles.
Professional School Movement

The first professional school in psychology was established at Adelphi University, and the first PsyD program at the University of Illinois. Over the years, the professional school model has grown to the point that it now graduates about half the doctorates in clinical psychology annually. The practitioner model at these programs now vies with the scientist–practitioner model, although there are questions as to how well the scientist–practitioner has been implemented. The National Council of Schools of Professional Psychology represents these schools. Professional schools have been criticized, some would say unfairly, for having a lower quality student and causing the internship crisis, and some would say more fairly for the high student debt amassed by their graduates. Keywords: clinical training; graduate education; NCSPP; professional schools; training conferences
Tumour suppressors (Communication arising): Effect of DNA damage on a BRCA1 complex

Wu-Baer and Baer confirm our original observation that CtIP is phosphorylated in an ATM-dependent manner in response to γ-radiation. We have shown that phosphorylation by ATM kinase of CtIP at serine residues 664 and 745 is required to liberate DNA-damage-response genes such as GADD45 from repression. This is consistent with our more recent finding that overexpression in mammalian cells of a phosphorylated CtIP mutant with a double alanine substitution at serines 664 and 745 disrupts the radiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoint between G2 and M phases. The functional consequence of radiation-induced, ATM-dependent phosphorylation of CtIP is therefore clear.
Using NMR-detected backbone amide 1H exchange to assess macromolecular crowding effects on globular-protein stability.

The biophysical properties of proteins in the crowded intracellular environment are expected to differ from those for proteins in dilute solution. Crowding can be studied in vitro through addition of polymers at high concentrations. NMR-detected amide 1H exchange is the only technique that provides equilibrium stability data for proteins on a per-residue basis under crowded conditions. We describe the theory behind amide 1H exchange and provide a detailed description of the experiments used to quantify globular protein stability at the residue level under crowded conditions. We also discuss the detection of weak interactions between the test protein and the crowding molecules.
Fundamental data for contact binaries: RZ Comae Berenices, RZ Tauri, and AW Ursae Majoris

Differential corrections analyses of three W UMa type binaries show that RZ Tau and AW UMa have common envelopes and the relatively small gravity darkening predicted by Lucy, while RZ Comae seems to have a larger gravity effect and is only marginally in contact. Some details of the method for computing contact binary light curves are given. It is suggested that W UMa binaries which have occultation primary eclipses may, in general, have large amplitudes for gravity darkening or a photometric surface brightness effect which simulates large gravity darkening.
Afterword: Our Narcissistic Age—or Not

This brief article argues that narcissism, though seemingly ubiquitous in contemporary American society, is in fact a timeless phenomenon. Current manifestations and favored types of narcissism, especially grandiose and vulnerable presentations, are reviewed; it is argued that milder ("subclinical") versions of narcissistic phenomena, while frequent in clinical practices, may be overlooked. Treatment recommendations are outlined with particular emphasis on the need for clinicians, even while challenging problematic behaviors of narcissistic individuals, to be mindful of the essential fragility-the terribly injured selves-of this group.
Streaming Estimation of Information-Theoretic Metrics for Anomaly Detection (Extended Abstract)

Information-theoretic metrics hold great promise for modeling traffic and detecting anomalies if only they could be computed in an efficient, scalable way. Recent advances in streaming estimation algorithms give hope that such computations can be made practical. We describe our work in progress that aims to use streaming algorithms on 802.11a/b/g link layer (and above) features and feature pairs to detect anomalies.