cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aldose reductase and pericyte-endothelial cell contacts in retina and optic nerve.

Normally, direct contacts between pericytes and endothelial cells occur frequently in both retinal and optic nerve capillaries. The contacts are made through fenestrae in the thick basement membranes which separate the plasma membranes of the two cell types over most of their juxtaposed surfaces. This study was initiated to determine if there was any change in the number of pericyte-endothelial cell contact regions in retinal or optic nerve capillaries of the galactose-fed rat model for polyol-related complications of diabetes. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 28 months a 50% galactose diet, with or without an aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat), or a normal diet. Electron micrographs of transected capillaries were taken from defined regions of the central retina and nearby portions of the optic nerve. The optic nerve capillaries showed no differences in the numbers of pericyte-endothelial cell contact regions nor in basement membrane thickness in the galactose-fed rats. In contrast, the retinal capillaries exhibited a 70% decrease in the numbers of contact regions and a 2.4-fold increase in basement membrane thickness in galactosemic rats. Both loss of cell contact regions and basement membrane thickening were prevented with tolrestat. The results are consistent with the proposed involvement of the polyol pathway in diabetic retinopathy and with the greater involvement of retinal versus optic nerve vessels in diabetic microangiopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:2293-2299,1989 The galactose-fed animal model has been useful in studying diabetic complications that involve aldose reductase.' Recently, nearly all of the microangiopathies typical of background diabetic retinopathy were demonstrated in both dogs 2 - 3 and rats 4 which were maintained galactosemic by long-term galactose feeding. Selective intramural pericyte loss, endothelial cell proliferation, capillary basement membrane thickening, capillary dilation, microaneurysm formation, shunts, and several other angiopathies were induced by galactosemia. All of these lesions were prevented with aldose reductase inhibitors, 3 " 5 suggesting involvement of the polyol pathway. Although the intramural pericytes and endothelial cells of retinal capillaries are separated over most of their adjoining surfaces by a substantially thick basement membrane sheath, several fenestrae in the sheath permit direct contacts between the pericyte and the endothelial cell. 6 The pericyte-endothelial
Zone Plate Replication by Contact X-ray Lithography, and Its Application to Scanning X-ray Microscopy

The resolution obtainable with an x-ray microscope which uses a Fresnel zone plate as the focusing element is primarily dependent on the width of the finest ring of the zone plate and the accuracy of the zone plate pattern (Simpson, 1984). High accuracy zone plates with outermost zone widths of only a few hundred angstroms have been made by carbon contamination e-beam lithography at Kings College London (Buckley et al., 1985). Whilst these zone plates have the finest zone widths yet produced, the fabrication of one zone plate takes ten hours and the carbon material from which the absorbing zones are formed is semitransparent to soft x-rays. This lack of opacity results in a reduction of focusing efficiency of about a factor of ten compared to the theoretical figure. The reduced efficiency increases the length of time required to form an image in a scanning x-ray microscope (Kenney et al., this volume). The time taken to form an image in an x-ray microscope should be as short as possible to minimize specimen deterioration and maximize throughput. For this reason, the replication of carbon zone plates in a higher contrast material, to improve efficiency and minimize imaging times, is highly desirable.
COASTAL SOURCE WATERS AND THEIR ROLE AS A NITROGEN SOURCE FOR PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN AN ESTUARY IN MAINE

: The Sheepscot Estuary, located in central Maine, has been the subject of a survey study comprising eighteen cruises from July 1976. The lower 25 kilometers of the estuary had a seasonally varying salinity range from 20 to 26 ‰ at Wiscasset to 33 ‰ at the mouth and had a two-layered “structure” defined by a halocline and a seasonally coincident thermocline. The seasonal temperature range was from 0 to 15°C. The 1% light level was between 5 and 15 m, and production versus intensity curves show no light limitation. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations were high (<3 μg at N 1-1) throughout the year, and during the summer months primary production and chlorophyll a concentrations were high compared with adjacent ocean waters; ammonia and nitrate contributed to the inorganic nitrogen pool in the surface layer. The ultimate source of nitrogen for this estuary is the inflow of deep water from the Gulf of Maine; the drainage basin has neither large population centers nor a large area of agricultural land. That the phytoplankton population did not consume all the available inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, or silicate indicated that population size was limited by some “cropping factor.” High ammonia concentrations and regeneration rates suggest a probable role of herbivorous filter feeders in cropping.
Economic Status of Fermentation Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the economic status of fermentation processes. Selection of technical alternatives currently is an important factor that makes economic studies necessary. The capital and operating costs related to fermentation are estimated on the basis of straightforward chemical engineering economic principles. Estimates are influenced by the fact that the process implementation involves living cells where the following factors affect the design and cost of hardware as well as the process itself: (1) genetics and (2) an establishment of proper culture-environment conditions. This chapter presents a summary of the available information on fermentation economics. The equipment-process-interaction-oriented view of the complex biochemical, physicochemical events makes it possible to optimize investment costs and to set the ground for a more economic thinking, which is essential in the future implementation of experimental results on an industrial scale.
How Should We Define Clinically Significant Outcome Improvement on the iHOT-12?

There is increased emphasis on efficiently administering patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) is a short-form version of the iHOT-33, and relatively little is known about clinically significant outcomes using the iHOT-12. The purpose of this study was to define minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) for the iHOT-12 and to identify predictors for achieving these psychometric end points in patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Data was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed as part of an institutional hip preservation repository. One hundred and twenty patients were included; mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 38.7 years and 25.9, respectively. A majority of patients were female (67.5%) and white (81.7%) and participated in recreational sports (79.2%). The iHOT-12 was administered pre-operatively and at 1-year follow-up to patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for FAI. The following anchor question was also asked at 1-year follow-up: “Taking into account all the activities you have during your daily life, your level of pain, and also your functional impairment, do you consider that your current state is satisfactory?” MCID was calculated using a distribution-based method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis with area under the curve was used to confirm the significance of the PASS threshold. Mean iHOT-12 scores improved from 35.6 at pre-operative assessment to 70.7 at 1-year follow-up. Patients indicating satisfaction with their outcome improved from 37.5 pre-operatively to 79.0 at 1-year follow-up. MCID value for the iHOT-12 was 13.0. The PASS threshold was 63.0, indicating an excellent predictive value that patients scoring above this threshold were likely to have met an acceptable symptom state. Worker’s compensation patients and those with increased BMI were less likely to achieve PASS; lower pre-operative iHOT-12 score was predictive for achieving MCID, and achieving MCID was predictive for achieving PASS. This is the first study to define PASS and MCID for the iHOT-12, which measures clinically significant outcome improvement comparably to that of other commonly used hip PROMs. As its use becomes more widespread, the iHOT-12 data-points presented in this study can be used to determine clinically significant improvement of patient-reported outcomes.
Individualized Interactive Instruction: A Guide to Best Practices from the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors

Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in transitioning a portion of residency education from traditional, lecture-based format to more learner-centered asynchronous opportunities. These asynchronous learning activities were renamed in 2012 by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) as individualized interactive instruction (III). The effectiveness and applicability of III in residency education has been proven by multiple studies, and its routine use has been made officially acceptable as per the ACGME. This article provides a review of the current literature on the implementation and utilization of III in emergency medicine residency education. It provides examples of currently implemented and studied III curricula, identifies those III learning modalities that can be considered best practice, and provides suggestions for program directors to consider when choosing how to incorporate III into their residency teaching.
An Ode to Belonging: Southern Black Women’s Politics of Belonging Through Storytelling

The laughs of black women dancing around the room as they stir large pots of food created from moments of nothing. Their bodies meshing into each other, small children melting into their hugs, and ...
The emergent idea of race: A civilization-analytic approach to race and racism in the United States

The intent of this essay is to unearth certain less than obvious but nevertheless important subjective meanings involved in what is currently referred to as "racism" in the United States. Attention will not be given to the overt aspects of "racism," or what AllportI called "racial discrimination," but rather, to the covert dimension, what Allport termed "racial prejudice." I will try to avoid certain problems whlich have plagued those who have "explained" racial prejudice in terms of "racist attitudes" or "racist beliefs." Many, if not most, of the studies on racist attitudes rush headlong into an explanatory "dead end," for they tend to explain away the phenomenon by positing a "black box" mechanism within the human mind, a set of "predispositions" which "motivate" discriminatory action once the proper stimulus is applied.2 A good many studies of racist beliefs are to be avoided as well, for they are often reducible to events of invidious name-calling where one is "racist" or. "prejudiced" if one espouses a belief about a racial group of which another person disapproves.3
Nip the bubble in the bud: a guide to avoid gas nucleation in microfluidics

Gas bubbles are almost a routine occurrence encountered by researchers working in the field of microfluidics. The spontaneous and unexpected nature of gas bubbles represents a major challenge for experimentalists and a stumbling block for the translation of microfluidic concepts to commercial products. This is a startling example of successful scientific results in the field overshadowing the practical hurdles of day-to-day usage. We however believe such hurdles can be overcome with a sound understanding of the underlying conditions that lead to bubble formation. In this tutorial, we focus on the two main conditions that result in bubble nucleation: surface nuclei and gas supersaturation in liquids. Key theoretical concepts such as Henry's law, Laplace pressure, the role of surface properties, nanobubbles and surfactants are presented along with a view of practical implementations that serve as preventive and curative measures. These considerations include not only microfluidic chip design and bubble traps but also often-overlooked conditions that regulate bubble formation, such as gas saturation under pressure or temperature gradients. Scenarios involving electrolysis, laser and acoustic cavitation or T-junction/co-flow geometries are also explored to provide the reader with a broader understanding on the topic. Interestingly, despite their often-disruptive nature, gas bubbles have also been cleverly utilized for certain practical applications, which we briefly review. We hope this tutorial will provide a reference guide in helping to deal with a familiar foe, the “bubble”.
Highly Efficient Degradation of Xylan into Xylose by a Single Enzyme

Here, we report highly efficient degradation of xylan into xylose by a single multifunctional xylanolytic enzyme from the filamentous fungus Thermothelomyces thermophila (termed Ttxy43). Ttxy43 sho...
Sense of Belonging and Student Engagement: A Daily Study of First- and Continuing-Generation College Students

To date, most research on sense of belonging in higher education has relied upon between-person correlations (e.g., Murphy and Zirkel in Teach Coll Rec 117(12):1–40, 2015; Ostrove and Long in Rev High Educ 30(4):363–389, 2007). In the current study, first- and continuing-generation college students (N = 280) reported their sense of belonging and their emotional and behavioral engagement in college every evening for a week. These data were used to examine both person-level and daily dynamics of sense of belonging and student engagement. With few exceptions, sense of belonging was associated with all types of student engagement at both the person and the daily levels. At the person level: replicating previous research, students with a higher sense of belonging than their peers tended to also have higher emotional and behavioral engagement. At the daily level: regardless of students’ typical sense of belonging, if they experienced especially high sense of belonging on a particular day, their emotional and behavioral engagement on that same day tended to be higher than usual. For two measures of student engagement—feelings toward school and in-class engagement—first-generation college students were especially sensitive to day-to-day fluctuations in sense of belonging. There were, however, few other effects of student generation. Overall, results suggest that sense of belonging is an important resource for maintaining student engagement among all students, but especially among first-generation students. In addition, because sense of belonging operates at both person and daily levels, schools can work at both levels to improve students’ belonging.
Neonatal respiratory inhibition causes repeated severe hypoxemia.

Objective: The goal of this study was to verify the details of neonatal respiratory inhibition (NRI) in healthy infants.Methods: We screened for NRI in 521 infants who weighed at least 2000 g and w...
Nonlinear Analysis Using Perturbation Methods and Classical Elasticity

Abstract Typically, nonlinear phenomena such as buckling are modeled using energy formulations which include nonlinear strain terms. This paper discusses an alternatial approach which uses perturbation theory applied directly to the equations of equilibrium and does not require considerations of nonlinear strain. Some general aspects of this approach are discussed and two new applications are presented: spherical shells and three-dimensional elastic solids.
Post-Resuscitation Debriefing in Pediatric Residency: A Needs Assessment

PURPOSE Debriefing is a facilitated discussion of actions and thought processes used to encourage reflection and assimilation of learning after stressful events. Debriefing after resuscitations can be used to facilitate learning, to improve future performance, and to reduce the stress response. Post-resuscitation debriefing (PRD) has the potential to attenuate factors leading to burnout by providing an opportunity for emotional processing, review of performance, and improvement of morale. Pediatric residents comprise a population which would benefit extensively from PRD, particularly given their relative paucity of experience with resuscitation. We surveyed residents at a large …
Nanoscale dynamics during self-organized ion beam patterning of Si. I. Ar + bombardment

Understanding the self-organized ion beam nanopatterning of elemental semiconductors, particularly silicon, is of intrinsic scientific and technological interest. This is the second component of a two-part coherent x-ray scattering and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) investigation of the kinetics and fluctuation dynamics of nanoscale ripple development on silicon during 1 keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ (part I) and ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ bombardment at ${65}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ polar angle. Here it is found that the ion-enhanced viscous flow relaxation is essentially equal for ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$-induced patterning as previously found for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ patterning despite the difference in ion masses. However, the magnitude of the surface curvature-dependent roughening rate in the early-stage kinetics is larger for ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ than for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$, consistent with expectations that the heavier ion gives an increased mass redistributive contribution to the initial surface instability. As with the ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ case, fluctuation dynamics in the late stage show a peak in correlation times at the length scale corresponding to the dominant structural feature on the surface---the ripples. Finally, it is shown that speckle motion during the surface evolution can be analyzed to determine spatial inhomogeneities in erosion rate and ripple velocity. This allows the direction and speed of ripple motion to be measured in a real time experiment. In the present case, ripple motion is found to be into the projected direction of the ion source, in contrast to expectations from an existing sputter erosion driven model with parameters derived from binary collision approximation simulations.
Inferring antenatal care visit timing in low- and middle-income countries: Methods to inform potential maternal vaccine coverage.

BACKGROUND The timing of antenatal care (ANC) visits directly affect health intervention coverage and impact, especially for those interventions requiring strict gestational age windows for administration, such as maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine. Existing nationally representative population-based surveys do not record the timing of ANC visits beyond the first, limiting the availability of reliable data around timing of subsequent ANC visits in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Here, we describe a model that estimates the timing of ANC visits by gestational age using publicly available multi-country survey data. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data from 69 LMICs. We used several factors to estimate the timing of subsequent ANC visits by gestation age: the timing of the first ANC visit (ANC1) in a given pregnancy, derived from the DHS; the country's reported average ANC coverage at each ANC visit (ANC1 through the fourth ANC visit [ANC4]); and the World Health Organization's guidance on recommended ANC visit. We then used the timing of ANC visit by gestation age to predict the coverage of a potential maternal RSV vaccine administered at 24-36 weeks of gestation. We calculated the maternal immunization coverage by summing the number of eligible women vaccinated at any ANC visit divided by the total number of pregnant women. We find, in general, countries with higher ANC1 coverage were predicted to have higher vaccination coverage. In 82% of countries, the modeled vaccine coverage is less than ANC4 coverage. CONCLUSIONS The methods illustrated in this paper have implications on the precision of estimating impact and programmatic feasibility of time-critical interventions, especially for pregnant women. The methods can be easily adapted to vaccine demand forecasts models, vaccine impact assessments, and cost-effectiveness analyses and can be adapted to other maternal interventions that have administration timing restrictions.
An ecological network approach to predict ecosystem service vulnerability to species losses.

Human-driven threats are changing biodiversity, impacting ecosystem services. The loss of one species can trigger secondary extinctions of additional species, because species interact–yet the consequences of these secondary extinctions for services remain underexplored. Herein, we compare robustness of food webs and the ecosystem services (hereafter ‘services’) they provide; and investigate factors determining service responses to secondary extinctions. Simulating twelve extinction scenarios for estuarine food webs with seven services, we find that food web and service robustness are highly correlated, but that robustness varies across services depending on their trophic level and redundancy. Further, we find that species providing services do not play a critical role in stabilizing food webs – whereas species playing supporting roles in services through interactions are critical to the robustness of both food webs and services. Together, our results reveal indirect risks to services through secondary species losses and predictable differences in vulnerability across services. Food web responses to species losses have the potential to cascade to ecosystem services. Here the authors apply ecological network robustness modelling to ecosystem services in salt marsh ecosystems, finding that species with supporting roles are critical to robustness of both food webs and ecosystem services.
Batteries bright future for an old invention

Batteries are perhaps the most ubiquitous electrical devices ever invented. Despite their two-century history, batteries have gained over the last decade an ever more important role as the power behind the explosion of the portable electronics market, including computers, cell phones, and entertainment.
Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction After Corneal Neurotization.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of corneal neurotization (CN) and determine patient perception of postoperative results. Methods This was a retrospective study involving 29 eyes in 28 patients who underwent CN. Chart review data included demographic and clinical history; ophthalmic examination including visual acuity, ocular surface quality, and corneal sensation; surgical technique; and postoperative course. Subjective self-reported patient outcomes of surgical success were also assessed. Only eyes with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the statistical analysis. Results A total of 24 eyes and 23 patients were included in statistical analyses. The median postoperative follow-up time was 12.2 months (interquartile range 10.9-18.5 mo). Twenty-three eyes (92%) achieved improvement in ocular surface quality. Eleven of 13 (85%) demonstrated healing of persistent epithelial defects at their last follow-up. Patients gained a median of 2.3 cm in Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry measurements of sensation. No significant difference was found between preoperative and postoperative visual acuity. All 17 patients who provided self-assessment of their surgical outcome indicated they would undergo CN again if given the choice. Most of the patients reported that the postoperative pain was tolerable, with a median pain score of 3.0 on a 10-point scale (interquartile range 0.0-4.0). Sixteen patients (94%) reported full or partial return of skin sensation along the donor nerve distribution. Conclusions CN provides improvement in corneal health and sensibility, with high patient satisfaction and minimal postoperative pain and morbidity.
Fieldable Mueller matrix imaging spectropolarimeter using a hybrid spatial and temporal modulation scheme

Many correlations exist between spectral reflectance and various phenotypic responses from plants. Of interest to us are structural characteristics; namely, how the various spectral and polarimetric components may correlate to underlying environmental, metabolic, and genotypic differences among plant varieties within a given species. In this paper, we overview a portable Mueller matrix imaging spectropolarimeter that has been optimized for field use. Key aspects to the design included minimizing the measurement time while maximizing signal-to-noise ratio with low systematic errors. These goals must be achieved while maintaining an imaging capability across multiple measurement wavelengths, spanning the blue to near-infrared spectral region. To this end, we will review our optimization procedure, simulations, and experimental results, including preliminary field data taken from our summer 2021 field trials.
Transforming Dependencies into Phrase Structures

We present a new algorithm for transforming dependency parse trees into phrase-structure parse trees. We cast the problem as structured prediction and learn a statistical model. Our algorithm is faster than traditional phrasestructure parsing and achieves 90.4% English parsing accuracy and 82.4% Chinese parsing accuracy, near to the state of the art on both benchmarks.
Landscape Archaeology of the Commons of the Bouleste/Labas Valley, Hautes-Pyrénées

This chapter presents a preliminary report on human-made, high-altitude landscape features associated with the practice of transhumance and the organization of the commons in the Labas/Bouleste Valley, Hautes-Pyrenees. I employ the nondestructive methods of landscape archaeology to identify and describe the remains of pastoral activities and the organization of the commons in the Labas/Bouleste Valley, Hautes-Pyrenees. Traditionally, access and use of these resources was mostly organized in a collective or cooperative manner. This is a complex cultural landscape composed of many places separated through time but united in space.
Discovery of 5-substituted tetrahydronaphthalen-2yl-methyl with N-phenyl-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propionamide derivatives as potent opioid receptor ligands.

A new series of novel opioid ligands have been designed and synthesized based on the 4-anilidopiperidine scaffold containing a 5-substituted tetrahydronaphthalen-2yl)methyl group with different N-phenyl-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propionamide derivatives to study the biological effects of these substituents on μ and δ opioid receptor interactions. Recently our group reported novel 4-anilidopiperidine analogues, in which several aromatic ring-contained amino acids were conjugated with N-phenyl-N-(piperidin-4-yl)propionamide and examined their biological activities at the μ and δ opioid receptors. In continuation of our efforts in these novel 4-anilidopiperidine analogues, we took a peptidomimetic approach in the present design, in which we substituted aromatic amino acids with tetrahydronaphthalen-2yl methyl moiety with amino, amide and hydroxyl substitutions at the 5th position. In in vitro assays these ligands, showed very good binding affinity and highly selective toward the μ opioid receptor. Among these, the lead ligand 20 showed excellent binding affinity (2 nM) and 5000 fold selectivity toward the μ opioid receptor, as well as functional selectivity in GPI assays (55.20 ± 4.30 nM) and weak or no agonist activities in MVD assays. Based on the in vitro bioassay results the lead compound 20 was chosen for in vivo assessment for efficacy in naive rats after intrathecal administration. Compound 20 was not significantly effective in alleviating acute pain. This discrepancy between high in vitro binding affinity, moderate in vitro activity, and low in vivo activity may reflect differences in pharmacodynamics (i.e., engaging signaling pathways) or pharmacokinetics (i.e., metabolic stability). In sum, our data suggest that further optimization of this compound 20 is required to enhance in vivo activity.
Two-dimensional invariant manifolds and global bifurcations: some approximation and visualization studies

We illustrate and discuss the computer-assisted study (approximation and visualization) of two-dimensional (un)stable manifolds of steady states and saddle-type limit cycles for flows in Rn. Our investigation highlights a number of computational issues arising in this task, along with our solutions and “quick-fixes” for some of these problems. Two examples illustrative of both successes and shortcomings of our current approach are presented. Representative “snapshots” demonstrate the dependence of two-dimensional invariant manifolds on a bifurcation parameter as well as their interactions. Such approximation and visualization studies are a necessary component of the computer-assisted study and understanding of global bifurcations.
OBSERVATIONS OF SHOCKED REGIONS

Recent observations of molecular clouds perturbed by interstellar shocks are reviewed. Effects of the shock waves on the chemical composition of these regions are discussed.
Urate oxidase: Single-turnover stopped-flow techniques for detecting two discrete enzyme-bound intermediates

Urate oxidase is a true oxidase; although the product is hydroxylated, the oxygen in the hydroxyl group derives from solvent, and one equivalent of dioxygen is reduced to H 2 0 2 concomitant with urate oxidation. In leguminous plants, urate oxidase is a constituent of the ureide pathway by which fixed nitrogen is converted to allantoin and allantoate, the metabolites that serve to transport nitrogen from the roots to the stems, leaves, and seed pods of the plant. In mammals urate oxidase facilitates the excretion of excess nitrogen by virtue of the greater solubility of allantoin relative to urate. Urate oxidase is also found in a wide variety of microorganisms, and some bacteria can grow on urate as their sole carbon and nitrogen source. The goals of these studies were both qualitative and quantitative. In particular, the mechanism illustrated in the chapter proposes the formation of three discrete intermediates in the course of the catalytic reaction, and stopped-flow studies were conducted to determine whether evidence could be adduced for their existence. An alternative mechanism for the urate oxidase reaction has been proposed that suggests that oxidation of urate occurs without formation of any discrete intermediates.
The Best of Times or the Worst of Times

Examines reasons for “turmoil” in the US management education market. Increasing numbers of MBA schools are responding by changing their programmes, but the pursuit of academic rigour may have prevented fundamental change. Considers a number of trends affecting the MBA environment that will continue to reshape business schools. Those that can take the mandate of change seriously will enjoy the “best of times”.
Repopulation of a human alveolar matrix by adult rat type II pneumocytes in vitro. A novel system for type II pneumocyte culture.

Abstract This paper describes the preparation of lung acellular alveolar matrix fragments and culture of rat type II pneumocytes directly on the alveolar epithelial basement membrane, thereby permitting study of the effect of lung basement membrane on the morphology and function of type II cells. Collagen types I, III, IV and V, laminin and fibronectin were located by immunofluorescence in the lung matrix with the same patterns as those described for the normal human lung [1]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the fragments revealed intact epithelial and endothelial basement membranes. The matrix maintained the normal three-dimensional alveolar architecture. Glycosaminoglycans were still present by Alcian Blue staining. Isolated adult rat type II pneumocytes cultured on 150 μ thick fragments of acellular human alveolar extracellular matrix undergo gradual cytoplasmic flattening, with loss of lamellar bodies, mitochondria, and surface microvilli. These changes are similar to the in vivo differentiation of type II pneumocytes into type I pneumocytes. The type II pneumocyte behaviour on the lung epithelial basement membrane contrasted sharply with that of the same cell type cultured on a human amnionic basement membrane [2], On the latter surface the cells retained their cuboidal shape, lamellar bodies and surface microvilli for up to 8 days. These observations suggest that the basement membranes from different organ systems exert differing influences on the morphology and function of type II pneumocytes and that the alveolar and amnionic basement membranes may have differing three-dimensional organizations. The technique of direct culture of type II cells on the lung basement membrane provides a useful tool for studying the modulating effect of the basement membrane on alveolar epithelial cells.
Landscape of Industry: Transformation of (Eco) Industrial Park through history

The landscape of industry has been changing over time. Industry has transformed and many tangents have emerged from the sporadic home-based cottage industries to geographically scattered large manufacturing industries to co-located industrial parks to environment friendly eco-industrial parks. Curiosity about the catalysts that bring about the transformation of industrial landscape is the motivation of this article. Through the narrative on Industrial Park and the gradual shift towards Eco-Industrial Park, this article aims to shed light on the context and conditions that act as catalysts for industrial transformations, so as to serve as a reference for predicting future changes in industrial landscape.
New results on global stabilization of feedforward systems via small feedback

We previously (1998) presented a general framework for stabilizing a chain of integrators perturbed by a higher-order vector field, by a nested saturation controller whose saturation levels depend on the system state. Although the previous result has been used to solve a number of global stabilization problems in the low dimensional case, it cannot straightforwardly be applied to higher dimensional nonlinear systems. To overcome this drawback, we present here, in contrast to the state-dependent nested saturation design, a Lyapunov-based small control scheme for a rather general feedforward system whose linearization is not necessarily controllable. A set of weaker growth conditions are identified under which a bottom-up, step-by-step, recursive design procedure can still be successfully used to construct a globally stabilizing controller whose norm is arbitrarily small. Our approach relies heavily on an effective coupling of the forwarding strategy for feedforward systems with a nonlinear chain of integrators, and of the synthesis technique of using arbitrarily small controls, developed for global stabilization of non-affine systems with marginally stable free dynamics.
Neogene evolution of Atlantic thermohaline circulation: Perspective from Walvis Ridge, southeastern Atlantic Ocean

[1] We present new Nd isotope records from Walvis Ridge Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites 1262–1264 (southeastern Atlantic) spanning the past 24 Ma to investigate the Neogene evolution of Atlantic thermohaline circulation. The new data indicate that deepwater ɛNd(t) values from ODP Site 1262 decrease from −11.0 at 10.6 Ma to −12.5 by 7.3 Ma. This decrease parallels the Nd isotope trends contained in Fe-Mn crust records from the northwestern Atlantic; however, the shift at ODP Site 1262 (4755 m water depth) occurred up to ∼6 Ma earlier than the corresponding changes in crust records from the Atlantic and earlier than any Atlantic site shallower than 2700 m paleowater depth. Recent interpretations of the rapid decrease in Fe-Mn crust Nd ɛNd(t)ssvalues invoke changes in weathering inputs to the Labrador Sea region rather than a fundamental change in deepwater convection in the Labrador Sea. However, the new evidence for significant depth stratification of the Nd isotope signal in the southeastern Atlantic between 10.6 and 7.3 Ma suggests that the onset of deepwater convection in the Labrador Sea may have played a role in the deepwater decrease in Nd isotopic composition. Climatic conditions during the middle to late Miocene likely favored an increase in the importance of glacially induced mechanical weathering, while at the same time promoting deep convection in the Labrador Sea.
Microscopic and thermal characterization of hydrogen peroxide killing and lysis of spores and protection by transition metal ions, chelators, and antioxidants

Killing of bacterial spores by H(2)O(2) at elevated but sublethal temperatures and neutral pH occurred without lysis. However, with prolonged exposure or higher concentrations of the agent, secondary lytic processes caused major damage successively to the coat, cortex, and protoplast, as evidenced by electron and phase contrast microscopy. These processes were also reflected in changes in differential scanning calorimetric profiles for H(2)O(2)-treated spores. Endothermic transitions in the profiles occurred at lower temperatures than usual as a result of H(2)O(2) damage. Thus, H(2)O(2) sensitized the cells to heat damage. Longer exposure to H(2)O(2) resulted in total disappearance of the transitions, indicative of major disruptions of cell structure. Spores but not vegetative cells were protected against the lethal action of H(2)O(2) by the transition metal cations Cu, Cu, Co, Co, Fe, Fe, Mn, Ti, and Ti. The metal chelator EDTA was also somewhat protective, while o-phenanthroline, citrate, deferoxamine, and ethanehydroxydiphosphonate were only marginally so. Superoxide dismutase and a variety of other free-radical scavengers were not protective. In contrast, reducing agents such as sulfhydryl compounds and ascorbate at concentrations of 20 to 50 mM were highly protective. Decoating or demineralization of the spores had only minor effects. The marked dependence of H(2)O(2) sporicidal activity on moderately elevated temperature and the known low reactivity of H(2)O(2) itself suggest that radicals are involved in its killing action. However, the protective effects of a variety of oxidized or reduced transition metal ions indicate that H(2)O(2) killing of spores is markedly different from that of vegetative cells.
Chronic nutritional deprivation of n-3 α-linolenic acid does not affect n-6 arachidonic acid recycling within brain phospholipids of awake rats

Using an in vivo fatty acid model and operational equations, we reported that esterified and unesterified concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n-3) were markedly reduced in brains of third-generation (F3) rats nutritionally deprived of alpha-linolenic acid (18 : 3 n-3), and that DHA turnover within phospholipids was reduced as well. The concentration of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22 : 5 n-6), an arachidonic acid (AA, 20 : 4 n-6) elongation/desaturation product, was barely detectable in control rats but was elevated in the deprived rats. In the present study, we used the same in vivo model, involving the intravenous infusion of radiolabeled AA to demonstrate that concentrations of unesterified and esterified AA, and turnover of AA within phospholipids, were not altered in brains of awake F3-generation n-3-deficient rats, compared with control concentrations. Brain DPA-CoA could be measured in the deprived but not control rats, and AA-CoA was elevated in the deprived animals. These results indicated that AA and DHA are recycled within brain phospholipids independently of each other, suggesting that recycling is regulated independently by AA- and DHA-selective enzymes, respectively. Competition among n-3 and n-6 fatty acids within brain probably does not occur at the level of recycling, but at levels of elongation and desaturation (hence greater production of DPA during n-3 deprivation), or conversion to bioactive eicosanoids and other metabolites.
Structure of a new Al-rich phase, [K, Na]0.9[Mg, Fe]2[Mg, Fe, Al, Si]6O12, synthesized at 24 GPa

A new Al-rich phase, ![Formula][1] , was synthesized at 24 GPa, 1700 °C, and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The unit cell is hexagonal, space group P 63/ m , a = 8.830(1), c = 2.779(1) A, V = 187.65(5) A3, Z = 1, formula weight = 448.62, calculated density = 3.970 g/cm3. The previously unknown structure consists of alkali- and vacancy-bearing M3 sites in tunnels along c , mostly Mg-bearing linear arrays of trigonal prismatic M2 sites, very unusual for mantle phases, and a framework of edge-linked distorted octahedral M1 sites filled mostly with Al and Si. The observed range of compositional variations and high density suggest complex solid solution behavior at the lower-mantle pressures similar to pyroxenes at the upper-mantle and majorite garnet at the transition-zone pressures. The stability of the Al-rich phase appears to expand to lower Al contents with increasing pressure, suggesting that a chondritic lower mantle could contain up to 24% of the new phase on the molecular basis. [1]: /embed/tex-math-1.gif
The long-term orientation of institutional investors : an empirical investigation

In this paper we report the results of a study investigating U.S. institutional investors' myopia. Treating institutional ownership as an endogenous variable, we analyze whether institutions prefer to invest in those corporations which have a long-term orientation, as measured by their research and development expenditures to sales ratios. Our tests are conducted on a randomly-chosen cross- sectional sample of firms for the 10-year period 1980 through 1989. The results indicate that institutions do prefer to invest in firms which are long-term oriented, are robust after controlling for the impact of other possible factors which can influence institutional investment, and we find that levels of institutional investment are also positively related to the current performance levels of firms; however, the effects of R&D expenditures and performance are independent of one another. We also evaluate if period-to-period changes in the explanatoryvariables are associated with changes in investment levels, and find that changes in R&D expenditures do lead to changes in the proportion of institutional ownership. However, a less-stronger, though positive, effect is established between changes in performance levels and changes in institutional ownership. Our evidence does not support the notion that institutional investors are myopic, and helps to partly refute a popular assertion that corporate myopia may be the result of capital market myopia.
The effects of cattle grazing on optimal foraging in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)

Abstract A previous study of different cattle stocking rates on activity patterns of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on summer range in California found that deer spent more time feeding and less time resting with increased cattle stocking rates (Kie et al., 1991). During a year of normal precipitation, deer spent more time feeding per day in late summer than in early summer in pastures grazed by cattle. In a drier year, deer spent less time feeding per day in late summer in grazed pastures. Deer increased their time spent feeding by including more feeding bouts each day, not by increasing the length of each foraging bout. Deer were also reluctant to forage at night, particularly when there was a full moon. Based on these results, we hypothesized that female mule deer act as time-minimizers when forage conditions are good, but shift to a energy-maximizing strategy when forage conditions are poor (Kie et al., 1991). Preliminary results from subsequent research on black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) on Mediterranean-climate, foothill winter range found that deer acted as energy-maximizers and spent less time feeding with increasing cattle stocking rates during the fall and early winter when herbaceous forage was in limited supply. After mid-January when herbaceous plants began growing rapidly there appeared to be no competition for forage between deer and cattle, and increased cattle stocking rates had no effect on the time spent foraging by deer. These results were consistent with the original hypothesis.
Fermat's interferometric principle for multiple reflection tomography

[1] An interferometric form of Fermat's principle is derived that converts travel times of free-surface multiples into those for lower-order events such as primary reflections. These primary reflection travel times can then be used to tomographically invert for layer velocities more accurately than standard travel time tomography applied to multiples. As an example, Fermat's interferometric principle converts VSP (vertical-seismic-profile) travel times of receiver-side ghosts and direct waves to those for CDP (common-depth-point) primary reflections. These CDP travel times can be used to estimate, e.g., statics velocities for a 3D survey, which is impossible by conventional VSP tomography applied to primary travel times. This procedure is exact in the high frequency approximation, and it can be extended to multiples in CDP and earthquake data. Fermat's interferometric principles presents new opportunities for imaging multiples and greatly extends the illumination area of VSP, CDP and earthquake travel time tomography.
Simulating the pervasive fracture of materials and structures using randomly close packed Voronoi tessellations

Under extreme loading conditions most often the extent of material and structural fracture is pervasive in the sense that a multitude of cracks are nucleating, propagating in arbitrary directions, coalescing, and branching. Pervasive fracture is a highly nonlinear process involving complex material constitutive behavior, material softening, localization, surface generation, and ubiquitous contact. A pure Lagrangian computational method based on randomly close packed Voronoi tessellations is proposed as a rational and robust approach for simulating the pervasive fracture of materials and structures. Each Voronoi cell is formulated as a finite element using the Reproducing Kernel Method. Fracture surfaces are allowed to nucleate only at the intercell faces, and cohesive tractions are dynamically inserted. The randomly seeded Voronoi cells provide a regularized random network for representing fracture surfaces. Example problems are used to demonstrate the proposed numerical method. The primary numerical challenge for this class of problems is the demonstration of model objectivity and, in particular, the identification and demonstration of a measure of convergence for engineering quantities of interest.
Analytical description of the breakup of liquid jets

A viscous or inviscid cylindrical jet with surface tension in a surrounding medium of negligible density tends to pinch owing to the mechanism of capillary instability. We construct similarity solutions which describe this phenomenon as a critical time is encountered, for three distinct cases : (i) inviscid jets governed by the Euler equations, (ii) highly viscous jets governed by the Stokes equations, and (iii) viscous jets governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. We look for singular solutions of the governing equations directly rather than by analysis of simplified models arising from slender-jet theories. For Stokes jets implicitly defined closed-form solutions are constructed which allow the scaling exponents to be fixed. Navier-Stokes pinching solutions follow rationally from the Stokes ones by bringing unsteady and nonlinear terms into the momentum equations to leading order. This balance fixes a set of universal scaling functions for the phenomenon. Finally we show how the pinching solutions can be used to provide an analytical description of the dynamics beyond breakup.
PROTON EXCITATION OF TWO-PHONON LEVELS

Proton inelastic scattering on Ni/sup 62/ and Ni/sup 64/ was investigated at 11 Mev. The differential scattering cross section and the differential cross section for the excitation of the one-phonon state and two- phonon triplet were presented. (C.E.S.)