cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Flame Impingement Heat Transfer Studies Part 1: Experimental Conditions

ABSTRACT A comprehensive review of the experimental conditions that have been used in flame impingement studies is given here. It concerns experiments in which heat transfer rates were measured. The objective of this review is to define the experimental conditions that have been used. A companion paper contains part 2 of the review (Baukal and Gebhart, 1995a). The objective of that review is to specify the diagnostic techniques and measurements used in the tests. The individual studies are categorized first by target geometry for impinging flames. The geometries were flames: 1) normal to a cylindrical surface, 2) normal to a hemispherically-nosed cylinder, 3) normal to a plane surface, and 4) parallel to a plane surface. The studies are then classified by the oxidizer composition. In most of the experiments, air or pure oxygen was the oxidizer. Some tests concerned oxygen-enriched air combustion. The tests are then categorized by the fuel composition. Methane and natural gas have been the most common fuel...
Genetics and genetic manipulation in Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus and the etiological agent of tularemia. The limited knowledge regarding the interaction of F. tularensis with its host is due in part to the previous lack of tools for genetically manipulating the organism. During the past 10 years, the field of F. tularensis genetics has seen a rapid expansion. Plasmids capable of stable or conditional replication in Francisella have been constructed. Methods for the efficient introduction of DNA into Francisella have been developed or optimized. Genetic platforms and procedures for transposon mutagenesis and allelic exchange have been adapted for use in Francisella. Finally, selectable, counterselectable, and screenable genetic markers amenable for use in a variety of F. tularensis species, including highly virulent clinical isolates, have been described. Collectively, these advances have aided in the construction of defined Francisella mutants and helped investigators begin to define the mechanism(s) employed by these organisms to cause disease in the host. In this article, we describe the history of genetic manipulation in Francisella and summarize the current tools and techniques for conducting genetic studies in this organism.
The United States' meetings market

Abstract The significance of the United States meetings market is often overlooked when one considers the hospitality industry. This article argues the importance of the meetings market by citing its past and projected growth in terms of revenue, occurrence, and attendance. Sub-segments of the meetings market are also identified, defined, and discussed. Finally, those variables critical to obtaining meetings market business are explored.
Predictive management algorithm for ad hoc networks

In this paper, a novel predictive management algorithm for ad hoc networks is introduced that involves an adaptive active virtual network management protocol (adaptive AVNMP) for enabling an adaptive, autonomous, and proactive management strategy. Adaptive AVNMP enables proactive management through the analysis of the current performance of the ad hoc network, utilizing an optimistic discrete event simulation method used for self adjusting time warp. The self adjustment of the proposed adaptive AVNMP management strategy is achieved through the prediction of the ad hoc network status, which is inaccurate beyond a given tolerance, also the taking advantage of parallel processing, flexibility and intelligence of active packets to minimize the management overhead while adapting to the highly dynamic and resource-constrained nature of ad hoc networks.
MICROWAVE CAVITY PERTURBATION TECHNIQUE: PART II: EXPERIMENTAL SCHEME

In this paper, the second in a three part series, we describe an experimental scheme used to measure the electrodynamical response of a material in the millimeter wave range of frequency. In particular, with this technique we can directly evaluate the complex conductivity from a measurement ofboth the bandwidth and characteristic frequency of a resonator containing the specimen. We will describe in detail all the technical improvements achieved which provide the required accuracy.
A study of the lex plus powers conjecture

Abstract An {a1,…,an}-lex plus powers ideal is a monomial ideal in I⊂k[x1,…,xn] which minimally contains the regular sequence x1a1,…,xnan and such that whenever m∈Rt is a minimal generator of I and m′∈Rt is greater than m in lex order, then m′∈I. Conjectures of Eisenbud et al. and Charalambous and Evans predict that after restricting to ideals containing a regular sequence in degrees {a1,…,an}, then {a1,…,an}-lex plus powers ideals have extremal properties similar to those of the lex ideal. That is, it is proposed that a lex plus powers ideal should give maximum possible Hilbert function growth (Eisenbud et al.), and, after fixing a Hilbert function, that the Betti numbers of a lex plus powers ideal should be uniquely largest (Charalambous, Evans). The first of these assertions would extend Macaulay's theorem on Hilbert function growth, while the second improves the Bigatti, Hulett, Pardue theorem that lex ideals have largest graded Betti numbers. In this paper we explore these two conjectures. First we give several equivalent forms of each statement. For example, we demonstrate that the conjecture for Hilbert functions is equivalent to the statement that for a given Hilbert function, lex plus powers ideals have the most minimal generators in each degree. We use this result to prove that it is enough to show that lex plus powers ideals have the most minimal generators in the highest possible degree. A similar result holds for the stronger conjecture. In this paper we also prove that if the weaker conjecture holds, then lex plus powers ideals are guaranteed to have largest socles. This suffices to show that the two conjectures are equivalent in dimension ⩽3, which proves the monomial case of the conjecture for Betti numbers in those degrees. In dimension 2, we prove both conjectures outright.
Hierarchical Clustering with Performance Guarantees

We describe two new algorithms for hierarchical clustering, one that is an alternative to complete linkage, and the other an alternative to the k-d tree. In each case, the new algorithm is shown to admit stronger performance guarantees than the classical scheme it replaces.
The Joint Effects of Monitoring and Incentive Alignment on Accounting Conservatism

This paper investigates the joint impact of strong corporate governance and incentive alignment on accounting conservatism. Prior research has found that the higher the monitoring by the board, the higher the accounting conservatism (Garcia Lara et al., 2009). Prior research has also found that when the incentive alignment is high, the observed accounting conservatism in financial reports is low and redundant (Lafond and Roychowdhury, 2008). This paper looks at the joint effects of these two countervailing forces of monitoring and the incentive alignment on conservatism and finds that the observed conservatism is high when both are present, thus suggesting that high corporate governance is a dominant and omitted variable which alters the relationship between the incentive role of corporate governance and conservatism. The findings suggest that selective strengthening of corporate governance and selective conservative reporting for low incentive aligned firms provide an even more effective option for managing agency conflicts. Further, these findings are relevant to the FASB’s debates on when and whether standards need to be conservative versus neutral.
A Translational Bioengineering Course Provides Substantial Gains in Civic Scientific Literacy

A growing number of essential consumer choices and public policy issues require a basic level of scientific literacy. Recent studies suggest as many as three-quarters of adults are unable to read and understand news accounts of scientific advances and controversies. In response to this challenge, a new course for non-science majors, Bioengineering and World Health, was designed to improve biomedical literacy. The goal of this study was to compare scientific literacy of students enrolled in the course to that of two groups of students who had not taken the course; the first control group included students majoring in Biomedical Engineering (BME), the second included those majoring in Liberal Arts or Natural Sciences. Small group interviews in which students discussed science news accounts from the popular press were used to assess scientific literacy. Students in Bioengineering and World Health showed increasing scientific literacy throughout the course. At the conclusion of Bioengineering and World Health, the mean scientific literacy of students in the course was significantly higher than that in both control groups. Students were stratified by the number of semester credit hours completed in science, math, engineering and technology (SME&T) courses. Regardless of number of SME&T hours completed, the mean scientific literacy of students completing Bioengineering and World Health was equivalent to that of BME majors who had completed more than 60 semester credit hours of SME&T coursework, suggesting that a single introductory course can significantly influence scientific literacy as measured by participant’s ability to discuss medical innovations from a common news source.
THE VARIATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE WITH APPLIED POTENTIAL : II. THIN COLLODION FILMS

The resistance of very thin collodion membranes to direct current bears some resemblance to that of living cells since it varies with the applied potential. With membranes separating two different solutions the resistance varies with the direction (and the voltage) of the applied potential, rising when less mobile ions are carried across the membrane and falling when more mobile ones are so carried. (With some membranes the resistance varies with potential when the same solution is on both sides.) These changes are very prompt and regular. There is a hysteretic effect of previous current flow. But the membranes differ from Valonia cells in that the rise of resistance is largely ohmic, there being little or no polarization potential.
Helping a Species Go Extinct: The Sumatran Rhino in Borneo

The Sumatran rhinoceros has been declining in numbers for more than a century, primarily due to bunting and to loss of its habitat as land is converted to other uses. Only in the last quarter century has the international community made concerted efforts to reverse this decline. However, government officials, international funding agencies, and conservation organizations, while paying lip service to the need for strong action, have often taken the path of least resistance in helping this species. Much of the money and effort put toward Sumatran rhino conservation has focused on new technologies or politically expedient strategies that have little to do with the real reasons behind the rhino’s decline. The primary means of Sumatran rhino conservation in Indonesia and Malaysia, where viable populations might still exist, is still the capture and attempted breeding of this species-which, until now, has failed. I examined the history of the Sumatran rhino in Borneo and the recent situation in Sabah, where at least two important populations of this species might still survive. Sabah is presented as a case study that is indicative of the plight of the Sumatran rhino throughout its present range.
Effects of empiric antifungal therapy for septic shock on time to appropriate therapy for Candida infection: a pilot study.

Abstract Purpose Inappropriate initial therapy for Candida -related septic shock is common and associated with a high mortality rate. This before-after pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using empiric therapy for reducing the time to appropriate antifungal therapy in patients with Candida -related septic shock. Methods Patients aged 18–99years with septic shock presenting to Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, in 2012–2013 were assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Patients presenting between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012, were managed according to local standard of care for patients with septic shock, to include antifungal therapy at the discretion of the treating physician (standard therapy group). Patients presenting between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2013, received empiric antifungal therapy (primarily micafungin 100 mg/d or fluconazole 800 mg on day 1, followed by 400 mg/d), facilitated by a clinical pharmacist in the medical intensive care unit, until microbiologic cultures were available to determine the cause of septic shock (empiric therapy group). The primary outcome was time to appropriate therapy after shock onset. Findings A total of 28 patients were enrolled (mean age, 56.3 [15.1] years [range, 30–92 years]; 16 [57.1%] men). The time to appropriate therapy after shock onset was statistically shorter with empiric therapy (n = 13) compared with standard therapy (n = 15) (10.6 [15.8] vs 40.5 [26.0] hours; P = 0.001). Patients receiving empiric therapy were more likely to have received appropriate therapy within 12 hours (69.2% vs 6.7%; P = 0.001) and within 24 hours (76.9% vs 40.0%; P = NS) of shock onset. In an analysis to determine the number of septic shock patients needed to be treated with empiric antifungal therapy for 1 patient with Candida -related septic shock to receive appropriate treatment, 256 patients without Candida infection received a total of 687 doses of empiric antifungal therapy (mean, 2.7 doses per patient) compared with 136 patients who received 382 doses of standard antifungal therapy (mean, 2.8 doses per patient); the number needed to treat was 19.6. Implications The present pilot study demonstrated that the use of empiric antifungal therapy for Candida -related septic shock was associated with a statistically shorter time to administration of appropriate treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier.
Inference Under the Influence: The Impact of Alcohol and Inhibition Conflict on Women's Sexual Decision Making

Integrating Zajonc's affective primacy framework with Steele and Southwick's Inhibitory Conflict Model, we hypothesized that alcohol would have its strongest impact when one's initial affective reaction was in direct conflict with more cognitively based inhibitory cues. In an alcohol by expectancy balanced placebo design, women viewed potential partners from a fictitious video dating service who varied in attractiveness and sexual risk. Only under high inhibitory conflict (i. e., an attractive, sexually risky partner) did alcohol enhance perceived relationship potential. Interestingly, women who consumed alcohol were not less likely to notice risk cues than their sober counter-parts. Alcohol expectancy resulted in both lower estimates of risk and elevated estimates of relationship potential for the high inhibitory conflict target. Thus, in situations involving high but not low inhibitory conflict, alcohol and alcohol expectancy may suppress the impact of inhibitory cues, enabling women to more readily pur...
Containerless measurements of thermophysical properties of Zr54Ti8Cu20Al10Ni8.

High-temperature measurement and study of reactive materials can be difficult with conventional processing methods because contamination from the measuring apparatus and container walls can adversely affect measurements. Containerless processing techniques can be employed to isolate samples from their environment, reducing contamination. Benefits ofcontainerless processing include reduction in heterogeneous nucleation sites, which in turn delays the onset of solidification and allows the study of meta-stable undercooled phases. However, property measurements must use noncontact methods as well. Fortunately, several optical-based methods have been developed and successfully employed to measure thermophysical properties, including surface tension, viscosity, density, and thermal expansion. Combining these techniques with the electrostatic levitator (ESL) located at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has resulted in an excellent facility to perform containerless material studies which support microgravity flight projects. Currently, studies of the thermophysical properties of liquid quasi-crystal forming and related alloys ranging from superheated to deeply undercooled states are being done with this facility in support of the NASA-funded flight project Quasi-crystalline Undercooled Alloys for Space Investigation (QUASI). While the primary purpose of these measurements is to support planned flight experiments, they are also a desirable resource for future manufacturing considerations and for fundamental insight in the physics of icosahedral ordering in liquids and solids. Presented here is an overview of the contactless measuring methods for surface tension, viscosity, density, and thermal expansion applied to Zr 54 Ti 8 Cu 20 Al 10 Ni 8 , for the superheated and meta-stable undercooled liquid phases, in support of QUASI.
The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate

[1] We investigate the relationship between solar irradiance and cosmogenic isotope variations by simulating with a flux transport model the effect of solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux. As the total amount of magnetic flux deposited in successive cycles increases, the polar fields build up, producing a secular increase in the open flux that controls the interplanetary magnetic field which modulates the cosmic ray flux that produces cosmogenic isotopes. Non-axisymmetric fields at lower latitudes decay on time scales of less than a year; as a result the total magnetic flux at the solar surface, which controls the Sun's irradiance, lacks an upward trend during cycle minima. This suggests that secular increases in cosmogenic and geomagnetic proxies of solar activity may not necessarily imply equivalent secular trends in solar irradiance. Questions therefore arise about the interpretation of Sun-climate relationships, which typically assume that the proxies imply radiative forcing.
Uncertainties in real-world decisions on medical technologies

Patients, clinicians, payers and policy makers face substantial uncertainties in their respective healthcare decisions as they attempt to achieve maximum value, or the greatest level of benefit possible at a given cost. Uncertainties largely come from incomplete information at the time that decisions must be made. This is true in all areas of medicine because evidence from clinical trials is often incongruent with real-world patient care. This article highlights key uncertainties around the (comparative) benefits and harms of medical technologies. Initiatives and strategies such as comparative effectiveness research and coverage with evidence development may help to generate reliable and relevant evidence for decisions on coverage and treatment. These efforts could result in better decisions that improve patient outcomes and better use of scarce medical resources.
Regenerative Failure: A Potential Mechanism for Neuritic Dystrophy in Alzheimer's Disease

Although neuronal pathology and synaptic loss are salient features ofAlzheimer’s disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms involved are unknown. Using doubleimmunolabeled preparations, we found that both the density and the total lengths of axons are decreased within theAb-containing area of senile plaques (SP) in comparison with the adjacent neuropil. These observations suggest that axotomy is occurring in the vicinity of the SP which could account for the synaptic loss. Since Ab in solution has been shown to be neurotoxic in vitro, we tested whether intact SP cores isolated from AD brain were equally detrimental when presented to retinal ganglion neurons. Surprisingly, SPs did not appear to be toxic or even repulsive to neurons since they adhered well and elaborated axons which wrapped tightly around the SP core. In the presence of corticalastrocytes,however,neuronsappearedtoavoid SP cores. We found that astrocytes accumulate and deposit chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) around SP cores in vitro in a pattern similar to that observed around SPs in Alzheimer’s disease brain. Neuronal avoidance of astrocyte-conditioned SP cores could be due to the axon outgrowth inhibitory nature of CSPGs. These results suggest that astrocytic reaction to SPs, including increased CSPGs, may facilitate the decreased axon density and synaptic loss in AD brain. Moreover, the similarities between swollen axon endings following axotomy in trauma and the dystrophic neurites of the SP suggest that dystrophic neurites in AD may be exhibiting regenerative failure ratherthanaberrantsprouting. r 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Grelling’s Paradox

Grelling’s Paradox is the paradox which results from considering whether heterologicality, the word-property which a designator has when and only when the designator does not bear the word-property it designates, is had by ‘ ȁ8heterologicality’. Although there has been some philosophical debate over its solution, Grelling’s Paradox is nearly uniformly treated as a variant of either the Liar Paradox or Russell’s Paradox, a paradox which does not present any philosophical challenges not already presented by the two better known paradoxes. The aims of this paper are, first, to offer a precise formulation of Grelling’s Paradox which is clearly distinguished from both the Liar Paradox and Russell’s Paradox; second, to offer a solution to Grelling’s Paradox which both resolves the paradoxical reasoning and accounts for unproblematic predications of heterologicality; and, third, to argue that there are two lessons to be drawn from Grelling’s Paradox which have not yet been drawn from the Liar or Russell’s Paradox. The first lesson is that it is possible for the semantic content of a predicate to be sensitive to the semantic context; i.e., it is possible for a predicate to be an indexical expression. The second lesson is that the semantic content of an indexical predicate, though unproblematic for many cases, can nevertheless be problematic in some cases.
Backward angle cross sections for /sup 27/Al+/sup 16/O reaction products

Reactions induced by bombarding a /sup 16/O gas target with /sup 27/Al ions were studied. Evaporation residues as well as target-like recoils were measured over a wide range of Q values. The yield of particles with 6< or =Z< or =9 was found to be forward peaked in the laboratory frame. These target-like particles emerge with center-of-mass kinetic energies that, on the average, are independent of the reaction angle. Their combined cross section has a 1/sintheta/sub c.m./ angular dependence. If this cross section is assumed to be symmetric about 90/sup 0/ (c.m.) the integrated cross section is about 10% of the measured evaporation residue cross section at a center-of-mass energy of 54 MeV.
Lesbian Mother Survivors of Domestic Abuse: A Plea for Legal Clarity

“I’ll take the kids and you’ll never see them again.” This threat is a parent’s worst nightmare. And this kind of threat is all too common in parenting relationships riddled with domestic abuse. So, what would keep someone suffering under such duress from reporting these threats to the police? Uncertainty. Not just any uncertainty, but the type of insecurity that comes with being a lesbian in a world where the norm is heterosexuality. The type of uncertainty that comes with knowing that you may be able to argue that you have rights to your child in court, but that you could also lose the most important people in your life — your children. Intimate partner violence in lesbian relationships is not rare, but studies regarding the relationship between such violence in the context of lesbian families are sparse. While same sex marriage lawsuits are pending in every state, it is important to remember that domestic abuse happens in gay and lesbian marriages, too. Without marital rights, the rights of same sex parents are less clear. In this realm of family, without clear, legally defined rights, lies a method for torture no mother should have to endure: the threat that one’s legal rights will be terminated. In that vein, lesbian mothers who bore children within an unhealthy lesbian relationship suffer silently, fearing that reporting the abuse will only strengthen her abuser’s resolve to terminate her parental rights. Or, where the survivor bore the child in a previous heterosexual relationship and her parental rights are clear through a biological relationship to her child, the lesbian parent may still fear that the heterosexism inherent in our legal system will limit her access to her child in favor of the child’s father. Threats involving children need not occur in either type of relationship. If the law clearly defined the rights of co-lesbian mothers through the parental presumption gained through marriage, survivors would know — with certainty — whether the threats of the lesbian parent abuser were empty ones that carry no legal weight, or, more likely, how to appropriately navigate separation from the abuser under the law. Additionally, as same sex couples gain legal rights, the prevailing norms of heterosexism in society will change — hopefully encouraging more lesbian parent survivors with children from previous heterosexual relationships to speak up about the abuse at home. This Article provides one more reason same sex couples need clear marital rights under the law — to prevent domestic abuse.
Is the Bohm Theory Local

Technicalities aside, Newtonian mechanics is a fully deterministic theory. This fact prompted Laplace’s vision of a world whose evolution could be predicted with complete accuracy by a sufficiently powerful demon using only initial conditions and Newton’s laws. Forgoing the demon: in a Newtonian world, initial conditions fix everything.1
Relationship between Hand-Eye Dominance and Lateral Errors in Basketball Free-Throw Shooting

Summary.-86 subjects took a total of 50 free throws, with 10 shots on each of 5 days. Handedness was determined by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills; eye dominance by the "hole-in-card test." No statistically significant differences were found on comparing the lateral errors made by the unilaterally dominant subjects with those made by the contralaterally dominant subjects. Subjects using a one-hand shot made a significantly greater percentage of errors toward the side of the non-dominant hand than did subjects using a two-hand shot. Two recent studies (Shick, 1971, 1974) have yielded conflicting results regarding the relationship between hand-eye dominance and lateral errors in free-throw shooting for college women. In the 1971 study, a significant difference was found between unilaterally and contralaterally dominant subjeccs for percentage of errors toward the side of the nondominant hand, with the contralaterally dominant subjects having the higher percentage. Since, for the contralaterally dominant subject, her dominant eye is on the same side of her body as her non-dominant hand, these results would indicate that the direction of the lateral errors is related more to the dominant eye than to the dominant hand. Only subjects shooting a one-hand shot were included in this study. The 1974 study included both one-hand and two-hand shots. There wece no significant differences between contralaterally and unilaterally dominant subjects attempting either a one-hand or two-hand shot. Further, there was no significant difference when comparing subjem attempting a one-hand vs a twwhand shot. Physical education majors served as subjects in the 1974 study, while both majors and non-majors participated in the 1971 study. Due to the conflicting results, a third investigation was completed. Subjects were 86 female college students enrolled in beginning basketball classes. As in the previous studies, handedness was determined by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills. Eye dominance was determined by the "hole-in-card test," which was administered twice to each subject wich exactly the same resulcs. Of the 86 subjects, 57 were unilaterally dominant and 29 wece contralaterally dominant. Each subject took a total of 50 free throws, w~rh 10 shots being taken on each of 5
Exchanging sex for material resources: Reinforcement of gender and oppressive survival strategy

Synopsis Scholars have argued that neoliberal welfare reforms aim to transfer women's reliance on the state for their economic survival to dependency on men's resources (Weigt, 2010). Mainly, research has addressed the issue of women who rely on men's resources for their survival as social support relations, struggling with whether these relations can be considered partnership or prostitution. Based on 50 in-depth interviews of Israeli mothers who provide for their families in poverty, the current study seeks to understand the meaning these women attribute to exchanging sex for material resources. I propose understanding this exchange as an oppressive survival strategy that stems from inequality in gender and class relations, and as the reinforcement of gender. I conclude that focusing attention on the “slippery slope of dependency” exposes yet another layer of the need for a policy that decreases gender differences and generates more equal gender and class relations.
School-enterprise Cooperation to Build a Win-win——Construction of the Comprehensive Field Practice Training Base of Qinling Mountains

In the shortage of sufficient funding,how a geological institute or department in comprehensive universities to construction a field training base incorporating functions such as internships,teaching,research and external communication in one,and to maximize the use of available resources,in the cooperation of school and enterprise,jointly develop and construction under the win-win mode and multiply disciplinary sharing,the comprehensive field practice base of Qinling Mountains of Northwestern University set a successful example.
Severe acute urolithiasis caused by melamine contamination infant formula milk in 28 infants and toddlers:diagnosis andtherapy infant formula milk in 28 infants and toddlers:diagnosis and therapy

【Objective】To understand the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of severe acute case of pediatric urolithiasis in infants and toddlers caused by melamine contamination infant formula milk.【Methods】The clinical data of 28 cases was collected and analyzed.【Results】Total of 28 patients,Indwelling ureteral stents(D-J tube) by cystoscopy in 17 cases(60.71%),catheterization,underwent open operation to extract calculus in 5 cases(17.86%),catheterization,diuretic,anti-inflammatory,antispasmodic treatment for 4 patients(14.28%),re-open operation to extract calculus after Indwelling ureteral stents(D-J tube) by cystoscopy in 2 cases(7.14%).Finally,23 patients had stone disappeared,and 5 patients had residual stones.In 5 cases,3 patients with kidney stones,hydronephrosis,or to have unilateral ureteral stone caused Urinary obstruction again after the operation.【Conclusions】Infants and toddlers' urolithiasis caused by melamine can be early formed and the onset,acute anuria,oliguria,dysuria were most common symptoms,Ultrasonic inspection is easy to examine urinary stone,CT scan can further clarify the position of the stone and the degree of dropsy,ureteral stenting via cystoscopy is a minimal trauma and has significant good prognosis.
Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Patients with Bladder Carcinoma and Associated Vesicoureteral Reflux

Of 269 patients with bladder neoplasms treated during a 20-year period 47 had associated vesicoureteral reflux. All 47 patients were followed for 3 years or more, or until death. Upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer developed in 3, each of whom had recurrent bladder cancer. Among the 222 patients who had vesical cancer without reflux transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter developed in only 1, 11 years after transurethral resection for a bladder tumor. The incidences of upper tract transitional cell cancer in patients with and without vesicoureteral reflux were 6.4 and 0.44 per cent, respectively, which support the suggested role of reflux in disseminating or seeding of cancer cells from the bladder into the upper urinary tract. Patients with bladder cancer and associated vesicoureteral reflux have an approximately 15-fold greater risk of upper tract cancer developing compared with those without reflux. We recommend vigilant scrutiny of patients with recurrent bladder cancer and associated vesicoureteral reflux for early detection of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.
Intraneuronal Amyloid and Plaque Formation

The information provided in this chapter is the basis for several hypothetical models of the causes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Before the interest in intracellular Aβ, AD research seemed to be divided into three lines of research: those who believe Aβ was the cause of AD (Baptist), those who believe tau was the cause of the disease (Tauists), and those who believe that the vascular pathology is the root cause of AD.
Canavan disease prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Canavan disease, also known as spongy degeneration of the brain, is a severe neurodegenerative disease that leads to early death. The disease is caused by deficiency of the enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA), which causes increased levels of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in brain and excessive excretion in urine. There is no treatment for Canavan disease. Recent developments in carrier identification have led to two major findings: 1) that Canavan is not a rare disease among Ashkenazi Jews and 2) molecular diagnosis of carriers among Ashkenazi Jews can be determined in about 98% of the cases, which makes prenatal diagnosis for Canavan disease in the risk population possible.
Gastric Aspiration Models

The procedures described below are for producing gastric aspiration pneumonitis in mice with alterations for rats and rabbits described parenthetically. We use 4 different injury vehicles delivered intratracheally to investigate the inflammatory responses to gastric aspiration: Normal saline (NS) as the injury vehicle control NS + HCl, pH = 1.25 (acid) NS + gastric particles, pH ≈ 5.3 (part.) NS + gastric particles + HCl, pH = 1.25 (acid + part.) The volume, pH, and gastric particle concentration all affect the resulting lung injury. In mice, we generally use an injury volume of 3.6 ml/kg (rat: 1.2 ml/kg, rabbit: 2.4 ml/kg), an injury pH (for the acid-containing vehicles) of 1.25, and a gastric particulate concentration (in the particulate-containing vehicles) of 10 mg/ml (rat: 40 mg/ml). In our hands this results in a maximal, non-lethal lung injury with ≤ 10% mortality for the most injurious vehicle (i.e., acid + part.) The maximum tolerable particulate concentration needs to be determined empirically for any new strains to be used, especially in genetically-altered mice, because an altered inflammatory response may have detrimental affects on mortality. We have extensive experience utilizing these procedures in the outbred strain, CD-1, as well as many genetically-altered inbred stains on the C57BL/6 background. Choice of strain should be carefully considered, especially in terms of strain-specific immune bias, to assure proper data interpretation. The size of the mouse should be ≥ 20 g at the time of injury. Smaller mice can be attempted, if necessary, but the surgical manipulation becomes increasingly more difficult and the surgery survival rate decreases substantially. There are no size or strain constraints for rat and rabbit models, but we generally use Long-Evans rats at 250–300 g and New Zealand White rats at ≈ 2 kg at the time of initial injury.
Tyrosine Kinase SYK Licenses MyD88 Adaptor Protein to Instigate IL-1α-Mediated Inflammatory Disease.

Mice carrying a hypomorphic point mutation in the Ptpn6 gene (Ptpn6spin mice) develop an inflammatory skin disease that resembles neutrophilic dermatosis in humans. Here, we demonstrated that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) signaling through IL-1R and MyD88 in both stromal and immune cells drive inflammation in Ptpn6spin mice. We further identified SYK as a critical kinase that phosphorylates MyD88, promoted MyD88-dependent signaling and mediates dermatosis in Ptpn6spin mice. Our studies further demonstrated that SHP1 encoded by Ptpn6 binds and suppresses SYK activation to inhibit MyD88 phosphorylation. Downstream of SHP1 and SYK-dependent counterregulation of MyD88 tyrosine phosphorylation, we have demonstrated that the scaffolding function of receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and tumor growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-mediating signaling were required to spur inflammatory disease. Overall, these studies identify SHP1 and SYK crosstalk as a critical regulator of MyD88 post-translational modifications and IL-1-driven inflammation.
Design of an Oxistimulator system for use in clinical trials

Obstructive sleep apnea, especially when undiagnosed, can be a critical issue for surgical patients in the days following surgery due to lingering effects of anesthesia that may depress their auto-response to recover from episodes of apnea. The authors worked in collaboration with medical staff to develop a custom system in support of a clinical research study. The Oxistimulator system provides a low-level electrical stimulation to a patient in response to oxygen saturation levels dropping below a defined threshold for patient safety, and tracks data required to analyze the system's effectiveness. A successful outcome of the study could help justify a new medical device that would improve patient safety during post-anesthesia recovery.
Nano-"Squeegee" for the Creation of Clean 2D Material Interfaces.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit many exciting phenomena that make them promising as materials for future electronic, optoelectronic, and mechanical devices. Because of their atomic thinness, interfaces play a dominant role in determining material behavior. In order to observe and exploit the unique properties of these materials, it is therefore vital to obtain clean and repeatable interfaces. However, the conventional mechanical stacking of atomically thin layers typically leads to trapped contaminants and spatially inhomogeneous interfaces, which obscure the true intrinsic behavior. This work presents a simple and generic approach to create clean 2D material interfaces in mechanically stacked structures. The operating principle is to use an AFM tip to controllably squeeze contaminants out from between 2D layers and their substrates, similar to a “squeegee”. This approach leads to drastically improved homogeneity and consistency of 2D material interfaces, as demonstrated by AFM topography and signi...
Embracing the School Start Later Movement: Adolescent Sleep Deprivation as a Public Health and Social Justice Problem.

This commentary sums up the public health rationale for later school start times as a way to improve adolescent health.
The United States Insurance Market: Characteristics and Trends

The United States (U.S.) is home to the largest insurance market in the world. With over a trillion dollars in premiums written in 2003 (approximately 9.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP)), insurance operations from the U.S. generated over 35 percent of the worldwide total, a market share in excess of the next four largest countries combined (Insurance Information Institute (III) 2005d, p.1).3 More than half of the 100 largest publicly traded insurance firms in the world are traded on U.S. exchanges. In 2003, seven of the top ten global insurance brokerage firms were U.S. companies (III 2005b, p. 4). The insurance sector is also a significant source of employment, comprising, on average, 2.1 percent of the entire U.S. workforce in the years 1994 to 2003 (III 2005b, p. 13). In 2003, insurers alone provided employment for over 1.4 million U.S. workers, while another 840,000 workers were employed at insurance agencies, brokerages, and at other firms with insurance-related activities.
The Scalar Potential

In this chapter we introduce and develop the properties of the electrostatic scalar potential. This is the first of two potentials in classical field theory both of which appeared in the original work by Maxwell. We will find that these potentials are central to the theory replacing the fields in advanced topics. The fact that a scalar potential exists follows immediately from the second electrostatic field equation, that for the curl of \(\vec{E}\). The electrostatic force is conservative and is, therefore, obtainable from a potential energy.
Multivariate Survival Models with a Mixture of Positive Stable Frailties

In this paper, we describe models for dependent multivariate survival data using finite mixtures of positive stable frailty distributions. We investigate the cross-ratio function as a local measure of association. We estimate the parameters in the stable mixture together with the parameters of the (conditional) proportional hazards model in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. We illustrate the methodology using data on kidney infections.
Analysis of Uncertain Scalar Data with Hixels

One of the greatest challenges for today’s visualization and analysis communities is the massive amounts of data generated from state of the art simulations. Traditionally, the increase in spatial resolution has driven most of the data explosion, but more recently ensembles of simulations with multiple results per data point and stochastic simulations storing individual probability distributions are increasingly common. This chapter describes a relatively new data representation for scalar data, called hixels, that stores a histogram of values for each sample point of a domain. The histograms may be created by spatial down-sampling, binning ensemble values, or polling values from a given distribution. In this manner, hixels form a compact yet information rich approximation of large scale data. In essence, hixels trade off data size and complexity for scalar-value “uncertainty”.
Implicit Law and Principles of Legality

In 1940, Lon Fuller (1940, 2) wrote that the fundamental task of legal philosophy is to give effective and meaningful direction to the application of human energies in the law. However, he added ruefully, judged by this standard, the preceding quarter century had not been a fruitful one. Despite his sympathy with the realists’ practitioner-focused approach to law, he argued that their theoretical lens distorted our perception of the reality of law and that positivism, in both its classical Austinian form and its latter-day reinventions, fared no better. Against the prevailing jurisprudential winds, Fuller proposed a form of jurisprudence that looked to many readers like a natural-law theory, albeit in a subtly qualified, secular form. In philosophical circles, Fuller’s work is remembered largely for the thesis that there is an “internal morality of law,” the principles of which correspond to familiar principles of the rule of law (a close cousin to the notion of Rechtsstaat).
Optimal Bayesian experiment design for nonlinear dynamic systems with chance constraints

Abstract The optimal design of experiments is crucial for maximizing the information content of data across a wide-range of experimental goals. This paper presents a Bayesian approach to optimal experiment design (OED) for parameter inference in constrained, dynamic, and nonlinear systems under noisy, incomplete, and indirect measurements. Bayesian OED maximizes an expected utility objective, which accounts for prior and posterior uncertainty in the model parameters from an information-theoretic standpoint. Due to the complicated form of the expected utility, it must be estimated using sample-based methods and, in particular, a nested Monte Carlo estimator that is expensive to evaluate using the full dynamic model. We propose a novel surrogate model based on arbitrary polynomial chaos (aPC), which readily applies to any type of prior distribution. The aPC expansions are constructed locally at each design visited during the iterative optimization procedure. The main cost in aPC, which is the determination of the expansion coefficients, is minimized by estimating these coefficients from only a minimal set of dynamic model evaluations. Although sample-based estimators can also be applied to the chance constraints, this leads to a potentially large number of binary variables, such that a smooth moment-based approximation is preferred in this work. Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed surrogate can significantly lower the computational cost of the Bayesian OED, while guaranteeing the original chance constraints are satisfied without noticeably increasing the average time to find a solution. As such, this methodology appears to have the potential to pave the way for real-time or sequential dynamic experiment design in a fully Bayesian setting.
Procedural Outcomes of Patients With Heart Failure Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Catheter ablation is being increasingly performed for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF). Heart failure (HF) frequently coexists with AF because they share common risk factors. Study question This study aims at identifying the characteristics and procedural outcomes of patients with HF undergoing catheter ablation of AF. Study design In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed 264 consecutive patients who underwent catheter ablation for AF. Seventy-three patients (28%) had a known history of stage C HF either with reduced ejection fraction or preserved ejection fraction. Measures and outcomes We compared procedural outcomes between patients who had known HF with those who did not. Results Patients with HF were more likely to have higher rates of atrial fibrillation recurrence at both 3 months (odds ratio 2.9, confidence interval = 1.5-5.7, P = 0.0022) and 1 year after the procedure (odds ratio 2.3, confidence interval 1.2-4.3, P = 0.0097) and risk factors for recurrence of AF including left atrial enlargement, persistent AF, and a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score. However, on logistic regression analysis adjusting for left atrial size, atrial fibrillation type (persistent vs. paroxysmal), and CHA2DS2-VASc score as covariates, there was no significant difference in AF recurrence rates at both 3 months and 1 year. Recurrence rates did not differ significantly between patients with HF either with reduced ejection fraction or preserved ejection fraction. Among patients with paroxysmal AF, HF was predictive of AF recurrence at both 3 months and 1 year after ablation. The procedure length was longer in patients with HF, but there were no differences in periprocedural complications. Conclusion Patients with HF undergoing catheter ablation of AF tend to have more risk factors for recurrence, but after adjustment for risk factors, the recurrence rates were similar at 3 months and 1 year. Among patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, HF was predictive of higher recurrence rates.
Incorporation Without Assimilation: Legislating Tribal Civil Jurisdiction Over Non-Members

For the last 40 years the Supreme Court has been engaged in a measured attack on the sovereignty of Indian tribes when it comes to tribal court jurisdiction over people who are not members of the tribe asserting that jurisdiction. The Congress has already enacted legislation partially restoring some tribal courts’ criminal jurisdiction over non-members. This Essay proposes to legislatively reconfirm the civil jurisdiction of tribal courts over such non-members. After examining the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in this area and summarizing the Court’s main concerns with such tribal jurisdiction, this Essay explores various legislative options before settling on a preferred course of action. The proposal set forth in the last part of this Essay would reconfirm tribal court civil jurisdiction over non-members provided the tribal courts has established personal jurisdiction over the parties. However, tribal courts’ determinations on this subject would be appealable to federal courts. Furthermore, the Essay proposes to allow non-members being sued in tribal courts the option of removing their cases to federal courts under certain conditions.