cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Boltzmann approach for modeling the splitting vertices induced by the hot QCD medium in the deep Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal region

Hard probes produced in perturbative processes are excellent probes for the study of the hot and dense QCD matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Transport theory, allowing for coupling to an evolving medium with fluctuating initial conditions, has become a powerful tool in this endeavor. However, the implementation of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect for medium-induced parton bremsstrahlung and pair production poses a challenge to semiclassical transport models based on Boltzmann-type transport equations. In this work, we investigate a possible solution to approximate the LPM effect in a ``modified Boltzmann transport'' approach, including a prescription for the running coupling constant. By fixing a numerical parameter, this approach quantitatively reproduces the rates of medium-induced parton splitting predicted by the next-to-leading-log solution of the Arnold-Moore-Yaffe equation, which is valid in the deep-LPM regime of an infinite medium. We also find qualitative agreement of our implementation with calculations in a finite and expanding medium, but future improvements are necessary for added precision at small path length. This work benefits transport model-based studies and the usage of these models in the phenomenological extraction of the jet transport coefficient.
Delensing degree-scale B -mode polarization with high-redshift line intensity mapping

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments that constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ are now approaching the sensitivity at which delensing---removing the $B$ modes induced by the gravitational lensing of large-scale structure---is necessary. We consider the improvement in delensing that maps of large-scale structure from tomographic line intensity mapping (IM) experiments targeting $2lzl10$ could provide. Compared to a nominal baseline of cosmic infrared background and internal delensing at CMB-S4 sensitivity, we find that the addition of high-redshift IM data could improve delensing performance by $\ensuremath{\sim}11%$. Achieving the requisite sensitivity in the IM data is feasible with next-generation experiments that are now being planned. However, these results are contingent on the ability to measure low-$k$ modes along the line of sight. Without these modes, IM datasets are unable to correlate with the lensing kernel and do not aid in delensing.
Physical and Sexual Violence Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Questioning Adolescents.

This cross-sectional study uses data from the National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys to quantify the risks of physical and sexual violence faced by sexual minority adolescents in the United States from 2014 to 2017.
Youth Dance Fundamental Movement Skills and Assessment

This chapter concerns the development of the Footprints Movement Tool (FMT), a teaching guide developed by Footprints Dance Project in Calgary, Canada. We discuss the concurrent processes behind identifying Dance Fundamental Movement Skills (DFMS), developing the FMT teaching resource, and creating a quantitative assessment metric—the Dance Fundamental Movement Skills Assessment (DFMS-A)—to evaluate the skills taught in the FMT. The development of the DFMS-A is detailed through testing hypotheses and both practical and research applications. DFMS are discussed in the context of Laban movement theory, Bartenieff Fundamentals, and traditional sports fundamental movement skills. We further explain the broader context of how fundamental movement skills relate to physical and mental development in children and how they can impact participation and success in future physical activities such as dance and sports.
PGG-Betafectin, a soluble β(1,3: 1,6) glucan, is processed by macrophages into an active moiety capable of priming neutrophil CR3 (CD11b) for cytotoxicity against iC3b- and monoclonal antibody-opsonized tumors

4267 The use of antibodies for the treatment of cancer within humans may be an effective method of therapy due to the fact that antibodies have the ability to target specific antigens within the body. Many tumor antigens that are targeted by immunization strategies are self-antigens. The mechanism by which the body discriminates between self and non-self antigens is through tolerance. Some of the established mechanisms of tolerance include clonal deletion, anergy, and immunological ignorance (1). In addition to these well characterized methods of immune self-tolerance, T-regulatory (Treg) cells have been shown to actively downregulate the activation and expansion of self-reactive lymphocytes (1). One major question in tumor immunology is whether the various self-tolerance mechanisms hamper the body s ability to destroy nacient tumor lesions. Studies performed by us and others have demonstrated that Treg cells appear to play an important role in impeding the effectiveness of tumor-effector T cells, because direct elimination of Treg cells using a depleting antibody (PC61) results in an increase in immunity against cancer (2). The depleting antibody used in mice, PC61, is a monoclonal rat anti-CD25 antibody that was created by Lowenthal et al. using hybridoma technology and has been shown to accelerate the dissociation of IL-2 from its high and low affinity receptor (3). Yeast display is a new technology developed by Feldhaus et al. in which human scFv are expressed as an a-agglutinin fusion protein on the surface of yeast (4). The expression of scFv is under the control of a galactose promoter which can be monitered using N and C terminal tags adjacent to the scFv (4). Therefore, this technology provides a rapid screening tool, which allows one to isolate antigen-specific single chains in real-time using flow cytometry. The purpose of our study is to construct fully human anti-CD25 antibodies using a novel yeast surface display library, which have the ability to deplete human Treg cells in vivo. The extracellular portion of human CD25 was cloned and used as a source of antigen for the selection of single chain variable fragments from a yeast display library. Our data demonstrate that after five rounds of selection we have isolated a population of scFv, which are specific for CD25. Once this population was isolated, ten scFv clones were randomly chosen and their affinity for CD25 was evaluated by flow cytometry. Our results indicate that we have isolated at least two high affinity clones, which will be used to construct fully human anti-CD25 antibodies. Future studies will involve the assessment of these antibodies to deplete human Treg cells. Lastly, these antibodies will be used in combinatorial studies with other forms of treatment devised within our laboratory, which may lead to a more effective mode of therapy for the treatment of cancer.
Sandra Day O’Connor’s "First" Principles: A Constructive Vision for an Angry Nation

During her 25-year tenure on the Supreme Court, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor cast the decisive votes to resolve the most emotional debates, yet she maintained collegiality among the Justices and retained the public’s high regard. A recent biography by historian and journalist Evan Thomas chronicles her extraordinary personal qualities, remarkable professional journey, and constructive brand of patriotism. This book review essay describes a legacy in three parts: a lived example of how to thrive in the face of challenges, a jurisprudence driven by the courage to make compromises, and a theory about the long game of American democracy. First reintroduces O’Connor’s voice at a critical moment in our national conversation. Although it sounds wistful notes about what seems a bygone era, it also contains hopeful lessons about repairing American civic life.
Targeted muscle reinnervation for the management of pain in the setting of major limb amputation

The life altering nature of major limb amputations may be further complicated by neuroma formation in up to 60% of the estimated 2 million major limb amputees in the United States. This can be a source of pain and functional limitation of the residual limb. Pain associated with neuromas may limit prosthetic limb use, require reoperation, lead to opioid dependence, and dramatically reduce quality of life. A number of management options have been described including excision alone, excision with repair, excision with transposition, and targeted muscle reinnervation. Targeted muscle reinnervation has been shown to reduce phantom limb and neuroma pain for patients with upper and lower extremity amputations. It may be performed at the time of initial amputation to prevent pain development or secondarily for the treatment of established pain. Encouraging outcomes have been reported, and targeted muscle reinnervation is emerging as a leading surgical technique for pain prevention in patients undergoing major limb amputations and pain management in patients with pre-existing amputations.
Behavioral Information Diffusion for Opinion Maximization in Online Social Networks

Online social networks provide a platform to diffuse information and influence people's opinion. Conventional models for information diffusion do not take into account the specifics of each users’ personality, behavior, and their opinion. This work adopts the “Big Five” model from the social sciences to ascribe each user node with a personality. We propose a behavioral independent cascade (BIC) model that considers the personalities and opinions of user nodes when computing propagation probabilities for diffusion. We use this model to study the opinion maximization (OM) problem and prove it is NP-hard under our BIC model. Under the BIC model, we show that the objective function of the proposed OM problem is not submodular. We then propose an algorithm to solve the OM problem in linear-time based on a state-of-the-art influence maximization (IM) algorithm. We run extensive simulations under four cases where initial opinion is distributed in polarized/non-polarized and community/non-community cases. We find that when communities are polarized, activating a large number of nodes is ineffective towards maximizing opinion. Further, we find that our proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art IM algorithms in terms of maximizing opinion in uniform opinion distribution—despite activating fewer nodes to be spreaders.
Investigating Bias in Image Classification using Model Explanations.

We evaluated whether model explanations could efficiently detect bias in image classification by highlighting discriminating features, thereby removing the reliance on sensitive attributes for fairness calculations. To this end, we formulated important characteristics for bias detection and observed how explanations change as the degree of bias in models change. The paper identifies strengths and best practices for detecting bias using explanations, as well as three main weaknesses: explanations poorly estimate the degree of bias, could potentially introduce additional bias into the analysis, and are sometimes inefficient in terms of human effort involved.
Functional cooperation between two otoconial proteins Oc90 and Nox3.

Background Otoconia-related vertigo and balance deficits are common in humans, but the molecular etiology is unknown at present. Objective In order to study mechanisms of otoconia formation and maintenance, we have investigated whether otoconin-90 (Oc90), the predominant otoconial constituent protein, and the NADPH oxidase Nox3, an essential regulatory protein for otoconia formation, are functionally interlinked. Methods We performed balance behavioral, electrophysiological, morphological and molecular cellular analyses. Results Double heterozygous mutant mice for Oc90 and Nox3 show severe imbalance, albeit less profound than double null mutants. In contrast, single heterozygous mutant mice have normal balance. Double heterozygous mice have otoconia defects and double null mice have no otoconia. In addition, some hair bundles in the latter mice go through accelerated degeneration. In vitro calcification analysis in cells stably expressing these proteins singly and doubly shows much more intense calcification in the double transfectants. Conclusions Oc90 and Nox3 augment each other's function, which is not only critical for otoconia formation but also for hair bundle maintenance.
The Proverbial Closet: Do Faith and Religiosity Affect Coming Out Patterns?:

Disclosing one’s sexual minority identity or “coming out of the closet” is a key milestone in sexual minority identity development. While scholars have explored how race, gender, class, and other s...
Complaisant or coercive? The role of dominance and prestige in social influence

Abstract Research in evolutionary psychology has identified two general strategies – dominance and prestige - used to attain influence and high social rank within groups. Whereas dominance is defined by the use of force to gain social rank, prestige is defined by the display of valued skills and abilities. Although studies have provided insight into the personality traits and motivations that characterize people high in dominance versus prestige, less is known about specific social influence tactics used by people who adopt those strategies. Participants (n = 207) reported on their use of nine social influence tactics, including both complaisant (e.g., building relationships, using reason) and coercive (e.g., punishing or directly coercing others) tactics. Prestige was positively associated with complaisant tactics but negatively associated with coercive tactics. Dominance was positively associated with both coercive tactics and complaisant tactics. This study provides evidence linking the overarching strategies people use to regulate their social rank to specific forms of social influence.
Neurogenic Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

The population with SCI is at a significant risk for both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) secondary to neurogenic obesity. The prevalence of insulin resistance and T2DM in persons with SCI suggests that disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are at epidemic proportions within the population. However, the true frequency of such disorders may be underestimated because biomarkers of insulin resistance and T2DM used from the population without SCI remain nonspecific and may in fact fail to identify true cases that would benefit from intervention. Furthermore, diet and exercise have been used to help mitigate neurogenic obesity, but results on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism remain inconsistent, likely because of the various ways carbohydrate metabolism is assessed. The objective of this article is to review current literature on the prevalence and likely mechanisms driving insulin resistance and T2DM in persons with SCI. This article also explores the various assessments and diagnostic criteria used for insulin resistance and T2DM and briefly discusses the effects of exercise and/or diet to mitigate disorders of carbohydrate metabolism brought on by neurogenic obesity.
Go with the flow? High flow nasal cannula for bronchoscopy.

Flexible bronchoscopy is a cornerstone diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in pulmonary medicine. Since its first introduction in the late 1960s,1 bronchoscopy has evolved and improved over time. It has gone from a tool used for simple visualisation of the airway to a modality that can be used for simple tasks from surveying the airway to complex therapeutic interventions often done by an interventional pulmonologist. With its long list of indications, flexible bronchoscopy is commonly performed in patients with an array of comorbidities, and, as with all procedures, is associated with complications. For this reason, it is up to the proceduralist to adequately asses their patients and decide how to best proceed to minimise the risk of complications. Hypoxaemia associated with bronchoscopy can occur before, during, and/or after the procedure. Many patients are hypoxaemic even before the procedure starts. Likewise, hypoxaemia can be worsened due to the administration of a sedating agent, resulting in central respiratory depression and apneic or obstructive processes. The insertion of the bronchoscope past the glottis into the trachea can itself induce hypoxaemia.2 Taking into consideration a normal diagnostic bronchoscope with an outer diameter of 4.2 mm and the diameter of the trachea being between 15–20 mm, insertion of the bronchoscope can cause an element of airway obstruction that can exacerbate hypoxaemia, especially in someone who already has underlying lung disease.3 Suctioning during a bronchoscopy can cause atelectasis and …
TI/59 program based on somatic cell counts for estimating subclinical mastitis loss

A computer program for estimating the cost of milk losses due to bovine mastitis utilizes the somatic cell counts of individual cows in a programmable calculator. The program estimates the milk loss from the actual distribution of somatic cell counts in the herd and compares this with a projected distribution of 0-3 units in 90%, 4-7 units in 9%, and 8-15 units in 1% of cows.
The Philosophy of Nietzsche

This important new introduction to Nietzsche's philosophical work provides readers with an excellent framework for understanding the central concerns of his philosophical and cultural writings. It shows how Nietzsche's ideas have had a profound influence on European philosophy and why, in recent years, Nietzsche scholarship has become the battleground for debates between the analytic and continental traditions over philosophical method. The book is divided into three parts. In the first part, the author discusses morality, religion and nihilism to show why Nietzsche rejects certain components of the Western philosophical and religious traditions as well as the implications of this rejection. In the second part, the author explores Nietzsche's ambivalent and sophisticated reflections on some of philosophy's biggest questions. These include his criticisms of metaphysics, his analysis of truth and knowledge, and his reflections on the self and consciousness. In the final section, Welshon discusses some of the ways in which Nietzsche transcends, or is thought to transcend, the Western philosophical tradition, with chapters on the will to power, politics, and the flourishing life.
Choledochal Cysts: Evaluation and Management

Choledochal cysts are rare congenital dilations of the biliary tree. Most are diagnosed in infancy or childhood, though the incidence of adult diagnosis is increasing. Early recognition and appropriate treatment are important due to risk of malignant transformation. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a central role in diagnosis, surveillance, and even definitive therapy in a subtype of cysts. This chapter will review the presentation and diagnosis of choledochal cysts as well as their clinical classification and management.
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Individual Economic Distress and Violence Against Women in Intimate Relationships

A continuing debate in sociological criminology involves the association of crime with economic disadvantage at both aggregate and individual levels of analysis. At the aggregate level, data from law enforcement sources suggest that rates of intimate violence are higher in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Disadvantaged neighborhoods may experience higher rates of intimate violence for compositional or contextual reasons, or rates may only appear to be higher because of differential reporting. Similarly, at the individual level, intimate violence appears more common among couples that are economically distressed, but whether economic distress triggers intimate violence is not certain. Using data from waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households and from the 1990 U.S. Census, we investigate the effects of neighborhood economic disadvantage and individual economic distress on intimate violence against women. Controlling for violence at time 1 and other individual level characteristics, we find that neighborhood economic disadvantage, neighborhood residential instability, male employment instability, and subjective financial strain influence the likelihood of violence at time 2. The relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and intimate violence appears to reflect both compositional and contextual effects.
Stimulation of fetal lung surfactant production by administration of 17β-estradiol to the maternal rabbit

We have investigated the effect of 17beta-estradiol on lung surfactant production in the fetal rabbit. Pregnant rabbits were administered intramuscularly 75microgram of 17beta-estradiol per day at 25 and 26 days' gestation. Control rabbits were similarly injected with the solvent only. At 27 days' gestation the fetuses were delivered by cesarean section and the lungs of the newborn rabbits were lavaged in situ with 0.9 per cent NaCl. Analysis of lung lavage and lavaged lung tissue phospholipids yielded the following results: (a) The 17beta-estradiol--treated group had three to four times more total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine in the lung lavage than the control group. (b) The phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio in the lung lavage was significantly higher in the treated than in the control group. (c) The lavaged lung tissue of the treated group had almost twice as much total phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine as the control group. These changes in lung phospholipid content and composition are in the direction of increased lung maturity and suggest that estrogen may have a role in fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.
Point stabilization of mobile robots with nonlinear model predictive control

This paper presents an optimal control scheme based on model-based predictive control (MPC) for a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) with nonholonomic constraints. It is shown that, by using MPC, some advantages can be obtained, such as the ability to handle constraints due to state or input limitations and performance improvement. To solve some problems with other MPCs for WMRs, this paper proposes to formulate a cost function in polar coordinates. Considerations regarding the computational effort of the MPC are developed with the purpose of analysing the viability of the proposed technique in real-time.
Calculation of Posterior Probabilities for Bayesian Model Class Assessment and Averaging from Posterior Samples Based on Dynamic System Data

In recent years, Bayesian model updating techniques based on dynamic data have been applied in system identification and structural health monitoring. Because of modeling uncertainty, a set of competing candidate model classes may be available to represent a system and it is then desirable to assess the plausibility of each model class based on system data. Bayesian model class assessment may then be used, which is based on the posterior probability of the different candidates for representing the system. If more than one model class has significant posterior probability, then Bayesian model class averaging provides a coherent mechanism to incorporate all of these model classes in making probabilistic predictions for the system response. This Bayesian model assessment and averaging requires calculation of the evidence for each model class based on the system data, which requires the evaluation of a multi-dimensional integral involving the product of the likelihood and prior defined by the model class. In this article, a general method for calculating the evidence is proposed based on using posterior samples from any Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by Bayesian model updating and assessment using simulated earthquake data from a ten-story nonclassically damped building responding linearly and a four-story building responding inelastically.
Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Automotive Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines: Critical Review

AbstractNatural gas (NG) is a gaseous fuel, which has been extensively used and investigated in spark-ignition automotive engines (SI). Combining it with lean combustion has shown the potential to reduce emissions and improve efficiency compared to stoichiometric gasoline engines. The main limitations of lean NG combustion are instability and ignitability. Supplementing NG with hydrogen (H2) is considered a solution to lean NG combustion limitations and it has been studied extensively in the literature. This study is focused on reviewing the work performed by researchers on the effect of partial supplementation of NG by H2 on combustion, emissions and performance of SI automotive engines. H2 addition has been shown to accelerate combustion, extend the lean ignition limit, and improve combustion efficiency. However, it decreases the power output of the engine and increases heat transfer to cylinder walls. The lean ignition limit extension offered by H2 enables increased efficiency and NOx reduction.
Amphibian carbonic anhydrase: purification and partial characterization of the enzyme from erythrocytes of Rana catesbeiana.

Abstract 1. 1. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity of adult Rana catesbeiana erythrocytes is about 37 times higher than that of prometamorphic tadpoles. 2. 2. Homogeneous CA has been prepared from adult Rana catesbeiana erythrocytes. 3. 3. The apparent mol. wt by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 29,200 and the Zn content was 2.09 μg/mg protein. 4. 4. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by acetazolamide and to a much lesser extent by halide ions. 5. 5. Frog CA resembled avian CA and differed from mammalian CA in its loss of activity in the absence of a reducing agent, and in its reversible inhibition by p -chloromercuribenzoate ( p CMB). The frog enzyme was estimated to contain 4 moles of p CMB-reactive-SH per mole of protein.
Magnetograph Measurements with Temperature-Sensitive Lines

Certain discrepancies between theoretical and empirical calibrations of magnetograph response are resolved by recognizing the existence of line profile changes in magnetic regions. Many of the photospheric lines commonly used for magnetic field measurements weaken greatly in magnetic regions outside of sunspots. Unless due account is made of the line profile change, the magnetograph measurements underestimate magnetic flux and field strengths.
Separation and Enrichment of the Active Component of Carbon Based Paramagnetic Materials for Use in EPR Oximetry

Abstract Carbon based paramagnetic materials are frequently used for EPR oximetry, especially in vivo, but the EPR spectra of these materials often have more than one paramagnetic center and/or relatively low signal intensity. To determine whether the multi-components of carbon based materials could be separated and enriched in the active component, we used density gradient centrifugation to separate the materials into several fractions. We studied two types of coals, gloxy and Pocahontas, and found these materials to have large density distribution. The separated density fractions had very different EPR spectra and intensities. The active component from the coal material had a more homogeneous EPR signal and significantly increased EPR signal intensity, whereas for India ink, only slight changes were observed. This result can be very useful in the development of better probes for EPR oximetry.
High nuclear grade, frequent mitotic activity, cyclin D1 and p53 overexpression are associated with stromal invasion in mammary intracystic papillary carcinoma.

: Stromal invasion is identified with difficulty in routine hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of core needle biopsy specimens from mammary intracystic papillary carcinomas. The goal of this study was to determine if nuclear grade, mitotic activity, and immunohistochemical stains for p53 and cyclin D1 would assist in differentiating intracystic papillary carcinomas without stromal invasion (ICPC) from tumors with stromal invasion (ICPC-INVA). Eight cases of ICPC and 12 cases of ICPC-INVA were reviewed. Hematoxylin-eosin slides were examined to determine the histologic features. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies to human p53 and cyclin D1. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the nuclear grade, mitotic activity, and immunoreactivity between ICPC and ICPC-INVA. High nuclear grade was more often associated with ICPC-INVA than with ICPC, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.069). Frequent mitotic activity was associated with ICPC-INVA more than with ICPC (p = 0.0198). All cases of ICPC were negative for either p53 or cyclin D1, whereas 7 of 12 cases (58.3%) of ICPC-INVA were positive for either cyclin D1 alone (3 cases), p53 alone (3 cases), or both cyclin D1 and p53 (1 case) (p = 0.0147). Identical nuclear grade, mitotic activity, and immunostaining patterns were seen in the intracystic and the invasive components, and in the core biopsy and the excision of the same tumor. When any one of the positive indicators (high nuclear grade, frequent mitotic activity, or positive immunostains for cyclin D1 and/or p53) was present, the positive predictive value for stromal invasion was 91.7%. When none of the positive indicators was present, the negative predictive value was 87.5%.
Protracted Withdrawal from Cocaine Self-Administration Flips the Switch on 5-HT1B Receptor Modulation of Cocaine Abuse-Related Behaviors

Background The role of serotonin-1B receptors (5-HT 1B Rs) in modulating cocaine abuse-related behaviors has been controversial due to discrepancies between pharmacological and gene knockout approaches and opposite influences on cocaine self-administration versus cocaine-seeking behavior. We hypothesized that modulation of these behaviors via 5-HT 1B Rs in the mesolimbic pathway may vary depending on the stage of the addiction cycle. Methods To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of increasing 5-HT 1B R production by microinfusing a viral vector expressing either green fluorescent protein and 5-HT 1B R or green fluorescent protein alone into the medial nucleus accumbens shell of rats either during maintenance of cocaine self-administration (i.e., active drug use) or during protracted withdrawal. Results 5-HT 1B R receptor gene transfer during maintenance shifted the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration upward and to the left and increased breakpoints and cocaine intake on a progressive ratio schedule, consistent with enhanced reinforcing effects of cocaine. In contrast, following 21 days of forced abstinence, 5-HT 1B R gene transfer attenuated breakpoints and cocaine intake on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement, as well as cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Conclusions This unique pattern of effects suggests that mesolimbic 5-HT 1B Rs differentially modulate cocaine abuse-related behaviors, with a facilitative influence during periods of active drug use, in striking contrast to an inhibitory influence during protracted withdrawal. These findings suggest that targeting 5-HT 1B Rs may lead to a novel treatment for cocaine dependence and that the therapeutic efficacy of these treatments may vary depending on the stage of the addiction cycle.
Geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian volcanism

Lavas of the post-erosional, alkalic Honolulu Volcanics have significantly lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd than the older and underlying Koolau tholeiites which form the Koolau shield of eastern Oahu, Hawaii. Despite significant compositional variation within lavas forming the Honolulu Volcanics, these lavas are isotopically (Sr, Nd, Pb) very similar which contrasts with the isotopic heterogeneity of the Koolau tholeiites. Among Hawaiian tholeiitic suites, the Koolau lavas are geochemically distinct because of their lower iron contents and Sr and Nd isotopic ratios which range to bulk earth values. These geochemical data preclude simple models such as derivation of the Honolulu Volcanics and Koolau tholeiites from a common source by different degrees of melting or by mixing of two geochemically distinct sources. There may be no genetic relationship between the origin and evolution of these two lava suites; however, the trend shown by Koolau Range lavas of increasing 143Nd/144Nd and decreasing 87Sr/86Sr with decreasing eruption age and increasing alkalinity also occurs at Haleakala, East Molokai and Kauai volcanoes. A complex mixing model proposed for Haleakala lavas can account for the variations in Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and incompatible element abundances found in lavas from the Koolau Range. This model may reflect mixing and melting processes occurring during ascent of relatively enriched mantle through relatively depleted MORB-related lithosphere. Although two isotopically distinct components may be sufficient to explain Sr and Nd isotopic variations at individual Hawaiian volcanoes, more than two isotopically distinct materials are required to explain variations of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic ratios in all Hawaiian lavas.
Editors' Introduction Service-Learning Pedagogy as Universities' Response to Troubled Times

This is second in a two-issue series conceptualized as documenting educational innovations in higher education that could be seen as responses of colleges and universities to changing economic, political, and social forces. This issue's authors diagnose a number of different problems in the current practices of colleges and universities and prescribe pedagogical initiatives that link students to the community through service learning, which is the integration of community service activities into the curriculum through intentional analytical processes. The authors of these articles are pushing the theoretical and praxis boundaries of service learning to tackle challenging issues such as how to best enhance the student's learning experience to create self-motivated learners who become civic participants, how to structure programs and practices to best support such work, and how to alter institution- and discipline-driven reward systems to promote and sustain faculty involvement in service learning.
Identity, Time, and Situated Activity: An Interactions Analysis of Dyadic Transactions

This article uses the symbolic interactionist perspective to discuss situated identities as linked to the projection of shared futures. First, a theoretical discussion is provided on how interactionists have defined identities and conceptualized the future. This discussion includes definitions of identities as instrumental or categorical, and general depictions of the future as restoring or externalizing. Then a role-playing study is illustrated involving dyads constructing a job interview. Their videotaped interactions are thickly described. This analysis demonstrates how the process of linking interpersonal situated identities to broader future-oriented concerns involves the construction of four distinct but interrelated empirical shared futures: the performable, patterned, implied mandatory, and codified futures. Further, the construction of identities and projection of futures involves a negotiated reality whereby interactants reassert, bolster, challenge, and reframe identities.
Financing Liabilities Under Superfund

One of the more critical environmental risk areas involves the financing of cleanup costs associated with past improper disposal of hazardous wastes. These costs will run into the tens of billions of dollars. The federal Superfund program and related state programs are the driving forces for cleaning up hazardous waste. Under Superfund, the government collects taxes and coordinates cleanup strategies, and searches for potentially responsible parties (generators, disposers, transporters) to assist in financing the cleanup. To lessen the financial impact, responsible parties are looking to their liability insurers to provide coverage under old general liability insurance policies. Insurance companies contend that Superfund liabilities are not covered under liability policies. The paper examines the various financing methods and liabilities produced by Superfund. Particular emphasis is placed on developments in the courts which are resulting in a significant shift in the financial responsibilities to the insurance industry. Broad estimates of the financial impact of Superfund liabilities are developed. Finally, several public policy issues, which are raised by the topics exmained in this paper, are discussed.
How Advanced is Modern Chinese Manufacturing Management

Impressions garnered from a six week teaching spell in China suggest that expanding capacity is causing problems in production flow and inventory organisation. Inadequate databases contribute to excess inventories and ineffective materials, labour and equipment management. Production managers have wide responsibilities and do not delegate; they lack time for strategic planning. Planning procedures are old‐fashioned, quality control is poor and quality and price are not competitive. There is over‐reliance on imported materials. The primary need is for training of managers and technicians to promote better planning.
The Hurricane-Flood-Landslide Continuum

In August 2004, representatives from NOAA, NASA, the USGS, and other government agencies convened in San Juan, Puerto Rim for a workshop to discuss a proposed research project called the Hurricane-Flood-Landslide Continuum (HFLC). The essence of the HFLC is to develop and integrate tools across disciplines to enable the issuance of regional guidance products for floods and landslides associated with major tropical rain systems, with sufficient lead time that local emergency managers can protect vulnerable populations and infrastructure. All three lead agencies are independently developing precipitation-flood-debris flow forecasting technologies, and all have a history of work on natural hazards both domestically and overseas. NOM has the capability to provide tracking and prediction of storm rainfall, trajectory and landfall and is developing flood probability and magnTtude capabilities. The USGS has the capability to evaluate the ambient stability of natural and man-made landforms, to assess landslide susceptibilities for those landforms, and to establish probabilities for initiation of landslides and debris flows. Additionally, the USGS has well-developed operational capacity for real-time monitoring and reporting of streamflow across distributed networks of automated gaging stations (http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/). NASA has the capability to provide sophisticated algorithms for satellite remote sensing of precipitation, land use, and in the future, soil moisture. The Workshop sought to initiate discussion among three agencies regarding their specific and highly complimentary capabilities. The fundamental goal of the Workshop was to establish a framework that will leverage the strengths of each agency. Once a prototype system is developed for example, in relatively data-rich Puerto Rim, it could be adapted for use in data-poor, low-infrastructure regions such as the Dominican Republic or Haiti. This paper provides an overview of the Workshop s goals, presentations and recommendations with respect to the development of the HFLC.
Conformation of alkanes in the gas phase and pure liquids

Monte Carlo (MC) statistical mechanics simulations have been carried out for the homologous alkane series of n-butane through n-dodecane in the gas phase and for the pure liquids at 298 K and 1 atm using the OPLS-AA force field. The study addresses potential cumulative deviations of computed properties and potential conformational differences between the gas phase and pure liquids, for example, from self-solvation in the gas phase. The average errors in comparison with experimental data for the computed densities and heats of vaporization are modest at 0.7% and 6.9%, respectively. Also, the invariant gas and liquid-phase results for average end-to-end distances and percentages of trans conformations for each nonterminal C−C bond assert that the conformer populations are not altered upon transfer from the gas phase to the pure liquid for the n-alkanes in this size range. Average end-to-end distances were also computed from the results of conformational searches and corroborated the MC findings. Quantitativ...
The Ethics of Intervening in Student Lives

At what point should college administrators and teachers get involved in students’ lives when they do not know how serious their personal or academic problems may be? David Eberhardt, “Ethics on Campus” editor for the Journal of College and Character, presents two scenarios that challenge academic leaders to think about this crucial issue.
Prey Concentrations and Feeding Response in Laboratory‐Reared Stage‐One Zoeae of King Crab, Snow Crab, and Pink Shrimp

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine prey population densities necessary to elicit a successful feeding response in the first zoeae of king crab, Paralithodes camtschatica, snow crab, Chionoecetes bairdi, and pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis, from Kachemak Bay, Cook Inlet, Alaska. In the laboratory, king crab zoeae consumed an average of 0.8, 1.3, 2.6, and 7.6 prey per day in 500-ml beakers in which the number of small copepods equaled 20, 40, 80, and 160 per liter, respectively. At these same prey densities, zoeae of snow crab and pink shrimp ingested an average of 0.5, 1.3, 2.2, 4.8, and 0.7, 1.5, 2.3, 5.3 prey per day, respectively. Prey densities had to equal 80 per liter before zoeae of all three species were able to consistently capture at least one prey item successfully each day. Prey densities of this magnitude are considerably higher than those determined by oblique net tows in the study area, Kachemak Bay, Alaska.
Understanding locally advanced breast cancer: what influences a woman's decision to delay treatment?

Abstract Background Despite early detection having been identified as a key factor in long-term survival of patients with breast cancer, women with locally advanced breast cancer continued to present at many medical centers. Methods Women with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) ( N = 11) and matched controls ( N = 11) with Stage I or II breast cancer completed semi-structured interviews and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Life Orientation Test, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Body Investment Scale, Monitor-Blunter Style Scale, and Religious Coping Scale. Five spouses of the LABC group and eight control partners were similarly assessed. Results On psychological tests, no significant differences were found between patient groups; however, LABC spouses reported significantly greater active religious surrender ( t = 2.37, P = 0.037) and depression ( t = 3.54, P = 0.047) than control spouses. The women’s semi-structured interviews identified that LABC was associated with inattention to routine breast cancer screening, denial, fatalism and reliance on alternative therapies. Spouses of the LABC group tended to be more passive in their wives’ medical care, and also utilized fatalistic thinking and denial. Conclusions It is important for health care providers to identify patients who will require extra encouragement to seek timely medical care and to follow through with treatment recommendations.
The EC Technology Challenges of Copper Deposition in Through Mask Application

The integration of electrochemically deposited copper into the wafer level packaging area has become an important and widely discussed topic. Besides the electrical and thermal advantages of copper interconnections, the dimensional stability is as well a beneficial feature for all new packaging designs and technologies. All corresponding industry applications, as there are copper pillar, redistribution layer, copper interconnections or deep silicon via filling are related to the balance of base chemical and additive ratio, as well as the process impact of the hydro dynamic flow conditions in different plating tool configurations.
Combination Prophylactic Therapy with Rifampin Increases Efficacy against an Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis Subcutaneous Implant-Related Infection

The incidence of infections related to cardiac devices (such as permanent pacemakers) has been increasing out of proportion to implantation rates. As management of device infections typically requires explantation of the device, optimal prophylactic strategies are needed. Cefazolin and vancomycin are widely used as single agents for surgical prophylaxis against cardiac device-related infections. However, combination antibiotic prophylaxis may further reduce infectious complications. To model a localized subcutaneous implant-related infection, a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was inoculated onto a medical-procedure-grade titanium disc, which was placed into a subcutaneous pocket in the backs of mice. In vivo bioluminescence imaging, quantification of ex vivo CFU from the capsules and implants, variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM), and neutrophil enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence in LysEGFP mice were employed to monitor the infection. This model was used to evaluate the efficacies of low- and high-dose cefazolin (50 and 200 mg/kg of body weight) and vancomycin (10 and 110 mg/kg) intravenous prophylaxis with or without rifampin (25 mg/kg). High-dose cefazolin and high-dose vancomycin treatment resulted in almost complete bacterial clearance, whereas both low-dose cefazolin and low-dose vancomycin reduced the in vivo and ex vivo bacterial burden only moderately. The addition of rifampin to low-dose cefazolin and vancomycin was highly effective in further reducing the CFU harvested from the implants. However, vancomycin-rifampin was more effective than cefazolin-rifampin in further reducing the CFU harvested from the surrounding tissue capsules. Future studies in humans will be required to determine whether the addition of rifampin has improved efficacy in preventing device-related infections in clinical practice.
Microelectrode study of effects of luminal K+ on surface cells of frog stomach

Abstract Microelectrode studies were conducted to determine whether increasing the K + concentration from 4 to 80 mM in the secretory solution affected the surface cells of the frog gastric mucosa (fundus) of Rana pipiens . The short-circuit current ( I sc ) increased by 10% and the conductance ( G t ) increased by 19%. The potential difference ( V sc ) from secretory solution to cell and the fractional resistance ( F o ) remained essentially unchanged. On the basis of the constancy of the latter two parameters, it was inferred that the change in K + concentration did not affect the surface epithelial cells.