cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision analysis of alternative harvest policies for the Gulf of Alaska Pacific ocean perch fishery

By the mid-1970s the estimated biomass of Pacific ocean perch (POP), Sebastes alutus, in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) had been reduced to about 10% of the estimated level present during the early 1960s. Although fishing mortality was greatly reduced, the stock has shown only modest increases in biomass; the current estimate of spawner biomass is between 15% and 20% of the estimated peak levels. This decline has raised concern that past management measures may have been inadequate to allow growth of the POP stock in the GOA. Consequently, we performed an analysis to: (a) identify optimal fishing rates for rockfish species such as Pacific ocean perch, (b) identify the biomass level that would produce an optimum yield, and (c) evaluate alternative fishing policies designed to improve the condition of the POP resource. The selection of an optimal fishing rate for POP in the GOA was based on a maximin criterion. Recruitment variability was shown to play an important role in determining the effects of different harvest policies. Based on estimates of optimal biomass and fishing mortality rates, four alternative harvest policies were developed and evaluated using a stochastic simulation model. These policies ranged from harvests based on rates under the status quo policy to increasingly restrictive measures. Policy outcomes were measured in terms of yield in weight and dollar-value, female spawner biomass, and risks. We presented the results in the form of Bayesian decision tables. The ability to predict future stock levels with a high degree of certainty is poor. In no case is there a guarantee that rebuilding will occur.
Ion-Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition of Amorphous Tetrahedral-Coordinated Carbon Films

A parametric study has been performed of amorphous tetrahedral carbon (a-tC) films produced by ion- assisted pulsed laser deposition (IAPLD). The ion voltage, current density, and feed gas composition (nitrogen in argon) have been varied. The resultant films were characterized by thickness, residual stress, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical resistivity. The Raman spectra have been fit to two gaussian peaks, the so called graphitic (“G”) peak and the disorder (“D”) peak. It has been found that the magnitude of the D peak and the residual compressive stress are inversely correlated. At low beam voltages and currents, the magnitude of the D peak is low, increasing as the ion beam voltage and current are raised. The ion beam voltage has the most dramatic effect on the magnitude of the D peak. At low voltages (200-500 V) the magnitude of the D peak is greater for ion beams with high percentages of nitrogen possibly indicative of C-N bonding in the films. At higher voltages (500 - 1500V) the D peak intensity is less sensitive to the nitrogen content of the beam.
Effects of maintained illumination upon [K+]0 in the subretinal space of the frog retina.

Changes in extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]0, were measured in the subretinal space of an in vitro preparation of bullfrog retina, pigment epithelium and choroid. In response to maintained illumination [K+]0 fell to a minimum value in 30-40 sec, and then began to recover, reaching a steady-state approximately 10 min after light onset. At light offset, [K+]0 overshot the dark-adapted baseline before recovering. Pigment epithelial membrane potentials followed [K+]0 during this entire timeperiod, causing parallel changes in the d.c. level of the vitreal electroretinogram (ERG). These changes in [K+]0 are very similar to those observed in the cat retina in vivo, except that they are slower in time-course by nearly an order of magnitude. The vitreal ERG, however, is much different in frog than in cat, since in frog, but not in cat, it is an indirect measure of [K+]0 in the subretinal space.
REH2 RNA Helicase in Kinetoplastid Mitochondria: RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEXES AND ESSENTIAL MOTIFS FOR UNWINDING AND GUIDE RNA (gRNA) BINDING*

Regulation of gene expression in kinetoplastid mitochondria is largely post-transcriptional and involves the orchestration of polycistronic RNA processing, 3′-terminal maturation, RNA editing, turnover, and translation; however, these processes remain poorly studied. Core editing complexes and their U-insertion/deletion activities are relatively well characterized, and a battery of ancillary factors has recently emerged. This study characterized a novel DExH-box RNA helicase, termed here REH2 (RNA editing associated helicase 2), in unique ribonucleoprotein complexes that exhibit unwinding and guide RNA binding activities, both of which required a double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) and a functional helicase motif I of REH2. REH2 complexes and recently identified related particles share a multiprotein core but are distinguished by several differential polypeptides. Finally, REH2 associates transiently, via RNA, with editing complexes, mitochondrial ribosomes, and several ancillary factors that control editing and RNA stability. We propose that these putative higher order structures coordinate mitochondrial gene expression.
Dead tired and bone weary: Grandmothers as caregivers in drug affected inner city households

At a time of unprecedented growth in the numbers of custodial grandparents, this case study of Emma’s household articulates the stresses inherent to the lives of many grandparents whose own children’s lives are governed by drug use and addiction. We contrast normative expectations traditionally integral to the culture of extended families with the counternormative demands that drug use imposes on households. This highlights the untenable nature of caregiving for Emma and countless others of her generation. Compelled by tradition and sentiment to help their own children, they are thus allowing drug use driven norms, values and beliefs to permeate the lives of the grandchildren in their care. Yet, they are also trying to protect those children from drugs and from the violence and conflict that drugs bring into the household. Emma’s own life illustrates the salience of norms of kinship, reciprocity and respect, and the trauma in her household demonstrates how their absence does, indeed, intensify demands and erode resources. We conclude that the imperatives of raising the next generation may necessitate a counternormative willingness on the part of grandparents to exclude their adult drug using children from their households.
Tunable microfluidic optical fiber

Pumped microfluidics provides a powerful new way to dynamically tune the transmission characteristics of optical fibers. We describe the fabrication and performance of several classes of devices based on fiber gratings and microfluidics.
Cryoprotection of purified rat kidney transamidinase by polyethylene glycol.

Abstract Polyethylene glycol is a water-soluble polymer which is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. In this study, it is shown that polyethylene glycol is an effective cryoprotectant of rat kidney transamidinase purified from both the mitochondria and cytosol. Much of the activity is lost when the purified enzyme is frozen and thawed in sodium-potassium phosphate buffer in the absence of cryoprotectants. Polyethylene glycols with molecular weights of 4000 to 10,000 were effective cryoprotectants. However, polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight of 1000 or lower inhibited the purified enzyme. A concentration of only 0.01% polyethylene glycol 4000, 8000, or 10,000 was required for complete cryoprotection. In addition to polyethylene glycol, 0.5 mM ethyl-enediaminetetraacetic acid was required in the phosphate buffer for complete cryoprotection. The stabilization of purified transamidinase by polyethylene glycol will facilitate characterization experiments designed to compare the properties of the mitochondrial and cytosolic isozymes.
Discrete thoughts: Why cognition must use discrete representations

Advocates of dynamic systems have suggested that higher mental processes are based on continuous representations. In order to evaluate this claim, we first define the concept of representation, and rigorously distinguish between discrete representations and continuous representations. We also explore two important bases of representational content. Then, we present seven arguments that discrete representations are necessary for any system that must discriminate between two or more states. It follows that higher mental processes require discrete representations. We also argue that discrete representations are more influenced by conceptual role than continuous representations. We end by arguing that the presence of discrete representations in cognitive systems entails that computationalism (i.e., the view that the mind is a computational device) is true, and that cognitive science should embrace representational pluralism.
Predictors of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Patients with Septic Shock

Purpose. The goal of this study was to identify potential clinical predictors for the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with septic shock. Material and Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of adult (>18 years of age) patients with septic shock admitted to a medical ICU in a tertiary care hospital from July 2005 until September 2007. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the association of risk factors with overt DIC. Results. In this study, a total of 390 patients with septic shock were analyzed, of whom 66 (17%) developed overt DIC. Hospital mortality was significantly greater in patients who developed overt DIC (68% versus 38%, ). A delay in the timing of antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of the development of overt DIC (). Patients on antiplatelet therapy prior to hospital admission and who that received adequate early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) were associated with a decreased risk of overt DIC (). Conclusions. In our cohort of patients with septic shock, there was a risk reduction for overt DIC in patients on antiplatelet therapy and adequate EGDT, while there was an increased risk of DIC with antibiotic delay.
Synthesis and biological activity of the ketals of digitoxigenone and digoxigenone and some acetals of digitoxigenin and digoxigenin.

The preparation of the 3,3-ethylenedioxy derivatives of digitoxigenone and 3-dehydrodigoxigenin; and the 3β-1-(6-O-acetyl-2,3,4′-trideoxyaldohexopyranosyl) derivatives of digitoxigenin and digoxigenin have been described. Their pharmacological activities have been determined.
A three‐step synthesis of (±)‐β‐methyleneaspartic acid

A simplified, three-step synthesis for (+/-)-beta- methyleneaspartic acid is described. Condensation of diethyl malonate with ethyl pyruvate gives 1,1,2- tricarbethoxyprop -1-ene, which is alpha-aminated with chloramine to give 1-amino-1,1,2- tricarbethoxyprop -2-ene. The latter is hydrolyzed in acid to give the title compound.
Effect of clonidine on plasma cortisol concentrations

There is a debate whether the fall in plasma cortisol concentrations after the early morning dosing of clonidine represents drug effect or normal diurnal variation. We compared the cortisol patterns of children after a 7:30 AM oral dose of clonidine (0.075 or 0.150 mg/m2) with the cortisol concentrations that resulted from diurnal variation. Some subjects had the diurnal study on day 1 and the clonidine study on day 2, whereas for others the testing sequence was reversed. Our results indicate that clonidine, in either dose, does not cause a fall in plasma cortisol levels greater than that with normal diurnal variation.
Parsing the motion of single molecules: a novel algorithm for deconvoluting the dynamics of individual receptors at the cell surface.

To truly understand signal transduction, we will ultimately need to understand the dynamics and kinetics of individual proteins as they perform their functions in a single cell. Groundbreaking advances in single-molecule biophysics now allow us to follow the motion of many individual proteins on the cell surface with the use of fluorescent probes, such as quantum dots. However, discriminating the directed movement of single molecules from their natural Brownian motion remains a challenge. A recent paper provides a powerful statistical approach for distinguishing periods of directed motion of individual γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors from periods during which they undergo Brownian motion. This new methodology should help single-molecule researchers determine the dynamics of individual proteins participating in signaling cascades.
Education in Du Pont Engineering Department

This article focuses on a recent development in education in the Engineering Department of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware. This development is emerging as a significant contribution to modem engineering work, benefiting the employer and employee, and it tells something about education of engineers.
Optimization based on a square-error criterion with an arbitrary weighting function

Several important criteria for the performance of communication systems and control systems are reviewed, and a new criterion (the mean-weighted-square-error criterion) is then introtroduced. This is shown to be a special form of a very general criterion proposed earlier, but to have special significance in that it is a generalization of the familiar mean-square-error criterion. The minimization of the mean-weighted-square error is treated in detail, and a solution for the optimum physically realizable frequency function of the system is given.
Neurotensin enhances GABAergic activity in rat hippocampus CA1 region by modulating L-type calcium channels.

Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide that interacts with three NT receptors; NTS1, NTS2, and NTS3. Although NT has been reported to modulate GABAergic activity in the brain, the underlying cellular...
Effects of drying method and rearing temperature on broiler manure nutrient content

There is no universally accepted method for preparing poultry manure samples prior to chemical analysis for nutrient content. Proper sample preparation and optimization of the techniques for manure chemical analyses are the keys to the determination of precise rates for land application to crops and pastures. This study was conducted to determine the effect of bird-rearing temperature (RT) and pre-analysis drying methods on broiler manure nutrient content. Four drying methods, air drying (AD), freeze drying (FD), oven drying at 65°C (OD65), and oven drying at 105°C (OD105) were evaluated on manure of birds grown at 16, 21, and 26°C. The results were compared with analysis of the fresh broiler manure with no drying (ND). All drying treatments resulted in highly significant nitrogen (N) loss (21%–27%) compared to ND at all rearing temperatures. However, there were no significant differences in total N loss among the four drying methods examined in this experiment. There was significant loss of NH4-N with OD...
Electronic reserves: the promise and challenge to increase accessibility

Electronic reserves help registered campus users who need anytime‐access to documents. Electronic reserves comprise digital files, mostly HTML or PDF formats. In some circumstances the HTML or PDF file is “readable” to the sighted individual, but are sometimes either partially or completely unreadable to the visually impaired using assistive technology. Creating “accessible” PDF files poses more challenges than creating “accessible” HTML files. Several options are suggested to help solve this problem.
Developing a Grading Appeals Policy.

The process of developing a policy and practice for dealing with student appeals about grades they have re ceived is discussed. Starting point was a system already in use in an other institution. Step by step of the undertaking is described. Students were represented. The authors are faculty members at St. Cloud State University. Leja: Professor of Eng lish (M.A., Columbia; Ph.D.,Texas). Sikkink: Professor of Speech (B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Minnesota).
Oxygen Compatibility of Brass-Filled PTFE Compared to Commonly Used Fluorinated Polymers for Oxygen Systems

Safe and reliable seal materials for high-pressure oxygen systems sometimes appear to be extinct species when sought out by oxygen systems designers. Materials that seal well are easy to find, but these materials are typically incompatible with oxygen, especially in cryogenic liquid form. This incompatibility can result in seals that leak, or much worse, seals that easily ignite and burn during use. Materials that are compatible with oxygen are easy to find, such as the long list of compatible metals, but these metallic materials are limiting as seal materials. A material that seals well and is oxygen compatible has been the big game in the designer's safari. Scientists at the Materials Combustion Research Facility (MCRF), part of NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), are constantly searching for better materials and processes to improve the safety of oxygen systems. One focus of this effort is improving the characteristics of polymers used in the presence of an oxygen enriched environment. Very few systems can be built which contain no polymeric materials; therefore, materials which have good impact resistance, low heat of combustion, high auto-ignition temperature and that maintain good mechanical properties are essential. The scientists and engineers at the Materials Combustion Research Facility, in cooperation with seal suppliers, are currently testing a new formulation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Brass filler. This Brass-filled PTFE is showing great promise as a seal and seat material for high pressure oxygen systems. Early research has demonstrated very encouraging results, which could rank this material as one of the best fluorinated polymers ever tested. This paper will compare the data obtained for Brass-filled PTFE with other fluorinated polymers, such as TFE-Teflon (PTFE) , Kel-F 81, Viton A, Viton A-500, Fluorel , and Algoflon . A similar metal filled fluorinated polymer, Salox-M , was tested in comparison to Brass-filled PTFE to demonstrate the importance of the metal chosen and relative percentage of filler. General conclusions on the oxygen compatibility of this formulation are drawn, with an emphasis on comparing and contrasting the materials performance to the performance of the current state-of-the-art oxygen compatible polymers.
A critical force constant of the structural phase transition in quartz

Long wavelength optical phonons of quartz were analyzed by a Born-Von Karman model not previously used. It was found that only one force constant associated with the turning of the Si-O bonds has a critical effect on the soft-mode frequency and the α-β transition in quartz. The square of the soft-mode frequency was found to depend linearly on this force constant which has the temperature dependence κ(T)=−5.33+225.3×10−4(851−T)23 in units of 104 dyn/cm2.
Use of the population distribution to improve estimation of individual means in epidemiological studies

Abstract In many epidemiological studies, including clinical trials, a single measurement of some variable is made on each member of a population, and all individuals whose values exceed some truncation point are selected as “high”. Use of an Empirical Bayes adjustment formula, shrinking extreme values toward the population mean, is shown to improve substantially the average accuracy of estimation of a subject's true mean and to reduce the probability of false positive classification. The consequences of having to estimate within-subject variation are discussed.
Enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis: a potential instigator of colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of IBD is unknown; however, it is postulated to result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to the colonic flora in genetically susceptible individuals.1 IBD patients exhibit excess epithelial permeability that enhances direct contact between the colonic flora and the immune system possibly permitting disease initiation.2– 4 In fact, Crohn’s disease is partially responsive to antibiotic treatment (e.g., metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, or rifaximin), suggesting that enteric bacteria are important in disease pathogenesis. Bacteroides fragilis are normal colonic commensals in the majority of adults.5,6 Colonization rates in children have been less well studied.7 Although humans are typically asymptomatically colonized, B. fragilis is identified as the leading anaerobe in bloodstream infections and intraabdominal abscesses.8–10 A molecular subset of B. fragilis, termed enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF), secrete a 20-kDa proinflammatory zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin, designated the B. fragilis toxin (BFT). ETBF are associated with diarrheal illnesses in animals, children, and adults.11–13 In considerably more limited data, ETBF have been linked to IBD where these bacteria have been identified in mucosal washings of IBD patients and associated with clinically active IBD.14,15 However, in all human studies evaluating ETBF colonization to date, a sizeable number of individuals (≈4%–30%) appear to be colonized, apparently asymptomatically, with ETBF.16 Whether long-term colonization with ETBF is truly without consequence to the host is unclear, particularly given a recent report associating ETBF colonization with colorectal carcinoma.17 In this study we asked whether ETBF colonization of mice modified the clinical course of a known colitis agonist, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). DSS induces predominantly colonic inflammation, the anatomic site of ETBF colonization, through direct epithelial cytotoxicity as well as immune-mediated interactions resulting in an IBD-like disorder.18 We hypothesized that ETBF colonization may exacerbate colitis due to DSS. Our results suggest that colonization with ETBF is a potential risk factor in the initiation and exacerbation of colonic inflammation.
Activation of the anti-cancer drug ifosphamide by rat liver microsomal P450 enzymes.

Abstract The NADPH-dependent metabolism of ifosphamide catalyzed by rat liver microsomes was investigated in order to identify individual P450 enzymes that activate this anti-cancer drug and to ascertain their relationship to the P450 enzymes that activate the isomeric drug cyclophosphamide. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or clofibrate increased by up to 8-fold the activation of both ifosphamide and cyclophosphamide catalyzed by isolated liver microsomes. Studies using P450 form-selective inhibitory antibodies demonstrated that constitutively expressed P450s belonging to subfamily 2C (forms 2C11/2C6) make significant contributions to the activation of both oxazaphosphorines in uninduced male rat liver microsomes, while the phenobarbital-inducible P450 2B1 was shown to be a major catalyst of these activations in phenobarbital-induced microsomes. Pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone increased liver microsomal activation of ifosphamide ~6-fold without a corresponding effect on cyclophosphamide activation rates. Ifosphamide activation catalyzed by dexamethasone-induced liver microsomes was minimally inhibited by anti-P450 2B or anti-P450 2C antibodies, but was selectively inhibited by anti-P450 3A antibodies. Selective inhibition of liver microsomal ifosphamide activation was also effected by the macrolide antibiotic triacetyloleandomycin, an inhibitor of several dexamethasone-inducible 3A P450s. These studies establish that a dexamethasone-inducible family 3A P450 can make an important contribution to rat liver microsomal ifosphamide activation, and suggest that dexamethasone pretreatment might provide a useful approach for modulation of ifosphamide metabolism in order to improve its therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients.
The sun-climate relationship in recent centuries: a review

There has been confirmation in the last two decades, through instrumental measurements onboard satellites, that the ‘solar constant’ does, as has long been hypothesized, vary over different timescales and with identifiable periodicities. This being the case, it is necessary to explore how these variations play a role in terrestrial climate change. While there is no consensus as to the best method for estimating past variations in solar output, it seems likely that over the last 500 years the sun has played a role in the changing climate. However, there is little evidence to suggest that changes in irradiance are having a large impact on the current warming trend.
The efficiency of TVA power distributors

This study utilizes linear programming and regression for identifying distributors of Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power that deviate from the normal efficiency levels and for listing distributor attributes that affect these efficiencies. The conclusions are: (1) most TVA distributors are reasonably efficient; however, they appear to be more efficient with respect to technical and scale measures than with respect to cost and allocation measures; (2) TVA distributors tend to over use labor and capital, but utilize purchased wholesale power appropriately; (3) TVA distributors display increasing, decreasing and constant returns to scale, depending on observation; and (4) firm attributes that impact efficiencies the most are: distribution of utilities other than electricity, state location, service area size, the relative amount of power distributed to small customers, the ratio of small customers to large customers and the total amount of electrical energy distributed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio, and alkali metal additives on improving the sulfur tolerance of a Rh/La–Al2O3 catalyst reforming gasoline for fuel cell applications

Abstract 2 wt% Rh/La–Al2O3 was tested for autothermal reforming (ATR) of S-free and 34 ppm-S-gasoline and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analyses, surface area, CO chemisorption, DRIFTS and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The poisoning effect of S was more pronounced during ATR at 700 °C than at 800 °C. Complete recovery of the initial activity could be achieved when switching from S-containing gasoline to S-free gasoline at 800 °C, while only 50% of the activity could be recovered at 700 °C. Sulfur increased Rh sintering due to an increase in the catalyst temperature caused by a greater inhibition of steam reforming than partial oxidation. An increase in the H2O:C from 2.0 to 3.0, or the addition of K to Rh significantly enhanced the sulfur tolerance of the catalysts. The beneficial effect of temperature, steam, and alkali metal was attributed to the inhibition of coke, which was the major cause of catalyst deactivation.
Polar effects of lithium in the heart of the zebrafish Danio rerio.

The molecular signalling mechanisms that are believed to govern the patterning of the heart early in embryonic development are not well understood. We have investigated the events which occur during patterning of the vertebrate heart by exposing gastrula stage zebrafish embryos to lithium, which is known to affect the phosphoinositol signalling pathway. Treatment of embryos at 50% epiboly (5.25 h after fertilization at 28.5°C) with 0.3 m LiCl for 5–15 min, results in embryos with defects which range from mild to severe, depending on the length of time the embryos are exposed to lithium. In the heart, defects appear progressively in the inflow tract, the sinus venosus and atrium. By using an antibody that recognizes an atrium-specific isoform of myosin, our results show that lithium treatment at gastrulation specifically affects the atrium and sinus venosus, and has little obvious effect on the ventricle. Defects induced by lithium differ from those induced by retinoic acid (RA) treatment of similarly staged embryos, and suggest that lithium and RA may affect the patterning signals important for establishment of the vertebrate heart by acting on different populations of cells or by influencing different patterning pathways.
Towards standards for the validation of expert systems

Abstract The paper provides a basis for the standardization of the validation of knowledge-based systems. The place of validation within the development process is discussed and a model is proposed. Knowledge-based system validation problems are decomposed using sequences of independent and dependent generic tasks. A model for validation of KBS causal processes as well as performance outcomes is presented. Practical applications to real systems are described.
Phosphorescence Microwave Photoexcitation Spectroscopy: A New Technique for the Study of Energy Transfer in Molecular Crystals.

Abstract Conventional photoexcitation spectroscopy is supplemented with phosphorescence microwave double resonance techniques to produce a method for studying the mechanisms of energy transfer processes in molecular crystals. The results clearly show that in doped mixed crystals of limited guest-in-host solubility, triplet-triplet energy transfer is more important than singlet-singlet energy transfer in pumping the lowest triplet state of the guest molecule when the singlet state of the host is excited.
Effects of cervical spine immobilization technique and laryngoscope blade selection on an unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation

Abstract Study Objective: Orotracheal intubation (OTI) is commonly used to establish a definitive airway in major trauma victims, with several different cervical spine immobilization techniques and laryngoscope blade types used. This experimental, randomized, crossover trial evaluated the effects of manual in-line stabilization and cervical collar immobilization and 3 different laryngoscope blades on cervical spine movement during OTI in a cadaver model of cervical spine injury. Methods: A complete C5-C6 transection was performed by using an osteotome on 14 fresh-frozen cadavers. OTI was performed in a randomized crossover fashion by using both immobilization techniques and each of 3 laryngoscope blades: the Miller straight blade, the Macintosh curved blade, and the Corazelli-London-McCoy hinged blade. Intubations were recorded in real time on fluoroscopy and then transferred to video and color still images. Outcome measures included movement across C5-C6 with regard to angulation expressed in degrees of rotation and axial distraction and anteroposterior displacement with values expressed as a proportion of C5 body width. Cormack-Lehane visualization grades were also recorded as a secondary outcome measure. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance to test for differences between immobilization techniques and between laryngoscope blades and to detect for interactions. Significance was assumed for P values of less than.05. Results: Manual in-line stabilization resulted in significantly less movement than cervical collar immobilization during OTI with regard to anteroposterior displacement. Use of the Miller straight blade resulted in significantly less movement than each of the other 2 blades with regard to axial distraction. The Cormack-Lehane grade was significantly better with manual in-line stabilization versus cervical collar immobilization; no differences were observed between blades. Conclusion: Manual in-line stabilization results in less cervical subluxation and allows better vocal cord visualization during OTI in a cadaver model of cervical spine injury. The Miller laryngoscope blade allowed less axial distraction than the Macintosh or Corzelli-London-McCoy blades. The clinical significance of this degree of movement is unclear. [Gerling MC, Davis DP, Hamilton RS, Morris GF, Vilke GM, Garfin SR, Hayden SR. Effects of cervical spine immobilization technique and laryngoscope blade selection on an unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation. Ann Emerg Med. October 2000;36:293-300.]
Differential regulation of the N-methyl transferases responsible for phosphatidylcholine synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The enzymes catalyzing the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine were assayed by measuring the incorporation of label from [ 14 C-CH 3 ]- S -adenosyl-methionine into the endogenous phospholipids of particulate, cell-free preparations from S. cerevisiae grown in the presence of N -methylethanolamine, N,N -dimethylethanolamine, or choline. The results indicate that each base in the growth medium results in reduced levels of all the N -methyltransferase activity involved in the formation of the phosphatidyl ester of the given base. By following the conversion of exogenous [ 32 P]-phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine to [ 32 P]-phosphatidylcholine it has been shown that the activity of the third methyl transfer is 90% lower in particles prepared from choline grown cells than in particles prepared from cells grown without choline. The results suggest that there are at least two enzymes involved in the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine and that their levels can be regulated individually. Supplementing the growth medium with any of the three methylated aminoethanols results in markedly increased cellular levels of their corresponding phosphatidyl esters and decreased levels of the precursor phosphatidyl esters. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine also changes when the medium is supplemented with choline suggesting that the proportions of the molecular species of this phosphatide depends on whether synthesis is via methylation of phosphatidylethanolamino or from the supplemented aminoethanol.
Probability of intergranular fracture in intrinsically brittle materials

Abstract A simple model for estimating the probability of intergranular fracture has been presented. This model predicts that intrinsically brittle polycrystalline materials exhibit intergranular fracture even if the fracture energy of the grain boundary is equivalent to that of the cleavage plane. Furthermore, less symmetric crystals will be more prone to intergranular fracture than those with many possible cleavage favourably oriented loading directions.
Microinjection by femtosecond near-infrared laser pulses

A Titanium-sapphire laser emitting 100fs short laser pulses at 800nm wavelength is employed to inject an impermeable dye (Lucifer Yellow) into single Bovine Aortic Endothelial cells. The cell morphology remains intact after this process. A new method to analyze dye uptake and evaluate membrane integrity is suggested.
Horizon formation and far-from-equilibrium isotropization in a supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma.

Using gauge-gravity duality, we study the creation and evolution of anisotropic, homogeneous strongly coupled $\mathcal{N}=4$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma. In the dual gravitational description, this corresponds to horizon formation in a geometry driven to be anisotropic by a time-dependent change in boundary conditions.
Effect of intrachain sulfonic acid dopants on the solid-state charge mobility of a model radical polymer

Abstract Radical polymers are an emerging class of non-conjugated, charge-conducting macromolecules that are capable of transporting charge through localized oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions that occur at the stable radical groups present as the pendant groups of the macromolecular chains. The chemical nature and oxidation state of these pendant radical groups are critical to the charge transporting abilities of radical polymers in the solid state. To date, however, the control of this chemistry has been limited to external oxidizing agents, and the concept of intramolecular dopants has not been explored fully. To this end, we have synthesized poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate)-co-poly(vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt) (PTMA-co-PVS). Then, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are implemented to evaluate the exact chemical nature of the pendant groups as a function of the PVS intramolecular dopants and exposure of the materials to external oxidation reactions. We correlate these changes in pendant group chemistry to charge transport ability, and we establish that the inclusion of a moderate amount of PVS dopants can improve the solid-state hole mobility of the material. Conversely, a large amount of sulfonic acidic dopants can be detrimental to the transport of the polymer relative to the homopolymer PTMA. Therefore, refinement of pendant group chemistry and careful addition of intramolecular dopants can enhance the solid-state transport ability of a radical polymer system. These fundamental principles, in turn, provide a vital foothold by which to optimize the solid-state charge transporting ability of current and next-generation radical polymer designs.
Measuring a person's capacity for interaction in a problem solving group

Abstract The problem of combining the determinants of the span of control of a supervisor in a hierarchy is extended to that of deriving an expression for the maximum number of subordinates a person can have. This maximum is constrained by the norm set by the group and considers slack time, internal calculation time, and times for interacting with supervisors and colleagues as well as subordinates. The expression for maximum span of control is then modified for use with empirical data from actual groups. A discussion of some of the data problems and a solution to these problems is presented. Among these problems are learning, varying problem complexity, and clock errors. The analysis of the determinants of the maximum span of control has implications for management. A few of these implications are presented.
Sorption of organic gases in residential rooms

Abstract Experiments were conducted to characterize organic gas sorption in residential rooms studied “as-is” with furnishings and material surfaces unaltered and in a furnished chamber designed to simulate a residential room. Results are presented for 10 rooms (five bedrooms, two bathrooms, a home office, and two multi-function spaces) and the chamber. Exposed materials were characterized and areas quantified. A mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was rapidly volatilized within each room as it was closed and sealed for a 5-h Adsorb phase; this was followed by 30-min Flush and 2-h closed-room Desorb phases. Included were alkane, aromatic, and oxygenated VOCs representing a range of ambient and indoor air pollutants. Three organophosphorus compounds served as surrogates for Sarin-like nerve agents. Measured gas-phase concentrations were fit to three variations of a mathematical model that considers sorption occurring at a surface sink and potentially a second, embedded sink. The 3-parameter sink–diffusion model provided acceptable fits for most compounds and the 4-parameter two-sink model provided acceptable fits for the others. Initial adsorption rates and sorptive partitioning increased with decreasing vapor pressure for the alkanes, aromatics and oxygenated VOCs. Best-fit sorption parameters obtained from experimental data from the chamber produced best-fit sorption parameters similar to those obtained from the residential rooms.
The unique effects of forgiveness on health: an exploration of pathways.

The relationship of forgiveness, both state and trait, to health was assessed. Eighty-one community adults completed a packet of questionnaires and participated in a laboratory interview about a time of hurt or betrayal. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded during a 10 min baseline, the interview and during a recovery period; interviews were structured around a framework of questions and videotaped. Four measures of forgiveness were all statistically associated with five measures of health (physical symptoms, medications used, sleep quality, fatigue, and somatic complaints). Trait forgiveness was associated with decreased reactivity (rate-pressure product) to the interview, but sympathetic reactivity did not account for the trait forgiveness–health association. Four mechanisms or pathways by which forgiveness could lead to fewer physical symptoms were examined: spirituality, social skills, reduction in negative affect, and reduction in stress. All factors either partially or fully mediated the effect of forgiveness on health; however, the strongest mediator for both state and trait forgiveness was reduction in negative affect. For state forgiveness, the second strongest mediator was reduction in stress; for trait forgiveness, both conflict management and reduction in stress were strong contributors.
SPASE: The Connection along Solar and Space Physics Data Centers

The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE) project is an international collaboration among Heliophysics (solar and space physics) groups concerned with data acquisition and archiving. The SPASE group has simplified the search for data through the development of the SPASE Data model as a common method to describe data sets in the archives. The data model is an XML-based schema and is now in operational use. The use is expanding, but there are still other groups who could benefit from adopting SPASE. We discuss the present state of SPASE usage and how we foresee development in the future.
Systematic Missing-At-Random (SMAR) Design and Analysis for Translational Research Studies

Translational research studies often involve a central study (e.g. clinical trial, cohort of patients, etc.) and multiple investigators who are each interested in addressing different research questions using the same patient population. However, it is often impossible for the investigators to include all patients in all of the ancillary translational research substudies that are part of the main study. This arises due to time and budgetary constraints and other logistical considerations. In this paper, we propose a prospective Systematic Missing-At-Random study design (SMAR) with planned partially missing covariates collected using a nested random sampling scheme that allows an integrated statistical analysis across all domains of data. We propose an algorithm for data analysis that incorporates the features of the design. We show that the SMAR design is computationally and statistically efficient as well as cost effective using simulation studies and a published data example. An extension to a two-stage prospective-retrospective design is discussed.
A comparison of estrogen and androgen receptor levels in human prostatic tissue from patients with non-metastatic and metastatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Abstract Estrogen receptors (ER, N = 72) and androgen receptors (AR, N = 33) were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 72 human prostatic tissues obtained at prostatectomy, and exploratory statistical analyses of the resulting data were performed. To facilitate use of these data as well as other pertinent information from the patient charts, a program for a comparatively large data base was implemented on a Wang minicomputer. The median values of cytosolic AR in the four cancer stages examined were statistically different from each other ( P = 0.01), with AR increasing from stages A through D. Even though ER differences between the four stages were not significant ( P = 0.13), there was a trend, in the data examined, for median ER values to decrease with stages B through D. On the other hand, median BPH values for both ER and AR were found to lie mid-scale compared with the respective cancer stages, leading to the conclusion that receptor measurements probably cannot distinguish between CA and BPH in human prostatic tissue, at least as measured by competitive binding techniques.
Computer simulations of ligand–protein binding with ensembles of protein conformations: A Monte Carlo study of HIV‐1 protease binding energy landscapes

We present the results of molecular docking simulations with HIV-1 protease for the sb203386 and skf107457 inhibitors by Monte Carlo simulated annealing. A simplified piecewise linear energy function, the standard AMBER force field, and the AMBER force field with solvation and a soft-core smoothing component are employed in simulations with a single-protein conformation to determine the relationship between docking simulations with a simple energy function and more realistic force fields. The temperature-dependent binding free energy profiles of the inhibitors interacting with a single protein conformation provide a detailed picture of relative thermodynamic stability and a distribution of ligand binding modes in agreement with experimental crystallographic data. Using the simplified piecewise linear energy function, we also performed Monte Carlo docking simulations with an ensemble of protein conformations employing preferential biased sampling of low-energy protein conformations, and the results are analyzed in connection with the free energy profiles. Q 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 72: 73)84, 1999
The Mental Measurements Yearbooks: Progress‐to‐Date, Problems, and Plans for the Future

The Program Committee of the National Council on Measurement in Education requested that the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements present a special session at the NCME meeting on April 12–14, 1983, on the Institute's current activities and future plans. NCME interest was no doubt heightened by the fact that Oscar K. Buros, who had served so effectively as editor and publisher of the Mental Measurements Yearbooks for over 40 years, had passed away in March of 1978. After his death there was a great deal of conjecture about whether this important work would continue. Through the sustained efforts of his widow, Luella Buros, the Institute was eventually relocated at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln. Now NCME was interested in how the work was progressing and what kinds of plans the new Institute was developing for the future. The material presented here is in answer to this request.
Evidence of a molecular chemisorption-mediated mechanism for high translational energy oxygen adsorption on Pt(100)-hex-R0.7°

Abstract High incident translational energy adsorption of oxygen on the reconstructed Pt(100)-hex-R0.7° surface was investigated with molecular beams, thermal desorption spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. At 77 K and for kinetic energies as high as 1.1 eV, oxygen was observed to chemisorb initially in two molecular states with intramolecular EELS loss features at 860 and 940 cm −1 . Thermal desorption spectra indicate only desorption from these molecular states – no recombinative desorption was detected. Adsorption probability data over a range of surface temperatures support a model of direct molecular chemisorption with a dissociation barrier from the molecular state extending 0.13 eV above the energy of the approaching molecule.
Methanol dehydrogenation with Raney copper in a slurry reactor

Abstract Methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde could become a key step in the environmentally benign synthesis of several important chemicals. This reaction was studied in a slurry reactor using Raney copper as the catalyst and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline as the slurry liquid under pressures up to 2.75 MPa and at temperatures between 573 and 648 K. The dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde was found to be near equilibrium at 598 K. There was no evidence of significant catalyst deactivation at 598 K, but deactivation occurred at higher temperatures. Methyl formate was the main product, presumably due to formaldehyde dimerization. Some formation of carbon monoxide was also observed. There was considerable alkylation of the slurry liquid.
Making the right moves.

The structure of the nucleotide-free F 1 -ATPase from a thermoalkaliphilic bacterium presented in this issue of Structure (Stocker et al., 2007) reveals the structural interactions that prevent the enzyme from operating naturally in the hydrolytic direction. The data provide new insights into the mechanism of the F o F 1 -ATP synthase.