cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Drosophila LIM-only gene, dLMO, is mutated in Beadex alleles and might represent an evolutionarily conserved function in appendage development

The process of wing patterning involves precise molecular mechanisms to establish an organizing center at the dorsal–ventral boundary, which functions to direct the development of the Drosophila wing. We report that misexpression of dLMO, a Drosophila LIM-only protein, in specific patterns in the developing wing imaginal disc, disrupts the dorsal–ventral (D-V) boundary and causes errors in wing patterning. When dLMO is misexpressed along the anterior–posterior boundary, extra wing outgrowth occurs, similar to the phenotype seen when mutant clones lacking Apterous, a LIM homeodomain protein known to be essential for normal D-V patterning of the wing, are made in the wing disc. When dLMO is misexpressed along the D-V boundary in third instar larvae, loss of the wing margin is observed. This phenotype is very similar to the phenotype of Beadex, a long-studied dominant mutation that we show disrupts the dLMO transcript in the 3′ untranslated region. dLMO normally is expressed in the wing pouch of the third instar wing imaginal disc during patterning. A mammalian homolog of dLMO is expressed in the developing limb bud of the mouse. This indicates that LMO proteins might function in an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involved in patterning the appendages.
Glass Surface Layer Density by Neutron Depth Profiling

Several lithium-disilicate (Li2O∙2SiO2) glass samples were synthesized, polished and subjected to static leach tests for varying periods of time in an HCl solution (pH 4) at 90°C. The presence of an alteration layer on the leached specimens was independently confirmed using infrared spectroscopy. These samples were then analyzed with neutron depth profiling (NDP), and for all exposure times between 1 and 20 h, a leached layer was detected by NDP. The residual concentration of 6Li in the alteration layer was observed to be approximately 10% of the bulk glass value. The 7.5 h and 17.5 h samples were cross-sectioned using focused ion beam milling, and the thickness of the alteration layer on the samples was measured directly using scanning electron microscopy to be 9.8 and 22.9 μm, respectively. The areal density of the gel layers — determined by deconvolution of the NDP spectra — was coupled with the SEM measurement to give densities of 1.46 ± 0.08 g/cm3 for the 7.5 h specimen and 1.46 ± 0.05 g/cm3 for the 17.5 h specimen. This preliminary work shows that NDP can be used to determine the average density of gel layers formed owing to leaching of alkali-silicate glass.
Kinetics of grain boundary migration in copper bicrystals with [001] rotation axes☆

Abstract Kinetics of grain boundary migration in high-purity copper bicrystals with common [001] rotation axes have been investigated as a function of driving force, angle of misorientation and temperature. In all cases, grain boundary displacements obey a parabolic rate law and concomitant velocities are linearly related to driving force implying that intrinsic mobilities have been measured. Migration of low-angle boundaries is characterized by an activation energy of 49 kcal/mole. Close agreement between this value and 47 kcal/mole for lattice self diffusion in copper indicates that motion of low-angle boundaries is controlled by dislocation climb via a lattice self-diffusion mechanism. Migration of random high-angle boundaries, on the other hand, is characterized by activation energies ranging from 26 to 30 kcal/mole indicating that motion is controlled by direct atom transfer across the boundary. For a given misorientation, it has been possible to study boundary migration either in a pure tilt configuration or with varying degrees of twist character merely by varying orientation of the [001] rotation axes relative to the specimen surfaces. It is observed that values of the critical misorientation for transition from low to high-angle migration kinetics are about 9° and 13° for mixed and pure tilt boundaries respectively. Differences in mobility occur between the two configurations even at large misorientations, presumably due to the anisotropic nature of boundary diffusion.
High cardiac output of advanced liver disease persists after orthotopic liver transplantation

This study measured cardiac output before and 1 or 2 yr after orthotopic liver transplantation in 23 patients. Cardiac output was measured by thermodilution before transplantation and by first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography at follow-up. Study patients were selected as those doing well clinically and by standard laboratory tests at 1-yr and 2-yr reevaluations with no evidence of rejection: six had mild recurrent hepatitis shown on biopsy samples. Hepatocyte function was normal at the time of the study as shown by galactose elimination capacity of 442 +/- 90 mg/min. Medications were cyclosporine and prednisone in all patients, azathioprine in 10 patients and a combination of antihypertensive therapy to maintain diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg in 20 patients. Mean (+/- S.D.) pretransplantation cardiac output was 9.1 +/- 3.1 L/min and remained elevated at 8.3 +/- 2.1 L/min 1 yr, and 9.6 +/- 2.6 L/min (n = 13) 2 yr after transplantation. A significant (p less than 0.001) correlation was found between pretransplant and follow-up cardiac output. End diastolic, end systolic and stroke volumes are all increased in a pattern similar to that seen in end-stage cirrhosis. These data show that the high cardiac output of the hyperdynamic state of advanced liver disease persists after liver transplantation. The mechanisms and consequences of this require further study.
Temperature-Mediated Effects of Millimeter Wave Stimulation on Membrane Protein Function

Despite numerous demonstrations that millimeter waves (MMW) induce changes in cellular activity in neuronal and muscle preparations, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. Given the high aqueous absorbance at millimeter wavelengths, thermal mechanisms are likely. However, non-thermal mechanisms based on resonant effects have also been postulated. We examined the effects of MMW stimulation in a simplified preparation comprising Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing canonical ion channels and transporters that underlie membrane excitability. Oocytes were injected with RNA encoding the Drosophila voltage-gated potassium channel Shaker, the rat voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.4 with its β1 subunit, a mixture of the α and β1 subunits of the squid sodium-potassium pump, or an “AP mix” of the Shaker and NaV1.4 channels enabling action potential (AP) generation. Electrophysiological responses to MMW were studied using two electrode voltage and current clamps. In this system, MMW (0 to 170 mW/cm2 at 60 GHz) applied directly to oocytes via a home-built waveguide setup produced local temperature increases of 0.5 to 5° C on a timescale of 1-10 seconds. MMW radiation altered Shaker activation kinetics and voltage dependence and NaV1.4 inactivation kinetics and voltage dependence. MMW also accelerated the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. In AP mix-injected oocytes, the AP firing rate under current clamp increased with the increasing power of applied MMW, and higher power led to truncated AP trains. The observed effects of MMW on ion channels and transporters are consistent with purely thermal effects. Likewise, changes in AP firing are predicted by thermal dependencies in the Hodgkin and Huxley model. Our results suggest that MMW stimulation produces significant thermally-mediated effects on excitable cells that must be taken into account in the study and use of this range of wavelengths in biology and medicine.
Three-dimensional organization of ribosomal DNA in interphase nuclei of Pisum sativum by in situ hybridization and optical tomography

The three-dimensional (3D) organization of rDNA-containing chromatin was studied in structurally well preserved, interphase nuclei ofPisum sativum root tips by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated cDNA probe to the 18, 5.8 and 25 S rDNA sequences. The probe was detected by immunofluorescence and optical section images recorded either by video imaging or by using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Detailed 3D reconstructions were made of 12 nucleoli by projection of confocal optical sections. The probe labelled four perinucleolar heterochromatin sites, one pair 1.0–2.1 µm in diameter and the other 0.5–1.0 µm diameter. It also labelled intranucleolar structures including 300–500 nm spots emanating from the perinucleolar sites into the body of the nucleolus. The intranucleolar labelled structures emanating from the perinucleolar sites lay in discrete domains. Medium power observations of 22 fields of cells (6–30 cells per field) were made by optical sectioning using a video camera and computer deblurring. The arrangement of the perinucleolar sites was modelled in each cell and the arrangements examined for nonrandomness. The sites tended to be spaced out around the nucleolar periphery approximating a regular tetrahedral arrangement as if to minimize clustering and the large sites appeared to lie in a plane perpendicular to the root axis. Cells with multiple nucleoli did not have any preferred distribution of sites between nucleoli. These observations are discussed in terms of current models of rDNA organization.
Tochastic models of multiple discovery

The main inference to be drawn from the mathematical and simulation models is that the conspicuous attributes of the multiples phenomenon can be precisely explicated through a stochastic mechanism. A necessary and sufficient connection between scientific events does not have to be postulated at all, nor do we even have to assume that some discoveries are necessary for other discoveries to occur. Of course, this does not conclusively prove that the current scientific Zeitgeist does not generate multiples, but solely that multiples cannot justifiably be taken as compelling evidence for the traditional interpretation. Multiples may be cited as another occasion, in league with serendipity [16] and creativity [13, 17, 18], where chance may intrude into the history of science.
Sertoli cell therapy: a novel possible treatment strategy for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

Abstract By the year 2020, depression will be the 2nd most common health problem in the world. Current medications to treat depression are effective in less than 50% of patients. There is the need for novel treatments for depression to address the high rates of resistance to current treatment and the chronic residual symptoms in many patients treated for depression. The heterogeneity of major depressive disorder suggests that multiple neurocircuits and neurochemicals are involved in its pathogenesis thus, finding an alternative to neurotransmitter agonist- or antagonist-based treatments offers an important new approach. Cellular therapy is an emerging treatment strategy for multiple diseases, including depression. Based upon their in vivo function as “nurse cells” within the testis and the documented viability, efficacy, and safety of Sertoli cells transplanted into multiple tissues, including brain, the potential for these cells to provide a neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and trophic environment for neurons should be considered. It is proposed that the combination of self-protective, immunoregulatory and trophic properties of Sertoli cells may confer a unique potential for depression treatment and avoid many of the risks and challenges associated with stem cell therapies. At the very least, studies of the effects of Sertoli cell transplantation will add substantially to our understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that underlie depression.
ADHD Knowledge, Misconceptions, and Treatment Acceptability

Objective: Despite the availability of several effective treatments, many children with ADHD do not receive adequate services. A variety of factors may influence help-seeking behavior among familie...
Inability of metabolizable oils to mimic corpus allatum hormone stimulation of ovarian development in mosquitoes.

THERE has been considerable experimental evidence that the juvenile hormone, secreted by the corpus allatum, is responsible for the maintenance of the larval condition in immature insects and the initiation of ovarian development in the adult1,2.
Disintegration Scheme of Fe 59

The radiations accompanying the disintegration of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{59}$ have been investigated using lens spectrometer and scintillation counter techniques. Three beta-ray spectra of end points 1560\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 kev (0.3 percent), 462\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev (53.9 percent), and 271\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev (45.8 percent) lead to the ground state, to 1098-kev and 1289-kev excited states of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$. The 1560-kev spectrum has a forbidden shape; the shapes of the other partial spectra are allowed. Gamma-rays of 191\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 kev (2.8 percent), 1098\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 kev (56.7 percent) and 1289\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 kev (43 percent) represent all the transitions possible between the three ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$-states. The conversion coefficients characterize the 191-kev and the 1098-kev transitions as magnetic dipoles, the 1289-kev transition as electric quadrupole.
Implementation of near-infrared spectroscopy in a rat model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation

Transient global cerebral ischemia accompanying cardiac arrest (CA) often leads to permanent brain damage with poor neurological outcome. The precise chain of events underlying the cerebral damage after CA is still not fully understood. Progress in this area may profit from the development of new non-invasive tools that provide real-time information on the vascular and cellular processes preceding the damage. One way to assess these processes is through near-IR spectroscopy, which has demonstrated the ability to quantify changes in blood volume, hemoglobin oxygenation, cytochrome oxidase redox state, and tissue water content. Here we report on the successful implementation of this form of spectroscopy in a rat model of asphyxial CA and resuscitation, under hypothermic and normothermic conditions. Preliminary results are shown that provide a new temporal insight into the cerebral circulation during CA and post-resuscitation.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative Description Or Characterization Of Three Image Receptors For Use In Extraoral Radiology

A study was performed to characterize the response of five different film screen combina-tions for potential application in cephalometric radiographic studies. These film screen combinations included Kodak T-Mat G, T-Mat L and XL-films in combination with Lanex Regular and Lanex Medium screens plus XL-film with a Par Speed screen. The response of the film screen combinations evaluated were characterized by the use of contrast detail response functions. These functions were determined with a minimum of six observers, trained and untrained, for each of the image receptor combinations evaluated. The images for evaluation in this study were generated using a low contrast "Rose Burger" phantom with optical densities from 0.5 to more than 1.0 for all of the film screen combinations evaluated. Also included are the relative dose-density data for the film screen combination images evaluated.
A Possible Response Bias in Locus of Control Research

Summary This study tested the hypothesis that women electing birth modes requiring high personal control over the birth process would score higher on internal locus of control than women electing birth modes requiring them to share control with medical professionals. The sample consisted of 45 women who birthed at home and 170 women who birthed in hospital situations (Caesarian, Traditional/Aware, and Natural). These women returned questionnaires containing background information, childbirth attitudes, a parenthood adjustment checklist, and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. No significant differences were found between groups on mean age, education, general, personal, or societal locus of control scores. However, women who retained the most personal control over birth mode were five times more likely than women from other birth modes to refuse to complete Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. This finding suggests the possibility that Rotter's I-E Scale may elicit response bias from certain Ss.
Electrochemical and enzymatic oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptophan

l-5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTPP) is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the central nervous system. Aberrant but unknown oxidized forms of 5-HTPP and 5-HT have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease. In order to provide some clues to the identities of the unknown oxidized forms of 5-HTPP in Alzheimer CSF, the electrochemically driven and enzyme-mediated (peroxidase +H2O2, ceruloplasmin + O2, tyrosinase + O2) oxidations of this indole have been studied. The key intermediate in these oxidation reactions, which appear to proceed by very similar chemical pathways, is proposed to be a C4-centered carbocation (2b) which reacts with available nucleophiles. Reaction of 2b with water ultimately leads to tryptophan-4,5-dione. Reaction of 2b with 5-HTPP (an ion-substrate dimerization) gives diastereomers of 5,5′-dihydroxy-4,4′-bi-tryptophan (A and B) and a further dimer (J) linked at the C4 position of one 5-HTPP residue and the C5-O position of the other. Carbocation 2b also attacks dimers A, B and J to give a family of trimeric compounds. Methods for the isolation of reaction products are described and spectral information supporting the proposed structures is given.
Unipolarity, Status Competition, and Great Power War

Most scholars hold that the consequences of unipolarity for great power conflict are indeterminate and that a power shift resulting in a return to bipolarity or multipolarity will not raise the specter of great power war. This article calls into question the core assumptions underlying the consensus: (1) that people are mainly motivated by the instrumental pursuit of tangible ends such as physical security and material prosperity and (2) that major powers’ satisfaction with the status quo is relatively independent of the distribution of capabilities. In fact, it is known that people are motivated powerfully by a noninstrumental concern for relative status, and there is strong empirical evidence linking the salience of those concerns to distributions of resources. If the status of states depends in some measure on their relative capabilities and if states derive utility from status, then different distributions of capabilities may affect levels of satisfaction, just as different income distributions may affect levels of status competition in domestic settings. Building on research in psychology and sociology, the author argues that even capabilities distributions among major powers foster ambiguous status hierarchies, which generate more dissatisfaction and clashes over the status quo. And the more stratified the distribution of capabilities, the less likely such status competition is. Unipolarity thus augurs for great power peace, and a shift back to bipolarity or multipolarity raises the probability of war even among great powers with little material cause to fight.
The effects of chronic oral diltiazem and cimetidine dosing on the pharmacokinetics and negative dromotropic action of intravenous and oral diltiazem in the dog

The kinetics and negative dromotropic action of intravenous (1 mg kg-1) and oral (5 mg kg-1) diltiazem were studied in dogs after acute doses, after treatment for 3 days with oral diltiazem (5 mg kg-1, t.i.d.), and after 3 days' treatment with oral diltiazem (5 mg kg-1 t.i.d.) and cimetidine (200 mg t.i.d.). Plasma concentrations of diltiazem and two of its metabolites, desacetyldiltiazem and desmethyldiltiazem were measured by HPLC. Chronic oral dosing significantly lowered both the systemic and oral clearance of diltiazem, with no changes in either the volume of distribution or blood binding of diltiazem. Cimetidine treatment resulted in a significant reduction in diltiazem oral clearance from chronic control with no effect on its systemic clearance. The AUCs of both metabolites increased by greater than threefold from acute to chronic oral dosing; however, the ratio of each metabolite's AUC to that of diltiazem AUC was not significantly altered. Cimetidine treatment significantly lowered these ratios. The negative dromotropic potency of diltiazem after the acute oral dose was three times greater than that after intravenous or chronic control dosing. Cimetidine treatment resulted in further lowering chronic oral diltiazem potency. These data indicate that the disposition and negative dromotropic action of diltiazem is dependent both on the route of administration and the duration of treatment, and can be altered by co-administration with cimetidine.
What do Malaria, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Ulcerative Colitis have in Common?

Chloroquine for Mild to Moderately Active Ulcerative Colitis: Comparison with Sulfasalazine. Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Tandia B, Mehta SK. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:917-21.
Molecular orbital study of an environmentally enhanced crack growth process in silica

We have used molecular orbital calculations to investigate effects of environmental substances and strain on fracture of the Si─O bond in an H6Si2O7 molecule. We believe that the tendencies observed simulate crack growth in silica in the vicinity of a crack tip. This study is focused on the initial Stage of environmental enhancement, in which a molecule of a substance from the environment approaches a reaction site in silica. Five environmental substances—ammonia, water, formamide, nitrogen, and argon—were considered. The total energy of each H6Si2O7–environmental molecule system was calculated with H6Si2O7 in each of two strain conditions and with the environmental molecule at two different distances from the bridging O in H6Si2O7. This provides estimates of the average force required to move an environmental molecule toward the reaction site in silica. The energy difference due to environmental molecule position is relatively small for ammonia and water, and is relatively large for nitrogen and argon. Experimentally, ammonia and water have shown the greatest tendency to enhance crack growth in silica, whereas nitrogen has shown virtually no such tendency. The tendency for a substance to enhance crack growth therefore appears to be at least partly an inverse function of the energy required to move a molecule of that substance toward the reaction site on the silica surface. Electron population analyses indicate that oxygen atoms adjacent to the reaction site engage in antibonding interactions with certain environmental-molecule atoms. These interactions are much smaller in magnitude when H6Si2O7 is strained than when it is unstrained. It therefore appears possible that in a crack in silica, where an environmental molecule would experience restricted mobility, strain reduces steric hindrances to the approach of environmental molecules to the reaction site. Straining H6Si2O7 also increases the magnitudes of the charges on Si and O at the reaction site, probably leading to increased electrostatic attractions of environmental molecules and H6Si2O7.
The disappearance of plague: a continuing puzzle.

T THE most feared disease in early modern England was plague. Before its disappearance from England in i666,2 plague had for centuries been a dreaded visitor to the larger towns and cities of the kingdom. When an epidemic broke out in a city like London, the entire tenor of life changed. Many of the better-off inhabitants fled to the country to escape infection; commerce and industry stagnated; the usually teeming streets were empty. During the great London epidemic of i665, Samuel Pepys lamented, "Lord, what a sad time it is, to see no boats upon the River-and grass grow all up and down Whitehall-court-and nobody but poor wretches in the streets."3 As if to celebrate the relentless advance of death, the bells of the parish churches rang out at each death and each burial. To contemporaries, it seemed that God was venting his wrath on a sinful mankind. In London and other great urban concentrations of Europe, the loss of life from plague was terrible. According to the Bills of Mortality, 70,594 persons died of plague in London during the epidemic of I 665-6. The actual figure was higher, because many plague deaths were mistakenly attributed to other diseases, and it has been estimated that this one epidemic claimed 8o,ooo victims, out of a total
Using Isotopic Measures of Connectivity and Ecosystem Capacity to Compare Restoring and Natural Marshes in the Skokomish River Estuary, WA, USA

Estuarine detritus-based food webs typically rely on diverse sources and timing of organic matter (OM) delivery. Access to detritus requires adequate hydraulic connectivity for consumer migration into productive locations and the transfer of allochthonous detritus into consumer habitats. These processes are particularly important to the patterns and rates of community development in restoring estuarine marshes where OM sources and connectivity might vary as a function of landscape setting. This study quantifies trophic dynamics in restoring and natural marsh ecosystems in the Skokomish estuary, Washington, USA, using Pacific blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus), stable isotopes, and a Bayesian multiple source mixing model to estimate available suspended food resources. The restoring marshes represent different ages since restoration implementation—14 and 3 years—as well as different restoration approaches—a levee breach and a full levee removal. Sestonic OM was less available and of lower quality in the two restoring marshes than in the natural marsh site. Mussel diets tracked seasonal trends in OM availability: Phytoplankton consumption was highest in spring, marsh detritus consumption was highest in winter (but consistently comprised at least 30 % of OM assimilated by mussels), and macroalgae consumption was highest in September. Trophic equivalency with mussels inhabiting the natural marsh appears to be restoring more rapidly in the younger restoration site, perhaps because increased hydrologic connectivity achieved through full levee removal promotes greater OM exchange compared to the single levee breach restoration approach. We conclude that increasing ecosystem capacity for detritus production by restoring emergent marsh ecosystems can bolster support for detritus-based food webs and suggest that restoration actions enhancing connectivity may achieve functional equivalency more rapidly than restoration projects exhibiting limited connectivity to the surrounding landscape.
Formation of Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with Two Types of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Modes

Over the northern Indian Ocean (NIO), a substantial number (@ 60%) of tropical cyclones (TCs) form in association with significant intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) events (i.e., Nargis [2008]). In this paper the relationship between TC genesis and ISO in the NIO was studied using 30-year (1997–2008) observations. Because NIO TCs mainly occur in transitional seasons when climatological environmental forcing favors TC genesis, two types of ISO modes, boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) and Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), which represents boreal winter ISO, were objectively and quantitatively defined, and their connection with TC genesis was examined. It was found that over 70% of ISO-related genesis is associated with the northward propagating
Perceived effects of concealed handgun ownership by private citizens among law enforcement officers in Texas

On January 1, 1996, a new law took effect in Texas granting certain state citizens the privilege to carry a concealed handgun on their person for the first time since 1871. As a result of this dramatic shift in state law, Texas is now among the growing number of states across the nation who have adopted similar statutory provisions in one form or another. While at least one empiricals study of citizen’s attitudes toward concealed handgun ownership was conducted prior to the law’s effective date, no similar efforts were undertakens to assess the beliefs, perceptions and attitudes of the state’s law enforcement officers about this important social policy. The present study was therefore undertaken in response to the lack of serious attention which the issue of concealed handgun ownership among private citizens has received as it directly relates to the law enforcement profession. Subjects for this study (N=327) were drawn from four Texas law enforcement agencies representing various organizational sizes and missions. While the responses of officers who participated in the study indicate optimism about the law’s potential to deter various types of crime, they also reflect a certain degree of concerns about concealed handgun ownership among private citizens especially as this policy directly relates to perceive inadequacies in statemandated requirements and issues affecting officer safety.
Evaluating the HSP90 Inhibitor Ganetespib as a Radiosensitizing Agent in Breast Cancer Models In Vitro

• Experiments were conducted using the inflammatory breast cancer cell line SUM-149, and the triple negative cell line MDA-MB-231. The BT-474 (ER/PR positive, HER2 positive) and MCF-7 (ER/PR positive, HER2 negative) cell lines underwent XTT testing. • XTT Assays: • Cells were plated in 96 well plates, exposed to ganetespib in concentrations ranging from 50-250 nM for 24 hrs. Media was changed and cells were incubated for 72 hrs. XTT assays were then performed. • Clonogenic Assays: • Cells were plated on 6-well plates, ganetespib was added to the media at 10 or 50 nM and allowed to incubate 20 hours. Cells were then irradiated and incubated for 4 more hours. Media was changed, and 14 days later, plates were fixed, stained, and colonies counted. • Cell Cycle Analysis: • Cells were plated in flasks and treated with media or media + ganetespib at a concentration of 150 nM. The cells were incubated for 24 hours. They were then harvested, fixed in 70% ice cold ethanol, washed in 1xPBS, and re-suspended in 1 mL of PI solution containing DNAse-free RNAse. The cells were analyzed with a Beckman Coulter Flow Cytometer. • Western Blots: • Cells were treated with 100 nM ganetespib for 24 hours, harvested, then analyzed for expression of several marker proteins (HSP90, HSP70, AKT, p-AKT, pRb) Conclusions
Renal injury in angiotensin II+L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats is independent of elevated blood pressure.

The balance between angiotensin II (ANG II) and nitric oxide plays an important role in renal function and is thought to contribute to the progression of renal injury in experimental hypertension. ...
The Allosteric Binding Sites of Sulfotransferase 1A1

Human sulfotransferases (SULTs) comprise a small, 13-member enzyme family that regulates the activities of thousands of compounds—endogenous metabolites, drugs, and other xenobiotics. SULTs transfer the sulfuryl-moiety (–SO3) from a nucleotide donor, PAPS (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate), to the hydroxyls and primary amines of acceptors. SULT1A1, a progenitor of the family, has evolved to sulfonate compounds that are remarkably structurally diverse. SULT1A1, which is found in many tissues, is the predominant SULT in liver, where it is a major component of phase II metabolism. Early work demonstrated that catechins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit SULT1A1 and suggested that the inhibition was not competitive versus substrates. Here, the mechanism of inhibition of a single, high affinity representative from each class [epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and mefenamic acid] is determined using initial-rate and equilibrium-binding studies. The findings reveal that the inhibitors bind at sites separate from those of substrates, and at saturation turnover of the enzyme is reduced to a nonzero value. Further, the EGCG inhibition patterns suggest a molecular explanation for its isozyme specificity. Remarkably, the inhibitors bind at sites that are separate from one another, and binding at one site does not affect affinity at the other. For the first time, it is clear that SULT1A1 is allosterically regulated, and that it contains at least two, functionally distinct allosteric sites, each of which responds to a different class of compounds.
GaAs optical parametric oscillator with circularly polarized and depolarized pump

We demonstrate an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on GaAs pumped with linearly polarized and circularly polarized light and show that the relative OPO thresholds agree with theoretical expectations. For the circularly polarized pump, the threshold was as low as for the [111]-linearly polarized pump case. The pump was also passed through a Lyot depolarizer to produce pseudo-depolarized light, and the OPO threshold in this case was only 22% higher than that for [001]-linearly polarized pump.
A Framework for Automated Web Business Intelligence Systems

This paper proposes a contemporary architecture to guide the development of Automated Web Business Intelligence (AWBI) systems. AWBI systems are outcome-oriented software applications that utilize automated processes in order to extract actionable organizational knowledge by leveraging the content of the web. The goal of an organization in implementing an AWBI system is to gain competitive advantage by utilizing information garnered from web sources to inform corporate decision making. Although more and more organizations are using AWBI systems to gain competitive advantage, the fact remains that most companies have not yet introduced an AWBI initiative as part of their overall decision support strategy. To that end, a solid framework by which organizations can implement AWBI systems is both timely and desirable. This paper presents such a framework, and in so doing outlines a feasible approach by which organizations can adopt AWBI systems in support of their strategic decision making processes.
Teaching about how doctors think: a longitudinal curriculum in cognitive bias and diagnostic error for residents

Background Trends in medical education have reflected the patient safety movement9s initial focus on systems. While the role of cognitive-based diagnostic errors has been increasingly recognised among safety experts, literature describing strategies to teach about this important problem is scarce. Methods 48 PGY-2 internal medicine residents participated in a three-part, 1-year curriculum in cognitive bias and diagnostic error. Residents completed a multiple-choice test designed to assess the recognition and knowledge of common heuristics and biases both before and after the curriculum. Results were compared with PGY-3 residents who did not receive the curriculum. An additional assessment in which residents reviewed video vignettes of clinical scenarios with cognitive bias and debiasing techniques was embedded into the curriculum. Results 38 residents completed all three parts of the curriculum and completed all assessments. Performance on the 13-item multiple-choice knowledge test improved post-curriculum when compared to both pre-curriculum performance (9.26 vs 8.26, p=0.002) and the PGY-3 comparator group (9.26 vs 7.69, p Conclusions A longitudinal curriculum in diagnostic error and cognitive bias improved internal medicine residents’ knowledge and recognition of cognitive biases as measured by a novel assessment tool. Further study is needed to refine learner assessment tools and examine optimal strategies to teach clinical reasoning and cognitive bias avoidance strategies.
Symptom Burden of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Across the Disease Course: Diabetes & Aging Study

BACKGROUND Reducing symptom burden is paramount at the end-of-life, but typically considered secondary to risk factor control in chronic disease, such as diabetes. Little is known about the symptom burden experienced by adults with type 2 diabetes and the need for symptom palliation.
Can endopolyploidy explain body size variation within and between castes in ants

Endoreduplication is the process by which the nuclear genome is repeatedly replicated without mitotic cell division, resulting in nuclei that contain numerous additional genome copies. Endoreduplication occurs widely throughout Eucarya and is particularly common in angiosperms and insects. Although endoreduplication is an important process in the terminal differentiation of some specialized cell types, and often increases cell size and metabolism, the direct effects of increasing nuclear ploidy on cell function are not well resolved. Here, we examine if endoreduplication may play a role in body size and/or caste differentiation in ants. Nuclear ploidy was measured by flow cytometry of whole individuals (providing the basis for overall body size patterns) and individual body segments for multiple polymorphic ant species. We used cell cycle values, interpreted as the mean number of endocycles performed by each cell in the sample, as our measure of overall endoreduplication. Among females of four polymorphic ant species, endoreduplication was positively related with size within the worker caste, but was not related to caste generally in two species where we also examined queens. Additionally, abdomens had the greatest endoreduplication of all body parts regardless of caste or size. We also found that males, having derived from haploid unfertilized eggs, had the highest rates of endoreduplication and may compensate for their haploid origin by performing an additional endocycle relative to females. These results suggest that endoreduplication may play a role in body size variation in eusocial insects and the development of some segment-specific tissues.
Enhanced name and vote separated E‐voting system: an E‐voting system that ensures voter confidentiality and candidate privacy

In this paper, we propose an improved electronic voting (E-voting) system based on our previous work Name and vOte separaTed E-voting system. The proposed E-voting system, referred to as Enhanced Name and vOte separaTed E-voting system, is improved with a new protocol design and a watchdog hardware device added to ensure voter confidentiality and voting accuracy. In our improved scheme, rather than Election Committee and Vote Counting Committee, an impartial third party, Ballot Distribution Center, is proposed to take the responsibility of distributing ballots. The votes and the candidates' names are separated into two parts while voters cast their votes. The watchdog device records all voting transactions during the election to prevent voting disputes and other malicious behaviors from voter frauds. Our proposed procedure addresses issues related to voter confidentiality and candidate privacy, voting frauds and voting accuracy, and will thus help to create a fair election. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A university Website design project: the design process, the prototype and some design issues

WebFeat was a World Wide Web site design project undertaken on behalf of five departments and an administrative office of the University of Washington's College of Engineering. The role of the WebFeat core team was to provide design and technical guidance for the six teams working directly with these units. The core team created a prototype from which the unit teams designed their individual sites. Later the core team helped implement the unit sites. As part of the design effort, the core team examined numerous university Web sites and thought through a variety of design issues. Three are discussed in this paper: (1) indicating the identity of individual units within the hierarchical structure of the institution; (2) maintaining visual consistency throughout the site, and (3) harmonizing the messages conveyed by the university's home page and the home pages of the university's colleges and departments.
Vertical community structure and resource utilization in neotropical forest cockroaches.

. 1 Patterns of vertical habitat use of ten species of cockroaches are examined. Three assemblages of cockroaches are recognized on the basis of morphology, foraging behaviour, foraging heights, and overlaps and breadths of vertical distributions. 2 Three apterous and brachypterous species occur near the ground and comprise one assemblage. They feed mainly on material in the leaf-litter. 3 Species that perch higher either migrate into the leaf-litter on a diel basis and feed on both leaf-litter and epiphyllic materials, or some are strictly arboreal and forage on algae, liverworts, lichens, spores, pollen and trichomes on the surfaces of leaves. 4 Trophic and behavioural correlations with perch height are described and the functions of perching are examined. 5 We conclude that studies of interactions among species are confounded by our lack of understanding of stage- and sex-specific interactions of coexisting species. A simplistic ‘species’approach to such interactions is inadequate because it does not recognize intraspecific variation.
The Evidence of Things Unseen: Authenticity and Fraud in the Christian Mommy Blogosphere

This article analyzes allegations of fraud and deception in two popular evangelical Christian “mommy blogs” in order to demonstrate how the rhetoric of authenticity in social media plays a central role in the formation of online communities. I argue that a personal religious blogger together with her readers constitutes an ongoing public conversation and community, one that is held together by a kind of belief or trust in the truthful representation of the blogger and her story. When a blog claims to be a story about the power of faith, hope, and miracles, it can be read and understood by its devoted readers as “evidence of things unseen,” that is, as a representation of the evidence of authentic religious faith and practice shared by the community. On the other hand, if credibility is doubted, the blog may become the focus of allegations of deception, leading to the creation of new forms of online community. These cases highlight the importance of attending to claims of credibility and authenticity as constitutive of religious practice and community formation in social media and in the academic study of religion more broadly.
Ultrasonic measurement of mechanical properties

The current status of one of the "holy grails" of nondestructive testing, the measurement of mechanical properties such as the strength, forming parameters or fracture toughness of metal polycrystals, is assessed. Starting from the perspective of materials science, the microstructural features which control various mechanical properties is reviewed, followed by a discussion, from the perspective of elastodynamics, of the degree to which these microstructural features can be sensed by ultrasonic measurements. Given this background, the possibility of achieving the "holy grail" is discussed. When the mechanical property is controlled by a single microstructural feature, the quest can be fruitful, as is illustrated by several examples. However, more generally, there will not be a one-to-one relationship between the microstructural features sensed by ultrasound and those controlling the mechanical properties, and empirical correlations which are restricted to particular situations must be utilized. It is suggested that this empiricism will be most effectively reduced if future effort is concentrated on understanding the relationships between the ultrasonic measurements and microstructural features and on developing new measurement modalities which provide complementary information.
Video stabilization as a variational problem and numerical solution with the Viterbi method

This paper presents a new method for video stabilization based on a variational formulation that produces optimally stable sequences independently of the input motion but within the hard constraints imposed by finite sensor size to the maximum allowed compensatory transformation. A practical and fast numerical solution using the Viterbi algorithm is also proposed. The results show the efficacy of the method compared to a class of previous approaches.
Partial Lateral Patellar Facetectomy for Treatment of Arthritis Due to Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the intermediate-term results of a retrospective clinical trial designed to establish the value of lateral retinaculum release of the patella in conjunction with partial lateral patella facetectomy in patients with stage III or stage IV patellofemoral arthritis. Methods: Between October 1992 and January 2005, all patients undergoing arthroscopy, lateral patellar retinaculum release, and lateral patella facetectomy were evaluated. In total, 66 knees in 63 patients (89%) were available for evaluation at a mean of 60 months after the index surgery. Evaluations consisted of preoperative and postoperative questionnaires, physical examinations, and radiographs. The main outcome measure was the Kujala patellofemoral score. Results: For those patients not undergoing total knee arthroplasty before evaluation, the mean Kujala score was 45.6 preoperatively and 72.0 postoperatively ( P Conclusions: Lateral patella retinaculum release and partial lateral patella facetectomy for end-stage patellofemoral disease provides up to 5 years of symptomatic relief in over 80% of carefully selected patients who do not have significant arthritis (grade IV) in the medial or lateral knee compartments. Significant lateral facet patellofemoral arthritis (grade IV) even in association with medial facet and femoral sulcus involvement is not a contraindication to this surgical approach. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Crystal structures of the pilus retraction motor PilT suggest large domain movements and subunit cooperation drive motility.

Summary PilT is a hexameric ATPase required for bacterial type IV pilus retraction and surface motility. Crystal structures of ADP- and ATP-bound Aquifex aeolicus PilT at 2.8 and 3.2 A resolution show N-terminal PAS-like and C-terminal RecA-like ATPase domains followed by a set of short C-terminal helices. The hexamer is formed by extensive polar subunit interactions between the ATPase core of one monomer and the N-terminal domain of the next. An additional structure captures a nonsymmetric PilT hexamer in which approach of invariant arginines from two subunits to the bound nucleotide forms an enzymatically competent active site. A panel of pilT mutations highlights the importance of the arginines, the PAS-like domain, the polar subunit interface, and the C-terminal helices for retraction. We present a model for ATP binding leading to dramatic PilT domain motions, engagement of the arginine wire, and subunit communication in this hexameric motor. Our conclusions apply to the entire type II/IV secretion ATPase family.
Interobserver Variance in Clinical Scoring for Cystic Fibrosis

Multicenter clinical research would benefit from a simple, reliable scoring system for comparison of the clinical status of patients at different centers. In this study, five physicians performed simultaneous, independent scoring of 41 individuals with cystic fibrosis using the Doershuk modification of the Shwachman-Kulczycld scoring system for history, physical examination, and nutrition, and the Birmingham scoring system for chest roentgenograms. These were added together to obtain a clinical score. Interobserver variance of the scores was calculated. Mean individual observer variance from the consensus mean was 1.6-2.9 score points of a possible 25 for each category, 4.5-6.0 of a possible 100 for the total score. Coefficient of variance about the mean was approximately 10 percent for the individual categories, 6.7 percent for the total score. We concluded that the interobserver variance of this scoring system is within acceptable limit for most clinical studies. The total consensus score correlated with the NIH clinical score, chest roentgenogram score alone, and predicted values for forced vital capacity and FEV 1 with a high degree of confidence.