cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Different words, different worlds: Language use, power, and authorized language in a bilingual classroom

Abstract This article illustrates the role played by teachers of language minority students1 in mediating the apparent conflict between the language of the school and that of the students. The goal is not to argue for or against bilingual education but to demonstrate that bilingual programs require pedagogically sound, socially responsive, and culturally relevant approaches, in addition to personnel fluent in the students' native language. To frame the discussion, three different but complementary theoretical perspectives are reviewed: Bourdieu's conceptualization of language and power; the literature on home-school discontinuities; and an overview of sociolinguistic and ethnographic perspectives. Selected examples of teachers and students' interactions in a first grade English-Spanish bilingual classroom are presented and analyzed to illustrate how certain social and discursive practices provide or deny access to learning.
Parametric excitation of multimode dissipative systems.

A general approach to the study of parametric excitation of multimode dissipative systems is proposed. It is based on the derivation of normal form equations and on the reduction of these equations to flow of lower dimensionality. General results for single- and double-mode systems are presented. The implications for the system of parametrically excited surface waves are discussed; it is predicted that the onset of waves can be either smooth or hysteretic depending on the excitation frequency, and an explanation is given for the experimentally observed mode-suppression effect, occurring in double-mode systems.
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration

Individuals reentering the community following incarceration are at high risk for experiencing mental health and substance use problems. This longitudinal study explores patterns and barriers for engaging treatment services during early reentry. Seventy-five men and 62 women in jail, prison, or community based correctional facilities (CBCFs) participated in pre- and post-release interviews. Findings indicate that services were engaged at a lower-than-needed rate and barriers were greater for individuals leaving jails compared to prison or CBCF. Exploratory factor analysis of the barriers instrument is presented. Implications for extending service access to this population are discussed, as are future directions for research.
Inhibitory Effects of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Aflatoxin B1 Biotransformation

Effects of naturally occurring compounds from plants on biotransformation of a mycotoxin, aflatoxin B(1), were evaluated. Among 77 naturally occurring compounds tested, anthraquinones, coumarins, and flavone-type flavonoids were shown to be potent inhibitors of aflatoxin B(1)-8,9-epoxide formation. Addition of the flavonoids galangin, rhamnetin, and flavone strongly inhibited mouse liver microsomal conversion of aflatoxin B(1) to aflatoxin B(1)-8,9-epoxide, a metabolically activated mutagenic product. In contrast to these results, addition of isoflavonoids, catechins, terpenes, alkaloids, and quinones to mouse liver microsomes did not inhibit formation of aflatoxin B(1)-8,9-epoxide. Formation of the aflatoxin B(1) reductase product, aflatoxicol, by chicken liver cytosols was strongly inhibited by curcumin, the diferuloylmethane present in turmeric and other Curcuma species. Curcumin analogues also showed inhibitory effects, and a structure-activity study established that beta-diketone groups linked with two benzyl moieties were essential for inhibition of aflatoxicol formation. An additional 37 naturally occurring compounds tested did not inhibit formation of aflatoxicol. These results demonstrate that dietary constituents in certain fruits, vegetables, and spices may have significant inhibitory effects on metabolic transformation of aflatoxins to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic derivatives or, alternatively, may promote their transformation into nontoxic products.
Implications of new technologies and shifting priorities on the understanding of genetic injury.

Some areas of radiation genetics still contain gaps of knowledge, as these studies lost priority when the emphasis in experimental mutagenesis shifted toward the effect of chemical mutagens. This shifted emphasis, however, was accompanied by the development of a better understanding of genetic injury at the molecular level. At the opposite end of the spectrum, more attention was paid to estimates of the direct health costs of the genetic burden in humans and the capacity to make prenatal diagnoses, and to consider reasonable clinical and biochemical intervention. Although, as yet, there are no completely reliable direct methods to estimate the radiation-induced mutation rate in humans, we have come to rely upon data from experimental animals to predict event frequency and extrapolate from these data to predict human health consequences. What will the future offer. Certainly, we should develop a better understanding of molecular genetic damage and, possibly, a better extrapolation model for predicting mutation rate, but many aspects of expected health consequences may remain elusive. We still may have to rely upon (1) an inadequate human population genetic baseline, (2) sometimes arguable perceptions of man-mouse extrapolation models, (3) changing perceptions of gene-environment interactions, and (4) changing levels of short-term selectionmore » pressure against detrimental mutations.« less
Artificial receptors involved in enolization and pKa shifts

Abstract Abiotic receptors used to enolize carbonyl compounds or to shift substrate pKa values are reviewed. These systems exhibit disparate frameworks and several approaches to binding and anion stabilization. Detailed emphasis is placed on a bicyclic cyclophane that induces pKa shifts in active methylene compounds through NH–π hydrogen bonding with the resultant enolates.
Modeling Displacement Properties of Immiscible Fluids in Porous Media

Fluid transport through porous structures is a subject of active research, both theoretically and experimentally. In this article, the authors provide a modified model of flow that gives a detailed description of fluid penetration through hydrophobic, nonwoven networks. The porous medium was modeled as parallel cylindrical capillaries in two different ways: one with uniform diameters across the capillary length, referred to as the "capillary model", and a modified version with sections of different diameters across the capillary length, called the "ink-bottle model". To validate the numerical results, an experimental methodology was also developed. The methodology made use of a pressure/flow cell in which the sample was mounted. The flow rates were measured during sequences of increasing and decreasing pressures applied to the displacing nonwetting fluid (aqueous solution). The ink-bottle model reproduced all the wetting patterns that were observed in the experiments, while the capillary model was able to capture only the patterns observed during the initial contact of the fabric with the solution.
Binding of the N interstitial with neutral MgH in p -type GaN investigated with density functional theory

Density-functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation were utilized to investigate the interaction of N interstitials with neutral MgH centers in $p$-type GaN. Formation energies and the corresponding local-energy minimum configurations of the defect complex are reported along with the energy to dissociate the complex into isolated MgH and a N interstitial. The conclusion is that N interstitials will bind with MgH centers in $p$-type GaN(Mg,H), with binding energies of 0.71, 0.44, and $0.29\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ in the $+3$, $+2$, and $+1$ charge states, respectively. Hydrogen local-mode vibrational frequencies for the bound complex were estimated and compared to previous results for isolated MgH. The binding of a N interstitial to MgH perturbs the H stretch-mode frequency by $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These results are discussed in the context of recent experiments at Sandia National Laboratories, which suggest that N interstitials, created by proton irradiation, become mobile during subsequent annealing and bind with MgH centers in $p$-type GaN(Mg,H).
Influence of Coulomb correlations on the location of drip line, single particle spectra and effective mass

A new systematic shift of the single-particle spectra of nuclei under the Coulomb interaction is considered. This shift results from the interplay between the Coulomb interaction and strong interaction, being greatly enhanced by the presence of the nuclear surface. This shift affects the position of the calculated proton drip line decreasing the maximal Z of a nucleus near the drip line by several units. The same mechanism is responsible for significant corrections to the mass difference of the mirror nuclei and to the effective proton mass.
Day-night periodicity in pentobarbital response of mice and the influence of socio-psychological conditions.

L'etude de la reaction de la souris a des doses anesthesiques de pentobarbital montre une periodicite nycthemerale. La reaction est forte pendant le jour, faible pendant la nuit. Chez les souris soumises a des conditions qui empechent l'hypothermie ordinaire de se produire pendant l'anesthesie, l'amplitude de periodicite diminue. La periodicite disparait le plus souvent lorsqu'on eclaire les souris sans interruption. L'amplitude de la periodicite diminue lorsque les souris sont parquees individuellement plutot qu'en groupes. Les mecanismes physiologiques repondant a ces observations sont suggeres.
Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. A 28-year experience.

Objective The aims of this study were to review the experience with adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and to determine what factors influenced the long-term outcome in these patients. Background Data Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is the second most common periampullary malignancy. However, most series have relatively small numbers. As a result, analysis of factors influencing outcome has been limited. Methods From 1969 to 1996, 120 patients with adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater were managed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Clinical, operative, and pathologic factors were correlated with morbidity and long-term survival. Factors influencing outcome were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Resection was performed in 106 patients (88%), and 105 of these patients (99%) underwent either pancreatoduodenal resection (n = 103) or total pancreatectomy (n = 2). Resection rate increased from 62% in the 1970s to 82% in the 1980s to 96% in the 1990s (p < 0.05). Overall mortality after resection was 3.8% with no mortality in the 45 consecutive patients resected in the past 5 years. Morbidity also decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 70% before to 38% after December 1992. Five-year survival for resected patients was 38%. Factors favorably influencing long-term outcome were resection (p < < 0.001), no perioperative blood transfusions (p < 0.05), negative lymph node status (p = 0.05), and moderate or well-differentiated tumors (p < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, the best predictor of prolonged survival was absence of intraoperative transfusion (p = 0.06, relative risk = 1.90, 95% confidence limits = 0.95-3.78). Conclusions Compared to carcinoma of the pancreas, carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater has a higher resectability rate and a better prognosis. Early diagnosis is important because lymph node status influences survival. Careful operative dissection and avoidance of transfusions also improves long-term survival.
Bertram, the Third Earl of Southampton, and Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well: A Speculative Psychosexual Biography

Abstract The resemblance between certain character traits and details of the life of Henry Wriothesley, the Third Earl of Southampton, and aspects of Shakespeare's portrayal of Bertram in All's Well That Ends Well is more intriguing than commentators noting this resemblance have shown. By darkening Bertram's traits in comparison to those of his counterpart, Beltramo, in the play's source in a tale in Boccaccio's Decameron, Shakespeare darkened the similar character of Southampton. Certain passages in Shakespeare's Sonnets and in plays such as King Lear, Macbeth, and The Winter's Tale illuminate this hypothesized negative perspective on the Earl. Tracing these references constructs a speculative psychosexual biography of Shakespeare, in which Southampton plays a role that complicates interpretation not only of Bertram's character but also of the notorious bed trick of All's Well with its implications of spiritual — if not literal — adultery. The unique representation of the bed trick in this dark comedy ma...
Cloning and characterization of Hepp, a novel gene expressed preferentially in hematopoietic progenitors and mature blood cells.

Abstract ABSTRACT Through differential screening of mouse hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and progenitor-subtracted cDNA libraries we have identified a progenitor cell-specific transcript that represents a novel gene, named Hepp ( he matopoietic p rogenitor p rotein). The mouse Hepp gene encodes a protein of 237 amino acids with no detectable known functional domains or motifs. Lack of invertebrate orthologs and a high degree of evolutionary conservation of the peptide sequence in vertebrate species (zebrafish, mouse, human) suggest that the Hepp gene could have conserved although as yet unknown function in vertebrates. Mouse Hepp shows a restricted expression pattern in adult tissues and is transcribed at a very low level in heart, lung, spleen, and thymus and at a higher level in muscle. During embryonic hematopoiesis Hepp is not expressed in mouse fetal liver HSC (Sca-1+c-kit+AA4.1+Lin− cells), but is abundantly transcribed in the population of hematopoietic progenitors (AA4.1− cells). Similarly, during adult hematopoiesis Hepp is not transcribed in the highly enriched population of bone marrow HSC (Rh-123lowSca-1+c-kit+Lin− cells), but its expression is upregulated as a greater heterogeneous population of bone marrow HSC (Lin−Sca-1+ cells) differentiates into progenitors (Lin−Sca-1− cells) and more mature lymphoid and myeloid cell types. A restricted pattern of expression in adult tissues and preferential expression in both fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors and mature blood cells suggest that Hepp could be involved in molecular regulation of HSC and progenitor cell lineage commitment and differentiation.
Role of Histone H1 as an Architectural Determinant of Chromatin Structure and as a Specific Repressor of Transcription on Xenopus Oocyte 5S rRNA Genes

We explore the role of histone H1 as a DNA sequence-dependent architectural determinant of chromatin structure and of transcriptional activity in chromatin. The Xenopus laevis oocyte- and somatic-type 5S rRNA genes are differentially transcribed in embryonic chromosomes in vivo depending on the incorporation of somatic histone H1 into chromatin. We establish that this effect can be reconstructed at the level of a single nucleosome. H1 selectively represses oocyte-type 5S rRNA genes by directing the stable positioning of a nucleosome such that transcription factors cannot bind to the gene. This effect does not occur on the somatic-type genes. Histone H1 binds to the 5' end of the nucleosome core on the somatic 5S rRNA gene, leaving key regulatory elements in the promoter accessible, while histone H1 binds to the 3' end of the nucleosome core on the oocyte 5S rRNA genes, specifically blocking access to a key promoter element (the C box). TFIIIA can bind to the somatic 5S rRNA gene assembled into a nucleosome in the presence of H1. Because H1 binds with equivalent affinities to nucleosomes containing either gene, we establish that it is the sequence-selective assembly of a specific repressive chromatin structure on the oocyte 5S rRNA genes that accounts for differential transcriptional repression. Thus, general components of chromatin can determine the assembly of specific regulatory nucleoprotein complexes.
A novel knowledge module to integrate threshold logic and post-CMOS technology into undergraduate logic design classroom

This work is an effort to introduce advanced logic, their applications and some of their post-CMOS technological implementations in “core” conventional logic design classroom. In this short one-lecture knowledge module, we aimed at threshold logic and its most popular application, the neural computing. Majority, a special type of threshold function was also discussed and one of its post-CMOS implementation was shown. A post-CMOS memory called Spin Transfer Torque-Magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM) was also introduced. The purpose of the module was to encourage research among students and to motivate them towards electives in advanced logic and post-CMOS nanotechnologies. Students' feedback were collected through a pre and a post-module survey. The feedback suggest that all the participants were satisfied with the module and the module was successful in fulfilling its objectives.
Diacylglycerol promotes centrosome polarization in T cells via reciprocal localization of dynein and myosin II

Centrosome reorientation to the immunological synapse maintains the specificity of T-cell effector function by facilitating the directional release of cytokines and cytolytic factors toward the antigen-presenting cell. This polarization response is driven by the localized accumulation of diacylglycerol, which recruits multiple protein kinase (PK)C isozymes to the synaptic membrane. Here, we used T-cell receptor (TCR) photoactivation and imaging methodology to demonstrate that PKCs control centrosome dynamics through the reciprocal localization of two motor complexes, dynein and nonmuscle myosin (NM)II. Dynein accumulated in the region of TCR stimulation, whereas NMII clustered in the back of the cell, behind the polarizing centrosome. PKC activity, which shaped both dynein and NMII accumulation within this framework, controlled NMII localization directly by phosphorylating inhibitory sites within the myosin regulatory light chain, thereby suppressing NMII clustering in the region of TCR stimulation. Concurrently, phosphorylation of distinct sites within myosin regulatory light chain by Rho kinase drove NMII clustering in areas behind the centrosome. These results reveal a role for NMII in T-cell polarity and demonstrate how it is regulated by upstream signals.
Design of three-dimensional nanoscale integrated circuits

This paper reports the results in synthesis and design of novel three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale integrated circuits (nanoICs). These nanoICs can be implemented utilizing multi-terminal molecular devices that exhibit unique electronic characteristics. Aggregated molecules form molecular aggregates such as 3D molecular gates (/sup M/gate). The interconnected /sup M/gate is a core hardware solution for the combinational and memory nanoICs. We propose 3D nanoICs architectures implemented using aggregated 3D neuronal, molecular hypercells (/spl aleph/-hypercells) that combine /sup M/gates. Fundamental, applied and numerical results are reported.
In situ deposition/positioning of magnetic nanoparticles with ferroelectric nanolithography

Ferroelectric nanolithography is a new approach to processing nanostructures, which can position multiple components made of various materials into predefined configurations. Local polarization in ferroelectric compounds is manipulated to control the surface electronic structure and direct attachment of molecules and particles. Here, the presence of optically excited electron-hole pairs on ferroelectric domains is confirmed, and reaction paths for photo reduction of several reactive metal particles are determined. Subsequent and simultaneous deposition of multiple metals is demonstrated, and the magnetic properties of Co based particles are confirmed.
Transient evaporative laser cutting with moving laser by boundary element method

A computational model for the simulation of a transient laser-cutting process with moving laser has been developed using a boundary element method. An unsteady convective heat transfer model is used that deals with the material-cutting process by a continuous Gaussian laser beam. The geometric non-linearity due to the melting region is handled by an iterative scheme. Convergence analyses are performed with various meshes for the groove shapes, temperature distributions, maximum groove depths, and flux distributions. The present studies by a boundary element method based on transient convective heat transfer equation show excellent agreement with the results of a finite element method in terms of groove shapes, temperature distributions, and maximum groove depths.
Effect of Sexual Behavior Change on Long-term Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevalence among Homosexual Men

Substantial changes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sexual behavior have been reported by virtually every survey of homosexual/bisexual men in the last decade. This paper uses a behavior-based simulation to examine how such changes are likely to affect the long-term future of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic among homosexual men. Data from the Longitudinal AIDS Impact Project in New York City are used to estimate age-specific patterns of unprotected anogenital contact and behavioral change from 1980 to 1991. Model projections are validated using New York City surveillance data on AIDS incidence from 1981 to 1991. The current levels of unsafe sex reported in the Longitudinal AIDS Impact Project are shown to be almost exactly on the epidemic threshold. If this behavior were maintained, HIV prevalence would slowly decline in the population, but with just one additional unsafe sexual partner per year HIV would instead become endemic, with seroprevalence of about 65% in the oldest group and about 25% in the youngest. Transmission dynamics in the youngest group are analyzed in detail. For this group, the assortative age-matching bias in partner selection patterns raises the unsafe behavior threshold slightly in the long run.
Fuzzy Variable Structure Control of a Class of Nonlinear Sampled-Data Systems

A novel approach to the fuzzy variable structure control is presented. The method is applicable to a class of discrete-time multi-input, multi-output systems. The controller for each subsystem is a two-input single-output fuzzy inference system partitioning the input space. The scheme presented analytically demonstrates that an appropriate tuning of the defuzzifier parameters can drive the plant to the desired sliding regime. The analysis begins with the extraction of the equivalent measure of the applied control signal, and continues with the proof of convergence claims for the discrete time sliding mode control. The method discussed has been applied to a double pendulum system, whose dynamics is assumed to be unknown, and the mathematical claims of the paper have been justified through a series of simulations. The results observed strongly recommend the use of the algorithm in the cases where the tracking precision and robustness against disturbances are sought.
Women, Gays, and the Constitution: The Grounds for Feminism and Gay Rights in Culture and Law

This study combines an interpretive history of culture and law, political philosophy and constitutional analysis to explain the background, development and growing impact of two challenging human rights movements: feminism and gay rights. The text argues that both movements are extensions of rights-based dissent, rooted in antebellum abolitionist feminism which condemns both American racism and sexism. It examines the role of dissident African Americans, Jews, women and homosexuals in forging alternative visions of rights-based democracy. The book draws attention to Walt Whitman's visionary poetry, exploring Whitman's impact on pro-gay advocates such as Havelock Ellis, Oscar Wilde and Andre Gide. It also discusses writers and reformers such as Margaret Sanger, Franz Boas, Elizabeth Stanton and Adrienne Rich. The study addresses recent controversies such as the exclusion of homosexuals from the military and from the right of marriage, and concludes with a defence of the struggle for such constitutional rights.
The Role of Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Compression Fractures

To the Editor: We read with interest the excellent review article on osteoporosis by Mauck and Clarke in the May 2006 issue of Mayo Clinic Proceedings, which summarized current strategies for the diagnosis, screening, prevention, and treatment of this disorder. However, we found one area that we believe deserves further elaboration—the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. In their article, Mauck and Clarke reported that “weightbearing exercise appears to be effective in maintaining or increasing bone density at the lumbar spine and hip in postmenopausal women, but currently, no evidence suggests that it decreases fractures.” They referenced the report by Bonaiuti et al in the 2002 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, which included studies up to 2000. However, since that time evidence has accumulated that substantiates the use of targeted back extensor–strengthening (BES) exercise to reduce the risk of vertebral compression fractures in the postmenopausal population. For example, in 2002, Sinaki et al published the results of a prospective 10-year follow-up study showing a statistically significant reduction in vertebral compression fractures in a group of women who had participated in BES exercises compared to a control group of women who did not participate in such an exercise program (Figure 1). Stronger back extensors reduced the risk of vertebral fractures by 3-fold with no specific pharmacotherapy. In 2003, Turner and Robling noted that regular exercise can “effectively reduce fracture risk” while increasing bone strength. Pfeifer et al reviewed the literature in 2004 and concluded that exercise was associated with reduced risk of hip fracture. In a recent pilot study of the effects of BES exercise and refracture rates after vertebroplasty, we found not only a decreased refracture rate but an increased fracture-free interval when BES exercise was included. Bone mineral density accounts for less than 50% of fracture risk; the remaining risk depends on other factors such as muscle strength and risk of falls. Thus, given the safety of an appropriately designed exercise program in this population, we believe that targeted BES exercise should be considered for fracture prevention and as a treatment option for all osteoporotic individuals.
Acute care in Tanzania: Epidemiology of acute care in a small community medical centre

Abstract Introduction Without uniform recognition of Emergency Medicine as a specialty in developing sub-Saharan African countries, data are limited on the epidemiology of emergency care needs. The purposes of this study were to quantify the burden of disease presenting as medical or surgical emergencies and describe the patient population at a small community medical centre in the Republic of Tanzania. Methods An observational study was conducted from March to June 2011 at the University of Arusha (UOA) Medical Centre in Arusha, Tanzania. All consenting patients presenting with acute illness or injury were eligible for inclusion in the study. A standardized form was used to record demographic information, chief complaint, diagnosis/diagnoses, procedure(s), treatment(s), and disposition. Results Data were collected on 719 patients, with a mean age of 21.8 years (range neonate to 83 years). Fever (19.5%), respiratory (17.5%), and gastrointestinal complaints (15.0%) were the top three chief complaints; 94.9% of chief complaints were atraumatic. The top three diagnoses included respiratory infection (22.1%); malaria (21.4%); and skin or soft tissue infection (7.9%). Forty-three percent of patients required no procedures or tests, and 42% required only one procedure or test. Of treatments administered, 67.6% were analgesics, 51.3% were cough medications, and 47.6% were antipyretics. Ninety-seven percent of patients were discharged home after their visits. Discussion Respiratory infections, malaria, and skin or soft tissue infections are leading reasons for seeking medical care at a small community medical centre in Arusha, Tanzania, highlighting the burden of infectious diseases in this type of facility. Males may be more likely to present with trauma, burns, and laceration injuries than females. Many patients required one or no procedures to determine their diagnosis, most treatments administered were inexpensive, and most patients were discharged home, suggesting that providing acute care in this setting could be accomplished with limited resources.
Business Models for Online Communities: The Case of the Virtual Worlds Industry in China

The rapid growth of Internet usage has enabled many new online communities to develop. A particularly interesting phenomenon that has arisen through Internet communities is the virtual world (VW). This paper identifies the challenges that developers of VWs will face in their efforts to find viable business models. This is a single case study of China as an exploratory project to determine the issues surrounding business models for virtual world developers and users. The paper discusses the feedback effects between broadband adoption and online games as well as issues such as culture, history, Waigua, private servers, virtual property trade, developer control, governance, and regulation. In spite of the profitability of major Chinese VW operators, close observation of the Chinese case suggests that even the most successful VW operators are still in the early stages of their business model development.
First report of Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Kansas and Missouri, and a PCR method to distinguish Lutzomyia shannoni from Lutzomyia vexator

ABSTRACT Sand flies Lutzomyia (Psathyromyia) shannoni (Dyar) and Lu. (Hekocyrtomyia) vexator (Coquillet) were collected for the first time in southwest Missouri and southeast Kansas, expanding the known range of these species in North America. Altogether, 680 sand flies (356 males and 324 females) were collected during trapping from May through October 2011 and identified using morphological characters. Of the total sand flies collected, 315 were identified as Lu. shannoni, with 181 individuals (or 26.6% of all sand flies) trapped in Missouri and 134 individuals (or 19.7%) trapped in Kansas. Whereas 358 Lu. vexator were identified from southwest Missouri, only a single specimen was trapped in southeast Kansas. One male Lu. vexator with asymmetric gonostyli was trapped in Missouri. We also developed a polymerase chain reaction protocol to consistently and accurately distinguish Lu. shannoni from Lu. vexator based on presence or absence of a 416 bp fragment from the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 gene.
The effect of consistency on cache response time

This report analyzes the impact of cache consistency on the response time of client requests. The analysis divides cache responses into classes according to whether or not the cache communicated with a remote server and whether or not object data was served from the cache. Analysis of traces from deployed proxy cache servers demonstrates that a round-trip to a remote server is the dominant factor for response time. This study concludes that improving cache consistency will reduce response time and allow a cache to serve more user requests.
Lyapunov-based stability analysis for REM congestion control

This paper investigates convergence properties of basic REM flow control algorithm via Lyapunov functions. The decentralized algorithm REM consists of a link algorithm that updates a congestion measure, also called "price", based on the excess capacity and backlog at that link, and a source algorithm that adapts the source rate to congestion in its path. At the equilibrium of the algorithm, links are fully utilized, and all buffers are cleared. Convergence of the algorithm is established for single and two-link cases using a Lyapunov argument. Extension to the general multi-link model is discussed as well.
Frequency Analysis of Atrial Action Potential Alternans A Sensitive Clinical Index of Individual Propensity to Atrial Fibrillation

Background— Few clinical indices identify the propensity of patients to atrial fibrillation (AF) when not in AF. Repolarization alternans has been shown to indicate AF vulnerability, but is limited in its sensitivity to detect changes in action potential (AP) duration (APD), which may be subtle. We hypothesized that spectral analysis would be a more sensitive and robust marker of AP alternans and thus a better clinical index of individual propensity to AF than APD alternans. Methods and Results— In 31 patients (12 persistent AF, 15 paroxysmal AF, 4 controls with no AF), we recorded left (n=27) and right (n=6) atrial monophasic APs during incremental pacing from cycle length 500 ms (120 beats per minute) to AF onset. Alternans was measured by APD and spectral analysis. At baseline pacing (median cycle length [1st, 3rd quartiles], 500 ms [500, 500]), APD alternans was detected in only 7 of 27 AF patients (no controls), whereas spectral AP alternans was detected in 18 of 27 AF patients (no controls; P =0.003); AP alternans was more prevalent in persistent than paroxysmal AF, and absent in controls ( P =0.018 APD; P =0.042 spectral). Spectral AP alternans magnitude at baseline was highest in persistent AF, with modest rate-dependent amplification, followed by paroxysmal AF, with marked rate dependence, and undetectable in controls until just before induced AF. Conclusions— Spectral AP alternans near baseline rates can identify patients with, versus those without, clinical histories and pathophysiological substrates for AF. Future studies should examine whether the presence of spectral AP alternans during sinus rhythm may obviate the need to actually demonstrate AF, such as on ambulatory ECG monitoring.
CONTROL ALLOCATION APPROACHES

The control allocation problem is defined in terms of solving or approximately solving a system of linear equations subject to constraints for redundant actuator control variable commands. There is one equation for each controlled axis. The constraints arise from actuation rate and position limits. An axis priority weighting is introduced when the equations cannot be solved exactly because of the constraints. A actuator command preference weighting and preferred values are introduced to uniquely solve the equations when there are more unknowns than equations. Several approaches to this problem are discussed. The approaches are broadly grouped into linear and quadratic programming approaches. While the linear programming approach is well suited to solving the general problem a computationally faster but approximate solution was found with the quadratic programming approach. Example results based on tailless aircraft flight control are presented to illustrate the key aspects of the approaches to control allocation. Conclusions and recommendations are stated relative to the various approaches.
Border Security and Canadian Exports to the United States: Evidence and Policy Implications

Border security-related costs and delays incurred by shippers have been cited by some observers as a significant impediment to trade between Canada and the United States. In fact, there is relatively little empirical evidence evaluating this concern. While there is some evidence that costs of exporting from Canada have increased as a result of post-9/11 border security developments, available econometric trade models offer contradictory evidence on whether or not the higher costs have reduced Canadian exports below what would otherwise be expected. This paper identifies and evaluates the sources of divergent results found in existing studies. It also provides some new evidence of significant shortfalls in Canadian exports to the United States beginning in the third quarter of 2001 and continuing through the end of 2007.
Instabilities of atmospheric laser propagation

The 'thermal blooming' nonlinearity associated with lasers' atmospheric propagation causes several other propagation instabilities which limit the maximum power transmissible by the atmosphere; these are stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering, the closed-loop instability, the phase-compensation instability, and, in the case of a repetitively-pulsed laser, the stimulated thermal Brillouin scattering instability. These instabilities, which are excited by optical turbulence along the atmospheric path and by noise of the laser beam, grow through the creation of three-dimensional filament or ribbon structures in the atmosphere which are correlated to disturbances of the laser beam. Phase and intensity compensation can be implemented in principle, via special arrangements of such phase-only correctors as deformable mirrors.
States of awareness across multiple memory tasks: obtaining a "pure" measure of conscious recollection.

Four experiments were conducted to examine the nature of recollective experience across different explicit memory tests. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the proportion of retrieved items that were given Remember responses were equivalent across free recall, category cued recall, category plus letter cued recall, and recognition memory tests unlike the result reported by Tulving [Can. Psychol. 26 (1985) 1]. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that Remember judgments are influenced by both conceptual and perceptual variables not only in the recognition task but in other explicit memory tasks as well. Taken together, the empirical evidence from this study demonstrates that explicit memory performance is accompanied by different states of awareness not only in recognition but also across other memory tasks including free recall.
Radar internal layers from the Greenland Summit

Ice penetrating radar measurements made over the summit region of Greenland show returns from internal layers which can be used to augment the interpretation of climate information from the two deep cores recently recovered from this area. These reflecting surfaces, believed to represent isochrones, give information about the stress regime near the summit, and may aid in a better calibration of the age depth scale between the two cores — particularly in the lowest 10% of ice thickness where there is currently disagreement. The approximate depth at which internal echoes become discontinuous corresponds with the observations of steep inclinations and overturned folds on the scale of centimeters in the core samples. However the deepest internal layers which can be distinguished in the profiles place constraints on the scale and location of high angle or overturned folds.
Characteristics of Arctic Ocean climate based on COADS data, 1980–1993

Arctic Ocean cloud cover, precipitation frequency and temperature are examined using COADS records for the period 1980–1993. Principal component analysis reveals two climatic regions, the ‘Northern Atlantic’ and ‘Central Arctic’, as well as a cold (November–April) and warm (June–September) season. For the Central Arctic, precipitation frequency and cloud cover peak during the warm season, with liquid precipitation comprising about 50% of all precipitation reports during July. For the Northern Atlantic, precipitation frequency and the frequency of moderate/heavy precipitation peak during the cold season, but with relatively constant cloud cover throughout the year. Liquid precipitation is common in all months, comprising the bulk of reports from June through September. Based on our analysis, the proposed location for the 1997–1998 Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment cannot be considered Central Arctic in character.
The Nuclear Pipeline: Integrating Nuclear Power and Climate Change

This chapter focuses on nuclear scientists and engineers, and the effectiveness of small-scale interventions that could be made to prepare them to consider novel kinds of climate disruptions and how such considerations could affect plant design and operations. Events at Fukushima in 2011 prompted renewed attention to nuclear safety. Soon after, scientists recorded record-breaking global temperatures, particularly during the summer of 2012. Perhaps as a result of these two events, academics and the media have begun asking whether nuclear power plants are robust to natural events beyond the range of available historical data (beyond design basis), including climate-related events such as increasing drought and rising cooling-water temperatures. Science policy scholars, scientists, and engineers outside nuclear science and engineering have begun to pose such questions and model possible effects. This study demonstrates there is almost no public discourse and very little professional discourse within the nuclear science and engineering community on this topic. We posit that this is largely because of the insular culture and professionalization standards of nuclear science and engineering, which could limit the effectiveness of curricular interventions made in engineering education.
Interhemispheric field‐aligned currents: Simulation results

We present simulation results of the 3-D magnetosphere-ionosphere current system including the Region 1 and Region 2 field-aligned currents, ionospheric currents, and interhemispheric field-aligned currents flowing between the northern and southern conjugate ionospheres in the case of asymmetry in ionospheric conductivities in two hemispheres. The model shows that the interhemispheric currents can be an important part of the global 3-D current system in high-latitude ionosphere, especially during summer-winter months, when in winter ionosphere they can be comparable and even exceed both Region 1 and Region 2 currents. An important feature of these interhemispheric currents is that they link together processes in two hemispheres, so that the currents observed in one hemisphere can provide us with information about the currents in the opposite hemisphere. Although the interhemispheric currents might play a notable role in the total 3-D current system, they have not been sufficiently studied yet. The study of the contribution from the interhemispheric currents into the total 3-D current system allows us to improve understanding and forecasting of geomagnetic, auroral, and ionospheric disturbances in two hemispheres.
Deconvolution of Three-Component Teleseismic P Waves Using the Autocorrelation of the P to SV Scattered Waves

The deconvolution of three-component teleseismic P waves is investigated using the autocorrelation of the P to SV scattered waves, which is important for improved imaging of crustal and upper mantle structure. The SV component of the P waveform is first estimated by transforming the three-component seismic data to the P–SV–SH frame of Kennett (1991) and also taking into account the free surface. This removes the direct P wave from the SV component leaving only the scattered P to SV waves. Assuming that the P to SV scattering coefficients are random and white, then the autocorrelation of the SV component provides an estimate of the autocorrelation of the source wavelet. This is analogous to the use of the autocorrelation of a reflection seismogram in exploration seismology to estimate the source pulse where the P -wave reflectivity is assumed to be random and white. A minimum- phase source wavelet estimated from the autocorrelation of the SV component can be used to deconvolve the unrotated radial and Z components that have been processed to be minimum phase. A minimum-phase source wavelet is not required, but the direct P wave must be larger than the scattered waves on the unrotated components. To enhance the direct wave, we use rotated coordinates about the direct P - arrival direction. This procedure is first tested on synthetic data and then applied to observed data from the 1993 Cascadia experiment where both P to P and P to SV scattered waves are estimated from the data that have been deconvolved using the autocorrelation of the SV component.
Due-Time Performance of Production Systems with Markovian Machines

Customer demand satisfaction in serial production lines with Markovian machines and Finished Goods Buffers (FGB) is analyzed. The level of demand satisfaction is measured by the probability to ship to the customer a required number of parts during a fixed interval of time. This performance measure, referred to as Due-Time Performance (DTP), is analyzed using a simplification procedure termed stationarization. As a result, an iteration-based method for DTP calculation is obtained and utilized for analysis of various properties of DTP. In particular, it is shown that when the demand is relatively low (∼ 95% of the production capacity), FGB of 2–4 shipments is sufficient to ensure high DTP (∼ 0.98). When the demand is high (∼ 99%), FGB of 6–9 shipments is required. Further increase of FGB leads to highly diminishing return. Also, it is shown that a ramp, rather than an inverted bowl, of machine efficiency allocation leads to optimization of DTP.
Development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Coffee in Wet and Dry Habitats

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), showed a distinct preference for a dry habitat ( 180 cm/yr rainfall) on the island of Oahu, but they were persistent in dry areas, particularly Makaha Valley. The mean infestation rate was 0.21 and 33.5 flies per kilogram of coffee in wet and dry areas. Dissection of coffee collected in the field showed that larval recoveries per 100 fruits were equal in wet and dry areas, but larval mortality was statistically higher in wet areas; the larvae apparently die from decay of the fruit, especially if they crack open. We conclude that C. capitata and Dacus dorsalis Hendel distribution and abundance are directly affected by the elimination of preferred host fruits and indirectly by climate causing differential effects on their survival in coffee and other fruits in wet versus dry areas.
Copula based dependence modeling for inference in RADAR systems

Statistical dependence is one of the significant design issues in various radar systems for inference tasks including detecting an activity of interest or estimating states or parameters for situational awareness. Modeling dependence has been discussed in many articles on radar and the research has shown that taking dependence into account improves performance of inference tasks. In this paper, we introduce copulas as flexible tools for modeling of nonlinear/linear dependence. Copulas allow one to model the dependence structures among random variables with arbitrary marginal distributions. We explore the potential use of copula theory in radar systems while discussing the dependence modeling problem. Then we present an application for binary hypothesis testing to show the benefit of using copula theory.
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Another Look through the Looking Glass Self

(1973). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Another Look through the Looking Glass Self. Sociological Focus: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 107-111.
Interleukin-6 and Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractWe analyzed the presence of the cytokine interleukin-6 in urine samples from interstitial cystitis patients. Interleukin-6 was significantly elevated in patients with interstitial cystitis (169.29 ± 90.81 pg./ml. versus 34.8 ± 6.35 pg./ml. in controls). Representative urine samples were analyzed with specific antibody to interleukin-6 and greater than 80% of the biological activity was neutralized. These cytokine measurements were then compared with clinical parameters and interleukin-6 levels correlated positively with the pain scores. Studies on the potential cellular origin of interleukin-6 showed increased levels in spontaneously voided urine but not in ureteral urine, which was collected during cystoscopy, suggesting that interleukin-6 is the product of activated cells in the bladder. This finding is supported by in situ hybridization analyses, which showed that interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acid expressing cells are located in the interstitium and epithelial layer, and within blood ves...