cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Technology to Expand the Classroom in Time, Space, and Diversity

Diverse classrooms offer distinct advantages over homogeneous classrooms, for example by providing a greater diversity of perspectives and opportunities. However, there is substantial underrepresentation of numerous groups throughout science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, from secondary schools through professional ranks and academia. In this piece I offer a critical analysis of three worked examples of how technology can be used to expand traditional definitions of the classroom environment. In doing so I show how technology can be used to help make STEM classrooms more expansive, equitable, and effective learning environments. First I highlight how peer-to-peer learning was used to foster knowledge of marine conservation with high school youth across Fiji and Chicago. Second I show how social media can be used to facilitate conversations in New York City after a natural disaster. Finally, I show how integrating digital and real-world learning can help a diverse group of students from the Pacific islands gain field-based STEM techniques in an extended workshop format. Taken together these examples show how digital technology could expand the fixed walls of the academy and that technology can help show students the vivid splendor of life outside the classroom.
Achievement as Resistance: The Development of a Critical Race Achievement Ideology among Black Achievers

In this article, Dorinda Carter examines the embodiment of a critical race achievement ideology in high-achieving black students. She conducted a yearlong qualitative investigation of the adaptive ...
Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injuries: Crossing the Rubicon

d f p o a I want to thank the leadership of the American College of Surgeons for the great honor and privilege of delivering the 2011 Scudder Oration. I feel both honored and humbled, having in mind the stature and major contributions of all the previous Scudder Orators. I should like to dedicate this lecture to a lot of people, because I owe a lot to many! First, to my parents, who are now in their late 80s, still in great health, on the island of Cyprus. To my wife Elizabeth, and our children, Alexis, Stefanie, and Nicholas. To my past faculty for their major contributions—most of them currently hold leadership positions in prestigious centers across the country, and I am proud of them. To my current faculty—they are my second family. We dream, plan, and build together, and I am very proud of them. I want to single out Dr Tom DeMeester, who recruited me from Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1992, and trusted me with the leadership of the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California trauma program. For the next 17 years, he gave me his strong and unconditional support. I also want to thank the current Chairman of Surgery, Dr Vaughn Starnes, for his strong support of the trauma and Acute Care Surgery program during the last 3 years. The title of my lecture is “Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injuries: Crossing the Rubicon.” The Rubicon is a small river in Northern Italy. In 49 BC, Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon in violation of the law, making war inevitable. Today, crossing the Rubicon means passing the point of no return beyond which someone must continue on the current course of action because turning back is physically impossible or dangerous or prohibitively expensive. I selected the topic of blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAI) for my oration because, in my opinion, during the last decade no other organ injury has seen more changes in diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes than thoracic aortic trauma.
Relationship between composition, density and refractive index for germania silica glasses

Abstract The density and the refractive index for various compositions of binary SiO2GeO2 glass prepared by a flame deposition technique, similar to that used to make low-loss optical waveguides, have been measured by standard Archimedes method and the Becke line method, respectively. The density as a function of composition is calculated considering the effective volume of the ions contained in the glass to be invariant. The refractive index as a function of composition is also calculated, based on the Lorenz-Lorenz equation, by computing the electronic polarizability of fused silica and germania. All calculated results are in good agreement with the observed data.
SNS-032 Prevents Tumor Cell-Induced Angiogenesis By Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Cell proliferation, migration, and capillary network formation of endothelial cells are the fundamental steps for angiogenesis, which involves the formation of new blood vessels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a novel aminothiazole SNS-032 on these critical steps for in vitro angiogenesis using a coculture system consisting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human glioblastoma cells (U87MG). SNS-032 is a potent selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 2, 7, and 9, and inhibits both transcription and cell cycle. In this study, we examined the proliferation and viability of HUVECs and U87MG cells in the presence of SNS-032 and observed a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation in both cell lines. SNS-032 inhibited threedimensional capillary network formations of endothelial cells. In a coculture study, SNS-032 completely prevented U87MG cell-mediated capillary formation of HUVECs. This inhibitor also prevented the migration of HUVECs when cultured alone or cocultured with U87MG cells. In addition, SNS-032 significantly prevented the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both cell lines, whereas SNS-032 was less effective in preventing capillary network formation and migration of endothelial cells when an active recombinant VEGF was added to the medium. In conclusion, SNS-032 prevents in vitro angiogenesis, and this action is attributable to blocking of VEGF.
Microcomputers, government information, and libraries

Abstract An increasing proportion of government information is being disseminated in machine-readable and electronic form. An important subset of this information—information distributed on diskette or optical disk or available online—is accessible using microcomputer technology. This article examines the role that libraries can play in helping their users to locate and use this microcomputer-accessible government information, and the potential of such a role in helping libraries to fulfill their responsibility to provide broad access to government information.
Thermal Decomposition Pathways and Rates for Silane, Chlorosilane, Dichlorosilane, and Trichlorosilane

Calculations have been carried out for the thermal decomposition of silane, chlorosilane, dichlorosilane, and trichlorosilane. In each case, the stationary point geometries and harmonic frequencies were characterized using CASSCF/derivative methods and the cc-pVDZ basis set. Accurate energetics were obtained by combining the CCSD(T) results using the a-cc-pVTZ basis set with an extrapolation to the basis set limit using the a-cc-pVDZ, a-cc-pVTZ, and a-cc-pVQZ basis sets at the MP2 level. The geometries, energetics, and harmonic frequencies were used to obtain rate constants using conventional transition state theory. The barrier heights obtained in the present work (kcal/mol) are the following: SiH4 → SiH2 + H2 (61.9); SiClH3 → SiClH + H2 (66.7); SiClH3 → SiH2 + HCl (76.9); SiCl2H2 → SiCl2 + H2 (77.2); SiCl2H2 → SiClH + HCl (74.8); SiCl3H → SiCl2 + HCl (72.7). The computed barrier heights are believed to be accurate to within 1 kcal/mol. The rate coefficients obtained in the present work are in fair acco...
APPLICABILITY OF INFORMATION THEORY TO LEARNING

Summary.-When learning outcomes from programmed instructional experiences are viewed in an information theory context, two hypotheses can be generated: (a) decrements in learning result when items of informarion are omitted from an experimental program and (b) decrements in learning result when information is omitted through the deletion of uncenaing from an experimental program. When Ss were tested over information obtained from linear programs modified to provide varying amounts of knowledge of results and amounts of certainty, support for both hypotheses was found. Learning theorists usually predict learning outcomes as a function of some type of communicating event, i.e., reinforcement, contiguous situation, etc. Predictions are based upon the number of communicating events which a learner experiences. If learning were defined as the process by which uncertainty is reduced rather than as a function of the number of events communicated to the learner (Ammons, 1956), learning could be thought of as a process of gaining information. Such an information theory definition suggests that learning outcomes could be predicted as a function of the reduction of uncertainty in a learning siruation since "information is that which removes or reduces uncertainty" (Attneave, 1959, p. 1). The reduction of uncertainty in learning (information gained) could be assessed by the number of communicating events which occur in the learning situation and the related uncertainty reduced by each cornrnunicating event. Information theory can be related to learning theory within the general implications of Hull's systematic behavior theory ( 195 1). Hull's formula implies . . . [that] the gain per trial decreases with practice throughout learning, and that the gain per trial is proportional to the amount remaining ro be learned before the limit of learning is reached. But Hull did not state why this should be so (Hilgard, 1956, p. 372). Hull's expression of the learning curve supports the position that information cheory is applicable to learning theory. If the habit strength left to be learned were considered an index of uncertainty left to be reduced, then it would be predicted that learning would decrease with each successive trial as a constant proportion of the successively decreasing uncertainty. General support for the position that learning is a process of gaining information is similarly identifiable in the models of Estes and Burke (1953) and Bush and Mosceller (1955), although these models are quite different in assumptions about punishment, effort, and the nature of the communicating event.
Photoaffinity labeling of beef liver monoamine oxidase-B by 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide

4-Fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide (FNPA) competitively inhibited beef liver monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in the dark (Ki = 2.8 microM). Upon irradiation in the presence of FNPA, a concentration-dependent photoinactivation of MAO-B was observed. The kinetic analysis showed that the photoinactivation of MAO-B resulted in a decrease in Vmax but no change in Km. This result suggests that an irreversible linkage may be formed between the enzyme and the photolyzed FNPA. When [3H]FNPA was photoirradiated with the purified MAO-B, a single radioactive band associated with MAO-B was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The photo-dependent incorporation could be protected by phenylethylamine, the substrate for MAO-B, in a concentration-dependent manner. Complete tryptic-chymotryptic digestion of [3H]FNPA-labeled MAO-B resulted in three radioactive peaks on Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. With the same digestion and separation procedures, only one major radioactive peak was observed for the [3H]pargyline-labeled MAO-B, and its elution volume was different from that of [3H]FNPA-labeled peptides. These results suggest that, upon photolysis, FNPA may incorporate into a region in the active site of MAO-B which may be different from the pargyline binding site--the FAD prosthetic group of the enzyme.
The proposed PhD in Technology Management at the University of Bridgeport: a case study

Most schools of engineering and business today have not yet come to terms with the growing inter-disciplinary education needs that adequately prepare PhD graduates for assuming leadership, professional, academic and/or research positions in academia, industry or government. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of how to develop an innovative inter-disciplinary PhD degree programme by presenting a case study in technology management at the University of Bridgeport. The proposed PhD programme is currently undergoing an external review process. The paper will describe the purpose, structure, and approach of the proposed PhD programme as well as the challenges, lessons learned and critical success factors.
Spin one-half optical activity

Abstract Spin one-half optical activity, i.e., the various polarization effects caused by the scattering of spin one-half particles from chiral molecules, is discussed. We show how spin one-half circular dichroism and optical rotation may be easily understood as arising from a spin-dependent index of refraction and present an order of magnitude estimate for these effects for the specific case of sodium atom scattering. We find that sodium atom optical rotation is on the order of 10 −3 n deg/cm where n is molar density of scatterers. With present technology the measurability of this effect is poor.
Bounds from primordial black holes with a near critical collapse initial mass function

Recent numerical evidence suggests that a mass spectrum of primordial black holes (PBHs) is produced as a consequence of near critical gravitational collapse. Assuming that these holes formed from the initial density perturbations seeded by inflation, we calculate model independent upper bounds on the mass variance at the reheating temperature by requiring that the mass density does not exceed the critical density and the photon emission does not exceed current diffuse gamma-ray measurements. We then translate these results into bounds on the spectral index {ital n} by utilizing the COBE data to normalize the mass variance at large scales, assuming a constant power law, and scale this result to the reheating temperature. We find that our bounds on {ital n} differ substantially ({delta}n{gt}0.05) from those calculated using initial mass functions derived under the assumption that the black hole mass is proportional to the horizon mass at the collapse epoch. We also find a change in the shape of the diffuse gamma-ray spectrum which results from the Hawking radiation. Finally, we study the impact of a nonzero cosmological constant and find that the bounds on {ital n} are strengthened considerably if the universe is indeed vacuum-energy dominated today. {copyright} {ital 1999}more » {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Regional anesthesia for hand surgery

Abstract Several regional anesthetic techniques for hand and wrist surgery are mentioned. Of these techniques, the axillarybrachial plexus block offers several advantages, such as ease of administration, prolongation of analgesia, and very few potential complications. Three conditions must be met to provide effective regional anesthesia: (1) patient instruction, (2) a surgeon comfortable with the technique, and (3) a prepared anesthesiologist. The axillary brachial plexus block is performed aseptically in a manner that promotes proximal spread of local anesthetic, giving the opportunity to block the musculocutaneous nerve before its exit from the sheath. In our institution, we favor 1.5% mepivacaine versus 0.5 bupivacaine because of its inherent safety factor. However, all local anesthetics have the potential for systemic toxicity with either inadvertent intra-arterial injection or use of excessive amounts of drug. Toxic symptoms range from mild, such as as tinnitus, to more severe, such as convulsions, and further progression to cardiovascular collapse. This toxicity must be anticipated and treated appropriately. Our own institutional study showed an 89% success rate with axillary brachial plexus blocks used for hand and wrist procedures. However, the success rate dropped to 60% for surgery involving the elbow. These results were improved by the use of local anesthetic supplementation or intravenous sedation.
DREAM3: Network Inference Using Dynamic Context Likelihood of Relatedness and the Inferelator

Background Many current works aiming to learn regulatory networks from systems biology data must balance model complexity with respect to data availability and quality. Methods that learn regulatory associations based on unit-less metrics, such as Mutual Information, are attractive in that they scale well and reduce the number of free parameters (model complexity) per interaction to a minimum. In contrast, methods for learning regulatory networks based on explicit dynamical models are more complex and scale less gracefully, but are attractive as they may allow direct prediction of transcriptional dynamics and resolve the directionality of many regulatory interactions. Methodology We aim to investigate whether scalable information based methods (like the Context Likelihood of Relatedness method) and more explicit dynamical models (like Inferelator 1.0) prove synergistic when combined. We test a pipeline where a novel modification of the Context Likelihood of Relatedness (mixed-CLR, modified to use time series data) is first used to define likely regulatory interactions and then Inferelator 1.0 is used for final model selection and to build an explicit dynamical model. Conclusions/Significance Our method ranked 2nd out of 22 in the DREAM3 100-gene in silico networks challenge. Mixed-CLR and Inferelator 1.0 are complementary, demonstrating a large performance gain relative to any single tested method, with precision being especially high at low recall values. Partitioning the provided data set into four groups (knock-down, knock-out, time-series, and combined) revealed that using comprehensive knock-out data alone provides optimal performance. Inferelator 1.0 proved particularly powerful at resolving the directionality of regulatory interactions, i.e. “who regulates who” (approximately of identified true positives were correctly resolved). Performance drops for high in-degree genes, i.e. as the number of regulators per target gene increases, but not with out-degree, i.e. performance is not affected by the presence of regulatory hubs.
CO adsorption and reaction on clean and oxygen-covered Au(211) surfaces.

We have used primarily temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) to investigate CO adsorption on a Au(211) stepped single-crystal surface. The Au(211) surface can be described as a step-terrace structure consisting of three-atom-wide terraces of (111) orientation and a monatomic step with a (100) orientation, or 3(111) × (100) in microfacet notation. CO was only weakly adsorbed but was more strongly bound at step sites (12 kcal mol-1) than at terrace sites (6.5−9 kcal mol-1). The sticking coefficient of CO on the Au(211) surface was also higher (∼5×) during occupation of step sites compared to populating terrace sites at higher coverages. The νCO stretching band energy in IRAS spectra indicated that CO was adsorbed at atop sites at all coverages and conditions. A small red shift of νCO from 2126 to 2112 cm-1 occurred with increasing CO coverage on the surface. We conclude that the presence of these particular step sites at the Au(211) surface imparts st...
Mixing Plate-Like and Rod-Like Molecules With Solvent: A Test of Flory-Huggins Lattice Statistics.

Boehm and Martire have shown that the Flory-Huggins (FH) lattice model applied to mixtures of squares and rigid rods in solvent on a two dimensional lattice gives different results depending on whether rods or squares are placed first onto the lattice. This correct derivation places the validity of the FH model itself into question since the final result should be independent of the order of placement. An analysis of the FH model in terms of Poisson statistics suggests an alternative formula for the probability of successfully placing a rectangle into an area partially filled with other rectangles, which when incorporated into the FH counting procedure gives the exact thermodynamic result for the tiling of squares (i.e., no solvent and no rods). An attempt to solve the order of placement problem is made by solving the problem of one square plus any number of rods and then generalizing the statistics so that they are consistent with this result. Equations are given for squares plus rods plus solvent in both two and three dimensions. For plates plus solvent in three dimensions a purely entropy driven phase transition between an anisotropic layered phase and an isotropic phase is obtained. This transition is analogous to the isotropic to nematic liquid crystal phase transition in rigid rods. Our equations, when augmented by energy considerations, are useful for calculating the equilibrium properties of discotic systems, polymer-layered silicate composites, and the adsorption of plate like molecules onto surfaces.
“Molecular Beacon”-Based Fluorescent Assay for Selective Detection of Glutathione and Cysteine

We report on the development of a fluorescence turn-on “molecular beacon” probe for the detection of glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys). The method is based on a competitive ligation of Hg2+ ions by GSH/Cys and thymine−thymine (T−T) mismatches in a DNA strand of the self-hybridizing beacon strand. The assay relies on the distance-dependent optical properties of the fluorophore/quencher pair attached to the ends of the molecular beacon DNA strand. In a very selective coordination of Hg2+ to GSH/Cys, the fluorophore/quencher distance increases concomitantly with the dehybridization and dissociation of the beacon stem T−Hg2+−T due to the extraction of Hg2+ ions. This process results in switching the molecular beacon to the “on” state. The concentration range of the probe is 4−200 nM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 4.1 nM for GSH and 4.2 nM Cys. The probe tested satisfactorily against interference for a range of amino acids including sulfur-containing methionine.
Developmental immunotoxicity of lead: impact on thymic function.

BACKGROUND Since the potential effects of early exposure to lead on thymic functions have not been fully characterized, in this study we evaluated the capacity of lead to alter thymic function in juvenile chickens following embryonic exposure. METHODS Cornell K strain White Leghorn chicken eggs were administered lead acetate (400 μg/egg) or sodium acetate (control) on embryonic development (E12) with and without thymulin supplementation. Ex vivo production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-like cytokine by thymocytes and a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction were measured in the juvenile. Additionally, the effects of in vitro exposure to lead on both thymocytes and thymic stromal cells (TSCs) were evaluated. RESULTS Following E12 exposure to lead, ex vivo production of IFN-γ-like cytokine by juvenile-derived thymocytes decreased significantly compared to the control. The same effect was observed when thymocytes were directly exposed to lead in vitro and stimulated with thymic stromal supernatant. In contrast, when TSCs were exposed to lead in vitro, no change was seen in their functional capacity for promoting cytokine production. In ovo supplementation with thymulin partially reversed lead-induced DTH depression without any change in IFN-γ-like cytokine production. Embryonic exposure to thymulin alone partially depressed the DTH response. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that lead can directly influence thymocyte function in the absence of the thymic microenvironment. Since thymulin levels may influence lead-induced immunotoxicity, embryonic endocrine status may be an important consideration. Lead exposure appears to alter thymic functions directly; however, indirect effects via endocrine factors are not precluded. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Bionic Cancer-Resistant Extracellular Matrix of the Naked Mole-Rat

In the year 2050, children will be well versed in the exemplars of scientific folklore: Gravity was discovered when an apple fell on Newton’s head; penicillin was invented when Fleming’s petri dish acquired mold after he mistakenly left it open; cancer was cured when a group of scientists
A fuzzy system cardio pulmonary bypass rotary blood pump controller

Abstract Fuzzy logic regulation of flow was investigated in simulation of a model of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation rotodynamic Cardio Pulmonary Bypass blood pump comprised of impeller model #4079 and volute model #4080. A non-linear model of the pump was derived from pump maps obtained from measurements using a custom made pump dynamometer. Pump speed and generated delta pressure were used as inputs to a fuzzy engine in charge of manipulating the pump's speed; the fuzzy controller was capable of maintaining a setpoint of 6±0.5 l/min when presented with pressure disturbances over a range of ±50 mmHg from the baseline of 100 mmHg.
Treatment of hypertension by computer and physician—A prospective controlled study

Abstract One hundred and sixteen patients with hypertension were allocated randomly to treatment by a computer program or by physicians. All were under the care of physicians in one of two hypertension clinics, but for computer treated patients (C) the program provided physicians with treatment recommendations which they were free to follow or reject whereas no recommendations were made for physician treated patients (P). The computer program could use thiazide, alphamethyldopa, hydralazine or quanethidine; physicians used whatever drugs they wished. Blood pressure (BP) response was similar for both groups, as were drug side effects and overt non-compliance with treatment. A computer program such as this one could guide allied health workers in settings where expert physicians are scarce, improving large scale treatment of hypertension.
Remarks on Possible Noninvariance Under Time Reversal and Charge Conjugation

Interrelations between the nonconservation properties of parity, time reversal, and charge conjugation are discussed. The results are stated in two theorems. The experimental implications for the $K\ensuremath{-}\overline{K}$ complex are discussed in the last section.
Chain length and torsional dependence of exciton binding energies in P3HT and PTB7 conjugated polymers: A first-principles study

Abstract Exciton binding energies (Eb) in promising organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials, specifically in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene copolymer (PTB7) are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methods at the molecular level. A systematic investigation of the dependence of Eb on backbone torsion and chain length in P3HT and PTB7 is carried out by calculating the fundamental gap ( E g fund ) , HOMO–LUMO gap ( E g hl ) and optical gap ( E g opt ) of these systems. We found that PTB7 has lower E g fund , E g hl , E g opt and Eb that are less-dependent on torsional angle compared to P3HT. These findings indicate that excitons are easily dissociated to produce charge carriers in PTB7 than in P3HT and hence supports recent experimental findings that PTB7-based OPV devices with improved active layer morphology have much higher power conversion efficiency than the most investigated P3HT-based OPV devices.
Conformation and dynamics of colloidal aggregates in detergent and copolymer systems

Abstract The conformation and dynamics of colloidal aggregates, from small detergent molecules to copolymers in solution may be investigated by combining laser light scattering and (synchrotron) small angle X-ray scattering with measurements of rheological properties of the supramolecules. The inter- and intramolecular interactions may be complex in nature involving, in addition to hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions, solvent-non-solvent considerations and metal coordination type complexation. Nevertheless, scattering techniques can provide useful information on the size, size distribution and conformation of the aggregates. Studies of microstructures of the colloidal aggregates at dilute concentrations become feasible with intense synchrotron X-rays. Recent investigations of detergent molecules, such as cobalt monooleate in apolar organic solvents, of polymer colloids, such as polystyrene/polyisoprene AB block copolymers, and block copoly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene/oxyethylene) in organic solvents are presented.
Human papillomavirus vaccines in development: if they're successful in clinical trials, how will they be implemented?

Abstract Introduction. There are some 30–40 genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause anogenital lesions in humans, primarily cervical, vaginal, and vulvar dysplasias and cancer in women, anal dysplasias in some men, and genital warts in both sexes. Methods. Both GlaxoSmithKline and Merck companies are developing vaccines for the prevention of HPV infection. Results. Both vaccines stimulate an antibody response against HPV types 16 and 18; the Merck vaccine also include HPV types 6 and 11. Conclusions. This report focuses on progress with both prophylactic vaccines and introduces strategies for global immunization.
Women as Managers in the United States and China: A Cross-Cultural Study

This article investigated Chinese and U.S. attitudes toward women as managers with the goal of establishing an empirical basis for comparison and understanding of the glass ceiling potential in each culture. The authors used the Women as Managers Scale (WAMS) to measure perceptions of 919 U.S. and Chinese participants. Results indicated differences in perceptions by gender and nationality. Overall, women were perceived less favorably as managers by Chinese and U.S. males as compared to perceptions of Chinese and U.S. female participants. Findings are discussed in terms of existing research and areas for future research are suggested.
Oxidation of Starch by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of UV Light ‐ Part. I

Various reaction variables in the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of starch in the presence of UV light have been investigated. Higher carboxyl and carbonyl contents of oxystarches were obtained under acidic than under alkaline conditions. Extent of oxidation was found to increase with time. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide results in an increase in the carboxyl and carbonyl contents. Apparently, air has no effect on the degree of oxidation whereas, oxygen seems to accelerate it.
Doing Work That Matters Despite the Obstacles An Interview with Riane Eisler

This is the third interview for the journal section we call ‘ influential ideas’. Here we introduce (and invite others to introduce) influential thinkers in a digestible format so that action researchers may be inspired to enrich their own research and practice. This interview is with Riane Eisler, who is known primarily as an author. Her best known book, The Chalice and the Blade, was published by Harper and Row in 1988 and became a bestseller which has since been translated into 20 foreign languages. Other books include Sacred Pleasure, Tomorrow’s Children, and The Power of Partnership. Eisler places what would commonly be called feminist concerns at the center of her inquiry. In doing so she has explored the deep foundations of a dominator culture that permeate not just our gender relationships, but also our very modes of thinking and doing research. She offers suggestions for action research projects we might undertake, in programmatic fashion, to create more of a partnership orientation in many walks...
Steiner systems for two-stage disjunctive testing

The subject of this paper are some constructions of Steiner designs with blocks of two sizes that differ by one. The study of such designs is motivated by a combinatorial lower bound on the minimum number of individual tests at the second stage of a 2-stage disjunctive testing algorithm.
Design for Accuracy and Repeatability for Robots Using Taguchi Methods

In this paper, we apply Taguchi Methods in the framework of concurrent engineering design for robot-based manufacturing sys tems to obtain higher accuracy and repeatability for robot end-effectors....
Accumulation of MDSC subsets in renal cell carcinoma correlates with grade and progression free survival, and is associated with intratumoral expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and CXCL5

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC, CD33+CD11b+ HLA-DR low/-) play a major role in tumor-mediated immune evasion and are composed of at least 3 subsets PMN (CD15+), monocytic (CD14+) and lineage-negative (CD15-CD14-), and each has been shown to be significantly increased in some human tumor types and to correlate with metastatic burden, clinical cancer stage and outcome. Less in known about the MDSC subsets that accumulate in tumors such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the cytokines/chemokines involved in their recruitment. Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, n = 20) and nephrectomy samples (n = 39, stage 1-4) showed increased levels of total MDSC in RCC patients compared to normal controls (n = 15), with PMN- and Lin- MDSC subsets dominating in the blood and tumor of RCC patients. Blood levels of total MDSC, PMN-MDSC and Lin-MDSC correlated with tumor grade (p = 0.026, p = 0.006 and p = 0.045, respectively), while blood levels of total MDSC and Lin-MDSC correlated with progression free survival (PFS) in patients with limited stage disease (n = 16, stages 1-3) (HR = 1.35, p = 0.03; HR = 1.45, p = 0.02, respectively). In the tumor, higher PMN-MDSC levels were significantly associated with decreased PFS (n = 29, HR = 1.09, p = 0.011). To assess the role of select chemokines (IL-8, CXCL5, Mip-1α, MCP-1 and Rantes) and of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in promoting the accumulation of MDSC within the tumor, these proteins were quantitated in tumor lysates by ELISA and correlated to MDSC frequencies (Spearman correlations). We found a direct correlation between the frequency of PMN-MDSC in the parenchyma and the levels of IL-8 (p < 0.001), CXCL-5 (p < 0.001), and IL-1β (p = 0.029). Frequency of parenchymal Lin- MDSC directly correlated with levels of IL-8 (p = 0.033) and CXCL-5 (p = 0.008), but not IL-1β. In circulation, frequency of total MDSCs directly correlated with IL-1β plasma levels (p = 0.003). To further define the role of IL-1β in MDSC accumulation within tumors, we overexpressed IL-1β in RENCA and CT26 tumors and compared them to untransfected tumors. Overexpression of IL-1β resulted in enhanced tumor growth and increased frequency of intratumor PMN-MDSC (10.3X in RENCA and 26X in CT26), with a modest increase in intratumor M-MDSC. A large fraction of tumor infiltrating PMN-MDSC expressed CXCR2 (84% in RENCA and 55% in CT26), which is associated with a significant increase in expression of CXCR2 ligands (KC, CXCL5, and MIP2). These results support the idea that IL-1β-mediated induction of select chemokines promotes the accumulation of MDSC, particularly PMN-MDSC, within tumors, resulting in enhanced immune suppression and angiogenesis.
Unifying Concepts in Parents' Experiences with Health Care Providers

A historical overview of the research related to parent and nurse interaction in the context of an acutely ill hospitalized child provides the pediatric nurse with information about parent needs, s...
OPTVIEW: a new approach for examining optimized code

The task of mapping between source programs and machine code, once the code has been optimized and transformed by a compiler is often difficult. Yet there are many instances, such as debugging optimized code or attributing performance analysis data to source lines, whrn it is useful or necessary to understand at the source level what is occurring in the binary. The standard approach has been for tools to attempt to map directly from the optimized binary to the original source. Such mappings are often fragile, and sometimes inaccurate or misleading. We suggest an alternative approach. Rather than mapping directly between the original source and the binary, we create a modified version of the source program, still recognizable, but updated to reflect some of the effects of optimizations, thus facilitating mapping from the binary. We have implemented a tool, Optview, to demonstrate and test these ideas.
Self- Expressed Adult Music Education Interests and Music Experiences

This study assessed self-expressed music education interests and described the music experiences of prospective participants in adult music education. Questionnaires were mailed to a sample of 800 music-performance attenders. Of the 275 people who returned questionnaires, 183 indicated positive responses toward participation and 92 indicated negative responses. Among adults who expressed interest in music participation, piano was the instrument most frequently chosen for private study, followed by voice and guitar. Choral organizations ranked highest among preferred performance organizations, and aural analysis and introductory music history courses ranked highest among preferred areas of academic study.Most of the previous formal experiences of prospective participants comprised private lessons and participation in performance organizations; a surprising amount of self-directed music experience and learning was reported. Results indicated several significant relationships between course preferences and p...
A Novel Method of Leaflet Reconstruction After Triangular Resection for Posterior Mitral Valve Prolapse

Triangular leaflet resection to treat posterior mitral valve prolapse is expedient, sufficient, and durable in eliminating redundant myxomatous tissue and restoring normal leaflet coaptation. After triangular resection and suture reconstruction, mitral scallop height is decreased to a degree commensurate with the area of tissue resected. There are instances however, when excessive bulk of the remaining posterior leaflet may persist, predisposing to systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet. We propose a novel adjunctive measure to normalize posterior leaflet height during suture reconstruction by ventricularizing what would otherwise have become the new tip of the posterior mitral leaflet. We have found that ventricularization of the leaflet edge during reconstruction obviates the need for excessive mitral leaflet resection, resulting in a symmetric and mobile neo-free edge that are capable of contributing to a robust zone of coaptation.
Faculty as Machine Monitors in Higher Education

Predictions concerning postindustrial society in clude that of workers serving as machine monitors. That concept is explored in this article in respect to faculty in higher education serving as monitors of computers that are executing instructional programs. Questions concerning changes in faculty roles and the control of educational quality are addressed. Alfred Bork’s vision of asynchronous learning systems is elaborated, and that alternative is compared to the concept of machine monitoring. It is concluded that monitoring in higher education is not likely unless student demand for distance learning is great, but in that case, monitoring would be superior to proposals for automated asynchronous learning systems. When profiles of the postindustrial society began to emerge more than two decades ago, the changing role of the modern worker was of key interest. A common prediction was that work would evolve in step with the growth of information technology and that worker roles would change as a consequence. Workers had functioned as skilled artisans during the crafts era and as machine operators supporting mechanized production in the industrial age. It was expected that produc tion would become increasingly automated in the postindustrial era and that the role of the worker would become that of machine monitor. Work that was previously done by humans would be carried out by machines, but humans would oversee the functioning of these machines. (Gendron, 1977, provides a readable overview of predictions concerning the postindustrial era.) Examples of machine monitoring already exist in various industries, but the aim here is to explore the relevance of this prediction to an area in which it seems foreign, that of higher education in America. I believe that recent developments in distance education and asynchronous learning systems have made the educational relevance of the conception of faculty serving as machine monitors much less doubtful than it once was and that the relative worth of such a role for higher education faculty is still undetermined. In any event, three basic inquiries will be pursued here: (a) What would the concept of workers as machine monitors look like when applied to higher education? (b) how would the implementation of monitoring change faculty roles? and (c) how would monitoring affect the control of educational quality?
Hot-atom chemistry of metal carbonyl-trifluorophosphine complexes

Abstract The behavior of the isolated Mo(PF 3 ) x (CO) 6− x species under mild thermal neutron irradiation conditions has been examined. It has been established that these compounds are sufficiently stable so that heat and γ-irradiation will not complicate the interpretation of the hot-atom events. The retention of 99 Mo in the parent compound upon a 98 Mo( n , γ ) 99 Mo reaction is markedly reduced by the substitution of PF 3 into Mo(CO) 6 . The 99 Mo formed from a single species like Mo(PF 3 ) 3 (CO) 3 is found predominantly in “inorganic” form (about 80%). The fraction in the form of 99 Mo(PF 3 ) x (CO) 6− x species has a composition strongly biased to x = 0–2.
A second UHV beam line at SSRL for studies in the spectral range 4–4000 eV

Abstract In order to expand the capabilities in the spectral range 4 eV ⩽ hv ⩽ 4000 eV at SSRL and to close the photon energy gap between ≈1 keV and 4 keV, a new beam line is planned. Beam line III is designed to provide monochromatized radiation with five branch lines. The branch lines will be equipped with monochromators, sample chambers, data acquisition systems and are oriented toward the outside user. Construction of beam line III will initiate the SSRL expansion program at SPEAR. First operation is anticipated by fall 1978.
Effects of increased near‐infrared absorption by water vapor on the climate system

[1] Recent improvements in the spectroscopic data for water vapor have significantly increased the near-infrared absorption in models of the Earth's atmosphere. The climatic effects of increased near-infrared absorption have been simulated with the latest Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3). The shortwave parameterization in CAM3 has been updated to minimize differences between CAM3 and line-by-line (LBL) calculations based upon the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) spectroscopic database issued in 2001. The new model reproduces LBL calculations of the near-infrared absorption to within 0.9% ± 1.4% and the near-infrared heating rates to within 0.02 ± 0.02 K d−1. Estimates of the global annual mean shortwave absorption by water vapor have been calculated from the editions of the AFGL and HITRAN databases issued in 1982 and 2001, respectively. The main changes in water vapor spectroscopy during this period are the addition of many missing weak lines and increased estimates of line strength in near infrared wavelengths. The clear-sky and all-sky shortwave absorption increase by 4.0 W m−2 and 3.1 W m−2, respectively, in calculations replacing the old with the new spectroscopic parameters. The atmosphere becomes warmer, moister, and more stable with the increased absorption in simulations with sea surface temperatures either prescribed from observations or predicted using a slab-ocean model. The latent heat flux and precipitation both decrease by approximately 2%. Hence the additional absorption has the effect of weakening the hydrological cycle in the atmospheric model.
Performance evaluation of linear equalizers in the presence of adjacent channel interference

Abstract An analytical technique is developed to evaluate the error rate and the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) performance of linearly equalized Atf-ary quadrature amplitude modulation and quadrature partial response signalling in the presence of adjacent channel interference. Both symbol- and fractionally-spaced linear equalizers (SSE and FSE) are considered. The tap gains of these equalizers are evaluated in the MMSE sense. The transfer function and MMSE of the infinite tap SSE are derived in the presence of interfering channels. The underlying structure of the infinite-tap SSE is used to develop an infinitely long FSE. Numerical results indicate that the proposed structure does not yield the same MMSE as obtained by a sufficiently long FSE. A frequency domain analysis in conjunction with singular value decomposition reveals that the case for the failure of the proposed structure is due to a built-in rank reduced property.
The triplication formula for Gauss sums

A new proof of the triplication formula for Gauss sums is given. It mimics an old proof of the analogous result for gamma functions. The techniques are formal and rely upon the character properties of fields. A new character sum evaluation is given.
THE PRODUCTION OF ALBUMINURIA BY RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION IN ANIMALS AND IN MAN

Experiments are described which show that: 1. Transient albuminuria follows the infusion of small doses of adrenalin into rabbits, if prolonged over several minutes. 2. Agents causing renal vasoconstriction also cause transient albuminuria in anesthetized, eviscerated dogs. 3. Cats eliminate albumin after having been frightened or enraged. 4. The drug ephedrine, which commonly causes renal vasoconstriction in animals, has been tested in man. Transient albuminuria
Partial melting of crustal rocks

Abstract Shales and graywackes were first metamorphosed at 650°C and then partially melted at 700 and 750°C at 2, 4, 6, and 8 kilobars in the presence of 0.75m NaCl−0.45m KCl and 0.225m CaCl2−0.750m NaCl solutions. In experiments with shales,KK+Na ratio in the decreases with increasing pressure at 650 and 700°C; however, at 750°C this ratio is equal to 0.5 at all pressures investigated. This suggests that melts at 700°C and at 2 to 8 kilobars pressure may be affected metasomatically whereas melts at 700°C and in the same pressure range will not. Melt composition produced in the shale-KCl NaCl experiments is granite at 2, 4 and 6 kilobars pressure, whereas the melt compositions in the shale-CaCl2 NaCl experiments range from quartz monzonite (2–5 kilobars) to granodiorite (above 5 kilobars). Experiments with graywacke-KCl NaCl produced melts of trondhjemite composition at 2, 2.5, 4, 6, and 7.5 kilobars. These results indicate that partial melting of crustal rocks such as metamorphosed shales and graywackes in the deeper parts of the crust can produce large volumes of granitic magmas ranging in composition from true granite to trondhjemite to quartz monzonite and granodiorite.
Thermal-Fluid Sciences Laboratory Course

At the Department of Engineering Technology at the University of Toledo we are working on introducing laboratory course in thermal-fluid sciences with the elements of controls. The objective is to create a course where the students will learn to see connections between the three branches of the thermal-fluid sciences and will learn to appreciate the integrated nature of modern systems. The proposed laboratory course will be structured around four “equipment centers” represented important areas of applications in the thermal-fluid sciences: 1) Armfield Modules (turbomachinery), 2) Steam Motor and Energy Conversion Set, 3) Modular Air Flow Laboratory, and 4) Experimental Heat Pump and Air Cooler. The students will take the course after they finish courses in Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. The course will give our students an opportunity to observe how the concepts and principles learned in the classroom can be applied in a practical situation. To extend the instructional capability of the equipment and to give the students knowledge of modern instrumentation and control systems we use LabVIEW for computerization and automation of this laboratory. The experiments that have already been developed for the course as well as experiments that have been planned for the future are presented in the paper.Copyright © 2003 by ASME