cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of glutathione S-transferases in rat kidney. Alteration of composition by cis-platinum.

Abstract We have developed chromatographic and mathematical protocols that allowed the high resolution of glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits, and the identification of a previously unresolved GST monomer in rat kidney cytosol; the monomer was identified tentatively as subunit 6. Also, an aberrant form of GST 7-7 dimer appeared to be present in the kidney. This development was utilized to illustrate the response of rat kidney GST following cis-platinum treatment in vivo. Rat kidney cytosol was separated into three 'affinity families' of GST activity after elution from a GSH-agarose matrix. The affinity peaks were characterized by quantitative differences in their subunit and dimeric compositions as determined by subsequent chromatography on a cation-exchange matrix and specific activity towards substrates. By use of these criteria, the major GST dimers of affinity peaks were tentatively identified. The major GST dimers in peak I were GST 1-1 and 1-2, in affinity peak II it was GST 2-2, and in peak III they were GST 3-3 and 7-7. GST 3-6 and/or 4-6, which have not been previously resolved in kidney cytosol, were also present in peak II. Alterations in the kidney cytosolic GST composition of male rats were detected subsequent to the administration of cis-platinum (7.0 mg/kg subcutaneously, 6 days). This treatment caused a pronounced alteration in the GST profile, and the pattern of alteration was markedly different from that reported for other chemicals in the kidney or in the liver. In general, the cellular contents of the GSTs of the Alpha and the Mu classes decreased and increased respectively. It is postulated that the decrease in the Alpha class of GSTs by cis-platinum treatment may be related to renal cortical damage and the loss of GSTs in the urine. The increase in the Mu class of GSTs could potentially stem from a lowered serum concentration of testosterone; the latter is a known effect of cis-platinum treatment.
Effects of swimming on dystrophic Syrian hamster heart.

Summary Morphological and histopathological heart changes were determined for sixteen dystrophic Syrian hamsters (B10 14.6 strain) and sixteen normal hamsters. Eight animals were randomly assigned to each of the following groups: dystrophic swim (DYS-SWM), dystrophic sedentary (DSY-SED), normal swim (NOR-SWM), and normal sedentary (NOR-SED). The daily swimming program consisted of an initial 30-minute swim which was gradually extended to 60 minutes by the end of eight weeks. Weights up to 3% body weight were attached during swimming to increase the work load. Sedentary animals received no experimental treatment. Four animals in each group were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after the initiation of treatments. In comparison with the two groups of sedentary animals, the NOR-SWM group had a greater heart weight/body weight ratio at both 4 and 8 weeks (P
Faithful representation, physical extensive measurement theory and Archimedean axioms

The formal methods of the representational theory of measurement (RTM) are applied to the extensive scales of physical science, with some modifications of interpretation and of formalism. The interpretative modification is in the direction of theoretical realism rather than the narrow empiricism which is characteristic of RTM. The formal issues concern the formal representational conditions which extensive scales should be assumed to satisfy; I argue in the physical case for conditions related to weak rather than strong extensive measurement, in the sense of Holman 1969 and Colonius 1978. The problem of justifying representational conditions is addressed in more detail than is customary in the RTM literature; this continues the study of the foundations of RTM begun in an earlier paper. The most important formal consequence of the present interpretation of physical extensive scales is that the basic existence and uniqueness properties of scales (representation theorem) may be derived without appeal to an Archimedean axiom; this parallels a conclusion drawn by Narens for representations of qualitative probability. It is concluded that there is no physical basis for postulation of an Archimedean axiom.
Relationship between film stress and dislocation microstructure evolution in thin films

Metals with one or more dimensions in the submicron regime are widely used in MEMS devices. Device stresses often exceed the strength of the corresponding bulk material by an order of magnitude and can lead to a variety of mechanical failures. At moderate temperatures, high stresses occur because dislocations are unable to move to relax the stress. This is partly because of an elastic dimensional constraint, but complex dislocation behavior, such as junction formation, annihilation, and nucleation, are also observed. In this report, we present results from analytical models, cellular automata simulations, and large-scale dislocation dynamics simulations of submicron films to examine the relationship between dislocation interactions and material strength. Our results reveal a complex relationship between dislocation interactions and stress inhomogeneity that arises from the stress fields of the dislocations. We show that the stress inhomogeneity increases both the likelihood of interactions and acts to increase the strain hardening rate.
Pyrolysis of vinyl and vinylidene fluoride polymers: Influence of prior γ-irradiation

Prior gamma irradiation effect on thermal volatilization of vinyl and vinylidene fluoride polymers
On moment inequalities of the supremum of empirical processes with applications to kernel estimation

Abstract Let X1,…,Xn be a random sample from a distribution function F. Let Fn(x)=(1/n)∑i=1nI(Xi⩽x) denote the corresponding empirical distribution function. The empirical process is defined by D n (x)= n |F n (x)−F(x)|. In this note, upper bounds are found for E(Dn) and for E(etDn), where D n = sup x D n (x). An extension to the two sample case is indicated. As one application, upper bounds are obtained for E(Wn), where, W n = sup x | f n (x)−f(x)|, with f n (x)=(1/nh)∑ i=1 n k((x−X i )/h) is the celebrated “kernel” density estimate of f(x), the density corresponding to F(x) and an optimal bandwidth is selected based on Wn. Analogous results for the kernel estimate of F are also mentioned.
Decimative Multiplication of Entropy Arrays, with Application to Influenza

The use of the digital signal processing procedure of decimation is introduced as a tool to detect patterns of information entropy distribution and is applied to information entropy in influenza A segment 7. Decimation was able to reveal patterns of entropy accumulation in archival and emerging segment 7 sequences that were not apparent in the complete, undecimated data. The low entropy accumulation along the first 25% of segment 7, revealed by the three frames of decimation, may be a sign of regulation at both protein and RNA levels to conserve important viral functions. Low segment 7 entropy values from the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic suggests either that: (1) the viruses causing the current outbreak have convergently evolved to their low entropy state or (2) more likely, not enough time has yet passed for the entropy to accumulate. Because of its dependence upon the periodicity of the codon, the decimative procedure should be generalizable to any biological system.
Numerical study of surface solitary wave and Kelvin solitary wave propagation in a wide channel

The Petrov-Galerkin finite-element method is used to solve the unified Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation [Chen and Liu, J. Fluid Mech. 288 (1995) 383]. Numerical experiments have been focused on studying the effect of slowly varying topography on the propagation of surface solitary waves in a stationary channel and Kelvin solitary waves in a rotating channel. We find that in the absence of rotation, an oblique incident solitary wave propagating over a three-dimensional shelf in a straight wide channel will eventually develop into a series of uniform straight-crested solitary waves, together with a train of small oscillatory waves moving upstream. With proper phase shifts, the shapes of these final two-dimensional solitary waves coincide with those of solitary waves emerging from a corresponding normal incident solitary wave propagating over the corresponding two-dimensional shelf. In a two-layered rotating channel, the variation of topography does not have much effect on the propagation of a Kelvin solitary wave of depression, whereas it can have a significant influence on the propagation of a Kelvin solitary wave of elevation. Explanations for these numerical findings are given.
The surface characterization of a series of hydroxybenzenes on Ag(111): an EELS and TDS study

We have studied the surface composition and vibrational properties of Pb02 and Bi-doped Pb02 electrode surfaces using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Deposition from perchlorate solution yields chlorine-rich oxides. For Pb02. chlorine tends to segregate at the surface. For Bi-Pb02, chlorine does not segregate at the surface, but the concentration of chlorine throughout the bulk of the oxide is about three times that in Pb02. This suggests that Bi and CI may be chemically bound in the doped oxides. Hydroxyl groups and hydrocarbon fragments are also present throughout the bulk of both films. Both oxides exhibit distinct phonon loss spectra, similar to those observed by other authors with EELS for many other oxides. Subtle differences between vibrational frequencies of the two oxides may be related to differences in surface crystallographic orientation or to differences in chemical composition.
Epidermal growth factor and the nervous system.

Various growth factors and their receptors are present in the nervous system. This review focuses on the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence indicates that EGF in the CNS is the result of local synthesis, by intrinsic and blood-derived macrophages, glial cells and neurons, and uptake from the peripheral blood through the circumventricular organs and probably also through the blood-brain barrier. Evidence is accumulating suggesting that EGF regulates a variety of CNS functions in a specific manner. EGF influences CNS growth, differentiation and maintenance (actions proposed to promote neural regeneration and cell survival following a variety of insults). EGF also induces neuromodulatory actions, affects the neuroendocrine system, and suppresses food intake and gastric acid secretion. Acute and chronic pathological processes, e.g., various cancers, stimulate the production and release of EGF in various cell systems. Monitoring of EGF by the CNS may participate in several neurological manifestations (e.g., appetite suppression, neuroendocrine alterations) frequently accompanying acute and chronic disease. EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha, a factor that binds to the EGF receptor with high affinity and induces the same biological signals as EGF) also may be involved in the promotion of malignancy in the CNS and in the neuropathogenesis of degenerative disorders. Thus evidence is accumulating concerning the neurophysiological or neuropathophysiological significance of EGF in the nervous system.
The Effect of Captopril Treatment on Potassium-Induced Stimulation of Aldosterone Production in Vitro*

Potassium and angiotensin (All) show interdependence as stimuli of aldosterone production. However, potassium stimulates in vitro in the absence of AIL In the present study we examined for a contribution by All to the in vitro stimulatory potential of potassium, an All effect mediated on the adrenal before killing of the animal. Captopril, an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, was administered orally and by sc injection for 3 days so as to decrease levels of AIL Aldosterone secretory responses by adrenal capsules to graded increments in potassium were measured subsequently using a perifusion system. It was found that captopril pretreatment significantly reduced the magnitude of aldosterone secretory response to increments in potassium of 0.5 to 6.0 nm, from a baseline potassium concentration of 3.5 nm. Responses to the lowest increment in potassium, 0.5 and 1.0 nm, were virtually abolished by captopril treatment. The results suggest that All sensitizes the adrenal glomerulosa such that very small ch...
Preparation of STM tips for in‐situ characterization of electrode surfaces

SUMMARY The total current between the tip and the sample in a scanning tunnelling microscopy study of a solid/liquid interface can be dominated by Faradaic charge transfer currents. In such a situation, feedback control of the tunnelling gap, and imaging, is precluded. In this contribution we describe the preparation of glass and polymer coated STM tips that possess < 100 A2 of exposed metal. These tips effectively discriminate against Faradaic current and enable STM imaging in the presence of reversible electroactive solution species at appreciable tip/sample biases.
Respiratory activity of ‘Chelan’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Selah’ sweet cherries in relation to fruit traits at green, white-pink, red and mahogany ripening stages

Abstract Sweet cherry fruit development is subjectively sub-divided into four stages on the basis of exocarp color, which includes green, white-pink, red and mahogany stages. ‘Chelan’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Selah’, representing early-, mid- and late-season cultivars, respectively, and three different abscission-responses, were selected to explore the relationships between respiratory activity, fruit quality attributes, and pedicel-fruit retention force (PFRF) at the four developmental stages. Respiratory rate was higher in the early ripening cultivar (‘Chelan’) than in the mid- or late ripening cultivars at maturity. However, the cultivars showed similar respiration patterns with a rapid decline of respiration at the green stage followed by a gradual decline, irrespective of abscission behavior or ripening date. A small respiratory peak was observed from the end of the green stage to the beginning of the white-pink stage. Firmness and pedicel retention force (the force required to break the stem and to separate the stem from the fruit) were positively correlated at all stages of fruit development; however, these attributes were negatively correlated with fruit size, particularly at the white-pink and mahogany stages. Also, both firmness and pedicel retention force were greatest at the transition of green and white-pink stages. Fruit respiration rate increased as PFRF increased and decreased as fruit weight, size, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) increased in all three cultivars.
Laparoscopic Lysis of Adhesions

Intra-abdominal adhesions constitute between 49% and 74% of the causes of small bowel obstruction. Traditionally, laparotomy and open adhesiolysis have been the treatment for patients who have failed conservative measures or when clinical and physiologic derangements suggest toxemia and/or ischemia. With the increased popularity of laparoscopy, recent promising reports indicate the feasibility and potential superiority of the minimally invasive approach to the adhesion-encased abdomen. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of laparoscopic adhesiolysis and to provide technical tips that help in the success of this technique. The most important predictive factor of adhesion formation is a history of previous abdominal surgery ranging from 67%–93% in the literature. Conversely, 31% of scars from previous surgery have been free of adhesions, whereas up to 10% of patients without any prior surgical scars will have spontaneous adhesions of the bowel or omentum. Most intestinal obstructions follow open lower abdominopelvic surgeries such as colectomy, appendectomy, and hysterectomy. The most common complications associated with adhesions are small bowel obstruction (SBO) and chronic pain syndrome. The treatment of uncomplicated SBO is generally conservative, especially with incomplete obstruction and the absence of systemic toxemia, ischemia, or strangulation. When conservative treatment fails, surgical options include conventional open or minimally invasive approaches; the latter have become increasing more popular for lysis of adhesions and the treatment of SBO. Generally, 63% of the length of a laparotomy incision is involved in adhesion formation to the abdominal wall. Furthermore, the incidence of ventral hernia after a laparotomy ranges between 11% and 20% versus the 0.02%–2.4% incidence of port site herniation. Additional benefits of the minimally invasive approaches include a decreased incidence of wound infection and postoperative pneumonia and a more rapid return of bowel function resulting in a shorter hospital stay. In long-term follow up, the success rate of laparoscopic lysis of adhesions remains between 46% and 87%. Operative times for laparoscopy range from 58 to 108 minutes; conversion rates range from 6.7% to 43%; and the incidence of intraoperative enterotomy ranges from 3% to 17.6%. The length of hospitalization is 4–6 days in most series. Laparoscopic lysis of adhesions seems to be safe in the hands of well-trained laparoscopic surgeons. This technique should be mastered by the advanced laparoscopic surgeon not only for its usefulness in the pathologies discussed here but also for adhesions commonly encountered during other laparoscopic procedures.
Distribution of DDT and dieldrin in the avian embryo.

Abstract Eggs injected immediately prior to incubation with 1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT-14C) and dieldrin were sampled at 3-day intervals. Both insecticides were distributed rapidly throughout the developing tissues and organs. The concentrations appeared to parallel lipid content. About 40% of the total radioactivity was found in the yolk sac at time of eclosion. Metabolism of DDT was first observed about day 12 of incubation, and the major metabolites were chromatographically similar to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE). A small quantity of a water-soluble metabolite (not identified) of dieldrin was determined day 12 of incubation. In toxicity tests, newly emerged chicks fed at hatch or starved 3 days post-hatch showed no difference in mortality following injection of dieldrin, p,p′-DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p′-DDE, or p,p′-DDD into eggs.
Absolute and relative binding free energy calculations of the interaction of biotin and its analogs with streptavidin using molecular dynamics/free energy perturbation approaches

We present calculations of the absolute and relative binding free energies of complexation of streptavidin with biotin and its analogs by means of a thermodynamic free energy perturbation method implemented with molecular dynamics. Using the recently solved crystal structure of the streptavidin-biotin complex, biotin was mutated into a dummy molecule as well as thiobiotin and iminobiotin both in the protein and in solution. The calculated absolute binding free energy was dependent on the simulation model used. Encouragingly, the "best models" provided a reasonable semiquantitative reproduction (-20 to -22 kcal/mol) of the experimental free energy (-18.3 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the calculated results give clear insights into the binding nature of the protein-ligand complex, showing that the van der Waals energy dominates the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding energies in the binding of biotin by streptavidin. Specifically, the mutation of biotin into a dummy molecule in solution has a delta G (van der Waals) approximately -4 kcal/mol, due to the cancellation of dispersion and repulsion "cavity" effects. On the other hand, in the protein, a very small free energy price must be paid to create a cavity since one already exists and the mutation of biotin into a dummy molecule has a delta G (van der Waals) approximately 15 kcal/mol. These results are also consistent with the interpretation that the entropy increase to be expected from hydrophobic interactions from desolvation of biotin is counterbalanced by a decrease in entropy accompanying the formation of buried hydrogen bonds, which have been derived from the apparently conflicting experimental data. They provide an alternative interpretation of the reason for the extremely high affinity of the biotin-streptavidin interaction than that recently proposed by Weber et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:3197, 1992). In the case of the relative binding free energies, the calculated values of 3.8 +/- 0.6 and 7.2 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol compare well with the experimental values of 3.6 and 6.2 kcal/mol for the perturbation of biotin to thiobiotin and iminobiotin, respectively in the related protein avidin. The calculations indicate that desolvation of the ligand is important in understanding the relative affinity of the ligands with the protein. The above successful simulations suggest that the molecular dynamics/free energy perturbation method is useful for understanding the energetic features affecting the binding between proteins and ligands, since it is generally difficult to determine these factors unambiguously by experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Unstable trinucleotide repeats and the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease

Human genes containing unstable triplet repeats are associated with several neuropsychiatric diseases. These diseases all show a marked variation in clinical symptoms and genetic anticipation. The molecular understanding of these diseases provides the diagnostic laboratory with the capability to test directly whether an individual's DNA contains the disease-causing mutation, either as a confirmation of a clinical diagnosis or presymptomatically.
Perfect explicit model-following control solution to imperfect model-following control problems

For cases in which perfect model-following is not possible for a particular desired model, a class of candidate models is defined that can be followed perfectly by the given plant. A candidate model that most closely matches the dynamics of the desired model is then determined through constrained parameter optimization. The result is perfect model-following of a model that has an eigenstructure which resembles that of the desired model. In the development of this method, a new variation on perfect model-following control law development is shown. This method explicitly displays the feed-forward and feedback gains that determine the system error dynamics, which may be artibrarily selected by conventional pole placement methods if the plant is completely controllable. The method is applied to a problem involving the linearized lateral-directional equations of motion of the B-26 airplane. The results show that a candidate model can be found that has virtually the same dynamic behavior as the desired model, and that it can be followed perfectly by the original plant with arbitrarily assigned error dynamics.
Evaluation of a Peer-Led, Low-Intensity Physical Activity Program for Older Adults

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a primary contributor to decreasing functional physical fitness and increasing chronic disease in older adults.PurposeThis study assessed the health-related benefits of ExerStart for Lay Leaders, a 20-week, community based, peer-led, low-impact exercise program for older adults. ExerStart focuses on aerobic endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and balance.MethodsUsing a pre/posttest evaluation design, researchers examined the effects of the program on 432 older adults in St. Louis, Missouri, and Houston, Texas. Participants completed self-report surveys as well as observed functional physical fitness assessments.ResultsParticipants in ExerStart for Lay Leaders significantly improved their perceived satisfaction with body function, functional physical fitness, perceived overall health, and body mass index.DiscussionThis study adds to the evidence that older adults benefit from structured, peer-led exercise programs. The increased physical fitness, if maintained, may l...
Local measurement of flow boiling heat transfer in an array of non-uniformly heated microchannels

Abstract As electronics packages become increasingly thinner and more compact due to size, weight, and performance demands, the use of large intermediate heat spreaders to mitigate heat generation non-uniformities are no longer a viable option. Instead, non-uniform heat flux profiles produced from chip-scale variations or from multiple discrete devices are experienced directly by the ultimate heat sink. In order to address these thermal packaging trends, a better understanding of the impacts of non-uniform heating on two-phase flow characteristics and thermal performance limits for microchannel heat sinks is needed. An experimental investigation is performed to explore flow boiling phenomena in a microchannel heat sink with hotspots, as well as non-uniform streamwise and transverse peak-heating conditions spanning across the entire heat sink area. The investigation is conducted using a silicon microchannel heat sink with a 5 × 5 array of individually controllable heaters attached to a 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm square base. The channels are 240 μm wide, 370 μm deep, and separated by 110 μm wide fins. The working fluid is the dielectric fluorinert liquid FC-77, flowing at a mass flux of approximately 890 kg/m 2 s. High-speed visualizations of the flow are recorded to observe the local flow regimes. Despite the substrate beneath the microchannels being very thin (200 μm), significant lateral conduction occurs and must be accounted for in the calculation of the local heat flux imposed. For non-uniform heat input profiles, with peak heat fluxes along the streamwise and transverse directions, it is found that the local flow regimes, heat transfer coefficients, and wall temperatures deviate significantly from a uniformly heated case. These trends are assessed as a function of an increase in the relative magnitude of the nonuniformity between the peak and background heat fluxes.
On behalf of the consequence argument: time, modality, and the nature of free action

The consequence argument for the incompatibility of free action and determinism has long been under attack, but two important objections have only recently emerged: Warfield’s modal fallacy objection and Campbell’s no past objection. In this paper, I explain the significance of these objections and defend the consequence argument against them. First, I present a novel formulation of the argument that withstands their force. Next, I argue for the one controversial claim on which this formulation relies: the trans-temporality thesis. This thesis implies that an agent acts freely only if there is one time at which she is able to perform an action and a distinct time at which she actually performs it. I then point out that determinism, too, is a thesis about trans-temporal relations. I conclude that it is precisely because my formulation of the consequence argument emphasizes trans-temporality that it prevails against the modal fallacy and no past objections.
Residual strength analyses of stiffened and un-stiffened panels––Part I: laboratory specimens

Abstract This paper presents the results of residual strength analyses on stiffened and un-stiffened panels using the STructural Analysis of General Shells (STAGS) finite-element shell code and the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion. Previous analyses of wide, flat panels have shown that high-constraint conditions around a crack front must be modeled in order for the critical CTOA fracture criterion to predict wide panel failures from small laboratory tests. Thus, the STAGS code with the “plane-strain” core option was used in all analyses. In the present study, the critical CTOA ( Ψ c ) value and the plane-strain core height were determined from a fit to the experimental load-against-crack-extension results from a series of middle-crack tension specimens (76–1016 mm wide) tested with anti-buckling guides. In the residual strength analyses of the 305-mm wide stiffened panels with a single crack, modeling of the sheet, stiffeners, rivet flexibility and buckling were based on methods and criteria, like that currently used in industry. STAGS and the CTOA criterion were used to predict load-against-crack extension for the single stiffened panels for both intact and cut stiffeners. Analyses were able to predict stable crack growth and residual strength of the single stiffened panels within about ±5% of the test failure loads.
Large-volume MAS system for improved signal-to-noise ratio

Magic-angle spinning (I, 2) has assumed major importance as a routine line-narrowing technique for solid-state NMR since the demonstration that MAS could be used in conjunction (3) with high-power ‘H decoupling and cross polarization (CP) (4). Major advances in MAS technology have largely focused on increasing sample spinning speeds, for which values of lo16 kHz are becoming increasingly common. MAS spectra obtained at MAS speeds greater than 20 kHz have been reported (.5,6). The development and use of high MAS speeds have been fostered largely by the desire to use high magnetic field strengths (B,,), as the size of the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) in hertz scales linearly with 8,. Increased MAS speeds have typically been achieved with a corresponding sacrifice of sample size, as the maximum linear velocity in the spinner is experienced at its periphery. Hence, for a given MAS speed this velocity can be reduced by decreasing the spinner diameter. For this reason, the S/N improvement that one might expect from a larger B0 and a higher MAS speed is often not achieved simply because a smaller sample is employed at higher field. There are some cases in which the relatively small size of the CSA or the relatively simple pattern of spinning sidebands (sometimes desired for their inherent CSA information) (7) mitigates against the need to use a high MAS speed. Furthermore, there is an increasing body of evidence indicating that high-speed MAS can sometimes cause problems in CP dynamics (8). If, for these various kinds of reasons or others, one chooses not to use high MAS speeds, then one can maximize the S/N by using a large amount of sample, if that is available. This Note describes a MAS system designed to achieve a modest spinning speed, e.g., 3.2-4.5 kHz, with a relatively large sample size, 2.0-2.5 cm3. The system we have designed and built employs a small air-jet bearing to support the heavy spinner/ sample system. The system has been tested successfully in 13C experiments and shows great promise for other nuclides, e.g., 29Si with typically smalI CSA characteristics. The design of the large-sample MAS system is shown in Fig. 1. This design is to a substantial degree based on a scaling up in physical dimensions of a spinner design that has been used at Delft University (9) and here (5, 6) for some years. The main characteristics of the spinner system are separate drive and air-bearing sections and the separate air-jet bearing used to support the spinner. When a glass bead was used
When an algebraic frame is regular

It is shown that an algebraic frame L is regular if and only if its compact elements are complemented. More generally, it is shown that each pseudocomplemented element is regular if and only if each $$ c^{\bot\bot} $$ , with c compact, is complemented. With a mild assumption on L, each $$ c^{\bot} $$ , with c compact, is regular precisely when $$ p \bigvee q = 1 $$ for any two minimal primes p and q of L. These results are then interpreted in various frames of subobjects of lattice-ordered groups and f-rings.
Nonequilibrium structures and decay processes of clusters sputtered by ion bombardment

A phenomenon of fragmentation of clusters sputtered by ion bombardment and containing both stable and metastable states is considered. The suggested kinetic model is based on the competition of three processes: detachment of atoms from metastable and stable states and drift-diffusion transfer from the former to the latter. Major regimes of fragmentation are identified and conclusion is made on the effect of the time of the diffusion transfer on the preexponential factor and fragmentation kinetics equation.
Manufacture of Aluminum Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

In the last two decades, metal matrix nanocomposites have witnessed tremendous growth. Particulate-reinforced nanocomposites have been extensively employed in the automotive industry for their capability to withstand high temperature and pressure conditions. Several manufacturing approaches have been used to fabricate them. Non-homogeneous particle dispersion and poor interface bonding are the main drawbacks of conventional manufacturing techniques. A critical review of nanocomposite manufacturing processes is presented; the distinction between ex-situ and in-situ processes is discussed in some detail. Moreover, in-situ gas/liquid processes are elaborated and their advantages are discussed. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction between the precursor gas and the liquid metal have been analyzed and their role on particle formation studied. This critical review will provide the reader with an overview of nanocomposite manufacturing methods along with a clear understanding of advantages and disadvantages.
Flexible Modes Control Using Sliding Mode Observers: Application to Ares I

The launch vehicle dynamics affected by bending and sloshing modes are considered. Attitude measurement data that are corrupted by flexible modes could yield instability of the vehicle dynamics. Flexible body and sloshing modes are reconstructed by sliding mode observers. The resultant estimates are used to remove the undesirable dynamics from the measurements, and the direct effects of sloshing and bending modes on the launch vehicle are compensated by means of a controller that is designed without taking the bending and sloshing modes into account. A linearized mathematical model of Ares I launch vehicle was derived based on FRACTAL, a linear model developed by NASA/MSFC. The compensated vehicle dynamics with a simple PID controller were studied for the launch vehicle model that included two bending modes, two slosh modes and actuator dynamics. A simulation study demonstrated stable and accurate performance of the flight control system with the augmented simple PID controller without the use of traditional linear bending filters.
Manley–Rowe relations for an arbitrary discrete system

Abstract Manley–Rowe relations are formulated for a discrete Hamiltonian system with an arbitrary number of resonances. Assuming that the resonances are defined as R ˆ | ω 〉 = 0 , where R ˆ is an n × n integer matrix of rank r n , and | ω 〉 ≡ ( ω 1 , … , ω n ) T is the frequency vector, the projection of the action vector | J 〉 on ker R ˆ is an adiabatic invariant. Hence n − r independent integrals, from where the conventional Manley–Rowe relations for a single resonance follow as a particular case.
Social protection and children in developing countries

Abstract Children are one of the most vulnerable groups in almost any population because of their physical and emotional dependence on adults and social status. Their vulnerability is greater in developing countries because of the higher incidence of poverty and fewer social protection mechanisms in place compared to industrialized countries. In most developing countries, children are not the explicit recipients of the unprecedented growth in social protection efforts but do benefit from its expansion. This paper looks at how social protection is evolving in developing countries and how it relates to the vulnerabilities of children. It goes on to present the different conceptual models for protection and how they have changed and been influenced by the changing definition of poverty and the growth in transnational knowledge and policymaking. The paper then considers cash transfer programs that have been introduced and their effects on child well being. It ends with a discussion of the need to focus on system-wide social protection strategies to address children's vulnerabilities and future directions needed.
Novel curing systems for chlorosulfonated polyethylene

Polyfunctional alcohols, acyclic, cyclic, and heterocyclic imines, and organotin oxides have been studied as crosslinking agents for chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Mechanisms for the crosslinking reactions involving the sulfonyl chloride moiety have been proposed. Differences in curing activity have been correlated with structural modifications of the curing agents consistent with classical chemical reactions for nonpolymeric systems. Of the curing systems examined, the polyols provide nontoxic, low cost, safe-processing formulations offering excellent physical properties which have found use in practical commercial applications.
Modeling and experimental observation of an on-chip two-dimensional far-field interference pattern

In this paper, we model and experimentally observe the far-field radiation produced by interfering beams propagating in two-dimensional (2D) slab waveguides. Using a transmission-line analogy, we compare the 2D propagation with standard three-dimensional (3D) far-field representations and derive the 2D conditions for using standard far-field approximations. Then we test our theoretical results by experimentally observing the 2D far-field pattern produced by a 1×3 multimode interference (MMI) coupler on a silicon nanomembrane. The MMI outputs are connected to a slab silicon waveguide, and the far field is observed at the edge of the silicon slab. This represents the observation of 2D far-field pattern produced by an array of on-chip radiators.
The finite strain tension torsion test of a thin-walled tube of elastic-plastic material

Abstract The kinematics and stress analysis of the tension torsion test of a thin-walled tube at finite strain are discussed. The relationships between increments of tension and torque and increments of extension and twist for an elastic-plastic material at finite plastic strain are formulated for the most common constitutive assumption. Some experimental results are discussed in relation to the analysis and further experiments are recommended.
Some Issues in Research on Stressful Life Events

We will start with a question: Do you believe that life stress can cause illness? If this question were included in a poll of either the general public or of concerned professionals, we would expect a nearly unanimous affirmative response; “nearly unanimous” only because if we asked a cross-section of the population whether they believed that the sun would rise tomorrow, probably someone would express doubt. At one time in human history, when belief in the rising of the sun was a matter of hope and faith, this doubt might have seemed reasonable. It no longer seems so because this daily event has long since become scientifically predictable. Can we say the same about the belief in the relation between life stress and illness? Is it firmly based on scientific evidence, or is it still a matter of faith? We will argue that at present the belief that life stress causes illness is based on faith bolstered by some scientific evidence. Given this argument, we will then describe the kind of work that seems to be needed in order to shift the balance to favor scientific evidence.
Pregnancy Complicated by Familial Dysautonomia Riley-Day Syndrome: A Case Report

To illustrate the importance of developing a multidisciplinary approach when managing a pregnant patient diagnosed with Familial Dysautonomia Riley-Day syndrome. A multisystem dysfunction results from this disorder stemming from the progressive nature of the disease affecting both the sensory and autonomic nervous system. A 27 year old female with known Familial Dysautonomia Riley-Day syndrome presented to High Risk Obstetrical Clinic for prenatal care with progressive sensory and autonomic dysfunction since her previous delivery five years ago. The patient delivered a healthy infant at 36 weeks gestation requiring no intervention by the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Both mother and infant were discharged home together on post-operative day 4. Through the utilization of a multidisciplinary approach both prenatally and postpartum, a pregnant patient with Familial Dysautonomia Riley-Day syndrome experiencing multiple serious medical problems can successfully deliver an infant requiring no additional medical support. Ideally both mother and infant can be discharged home together. doi:10.4021/ jcgo37w
Principles of glenoid component design and strategies for managing glenoid bone loss in revision shoulder arthroplasty in the absence of infection and rotator cuff tear.

The number of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) cases continues to grow each year. With the increasing number of procedures being performed, there, in turn, will exist a greater need for revision procedures. Failure of a shoulder arthroplasty can result from soft-tissue problems, bony deficiencies, infection, and component wear or loosening. Component loosening and osseous deficiencies may occur on the humeral and/or glenoid side. Multiple studies have identified glenoid component loosening as one of the more common causes necessitating revision after TSA. Glenohumeral joint instability in the setting of rotator cuff deficiency is also a common cause of glenoid loosening. Eccentric loading of the glenoid from proximal humeral migration leads to increased stress at the bonecement or bone-implant interface, commonly referred to as the ‘‘rocking horse phenomenon.’’ Eccentric loading, instability, and glenoid loosening may also result from incomplete glenoid seating, glenoid or humeral component malpositioning, or tuberosity malunion. The importance of glenoid implantation becomes evident when one considers
Support Rack for Portable Water Chillers

Abstract Construction and use of a polyvinyl chloride pipe rack that provides a safe, convenient, and versatile way of handling and storing portable 746-W water chillers are described.
Relativistic and nonrelativistic dynamical groups

The physical motivations for the dynamical group are presented and it is shown how Barut's mathematical speculations were combined with the idea of an elementary length to provide group theoretical models of relativistic extended objects. Then the simplest nonrelativistic and relativistic models are described.
Studies of the heme components of cytochrome c oxidase by EPR spectroscopy.

Abstract Cytochrome c oxidase was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at different states of oxidation in the presence or absence of specific ligands. The EPR signals observed are described, and an attempt is made to quantitatively evaluate and assign them to components of cytochrome c oxidase. According to this only cytochrome a and part of the copper were detected by EPR in the oxidized form of the enzyme. The reduced form was devoid of significant signals. At intermediate states of oxidation, cytochrome a3 was manifest in its ferric form by a signal typical of high-spin ferric iron. This indicates that in the oxidized form of the enzyme, ferricytochrome a3 interacted with another component, viz. another molecule of ferricytochrome a3 or the EPR-undetectable fraction of the copper, so as to result in a decreased paramagnetism of the system. Strong ligands such as cyanide or azide prevent the intermediate appearance of cytochrome a3 in the high-spin state; in the presence of azide, a low-spin ferric intermediate was detected. The changes in absorbance at 605 mμ and of the EPR signals during complete titrations of the enzyme with NADH and phenazine methosulfate or dithionite have been measured. Whereas the absorbance at 605 mμ measured at room temperature appeared to decrease linearly with added reductant, the EPR-detectable copper was not reduced initially except in the presence of cyanide. Cytochrome a was reduced in a linear fashion, while the EPR-detectable form of ferricytochrome a3 accumulated and was reduced after cytochrome a. In the presence of azide, an EPR-detectable low-spin form of ferricytochrome a3 accumulated, which was not readily reducible. The high-spin form of ferricytochrome a3 was also seen on rapid (> 10 msec) reduction of cytochrome c oxidase by ferricytochrome c or dithionite; it was not seen (> 10 msec) on rapid reoxidation of fully reduced cytochrome c oxidase. These findings support the concept of the separate existence of cytochromes a and a3, and indicate that cytochrome a and the EPR-undetectable copper are titrated first, at which point ferricytochrome a3 becomes detectable by EPR. The EPR-detectable copper and cytochrome a3 are titrated thereafter.
Further electrophysiologic and anatomic correlates in a canine model of chronic myocardial infarction susceptible to the initiation of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias

A canine model of chronic myocardial infarction has been studied in which animals are susceptible to the initiation of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias using routine methods of programmed stimulation. The pacing-induced arrhythmias in this model are similar to those observed in man in their mode of initiation and termination, as well as in their response to both pacing and pharmacologic interventions. Indirect evidence has suggested a localized protected reentrant mechanism for these arrhythmias. The susceptibility to arrhythmia initiation in this model has been related to both electrophysiologic and histopathologic findings. Consistently, animals have demonstrated a marked heterogeneity of local properties of excitability and refractoriness at sites within areas of infarction. Correspondingly, animals have shown a marked inhomogeneity of histopathologic findings within areas of infarction, with close interspersing of normal and abnormal myocardium. Remarkably, even animals with small mottled infarctions, often less than 1 cm x 2 cm and electrocardiographically silent, were highly susceptible to the initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and especially fibrillation. Thus, initial provocative studies in this model have suggested its potential importance both in studying arrhythmia mechanisms and in evaluating the efficiency of potential antiarrhythmic interventions. In addition, this should be an ideal model in which to correlate pathophysiologic and morphologic alterations in the setting of chronic myocardial infarction.
Common Misperceptions of the Hyperbolic Heat Equation

The Cattaneo equation has been proposed as a more general form of Fourier's law and, to date, many believe that Cattaneo's equation extends the validation regime of Fourier's law to time scales shorter than the relaxation time of a material. Cattaneo's equation leads to a form of the heat equation known as the hyperbolic heat equation, which is a damped-wave equation and predicts that heat will propagate in waves with a finite speed. Because of lack of experimental evidence and no sound derivation of hyperbolic heat equation, there is simply no justification for accepting Cattaneo's equation. Experiments claiming results corresponding to hyperbolic heat equation near room temperature in nonhomogenous media are misleading and more than likely due to improper specification of the problem or other phenomena associated with the porous materials used in the experiment. Accepting hyperbolic heat equation simply because it predicts a finite speed of propagation is fundamentally misleading with regard to conduction heat transfer at short time scales. This paper provides a point-to-point clarification, including statistical theories, equilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics, and the experimental aspect, as regards to the common misunderstandings of hyperbolic heat equation by many past and contemporary heat transfer researchers.