cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple independent gate field effect transistor (MIGFET) - multi-fin RF mixer architecture, three independent gates (MIGFET-T) operation and temperature characteristics

MIGFET devices have multiple gates to independently control the channel region. This allows for new device architectures and applications. This paper deals with three novel aspects discussed the first time I) Multi-fin MIGFET device with two independent gates capable of high current drives has been fabricated and demonstrated as a RF Mixer II) For the first time a MOSFET with three independent gates has been fabricated. These devices can be used in single transistor memories III) MIGFET has been used to characterize temperature effects on double gate devices in single electrode and independent gate modes. The three aspects discussed in the paper will have significant impact on future applications of these devices. The MIGFET can be integrated with double gate devices enabling novel analog circuits to scale with multi-gated digital CMOS in future digital CMOS transceiver (Single Chip Radio). The third independent gate in the MIGFET-T device enables novel memory architectures. Temperature characterization reveals the double gate Vt can be shifted both by temperature and by the second gate bias. This data enables compact modeling of temperature effects on independent gate devices to evaluate circuits that take advantage of this characteristic of the MIGFET.
Dynamic memory model based framework for optimization of IP address lookup algorithms

The design of software-based algorithms for fast IP address lookup targeted for general purpose processors has received tremendous attention in recent years due to its low cost implementation and flexibility. However, all work to date fails to account for the hierarchical memory structure of the processor when designing algorithms. In this work, we propose a dynamic memory model that captures data movement between hierarchical memories and the memory access cost. Using the model, we formulate the design of IP address lookup algorithms as a well-defined optimization problem that minimizes an algorithm's average lookup time. We first show the problem is NP-hard. We then present an optimization framework and associated algorithm based on Lagrange multipliers that terminates in a bounded-error solution. Simulation shows the synthesized algorithm has noticeable performance gain over existing techniques.
Standardization in a wireless environment

The mobile communications industry was built upon a fundamental technological stability in the radio transmission link: analog FM. For nearly forty years this stability supported a comfortable environment in which uniform standards were feasible. Single standards supported the manufacturer's goal of lowering production costs. Consumers benefitted as competition forced these lowered costs to be passed through to the public. This comfortable equilibrium was shattered in the 1980's with the introduction of digital radio into the commercial marketplace. Digital radio will end, forever, the era of a single standard and a complacent marketplace. This paper presents the authors' opinion of the role of standardization in a wireless environment. >
America’s Other Half: Slum Journalism and the War of 1898

This article treats the links between the 1890s literature of urban reform in the United States, which focused on the downtown other half of New York, and the war literature of 1898, when American troops intervened in Cuba's war of independence. The article focuses on the work of Stephen Crane, who worked as a New York police reporter, slum novelist, and Cuba war correspondent in this turbulent decade. Leary shows how, in the martial culture of the American 1890s, the rhetoric of militarism informed the practice of urban reform, while the rhetoric of urban reform informed the military campaign in Cuba. This article argues that the United States' urban underdevelopment, represented famously by the Lower East Side of Manhattan, was imaginatively displaced onto Cuba. The War of 1898 was therefore an important landmark in the creation of a Third World imaginary in the United States, when underdevelopment would become a distinctly Latin American condition. In the twentieth century, the gap between modernity and underdevelopment would not be found in the sprawling tenement cities, but in other Americas to the south, below the Mason-Dixon line and in Cuba. After 1898, Cuba, once so close to the United States as to be nearly a state in the union, now belonged to another time—indeed, almost another world.
Government guarantees on pension fund returns

This report reviews defined contribution pension return guarantees typically made by governments in connection with pension privatizations. Finance theory related to the pricing of options provides a unifying framework for evaluating the cost of these guarantees. The report considers two types of guarantees on the rate of return earned by an individual pension fund: a guarantee of a fixed minimum rate of return; and a guarantee of a minimum rate of return that is set relative to the performance of other pension funds. A minimum pension benefit guarantee for a participant in a mandatory defined contribution pension plan is also discussed. Costs for each of these guarantees are illustrated using typical parameter values.
The extracellular matrix and cytokines regulate microglial integrin expression and activation.

Microglia are the primary immune effector cells resident within the CNS, whose activation into migratory, phagocytic cells is associated with increased expression of cell adhesion molecules of the integrin family. To determine which specific factors are important regulators of microglial activation and integrin expression, we have examined the influence of individual cytokines and extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates by quantifying cell surface expression of MHC and individual integrins by flow cytometry. We found that the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-α promoted microglial activation, as assessed by amoeboid morphology and increased expression of MHC class I, and also increased expression of the α 4 β 1 and Mac-1 integrins. In contrast, TGF-β1 had the opposite effect and was dominant over the other cytokines. Furthermore, the ECM substrates fibronectin and vitronectin, but not laminin, also promoted microglial activation and increased expression of the α 4 β 1 , α 5 β 1 and Mac-1 integrins, but significantly, the influence of fibronectin and vitronectin was not diminished by TGF-β1. Taken together, this work suggests that, in addition to cytokines, the ECM represents an important regulatory influence on microglial activity. Specifically, it implies that increases in the local availability of fibronectin or vitronectin, as a result of blood-brain barrier breakdown or increased expression in different pathological states of the CNS, could induce microglial activation and increased expression of integrins.
Free-lagrange methods for compressible hydrodynamics in two space dimensions

Since 1970 a research and development program in Free-Lagrange methods has been active at Livermore. The initial steps were taken with incompressible flows for simplicity. Since then the effort has been concentrated on compressible flows with shocks in two space dimensions and time. In general, the line integral method has been used to evaluate derivatives and the artificial viscosity method has been used to deal with shocks.
Characterization of rhizobacteria associated with weed seedlings

Rhizobacteria were isolated from seedlings of seven economically important weeds and characterized for potential phytopathogenicity, effects on seedling growth, and antibiosis to assess the possibility of developing deleterious rhizobacteria as biological control agents. The abundance and composition of rhizobacteria varied among the different weed species. For example, fluorescent pseudomonads represented from 11 to 42% of the total rhizobacterial populations from jimsonweed and lambsquarters, respectively. Other bacteria frequently isolated were nonfluorescent pseudomonads, Erwinia herbicola, Alcaligenes spp., and Flavobacterium spp. Only 18% of all isolates were potentially phytopathogenic, based on an Escherichia coli indicator bioassay. However, the proportion of isolates that inhibited growth in seedling assays ranged from 35 to 65% depending on the weed host. Antibiosis was most prevalent among isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., the activity of which was due to siderophore production in over 75% of these isolates. Overall, rhizobacterial isolates exhibited a complex array of properties that were inconsistent with accepted definitions for plant growth-promoting and deleterious rhizobacteria. It is suggested that for development of effective biological control agents for weed control, deleterious rhizobacteria must be screened directly on host seedlings and must possess several properties including high colonizing ability, specific phytotoxin production, and resistance or tolerance to antibiotics produced by other rhizosphere microorganisms, and they must either synthesize or utilize other bacterial siderophores.
Increasing Physical Activity of Children during School Recess.

Physical activity is crucial for children's health. Fitbit accelerometers were used to measure steps of 6 elementary students during recess. The intervention included reinforcement, self-monitoring, goal setting, and feedback. Steps taken during the intervention phase (M = 1,956 steps) were 47% higher than in baseline (M = 1,326 steps), and the percentage of recess spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was higher during intervention (M = 25%) than in baseline (M = 4%). These methods successfully increased steps during recess and could be used to increase steps in other settings.
SELECTING THE “BEST” REGRESSION WHEN FACED WITH MISSING OBSERVATIONS

The sample multiple correlation coefficient is often used to select a subset of independent variables that “best” predicts a dependent variable, Y. If the data are partially missing, the choice of best predictors often should reflect not only how correlated the predictors are with Y but also how likely they are to be observed. Thus, an independent variable that is highly correlated with Y but also is difficult to record (i.e., is often missing) may not be as useful a predictor of Y as a less correlated but easily recorded independent variable. A generalization of the multiple correlation coefficient is defined which is appropriate when there are missing values but is identical to the multiple correlation coefficient when there are no missing values. An example of its use is presented.
Transformer Cooler Performance: Analysis and Experiment

During the summer of 1988, the coolers operating on the number-one transformer at the Niagara Mohawk New Scotland Substation were unable to maintain the temperature of the transformer oil at an acceptable level during a period of peak power and hot weather conditions. As a result of that incident, the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation requested that the operation performance characteristics of the failed General Electric FOA oil transformer cooler be investigated by the Heat Transfer Laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. A theoretical and experimental analysis has been performed on the performance of a transformer cooler. The theoretical study involved the formulation of a model of the cooler, which predicted that the performance is extremely sensitive and dependent upon the air-side flow rate/heat transfer coefficient, as well as the available heat transfer area. The experimental work consisted of the design and implementation of a cooling loop, from which experimental data were obtained to confirm the accuracy of the predictions. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical predictions; therefore, they confirm the reliability of the analysis.
Structural evaluation of a piping system subjected to thermal stratification

Piping systems in nuclear power plants are often designed for pressure, mechanical loads originating from deadweight and seismic events and operating thermal transients using the equations in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III. In the last few decades a number of failures in piping have occurred due to thermal stratification caused by the mixing of hot and cold fluids under certain low flow conditions. Such stratified temperature fluid profiles give rise to circumferential metal temperature gradients through the pipe leading to high stresses causing fatigue damage. A simplified method has been developed in this work to estimate the stresses caused by the circumferential temperature distribution from thermal stratification. It has been proposed that the equation for the peak stress in the ASME Section III piping code include an additional term for thermal stratification.
Evaluating the IEC 61215 Ed.3 NMOT procedure against the existing NOCT procedure with PV modules in a side-by-side configuration

Nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) is a simple parameter to distinguish the thermal performance of one PV module design from another. Recently, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) participated in NOCT round-robin testing designed to quantify the reproducibility of NOCT values between eight different test laboratories. This work expands on the round-robin testing by further examining NOCT results produced at NREL. Heat transfer modeling suggests that similarly constructed/packaged modules should not have the widely varying NOCT values that are publicly reported. In order to test this premise, a side-by-side NOCT comparison is presented for three glass/silicon/plastic modules that represent the extreme range of reported NOCT values. A glass/silicon/glass module is also included in the side-by-side comparison to gauge the impact of changing a packaging parameter. Working group 2 of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 82 has recently drafted a replacement for NOCT that is titled “Nominal Module Operating Temperature” (NMOT). With this change in progress, NREL data are also used to compare NOCT to NMOT.
Abstracts for the ninth annual scientific conference of the Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) Association

The Ninth Annual Scientific Conference of the Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) Association (USA) met in Atlanta on July 20, 1994. The 17 papers which were presented ranged from those which explored the molecular origins of PWS to those that studied the most effective medical, behavioral, and nutritional management of affected children and adults. Several important messages emerged. The first was that although most patients with PWS have an interstitial deletion of 15q11q13 of paternal origin, and a smaller percentage of patients have maternal disomy, there can be several other morphologic alterations of chromosome 15 which cause PWS. As our understanding of these changes at the molecular level improves, we will better understand the nature of these unusual rearrangements. 1 fig., 2 tabs.
Gates of Janus: cystic fibrosis and diarrhea

Heat-stable enterotoxin, produced by Escherichia coli, binds to particulate guanylate cyclase to increase cyclic GMP in intestinal cells. This in turn stimulates the cyclic-GMP- or cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase, activating the same chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis. It is possible that the relatively high prevalence of cystic fibrosis in humans results from its protective effect against diarrhea.
Effects of forest management on soil carbon: results of some long-term resampling studies

Abstract The effects of harvest intensity (sawlog, SAW; whole tree, WTH; and complete tree, CTH) on biomass and soil C were studied in four forested sites in the southeastern US (mixed deciduous forests at Oak Ridge, TN and Coweeta, NC; Pinus taeda at Clemson, SC; and P. eliottii at Bradford, FL). In general, harvesting had no lasting effects on soil C. However, intensive temporal sampling at the NC and SC sites revealed short-term changes in soil C during the first few years after harvesting, and large, long-term increases in soil C were noted at the TN site in all treatments. Thus, changes in soil C were found even though lasting effects of harvest treatment were not. There were substantial differences in growth and biomass C responses to harvest treatments among sites. At the TN site, there were no differences in biomass at 15 years after harvest. At the SC site, greater biomass was found in the SAW than in the WTH treatment 16 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to both the N left on site in foliar residues and to the enhancement of soil physical and chemical properties by residues. At the FL site, greater biomass was found in the CTH than in the WTH treatment 15 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to differences in understory competition. Biomass data were not reported for NC. The effects of harvest treatment on ecosystem C are expected to magnify over time at the SC and FL sites as live biomass increases, whereas the current differences in ecosystem C at the TN site (which are due to the presence of undecomposed residues) are expected to lessen with time.
Discharge patterns of basal ganglia neurons during active maintenance of postural stability and adjustment to chair tilt.

Abstract Neurons in the putamen and globus pallidus were studied in awake monkeys making active postural adjustments during static and dynamic chair tilt. When the chair was held horizontal and the monkey actively maintained a restricted head position, neurons had tonic firing rates similar to those described previously, with low frequency patterns in the putamen and low frequency-burst or intermediate (IFD) to high frequency (HFD) tonic patterns in neurons in the pallidal segments. Over half of the neurons with IFD or HFD discharge rates and a smaller proportion of those with slow discharge rates showed changes in firing that were temporally correlated with chair tilt. Phase shifts of firing frequency relative to sinusoidally varied chair position varied in units with different tonic discharge frequencies. Maximum and minimum discharge rates in IFD neurons occured near maximum chair velocities, whereas the phase shift decreased in HFD neurons, which had higher discharge rates during the horizontal chair position. Neurons with changes in discharge during chair tilt were found in all portions of the putamen and globus pallidus studied.
A computer model for estimating the response of sprinkler links to compartment fires with draft curtains and fusible link-actuated ceiling vents

A computer program, LAVENT, is now available which computes the heating of fusible links due to the presence of a ceiling jet imbedded in an upper layer. An important new feature in this program is that the two-dimensional structure of the ceiling jet is taken into account such that the location of the link beneath the ceiling plays a role in the response of the link. The links can be used to activate ceiling vents such that the effect of venting the upper layer on the ceiling jet may be studied. Additional applications would include the study of upper layer containment through the use of a combination of draft curtains and ceiling vents. The geometry modeled by the program is that of a large compartment enclosed by a combination of walls and draft curtains.
Laser-Optic Evaluation for Bond Quality of Polymeric Medical Tubing

A noncontact, laser-optic based laser ultrasonic technique referred to as the thermo-acousto-photonic nondestructive evaluation (TAP-NDE) was utilized to investigate bond integrity and localized stiffening due to an attached wire stent on small-diameter polymeric medical tubing. Laser-generated interrogating ultrasonic waves in the tubing were detected by use of a fiber-tip interferometer (FTI) and a continuous wave HeNe laser. The time-frequency analysis of the generated dispersive waves was performed using the Gabor wavelet transform (GWT) that effectively decomposed the digitized waveguide mode enabling identification of defect characteristic frequency tendencies. Three different bond defects were evaluated: tensile pull, needle puncture, and crease. These induced flaws represent possible manufacturing defects such as de-bond, potential leak sources, and geometry irregularities. The frequency tendencies were found to uniquely identify each bond defect. Frequency tendencies were also found to uniquely identify localized stiffening due to an attached wire stent proving that this technique can unambiguously identify propagation modes from among nonpropagation modes or vibrations. These findings demonstrate the utility of TAP-NDE and the GWT for quality inspection of small-diameter polymeric medical tubing.
Interfacial studies using the EAM and MEAM

A brief review of our current applications of the Embedded Atom Method (EAM) and Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) is given in this paper as they relate to the structure of interfaces in materials. The EAM is used to consider the effect of hydrogen on the structure and properties of boundaries in nickel and nickel aluminide (Ni3Al). In both cases hydrogen segregates to the boundary causing a reduction in the cohesive strength. Next, the EAM is applied to describe the equilibrium and dynamic structure of a dissociated Σ3(112) boundary in copper. Comparison is made to recent experimental observations which show good agreement with the modeled behavior. Finally, the MEAM is used to help understand the properties of both the nickel/silicon and aluminum/sapphire systems.
An apparent high molecular weight form of boar proacrosin resulting from the presence of a protein that binds to proacrosin.

Abstract Gel chromatography at pH 3.0 demonstrated that a partially purified extract of ejaculated boar spermatozoa apparently contained two proacrosins with approximate molecular weights of 88.000 and 55.000. Disc gel electrophoretic experiments indicated that the high molecular weight form was actually a complex between the low molecular weight form and a protein with a molecular weight of 29,000. The fact that this complex did not dissociate at pH 3.0 indicates the need for caution in interpretation of data obtained by acidic chromatography of proacrosin preparations.
Modeling of the near field coupling between an external loop and an implantable spiral chip antenna in biosensor systems

In this paper, the near field coupling between an external hand-held loop and an implantable miniature (1/spl times/1 mm) printed square spiral chip antenna used in bio-MEMS sensors for contact-less powering and RF telemetry is investigated. The loop and the spiral are inductively coupled and effectively form a transformer. The numerical results include the quasi-stationary magnetic field pattern of the implanted antenna, near zone wave impedance as a function of the radial distance and the values of the lumped elements in the equivalent circuit model for the transformer.
Residence patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River Estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina, U.S.A.

Residence patterns of inshore bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina were investigated as part of a larger effort to better understand stock structure of these dolphins along the east coast of the United States. Eighty-seven small-boat surveys for bottlenose dolphins were conducted from October 1994 through January 1996. Dolphins were sighted during all surveys. Approximately 304 h were spent surveying the study area; 64% (n = 196 h) of this time was spent observing and videotaping dolphins. A catalog, containing 112 individually identified dolphins was compiled. Thirty-two percent (n = 36) of identified dolphins were sighted once, while 28% (n = 31) were sighted five or more times. Nineteen percent (n = 21) of identified dolphins were determined to be year-round residents; eight percent (n = 9) seasonal residents. The majority (64%, n = 72) of identified dolphins were sighted in the study area during a single season or in two consecutive seasons and were classified as transients. This study documents the northernmost known site of a resident bottlenose dolphin community on the east coast of the United States, suggesting a complex bottlenose dolphin stock structure.
Isoform-selective voltage-gated Na+ channel modulators as next-generation analgesics

For many patients the current therapies for controlling chronic pain are inadequate. This has driven the search for analgesics with improved efficacy and side effect profiles. Some anticonvulsants have voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) as their molecular targets and are used to treat pain, but the efficacy seen is marginal and the drugs are generally poorly tolerated. The clinically used VGSC-modulating analgesics show no isoform selectivity, which probably limits their use. Thus, focus has fallen on VGSCs expressed selectively by primary afferent neurons and the search for isoform-selective drugs. In this review, we describe developments in our understanding of the biology of VGSCs, screening technologies and the pharmacological properties of VGSC modulators with promise as analgesics. Also highlighted are the challenges associated with targeting isoform-selective VGSCs.
A study of interphase in experimental diabetes insipidus.

The early development of diabetes insipidus passes through 3 phases in rats on constant diet after electrolytic interruption of the supraoptic tracts in the hypothalamus. Immediately postoperatively, there is a burst of overdrinking with rapid weight gain and polyuria. The interphase then supervenes: weight is lost, the urine becomes more concentrated and scant. The large discrepancy between fluid intake and urine output characteristic of the first phase narrows. Approximately six days postoperatively, water turnover rises abruptly, weight gain resumes, and water intake exceeds urine volume by a value roughly twice that of the intact animal. Total solute excretion decreases during the initial burst of polyuria and rises to a peak at the end of the interphase. These fluctuations appear to parallel urea output. The changes in water turnover are unaccompanied by major alterations in the ratio between urinary potassium and sodium, can be suppressed by vasopressin, are unaltered by ACTH administration and pers...
Hypertension. A neural disease

Early in my medical career I became completely convinced that either all or almost all essential hypertension was a neural disorder, more specifically a disease caused by continuous excessive discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. I developed this belief mainly because of a very fortunate experience: I worked as a surgical resident with Dr Reginald Smithwick, 1 helping him to perform approximately 60 lumbodorsal sympathectomies for the treatment of essential hypertension. The initial effect of the sympathectomy was always an astounding fall in blood pressure, and the pressure remained low at least as long as the patients were still in the hospital. Therefore, a few years later, my initial hypertension research studies were not for the purpose of determining the cause of hypertension—I already knew that—but, instead, were for the purpose of demonstrating experimentally the different neural mechanisms that can cause hypertension. Because it was my firm belief that
Separation of Intra- and Intermolecular NOEs through Simultaneous Editing and J-Compensated Filtering: A 4D Quadrature-Free Constant-Time J-Resolved Approach

The NMR methods used to characterize molecular interactions through NOEs rely on isotope editing/filtering strategies designed to select for/against 13C(15N)-bound proton spins. The filter efficiency depends critically on the optimal compensation for variations in JCH scalar coupling constants, which is effectively obtained by the currently available second- and third-order isotope filters but at the cost of losing all intramolecular NOEs. Here a new filtering/editing strategy based on quadrature-free constant-time J-spectroscopy is presented that achieves JCH-compensation and the simultaneous measurement of inter- and intramolecular NOEs between 13C-bound 1H spins. The J-resolved frequency dimension is incorporated in a semiconstant-time NOESY-HSQC experiment resulting in a 4D spectrum in which signals arising from protons bound to 13C (or 15N) are separated from those originating from protons bound to 12C (or 14N) nuclei. The filter performance does not depend on double tuning of delays or on empirical ...
Judgments of lateral distance using transients presented with interaural differences of time

Measurements of perceived lateral distance were made using transients in a lateralization paradigm. Two binaural clicks (referred to as boundary clicks) presented with interaural differences of time (IDT) were used to indicate a lateral “distance” along the interaural axis. IDT for the first click was zero (diotic) and for the second, a fixed and predetermined value (dichotic). The location of an additional click (pointer click) was controlled by the subjects, who were instructed to bisect the perceived lateral distance between the two boundary clicks with this pointer click. The procedure was repeated for three distances. Results indicate a linear relation between judgments of distance and changes in IDT (r2 = 0.999).
Variational study of the linear Jahn-Teller effect: Case of an electronic doublet interacting with a doubly degenerate vibration.

A variational study of the linear E-e Jahn-Teller effect, in which an electronic doublet interacts with a doubly degenerate vibration, has been performed using a simple correlated trial ground-state wave function\char21{}a correlated squeezed state. Our calculated variational ground-state energies are not only in good agreement with the exact diagonalization results, but they are also better than those from earlier analytical studies. This seems to suggest that the linear E-e Jahn-Teller system favors a strongly correlated squeezed ground state.
Evaluation of in-line absorption photometry to predict consistency of concentrated tomato products

Abstract This study evaluated the correlation between optical density as measured by absorption photometry, water-insoluble solids (WIS) and consistency as measured by the Bostwick consistometer for a variety of concentrated tomato products. Linear regression analysis indicated a linear correlation ( R 2 =0.97) between optical density and WIS content in diluted tomato paste, a linear correlation ( R 2 ⩾0.92) between optical density and consistency in various commercial tomato products and a linear correlation ( R 2 =0.93) between optical density and consistency during commercial production of tomato puree made from ripe tomatoes. The optical density appeared to be unaffected by product temperature and flow rate. Potential limitations of in-line absorption photometry to monitor and control tomato product consistency are briefly discussed.
Children of time: the extended synthesis and major metaphors of evolution

It is time for an expansion and enrichment of evolutionary theory. The "back to the future" proposal contained herein is based on three postulates: 1) Neo-Darwinism is too impoverished for this task; 2) its predecessor, Darwinism, contained the necessary breadth of vision and metaphor to be the basis for an inclusive and unifying theory of biology; and 3) the necessary framework for this new stage in the evolution of evolutionary theory is largely in place. We make our case through the use of a number of metaphorical dualisms designed to help focus discussions toward a more cooperative and productive approach to the study of living systems. Along the way, we suggest a number of self-induced paradoxes in neo-Darwinian accounts of evolution that are resolved by our perspective.
Endoscopic resection of an anterior skull-base Schwannoma.

Sinonasal Schwannomas represent less than 4% of all head and neck Schwannomas. These neural sheath tumors arise from the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve, as well as autonomic nerves from sympathetic fibers of the carotid plexus and parasympathetic fibers of the sphenopalatine ganglion. Patients commonly present with nonspecific symptoms such as nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and anosmia. Nasal endoscopy usually reveals a unilateral polypoid mass. Diagnostic imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) is typically nonspecific. Diagnosis may be delayed due to the masquerade of common sinonasal conditions, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. We report a case involving a 51-year-old male with an anterior skull-base Schwannoma that was excised endoscopically. Clinical features, imaging characteristics, histopathology, and treatment of sinonasal Schwannomas are discussed. © 2011 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Equivalent Linear Models to Reduce Computations

Abstract Any linear model can be expressed as many different linear models, all of which yield identical first and second moments of the data vector. The models of such a set are defined as linearly equivalent. As a consequence, best linear unbiased estimators and best linear unbiased predictors derived from one model can be converted by simple linear transformations to best linear unbiased estimators and best linear unbiased predictors of the elements of any equivalent model. Also, translation invariant, quadratic, unbiased estimators of variances, and covariances can be converted to comparable estimates of the variances and covariances of any equivalent model. Consequently, if computations are too burdensome for a particular data set and a particular model, it may be possible to find an equivalent model that is computationally feasible. Four examples of sets of equivalent models are described and simple numerical examples are used to illustrate best linear unbiased estimators and best linear unbiased predictors for these models.
140 CONTINUOUS COMPUTERIZED DIASTOLIC PRESSURE ANALYSIS (DPA) IN NEONATES

DPA and determination of an aortic diastolic time constant, τ, has been utilized to evaluate two groups of neonates: the first with left to right ductal shunting; and the second with no ductal shunting. In earlier studies performed manually, τ, which is the reciprocal of the slope of the log of the diastolic pressure plotted against time, was 400 ± 57 msec (1 S.D.) in group I and 657 ± 62 msec in group II. A microcomputer system suitable for continuous τ determinations is described. Arterial pressure pulses are obtained from umbilical aortic catheters which are connected to a standard amplification system. The analog signal is then transmitted to an analog-to-digital convertor of a microcomputer which samples at the rate of 100 times/sec. These data are then used to determine the instantaneous slopes between successive samples on each pressure cycle to enable the automated recognition of the dicrotic notch and the onset of systole. Once the diastolic portion of each beat is identified and meets certain quality criteria, eight equally spaced points are selected in diastole and a least squares fit is made to an exponential curve and the τ is determined. Current on-line τ determinations are performed over 25 second intervals every ten minutes and the mean τ and standard deviation are recorded. Subsequent trend analysis as a means to determine the predictive value of τ is anticipated.
Transport properties for systems with resonant charge transfer

Abstract Expressions are presented for the entire set of quantum transport cross sections for atomic ion-atom systems where resonant charge transfer can occur. The semiclassical limits of these expressions are used in conjunction with a previously developed kinetic theory of gaseous ion transport to calculate the transport coefficients for the rare gas ions in their parent gases. A comparison of the calculated results with experiment is used to assess the accuracy of the interaction potential energy curves presently available for these systems.
Properties of deposited materials — possible relationships to “redeposited” materials

Abstract As the power and duty cycle of fusion reactors increases it is to be expected that a large fraction of the interior surface of the reactor will be coated with material which has been eroded and rede-posited. The compositional, physical, mechanical and plasma-interactive properties of this “rede-posited material” may be quite variable due to the erosion and redeposition condition and may vary considerably from the properties of the materials in their original conditions. Since it is impossible to duplicate the expected redeposited material in its various forms in present-day reactors, it might be well to look at the atomistic deposition of materials and how deposition conditions may affect the properties of films formed by various deposition processes. Deposition techniques which may have something in common with fusion redeposition include: vacuum evaporation, sputter deposition, and ion plating. In vacuum evaporation atoms are deposited with thermal energies in a vacuum environment. In sputter deposition, the material to be deposited is sputtered from a target and is deposited with energies greater than thermal often with concurrent low energy particle bombardment. The process of ion plating involves concurrent high energy particle bombardment of the depositing material. Particle bombardment of solid surfaces can alter the composition of the surface by preferential sputtering and of the near surface region, by enhanced diffusion processes and gas incorporation. Extensive erosion of solid surfaces can alter the surface morphology and greatly increase the surface area. The composition of atomistically deposited material may differ from that of the originating source material due to selective loss of constituents or by reaction with a gaseous species (reactive deposition). Atomistically deposited material may have unique surface and bulk microstructures which vary with thickness and depend on deposition parameters such as temperature, deposition angle-of-incidence and substrate condition. Coating properties such as intrinsic and extrinsic stress, density, adhesion, surface area and mechanical properties also depend on deposition parameters. Concurrent ion bombardment during deposition may be used to modify the microstructure, stress and mechanical properties of the deposited material. Concurrent ion bombardment may also result in the incorporation of large amounts of gas into the deposited material. This paper will review the factors which influence the properties of atomistically deposited materials and indicate some extremes in material properties which can be obtained.
Prediction of spectral radiative transfer in a condensed cylindrical medium using discrete ordinates method

Spectral radiative transfer is analyzed in a condensed cylindrical medium using discrete ordinates method. In order to appropriately consider the directional variations of the reflectivities at the specularly bounding interfaces, two types of quadrature sets are examined and the S-8 LSH quadrature set is used. The BK7 optical quality glass is considered as an example of the semitransparent medium, and the spectral radiative fluxes are predicted. The results obtained show that for λ ≥ 2.8 μm the BK7 glass can be treated as an optically thick medium, and the radiative fluxes differ little for the glass with the dimensions larger than those being considered in the present study. For 0.4 < λ < 2.8 μm, the characteristics of the spectral absorption coefficients of the glass become important, and the radiative fluxes depend on the opacity of the glass. The predicted spectral radiative fluxes differ from those based on the opaque solutions, and this indicates that the spectral radiative transfer must be considered carefully in the semitransparent medium.
Clinical year in review I: Interstitial lung disease, pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary infections, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing and pulmonary rehabilitation.

Telomeres, regions of repetitive DNA at the end of chromosomes, shorten with cell division. Short telomeres limit tissue renewal capacity and are thought to play a role in diseases of aging. Telomerases are reverse transcriptase enzymes that add telomere repeats to chromosomes. Germ-line mutations in the components of telomerase (hTERT, hTR) have been associated with familial pulmonary fibrosis in some families (1). However, the role of telomerase mutations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is not known. Alder and colleagues (2) examined telomere lengths in leukocytes and alveolar epithelial cells in 64 patients with sporadic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), also screening for mutations in hTERT and hTR, and reviewing cases for features of a telomere syndrome such as aplastic anemia or cryptogenic hepatic fibrosis. Telomere length was shorter in IIP cases (both IPF and nonIPF) than in age-matched control subjects, and this was mirrored by shortening of telomeres in leukocytes and alveolar epithelial cells that was of similar amplitude to that observed in familial IPF. A telomerase mutation was observed in only one case, although several individuals had a cluster of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cryptogenic hepatic fibrosis, suggesting a telomere syndrome. These findings suggest that short telomeres are a signature of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The linkage between short telomeres and diseases related to aging supports the concept that IPF (and possibly other IIPs) can be viewed as a form of premature aging of the lung. Because known telomerase mutations did not account for short telomere length in this study, further studies are needed to identify the determinants of telomere shortening. The association of short telomere length with both IPF and other IIPs alike suggests the possibility of shared pathogenetic mechanisms between the IIPs. Diagnosis: Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Vasopressin Effects on Lung Liquid Volume in Fetal Sheep

The normal switch from placental to pulmonary gas exchange at birth requires rapid removal of liquid from the lungs. Previous reports contend that vasopressin may be important in regulating this process, but this notion derives from studies in which fetal sheep received very large doses of vasopressin that yielded plasma concentrations at least 10 times greater than those that have been measured during normal labor. To study the physiologic effects of vasopressin on lung liquid volume in fetal sheep, we made three sets of experiments. First, we measured plasma vasopressin concentrations [VP] in 15 late-gestation fetal sheep, five of which were at various stages of spontaneous labor. [VP] in these fetuses ranged from <1 (prelabor) to 31 (during labor) pU/mL; postmortem extravascular lung water (EVLW) ranged from 4.5 to 14.5 gig dry lung tissue. In a second series of studies, we measured EVLW in five sets of near-term (138 + 1 d, term = 147 d) twin fetal sheep that received an 8-h i.v. infusion of either isotonic saline (control twin) or AVP (AVP-treated twin) at a rate of -1 (mU/kg)/min. This dose was chosen to mimic [VP] measured in fetuses that had been studied during labor. [VP] did not change in the control twins, whereas [VP] increased from 1.8 + 1.0 to 27.7 + 3.5 pU/mL in treated twins. There was a small, statistically significant difference in EVLW between twins that received AVP and untreated twins (11.9 + 1.8 versus 14.6 + 2.8 gig dry lung). In a third series of studies, we measured
A method for estimating intracellular sodium concentration and extracellular volume fraction in brain in vivo using sodium magnetic resonance imaging.

In this feasibility study we propose a method based on sodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for estimating simultaneously the intracellular sodium concentration (C1, in mM) and the extracellular volume fraction (α) in grey and white matters (GM, WM) in brain in vivo. Mean C1 over five healthy volunteers was measured ~11 mM in both GM and WM, mean α was measured ~0.22 in GM and ~0.18 in WM, which are in close agreement with standard values for healthy brain tissue (C1 ~ 10–15 mM, α ~ 0.2). Simulation of ‘fluid’ and ‘solid’ inclusions were accurately detected on both the C1 and α 3D maps and in the C1 and α distributions over whole GM and WM. This non-invasive and quantitative method could provide new biochemical information for assessing ion homeostasis and cell integrity in brain and help the diagnosis of early signs of neuropathologies such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors or stroke.
Household smoking bans and adolescents' perceived prevalence of smoking and social acceptability of smoking

Abstract Objectives Household smoking bans might decrease the visibility of cigarette smoking and communicate nonsmoking social norms and parental attitudes to youths, which may serve as mediators to reduce smoking initiation. Whether they have these effects even if parents smoke or do not otherwise communicate strong disapproval of smoking to their children is not clear. We tested these hypotheses in multi-level analyses. Methods A telephone survey of a random sample of 3831 Massachusetts adolescents (12–17 years) assessed respondents' perceptions of smoking prevalence and attitudes about the social acceptability of smoking in their community. The association of these outcomes with the presence of a smoking ban in the youths' home was tested in multivariate analyses that adjusted for town-level clustering and individual and environmental characteristics. Results A household smoking ban was reported by 71% of all youths and 49% of youths who lived with smokers. In multivariate models, youths who had a household smoking ban were more likely to perceive a lower adult smoking prevalence (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.7–2.5; P P P = 0.001). Conclusions Among adolescents, a household smoking ban was associated with a lower perceived prevalence of adult smoking in their communities and more negative attitudes about the social acceptability of smoking, two factors that affect the likelihood of smoking initiation. Household smoking bans had these effects even in the presence of two parental factors known to encourage adolescent smoking initiation (parental smoking and lack of perceived parental disapproval of youth tobacco use). This provides an additional rationale for promoting household smoking bans to parents.
Nano-optomechanical System

We describe the convergence of NEMS and nanophotonics in novel optomechanical circuits. Through active coupling of NEMS with high Q cavities, we demonstrate further scaling of NEMS in size, mass, sensitivity, frequency, and damping rate.
Development and Characterization of a Progressive Series of Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines Derived from the C3(1)/SV40 Large T-antigen Transgenic Mouse Model

We have developed four new mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines from the C3(1)/SV40 Large T-antigen (Tag) transgenic mouse model: M28N2 and M27H4 (weakly tumorigenic), M6 (carcinoma), and M6C (metastatic). The C3(1) promoter directs Tag expression to the mammary epithelium and 100% of female C3(1)/Tag transgenic mice develop mammary adenocarcinoma in a predictable and progressive manner. The cell lines we developed from this model are demonstrated to be of epithelial origin and display growth rates, both in vitro and following subcutaneous inoculation into nude mice, that are consistent with their representative stage of tumor progression. The more tumorigenic cell lines, M6 and M6C, both express the sodium/iodide symporter, a mammary carcinoma cell marker with potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications. All of the cell lines express estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and ER beta mRNA, and Western blot analysis demonstrates that the ER alpha protein is down-regulated in the M6 and M6C cell lines. M28N2 cells also express progesterone receptor (PgR), which is very unusual in a mouse mammary carcinoma cell line. In addition, all of the cell lines display growth inhibition when plated in media supplemented with charcoal-stripped fetal calf serum (CS FBS). When CS FBS is supplemented with beta estradiol or the progestin MPA, no significant difference in growth rates is observed relative to growth in CS FBS. The development and characterization of a progressive series of new mammary carcinoma cell lines will aid in the study of mammary carcinoma progression both in vitro and in vivo.