cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DOMAIN: PART II

If one can hope that a social choice procedure need be prepared to cope with only a small subset of the set V of admissible agenda indicated in the standard domain restriction or if individual preferences are interrelated in some way that eliminates the need for an aggregating procedure to work over all of R E n , then perhaps good collective choice rules can be found. This chapter discusses few domain contractions related to issues raised by Arrow. Arrow's original theorem worked not with U = R E n but with the existence of a free triple, a subset S of E with |S| = 3, and { u |s| u ∈ U} = R S n . Blau's counterexample led to corrections by Blau and Arrow, which invoked the standard domain constraint. But an alternative correction, by Murakami, retains Arrow's domain contraction and instead strengthens the non-dictatorship requirement.
The Dynamics of Organizing Centers: Numerical Experiments in Differential Geometry

Stable self-organizing sources of short-period rhythmicity arise in excitable media in response to an appropriate stimulus. Those seen in myocardium (heart muscle) and in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reagent exhibit the dynamical behavior expected theoretically — but the theory is almost entirely undeveloped. A program of numerical exploration is outlined whereby to alter this situation, hopefully discovering completely stable 3-dimensional organizing centers, and the requirements for their creation in the laboratory.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE T-SYSTEM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three-dimensional structure of the T-system of skeletal muscle cells. The T-system or transverse tubular system, of a striated muscle cell is a predominantly transversely oriented network of interconnected tubules invaginating into the fiber from many points on its surface. These tubules are believed to provide a route for electrical excitation to spread into the fiber interior to activate contraction. The morphological studies through 1975 defined the T-system as a series of planar, continuous, transverse networks crossing the fiber at regular intervals in registration with the sarcomere banding. More recent morphological studies have revealed several ways in which the T-system deviates from this pattern, either by having a longitudinal component or with some form of interruption in its planar arrangement. This chapter reviews and summarizes these newer findings. Most of the results described in the chapter are based on studies using selective stains to enhance the density of the T-system and high voltage electron microscopy to examine thick preparations, often stereoscopically.
Larval Dispersal and Population Connectivity in Anthozoans

Concern about the future of coral reef communities, and the recognition that larval dispersal plays a key role in the resilience of populations has spurred research to determine whether populations are connected by larval exchange or instead maintained by local supply of larvae. In the process of these endeavors, the generalized belief that marine populations were well connected via larval dispersal gave way to the notion that local retention of larvae is common among many benthic species, and that patterns of population connectivity are very complex owing to the multitude of factors and scales involved in larval transport. This review synthesizes the progress in our understanding of the processes affecting dispersal and connectivity in anthozoans (primarily corals), and examines the caveats inherent to the genetic and modeling approaches used in most connectivity studies. Conclusions about the scales of larval dispersal in anthozoans are often species-specific and almost always location-specific. However, some generalities can be recognized. Extreme cases of larval philopatry are more common in brooders. Conversely, large-scale dispersal is seemingly more common in broadcast spawners where a pre-competency period and a potentially long-lived dispersal phase provides a template for more distant dispersal. In between these extremes the divide is less clear and complex patterns of connectivity are widespread between the two developmental modes. Resolving connectivity at scales relevant to demographics remains a major challenge and considerable methodological improvements are needed. Nevertheless, both genetic analyses and biophysical modeling are rapidly maturing and provide increasingly sophisticated analyses of connectivity.
President Barack Obama: Black Man Extraordinary and Ordinary.

The article discusses what the author refers to as U.S. President Barack Hussein Obama's intelligence, wisdom, and thoughtfulness, and it mentions cultural representations of Black men in America, as well as the author's claims about Obama's ordinary and extraordinary qualities. Conservative writer David Brooks' views about Obama's character and leadership traits are examined, along with research involving Black men. The personal and professional achievements of Obama are assessed.
Open-Source Automated Mapping Four-Point Probe

Scientists have begun using self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printers to manufacture open source digital designs of scientific equipment. This approach is refined here to develop a novel instrument capable of performing automated large-area four-point probe measurements. The designs for conversion of a RepRap 3-D printer to a 2-D open source four-point probe (OS4PP) measurement device are detailed for the mechanical and electrical systems. Free and open source software and firmware are developed to operate the tool. The OS4PP was validated against a wide range of discrete resistors and indium tin oxide (ITO) samples of different thicknesses both pre- and post-annealing. The OS4PP was then compared to two commercial proprietary systems. Results of resistors from 10 to 1 MΩ show errors of less than 1% for the OS4PP. The 3-D mapping of sheet resistance of ITO samples successfully demonstrated the automated capability to measure non-uniformities in large-area samples. The results indicate that all measured values are within the same order of magnitude when compared to two proprietary measurement systems. In conclusion, the OS4PP system, which costs less than 70% of manual proprietary systems, is comparable electrically while offering automated 100 micron positional accuracy for measuring sheet resistance over larger areas.
Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on serum and urinary vitamin D metabolites and binding protein in HIV-infected youth

Vitamin D insufficiency is widespread in HIV-infected patients. HIV and/or antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly efavirenz (EFV), may interfere with vitamin D metabolism. However, few data from randomized, controlled trials exist. Here, we investigate changes in vitamin D metabolites and binding protein (VDBP) after 6 months of supplementation in a randomized, active-control, double-blind trial investigating 2 different monthly cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) doses [60,000 (medium) or 120,000 (high) IU/month] vs. a control arm of 18,000 IU/month in 8-25year old HIV-infected youth on ART with HIV-1 RNA <1000 copies/mL and baseline 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) ≤30ng/mL. A matched healthy uninfected group was enrolled in a similar parallel study for comparison. Changes after 6 months were analyzed as intent-to-treat within/between groups [control group (low dose) vs. combined supplementation doses (medium+high)]. At 6 months, 55% vs. 82% of subjects in control and supplementation groups, respectively, reached 25(OH)D3 ≥30ng/mL (P=0.01) with no difference between medium and high doses (both 82% ≥30ng/mL). There were few differences for those on EFV vs. no-EFV, except serum VDBP decreased in EFV-treated subjects (both within- and between-groups P≤0.01). There were no significant differences between the HIV-infected vs. healthy uninfected groups. The major finding of the present study is that cholecalciferol supplementation (60,000 or 120,000 IU/month) effectively raises serum 25(OH)D3 in the majority of HIV-infected subjects, regardless of EFV use. Notably, response to supplementation was similar to that of uninfected subjects.
Complete topology inversion can be part of normal membrane protein biogenesis

The topology of helical membrane proteins is generally defined during insertion of the transmembrane helices, yet it is now clear that it is possible for topology to change under unusual circumstances. It remains unclear, however, if topology reorientation is part of normal biogenesis. For dual topology dimer proteins such as the multidrug transporter EmrE, there may be evolutionary pressure to allow topology flipping so that the populations of both orientations can be equalized. We previously demonstrated that when EmrE is forced to insert in a distorted topology, topology flipping of the first transmembrane helix can occur during translation. Here, we show that topological malleability also extends to the C-terminal helix and that even complete topology inversion of the entire EmrE protein can occur after the full protein is translated and inserted. Thus, topology rearrangements are possible during normal biogenesis. Wholesale topology flipping is remarkable given the physical constraints of the membrane and expands the range of possible membrane protein folding pathways, both productive and detrimental.
Denise Tillery and Ed Nagelhout, Eds.

This book examines some of the many struggles that various programs in the field have endured in light of the "Great Recession" and shares the faculty’s initiative to take action to ensure the sustainability of their programs. Eleven essays written by 20 different contributors from a range of institutions assist in successfully achieving the book’s purpose—namely, providing methods and models for how academic programs can “do more with less” in an age of austerity. Program coordinators and those who teach program assessment should take heart in knowing that they do not face these challenges alone, and they might use this book to brainstorm and identify solutions for their programs.
Cytochrome p450 part 2: what nurses need to know about the cytochrome p450 family systems

To provide the best patient care related to medication administration and prescription, an understanding of the specific enzymes is essential. Enzymes affect the metabolizing of most medications that nurses administer and that nurse practitioners and physicians prescribe on a regular basis. More specifically, the most important p450 enzymes in drug metabolism are cytochrome p450 (CYP) 1A2, the CYP2C family, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. In addition, the enzymes are instrumental in the body's reaction to environmental factors, some of which are carcinogens.
Opioid use following gynecologic and pelvic reconstructive surgery.

Opioid use, addiction, and overdose are a growing epidemic in the USA. Our objective was to determine whether the amount of opioid medication prescribed following gynecologic and pelvic reconstructive surgery is insufficient, adequate, or in excess. We hypothesized that we were overprescribing postoperative opioids. Participants who were at least 18 years old and underwent gynecologic and/or pelvic reconstructive surgery from April through August 2016 were eligible to participate. Routine practice for pain management is to prescribe 30 tablets of opioids for major procedures and ten to 15 tablets for minor procedures. At the 2-week postoperative visit, participants completed a questionnaire regarding the number of tablets prescribed and used, postoperative pain control, and relevant medical history. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare data. Sixty-five participants completed questionnaires. Half (49.1%) reported being prescribed more opioids than needed, while two (3.5%) felt the amount was less than needed. Though not significant, participants who underwent major surgeries were more likely to report being prescribed more than needed (53.5%) compared with participants who underwent minor surgeries (35.7%; p = 0.47). Though not significant, participants with anxiety were less likely to report being prescribed more tablets than needed compared with participants without anxiety (44.4% vs. 57.1%; p = 0.38). This was also true of participants with depression compared with those without (37.5% vs. 58.3%; p = 0.17), and those with chronic pain compared with those without (33.3% vs. 60.0%; p = 0.10). Our current opioid prescription practice for postoperative pain management may exceed what patients need.
Recent advances in analog/RF interference mitigation for massive MIMO receivers

Digital MIMO receivers featuring digitization at each element are critical for (massive) MIMO applications since they support complex space-time signal processing. However, the lack of spatial selectivity in the analog/RF domain necessitates high-dynamic-range analog-to-digital converters (A/Ds) to accommodate the uneven spatial power distribution, limiting the scale of such MIMO systems. This paper reviews analog/RF spatial filtering techniques that have been proposed in recent years to address this problem. A scalable spatial notch suppression technique allows the synthesis of a steerable spatial notch, which eliminates the strongest in-band spatial block in the analog/RF domain. The spatial notch is synthesized in the baseband, and the impedance transparency of passive mixers is used to translate the notch to the antenna interface. In a second prototype, a more general arbitrary spatial filter (ASF) adaptively filters the spatial domain signals to equalize the power levels across all directions. Current mode operation ensures superior linearity and ultra-wideband spatial suppression. Measurements from CMOS prototypes have been provided to verify the claims.
Hierarchical calibration and validation framework of bench-scale computational fluid dynamics simulations for solvent-based carbon capture. Part 2: Chemical absorption across a wetted wall column

Part 1 of this paper presents a numerical model for non-reactive physical mass transfer across a wetted wall column (WWC). In Part 2, we improved the existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate chemical absorption occurring in a WWC as a bench-scale study of solvent-based carbon dioxide (CO2) capture. To generate data for WWC model validation, CO2 mass transfer across a monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent was first measured on a WWC experimental apparatus. The numerical model developed in this work can account for both chemical absorption and desorption of CO2 in MEA. In addition, the overall mass transfer coefficient predicted using traditional/empirical correlations is conducted and compared with CFD prediction results for both steady and wavy falling films. A Bayesian statistical calibration algorithm is adopted to calibrate the reaction rate constants in chemical absorption/desorption of CO2 across a falling film of MEA. The posterior distributions of the two transport properties, i.e., Henry's constant and gas diffusivity in the non-reacting nitrous oxide (N2O)/MEA system obtained from Part 1 of this study, serves as priors for the calibration of CO2 reaction rate constants after using the N2O/CO2 analogy method. The calibrated model can be used to predict the CO2 mass transfer in a WWC for a wider range of operating conditions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constrained Multibody Dynamics

This paper presents some techniques that may be used to obtain more efficient and general computer-based dynamics modeling and simulation algorithms with potential real-time applications. Constrained equations of motion are first formulated in an augmented differential-algebraic form using spatial Cartesian and joint coordinates. Spatial algebra and graph theoretic methods allow separation of system topology, kinematic, and inertia properties to obtain generic equation representations. Numerical stability is improved by employing coordinate partitioning or singular value decomposition to define suitable sets of independent variables. Substantial matrix operations during run-time are avoided by employing equation preprocessing to generate explicit expressions for all dependent variables, and coefficients of their first and second time derivatives. The velocity and acceleration coefficients allow explicit elimination of all spatial and dependent joint coordinates yielding a minimal system of highly coupled differential equations. A symbolic recursive algorithm that simultaneously decouples the reduced equations of motion as they are generated, was developed to maximize algorithm parallelism.
A hybrid solution to parallel calculation of augmented join trees of scalar fields in any dimension

Scalar fields are used to describe a variety of data from photographs, to laser scans, to x-ray, CT or MRI scans of machine parts and are invaluable for a variety of tasks, such as fatigue detectio...
Towards a theory of disintegration

Existing theories of European integration offer little purchase on the problems facing the European Union today. New theories of disintegration are emerging, but they remain disjointed. The purpose...
Itô’s Approach

To address the problem of convergence raised at the end of Chapter 1, K. Ito used a technique known as coupling . Given a pair of Borel probability measures \(\mu _1\) and \(\mu _2\) on some metric space \((E,\rho )\), a coupling of \(\mu _1\) to \(\mu _2\) is a pair of E-valued random variables \(X_1\) on \(X_2\) on some probability space \((\varOmega ,\mathcal {B},{\mathbb {P}})\) such that \(\mu _1\) is the distribution of \(X_1\) and \(\mu _2\) is the distribution of \(X_2\). Given such a coupling, one can compare \(\mu _1\) to \(\mu _2\) by looking at $$ {\mathbb {E}}^{\mathbb {P}}\bigl [\rho \bigl (X_1,X_2\bigr )^p\bigr ]^{\frac{1}{p}}. $$
Statistical Monitoring of Multi-Stage Processes

In many complex processes, such as semiconductor manufacturing or production of mass storage systems, a large number of variables are monitored simultaneously. These variables can typically be impacted by several points of the manufacturing process, necessitating efforts that include not only monitoring but also diagnostics involving establishing change-points, regimes and potential stages of influence. We discuss statistical methods used to handle such multi-stage data and give examples of applying these methods in large-scale monitoring systems.
FTIR spectroscopy of lawsonite between 82 and 325 K

Lawsonite single crystals were investigated by polarized FfIR spectroscopy at wave numbers between 8000 and 1000 cm^(-1) and temperatures between 82 and 325 K. This temperature range contains three lawsonite phases-Cmcm > 273 K, 273 K > Pmcn > 150 K, P2_1cn < 150 K-which are characterized by different rotations of hydroxyl groups and H20 molecules. Unlike previous studies of H_2O in minerals, which assumed weakly bonded, symmetric H_2O molecules, the highly asymmetric H_2O molecule in lawsonite required a modified approach that uses the single, uncoupled O-H stretching frequencies and orientations of the individual OH groups in the H_2O molecule. The formation of a strong hydrogen-bond system with decreasing temperature is characterized by a shift of O-H stretching bands from 2968 and 3252 cm^(-1) at 325 K to 2817 and 3175 cm^(-1) at 82 K. These frequencies are in good agreement with the corresponding hydrogen-bond lengths (H...O = 1.66 and 1.74 A, O-H...O = 2.60 and 2.66 A) at low temperatures. The orientations of the O-H vectors determined from polarized IR measurements also confirm the H-atom positions refined from previous X-ray structure determinations at low temperatures. However, the disagreement between spectroscopically determined distances (and orientations) and those from X-ray refinements at ambient conditions indicates that the room-temperature Cmcm structure of lawsonite contains dynamically disordered hydroxyl groups and H_2O molecules. The smooth changes of stretching and bending frequencies across the phase boundaries at 273 and 150 K also suggest that the lawsonite phase transitions are of a dynamic order-disorder type rather than a displacive type. Deuteration experiments on differently oriented, single-crystal lawsonite slabs at 350 oC and 1.2-2.5 kbar showed that lawsonite has a preferred H-diffusion direction parallel to [001]. This is consistent with the crystal structure showing channels parallel to [001], which are solely occupied by H atoms. The spectra of isotopically diluted samples, which are almost identical to those of natural lawsonite, indicate that band-coupling effects are generally weak. The FTIR powder spectra of the lawsonite-type mineral hennomartinite, Sr-Mn_2[Si_2O_7](OH)_2.H_2O, are similar to the lawsonite Z spectra and confirm the existence of both strong and weak hydrogen bonds in its structure.
La Puerta de la Franquía: Livorno and Pan-Jewish Networks of Beneficence in the Eighteenth Century

The early modern Jewish diaspora is best conceptualized as a series of overlapping, but also distinct, networks. Whereas many historians have focused on the various contexts of Jewish life in local and national contexts, this chapter emphasizes the connectivity of early modern Jewish history. The example explored here is the Tuscan port city of Livorno in the eighteenth century and its role as a hub for philanthropic networks that linked it to Jewish communities across Italy, within the Sephardic diaspora of Western Europe, and across the Mediterranean in North Africa. The case of Livorno demonstrates both the intense interconnectivity of the early modern Jewish world, but also the limitations of networks that operated beyond a space of shared (Sephardic) ethnicity or a shared language (Spanish/Ladino).
Systemic Tofacitinib Concentrations in Adult Patients With Atopic Dermatitis Treated With 2% Tofacitinib Ointment and Application to Pediatric Study Planning.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic eczematous, pruritic, inflammatory skin condition affecting children and adults. Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor. The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of 2% tofacitinib ointment twice daily have been evaluated in a 4-week phase 2a multisite randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, parallel-group study (NCT02001181) in adult patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis and 2% to 20% body surface area (BSA) involvement. Tofacitinib ointment demonstrated significantly greater efficacy versus vehicle for all efficacy end points and had an acceptable safety profile. Predose and postdose pharmacokinetic samples were collected in week 2 and week 4. The objective of this analysis was to assess if predicted mean tofacitinib concentrations with topical application at higher treated BSA across age groups would exceed relevant concentration thresholds based on oral doses of tofacitinib. In this analysis, the pharmacokinetic concentrations were characterized using a linear mixed-effects model. The model was used to predict concentrations for adults with higher (>20%) treatable BSA. Adult concentrations were used to extrapolate concentrations to a pediatric population (2 to 17 years) using allometric principles. The predicted systemic concentrations for 2% tofacitinib ointment in both adult and pediatric populations at treated BSA ≤50% for a mild to moderate atopic dermatitis population did not exceed those reported for the 10th percentile of observed oral tofacitinib 5-mg twice-daily doses in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. The methodology described will enable analysis and prediction of systemic concentrations for topical agents.
A structured 1-year education program for children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes improves early glycemic control.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) brings significant medical, psychosocial, and educational challenges for the child, family, and medical team. We developed a structured certified diabetes educator (CDE) led program spanning the year after diagnosis with the goal of supporting families as their understanding of this chronic disease and its management evolves. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of this program upon hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and how this effect is mitigated by socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS Patients enrolled in the type 1 year 1 (T1Y1) program were assigned a CDE who provided intensive coaching, tailored to family lifestyle, and readiness to assume independence. We identified all patients diagnosed with T1D in the 2 years before (controls) and after (T1Y1 group) the start of the T1Y1 program on January 7, 2014. RESULTS There were 675 patients diagnosed with T1D between July 2012 and June 2016 (284 controls, 391 T1Y1). HbA1c was significantly lower in the T1Y1 group at 6 (6.7% vs. 7.1%, P < 0.001), 12 (7.3% vs. 7.8%, P < 0.001) and 18 (7.6% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.01) months, but not 24 (7.8% vs. 8%, P = 0.14) months after diagnosis. This effect was not observed in patients with lower SES. CONCLUSION Additional structured education and support in the year after diagnosis can improve short-term outcomes in children with T1D, but this effect may not persist after discontinuing intensive coaching. Families of lower SES did not benefit from this approach.
Not-at-Fault Driving in Traffic: A Reachability-Based Approach

To operate in traffic, autonomous vehicles must plan long trajectories (e.g., unprotected left turns across traffic) and validate that they are not-at-fault in a collision. Reachability-based Trajectory Design for Dynamic environments (RTD-D) is a method that plans validated trajectories, which are then tracked a feedback controller—in this work linear MPC. RTD-D computes a Forward Reachable Set (FRS) of the ego vehicle’s motion offline, then uses the FRS online to plan by discretizing time and buffering obstacles (i.e., artificially increasing their size) to compensate for the discretization; this requires choosing a conservative buffer so that the discretization is coarse enough for real-time planning. This paper eliminates the discretization-dependent buffer with a new method of computing the FRS over a prespecified choice of time intervals, allowing for a much coarser time discretization that reduces both computational cost and conservatism at runtime. The new method, RTD-Interval (RTD-I), is shown in simulation on a vehicle described by a nonlinear bicycle model in comparison to RTD-D and a State Lattice planner in unstructured dynamic environments. RTD-I is also compared to RTD-D in unprotected left turns across busy intersections, and we demonstrate that the MPC controller tracking the road centerline is unsafe on its own. RTD-I plans faster and less conservatively than RTD-D, and causes no at-fault collisions.
Machine learning for interatomic potential models

The use of supervised machine learning to develop fast and accurate interatomic potential models is transforming molecular and materials research by greatly accelerating atomic-scale simulations with little loss of accuracy. Three years ago, Jorg Behler published a perspective in this journal providing an overview of some of the leading methods in this field. In this perspective, we provide an updated discussion of recent developments, emerging trends, and promising areas for future research in this field. We include in this discussion an overview of three emerging approaches to developing machine-learned interatomic potential models that have not been extensively discussed in existing reviews: moment tensor potentials, message-passing networks, and symbolic regression.
Chapter 8 – Magma Chambers

The major divisions of the Earth have come about largely by magmatic processes giving rise to a vast variety of distinctive rocks making up the crust, mantle, and core. The process by which this happens is called differentiation and it mainly occurs through the separation of crystals from melt in places where magma collects in sills, dikes, and lava flows that are large enough to cool slowly. Accumulations of magma in the crust or beneath volcanoes are generally called magma chambers, and understanding the establishment, cooling, and solidification of these bodies is central to understanding the evolution of Earth itself. Insights into these processes come from postmortem studies of solidified bodies exposed through erosion and through direct drilling in actively solidifying Hawaiian lava lakes. Magma solidifies by inward growing solidification fronts, much as lakes freeze by ice growth. In magmas initially free of any large crystals or phenocrysts, all crystallization takes place within these fronts and differentiation by crystal fractionation is largely prohibited. Magmas carrying significant concentrations of phenocrysts, which have been entrained from within the deeper magmatic plumbing system or magmatic mush column, are crystal-melt slurries and the melt chemically reacts with these crystals, differentiating through the loss of crystals when ascension stagnates. This dramatic loss of crystals sometimes leads to exotic layering and strong chemical variations, whereas in magmas devoid of slurries layering is absent and differentiation highly restricted. Thus the overall processes leading to large-scale planetary divisions are rooted in small-scale process involving the separation of crystals and melt. Physical processes, buttressed by chemistry, dominate all planetary magmatism.
Blueberry Consumption and Exercise: Gap Analysis Using Evidence Mapping

Objective: Strenuous muscular workouts can increase markers of inflammation that can potentially damage components of skeletal muscles. Blueberries contain a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals that have individually been related to reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation. The objective was to conduct a systematic overview using evidence mapping to identify research-dense and evidence gap areas that examine the impact of blueberry consumption on exercise performance and inflammatory markers in adults. Design: The authors searched Medline, Cochrane Central, and Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau for literature published between 1946 and September 2019. Abstracts and full-text publications were screened in duplicate for studies that evaluated outcomes related to metabolism, lipoprotein, muscle damage, markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, or gait after participants consumed blueberries and were subjected to some form of exercise. Results: The authors found nine randomized controlled trials, one single-arm study, and one observational study that met the eligibility criteria. Inflammatory markers, F2-isoprostanes, and gait speed were the most frequently reported outcomes, with each one reported by at least three studies. Outcomes related to metabolism, lipoproteins, muscle damage, and most markers of oxidative stress and most gait-related outcomes were each reported by one study. Intervention trials were generally conducted with a small number of participants and the majority included mostly younger individuals. Using multivariate analysis, the sole observational study examined physical ability among participants who consumed higher doses of blueberries compared with participants who consumed a half cup of blueberries less than once a month. Conclusions: Evidence mapping found that further research in both randomized controlled trials and cohort studies examining the impact of blueberry consumption on exercise performance and inflammatory markers is needed to establish an association.
The Influcence of Chinese Trade Policy on Automobile Assembly and Parts

This paper analyzes the economic effects of content-based import tariffs China imposed on imported auto parts. While China’s policy penalized any firm that assembled cars with less than 60 percent Chinese content, the policy was most likely to affect foreign affiliated firms who were more likely to exceed the content ceiling. To assess whether foreign-affiliated firms differentially changed their input sourcing this paper uses Chinese product trade data for 1997 to 2009 which report trade transactions by firm ownership type. Compared with import transactions for other firms, the data show that foreign-affiliated firms appear to have mitigated the effects of the policy by reducing import transaction prices, and by reducing their import quantities on the extensive margin. While China’s content-based auto import trade policy was repealed in 2009 after China lost its dispute case at the WTO, the extraordinary growth in China’s global export of auto parts since 2005 suggests that China’s short term trade policy may have contributed to enduring effects in global supply chains.
Magnetoresistive Circuits and Systems: Embedded Non-Volatile Memory to Crossbar Arrays

This overview article describes Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) from a circuits and systems perspective. We discuss various tradeoffs and design challenges of MRAM in three broad application areas: 1) embedded non-volatile memory (eNVMs), 2) crossbar-based analog in-memory computing, and 3) stochastic computing. Certain MRAM characteristics, such as high retention, high endurance and fast read and write operations, make them ideal for replacing the standard CMOS memories for last-level cache applications with future scaling. However, various tradeoffs in power, performance and area pose conflicting requirements on MRAM design. We explore these challenges and various circuit techniques that have been developed to mitigate them. Further, we present various requirements of memristive crossbar arrays for accelerating matrix-vector-multiplication (MVM) operations in light of MRAM devices, and highlight various challenges, design considerations, and applicability of MRAM as crossbar arrays. Finally, we will elaborate on how inherent stochasticity of MRAM devices can be leveraged for implementing energy-efficient true random number generators (TRNGs) and stochastic units for performing certain tasks, such as developing fast solvers for combinatorial optimization, and stochastic neural networks.
Eyes on the horizon? Fragmented elites and the short-term focus of the american corporation

In recent years, scholars and popular commentators have expressed concerns that U.S. corporations are too focused on short-term performance, thereby undermining their long-term health and competiti...
Special Items and Stock Returns

This article examines the special items in companies’ income statements, with a focus on the heterogeneous impacts on stock returns in the North American region. Using monthly data for the period December 1997–December 2013, the author documents that companies that reported negative special items during the previous quarter have a higher probability of doing so in the following quarter. He constructs a nonparametric factor based on the sign of special items over time and finds that the left tail is associated with the most significant underperformance in the equity market. In an out-of-sample analysis for a stock selection strategy, the results show that companies in the left tail underperformed their sector by 7.20% annually in Canada and 4.27% in all of North America. TOPICS:Security analysis and valuation, developed markets, quantitative methods, statistical methods, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ This article employs a nonparametric approach to capture the sign persistency of negative special items. ▪ This article investigates the heterogeneous effects of negative special items on stock returns. ▪ This article conducts an out-of-sample study showing the forecasting power of the left tail in a stock selection strategy.
Moderators of a resiliency group intervention for frontline clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background To mitigate the psychological burdens of COVID-19 for frontline clinicians (FCs), we adapted an existing evidence-based resiliency program, Stress Management and Resilience Training Relaxation Response Program (SMART-3RP), for FCs. This analysis explores moderators of stress coping to determine which subgroups of FCs benefited most from SMART-3RP. Methods 102 FCs from Mass General Brigham hospitals engaged in the adapted SMART-3RP. Assessments were completed at group entry (Week 0) and completion (Week 4). The primary outcome was stress coping, and we examined 15 possible baseline moderators. We fit linear mixed effects regression models and assessed potential baseline moderators using a likelihood ratio test. We report model-based estimates and confidence intervals for each moderator-by-time interaction (i.e., differential effect), where positive/negative values indicate more/less improvement in average perceived stress coping. Results Stress coping improved from Week 0 to Week 4 (mean improvement [95% CI] = 0.9 [0.6 to 1.2]). FCs with higher anxiety (differential effect [95% CI] = 0.3 [0.1 to 0.4]), depression (0.4 [0.2 to 0.6]), and loneliness (0.4 [0.1 to 0.6]), but lower levels of mindfulness (CAMS-Rfocus: 1.0 [0.4 to 1.6]; CAMS-Raccept: 1.3 [0.7 to 2.0]) and self-compassion (0.4, [0.1 to 0.8]) at baseline experienced greater benefits in perceived stress coping from the SMART-3RP. Baseline health uncertainty along with sociodemographic and work characteristics did not moderate stress coping. Discussion Results highlight particular sub-populations of FCs that may benefit more from a stress management intervention, especially during emergency responses (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic).
Seeing Saints in the Forest of Arden: Melancholic Vision in As You Like It

Rhodes unpacks the visual structures, generic attributes, iconographic details, verbal rhetoric, religious allusions, and humoral associations embedded in Act 2, Scene 1 of As You Like It that align it with religious pastoral painting of the Renaissance. In doing so, she considers both the scene’s relationship to existing modes of visual art featuring religious conversion narratives of saints catalyzed by human/animal encounters—especially that of St. Eustace—and Shakespeare’s presentation of a specific type of spiritual vision associated with melancholics, such as Jaques, and their animal companions. This novel approach, strongly informed by art history, yields a reading of the play that encompasses religious notions of loss and Catholic memory in the wake of the Reformation.
Temporally coordinated signals progressively pattern the anteroposterior and dorsoventral body axes

The vertebrate body plan is established through the precise spatiotemporal coordination of morphogen signaling pathways that pattern the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Patterning along the AP axis is directed by posteriorizing signals Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Nodal, and retinoic acid (RA), while patterning along the DV axis is directed by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ventralizing signals. This review addresses the current understanding of how Wnt, FGF, RA and BMP pattern distinct AP and DV cell fates during early development and how their signaling mechanisms are coordinated to concomitantly pattern AP and DV tissues.
A guide to the modal logics of knowledge and belief: preliminary draft

We review and re-examine possible-worlds semantics for propositional logics of knowledge and belief with four particular points of emphasis: (1) we show how general techniques for finding decision procedures and complete axiomatizations apply to models for knowledge and belief, (2) we show how sensitive the difficulty of the decision procedure is to such issues as the choice of modal operators and the axiom system, (3) we discuss how notions of common knowledge and implicit knowledge among a group of agents fit into the possible-worlds framework, and (4) we consider to what extent the possible-worlds approach is a viable one for modelling knowledge and belief. As far as complexity is concerned, we show among other results that while the problem of deciding satisfiability of an S5 formula with one knower is NP-complete, the problem for many knowers is PSPACE-complete. Adding an implicit knowledge operator does not change the complexity substantially, but once a common knowledge operator is added to the language, the problem becomes complete for exponential time.
Prerequisites for a development-oriented state in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This paper analyzes the enormous obstacles that the Democratic Republic of the Congo faces in forming a stable, development-oriented state. No government could design, implement, and finance a development program for the country without coordinated analytical and financial support from the international community. And such support can be successful only if a powerful post reform coalition emerges that has a stake in maintaining the reforms. Torn by civil war for years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) has been in severe economic and political crisis. It lacks the prerequisites for a stable, development-oriented state: a sound fiscal base, revenue-generating ability, administrative capabilities, a monopoly over the means of coercion, and representative institutions that facilitate bargaining and decisionmaking about development strategies, policies, and programs. The authors examine the crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in light of the growing literature on the formation of states. They show that the country has many material features that have characterized coercion-intensive societies stuck in adverse policy traps. These include low population density, poor infrastructure, dominance of the mining sector, and an underdeveloped private sector and capitalist class. There are no truly national pressure groups with common economic interests. The administrative and bureaucratic apparatus is patrimonial, centralized, and poorly qualified. The prerequisites of stable, development-oriented decision-making-bargaining among equally powerful groups can therefore not emerge. Any coalition wanting to promote the emergence of a development-oriented state would therefore be dependent on continual, coordinated, long-term financial and policy support from the international community to build the central preconditions for a stable, growth-oriented state. Such a strategy, the authors say, must be based on social peace, the development of free markets (both urban and rural), a capitalist class, decentralization of government, and the strengthening of countervailing civic organizations at all levels. Institutions for representation and mechanisms for accountability will not function unless independent pressure groups emerge to counterbalance coercive state tendencies, as well as one another's tendencies to build and abuse power. These include labor unions, farmers organizations, and other national interest groups that can cut across regional and tribal affiliations. The authors use the framework they develop to propose priorities for a future government and the associated external support.
Millimeter-wave receivers for low-cost CubeSat platforms

Recent advances in low-power millimeterwave low-noise amplifier technologies have enabled the hosting of high-performance atmospheric sounding instruments on very small satellites. Microwave instrumentation is particularly well suited for such implementations, as the sensor requirements for power, pointing, and spatial resolution (aperture size) can readily be accommodated by a nanosatellite platform. Several missions have been formulated to demonstrate the core technologies. The first mission, the Microsized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite (MicroMAS), will demonstrate temperature sounding in nine channels near 118 GHz. MicroMAS is currently onboard the International Space Station awaiting deployment for a 100-day mission. The Microwave Radiometer Technology Acceleration (MiRaTA) cubesat will demonstrate multi-band atmospheric sounding and co-located GPS radio occultation. MiRaTA will launch in early 2016, and will fly a tri-band sounder (60, 183, and 206 GHz) and a GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) sensor. Both MicroMAS and MiRaTA are 3U CubeSats (aggregates of 10 × 10 × 10 cm cubes). We present recent work to develop ultra-compact receiver modules for the MicroMAS and MiRaTA missions.
Effect of Density Variations on Elemental Abundance Determinations in Gaseous Nebulae

When there are changes in gas density within a nebula, various methods of determining the electron density Ne can give different results. Irrespective of differences in ionization structure, there will be deviations in derived values of Ne due to the physics of populating the energy levels. To focus on Ne variations, the electron temperature is held constant. For two cases presented, the values of Ne inferred range over a factor of ten from nine species (line pairs); in order of increasing Ne, they are N+(122/204 ym), 0++(52/88 μm), S+(6716/6731 A), S++(18.7/33.5 μm), 0+(3726/3729 A), Ne++(15/36 μm), Ar+3(4711/4740 A), Ar++(8.99/21.8 ym), and C++(1906/1909 A). This is basically a progression from lower to higher critical densities, Nc, for the lines involved, although other factors are involved. The above order can change somewhat for different mixes of densities.
Inositol phosphorylceramide, a novel substance and the chief member of a major group of yeast sphingolipids containing a single inositol phosphate.

Abstract About one-third of the nondeacylatable phospholipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to be a group of sphingolipids with a single phosphoinositol moiety. This group of lipids was obtained richly concentrated in high yield by several simple steps involving differential solubility. Four components of this group were further purified by liquid chromatography on base-treated porous silica beads. The major component of this group proved to be the novel substance, inositol phosphorylceramide, the ceramide consisting of hydroxysphinganine and a hydroxy C-26 fatty acid. Two other inositol phosphorylceramides were purified which differed from the major component in their ceramide moieties. Two glycolipids are minor members of this group of monoinositol-containing sphingolipids and one of these was purified, and had a composition consistent with its formulation as a mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide. The major inositol phosphorylceramide could be cleaved quantitatively by alkali to give an inositol monophosphate and could be cleaved by periodate to give a C-15 fragment. Periodate treatment followed by borohydride reduction and HCl hydrolysis gave a significant yield of phosphoserinol. These facts suggest strongly that the phosphoinositol moiety is attached to position 1 of the hydroxysphinganine. Data obtained with cells uniformly labeled with [3H]-inositol suggest that all significant ( g 1% lipid 3H) inositol-containing lipids in yeast have now been chemically characterized.
Public Health Law for a Brave New World: Book Review: Lawrence O. Gostin, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint

This is book review of Lawrence O. Gostin's new edition of Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 2d ed., 2008). A review of a second edition of a book may be somewhat unusual as subsequent editions of already published works typically do not break new ground. But this book is different. Gostin's first edition, published in 2000, established and defined the modern field of public health law. The revised and expanded second edition emerges in the post-9/11, post-Katrina, post-Bush world. Gostin now seeks to apply public health paradigms to social problems beyond the field's traditional realm, offering a comprehensive, encyclopedic source of public health laws and a sound prescription for health care reform.
Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to David Bade

This article comments on “Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to Jonathan Tuttle's Article 'The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access'” by David Bade, appearing in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 51, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 428—438. doi: 10.1080/01639374.2012.750637. Jonathan Tuttle's “The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access” appears in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 50, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 263—275. doi: 10.1080/01639374.2011.641199.