cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Price trends and patterns in technical analysis: A theoretical and empirical examination

While many technical trading rules are based upon patterns in asset prices, we lack convincing explanations of how and why these patterns arise, and why trading rules based on technical analysis are profitable. This paper provides a model that explains the success of certain trading rules that are based on patterns in past prices. We point to the importance of confirmation bias, which has been shown to play a key role in other types of decision making. Traders who acquire information and trade on the basis of that information tend to bias their interpretation of subsequent information in the direction of their original view. This produces autocorrelations and patterns of price movement that can predict future prices, such as the “head-and-shoulders” and “double-top” patterns. The model also predicts that sequential price jumps for a particular stock will be positively autocorrelated. We test this prediction and find that jumps exhibit statistically and economically significant positive autocorrelations.
Overview of human papillomavirus vaccination policy changes and its impact in the United States: Lessons learned and challenges for the future

Background The HPV vaccination is effective and safe for preventing HPV infection and HPV attributable cancers. Despite this fact, the uptake rate of the vaccination in the United States has remained below the national target of 80%. Health policy focused on allocating resources and creating vaccine-promoting environments can influence HPV vaccination coverage rates. There is a scarcity of information about the HPV vaccination-related health policy and its impact on the outcome of vaccine uptake. Method We conducted a comprehensive review of HPV vaccination-related health policies at the federal, state, and professional organization levels and examined their impact on population health by reviewing national data on HPV vaccination uptake rates. Results The review revealed that (a) HPV vaccination recommendations, which serve as the federal-level HPV vaccination policy, have changed frequently in terms of gender, age criteria, and dosing schedule, and (b) the frequent changes of the policy have resulted in low uptake rates among male and young adult populations. Discussion The uptake rate should be continuously followed to evaluate the impact of recent changes to the federal-level HPV vaccination policy. State-level policies and healthcare professionals, including nurses, are important to the promotion of HPV vaccinations and decreasing HPV vaccination disparities.
Reactor Physics Benchmark of the First Criticality in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment

The deployment of molten salt reactors requires validation of the computational tools used to support the licensing process. The Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), built and operated in the 196...
Self-Coherent Single-Sideband Signal Generation by Injection Locking of a 2-Section Laser Diode

We propose a low complexity transmitter of optical single-sideband modulation based on injection locking of a 2-section DFB laser to generate mutually-coherent tones. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated in 17-Gbd 16-QAM transmission with Kramers-Kronig reception.
Twenty-Five-Year Survival After Surgery For Complete Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia: A case report

Abstract At 12 weeks of age, the patient whom we report underwent cholangioduodenostomy for treatment of complete atresia of the common bile duct. After surgery, her course was punctuated by episodes of cholangitis and jaundice. When she was 25 years of age, a liver biopsy showed biliary cirrhosis. Percutaneous cholangiography revealed dilated and deformed intrahepatic biliary ducts containing stones. Surgical removal of the stones and revision of the cholangioduodenal anastomosis was performed. Intrahepatic cholelithiasis has not previously been reported as a complication of this disorder. Her survival is the longest reported in the world literature for this condition, and emphasizes the need to vigorously pursue potentially operable cases.
Chemical investigations of the giant nerve fibers of the squid: III. Identification and quantitative estimation of free organic ninhydrin-negative constituents

In the dialyzable portion of axoplasm of Loligo pealii and Dosidicus gigas were identified and quantitatively estimated: glycocoll-betaine, glycerol and myo-inositol in the free state. The total of these three components, described for the first time in the axoplasm of both species of squid, amounts to approximately 18% and 23% respectively, on the dry weight basis of the material investigated. Hypoxanthine and carbohydrates, are present in small quantities. It is surprising to find sucrose among the carbohydrates.
Long Term Funding and Regulation: Facilitating Financial Stability and Development (Low Income Developing Countries)

Basic and fundamental issues which link financing and funding activities to financial regulation involve the problems of systemic risks and asymmetric information. In addition to addressing these issues, this paper will also consider other issues related to long term funding, which affect financial stability and development in Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) -- namely inadequate regulatory frameworks, as well as constraints and accessibility to long term funding.By considering the recent developments with the Basel framework, it will seek to illustrate, by way of reference to studies, why low income developing countries, as well as selected emerging economies are still lagging behind in terms of the implementation of regulatory standards. It will also aim to demonstrate how these countries would largely benefit from effective implementation of these standards.Whilst aiming to facilitate means whereby sources of longer term funding could be enhanced, it will also consider the disadvantages and risks associated with longer term funding, challenges imposed by debt sustainability and propose alternative sources of funding. Transparency and disclosure, it will be highlighted, continue to generate severe obstacles to financial development and growth, as will be reflected from results of certain investigations.
The Single-Incision Sling to Treat Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Dynamic Computational Study of Outcomes and Risk Factors

Dynamic behaviors of the single-incision sling (SIS) to correct urethral hypermobility are investigated via dynamic biomechanical analysis using a computational model of the female pelvis, developed from a female subject's high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images. The urethral hypermobility is simulated by weakening the levator ani muscle in the pelvic model. Four positions along the posterior urethra (proximal, midproximal, middle, and mid-distal) were considered for sling implantation. The α-angle, urethral excursion angle, and sling–urethra interaction force generated during Valsalva maneuver were quantitatively characterized to evaluate the effect of the sling implantation position on treatment outcomes and potential complications. Results show concern for overcorrection with a sling implanted at the bladder neck, based on a relatively larger sling–urethra interaction force of 1.77 N at the proximal implantation position (compared with 0.25 N at mid-distal implantation position). A sling implanted at the mid-distal urethral location provided sufficient correction (urethral excursion angle of 23.8 deg after mid-distal sling implantation versus 24.4 deg in the intact case) with minimal risk of overtightening and represents the optimal choice for sling surgery. This study represents the first effort utilizing a comprehensive pelvic model to investigate the performance of an implanted sling to correct urethral hypermobility. The computational modeling approach presented in the study can also be used to advance presurgery planning, sling product design, and to enhance our understanding of various surgical risk factors which are difficult to obtain in clinical practice.
Cystic dilatations within the pelvis in patients with ipsilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia

A total of 13 cases of cystic dilatations in the pelvis with ipsilateral renal agenesis or dysplasia was detected during renal ultrasonic mass screenings among 280,000 children within the last 2.5 years. The frequency was approximately 0.00464%. These anomalies included 7 cases of Gartner's cyst and 6 of seminal vesicle cyst. Sonographically, the cystic dilatations displayed a typically cystic nature with no internal echoes. The cysts were located laterally or posteriorly to the bladder, and the cystic mass protruded into or was behind the bladder and sometimes bulged the bladder wall. The dysplastic kidney in the patients with ipsilateral cystic dilatations was not detected by sonography due to its small size and the fact that it was obscured by bowel gas or overlying tissue densities. Three cases of dilated ureter communicating with the cyst were found on sonography. Since ultrasonic examination is an excellent method to identify a fluid-filled cystic structure, ultrasonography has become an important modality in the early detection, diagnosis and followup of these cystic dilatations.
Impact of the 5As brief counseling on smoking cessation among pregnant clients of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in Ohio

Abstract Objectives We assessed whether smoking cessation improved among pregnant smokers who attended Women, Infants and Children (WIC) Supplemental Nutrition Program clinics trained to implement a brief smoking cessation counseling intervention, the 5As: ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange. Methods In Ohio, staff in 38 WIC clinics were trained to deliver the 5As from 2006 through 2010. Using 2005–2011 Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System data, we performed conditional logistic regression, stratified on clinic, to estimate the relationship between women's exposure to the 5As and the odds of self-reported quitting during pregnancy. Reporting bias for quitting was assessed by examining whether differences in infants' birth weight by quit status differed by clinic training status. Results Of 71,526 pregnant smokers at WIC enrollment, 23% quit. Odds of quitting were higher among women who attended a clinic after versus before clinic staff was trained (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.29). The adjusted mean infant birth weight was, on average, 96 g higher among women who reported quitting ( P Conclusions Training all Ohio WIC clinics to deliver the 5As may promote quitting among pregnant smokers, and thus is an important strategy to improve maternal and child health outcomes.
A life course theory of suicide risk

The three distinct suicide cycles reported since the late 19th century have been explained using sociological and biological theories. Despite their obvious differences, both theories operate through motivation. Like other aspects of suicide, however, such cycles can also be explained by opportunity. Analysis of recent findings on age- and sex-specific suicide cycles illustrates a fundamental confound of motivation and opportunity, and underscores the need for a theory of suicide that is based on risk (risk = motivation x opportunity), and that is situated in a framework of age- and sex-specific life course contingencies.
Structure and phase behavior in five-component microemulsions

Droplet-to-bicontinuous structure transitions in a family of five-component microemulsions formed with sodium 4-(1{prime}-heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate, isobutyl alcohol, D{sub 2}O, sodium chloride, and alkanes with even carbon numbers from octane to hexadecane are probed by using small-angle neutron scattering, electrical conductivity, and NMR self-diffusion measurements. The phase behavior and structure of these microemulsions are intimately linked and depend on salinity and the chain length of the alkane. Both the range of salt concentration in which the three-phase region is observed and the range of microemulsion water volume fraction within the three-phase region decrease with decreasing alkane chain length. Further, the appearance of the three-phase region is preceded by droplet-to-bicontinuous transitions. Microemulsions not exhibiting three-phase regions become bicontinuous only when they contain equal amounts of oil and water. The coincidence of the so-called percolation thresholds as determined by using electrical conductivity and self-diffusion measurements shows that electrical conduction in a dispersion of water droplets occurs with the exchange of material between the droplets.
PbSe ∕ PbTe Superlattice Formation via E-ALD

Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (E-ALD) has been used to deposit PbSe/PbTe superlattices, both with equal (4:4) and unequal (3:15) periods. The periods were formed from the repeated application of a PbTe E-ALD cycle four times, followed by a PbSe E-ALD cycle four times to complete one (4:4) period. The period was repeated as many times as desired to form a superlattice of a particular thickness. The deposition potentials used to form atomic layers of Pb, Se, and Te, for the growth of PbSe/PbTe superlattices, were approximated by first developing E-ALD cycles for the binary compounds PbSe and PbTe. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) for the individual elements are presented, as are coverages, as a function of the cycle number and period for PbSe and PbTe. Coverages were based on the charges for the deposition of the individual elements. In each case, coverages were found to average very close to one monolayer per cycle. Deposits were stoichiometric, from electron probe microanalysis, and the relative elemental coverages were consistent with the ratio of PbSe to PbTe cycles in the period. Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed the formation of conformal hexagonal mesas, with 240 nm wide atomically flat terraces on the gold on glass substrates.
X-ray computed microtomography of three-dimensional microcracks and self-healing in engineered cementitious composites

Concrete cracking and deterioration can potentially be addressed by innovative self-healing cementitious materials, which can autogenously regain transport properties and mechanical characteristics after the damage self-healing process. For the development of such materials, it is crucial, but challenging, to precisely characterize the extent and quality of self-healing due to a variety of factors. This study adopted x-ray computed microtomography (μCT) to derive threedimensional morphological data on microcracks before and after healing in engineered cementitious composite (ECC). Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were also used to morphologically and chemically analyze the healing products. This work showed that the evolution of the microcrack 3D structure due to self-healing in cementitious materials can be directly and quantitatively characterized by μCT. A detailed description of the μCT image analysis method applied to ECC self-healing was presented. The results revealed that the self-healing extent and rate strongly depended on initial surface crack width, with smaller crack width favoring fast and robust self-healing. We also found that the selfhealing mechanism in cementitious materials is dependent on crack depth. The region of a crack close to the surface (from 0 to around 50–150 μm below the surface) can be sealed quickly with crystalline precipitates. However, at greater depths the healing process inside the crack takes a significantly longer time to occur, with healing products more likely resulting from continued hydration and pozzolanic reactions. Finally, the μCT method was compared with other selfhealing characterization methods, with discussions on its importance in generating new scientific knowledge for the development of robust self-healing cementitious materials.
Clonidine raises the sweating threshold in symptomatic but not in asymptomatic postmenopausal women

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of clonidine, which reduces central sympathetic activation, on the sweating threshold in postmenopausal women with and without hot flashes. Design: Laboratory physiologic study. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): 12 healthy postmenopausal women reporting frequent hot flashes and 7 reporting none. Intervention(s): In two separate sessions, participants received a blind intravenous injection of clonidine HCl (2 μg/kg of body weight) or placebo, followed by body heating. Main Outcome Measure(s): Core body temperature, mean skin temperature, sweat rate, sternal skin conductance level, and blood pressure. Result(s): Symptomatic women had significantly lower core body temperature sweating thresholds than asymptomatic women after receiving placebo. Clonidine significantly increased this threshold in symptomatic women but lowered it in asymptomatic women. Conclusion(s): These results support the hypothesis that elevated brain norepinephrine levels reduce the sweating threshold in symptomatic women, thereby contributing to the initiation of menopausal hot flashes.
Lineage Tracing of Mammary Epithelial Cells Using Cell-Type-Specific Cre-Expressing Adenoviruses

Lineage tracing using Cre/lox transgenic mice provides a powerful tool for studying normal mammary epithelial cell (MEC) development and the cellular origins of mammary tumors under physiological settings. However, generation of new transgenic mice for lineage-tracing purposes is often time consuming. Here, we report a lineage-tracing tool for MECs based on intraductal injection of lineage-specific Cre-expressing adenovirus (Ad-Cre). Using well-characterized promoters for Keratin 8 and Keratin 14, we generated lineage-specific Ad-Cre lines for luminal and basal MECs, respectively. By pulse-chase lineage tracing using these Ad-Cre lines, we showed that luminal and basal lineages are largely self-sustained and that IRS1 and IRS2 are essential for maintaining the basal lineage; we also showed that heterogeneous mammary tumors can be induced from luminal MECs in mice carrying the Etv6-NTRK3 fusion gene. Overall, we validated the Ad-Cre system as a promising and efficient tool for fate mapping of normal and malignant cells in adult tissues.
The Ross operation in children: 10-year experience.

Abstract Background . The Ross operation, first performed in children in 1968, may be the ideal aortic valve replacement. Technical demands of the operation and two valves at risk have delayed acceptance. A review of our experience to assess midterm and long-term results with the Ross operation is presented. Methods . The records of 150 consecutive patients, aged 7 days to 21 years (median age, 12 years, 75% less than 15 years) were reviewed. Follow-up was complete within the last 12 months (median, 2.8 years; range, 1 month to 10 years). Echocardiographic assessment was available on 116 (71%) within 1 year of closure and in 136 (91%) within 2 years. Results . Survival was 97.3% at 8 years. Late autograft valve dysfunction required replacement in 2 and reoperation with restitution of autograft function in 6. Freedom from reoperation for autograft dysfunction is 90% ± 4% at 8 years. Freedom from reoperation for homograft obstruction is 94% ± 3% at 8 years. Pulmonary homograft dysfunction (gradient >40 mm Hg) was present in 4 additional patients. Freedom from reoperation on the homograft or a gradient of 40 mm Hg is 89% ± 4% at 8 years. All patients have a normal, active lifestyle, without anticoagulants for their aortic valve replacement. Conclusions . The Ross operation is the preferred operative replacement in children requiring aortic valve replacement.
Fear's Anger: Virginia Woolf's Psychology and Deliberative Democracy

In A Room of One's Own, Virginia Woolf implicitly addresses the necessary conditions for equal participation in deliberative democracy. Woolf's analysis indicates that proponents of deliberative democracy must be attentive to the angry, unconscious resistance that is part of reasoning in a deliberative system—especially when political deliberation results in a challenge to a person's identity. Woolf's solution for women writers, the material security represented by a room of one's own, can be applied to the larger problem of political deliberation as well. This leads to an expansion of the conception of substantive equality required for a deliberative democracy. Further, Woolf's insight challenges deliberative democrats to de-center capitalist economic relations. As a way of protecting the individual from the psychological dynamic Woolf describes in A Room of One's Own, deliberative democrats should advocate a non-competitive economic space for those threatened by the powerful psychological reactions to d...
Parallel multigrid preconditioning on graphics processing units (GPUs) for robust power grid analysis

Leveraging the power of nowadays graphics processing units for robust power grid simulation remains a challenging task. Existing preconditioned iterative methods that require incomplete matrix factorizations can not be effectively accelerated on GPU due to its limited hardware resource as well as data parallel computing. This work presents an efficient GPU-based multigrid preconditioning algorithm for robust power grid analysis. An ELL-like sparse matrix data structure is adopted and implemented specifically for power grid analysis to assure coalesced GPU device memory access and high arithmetic intensity. By combining the fast geometrical multigrid solver with the robust Krylov-subspace iterative solver, power grid DC and transient analysis can be performed efficiently on GPU without loss of accuracy (largest errors < 0.5 mV). Unlike previous GPU-based algorithms that rely on good power grid regularities, the proposed algorithm can be applied for more general power grid structures. Experimental results show that the DC and transient analysis on GPU achieves more than 25X speedups over the best available CPU-based solvers. An industrial power grid with 10.5 million nodes can be accurately solved in 12 seconds.
Modularity in small distributed robots

This paper was presented at the SPIE Conference on Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems II, Boston, MA, September 19-20. Copyright (1999) Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.360351.
Animal Identification and Tracing in the United States

We examine the impacts of adopting animal identification and tracing systems on the U.S. meat and livestock industry. Using a multimarket equilibrium displacement model, we find that a modest increase in domestic demand for beef would offset the costs of an animal identification system. Similarly, an increase in beef export demand equivalent to Japan’s beef export market share prior to the 2003 U.S. discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy would offset animal identification system costs.
Modified lattice‐statics approach to dislocation calculations I. Formalism

A modified lattice‐statics method to calculate the atomic displacements associated with a screw dislocation is outlined. The model incorporates an anharmonic region wherein the forces are derived from a pair potential. Appropriate energy and force expressions are derived. The modifications necessary for the implementation of the conjugate‐gradient function minimization method are also derived.
Generalized OM-Bisimulation

History preserving bisimilarity and maximality preserving bisimilarity take full account of the interplay between causality and branching, and they are congruences w.r.t. action refinement for suitable classes of Petri nets. But even for finite safe Petri nets they are based on possibly infinite transition systems, and it is not obvious how to decide them. OM-bisimulation gives a characterization of history preserving bisimulation for safe nets without internal moves, and it allows a decidability result. In this paper we generalize OM-bisimulation and this decidability result to safe nets with internal moves, and also treat the case of maximality preserving bisimulation.
Knowledge of tuberculosis among drug users. Relationship to return rates for tuberculosis screening at a syringe exchange.

Tuberculosis is an important health issue among drug users. We sought to evaluate active drug users' (DUs) knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) and to assess the relationship between TB knowledge and attitudes and tuberculin skin test (TST) return rates at a syringe exchange program. DUs were recruited at a syringe exchange program in New York City, were interviewed and offered TSTs, and received $15.00 upon returning for TST reading. The questionnaire evaluated knowledge of TB transmission, prevention, and treatment. From March 13, 1995 to January 31, 1996, 610 of 650 (94%) of DUs approached agreed to participate. Of these, 80% had previous TSTs within the past 2 years and 20% were known to be HIV infected. Almost all knew that TB is contagious and more than two thirds knew that TB is treatable and that TB preventive therapy existed. However, fewer than half knew that HIV-related TB could be treated, 30% thought TB could be treated without a medical doctor, and the majority (70%) thought a reactive TST implied infectivity. The rate of return for TST reading was 93%. In multivariate analysis, those who knew that HIV-related TB was curable were more likely to return for TST reading (odds ratio 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 3.95; p = .03). The high acceptance and return rates suggest that TB services can be incorporated into syringe exchange programs. However, several important gaps in TB knowledge existed in this population at high risk of TB, which may impact on adherence and which support the need for TB education for drug users.
Race, language, and social policy: Comparing the black and Hispanic experience in the U.S.

Recent studies project that most new U.S. workers by the year 2000 will be minorities, and warn that educational deficiencies among blacks and Hispanics may lead to a two-tiered society. Since the 1960s the U.S. government, prodded by a coalition of black and Hispanic rights organizations, has adopted a minority-discrimination model of equal opportunity that requires affirmative-action benefits for both protected groups to compensate for past discrimination. For Hispanics these programs have required separate, Spanish-language instruction in school.
Urinary Excretion of Immunoreactive Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Material in Prepubertal and Pubertal Children

A urinary product with immunological similarity to Gn-RH has been quantified by radioimmunoassay. The i-Gn-RH-like material apparently has a (partial) structure consistent with the 5→9 amino acid sequence of hypothalamic Gn-RH. It inhibits the binding of l25I-Gn-RH toanti Gn-RH serum in a manner parallel to synthetic standard, is absorbed by incubation with anti Gn-RH serum, and comigrates with synthetic Gn-RH on Sephadex column chromatography. The concentration of i-Gn-RH-like material is maximal in pubertal males. The total urinary excretion of this substance is two-fold greater in pubertal subjects of both sexes than in prepubertal children. There is no diurnal variation in the excretion of this material. There are significant positive correlations between the urinary content of iGN-RH-like material and LH and FSH. The site of origin, structure and physiological significance of this immunological product remain to be elucidated.
Amorphous silicon – From doping to multi-billion dollar applications

In this paper, we recount the history leading up to the landmark paper by Spear and LeComber in 1975, which showed, contrary to thought at the time, that it was indeed possible to incorporate substitutionally pentavalent and trivalent impurities into a tetrahedral amorphous semiconductor. This work provided the basis for a multi-billion dollar business with products which are ubiquitous.
Kinematics of plant growth.

Abstract Many of the concepts and equations which have been used in the study of compressible fluids can be applied to problems of plant development. Growth field variables, i.e. functions of position in the plant and of time, can be specified in either Eulerian (spatial) or Lagrangian (material) terms. The two specifications coincide only when the spatial distribution of the variable is steady, and steady patterns are most likely to emerge when an apex is chosen as origin of the co-ordinate system. The growth field itself can be described locally by the magnitude and orientation of the principal axes of the rate of strain tensor and by the vorticity tensor. Material derivatives can be calculated if the temporal and spatial variation in both growth velocity, u (rate of displacement from a material origin), and the variable of interest are known. The equation of continuity shows the importance of including both growth velocity, u, and growth rate, ▽ ·u in estimates of local biosynthesis and transport rates in expanding tissue, although the classical continuity equation must be modified to accommodate the compartmentalized distributions characteristic of plant tissue. Relatively little information on spatial variation in plant organs can be found in the botanical literature, but the current availability of interactive computer graphics equipment suggests that analysis of the spatial distribution of growth rates at least is no longer difficult.
Bryostatin-1: A Novel PKC Inhibitor in Clinical Development

Modulation of PKC represents a novel approach to cancer therapy. Bryostatin-1 is a macrocyclic lactone derived from a marine invertebrate that binds to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C. Short-term exposure to bryostatin-1 promotes activation of PKC, whereas prolonged exposure promotes significant downregulation of PKC. In numerous hematological and solid tumor cell lines, bryostatin-1 inhibits proliferation, induces differentiation, and promotes apoptosis. Furthermore, preclinical studies indicate that bryostatin-1 potently enhances the effect of chemotherapy. In many cases, this effect is sequence specific. Bryostatin-1 is currently in phase I and phase II clinical trials. The major toxicities are myalgias, nausea, and vomiting. Although there is minimal single-agent activity, combinations with standard chemotherapy are providing very encouraging results and indicate a new direction in cancer therapy.
Fine‐needle aspiration of the breast: Diagnoses and pitfalls. A review of 3545 cases

Fine-needle aspiration is now a recognized diagnostic tool. In the past eight years we have studied 3545 aspirates from the breast, including both cystic and solid masses. All were prepared according to the method of Papanicalaou. The cellular findings are described and discussed. Abnormal cells were found in the aspirates from 90% of the 368 malignancies. Reliable criteria for diagnosis are emphasized and diagnostic pitfalls discussed. Aspiration biopsy was helpful in the management of all patients with breast lesions. The method is rapid, accurate, and essentially complication-free. It should be used with the idea of complementing, not competing with, routine histologic biopsy.
A simple method for testing measuring machines and machine tools Part 1: Principles and applications

Abstract Rapid, precise indications of the two or three dimensional accuracy of a machine can be obtained using magnetic ball bars; fixed and telescoping versions have been developed. Part 1 of this article describes the principles, operation and applications. Part 2, scheduled for publication in the next issue of this journal, will provide full construction details
Cardiac angiosarcoma: report of a case diagnosed by echocardiographic-guided fine-needle aspiration.

The authors present a case of cardiac angiosarcoma diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in a 33-year-old male. A percutaneous right atrial mass biopsy was performed via a right internal jugular venous approach and under echocardiographic guidance. FNA showed pleomorphic spindle-shaped cells present singly and in small clusters in a background of hemorrhage. Occasional pseudo-acini or microacinar structures were observed, that are lined with abnormal spindly to polygonal cells, indicative of vasoformative structures. Immunostain for CD31 was strongly positive. A diagnosis of cardiac angiosarcoma was made, following which, the patient underwent treatment with chemotherapy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:164–166. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigations into the vertical distribution of PCDDs and mineralogy in three ball clay cores from the United States exhibiting the natural formation pattern.

In this study, we report the PCDD and mineralogical results from the analyses of 27 different samples from three ball clay cores from different locations in Kentucky and Tennessee. One goal of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between the mineralogy of the ball clay samples and the PCDD concentrations and/or homologue profiles in each sample. Samples from each of the three cores exhibited the natural formation profile with extremely high PCDD concentrations with low and mostly undetectable levels of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The maximum toxic equivalents (TEQs) for Cores C-E were 2500, 440, and 15 000 pg WHO-TEQ/g, respectively. Although there does not seem to be a direct correlation between mineralogy and PCDD concentrations or homologue profiles, the mineralogy of Core C is substantially different than that of Cores D and E, which may in part explain the differences in congener patterns we observed among the three cores.
Angular distribution of γ radiation following C12(p1, p2 γ)C12

Abstract An analysis is made of the angular distributions of the 4.43-MeV γ radiation following C12(p1, p2 γ)C12 in the vicinity of the two resonance peaks at bombarding energies 5.36 MeV and 5.89 MeV. It is shown that the angular distributions of this γ radiation are strongly dominated not only by the two resonance levels ( 3 2 + and 5 2 +) in N13, with excitation energies 6.91 MeV and 7.42 MeV (called C and E respectively), but also by another lower level ( 5 2 +) with 6.38 MeV excitation (called A) and their interference. A better fit between the theory and experimental data is obtained for reduced-width amplitude ratios γ′ s′ 1 l′ 1 γ′ s′ 2 l′ 2 γ s 1 l 1 γ s 2 l 2 = −2.3 and γ″s″1l″1γ″s″2l″2/γs1l1γs2l2 = −0.32, where no prime, one prime and two primes are used for the levels C, A and E, respectively, and subscripts 1 and 2 for incoming and outgoing channels, respectively. The relationship N2+N4 = N0 is deduced, if the angular distribution is expressed by W(θ) ∝ N0+N2 cos2θ + N4 cos4 θ. Finally, the effects of other neighbouring levels in N13 are considered.
Sensitivity of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism to Age, Gender, Brain Volume, Brain Atrophy, and Cerebrovascular Risk Factors

In 76 normal volunteers studied by positron emission tomography, with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose, CMRglu was significantly lower in the elderly as compared with young subjects and significantly higher in females relative to males. However, in 58 of these subjects who also had magnetic resonance imaging scans, age and gender were found to be unrelated to CMRglu, when the effects of brain volume and brain atrophy on CMRglu were partialed out using covariate analyses. Individually, brain volume was found to have a significant effect on CMRglu, explaining ∼17% of the variability in CMRglu measures and brain atrophy explaining ∼8% of the variance in CMRglu. Together these two measures accounted for ∼21% of the variance. Cerebrovascular risk factors in normal subjects were not found to affect mean CMRglu or the variability of CMRglu measures. In this study almost 80% of the variance in CMRglu could not be explained by any of the factors that had been considered. This implies a lack of sensitivity of absolute value...
School Board Governance: The Times They Are A-Changin'.

Do school boards have a role in student achievement? Recent research suggests that they do. This case study identifies 12 board of education governance practices associated with higher levels of st...
Chilling injury of fruits and vegetables

Abstract Chilling injury affects many fruits and vegetables. Most crops of tropical and subtropical origin are sensitive to chilling injury. Some crops of Temperate Zone origin are also susceptible. These crops are injured by low, but nonfreezing, temperatures. At these temperatures, the tissues weaken because they are unable to carry on normal metabolic processes. Various physiological and biochemical alterations occur in the sensitive species in response to low‐temperature exposure. These alterations lead to the development of a variety of chilling injury symptoms, such as surface pitting, discoloration, internal breakdown, failure to ripen, growth inhibition, wilting, loss of flavor, and decay. This review article describes the changes in membrane lipids, permeability, proteins, carbohydrates, energy supply, respiration, ethylene production, and other metabolic processes that are affected by chilling temperatures. Methods for alleviation of chilling injury‐such as temperature preconditioning, intermitt...
Comparison of physical properties of ZrF4- and HfF4-based melts and glasses

Abstract Physical property measurements have been carried out on a series of three glass-forming heavy metal fluoride compositions in which ZrF4 has been systematically replaced by HfF4. The generic composition (mol%) is 53xZrF453(1−x)HfF420BaF24LaF320NaF, with x values of 1, 0.5 and 0. Properties measured include melt viscosities over a range 10−1−1013 P and glass and melt electrical conductivities, densities and heat capacities. Replacement of ZrF4 by HfF4 increases the glass transition temperature and the 1013 P temperature by about 10°C. Aside from this, replacement of ZrF4 by HfF4 has very little effect on the other physical properties.
ALGAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE EAST AND WEST FLOWER GARDEN BANKS, NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO

The algal communities of the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary have not been comprehensively evaluated and only a few dominant macroalgal species have been reported. This study utilizes both destructive and non-destructive sampling techniques to characterize and taxonomically identify the ‘algal mat’ community structure. The East and West Flower Garden Banks are located on the outer continental shelf approximately 200 km off the Texas-Louisiana coastline. The average depth of both banks is 100 m with the crest approximately 20 m from the surface. Harvest and photogrammetric samples were collected during two extended cruises to the Flower Garden Banks in October 1998 and March 1999. Forty, 0.25-m2 quadrats of standing stock material were randomly collected along with one hundred sixty-one 0.25 m2 photo-quadrats from an average depth of 27 m. Photo-transparencies were projected to an actual size grid with 25 random points. Four thousand twenty-five transparency points were evaluated and used to calculate percent composition of algal cover. Harvest samples were used to characterize the “algal mat” composition, species richness, abundance, and biomass. Forty-two species were identified from the samples representing 14 Orders. The “red algal mat” was the dominant algal coverage comprising 38.4% of all photogrammetric samples. This mat was primarily composed of members from the Order Ceramiales. Centroceras, Ceramium, and Polysiphonia comprised 33.4% of the mat, Anotrichium and Hypoglossum, 22.4%.
Preliminary Results on Hydrogen Peroxide Addition to Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching Stages

Abstract There are convincing results in the literature indicating that the fiber yield for fully bleached hardwood kraft pulps can be increased by approximately 2% (measured on chip weight as basis) by pulping at milder conditions and bleaching under more aggressive conditions. The kappa number of the unbleached pulp in this scheme would be higher by about 3–5 units. The viability of this process is predicated upon increased throughput in an existing bleach plant without a major retrofit. The feasibility of the principle of this process was investigated by adding hydrogen peroxide to the first two chlorine dioxide stages (D0 and D1) along with sodium molybdate as a catalyst. The incremental peroxide required for bleaching the higher kappa number pulps could in principle be added to either of the two stages without any change in their operating conditions. Our preliminary data suggest that peroxide action in the D1 stage results in a lower rate of cellulose depolymerization and hence is preferable. The re...
Exposure to low levels of photosynthetically active radiation induces rapid increases in palisade cell chloroplast volume and thylakoid surface area in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)

Sudden changes in photoactive radiation (PAR) (wavelength, 400–700 nm) induces rapid surface area changes in chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Although this response may have important photo-acclimative functions for the plant, little is known about the mechanisms by which changes in irradiance are detected or how thylakoid membranes actually increase or decrease surface area. Knowledge of the time required for significant changes in thylakoid area would help eliminate or support several possible mechanisms that may be involved in this aspect of photo-acclimation in plants. Leaf tissues were acclimated to a PAR of 500 μmol quanta per m2 per s then exposed to low irradiance (PAR, 50 μmol quanta per m2 per s) and sampled at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min post exposure. Tissue and cell structure were quantified and results showed a significant increase in the surface-to-volume ratio and surface area per unit of standard leaf volume for both appressed and nonappressed thylakoids within 5 min of exposure to low irradiance. On the basis of the ratios of appressed to nonappressed thylakoids, the surface area of the nonappressed thylakoids was found to increase faster than that of the appressed thylakoids throughout the sample period. The portion of the appressed thylakoids in contact with the stroma was defined as margin thylakoids. Margin thylakoid surface-to-volume ratio did not change relative to the high-irradiance control during the sample period but did remain significantly lower than the low-irradiance control during the sample period. The ratio of appressed to margin thylakoids indicated a broadening and shortening of the appressed thylakoid stack within the first 5 min of low-irradiance exposure. The rapidity of the shade response indicates that the early events in this response probably do not directly involve gene activation pathways.
Passive Optical Networks - Deployment and Evolutionary Potential

This paper gives insight into the ways in which Passive optical networks may be economically deployed in a well-established copper infrastructure. The telecommunications market demands service flexibility coupled with high reliability, which the copper network struggles to provide. Particularly beneficial is the fibre-to-the-building approach, which is being followed in certain areas in Europe. This provides the necessary service flexibility and promises huge capacity upgrades for the future. Following initial deployments the opportunity exists to broaden the deployment throughout Europe. Ubiquitous solutions will enable the benefits of fibre to be brought to smaller and smaller customers. Beyond this, the capacity and reach of fibre can be exploited more widely - restructuring the network to extend broad band services to all customers.
Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen estimates using 2450 MHz microwave irradiation or chloroform fumigation followed by direct extraction

Abstract Microwave irradiation and chloroform fumigation followed by direct extraction were compared as potential methods to estimate microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils. Soil amended with 700 ppm C and 70 ppm N and unamended soil were incubated at 25°C for 3 days, irradiated for various time intervals and extracted with 0.5 M K 2 SO 4 . An increase in microwave time resulted in an increase in extractable C in both amended and unamended soils. A 2-min irradiation time was selected as the optimal treatment because it resulted in a difference between amended and unamended soils close to what was expected and avoided excessive heating of the sample. CHCl 3 fumigation for 24 h yielded (mean±SD) 138.2±18.5 ppm extractable C and 11.6±6.7 ppm extractable N in the unamended soil and 315.5±48.3 ppm extractable C and 17.9±3.0 ppm extractable N in the amended soil. Compared to the CHCl 3 treatment, the 2-min microwave treatment resulted in 70.6% less extractable C and 79.3% less extractable N in the unamended soil and 52.2% less extractable C and 58.3% less extractable N in the amended soil. Sequential fumigation followed by irradiation produced extractable C and N values similar to fumigation alone, while fumigating twice for a total of 48 h resulted in higher extractable C in unamended soil and higher extractable N in amended soil. These results indicate that although trends of treatments are similar, microwave irradiation is not as effective as CHCl 3 fumigation for microbial biomass estimates in the soils examined.
Myofascial pain involving the masticatory muscles: an experimental model.

Abstract Thirty healthy volunteers were assigned to one of the following two conditions: (1) hyperactivate the lateral pterygoid muscles by vigorously thrusting their mandible forward for 5 min, or (2) a non-exercise control condition. Subjects who protruded their mandible reported significantly more pain than control subjects. This pain was located in the immediate preauricular area. This pain was similar in quality and location to many patients diagnosed as having the myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Other signs or symptoms associated with the syndrome (e.g., tenderness upon palpation, limitation of jaw function) were not produced. This constitutes the first direct, experimental test indicating that the pain of the myofascial paindysfunction syndrome may be caused by hyperactivity of the lateral pterygoid muscles.
A monumental piece of work

THE AUDIOVISUAL FIELD is a rapidly developing area where new philosophies and directions are evident. The authors, who have attempted to give attention and meaning to these developments, furnish a clear and succinct picture of the purpose of their book in the preface from which these three paragraphs are quoted: "This book was written to help prospective and practicing teachers become better acquainted with the broad range and interrelated uses of audiovisual instructional materials and techniques. Throughout the text the term 'audiovisual instructional materials' is broadly interpreted to comprise the many substances and sounds which play important roles in learning. The continued preoccupation of our schools with things verbal has tended to obscure adequate recognition of the principle that learning is most effective when generalizations and abstract concepts are developed on the basis of rich experiences with concrete realities. These are the realities
Inhibitory effect of insulin on prostacyclin production by isolated rat adipocytes

Abstract Physiologic concentrations of insulin completely inhibited the norepinephrine-induced increment in the production of 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1α, the stable derivative of prostacyclin (PGI2), by isolated rat adipocytes. The inhibition of PGI2 production by insulin in isolated rat adipocytes supports the view that the elevated plasma level of 6-keto-PGF1α in rats with non-ketotic diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis is derived at least in part from production of PGI2 by the adipocyte cell mass.
THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF A VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATION.

Abstract A method is presented for the numerical solution of the Volterra integral equation which describes signal propagation on an electron beam or electrostatic oscillations of a temperate plasma. The method is based on a step function approximation of the velocity distribution function, an approximation suitable for direct inclusion of experimental data, and Laplace transform analysis is used to obtain a solution expressed as an almost periodic function. Results of computation are presented for an example typical of the electron beam problem. It is shown that for a specified maximum error the order of the approximation of the distribution function is a linearly increasing function of the maximum value of the independent variable.