cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How can cerebral edema during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis be avoided

Cerebral edema during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a rare complication but it can be devastating, with significant mortality and long-term morbidity. Certain risk factors have been teased out with some large case–control studies, but more research needs to be done to make management guidelines safer. This article will discuss how DKA might be prevented from occurring in the first instance, known risk factors for cerebral edema, fluid and insulin management, the importance of careful monitoring during DKA treatment, and the importance of recognizing and acting on the earliest symptoms to prevent long-term harm.
Analysis of errors reported by surgeons at three teaching hospitals

Background. Little is known of the factors that underlie surgical errors. Incident reporting has been proposed as a method of obtaining information about medical errors to help identify such factors. Methods. Between November 1, 2000, and March 15, 2001, we conducted confidential interviews with randomly selected surgeons from three Massachusetts teaching hospitals to elicit detailed reports on surgical adverse events resulting from errors in management (“incidents”). Data on the characteristics of the incidents and the factors that surgeons reported to have contributed to the errors were recorded and analyzed. Results. Among 45 surgeons approached for interviews, 38 (84%) agreed to participate and provided reports on 146 incidents. Thirty-three percent of incidents resulted in permanent disability and 13% in patient death. Seventy-seven percent involved injuries related to an operation or other invasive intervention (visceral injuries, bleeding, and wound infection/dehiscence were the most common subtypes), 13% involved unnecessary or inappropriate procedures, and 10% involved unnecessary advancement of disease. Two thirds of the incidents involved errors during the intraoperative phase of surgical care, 27% during preoperative management, and 22% during postoperative management. Two or more clinicians were cited as substantially contributing to errors in 70% of the incidents. The most commonly cited systems factors contributing to errors were inexperience/lack of competence in a surgical task (53% of incidents), communication breakdowns among personnel (43%), and fatigue or excessive workload (33%). Surgeons reported significantly more systems failures in incidents involving emergency surgical care than those involving nonemergency care (P <.001). Conclusions. Subjective incident reports gathered through interviews allow identification of characteristics of surgical errors and their leading contributing factors, which may help target research and interventions to reduce such errors. (Surgery 2003;133:614-21.) Surgery 2003;133:614-21.
The neural basis of predicting the outcomes of imagined actions.

A key feature of human intelligence is the ability to predict the outcomes of one’s own actions prior to executing them. Action values are thought to be represented in part in the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, yet current studies have focused on the value of executed actions rather than the anticipated value of a planned action. Thus, little is known about the neural basis of how individuals think (or fail to think) about their actions and the potential consequences before they act. We scanned individuals with fMRI while they thought about performing actions that they knew would likely be correct or incorrect. Here we show that merely imagining an error, as opposed to imagining a correct outcome, increases activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, independently of subsequent actions. This activity overlaps with regions that respond to actual error commission. The findings show a distinct network that signals the prospective outcomes of one’s planned actions. A number of clinical disorders such as schizophrenia and drug abuse involve a failure to take the potential consequences of an action into account prior to acting. Our results thus suggest how dysfunctions of the medial prefrontal cortex may contribute to such failures.
Sources of Institutional Change: The Supranational Origins of Europe's New Stock Markets

The article explains a curious turn in European political economies. Between 1995 and 2005 national financial elites in twelve Western European countries created almost twenty competing new stock markets designed to improve financing alternatives for entrepreneurial companies. For a region supposedly averse to risk and U.S.-style capitalism, it is surprising that most of the new markets were modeled on the U.S.-based Nasdaq Stock Market, an iconic American institution. The author's structured comparisons of the new markets to one another, to previous ones, and to proposals that never saw the light of day reveal that the primary causes behind the creation, form, and timing of Europe's new markets lie in the political skills, motivations, and actions of supranational European Union bureaucrats. Challenging leading social science explanations for the cross-border convergence of domestic institutions, these findings show that the accumulated effects of day-to-day action by these supranational bureaucrats are potential causes of institutional innovation. The argument adds to a growing body of detailed empirical research on the domestic and global impact of the European regional polity and contributes to scholarly debates about market formation.
Clomiphene-Associated Suicide Behavior in a Man Treated for Hypogonadism: Case Report and Review of The Literature.

Received April 28, 2015; revised June 5, 2015; accepted June 8, 2015. From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT (JCK, AMR, TR); Department of Surgery, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT (ASP); Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT (GTT); and Department of FamilyMedicine, University of VermontMedical Center, Burlington, VT (TR). Send correspondence and reprint requests to Julia C. Knight, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Medical Center, 111 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT 05401; e-mail: julia.knight@uvmhealth.org Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Introduction
The Effects of Daikenchuto (DKT) on Propulsive Motility in the Colon

Background The purpose of this study is to examine the use of daikenchuto (DKT), a traditional Japanese medicine, as a potential treatment for opiate-induced slowing of intestinal transit in an isolated guinea pig colon model of motility. Methods Isolated segments of distal guinea pig colon were mounted in a perfusion chamber and imaged with a digital video camera interfaced with a computer. Fecal pellets were inserted into the oral end of the colonic segment and the rates of propulsive motility over a 3 to 4cm segment of colon were determined in the presence and absence of test compounds. In addition, intracellular recordings were obtained from intact circular muscle, and the responsiveness of inhibitory and excitatory junction potentials to DKT was evaluated. Results The addition of D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5 (DAMGO), a selective μ-receptor agonist, caused a concentration dependent decrease in colon motility. Naloxone did not affect basal activity, but partially restored motility in the DAMGO treated preparations. DKT (1 × 10 −4 –3 × 10 −4 g/mL) also reversed the inhibitory effect of DAMGO treated colon in a concentration dependent manner. At higher concentrations (1 × 10 −3 –3 × 10 −3 g/mL), however, this effect was lost. Motility slowed even further when naloxone and DKT were combined with noticeable disruptions in spatiotemporal patterns. Interestingly, when added alone, DKT resulted in reverse peristalsis of the pellet. In electrophysiologic studies DKT inhibited both excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials. Conclusions DKT appears to be as effective as naloxone in restoring motility in DAMGO treated colon. These two agents, however, do not appear to have an additive effect. When used on untreated colon segments, DKT appears to cause disruptions in the intrinsic reflex circuit of the gut resulting in a disruption of neuromuscular communication.
Tracheal surgery in children: an 18-year review of four techniques.

Objective: Review the short- and long-term outcomes of a single institution experience in infants with congenital tracheal stenosis, comparing four different operative techniques used from 1982 through 2000. Methods: Hospital and clinic records of 50 infants and children who had surgical repair of congenital tracheal stenosis secondary to complete tracheal rings were reviewed. Age at surgery ranged from 7 days to 72 months (median, 5 months, mean 7.8 ± 12 months). Techniques included pericardial patch tracheoplasty (n = 28), tracheal autograft (n = 12), tracheal resection (n = 8), and slide tracheoplasty (n = 2). All procedures were done through a median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. Seventeen patients had a pulmonary artery sling (35%), and 11 had an intracardiac anomaly (22%), Results: There were three early deaths (6% early mortality), two after pericardial tracheoplasty and one after autograft. There were six late deaths (12% late mortality), five after pericardial tracheoplasty and one after slide tracheoplasty. Length of stay (median) was 60 days (pericardial tracheoplasty), 28 days (autograft), 14 days (resection), and 18 days (slide). Reoperation and/or stent placement was required in seven patients (25%) after pericardial tracheoplasty, in two patients (17%) after autograft, in no patients after resection, and in one patient (50%) after slide tracheoplasty. Conclusions: Our current procedures of choice for infants with congenital tracheal stenosis are resection with end-to-end anastomosis for short-segment stenoses (up to eight rings) and the autograft technique for long-segment stenoses. Associated pulmonary artery sling and intracardiac anomalies should be repaired simultaneously.
Lenticular Opacities in Carriers of Lowe's Syndrome

Eleven possible and five obligate carriers of Lowe's syndrome from the same pedigree were examined for lens opacities. All of the obligate carriers and 4 of the 11 at risk had lens abnormalities. The lenticular abnormalities consisted of cortical dots of various shapes that increased in number with the age of the carriers in older obligate carriers, subcapsular plaques were common. Because the syndrome is X linked, such lens changes are explainable by the Lyon's hypothesis. When the number of opacities seen in these subjects were compared to those seen in 100 normal control females 10 to 20 years of age, cataractagenic cases such as diabetes, Down's and fetal nuclear opacities excluded, four probable carriers were identified among the eleven possible carriers in the pedigree. These subjects had significantly greater numbers of opacities, similar to those seen in obligate carriers, compared to controls. We conclude that progressive lens changes are present in carriers of Lowe's syndrome and that young carrier females can be identified reliably when they are compared to age-matched controls by modifying the grading system of Brown and Gardner.
Deep‐red emissive conjugated poly(2,6‐BODIPY‐ethynylene)s bearing alkyl side chains

Novel deep-red emissive poly(2,6-BODIPY-ethynylene)s bearing dodecyl side chains (polymers A, B, and C) have been prepared by palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira polymerization of 2,6-diiodo-functionalized BODIPY monomers with 2,6- diethynyl-functionalized BODIPY monomers. These polymers emit in the deep-red region with emission maxima at up to 690 nm, and exhibit significant red shifts (up to 166 and 179 nm) of both absorption and emission maxima compared with their parent BODIPY dyes due to significant extension of p-conjugation. These polymers possess good thermal stability with decomposition temperature between 270 and 360 � C. The polymers exhibit a little larger Stokes shifts and shorter lifetime than their corresponding BODIPY dyes. The solid state thin films of polymers A, B, and C emit in near-infrared region between 723 and 743 nm, and show significantly red shifts (up to 57 nm) in absorption and emission maxima relative to their polymer solution. V
She’s Got the Look: Inferences from Female Chief Executive Officers’ Faces Predict their Success

Inferences from faces can predict success. This may be particularly important for women, who are often evaluated by their appearance. Here 170 northeastern U.S. undergraduates judged personality traits or leadership ability from the faces of all 20 U.S. Fortune 1,000: 2006 female chief executive officers (CEOs) and we compared these ratings to the same trait ratings made for male CEOs in a previous study. After controlling for cues important for female leaders (attractiveness, affect, age, and masculinity/femininity), ratings of competence and leadership predicted the amount of profits that the CEOs’ companies made and ratings of dominance predicted the amount of individual compensation that the CEOs received. CEOs’ success is therefore related to their facial appearance regardless of target and perceiver gender.
The design of stabilizing controls for shipboard DC-to-DC buck choppers using feedback linearization techniques

Motivated by the Navy's interest in developing a DC zonal electrical distribution system, the authors have formulated a DC-to-DC buck chopper nonlinear control law to guarantee local asymptotic stability for a range of admissible constant power, variable input capacitance loads. Constant power nonlinearity is eliminated by pseudolinearization.
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Uncoupling Protein-3 mRNA Expression in Rat Heart and Skeletal Muscle

Thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) stimulate UCP-3 expression in skeletal muscle. We examined whether thyroid hormone-induced changes in uncoupling protein (UCP)-3 mRNA expression are related to directs effects of T3 or reflect secondary effects of the hormone through stimulation of renin-angiotensin or beta-adrenergic systems. Hyperthyroidism was produced by three injections of 100 microg T3/100 g body weight on alternate days with or without concomitant treatment with either captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor), propranolol (a beta-blocker) or clenbuterol (a beta2-agonist). The relative abundance of UCP-3 mRNA was measured in ventricular myocardium and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius and soleus). T3 resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of UCP-3 in heart and skeletal muscle (p < 0.05), and the effect was not altered by captopril or propanolol; the inhibitors alone had no effect of UCP-3 mRNA content. There was no synergistic or additive effect of T3 and clenbuterol on UCP-3 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle. Increased UCP-3 mRNA levels were associated with increased UCP-3 protein expression in skeletal muscle. We conclude that the effect of T3 on UCP-3 expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle is not dependent on either angiotensin II or the beta-adrenergic system and probably reflects a direct action of the hormone on UCP-3 gene expression.
Transcriptionally targeted gene therapy to detect and treat cancer.

The greatest challenge in cancer treatment is to achieve the highest levels of specificity and efficacy. Cancer gene therapy could be designed specifically to express therapeutic genes to induce cancer cell destruction. Cancer-specific promoters are useful tools to accomplish targeted expression; however, high levels of gene expression are needed to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Incorporating an imaging reporter gene in tandem with the therapeutic gene will allow tangible proof of principle that gene expression occurs at the correct location and at a sufficient level. Gene-based imaging can advance cancer detection and diagnosis. By combining the cancer-targeted imaging and therapeutic strategies, the exciting prospect of a ‘one-two punch’ to find hidden, disseminated cancer cells and destroy them simultaneously can potentially be realized.
The role of protoporphyrin IX in the mechanism of action of diphenyl ether herbicides.

Photobleaching diphenyl ether, cyclic imide and oxadiazole herbicides inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox), resulting in uncontrolled, non-enzymic oxidation of accumulated protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin IX (Proto). Proto accumulation is stimulated by deregulation of the porphoyrin pathway due to blockage of heme synthesis. Heme is a Proto product and a feedback inhibitor of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthesis. Strong correlations were found in several species under various conditions (e.g. sprayed on intact plants or taken up by leaf dises) between the accumulation of Proto and the degree of herbicidal damage caused by these herbicides. Levels of protochlorophyllide, Mg-Proto, or Mg-Proto monomethyl ester did not correlate significantly with herbicidal damage. Kinetic data indicated that elevated levels of protochlorophyllide in tissues treated with these herbicides only occurred after Proto had accumulated to high levels. Thus, Proto apparently re-enters the porphyrin pathway to a significant extent after other cellular sites are saturated. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that considerable amounts of Proto accumulated outside the plastid in herbicide-treated cells. All of the data were consistent with the hypothesis that Proto plays a critical role as a photosensitizing pigment in the mode of action of Protox-inhibiting herbicides and that chlorophyll precursors that are derivatives of Proto are not significantly involved in the mode of action of these herbicides.
Magnetic electrospun fluorescent polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite fibers

Abstract Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized from facile thermodecomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and the subsequent silica coating on the MNP surface was achieved via a modified Stober process to obtain the core–shell composite structured particles (MNPs-SiO 2 ). MNPs-SiO 2 were then incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to form nanocomposite fibers via an electrospinning process with optimized operational parameters such as polymer concentration, applied electrical voltage, feed rate and tip-to-collector distance. All these parameters show an unusual effect on the produced fiber diameter. Contrary to the conventional observation, i.e., increasing the applied voltage and feed rate or decreasing the distance could increase the fiber diameter; a reduced average fiber diameter was observed in this study and could be explained from the stretching and contraction force balance within the fiber during electrospinning. The size of the resulting PVP fibers is correlated to the corresponding rheological behaviors of the PVP solutions with different concentrations. The MNPs-SiO 2 /PVP nanocomposite fibers exhibit a similar thermal decomposition temperature (386.3 °C) as that (387.8 °C) of pure PVP. Meanwhile, unique fluorescent and magnetic properties have been incorporated simultaneously in the nanocomposite fibers with the addition of small amount of MNPs-SiO 2 nanoparticles.
The designated hitter, moral hazard, and hit batters - new evidence from game-level data

The rate of hit batters in the American League (AL) has exceeded the National League (NL) by an average rate of 15% per season since the introduction of the designated hitter (DH) to the AL. This difference may be the result of moral hazard by AL pitchers; however, past studies have been unable to differentiate between competing explanations. Using game-level statistics from the entire 31-year history of the DH, we find the DH to be positively correlated with hit batsmen while controlling for many factors. Results indicate that the difference in hit batsmen between leagues is real and that moral hazard explains about one half of the difference. Observations from interleague play further support the notion that the results are not an artifact of unidentified league-specific factors.
Interchange of catalytic activity within the 2-enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase/isomerase superfamily based on a common active site template.

The structures and chemical pathways associated with the members of the 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase enzyme superfamily are compared to show that a common active site design provides the members of this family with a CoA binding site, an expandable acyl binding pocket, an oxyanion hole for binding/polarizing the thioester CO, and multiple active site stations for the positioning of acidic and basic amino acid side chains for use in proton shuttling. It is hypothesized that this active site template can be tailored to catalyze a wide range of chemical transformations through strategic positioning of acid/base residues among the active site stations. To test this hypothesis, the active site of one member of the 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family, 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase, was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to include the two glutamate residues functioning in acid/base catalysis in a second family member, crotonase. Catalysis of the syn hydration of crotonyl-CoA, absent in the wild-type ...
Magnetic-field dependence of energy levels in ultrasmall metal grains

We present a theory of mesoscopic fluctuations of g tensors and avoided crossing energies in a small metal grain. The model, based on random matrix theory, contains both the orbital and spin contributions to the g tensor. The two contributions can be experimentally separated for weak spin\char21{}orbit coupling while they merge in the strong coupling limit. For intermediate coupling, substantial correlations are found between g factors of neighboring levels.
Taking stock: Toward a richer understanding of police culture

Police researchers have long speculated on the importance that culture plays in the everyday functioning of officers. Most characterizations of police culture focus on describing the various elements and facets of a single phenomenon among occupational members (e.g., group loyalty, crime fighter image, organizational tension with supervisors, etc.). Little work has been done in synthesizing what we ‘‘know’’ about this occupational culture, as textbook depictions highlight broad generalizations that tend to differ from text to text. A conceptual model of the police occupational culture is presented here that explains its causes, prescriptions, and outcomes. This monolithic model is then critiqued based on research that highlights the complexity of culture, noting variation across organizations and within by rank and style. The article also assesses the ways in which police culture thought is beginning to change, as departments diversify demographically and philosophically. The article concludes with recommendations for future studies of police culture. D 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Impact of price decline on planning and scheduling

Fast technology improvement and product replacement lead to a rapid decline in average selling prices of semiconductor products. It is observed from historical data that such price decline follows a predictable, stable rate. A quantitative estimation of these decline rates can be incorporated into fab planning and scheduling based on optimization of the total realized revenue, which is affected by the value depreciation caused by manufacturing cycle time. This study compares the revenue-oriented methods for planning and scheduling with those considering only cost optimization on three hierarchical levels: production planning, release scheduling, and shop floor dispatching. We demonstrate that the largest gain in profitability from application of revenue-oriented methods is at the planning level, i.e., leverage declines as the time horizon and focus is narrowed
COMPETITION AND TIME OF DAMAGE AFFECT THE PATTERN OF SELECTION ACTING ON PLANT DEFENSE AGAINST HERBIVORES

In this paper I examine the effects that the competitive environment in which plants are grown and the timing of herbivore damage have on the expression and pattern of selection acting on plant tolerance to herbivory and resistance to herbivores. I conducted a field experiment involving 720 plants from 24 full-sib families of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. Plants were grown in one of two competitive environments, and the levels of resistance and tolerance to naturally occurring folivory expressed by the 24 families were estimated three times during the growing season: soon after plants emerged, when plants began to flower, and when seed capsules began to mature. Low- and high- competition environments were established using different densities of interspecific com- petitors. Herbivory had a negative effect on plant fitness in both competitive environments, and consistent with the compensatory continuum hypothesis, herbivory was more detri- mental in the high- than low-competition environments. Phenotypic analyses also revealed that early- and late-season damage were more detrimental than mid-season herbivore dam- age. Although fitness was more negatively affected by herbivore damage in the high- than low-competition environments, competition did not affect the pattern of selection acting on defense traits. Similarly, the patterns of selection acting on either resistance or tolerance to early-, mid-, and late-season herbivory did not differ significantly. Therefore, there was little evidence that environmental or seasonal differences in the pattern of selection acting on defense traits will constrain their evolution.
New Species of Tricarpelema (Commelinaceae) from Africa and Asia, Including the First Record of the Genus from Africa and a Synopsis of the Genus

ABSTRACT Tricarpelema africanum Faden is described from Central Africa, representing the first African species of this otherwise Asian genus. The species is so distinct that Tricarpelema J. K. Morton subgen. Keatingia Faden is described for it, based mainly on its unusual vegetative morphology. Tricarpelema brevipedicellatum Faden is described from two Vietnamese collections that were previously treated as Aneilema montanum (Wight) Wallich ex C. B. Clarke or Dictyospermum montanum Wight. It differs from all other continental Asian species by its one-seeded locules. A key to all eight named Tricarpelema species is provided, along with a synopsis of the species, including full taxonomy and synonymy. Pollia subumbellata C. B. Clarke var. glabra Hallier f. is a new synonym for T. philippense (Panigrahi) Faden. The following names are lectotypified: T. giganteum (Hasskarl) H. Hara, T. philippense (Panigrahi) Faden, and Pollia subumbellata C. B. Clarke var. glabra Hallier f.
Comparison of the effects of BAY K 8644 on cardiac Ca2+ current and Ca2+ channel gating current

Effects of (-)-BAY K 8644 on Ca2+ channel function were studied in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. It was found that the compound has both voltage-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on t...
Investigation of ovicell hyperplasia in bryozoans chronically exposed to natural oil seepage

Systemic collection and examination of bryozoans from surface, subsurface and benthic kelp fronds in an area chronically exposed to natural oil seepage revealed no instances of ovicell hyperplasia. Reasons are presented to explain the contrast between these findings and reported ovicell hyperplasia in other species exposed to creosote and petroleum hydrocarbons.
Fourth Circuit Upholds U.S. Navy's Environmental Impact Statement, Reaffirming Federal Agency Latitude in Addressing Environmental Impacts

Suit was brought against the Secretary of the Navy seeking to enjoin the Navy from relocating 156 F/A-18 "Hornet" fighter jets to Naval Air Station Oceana, located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Rejecting the plaintiffs' claims challenging the reasonableness and sufficiency of the Navy's Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), the District Court found that the Navy did not act arbitrarily or capriciously in preparing the EIS. The District Court declared the Navy's selection of alternatives to be reasonable and found their alternative selection criteria, noise pollution analysis, mitigation analysis, air quality impact analysis, and cumulative impact analysis to be reasonable and within the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The District Court's findings, affirmed in full by the Circuit Court, illuminate the great degree of deference characteristically provided to the federal agency by the judicial system when formulating an EIS.
Sympathetic β-adrenergic mechanism in pudendal inhibition of nociceptive and non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity.

This study investigated the role of the hypogastric nerve and β-adrenergic mechanisms in the inhibition of nociceptive and non-nociceptive reflex bladder activity induced by pudendal nerve stimulat...
Assessment of teleseismically-determined source parameters for the April 25, 2015 MW 7.9 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake and the May 12, 2015 MW 7.2 aftershock

On April 25, 2015 a major (M_W 7.9) thrust earthquake ruptured the deeper portion of the seismogenic plate boundary beneath Nepal along which India is underthrusting Eurasia. An M_W 7.2 aftershock on May 12, 2015 extended the eastern, down-dip edge of the rupture. These destructive events caused about 9000 fatalities and 23,000 injuries. The overall rupture zone is about 170 km long and 40–80 km wide. This region of the plate boundary previously experienced a large earthquake in 1833, and in 1934 a larger M_S 8.0 event located to the east ruptured all the way to the surface. The Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) on which slip occurred in 2015 has a very low dip angle of ~ 6°, and the depth of the mainshock slip distribution is very shallow, extending from ~ 7 to ~ 18 km. The shallow dip and depth present challenges for resolving faulting characteristics using teleseismic data. We analyze global teleseismic signals for the mainshock and aftershock to estimate source parameters, evaluating the stability of various procedures used for remotely characterizing kinematics of such shallow faulting. Back-projection and finite-fault slip inversion are used to assess the spatio-temporal rupture history and evidence for frequency-dependent radiation along dip. Slip zone width constraints from near-field geodetic observations are imposed on the preferred models to overcome some limitations of purely teleseismic methods. Radiated energy, stress drop and moment rate functions are determined for both events.
Drug resistance,serotype and virulence epidemiological characteristics of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli

Objective To explore ETEC serotype and the epidemiological characteristics of corresponding virulence,and to analyze the antibiotic resistance difference among different serotypes.Methods ETEC isolates were collected from diarrhea patients from 2011 to 2012 to identify the serotypes of ETEC strains and detect their virulence factor.Antibiotics susceptibility testing were performed on 20 kinds of antibiotics such as penicillin,tetracycline,cephalosporins.Results ETEC isolates were distributed in 14 serotypes,five serotypes were found in prevalent strains,including serogroups O148,O159.Virulence genes were found in 56.0% of the ETEC strains,presenting diversity,and single STH virulent strain accounted for 38.7%.The ETEC isolates showed multi-drug resistance,and the top six were nalidixic acid(NA),ampicilin(AMP),trimethoprim(TMP),tetracycline(TE),cefalotin(KF) and cefotaxine(CTX),especially the serotypes O20,O153,P5 and O6,ranking the top five in terms of resistant antibiotics species and resistant strains quantity.ETEC cases mainly occurred in people between 21 and 45 years old,different with the report in literature.Conclusion The virulence,antibiotics resistance and epidemic trend of ETEC isolates varied with the serotypes distribution,it need to strengthen monitoring on diarrhea caused by ETEC and establish early warning mechanism for infecting pandemic strain to regulate the use of antibiotics,and reduce multi-drug resistance.
Probiotic Gut Bacteria Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy in a Mouse Model of Melanoma

STAFF OF CONTRIBUTORS Joseph Anderson, White River Junction, VT Johanna L. Chan, Houston, TX Matthew A. Ciorba, St. Louis, MO Massimo Colombo, Milan, Italy Gregory A. Cote, Charleston, SC Evan S. Dellon, Chapel Hill, NC Alex Ford, Leeds, United Kingdom Lauren B. Gerson, San Francisco, CA David S. Goldberg, Philadelphia, PA Samir Gupta, San Diego, CA Reena Khanna, London, Ontario, Canada W. Ray Kim, Rochester, MN Paul Y. Kwo, Indianapolis, IN Uma Mahadevan, San Francisco, CA Baha Moshiree, Miami, FL Swati G. Patel, Aurora, CO Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France Jesus Rivera-Nieves, San Diego, CA Sameer Saini, Ann Arbor, MI Ekihiro Seki, Los Angeles, CA Amit Singal, Dallas, TX Ryan W. Stidham, Ann Arbor, MI Akbar Waljee, Ann Arbor, MI Sachin Wani, Aurora, CO Alastair J. M. Watson, Norwich, United Kingdom Yana Zavros, Cincinnati, OH
RICH Economic Games for Networked Relationships and Communities Development and Preliminary Validation in Yasawa, Fiji

Experimental economic games reveal significant population variation in human social behavior. However, most protocols involve anonymous recipients, limiting their validity to fleeting interactions. Understanding human relationship dynamics will require methods with the virtues of economic games that also tap recipient identity-conditioned heuristics (RICHs). This article describes three RICH economic games—an allocation game, a taking game, and a costly reduction game—that involve monetary decisions across photos of one’s social network, integrating recipient identities while maintaining decision confidentiality. I demonstrate the ecological validity of these games in a study of male social relationships in a rural Fijian village. Deciders readily map these games onto daily life, and target earnings vary widely; consistent with ethnography, relative need is the primary rationale for decisions across the games, while both punitive and leveling motives drive reduction behavior. Consequently, altruism and sp...
The Constituent Perspective: Foundations and Formation

While the public tends to hold less positive views of Congress, individuals are generally supportive of their individual members. This pattern results of the many ways in which members may serve their constituents and generate positive evaluations. Strong approval increases the likelihood of a vote for members’ reelection. The voting literature, particularly the “funnel of causality” and retrospective voting strands, as well as incumbency advantage scholarship, provide a helpful foundation by which to understand the formation of constituent evaluations. Constituents are aware of their members and evaluate the legislator activities based on their expectations in the areas of policy, casework, district service and more symbolic actions.
Empathy, Schmempathy: Response to Zaki.

Jamil Zaki begins his engaging critique [1] of my article by pointing out that emotions are never entirely good or bad. This is certainly true with regard to empathy. It is an important source of pleasure, central to art and literature, and can play a valuable role within intimate relationships. But it fails us when it comes to moral decision-making. It is biased, parochial, and innumerate and motivates irrational and often cruel actions [2,3].
Earlier may be better: the role of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) as prevention of GVHD after allogeneic transplant

Current understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is that 8-methoxypsoralen incubation and UVA exposure of peripheral lymphocytes induces (1) maturation...
Low Cost Mars Sample Return Utilizing Dragon Lander Project

We studied a Mars sample return (MSR) mission that lands a SpaceX Dragon Capsule on Mars carrying sample collection hardware (an arm, drill, or small rover) and a spacecraft stack consisting of a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) and Earth Return Vehicle (ERV) that collectively carry the sample container from Mars back to Earth orbit.
Commitment in the Spanish American Novel: Asturias

"The novelist must be a witness to his time. He must seek the living reality of his country, its aspirations, and step aside to allow a conscience to express itself through characters and situation...
The Role of the Interface in Polymer Composites — Some Myths, Mechanisms, and Modifications

A considerable effort has been made over the past 20 years to understand the reinforcement-matrix interface, to control it, and even to specifically modify it. It is at the interface where stress concentrations develop because of differences between thermal expansion coefficients of the reinforcement and matrix phases, because of loads applied to the structure, and because of cure shrinkage (in thermosetting matrices) and crystallization (in some thermoplastic matrices). The interface can also serve as a nucleation site, a preferential adsorption site, and a locus of chemical reaction. This paper attempts to clarify some common misconceptions regarding the effects of interfacial adhesion on mechanical properties including stiffness and toughness, the presence of covalent bonding of silanes to glass fibers, and the characterization of thermal stability of a polymeric composite. Two specific approaches to interface modification are also discussed, one for thermoplastic matrices and one for thermosetting matrices.
Conditioning on subsets of the data: applications to ascertainment and other genetic problems.

I here consider the question of when to formulate a likelihood over the whole data set, as opposed to conditioning the likelihood on subsets of the data (i.e., joint vs. conditional likelihoods). I show that when certain conditions are met, these two likelihoods are guaranteed to be equivalent, and thus that it is generally preferable to condition on subsets, since that likelihood is mathematically and computationally simpler. However, I show that when these conditions are not met, conditioning on subsets of the data is equivalent to introducing additional df into our genetic model, df that we may not have been aware of. I discuss the implications of these facts for ascertainment corrections and other genetic problems.
Biofouling: Effects and Control

Biofouling refers to the undesirable accumulation of a biotic deposit on a surface. The deposit may contain micro- and macroorganisms. The focus of this paper is microbial fouling biofilms which consist of an organic film composed of microorganisms embedded in a polymer matrix of their own making. The composite of microbial cells and EPS is termed a biofilm. The surface accumulation is often composed of significant quantities of inorganic materials. Complex fouling deposits, like those found in industrial environments, often consist of biofilms in intimate association with inorganic particles (1), crystalline precipitates or scale (2), and/or corrosion products (3). These complex deposits often form more rapidly and are more tightly bound than biofilm alone. These deposits are difficult to characterize at the microscale, i.e. at the cellular level.
Pharmacologic Management of Cancer Pain.

ABSTRACT Objective To provide an overview of the pharmacologic management of cancer pain. Data Sources Peer-reviewed articles, textbooks, Internet. Conclusion Medications are the mainstay of cancer pain management. Evidence exists for multimodal use of opioids, non-opioids, and co-analgesics to optimally manage cancer pain. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses are the front line of pharmacologic pain management for patients. Patient education regarding analgesic administration and potential side effects is paramount to optimizing safe and effective pain management.
Advanced and nano manufacturing research at NSF

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)’s ‘new’ Advanced Manufacturing (AM) program is an amalgam of previous programs that explored nano-scale, additive or subtractive manufacturing, manufacturing machines or materials engineering or cybermanufacturing. The AM program seeks new ideas in, across and outside these domain areas, especially manufacturing at different scales and their integration to generate complex systems. A key component of the AM program is nanomanufacturing and an important application area for nanomanufacturing is flexible hybrid electronics (FHE). This paper describes the AM program and achievements in nanomanufacturing research. Nanomanufacturing research efforts through the core program, solicitations and center-level are highlighted. Projects in FHE that address challenges in processes, such as printing, imprinting and self-assembly, in materials, such as inks and substrates, and in scale-up, e.g., wafer-scale or continuous roll-to-roll are described. The paper is an overview of activities in these areas and is meant to serve as a resource for information and collaboration.
Rethinking the PDH Bypass and GABA Shunt as Thiamin-Deficiency Workarounds.

The PDH bypass and the GABA shunt serve to maintain mainline metabolic fluxes during episodes of organellar thiamin diphosphate deficiency.
Vasculitis on brain angiography is not always vasculitis: intravascular large B-cell lymphoma mimicking central nervous system vasculitis

A 68-year-old man, with a history of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in remission, was admitted for homonymous hemianopsia, headaches and subacute progressive cognitive decline. Imaging revealed brain infarcts and angiography suggested vasculitis. A brain biopsy, however, revealed an intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBL). Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis and IVLBL of the brain are extremely rare diseases that can have an almost identical clinical presentation. Angiographic findings are very similar but usually are reported as compatible with vasculitis. Brain biopsy or a random skin biopsy are crucial in diagnosing IVLBL as the accuracy of angiographic findings for CNS vasculitis is low.
Aha, I’m a Designer?! Becoming Empowered Designers Through Course Experiences

This chapter presents a qualitative study about a graduate-level design thinking course which resulted in students recognizing themselves as empowered designers in their respective fields. An empowered designer is someone who recognizes themselves as a designer and is able to engage in design purposefully. The study took place within the context of a nontraditional interdisciplinary instructional design program. Participants of this study were a group of students from diverse professional backgrounds including K-12 and higher education, nursing, graphic design, and corporate training. Student reflective journals and an assignment paper provided descriptive data for this study. The data was analyzed using naturalistic thematic methods. The results suggest that adult learners, who do not identify themselves as designers, become empowered designers after being introduced to design concepts. The study implications discuss how empowered designers become active participants of future design projects who take initiative in finding new design problems. In the implications, we recommend that educators place more emphasis on recognizing, nurturing, and empowering student habits and beliefs related to being a designer.
Injury in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) From 2015 to 2019

Purpose To provide an overview of the injuries suffered by Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) athletes and to analyze the demographic data, injury rates, and games missed as a result of individual injuries. Methods Using publicly available data on WNBA player’s injury history, we generated a database cataloguing the quantity, location, frequency, and longitudinal impact of injuries sustained during the WNBA regular season from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed the data using SPSS-25 data manipulation software to assess the number of injuries per athletic exposure. Results Lower-extremity injuries (n = 143, 73%) were the most common injury by body area and resulted in the greatest number of games missed (n = 1189, 88%). Lateral ankle sprains were the most frequent injury (n = 39, 20%), with a rate of 1.19 injuries per 1000 athletic exposures. Torn anterior cruciate ligaments (n = 18, 9.2%) were the most devastating, resulting in the greatest number of games missed (n=376, 28%). Conclusions Our findings corroborate previous notions that lower-extremity injuries are the greatest source of injury in this population. Ankle injuries were the most frequent injury reported by pathology, while knee injuries carried the most long-term impact on games missed due to injury. Level of Evidence IV, Epidemiological study
Experience with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for QT Interval Monitoring

Background: Despite a paucity of clinical evidence, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin are being administered widely to patients with verified or suspected COVID-19. Both drugs may increase risk of lethal arrhythmias associated with QT interval prolongation. Methods: We performed a case series of COVID-19 positive/suspected patients admitted between 2/1/2020 and 4/4/2020 who were treated with azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine or a combination. We evaluated baseline and post-medication QT interval (QTc, Bazett) using 12-lead ECGs. Critical QTc prolongation was defined as: a) maximum QTc ≥500 ms (if QRS <120 ms) or QTc ≥550 (if QRS ≥120 ms) and b) increased QTc of ≥60 ms. Tisdale score and Elixhauser comorbidity index were calculated. Results: Of 490 COVID-19 positive/suspected patients, 314 (64%) received either/both drugs, and 98 (73 COVID-19 positive, 25 suspected) met study criteria (age 62±17 yrs, 61% male). Azithromycin was prescribed in 28%, hydroxychloroquine in 10%, and both in 62%. Baseline mean QTc was 448±29 ms and increased to 459±36ms (p=0.005) with medications. Significant prolongation was observed only in men (18±43 ms vs -0.2±28 ms in women, p=0.02). 12% of patients reached critical QTc prolongation. In a multivariable logistic regression, age, sex, Tisdale score, Elixhauser score, and baseline QTc were not associated with critical QTc prolongation (p>0.14). Changes in QTc were highest with the combination compared to either drug, with many-fold greater prolongation with the combination vs. azithromycin alone (17±39 vs. 0.5±40 ms, p=0.07). No patients manifested torsades de pointes. Conclusions: Overall, 12% of patients manifested critical QTc interval prolongation, and traditional risk indices failed to flag these patients. With the drug combination, QTc prolongation was several-fold higher compared to azithromycin alone. The balance between uncertain benefit and potential risk when treating COVID-19 patients with these drugs should be carefully assessed prior to use.
A Framework for Measuring Leaders’ Willingness to Use Force

Political leaders’ willingness to use force is central to many explanations of foreign policy and interstate conflict. Unfortunately, existing indicators typically measure one aspect of this general concept, have limited coverage, and/or are not derived independently of leaders’ participation in interstate conflicts. We develop a strategy for constructing measures of leaders’ underlying willingness to use force with data on their background experiences, political orientations, and psychological traits in a Bayesian latent variable framework. Our approach produces measures of latent hawkishness for all national leaders between 1875 and 2004 that offer advantages over existing proxies along multiple dimensions, including construct validity, predictive validity, and measurement uncertainty. Importantly, our statistical framework allows scholars to build upon our measures by incorporating additional data and altering the assumptions underlying our models.