cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coalition realignment in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania and the fall of the Vagnorius government

The third government of the reconstituted Republic of Lithuania fell in July 1992. The Supreme Council, the legislative body of the republic, accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius, thus ending a prolonged period of confrontation between the government and the parliament. Shortly thereafter, Aleksandras Abisala became the new Prime Minister. It is generally agreed that the Vagnorius government was the victim of a coalition realignment within the Supreme Council. This paper analyzes the extent of the shift in the parliament and considers the reasons that it occurred. It concludes with a short discussion of the probable impact of the legislative shift. Statistical methods used to analyze legislative behavior in the West are employed in the analysis. Given the nature of Communist political systems, such methods were neither relevant nor practical in the past. The emergence of salient legislatures with policy-making roles as well as the increased availability of data opens the new democracies of the Baltic region to the tools of main stream political science. The analysis relies on the results of the thirty-two roll call votes conducted within the Supreme Council from its installation in March 1990 to May 1992, just prior to Vagnorius's resignation. These votes are listed at Appendix A. There are 141 deputies in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania. However, fifteen of them served in ministerial positions in the government for prolonged periods of time. Consequently, they did not participate in a majority of the parliamentary roll-call votes. These deputies were extracted from the data set.
Impact of Recent Alcohol Use and Frequent Episodic Heavy Drinking on School Violence Among Hispanic Youth

Hispanic youth are disproportionately affected by alcohol use and school violence. Research is needed to specifically examine factors placing Hispanic youth at higher risk. This study analyzed school violence based on recent alcohol use (past 30 days) and frequent episodic heavy drinking among 7–12th grade Hispanic students (n = 946) in Greater Cincinnati schools. This study examined differences based on sex and grade level. The PRIDE national survey was administered to youth in their classrooms. One in three (35.1 %) students was involved in school violence in the past year. Recent alcohol use and frequent episodic heavy drinking significantly increased the odds for school violence among males, females, junior high and high school youth. The impact of alcohol use on school violence was equivalent between males and females, however, it was much more pronounced among junior high than high school students. These results may be helpful for health educators and professionals in the field in developing prevention programs for substance use and school violence among Hispanic youth. Prevention programs should seek to incorporate culturally competent material for youth of diverse backgrounds. Additional factors should be examined to determine additional variables associated with substance use and school violence among Hispanic youth.
STATUS OF DIFFRACTIVE PHYSICS AT DØ RUN II

The Forward Proton Detector (FPD) is a new sub-system of the D0 detector implemented for Run II at the Fermilab Tevatron which gives access to a wide range of diffractive scattering physics processes. This new detector is described and preliminary results from the diffractive program are presented.
Heat stress, fluctuating asymmetry and prenatal selection in the laboratory rat.

Recent studies have demonstrated that stress may increase the fluctuating asymmetry of teeth and limbs in laboratory animals. The present study investigates the effects of heat on such parameters. Pregnant laboratory rats are exposed to temperatures of 33°C during gestation. Increases in fluctuating asymmetry of dental dimensions as well as bone density are found for the pups of such females when compared to unstressed controls. A general increase in limb lengths is also reported for young of heat stressed animals. Prenatal selection with differential survival is suggested as a possible explanation for differences found between the experimental and control animals.
Occurrence of critical heat flux during blowdown with flow reversal

A small-scale experiment using Freon-11 at 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) and 65 psia (0.45 MPa) in a well-instrumented, transparent annular test section was used to study the occurrence of critical heat flux (CHF) during blow-down with flow reversal. The inner stainless steel tube of the annulus was uniformly heated over its 61-cm length. Inlet and exit void fractions were measured by a capacitance technique. Flow-regime transition was observed with high-speed photography. A 1-hr contact time between Freon-11 and nitrogen at 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) and 60 psig (0.517 MPa) was found to greatly affect the steady-state sub-cooled-boiling initial conditions. Delay in bubble growth was observed in adiabatic blow-down runs. This was caused by the conditions of thermodynamic non-equilibrium required for the unstable bubble growth. For the diabatic runs, equilibrium was more closely approached in the test section during the early phase of blow-down.
An x-radiocephalometric study of mandibulofacial dysostosis in man.

Abstract Patients with any syndrome resemble each other despite the diversity of racial and ethnic backgrounds. In MFD, the phenotypic characteristics that define the syndrome include: malar hypoplasia, mandibular hypoplasia, anti-mongoloid obliquity of the palpebral fissures, anomaly of the lower lid—coloboma and/or malformation of the eyelashes. In view of the common denominators that define the MFD phenotype, a quantitative description of the facies was developed with the expectation that a pathognomonic pattern would evolve. This line of reasoning suggested that the “peculiar broad curvature” of the MFD mandible could be a distinguishing feature of the syndrome, and that the curve might be genetically determined rather than environmentally controlled. Serial cephalometric radiographs were available of eight patients presenting the full range of features characteristic for the syndrome. The shape of the curve of the lower border of the body of the mandible was syndrome-specific and the pattern of craniofacial growth that was defined during infancy was altered minimally with maturation. A computer-generated polynomial equation was developed to characterize this curve. The MFD mandible was clearly distinguishable from the mandible of “normal” children, that of patients with Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions, and patients with a variety of morbid conditions including Still's disease and traumatic condylar arrest.
Computer Calculations of Traveling-Wave Periodic Structure Properties

The versatility and accuracy of programs such as LALA and specially SUPERFISH to calculate the rf properties of standing-wave cavities for linacs and storage rings is by now well established. Such rf properties include the resonant frequency, the phase shift per periodic length, the E- and H-field configurations, the shunt impedance per unit length and Q. While other programs such as TWAP have existed for some time for traveling-wave structures, the wide availability of SUPERFISH makes it desirable to extend the use of this program to traveling-wave structures as well. That is the purpose of this paper. In the process of showing how the conversion from standing waves to traveling waves can be accomplished and how the group velocity can be calculated, the paper also attempts to clear up some of the common ambiguities between the properties of these two types of waves. Good agreement is found between calculated results and experimental values obtained earlier.
Commensal and probiotic bacteria may prevent NEC by maturing intestinal host defenses

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of prematurity with significant morbidity and mortality. Immaturity of intestinal host defenses predisposes the premature infant gut to injury. An abnormal bacterial colonization pattern with a deficiency of commensal bacteria may lead to a further breakdown of these host defense mechanisms, predisposing the infant to NEC. The presence of probiotic and commensal bacteria within the gut has been shown to mature the intestinal defense system through a variety of mechanisms. We have shown that commensal and probiotic bacteria can promote intestinal host defenses by reducing apoptotic signaling, blocking inflammatory signaling, and maturing barrier function in immature intestinal epithelia. Future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which probiotic and commensal bacteria exert their effects will be critical to developing effective preventive therapies for NEC.
EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING CUED AND UNCUED REINFORCEMENT ON RESPONSE RETARDATION

Summary.-The present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to determine the differential effects of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement on response rate during extinction. 8 albino rats were conditioned to climb to the top of a platform and wait for a buzzer before jumping 30.48 cm through a hinged door to a reward compartment. For half of the 8 subjects cued reinforcement was withheld during extinction. The results implied that the differential effeas.of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement on response rate were nor due to the cessation but rather the delay of the conditioned response. Previous investigations have shown significant correlations between the various reinforcement schedules and response rate during extinction. Many studies have indicated depression as a result of shifts from large to small rewards in instrumental conditioning (McHose & Rauber, 1972). Spence ( 1956) and his coworkers were, however, unable to find a positive correlation between depression and changes from short to long delays of reinforcement. Contrary to their findings was the study of 32 rats by McHose and Tauber (1972) in which the effects of uncued increases in delay of reinforcement were investigated. McHose and Tauber were successful in demonstrating that uncued increases in delay of reinforcement do depress performance relative to that displayed by subjects trained and maintained on long delay of reinforcement. Skinner ( 1938), Perin ( 1943), Dews ( 1960), and Azzi, Fix, Keller, and Rocha e Silva ( 1964), and others have shown that response rate in a free-operant bar-pressing situation is slowed by delayed reinforcement. Despite these and other studies concerning the correlation between performance and the various reinforcement schedules, relatively few researchers have investigated the effects of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement on the response rate during extinction. The present investigation employed response-interval data, both pre- and post-response, to determine the differential effects of withholding cued and uncued reinforcement. In the present investigation rats were exposed to a situation in which cued and uncued reinforcement was imposed between the occurrence of a conditioned response and the presentation of reinforcement. Eight rats were conditioned on a continuous reinforcement schedule and randomly divided into nvo extinction groups. Group 1 was exposed to withholding of cued and uncued reinforcement between the occurrence of a conditioned response and the pres
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Cholesterol in Aqueous Dispersion

Aqueous sodium stearate dispersions of cholesterol were irradiated at 0-2°C with absorbed doses ranging from 2.5 to 50 kGy. The resulting mixture of cholesterol derivatives was isolated and examined for 7-ketocholesterol and cholesterol 5α,6α-epoxide and 5β,6β-epoxide content. Concentrations of all three compounds increased with dose, while the ratio of 7-ketocholesterol to total epoxides decreased with increasing dose. The ratio of 7-ketocholesterol to the epoxides was approximately 1 or below at all dose levels while the same ratio in autoxidations of cholesterol in dispersions was normally 6 or greater. The change in the keto/epoxide ratio may be a means for determining whether meat or other foods containing cholesterol have been subjected to ionizing radiation.
A theorem on the trace of certain matrix products and some applications

Abstract A theorem giving attainable upper and lower limits for the trace of certain products of real matrices is established. These products are of the form X 1 Γ 1 X 2 Γ 2 … X n Γ n with orthogonal matrices X i and diagonal matrices Γ i where the matrices X i are allowed to vary independently and unrestrictedly. The proof makes use of two lemmas. The theorem may find application in psychometrics when the trace of matrices is involved. Several examples taken from this area are appended by way of illustration.
Genetic predisposition to left ventricular hypertrophy and the potential involvement of cystatin-C in untreated hypertension.

BACKGROUND The angiotensinogen M235T and aldosterone synthase C-344T gene polymorphisms have been associated with cardiac and structure function. However, these associations in untreated hypertension remain unknown. We examined whether these variants determined both echocardiography indices and the potential associated underlying mechanisms, including cystatin-C and vascular inflammation. METHODS The study population consisted of 319 untreated patients and 191 healthy individuals. Polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction technique. Left cardiac indices of geometry and function were assessed by echocardiography. Cystatin-C, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured by immunonephelometry. RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the angiotensinogen genotypes on left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and diastolic function indices in all study groups. Regarding C-344T polymorphism, TT homozygous hypertensive subjects exhibited higher values of LVMI compared with C allele carriers (P = 0.02) and higher prevalence of concentric hypertrophy (P < 0.001). However, this polymorphism was not associated with variations in left atrial volume and diastolic dysfunction. Cystatin-C levels were correlated with LVMI values (r = 0.22; P = 0.002) and mean E/A ratio (r = -0.24; P < 0.001). Interestingly, a linear increase of LVMI with cyctatin-C quartiles has been revealed (F = 5.01; P < 0.001). Moreover, post hoc tests showed that increased levels of cystatin-C (above 75th percentile) were significantly different between both the first (P = 0.009) and the second quartile (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We have shown that C-344T potentially predicts higher values of LVMI and concentric hypertrophy in untreated hypertension, independently of renal function and subclinical inflammation. Increased levels of cystatin-C were correlated with higher LVMI values.
Moving Away from an Emergency Room Mentality: An Unorthodox View of the Judicial Role in Violence Prevention

Discussions about the role of the judicial system in dealing with violence focus on cases of violent crime. While the criminal courts are an important component of any overall violence reduction strategy, the response is largely reactive rather than preventive. Family law cases, on the other hand, provide opportunities for the provision of prevention and early intervention services to families at risk. Such services are critical to successfully address the epidemic of violence.
The relationship between gastro-duodenal motility phases and symptoms associated with duodenal ulcer in the human

(1) Twenty-one synchronous gastro-duodenal motility studies are presented on four patients with duodenal ulcer, in all approximately 75 hours of actual synchronous motility recordings. The dual balloon kymograph bromoform manometer method was employed. The patients recorded ulcer distress on the kymograph by means of an electric signalling device. (2) The four phases of synchronous gastro-duo-denal motility previously found to exist in the normal subject was also found to exist in the patients with duodenal ulcer. (3) Ulcer distress, experienced by the patients during the course of these studies, was recorded by them only during periods when the duodenum was in an active state of motility regardless of the state of the gastric phase. The stomach was either in quiescence or in activity when ulcer distress was recorded. (4) When the ulcer patients experiencedsevere epigastric (ulcer) pains of relatively long duration (15-18 minutes or longer) there was a definite abnormality in the duodenal activity. The duodenum passed into a state of increased tonus simulating a condition of incomplete tetanus. (5) While it was found that gastric motility may at times augment duodenal activity, it was also found that the duodenum at times initiates a period of activity when the stomach is in a quiescent state. This would appear to indicate that the duodenum possesses autonomy of action, and its period of activity and quiescence may be entirely independent of the stomach.
The Validity of the "Diradical" Hypothesis: Direct Femtoscond Studies of the Transition-State Structures

Direct studies of diradicals, the molecular species hypothesized to be archetypal of chemical bond transformations in many classes of reactions, have been made using femtosecond laser techniques with mass spectrometry in a molecular beam. These studies are aimed at "freezing" the diradicals in time and in the course of the reaction. The passage of these species through the transition-state region was observed and the effect of total energy and alkyl substitution on the rates of bond closure and cleavage was examined. The results establish the nature of these intermediates and define their existence during reactions.
Mathematical modelling of fluidized bed combustion: 1. Combustion of carbon in bubbling beds

Abstract A three-phase model for carbon combustion in fluidized beds has been developed to take into account the effects of gas backmixing and solids circulation. Inclusion of these phenomena is expected ultimately to be important in extending the fluidized bed combustion model to predict N2O emissions. Transient mass and energy balance equations are presented in this paper for the fast bubble regime; these equations can be easily modified for the slow bubble operating regime. The system of nine first-order semilinear hyperbolic partial differential equations has been solved numerically. The transient solution permits comparison of the predictive capability of the model with published data on combustion rates, burnout times and particle temperatures obtained from batch experiments. The comparisons reveal that the agreement with data on combustion rates and burnout times is in most cases within ∼30%. In addition, these comparisons show that improvement in the predictive capabilities of the model depends on ability to predict the product CO CO 2 ratio.
Subsonic and supersonic jets and supersonic suppressor characteristics

Convergent and parallel flow nozzles were used with room temperature air to investigate the flow and acoustic characteristics over a Mach number range of 0.6 to 1.5. For subsonic jets the maximum sound pressure levels occurred at 19.1 from the axis and the sound pressure level decreased monotonically with increasing angle. But for supersonic jets the sound pressure was nearly constant over most of angular positions. The power spectra for subsonic jets were similar with the peak occurring at 4 KHz and for a Mach 1.4 jet the peak occurred at 5 KHz. Near field sound pressure level distributions were quite similar for subsonic jets, but for supersonic jets the distributions were quite different. Mean and fluctuating velocity contours were determined for a convergent nozzle with the impact and piezoelectric impact pressure gage probes for Mach numbers of 0.6 to 1.4. A supersonic suppressor of 191 tubes and shrouds was investigated at Mach numbers of 1.4 and 0.7.
Spin-orbit coupling for spin-1 particles

Abstract A one-body spin-orbit potential for spin-1 particles may contain, in addition to the familiar vector term 1 · s used with spin - 1 2 particles, certain tensor terms T. The T may be constructed from the position, momentum and angular momentum vectors of the particle. Time reversal invariance cannot be demanded if a complex potential is allowed, but the requirements of parity conservation and symmetry of the scattering matrix allow only three forms of T. Only one of these remains diagonal in the orbital angular momentum. A simple model illustrates the possible origin of a tensor coupling for deuterons. The implications for the scattering and polarization of spin-1 particles is discussed.
Simultaneous effects of the platelet 5-HT2 and alpha2-adrenergic receptor populations on phosphoinositide hydrolysis

The interaction of multiple receptor populations on a common second messenger system is a critical aspect of cell function and may be involved in pathology. We studied the interactions of the 5-HT2, alpha 2-adrenergic and prostaglandin (PGI2) receptors on phosphoinositide (PI) turnover in human platelets. Serotonin and epinephrine (EPI) stimulated PI hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner. The PI turnover response to serotonin was mediated by the 5-HT2 receptor. The PI response to EPI was mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. An additive PI turnover response was generated by the combination of 5-HT and EPI. The sum of the maximal responses to 5-HT (72.5 +/- 4.9%) and EPI (56.0 +/- 4.2%) approximated the maximal response (129.3 +/- 9.5) to the combination. Prostacyclin (PGI2) at 1 microgram/mL reduced PI turnover by 21.8 +/- 1.1%. The PI response to 5-HT and EPI was not significantly altered once the reduction in the baseline PI turnover by PGI2 is taken into account. Similarly, PGI2 did not reduce PI hydrolysis stimulated by a combination of 5-HT (0.2 mM) and EPI (0.1 mM) once the decrease in baseline was taken into account (p greater than 0.20). The summation of serotonin stimulation of PI turnover by a combination of both epinephrine and serotonin was blocked by either yohimbine or ketanserin. These studies indicate: (1) the pool of phospholipases appears to exceed the maximal capacity of the individual alpha 2-adrenergic and 5-HT2 receptor populations to activate this second messenger system. (2) inhibition of serotonin or epinephrine-stimulated PI turnover by prostacyclin is due to a lowering of basal PI turnover. Future studies should examine other cell systems to assess the generalizability of these findings regarding the differences in effects on a second messenger system when activated by one receptor population as opposed to two different receptor types.
Technology transfer from government laboratories to industrial markets

Abstract The first purpose of this article is to explore the interface between Marketing and R&D. The intent is to illustrate the nature of the relationship that must be developed and maintained to assure the successful transfer of technology from Federal laboratories to the civilian and commercial sectors of the nation. The second purpose of this article is to explore how government participation affects the R&D—Marketing interface and other dimensions of the innovation process.
Oxygen-induced grain boundary hardening in NiGa

Abstract The phenomenon of grain boundary hardening recently described by Westbrook and Wood(1,2) has been explored in detail for the CsCl structure intermetallic compound NiGa over its homogeneity range (a few at.%). As in the case of AgMg and NiAl, grain boundary hardening is shown to be due to the presence of dissolved oxygen and to be most pronounced with compositions in excess of 50 at.% Ga, although some grain boundary hardening is noticeable just below 50 at.% Ga. It is suggested that the hardening mechanism might involve lattice distortion caused by the hypothesized formation of a Ga-O complex by the reaction x O in NiGa + Ga in NiGa = GaO x . Auxiliary studies of the defect structures by lattice parameter and density determinations showed that, analogous to NiAl, stoichiometric excess of the group IIIB element is accommodated by vacancy formation at nickel sites. The observed contraction of the lattice parameter of 52 at.% Ga alloy upon solution of oxygen suggests that the oxygen dissolves substitutionally.
Blue loops during core helium burning as the consequence of moderate convective envelope overshooting in stars of intermediate to high mass

New calculations of stellar evolutionary sequences without semiconvection in any phase have unexpectedly turned up, for stars in the mass range 3-30 solar masses, an irregular pattern of blue loops on the H-R diagram during the core helium-burning phase. Blue loops occur for 3 and 10 solar masses, but not for 5, 7, 15, and 30 solar masses. It is found, however, that the models near the bottom of the red supergiant branch are only marginallly stable against small inward displacements of the former base of the outer convection zone when it was deepest, for the stellar mass range 5-15 solar masses. As a consequence, convective envelope overshooting need only penetrate a distance of about 0.3 of a local pressure scale height to promote a delayed blue loop in these particular sequences. In conformity with previous work, the triggering mechanism for the blue loop appears to be proximity of the hydrogen-burning shell to the hydrogen discontinuity at the former base of the outer convection zone.
Carrageenans from tetrasporic and cystocarpic Eucheuma species

Abstract The gels of Eucheuma arnoldii Weber-van Bosse, E. cottonii Weber-van Bosse, E. odontophorum Boergesen, E. platycladum Schmitz, E. procrusteanum Kraft, and E . sp. ined. from carefully identified cystocarpic and tetrasporic thalli, respectively, are described. In each of the six species, the two generations yield the same type of carrageenan. However, in the case of the kappa carrageenan producers, the strength of the gel from the cystocarpic thalli may be distinctly greater and, if so, in farm production, the use of vegetative clones of the cystocarpic generation would be advantageous. There is an implication that the abundant species have imperfect life cycles which are an advantage in their farming.
On the taxonomy of the family Podolampadaceae Lindemann (Dinophyceae) with descriptions of three new genera

Abstract Dinoflagellate cells from the family Podolampadaceae from multiple locations in the world's oceans, were studied under the scanning electron microscope. The plate formula of the family is redefined based upon plate homology comparisons between the hypotheca of the closely related Peridinioid genus Diplopsalis Bergh and the hypotheca of different Podolampadacean genera. As in Diplopsalis, five postcingular plates and only one antapical plate are found in the hypotheca of the Podolampadaceans. The Podolampadacean plate formula may be written as: Po Pt X 3′ la 5″ 3C 4–5S 4–5‴ 1″″, where Pt refers to the cover plate in the apical pore complex (APC). Three new genera (Mysticella, Gaarderia and Heterobractum) are proposed on the basis of the apical pore types, cell compression and/or cell bilateral asymmetry. A new combination for the former Blepharocysta striata Schutt is proposed as Mysticella striata (Schutt) Carbonell-Moore, comb. nov. Three types of APC were found in the Podolampadaceans: 1. Type 1: Pore plate with ridges and pores; cover plate with only a small protuberance; this apical pore is typical of Blepharocysta. 2. Type 2: Pores but no ridges on the pore plate; cover plate with a small spine. Lissodinium Matzenauer, emend. Carbonell-Moore and Mysticella Carbonell-Moore, gen. nov. illustrate this type of apical pore. 3. Type 3: Pore plate as in Type 2. Cover and canal plate with a continous pronounced ridge. Gaarderia Carbonell-Moore, gen. nov. and Heterobractum Carbonell-Moore, gen. nov. represent this kind of apical pore. A broad range in cell bilateral asymmetry and cell compression resulting in a pronounced cell distortion was evident in these dinoflagellates. In Blepharocysta there is almost no cell compression, while most species of Podolampas are dorso-ventrally compressed. Cells of Mysticella species may present no compression or may be slightly dorso-ventrally compressed. Lissodinium is laterally compressed and shows the highest degree of bilateral symmetry within the family. A unique bilateral plate asymmetry (and no cell compression) is observed in Heterobractum Carbonell-Moore, gen. nov. A pronounced cell distortion is found in the different species of Gaarderia Carbonell-Moore, gen. nov. Of all plate series, the cingular series show the most variation in both development (narrow to very wide) and relative plate size within the same series. Zygotic forms as evidence of a sexual life cycle were observed in some species. An evolutionary trend is briefly discussed.
Multifunctionality of the linker histones: an emerging role for protein-protein interactions

Linker histones, e.g., H1, are best known for their ability to bind to nucleosomes and stabilize both nucleosome structure and condensed higher-order chromatin structures. However, over the years many investigators have reported specific interactions between linker histones and proteins involved in important cellular processes. The purpose of this review is to highlight evidence indicating an important alternative mode of action for H1, namely protein-protein interactions. We first review key aspects of the traditional view of linker histone action, including the importance of the H1 C-terminal domain. We then discuss the current state of knowledge of linker histone interactions with other proteins, and, where possible, highlight the mechanism of linker histone-mediated protein-protein interactions. Taken together, the data suggest a combinatorial role for the linker histones, functioning both as primary chromatin architectural proteins and simultaneously as recruitment hubs for proteins involved in accessing and modifying the chromatin fiber.
Do increases in cigarette prices lead to increases in sales of cigarettes with high tar and nicotine yields

We used scanner data on cigarette prices and sales collected from supermarkets across the United States from 1994 to 2004 to test the hypothesis that cigarette prices are positively correlated with sales of cigarettes with higher tar and nicotine content. During this period the average inflation-adjusted price for menthol cigarettes increased 55.8%. Price elasticities from multivariate regression models suggest that this price increase led to an increase of 1.73% in sales-weighted average tar yields and a 1.28% increase in sales-weighted average nicotine yields for menthol cigarettes. The 50.5% price increase of nonmenthol varieties over the same period yielded an estimated increase of 1% in tar per cigarette but no statistically significant increase in nicotine yields. An ordered probit model of the impact of cigarette prices on cigarette strength (ultra-light, light, full flavor, unfiltered) offers an explanation: As cigarette prices increase, the probability that stronger cigarette types will be sold increases. This effect is larger for menthol than for nonmenthol cigarettes. Our results are consistent with earlier population-based cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showing that higher cigarette prices and taxes are associated with increasing consumption of higher-yield cigarettes by smokers.
The effects of threat and attraction on interpersonal bargaining

This study attempted to clarify the conditions in which threats are conducive to cooperation. Pairs of Ss in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game either had the opportunity to send threat and penalty messages, or they did not. In addition, pairs were either of high or low mutual positive attraction, manipulated by perceived attitude similarity. In terms of the number of cooperative responses in the game, the high mutual attraction conditions showed significantly more cooperative behavior than those groups of low mutual attraction. A significant interaction effect was demonstrated: Over blocks of trials the efficacy of threats and penalties in inducing cooperation was contingent upon whether the Ss were of high or low mutual attraction. As the game progressed the no-threat condition produced more cooperation than the threat/penalty condition providing high mutual attraction was present; with low mutual attraction, the threat/penalty condition was increasingly superior to the no-threat condition. In general, the beneficial effect of threats in low attraction dyads was not observable in high attraction pairs. These results were interpreted as reflecting the incongruity of threats and penalties in a “friendly” interaction.
Small molecules facilitate rapid and synchronous iPSC generation

The reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) upon overexpression of OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-MYC (OKSM) provides a powerful system to interrogate basic mechanisms of cell fate change. However, iPSC formation with standard methods is protracted and inefficient, resulting in heterogeneous cell populations. Here we show that exposure of OKSM-expressing cells to both ascorbic acid and a GSK3-beta inhibitor (termed “AGi”) facilitates more synchronous and rapid iPSC formation from a variety of mouse cell types. AGi treatment restored the ability of refractory cell populations to yield iPSC colonies, and it attenuated the activation of developmental regulators commonly observed during the reprogramming process. Moreover, AGi supplementation gave rise to chimera-competent iPSCs after as little as 48 hours of OKSM expression. Our results offer a simple modification to the reprogramming protocol, facilitating iPSC induction at unparalleled efficiencies and enabling dissection of the underlying mechanisms in more homogeneous cell populations.
Microchannel membrane separation applied to confined thin film desorption

The concept of a confined thin film to enhance the desorption process is based on a reduced mass diffusion resistance. A wide thin film is formed into a microchannel by using a porous membrane as one wall of the channel enabling vapor extraction along the flow. Heat added to the channel results in vapor generation and subsequent extraction through the membrane. This experimental study investigates the performance of vapor extraction as a function of confined thin film thickness, pressure difference across the membrane and inlet concentration to the microchannel. In addition, heat added to the system was varied and results are presented in terms of the wall superheat temperature relative to the inlet saturated conditions of the binary fluid. The test section was equipped with a transparent window to observe bubble formation and vapor extraction. Results show that the performance, measured by the vapor release rate, increases for reduced channel thickness, for increased pressure difference across the membrane, and for lower inlet concentration. Results show that lower wall superheat correspond to higher heat transfer coefficients. Trends of Nusselt number and Sherwood number versus both channel Reynolds number and the product of the Reynolds number and Schmidt number are presented. Bubble formation in the channel does not degrade overall performance provided a critical heat flux condition does not occur.
Road effects on abundance and fitness of Galápagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemarlensis)

Vehicle collisions with wildlife have the potential to negatively impact species everywhere roads divide natural habitats; this is especially true in areas where roads are a recent addition to the landscape (e.g., in the last decade) and/or where expansion of a road network is underway. This study addresses the impact of traffic fatalities on lava lizards, Microlophus albemarlensis, on the island of Santa Cruz, Galapagos. The main road bisecting the island north to south was added to the island beginning in 1974 but not fully paved until 2000. We assessed impacts occurring due to traffic and vehicle speeds on the island. This study adds impacts to lizard populations to those conducted on birds on Santa Cruz, providing a means to create multi-species recommendations. To quantify impacts to lizard populations, we assessed lizards on randomly chosen transects perpendicular to the road. We used Poisson regression to analyze those data and found a 30% increase in lizard abundance per 100 m distance from the road across vegetation zones. We compared incidence of prior tail loss of road-killed lizards and live animals to comment on additional energetic costs of occupying near-road territories. Tail condition could not be assessed in some road-killed lizards; among those that we could assess, 29% showed evidence of prior tail loss. That rate declined to apparent baseline conditions of only 1% beyond 200 m from the road. By traveling the length of the 40-km road, we identified hot spots for fatalities of both lizards and birds to provide necessary information for developing management and remediation strategies. We offer guidance on Best Management Practices, such as testing overpasses, fencing and underpasses, which might reduce vehicle impacts to lizards from drivers on the current road. This information is essential because of a planned increase in the Santa Cruz road network in areas where lava lizards are most abundant.
Spinons, solitons, and magnons in one-dimensional Heisenberg-Ising antiferromagnets

We calculate the excitation spectra for the 1D Heisenberg-Ising antiferromagnets by expansions around the Ising limit. For {ital S}=1/2, the calculated expansion coefficients for the spinon spectra agree term by term with the solution of Johnson and McCoy. For {ital S}=1, the solitons become gapless before the Heisenberg limit is reached, signaling a transition to the Haldane phase. By applying a staggered field we calculate the one-magnon spectra for the {ital S}=1 Heisenberg chain. For {ital S}=3/2 the quantum renormalization of the spin-wave spectra is calculated to be approximately 1.16. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
SU-GG-J-121: Targeted Gold Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents in Pancreatic Cancer

Circulating tumor cells are hallmarks of metastatic cancer. The presence of circulating tumor cells in blood stream often correlates with the severity of disease. Photoacoustic imaging (PA) of tumor cells is an attractive technique for potential applications in diagnostic imaging of circulating tumor cells. However, the sensitivity of photoacoustic imaging of tumor cells depends on their photon absorption characteristics. In this context, gold nanoparticle embedded tumor cells offer significant advantages for diagnostic PA of single cells. As the PA absorption is directly proportional to the number of nanoparticles embedded within tumor cells, the propensity of nanoparticles to internalize within tumor cells will dictate the sensitivity for single cell detection. We are developing biocompatiblegoldnanoparticles to use them as probes as part of our ongoing effort toward the application of X ray CTImaging, Ultra Sound (US) and photoacoustic imaging of circulating breast, pancreatic and prostate tumor cells. We, herein report our latest results demonstrating that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)‐conjugated goldnanoparticles (EGCG‐AuNPs) internalize selectively within cancer cells and thus provide threshold concentrations required for photo acoustic signals. In this presentation, we will describe, our recent results on the synthesis and characterization of EGCG goldnanoparticles, their cellular internalization and photo acoustic imaging of PC‐3 prostate cancer cells and PANC‐1 pancreatic cancer cells.
Additive and multiplicative genome-wide association models identify genes associated with growth

Standard genome-wide association studies evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs or Genotype G) and phenotype (e.g. growth) conditional on non-SNP covariates including environmental factors (E, e.g. diet) or population stratification, on an additive fashion. For traits known to be the result of genotype-by-environment interactions (G×E), like growth, a multiplicative model could potentially uncover additional SNPs that influence growth on a context-dependent (e.g. diet or breed) fashion. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the performance of context-independent (additive, G+E) and context-dependent (multiplicative, G+E+G×E) models to identify polymorphisms and corresponding genes associated with growth that are context-independent and context-dependent. In addition to single-SNP analysis, a multi-SNP haplotype-based analysis that can increase the precision of the estimates was evaluated for the additive model.
Trichothecenes: Natural occurrence and potential hazard

The trichothecene toxins are a chemical group of fungal metabolites characterized by a tetracyclic 12, 13-epoxy-trichothec-9-ene skeleton. There are over 40 naturally occurring derivatives produced predominantly by species ofFusarium but also produced by species ofCephalosporium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, andStachybotrys. The trichothecene derivatives most commonly encountered in feedstuff are: T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and nivalenol. Deoxynivalenol has been isolated from corn and mixed feed more frequently than the other derivatives reported, and moreover, it is frequently found together with the fungal estrogen zearalenone. Deoxynivalenol has frequently been associated with corn refused by swine, vomiting in dogs, and corn used by humans in South Africa. Deoxynivalenol is produced byFusarium roseum, an organism that is commonly found infecting corn in the field and corn stored on-the-cob in cribs in the Midwest. The trichothecenes have been implicated in diseases of man called alimentary toxic aleukia in the USSR and have been found in corn in the Transkei where the incidence of esophageal cancer is high. Among domestic animals, trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin, DAS and deoxynivalenol have been implicated in diseases characterized by a hemorrhagic syndrome in cows and swine, vomiting in swine and dogs, decrease in avian egg production and body weight, refusal of feed by swine and infertility in swine. The data on the residue of the administered T-2 toxin in domestic animals suggests that trichothecenes can be transmitted into humans.
A CYP19 (aromatase) polymorphism is associated with increased premenopausal breast cancer risk

Due to the established association between estrogen levels and breast cancer risk, polymorphic variation in genes regulating estrogen levels is thought to be related to breast cancer risk. Aromatase, the protein product of the CYP19 gene, is involved in the production of endogenous estrogens via androgen conversion. We examined whether polymorphic variation in CYP19 associated with increased breast cancer risk in a population based case-control study. We examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), rs1008805 (A/G) and rs730154 (C/T), which have been shown to tag SNPs within two different haplotype blocks in CYP19. Among premenopausal women, the presence of at least one G allele at rs1008805 was significantly associated with an increase in the risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.72 [95% CI, 1.20–2.49]), especially with estrogen and progesterone receptor negative breast cancer (OR = 3.89 [1.74–8.70] and OR = 2.52 [1.26–5.05], respectively). No association was observed among postmenopausal women (OR = 1.06 [0.82–1.36]). There was no significant association between rs730154 and breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. Our results suggest that premenopausal women carrying the G allele at CYP19 rs1008805 have increased risk of breast cancer. The finding supports the potential role of variation in estrogen biosynthesis genes in premenopausal breast cancer risk.
Heterodimerization and cross-desensitization between the μ-opioid receptor and the chemokine CCR5 receptor

Cross-desensitization between micro-opioid receptor agonists and CC chemokines was shown to occur in immune cells and in the central nervous system. However, these cells do not permit examination of potential mechanisms at cellular levels due to low levels and mixed populations of receptors. In this study, we investigated possible interactions and biochemical mechanisms of cross-desensitization between the mu-opioid and chemokine CCR5 receptors coexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged micro-opioid receptor coimmunoprecipitated with FLAG (Asp-Tyr-Lys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp-Lys)-tagged chemokine receptor CCR5 in cells expressing the two receptors, but not in a mixture of cells transfected with one of the two receptors, indicating that the two receptors form heterodimers. Treatment with the mu-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala(2), N-Me-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin), the chemokine RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell-Expressed and -Secreted) (CCL5), or both, did not affect the level of coimmunoprecipitation. DAMGO and RANTES (CCL5) induced chemotaxis in CHO cells coexpressing both receptors, and preincubation with either DAMGO or RANTES (CCL5) profoundly inhibited chemotaxis caused by the other. DAMGO pretreatment enhanced phosphorylation of the chemokine CCR5 receptor and reduced RANTES (CCL5)-promoted [35S]GTP gamma S binding. Conversely, RANTES (CCL5) preincubation slightly increased phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor and significantly reduced DAMGO-induced [35S]GTP gamma S binding. These results indicate that activation of either receptor affected G protein coupling of the other, likely due to enhanced phosphorylation of the receptor. Heterodimerization between the two receptors may contribute to the observed cross-desensitization.
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment and {Kobayashi-Maskawa} {CP} Violation

Abstract The contribution of the quark flavor changing electric dipole transition moment with Kobayashi-Maskawa CP violation to the electric dipole moment of the neutron is calculated including an arbitrarily massive top quark and the influence of the neutron wave function. The effect of a heavy t-quark on CP violation in penguin diagrams is also noted.
Constructal Law: Optimization as Design Evolution

Here, I review the physics meaning of optimization, knowledge and design evolution, and why these concepts and human activities are profoundly useful for human life. A law of physics is a concise statement that summarizes a phenomenon that occurs in nature. A phenomenon is a fact, circumstance, or experience that is apparent to the human senses and can be described. The design in nature phenomenon facilitates access for everything that flows, evolves, spreads, and is collected: river basins, atmospheric and ocean currents, animal life and migration, and technology (the evolution of the “human-and-machine species,” wealth, life). This phenomenon is summarized by the constructal law: the occurrence and evolution of designs in nature, its time direction. Based on its record, the constructal law accounts for the design phenomenon and also for all the phenomena that have been described individually (ad-hoc) with end-design (destiny) statements of “optimality” (min, max). Most notably, the constructal law accounts for contradictory end-design statements such as minimum entropy production and maximum entropy production, and minimum flow resistance and maximum flow resistance.