cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method for Approximating Electron Beam Currents Accelerated by a Piezoelectric Transformer

Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) are currently used to accelerate charged-particle beams for various applications. Beam interactions at the output of the PT can be treated as a parallel RC electrical load. The impedance of the load can affect the output voltage because of the small, finite amount of charge available in the PT; therefore, high-impedance diagnostics are required to characterize the PT. A thermionic electron emitter was used to provide a controllable beam current for testing the effects of electrical loading on the PT. The electron beam was operated in vacuum at pressures of \(10^{-6}\) − \(10^{-5}\) torr. The input mechanical quality factor and the effective output electrical quality factor were used to approximate the electron beam current on the basis on the PTs equivalent electromechanical circuit. The output voltage needed for the output electrical quality factor was measured via bremsstrahlung interactions at the output electrode of the PT. Optical techniques for finding internal operating parameters such as electric field and stress were used to determine the load with curve fitting as a comparison with the quality factor diagnostic. Approximating the electron beam current with such methods will help determining the output power that such PTs can generate for future applications.
Ornithine Decarboxylase and Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Juvenile Polyps of Childhood

Juvenile polyps (JP) are the most common colonic tumor in children. Although considered benign, malignant transformation has been reported in JP. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and tyrosine kinase (TyK) enzymes are markers for a rapid cell proliferation index. DNA aneuploidy score and p53 gene expression are late malignant changes seen in patients with colon cancer. In this study, we investigated ODC and TyK activities as well as DNA aneuploidy score and p53 expression in juvenile polyps compared with the adjacent normal colonic mucosa. Results showed that ODC was significantly increased in JP compared with the adjacent normal colonic mucosa. TyK activity was increased in 3/5 polyps and decreased in 2/5 polyps compared with the mucosa. Mean TyK activity was higher in JP compared with normal mucosa but did not reach significance (707 and 632 pmol/mg pmol, respectively). Moreover, changes in phosphorylization of TyK proteins was also observed in JP but not in normal mucosa. JP had a normal DNA aneuploidy score and showed no expression of p53 gene. We conclude that JP do not express p53 gene and aneuploidy but had higher activity of ODC and TyK enzymes, suggesting a higher stage of cell proliferation.
Evaluation of surrogate tests in toxicant impact assessments

A surrogate test battery was evaluated at several stream and landfill sites where toxicant contamination had occurred. The battery consisted of microbial activity assays and macrofaunal organisms: alkaline phosphatase, amylase, arylsulfatase, electron transport system activity, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, protease, metal resistance, heterotrophic uptake (14C), zooplankton (Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Waters, leachates, and sediments were tested for toxicity from sites in 5 states. Surrogate responses were correlated with in situ biological and/or chemical parameters. At each test site, statistically significant relationships were observed between microbial test responses and in situ biological or chemical responses, revealing both toxicant impacts and natural variations. Field validation of this test approach revealed its sensitivity and versatility, supporting its use in routine toxicant impact assessments.
Endothelial MicroRNAs and Atherosclerosis

The vascular endothelium, a thin layer of endothelial cells (ECs) that line the inner surface of blood vessels, is a critical interface between blood and all tissues. EC activation, dysfunction, and vascular inflammation occur when the endothelium is exposed to various insults such as proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, hypertension, hyperglycemia, aging, and shear stress. These insults lead to the pathogenesis of a range of disease states, including atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, especially nuclear factor κB mediated signaling, play crucial roles in these pathophysiological processes. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of EC function by fine-tuning gene expression. In this review, we discuss how miRNAs regulate EC function and vascular inflammation in response to a variety of pathophysiologic stimuli. An understanding of the role of miRNAs in EC activation and dysfunction may provide novel targets and therapeutic opportunities for controlling atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory disease states.
Investigation of possible dynamic polarization effects on the transmission probability of n-GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs/n-GaAs tunnel barriers

Abstract Tunneling through n-GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs/n-GaAs barriers has been systematically investigated over a wide range of barrier heights and thicknesses (up to 100 nm). This study provides experimental evidence that an electron sees a dynamically variable potential barrier as it tunnels through. The general form of this potential is inferred from the data, and its relation to the tunneling time of Buttiker and Landauer discussed.
The electrochromic properties of sputtered nickel oxide films

Abstract Electrochromic nickel oxide films were prepared by reactive RF sputtering from a nickel target in an oxygen atmosphere. The films were deposited as a compact 40 nm layer of trivalent nickel oxide, Ni2O3. Reduction and oxidation of the films in 1 M KOH resulted in bleaching and coloration, respectively. Voltammetry indicated that the eventual electrochromic reaction involved the β-Ni(OH)2/β-NiOOH couple. In situ visible spectra showed electrochromic modulation of the transmittance throughout the visible range with a peak change in transmittance of about 60% at a wavelength of 500 nm. In situ spectra in the near-infrared region indicated improved electrochromic switching in this region; the sputtered nickel oxide film exhibited about a 30% change in transmittance in comparison to less than 10% for a similar electroprecipitated nickel hydroxide film. The sputtered nickel oxide films exhibited durable electrochromic switching for over 2500 coloration/bleaching cycles, a significant improvement over the less than 500 switching cycles exhibited by electroprecipitated nickel hydroxide films.
The early migration of neural crest cells in the trunk region of the avian embryo: An electron microscopic study

Abstract Four phases of neural crest migration characteristic of early avian trunk regions are described: (a) appearance, during which crest cells reside in the dorsal neural tube, but are separated from each other dorsally by large spaces; (b) condensation, during which large spaces between the crest cells become reduced, the cells elongate, flatten upon the surface of the neural tube, and become oriented tangentially (i.e., with their long axes perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the neural tube); (c) early migration, during which the crest population expands uniformly to meet the dorsal apex of the somites; and (d) advanced migration, during which crest cells appear in the extracellular space dorsal to the somites. At the most advanced phases, the crest population at the dorsal midline decreased in number, with a concomitant loss of tangential orientation and the appearance of spaces between the cells. Extracellular components of the acellular spaces through which crest cells migrate are also described. The observations are discussed in terms of (1) those morphological changes undergone by crest cells during migration, and (2) possible factors that might delimit crest pathways. It is suggested that the operation of contact inhibition of movement within the crest population is sufficient to determine the direction of crest migration.
Hybrid Input Output Automata for composable conveyor systems

We present Hybrid Input/Output Automata (HIOA) models as a basis for the design and analysis of a class of composable conveyor systems. These conveyor systems are realized by composing instances of two kinds of units, namely segments and turns. A microcontroller, which is physically wired to the sensors and actuators on the unit, regulates the local operations at the unit level. Microcontrollers that regulate physically adjacent units interact with each other over wireless links.
Epicardial Progenitor Cells in Cardiac Development and Regeneration

The epicardium forms an epithelial layer on the surface of the heart. It is derived from a cluster of mesothelial cells, which is termed the proepicardium. The proepicardium gives rise not only to the epicardium but also to epicardium-derived cells. These cells populate the myocardial wall and differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fibroblast, and possibly endothelial cells. In this review, the formation of the proepicardium is discussed. Marker genes, suitable to identify these cells in the embryo and in the adult, are introduced. Recent evidence suggests that the PE is made up of distinct cell populations. These cell lineages can be distinguished on the basis of marker gene expression and differ in their differentiation potential. The role of the epicardium as a resource for cardiac stem cells and its importance in cardiac regeneration is also discussed.
LIGHT AND LIFE.

UP TO a very recent time, very little has been known in a definite way regarding " Sunlight," particularly in its relation to life, and only within the past few years have investigators devoted time to special research on this subject. Dr. Bunker, of Boston, touches the keynote of the whole subject in the title of his paper, namely, "Light and Life." From the research already conducted, we have definite evidence that " Sunlight" in addition to having certain physical properties has also some definite physiological properties; that without " Light," there would be no growth; no development; no repair; in fact there would be no life. For some time back, we have considered in -a more or less general and indefinite way that " Sunlight " was an important accessory in the cure of certain diseases and in thepromotion of health, but recently physiologists, physicists and physicians have been attempting to obtain more definite information as to the character and characteristics of this energy and of its method of operation. Among the names of early investigators, Finsen and Rollier stand out prominently, in the investigation of " Light " and its application to the promotion of health. Those whose papers follow are devoting a great deal of time and work to the study of the problems presented in the field of "Sunlight" and are entitled to speak with authority on this subject. WILLIAM J. BELL, M.B.
Signal Processing in the TGF-β Superfamily Ligand-Receptor Network

The TGF-β pathway plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and morphogenesis. It transduces a variety of extracellular signals into intracellular transcriptional responses that control a plethora of cellular processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. We use computational modeling to show that coupling of signaling with receptor trafficking results in a highly versatile signal-processing unit, able to sense by itself absolute levels of ligand, temporal changes in ligand concentration, and ratios of multiple ligands. This coupling controls whether the response of the receptor module is transient or permanent and whether or not different signaling channels behave independently of each other. Our computational approach unifies seemingly disparate experimental observations and suggests specific changes in receptor trafficking patterns that can lead to phenotypes that favor tumor progression.
Accelerated development of riboflavin deficiency by treatment with chlorpromazine

The present study was undertaken to determine whether treatment with chlorpromazine accelerates the depletion of tissue stores of flavin adenine dinucleotide during dietary riboflavin deficiency. These investigations derived their impetus from earlier findings that low doses of chlorpromazine in rats fed abundant riboflavin increase urinary riboflavin excretion and reduce hepatic flavin stores. From 6 to 10 days after beginning to feed on a riboflavin-deficient diet, rats treated with chlorpromazine, 2 mg/kg body weight twice daily, had approximately twice the urinary riboflavin excretion of that of pair-fed saline-treated controls. When the riboflavin-deficient diets and chlorpromazine treatments were extended for 3 weeks and the animals killed, FAD levels in liver, kidney, and heart were markedly lower in drug-treated than in saline-treated animals. When studies were extended for 7 weeks, tissue FAD levels in saline-treated animals declined further and were equal to those of chlorpromazine-treated rats after only 3 weeks of dietary deficiency. Thus, chlorpromazine treatment accelerated urinary riboflavin loss and accelerated tissue depletion of FAD levels during dietary riboflavin deficiency. Brain levels of FAD by contrast were relatively resistant to both dietary riboflavin withdrawal and treatment with chlorpromazine. Subsequent studies showed that urinary riboflavin excretion began to increase within 6 hr of treatment with chlorpromazine. It is concluded that significant riboflavin depletion occurs following treatment with low doses of chlorpromazine, both in animals fed a normal diet and in animals fed a riboflavin-deficient diet, particularly during the early stages of deficiency.
Human cerebral cortical cell lines from patients with unilateral megalencephaly and Rasmussen's encephalitis

Continuous cerebral cortical cell lines have been developed from two patients, an 11-month-old with unilateral megalencephaly and a seven-year-old with Rasmussen's encephalitis, designated HCN-1 and HCN-2, respectively. The two cell lines stain for neuronal markers such as neurofilament and neuron-specific enolase but not for non-neuronal markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein. In the presence of appropriate growth factors, the cells extend long, branched processes resembling neurons. Differentiation of HCN-1 cells can be induced with nerve growth factor, dibutyryl cyclic AMP and isobutylmethylxanthine, while for HCN-2 cells nerve growth factor, isobutylmethylxanthine and the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecaoylphorbol-13-acetate are most effective. Immunohistochemical staining of both differentiated cell lines reveals intense staining for GABA, glutamate, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-8 and methionine enkephalin. Two human cortical neuronal cell lines have been developed which represent neuronal precursors. These cell lines propagate in culture and are capable of differentiating upon the addition of a variety of growth factors and chemical agents. These cell lines should prove to be useful models for the study of in vitro neuronal processes.
Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Bubbly Mixture Annular Pressure Seals

As oil fields deplete, in particular in deep sea reservoirs, pump and compression systems work under more strenuous conditions with gas in liquid and liquid in gas mixtures, mostly inhomogeneous. Off-design operation affects system overall efficiency and reliability, including penalties in leakage and rotordynamic performance of secondary flow components, namely seals. The paper details a bulk-flow model for annular damper seals operating with gas in liquid mixtures. The analysis encompasses all-liquid and all-gas seals, as well as seals lubricated with homogenous (bubbly) mixtures, and predicts the static and dynamic force response of mixture lubricated seals; namely: leakage, power loss, reaction forces and rotordynamic force coefficients, etc., as a function of the mixture volume fraction (βS ), supply and discharge pressures, rotor speed, whirl frequency, etc. A seal example with a Nitrogen gas mixed with light oil is analyzed. The large pressure drop (70 bar) causes a large expansion of the gas within the seal even for (very) small gas volume fractions (βS ). Predictions show leakage and power loss decrease as β → 1; albeit at low βS (<0.3) (re)laminarization of the flow and an apparent increase in mixture viscosity, produce a hump in power loss. Cross-coupled stiffnesses and direct damping coefficients decrease steadily with increases in the gas volume fraction; however some anomalies are apparent when the flow turns laminar. Mixture lubricated seals show frequency dependent force coefficients. The equivalent damping decreases above and below βS ∼0.10. The direct stiffness coefficients show atypical behavior: a low βS = 0.1 produces stiffness hardening as the excitation frequency increases. Recall that an all liquid seal has a dynamic stiffness softening as frequency increases due to the apparent fluid mass. The predictions call for an experimental program to quantify the static and dynamic forced performance of annular seals operating with (bubbly) mixtures and to validate the current predictive model results.© 2011 ASME
Environmental education program evaluation in the new millennium: what do we measure and what have we learned?

We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed research studies published between 1999 and 2010 that empirically evaluated the outcomes of environmental education (EE) programs for youth (ages 18 and younger) in an attempt to address the following objectives: (1) to seek reported empirical evidence for what works (or does not) in EE programming and (2) to uncover lessons regarding promising approaches for future EE initiatives and their evaluation. While the review generally supports consensus-based best practices, such as those published in the North American Association for Environmental Education’s Guidelines for Excellence, we also identified additional themes that may drive positive outcomes, including the provision of holistic experiences and the characteristics and delivery styles of environmental educators. Overall, the evidence in support of these themes contained in the 66 articles reviewed is mostly circumstantial. Few studies attempted to empirically isolate the characteristics of programs responsible for measured outcomes. We discuss general trends in research design and the associated implications for future research and EE programming.
Evaluating the Safety of Microbial Enzyme Preparations Used in Food Processing: Update for a New Century

Microbial enzymes used in food processing are typically sold as enzyme preparations that contain not only a desired enzyme activity but also other metabolites of the production strain, as well as added materials such as preservatives and stabilizers. The added materials must be food grade and meet applicable regulatory standards. The purpose of this report is to present guidelines that can be used to evaluate the safety of the metabolites of the production strain that are also present in the enzyme preparation, including of course, but not limited to, the desired enzyme activity itself. This discussion builds on previously published decision tree mechanisms and includes consideration of new genetic modification technologies, for example, modifying the primary structure of enzymes to enhance specific properties that are commercially useful. The safety of the production strain remains the primary consideration in evaluating enzyme safety, in particular, the toxigenic potential of the production strain. Thoroughly characterized nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic microbial strains, particularly those with a history of safe use in food enzyme manufacture, are logical candidates for generating a safe strain lineage, through which improved strains may be derived via genetic modification by using either traditional/classical or rDNA strain improvement strategies. The elements needed to establish a safe strain lineage include thoroughly characterizing the host organism, determining the safety of all new DNA that has been introduced into the host organism, and ensuring that the procedure(s) that have been used to modify the host organism are appropriate for food use. Enzyme function may be changed by intentionally altering the amino acid sequence (e.g., protein engineering). It may be asked if such modifications might also affect the safety of an otherwise safe enzyme. We consider this question in light of what is known about the natural variation in enzyme structure and function and conclude that it is unlikely that changes which improve upon desired enzyme function will result in the creation of a toxic protein. It is prudent to assess such very small theoretical risks by conducting limited toxicological tests on engineered enzymes. The centerpiece of this report is a decision tree mechanism that updates previous enzyme safety evaluation mechanisms to accommodate advances in enzymology. We have concluded that separate mutagenicity testing is not needed if this decision tree is used to evaluate enzyme safety. Under the criteria of the decision tree, no new food enzyme can enter the market without critical evaluation of its safety.
A diapycnal mixing budget on the Oregon shelf

Although isopycnal mixing is undoubtedly important at global and gyre scales, the relative importance of isopycnal and diapycnal mixing on much smaller scales is uncertain. This issue is investigated using 35 d of data from a Lagrangian float deployed on a mid-depth isopycnal on the Oregon shelf. Measurements of temperature, salinity, and pressure maintain the float on the isopycnal; its high-frequency diapycnal deviations are used to estimate the diapycnal diffusivity using an inertial subrange method; lower-frequency deviations, including intentional profiles to the surface, are used to estimate diapycnal derivatives near the target isopycnal. Downward irradiance at 490 nm is used to calibrate chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and compute solar heating rates. Corrections for the diapycnal deviations provide a nearly continuous isopycnal time series of spice (a temperature and salinity combination nearly orthogonal to potential density) and chlorophyll. A new formulation of the diffusion equation in isopycnal coordinates is derived and used to test the accuracy of purely diapycnal mixing balances for spice and chlorophyll. On vertical scales of about 10 m and timescales of about 2 d, isopycnal spice variations are mostly controlled by diapycnal mixing, although other processes, presumably isopycnal mixing, are sometimes important. Processes other than diapycnal mixing control isopycnal chlorophyll variations on these scales. Likely candidates include isopycnal mixing with a nearby bloom, planktonic sinking out of this bloom, or possibly local phytoplankton growth. Thus both isopycnal and diapycnal mixing can be important at these small scales.
Coronoid Fixation Using Suture Anchors

Fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna generally occur in relatively high-energy injuries and are commonly associated with injuries to other structures around the elbow. Damage to the coronoid process in addition to other elbow structures may complicate treatment. Several approaches have been used in the management of coronoid process fractures. This paper reports a method of coronoid process fracture fixation using suture anchors.
Convolution-based estimation of organ dose in tube current modulated CT

Among the various metrics that quantify radiation dose in computed tomography (CT), organ dose is one of the most representative quantities reflecting patient-specific radiation burden.1 Accurate estimation of organ dose requires one to effectively model the patient anatomy and the irradiation field. As illustrated in previous studies, the patient anatomy factor can be modeled using a library of computational phantoms with representative body habitus.2 However, the modeling of irradiation field can be practically challenging, especially for CT exams performed with tube current modulation. The central challenge is to effectively quantify the scatter irradiation field created by the dynamic change of tube current. In this study, we present a convolution-based technique to effectively quantify the primary and scatter irradiation field for TCM examinations. The organ dose for a given clinical patient can then be rapidly determined using the convolution-based method, a patient-matching technique, and a library of computational phantoms. 58 adult patients were included in this study (age range: 18–70 y.o., weight range: 60–180 kg). One computational phantom was created based on the clinical images of each patient. Each patient was optimally matched against one of the remaining 57 computational phantoms using a leave-one-out strategy. For each computational phantom, the organ dose coefficients (CTDIvol-normalized organ dose) under fixed tube current were simulated using a validated Monte Carlo simulation program. Such organ dose coefficients were multiplied by a scaling factor, (CTDIvol )organ, convolution that quantifies the regional irradiation field. The convolution-based organ dose was compared with the organ dose simulated from Monte Carlo program with TCM profiles explicitly modeled on the original phantom created based on patient images. The estimation error was within 10% across all organs and modulation profiles for abdominopelvic examination. This strategy enables prospective and retrospective patient-specific dose estimation without the need of Monte Carlo simulation.
HEMISPHERIC INTEGRATIVE THERAPY IN LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME: APPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION SCIENCES

A case study is presented of a 14-year-old right-handed Caucasian female diagnosed with the Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) at the age 3½ years. Her LKS symptoms presented with abrupt disruption in language after normal development, electroencephalogram (EEG) brain-wave abnormality, seizure activity, inability to read, and impairment in her motor skills. After 11 years of pharmacological and special education interventions with no significant improvement in any measurable area of function, a multimodal approach using techniques purportedly aimed at facilitating inter-hemispheric communication was provided. At completion of the program, EEG was controlled, reading, language, and auditory processing improved and objective behavioral-social measures improved significantly.
Enterprise-wide modeling & optimization—An overview of emerging research challenges and opportunities

The process systems engineering (PSE) as well as the operations research and management science (ORMS) literature has hitherto focused on disparate processes and functions within the enterprise. These themes have included upstream R&D pipeline management, planning and scheduling in batch and continuous manufacturing systems and more recently supply chain optimization under uncertainty. In reality, the modern process enterprise functions as a cohesive entity involving several degrees of cross-functional co-ordination across enterprise planning and process functions. The complex organizational structures underlying horizontally and vertically integrated process enterprises challenge our understanding of cross-functional co-ordination and its business impact. This article looks at the impact of enterprise-wide cross-functional coordination on enterprise performance, sustainability and growth prospects. Cross-functional coordination is defined as the integration of strategic and tactical decision-making processes involving the control of financial and inventory flows (both internal and external) as well as resource deployments. Initially, we demonstrate the existence of cross-functional decision-making dependencies using an enterprise network model. Subsequently, we discuss interactions between enterprise planning decisions involving project financing, debt-equity balancing, R&D portfolio selection, risk hedging with real derivative instruments, supply chain asset creation and marketing contracts which influence decision-making at the activity/process level. Several case studies are included to re-enforce the point that planning and process decisions need to be integrated.
Memory distortion and consumer price knowledge

Purpose – Research has shown that there are different dimensions of price knowledge. But it is still not clear what consumers can remember upon price exposure and what can be retrieved later and why. This research aims to focus on the influence of encoding conditions as well as price characteristics on later price recall or evaluation.Design/methodology/approach – Two controlled experiments using student subjects were conducted. Participants' encoding objectives and relative price difference between paired products were manipulated and their influence on price recall and evaluation examined.Findings – The research showed that there is usually a memory distortion of the original product price information upon retrieval. The degree of distortion is influenced by the characteristics of the prices as well as the focus of attention at encoding and the direction of distortion was influenced by consumers' beliefs of pricing norms.Research limitations/implications – In this research, price difference instead of i...
Principles of neuropsychiatry: Towards a neuropsychiatric epistemology

Abstract Depression, mania, obsessive-compulsive behavior, psychosis and personality changes are common manifestations of brain disorders. These neuropsychiatric syndromes exhibit rule-bound relationships to brain dysfunction and occur most commonly with lesions of the limbic system or frontal-subcortical circuits. They reflect disruption of mechanisms mediating fundamental functions such as mood, emotion, motivation, self-protection and social affiliation. Lesional factors (i.e. size and location of lesion, disruption of transmitter systems) as well as host-related non-lesional factors (i.e. family history of psychiatric illness, age of onset of neurological condition, gender) contribute to determining which patients with specific neurological conditions develop associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. Investigations of the psychiatric aspects of neurological disease and the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders indicate that similar anatomical regions are involved when these conditions have the same sy...
Numerical solutions of Volterra integral equations with a solution dependent delay

On demontre l'existence et l'unicite des solutions pour l'equation ainsi qu'une limitation a priori de la solution. On definit une solution numerique et on demontre que la solution numerique converge vers la solution de l'equation integrale
The trajectory of the centre of mass for a sliding rope

The motion of a flexible rope sliding from a horizontal surface is analysed. The trajectory of the centre of mass of the rope is shown to be parabolic. Parametric equations for the trajectory are used to explore the geometry of the motion. The analysis provides a simple example of a nonrigid motion which can be studied in detail without sophisticated methods. Zusammenfassung. Die Bewegung eines flexiblen Seiles, das von einer horizontalen Oberflache gleitet, wird analysiert. Es wird gezeigt, das die Flugbahn des Massenzentrums des Seiles parabolisch ist. Parametrische Gleichungen fur die Flugbahn werden angewendet, um die Geometrie der Bewegung zu erforschen. Die Analyse gibt uns ein einfaches Beispiel einer unstarren Bewegung, die ohne verfeinerte Methoden detailiert untersucht werden kann.
Foreign Language Teaching in its Broader Aspects

DURING the last few years many discussions have appeared in literary and educational journals concerning the why as well as the how of modern foreign language teaching. Of late those articles stressing the why seem to be on the increase again. Perhaps this is due, on the one hand, to the fact that the profession is becoming more and more self-conscious and more aggressive in its policy. On the other hand, however, this increase must be interpreted as indicative of the precarious position modern foreign languages still occupy in the present-day school curriculum. In a communication addressed to his "Colleagues in German Departments," accompanying his "Confession of Faith" as a modern foreign language teacher, Professor B. Q. Morgan of Stanford University states with respect to conditions in California: "It has come to my attention that foreign language study in this state is more heavily under fire at present than for many years past. I think that we should stand to our guns, and have attempted in this way to deliver something like a flank attack upon the enemy's position." While the situation is not as critical in all parts of our country as it seems to be in California, yet modern foreign language teachers, I believe, are becoming increasingly aware of the necessity of sticking to their guns and defending their position. In this article I do not wish to defend or magnify foreign language teaching by reviewing the impressive arguments already advanced in various quarters, but I should like rather to single out one which I believe most cogent, restate it, and point out its broader significance in the light of recent international developments. It has been emphasized more than once that in the study of a foreign tongue, a student, consciously or unconsciously, to a certain degree absorbs the culture of the people whose language he studies, and that thus his sympathies are broadened and his thinking liberalized. This argument is entirely valid. To one, however, interested only in the "bread and butter" value of an education, it is bound to appear to be no argument at all. Unfortunately there are many such individuals on our school boards and in important public offices today. They will have to be shown that it is not merely a matter of imbibing a liberal culture, or, what may seem to them infinitely worse, becoming "international" in one's thinking. It will have to be made clear to them that the preservation of all human values, including their own possessions and lives, is at stake. Then, maybe, if they are able to take something more than an angleworm-view of things, they will begin to see the reasonableness of our insistence on modern foreign language study in high school and college. Every one knows that the last few years have brought with them ominous social, economic, and political changes. Nationalism, the desire for
Identification of three different anti-4S RNA sera associated with autoimmune disease.

Abstract Analysis of antibodies obtained from 10 patients with myositis, 20 with systemic lupus erythematosus and 24 with scleroderma revealed that 2 patients with myositis and one with systemic lupus erythematosus produced antibodies precipitating 4S RNAs. Each of the 3 anti-4S RNA sera precipitated a different subset of the total 4S RNA population. Two sera precipitated deproteinized or gel extracted 4S RNA from Novikoff hepatoma or Dinoflagellate cells. The other serum did not precipitate deproteinized RNA and may precipitate a 4S RNA in a small RNP particle. The reactive 4S RNAs are extensively modified, which suggests that they may be tRNAs, tRNA precursors or previosly unknown RNA species.
469 SERUM PROLACTIN IS ELEVATED IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS

469 SERUM PROLACTIN IS ELEVATED IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS
Automated Handling of Arbitrary Switching Device Topologies in Planning Contingency Analysis: Towards Temporal Interoperability in Network Security Assessment

Existing power system planning software is not capable of simulating large numbers of contingencies that involve bus mergers and bus splits without cumbersome modifications to planning models either manually or through scripting. This means that some of the events that can occur in a bulk power system are not studied in detail prior to real-time operation. This paper proposes the use of a unified network applications framework for planning contingency analysis capable of incorporating contingencies that involve arbitrary configurations of switching devices. The method handles any type of bus split or bus merger events automatically without requiring case conversion or modification. This drastically simplifies the tabulation of results of complex contingencies and makes potential unsecure system conditions visible during the planning stage. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated in large-scale ISO models that incorporate full-topology switching modeling, and it is shown to be at least ten times faster than scripting. The proposed method hence supports direct comparison of planning and real-time grid security assessment evaluation, providing full temporal interoperability between offline contingency analysis and real-time security assessment.
Toward real-time pricing of complex financial derivatives

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using low-discrepancy sequences to allow complex derivatives, such as mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) and exotic options, to be calculated considerably faster than is possible by using conventional Monte Carlo methods. In our experiments, we examine classical classes of low-discrepancy sequences, such as Halton, Sobol', and Faure sequences, as well as the very recent class called generalized Niederreiter sequences, in the light of the actual convergence rate of numerical integration with practical numbers of dimensions. Our results show that for the problems of pricing financial derivatives that we tested: (1) generalized Niederreiter sequences perform markedly better than both classical sequences and Monte Carlo methods; and (2) classical low-discrepancy sequences often perform worse than Monte Carlo methods. Finally, we discuss several important research issues from both practical and theoretical viewpoints.
Beyond Disciplinary-Based Scope & Sequence: Taking Student Cognition into Account

The following is a comment on a recent editorial on reforming genetics education by Michael Dougherty (2010). Dougherty properly pointed out some of the challenges of teaching genetics and the conceptual obstacles students face in this domain. We agree that students harbor many misconceptions about genetics and tend to think deterministically about genetic phenomena. Given that most genetic phenomena are complex, involve multiple genes, and are influenced by environmental factors, students' understanding of genetics is often inadequate. We also agree that the current scope and sequence of the genetics curriculum has failed to deepen students' understanding. However, Dougherty's suggestion to invert the genetics curriculum, such that students first learn about continuous or complex traits and then …
Scholastic Economics: Survival and Lasting Influence from the Sixteenth Century to Adam Smith

I. Introduction: the medieval contribution, 161. — II. The school of Salamanca, 167. — III. The demise of scholastic economics, 171. — IV. Scholasticism and mercantilism: a contrast, 177. — V. Conclusions, 185.
Direct identification of reactive routes in the reaction of oxygen atoms with dimethylamine

Abstract The gaseous reaction of oxygen atoms with dimethylamine was studied in a cross-jet reactor and found to proceed by electrophilic addition to form an energy-rich N-oxide which rearranges to an hydroxylamine and then decomposes via three routes: (CH 3 ) 2 N + OH, CH 3 NCH 2 + H 2 O and CH 3 NHO + CH 3 .
Thermal decomposition of (CH3)2SnSnF6 and (CH3)2Sn(SbF6)2

Abstract TG and DTA analyses of (CH 3 ) 2 SnSnF 6 and (CH 3 ) 2 Sn(SbF 6 ) 2 were carried out under a dry nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of (CH 3 ) 2 SnSnF 6 proceeds through a known intermediate, (CH 3 ) 3 SnF, while that of (CH 3 ) 2 Sn(SbF 6 ) 2 decomposes via complex volatile mixtures of antimony fluorides. The ultimate decomposition product in both cases is SnF 4 .
To Define and to Rule: The IRS and Clergy Self-Employment

This paper explores the implications of recent Internal Revenue Service rulings that have challenged the employment classification of selected religious leaders. Such actions raise important questions concerning the possible coercive actions of the state in shaping religious life. This work explores the role of ideology in such decisions, as well as the questionable role of bureaucratic discretion in these decisions. The IRS uses the employer/employee paradigm, which is central to corporate capitalist ideology to define the clergy/community relationship. The employer/employee paradigm conflicts with the communitarian ideology inherent in many religious communities. This article explores the significance of the free exercise and the establishment clauses of the federal constitution and argues that the present clergy status (self-employed) minimizes the conflict between church and state. This leaves the religious community free to debate the role of leadership within its internal polities.
Response of Soybean Growth to Root and Canopy Competition

Interplant competition in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] influences plant growth. Because of the difficulty of evaluating root competition, studies to date have concentrated on competition whithin the canopy. We used a below-ground porous membrane to isolate and evaluate the effects of root and canopy competition on soybean growth. Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 on a Captina silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, mesic Typic Fragiudult) with four competitiion treatments imposed on Forrest' soybean (...)
EFFECTS OF THE PANCREAS AND THE ADRENALS UPON PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN STORAGE WITH PITUITARY PREPARATIONS

NUMEROUS STUDIES indicate that the effect of anterior pituitary preparations upon metabolism of protein and carbohydrate is greatly influenced by the pancreas. In experiments conducted in this laboratory upon normal fed bitches, single large injections of a growth preparation induced storage of nitrogen, sudden gains in weight, little or no glycosuria or hyperglycemia, and a negligible rise in blood fat. In depancreatizied bitches receiving constant diets and uniform daily doses of insulin the effects of the same preparation were practically reversed. Losses of weight and nitrogen occurred, as well as greatly increased glycosuria, hypergly cemia, lipemia, and ketonuria (1). If the response of normal animals depends upon ability to increase or mobilize their insulin supply, one should be able to produce the same response in depancreatised animals by raising the insulin dosage when the growth preparation is injected. Such experiments form the first part of the present study.
A specialized network simplex algorithm for the constrained maximum flow problem

Abstract The constrained maximum flow problem is to send the maximum flow from a source to a sink in a directed capacitated network where each arc has a cost and the total cost of the flow cannot exceed a budget. This problem is similar to some variants of classical problems such as the constrained shortest path problem, constrained transportation problem, or constrained assignment problem, all of which have important applications in practice. The constrained maximum flow problem itself has important applications, such as in logistics, telecommunications and computer networks. In this research, we present an efficient specialized network simplex algorithm that significantly outperforms the two widely used LP solvers: CPLEX and lp_solve. We report CPU times of an average of 27 times faster than CPLEX (with its dual simplex algorithm), the closest competitor of our algorithm.
Utilization of basic plant in the combination of refining with petrochemicals production

1. The plant efficiency at the Salavat Petrochemical Combine will increase with increased production-combination in all its constituent factories. 2. The fall in plant efficiency for the combine as a whole is due to structural shifts in the composition of the basic plant and does not in any way disprove the effectiveness of combination as one of the means of technical progress. 3. The plant efficiency level at the Salavat Petrochemical Combine can be considerably increased by commissioning the production capacities for a number of processes. The modification in the method of accounting intracombine turnover and the introduction of more sound wholesale prices will also increase the plant efficiency level at the combine.
Solution−Liquid−Solid Growth of Indium Phosphide Fibers from Organometallic Precursors: Elucidation of Molecular and Nonmolecular Components of the Pathway

Methanolysis of {t-Bu2In[μ-P(SiMe3)2]}2 (1) in aromatic solvents gives polycrystalline InP fibers (dimensions 10−100 nm × 50−1000 nm) at 111−203 °C. The chemical pathway consists of a molecular component, in which precursor substituents are eliminated, and a nonmolecular component, in which the InP crystal lattices are assembled. The two components working in concert comprise the solution−liquid−solid (SLS) mechanism. The molecular component proceeds through a sequence of isolated and fully characterized intermediates: 1 → [t-Bu2In(μ-OMe)]2 (2) → [t-Bu2In(μ-PHSiMe3)]2 (3) → 2 → [t-Bu2In(μ-PH2)]3 (4). Complex 4, which is alternatively prepared from t-Bu3In and PH3, undergoes alkane elimination, the last steps of which are catalyzed by the protic reagent MeOH, PhSH, Et2NH, or PhCO2H. In the subsequent nonmolecular component of the pathway, the resulting (InP)n fragments dissolve into a dispersion of molten In droplets, and recrystallize as the InP fibers. Important criteria are identified for crystal growt...
Bayesian exponentially tilted empirical likelihood

SUMMARY While empirical likelihood has been shown to exhibit many of the properties of conven tional parametric likelihoods, a formal probabilistic interpretation has so far been lacking. We show that a likelihood function very closely related to empirical likelihood naturally arises from a nonparametric Bayesian procedure which places a type of noninformative prior on the space of distributions. This prior gives preference to distributions having a small support and, among those sharing the same support, it favours entropy-maximising distributions. The resulting nonparametric Bayesian procedure admits a computationally convenient representation as an empirical-likelihood-type likelihood where the probability weights are obtained via exponential tilting. The proposed methodology provides an attractive alternative to the Bayesian bootstrap as a nonparametric limit of a Bayesian procedure for moment condition models.
Perspective and Appreciation in Xie Lingyun's "Imitations of the Crown Prince of Wei's Gatherings in Ye"

AbstractThis paper explores the construction of poetic voice and the meaning(s) of imitation in Xie Lingyun's series "Imitations of the Crown Prince of Wei's Gatherings in Ye: Eight Poems." The series looks back upon a famous moment in literary history, namely, the congregation of the Jian'an Masters at the Cao-Wei court in the early second century CE. Through close analysis of the poems in the series, the paper argues that, instead of imitating the distinct styles of the individual Masters so as to underline their differences, the series is characterized by overall unity of perspective. The series adopts the perspective of Cao Pi, the literary patron who brings together the talented writers of the generation. Thus, what is "imitated" by the series is the ideal literary community united by mutual understanding and admiration. Moving from this text-based analysis of the poems, the paper argues that Xie Lingyun's "Imitations" represents the act of literary criticism becoming the focus of literary criticism....