cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winning Does Matter: Patterns in Private Giving to Athletic and Academic Programs at NCAA Division I-AA and I-AAA Institutions

In a study of “big-time” athletic programs, Stinson and Howard (2004) documented a shift in donor giving patterns toward increased support of athletic programs at the apparent expense of giving to academic programs. The shift toward greater athletic giving was most evident at those schools with major football programs. This study's primary purpose is to determine whether the changes found at the Division I-A level are also evident at schools that compete at the Division I-AA or I-AAA level. Linear mixed models indicate that successful athletic programs influence both the number of donors making gifts to an institution and the average dollar amount of those gifts. However, unlike the giving patterns at I-A football schools, winning football and men's basketball teams have direct effects on both athletic and academic gifts. Rather than producing a crowding-out effect, athletic success appears to enhance support for both athletic and academic programs.
Pro-opiomelanocortin gene transfer to the nucleus of the solitary track but not arcuate nucleus ameliorates chronic diet-induced obesity.

Short-term pharmacological melanocortin activation deters diet-induced obesity (DIO) effectively in rodents. However, whether central pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene transfer targeted to the hypothalamus or hindbrain nucleus of the solitary track (NTS) can combat chronic dietary obesity has not been investigated. Four-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high fat diet for five months, and then injected with either the POMC or control vector into the hypothalamus or NTS, and body weight and food intake recorded for 68 days. Insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism and adrenal indicators of central sympathetic activation were measured, and voluntary wheel running (WR) assessed. Whereas the NTS POMC-treatment decreased cumulative food consumption and caused sustained weight reduction over 68 days, the hypothalamic POMC-treatment did not alter cumulative food intake and produced weight loss only in the first 25 days. At death, only the NTS-POMC rats had a significant decrease in fat mass. They also displayed enhanced glucose tolerance, lowered fasting insulin and increased QUICK value, and elevated adrenal indicators of central sympathetic activation. Moreover, the NTS-POMC animals exhibited a near 20% increase in distance ran relative to the respective controls, but the ARC-POMC rats did not. In conclusion, POMC gene transfer to the NTS caused modest anorexia, persistent weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased propensity for WR in DIO rats. These metabolic improvements may involve stimulation of energy expenditure via centrally regulated sympathetic outflow. The similar POMC treatment in the hypothalamus had minimal long-term physiological or metabolic impact. Thus, melanocortin activation in the brainstem NTS region effectively ameliorates chronic dietary obesity whilst that in the hypothalamus fails to do so.
A new algorithm for improved ionospheric electron density modeling

This paper presents an algorithm that allows physical, time-dependent, ionospheric models to reproduce the measured F2 peak electron density (NmF2). The algorithm uses the measured NmF2 to adjust the entire altitude density profile in the model as it steps in time. Thus the algorithm provides an internal constraint to the electron density in addition to the usual initial and boundary constraints. If the plasma temperatures are also well modeled, the new algorithm allows a faithful reproduction of electron density profiles throughout the entire F2 layer to high altitudes. The algorithm offers a simple method of parameterizing electron density profiles from incoherent scatter radars and also extending bottom side measurements into the topside ionosphere. The improved accuracy of the model electron density will allow more accurate studies of ionospheric emissions, energy budget, and minor species densities. There may be other non-ionospheric physical systems where a similar algorithm could be applied. Any system where remote sensing measurements provide internal constraints would be a candidate.
Difficulties in the detection of surface impurities on platinum using Auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract The difficulties in the detection of surface impurities on platinum by Auger electron spectroscopy are demonstrated by the analysis of samples which showed varying degrees of contamination in field emission microscope investigations. Spectra indicate that S contamination can easily be overlooked because of an overlap of the main S transition at 152 eV with the Pt transitions at 150 and 158 eV. A similar example involving the overlap of the 92 eV Si peak with the 93 eV Pt peak is investigated. The presence of P is found to be easily obscured by electron beam induced effects. Several oxygen-P cross transition signals can arise, each of relatively low intensity. Together, these signals give the appearance of background noise. The results of these analyses are applied to investigations of the so called “clean” reconstruction of Pt {100}. In reviewing over seventy papers on {100} reconstruction, including those of Ir and Au, not one Auger spectrum could be found providing unequivocal evidence of surface cleanliness.
Unidentified features in the spectrum of Triton

Photometry at 3.5 microns was taken with the Infrared Telescope Facility of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to obtain an improved IR spectrum of Triton. The observations show features that are not in detailed agreeement with previous identifications of methane or methane frost, although the general spectral behavior leading to such identifications has been confirmed. It is believed that a combination of surface and atmospheric absorptions may resolve some discrepancies; for instance, many hydrated minerals and frosts which are dark between 3.0 and 4.0 microns may combine with a carbon monoxide atmosphere to yield the data in question.
Seasonal mood patterns in a northeastern college sample

Given that seasonality can be conceptualized along a developmental continuum, it is surprising that the college population has been largely excluded from previous epidemiological research on Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). In this study, college students completed the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) and Beck Depression Inventory twice during either the Fall or Spring academic semester. SAD prevalence rates were similar to those of nearby adult samples. The SPAQ demonstrated high test-retest reliability when administered during different seasons; however, gender differences only emerged during winter SPAQ administrations.
Racism and xenophobia in immigrants’ discourse: the case of Argentines in Spain

This study examines how racist and xenophobic discourses of Spanish elite groups are appropriated and contested in an Internet forum for Argentines in Spain. Specifically, I examine the discursive strategies involved in the identification of the in-group and the out-group (Spanish citizens vs immigrants), the descriptions of the social actors, and the stances adopted by the participants in the forum, three dimensions that have been found to be key in the production of xeno-racist discourses. The results show that this group of forum participants aligns with the racist and anti-racist ideologies articulated in political debates and the mass media in Spain, thus providing evidence of racist and xenophobic discourses working in a top—down fashion. At the same time, however, the analysis offers an example of how the discourses of dominant social groups can be challenged and reformulated to serve the purposes of the subordinate social groups.
Research Issues for Collaborative versus Individual Training in the X-ray Security Screening Task

We discuss recent research in the X-ray security screening task and identify some of the learning and performance issues arising from this complex visual search process. We emphasize research exploring the effects of collaboration and focused search and discuss some of the issues that come out of this research. We examine the effects of collaboration and its interaction with the search process and, from this, provide a number of research questions to help the field better understand how to utilize individual and collaborative training as a means of improving target detection. Our goal is to provide training researchers with the information needed to compare and contrast these potentially beneficial training approaches for baggage screening.
The Effect of Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy on Quality of Life and Symptom Management of Hyperhidrosis

Background Success with thoracoscopic sympathectomy (TS) for hyperhidrosis is 93% to 100%. We wished to determine if hyperhidrosis patients who do not undergo TS have decreased quality of life (QOL). Study design Data collection was retrospective, with telephone calls to hyperhidrosis patients who qualified for sympathectomy. Data collection included assessing sweating severity; overall QOL; social, professional, and cosmetic satisfaction; and comfort with daily activities. Results Between 1998 and 2005, 60 patients met the criteria for sympathectomy. Twenty-two patients who qualified but did not undergo operations (no TS) and 26 TS patients were contacted. Change in symptoms on a 10-point scale for hands was: no TS, −0.30 and TS, −6.25, p Conclusions TS controls palmar hyperhidrosis, and, despite compensatory sweating, patients having the procedure are very satisfied. Patients who did not have surgery have decreased satisfaction, comfort, and QOL, and increased symptoms.
Relapse Prevention for Managerial Training: A Model for Maintenance of Behavior Change

Although organizations invest heavily in training programs to enhance managerial effectiveness, little attention is paid to the transfer of such training from the workshop to the workplace. This paper describes a cognitive-behavioral model that offers a systematic approach to the maintenance of behavior. Relapse prevention strategies are discussed, and implications for management training and research are considered.
Neurophysiological Indexes of Speech Processing Deficits in Children with Specific Language Impairment

We used neurophysiological and behavioral measures to examine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI ) have deficits in automatic processing of brief, phonetically similar vowels, and whether attention plays a role in such deficits. The neurophysiological measure mismatch negativity (MMN ) was used as an index of discrimination in two tasks; one in which children ignored the auditory stimuli and watched a silent video and a second in which they attended to the auditory modality. Children with SLI showed good behavioral discrimination, but significantly poorer behavioral identification of the brief vowels than the children with typical language development (TLD). For the TLD children, two neurophysiological measures (MMN and a later negativity, LN ) indexed discrimination of the vowels in both tasks. In contrast, only the LN was elicited in either task for the SLI group. We did not see a direct correspondence between the absence of MMN and poor behavioral performance in the children with SLI. This pattern of findings indicates that children with SLI have speech perception deficiencies, although the underlying cause may vary.
A new phosphite offers an excellent balance of properties

Phosphites are a critical component of stabilizer formulations and provide molecular weight and color protection to the polymer. This paper profiles a new phosphite antioxidant whose structure provides an excellent balance of high activity, hydrocarbon solubility, and excellent handling characteristics. A wide range of performance data is illustrated in polypropylene.
Estimating Salinity Variance Dissipation Rate from Conductivity Microstructure Measurements

At the smallest length scales, conductivity measurements include a contribution from salinity fluctuations in the inertial‐convective and viscous‐diffusive ranges of the turbulent scalar variance spectrum. Interpreting these measurements is complicated because conductivity is a compound quantity of both temperature and salinity. Accurate estimates of the dissipation rate of salinity variance xS and temperature variance xT from conductivity gradient spectra require an understanding of the temperature‐salinity gradient cross spectrum , C (k) C (k) C ST z zz which is bounded by # . |C | CC ˇ ST S T zz z z Highly resolved conductivity measurements were made using a four-point conductivity probe mounted on the loosely tethered vertical profiler Chameleon during cruises in 1991 and 1992. Thirty-eight turbulent patches were selected for homogeneity in shear, temperature gradient, and salinity gradient fluctuations and for clear relationship between temperature and salinity. Estimates of xT and xS from the conductivity probe are found to agree with independent estimators from a conventional thermistor probe.
Hilbert-Huang decomposition of time signals for structural damage detection

This paper presents methods for characterizing nonlinearities and sudden disturbances in stationary/transient responses by decomposing signals using the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and a sliding-window fitting (SWF) technique. Similar to the wavelet transform SWF uses windowed regular harmonics and their orthogonality to extract local harmonic components. However, SWF decomposes a signal into less components because it allows distorted harmonics, and it provides time-varying amplitudes and frequencies of extracted components that can reveal system's nonlinearities. To extract components from a signal HHT uses the apparent time scales shown by the local maxima and minima of the signal (instead of using orthogonality of chosen fitting functions) and cubic spline fitting of extrema to sequentially sift components of different time scales, starting from highfrequency ones to low-frequency ones. Because it does not use orthogonality of functions, HHT provides more accurate time-varying amplitudes and frequencies of extracted components for accurate estimation of system characteristics and nonlinearities. Because the first extracted component contains all original discontinuities, its time-varying amplitude and frequency are excellent indicators of sudden transient disturbances. However, the discontinuity-induced Gibbs' phenomenon makes HHT analysis inaccurate around the two data ends. On the other hand, the SWF analysis has no Gibbs' phenomenon at the two data ends, but it cannot extract accurate modulation frequencies due to the use of non-orthogonal basic functions in the sliding-window least-squares curve-fitting process. Numerical and experimental results show that HHT can provide accurate extraction of intrawave amplitude- and phase-modulation, distorted harmonic response under a single-frequency harmonic excitation, softening and hardening effects, different orders of nonlinearity, interwave amplitude- and phasemodulation, multiple-mode vibrations caused by internal/external resonances, and instants of impact loading on a structure from stationary/transient responses. These phenomena are keys for performing dynamics-based structural damage detection and health monitoring.
In situ voltammetric de-alloying of fuel cell catalyst electrode layer: A combined scanning electron microscope/electron probe micro-analysis study

Abstract In situ voltammetric de-alloying, i.e. partial selective dissolution of less noble alloy components, is a recently proposed, effective strategy to prepare active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) [S. Koh, P. Strasser, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 12624–12625; R. Srivastava, P. Mani, N. Hahn, P. Strasser, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (2007) 8988–8991]. However, in situ de-alloying of bimetallics inside electrode layers of membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) seems to defy the requirement of keeping the membrane free of cationic contaminants; yet, when followed by ion exchange, de-alloyed cathodes result in previously unachieved single cell activities of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell cathode layers of up to 0.4 A mg Pt −1 at 900 mV cell voltage. The effects of voltammetric Cu de-alloying on the MEA have never been studied before. In the present study, we therefore address this issue and report detailed scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging of the morphology and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) mapping of a MEA at various stages of the de-alloying and ion-exchange process. We investigate the significant loss of Cu from the cathode particle catalyst after de-alloying, demonstrate how the membrane can be cleaned from Cu-ion contamination using ion exchange with protons from liquid inorganic acids, and show that Cu ion exchange does ultimately not affect the activated catalyst particles inside the cathode layer. We correlate the microscopic study of the MEA with its cyclic voltammetric response curves as well as the single cell polarization data.
Ultrafast gain quenching in laser amplifiers

A versatile and simple passive optical technique for quenching gain in laser amplifiers on picosecond and subpicosecond time scales is described. The scheme can be used to eliminate undesirable postpulses or to reduce laser pulse widths. A 30-fold suppression of satellite pulses from a synchronously pumped amplified dye laser is demonstrated.
Automated control in cloud computing: challenges and opportunities

With advances in virtualization technology, virtual machine services offered by cloud utility providers are becoming increasingly powerful, anchoring the ecosystem of cloud services. Virtual computing services are attractive in part because they enable customers to acquire and release computing resources for guest applications adaptively in response to load surges and other dynamic behaviors. ``Elastic'' cloud computing APIs present a natural opportunity for feedback controllers to automate this adaptive resource provisioning, and many recent works have explored feedback control policies for a variety of network services under various assumptions.This paper addresses the challenge of building an effective controller as a customer add-on outside of the cloud utility service itself. Such external controllers must function within the constraints of the utility service APIs. It is important to consider techniques for effective feedback control using cloud APIs, as well as how to design those APIs to enable more effective control. As one example, we explore proportional thresholding, a policy enhancement for feedback controllers that enables stable control across a wide range of guest cluster sizes using the coarse-grained control offered by popular virtual compute cloud services.
Evolutionary document summarization for disaster management

In this poster, we develop an evolutionary document summarization system for discovering the changes and differences in each phase of a disaster evolution. Given a collection of document streams describing an event, our system generates a short summary delivering the main development theme of the event by extracting the most representative and discriminative sentences at each phase. Experimental results on the collection of press releases for Hurricane Wilma in 2005 demonstrate the efficacy of our proposal.
Augmenting NF-κB in poor-risk CLL: A general paradigm for other cancers?

![Figure][1] Insight from David Tuveson (left) and Kanti Rai (right) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of B lymphocytes. It has an extremely variable clinical course. Some patients have a rather indolent course, whereas others are known to have a
COPD is associated with cognitive dysfunction and poor physical fitness in heart failure.

Abstract Objective To examine the associations among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cognitive function, and physical fitness in heart failure (HF). Background Cognitive impairment in HF in part stems from medical comorbidities and poor physical fitness. COPD, a frequent co-existing condition in HF, is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and a known cause of poor physical fitness. Yet, the interplay among COPD, cognition, and physical fitness has never been examined in HF. Methods 191 HF patients completed a cognitive test battery and brief physical fitness assessment. Diagnostic history of COPD was ascertained via medical chart review. Results Regression analyses showed HF patients with COPD exhibited worse attention/executive function and poorer fitness relative to their non-COPD counterparts. Worse fitness correlated with cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions COPD is associated with reduced cognition and worse fitness in HF. Longitudinal work that employs objective assessments of COPD is needed to determine directionality and clarify mechanisms.
Is ideal body image related to obesity and lifestyle behaviours in African American adolescents

Background Childhood obesity epidemic has become a public health issue in the USA, especially among African American youths. Research on the association between ideal body image (IBI) and obesity and related lifestyle factors among African American children and adolescents is limited. Methods Data collected from 402 low-income African American adolescents aged 10–14 years in four Chicago public schools were used. Questionnaires were used to assess IBI, weight perception, weight control practices, and self-efficacy towards food and physical activity. Body mass index was calculated using measured weight and height. Associations between IBI and weight perception, overweight/obesity and lifestyle behaviours were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. Results The most frequently chosen ideal body size was the fourth of eight silhouettes (from thinnest to heaviest) for boys (55%) and girls (49%). Overweight and obese girls selected larger ideal body figures than the others (trend test: P < 0.001). Compared with those with middle ideal body figures, girls who selected smaller ones were twice as likely to have an unhealthy diet as indicated by less fruit and milk consumption; the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were 2.40 (1.15–5.02) for fruits intake (<once/week) and 2.13 (1.06–4.29) for milk consumption (<once/day), respectively. Boys with larger IBI were less likely to eat snack often [≥once/day; OR = 0.11 (0.02–0.50)]. Girls with larger IBI were less likely to spend more screen time [OR = 0.12 (0.02–0.70)] and reported better food choice intentions (P < 0.05). Overweight and obese boys and girls appeared to have better food choice intentions and food self-efficacy than their non-overweight peers (trend test: both P < 0.01). Conclusions Ideal body image is associated with weight status, food self-efficacy and lifestyle behaviours among low-income African American adolescents.
A digital testbed for a PHEV/PEV enabled parking lot in a Smart Grid environment

The anticipation of a large penetration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many technical problems that need to be addressed within the next 10 years. In the future, electric-powered vehicles would be plugged into the grid, and their onboard energy storage systems would be recharged using clean, renewable electricity. One of the key missions is to facilitate the smooth interaction between the plug-in vehicle and the power grid. This paper presents a digital testbed for a PHEV/PEV enabled parking lot in a Smart Grid environment. This digital testbed allows us to evaluate a wide range of PHEV/PEV charging scenarios and the corresponding control strategies. In addition, this digital testbed allows us to explore a variety of communication technologies for a PHEV/PEV charging facility such as a parking lot. Moreover, this digital testbed offers more flexibility to prepare for the emergence of new technologies (e.g., Vehicle-to-Grid, Vehicle-to-Building, and Smart Charging), which will become a reality in the near future.
Valuation of Environmental Goods: Correcting for Bias in Contingent Valuation Studies Based on Willingness-to-Accept

The willingness-to-accept (WTA) measure of value is often subject to a systematic, large bias, making it unsuitable for use in contingent valuation studies. However, for the valuation of environmental goods, in many cases WTA rather than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) is the relevant measure. The paper proposes that, by using a composite-error model for the estimation of the valuation function, a correction can be made for the bias in reported WTA. To illustrate the proposed methodology, it is applied to the data of the Brookshire-Coursey (1987) study of alternative tree density in Troutman Park, Fort Collins. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
Strange bedfellows? Voluntary corporate social responsibility disclosure and politics

We show a reliable association between voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and company political interests, which we proxy by company employees’ contributions to political action committees and statewide voting in presidential elections. This relation is most pronounced for the contributions of Democratic employees at companies in states that vote for the Democratic presidential candidate. We also show a positive association between corporate political contributions and excess stock returns. A portfolio strategy of investing based on company size, CSR disclosure intensity and corporate political contributions produces a significant positive mean excess stock return of 4.5 per cent over 3 months following CSR disclosure.
Building Collaborative Health Promotion Partnerships: The Jackson Heart Study.

Building Collaborative Health Promotion Partnerships: The Jackson Heart Study. Background: Building a collaborative health promotion partnership that effectively employs principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR) involves many dimensions. To ensure that changes would be long-lasting, it is imperative that partnerships be configured to include groups of diverse community representatives who can develop a vision for long-term change. This project sought to enumerate processes used by the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) Community Outreach Center (CORC) to create strong, viable partnerships that produce lasting change. Methods: JHS CORC joined with community representatives to initiate programs that evolved into comprehensive strategies for addressing health disparities and the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This collaboration was made possible by first promoting an understanding of the need for combined effort, the desire to interact with other community partners, and the vision to establish an effective governance structure. Results: The partnership between JHS CORC and the community has empowered and inspired community members to provide leadership to other health promotion projects. Conclusion: Academic institutions must reach out to local community groups and together address local health issues that affect the community. When a community understands the need for change to respond to negative health conditions, formalizing this type of collaboration is a step in the right direction.
Generalization of an integrated cost model and extensions to cots, ple and ttm

There have been existing software reuse cost models related to estimating costs of software reuse, for example, COCOMO II, COCOTS, and so on. Chmiel's model [Chmiel 2000] is a generalization of these cost models. This model is different from others in that the decisions are composed of four levels and treats reuse projects from a point of view of long term run. Each level corresponds one engineering cycle. Each level is a decision making process based on calculation of NPV, ROI, and other economic indices. Reuse investment decisions are made on different levels from the corporate to the programming. Chmiel's model doesn't cover Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS), Product Line Engineering (PLE) and benefits due to shortened Time-To-Market (TTM) and can only deal with internal traffic since the model assumes all of the reusable components are built from scratch in house. For example, Extra efforts caused by the use of COTS, assessment, tailoring, glue code and COTS volatility, are not covered in this model. And this model doesn't treat the benefits of TTM, for example, business performance. By extending Chmiel's model, the new model is applied to CBSE (Component-Based Software Engineering), COTS reuse systems and PLE. In addition, attempts of quantifying benefits of shortened TTM are made within this study and a TTM submodel is developed to cover this issue. This study also addresses the issue to analyze and optimize corporate Return On Investment (ROI). The rational is that optimizing (maximizing) the corporate ROI under the condition that all other ROI's are positive. By designing an algorithm and applying it to the data, this study discovers the method how to make the maximized value of corporate ROI. And this model is supported through a tool based on the model rationale. Users to this tool are corporate management and development engineers. The supporting tool has user-friendly interface and allows users to input values of related parameters. A detailed report is produced, which is composed of details about costs and benefits, final Net Present Value (NPV) and ROI of each cycle.
Translocation Kinetics of Photosynthates

It is hard to imagine what working on translocation must have been like before radioactive tracers were available. So much of the information we have, particularly about physiological aspects, is based on tracer methodology that it would be difficult even to list it. Nevertheless, one of the most interesting — and important — promises of the tracer approach to translocation has not been fulfilled. Even though the first experiments with radioactive carbon dioxide were run more than twenty years ago, there is no general agreement on what translocation kinetics have to say about the translocation mechanism. It hasn’t been possible to reach a consensus even where such different possibilities as “active diffusion” and plug flow are concerned. Nevertheless, I personally feel that this confusion is much greater than it needs to be, and that the fundamental reasons for the observed kinetic patterns can be identified with a fair degree of confidence.
Two new roles for the Drosophila AP patterning system in early morphogenesis

Although gastrulation is regarded as the stage during Drosophila development when the AP patterning system first influences morphological processes, transcription is regulated in complex patterns already at cycle 10. How soon this transcriptional complexity produces spatial differences in morphology has been unclear. We report on two new processes that establish visible morphological inhomogeneities before the onset of gastrulation. The first of these is the regulation of syncytial nuclear densities in the anterior end of the egg and represents the first zygotically driven AP asymmetry in the embryo. The second process is the generation of a fine-scale pattern in the actin/myosin array during cellularization. We find three domains of different yolk stalk diameters as well as depths of cellularization along the AP axis. These domains are established under the control of the AP patterning system and require bicoid activity. The anterior-most domain is a region of large yolk stalk diameters and corresponds to the region of decreased nuclear densities observed during syncytial stages. The middle domain shows smaller yolk stalk diameters and more rapid cellularization. Its establishment requires wild-type paired activity and thus indirectly requires bicoid. It occurs in a region of the embryo that ultimately gives rise to the cephalic furrow and may account for the effect of paired on that structure during gastrulation. Our results therefore suggest a link between cytoskeletal organization during cellularization and subsequent morphogenetic processes of gastrulation.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: fibrotic plaques and contracture following exposure to gadolinium-based contrast media

A 55-year-old man with a history of end-stage renal disease secondary to systemic lupus, status post-deceased donor kidney transplants in 1988 and 2008, presented to the transplant dermatology clinic. Detailed examination revealed cobblestoning (figure 1) and faintly erythaematous, hyperpigmented, indurated plaques on both legs and arms (figure 2) with slight fissuring in the left antecubital fossa (figure 3). The patient had accompanying stiffness and contracture of the left arm (figure 3), which were attributable to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Figure 1 Skin with ‘cobblestone’ or ‘woody’ appearance, typical of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Figure 2 Hyperpigmented fibrotic indurated plaques on the patient's right arm (A), left leg (B) and right leg (C). Figure 3 Fissuring in the left antecubital fossa and stiff contracture of the patient's left arm. In March 2005, the patient received gadodiamide, a linear gadolinium-based (0.2 mmol/kg) MRI contrast agent, for an MRI study and subsequently developed severe skin fibrosis of his extremities …
Memory CD8(+) T Cells: Innate-Like Sensors and Orchestrators of Protection.

Recent findings have revealed roles for systemic and mucosa-resident memory CD8+ T cells in the orchestration of innate immune responses critical to host defense upon microbial infection. Here we integrate these findings into the current understanding of the molecular and cellular signals controlling memory CD8+ T cell reactivation and the mechanisms by which these cells mediate effective protection in vivo. The picture that emerges presents memory CD8+ T cells as early sensors of danger signals, mediating protective immunity both through licensing of cellular effectors of the innate immune system and via the canonical functions associated with memory T cells. We discuss implications for the development of T cell vaccines and therapies and highlight important areas in need of further investigation.
Atmospheric Response to Mesoscale Oceanic Eddies over the Kuroshio Extension:Case Analyses of Warm and Cold Eddies in Winter

The response of the atmosphere to mesoscale oceanic eddies is investigated by using dynamic composite and bandpass filters with particular focus on one warm eddy and one cold eddy over the Kuroshio Extension during the winter season.Results show positive correlation between sea surface temperature(SST) and wind speed at 10-m on dynamic composites,indicating remarkable oceanic forcing at daily time scales.Significantly weak divergence appears over the warm(cold) eddy center with positive(negative) vorticity anomaly.Latent and sensible heat fluxes increase(decrease)over the warm(cold) eddy,thus weakening(enhancing) atmospheric stability and thickening(thinning) the marine atmospheric boundary layer with strong(weak) vertical mixing.The maximum(minimum) center of frictional velocity,which represents turbulent viscous forces,lies over the warm(cold) eddy,indicating the substantial role of the vertical mixing mechanism in mesoscale and microscale ocean-atmosphere interaction.Mesoscale oceanic eddies can exert their influence on atmospheric transient disturbance intensity,which is significant both in the boundary layer and the mid-lower troposphere.Moreover,baroclinic energy conversion is found to play a critical role in the oceanic forcing of atmospheric transient disturbances.
Kantian Moral Maturity and the Cultivation of Character

Learning to be good, as Mr. Darcy reminds us, is much more than just learning correct principles. Being good involves having the right (or some set of right)1 attitudes, feelings, and ways of viewing oneself and others.
Syncytial organization of cultured rat mesangial cells.

To investigate communication competence of cultured rat mesangial cells, Lucifer yellow transfer was studied using microinjection and scrape-loading techniques. Both methods yielded results indicat...
Brain White Matter Integrity Mediates the Relationship Between Phenylalanine Control and Executive Abilities in Children with Phenylketonuria

We tested the hypothesis that brain white matter integrity mediates the relationship between phenylalanine (Phe) control and executive abilities in children with phenylketonuria (PKU; N = 36). To do so, we examined mean diffusivity (MD) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in two white matter brain regions (posterior parietal–occipital, PPO; centrum semiovale, CSO) and lifetime phenylalanine (Phe) exposure; the executive abilities examined included verbal strategic processing, nonverbal strategic processing, and working memory. Mediation modeling showed that MD in the PPO and CSO mediated the relationship between Phe exposure and nonverbal strategic processing, MD in the CSO mediated the relationship between Phe exposure and verbal strategic processing, and MD in the PPO mediated the relationship between Phe exposure and working memory. These exploratory findings demonstrate the importance of using sophisticated modeling procedures to understand the interplay among metabolic control, neural factors, and functional outcomes in individuals with PKU.
What Does Evidence-Based Mean for Nutrition Educators? Best Practices for Choosing Nutrition Education Interventions Based on the Strength of the Evidence

Funding agencies and professional organizations are increasingly requiring community-based nutrition education programs to be evidence-based. However, few nutrition education interventions have demonstrated efficacy, particularly for interventions that address the outer layers of the socioecological model (ie, organizational, community, and public policy). This article reviews the types of evidence available to assess the likelihood that a given intervention will deliver the desired outcomes and how these types of evidence might be applied to nutrition education, and then suggests an approach for nutrition educators to evaluate the evidence and adapt interventions if necessary.
Undergraduates Need a Safety Education

Safety education is absent in the chemistry curriculum. This commentary discusses the consequences of the missing safety education for graduates and institutions that hire them. It suggests and discusses the application of the theory of Normalization of Deviance to explain why safety education is missing. It suggests ways to fix the shortcoming by involving not only chemistry but other departments and top administrators. It suggests ways to incorporate safety education, the “why” of safety, into the curriculum.
Multifunctions: the Rudiments

If f is a function from a set Y to a set X,then for each x ∈ X there may be several points of Y sent by f to x. Thus the inverse assignment x → {y ∈ Y: f(y) = x} is naturally multi-valued, and unless f is onto, some of the values of the inverse are empty. Only when f is a bijection will this assignment be a single-valued function in the usual sense. In this chapter we present the elements of the theory of functions that assign to points of a given set X subsets of a second set Y. Such functions are called set-valued functions or multifunctions. There are a number of set-valued functions that naturally arise in Banach space geometry, some of which we introduce here.
Access in Community College Policy: An Examination of the Social and Political Space Afforded Disabled Students in California Community College Policies

ABSTRACTAccess to education has long been seen as a fundamental element of a developed country. Specifically, the relative availability and access to education by various constituent groups has been identified as an essential metric in educational evaluation. Yet, individuals with disabilities have been identified as being underrepresented within institutions of higher education, including the United States (U.S.) community college. Furthermore, scholars have also argued that discussion of disability remains on the margins of scholarship within academia. Therefore, this investigation employed qualitative methods by conducting a Critical Discourse Analysis of California Title 5 policies specific to disabled students. This was done in order to examine the sociopolitical space afforded to disabled students to navigate the institutional environment of the community college. Titchkosky’s (2011) 4 W Access framework provided the analytical frameworks for this investigation. Findings indicate that ideological co...
Cardiovascular safety of therapies for type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are relatively new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes and recent concerns questioning CV safety of newer antidiabetic medications, cardiovascular safety of these medications requires evaluation.Areas covered: Cardiovascular effects of these drug classes from preclinical and clinical data as well as non-cardiovascular safety issues are delineated from literature searches covering the last decade and up to June 2016. Major clinical trials assessing the cardiovascular safety of GLP-1 agonists (ELIXA and LEADER), DPP-4 inhibitors (SAVOR-TIMI 53, EXAMINE, and TECOS) and SGLT2 inhibitors (EMPA-REG OUTCOME) are reviewed and interpreted.Expert opinion: Based on review of the present evidence, these 3 classes of antihyperglycemic therapies have acc...
4 W, 7-12 GHz, compact CB HBT MMIC power amplifier

Extremely compact, broadband, heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) power amplifiers (PAs) were demonstrated with excellent performance. Common base (CB) HBTs were used in three single-stage broadband power amplifier designs, 1 W, 2 W, and 4 W, covering 7 to 11 GHz. In addition, a 1-W common emitter (CE) HBT linear amplifier was studied for its intermodulation property for communication application. The CB HBT PAs show good scaling relation in output power level. The peak power added efficiency is 40% for both the 1-W and 2-W versions, and 34% for the 4-W version. The chip size is only 2.15 mm by 2.9 mm for the 4-W CB HBT power amplifier. The CE HBT PA provides 1-W saturated output power in class B operation. In class A linear operation, 0.4-W output power was achieved. A two-tone test showed that IM/sub 3/ is better than -20 dBc at 1-dB compression point. >
Implementing Network Centric Technologies in the Cockpit

We are on the door step of a new age in aviation. A place where we step from the darkness of a purely ground based air traffic control system and into the light of a network centric environment (NCE) which enables the distribution of air traffic management. As we cross over the terminator that divides the old from the new we must take with us the lessons of the past as we employ new technology to meet the needs of the end users. Many of the rules and regulations used today were designed to ensure the safety of a system that could not produce the situational awareness achievable with today's technologies. Applications like Oceanic In-Trail Procedures and Tailored Arrivals that are enabled by a NCE start the industry on a path which takes lead to a fully integrated National Airspace System (NAS). To maintain safety and make additional responsibility for pilots possible the new technologies must also enhance the pilot's situational awareness. How these NAS modernization technologies are implemented into the cockpit is just as important as which ones are employed. To merit implementation new technologies need to bring a clear and distinct improvement in operational capability to the cockpit. Operationally relevant research needs to be completed before these new technologies can be implemented. If NASA Aeronautics refocuses its research effort back to basic science approach there is a significant risk that gap form between where NASA research efforts end and where development of applicable technologies picks up. This gap in the development of technologies occurs at point that is beyond the capabilities of commercial enterprises to address. If the research community withdraws from conducting operationally relevant research at a time when the airlines are hamstrung by competition our nation's aviation industry and the traveling public suffer
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Magnetic Resonance–Conditional Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices What Can We See?

Patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have been commonly withheld from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures because of magnetic resonance (MR) safety concerns. In response to this clinical need, MR-conditional pacemakers and ICDs have been developed to allow these patients access to MRI. The potential interactions between MRI and recently developed MR-conditional implantable electronic devices have been extensively studied and reviewed.1–4 These interactions include magnetic force and torque, radio frequency-induced heating, induction of electric currents, and electromagnetic interference. Medical device manufacturers have modified the designs of pacemakers and ICDs by using less ferromagnetic material, developing innovative lead wires to reduce radio frequency heating, and advancing circuitry and shielding to reduce electromagnetic interference. The safety and efficacy of these MR-conditional devices have been the primary end point of the EnRhythm,5 Advisa,6 and Evera-MRI7 trials, among others. See Article by Schwitter et al The Evera-MRI trial was a multicenter, international, randomized clinical study with 275 enrolled subjects in 42 centers. The focus of the clinical study was to confirm the safety and efficacy of an MR-conditional ICD system (Evera MRI ICD Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, MN) in patients subjected to a 1.5T MRI examination.7 In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Schwitter et al8 report on the diagnostic quality of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images acquired in patients enrolled in the Evera-MRI trial. Steady-state–free precession (SSFP) and fast gradient echo (FGE) cine CMR pulse sequences were used to acquire images of the left ventricle and right ventricle (RV) and graded for image quality. In a similar previous study by the same group, Schwitter et al9 reported on the impact of the Advisa MRI pacing system on the quality of CMR images and found that high-quality CMR images were attainable in the …
Simulation, Modeling, and Dynamically Based Parameterization of Organized Tropical Convection for Global Climate Models

AbstractA new approach for treating organized convection in global climate models (GCMs) referred to as multiscale coherent structure parameterization (MCSP) introduces physical and dynamical effects of organized convection that are missing from contemporary parameterizations. The effects of vertical shear are approximated by a nonlinear slantwise overturning model based on Lagrangian conservation principles. Simulation of the April 2009 Madden–Julian oscillation event during the Year of Tropical Convection (YOTC) over the Indian Ocean using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at 1.3-km grid spacing identifies self-similar properties for squall lines, MCSs, and superclusters embedded in equatorial waves. The slantwise overturning model approximates this observed self-similarity. The large-scale effects of MCSP are examined in two categories of GCM. First, large-scale convective systems simulated in an aquaplanet model are approximated by slantwise overturning with attention to convective mome...