cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine Hydrochloride

[51805-45-9] C9H15O6P·HCl (MW 286.65) InChI = 1S/C9H15O6P.ClH/c10-7(11)1-4-16(5-2-8(12)13)6-3-9(14)15;/h1-6H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)(H,14,15);1H InChIKey = PBVAJRFEEOIAGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reduction of disulfides, sulfoxides, sulfonyl chlorides, N-oxides, and azides in aqueous media1, 2) Physical Data: mp 175–177 °C, odorless. Solubility: water-soluble (310 g L−1). Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid or aqueous solution (0.5 M, pH 7.0). Anylysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, mp, UV, elemental analysis, and IR. Preparative Methods: commercially available, but can be conveniently made on a large scale by acid hydrolysis of tris(2-cyanoethyl)phosphine in refluxing aqueous HCl followed by cooling to 0 °C, filtration, and recrystallization from water.1 Purification: recrystallization from water.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store at 2–8 °C; −20 °C for long-term storage. Solid TCEP is stable in air for several months. TCEP is also stable in aqueous solution under both acidic and basic conditions, but is neither particularly stable in phosphate buffers, especially at neutral pH, nor in the presence of a metal chelator, such as EGTA. Therefore, if TCEP is to be used in PBS buffers, working solutions should be prepared immediately before use. TCEP·HCl is an irritant to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, and digestive tract. Minimize dust generation and accumulation; avoid contact with the eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Is ADHD Really Increasing in Youth

Objective: It would be useful to compare temporal changes in the diagnostic prevalence of ADHD obtained from identical population surveys with time-trend survey findings based on individual ADHD features. Method: Changes in the diagnostic prevalence of ADHD over time were recorded from parent reports and from physician office visit data. Associated features of ADHD were temporally recorded from standardized teacher, parent, and youth surveys. Results: Time-trend diagnostic findings on ADHD prevalence based on 6 parent surveys and 12 outpatient physician office visit surveys revealed consistent rate increases. By contrast, 26 sets of standard ratings of the primary and associated features of ADHD assessed systematically by different teachers, parents, and students during different years indicated little change. Conclusion: Time-trend national surveys of ADHD in youth over the last two decades reveal consistent increases in its diagnostic prevalence, whereas time-trend findings for individual ADHD-related s...
An analysis of discrepancies between United Kingdom cancer research funding and societal burden and a comparison to previous and United States values

Ideally, the allocation of research funding for each specific type of cancer should be proportional to its societal burden. This burden can be estimated with the metric ‘years of life lost’ (YLL), which combines overall mortality and age at death. Using United Kingdom data from 2010, we compared research funding from the National Cancer Research Institute to this YLL burden metric for 26 types of cancers in order to identify the discrepancies between cancer research funding allocation and societal burden. We also compared these values to United States data from 2010 and United Kingdom data published in 2005. Our study revealed a number of discrepancies between cancer research funding and burden. Some cancers are funded at levels far higher than their relative burden suggests (testicular, leukaemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, breast, cervical, ovarian, prostate) while other cancers appear underfunded (gallbladder, lung, nasopharyngeal, intestine, stomach, pancreatic, thyroid, oesophageal, liver, kidney, bladder, and brain/central nervous system). United Kingdom funding patterns over the past decade have generally moved to increase funding to previously underfunded cancers with one notable exception showing a converse trend (breast cancer). The broad relationship between United Kingdom and United States funding patterns is similar with a few exceptions (e.g. leukaemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, prostate, testicular cancer). There are discrepancies between cancer research funding allocation and societal burden in the United Kingdom. These discrepancies are broadly similar in both the United Kingdom and the United States and, while they appear to be improving, this is not consistent across all types of cancer.
Nonrelativistic Current Algebras as Unitary Representations of Groups

It is possible that a complete physical theory can be written entirely in terms of operators such as current densities, rather than in terms of field operators. The current densities in these models correspond in general to distributions of unbounded operators. Such a theory is reviewed for the case of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. It is found that one can exponentiate the current algebra to obtain a group, which may then be represented by unitary (hence bounded) operators in Hilbert space. This procedure is analogous to exponentiating the canonical commutation relations and obtaining the Weyl group. For nonrelativistic quantum mechanics without spin, the group is the semidirect product J∧K Schwartz space J(R3) with a group K of certain C∞ diffeomorphisms from R3 onto itself. For f ∈ J and φ ∈ K, the composition mapping (f,φ)→f∘φ defines the semidirect product law. The Gel'fand‐Vilenkin formalism for ``nuclear Lie groups'' is suitable for the representation theory of such a group. Almost all of the p...
Immunofluorescent Evidence for the Similarity of Amelogenins in Calf, Mouse and Pig Teeth

Antiserum was prepared to fetal bovine enamel matrix and was used to localize the amelogenins in developing bovine molars by immunofluorescent microscopy. Amelogenins could be identified to preameloblasts, secretory ameloblasts, stratum intermedium cells, and the newly deposited enamel matrix. Mature enamel matrix did not fluoresce except in a thin line along the DEJ and adjacent to the ameloblasts. Immature enamel matrix of murine and porcine teeth fluoresced when treated with antiserum to bovine enamel matrix. No other portions of tooth buds or other tissues reacted with the specific antiserum.
Developmental patterns of neurite outgrowth from chick embryo spinal cord and retinal neurons on laminin substrates.

Abstract It has been previously found that neurite outgrowth on collagen substrates decreases with increasing gestational age of chick embryo spinal cord and retinal neurons in tissue culture. In the current study, laminin, polylysine and collagen were compared in their efficacy in promoting neurite extension from chick embryo spinal cord neurons aged 6–16 days or retinal neurons aged 8–16 days in ovo. The percentage of neurons with neurites and the length of the neurites were determined at 1 and 3 days in culture. There was a significant increase in neuritogenesis by laminin and polylysine compared to collagen for both spinal cord and retinal neurons. Further, in spinal cord cultures grown on a laminin substrate, there was no decline in neurite outgrowth with increasing developmental age of the neurons as was seen on collagen and polylysine. Neurite length measurements also demonstrated a significant stimulation of neuritogenesis for spinal cord, but not retinal, neurons by laminin compared to polylysine or collagen in 1-day cultures. The results demonstrate tissue-specific differences in the developmental patterns of neurite outgrowth. Retinal neurons appear to have intrinsic changes in their ability to respond to extracellular promoting factors or substrates, while spinal cord neurite outgrowth can be regulated by these extrinsic factors.
Measurements of uranium line widths and pressure broadening coefficients in atmospheric pressure laser-induced plasmas

Absorption spectra of neutral uranium atoms generated in a laser-induced plasma are measured with tunable diode lasers to determine line widths and pressure broadening coefficients. Various background gases are examined at pressures from 10–760 Torr.
The Stereotype Approach to the Modeling and Simulation of an Elementary School

An approach to the modeling and simulation of evolving societies of individuals is advanced. The approach is based on the conjecture that a society of interacting stereotypes may retain important properties of behaviors of real societies of individuals. Each of the stereotypes in the model, although a simple deterministic approximation to real life, can be unique and be made to interact with other individuals. A model of a hypothetical six-grade elementary school is developed, and a detailed description of the model is given. A digital computer simulation of the school model is used to test the feasibility of the idea of model simplification through the use of stereotypes. An indication of the versatility of a simulation of interacting stereotypes in terms of the various outputting possibilities, the kinds of events that can be observed, and its potential for evaluating indicators is provided by a study of the results of the six-grade school simulation. In particular, observations are made of the effects of variations in the decision-making processes on individual students and faculty members over a ten-year period. The effect of changing the kinds of students enrolled in schools that are otherwise equal is also observed.
Domainal evolution of a prokaryotic DNA repair protein and its relationship to active-transport proteins.

The ABC excision nuclease of Escherichia coll is an ATP-depen-dent DNA repair enzyme composed of three protein subunits, UvrA, UvrB and UvrC. The DNA sequences of all three genes have been reported1–3. UvrA, the component that binds directly to the DNA, and UvrB, which attaches itself to the UvrA-DNA complex, both contain consensus sequences thought to be diagnostic of ATP-binding sites4, although the UvrC sequence does not. We now report that a computer analysis of the UvrA sequence has revealed an unusual series of internal duplications centering around putative metal-binding sites which may be involved in the interaction with DNA. We also find a strong evolutionary relationship to a family of prokaryotic membrane-associated active-transport proteins.
The implementation of wraparound in California's Title IV-E Child Welfare Waiver Demonstration Project

Abstract Understanding the implementation of Wraparound in child welfare is essential to its continued use in the field. The purpose of this study was to understand the implementation of Wraparound in regard to organizational and systems-related factors and contexts. Wraparound was implemented and evaluated in five counties as part of California's Title IV-E Child Welfare Waiver Demonstration Project, from 1999 to 2004. The three areas of inquiry include the models of Wraparound used, important aspects of the implementation efforts, and the interaction between the principles and values of Wraparound and those of the child welfare system. A multiple case study design provided the structure for data collection and analysis. Focus groups with a convenience sample of administrators and direct-service staff from the public agencies and private community-based agencies implementing Wraparound were conducted annually. While the Wraparound models were similar in configuration there were also unique characteristics that developed in response to local conditions. Issues and solutions emerged regarding referrals and case closures, staffing and training, management information systems, funding, and contextual factors. The values and principles of the child welfare departments, group home providers, and families interacted with the values and principles of Wraparound. The results highlight the importance of organization and systems-level characteristics. Building on the solutions developed in California will help to ensure the sustainability of Wraparound.
Conductivity of random resistor-diode networks

We investigate the behavior of the conductivity in random lattice networks of resistors and Ohmic diodes---elements which behave like an ideal resistor in the forward direction. We study the case where the orientation of the diodes is fixed, corresponding to the geometrical model of directed percolation. New critical behavior is predicted because the structure of the underlying conducting network is characterized by two independent orthogonal correlation lengths. We use the node picture of a percolating network to derive the anisotropic scaling relation between directed percolation and conductivity exponents. In the mean-field limit, we find a directed conductivity exponent ${t}_{+}=2$, in contrast to an isotropic conductivity exponent of $t=3$. In two dimensions, we employ the renormalization group to study the critical behavior of the directed conductivity. We predict that the conductivity should approach zero with an infinite slope (${t}_{+}l1$) as the transition is approached from above. This is consistent with the intuitive expectations developed from the node picture. We also briefly discuss conduction in networks with superconducting diodes (which have an infinite conductivitivity in the forward direction), and possibility of a directed conductor-superconductor transition. Additionally, we describe a more general network with Ohmic and superconducting diodes within the renormalization-group framework by introducing a larger parameter space which includes "leaky" diodes.
Field and laboratory assessment of a coal processing effluent in the Leading Creek Watershed, Meigs County, Ohio.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not recommended water quality criteria (WQC) to protect aquatic life from elevated sodium and sulfate concentrations, such as those associated with the coal-processing effluent of Meigs County Mine #31. This discharge, received by a tributary of the Leading Creek Watershed (SE Ohio), had a mean specific conductivity (SC) of 8,109 (7,750–8,750) μS/cm and total metal concentrations below acute WQC. The mean 48-h LC50 for Ceriodaphnia dubia in the effluent was 6,713 ± 99 μS/cm; mean 48-h survival was 44% for study sites downstream of the effluent. The best indicators of impairment used in this study were Ceriodaphnia fecundity, in situ Corbicula fluminea growth, EPT minus Hydropsychidae (richness and relative abundance), and relative Ephemeroptera abundance. Mayflies, reduced by more than 99% below the effluent, were absent from all but the furthest downstream study site. SC was strongly correlated with Corbicula growth (r = −0.9755, p = 0.0009) and EPT minus Hydropsychidae richness (r = −0.8756, p < 0.0001), suggesting the effluent was primarily responsible for biotic impairment. Our results indicated that SC levels, a measure of dissolved solids, in the Leading Creek Watershed that exceeded ∼3,700 μS/cm impaired sensitive aquatic fauna.
On the generation of large wave parallel electric fields responsible for electron heating in the high-latitude E region

[1] The sources of parallel electric fields (E∥) to explain E region electron heating measurements made by incoherent scatter radars have not been resolved. This paper considers the effect of electron density gradients parallel to the geomagnetic field (∇∥n) on the Farley-Buneman instability and the resulting change in wave δE∥. The dispersion relation including the ∇∥n effect is derived and solved for a set of wave vectors at marginal stability. It is shown that ∇∥n with scales of several kilometers enable propagation of 50 m or longer wavelength waves at large angles (up to 5°) from perpendicularity to the geomagnetic field. The fact that kilometric scales of ∇∥n were previously shown to occur during strong electrojet and that they coincide statistically well with the altitudes of strongest electron heating support the role of these long-wavelength waves in electron heating. Furthermore, unlike the gradient-drift instability, the ∇∥n effect contributes to the growth of the waves with the proper k∥ sign regardless of the direction of the convection electric field Ec; this makes the ∇∥n effect eligible as a source of electron heating, resulting in the consistent increase of electron temperature with the magnitude of Ec. Moreover, it is shown that the inclusion of the ∇∥n effect reduces the discrepancy between the theoretically required perpendicular electric field turbulence (to raise the electron temperature to the measured values) and the in situ rocket measurements.
Clocked quantum-dot celluar automata devices

We present an experimental demonstration of novel Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) devices based on clocked architecture -- a QCA latch and a two-bit QCA shift register. The operation of the devices is demonstrated, and sources of the digital errors occurring in clocked QCA devices are discussed.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Segmental renal infarction after blunt abdominal trauma: Clinical significance and appropriate management

Segmental infarction after blunt trauma is an uncommon type of injury occurring as a result of occlusion of a segmental renal artery. We retrospectively reviewed 32 cases of segmental renal infarction after nonpenetrating injury in order to assess the clinical significance and the most appropriate management. Thirty-five segmental infarcts were demonstrated by contrast medium-enhanced computed tomography (CT), 19 in the left and 16 in the right kidney. Twenty-five of the 35 infarcts (71%) occurred as an isolated renal injury. A distinct upper pole predilection for segmental infarct was observed. Angiography showed an occluded branch vessel without contrast medium extravasation in four cases. None of the 30 surviving patients experienced delayed renal hemorrhage or deterioration of renal function. Only 2 of 24 evaluable patients developed mild diastolic hypertension during follow-up. Our data indicate that segmental renal infarction in the blunt trauma patient, as demonstrated by contrast medium-enhanced CT, should be managed nonoperatively and requires no further evaluation with angiography.
Twentieth-Century Indonesia

The ecology, geography, foreign relations, and ethnic diversity of the Asian island group are examined as the author traces its history from Dutch colonial times to independence.
Airframe noise measurements on a small-scale model of a supersonic transport concept in an anechoic flow facility

Airframe noise has been measured on a .015 scale model of an advanced supersonic transport concept (AST-100) in an anechoic flow facility. The model was equipped with leading- and trailing-edge flaps, nose and main landing gears, and engine nacelles. Each of these components was deployed, individually and collectively, to determine their contribution to the noise field. Results are presented which show that in the clean configuration the aircraft displays a symmetric dipole directivity, whereas in the more complex landing-approach configuration the directivity peaks in the forward quadrant. It was found that the landing-approach noise was due chiefly to the landing gear, the trailing edge flaps, and the aeroacoustic interaction between the two
Role of Cbl in Shear-Activation of PI 3-Kinase and JNK in Endothelial Cells

Abstract Fluid shear stress can activate PI-3 kinase and JNK in vascular endothelial cells. This study was designed to establish the role of Cbl as an upstream molecule in the shear stress activation of PI-3 kinase and JNK. Confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were subjected to a shear stress of 12 dyn/cm2 over intervals ranging from 0.5 to 30 min. Shear stress increased Cbl phosphorylation to 2.9-fold of control and Cbl association with the regulatory PI-3 kinase subunit p85 to 5.4-fold. The PI-3 kinase activity measured in Cbl-immunoprecipitated complexes increased to 11.7-fold in response to shear, suggesting that the shear stress activation of PI-3 kinase involves its association with Cbl. Furthermore, the shear stress induction of JNK was attenuated by a negative mutant of Cbl. Finally, shear stress caused an activation of PI 3-kinase only in BAECs seeded onto fibronectin, vitronectin, or laminin, but not poly- l -lysine. Our results suggest that Cbl plays a critical role in the shear stress induction of PI 3-kinase and JNK activities, and that this shear-induced activation requires the interaction of endothelial integrins with extracellular matrix proteins.
Characterization of Sphinganine Kinase Activity in Corn Shoot Microsomes

Abstract The activity of sphinganine kinase, the enzyme catalyzing the first step in the breakdown of the sphingoid long-chain base sphinganine by converting it to sphinganine 1-phosphate, was characterized in microsomes isolated from corn shoots. Activity was assayed by monitoring the conversion of [ 3 H]sphinganine to [ 3 H]sphinganine 1-phosphate, which was recovered in the aqueous phase following lipid extraction. Sphinganine kinase was found to utilize d - erythro -sphinganine and ATP as substrates. Maximum product formation required the presence of Mg 2+ . The apparent K m for ATP was 0.81 m m . GTP also served as a source of phosphate, whereas CTP and UTP were not effective substrates in this assay. Maximum product formation was observed at sphinganine concentrations of approximately 100 μ m . Results of competition experiments suggested that the enzyme could also phosphorylate d - erythro -sphingosine but not dl - threo -sphinganine or d -phytosphingosine. Enzyme activity was greatest in the microsomal fraction obtained by differential centrifugation and was localized to the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum using marker enzymes. The specific activity of the enzyme under optimal conditions was 1.08 nmol/min·mg protein, a value 25-fold higher than that reported for preparations from brain tissue. Fumonisin, a mycotoxin that disrupts sphingolipid metabolism, did not alter sphinganine kinase activity in vivo or in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, the presence of sphinganine kinase activity in plant tissue and suggest that the properties of the kinase from corn microsomes are distinct from those of the mammalian and protistan enzymes in some respects.
Comparison of Human TRPC3 Channels in Receptor-activated and Store-operated Modes DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO CHANNEL BLOCKERS SUGGESTS FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN CHANNEL COMPOSITION

Capacitative calcium entry or store-operated calcium entry in nonexcitable cells is a process whereby the activation of calcium influx across the plasma membrane is signaled by depletion of intracellular calcium stores. Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins have been proposed as candidates for store-operated calcium channels. Human TRPC3 (hTRPC3), an extensively studied member of the TRP family, is activated through a phospholipase C-dependent mechanism, not by store depletion, when expressed in HEK293 cells. However, store depletion by thapsigargin is sufficient to activate hTRPC3 channels when expressed in DT40 avian B-lymphocytes. To gain further insights into the differences between hTRPC3 channels generated in these two expression systems and further understand the role of hTRPC3 in capacitative calcium entry, we examined the effect of two well characterized inhibitors of capacitative calcium entry, Gd3+ and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borane (2APB). We confirmed that in both DT40 cells and HEK293 cells, 1 microm Gd3+ or 30 microm 2APB completely blocked calcium entry due to receptor activation or store depletion. In HEK293 cells, 1 microm Gd3+ did not block receptor-activated hTRPC3-mediated cation entry, whereas 2APB had a partial (approximately 60%) inhibitory effect. Interestingly, store-operated hTRPC3-mediated cation entry in DT40 cells was also partially inhibited by 2APB, whereas 1 microm Gd3+ completely blocked store-operated hTRPC3 activity in these cells. Furthermore, the sensitivity of store-operated hTRPC3 channels to Gd3+ in DT40 cells was similar to the endogenous store-operated channels, with essentially 100% block of activity at concentrations as low as 0.1 microm. Finally, Gd3+ has a rapid inhibitory effect when added to fully developed hTRPC3-mediated calcium entry, suggesting a direct action of Gd3+ on hTRPC3 channels. The distinct action of these inhibitors on hTRPC3-mediated cation entry in these two cell types may result from their different modes of activation and may also reflect differences in basic channel structure.
Analyses of the Transcriptome and Metabolome Demonstrate That HIF1α Mediates Altered Tumor Metabolism in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) is a transcription factor that is frequently stabilized and active in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We have found that constitutively active HIF1α is sufficient to cause neoplastic transformation in a murine model of ccRCC termed the TRACK model. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and untargeted metabolomics analyses of samples from TRACK kidneys demonstrate that HIF1α activates the transcription of genes that cause increased glucose uptake, glycolysis, and lactate production, as well as a decrease in the flux of pyruvate entering the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation; these changes are identical to those observed in human ccRCC samples. These studies show that a constitutively active HIF1α promotes tumorigenesis in TRACK mice by mediating a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis, i.e., the Warburg effect, and suggest that TRACK mice are a valid model to test novel therapies targeting metabolic changes to inhibit human ccRCC.
Organometallic acetylene chemistry IV. Disubstituted acetylenes of the type PhP(CCMR3)2 and P(CCMR3)3

Abstract A series of organometallic acetylenes has been prepared of the type PhP(CCMR3)2 and P(CCMR3)3,where R is methyl and M is one of the Group IVb metals. These phosphinoacetylenes have been oxidized with hydrogen peroxideto give the corresponding phosphinyl acetylenes.
Linear-Combination-of-Atomic-Orbitals Band Structure of TlBr

Valence bands and rough estimates for conduction bands of TlBr are calculated using the linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals approximation. The calculation is based on potentials and wave functions of the isolated ions obtained from solutions to the Dirac equation with a self-consistent Hartree-Slater potential. The crystal potential is constructed out of effective ionic potentials. In order to investigate the effects of correlation, two types of crystal potentials are constructed, one with the Slater exchange and the other with the Slater exchange modified to simulate the effects of correlation. These effects are found to be quantitatively important; however, the shapes and ordering of the bands are not affected. The band gap is found to be direct, at the $X$ point of the simple-cubic Brillouin zone, and the three-lowest-energy optical-absorption peaks can be unambiguously assigned to transitions from the three-highest-energy-valence-band states at $X$ to a common conduction band. Band masses are calculated at $X$. Expanding the lattice is found to cause an increase in the band gap. The results of the band-structure calculation allow a consistent interpretation of the experimental data.
Evaluation of element stiffness matrices on CDC STAR-100 computer

Abstract An algorithm is presented for the evaluation of the stiffness matrices of higher-order elements on the CDC STAR-100 computer. Discussion is focused on the organization of the computation and the mode of storage of the different arrays to take advantage of the STAR pipeline (streaming) capability. An assessment is made of the performance of the proposed algorithm for generating the stiffness matrices of two higher order composite shallow shell and plate elements having 80 and 176 degrees of freedom. Also, estimates are given of the CPU times required to evaluate the stiffness coefficients of three-dimensional hexahedral elements using the proposed algorithm.
High-yield selective conversion of carbohydrates to methyl levulinate using mesoporous sulfated titania-based catalysts

Abstract Mesoporous sulfated-metal oxides and mixed-metal oxides prepared by a facile coprecipitation method employing titanium oxysulfate–sulfuric acid complex as a precursor of both titanium and sulfate are highly active and selective for direct methanolysis of carbohydrates to methyl levulinate. The most active sulfated TiO 2 –ZrO 2 catalyst selectively converted fructose to methyl levulinate with a remarkably high yield (71%) after 1 h at 200 °C. Significant amounts of methyl levulinate were also obtained from sucrose (54%) and glucose (23%) after 1 h at 200 °C. The used catalyst was easily recovered and recycled without any loss of selectivity although activity decreased due to humin deposition on the surface. The spent catalysts were easily rejuvenated through calcination in air. The formation of ethers during dehydration was negligible suggesting that methanol can be recycled after distillation.
Model checking: a hardware design perspective

Current practices in the verification of commercial hardware designs (digital, synchronous, and sequential semiconductors) are described. Recent advances in verification by the mathematical technique called model checking are described, and requirements for the successful application of model checking in commercial design are discussed.
NETWORK IMPLICATIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A DUAL- MODE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

IMPORTANT SYSTEM PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATION OF AN AUTOMATED HIGHWAY NETWORK ARE EXAMINED UNDER THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE SYNCHRONOUS MOVING CELL CONTROL SCHEME IS THE BASIS FOR INDIVIDUAL VEHICLE CONTROL. THE FUNDAMENTALS OF A NETWORK TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ARE DISCUSSED AND IMPORTANT CONSTRAINTS THAT ARE IMPOSED ON CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN BY SUCH A STRATEGY ARE STATED. THE PAPER INDICATES THE DEPENDENCE OF EFFECTIVE NETWORK CAPACITY ON THE RULES OF THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, ON THE DESIGN OF INTERCHANGES FOR AUTOMATED HIGHWAYS, AND ON VEHICLE PERFORMANCE AND PASSENGER COMFORT CONSIDERATIONS. A LISTING OF IMPORTANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOMATED HIGHWAY NETWORK OPERATING STRATEGY AND CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN IS ALSO GIVEN. /TR/
Phylogenetic relationships and placement of the Empidoidea (Diptera: Brachycera) based on 28S rDNA and EF-1α sequences

The phylogenetic relationships within the Eremoneura (Empidoidea + Cyclorrhapha) have been controversial. The monophyly of the Empidoidea, as well as the position and rank of higher-level empidoid clades remains unresolved despite numerous analyses using morphological data. In addition, the origin of the Cyclorrhapha and their relationship to the Empidoidea continues to be debated. We present the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequences collected from 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) genes. All currently recognized empidoid families and subfamilies, many lower cyclorrhaphan families (including Opetiidae), and several asiloid outgroups are represented in this study. Unweighted and weighted parsimony, as well as maximum likelihood analyses were applied to individual data partitions and a combined data set. Our results support the monophyly of both Empidoidea and Cyclorrhapha (including Opetia), as well as their sister-group relationship. Within Empidoidea we find support for the following: 1) Chvala's (1983) proposal to divide Empidoidea into five families; 2) Atelestidae as the basal empidoid lineage; and 3) monophyly of Microphoridae + Dolichopodidae.
Locus of facilitation for paired-associate learning under fixed-order presentation

Experiments comparing the effects of fixed- and random-order serial presentation on paired-associate learning have not produced consistent results. On the assumption that differences may appear at only a certain point in the learning process, an experiment was devised to determine the form of the learning curves under the two conditions. A test trial on which the order of the pairs were randomized from test to test followed each of 20 study trials with pairs in either random or fixed order. Facilitation by fixed order presentation appeared toward the end of learning and although both groups reached asymptote, the fixed-order group reached it considerably ahead of the random-order group. Analysis of the data suggests a possible reason for the superiority of fixed-order presentation.
A vacation queueing model with service breakdowns

Abstract In this paper we analyze a multiple-vacation queueing model, where the service station is subject to breakdown while in operation. Service resumes immediately after a repair process, and a vacation starts at the end of each busy period. Arrivals follow a Poisson process with rates depending upon the system state, namely, vacation, service, or breakdown state. The repair times, times to breakdown following a repair or vacation, uninterrrupted service times, and length of each vacation follow exponential distributions. Some results are also obtained when vacation, service, and repair times follow phase-type distributons.
Oxidation kinetics of Cu(I) in seawater: implications for its existence in the marine environment

Abstract A variety of photochemical and thermochemical processes may lead to the formation of Cu(I) in the upper water column. A thermodynamic model based on measured steady state levels of H2O2 in the photic zone indicates that a significant proportion of total dissolved Cu is present as Cu(I). The oxidation kinetics of Cu(I) in seawater have been studied to assess the potential for Cu(I) to accumulate at significant steady state levels when it is generated by non-equilibrium processes.
Automatic location of text in video frames

A new automatic text location approach for videos is proposed. First of all, the corner points of the selected video frames are detected. After deleting some isolate corners, we merge the remaining corners to form candidate text regions. The regions are then decomposed vertically and horizontally using edge maps of the video frames to get candidate text lines. Finally, a text box verification step based on the feature derived from edge maps is taken to significantly reduce false alarms. Experimental results show that the new text location scheme proposed in this paper is accurate.
Some magnetoionic phenomena of the Arctic E-region

Abstract Several unusual phenomena of E -region ionogram echoes obtained at Thule, Greenland (mag. dip 85.5°) are described. They are explained as the effects of electron collisions on the propagation of radio waves at high-magnetic latitudes. The third magnetoionic component ( Z -echo) is explained in this way and several of its distinguishing features are explained and illustrated. New phenomena demonstrate the existence of an E -pause (valley above h max E and permit the measurement of electron densities and collision frequencies therein.
Patterns of Foraging of the Forest Ant Formica neogagates Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Tree Branches

Abstract Numbers of ants moving on trunks of oak trees and successive visits of workers of the forest ant Formica neogagates Emery to leaves of black birch trees were recorded in the forest. Ants were found to search systematically because they tended to move in the same direction on a twig before and after visiting a leaf. However, many leaves were skipped, and the probability of visiting an encountered leaf was about 0.5. Data were used to develop a computer model of ant foraging on leaves and twigs of trees. It was found that reasonable model outputs of numbers of leaves skipped between visits and the number of new leaves visited, as the total number of visits increased, could be obtained only if ants were assumed to partially avoid leaves that they had previously visited. Model results implied that 100 ants in a tree foraging for about 3 h should be able to visit about one quarter of the leaves in a tree.
Sacred Spaces: Cultural Hybridity and Boundaries for Visual Communication about the Hopi Tribe in Arizona

This history and ideological critique of tribal laws and policies about photography and other image taking of religious ceremonies of the Hopi Tribe of Arizona explains how the Hopi exercise sovereignty over visual communication about them. This article asks what kind of legal boundaries have emerged as visual communication and Euro-American culture interact with the Hopi Tribe. Over the past century, there has been a shift from the U.S. government to the Hopi Tribe in the authority to establish and enforce sacred spaces to set boundaries on visual communication about the Hopi. This reflects cultural hybridity. Also, the Hopi attempt to exert control over images and ideas in shared spaces, or where tribal and nontribal cultures coexist. These efforts came after misappropriated photographs and other images were put into stolen space by the colonizers. Even negotiating possible entrance into self spaces, where the Hopi exist apart from others, is difficult for non-Hopi.
Metabolic labeling associated with index finger stimulation in monkey SI: Between animal variability

Four monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were stimulated with an identical intermittent vertical displacement (flutter) stimulus on the tip of the index finger and received intravenous [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG). The majority of metabolic labeling was found to exist in areas 3b and 1 of the anterior parietal cortex (SI) in the form of intermittent patches, which extended vertically across the cortical laminae. When the patches were traced through adjacent sections and reconstructed to produce a 2-dimensional map, it became evident that the patches of label combined to form a complex spatial pattern consisting of strips. Although the flutter stimulus was applied to a spatially restricted peripheral field, the metabolic pattern was always complex and widely distributed within SI. Nevertheless, the 2-DG patterns produced in the different animals stimulated with the same stimulus were strikingly similar. The relationships between descriptions of the SI index finger representation based on neurophysiological mapping data and the distribution of 2-DG uptake are described. The reproducibility of the 2-DG labeling pattern and relationship to neurophysiological maps suggests that the 2-DG mapping method provides a potent and useful tool for the investigation of stimulus representation in the somatosensory cortex.
Management of Acute, Recurrent, and Chronic Meningitides in Adults

Meningitis (inflammation of the pia, arachnoid, and sometimes dura) has diverse causes and presentations. Although viruses are the most common cause of acute meningitis, bacterial meningitides are more severe and important to exclude because morbidity and mortality are high. Chronic meningitis has a broader range of causes, including atypical bacteria, fungi, and noninfectious causes. Presentation is more insidious but, if untreated, significant damage or death may ensue. Recurrent meningitis has many of the same causes as chronic meningitis, but manifestations occur in discrete episodes. Distinguishing between acute, chronic, and recurrent meningitis is essential for proper diagnostic testing and treatment approaches.
Cytogenetic findings in a primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone and the lung metastasis.

Summary Cytogenetic studies were performed on a malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone and its metastasis to lung. Numerical chromosome abnormalities were described for all chromosomes except chromosomes 2, 4 and 16. Structural abnormalities in the primary tumor involved chromosomes 1, 3, 5,10,11, 13,15, 16 and 17. The chromosomal rearrangements seen both in the primary tumor and its metastasis involved chromosomes 13,15 and 17. Two X chromosomes contained large homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) in the primary tumor which were replaced by multiple double minutes (DMs) in the metastatic tumor.
Rhetorics of Land and Power in the Polla Inscription (CIL I2 638)

The famous inscription from Polla reporting a Roman magistrate’s management of problems and opportunities in Italian and provincial contexts is a perennial tease: its information is rich but contradictory. In this paper we accept a second century bce date for the inscription and the events it reports but leave the much discussed question of the dedicator’s identity aside in order to focus on the inscription’s rhetoric: by looking at the grounds on which the magistrate claims the esteem of his audience, rather than at how the information he provides ‘is consistent with’ some other set of facts, be it an individual career or a war or a political movement, we gain a clearer understanding of his message and intended audience or audiences. What emerges, we suggest, is a magistrate presenting himself as the ‘face’ of Roman hegemony in southern Italy and Sicily, and in the process revealing the complex processes of cooperation and domination, negotiation and concession that were fundamental to Roman hegemony in that period. More particularly, we argue for the relevance of our magistrate’s actions in Sicily to his reception in Lucania, despite the different status of the two areas vis-a-vis the Roman state.
ADRB2 Arg16Gly Polymorphism, Lung Function, and Mortality: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background. Growing evidence suggests that the Arg16Arg genotype of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene may be associated with adverse effects of beta-agonist therapy. We sought to examine the association of beta-agonist use and the Arg16Gly polymorphism with lung function and mortality among participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Methodology and Principal Findings. We genotyped study participants and analyzed the association of the Arg16Gly polymorphism and beta-agonist use with lung function at baseline and clinical examination three years later and with all-cause mortality during 10 years of follow-up. Lung function was characterized by percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Associations were examined separately for blacks and whites. Black beta-agonist users with the Arg/Arg genotype had better lung function at baseline and at the second clinical visit than those with Arg/Gly and Gly/Gly genotypes. Adjusted mean percent-predicted FEV1 was 21% higher in Arg/Arg subjects compared to Gly/Gly at baseline (p=0.01) and 20% higher than Gly/Gly at visit 2 (p=0.01). Arg/Gly subjects had adjusted percent-predicted FEV1 17% lower than Arg/Arg at baseline but were similar to Arg/Arg subjects at visit 2. Although black beta-agonist users with the Arg/Arg genotype appeared to have better crude survival rates, the association between genotype and all-cause mortality was inconclusive. We found no difference in lung function or mortality by genotype among blacks who did not use beta-agonists or among whites, regardless of beta-agonist use. Conclusions. Black beta-agonist users with the ADRB2 Arg16Arg genotype had better lung function, and, possibly, better overall survival compared to black beta-agonist users with the Gly16Gly genotype. Our findings highlight the need for additional studies of sufficient size and statistical power to allow examination of outcomes among beta-agonist users of different races and genotypes.
Effects of intermittent inhalation exposures to mixed atmospheres of NO2 and H2SO4 on rabbit alveolar macrophages

Rabbits were exposed (2h/d) to atmospheres consisting of 0.5 mg/m/sup 3/ (0.3 ..mu..m) H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ plus NO/sub 2/ at either 0.3 (low) or 1 ppm (high). Animals were sacrificed 24 h after 2, 6, or 13 exposures, and cells were recovered from the lungs by bronchopulmonary lavage. Exposure to high NO/sub 2/ with acid resulted in an increase in neutrophils at all time points and an increase in phagocytic capacity of macrophages after two or six exposures. On the other hand, exposure to the low NO/sub 2/ with acid resulted in depressed phagocytic capacity and mobility. The results were compared with those for NO/sub 2/ or H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ given alone.
Connecting visually-impaired people to friends through wireless sensor networks

Studies have shown that visually-impaired people, particularly those with recent impairment, suffer from reduced social interaction. Technological innovations for these people have overlooked social interaction in favor of environmental mapping and mobility. Our work develops an Enhanced Social Awareness network. This network assists visually-impaired people in identifying friends and provides them with the cues necessary to initiate social contact. We experimentally verify our work and discuss the future implications and needs of such networks.
Supplemental chromium: its benefits to the bovine immune system

Chromium (Cr) is an essential micronutrient for humans. Its main action is thought to be regulation of blood sugar, because Cr deficiency is associated with diabetic-like symptoms and Cr supplementation is associated with enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Cr deficiency is prevalent in North America because the diets of most people do not contain adequate levels of organic Cr and stressors, such as high sugar diets, strenuous exercise, and emotional and physical trauma, lead to loss of body stores of Cr in urine. Numerous recent studies from the University of Guelph have indicated that cattle also may be susceptible to Cr deficiency, particularly during periods of stress. These studies, summarized here, showed that when market-transit-stressed feedlot calves or periparturient and early lactation dairy cows were supplemented with organic Cr, improved production, immune status, and health were realized. Although more research is required to determine whether production-enhancing and immunomodulatory properties of Cr are related to improved glucose metabolism as such, preliminary data presented in this paper suggest that Cr does not dramatically alter blood concentrations of insulin, growth hormone, or insulin-like growth factor I in supplemented cattle. On the other hand, Cr seemed to reduce blood cortisol concentrations during highly stressful situations. This may have promoted improved insulin or insulin-like growth factor I sensitivity in target tissues such as muscle, mammary gland, and the immune system. The practical implications of these results are that occurrence of infectious diseases could be reduced and production potential increased if the diets of high-producing, intensively reared cattle were supplemented with organic Cr.
Improving the signal to noise of FIR polarimetry on constrained-access plasma experiments

Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the pronounced effects produced on the polarization state of an FIR (far infrared) laser beam when a portion of the beam intersects a metallic tubulation at a glancing angle. The effects produced by this interaction are sufficient to totally obscure the desired measurement of Faraday rotation. A model is developed which qualitatively predicts the observations. A method of suppressing this effect, which is viable for the heterodyne method of measuring Faraday rotation, is presented. It is further shown that reflections off the mechanically vibrating tubulations are the source of a variable effective birefringence, which is perceived as an anomalous Faraday rotation. Minimizing these reflections by threading the inside of the tubulations overcame this problem and allowed measurements to be obtained. >
Uniqueness Theorem in Scattering Theory

A reflecting convex obstacle is uniquely defined by the scattering amplitude $f({k}_{0},{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0},n)$ known at a fixed frequency ${k}_{0}$, for a fixed direction ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}$ of the incident wave, and for all directions $n$ of the scattered waves in a solid angle. Earlier the uniqueness theorem was proved under the assumption that $f(k,{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0},n)$ is known for $al~kl~b$, $bga$, and all $n$.