cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young children category learning: a training study

From an integrative approach, this work focuses on the role of conceptual mechanisms, such as comparison and conceptual-based inference, and sociopragmatic support in young children's taxonomic categorization. “Experiment 1” assessed whether 3-, 4-, and 6-year-old children succeed in detecting taxonomic relations on their own. A clear developmental trend was found: 6-year-olds succeeded, whereas 4- and 3-year-olds relied primarily on perceptually based categories. “Experiment 2” assessed if 3-year-olds are able to change their perceptual response into a taxonomic categorization as a function of the co-occurrence of contingent category information and feedback in an interactive process with an adult (experimenter). A pretest–posttest training study compared 3-year-olds' performance in four conditions: comparison, conceptual-based, information-only, and feedback-only. A perceptual–totaxonomic shift was found only in the comparison and conceptual-based training groups. Children who only received either category information or corrective feedback did not make such a shift. The results show that social interaction with supportive adults is a mechanism that drives conceptual understanding in early childhood.
Regularized semigroups, iterated Cauchy problems and equipartition of energy

The iterated Cauchy problem under consideration is $$\Pi _{k = 1}^n (d/dt - A_k )u(t) = 0(t \geqslant 0).(*)$$ Here {A1,..., An} are unbounded linear operators on a Banach space. The initial value problem for (*) is governed by a semigroup of some sort. When eachAk is a (C0) semigroup generator, this semigroup is of class (C0) and was studied by J. T. Sandefur [26]. This result is extended to the case when eachAk generates aC-regularized semigroup (withC independent ofk). This means one can solveu′=Au, u(0)=f∈C (Dom (A)) and getu(t)→0 wheneverC−1f→0; hereC is bounded and injective. When theAk are commuting generator withAk-Aj injective fork≠j, then the Goldstein-Sandefur d'Alembert formula [19] is extended, viz. solutions of (*) (with suitable restrictions on the initial data) are of the form\(u = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {u_i } \) whereui is a solution ofu′i=Aiui. Examples and applications are given. Included among the examples is the establishment of a form of equipartition of energy for the Laplace equation; equipartition of energy is wellknown for the wave equation. A final section of the paper deals with the absence of necessary conditions for equipartition of energy.
Induction of Renin in Medial Smooth Muscle Cells by Balloon Injury

We studied the expression of each component of the renin-angiotensin system (renin, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, and angiotensin II type I receptor) in balloon-injured rat carotid artery. We assessed the expression levels of the respective mRNAs by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Renin mRNA concentration was markedly increased 24 hours after balloon injury and remained higher than that in the control at 7 days after balloon injury. Angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA concentration was decreased 24 hours after balloon injury and was increased at 14 days after balloon injury. No significant change in angiotensinogen mRNA concentration was observed throughout the study period. Angiotensin type I receptor mRNA concentration was increased beginning 3 days after balloon injury and remained higher than that in the control at 14 days after balloon injury. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that renin was transiently expressed in medial smooth muscle cells after balloon injury. Administration of quinapril markedly reduced neointimal formation and was accompanied by an attenuation of the increase in the concentrations of angiotensin type I receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNAs. The upregulation of renin mRNA in balloon-injured rat carotid artery preceded and may play a role in neointimal formation.
The Timing of Remarriage Among Women Who Have a Failed Marital Reconciliation in the First Marriage

Abstract Using 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households data, this study examined the relationship between having a failed marital reconciliation in the first marriage and remarrying. Unsuccessful marital reconciliations are not uncommon since about one-third of the divorced women become divorced after attempting at least one marital reconciliation. The results suggest that attempting several reconciliations in the first marriage is associated with an increased probability of marrying for the second time. The implications of the results are discussed.
Inelastic Compton scattering in two-dimensional QCD

Abstract The hadronic contribution to inelastic Compton scattering, M μν = ∫ d x e iq s x × 〈nω T ∗ (J μ (x)J ν (0))ωm〉 , is computed to leading order in N−1 in two-dimensional QCD. Various kinematic limits are investigated. It is found that in the dual-Regge region of soft processes the photons interact as purely hadronic systems. Modification of dimensional counting rules is indicated by a study of a large-angle scattering analogue. In several hard inclusive non-light-cone processes, parton model ideas are confirmed. The impulse approximation is valid in a Bjorken-Paschos-like limit with very virtual photons. A Drell-Yan type annihilation mechanism is found in photoproduction of massive lepton pairs, leading to identification of a parton wave function for the photon.
Optimum Prefix Adders in a Comprehensive Area, Timing and Power Design Space

Parallel prefix adder is the most flexible and widely-used binary adder for ASIC designs. Many high-level synthesis techniques have been developed to find optimal prefix structures for specific applications. However, the gap between these techniques and back-end designs is increasingly large. In this paper, we propose an integer linear programming method to build minimal-power prefix adders within given timing and area constraints. It counts both gate and wire capacitances in the timing and power models, considers static and dynamic power consumptions, and can handle gate sizing and buffer insertion to improve the performance further. The proposed method is also adaptive for non-uniform arrival time and required time on each bit position. Therefore our method produces the optimum prefix adder for realistic constraints.
An analysis of local changes in gravity due to deformation

Deformation causes changes in gravity even though the measuring station is fixed relative to the center of the earth and the total mass in the vicinity of the station does not change. Deformation has two effects: the density at a point changes in response to changes in local stresses and the point itself moves relative to the station. The general expression derived here shows that the gravity change depends on the uplift immediately beneath the station and the deformation of cavities at depth — cracks, pores, magma reservoirs, etc. The approximation is made that density is uniform except for cavities, but no assumptions about the constitutive behavior of the medium are necessary.
Concerning the orientation distribution function of rigid particles in a suspension which is undergoing simple shear flow.

Abstract The orientation distribution function for rigid ellipsoids suspended in a fluid undergoing steady, simple shear flow is obtained in the form of a series of generalized spherical functions, the variables being the three Euler angles. The coefficients in this sories are expressed in the Feenberg perturbation form. The result is extended formally to other particles with three mutually perpendicular planes of symmetry.
Feasible Stability Region in the Frontal Plane During Human Gait

The inability to adequately control the motion of the center of mass (COM) in the frontal plane may result in a loss of balance causing a sideways fall during human gait. The primary purposes of this study were (1) to derive the feasible stability region (FSR) in the mediolateral direction, and (2) to compare the FSR with the COM motion state taken from 193 trials among 39 young subjects at liftoff during walking at different speeds. The lower boundary of the FSR was derived, at a given initial COM location, as the minimum rightward COM velocity, at liftoff of the left foot, required to bring the COM into the base of support (BOS), i.e., the right (stance) foot, as the COM velocity diminishes. The upper boundary was derived as the maximum rightward COM velocity, beyond which the left foot must land to the right of the right foot (BOS) in order to prevent a fall. We established a 2-link human model and employed dynamic optimization to estimate these threshold values for velocity. For a range of initial COM positions, simulated annealing algorithm was used to search for the threshold velocity values. Our study quantified the extent to which mediolateral balance can still be maintained without resorting to a crossover step (the left foot lands to the right of the BOS) for balance recovery. The derived FSR is in good agreement with our gait experimental results.
The interrelationship of fracture toughness and microstructure in a Ti-5.25Al-5.5V-0.9Fe-0.5Cu alloy

Fracture toughness of anα-Β titanium alloy heat treated to a constant yield strength has been found to depend upon the morphology of α produced or remaining after the initial solution treatment. In equiaxed α structures, fracture toughness depends linearly upon the grain boundary area per unit volume,Sv, and is independent of equiaxed α particle size or spacing. In a grain boundary α structure fracture toughness depends both onSv and, within limits, linearly on the thickness of the α. Explanations are offered for the observed propagation of cracks at α-@#@ Β interfaces and for the observation that high fracture toughness can accompany low tensile ductility.
Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Sensing for Cryogenic Applications Using Dual-Wavelength Fiber Bragg Gratings

A new technique has been developed for sensing both temperature and strain simultaneously by using dual-wavelength fiber-optic Bragg gratings. Two Bragg gratings with different wavelengths were inscribed at the same location in an optical fiber to form a sensor. By measuring the wavelength shifts that resulted from the fiber being subjected to different temperatures and strains, the wavelength-dependent thermo-optic coefficients and photoelastic coefficients of the fiber were determined. This enables the simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain. In this study, measurements were made over the temperature range from room temperature down to about 10 K, addressing much of the low temperature range of cryogenic tanks. A structure transition of the optical fiber during the temperature change was found. This transition caused splitting of the waveforms characterizing the Bragg gratings, and the determination of wavelength shifts was consequently complicated. The effectiveness and sensitivities of these measurements in different temperature ranges are also discussed.
Effects of aminoacetonitrile, an amine oxidase inhibitor, on mescaline metabolism in the rabbit.

Abstract Aminoacetonitrile Cu 2+ -containing “pyridoxal” amine oxidases but not flavin-containing amine oxidases. Pargyline inhibits only flavin-containing amine oxidases. Propargylamine, on the other hand, inhibits both types of enzyme. We have used these inhibitors to study mescaline metabolism in the rabbit. Mescaline rapidly undergoes oxidative deamination to 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid in the control and pargyline-treated rabbits. In the aminoacetonitrile- and propargyline-treated animals, mescaline oxidation is inhibited and other metabolites, e.g. N -acetylmescaline, are formed. These results indicate that enzymes related to plasma enzymes (Cu 2+ -containing “pyridoxal” amine oxidases) are primarily responsible for the oxidation of mescaline in the rabbit. Similar enzymes are also present in the liver, lung and kidney of the rabbit.
Determining effective distance learning designs through usability testing

To add to the developing understanding of Web-based writing instruction, we conducted usability testing to assess the design of our online first-year composition courses at a large community college in the Southwest. Beyond the course-specific results, this study offers two primary contributions. First, it offers a model for conducting usability testing of Web-based writing classes to diagnose potential design problems in a course. This includes providing an indication of what kinds of results and data teachers should expect to gather, how to interpret that data, where to go for assistance, whom to involve in the testing process, and what to do with the results. Second, this study provides an initial understanding of guidelines for course design using Web-based technologies. These guidelines were developed by examining writing classes in the study and then comparing the results with already established principles of design from usability engineering.
Inhibition of histidine ammonia lyase by 8-methoxypsoralen and psoralen-oxidized photoproducts.

The effect of 8-methoxypsoralen-UVA therapy on the catalysis of histidine to trans-urocanic acid by histidine ammonia lyase (HAL, EC 4.3.1.3) was examined using an enzymatic assay from Sigma-Aldrich where the growth of the trans-urocanic acid peak at 277 nm was monitored. A Rayonet Photochemical Mini Reactor (Model RMR-600) equipped with eight, 3500 A light sources and a custom UVA filter (Model S-BAL3 2.9 mm), from the Solar Light Company, were used to expose various reaction mixtures to broadband UVA light and UVA/UVB light. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Model Shimadzu UV 2540) with a temperature-controlled cell holder (Model TCC240) was used to monitor the growth of the trans-urocanic peak. Results of dark-binding experiments of 8-methoxypsoralen in denatured ethanol indicate no inhibition of enzyme activity due to ethanol but noncompetitive inhibition due to 8-methoxypsoralen. The effects of preirradiated 8-methoxypsoralen, with both broadband UVA and UVA/UVB, indicate that inhibition was due to psoralen-oxidized photoproducts. Inhibition of HAL was found when exposed to broadband UVA/UVB and to a lesser extent when exposed to broadband UVA.
Agonist-induced phosphorylation of an immunologically ras-related protein in human erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody M90 recognizes a specific epitope of the ras-encoded p21 protein. This region comprises amino acids 107–130 containing the residues 116–119, which are related to GTP binding. This antibody strongly reacts on Western Blots with a 22kDa protein from human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells. Treatment of HEL cells with iloprost, an agonist that increases cellular cyclic AMP levels, produces the appearance of a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 24kDa. This protein is also recognized by antiserum M90 on Western Blots; its appearance parallels a decrease of the 22kDa protein, and it can be labeled with 32P. This effect is also observed with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which indicates phosphorylation of the 22kDa protein by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This phosphorylation produces an electrophoretic mobility change of the 22kDa protein to a 24kDa region on gels. The change of mobility of the 22kDa protein induced by iloprost in HEL cells is also observed when the protein is labeled with [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitated with antiserum M90. This information indicates a coupling mechanism involving phosphorylation of an oncogene product in HEL cells.
MBE growth of ferromagnetic single crystal Heusler alloys on (0 0 1)Ga1−xInxAs

Abstract Ferromagnetic Ni 2 MnGa and Ni 2 MnGe have been grown on GaAs(0 0 1) and Ni 2 MnIn on InAs(0 0 1) by molecular beam epitaxy. In situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, ex situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy selected area electron diffraction indicate the growth of pseudomorphic single crystal (0 0 1) Ni 2 MnGa on (0 0 1) GaAs. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry measurements show the films to be ferromagnetic with in-plane magnetization and Curie temperatures of ∼340, ∼320, and ∼290 K for Ni 2 MnGa, Ni 2 MnGe and Ni 2 MnIn, repectively.
Sources of business cycles in Europe: 1960–1988. Evidence from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom

Abstract This paper investigates the sources of macroeconomic fluctuations in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, since 1960. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks are identified by assuming that in the long-run output and employment are only affected by aggregate supply innovations. The empirical results show that aggregate demand shocks bear significant responsibility for business cycles, providing evidence against strong versions of equilibrium business cycle models. However, aggregate supply shocks are also found to be important for short-run fluctuations.
A System Identification Method for Excitation-Frequency Dependent Rotordynamic Coefficients

Experimental identification of rotordynamic systems presents unique challenges. Gyroscopics, generally damped systems, and non-self-adjoint systems due to fluid structure interaction forces mean that symmetry cannot be used to reduce the number of parameters to be identified. Rotordynamic system experimental measurements are often noisy, which complicates comparisons with theory. When linearized, the resulting dynamic coefficients are also often a function of excitation frequency, as distinct from operating speed.In this paper, a frequency domain system identification technique is presented that addresses these issues for rigid-rotor test rigs. The method employs power spectral density functions and forward and backward whirl orbits to obtain the excitation frequency dependent effective stiffness and damping. The method is highly suited for use with experiments that employ active magnetic exciters that can perturb the rotor in the forward and backward whirl directions. Simulation examples are provided for excitation-frequency reduced tilting pad bearing dynamic coefficients. In the simulations, 20 and 50 percent Gaussian output noise was considered. Based on ensemble averages of the coefficient estimates, the 95 percent confidence intervals due to noise effects were within 1.2% of the identified value.The method is suitable for identification of linear dynamic coefficients for rotordynamic system components referenced to shaft motion. The method can be used to reduce the effect of noise on measurement uncertainty. The statistical framework can also be used to make decisions about experimental run times and acceptable levels of measurement uncertainty. The data obtained from such an experimental design can be used to verify component models and give rotordynamicists greater confidence in the design of turbomachinery.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
NeuroEvolutionary Feature Selection Using NEAT

The larger the size of the data, structured or unstructured, the harder to understand and make use of it. One of the fundamentals to machine learning is feature selection. Feature selection, by reducing the number of irrelevant/redundant features, dramatically reduces the run time of a learning algorithm and leads to a more general concept. In this paper, realization of feature selection through a neural network based algorithm, with the aid of a topology optimizer genetic algorithm, is investigated. We have utilized NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) to select a subset of features with the most relevant connection to the target concept. Discovery and improvement of solutions are two main goals of machine learning, however, the accuracy of these varies depends on dimensions of problem space. Although feature selection methods can help to improve this accuracy, complexity of problem can also affect their performance. Artificialneural networks are proven effective in feature elimination, but as a consequence of fixed topology of most neural networks, it loses accuracy when the number of local minimas is considerable in the problem. To minimize this drawback, topology of neural network should be flexible and it should be able to avoid local minimas especially when a feature is removed. In this work, the power of feature selection through NEAT method is demonstrated. When compared to the evolution of networks with fixed structure, NEAT discovers significantly more sophisticated strategies. The results show NEAT can provide better accuracy compared to conventional Multi-Layer Perceptron and leads to improved feature selection.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the elbow: A case report and literature review

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a well-described, benign proliferative disorder of the synovium that rarely affects the elbow joint. Only 12 cases have been reported in this site. A case is presented of elbow involvement by pigmented villonodular synovitis that was documented by magnetic resonance imaging before surgery and monitored until recurrence.
Symposium continued. Nasal mucous transport and our ambient air

The nose usually serves to conduct air in and out of the lungs; but it also defends the body against airborne noxious materials and modifies the physical condition of inspired air prior to its arrival in the lungs. A major factor in these physiological functions is mucociliary clearance which depends on the secretion of airway secretions and ciliary activity. This function is impaired by certain air pollutants, but not by relative humidity or temperature of the ambient air.
Religion and Health Among African Americans: A Qualitative Examination

Hummer, Rogers, Nam, and Ellison found a 13.7-year advantage in longevity for African Americans who attend worship services more than once a week compared with those who never attend. This article subsequently responds to the question, Why do highly religious African Americans live significantly longer? A purposive sample of highly religious, African American adults were interviewed using an in-depth, qualitative approach to examine the religion-health-longevity interface. Six themes relating to the research question are reported: active faith involvement and the aged, avoiding negative coping, evading violence, the absence of hope, social support, and the power of prayer. The six themes are discussed in detail, and directions for future research are recommended.
Metabolic rates of marine bivalve molluscs determined by calorimetry

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of heat production (QH) of four species of marine bivalve molluscs, a gastropod, and a decapod crustacean were determined with a heat-retention, differential calorimeter. 2. 2. Rates of oxygen consumption (Qo) of the same animals were determined by standard manometric methods. 3. 3. qh varied with species from 1.6 to 6.2 J/hr per g tissue, and qo from 1.8 to 4.1 μmol/hr per g. 4. 4. The bivalve Mya arenaria, the gastropod Littorina linorea, and the decapod Libinia dubia had ratios of q h q o equal to 0.462, 0.434, and 0.477, respectively, which agree closely with the ratios of Δ H ΔO for combustion of common food substances. 5. 5. The ratios q h q o for Mytilus edulis, Mercenaria mercenaria, and Crassostrea virginica were 0.635, 1.15, and 3.40, respectively, which indicate qo was too low to represent accurately the total metabolism of these species.
Phases of the Business Cycle and the Outbreak of War

In 1938, Macfie contended that nervous optimism, which characterizes the latter portion of a country's business cycle upswing, creates a psychological atmosphere that is particularly conducive to the outbreak of war. More recently, this finding has been used (Blainey, 1973) to support the idea that the state of the economy is an important consideration in decision makers' assessments of national capabilities available for war purposes. However, Macfie's analysis is dependent upon a number of debatable assumptions, just as his business cycle data set important limitations on the extent to which the war outbreak hypothesis can actually be tested. Utilizing more specific information on 1792–1973 British, American, French and German business cycle phases and several types of war initiations, no systematic support for the above hypotheses is forthcoming. While the N size of the present study is restricting, the identity of the four states examined and the nature of the statistical outcome suggest a general absence of a significant relationship between phases of the business cycle and the timing of war outbreaks.
Calibration methods for silicon nanowire BioFETs

Nanowire Field Effect Transistors have emerged as a promising technology for point-of-care application. However, their application as quantitative sensors has not been well explored. In this work we propose a calibration scheme for multiplexed nanoribbon field effect sensors by utilizing the initial current rate rather than the end point detection. A linear response of nanosensors is observed in medically relevant range of analyte concentration. Moreover, we are able to show that top-down fabrication technique yields reproducible result and devices with uniform electrical characteristics. In addition, we demonstrate that device calibration can be done by using either baseline current or device transconductance normalization.
Number Judgment of Postage Stamps: A Contribution to the Psychology of Social Norms

(1938). Number Judgment of Postage Stamps: A Contribution to the Psychology of Social Norms. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 347-350.
The utility of follow-up skeletal surveys in child abuse

OBJECTIVE: Follow-up skeletal surveys (FUSS) are performed frequently in cases of possible physical abuse based on the evidence from small retrospective cohorts. Our objective was to determine the proportion of FUSS that identified new information in a large, multicenter population of children with concerns of physical abuse. METHODS: This was a prospective secondary analysis of an observational study of all children RESULTS: Among 2890 children enrolled in the Examining Siblings To Recognize Abuse research network, 2049 underwent skeletal survey and 796 (38.8%) had FUSS. A total of 174 (21.5%) subjects had new information identified by FUSS, including 124 (15.6%) with at least 1 new fracture and 55 (6.9%) with reassuring findings compared with the initial skeletal survey. Among cases with new fractures, the estimated likelihood of abuse increased in 41 (33%) cases, and 51 cases (41%) remained at the maximum likelihood of abuse. CONCLUSIONS: FUSS identified new information and affected the perceived likelihood of abuse in a substantial fraction of cases in which it was completed. These data support existing guidelines and, in addition, suggest that FUSS should be considered in cases with lower initial levels of concern for abuse.
Restoration of a ponderosa pine forest increases soil CO2 efflux more than either water or nitrogen additions

Summary 1. Ecological restoration often involves returning ecosystem structure to some predisturbance reference state, but ecosystem function must also recover if restoration efforts are to be self-sustaining over the long term. In the south-western United States, ponderosa pine forest structure was altered by disruption of the fire regime following Euro-American settlement. Forest structure is now being restored to presettlement conditions through the application of thinning and burning treatments. However, the effects of these treatments on below-ground ecosystem processes remain unclear. 2. We conducted a water and nitrogen (N) addition experiment in adjacent restored and unrestored ponderosa pine stands and compared soil CO 2 efflux in response to these treatments over a 13-month period. Our goals were to (i) quantify water and N limitation to below-ground carbon (C) cycling in contemporary high-density ponderosa pine forests; and (ii) determine if restoration alleviates water and N limitations. 3. Restoration thinning and burning increased soil CO 2 efflux, along with surface soil water content, temperature and herbaceous fine root biomass, while total fine root biomass decreased as a result of restoration. 4. Water and N additions increased C flux from soils to a similar degree in both restored and unrestored ponderosa pine stands, but the increase was relatively small when compared to that stimulated by restoration. 5. Synthesis and applications. An understanding of how ecosystem processes respond to treatments designed to restore ecosystem structure is critical in ensuring the long-term success of restoration efforts. Here we show that, although water and N stimulate C flux from soils in these semi-arid forests, restoration treatments have a much greater effect on soil C balance than increased water and N availability by themselves. This suggests that increased quality of C inputs from a recovering understorey herbaceous community is a key component of restoring ecosystem function (e.g. below-ground C cycling) in south-western ponderosa pine forests.
Mass transfer to and from small particles in the sea1,2

Slowly sinking particles exchange mass with their liquid environment if dissolution processes within the particles maintain a surface concentration excess or deficiency x0 of a soluble substance above background. If the exchange is controlled by difIi.tsion in the liquid phase, the total mass loss is proportional to x0, diffusivity D, and particle diameter d. If advection associated with the sinking of the particle dominates over diffusion, the exchange rate varies as QY,d2 and is weakly affected by particle density and fluid viscosity. This is the case for spherical particles of a diameter z70 pm. The resulting dissolution rate per unit depth of sinking is constant for large particles, but increases sharply once the particles are small and slow enough for mass exchange to be controlled by diffusion. With oxygen supply supposed the rate-controlling process of particle decomposition, a realistic depth of decomposition of order 1 km is calculated for 200~pm-diameter spherical particles. The generation of an oxygen minimum at such depths then requires the production near the sea surface of sufficiently large organic particles in sufficient numbers. Small biogenic particles play an important role in the chemical balance of the ocean. Their decomposition produces a layer of oxygen minimum and layers of maxima of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate. In the Sargasso Sea the O2 minimum layer lies at about 700-m depth, nutrient maximum layers somewhat deeper. In the Slope Sea (between the Gulf Stream and the continental shelf north of Cape Hatteras) the same layers are found some 500 m shallower. In a note supporting some ideas of Rossby (1936), Redfield (1936) suggested that the Slope Sea minimum and maximum layers must be maintained by along-isopycnal ad
Thermoregulatory responses to hyperthermia during isoflurane anesthesia in humans

The authors tested the hypotheses that isoflurane anesthesia increases the threshold for sweating but minimally decreases the gain (sensitivity) or maximum intensity of this response and that thermoregulatory responses to hyperthermia are similar in anesthetized men and women. Sweating in response to core hyperthermia was studied in five men and five women during 0, 0.8, and 1.2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthesia. Thigh sweating was quantified by measuring gas flow, relative humidity, and temperature passing over a known surface area. The distal esophageal temperature triggering sweating was considered the sweating threshold, and gain was defined as the core temperature increment required to increase sweating rate from 25 to 75% of maximum observed intensity. The sweating threshold increased linearly with isoflurane concentration from 36.6 +/- 0.1 to 38.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C in the men and from 37.1 +/- 0.3 to 38.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C in the women. The thresholds were significantly higher in women than in men. Gain and maximum sweating intensities were similar at each anesthetic concentration and in men and women. These data indicate that isoflurane anesthesia significantly increases the threshold triggering thermoregulatory sweating but that gain and maximum sweating rate are relatively well preserved.
A Conic Quadratic Format for the Load Flow Equations of Meshed Networks

Recent research has shown that the load flow equations describing the steady-state conditions in a radial network can be formulated as a second-order cone program and solved using polynomial-time interior point methods. This paper extends the conic formulation to meshed networks by including a trigonometric functional constraint for the voltage angle spread on each line in the network. In particular, it is shown that the load flow solution of a meshed network can be obtained from a sequence of conic programming solutions. The proposed formulation and iterative procedure are validated by comparing with the Newton-Raphson solution of the standard power flow model. Testing is reported on seven networks. The proposed format of equations opens the door for new implementations of energy management system functions based on efficient and numerically robust conic quadratic optimization methods.
Trade Still Follows the Flag: The Primacy of Politics in a Simultaneous Model of Interdependence and Armed Conflict

While many scholars have posited a simultaneous relationship between trade and conflict, very few empirical studies have specified the relationship as such. Those that did employed samples that were relatively limited in spatial-temporal coverage. None have employed conflict indicators based on Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) data due to the difficulty of including discrete dependent variables in a simultaneous equation framework. We overcome both limitations in this study and offer results with important theoretical implications. In line with the most recent published studies, we design our model to “condition” the estimates on recent histories of dyadic trade and conflict. We apply Maddala's estimator, which is designed for a two-equation system in which one endogenous variable is continuous and the other is dichotomous. While the signs of all control variable coefficients match those reported in mainstream trade-conflict literature, our main result does not. We find what we call the “primacy of po...
Production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

We have generated monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in BALB/c mice. Five out of 20 clones which produce anti-SEB MABs have been characterised. Among them, three produce IgG1/k, one produces IgM/λ, and one apparently produces both IgG1/λ and IgM/λ MABs. The anti-SEB titres of ascites fluids range from 3200 to< 819200 by ELISA. All of the MABs analysed thus far neutralise the mitogenic response of BALB/c splenocytes to a suboptimal dose of SEB. Also, the induction of suppressor cells by SEB in vitro is reversed by pre-incubating SEB with these MABs. Limited digestion with chymotrypsin, trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease yields peptide fragments which have been tested by Western-blot analysis. MABs 1FD7 and 2GD9 are specific for the carboxy-terminal end of SEB, and have a similar, but not identical, binding epitope. MABs 2DA3 and 2HA10 bind to intact SEB but not to cleaved products, and are probably specific for antigenic determinants altered by the cleavage or by the denaturing conditions of the electrophoresis, or by both.
Petrology of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks, Washington County, southwestern Utah

In Washington County, southwestern Utah, a thick sequence of volcanic rocks ranges in age from latest Oligocene to Holocene. The Tertiary units consist predominantly of ash flows of intermediate calc-alkalic composition, whereas the youngest volcanic rocks are mostly basaltic andesites. Thermochemical calculations indicate that some of the mafic lavas could be derived from melting of spinel peridotite within the upper part of the low-velocity zone at depths of 50 to 65 km. Some basaltic andesites contain megacrysts of quartz; if the quartz is cognate, the magmas may have formed by partial fusion of quartz eclogite at depths of approximately 120 to 150 km. We suggest that this quartz eclogite is a remnant of the Farallon plate, which underwent subduction at the time of calc-alkalic Tertiary volcanism.
Property Rights and the Nature of Chinese Collective Enterprises

Abstract This paper offers a rationale for gradual privatization in transitional economies through studying property rights structures and the nature of Chinese collective enterprises. First, we pose a puzzle for existing theories of property rights, and then we provide a theoretical model for determining the optimal ownership arrangements for transitional economies. This theory argues that ownership arrangements should be functions of the varying degrees of imperfection of the institutional environment. Hence, collective enterprises actually may dominate private ownership in the middle of transition. Thus, to make the transition process smooth, the economic environment before massive privatization must be improved first. J. Comp. Econom., June 2000, 28(2), pp. 247–268. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
Path-integral derivation of black-hole radiance

The Feynman path-integral method is applied to the quantum mechanics of a scalar particle moving in the background geometry of a Schwarzschild black hole. The amplitude for the black hole to emit a scalar particle in a particular mode is expressed as a sum over paths connecting the future singularity and infinity. By analytic continuation in the complexified Schwarzschild space this amplitude is related to that for a particle to propagate from the past singularity to infinity and hence by time reversal to the amplitude for the black hole to absorb a particle in the same mode. The form of the connection between the emission and absorption probabilities shows that a Schwarzschild black hole will emit scalar particles with a thermal spectrum characterized by a temperature which is related to its mass, $M$, by $T=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}{c}^{3}}{8\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{GMk}$. Thereby a conceptually simple derivation of black-hole radiance is obtained. The extension of this result to other spin fields and other black-hole geometries is discussed.
Win-win for wind and wildlife: a vision to facilitate sustainable development.

Wind energy offers the potential to reduce carbon emissions while increasing energy independence and bolstering economic development. However, wind energy has a larger land footprint per Gigawatt (GW) than most other forms of energy production, making appropriate siting and mitigation particularly important. Species that require large unfragmented habitats and those known to avoid vertical structures are particularly at risk from wind development. Developing energy on disturbed lands rather than placing new developments within large and intact habitats would reduce cumulative impacts to wildlife. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that it will take 241 GW of terrestrial based wind development on approximately 5 million hectares to reach 20% electricity production for the U.S. by 2030. We estimate there are ,7,700 GW of potential wind energy available across the U.S., with ,3,500 GW on disturbed lands. In addition, a disturbance-focused development strategy would avert the development of ,2.3 million hectares of undisturbed lands while generating the same amount of energy as development based solely on maximizing wind potential. Wind subsidies targeted at favoring low-impact developments and creating avoidance and mitigation requirements that raise the costs for projects impacting sensitive lands could improve public value for both wind energy and biodiversity conservation.
Chapter 2 Defense economics and international security

Abstract Defense economics derives from and is embedded in the multi-dimensional array of issues each country must address when providing for its national security. Applying economic concepts and methods, it attempts to evaluate this great diversity of security related questions, and to understand how each country's security interacts and fits in with the security of all nations in the international system. Included in Defense Economics are such overarching questions as: definition of what security actually is; how resource scarcity, distribution, and stage of economic development influences the security obtainable by each nation in the international system; relationships between defense sectors and national economies within and across countries; efficiency in provision of security; incentive structures which promote or resolve conflict; institutional arrangements which promote or retard peace, stability, and equity.
A conserved cytoplasmic region of ROMK modulates pH sensitivity, conductance, and gating

Potassium channels in the inward rectifier superfamily (ROMK, IRK, GIRK) are thought to consist of four identical subunits surrounding a central pore (7, 17). Hydropathy analysis of the primary structure of these subunits suggests a common motif, consisting of two putative membrane spanning domains (M1 and M2) separated by a relatively short loop thought to be associated with the permeation path or pore region. Both the COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal segments of the subunits are devoid of long hydrophobic stretches and are presumed to be cytoplasmic. Despite similarities in structure among members of the IRK superfamily, the ROMK channels display a much greater sensitivity to intracellular pH (pHi) than do the strong inward rectifiers like IRK1 (4). Reductions in pHi from 7.4 to 6.8 greatly decrease the open probability (Po) of native SK channels (15), as well as ROMK channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes (10, 11, 14). This marked sensitivity of the ROMK family to pHi may be important for K homeostasis during different metabolic states. Specifically, the clinical observation that metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by enhanced K secretion and hypokalemia could partly be explained by augmentation of luminal CCT potassium permeability by increases in pHi (13, 16).
The effect of insurance status on outcomes after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Part of the ongoing healthcare debate is the care of uninsured patients. A common theory is that without regular outpatient care, these patients present to the hospital in the late stages of disease and therefore have worse outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate any differences in outcomes after laparoscopic cholecystectomies between insured and uninsured patients. We reviewed all laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC) done in our institution between 2006 and 2009. Patients were divided into two groups: insured patients (IP) and uninsured patients (UIP). Outcomes, including conversion and complication rates and postoperative length of stay (LOS), were collected and statistically analyzed using χ2 and ANOVA tests. There were 1,090 LCs done during the study period: 944 patients (86.6 %) were insured (IP) and 146 (13.4 %) were uninsured (UIP). In the IP group there were 63/944 (6.7 %) conversions and 59/944 (6.3 %) complications, while in the UIP group there were 15/146 (10.3 %) conversions and 12/146 (8.2 %) complications. There was no statistically significant difference in either of these categories. Mean (±SD) LOS was 1.73 ± 4.34 days for the IP group and 2.72 ± 4.35 days for the UIP group (p = 0.010, ANOVA). Uninsured patients were much more likely to have emergency surgery (99.3 % vs. 47.9 %, p < 0.001, χ2). In our study group, being uninsured did not correlate with having a higher rate of conversion or complications. However, more uninsured patients had their surgery done emergently, and this led to significantly longer lengths of stay. Further research is necessary to study the cost impact of these findings and to see whether insuring these patients can lead to changes in their outcomes.
Field dependencies: Mediation, addiction and anxious fieldwork at the India-Bangladesh border

This paper explores the politics of dependency in researcher-assistant relationships. By doing so, it reflects on how these dynamics are always already predicated on broad personal histories and a range of emergent dependencies. Taking the politics of depend- ency in fieldwork seriously charts a path towards more fully understanding the quixotic production of ethnographic knowledge. Specifically, this paper reflects on the author's relationship with Saiful (a pseudonym), who worked with the author during research at the India-Bangladesh border. Saiful was addicted to heroin. This addiction both com- promised and enabled a productive research engagement in an unstable place. But Saiful's heroin use was only one of a series of dependencies that structured our rela- tionship and this research project. Using the lens of dependency to unpack the con- struction of the field and of ethnographic knowledge more broadly, this paper reflects on a range of questions, including access, anxiety, insider-outsider politics, and entanglement.
Precipitation of Uniform Particles: The Role of Aggregation

The conventional mechanism developed by LaMer (1) is often considered as the most relevant model for describing the precipitation of uniform particles. In this model, the concentration of a species is slowly increased above its equilibrium value until a critical concentration is reached and nucleation occurs. The resulting particles consume soluble species and the supersaturation level is reduced until there is a balance between particle growth and the generation of reactive species. At this point nucleation stops. Particle growth then continues by molecular addition of soluble species to the growing particles. Uniformity is achieved through a short nucleation time and a particle growth mechanism where the small particles grow more rapidly than the large particles.
The Role of “Enemy Images” and Ideology of Elite Belief Systems

We use data from the Leadership Opinion Project (LOP), a panel survey of American opinion leaders which brackets the end of the Cold War, to investigate two interrelated questions about the structure of elites' foreign policy beliefs. We assess, first, whether the militant internationalism/cooperative internationalism scheme, developed primarily by Wittkopf (1981, 1990) and Holsti and Rosenau (1990), has continued relevance now that the USSR has collapsed; and second, whether Hurwitz and Peffley's (1987, 1990; see also Peffley and Hurwitz, 1992; Hurwitz, Peffley, and Seligson, 1993) domain-specific, hierarchical model of mass belief structure can be applied to elite belief systems. The evidence indicates that respondents' past stances toward military and cooperative ventures are highly predictive of their views once the Cold War ends. This continuity in leaders' postures toward international affairs, in itself, suggests that “enemy images” of the Soviet Union were less important within elite belief systems than Hurwitz and Peffley (1990; see also Peffley and Hurwitz, 1992) posited for the mass public. The starkest difference, however, between their findings for mass samples and our findings for a leadership sample centers on the importance of ideology in constraining foreign policy beliefs, and the close interconnection with domestic beliefs. Consequently, as we illustrate, predictable ideological divisions among opinion leaders persist in the post-Cold War era. In sum, our evidence demonstrates considerable continuity in elites' beliefs despite profound changes in the global system, and reaffirms the importance that ideology plays in structuring attitudes within elite belief systems.