cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The bind of tolerance and a call to feminist thought: A reply to Gila Stopler

There are no spaces or spheres of the personal or the private that are not also fraught with political potential and consequence. That insistent lesson from feminist thought is these days instanced, truly writes Gila Stopler, by the bafflements faced by liberal democracies confronting severe threat from illiberal ideas and incitements gathering steam under shelter of liberal basic-liberties guarantees. My questions here are whether the problem’s root in liberalism runs deeper than any ideology of a “private sphere,” and whether it is aggravated by a turn in John Rawls’s defense of liberal principles from a “comprehensive” to a “political” justificatory strategy.
Global Mental Health Through the Lens of Ethics

This chapter looks at the relationships among ethical, legal, and economic assessments of what is valued and what is considered right and wrong. It considers various understandings of “global” and “globalization” to underscore a humanitarian imperative and what human rights might mean in global health and mental health. Ethics is the study of right and wrong, good and bad, or good versus evil – not necessarily binary alternatives. Ethics can be understood as a reflection by a person or group or organization wanting to do the right thing. Also, ethics may be used as a standard by which behavior may be judged, one’s own behavior or the behavior of others. Ethical issues are often translated into economic issues or legal issues. Social and political policy, established norms, may be understood at global, community, organizational, or individual levels. Conflict may occur at any level or between levels. It is the task of ethics to try to understand and resolve such tensions, conflicts, or dilemmas.
Greater financial toxicity relates to greater distress and worse quality of life among breast and gynecologic cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND Financial toxicity includes distress and burden from cancer-related costs. Women are more likely to experience worse cancer-related financial outcomes than men. This study evaluated breast and gynecologic cancer patients' subjective experiences of financial toxicity and associations with distress and quality of life (QOL). METHODS A cross-sectional survey study included measures of financial toxicity (Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity [COST] Version 2), distress (Patient Health Questionnaire), and QOL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy). Chi-square, t-tests, and ANOVAs examined bivariate relationships. Two regression models tested associations between financial toxicity and distress and QOL, controlling for covariates. Financial toxicity subgroups were compared based on a validated grading system. RESULTS Participants (N = 273; 74% breast cancer) averaged 54.65 years (SD = 12.08), were 3.42 years (SD = 4.20) post-diagnosis, and 33% reported cancer-related change in employment status. Financial toxicity was "mild" overall (COST M = 26.11, SD = 11.14); 32% worried about cancer-related financial problems (quite a bit/very much; item-level analysis). Worse financial toxicity related to younger age (p < 0.001), identifying as a non-Asian minority (p = 0.03) or Hispanic (p = 0.01), being single (p < 0.001), lower education (p = 0.004), lower income (p < 0.001), late-stage disease (p = 0.001), recurrent disease (p = 0.004), and active treatment (p < 0.001). In separate multivariable models, greater financial toxicity related to greater distress (β = -0.45 p < 0.001) and worse QOL (β = 0.58, p < 0.001). Financial toxicity subgroups reported clinically significant differences in distress and QOL (p's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cancer-related financial burden is associated with pervasive negative effects and may impact subgroups differently. Future research should explore financial experiences across subgroups, aiming to better identify those at risk and build targeted interventions.
Fluids Demonstrations III: Viscous Flow in Modified Thin Enclosures, Centrifugal Effect, Vortical Flow, and Turbulence

Several new devices that demonstrate a variety of known phenomena in fluid dynamics are presented. These add on to a recent collection of demonstrations and follow the same design features as documented earlier (self-contained, easy to use, low cost). Descriptions are provided to enable replication by others, using readily available materials. The significance of each demonstration is outlined and background information on the relevant physics can be found in the cited references. The devices can be generally used in classroom lecture demonstrations, outreach activities, or other student-based projects. However, pedagogical details are left to readers’ discretion, depending on the scope of local interests and constraints. Video samples of demonstrations are available online.
Development of Clinical Pathophysiology Lectures for Physician Assistant (PA) Students

Physiology is an essential foundation of medicine, yet it is often taught with a strong emphasis on biophysics and minimal clinical references. Pathophysiology breeches this gap, but it is often ne...
The 1995 Through 1998 Pricing Performance of Market Advisory Services for Wheat

The purpose of this research report is to present an evaluation of advisory service pricing performance from 1995 through 1998 for wheat. The average net advisory price across all 24 wheat programs in 1995 is $3.79 per bushel, $0.18 above the market benchmark price. The range in 1995 is $3.01 to $4.71 per bushel. The average net advisory service price for 23 wheat programs in 1996 is $3.82 per bushel, $0.13 below the market benchmark. The range in 1996 is $2.74 to $4.94 per bushel. The average net advisory price for all 20 wheat programs in 1997 is $2.64 per bushel, $0.58 below the market benchmark. The range in 1997 is $1.34 to $3.90 per bushel. Finally, the average net advisory price across all 21 services in 1998 is $2.36 per bushel, $0.54 below the market benchmark. The range in 1998 is $1.34 to $3.33 per bushel.
The origin of the common cystic structures of the human placenta

I N THE laboratory study of the placenta, including both gross and microscopic examination of anomalies and lesions, our attention was directed to the frequency of occurrence of small cystic structures in the placental tissue. Various types of cysts of the placenta have been recognized for some time, but the frequency with which this particular structure occurred arrested our attention, the gross picture being well defined and striking wherever the structure occurred. Before proceeding further it would be well to take up a generalized gross description of the structures in question. The position is most frequently in the central port.ion of the placental area where the placental tissue is usually thickest. They are usually located somewhat nearer the fetal surface than the maternal surface. The size is quite variable. Most of the cavities are only a few millimeters in diameter, but in some eases the greatest diameter may exceed 2 cm. In placentae where the cysts are rather numerous the cavities are usually small in size. The shape is quite irregular; seldom is it spherical. In many instances the cavities present diverticula which are greater in length than the diameter of the main portion of the cavity. The reason for the irregularity in shape will be evident when the microscopic picture is described. On section of the fixed placenta the circumscribed outline is present. The wall is in most cases a very definite fibrin-like band, a millimeter or less in diameter, and it stands out distinctly from the surrounding tissue. The cavity is filled with a gelatinous opalescent material, sometimes quite clear, and sometimes with a sanguineous tinge. In some cases this material is quite firm, while again it may have the consistency of thin mucus. The apparent relationship to the surrounding tissue is variable. In some cases the structures seem to be isolated in the villous tissue, again they appear to be in approximation to the chorionic membrane, and very frequently they are found to be in the terminal portion of septa contiguous with the decidua at the maternal surface. (Fig. 1.) While attention was directed to the macroscopic cystic structures, microscopic cysts were being noted from time to time in sections taken from blocks of apparently normal placental tissue. These small cysts
We must build resilience into our communities

Innovative approaches can better equip society to deal with natural disasters and other shocks, says Erwann Michel-Kerjan.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Diversity in Three Michigan Streams

Macroinvertebrate community structure is evaluated as an indicator of human enrichment of streams. Standing crops and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, utilizing numbers of individuals and biomass,...
LARGE‐SCALE NEUTRINO PROJECTS SANS ACCELERATORS

Cosmic ray neutrinos from the atmosphere have been detected in three separate experiments. Research programs planned for the future by the USSR and the US are discussed. 12 references. (BJG)
The solubility of potassium acid soaps in organic solvents

Abstract The potassium acid soaps of lauric (HL), stearic (HSt), and oleic (HO1) acids have molar ratios of neutral soap:fatty acid of 1.0. The solubility of potassium acid laurate at 25°C was investigated quantitatively; the solubility of the stearate was considerably lower. The highest solubility of the laurate was in methanol; the best solvents had solubility parameter values between 11 and 15 ( cal/cm 3 ) 1 2 . These solvents dissolved intact KHL 2 . Less polar solvents extracted small amounts of HL while more polar solvents extracted mostly KL from KHL 2 .
HIV/AIDS: a present and future threat to human capacity and global competitiveness

Within the last two decades over 60 million people have been infected with HIV/AIDS. In the U.S. AIDS is the leading cause of death between the age of 25 and 44 years old. At the end of 2001, the United Nations estimated that 40 million people around the globe live with HIV/AIDS and 5 million people were infected during 2001. AIDS is affecting the global economy equal to the entire economy of Australia or India. The only avoidance of HIV/AIDS impact is prevention. Organizations must take an active role in the education of populations if the impact is to be reduced.
Development of a quicktest kit method to measure soil nitrate

Abstract A soil nitrate test taken about 4 weeks after emergence has been proposed to predict the corn (Zea mays L.) yield reponse to sidedress N fertilizer applications. Use of this test would be increased if the soil analysis and interpretation could be done rapidly, since the fertilizer must be applied within one to two weeks after sampling. Because of this time constraint, mailing samples to a centralized laboratory is unattractive to many farmers. One potential solution to this problem would be to have the analysis done locally using a quicktest kit. A proposed method for analyzing soil samples for nitrate was adapted for use under field conditions. The method is based on the analysis of soil extracts using nitrate sensitive test strips and a hand held reflectometer. Two soil measuring methods, a conventional scooping method and a weighing procedure using an inexpensive balance, were evaluated for inclusion in the test kit. Evaluation was based on the ability of the methods to measure 20 g of soil. F...
Alternate Endings: A New Story for mRNA Decapping

With most of the important players identified, the process of decapping is thought, for the most part, to be well understood. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Song et al. (2010) challenge this notion with the identification of a previously uncharacterized mRNA decapping enzyme.
An Unusual Presentation of Acute Calcific Tendinitis in the Hand

Acute calcific tendinitis (ACT) is a relatively uncommon disorder of the hand and wrist. ACT is a well-known condition of the shoulder, but it often goes unrecognized when occurring in the hand or wrist. The overall lack of familiarity along with the non-specific symptoms associated with ACT frequently leads to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis. We report a case of acute calcific tendinitis occurring in the carpal tunnel which is a rare presentation.
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola

Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola is a rare condition. We report two cases of hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola occurring in men with no underlying endocrinopathy or synthetic estrogenic drug therapy. Both patients demonstrated prompt resolution of the hyperkeratosis of the nipples with a keratolytic gel. Because our cases were not associated with ichthyosis or epidermal nevus, they best fit into the category of nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipples.
Discussion influence of yield surface curvature on flow localization in dilatant plasticity

Abstract The results of finite element calculations for a hollow sphere micromodel are used to examine the underlying assumptions and the specific yield functions in the dilatant plasticity theories of Gurson (1977) and Mear and Hutchinson
Modeling and design of materials for controlled wave propagation in plane grid structures

Formulations for the optimal design of plane grids with maximum band gaps are presented. Periodic band-gap structures prevent waves in certain frequency ranges from propagating. Materials or structures with band gaps have many applications, including frequency filters, vibration protection devices and wave guides. Here, a simple model of a periodic plane grid structure is presented and then an optimization problem is formulated where the structure’s band gap above a particular frequency is maximized by the selective addition of non-structural masses. Numerical implementation issues are discussed and examples are presented.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The treatment of gastroschisis.

Abstract A new method of treatment is proposed for gastroschisis, which involves wide transverse division of the abdominal musculature, with initial repair of skin only. In three consecutive cases this method has resulted in a trouble-free convalescence, with return of gut function within 1 week. The method necessitates a second-stage procedure which has not been found difficult. It compares unfavorably with the silon pouch method in this respect, but we believe it should prove much safer, because of the lessened risk of serious infection. The bowel in gastroschisis, despite its initial matted, foreshortened appearance, is capable of normal development.
A Rapid and Specific Method for the Isolation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide

THE report by Gessler et al. 1 on the use of a completely substituted ethane (trichlorotrifluoro ethane, ‘Genetron 113’; obtained from the Division of Allied Dye and Chemical Corp., General Chemicals, Inc., New York) as a ‘deproteinizing’ agent in the purification of influenza virus, suggested to us that this solvent might have many uses. In particular, we were concerned with ‘deproteinizing’ bacterial cells with the consequent release of polysaccharides. In view of the observation that this solvent is not miscible with water and that pneumococcal poly-saccharide is soluble in water, the following experiment was performed.
Agricultural Efficiency Gains in Centrally Planned Economies

Abstract This paper estimates the growth of agricultural production efficiency in nine centrally planned economics over two time periods, 1965-1977 and 1978-1989. The second time period was one of agricultural policy reform for most of the nine countries. Our major finding is that production efficiency improved in the second time period, helping to check a fall in growth of agricultural output. Gains in production efficiency were as large in Central and Eastern Europe as the gains in China, even though economic reforms were deeper in China, where production was privatized. The slowdown in growth of agricultural production in the 1980′s was not due to production inefficiencies, but rather due to slower growth of inputs, particularly fertilizer. The implication of our results is that privatization of farming may be unnecessary in order to achieve high production efficiency gains. J. Comp. Econom., June 1994, 18 (3), pp. 000-000, University of California, Davis, California 95616.
Survival of a recipient of renal transplantation after pulmonary phycomycosis

A 48-year-old nondiabetic man maintained on prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine after cadaveric renal transplantation developed multiple unilateral phycomycotic pulmonary abscesses. Despite treatment with amphotericin B the patient remained febrile. Surgical resection of these pulmonary abscesses was performed and the patient remains free of disease 1 year after operation. To our knowledge, this patient represents the first reported case of pulmonary phycomycosis in a recipient of renal transplantation without diabetes mellitus.
302: Shoulder dystocia maneuvers and neonatal outcomes

301 A new standard for fetal descent in labor Anna Graseck, Kimberly Roehl, Anthony Odibo, eorge Macones, Alison Cahill Washington University in St. Louis, Obstetrics and Gynecology, t. Louis, MO OBJECTIVE: Recent work using a contemporary population and modrn statistical methods has redefined the rate of cervical dilation in ormal labor. However, modern norms for changes in station in labor ave not been developed. We developed new norms for fetal descent n labor, and compared the rate of fetal descent among women by arity, and among those in spontaneous and induced labor. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of consective term, vertex singletons from 2004-2008 who delivered vaginally. xtensive data were collected from the medical records, including ervical exams (allowing complete reconstruction of the labor curves) nd obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Station was measured on a 3 o 3 scale. A repeated-measures analysis was used to construct avrage descent curves, stratified by parity and labor type. Interval-cenored regression was used to estimate duration of labor, from each evel of station to the next, stratified by parity and labor type, and djusted for race and fetal macrosomia. RESULTS: Of 5,388 consecutive term births, 1,992 (37%) were nulliprous. Sixty-two percent (n 3,373) were augmented or induced. ultiparous women had faster fetal descent at all stations except from 2 to 3 station, in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Median escent from one station point to another ranged from 0.1 1.6 hours, ut the 95th percentiles encompassed over 12 hours at the same staion in women who eventually achieved vaginal delivery. In stratified nalysis of spontaneous and non-spontaneous labor, spontaneous laorers had faster descent. CONCLUSION: Multiparas have faster fetal descent than nulliparas. Women in spontaneous labor also have faster fetal descent compared to those being induced or augmented.
Time-Dependent Rheology of a Model Waxy Crude Oil with Relevance to Gelled Pipeline Restart†

When ambient temperatures are low, paraffinic crude oils being transported in pipelines may form gels composed of wax crystals. If pipeline flow ceases, these waxy gels may make it difficult to restart the flow without breaking the pipe. To predict the severity of this problem, we consider the rheology of a transparent model waxy crude oil for which pipeline flow visualization results are presented elsewhere. We investigate characteristics of the model oil determined by cone-plate shear flow measurements, such as the viscosity and wax appearance temperature, the gelation temperature, the elastic modulus, and the yielding behavior of the gel. The yielding behavior is a critical determinant of pipeline restart, and the time-dependent yielding behavior observed for this model oil is similar to that reported previously for North Sea crude oils. In particular, at sufficiently low-stress levels, the gel never yields, whereas the gel yields or “fractures” immediately at sufficiently high-stress levels. At interm...
On the Orientation Dependence of the Cyclotron Resonance Peaks for Holes in Ge and Si

Analyse des donnees a partir d'une theorie basee sur les orbitales moleculaires (electrons canalises) aux trous. Un excellent accord est obtenu entre la theorie et l'experience en utilisant les formules standards pour la frequence de resonance w en fonction de l'angle θ entre le champ magnetique et la normale au plan de l'orbitale
Chewing behaviour in the domestic donkey (Equus asinus) fed fibrous forage

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate chewing activity in domestic donkeys eating long-stem, high-fiber forage. Five donkeys (body weight 198±15 kg) were fed 2 types of forage containing equal amounts of fiber (65% neutral detergent fiber: NDF) at two levels of crude protein (CP). Forage consumed was either a mixed legume/orchard grass hay (CP 13.7%) or a grass hay (CP 6.5%). Chewing rate (chews/min) and rate of feed consumption (min/kg of dry matter (DM) or of NDF) were determined by direct observation. The study was designed as a two-period cross-over design with 3 sets of observations per animal per diet. There was no significant effect of protein level or forage type on average chewing rate (53±2 chews/min), time to consume 1 kg of DM (120±12 min) or 1 kg of NDF (184±18 min). Chewing rate was no different at the start vs. end of a 1-h meal for animals eating mixed legume/grass hay, but was significantly (P
Su1579 Is There a Risk of Colon Perforation Following Colonoscopic Polypectomy in Patients Who Have a Same Day CT Colonography for Incomplete Colonoscopies

measure differences in force application in humans and a colon model and gauge usability. Methods: Four endoscopists performed colonoscopy with CFM-4 in triplicate on a Kyoto-Kagaku case model with a redundant sigmoid and alpha loop configuration. In addition, two endoscopists performed 5 colonoscopies with CFM-4 were in human volunteers. Continuous force data were recorded and the following force parameters calculated: peak and average push, pull, clockwise and counter clockwise torque; average push, pull, clockwise and counter-clockwise torque rate; and exam time. Results: ANOVA of force parameters among endoscopists demonstrated a significant difference between the human and colon model. Peak clockwise (32.8 7.6 vs 8.3 12.4 N*cm, p! 0.001) and peak counter-clockwise torque (-30.1 6.1 vs -6.8 9.4 N*cm, p! 0.001) was greater in human than model colonoscopy. In addition, the average push rate (12.2 1.0 vs 8.7 1.9 N/s, p Z 0.003) and pull rate (-12.0 1.0 vs -9.1 1.9 N/s, p! 0.001) were higher for human when compared to model colonoscopy. Finally, exam time (754 359 vs 178 921s, p! 0.001) was significantly faster for model colonoscopy. There were no differences in peak or average push and pull force. All endoscopists had used both CFM-3 and CFM-4 and confirmed a marked improvement in ease of use and handling parameters. Conclusions: The CFM-4 device measured significant differences in force application patterns between a human and model colon. These differences were limited to reduced rotational force, slower force application rate and faster examination time in colon models when compared to a human colon. Further studies comparing model and human colonoscopy may facilitate development of more realistic colon training models and more precise operator technique assessment. Finally, the CFM-4 device design improved ease of use and effective force monitoring capability supporting its use in ongoing studies of force application.
Computer control of the penicillin fermentation using the filtration probe in conjunction with a structured process model

A structured model for the penicillin fermentation is presented. This model includes three different cell types: (1) hyphae tips, (2) penicillin-producing cells, and (3) degenerated, metabolically inactive cells. Cell degeneration has been described previously as a gradual loss of cytoplasmic material by endogenous metabolism. The rate at which such loss of cytoplasm (and activity) proceeds can be expressed as a linear function of the specific growth rate. At growth rates above some minimum value (0.0115 h(-1)) cell degeneration can be prevented. This model served as the control basis during open-loop as well as closed-loop computer control of the fermentation. Closed-loop control was achieved through feedback information of biomass concentration using a filtration probe and was required when complex nutrients contributed significantly to the overall biomass production.
A Highly Efficient Six-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine Cycle with Water Injection for In-Cylinder Exhaust Heat Recovery

A concept is presented here that adds two additional strokes to the four-stroke Otto or Diesel cycle that has the potential to increase fuel efficiency of the basic cycle. The engine cycle can be thought of as a 4 stroke Otto or Diesel cycle followed by a 2-stroke heat recovery steam cycle. Early exhaust valve closing during the exhaust stroke coupled with water injection are employed to add an additional power stroke at the end of the conventional four-stroke Otto or Diesel cycle. An ideal thermodynamics model of the exhaust gas compression, water injection at top center, and expansion was used to investigate this modification that effectively recovers waste heat from both the engine coolant and combustion exhaust gas. Thus, this concept recovers energy from two waste heat sources of current engine designs and converts heat normally discarded to useable power and work. This concept has the potential of a substantial increase in fuel efficiency over existing conventional internal combustion engines, and under appropriate injected water conditions, increase the fuel efficiency without incurring a decrease in power density. By changing the exhaust valve closing angle during the exhaust stroke, the ideal amount of exhaust can be recompressed for the amountmore » of water injected, thereby minimizing the work input and maximizing the mean effective pressure of the steam expansion stroke (MEPsteam). The value of this exhaust valve closing for maximum MEPsteam depends on the limiting conditions of either one bar or the dew point temperature of the expansion gas/moisture mixture when the exhaust valve opens to discard the spent gas mixture in the sixth stroke. The range of MEPsteam calculated for the geometry of a conventional gasoline spark-ignited internal combustion engine and for plausible water injection parameters is from 0.75 to 2.5 bars. Typical combustion mean effective pressures (MEPcombustion) of naturally aspirated gasoline engines are up to 10 bar, thus this concept has the potential to significantly increase the engine efficiency and fuel economy while not resulting in a decrease in power density.« less
Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space

The terms black Liverpool and black America, no less than the African diaspora, refer to racialized geographies of the imagination. The mapping of racial signifiers onto geographical ones lends such terms the illusion of referring to physical rather than social locations. That there is no actual space that one could call "the African diaspora," despite how commonly it is mapped onto particular locales, points attention to the ways that social spaces are constructed in tandem with processes of racial formation. Inspired by Paul Gilroy's first book, There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (1987), I set out in 1991 to study the meanings and practices surrounding "race" and nation in Liverpool, England. Set in a city with one of the longest-settled black populations in the United Kingdom, my research investigated why and how black identity is constituted as the mutual opposite of English and British identities. Yet in pursuing these themes, I became increasingly amazed at how frequently my informants would make discursive forays into "black America." Nested at key moments in their narratives were references to the formative influence that black America-in many forms-has had on racial identity and politics in their city. The experiences they narrated were varied, and the narratives themselves were rich, poignant, and deeply gendered. Black Liverpudlians told of their relations with the black American servicemen (or "GIs") who were stationed outside their city for some 25 years following World War II.1 Men and women also spoke about the travels of their own African, Afro-Caribbean, and native black Liverpudlian fathers who were employed as seamen by Liverpool shipping companies. The global wanderings of the city's black men often brought them to black Atlantic ports of
Correlation of serum opsonic activity in cystic fibrosis with colonization and disease state: measurement of opsonins to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by neutrophil superoxide anion generation.

ABSTRACT. Serum from patients with cystic fibrosis and normal controls was used to opsonize mucoid and nonmucoid Pseudomonas aemginosa particles. Opsonic activity was then determined by measuring the production of superoxide anion (O2-) from normal neutrophils stimulated with the opsonized particles. Without any opsonization, mucoid P. aeruginosa stimulated significantly more O2- than nonmucoid P. aeruginosa. Responses to nonmucoid P. aemginosa observed with heat-inactivated serum from patients with cystic fibrosis were significantly higher (p=0.008) than those observed with heat-inactivated control sera. Comparisons made between patients who were colonized with P. aeruginosa and those who were not showed that heat activated serum from colonized patients had significantly higher levels of opsonic activity than heat inactivated serum from patients who were not colonized. These differences were observed with either mucoid or nonmucoid P. aeruginosa. A negative correlation was also observed between opsonic activity and clinical status measured by Schwachman scores of colonized patients. These data indicate that in patients colonized with P. aemginosa the deterioration of their clinical status correlated with increased opsonic activity reflected in the oxidative burst response of neutrophils.
Evaluation of the degree of caries-susceptibility in strains of rats.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence on dental caries activity of maintaining rats of the Harvard caries-susceptible and caries-resistant strains together for various periods. In the first half of the first experiment, weanling rats of the two strains were caged together, while in the second half, weanling rats of the caries-resistant strain were housed with young adult rats of the caries-susceptible strain which had already developed numerous grossly detectable carious lesions. In the second experiment, half-litters were transferred from caries-susceptible mothers to caries-resistant mothers within 24 hr after birth. These foster offspring were maintained with the half-litter belonging to the mother until weaning at 21 days of age. The rats of the caries-susceptible strain developed high rates of caries activity typical of their predecessors, regardless of the amount of contact with animals of the caries-resistant strain, or the lack of contact with members of their own strain. Three-quarters of the members of the caries-resistant strain which were maintained in direct contact with caries-active members of the caries-susceptible strain remained caries-free throughout the 250 day experimental period. The remaining quarter developed small numbers of slowly progressing carious lesions at a caries-activity level of approximately 10 per cent of that of caries-susceptible rats maintained on experiment for 80 days. The rats of the caries-resistant strain which became caries-active were restricted to a portion of the litters used in the experiments and probably represented the least resistant portion of the caries-resistant strain. These data justify the concept that the caries-susceptibility and resistance of these strains are attributable to genetically inherited characteristics and that the terms caries-susceptible and caries-resistant can be correctly applied to the representatives of the two strains.
Mechanism of assembly of the tyrosyl radical-dinuclear iron cluster cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase.

Incubation of the apoB2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase with Fe2+ and O2 produces native B2, which contains the tyrosyl radical-dinuclear iron cluster cofactor required for nucleotide reduction. The chemical mechanism of this reconstitution reaction was investigated by stopped-flow absorption spectroscopy and by rapid freeze-quench EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Two novel intermediates have been detected in the reaction. The first exhibits a broad absorption band centered at 565 nanometers. Based on known model chemistry, this intermediate is proposed to be a mu-peroxodiferric complex. The second intermediate exhibits a broad absorption band centered at 360 nanometers and a sharp, isotropic EPR signal with g = 2.00. When the reaction is carried out with 57Fe2+, this EPR signal is broadened, demonstrating that the intermediate is an iron-coupled radical. Variation of the ratio of Fe2+ to B2 in the reaction and comparison of the rates of formation and decay of the intermediates to the rate of formation of the tyrosyl radical (.Y122) suggest that both intermediates can generate .Y122. This conclusion is supported by the fact that both intermediates exhibit an increased lifetime in a mutant B2 subunit (B2-Y122F) lacking the oxidizable Y122. Based on these kinetic and spectroscopic data, a mechanism for the reaction is proposed. Unlike reactions catalyzed by heme-iron peroxidases, oxygenases, and model complexes, the reconstitution reaction appears not to involve high-valent iron intermediates.
High resolution three-dimensional imaging: Evidence for cell cycle reentry in regenerating skeletal muscle

Newts and other urodele amphibians can replace lost structures including limbs, providing a vertebrate model for the study of regeneration of complex tissues. The composite of different cell and tissue types in the limb, however, presents a challenge for their imaging in three-dimensions (3D) at cellular level resolution. To observe myofibers in vivo without distortion, we developed a streamlined protocol whereby 80 μm thick cryosections are mounted on slides, processed for immunohistochemistry, imaged using confocal microscopy and z-stacks rendered in 3D. This methodology enabled precise in situ rendering of regenerating muscle, demonstrating cell cycle reentry of nuclei within the myofiber syncytium. The high resolution imaging of muscle or comparable tissue types as intact 3D entities in the context of extracellular and intracellular molecules allows for the determination of signaling and cell response pathways, making this method useful for studies that attempt to characterize rare physiological events in vivo.
Selective excitation in dipole coupled systems

In this Letter the possibility of selective excitation in coupled multispin systems is studied theoretically. A general method of transforming any selective pulse developed for uncoupled systems into a form that is selective in coupled systems is presented. This is accomplished by adding a small perturbation to a decoupling radiofrequency (RF) field. When viewed in an interaction frame given by the decoupling RF field, this method generates, in an averaged sense, a propagator similar to the propagator of uncoupled spins under a shaped RF pulse. Preliminary experimental results are presented for the case of selective excitation in proton nuclear magnetic resonance in liquid crystals.
Method to Determine the Collection Length in Field-Driven a-Si1-xGex:H Solar Cells

Abstract Amorphous silicon germanium alloys are widely used as a p-i-n bottom cell for amorphous silicon based tandem solar cells due to its small and tailored band gap. Decreasing the band gap is achieved by increasing the germanium atomic content. Increasing the germanium content reduces the material electronic quality and hence decreases the collection probability of the generated photocarriers. The determination of the collection distance in p-n solar cells is determined from the internal quantum efficiency because the minority carrier diffusion dominates. This method is not valid for p-i-n structures because the carrier drift dominates. This contribution presents a simple method to determine the collection distance for drift-driven solar cells from the measured quantum efficiency. The method is self checked by reproducing i-layer thickness beside the collection distance. We show that increasing the hydrogen dilution from 20% to 25% increases the collection length from 146 nm to 194 nm. The method estimates the original absorber thickness with error
Flowering under controlled conditions by Cymodocea rotundata from the Palau Islands, Micronesia

Abstract Flowering of Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenb. & Hempr. ex Aschers. has been reported in natural seagrass beds only in 1871 and 1967. The production of staminate flowers on three separate occasions in 1977–1978 in experimental cultures transplanted from Kayangel Atoll suggests primarily temperature control.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of chronic renal disease

Abstract Chronic renal disease, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation may be accompanied by a variety of derangements of higher cortical functioning, mental processes, and behavior. Many treatable toxic metabolic, degenerative, and structural processes may occur as a result of the progression of the renal disease itself, associated medical conditions, or secondary neurologic complications. Associated behavioral changes may easily be confused with functional disorders. latrogenic complications may also arise. An understanding and awareness of these entities is important for the consulting psychiatrist in order to properly diagnose and care for the renal patient who shows disturbances in behavior.
Linear decomposition of thermomechanical relaxations in polymers

The methodology of linear decomposition of thermomechanical relaxation phenomena in polymers is outlined. Experimental data obtained from Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA) experiments for tactic poly(methyl methacrylate) are analyzed and the physical significance of the results is discussed.
Transforming pseudo-triangulations

We study the problem of transforming pseudo-triangulations in the plane. We show that a pseudo-triangulation with n vertices can be transformed into another one using O(n logn) flips only. This improves the previous bound O(n2) of Bronnimann et al. [Fall Workshop on Comput. Geometry, 2001]. We present an algorithm for computing a transformation between two pseudotriangulations in O((f + n) log n) time where f is the number of flips.
Implementing a Four-Phase Curriculum Review Model

(2010). Implementing a Four-Phase Curriculum Review Model. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 39-46.
Comment on “Developing a reporting guideline for social and psychological intervention trials”

This comment refers to the article available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-013-9180-5 .
The microwave auditory phenomenon

When human subjects are exposed to rectangular pulses of microwave radiation, an audible sound occurs which appears to originate from within or behind the head. It has been shown that electrophysiological auditory activity may be elicited by exposing the brains of laboratory animals to rectangular pulses of microwave energy. These results suggest that a microwave auditory phenomenon is evoked by a mechanism similar to that responsible for conventional sound reception and that the primary site of interaction resides peripheral to the cochlea. A comparison of the pressure amplitudes, such as those produced in a homogeneous planar layer of brain matter that is irradiated by a microwave pulse, indicates that the peak pressure due to thermal expansion is much greater than either radiation pressure or electrostriction. Theoretical analyses for a spherical brain based on the thermoelastic mechanism of interaction were found to agree with experimentally observed characteristics and indicate also that the induced sound frequency is only a function of the size and acoustic property of the brain. A few suggestions have been made for future research aimed at furthering our knowledge on microwave auditory effect and its health implications.
A REVISED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD.

Abstract A simple, rapid, modified method for the determination of total cholesterol has been described. The ease for determining total cholesterol by our method permits an individual to analyze over 100 samples per day as compared to the more laborious methods of Sperry-Webb or Vahouny. This procedure is not as costly as the other methods since it does not require digitonin precipitation of cholesterol. The dependability and reproducibility of cholesterol by this method is as accurate as other methods. Due to its basic simplicity and the fewer steps involved, the possibilities of error are decreased.
Design of credentials for high-speed access control in service-oriented networks

Network services, ranging from simple network paths to complex packet processing and content storage, are envisioned as a core aspect of the future Internet. One key challenge is to limit access to these services to traffic that is authorized to use them. In this work, we describe a novel design for data plane capabilities that can provide efficient access control at high-data rates.
Performance and perceptions of distance learners in cyberspace

Abstract This study compared the performance and perception of cyber‐learners to that of traditional learners. A study of several hundred undergraduate students taking an introductory economics course at the University of California suggests that cyberlearners learn as well as, or better than, traditional learners regardless of characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, academic background, computer skills, and academic aptitude and that they do so with a high degree of satisfaction. CD‐ROM‐based lectures, electronic testing, threaded electronic bulletin boards, and online discussion rooms all appear to be effective instructional technologies. The CD‐ROM‐based lectures that simulated the traditional classroom experience were regarded as being both the most essential and most enjoyable instructional medium.
Classification of the dementias

Sir—Karen Ritchie and Simon Lovestone (Nov 30, p 1759) courageously emphasise that nosological boundaries within the dementias are being reassessed because of new information about genetic and neurochemical mechanisms. They point out that the relations between Alzheimer’s disease and vascular disease, and among the varieties of dementia that include parkinsonism as a clinical feature and Lewy bodies as a pathological feature, are less clear than we had previously thought. What the authors do not describe in this review, however, is that dimensionality should serve as an important feature of our nosological classification of dementia, rather than mere reshuffling of categories. Dysfunction of neurons and resulting cognitive impairment occurs in varying degrees. The term mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the latest attempt to label part of the continuum of agerelated cognitive dysfunction. Terms such as benign senile forgetfulness and ageing-associated memory impairment (AAMI) were earlier efforts, although AAMI itself is undergoing somewhat of a revival. Yet these terms remind us of a long history of labelling parts of a continuum, and of the fact that distinctions between different categories are often arbitrary. Alterations in cholinergic markers are one such biological marker that changes with age. How responsive patients with MCI will be to cholinesterase inhibitors remains to be seen in several ongoing randomised controlled studies. In a small study we have used sensitive performance measures (occupationspecific activities of daily living) to show that, in flight simulators, healthy, cognitively intact, 50-year-old pilots might respond positively to donepezil. In our rush to create new categories of disease, and to determine what medications they respond to, we must not forget that such efforts have profound implications for patients with memory concerns. The term MCI might be useful in research to identify people who could benefit from preventative treatments, but it is a troublesome label when used in clinical practice. Does it mean that someone does not have Alzheimer’s disease; does have Alzheimer’s disease; or will or might get Alzheimer’s disease? In our efforts to develop more effective treatments and “medicalise” age-related cognitive changes, perhaps we need to revisit our nosological categories with regard to the fuzziness of the boundaries and fuzziness of our thinking. The assertion that Alzheimer’s disease is not normal ageing is more a political than a scientific statement. If we recognise that we all fall on some part of the developmental continuum, would we address the issues of agerelated cognitive changes in different ways? Would we prevent the terror of the label of Alzheimer’s disease? Would we focus on the positive aspects of cognitive ageing? We would be wise to do so, because the likelihood of biological fixes for all causes of agerelated cognitive decline seems remote despite the power of current medical research approaches. Peter J Whitehouse
Trace determination of β-lactam antibiotics in surface water and urban wastewater using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive and reliable method using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the trace determination of beta-lactam antibiotics in natural and wastewater matrices. Water samples were enriched by solid-phase extraction. The analytes included amoxicillin (AMOX), ampicillin (AMP), oxacillin (OXA), cloxacillin (CLOX) and cephapirin (CEP). Average recoveries of beta-lactams (BLs) in fortified samples were generally above 75% (except amoxicillin) with the standard deviations lower than 10% in water matrices. Amoxicillin was not quantified due to poor recovery (less than 40%) in the investigated water matrices. Matrix effects were found to be minimal when measuring these compounds in water matrices. The accuracy, within- and between-run precision of the assay fell within acceptable ranges of 15% absolute. The method detection limit (MDL) was estimated to range between 8 and 10 ng/L in surface water, 13 and 18 ng/L in the influent and 8 and 15 ng/L in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. A large number of actual water samples were analyzed using this method in order to evaluate the occurrence of the beta-lactams in a river and a wastewater treatment plant in northern Colorado. Most of the samples were negative for all analytes. These compounds were found at 15-17 ng/L in the three influent samples and at 9-11 ng/L in three surface water samples out of a total of 200 samples. This indicates that contamination by beta-lactam antibiotics is of minor importance to the small mixed-watershed.
Efficient heteronuclear dipolar decoupling in NMR of static solid samples using phase-wiggled two-pulse phase modulation

A new scheme using phase-wiggled two-pulse phase modulation (PW-TPPM) is proposed for efficient heteronuclear dipolar decoupling in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of static solid samples. The two pulses within each TPPM element have different alternating phase angles so that these elements become phase-wiggled. It is derived theoretically that such phase wiggling causes a resonance for additional averaging of the residual heteronuclear dipolar interactions and thus significantly improves decoupling efficiency in stationary solids. A static 15N-acetyl-valine crystal sample and a 15N-labeled helical peptide sample aligned in hydrated phospholipid bilayers were used to illustrate the advantages of this new scheme.
Scepticism in the Eighteenth Century: Enlightenment, Lumiéres, Aufklärung

Scepticism in the Eighteenth Century consists of twenty-two articles preceded by a preface and an ‘Introduction’ by Sebastien Charles that amounts to a twenty-third article. The papers, including t...