cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root cause diagnosis of plant-wide oscillations using Granger causality

Abstract Oscillations are common in closed-loop controlled processes which, once generated, can propagate along process flows and feedback paths of the whole plant. It is important to detect and diagnose such oscillations to maintain high control performance. This paper presents a new data-driven time series method for diagnosing the sources and propagation paths of plant-wide oscillations. The proposed method first uses a latent variable method to select features which carry significant common oscillations, then applies both time-domain Granger causality and spectral Granger causality to provide reliable diagnosis of oscillation sources and propagations. Simulation tests and an industrial case study are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The role of catalysis in the design, development, and implementation of green chemistry

Abstract Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes which reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. In the last decade, green chemistry has been recognized as a new approach to scientifically based environmental protection. Catalysis has manifested its role as a fundamental tool in pollution prevention. While catalysis has long been utilized in increasing efficiency, yield, and selectivity, it is now also recognized as accomplishing a wide range of green chemistry goals.
Syntheses and pKa determination of 1-(o-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole carboxylic esters

All three isomers of 1-(o-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole carboxylic esters (1–3) have been synthesized regioselectively via their methyl ether precursors. Methyl 1-(o-methoxyphenyl)imidazole-2-carboxylate (6) and the corresponding 1,4-isomer (11) were synthesized via Cu-catalyzed coupling of 2-iodoanisole with imidazole followed by methoxycarbonylation, and by direct coupling of 2-iodoanisole with methyl imidazole-4-carboxylate (7), respectively. The 1,5-isomer (15) was prepared by annulation of an N-aryl glycine ester derivative (13). The boron tribromide mediated cleavage of methyl ethers gave the hydroxyphenyl compounds (1–3) in good to excellent yields. These compounds can serve as building blocks for synthesizing a new generation of active-site model compounds of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). The pKa values have been determined by spectrophotometric measurements in order to provide a basis for the understanding of the proton transfer processes in CcO.
Thrust loss due to supersonic mixing

The maximum thrust developed by a device in which two streams mix in a parallel configuration at supersonic velocities is estimated. Total pressure profiles in a two-dimensional, compressible shear layer are calculated by assuming turbulent Prandtl and Lewis numbers of unity. As the convective Mach number Mc rises, the total pressure acquires a defect that becomes large for Mc > 1. For shear layers with equal freestream total pressures, an analytical relation for the defect vs Mc is found. The extent and magnitude of the defect agrees well with experimental data. The loss in total pressure is connected to the loss in thrust of a simplified model of a scramjet. The thrust loss is about 30% for Mc = 2 and 50% for Mc 3. The trends are insensitive to details of the shear-layer velocity profile and to the ratios of freestream quantities. The role of turbulent-energy dissipation in the reduction of total pressure is discussed.
Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3–5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300–500 W/kg for high efficiency (90–95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1–2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 Ω cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.
The wavelength of neutrino and neutral kaon oscillations

Neutral kaons, and probably also neutrinos, exhibit oscillations between flavor eigenstates, as a result of being produced in a superposition of mass eigenstates. Several recent papers have addressed the question of the energies and momenta of the components of these states, and their effect on the coherence of the states and on the wavelength of the oscillations. We point out that the mass eigenstates need have neither equal momentum nor equal energy, but can nevertheless be coherent, and that a correct treatment of the kinematics recovers the usual result for the wavelength of the flavor oscillations.
Risk of schizophrenia and age difference with older siblings: Evidence for a maternal viral infection hypothesis?

Recent reports that some influenza epidemics may be followed by a transient increase in the births of schizophrenic patients have led to the hypothesis that maternal viral infections contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia. It is well known that respiratory viral infections are frequently brought into the home by young children. We tested the predictions that the risk of schizophrenia is decreased in first-born children, and increased in individuals who had siblings of a young age while in utero, using data from a Swedish family study. Our results are consistent with these predictions. In particular, having siblings three to four years older was associated with a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia, even after allowing for birth order, sibship size, and other potential confounders. If replicated, these results provide indirect support for the maternal viral infection hypothesis, although there are alternative explanations.
Do instantons and strings cluster when the number of colors is large

Abstract We consider the N c →∞ limit of QCD using a toy model in which instantons exchange color-singlet scalar fields which do not self-interact. Our main observation is that collective attraction leads the formation of large clusters containing O ( N c ) nonperturbative objects. We further show that this clustering of instantons is limited due to a non-trivial repulsion inherent in the ADHM multi-instanton solution. As a result the vacuum is very different from that at low N c , notably being more inhomogeneous, in ways which will affect chiral symmetry breaking of light quarks. We also briefly discuss a similar phenomenon for color strings in baryons made of medium-mass (charm-like) quarks.
The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism

A composite estimate of the magnitude of past explosive eruptions, referred to as the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), is proposed as a semiquantitative compromise between poor data and the need in various disciplines to evaluate the record of past volcanism. The VEI is assigned to more than 8000 historic and prehistoric eruptions. It is shown that the VEI can help detect incompleteness and reporting biases and can help in selecting subsets of the historical record suitable for each study. The VEI is a composite estimate of Walkers (1980) magnitude and/or intensity and/or destructiveness and/or (less frequently) dispersive power, violence, and energy release rate, depending on the data that are available.
Statistical uncertainty in line shift and width interpretation

Elementary but general statistical analyses determine the uncertainty arising from photon statistics in measuring a line shift and width. Account is taken of a background as well as the required signal.
Steroid control of gonadotropin release.

Abstract Several studies have led to the concept that the length of the rat estrous cycle is dependent on the timing of estrogen (E) secretion. According to this hypothesis E secretion during the 5-day cycle is delayed. However, we have found LH and E levels in both 4 and 5 day cycles are identical. Therefore, even though E is critical for a cyclic gonadotropin release to occur it does not appear to be the factor, which under normal circumstances, determines cycle length. During the day of proestrus, progesterone (P) increase coincided, but did not precede the gonadotropin(s) surge in our study thus eliminating P as the normal physiological trigger of gonadotropin release. If P was the determining factor, one would expect to find 5-day P levels higher than 4-day cycle levels during the earlier stages of the cycle. Approximately 48 h following ovulation, on the day of diestrus, we found that the 5-day cycle did indeed have higher P levels. We propose that the regulation of P secretion during the early stages of the cycle controls the timing of the normal periodic gonadotropin release.
Scientific journals and impact factors.

A research-focused scientific journal serves two main purposes. The first is to provide a forum for investigators to publish their research findings. The second is to disseminate these findings to enhance further research, and to aid others who wish to apply the findings for the benefit of society. These purposes motivate scientific journals in general and Medical Physics in particular, where the audience for the latter is principally medical physicists worldwide who are engaged in research or in the application of research results to improve patient care. Every journal is challenged by the need to know how well it is satisfying its purposes. Measures of success include the international stature of the journal, the reputation and productivity of scientists who publish in the journal, the frequency of article downloads, the number of manuscripts submitted to the journal, and the rate at which articles are accepted or rejected. While these are useful indicators, they do not provide a single quantitative index of how well the journal is meeting its purposes. In 1975 the Institute for Scientific Information (now known as Thomson–Reuters or Thomson ISI) began offering journal citation reports (JCR) as part of its publication known as the science citation index [1]. The JCR’s intent is to provide quantitative tools for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals. The major tool used by the JCR is the impact factor (IF), which is a measure of the frequency with which an “average article” in a journal is cited during a particular period. Most often the 2-year IF is used for journal ranking. As an example, the 2-year IF of a journal for 2010 is computed from data in the JCR repository as follows:
Interfacial magnetic anisotropy in nanoscale magnetic multilayers

Abstract Experimental and theoretical research on magnetic anisotropy of nanoscale multilayers is reviewed. The importance of interfaces and the occurrence of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is emphasized. Transition metal multilayers with non-magnetic and rare earth metals are discussed, and similarities in properties are pointed out. A detailed model of perpendicular anisotropy due to single-ion interactions is outlined.
A Fast Karhunen-Loeve Transform for a Class of Random Processes

The Karhunen-Loeve transform for a class of signals is proven to be a set of periodic sine functions and this Karhunen-Loeve series expansion can be obtained via an FFT algorithm. This fast algorithm obtained could be useful in data compression and other mean-square signal processing applications.
Smoothing and global attractors for the Zakharov system on the torus

In this paper we consider the Zakharov system with periodic boundary con- ditions in dimension one. In the rst part of the paper, it is shown that for xed initial data in a Sobolev space, the dierence of the nonlinear and the linear evolution is in a smoother space for all times the solution exists. The smoothing index depends on a parameter distinguishing the resonant and nonresonant cases. As a corollary, we obtain polynomial-in-time bounds for the Sobolev norms with regularity above the energy level. In the second part of the paper, we consider the forced and damped Zakharov system and obtain analogous smoothing estimates. As a corollary we prove the existence and smoothness of global attractors in the energy space. u(x; 0) = u0(x)2 H s0 (T); n(x; 0) = n0(x)2 H s1 (T); nt(x; 0) = n1(x)2 H s1 1 (T);
A mixed FEM for the quad-curl eigenvalue problem

The quad-curl problem arises in the study of the electromagnetic interior transmission problem and magnetohydrodynamics. In this paper, we study the quad-curl eigenvalue problem and propose a mixed method using edge elements. Assuming stringent regularity of the solution of the quad-curl source problem, we prove the convergence and show that the divergence-free condition can be bypassed.
On the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of PSL2(Z)

We classify up to equivalence all finite-dimensional irreducible representations of PSL2(Z) whose restriction to the commutator subgroup is diagonalizable.
Mass loss from evolved stars in elliptical galaxies

Most of the X-ray-emitting gas in early-type galaxies probably originates from red giant mass loss, and here we model the interaction between this stellar mass loss and the hot ambient medium. Using two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we adopt a temperature for the ambient medium of 3 × 106 K along with a range of ambient densities and stellar velocities. When the stellar velocity is supersonic relative to the ambient medium, a bow shock occurs, along with a shock driven into the stellar ejecta, which heats only a fraction of the gas. Behind the bow shock, a cool wake develops, but the fast flow of the hot medium causes Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities to grow and these fingers are shocked and heated (without radiative cooling). Along with the mixing of this wake material with the hot medium, most of the stellar ejecta is heated to approximately the temperature of the hot ambient medium within 2 pc of the star. With the addition of radiative cooling, some wake material remains cool (<105 K), accounting for up to 25% of the stellar mass loss. Less cooled gas survives when the ambient density is lower or when the stellar velocity is higher than in our reference case. These results suggest that some cooled gas should be present in the inner part of early-type galaxies that have a hot ambient medium. These calculations may explain the observed distributed optical emission line gas as well as the presence of dust in early-type galaxies.
[hid] toolkit: a unified framework for instrument design

The [hid] toolkit is a set of software objects for designing gestural instruments. All too frequently, computer performers are tied to the keyboard/mouse/monitor model, narrowly constraining the range of possible gestures. A multitude of off-the-shelf input devices are readily available, making it easy to utilize a broader range of gestures. Human Interface Devices (HIDs) such as joysticks, tablets, and gamepads are cheap and can be good musical controllers, with some even provide haptic feedback. The [hid] toolkit provides a unified, consistent framework for getting gestural data from these devices, controlling the feedback, and mapping this data to the desired output. The [hid] toolkit is built in Pd, which provides an ideal platform for this work, combining the ability to synthesize and control audio, video, and other media. The addition of easy access to gestural data allows for rapid prototypes. A usable environment also makes computer music instrument design accessible to novices.
Hybrid consensus protocols: an impulsive dynamical system approach

In this article, we develop a novel hybrid control framework to address fast consensus seeking problems for multiagent dynamical systems. Specifically, we present hybrid distributed controller architectures for multiagent coordination to improve the transient performance of coordination tasks. The proposed controller architectures are predicated on some novel hybrid dynamic compensation structures involving the exchange of information between agents. A unique feature of the proposed framework is that the proposed controller architectures are hybrid and appear to achieve finite-time coordination, and hence significantly improve the transient performance of the closed-loop system. The overall closed-loop dynamics under any of these controller algorithms achieving consensus possesses discontinuous flows since the controller algorithms combine logical switchings with continuous dynamics, leading to impulsive differential equations. Several simulation results are provided to validate the proposed consensus pro...
Why did the electorate swing between parties during the Great Depression

Abstract The Democratic Party's electoral success during the 1930s has long intrigued politicians and scholars. To gain new insight into that success, this paper examines the striking heterogeneity in county-level support for Roosevelt. Even though the Depression's effects and the New Deal's benefits were famously widespread, only some parts of the country responded with large and durable partisan shifts. One reason is that several factors, including pre-New Deal economic hardship, Dust Bowl conditions, and New Deal spending, appear to have had effects that were largely transitory (i.e., faded by 1940). A complementary reason is that swing electorates can, and did, swing both ways. By contrast, several other variables – notably economic and demographic factors discussed in the previous literature – are related to relatively durable shifts. Finally, heterogeneity in marginal responses may have mattered greatly to national-level Democratic success. By demonstrating which factors were transitory and which were more durable, this paper illuminates the New Deal Realignment and, more generally, the influence of economic conditions and distributive policy on voter behavior.
Electron beam formation from spin-orbit interactions in zinc-blende semiconductor quantum wells

We find a dramatic enhancement of electron propagation along a narrow range of real-space angles from an isotropic source in a two-dimensional quantum well made from a zincblende semiconductor. This "electron beam" formation is caused by the interplay between spin-orbit interaction originating from a perpendicular electric field to the quantum well and the intrinsic spin-orbit field of the zincblende crystal lattice in a quantum well, in situations where the two fields are different in strength but of the same order of magnitude. Beam formation is associated with caustics and can be described semi-classically using a stationary phase analysis.
DG-resolutions of NC-smooth thickenings and NC-Fourier–Mukai transforms

We give a construction of NC-smooth thickenings [a notion defined by Kapranov (J Reine Angew Math 505:73–118, 1998)] of a smooth variety equipped with a torsion free connection. We show that a twisted version of this construction realizes all NC-smooth thickenings as $$0$$ th cohomology of a differential graded sheaf of algebras, similarly to Fedosov’s construction in (J Differ Geom 40:213–238, 1994). We use this dg resolution to construct and study sheaves on NC-smooth thickenings. In particular, we construct an NC version of the Fourier–Mukai transform from coherent sheaves on a (commutative) curve to perfect complexes on the canonical NC-smooth thickening of its Jacobian. We also define and study analytic NC-manifolds. We prove NC-versions of some of GAGA theorems, and give a $$C^\infty $$ -construction of analytic NC-thickenings that can be used in particular for Kahler manifolds with constant holomorphic sectional curvature. Finally, we describe an analytic NC-thickening of the Poincare line bundle for the Jacobian of a curve, and the corresponding Fourier–Mukai functor, in terms of $$A_\infty $$ -structures.
Economic benefits of the OTV program

Abstract A new upper stage for the Shuttle called Orbiter Transfer Vehicle (OTV) is planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for a broad range of missions including transfer of very large spacecraft, unmanned and manned servicing at Geosynchronous orbit (GEO). Leading OTV configurations use 13 to 34 tonnes of cryogenic propellants in vehicles based on the existing Centaur or new designs. These OTVs can deliver to Geosynchronous orbit more than double the payload possible with the solid propellant Intertial Upper Stage (IUS), which is currently being developed. This high performance reduces the number of shuttle launches required to deliver a given total mass of payloads. After delivery of current size spacecraft, OTV could be returned to the Orbiter for reuse, saving the cost of building a new stage. OTV performance and flexibility will create the opportunity for the next generation of spacecraft such as Geostationary Platform. In these three ways, the high-performance OTV will provide economic benefits to Space Transportation Systems.
A new synthesis of caged GABA compounds for studying GABAA receptors

A short and convergent synthetic approach to new photoactivatable precursors of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is described. When photolyzed, the 'caged' GABA precursor efficiently releases GABA, as judged by depolarization measurements on the mammalian GABA(A) receptor.
Finding Frequent Patterns in a Large Sparse Graph

Graph-based modeling has emerged as a powerful abstraction capable of capturing in a single and unified framework many of the relational, spatial, topological, and other characteristics that are present in a variety of datasets and application areas. Computationally efficient algorithms that find patterns corresponding to frequently occurring subgraphs play an important role in developing data mining-driven methodologies for analyzing the graphs resulting from such datasets. This paper presents two algorithms, based on the horizontal and vertical pattern discovery paradigms, that find the connected subgraphs that have a sufficient number of edge-disjoint embeddings in a single large undirected labeled sparse graph. These algorithms use three different methods for determining the number of edge-disjoint embeddings of a subgraph and employ novel algorithms for candidate generation and frequency counting, which allow them to operate on datasets with different characteristics and to quickly prune unpromising subgraphs. Experimental evaluation on real datasets from various domains show that both algorithms achieve good performance, scale well to sparse input graphs with more than 120,000 vertices or 110,000 edges, and significantly outperform previously developed algorithms.
Long Term Survival And Relapse Rate After Transplantation Of Highly T And B Cell Depleted Stem Cells From Alternative Donors In Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphatic Leukemia

Abstract 4333 T cell mediated GvL effects have been shown in particular in adult CML patients. However, those effects are less clear in childhood acute lymphatic leukemias (ALL). Here, we present long term results in 68 pediatric patients with ALL who received highly T and B cell depleted stem cells from matched unrelated (n=17) or full haplotype mismatched related donors (n=51) at the Children's University Hospital Tuebingen. Our aim was to minimize GvHD and to avoid EBV LPD in both matched and mismatched transplantations. Remission status was: CR 1, n=18; CR2, n=23; ≥CR3, n=12; Non remission or second transplant, n=15. Graft manipulation was carried out with immunomagnetic microbeads and the CliniMACSTM device (indirect depletion of T and B cells with CD34+ or CD133+ positive selection (n=50); or direct depletion with anti-CD3/anti-CD19 coated microbeads (n=18)). T and B cell counts were reduced for 4-5 log with median numbers of residual T cells of 15 000/kg bw (positive selection) and 49 000/kg bw (CD3/19 depletion). No pharmacological immune suppression was given after positive selection, whrereas patients with CD3/19 depleted grafts received mycophenolate mofetil. The conditioning regimenn were either TBI or Bu based (n=50) or a toxicity reduced protocol (Flud, TT, Mel) was used (n=18). Rejection prophylaxis was carried out with ATG or OKT3. Primary engraftment occurred in 85% of the patients. After reconditioning, final engraftment was achieved in 98%. GvHD grade 0-1 occurred in 86%. 12% had GvHD grade II, 4% had GvHD grade III. Chronic GvHD occurred in 4 patients. No GvHD related mortality was observed. Median follow up was 5.9 years. EFS at 1 year was 56% (CR1), 51% (CR2) and 50% (≥CR3); EFS at 5 years was 49% (CR1), 46% (CR2) and 27% (≥CR3). Median survival of patients with active disease was 0.2 years. Relapse rates at 1 year were 0.32 (CR1), 0.47 (CR2) and 0.46 (≥CR3); relapse rates at 5 years were 0.32 (CR1), 0.47 (CR2) and 0.64 (≥CR3). TRM at 1 year was 14%, causes of death remained viral and fungal infections, no EBV LPD occurred. Conclusions immunomagnetic selection of progenitor cells or depletion of T and B cells can minimize acute and chronic GVHD in both matched unrelated and mismatched related transplantations and may prevent GvHD related mortality. Lethal infections occurred in 14% of the patients probably due to the delayed recovery of T cells. Despite profound depletion of donor T cells, relapse rates were acceptable and remained on a stable level after the first year in patients with complete remission. Thus, absence of GvHD may not necessarily be associated with high relapse rates in childhood ALL. Apart from T cells, other effector cells like NK cells are likely to exert GvL effects and may contribute to the favorable long term EFS in our patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Space plasma physics results from Spacelab 1

The Spacelab 1 payload carried several instrument systems which together investigated a number of space plasma phenomena. These experiments used the Space Shuttle Orbiter as a platform for making controlled particle-beam, plasma and neutral gas inputs to the ionosphere and magnetosphere and for observing the outputs produced. Spacelab 1 space-plasma investigations included the Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC), Phenomena Induced by Charged Particle Beams (PICPAB), Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI) and the Low Energy Electron Spectrometer and Magnetometer. Among the major phenomena investigated both singly and jointly by these experiments are vehicle charging and neutralization, beam-plasma and wave-particle interactions, anomalous ionization phenomena produced by neutral-gas and plasma injections and several phenomena induced by modulated particle beam injections.
Parallel solution of closely coupled systems

The odd-even permutation and associated unitary transformations for reordering the matrix coefficient A are employed as means of breaking the strong seriality which is characteristic of closely coupled systems. The nested dissection technique is also reviewed, and the equivalence between reordering A and dissecting its network is established. The effect of transforming A with odd-even permutation on its topology and the topology of its Cholesky factors is discussed. This leads to the construction of directed graphs showing the computational steps required for factoring A, their precedence relationships and their sequential and concurrent assignment to the available processors. Expressions for the speed-up and efficiency of using N processors in parallel relative to the sequential use of a single processor are derived from the directed graph. Similar expressions are also derived when the number of available processors is fewer than required.
Intrauterine administration of endotoxin leads to motor deficits in a rabbit model: a link between prenatal infection and cerebral palsy

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether maternal intrauterine endotoxin administration leads to neurobehavioral deficits in newborn rabbits. Study Design Pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were injected with 1 mL saline solution (n = 8) or 20 μg/kg of lipopolysaccharide in saline solution (n = 8) into the uterine wall on day 28/31 of gestation. On postnatal day 1, kits (saline solution [n = 30] and lipolysaccharide in saline solution [n = 18] from 4 consecutive litters) underwent neurobehavioral testing. Neonatal brains were stained for microglial cells and myelin. Results Kits in the lipopolysaccharide in saline solution group were hypertonic and demonstrated significant impairment in posture, righting reflex, locomotion, and feeding, along with neuroinflammation indicated by activated microglia and hypomyelination in the periventricular regions. A greater mortality was noted in the lipopolysaccharide in saline solution group (16 stillbirths from 3 litters vs 3 from 1 litter). Conclusion Maternal intrauterine endotoxin administration leads to white matter injury and motor deficits in the newborn rabbit, resulting in a phenotype that resembles those found in periventricular leukomalacia and cerebral palsy.
Mach’s Principle, Action at a Distance and Cosmology

Hoyle and Narlikar (HN) in the 1960’s [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340034000000 -[3] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000340037000000 developed a theory of gravitation which was completely Machian and used both retarded and advanced waves to communicate gravitational influence between particles. The advanced waves, which travel backward in time, are difficult to visualize and although they are mathematically allowed by relativistic wave equations, they never really caught on. The HN theory reduced to Einstein’s theory of gravity in the smooth fluid approximation and a transformation into the rest frame of the fluid. Hawking [4] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400310031003900330036003000350030000000 in 1965 pointed out a possible flaw in the theory. This involved integrating out into the distant future to account for all the advanced waves which might influence the mass of a particle here and now. Hawking used infinity as his upper time limit and showed the integral was divergent. We point out that since the universe is known to be expanding, and accelerating, the upper limit in the advanced wave time integral should not be infinite but is bounded by the Cosmic Event Horizon. This event horizon He represents a barrier between future events that can be observed and those which cannot. We show that the advanced wave integral is finite when He/C, is used as the upper limit of the advanced wave integral. Hawking’s objection is no longer valid and the HN theory becomes a working theory once again.
Novel software applications using nutrient databases

Computer software facilitates the use of nutrient data by both research and clinical users. Numerous embellishments have been added to contemporary software in response to user needs. Recent embellishments include: (1) the addition of a scale to a computer application for calculating controlled diets, (2) adapting a database application for use with a college nutrition text, (3) providing access to a locked research database, and (4) adding new nutrient values to current and previous databases for trend analysis. These applications illustrate the value added to software by cooperative endeavors between developers and users.
Theory of two-photon emission from atomic inner shells.

We prove from quantum electrodynamics that two-photon emission in transitions between atomic inner shells can be treated in lowest-order approximation in the single-particle model. By taking many-body effects into account we show that, in the reduced single-particle model, the Pauli exclusion principle does not prohibit summing over all possible intermediate states, including core states. Some transition-rate formulas are presented that are useful for numerical calculations.
Optical pumping of hot phonons in GaAs

Abstract Optical pumping of hot LO phonons in GaAs has been studied as a function of the excitation photon frequency. The experimental results are in good agreement with a model calculation which includes both inter- and intra-valley electron-phonon scatterings. The Γ-L and Γ-X intervalley electron-phonon interactions in GaAs have been estimated.
What International Law Should (Not) Become. A Comment on Koskenniemi

This comment argues that Koskenniemi`s postmodern irony with regard to concepts such as human rights and jus cogens, which views these concepts either as `kitsch` or as mere `instru-ments in hegemonic struggle`, is not plausible, because there is, contrary to Koskenniemi`s postmodern-ironist assertions, no neutral platform permitting us to stand outside (and to look through) concepts such as human rights, democracy, jus cogens, and so on.
Calculation of Unsteady Transonic Flows Using the Integral Equation Method

The basic integral equations for a harmonically oscillating airfoil in a transonic flow with shock waves are derived; the reduced frequency is assumed to be small. The problems associated with shock wave motion are treated using a strained coordinate system. The integral equation is linear and consists of both line integrals and surface integrals over the flow field which are evaluated by quadrature. This leads to a set of linear algebraic equations that can be solved directly. The shock motion is obtained explicitly by enforcing the condition that the flow is continuous except at a shock wave. Results obtained for both lifting and nonlifting oscillatory flows agree satisfactorily with other accurate results.
LATENT PROTEIN TREES

Unbiased, label-free proteomics is becoming a powerful technique for measuring protein expression in almost any biological sample. The output of these measurements after preprocessing is a collection of features and their associated intensities for each sample. Subsets of features within the data are from the same peptide, subsets of peptides are from the same protein, and subsets of proteins are in the same biological pathways, therefore, there is the potential for very complex and informative correlational structure inherent in these data. Recent attempts to utilize this data often focus on the identification of single features that are associated with a particular phenotype that is relevant to the experiment. However, to date, there have been no published approaches that directly model what we know to be multiple different levels of correlation structure. Here we present a hierarchical Bayesian model which is specifically designed to model such correlation structure in unbiased, label-free proteomics. This model utilizes partial identification information from peptide sequencing and database lookup as well as the observed correlation in the data to appropriately compress features into latent proteins and to estimate their correlation structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the model using artificial/benchmark data and in the context of a series of proteomics measurements of blood plasma from a collection of volunteers who were infected with two different strains of viral influenza.
Microwave spectrum and conformation of bicyclo[3,3,1]-nonan-9-one

Abstract The microwave spectrum of bicyclo[3,3,1] nonan-9-one has been recorded from 18.0 to 26.5 GHz. A -type R-branch transitions in the ground state and the excited state have been assigned. The ground-state rotational constants were determined to be A = 1507.54±0.06, B = 1495.09±0.07, and C = 1372.13±0.01 MHz. These data indicate that the molecule exists predominantly in the chair-chair form.
Enfoques de proceso en la producción de textos escritos

Uno de los agentes que ha provocado una verdadera transformacion en los estudios de la produccion de textos escritos, ha sido aquel de la incorporacion del concepto de 'proceso'. En efecto, el impacto ha sido tal que algunos investigadores han intentado exigir un cambio de paradigma. Para otros, este auge no es mas que una respuesta a intereses instruccionales sin un fundamento teorico solido. En este trabajo, se revisan los aportes mas significativos de los modelos teoricos cognitivos y sociocognitivos formulados en las ultimas decadas, estableciendo en que medida estos constituyen genuinos modelos teoricos o meras propuestas metodologicas y hasta que punto las recientes propuestas podrian conformar un modelo integrador.
Economic Integration, Environmental Harmonization and Firm Relocation

As different regions of the world integrate, many questions arise regarding the effect on the location of firms. A firm's decision to relocate operations when its home country integrates with another region is in general influenced by the relative marginal cost of production between the regions, the cost of relocation, the cost of exporting its good across borders, as well as the relative size of the two regions. Except for market size, these variables crucially depend upon the degree of economic integration, ranging from simple bilateral trade agreements, to agreements that make foreign direct investment easier and cheaper, to full economic integration that harmonizes policies across the regions. We develop a model in which we explore the possible forms of integration in the context of two illustrative applications: US–Mexico under NAFTA and Central and Eastern European countries and the European Union.
Dislocation density reduction in GaAs epilayers on Si using strained layer superlattices

Defects such as dislocations and interfaces play a crucial role in the performance of heterostructure devices. The full potential of GaAs on Si heterostructures can only be realized by controlling the defect density. The reduction of threading dislocations by the use of strained layer superlattices has been studied in these heterostructures. Several superlattice structures have been used to reduce the density of threading dislocations in the GaAs epilayer. In this study, we have optimized the use of strained layer superlattices with respect to the position, period and number to reduce and control the dislocation density. The use of strained layer superlattices in conjunction with rapid thermal annealing was found to be a most effective method for reducing the threading dislocation density. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to study the dislocation density reduction and the interaction of threading dislocations with the strained layers. A model has been developed based on energy considerations to determine the critical thickness required for the bending of threading dislocations.
Galois module structure of local unit groups

We study the groups in the unit filtration of a finite abelian extension K of the field of p-adic numbers. We determine explicit generators of these groups as modules over the pro-p group ring of the Galois group of K over the p-adic numbers. We work in eigenspaces for powers of the Teichmueller character, first at the level of the field of norms for the extension of K by p-power roots of unity and then at the level of K.
Interaction of HLA-DR with an Acidic Face of HLA-DM Disrupts Sequence-Dependent Interactions with Peptides

HLA-DM (DM) edits major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptides in endocytic compartments and stabilizes empty MHCII molecules. Crystal structures of DM have revealed similarity to MHCII but not how DM and MHCII interact. We used mutagenesis to map a MHCII-interacting surface on DM. Mutations on this surface impair DM action on HLA-DR and -DP in cells and DM-dependent peptide loading in vitro. The orientation of DM and MHCII predicted by these studies guided design of soluble DM and DR molecules fused to leucine zippers via their beta chains, resulting in stable DM/DR complexes. Peptide release from the complexes was fast and only weakly sequence dependent, arguing that DM diminishes the selectivity of the MHCII groove. Analysis of soluble DM action on soluble DR/peptide complexes corroborates this conclusion.
LIKELIHOOD-FREE COSMOLOGICAL INFERENCE WITH TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE: APPROXIMATE BAYESIAN COMPUTATION FOR A COMPLETE TREATMENT OF UNCERTAINTY

Cosmological inference becomes increasingly difficult when complex data-generating processes cannot be modeled by simple probability distributions. With the ever-increasing size of data sets in cosmology, there is an increasing burden placed on adequate modeling; systematic errors in the model will dominate where previously these were swamped by statistical errors. For example, Gaussian distributions are an insufficient representation for errors in quantities like photometric redshifts. Likewise, it can be difficult to quantify analytically the distribution of errors that are introduced in complex fitting codes. Without a simple form for these distributions, it becomes difficult to accurately construct a likelihood function for the data as a function of parameters of interest. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) provides a means of probing the posterior distribution when direct calculation of a sufficiently accurate likelihood is intractable. ABC allows one to bypass direct calculation of the likelihood but instead relies upon the ability to simulate the forward process that generated the data. These simulations can naturally incorporate priors placed on nuisance parameters, and hence these can be marginalized in a natural way. We present and discuss ABC methods in the context of supernova cosmology using data from the SDSS-II Supernova Survey. Assuming a flat cosmology and constant dark energy equation of state, we demonstrate that ABC can recover an accurate posterior distribution. Finally, we show that ABC can still produce an accurate posterior distribution when we contaminate the sample with Type IIP supernovae.
Optimum test patterns for parity networks

The logic related to the error detecting and/or correcting circuitry of digital computers often contains portions which calculate the parity of a collection of bits. A tree structure composed of Exclusive-OR gates is used to perform this calculation. Similar to any other circuitry, the operation of this parity tree is subject to malfunctions. A procedure for testing malfunctions in a parity tree is presented in this report.
Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral fluorinated quaternary carbon containing β-ketoesters

Organocatalytic enantioselective conjugate addition of α-fluoroketoesters to nitroolefins efficiently catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid-derivative affords versatile non-enolizable ketoesters by forming two consecutive fluorinated quaternary and tertiary chiral carbon centers with excellent enantioselectivity.
Evidence for TREK-like tandem-pore domain channels in intrapulmonary chemoreceptor chemotransduction

Intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) are carbon dioxide sensing neurons that innervate the lungs of birds, control breathing pattern, and are inhibited by halothane and intracellular acidosis. TASK and TREK are subfamilies of tandem-pore domain potassium leak channels, important in setting resting membrane potential, that are affected by volatile anesthetics and acidosis. We hypothesized that such channels might underlie signal transduction in IPC. We treated mallard ducks with four volatile anesthetics in increasing concentrations to test their effects on IPC discharge through single cell, extracellular recording from vagal fibers. Isoflurane inhalation attenuated IPC discharge only at 8.25% inspired (α = 0.05). Halothane attenuated IPC discharge significantly (α = 0.05) at all treatment levels. Chloroform at 3.8%, 5.6%, and 8.25% significantly attenuated IPC discharge (α = 0.05). Ether at 1.9%, 2.9%, and 3.8% significantly attenuated IPC discharge (α = 0.05), abolishing IPC discharge at 3.8% inspired. The pharmacological signature of IPC discharge attenuation suggests that IPC express tandem-pore domain leak channels similar to TREK channels, which are inhibited by intracellular acidosis.
The Metallicity of Galaxy Disks: Infall versus Outflow

Both gas accretion (infall) and winds (outflow) change a galaxy's metallicity and gas fraction, lowering the effective yield. Low effective yields in galaxies with rotation speeds 15% of the baryons have been lost by galaxies of any mass. Supernova feedback is therefore unlikely to be effective for removing large amounts of gas from low-mass disk galaxies. In addition, the dependence between metal loss and galaxy mass is sufficiently weak that massive galaxies dominate metal enrichment of the IGM. The calculations in this paper provide limiting cases for any arbitrary chemical evolution history, as is proven in an Appendix.
An Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)-4-Fluorohistidine.

We report a new synthesis of enantiomerically pure (S)-4-fluorohisitidine based on diastereoselective alkylation of MOM-protected 4-fluoro-5-bromomethyl imidazole using the Schollkopf bis-lactim amino acid synthesis. Improvements in procedures for preparation of key intermediates are also described. (S)-4-Fluorohisitidine prepared by this new method was identical in all respects to material prepared by previous procedures.
Hydrothermal flow regime and magmatic heat source of the Cerro Prieto geothermal system, Baja California, Mexico

Abstract Our detailed three-dimensional model of the natural flow regime of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, before steam production began, is based on patterns of hydrothermal mineral zones and light stable isotopic ratios observed in rock samples from more than 50 deep wells, together with temperature gradients, wireline logs and other data. At the level so far penetrated by drilling, this hydrothermal system was heated by a thermal plume of water close to boiling, inclined at 45°, rising from the northeast and discharging to the west. To the east a zone of cold water recharge overlies the inclined thermal plume. Fission track annealing studies show that the reservoir reached 170°C only 10 4 years ago. Oxygen isotope exchange data indicate that a 12 km 3 volume of rock subsequently reacted with three times its volume of water hotter than 200°C. Averaged over the duration of the heating event this would require a flow velocity through a typical cross-section of the reservoir of about 6 m/year. The heat in storage in that part of the reservoir hotter than 200°C and shallower than 3 km depth is equivalent to that which would be released by the cooling of about 1 or 2 km 3 of basalt or gabbro magma. Although this is an extensional tectonic environment of ‘leaky’ transform faulting in which repeated intrusions of basalt magma are likely, for simplicity of computation we have modelled possible heat sources as simple two dimensional basalt intrusions of various sizes, shapes and locations. We have calculated a series of two-dimensional convective heat transfer models, with different heat sources and permeability distributions. The models which produce the best fit for the temperature distributions observed in the field today have in common a heat source which is a funnel-shaped basalt intrusion, 4 km wide at the top, emplaced at a depth of 5–6 km about 40,000–50,000 years ago. Although such forward modelling does not provide a unique solution of the thermal history, it does suggest that the igneous intrusion which supplied the heat to the Cerro Prieto system must be young, large and close. Modelling the hydrothermal system is useful in guiding geothermal resource evaluation; in turn we hope that modelling of the magmatic system will stimulate the search for the parent magma chamber by geophysical means, and eventually by deep drilling.