cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A C8 STATIONARY PHASE, BONDED WITH 2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID, FOR HPLC

ABSTRACT The silanization/hydrosilation method is used to bond a mixed stationary phase consisting of both octyl (C8) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) moieties. The intermediates, as well as the final product, are characterized by elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, and carbon-13 CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that both the AMPS and C8 groups are successfully bonded on the same silica hydride support material. The final product (C8+AMPS) is characterized chromatographically and compared to the behavior of the same solutes on both a C8 phase and an AMPS phase.
A classification of molecules, phases, and transitions as recognized by thermal analysis

Chemistry has been fragmented into many separate disciplines during its modern development over the last 200 years. This subdivision has let us forget the common basis of classification of molecules, phases, and transitions. First, one finds that there are but three large classes of molecules (small molecules, large and flexible molecules, and large and rigid molecules). By taking into account the two roots of the properties of molecules, structure and motion, the numbers of types of phases is limited to 10, namely the four classical phases: gas, liquid, crystal, and glass; and six mesophases: liquid, plastic, and conformationally disordered crystals (condis crystals), and their three corresponding mesophase glasses. Adding the possible transitions between these phases and considering the phase-sizes (macro, micro, and nanophases) completes a simple, unifying frame for chemistry based on equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermal analysis.
Taxonomy of the Crematogaster degeeri-species-assemblage in the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

We revise the species-level taxonomy of the Crematogaster ( Crematogaster ) degeeri -species-assemblage, a group of related ants occuring in Madagascar and the wider Malagasy region, and further provide an identification key to all species-groups of the genus Crematogaster in this region. Within the C. degeeri -assemblage, we recognize twelve species based upon morphological data from worker, queen and male ants, as well as genetic data from the barcode region of cytochrome oxidase I. Seven new species are described: Crematogaster alafara Blaimer sp. nov., C. bara Blaimer sp. nov., C. mafybe Blaimer sp. nov., C. maina Blaimer sp. nov., C. malahelo Blaimer sp. nov., C. masokely Blaimer sp. nov., C. ramamy Blaimer sp. nov. Crematogaster tricolor Gerstacker, 1859 (stat. rev.) and C. dentata Dalla Torre, 1893 (stat. nov.) are raised to species level, and the following new synonymies are proposed: Crematogaster degeeri lunaris Santschi, 1928 as a synonym of C. degeeri Forel, 1886; Crematogaster sewelli improba Forel, 1907 and C. sewelli mauritiana Forel, 1907 as synonyms of C. dentata Dalla Torre, 1893, and C. pacifica Santschi, 1919 as a synonym of C. lobata Emery, 1895. Species descriptions, images, and distribution maps and identification keys based on worker ants, as well as on queen ants where available, are presented for all twelve species. In addition, we present a molecular gene tree for cytochrome oxidase I and summarize levels of sequence divergence within and between species of the C. degeeri -species-assemblage. Our findings are discussed in the light of previous work on Malagasy Crematogaster ants.
Mercury concentrations in blood and feathers of prebreeding Forster's terns in relation to space use of San Francisco Bay, California, USA, habitats.

We examined mercury concentrations and space use of prebreeding Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, to assess factors influencing mercury levels in piscivorous birds. In 2005 and 2006, we collected blood and feathers from 122 Forster's terns and radio-marked and tracked 72 terns to determine locations of dietary mercury uptake. Capture site and capture date were the most important factors explaining variation in blood mercury concentrations (geometric mean ± standard error: 1.09 ± 0.89 μg/g wet wt), followed by sex and year. Accordingly, radiotelemetry data revealed that Forster's terns generally remained near their site of capture and foraged in nearby salt ponds, managed and tidal marshes, and tidal flats. In contrast, capture site and capture date were not important factors explaining variation in feather mercury concentrations, probably because feathers were grown on their wintering grounds several months prior to our sampling. Instead, sex and year were the most important factors explaining mercury concentrations in breast feathers (9.57 ± 8.23 μg/g fresh wt), and sex was the most important factor for head feathers (6.94 ± 7.04 μg/g fresh wt). Overall, 13 and 22% of prebreeding Forster's terns were estimated to be at high risk for deleterious effects due to mercury concentrations in blood (>3.0 μg/g wet wt) and feathers (>20.0 μg/g fresh wt), respectively. Breeding terns are likely to be even more at risk because blood mercury concentrations more than tripled during the 45-d prebreeding time period. These data illustrate the importance of space use and tissue type in interpreting mercury concentrations in birds.
Interactions of Lactobacilli with pathogenic Streptococcus pyogenes.

Objective. To determine whether (1) a decreased concentration of Lactobacilli allows S. pyogenes to grow; (2) S. pyogenes is able to grow in the presence of healthy Lactobacillus concentrations; (3) S. pyogenes is capable of inhibiting Lactobacilli. Methods. One hundred fifty patient samples of S. pyogenes were mixed with four different concentrations of L. crispatus and L. jensenii. Colony counts and pH measurements were taken from these concentrations and compared using t-tests and ANOVA statistical analyses. Results. Statistical tests showed no significant difference between the colony counts of S. pyogenes by itself and growth when mixed with Lactobacilli, and no significant difference between the colony counts of S. pyogenes in the four different concentrations of Lactobacilli. Conclusion. The statistical data representing the growth of these two organisms suggests that Lactobacilli did not inhibit the growth of S. pyogenes. Also, S. pyogenes did not inhibit the growth of Lactobacilli.
The Human Operator in Manual Preview Tracking (an Experiment and Its Modeling Via Optimal Control)

A manual preview tracking experiment and its results are presented. The preview drastically improves the tracking performance compared to zero-preview tracking. Optimal discrete finite preview control is applied to determine the structure of a mathematical model of the manual preview tracking experiment. Variable parameters in the model are adjusted to values which are consistent to the published data in manual control. The model with the adjusted parameters is found to be well correlated to the experimental results.
Role of Lys-12 in catalysis by triosephosphate isomerase: a two-part substrate approach.

We report that the K12G mutation in triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae results in (1) a ∼50-fold increase in Km for the substrate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) and a 60-fold increase in Ki for competitive inhibition by the intermediate analogue 2-phosphoglycolate, resulting from the loss of stabilizing ground state interactions between the alkylammonium side chain of Lys-12 and the ligand phosphodianion group; (2) a 12000-fold decrease in kcat for isomerization of GAP, suggesting a tightening of interactions between the side chain of Lys-12 and the substrate on proceeding from the Michaelis complex to the transition state; and (3) a 6 × 105-fold decrease in kcat/Km, corresponding to a total 7.8 kcal/mol stabilization of the transition state by the cationic side chain of Lys-12. The yields of the four products of the K12G TIM-catalyzed isomerization of GAP in D2O were quantified as dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) (27%), [1(R)-2H]DHAP (23%), [2(R)-2H]GAP (31%), and methylglyo...
Radiative lifetimes of the singlet oxygen molecule

Abstract Radiative lifetimes of the a I Δ g and b 1 Σ + g states of the oxygen molecule have been calculated by improving the approximations used by Carr et al. The present calculation gives the correct order of magnitude for the radiative lifetime of both states.
Spatial forest plan development with ecological and economic goals

Forest planning goals are becoming increasingly complex, as both spatial and temporal characteristics of desired future conditions are becoming important measures of forest plan success to decision makers. The objective of this research was to develop a process where the amount of habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) could be maintained within a certain radius of an owl nest location, while using thinnings and group selection harvests to assist in the development of midto late-successional forest conditions. A heuristic technique, threshold accepting, was used to facilitate the development of this spatial forest plan. Three policy objectives were modeled: maintaining a minimum level of 0, 40, and 80% nesting, roosting, and foraging (NRF) habitat levels within 2.4 km of a known owl location. For a 1910 ha managed forest in the Pacific Northwest USA, when NRF habitat levels were constrained to a minimum level of 40%, net present value (NPV) declined by almost 24%, while average NRF value (over a 100-year time horizon) increased 11%. When NRF habitat levels were constrained to a minimum level of 80%, NPV declined almost 70%, while average NRF increased 29%. This heuristic spatial forest planning process allows forest managers to examine a number of management options, from both economic and ecological perspectives, prior to selecting a preferred alternative. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adherence to Wraparound Principles and Association with Outcomes

Maintaining fidelity to the principles of the Wraparound process in serving children with emotional and behavioral disorders is a high priority. However, the assumption that greater adherence to the model will yield superior outcomes has not been tested. The current study investigated associations between adherence to Wraparound principles, as assessed by the Wraparound Fidelity Index, second version (WFI), and child and family outcomes in one federally funded system-of-care site. Results demonstrated that higher fidelity was associated with better behavioral, functioning, restrictiveness of living, and satisfaction outcomes. No associations were found for several additional outcomes making interpretation difficult. Our study provides initial support for the hypothesis that maintaining fidelity to the philosophical principles of Wraparound is important to achieving outcomes. The study also provides support for the construct validity of the WFI as a service process measure.
Enhancement of sorbent utilization in fluidized-bed combustion

Abstract A new, simple and non-corrosive method is described which can substantially reduce the lime requirement in fluidized-bed combustion of coal. The method entails spraying the limestone particles before they are fed to the combustor with an aqueous solution of iron (ferric and/or ferrous) sulphate and/or sulphite. These compounds rapidly decompose in the environment of the combustor and Fe 2 O 3 is deposited on the lime surface. Small amounts of Fe 2 O 3 deposited in this manner substantially catalyse the rate of SO 2 uptake. For example, 1.4% Fe 2 O 3 on Greer limestone nearly doubles the rate. The catalysis would translate into a calculated reduction of the lime requirement by over 40%, although direct translation would require large-scale testing. The basis of the catalysis is that Fe 2 O 3 catalyses the oxidation of SO 2 to form SO 3 . The SO 2 capacity of the limestone is also enhanced. This simple technique may also be applied to various hot-gas desulphurization processes, such as those with the dry scrubbers, and to other SO 2 sorbents.
Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid — inhibitor of GABA uptake in rat cortical synaptosomes

Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid (GES) and taurine inhibit [3H]GABA uptake in rat cortical synaptosomes. The inhibitory effects of GES are more potent than taurine. These findings may explain the pharmacologic effects of GES in the CNS.
Coordination implications of software architecture in a global software development project

In this paper, we report on our experience of using design structure matrices (DSMs), derived from architecture models developed at early stages of the project, to reveal the coordination needs among globally distributed development teams. Our approach is to automatically transform the box-and-line style software architecture model into an augmented constraint network (ACN), from which a DSM can be automatically generated. After that, we represent the coordination structure among the team members as communication matrices (COMs). We then assess the consistency between the DSM and COMs. Analysis of data gathered during the Global Studio Project Version 3.0 revealed that the architectural DSM model, representing the software modular structure, is highly consistent with the COMs that represent the actual coordination structure, showing that an architectural DSM has the potential to help guide the task assignments in global software development projects.
c-Cbl Ubiquitin Ligase Regulates Focal Adhesion Protein Turnover and Myofibril Degeneration Induced by Neutrophil Protease Cathepsin G

The neutrophil-derived serine protease, cathepsin G (Cat.G), has been shown to induce myocyte detachment and apoptosis by anoikis through down-regulation of focal adhesion (FA) signaling. However, the mechanisms that control FA protein stability and turnover in myocytes are not well understood. Here, we have shown that the Casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl), adaptor protein with an intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, is involved in FA and myofibrillar protein stability and turnover in myocytes. Cat.G treatment induced c-Cbl activation and its interaction with FA proteins. Deletion of c-Cbl using c-Cbl knock-out derived myocytes or inhibition of c-Cbl ligase activity significantly reduced FA protein degradation, myofibrillar degeneration, and myocyte apoptosis induced by Cat.G. We also found that inhibition of the proteasome activity, but not the lysosome or the calpain activity, markedly attenuated FA and myofibrillar protein degradation induced by Cat.G. Interestingly, c-Cbl activation induced by Cat.G was mediated through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation as inhibition of EGFR kinase activity markedly attenuated c-Cbl phosphorylation and FA protein degradation induced by Cat.G. These findings support a model in which neutrophil protease Cat.G promotes c-Cbl interaction with FA proteins, resulting in enhanced c-Cbl-mediated FA protein ubiquitination and degradation, myofibril degradation, and subsequent down-regulation of myocyte survival signaling.
On additive and multiplicative damage models and the characterizations of linear and logarithmic exponential families

Rao (1963) has formulated a damage model which we call an additive damage model. A suitable damage model, which we call a multiplicative damage model, has been considered by Krishnaji (1970) for income-related problems. In these models, an original observation is subjected to damage, e.g., death or under-reporting, according to a specified probability law. Within the framework of an additive damage model, with a special form of damage, characterizations of the linear and logarithmic exponential families are formulated using regression properties of the damaged part on the undamaged part. The characterizations of the gamma and Pareto distributions that have been found of some use in the theory of income distributions, are obtained as special cases. Similar results are investigated within the framework of the multiplicative damage model.
Broadband optical processing techniques for ultrabroadband RF

We discuss research at Purdue University in which ultrafast optical signal processing approaches are adapted for generation, processing, and compression of ultrabroadband RF electrical signals.
Rotorcraft Noise Model

The Rotorcraft Noise Model (RNM) is an aircraft noise impact modeling computer program being developed for NASA-Langley Research Center which calculates sound levels at receiver positions either on a uniform grid or at specific defined locations. The basic computational model calculates a variety of metrics. Acoustic properties of the noise source are defined by two sets of sound pressure hemispheres, each hemisphere being centered on a noise source of the aircraft. One set of sound hemispheres provides the broadband data in the form of one-third octave band sound levels. The other set of sound hemispheres provides narrowband data in the form of pure-tone sound pressure levels and phase. Noise contours on the ground are output graphically or in tabular format, and are suitable for inclusion in Environmental Impact Statements or Environmental Assessments.
Surface critical phenomena at first-order phase transitions

Frequently, first-order phase transitions in solids are characterized by the coexistence of a disordered phase and several ordered phases. Near such a transition, the disordered phase may appear in the surface region of the crystal even though the bulk crystal remains in one of its ordered states. This leads to several critical effects which are characterized by critical exponents. Recent experimental data on order-disorder transitions and on surface melting seem to agree with the theoretical predictions.
HIV is not just a transitional problem.

The HIV and AIDS epidemic in eastern Europe and central Asia is changing.1–2 Despite data limitations, this region shows the fastest growth in HIV in the world.3 At the end of 2004, between 920 000 and 2.1 million people in the region were living with HIV, compared with about 160 000 in 1995. Most countries in the region have low level epidemics, with less than 1% prevalence among pregnant women and less than 5% prevalence among high risk groups. The countries most affected are Ukraine, …
Enhances in Crude Protein and Effects on Fermentation Profile of Corn and Forage Sorghum Silage with Addition of Cowpea

Abstract This study was conducted to assess nutritive value of corn ( Zea mays L.) and forage sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] silage when ensiled with different proportions of cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Corn and forage sorghum were harvested at the ½ milk line and late dough stages of kernel maturity, respectively, and cowpea was harvested at a vegetative stage in two consecutive years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Agricultural Science Center at Clovis. All three crops were chopped using a conventional chopper. The main crops, corn and forage sorghum, were mixed with cowpea at main crop:cowpea ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%. For each mixture, 1.1 lb of fresh material was vacuum sealed in a plastic bag and fermented for an average of 127 days, four bags per mixture. In both crops, crude protein (CP) increased as proportion of cowpea increased in the mixture. In addition, pH, lactic acid, and total acids increased in both crops when cowpea was added. Silage with 100% cowpea had the highest pH and lowest lactic acid concentration. It is concluded that mixing cowpea with corn and forage sorghum for silage increased CP concentration of the mixture. Additional research is needed to assess mixtures that produce silage with more desirable fermentation characteristics.
Nucleophilic cleavage of the complex between human alpha-1-antitrypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase.

Abstract Several nucleophilic amines were examined to determine their ability to split the alpha-1-antitrypsin-elastase complex. Hydrazine and hydroxylamine, their methyl derivatives, and methylamine were tested in the pH range of 8 to 10.6. Only hydrazine and methylamine produced complete and clean cleavage of the complex into its inhibitor and enzyme components. When [ 14 C]-methylamine at pH 10.6 was used about 0.3 mol of the nucleophile was specifically bound per mol of the inhibitor component. An interfering reaction between methylamine and the native inhibitor was controlled by preincubation with unlabeled methylamine.
Bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination: a 3-month double-masked, randomized parallel comparison to its individual components in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a fixed combination (FC) of bimatoprost (BIM) and timolol (TIM) compared with each of the active components for 3 months. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two double-masked, randomized, multicenter parallel studies of FC (once-daily, mornings), BIM (once-daily, evenings), or TIM (twice-daily) were conducted in 1061 patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. RESULTS: Mean diurnal decreases from baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) at month 3 were 8.1, 7.9, and 6.4 mm Hg for the FC, BIM, and TIM groups, respectively. The proportion of patients with a mean diurnal percent reduction from baseline in IOP of more than 20% across all visits was 81.8% (436/533), 72.1% (191/265), and 49.8% (131/263) for the FC, BIM, and TIM groups, respectively (P<0.001 for FC vs. BIM and FC vs. TIM). The proportion of patients achieving an IOP of less than 18 mm Hg at all time points was 39.2% (209/533), 28.7% (76/265), and 12.2% (32/263) for the FC, BIM, and TIM groups, respectively (P=0.003 for FC vs. BIM, and P<0.001 for FC vs. TIM). The most commonly reported treatment-related adverse event was conjunctival hyperemia, with the greatest incidence in BIM (38.5%, 102/265), followed by FC (22.7%, 121/533, P<0.0001 vs. BIM) and TIM (6.8%, 18/263; P<0.001 vs. FC). CONCLUSIONS: FC was statistically significantly more effective than BIM or TIM for most comparisons, and safer than BIM with respect to common ocular adverse events. FC represents a convenient, therapeutic advantage over separate bottles.
Landmark-based partial shape recognition by a BAM neural network

In this paper, we develop a bidirectional associative memory (BAM) based neural network to achieve high-speed partial shape recognition. To recognize objects which are partially occluded, we represent each object by a set of landmarks. The landmarks of an object are points of interest relative to the object that have important shape attributes. To achieve recognition, feature values (landmark values) of each model object are trained and stored in the network. Each memory cell is trained to store landmark values of a model object for all possible positions. Given a scene which may consist of several objects, landmarks in the scene are first extracted, and their corresponding landmark values are computed. Scene landmarks values are entered to each trained memory cell. The memory cell is shown to be able to recall the position of the model object in the scene. A heuristic measure is then computed to validate the recognition.
Metal deficiency increases aberrant hydrophobicity of mutant superoxide dismutases that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The mechanisms by which mutant variants of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are not clearly understood. Evidence to date suggests that altered conformations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant SOD1s trigger perturbations of cellular homeostasis that ultimately cause motor neuron degeneration. In this study we correlated the metal contents and disulfide bond status of purified wild-type (WT) and mutant SOD1 proteins to changes in electrophoretic mobility and surface hydrophobicity as detected by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence. As-isolated WT and mutant SOD1s were copper-deficient and exhibited mobilities that correlated with their expected negative charge. However, upon disulfide reduction and demetallation at physiological pH, both WT and mutant SOD1s underwent a conformational change that produced a slower mobility indicative of partial unfolding. Furthermore, although ANS did not bind appreciably to the WT holoenzyme, incubation of metal-deficient WT or mutant SOD1s with ANS increased the ANS fluorescence and shifted its peak toward shorter wavelengths. This increased interaction with ANS was greater for the mutant SOD1s and could be reversed by the addition of metal ions, especially Cu2+, even for SOD1 variants incapable of forming the disulfide bond. Overall, our findings support the notion that misfolding associated with metal deficiency may facilitate aberrant interactions of SOD1 with itself or with other cellular constituents and may thereby contribute to neuronal toxicity.
Bullying and Aggression on the School Bus: School Bus Drivers' Observations and Suggestions.

ABSTRACT Every school day bus drivers are responsible for transporting children safely over many miles, yet they are rarely polled for their opinions or contributions to school safety. School bus drivers are in a unique position to inform the discussion on aggressive behavior during the school day. This exploratory study collected information from school bus drivers about student behavior on their buses and drivers' perceptions of school administrators' interest in their input. Thirty bus drivers from suburban and rural school districts in upstate New York participated in this action-research inquiry. Data were gathered from surveys and semi-structured individual interviews. Participants provided recommendations to school personnel to decrease bullying and aggressive behavior on the buses.
Disruption of the in vivo distribution of the intermediate filaments in fibroblasts through the microinjection of a specific monoclonal antibody

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (JLB1 and JLB7) that recognize minor components of the intermediate filament system of cultured cells were introduced into living fibroblasts by microinjection. Several minutes after injection of the JLB7 antibody virtually all of the intermediate filaments of the cells were found to be aggregated into tight bundles near or around the nucleus. In contrast, injection of the JLB1 antibody caused little or no aggregation of the intermediate filaments. Electron microscopy showed that the perinuclear bundles that formed after injection of the JLB7 antibody each consisted of ten or more intermediate filaments apparently crosslinked together. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy showed that virtually all of the vimentin-containing intermediate filaments in the JLB7 antibody-injected cells were redistributed to the perinuclear region and remained there for at least 24 hr. The distributions of actin microfilaments and microtubules were seemingly undisturbed following microinjection. No obvious changes in cell morphology or behavior were apparent in the cells injected with JLB7 antibody; the cells displayed a flat appearance, showed a polarity, were able to ruffle and bleb and even appeared to show the normal saltatory movements of intracellular vesicles, granules and mitochondria, suggesting that intermediate filaments are not involved in these activities. The microinjection of highly specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize and alter components of the cell provides an additional approach to determine the in vivo functions of intracellular elements.
Ref lections on the Educational Crisis and the Tasks of the Critical Scholar/ Activist

This is a time when education has become even more of a site of struggle. Dominant groups in a number of countries have attempted, often more than a little successfully, to limit criticism, to control access to research that documents the negative effects of their policies, and to deny the possibility of critically democratic alternatives. At the same time, critical perspectives have been built to challenge dominant understandings of education and the larger society. In this article, I want to do three things: 1) provide a general picture of the ideological situation we are facing; 2) publicly reflect on some of the critical perspectives in education that have grown in influence over the past years, since I have some worries about these perspectives if they are not more adequately* and actively*connected to counter-hegemonic movements and struggles; and 3) suggest a set of actions that more adequately deal with the responsibilities of critical educators in a time of crisis and of the growing influences of conservative modernization. In order to do this, I will also need to ground some of my points in a series of personal reflections.
Myoelectric computer interfaces to reduce co-contraction after stroke

A significant factor in impaired motor function caused by stroke is the inability to activate muscles independently. While the pathophysiology behind this co-contraction, sometimes called abnormal muscle synergy, is not clear, reducing the co-contraction could improve overall arm function. This pilot study describes the use of a myoelectric-computer interface (MCI) to retrain arm muscle activation and reduce co-contraction. We found that both healthy subjects and stroke survivors with hemiparesis learned to reduce co-contraction with MCI training. Three out of five stroke survivors experienced some improvement in arm function as well. These results suggest that MCIs could provide a novel, relatively inexpensive paradigm for stroke rehabilitation.
Validating the Principles of Effective Intervention: A Systematic Review of the Contributions of Meta-Analysis in the Field of Corrections

Abstract Responding to the “nothing works” movement in corrections, researchers in the field of corrections have employed meta-analytic techniques since the mid-1980s to cumulate knowledge on the effectiveness of offender rehabilitation programs. The purpose of this article is to summarize the contributions of these quantitative reviews in the field of corrections with special emphasis on the validation of the principles of effective intervention in particular. Meta-analysis has facilitated the identification of “what works” within correctional treatment, including the specific criteria for optimizing effectiveness along clinically and psychologically relevant dimensions.
A High Positive Lymph Node Ratio is Associated with Distant Recurrence after Surgical Resection of Ampullary Carcinoma

Background For ampullary carcinoma (AC), the lymph node ratio (LNR) has been associated with overall survival. However, the use of the LNR to predict distant recurrence risk remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if the LNR is associated with distant recurrence risk.
Mitigating ground clutter effects with lightweight artificial dielectrics

The problem of scattered and transmitted electromagnetic wave distortion by random rough ground surfaces can be reduced by using a lightweight dielectric matching layer. For mine detection applications, it is essential for this layer to be lightweight, low loss, readily conformable, and adaptable to different soil types. Arrays of metal-coated plastic spheres act as lossless artificial dielectrics with impedance determined by the volume packing fraction. By controlling the thickness of insulator surrounding each sphere, a close-packed array with the dielectric properties of soil can be created inside a compliant rolling bag that will conform to the rough surface of the ground. Since this artificial dielectric is matched to the soil, the ground surface interface is 'softened', without an abrupt transition from soil to air. Signals transmitted and received by GPR antennas immersed in the artificial dielectric within the bag will not be corrupted by ground surface clutter. Alternatively, an artificial dielectric layer on the ground with a planar air interface could be used to ensure that the surface reflection is a constant, well-calibrated signal. Computational models indicate complete removal of the ground clutter, even with occasional gaps between the artificial dielectric and the ground. Experimental studies with swept-frequency measurements and impulse GPR indicate that using this dielectric layer matching to a rough loamy soil ground surface is results in signals that are practically indistinguishable from those of an equivalent layer of the same type of soil.
Method for reducing contact resistivity of carbon nanotube-containing epoxy adhesives for aerospace applications

Abstract Bonded joints prepared with conductive epoxy adhesive based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display an unusually high resistance mainly due to the high contact resistivity at the adhesive metal interface. A new method is proposed to reduce efficiently the contact resistivity by forcing a controlled amount of electric current through the bonded joint. Current treatment at 0.5 A/cm2 of current densities for 30 s typically reduces to up to 10 times the contact resistivity. Apart from noble metals, all other metals are usually covered by a more or less conductive oxide layer. This oxide layer is the main cause for high contact resistivity. During the current treatment large gradients of electric field developed around the highly curved CNTs are capable of breaking down locally the oxide layer generating conductive channels. Static shear strength and fatigue resistance of the bonded joint are not affected by the current treatment.
Effect of fabrication-dependent shape and composition of solid-state nanopores on single nanoparticle detection.

Solid-state nanopores can be fabricated in a variety of ways and form the basis for label-free sensing of single nanoparticles: as individual nanoparticles traverse the nanopore, they alter the ionic current across it in a characteristic way. Typically, nanopores are described by the diameter of their limiting aperture, and less attention has been paid to other, fabrication-dependent parameters. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of the properties and sensing performance of three types of nanopore with identical 50 nm aperture, but fabricated using three different techniques: direct ion beam milling, ion beam sculpting, and electron beam sculpting. The nanopores differ substantially in physical shape and chemical composition as identified by ion-beam assisted cross-sectioning and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Concomitant differences in electrical sensing of single 30 nm beads, such as variations in blockade depth, duration, and electric field dependence, are observed and modeled using hydrod...
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Routine Frozen-Section Analysis of Breast Margins Compared with Reoperation for Positive Margins

Background Negative margins are associated with decreased local recurrence after lumpectomy for breast cancer. A 2nd operation for re-excision of positive margins is required with rates varying from 15 to 50%. At our institution we routinely use frozen-section analysis of all margins to minimize rates of 2nd operations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost/benefit of routine frozen-section analysis.
Comparison of coherent and incoherent laser beam combination for tactical engagements

The performance of a multibeam laser system is evaluated for coherent and incoherent beam combination under tactical scenarios. For direct comparison, identical aperture geometries are used for both, coherent or incoherent, combination methods. The analysis assumes a multilaser source coupled with a conventional 0.32 m diameter, on-axis, beam director. Parametric analysis includes variations over residual errors, beam quality, atmospheric effects, and scenario geometry. Analytical solutions from previous results are used to evaluate performance for the vacuum case, providing an upper bound on performance and a backdrop for organizing the multitude of effects as they are analyzed. Wave optics simulations are used for total system performance. Each laser in the array has a wavelength of 1.07 μm, 10 kW (25 kW) output power, and Gaussian exitance profile. Both tracking and full-aperture adaptive optics are modeled. Three tactical engagement geometries, air to surface, surface to air, and surface to surface, are evaluated for slant ranges from 2.5 to 10 km. Two near-median atmospheric profiles were selected based upon worldwide climatological data. The performance metric used is beam propagation efficiency for circular target diameters of 5 and 10 cm.
A comparative study of diffusion samplers for the determination of hexavalent chromium by sequential injection spectrophotometry

Abstract A method is described for determining hexavalent chromium in high particulate-containing surface waters by sequential injection (SI). The relative performance of two membrane-based methods for sampling is compared. The first membrane approach is based on a commercial design known as the ‘supported capillary membrane sampler (SCMS)’ (Wolcott, D.K., US Pat. 5 317 932 (1995)) that uses tubular membranes; the second approach is based on a conventional parallel-plate dialyzer (PPD) design that uses planar membranes. The membranes are evaluated using the well-known colorimetric method for the determination of hexavalent chromium by complexation with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). Thin-walled (∼200 μm) microporous (pore size ∼0.2 μm) polypropylene membranes are equilibrated with DPC during each sampling period. Formation of the DPC–Cr(VI) complex allows for efficient membrane transport; without the membrane, Cr(VI) transport decreases ∼90%. Factors optimized included reagent concentrations, sampling time, flow rate, and spectrophotometric conditions. Optimal conditions were 2.00 mM DPC and 0.100 M nitric acid for the reagent, and 600 and 900 s sampling times for the planar and tubular designs, respectively. The planar (PPD) design increased the sensitivity relative to the tubular (SCMS) design by ∼225%. The PPD-SI method was applied to the determination of dissolved Cr(VI) in high particulate-containing surface water samples. Figures of merit included a detection limit of n =4), and selectivity for dissolved Cr(VI) in several surface water samples with high levels of particulate matter.
Catalogs of regular graphs

Exhaustive catalogs of graphs can be an indispensable tool for computerized investigations in graph-theoretical research. We describe an algorithm for the creation of catalogs of regular graphs. Using this algorithm, all of the regular graphs on thirteen or fewer vertices have been created.
Rate Coefficient Measurements of Hydrated Electrons and Hydroxyl Radicals with Chlorinated Ethanes in Aqueous Solutions

Rate coefficients for the reactions of hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals with various chloroethanes were determined in aqueous solutions using pulse radiolysis techniques. The rate coefficients for the hydrated electron increase from 0.17 × 109 to 16.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 with increasing number of chlorine atoms from monochloroethane to hexachloroethane. Very little difference in rates is found between the isomers. Rate coefficients for the OH radicals range from 1 to 5 x 108 M-1s-1 and have very little variation with the number of chlorine atoms except when no H atom is available on a carbon atom. The use of competition kinetics with low concentrations of SCN- as a reference is reviewed and suitable model simulations proposed. Possible explanations for the discrepancies between the previously published rate coefficients and the present values are offered.
Analysis of interruptions in the phosphodiester backbone of herpes simplex virus DNA

Abstract Herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA sediments homogeneously on a neutral sucrose gradient but heterogeneously on an alkaline sucrose gradient. To test whether the presence in HSV DNA of preexisting nicks and gaps or ribose was responsible for the heterogeneous alkaline sedimentation pattern, HSV DNA was analyzed by the sensitive method of agarose gel electrophoresis under two denaturing conditions: glyoxal treatment and denaturation by methylmercuric hydroxide. Treatment with glyoxal or methylmercury, unlike alkali denaturation, leaves ribose intact. HSV DNA yielded a broad distribution of denatured DNA molecules. The results indicate that few, if any, ribose residues were present in mature HSV DNA and that the heterogeneous alkaline sedimentation pattern of HSV DNA can be explained by the presence of nicks and gaps in the DNA.
Microorganisms, alive and imprisoned in a polymer cage.

ACRYLAMIDE polymers have been used to immobilize a variety of biologically active substances of high molecular weight, including enzymes1–4, antigens1 and antibodies5. Here we report a non-toxic method of immobilizing microorganisms in acrylamide polymers.
Porcine Parvovirus Associated with Cutaneous Lesions in Piglets

10. Miller RM: 1983, Modified live vaccines and pregnancy. J Am 14. Waldvogel AS, Anderson GA, Phillips DL, et al.: 1992, AsVet Med Assoc 182:327. sociation of virulent and avirulent strains of bluetongue virus 11. Parsonson IM: 1992, Overview of bluetongue virus infection serotype 11 with premature births of longterm bovine fetuses. of sheep. In: Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related J Comp Pathol 106:333-340. orbiviruses, ed. Walton TE, Osbum BI, pp. 7 13-724. CRC Press, 15. Wilbur LA, Evermann JF, Levings RL, et al.: 1994, Abortion Boca Raton, FL. and death in pregnant bitches associated with a canine vaccine 12. Parswell BJ: 1992, Differential diagnosis of canine abortion. contaminated with bluetongue virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204: In: Current veterinary therapy XI, small animal practice, ed. 1762-1765. Kirk RW, pp. 925-929. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 13. Tizard I: 1990, Risks associated with use of live vaccines. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196: 1851-1858.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Envelope Binds to CXCR4 Independently of CD4, and Binding Can Be Enhanced by Interaction with Soluble CD4 or by HIV Envelope Deglycosylation

Chemokine receptor CXCR4 (also known as LESTR and fusin) has been shown to function as a coreceptor for T-cell-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have developed a binding assay to show that HIV envelope (Env) can interact with CXCR4 independently of CD4 but that this binding is markedly enhanced by the previous interaction of Env with soluble CD4. We also show that nonglycosylated HIV-1(SF-2) gp120 or sodium metaperiodate-treated oligomeric gp160 from HIV-1(451) bound much more readily to CXCR4 than their counterparts with intact carbohydrate residues did.
Exclusive Vector Meson Production in Muon - Proton Scattering

From a muon-proton scattering experiment with a streamer chamber at the Stanford Linear Accelerator we present results in the ranges 0.3 .. ..mu..pV where V is a vector meson (rho/sup 0/, ..omega.., or phi). It is shown that in rho production the skewing parameter and the longitudinal-transverse ratio change significantly as Q/sup 2/ increases above 1 GeV/sup 2/. The cross section for rho/sup 0/ production as a function of Q/sup 2/ falls below the vector-meson-dominance prediction. The ratio of the cross section for exclusive vector-meson production to the total cross section falls by a factor of 10 between photoproduction and a Q/sup 2/ of 2 GeV/sup 2/, yet the ratio of ..omega.. to rho production remains constant at the photoproduction value out to Q/sup 2/ > 2 GeV/sup 2/.
Bonneville Power Administration Transformer Short Circuit Test Results - Comparison of Winding Inspection With Diagnostic Methods

This paper summarizes Bonneville Power Administration's transformer short circuit test experience of three-phase units rated 115-kv Delta to 12.47-kv Wye; reviews BPA's diagnostic and low voltage impulse test results, and correlates them with factory inspection of damaged units. Special emphasis is on the low voltage impulse method of evaluating transformer damage.
Bilingual Humor, Verbal Hygiene, and the Gendered Contradictions of Cultural Citizenship in Early Mexican American Comedy

This article examines the paradoxes of linguistic purism in a series of sound recordings of comic dialogues made by Mexican immigrant comedians in San Antonio, Texas, during the Depression. The dialogues present characters who mix English and Spanish as transgressors of gender roles and national identities, reserving their harshest criticism for women. However, bilingual wordplay in the dialogues suggests a dialectically opposed ideological move toward a celebration of linguistic and cultural hybridity.
Transient and Persistent Pain Induced Connectivity Alterations in Pediatric Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Evaluation of pain-induced changes in functional connectivity was performed in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients. High field functional magnetic resonance imaging was done in the symptomatic painful state and at follow up in the asymptomatic pain free/recovered state. Two types of connectivity alterations were defined: (1) Transient increases in functional connectivity that identified regions with increased cold-induced functional connectivity in the affected limb vs. unaffected limb in the CRPS state, but with normalized connectivity patterns in the recovered state; and (2) Persistent increases in functional connectivity that identified regions with increased cold-induced functional connectivity in the affected limb as compared to the unaffected limb that persisted also in the recovered state (recovered affected limb versus recovered unaffected limb). The data support the notion that even after symptomatic recovery, alterations in brain systems persist, particularly in amygdala and basal ganglia systems. Connectivity analysis may provide a measure of temporal normalization of different circuits/regions when evaluating therapeutic interventions for this condition. The results add emphasis to the importance of early recognition and management in improving outcome of pediatric CRPS.
A Sox10 Expression Screen Identifies an Amino Acid Essential for Erbb3 Function

The neural crest (NC) is a population of embryonic stem cells that gives rise to numerous cell types, including the glia and neurons of the peripheral and enteric nervous systems and the melanocytes of the skin and hair. Mutations in genes and genetic pathways regulating NC development lead to a wide spectrum of human developmental disorders collectively called neurocristopathies. To identify molecular pathways regulating NC development and to understand how alterations in these processes lead to disease, we established an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen utilizing a mouse model sensitized for NC defects, Sox10LacZ/+. Out of 71 pedigrees analyzed, we identified and mapped four heritable loci, called modifier of Sox10 expression pattern 1–4 (msp1–4), which show altered NC patterning. In homozygous msp1 embryos, Sox10LacZ expression is absent in cranial ganglia, cranial nerves, and the sympathetic chain; however, the development of other Sox10-expressing cells appears unaffected by the mutation. Linkage analysis, sequencing, and complementation testing confirmed that msp1 is a new allele of the receptor tyrosine kinase Erbb3, Erbb3msp1, that carries a single amino acid substitution in the extracellular region of the protein. The ENU-induced mutation does not alter protein expression, however, it is sufficient to impair ERBB3 signaling such that the embryonic defects observed in msp1 resemble those of Erbb3 null alleles. Biochemical analysis of the mutant protein showed that ERBB3 is expressed on the cell surface, but its ligand-induced phosphorylation is dramatically reduced by the msp1 mutation. These findings highlight the importance of the mutated residue for ERBB3 receptor function and activation. This study underscores the utility of using an ENU mutagenesis to identify genetic pathways regulating NC development and to dissect the roles of discrete protein domains, both of which contribute to a better understanding of gene function in a cellular and developmental setting.