cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monolithically Integrated InGaAs Nanowires on 3D Structured Silicon-on-Insulator as a New Platform for Full Optical Links

Monolithically integrated III–V semiconductors on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform can be used as a building block for energy-efficient on-chip optical links. Epitaxial growth of III–V semiconductors on silicon, however, has been challenged by the large mismatches in lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients between epitaxial layers and silicon substrates. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the monolithic integration of InGaAs nanowires on the SOI platform and its feasibility for photonics and optoelectronic applications. InGaAs nanowires are grown not only on a planar SOI layer but also on a 3D structured SOI layer by catalyst-free metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. The precise positioning of nanowires on 3D structures, including waveguides and gratings, reveals the versatility and practicality of the proposed platform. Photoluminescence measurements exhibit that the composition of ternary InGaAs nanowires grown on the SOI layer has wide tunability covering all telecommunicatio...
Understanding and Predicting the Cognitive Effects of Sleep Loss Through Simulation

Sleep loss impacts cognitive functioning, and the resulting performance changes can have dramatic consequences in the real world. The increased risk to property and human life has motivated decades of empirical research on fatigue and its effects on performance. Models now exist that can predict the general time course and magnitude of changes in cognitive function caused by fatigue. These models have enabled the development of tools that are useful for shift work and sleep scheduling to improve safety. However, these models are incapable of making a priori predictions regarding the precise, task-specific effects that sleep loss and circadian rhythms will have on performance. Such a capability would make it possible to perform simulation-based risk assessments by conducting systematic evaluations over spaces of system designs, training approaches, policy interventions, and sleep/work schedules. It would also support monitoring technologies to detect behavioral evidence of fatigue. To develop such applications, computational process models that run in simulation are needed to produce behavior predictions in the domains of interest. In this article we review and summarize research committed to precisely this goal, we assess progress to date, and we describe remaining challenges on the path to application.
Three New Species of Lignicolous Agarics in the Tricholomataceae

(1965). Three New Species of Lignicolous Agarics in the Tricholomataceae. Mycologia: Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 933-945.
Preparation of High Tc Bi‐Pb‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O Superconducting Fibers by Laser Heated Pedestal Growth Method

Highly oriented Bi‐Pb‐Sr‐Ca‐Cu‐O superconducting fibers have been prepared by the laser heated pedestal growth method. The annealed fiber showed both the high Tc (≃K) phase's and the low Tc (≃80K) phase's superconducting transition. The fiber grown at 2mm/h had the Jc value as high as l.0x103A/cm2. The misalignment of the high Tc phase's a‐b plane was measured by XRD less than ± 2°. It was found that the high Tc phase formed during the annealing was highly oriented as well as the low Tc phase.
Design of a Cognitive Model-Based Decision Support Tool for Anesthesiology Crisis Management:

A decision support tool was developed for use by anesthesia providers in crisis situations. The tool alerts anesthetists to a developing crisis, manifested by changes in patient physiological variables, and provides them with a list of preventive measures for dealing with the crisis. A novel approach to the design of the tool was defined, including: (1) performing a hierarchical task analysis to identify anesthetist procedures in detecting, diagnosing and treating a critical incident; (2) carrying out a cognitive task analysis to elicit goals, decisions, and information requirements of anesthetists during crisis management procedures; (3) coding of natural language information recorded in the task analyses in a computational GOMS (goals, operators, methods, selection rules) cognitive model; and (4) prototyping an interface to present output from the cognitive model using ecological interface design principles. A preliminary validation of the tool and interface was performed with anesthesiology and usabili...
Getah viruses detected from mosquitoes collected in She county of Hebei province,north China

Objective:In order to identify the kind of the viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in She County of Hebei Province.Methods: Culex tritaeniorhynchus samples were collected and stored in liquid nitrogen.A group of 10 mosquitoes were ground and inoculated onto C6/36 cell.Positive isolates were identified by aether test,IFA and RT-PCR.Results: We had collected 1290 Culex tritaeniorhynchus.We had got 13 cytopathic effect positive isolates from 47 groups of mosquitoes.Two of 13 positive isolates(HB0215-3,HB0234) were alphavirus of togaviridea after aether test and IFA.After RT-PCR,nucleotide sequence detecting and analysing,because the nucleotide sequence of the two isolates have the highest homology to Getah virus AY702913 and NC-006558 of the international GenBank,the two isolates were identified as Getah Virus.Conclusion: Getah Viruses were first isolated from the culex tritaeniorhynchus samples in She County of Hebei Province,North China.
How Relative Value Units Undervalue the Cognitive Physician Visit: A Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Medicare reimbursement for physician services has historically been based upon the relative level of time, skill, training, and intensity provided for a given service. Medicare bases relative value units (RVUs) on 3 different factors: physician work, practice expenses, and professional liability insurance expenses. Physician work includes the physician’s expertise as well as the time and technical skill spent performing the service, including the mental effort and judgment expended by the physician prior to, during, and after the patient encounter. Documentation of the service is also included. Practice expenses take into account the costs of operating a medical practice. Professional liability insurance expenses incorporate the relative risk of services and costs to insure against the risk of loss in providing the service. Medicare pays physicians for services based upon submission of a claim using 1 or more specific Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Each CPT code is assigned a RVU, which is multiplied by the conversion factor and geographic adjustment to create the compensation level for a particular service. In other words, the compensation level is comprised of 3 components: a RVU, the geographic adjustment, and the conversion factor. However, the Medicare Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) undervalues cognitive office efforts, and the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) office visit is an unfortunate paradigm. The Medicare RBRVS is the specific metric that sets reimbursement rates for each CPT code assigned to every physician service. RVUs for an office visit range from 0.18 (CPT code 99211) to 2.11 (CPT code 99215), yet RVUs for colonoscopy range from 3.36 (CPT code 45373) to 4.67 (CPT code 45385), depending upon the procedure (Table 1). Therein lies the disconnect: the office visit of a patient with a chronic, complex disease such as IBD may be encumbered by extensive records, imaging review, patient history, examination, and conferences with the patient and other physicians. Such a time-consuming visit is trapped in a low-level RVU and, therefore, low compensation; thus, an office visit cannot compete with the multiple colonoscopies that could be performed within the same time allotment. This opinion piece reviews the RVU system and its flaws, describes regional (ie, institutional) attempts at adjustment, and highlights the need for reevaluating compensation of cognitive physician services. Table 1 2015 and 2016 CMS RVU Schedule for Common Gastroenterology Codes
Computed Tomography in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Who Needs It and How Is It Scored?

Head trauma is one of the most common reasons for children to visit the emergency room in the United States. Computed tomography (CT) utilization for pediatric head trauma continues to increase despite public concern regarding ionizing radiation exposure. More than 90% of the imaging studies in children with minor head trauma are negative for traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Judicious use of head CT is important to reduce unnecessary ionizing radiation in the vulnerable pediatric population. With the goal of reducing unnecessary CT for pediatric TBI patients, an important question is not “who needs head CT” but “who can safety avoid head CT.” When abnormal CT findings are present for moderate or severe TBI patients, accurate and reproducible scoring systems are also necessary to make CT reports actionable and meaningful for physicians in the trauma team. This article outlines the current evidence-based practices for pediatric head CT use, highlighting relevant clinical decision-making tools, as well as reviews the current CT-based trauma scoring systems.
Gamma-irradiation produces active chlorine species (ACS) in physiological solutions: Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) scavenges ACS - A novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection.

Abstract Background Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the main lignan in whole grain flaxseed, is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger with known radioprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of SDG radioprotection is not well understood. The current study identified a novel mechanism of DNA radioprotection by SDG in physiological solutions by scavenging active chlorine species (ACS) and reducing chlorinated nucleobases. Methods The ACS scavenging activity of SDG was determined using two highly specific fluoroprobes: hypochlorite-specific 3′-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) and hydroxyl radical-sensitive 3′-(p-hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF). Dopamine, an SDG structural analog, was used for proton 1H NMR studies to trap primary ACS radicals. Taurine N-chlorination was determined to demonstrate radiation-induced generation of hypochlorite, a secondary ACS. DNA protection was assessed by determining the extent of DNA fragmentation and plasmid DNA relaxation following exposure to ClO− and radiation. Purine base chlorination by ClO− and γ-radiation was determined by using 2-aminopurine (2-AP), a fluorescent analog of 6-aminopurine. Results: Chloride anions (Cl−) consumed > 90% of hydroxyl radicals in physiological solutions produced by γ-radiation resulting in ACS formation, which was detected by 1H NMR. Importantly, SDG scavenged hypochlorite- and γ–radiation-induced ACS. In addition, SDG blunted ACS-induced fragmentation of calf thymus DNA and plasmid DNA relaxation. SDG treatment before or after ACS exposure decreased the ClO− or γ-radiation-induced chlorination of 2-AP. Exposure to γ-radiation resulted in increased taurine chlorination, indicative of ClO− generation. NMR studies revealed formation of primary ACS radicals (chlorine atoms (Cl ) and dichloro radical anions (Cl2¯ )), which were trapped by SDG and its structural analog dopamine. Conclusion We demonstrate that γ-radiation induces the generation of ACS in physiological solutions. SDG treatment scavenged ACS and prevented ACS-induced DNA damage and chlorination of 2-aminopurine. This study identified a novel and unique mechanism of SDG radioprotection, through ACS scavenging, and supports the potential usefulness of SDG as a radioprotector and mitigator for radiation exposure as part of cancer therapy or accidental exposure.
Using the Communication and Teamwork Skills (CATS) Assessment to Measure Health Care Team Performance

Article-at-a-Glance Background Patient safety administrators, educators, and researchers are striving to understand how best to monitor and improve team skills and determine what approaches to monitoring best suit their organizations. A behavior-based tool, based on principles of crisis resource management (CRM) in nonmedical industries, was developed to quantitatively assess communication and team skills of health care providers in a variety of real and simulated clinical settings. The CATS Assessment The Communication and Teamwork Skills (CATS) Assessment has been developed through rapid-cycle improvement and piloted through observation of videotaped simulated clinical scenarios, real-time surgical procedures, and multidisciplinary rounds. Specific behavior markers are clustered into four categories—coordination, cooperation, situational awareness, and communication. Teams are scored in terms of the occurrence and quality of the behaviors. The CATS Assessment results enable clinicians to view a spectrum of scores—from the overall score for the categories to specific behaviors. Conclusion The CATS Assessment tool requires statistical validation and further study to determine if it reliably quantifies health care team performance. The patient safety community is invited to use and improve behavior-based observation measures to better evaluate their training programs, continue to research and improve observation methodology, and provide quantifiable, objective feedback to their clinicians and organizations.
Nutritional Requirements: With Special Reference to Infancy

As more information becomes available concerning the relationship of diet to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood, it becomes necessary to assess the nutritional requirements of infants and to discover how they are being fulfilled.
CHAPTER 173 – Proteomics, Fluorescence, and Binding Affinity

This chapter discusses how affinity chromatography can be used to purify protein complexes or isolate specific proteomes for further analysis. This approach can facilitate the investigation of protein-protein interactions, enable the identification of novel binding proteins, or allow changes in protein expression or modification to be monitored under different conditions
Disability and Depression

Here, Ann Cvetkovich, interviewed by Abby Wilkerson, brings Cvetkovich's influential cultural studies analysis of depression explicitly into conversation with disability studies. Cvetkovich understands "feeling bad" (a term she prefers to "depression") as a defining affective state under neoliberalism. Drawing on a distinctive historical/cultural archive, she challenges the atomism of the neoliberal medical model that frames depression and affective distress more generally as the result of faulty brain chemistry-individual organisms gone awry. Instead, she traces these common experiences to sociopolitical phenomena ranging from current neoliberal demands for productivity as exemplified in university life, to histories of colonization, slavery, and displacement. The conversation considers the value of disability frameworks for understanding mental health diagnoses and the intersections of social institutions, bodily practices, and everyday affective life.
Tricritical Point in KH 2 PO 4

A pressure-induced tricritical point is indicated for ${\mathrm{KH}}_{2}$${\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ near 2 kbar pressure. This estimate is based on analysis of our static dielectric data for pressures up to 3 kbar.
Targeted High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics differentiates metabolic syndrome from obesity.

Both obesity and the metabolic syndrome are risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Identification of novel biomarkers are needed to distinguish metabolic syndrome from equally obese individuals in order to direct them to early interventions that reduce their risk of developing further health problems. We utilized mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolic profiling of 221 metabolites to evaluate the associations between metabolite profiles and established metabolic syndrome criteria (i.e. elevated waist circumference, hypertension, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in plasma samples from obese men ( n = 29; BMI = 35.5 ± 5.2 kg/m2) and women ( n = 40; 34.9 ± 6.7 kg/m2), of which 26 met the criteria for metabolic syndrome (17 men and 9 women). Compared to obese individuals without metabolic syndrome, univariate statistical analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that a specific group of metabolites from multiple metabolic pathways (i.e. purine metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and tryptophan metabolism) were associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. Receiver operating characteristic curves generated based on the PLS-DA models showed excellent areas under the curve (0.85 and 0.96, for metabolites only model and enhanced metabolites model, respectively), high specificities (0.86 and 0.93), and good sensitivities (0.71 and 0.91). Moreover, principal component analysis revealed that metabolic profiles can be used to further differentiate metabolic syndrome with 3 versus 4-5 metabolic syndrome criteria. Collectively, these findings support targeted metabolomics approaches to distinguish metabolic syndrome from obesity alone, and to stratify metabolic syndrome status based on the number of criteria met. Impact statement We utilized mass spectrometry-based targeted metabolic profiling of 221 metabolites to evaluate the associations between metabolite profiles and established MetS criteria. To our best knowledge, the findings of this study provide the first evidence that metabolic profiles can be used to differentiate participants with MetS from similarly obese individuals who do not meet established criteria of MetS. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that within MetS participants, their unique metabolic profiles correlated to the number of criteria used for MetS determination. Taken together, this metabolic profiling approach can potentially serve as a novel tool for MetS detection and monitoring, and provide useful metabolic information for future interventions targeting obesity and MetS.
Optical surface breather in graphene

A theory of an optical breather of self-induced transparency for small area surface plasmon-polariton waves is constructed. The wave equation for an optical nonlinear electric field consisting of surface transverse magnetic modes, traveling along a two-dimensional layer of atomic systems (or semiconductor quantum dots), with a graphene monolayer (or graphene-like two-dimensional material), are shown to reduce to the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with damping. It is also shown that damped small intensity surface plasmon-polariton breathers can propagate in such a system and its characteristic parameters depends on the connected media, graphene conductivity, transition layer and transverse structures of the surface plasmon polariton. Explicit analytical expressions for the parameters of an optical surface breather are given. The breather and the soliton in graphene are compared with each other and the differences between their properties are contrasted.
The Development of an Automobile Engine Control System

Abstract During the past year, Ford Motor Company introduced the first multivariate control system for automobile engine control based on microprocessor technology. This paper will present an overview of the development of this system. Two principle areas of effort are described, the development of suitable microprocessor technology for the automotive environment, and the formulation of the engine control problem in terms suitable for computer control. The latter area has resulted in the generation of several significant new tools for analysis of these systems. These include vehicle simulation models, engine data acquisition techniques, and optimization techniques.
Conclusion and Implications for Public Policy

This book represents the first known qualitative examination of scrappers and metal thieves. By examining scrappers and metal thieves through observation, participation, and interviews, it has provided a rich understanding of metal thieves, their demographics, motivations, methods of learning, partnerships, theft methods and techniques, and identified the approaches to dissuade them from thieving. These findings contribute to the limited body of knowledge on scrappers and, more specifically, provide a deep understanding of metal thieves, providing guidance on future metal theft research and prevention techniques. After reviewing these findings, this chapter discusses policy implications for law enforcement, legislatures, and the recycling industry.
Impact of Dilute Sulfuric Acid, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Ionic Liquid Pretreatments on the Fractionation and Characterization of Engineered Switchgrass

Improving plant characteristics for better environmental resilience and more cost-effective transformation to fuels and chemicals is one of the focus areas in biomass feedstock development. In order to bridge lignin engineering and conversion technologies, this study aimed to fractionate and characterize lignin streams from wild-type and engineered switchgrass using three different pretreatment methods, i.e., dilute sulfuric acid (DA), ammonium hydroxide (AH), and aqueous ionic liquid (IL). Results demonstrate the low lignin content and high S/G ratio switchgrass mutant (4CL) was more susceptible to pretreatment and subsequently more digestible by enzymes as compared to wild-type switchgrass and AtLOV1 mutant. In addition, when compared to DA and AH pretreatment, aqueous IL (cholinium lysinate) was demostrated to be an efficient lignin solvent, as indicated by the high (> 80%) lignin solubility and reduced lignin molecular weight. FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry measurements suggest that pretreatment chemistry greatly influenced the structural and compositional changes and thermal properties of the pretreated switchgrass and recovered lignin-rich streams. The comparative data obtained from this work deepen our understanding of how lignin modification impacts the fractionation and properties of biomass feedstocks.
Needle acquisition patterns, network risk and social capital among rural PWID in Puerto Rico

People who inject drugs (PWID) take on significant risks of contracting blood-borne infection, including injecting with a large number of partners and acquiring needles from unsafe sources. When combined, risk of infection can be magnified. Using a sample of PWID in rural Puerto Rico, we model the relationship between a subject’s number of injection partners and the likelihood of having used an unsafe source of injection syringes. Data collection with 315 current injectors identified six sources of needles. Of the six possible sources, only acquisition from a seller (paid or free), or using syringes found on the street, was significantly related to number of partners. These results suggest that sources of syringes do serve to multiply risk of infection caused by multi-partner injection concurrency. They also suggest that prior research on distinct forms of social capital among PWID may need to be rethought.
Ontology-based Instance Matching for Geospatial Urban Data Integration

To run a smart city, data is collected from disparate sources such as IoT devices, social media, private and public organizations, and government agencies. In the US, the City of Chicago has been a pioneer in the collection of data and in the development of a framework, called OpenGrid, to curate and analyze the collected data. OpenGrid is a geospatial situational awareness platform that allows policy makers, service providers, and the general public to explore city data and to perform advanced data analytics to enable planning of services, prediction of events and patterns, and identification of incidents across the city. This paper presents the instance matching module of GIVA, a Geospatial data Integration, Visualization, and Analytics platform, as applied to the integration of information related to businesses, which is spread across several datasets. In particular, we describe the integration of two datasets, Business Licenses and Food Inspections, so as to enable predictive analytics to determine which food establishments the city should inspect first. The paper describes semantic web-based instance matching mechanisms to compare the Business Names and Address fields.
Peer evaluations within experiential pedagogy: Fairness, objectivity, retaliation safeguarding, constructive feedback, and experiential learning as part of peer assessment

Abstract This paper describes the analysis of peer assessment processes in experiential learning courses at a Midwestern public university. Factor analysis was used in the creation of constructs measuring perceptions of fairness, objectivity, retaliation safeguarding, and constructive feedback. Constructs were based on student fears that peer assessment is unfair, peers measure based on emotions (objectivity), giving a bad score will hurt me in later courses (retaliation safeguarding), and feedback is not developmental. As well, it was determined whether there was a belief, by end users, that peer assessment is a critical component of experiential learning. The authors surveyed 477 students within semester courses practicing experiential learning pedagogies and developed constructs for fairness (α = 0.785), objectivity (α = 0.774), retaliation safeguarding (α = 0.862), constructive feedback (α = 0.692) and experiential learning (α = 0.743). No within-factor multicollinearity was found in any construct.
Comparison of plastic, high density carbon, and beryllium as indirect drive NIF ablators

Detailed radiation hydrodynamic simulations calibrated to experimental data have been used to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses of three candidate indirect drive ablator materials now tested at the NIF: plastic, high density carbon or diamond, and beryllium. We apply a common simulation methodology to several currently fielded ablator platforms to benchmark the model and extrapolate designs to the full NIF envelope to compare on a more equal footing. This paper focuses on modeling of the hohlraum energetics which accurately reproduced measured changes in symmetry when changes to the hohlraum environment were made within a given platform. Calculations suggest that all three ablator materials can achieve a symmetric implosion at a capsule outer radius of ∼1100 μm, a laser energy of 1.8 MJ, and a DT ice mass of 185 μg. However, there is more uncertainty in the symmetry predictions for the plastic and beryllium designs. Scaled diamond designs had the most calculated margin for achieving symmetry a...
Progressive right ventricular enlargement due to pulmonary regurgitation: Clinical characteristics of a “low-risk” group

Abstract Background The optimal interval between serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) scans for monitoring right ventricular (RV) enlargement in the setting of severe pulmonic valve regurgitation (PR) is unknown. The purposes of this study were to (1) determine the annual change in RV volume on serial CMRI scans and (2) identify the risk factors for rapid progression of RV enlargement. Methods A retrospective study of adults with postintervention native valve PR and ≥2 CMRI scans at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 2000 to 2015 was conducted. Rapid progression of RV enlargement was defined as first upper quartile of annual increase in RV end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVi) for the cohort. Results Of the 63 patients (age, 36 ± 9 years) in the study, 43 (68%) had tetralogy of Fallot, whereas 20 (32%) had valvular pulmonic stenosis. Right ventricular outflow tract interventions that resulted in PR were balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (n = 4; 7%), transannular patch repair (n = 30; 58%), and nontransannular patch repair (n = 18; 35%). Interval between baseline and second CMRI was 2 (1-4) years. In comparison to baseline CMRI, RVEDVi increased from 130 (109-141) to 135 (126-155) mL/m2 and median annual change in RVEDVi was 3.1 (1.7-5.9) mL/m2. Univariate risk factors for rapid progression of RV enlargement (annual increase in RVEDVi >6 mL/m2) were ≥moderate tricuspid regurgitation and RVEDVi >130 mL/m2. Among the 24 patients without these risk factors (low-risk subgroup), RVEDVi increased by only 3 (0-7) mL/m2 over 7 (5-9) years. Conclusions Patients with PR without RVEDVi >130 mL/m2 and/or ≥moderate tricuspid regurgitation represent a low-risk subgroup that may be appropriate for clinical and echo follow-up but may potentially require infrequent CMRI follow-up.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers Protect against Light-Induced Retinopathy via Decreasing Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in BALB/cJ Mice.

Oxidative stress (OS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) are the major factors underlying photoreceptor degeneration. Lutein, RR-zeaxanthin (3R,3’R-zeaxanthin) and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin (3R,3’S-RS- zeaxanthin) (L/Zi) could protect against cell damage by ameliorating OS in retina. In this study, we examined the effect of L/Zi supplementation in a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration and investigated whether the treatment of L/Zi ameliorated OS and ERS. BALB/cJ mice after light exposure were used as the animal model. The protective effects of L/Zi were observed by electroretinography (ERG) and terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis. The underlying mechanisms related to OS and ERS were explored by Western blotting. After L/Zi treatment, the ERG amplitudes were significantly higher, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly reduced compared to that of the vehicle group. Western blotting results revealed that OS was ameliorated according to the significant downregulation of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and significant upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In addition, ERS was reduced according to the significant downregulation of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), phosphorylated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (p-PERK), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and activating transcription factor (ATF6). Our data shows that L/Zi provided functional and morphological preservation of photoreceptors against light damage, which is probably related to its mitigation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Public artifacts, intentions, and norms

Artifacts are often said to be things intentionally created to serve a certain function, where function plays the dominant role in classifying artifacts into artifactual kinds. Here I argue, however, that artifacts need not have intended functions and that even when they do, that does not always play a core role in artifactual classification. Artifacts, I argue, must have intended features, but these may include not only functional but also structural, perceptible, or even receptive and normative features regarding how the object is to be regarded, used, or treated. Indeed, I argue that members of public artifact kinds depend on the existence of public norms of treatment. Recognizing the role of receptive and normative features in public artifact kinds enables us to provide a better account of artifact categorization, solve old puzzles about exaptation and minimal creation, and provide a better understanding of the significance of artifacts in our lives and in the social sciences.
Temperature dependence of the ionization coefficients of InAlAs and AlGaAs digital alloy: erratum

Digital alloy In0.52Al0.48As avalanche photodiodes exhibit lower excess noise than those fabricated from random alloys. This paper compares the temperature dependence, from 203 to 323 K, of the impact ionization characteristics of In0.52Al0.48As and Al0.74Ga0.26As digital and random alloys. These results provide insight into the low excess noise exhibited by some digital alloy materials, and these materials can even obtain lower excess noise at low temperature.
Whither Evidentialist Reliabilism

Evidentialism and Reliabilism are two of the main contemporary theories of epistemic justification. Some authors have thought that the theories are not incompatible with each other, and that a hybrid theory which incorporates elements of both should be taken into account. In this paper I review the reasons for adopting this kind of hybrid theory, paying attention to the case of credences and the notion of probability involved in their treatment. I argue that the notion of probability in question can only be an epistemic (or evidential) kind of probability. I conclude that the theory that results from the right combination of Evidentialism and Reliabilism is neither Evidentialist nor Reliabilist.
389 PARATHYROID CARCINOMA: A CASE REPORT.

A 53-year-old man with no past medical history was admitted with complaints of hematuria and flank and abdominal pain, for a duration of 1 week. He also complained of bone pain, fatigue, nausea, weight loss, and an enlarging new neck mass 1 month prior to the presentation. He admitted to a history of smoking in the past and no significant family history. On admission, his vital signs were stable. Initial laboratory results showed serum calcium 17.3 mg/dL (normal 8.5-10.5 mg/dL), serum albumin 2.9 g/dL (normal 3.0-5.0 g/dL), blood urea nitrogen 48 mg/dL (normal 7-18 mg/dL), serum creatinine 3.4 mg/dL (normal 0.5-1.2 mg/dL), serum phosphorus 4.3 mg/dL (normal 2.5-4.6 mg/dL), serum magnesium 2.2 mg/dL (normal 1.8-2.8 mg/dL), urine analysis positive for moderate amount of blood, alkaline phosphatase 121 IU/L (normal 44-147 IU/L), hemoglobin 8.4 g/dL (normal 13-18 g/dL), hematocrit 24.5 (normal 37-49%), and intact PTH 1,491 pg/mL (normal 10-65 pg/dL). A sestamibi scan done subsequently was negative. A neck sonogram showed a complicated left neck mass measuring 3.4 cm × 2.2 cm × 1.7 cm with a thick septum and a cystic component. A renal sonogram showed bilateral renal cysts and two stones each measuring 10 mm on the left kidney. The chest radiograph was normal. He was hydrated for a week with improvement in his laboratory tests showing serum calcium decreased to 9.3 mg/dL and a serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dL. He underwent a total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. The pathology showed bilateral parathyroid carcinoma infiltrating the capsule, invading the capsule, and adhering to the thyroid, with evidence of lymphovascular invasion. The immunohistochemical staining was negative for p53 and Ki67. After surgery, his symptoms significantly improved and laboratory tests done 2 weeks later showed the following: calcium 7.8 mg/dL, intact PTH 7 pg/mL, TSH 15 mIU/L, and FT4 0.6 μg/dL. A DXA scan showed osteoporosis. Postoperative management included treatment of hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, osteoporosis, and chronic renal insufficiency. Two years later, he continues to be asymptomatic on medications with normal biochemical parameters. A high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose parathyroid carcinoma. A better knowledge and understanding of this condition would aid in early diagnosis and possibly increase in survival rate.
Composite scaffolds for bone and osteochondral defects

Abstract The fast replacement of native functionality (i.e., biological, chemical, mechanical) of damaged skeletal tissues currently represents an important challenge of clinical surgery. Through an accurate study of natural tissues and biomimesis, advanced biomaterials can be designed in the form of porous scaffolds to create hierarchical porous structures with the desired mechanical performances and mass transport properties (permeability and diffusion) while reproducing the complex 3D anatomical shapes. Recently, bioinspired composite scaffolds have been successfully used for the regeneration of bone and osteochondral tissue due to their unique ability to accurately mimic tissue functions and organization at different size scale levels. As a function of the filler/matrix coupling, they may ensure biochemical affinity with the host tissue through a judicious mix of specific morphological and chemical cues, also mimicking the response under load exhibited by natural tissue through a complex organization of material phases. This chapter provides an overview of recently developed composite porous and nonporous platforms used for repair/regeneration of bone and osteochondral tissue. In particular, we have classified composite scaffolds by distinguishing between those with biodegradable and bioresorbable matrices. Moreover, we describe different strategies to functionalize them with organic or inorganic phases by remarking, case by case, their passive or active reinforcement role as a function of intrinsic properties (i.e., degradation, magnetism) and different shapes (i.e., long or short fibers, particles with different shape ratios). Different manufacturing protocols are described, emphasizing their main advantages and disadvantages, and can be adopted to realize functionally and mechanically performed tissue substitutes.
Nutrition of Minerals in Relation to Human Function

Abstract Minerals that are essential for human functions are categorized into three groups: macrominerals or bulk elements, microminerals or trace elements, and ultratrace elements. The roles of each of these nutrients in metabolic functions are noted and common nutrient deficiencies and toxicities are defined. Major food and beverage sources of the elements are also given. Adequate intakes of the mineral nutrients are only obtained by following a pattern of food selection, especially the inclusion of plant foods.
On "Value-Laden" Science

Philosophical work on values in science is held back by widespread ambiguity about how values bear on scientific choices. Here, I disambiguate several ways in which a choice can be value-laden and show that this disambiguation has the potential to solve and dissolve philosophical problems about values in science. First, I characterize four ways in which values relate to choices: values can motivate, justify, cause, or be impacted by the choices we make. Next, I put my proposed taxonomy to work, using it to clarify one version of the argument from inductive risk. The claim that non-epistemic values must play a role in scientific choices that run inductive risk makes most sense as a claim about values being needed to justify such choices. The argument from inductive risk is not unique: many philosophical arguments about values in science can be more clearly understood and assessed by paying close attention to how values and choices are related.
Use of Intraoperative Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography on Outcomes of Septal Myectomy.

Septal myectomy is the standard treatment for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We studied the impact of intraoperative pre- and postprocedure dobutamine stress transesophageal echocardiography on surgical planning and outcomes of septal myectomy. We identified 55 patients undergoing septal myectomy over a 24-month period. All patients underwent resting and dobutamine stress (20–40 mcg/kg/min) echocardiography after induction of anesthesia pre- and postprocedure. Demographic, clinical, and imaging data were prospectively collected. Mean age was 59 (42–68). A total of 69% of patients were New York Heart Association Class III/IV. During outpatient evaluation, peak preoperative resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient was 91.6 mm Hg and 94% (50/53) had severe stress-induced mitral regurgitation (MR). After induction, peak resting gradient fell to 47.8 mm Hg and 43% (24/55) had improved gradients (
Examining Mother-Daughter Dyads Jointly Solving Addition Problems: A Person-Centered Approach

This study used a person-centered approach to examine mother-daughter dyad behaviors when jointly solving addition problems during a card game. The goal was to identify maternal and child profile b...
Linking inhibitory control to math achievement via comparison of conflicting decimal numbers

Abstract The relationship between executive functions (EF) and academic achievement is well-established, but leveraging this insight to improve educational outcomes remains elusive. Here, we propose a framework for relating the role of specific EF on specific precursor skills that support later academic learning. Starting from the premise that executive functions contribute to general math skills both directly – supporting the execution of problem solving strategies – and indirectly – supporting the acquisition of precursor mathematical content, we hypothesize that the contribution of domain-general EF capacities to precursor skills that support later learning can help explain relations between EF and overall math skills. We test this hypothesis by examining whether the contribution of inhibitory control on general math knowledge can be explained by inhibition's contribution to processing rational number pairs that conflict with individual's prior whole number knowledge. In 97 college students (79 female, age = 20.58 years), we collected three measures of EF: working memory (backwards spatial span), inhibition (color-word Stroop) and cognitive flexibility (task switching), and timed and untimed standardized measures of math achievement. Our target precursor skill was a decimals comparison task where correct responses were inconsistent with prior whole number knowledge (e.g., 0.27 vs. 0.9). Participants performed worse on these trials relative to the consistent decimals pairs (e.g., 0.2 vs. 0.87). Individual differences in the Stroop task predicted performance on inconsistent decimal comparisons, which in turn predicted general math achievement. With respect to relating inhibitory control to math achievement, Stroop performance was an independent predictor of achievement after accounting for age, working memory and cognitive flexibility, but decimal performance mediated this relationship. Finally, we found inconsistent decimals performance mediated the relationship of inhibition with rational number performance, but not other advanced mathematical concepts. These results pinpoint the specific contribution of inhibitory control to rational number understanding, and more broadly are consistent with the hypothesis that acquisition of foundational mathematical content can explain the relationships between executive functions and academic outcomes, making them promising targets for intervention.
Chaos or Coherence: Individual Disparate Treatment Discrimination and the ADEA

The complicated structure of the law of individual disparate treatment discrimination as sketched by the decisions of the Supreme Court is the result of the failure of Justice Brennan to command a majority on his approach in Price Waterhouse, which approach would have largely supplanted the earlier McDonnell Douglas approach. Justice O'Connor's concurrence is the basis, therefore, of the development of two separate methodologies to analyze individual disparate treatment cases. That bifurcated approach is beginning to break apart into a number of new and different approaches at the court of appeals level. Some courts are construing the two main methodologies, Price Waterhouse and McDonnell Douglas, in ways that create enormous obstacles to a jury getting to try individual disparate treatment discrimination claims. Other courts are using several different interpretations of these two steams of authority to create a unitary approach to individual disparate treatment cases. It may well be that in the long run the approach initially advocated by Justice Brennan in his plurality opinion in Price Waterhouse may ultimately prevail.
Many drops make a lake.

The desire and drive for excellence in any endeavor in life requires an effort from the individual; in addition it requires a constellation of features around such individuals that help them to become successful. For surgeons, it is the operating room staff, the administrative and medical assistants and our residents and fellows. However, perhaps the most important contribution to a physician’s success, are his or her patients. As I get older, I find myself doing and saying things that seemingly, just a few years ago I used to hear my own teachers say and do. And then with some wry amusement, I wonder...when did this change happen in me? Change is inevitable, progressive and relentless. However, what remains constant is the compassion and care that our patients need and deserve. In this day and age of advancing technology and minimally invasive surgery, sometimes we surgeons forget that our patients are human beings. Our patients are the ones who teach us the most. It is therefore incumbent upon us to treat them with the greatest amount of dignity and respect that is possible. Sir Isaac Newton had said “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”. My fervent advice to all my trainees is to recognize and acknowledge their own personal giants early and often, for it is their shoulders upon which they will stand to see further. First and foremost among my personal giants are my patients, and then my parents, my teachers, my wife and children. It is they who have collectively helped me to achieve my personal goals. It is imperative that as clinicians and scientists we strive for excellence, and also continuously remember to be humble. Drs. Ebrahimzadeh, Kachooei and their team embody this very principle. Their efforts in getting this journal organized and come to fruition are enormous. Yet, it is the result of a collective effort to achieve excellence for the ongoing care of our patients; the desire to achieve greater knowledge, better skills and disseminate this knowledge through this journal to influence as many physicians and their patients as possible. They have taken the knowledge of their teachers, recognized their giants and are now poised to see further than ever before. My grandmother often used to quote to me a proverb from India, which when translated literally means “Many drops make a lake”. I cannot help but be amazed by the striking similarities between the words of Newton and this Indian saying. Therefore, while it may seem intuitive, I think it must be stated that it is vital for the betterment of all our patients that we recognize our own personal lakes to put our drops of knowledge into. More important is that we recognize that it is incumbent upon each and every one of us to contribute to our collective lakes of knowledge such as ABJS. And finally and perhaps most importantly we need to be utterly cognizant of never letting such lakes of knowledge run dry.... ever.
The Effects of Increasing the Tobacco Excise Tax on the U.S. Economy

The analysis in this study examines the effects on the U.S. economy of a $1.00 per pack equivalent increase in the tobacco products excise tax which has been proposed as a means to partially finance the Clinton Administration's program of health care reform. The analytical approach used in the study consisted of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The results suggest that as a result of an increase in the excise tax, there will be a decrease in output by all producing sectors of 0.21 percent, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.49 percent, a decline in total utility by 0.47 percent, and a net increase in government revenue of 1.74 percent. Moreover, as a consequence of this tax increase, tobacco consumption will decline by 12.15 percent. Clearly, an increase in the federal excise tax on tobacco products is a potent policy to curtailing smoking.
Ensemble polling strategies for mobile communications networks

In communications systems, mobile units must be found before information may be routed to them. The process of finding each unit, called paging, requires the use of limited radio and fixed network resources. Thus, the rate at which units can be found on average and the rate at which page requests can be satisfied subject to a delay criterion is intimately tied to the polling discipline employed by the system. Here we consider simple polling schemes which can greatly increase the rate at which page requests can be processed while maintaining acceptable average delay.