cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approaches to uprooting poverty in Africa

Abstract Poverty in Africa is primarily a rural phenomenon. Its growing incidence is partly due to slow growth in GDP induced by economic policies that discriminated against agriculture. Urban bias in social spending has left the rural poor with little or no access to basic needs. Technological change, improved rural infrastructure and an efficient marketing environment are needed to enhance agricultural growth and maximize returns to the rural producer. Improving the human capital of the rural poor will expand their employment opportunities. Cost-effective transfer programmes would provide a safety net for the vulnerable poor.
423. Combination of Sleeping Beauty-Mediated INF-gamma Gene Transfer with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Provides Long-Term Survival of Intracranial Glioblastoma in Mice

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is lethal brain tumor that is resistant to conventional therapies. Although gene therapy and immunotherapy have shown efficacy in select human patients, further improvements are needed to provide a breakthrough for GBM treatment. To overcome the restraint of transient expression using nonviral vectors, we utilized Sleeping Beauty transposon vectors to achieve integration and sustained expression in GBM. In parallel we used CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to stimulate potent anti-tumor immune responses. To determine efficacy in an orthotopic model, syngeneic GL261-luciferase-stable tumor cells were implanted into the brains of C57BL/6 mice so that tumor progression and/or regression could be measured by bioluminescent imaging in vivo (see progression in Fig. 1). We used intratumoral convection- enhanced delivery (CED) to infuse CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or Sleeping Beauty-based INF-gamma transposons into mice bearing intracranial GBM. Either therapy alone minimally extended survival (p>0.05), but the combination of CpG plus INF-gamma gene transfer facilitated complete tumor regression and long-term survival in a significant fraction of mice (p<0.05). Current studies are underway to define the immune mechanisms responsible for tumor regression and optimize treatment efficacy. These results suggest that this combined treatment approach may be useful for treating patients with GBM.
Gastrin releasing peptide reduces meal size in rats

Abstract The satiety-eliciting effect of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a putative mammalian counterpart of bombesin (BBS), was examined in mildly food-deprived rats. Intraperitoneal injections of GRP resulted in a significant decrease of 30-minute food intake at 2, 4, 8 and 16 μg/kg, while 1 μg/kg had no reliable effect. Intraperitoneal GRP at 4 and 8 μg/kg did not suppress 30-minute water consumption by thirsty rats. When the dose-effect curves of GRP and BBS are compared on a molar scale, GRP is approximately 30% less potent than BBS in suppressing food intake. The two dose-effect curves are similar in shape and their regression lines have parallel slopes. These data lend further support to the hypothesis that GRP is a mammalian counterpart of BBS and strengthen the argument that they may function as endogenous satiety factors.
Craniofacial trauma and double epidural hematomas from horse training

INTRODUCTION A case of complex poly-trauma requiring multi-service management of rare, diagnoses is reviewed.
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING USING CHROMOTOMOGRAPHY: A FIELDABLE VISIBLE INSTRUMENT FOR TRANSIENT EVENTS

A visible, hyperspectral imager using chromotomography CT) has been built, with the goal of extending the technology to spatially extended sources with quickly varying (> 10 Hz) features, such as bomb detonations and muzzle flashes. Even with a low dispersion, ~0.7 mrad/nm, direct vision prism with undeviated wavelength near λ = 548 nm, spectral resolution of better than Δ λ < 10 nm across the λ = 400 – 600 nm band is demonstrated with spatial resolution of better than 0.5 mm. The primary objective of this paper is to show empirically that the spatial and spectral resolution of data obtained by a simple CT instrument is unchanged in projection space and reconstructed object space.
Sine wave generators

CERTAIN applications, particularly testing, require a sine wave of generator voltage under all load conditions, and the round-rotor type of sine wave generator consequently was developed. The stator is similar to that of a salient-pole machine but for the field a round punched rotor is used with a double layer winding distributed in evenly spaced slots.
Distribution of groundwater seepage to large surface-water bodies: The effect of hydraulic heterogeneities

Abstract At 26 sites on the upper Great Lakes and their connecting channels where groundwater seepage measurements have been made, seepages decrease continually offshore at only seven (26%). Instead, 17 (63%) of the sites have offshore seepages which substantially exceed those at some locations closer to shore. The distributions fall into two consistent patterns, one where a nearshore decrease in seepage with increasing distance is succeeded offshore by an increase and a second where nearshore seepages are relatively constant and then increase farther offshore. The patterns have been observed in two independent studies using two totally different seepage meter designs and emplacement methods and are attributed to hydrogeologic heterogeneities beneath the surface-water body. Detailed marine geophysical measurements at seven sites on Green Bay show that the anomalously high offshore seepages there are associated with local thinning of the relatively low hydraulic conductivity glacial sediments separating the Bay from the underlying aquifer, a fractured dolomite. At these locations, heterogeneity in sediment thickness is a stronger factor in causing seepage anomalies than is heterogeneity of either sediment or bedrock hydraulic conductivity. Insufficient information exists to confirm a parallel cause-effect relation at the other sites, but evidence points in that direction. Similar seepage anomalies have been observed at other, smaller lakes by other researchers, but never with this frequency. It is argued that the cause of the difference is the size of the Great Lakes. Seepage occurs and measurements have been made over much greater offshore distances than in smaller lakes, and the likelihood that heterogeneities will occur within the zone of measurement is thus also much greater.
Stockholdings of Officers and Directors in American Industrial Corporations

I. Nature of data and of sample: 1. The SEC data on stock ownership, 622; 2. Choice of companies in sample, 624; 3. Limitations of the data, 628. — II. Proportion of stock outstanding owned by management: 1. Percentage of stock owned by management groups, 631; 2. The relation between total percentage holdings and size of management groups, 633; 3. The relation between percentage holdings and size of company, 635. — III. The market value of stock owned by management: 1. Individual value-holdings of leading executives, 640; 2. Average value-holdings of management groups, 644; 3. The relation between average value-holdings and size of firm, 650. — IV. Summary and conclusions, 650.
Reproductive Ecology of Dirca palustris L. (Thymelaeaceae)

Abstract Prevalence of sexual and asexual reproduction by plants influences genetic and spatial structure of populations. We investigated reproduction in five populations of Dirca palustris that span its distribution from Florida to North Dakota, and identified the contributions of sexual and asexual reproduction to the clustering of individuals that is characteristic of the species. In each population, maximum density of plants was documented by assessing the 10 clusters that appeared most dense. We surveyed these clusters for evidence of recent recruitment, sowed locally collected fruits to estimate potential for germination, and estimated prevalence of clones by using ISSR genetic markers. Maximum density of plants varied markedly among populations, and denser clusters showed evidence of greater recruitment over several years. Germination of seeds one year after fruits were sown varied from 7 to 56% among populations. Genetic analysis, and our observation of cotelydonary scars on young plants, indicate...
A linear piezoelectric model for characterizing stress generated potentials in bone

Abstract A comprehensive model is presented for the characterization of stress generated potentials (SGP) in bone, based entirely upon the linear piezoelectricity (PZE) of single crystal collagen. The model calls for a theoretical antiparallel polarization configuration in adjacent lamellae that yields to parallel polarization for minimization of free energy. The direction of reorientation is guided by a stress-gradient-induced trigger polarization that specifically determines the polarity in bending and artifactually determines polarity under normal stress. It describes a decoupling of the signs of the PZE tensor of single crystal collagen from the coordinates of the bone: hence, no assumption of the validity of a PZE matrix applied directly to bone can lead to correct results. The model is consistent with all major experimental SGP observations and provides a fresh viewpoint for externally applied electricity for bone stimulation.
Immersion and Leach Tests on Solidified Decontamination Wastes From Dresden Unit 1

Leach tests and immersion tests were performed by using organic liquids and organic saturated water of concentrated decontamination waste solidified using a vinyl ester-styrene binder. The leach tests measured the release of Fe, Ni, and Co from these forms in deionized water, groundwater, and seawater. After 64 days, the mean fraction released normalized by V/S for iron was 5.1 +- 1.9 x 10/sup -3/ cm in deionized water, 7.1 +- 1.1 x 10/sup -3/ cm in groundwater, and 1.0 +- 3.2 x 10/sup -3/ cm in seawater. For nickel, 64 day release rates observed were 4.6 +- 1.6 x 10/sup -3/ cm, 4.6 +- 1.0 x 10/sup -3/ cm, and 5.9 +- 0.6 x 10/sup -3/ cm in deionized water, groundwater, and seawater, respectively. After 50 days, the /sup 59/Fe release rates are 5.9 +- 0.7 x 10/sup -3/, 4.8 +- 2.4 x 10/sup -3/, and 2.8 +- 1.0 x 10/sup -3/ cm in deionized water, groundwater, and seawater, respectively. For /sup 60/Co, the 50 day releases in the three respective leaching media are 6.0 +- 1.7 x 10/sup -3/ cm, 6.8 +- 1.0 x 10/sup -3/ cm, and 2.3 +- 0.2 x 10/sup -3/ cm. Immersion tests of wastemore » forms prepared at a solidification demonstration held at the Dresden Nuclear Power Station were conducted in toluene, xylene, and water saturated with toluene and xylene. Upon immersion of samples in the pure organics, large changes in sample volume and weight were observed. Total weight changes upon immersion of 9.6 +- 0.3% and 21.6 +- 0.7% were observed after 839 hr of immersion in xylene and toluene, respectively. Air drying of the samples led to an overall weight loss of 23.5 +- 0.7% for xylene and 35.6 +- 0.6% for toluene. Qualitatively, similar changes were observed for immersion tests using organic saturated water. Severe sample deterioration was observed in this case, however. The cause of this deterioration is not known. Further work must be done to understand the interaction of the vinyl ester-styrene waste form with organic saturated water.« less
Best Interpolatory Approximation in Normed Linear Spaces

A theory of best approximation with interpolatory contraints from a finite-dimensional subspaceMof a normed linear spaceXis developed. In particular, to eachx?X, best approximations are sought from a subsetM(x) ofMwhichdependson the elementxbeing approximated. It is shown that this “parametric approximation” problem can be essentially reduced to the “usual” one involving a certainfixedsubspaceM0ofM. More detailed results can be obtained when (1)Xis a Hilbert space, or (2)Mis an “interpolating subspace” ofX(in the sense of 1]).
Synthesis of dioxomolybdenum(VI) complexes of heterocyclic-N,O and-N,S ligands

Abstract Benzimidazolylalcohols, benzimidazolylthiols, and pyrazolylphenols react with MoO 2 (acac) 2 to give octahedral MoO 2 L 2 complexes in the case of the N,O ligands but dimeric Mo 2 O 4 L 2 complexes with the N,S ligands. Heterocycles apparently do not provide enough steric bulk to allow generation of skew- trapezoidal complexes.
S6K Directly Phosphorylates IRS-1 on Ser-270 to Promote Insulin Resistance in Response to TNF-α Signaling through IKK2 *

S6K1 (p70S6K) is a serine kinase downstream from Akt in the insulin signaling pathway that is involved in negative feedback regulation of insulin action. S6K1 is also activated by TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. However, its role remains to be characterized. In the current study, we elucidated a mechanism for S6K1 to mediate TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes and hepatocytes. S6K1 was phosphorylated at Thr-389 in response to TNF-α. This led to phosphorylation of IRS-1 by S6K1 at multiple serine residues including Ser-270, Ser-307, Ser-636, and Ser-1101 in human IRS-1 (Ser-265, Ser-302, Ser-632, and Ser-1097, in rodent IRS-1). Direct phosphorylation of these sites by S6K1 was observed in an in vitro kinase assay using purified IRS-1 and S6K1. Phosphorylation of all these serines was increased in the adipose tissue of obese mice. RNAi knockdown demonstrated an important role for S6K1 in mediating TNF-α-induced IRS-1 inhibition that led to impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. A point mutant of IRS-1 (S270A) impaired association of IRS-1 with S6K1 resulting in diminished phosphorylation of IRS-1 at three other S6K1 phosphorylation sites (Ser-307, Ser-636, and Ser-1101). Expression of a dominant negative S6K1 mutant prevented TNF-induced Ser-270 phosphorylation and IRS-1 protein degradation. Moreover, in IKK2 (but not IKK1)-null cells, TNF-α treatment did not result in Thr-389 phosphorylation of S6K1. We present a new mechanism for TNF-α to induce insulin resistance that involves activation of S6K by an IKK2-dependent pathway. S6K directly phosphorylates IRS-1 on multiple serine residues to inhibit insulin signaling.
Advances in airborne remote sensing of ecosystem processes and properties: toward high-quality measurement on a global scale

Airborne remote sensing provides the opportunity to quantitatively measure biochemical and biophysical properties of vegetation at regional scales, therefore complementing surface and satellite measurements. Next-generation programs are poised to advance ecological research and monitoring in the United States, the tropical regions of the globe, and to support future satellite missions. The Carnegie Institution will integrate a next generation imaging spectrometer with a waveform LiDAR into the Airborne Taxonomic Mapping System (AToMS) to identify the chemical, structural and taxonomic makeup of tropical forests at an unprecedented scale and detail. The NEON Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) is under development with similar technologies with a goal to provide long-term measurements of ecosystems across North America. The NASA Next Generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRISng) is also under development to address the science measurement requirements for both the NASA Earth Science Research and Analysis Program and the spaceborne NASA HyspIRI Mission. Carnegie AToMS, NEON AOP, and AVIRISng are being built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as a suite of instruments. We discuss the synergy between these programs and anticipated benefits to ecologists and decision-makers.
Can vitamin D metabolite measurements facilitate a “treat-to-target” paradigm to guide vitamin D supplementation?

Summary Substantial variability exists in the serum 25(OH)D increase observed in response to vitamin D supplementation. Measurement of circulating cholecalciferol and 24,25(OH)2D, as indicators of vitamin D absorption and degradation, respectively, account for approximately half of the variation in serum 25(OH)D observed following supplementation.
On groups of hyperbolic length

Upper and lower bounds are established for the maximum length of a chain of subgroups in a finite classical linear group. Also, it is proved that, for each primep, all but finitely many finite Lie type groups in characteristicp have a longest chain which passes through a maximal parabolic.
Searching for "downhill scenarios" in protein folding.

The genome project, with the discovery of thousands of new protein sequences every year, has created a revolution in protein physics, chemistry, and biology. This has led to a renewed and very much expanded interest in the protein folding problem, particularly among biophysical scientists. There are two parts to this problem. The first is predicting the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence, often referred to as cracking the second half of the genetic code. The second, which is the subject of this Commentary, is to understand how proteins fold. This problem has recently taken on additional importance, as more and more human diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are believed to be caused by aggregation of misfolded proteins (1). There is, moreover, the intriguing possibility that evolution preserves sequences that not only form structures that adequately perform a specific biological function but also those that avoid misfolded states and fold sufficiently quickly to avoid aggregation. That is, minimizing nonnative interactions and maintaining sufficient folding speed may very well be additional selection pressures in protein evolution (2, 3).
ANSWERING THE CALL: TOWARD A HISTORY OF PROPOSALS

While scholars have begun to write a history of reports and instructions, little scholarship exists on the history of proposals. To fill this gap, I analyze proposals written by Dorothy Wordsworth and Anne Macvicar Grant, ca. 1800. My analysis uses contemporary rhetorical theory to determine how they structured their writing and incorporated rhetorical appeals to achieve their goals. My findings show that their texts should be placed on a continuum of the history and development of the proposal genre. Further findings suggest that their use of contemporary rhetorical theories authorized Wordsworth's and Grant's discourse to successfully affect change.
Effects of inlet and exhaust locations and emitted gas density on indoor air contaminant concentrations

Abstract The steady-state distribution of contaminant concentrations in a workroom is a function of several factors, of which the types and relative position of air inlets and exhausts are some of the most important. Here several different inlet and exhaust locations and types (with or without diffuser) were investigated to determine the optimum inlet and exhaust positions. Room concentration patterns for a workroom were explored by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for various inlet locations, exhaust locations, contaminant gas densities, and dilution air flow rates. Average contaminant concentrations were calculated for the entire room, the breathing zone plane, and the near-source breathing zone (BZ). The computational results were validated with experimental results. For wall jet inlets and for lighter than air, the exhausts located near the ceiling resulted in lower concentrations than the corresponding exhausts near the floor. Also, the exhausts located on the same wall as the inlet were relatively better than that of the opposite side wall. The relative density of the contaminant was found to have some effects on the concentration distribution at low flow rates, whereas this effect was negligible at higher flow rates (8 ACH or higher). Exhaust location was not important for ceiling inlets as the room was well mixed. Although ceiling inlet type had almost no effect on average concentration, near-source concentrations were markedly less for the ceiling jet inlet than for the ceiling diffuser inlet.
901–39 Testosterone-induced Coronary Conductance and Resistance Vessel Relaxation In Vivo: Potential Mechanisms of Action

Although testostone causes relaxation of the coronary vascular bed, its mechanisms of action has not been defined. We examined the effect of in-tracoronary testosterone (10 -6 to 10 -5 M) on epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in vivo in 10 dogs (5 male, 5 female). Changes in coronary average peak velocity (APV) were assessed using a 0.014” Doppler guidewire (Cardiometrics), and epicardial cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured using a 4.3F, 30 MHz ultrasound imaging catheter (CVIS). After establishing a baseline response, the contribution of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins and ATP-sensitive K + channels was assessed. Testosterone induced a significant increase in both CSA and APV at the 10 -6 and 10 -5 M concentrations (CSA: 12.6 ± 5.0 and 13.7 ± 8.8%, APV: 53.5 ± 21.9% and 37.8 ± 12.2% at 10 -6 and 10 -5 M respectively (p l 0.01 in all cases)). Pre-treatment with ω Nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 100 μM intracoronary) to block NO synthesis decreased testosterone-induced increase in CSA (13.4 vs. 8.0%, p = 0.06) and APV (89.4% vs. 39.8%, p = 0.06). Pre-treatment with gliben-clamide (10 -5 M) to assess role of ATP-sensitive K + channels did not attenuate testosterone-induced dilation in epicardial arteries though it did in the microcirculation (74.8vs. 32.8%, p = 0.03). Pre-treatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg IV) did not alter changes. Conclusion We conclude that acute testosterone-induced conductance coronary vasorelaxation is mediated in part by endothelium-derived NO. In contrast, ATP-sensitive K + channels appear to modulate testosterone effects on resistance arteries. The prostanoid system is not involved in either conductance or resistance coronary vascular relaxation.
Total syntheses of isonaamine C and isonaamidine E

The total syntheses of two alkaloids isolated from a marine sponge of the Leucetta sp. have been accomplished in 6 and 7 steps starting from a 4,5-diiodoimidazole derivative. Grignard mediated halogen–metal exchange was used to install the benzyl side chain. C2 substitution was accomplished via lithiation followed by quenching with trisyl azide which provided isonaamine C after hydrogenation. Isonaamidine E was then prepared from isonaamine C via introduction of the hydantoin ring by reaction with an activated parabanic acid derivative.
Real-time tracking of game assets in american football for automated camera selection and motion capture

Abstract In fast-paced games like American football, the action (and the viewers’ interest) often revolves around the location of key game assets, such as the football. It is difficult to track the football because it is often obscured or moving rapidly, essentially meaning that the broadcast-camera operators must manually track the football to provide feeds of the most interest. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of sensor-system that uses received signal strength data from multiple strategically placed sensor nodes to localize the game asset to an accurate camera region within a latency of 100ms. Using this real-time localization strategy, we can automate the control of broadcast cameras even in a fast-paced game with dramatically gamechanging moments (such as a kickoff return for a touchdown). This paper describes the design of the sensors, the network protocol, and the architecture of a deployable system in the field of play.
The finiteness theorem for symmetries of knots and 3-manifolds with non-trivial characteristic decompositions

Abstract In 1961, fox asked what knots have infinitely many symmetries. This question can actually be split into two questions. First, what knots have finite group actions of arbitrarily large orders? Second, what knots have infinitely many non-conjugate group actions of a given order? It was previously shown by the author that torus knots are the only knots with finite group actions of arbitrarily large orders. Now, we show that no non-trivial knots have infinitely many non-conjugate group actions of a given order. Thus we have completely answered the question posed by Fox. In addition we show here that any 3-manifold with a non-trivial characteristic decomposition has only finitely many non-conjugate finite group actions. These results are in contrast to the fact that there exist examples of knot complements which have infinitely many non-homotopic finite cyclic actions of a given order.
A case study of using a social annotation tool to support collaboratively learning

Abstract The purpose of the study was to understand student interaction and learning supported by a collaboratively social annotation tool — Diigo. The researcher examined through a case study how students participated and interacted when learning an online text with the social annotation tool — Diigo, and how they perceived their experience. The findings suggested that students participated actively in the collaborative learning activity and were engaged in a variety of behaviors including self-reflection, elaboration, internalization, and showing support. Although students generally had a moderately positive attitude toward using the social annotation tool for collaborative learning, a few problems were identified. In particular, students found it distracting to navigate through a large amount of annotation while reading the text. The study has implications for future research on using or developing social annotation tools for educational purposes.
Effects of boundary conditions on a class of mixed discontinuous finite element methods for reaction–diffusion problems

This paper numerically studies the effects of boundary conditions of different types on a class of mixed discontinuous finite element methods. The focus of this study is on a reaction–diffusion problem in one space dimension, which arises in the modelling and simulation of fluid flows in porous media. Numerical results show that for boundary conditions of certain types these mixed discontinuous methods produce an optimal rate of convergence; for others they generate a sub-optimal rate of convergence. A lower-order term is included in the reaction–diffusion problem, so the numerical study applies to a time-dependent problem as well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relation between 5-amino uracil-induced mitotic synchronization and DNA synthesis.

Abstract The effect of the pyrimidine analogue 5-amino uracil (5AU) on DNA synthesis in Vicia faba lateral roots has been studied. Earlier reports had suggested that 6 mM 5AU synchronizes nuclear divisions (mitotic index of 40 instead of 10 in controls) in Vicia 12–14 hr after removal from a 24-hr treatment through interference with DNA synthesis at the time of treatment. It was shown in the present study that the mitotic synchronization induced by 5AU can occur while the seedlings are in 5AU, and that even a 2-hr treatment with 12 mM 5AU is sufficient to produce the synchrony. Furthermore, synchronization could not be eliminated by the addition of thymidine to the 5AU, as would have been expected if interference with thymidine synthesis were a cause of synchronization. Autoradiographic studies of 3H-thymidine and 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation into the DNA of the meristematic nuclei of the root tip showed that DNA synthesis goes on in the presence of 4 mM to 6 mM 5AU. The rate of DNA synthesis, however, is slowed down, and S is at least 25–40 per cent longer than in the control. This suggests an extension of S from the normal 7.5 hr to at least 11 hr. After removal of the roots from 4 mM 5AU, the rate of DNA synthesis of the root meristem continues to be slow for about 6 hr and then approaches the control level by 9 hr. The slowing down of DNA synthesis is probably not causally related to the mitotic synchronization. A block in G2 as a possible cause of 5AU-induced mitotic synchronization has been discussed.
From sex differences to gender role beliefs: Exploring effects on six dimensions of religiosity

Regardless of the particular dimension of religiosity under consideration, women are generally found to be more religious than men. To date, empirical data has not been used to explore the importance of gender role ideology in explaining these differences. Using the 1988 Akron Area Survey, the effects of sex differences and gender role beliefs on six dimensions of religiosity are explored. The major findings include the following: (1) sex differences in religiosity are not supported for most dimensions of religiosity when other demographic variables are considered; (2) gender role ideology, while not sex related, does improve the explanation of variance in most dimensions of religiosity; and (3) sex is a predictor of the closeness of an individual's relationships to God, while gender role ideology is not. We suggest that stereotypes about women being more religious are misleading and that gender role ideology has an important effect on religiosity. However, sex is more indicative of the level of religious intimacy, measured by perceived closeness to God. We discuss the implications of this finding for changes in family structure and relationships between men and women.
A least squares approach to estimating the probability distribution of unobserved data in multiphoton microscopy

Multi-photon microscopy has provided biologists with unprecedented opportunities for high resolution imaging deep into tissues. Unfortunately deep tissue multi-photon microscopy images are in general noisy since they are acquired at low photon counts. To aid in the analysis and segmentation of such images it is sometimes necessary to initially enhance the acquired images. One way to enhance an image is to find the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of each pixel comprising an image, which is achieved by finding a constrained least squares estimate of the unknown distribution. In arriving at the distribution it is assumed that the noise is Poisson distributed, the true but unknown pixel values assume a probability mass function over a finite set of non-negative values, and since the observed data also assumes finite values because of low photon counts, the sum of the probabilities of the observed pixel values (obtained from the histogram of the acquired pixel values) is less than one. Experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to closely estimate the unknown probability mass function with these assumptions.
Hydrogen binding in vacancy clusters in platinum

The binding of hydrogen in different vacancy complexes in platinum metal was investigated with atomic-scale sensitivity using perturbed angular correlations of gamma rays (PAC). Hydrogen was introduced by cathodic charging. Detrapping was monitored microscopically during desorption at 294 K by changes in site fractions of hydrogen-decorated and undecorated complexes. Analysis of desorption includes effects of retrapping of hydrogen at other sites. Assuming a trap concentration of 10−3, binding enthalpies of 0.23(2), 0.28(1), 0.24(1) and >0.20 eV are obtained for hydrogen atoms in 1V to 4V complexes, respectively. The small differences between the binding enthalpies demonstrate that hydrogen binding is insensitive to the detailed geometrical structure of small vacancy complexes. However, the magnitudes found here are a factor of two smaller than in the literature.
Women and Alcohol in a Highland Maya Town: Water of Hope, Water of Sorrow

In this well-written ethnography, Christine Eber weaves together the critical issues of gender relations, religious change, domestic violence, and drinking in highland Chiapas. . . . This is a fine ethnography that is a must-read for all interested in gender relations in contemporary Latin America. It is also one of the best current discussions on the little-studied phenomenon of religious change in Mexico. . . . Eber also provides a wonderful model of how to write a readable ethnography that treats its subjects with dignity and respect and honestly integrates the trials and tribulations of the ethnographer in the process. -Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Women and Alcohol is a book worth reading. . . . The book's informal tone and interesting topic make it appealing to a wide audience, including casual readers and undergraduate classes. Furthermore, Eber's cross-cultural insight into alcohol dependency is relevant not only for anthropologists but also for health care professionals and others who deal with substance abuse. -Latin American Indian Literatures Journal Healing roles and rituals involving alcohol are a major source of power and identity for women and men in Highland Chiapas, Mexico, where abstention from alcohol can bring a loss of meaningful roles and of a sense of community. Yet, as in other parts of the world, alcohol use sometimes leads to abuse, whose effects must then be combated by individuals and the community. In this pioneering ethnography, Christine Eber looks at women and drinking in the community of San Pedro Chenalho to address the issues of women's identities, roles, relationships, and sources of power. She explores various personal andsocial strategies women use to avoid problem drinking, including conversion to Protestant religions, membership in cooperatives or Catholic Action, and modification of ritual forms with substitute beverages. The book's women-centered perspective reveals important data on women and drinking not reported in earlier ethnographies of Highland Chiapas communities. Eber's reflexive approach, blending the women's stories, analyses, songs, and prayers with her own and other ethnographers' views, shows how Western, individualistic approaches to the problems of alcohol abuse are inadequate for understanding women's experiences with problem and ritual drinking in a non-Western culture. In a new epilogue, Christine Eber describes how events of the last decade, including the Zapatista uprising, have strengthened women's resolve to gain greater control over their lives by controlling the effects of alcohol in the community.
Homing receptor-bearing thymocytes, an immunocompetent cortical subpopulation

Much of the differentiation of murine T cells takes place in the thymus, perhaps influenced by the operation of stringent selection mechanisms whose existence has been inferred from the high rate of thymocyte turnover in the absence of extensive emigration. The origin of those 1% of total thymocytes which leave the thymus and seed the peripheral lymphoid organs is obscure. Recent thymic emigrants are functionally and phenotypically mature, and the purported greater maturity of medullary relative to cortical thymocytes is often cited a evidence for the medullary origin of thymic emigrants, a suggestion not without its critics. To approach this question, we have now isolated a a subpopulation of thymocytes expressing high levels of a receptor that mediates the homing of blood-borne lymphocytes into peripheral lymph nodes. Surprisingly, this population of cells (1-3% of total thymocytes) is both cortical and immunocompetent, containing approximately half of all thymic cytolytic T-lymphocyte precursors. The combination of homing receptor expression and immunocompetence makes this cortical population ideally suited for emigration to peripheral lymphoid organs.
Lower Oligocene Delta in Subsurface of Southeastern Texas: ABSTRACT

A lower Oligocene (middle Vicksburg) delta is delineated in the subsurface of southeastern Texas. The middle Vicksburg delta, composed of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale, has an areal extent of approximately 1,100 sq. mi. and a maximum thickness of 300 ft. It is now buried beneath 2,500 ft. to more than 9,000 ft. of younger deposits, mainly sandstone and shale. The sandstone distribution suggests that the sediment was brought into the Vicksburg basin from the north by two rivers or by a single river that frequently changed course. A broad deltaic plain existed at the mouth of the river and prograded much farther seaward than the adjacent contemporaneous alluvial and inter-deltaic sandstone beds on the east and west. Two major axes of thickening are apparent: the axis normal to the shoreline represents the sand-filled alluvial valleys and the seaward extension of the delta; and the axis parallel with the shoreline represents longshore current deposition (beaches, barrier islands, and dunes). The data suggest that longshore currents flowed westward and deposited considerably more sand on that side of the delta. Production from sandstone beds of the middle Vicksburg is restricted to the seaward extension of the delta, the area most favorable for oil and gas generation and preservation. The most favorable traps in the marine extension of the delta are positive structures that existed during Vicksburg deposition. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2323------------
Supporting Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders in Inclusive Settings

With ongoing collaboration among general education teachers, special education teachers, related services professionals, and parents, students with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) can receive a quality education alongside their typically developing peers. This article provides strategies to promote the successful inclusion of students with ASDs in general education classrooms. The suggestions provided are categorized by preventive, supportive, and corrective strategies and techniques. These strategies can provide general education teachers with a set of tools that enable them to be proactive in preventing behavior, academic, and social problems; enhance instruction and enable students to reach their full potential; and address problems if and when they do arise. Special emphasis is given to strategies to increase active engagement in instructional activities.
Case study analysis of the financial impact of catastrophic safety events

Abstract Several catastrophic events in the process industry have caused extensive damage to life and property and have forever changed the process safety landscape. Despite the commitment from the industry, incidents still occur with similar root causes, impacting major companies in various ways. This work examines the financial impact of such incidents on the stability and future of affected companies in different industries. Several devastating incidents were analyzed to evaluate the direct impact in the short- and long-term and to discuss factors influencing the ability of affected companies to withstand the consequence of catastrophic events.
A LIFE TABLE METHOD FOR STUDYING RECURRENT EPISODES OF ILLNESS OR CARE.

(Received 3 Febrmry 1964) IN CERTAIN chronic diseases the study of the duration of the first episode of illness is of limited value [l-6]. It is important to determine not only the probability of ‘recovery’ within specified intervals after first diagnosis or admission to care, but also the probability of recurrence or re-admission, particularly in relation to the ,duration of the first episode. Furthermore, we should like to be able to include in such studies data on individuals who could not be observed for the entire study period. This paper presents a simple life table model for studying recurrence rates. The method is illustrated using data from 98 State mental hospitals: for comparison some data are also presented from a psychiatric unit in a general hospital in Monroe County, New York.5 The model provides (1) the probability of release from or death in the mental hospital during specified intervals after admission; (2) the probability of return to the hospital or of death in the community during specified intervals after release to the community, for specific intervals of release time; and (3) the linkage of these probabilities to provide a compound probability table which can be used to answer a variety of questions relating to the fate of the original cohort of admissions. The model can be extended to additional episodes.
Activation of the hetero-octameric ATP phosphoribosyl transferase through subunit interface rearrangement by a tRNA synthetase paralog.

ATP phosphoribosyl transferase (ATP-PRT) joins ATP and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) in a highly regulated reaction that initiates histidine biosynthesis. The unusual hetero-octameric version of ATP-PRT includes four HisGS catalytic subunits based on the periplasmic binding protein fold and four HisZ regulatory subunits that resemble histidyl-tRNA synthetases. Here, we present the first structure of a PRPP-bound ATP-PRT at 2.9 A and provide a structural model for allosteric activation based on comparisons with other inhibited and activated ATP-PRTs from both the hetero-octameric and hexameric families. The activated state of the octameric enzyme is characterized by an interstitial phosphate ion in the HisZ-HisG interface and new contacts between the HisZ motif 2 loop and the HisGS dimer interface. These contacts restructure the interface to recruit conserved residues to the active site, where they activate pyrophosphate to promote catalysis. Additionally, mutational analysis identifies the histidine binding sites within a region highly conserved between HisZ and the functional HisRS. Through the oligomerization and functional re-assignment of protein domains associated with aminoacylation and phosphate binding, the HisZ-HisG octameric ATP-PRT acquired the ability to initiate the synthesis of a key metabolic intermediate in an allosterically regulated fashion.
Motif-directed network component analysis for regulatory network inference

Background Network Component Analysis (NCA) has shown its effectiveness in discovering regulators and inferring transcription factor activities (TFAs) when both microarray data and ChIP-on-chip data are available. However, a NCA scheme is not applicable to many biological studies due to limited topology information available, such as lack of ChIP-on-chip data. We propose a new approach, motif-directed NCA (mNCA), to integrate motif information and gene expression data to infer regulatory networks.
Alloy Chemistry and Microstructural Control to Meet the Demands of the Automotive Stirling Engine

The automotive Stirling engine now under development by DOE/NASA as an alternative to the internal combustion engine, imposes severe materials requirements for the hot portion of the engine. Materials selected must be low cost and contain a minimum of strategic elements so that availability is not a problem. Heater head tubes contain high pressure hydrogen on the inside and are exposed to hot combustion gases on the outside surface. The cylinders and regenerator housings must be readily castable into complex shapes having varying wall thicknesses and be amenable to brazing and welding operations. Also, high strength, oxidation resistance, resistance to hydrogen permeation, cyclic operation, and long-life are required. A research program conducted by NASA Lewis focused on alloy chemistry and microstructural control to achieve the desired properties over the life of the engine. Results of alloy selection, characterization, evaluation, and actual engine testing of selected materials are presented.
Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutics for hyperlipidaemias

Hyperlipidaemia, due to elevations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or triglycerides (TGs), is recognised as a significant risk factor contributing to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Even though a variety of established antihyperlipidaemic agents are available, the majority of high-risk patients do not reach their lipid goals, indicating the need for new and more effective therapeutics to be used alone or as combination agents with existing drugs. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), designed to specifically and selectively inhibit novel targets involved in cholesterol/TG homeostasis, represent a new class of agents that may prove beneficial for the treatment of hyperlipidaemias resulting from various genetic, metabolic or behavioural factors. This article describes the antisense technology platform, highlights the advantages of these novel drugs for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia and reviews the current research in this area.
Silver decorated γ-manganese dioxide nanorods for alkaline battery cathode

Abstract γ-Manganese dioxide nanorods were prepared using a simple hydrothermal method based on redox reactions between S2O82− and Mn2+ and decoration of silver nanoparticles was performed by a wet impregnation method. The as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical discharging capacity of Ag/MnO2, MnO2/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), and Ag/MnO2/MWNTs electrodes were determined at 0.1 C discharging rate. The results showed that utility efficiency of MnO2 was greatly enhanced when silver particles were introduced and there was strong interaction between silver nanoparticles and bulk MnO2 materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to investigate the discharging mechanism of the Ag/MnO2/MWNTs electrodes. Silver nanoparticles not only enhanced electronic conductivity of the network, but also improved proton diffusion process.
Acute rejection, type I (Interstitial)

y Dis. 2000;35(4):E13-E14 Fig 1. Tubulitis, ie, infiltration of tubular epithelium by lymphocytes, is the hallmark of type I interstitial acute rejection. Different classifications have been put forth for diagnosis of acute rejection. Among the most widely used are Banff, most recently revised in 1997 (published in Kidney International 1999), and CCTT (published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1998). The lower threshold for rejection by CCTT criteria is 5% of non-scarred parenchyma involved with tubulointerstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, with tubulitis in at least three tubules, with accompanying tubular injury, lymphocyte activation, and/or edema (at least 2 of these latter 3). In this biopsy, there is tubular injury, edema, and multiple lymphocytes infiltrating under the glomerular basement membrane. (Jones’ Silver Stain, original magnification 3400).
Teaching a multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment during surgical clerkship via an interactive board game.

Abstract Background: Although educators agree that the approach to cancer management must be multidisciplinary, medical students usually observe cancer patients through the eyes of a single specialist at any given time. Methods: In order to teach third-year medical students that cancer management is multidisciplinary, we developed the Oncology Game, an interactive, computer-assisted board game built on the principles of self-directed learning and student-student interaction. Eight "patients" with different histologic types of cancer are distributed randomly to 4 students, who play in teams of 2. The object is for the team to obtain the best treatment for its patients by advancing them via a roll of dice through surgical, medical, and radiation oncology clinics in the order most logical for the patient's particular cancer type. To test improvement in cognitive skills as a function of play, 16 students participated in a tournament taking parallel pretest and posttests before and after each round of play. Results: Students demonstrated a statistically significant change in the total number of questions answered correctly each time they played the Oncology Game (F = 4.16, P = 0.018; Pretest Round 1: 8.88 ± 0.58; Posttest Round 1: 9.63 ± 0.42; Pretest Round 2: 10.75 ± 0.62; Posttest Round 2: 11.5 ± 0.85). Post hoc pairwise comparison revealed a significant improvement in student performance after playing two rounds of the Oncology Game. Based on the postgame survey, students felt they improved their understanding of oncologic principles (4.56 ± 0.13), knowledge of malignancies (4.50 ± 0.13), and appreciation for the multidisciplinary nature of cancer management (4.56 ± 0.13). Conclusions: Improved test scores and postgame survey results demonstrate that third-year medical student students can learn about basic oncology principles and gain an appreciation for oncology as a multidisciplinary field of medicine through an interactive, computer-assisted board game.