cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Regulation and Infant-Directed Singing in Infants with Down Syndrome

Background Infants learn how to regulate internal states and subsequent behavior through dyadic interactions with caregivers. During infant-directed (ID) singing, mothers help infants practice attentional control and arousal modulation, thus providing critical experience in self-regulation. Infants with Down syndrome are known to have attention deficits and delayed information processing as well as difficulty managing arousability, factors that may disrupt their efforts at self-regulation. Objective The researcher explored responses to ID singing in infants with Down syndrome (DS) and compared them with those of typically developing (TD) infants. Behaviors measured included infant gaze and affect as indicators of self-regulation. Methods Participants included 3- to 9-month-old infants with and without DS who were videotaped throughout a 2-minute face-to-face interaction during which their mothers sang to them any song(s) of their choosing. Infant behavior was then coded for percentage of time spent demonstrating a specific gaze or affect type. Results All infants displayed sustained gaze more than any other gaze type. TD infants demonstrated intermittent gaze significantly more often than infants with DS. Infant status had no effect on affect type, and all infants showed predominantly neutral affect. Conclusions Findings suggest that ID singing effectively maintains infant attention for both TD infants and infants with DS. However, infants with DS may have difficulty shifting attention during ID singing as needed to adjust arousal levels and self-regulate. High levels of neutral affect for all infants imply that ID singing is likely to promote a calm, curious state, regardless of infant status.
The European treaty–constitution and constitutional identity: A view from America

After his thorough and masterful critical review of how the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (hereinafter, constitutional treaty or CT) draws upon, and seeks to further, a European collective identity, Professor Armin von Bogdandy reaches a startling conclusion. For the European constitutional experiment to succeed, the focus should be less on collective identity and more on individual self-interest; less on community and more on the market; less on a transnational merger and more on a contract.1 Does this mean that in spite of the massive effort at constitutionalization the dream of European integration and the project to consolidate a functioning political union must be radically scaled down? Does von Bogdandy’s assessment lead to the conclusion that the best hope is a return to an economic union, albeit a somewhat deeper and more democratically accountable one, extending over a far greater territory than that of the original six members of the European Community?2 The constitutional treaty itself certainly raises more questions than it provides answers. Is it more a constitution or a treaty? And in this respect, how significant is the change in the preamble from the Convention draft (hereinafter, draft constitutional treaty or draft CT) of July 2003 to the constitutional treaty adopted by the intergovernmental conference of June 18, 2004? The draft constitutional treaty preamble refers to the peoples of the European Union as the constituent power,3 whereas the constitutional treaty refers to the heads of state as the contracting parties.4 From the standpoint of content, both the draft constitutional treaty and the constitutional treaty
Microfluidic high-throughput culturing of single cells for selection based on extracellular metabolite production or consumption

Phenotyping single cells based on the products they secrete or consume is a key bottleneck in many biotechnology applications, such as combinatorial metabolic engineering for the overproduction of secreted metabolites. Here we present a flexible high-throughput approach that uses microfluidics to compartmentalize individual cells for growth and analysis in monodisperse nanoliter aqueous droplets surrounded by an immiscible fluorinated oil phase. We use this system to identify xylose-overconsuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells from a population containing one such cell per 10(4) cells and to screen a genomic library to identify multiple copies of the xylose isomerase gene as a genomic change contributing to high xylose consumption, a trait important for lignocellulosic feedstock utilization. We also enriched L-lactate-producing Escherichia coli clones 5,800× from a population containing one L-lactate producer per 10(4) D-lactate producers. Our approach has broad applications for single-cell analyses, such as in strain selection for the overproduction of fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Bimodality of glycosylated hemoglobin distribution in Pima Indians: relationship to fasting hyperglycemia.

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations were determined in 300 Pima Indians aged 15 yr and older. Frequency distributions of HbA, were unimodal in the 15-24-yr-old age group, but were bimodal in those aged 25 yr and over. The bimodality indicated that the subpopulation with diabetes could be identified by the presence of elevated HbA1 levels. This group was comprised primarily of subjects who also had fasting plasma glucose levels of < 140 mg/dl, but subjects with impaired glucose tolerance without fasting hyperglycemia had HbA1 levels that were not significantly higher than those with normal glucose tolerance. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was much higher in the subgroup with elevated HbA1 levels and increased with increasing HbA1 level. HbA1 levels and triglyceride concentrations showed only a modest association. HbA1 determinations provided no advantage over fasting or post challenge glucose levels in the diagnosis Of diabetes.
RNase P ribozymes for the studies and treatment of human cytomegalovirus infections.

Abstract Ribozymes are promising gene-targeting agents for regulation of gene expression. In our recent studies, RnaseP (M1GS) ribozymes were constructed to target the overlapping region (IE mRNA) of IE1 and IE2 mRNAs of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the mRNA (TK mRNA) coding for thymidine kinase (TK) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Our results indicate that RNase P ribozymes efficiently cleaved the IE mRNA and TK mRNA sequences in vitro. Significant inhibitions (∼75–85%) of HCMV IE1/IE2 and HSV-1 TK expression were observed in cells that expressed these ribozymes while a reduction of less than 10% was found in cells that did not express the ribozymes or expressed a disabled one that contained mutations abolishing catalytic activity. Ribozyme variants, which cleaved a TK mRNA sequence in vitro more efficiently than the ribozyme derived from the wildtype RNase P sequence, were selected by an in vitro selection system. When the selected ribozymes were expressed in cultured cells, they were more effective in inhibiting viral IE1/IE2 and TK expression and viral growth than the wildtype ribozyme sequence. Our results provide the first direct evidence that RNase P ribozymes are highly effective in inhibiting HCMV gene expression and growth. Moreover, a selection system was developed for generating novel ribozyme variants that cleave a mRNA substrate efficiently in vitro. These results suggest that M1GS ribozyme-mediated inhibition of expression of viral genes can be used as a new approach for the studies of HCMV gene function and the treatment of HCMV infection.
Verapamil inhibits ethanol elimination and prolongs the perception of intoxication.

Ten young healthy men received verapamil (80 mg every 8 hours for 6 days) or placebo in a blinded, randomized, crossover design. On the sixth day, ethanol was administered as a single oral dose (0.8 gm/kg), and blood samples were collected over the following 12 hours for determination of verapamil, norverapamil, and ethanol concentrations. Compared with placebo, verapamil increased the peak blood ethanol concentration (106.45 +/- 21.40 to 124.24 +/- 24.74 mg/dl, p less than 0.05) and area under the ethanol concentration versus time curve (365.67 +/- 93.52 to 475.07 +/- 97.24 mg.hr/dl, p less than 0.005). Verapamil areas under the concentration versus time curves (AUC) were positively correlated (r = 0.71, p less than 0.05) to increased ethanol blood AUC values. Each subject's perception of ethanol intoxication was measured by use of a simple visual analog scale. Compared with placebo, verapamil significantly increased area under the effect versus time curve (10.19 +/- 7.6 to 13.83 +/- 7.81 cm.hr, p less than 0.002) but did not change the peak effect or time to peak effect. Ethanol effect versus concentration plots were not significantly different between verapamil and placebo treatment phases when increased ethanol concentrations during verapamil therapy were taken into account. The findings of our study suggest that verapamil significantly inhibits ethanol elimination, resulting in elevated blood ethanol concentrations that prolong the intoxicating effects of alcohol.
Coeliac disease: the association between quality of life and social support network participation

Background There is little information available on the use of social support systems for patients with coeliac disease (CD). We performed a cross-sectional study aiming to examine the association between participation in different types of social support networks and quality of life (QOL) in adults with CD. Methods A survey including a validated CD specific QOL instrument was administered online and in-person to adults with CD who were following a gluten-free diet. Participation in social support networks (type, frequency and duration) were assessed. Results Among the 2138 participants, overall QOL scores were high, averaging 68.9 out of 100. Significant differences in QOL scores were found for age, length of time since diagnosis and level of education. Most (58%) reported using no social support networks. Of the 42% reporting use of social support networks (online 17.9%, face-to-face 10.8% or both 12.8%), QOL scores were higher for those individuals who used only face-to-face social support compared to only online support (72.6 versus 66.7; P < 0.0001). A longer duration of face-to-face social support use was associated with higher QOL scores (P < 0.0005). By contrast, a longer duration and increased frequency of online social support use was associated with lower QOL scores (P < 0.03). Conclusions Participation in face-to-face social support networks is associated with greater QOL scores compared to online social support networks. These findings have potential implications for the management of individuals with CD. Emphasis on face-to-face support may improve long-term QOL and patient outcomes.
Virokines: novel immunomodulatory agents

Since the discovery of virokines in the 1980s, much time and research has been dedicated to exploring their potential use as therapeutic agents. Simply put, virokines are virally encoded proteins that are secreted from the infected host cell. Most of these proteins possess the ability to modulate different aspects of the host immune system, to better maintain a suitable habitat for viral replication. These proteins are often highly homologous to host immune proteins but are often smaller and more powerful. Examples of virokines include viral secreted proteins that: block components of the complement system, act as serine protease inhibitors, function as chemokine and cytokine agonists or antagonists and contribute to cell proliferation. Many of these proteins are currently being investigated for use as novel therapeutic immunomodulators to manage immune disorders, inflammation after trauma, graft rejection and autoimmune diseases.
Rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) show robust evidence for memory awareness across multiple generalization tests

The possibility that memory awareness occurs in nonhuman animals has been evaluated by providing opportunity to decline memory tests. Current evidence suggests that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) selectively decline tests when memory is weak (Hampton in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5359–5362, 2001; Smith et al. in Behav Brain Sci 26:317–374, 2003). However, much of the existing research in nonhuman metacognition is subject to the criticism that, after considerable training on one test type, subjects learn to decline difficult trials based on associative learning of external test-specific contingencies rather than by evaluating the private status of memory or other cognitive states. We evaluated whether such test-specific associations could account for performance by presenting monkeys with a series of generalization tests across which no single association with external stimuli was likely to adaptively control use of the decline response. Six monkeys performed a four alternative delayed matching to location task and were significantly more accurate on trials with a decline option available than on trials without it, indicating that subjects selectively declined tests when memory was weak. Monkeys transferred appropriate use of the decline response under three conditions that assessed generalization: two tests that weakened memory and one test that enhanced memory in a novel way. Bidirectional generalization indicates that use of the decline response by monkeys is not controlled by specific external stimuli but is rather a flexible behavior based on a private assessment of memory.
Conditions for stable and causal conjugate-order systems

The stability properties of the fundamental linear conjugate-order system are studied. The values of the complex order for which this system is stable and causal are determined. It is shown that all stable, causal systems have orders that lie within unit-radius circles centered at ±1 or on the imaginary axis in the order plane. Plots are given to illustrate these results for several examples. It is shown that as the system bandwidth moves to large or small values relative to unity, the stability region in the order plane becomes more fragmented.
Qualitative Evaluation of a Problem Solving Intervention for Informal Hospice Caregivers

Background:Informal hospice caregivers may experience compromised well-being as a result of significant stress. Although quite limited, problem-solving interventions with this population have garnered empirical support for improved caregiver well-being.Aim:Researchers sought to answer the following question: which specific intervention processes impacted informal hospice caregivers who participated in a problem-solving intervention?Design:Researchers conducted a thematic analysis of open-ended exit interviews with informal hospice caregivers who had participated in a structured problem-solving intervention.Setting/participants:Participants were friends and family members who provided unpaid care for a home hospice patient receiving services from one of two hospice agencies located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.Results:During their participation in the problem-solving intervention, caregivers actively reflected on caregiving, structured problem-solving efforts, partnered with interve...
Gamma interferon is critical for resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination

Administration of neutralizing monoclonal antibody to gamma interferon increased Theiler's virus-induced demyelination and virus antigen persistence in the spinal cord in susceptible SJL/J mice and completely abrogated resistance such that all C57BL/10SNJ mice developed demyelination. These experiments support the hypothesis that gamma interferon is critically important for resistance to Theiler's virus-induced disease but is not required for myelin destruction.
Iatrogenic Left Main Bronchus Injury following Atraumatic Double Lumen Endotracheal Tube Placement

Tracheobronchial disruption is an uncommon but severe complication of double lumen endotracheal tube placement. The physical properties of a double lumen tube (large external diameter and length) make tracheobronchial injury more common than that associated with smaller single lumen endotracheal tubes. Here we present the case of an iatrogenic left main bronchus injury caused by placement of a double lumen tube in an otherwise unremarkable airway.
Glass-Forming Dynamics of Aluminophosphate Melts Studied by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy

The dynamic structure factor of a series of sodium aluminophosphate melts has been measured using photon correlation spectroscopy. These melts consist of oxide networks that undergo a uniform increase in the lattice connectivity (per structural unit) from 〈n〉 = 2 to 〈n〉 ≈ 2.8 with the addition of alumina. Characteristics of the main viscoelastic relaxation (its shape parameter β and fragility m) were evaluated and the fragility is seen to decrease in a manner identical with that reported previously for both chalcogenide and sodium phosphate melts. To explain this common dependence on connectivity, we turn to the bond lattice model and simulations that indicate a direct proportionality between fragility and the excess entropy gained in the removal of a lattice constraint. We propose that the variation in the fragility with lattice connectivity might be decomposed into two regimes. In the first regime at 〈n〉 2.4, we speculate that the variation in m with 〈n〉 results from a weaker, vibrational contribution to the entropy.
The Origin of Bodyplans

Paleontologists have documented the progressive origination of metazoan bodyplans beginning about 610 million years ago (Ma) with the major period of innovation occurring from 570 Ma to about 525 Ma. The breadth of this event is now well documented among soft-bodied, skeletonized and trace fossils. Changes in both the phytoplankton and in geochemical markers suggest pervasive transformation of the environment during this interval, implicating an ecological role in triggering this innovative burst. The extent to which developmental innovations contributed to this evolutionary burst requires placement of the protostome-deuterostome ancestor (PDA) in time: a PDA close to the radiation could indicate a greater role for developmental innovation. Molecular evidence points to a maximum age of about 670 Ma. Uncertainties over the extent of functional homologies among the widely conserved developmental control genes, and gene pathways, bracket plausible dates for such an ancestor: the maximally complex ancestor could not predate about 545 Ma; the least complex alternative could date to 575 Ma or even earlier. The nested hierarchical structure of developmental control genes and bodyplan originations suggests certain temporal inhomogeneities to the evolutionary process: as certain developmental patterns are established they limit subsequent evolutionary trajectories.
Understanding the Cortical Specialization for Horizontal Disparity

Because the eyes are displaced horizontally, binocular vision is inherently anisotropic. Recent experimental work has uncovered evidence of this anisotropy in primary visual cortex (V1): neurons respond over a wider range of horizontal than vertical disparity, regardless of their orientation tuning. This probably reflects the horizontally elongated distribution of two-dimensional disparity experienced by the visual system, but it conflicts with all existing models of disparity selectivity, in which the relative response range to vertical and horizontal disparities is determined by the preferred orientation. Potentially, this discrepancy could require us to abandon the widely held view that processing in V1 neurons is initially linear. Here, we show that these new experimental data can be reconciled with an initial linear stage; we present two physiologically plausible ways of extending existing models to achieve this. First, we allow neurons to receive input from multiple binocular subunits with different position disparities (previous models have assumed all subunits have identical position and phase disparity). Then we incorporate a form of divisive normalization, which has successfully explained many response properties of V1 neurons but has not previously been incorporated into a model of disparity selectivity. We show that either of these mechanisms decouples disparity tuning from orientation tuning and discuss how the models could be tested experimentally. This represents the first explanation of how the cortical specialization for horizontal disparity may be achieved.
Scalable and Unified Hardware to Compute Montgomery Inverse in GF(p) and GF(2)

Computing the inverse of a number in finite fields GF(p) or GF(2n) is equally important for cryptographic applications. This paper proposes a novel scalable and unified architecture for a Montgomery inverse hardware that operates in both GF(p) and GF(2n) fields. We adjust and modify a GF(2n) Montgomery inverse algorithm to accommodate multi-bit shifting hardware, making it very similar to a previously proposed GF(p) algorithm. The architecture is intended to be scalable, which allows the hardware to compute the inverse of long precision numbers in a repetitive way. After implementing this unified design it was compared with other designs. The unified hardware was found to be eight times smaller than another reconfigurable design, with comparable performance. Even though the unified design consumes slightly more area and it is slightly slower than the scalable inverter implementations for GF(p) only, it is a practical solution whenever arithmetic in the two finite fields is needed.
Operating Leverage in Cost Reduction Capital Budgeting Proposals: A Rigorous and Practical Approach

ABSTRACT This paper presents a method for integrating the operating leverage concept into cost reduction capital budgeting decisions. The method is rigorous, since it is derived from a market-risk, asset-pricing theory. At the name time, the model is practical, since the risk measure “drops out” of the derivation and therefore does not need to be defined or measured for application.
A general and efficient algorithm for “top” queries

"Top K" queries reduce a query result to the most interesting or the most urgent items. In many cases, e.g., when the result size is unbounded due to duplicate key values, a "top" operation cannot be implemented using the standard algorithm based on an in-memory priority queue. The default alternative is a full sort. External merge sort admits multiple novel optimizations specific to "top" operations. These are simple to implement yet greatly reduce the data volume written to runs on temporary storage. Experiments demonstrate substantial performance improvements, in one case exceeding three orders of magnitude.
Structural learning of Bayesian networks from complete data using the scatter search documents

Bayesian networks are directed acyclic graphs that model the dependency relationships between variables of interest. These networks are characterized by the structure of the network and the conditional probabilities that specify the dependencies that exist between the variables. In this paper, the scatter search optimization algorithm is utilized in learning the structure of the Bayesian network from complete data. This involves a heuristic search for the best network structure that maximizes a scoring function given a database of cases. The scatter search algorithm is implemented on a database of cases sampled from known networks in order to test the accuracy of the structural learning. Empirical results from the implementations are presented in the paper.
Is Competition Engaging? Examining the Interactive Effects of Goal Orientation and Competitive Work Environment on Engagement

Contemporary work environments are growing increasingly competitive. However, some employees may “fit” with such environments better than others. This study examined how the relationship between employees’ goal orientations (learning, proving, and avoidance) and engagement is influenced by the competitive environment of their workplace. By investigating the interactive effect of goal orientation and competitive work environment, this research expands our understanding of factors leading to engagement. We tested our model using a sample of 345 working adults from a variety of organizations across several different industries. Results indicate that learning goal orientation was positively related to engagement while avoidance goal orientation was negatively related to engagement. Competitive work environment (CWE) interacted with learning orientation and proving orientation to predict engagement. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for human resource management. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Playing Doctor, Playing Lawyer: Interdisciplinary Simulations

Law students rarely have the opportunity to interact with other professionals - doctors, business people, social workers, actors or engineers, for example - during law school. While legal problems are ubiquitous in the lives of many professionals, there is little in most professional or graduate education programs to prepare students to work effectively with a lawyer or to engage across disciplinary lines when facing legal issues. Consequently, when professionals, complete their educations and move into practice, they can encounter a type of culture shock when they must interact with other professionals around client-centered issues, in consultations, lawsuits, administrative hearings and other settings. We have introduced two interdisciplinary innovations into our skills training courses: first, using the university's Ph.D. program in Theatre as a resource for enriching the communication skills of our students and, second, collaborating with other graduate and professional programs in role-playing simulation exercises in which our students serve as lawyers representing (or interviewing) students from the other programs, each representing a professional in his or her own discipline. We believe that the richness of the fact situations and the interactions with differently-trained professionals improves the acquisition of fundamental skills. The paper discusses our program, what works well and what we hope to improve.
The Effectiveness of Self-Administered Questionnaires:

The use of self-administered questionnaires in conjunction with personal interviews is an efficient data collection procedure which achieves a high cooperation rate, especially from teen-agers. Thi...
Acute Light-dependent Toxicity of Free-acid Formulations of Xanthene Dyes to Larval Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)

Free-acid and ionized formulations of the xanthene dyes erythrosin B, fluorescein, octabromofluorescein, phloxin R and rose bengal were tested to determine their light-dependent toxicity to fourth-instar larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. At 24 h of light exposure, ionized formulations were toxic over a range of 12 to >192 ppm concentration. Nondispersed free-acid formulations were toxic at 2 to 11 ppm and free-acid formulations dispersed with 8% sodium lauryl sulfate at 0.1 to 6 ppm. Nondispersed free-acid formulations were nearly 10-fold more effective than the ionized formulations, whereas dispersed free-acid formulations were 50- to 60-fold more effective than the ionized formulations.
An Initial Examination of Commitment Uncertainty in Couple Therapy

This study examined the association between changes in commitment uncertainty and couple therapy outcomes. Thirty couples participated in couple therapy at a university training clinic. The results demonstrated that changes in commitment uncertainty explained approximately 8% of the variance in posttreatment relationship satisfaction and approximately 3% in posttreatment psychological well-being. For clients who started therapy with high levels of commitment uncertainty, there were small- to medium-sized gains in relationship satisfaction and for women, there were medium- to large-sized gains in psychological well-being. Implications for research and practice are offered.
Design and Implementation of PCSS-2000 Power Dispatching Digital Certificate Authority in Yunnan Power Dispatch Center

The authentication architecture of certificate authority(CA) in Yunnan Power Dispatch Center is described.The configuration and work flow,etc.of the main constituent parts,i.e.CA production and management platform and the support and application software platform,are demonstrated with typical applications analyzed.Now the system is working in Yunnan Power Dispatch Center successfully,and used widely in safety devices and power system operations.
Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons.

SUMMARY The treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients present significant new challenges. In patients with drug-susceptible organisms, treatment initially with three-and four-drug followed by two-drug regimens used for 6 to 9 months is efficacious, although there appears to be higher rates of adverse drug reactions than in HIV-negative patients. Treatment of MDR-TB is more difficult, requiring a high index of clinical suspicion and rapid detection and the use of multiple drugs with lower efficacy and greater toxicity than first-line agents. Directly observed therapy is the single most effective public health strategy to ensure completion of therapy and to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Isoniazid preventive therapy should be given to HIV-infected patients who are tuberculin positive and considered in selected patients who are anergic. There are many unresolved issues and future needs, including (1) the optimal regimen and duration of therapy for drug-sensitive tuberculosis; (2) the necessity for maintenance therapy following completion of a multidrug regimen; (3) an optimal regimen for treatment of MDR-TB; (4) the duration of isoniazid preventive therapy; (5) efficacy and duration of other preventive regimens, for example, pyrazinamide and rifampin; (6) the need for and choice of drugs for persons exposed to MDR-TB; (7) development of new antimycobacterial agents; and (8) the feasibility of some of these strategies in developing countries, which have the greatest burden of tuberculosis with HIV infection. Ongoing and future studies will address these questions to ultimately improve the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in the HIV-infected patient.
Measure Phase and Statistical Charting

In Chap 2, it was suggested that projects are useful for developing recommendations to change system key input variable (KIV) settings. The measure phase in six sigma for improvement projects quantitatively evaluates the current or default system KIVs, using thorough measurements of key output variables (KOVs) before changes are made. This information aids in evaluating effects of project-related changes and assuring that the project team is not harming the system. In general, quantitative evaluation of performance and improvement is critical for the acceptance of project recommendations. The more data, the less disagreement.
Involuntary Outpatient Commitment and the Elusive Pursuit of Violence Prevention: A View from the United States.

Objective:Involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC)—also referred to as ‘assisted outpatient treatment’ or ‘community treatment orders’—are civil court orders whereby persons with serious mental illness and repeated hospitalisations are ordered to adhere to community-based treatment. Increasingly, in the United States, OPC is promoted to policy makers as a means to prevent violence committed by persons with mental illness. This article reviews the background and context for promotion of OPC for violence prevention and the empirical evidence for the use of OPC for this goal.Method:Relevant publications were identified for review in PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, personal communications, and relevant Internet searches of advocacy and policy-related publications.Results:Most research on OPC has focussed on outcomes such as community functioning and hospital recidivism and not on interpersonal violence. As a result, research on violence towards others has been limited but suggests that low-level acts of interp...
Methods to determine recommended feeder-wide advanced inverter settings for improving distribution system performance

This paper describes methods that a distribution engineer could use to determine advanced inverter settings to improve distribution system performance. These settings are for fixed power factor, volt-var, and volt-watt functionality. Depending on the level of detail that is desired, different methods are proposed to determine single settings applicable for all advanced inverters on a feeder or unique settings for each individual inverter. Seven distinctly different utility distribution feeders are analyzed to simulate the potential benefit in terms of hosting capacity, system losses, and reactive power attained with each method to determine the advanced inverter settings.
Inflationary pressures on the big bang

As the 1970s shuffled towards a rather unremarkable finish, a cosmological revolution was quietly brewing. Researchers across the globe gradually realized that a series of important connections between particle physics and the early universe could be made. In 1981 a definitive shot was heard around the world: the cosmologist Alan Guth published a landmark paper in which he presented the concept of an "inflationary" universe – an epoch of extraordinarily rapid expansion in the early history of our universe. From that turning point, the interface between particle physics and cosmology exploded. The big-bang theory of the origin of our universe was never the same again.
Making massive computational experiments painless

The increasing availability of access to large-scale computing clusters — for example via the cloud — is changing the way scientific research can be conducted, enabling experiments of a scale and scope that would have been inconceivable several years ago. An ambitious data scientist today can carry out projects involving several million CPU hours. In the near future, we anticipate a typical Ph.D. in computational science may be expected or even required to offer findings based on at least 1 million CPU hours of computations. The massive scale of these soon-to-be-upon-us computational experiments demands that we change how we organize our experimental practices. Traditionally, and still the dominant paradigm today, the end-to-end process of experiment design and execution involves a significant amount of manual intervention and situational tweaking, cutting and pasting, and the use of disparate disconnected tools, much of which is undocumented and easily lost. This makes it difficult to detect and understand possible failure points in the computational workflow, making it virtually impossible to correct, let alone simply rerun the experiment. This is an amazing state of affairs, considering the ubiquity of error in scientific computation and in research generally. Following such unstructured and undocumented research practices limits the ability of the researcher to exploit cluster and cloud-based paradigms, as each increase in scale under the dominant paradigm is likely to lead to ever more errors and misunderstandings. A better paradigm will integrate the design of large experiments seamlessly with job management, output harvesting, data analysis, reporting, and publication of code and data. In particular such a paradigm would submerge the details of all the processing, harvesting, and management while exposing transparently the description of the discovery process itself, including details such as the parameter space exploration. Reproducing any job would be a push-button affair, and creating a new experiment from a previous one might involve only changes of a line or two of code followed again by push-button execution and reporting. Even though such experiments would be operating at a much greater scale than today, under such a paradigm they would be easier to conduct, obtain a lower error rate, and offer a much greater opportunity for ‘outsiders’ to understand the results. In this article, we discuss the challenges of massive computational experimentation and present a taxonomy of some of the desiderata which such paradigms should offer. We then present ClusterJob (CJ), an efficient computing environment that we and other researchers have used to conduct and share million-CPU-hour experiments in a painless and reproducible way.
Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Coarse Grain Simulation of High Strain-Rate Elastomeric Polymers (HSREP): Molecular and Coarse-Grained Methods for Microstructure-Property Relations in HSREP

In this chapter, an overview is provided of the all-atom and coarse-grained computational methods and tools used to investigate the superior shock wave dispersion/attenuation capacity of nanosegregated polyurea. This class of HSREP consists of (high glass-transition temperature, Tg) nanometer-sized rod-shaped, discrete, so-called hard domains which are embedded into a (low Tg) highly compliant, so-called soft matrix. Direct simulations of the interactions of shock waves (of different strengths) with the host material using all-atom and coarse-grained molecular-dynamics methods enables identification and quantification of the key viscous or inelastic deformation and microstructure-altering processes occurring at the shock front. Among these processes, the ones which are most likely responsible for the dispersion of fully supported shock waves in polyurea have been identified as shock-induced coordinated shuffle-like motion of the soft-matrix chain-segments behind the shock front, densification and crystallization of hard domains, and breakage and regeneration of the hydrogen bonds within the hard domains. In addition, in the case of blast-induced shock waves, it is shown that the “shock wave capture and neutralize” process by the release-waves can play an important role and that the efficacy of this process is greatly affected by the polyurea molecular weight and its synthesis route. This chapter presents developments in the molecular modeling and simulation of elastomeric polymers to link the microstructural and chemical features of polyurea to its macroscopic mechanical properties. A bead-spring model is first presented to qualitatively illustrate the importance of the hard domains of polyurea to its mechanical performance and demonstrate how the interaction energy between hard segments influences the microphase separation and morphology of hard domains. Next, a more sophisticated coarse-grained model of polyurea, calibrated in a bottom-up fashion from fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, is presented. This systematically coarse-grained model is parameterized to match structural distributions calculated from atomistic simulations by using the iterative Boltzmann inversion method. A method for dynamically rescaling the coarse-grained simulations to accurately predict the viscoelastic stress relaxation function is developed by matching the atomistic and coarse-grained diffusion rates. Analysis shows that quantitative predictions of the stress relaxation response of a complicated polymer can be computed from such multiscale approaches with reasonable accuracy. In conclusion, several outstanding challenges in coarse-grained modeling of polymers and bridging such models with continuum models are presented.
DEAR1, a novel tumor suppressor, negative regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer.

10506 Background: DEAR1, also known as TRIM62, maps to 1p.35, a genomic interval within which loss of heterozygosity occurs at high frequency in carcinomas. DEAR1 has been proposed as a regulator o...
General linear hypothesis test: a method for algorithm selection

Algorithm selection is paramount in determining how to implement a process. When the results can be computed directly, an algorithm that reduces computational complexity is selected. When the results less binary there can be difficulty in choosing the proper implementation. Weighing the effect of different pieces of the algorithm on the final result can be difficult to find. In this research, we propose using a statistical analysis tool known as General Linear Hypothesis to find the effect of different pieces of an algorithm implementation on the end result. This will be done with transform based image fusion techniques. This study will weigh the effect of different transforms, fusion techniques, and evaluation metrics on the resulting images. We will find the best no-reference metric for image fusion algorithm selection and test this method on multiple types of image sets. This assessment will provide a valuable tool for algorithm selection to augment current techniques when results are not binary.
Clinical Utilities of Radionuclide Dynamic Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies

1893 Learning Objectives Multiple normal and abnormal clinical applications of radionuclide cisternograms and shuntograms ​The radionuclide cisternogram plays an important role, as it provides unique physiological information not readily available through CT or MRI. It is a reliable study in multiple clinical situations, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, by assessing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow patterns, shunt patency, and CSF leaks. Two radiopharmaceuticals are currently available: Indium-111 DTPA for cisternography and leaks, and Tc-99m DTPA for shunt studies. The radionuclide cisternogram and shuntogram are performed either by radionuclide injection into the lumbar cerebrospinal space for the former or via injection into the reservoir of a ventriculo-peritoneal/ventriculo-atrial shunt for the latter. Examples of different clinical applications of cisternograms and shuntograms are presented.
Neutron Skins and Neutron Stars in the Multimessenger Era

The historical first detection of a binary neutron star merger by the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration [B. P. Abbott et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101] is providing fundamental new insights into the astrophysical site for the r process and on the nature of dense matter. A set of realistic models of the equation of state (EOS) that yield an accurate description of the properties of finite nuclei, support neutron stars of two solar masses, and provide a Lorentz covariant extrapolation to dense matter are used to confront its predictions against tidal polarizabilities extracted from the gravitational-wave data. Given the sensitivity of the gravitational-wave signal to the underlying EOS, limits on the tidal polarizability inferred from the observation translate into constraints on the neutron-star radius. Based on these constraints, models that predict a stiff symmetry energy, and thus large stellar radii, can be ruled out. Indeed, we deduce an upper limit on the radius of a 1.4M_{⊙} neutron star of R_{⋆}^{1.4}<13.76 km. Given the sensitivity of the neutron-skin thickness of ^{208}Pb to the symmetry energy, albeit at a lower density, we infer a corresponding upper limit of about R_{skin}^{208}≲0.25 fm. However, if the upcoming PREX-II experiment measures a significantly thicker skin, this may be evidence of a softening of the symmetry energy at high densities-likely indicative of a phase transition in the interior of neutron stars.
Towards low-stiction nanoelectromechanical switches using self-assembled molecules

Strong surface adhesive forces causing adhesion, also referred to as stiction, between neighboring surfaces in nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches have presented a continuous challenge to the fabrication and operation of devices. Stiction, which becomes ever more prominent with switch miniaturization, leads to hysteresis in switching. This results in increased active power consumption, limiting the energy efficiency of the device. Concurrently, the dominant surface adhesive forces challenge device miniaturization which is necessary to reduce their operating voltage but can lead to device failure. Therefore, controlling surface adhesive forces is important for achieving energy efficient yet stable NEM switches.
Optical coherence tomography-guided laser marking with tethered capsule endomicroscopy (Conference Presentation)

Tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is a new method for performing comprehensive microstructural OCT imaging of gastrointestinal (GI) tract in unsedated patients in a well-tolerated and cost-effective manner. These features of TCE bestow it with significant potential to improve the screening, surveillance and management of various upper gastrointestinal diseases. To achieve clinical adoption of this imaging technique, it is important to validate it with co-registered histology, the current diagnostic gold standard. One such method for co-registering OCT images with histology is laser cautery marking, previously demonstrated using a balloon-centering OCT catheter that operates in conjunction with sedated endoscopy. With laser marking, an OCT area of interest is identified on the screen and this target is marked in the patient by exposing adjacent tissue to laser light that is absorbed by water, creating superficial, visible marks on the mucosal surface. Endoscopy can then be performed after the device is removed and biopsies taken from the marks. In this talk, we will present the design of a tethered capsule laser marking device that uses a distal stepper motor to perform high precision (< 0.5 mm accuracy) laser targeting and high quality OCT imaging. Ex vivo animal tissue tests and pilot human clinical studies using this technology will be presented.
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients and Patients with Hematologic Malignancy

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is characterized by diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph, hypoxemia, progressively bloodier return, or ≥20% hemosiderin-laden macrophages of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the absence of cardiac or infectious causes. The incidence, clinical course, treatment, and prognosis of DAH in patients with hematologic malignancy, but without blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) have not been well described. DAH develops in approximately 4.4% of BMT recipients. Pre-transplant intensive chemotherapy, myeloablative conditioning regimen, total body irradiation, thoracic irradiation, and old age are risk factors for DAH in BMT recipients. The incidence of DAH does not differ between autologous and allogeneic recipients. Although the pathogenesis of DAH in the BMT recipient has not been clearly established, lung tissue injury, inflammation, and cytokine release are implicated. The onset of DAH is usually within the first 30 days following BMT, and the symptoms and findings include progressive dyspnea, cough, fever, hypoxemia, and diffuse consolidation on chest radiograph. Hemoptysis is uncommon. BMT recipients with DAH are often treated with high-dose corticosteroids. The majority of them receive invasive mechanical ventilation. The overall reported mortality rate of BMT recipients with DAH is 76%.