cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y and the innervation of the human eye

Abstract Using the indirect immunohistochemical technique, neuropeptide Y was found in human ocular nerves. While limbal blood vessels were innervated and a few nerves were seen in the trabecular meshwork, the cornea proper contained no immunoreactive nerve fibers. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerves supplied the iris dilator muscle and, to a lesser extent, the iris sphincter. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were present within the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive choroidal nerve fibers were frequently associated with blood vessels. The apposition of immunoreactive nerve fibers and melanocytes occurred throughout the uvea. The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerves in the eye closely parallels the adrenergic innervation. Evidence linking neuropeptide Y to the ocular sympathetic innervation is discussed.
Measurement of negativity bias in personal narratives using corpus-based emotion dictionaries

This study presents a novel methodology for the measurement of negativity bias using positive and negative dictionaries of emotion words applied to autobiographical narratives. At odds with the cognitive theory of mood dysregulation, previous text-analytical studies have failed to find significant correlation between emotion dictionaries and negative affectivity or dysphoria. In the present study, an a priori list dictionary of emotion words was refined based on the actual use of these words in personal narratives collected from close to 500 college students. Half of the corpus was used to construct, via concordance analysis, the grammatical structures associated with the words in their emotional sense. The second half of the corpus served as a validation corpus. The resulting dictionary ignores words that are not used in their intended emotional sense, including negated emotions, homophones, frozen idioms etc. Correlations of the resulting corpus-based negative and positive emotion dictionaries with self-report measures of negative affectivity were in the expected direction, and were statistically significant, with medium effect size. The potential use of these dictionaries as implicit measures of negativity bias and in the analysis of psychotherapy transcripts is discussed.
Size effect in dielectrophoretic levitation

Abstract The accuracy of dielectric constant measurement using dielectrophoretic levitation is affected by the size of the bubbles or particles levitated. Experiments with air bubbles from ∼150 μm to ∼1000 μm in diameter demonstrate a substantial size effect which can approach ∼5% for the largest particles. The bubbles elongate due to the electric field and this elongation, which is size-dependent, alters the dielectrophoretic force. An analysis of the experimental data indicates that elongation cannot by itself explain the discrepancies between large and small bubbles.
Neurosarcoidosis with unusual MRI findings

This 53-year-old white male presented with a 4-month-history of weakness and pain. Despite an initial partial response to steroid therapy, his neurologic deterioration progressed culminating in paraparesis, paresthesias, urinary incontinence, altered mentation and a 20 lb weight loss. A gadolinium-enhanced MRI study showed a pattern suggestive of perivascular involvement. A subsequent cerebral biopsy was diagnostic for neurosarcoidosis.
Carcinoma of the thyroid with a mixed medullary and follicular pattern morphologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical laboratory studies

We recently encountered an unusual carcinoma of the thyroid gland with a predominantly medullary pattern admixed with areas of follicular differentiation. Both patterns prevailed at the primary site and in bilateral cervical lymph node metastases. The tumor cells were stained for calcitonin by indirect immunofluorescence technique and were found to contain dense-core granules by electron microscopy. Calcitonin was demonstrated in tumor homogenates by radioimmunoassay and was elevated in the serum. Immunofluorescence staining also revealed thyroglobulin in the neoplastic cells. Moreover, following total thyroidectomy, the cervical node metastases concentrated radioactive iodine (131I), and serum thyroglobulin was increased at one stage of the disease when measured by radioimmunoassay. These findings are discussed in the light of the dual embryonic derivation of the thyroid gland.
Anorectal manometry in the diagnosis of paradoxical puborectalis syndrome.

This prospective study was undertaken to compare the utility of anorectal manometry (ARM) with that of anal electromyography (EMG) and cinedefecography (CD) in the diagnosis of paradoxical puborectalis syndrome (PPS). One hundred sixteen consecutive patients with a history of chronic constipation were prospectively assessed. These 35 males and 81 females were of a mean age of 60 years, ranging from 18 to 84 years. The incidences of PPS were 63 percent for ARM, 38 percent for EMG, and 36 percent for CD. The correlations of PPS were suboptimal: ARM and EMG, 70 percent; and ARM and CD, 61 percent. A two-tiered system for the manometric classification of PPS was developed. First, the evacuation pressure curve pattern was classified as a normal relaxed downward (Type A; n=43), a nonrelaxed flat or equivocal (Type B; n=36), and a paradoxical upward (Type C; n=37). PPS was noted with increasing incidence within curve types (21 percent in Type A, 64 percent in Type B, and 95 percent in Type C). Second, an evacuation index (EI = evacuation pressure/squeeze pressure) was defined: Group I (El<0; n=43), Group II (0≤EI<0.25; n=24), Group III (0.25≤EI<0.5; n=27), and Group IV (EI≽0.5; n=18). The finding of PPS also correlated with the EI group: 21 percent in Group I, 67 percent in Group II, 74 percent in Group III, and 100 percent in Group IV. This subdivision of curve types and EI groups may provide a role in the diagnosis of PPS.
Estimating air chemical emissions from research activities using stack measurement data

Current methods of estimating air emissions from research and development (R&D) activities use a wide range of release fractions or emission factors with bases ranging from empirical to semi-empiri...
A Study of the Value of Corn Distillers Dried Grains, Cocoanut Oil Meal, and Corn Gluten Feed for Milk Production

Summary Two lactation experiments were conducted with 12 cows in each test, fed concentrate mixtures containing corn gluten feed, corn distillers dried grains, or cocoanut oil meal at a level of 40% of the mixture. The feed containing cocoanut oil meal resulted in a highly significant increase in the fat content of the milk. Cows receiving corn distillers dried grains produced more total milk (P
An Automated Low Ionic Antiglobulin Test

An automated antihuman globulin test has been performed by continuous flow analysis. Cell washing in acidic low ionic medium achieved sedimentation of aggregated cells and removal of supernatant fluid without centrifugation. These cells were subsequently disaggregated with hypertonic antihuman globulin serum, but human antibody-coated cells remained aggregated and were removed. Remaining red blood cells were hemolyzed, and their hemoglobin concentration was measured colorimetrically. This automated method detected antibodies of the Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Lewis blood group systems.
A long-range restriction map of deletion interval 6 of the human Y chromosome : A region frequently deleted in azoospermic males

Deletion interval 6 (DI6) of the human Y chromosome, located at the distal end of the long arm euchromatic region, is required for normal spermatogenesis. About 10% of males with idiopathic azoospermia or oligospermia have microdeletions in this region. Six gene families, including RBMY (RNA binding motif, Y chromosome), DAZ (deleted in azoospermia), and four recently isolated genes, have been mapped to this interval. Genes from all of these families show testis-specific expression and are thus candidates for azoospermic factor (AZF). DI6 is also rich in Y-specific repetitive sequences, which may be responsible for its frequent deletion. To understand the sequence organization of this region, a 5-Mb restriction map was constructed based on YAC clones and was partially verified on genomic DNA. The locations of five gene family members, as well as numerous STSs, were determined. The map shows several inverted and direct repeats several hundred kilobases in size. The restriction map of DI6 will facilitate future mapping of deletion breakpoints in infertile males and elucidation of mechanisms behind frequent deletions.
Developing the painless emergency department: A systematic approach to change

Abstract Pain has been thought to be an unfortunate but inevitable part of the disease process. The treatment of pain has often been considered secondary to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease process or injury responsible for the pain. This report presents a systematic approach to the elimination of pain in children presenting to the emergency department. Through a process of cultural change, education, protocol initiation, and technological advancement, the painless emergency department can become a reality.
The effect of adenovirus‐specific antibodies on adenoviral vector–induced, transgene product–specific T cell responses

In this study, we tested the effect of neutralizing Abs to different serotypes of E1-deleted Ad vectors on the immunogenicity of the homologous Ad vector or a vector derived from a heterologous serotype. Our results showed that, as expected, even low titers of passively transferred neutralizing Abs significantly reduced the homologous vectors' ability to elicit transgene-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. In addition, Abs changed the fate of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells by promoting their transition into the central memory cell pool, which resulted in markedly enhanced expansion of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells after a boost with a heterologous Ad vector. Non-neutralizing Abs specific to a distinct Ad serotype had no effect on the magnitude of transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by a heterologous Ad vector, nor did such Abs promote induction of more resting memory CD8(+) T cells. These results show that Abs to an Ad vaccine carrier affect not only the magnitude but also the profile of a vector-induced CD8(+) T cell response.
Exploiting the capture effect for low-latency flooding in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we present the Flash flooding protocol that exploits the capture effect to produce low-latency network floods. The capture effect is the ability of some radios to correctly receive one of several concurrently transmitted messages, even if the received strengths of the two messages are almost the same. We exploit this phenomenon in a network flooding scenario by allowing nodes to propagate the flooding message concurrently, thus reducing delays due to neighborhood contention. Our experimental results indicate that Flash can reduce latency by 75-80 percent without sacrificing flooding reliability or coverage.
Choose Your Method

Choosing a research methodology used to be so easy. One just used an experimental design because nothing eke would be Nowadays, as journals recognize the legitimacy of various methods and philosophical frameworks, choice of method is challenging. The accompanying decision tree simplifies the choice for the nurse researcher
Refilling Intracellular Calcium Stores

Within the cardiac cell, the movements of calcium ions are tightly regulated by a number of regulatory proteins including pumps, and channels. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is in large part responsible for orchestrating these movements for the normal functioning of the cardiomyocyte. Alterations of SR regulatory proteins in failing hearts lead to abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis and consequently to a deficient contractile state. This review focuses on the roles of SR Ca2+ regulators in disease states and novel strategies for therapeutic targeting of these pathways.
Adsorption of halide anions at the Pt(111)-solution interfacestudied by in situ surface x-ray scattering

In this paper we present x-ray scattering results of iodide, bromide, and chloride adsorption onto the Pt(111) surface in solution. Iodide forms two commensurate adlayer structures, a ($\sqrt{7}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$\sqrt{7}$)R19.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} phase and a hexagonal (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) phase, which coexist on the Pt surface. Formation of the (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) phase appears to be kinetically limited, whereas the $\sqrt{7}$ phase shows a hysteretic effect as a function of the electrode potential, associated with an order-disorder transition. Bromide forms a series of high-order commensurate structures on Pt(111) that are poorly ordered unless the size of the unit cell is small. No ordered structures for chloride adsorption are observed and specular x-ray reflectivity results suggest that the chloride coverage at low potential is too small to form a close-packed monolayer on the surface. The differences between the structures formed by the adsorbed anions, and the differences between results for Pt(111) and Au(111), are discussed in terms of the strength of the metal-halide interaction.
Special Educators' Perceptions of Teacher Effectiveness Compared to Coordinators, Principals, and Regular Class Teachers:

Career Incentive Plan coordinators, principals, regular class teachers, and special education teachers responded to questionnaires by indicating their degree of perceived importance of 23 characteristics of effective teachers. An oblique rotation within a factor analysis generated four clusters, labeled delivery, management, rapport, and planning. Multivariate test was significant (p < .002) and the univariate tests were significant for the four identified factors: delivery (p < .002), management (p < .002); rapport (p < .037), and planning (p < .015). One-way analyses showed that special education teachers' perceptions differ from those of principals and regular class teachers. Implications of the findings and recommendations are discussed.
Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4

The B7-CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory pathway can provide a signal pivotal for T cell activation. Signaling through this pathway is complex due to the presence of two B7 family members, B7-1 and B7-2, and two counterreceptors, CD28 and CTLA-4. Studies with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies have suggested both positive and negative roles for CTLA-4 in T cell activation. To elucidate the in vivo function of CTLA-4, we generated CTLA-4-deficient mice. These mice rapidly develop lymphoproliferative disease with multiorgan lymphocytic infiltration and tissue destruction, with particularly severe myocarditis and pancreatitis, and die by 3-4 weeks of age. The phenotype of the CTLA-4-deficient mouse strain is supported by studies that have suggested a negative role for CTLA-4 in T cell activation. The severe phenotype of mice lacking CTLA-4 implies a critical role for CTLA-4 in down-regulating T cell activation and maintaining immunologic homeostasis. In the absence of CTLA-4, peripheral T cells are activated, can spontaneously proliferate, and may mediate lethal tissue injury.
Regulation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte differentiation by a cholinergic pathway

Abstract In this report, we provide evidence that muscarinic receptors play a role in the generation of CD8 + cytolytic T lymphocytes. Analysis of mice with targeted deletions of each of the known muscarinic receptors (M 1 –M 5 ) showed that CD8 + T cells from M 1 receptor-deficient mice had a defect in the ability to differentiate into cytolytic T lymphocytes. Additional pharmacological experiments support the role of muscarinic receptors in wild type mice and suggest that acetylcholine may be involved. Together, these findings suggest that the M 1 muscarinic receptor is involved in CTL development, thus providing novel insights into CD8 + T cell biology and the potential role of cholinergic signaling in immune regulation.
Estimation of relative glomerular capillary surface area in normal and hypertrophic rat kidneys

The quantity of antiglomerular baSEMent membrane antibodies (antiGBM) binding to the glomeruli of rats 4 hr after i.v. injection of 660 microgram of antiGBM was used as a measure of relative glomerular capillary surface area (Sr). Intact immature and adult rats (N = 27) weighing 46 to 440 g were studied to assess the effect of normal growth on Sr. Young adult rats (N = 36) were studied at 0, 8, 15, and 22 days following uninephrectomy or sham operation to assess the effect of hypertrophic kidney growth on Sr. Bound antiGBM increased from 95 microgram to approximately 350 microgram as rats grew from 46 to 200 g; further growth was associated with no further growth was associated with no further increases in bound antiGBM. In contrast, there was no progressive increase in Sr following uninephrectomy or sham operation despite as 45% increase in kidney weight at 22 days over the comparable kidney in the sham-operated rats (1.32 +/- SEM 0.06 g vs. 0.91 +/- SEM 0.01 g, P less than 0.0001). Thus, increases in GFR during early normal kidney growth parallel anatomic increases in Sr, but increases in GFR with later growth or with compensatory hypertrophy in young adult rats are not accompanied by changes in Sr.
Induced pluripotent stem cell model recapitulates pathologic hallmarks of Gaucher disease

Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the acid β-glucocerebrosidase gene. To model GD, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), by reprogramming skin fibroblasts from patients with type 1 (N370S/N370S), type 2 (L444P/RecNciI), and type 3 (L444P/L444P) GD. Pluripotency was demonstrated by the ability of GD hiPSC to differentiate to all three germ layers and to form teratomas in vivo. GD hiPSC differentiated efficiently to the cell types most affected in GD, i.e., macrophages and neuronal cells. GD hiPSC-macrophages expressed macrophage-specific markers, were phagocytic, and were capable of releasing inflammatory mediators in response to LPS. Moreover, GD hiPSC-macrophages recapitulated the phenotypic hallmarks of the disease. They exhibited low glucocerebrosidase (GC) enzymatic activity and accumulated sphingolipids, and their lysosomal functions were severely compromised. GD hiPSC-macrophages had a defect in their ability to clear phagocytosed RBC, a phenotype of tissue-infiltrating GD macrophages. The kinetics of RBC clearance by types 1, 2, and 3 GD hiPSC-macrophages correlated with the severity of the mutations. Incubation with recombinant GC completely reversed the delay in RBC clearance from all three types of GD hiPSC-macrophages, indicating that their functional defects were indeed caused by GC deficiency. However, treatment of induced macrophages with the chaperone isofagomine restored phagocytosed RBC clearance only partially, regardless of genotype. These findings are consistent with the known clinical efficacies of recombinant GC and isofagomine. We conclude that cell types derived from GD hiPSC can effectively recapitulate pathologic hallmarks of the disease.
Molecular basis of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: Mutations in the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1)

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of heritable blistering diseases characterized by tissue separation within the cutaneous basement membrane zone, is inherited either in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive fashion. EB has been divided into four broad categories based on the precise level of tissue separation. In the dystrophic forms of EB (DEB), tissue separation occurs below the lamina densa within the upper papillary dermis at the level of anchoring fibrils, which are frequently altered in morphology, reduced in number, or entirely absent. Since type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils, the corresponding gene, COL7A1, was proposed as the candidate for DEB. Subsequent cloning of COL7A1 and elucidation of its genomic structure have led to identification of 53 distinct mutations in COL7A1 reported thus far. These mutations consist of nonsense mutations, small insertions or deletions resulting in frameshift and premature termination codons, splice site mutations, or missense mutations, particularly glycine substitutions within the collagenous domain of the protein. The types and combinations of these mutations and their positions along the type VII collagen molecule result in a spectrum of phenotypic severity and determine the mode of inheritance. Thus, examination of the mutation database has allowed genotype/phenotype predictions, with an impact on genetic counseling in this group of genodermatoses.
Combining vertical strips and the ellipse in saving time and follicles.

background. Various methods have been tried in collecting donor hair for transplantation. Punch grafts, horizontal strips using a multi-bladed knife, and elliptical excisions have been tried with varying success. Each has advantages, while each also has disadvantages. objective. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique of harvesting donor hair that would decrease the time to prepare mini- and micrografts while minimizing damage to the follicles. methods. The multi-bladed knife was used to create vertical slits, combined with an elliptical excision to remove the area en bloc. results. Fewer follicles were damaged than when using the multi-bladed knife horizontally, and the preparation of mini- and micrografts took less time than with an elliptical excision. conclusion. This technique combines the advantages of the multi-bladed knife in saving time, and of the elliptical excision in reducing damage to the follicles. The disadvantages of using the multi-bladed knife in a horizontal manner and of taking only a large elliptical excision were eliminated.
Ultraviolet difference absorbance spectra of oxo-bridged manganese complexes: Relationship to the photosynthetic Mn and Mn catalase

Abstract The ultraviolet difference spectra of isostructural multinuclear manganese carboxylate complexes which differ in manganese oxidation levels are described and compared against similar spectra reported for Mn catalase and reported to accompany the S-state transitions of the photosynthetic Mn. Analysis of the spectra suggest that previous assignments of specific Mn oxidation-state changes to the spectral features accompanying the S-state transitions are premature. The significance of the ultraviolet difference spectra associated with well-characterized Mn oxidation-state changes of Mn catalase are discussed in relation to the S-state difference spectra.
Localization of scattering centers in radar imaging based on sparsity constraints

In radar imaging, for example Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging, a target can be modeled as a collection of scattering centers in the image domain. A method to improve radar image quality through clutter suppression and localization of scattering centers is presented in this paper. The approach is based on localizing the scattering centers by enforcing sparsity constraints through random compressive sampling of the measured data. Sparsity constraint ratio is chosen as a design parameter to achieve the objective. Results show that significant clutter reduction and improvement in localization of scattering centers are achieved at an optimum sparsity constraint ratio.
The statistical properties of the Survivor Interaction Contrast

Abstract The Survivor Interaction Contrast (SIC) is a powerful tool for assessing the architecture and stopping rule of a model of mental processes ( Townsend & Nozawa, 1995 ). Despite its demonstrated utility, the methodology has lacked a method for statistical testing until now. In this paper we briefly describe the SIC then develop some basic statistical properties of the measure. These developments lead to a statistical test for rejecting certain classes of models based on the SIC. We verify these tests using simulated data, then demonstrate their use on data from a simple cognitive task.
New treatments on the horizon for familial hypercholesterolemia.

Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) have higher baseline LDL cholesterol (LDLc) levels and are at high risk of developing premature cardiovascular disease. Disease is attributed to mutations in the LDLR gene, which encodes the LDL receptor protein and whose deficiency results in decreased uptake of apoB-containing cholesterol particles by the liver and elevated serum LDLc levels. Heterozygous FH is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern and has an incidence of 1:500 in the general population. These patients usually present with premature cardiovascular disease at 30–40 years of age and have baseline LDLc levels ranging from 190 to 230 mg/dl. Homozygous FH, however, is much rarer, occurring in one in a million births; those afflicted present with severe cardiovascular disease in childhood and have baseline LDLc levels greater than 300 mg/dl. Often FH patients do not reach their target LDLc levels on conventional therapies such as statins. Even with combination therapy, the percent of FH pa...
Depression and treatment with inner city pregnant and parenting teens.

Background: Between a quarter and half of pregnant adolescents are estimated to be depressed (Beardslee et al. 1988). Two recent open clinical trials found significant drops in depression levels among pregnant and newly parenting inner city teenagers after 12 weeks of Interpersonal Psychotherapy modified for pregnant teenagers (Miller et al. submitted). The current study addresses the nature of and contributors to participants’ depression, and the active ingredients in their healing. Method: Qualitative analyses of therapy sessions, clinical notes and post hoc interviews of clinicians were integrated with questionnaire data. Results: The most common symptoms of participant depression (n = 80) were anger/irritability and sadness and the cluster of depressive symptoms with the greatest variance was characterized by shame and guilt. Participants attributed symptoms of depression to feeling trapped or wronged, when family members were sad or rejecting and when the symptoms functioned to help participants meet their needs. Experiences associated with symptom relief were validation of pregnancies, successful use of self-advocacy and boundary setting skills and recognition of passage through important transitions. Support from participants’ mothers was instrumental. Conclusions: Interpersonal contexts may be pivotal in contributing, maintaining and/or alleviating depression among poor urban pregnant and newly parenting adolescents.
Logarithmic root loci for continuous-time loops

We propose that the logarithms of closed-loop poles be drawn instead of the plain poles in root loci for continuous-time linear loops, to help visualize significant closed-loop frequency responses simultaneously at specific values of the changing open-loop parameters. We also promote the splitting of the loci into pairs of graphs showing the imaginary and real parts of the logarithms of the poles as separate functions of the changing parameters, since this allows one to foresee the effects of parameter changes on the frequency responses and, therefore, to build computational environments in which the user may steer the design of feedback control systems. >
Novel mechanism of hexamer ring assembly in protein/RNA interactions revealed by single molecule imaging

Many nucleic acid-binding proteins and the AAA+ family form hexameric rings, but the mechanism of hexamer assembly is unclear. It is generally believed that the specificity in protein/RNA interaction relies on molecular contact through a surface charge or 3D structure matching via conformational capture or induced fit. The pRNA of bacteriophage phi29 DNA-packaging motor also forms a ring, but whether the pRNA ring is a hexamer or a pentamer is under debate. Here, single molecule studies elucidated a mechanism suggesting the specificity and affinity in protein/RNA interaction relies on pRNA static ring formation. A combined pRNA ring-forming group was very specific for motor binding, but the isolated individual members of the ring-forming group bind to the motor nonspecifically. pRNA did not form a ring prior to motor binding. Only those RNAs that formed a static ring, via the interlocking loops, stayed on the motor. Single interlocking loop interruption resulted in pRNA detachment. Extension or reduction of the ring circumference failed in motor binding. This new mechanism was tested by redesigning two artificial RNAs that formed hexamer and packaged DNA. The results confirmed the stoichiometry of pRNA on the motor was the common multiple of two and three, thus, a hexamer.
A Haptic Virtual Borescope for Visual Engine Inspection Training

A haptic virtual borescope is developed for the purpose of aircraft engine inspection training, similar in spirit to borescope trainers intended for use in gas turbine maintenance training schools. Such devices consist of engine section mockups for use with a real borescope. Our approach instead simulates engine sections in virtual reality, replacing the need for physical mockups. We model the engine casing as a "black box" where a simulated borescope tip is inserted (in practice a real borescope is used to provide tactile veridicality of the probe's braided sheath but the camera at its tip is not used). The probe's translational movement is mapped to the virtual camera's. The graphical engine representation can conceivably generalize to any engine section that can be modeled graphically. Since the interior chamber of the "black box" casing is empty, the critical component of our simulator is correct borescope tip navigation as well as force feedback response based on a mathematical model of collision detection of the tip in the computer generated environment. Haptic response is thought to be a key component of the simulator as it provides non-visual tactile awareness of the borescope tip within the engine under inspection and, more importantly, its contact with engine surfaces. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we design a novel motor-powered clamp that provides collision response to collision of the camera detected in virtual space. Second, we attempt to isolate the effect of the system's tactile response and provide empirical evaluation of its utility. In line with previous results, our empirical analysis reveals a trend toward a benefit in performance (speed), but suggests that the provision of haptic feedback, while preferred over a solely visual interface, may be perceived as extraneous in a visually-dominated discrimination task.
Appellate Court Reverses Judgment Based on Clear Intent of Change Orders and Claims

Delays and their inherent changes to the construction schedule occur daily on jobsites. The construction industry has embraced the change order process as a means to alter the scope of work stated in the initial contract. The change order is recognized as a legal extension to the terms of the contract, and is used when any situation arises in the project that requires alteration to contract terms. This generally includes schedule, resource allocation, project scope, and compensation. The state of Ohio recognizes a written contract as a matter of law in which the intent of both parties is clearly stated in the language. If the contract terms are clear and unambiguous only one reasonable interpretation then the contract governs. According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, change orders can only account for the terms strictly mentioned in the document. In the case of Steel Service Corp. v. Board of County Commissioners of Hamilton County, Ohio, the district court was wrong to determine that the final change order to the project settled all claims when this intention was not clearly stated in the contract document or the change order.
Clinical pharmacology review of escitalopram for the treatment of depression

Introduction: Depression is a serious and debilitating psychiatric condition with serious societal health and economic implications. Escitalopram, the S-enantiomer of racemic citalopram, is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder. Areas covered: This review covers the clinical pharmacology of escitalopram, with emphasis on regulatory approval. Its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy for major depressive disorder are evaluated, along with data regarding safety and tolerability. Expert opinion: Drug development of escitalopram was heavily guided by prior approval of citalopram. Select safety and efficacy studies for escitalopram in combination with supportive evidence from the results of prior citalopram studies allowed for regulatory approval for acute and maintenance claims in both adults and adolescents, while minimizing burden on the sponsor. Escitalopram has been shown to have better efficacy and safety profile than other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and sero...
Re-evaluating the role of ascorbic acid and phenolic glycosides in ozone scavenging in the leaf apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana L

Phenolic glycosides are effective reactive oxygen scavengers and peroxidase substrates, suggesting that compounds in addition to ascorbate may have functional importance in defence responses against ozone (O3), especially in the leaf apoplast. The apoplastic concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and phenolic glycosides in Arabidopsis thaliana L. Col-0 wild-type plants were determined following exposure to a range of O3 concentrations (5, 125 or 175 nL L -1 )i n controlled environment chambers. AA in leaf apoplast extracts was almost entirely oxidized in all treatments, suggesting that O3 scavenging by direct reactions with reduced AA was very limited. In regard to phenolics, O3 stimulated transcription of numerous phenylpropanoid pathway genes and increased the apoplastic concentration of sinapoyl malate. However, modelling of O3 scavenging in the apoplast indicated that sinapoyl malate concentrations were too low to be effective protectants. Furthermore, null mutants for sinapoyl esters (fah1-7), kaempferol glycosides (tt4-1) and the double mutant (tt4-1/fah1-7) were equally sensitive to chronic O3 as Ler-0 wild-type plants. These results indicate that current understanding of O3 defence schemes deserves reassessment as mechanisms other than direct scavenging of O3 by extracellularAA and antioxidant activity of some phenolics may predominate in some plant species.
How Technology Changes Demands for Human Skills

This paper places the competencies to be measured by the OECD’s Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) in the context of the technological developments which are reshaping the nature of the workplace and work in the 21st century. The largest technological force currently shaping work is the computer. Computers are faster and less expensive than people in performing some workplace tasks and much weaker than people in performing other tasks. On the basis of an understanding of the kinds of work computers do well, it is possible to describe the work that will remain for people in the future, the skills that work requires and the way that computers can assist people in performing that work. The paper argues that a technology-rich workplace requires foundational skills including numeracy and literacy (both to be tested in PIAAC), advanced problem-solving skills or Expert Thinking (similar to the construct of Problem Solving in Technology-Rich Environments to be tested in PIAAC) and advanced communication skills or Complex Communication (not being tested in PIAAC).
A compact metamaterial-inspired mmW CPW-fed antenna

A uni-planar, easy for integration and compact antenna for millimeter wave applications is presented in this paper. The concept of metamaterials is employed to realize the antenna miniaturization. For the designed antenna, a small rectangular semi-loop performs as the radiating element. Metamaterial-inspired parallel strips are introduced that are coupled to the original antenna. It is found that, with this modification, the total size of the antenna is reduced and the impedance matching of the whole antenna system is improved. To further show the impact of ground plane size, the proposed antenna is simulated with different ground plane sizes. In addition, by using the Wheeler-cap method and full-wave electromagnetic simulations, it is found the proposed antenna exhibits high radiation efficiency at the working frequencies.
Regulating Flavor Compound Synthesis and Cofactor Recycling in Heterogeneous Enzymatic Reactions by Mixtures of Bacterial Cell-Free Extracts

Abstract Enzymatic cofactor recycling and generation of acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, and 3-methylbutanol were evaluated using a mixture of cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter oxydans and Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes . Ethanol was used as a substrate by cell-free extracts of G, oxydans to produce acetic acid and to generate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Leucine was converted by S. lactis var. maltigenes cell-free extracts to 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanol and to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. Optimum pH to form 3-methylbutanal by the combined cell-free extracts was about 6.8 and that for 3-methylbutanol was 6.4. At 30°C, 3-methylbutanol reached a maximum of 73ppm after 30h but declined slightly at 48h. Concentrations of 3-methylbutanol increased gradually over 48h to a maximum of 56ppm. Rates of production of these compounds at 12.8°C were about half that at 32°C. Concentrations of 3-methylbutanol were increased to about those of 3-methylbutanal by adjusting the concentrations of substrate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, cell-free extract, and pH so as to produce large amounts of acetic acid and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
Dynamics and suppression effectiveness of monodisperse water droplets in non-premixed counterflow flames

In situ measurements of velocity and size distributions of initially monodisperse water mists of initial diameters ranging from 14 μm to 42 μm seeded into the air stream of non-premixed propane/air counterflow flames are reported. Droplets were generated piezoelectrically, and the size and velocity distributions and the number density were determined by phase-Doppler particle anemometry. Droplets having initial diameters of 18 μm underwent complete vaporization in a counterflow flame at a strain rate of approximately 170 s−1, while droplets of 30 μm penetrated slightly beyond the visible flame zone. Measurements of the effect of water droplets on the extinction strains rates of propane/air counterflow flames were performed. Droplets having initial diameters of 14 μm and 30 μm where found to have similar suppression effectiveness, while droplets of 42 μm were substantially less effective at reducing the extinction strain rates. Both the 14 μm and 30 μm water droplets were found to be more effective, on a mass basis, than CF3Br. The present experimental results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of recent modeling studies exploring the behavior of various sized water droplets in counterflow flame.
Genetic Counseling for Cancer: Technology Promises Better Screening for Hereditary Cancer Patients

Approximately 100,000 cases of cancer in the U.S. each year are due to inherited genetic conditions. Scores of hereditary cancer syndromes have been described, associated with nearly every cancer type, and prevention measures have proven to decrease cancer risk. With the advent of new technology, increasingly complex genetic testing options exist. Specially trained genetic counselors coordinate the identification, testing, education and care of patients with hereditary cancer risks. Thus, genetic counselors are at the forefront of the integration of new technology into medical care for hereditary cancer patients. New methods test many more genes, faster and more affordably but with the potential challenges of uninformative or undesired information. Additionally, algorithms using these tests will revolutionize the screening of large numbers of people for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic counselors are prepared to offer a broad range of testing schemas as well as provide education regarding the impact of the results for providers, patients and families.
Associative Properties of the Perirhinal Network

The perirhinal area is a rostrocaudally oriented cortical region involved in recognition and associative memory. It receives topographically organized transverse projections from high-order neocortical areas and is endowed with intrinsic longitudinal connections that distribute neocortical inputs rostrocaudally. Earlier work has revealed that neocortical inputs strongly recruit perirhinal interneurons located at the same transverse level, limiting the depolarization of principal cells. In contrast, at a distance, neocortical stimuli only evoke excitation because longitudinal perirhinal pathways do not engage interneurons. This raises the possibility that the perirhinal network allows for Hebbian-like associative interactions between coincident and spatially distributed inputs. To test this, we analyzed the effects of theta-frequency neocortical stimulation using simultaneous field potential recordings and optical imaging in the whole guinea pig brain in vitro. Theta-frequency stimulation (TFS) at one neocortical site resulted in a prolonged input-specific response depression at all perirhinal levels. In contrast, paired TFS of 2 distant neocortical sites resulted in a prolonged response potentiation to the paired inputs, suggesting that longitudinal perirhinal connections can support associative interactions between coincident but spatially distributed inputs. Moreover, we found that induction of these 2 forms of plasticity depended on the competing influence of glutamate group I metabotropic and NMDA receptors, respectively.
The Nature of Intestinal Radiation Death

This paper, and the two which will follow it (1, 2), deal with the intestinal mode of acute radiation death. Some new observations will be presented. However, this paper is mainly concerned with the relations between observed facts. It is an attempt to give a coherent account of one mode of radiation death, studied at various levels of organization from the cell to the whole organism. We shall try to identify the critical event on the cellular level; to trace its effects through the biology of the tissue involved, the intestinal epithelium; to relate the tissue changes to responses of the whole intestine; and to see in what manner the organ changes are responsible for the death of the whole animal. The picture is rough and unfinished in spots, but it leads to an interpretation which, though tentative, is unified. Some years ago, ‘‘acute radiation death’’ was, to most investigators, simply that mode of death which occurs after whole-body irradiation with X-rays or c-rays, with doses in the neighborhood of the LD50. This has changed. Since investigations have been extended to wider dosage domains, more species, a wider range of conditions, and, in particular, since it has become possible to prevent marrow death by specific treatments, other modes of radiation death have grown in importance. This has created a need for more precise concepts. A particular mode of acute radiation death occurs if a particular component of the acute radiation syndrome is severe enough to cause death. The isolation of a particular process can be difficult. Any mode can be expressed only if not masked by another lethal process. A faster process masks a slower one; a more sensitive process, a less sensitive one. For instance, death due to late changes of the central nervous system cannot be observed after wholebody irradiation; it is masked by marrow death. Therapeutic measures, or modifications of the radiation conditions, may unmask modes of radiation death which are not expressed under standard conditions. For instance, oral radiation death can be unmasked by treatment with spleen, or by regional irradiation. Use of fast neutrons brings out a mode of death which is recessive after treatment with X-rays and c-rays (3–6). Under the conditions most commonly used, marrow death masks all other modes (7).
Development of variance‐filtered instrumental transfer methods for high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy

The introduction of a variance-filter to both direct standardization (DS) and piece-wise direct standardization (PDS) instrumental transfer methods for the analysis of NMR spectral data is described. The variance-filter modification allows for the identification of regions in the NMR spectra that are not adequately represented by the limited number of transfer calibration samples used during the calculation of the instrument-to-instrument transfer matrix. For these spectral frequencies, the corresponding portion of the transfer matrix is replaced by identity (or scaled identity) prior to the secondary instrumental data sets being transferred to the target instrument response. The spectral matching performance of the variance-filtered instrumental transfer method as applied to high-resolution 1H NMR spectra is presented along with possible uses and limitations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic Classification of Neuropsychiatric Signs and Symptoms in Patients With Dementia

Establishing a medical diagnosis serves two utilitarian purposes: providing information necessary to initiate treatment and communicating information regarding prognosis. A nosology or diagnostic nomenclature (i.e., a classification of diagnoses) provides further utility by establishing a foundation for clinical research. In his book, Wulff outlined four types of diagnoses: (1) symptomatic or pseudoanatomic diagnoses (e.g., chronic headache, persistent diarrhea, or irritable bowel); (2) syndromes; (3) anatomic diagnoses; and (4) causal diagnoses. By definition, syndromes have no means of being validated by measures external to the constructs themselves. Often, specific syndromes reflect diverse origins, and conversely, specific etiologies may cause multiple syndromes (e.g., syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus, and diabetes).
Genesis Solar Wind Concentrator: Computer Simulations of Performance Under Solar Wind Conditions

The design and operation of the Genesis Solar-Wind Concentrator relies heavily on computer simulations. The computer model is described here, as well as the solar wind conditions used as simulation inputs, including oxygen charge state, velocity, thermal, and angular distributions. The simulation included effects such as ion backscattering losses, which also affect the mass fractionation of the instrument. Calculations were performed for oxygen, the principal element of interest, as well as for H and He. Ion fluences and oxygen mass fractionation are determined as a function of radius on the target. The results were used to verify that the instrument was indeed meeting its requirements, and will help prepare for distribution of the target samples upon return of the instrument to earth. The actual instrumental fractionation will be determined at that time by comparing solar-wind neon isotope ratios measured in passive collectors with neon in the Concentrator target, and by using a model similar to the one described here to extrapolate the instrumental fractionation to oxygen isotopes.
eLearning Technology: The Empowered Flashcard in Teacher Training

While behavior management has been one of the most essential domains in pre-service training, many teacher candidates were struggling with understanding and use of behavioral terminologies. Not only does factual knowledge fluency (accuracy plus speed) itself is an important response competence, but it also has a positive impact on retention and application. Daily one-minute paper-based flashcard practice has been shown to be effective in building up student competence in terminology identification. However, concerns regarding flashcard creation, durability, accessibility, and student motivation had been raised. An alternative web-based practice is designed to solve the challenges. This study proposed an instructional shift in adapting electronic flashcard in college teaching. Practical strategies and instructional considerations are also suggested.