cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetically launched microspacecraft for space science missions

This paper presents the concept of using very small spacecraft launched by an electromagnetic launcher located in low earth orbit to perform space science missions. This paper includes a discussion of flight time versus distance performance, potential missions, electromagnetic launchers, micro spacecraft concepts, high G technology and a conceptual launcher design. It is suggested that the present is an especially good time to investigate the subject concept due to the current launch vehicle crisis for space science, and due to the large amounts of resources that the SDIO is spending on the development of the technology for electromagnetic launchers and projectiles.
Model for fracture toughness alteration due to cyclic loading

A new model that is capable of predicting and explaining the effect of cyclic loading on the apparent fracture toughness of materials was developed. The model combines macroscopic fracture criteria with the assumption that transient flow properties of material in the cyclic plastic zone can be simulated by those of macroscopic low cycle fatigue specimens, tested in reversed strain control. Little or no changes in the cleavage fracture toughness due to cyclic loading is predicted or observed for materials that cycle strain harden (e.g., rail steel) and in the fracture toughness of other materials that cycle strain harden (e.g., the commercial 2000 series Al-Cu alloys) and fracture by rupture. However, an increase in the fracture toughness is predicted and observed for materials that cycle strain soften (e.g., 1Cr-Mo-V and 18 Ni 300 maraging steels), irrespective of fracture mode (cleavage or rupture). The changes in the fracture toughness are predicted and observed to increase with both the number of cycles of applied load and the reversed plastic strain range (or stress intensity range for precracked specimens).
Differences in dissolution behavior in a phagolysosomal simulant fluid for single-constituent and multi-constituent materials associated with beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease.

Abstract Particle dissolution within macrophage phagolysosomes is hypothesized to be an important source of dissolved beryllium for input to the cell-mediated immune reaction associated with development of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). To better understand the dissolution of beryllium materials associated with elevated prevalence of sensitization and CBD, single-constituent (beryllium oxide (BeO) particles sampled from a screener operation, finished product BeO powder, finish product beryllium metal powder) and multi-constituent (particles sampled from an arc furnace during processing of copper–beryllium alloy) aerosol materials were studied. Dissolution rates were measured using phagolysosomal simulant fluid (PSF) in a static dissolution technique and then normalized to measured values of specific surface area to calculate a chemical dissolution rate constant ( k ) for each material. Values of k , in g/(cm 2 day), for screener BeO particles (1.3 ± 1.9 × 10 −8 ) and for BeO powder (1.1 ± 0.5 × 10 −8 ) were similar ( p = 0.45). The value of k observed for beryllium metal powder (1.1 ± 1.4 × 10 −7 ) was significantly greater than observed for the BeO materials ( p k (1.6 ± 0.6 × 10 −7 ) was significantly greater than observed for the BeO materials ( p
Nanoporous Alumina Template with In Situ Barrier Oxide Removal, Synthesized from a Multilayer Thin Film Precursor

A nanoporous alumina template made from a multilayer metal film structure has been developed that allows for the in situ removal of the electrically insulating alumina barrier layer, exposing a Pt electrode at the pore bases. This barrier-free nanoporous system is of great use for dc electrodeposition of a wide variety of materials in the alumina pores. This work in particular describes the development of a multilayer thin film precursor consisting of a Si substrate with thin Pt and Ti and a thicker Al layer in that order. After the Al is anodized, producing the porous alumina, the resulting TiO 2 is selectively removed at the base of the alumina pores exposing the Pt electrode. The metals in the precursor perform different roles in the fabrication and allow the alumina template to be fabricated directly on the final substrate with no film transfer technique involved. This allows Si to be used as the substrate, which could then include electronic circuitry. Several techniques are used to analyze the resulting template.
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of peptide amphiphile self-assembly into cylindrical nanofibers

Relaxation of a self-assembled structure of 144 peptide amphiphile (PA) molecules into cylindrical nanofibers is studied using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations including explicit water with physiological ion concentration. The PA for these studies includes a hydrophobic alkyl chain that is attached to the N-terminus of the sequence SLSLAAAEIKVAV. The self-assembly is initiated with PA molecules in a roughly cylindrical configuration, as suggested from previous experimental and theoretical investigations, and the cylindrical configuration that results is found to be stable during 40 ns simulations. In the converged structure of the resulting nanofiber, the cylinder radius is ∼44 A, a result that is consistent with experimental results. Water and sodium ions can penetrate into the peptide portion of the fiber but not between the alkyl chains. Even though each PA has an identical sequence, a broad distribution of secondary structure is found in the converged structure of the nanofiber. The β-sheet po...
Relative effects of nicotine and coffee on cigarette smoking.

Abstract The relative influence of nicotine and coffee on cigarette consumption was examined in a laboratory setting. During the first half hour of the experimental session, subjects were either preloaded with two cigarettes or nicotine deprived. During the subsequent hour, subjects were given two cups of either coffee or water, and number of cigarettes smoked during this period was assessed. Results showed a significant preload effect, with non-preloaded subjects smoking an average of .88 cigarettes per hour more than preloaded subjects. A nonsignificant increase in smoking was found for the coffee condition. The implications of these findings for relative effects of pharmacological and environmental events on smoking are discussed.
Characterization of emissions from burning incense

The primary objective of this study was to improve the characterization of particulate matter emissions from burning incense. Emissions of particulate matter were measured for 23 different types of incense using a cyclone/filter method. Emission rates for PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) ranged from 7 to 202 mg/h, and PM2.5 emission factors ranged from 5 to 56 mg/g of incense burned. Emission rates were also determined using an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) and a small electrostatic precipitator (ESP), and emission rates were compared to those determined using the cyclone/filter method. Emission rates determined by the ELPI method were consistently lower than those determined by the cyclone/filter method, and a linear regression correlation was found between emission rates determined by the two methods. Emission rates determined by the ESP method were consistently higher than those determined by the cyclone/filter method, indicating that the ESP may be a more effective method for measuring semivolatile particle emissions. A linear regression correlation was also found between emission rates determined by the ESP and cyclone/filter methods. Particle size distributions were measured with the ELPI, and distributions were found to be similar for most types of incense that were tested. Size distributions by mass typically ranged from approximately 0.06 to 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter, with peak values between 0.26 and 0.65 microm. Results indicated that burning incense emits fine particulate matter in large quantities compared to other indoor sources. An indoor air quality model showed that indoor concentrations of PM25 can far exceed the outdoor concentrations specified by the US EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), so incense smoke can pose a health risk to people due to inhalation exposure of particulate matter. Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were also measured for seven types of incense. Emission rates of the gaseous pollutants were sufficient to cause indoor concentrations, estimated using the indoor air quality model, to exceed the outdoor concentrations specified by the NAAQS under certain conditions. However, the incense samples that were tested would fill a room with thick smoke under these conditions.
An electrophoretic study of the hemoglobins of the sand lizards, Callisaurus, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia and Uma

Abstract 1. 1. The hemoglobins of Callisaurus, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia and Uma were examined by vertical starch gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Although the ancestral stock of the present sand lizard genera possibly first divided in the early Miocene, all specimens studied possessed the same major and minor hemoglobin components. 3. 3. Of several possible alternative explanations for this phenomenon, the most promising is that the sand lizards are more closely related than their current taxonomic status indicates.
Resistance in watermelon rootstocks to crown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici

Abstract Crown rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is becoming an increasingly important disease of vegetable crops in southeastern U.S. In recent years, the practice of grafting watermelon onto rootstocks belonging to other Cucurbitaceae genera has also been slowly gaining adoption in the U.S. However, it is not known how these rootstocks, developed mainly in Asia, will respond to diseases prevalent in local production areas. We evaluated the available commercial watermelon rootstocks for resistance to Phytophthora crown rot by inoculating them with a zoospore suspension of P. capsici in four different trials. Disease development on rootstocks was rated on a 1–9 scale (1 = no symptoms, 9 = plant dead). Based on all the four trials, the commercial Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) rootstocks, FR-Strong, Emphasis, Macis and WMXP-3938 were resistant (Mean rating ≤3) to crown rot when compared to susceptible watermelon checks (mean rating >8). All Cucurbita inter-specific hybrid rootstocks and a watermelon rootstock Ojakkyo, were highly susceptible to crown rot (mean rating >8). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using two different P. capsici specific primers (ITS and β-tubulin) indicated the presence of significantly ( P P. capsici DNA g −1 plant tissue in susceptible Cucurbita inter-specific hybrid rootstocks (β-tubulin, mean = 2895 ng) and watermelon (2665 ng) compared to the L. siceraria rootstocks (357 ng). Crown rot resistant bottle gourd rootstocks may be useful in areas where P. capsici is a recurring problem. The present study identified several commercial bottle gourd rootstocks with resistance to Phytophthora crown rot, and confirmed their levels of resistance using qPCR.
Analysis of thick bimodular composite plates using an energy-based constitutive model

Abstract A new constitutive model of bimodular materials as applied to thick laminated composite plates is evaluated. The bimodular constitutive model proposed is based on energy considerations. A displacement finite element model of the first-order shear deformation theory and a bimodular constitutive model proposed by the authors and the one proposed by Bert are developed herein. The von Karman nonlinear strains are also included. Numerical results for displacements and stresses of two-layer cross-ply ( 0 90 ) and angle-ply ( −45 45 ) square plates are presented which compare the constitutive models of the authors and Bert.
Complete atrioventricular cardiac transplantation: Improved performance compared with the standard technique

Background. There has been renewed clinical interest in an alternative technique to orthotopic cardiac transplantation involving six anastomoses: left pulmonary veins, right pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, and superior vena cava (complete technique). In this study, the results of the complete technique are compared with those of the standard operation (ventricular transplantation with atrioplasty). Methods. Dogs were used for ten acute standard and ten acute complete atrioventricular transplantations. There were no significant differences in the baseline cardiac function (preload-independent right and left ventricular recruitable stroke work), bypass times, and cardiac ischemic times between the two groups. Results. After transplantation, sinus rhythm was preserved after all ten complete and after only one standard transplantation but no significant hemodynamic differences were observed. The right and left ventricular preload-independent recruitable stroke work in the complete group and the left ventricular preload-independent recruitable stroke work in the standard group were conserved after transplantation, but the right ventricular preload-independent recruitable stroke work decreased by 39% ± 8% ( p Conclusions. Complete atrioventricular transplantation is a feasible alternative technique and conserves normal sinus rhythm. The ischemic and bypass times are comparable for both methods. The insignificant change in the rate of biventricular filling in the dogs undergoing the complete technique indicates right and left ventricular diastolic function may be conserved after transplantation.
Institutional and District-Level Sources of Competition in State Legislative Elections*

Objectives. What are the sources of partisan competition in state legislative elections? Specifically, what impact do institutional features have relative to district-level conditions on competition between party nominees? Methods. Using data from 30 states in 1994 and 1996, a range of factors are examined to determine their influence on both the likelihood that a race is contested and the degree of competition that results. Results. Multiple regression analyses indicate that a district's characteristics, measured as social and partisan diversity, have a strong and durable influence on elections. Contested elections are more likely and competition levels are higher in districts with heterogeneous populations. Institutional characteristics such as legislative professionalism also have a large influence, although the direction of their impact varies by stage of the electoral process examined. For example, professionalism increases the likelihood that an election is contested, but leads to a lower level of competition between opposing candidates. Conclusions. District-level conditions have a large influence on competition; however, incentives created by institutional features are also critical for understanding the competitiveness of state legislative elections.
China earthquake relief: Participatory action work with children:

This article presents a community-focused participatory action project designed to promote children's resilience in the early aftermath of the cataclysmic May 2008 Earthquake in Beichuan, China. Thirty children aged 7- to 15-years-old participated in the project. The project encompassed four phases that evolved from adult-directed/ initiated activities to activities that maximized children's participation. The children were allowed to set their own pace in dealing with their feelings of trauma and loss. Initially, their activities focused on school, family, pets, nature and, finally, the earthquake. Ultimately, the children's activities evolved into helping to rebuild their school and community. The project ended on the three-month anniversary of the earthquake with a memorial march initiated by the children to honor their deceased family members and friends. This article links participatory action projects to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies' models of psychosocial disaster recovery efforts, and argues that participatory projects provide qualitative data to evaluate their efficacy. The article proposes that school psychologists, because of their diverse training in mental health services, consultation, and research, are especially suited to using these kinds of projects to train community members, e.g. teachers and community elders, to implement them. The American Psychological Association and other humanitarian relief organizations have articulated this goal of increasing capacity in the communities of developing countries as an essential component of international disaster recovery efforts.
Status of diamond detectors and their high energy physics application

Particle physics collider experiments at the high energy frontier are being performed today and in the next decade in increasingly harsh radiation environments. New radiation hard technologies, such as particle detectors based on diamond, must be developed. This paper discusses the use of diamond detectors in tracking and beam condition monitoring applications and their survivability in the highest radiation environments. This paper presents recent results of devices based on polycrystalline and single crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond and their tolerance to radiation.
Solution of the Eikonal Equation By a Finite-difference Method

by a finite difference method. We show that this scheme can violate causality for moderate to large velocity contrasts (V,/V, > 1.4). As an alternative we present a scheme where the solution region progresses along an “expanding wavefront” rather than an “expanding square”, and thenfore honors causality. Our method appears to be stable and reasonably accurate for a variety of velocity models with moderate to large velocity contrasts. The penalty is a large increase in computational cost and programming effort.
Role of Progesterone in Inhibition of Muscle Tone and Respiratory Rhythm in Foetal Lambs

FROM about the thirty-fifth (± 1) to the sixtieth (± 5) day of gestation, the reactivity of foetal lambs to stimulation of the snout and limbs becomes more complex. The initial phasic responses of the skeletal muscles are replaced by tonic and the generalized activity which gradually develops into a “righting” pattern. Rhythmic movements of the diaphragm accompany the “righting” activities and often outlive them. Temporary occlusion of the umbilical cord during this period depresses activity and reactivity in a regular manner. At about the sixtieth day the foetus becomes less active and the responses to stimulation of the snout and limbs are sluggish and localized. Temporary occlusion of the cord initiates “gasp like” activity of the respiratory centre and, in some individuals, also induces a generalized response in the limbs. After about 120 days of gestation the threshold of limb reflexes appears to be reduced and the activity of the respiratory centre is less suppressed and less inhibited1. The effects of lesions of the central nervous system on these activity patterns suggested that their suppression, at about the sixtieth day of gestation, was the result of an inhibition caused by the functional maturation of higher centres, which ceased when the oxygenation of these centres improved after birth2. This explanation requires modification, for progesterone of placental origin may be responsible, in part at least, for the decreased excitability of the foetal nervous system in vivo.
A preliminary investigation of reduced-view image reconstruction from low dose breast CT data

Analytic-based algorithms such as the FDK algorithm is used currently for image reconstruction from data acquired with prototypes of dedicated breast CT scanners. In general, analytic-based algorithms require data collected at a large number (~500) of views. In current breast-CT scans, imaging dose delivered to the patient is about the same as that used in a typical two-view mammography exam. This highly limited total imaging dose, when distributed over a large number of views in breast CT, can result in low-SNR data. There exists a renewed interest in developing optimization-based (i.e., iterative) algorithms for image reconstruction from low-SNR data and/or from sparse-view data collected at a reduced number of views. Results of recent studies on optimization-based algorithms from CT data suggest that the algorithms may reconstruct images of quality higher than than analytic-based algorithms from low-SNR data and/or from sparse-view data. In this work, we investigated image reconstruction from low-SNR patient-breast-CT data collected at a large number (~500), as well as at reduced numbers, of views. The result of the study appears to indicate that optimization-based reconstructions can yield breast-CT images from low-SNR data comparable to, or better than, the corresponding FDK reconstructions.
Short- and long-term outcomes of diabetics and nondiabetics receiving bare-metal stents vs. drug-eluting stents: insights from the Dartmouth Dynamic Registry

Background: Shortand long-term outcomes of diabetics undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with placement of a drug-eluting stent(s) (DES) vs. a bare-metal stent(s) (BMS) remain a topic of debate. Methods: Using the Dartmouth Dynamic Registry, we evaluated the index in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE-cardiac events, stroke, contrast-induced nephropathy, dialysis, death) and 3-year mortality trends among diabetics and nondiabetics who underwent PCI with either BMS or DES from January 2000 to June 2006. We excluded patients with prior PCI and patients with both BMS and DES. Results: Among the diabetics, 498 patients had BMSwhile 707 had DES; of the nondiabetics, 1664 had BMS while 1900 had DES. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients receiving DES were more likely to have hypertension. There were no other significant differences in baseline demographic and clinical variables. Diabetics had a 56% reduction in index admission MACE with DES [OR 0.44 (95% CI 0.28–0.65)], while nondiabetics had a 45% reduction in index admission MACE with DES [OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.43– 0.71)]. Three-year mortality trends are shown below. Conclusions: Diabetics and nondiabetics who underwent PCI with DES demonstrated significant improvements in MACE outcomes during their index admission. Long-term survival among nondiabetics post-PCI has significantly improved with DES compared to BMS, with a similar but nonsignificant trend seen among post-PCI diabetics with DES.
Methodology for the separation o plant lipids and application to spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae

Procedures for separation of complex plant lipids and results obtained are reviewed. Procedures based on DEAE cellulose and silicic acid chromatography, which may be preceded by countercurrent distribution, are presented for separation of the individual glyceroland sphingolipid classes of spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae. These procedures appear to be generally applicable to photosynthetic tissue of plants and algae. The separation and infrared spectra of mono-and digalactosyl diglycerides, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, plant sulfolipid, cerebroside, and sterol glycosides from spinach are recorded. Chloroplast lamellae lipids are in the molar ratio monogalactosyl diglyceride (14.0), digalactosyl diglyceride (8.0), phosphatidyl glycerol (5.5), sulfolipid (3.9), lecithin (2.0), phosphatidyl inositol (1.0). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cerebrosides, and sterol glycosides were not detected in chloroplast lamellae. Fatty acid composition of individual lamellae lipids have been determined: The galactosyl lipids contain more than 90% trienoic acids.Trans-3- hexadecenoic acid is restricted almost exclusively to phosphatidyl glycerol. In this report techniques which have been applied to the isolation of plant glycero- and sphingolipids are reviewed and a new scheme presented for the separation of several of the plant lipid classes. Results obtained with spinach leaf and its photosynthetic apparatus are presented and discussed.
Magnetic properties and microstructure of AISI 1000 series carbon steels

The magnetic properties of a number of specimens of AISI 1000 series plain carbon steels have been measured as functions of chemical composition, microstructure and heat treatment. The results showed that for a given morphology of the carbides the magnetic properties such as coercivity and permeability varied smoothly as a function of carbon content. Coercivity increased with carbon content by 2.0 Oe for every 0.1 wt.% carbon added at low carbon contents while initial permeability decreased by 57% on the addition of 0.2 wt.% carbon in the form of lamellar carbides (pearlite), but by only 21% when those carbides were in the form of spheroidised particles. In all cases the spheroidised specimens were found to be magnetically softer than the lamellar specimens and the difference increased with the amount of carbon present. Grain size did not seem to affect the magnetic properties significantly above a carbon content of 0.2 wt.%, although it was known that grain size is a significant factor in determining magnetic properties in iron alloys with lower carbon content.
Teaching introduction to robotics: Using a blend of problem- and project-based learning approaches

In this paper the author describes his experience in the delivery of a series of workshops providing an introduction to robotics. The workshops were attended by a group of high school students with an interest in the area who did not have previous knowledge of the elements that were presented. These elements included basics of the C/C++ language, including variables, data types, operators, decision/iteration statements and functions, components such as LEDs and sensors, hardware components such as DC motors, and the Arduino environment. The goal was to use the knowledge and skills acquired during the workshops in building robots for a sumo-robot competition held at a college level. Working in teams, the students used these skills to build robots which participated successfully in the competition. The instructional method used was a blend of the problem-based learning approach and the project-based learning approach. While the workshops were organized with the sumo-robot competition in mind, the material, the software/hardware platform, the topics organization, and the methodology followed could be used in a formal course on introduction to robotics with little or no changes.
Role of Triplet State in Photoreactions

THE role of the triplet state as an intermediate in photoreactions of chemical and biological interest has been long postulated1. The direct verification has, until recently, been only possible, in general, through flash photolysis techniques2. However, the recently discovered technique for detection of triplet states by electron paramagnetic resonance both in single crystals3 and glasses4, provides us with a convenient method of studying directly these excited state reactions. Unambiguity of identification by its paramagnetic, S = 1, state, and the uniqueness of differentiation among individual phosphors5 provides us with positive identification of the state as a triplet of a specified molecule.
Fluid dynamics of a quantized vortex filament in a hole

The behavior of nucleated vortex loops and of remanent vortex filaments in idealized circular and slit-like orifices has been investigated by direct computation. It is found that such vortices can be stretched by the diverging flow on the exit side of the orifice. The energy needed to stretch the vortex is abstracted from the flow field and observed as “dissipation”. This occurs in the form of discrete phase-slip events in the case of nucleated vortex loops, and in the form of multiple-phase-slip cascades when a remanent vortex is involved.
A note on duhamel integrals and running average filters

Abstract The use of the principle of inclusion and exclusion is proved in computing the convolution of an image with a nonrectangular, spatially varying binary-valued point spread function. This proof is based on properties of convolution and superposition integrals.
Caprine β-Mannosidase: Sequencing and Characterization of the cDNA and Identification of the Molecular Defect of Caprine β-Mannosidosis

Abstract The complete sequence of the caprine β-mannosidase cDNA coding region has been determined, and a mutation that is associated with caprine β-mannosidosis has been identified. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reactions were performed using primers based on bovine and, later, goat cDNA sequences to produce an overlapping series of amplicons covering the entire coding region. The composite cDNA codes for an 879-amino-acid peptide that has four potentialN-glycosylation sites. Comparison of the caprine and bovine cDNAs reveals that 96.3% of the nucleotides and 95.2% of the deduced amino acids are identical. A single-base deletion at position 1398 of the coding sequence was identified in the cDNA isolated from a goat affected with β-mannosidosis. This deletion results in a shift in the reading frame and a premature termination of translation, yielding a deduced peptide of 481 amino acids. An assay, developed to determine the presence or absence of this mutation, confirmed that animals affected with β-mannosidosis were homozygous for the mutation and that obligate carriers in a caprine β-mannosidosis colony were heterozygous. This assay accurately distinguished between mutation carrier and noncarrier goats and was used for prenatal diagnosis using DNA collected from fetal fluids. The assay also confirmed chimerism in a goat with an atypically mild β-mannosidosis phenotype. Thus, this application enables assessment of the efficacy of engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells after prenatal transfer from donor sources.
Transcriptomic Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Transcriptomics is the study of how our genes are regulated and expressed in different biological settings. Technical advances now enable quantitative assessment of all expressed genes (ie, the entire “transcriptome”) in a given tissue at a given time. These approaches provide a powerful tool for understanding complex biological systems and for developing novel biomarkers. This chapter will introduce basic concepts in transcriptomics and available technologies for developing transcriptomic biomarkers. We will then review current and emerging applications in cardiovascular medicine.
Testing constructivism: why not more “Cossacks” in Krasnodar Kray?

Despite attempts to portray Krasnodar Kray in southern Russia as a homeland for Cossacks, to date the Cossack identity there remains underdeveloped. Why has a Cossack identity in Krasnodar not become more popular? This article uses the case of the Kuban Cossacks as a test of constructivist theories of identity. The article takes as background the attempts of the Russian authorities to display the Cossacks as the indigenous people of the region for the upcoming Winter Olympics in 2014. Despite this and other efforts, only a minuscule proportion of the inhabitants of Krasnodar Kray identify with the Cossack label, which makes this case problematic for constructivism. The article reviews constructivist theories of ethnic and national identity and analyses the advantages and obstacles to the successful construction of a Cossack identity in the Krasnodar region. It finishes by drawing implications for constructivist theorizing from the case of the Kuban Cossack Host.
The electrical resistivity of distilled barium from 20 ° to 400 °K☆

Abstract Wires of barium were prepared (i) from a commercial grade of “high-purity” metal and (ii) from this material after a double distillation. The electrical resistivity (ρ) of the former was determined over the temperature range 80 ° to 300 ° K and of the latter from 20 ° to 400 ° K. The results indicate that the distillations produced a significant improvement in purity. For example, the ice-point resistivities of recrystallized specimens of the as-received and distilled materials were 34.8 and 29.4 μohmcm, respectively. The ρ dT of the purified specimen was nearly constant for temperatures from 20 ° to ~ 140 ° K but took increasingly positive values at higher temperatures. A powder pattern obtained from annealed filings of the distilled metal at room temperature gave the expected b.c.c. structure with a 0 = 5.027 ± 0.002 A .
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in lung cancer: the evolving role of individualized therapy

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and worldwide. Most patients present with advanced disease, and treatment options for these patients are generally limited to platinum-based chemotherapy and a few targeted therapies. Targeted agents currently in use for NSCLC inhibit oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. While current EGFR-targeted agents, including erlotinib and gefitinib, may result in dramatic responses, they demonstrate efficacy in only a fraction of patients, and resistance to these agents frequently develops. In order to select patients most likely to benefit from blockade of EGFR pathways, investigators have focused on identifying molecular correlates of response to anti-EGFR therapy. New strategies to minimize the risk of resistance to EGFR inhibition have been employed in the development of next-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as PF00299804 and BIBW 2992; these include irreversibility of target binding, inhibition of multiple EGFR family receptors, and/or simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and other oncogenic pathways.
The thermal adaptation of the nitrogenase Fe protein from thermophilic Methanobacter thermoautotrophicus.

The nitrogenase Fe protein is a key component of the biochemical machinery responsible for the process of biological nitrogen fixation. The Fe protein is a member of a class of nucleotide-binding proteins that couple the binding and hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates to conformational changes. The nucleotide-dependent conformational changes modulate the formation of a macromolecular complex, and some members of the class include Gα, EF-Tu, and myosin. The members of this class are highly interesting model systems for the analysis of aspects of thermal adaptability, since their mechanisms involve protein conformational change and protein–protein interactions. In this study, we have used our extensive knowledge of the structure of the Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase Fe protein in multiple structural conformations, and standard homology modeling approaches have been used to generate reliable models of the Fe protein from thermophilic Methanobacter thermoautotrophicus in the analogous structural conformations. The resulting structural comparison reveals that thermal adaptation of the M. thermoautotrophicus Fe protein is conferred by a number of factors, including increased structural rigidity that results from various structural changes within the protein interior. The analysis of hypothetical docking models and nitrogenase complex structures provides insights into the thermal adaptation of the protein–protein interactions that support macromolecular complex formation and catalysis at higher temperatures. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CORRELATION ENERGIES IN TWO-ELECTRON IONS

We estimate the relative radial and angular correlation energies in the ground state of two-electron ions, such as in the hydrogen negative ion, the helium atom and the lithium positive ion, and find they are roughly equal.
How Does Premarital Cohabitation Affect Trajectories of Marital Quality

We investigate the link between premarital cohabitation and trajectories of subsequent marital quality using random effects growth curve models and repeated measures of marital quality from married women in the NLSY-79 (N = 3,598). We find that premarital cohabitors experience lower quality marital relationships on average, but this is driven by cohabitors with nonmarital births. Premarital cohabitors without nonmarital births report the same marital quality as women who did not cohabit before marriage. Nonmarital childbearing is more strongly associated with lower subsequent marital quality for White women than for Black or Hispanic women. Marital quality declines at similar rates for all couples regardless of cohabitation or nonmarital childbearing status. These findings are robust to numerous alternative model specifications.
Analyzing Completeness and Correctness of Utterances Using an ATMS

Analyzing coverage of a student's utterance or essay (completeness) and diagnosing errors (correctness) can be treated as a diagnosis problem and solved using a well-known technique for model-based diagnosis: an assumption-based truth maintenance system (ATMS). The function-free first-order predicate logic (FOPL) representation of the essay is matched with nodes of the ATMS that are then analyzed for being within the sound part of the closure or relying on a particular mis-conception. If the matched nodes are sound they are analyzed for representing a particular required physics statement. If they do not represent the required statement, a neighborhood (antecedent and consequent nodes within N inference steps) of these nodes can be analyzed for matching the statement, to give a measure of how far the student utterance is, in terms of a number of inferences, from the desired one.
Reduction flexor tenoplasty: Treatment of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis distal to the first pulley

Trigger finger due to stenosing flexor tenosynovitis distal to the first annular pulley is not a common finding; however, when present, it introduces a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Resection of the second annular pulley for release of triggering at this level may leave the patient with impaired function. The pulley can be preserved by removing an elliptical portion of the center of the tendon through a lateral incision.
The formation of a layered structure when a stable salinity gradient is heated from below

It is well known that heating a stable salinity gradient from below leads to the formation of a series of turbulently convecting layers separated by stable diffusive interfaces. It is argued theoretically and demonstrated experimentally that the first mixed layer grows to a critical height δc, which is determined by a balance between the vertical kinetic and potential energies of the turbulent eddies, before a growing second layer separated from the first layer by a quasi-stationary stable density interface can be formed. Although the thermal boundary layer that develops over the propagating turbulent front can become unstable and form a second mixed region before the first layer grows to δc, the density interface formed between these two layers is not sufficiently stable to resist quick entrainment of the second layer into the lower layer. Some aspects of the growth of the first turbulent layer and possible application of the results to oceanic situations are also discussed.
A cost-based scheduling algorithm to support integrated services

Heuristic scheduling and dropping algorithms are presented for improving the efficiency of single packet-switched networks with diverse traffic. In the authors approach, arbitrary performance objectives are defined in the form of cost functions, which map the queueing delay experienced by each packet to a cost incurred. The algorithms, cost-based scheduling (CBS) and cost-based dropping (CBD), then attempt to optimize network performance as perceived by the applications by minimizing the total cost incurred by all packets. Cost functions are presented that are appropriate for the most common applications. Scheduling and dropping algorithms are defined based on these cost functions. It is demonstrated that network performance is better when these heuristic algorithms are used as opposed to the common alternatives. The relative importance of scheduling and dropping is also considered. >
Task-centered research: understanding, augmenting and discovering managerial expertise

A research framework, called task-centered research, is described for studying managerial expertise in complex task environments. A difficult, complex, and real-world task forms the focus for research aimed at understanding reasoning expertise in management. Three research efforts within the framework are presented to illustrate how it can be instantiated in practice and in the context of managerial decision-making. One effort is explicitly oriented to the study of reasoning in experts and novices. The second involves the construction of an expert system that both models the expert's methods and augments managerial decision-making. The third effort concerns the application of machine learning techniques for discovering rules that form the knowledge-base of expert judgement. >
Initial rotor position estimation for low saliency interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor drives

This paper presents an initial rotor position estimation method for low saliency interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. The method injects signals into the stationary α-β frame of the motor and substitutes the injected signals into the stationary α-β frame model of the motor to solve for the rotor position. In particular, the method injects specific signals into the motor to eliminate the rotor-position-independent terms while keeping the rotor-position and motor-saliency dependent terms in the motor model. As a result, the rotor-position and motor-saliency dependent terms are invulnerable to errors or noise in the rotor-position-independent terms and therefore when used to solve for the rotor position, lead to accurate results in rotor position estimation. Experimental results show that the position estimation error is less than 5° electrical for a low saliency IPMSM whose d-axis and q-axis inductance are 1.65mH and 1.70mH respectively.
Region-based optical flow estimation

A correspondence method is developed for determining optical flow where the primitive motion tokens to be matched between consecutive time frames are regions. The computation of optical flow consists of three stages: region extraction, region matching, and optical flow smoothing. The computation is completed by smoothing the initial optical flow, where the sparse velocity data are either smoothed with a vector median filter or interpolated to obtain dense velocity estimates by using a motion-coherence regularization. The proposed region-based method for optical flow is simple, computationally efficient, and more robust than iterative gradient methods, especially for medium-range motion. >
Social rights and gender justice in the neoliberal moment: A conversation about welfare and transnational politics

Social rights and gender justice in the neoliberal moment: A conversation about welfare and transnational politics , Social rights and gender justice in the neoliberal moment: A conversation about welfare and transnat... , کتابخانه دیجیتال دفتر تبلیغات اسلامی
Role of eosinophils and neutrophils in innate and adaptive protective immunity to larval strongyloides stercoralis in mice.

The goal of this study was to determine the roles of eosinophils and neutrophils in innate and adaptive protective immunity to larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice. The experimental approach used was to treat mice with an anti-CCR3 monoclonal antibody to eliminate eosinophils or to use CXCR2-/- mice, which have a severe neutrophil recruitment defect, and then determine the effect of the reduction or elimination of the particular cell type on larval killing. It was determined that eosinophils killed the S. stercoralis larvae in naive mice, whereas these cells were not required for the accelerated killing of larvae in immunized mice. Experiments using CXCR2-/- mice demonstrated that the reduction in recruitment of neutrophils resulted in significantly reduced innate and adaptive protective immunity. Protective antibody developed in the immunized CXCR2-/- mice, thereby demonstrating that neutrophils were not required for the induction of the adaptive protective immune response. Moreover, transfer of neutrophil-enriched cell populations recovered from either wild-type or CXCR2-/- mice into diffusion chambers containing larvae demonstrated that larval killing occurred with both cell populations when the diffusion chambers were implanted in immunized wild-type mice. Thus, the defect in the CXCR2-/- mice was a defect in the recruitment of the neutrophils and not a defect in the ability of these cells to kill larvae. This study therefore demonstrated that both eosinophils and neutrophils are required in the protective innate immune response, whereas only neutrophils are necessary for the protective adaptive immune response to larval S. stercoralis in mice.
Vitamin A Deficiency and Urinary Calcium Excretion in Rats

Vitamin A deficiency had no effect on serum calcium levels but decreased markedly the urinary excretion of calcium. Creatinine clearance and urinary protein levels were not altered by vitamin A deficiency. The decrease in urinary calcium occurred very early in the depletion period and was rapidly re stored to normal by retinol administration. It is suggested that the urinary cal cium changes in vitamin A deficiency may play a role in renal stone formation. J. Nutr. 102: 1255-1258, 1972.
Longitudinal Analysis of Farm Size over the Farmer's Life Cycle

Correlation of farmer age with farm size, tenancy, entry, and exit is examined with farm-level data. Entering farmers are younger than exiting farmers. Young farmers and new entrants have smaller farms, grow faster, and are less likely to own farmland than older, more experienced farmers. Farmers tend to decrease farm size at advanced ages. The results suggest the continued existence of the "agricultural ladder" strategy for farm entry. Financial constraints could explain smaller farm size of young farmers and new entrants.
Modeling concurrency with partial orders

Concurrency has been expressed variously in terms of formal languages (typically via the shuffle operator), partial orders, and temporal logic,inter alia. In this paper we extract from these three approaches a single hybrid approach having a rich language that mixes algebra and logic and having a natural class of models of concurrent processes. The heart of the approach is a notion of partial string derived from the view of a string as a linearly ordered multiset by relaxing the linearity constraint, thereby permitting partially ordered multisets orpomsets. Just as sets of strings form languages, so do sets of pomsets form processes. We introduce a number of operations useful for specifying concurrent processes and demonstrate their utility on some basic examples. Although none of the operations is particularly oriented to nets it is nevertheless possible to use them to express processes constructed as a net of subprocesses, and more generally as a system consisting of components. The general benefits of the approach are that it is conceptually straightforward, involves fewer artificial constructs than many competing models of concurrency, yet is applicable to a considerably wider range of types of systems, including systems with buses and ethernets, analog systems, and real-time systems.
Orientation dependence of the dynamic coercivity of Stoner-Wohlfarth particles

The time dependence of the remanent coercivity for noninteracting Stoner-Wohlfarth particles with uniaxial anisotropy has been calculated numerically as a function of easy axis angle and distribution width. The results have been interpreted in terms of a simplified effective energy barrier function of the form /spl Delta/E=CKV(1-H/H/sub 0/)/sup n/ and a modified Sharrock equation. For a system with identical easy axis angles, Sharrock law behavior occurs at all angles over a wide range of times with C=1 and n a function of angle. For a distribution of easy axes, Sharrock law behavior also occurs with C=1 and n/spl ap/1.5 for squareness values ranging from random to at least 0.98. The dependence of the energy barrier on field and easy axis angle is compared with the Victora expansion and with the Pfeiffer model.