cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The case for mild hyperhomocysteinaemia as a risk factor

The high incidence of vascular complications in severe hyperhomocysteinaemia in homozygotes for cystathionine β-synthase deficiency has focused attention upon homocysteine as an atherogenic and thrombophilic agent. For two decades there has been accumulating evidence of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia as risk factor of vascular disease. Pooled data on hundreds of coronary, cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease patients show that mild hyperhomocysteinaemia was detectable in about 20-30%. In a recent meta-analysis of 27 studies up to 1994, including about 4000 patients and as many controls, it is calculated that the summary odds ratio of elevated homocysteine levels was 1.7, with 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-1.9, for coronary heart disease; it was 2.5, with 95% CI 2.0-3.0, for cerebro-vascular disease; and it was 6.8, with 95% CI 2.9-15.8, for peripheral vascular disease. The relevance of this newly recognized risk factor will be demonstrated by the outcome of the European Comac study on ‘Hyperhomocysteinaemia and Vascular Disease’, a multicentre case-control study on 800 vascular patients and 750 controls. Despite the selection for epidemiological reasons of a relatively low cut-off level as the criterion for mild hyperhomocysteinaemia in this study - the upper 20% of the distribution of control levels - the relative risk of thus-defined hyperhomocysteinaemia for arterial disease is about 2. This equals the relative risk of hypercholesterolaemia and of smoking; hypertension leads to a higher excess risk. The observed synergistic interaction between hyperhomocysteinaemia and hypertension and smoking may warrant a change in the now generally followed procedure of screening for hyperhomocysteinaemia only if conventional risk factors have not been detected in the patient. Those vascular patients with combined risk factors leading to synergism in their joint effect may profit most from homocysteine-lowering intervention.
Prosthetic Gait Asymmetry and Discomfort While Walking with a Transtibial Prosthesis

In light of the functional disparities of the intact leg relative to a residual leg with a prosthesis asymmetries of the gait cycle can develop. A primary decrement to the residual limb with a prosthesis is the inability to generate powered plantar flexion during the stance phase of gait. Asymmetries in the context of ground reaction force profiles have been demonstrated. Compensatory mechanisms for the can arise, such as amplified work produced about the hip joint of the residual limb. These non-optimal gait patterns can lead to the development of chronic degenerative morbidities, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, and atrophy. People with transtibial amputation can experience amplified metabolic cost during gait, which can lead to reduced optimal gait speed. Another source of discomfort involves the quality of the interface between the socket and the residual limb. Displacement between the socket and residual limb is known as pistoning. These subjects of gait asymmetry and discomfort warrant attention for the development of high quality prosthetic systems.
Translations of the cloister: regulating spiritual aspiration

In the late fourteenth century the religious orders, with their textually mandated forms of ritual regulation and ordered meditation, maintained privileged claims on earthly contemplation and eternal salvation. They continued to garner the respect of many laypeople who pursued the “spiritual life” through affiliation with them. But relatively few laypeople could seek the rewards of the cloister by combining the practices of emulation and devotional reading considered above. Perhaps they lacked the means to enter into confraternity or were unable to retire; perhaps they did not have the time or patience to sort through the lengthy Latin programs of the books of hours. Sensing a demand for new texts of spiritual advice, a number of clerical authors addressed the demands of lay piety by translating the most iconic structures of monastic life (rule and cloister) into literary form for the guidance of lay readers. If linguistic translation responds to what Roger Ellis calls “a perceived intellectual/cultural lack, which the translator hopes the translation will make good,” then these spiritual rules respond to a perceived lack of appropriate guidance material for pious laity. In this chapter 1 consider two guides, The Abbey of the Holy Ghost and Fervor Amoris , which encourage their lay readers to imagine themselves part of an order of spiritually committed laypeople, while recognizing that the transformation of laypeople's internal, spiritual status could have implications for the transformation of external social and religious roles.
Toward Catalytic, Enantioselective Chlorolactonization of 1,2-Disubstituted Styrenyl Carboxylic Acids.

An investigation into the use of Lewis base catalysis for the enantioselective chlorolactonization of 1,2-disubstituted alkenoic acids is described. Two mechanistically distinct reaction pathways for catalytic chlorolactonization have been identified. Mechanistic investigation revealed that tertiary amines predominately operate as Bronsted rather than Lewis bases. Two potential modes of activation have been identified that involve donation of electron density of the carboxylate to the C═C bond as well hydrogen bonding to the chlorinating agent. Sulfur- and selenium-based additives operate under Lewis base catalysis; however, due to the instability of the intermediate benzylic chloriranium ion, chlorolactonization suffers from low chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. Independent generation of the benzylic chloriranium ion shows that it is in equilibrium with an open cation, which leads to low specificities in the nucleophilic capture of the intermediate.
Bias circuit design for a real-time electrically controlled active matching circuit utilizing p-i-n diode switches for wireless power transfer

An analytical design of a bias circuit for a real-time active matching circuit utilizing p-i-n diode switches is discussed in terms of practical circuit restrictions of isolation, response time and rated DC current. The effect of a non-ideal p-i-n diode switch with the bias circuit for the input impedance was confirm in the input power range of 0 to 30 dBm, and an optimized bias circuit under the limitation of use of Arduino Uno micro-controller module was designed. The performance of the matching circuit was confirmed through the simulation proving that the p-i-n diode switch with the optimized bias circuit can realize almost the same performance as the ideal switch.
Automatic Detection of Beta-barrel from Medium Resolution Cryo-EM Density Maps

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) has become central to the study of large-scale molecular interactions and has produced three-dimensional (3D) density maps at various resolutions. Secondary structure element (SSE) identification from volumetric protein density maps is critical for de novo backbone structure derivation in cryo-EM. Multiple methods have been developed to detect helix and β-sheet from density maps at medium resolutions (~5-10A). β-barrel as a special β-sheet structure has been found in many proteins. However, currently there are no methods aimed to automatically and accurately extract the β-barrel as a complete chunk of density from cryo-EM map of β-barrel protein. We present an effective approach, BarrelMiner, to automatically extract the β-barrel region from cryo-EM density maps based on the conspicuous cylindrical shape of β-barrel. BarrelMiner has been tested using ten simulated density maps at 10A resolution and seven experimental cryo-EM maps between 5.5A and 8.25A resolution. The result suggests that BarrelMiner can be used for the detection of β-barrel from medium resolution cryo-EM density maps of β-barrel proteins.
Impact of lymph node evaluation in adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy settings on survival outcomes in Wilms tumour: a review of 185 cases from a single institution

Summary It is unclear if lymph node sampling in Wilms tumour, though critical for staging purposes, affects survival outcomes. The value of lymph node sampling in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is even more uncertain. We reviewed our institutional data to determine the impact of lymph node sampling on survival, as well as its role in the context of NAC. A total of 185 patients with Wilms tumour treated at our institution were included in this analysis. The number of nodes sampled (≤7, or >7), lymph node status (unknown, negative, or positive), pathological stage, and use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were analysed for survival outcomes. Covariates were evaluated with chi-square test or Fisher's exact test where appropriate. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 and R package version 2.15.2 with a significant level of 0.05. Median follow-up for all patients was 7.1 years. The number of lymph nodes sampled was significantly related to lymph node status ( p p p =0.002); within this group, patients with ‘unknown' lymph node status had significantly worse survival than those with negative or positive lymph node. Our data support the available evidence that sampling of more than seven lymph nodes is necessary for adequate staging of Wilms tumour. This is especially critical in patients treated with NAC, who had worse overall survival, likely due to understaging and undertreatment. These findings should be confirmed prospectively to provide proper guidelines to physicians caring for patients with Wilms tumour.
NDNCERT: universal usable trust management for NDN

The Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture builds the security primitives into the network layer: all retrieved data packets must be signed to ensure their integrity authenticity and provenance. To ensure that these primitives are used in a meaningful way without imposing undue burdens on NDN users, the management of cryptographic keys and certificates needs to work in a simple, secure, and user-friendly way. This poster introduces the NDN Trust Management system (NDNCERT) which is designed to fill this need. NDNCERT provides flexible mechanisms to delegate trust between certificates, either within a single device (managing permissions for local applications on a node to operate under a given namespace) or across devices/entities. NDNCERT features a modular design for security challenges that establish trust through out-of-band means for certificate issuing. Once a node or an application obtains a valid certificate for its namespace (or being configured with a self-signed certificate), it automatically becomes a certificate authority for its namespace, and can use the same NDNCERT protocol to produce certificates for the sub-namespaces.
Adaptive Governance and Market Heterogeneity: An Institutional Analysis of an Urban Food System in Sub-Saharan Africa

African cities face immense challenges over the coming decades. As countries urbanize, African cities must maintain service provision for rapidly increasing populations, yet with limited resources. In particular, urban food systems must be able to cope with regional food shortages and catalyze (or at least enable) the distribution of food from diverse sources in order to ensure that the cost of food remains affordable for all of the segments of a city’s population. Food systems in most African cities are composed of wholesale sellers, formal markets, street vendors, shops, and increasingly large-scale international stores, creating an evolving landscape of food sources. At the same time, urban population growth can result in rapid changes in urban structure with new peri-urban development and transitions in socioeconomic status within existing areas. Governance plays an important role in the creation and coordination of formal and informal actors across different types of food providers. At the municipal level, new markets must be approved to keep pace with urban expansion. Within residential areas, market management committees must work to maintain traditional markets in the context of increasing competition from large-scale grocers and small-scale street vendors. We use household and market-level data that was collected in Lusaka, Zambia, to conduct an institutional analysis of residential areas to examine the interplay between households, public markets, and street vendors. Analysis of the city’s food system identifies a complex network of relationships featuring formal and informal governance arrangements, which may affect food system functionality.
Substrate binding to BamD triggers a conformational change in BamA to control membrane insertion

The β-barrel assembly machine (Bam) complex folds and inserts integral membrane proteins into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The two essential components of the complex, BamA and BamD, both interact with substrates, but how the two coordinate with each other during assembly is not clear. To elucidate aspects of this process we slowed the assembly of an essential β-barrel substrate of the Bam complex, LptD, by changing a conserved residue near the C terminus. This defective substrate is recruited to the Bam complex via BamD but is unable to integrate into the membrane efficiently. Changes in the extracellular loops of BamA partially restore assembly kinetics, implying that BamA fails to engage this defective substrate. We conclude that substrate binding to BamD activates BamA by regulating extracellular loop interactions for folding and membrane integration.
NOIDA: Noise-resistant Intra-cell Diagnosis

The goal of diagnosis is to identify defect locations and subsequently, identify the root cause so as to minimize (and ideally eliminate) the need for physical failure analysis. With advanced technology nodes, there has been an increasing number of front-end (i.e., within a standard cell) defects. Conventional diagnosis approaches typically fail to localize such defects. In addition, circuit-level noise can change the tester response in an unexpected way, and can decrease the quality of diagnosis. This work describes a noise-resistant approach called NOIDA (NOise-resistant Intra-cell DiAgnosis) for effectively diagnosing cell-level defects based on the analysis of the intra-cell physical neighborhoods surrounding likely defect locations. Defect behavior is derived based on the neighborhood, instead of relying on a specific fault model. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of NOIDA using a library of standard cells. The results show that for over 16,000 static and sequence-dependent defects, the method achieves an average resolution improvement of 12.1% over prior work with a small accuracy loss (specifically, 1.6%). Additionally, NOIDA is found to be more robust to noise in the tester response. Specifically, in the presence of noisy tester response, NOIDA attains an accuracy of 97.6% with an average resolution improvement of 48.6% over prior work.
Toward an Integrated Science of Morality

This chapter constructs a sociological mantle for morality and the mind by specifying broad theoretical traditions in the sociological literature on structure, culture, and interaction amenable to neuropsychological models of morality. Moral action does not take place in a vacuum; people are embedded in culture and social structure. We belong to families, groups, organizations, societies that shape and are shaped by our actions, thoughts and feelings. Research in sociology is well established to provide the essential links between human mind – extensively focused on within moral psychology – with society and culture. A comprehensive science of morality not only tests the neurological mechanisms involved in morality in artificial settings but is anchored in sociological understandings about how morality is shaped and activated in everyday human life.
The Challenges of Research into Nutrition and Aging

The role of nutrition in the process of aging has been receiving progressively more attention in recent years, reflecting the increasing numbers of old people in the population and the disproportionate demands they make on health care (Rowe, 1985). The proportion of people over 65 years of age varies from less than 5% in some underdeveloped areas of the world to over 16% in many parts of Western Europe. In the United States the proportion of elderly people has increased from 4% in 1900 to 11% in 1978 and is projected to be close to 14% by the end of the century (Brody and Brock, 1985). The impact of this on health care services can be appreciated from estimates made in Massachusetts (Katz et al., 1983) of the number of years after 65 that remain for independent living followed by the number of years of assisted living, the latter category meaning the need for help in rising from bed, bathing, dressing, or eating (Table I). Thus, for men aged 65–69 years, these periods average 9.3 years of independent living followed by 3.8 years of dependence; for women of 65–69 years, the projected periods are 10.6 and 8.9 years, respectively. The end of the period of independent living is presumably determined by degenerative changes in nervous system function, and the much longer survival of women in an assisted state probably represents the slower development of cardiovascular disease in the female because of the years of estrogen protection.
Apremilast in Combination With an Interleukin 17A Inhibitor in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Palmoplantar Psoriasis: A Chart Review

Background:Palmoplantar psoriasis (PPP) is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disorder affecting the palms and soles. Despite marked improvement in patient outcomes with use of biologic thera...
Correction for Lo et al., "The Bifunctional Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene, adhE, Is Necessary for Ethanol Production in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum".

Volume 197, no. 8, p. 1386–1393, 2015, [https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.02450-14][1]. We reported a G470T mutation in the lactate dehydrogenase ( ldh ) gene which resulted in an R157L amino acid mutation. After review of the genome resequencing data from this strain, it appears that the mutation is in
Robust Day-Ahead Operation Planning of Unbalanced Microgrids

The optimal energy management of microgrids in the face of uncertainty is a challenging task. It requires practical modeling of the microgrid along with an efficient decision-making tool to effectively improve the economical operation and power quality. This paper presents a robust optimization framework for the day-ahead operation planning of unbalanced three-phase microgrids. The operation planning problem is formulated in detail as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. This model includes the operational constraints pertaining to voltage unbalance, synchronous generator unbalance operation, and power unbalance at the point of common coupling. Linearization techniques are proposed to transform this problem into a mixed-integer linear programming model for which efficient solvers are available. Two-stage robust optimization is used to obtain a robust operation planning decision against realizations of uncertain renewable generation, real-time market price, and voltage-dependent load parameters. This problem is solved using the column and constraint generation algorithm. The IEEE 37-bus and a 60-bus feeders are used to validate the performance of the robust solution.
An investigation of a dynamic model of privacy trade-off in use of mobile social network applications: A longitudinal perspective

Abstract This study examines the dynamic relationship between perceived privacy concerns and use behaviors of a new social networking application (SNA) over time. By integrating the theory of belief updating and an extended privacy trade-off model from a longitudinal perspective as the basis for theoretical underpinning, this study proposes a privacy trade-off model showing the role of initial use and initial self-disclosure on updating users' pre-perceptions of using a new SNA to initial perceptions of using it. The trade-off between pre-privacy concern and pre-perceived benefit determines the initial SNA usage and self-disclosure behaviors. Then, initial privacy trade-off determines the continued use behavior and continued self-disclosure. Using an empirical data collected three phases from actual mobile app users, this study validates the proposed model and hypotheses. Including the proposed dynamic model of privacy trade-off, this study provides important contributions to theory and practice in the privacy literature.
Self-Evaluation in One-Shot Learning from Demonstration of Contact-Intensive Tasks.

Humans naturally "program" a fellow collaborator to perform a task by demonstrating the task few times. It is intuitive, therefore, for a human to program a collaborative robot by demonstration and many paradigms use a single demonstration of the task. This is a form of one-shot learning in which a single training example, plus some context of the task, is used to infer a model of the task for subsequent execution and later refinement. This paper presents a one-shot learning from demonstration framework to learn contact-intensive tasks using only visual perception of the demonstrated task. The robot learns a policy for performing the tasks in terms of a priori skills and further uses self-evaluation based on visual and tactile perception of the skill performance to learn the force correspondences for the skills. The self-evaluation is performed based on goal states detected in the demonstration with the help of task context and the skill parameters are tuned using reinforcement learning. This approach enables the robot to learn force correspondences which cannot be inferred from a visual demonstration of the task. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated using a vegetable peeling task.
The asymmetric log-Laplace distribution as a limiting case of the generalized beta distribution

Abstract The asymmetric log-Laplace (ALL) and the generalized beta distribution of the second kind (GB2) have been used in many applications. We demonstrate that the ALL is a limiting case of the GB2 and examine their ability to model stock returns.
Direct simulation Monte Carlo on petaflop supercomputers and beyond

The gold-standard definition of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is given in the 1994 book by Bird [Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows (Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 1994)], which refined his pioneering earlier papers in which he first formulated the method. In the intervening 25 years, DSMC has become the method of choice for modeling rarefied gas dynamics in a variety of scenarios. The chief barrier to applying DSMC to more dense or even continuum flows is its computational expense compared to continuum computational fluid dynamics methods. The dramatic (nearly billion-fold) increase in speed of the largest supercomputers over the last 30 years has thus been a key enabling factor in using DSMC to model a richer variety of flows, due to the method’s inherent parallelism. We have developed the open-source SPARTA DSMC code with the goal of running DSMC efficiently on the largest machines, both current and future. It is largely an implementation of Bird’s 1994 formulation. Here, we describe algorithms used in SPARTA to enable DSMC to operate in parallel at the scale of many billions of particles or grid cells, or with billions of surface elements. We give a few examples of the kinds of fundamental physics questions and engineering applications that DSMC can address at these scales.
Transportation and Recreational Infrastructure Development: Transport and Land Use Measures for Public Health Comparisons

AbstractUnderstanding how transportation and recreational development projects impact local communities, specifically with regard to public health, is critical for continued investment. The purpose...
Epigenome-Wide Association Study for All-Cause Mortality in a Cardiovascular Cohort Identifies Differential Methylation in Castor Zinc Finger 1 (CASZ1).

Background DNA methylation is implicated in many chronic diseases and may contribute to mortality. Therefore, we conducted an epigenome‐wide association study (EWAS) for all‐cause mortality with wh...
Whole-Genome Sequences of 66 Incompatibility Group FIB Plasmid-Carrying Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from Food Animal Sources

Sixty-six Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates carrying incompatibility group FIB (IncFIB) plasmids were sequenced to further characterize the IncFIB plasmid-encoded factors associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. In addition to the IncFIB plasmid, many of these isolates harbored additional plasmids encoding virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes.
The Geography of Emerging Global South Climate Change Litigation

Jacqueline Peel and Jolene Lin make an important contribution to the climate change litigation literature through their analysis of emerging climate change litigation in the Global South. Their article provides insights into patterns in that litigation and implications for how the cases may fit into transnational climate change governance. As Peel and Lin discuss, context matters greatly in establishing pathways for climate change litigation and determining regulatory impact. They acknowledge that the countries that they study as a group have significant differences among them and that these differences influence how this litigation is emerging. However, their article largely focuses on differences in legal systems and available legal mechanisms. This essay builds upon their article by considering how the geography of climate change interacts with this emerging litigation.
Publisher Correction: Stable isotope metabolomics of pulmonary artery smooth muscle and endothelial cells in pulmonary hypertension and with TGF-beta treatment

Author(s): Hernandez-Saavedra, Daniel; Sanders, Linda; Freeman, Scott; Reisz, Julie A; Lee, Michael H; Mickael, Claudia; Kumar, Rahul; Kassa, Biruk; Gu, Sue; D' Alessandro, Angelo; Stenmark, Kurt R; Tuder, Rubin M; Graham, Brian B | Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Automated Construction of Potential Energy Surfaces Suitable to Describe van der Waals Complexes with Highly Excited Nascent Molecules: The Rotational Spectra of Ar─CS(v) and Ar─SiS(v)

Some reactions produce extremely hot nascent products which nevertheless can form sufficiently long-lived van der Waals (vdW) complexes—with atoms or molecules from a bath gas—as to be observed via...
Ultrasound for the diagnosis of malrotation and volvulus in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context Despite the advantages of ultrasound (US), upper gastrointestinal contrast series (UGI) remains the first-line diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of midgut malrotation and volvulus in children. Objective Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of US in the diagnosis of malrotation with or without volvulus in children and adolescents aged 0–21 years, compared with the reference standard (diagnosis by surgery, UGI, CT, MRI, and clinical follow-up individually or as a composite). Data sources We searched the electronic databases Ovid-MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, and the Cochrane library in October 2019 and updated on 18 August 2020. Study selection Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of US for diagnosis of midgut malrotation with or without volvulus in children (0–21 years). Data extraction and synthesis The data were extracted independently by two authors and a bivariate model was used for synthesis. Results Meta-analysis of 17 cohort or cross-sectional studies and 2257 participants estimated a summary sensitivity of 94% (95% CI 89% to 97%) and summary specificity of 100% (95% CI 97% to 100%) (moderate certainty evidence) for the use of US for the diagnosis of malrotation with or without midgut volvulus compared with the reference standard. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression revealed better diagnostic accuracy in malrotation not complicated by volvulus, in the neonatal population and enteric fluid administration before US. Conclusions Moderate certainty evidence suggests excellent diagnostic accuracy and coupled with the advantages, a strong case exists for the use of abdominal US as the first-line diagnostic test for suspected midgut malrotation with or without volvulus in children and adolescents.
How we learn: why brains learn better than any machine … for now: by Stanislas Dehaene, New York, Viking, 2020, £20.15 (Hardback), £12.23 (Paperback), ISBN: 9780525559887

French neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene begins his newest book How we learn: why brains learn better than any machine … for now with a quote from MIT President L. Rafael Reif: “If we don’t know how...
Assessing Physical Activity After ACL Injury: Moving Beyond Return to Sport.

Context:Return to sport is widely utilized by sports medicine researchers and clinicians as a primary outcome of interest for successful recovery when working with young patients who have undergone...
Identified barriers and facilitators to stroke risk screening in children with sickle cell anemia: results from the DISPLACE consortium

Children with sickle cell anemia are at risk for stroke. Ischemic stroke risk can be identified among children ages 2–16 years with sickle cell anemia using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Despite strong recommendations for transcranial Doppler screening in guidelines released by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, implementation of transcranial Doppler screening in sickle cell anemia remains suboptimal. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to transcranial Doppler screening in a large national consortium to inform subsequent implementation interventions. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to conduct 52 semi-structured interviews with a sample of patients with sickle cell anemia, their parents or primary caregivers, and healthcare providers dispersed across the United States. Interviews took place from September 2018 through March 2019. Directed content analysis was conducted with an adapted version of the Multilevel Ecological Model of Health as an initial coding framework, completed July 2019. Frequency analysis was conducted to determine predominant barrier and facilitator themes. Fourteen barrier themes and 12 facilitator themes emerged representing all levels of the ecological framework. Two barrier themes (Logistical Difficulties and Competing Life Demands and Gaps in Scheduling and Coordination), and 5 facilitator themes (Coordination, Scheduling and Reminders; Education and Information; Provider and Staff Investment and Assistance; Positive Patient Experience; and Convenient Location) were predominant. Barriers and facilitators to transcranial Doppler screening in children with sickle cell anemia are complex and occur across multiple ecological levels. One barrier theme and 3 facilitator themes were found to be optimal to address in subsequent implementation interventions.
Update on Osteoporosis Screening and Management

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures. Central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements are the gold standard for determining bone mineral density. A well-balanced diet containing adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, exercise, smoking cessation, and limited alcohol intake are important to maintain bone health. Pharmacologic agents should be recommended in postmenopausal women who are at high risk for fractures. Newer anabolic therapies including teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab have emerged for use in severe osteoporosis.
The Effect of Strain on the Elastic Constants of Copper

Several years ago a technique was developed to produce thin films containing one-dimensional composition modulation (16). These foils were suited for studies of the effects of structure on their mechanical properties because of their well-defined and controllable structure. It was found that their elastic moduli were substantially higher than the homogeneous ones (9). It became apparent that the enhanced elastic modulus effect must be due to some very fundamental changes introduced by the one-dimensional composition modulation. The concept of an elastic strain corresponding with the state of stress produced in these layered structures is considered as an explanation for the increased moduli experimentally observed.
The Melting Temperature of Polymers: Theoretical and Experimental

The equilibrium melting temperature, Tm°, of a crystalline polymer, the melting temperature of a perfect crystal of infinite molecular weight, is a very important parameter. It reflects not only the molecular and conformational characteristics of a chain but when used in analyzing crystallization kinetics yields the interfacial free energy for nucleation. A difference of only a few degrees in Tm° can be significant in establishing basic crystallization mechanisms. Despite the importance of this melting temperature its direct experimental determination has proven to be very elusive. Consequently, recourse has been made to theory and to the development of extrapolative procedures of experimental data.
Communicating with Mars during periods of solar conjunction

A reliable communications link between Mars and Earth will be required during the initial phase of the human exploration of Mars. The direct communications link can easily be realized during most of the 780-day Earth-Mars synodic period, except when this link encounters increased intervening charged particles during superior solar conjunctions. The effects of solar charged particles are expected to corrupt the data signals to varying degrees. During superior solar conjunctions of interplanetary spacecraft, flight projects routinely scale down or suspend operations by invoking command moratoriums, reducing tracking schedules, and progressively lowering data rates. The actual operations scenarios will vary between flight projects and from conjunction to conjunction. This paper presents results of a study conducted to determine to what extent and by what techniques communications may be maintained throughout Mars-Sun-Earth superior conjunction periods that could occur during early human Mars exploration missions. Using a number of techniques discussed in this paper, it should be possible to maintain some degree of communication throughout all of the superior conjunctions occurring between 2015 and 2026, except for one occurring in 2023, in which actual occultation of the signal source by the Sun's disk occurs.
Work and Leisure: A Simplified Paradigm

Definitions of leisure have been both exclusive and inclusive. Although different definitions have been used by various students of leisure, the nature of the differences has not always been clear....
The Rise and Fall of the Shah: Iran from Autocracy to Religious Rule – By Amin Saikal

One suspects that Australian political scientist Amin Saikal conceptualized this book, first published in the immediate aftermath of the Islamic Revolution, as something other than a postmortem of ...
Toward Maximizing the Quality of Results of Dependent Tasks Computed Unreliably

This paper studies the problem of maximizing the number of correct results of dependent tasks computed unreliably. We consider a distributed system composed of a reliable server that coordinates the computation of a massive number of unreliable workers. Any worker computes correctly with probability p < 1. Any incorrectly computed task corrupts all dependent tasks. The goal is to determine which tasks should be computed by the (reliable) server and which by the (unreliable) workers, and when, so as to maximize the expected number of correct results, under a constraint d on the computation time. This problem is motivated by distributed computing applications that persist partial results of computations for future use in other computations and that want to ensure that the persisted results are of high quality. We show that this optimization problem is NP-hard. Then we study optimal scheduling solutions for the mesh with the tightest deadline. We present combinatorial arguments that describe all optimal solutions for two ranges of values of worker reliability p, when p is close to zero and when p is close to one.
Reflections on a Too Extreme Idea

The principal goal of science, stated in practical terms, is the mobilization of evidence in support of claims about the world. Evidence are data related to a claim. If there are no claims there can be no evidence; hence, without claims science cannot exist. In this essay, we illustrate and illuminate this syllogism with examples chosen from among the greatest scientific breakthroughs of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Computerized vs pencil and paper collection of network data

Computerized data collection is gaining favor among social scientists because it facilitates easy data management. Computerization is especially attractive to network researchers because of the large amount of data their studies require. This study sought to validate a computerized data collection technique by comparing it with a traditional pencil and paper survey. Results showed that the two produce comparable data, and that the computerized data shows somewhat higher criterion validity and test-retest reliability.
Effects of feeding dried grass pasture and a grain ration differing in rumen undegradable protein at two feeding frequencies on nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis during continuous culture

Abstract Four continuous culture fermenters were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of grain feeding frequency and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on nutrient utilization and microbial protein synthesis with high quality grass. Two grain rations fed two or four times per day were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with four replications. The grain rations contained 60% and 45% of CP as RUP, and similar total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content (64% of DM). Grain was fed separately from freeze dried, pelleted pasture (56% of DM). Fermenters were maintained at a liquid dilution rate of 12%/h and a solids retention time of 20 h. Regardless of RUP level or grain feeding frequency, true DM, OM, and CP digestibilities averaged 72.1%, 73.3%, and 61.8%, respectively with no differences due to treatments. Apparent digestibility of ADF, NDF, and TNC were also not affected by treatments, and averaged 55.9%, 46.2%, and 80.9%, respectively. The production of the major VFA (acetic, propionic, and butyric) were not affected by treatment and averaged 56.4, 21.2 and 16.3 Mmol/ml, respectively. The interaction of grain feeding frequency and dietary RUP content was significant for isovalerate production. Increasing the grain feeding frequency significantly increased valerate production. Ammonia N (NH 3 –N) concentration and flows were decreased with higher RUP supplementation, and by feeding grain 4X/day ( P 3 –N flows were also higher with 4X/day grain feeding. Feeding a high RUP grain reduced the CP percentage in bacteria and tended to cause a reduction in rumen pH ( P >0.10). The interaction of time during the day when pH was measured and feeding frequency was significant ( P
Coded Aperture Snapshot Imaging Based Spectral Classification

Coded aperture snapshot imaging (CASSI) is used for spectral classification in a compact form. A CASSI data cube is classified by using an adaptive cosine estimator (ACE), to detect target pixels, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data cube is improved by video stabilization (VS) technique.
RAPID RESOLUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE PNEUMOTHORAX (CAPNO-THORAX) RESULTING FROM DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURY DURING LAPAROSCOPIC NEPHRECTOMY

Diaphragmatic injury, albeit rare, is a recognized complication of renal surgery. Laparoscopic diaphragmatic injury and repair have been reported elsewhere.1, 2 Carbon dioxide pneumothorax, or more specifically, capno-thorax, is associated with laparoscopy and may warrant a different treatment strategy than standard air pneumothorax because of the relative solubility of carbon dioxide. We report a case of symptomatic capno-thorax resulting from diaphragmatic injury during radical nephrectomy with rapid spontaneous resolution. CASE REPORT
Lower Bounds for Shellsort

We show lower bounds on the worst-case complexity of Shellsort. In particular, we give a fairly simple proof of an ?(n(lg2n)/(lglgn)2) lower bound for the size of Shellsort sorting networks for arbitrary increment sequences. We also show an identical lower bound for the running time of Shellsort algorithms, again for arbitrary increment sequences. Our lower bounds establish an almost tight trade-off between the running time of a Shellsort algorithm and the length of the underlying increment sequence.
Coronary artery aneurysm. A review of the literature with a report of 11 new cases.

In a prospective study, 11 (1.5 percent) of 742 patients had angiographically proven coronary artery aneurysms. The clinical picture was similar to that of patients with severe coronary artery disease. The coronary artery aneurysms were multiple and were associated with extensive coronary atherosclerosis in ten of the 11 patients. Left ventricular function was impaired when measured by end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction. Segmental left ventricular contraction was severely abnormal. The abnormality of segmental contraction, distribution of coronary artery obstructions, and presence of collateral circulation were not different from other patients with severe occlusive coronary atherosclerosis. These 11 cases plus the 23 previously reported ante mortem form the total reported in world literature. The etiology of coronary artery aneurysms is most commonly atherosclerosis (17/34, or 50 percent). The natural history of this condition is not known. Because of the severe atherosclerosis and poor distal-vessel run-off, most patients are not considered good surgical candidates; however, 15 patients have had coronary arterial surgery, and 13 have survived the immediate postoperative period with some improvement of symptoms.
A particle-hole model for light scattering by simple fluids

Abstract The intensity, I , of depolarized light scattered by simple fluids is calculated by modeling the fluid as a dilute gas of dielectric spheres at low density and as a dilute gas of spherical holes in a dielectric continuum at high density. It is shown that a pair of spheres has more inherent scattering power than a pair of holes. Thus, at liquid density, I is smaller than would be predicted by using gas-phase scattering theory plus liquid-state statistics, as has generally been done in the past; the implications of our result for existing theories are discussed.
A new approach to computing chern classes of U(p)-valued lattice gauge fields

Abstract A generic, strictly continuous U(p)-valued lattice gauge field u on an ordered simplicial complex determines a principal U(p)-bundle ξ. Representative integer-valued cocyles are determined for the Chern classes of ξ. The computation of these cocycles requires solving systems of polynomial equations with coefficients coming from u but not numerical integration or cooling-type procedures.
Dissemination of beads coated with trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate: A possible role for coagulation in the dissemination process

When spread as a monolayer on the surface of hydrophobic beads and injected into mice, the mycobacterial glycolipid, trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, reproduces the biologic effects traditionally associated with virulent mycobacteria, including acute inflammation, granuloma formation, and immune adjuvancy. Repeated intraperitoneal injection of glycolipid-coated beads into young C57Bl/6 mice elicits a granulomatous peritonitis, with concomitant dissemination of beads from the peritoneum to distant organs. Glycolipid-coated beads which disseminate from the peritoneum to other sites elicit neither acute inflammation nor granulomata. The coagulation system may be involved in the dissemination of glycolipid-coated beads as evidenced by the following: fibrinogen is a necessary cofactor of the trehalose dimycolate monolayer; diffuse peritoneal and pulmonary hemorrhage accompanies bead dissemination; peritoneal exudate collected shortly after intraperitoneal injection of glycolipid-coated beads is enriched in coagulant activity; coagulability of blood from trehalose dimycolate-treated animals is reduced; and anticoagulation inhibits the inflammatory response to glycolipid-coated beads. In this report, the dissemination of trehalose dimycolate-coated beads is characterized, and a role for the coagulation system in this process is proposed.
Comparison of 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid with carbonyl group content as a marker of oxidized protein in human and mouse liver tissues

Previous studies indicate that 5-hydroxy-2-amino valeric acid (HAVA) is an excellent marker of oxidized arginine and proline in purified proteins. We report here experiments testing the specificity of the HAVA assay technique using the unpurified 100,000 x g supernatant fraction prepared from mice and human liver tissue. Results are compared to carbonyl group analysis on the same tissue samples. Mice at ages 3, 12, and 30 months were exposed to 100% oxygen. Results showed a significant increase of HAVA content in each age group. No significant changes were found in carbonyl group content. Because it has been reported that carbonyl group content increases with age, we applied the HAVA assay to reexamine this question. Using mice of 1 to 30 months of age, we failed to detect any significance difference in either HAVA or carbonyl group content. However, on using human liver samples a significant decrease from age 16 to 40 years and then an increase to 85 years of age was found for both HAVA and carbonyl groups. Liver proteins may be oxidized from hydrogen peroxide produced from the cytochrome P450 detoxification system. This possibility was supported by a significant positive correlation found between HAVA and cytochrome P450 content in 18 human individuals of different ages.
QUANTUM HALL-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS IN LATTICE MODELS WITH STRONG DISORDER

We report results of numerical studies of the integer quantum Hall effect in a tight-binding model on a two-dimensional square lattice with noninteracting electrons, in the presence of a random potential as well as a uniform magnetic field applied perpendicular to the lattice. We consider field magnitudes such that the area per flux quantum is commensurate with the lattice structure. Topological properties of the single electron wave functions are used to identify current carrying states that are responsible for the quantized Hall conductance. We study the interplay between the magnetic field and the disorder, and find a universal pattern with which the current carrying states are destroyed by increasing disorder strength, and the system driven into an insulating state. We also discuss how to interpolate results of lattice models to the continuum limit. The relationship to previous theoretical and experimental studies of quantum Hall insulator transitions in strongly disordered systems at low-magnetic fields is discussed.
Effects of Parental Weight and Fatness on Relative Weight and Fatness of Young Children Comparison of Cross-Sectional and Prospective Clinical Data

Fatness follows family lines. %in and adoption studies suggest that genetic factors play a major role in the familial transmission of fatness,'-I4 although environmental influences are also recogni~ed.~ The fatness of young children as a function of the fatness of their mothers is examined in data selected from a cross-sectional epidemiological study (Ten-State Nutrition Survey) and a prospective clinical study. Only data from obese (0) or nonobese white women and children were included.