cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Comments On: A Historical Note On The Proof Of The Area Of A Circle

In a recent paper by Wilamowsky et al. [6], an intuitive proof of the area of the circle dating back to the twelfth century was presented. They discuss challenges made to this proof and offer simple rebuttals to these challenges. The alternative solution presented by them is simple and elegant and can be explained rather easily to non-mathematics majors. As business school faculty ourselves, we are in agreement with the authors. Our article is motivated by them and we present yet another alternative method. While we do not make an argument that our proposed method is any simpler, we do feel it may be easier to communicate to business school students. In addition, we present a solution using a rectangle which could be left as an exercise for the student after a brief explanation in class. Finding the area of a stack of rectangles with a rectangle as a starting point may seem redundant at first. However, we show that it is actually an excellent algebraic exercise for students since it offers a certain challenge which a square does not. We also solve this exercise using the quicker triangular approach and feel it can be appreciated by students in an Introduction to Calculus course. We also provide two interesting links that demonstrate the work of the ancient mathematicians for this well known problem.
Africentric philosophy: A remedy for eurocentric dominance

This chapter juxtaposes Africentrism and Eurocentrism, leading to suggestions for creating a practice that avoids the reproduction of oppression arising from adult education's overreliance on a Eurocentric worldview.
The Morphological Evolution of the MoO3(010) Surface during Reactions in Methanol-Air Mixtures

Abstract Atomic force microscopy has been used to characterize the evolution of MoO 3 (010) growth and cleavage surfaces during reactions with air–N 2 –MeOH mixtures between 200 and 300°C. At reaction temperatures ≥250°C, closed step loops, bounded by undercoordinated surface Mo sites, nucleate and grow as the (010) surface volatilizes in a nearly layer-by-layer fashion. The density and crystallography of the new surface sites depend on the composition of the gas mixture in the reactor. In air-rich environments, the step loops have a rectangular shape and are elongated along 〈001〉. At any instant, only the uppermost one or two (010) layers are affected by the process. As the concentration of O 2 in the feed is reduced, the shape evolves to elongated triangles oriented along 〈100〉 and the loops exist on multiple layers simultaneously. During reactions, the observed linear step edge densities can increase from 1×10 3 /cm to greater than 1.5×10 5 /cm. The potential influence of these undercoordinated surface Mo sites on the reactivity of particles with different aspect ratios is discussed.
Chromophore-protein-water interactions in the L intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin: FTIR study of the photoreaction of L at 80 K.

Using FTIR spectroscopy, perturbations of several residues and internal water molecules have been detected when light transforms all-trans bacteriorhodopsin (BR) to its L intermediate having a 13-cis chromophore. Illumination of L at 80 K results in an intermediate L‘ absorbing around 550 nm. L‘ thermally converts to the original BR only at >130 K. In this study, we used the light-induced transformation of L to L‘ at 80 K to identify some amino acid residues and water molecules that closely interact with the chromophore and distinguish them from those residues not affected by the photoreaction. The L minus L‘ FTIR difference spectrum shows that the chromophore in L‘ is in the all-trans configuration. The perturbed states of Asp96 and Val49 and of the environment along the aliphatic part of the retinal and Lys216 seen in L are not affected by the L → L‘ photoreaction. On the other hand, the environments of the Schiff base of the chromophore, of Asp115, and of water molecules close to Asp85 returned in L‘ t...
Suicide in older adults: the role of emotions and cognition

Suicide in older adults is a significant clinical concern. In this review of recent findings, we concentrate on the role of emotions and cognition in suicide risk and behavior in older adults. We discuss the epidemiology of suicide in older adults, integrate recent findings on non-psychotic major depression, schizophrenia and suicidal ideation, explore the relationship of emotion regulation with suicide, present recent advances on suicide in demented patients, and describe the latest developments on cognition and decision processes in suicide.
Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults

Using data from a national probability sample of heterosexual U.S. adults (N = 2,281), the present study describes the distribution and correlates of men’s and women’s attitudes toward transgender people. Feeling thermometer ratings of transgender people were strongly correlated with attitudes toward gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals, but were significantly less favorable. Attitudes toward transgender people were more negative among heterosexual men than women. Negative attitudes were associated with endorsement of a binary conception of gender; higher levels of psychological authoritarianism, political conservatism, and anti-egalitarianism, and (for women) religiosity; and lack of personal contact with sexual minorities. In regression analysis, sexual prejudice accounted for much of the variance in transgender attitudes, but respondent gender, educational level, authoritarianism, anti-egalitarianism, and (for women) religiosity remained significant predictors with sexual prejudice statistically controlled. Implications and directions for future research on attitudes toward transgender people are discussed.
1/ƒ noise in diffused and ion-implanted MOS capacitors

Abstract Noise measurements in p-type diffused and ion-implanted MOS capacitors were conducted. It was found that there are three sources of 1/ƒ noise: (1) number fluctuation 1/ƒ noise. It is due to the interaction of holes with the surface oxide. (2) Bulk mobility fluctuation 1/ƒ noise. It is due to the fluctuation in the bulk mobility. (3) Modulation 1/ƒ noise. When inversion becomes important electrons in the inversion layer begin to interact with oxide traps. This gives rise to fluctuations in the surface potential, which in turn gives a 1/ƒ modulation of the surface mobility or a direct modulation of the bulk resistance. The above experiment proves in a unique way that the two existing (1) and (2) models for the MOSFET can be observed simultaneously and lead to a surface potential fluctuating in a 1/ƒ fashion.
Coronary artery bypass grafting with the internal thoracic artery in patients over age 70

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether there was higher mortality and morbidity in patients older than 70 years of age compared to those younger than 70 years who had coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The second objective was to determine whether the internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts in patients aged more than 70 years were safe and beneficial. Patients were divided into 2 groups: “elderly” (125 patients aged 70 years or more) or “younger” (765 patients younger than 70 years). Early and long-term results and the incidence of postoperative complications were compared. The elderly group was subdivided into 96 patients in whom ITA grafts were used for CABG (elderly ITA) and 29 patients in whom only saphenous vein grafts (SVG) were used (elderly SVG). Hospital mortality was higher in elderly patients than in younger patients. There was no significant difference in hospital mortality between elderly ITA and elderly SVG patients. The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in elderly patients than younger patients. When comparing postoperative surgical complications between elderly ITA and elderly SVG patients, no significant differences were noted. Although the mortality after CABG was slightly higher in elderly patients than in younger patients, most of the elderly long-term survivors were able to lead ordinary lives. These results suggest that the use of the ITA in elderly patients did not increase the operative risk and postoperative surgical complications, and may have reduced the incidence of late cardiac events.
Forwards and backwards: women's soccer in twentieth-century India.

Women's soccer has hardly been given due attention in existing studies on Indian sport. This essay traces the evolution of the women's game in India, locating it in the politico-economic context of the 1930s. With the establishment of the All India Women's Congress in 1918, attempts were made to give women a voice absent through the nineteenth century. As part of this broader movement for emancipation, sport, especially cricket and football, gained currency among Indian women. Period vernacular tracts commented on the virtues of these sports, claiming that sporting prowess would stimulate the movement for women's emancipation. Using the film Bend it Like Beckham as an entry point, which portrays the story of a modern young British Sikh girl who aspires to be a professional footballer, this essay attempts to retrieve the lost history of Indian women's football. It also deals with the sad plight of women footballers in modernday India, the reasons behind the dismal state of the game, and offers comments on ...
Less pain, same gain: The effects of priming fairness in price negotiations

This research demonstrates that, by priming a consideration for fairness, a seller can increase a buyer's satisfaction without sacrificing profit. In simulated negotiations, participants primed to consider fairness demonstrated more cooperative behavior, making greater concessions that led to faster agreement. Fairness-primed buyers consequently had a more positive attitude toward the seller and expressed significantly greater positive subjective disconfirmation of their expectations. These results show how self-interest and social utility can work in concert once a concern for fairness is activated. The results support the Models of Social Utility and Group Identification and confirm the Expectancy Disconfirmation Model of Negotiations. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A new test of delayed hypersensitivity to measles virus in vitro

The purpose of these studies was to develop an in vitro method for the demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity to measles virus. Using cell lines chronically infected with measles virus, a lymphocyte-target cell interaction was studied, using morphology or Cr51 release as an end point. Preliminary morphologic studies employing control and chronically infected HeLa cells indicated a greater cytotoxic effect with lymphocytes from children previously immunized with live measles vaccine than in unimmunized controls. All subsequent studies employed two human fibroblast lines, one infected (WI-M1) and one normal (WI-38). The WI-Ml carries measles antigen at the cell surface in steady state replication. Modifying the cytotoxic method of Holm and Perlmann, lymphocytes purified by glass bead adsorption were added to Cr51 labelled target cells in a ratio of 100:1. The release of Cr51 in excess of background was interpreted as a measure of lymphocytotoxic factor. The percentage release of Cr51 from WI-M1-38 and WI-38 cells was determined in a group of 8 seropositive adults with no history of clinical measles. The results showed that lymphocytes from the adults with measles effected as much as a 13% increase in Cr51 release from WI-M1 as compared to WI-38 cells. The lymphocytes from the two individuals with negative histories showed a much diminished release. These results indicate that the measurement of lymphocytotoxic response may be a useful in vitro method for studying delayed hypersensitivity to measles virus.
Optical altimetry: a new method for observing rotating fluids with applications to Rossby and inertial waves on a polar beta-plane

The entire free-surface elevation field of a rotating fluid in the laboratory can be imaged and analysed, by using it as a parabolic Newtonian telescope mirror. This ‘optical altimetry’ readily achieves a precision of better than 1 μm of surface elevation. The surface topography corresponds to the pressure field just beneath the surface. It is the streamfunction for the geostrophic hydrostatic circulation, which can be resolved to better than 0.1 mm s−1. Still and animated images thus produced, of the entire surface elevation field, are of value in themselves, and using a projected image (a speckle pattern), have the promise of providing quantitative slope and height field data recovered by PIV (particle imaging velocimetry) techniques. With homogeneous fluid, geostrophic flow is the same at all depths. Yet of equal interest are sheared stratified rotating flows where the surface pressure is associated with inertial waves, convection, and other motions, geostrophic or ageostrophic.Although the technique is designed for experiments in which Coriolis effects are strong, it is possible to use reflective imaging for flows at such high Rossby number that Coriolis effects are negligible, and hence this becomes a tool of more general interest in non-rotating fluid dynamics (for example, illuminating surface gravity waves).Examples are given, involving (i) the Taylor–Proudman effect with very slow flows over topography; (ii) quasi-geostrophic and inertial-wave flows over a mountain (f-plane); (iii) inertial waves generated by oscillatory forcing; (iv) Kelvin waves (v) free oscillatory Rossby waves on a polar β-plane; and (vi) stationary waves, blocking, jets and wakes with β-plane zonal flow past a mountain. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
Mineralogical and geochemical controls on the release of trace elements from slag produced by base- and precious-metal smelting at abandoned mine sites

Slag collected from smelter sites associated with historic base-metal mines contains elevated concentrations of trace elements such as Cu, Zn and Pb. Weathering of slag piles, many of which were deposited along stream banks, potentially may release these trace elements into the environment. Slags were sampled from the Ely and Elizabeth mines in the Vermont copper belt, from the copper Basin mining district at Ducktown, Tennessee and from the Clayton silver mine in the Bayhorse mining district, Idaho, in the USA. Primary phases in the slags include: olivine-group minerals, glass, spinels, sulfide minerals and native metals for Vermont samples; glass, sulfide minerals and native metals for the Ducktown sample; and olivine-group minerals, clinopyroxenes, spinels, sulfide minerals, native metals and other unidentified metallic compounds for Clayton slag. Olivine-group minerals and pyroxenes are dominantly fayalitic and hedenbergitic in composition, respectively and contain up to 1.25 wt.% ZnO. Spinel minerals range between magnetite and hercynite in composition and contain Zn (up to 2.07 wt.% ZnO), Ti (up to 4.25 wt.% TiO2) and Cr (up to 1.39 wt.% Cr2O3). Cobalt, Ni, Cu, As, Ag, Sb and Pb occur in the glass phase, sulfides, metallic phases and unidentified metallic compounds. Bulk slag trace-element chemistry shows that the metals of the Vermont and Tennessee slags are dominated by Cu (1900–13,500 mg/kg) and Zn (2310–10,200 mg/kg), whereas the Clayton slag is dominated by Pb (63,000 mg/kg), Zn (19,700 mg/kg), Cu (7550 mg/kg), As (555 mg/kg), Sn (363 mg/kg) and Ag (200 mg/kg). Laboratory-based leach tests indicate metals can be released under simulated natural conditions. Leachates from most slags were found to contain elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn (up to 1800 and 470 μg/l, respectively), well in excess of the acute toxicity guidelines for aquatic life. For the Idaho slag, the concentration of Pb in the leachate (11,000 μg/l) is also in excess of the acute toxicity guideline. Geochemical modeling of the leachate chemistry suggests that leachates from the Vermont, Tennessee and Clayton slags are saturated with amorphous silica and Al hydroxide. Therefore, the dissolution of silicate and oxide phases, the oxidation of sulfide phases, as well as the precipitation of secondary phases may control the composition of leachate from slags. The presence of secondary minerals on slag deposits in the field is evidence that these materials are reactive. The petrographic data and results of leaching tests from this study indicate slag may be a source of potentially toxic metals at abandoned mine sites.
Luminescence and optical absorption of conjugated poly-phenylene-vinylene polymers

The semiconducting conjugated polymers, poly-phenylene-vinylene (PPV), are studied using linear and non-linear optical spectroscopy methods: ultra-fast optical spectroscopy, optical absorption, and luminescence. Study of polarization resolved absorption and excitation spectra at room temperature revealed strong anisotropy of the optical responses. Microscopic interpretation of the results is based of the first principal analysis of the electronic structure of PPV using the density functional theory (DFT). The dominant contribution of the optical excitations in visible spectral range is related to the delocalized pi-electronics of the PPV chains. Time-resolved luminescence measurements indicate the separate contributions from electronic transitions associated to the localized and delocalized electrons in PPV.
Volatile selenium flux from the great Salt Lake, Utah

The removal mechanisms that govern Se concentrations in the Great Salt Lake are unknown despite this terminal lake being an avian habitat of hemispheric importance. However, the volatilization flux of Se from the Great Salt Lake has not been previously measured due to challenges of analysis in this hypersaline environment. This paper presents results from recent field studies examining the spatial distribution of dissolved volatile Se (areally and with depth) in the south arm (main body) of the Great Salt Lake. The analyses involved collection of dissolved volatile Se in a cryofocusing trap system via sparging with helium. The cryotrapped volatile Se was digested with nitric acid and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results show concentrations of dissolved volatile Se that increase with depth in the shallow brine, suggesting that phytoplankton in the open waters and bioherms in shallow sites (<4 m in depth) may be responsible for volatile Se production. Volatile Se flux t...
Development of an open-source GSM femtocell and integrated core infrastructure

Open source development applied to cellular GSM technology is a fairly recent, but growing, concept. Another trend is the continually growing capability of low-power embedded processors, which makes them increasingly suitable for open source GSM applications. This paper applies two open source software packages, OpenBTS and OpenBSC, to an readily available embedded hardware platform, the Universal Hardware Radio Peripheral (USRP) E100. The USRP E100 device is a heterogeneous processor platform designed for software-defined radio use. The result is an embedded base station that can be deployed in standalone configuration or as part of a larger GSM network. A software radio transceiver implementation is presented that leverages optimized capabilities of all available processors: a general purpose ARM processor, DSP, and FPGA. Comparative performance measures are also provided.
Measurements of Nematic Elastic Constants near a Second Order Nematic-Smectic- A Phase Change

The splay and bend elastic constants of nematic $p$-cyanobenzylidene-${p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-octyloxyaniline have been measured as a function of temperature. The bend constant diverges near the nematic-smectic-$A$ phase change, with the temperature dependence predicted by de Gennes. The splay constant shows no anomaly, as expected.
In liberty's shadow: the discourse of refugees and asylum seekers in critical race theory and immigration law/politics

This article addresses the potential that a kind of engaged research can have in current battles for social justice and in the transformation of college curricula as a way to recover the original critical spirit of ethnic studies. Building on critical race theory, I discuss the work of NGOs such as Human Rights First and Americans for Immigrant Justice on behalf of Haitian refugees and the role of literature in inspiring human rights actions that might redefine practices of citizenship and belonging. At a time when the United States recognises the rights of refugees but criminalises the search for asylum, coalition building between ethnic studies discourse, the legal academy and the community is vital to affirm and protect the internationally recognised rights of refugees. Crucial in this process is the role played by stories as a way to humanise the often impersonal topic of the immigration debate.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLUNTEERS AND NONVOLUNTEERS IN A HIGH-DEMAND SELF-RECORDING STUDY

Summary.-Research combining time- or event-sampling techniques with diary methods in naturalistic settings has become increasingly popular in recent years. Advantages of such procedures include the enhancement o€ the ecological validity of the research as compared to traditional laboratory studies and the elunination of the bias in retrospective recall of traditional diary studies. However, such research places a relatively high demand on participants' time, effort, and willingness to self-report and self-disclose. To examine whether this demand influences the decision to volunteer. participants in a week-long Experience Sampling Method study were compared with persons who declined to participate. Potential diierences between the groups were assessed for person&ty, adjustment, and demographic variables. Analysis indicated that the volunteers, as compared to the nonvolunteers, were less anxious, less kely to employ pathological defensive styles, and over-all were a better adjusted group. The results may reflect a tendency of more poorly adjusted individuals to avoid volunteering for research which they perceive may cause them to experience greater stress and anxiety.
Religion, flesh, and blood : Re-creating religious culture in the context of HIV/AIDS

This ethnography of an African-American AIDS ministry in Los Angeles aims to provide insight as to why this congregation is able to: transcend constraints imposed by traditional religious institu tions; address the health, spiritual, and social needs of its parishioners without losing sight of its reli gious traditions; and, at all times, maintain an AlDS-activist orientation. The focus is on the con gregations distinct religious-therapeutic culture. Through processes of ideological reconstruction, the congregation enables a consonance between religious traditions and its members' unique identities. The reworking of dominant Christian ideology is exemplified in how the pastor has re-framed the divine, in how he has incorporated psycho-therapeutic elements into religious rituals, in his method of exegesis, and in how he has reworked the sacred-profane divide. But as a separatist religious organi zation, this congregation also offers alternative and oppositional religious and social cultures, provid ing a familiar and empowering site for its members.
Dimer acid structures. The dehydro-dimer from methyl oleate and Di-t-butyl peroxide

The dehydro-dimer of methyl oleate was prepared and its structure determined as a model of a non-ring dimer for reference in studying the structure of other fatty dimer acids.
Partial oxidation of methane and the effect of sulfur on catalytic activity and selectivity

Abstract Partial oxidation of methane into syngas was conducted over fresh and sulfided catalysts at a temperature range of 450–750 °C. The temperature dependence of conversion, H2/CO ratio, and the CO2 concentration were measured for both fresh and sulfided catalysts. Regardless of metal type, metal loading, support type, and the methods of preparation it appears that all the fresh catalysts were very active and conversions of higher than 70% with H2/CO ratio of about 2 were observed at 750 °C. Pulse sulfidation appears to be reversible for some of the catalysts but not for all. Under pulse sulfidation conditions, the Rh(0.5%)/Al2O3 and NiMg2Ox-1100 °C (solid solution) catalysts were fully regenerated after reduction with hydrogen. Rh catalyst showed the best overall activity, less carbon deposition, both fresh and when it was exposed to pulses of H2S. Sulfidation under steady-state conditions, flowing H2S/Ar mixture over the catalysts, significantly reduce catalyst activity. The catalysts were characterized before and after reaction with H2S using temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction, and XPS.
Responding to technological change: Why some firms do and others die

Abstract This paper addresses the question of why some firms are more effective than others at responding to competency-destroying technological changes. A conceptual model is developed which suggests that responsiveness is a function of how firm's develop their “absorptive capacity” (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990). The critical role played by the firm's technology sourcing practices is discussed. The macro processes of technical and economic change are also considered, in terms of how they shape the firm's technology sourcing strategy.
Response to comments on “The fatigue endurance limit of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass”

We respond to comments made regarding the large discrepancies in the high cycle fatigue life of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass when measured using four-point bending and notched tensile rod configurations. We reiterate our initial conclusions that the present of strong stress gradients and reduced stress at the fatigue initiation site together with the reduced sampling volume of the notched tensile rod experiments are the reasons for the large reported differences. Further stress life results measured using uniaxial tensile specimens are reported that are consistent with data from the four-point bending specimens.
N-Acetylaspartate as a reservoir for glutamate

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is an intermediary metabolite that is found in relatively high concentrations in the human brain. More specifically, NAA is so concentrated in the neurons that it generates one of the most visible peaks in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, thus allowing NAA to serve as "a neuronal marker". However, to date there is no generally accepted physiological (primary) role for NAA. Another molecule that is found at similar concentrations in the brain is glutamate. Glutamate is an amino acid and neurotransmitter with numerous functions in the brain. We propose that NAA, a six-carbon amino acid derivative, is converted to glutamate (five carbons) in an energetically favorable set of reactions. This set of reactions starts when aspartoacylase converts the six carbons of NAA to aspartate and acetate, which are subsequently converted to oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA, respectively. Aspartylacylase is found in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the mitochondria, oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA are combined to form citrate. Requiring two steps, the citrate is oxidized in the Kreb's cycle to alpha-ketoglutarate, producing NADH. Finally, alpha-ketoglutarate is readily converted to glutamate by transaminating the alpha-keto to an amine. The resulting glutamate can be used by multiple cells types to provide optimal brain functional and structural needs. Thus, the abundant NAA in neuronal tissue can serve as a large reservoir for replenishing glutamate in times of rapid or dynamic signaling demands and stress. This is beneficial in that proper levels of glutamate serve critical functions for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes including their survival. In conclusion, we hypothesize that NAA conversion to glutamate is a logical and favorable use of this highly concentrated metabolite. It is important for normal brain function because of the brain's relatively unique metabolic demands and metabolite fluxes. Knowing that NAA is converted to glutamate will be important for better understanding myriad neurodegenerative diseases such as Canavan's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis, to name a few. Future studies to demonstrate the chemical, metabolic and pathological links between NAA and glutamate will support this hypothesis.
Three patterns of mitochondrial DNA nucleotide divergence in the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus.

The DNA sequence was determined for the cytochrome c oxidase II (COII), tRNALys, and ATPase 8 genes from the mitochondrial genome of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. When compared to other rodents, three different patterns of evolutionary divergence were found. Nucleotide variation in tRNALys is concentrated in the TΨC loop. Nucleotide variation in the COII gene in three genera of rodents (Microtus, Mus, Rattus) consists predominantly of transitions in the third base positions of codons. The predicted amino acid sequence in highly conserved (>92% similarity). Analysis of the ATPase 8 gene among four genera (Microtus, Cricetulus, Mus, Rattus) revealed more detectable transversions than transitions, many fixed first and second position mutations, and considerable amino acid divergence. The rate of nucleotide substitution at nonsynonymous sites in the ATPase 8 gene is 10 times the rate in the COII gene. In contrast, the estimated absolute mutation rate as determined by analysis of nucleotide substitutions at fourfold degenerate sites probably is the same for the two genes. The primary sequences of the ATPase 8 and COII peptides are constrained differently, but each peptide is conserved in terms of predicted secondary-level configuration.
Federal Regulations as They Relate to Underground Waste Management: ABSTRACT

The basic authority for federal enforcement in water pollution is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Public Law 84-660, as amended, 33 USC 1151). The Environmental Protection Agency has been charged with the administration and enforcement of this act. The act declares the policy of Congress "to recognize, preserve and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of the states in preventing and controlling water pollution." The 3 basic enforcement tools of the Environmental Protection Agency are the "Enforcement Conference" as set out in P.L. 84-660, as amended; the "180-day Notice" under the Water Quality Standards provisions of P.L. 84-660, as amended; and the "Permit Program" as authorized by Executive Order No. 11574, December 23, 1970, to enforce the 1899 Refuse Act (33 USC 407). One significant policy of EPA was announced October 15, 1970, stating opposition to the disposal or storage of wastes by subsurface injection except where it is used as a last resort and meets certain criteria set out in the policy statement. On June 25, 1971, EPA released its "Guidelines on Water Pollution Enforcement." The general guidelines for selection of cases are: (1) volume and nature of discharges, (2) effects on receiving waters, (3) failure of dischargers to make satisfactory progress in abatement efforts, and (4) relationship to an area-wide program. The general guideline for use of the Refuse Act is that it may be used at the present time only against industries. It is applicable only to navigable waters and their tributaries. It is applicable regardless of interstate effects. The Water Quality Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-234) requires the establishment of water quality standards for interstate waters by the states, together with an implementation and enforcement plan. Should the state not establish such standards, there is provision for the Administrator of EPA to promulgate the water quality standards. The private nuisance suit is an old and long-used remedy available to the private citizen. Some new state legislation now provides for class actions in pollution cases. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2085------------
Enumeration of Radiation‐Resistant, Nonsporeforming Bacteria

A new method was developed to enumerate radiation-resistant, nonsporeforming bacteria. Micrococcus spp. and two isolates of the Moraxella-Acinetobacter group were used as representatives of radiation-resistant bacteria. Soil samples were used to provide spores of a mixed flora. Samples were prepared in reconstituted nonfat dry milk solids, litmus milk and meat serum to evaluate the method in a food system. Three doses of 300 Krad each, separated with 1 hr incubations between each dose, were found to produce a maximum reduction in spores with a minimum reduction in radiation-resistant bacteria.
Primary uranophane from the Ambrosia Lake Uranium District, Grants Mineral Belt, USA

Uranophane (Ca(UO~)2(SiO.qOH)~) and most other U(VI)-b~a>ing mineffals found in the Grants Mineral Belt, USA, are commonly interpreted as secondary in origin (Granger, 1963). Most of the U(VI)-bearing minerals form as oxidation products of U(IV)-bearing ore minerals such as coffinite or pitchblende, and occur as fracture fillings, coatings on U(IV)-minerals, and in one instance (Moench, 1963) in the contact zone of a diabase intrusive into sandstone. In these cases where oxidation of U(IV)bearing minerals is involved, the U(VI)bearing species are closely associated with remnant coffinite (or other U(IV)bearing species), pyrite or marcasite (or gossan after these minerals), oxidized organic carbonaceous matter, and, commonly, primary Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals. The Fe(II)-bearing clay minerals have commonly armored the primary U(IV)-ore and pyrite-marcasite and part of the organic carbonaceous matter is so intimately mixed with the clay minerals that at least part of it has been preserved from destruction during oxidation.
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Longevity and Oviposition of the Codling Moth

The average longevity of adult Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) was extended 2.1-7.3 days when mature pupae of either sex were treated with 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 krad of gamma radiation. The longevity of males treated as adults was unaffected by 25, 35, or 45 krad but was increased 0.8-2.0 days by 30 or 40 krad. The longevity of females treated as adults was unaffected at 25 or 45 krad, but was increased 2.2-6.2 days by a treatment of 30, 35, or 40 krad. The number of eggs deposited by females from treated pupae was not determined, but among females irradiated as adults and allowed to mate with normal males, the number of eggs deposited was significantly reduced. Reductions in numbers of eggs deposited by treated females ranged 2- to 18-fold below that of untreated females mated with untreated males. Among normal adult females allowed to mate with treated males, the effect of treatment on oviposition was not significant.
The Temperature Dependence of the Electron-rubidium Spin-Exchange Cross Section

The low-energy scattering of electrons from alkali atoms is of considerable theoretical interest because of the relative simplicity of the scattering problem. Spin-exchange optical pumping experiments provide a convenient means for studying electron-alkali atom collisions at thermal energies. In such experiments, free electrons are polarized in a weak magnetic field by spin-exchange collisions with optically-pumped alkali atoms. If an rf field is applied at the electron spin resonance frequency, the electrons are depolarized and spin-exchange collisions partially depolarize the alkali atoms. The depolarization of the alkali atoms results in a decrease in the intensity of the pumping light transmitted by the optical-pumping cell. In this way, one can observe the free electron spin resonance.
Hochauflösungs-Massenspektren von Cephalosporin-C-Derivaten

Die Massenspektren von 7-Phenylacetamido-bzw. 7-Phenoxyacetamido-cephalosporansauremethylester (I und II) wurden aufgenommen und die durch Elektronenbeschus ausgeloste Fragmentierung dieser Molekule diskutiert. Genaue Massenbestimmung der einzelnen Bruchstucke erlaubte das Auffinden der jeweiligen Elementarzusammensetzung, was die Interpretation der Spektren trotz der Anwesenheit mehrerer Heteroatome auf eine gesicherte Basis stellt.
Inhibition of cyclic GMP hydrolysis with zaprinast reduces basal and cyclic AMP-elevated L-type calcium current in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) has been shown to be an important modulator of cardiac contractile function. A major component of cGMP regulation of contractility is cGMP-mediated inhibition of the cardiac calcium current (ICa). An under-appreciated aspect of cyclic nucleotide signalling is hydrolysis of the cyclic nucleotide (i.e., breakdown by phosphodiesterases (PDEs)). The role of cGMP hydrolysis in regulating ICa has not been studied. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate if inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis can modulate ICa in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Zaprinast, a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific PDE (PDE5), caused a significant increase in cGMP levels in myocytes, but was without affect on basal or β-adrenergic stimulated cAMP levels (consistent with its actions as a specific inhibitor of PDE5). Zaprinast inhibited ICa that was pre-stimulated with cAMP elevating agents (isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist; or forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase). The effect of zaprinast was greatly reduced by KT5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Zaprinast also significantly inhibited basal ICa when perforated-patch or whole-cell recording with physiological pipette calcium concentration (10−7M) was used. However, this effect was not observed when using standard calcium-free whole-cell recording conditions. These results indicate that inhibition of cGMP hydrolysis can decrease both basal and cAMP-stimulated ICa. Thus, cGMP hydrolysis may likely be an important step for physiological modulation of ICa. This regulation may also be important in disease states in which cGMP production is increased and PDE5 expression is altered, such as heart failure. British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 138, 986–994. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705112
Regulation of the Neuron-specific Ras GTPase-activating Protein, synGAP, by Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II

synGAP is a neuron-specific Ras GTPase-activating protein found in high concentration in the postsynaptic density fraction from mammalian forebrain. Proteins in the postsynaptic density, including synGAP, are part of a signaling complex attached to the cytoplasmic tail of the N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor. synGAP can be phosphorylated by a second prominent component of the complex, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Here we show that phosphorylation of synGAP by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II increases its Ras GTPase-activating activity by 70-95%. We identify four major sites of phosphorylation, serines 1123, 1058, 750/751/756, and 764/765. These sites together with other minor phosphorylation sites in the carboxyl tail of synGAP control stimulation of GTPase-activating activity. When three of these sites and four other serines in the carboxyl tail are mutated, stimulation of GAP activity after phosphorylation is reduced to 21 +/- 5% compared with 70-95% for the wild type protein. We used phosphosite-specific antibodies to show that, as predicted, phosphorylation of serines 765 and 1123 is increased in cultured cortical neurons after exposure of the neurons to the agonist N-methyl-d-aspartate.
Zone sharpening of neutral solutes in micellar electrokinetic chromatography with electrokinetic injection

Abstract Zone sharpening has been used extensively to enhance both efficiency and detectability of charged solutes with either electrokinetic or hydrodynamic injection. In the present study, we report the zone sharpening of neutral solutes by sharpening the zones of charged micelles which serve as carriers for neutral (and charged) molecules. Zone sharpening with electrokinetic injection can be accomplished only when the effective electrophoretic velocity, v eff , of the solute and the electroosmotic velocity are in the same direction during the injection process . In order to maximize the amount of solute loaded into the capillary under zone sharpening conditions, it was necessary to use a cationic mixed micelle in the sample buffer . The zone sharpening of a homologous series of alkylphenones was accomplished using electrokinetic injection with cationic mixed micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyldimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide inner salt. The running buffer contained only sodium dodecyl sulfate and phosphate buffer. As a result of the increased amount of solute loaded into the capillary without significant loss in efficiency, the limits of detection (LOD's) for the solutes studied were in some cases lowered by a factor of ten using zone sharpening. Efficiencies for heptanophenone exceeding 1 000 000 theoretical plates were generated in under 10 min on a 50-cm capillary. Such high efficiencies can be predicted from band broadening models developed for micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). If properly utilized, zone sharpening can eliminate most if not all of the band broadening associated with sample introduction, and can thus be an important tool in the fundamental study of band broadening in MEKC.
Simulation of a Crash Test of Minnesota’s Aluminum Type III Barricade

Full-scale crash testing was performed on Minnesota’s Aluminum Type III Barricade by the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility. Testing consisted of an 820 kg vehicle impacting the barricade at two positions, 0 and 90-degrees, at 100 km/h. This paper documents the modeling effort to simulate the physical crash events using LS-DYNA, a nonlinear finite element analysis program. As is typical for vehicle crash simulation, there were many modeling issues that needed careful attention. Four items of particular concern were (1) contact snagging - the barricade kept hooking on the hood with edge to edge snagging; (2) placement of barricade - small adjustments to the impact location could cause the tire to run over one of the barricade legs, which did not happen during the testing; (3) contact friction - the friction between the barricade and the front of the vehicle played an important role in how the barricade wrapped around and flipped off of the vehicle, and (4) sandbag weight - the weight of the sandbags, which are placed on the legs of the barricade and are used to prevent the barricades from being moved by the wind, makes a difference on how the sign legs flip up into the air when impacted by a vehicle. Simulation results are shown to be fairly accurate for both impact conditions. Future studies on various barricade configurations are now possible using the model developed during this research.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Biology and potential strategies for the treatment of GM2 gangliosidoses

The GM2 gangliosidoses are a group of heritable neurodegenerative disorders caused by excessive accumulation of the ganglioside GM2 owing to deficiency in beta-hexosaminidase activity. Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases have similar clinical phenotypes resulting from a deficiency in human hexosaminidase alpha and beta subunits, respectively. The lack of treatment for GM2 gangliosidoses stimulated interest in developing animal models to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the various forms of this disease and to test new potential therapies. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology of GM2 gangliosidoses and the different strategies that have been tested in animal models for the treatment of this genetic disorder, including gene transfer and cell engraftment of neural stem cells engineered to express the hexosaminidase isoenzymes.
Hemangiomas of striated muscle

Abstract Hemangioma of striated muscle can no longer be considered as a rare tumor. In all probability occasional cases have been seen in most all of the large clinics. These tumors are frequently neglected by the patients themselves as well as by the surgeon. They are sometimes treated as strains, traumas, arthritis, bursitis or a hematoma and are too often treated expectantly. Careful examination should be made for localized pain and changes in size of the tumor with suitable elevation or lowering of the affected limb. The remote possibility of malignant degeneration must be considered in cases of recurrence following surgery, especially after partial excision of the tumor. Postoperative roentgen therapy may be therapeutically effective in some of these patients. Almost one-half of the patients whose cases were recorded in the literature displayed symptoms before the age of eleven years. It is a disease that usually occurs in the first three decades. The incidence of hemangiomas is approximately equal in males and females. These tumors are predominantly congenital in origin. The lesion presumably arises in the vascular plexus of the muscle or in the perimysium between the muscle fibers. The most commonly accepted classification includes the cavernous, capillary, venous and arterial types. The cavernous variety is by far the most common. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision. Except in unusual cases in which the hemangioma is extremely large, excision can be accomplished in one stage. The mortality from operative treatment should be low and the incidence of recurrence should be negligible.
Studies towards a total synthesis of sarains A-C. Stereospecific condensation of α,β-unsaturated esters with the phenyl oxazoline derivative of threonine

Michael addition of oxazoline lithium enolate 5 to E and Z α,β-unsaturated esters proceeds with high enoate facial selectivity to yield enantiopure oxazoline derivatives of disubstituted glutamic acids. When a Z enoate is employed, the C4′-C3′-C7′ stereotriad of sarains A-C can be generated.
Topology of ascending brainstem projections to nucleus parabrachialis in the cat.

The afferent projections to nucleus parabrachialis (NPB) and nearby pontine areas from the lower brainstem were studied in cats using retrograde horseradish peoxidase (HRP) and anterograde autoradiographic tracing techniques. Two groups of medullary neurons send major projections to NPB and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KF): 1) the solitary complex, especially the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (SM), nearby smaller cells of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and the commissural nucleus; and 2) the lateral tegmental field (FTL), or parvocellular reticular formation. Autoradiographic tracing from these areas demonstrated terminal fields in NPB/KF and emphasized a ventrolateral route to NPB from both sources, with axons ascending between the facial nerve and superior olive and passing rostral to the trigeminal nuclei. Minor projections to NBPB/KF originate in the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, area subpostrema, the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, the gigantocellular and magnocellular tegmental fields, and an area dorsal to the ipsilateral inferior olive. Topographical features of the major projections were studied by correlating the locus of overlap of injection sites with the locations of HRP-positive cells. Medial areas of SM/DMV project mostly to medial parts of NPB, while lateral areas near the solitary tract project to lateral parts of NPB and KF. Crossing projections from SM/DMV favor dorsolateral NPB and KF. FTL neurons in dorsomedial areas project more to medial NPB, and ventrolateral areas project to lateral NPB/KF. Using a new coordinate system to locate and normalize the positions of FTL neurons, data from many brains were collated. FTL cells projecting to NPB/KF were found to be on discrete longitudinal sheets, running radially with respect to the fourth ventricle. This substructure and related evidence suggest a preferred pattern for neuroanatomical connections and information processing in the lateral reticular areas of the brainstem, and help in understanding the topography of the projections to NPB/KF.