cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Athena in Haiti: Universal History, Colonization, and the African Origins of Civilization in Postrevolutionary Haitian Writing

This chapter examines the elaboration of an Afrocentric narrative of universal history in postrevolutionary political writings from the early Haitian monarchy of Henry Christophe, notably by Baron de Vastey. Specifically, the chapter interrogates the extent to which a particular conception of the Afro-Egyptian origins and subsequent history of universal civilization furnished Haitian intellectuals with a means by which to critique Western colonialism and the slave trade while staging African cultures as inside rather than outside universal history, thus buttressing their defense of Africanity and demands for diplomatic recognition. Even as Haitians sought to inscribe African-descended peoples as agents of civilization and in the process undermine the presumed superiority of Europeans, who are cast as erstwhile colonized savages, this gesture depended on substantial intellectual engagements with Enlightenment travel narratives by figures such as the Comte de Volney, as well as the anti-racist works of Abbe Gregoire. At the same time, the explicit appeals to English philanthropy that accompanied the narrative of Haitian civilization reflect ambiguities surrounding the place of Haiti in contemporary Atlantic world cultures. The chapter therefore interrogates the extent to which Haiti contested its position as unrecognized sovereign by intervening in Enlightenment discourses of universal history.
Description of the nymph of Gomphurus gonzalezi (Odonata: Gomphidae)

Gomphurus gonzalezi (Dunkle) is a locally distributed dragonfly ranging from the Lower Rio Grande in south Texas southward to San Luis Potosi state in northeastern Mexico. We describe and illustrat...
Spatio-Operational Spectral (S.O.S) Synthesis

We propose an approach to digital audio effects using recombinant spatialization for signal processing. This technique, which we call SpatioOperational Spectral Synthesis (SOS), relies on recent theories of auditory perception. The perceptual spatial phenomenon of objecthood is explored as an expressive musical tool.
Systematic Multi-Domain Alzheimer’s Risk Reduction Trial (SMARRT): Study Protocol

This article describes the protocol for the Systematic Multi-domain Alzheimer's Risk Reduction Trial (SMARRT), a single-blind randomized pilot trial to test a personalized, pragmatic, multi-domain Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk reduction intervention in a US integrated healthcare delivery system. Study participants will be 200 higher-risk older adults (age 70-89 years with subjective cognitive complaints, low normal performance on cognitive screen, and ≥ two modifiable risk factors targeted by our intervention) who will be recruited from selected primary care clinics of Kaiser Permanente Washington, oversampling people with non-white race or Hispanic ethnicity. Study participants will be randomly assigned to a two-year Alzheimer's risk reduction intervention (SMARRT) or a Health Education (HE) control. Randomization will be stratified by clinic, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white versus non-white or Hispanic), and age (70-79, 80-89). Participants randomized to the SMARRT group will work with a behavioral coach and nurse to develop a personalized plan related to their risk factors (poorly controlled hypertension, diabetes with evidence of hyper or hypoglycemia, depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality, contraindicated medications, physical inactivity, low cognitive stimulation, social isolation, poor diet, smoking). Participants in the HE control group will be mailed general health education information about these risk factors for AD. The primary outcome is two-year cognitive change on a cognitive test composite score. Secondary outcomes include: 1) improvement in targeted risk factors, 2) individual cognitive domain composite scores, 3) physical performance, 4) functional ability, 5) quality of life, and 6) incidence of mild cognitive impairment, AD, and dementia. Primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed in both groups at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.
Twitter discourse as a lens into politicians' interest in technology and development

We present a large-scale study of social media discourse in India focusing on politicians' tweet frequency of topics related to information technology, poverty, and development. Examining the Twitter feed of 477 political elites, we observe that politicians as a whole more frequently discuss development comparing to technology and poverty. In addition, national-party politicians holding higher offices are significantly more likely to discuss all three topics comparing to regional-party officials and non-elected politicians even when accounting for their Twitter account characteristics. Finally, politicians from different states demonstrate different topic priorities, suggesting differences in local political circumstances contribute to political elites' Twitter topic prioritization.
MalPro: A Learning-based Malware Propagation and Containment Modeling

In this paper, we investigate the importance of a defense system's learning rates to fight against the self-propagating class of malware such as worms and bots. To this end, we introduce a new propagation model based on the interactions between an adversary (and its agents) who wishes to construct a zombie army of a specific size, and a defender taking advantage of standard security tools and technologies such as honeypots (HPs) and intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPSes) in the network environment. As time goes on, the defender can incrementally learn from the collected/observed attack samples (e.g., malware payloads), and therefore being able to generate attack signatures. The generated signatures then are used for filtering next attack traffic and thus containing the attacker's progress in its malware propagation mission. Using simulation and numerical analysis, we evaluate the efficacy of signature generation algorithms and in general any learning-based scheme in bringing an adversary's maneuvering in the environment to a halt as an adversarial containment strategy.
Glucose transporters in the kidney in health and disease

The kidneys filter large amounts of glucose. To prevent the loss of this valuable fuel, the tubular system of the kidney, particularly the proximal tubule, has been programmed to reabsorb all filtered glucose. The machinery involves the sodium-glucose cotransporters SGLT2 and SGLT1 on the apical membrane and the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT2 on the basolateral membrane. The proximal tubule also generates new glucose, particularly in the post-absorptive phase but also to enhance bicarbonate formation and maintain acid-base balance. The glucose reabsorbed or formed by the proximal tubule is primarily taken up into peritubular capillaries and returned to the systemic circulation or provided as an energy source to further distal tubular segments that take up glucose by basolateral GLUT1. Recent studies provided insights on the coordination of renal glucose reabsorption, formation, and usage. Moreover, a better understanding of renal glucose transport in disease states is emerging. This includes the kidney in diabetes mellitus, when renal glucose retention becomes maladaptive and contributes to hyperglycemia. Furthermore, enhanced glucose reabsorption is coupled to sodium retention through the sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT2, which induces secondary deleterious effects. As a consequence, SGLT2 inhibitors are new anti-hyperglycemic drugs that can protect the kidneys and heart from failing. Recent studies discovered unique roles for SGLT1 with implications in acute kidney injury and glucose sensing at the macula densa. This review discusses established and emerging concepts of renal glucose transport, and outlines the need for a better understanding of renal glucose handling in health and disease.
Corticofugal Modulation and Plasticity for Auditory Signal Processing

The auditory system has ascending and descending (corticofugal) subsystems. Corticofugal modulation of subcortical neurons for auditory signal processing is an important auditory cortex function. Auditory signals analyzed in the cochlea are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve, then ascend to the auditory cortex through the cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscal nuclei, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body. The ascending auditory system has further complexity since divergent and convergent projections occur in multiple levels for parallel and hierarchical signal processing. As a result, many physiologically distinct types of neurons are produced in the subcortical nuclei and physiologically distinct areas exist in the auditory cortex (Fig. 24.1). A classical view of signal processing is based on excitatory and inhibitory interactions occurring between cells in the ascending auditory system and parallel and hierarchical auditory signal processing (Suga 1984, 1990, 1994; Covey and Casseday 1999). By contrast, the contribution of the auditory corticofugal feedback system on signal processing is a more recent development.
Tailored optimal posttreatment surveillance for cancer recurrence.

A substantial rise in the number of cancer survivors has led to urgent management questions regarding effective posttreatment imaging-based surveillance strategies for cancer recurrence. Current surveillance guidelines provided by a number of professional societies all warn against overly aggressive surveillance, especially for low-risk patients, but all fail to provide more specific directions to accommodate underlying heterogeneity of cancer recurrence. Therefore it is imperative to develop data-driven strategies that can tailor the surveillance schedules to recurrence risk in this era of stricter insurance regulations, provider shortages, and rising costs of health care. Due to a lack of statistical methods for optimizing surveillance scheduling in presence of competing risks, we propose a general approach that uses an intuitive loss function for optimization of early detection of recurrence before death. The proposed strategies can tailor to patient risks of recurrence, in terms of both intensity and amount of surveillance. Using general three-state Markov models, our method is flexible and includes earlier works as special cases. We illustrate our method in both simulation studies and an application to breast cancer surveillance.
Neurobiology of Infant Fear and Anxiety: Impacts of Delayed Amygdala Development and Attachment Figure Quality.

Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness and are more likely to emerge during childhood compared with most other psychiatric disorders. While research on children is the gold standard for understanding the behavioral expression of anxiety and its neural circuitry, the ethical and technical limitations in exploring neural underpinnings limit our understanding of the child's developing brain. Instead, we must rely on animal models to build strong methodological bridges for bidirectional translation to child development research. Using the caregiver-infant context, we review the rodent literature on early-life fear development to characterize developmental transitions in amygdala function underlying age-specific behavioral transitions. We then describe how this system can be perturbed by early-life adversity, including reduced efficacy of the caregiver as a safe haven. We suggest that greater integration of clinically informed animal research enhances bidirectional translation to permit new approaches to therapeutics for children with early onset anxiety disorders.
Physical Science and Biological Coevolution

The physical world, analyzed in physics, chemistry, and geology, influences human evolution only indirectly, through processes of coevolution. Yet knowledge of physical sciences provides important information on human history, for instance through methods of dating. The chapter surveys the overlapping fields of physics and chemistry, for which theories analyze dependable processes at multiple scales. Examples in physics and chemistry show dating the age of the Earth and dating through radiocarbon analysis. Geology, however, is a historical science, as its processes must be identified in terms of time. Through analysis of remaining sediments, geologists have been able to describe changes in temperature and humidity over Earth’s long history, as shown for ice cores. Environmental interactions are now studied across multiple disciplines, documenting the movement of energy through living communities, the development of ecosystems, and changes in biodiversity—an example addresses coevolution and the survival of species (145).
Using electronic dental records to establish a surveillance system for dental decay in rural Western Alaska.

Objectives Previous surveys have demonstrated high rates of early childhood caries (ECC) in the Alaska Native (AN) population of western Alaska. There are many challenges to providing dental care in this road-less Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region. The regional Tribal Health Organization implemented an electronic dental record (EDR) system in the late 1990s. We explored use of the EDR to establish an oral health surveillance system in children. Methods We contracted with EDR software developers to implement calculation of a summary count of decayed (d), missing (m) or filled (f) primary (dmft) score for each individual. We calculated the yearly average dmft scores for 2011-2019 for children aged 3 and 5 years with a comprehensive exam in a given year. We also assessed the number of children undergoing full mouth dental rehabilitation (FMDR). We used US census data population estimates for these age groups to calculate rates. Results Over the 9-year period, 2,427 3-year-old children (47 percent of all 3-year olds over this period), received a comprehensive exam; increasing from 24 percent in 2011 to 62 percent in 2019. Their average dmft score over the 9-years was 6.4 with a significant annual decline over this period. Seventy percent of AN children who turned 6 between 2015 and 2019 had received at least one FMDR. Conclusions An oral health surveillance system has been established in western Alaska using the Electronic Dental Record. High rates of ECC and FMDR were observed. This surveillance system will allow assessments of ECC prevalence and impact of dental interventions.
Combating Online Counterfeits: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Cyber Supply Chain Ecosystem

Counterfeiting has been a pervasive threat to the security of supply chains. With the development of cyber technologies, traditional supply chains move their logistics to the cyberspace for better efficiency. However, counterfeiting threats still exist and may even cause worse consequences. It is imperative to find mitigating strategies to combat counterfeiting in the cyber supply chain. In this paper, we establish a games-in-games framework to capture the interactions of counterfeiting activities in the cyber supply chain. Specifically, the sellers in the cyber supply chain play a Stackelberg game with consumers, while sellers compete with each other by playing a Nash game. All sellers and consumers aim to maximize their utilities. We design algorithms to find the best response of all participants and analyze the equilibrium of the supply chain system. Finally, we use case studies to demonstrate the equilibrium behavior and propose effective anti-counterfeit strategies.
“It Must Include Rules”: Middle School Students’ Computational Thinking with Computer Models in Science

When middle school students encounter computer models of science phenomenon in science class, how do they think those computer models work? Computer models operationalize real-world behaviors of selected variables, and can simulate interactions between the modeled elements through programmed instructions. This study explores how middle school students think about the high-level semantic meaning of those instructions, which we term rules. To investigate this aspect of students’ computational thinking, we developed the Computational Modeling Inventory and administered it to 253 7th grade students. The Inventory included three computer models that students interacted with during the assessment. In our sample, 99% of students identified at least one key rule underlying a model, but only 14% identified all key rules; 65% believed that model rules can contradict; and 98% could not distinguish between emergent patterns and behaviors that directly resulted from model rules. Despite these misconceptions, compared to the “typical” questions about the science content alone, questions about model rules elicited deeper science thinking, with 2--10 times more responses including reasoning about scientific mechanisms. These results suggest that incorporating computational thinking instruction into middle school science courses might yield deeper learning and more precise assessments around scientific models.
Unrestrained eating behavior and risk of mortality: A prospective cohort study.

Summary Background & aims Unrestrained eating behavior has been thought to be a proxy for diet frequency, timing, and caloric intake. We investigated the association of unrestrained eating with mortality risk in the Nurses’ Health Study prospectively. Methods During follow-up (1994–2016), 21,953 deaths were documented among 63,999 eligible participants in analyses of eating anything at any time, 22,120 deaths were documented among 65,839 participants in analyses of no concern with figure change. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Eating anything at any time was associated with an increased mortality from cancer (overall HR, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.00–1.13; driven by gastrointestinal tract cancer: 1.30, 1.10–1.54) and respiratory disease (1.16, 1.05–1.29), and decreased cardiovascular disease-specific mortality (0.92, 0.86–0.99), compared to those without this behavior; however, no association was observed between this behavior and all-cause mortality (1.02, 0.99–1.05). Women who reported having no concern with figure change experienced higher risk of mortality from all-cause (1.08, 1.05–1.11), cancer (1.08, 1.02–1.14), and respiratory disease (1.18, 1.08–1.30), compared to those not reporting this behavior. Their combined effect was associated with a higher all-cause (1.09, 1.04–1.14), cancer-specific (overall: 1.18, 1.09–1.28; gastrointestinal tract cancer: 1.36, 1.08–1.71; lung cancer: 1.09; 1.04–1.14), and respiratory disease-specific (1.30, 1.13–1.50) mortality, and was inversely associated with cardiovascular disease-specific mortality (0.88, 0.80–0.98), compared to those exhibiting the opposite. Conclusions Unrestrained eating was associated with increased risk of all-cause, cancer-specific (particularly for gastrointestinal tract cancer and lung cancer), and respiratory disease-specific mortality, and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease-specific mortality.
The LASER database: Formalizing design rules for metabolic engineering

The ability of metabolic engineers to conceptualize, implement, and evaluate strain designs has dramatically increased in the last decade. Unlike other engineering fields, no centralized, open-access, and easily searched repository exists for cataloging these designs and the lessons learned from their construction and evaluation. To address this issue, we have developed a repository for metabolic engineering strain designs, known as LASER (Learning Assisted Strain EngineeRing, laser.colorado.edu) and a formal standard for disseminating designs to metabolic engineers. Curation of every available genetically-defined E. coli and S. cerevisiae strain from 310 metabolic engineering papers published over the last 21 years yields a total of 417 designs containing a total of 2661 genetic modifications. This collection has been deposited in LASER and represents the known bibliome of genetically defined and tested metabolic engineering designs in the academic literature. Properties of LASER designs and the analysis pipeline are examined to provide insight into LASER capabilities. Several future research directions utilizing LASER capabilities are discussed to highlight the potential of the LASER database for metabolic engineering.
Philosophy as Cultural Politics: Analytic and conversational philosophy

The distinction between “analytic” and “continental” philosophy is very crude, but it does provide a rough-and-ready way to start sorting out the philosophy professors. To tell which pigeonhole to put a professor in, look at the books and journal issues on her shelves. If she has quite a lot of books by and about Hegel and Heidegger, and none by Davidson or Rawls, she will probably be content to be described as continental, or at least not to be described as analytic. If her desk is strewn with marked-up offprints from The Journal of Philosophy, The Philosophical Quarterly , and Philosophical Review , she can safely be typed as analytic. Sometimes, however, you meet a philosophy professor who takes part in the debates conducted in those journals and also can discourse learnedly on, for example, the adequacy of Habermas' account of the motives for Heidegger's “turn.” Quite a few people, both Anglophones and non-Anglophones, can easily turn from Rawls to Carl Schmitt, or from Derrida to Wittgenstein, or from Foucault to Christine Korsgaard. But this ability is still confined to a relatively small fraction of the world's philosophers. The main reason such ambidexterity is rare is that students trying to shape themselves into plausible job candidates for teaching positions in philosophy only have time to read so much. They can please only so many potential employers. In most European countries, candidates for such positions have to learn quite a lot of intellectual history before they go on the market.
The Rise of World History Studies in Twentieth‐Century China

The essay is a brief survey of the rise of world history studies in China. It traces the origin of the political and academic interest in the world outside of China back to the mid-nineteenth century, and discusses the growth and changes in the institution, curriculum, and ideology in China’s world history field in the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first century. The emphasis of the essay is on the development of world history studies during the six decades of the People’s Republic of China after 1949, first under Soviet influence, and then under Western influence. It also addresses Chinese historians’ persistent effort to search for their own identity and build a Chinese system of world history studies.
Technology and Cost Efficiency in Universal Banking A “Thick Frontier”-Analysis of the German Banking Industry

Using 1992 data of 1490 banks covering about 40% of German banking, we specify a multi-product translog cost function and follow the “thick frontier”-approach to control for cost inefficiency when evaluating the technology of banking. Scale economies are found to exist up to a size of about 5 billion DM of total assets, with diseconomies being caused by non-operating costs. There is hardly any evidence of economies of scope. Compared to cost inefficiency external factors play a surprisingly strong role in explaining cost differences between high-cost and low-cost banks. Smaller banks turn out to be more responsive to input prices.
A contour integral computation of mixed-mode stress intensity factors

A path independent contour integral formula for the distinct calculation of combined mode stress intensity factors in linear plane elasticity problems is presented. The method is based on a Somigliana type singular integral representation and is easily appended to existing finite element computer codes. Numerical results to three problems with known perturbation solutions are given and demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the method.
Sustainable Agriculture: New Paradigms and Old Practices? Increased Production with Management of Organic Inputs in Senegal

Farmers in Sahelian countries are confronted with a variety of soil fertility and management problems. During the last two decades, NGOs have worked with farmers and research institutions to develop and test practices that will increase food production, while at the same time enhance the natural resource base.
A Comparison of Pseudo-paper and Paper Prototyping Methods for Mobile Evaluations

The research presented in this paper is part of an ongoing investigation into how best to support meaningful lab-based usability evaluations of mobile technologies. In particular, we report on a comparative study of (a) a standard paper prototype of a mobile application used to perform an early-phase seated (static) usability evaluation, and (b) a pseudo-paper prototype created from the paper prototype used to perform an early-phase,contextually-relevant, mobile usability evaluation. We draw some initial conclusions regarding whether it is worth the added effort of conducting a usability evaluation of a pseudo-paper prototype in a contextually-relevant setting during early-phase user interface development.
Nef association with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions and cleavage by the viral protease

Nef is a regulatory gene product of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other primate lentiviruses which enhances virion infectivity by an unknown mechanism. We report here that Nef is detectable at moderate levels in preparations of HIV-1 virions which lack active viral protease (PR). Significantly smaller amounts of intact Nef were present in wild-type virion preparations. Instead, a smaller Nef-related product with an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa was associated with wild-type virions, indicating that packaging of Nef resulted in cleavage by the viral PR. The presence of the HIV-1 PR inhibitor A77003 during virus production prevented the appearance of the 18-kDa Nef product and caused an accumulation of full-length Nef in virion preparations. Nef associated with comparable efficiency with viral particles produced by the Gag polyproteins of HIV-1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus, indicating that no specific interaction with a virion component is required for the incorporation of Nef. The N-terminal 86 amino acids of Nef were sufficient for packaging into virions. A nonmyristylated form of Nef associated with viral particles with considerably lower efficiency, suggesting that Nef gains access into nascent virions primarily as a consequence of its affinity for membranes. Our results raise the possibility that Nef enhances infectivity directly as a component of the virion.
Raman Spectra of YPO 4 and YbPO 4

The Raman spectra of crystalline YPO4 and YbPO4 have been excited with a helium–neon 25-mW gas laser operating at 6328 A. Crystallographic data indicate that PO4 complexes exist in these two isomorphic crystals. This has been confirmed by the present Raman data. Vibrational levels that can be attributed entirely to internal PO43− vibrations were observed. For YPO4 they are 1056, 1023, 997, 578, 481, 330, and 292 cm−1. For YbPO4 they are 1067, 1029, 1007, 580, 481, 325, and 310 cm−1.
Review: Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling: Readings, Reflections, and Ruminations

Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling: Readings, Reflections, and Ruminations by Richard J. Cox. Duluth, MN: Litwin Books, 2008. 418 pp. ISBN 978-0-9802004-7-8. Within the archival community, the concept of personal archives has evolved from that of the private papers of well-known and/or powerful individuals (literary manuscripts, private diaries of administrators, etc.) to incorporate the daily recordkeeping and memory practices of potentially all individuals, regardless of their status. With the advent of digital technologies, the ability to create and share evidence of self, family, and community has grown in the public consciousness. Richard Cox’s new book Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling is an appeal to archivists to tap into this increased awareness and to develop a “new partnership” with the public. Throughout the book, Cox calls attention to what he calls “citizen archivists”: those members of the general public who are interested in and attempting to preserve, collect, and/or organize personal and family records. Cox’s central argument, articulated at the outset, is that personal archives are becoming more significant due to improved technologies and an increased desire for a personal connection to the past. Consequently, he urges archivists to adopt new roles as scribes-for-hire (p. 77), educators, or consultants, with a concomitant shift in emphasis from primarily serving the needs of academic researchers to equipping amateurs (citizen archivists) to archive themselves. For Cox, a chief effect of this newly envisioned role is what he perceives as the opportunity for archival advocacy and public consciousness-raising about the archival mission. As he points out throughout the text, more and more “citizen archivists” are becoming aware of, and in need of, recordkeeping and archiving skills. Archivists are best equipped to meet these needs, and can position themselves as experts in this area while simultaneously exposing the significance of archival services and repositories in society. One of the strengths of this book is its close examination of emotion, sentimentality, and the personal subjective response to and desire for the record. The first part of the book explores these issues in terms of the impulse to preserve records as evidence of self, and family records as private windows to the past. In chapter 1 Cox points out that the average citizen has always played a role in the development of the public archive. Specifically, many collections only come to the archive after an individual or family has invested in collecting and preserving the documents. He states that “personal recordkeeping is linked to the human impulse for resisting oblivion,” (p. 3) and he argues for a universal wish to leave evidence of the self. Although this chapter is framed within a context of a global desire for record-making and recordkeeping, he stops short of proclaiming that everyone will collect and use records in the same way. Chapters 2 and 3 are
On the approximation of fuzzy preferences by exact relations

Abstract The generalized Hamming distance is commonly used in determining a closest crisp relation to a given fuzzy relation (which, in turn, is crucial in studying exact choices originating from fuzzy preferences). This note illustrates a difficulty attached to this practice, and proposes an alternative metric which is intuitively more appropriate in the case of fuzzy preferences. Some implications of this new metric on finding the nearest exact relation to a fuzzy preference ordering and on the understanding of the max-min transitivity property are also discussed.
Quantification of water diffusion and relaxation times of human U87 tumors in a mouse model

Assessing the potential of anti-cancer agents can be greatly facilitated by applying MRI methods to investigations with animal models. Quantitative diffusion imaging, T1, and T2 measurements may offer valuable information for understanding properties of the tumor and for evaluating new therapeutic approaches. The human U87 high-grade glial tumor is widely used for cancer investigations in orthotopic murine models. The physiological features of this model at the cellular and sub-cellular level have not, however, been well characterized by MRI. In this study, we measured the diffusion, T1 and T2 characteristics of water in the human U87 tumor at 8.5 T in an orthotopic murine model in vivo and analyzed their detailed changes in the transition from the tumor core through the tumor periphery, and out to surrounding tissue using custom developed radial profile analysis software. For the tumor bearing mice (n = 10), the mean average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the tumor core was 1.03 +/- 0.02 ( x 10(-3) mm2/s), while in the contralateral normal brain it was 0.73 +/- 0.03 ( x 10(-3) mm2/s). The mean T1 in tumor was 2.03 +/- 0.08 s and in normal brain tissue was 1.64 +/- 0.06 s. The mean T(2) in tumor was 0.062 +/- 0.002 s and in normal brain tissue was 0.048 +/- 0.001 s. The mean ADC, T1 and T2 of the tumor compared to normal tissue were significantly different (p < 0.005).
CHEMOTHERAPY AND PROPHYLAXIS OF BACTERIAL KIDNEY DISEASE WITH ERYTHROMYCIN1

In recent years there has been a resurgence of research efforts to develop efficacious methods for the prevention and treatment of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD), a significant systemic bacterial disease of salmonids. This paper reviews these efforts to date with particular emphasis on the use of erythromycin compounds to prevent BKD episodes in North America and Europe. Topics addressed specifically are: the significance of BKD in salmonid fisheries; a historical overview of antibiotic feeding methods used to prevent and/or control BKD; the use of salt and surfactant bath treatments with erythromycin phosphate (E-PO4); the use of E-PO4, injections of adult salmonids; the use of E-PO4 as an egg water hardening agent; and suggestions for future studies.
Phonological Access to the Mental Lexicon in a Target Discrimination Task

Summary A phonological route to the mental lexicon was demonstrated in two experiments. Each involved a target discrimination task in which the target was the first or last letter of a quadrigram. Half the quadrigrams were pseudohomophones (identical in sound but not in spelling to an English word) and the other half were nonhomophones (pronounceable but neither spelled like nor sounding like any English word). In Experiment 1 each pseudohomophone had a nonhomophone counterpart produced by changing only the letter on the opposite end of the string from the target. In Experiment 2 the nonhomophone counterparts were produced by changing only the letter next to the one on the opposite end of the string from the target; thus the extreme letters were the same for both types of quadrigrams. Performance was significantly better on pseudohomophones than on nonhomophones in both experiments.
Do Cultural Explanations of the past Have a Future

Ideological conflict is sometimes difficult to separate from claims about scientific knowledge in archaeological theory. The culture concept in archaeology is a prime example. Attempts to understan...
Electrochemical impedance analysis of solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte using kinetic Monte Carlo technique

Abstract Quantum calculations complemented with kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations were performed to simulate impedance measurements in yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The purpose of this study is aimed at gaining insight into the oxide ion diffusion process and the space charge double layer at the electrode–electrolyte interface subject to applied alternating potentials, and the dependence of impedance and double layer capacitance on the thickness of the electrolyte. The first step involves density functional theory (DFT) calculations to obtain a migration energy barrier database for oxide ions in YSZ. KMC simulations were subsequently performed to simulate the movement of oxide ions using the database with potential energy corrections under applied alternating potentials at different frequency domains. At low frequencies, the simulations show that oxide ions have sufficient time to migrate across the electrolyte and accumulate at the electrode–electrolyte interface creating a double layer with a space charge. The thicker electrolytes require longer time to attain same number of oxide–ion vacancies at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The current has the same phase shift as the applied potential. At high frequencies, only local movements of oxide ions are observed; therefore, there is no space charge accumulated at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The current response is shifted 90° from the applied potential. The resistance and geometric capacitance extracted from simulated Nyquist plots are linearly proportional to the thickness, as expected. The double layer capacitance is thickness independent and is approximately three orders of magnitude higher than the geometric capacitance. The temperature dependence of the resistance, the geometric and double layer capacitance was observed to have an activation energy of 0.67, 0.08 and 0.12 eV, respectively, at 400–700 K. The activation energies of the conductivity at both electrolyte thicknesses are similar to the results obtained by the KMC simulations in the random walk process. The activation energies and the values of both geometric and double layer capacitances can be related to experimental data indicating the validity of the described method.
Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory™ generic core scales, cancer module, and multidimensional fatigue scale in long-term adult survivors of pediatric cancer†

Background Most health-related quality of life assessments are designed for either children or adults and have not been evaluated for adolescent and young adult survivors of pediatric cancer. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQLTM) Generic Core Scales, Cancer Module, and Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in adult survivors of pediatric cancer. Methods Adult survivors (n = 64; Mean age 35 year old; >2 years after treatment) completed the PedsQL™ Generic Core Scales, Cancer Module, and Multidimensional Fatigue Scale. Feasibility was examined with floor and ceiling effects; and internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's coefficient alpha calculations. Inter-factor correlations were also assessed. Results Significant ceiling effects were observed for the scales of social function, nausea, procedural anxiety, treatment anxiety, and communication. Internal consistency for all subscales was within the recommended ranges (α ≥ 0.70). Moderate to strong correlations between most Cancer Module and Generic Core Scales (r = 0.25 to r = 0.76) and between the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and Generic Core Scales (r = 0.37 to r = 0.73). Conclusions The PedsQL™ Generic Core Scales, Cancer Module, and Multidimensional Fatigue Scale appear to be feasible for an older population of pediatric cancer survivors; however, some of the Cancer Module Scales (nausea, procedural/treatment anxiety, and communication) were deemed not relevant for long-term survivors. More information is needed to determine whether the issues addressed by these modules are meaningful to long-term adult survivors of pediatric cancers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:703–707. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lack of effect of procainamide on ventricular function of conscious dogs.

Abstract The effect of continuous infusion of 1 mg./ kg./min. of procainamide for 30 minutes on ventricular function was studied in 5 conscious dogs. An electromagnetic flowmeter probe was placed around the pulmonary artery, and catheters were positioned in the left atrium and superior vena cava. Two weeks later ventricular function curves were determined by rapidly infusing Tyrode's solution in the catheter in the superior vena cava while right and left atrial pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, mean cardiac output and pulsatile pulmonary artery flow were recorded. Ventricular function curves were repeated after 25 minutes of procainamide infusion. There was no significant change in the average resting mean arterial pressure, heart rate, ventricular output, or stroke volume before or after the administration of procainamide. The average plateau of the ventricular output curve was 296 ml./min./kg. (± 14.9 S.D.) during the control studies and 299 ml./min./kg (± 13.1 S.D.) during the infusion of procainamide. Thus, there was no statistically significant change observed in either the resting hemodynamics or the ventricular function curves resulting from the continuous intravenous infusion of procainamide.
Estimation of the discrete spectrum of relaxation frequencies using multiple measurements

The EMI response of a target can be accurately modeled by a sum of relaxations. However, it is difficult to obtain the model parameters from measurements when the number of relaxations is unknown. We have previously proposed estimation methods for the model parameters from single measurements. In this paper, we exploit the invariance property of the relaxation frequencies and propose to obtain more accurate estimates using multiple measurements that are often available. This is accomplished by casting the modeling problem into a jointly-sparse vector recovery problem. The proposed method is shown to deliver robust estimation using synthetic, laboratory data, and field data.
Allele‐specific sequencing confirms novel prion gene polymorphism in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease

We analyzed the prion protein coding sequence in a familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patient who did not have any of the currently recognized prion protein mutations. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that the prion protein coding sequence was heterozygous at at least one location. We isolated each allele by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and directly sequenced. We found a DNA polymorphism at codon 178 that predicted the amino acid substitution, aspartate → asparagine. Whether this represents a benign polymorphism or pathogenic mutation will depend on analysis of the functional consequences of this change. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and allele-specific sequencing proved to be efficient means of analyzing sequence polymorphisms in this gene.
Conservation training in four-year-old children

Abstract In Experiment 1 two training procedures were used to teach four-year-olds to conserve. Verbal rule instruction consisted of providing verbal rules and demonstrations of the operations referred to by the rules. Feedback consisted of providing verbal feedback contingent upon the children's responses. One week after training on conservation of number and length the children were given a posttest which included tests of conservation of number, length, and mass. Children who were given verbal rule instruction conserved significantly more on the number and length posttest problems than children who were not. However, this learning did not transfer to the mass problems, possibly because mass is not naturally acquired until some time after conservation of number and length. The feedback training procedure had no effect on conservation performance. In Experiment 2, the verbal rule instruction procedure was used to train four-year-olds on conservation of length and mass. One week after training the children were tested on both conservation of number, which is typically acquired before length and mass, and conservation of weight, which is typically acquired after length and mass, as well as on conservation of length and mass. Children who were given training conserved more on all four types of problems than children in the control group.
PYY(3-36) into the arcuate nucleus inhibits food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding and intake ☆

Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) increases food intake in laboratory rats and mice, as well as food foraging and hoarding in Siberian hamsters. The NPY-Y1 and Y5 receptors (Rs) within the hypothalamus appear sufficient to account for these increases in ingestive behaviors. Stimulation of NPY-Y2Rs in the Arcuate nucleus (Arc) has an anorexigenic effect as shown by central or peripheral administration of its natural ligand peptide YY (3-36) and pharmacological NPY-Y2R antagonism by BIIE0246 increases food intake. Both effects on food intake by NPY-Y2R agonism and antagonism are relatively short-lived lasting ∼4h. The role of NPY-Y2Rs in appetitive ingestive behaviors (food foraging/hoarding) is untested, however. Therefore, Siberians hamsters, a natural food hoarder, were housed in a semi-natural burrow/foraging system that had (a) foraging requirement (10 revolutions/pellet), no free food (true foraging group), (b) no running wheel access, free food (general malaise control) or (c) running wheel access, free food (exercise control). We microinjected BIIE0246 (antagonist) and PYY(3-36) (agonist) into the Arc to test the role of NPY-Y2Rs there on ingestive behaviors. Food foraging, hoarding, and intake were not affected by Arc BIIE0246 microinjection in fed hamsters 1, 2, 4, and 24h post injection. Stimulation of NPY-Y2Rs by PYY(3-36) inhibited food intake at 0-1 and 1-2h and food hoarding at 1-2h without causing general malaise or affecting foraging. Collectively, these results implicate a sufficiency, but not necessity, of the Arc NPY-Y2R in the inhibition of food intake and food hoarding by Siberian hamsters.
Immunoassay of enzymes--an overview.

Immunochemical techniques with enzymes as the antigen have grown in frequency during the last few years. These techniques have allowed evaluation of enzymes in the presence of endogenous inhibitors. Among those enzymes measured by immunochemical techniques and which have found diagnostic application, mention will be made of alkaline phosphatase (with particular reference to the intestinal, placental, and Regan isoenzymes), lactate dehydrogenase (in which renewed interest has developed due to techniques for specifically measuring the LD-1 isoenzyme), aspartate aminotransferase (of which the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms can now be independently measured by immunochemical techniques), acid phosphatase (for which a specific immunochemical assay for the prostatic enzyme has been widely introduced in diagnostic laboratories), and creatine kinase (for which a variety of immunochemical techniques to measure the M- and B-subunits are now part of standard laboratory assays). Other enzymes which will be discussed in this review include phosphohexose isomerase, amylase, ribonuclease, and lysozyme (muramidase). Finally, the use of enzymes, particularly aspariginase, in the chemotherapy of cancer will be outlined.
Friction testing method for open-grated steel bridge decks

For more than four decades, most of the testing methods and studies for the determination or quantification of friction and texture properties have been concerned primarily with concrete and asphalt paved roadways. However, since the focus of such methods has been mainly on paved roads, other traveled surface types, although part of roadway systems, have been overlooked or simply not addressed directly. As travel safety and efficiency are gaining importance to state agencies, it is imperative to include the atypical travel surfaces, such as bridges with open-grated steel decks, in an appropriate measurement program. To this end, the current study was initiated to identify an appropriate method for measuring the friction characteristics on steel bridge decks. An appropriate standardized test method would provide information that can be effectively used in state road safety and management programs. This method would also provide a tool to ensure that all travel surfaces are constructed and maintained with appropriate friction properties. All the results obtained during this investigation indicated that ASTM E-274 can be appropriately used to assess friction characteristics on both paved surfaces and open-grated steel bridge decks. Such information is critical to support informed highway planning and policy and decision making. In addition, the study findings can be used as a basis to revise the current ASTM standard to include open-grated steel bridge decks.