cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemic characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Inner Mongolia,2008-2013

Objective To find out epidemiological characteristics and pathogen type of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) in Inner Mongolia and to provide scientific evidences for making prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the epidemic characteristics of HFM D in Inner M ongolia from2008 to 2013 and analytical statistical methods were used to analyze pathogenic detection results of HFM D. Results Totally 115 316 HFM D cases were reported in Inner M ongolia,with the annual morbidity of 32. 15,133. 64,78. 16,93. 94,66. 62,and 66. 40 per 100 000 people,respectively,during the six-year period. The yearly incidence peak was observed from June to July and 58. 48% of the cases were younger children aged ≤ 3 years. Among 2 775 cases with laboratory diagnosis,the positive rates of enterovirus 71(EV71),coxsackievirus 16(CA16) and other enteroviruses were 42. 92%,32. 11%,and 24. 97%,respectively. There were significantly statistical differences in the positive rates of EV71,CA16 and other enteroviruses in different years(χ2= 401. 76,P 0. 05). Conclusion The morbidity of HFM D in Inner M ongolia declined year by year from 2008 to 2013. There was an obvious seasonality in HFM D prevalence and the majority of the incidents were scattered-living younger children. The main pathogens of HFM D epidemic were EV71 and CA16,and EV71 was the dominant prevalent strain.
Utility of Obtaining a Serum Basic Metabolic Panel in the Setting of a First-Time Nonfebrile Seizure.

New-onset nonfebrile seizures in an otherwise healthy child are common, affecting 25 000 to 40 000 U.S. children annually. We hypothesized seizure-provoking electrolyte disturbances such as hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia are uncommon in these children. From January 1, 2009 to May 31, 2009, 358 children aged 29 days to 18 years with a diagnosis code of 780.39 ("other convulsions" including "first time seizure," etc) were included for potential retrospective review. Children with known epilepsy and febrile seizures were excluded. Electrolytes were obtained in nearly all children with a history suggestive of an underlying abnormality (13 of 14, 93%) but also in half of children with a reassuring history (62 of 119, 52%). No child with an unremarkable history and exam was found to have electrolyte abnormalities falling below levels most likely to be associated with acute symptomatic seizures. Electrolytes are unlikely to be abnormal in an otherwise well-appearing child after a first-time nonfebrile seizure.
Complications of Skull Base Surgery

An increasing number of patients are undergoing resection of complex skull base lesions with good outcome. Advances in surgical techniques and improved knowledge of the microanatomy have contributed to the ability to manage these tumors aggressively. These procedures are not without complications, such as neurologic deficits, infection, and hemorrhage. These complications, however, are expected and can be minimized with timely management.
Operative Treatment of Volar PIP Joint Fracture-Dislocations

Volar PIP joint fracture-dislocations are less common than dorsal instability patterns. They usually represent significant injury to the extensor mechanism and are unforgiving unless optimally treated. The operative exposure and technique of dorsal fixation are demonstrated here. An anatomic reduction of the fracture is more likely to result in restoration of the normal length of the extensor mechanism and facilitate healing of the central slip. A short-arc motion protocol can often be initiated if fixation is sound.
Scientific computing and applications in informatics: tutorial presentation

Fitting scientific computing into a small liberal arts college curricula has always been a challenge, and even more so when new hardware and architecture remain as moving targets. When video game consoles are commanded by the 'supercomputing on a chip' multiprocessor Cell, and multi-core CPUs become the mainstream of desktop solution, we are witnessing a renewed demand from students to offer a course in parallel computing. This tutorial attempts to address these challenges by weighing in the interest of students, the efficiency of various parallel programming models as well as the resource factor of a small college. In a progressive way, we present a pragmatic approach of teaching scientific computing and applications in small colleges with limited resources. After presenting some principles and elements of parallel computing methods, including commonly used architectures, programming models such as message-passing interface (MPI), OpenMP, desk-side supercomputing on Cell and general purpose computing on GPU, we will continue to discuss some high-performance molecular simulation applications. Molecular modeling is a term that is often collectively represents wide range of theoretical methods and techniques used for modeling molecules (proteins, DNA, RNA, small molecules etc.) and simulating their function. Molecular modeling is nowadays an often used tool along with experiments in research projects. The importance of this area became evident when the Nobel Prize for 1998 was awarded to Profs John Pople and Walter Kohn for the development of novel computational methods. Molecular Modeling is used in a wide range of areas including space research, Drug discovery, structural bioinformatics and several branches of engineering among others. With the recent improvements in computer hardware and software, in-silico experiments that were not even imaginable before have become a reality. Even more, long simulations that had been usually carried out on main-frame computers can be easily done today on a desktop. In this tutorial we will introduce the basic concepts of molecular modeling and focus our attention on a couple of real-world applications such as protein-ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Some of the popular, free high-performance molecular modeling and simulation software such as AMBER, AutoDock, and NAMD will be introduced. We will discuss how parallel programming, message-passing methods have advanced computing capability to simulate realistic environments (more number of atoms, longer time) in molecular biology and biochemistry.
Peer Perceptions of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This quasi-experimental study investigated behavioral intentions of 70 middle school participants toward engaging in activities with a student displaying characteristics of autism spectrum disorder...
Single Factor Transformation Priors for Density Regression

Although discrete mixture modeling has formed the backbone of the literature on Bayesian density estimation incorporating covariates, the use of discrete mixtures leads to some well known disadvantages. Avoiding discrete mixtures, we propose a flexible class of priors based on random nonlinear functions of a uniform latent variable with an additive residual. These priors are related to Gaussian process latent variable models proposed in the machine learning literature. For density regression, we model the response and predictor means as distinct nonlinear functions of the same latent variable, thus inducing dependence through a single factor. The induced prior is shown to have desirable properties including large support and posterior consistency. We demonstrate advantages over Dirichlet process mixture models in a variety of simulations, and apply the approach to an epidemiology application.
Severe respiratory acidosis in status epilepticus as a possible etiology of sudden death in lesch–nyhan disease: A case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Lesch–Nyhan disease (LND) is an X-linked disorder of purine metabolism, associated with self-mutilation, dystonia, and chorea. Seizures are uncommon in LND. Patients with LND are at risk for sudden and unexpected death. The etiology of this is unknown, but appears to occur from a respiratory process. We propose that respiratory failure secondary to subclinical seizure may lead to sudden death in these patients.
Biomechanical Assessment of the Dorsal Spanning Bridge Plate in Distal Radius Fracture Fixation: Implications for Immediate Weight-Bearing.

Background: The goal of this study was to compare the biomechanical stability of a 2.4-mm dorsal spanning bridge plate with a volar locking plate (VLP) in a distal radius fracture model, during sim...
Optimizing parallel Korat using invalid ranges

Constraint-based input generation enables systematic testing for effective bug finding, but requires exploration of very large spaces of candidate inputs. This paper introduces a novel approach to optimize input generation using Korat – a solver for constraints written as imperative predicates in Java – when Korat is executed more than once for the same constraint solving problem. Our key insight is that in certain application scenarios the Korat search over the same state space and constraint is repeated across separate runs of Korat, and an earlier run can be summarized to optimize a later run. We introduce invalid ranges to represent parts of the exploration space that do not contain any valid inputs but must be explicitly explored by Korat. Our approach directly prunes these parts in a future run of Korat over the same search problem. We develop our approach for two settings: a sequential setting where the Korat search is run using one worker (i.e., processing unit), and a parallel setting where the search is distributed to several workers. In the parallel setting, we build on a previous technique for parallel Korat, namely SEQ-ON, and integrate invalid ranges with it. Experimental evaluation using 6 subjects show that our approach achieves: in the sequential setting, a speedup of up to 2.82X over sequential Korat (in comparison, SEQ-ON does not provide any speedup in the sequential setting); and in the distributed setting, using up to 32 workers, a speedup of up to 38.84X over sequential Korat (using 1 worker), and up to 3.04X over SEQ-ON in terms of total execution time across the workers.
Interfacial stabilization at finite strains for weak and strong discontinuities in multi-constituent materials

Abstract A stabilized interface formulation is developed for debonding at finite strains across general bimaterial interfaces by embedding stabilized Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) ideas in the Continuous Galerkin method. Introducing an interfacial gap function that evolves subject to constraints imposed by opening and/or sliding interfaces, the proposed Variational Multiscale DG (VMDG) method seamlessly tracks interface debonding by treating damage and friction in a unified way. An internal variable formalism together with the notion of irreversibility of damage results in a set of evolution equations for the gap function. Evolution of the debonding surfaces requires interfacial stabilization that is developed based on residual-based stabilization concepts. Tension debonding, compression damage, and frictional sliding are accommodated, and return mapping algorithms in the presence of evolving strong discontinuities are developed. A significant contribution of the paper is the consistently derived method to model the Lagrange multiplier field via interfacial flux and jump terms and variational embedding of various nonlinear interfacial debonding models at the interfacial boundaries. This derivation variationally embeds the interfacial kinematic models that are crucial to capturing the physical and mathematical properties involving large stains and damage. A set of representative test cases highlights the salient features of the proposed VMDG method and confirm its robustness and range of applicability.
Estimating cortical column sensory networks in rodents from micro-electrocorticograph (μECoG) recordings

Abstract Micro-electrocorticograph (μECoG) arrays offer the flexibility to record local field potentials (LFPs) from the surface of the cortex, using high density electrodes that are sub-mm in diameter. Research to date has not provided conclusive evidence for the underlying signal generation of μECoG recorded LFPs, or if μECoG arrays can capture network activity from the cortex. We studied the pervading view of the LFP signal by exploring the spatial scale at which the LFP can be considered elemental. We investigated the underlying signal generation and ability to capture functional networks by implanting, μECoG arrays to record sensory-evoked potentials in four rats. The organization of the sensory cortex was studied by analyzing the sensory-evoked potentials with two distinct modeling techniques: (1) The volume conduction model, that models the electrode LFPs with an electrostatic representation, generated by a single cortical generator, and (2) the dynamic causal model (DCM), that models the electrode LFPs with a network model, whose activity is generated by multiple interacting cortical sources. The volume conduction approach modeled activity from electrodes separated 1000 μm, with reasonable accuracy but a network model like DCM was required to accurately capture activity > 1500 μm. The extrinsic network component in DCM was determined to be essential for accurate modeling of observed potentials. These results all point to the presence of a sensory network, and that μECoG arrays are able to capture network activity in the neocortex. The estimated DCM network models the functional organization of the cortex, as signal generators for the μECoG recorded LFPs, and provides hypothesis-testing tools to explore the brain.
A mass-conservative adaptive FAS multigrid solver for cell-centered finite difference methods on block-structured, locally-cartesian grids

Abstract We present a mass-conservative full approximation storage (FAS) multigrid solver for cell-centered finite difference methods on block-structured, locally cartesian grids. The algorithm is essentially a standard adaptive FAS (AFAS) scheme, but with a simple modification that comes in the form of a mass-conservative correction to the coarse-level force. This correction is facilitated by the creation of a zombie variable, analogous to a ghost variable, but defined on the coarse grid and lying under the fine grid refinement patch. We show that a number of different types of fine-level ghost cell interpolation strategies could be used in our framework, including low-order linear interpolation. In our approach, the smoother, prolongation, and restriction operations need never be aware of the mass conservation conditions at the coarse-fine interface. To maintain global mass conservation, we need only modify the usual FAS algorithm by correcting the coarse-level force function at points adjacent to the coarse-fine interface. We demonstrate through simulations that the solver converges geometrically, at a rate that is h -independent, and we show the generality of the solver, applying it to several nonlinear, time-dependent, and multi-dimensional problems. In several tests, we show that second-order asymptotic ( h → 0 ) convergence is observed for the discretizations, provided that (1) at least linear interpolation of the ghost variables is employed, and (2) the mass conservation corrections are applied to the coarse-level force term.
Miscarriage Matters, Stillbirth’s Significance, and the Tree of Many Breasts

Between one in four and one in twenty-five known pregnancies end in miscarriage. In religious traditions and societies, which tend to celebrate the birth of a child and have few if any rituals for miscarriages, those who suffer a miscarriage often find themselves alone. This chapter explores the Nahua image of a tree with many breasts as an entryway to the topic of often silenced and forcibly forgotten miscarriages. This image of the tree of many breasts challenges notions of motherhood beyond those women who have an actual physical child to hold or whom they have held. It draws from these indigenous cosmologies a symbol which holds a space and place of nurturing, care, and community for those who have suffered a miscarriage.
First records of Archiconnus and Obesoconnus in Costa Rica (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

The occurrence of the glandulariinae genera Obesoconnus and Archiconnus in Costa Rica is reported for the first time. Obesoconnus was previously known from Mexico and French Guyana; Obesoconnus costaricanus sp. n. fills the gap in the hitherto known distribution of this remarkable genus. Archiconnus was known only from the northern part of Peru (east of the Andes); Archiconnus limonensis sp. n. broadens the known genus range ~ 2000 km to north-west.
Collaborative model development increases trust in and use of scientific information in environmental decision-making

While science matters for environmental management, creating science that is credible, salient to decision-makers, and deemed legitimate by stakeholders is challenging. Collaborative modeling is an increasingly-used approach to enable effective science-based decision-making. This work evaluates the modeling process conducted for two hydropower dam licensing negotiations, to explore how differences in the collaborative development of hydrological models affected differences in their use in subsequent decision-making. In one case, the model was developed iteratively through deliberation with stakeholders. Consequently, stakeholders understood the model and its limitations and trusted the model and modelers; the model itself was also better designed to evaluate resource managers’ questions. The collaboratively-developed model became the focal point for subsequent negotiations and enabled creative group problem-solving. Conversely, in the case with less engagement during model development, the model was not used subsequently by decision-makers. These differences are argued to result from trust built during the modeling process, applicability of the model to test real management scenarios, and the broader social context in which the models were used.
Mast cells in human optic nerve.

PURPOSE Mast cells are classically found in ocular tissues within the conjunctiva, choroid, and iris. The aim of this study was to examine their distribution in the optic nerve and its meninges. METHODS Sixty-six human optic nerves were studied from normal subjects at autopsy, fetuses aborted for chromosomal abnormalities, and from enucleation specimens of patients with a variety of inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, and vascular disorders. Mast cells were identified using a stain for the enzyme chloroacetate esterase, and confirmed using toluidine blue, revealing metachromatic cytoplasmic granules. RESULTS Mast cells were found scattered in the meninges of almost all optic nerves examined, frequently in perivascular locations, with densities up to 2325 mast cells/mm3 (mean 269.7 +/- 64.1 cells/mm3 in normal nerves). Mast cells were found in the optic nerve parenchyma in nerves from four eyes that had severe abnormality, often associated with neovascularization. Normal nerves, as well as nerves from fetuses aborted for congenital defects, had significantly fewer meningeal mast cells than those from eyes with inflammatory or vascular diseases. Degranulation of mast cells was observed more often in eyes with recent severe trauma. CONCLUSIONS Based on their work and the work of others suggesting an association between mast cells and nervous system autoimmune disorders, the authors hypothesize a role for optic nerve mast cells in certain ocular inflammatory conditions.
The Bone–Cartilage Interface

Bone–cartilage interfaces in the body anchor together stiff bone and compliant cartilage in a thin region that progressively calcifies with aging. This bone–cartilage, or osteochondral, interface is of critical importance in articular joints and the spine due to the significant occurrence and health detriments of osteoarthritis and intervertebral disc degeneration. This chapter begins with a description of the morphological foundations of the bone–cartilage interface. We then consider how the composition and microstructural organization within osteochondral tissues influence the mechanics of the larger joint structure. The mechanical properties of tissues in the bone–cartilage interface are then discussed in relation to the functional requirements of the tissue.
Biotransformation of PCBs: Metabolic Pathways and Mechanisms

Biotransformation of PCBs to hydroxylated metabolites by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 system is the critical event that determines the biological half-lives of these widespread environmental contaminants. The factors that determine the rate of biotransformation of PCBs are: the number of chlorines on the biphenyl nucleus, the position of these chlorines and the animal species. In general, as the number of chlorines increase and as the number of unsubstituted, adjacent carbon atoms decrease, the rate of cytochrome P-450 catalyzed hydroxylation of PCBs decreases. Evidence suggests that PCBs are hydroxylated via an arene-oxide intermediate, although other mechanisms may also be operative. The reactive arene oxides formed during biotransformation can bind covalently to tissue macromolecules and/or conjugate with glutathione. Derivatives of glutathione conjugates are major excretion products of PCBs as are glucuronides of the hydroxylated products. The species’ differences in the rate of metabolism of PCBs can be related, at least in part, to differences in the basal levels of particular isozymes of cytochrome P-450 present in liver. The dog, which eliminates PCBs more rapidly than other species, possesses higher levels of a constitutive isozyme of cytochrome P-450 with activity towards the slowly metabolized, bioaccumulated, 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl. Future studies will determine the factors that regulate the activity of this particular isozyme as well as determine its activity toward other PCBs.
Medical Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The principles underlying medical management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are based on an understanding of the clinical setting, the tumor characteristics, and the underlying biology. Reviewing our patient population, we found that 81% had cirrhosis and 19% had no evidence of cirrhosis by biopsy or computed tomography (CT) scan (Table 1). The male/female ratio was 2.5:1, and 72% of our patients were caucasian. Interestingly, 24% of our patients had no symptoms at all but were diagnosed either by the finding of elevated liver function test results on routine physical examination or as an incidental finding, such as a work-up for some unrelated disease. A further 17% of patients were diagnosed because of a planned surveillance CT scan screening because of a known history of hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis, or both. Eighteen percent of patients had the symptoms of cirrhosis, which include ankle swelling, abdominal bloating, increased girth, pruritus, encephalopathy, or a gastrointestinal (GI) bleed, and a full 40% of patients had abdominal pain at presentation. This seemed to be the most common presenting symptom in our patient population. We also found a significant proportion of our patients had experienced weight loss, general malaise or weakness, and loss of appetite. We recently found (unpublished data) that more than 80% of patients report loss of sexual function or desire within the proceeding 12 months of the diagnosis. This seems to be a sensitive but nonspecific correlate of our cancer patients and was found on analysis of our systematic study of quality-of-life questionnaires. The tumor characteristics tend to display interesting patterns. In our experience, HCC is typically a multifocal and bilobar cancer (Table 1, tumor characteristics), and is thus typically not a surgeon’s disease. In addition, portal vein invasion of either the main portal or main branch portal vein, as judged by occlusion of flow or expansion of the vein on CT scan, occurred in 75% of our patients (Table 2).
Validation of the Czech Montreal Cognitive Assessment for Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer Disease and Czech Norms in 1,552 Elderly Persons.

Background The Czech version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-CZ) and delayed recall of 5 words have not been validated in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer disease (AD) and compared to norms of a large population. Method The MoCA-CZ was administered to 1,600 elderly individuals in 2 groups consisting of 48 patients with MCI due to AD (AD-MCI) and 1,552 normal elderly adults. Results MoCA-CZ scores were significantly lower in the AD-MCI patients than in the normal elderly (21 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 3 points; p = 0.03). Under the recommended cutoff score of ≤25, the MoCA-CZ demonstrated an excellent sensitivity of 94% but a low specificity of 62%. When the score was reduced to ≤24, the MoCA-CZ showed an optimal sensitivity of 87% for AD-MCI and a specificity of 72%. Normal elderly persons should recall at least 2 words after delay (sensitivity 80%, specificity 74%). Several cutoff points were derived from normative data stratified by age and education. Conclusions The cutoff for AD-MCI and stratified norms are available for the MoCA total score and delayed recall of the Czech version. The cut-off scores of the MoCA-CZ, sensitivity, and specificity are lower than in the original study.
Influence of the spectator cation on the structure of anionic pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II)

The structures of anionic pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato (pdc2−) complexes of cobalt, nickel, and copper have been studied. The stoichiometries and structures are very much dependent on whether KOH, Et4NOH, or NaOH is used in the synthesis to deprotonate the H2pdc ligand. Crystallographic results are: (1) K2[Co(pdc)2] · 7H2O, orthorhombic, Pnna, Z = 4, a = 20.637(2)A, b = 13.480(1)A, c = 8.200(1)A (2) K2[Ni(pdc)2] · 7H2O, orthorhombic, Pnna, Z = 4, a = 20.648(1)A, b = 13.375(1)A, c = 8.2393(8)A (3) [Co2(H2O)5(pdc)2] · 2H2O, monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4, a = 8.3880(6)A, b = 27.384(2)A, c = 9.6110(8)A, β = 98.271(6)° (4) [Ni(Hpdc)2] · 3H2O, monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4, a = 13.679(1)A, b = 10.0450(9)A, c = 13.767(2)A, β = 115.184(7)° (5) Na6[Co(H2O)6][Co(pdc)2]4 · 28H2O, monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 2, a = 13.363(1)A, b = 8.437(1)A, c = 40.689(3)A, β = 91.288(5)° (6) Na[Ni(Hpdc)(pdc)] · 11.5H2O, monoclinic, C2/m, Z = 4, a = 15.200(2)A, b = 22.299(2)A, c = 8.3596(7)A, β = 118.894(7)° (7) Na[Cu(Hpdc)(pdc)] · 3H2O, monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4, a = 9.516(4)A, b = 14.917(6)A, c = 12.247(5)A, β = 92.00(5)°. The potassium and sodium complexes have extensive K+—H2O and Na+—H2O networks. The fact the Et4N+ ion does not appear in any of the complexes is likely due to the fact that it is incapable of forming the intricate cation—water and hydrogen-bonding networks observed in all of the other structures.
Investigating the Effect of Damage Progression Model Choice on Prognostics Performance

The success of model-based approaches to systems health management depends largely on the quality of the underlying models. In model-based prognostics, it is especially the quality of the damage progression models, i.e., the models describing how damage evolves as the system operates, that determines the accuracy and precision of remaining useful life predictions. Several common forms of these models are generally assumed in the literature, but are often not supported by physical evidence or physics-based analysis. In this paper, using a centrifugal pump as a case study, we develop different damage progression models. In simulation, we investigate how model changes influence prognostics performance. Results demonstrate that, in some cases, simple damage progression models are sufficient. But, in general, the results show a clear need for damage progression models that are accurate over long time horizons under varied loading conditions.
Hysteroscopic Enlargement Metroplasty of the Dysmorphic Uterus

Video Objective To demonstrate the diagnosis and surgical management of the dysmorphic uterus for in patient with primary infertility. Setting Urban academic hospital. Interventions Hysteroscopic enlargement metroplasty. Conclusion Hysteroscopic enlargement metroplasty is safe and effect to restore uterine cavity contour and volume to improve reproductive outcomes.
Fins and (Mis)fortunes: Managing shark populations for sustainability and food sovereignty

Abstract Sharks are simultaneously a subsistence food and a luxury item. Shark fins are consumed during special occasions among primarily the East Asian elite, whereas shark meat is consumed by many globally, including by fishers and their families. Policies guiding the management of shark fisheries vary globally, with inconsistent protections for sharks across their ranges and insufficient consideration of the multifaceted demands for shark products. Banning shark fishing is a popular management strategy; however, a full ban on shark fishing has the potential to threaten both food security and food sovereignty of small-scale fishing communities. In this paper, we investigate the tension between the subsistence and commercial value of sharks, examining the history and current status of shark fishing practices in Madagascar. From this case study, we analyze how current management strategies contribute to shark conservation and food sovereignty. Ultimately, we argue in favor of a rights-based approach to shark fisheries policy in Madagascar, and in other food insecure nations in the process of evaluating and expanding their shark conservation efforts, that considers (a) the end use of the sharks (e.g. implement policies favoring fishers who land sharks for subsistence), (b) the mode of access fishers use to harvest sharks (e.g. imposing greater restrictions on industrial vessels), and (c) direct and ongoing participation of local fishers in decision-making occurring at all scales of governance. While these suggestions pertain to shark fisheries globally, they are especially pertinent to fisheries-dependent countries with high rates of food insecurity in the Global South.
Rheology and mix performance of rejuvenated high RAP field produced hot mix asphalt with a soybean derived rejuvenator

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the optimum dosage of a bio-based rejuvenator, epoxidised methyl soyate (EMS), needed to obtain a mix design containing 30% unfractionated recycled asp...
The effects of a citywide bike share system on active transportation among college students: a randomized controlled pilot study

Introduction. Despite the known health benefits of biking, within the last year, 46% of college students reported not riding a bike. This trend indicates a need to explore interventions to increase bicycling. The purpose of this study was to examine how a free membership to a citywide bike share system, with a campus docking station, affected bicycling and physical activity. Method. Undergraduate students were recruited from a Midwest University to participate in this research study in spring 2018. Each participant wore an activity-tracking device for 3 weeks and was randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n = 29) or a control group (n = 27). Participants in the intervention group received a free 1-month membership to Kansas City's bike share system, B-cycle. Data on the type of activity (e.g., biking), the frequency, duration, and overall steps were collected. A pre- and posttest survey was developed and distributed to assess perceptions and use of bicycles and the bike share system. T tests were performed to identify differences between the two groups. Results. Data analyses reveal no significant differences in overall steps or increased biking behavior between the two groups. Furthermore, only two of participants who received a free bike share membership redeemed their membership. Among other barriers, risk of overage fees or not wanting to enter credit/debit card information emerged as major themes that deterred participants. Conclusions. Results from this study will inform future interventions to decrease barriers, increase physical activity, and increase the proportions of trips taken by bike among college students. More specifically, alternative payment methods should be explored to decrease the barriers observed.
Chapter 10 – Pancreas

Publisher Summary The exocrine pancreas is composed of two basic parenchymal cell types: acinar cells and ductal cells. Cells of the terminal ductules that contact or are interspersed among acinar cells are commonly designated as centroacinar cells. Acinar cells are pyramid-shaped cells arranged to form a convoluted, often interconnecting, tubuloacinar network within the lobules. The tubules and acini are surrounded by a basement membrane (basal lamina) and have a small central lumen. Acinar cells make and secrete digestive enzymes. Ductal cells, smaller than acinar cells, have a single nucleus. Normal main and interlobular ducts are lined by a single layer of cuboidal or low columnar cells. The main pancreatic duct has a thick collagenous layer, two to three times the thickness of the epithelium. This layer is penetrated by numerous small ductular branches. Interlobular ducts have a collagenous layer, approximately as thick as the epithelial cell layer. In the smallest branches of the duct system, the intralobular ductules have cells that are cuboidal or slightly flattened, and are surrounded by a basement membrane of extracellular matrix; they lack a fibrous wall.
Enhancing Care Coordination for Students with Type 1 Diabetes.

Background Care coordination for chronic health conditions is critical to academic success, yet concrete strategies on its operationalization in schools are not well reported in the literature. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one such condition that requires a team-based approach to care coordination. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how care coordination for T1D currently operates and identify strategies for its support and facilitation in schools. Methods Focus groups were conducted with school nurses, parents of T1D children, and providers in each of the 9 Educational Service Districts in Washington State. Recorded notes were analyzed using content analytic techniques. Results Five major themes emerged from the data, each with 3 to 4 second-order themes. Care coordination depended on family, school, and child developmental contexts, knowledge/experience about T1D among school nurses, teachers, parents, and providers, access and availability of team members, communication, and relationships. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of a contextualized and holistic perspective of facilitators and barriers to care coordination in schools. Promoting the development of supportive relationships and effective team-based approaches provides a foundation and informs intersectional care coordination for all children with chronic conditions.
Determinants of bilevel therapy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea

The aim of this study was to investigate potential patient or polysomnogram (PSG) characteristics that can help determine who might benefit from bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) in the treatment of uncomplicated OSA. This was a single center, retrospective, observational study in which 19 patients who met our inclusion criteria for BPAP were matched to 40 patients in the control group. Data on patient baseline characteristics as well as PSG results were analyzed. Baseline patient and PSG characteristics were similar with the exception of shorter sleep time in the BPAP group, 290 min compared with 351 min (p = 0.005). Analysis of oxygen saturations revealed that the percent of total sleep time (TST) spent below 90% (SpO2 < 90%) was statistically higher in BPAP group (mean 21.4% ± 23.6%) compared with CPAP (mean 9.1% ± 11.1%, p = 0.045). For every 5% increase in TST at SpO2 < 90%, there is a 28% increase in the odds of BPAP prescription (OR = 1.276, 95%CI 1.029, 1.582, p = 0.027), and for every 10% increase, there is an increase of 63% (OR 1.627, 95%CI 1.058–2.502). The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test revealed a good fit (p = 0.23). The AUC was 0.7. There is an association between duration of hypoxemia on the PSG and the likelihood of requiring BPAP for the treatment of uncomplicated OSA. More research is needed to understand the best patient-centered therapy when initiating PAP in the management of OSA.
A two-layer non-hydrostatic landslide model for tsunami generation on irregular bathymetry. 1. Theoretical basis

Abstract We describe a two-layer, coupled model for landslide motion over irregular bathymetry and resulting water column motion and tsunami generation. The three-dimensional non-hydrostatic wave model NHWAVE (Ma et al., 2012) is applied as the upper-layer model to simulate landslide-generated tsunami waves. Here, we focus on the derivation of governing equations for the lower-layer model, where the landslide is described as either a viscous mud flow or a saturated granular debris flow. The governing equations are depth-integrated in a Cartesian coordinate system referenced to the still water surface. Vertical acceleration of the slide is taken into account by including non-hydrostatic pressure effects within the slide. The model is validated in comparison to analytic results of Mangeney et al. (2000) and the slope-oriented numerical approach of Ma et al. (2015). The numerical approach and further examples are described in the companion paper Zhang et al. (2021).
Reply to Morick on Intentionality

A number of philosophers have defended the view that mental or psychological verbs share a certain distinctive logical feature, though there is disagreement as to exactly what feature it is. Harold Morick1 has recently accused several of these philosophers (including Brentano, Chisholm and me2 ) of having "ignored or misinterpreted" verbs of a certain kind, in their search for this characteristic trait of mental verbs (normally called "intentionality"). The verbs he is talking about are those that represent some of a person's activities, which are physical activities but which that person must allegedly be conscious in order to perform. Since a "basic sentence" 3 containing such a verb typically entails the existence of its object's referent, Morick contends, the verb in question fails lo count as "intentional" either on Brentano's definition, on Chisholm's, or on mine (each of these three definitions requires that a basic sentence containing an intentional verb not entail the existence of its object's putative referent.). Thus, Brentano, Chisholm and I have failed to make good our claim that all mental or psychological verbs are intentional. Some examples
ICPR 2020 - Competition on Harvesting Raw Tables from Infographics.

This work summarizes the results of the second Competition on Harvesting Raw Tables from Infographics (ICPR 2020 CHART-Infographics). Chart Recognition is difficult and multifaceted, so for this competition we divide the process into the following tasks: Chart Image Classification (Task 1), Text Detection and Recognition (Task 2), Text Role Classification (Task 3), Axis Analysis (Task 4), Legend Analysis (Task 5), Plot Element Detection and Classification (Task 6.a), Data Extraction (Task 6.b), and End-to-End Data Extraction (Task 7). We provided two sets of datasets for training and evaluation of the participant submissions. The first set is based on synthetic charts (Adobe Synth) generated from real data sources using matplotlib. The second one is based on manually annotated charts extracted from the Open Access section of the PubMed Central (UB PMC). More than 25 teams registered out of which 7 submitted results for different tasks of the competition. While results on synthetic data are near perfect at times, the same models still have room to improve when it comes to data extraction from real charts. The data, annotation tools, and evaluation scripts have been publicly released for academic use.
Facilitator contact, discussion boards, and virtual badges as adherence enhancements to a web-based, self-guided, positive psychological intervention for depression: Randomized controlled trial

Background: Adherence to self-guided interventions tends to be very low, especially in people with depression. Prior studies have demonstrated that enhancements may increase adherence, but little is known about the efficacy of various enhancements in comparison to, or in combination with, one another. Objective: The aim of our study is to test whether 3 enhancements—facilitator contact (FC), an online discussion board, and virtual badges (VB)—alone, or in combination, improve adherence to a self-guided, web-based intervention for depression. We also examined whether age, gender, race, ethnicity, comfort with technology, or baseline depression predicted adherence or moderated the effects that each enhancement had on adherence. Methods: Participants were recruited through web-based sources and, after completing at least 4 out of 7 daily emotion reports, were sequentially assigned to 1 of 9 conditions—the intervention alone; the intervention plus 1, 2, or all 3 enhancements; or an emotion reporting control condition. The intervention was a positive psychological program consisting of 8 skills that specifically targeted positive emotions, and it was delivered over 5 weeks in a self-guided, web-based format. We operationalized adherence as the number of skills accessed. Results: A total of 602 participants were enrolled in this study. Participants accessed, on average, 5.61 (SD 2.76) of 8 skills. The total number of enhancements participants received (0-3) did not predict the number of skills accessed. Participants who were assigned to the VB+FC condition accessed significantly more skills than those in the intervention only conditions. Furthermore, participants in arms that received the combination of both the VB and FC enhancements (VB+FC and VB+FC+online discussion board) accessed a greater number of skills relative to the number of skills accessed by participants who received either VB or FC without the other. Moderation analyses revealed that the receipt of VB (vs no VB) predicted higher adherence among participants with moderately severe depression at baseline. Conclusions: The results suggested that the VB+FC combination significantly increased the number of skills accessed in a self-guided, web-based intervention for elevated depression. We have provided suggestions for refinements to these enhancements, which may further improve adherence. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02861755; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02861755
The use of hypercapnic conditions to assess opioid-induced respiratory depression in rats

Abstract Introduction Whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in unrestrained, non-anesthetized rodents is a preclinical method to assess the respiratory depressant effects of opioids, the leading cause of opioid overdose death in humans. However, low baseline respiration rates under normocapnic conditions (i.e., “floor” effect) can render the measurement of respiratory decreases challenging. We assessed hypercapnia-induced increases in respiration as a strategy to assess opioid-induced decreases in respiration in rats. Methods WBP was used to assess respiration frequency, tidal volume and minute volume in the presence of normocapnic and hypercapnic (8% CO2) conditions in rats during the rat diurnal period of the light cycle. The mu-opioid receptor agonist fentanyl was administered intravenously, and the hot plate test was used to assess acute antinociception. Results and discussion Hypercapnia-induced increases in respiratory parameters (frequency, minute volume, and tidal volume) were decreased by fentanyl at doses that did not decrease the same parameters under the normocapnic conditions. These findings show that hypercapnia increases sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, as compared with assessments during the rat diurnal period when activity and breathing rate are generally low, i.e., there is a floor effect. The current approach is highly sensitive to opioid-induced respiratory depression, and therefore provides a useful method for assessment in a pre-clinical setting.
Optimizing PEEP to Improve Rates of Ventilator Associated Events in the Medical Intensive Care Unit

Background: The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) developed a new algorithm as an approach to improve monitoring for the physiologic changes contributory to ventilator-associated events (VAE), and identified subgroups of ventilator associated conditions (VAC), infection-related ventilator-associated conditions (IVAC) and possible ventilator-associated pneumonia (PVAP). After introduction of the new surveillance definition, we noted in our MICU the majority of PEEP changes triggering VAEs were unrelated to true ventilator-associated complications. It is known that mechanical ventilation is associated with reductions in functional residual capacity (FRC), which, can result in atelectasis. Given the FRC in ventilated patients is determined by PEEP, we hypothesized optimizing PEEP settings at higher starting levels would allow for better identification of clinically significant VAEs. Methods: We initiated a pilot intervention across 25-beds in 2 MICUs at our urban tertiary care institution in March 2019. All newly ventilated patients were initiated at a starting PEEP of 8 cm H2O rather than 5. Respiratory therapists, intensivists, and nursing staff were educated as to the protocol, and local champions were identified to ensure adherence. The new baseline PEEP allowed for minimal disruption in patient care, as spontaneous breathing trials and weaning could be conducted per usual practice. Other ventilator bundle components were maintained throughout both periods with a ≥ 75% compliance rate. We then compared pre- and post-intervention rates of VAEs. Results: There were 419 mechanically ventilated patients in the pre-intervention group, and 427 in the post-intervention group. After initiation of the higher baseline PEEP protocol, we found an approximate 50% reduction in rates of total VAE, along with reductions in IVAC and PVAP by 25-30% (Table 1). Comparative trends in VAC, IVAC and PVAP diagnoses between the two periods of interest are depicted in Figure 1. Conclusions: Our data suggest optimizing baseline PEEP may help to reduce VAE in the MICU setting. As the intent of the new NHSN definition was to capture physiologic processes other than infectious pneumonia, the mechanism of our results may have been through reduction of atelectasis or other ventilator-induced lung injury. Further study will help to determine generalizability of this practice to non-MICU settings, and also measure its impact on outcomes such as antibiotic utilization.
Swapping Gender is a Snap(chat): Limitations of (Trans) Gendered Legibility within Binary Digital and Human Filters

In May 2019 the photographic cellphone application Snapchat released two company-generated image filters that were officially dubbed “My Twin” and “My Other Twin,” though users and media labeled them as feminine and masculine, respectively. While touted in most commentary as a “gender swap” feature, these digital imaginaries represent a unique opportunity to consider what features contribute to classification of faces into binary gender buckets. After all, the commonly considered “male” filter makes various modifications—including a broader jaw and addition of facial hair—to whichever face is selected in the photograph. It does not ask and cannot detect if that face belongs to a man or woman (cis- or transgender) or to a non-binary individual. Instead, the augmented reality that it offers is a preprogrammed algorithmic reinscription of reductive gendered norms. When interacting with a novel face, humans similarly implement algorithms to assign a gender to that face. The Snapchat “My Twin” filters—which are not neutral, but rather human-designed—offer an analyzable projection of one such binarization, which is otherwise rarely articulated or visually recreated. Here I pair an ethnographic exploration of twenty-eight transgender, non-binary, and/or gender diverse individuals’ embodied experiences of facial gender legibility throughout life and with digital distortion, with a quantitative analysis of the “My Twin” filter facial distortions, to better understand the role of technology in reimaginations of who and what we see in the mirror.