cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phytoplankton Biomass near a Receding Ice-Edge in the Ross Sea

Ice-edge zones have been hypothesized to be major sites of primary production and energy transfer within the Southern Ocean, and large biomass accumulations of upper-trophic-level organisms (birds and mammals) occur in these zones. However, few data exist to determine if these ice-edge regions support elevated levels of phytoplankton and enhanced rates of primary production. During 2 cruises on the USCGC Glacier in January-February, 1983, the chlorophyll distribution was measured in different areas of the Ross Sea. Our primary study area was located off the coast of southern Victorialand (76° 30′ S) in a region of receding pack-ice. We occupied 34 stations in a 100 × 300 km area of variable ice concentration. In comparison to control stations and previous data, chlorophyll levels were high, averaging 4.08 ± 1.46 mg chl-a m−3 at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum in the water column, and 128.2 ± 91.7 mg m−2 when integrated from the surface to 150 m. High surface chlorophyll levels appeared to be highly correlated with a stable surface layer at the edge of the receding ice-pack. At stations outside of the ice-edge bloom, stability at the surface was reduced and chlorophyll concentrations were markedly lower. Water column stability appeared to be a major factor in the initiation and maintenance of ice-edge phytoplankton blooms, and the roles of these blooms in the overall estimates of biogenic production and energy flux of the Southern Ocean need to be re-evaluated.
Internal and near fields of small particles irradiated in spectral absorption bands

An integral-equation-based theoretical and numerical study is made of the geometric structure of the electric fields induced by electromagnetic waves incident upon homogeneous symmetric particles that are small compared with the wavelength of the ambient field. Emphasis is on the particle-shape-dependent characteristic resonant modes associated with absorption bands of the bulk material. The potentials and electric fields inside and near hemispherically capped cylinders are presented to illustrate the general theory. Implications of the results for linear and nonlinear scattering and for radiation transfer are discussed.
The fallacy of using a solitary outcome measure as the standard for satisfactory pain treatment outcome

‘Success” connotes that a goal has been achieved. For many pain therapies, pain reduction is selected as the goal, and 50% reduction of pain intensity is selected frequently as the threshold for declaring success. Assessment of pain treatment outcome with this solitary measure minimizes the multidimensional nature of pain, pain management, and outcomes. Although the 50% threshold for declaring success may be acceptable in some instances, in most cases it does not characterize adequately the global responses that should be expected with successful pain management. Goals for a given individual's pain therapy should be chosen according to the needs and concerns of the parties affected by the pain disorder and should be established prior to initiating a treatment program. Success should be judged according to whether the selected goals are met.
Hemodynamic and respiratory alterations with increased intra-abdominal pressure

Abstract Respiratory and hemodynamic alterations produced by sequential increases in intra-abdominal pressure were studied in 10 dogs. Significant increases in end-inspiratory pressure required to deliver a fixed tidal volume were noted above 25 mm Hg. Despite a normal arterial pressure, there was a marked decline in cardiac output beginning at 10 mm Hg IAP. These findings were paralleled by a decreased inferior vena cava flow suggesting decreased venous return as the mechanism for the reduced cardiac output. There was a close correspondence between intra-abdominal pressure and pressure in the inferior vena cava (as measured through a femoral vein catheter) which suggests that monitoring pressure through the femoral vein may be a clinically useful technique for determining the level of IAP.
Reliability of airway obstruction analyses from Sleep MRI sequences.

OBJECTIVE: A real-time MRI "movie" during natural sleep ("Sleep MRI") allows observation of dynamic airway obstructions in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients. The purpose of this article was to determine the reliability of assessing these obstructions. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic test evaluation. SETTING: Academic referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 23 Sleep MRI sequences randomly selected from 20 consecutive OSAS patients were analyzed by two experienced sleep surgeons on two separate occasions separated by at least two weeks. Five dimensions were assessed: presence or absence of any obstruction, presence or absence of a retropalatal obstruction, presence or absence of a retroglossal obstruction, presence or absence of a swallow, and duration of an obstructive event. RESULTS: For all dimensions measured, intra-rater reliability coefficients ranged from a low of 0.95 to a high of 1.0 for each rater. Inter-rater reliability coefficients ranged from a low of 0.85 to a high of 1.0. On two separate evaluations separated by at least two weeks, rater 1 identified a retropalatal obstruction in 100 percent of sequences, whereas rater 2 did so in 91 percent and 96 percent of the sequences, respectively. Retroglossal obstruction was identified in 57 percent (rater 1) and 65 percent (rater 2) of sequences. CONCLUSION: Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability coefficients are very high for determination of presence or absence of any obstruction, presence or absence of a retropalatal obstruction, presence or absence of a retroglossal obstruction, presence or absence of a swallow, and duration of obstruction from Sleep MRI sequences in OSAS patients.
Geometry and position of light nonaqueous-phase liquid lenses in water-wetted porous media

Predicting the movement of LNAPL's (light nonaqueous-phase liquids) in the subsurface environment is critical for the design of effective remediatory action. The objective of this study was to develop a method for predicting the shape and extent of LNAPL lenses in the capillary fringe of the vadose zone. Two-dimensional experiments were performed in a glass chamber (50 cm × 60 cm × 0.95 cm) using four Miller-similar silica sands (1220, 2030, 3040 and 4050 sieve sizes) and two LNAPL's (Soltrol® 220 and Duoprime® 55 mineral oil). LNAPL's were released in water-wetted sands to simulate a point-source discharge above a water table. Observation of light transmission was used to delineate the changing LNAPL lens boundary during infiltration until equilibrium was established. At equilibrium, no zone above the capillary fringe remained at a NAPL saturation higher than the residual saturation. A previously published model for predicting vertical lens dimensions was tested and good agreement was found between measured and predicted lens thicknesses when the time-dependent nature of LNAPL—water interfacial tensions was considered. Less agreement between measured and predicted lens thicknesses was found when model equations were modified to a fully explicit, predictive form. Observed spatial variability in the emplacement of LNAPL's in the capillary fringe, compounded by the strong time dependence of a key variable, limits the use of the model as a predictive tool, but provides important insight into the low precision in prediction which is attainable even if a more complete model was developed. The results provide a means to better understand LNAPL behavior in the subsurface environment.
From here to equity: The influence of status on student access to and understanding of science

The purpose of this article is to extend our understanding of groupwork in the science classroom—to use the sociological construct of status (defined here as a student's perceived academic ability and popularity) to explain inequitable participation by group members and to identify strategies that promote reasoned consideration of all ideas within groups. Toward these ends, I investigated three classes of one sixth-grade science teacher at an urban, ethnically diverse middle school. Students in these life science classes used an instructional strategy and curriculum designed explicitly to address differences in their access to and understanding of science: the Complex Instruction model of groupwork and the Human Biology Middle Grades Life Science Curriculum. Over the course of two units, I examined the powerful influence of status on student–student interactions during groupwork and student performance on science tests. I used quantitative observation instruments and semistructured student interviews to ascertain the quality of groupwork implementation, audio- and videotapes of target groups to study the relationship between status and participation, and a Rate of Talk Instrument and unit tests to determine if students' participation during groupwork influenced their achievement in science. Because status issues were not fully addressed by teacher and curriculum, inequities in both groupwork participation and science learning persisted. Three recommendations for groupwork refinement are offered: the consistent implementation of interventions designed to ameliorate status differences; the strategic assignment of procedural roles to ensure student access to group materials, discourse, and decisions; and the overturning of students' conventional notions of intelligence—what they think it means to be smart. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed83:577–601, 1999.
Different intensities of sexual activity in relation to the effect of testosterone propionate in the male rabbit.

It has been previously reported (Cheng and Casida 1949) that there is no consistent effect of testosterone propionate (dosages of 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg. daily) on sperm concentration, total number of spermatozoa or volume of fluid portion of the semen in the rabbit. However, there was a significant increase in sexual libido and of seminal “glairy” substance in the treated animals over that in the controls. In the reported experiments the frequency of collections was held constant for any given dosage level. Chang (1945) reported that by increasing the number of semen collections from rams there was an increase in the total number of sperm produced. At the same time there was a decrease in volume of the ejaculate, an increase in the time required to mate and some tendency for the concentration of the sperm in the semen to decrease.
Recovery and purification of paclitaxel using low‐pressure liquid chromatography

An efficient and economical low-pressure liquid chromatography process has been developed for paclitaxel recovery and purification directly from plant-tissue culture (PTC) broth. PTC broth is first diluted with ethanol to ensure padlitaxel dissolution and then passed through a column packed with a high-capacity polystyrene divinyl-benzene sorbent. A step increase in ethanol concentration in the mobile phase (ethanol:water) is used to concentrate and compress the taxane bands to as high as 29-fold of influent concentrations (about 1 mg/L). A recycle technique is then used to separate the concentrated paclitaxel band from other taxane bands, achieving 95% purity with more than 90% recovery and 99% purity with more than 80% recovery. In this process, the same low-pressure columns are used to capture, concentrate and purify paclitaxel. Theoretical predictions agree closely with the stepwise elution and recycle chromatography data. After validation, simulations are used to explore various design and operating alternatives. Analysis of the alternatives shows that the process cost can be further reduced by using higher feed concentration, larger loading volume, smaller particle size, and optimal gradient and recycle strategies.
Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad

During field trips in 1966 and 1967, the author gathered data on the use of local plants in folk medicine from the village of Blanchisseuse, Trinidad. The village is located in one of the most isolated spots on the island's lush and rugged north coast. It is accessible only by way of a paved road which winds 25 miles through the 2000-foot-high Northern Range to the nearest town. Most of the villagers fish and raise food crops. Accordingtothe 1960 census of Trinidad and Tobago, the population of 900 is 57% Negro, 407% of mixed ancestry, and 3% Chinese and Indian. A majority of the adults are bilingual in English and French Creole ("patois"). The village is without a full-time physician, as well as utilities such as running water, electricity, and a sewage system. There is, however, a government-employed nurse who works daily in the local infirmary. She holds weekly prenatal and pediatric clinics, gives inoculations, dresses wounds, and dispenses medications such as cough syrups and ointments. Along with using the available modern medical facilities, the inhabitants of Blanchisseuse continue to practice the traditional folk medicine in their homes. Nearly everyone knows a few remedies for the most common ailments. In this respect, Blanchisseuse is an apparent exception among villages in Trinidad, for it lacks specialists in folk medicine known as "bush doctors." Rarely do the inhabitants consult native curers outside the village. The reliance on folk medicine is encouraged by the presence of an abundant and
Do large structures control their own growth in a mixing layer? An assessment

Two different two-dimensional free shear layers, the T-layer developing in time from an initial tangential velocity discontinuity separating the two half-spaces, and the S-layer which develops downstream of the origin where two uniform streams of unequal velocity are brought into tangential contact, are compared. Calculations are performed in order to determine to what extent the perturbations induced upstream by large concentrations of vorticity found downstream hasten or retard the subharmonic instability that leads to the formations of these large structures. The results show that the elliptic influence, or the feedback, in a mixing layer is relatively small for small velocity ratios.
Respiratory irregularity and stress hormones in panic disorder: Exploring potential linkages

Dysregulation within both respiratory control systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in the pathophysiological of panic disorder. However, potential linkages between respiration and the HPA axis have rarely been examined in panic patients. We have previously published neuroendocrine and psychophysiological response data from a laboratory panic model using the respiratory stimulant doxapram. We now present a new, theoretically driven re-examination of linkages between HPA axis and respiratory measures in this model. Previous analyses showed elevated corticotropin (ACTH) and persistent tidal volume irregularity in panic patients, due to a high frequency of sighs. Regression analyses now show that tidal volume irregularity and sigh frequency were strongly predicted by pre-challenge ACTH levels, but not by subjective distress or panic symptoms. We predicted this relationship on the basis of our hypothesis that both the HPA axis and respiratory control systems may be reactive to contextual cues such as novelty or anticipation of future challenge. Follow-up work is needed to directly test this hypothesis.
Isopiestic studies of aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures IV. NiCl2 and CoCl2

Isopiestic measurements have been made on aqueous solutions of NiCl2 and CoCl2 at 382.96 and 413.36 K. NaCl served as the reference electrolyte for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. At 413.36 K hydrolysis of Co2+ had a marked effect on the results while at 443.92 K hydrolysis of both Ni2+ and Co2+ was so extensive that no valid results could be obtained. In the absence of hydrolysis Pitzer's equation fits the osmotic coefficients with a standard deviation of 0.003. parameters derived from the least-squares fit of the osmotic coefficients were used to calculate activity coefficients. Both the osmotic and activity coefficients decreased with increasing temperature and became less dependent on molality. The dependence of the ratio of the activity coefficients of NiCl2 and CoCl2 on molality is approximately independent of temperature.
Characterization and optimization of a plasma doping process using a pulsed RF-excited B2H6 plasma system

Abstract The P+ plasma doping (PLAD) process using B 2 H 6 /H 2 plasma in a pulsed, RF-excited plasma system has been systematically characterized and optimized. The correlations between the deposition, retained B dose/profile, carrier dose/profile, sheet resistance ( R S ) as a function of the pulse voltage, nominal dose, and carrier gas dilution have been extensively investigated. It was found that diluting B 2 H 6 with H 2 can be used as a method to control and minimize boron deposition. SIMS and SRP analyses indicate that B and carrier profiles are deeper for higher dilutions up to 5/95 of a B 2 H 6 /H 2 gas ratio, than they are for lower dilutions due to less B deposition. This results in a higher activation fraction because of the B SS limit and compensates for the reduction of the retained B dose. The higher dilutions also improved the retained B dose and R S saturation due to less deposition. The PLAD process of a pulsed, RF-excited plasma system using B 2 H 6 diluted with 92.5% to 95% H 2 was found to be an optimal condition for high-dose, boron-doping applications.
Dynamic properties of partially denervated muscle

The mechanical and electrical properties of the partially denervated first dorsal interosseous muscle were measured in 14 patients and 14 normal control subjects. The following variables were studied during isometric contraction: maximum voluntary contraction; maximum rate of rise of tension in a rapid voluntary contraction; amplitude, rate of rise, time to peak, and duration of peak of the compound muscle action potential; twitch force, maximum rate of rise, contraction time, and half-relaxation time; and tetanic (50 Hz) force, rate of rise, and tetanus/twitch ratio. The force produced during repetitive stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 10, 20, 50, and 100 impulses per second was also analyzed. The major findings were: (1) decreased load bearing (voluntary contraction, twitch, and tetanus), (2) prolonged twitch contraction times and half-relaxation times, (3) decreased tetanus/twitch ratio, and (4) preserved rate of rise of tension.
Video granular synthesis

This paper introduces a technique that enables the creative reshaping of one or more video signals based on granular synthesis techniques, normally applied only to audio signals. We demonstrate that a wide range of novel video processing effects can be generated through conceptualizing a video signal as being composed of a large number of video grains. These grains can be manipulated and maneuvered in a variety of ways, and a new video signal can then be created through the resynthesis of these altered grains; effects include cloning, rotating, and resizing the video grains, as well as repositioning them in space and time. These effects have been used successfully in a series of interactive multimedia performances, leading us to believe that our approach has significant artistic potential.
Cerebro-ocular dysplasia —Muscular dystrophy (COD-MD) syndrome

The Fukuyama form of congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), first described in Japan, is associated with distinct dysplastic cerebral malformations including agyria and micropolygyria of cerebral cortex, micropolygyria of cerebellum, and leptomeningeal gliomesodermal proliferations. We describe seven cases in four families from the United States with a syndrome similar to FCMD but with additional ophthalmic malformations. We believe that these cases represent a form of congenital muscular dystrophy different from FCMD and termed it cerebroocular dysplasia-muscular dystrophy (COD-MD) syndrome.
Ozone-Induced Stipple on Plants in the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina

Abstract During 1996–1998 and 2002–2003, field surveys were conducted within the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, located on the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, to determine if refuge vegetation exhibited foliar symptoms (stipple) induced by ambient ozone. Foliar stipple was observed on Rhus copallina (Winged Sumac), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese Tallowtree), and Vitis sp. (wild grape). Grape had the greatest frequency of stippled plants, followed by Winged Sumac and Chinese Tallowtree. Chinese Tallowtree produced the most classic ozone-induced stipple, and may have the most potential as a useful ozone-sensitive bioindicator. Percentage of plants with ozone-induced symptoms varied among species and years. The threshold value of CUM60 ambient ozone needed to induce symptoms on ozone-sensitive plants in the refuge was estimated to be approximately 9000 ppb-hrs.
Ultraslow relaxation of hydrogen-bonded dynamic clusters in glass-forming aqueous glucose solutions : A light scattering study

We report static and dynamic light-scattering measurements of aqueous glucose solutions near their glass transition. Photon correlation spectroscopy reveals two relaxation processes present in the supercooled liquid: a nonexponential and nonhydrodynamic, -relaxation occurring at short times and an exponential and hydrodynamic relaxation occurring at longer times. The slow relaxation is seen only in the polarized scattering geometry and is in many ways identical to the “ultraslow” mode recently observed by others in specially annealed molecular glass-forming liquids and attributed to the formation of long-range density correlations or “dynamic clusters.” Static light scattering confirms the existence of excess scattering in our glucose solutions that is consistent with clusters in a size range between 30 and 60 nm. The size of the clusters varies with the water content and the clustering appears to be associated with the percolation of a hydrogen-bonded glucose network.
House fly control in climate-controlled caged-hen layer houses.

Musca domestica L. in single-tier, climate-controlled, caged-poultry houses was controlled by larviciding with four percent Rabon® [2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate] emulsion applied at one gal/2000 feet2 of manure. A battery-powered, electric-pump, hand-wheeled sprayer, with flat-spray, large-orifice nozzles was developed for rapid, efficient, minimum-labor larviciding of manure pits. Dichlorvos larviciding or dichlorvos fumigation against adults was less effective. Rabon residual against adults or granular ronnel larviciding was ineffective. Rabon larviciding cost less than 0.8⊄ per hen per summer; other treatments ranged down to 0.2⊄ per hen per summer. In this type of poultry house, biological control agents did not prevent development of excessive fly populations when Rabon residual sprays were applied to selected adult fly resting surfaces only and when manure was allowed to accumulate undisturbed.
The preservice microteaching course and science teachers' instructional decisions: A qualitative analysis

The purpose of this investigation was to qualitatively investigate the effects of a microteaching course on preservice science teachers' perceptions of teaching, instructional decisions, and changes in beliefs which occur throughout the course. A total of 17 preservice teachers constituted the sample for this investigation. In addition to viewing and self-critiquing the videotapes of their lessons, students received both oral and written feedback from peers and instructors. Subjects were also required to complete a reaction questionnaire concerning their beliefs/perceptions prior to the first presentation as well as following each of the four required presentations. Systematic comparisons among students' self-critiques and reaction questionnaires yielded a total of 12 categories of concerns/beliefs about teaching. These categories pertained to either “Concerns for Self” or “Concerns for Students.” Although the subjects appeared to proceed through a developmental process beginning with concerns for self and moving toward concerns for students, analyses of subjects' comments about students revealed that such remarks were actually egocentric. Additionally, the data indicated that preservice teachers view planning as a complex, two-component process (i.e., the physical act of writing a plan and the subsequent mental rehearsal of that plan.).
Comparison of Home Based Older Patients Who Received Occupational Therapy with Patients Not Receiving Occupational Therapy

The relationship of occupational therapy (OT) services to improvement in functional status for frail elders has not been firmly established. The present study explored the relationship of receipt of community-based services to changes in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. Using a retrospective approach, two groups of older patients discharged from hospital, sub-acute and skilled nursing facility rehabilitation programs, or who were living in the community and qualified for home care services, were compared: one group received OT, the second group did not. The group that received OT demonstrated improved Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scores in three areas (dressing, toileting and walking) while the group that did not receive OT did not show improvement.
The methanolysis of some derivatives of 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in the presence and absence of silver salts

Abstract In contrast to reactions with high concentration, reactions of several derivatives of 2,3,4-tri-0-benzyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl bromide with low concentrations of methanol gave mainly the α- D -glucosides regardless of the structure of the C-6 substituent. Methanolysis of the same α- D -glucosyl bromides or the corresponding chlorides in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate at —78° gave mainly the β- D -glucosides. The use of these silver salts led to side reactions, particularly when the glucosyl halide had an acyl blocking group at C-6. The side reactions were minimized when silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) was used. The relative amounts of α- and β- D -glucosides produced in the presence of silver triflate depended on the structure of the C-6 substituent and the solvent polarity. A rapid methanolysis of 2,3,4-tri-0-benzyl-6-0-(N-phenylcarbamoyl)-α- D -glucopyranosyl bromide with silver triflate in ether at —78° gave a high proportion of the methyl α- D -glucoside. The results of direct methanolysis seem to be due to competitive methanolysis of the anomeric bromides and a push-pull $ mechanism is postulated in the presence of silver tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate. Glucosyl triflate intermediates are proposed for the silver triflate-assisted methanolyses.
Fibronectin induces ureteric bud cells branching and cellular cord and tubule formation

Fibronectin induces ureteric bud cells branching and cellular cord and tubule formation. Background The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin is involved in several stages of embryogenesis. Fibronectin exerts its effect through interaction with cellular integrin and nonintegrin receptors. Methods We investigated the effect of fibronectin on branching and tubulogenesis of ureteric bud cells in a three-dimensional gel culture system. Primary ureteric bud cells from mouse embryos at gestation 11 days (E11) were isolated and established in culture. Fibronectin and integrin subunits were localized using immunoperoxidase staining. Results In three-dimensional collagen type I gel culture of ureteric bud cell, fibronectin dose dependently induces cord and tubule formation. Both ureteric bud cells and ureteric bud branches in embryonic kidney express the same multiple integrin subunits that include β 1 , β 3 , α 3 , α 4 and α v . Embryonic kidneys examined at E12, E14, and E16 days of gestation express fibronectin in the undifferentiated mesenchyme especially next to ureteric bud branches and in the interstitium around glomerulotubular structures and blood vessels. Fibronectin expression was similar at the tips and stalks of branching ureteric bud. Fibronectin expression is maximum at E12 and decreases with advanced gestation. Cultured ureteric bud cells also express fibronectin. RGD peptides inhibit cord and tubular formation in the three-dimensional gel. Anti-α 3 β 1 antibody partially inhibits fibronectin-induced cord and tubule formation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) induce ureteric bud cell cord formation in three-dimensional gel. The effects of growth factors are delayed and quantitatively less compared to the effect of fibronectin. Conclusion Fibronectin induces ureteric bud cells branching and tubulogenesis through interaction with multiple integrin receptors. Cultured ureteric bud cells express febronectin and the origin of fibronectin at mesenchyme-ureteric bud interface is likely both the metanephric mesenchyme and ureteric bud epithelium. Addition of individual neutralizing antibodies to β 1 , β 3 , α 3 , α 4, α 6 and α v integrin subunits does not block the effect of fibronectin. Only an antibody to α 3 β 1 integrin substantially blocks the effect of fibronectin. Other mechanisms, including unidentified integrins, are likely involved in fibronectin-induced cord and tubule formation.
Psychiatric consequences of AIDS: an overview.

As the AIDS epidemic has unfolded, a growing number of psychiatric consequences have been manifested. Based on his experiences as a researcher, clinician, and public health advisor, the author presents a number of conceptual models to assist in our understanding of the psychological, social and political consequences of AIDS, fear of AIDS, and infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). These include a structural model for AIDS related behavioral change, a psychosocial model of the various types of social response, a biological model, and an integrated model for psychiatry's role in promoting positive social change which will control the spread of disease and fear. The author concludes that the magnitude of the psychiatric challenges of AIDS and the potential “holocaust” outcome if we fail to properly address that challenge necessitate the active mobilization of the mental health professions.
The Mechanism of Precipitation Formation in Northeastern Colorado Cumulus II. Sailplane Measurements

Abstract Some cloud microphysical measurements made from the sailplane The Explorer are presented. Drop sizes and concentrations and ice particle sizes, concentrations, shapes, and, in some cases, internal structures are determined from in situ photographs taken with a recently developed particle camera. The data from photographs taken in northeastern Colorado during the early stages of the development of spring and summer cumulus clouds and in their precipitation suggest that the first precipitation forms primarily by the ice process rather than by condensation–coalescence. Ice particles were frequently photographed in these clouds, but above the freezing altitude, water drops > 50 μm radius were very rare.
Pre-exposure effects of 1 and 3 MHz therapeutic ultrasound on ConA activated spleenocytes.

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate the pre-exposure effects of ultrasound (1 MHz or 3 MHz) on ConA activated spleenocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Cells were treated for 10 min at various intensities, rested for 1 h and stimulated with the T cell activator ConA. The cells were then analyzed for the effects of non-thermal ultrasound on cell growth and the presence of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-g. The data show that pre-exposure of spleenocytes had no significant effects on the proliferation of ConA activated spleenocytes at either 1 or 3 MHz (10 min at 0.1 or 0.5 W/cm 2 ). Significant increases in IL-2 were observed in both 1 and 3 MHz pre-treated and ConA activated spleenocytes. Cells pre-treated with 1 MHz and stimulated with ConA showed a significant increase in IL-4 and IFN-g. Conversely, cells pre-treated with 3 MHz and stimulated with ConA show a significant decrease in IL-4 and IFN-g. Interleuken-4 is known to increase the growth of mast cells, inhibit macrophage activation and increases the activity of the T cell subpopulation, T H2 . Interferon-gamma is known to stimulate production of collagen in fibroblasts, enhance debridement activity of macrophage and inhibit activity of the T cell subpopulation, T H2 .
Neurophysiology of limbic system pathways in the rat: projections from the subicular complex and hippocampus to the entorhinal cortex.

Abstract We studied the responses of rat entorhinal neurons to electrical stimulation of the dentate gyrus, hippocampus and subicular complex. Three main results were obtained. (1) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in entorhinal neurons in response to electrical stimulation. Cell in layers II, III and V of the entorhinal cortex were responsive. (2) Frequency potentiation of excitatory responses was observed when 10/s stimulation was used. (3) Excitatory responses were followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The results provide evidence for an excitatory projection from the hippocampus and subiculum to the entorhinal cortex, and are consistent with the existence of feed-forward inhibition of entorhinal principal neurons.
Licensing criteria for nuclear medicine

The use of radioactive materials in medicine is one of the most highly regulated areas the physician has to deal with. There are three basic types of licenses for use of radioactive material defined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), chapter 10, part 35. These are the general license, which is mainly applicable to small volume in vitro work; the specific license, which is used in most medical facilities; and the broad license, which is suited for larger research-oriented practices. Licensing requires proof of competence of the user and of adequate provision for protection of public health. Materials used in medicine are grouped for convenience into three diagnostic categories and two therapeutic categories. A sixth group, for sealed implants, is not generally applicable in nuclear medicine. Training and experience of users may be documented in a number of ways, including board certification in nuclear medicine. Therapeutic applications require additional proof of direct personal experience. The radiation safety officer is a pivotal individual in the licensing procedure, being directly responsible for carrying out the highly detailed requirements for protection of personnel and patients. A radiation safety program based on the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) concept requires personal monitoring, inventory control, detection and control of contamination, and strict adherence to licensing rules. Training of personnel and proper maintenance of equipment and facilities are also vital parts of the licensing process. The requirements of licensing and for renewal are clearly spelled out by the various regulatory agencies and require meticulous record keeping with documentation that all prescribed procedures have been followed and duly recorded.
Enhanced Nucleation and Enrichment of Strained-Alloy Quantum Dots

An epitaxial strained layer is metastable against nucleation of three-dimensional ``islands.'' For an alloy, I show that these islands nucleate at a substantially different composition than the alloy layer. This stress-induced segregation drastically increases the nucleation rate. For planar-layer electronic devices, these effects exacerbate the roughening problem. However, the same effects enhance the promise of ``self-assembled quantum dots.'' Possible ``self-capping'' of quantum dots is also discussed.
Expression of HER-2 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells modulates anti-apoptotic proteins Survivin and Bcl-2 via the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) signalling pathways

The oncoprotein HER-2 is over-expressed and/or has undergone gene amplification in between 20 to 30% of breast and ovarian cancers. HER-2 amplified breast cancer is associated with a poor prognosis and increased resistance to chemo- and hormonal therapy. Data supporting the transforming potential of HER-2 are irrefutable but the mechanism by which HER-2 contributes to this process is complex and a unified model of HER2-induced increased cell proliferation and survival has not emerged. To understand the initial event(s) that take place by HER-2 over expression, we studied the effect of short term induction of HER-2 expression in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. We examined the modulation of apoptotic pathways by tetracycline-regulated HER-2 expression for 48 hrs in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Specific inhibitors were used to determine signalling pathways that are required for HER-2 induced up-regulation of survivin. Tetracycline regulated short term over expression of HER-2 in the MCF7 cell line increased the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and survivin levels. Significant increase of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation but not AKT1, AKT2 and STAT3 was observed in HER-2 over-expressing MCF7 cells. Specific inhibitors of ERK, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), inhibited the HER-2 induced up-regulation of survivin. We did not observe a change in survivin and NF-κB promoter activity in HER-2 expressing MCF7 cells. Our results indicate that short term over expression of HER-2 up regulates antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and survivin in MCF7 cells. We determined that survivin is up-regulated via ERK activation and PI3K signalling. Additionally we show that survivin up-regulation is not at transcriptional level. These data provide insight into the mechanism(s) by which induction of HER-2 over expression up-regulates survivin and Bcl-2 and identifies new targets for therapy of breast cancer.
Generalization of the theory of the electron-phonon interaction: Thermodynamic formulation of superconducting- and normal-state properties

A thermodynamic formulation for the electron self-energy is given which is applicable when the electronic spectrum possesses structure on the scale of phonon frequencies, provided only that the ratio of phonon phase velocity to electron Fermi velocity is small. Electron-phonon, Coulomb, and electron-defect interactions are included on an equal footing and it is shown that their different frequency dependencies lead to specific effects on the Eliashberg self-energy: (a) the Coulomb interaction contributes nothing of essence to the normal-state self-energy (in this isotropic approximation) but retains its usual de-pairing effect upon the superconducting gap function, (b) defects affect superconducting properties primarily through a broadening of the electronic spectrum, and (c) phonons contribute a thermal shift and broadening as well as the mass enhancement. A generalization to intensive electron-phonon, electron-electron, and electron-defect interaction constants is necessary to redevelop an intuition into the effects of these interactions.
Characterization of C3 receptors on cultured rat glomerular endothelial cells

Characterization of C3 receptors on cultured rat glomerular endothelial cells. In this study we characterized C3 receptors on cultured rat glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC), using immunochemical and molecular techniques. GEnC membrane proteins were immunoprecipitated with a polyclonal antibody directed towards mouse complement receptor 2 (CR2). This anti-MCR2 immunoprecipitated GEnC proteins of 120 and 150kDa. By immunohistochemistry, anti-MCR2 stained GEnC in rat glomeruli in vivo . Given the presence of CR2-like proteins on GEnC, subsequent studies were done to determine whether GEnC had C3-binding proteins. GEnC proteins of 80, 200, and 300kDa specifically bound to columns of rat C3d-Sepharose and C3b-Sepharose, illustrating that these proteins were binding to the C3d portion of C3. The 80, 200, and 300kDa C3d-binding proteins were distinct from the 120 and 150kDa anti-MCR2 reactive proteins, as shown by immunoabsorption studies. Next, a specific cDNA probe for rat CR2 was generated by RT-PCR. Oligonucleotides were chosen from highly conserved regions in mouse and human CR2 spanning 224 bases, with the rationale that these would also be conserved in the rat. A 224bp PCR product was generated from both rat GEnC and rat kidney cDNA, illustrating the presence of CR2 mRNA in these tissues. By Northern analysis, the CR2 PCR product hybridized to mRNA of 2 and 5kb from GEnC. The 5kb transcript was also identified in rat kidney mRNA. Therefore, proteins immunologically related to mouse CR2 are present in GEnC in vitro and in vivo . C3d-binding proteins of 80, 200, and 300kDa are also present on rat GEnC, yet these appear to be immunologically distinct from the proteins identified by anti-MCR2. Whether the GEnC CR2 mRNA transcripts of 2 and 5kb are translated into the 80 and 200kDa C3d-binding proteins or the 120 and 150kDa mouse CR2-like proteins remains to be defined.
Some dynamical characteristics and thermal structure of monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal

In this paper, some of the dynamical characteristics and the thermal structure of the monsoon depressions formed during July-August 1979 in the Bay of Bengal are presented. The vorticity budget terms are examined for the eastern and western halves of three depressions in a Lagrangian reference frame. Two of the depressions moved westward and one northward. The vorticity divergence term and the horizontal advection term (in the upper troposphere) apparently caused the westward movement, whereas the vertical advection term and tilting term had little influence on the movement. The residual term is predominantly negative in the western half of the monsoon depression where convective activity and rainfall are greater, compared to the eastern half. This corroborates the inference of Sui and Yanai that the appearance of large vorticity budget residuals is associated with intense cumulus convection. The computational study of energetics shows that the zonal available potential energy was the source for eddy available potential energy. This, in turn, was converted into eddy kinetic energy on most of the days during the life cycle of monsoon depressions. Eddy kinetic energy was converted into zonal kinetic energy on many days, thus maintaining the monsoon current. Computations of the momentum transport show that the transport was southward over the region 18°N to 25° N during the strengthening of the depressions and northward during the decaying stage. From analysis of thermal structure, the August depression (6–13 August 1979) had a warm core until two days after it reached peak intensity; subsequently it had a cold core. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00380.x
Cyanide intoxication: protection with cobaltous chloride

Abstract Protection against the lethal effects of cyanide can be elicited by administration of cobaltous chloride, either alone or in combination with sodium nitrite and/or sodium thiosulfate. Potency ratios derived from the LD50 values were compared in groups of mice premedicated with cobaltous chloride and/or sodium thiosulfate and/or sodium nitrite. Under the conditions of our experiment cobaltous chloride alone is slightly more effective than sodium nitrite; when it is combined with sodium nitrite, an additive effect is obtained. When cobaltous chloride is administered in combination with sodium thiosulfate, a dramatic antagonism of the lethal effects of potassium cyanide is observed. The synergistic antidotal effect of cobaltous chloride may be related to the physiological disposition of the cobaltous ion and its ability to chelate both cyanide and thiocyanate ions.
The fabric dependence of the orthotropic elastic constants of cancellous bone

It has been proposed that the orthotropic elastic constants of cancellous bone depend upon a tensorial measure of anisotropy called fabric as well as the tissue's structural density. Cowin (1985, Mechanics Mater, 4, 137-147; 1986, J. biomech. Engng 108, 83-88) developed explicit relationships for the elastic constant, structural density and fabric relationship. In this study the orthotropic elastic moduli, structural density, and fabric components were measured for 11 cancellous bone specimens from five bovine femora and for 75 specimens from three human proximal tibiae and fitted to these relationships using a least squares analysis. The relationships explained between 72 and 94% of the variance in the elastic constants. The relationships between the elastic constants and squared or cubed power functions of structural density had better predictive value over the entire distribution of the data than did expressions with linear functions of structural density.
Scalable problems and memory-bounded speedup

In this paper three models of parallel speedup are studied. They are fixed-size speedup, fixed-time speedup and memory-bounded speedup. The latter two consider the relationship between speedup and problem scalability. Two sets of speedup formulations are derived for these three models. One set considers uneven workload allocation and communication overhead and gives more accurate estimation. Another set considers a simplified case and provides a clear picture on the impact of the sequential portion of an application on the possible performance gain from parallel processing. The simplified fixed-size speedup is Amdahl's law. The simplified fixed-time speedup is Gustafson's scaled speedup. The simplified memory-bounded speedup contains both Amdahl's law and Gustafson's scaled speedup as special cases. This study leads to a better understanding of parallel processing.
Numerical methods for eigensystems: the Orr–Sommerfeld problem

Abstract A test problem which may be set up as an initial value, boundary value or eigenvalue problem with adjustable stiffness is presented. It is used to compare five methods (RKI, ORTNRM, SUPORT, GEAR and finite difference) of analysing stiff eigensystems in order to select methods powerful enough to be used effectively on the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. Results are then obtained for plane Poiseuille flow employing the methods found acceptable using the test problem. The plane Poiseuille flow results are then used to further evaluate the methods. Finite difference remains the best algebraic method tested with SUPORT being the best differential method and the least problem dependent.
Concerning helicon amplification in the Fabry-Perot geometry

Abstract The effect of carrier drift on the condition for Fabry-Perot resonance has been determined for helicons transmitted through a solid state plasma slab.
Mortality of larval walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the western Gulf of Alaska, 1988–91

Mortality rates of larval walleye pollock Theragra chakogramma were estimated from larval survey data from 1988 to 1991. Mortality estimates were based on cohort-specific losses between occupations of survey grids. Interannually, estimates of early feeding stage larval mortality rates ranged over an order of magnitude, from 0.045–0.43 day-1, and declined sharply with age. There is some evidence that mortality rates of early feeding larvae tend to be negatively correlated with temperature and postively correlated with wind mixing.
ROS-mediated activation of NF-κB and Foxo during muscle disuse

We examined reactive oxygen species as upstream activators of nuclear factor kappaB; (NF-kappaB) and forkhead box O (Foxo) in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy. Catalase, an enzyme that degrades H2O2, was overexpressed in soleus muscles via plasmid injection prior to 7 days of hindlimb immobilization. The increased catalase activity abolished immobilization-induced transactivation of both NF-kappaB and Foxo and attenuated the loss of muscle mass. Thus, H2O2 may be an important initiator of these signaling pathways that lead to muscle atrophy.
Coulomb Group Theory for any Spin

For any spin, the Coulomb bound states can be described by an irreducible unitary representation of $O(4, 1)$. The relativistic Coulomb problems that have been solved (spins 0 and \textonehalf{}) are described in this way.