cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Offspring Exercise Modulates Beige Adipocyte Numbers by Differential Regulation of H3K9 Methyltransferase G9a and Demethylase KDM4C in Mice Fed a Maternal High Fat Diet (P21-067-19)

We have shown that a maternal low protein and postnatal high fat (HF) diet increases offspring obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk by epigenetically reducing beige adipocyte (BA) numbers via increased protein expression of G9a (Histone3 Lysine9 dimethyl transferase), an inhibitor of the BA marker FGF21. It is not yet known whether offspring exercise reverses the offspring obesity and T2DM risk caused by the maternal HF diet. Two month old female C57Bl/6 J mice (F0) were fed a normal fat (NF) 16% diet or a 45% HF diet for 3 months prior to breeding, and subsequent gestation and lactation. Male offspring (F1) were fed the same NF and HF diets and further divided into either cage active (CA) or voluntary wheel running (Ex) groups for an additional 3 months yielding eight groups: NF (maternal treatment condition)-Ex-NF (post weaning treatment conditions), NF-Ex-HF, NF-CA-NF, NF-CA-HF, HF-Ex-NF, HF-Ex-HF, HF-CA-NF, and HF-CA-HF. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected for protein and mRNA analysis of FGF21, G9a, E4BP4 (G9a coactivator), and H3K9 methylation regulators that are induced by exercise including Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) and H3K9 demethylases (KDM4C). Postnatal HF diet decreased FGF21 positive BA numbers regardless of the maternal diet. A postnatal HF diet plus limited postnatal activity (CA) increased G9a and E4BP4 expression to suppress FGF21, while a postnatal HF diet plus exercise condition increased KDM4C expression. Although BA were detectable, the morphology of BA under CA conditions were compromised or scarred. These findings suggest that a postnatal HF diet has a greater impact on offspring adiposity and BA number than a maternal HF diet. These data also suggest that offspring exercise induces KDM4C to counter the increase in G9a triggered by a postnatal HF diet. Whether KDM4C induces reduction in H3K9-me2 to regulate adipose tissue FGF21 needs investigation. Futures studies should determine whether H3K9 epigenetic modifications in BA have any functional differences that contribute to the observed phenotypic abnormalities. USDA Agricultural Research Service Project #3062-51000-052-00D.
Evaluating HTTP Adaptive Streaming Algorithms Under Parallel TCP Connections

Online video streaming services have been gaining rapid growth, and that has led to an increase in Internet traffic and have matched with traditional television video services in terms of content consumption. HTTP Adaptive streaming service has been adopted as the medium for video delivery over the Internet with its variants, HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HLS) and Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) supporting all playback devices.
Finding the Right Job

Before you apply for a job, it is important to spend some time and honestly evaluate how you would envision your ideal future career. Every young doctor has different aspirations for his or her career. The first step should be introspective, to define and prioritize what you value most. Although your own description of your ideal career goals and your ideal first job may change with your experience, it is helpful to organize and focus your thoughts. Seek advice from others at many levels (early and later in their career) since you will gain valuable and different insights from each. Look for jobs that match with and have the best environment that fits with your career goals. The most important part of the environment is the leadership and overall direction of the program. Evaluate whether the environment and leadership at each job will help you to achieve your goals. The future of organized medicine will provide opportunities for urologists who are able to adapt to changes.
Virtual Learning: The Development of Case Study Based Lab Simulation in the Clinical Laboratory Science Undergraduate Curriculum

The goal for implementing simulation into medical laboratory education is to provide students with a highly realistic learning environment to practice “real-world” situations before starting clinical internships. To encourage higher levels of thinking during simulated scenarios, the incorporation of case studies exposes the learner to problem-based learning which facilitates the development of critical thinking skills by tapping into the cognitive learning domain of Bloom’s taxonomy. This research project focused on developing case study based lab simulation for undergraduate CLS students. By utilizing case studies in laboratory-simulated scenarios, the learner engages in critical thinking/problem-solving skills by focusing on cognitive learning in order to evaluate, analyze, and interpret laboratory data from all major areas of the clinical laboratory as it correlates to a specific patient diagnosis. Each learning module was based on a disease/condition the student is most likely to encounter in the hospital/laboratory setting. Learning module # 1 centered on a Type 2 diabetic with chronic renal failure and learning module #2 involved a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding due to colon cancer. The pedagogical framework encompassed the following phases: pre-briefing, analysis and test performance, student-centered discussion, and debriefing. The results of the module evaluations concluded, 100% of students strongly agreed they learned to think critically as a result of the activities in learning module #2, while 75% of students strongly agreed (25 % simply agreed) in learning module #1. Utilizing case studies, group discussions, and simulated scenarios creates a student-centered learning environment, thus allowing students to become active learners.
Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Continuous Attractors

Continuous attractors have been used to understand recent neuroscience experiments where persistent activity patterns encode internal representations of external attributes like head direction or s...
Spirituality/religion and behavioral addictions

Abstract In recent years, the scientific and clinical communities have increasingly recognized the potential for certain behaviors and to become dysregulated, compulsive, and addictive in nature. Along these lines, the forthcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes diagnoses for Gambling Disorder, Gaming Disorder, and Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder. As reviewed elsewhere in this volume (Chapter 7: Spirituality, Religion and Substance Use Disorders), spirituality and religion (S/R) are known correlates of addiction in various forms. The current chapter reviews ways in which S/R relates to the experience and expression of behavioral addictions. Recent literature regarding the general nature and etiology of various behavioral addictions is reviewed, as is recent literature examining specifically how S/R correspond to these addictions, and these bodies of study are synthesized into a clinically-relevant model. Future directions for clinical innovation and research in this area are discussed.
On Global Quantum Communication Networking.

Research in quantum communications networks (QCNs), where multiple users desire to generate or transmit common quantum-secured information, is still in its beginning stage. To solve for the problems of both discrete variable- and continuous variable-quantum key distribution (QKD) schemes in a simultaneous manner as well as to enable the next generation of quantum communication networking, in this Special Issue paper we describe a scenario where disconnected terrestrial QCNs are coupled through low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite quantum network forming heterogeneous satellite–terrestrial QCN. The proposed heterogeneous QCN is based on the cluster state approach and can be used for numerous applications, including: (i) to teleport arbitrary quantum states between any two nodes in the QCN; (ii) to enable the next generation of cyber security systems; (iii) to enable distributed quantum computing; and (iv) to enable the next generation of quantum sensing networks. The proposed QCNs will be robust against various channel impairments over heterogeneous links. Moreover, the proposed QCNs will provide an unprecedented security level for 5G+/6G wireless networks, Internet of Things (IoT), optical networks, and autonomous vehicles, to mention a few.
Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Glandular trichomes of tomato produce a number of secondary metabolites including terpenes that contribute to host plant resistance against pests. While glandular trichomes of cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum primarily accumulate a monoterpene blend, those of wild tomato species like Solanum habrochaites produce various sesquiterpenes. Previous studies have shown that glandular trichome derived terpenes in cultivated and wild tomato species have repellent and toxic activity against multiple biting-chewing herbivores. In contrast, considerably less is known about the effect of these glandular trichome derived terpenes on piercing-sucking herbivores such as aphids. Here, we have screened a collection of S. habrochaites accessions representing five chemotypes that produce distinct sets of sesquiterpenes to identify those affecting the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Non-choice assays demonstrated that the longevity and fecundity of M. euphorbiae was significantly reduced when kept on the leaf surface of S. habrochaites accessions producing β-caryophyllene and α-humulene, or α-santalene, α-bergamotene, and β-bergamotene, respectively. When M. euphorbiae apterae were feeding on artificial diets with added terpene containing leaf dip extracts, the same β-caryophyllene/α-humulene and α-santalene/α-bergamotene/β-bergamotene producing S. habrochaites accessions were found to affect aphid survivorship and feeding behavior as indicated by gel saliva investment and honeydew production. Olfactometer assays revealed that the sesquiterpenes emitted from these S. habrochaites accessions also have repellent activity against M. euphorbiae alatae affecting their choice behavior prior to landing on host plants. Assays performed with pure sesquiterpene compounds and an introgression line carrying respective S. habrochaites terpene biosynthetic genes in the S. lycopersicum background confirmed that β-caryophyllene/α-humulene and α-santalene/α-bergamotene/β-bergamotene were responsible for the observed effects on performance, feeding and choice behavior of M. euphorbiae.
Active Control of Molecular Dynamics: Coherence versus Chaos

The status of theoretical and experimental studies of the active control of molecular dynamics is surveyed, with attention focused on the control of product formation in a branching unimolecular reaction.
On the stochastic behaviors of locally confined particle systems

We investigate a class of Hamiltonian particle systems and their stochastic behaviors. Using both rigorous proof and numerical simulations, we show that the geometric configuration can qualitatively change key statistical characteristics of the particle system, which are expected to be retained by stochastic modifications. In particular, whether a particle system has an exponential mixing rate or a polynomial mixing rate depends on whether the geometric setting allows a slow particle being reached by adjacent fast particles.
An Optical Booster for Internet Routers

Although optical technologies have been effectively employed to increase the capacity of communication links, it has proven difficult to apply these technologies towards increasing the capacity of Internet routers, which implement the central forwarding and routing functions of the Internet. Motivated by the need for future routers that will forward packets among several high-speed links, this work considers the design of an Internet router that can forward packets from a terabit-per-second link without internal congestion or packet loss. The router consists of an optical booster integrated with a conventional (mostly electronic) Internet router. The optical booster processes Internet Protocol packets analogously to the hosting router, but it can avoid the time-consuming lookup function and keep packets in an entirely optical format. An optically boosted router is an inexpensive, straightforward upgrade that can be deployed readily in a backbone IP network, and provides optical processing throughput even when not deployed ubiquitously.
Methods and Materials in Constitutional Law: Some Thoughts on Access to Government Information As a Problem for Constitutional Theory and Socio-Legal Studies.”

Thomas Hobbes, while no friend of democracy, thought a great deal about it. He simply could not see the point in it. And his objections to democracy still challenge us to think hard about our own constitutional structures. What kind of democratic or popular government do we have? What role do our constitutional structures envision for “the people,” and how are the people to fulfill that role? How active a role are the people to play? If the role of the people is to be relatively passive, their need for information may not be great or immediate. If the people are to be actively involved in government, however, they will need information, some of which may be accessible only through the government, and they will need it on a timely basis. But government cannot function entirely in the round. How can political and legal systems most effectively ensure citizens with access to the information they need, while also protecting the effectiveness of government? Government secrecy presents a critical set of issues for representative government. The purpose of this essay is not to try and answer those questions, but to suggest how we might profitably think about them. They can be approached, of course, from the perspectives of political philosophy and constitutional theory, but this essay will be more concerned with whether, how, and why specific constitutional and legal arrangements may work in practice.
Use of varying constraints in optimal 3-D graph search for segmentation of macular optical coherence tomography images

An optimal 3-D graph search approach designed for simultaneous multiple surface detection is extended to allow for varying smoothness and surface interaction constraints instead of the traditionally used constant constraints. We apply the method to the intraretinal layer segmentation of 24 3-D optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, learning the constraints from examples in a leave-one-subject-out fashion. Introducing the varying constraints decreased the mean unsigned border positioning errors (mean error of 7.3 ± 3.7 µm using varying constraints compared to 8.3 ± 4.9 µm using constant constraints and 8.2 ± 3.5 µm for the inter-observer variability).
p‐Anisolecarbo­nitrile

The structure of p-anisolecarbo­nitrile, C8H7NO, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100 K. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit.
Nearest Star: What We See: The Solar Disk

The Sun is basically a hot ball of gas, powered by nuclear reactions at its core and eventually radiating that power out into space at its outer surface. The temperature at the core is millions of degrees, so that the “light” produced there is mainly x-rays. But this light must travel through an enormous amount of matter to get to the surface of the Sun, being scattered, absorbed, and re-emitted so many times that an astounding 100,000 years and possibly ten times more are needed for the energy generated in the core to get to the surface. This energy is spread over a larger and larger area as it moves outward. The average temperature of the radiation drops as it moves out, but in such a way that the total – that is, the local intensity multiplied by the area of the larger and larger surface – remains a constant. By the time the energy reaches the visible surface of the Sun, the temperature has dropped to about 5800 K (10,000°F). This puts the radiation emitted into the visible part of the spectrum – our eyes almost certainly having adapted to the available wavelengths, thereby making them the “visible” part.
BRAINSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN NEWBORN TWINS AND SINGLETONS

We have evaluated auditory evoked brainstem potentials(AEBP) in 23 twin pairs(T) and 27 singletons(S). AEBP are far field reflections of changes in electrical activity in the auditory brainstem pathway. Clicks were presented monaurally at 10/sec of 65 dBSL and responses recorded from scalp electrodes. 2048 click responses were amplified and computer averaged. Latencies of 3 major consistent waves in the first 10 msec were measured. Conceptional age (CA) range was 31-41 weeks. Birth weight range in T was 965-3650 gms. Mean birth weight difference between twins was 270 gms (20-1130). The table shows mean latency in msec as a function of CA for Waves I, III, IV-V for T & S. The difference in latency(AL) of the waves for each T ranged from 0-1.3 msec with a mean of 0.37 msec in 10 T before 36 weeks CA. Range was 0-1 msec with a mean of 0.23 msec for T 36-41 weeks CA. Results may indicate an increase in neural synchrony with age or differences in brainstem maturation in T before 36 weeks CA. The good correlations of AEBP in T & S suggest that the relative placental insufficiency during 3rd trimester in T is not reflected in brainstem maturation as measured by auditory testing.
Enrichment and detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from water samples using an antibody modified microfluidic chip.

Low abundant (<100 cells mL−1) E. coli O157:H7 cells were isolated and enriched from environmental water samples using a microfluidic chip. The poly(methylmethacrylate), PMMA, chip contained 8 devices, each equipped with 16 curvilinear high aspect ratio channels that were covalently decorated with polyclonal anti-O157 antibodies (pAb) and could search for rare cells through a pAb mediated process. The chip could process independently 8 different samples or one sample using 8 different parallel inputs to increase volume processing throughput. After cell enrichment, cells were released and enumerated using benchtop real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeting genes which effectively discriminated the O157:H7 serotype from other nonpathogenic bacteria. The recovery of target cells from water samples was determined to be ∼72%, and the limit-of-detection was found to be 6 colony forming units (cfu) using the slt1 gene as a reporter. We subsequently performed analysis of lake and wastewater...
The reproductive cycle of the tropical top shell, Trochus niloticus, in French Polynesia

Summary The reproduction of Trochus niloticus was very unusual and was not similar to any previously described prosobranch. The population as a whole was asynchronous; nevertheless, the population contained several sub-groups that had synchronized reproductive cycles. Spawning occurred primarily at the new moon lunar phase (the day of the new moon and the three following days). The reproductive cycle was approximately eight lunar months. T. niloticus was a complete spawner with each individual having only one cohort of gametes developing at a time. Gametogenesis occurred during the first one to two lunar months after spawning, which was followed by an almost linear increase in the oocyte size during vitellogenesis. A secondary layer formed around the oocyte at the end of gonad development.
Structural Changes of a σ = 51 Tilt Boundary in Germanium During High Temperature Creep

The incorporation of lattice dislocations into a 16° [011] tilt bound-ary in Ge bicrystals has been analyzed with high-resolution and conventional transmission electron microscopy techniques. Dislocations in subgrain boundaries produced during high-temperature creep, knit into the high-angle grain boundary. As these lattice dislocations are absorbed, the structure changes along the grain boundary from one subgrain to the next. Analysis of the boundary structure by lattice-fringe imaging demonstrates that the secon-dary dislocations which accomodate the deviation from the coincidence orien-tation do not have primitive DSC Burgers vectors.
The effect of popcorn and carbonization on neodymium: YAG laser dosimetry in the canine model

Neodymium: YAG laser irradiation of the canine prostate provides an experimental model for the study of the laser-tissue interaction in laser prostatectomy. Prostate irradiation was undertaken using right-angle-firing laser fibers through an open suprapubic cystotomy, and the procedure was monitored by video endoscopy via a perineal urethrostomy. The effects of popcorn and surface carbonization on intraprostatic heating profiles were determined by interstitial thermometry. We found that popcorn reduced intraprostatic temperatures but that continued irradiation resulted in the restoration of heating. Carbonization resulted in the loss of heating ability deep in the prostate. These observations allow the urologist to understand the thermal implications of observed surface change and to modify lasing parameters during surgery to obtain the desired laser-tissue interaction.
High gain, high linearity, L-band SiGe low noise amplifier with fully-integrated matching network

This paper presents an L-band silicon-germanium (SiGe) low-noise amplifier (LNA) for use in Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. Implemented in a 200 GHz SiGe BiCMOS technology, the LNA occupies 1 × 1 mm2 (including the bondpads). The SiGe LNA exhibits a gain greater than 23 dB from 1.1 to 2.0 GHz, and a noise figure of 2.7 to 3.3 dB from 1.2 to 2.4 GHz. At 1.575 GHz, the 1-dB compression point (P 1dB ) is 1.73 dBm, with an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of −3.98 dBm.
Non-Pd transition metal-catalyzed hydrostannations: Bu3SnF/PMHS as a tin hydride source

Molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, and rhodium catalyzed alkyne hydrostannations using in situ generated Bu3SnH were studied. In most cases, Bu3SnF+polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) performed well as the in situ source of Bu3SnH. In contrast, the combination of Bu3SnCl/KFaq/PMHS, which had witnessed earlier success in Pd-catalyzed hydrostannation reactions, proved less employable in alkyne hydrostannations mediated by these metals.
A comparison of extraction methods for evaluating Fe and P in flooded rice soils

Poorly crystalline Fe in soil has been shown to affect Fe and P availability. Oxalate extractable Fe, a measure of poorly crystalline Fe oxides, has not been compared to soil test methods for Fe and P in rice soils. Twenty eight soils used for rice production were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions and extracted for Fe and P with ammonium oxalate, ammonium acetate-EDTA (AA-EDTA), ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA (ABDTPA) and DTPA. Citrate-dithionite extractable Fe and Fe content of rice plants in a greenhouse experiment were also determined. Soils used in this experiment had a large amount of poorly-crystalline Fe oxide. In some soils, poorly-crystalline Fe constituted 60% of the citrate-dithionite extractable Fe. The amount of extractable Fe and P increased significantly under anaerobic conditions. The relationships between extractants showed that DTPA Fe was highly correlated to AB-DTPA Fe and oxalate Fe was highly correlated to AA-EDTA Fe. There was no relationship between Fe and P extracted by AB-DTPA, while there was a better relationship with ammonium oxalate and AA-EDTA extractants. Poorly-crystalline Fe and P extracted by ammonium oxalate were correlated.
The Supreme Court's Third Century: Legitimacy, Bureaucracy, and Institutional Change

Reassessing the changing role and performance of our national governing institutions, and evaluating their capacity to deal with the growing complexities of life and politics in a modern administrative state, is an important corollary to celebrating the constitutional bicentennial. How, and how well, have institutions forged in a crucible of governmental passivity and restraint come to deal with the model of "affirmative governance" which has become dominant in the 20th century?' Looking ahead, how adequately are these institutions prepared to meet the challenges of a third century? Most scholars would probably agree that of the three branches of gov-
Prospects for non-Fermi-liquid behavior of a two-level impurity in a metal.

It has been claimed that an impurity hopping between two sites in a metal can lead to non-Fermi-liquid behavior if the bias between the two sites is tuned to zero. Here it is shown that several extra tunneling processes are allowed; those involving bare impurity tunneling as well as two-electron-assisted tunneling play important roles. These terms generally drive the system away from the intermediate-coupling non-Fermi-liquid fixed point, which has the character of the two-channel Kondo problem. In order to find the non-Fermi-liquid behavior a combination of these terms must be small over a range of energy scales. The prospects for obtaining these conditions are studied by analyzing both the weak-coupling and the intermediate-coupling behavior, together with the connecting crossover region. Unfortunately, the conclusions are rather pessimistic. The phase diagram and the important crossover are analyzed via bosonization and refermionization and some of the results compared to those obtained from conformal field theory. Finally, an additional non-Fermi-liquid fixed point is found, a multicritical point with two relevant directions even in the unbiased case. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Simple proof of the continued fraction algorithm for decoding Reed-Solomon codes

It was shown recently that BCH and RS codes can be implemented by Berlekamp's algorithm using continued fraction approximations. A simple transparent proof of Berlekamp's algorithm that uses such a development is given in this paper.
Effect of Acculturation and Access to Care on Colorectal Cancer Screening in Low-Income Latinos

Latinos have lower colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) and survival rates compared to other race/ethnic groups. This cross-sectional study examines relationships between acculturation, access to and utilization of healthcare services, and CRCS in low-income Latinos. Bilingual data collectors conducted structured interviews with 544 Latino men and women (>50 years) residing in the Texas-Mexico border area. Using a hierarchical logistic regression model, we examined the relationship between lifetime history of any CRCS test and indicators of acculturation, healthcare utilization and access to care, adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. Survey results revealed a 34 % prevalence of CRCS. Participants reporting a provider recommendation for screening, regular check-ups, higher acculturation level, and health insurance had significantly increased odds of CRCS. Findings indicate CRCS intervention research in Latinos should focus on (1) increasing physicians’ recommendations for screening, (2) promoting regular check-ups, (3) and increasing CRC prevention efforts on less acculturated and uninsured groups.
Opportunity realized: Undergraduate education within Departments of Communication

Abstract The effort of the Undergraduate Communication Integrative Team1 resulted in three models for undergraduate education in public relations within departments of communication. One model offered a macro-approach integrating cognitive, behavioral and professional conceptual categories within the general outcomes assessment framework. A second model offered a micro-approach by identifying six core content areas, then indicating the knowledge, behavioral and affective outcomes for each. This micro-model also suggested course titles within which the content might appear and presented suggestions for instruction tactics as well as methods for assessing student learning outcomes. A third model, appropriate to programs with only one course labeled “public relations,” explicated the content, pedagogy and assessment tactics for that introductory course. All of these models fit within a communication context shaped by 10 principles agreed to by the integration team. All the models fit within an interdisciplinary, liberal arts approach to public relations education strongly endorsed by the integration team.
THE MECHANISM OF THE INHIBITION OF HEMOLYSIS : V. INHIBITORY PROCESSES OCCURRING IN THE COURSE OF SIMPLE HEMOLYTIC REACTIONS.

This paper is concerned with hemolytic systems containing sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate, or saponin, and either human red cells or the ghosts (stromata) of human red cells. The lysins are allowed to react with the cells for a short time (1 minute or less), and with the ghosts for a long time (4 hours), and the quantity of lysin remaining in the bulk phase, after the removal of the cells or of the ghosts, is found by (a) colorimetric methods, and (b) methods which measure its hemolytic activity. In the experiments in which the lysins react with the cells for a time so short that none of them is hemolyzed, it is found: (1) that the suspension medium of a cell suspension contains inhibitory substances which render a small amount of the lysin non-lytic, (2) that on the addition of the lysin to the cell suspension, a further and much larger amount of lysin is rendered non-lytic, and (3) that the quantity of chromogenic material in the bulk phase, after the lysin has been in contact with the cells and the latter have been removed, is substantially the same as that initially present. No appreciable quantity of lysin, accordingly, accumulates in increased concentration at the cell surfaces. The results of the colorimetric determinations show that the apparent disappearance of lysin from the bulk phase, once thought to be due to an accumulation of lysin at the cell surfaces, is the result either of an inhibitory process or of a sudden utilization of lysin unrecognized by existing theory. In the experiments in which the lysins react with stromata for 4 hours, it is found: (1) that the suspension medium of a stroma suspension contains inhibitory substances which render some of the lysin non-lytic, (2) that when the lysin reacts with the stromata over a period of time, a much greater quantity of lysin is rendered non-lytic, and (3) that the concentration of chromogenic material in the bulk phase of the lysin-stroma system, after 4 hours of reaction, is substantially the same as it was initially. The observations can be accounted for by supposing that the lysin molecules are as chromogenic after reacting with the cell components as before, and by their not being bound to the cell or to the ghost, but diffusing back, combined with the components with which they have reacted, into the bulk phase. Such a process would have similarities to the process of penetration and breakdown of mixed protein-lipoid films. Because it is not possible at present to decide how much of the lysin is rendered inert because of utilization in a reaction with cell components, and how much because of the effect of inhibitory substances, difficulties and uncertainties arise in connection with the expressions which have been used to describe the kinetics of hemolysis.
Successors of singular cardinals and measurability

Abstract It is shown, starting from a model in which κ λ supercompact, and λ is a measurable cardinal, how to force and obtain a model in which the Axiom of Choice is false and in which the successor of a singular cardinal is measurable.
Current conservation and resistance fluctuations in a four probe geometry

Abstract The mean square variation in the magnetoresistance of small disordered metal wires is calculated in a four probe geometry with leads much longer than a dephasing length. Dephasing scattering is included through a two body interaction using standard techniques from many body theory. As a result, only a region within approximately a dephasing length of the sample contributes to the resistance fluctuations. Throughout the paper particular emphasis is given to current conservation, which is guaranteed by explicitly producing a set of current conserving diagrams and then evaluating them in the limits appropriate to experiment.
Coupled-mode theory for general free-space resonant scattering of waves

We present a universal coupled-mode-theory treatment of free-space scattering of waves from resonant objects. The range of applicability of the presented approach is fairly broad: it can be used for almost any linear wave system, as long as the resonant scatterer has either three-dimensional (3D) spherical or 2D cylindrical symmetry, or else is sufficiently smaller than the resonant wavelength of the incident wave. The presented framework, while being intuitive and analytically simple, can nevertheless provide quantitatively very accurate modeling of scattering cross sections, absorption cross sections, and many other quantities of interest. We illustrate this approach by showing how it applies to the particular examples of scattering of light from spherically symmetric resonant objects and atoms, and scattering of neutrons off nuclei.
Esophagectomy: Definitive Treatment for Esophageal Neuromotor Dysfunction

Abstract Twenty-two patients with a history of between one and four (average of two) unsuccessful prior esophageal operations for neuromotor dysfunction were treated with esophageal resection and replacement. Eleven (50%) had recurrent reflux esophagitis in association with various disorders of motility: esophageal spasm in 4, achalasia in 3, scleroderma in 2, and esophageal atresia in 2. Eight (36%) had primary esophageal spasm and 3 (14%) had achalasia. Esophageal obstruction, regurgitation, and severe spasm were the most common manifestations of the inability to swallow normally. Transthoracic or transhiatal (blunt) esophagectomies were performed in 5 and 17 patients, respectively. The stomach, with a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis, was used for esophageal substitution in 15 patients. Six patients underwent a long-segment colonic interposition, and 1 patient with achalasia underwent a distal esophagectomy and short-segment colonic interposition. One patient undergoing transthoracic esophagectomy for achalasia died from unrecognized intraoperative bleeding into the opposite chest. There were no other operative deaths. Additional complications included transient hoarseness in 8 patients, chylothorax in 1, and anastomotic leak in 1. After an average follow-up of 25 months for the 21 surviving patients, ability to eat is regarded as good in 18 (85%), fair in 1 (5%), and poor in 2 (10%). In patients with incapacitating esophageal neuromotor disease, a more radical operative approach—esophagectomy—may be safer and more reliable than attempting another procedure and risking another failure. Esophagectomy ensures definitive elimination of the esophageal problem and as optimal an ability to eat as possible. Our experience suggests that the stomach, with a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis, offers a better functional esophageal substitute than does a colonic interposition.
Strength and similarity of affix removal stemming algorithms

This study evaluated the strength of, and similarity among, four affix removal stemming algorithms. Strength and similarity were evaluated in different ways, including new metrics based on the Hamming distance measure. Data was collected on stemmer outputs for a list of 49,656 English words derived from the UNIX spelling dictionary and the Moby corpus. Conclusions about the relative strength and similarity of the four stemming algorithms are reported.
Commitment versus Discretion in the Peasant-Dictator Game

Abstract We report an experiment designed to test the influence of commitment versus discretion in a simple bargaining game. Game theory predicts and the public policy literature emphasizes that the ability to make commitments promotes efficiency. We find that commitment does significantly increase efficiency in the experiment. Finally, we relate our findings to the extant literature on extensive form bargaining experiments by examining fairness and trust as explanations for some observed anomalies. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C720, C790, C920, E610.
Toxic erythema of chemotherapy following i.v. BU plus fludarabine for allogeneic PBSC transplant

I.v. BU plus fludarabine is an effective conditioning regimen for myeloid neoplasias with low treatment-related mortality. At standard doses, cutaneous toxicity has been reported in <5% of cases. As we observed a much higher incidence of cutaneous toxicity in patients who received predominantly pharmacokinetically based doses of BU, we performed a retrospective analysis of 61 patients who received i.v. BU plus fludarabine (+/− antithymocyte globulin; ATG) as a conditioning regimen before allogeneic PBSC transplant. Of the 58 evaluable patients, 33 (57%) developed cutaneous toxicity that fell within the spectrum of toxic erythema of chemotherapy (TEC). The median onset of TEC was 22 days and most patients had multiple sites of involvement, with the groin, axillae and palms/soles being the favored sites. In men, scrotal involvement, sometimes severe, was also commonly observed. Initially, allergic reactions to antibiotics, fungal infections and GVHD were also considered until the clinical presentation of TEC became well recognized. In all patients, the skin healed without specific therapy but resolution often required several weeks. This series suggests that TEC is common after BU/fludarabine+/− ATG and it is important for transplant physicians to recognize, particularly as misdiagnosis could lead to inappropriate treatment.
Integrated standardization concept for Angelica botanicals using quantitative NMR.

Abstract Despite numerous in vitro/vivo and phytochemical studies, the active constituents of Angelica sinensis (AS) have not been conclusively identified for the standardization to bioactive markers. Phytochemical analyses of AS extracts and fractions that demonstrate activity in a panel of in vitro bioassays, have repeatedly pointed to ligustilide as being (associated with) the active principle(s). Due to the chemical instability of ligustilide and related issues in GC/LC analyses, new methods capable of quantifying ligustilide in mixtures that do not rely on an identical reference standard are in high demand. This study demonstrates how NMR can satisfy the requirement for simultaneous, multi-target quantification and qualitative identification. First, the AS activity was concentrated into a single fraction by RP-solid-phase extraction, as confirmed by an alkaline phosphatase, (anti-)estrogenicity and cytotoxicity assay. Next, a quantitative 1 H NMR (qHNMR) method was established and validated using standard compounds and comparing processing methods. Subsequent 1D/2D NMR and qHNMR analysis led to the identification and quantification of ligustilide and other minor components in the active fraction, and to the development of quality criteria for authentic AS preparations. The absolute and relative quantities of ligustilide, six minor alkyl phthalides, and groups of phenylpropanoids, polyynes, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids were measured by a combination of qHNMR and 2D COSY. The qNMR approach enables multi-target quality control of the bioactive fraction, and enables the integrated biological and chemical standardization of AS botanicals. This methodology can potentially be transferred to other botanicals with active principles that act synergistically, or that contain closely related and/or constituents, which have not been conclusively identified as the active principles.
Diltiazem, nifedipine, and their combination in patients with stable angina pectoris: effects on angina, exercise tolerance, and the ambulatory electrocardiographic ST segment.

The efficacy and safety of oral nifedipine and diltiazem were compared in 20 patients with stable angina pectoris with use of a placebo run-in, randomized, double-blind titration to maximal effect crossover protocol. The effects of treatment withdrawal were also analyzed. All patients received placebo for 2 weeks and were then randomly assigned to receive either diltiazem or nifedipine. A 2 week drug titration phase in which patients received either diltiazem (180 to 360 mg/day) or nifedipine (30 to 120 mg/day) in three divided doses was followed by a 1 week maintenance phase. Patients then received placebo for 1 to 2 weeks, followed by crossover to the other treatment regimen and a second placebo washout period of 1 week. Patients (n = 13) who remained symptomatic on both diltiazem and nifedipine during the monotherapy periods entered a 3 week combination treatment phase, followed by a final 1 week placebo washout period. Frequency of angina, nitroglycerin consumption, exercise tolerance (Naughton protocol), and frequency of daily episodes of ST segment deviations on the electrocardiogram (1 mm of ST segment depression persisting for at least 1 min with and without chest pain) on an ambulatory electrocardiographic monitor were assessed during the baseline placebo, active monotherapy, placebo withdrawal, and combination treatment phases. Plasma drug levels were also measured. Compared with initial placebo values, the frequency of angina and the amount of nitroglycerin treatment were reduced by both diltiazem (p less than .001) and nifedipine (p less than .02). Diltiazem was more effective than nifedipine in reducing angina (p less than .02). Exercise duration increased with both drugs (p less than .0001). Diltiazem was significantly better than nifedipine in reducing the episodes of ST segment depression on the ambulatory monitor (p less than .01). Diltiazem reduced the resting heart rate (p less than .01); both drugs reduced the resting blood pressure and rate-pressure product. Overall, combination therapy was more effective in patients who did not maximally respond to diltiazem or nifedipine alone with respect to anginal and exercise variables and in reducing blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Plasma drug levels could not predict an individual patient's treatment response. Diltiazem may increase nifedipine drug levels when the drugs are combined. Fewer side effects were observed with diltiazem than nifedipine; the most side effects were seen with combination treatment. There were no apparent withdrawal effects observed with either treatment regimen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Environmental pollution, chromosomes, and health

In mid-May, 1980, President Carter declared a state of emergency at the Love Canal area, near Niagara Falls, New York. The reason for this was for the U.S. to underwrite the relocation costs ($3–5 million) of some 2500 residents who, according to a report by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) may have suffered damaged chromosomes. These injuries were apparently caused by contact with toxic wastes that had been dumped in the area in the years prior to development for housing. That the toxic compounds exist in the Love Canal and Niagara Falls subsurface zones, including public water supplies, appears to be established fact. That the residents of the Love Canal area suffered chromosomal damage may be established fact as well. Whether or not these two findings can be linked to ill health of the residents is another matter. Recently, the EPA report has been described as having ‘close to zero scientific significance,’ and has been ‘discredited’(Science, 208, 123a, 1980). The reasons for this disparity go beyond differences of opinion, beyond possible inadequacies of the EPA study, and even beyond problems that probably will arise from future studies, including those now in the planning stages. The problem is that even if victims have easily recognizable injuries from toxic substances (injury that apparently has not occurred to Love Canal residents), medical science usually cannot show a causal relationship. Even chromosomal damage is, at best, difficult to interpret. In ideal studies of significant populations and control groups, the association of toxic chemical to chromosome damage and to cancer and birth defects is indirect and, up to now, has been shown to have little or no significance to an individual member of the exposed population.
The Development and Cross-Language Transfer of Phonological Awareness

Abstract Our research examined whether phonological awareness skills develop in a specific pattern, and once developed, whether they transfer to another language. Experiment 1 attempted to replicate previous findings that rhyme (rime) detection is easier than initial and final phoneme detection and to determine whether the order of tasks would affect performance. English-speaking and Spanish-speaking first grade students were given the three tasks in both English and Spanish. Performance was best on rhymes and task order was not a factor. Experiment 2 evaluated a developmental progression hypothesis that rime awareness is a building block for other forms of awareness. English-speaking and Spanish-speaking first grade students were given English and Spanish tasks from Experiment 1 on two occasions. English- and Spanish-speaking kindergarten students were given tasks only in their native language. Accuracy and response time were recorded. The pattern of results provided support for a developmental progression in the acquisition of phonogical awareness. Results also indicated that cross-language transfer can be detected in skills that are still developing. A theoretical explanation for the developmental pattern of phonological awareness and educational implications are provided.
Wearable and implantable antennas: Applications in communications, monitoring and diagnostics

About a quarter of century ago, the research community was advertising the concept of “global connectivity with anyone, at any time, in any place and with any amount of data”. This is now a reality. The next big paradigm is “bio-telemetry connecting patients to their doctors and hospitals at anytime, any location and with any amount of monitoring and diagnostics data”. History has shown that it typically takes about a quarter of century to bring any out-to-the-box idea into the mainstream. We are in the midst of this new paradigm to becoming a reality.
An improved simulation model for cannibalization policy performance comparisons in a complex maintenance system

A model of a two-echelon (bases and a depot), two-indenture (machines have components which may have modules) maintenance system with spares, repair, cannibalization, preven tive maintenance, and t...
A comparison of methods that characterize pulses in a time series

There is general recognition that some glands secrete hormones primarily as a series of pulses. One can generally classify the proposed methods of pulse identification and characterization as either (i) criterion-based, that is, they use a criterion such as a test statistic to identify a rise and/or fall in hormone level within a moving window, or (ii) model-based, that is, they specify a statistical model for the time-varying portion of the signal and estimate its parameters. Using simulated data, we compare and contrast seven criterion-based methods and three model-based methods. The model-based methods perform better in estimating the parameters of interest; they are most effective with the sampling rate chosen so that there are 3-5 samples taken during the half-life of the hormone. At higher sampling rates the methods may overidentify pulses (false positives) and at lower sampling rates they may miss pulses (false negatives), both of which lead to biased estimates for the parameters of the signal.