cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple technique for preparation of young red cells for transfusion from ordinary blood units.

We have developed a rapid and simple method for the isolation of relatively young cells from ordinary fresh or previously frozen blood units, using the IBM-2991 Blood Cell Processor. Based on in vitro measurements of red cell pyruvate kinase activity, the resolution of the method is excellent, comparable to that of the stractan discontinuous gradient system. In splenectomized patients with thalassemia major, the administration of the “youngest” 50% of blood units yielded 51Cr survival times of 40 and 42 days for fresh packed red cells and 41 and 43 days for previously frozen red cells.
Sraffa, Capitalist Production and Labor Values: A Comment:

In his Critical Sociology essay on Piero Sraffa’s Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities, William Jefferies aims to rescue Marx’s labor value analysis by demonstrating the purported inad...
Apoptotic mechanisms of gallium nitrate: Basic and clinical investigations

Gallium nitrate inhibits the growth of various lymphoma cell lines in vitro and exhibits antitumor activity in patients with lymphoma. The mechanism(s) of cytotoxicity is (are) only partly understood but appears to involve a two-step process: (1) targeting of gallium to cells, and (2) acting on multiple, specific intracellular processes. Gallium shares certain chemical properties with iron; therefore, it binds avidly to the iron transport protein transferrin. Transferrin-gallium complexes preferentially target cells that express transferrin receptors on their surface. Expression of transferrin receptors is particularly high on lymphoma cells. Cellular uptake of the gallium-transferrin complex leads to inhibition of cellular proliferation primarily via disruption of iron transport and homeostasis and blockade of ribonucleotide reductase. Recent studies have shown that cellular uptake of gallium leads to activation of caspases and induction of apoptosis. In phase II trials in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma, the antitumor activity of gallium nitrate is similar to, or better than, that of other commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. Gallium nitrate is not myelosuppressive and may be used in patients with neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. A multicenter trial to evaluate the use of gallium nitrate in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is currently ongoing.
Bi-directional hepatic hydrothorax

A 59-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis presented to our hospital with an acutely painful umbilical hernia, and 4 mo of exertional dyspnea. He was noted to be tachypneic and hypoxic. He had a massive right sided pleural effusion with leftward mediastinal shift and gross ascites, with a tense, fluid-filled, umbilical hernia. Emergent paracentesis with drain placement and a large volume thoracentesis were performed. Despite improvement in dyspnea and drainage of 15 L of ascitic fluid, the massive transudative pleural effusion remained largely unchanged. He underwent a repeat large volume thoracentesis on hospital day 4. The patient subsequently developed a tension pneumothorax, which resulted in a dramatic reduction in the effusion. A chest tube was placed and serial radiographs demonstrated resolution of the pneumothorax but recurrence of the effusion. The radiographs illustrate the movement of fluid between the peritoneal and pleural cavities. In this case, the mechanism of pleural effusion was confirmed to be a hepatic hydrothorax via an unintended tension pneumothorax. Methods to elucidate a hepatic hydrothorax include Tc99m or indocyanine green injection into the ascitic fluid followed by its demonstration above the diaphragm. The unintended tension pneumothorax in this case additionally demonstrates bi-directional flow across the diaphragm.
Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World

Tim Marshall. New York, NY: Scribner, 2015. 291 pp., maps, bibliography, index. $26.00 cloth (ISBN 978-1-5011-2146-3).Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World would ...
Sanger Brown and Edward Schäfer before Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy: their observations on bilateral temporal lobe ablations.

Fifty years before a report on the complete bitemporal lobectomy syndrome in primates, known as the Kluver-Bucy syndrome, was published, 2 talented investigators working at the University College in London, England-neurologist Sanger Brown and physiologist Edward Schafer-also made this discovery. The title of their work was "An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain," and it involved excisional brain surgery in 12 monkeys. They were particularly interested in the then-disputed primary cortical locations relating to vision and hearing. However, following extensive bilateral temporal lobe excisions in 2 monkeys, they noted peculiar behavior including apparent loss of memory and intelligence resembling "idiocy." These investigators recognized most of the behavioral findings that later came to be known as the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. However, they were working within the late-19th-century framework of cerebral cortical localizations of basic motor and sensory functions. Details of the Brown and Schafer study and a glimpse of the neurological thinking of that period is presented. In the decades following the pivotal work of Kluver and Bucy in the late 1930s, in which they used a more advanced neurosurgical technique, tools of behavioral observations, and analysis of brain sections after euthanasia, investigators have elaborated the full components of the clinical syndrome and the extent of their resections. Other neuroscientists sought to isolate and determine the specific temporal neocortical, medial temporal, and deep limbic structures responsible for various visual and complex behavioral deficits. No doubt, Kluver and Bucy's contribution led to a great expansion in attention given to the limbic system's role in action, perception, emotion, and affect-a tide that continues to the present time.
Density matrix approach to photon-assisted tunneling in the transfer Hamiltonian formalism

The transfer Hamiltonian tunneling current is derived in a time-dependent density matrix formulation and is used to examine photon-assisted tunneling. Bardeen's tunneling expression arises as the result of first-order perturbation theory in a mean-field expansion of the density matrix. Photon-assisted tunneling from confined electromagnetic fields in the forbidden tunnel barrier region occurs due to time-varying polarization and wave-function overlap in the gap which leads to a nonzero tunneling current in asymmetric device structures, even in an unbiased state. The photon energy is seen to act as an effective temperature-dependent bias in a uniform barrier asymmetric tunneling example problem. Higher-order terms in the density matrix expansion give rise to multiphoton enhanced tunneling currents that can be considered an extension of nonlinear optics where the nonlinear conductance plays a similar role as the nonlinear susceptibilities in the continuity equations.
Day/Night Temperatures Influence Growth and Photosynthesis During Containerized Production of Selected Species of Helleborus (Hellebores)

Abstract Containerized seedlings of Helleborus foetidus L. (stinking hellebore), H. niger L. (Christmas rose), and H. ×hybridus L. (Lenten rose) were grown under long-day conditions in controlled-environment chambers for 95 days with 9-hr days of 14, 18, 22, 26, or 30C (57, 64, 72, 79, or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights of 10, 14, 18, 22, or 26C (50, 57, 64, 72, or 79F). Long-day conditions were provided by a 3-hr night interruption. Growth of each species responded differently to day and night temperatures. Calculated maximum root, top, and total dry weight, and leaf area of H. foetidus occurred with days/nights of 20/15, 18/13, 19/14, and 18/15C (68/59, 65/55, 66/57, and 65/59F), respectively. While night temperature (NT) had no effect on root:top ratio [RTR (root dry weight ÷ top dry weight)], RTR was greatest (0.65) with days of 22C (72F). Helleborus niger had calculated maximum root dry weight and total dry weight with days of 14C (57F) and nights of 16 and 13C (60 and 55F), respectiv...
Changes in Speech-Language Pathology Students’ Attitudes Toward Breastfeeding During a Pediatric Dysphagia Course:

Background:Speech-language pathologists provide infant feeding assessment and intervention; their training in breastfeeding management is highly variable.Research aim:The purpose of this study was ...
A software tool for removing patient identifying information from clinical documents.

We created a software tool that accurately removes all patient identifying information from various kinds of clinical data documents, including laboratory and narrative reports. We created the Medical De-identification System (MeDS), a software tool that de-identifies clinical documents, and performed 2 evaluations. Our first evaluation used 2,400 Health Level Seven (HL7) messages from 10 different HL7 message producers. After modifying the software based on the results of this first evaluation, we performed a second evaluation using 7,190 pathology report HL7 messages. We compared the results of MeDS de-identification process to a gold standard of human review to find identifying strings. For both evaluations, we calculated the number of successful scrubs, missed identifiers, and over-scrubs committed by MeDS and evaluated the readability and interpretability of the scrubbed messages. We categorized all missed identifiers into 3 groups: (1) complete HIPAA-specified identifiers, (2) HIPAA-specified identifier fragments, (3) non-HIPAA–specified identifiers (such as provider names and addresses). In the results of the first-pass evaluation, MeDS scrubbed 11,273 (99.06%) of the 11,380 HIPAA-specified identifiers and 38,095 (98.26%) of the 38,768 non-HIPAA–specified identifiers. In our second evaluation (status postmodification to the software), MeDS scrubbed 79,993 (99.47%) of the 80,418 HIPAA-specified identifiers and 12,689 (96.93%) of the 13,091 non-HIPAA–specified identifiers. Approximately 95% of scrubbed messages were both readable and interpretable. We conclude that MeDS successfully de-identified a wide range of medical documents from numerous sources and creates scrubbed reports that retain their interpretability, thereby maintaining their usefulness for research.
The Effects of Coastal Dune Volume and Vegetation on Storm-Induced Property Damage: Analysis from Hurricane Ike

ABSTRACT Sigren, J.M.; Figlus, J.; Highfield, W.; Feagin, R.A., and Armitage, A.R., 2018. The effects of coastal dune volume and vegetation on storm-induced property damage: Analysis from Hurricane Ike. In response to numerous recent high-profile cases of tropical storm and hurricane damage to coastal communities, there has been increasing attention on the storm protection services provided by coastal ecosystems. However, substantial knowledge gaps exist regarding the quantitative economic benefits of such services, particularly for coastal vegetated dune ecosystems. A novel geographic information system (GIS)-based technique for delineating, quantifying, and relating coastal dune volume, vegetation area, and geographic and built-environment covariates to sustained property damage was used for the upper Texas coast following Hurricane Ike in 2008. The multivariate regression analysis contained more than 1000 homes spanning both sides of the storm's path. Dune volume and vegetation were both significantly ...
Adolescents’ Perceptions of “Cheating” in Gaming and Educational Settings:

Background. Given the widespread popularity of video gameplay among adolescents, it is important to understand the relationship between video gameplay and adolescent behaviors in various contexts.A...
Circulating Tumor Cells: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Metastasis contributes to poor prognosis in many types of cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Tumor cells metastasize to distant sites via the circulatory and lymphatic systems. In this review, we discuss the potential of circulating tumor cells for diagnosis and describe the experimental therapeutics that aim to target these disseminating cancer cells. We discuss the advantages and limitations of such strategies and how they may lead to the development of the next generation of antimetastasis treatments.
Endings as Beginnings

Concerning what to ignore Steven Taylor reminds us: “One of the most widely quoted sentences of Sir Francis Bacon (it comes from his essay ‘Of Studies’) concerns the reading of books: ‘Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested;’ that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
Dusting for flu's fingerprints.

A key step of the antiviral immune response is detection of the viral intruder. Infection with highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus is now shown to produce short aberrant viral RNAs that potently trigger activation of innate immunity.
Abstract # 2036 Recent stimulant use and leukocyte gene expression in methamphetamine users with treated HIV infection

The use of stimulants such as methamphetamine may accelerate HIV disease progression, but scant research has examined stimulant-associated pathophysiologic alterations in treated HIV. In a sample of 55 HIV-positive, methamphetamine-using sexual minority men with a viral load less than 200 copies/mL, 27 participants with a urine sample that was reactive for recent stimulant use (Stimulant Tox+) were compared to 28 who tested negative in urine for stimulants (Stimulant Tox−). Analyses employed the false discovery rate (FDR) under the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure with a 10% cut-off. Stimulant Tox+ participants did not differ from those who were Stimulant Tox− on demographic and clinical characteristics. However, Stimulant Tox+ participants reported more days using methamphetamine in the past 30 days (10.7 versus 4.0; p
MANAGEMENT OF A WOMAN WITH UNCORRECTED TRICUSPID ATRESIA

Tricuspid atresia is typically corrected in the neonatal period. Without palliation only half of patients survive childhood, and of those, many develop Eisenmenger's syndrome or heart failure. We present a 38-year-old adult female with uncorrected tricuspid atresia with ventriculo-arterial
Is there a role for upfront surgery in patients with N2 disease and good prognostic features

Patients with clinical stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often pose a challenge to surgeons. The wide variability in patient management and outcomes is attributed in part to variability in tumor histology, size, location, and extent of N2 disease. This has spurred interest in identifying the optimal treatment of this heterogeneous group and whether all patients should be treated uniformly. The landmark study by Rosell et al . (1) demonstrated the inadequacy of surgery alone in the treatment of patients with N2 disease. The use of surgery alone in the treatment of patients with N2 has been put to rest.
Fast charging optimization for lithium-ion batteries based on dynamic programming algorithm and electrochemical-thermal-capacity fade coupled model

Abstract Enabling fast charging of lithium-ion batteries may accelerate the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs). The fast charging, however, could lead to capacity fade, lithium plating, and thermal runaway. This paper develops an optimal multi-stage charging protocol for lithium-ion batteries to minimize capacity fade due to the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) increase, to maximize the SEI potential to decrease the lithium plating, and to reduce the temperature rise to avoid a thermal runaway situation. An electrochemical-thermal-capacity fade coupled model is developed to monitor the battery internal state. The dynamic programming (DP) optimization algorithm is employed to search for the suboptimal charging current profiles. The optimization results illustrate that the optimized charging current profile varies with the state of charge (SOC) and the cycle number. As compared to the constant current charging protocol, each optimized charging strategy can reduce the capacity fade ratio by 4.6%, increase the SEI potential by 57%, and reduce the temperature rise by 16.3% for over 3300 charging-discharging cycles, respectively.
Transformación del paisaje lingüístico de la comunidad en un trabajo fin de grado sobre el aprendizaje-servicio con aprendices mixtos en un programa de español con fines específicos

This article explores an ecological approach to language teaching and learning and service-learning (van Lier, 1997; Tocaimaza-Hatch & Walls, 2017) for the advanced mixed second language learner and heritage language learner classroom, in particular for Spanish for specific purposes in higher education in the United States (King de Ramirez, 2017). A new mixed learner capstone course for an Applied Professional Spanish major concentration focused on the transformation of the community’s linguistic landscape (Landry & Bourhis, 1997), uses community service learning linked to the professional interests of students (Sanchez-Lopez, 2013a, 2013b; King de Ramirez, 2017; Abbott & Martinez, 2018) to advance in their development of multiliteracy, intercultural competence, leadership skills, and social responsibility. To meet course goals, heritage and second language learners work as a team in close collaboration with community partners, to explore and transform the community’s linguistic landscape in order to make public spaces more accessible, inclusive and welcoming to the Spanish-speaking community. The article offers a description of the pilot linguistic landscape project, which served as needs analysis to inform the development of the new capstone course, and its preliminary pedagogical implications.
The Role of Cardiac MRI in Animal Models of Cardiotoxicity: Hopes and Challenges

Animal models of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity have been instrumental in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease. The use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in preclinical models allows the non-invasive study of subclinical pathophysiological processes that influence cardiac function and establish imaging parameters that can be adopted into clinical practice to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Given the rising population of cancer survivors and the current lack of effective therapies for the management of cardiotoxicity, research combining clinically relevant animal models and non-invasive cardiac imaging remains essential to improve methods to monitor, predict, and treat cardiovascular adverse events. This comprehensive review summarizes the lessons learned from animal models of cardiotoxicity employing CMR and tissue characterization techniques and discusses the ongoing challenges and hopes for the future.
Are Perceived Stress and Cytokine Genotypes Clinically Feasible as Predictors of Psychoneuroimmune Symptoms in Advanced Cancer

Context Genetic variability and perceived stress have been identified as likely predictors of psychoneuroimmune (PNI) symptoms in patients with cancer. In the clinical setting, the ability to identify the patients at greatest risk of development of severe PNI symptoms continues to be elusive. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of cytokine genes and perceived stress scores as clinical predictors of PNI symptom severity in patients with a new diagnosis of advanced cancer compared with cancer-free controls (CFCs). Design Patients with advanced-stage cancer beginning chemotherapy and CFCs completed questionnaires at 6 time points during 24 weeks and provided blood samples for genotyping. Main outcome measures Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genotypes and perceived stress scores with PNI symptom severity were evaluated using bivariate analysis. Results Forty-two participants were recruited (21 patients with cancer and 21 CFCs). Patients with cancer and CFCs were demographically similar and had similar allele frequencies for 15 of 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Cancer-affected patients reported higher perceived stress and PNI symptom severity. Associations were found between several single-nucleotide polymorphisms and PNI symptoms, but no clear pattern emerged across time. Perceived stress was associated with PNI symptom severity for memory problems and fatigue at all 6 time points. Conclusion Perceived stress performed better than cytokine genotypes as a clinical predictor of PNI symptoms in this small-scale study. Assessing perceived stress is an easy and low-cost approach that can be used to identify patients at high risk of PNI symptom development.
Bounded Rationality in Las Vegas: Probabilistic Finite Automata PlayMulti-Armed Bandits

While traditional economics assumes that humans are fully rational agents who always maximize their expected utility, in practice, we constantly observe apparently irrational behavior. One explanation is that people have limited computational power, so that they are, quite rationally, making the best decisions they can, given their computational limitations. To test this hypothesis, we consider the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem. We examine a simple strategy for playing an MAB that can be implemented easily by a probabilistic finite automaton (PFA). Roughly speaking, the PFA sets certain expectations, and plays an arm as long as it meets them. If the PFA has sufficiently many states, it performs near-optimally. Its performance degrades gracefully as the number of states decreases. Moreover, the PFA acts in a "human-like" way, exhibiting a number of standard human biases, like an optimism bias and a negativity bias.
An Exploratory Analysis of the Characteristics of Ideologically Motivated Cyberattacks

Web defacement is a form of hacking that involves altering the content of a website, resulting in repairs to the website code, loss of revenue, internal loss of productivity, and reputational damag...
Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Glucocorticoid Steroids in Muscular Dystrophy

Glucocorticoid steroids are widely used as immunomodulatory agents in acute and chronic conditions. Glucocorticoid steroids such as prednisone and deflazacort are recommended for treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy where their use prolongs ambulation and life expectancy. Despite this benefit, glucocorticoid use in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is also associated with significant adverse consequences ranging from adrenal suppression, growth impairment, poor bone health and metabolic syndrome. For other forms of muscular dystrophy like the limb girdle dystrophies, glucocorticoids are not typically used. Here we review the experimental evidence supporting multiple mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in dystrophic muscle including their role in dampening inflammation and myofiber injury. We also discuss alternative dosing strategies as well as novel steroid agents that are in development and testing, with the goal to reduce adverse consequences of prolonged glucocorticoid exposure while maximizing beneficial outcomes.
Impacts of a Recent Bison Reintroduction on Grassland Bird Nests and Potential Mechanisms for These Effects

The majority of tallgrass prairie has been converted to agriculture over the past two centuries. Restoration projects have sought to increase the quality and size of prairie fragments, with the potential to increase grassland breeding bird habitat. American bison (Bison bison) are being reintroduced to prairie restoration sites and the immediate impacts of these reintroductions are unclear. Our goal was to understand how bison reintroduction influences grassland bird nests and the potential mechanisms behind any change. We measured nest density, nest success, and brood parasitism with a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design to determine if bison influenced pooled nesting success of breeding passerines and field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), the most common nester. In addition, we measured visual obstruction and avian species composition to determine if they changed after the reintroduction. Bison did not influence nest density, brood parasitism, or visual obstruction. Pooled nest success was higher during the first 2 y in bison sites after the reintroduction but decreased the following 2 y. Bird species composition differed slightly between areas with and without bison, but this was not due to the reintroduction and was likely due to other site characteristics. Field sparrow nest success was higher before and after reintroduction in bison sites and drove the pooled nest success results in bison sites. Caution should be taken when interpreting pooled nest data, but these results suggest that bison did not negatively impact nest success of grassland nesting birds immediately following their reintroduction (<5 y).
Infectious complications in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma patients after BCMA Car t-cell therapy.

Abstract B-cell maturation antigen-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (BCMA CAR-T) is an effective treatment for relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). However the pattern of infectious complications is not well-elucidated. We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of infection outcomes up to 1-year post BCMA CAR-T for MM from 2018-2020. Fifty-five MM patients were treated with BCMA CAR-T. Prior to lymphodepletion (LD), 35% of patients had severe hypogammaglobulinemia and 18% had severe lymphopenia. Most patients (68%) received bridging chemotherapy (BC) prior to LD. In the first month post CAR-T, 98% patients had grade 3-4 neutropenia. At 1-year post infusion, 76% patients had hypogammaglobulinemia. With a median follow-up of 6.0 months (95% CI: 4.7 to 7.4), there were a total of 47 infection events in 29 (53%) patients, 40% bacterial, 53% viral and 6% fungal. Most (92%) were mild-moderate and of the lower/upper respiratory tract system (68%). Half of infections (53%) occurred in the first 100 days post CAR-T infusion. Though no statistically significant risk factors for infection were identified, prior lines of therapy, use of BC, recent infections, and post CAR-T lymphopenia were identified as possible risk factors that need to be further explored. This is the largest study to date to assess the infectious complications post BCMA CAR-T. Despite multiple risk factors for severe immunosuppression in this cohort, relatively few life-threatening or severe infections occurred. Further larger studies are needed to better characterize the risk factors for and occurrence of infections post BCMA CAR-T.
Direction Finding with 2D Arrays Using Spatial Sigma-Delta ADCs

In many multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication applications, two-dimensional (2D) rectangular arrays are used and the angular field of interest is different in the azimuth and elevation angle domains. In this paper, we show how to exploit scenarios with users confined to narrow elevation angles by means of 2D rectangular arrays with low-resolution spatial Σ∆ sampling in only one (i.e., the vertical) dimension. We analyze the 2D directions-of-arrival (DoA) estimation performance of MUSIC for such arrays, and illustrate the resulting advantage of the Σ∆ approach over standard one-bit receivers.
Linguistic Control of a Nuclear Power Plant

A multivariable linguistic controller based on fuzzy set theory is discussed and its application to a pressurized water nuclear power plant control is illustrated by computer simulation. The nonlinear power plant simulation model has nine states, two control inputs, one disturbance input, and two outputs. Although relatively simple, the model captures the essential coupled nonlinear plant dynamics and is convenient to use for control system studies. The use of an adaptive version of the controller is also demonstrated by computer simulation.
Green's function of the cosmological thermalization problem - II. Effect of photon injection and constraints

The energy spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) provides a powerful tool for constraining standard and non-standard physics in the primordial Universe. Previous studies mainly highlight spectral distortions (mu-, y- and r-type) created by episodes of early energy release; however, several processes also lead to copious photon production, which requires a different treatment. Here, we carry out a first detailed study for the evolution of distortions caused by photon injection at different energies in the CMB bands. We provide detailed analytical and numerical calculations illustrating the rich phenomenology of the associated distortion signals. We show that photon injection at very high and very low frequencies creates distortions that are similar to those from pure energy release. In the mu-era (z>3x10^5), a positive or negative chemical potential can be formed, depending on the balance between added photon energy and number. At lower redshifts (z<3x10^5), partial information about the photon injection process (i.e., injection time and energy) can still be recovered, with the distortion being found in a partially comptonized state. We briefly discuss current and future constraints on scenarios with photon production. We also argue that more detailed calculations for different scenarios with photon injection may be required to assess in which regimes these can be distinguished from pure energy release processes.
Experimental Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Film Boiling Liquid Hydrogen Flowing Through a Heated Tube

Liquid hydrogen appears to be a very attractive propeilant either in chemical systems in which it is burned with an oxidant, or as monopropellant when it is heated by some device like a nuclear reactor. Its low atomic weight, high specific heat and high heat of combustion all contribute to high specific-impulse values for either of the two propulsion systems. The undesirable characteristics of the propeilant include a large specific volume and difficult handling procedure for a low-temperature cryogen.
Distributed control of linear time-varying systems interconnected over arbitrary graphs

SUMMARY In this paper, we focus on designing distributed controllers for interconnected systems in situations where the controller sensing and actuation topology is inherited from that of the plant. The distributed systems considered are composed of discrete-time linear time-varying subsystems interconnected over arbitrary graph structures. The main contribution of this paper is to provide results on general graph interconnection structures in which the graphs have potentially an infinite number of vertices. This is accomplished by first extending previous machinery developed for systems with spatial dynamics on the lattice Zn. We derive convex analysis and synthesis conditions for design in this setting. These conditions reduce to finite sequences of LMIs in the case of eventually periodic subsystems interconnected over finite graphs. The paper also provides results on distributed systems with communication latency and gives an illustrative example on the distributed control of hovercrafts along eventually periodic trajectories. The methodology developed here provides a unifying viewpoint for our previous and related work on distributed control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF DETROIT DIESEL ALLISON'S NEW GENERATION SERIES 53 ENGINES

A new generation of turbocharged Series 53 engines known as the Silver 53's have recently been developed at Detroit Diesel Allison. The development program was aimed at improving performance, fuel economy, reliability and durability and reducing basic engine noise while minimizing external changes to the engines. This paper discusses the advanced technologies employed in order to achieve these objectives. The durability and reliability testing done to demonstrate that the objectives were met and an overview of evolutionary and significant product changes which Detroit Diesel Allison has implemented are also discussed.
Modeling optical nanontennas for nonlinearity enhancement, polarization control, communications and energy harvesting

We discuss the general use, potentials and computational challenges associated with optical nanoantennas. These engineered nanoparticles may be used to enhance and tailor the linear and nonlinear response of optical materials and they may realize novel optical devices for optical communications, computing, energy harvesting, sensing and polarization control. By translating some of the familiar radio-frequency concepts to optical antennas, we have proposed in recent years a variety of exciting possibilities for optical antennas, in order to realize nanodevices with linear and nonlinear properties not available in conventional optical materials and systems. We propose that collections of plasmonic nanoparticles may realize the true bridge between unconventional nanoscale optical processing and far-field propagation and radiation. In this talk, we describe the involved phenomena and the challenges and opportunities associated with their numerical modelling.
Idiopathic Premature Ventricular Contractions Arising from the Intraventricular Septum Adjacent to the His Bundle

A 57-year-old woman with idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) exhibiting a left bundle branch block and left inferior axis QRS morphology underwent electrophysiological testing. Mapping revealed that the earliest ventricular activation times during the PVCs recorded on either side of the interventricular septum were the same and no excellent pace maps were reproduced at these sites. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation was achieved in the right ventricular septum adjacent to the recording site of the His bundle electrogram. These findings suggested that the origin of this PVC was located in the intraventricular septum rather than the endocardial surface.
School age outcome in low birth weight preterm infants

Very low birth weight (VLBW) children at school age show variability in their outcome, comparedwith normal birth weight children, although many early physical and health differences are equalized by middle childhood. Studies of nonhandicapped VLBW children have found a higher rate of school retention and school problems in this population. Differences in intelligence have been reported, although these are often confounded by socioeconomic factors such as educational level of the parent. Few studies today of children born in the late 1970s and early 1980s have related school age outcome to central nervous system (CNS) status, yet for learning disabilities or other neuropsychological deficits, this may be highly relevant. Better understanding of medical risk factors, however, will not affect the decisive influence of social factors on their expression in the school age child.
Effects of visual deprivation on polyribosome aggregation in visual cortex of the cat

Summary Neurons in the visual cortex of 48 normal and visually deprived kittens and cats were examined electron microscopically for the presence or absence of polyribosomes in their perikaryal cytoplasm. In normal animals at most ages the ribosomes of cortical neurons were aggregated into polysomes, but during the second and third months of life — a period corresponding approximately to the physiologically defined critical period — variable numbers of cells were found which contained ribosomes only in the monomeric form. The affected cells were spiny stellate neurons in the fourth layer of the cortex. Even within the critical period, however, cells with dispersed ribosomes were not found in every animal examined. In animals deprived of pattern vision in both eyes from birth the appearance of cells lacking polysomes at the beginning of the second month was more consistent. By 7 weeks half of the fourth-layer neurons were affected, and they remained in this condition for at least another 6 months. The dispersed ribosomes could be caused to reaggregate by prolonged pentobarbital anesthesia. In monocularly deprived animals the binocular segments of cortex showed little if any effects of deprivation, but in one kitten in which the two monocular segments were examined cells lacking polysomes were found only in the segment innervated from the closed eye. It was concluded that a short-lived polysomal disaggregation occurs during the critical period — perhaps at the time of completion of synaptogenesis — and that the subsequent reaggregation is dependent on a normal visual input. Comparison with the results of biochemical studies suggests that the polysomal disaggregation reflects a deficit in the synthesis of axonally transported proteins.
A reproducible ohmic contact to n-type GaAs0.6P0.4

Abstract A study is reported on several alternate metal systems based upon AuGeNiCr, which provide reproducibly ∼10 −4 Ω- cm 2 specific contact resistance to n-type GaAs0.6P0.4, employing the conventional open-tube sintering furnace. A simple metallurgical model is presented to explain the success of this technique. It is found that a thin chromium-oxide film is formed during the heat treatment, which is thought to prevent metal pads from balling-up, and volatile components of the semiconductor from evaporating. In this way, the metal-semiconductor interface re-growth process is optimized to consistently provide low resistance ohmic contacts.
Effect of low temperature on fatigue crack formation and microstructure-scale propagation in legacy and modern Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys

Abstract Temperature dependence of fatigue crack formation and microstructure-scale growth from constituent particles in 7075-T651 and 7050-T7451 is quantified via load induced fracture surface marker-bands. Larger and more abundant particles in 7075-T651 lead to increased crack formation frequency and decreased life. Crack growth rates are similar between alloys and decreased with decreasing temperature, paralleling crack formation behavior. The temperature dependence is attributed to hydrogen environment embrittlement, but is not sufficiently understood to fully model the observed behavior.
Detailed Comparative Analysis of VP8 and H.264

VP8 has recently been offered by Google as an open video compression format in attempt to compete with the widely used H.264 video compression standard. This paper describes the major differences between VP8 and H.264 and provides detailed comparative evaluations through extensive experiments. We use 29 raw video sequences, offering a wide spectrum of resolutions and content characteristics, with the resolution ranging from 176x144 (QCIF) to 3840x2160 (2160p). To ensure a fair study, we use 3 coding presets in H.264, each with three types of tuning, and 7 presets in VP8. The presets cover a variety of achieved quality or complexity levels. The performance metrics include accuracy of bit rate handling, encoding speed, decoding speed, and perceptual video quality.
Transformation mediated by the SV40 T antigens: Separation of the overlapping SV40 early genes with a retroviral vector

A murine retroviral vector has been used to separate physically the overlapping genes encoded by SV40. This minimal retroviral vector contains LTRs and other cis-acting signals required for infectious RNA virus propagation. We placed the SV40 early region within this DNA and after transfection of cells producing helper Moloney murine leukemia virus, SV40 retroviruses (MV40) could be rescued. Cytoplasmic spliced large T and small t transcripts, as well as unspliced transcripts, are packaged into virions with equal efficiency. Pure SV40 large T retroviruses can be cloned from these heterogeneous virus stocks by secondary transformation of rodent cells. The large T retrovirus stocks morphologically transform primary or established mouse and rat lines with high efficiency. There is little difference in transformation either by agar assay or focus formation between retroviruses carrying both SV40 genes or large T alone. We present quantitative data that demonstrate that abortive transformation of rodent cells by SV40, transient expression of the transformed phenotype after infection, is not manifested by MV40. Thus abortive transformation is not the result of a weakly dominant transforming gene, but rather of the normally inefficient mode of integration and early gene expression of SV40 upon infection of rodent cells.
Quantitative electrophoretic transfer of polypeptides from SDS polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: a method for their re-use in immunoautoradiographic detection of antigens.

Polypeptides (233 μg) from brain synaptosomes resolved in SDS 7.5%–15% polyacrylamide gradient gels were electrophoretically transferred quantitatively to nitrocellulose sheets at 3 V/cm for 21 h in the following buffer: 25 mM Tris-192 mM glycine, pH 8.3/ 20% methanol/0.1% SDS. After immunoautoradiographic detection of antigens on this nitrocellulose replica with either rabbit anti-rat cerebrum immunoglobulins or a mouse monoclonal antibody to a rat synaptosomal protein, the antibody and [125I]protein A were removed from the replica by treatment with 8 M urea, 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol, and 5 mg/ml BSA at 60°C for 1 h. The replicas were succesfully re-used by re-exposing them to the antibody and [125I]protein A.
Colliding saccades may reveal the secret of their marching orders

Saccades are fast eye movements by which objects of interest are sought and captured. Their brevity means that they can often be executed within the time taken by visual impulses to reach the brain. Microstimulation, used in conjunction with single-unit recording, has become a powerful tool for analysing the role of central visuomotor structures in producing accurate saccades. This review presents the rationale of a test in which saccades are artificially elicited (evoked) while the eyes are moving. The presumed role in saccade production played by stimulated local neurons is inferred from the way trajectories of evoked saccades are deviated. The results suggest that the forebrain structures tested designate a goal expressed in retinocentric coordinates. To take into account an eye displacement that occurs during visual processing, the goal location must be recomputed; in this article, current views on how this might be accomplished are discussed in relation to observations made by unit recording.
Grass silage vs. hay for lactating dairy cows.

Summary Two types of experiments were conducted to determine the relative feeding value of silage and hay harvested from the same field at the same stage of maturity. In Experiment I, alfalfa silage was fed ad libitum and hay feeding controlled to 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the ration dry matter. Combined data from two trials showed significantly (P
More than Shelter: Activism and Community in San Francisco Public Housing

The demolition of high-rise public housing developments in cities across the United States has spurred popular and academic inquiry into the legacy of the public housing programme. Recent historica...
Local Relaxation Behavior and Dynamic Fragility in Hydrogen Bonded Polymer Blends

The dynamics of intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded polymer blends of poly(p-(hexafluoro-2-hydroxyl-2-propyl)styrene) with poly(vinyl acetate), poly(ethylene[30]-co-vinyl acetate[70]) and poly(ethylene[55]-co-vinyl acetate[45]) are investigated by broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Each blend component exhibits a glassy state (β) relaxation, and these relaxations are affected by the formation of intermolecular associations. The glassy state behavior of the blends can be modeled using the Painter−Coleman association model. All blends exhibit a single Tg and a single dielectric segmental (α) relaxation, indicative of strong segmental-level coupling. The fragility of the glass-formers depends on the volume fraction of intermolecularly associated segments, and the association model predicts which compositions have the highest fragilities. A relaxation related to the breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds is observed at temperatures above the α process, and...
Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument.

This article describes the development and validation process for an instrument to assess goal orientation (an individual disposition toward developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings). In contrast to previous goal orientation instruments, three goal orientation dimensions are identified (learning, avoid, and prove), and the instrument is domain specific to work settings. The results of exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis (internal consistency and test-retest), confirmatory factor analysis, and nomological network analysis all support the conclusion that the instrument operationalizes the theorized three-dimensional construct.
Fast dynamic video content exploration

Although the amount of surveillance video collected is increasing rapidly, the development of algorithmic tools to help an operator efficiently review this data remains a challenging problem. Video synopsis techniques summarize the active content within long surveillance videos in the form of short video clips in order to make review by an operator much more efficient. In this paper we present a novel form of synopsis browsing, based on a cyclical temporal pixel remapping scheme, with several key advantages over traditional methods. Most importantly, our method is not track-based and therefore works well in scenes for which it is difficult to maintain robust tracks of all components. The simple computational nature of our algorithm also allows the formation of synopsis frames on-the-fly, enabling a powerful interactive forensic browsing experience that we refer to as dynamic video content exploration. We also present a novel set of experiments using human subjects to quantify the efficiency of using synopsis tools for forensic video review tasks, finding roughly an order of magnitude decrease in operator review time compared to video fast forwarding.
Association of caveolin with Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions at early and late stages of infection.

Abstract The mechanism by which the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis enters eukaryotic cells is poorly understood. There are conflicting reports of entry occurring by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent processes. We report here that C. trachomatis serovar K enters HEp-2 and HeLa 229 epithelial cells and J-774A.1 mouse macrophage/monocyte cells via caveolin-containing sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains in the host cell plasma membranes. First, filipin and nystatin, drugs that specifically disrupt raft function by cholesterol chelation, each impaired entry of C. trachomatis serovar K. In control experiments, filipin did not impair entry of the same organism by an antibody-mediated opsonic process, nor did it impair entry of BSA-coated microspheres. Second, the chlamydia-containing endocytic vesicles specifically reacted with antisera against the caveolae marker protein caveolin. These vesicles are known to become the inclusions in which parasite replication occurs. They avoid fusion with lysosomes and instead traffic to the Golgi region, where they intercept Golgi-derived vesicles that recycle sphingolipids and cholesterol to the plasma membrane. We also report that late-stage C. trachomatis inclusions continue to display high levels of caveolin, which they likely acquire from the exocytic Golgi vesicles. We suggest that the atypical raft-mediated entry process may have important consequences for the host–pathogen interaction well after entry has occurred. These consequences include enabling the chlamydial vesicle to avoid acidification and fusion with lysosomes, to traffic to the Golgi region, and to intercept sphingolipid-containing vesicles from the Golgi.
Inflammation and adaptive immune responses to adenoviral vectors injected into the brain: peculiarities, mechanisms, and consequences

Inflammation and adaptive immune responses to adenoviral vectors injected into the brain: peculiarities, mechanisms, and consequences