cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Lead Leachability from Cathode Ray Tubes Using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in television and computer monitors are one of the most common components of discarded electronics in the solid waste stream. CRTs present a disposal problem because of their growing magnitude in municipal solid waste (MSW) and their role as a major source of lead in MSW. Using the EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), lead leachability from CRTs was studied. Lead leached from the CRT samples at an average concentration of 18.5 mg/L. This exceeded the regulatory limit of 5.0 mg/L. Several factors affected the lead concentrations of each CRT sample. These included the sample fraction of the CRTs, the particle size used in the tests, and the CRT type. The most significant quantities of lead were obtained from the funnel portion of the CRTs at an average lead concentration of 75.3 mg/L. The major source of lead in the funnel is the frit seal of color CRTs. Samples containing the frit seal had lead leaching levels nearly 50 times those without. Samples comprised of sm...
God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought

Preface Citations and abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Adam and Eve 3. Species and the shape of equality 4. 'The democratic intellect' 5. Kings, fathers, voters, subjects and crooks 6. 'Disproportionate and unequal possession' 7. 'By our Saviour's interpretation' 8. Tolerating atheists? Bibliography Index.
Selective Removal of Natural Occlusal Caries by Coupling Near-infrared Imaging with a CO2 Laser

Laser removal of dental hard tissue can be combined with optical, spectral or acoustic feedback systems to selectively ablate dental caries and restorative materials. Near-infrared (NIR) imaging has considerable potential for the optical discrimination of sound and demineralized tissue. Last year we successfully demonstrated that near-IR images can be used to guide a CO(2) laser ablation system for the selective removal of artificial caries lesions on smooth surfaces. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that two-dimensional near-infrared images of natural occlusal caries can be used to guide a CO(2) laser for selective removal. Two-dimensional NIR images were acquired at 1310-nm of extracted human molar teeth with occlusal caries. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was also used to acquire depth-resolved images of the lesion areas. An imaging processing module was developed to analyze the NIR imaging output and generate optical maps that were used to guide a CO(2) laser to selectively remove the lesions at a uniform depth. Post-ablation NIR images were acquired to verify caries removal. Based on the analysis of the NIR images, caries lesions were selectively removed with a CO(2) laser while sound tissues were conserved. However, the removal rate varied markedly with the severity of decay and multiple passes were required for caries removal. These initial results are promising but indicate that the selective removal of natural caries is more challenging than the selective removal of artificial lesions due to varying tooth geometry, the highly variable organic/mineral ratio in natural lesions and more complicated lesion structure.
Scalably verifiable dynamic power management

Dynamic power management (DPM) is critical to maximizing the performance of systems ranging from multicore processors to datacenters. However, one formidable challenge with DPM schemes is verifying that the DPM schemes are correct as the number of computational resources scales up. In this paper, we develop a DPM scheme such that it is scalably verifiable with fully automated formal tools. The key to the design is that the DPM scheme has fractal behavior; that is, it behaves the same at every scale. We show that the fractal design enables scalable formal verification and simulation shows that our scheme does not sacrifice much performance compared to an oracle DPM scheme that optimally allocates power to computational resources. We implement our scheme in a 2-socket 16-core x86 system and experimentally evaluate it.
Race differences in the pattern of familial aggregation for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and its responsiveness to training in the HERITAGE Family Study.

Using a familial correlation model to assess familial influences, baseline dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and its change (post-training minus baseline) in response to a 20-week endurance exercise training program were analyzed in 85 black families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study (HERITAGE). Baseline levels were adjusted for a polynomial in age, and the training response was adjusted for a polynomial in age, as well as the baseline values, within 4 sex-by-generation groups before genetic analysis. We found that the maximal heritability for baseline DHEAS reached 66% (with no sex and generation differences) in black families, which is slightly (but not significantly) higher than the estimate (58%) reported previously in 99 white families in HERITAGE. Whereas weak, but significant, familial effects (26%) for the training response were previously reported for whites in HERITAGE, they were undetectable in the present study. Furthermore, we found heterogeneity in the pattern of familial aggregation (primarily due to different spouse and parent-offspring correlations) for both the baseline and its training response between blacks and whites. In conclusion, baseline DHEAS levels in blacks were also determined by substantial familial factors (just as for whites), independent of the effects of age and sex. Genetic and nongenetic familial components influencing baseline DHEAS levels in both races may be different.
Atypical Presentations of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

Seven patients who eventually met established criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer type are described to illustrate the variety of atypical clinical presentations of this disorder. The value of a careful history, examination, and follow up in reaching the earliest possible diagnosis is emphasized. In the event of the development of adequate therapy this information will become essential in proper management of these patients.
Analysis of acanthocephalan literature published since 1900.

The data for this study are based on more than 6000 articles that mention Acanthocephala. The results indicate: (1) the difficulty in being current on world literature. It took about 3 years beyond the date of publication to discover many articles. (2) Except for World Wars I and II there has been a sustained increase in the number of articles. At present this rate exceeds 1000 titles per 5-year period. (3) Investigator interest, as measured by multiple publications by a given author, has remained very small. (4) Most publications have originated in the U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. followed by Great Britain and Germany. (5) Number of authors per title has increased dramatically. Currently, there are more four-author than single-author articles. (6) Fish are host animals most likely to be mentioned as containing acanthocephalans.
Role of Apomorphine in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Current research shows that apomorphine is an effective treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD). The highly lipophilic structure allows apomorphine to cross cell membranes rapidly, leading to the rapid onset of action for on/off symptoms of PD. The use of apomorphine was limited in the past due to peripheral side effects, but with the advent of better delivery systems and medications to control side effects, apomorphine is better tolerated and more widely in use. The major delivery systems are continuous subcutaneous infusions and intermittent subcutaneous injections, but other delivery routes are under investigation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the current use of apomorphine, the current delivery systems and to discuss future research.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENDOTOXIN RELEASE FOLLOWING THERAPY WITH AN AMINOGLYCOSIDE VERSUS A THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORIN

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENDOTOXIN RELEASE FOLLOWING THERAPY WITH AN AMINOGLYCOSIDE VERSUS A THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORIN
Cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 occurs within minutes and may not involve the participation of virus particles

Although virus infections have been classically studied with "cell-free" virion preparations, many animal viruses are able to spread both in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell-cell fusion. An efficient system to monitor the cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1 has been developed employing chronically infected H9 donor cells. Under appropriate conditions of cocultivation with uninfected cells, the synthesis of unintegrated viral DNA, monitored by Southern blot hybridization, occurred between 2 and 4 hr following infection; viral proteins were detected 8 to 12 hr following cocultivation and progeny virions were released into the medium by 16 hr. The use of metabolic inhibitors or specific envelope/receptor antibodies revealed that the cell-to-cell spread of HIV required: (1) gp120-CD4 interaction and (2) reverse transcription. Light and electron microscopy, fluorescent dye redistribution, and soluble CD4 competition experiments all demonstrated that the HIV-induced cell-cell fusion began within 10 to 30 min of cocultivation. Surprisingly, the electron microscopic analyses also suggested that budding or mature virus particles did not participate in this process. Thus the virus-induced cell-cell fusion observed is very likely the result of gp120/gp41 proteins, on the surface of infected cells, interacting with CD4 molecules on uninfected cells. These findings are of immediate importance in understanding the mechanism(s) of HIV-1 transmission in vivo and for the design of effective vaccines and antiviral agents.
Unclassified Mucinous Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Rare Histopathological Entity

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with mucin production is extremely rare. We present the case of a previously healthy 76-year-old woman who underwent a robotic-assisted laparoscopic right nephrectomy for a 5-cm heterogeneously enhancing right renal mass. Pathology revealed mucin-producing epithelial RCC. We discuss the presentation and pathological features of this case and comment on its definitive treatment.
The Market Effects of Patent Litigation

This study measures the value of patents to firms and identifies factors that contribute to that value by observing the abnormal change in firms’ stock market values following court decisions. Firms lose 0.85% (about $19 million) of their value following a decision that one of their patents is “Invalid”, but only gain about 0.7% following a “Valid & Infringed” decision. The factors that that affect the expectations of investors as to the enforceability of patent rights are at least as important in determining the contribution of the patent to the firm’s market value as are characteristics of the patent. Most prominently, this confirms the substantial impact that the creation of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) had on the value of patents. After the creation of the CAFC, “Invalid” decisions resulted in a 0.7% (about $15.5 million) greater loss of firm value. Clearly, patents are more valuable because of this change in the legal landscape.
Response: Binocular rivalry and perceptual multi-stability

We appreciate Nava Rubin's commentary [1] concerning our work on multi-stable binocular rivalry [2], articulating its relationship with conventional bi-stable binocular rivalry and with pervasive mutual exclusivity in visual processing. She indicated that our results have opened up a 'multi-stable front', promising to provide new constraints for modeling the neural interactions that generate coherent unitary percepts from ambiguous retinal stimulation. Here, we focus on additional ways in which our results could contribute to elucidating cortical visual processing.
Students' Search Behaviors in the Context of High School Choice: Variation by Nativity, Country of Origin, and Academic Track

This article discusses the results of a series of multiple regressions performed to predict how closely 490 eighth grade students' approaches to searching for and selecting high schools matched the New York City Department of Education's recommendations. Results indicate that children of Latin American immigrant mothers were less likely to follow the New York City Department of Education's recommendations than both their third-generation or higher peers and students born to Asian immigrant mothers. They relied on fewer information sources, attended fewer open houses and fairs, were less likely to consider academic factors, and consulted fewer people when choosing schools.
How does foreign direct investment affect industrial competitiveness? Evidence from China

Abstract Industrial competitiveness (IC) is a country's ability to produce and export manufactured goods competitively. How does foreign direct investment (FDI) affect IC in China? The significance of the topic, besides the intrinsic importance of IC, is heightened by outstanding performance of the Chinese industry and massive increase in FDI flows into China in the past decade. Yet empirical studies on the issue in the literature have been limited. This article attempts to close the gap by estimating the role of FDI with a large panel data of 21 manufacturing sectors for 31 regions in six years (2005–2010). We construct, following the method of UNIDO (2002), the IC index to measure multidimensional industrial performance. Several empirical specifications are developed for IC level and IC growth with both panel and cross-section data. Results suggest that FDI has large positive effects on China's industrial performance; such effects are much greater on low-tech manufacturing than medium- and high-tech industries, and the contribution is enhanced by FDI's interaction with local human capital. The role of FDI increases with FDI inflows over the period, and changes in FDI affect changes in industrial performance.
Connectivity of fetal neocortical block transplants in the excitotoxically ablated cortex of adult rats

Fetal neocortical block grafts placed into new-born recipients are able to exchange axonal projections with the host central nervous system, as shown in several previous experiments. The present study examined the connectivity of fetal neocortical block transplants placed into the excitotoxically ablated cortex of adult rats. Young adult rats received injections of the excitotoxic amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate into the sensorimotor cortex area 1 week prior to receiving a fetal (E14–15) neocortical transplant. Afferent and efferent connections of these grafts were examined 3–6 months after transplantation by injecting the transplants with the fluorescent retrograde tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow or with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Retrogradely labeled neurons were observed within several host brain regions including the ipsilateral neocortex, several thalamic nuclei, subcortical areas such as claustrum and lateral hypothalamus, nucleus basalis, dorsal raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus. Fibers labeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were found extending throughout the transplants, but with rare exceptions fibers were not observed within the host brain. The experiments showed that neocortical block grafts placed into the excitotoxically ablated neocortex receive afferent input from areas in the host brain that normally innervate the sensorimotor cortex. The extensive Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-positive axonal labeling found within the grafts demonstrated the ability of the grafted neurons to establish extensive intrinsic graft connections. Their failure to project out of the grafts suggests that the mature host brain does not provide a permissive environment for neurite extension.
Frequency-dependent dipole shielding factors

A frequency-dependent dipole shielding factor βinfinity(ω) is defined as the coefficient of proportionality between the electric-dipole induced field and a uniform external electric field, at the nucleus, when the external field varies sinusoidally with time and with circular frequency ω. From oscillator sum rules it is shown that βinfinity(ω) = N/Z0 + ω2α(ω)/Z0 where N is the number of electrons, Z0 is the nuclear charge and α(ω) is the dynamic dipole polarizability. Numerical calculations of βinfinity(ω) are reported for He, Be, Ne and several ions using coupled Hartree-Fock theory. It is found that calculations of βinfinity(ω) provide a severe test of the accuracy of zero- and first-order frequency-dependent wave functions.
A new species of parasitic copepod, Shiinoa bakeri (Shiinoidae), with a new host record for Shiinoa elagata Cressey

A new species of Shiinoa parasitic on the nasal lamellae of Indian Ocean and western Atlantic lutjanid fishes is described. A new record of Shiinoa elagata, originally described from Pacific Elagatus bipinnulatus, is reported from western Atlantic Sphyraena barracuda from Belize. The new species described herein brings the total number of Shiinoa species described to four. The family Shiinoidae is redefined.
A reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopic study of the adsorption of ethylene and ethylene oxide on oxygen-covered Ag( 111)

The adsorption of ethylene and ethylene oxide has been studied on clean and oxygen-covered Ag(1 1 1) using temperature-programmed desorption and reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Ethylene adsorbs weakly on Ag(1 1 1) at 80 K with the molecular plane oriented parallel to the surface. The effect of adsorbed oxygen (Θ(O)∼0.1) is to increase the heat of adsorption slightly and to cause the ethylene to tilt. Ethylene oxide also adsorbs weakly at 80 K with the molecular plane oriented perpendicularly to the surface, where the heat of adsorption also increases due to the presence of adsorbed oxygen. The RAIR spectra of both ethylene and ethylene oxide adsorbed on oxygen-activated Ag(1 1 1) at 300 K under a pressure of 1 Torr show the formation of a number of surface species. An η2(C,O) bonded acetaldehyde species is found, where the infrared features decrease coincident with acetaldehyde/ethylene oxide desorption. A species persists on heating to 450 K which exhibits a single infrared peak at 1004 cm−1. Based on the frequency shifts observed on isotopic substitution (with D and 18O), it appears to contain C, O and H. This feature disappears on heating to 550 K correlating with the desorption of CO2 in temperature-programmed desorption. Finally, a series of features is detected which may be due to an adsorbed formate or strongly distorted ethylene oxide. These results emphasize that good quality infrared spectra can be collected for adsorbed species formed at high pressures on a model, oxygen-activated Ag(1 1 1) catalyst and that the surface chemistry is completely different to that found when dosing at 80 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions.
Bayesian Thinking About Macrosociology

One question dominates methodological debate in macrosociology: In explaining large‐scale social processes should we seek simple theories that apply under a range of conditions or complex theories that are tailored to specific cases? Complex explanations are justified by their explanatory power and theoretical appeal. Simple explanations are justified by their falsifiability and their capacity to sustain strong conclusions. I weigh the merits of simple and complex explanations, applying some basic ideas from Bayesian statistics. The Bayesian analysis provides support for a compromise position that is rigorously grounded in the fundamental rules of probability. These ideas are illustrated in an analysis of labor union growth in Sweden.
Microanalysis of ethanol self-administration: estrous cycle phase-related changes in consumption patterns.

Background: Female rodent and reproductive cycle-related patterns in ethanol consumption have been identified grossly, but the regulatory processes that underlie these patterns remain to be clarified. The evaluation of consummatory bout dynamics may be useful in determining the effects of a changing endogenous state (ovarian hormone fluctuations) on ethanol consumption patterns. This study assessed the microstructural components of ethanol intake patterns across the estrus cycle. Methods: Cumulative licking of 13 female Long-Evans rats was recorded during continuous access (22 hr/day) to 10% ethanol and tap water solutions throughout a 10 week period. Drinking bouts were defined as 20 or more successive licks separated by less than a 60 sec pause. Vaginal smears were obtained daily from each rat between 1100 and 1130 hr to assess estrus cycle phase. ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate estrus cycle effects on consumption pattern parameters. Results: Total daily ethanol intakes were unaffected by estrus cycle phase. Ethanol bout frequency was significantly greater during proestrus compared with all other phases, whereas ethanol bout sizes were significantly attenuated during proestrus compared with estrus and diestrus. Experience with ethanol was associated with a significant decline in bout frequency and a significant elevation in bout size across all cycle phases, which indicated that initiation of ethanol self-administration occurred over time. A significant main effect of hour and a cycle phase by hour interaction were found for the temporal distribution of ethanol lick responses throughout the estrus cycle, and a progressive shift in lick patterns evolved between estrus and the subsequent proestrus. Conclusions: The estrus cycle phase-related changes in the microstructural components of ethanol intake suggest that female rats experience periods of altered sensitivity to the neurobiological and reinforcing effects of ethanol. Furthermore, these findings implicate cyclical fluctuations in ovarian hormones and other neuromodulators in the regulation of ethanol consumption patterns throughout the estrus cycle of the female rat.
Integrated stimulation by CXC chemokines enhances PMN [Ca2+]i signaling in trauma and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Background: Trauma and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are associated with increased CXC chemokine (CXC) activity. CXCs such as interleukin (IL)-8 activate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the lung by means of calcium signals ([Ca2+]i). We studied CXC effects on PMN [Ca2+]i in ARDS and trauma. Methods: Isolated PMNs were loaded with Fura-2 dye. Normal PMNs were incubated in ARDS plasma or volunteer plasma, with or without blocking antibodies to IL-8, growth-related oncogene alpha (GRO-α), or both (n = 6 pairs), and then stimulated with 1 to 10 nmol/L IL-8. PMNs from trauma patients or volunteers (n = 10 pairs) were stimulated with GRO-α, or with sequential GRO-α/IL-8. [Ca2+]i was measured with spectrofluorometry. Results: [Ca2+]i responses to IL-8 were higher after being incubated in ARDS plasma than in volunteer plasma (251 ± 33 vs 218 ± 33 nmol/L, P = .03). Blockade of GRO-α or IL-8 reversed ARDS plasma effects. After GRO-α/IL-8, PMNs from trauma patients demonstrated more Ca2+ store release than did PMNs from volunteers (235 ± 13 vs 170 ± 10 nmol/L, P < .01). Conversely, PMNs from trauma patients lost receptor-operated Ca2+ influx to GRO-α. Conclusions: In traumatic ARDS, plasma CXCs prime PMNs for higher [Ca2+]i flux, making PMN activation more likely. IL-8 and GRO-α interact to modulate these PMN [Ca2+]i responses. (Surgery 1999;126:208-15.)
Germination response to extreme acidity: impact of simulated acid deposition from a single shuttle launch

Abstract Shuttle launches deposit highly acidified (pH 0.5–2.0) water vapor into neighboring natural vegetation. A series of experiments which determine the impact of a single simulated acid deposition (SAD) on native species from four soil types found at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California are reported here. Seedling survival and yield, seed germination and seedling emergence from each soil type were investigated. A single, extreme SAD (pH 0.5 and 1.0) prevented seedling establishment in all three species tested, while SAD of pH 2.5 reduced survival and yield. The germination responses of seven species were significantly reduced by a single SAD of pH 1.0, however, the magnitude of this reduction varied widely between species and also within a species on different soils. The moisture status of seeds also influenced germination response, but there was no consistent pattern. In addition, there was a slight germination enhancement in some species after a single exposure to SAD of pH 2.0. The number of seedlings that emerged from field collected soil was not significantly influenced by a single SAD under greenhouse conditions. These results suggest that germination, survival and yield in most species may be reduced after each shuttle launch, if other conditions for seedling establishment are suitable. However, species-specific levels of seed dormancy, temperature and soil moisture conditions and the frequency of launches will also influence seedling establishment.
Conformation of polyaniline: Effect of mechanical shaking and spin casting

We find from diffuse reflectance Vis/UV spectral studies of polyaniline (emeraldine base; EB) powder doped with camphorsulfonic acid (HCSA) that the free carrier tail characteristic of an extended coil conformation appears and increases gradually on mechanical shaking with KBr powder. We also find that the forces present during spin-casting of EB films have a signifigant effect on the value of the absorption maximum of the exciton peak.
A network of cooperative learners for data-driven stream Mining

We propose and analyze a distributed learning system to classify data captured from distributed and dynamic data streams. Our scheme consists of multiple distributed learners that are interconnected via an exogenously-determined network. Each learner observes a specific data stream, which is correlated to a common event that needs to be classified, and maintains a set of local classifiers and a weight for each local classifier. We propose a cooperative online learning scheme in which the learners exchange information through the network both to compute an aggregate prediction and to adapt the weights to the dynamic characteristics of the data streams. The information dissemination protocol is designed to minimize the time required to compute the final prediction. We determine an upper bound for the worst-case misclas-sification probability of our scheme, which depends on the misclassification probability of the best (unknown) static aggregation rule. Importantly, such bound tends to zero if the misclassification probability of the best static aggregation rule tends to zero. When applied to well-known data sets experiencing concept drifts, our scheme exhibits gains ranging from 20% to 70% with respect to state-of-the-art solutions.
The electrochemical reactions of SnO2 with Li and Na: A study using thin films and mesoporous carbons

Abstract In this work we have determined the room temperature electrochemical reactions of SnO2 thin films and mesoporous carbons filled with SnO2 anodes with Na, and compare the results with those obtained during the reaction with Li. We show that SnO2 can reversibly deliver up to 6.2 Li/SnO2 whereas the reaction with Na is significantly limited. The initial discharge capacity is equivalent to less than 4 Na/SnO2, which is expected to correspond to the formation of 2 Na2O and Sn. This limited discharge capacity suggests the negative role of the formed Na2O matrix upon the reversible reaction of Sn clusters. Moreover, the reversible cycling of less than 1 Na/SnO2, despite the utilization of 6–7 nm SnO2 particles, is indicative of sluggish reaction kinetics. The origin of this significant capacity reduction is probably due to the formation of a diffusion limiting interface. Furthermore, there is a larger apparent hysteresis compared to Li. These results point to the need to design composite structures of SnO2 nanoparticles with suitable morphological and conductivity components.
Muscle capillarity in chicks following hypoxia

Abstract 1. 1. Muscle capillarity was examined in chicks exposed to normobaric hypoxia with and without increased workload. 2. 2. Capillarity was higher in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, but not in the other muscles examined. Increased worklad did not contribute to the effects of hypoxia. 3. 3. Thus, hypoxia served as a stimulus for the development of new capillaries in muscle containing twitch fibers, but not in muscle containing tonic fibers.
Measurement of Coronary Blood Flow in Dogs with Normal and Abnormal Myocardial Oxygenation and Function

Common left coronary blood flow was measured simultaneously by a recording rotameter and by the Rb86 chloride clearance method in anesthetized, open chest dogs, and compared over a wide range of flow rates and under conditions of both normal and abnormal myocardial oxygenation and function. Although the Rb86 clearance method reflected the same directional changes as metered flow, a systematic underestimate was found which ranged from 27% at ischemic flow rates to 54% at hyperemic rates. Myocardial extraction studies supported the view that coronary flow rate and the resultant time that the isotope was in the capillary bed was the major determinant of the underestimate by the Rb86 method even under conditions of myocardial hypoxia. It was concluded that the Rb86 method gave an accurate estimate of directional change in coronary blood flow but that the magnitude of the underestimate of actual flow limits its use as a quantitative index.
Grammar is grammar and usage is usage

A number of disparate approaches to language, ranging from cognitive linguistics to stochastic implementations of optimality theory, have challenged the classical distinction between knowledge of language and use of language. Supporters of such approaches point to the functional motivation of grammatical structure, language users' sensitivity to the frequency of occurrence of grammatical elements, and the great disparity between sentences that grammars generate and speakers' actual utterances. In this article I defend the classical position, and provide evidence from a number of sources that speakers mentally represent full grammatical structure, however fragmentary their utterances might be. The article also questions the relevance of most corpus-based frequency and probability studies to models of individual grammatical competence. I propose a scenario for the origins and evolution of language that helps to explain why grammar and usage are as distinct as they are.
Diffusive Exchange of Gaseous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls Across the Air−Water Interface of the Chesapeake Bay

Dissolved and gas-phase concentrations of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 46 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners were measured at eight sites on the Chesapeake Bay at four different times of the year to estimate net diffusive air−water gas exchange rates. Gaseous PAHs are absorbed into the bay's surface waters during the spring, and lighter compounds revolatilize in the late summer and early fall due to seasonal changes in surface water temperature and atmospheric PAH levels. On an annual basis, the atmosphere is a net source of volatile PAHs to the Chesapeake Bay, and gas absorption may be the largest external source of fluorene and phenanthrene, providing up to three times the combined loadings from wet and dry aerosol deposition and from tributaries. Largest PAH absorptive fluxes occurred in the northern Chesapeake when prevailing winds carried PAH-enriched air from the Baltimore-Washington urban area over the bay. In contrast to PAHs, PCBs volatilize from the Chesapeake Bay throughout the yea...
Fur Seals from the Bering Sea breeding in California

A colony of northern fur seals has been found breeding on an island off California, and everyone hopes that this will not lead to its disappearance.
Framing an ethics of climate management for the anthropocene

In addition to carbon dioxide, it is becoming increasingly clear that there are numerous other potent agents of anthropogenic forcing (e.g. methane, ozone, black carbon) at work in the climate system today. The typical ethical framing of climate change has not yet accommodated this complexity. In addition, geoengineering has often been presented as a Plan B that would simply counter unintentional (and positive) anthropogenic forcing with intentional (and negative) anthropogenic forcing. This paper attempts to better address the complexity by outlining an ethical framework for reducing all anthropogenic forcing, a position it labels the 'climate imperative.' The paper considers geoengineering alongside various other anthropogenic forcing activities and discusses what the climate imperative would say about each of them. On this analysis, GHG and black carbon reductions remain a priority. At the same time, the framing reveals a significant ethical difference between geoengineering through solar radiation management and through carbon dioxide removal.
Foliar and soil deposition of pesticide sprays in peanuts and their washoff and runoff under simulated worst-case rainfall conditions.

There are few studies that relate the timing and amounts of pesticide washoff from plant foliage during rainfall to runoff losses at the edge of the field. We hypothesized that foliar deposits, if washed onto the soil slowly during rainfall, may then undergo less leaching during the period of infiltration that occurs prior to soil saturation and runoff, thus exhibiting larger runoff losses than pesticides on/in the soil at the beginning of rain. We measured the runoff of ethalfluralin, metolachlor, chlorothalonil, and rhodamine WT dye using simulated rainfall on 450 m2 mesoplots planted in peanut. Ethalfluralin was applied preplant incorporated, and metolachlor was applied preemergence on bare soil. Chlorothalonil and rhodamine WT were applied to the peanut canopy at maturity. Rainfall was simulated 24 h after each chemical application (in May and July, 1998, and May and August, 1999) using raindrop sprinklers, applying 5.5 ± 0.5 cm over a 2 h period to create reasonable worst-case conditions; between 3 a...
Carbon‐13 NMR studies of multicyclic lactams. Structures and 13C assignments by lanthanide induced shifts, relaxation studies and MINDO/3 calculations

Carbon-13 NMR studies were performed with a series of nineteen multicyclic lactams. The solution conformations of most of these were determined using the lanthanide induced shift (LIS) method in combination with x-ray and/or MINDO/3 optimized geometries. These analyses show that E-caprolactam and 3-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decan-4-one have at least two conformations in solution. The LIS structural analyses were further confirmed by means of 13C T1 relaxation times with Gd(dpm)3 and Gd(fod)3 as relaxation reagents. However, relaxation data for carbons in proximity to the complexation site are not reliable for this purpose, probably because of the occurrence of mechanisms other than dipole-dipole. It is also noted that it is better to compare carbons having the same number of bonded hydrogens. With the help of the LIS data it was possible to assign unambiguously the chemical shifts of the carbons in all of the lactams in this study.
Reporting initiative of the Radiological Society of North America: progress and new directions.

This report, from two members and the chair of the subcommittee, provides an update on the progress of the Radiological Society of North America’s reporting initiative and describes future goals and strategies.
Abnormal trafficking of endogenously expressed BMPR2 mutant allelic products in patients with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension.

More than 200 heterozygous mutations in the type 2 BMP receptor gene, BMPR2, have been identified in patients with Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (HPAH). More severe clinical outcomes occur in patients with BMPR2 mutations by-passing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD negative mutations). These comprise 40% of HPAH mutations and are predicted to express BMPR2 mutant products. However expression of endogenous NMD negative BMPR2 mutant products and their effect on protein trafficking and signaling function have never been described. Here, we characterize the expression and trafficking of an HPAH-associated NMD negative BMPR2 mutation that results in an in-frame deletion of BMPR2 EXON2 (BMPR2ΔEx2) in HPAH patient-derived lymphocytes and in pulmonary endothelial cells (PECs) from mice carrying the same in-frame deletion of Exon 2 (Bmpr2ΔEx2/+ mice). The endogenous BMPR2ΔEx2 mutant product does not reach the cell surface and is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, chemical chaperones 4-PBA and TUDCA partially restore cell surface expression of Bmpr2ΔEx2 in PECs, suggesting that the mutant product is mis-folded. We also show that PECs from Bmpr2ΔEx2/+ mice have defects in the BMP-induced Smad1/5/8 and Id1 signaling axis, and that addition of chemical chaperones restores expression of the Smad1/5/8 target Id1. These data indicate that the endogenous NMD negative BMPRΔEx2 mutant product is expressed but has a folding defect resulting in ER retention. Partial correction of this folding defect and restoration of defective BMP signaling using chemical chaperones suggests that protein-folding agents could be used therapeutically in patients with these NMD negative BMPR2 mutations.
Exclusive economic zone

Following President Reagan's declaration of an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in March 1983, the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (NACOA) undertook a study to begin sorting out what implications the proclamation would have on existing and future oceans legislation and policy. As a result of this proclamation and the Reagan administration's earlier decision not to sign the Law of the Sea (LOS) Treaty, much discussion has centered around whether or not the United States should attempt to formulate a comprehensive package containing all oceans-related legislation. According to the NACOA report “The Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States: Some Immediate Policy Issues,” most experts argue against such a move. NACOA agreed, recommending that a comprehensive oceans package is not needed nor even desirable at this time. Instead, NACOA argues, emphasis should be placed on assuring that existing U.S. ocean policy is “consistent” with the nondeep seabed provisions of the LOS treaty. NACOA is a Presidential advisory committee that conducts ongoing reviews of national oceanic and atmospheric policy and reports directly to Congress and the President.
Effect of Ba substitution in CsSrI3:Eu2+

Abstract CsSrI3:Eu2+ was previously reported by our group as a highly efficient scintillator, and we now report the advantages of partial replacement of Sr by Ba. Scintillation and physical properties of CsSr1−xBaxI3:Eu2+ crystals are presented for 0≤x≤0.24. We found that the hygroscopicity decreased with increasing Ba concentration while density and effective atomic number increased, thus enhancing the X-ray and gamma ray detection efficiency. The scintillation light yield ranged from 22,000 to 28,000 photons per MeV for Ba concentrations between 3% and 24%. The principle scintillation decay time ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 μs.
Awakening to Opportunities in International Business: A Title VI-B Grant and Partnership Approach.

Subsequent to hurricane Katrina, Mississippi Gulf Coast businesses are rebuilding and rewriting rules. This catastrophic event has offered the coast a tremendous opportunity to write new rules furthering the redevelopment and expansion of international trade through the ports of Gulfport and Pascagoula and the expansion of the tourism industry.
Volunteering and depression: the role of psychological and social resources in different age groups.

Abstract There are a number of reasons why volunteering might yield mental health benefits, especially to older people. Volunteer work improves access to social and psychological resources, which are known to counter negative moods such as depression and anxiety. Analysis of three waves of data from the Americans’ Changing Lives data set (1986, 1989, 1994) reveals that volunteering does lower depression levels for those over 65, while prolonged exposure to volunteering benefits both populations. Some of the effect of volunteering on depression among the elderly is attributable to the social integration it encourages, but the mediating effect of psychological resources is very small. Volunteering for religious causes is more beneficial for mental health than volunteering for secular causes but, again, the effect is confined to the elderly.
Solute diffusion in poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) interpenetrating networks

Solute transport through interpenetrating polymeric networks of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) at pH 3 or 6 was studied in order to investigate the influence of possible solute binding on the transport process through the networks. Diffusion of theophylline, vitamin B12, and myoglobin was analyzed, and diffusion and partition coefficients were determined. Analysis using the free volume-based theory of Peppas and Reinhart indicated that solute binding occurred only in those hydrogels that were in the ionized state. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic studies were used to determine the level of binding in the case of myoglobin in contact with these IPN hydrogels.
A Revised Radiocarbon Sequence for Karluk-1 and the Implications for Kodiak Island Prehistory

The Karluk-1 site has played a central role in defining the late prehistory of the Kodiak archipelago, in particular the Koniag tradition and its genesis. As part of the Bryn Mawr College Karluk Archaeology Project, Richard Jordan and Richard Knecht excavated the site in the 1980s and obtained six radiocarbon dates. Here, I add 21 new dates for the Karluk-1 site, which suggest that the site was occupied approximately 250-300 years later than previously thought. These new dates help to refine our understanding of Karluk's place in prehistory and raise questions about the role of the Little Ice Age in driving cultural changes observed at Karluk-1.
Electrochemical Detection of Short DNA Oligomer Hybridization Using the CombiMatrix ElectraSense Microarray Reader

A microarray reader named ElectraSense using an electrochemical detection technique has been developed for the CombiMatrix CustomArray 12 544 electrode semiconductor DNA microarray. The detection is based on electrochemical reduction of the enzymatic oxidization product of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidene (TMB). TMB oxidation is catalyzed by a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) biomarker linked to a DNA target molecule through biotin-avidin chemistry. Electrochemical signal collection is performed by a computer controlled combinatorial semiconductor addressing instrument. Electrode to electrode switching can be accomplished in hundreds of microseconds and a detection time for each electrode is less than 5 ms. The whole array detection requires less than 60 s. Numerous parameters of the measurement procedure have been optimized and assay performance has been studied and a method for array quality control has been developed. Application of electrochemical detection of Combimatrix microarrays has been demonstrated for DNA detection over 4 orders of magnitude of target concentrations and detection of avian influenza subtype H5N1.
“Virtue, Obligation and Politics,” Revisited

Much contemporary literature in moral philosophy discusses how concepts condition understanding, especially because they sensitize us to certain questions and exclude others. Stephen Salkever in this Review' applied this line of reasoning to political philosophy and discovered two paradigms of politics: one based on the concept of virtue (ancient political philosophy), the other resting on obligation (modern political thought). The virtue paradigm understands politics as "a relationship among individual human beings in which some public value or law takes the place of private desire as the most authoritative guide to action." The political community, then, "is that structure (or pattern of relationships) which has as its aim the development of moral virtue among its citizens."2 This public good, moral virtue, which leads to happiness, is intelligible only if man can possess it. Good, in other words, is grounded in human nature; one cannot do ethics without doing moral psychology.3 Furthermore, one cannot do ethics without doing politics, because whether or not the good character potential in man is developed depends upon the kind of relationships men have, which is largely determined by politics. The politics of obligation, on the other hand, does not assume that virtue is intelligible, or needs to be intelligible, except insofar as a belief in the value of freedom (or community) might imply some kind of limited good or virtue. It is more accurate, however, to say that the value of freedom reflects a rejection of virtue as meaningful: since characterizing the good life is impossible, the value of the ends that individuals pursue cannot be assessed except insofar as they may frustrate the purposes of others. Therefore the ideal of politics is freedom-a situation in which as many individuals as possible can realize as many of their ends
The Physics of the Solar Lower Transition Region

We discuss quiet-Sun intensities of spectral lines of O IV λ1401.16 and Si IV λ1402.77, their ratio, and their relation to expected properties of the lower solar transition region. The data consist of simultaneous measurements of the two line intensities for 16,988 pixels with spatial dimensions of 1'' square obtained by the Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation spectrometer on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft. In ionization equilibrium, the electron temperatures of maximum concentration of the two ions are 1.6 × 105 and 6.3 × 104 K, respectively. Assuming ionization equilibrium, the line intensity ratio is directly proportional to the emission measure ratio between plasma at these temperatures. Thus, the observations represent 16,988 snapshots of two temperature regions of the differential emission measure at arcsecond spatial scales in the quiet Sun. We derive an average quiet-Sun λ1401.16/λ1402.77 ratio, acquired from observations over 3 hr and a 30'' × 290'' spatial region, of 0.267 ± 0.050. The 1 σ deviation of this ratio is only 20%, but it is about 2.4 times greater than expected purely from counting statistics. We also find that the ratio is about 20% smaller for the most intense features in the spectra. From analysis of another ratio, i.e., O IV λ1399.77/O IV λ1401.16, we argue that this decrease could be due to a higher electron density in the intense features relative to the lower intensity features. We discuss the implications of these observations for understanding the morphology of the transition region.
Personal computer based educational tools for visualization of applied electroquasistatic and magnetoquasistatic phenomena

Abstract A first course in electromagnetic field analysis in an undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum typically involves the learning of analytic and numerical methods for attacking “electrostatic” and “magnetostatic” boundary value problems, incorporating notions such as “perfect conductors”, “dielectrics”, and “magnetic material”. Too often, the relevance of these modelling concepts to real physical systems and devices is only poorly appreciated. The computational and graphics capabilities of modern personal computers provide relatively new oppotunities to help students visualize the dynamic behaviors of electric and magnetic fields in the presence of conducting materialos, and their relevances to idealized modeling concepts. This paper describes personal computer based educational tools which animate the evolutions of electric and magnetic fields in models involving charge relaxation and magnetic diffusion phenomena, as well as programs which demonstrate numerical methods for field computations.