cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An application of eigenvalue methods to structural domain analysis

The subdivision of a geologic map into structural domains involves the location of regions in which the rock fabric has certain geometrical characteristics; typically, foliation data should share a common axis. The location of such domains involves working interactively with map and equal-area projections of the data set, a tedious and often subjective process. Eigenvector methods can quantify this type of analysis. A set of four eigenvalue-based indexes assists in discriminating among fabric distributions, particularly between strong and weak cylindrical distributions. These indexes form the basis of a triangular diagram for distinguishing among point, girdle, random, and cylindrical fabrics. A domain search proceeds by subdividing the data set and attempting to maximize the total cylindricity, or other characteristic. The method has been applied to a set of foliation data from a fold nappe in the Western Gneiss Region of the Norwegian Caledonides. The resulting domains define a late fold that refolds the recumbent nappe. Lineation and fold-axis data from the area support the results of the domain search. This method may be valuable in other areas of complex geometry.
Psychometric g and mental processing speed on a semantic verification test

Abstract The Semantic Verification Test (SVT) consists of brief, simple statements, which are either true or false, about various arrangements of the letters ABC (e.g. B after A). Mean reaction time (RT) for confirming or disconfirming the various statements varies according to their complexity. In independent studies of university students and Navy recruits, RT and other response latency parameters (intraindividual variability and movement time) from SVT performance show significant correlations of about -0.40 with nonspeeded tests of psychometric g . The mean RTs of adults to the various SVT item types are highly related to the mean error rates on these item types when the SVT is taken by elementary school children as a nonspeeded paper-and-pencil test. RT is correlated with the general cognitive ability factor ( g ) and not with the test-taking speed factor that is found in speeded paper-and-pencil tests. The degree of correlation between RT and psychometric g does not show any regular relationship to differences in the SVT item-type's complexity or difficulty as indicated by mean RT.
A new spectroscopic effect resulting in a narrowing of hydrogen lines in dense plasmas

Abstract There are experimental results indicating that the conventional “Standard Theories” (ST) significantly overestimate Stark broadening of hydrogen lines in the dense plasmas of moderate temperatures. For example, Escarguel et al. [1] , [2] reported about 20% reduction of the measured FWHM of the H-alpha line from a laser plasma of N =(2– 6)×10 18 cm −3 and T =(8–10)×10 3 °K, compared to the ST. Another example relates to the phenomenon of dips appearing in Stark profiles of hydrogen lines. It had not been well understood yet why, even at relatively high electron densities of the order of 10 18 cm −3 , the dips have been observed not only in the L α profiles but also in the H α profiles. By conventional ST estimates for these densities, possible dips in the H α profiles should have been washed out by a relatively large electron impact broadening. In the present paper we introduce a new effect that diminishes the electron impact broadening and, in particular, explains both experimental results.
Depression and Social Networks in Community Dwelling Elders: A Descriptive Study

Social isolation and inadequate social support have been identified as correlates of depression in older adults, although the relationship between depression and social isolation is not entirely understood (Dorfman et al., 1995). This study was conducted to describe the social networks of depressed older adults living in the community and to compare the social networks of depressed and nondepressed individuals, thus adding to the body of knowledge regarding social networks, older adults, and depression. The sample consisted of 91 respondents aged 65 and older who were randomly selected using the voter registry. About 27% (25) respondents reported significant levels of depressive symptomology as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). All respondents completed semistructured interviews that included questions about social contacts with family and others during the prior week. All participants reported social contact with family and friends during this period. In this sample, depressed elders were not socially isolated. They were more likely to report contacts with friends than those who were not depressed, and equally likely to report involvement in volunteer activities. Their likelihood of seeking social support was also comparable. Results emphasize the importance of peer relationships and suggest that, in some groups of older adults, social isolation may not be a hallmark of depressive symptoms.
Spanish Instruction by Semidirect Method

The present age demands the conquest of the spoken language. An efficient means to obtain this aim is the “semidirect method”: Classes are conducted in the foreign language with convenient interruptions in the student's native tongue to control his comprehension. An outline of this method as used at Quito, Ecuador. Necessary provisions in its adoption with U. S. students.
Language-dependent pitch encoding advantage in the brainstem is not limited to acceleration rates that occur in natural speech

Experience-dependent enhancement of neural encoding of pitch in the auditory brainstem has been observed for only specific portions of native pitch contours exhibiting high rates of pitch acceleration, irrespective of speech or nonspeech contexts. This experiment allows us to determine whether this languagedependent advantage transfers to acceleration rates that extend beyond the pitch range of natural speech. Brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) were recorded from Chinese and English participants in response to four, 250-ms dynamic click-train stimuli with different rates of pitch acceleration. The maximum pitch acceleration rates in a given stimulus ranged from low (0.3 Hz/ms; Mandarin Tone 2) to high (2.7 Hz/ms; 2 octaves). Pitch strength measurements were computed from the FFRs using autocorrelation algorithms with an analysis window centered at the point of maximum pitch acceleration in each stimulus. Between-group comparisons of pitch strength revealed that Chinese exhibit more robust pitch representation than English across all four acceleration rates. Regardless of language group, pitch strength was greater in response to acceleration rates within or proximal to natural speech relative to those beyond its range. Though both groups showed decreasing pitch strength with increasing acceleration rates, pitch representations of the Chinese group were more resistant to degradation. FFR spectral data were complementary across acceleration rates. These findings demonstrate that perceptually salient pitch cues associated with lexical tone influence brainstem pitch extraction not only in the speech domain, but also in auditory signals that clearly fall outside the range of dynamic pitch that a native listener is exposed to.
environment monitoring system

The generalized inverse is a subject of practical significance for estimating the solution of a system of linear equations under a wide variety of conditions. While the literature has ample references on the underlying mathematical theory and properties of the generalized inverse, it lacks a qualitative discussion of the generalized inverse that would facilitate the understanding of its properties under varying constraints. This paper discusses and develops the generalized inverse using heuristic arguments that offer key insights into its practical uses.
GRAPHITE, TUBULAR PAHs, AND THE DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS

Planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are candidates for the diffuse interstellar band (DIB) carriers. Nanometer-size Fe metallic particles, expected to be present during astrophysical graphite growth, are catalytic for formation of a related species—large tubular PAH molecules. We propose that tubular PAH molecules are a component of the interstellar medium. Electronic structure calculations, on a specific family of tubular PAH molecules derived from elongated C60, reveal intense electronic transitions in the visible and near-IR, which vary systematically with length. We analyze these molecules as DIB carriers within the known constraints. Subject headings: astrochemistry — dust, extinction — ISM: molecules — stars: carbon
Variables Related to Stress and Burnout in Special Education Teacher Trainees and First-Year Teachers.

This article reports on role, stress, and burnout problems experienced by 379 special education teacher trainees and 36 first-year teachers. Cor-relational analyses were used to determine the degree to which these were related to personal, academic, and organizational variables. Regression analyses were employed to establish how and to what degree these variables, in combination, acted as significant predictors of trainee and inexperienced teacher stress and burnout. Finally, analysis of variance was used to identify significant differences between and among three levels of traineeship and one of teaching, with respect to role, stress, and burnout problems in special education classrooms. Results indicated that the majority of such problems were significantly interrelated, that not all of the background variables predicted significant stress and burnout levels, and that different levels of role, stress, and burnout problems were observed in respondents at various stages of professional development.
If There’s Smoke, Is There Fire?

As we read through the medical literature, we are always looking for the “hottest” new advances (jumping right into the smoke/fire analogy thing): basic science that gives us new mechanistic insights, clinical trials that confirm or reject our so-called insights, major new diagnostic and therapeutic options, and breakthrough technology. We are a lot like forest rangers, sitting up on a platform, way above the trees, looking out over the forest, and seeing something in the distance that looks like smoke. Then we have to decide if what we are seeing is really smoke coming from some forest-threatening fire, or if it is just fog in the trees. See p 1476 In the present issue of Circulation , Payne et al present a study1 showing that the addition of clopidogrel to aspirin significantly reduced the incidence of transcranial Doppler (TCD)–detected microemboli in patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). At face value, this makes intuitive sense. Given the importance of platelets and platelet emboli in postprocedural distal bed vascular injury (a lesson well learned in the coronary circulation), it seems logical to extend this to try to improve the outcomes of vascular manipulations in the cerebrovascular circulation. “Manipulation” may be a bit of an understatement when applied to a surgical procedure such as CEA, but the fact remains that there is room for improvement. Given the considerable benefits of aspirin plus thienopyridines in the world of percutaneous intervention in STent Antithrombotic Regimen Study (STARS)2 and the more recent Clopidogrel for Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO)3 and Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen–Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (ISAR-REACT)4 studies, and in acute coronary syndromes in Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE),5 does this look to be a promising strategy for CEA? The study by …
The Application of New Software Tools to Quantitative Protein Profiling Via Isotope-coded Affinity Tag (ICAT) and Tandem Mass Spectrometry I. Statistically Annotated Datasets for Peptide Sequences and Proteins Identified via the Application of ICAT and Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Proteins Copurifying with T Cell Lipid Rafts

Lipid rafts were prepared according to standard protocols from Jurkat T cells stimulated via T cell receptor/CD28 cross-linking and from control (unstimulated) cells. Coisolating proteins from the control and stimulated cell preparations were labeled with isotopically normal (d0) and heavy (d8) versions of the same isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) reagent, respectively. Samples were combined, proteolyzed, and resultant peptides fractionated via cation exchange chromatography. Cysteine-containing (ICAT-labeled) peptides were recovered via the biotin tag component of the ICAT reagents by avidin-affinity chromatography. On-line micro-capillary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed on both avidin-affinity (ICAT-labeled) and flow-through (unlabeled) fractions. Initial peptide sequence identification was by searching recorded tandem mass spectrometry spectra against a human sequence data base using SEQUEST TM software. New statistical data modeling algorithms were then applied to the SEQUEST TM search results. These allowed for discrimination between likely “correct” and “incorrect” peptide assignments, and from these the inferred proteins that they collectively represented, by calculating estimated probabilities that each peptide assignment and subsequent protein identification was a member of the “correct” population. For convenience, the resultant lists of peptide sequences assigned and the proteins to which they corresponded were filtered at an arbitrarily set cut-off of 0.5 (i.e. 50% likely to be “correct”) and above and compiled into two separate datasets. In total, these data sets contained 7667 individual peptide identifications, which represented 2669 unique peptide sequences, corresponding to 685 proteins and related protein groups. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 2:426–427, 2003.
Properties of Reduced Charge Montmorillonites: Hydrated Cu(II) Ions as a Spectroscopic Probe*

A series of Cu(II) reduced charge montmorillonites (RCM) of varying charge reduction has been prepared by exchange of the parent Li(1)-Na(I) mineral with CuC12 in 95 per cent ethanol solution. The Cu(II) exchange capacity, as determined by Na(I) exchange in 1 : 1 (v/v) ethanol-water, is a linear func- tion of the fraction of Li(I) initially present on the exchange sites, F. Selective Cu(II)-saturation on internal and external sites was achieved at maximum charge reduction (F = 1-0). Water sorption isotherms and (001) basal spacings are interpreted in terms of an increasing tendency toward interlayer collapse with increasing charge reduction. Because of the higher hydration energy of the Cu(II) ion, however, the frac- tion of non-expansible interlayers at a given F value is lower than those present in the corresponding Li(I)-Na(I) RCM. Electron spin resonance spectra of oriented samples show that under air-dried condi- tions (ca. 40 per cent r.h.) the predominant Cu(II) species present, whether on internal or external sites, is the planar Cu(H20) 2+ ion. The symmetry axis of the ion is oriented perpendicular to the a-b plane of the silicate sheets. In the presence of a full partial pressure of water, the Cu(II) ions on the external sites and those which are in expansible interlayers become totally hydrated Cu(H20)62§ and tumble rapidly. The Cu(H20)) + ions in non-expansible layers retain their restricted orientation on the silicate surface. Some general conclusions have been drawn regarding the nature of charge distribution in the mineral.
Sulfonated Metal-Oxide Surfaces: What Makes them So Acidic?

While some metal-oxide surfaces can be classified as acidic, after reacting with H2SO4 their acidity can be even higher than the parent sulfuric acid. In this paper, ab initio electronic structure calculations (3-21G + *//3-21G*) were performed on a series of model surfaces to examine these sulfonated species as strong, possibly even superacids. Our results indicate that the polarizing nature of the metal-oxide / sulfonate interaction stabilizes strong Bronsted and Lewis acid sites at the M-O surface and the sulfur center. Thermodynamic analysis has been performed to provide information for experimental verification.
Dynamic Financial Models of Life Insurers

Abstract The Society of Actuaries seeks to provide actuaries of life insurance companies with a systematic approach for estimating the adverse effects of economic developments that could impede insurer performance. Toward that end, this study combines market and economic factors with insurerspecific data to form dynamic financial models of life insurers. Empirical analysis is based on annual data from 1985 through 1995 for 1,593 life insurers. By identifying important exogenous and insurer-specific factors related to life insurer performance, this study provides a basis for actuaries to build dynamic financial models for individual insurers. The study also identifies and describes several Web sites that provide access to relevant economic and financial data.
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF ALTERED BEHAVIOR AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARASITIZED HOSTS.

Adaptation is the usual context for interpreting parasite-host interactions. For example, altered host behavior is often interpreted as a parasite adaptation, because in some cases it enhances parasite transmission. Resistance to parasites also has obvious adaptive value for hosts. However, it is difficult to evaluate the adaptive significance of host-parasite interactions without considering the historical context in which these traits have evolved and if they can be predicted by host (or parasite) phylogeny. We examined the influence of host phylogeny on patterns of altered behavior and resistance to parasitism in a cockroach-acanthocephalan system. A consensus cladogram for cockroach subfamilies was produced from the morphological data of McKittrick. We used this cladogram to predict patterns of altered host behavior in seven cockroach host species. Each species was experimentally infected with a single species of acanthocephalan, Moniliformis moniliformis, a parasite that is transmitted when cockroaches are eaten by rodent final hosts. Activity patterns, substrate choices, and responses to light were measured for control and infected animals. These data were recoded into a behavioral matrix of discrete characters. We determined the most parsimonious distribution of the behavioral characters on the tree obtained from McKittrick's data. We then measured the concordance between the behavioral data and the cockroach cladogram with the consistency index (CI). We compared the observed CI to the expected value based on a randomization of observed character states. For three different models of evolutionary character change, there was no evidence of strong concordance (significantly large CI) between altered host behavior and host relationships. Parsimony analysis of the interior nodes of the phylogenetic reconstruction suggested that unaltered behavior was the ancestral state for most host behaviors. We also compared host phylogeny to a data set on the susceptibility of 29 cockroach species to infection with M. moniliformis. At the species level, there was a significant concordance between susceptibility and host phylogeny. This pattern was consistent with the finding that susceptibility of species varied significantly among different subfamilies. However, at the subfamily level, susceptibility was not strongly concordant with phylogeny. We predict that, given enough time, resistance should be lost in subfamilies that are currently resistant to parasitism. In spite of the potential importance of phylogeny in the evolution of behavior and susceptibility, we found little evidence for phylogenetic effects in this system. We conclude that changes in the behavioral responses of hosts to parasites and, to a lesser extent, changes in susceptibility are more frequent than cockroach speciation events in different cockroach lineages. This finding strengthens the assertion that at least some of the altered behaviors are adaptive for host and/or parasite.
Effect of Zinc Salts on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication

Zinc supplementation decreases the morbidity of lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients in the developing world. We sought to determine if zinc mediates a specific inhibitory effect against the major cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract disease, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We determined the in vitro inhibitory effect of three zinc salts (zinc acetate, lactate, and sulfate) on the replication of RSV at various concentrations of 10 and 1 mM and 100 and 10 μM. The degree of inhibition of RSV replication was examined in the presence of zinc during preincubation, adsorption, or penetration and was compared with that caused by salts of other divalent cations. Complete inhibition of RSV plaque formation was observed at 1 and 10 mM, representing reductions that were ≥10 6 -fold. At the lowest concentration tested, 10 μM, we observed ≥1,000-fold reductions in RSV yield when zinc was present during preincubation, adsorption, penetration, or egress of virus. The therapeutic indices, determined as ratios of 50% toxicity concentration to 50% inhibitory concentration, were 100, 150, and 120 for zinc acetate, zinc lactate, and zinc sulfate, respectively. The inhibitory effect of zinc salts on RSV was concentration dependent and was not observed with other salts containing divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese. RSV plaque formation was prevented by pretreatment of HEp-2 cell monolayer cultures with zinc or by addition of zinc to methylcellulose overlay media after infection. The results of this study suggest that zinc mediates antiviral activity on RSV by altering the ability of the cell to support RSV replication.
Achieving MAC-layer fairness in CSMA/CA networks

We demonstrate that CSMA/CA networks, including IEEE 802.11 networks, exhibit severe fairness problem in many scenarios, where some hosts obtain most of the channel's bandwidth while others starve. Most existing solutions require nodes to overhear transmissions made by contending nodes and, based on the overheard information, adjust local rates to achieve fairness among all contending links. Their underlying assumption is that transmissions made by contending nodes can be overheard. However, this assumption holds only when the transmission range is equal to the interference range, which is not true in reality. As our study reveals, the overhearing-based solutions, as well as several nonoverhearing AIMD solutions, cannot achieve MAC-layer fairness in various settings. We propose a new rate control protocol, called Proportional Increase Synchronized multiplicative Decrease (PISD). Without relying on overhearing, it provides fairness in CSMA/CA networks, particularly IEEE 802.11 networks, by using only local information and performing localized operations. It combines several novel rate control mechanisms, including synchronized multiplicative decrease, proportional increase, and background transmission. We prove that PISD converges and achieves (weighted) fairness. We further introduce Queue Spreading (QS) to achieve MAC-layer fairness when there are multiple contention groups, in which case PISD will fail.
Dominant Th1 and Minimal Th17 Skewing in Discoid Lupus Revealed by Transcriptomic Comparison with Psoriasis

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is the most common skin manifestation of lupus. Despite its high frequency in systemic lupus in addition to cases without extracutaneous manifestations, targeted treatments for DLE are lacking, likely because of a dearth of knowledge of the molecular landscape of DLE skin. Here, we profiled the transcriptome of DLE skin in order to identify signaling pathways and cellular signatures that may be targeted for treatment purposes. Further comparison of the DLE transcriptome with that of psoriasis, a useful reference given our extensive knowledge of molecular pathways in this disease, provided a framework to identify potential therapeutic targets. Although a growing body of data support a role for IL-17 and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in systemic lupus, we show a relative enrichment of IFN-γ-associated genes without that for IL-17-associated genes in DLE. Extraction of T cells from the skin of DLE patients identified a predominance of IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and an absence of IL-17-producing Th17 cells, complementing the results from whole-skin transcriptomic analyses. These data therefore support investigations into treatments for DLE that target Th1 cells or the IFN-γ signaling pathway.
Direct Observation in Special Education Classrooms: Concurrent Use of Two Instruments and their Validation

In the past decade, a number of methodologies have been proposed for observation in the classroom. Generally, this research has focused on the use of one instrument and has rarely reported results from validation investigations. The current study, however, employed two direct observation instruments concurrently within two reading programs—Breaking the Code and an Eclectic Program—in middle school resource rooms. A momentary time sample of task engagement and an event record of discrete student responses were employed in six classrooms representing the two programs. A multimethod validation process was implemented, focusing on treatment and criterion-related validities. Many findings were program-specific, with differences lost or diluted when data were combined across programs. An argument is presented for structuring observation in a manner sensitive to classroom activity structures.
Nontemplate-dependent polymerization processes: polyhydroxyalkanoate synthases as a paradigm.

▪ Abstract This review focuses on nontemplate-dependent polymerases that use water-soluble substrates and convert them into water-insoluble polymers that form granules or inclusions within the cell. The initial part of the review summarizes briefly the current knowledge of polymer formation catalyzed by starch and glycogen synthases, polyphosphate kinase (a polymerase), cyanophycin synthetases, and rubber synthases. Specifically, our current understanding of their mechanisms of initiation, elongation (including granule formation), termination, remodeling, and polymer reutilization will be presented. General underlying principles that govern these types of polymerization reactions will be enumerated as a paradigm for all nontemplate-dependent polymerizations. The bulk of the review then focuses on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases that generate polyoxoesters. These enzymes are of interest as they generate biodegradable polymers. Our current knowledge of PHA production and utilization in vitro and in viv...
Effect of acute acid-base disturbances on the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 and Erk1/2 in the renal proximal tubule.

The renal proximal tubule (PT) plays a major role in whole-body pH homeostasis by secreting H + into the tubule lumen. Previous work demonstrated that PTs respond to basolateral changes in [CO2] and [HCO 3 ] by appropriately altering H + secretion—responses blocked by the ErbB inhibitor PD168393, or by eliminating signaling through AT1 angiotensin receptors. In the present study, we analyze phosphorylation of three downstream targets of both ErbBs and AT1: phospholipase C-c1 (PLC-c1), extracellular-regulated kinase 1 (Erk1), and Erk2. We expose rabbit PT suspensions for 5 and 20 min to our control (Ctrl) condition (5% CO2, 22 mmol/L HCO 3 , pH 7.40) or one of several conditions that mimic acid-base disturbances. We found that each disturbance produces characteristic phosphorylation patterns in the three enzymes. For example, respiratory acidosis (elevated [CO2], normal [HCO 3 ]) at 20 min decreases PLC-c1 phosphorylation at tyrosine-783 (relative to Ctrl). Metabolic acidosis (normal [CO2], decreased [HCO 3 ]) for 5 min increases Erk1 phosphorylation (p-Erk1) but not p-Erk2, whereas metabolic alkalosis (normal [CO2], elevated [HCO 3 ]) for 5 min decreases p-Erk1 and p-Erk2. In the presence of CO2/HCO 3 , PD168393 blocks only two of eight induced decreases in phosphorylation. In two cases in which disturbances have no remarkable effects on phosphorylation, PD168393 unmasks decreases and in two others, increases. These drug effects provide insight into the roles of PD168393-sensitive kinases. Our results indicate that PLC-c1.pY783, p-Erk1, and p-Erk2 in the PT change in characteristic ways in response to acute acidbase disturbances, and thus presumably contribute to the transduction of acid-base signals.
Case-Based Ethics Education: The Impact of Cause Complexity and Outcome Favorability on Ethicality:

Case-based learning has been used across multiple disciplines, including ethics education, as an effective instructional tool. However, the value of case-based learning in ethics education has varied widely regarding case quality. Case content may significantly impact the ability of case-based ethics education to promote knowledge acquisition and knowledge transfer to future situations requiring ethical decision-making. This study examined two critical areas of ethical case content--causes and outcomes. Complexity of described causes and outcome favorability were manipulated in two ethical cases used during an ethics education course. Results suggest that including information in case studies reflecting clear, simple key causes and negative outcomes results in better ethical sensemaking and ethical decision-making. Implications regarding case content and case-based ethics education are explored.
Increasing the Supply of Affordable Child Care

Child care has become increasingly important as more women with children work. As more children spend more time in non-parental care, states have put in place licensing requirements with the intention of improving the quality of out-of-home care. However, regulations and licensing requirements have driven up the price of non-parental care, by making it more costly to become a child care provider. With rising prices, families have to spend ever-larger shares of their income on child care. The cost of child care is often so high that it becomes the deciding factor in a family's decision whether to rely on welfare or seek employment. While families pay more, child care providers remain one of the lowest wage earning groups in the country. Again, regulation intended to improve the quality of out-of-home care has been shown to be at least partially at fault. Because parents respond strongly to increases in the cost of care, child care providers have not been able to raise prices when regulatory burdens have increased. Rising regulatory compliance costs have therefore led to lower staff wages. Low wages result in high staff turnover and low levels of commitment to their jobs, which negatively affects the quality of child care. One way to decrease the price of care and lower the burden on poor families would be to provide regulatory relief to child care centers and family care homes that supply child care to the poor.
Impact Loading and Damage Detection in a Carbon Composite TX-100 Wind Turbine Rotor Blade

An experimental 9-m composite rotor blade with integrated carbon-carbon features and an outer fiber direction of 20o was fatigued to failure. The blade initially developed a crack at 65o on the high pressure side near the 4.6-m station at 2.5 M cycles and the crack then coalesced to the 20o fiber direction until the test was stopped at 4 M cycles. An array of highsensitivity triaxial accelerometers, low-frequency capacitive accelerometers, and piezoelectric actuators with force sensors was distributed over the surface of the blade to monitor the loading and blade damage. A triaxial accelerometer at the tip was used to measure the tip deflection in the flap, lead-lag, and root-tip directions throughout the test. In-plane displacement measurements between the damage and the root were found to be sensitive to the crack growth and direction. The dynamic features of the rotor blade were sensitive to the variation in ambient temperature. Active diagnostics with the method of virtual forces was sensitive to the damage for in-plane measurements following adjustment for thermal effects. Impact identification was demonstrated with 93% accuracy of the location and within 1.3% accuracy of the magnitude. Modal filtering provided a means of monitoring the fatigue loading in near-real time. Second-order harmonics excited by the fatigue system were shown to exist at the tip in the lead-lag and root-tip directions. Findings of this test will be instrumental in future development of accelerometer-based wind turbine rotor blade monitoring.
SAT0108 A Systematic Review of Large Prospective Cohorts and Registries of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, fluctuating autoimmune disease associated with considerable morbidity resulting from accumulating damage to different organ systems over time.1 Although randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for clinical evidence, they may not adequately answer some questions; as a result, data from observational cohorts and registries are important Objectives This systematic review aimed to identify and appraise large prospective cohort studies and registries of patients with SLE, and to assess the relevance of data collected and the quality of the registries. Methods PubMed, Embase, and EconLit were searched using appropriate MeSH terms related to SLE and restricted to cohorts and registries. The review included prospective cohorts and registries with ≥12 months' follow-up and ≥100 patients aged ≥18 years. Also four major international conferences proceedings from the past 2 years were hand-searched for presentations and abstracts related to SLE. Data were extracted and evaluated for content (demography, disease history and activity, outcomes and drug use) and form (methodology and design) using a quality evaluation tool created with guidance from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.2 Results From the 459 reports and conference abstracts initially identified, only 147 cohorts and registries were suitable for inclusion. The number of patients included varied hugely from one registry to another, as well as the follow up period. As an example of this, the 5 largest cohorts and registries ranked by number of patients and period of follow up are shown in [Table 1][1]. Results so far suggest that the relevance of the data collected is improving and adding to a better understanding of SLE. However, they also highlight evidence gaps in outcomes measurement and follow up. Few registries included data on health-related quality of life and more than a half of them lacked data on steroid and immunosuppressive agent utilisation Analysis of methodological quality suggested that only 20% of registries scored ≥80% on our quality evaluation tool which was developed using weighted scale for assessing targeted population, outcomes, follow up and other relevant components reported. ![Figure][2] Conclusions Initial assessment highlights the important contribution made by some cohorts and registries, but also suggests that gaps and limitations remain, particularly for patient follow up, disease flare, treatment management, and quality of life. References 1. Rahman A and Isenberg D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2008;358:929–39. 2. Gliklich R, Dreyer N, eds. Registries for evaluating patient outcomes: a user's guide. 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US): 2010. Disclosure of Interest Y. Chalabi Employee of: Eli Lilly, S. Al Sawah Employee of: Eli Lilly, S. Mettam Consultant for: Eli Lilly, C. Bushe Employee of: Eli Lilly DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4295 [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
To biopsy or not to biopsy

Introduction: Liver transplantation (OLT) has been advocated for patients with carcinoma hepatocellular (HCC). A preoperative biopsy (fine needle aspiration biopsy) [FNA] facilitates preoperative diagnosis of adverse pathological factors: vascular invasion or histologicalic differentiation. But a biopsy may cause abdominal dissemination and be related to a higher incidence of recurrence. Patients and Methods: From April 1986 to December 2003, we performed 95 OLT for HCC. We divided them in two groups: group A without FNA-biopsy (67.9%) and group B with FNA-biopsy (32.1%). Results: We obtained the diagnosis of HCC in only 15 patients (57.6%). In two patients an OLT was avoided due to the presence of abdominal dissemination at the time of transplant. Recurrence incidence was higher among group B patients (5.9% vs 31.8%; P = .003) due to extrahepatic recurrence (2% vs 27.3%; P = .003). No differences were observed in morbidity or mortality. The two groups were homogeneous in epidemiological and pathological variables except: sex distribution, Child status, AFP level, tumor size, and pTNM stage. If we compare recurrence rates in the two groups attending to these nonhomogeneous variables, it was significantly higher among patients with tumors larger than 3 cm, pTNM I-III stage, Child B-C, AFP > 200 ng/mL, and males or females. Conclusions: Preoperative liver biopsy is associated with a larger incidence of tumor recurrence, so we believe that it is not necessary prior to an OLT for HCC.
Evaluating renal function: Current status of clinical tests

Most tests of renal function assess glomerular function, tubular function, or renal plasma flow. Glomerular function should be determined initially by measuring clearance of endogenous creatinine. Tubular function is best determined clinically by measuring urine concentrating ability of the kidney. At present, no test for measuring renal plasma flow is both accurate and readily available.
Conclusion: Striving for Wellness

In the past two decades, the psychological literature has evidenced a growing interest in Wellness, resilience and protective factors. This approach can be seen as antithetical to the pathology-based tradition in psychology that focused on diagnosis and treatment of dysfunction and disease. Eminent scholars like Michael Rutter (1987, 1994), Norman Garmezy (1994) and the late Emory Cowen (1991, 1994, 1996), have pushed the mental health field to adopt a Wellness orientation based on the concepts of strength and resilience. They maintained that the human capacity to overcome adversity has been overlooked in an incessant search for pathology; an argument revived recently by the new positive psychology movement (Seligman, 2002).
Neighbourhood variation in the price of soda relative to milk and its association with neighbourhood socio-economic status and race.

Objective Soda consumption is high in the USA, especially among minorities and individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES); this may be due to its affordable price in relation to healthier alternatives. The objective of the present study was to examine geospatial variation in price of milk and soda, and the price of milk relative to soda, by neighbourhood SES and proportion of Hispanic and black individuals. Design Retailer soda and milk prices ( n 2987; Information Resources, Inc. Academic Data Set 2004–2011) were linked to census block group sociodemographic characteristics (American Community Survey 2005–2009). Linear hierarchical regression models were used to adjust for confounders. Setting Large chain supermarkets and superstores ( n 1743) in forty-one states and 1694 block groups (USA). Results For equivalent fluid ounces, price of soda on average was 62 % lower than milk ($US 0·23 v . $US 0·63 per serving) and there was high dispersion in milk price across geographic areas. After adjustment for confounding, neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of black and Hispanic individuals tended to have lower soda prices and higher milk prices (−$US 0·001 and +$US 0·007 in price per serving, respectively, for a one quintile increase in black/Hispanic population), while soda and milk both became less expensive as SES decreased (–$US 0·002 and −$US 0·015 in serving price per one sd decrease in SES index, respectively). Conclusions Neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of blacks and Hispanics may be at greater risk of higher soda consumption due to more affordable prices, in absolute terms and relative to the price of milk.
Nursing Issues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headaches

Nurses can play five key roles in headache management: history ­documentation, patient education, participation in follow-up visits and phone calls, and leading groups. Nursing history includes a description of the headaches, allergies, medications, past medical and surgical history, social history, habits, sleep, family history, quality of life, disability information, review of symptoms, and, most importantly, what the patient hopes to gain from the visit. Nurses provide a critical role in patient education about diagnosis. They help monitor consistent preventive medication use, acute medication frequency and efficacy, and appropriate use of rescue strategies. Nurses can teach patients the effective use of headache diaries and how to interpret the results. Nurses can help develop headache support groups. The chapter provides a list of resources for headache nurses to gain the support and education necessary for success in their roles.
Shattered Mirrors: Gender, Age, and Westernized Interpretations of War (and Violence) in the Past

Contemporary bioarchaeological research has the potential to reinforce Westernized stereotypes of gender, positionality, social roles, and interpretations of specific events—inadvertently changing our understandings of these events. The collapse of available social information in the archaeological and bioarchaeological contexts reduces the visibility of multiple complex relationships, where a person might have numerous social experiences reduced into a singular context. There are many established critiques of issues of representation and equifinality in archaeological research; however, with the use of modern warfare (and violence) terminologies, Westernized notions and concepts are again shaping the discourse. Limits in the data available for interpretation may cause us to only consider some types of events (e.g., feuds, raids, battles, war, genocide, sacrifice) based on interpretations of scale, scope, and mode of death which are necessarily shaped by modern understandings and might collapse the intersections between these categories, producing a new narrative for the event. Using this frame also shapes who we would expect to see involved directly versus indirectly in these warring behaviors and therefore might also guide attempts at engendering interpretations by causing some of the contributions to these events to be overlooked. Data from bioarchaeological, classic ethnographic texts, and historical contexts are included in this discussion.
Clinical Studies of Botanical Medicines as New Drugs : U.S. Regulatory Perspectives

新規の生薬製剤開発を促進するため, アメリカFDAは2000年8月にガイダンス案を発表した (Guidance of Industry: Botanical Drug Products)。www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/1221dft.pdfこのガイダンスでは, すでに市場取引されている生薬製剤について, その安全性は過去の人間での経験から評価されていると述べている。また, 生薬製剤の臨床研究は, 純科学製剤の開発とは異なり, 大規模な非臨床の毒性試験を行わずに開始されているとしている。しかし, 人間の過去の経験はよく記録されていないことが多く, データの質も低い。したがつてやはり, 多くの生薬製剤で動物毒性および毒性学研究を行い, とくに大規模な長期臨床試験を支持する必要がある。本論では, 標準的な純科学薬剤の認可のための従来の必要条件について簡単に検討し, これからの条件の規模/時期を如何に調整し, 生薬製剤の新薬の開発に適用したらよいかを述べる。
Control of Smart Exercise Machines Part I: Problem Formulation and Non-Adaptive Control

Abstract The control of a one degree of freedom exercise machine is considered. The control objective is to cause the human user to exercise at a rate which optimizes a prescribed weigthed power criterion. The optimality condition is determined by the muscle mechanics which is assumed to satisfy a force-velocity relationship. In general, the parameters of this relationship are unknown and vary with the configuration of the exercise machine. As a consequence, the control scheme must simultaneously i) identify the parameters, ii) optimize the controller, and iii) stabilize the system to the estimated optimal states. In this paper we derive a controller which is in the form of a nonlinear dynamic damper and makes the controlled system interact passively with the user. Assuming that the human's force-velocity muscular biomechanics relationship is known, this controller allows the user to excercise in an optimal manner.
Psychoanalysis as Therapy Today

As has become apparent in each of the preceding chapters, psychoanalysis as a model of psychotherapy invented by Freud shifted its focus away from symptom relief after catharsis of guilt and shame toward character reorganization. Today, symptom relief is not an important criterion for termination of analysis (Firestein, 1978). Intrinsic in this shift has been a change of emphasis away from unraveling the patient’s states of shame and guilt over forbidden longings (as these resonated with childhood longings) toward locating the patient’s psychosexual (instinctual) regression or childhood ego-impairment (as this forecast the present illness). As Freud made these shifts in emphasis he also became less enthusiastic about therapeutic success and more interested in the implications of psychoanalysis for general psychology and the social sciences. As I have suggested in previous chapters, Freud’s diminution of interest in therapeutic success paralleled and may have been influenced by the relatively quick successes he achieved with the ready affects of hysterical women patients as contrasted with slow progress and fluctuating outcome of the work with the obsessional Wolf-Man, that champion representative of the affect of indifference. Whether or not there was a causal connection, Freud’s own (self-fulfilling) prophecy (1926b) was that psychoanalysis would ultimately be more influential in general science than as a mode of therapy.
Watching Valuation Coevolve with Production

This research note uses interviews and observations of anthology editors to explore how valuation practices shift depending on the stage of anthology construction. In the textual environment described here, editors tended to value texts related to their own lives during the early stages of construction. Later on in the process, editors sought texts related to the texts they had already gathered. In this later stage, editors performed “constant comparison,” scanning texts for concepts related to concepts identified in previously acquired texts. The research note also describes the complex relationship between editors’ valuation and writers’ production. Valuation trends became known to writers, who then shifted their production practices, which became known to editors, who then shifted their editorial practices, which became known to writers, and so on. The note concludes with speculative commentary on implications for other fields such as art collecting.
Recognition Memory Dysfunction Relates to Hippocampal Subfield Volume: A Study of Cognitively Normal and Mildly Impaired Older Adults.

Author(s): Bennett, Ilana J; Stark, Shauna M; Stark, Craig EL | Abstract: ObjectivesThe current study examined recognition memory dysfunction and its neuroanatomical substrates in cognitively normal older adults and those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsParticipants completed the Mnemonic Similarity Task, which provides simultaneous measures of recognition memory and mnemonic discrimination. They also underwent structural neuroimaging to assess volume of medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields.ResultsAs expected, individuals diagnosed with MCI had significantly worse recognition memory performance and reduced volume across medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields relative to cognitively normal older adults. After controlling for diagnostic group differences, however, recognition memory was significantly related to whole hippocampus volume, and to volume of the dentate gyrus/CA3 subfield in particular. Recognition memory was also related to mnemonic discrimination, a fundamental component of episodic memory that has previously been linked to dentate gyrus/CA3 structure and function.DiscussionResults reveal that hippocampal subfield volume is sensitive to individual differences in recognition memory in older adults independent of clinical diagnosis. This supports the notion that episodic memory declines along a continuum within this age group, not just between diagnostic groups.