cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained Benefit Over Four-Year Follow-Up of Michigan's Project Healthy Schools.

OBJECTIVES: We determined the sustainability of effects of a school-based intervention to improve health behaviors and cardiovascular risk factors among middle school children. METHODS: We administered a questionnaire and health screenings to 5 schools in Ann Arbor and 2 schools in Ypsilanti, Michigan. We assessed demographics, physiological factors, diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors from 1126 students who received a health curriculum (Project Healthy Schools) in the fall of sixth grade in 2005, 2006, and 2007. We administered the questionnaire and screening again in the spring and each subsequent spring through ninth grade to all available, consenting students. RESULTS: In the 4 years following the school-based intervention, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides improved, and for most years systolic and diastolic blood pressure improved. Serum glucose and body mass index did not change. Physical activity increased and sedentary behaviors diminished. CONCLUSIONS: Project Healthy Schools is associated with sustainable improvements in both cardiovascular parameters and healthy behaviors. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 15, 2015: e1-e7. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302835). Language: en
Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but little data are available on the association between smoking and RCC biology. We investigated the association between cigarette smoking and RCC stage in a large contemporary multiethnic surgical cohort. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the demographic, clinical, and pathologic data of patients undergoing surgery for RCC between 2000 and 2009. Advanced RCC was defined as metastatic disease, pathologic stage ≥ T3, and/or lymph node involvement. Self-reported smoking history included smoking status, duration, intensity, cumulative exposure, and cessation. Patient and tumor characteristics were compared between the groups in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Of the 845 eligible patients, 19.4% and 29.1% were current and former smokers, respectively, and 207 patients (24.5%) had advanced disease. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, smoking was consistently associated with advanced RCC...
Effect of Prolactin on the Attractiveness of Male Odors to Females in Meadow Voles: Independent and Additive Effects with Testosterone

This study investigated the roles of testosterone and prolactin in seasonal changes in the attractiveness of odors of male meadow voles to long-photoperiod females. Prolactin was reduced in long-photoperiod males by treatment with bromocryptine (Experiment 1) and increased in short-photoperiod males by replacement with ovine prolactin (Experiment 2). Testosterone was manipulated by castration and testosterone replacement. During long photoperiods, the attractiveness of the odor produced by male meadow voles depends on the circulating titers of both prolactin and testosterone. Males with high titers of both hormones produced scents that were highly attractive to females; those with low titers of both hormones produced unattractive scents. When the concentration of one hormone was high and the other low, long-photoperiod males produced scents of intermediate attractiveness. During short photoperiods, the attractiveness of the male's scents depended strictly on his prolactin titers. Males with high prolactin titers produced attractive scents, and males with low prolactin titers produced unattractive scents, regardless of their prolactin concentrations. Thus, high titers of both testosterone and prolactin are needed to produce attractive scents in males exposed to long photoperiods, whereas high prolactin titers are sufficient in short-photoperiod males.
Distribution of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Rat Small Intestine

Despite its great promise, small intestinal transplantation in some patients is complicated by difficult postoperative management. The reasons for this are complex. In a rat model of small intestinal transplantation, frequencies of migrating myoelectric complexes during fasting are reduced in ileal isografts and muscarinic receptor density is decreased. We hypothesized that the distribution of muscarinic 1 receptors localized to enteric neurons is altered after small intestinal transplantation. Distal small intestine was orthotopically transplanted in Lewis-to-Lewis donor-recipient combinations. At 3 months, transplanted and normal ileum was obtained to prepare membrane fractions. [N-methyl-3H]Scopolamine served as ligand, while scopolamine methylbromide, pirenzepine, and methoctramine were used in competitive homologous and heterologous displacement experiments. Receptor subtype models were examined by nonlinear regression analysis. In normal and transplanted ileum, heterologous displacement was consistent with three site models (P < 0.05). In normals, the muscarinic 1 receptor subtype was most abundant, with a relative distribution of 69 to 78%. There was a relative distribution of 13 to 16% for muscarinic 3 receptor subtype. After transplantation, the muscarinic 1 subtype decreased to a mean of 45% but the muscarinic 3 subtype increased to a mean of 42%. Using pirenzepine, mean pKD values were not different between the two groups. It is concluded that the decrease in muscarinic 1 receptor subtype after transplantation could be related to neuronal cell loss or to downregulation of the expression of muscarinic 1 receptors. The results did not support defective posttranslational processing of receptor proteins.
Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Membranelektrode (IIIa). Die Entwicklung einer Membranpolarographie

Eine Membranpolarographie wurde entwickelt. An den idealen Porenmembranen von Aluminiumoxyd-Deckschichten wird die fur die Diffusion wirksame Porenflache ermittelt. Die Moglichkeiten, Diffusionsprobleme in Porenelektrolyten zu untersuchen, werden aufgedeckt.
Food Habits of Louisiana Black Bears (Ursus americanus luteolus) in Two Subpopulations of the Tensas River Basin

The Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) is listed federally as a threatened subspecies and current information about food habits is necessary for developing a sound conservation strategy. We collected and analyzed 251 scats from bears in the Tensas River Basin (TRB) population in northeast Louisiana. We compared diets of the two subpopulations (Tensas and Deltic) of the TRB and we observed differences during summer and fall. We suggest that the greater diversity of mast consumed by bears on Deltic may provide demographic stability to this small isolated subpopulation. Across the TRB, corn (Zea mays) made up the greatest percentage volume of scats and dominated summer and fall diet, whereas beetles (Coleoptera) were the food item found most frequently in scats. Other important food items included: blackberries and dewberries (Rubus spp.), acorns (Quercus spp.), palmetto fruit (Sabal minor), grasses/sedges (Poaceae or Cyperaceae), herbaceous vegetation and other species of soft mast.
Unseen consequences: the uninsured, doctors, and cardiovascular disease.

“The other America, the America of poverty, is hidden today in a way that it never was before. Its millions are socially invisible to the rest of us … .” —Michael Harrington The Other America: Poverty in the United States ([1][1]) It has been a full 50 years since the publication of
The heterogeneity of, and Ca accumulation by the microsomal fraction isolated from the pig coronary artery [proceedings].

(1978). The heterogeneity of, and Ca accumulation by the microsomal fraction isolated from the pig coronary artery. Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie: Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 705-706.
Methods of Government Negligence Protection for Provision of Physical Activities

The purpose of this article is to identify how the balance between the competing interests of citizens’ need to recover damages from injury and the governments’ interest for providing services without jeopardizing community budgets is accomplished. The article examines the different mechanisms used for negligence protection and how they have changed over time to create that balance. Using content analysis, all 50 state laws concerning tort immunity, recreation land use statutes, hazardous recreation statutes and insurance award caps in tort claims acts were reviewed. The hypothesis that if a state waived immunity, the state would find another method to protect communities so that they could provide the activities their citizens demanded was shown to be true. All but seven states have found a method to protect themselves and provide services.
Evidence for a Through-Space Pathway for Electron Transfer from Quantum Dots to Carboxylate-Functionalized Viologens

Ultrafast transient absorption measurements reveal that the rate constant for photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from colloidal CdS quantum dots (QDs) to alkylcarboxylate-functionalized viologens is independent of the number of methylene groups in the alkyl chain (n). The rate constant for PET is (1.2 ± 0.3) × 1010 s–1 for n = 1, 2, and 3, and for n = 0 (methylviologen). The insensitivity of the electron transfer rate constant to the length of the functional groups on the viologen suggests that a “through-space” pathway, where the electron bypasses the alkylcarboxylate and tunnels instead through only the orbitals of the QD and of the bipyridinium core, is the dominant PET pathway.
Comparison of antioxidant capacity of commonly consumed youth beverages in the United States

Summary Epidemiological evidence supports that polyphenol-rich foods with high antioxidant potency promote health and may influence various metabolic diseases' development. Often beverage products claim to have antioxidant potency based on the perceived polyphenol content; however, few studies have examined the antioxidant potency of beverages with none reporting on commonly consumed youth beverages. This study's purpose was to measure total antioxidant capacity (TAC), expressed in Trolox equivalents (μmol mL−1), in a variety of youth beverages, including juices, vitamin enhanced waters, sport drinks, energy drinks and various milk products. Significantly higher TAC (3.8–6.7 μmol mL−1) was measured in 100% juices, while vitamin enhanced waters varied by brand (0.2–3.1 μmol mL−1). Soda, energy and sports drinks measured the least activity (0.0–0.3 μmol mL−1), whereas other milk types (strawberry, organic, regular and soya) measured no activity, except chocolate milk (3.0 μmol mL−1). These results may improve beverage selection practices for youth, parents and dietitians to increase TAC of the paediatric diet.
Phylogenetic Significance of the Pores in Urediospores

1. The data presented in this paper clearly indicate that the scattered arrangement of several pores is the primitive condition for urediospores, since such spores are: (1) commoner in the Melampso...
Influence of Electrolyte on the Properties of Hard Anodic Oxide Coating on 2A12 Aluminium Alloy

Objective To study the properties of hard anodic oxidation coatings on 2A12 aluminum alloy prepared in the electrolyte of sulphuric acids and hybrid acids separately,in order to find out the influencing mechanism of hybrid acids on hard anodic oxidation process of 2A12 aluminum alloy,and provide method to enhance the coating corrosion resistance. Methods The properties of hard anodic oxide coatings prepared in different electrolytes were analyzed and characterized by thickness,micro-hardness,SEM morphology,polarization curve and AC impedance spectroscopic to investigate the influence of different electrolytes on the performance of hard anodic oxidation coatings on 2A12 aluminum alloy. Results The phenomenon of hard anodic oxide coatings on 2A12 aluminum alloy prepared in electrolyte of sulphuric acids such as ablation,non-uniform distribution of thickness and micro-hardness can be resolved by active adsorption of organic acids in electrolyte of hybrid acids,and the thickness distribution range was 35 ~ 38μm,the micro-hardness distribution range was 386 ~ 407HV0. 05. The polarization curve and the EIS analysis showed that the corrosion potential of unsealed and sealed coating was- 619. 93 m V and- 74. 69 m V separately,the barrier layer resistance of unsealed and sealed coating was 1. 4 × 105Ω·cm2and 2. 376 × 106Ω·cm2separately,which indicated that corrosion resistance can be enhanced and improved by sealing. Conclusion Hard anodic oxide coatings on 2A12 aluminum alloy can be stably prepared in electrolyte of hybrid acids,and the coating should be sealed.
Preliminary proof of concept for using sUAS to inspect HML systems

The inspection of high mast luminaire (HML) structures depends heavily on visual assessments from experienced field inspectors. State agencies rely on these visual inspections to make key decisions about the health of structures-such as allocation of human resources and funds to maintain\repair structures — that significantly affect public safety and costs. This paper describes an ongoing research approach — and results obtained — to evaluate the use of sUAS for HML inspections. Four preliminary field tests were carried out to understand the level of sUAS maneuverability required to capture live data of HML elements in an open field with varying winds speeds, and establish a general testing process for subsequent field tests that included HML inspectors. Three galvanized steel and one weathered steel HMLs were used as test subjects during the field tests. Preliminary results from this research effort provide evidence to support the use of sUAS for HML inspections. Future research areas are identified to extend the work presented in this paper.
Human Material Signatures

This chapter suggests means by which we can learn how to interpret evidence of human behavior from the presence and analysis of past materials. Such materials are also visible in archaeological geophysics (AGP) data, and little effort is currently devoted to extracting behavioral information from them. Mere description of the data normally suffices in AGP publishing but this has more to do with the habits and focus of the researchers and publication norms in AGP venues than with actual Archaeology.
Beyond CDR-grafting: Structure-guided humanization of framework and CDR regions of an anti-myostatin antibody

Antibodies are an important class of biotherapeutics that offer specificity to their antigen, long half-life, effector function interaction and good manufacturability. The immunogenicity of non-human-derived antibodies, which can be a major limitation to development, has been partially overcome by humanization through complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting onto human acceptor frameworks. The retention of foreign content in the CDR regions, however, is still a potential immunogenic liability. Here, we describe the humanization of an anti-myostatin antibody utilizing a 2-step process of traditional CDR-grafting onto a human acceptor framework, followed by a structure-guided approach to further reduce the murine content of CDR-grafted antibodies. To accomplish this, we solved the co-crystal structures of myostatin with the chimeric (Protein Databank (PDB) id 5F3B) and CDR-grafted anti-myostatin antibody (PDB id 5F3H), allowing us to computationally predict the structurally important CDR residues as well as those making significant contacts with the antigen. Structure-based rational design enabled further germlining of the CDR-grafted antibody, reducing the murine content of the antibody without affecting antigen binding. The overall "humanness" was increased for both the light and heavy chain variable regions.
The end of intelligence: espionage and state power in the information age

In The End of Intelligence David Tucker offers a tantalizing yet puzzling premise – modern intelligence gathering and the nation states that rely upon intelligence information could, in fact, funct...
Modules, abstraction, and parametric polymorphism

Reynolds's Abstraction theorem forms the mathematical foundation for data abstraction. His setting was the polymorphic lambda calculus. Today, many modern languages, such as the ML family, employ rich module systems designed to give more expressive support for data abstraction than the polymorphic lambda calculus, but analogues of the Abstraction theorem for such module systems have lagged far behind. We give an account of the Abstraction theorem for a modern module calculus supporting generative and applicative functors, higher-order functors, sealing, and translucent signatures. The main issues to be overcome are: (1) the fact that modules combine both types and terms, so they must be treated as both simultaneously, (2) the effect discipline that models the distinction between transparent and opaque modules, and (3) a very rich language of type constructors supporting singleton kinds. We define logical equivalence for modules and show that it coincides with contextual equivalence. This substantiates the folk theorem that modules are good for data abstraction. All our proofs are formalized in Coq.
Hokusai's Great Wave: Biography of a Global Icon

by Christine M. E. Guth256 pagesHonolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.2015Hardcover: $57.00; ISBN 978-0-8248-3959-8In Hokusai's Great Wave, Christine M. E. Guth devotes 256 pages of text to the dis...
Individual differences in rhythm skills: Links with neural consistency and linguistic ability

Durational patterns provide cues to linguistic structure, thus so variations in rhythm skills may have consequences for language development. Understanding individual differences in rhythm skills, therefore, could help explain variability in language abilities across the population. We investigated the neural foundations of rhythmic proficiency and its relation to language skills in young adults. We hypothesized that rhythmic abilities can be characterized by at least two constructs, which are tied to independent language abilities and neural profiles. Specifically, we hypothesized that rhythm skills that require integration of information across time rely upon the consistency of slow, low-frequency auditory processing, which we measured using the evoked cortical response. On the other hand, we hypothesized that rhythm skills that require fine temporal precision rely upon the consistency of fast, higher-frequency auditory processing, which we measured using the frequency-following response. Performance on rhythm tests aligned with two constructs: rhythm sequencing and synchronization. Rhythm sequencing and synchronization were linked to the consistency of slow cortical and fast frequency-following responses, respectively. Furthermore, whereas rhythm sequencing ability was linked to verbal memory and reading, synchronization ability was linked only to nonverbal auditory temporal processing. Thus, rhythm perception at different time scales reflects distinct abilities, which rely on distinct auditory neural resources. In young adults, slow rhythmic processing makes the more extensive contribution to language skills.
Revision of the genus Caledonica (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

A revision of the endemic New Caledonian tiger beetle genus Caledonica Chaudoir, 1860 is presented based on the examination of more than 600 specimens including the relevant type material. Neotype is designated for Distipsidera mediolineata Lucas, 1862 and Distipsidera Mniszechii Thomson, 1856 as the original type material is lost. Oxycheila arrogans Montrouzier, 1860 is recognized as an unavailable name because it was proposed in synonymy and is replaced by Caledonica tuberculata Fauvel, 1882, stat. restit. The following new synonymy is proposed: Oxycheila affinis Montrouzier, 1860 = Caledonica affinis var. lerati Fleutiaux, 1911, syn. nov. Caledonica luiggiorum sp. nov. and C. rivalieriana sp. nov. are described as new to science. Males of two species, C. longicollis Fauvel, 1903 and C. rubicondosa Deuve, 2006, are described for the first time. Redescriptions of all species are given. A dichotomous key to species and subspecies is provided, and a brief history of the taxonomy and nomenclature of this genus is also given. Biology and distribution of most species and behaviour of adults in their biotopes, based on the authorʼs own field research and observations during his three surveys in New Caledonia are presented. Each species is described in detail; its habitus and diagnostic characters are illustrated in colour photographs.
Preliminary safety and efficacy of the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib (IBR) in patients (pts) with hairy cell leukemia (HCL).

7063 Background: Effective treatments (tx) for classical (c) HCL pts refractory to or ineligible for nucleoside analogs (NA) are limited, and there is no accepted standard for either tx-naive or re...
Innovation and Collaboration: Creating a Transdisciplinary Childhood Obesity Prevention Graduate Certificate Program

Preparing future professionals to work in transdisciplinary settings with a skill set to effectively foster collaborations and sustainable change requires a thoughtful and concerted interprofessional educational approach. Through an inter-university partnership in 2010 with name of university and the name of university, a group of faculty convened to propose the Transdisciplinary Obesity Prevention (TOP) graduate certificate program. With funding supported by a United States (US) Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant in 2011, a team of faculty from name of university and name of university representing various disciplines (exercise science, nutrition, dietetics, health promotion, public health, nursing, early childhood education, family and consumer sciences, biology, biostatistics, and counseling) began developing the TOP graduate certificate program which is currently in its 5th year. The primary goal of this report is to outline the overall framework and components of the TOP graduate certificate program, providing information, strategies and considerations other institutions can apply in developing effective and sustainable transdisciplinary, interprofessional education to their existing graduate programs.
Unmask temporal trade-offs in climate policy debates

Global warming potentials (GWPs) have become an essential element of climate policy and are built into legal structures that regulate greenhouse gas emissions. This is in spite of a well-known shortcoming: GWP hides trade-offs between short- and long-term policy objectives inside a single time scale of 100 or 20 years ( 1 ). The most common form, GWP100, focuses on the climate impact of a pulse emission over 100 years, diluting near-term effects and misleadingly implying that short-lived climate pollutants exert forcings in the long-term, long after they are removed from the atmosphere ( 2 ). Meanwhile, GWP20 ignores climate effects after 20 years. We propose that these time scales be ubiquitously reported as an inseparable pair, much like systolic-diastolic blood pressure and city-highway vehicle fuel economy, to make the climate effect of using one or the other time scale explicit. Policy-makers often treat a GWP as a value-neutral measure, but the time-scale choice is central to achieving specific objectives ( 2 – 4 ).
Examining Racial Bias in Education: A New Approach

In this article we argue that social-psychological research on implicit racial associations—relatively unconscious associations based on race—is a fruitful area to explore for a greater understandi...
Design of a Lyme Disease Vaccine as an Active Learning Approach in a Novel Interdisciplinary Graduate-Level Course.

A biomedical sciences graduate program needed an introductory class that would develop skills for students interested in a wide variety of disciplines, such as microbiology or cancer biology, and a diverse array of biomedical careers. Faculty created a year-long student-centered course, Scientific Discovery, to serve this need. The course was divided into four modules with progressive skill outcomes. Each module had a focus related to each of the major research areas of the collective faculty: molecular biology, biochemistry, neuroscience, and infectious disease. First-year graduate students enter the program with relevant college-level biology and chemistry coursework but not in-depth content knowledge of any of the focus areas. Each module features a biomedical problem for the students to gain specific content knowledge while developing skills outcomes, such as the ability to conduct scholarly inquiry. In 2015, the theme of the infectious disease module was to create an effective human vaccine to prevent Lyme disease. The module required students to learn fundamental concepts of microbiology and immunology and then apply that knowledge to design their own Lyme disease vaccine. The class culminated with students communicating their creative designs in the form of a “white paper” and a pitch to “potential investors.” By the end of the module, students had developed fundamental knowledge, applied that knowledge with great creativity, and met the skills learning outcomes, as evidenced by their ability to conduct scholarly inquiry and apply knowledge gained during this module to a novel problem, as part of their final exam.
Electrical Seizure Discharges Within the Human Brain: The Problem of Spread

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the electrical seizure discharges within the human brain. A crucial element in the dysfunction of the epileptic brain can be abnormal synaptic input. The chapter presents a method to detect the source that drives the spread of abnormal discharges with the brain. As the speed of spread is too rapid for the eye to follow, a computer program is used that can make these measurements in milliseconds. Recordings are made simultaneously from many pairs of electrodes linked to give information from deep sites and from surface electrodes on the dura. The exact number in each case is decided by the clinical problem; however, it usually amounts to 24. Both the epileptic discharge and the artificial bombardment by an electrical stimulus send impulses by pathways mediated by abnormal synaptic inputs. The three main routes pertinent to temporal lobe epilepsy, each of which is searched for in the analyses of the patients' seizure activities are the anterior commissure, the psalterium, and the corpus callosum.
Synthesizing Research on the Generation and Maintenance of Population Diversity

The concept of diversity has different definitions, usages, and nuances when looking from one field to another. Evolutionary biologists are primarily interested in the population dynamics that prod...
Determining Dose-Response Characteristics of Molecular Perturbations in Whole-Organism Assays Using Biological Imaging and Machine Learning

Advances in microscopy and high-content imaging now offer a powerful way to profile the phenotypic response of intact systems to molecular perturbation and study the response irrespective of putative target activity and by preserving the physiological context in the living systems. An emerging challenge in bioinformatics and drug discovery is constituted by data generated from such studies that involve analyzing the effect of specific molecules at the system-wide organism level. In this paper we propose a novel automated approach that combines techniques from biological imaging and machine learning to automatically quantify a fundamental measure of molecular perturbation in an intact biological system, namely, its dose-response characteristics. We validate our results using phenotypic assay data involving post-infective larvae (schistosomula) of the parasitic Schistosoma mansoni flatworm. This parasite is one of the etiological agents of schistosomiasis -a significant neglected tropical disease, which puts at-risk nearly two billion people.
Intonational structure mediates speech rate normalization in the perception of segmental categories

Abstract The question of if and to what extent listeners’ perceptual phonetic categories are sensitive to prosodically driven variability has been a topic of interest in the literature. The present study reports on two experiments which address this question in light of recent research. In Experiment 1, listeners categorized a VOT continuum as /p/ or /b/ in a target syllable (/pɑ/ or /bɑ/). The target was placed in a carrier phrase where the duration and f0 of the pre-target syllable were manipulated. Results suggest listeners are sensitive to intonational structure in their computation of speech rate, interpreting a short syllable with low-rising f0 (created from an L-H% boundary tone in English intonational phonology) as an increase in speech rate. This perceived increase in rate shifts the category boundary of the subsequent target VOT. Experiment 2 showed listeners similarly adjusted categorization of a vowel duration continuum, where vowel duration is a cue to a following obstruent’s voicing (categorized as “coat” or “code”). Taken together, these results suggest that listeners are sensitive to intonational structure in their perception of segmental contrasts and use the distribution of tonal targets over a given temporal interval in computing speech rate.
Sparsity-Based Short-Circuit Analysis of Power Distribution Systems With Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators

This paper proposes a method for calculating short-circuit current in distribution systems with inverter interfaced distributed generators (IIDG). It is capable of calculating the short circuit in a multi-phase distribution systems based on the symmetrical components without obtaining the complete impedance matrix. Furthermore, it considers the load effect and the pre-fault state of the system for the fault analysis and is able to handle unbalanced systems with mutually coupled phases. The problem is formulated as an iterative linear system calculation and is solved by generalized minimal residual (GMRES) approach. The validity of the proposed algorithm is verified through the simulation of IEEE 13-node, 123-node, 478-node, 954-node, and 1430-node distribution systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the advantages of using the GMRES method to calculate the short circuit current in a distribution system with IIDG.
When Students Generate Questions: Participatory-Based Reading Instruction in Elementary Classrooms

Young children are naturally curious; as they begin formal schooling, they come to our elementary classrooms with many pressing questions about the world around them. This chapter provides vignettes taken from an observational, participatory study of elementary English Language Arts classrooms which are inquiry-based and focused on student-generated questions. When teachers carve instructional time and space to honor these questions, reading instruction becomes student-centered and engaging as students follow their natural wonderings and curiosities. This chapter serves to address the natural connections that can exist between participatory research design and participatory classroom pedagogical practices.
License to Hack

Legal hackathons are exploding in popularity. “Hacking” is a term often associated with illegal behavior but a hackathon is something different. At a hackathon, lawyers, technologists, data scientists, public interest organizations, law students, and just about anyone who is interested converge in a friendly, time-pressured competition aimed at solving some defined problem. For more than a decade, different industries have looked to hackathons as a source of new ideas. Today, the legal industry uses hackathons to spark creation of innovative tools to chip away at the access to justice crisis and improve the delivery of legal services. But often lost in the excitement is a key piece to hackathon success: treatment of the intellectual property. For example, who owns the copyright in software created at a hackathon? What about a new business method? What about the rights to trademark a new design? Most hackathons have some form of a participant agreement, but many outright ignore the “who owns it” question or fail to address it in a careful manner. This is a problem in need of a solution – or at least some concrete guidance. This Article explores intellectual property rights in the context of legal hackathons. How intellectual property is approached at the start can impact the success (or not) of creations at the end. Taking rights away from participants risks alienating them and interfering with the collaborative, fun spirit most hackathons embody. Yet giving participants all the marbles may not be preferable either, especially if it disincentivizes organizers to support future development and help a tool survive beyond the hackathon doors. In circumstances where one size doesn’t fit all, this Article discusses pros and cons of varying approaches to intellectual property in hackathon participant agreements. Embodying the hackathon resolve to create something tangible and useful for others, the Article connects readers to an online repository of sample agreements as well as a participant agreement template.
Improving Diagnostic Accuracy in Low-Dose SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With Convolutional Denoising Networks

Lowering the administered dose in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has become an important clinical problem. In this study we investigate the potential benefit of applying a deep learning (DL) approach for suppressing the elevated imaging noise in low-dose SPECT-MPI studies. We adopt a supervised learning approach to train a neural network by using image pairs obtained from full-dose (target) and low-dose (input) acquisitions of the same patients. In the experiments, we made use of acquisitions from 1,052 subjects and demonstrated the approach for two commonly used reconstruction methods in clinical SPECT-MPI: 1) filtered backprojection (FBP), and 2) ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) with corrections for attenuation, scatter and resolution. We evaluated the DL output for the clinical task of perfusion-defect detection at a number of successively reduced dose levels (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 of full dose). The results indicate that the proposed DL approach can achieve substantial noise reduction and lead to improvement in the diagnostic accuracy of low-dose data. In particular, at 1/2 dose, DL yielded an area-under-the-ROC-curve (AUC) of 0.799, which is nearly identical to the AUC = 0.801 obtained by OSEM at full-dose ( ${p}$ -value = 0.73); similar results were also obtained for FBP reconstruction. Moreover, even at 1/8 dose, DL achieved AUC = 0.770 for OSEM, which is above the AUC = 0.755 obtained at full-dose by FBP. These results indicate that, compared to conventional reconstruction filtering, DL denoising can allow for additional dose reduction without sacrificing the diagnostic accuracy in SPECT-MPI.
Targeting EZH2 for the treatment of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma.

We report a patient with hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL) and compare the disease to the derived xenograft model. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor treatment of an EZH2-mutant HSTL patient-derived xenograft model led to prolonged survival.
Postoperative Anatomic Position of Mandibular Free Flap Neocondyles Affects Patient Symptoms.

Importance: Mandibular condyle reconstruction with vascularized free flaps can re-establish form and function after resection. However, no reports have been published regarding the postoperative an...
G276(P) Impact of a regional paediatric tuberculosis network

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) incidence in England and Wales has fallen by 44% since 2011 with England now classed as a low incidence area. This means that individual clinicians are seeing fewer cases of TB and experience is falling. Working with public health and the TB Control Board we have created a regional paediatric TB network consisting of tertiary and secondary TB teams across an area with varying TB incidence. The aim of this network was to improve and standardise care, reduce diagnostic delay and increase our shared experience. Method The network has been commissioned for and encourages engagement and referrals from DGH paediatricians and TB nurses. It includes a weekly virtual TB clinic and enhanced Paediatric annual cohort audit with feedback of learning points at regular stakeholder education days. Results The network and virtual clinic have been running for 5 and 2 years respectively. Seventy patients have been discussed at the virtual clinic: in 57% of children this led to a change to investigation, diagnosis or management. Four children had a change of diagnosis from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. The clinic has been able to cover gaps in service supporting solo clinicians and TB nurses and enabling 53% of children to have their care closer to home. Service delivery issues such as adult physicians looking after children without paediatric input and failure to provide adequate chemoprophylaxis in high risk children have been identified and addressed. Reasons for diagnostic delay have been identified to be different in different areas allowing site appropriate solutions to be explored. Focussed education sessions on safeguarding, pharmacy and drug delivery have been provided. Communication has improved region-wide and experience is increasing. Conclusion The TB network has been well received by TB teams across the region. It is a great example of collaborative working, enabling resolution of service issues and improved quality of care for our patients.
Chronic rhinosinusitis and endoscopic sinus surgery in children admitted for pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Objective Non-surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been increasing over the last decade. This study examines inpatient children with pulmonary exacerbation of CF who were also diagnosed with CRS and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Study design We used the 2003 to 2016 Kids Inpatient Database to perform a cross-sectional analysis of inpatients (ages 0–21 years) diagnosed with CF and CRS in the United States from 2003 to 2016. Demographics and CF-associated comorbidities were recorded and rates of CRS and ESS in children with CF were examined. Results 49,110 children were included in the study. A total of 9334 (19%) were diagnosed with CRS. The average age was 13 (SD 5.9) years; the majority were female (56%), and White (67%). The prevalence of CRS increased from 2003 to 2016 (14%–23%, p Conclusion The diagnosis of CRS in children with CF hospitalized for pulmonary exacerbation has increased while ESS has decreased in the last decade. Patients with CRS that underwent ESS more commonly had CF-associated comorbidities. Studies to determine whether children with CF-associated comorbidities are more likely to benefit from ESS are needed.
Nonlinear Post-Compression of Mid-IR Pulses Using Multi-Pass Cells

We report numerical simulations showing self-compression of mid-IR pulses in a multi-pass cell. Balancing of self-phase modulation and material dispersion yields few-cycle pulses for λ0 = 1.8, 3 and 6 μm wavelengths while mitigating self-focusing.
Shoulder Pain and Ultrasound Findings: A Comparison Study of Wheelchair Athletes, Non-athletic Wheelchair Users, and Non-Wheelchair Users.

BACKGROUND Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal concerns in manual wheelchair users including among athletes. However, there is a paucity of research characterizing both shoulder pain and shoulder pathology in this population. OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare the prevalence of current shoulder pain and ultrasound metrics of shoulder pathology between wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Chicago-area adaptive sport teams/programs and musculoskeletal clinics. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four wheelchair athletes, six nonathletic wheelchair users, and 12 nonwheelchair users. METHODS Self-reported shoulder pain was assessed by questionnaire and Wheelchair User Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Shoulder physiology and pathology were assessed by physical and ultrasound evaluation of both shoulders by a sports medicine physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Questionnaire outcomes: Prevalence of current shoulder pain, total WUSPI score. Physical examination outcomes: total Physical Examination of Shoulder Scale (PESS) score. Sonographic outcomes: Acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and presence of shoulder pathology. RESULTS The majority of wheelchair athletes (68%) and nonathletic wheelchair users (67%) experienced shoulder pain since using a manual wheelchair. Wheelchair basketball players had a mean WUPSI score of 17.2 (SD = 21.8), and athletes participating in handcycling, sled hockey, and quad rugby had mean scores of 4.91 (SD = 8.32), 7.76 (SD = 13.1), and 4.29 (SD = 7.75), respectively. Shoulder pathology was observed in 14 of 31 (45%) wheelchair athletes and 4 of 6 (67%) nonathletic wheelchair users (p = .41). CONCLUSIONS Although wheelchair use is a risk factor for shoulder pain, participation in amateur wheelchair sports may not be associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. It is possible that overhead sports such as wheelchair basketball may define a unique high-risk group. Further study is needed to examine this relationship and to determine whether there are differences between specific wheelchair sports.
Abstract P272: Mechanisms By Which Aldosterone And Insulin Stimulate Endothelial Cell Sodium Currents.

Aldosterone and insulin are known to increase the activity of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in tubular epithelial cells through multiple mechanisms involving both transcriptional and post-trans...
Design Considerations for GPU-based Mixed Integer Programming on Parallel Computing Platforms

Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) is a powerful abstraction in combinatorial optimization that finds real-life application across many significant sectors. The recent proliferation of graphical processing unit (GPU)-based accelerated computing architectures in large-scale parallel computing or supercomputing presents new opportunities as well as challenges in the advancement of MIP solver technology to effectively use the new accelerated computing platforms and scale to large parallel systems. Here, we recount the conventional processor-based strategies and focus on configurations where the most promising intersection lies between parallel MIP solver approaches and the specific strengths of accelerated parallel platforms. We note that the best potential lies in solving problems whose individual matrix sizes (of the linear program relaxation) fit entirely within one accelerator’s memory and whose branch-and-bound (or branch-and-cut) trees cannot be fully contained within a small number of computational nodes. Additionally, we identify ideal features of computational linear algebra support on GPU accelerators that would help advance this direction of scalable parallel solution of MIP problems on GPU-based accelerated computing architectures.
Racial Segregation and Environmental Injustice

One legacy of the environmental justice movement is documenting the unequal distribution of environmental harms and benefits throughout American society. These inequalities are inscribed in our urban physical spaces by laws and policies designed to exclude African Americans and other minority groups from lands and spaces constructed and preserved for whites only. This Article traces this history, identifying ways in which laws designed to address racial discrimination fail to provide remedies for structural inequalities; and suggests that Justice Anthony Kennedy’s “equal dignity” approach in Obergefell v. Hodges has the potential to be a necessary first step toward redress. The Article is excerpted from the book Environmental Law, Disrupted, to be published by ELI Press later this year.
Enterococcal bacteremia in mice is prevented by oral administration of probiotic Bacillus spores.

Whether and how probiotics promote human health is a controversial issue. Their claimed benefit for counteracting gastrointestinal infection is linked predominantly to reducing pathogen abundance w...
The role of the skin in carbohydrate metabolism.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the role of the skin in carbohydrate metabolism. The skin is a relatively large organ, which constitutes about 10% of the normal body weight. The major portion of the skin mass consists of dermis, which, in turn contains a large extracellular space. The metabolically active portion of skin, epidermis, derives much of its energy from the energetically inefficient process of anaerobic glycolysis. Consequently, skin converts large amounts of glucose to lactate that is discharged into the blood. Although skin exhibits features of carbohydrate metabolism other than utilization and turnover of glucose, these functions are of little quantitative importance in overall carbohydrate balance. The red blood cell, because of its ready availability, is useful in the study of metabolic disturbances, particularly in man whose internal tissues are usually not accessible for investigational purposes. Although skin relies heavily on glycolysis for its energy needs, the tissue displays most of the metabolic pathways that are observed in other organs.
Towards a general model of consultancy

Outlines the foundations for a general theoretical model of consultancy. Specifies the assumptions, domain and model criteria and then goes on to define clients and consultants as meaning‐activity systems and the essence of consultancy as uncertainty reduction.
South American Environmental Philosophy: Ancestral Amerindian Roots and Emergent Academic Branches

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, South America hosts the world’s greatest diversity of plants and most animal groups, as well as a variety of environmental movements, involving urban and rural communities. South American academic philosophy, however, has given little consideration to this rich biocultural context. To nourish an emergent regional environmental philosophy three main sources can be identified. First, a variety of ancient and contemporary ecological worldviews and practices offer a rich biocultural array of South American environmental thought that can be disclosed and valued through the work of cultural anthropology, liberation philosophy, liberation pedagogy, liberation theology, ecofeminism, and biocultural conservation. Second, some recent academic environmental philosophy research and teaching teams have been formed in South American universities with the support of the interdisciplinary United Nations Environmental Programme or based on the individual interests of some scattered scholars. Third, social movements have increasingly demanded the incorporation of environmental values into regional policies and the decision-making processes. These three sources can foster intercultural, international, and transdisciplinary dialogues to further develop a South American environmental philosophy grounded in its precious biocultural diversity.