cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjusting the Frequency vs. Temperature Characteristics of SC-Cut Resonators by Contouring

The effects of contouring on the frequency vs. temperature characteristics of fundamental mode and third overtone SC-cut resonators have been investigated. It has been found that the
Geminal Acylation‐Alkylation at a Carbonyl Center Using Diethyl N‐Benzylideneaminomethylphosphonate: 2‐Methyl‐2‐Phenyl‐4‐Pentenal

Geminal acylation-alkylation at a carbonyl center using diethyl N-benzylideneaminomethylphosphonate: 2-methyl-2-phenyl-4-pentenal intermediate: N-bromomethylphthalimide solvent: 100-mL portions of cold petroleum ether intermediate: diethyl phthalimidomethylphosphonate intermediate: diethyl aminomethylphosphonate (4) intermediate: diethyl N-benzylideneaminomethylphosphonate (5) intermediate: 2-azadiene product: 2-methyl-2-phenyl-4-pentenal Keywords: addition, to CO; alkylation, C-alkylation; phosphonation; allyl bromide; assay methods, for butyllithium, with 2-butanol, menthol, 2-pentanol, or 2-propanol, 1,10-phenanthroline indicator; hexane; tetrahydrofuran; benzene; oscillating motor, for rotating flask under vacuum
Review article: refractory distal colitis -- explanations and options

Distal colitis refractory to standard therapy is a complex and challenging problem. Physiological differences between the right and left colon may be exploited for maximum therapeutic benefit. Over-reliance on oral therapy should be seen as one of the reasons for treatment failure and delivery systems should target therapy to the distribution of the disease in doses proven to be therapeutically beneficial. The clinician should also be cognizant of potential adverse effects of standard therapies, particularly colitis due to mesalazine, which may mimic worsening disease. Numerous endogenous and exogenous factors that may exacerbate the underlying inflammatory bowel disease are discussed. This review explores the potential mechanisms why distal colitis may be refractory to therapy and addresses newer therapies that, while still in the investigatory stages, offer hope for a widening armamentarium of therapeutic modalities.
Limited sinus tarsi approach for intra-articular calcaneus fractures.

Background:Operative treatment of calcaneal fractures has a historically high rate of wound complications, so the most optimal operative approach has been a topic of investigation. This study revie...
An upper bound for B 2 (g) sets

Suppose g is a fixed positive integer. For N 2, a set A ⊂ Z ∩[ 1 ,N ] is called a B2[g] set if every integer n has at most g distinct representations as n = a + b with a, b ∈ A and a b. In this paper, we give an upper bound estimate for the size of such A, improving the existing results.
Kinoshita's theorem in Yang-Mills theories

An elementary proof of Kinoshita's theorem which extends to Yang--Mills theories is sketched. (AIP)
Constraining model-based reasoning using contexts

Web-based customer service has become a norm of business practice with increasing emphasis on modeling customer needs and providing them with targeted or personalized service solutions in a timely fashion. Almost all the commercial Web service systems adopt some kind of simple customer segmentation models and shallow pattern matching or rule-based techniques for high performance. The models built based on these techniques though very efficient have a fundamental limitation in their ability to capture and explain the reasoning in the process of determining and selecting appropriate services or products. However, using deep models (e.g. semantic networks), though desirable for their expressive power, may require significantly more computational resources (e.g. time) for reasoning. This can compromise the system performance. We report on a new approach that represents and uses contextual information in semantic net-based models to constrain and prune potentially very large search space, which results in much improved performance in terms of speed and selectivity as evidenced by the evaluation results.
Intracavitary and interstitial hyperthermia antennas

The author reports on the development and evaluation of coaxial microwave antennas and arrays for interstitial and intracavitary hyperthermia treatment of accessible and deep-seated tumors. This will be accomplished by exploiting advanced design concepts featuring preferential power deposition at the tip of the antennas and innovative array configurations that better conform to the varied but defined tumor volumes. These antenna design features will help to increase the clinical usefulness of interstitial and intracavitary hyperthermia by depositing microwave energy in the tissue without excessive heating or damage to surrounding normal tissue. The innovative interstitial array configurations will allow the construction of lattice array structures to effect uniform heating throughout the three-dimensional volume of the tumor. Applicator design is described and results of SAR (specific absorption rate) measurements are presented and discussed. >
Superplastically Formed New Sandwich Cores

A new method using superplastic materials and vacuum forming technique is developed. In this new process, different sandwich core configurations are obtained by heating up a superplastic sheet and then allowing it to collapse gently onto a die having the desired geometry. Two analytically investigated problems are reported: (1)Determination and maximization of the shear modulus of the core; and (2)least weight configuration analysis. Geometric shapes of four- and six-sided, truncated pyramids are presented. Advantages of this new innovation are cited.
What is the most effective method of detecting anomalous coronary origin in symptomatic patients

Whether a coronary artery (CA) anomaly is diagnosed as an isolated anatomical condition or as a condition associated with other forms of congenital heart disease, a timely diagnosis is crucial. Detailed assessment of CA anatomy is an established part of the evaluation of structural heart defects,
Crystallization of cis- and trans-1,4-polyisoprene dispersed in SBR

Abstract Crystallization of natural rubber (NR) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene (TPI) in blends with styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) has been studied dilatometrically. For TPI, the melting temperature and Avrami index of crystallization kinetics were unchanged by blending with SBR. However, the rate of crystallization was decreased significantly when only 1 wt % of SBR was added, and much more so for amounts large enough to constitute the continuous phase. These reductions in rate are attributed to two effects: chemical changes in TPI during mechanical mixing, and restricted nucleation in small TPI particles. Similar effects were noted for NR blended with SBR. When solution-blended as a 30/70 mixture with SBR, crystallization of the NR fraction was about 9 times slower than for NR itself, and the rate was reduced still further when mixing was more thorough. However, when NR and SBR were mixed mechanically, the rate of crystallization of the NR fraction was not reduced much although the Avrami index and final de...
Laboratory Transmission of Exotic Newcastle Disease Virus by Fannia Canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae)

Velogenie viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) virus was transmitted by Fannia canicularis (L.) that had been fed either on the virus introduced into the feeding bottles of the flies or on moribund chickens infected with VVND. Fannia caniciilaris fed on a concentrated virus source retained infectivity for at least 6 days before being frozen. In vitro infectivity of even single Hies was demonstrated. Fannia canicularis therefore should be regarded as one agent involved in the spread of VVND.
Scanning electron microscope study of molar-surface development of Artemia franciscana Kellogg (Anostraca)

ABSTRACT Development of the molar surface of the mandible of Artemia franciscana was studied with scanning electron microscopy. The molar surface of larval stage 1 consists of tapered, cuticular bristles. The mandibular palps and mandibles are biramous, and a gnathobasic spine (but no short spines) is present on each mandible. By larval stage 3, cuticular teeth emerge on the posterior part of the molar surface. The number of teeth and the number of cusps per tooth generally increase as the brine shrimp proceeds through the ninth molt. Short spines, occurring either singly or in groups, appear on the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the mandibles at approximately larval stage 9. The molar surface of larval stage 10 is multifaceted and dramatically different from that of the preceding stage. It has three regions: the anteroventral, the transition, and the posterodorsal. By larval stage 11, the gnathobasic spine has completely degenerated. During larval stages 11―17, the anteroventral region changes from irregular ridges of small, unbranched minor cusps to as many as 22 parallel ridges. Minor cusps remain on the dorsal edge of each ridge, but progress ventrally toward branched, fingerlike projections. Each ridge terminates in a marginal tooth at the ventral edge, thus comprising the ventral fringe. The posterodorsal region changes from one row of rounded teeth to as many as three rows of sharp, conical, stout teeth. The transition region bears projections intermediate between those found on the anteroventral and posterodorsal regions.
Patterns of lymph node positivity on 11C-acetate PET imaging in correlation to the RTOG pelvic radiation field for prostate cancer.

Abstract Purpose 11 C-acetate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows for the detection of occult metastatic disease that may otherwise go undetected with standard imaging for prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to evaluate lymph node coverage of the standard Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT) field in patients found to have node-positive PCa determined by 11 C-acetate PET imaging. Methods and materials A retrospective analysis was conducted on 125 PCa patients who underwent 11 C-acetate PET scans at our institution between 2007 and 2014. Patients were included if they had evidence of nodal disease without distant metastatic cancer. Individual lymph nodes were characterized by location, size, and relationship to the RTOG WPRT field. Results A total of 55 11 C-acetate PET scans (from 54 men) met criteria for inclusion in the study. Median age at diagnosis was 61 years. Median prostate-specific antigen values at diagnosis and at the time of the scan were 9.2 and 8.1 ng/mL, respectively. A total of 159 positive lymph nodes were identified, 78% of which were smaller than 1 cm. The most frequently involved lymphatic regions were the external iliacs (38.4%), para-aortics (19.5%), and common iliacs (16.3%). Additionally, 10.1% of positive nodes were identified as nodes of Cloquet. Of the positive nodes, 51.6% were determined to reside outside of the radiation field and, of those, the most common sites were para-aortic (36.9%), proximal common iliac (17.8%), distal external iliac (17.8%), and nodes of Cloquet (17.8%). Conclusions Based on 11 C-acetate PET imaging in patients with PCa, the standard RTOG WPRT field may miss more than one-half of all positive lymph nodes. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for insufficient nodal coverage when using the standard RTOG WPRT field in patients with node-positive PCa. 11 C-acetate PET imaging may be useful in defining target volumes for these patients.
Analysis on Epidemiological Characteristics of Hand-food-mouth Disease in Haidian District of Beijing in 2010

Objective To study the epidemiological features of handfood-mouth disease(HFMD) in Haidian District of Beijing in 2010,and to provide the scientific evidence for disease control and prevention. Methods A database related to HFMD cases of Haidian District in 2010 was established,and the data of HFMD cases were statistically analyzed. Results There were 6,280 HFMD cases reported in Haidian District in 2010,with the incidence rate of 230.63/100,000.The high incidence areas were the rural and urban fringe areas with floating population aggregation.The peak time of HFMD was from May to July,and the peak age of onset was between 1 and 5 years.Most of the local cases were preschool children,accounting for 49.27% of the total cases.Most of the migrant cases were scattered living children,accounted for 62.11% of the total cases.Pathogenic surveillance showed that EV71 was predominant,accounting for 47.92%.Most of HFMD cases sought the medical advice in time.The timeliness of consultation of the local cases was better than that of the migrant cases. Conclusions HFMD cases occurred in Haidian District,Beijing in 2010 show obvious regional,seasonal and population differences.Prevention and control strategies should be considered at the high-risk population and the seasonal peak of incidence.
Factors influencing condom using among men who have sex with men(MSM) in Qujing City

Objective To analyze the factors influencing condom using among men who have sex with men(MSM) inQujing city. Methods The sexual behaviors of MSM selected by snowball sampling jin Qujing city from 2010 to 2013 wereinvestigated by the behavior questionnaire. Results Four hundred MSM were surveyed. And the rates of anal sex,commercial sexual behavior and the heterosexual behavior of the MSM were100%, 5%- 0, 23%- 13%,respectively.Andcorresponding rates of condom using of the MSM were33%-83%, 20%-50%, 9.5%-69%. Non conditional logistic regressionanalysis showed that two factors of samples from the network recruitment(OR=23.228, 95% CI:5.279-102.208) and acceptingintervention services(OR=13.255,95% CI:2.958-59.394) were the promotion factors of condom using. While the residingduration over a year was the risk factor for condom user(OR=0.200, 95%, CI: 0.037-0.172). Conclusion The-risk sexualbehavior of MSM was generally with a lower condom using rate. Thus health education on HIV/AIDS knowledge be conductedthrough network platform and intervention on use of condoms be carried out among those residing over a years in the locality.
Investigation and analysis of quality of daily drinking water in rural areas of Lvshunkou

Objective:To study on state of the quality of daily drinking water in Lvshunkou city,in order to provide scientific data for health monitoring.Methods:Collecting 200 samples of daily drinking water in Lvshun city from 2007-2009,in accordance with GB/T5750-2006《drinking water standard testmethod》for detection.Results:The passing rate of 71.01% nitrite,73.50% total rigidity,77.00% chloride,78.00% nitrate,82.44% deliquescent solid,84.50% turbidity.Conclusion:Some index of daily dirnking water in Lvshunkou area have not meet National Standards,the inspection of daily drinking water in Lvshunkou area should be improved.
Integral Ecology as a Liberationist Concept

The concept of integral ecology is at the center of Pope Francis’s call for the renewal of our common home. However, throughout Laudato Si’, this concept remains somewhat under-defined. In this art...
Inflammatory Response Influences Treatment of Localized Aggressive Periodontitis

We previously reported a systemic hyperinflammatory response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in children with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). Additionally, different levels of this response were observed within the LAP group. It is unknown whether this hyperinflammatory response influences the clinical response to periodontal treatment in these children. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of LPS responsiveness present prior to treatment on the clinical response to treatment within the LAP cohort. Prior to treatment, peripheral blood was collected from 60 African American participants aged 5 to 21 y, free of systemic diseases, and diagnosed with LAP. Blood was stimulated with ultrapure LPS from Escherichia coli, and Luminex assays were performed to quantify 14 cytokine/chemokine levels. Principal component and cluster analyses were used to find patterns of cytokine/chemokine expression among participants and subdivide them into clusters. Three distinct clusters emerged among LAP participants: a high responder group (high level of response for INFg, IL6, and IL12p40), a mixed responder group (low for some and high for other cytokines/chemokines), and a low responder group (low overall cytokine/chemokine response). Periodontal clinical parameters were compared among these groups prior to and 3, 6, and 12 mo following treatment with mechanical debridement and systemic antibiotics. High responders presented the lowest reductions in clinical parameters after treatment, whereas the low responders presented the highest reductions. In our LAP participants, distinct patterns of LPS response were significantly predictive of changes in clinical parameters after treatment. Future studies are needed to evaluate the underlying mechanisms predicting the heterogeneity of LAP activity, severity, and response to treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01330719).
The Role of Non-ionizing Radiation Pressure in Star Formation: The Stability of Cores and Filaments

Stars form when filaments and dense cores in molecular clouds fragment and collapse due to self-gravity. In the most basic analyses of gravitational stability, the competition between self-gravity and thermal pressure sets the critical (i.e. maximum stable) mass of spheres and the critical line density of cylinders. Previous work has considered additional support from magnetic fields and turbulence. Here, we consider the effects of non-ionizing radiation, specifically the inward radiation pressure force that acts on dense structures embedded in an isotropic radiation field. Using hydrostatic, isothermal models, we find that irradiation lowers the critical mass and line density for gravitational collapse, and can thus act as a trigger for star formation. For structures with moderate central densities, $\sim10^3$ cm$^{-3}$, the interstellar radiation field in the Solar vicinity has an order unity effect on stability thresholds. For more evolved objects with higher central densities, a significant lowering of stability thresholds requires stronger irradiation, as can be found closer to the Galactic center or near stellar associations. Even when strong sources of ionizing radiation are absent or extincted, our study shows that interstellar irradiation can significantly influence the star formation process.
America Triumphant: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Era, 1953–69

America’s interrelated policies of rebuilding the global economy and containing the Soviet Union blossomed during this era. Geoeconomically, the European Community became ever more cohesive and prosperous and stimulated economic expansion throughout the rest of West Europe. Japan achieved average growth rates of 10 per cent annually and became the world’s second largest capitalist economic power in 1968. The GATT increased its members and brought down formal trade barriers through a series of negotiation rounds. Geopolitically, with a stable power balance having emerged between West and East Europe, Washington and Moscow instead sublimated their conflict into battles for hearts and minds throughout the Third World. Stalin’s death and the Korean ceasefire in 1953 briefly lowered the fears that one of these Cold War struggles would escalate into World War III. But these fears reemerged in 1958 with the second Berlin crisis and culminated with the November 1962 Cuban missile crisis. The nearness of nuclear war over Cuba sobered both Washington and Moscow. Although throughout the 1960s, the United States became increasingly bogged down in an unwinnable war in Indochina, Cold War temperatures dropped overall as Washington and Moscow cooperated on forging the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1968 Non-proliferation Treaty, thus setting the stage for the detente era of 1969–79.
How Do Gyrating Beads Accelerate Amyloid Fibrillization

Abstract The chemical and physical mechanisms by which gyrating beads accelerate amyloid fibrillization in microtiter plate assays are unclear. Identifying these mechanisms will help optimize high-throughput screening assays for molecules and mutations that modulate aggregation and might explain why different research groups report different rates of aggregation for identical proteins. This article investigates how the rate of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) fibrillization is affected by 12 different beads with a wide range of hydrophobicity, mass, stiffness, and topology but identical diameter. All assays were performed on D90A apo-SOD1, which is a stable and wild-type-like variant of SOD1. The most significant and uniform correlation between any material property of each bead and that bead's effect on SOD1 fibrillization rate was with regard to bead mass. A linear correlation existed between bead mass and rate of fibril elongation ( R 2 = 0.7): heavier beads produced faster rates and shorter fibrils. Nucleation rates (lag time) also correlated with bead mass, but only for non-polymeric beads (i.e., glass, ceramic, metallic). The effect of bead mass on fibrillization correlated ( R 2 = 0.96) with variations in buoyant forces and contact forces (between bead and microplate well), and was not an artifact of residual momentum during intermittent gyration. Hydrophobic effects were observed, but only for polymeric beads: lag times correlated negatively with contact angle of water and degree of protein adhesion (surface adhesion and hydrophobic effects were negligible for non-polymeric beads). These results demonstrate that contact forces (alone) explain kinetic variation among non-polymeric beads, whereas surface hydrophobicity and contact forces explain kinetic variation among polymeric beads. This study also establishes conditions for high-throughput amyloid assays of SOD1 that enable the control over fibril morphologies and produce eightfold faster lag times and fourfold less stochasticity than in previous studies.
Comparing application performance on HPC-based Hadoop platforms with local storage and dedicated storage

Many high-performance computing (HPC) sites extend their clusters to support Hadoop MapReduce for a variety of applications. However, HPC cluster differs from Hadoop cluster on the configurations of storage resources. In the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), data resides on the compute nodes, while in the HPC cluster, data is stored on separate nodes dedicated to storage. Dedicated storage offloads I/O load from the compute nodes and provides more powerful storage. Local storage provides better locality and avoids contention for shared storage resources. To gain an insight of the two platforms, in this paper, we investigate the performance and resource utilization of different types (i.e., I/O-intensive, data-intensive and CPU-intensive) of applications on the HPC-based Hadoop platforms with local storage and dedicated storage. We find that the I/Ointensive and data-intensive applications with large input file size can benefit more from the dedicated storage, while these applications with small input file size can benefit more from the local storage. CPU-intensive applications with a large number of small-size input files benefit more from the local storage, while these applications with large-size input files benefit approximately equally from the two platforms. We verify our findings by trace-driven experiments on different types of jobs from the Facebook synthesized trace. This work provides guidance on choosing the best platform to optimize the performance of different types of applications and reduce system overhead.
Schools as Communities: Purveyors of Democratic Values and the Cornerstones of a Public Philosophy

Establishing interdependency and community among people may be the solution to reestablishing or creating a tighter fabric of support for childrens' development, for building cultural democracy and a democratic state. This paper attempts to create a bridge between education and the construction of sustainable democratic communities in education, as a basis for building a public philosophy. Ultimately, sustainable democratic educational communities may address the concerns of today and tomorrow and build sustainable democratic communities in the larger global society.
Family Quality of Life Survey (FQOLS-2006): Evaluation of Internal Consistency, Construct, and Criterion Validity for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Families.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Family Quality of Life Survey (FQOLS-2006) when used with urban families predominantly from socioeconomically disadvan...
Feedback Control of Robotic Manipulators with Induction Motors

Abstract Recently, there has been considerable interest in the development of innovative formulations of the robot dynamics and synthesis of the advanced control structures for manipulators with AC motors. In this paper, these issues are treated utilizing advantages of the uncertain modeling setting and robust design framework. The equations of motion for robots with induction motors are derived and the application of a robust control technique is reported. The detailed analysis of the proposed theoretical results is established. The results show that the representation of robotic manipulators as uncertain systems and synthesis of robust algorithms are feasible, straightforward and highly efficient. The controller is implemented on a planar manipulator with two revolute joints actuated by AC motors. Experimental results illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology and show the increasing capabilities of the robust control structures for robots with induction motors.
Active - Constraint Logic for Nonlinear Programming

Abstract At each iteration of a nonlinear-programming calculation a decision is taken as to which inequality constraints should be regarded as active, i.e., treated temporarily as equalities, for purposes of determining a direction of search. The simplest such schemes are “worst-violator” (Sargent) and “dual-violator” (Kelley). Somewhat more intricate are a procedure due to Goldfarb and another due to Das, Cliff and Kelley. The latter based upon optimal choice for the case of three inequality constraints. Some computational experience with these active-constraint rules in combination with various choices of metric is reported for a collection of quadratic test problems with linear constraints. This will be the somewhat narrower focus of the written version of the presentation submitted for the proceedings, “A Computational Study of Active-Set Logics for Nonlinear programming,” by D. Rew, H. J. Kelley and E. M. Cliff.
Nonlinear control synthesis for parking control of mixed conventional/braking actuation mobile robots

In this paper a nonlinear control synthesis for a mixed conventional/braking actuation mobile robot (MAMR) is presented. The MAMR is thought to be one of the possible solutions to tackle the common drawbacks of conventional mobile robots such as complexity, weight, and cost. This paper proposes a sliding mode control approach to control the parking of the MAMR along the x axis from any initial position and orientation. The dynamics of the MAMR are studied for later use in controller design. Different controllers are designed for different parts of the switching surfaces based on the dynamics of that particular region and the stability proof of each controller is given. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is tested by simulation.
Data-driven uncertainty quantification for multisensor analytics

We discuss uncertainty quantification in multisensor data integration and analysis, including estimation methods and the role of uncertainty in decision making and trust in automated analytics. The challenges associated with automatically aggregating information across multiple images, identifying subtle contextual cues, and detecting small changes in noisy activity patterns are well-established in the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) community. In practice, such questions cannot be adequately addressed with discrete counting, hard classifications, or yes/no answers. For a variety of reasons ranging from data quality to modeling assumptions to inadequate definitions of what constitutes “interesting” activity, variability is inherent in the output of automated analytics, yet it is rarely reported. Consideration of these uncertainties can provide nuance to automated analyses and engender trust in their results. In this work, we assert the importance of uncertainty quantification for automated data analytics and outline a research agenda. We begin by defining uncertainty in the context of machine learning and statistical data analysis, identify its sources, and motivate the importance and impact of its quantification. We then illustrate these issues and discuss methods for data-driven uncertainty quantification in the context of a multi- source image analysis example. We conclude by identifying several specific research issues and by discussing the potential long-term implications of uncertainty quantification for data analytics, including sensor tasking and analyst trust in automated analytics.
Worm-to-Sphere Shape Transition of Thermoresponsive Linear Molecular Bottlebrushes in Moderately Concentrated Aqueous Solution

Molecular bottlebrushes have been shown to exhibit intriguing worm-to-sphere shape transitions in response to external stimuli. However, such shape changing has been restricted to dilute solutions, typically <1.0 mg/g, or at interfaces. Here we report a method for achieving worm-to-sphere shape transitions of linear molecular bottlebrushes in moderately concentrated aqueous solutions by using binary heterografted molecular brushes composed of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and a thermoresponsive polymer as side chains. The PEO was designed to be significantly longer so that the thermoresponsive side chains were well shielded by PEO to avoid intermolecular association during the lower critical solution temperature transition. To facilitate the analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), a suitable amount of cross-linkable cinnamate groups was introduced into the thermoresponsive polymer, allowing fixing of the brush shape at higher temperatures by UV irradiation. To demonstr...
Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics

Many areas of paleobiological research require reliable extinction metrics. Branching- and-extinction simulations and data on Phanerozoic marine families and genera are used to inves- tigate the relationship between interval length and commonly used extinction metrics. Normaliza- tion of extinction metrics for interval length is problematic, even when interval length is known without error, because normalization implicitly assumes some model of variation in extinction risk within an interval. If extinction risk within an interval were constant, or if it varied but played no role in the definition of stratigraphic intervals, then Van Valen's time-normalized extinction metric would provide a measure of average extinction risk that is effectively unbiased by interval length. When extinction risk varies greatly within an interval and interval boundaries are drawn at times of heavy extinction, extinction metrics that normalize for interval length are negatively correlated with interval length. Despite its intuitive appeal, the per-taxon extinction rate (proportional ex- tinction per million years) is biased by interval length under a wide range of extinction models. Empirically, time-normalized extinction metrics for Phanerozoic families and genera are nega- tively correlated with interval length. This is consistent with an extinction model in which many times of very low risk are punctuated by a few times of very high risk which in turn determine stage boundaries. Origination and extinction patterns are similar, but origination intensity varies less among stages than extinction intensity. This observation has at least two plausible explanations: that origination episodes are more protracted than extinction episodes, and that biologic groups do not respond in unison to origination opportunities the way they seem to respond during extinction events. For families and genera, there is enough variation in extinction intensity among stages that stage length can be ignored when studying certain extinction patterns over the entire Phanerozoic.
Autobiographical Remembering: Creating Personal Culture

A model of autobiographical remembering and the creation of personal culture is proposed. In this model we hypothesize that autobiographical memories are instantiations--objectifications as in metaphors or idioms-constituted through reconstructive processes that come to be recognized as self. Such memories are subsequently subjectified as personal culture. Our emphasis is on the functions and uses of autobiographical remembering, especially in interaction with others, where reconstructed memories are marked with affective significance. We propose that memories become autobiographical as a function of how they are used--to establish and maintain intimacies or to calm ourselves during times of hightened anxiety-and signified by affect and emotion. From an object-relations theory perspective, autobiographical memories are seen as transitional phenomena (selfobjects) that reconstitue caregiving relationships both when we are alone and when we are interacting with others.
Lipemic uveitis and its etiologies in dogs: 75 cases.

Objective To describe clinical features of dogs with lipemic uveitis (LU). Animals studied Seventy-five dogs (114 eyes) with LU. Procedures Medical records of dogs examined by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of LU between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. Signalment and clinical case aspects, including concurrent ocular disease, systemic disease, and previous ophthalmic surgery, were recorded. Results Lipemic uveitis was diagnosed in 114 eyes of 75 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) age of dogs was 9.0 years (±2.7 years). Miniature Schnauzers and Yorkshire Terriers were statistically overrepresented compared to the ophthalmology canine referral population. Lipemic flare varied in severity with loss of menace response due to markedly opaque flare seen in 15/114 eyes (13%). Two dogs developed LU after dietary indiscretion. Forty-nine eyes (43%) had concurrent ocular disease, most commonly keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ulcerative keratitis, and cataracts. Pseudophakia was present in 75/114 eyes (66%) and LU developed within 30 days of an intraocular surgical procedure in 63/114 eyes (55%). Hypertriglyceridemia was noted in 52 dogs of the 55 dogs tested (95%). Systemic disease affected 54/75 dogs (72%), of which diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and hypothyroidism were overrepresented compared to the referral population. Primary hyperlipidemia was identified in 12 dogs. Lipemic uveitis resolved at first reevaluation in 92/110 eyes (84%) and recurred in 6/114 eyes (5%) after complete resolution. Conclusions Development of lipemic uveitis in dogs appears to require the combination of hyperlipidemia and uveitis. Systemic disease is commonly associated with LU in dogs.
Syntaphilin Is a Novel Biphasic Biomarker of Aggressive Prostate Cancer and a Metastasis Predictor

Easily accessible biomarkers that may inform on the metastatic potential of localized prostate cancer are urgently needed. Herein, we show that syntaphilin (SNPH), a molecule originally identified as a negative regulator of mitochondrial dynamics in neurons, is abundantly expressed in prostate cancer. SNPH distribution in prostate cancer is spatially biphasic, with high expression at the invasive front, correlating with increased proliferative rates, as determined by Ki-67 labeling, and reduced levels in the central tumor bulk, which are further decreased in patients with distant metastases. Higher levels of SNPH are observed with increasing Gleason grade. Prostate tumors predominantly express a novel, extraneuronal isoform of SNPH that accumulates in mitochondria and maintains oxidative metabolism and tumor cell proliferation. These data suggest that SNPH is a novel marker of high Gleason grade prostate cancer, differentially expressed at the invasive front compared with the central tumor bulk, and is potentially down-regulated in metastatic disease. This biphasic pattern of expression may reflect a dual function of SNPH in controlling the balance between cell proliferation and invasion in tumors.
Whistler wave generation by electron temperature anisotropy during magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause

Two magnetopause reconnection events of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission with whistler wave activity are presented. The whistler mode around half of the electron cyclotron frequency is excited near the magnetospheric separatrix. In both events, there are positive correlations between the whistler wave and the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) activities, indicating a possible role of LHDI in the whistler wave generation. A sudden change in the electron pitch angle distribution (PAD) function of energetic electrons is observed right after intense LHDI activity. This change in the PAD leads to temperature anisotropy in energetic electrons which is responsible for the whistler wave excitation. The measured dispersion relation demonstrates that the whistler wave propagates toward the X line nearly parallel to the magnetic field line. Finally, a linear analysis with the measured distribution function verifies that the whistler mode is excited by the temperature anisotropy in energetic electrons.Two magnetopause reconnection events of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission with whistler wave activity are presented. The whistler mode around half of the electron cyclotron frequency is excited near the magnetospheric separatrix. In both events, there are positive correlations between the whistler wave and the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) activities, indicating a possible role of LHDI in the whistler wave generation. A sudden change in the electron pitch angle distribution (PAD) function of energetic electrons is observed right after intense LHDI activity. This change in the PAD leads to temperature anisotropy in energetic electrons which is responsible for the whistler wave excitation. The measured dispersion relation demonstrates that the whistler wave propagates toward the X line nearly parallel to the magnetic field line. Finally, a linear analysis with the measured distribution function verifies that the whistler mode is excited by the temperature anisotropy in energetic electrons.
Viscosidad de una Salsa de Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) Libre de Gluten y Lactosa Utilizando Gomas Guar y Xantan

It was formulated and prepared sauce free tarwi gluten, lactose and casein adding xanthan gum in the proportion of 0.7%, packed in glass jars and sterilized at 115° for 30 min, for reporting a higher density equal to 1.1751 g/cm3, value within the density range Huancaina Alacena ranging from 1.1544 g/cm3to 1, 22 g/cm3.It was proceeded to register the viscosities of Huancaina Alacena and tarwi sauce gluten free, lactose and casein, by the RV method, equipment Brookfield model DV-E version 1, the spindle 6 log readings at speeds from 1.5 to 100 rpm with a torque percentage from 10.2% to 74.5%, which are representative readings viscosities, showing very similar viscosities of Huancaina Alacena and tarwi sauce gluten free, lactose and casein, by the RV method, equipment Brookfield model DV-E version 1, the spindle 6 log readings at speeds from 1.5 to 100 rpm with a torque percentage from 10.2% to 74.5%, which are representative readings viscosities, showing very similar viscosities between 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 rpm.With values from 67,850 to 41,750 cP, The 9-point hedonic scale was used to obtain a rating of 7 acceptance "like moderately" and descriptive viscosity test referred to a score of 4 to medium viscosity and flows slowly, which give good insight to the product formulated is an alternative in your diet to sectors considered as special schemes.
The "Elderly" in Medicine: Ethical Issues Surrounding This Outdated and Discriminatory Term

The objective of this study was to investigate and describe how the use of the term "elderly" contributes to bias and problems within the medical system. A systematic review of the relevant literature and history was conducted. The term "elderly" does not define age accurately and carries bias and prejudice that lead to harm through discriminatory practices, institutional prejudices, and "ageist" policies in society and medicine. Doctors and healthcare providers seldom intentionally try to harm any patient, but might do so through unconscious anti-elderly bias. Studies indicate that medical students already demonstrate anti-elderly bias; researchers may lump patients aged 65 and over together, confounding specific information needed for individualized treatments; and out of unwarranted concern, medical and surgical treatments may be denied, despite minimal increased risk of mortality. When the cost of healthcare rises, it is the elderly against whom rationing is suggested. The term "elderly" has no place in medicine. Anti-elderly health care rationing is as unethical as rationing targeted against any group. It is reverse paternalism to make rules that limit others' medical care, happiness, and life span without their consent. Medicine is the science and art of individual communication, evaluation and treatment. Once we deny care to any one group, we open the door to denial to others.
Dynamic Model of Protease State and Inhibitor Trafficking to Predict Protease Activity in Breast Cancer Cells

Cysteine cathepsins are implicated in breast cancer progression, produced by both transformed epithelial cells and infiltrated stromal cells in tumors, but to date, no cathepsin inhibitor has been approved for clinical use due to unexpected side effects. This study explores cellular feedback to cathepsin inhibitors that might yield non-intuitive responses, and uses computational models to determine underlying cathepsin-inhibitor dynamics. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with E64 were tested by multiplex cathepsin zymography and immunoblotting to quantify total, active, and inactive cathepsins S and L. This data was used to parameterize mathematical models of intracellular free and inhibited cathepsins, and then applied to a dynamic model predicting cathepsin responses to other classes of cathepsin inhibitors that have also failed clinical trials. E64 treated cells exhibited increased amounts of active cathepsin S and reduced amount of active cathepsin L, although E64 binds tightly to both. This inhibitor response was not unique to cancer cells or any one cell type, suggesting an underlying fundamental mechanism of E64 preserving activity of cathepsin S, but not cathepsin L. Computational models were able to predict and differentiate between inhibitor-bound, active, and inactive cathepsin species and demonstrate how different classes of cathepsin inhibitors can have drastically divergent effects on active cathepsins located in different intracellular compartments. Together, this work has important implications for the development of mathematical model systems for protease inhibition in tissue destructive diseases, and consideration of preservation mechanisms by inhibitors that could alter perceived benefits of these treatment modalities.
Carbohydrate complexity structures stable diversity in gut-derived microbial consortia under high dilution pressure

ABSTRACT Dietary fibers are major substrates for the colonic microbiota, but the structural specificity of these fibers for the diversity, structure, and function of gut microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we employed an in vitro sequential batch fecal culture approach to determine: 1) whether the chemical complexity of a carbohydrate structure influences its ability to maintain microbial diversity in the face of high dilution pressure and 2) whether substrate structuring or obligate microbe-microbe metabolic interactions (e.g. exchange of amino acids or vitamins) exert more influence on maintained diversity. Sorghum arabinoxylan (SAX, complex polysaccharide), inulin (low-complexity oligosaccharide) and their corresponding monosaccharide controls were selected as model carbohydrates. Our results demonstrate that complex carbohydrates stably sustain diverse microbial consortia. Further, very similar final consortia were enriched on SAX from the same individual’s fecal microbiota across a one-month interval, suggesting that polysaccharide structure is more influential than stochastic alterations in microbiome composition in governing the outcomes of sequential batch cultivation experiments. SAX-consuming consortia were anchored by Bacteroides ovatus and retained diverse consortia of >12 OTUs; whereas final inulin-consuming consortia were dominated either by Klebsiella pneumoniae or Bifidobacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, auxotrophic interactions were less influential in structuring microbial consortia consuming SAX than the less-complex inulin. These data suggest that carbohydrate structural complexity affords independent niches that structure fermenting microbial consortia, whereas other metabolic interactions govern the composition of communities fermenting simpler carbohydrates. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which gut microorganisms compete for and cooperate on human-indigestible carbohydrates of varying structural complexity remain unclear. Gaps in this understanding make it challenging to predict the effect of a particular dietary fiber’s structure on the diversity, composition, or function of gut microbiomes, especially with inter-individual variability in diets and microbiomes. Here, we demonstrate that carbohydrate structure governs the diversity of gut microbiota under high dilution pressure, suggesting that such structures may support microbial diversity in vivo. Further, we also demonstrate that carbohydrate polymers are not equivalent in the strength by which they influence community structure and function, and that metabolic interactions among members arising due to auxotrophy exert significant influence on the outcomes of these competitions for simpler polymers. Collectively, these data suggest that large, complex dietary fiber polysaccharides structure the human gut ecosystem in ways that smaller and simpler ones may not.
Our Federalism on Drugs

Over the past decade, voters and legislatures have moved to legalize the possession of marijuana under state law. Some have limited these reforms to the medicinal use of marijuana, while others have not. Despite these reforms marijuana remains illegal under federal law. Although the Justice Department has not sought to preempt or displace state-level reforms, the federal prohibition casts a long shadow across state-level legalization efforts. This federal-state conflict presents multiple important and challenging policy questions that often get overlooked in policy debates over whether to legalize marijuana for medical or recreational purposes. Yet in a “compound republic” like the United States, this federal-state conflict is particularly important if one wishes to understand marijuana law and policy today. This brief essay is the introductory chapter to Marijuana Federalism: Uncle Sam and Mary Jane (Jonathan H. Adler ed., Brookings Institution Press, 2020), an edited volume that explores the legal and policy issues presented by the federal-state conflict in marijuana law. It provides an overview of the relevant issues and a survey of the remaining chapters in the volume.