cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Well being among cancer survivors.

These are all well meaning statements that many cancer survivors have heard over the years. It is likely that some of us have said a few of them to our patients at least once! Do these statements really help improve a survivor’s well being? Not a chance. Health care for cancer survivors needs to develop a better understanding of the epidemiology of long term and late health effects and concomitant well being among cancer survivors so it can provide evidence based communication and effective interventions. We need to understand the impact of various biological, environmental and behavioral exposures on health, behavioral health and functional outcomes in many types of cancers that impact a cancer survivor’s overall health and sense of well being. With this information we will be better informed to develop effective approaches that can really improve well being in cancer survivors and in the future prevent distress and negative health effects from ever occurring. What do we know about well being among cancer survivors? What does research and practice tell us about well being among cancer survivors over time? There is a pressing need to develop a better comprehensive understanding of well being among cancer survivors. The Journal welcomes sound theoretical, systematic and/or meta analytic reviews as well as unique qualitative studies that clarify the many dimensions of well being among cancer survivors. Also, research that addresses factors that impact well being and its measurement are welcome. The Journal is also calling for evidence based studies that are directed at improving dimensions of well being over the long run during all phases of cancer survivorship. While this information is emerging at present it only provides us with first steps. There is a need to push the envelope...to go beyond existing conceptual frameworks, research efforts and interventions so that cancer survivors whose well being is currently affected by symptoms, general health status, recurrence of tumors, discrimination in the workplace, changes in relationships to name a few are truly helped over the long run. Once there is an evidence based foundation for novel approaches they really need to enter conventional health care practice. This is no small accomplishment and cannot be ignored. We also need evidence based policy and health services research to provide data on the operational feasibility and cost implications of such innovations. It is a “long and winding road” but one where millions can benefit from our efforts along the way. Submit your work to this journal and help make this a reality. J Cancer Surviv (2007) 1:107 DOI 10.1007/s11764-007-0020-3
Meal timing during alternate day fasting: Impact on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk in obese adults.

Objective Alternate day fasting (ADF; 24-h feeding/24-h 25% energy intake at lunchtime), is effective for weight loss, but diet tolerability is questionable. Moving the fast day meal to dinnertime, or dividing it into smaller meals, may improve tolerability. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of ADF with three meal times on body weight and heart disease risk. Methods Obese subjects (n = 74) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 8 weeks: 1) ADF-L: lunch, 2) ADF-D: dinner, or 3) ADF-SM: small meals. Results Body weight decreased similarly (P < 0.001) in all groups (ADF-L: 3.5 ± 0.4 kg, ADF-D 4.1 ± 0.5 kg, ADF-SM 4.0 ± 0.5 kg). Reductions (P < 0.001) in fat mass and visceral fat were also comparable. Plasma lipids remained unchanged, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size increased (P < 0.05) in all groups (1.3 ± 0.5 A). Systolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0.05) by ADF-SM only. Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR remained unchanged. Conclusions Thus, allowing individuals to consume the fast day meal at dinner or small meals produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as consuming the meal at lunch. This flexibility in meal timing may increase tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF protocols.
Frida Kahlo: The Brush of Anguish

Frida Kahlo: The Brush of Anguish. Martha Zamora (abridged and translated by Marilyn Sode Smith). San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1990. 143 pp., 83 color plates, 48 black-and-white photographs, chronology, list of illustrations, selected bibliography. $29.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–87701–746–8.
Friedlander's Pneumonia: A Report of 11 Cases and Appraisal of Antibiotic Therapy

SUMMARY An analysis of 11 cases of Friedlander's pneumonia has been presented, and he clinical features and their relation to the radiographic and pathologic findings have been discussed. In our cases, alcoholism and debilitation appeared to be factors in the disease process. There was a high, early mortality and pneumococcal infection was often associated. The upper lobes were generally involved, the right more commonly involved than the left. Leukopenia was found in only three of the 11 cases. Our patients were treated with parenteral streptomycin and chloramphenicol. With this therapy, our over-all mortality was 54 per cent, with most deaths occurring within the first 24 hours after admission. Recent reports from the literature indicate that other antibiotics, especially polymicin B, kanamycin, and colistimethate may be more effective in treating Klebsiella pneumoniae, due to its changing sensitivity pattern. Cephalothin also shows some promise in the treatment of this disease. Evidence showing that many strains of Klebsiella may be resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol is presented. In hopes of reducing the mortality of this disease, it seems reasonable to use kanamycin, colistimethate, cephalothin or polymixin B, as a first choice antibiotic until sensitivities are available.
Beyond the Pale of Psychoanalysis: Relational Theory and Generalist Social Work Practice

Many have noted the consonance between contemporary relational theory and classic social work values and practice principles such as person in environment and starting where the client is. However, there have been few efforts to explore relational theory’s utility to the generalist social work framework. This paper takes the position that relational theory’s intersubjective stance lends new coherence to classic social work principles, and therefore elucidates the process aspects of evidence-based social work practice. In order to illustrate this point, the author applies relational theory to implementation issues around early childhood home visitation with Spanish-speaking immigrant clients—a social work service modality that, like so many others, does not fall into the category of individual psychotherapy in the context of private practice.
7149 Colonoscopic findings in surgically proven diverticulitis.

A diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is usually clinical. Computerized tomography (CT) is the diagnostic procedure of choice in acute diverticulitis complicated by large abscess, fistula or free perforation. CT however, is not as helpful when pathology is limited to intramural or pericolic region of a perforated diverticulum.We have previously shown that in the clinical setting of LLQ pain and tenderness suspicious of uncomplicated diverticulitis colonoscopy is a safe and preferred diagnostic modality. By allowing direct visualization of the mucosal and luminal abnormalities induced by diverticulitis, colonoscopy can easily distinguish amongst colon cancer, ischemic, radiation, Crohn's, and infectious colitis. Additionally colonoscopy can be therapeutic if stricture or incidental pathology is present. The purpose of this study is to reemphasize the reliability of diagnostic colonoscopy in suspected diverticulitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed colonoscopic findings of eight of our patients who had undergone sigmoid resection with clinical picture and pathology consistent with diverticulitis. There were three males and five females, 44-81years old. Four had Barium Enemas (BE) and five had CT abnormalities suggesting diverticulitis. Surgical specimens showed diverticulosis, acute and chronic inflammation, abscesses and fibrosis constricting the lumen of the bowel. COLONOSCOPIC FINDINGS were limited to the sigmoid. The combination of segmental, asymmetric mucosal edema, patchy erythema and petechiae involving the area of diverticulitis was observed in five patients. Discharge of muco-purulent exudate from perforated diverticulum was seen in two patients. Intraluminal mass effect due to possible intramural abscess was seen in one patient. Luminal stricture was encountered in four patients. In order to negotiate strictures one patient necessitated dilatation,and two patients required smaller caliber video-gastroscope. In one patient stricture could not be successfully negotiated. Mucosal biopsy showed focal slight chronic inflammation and stromal edema. Crypt abscesses were not seen. There were no complications. CONCLUSION: In certain clinical settings, the above colonoscopic findings are indicative of diverticulitis
Reflections On The 20th Anniversary Of Taiwan’s Single-Payer National Health Insurance System

On its twentieth anniversary, Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI) stands out as a high-performing single-payer national health insurance system that provides universal health coverage to Taiwan’s 23.4 million residents based on egalitarian ethical principles. The system has encountered myriad challenges over the years, including serious financial deficits. Taiwan’s government managed those crises through successive policy adjustments and reforms. Taiwan’s NHI continues to enjoy high public satisfaction and delivers affordable modern health care to all Taiwanese without the waiting times in single-payer systems such as those in England and Canada. It faces challenges, including balancing the system’s budget, improving the quality of health care, and achieving greater cost-effectiveness. However, Taiwan’s experience with the NHI shows that a single-payer approach can work and control health care costs effectively. There are lessons for the United States in how to expand coverage rapidly, manage increme...
Nondoxastic faith: Audi on religious commitment

Dans plusieurs articles recents, Robert Audi affirme que l'engagement religieux theiste n'implique pas des croyances theistes. Ainsi, une personne pourrait avoir une foi ardente en Dieu, considerer que Dieu est souverain sans pour autant croire que Dieu existe. Selon Audi, il existe des peuples authentiquement religieux et des individus pour qui la foi theiste joue un role central et qui ne croient dans les doctrines fondamentales de leur tradition religieuse. L'A. propose une critique de la conception d'Audi a propos de la correspondance entre une foi non dogmatique et une personne de foi
Oral Cancer Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitude Among Osteopathic Medical Students

Approximately 21,000 osteopathic medical students were enrolled in the USA in 2012–2013. These future physicians are being educated with an emphasis on a holistic or patient-centered approach, with a focus on preventive care. Considering the importance of preventive care and early diagnosis in the outcomes of oral malignancies, our goal in this study was to assess the knowledge, behavior, and attitude of osteopathic medical students in relation to oral cancer. To this end, 204 second-year (Y2) and 194 fourth-year (Y4) medical students were invited to participate in an electronic survey. Forty-one Y2 and 44 Y4 students agreed to participate (20 and 22 % response rate, respectively). The results showed that most Y2 and Y4 students were knowledgeable in certain areas (demographic features, important risk factors, and histologic feature), but deficient in others (clinical presentation, association of human papillomavirus (HPV) with oropharyngeal cancers, and screening recommendations). Head, neck, and oral examination habits were reported as being performed occasionally. Overall, students reported feeling uninformed about oral cancer and showed an interest in receiving further education on the subject. Our findings confirm that an overall improvement in oral cancer education in the medical curriculum is needed. Interprofessional collaboration between dental and medical schools may prove to be a valid approach to achieve this goal, which may possibly lead to increased detection of early oral cancerous lesions and, ultimately, improved mortality rates.
An exact permutation method for testing any effect in balanced and unbalanced fixed effect ANOVA

The ANOVA method and permutation tests, two heritages of Fisher, have been extensively studied. Several permutation strategies have been proposed by others to obtain a distribution-free test for factors in a fixed effect ANOVA (i.e., single error term ANOVA). The resulting tests are either approximate or exact. However, there exists no universal exact permutation test which can be applied to an arbitrary design to test a desired factor. An exact permutation strategy applicable to fixed effect analysis of variance is presented. The proposed method can be used to test any factor, even in the presence of higher-order interactions. In addition, the method has the advantage of being applicable in unbalanced designs (all-cell-filled), which is a very common situation in practice, and it is the first method with this capability. Simulation studies show that the proposed method has an actual level which stays remarkably close to the nominal level, and its power is always competitive. This is the case even with very small datasets, strongly unbalanced designs and non-Gaussian errors. No other competitor show such an enviable behavior.
Successful percutaneous revascularization of totally occluded left subclavian artery using orbital atherectomy

Subclavian artery steal (SAS) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) has been reported to be as high as 3.4%. These patients with patent left internal mammary artery (LIMA) anastomosis will also have coronary-subclavian steal syndrome (CSSS). Percutaneous intervention (PCI) by balloon angioplasty (BA) and stenting has been done successfully for subclavian artery (SA) stenosis. The visibility of the vertebral artery (VA) and LIMA during BA and stent positioning is extremely important. Debulking total occlusions by orbital atherectomy (OA) and avoiding unnecessary BA, stenting across side branches may decrease the chance of plaque shifting and subsequent loss of flow especially if they have ostial disease. Herein we report successful OA, BA and stenting of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of proximal left subclavian artery in a patient with coronary-subclavian steal syndrome with preservation of LIMA and diseased left vertebral artery (VA).
A force/energy optimization model for wheelchair athletics

Wheelchair athletic performance is posed as an optimal control problem. A solution to the optimal control problem using force as the control variable and energy as the constraint is presented, along with the results of an experiment on the dynamics of racing wheelchair propulsion. The parameters derived from results of this experiment and appropriate results from previous investigations are applied to the force/energy model to predict possible US wheelchair athletics records. The predicted results were found to be within 5% of actual US records. This result reflects the belief that performances in wheelchair athletics are beginning to level out. The model represents a possible means for predicting a priori the performance of a wheelchair athlete. >
Industry Preparedness for Earthquakes and Earthquake-Triggered Hazmat Accidents in the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake

Abstract In this study, we report on the results of a random mail survey of 400 industrial facilities affected by the Turkey earthquake of 17 August 1999. The survey asked questions concerning dama...
There will be exports and licensing: The effects of patent rights and innovation on firm sales

Previous work has focused on how intellectual property rights affect inward technology transfer. This paper is among the first to study whether patent rights contribute to outward technology transfers. Patent protection can affect the ability of firms to be sources of technology through its effects on innovation and commercialization. Using micro data, this paper finds that patent rights and innovation are positively associated with the exporting and licensing of firms, controlling for other determinants of technological capacity, although the effect is not symmetric across firms in all countries. Patent rights have a strong impact on the export and licensing activities of firms in developed countries, and only on the licensing activities of firms in developing countries. Moreover, transfers of technology develop sequentially – namely, exporting before licensing – due to the differing sunk costs of each type of entry. The results have implications for how innovation policies and activities contribute to t...
Cytolethal distending toxin: limited damage as a strategy to modulate cellular functions.

Abstract The coevolution of bacterial pathogens and their hosts has contributed to the development of very complex and sophisticated functional pathogen–host interfaces. Thus, well-adapted pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to manipulate host cell functions precisely. For example, a group of unrelated Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria have evolved a toxin, known as cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), that has the ability to control cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have identified CdtB as the active subunit of the CDT holotoxin. Through its nuclease activity, CdtB causes limited DNA damage, thereby triggering the DNA-damage response that ultimately results in the observed arrest of the cell cycle. In addition, it has been established that CDT is a tripartite AB toxin in which CdtB is the active ‘A' subunit and CdtA and CdtC constitute the heterodimeric ‘B' subunit required for the delivery of CdtB into the target cell. The mechanism of action of CDT suggests that the infliction of limited damage could be a strategy used by pathogenic bacteria to modulate host cell functions.
Incorporation of Chelated Cobalt Complexes and Polyoxocations of Aluminum in Montmorillonite

The thermal stability of montmorillonites, expanded with solutions of Co3(H2NCH2CH2O)6](ClO4)3, can be drastically increased by introducing, together with the Co trimer, [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ ions that upon calcination in air at 500 °C form stable alumina clusters. Several synthetic routes to the preparation of these bipillared interlayered clays (bi-PILC) have been studied. Best results have been obtained by first ion-exchanging the clay charge compensating Na and Ca cations with [Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ ions followed by a second ion exchange step to replace some of the Al13 clusters in the intermediate Al−PILC with [Co3(OC2H4NH2)6]3+ ions. Elemental analysis together with powder XRD results indicate that PILC composition and pore height can be manipulated by washing the intermediate Al−PILC in order to hydrolyze the Al oligomers believed to occupy exchange sites on the clay silicate layers. Formation of Keggin ions seems to facilitate the back-exchange reaction with the Co trimer. Pillared materials wi...
Corrections to the Mathematical Formulation of a Backwards Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model

This technical note introduces some corrections to the Lagrangian particle dispersion model of Rotach et al. (Q J R Meteorol Soc 122:367–389, 1986). Careful mathematical derivation following the detailed explanations in that paper uncovered some unit inconsistencies that were the result of mistaken function definitions. Errors are noted in the drift correction, or “probability current” of the particle dispersion model as well as in parameterization of turbulence terms, which are necessary inputs to the model. The probability current comprises Gaussian, convective, and solenoidal components, with derivation errors discovered in the latter two components. All errors are presented along with new formulations that are mathematically consistent, correct the original problems, and adhere to the underlying Gaussian nature of the particle dispersion phenomenon. The corrections shown here should provide more accurate results for particle dispersion models based upon the work of Rotach et al., as well as resolve points of confusion for future researchers referring to that work.
INCIDENCE OF HOMOPLASTIC ADRENOCORTICAL TRANSPLANTS IN GONADECTOMIZED RATS

THE ‘end organ’ hormone hypothesis, that the production of a stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland is limited by a suppressing effect of an excess of the hormone of the gland which is stimulated, has been developed to explain the rhythmicity of the female sexual cycle, the hypertrophy of endocrine organs in statesof deficiency, and the failure of grafts of certain endocrine tissues in animals possessing intact cognate glands (Halsted's ‘law of deficiency’). Although applied most extensively to pituitary-gonadal relationships, the hypothesis has been applied to pituitary control of the thyroid and of the adrenal cortex (see reference 1, p. 496).1 Besides the direct approach to establishing the validity of this hypothesis, there is another, that removal of one ‘endorgan’ (e.g. the gonads) may ‘release’ the production of ‘end-organ’ stimulating hormones other than the one specific for the organ removed (e.g. corticotropin).
Protamine Antibody Production in Diabetic Subjects Treated with NPH Insulin

Treatment with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin predisposes individuals with diabetes to anaphylactoid reactions when given bolus protamine for heparin reversal during cardiovascular procedures. To prospectively examine production of protamine antibodies, 30 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes were followed for 12 months from initiation of therapy with porcine NPH or Lente insulin. Twenty-one subjects were randomly assigned to NPH (protamine containing) and nine controls to Lente (protamine free) insulin. Protamine specific IgG antibody was produced by 6/21 (29%) of NPH-treated subjects and 0/9 controls. Among NPH treated subjects, there was no difference between protamine antibody producers and non-producers with regard to age, race, weight, or pre-treatment glycosylated hemoglobin. Both producer and non-producer groups received similar amounts of insulin and protamine and achieved similar glycemic control. Insulin antibodies were made by 4/6 (67%) of protamine antibody producers and by 6/15 (40%) of non-producers (NS). The authors conclude that one of three new diabetics who are treated with porcine NPH insulin will make IgG protamine antibodies. These antibodies do not affect insulin requirements, glycemic control, or insulin antibody production. Because of the frequency of protamine antibody production and the risk of anaphylaxis to bolus protamine administration in NPH treated diabetics, the authors suggest that NPH insulin-treated individuals should avoid heparin reversal by protamine.
Disciplinary breadth and interdisciplinary knowledge production

As the complexity of the challenges presented by our interactions with our planet continues to grow, we must develop new modes of knowledge production. In these modes, distinctions between multidisciplinary and inter-disciplinary activities and processes have renewed importance. There are at least two distinct types of interdisciplinary activities distinguished by the disciplinary breadth they attempt to bridge. In the narrow case, reductionist processes reveal a common underlying principle or process which can serve as a Rosetta stone. In the broad case, no such common arbiter exists. Investigators must develop integrating vocabulary in the context of the full breadth of their work.
Not one extrastriate body area: Using anatomical landmarks, hMT+, and visual field maps to parcellate limb-selective activations in human lateral occipitotemporal cortex

article The prevailing view of human lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) organization suggests a single area selective for images of the human body (extrastriate body area, EBA) that highly overlaps with the human motion-selective complex (hMT+). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with higher resolution (1.5 mm voxels) than past studies (3-4 mm voxels), we examined the fine-scale spatial organization of these activations relative to each other, as well as to visual field maps in LOTC. Rather than one contiguous EBA highly overlapping hMT+, results indicate three limb-selective activations organized in a crescent surrounding hMT+: (1) an activation posterior to hMT+ on the lateral occipital sulcus/middle occipital gyrus (LOS/MOG) overlapping the lower vertical meridian shared between visual field maps LO-2 and TO-1, (2) an activation anterior to hMT+ on the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) consistently overlapping the lower vertical meridian of TO-2 and extending outside presently defined visual field maps, and (3) an activation inferior to hMT+ on the inferotemporal gyrus (ITG) overlapping the parafoveal representation of the TO cluster. This crescent organization of limb-selective activations surrounding hMT+ is reproducible over a span of three years and is consistent across different image types used for localization. Further, these regions exhibit differential position properties: preference for contralateral image presentation decreases and preference for foveal presentation increases from the limb-selective LOS to the MTG. Finally, the relationship between limb-selective activations and visual field maps extends to the dorsal stream where a posterior IPS activation overlaps V7. Overall, our measurements demonstrate a series of LOTC limb-selective activations that 1) have separate anatomical and functional boundaries, 2) overlap distinct visual field maps, and 3) illustrate differential position properties. These findings indicate that category selectivity alone is an insufficient organization principle for defining brain areas. Instead, multiple properties are necessary in order to parcellate and understand the functional organization of high-level visual cortex.
Testing for Noninvertibie Models With Applications

This article is concerned with testing for noninvertibie time series models. For a stationary but noninvertibie autoregressive moving average model, I construct a derived process that is non-stationary but invertible with a nonstationary factor identical to the noninvertibie factor of the original time series. I then propose a test procedure for testing noninvertibility using various unit-root test statistics available in the literature. The limiting distributions of the test statistics employed depend on the mean as well as the initial innovations of the original series. I also compare the performance of the proposed test procedure with that of other noninvertibie tests available in the literature. For illustration, I apply the proposed test procedure to detect trend stationarity of two U.S. economic time series.
Structure-Reactivity Scales in Carbocationic Polymerizations

The polymerization of p-methylstyrene (pMeSt) in the presence of isobutylene (IB), styrene (St), p-chlorostyrene (pClSt), and 1,3-butadiene (BD) was carried out at -40 °C. By selecting CH 2 Cl 2 /methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) 50/50 (v/v) solvent mixture and the appropriate weak Lewis acid, SnBr 2 Cl 2 monoaddition of IB, St, pClSt, and BD followed by instantaneous termination was achieved, and the polymerizations stopped short of completion. The reactivity ratios, k p /k 12 , where kp is propagation rate constant and k 12 is the cross-propagation rate constant, were calculated on the basis of limiting conversions and limiting molecular weights. According to these values, pMeSt is 3.8 ± 0.5, 4.8 ± 1.1, 7.2 ± 1.6, and 100 ± 6 times more reactive than IB, St, pClSt, and BD respectively. Similar competition reactions between IB/BD, St/BD. and pClSt/BD in conjunction with TiCl 4 as Lewis acid yielded k p /k 12 = 77 ± 5, 7.1 ± 1.0, and 3.2 ± 0.7, respectively. Using k p /k 12 and k p forpMeSt, St, and pClSt, the cross-propagation k 12 values were calculated to establish structure-reactivity scales. Similarly to our earlier observations, comparison of these values indicated that structural differences have a much larger effect on cation reactivity than on monomer reactivity.
Scientific legacy of Stanley Ruby

Stanley L. Ruby (1924–2004) made major contributions to Mossbauer spectroscopy and was the first to suggest the feasibility of observing the Mossbauer effect using synchrotron radiation. In this article we recall his scientific legacy that have inspired his scientific colleagues.
Evidence-Based Cerebral Vasospasm Surveillance

Subarachnoid hemorrhage related to aneurysmal rupture (aSAH) carries significant morbidity and mortality, and its treatment is focused on preventing secondary injury. The most common—and devastating—complication is delayed cerebral ischemia resulting from vasospasm. In this paper, the authors review the various surveillance technologies available to detect cerebral vasospasm in the days following aSAH. First, evidence related to the most common modalities, including transcranial doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography, are reviewed. Continuous electroencephalography and older instruments such as positron emission tomography, xenon-enhanced CT, and single-photon emission computed tomography are also discussed. Invasive strategies including brain tissue oxygen monitoring, microdialysis, thermal diffusion, and jugular bulb oximetry are examined. Lastly, near-infrared spectroscopy, a recent addition to the field, is briefly reviewed. Each surveillance tool carries its own set of advantages and limitations, and the concomitant use of multiple modalities serves to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
A NEW MEASURE OF MISFIT FOR COVARIANCE STRUCTURE MODELS

Various fit indices exist in structural equation models. Most of these indices are related to the noncentrality parameter (NCP) of the chi-square distribution that the involved test statistic is implicitly assumed to follow. Existing literature suggests that few statistics can be well approximated by chi-square distributions. The meaning of the NCP is not clear when the behavior of the statistic cannot be described by a chi-square distribution. In this paper we define a new measure of model misfit (MMM) as the difference between the expected values of a statistic under the alternative and null hypotheses. This definition does not need to assume that the population covariance matrix is in the vicinity of the proposed model, nor does it need for the test statistic to follow any distribution of a known form. The MMM does not necessarily equal the discrepancy between the model and the population covariance matrix as has been assumed in existing literature. Bootstrap approaches to estimating the MMM and a related quantity are developed. An algorithm for obtaining bootstrap confidence intervals of the MMM is constructed. Examples with practical data sets contrast several measures of model misfit. The quantile-quantile plot is used to illustrate the unrealistic nature of chi-square distribution assumptions under either the null or an alternative hypothesis in practice.
Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States

A new logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding 4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged groundwaters of the United States. The new model contains variables representing (1) N fertilizer loading (p 0.83.
Microstructural characteristics and deformation properties in superplastic intermetallics

Abstract Superplasticity in intermetallic alloys is reviewed. Intermetallics which have been demonstrated to be superplastic include nickel-based (Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Si), iron-based (Fe 3 Al, FeAl), and titanium-based (Ti 3 Al, TiAl) alloys. Superplasticity has been recorded in both quasi-single-phase and two-phase intermetallic alloys. The microstructural characteristics and deformation properties of superplastic intermetallics are in many ways similar to those observed in conventional superplastic metal alloys. In the present paper, some of the unusual microstructural features pertinent to superplastic intermetallics are described. Two interesting features are especially highlighted: intermetallics can exhibit superplastic properties in a relatively coarse-grained condition (>100 μm); and intermetallics with a metastable, inhomogeneous microstructure can exhibit superplasticity at low temperatures. Examples are given for both cases. In addition, the superplastic deformation mechanisms as well as microstructural characteristics in different intermetallics are discussed.
Reversible melting and crystallization of high-molar-mass poly(oxyethylene)

The heat capacity of poly(oxyethylene) (POE) with a molar mass of 900,000 Da has been analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry and quasi-isothermal, temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The crystal structure, lattice parameters, and coherently scattering domain sizes have been measured with wide-angle X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature. The high-molar-mass POE crystals are in a folded-chain macroconformation and show some locally reversible melting starting already at about 250 K. At 335 K, the thermodynamic heat capacity reaches the level of the melt. The reversible crystallinity depends on the modulation amplitude and has been varied in the melting range from ±0.2 to ±3.0 K. Before melting, there is neither a change in the crystal structure nor a change in the domain size, but the expansivity of the crystals increases at about 320 K. These observations support the interpretation that the monoclinic POE crystals possess a glass transition temperature with a midpoint at about 324 K, whereas the maximum melting temperature is 341 K. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 475–489, 2007
Design of component-supply contract with commitment revision flexibility

In this paper, we study a type of supply contract that is frequently used in the electronics industry. A common feature of these supply contracts is that at the beginning of the contract, the buyer makes purchasing commitments to the supplier for each period. The buyer may have some flexibility to purchase quantities that actually deviate from the original commitments. Moreover, as time passes and more information about the actual demand is collected, the buyer may update the previous commitments, in a way that is described. We develop a heuristic that is easy to implement and that determines nearly optimal commitments and purchasing quantities. We show that in many cases of practical interest, the heuristic results in solutions that are close to the optimal.
Of stones and bones: Interpreting site function in the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Western Europe

Abstract Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic excavations have usually yielded both artifacts and faunal remains in a variety of environmental settings across a latitudinal range from Belgium to Portugal. In some cases there seem to be functional relationships within levels between ungulate species and skeletal elements on the one hand and associated lithic and osseous artifacts on the other. In other cases—perhaps because of their nature as occupational and depositional palimpsests—the relationships are murkier. Examples examined here include La Riera and El Miron caves (coastal and montane Cantabrian Spain, respectively), Dufaure rockshelter (Pyrenean lowland France), Magrite cave, Pape rockshelter, and Bois Laiterie cave and the Huccorgne open-air site (Ardennes upland, transitional zone, and central plateau of Belgium, respectively), and the Vidigal shell midden (coastal southern Portugal). The interpretation of site function (e.g., multi-purpose residential site, specialized logistical camp, or transit bivouac) is a matter of pragmatic, interdisciplinary, situation-specific analyses, and parsimony.
Reifying the Fan: Inspector Spacetime as Fan Practice

This article looks at the rise of Inspector Spacetime Internet fandom as a key component in 21st century fandom. A fictional show-within-a-show on the NBC comedy Community, Inspector Spacetime is ostensibly a parody of Doctor Who. It has also developed its own fan base, mainly through the websites TVTropes.com and Tumblr. I argue that the rise of Inspector Spacetime fandom represents a parody of fandom via the tension between production and consumption in a hypermediated culture. Inspector Spacetime fandom parody is double-edged. It offers both a reverence for and an implicit critique of fan activities through an analysis of Doctor Who. At the same time, Inspector Spacetime fandom reifies the boundaries of fandom even as it critiques fan activities.
Political opportunity and the rise and decline of interest group sectors

Abstract Interest group activity is always affected by the political environment in which groups operate. As a result, effective study of public interest groups must situate them in a larger political context. We propose a means of doing so by building on theoretical and empirical studies of both social movements and interest groups. We argue that groups can best be understood by changing the unit of analysis from an individual group to the set of groups pursuing common agendas, or an “interest group sector.” Drawing from both empirical and theoretical literature, we establish both the necessity and the theoretical parameters for a sectoral analysis, and offer a basic framework for such an analysis. We demonstrate empirical support for a sectoral approach by looking at the periodicity of group formation in five public interest sectors. We then propose a six stage framework to describe a cyclic process of issue emergence, resource mobilization, organization building, and their relation to the policy process. We conclude by discussing the potential policy impact of interest group mobilization and institutionalization, and its relationship to democracy.
Analytical Prototypes for Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction at Midlatitudes. Part II: Mechanisms for Coupled Gyre Modes*

A simple midlatitude coupled model for idealized ocean basins is used to investigate processes of ocean‐ atmosphere interaction and its role in interdecadal climate variability at midlatitudes. The ocean model consists of a linearized quasigeostrophic upper ocean layer and a sea surface temperature (SST) equation for an embedded surface mixed layer. The atmospheric response to the ocean is through wind stress and heat flux feedbacks associated with SST. Eigenvalue analysis of both coupled and uncoupled models presented here complements previous work on the stochastically forced system. Comparison of the eigenspectrum of coupled and uncoupled cases shows that coupling creates an oscillatory interdecadal mode whose properties are distinct from any other mode in the system. This mode exists whether the atmospheric feedbacks are weak or strong, and is stable even in the strong feedback case. The weak decay rate makes it possible for the mode to be maintained by atmospheric stochastic forcing. Analytic approximations to the dispersion relation show how the spatial structure of the atmospheric feedback tends to select a large-scale spatial pattern for this eigenmode. The oscillation involves westward Rossby wave propagation in the ocean with the atmosphere carrying information back eastward into the interior of the basin in response to SST anomalies produced by advection. SST modes are also found, which purely decay in most cases due to both local and nonlocal negative heat flux feedbacks. A case with large positive heat flux feedback can produce a purely growing SST mode but does not greatly impact the interdecadal mode.
The ultimate limits of CCD performance imposed by hot electron effects

Abstract It is shown that the ultimate speed of charge transfer in silicon charge coupled devices is limited by impact ionization in the silicon and the saturation of the drift velocity. The charge transfer speed of buried channel devices (BCCDs) decreases linearly with the separation, L , between centers of neighboring gates for L ≤ 10 μ M. The decrease of the transfer speed of surface channel devices (SCCDs) is linear only for L ≤ 2 μ m but is much faster for L > 2 μ m. For L ≤ 2 μ m, the ultimate charge transfer times of both SCCDs and BCCDs are about the same, corresponding to clock frequencies in the GHz range. Charge coupled devices made in small-energy gap compound semiconductors are also discussed. In spite of the higher carrier mobility, devices in these materials can not be operated at clock frequency above the KHz-MHz range due to interband impact generation of electron-hole pairs in the high electric field.
Laparascopic Nephrectomy, Ex Vivo Partial Nephrectomy Followed by Allograft Renal Transplantation

A shortage of available kidneys exists. Forty percent of patients with end stage renal disease wait more than 2 years for renal transplant. We report a case of a 22-year-old man who underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for a 2-cm central renal mass. Ex vivo partial nephrectomy and renorraphy were performed. The reconstructed kidney was allotransplanted to a 62-year-old man with end stage renal disease. The recipient has excellent graft function. Imaging shows no evidence of recurrence or metastasis at 2 years' follow-up. Incidence and management of de novo renal cell carcinoma in renal allografts are reviewed.
Smooth muscle α-actinin binds tightly to fesselin and attenuates its activity toward actin polymerization

Fesselin is an actin binding protein from smooth muscle that nucleates actin polymerization in a Ca++-calmodulin dependent manner, bundles actin and inhibits the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin S1. We now report that fesselin binds to smooth muscle α-actinin. Binding was measured by blot overlay, affinity chromatography and sedimentation methods. Binding was moderate with an association constant of 1–4×107 M−1 assuming a 1:1 association of fesselin with α-actinin. Fesselin binds to the central spectrin domain repeat region of α-actinin but not to the CH1–CH2 domain. Fesselin accelerates the polymerization of actin. This activity of fesselin was attenuated by α-actinin. These observations support the role of fesselin in organizing the cytoskeleton.
Measurement of Turbulent Mixing Along Slope in Stratified Flow

The mixing phenomenon of ocean currents, which have different densities as well as velocities, are important to ocean dynamics and global climate modeling. One example is the outflow of the Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Seas, where dense Arctic water overflows a ridge and spills downslope in a density-driven plume until it reaches the deep abyss of the Atlantic Ocean. On the way down it mixes with ambient water of different temperature and salinity. This process affects the global thermohaline circulation, which is a significant element in changes of the global climate. Laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate this problem. A turbulent jet is introduced into a water tank along an inclined plate. The density difference between the jet and the tank water produces a stably stratified boundary current. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) are applied to obtain simultaneous measurement of velocity field and density field along the slope at different downstream locations. On-going efforts are also discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The relationship between Type A behavior and hyperactivity in children as measured by the Conner's Hyperactivity and Myth-0 Scales

An examination of Type A behavior in children as measured by the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH-0) and hyperactivity as measured by the Conners Teacher Rating Scale revealed a significant relationship between the 2 scales. Participants were drawn from a total sample of 199 first, second, and third grade children obtained through classroom-distributed questionnaires. Significant differences on MYTH-0 scores between children of Type A and Type B mothers, and between males and females were eliminated when variance attributed to hyperactivity was covaried out of the analyses. Results are discussed in terms of potential overlap between hyperactivity and Type A constructs as they are often measured.
Discharge of respiratory neurons in sneezes resulting from ethmoidal nerve stimulation

Abstract Sneezes were induced in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats by stimulating the ethmoidal nerve (10 to 20 Hz). Activity of medullary respiratory neurons was recorded extracellularly, before and during development of sneezes. Onset of ethmoidal nerve stimulation was attended by premature termination of ongoing inspiration and inhibition of a majority of inspiratory neurons. Such stimulation was also accompanied by immediate short-latency driving of expiratory neurons and recruitment of numerous, previously silent, expiratory neurons. Despite the activation of numerous expiratory neurons, active expiration was not, and could not be, immediately provoked. Active expiration ocurred only after the first deep inspiration (“preparatory inspiration”). Such active expiration was preceded by high-frequency bursting discharge of expiratory neurons. Two groups of experiments suggested that lung inflation occurring in the preparatory inspiration played a part in triggering active expiration. First, stimulation of the ethmoidal nerve in the artificially respirated, succinylcholine-paralyzed cat provoked expiratory neuronal bursting only when the lungs were strongly inflated. Second, unilateral and bilateral vagotomy resulted in defective triggering (delayed) of active expiration so that sneezes were much slower after vagotomy.
Proinsulin by immunochemiluminometric assay for the diagnosis of insulinoma.

We used a newly developed immunochemiluminometric assay of proinsulin to determine its relative utility vis-a-vis C-peptide and insulin for the diagnosis of insulinoma. The evaluation was conducted in 20 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed insulinoma and 22 normal subjects who underwent a prolonged fast according to a standard protocol. Patients with insulinoma fasted to the point of demonstrating Whipple's triad; normal subjects fasted to 72 h. At the end of the prolonged fast, when the glucose value was 2.8 mmol/L or less (50 mg/dL), all three hormones had equal sensitivity (100%) in detecting insulinoma with no overlap with the values of normal subjects. When glucose levels were between 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) and 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) at the end of the prolonged fast, proinsulin was better than C-peptide and insulin in the diagnosis of insulinoma. The sensitivity was 90% for proinsulin and 85% for both C-peptide and insulin. Therefore, proinsulin not only is useful for the diagnosis of in...
Associationism and Taste Theory in Archibald Alison's Essays

For good reason, Archibald Alison's 1790 Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste is chiefly remembered as the occasion of the so-called triumph of association in eighteenth-century British aesthetics.' Some earlier taste theorists had appealed to associationist psychology, but they did so primarily to help explain away the obvious diversity of responses to almost any object of taste: private emotional associations with an object, they suggested, often corrupt the process by which individuals arrive at judgments of beauty, thereby giving rise to the apparent diversity of tastes. Other taste theorists-those among Alison's mid-century predecessors, especially-had discovered some additional uses for associationist psychology. Alison, however, dramatically expands the role of that psychology in taste theory by arguing that genuine aesthetic experience (the "emotion of taste") just is the experience of a special sort of "train" of emotional associations with an object. As one commentator puts it, Alison's essays "are solely dedicated to the task of persuading his readers that the associationist psychology is the only source of taste. "2