cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philosophical speculation and cognitive science

a ‘a &#39;4 ..J&#39;.;= PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, I989 55 Philosophical Speculation and Cognitive Science GEORGE LAKOFF Linguistics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. Lycan’s book Logical Form in Natural Language raises important general issues, issues that transcend the speciﬁc issues discussed in the book, which are now in many cases 20 years out of date. For me, the most important issue is the proper relationship between philosophy and cognitive science. How does a priori philoso- phical speculation about language and mind affect research in cognitive science? And should results from cognitive science change the way philosophers go about their business? Discussing Lycan’s book is a useful a way of addressing such questions. I will spend most of this discussion on the book itself, and return to the general issues at the end of the paper. Let me say at the outset that there is a major thing I like and admire about Lycan’s book: Lycan has actually read a lot of the relevant linguistics and thought about it carefully. It is something one cannot say about many other philosophers who write about language. The critical comments I have about Lycan’s book are made from the standpoint of a sincere appreciation for the author’s efforts. There are a myriad of small problems with Lycan’s book, but they are arise from one major one: Lycan simply never addresses the concerns of the papers by the linguists that he is criticizing. Let me explain. I and other linguists within the generative semantics tradition (which Lycan mostly discusses) have abided by a criterion of adequacy that we take as essential to the study of linguistics as a scientiﬁc endeavor, namely: The Generalization Criterion: linguistics is primarily concerned with the statement of general principles governing linguistic elements and struc- tures at all levels. The Generalization Criterion comes with characterizations of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. —Syntax concerns the statement of general principles governing the occur- rence of grammatical morphemes (like -ing), grammatical categories (like preposi- tion), and grammatical constructions (like the imperative construction). —Semantics concerns generalizations governing semantic elements and struc-
The impact of urban form on downtown stadium redevelopment projects: a comparative analysis of Phoenix and Denver

Prior analyses of stadium-focused economic development efforts suggest these projects are multifaceted in scope and one-size-fits-all approaches are rarely successful. This study builds upon prior analyses of stadium development projects and provides a comparative analysis of two stadium projects in Denver and Phoenix, with a focus on the role urban form has on the opposing outcomes of the two projects. Results suggest urban form has an impact on the prospects for success of these projects and that strategies to deal with the urban form of a city should be incorporated into comprehensive plans to revitalize downtown areas. A consideration of urban form is particularly important for polycentric urban areas where the success of downtown economic redevelopment efforts remains largely unexplored and unproven.
Semantic differential ratings of polygons varying in complexity-simplicity and symmetry-asymmetry.

Polygons varying in complexity-simplicity and symmetry-asymmetry were rated by 106 Ss on Semantic Differential scales of beautiful-ugly, fast-slow, and strong-weak, representing evaluation, activity, and potency factors, respectively. The study was a follow-up of work by Berlyne and Peckham (1966) and Eisenman and Rappaport (1967). For the 12 polygons rated, 8 of 12 beautiful-ugly ratings were significant, 5 of 12 fast-slow ratings, and 7 of 12 strong-weak ratings. Low-complexity polygons are beautiful and strong, but slow, while high-complexity polygons are ugly, slow, and weak in Ss' ratings. Symmetrical polygons are rated beautiful and strong regardless of whether they are high or low in complexity, but the high complexity-symmetrical shape was rated as fast, while the low complexity-symmetrical shape was considered slow. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
Differing neurochemical and morphological sequelae of global ischemia: comparison of single- and multiple-insult paradigms.

: The purpose of this investigation was to investigate pathomechanisms responsible for the deleterious effects of repeated episodes of brief forebrain ischemia. Halothane-anesthetized male Wistar rats were subjected to either (a) a single 15-min period or (b) three 5-min periods (separated by 1 h) of global forebrain ischemia by bilateral carotid artery occlusions plus hypotension (50 mm Hg), followed by various periods of recirculation. Brain temperature was normothermic throughout. In one series of rats, extracellular levels of glutamate, glycine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured in the dorsolateral striatum (n = 6–8 per group) and lateral thalamus (n = 4–6 per group) by microdialysis and HPLC before and during ischemia and during 3–5 h of recirculation. In a parallel series of rats (n = 6 per group), ischemic cell change was quantified at 2 (dark neurons), 24, or 72 h following either single or multiple ischemic insults. A single 15-min ischemic period led to massive glutamate release (13-fold increase; p= 0.001), which returned to normal by 20–30 min of recirculation and remained normal thereafter. By contrast, in rats with three 5-min periods of ischemia, the glutamate level rise with each repeated insult (four- to 4.5-fold; p 0.02) was smaller than that observed during the single 15-min insult, but a late sustained rise (five- to six-fold; p < 0.05) occurred at 2–3 h of recirculation. Brief ischemia-induced elevations of glycine and GABA levels were detected in both the single- and multiple-insult groups, with normalization during recirculation. In contrast, the excitotoxic index, a composite measure of neurotransmitter release ([glutamate] X [glycine]/[GABA]), differed markedly following single versus multiple insults (p= 0.002 by repeated-measures analysis of variance) and increased by seven- to 12-fold (p < 0.05) at 1–3 h following the third insult. The total amount of glutamate released was 3.3-fold higher in the multiple-insult than in the single-insult group (p < 0.02). At 2 h of recirculation, histopathological analysis of dorsolateral striatum showed a significantly greater frequency of dark neurons in the multiple- than in the single-insult group (p < 0.05 by analysis of variance). In the thalamus, a higher frequency of ischemic neurons was seen in the multiple- than in the single-insult group at all intervals studied. Thus, in rats with multiple ischemic insults, accelerated ischemic damage was found in the striatum, and severe ischemic injury was documented in the thalamus. These results demonstrate that multiple ischemic insults lead to a massive, sustained glutamate accumulation and to a major increase in the excitotoxic index during early recirculation, which is not seen following a single brief ischemic episode. These neurochemical changes correlate with our histopathological data showing an accelerated evolution of striatal pathology at 2 h following multiple ischemic insults.
An alternate respiratory pathway in Candida albicans.

Usual concentrations of antimycin A, rotenone and EDTA, individally or in combination, reduced aerobic growth rate and cell yield of Candida albicans to about half its normal level and to about the levels of previously-described acetate-negative, cytochrome-complete and aa3-deficient variants which were little affected by the inhibitors. Anaerobic conditions (not affected by antimycin A) reduced growth rate and cell yield of all cultures-including that of a nonrespiring aa3, b-deficient mutant-to low, equal levels. Antimycin A but not rotenone prevented growth of the normal strain on ethanol medium. Cyanide and antimycin A blocked most of the respiration of the normal strain and cytochrome-complete variant, but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. Rotenone and EDTA did not affect respiration of any of the cultures. SHAM blocked cyanide- and antimycin A-insensitive respiration and prolonged the lag phases of the three respiring cultures, especially in the presence of antimycin A, but alone increased oxygen-uptake rate of the cytochromecomplete cultures while curtailing that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. Resting cells, especially wild-type, grown in medium containing antimycin A exhibited lowered oxygen-uptake rate, which was increased upon the addition of cyanide or antimycin A. Antimycin A stimulated, but cyanide inhibited, respiration of cytochrome-complete cultures grown in the presence of rotenone but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. SHAM inhibited respiration of all antimycin A- or rotenone-grown cultures. The high rate of respiration of C. albicans in the presence of inhibitors for three sites of electron transport in the conventional oxidative pathway, the inhibition of this respiration by SHAM and its loss by the absence of cytochrome b, indicate an alternate oxidative pathway in this organism which crosses the conventional one at cytochrome b.
Adaptive Resolution of Conflicts in Multimanipulator Systems

The main problem of controlling a multiple manipulator system is the conflicting actions between the manipulators. This conflicting action is often due to geometric modeling error or, in the case of independently controlled system, mismatch between the reference trajectories of the controllers. The proposed control scheme resolves the conflicting actions via a `mutual learning' process. The adaptive mechanism of each controller modifies its reference trajectory so as to adapt to others. It is shown that a common reference trajectory will eventually be reached by all the controllers. This adaptation process is carried out without explicit communication between the controllers. The proposed scheme was verified by computer simulations and experiments on a dual-manipulator system.
The Use of Multispectral Imaging in Limited-Angle Reconstruction

It is known that some Fourier components of an object are missing from its projection data in CT imaging if the object can be scanned only in a restricted angular range. Due to the ill-conditioning of the problem, the accuracy of extrapolating the missing Fourier components from the known ones is limited by the precision of both the measured data and the computing device used. In this paper we propose a method for improving limited-angle reconstruction by separating out individual component substances in the object through multiple energy scans. It is shown that reconstructing individual component substances can be done more accurately than reconstructing the composite object. The use of nonlinear constraints in reconstruction is discussed. The method can be applied to modalities such as x-ray scanning, electron microscopy, ultrasound imaging, and neutron imaging.
Visual texture as a factor in the apparent velocity of objective motion and motion aftereffects

The apparent velocity of an objectively rotating visually textured disk is an increasing monotonic function of the coarseness (size) of visual texture. The apparent velocity of a negative motion aftereffect increases with coarseness of moving induction texture but decreases with coarseness of stationary test texture, and there is an interaction between induction and test textures. An explanation of these effects is based principally on the assumption of greater lateral inhibition between neighboring elements in finer textures.
Time series analysis of an historical visibility data base

Abstract An historical visibility—sulfate data base has been statistically modeled using time series analysis. Salt Lake City, for the 3 year time period beginning January 1971 was selected because daily sulfate values were available. This study examines the necessary procedures involved in selecting the most appropriate statistical techniques for this kind of data base. First, the obvious inadequacies of the linear regression analysis are shown. Second, we demonstrate the usefulness of the Box-Jenkins technique on the time series. This method is able to account for autocorrelation among the variables as well as lead-lag relationships between them.
Basaltic ring structures of the Columbia Plateau

Circular structures, defined by arcuate, concentric ridges and scarps that surround hills, mesas, or crater-like depressions, are localized in an exceptionally thick section of the Roza Member of the Yakima Basalt on the Columbia Plateau. Autointrusive dikes are conspicuous in most ridge segments. Palagonite discovered in a few central hills appears genetically related to the ring structures and suggests an origin involving interaction of water and lava. The dikes intruded a crust about 30 m thick, however, so that substantial cooling must have occurred prior to formation of the rings. A plausible explanation for these unusual features may hinge on the disruption of drainage that occurred as a result of the voluminous basalt extrusion. If, after partial cooling, the molten interior of this thick ponded Roza flow were intersected by a rising ground-water table, rapidly accumulating volatiles could have caused explosive venting as well as doming and cracking of the crust, with concurrent emplacement of granulated sideromelane (later palagonitized) and tephra in craters and fractures. Subsidence of the crust after initial venting could have permitted intrusion of melt into fractures predominantly concentric to the focus of pressure release. Subsequent catastrophic erosion by the Missoula floods effectively removed most of the surficial clues to original structure and morphology, leaving the roots of these enigmatic features partly exposed.
Palmaris profundus: One name, several subtypes, and a shared potential for nerve compression

The palmaris profundus is a rare, but known anatomic variation which may lead to compression of the median nerve and/or its branches. Two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are presented in whom a palmaris profundus was discovered at operation. In these cases, median nerve compression at the wrist was attributed to the course of the extra tendon and its local mass effect on the nerve (i.e., the palmaris profundus and median nerve shared a common sheath); more commonly, the resultant decreased available space for the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to the presence of an accessory (10th) flexor tendon is thought to be responsible. Postoperative 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to demonstrate the full course of the variant muscle; despite variations in the size and longitudinal extent of the accessory musculotendinous unit, an important similarity was noted: the intimate relationship of the median nerve and the palmaris profundus. These two cases and our review of the literature highlight the fact that one name (i.e. palmaris profundus) reflects several anatomic subtypes. However, the close relationship of the palmaris profundus with the median nerve in the forearm and the palm is a common theme which emphasizes the potential pathoanatomic consequences of this relationship: nerve compression. Clin. Anat. 22:643–648, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A phone-centered body sensor network platform cost, energy efficiency & user interface

We have designed a Bluetooth-based body sensor network platform for physiological diary applications and have addressed its challenges in cost, energy efficiency, and user interface. In our platform, an Internet-capable phone serves as the center and manages every network member. We designed a Bluetooth sensor node for general sensing devices to join the network without much alteration. Since Bluetooth imposes a large power overhead, we have taken extreme care to minimize its duty cycle. We also incorporated a wrist-worn device as the user interface. It displays information under the instruction of the phone in an ambient fashion, and enables the user to interact with the network conveniently. By leveraging resources on the phone, we are able to minimize the cost and energy consumption of the sensor nodes and the wrist-worn device.
The pitfalls of profoundly effective analgesic therapies.

Objective: In essentially all areas of pain medicine, treatments with improved effectiveness are needed. Though gains have been made in recent years, suffering from acute postoperative pain, low back pain, cancer-related pain, and pain from other causes remains problematic. On the other hand, both science and industry are approaching the problem with ever more sophisticated techniques. Though not currently in our armamentarium, it seems likely that at some point we will be faced with the situation where profoundly effective broad-spectrum analgesic therapies are available to our patients. Depending on their mechanisms of action, there may be significant downsides to the use of these new medications. The objective of this report was to explore the consequences of developing profoundly effective analgesic agents. Methods: This report reviews some of the recent advancements in our march toward developing profoundly effective analgesics and some of the pitfalls we might anticipate will be associated with these agents. Specifically, the issue of pain as an essential protective mechanism is explored. The causes and consequences of inherited neuropathies associated with pain insensitivity are reviewed. Results: The ability to appreciate internal and external stimuli as painful is critical to humans. The loss of this ability has profound adverse consequences which in their extreme can be life threatening. Significant social issues might arise from the availability of profoundly effective analgesics. A structure for managing the introduction of these agents into clinical practice is suggested. Discussion: By anticipating the likely clinical properties of profoundly effective analgesics we place ourselves in best position to guide their development, assure their safety, and oversee their use. The early collaboration of industry, scientists, clinicians, and regulatory authorities may be the best course.
Biosynthesis of the Peptide Bond in the CoenzymeN-(7-Mercaptoheptanoyl)-l-threonine Phosphate☆☆☆

Abstract The biochemical mechanism for the formation of the amide bond in N -(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)- l -threonine phosphate (HS-HTP) has been studied by measuring the incorporation of l -[3- 3 H]threonine into N -(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)- l -threonine (HS-HT) by cell extracts (CE) of Methanosarcina thermophila incubated with different precursors. Synthesis of HS-HT was observed from l -[3- 3 H]threonine and 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid (HS-H) when the incubations were conducted with either crude CE or Sephadex column-purified CE. In the presence of CE, the synthesis of HS-HT was found to be inhibited 66% by preincubation of the extract with ATPase, indicating that ATP was involved in the biosynthesis. In spite of this indication of ATP involvement in the coupling reaction, incubation of the crude CE with l -[3- 3 H]threonine, HS-H, and ATP was found to inhibit the formation of HS-HT. In contrast, the synthesis of HS-HT in the presence of Sephadex column-purified CE was found to be stimulated by the addition of ATP. Incubation of the crude CE with the CoA thioester of 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid (HS-HCoA) or the mixed disulfide formed between coenzyme M and 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid did not stimulate the biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of HS-HT was found to be strongly inhibited by an ethanol extract of the crude CE. This inhibition was found to be attributed to the HS-HTP present in the extract. Stimulation of HS-HT biosynthesis 300-fold was observed when the Sephadex column-purified CE was incubated with l -[3- 3 H]threonine and 7-mercaptoheptanoyl phosphate (HS-H-P). Data indicate that HS-HT is produced by the phosphorylation of HS-H to HS-H-P with ATP, which then reacts with l -threonine to produce HS-HT.
Proceptive calling by female lion‐tailed macaques

During 6 years of monitoring breeding groups of lion-tailed macaques, it was discovered that females regularly emitted a non-copulatory vocalization during the follicular portion of the menstrual cycle. In the majority of cases females focused visually on a particular male when calling. Two-thirds of all calls were directed at males living outside the group. The responses of targeted males were consistent with the evidence from its temporal pattern that calling is a behavior used by females to draw attention to their willingness to receive copulations. Given that lion-tails are highly arboreal, it is postulated that in the wild state females use calls to attract the attention of males under conditions of limited visibility. As an unambiguous indicator of receptivity, this vocalization may facilitate the reproductive management of captive populations.
Use of conjugated estrogens in life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding in hemodialysis patients--a review

Hormonal agents (estrogen and progesterone) are being studied for their use in bleeding. This observance was initially explored in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) with epistaxis had variation in bleeding depending on her menstrual cycles.(1) Thus, hormonal therapy was initially used in patients with HHT to control episodes of epistaxis.(2) The literature on hormonal therapy in patients with life-threatening bleeding from gastrointestinal (GI) lesions is very limited. There are a few clinical trials in patients with chronic bleeds. However, no definite guidelines exist on their use in life-threatening GI bleeding in patients with uremia. Here, we describe a case with a life-threatening GI bleeding requiring multiple endoscopies and intensive care unit stay that responded to conjugated estrogens. We have done extensive research on English medical literature on PubMed and Google Scholar on the use of hormonal therapy for GI bleeding in patients with renal failure, and here we present the data as a review.
Maintaining quality of life

To the Editor: I am writing in response to the case report by Dal Bello-Haas et al entitled “Physical Therapy for a Patient Through Six Stages of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis” (December 1998). My compliments to the authors for writing and the Journal for publishing this report, which gives an overview of the diagnosis, examinations, and interventions for the individual with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The rehabilitation community too often neglects our patients with deteriorating pathologies. I want to comment on 3 concerns regarding this publication. The first concern relates to the prescribed exercise protocol for the patient with ALS. The prescribed exercise program included 10 minutes of cycling at 65% of the maximal heart rate 2 times a day in addition to stretching activities and an active resistance exercise program for the lower extremities. The patient was to exercise for 2 20-minute sessions a day, and the exercise prescription was continued even after her second visit to the clinic, during which she showed a decrease in muscle strength in all groups tested. The authors cite only 2 references that addressed the effects of resistive exercise for the person with ALS, one being a 1983 case study, and admit that there is no evidence of “functional change from a resistive exercise program.” At our clinic, we support Sinaki, who does not advocate “any vigorous exercise programs for persons with ALS” but rather feels that “everyday activities are enough.”1 Our patients and their caregivers are taught a range-of-motion/stretching program to be performed daily, but active-resistive or aerobic exercises are done only through functional tasks that are valued by the individual patient. Our patients who are golfers are taught how to modify their golf games, and those who enjoy walking go to the malls in the summer and decrease their target …
Effect of dietary Ca and Cd level of pregnant rats on reproduction and on dam and progeny tissue mineral concentrations.

The effects of the addition of 220 ppm of dietary cadmium (Cd) and calcium (Ca) (.07% and .96%) on reproduction and mineral concentrations were studied in pregnant rats and their progeny. The addition of Cd significantly reduced feed consumption and body weight gain (p less than .01) while both levels of Ca had no such effect. Liver and kidney Cd levels were significantly higher in the presence of low Ca than with high Ca (p less than .01). Dietary Cd also significantly increased liver zinc content (p less than .01) and decreased liver iron content (p less than .1). The average number of pups per litter was slightly but not significantly less in the Cd group though the average weight at birth was significantly less (p less than .01). Progeny concentrations of zinc copper and iron were significantly decreased and Ca concentrations were significantly increased with the Cd diet (p less than .01). The difference between high and low Ca diet on pup Cd content was significant (p less than .05). The biological importance of the alteration in maternal and fetal concentrations of zinc copper and iron by the supplementation of Cd in maternal diets is not known.
Effect of Time of Artificial Insemination and Supplemental Estradiol on Reproduction of Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Our objectives were to compare reproductive responses of dairy cows receiving timed artificial insemination (AI) either at 48 or 72h after induction of luteolysis and supplemented or not with estradiol cypionate (ECP). Holstein cows (971) had their estrous cycles presynchronized with injections of PGF 2α at 37 and 51 d in milk (DIM) and then received an injection of GnRH at 64 DIM and an injection of PGF 2α at 71 DIM. Cows were then assigned to a 2×2 factorial randomized block experiment; cows in the CoSynch 48h (CoS48) received a final injection of GnRH concurrent with timed AI 48h after PGF 2α , whereas cows in the CoSynch 72h (CoS72) received GnRH and timed AI 72h after PGF 2α . Half of the cows in each CoSynch protocol received an injection of 1mg of ECP 24h after PGF 2α . Therefore, the 4 treatments were as follows: CoS48-NECP (n=240), CoS72-NECP (n=246), CoS48-ECP (n=245), and CoS72-ECP (n=240). Blood was sampled at 7 d before and at the first GnRH of the CoSynch from all cows for analysis of progesterone concentration in plasma. Cows were classified as anovular when progesterone was less than 1.0 ng/mL in both samples. Blood was also sampled during proestrus from a subset of 123 cows to measure concentrations of estradiol and at 7 d after timed AI to measure concentrations of progesterone. Ovaries from the same subset of 123 cows were examined by ultrasonography to determine ovulatory follicle diameter and incidence of ovulation. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 40 and 68 d after AI. Prevalence of cyclic cows was 72.4% and was similar among treatments. Concentrations of estradiol increased after ECP treatment and at 72h of proestrus with CoS72. Pregnancy at 40 and 68 d after AI and pregnancy loss were not affected by timing of AI or supplemental ECP. Delaying timed AI to 72h and supplementation with ECP increased the proportion of cows displaying estrus at AI, and cows detected in estrus had increased pregnancy per AI associated with improved ovulation and increased postovulatory progesterone concentration. These results indicate that extending the proestrus by delaying timed AI from 48 to 72h plus supplemental ECP, despite increased expression of estrus at timed AI, did not improve reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows at first AI.
Children gifted in drawing: The incidence of precocious realism

Although one study has reported that 6% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have drawing talent, no study has examined the incidence of drawing talent in typical children. We asked 153 ...
MAC layer performance analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks

The MAC layer performance analysis of multi-hop ad hoc networks, is a challenging exercise due to the fact that the behavior of a node is dependent not only on its neighbors' behavior, but also on the behavior of other unseen nodes. In this paper, an approach to model the throughput performance of such networks that provides an accurate approximation is presented. The accuracy of the model is shown by applying it to 802.11-based ad hoc networks and comparing with simulation results.
Production of fusaric acid by Fusarium species.

Fusaric acid is a mycotoxin with low to moderate toxicity, which is of concern since it might be synergistic with other cooccurring mycotoxins. Fusaric acid is widespread on corn and corn-based food and feeds and is frequently found in grain, where Fusarium spp. are also isolated. We surveyed 78 strains of Fusarium moniliforme, F. crookwellense, F. subglutinans, F. sambucinum, F. napiforme, F. heterosporum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. proliferatum for their ability to produce fusaric acid. Strains in Fusarium section Liseola also were assigned to mating population of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. The fungi could be divided into three classes, low ( 500 micrograms/g), based on the amounts of this mycotoxin produced in culture on autoclaved corn. Strains of mating populations C from rice consistently produced moderate to high concentrations of fusaric acid. Two isolates, one each from mating populations C and D, produced fusaric acid in excess of 1,000 micrograms/g of corn. No isolates of any of the Fusarium species examined were negative for the production of fusaric acid on autoclaved corn.
Predicting temperate conifer forest successional stage distributions with multitemporal Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery

Forest succession is a fundamental ecological process which can impact the functioning of many terrestrial processes, such as water and nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Therefore, knowing the distribution of forest successional stages over a landscape facilitates a greater understanding of terrestrial ecosystems. One way of characterizing forest succession over the landscape is to use satellite imagery to map forest successional stages continuously over a region. In this study we use a forest succession model (ZELIG) and a canopy reflectance model (GORT) to produce spectral trajectories of forest succession from young to old-growth stages, and compared the simulated trajectories with those constructed from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to understand the potential of mapping forest successional stages with remote sensing. The simulated successional trajectories captured the major characteristics of observed regional mean succession trajectory with Landsat TM imagery for Tasseled Cap indices based on age information from the Pacific Northwest Forest Inventory and Analysis Integrated Database produced by Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. Though the successional trajectories are highly nonlinear in the early years of succession, a linear model fits well the regional mean successional trajectories for brightness and greenness due to significant cross-site variations that masked the nonlinearity over a regional scale (R 2 =0.8951 for regional mean brightness with age; R 2 =0.9348 for regional mean greenness with age). Regression analysis found that Tasseled Cap brightness and greenness are much better predictors of forest successional stages than wetness index based on the data analyzed in this study. The spectral history based on multitemporal Landsat imagery can be used to effectively identify mature and old-growth stands whose ages do not match with remote sensing signals due to change occurred during the time between ground data collection and image acquisition. Multitemporal Landsat imagery also improves prediction of forest successional stages. However, a linear model on a stand basis has a limited predictive power of forest stand successional stages (adjusted R 2 =0.5435 using the Tasseled Cap indices from all four images used in this study) due to significant variations in remote sensing signals for stands at the same successional stage. Therefore, accurate prediction of forest successional stage using remote sensing imagery at stand scale requires accounting for site-specific factors influence remotely sensed signals in the future.
Preparation, application and testing of permanent antibacterial and antiviral coatings

Protocols for the synthesis of the microbicidal polycation N,N-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine and coating (painting) of glass slides with this polycation's butanol solution are described. Subsequently detailed are the procedures for validating that the resultant coated slides are essentially 100% lethal to the human bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as to two common strains of influenza virus. The time required to prepare and apply the cationic polymer and to test its microbicidal efficiency is conservatively estimated to be <4 weeks.
Teacher Expectations of Students' Classroom Behavior: Do Expectations Vary as a Function of School Risk?

Understanding the social behaviors teachers believe is critical for school success and can contribute to the development of effective behavioral supports and assist teachers in better preparing students for successful school transitions across the K-12 grade span. We explored 1303 elementary, middle, and high school teachers’ expectations of student behavior to examine the extent to which school characteristics (e.g., poverty, mobility, enrollment, school level) predicted teacher expectations. Our results corroborated findings of earlier studies indicating that teachers consistently placed greater emphasis on cooperation and self-control skills relative to assertion skills. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the level of school risk did not predict the importance teachers place on cooperation, assertion, and self-control skills. Some prominent differences, however, were found across elementary, middle, and high school levels, highlighting the importance of intentional communication and deliberate...
Modeling the beneficial effects of incubation in creative brainstorming

A series of recent neural network models have begun to address experimental findings showing that group brainstormers are often less productive than the same number of individuals working in isolation. These models also deal with various manipulations that can enhance productivity in both group and individual brainstormers. The present study uses network interactions between nodes representing ideas and categories to reproduce some of the behavioral data about interactive groups instructed to brainstorm on an open-ended real-life problem. In particular, we simulate results showing that brief breaks or incubation periods can enhance productivity in brainstormers who would otherwise be fixated on categories in which they receive suggestions. Future refinements of this model may be used to better predict group participants' search of ideas.
An Integrative and Discriminative Technique for Spoken Utterance Classification

Traditional methods of spoken utterance classification (SUC) adopt two independently trained phases. In the first phase, an automatic speech recognition (ASR) module returns the most likely sentence for the observed acoustic signal. In the second phase, a semantic classifier transforms the resulting sentence into the most likely semantic class. Since the two phases are isolated from each other, such traditional SUC systems are suboptimal. In this paper, we present a novel integrative and discriminative learning technique for SUC to alleviate this problem, and thereby, reduce the semantic classification error rate (CER). Our approach revolves around the effective use of the N-best lists generated by the ASR module to reduce semantic classification errors. The N-best list sentences are first rescored using all the available knowledge sources. Then, the sentence that is most likely to helps reduce the CER are extracted from the N-best lists as well as those sentences that are most likely to increase the CER. These sentences are used to discriminatively train the language and semantic-classifier models to minimize the overall semantic CER. Our experiments resulted in a reduction of CER from its initial value of 4.92% to 4.04% in the standard ATIS task.
DNA Profiling Using Solid-State Nanopores: Detection of DNA-Binding Molecules

We present a novel single-molecule method for rapidly evaluating small-molecule binding to individual DNA molecules using nanopores fabricated in ultrathin silicon membranes. A measurable shift in the residual ion current through a approximately 3.5 nm pore results from threading of a dye-intercalated DNA molecule, as compared to the typical residual current of native DNA. The average level of the residual current can be used to directly quantify the fraction of bound molecules to DNA, providing a new way to determine binding isotherms. Spatial sensitivity is also demonstrated by designing a two-segment DNA molecule that contains small-molecule binding sites in one of its two segments. Translocations of such molecules exhibit two current levels upon incubation with a DNA-binding dye, caused by selectively bound dye in one of the DNA segments. Our results, as shown here with four different dyes, coincide well with bulk fluorescence measurements performed under identical conditions. The nanopore approach for "reading-out" molecular binding along a DNA molecule, combined with the miniscule amounts of DNA required and the potential for scalability using nanopore arrays, provide a novel platform for future applications in analytical drug screening.
Particle motion in axisymmetric stagnation flow toward an interface

Numerical solutions for the creeping motion of a spherical particle in a linear axisymmetric straining flow normal to a deformable interface are presented for a range of viscosity ratios, capillary numbers, and Bond numbers. The parameter ranges investigated have applications in areas of flotation (small interface deformation) and material processing (large interface deformation). The accuracy of previous solutions for flotation problems which neglect interface deformation is considered, along with the magnitude and form of interface deformation “defects” which may appear in material processing applications involving fluids containing bubbles or small particles.
Using a state-space model with hidden variables to infer transcription factor activities

Motivation: In a gene regulatory network, genes are typically regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Transcription factor activity (TFA) is more difficult to measure than gene expression levels are. Other models have extracted information about TFA from gene expression data, but without explicitly modeling feedback from the genes. We present a state-space model (SSM) with hidden variables. The hidden variables include regulatory motifs in the gene network, such as feedback loops and auto-regulation, making SSM a useful complement to existing models. Results: A gene regulatory network incorporating, for example, feed-forward loops, auto-regulation and multiple-inputs was constructed with an SSM model. First, the gene expression data were simulated by SSM and used to infer the TFAs. The ability of SSM to infer TFAs was evaluated by comparing the profiles of the inferred and simulated TFAs. Second, SSM was applied to gene expression data obtained from Escherichia coli K12 undergoing a carbon source transition and from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. The inferred activity profile for each TF was validated either by measurement or by activity information from the literature. The SSM model provides a probabilistic framework to simulate gene regulatory networks and to infer activity profiles of hidden variables. Availability: Supplementary data and Matlab code will be made available at the URL below. Contact: krischan@egr.msu.edu Supplementary information: http://www.chems.msu.edu/groups/chan/ssm.zip
Analgesic Efficacy of Calcitonin for Vertebral Fracture Pain

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of calcitonin for treating the pain of vertebral fractures associated with osteoporosis.DATA SOURCES:Searches of MEDLINE (1966–July 2002), Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1977–July 2002), and an extensive manual review of journals were performed using the key search terms calcitonin, analgesic, osteoporosis, vertebral fracture, and pain.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included for this review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Fractures, especially vertebral fractures, are a common complication of osteoporosis, leading to significant pain. Calcitonin has been studied for its analgesic properties. Fourteen double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the analgesic efficacy of calcitonin for osteoporosis-related vertebral fracture pain were identified and reviewed. Thirteen of these studies demonstrated statistically significant improvement in ...
Integration of a Microstrip Circulator With Planar Yagi Antennas of Several Directors

An integration methodology is presented to design antenna systems incorporating a ferrite circulator. Two integrated systems comprised of a microstrip circulator and Yagi planar-type antennas are presented as validation of the proposed methodology. Excellent pass band characteristics are observed in the experimental and numerical data for both systems. Furthermore, one system is magnetically tuned to realize 30 dB isolation over a bandwidth of 850 MHz. Both systems maintain excellent return loss and show improved insertion loss specifications even though the ferrite is biased into partial saturation. Extensive measurement data of the ferrite material and system network parameters are provided to corroborate the claims made herein.
Economic Activity and the Quality of Life in Eastern Kentucky

The Appalachian region of Kentucky is a good place in which to examine how the distribution of economic benefits influences the economic development process. Using quality of life as an indicator of the outcome of the development process, the authors show that manufacturing is associated with more widely distributed employment and income than coal production even though residents in manufacturing counties make lower average wages per employee and have lower per capita incomes than residents of counties with coal production. This suggests that differences in the distribution of income and employment associated with manufacturing and coal production are the key to the developmental potential of these economic activities. 1 figure, 3 tables.
“Please Call Now, Before It's Too Late”: Spectacle Discourse in the Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Telethon

Si de nombreuses critiques ont ete emises quant aux consequences du telethon nord-americain consacre a la myopathie, aucune etude n'a aborde cette question du point de vue du telethon comme phenomene de spectacle, de marchandisation et de pouvoir. Selon l'A., un moyen de formuler une nouvelle critique du telethon organise par l'Association de la dystrophie musculaire (MDA) est d'analyser la maniere dont les gains financiers sont relies a la structure visuelle et ideologique du telethon. Il suggere que la facon dont le telethon collecte des fonds est similaire a celle des foires aux monstres historiques. Les deux evenements tentent de generer un capital par l'intermediaire de l'exhibition de corps differents. Quoique les motivations soient differentes, l'A. soutient qu'il est d'une importance vitale de considerer les facteurs economiques dans le telethon et dans les foires aux monstres pour la critique respective de ces deux types d'evenements. Si le telethon repond au besoin contemporain d'une Alterite mise en spectacle, l'analyse de sa mediation televisuelle permet de jeter un regard plus positif sur le telethon de la MDA, en meme temps qu'elle renouvelle la conceptualisation des foires aux monstres.
Cyclin D1 is required for s phase traversal in bovine tracheal myocytes

We examined the role of cyclin D1 in cultured bovine tracheal myocyte mitogenesis. Immunoblots using a polyclonal antibody against cyclin D1 showed the appearance of this protein 4 h after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen for these cells. Immunoblots utilizing an antibody against the 110-kDa retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a downstream phosphorylation target of the cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) complex, showed reduced electrophoretic mobility of this protein as early as 8 h after PDGF treatment, suggesting phosphorylation of Rb by the cyclin D1/cdk4 dimer in vivo. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a nonmitogen, failed to induce either cyclin D1 synthesis or Rb phosphorylation. PDGF treatment of cells transiently transfected with the full-length cyclin D1 promoter subcloned into a luciferase reporter increased luciferase activity almost threefold, demonstrating transcriptional activation of the cyclin D1 promoter with mitogenic stimulation. Finally, microinjection of individual myocytes with an affinity-purified antibody against cyclin D1 reduced the percentage of cells traversing S phase after serum stimulation, as assessed by fractional bromodeoxyuridine labeling (isotype control antibody, 0.74 +/- 0.10; anti-cyclin D1, 0.22 +/- 0.04; P = 0.0001). We conclude that 1) mitogenic stimulation of cultured bovine tracheal myocytes by PDGF induces cyclin D1 transcriptional activation and protein expression, 2) cyclin D1 expression is accompanied by Rb phosphorylation, which is evidence of increased cyclin D1-associated kinase activity in vivo, and 3) microinjection of anti-cyclin D1 antibodies inhibits cellular DNA synthesis, which is evidence that cyclin D1 is required for airway smooth muscle S phase traversal.
A solution for low radiochemical purity of [11C] PIB

1744 Objectives [11C] PIB was synthesized by radiolabeling, HPLC separation, solid phase extraction (SPE) and reformulation. In our facility [11C] PIB is synthesized in both the GE TRACERlab Fx-C/MeI MicroLab (FX-C) unit and two GE TRACERlab Fx-C Pro units. Historical production data shows that [11C] PIB synthesized in the FX-C unit demonstrates low specific activity (SA) and higher mass concentration of [12C] PIB relative to the FX-C Pro. Since we did not observe a low radiochemical purity (RCP) issue within the FX-C unit, the data supports the fact that deterioration of RCP is related to high SA and low [12C] PIB content with the FX-C Pro. High RCP (≥ 95%) and SA (≥ 0.3 Ci/μmol at injection time, about 2.4 Ci/μmol at EOB) was required for patient administration. Methods The RCP of [11C] PIB was analyzed (i) before SPE (HPLC fraction and solution of the fraction was diluted with 40 mL water), and (ii) after SPE and reformulation. Differing amounts (40~165 mg in 40 mL water) of ascorbic acid (AA) was added to the HPLC fraction, and the influence on RCP measured by analytical HPLC. The residual AA concentration in final product was determined also using the same analytical HPLC system. Results When SA reached ≥ 20 Ci/μmol at EOB, the RCP of [11C] PIB was ≥ 99.0 % in the HPLC fraction; RCP decreased to 79.0 - 94.9 % (n = 11) after SPE without added AA which demonstrates that RCP decreased during the SPE step. Addition of 80 mg of AA added to the HPLC fraction resulted in RCP’s ≥ 95% (mean = 97.0 %, n = 225) in final product formulation even with SA’s in the 7.5-74.0 Ci/μmol range at EOB (mean 22.6 Ci/μmol, n = 225). The residual AA concentrations in final production volume of 10 mL was lower than 2.5 μg/mL (0.4-2.5μg/mL, mean 1.1 μg/mL, n = 33). Conclusions The data suggests that if the SA is lower than 10.0 Ci/μmol at EOB or the mass concentration of [12C] PIB is over 1.0 μg/mL there would be no significant change in RCP during SPE. For high SA [11C] PIB, 80 mg of AA (2 mg/mL) added before sep-pak purification was sufficient to stabilize [11C] PIB. AA prevents oxidation of [11C] PIB while it resides on the C-18 sep-pak