cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical exposure induces formation of an arteriovenous permeability gradient for macromolecules in the microcirculation of muscle.

Abstract Rous and his colleagues ( P. Rous, H. P. Gilding, and F. Smith, 1930 , J. Exp. Med. 51, 807–830, F. Smith and P. Rous, 1931 , J. Exp. Med. 53, 195–217) uncovered evidence for an arteriovenous gradient of permeability in exchange vessels of muscle. After injecting vital dyes intravenously in laboratory animals, including mice and rats, they examined escape of the dyes from exchange vessels of abdominal muscles, prepared for observation by reflection of the overlying skin. They noted that a particular class of dyes, termed “poorly diffusible,” escapes from venules but not from arterioles and capillaries a few minutes after injection. We now assume that the “poor” diffusibility of the dyes stems from their binding to plasma proteins. We repeated similar experiments in mice and rats, using Evans blue as tracer, and also observed leakage of Evans blue from venules but not from other exchange vessels. We made three additional observations. (1) Evans blue leaks from venules only after the skin overlying the abdominal muscles is reflected. (2) Reflection of the skin initiates degranulation of mast cells in the muscles. (3) Leakage of Evans blue from venules is inhibited by administration of promethazine, a histamine and serotonin antagonist, to the animals prior to reflection of the skin. On the basis of our observations, we conclude that the arteriovenous permeability gradient for poorly diffusible dyes in the microcirculation of muscle represents response to tissue injury resulting from reflection of overlying skin.
Positive Solutions and Extremal Points for Differential Equations

Extremal point properties are examined for the boundary value problem x(n) + ? n-2 i=0 Ai(t)x(i) = 0, x(i)(0) = x(n-2)(T) = 0, 0?i?n-2, where the Ai's, a characterization for the first extremal point is given in terms of the existence of a solution which is positive with respect to a cone in a Banach space. Also, an existence theorem is obtained for a related nonlinear problem
Surface resistance of single domain YBCO

c-axis single domain YBCO crystals have been grown by using the seeded melt growth (SMG) method. Surface resistance has been measured at 12.95 GHz and 77 K in magnetic fields up to 1.5 T. The Pippard scaling behavior has been found in the well-oxygenated crystal indicating the high-quality of the single domain YBCO and similar loss mechanism compared to conventional superconductors.
Contact models of repaired articular surfaces: influence of loading conditions and the superficial tangential zone.

The superficial tangential zone (STZ) plays a significant role in normal articular cartilage’s ability to support loads and retain fluids. To date, tissue engineering efforts have not replicated normal STZ function in cartilage repairs. This finite element study examined the STZ’s role in normal and repaired articular surfaces under different contact conditions. Contact area and pressure distributions were allowed to change with time, tension-compression nonlinearity modeled collagen behavior in the STZ, and nonlinear geometry was incorporated to accommodate finite deformation. Responses to loading via impermeable and permeable rigid surfaces were compared to loading via normal cartilage, a more physiologic condition, anticipating the two rigid loading surfaces would bracket that of normal. For models loaded by normal cartilage, an STZ placed over the inferior repair region reduced the short-term axial compression of the articular surface by 15%, when compared to a repair without an STZ. Covering the repair with a normal STZ shifted the flow patterns and strain levels back toward that of normal cartilage. Additionally, reductions in von Mises stress (21%) and an increase in fluid pressure (13%) occurred in repair tissue under the STZ. This continues to show that STZ properties of sufficient quality are likely critical for the survival of transplanted constructs in vivo. However, response to loading via normal cartilage did not always fall within ranges predicted by the rigid surfaces. Use of more physiologic contact models is recommended for more accurate investigations into properties critical to the success of repair tissues.
Field testing amplitude and phase variation with offset (APVO) analysis of ground penetrating radar data

Summary: This paper presents the initial results of field tests using amplitude and phase variation with offset (APVO) analysis of ground penetrating radar (GPR) data to examine its feasibility as a method for delineation of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination. This paper examines two data sets; (1) a reprocessed data set from a controlled release of dense NAPL (DNAPL) and, (2) an extensive release of light NAPL (LNAPL) at a hazardous waste site. The results of the APVO analysis of the field data agree with the predictive forward model results.
Inotropic response of the salvaged myocardium after acute coronary occlusion.

Abstract We determined the response of the reperfused myocardium to inotropic stimulation with dobutamine hydrochloride. The middle part of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in 15 greyhounds for 3 hours. Group 1 (N = 8) was reperfused for 3 hours in the beating, working heart. Group 2 ( N = 7) was put on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for 1 hour, received 500 ml of potassium cardioplegia in the aortic root and in the area of ischemia through an internal mammary–LAD graft, and the LAD was reperfused off CPB for 3 hours. After 3 hours of reperfusion, dobutamine was given at 10 μg/kg/min for 20 minutes. Regional myocardial function was determined with subendocardial ultrasonic crystals in the area of ischemia and in the base of the heart; segmental contractility was determined from the ratio of peak left ventricular pressure to end-systolic segment length; and global contractility was determined by the slope of the ventricular pressure wave at a developed pressure of 40 mm Hg. Measurements were made prior to LAD occlusion (control), at the end of 3 hours of reperfusion (6 hours from the beginning of occlusion), and after 20 minutes of dobutamine infusion. Dobutamine infusion improved segmental function in all animals compared with 3 hours of reperfusion. The study shows that the reperfused myocardium responds favorably to inotropic stimulation after 3 hours of occlusion and 3 hours of reperfusion, and that the contractile response both to reperfusion and to inotropic stimulation is greatly affected by the method of reperfusion.
The Rewards of Academic Leadership.

Understanding the nature of academic leadership aids in the identification of both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards to motivate commitment to difficult yet critical roles in the academy.
A gel-based reference map of the porcine hepatocyte proteome.

Abstract The overall goal of our research is to characterize and identify gene expression profiles of porcine hepatic cells. In this study, we have prepared two-dimensional electrophoresis maps of cytosol and membrane fractions from freshly prepared hepatocytes which were pooled from three crossbred pigs (35–69 kg). Following isoelectric focusing with three pH range immobilized pH gradient strips (pH 3–6, 5–8 and 7–10) and staining the second dimension gels with colloidal Coomassie blue, 728 protein spots were picked and digested with trypsin. Extracted tryptic peptides were initially subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF-MS) analysis for identification of proteins by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF). Proteins which were not identified by PMF were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Utilizing publicly available databases [NCBInr, Swiss Prot and expressed sequence tags (EST)], 648 proteins were identified. Of those, 282 were unique proteins and greater than 90% of proteins spots contained single proteins. These data represent the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of porcine hepatocytes and will provide a database for future investigations of endocrine regulation of gene expression and metabolic processes in vitro.
Echoes of tradition: Liang Qichao’s reflections on the Italian Risorgimento and the construction of Chinese nationalism

This paper examines how Liang Qichao viewed the Italian Risorgimento, with the focus on his reflections on its meanings in the historical contexts of Chinese politics and tradition. It will identify and analyze the many forces and ideas that influenced Liang as he formulated his reflections, especially the timing around the turn of the twentieth century and the discourses of nascent nationalism in Japan where Liang lived in exile. The way Liang created – or recreated – the Italian story demonstrated that the Chinese had finally begun to realize a crucial point about the building of a modern nation. While Britain, the United States, and France were able to build a modern nation by starting from the grass roots and more closely observing Enlightenment ideals, China did not have the luxury or the time to follow the same path. In the age of high imperialism, the weak would simply be weeded out quickly. Without national salvation, there could be no modern nation. National salvation, as exemplified by the Risor...
Biochemical form of nickel in alfalfa

Abstract The essential trace element, nickel, is readily taken up by plants Alfalfa (Medicago sativia, L.) synthesizes a molecule that binds nickel. The majority of the complex is water soluble. The Nickel complex(es) are not ionic nickel but exist as a larger moiety with a cationic or anionic charge. The polydispersed complex is about 2000 daltons in size. When the nickel complex is mechanically extracted from the alfalfa, the radiolabeled complex is released slowly, indicating that the bound nickel complex is in equilibrium with a free complex in solution. This complex will form in vitro when expressed fluid from alfalfa is combined with nickel-63
Drug-eluting stent fracture and acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Background Coronary stent fracture is an underrecognized entity but has been reported more frequently in the drug-eluting stent (DES) era. Nevertheless, the clinical implications of coronary stent fracture remain unclear. Methods and Materials A literature search for reports of DES fracture was conducted via MEDLINE, and the US Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was accessed via the internet and interrogated for reports of stent fracture between January 1, 2003, and April 30, 2008. Each report was reviewed, and clinical information was extracted for analysis. Results The MEDLINE search identified 202 cases of coronary DES fracture, with 95% of cases involving Cypher sirolimus-eluting stents. Clinical information regarding patient presentation was available in 96 cases. Patients presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or stent thrombosis in six cases (6%) and with unstable angina or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) in 40 cases (42%). The MAUDE database search identified 337 stent fracture reports, with 97% of cases involving Cypher stents. Clinical information regarding patient presentation was available 193 cases. Patients presented with STEMI or stent thrombosis in 24 cases (12%) and with unstable angina or NSTEMI in 36 cases (19%). Conclusions Most reports of drug-eluting stent fracture involve Cypher stents. DES fracture can be associated with stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction and angina. However, whether the incidence of such events reported in the literature and in the MAUDE database is representative of all patients experiencing stent fracture remains unclear.
A Quarterly Econometric Model of United States Livestock and Feed Grain Markets and Some of Its Policy Implications

This paper discusses the structural equations, forecasting properties, dynamic characteristics, and economic policy implications of a quarterly econometric model of U.S. livestock and feedgrain markets. Quarterly, semi-annual, and annual endogenous variables are incorporated by allowing individual structural equations to be estimated and to enter into the solution of the model with different periodicities. Commodity prices are determined by market equilibrium conditions rather than by autoregressive and other time-series techniques. Dynamic multipliers give the effect of changes in corn exports, beef imports, government grain stocks, corn yield, consumer income, and the support price for corn on producer and retail prices and acreage planted.
Modification of particle distributions by MHD instabilities I

The modification of particle distributions by low amplitude magnetohydrodynamic modes is an important topic for magnetically confined plasmas. Low amplitude modes are known to be capable of producing significant modification of injected neutral beam profiles, and the same can be expected in burning plasmas for the alpha particle distributions. Flattening of a distribution due to phase mixing in an island or due to portions of phase space becoming stochastic is a process extremely rapid on the time scale of an experiment but still very long compared to the time scale of guiding center simulations. Thus it is very valuable to be able to locate significant resonances and to predict the final particle distribution produced by a given spectrum of magnetohydrodynamic modes. In this paper we introduce a new method of determining domains of phase space in which good surfaces do not exist and use this method for quickly determining the final state of the particle distribution without carrying out the full time evolution leading to it.
Effect of reserpine on the uptake of 1,2-3H-testosterone by mouse prostate glands.

Abstract Single injections of reserpine (s.c.) were admistered to normal mice. Animals treated with this rauwolfia alkaloid were characterized by an inability to assimilate radioactive testosterone within prostate glands. The action of reserpine on the uptake of radiosteroid was related to the dose of drug. A 5 μg/kg or a 25 μg/kg dose was unable to interfere with the assimilation of male sex hormone within target tissues. However, a 50 μg/kg injection caused significant reductions in the amount of tritiated steriod within the prostate gland at 6, 12, or 24 hr following reserpine. While reserpine altered the incorporation of tritiated testosterone into prostate glands, it failed to interfere with the uptake of non-utilizable glucose (1- 14 C-2-deoxy-D-glucose) by these same organs. The mechanism of action of reserpine upon androgen assimilation is unknown, but it appears unlikely that it is due either to inhibition of gondotropin secretion or to reduce metabolic activity as evidenced by the unaltered uptake of non-utilizable glucose.
Copper and lead uptake by aquatic macrophytes in eastern Connecticut, U.S.A.

Abstract Copper and lead concentrations of submersed, floating-leaved and emergent macrophytes in three interconnected rivers subjected to different amounts of human influence were compared. Concentrations were highest downstream from a printed circuit factory and near urban areas. Lowest concentrations occurred in rural areas. Pontederia cordata L., an emergent species, had lower copper concentrations than Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. and other floating-leaved and submersed macrophytes, but differences among growth forms were small or negligible for lead. Concentrations of both elements were much higher in Pontederia rhizomes and roots than in shoots, especially in polluted areas. Copper concentrations of Pontederia seemed to depend primarily on concentrations in the sediments, whereas copper concentrations of Potamogeton and other floating-leaved and submersed species appeared more indicative of water quality. The lead concentrations of Pontederia seemed to be controlled primarily by uptake from sediments and atmospheric inputs. Differences in lead concentrations of Potamogeton were small among rivers, indicating that foliar absorption and acropetal translocation of lead from roots is low.
Correlative changes in proteases and protease inhibitors during mobilisation of protein from potato (Solanum tuberosum) seed tubers.

Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) contain protease inhibitors that function in plant defence and as storage proteins. A multi-domain cysteine protease inhibitor, potato multicystatin (PMC), has also been implicated in regulating protein accumulation in developing tubers by inhibiting proteases. Unlike developing tubers, sprouting tubers mobilise protein reserves to support growth of developing plants and, therefore, show an increase in protease activity. Using single-eye containing cores (seedcores) from seed tubers, we characterised the relative changes in patatin, PMC, proteases and serine (Ser) protease inhibitors, as a prerequisite to further research on their potential roles in protein mobilisation from tubers during plant establishment. Approximately 63% of seedcore dry matter was mobilised over a 29-day period of plant establishment (1.7 mg seedcore dry matter mobilised for every mg increase in plant dry matter). The gelatinolytic protease isoforms induced in seedcores during plant establishment differed from those characterised previously in developing tubers. Total protease activity increased progressively in seedcores and reached a maximum 23 days after planting. Conversely, seedcore soluble protein content declined, with patatin accounting for the greatest decrease in the soluble protein fraction during plant establishment. PMC also decreased 44% and Ser (trypsin) protease inhibitors decreased to levels barely detectable in seedcores over the 29-day growth interval. Moreover, the temporal changes in PMC, protease activity and patatin content were highly correlated. As PMC decreased from 6 to 4 ng core–1, protease activity increased 9-fold, patatin decreased 2.6-fold and total soluble protein decreased by 58%. These results suggest that catabolism of protease inhibitors may facilitate protein mobilisation from seed tubers. Further work to define unequivocally the role of protease inhibitors in modulating the activity of proteases during protein mobilisation from tubers is warranted.
Information technology alignment or “fit” in highly turbulent environments: the concept of flexibility

Most information technology (IT) “fit” literature has taken a structural contingency approach to studying the alignment of IT to organizational characteristics. The research has focused on internal fit, and assumed placid and stable environments. External fit is likely to be more important than internal fit for firms operating in highly dynamic environments. The concept of flexibility is introduced as a form of alignment in turbulent environments. Our definition of flexibility (based on work in IT, manufacturing, strategic management, and living systems theory) identifies three types of flexibility: flexibility in functionality, in use, and in modification. Twenty dimensions of IT flexibility help illustrate some possible measures. We conclude by discussing what our dimensions reveal about flexibility in the client/server domain.
Narrating Love in Soviet Adolescent Literature of the 1930s: Ruvim Fraerman's The Wild Dog Dingo; or, A Tale about First Love

This article article discusses the evolution of femininity in Soviet children's literature. In prerevolutionary narratives, authors typically portrayed the female heroine as sweet, pretty, and obedient, often an orphan who won over people's hearts through love and dedication. After the 1917 Revolution, a “sugary sweet” prototype of the female character in children's literature was replaced by a more gender-neutral identity and explicit femininity came to epitomize bourgeois values. Increasingly girls were portrayed more androgynous looking and physically and emotionally strong. I discuss femininity in the context of coming-of-age fiction and focuses on the theme of adolescent love in Soviet literature of the 1920s–1930s. I argue that although the question of love was typically avoided in children's literature of that time, some texts broke out of the established conventions and brought to the forefront the discussion of love and emotional maturation of their female characters. I then illustrate this argument with Ruvim Fraerman's school novella, “A Wild Dog Dingo, or The Story of First Love” (1938) that establishes strong intertextual references to classic Russian literature. Heavily criticized for its “petty-bourgeois” attention to feelings, Fraerman's novella, nevertheless, remained for years one of the favorite readings of Soviet youth.
Evaluation and management of posterior shoulder instability.

Context: Posterior shoulder instability is a commonly misdiagnosed disorder in many competitive athletes.Type of Study: Clinical review.Evidence Acquisition: Relevant studies on posterior shoulder instability from 1950 to 2010 in PubMed and Cochrane databases were reviewed.Results: A total of 107 studies were reviewed.Conclusion: Patients who have undergone at least 6 months of physical therapy and still experience instability symptoms should be considered for surgical stabilization directed at their underlying pathology.
Biosynthesis of carotenoids in the tomato fruit

Abstract The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in detached fruits of the “lutescent” tomato harvested at different stages of maturity was studied. DMSO inhibited the synthesis of both the acyclic and cyclic carotenoids in fruits treated prior to the lutescent stage. When more mature fruits were used the β-carotene content was not affected by DMSO while the levels of all other carotenoids examined significantly decreased. The pigment distribution in the fruit of the high-beta tomato genetic line was also studied. The high-beta fruit contained more β-zeacarotene and γ-carotene than the fruit of the normal red tomato “Summer Sunrise” of comparable ripeness. Treatment with DMSO inhibited the synthesis of both the acyclic and cyclic carotenoids in the high-beta tomato fruit.
Theory of thermal hydraulic quenchback in cable-in-conduit superconductors

Abstract In a numerical simulation of the motion induced by local heating of the helium in a cable-in-conduit superconductor Luongo et al. discovered a new phenomenon they called thermal hydraulic quenchback. After the creation of a local normal zone, its expansion compresses and displaces adjacent cold helium. This compression and displacement heat the cold helium and case long segments of the conductor rapidly to become normal. The propagation velocity thus appears to increase rather suddenly. The present paper describes an analytical study of this phenomenon. The main result is a simple formula for the time at which thermal hydraulic quenchback first starts.
Mutational Analysis of the A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP)-binding Site on RII CLASSIFICATION OF SIDE CHAIN DETERMINANTS FOR ANCHORING AND ISOFORM SELECTIVE ASSOCIATION WITH AKAPs

Compartmentalization of the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase is conferred by interaction of the regulatory subunit (RII) with A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs). The AKAP-binding site involves amino-terminal residues on each RII protomer and is formed through dimerization. A site-directed mutagenesis strategy was utilized to assess the contribution of individual residues in either RII isoform, RIIa or RIIb, for interaction with various anchoring proteins. Substitution of long-chain or bulky hydrophobic groups (leucines or phenylalanines) for isoleucines at positions 3 and 5 in RIIa decreased AKAP-binding up to 24 6 3( n 58)-fold, whereas introduction of valines had minimal effects. Replacement with hydrophilic residues (serine or asparigine) at both positions abolished AKAP binding. Mutation of proline 6 in RIIa reduced binding for four AKAPs (Ht31, MAP2, AKAP79, and AKAP95) from 2.3 to 20-fold (n 5 4) whereas introduction of an additional proline at position 6 in RIIb increased or conferred binding toward these anchoring proteins. Therefore, we conclude that b-branched side chains at positions 3 and 5 are favored determinants for AKAP-binding and prolines at positions 6 and 7 increase or stabilize RIIa interaction with selected anchoring proteins.
Relativistic atomic sum rules

Abstract Simple expressions are derived for relativistic sum rules. These expressions involve an expansion in powers of the potential energy of the target electrons, but the series is found to be rapidly convergent with the zeroth order term yielding extremely accurate results even for highly relativistic systems. The effects of relativity on these sum rules are explained in terms of the Zitterbewegung of the electrons.
Numerical solution of the Gel'fand–Levitan–Marchenko integral equation for electromagnetic inverse scattering theory using matrix inversion

In this article a numerical method that makes use of matrix inversion to solve the Gel'fand–Levitan–Marchenko (GLM) integral equation for electromagnetic inverse scattering is presented. The algorithm is validated by comparing it to the analytic solution of the inverse problem for the reflection coefficient with a rational function. This approach can be applied to a GLM inverse scattering problem with a general reflection coefficient or experiment data, for which an analytic solution of the GLM integral equation is not available. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15: 277–278, 1997.
Kinetic analysis of cholinesterases using a choline ester selective electrode.

Abstract A new electrochemical method for the determination of the cholinesterase activity of blood-derived fractions is presented. The rate of change of concentration of several choline esters in the presence of whole blood, serum and erythrocytes can be continuously monitored by an acetylcholine-selective electrode. Acetylcholine, butyrylcholine and acetyl β-methylcholine were employed as substrates. The assay of 0.05 units of enzyme activity can be readily conducted. The reproducibility of the procedure compares favorably to established colorimetric and pH-stat techniques.
Transport properties of alumina nanofluids

Recent studies have showed that nanofluids have significantly greater thermal conductivity compared to their base fluids. Large surface area to volume ratio and certain effects of Brownian motion of nanoparticles are believed to be the main factors for the significant increase in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. In this paper all three transport properties, namely thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and viscosity, were studied for alumina nanofluid (aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water). Experiments were performed both as a function of volumetric concentration (3?8%) and temperature (2?50??C). Alumina nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 36?nm were dispersed in water. The effect of particle size was not studied. The transient hot wire method as described by Nagaska and Nagashima for electrically conducting fluids was used to test the thermal conductivity. In this work, an insulated platinum wire of 0.003?inch diameter was used. Initial calibration was performed using de-ionized water and the resulting data was within 2.5% of standard thermal conductivity values for water. The thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluid increased with both increase in temperature and concentration. A maximum thermal conductivity of 0.7351?W?m?1?K?1 was recorded for an 8.47% volume concentration of alumina nanoparticles at 46.6??C. The effective thermal conductivity at this concentration and temperature was observed to be 1.1501, which translates to an increase in thermal conductivity by 22% when compared to water at room temperature. Alumina being a good conductor of electricity, alumina nanofluid displays an increasing trend in electrical conductivity as volumetric concentration increases. A microprocessor-based conductivity/TDS meter was used to perform the electrical conductivity experiments. After carefully calibrating the conductivity meter's glass probe with platinum tip, using a standard potassium chloride solution, readings were taken at various volumetric concentrations. A 3457.1% increase in the electrical conductivity was measured for a small 1.44% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The highest value of electrical conductivity, 314??S?cm?1, was recorded for a volumetric concentration of 8.47%. In the determination of the kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid, a standard kinematic viscometer with constant temperature bath was used. Calibrated capillary viscometers were used to measure flow under gravity at precisely controlled temperatures. The capillary viscometers were calibrated with de-ionized water at different temperatures, and the resulting kinematic viscosity values were found to be within 3% of the standard published values. An increase of 35.5% in the kinematic viscosity was observed for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles in water. The maximum kinematic viscosity of alumina nanofluid, 2.901?42?mm2?s?1, was obtained at 0??C for an 8.47% volumetric concentration of alumina nanoparticles. The experimental results of the present work will help researchers arrive at better theoretical models.
Stochastic models in hydrology

A stochastic approach to the analysis of hydrologic processes is defined along with a discussion of causes of tendency, periodicity and stochasticity in hydrologic series. Sources of temporal non-stationarity are described along with objectives and methods of analysis of processes and, in general, of information extraction from data. Transferred information as measured by correlation coefficients is compared with the transferable information as measured by entropy coefficients. Various multivariate approaches to hydrologic stochastic modeling are classified in light of complexities of spatial/temporal hydrologic processes. Alternatives of time series structural decomposition and modeling are compared. A special approach to modeling of space properties further contributes to approximate simulations of spatial/temporal processes over large areas. Several aspects of stochastic models in hydrology are concisely reviewed.
What we write and what we cite: A comment on Mantzoukas (2009)

Recently Mantzoukas (2009) undertook the very ambitious task of carefully reading and content analyzing the abstracts from all 2574 research articles published in the top 10 general nursing research journals from 2000 to 2006. The overall goal of his efforts was to identify potential barriers that limit the implementation of published research evidences in the practice context. His approach was to group articles using three categorization schemes: research methodology employed, type of evidence produced, and issue of study. In addition to addressing his stated objective, the aggregate-level analyses he provides are informative in their own right in that they describe the overall state of recent research activities in nursing. For example, he reports that only 7% of all articles published employed experimental methods. The data he tabulated have considerable value beyond that discussed in his article. For instance, the detailed tables he presents allow for calculation of correlations between journal impact factor scores and the characteristics of the research articles (according to his categorization schemes) published in these top nursing research journals. Scientific progress builds on a cohesive progression of empirical validation and extension from one study to the next, not simply a sort of ‘‘restarting’’ of the process with
Differential Current Pulse Preamplifier for Fission Counters

A current-pulse preamplifier with a differential input was developed for use with fission counters where there might be severe electrical interference. Tests with a vacuum tester coil show only a slight alteration of the normal noise background curve by the differential preamplifier but a great alteration by a single-ended preamplifier. Additionally, measurements show that if a differential current signal is obtained from the fission counter, the differential preamplifier can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (for electronic noise) nearly a factor of ?2 over that of a single-ended unit. Tests of five prototypes built by a commercial manufacturer to RDT standards show good uniformity of performance, including gain stability, rise time, and linearity, well within the specified requirements.
Investigating the role of polytypism in the growth of multi-shell CdSe/CdZnS quantum dots

In this work we investigate the role that polytypism has on the growth of multi-shelled, giant quantum dots (gQDs). Multi-shell growth was initiated at CdSe cores with either zinc blende or wurtzite crystal structures. The shells consisted of a CdxZn1−xS gradient that was deposited in a slow layer-by-layer SILAR process. The final gQDs had sizes of >15 nm, with shapes and symmetry that were influenced by core type, and polytypic growth conditions. A study of morphology and crystal structure change at each stage of shell growth was carried out by powder XRD, TEM, and HRTEM, and the photophysical properties were studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. In both types of cores, shell growth was found to transition to wurtzite, whereas the percentage of polytypism was shown to alter both morphology and optical properties.
How EU Integration and Legacies Mattered for Foreign Direct Investment into Central and Eastern Europe

Abstract This essay uses the case of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe to stipulate how European Union (EU) integration affected the economic globalisation of the post-socialist region. Existing studies argue that expectations of impending EU membership had a direct effect on raising FDI inflows because they reduced perceived investment risks for potential investors. In contrast, I show that the EU accession process worked through an indirect effect on FDI: it influenced post-socialist states' efforts to promote FDI as a desirable strategy of economic development and the behaviour of firms. These state efforts, in turn, increased FDI inflows, net of conventional risk and return factors. Further analyses indicate that decisions about state FDI-promotion have been influenced not only by EU conditionality but also, and importantly, by particular legacies, namely the countries' initial choice of privatisation strategies, extent of reform during socialism and history of state sovere...
Effect of maternal ethanol ingestion on serum growth hormone in the developing rat.

Abstract Pregnant rats were kept on a liquid diet containing ethanol (6.8% v/v) from the 13th day of gestation and serum G H levels were determined in the offspring. In neonates exposed to ethanol throughout development, serum growth hormone (GH) secretion was initially increased and then declined to subnormal levels compared to controls. The levels returned to normal after weaning. Withdrawal from ethanol at birth produced similar alterations in serum GH concentrations to those seen in neonatal rats exposed to ethanol continuously. Postnatal exposure to ethanol alone also caused a decrease in GH concentration in rat pups. These data indicate that exposure to ethanol during gestation causes an alteration in the regulation of secretion of GH in the developing pups. A single dose of ethanol given to pups postnatally also caused a marked decline in serum GH levels demonstrating that in the developing pup ethanol can interfere acutely with GH release.
Anomalous sound velocities in near-surface, organic-rich, gassy sediments in the central Argentine Basin

Abstract Methane production during diagenesis of organic-rich sediments within the Argentine Basin (water depths 5000–5600 m) has changed the velocity and density of the upper 50 m of sediments. A near-surface unit of normal-amplitude returns and normal sediment velocities (termed the N unit) is underlain by a unit of low-amplitude returns having low velocities (the L unit, velocities of 1.35–1.42 km s −1 ). Where sampled, the L unit sediments contain biogenic methane which forms large gas voids in the recovered cores. Beneath the L unit is a unit of high-amplitude returns and high sediment velocities (the H unit, velocities of 1.8–3.0 km s −1 ). The interfaces between the N, L, and H units mimic the sea floor and cut across dipping reflectors which are interpreted as buried mudwave surfaces. Cross-wave changes in the depth of the N, L, and H units may be related to the internal mudwave structure formed as a result of bedform migration. The N/L interface probably marks the depth of maximum downward sulphate penetration since methane production occurs below this depth. The L/H interface probably divides a region of discrete hydrate flakes (the L unit) from a region where the hydrate structure is more continuous (the H unit). Similar reflecting sequences are present in other ocean basins suggesting that the phenomena observed here are not restricted to the Argentine Basin.
Childhood Cruelty to Animals: Psychiatric and Demographic Correlates

This retrospective study compared frequencies of aggressive behaviors and abuse histories noted during a psychiatric intake assessment for children where animal cruelty was endorsed and a control sample of youth for whom animal cruelty was not endorsed to determine if rates of concerning behaviors differed significantly. Relative to the control group, the cruelty group was significantly more likely to have had problems with peers, perpetrated bullying, experienced sexual abuse, and have a history of sexually acting out. Recommendations for childhood animal cruelty screening in mental health settings are discussed.
Confirmation of Aqueous Polymer Sorption on Contaminant Barrier Clay Using TGA

In order to understand the mechanism by which aqueous polymers improve the resistance of clayey barrier soils to stresses, it is important to precisely determine the quantity of polymer that is sorbed onto barrier soil from aqueous solution. Batch sorption test results performed to analyze polyacrylamide (PAM) sorption from aqueous solutions by Na-montmorillonite (Nammt) indicate that viscosity measurement provides higher sorption amounts of PAM (0.1539 g/g of Nammt) than thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) measurement (0.0533 g/g of Nammt). Statistical analyses of sorption data for both methods performed at various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 g/L show that in general, the thermogravimetry is more consistent than viscometry. The demerit of viscometry is that the amount of polymer sorbed on solids is estimated indirectly through measurements of polymer solution concentration. Some free polymer molecules may still exist within interparticle pores of the separated solid fraction and can impose higher levels of sorption than actual levels. In the case of TGA, freezing drying of samples, which is a part of the test protocol, extracts pore liquid containing polymer molecules by sublimation. This leaves behind polymer molecules that are actually sorbed on soil particles, thereby producing lesser and more realistic sorption data than viscometry can provide.
The Substance of the Offence : Included Crimes and the Philosophy of Substance

Cette note a pour objet l'institution juridique de ce qu'on appelle en droit criminel les infractions incluses. La jurisprudence nous enseigne que la « substance de l'infraction », au sens du par. 510(1) du Code criminel, depend de l'acteur. Mais les concepts juridiques ne nous disent pas clairement quel est la nature de ce lien entre l'acteur et la substance des infractions. Et ce principe, par ailleurs n'est pas absolu. En revanche, le fait qu'existe une ou des infractions incluses est d'une importance enorme pour l'acteur. Comme ces differentes donnees semblent avoir ete perdues de vue, il devient imperieux que la jurisprudence en tienne compte.
Electron paramagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopy of intact mitochondria from respiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitochondria from respiring cells were isolated under anaerobic conditions. Microscopic images were largely devoid of contaminants, and samples consumed O2 in an NADH-dependent manner. Protein and metal concentrations of packed mitochondria were determined, as was the percentage of external void volume. Samples were similarly packed into electron paramagnetic resonance tubes, either in the as-isolated state or after exposure to various reagents. Analyses revealed two signals originating from species that could be removed by chelation, including rhombic Fe3+ (g = 4.3) and aqueous Mn2+ ions (g = 2.00 with Mn-based hyperfine). Three S = 5/2 signals from Fe3+ hemes were observed, probably arising from cytochrome c peroxidase and the a3:Cub site of cytochrome c oxidase. Three Fe/S-based signals were observed, with averaged g values of 1.94, 1.90 and 2.01. These probably arise, respectively, from the [Fe2S2]+ cluster of succinate dehydrogenase, the [Fe2S2]+ cluster of the Rieske protein of cytochrome bc1, and the [Fe3S4]+ cluster of aconitase, homoaconitase or succinate dehydrogenase. Also observed was a low-intensity isotropic g = 2.00 signal arising from organic-based radicals, and a broad signal with gave = 2.02. Mossbauer spectra of intact mitochondria were dominated by signals from Fe4S4 clusters (60–85% of Fe). The major feature in as-isolated samples, and in samples treated with ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid, dithionite or O2, was a quadrupole doublet with ΔEQ = 1.15 mm/s and δ = 0.45 mm/s, assigned to [Fe4S4]2+ clusters. Substantial high-spin non-heme Fe2+ (up to 20%) and Fe3+ (up to 15%) species were observed. The distribution of Fe was qualitatively similar to that suggested by the mitochondrial proteome.
Radiation-induced swelling of stainless steel.

Significant swelling (1 to 10 percent due to small voids have been found in stainless steel when it is exposed to fast neutron doses less than expected in commercial fast breeder reactors. The main features of this new effect are: (i) the voids are formed by the precipitation of a small fraction of the radiation-produced vacancies; (ii) the voids form primarily in the temperature range 400 degrees to 600 degrees C (750 degrees to 1100 degrees F); and (iii) the volume increases with dose (fluence) at a rate between linear and parabolic. The limited temperature range of void formation can be explained, but the effects of fluence, microstructure, and composition are determined by a competition between several kinetic processes that are not well understood. This swelling does not affect the feasibility or safety of the breeder reactor,but will have a significant impact on the core design and economics of the breeder.Preliminary results indicate that one cannot eliminate the effect,but cold-working,heat treatment, or small changes in composition can reduce the swelling by a factor of 2 or more. Testing is hampered by the fact that several years in EBR-II are required to accumulate the fluence expected in demonstration plants. Heavyion accelerators,which allow damage rates corresponding to much higher fluxes than those found in EBR-II,hold great promise for short-term tests that will indicate the relative effect of the important variables.
Hydration in high-performance cementitious systems containing vitreous calcium aluminosilicate or silica fume

Abstract The influence of a relatively new high-performance cement replacement material—vitreous calcium aluminosilicate (VCAS)—on the hydration behavior in cementitious systems, and its comparison to silica fume (SF) are presented in this paper. VCAS is shown to have no cementitious qualities, but exhibits significant pozzolanicity, which has been quantified using strength activity index and electrical conductivity change. VCAS modified pastes are found to consume more water during hydration than the corresponding SF modified pastes. Based on a normalized calcium hydroxide content defined in this paper, it is seen that the pozzolanic reaction of VCAS does not happen until 7 days while that of SF occurs as early as the first day. The degrees of hydration of the modified pastes are predicted using a model that employs the change in non-evaporable water resulting from the use of these replacement materials. VCAS modified pastes show lower later age porosities as compared to the plain and SF modified pastes. However, at equal degrees of hydration, SF modified pastes show the lowest porosity.
Cost-effective x-ray lithography

The push towards faster, denser VLSI device structures and eventually to ULSI devices means ever-decreasing design rules for IC manufacturers. In order to define patterns on silicon and gallium arsenide substrates with feature sizes of 0.25 microns, lithography, metallization, and electronic materials processing techniques will be pushed beyond current limitations. Of these technologies, lithography in the sub-0.5 micron region appears to be the main obstacle yet to be overcome. As deep-UV optical systems become more expensive and the useful field sized decrease in the attempt to achieve finer resolutions, the question of whether to switch to an alternate lithographic method becomes imminent. X-ray lithography is the leading candidate. In this paper, the question of whether x-ray lithography is economically superior to optical lithography and the cost-effectiveness of x-ray lithography are addressed. Also, the question of how x-ray lithography can be performed in a production environment is considered. First shown is that more elaborate optical systems are simply not going to match x-ray proximity system in terms of resolution because of the need to use exotic lens materials or complicated and ever finer reflection systems, none of which can correct for diffraction effects, yet must be corrected for every other aberration. The economic superiority of a synchrotron-based x- ray lithography beamline is demonstrated in a production facility using a processing-cost model based on Shinji Okazaki's cost-per-bit model. Considered, as well, is the strong possibility that exists for the use of an optically based production line which would use an anode or plasma x-ray stepper to define only the smallest geometries, such as the gate level on a DRAM chip. It is shown that it is unlikely, even pushing the limits of materials and optics, that deep-UV systems will be able to define patterns below 0.35 microns in a production environment. X-ray lithography systems could define 0.20 micron patterns in a production environment with a yield that promised to be better than that of optical systems.
Applying Survey Methods To Employee Communication

Organizational communication audits are a necessary first step in assessing communica tion strengths and weaknesses. This article discusses the use of survey methods to gather information before devising plans to improve communica tion in the firm. Included are materials on conducting, timing, and publicizing surveys, re porting results, plus sample questions.
The Demand for and Supply of Technical Information and Analysis in State Legislatures

With states making more substantive decisions in technically complex policy areas, the capacity of state legislatures to gather and use technical information and analysis is crucial. Applying a “market” metaphor, the article examines the demand for and the supply of technical information and analysis in state legislatures. The demand among legislators and staff is widespread and increasing, and the supply is varied in origin, importance, and quality. Reliance on sources external to the legislature—usually perceived as biased—is related to a lack of professionalization in legislatures, although the level of satisfaction in the available technical information and analysis is not. Identifiable barriers on both the demand side and the supply side prevent better use of technical information and analysis. There are ways to strengthen the relationship between state legislatures and a broad array of sources, as well as to educate the legislative consumer of technical information and analysis.