cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manufacture of Energy Storage and Return Prosthetic Feet Using Selective Laser Sintering

Proper selection of prosthetic foot-ankle components with appropriate design characteristics is critical for successful amputee rehabilitation. Elastic energy storage and return (ESAR) feet have been developed in an effort to improve amputee gait. However, the clinical efficacy of ESAR feet has been inconsistent, which could be due to inappropriate stiffness levels prescribed for a given amputee. Although a number of studies have analyzed the effect of ESAR feet on gait performance, the relationships between the stiffness characteristics and gait performance are not well understood. A challenge to understanding these relationships is the inability of current manufacturing techniques to easily generate feet with varying stiffness levels. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid prototyping framework using selective laser sintering (SLS) for the creation of prosthetic feet that can be used as a means to quantify the influence of varying foot stiffness on transtibial amputee walking. The framework successfully duplicated the stiffness characteristics of a commercial carbon fiber ESAR foot. The feet were mechanically tested and an experimental case study was performed to verify that the locomotor characteristics of the amputee's gait were the same when walking with the carbon fiber ESAR and SLS designs. Three-dimensional ground reaction force, kinematic, and kinetic quantities were measured while the subject walked at 1.2 m/s. The SLS foot was able to replicate the mechanical loading response and locomotor patterns of the ESAR foot within +/-2 standard deviations. This validated the current framework as a means to fabricate SLS-based ESAR prosthetic feet. Future work will be directed at creating feet with a range of stiffness levels to investigate appropriate prescription criteria.
Microfabrication of nanowires-based GMR biosensor

This study focuses on the development of current-perpendicular-to plane (CPP) Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) of CoNiCu/Cu multilayered nanowire based microfluidic sensors for the detection of magnetic nanoparticles and fluids. The visible measurable variations in electrical voltage due to changes in external magnetic field are later to be monitored in microfluidic biosensor for the detection of toxicants in cells. An early prototype device was fabricated and tested using both an aqueous nonmagnetic medium (water) and a commercially available ferrofluid solution. A magnetic field of 0.01T caused a resistance change of 1.37% for ferrofluid, while a 1.1% GMR was recorded for the water baseline.
A methodology for appropriate testing when data are heterogeneous

Abstract Data collected by practicing industrial ergonomists may not conform to the assumptions of normality; i.e., that error terms are independently and identically distributed. For normality, error terms within groups also must have a mean equal to zero and equal variances ( δ 2 ). It is not unusual for both of these assumptions to be violated. When this heterogeneous condition occurs, the results of commonly used parametric techniques can be inappropriate. Strengths and weaknesses of several statistical tests for homogeneity of δ 2 and their appropriateness are discussed. The Levene's Test, with computer application, is used to demonstrate its application for typical data. Both parametric and non-parametric tests are used to illustrate that significant differences may be inidicated when in fact there are none. This paper is intended to be a resource for the ergonomics practitioner in determining initial data analysis procedures. Relevance to industry The ergonomics practitioner and engineer realizes that industrial data collected in field studies cannot be controlled like a classical laboratory study. In this environment much of the data obtained contains both unequal sub-group sample sizes and variances. Thus traditional parametric statistics are inappropriate for analysis and inferences. This paper provides industrial practitioners and engineers with the tools and guidelines that are appropriate for conducting statistical analysis of typical field data, drawing inferences, and making meaningful conclusions.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of the elementary electrochemistry in a hydrogen-powered solid oxide fuel cell

Abstract A hydrogen-powered solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), with a Pt cathode and a Ni anode, is modeled with a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation technique. A series of reversible elementary steps are adopted from experiments and theories for simulating the oxygen reduction reaction near the cathode–electrolyte interface and the hydrogen-oxidation mechanism near the anode–electrolyte interface. By studying the change in the ionic current density, the sensitivity of the kinetic parameters is analyzed, and the influence of various operating conditions and different material properties are also explored. The results show that the dominant elementary process is the oxygen incorporation into the yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte at the cathode. Increasing the applied bias voltage, operating temperature, and relative permittivity of the YSZ, but reducing the thickness of the YSZ enhance the ionic current density and improve the efficiency of the SOFC.
Echocardiographic findings in systemic amyloidosis: Spectrum of cardiac involvement and relation to survival

One hundred thirty-two patients with biopsy-proven systemic amyloidosis underwent echocardiographic examination to define the spectrum of cardiac involvement. Echocardiographic abnormalities were then correlated with clinical variables and survival at follow-up. Patients were subgrouped by left ventricular wall thickness: Group I, mean wall thickness 12 mm or less; Group II, mean wall thickness greater than 12 mm but less than 15 mm; Group III, mean wall thickness 15 mm or greater; or Group IV, atypical features such as wall motion abnormalities or left ventricular dilation. Patients with greater wall thickness had a higher frequency of associated echocardiographic abnormalities such as left atrial enlarge ment or granular sparkling appearance on two-dimensional examination and, more commonly, reduced systolic function. The occurrence of clinical congestive heart failure was strongly correlated with greater wall thickness and multiple other echocardiographic abnormalities. Survival was negatively influenced both by greater wall thickness and reduced systolic function. The median survival of the entire group was 1.1 years. Echocardiographic examination is an important tool for establishing the presence of cardiac amyloid involvement and may be useful in estimating prognosis in such patients.
Quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography

Quantitation of cardiac pump function using radionuclide angiocardiography provides objective information for the management of patients with heart disease. Left and right ventricular ejection fraction, stroke volume ratio, ejection rate, diastolic function, ventricular volume, parametric imaging, amplitude and phase analysis, and shunt quantification can be measured from the radionuclide angiocardiogram at rest, during exercise, and during pharmacologic interventions. This review describes these methods and discusses their reliability and their role in the clinical assessment of patients with cardiac disease.
Separation of a diagonal

Abstract We investigate different separation properties of the diagonal of a space X . Namely, we study spaces X in which the diagonal of X 2 and every closed subset of X 2 off the diagonal can be separated from each other by means of open sets, or continuous functions, or some other tools.
High-throughput screening for growth inhibitors using a yeast model of familial paraganglioma.

Classical tumor suppressor genes block neoplasia by regulating cell growth and death. A remarkable puzzle is therefore presented by familial paraganglioma (PGL), a neuroendocrine cancer where the tumor suppressor genes encode subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of central metabolism. Loss of SDH initiates PGL through mechanisms that remain unclear. Could this metabolic defect provide a novel opportunity for chemotherapy of PGL? We report the results of high throughput screening to identify compounds differentially toxic to SDH mutant cells using a powerful S. cerevisiae (yeast) model of PGL. Screening more than 200,000 compounds identifies 12 compounds that are differentially toxic to SDH-mutant yeast. Interestingly, two of the agents, dequalinium and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), are anti-malarials with the latter reported to be a glycolysis inhibitor. We show that four of the additional hits are potent inhibitors of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Because alcohol dehydrogenase regenerates NAD+ in glycolytic cells that lack TCA cycle function, this result raises the possibility that lactate dehydrogenase, which plays the equivalent role in human cells, might be a target of interest for PGL therapy. We confirm that human cells deficient in SDH are differentially sensitive to a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor.
Effect of Acetaldehyde Upon Cathepsin G and Chymase. NRAS Implications

Hypertension is commonly observed in alcoholics. Both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the non-renin-angiotensin system (NRAS) have been implicated in the dynamics of blood pressure maintenance. In bilaterally nephrectomized rats, acetaldehyde has been reported to enhance the generation of the rate-limiting angiotensin I (ANG I) in the plasma, and in humans it inhibits the activity of several angiotensinases (A, B, and M) in the serum, thereby promoting a hypertensive set of reactions. We report here the results of a study on the effect of acetaldehyde upon cathepsin G and mast cell chymase. Acetaldehyde enhanced cathepsin G activity at all of the concentrations tested between 11.2 and 223.5 mM in a statistically significant manner. Since cathepsin G is one of several enzymes transforming ANG I into ANG II and is also capable of cleaving ANG II directly from angiotensinogen, we suggest that alcoholism, which will generate exogenous acetaldehyde from ingested alcohol, may be a contributory factor for an elevated cathepsin G activity and, consequently, hypertension via the NRAS. Chymase activity also is elevated in the presence of 440 mM acetaldehyde and diminished in the presence of 27 mM acetaldehyde. Since both enzymes also degrade ANG II, the degradative effects of each enzyme on ANG II may neutralize one another.
Analysis of transient signatures of arc faults in power distribution systems via time-frequency analysis

This paper draws on an innovative, signal processing-based method that jointly analyzes the time and frequency domains and uses that information to characterize and distinguish the deadly arc faults from the normal operational faults. This paper introduces a variety of new power quality assessment tools developed with the purpose of both detecting an arc fault faster than has yet been done and distinguishing the arc fault from other normal load operations via time-localized spectral characterization. Based on the time and frequency localization of the arc faults, the time varying impedances of the arc fault are modeled in terms of harmonic sources. The accomplishment of these objectives would lead to new, advanced smart arc fault circuit breakers and the modeling & simulation of arc fault phenomena.
Relation of Framingham Risk Score to Subclinical Atherosclerosis Evaluated Across Three Arterial Sites

The Framingham risk score (FRS) is widely used in clinical practice to identify subjects at high risk for developing coronary heart disease. However, FRS may not accurately identify subjects at risk. We measured subclinical atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta with the presence of calcium and in the common carotid artery by intima-media thickness in 498 healthy subjects. The distribution of these subclinical atherosclerosis measures was evaluated across 3 strata of the FRS. Coronary arteries with the presence of calcium, aorta with the presence of calcium, and carotid artery by intima-media thickness were significantly independently associated with FRS. The FRS increased with the number of arterial sites with atherosclerosis; 69% of the subjects categorized in the low risk group (FRS 20%) had ≥1 vascular imaging studies demonstrating subclinical atherosclerosis. In the low risk group, subjects with atherosclerosis had a longer history of lifetime smoking compared with those without atherosclerosis. In conclusion, subclinical atherosclerosis is prominent across the spectrum of FRS. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis in different arterial sites in addition to FRS may be useful in targeting subjects for lifestyle and other interventions.
Backward masking by pattern mask: Effect of adaptation and target energy

Correct report of the capital target letters “A” and “T” was determined with a pattern mask for conditions of high and low target energy under light and dark adaptation. The level of target energy interacted with the adaptation state. With low energy targets, target report was highest under dark adaptation. With high energy targets, target report was highest under light adaptation. These findings were incompatible with Scharf & Fuld’s (1972) hypothesis of the influence of adaptation state on masking by a visual pattern.
Three-Dimensional Grid Generation Using Elliptic Equations with Direct Grid Distribution Control.

Boundary-fitted computational meshes are generated by solving a system of elliptic partial differential equations. The grid points at the boundary surfaces are arbitrarily distributed. The interior grid distribution is controlled by a technique which insures a grid line orthogonality at the boundaries. The grid is automatically adjusted while the grid line orthogonality at the boundaries is achieved in an iterative process. This technique is demonstrated for three different configurations. Desirable cell size and shape are obtained for the boundary shapes which normally cause poor grid distribution.
The application profiles and development characteristics of library Open Source Software projects

Purpose – Little is known as to the breadth and diversity of Open Source Software (OSS) applications for libraries and the development characteristics that influence the sustainability and success of projects creating them. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap by analyzing a large sample of library OSS projects. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 594 library OSS projects (469 from SourceForge and 125 from Foss4lib) are classified by type and further differentiated and assessed across a number of criteria including, but not limited to, sponsorship status, license type, and development status. Findings – While various types of library OSS applications were found to be under development and in use, the results show that there has been a steady decrease in the number of projects initiated since 2009. Although sponsorship was significantly positively associated with several indicators of OSS project success, the proportion of sponsored projects was relatively small compared to the proportions...
Online channel allocation in FDMA networks with reuse constraints

Abstract The topology of an FDMA network is modeled by a subdivision of a planar region into hexagonal cells; this defines a graph where every node has at most six neighbors. For channel allocation, every node has a weight that indicates the number of channels that must be assigned to it; the reuse distance defines the minimum distance between nodes that can use the same channel without radio interference. It is known that with reuse distance 2, the number of channels needed and their allocation can be approximated within a factor of 4 3 both offline and online. We describe an online algorithm for the case of reuse distance 3 that achieves an approximation factor of 7 3 .
Effects of estrogen on self-stimulation behavior in ovariectomized rats☆☆☆

Abstract Permanent electrodes were implanted in different rewarding areas of the hypothalamus in 13 ovariectomized rats. Tests for self-stimulation rates were performed on 8 consecutive days after a 3-day control “preperiod”; estradiol benzoate (5 μg/animal) was administered on days 0 and 1. In two subjects the self-stimulation rate was found to increase, and in three animals the rate decreased at days 2 and/or 3 after estrogen treatment. The positive findings were seen when the current level employed was just above the threshold necessary to trigger self-stimulation behavior. Animals in which estrogen altered the self-stimulation rate had their electrodes positioned in the anterior hypothalamus.
A modified form of the κ–ε model for turbulent flows of an incompressible fluid in porous media

Abstract This work extends the recently published work of Antohe and Lage on the development of a macroscopic two-equation turbulence model for an incompressible flow in porous media. The difference occurs in approximating the Forchheimer term in the time-averaged momentum equation. Unlike the Antohe and Lage’s work, where only the linear terms of the expansion are kept, in the presently proposed model we include the second-order correlation term. This inclusion gives rise to an extra term in the transport momentum equation which, in turn, gives rise to additional terms in the transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation rate. The additional higher order terms produce correlation coefficients that are used to absorb any departure from the clear flow when expressing the two-equation turbulence model for incompressible flow in a porous medium.
Correlates of life satisfaction and depression in middle-aged and elderly spinal cord-injured persons

Advances in health care science allow more people with spinal cord injuries to live to old age. The purpose of this study was to determine those factors that contribute to the well-being of middle-aged and elderly spinal cord-injured people. One hundred spinal cord-injured people, ranging in age from 40 to 73 years, completed an extensive structured interview. In general, respondents reported a degree of well-being on the same measures of satisfaction and depression that was slightly lower than that of similarly aged nondisabled people. Pearson correlations indicated that people experiencing high levels of well-being reported high levels of perceived control, had higher levels of social support, and judged their health status to be good. These people also viewed their disability more favorably, tended to have higher incomes and more education, were employed, and were more religious than those indicating lower levels of well-being. The severity of the spinal cord injury was not correlated highly with subjective well-being, although there was a tendency for those with greater disability to report lower levels of well-being. People who were younger, who incurred their disability at a younger age, and who blamed themselves and felt they could have avoided the injury also tended to report higher levels of well-being.
Robust inference of baseline optical properties of the human head with three-dimensional segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging

We model the capability of a small (6-optode) time-resolved diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system to infer baseline absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the tissues of the human head (scalp, skull, and brain). Our heterogeneous three-dimensional diffusion forward model uses tissue geometry from segmented magnetic resonance (MR) data. Handling the inverse problem by use of Bayesian inference and introducing a realistic noise model, we predict coefficient error bars in terms of detected photon number and assumed model error. We demonstrate the large improvement that a MR-segmented model can provide: 2-10% error in brain coefficients (for 2 x 10(6) photons, 5% model error). We sample from the exact posterior and show robustness to numerical model error. This opens up the possibility of simultaneous DOT and MR for quantitative cortically constrained functional neuroimaging.
Fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanowire arrays with an investigation into electrochemical sensing capabilities

ZnO nanowire arrays were grown on a Si (100) substrate using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method. ZnO nanowires were characterized by XRD, SEM, bright field TEM, and EDS. They were found to have a preferential orientation along the c-axis. The as-prepared sample was functionalized with glucose oxidase by physical adsorption. FTIR was taken before and after functionalization to verify the presence of the attached enzyme. Electrochemical measurements were performed on the nanowire array by differential pulse voltammetry in the range of -0.6 to 0.4 V. The nanoarray sensor displayed high sensitivity to glucose in the range of 1.0 × 10-4 to 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1.
Fast Statistical Alignment

We describe a new program for the alignment of multiple biological sequences that is both statistically motivated and fast enough for problem sizes that arise in practice. Our Fast Statistical Alignment program is based on pair hidden Markov models which approximate an insertion/deletion process on a tree and uses a sequence annealing algorithm to combine the posterior probabilities estimated from these models into a multiple alignment. FSA uses its explicit statistical model to produce multiple alignments which are accompanied by estimates of the alignment accuracy and uncertainty for every column and character of the alignment—previously available only with alignment programs which use computationally-expensive Markov Chain Monte Carlo approaches—yet can align thousands of long sequences. Moreover, FSA utilizes an unsupervised query-specific learning procedure for parameter estimation which leads to improved accuracy on benchmark reference alignments in comparison to existing programs. The centroid alignment approach taken by FSA, in combination with its learning procedure, drastically reduces the amount of false-positive alignment on biological data in comparison to that given by other methods. The FSA program and a companion visualization tool for exploring uncertainty in alignments can be used via a web interface at http://orangutan.math.berkeley.edu/fsa/, and the source code is available at http://fsa.sourceforge.net/.
Vascular fellowships and laboratory research

Abstract Research activity has assumed an increasingly important role in the education of vascular surgeons and appears to exceed that of other graduate training programs. Laboratory research experience is an integral part of 42 (71%) of the 59 current vascular surgery training programs approved by ACGME—Residency Review Committee. Among existing laboratory experiences, 18 (43%) are fully integrated with research programs in the preclinical basic sciences. Laboratory experience in 30 programs (58%) precedes the obligatory 12-month clinical training program and is 1 year in duration. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:551-4.)
Sarcosine metabolism in the rat.

Abstract A rapid and simple method to determine sarcosine dehydrogenase activity in tissue homogenates was developed from the isotope dilution technique of Hoskins and Bjur (1). The enzyme activity in the rat was found to be localized mainly in the liver, and increased gradually to a constant level at about 30 days of age. Metabolism of sarcosine was studied by following the distribution of the 14C from injected 1-14C-sarcosine in expired CO2 and in other metabolites which were separated by automatic ion-exchange chromatography. An attempt was made to create a model for hypersarcosinemia by feeding diets high in sarcosine to rats.
Capacitance of a tube

The electrostatic problem of a hollow, conducting tube of finite length held at a fixed potential is solved using two methods. A two-term Galerkin solution is constructed for the surface distribution of induced charge. The sum of a uniform component and a simple edge-condition term provides a variational solution to the dual integral equations that are the equations-of-motion for the mixed boundary value problem. Comparisons are made with the numerical results of an independent boundary element or moment method. The numerical solution uses collocation or point matching and a piecewise constant basis for the charge density.
The Inability of B-type Natriuretic Protein to Predict Short-Term Risk of Death or Myocardial Infarction in Non-Heart-Failure Patients With Marginally Increased Troponin Levels

Study objective We want to know whether a low B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level, obtained shortly after presentation and independent of information provided by other clinical findings and laboratory tests, would affect management decisions for emergency department (ED) patients with nondiagnostic troponin levels. Previous studies have generally been retrospective or inclusive of patients with heart failure. Methods We prospectively studied patients evaluated for possible acute coronary syndromes who had nondiagnostic levels of serum troponin, nondiagnostic ECGs, and no clinical heart failure within 4 hours of presentation. BNP levels were obtained but results not provided to clinical staff. The primary outcome was the composite of acute myocardial infarction or death within 30 days. The secondary outcome was the composite of the primary outcome, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass grafting. Results Almost half of the patients screened for but excluded from the study had known heart failure or a history of heart failure. The resulting cohort was composed of 348 patients, with a median age of 64 years and 51% women. The primary outcome occurred in 16.1% of patients; the secondary outcome, in 27.6%. At a standard cutoff of BNP greater than or equal to 80 pg/mL, the negative predictive value for the primary outcome was 80% (95% confidence interval 73% to 86%). The negative predictive value for the secondary outcome was 69% (95% confidence interval 61% to 75%). Multivariable analyses supported these findings. Conclusion A single, low BNP level obtained shortly after presentation to the ED could not identify patients at low risk for 30-day acute myocardial infarction or death.
Co-ordination of overvoltage and short-circuit protection for aircraft A-C systems

The purpose of a circuit protector (CP) is to clear faults and thus permit the remainder of the system to continue normal operation. The function of overvoltage protection is to prevent damage to utilization equipment by de-energizing the generator when system overvoltage exists. Proper co-ordination is necessary to prevent nuisance tripping of the overvoltage relay (OVR) during low-resistance faults.
Morphic effects I-effects of external forces on photon-optical phonon interactions☆

Abstract In the presence of an applied external force the symmetry of the vibrational modes of a crystal changes in a way which depends on the nature of the force. The resulting ‘morphic effects’ on the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation may allow one to observe an otherwise inactive mode, and thereby reveal information about its character. We present here a general method for describing the dynamical behavior of any vibrational mode in any non-magnetic crystal structure in the presence of an electric field or stress. The simple group-theoretical approach that we follow enables us also to examine the symmetry properties of the coefficients which determine the strength and the polarization selection rules of these morphic effects.
31P NMR analysis of the surface homogeneity of mixed sphingomyelin-phosphatidylcholine vesicles

Abstract The surface compositional symmetry of a mixed sphingomyelin-phosphatidylcholine vesicle has been studied by 31P NMR spectrometry. The molecules on the outer vesicle surface could be distinguished from the molecules on the inner vesicle surface by utilization of the shift reagent, Eu3+. This polyvalent cation interacts with the outer surface phosphate groups and, as a result, shifts these molecules upfield. Analysis of the data obtained indicates that a slight excess of sphingomyelin is present on the outer surface of the vesicle, compared to phosphatidylcholine, which appears to have a slight preference for the inner surface.
The case for network witnesses

Network abuse is prevalent in todaypsilas Internet. To combat abuse, this paper examines a general approach for constructing network protocols based on the use of ldquonetwork witnessesrdquo: tamper-resistant, trusted third parties that reside at network protocol end-points. By providing authentic measurements of network use and by ensuring the correct usage of network protocols, we show how network witnesses can enable fundamentally new protocol designs that can protect networks against malicious use.
The Evolving Role of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitor Therapy in Contemporary Care of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

Results from clinical trials of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa(GPIIb/IIIa) inhibitors during the past decade have established their current role in the treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome and in percutaneous coronary interventions. However, there are still unanswered questions on optimal use of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. Moreover, as new concomitant or alternative medications become available, the role of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors must be reconsidered. This review discusses, in the light of clinical trials recently presented, what we know, what we are learning, and what we still need to learn.
Clinical Evaluation of Pertussis Vaccines: US Food and Drug Administration Regulatory Considerations

The resurgence of pertussis in the United States has stimulated considerable public health interest in developing new vaccination strategies to improve control of pertussis. The purpose of this article is to review the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory framework for the prelicensure clinical evaluation of preventive vaccines and the clinical approaches that have been used to demonstrate effectiveness of US-licensed vaccines containing an acellular pertussis component.
Corticotropin-releasing factor: an inhibitor of vascular leakage in rat skeletal muscle and brain cortex after injury.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and other peptides of the corticoliberin superfamily inhibit development of edema in skin and mucosa after noxious stimuli. Here, the breadth of CRFs protective activity on small blood vessels was examined after injury to skeletal muscle or to brain cortex. Male rats ( 243 ± 15 g ) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg i.p. and Monastral blue 60 mg/kg i.v. was injected 3 min before mechanical injury to muscle produced by a 4 cm midline surgical incision in the rectus abdominis or before freeze injury to the cortex produced by applying a cold probe (− 50°C) to the skull for 4 min. Vascular leakage, measured as area of dye staining multiplied by its light intensity, was quantified with an image-analysis system. CRF, having the human/rat sequence, 30 μg/kg s.c., injected once (30 min) or twice (30 min and 10 min) before injury to muscle or to brain, inhibited the lesion size by 58% and 55%, respectively (tissues taken at 0.5 and 1 h). Microscopy showed that CRF inhibited Monastral blue labeling of small blood vessels. The ED50 (95% C.L.) of CRF for reducing vascular leakage in muscle after celiotomy was 24 (9 to 64) μg/kg s.c. h/rCRF injected 30 μg/kg s.c. 2 h before celiotomy inhibited vascular leakage by 41%, indicating its long duration of action. CRF inhibited vascular leakage after celiotomy in adrenalectomized rats and this effect was not obtained with dexamethasone phosphate, 1 mg/kg s.c. α-Helical CRF (9–41), a CRF receptor antagonist, attenuated the actions of CRF on celiotomy. Laser-Doppler flowmeter measurements of skeletal muscle showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of CRF occurred when there were no significant concurrent changes in blood flow. From these results, we surmise that CRF has a versatile protective effect on small blood vessels when it inhibits leakage within different vascular beds.
Influence of Temperature Increases During the Induction Period of C3S Hydration on the Microstructure and Strength of C3S Mortars

Rapid increases in temperature during the “dormant period” of Ca3SiO5 paste hydration cause a high degree of solution supersaturation in respect to Ca(OH)2. This thermally induced instability creates an increased number of stable Ca(OH)2 nuclei, resulting in a significant increase in the number of Ca(OH)2 crystals and a decrease in the average Ca(OH)2 size in the hydrated paste. The treatment also results in an increased rate of hydration. Unlike low-porosity ceramic systems where changes in precipitate size and distribution influence strength, the change in size and distribution of Ca(OH)2 crystals in C3S pastes had no apparent influence on strength when all strength was considered as a function of gel-space ratio.
Noble gases in ultramafic xenoliths from San Carlos, Arizona

This work reports the results of noble gas (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) analyses of accidental mantle xenoliths from San Carlos, Arizona. Except for the addition of radiogenic 40Ar and mass fractionation effects, the isotopic structures of these gases are indistinguishable from atmospheric composition. The absence of 129Xe excesses in these rocks may reflect indirect mixing of atmospheric gases with the source region of the xenoliths. The dominant influence on the noble gas abundances in the San Carlos xenoliths appears to have been diffusive gas loss, which may have occurred in a mantle metamorphic event or during contact with the host basanite magma. Evidence is presented for the partitioning of significant amounts of the heavy noble gases into fluid inclusions in the xenolith minerals; the proportion of each gas in the inclusions increases with increasing atomic weight of the gas, possibly reflecting solubility effects. The noble gases are present in greater concentration in pyroxenes than in olivine, similar to the behavior of other incompatible elements.
Characterization of mechanical and regenerative properties of human, adipose stromal cells.

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue is a heterogeneous population, with component cell types that may or may not contribute to its regenerative potential. Recent findings indicate that single-cell mechanical biomarkers are characteristic of cell type and can be used comparably to gene and protein expressions to identify cell populations. In this study, we characterized mechanical properties and differentiation potential of cell types present in the SVF. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to isolate four distinct populations based on surface markers: endothelial cells (ECs), adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), pre-adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Atomic force microscopy was used to mechanically characterize sorted cell populations and unsorted SVF. Differentiation capabilities of sorted and unsorted populations were evaluated by quantifying lipid production and calcified matrix deposition. Cells populating the SVF exhibited a range of mechanical properties, with ECs, ASCs, pre-adipocytes, and unsorted SVF cells being significantly more compliant than SMCs. Lineage-specific metabolite production was most robust in SVF cells, followed by ASCs, with the other cell types showing little or no potential, suggesting the unsorted populations may benefit from a paracrine response that is lacking once the cells are sorted into more uniform cell populations.
Validation and statistical power comparison of methods for analyzing free-response observer performance studies.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this work was to validate and compare the statistical powers of proposed methods for analyzing free-response data using a search-model–based simulator. Materials and Methods A free-response data simulator is described that can model a single reader interpreting the same cases in two modalities, or two computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithms, or two human observers, interpreting the same cases in one modality. A variance components model, analogous to the Roe and Metz receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) data simulator, is described; it models intracase and intermodality correlations in free-response studies. Two generic observers were simulated: a quasi-human observer and a quasi-CAD algorithm. Null hypothesis (NH) validity and statistical powers of ROC, jackknife alternative free-response operating characteristic (JAFROC), a variant of JAFROC termed JAFROC-1, initial detection and candidate analysis (IDCA), and a nonparametric (NP) approach were investigated. Results All methods had valid NH behavior over a wide range of simulator parameters. For equal numbers of normal and abnormal cases, for the human observer, the statistical power ranking of the methods was JAFROC-1 > JAFROC > (IDCA ∼ NP) > ROC. For the CAD algorithm, the ranking was (NP ∼ IDCA) > (JAFROC-1 ∼ JAFROC) > ROC. In either case, the statistical power of the highest ranked method exceeded that of the lowest ranked method by about a factor of two. Dependence of statistical power on simulator parameters followed expected trends. For data sets with more abnormal cases than normal cases, JAFROC-1 power significantly exceeded JAFROC power. Conclusion Based on this work, the recommendation is to use JAFROC-1 for human observers (including human observers with CAD assist) and the NP method for evaluating CAD algorithms.
The use of calcium to facilitate desorption and removal of cadmium and nickel in subsurface soils

Abstract The transport and elution behavior of Cd and Ni in the presence of Ca in subsurface soils was investigated using batch and miscible-displacement experiments. The adsorption of Cd and Ni by the soils was dramatically decreased and their transport through the soils was significantly enhanced in the presence of Ca. These effects were attributed to the competition between Ca and these metals for exchange sites on the soil surfaces. The volume of CaCl2 solution required to remove a certain % of Cd decreased with increasing concentration of CaC12. However, the concentration of CaCl2 used to flush the soil did not significantly affect the final % of Cd removed, which was 90%. The position of the Cd elution peak varied with Ca concentration due to the nonlinear sorption behavior of Ca.
Modernization and catecholamine excretion of young Samoan adults

Urinary catecholamine excretion rates have been used as a cross-culturally valid measure of generalized stress. The purposes of this paper are to examine group differences in catecholamine excretion rates in three Samoan groups who differ in degree of modernization and to compare these findings to rates of norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion in other populations. In 1986–1987, 24-hr urine samples were collected from 18–37-year-old Samoans; 46 rural Western Samoan villagers, 53 American Samoans, and 49 Samoans residing in Honolulu. The results show that norepinephrine excretion is significantly higher in more modernized Samoan groups (P < 0.05), while epinephrine excretion is not significantly different in the three groups. The higher norepinephrine excretion rate in the more modernized Samoan groups may be related to differences in relative work load associated with changes in body weight, work capacity, and work patterns which accompany modernization. Samoan epinephrine excretion rates are relatively high compared to the results of other population studies, while norepinephrine excretion in three Samoan samples ranged from among the lowest rates observed worldwide to among the highest.
Vehicle and Course Characterization Process for Indoor Tire Wear Simulation

Abstract An empirical methodology is described for separately characterizing vehicles and road courses for subsequent combination to predict tire force histories in tire use or testing. By building a library of vehicle and wear course characterizations, indoor wear test simulations can be selectively constructed by using any combination of “virtual” test vehicles and wear courses. A reliable transient record of vertical, lateral and fore‐aft forces and inclination angles can be generated and supplied to drive the indoor wear tire loading fixture. Vehicle characterization involves mapping the basic dynamic load transfer behavior over a range of acceleration, deceleration and cornering maneuvers. A unique indoor vehicle test facility is described for efficiently capturing the tire forces and inclination angles during various maneuvers. All four tire positions can be characterized. Vehicle center of gravity (CG) accelerations and speeds are also recorded during indoor testing. An alternative to experimental ...
Antithrombin III, a serpin family protease inhibitor, is a major heparin binding protein in porcine aqueous humor.

Our hypothesis is that the proteins in aqueous humor may be involved in the regulation of outflow facility through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral meshwork. In this study, we analyzed the profile of heparin-binding proteins present in porcine aqueous humor to identify and characterize secretory proteins with a binding affinity for heparin. A single step involving heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography of porcine aqueous humor yielded a ≈60 kDa protein as the major heparin-binding species. This protein was specifically eluted from the column by heparin. The N-terminal sequence and immunological cross reactivity of this protein confirmed its identity as antithrombin III. Aqueous humor from different species, as well as cells from human trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and lens epithelium, contained detectable amounts of antithrombin III. Based on its known anticoagulative function in endothelial cells and effects on the production of prostacyclin, it is reasonable to speculate that antithrombin III present in aqueous humor might influence the physiology of the trabecular and uveoscleral meshwork and thereby regulate intraocular pressure.
Development of VMH obesity in vagotomized rats.

Abstract In 3 different experiments, vagotomy failed to reverse or prevent the development of hyperphagia and obesity following VMH lesions. In the first experiment, previously vagotomized male rats were given bilateral VMH lesions after testing for completeness of vagotomy. In a second experiment on male rats, vagotomy preceded or followed VMH lesions, and testing for completeness of vagotomy was not carried out until the end of the experiment. In a third experiment obese VMH female rats were vagotomized before or after VMH lesions, and completeness of vagotomy was assessed histologically. In each experiment, vagotomized VMH rats displayed hyperphagia and became obese. Discrepancies between these results and those reported by others are discussed in terms of diet offered, surgical procedures, and the possibility of continuing malaise after vagotomy.
AWE implementation for electromagnetic FEM analysis

Although full wave electromagnetic systems are large and cumbersome to solve, typically only a few parameters, such as input impedance, S parameters, and far field pattern, are needed by the designer or analyst. A reduced order modelling of these parameters is therefore an important consideration in minimising the CPU requirements. The asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) method is one approach to construct a reduced order model of the input impedance or other useful electromagnetic parameters. The authors demonstrate its application and validity when used in conjunction with the finite element method to simulate full wave electromagnetic problems.
Visualizing and mapping the intellectual structure of information retrieval

Information retrieval is a long established subfield of library and information science. Since its inception in the early- to mid -1950s, it has grown as a result, in part, of well-regarded retrieval system evaluation exercises/campaigns, the proliferation of Web search engines, and the expansion of digital libraries. Although researchers have examined the intellectual structure and nature of the general field of library and information science, the same cannot be said about the subfield of information retrieval. We address that in this work by sketching the information retrieval intellectual landscape through visualizations of citation behaviors. Citation data for 10years (2000-2009) were retrieved from the Web of Science and analyzed using existing visualization techniques. Our results address information retrieval's co-authorship network, highly productive authors, highly cited journals and papers, author-assigned keywords, active institutions, and the import of ideas from other disciplines.
An Application of Latent Semantic Analysis to Word Sense Discrimination for Words with Related and Unrelated Meanings

We present an application of Latent Semantic Analysis to word sense discrimination within a tutor for English vocabulary learning. We attempt to match the meaning of a word in a document with the meaning of the same word in a fill-in-the-blank question. We compare the performance of the Lesk algorithm to Latent Semantic Analysis. We also compare the performance of Latent Semantic Analysis on a set of words with several unrelated meanings and on a set of words having both related and unrelated meanings.
Reconstitution of a native‐like SH2 domain from disordered peptide fragments examined by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR

The N-terminal SH2 domain from the p85α subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3` kinase is cleaved specifically into 9- and 5-kD fragments by limited proteolytic digestion with trypsin. The noncovalent SH2 domain complex and its constituent tryptic peptides have been investigated using high-resolution heteronuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These studies have established the viability of the SH2 domain as a fragment complementation system. The individual peptide fragments are predominantly unstructured in solution. In contrast, the noncovalent 9-kD + 5-kD complex shows a native-like 1H-15N HSQC spectrum, demonstrating that the two fragments fold into a native-like structure on binding. Chemical shift analysis of the noncovalent complex compared to the native SH2 domain reveals that the highest degree of perturbation in the structure occurs at the cleavage site within a flexible loop and along the hydrophobic interface between the two peptide fragments. Mapping of these chemical shift changes on the structure of the domain reveals changes consistent with the reduction in affinity for the target peptide ligand observed in the noncovalent complex relative to the intact protein. The 5-kD fragment of the homologous Src protein is incapable of structurally complementing the p85 9-kD fragment, either in complex formation or in the context of the full-length protein. These high-resolution structural studies of the SH2 domain fragment complementation features establish the suitability of the system for further protein-folding and design studies.
Generalized Strong Boundary Points and Boundaries of Families of Continuous Functions

If \({\mathcal{A}}\) is a family of continuous functions on a locally compact Hausdorff space X, a boundary for \({\mathcal{A}}\) is a subset \({B \subset X}\) such that every \({f \in \mathcal{A}}\) attains its maximum modulus on B. In this work we generalize the concept of strong boundary points for families of functions and show that the collection of these generalized strong boundary points is always a boundary for \({\mathcal{A}}\) . We give conditions under which all boundaries for \({\mathcal{A}}\) consist of generalized strong boundary points and under which these points coincide with classical strong boundary points. When \({\mathcal{A}}\) has sufficient algebraic structure it is proven that this construction provides a unique boundary for \({\mathcal{A}}\) consisting of boundary points, and we conclude by demonstrating how this approach provides an alternate technique for proving the existence of the Choquet and Shilov boundaries in certain function algebras.