cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neogene extension and basin deepening in the West Antarctic rift inferred from comparisons with the East African rift and other analogs

The West Antarctic rift system differs from other volcanically active rift systems in two unusual respects: (1) the rift floor lies 1000–2000 m lower in elevation than others, and (2) four interior ice-filled troughs extend between 1500 m and 2555 m below sea level. Two troughs are more than twice the depth of Lake Baikal, the world9s deepest lake. The Marie Byrd Land dome, by contrast, compares closely with the intra-rift Kenyan and Ethiopian domes in the East African rift. Comparisons between these rift systems suggest (1) that the West Antarctic interior is relatively cool and volcanically inactive, (2) that there is likely to have been an episode of extension during Neogene time in the deep interior basins, and (3) that dome uplift and basin subsidence have greatly changed the West Antarctic landscape over the past 25 m.y.
Improving Regional Model Simulations with Precipitation Assimilation

Abstract Although large-scale atmospheric reanalyses are now providing physical, realistic fields for many variables, precipitation remains problematic. As shown in recent studies, using a regional model to downscale the global reanalysis only marginally alleviates the precipitation simulation problems. For this reason, later-generation analyses, including the recent National Centers for Environmental Prediction regional reanalysis, are using precipitation assimilation as a methodology to provide superior precipitation fields. This methodology can also be applied to regional model simulations to substantially improve the precipitation fields downscaled from global reanalysis. As an illustration of the regional model precipitation assimilation impact, the authors describe here an extended-range simulation comparison over South America. The numerical experiments cover the beginning of the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere wet season campaign of January 1999. Evaluations using radiosonde datasets obtained dur...
Determination of the chromosomal location and genomic structure of the Hedgehog-Interacting Protein gene, and analysis of its role in Holoprosencephaly

Hedgehog-Interacting Protein (HIP) is a novel component of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway. Recently, defects in this pathway have been shown to cause holoprosencephaly (HPE), which is the most common birth defect of the brain and face in humans. In animal models knockout mice with homozygous null mutations for Shh displayed abnormalities consistent with HPE. Hip has been shown to function as a co-receptor and attenuate Hedgehog signaling by cell-surface binding of the Hedgehog protein and is hypothesized to act as part of a negative regulatory feedback loop. Although Hip is an important factor in the Shh signaling pathway, its potential role in HPE had not been examined in humans. Here, we report the complete gene structure of the human HIP gene and present its mutational analysis in HPE patients. No mutations were found either in the entire coding region or 1 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site (representing the putative promotor) suggesting this gene may not be involved in HPE pathogenesis.
Protein Dynamics, Tunneling, and All That

We review some physical issues in the theory of reaction rates in proteins, starting with the classic observations of DeVault and Chance on "electron tunneling" in bacterial photosynthesis and their interpretation by Hopfield. These ideas lead to a family of generalized spin-boson models for reaction rates, and these models are used to explore the significance of quantum effects and the possibility of "dynamical specificity" - extreme sensitivity of the rate to changes in protein dynamics. We assess the success of these models in rationalizing kinetic and spectroscopic data both on photosynthetic electron transfer and on ligand binding to heme proteins, and conclude with some open questions.
Extramarital Relationships: A Reappraisal.

Extramarital relationships may not always disturb marital interaction, but on the contrary, marriages may have more permanence because many individuals find an answer to unmet needs in such relationships. In addition, a factor that rarely is mentioned in our society, which has vestiges of a puritanical ethic, is that an extramarital relationship can be an enjoyable experience for the individuals in and of itself. In a democratic society, which values choice, perhaps extramarital relationships can be undertaken if the individuals involved recognize: (1) the consequences of discovery, which may result in a threat to the solidarity of the marriage(s) involved; (2) the possibility that individuals so involved ultimately may wish to leave their own mates; and (3) that such a relationship may strengthen, not destroy, the unity of marriage.
The Matrix Region Is Responsible for the Differential Ability of Two Retroviruses to Function as Helpers for Vector Propagation

Abstract We have investigated the ability of two related reticuloendotheliosis viruses to propagate a spleen necrosis virus (SNV) based retroviral vector in canine osticosarcoma (D17) cells. Reticuloendotheliosis virus strain A (REV-A) consistently propagated the vector more efficiently than SNV in cell culture. To identify the area of the vital genome responsible for the superior harper function of REV-A, we constructed chimeric viruses between SNV and REV-A. Analysis of helper function indicated that a virus comprised of the SNV genome, but containing the matrix region of REV-A, could propagate the vector as well as REV-A. Although REV-A is also a superior virus for vector propagation in chicken embryo fibroblast cells, the region of the viral genome that confers superior helper function does not map to the gag region of REV-A in this cell type.
Food of three upland game birds in Selengei Area, Kajiado District, Kenya

Summary Foods taken by yellow-necked spurfowl, crested francolin and helmeted guinea-fowl were investigated over a 22-month period. Bulblets of sedge (Cyperus sp.) were the major plant item in the diet of all three species. Other foods were seeds and fruits of forbs, florets and fruits of grasses, leaves of forbs and grasses and insects. Insect use increased following the rains, as did the use of florets of the grasses. Except for Cyperus sp. there was little overlap of food items taken by the crested francolin and the guinea-fowl, but both were in competition with the yellow-necked spurfowl for some species of plants. This was probably due to size of food items, that is, there was a direct relationship between size of bird and size of foods taken. Forag ing habits also influence food intake.
The Simplex in Pair Comparisons.

A model of individual differences in pair comparisons is developed, assuming the affective values to have a quasi-simplex structure. Procedures for fitting the model to data are suggested. An empirical example is given for one of the procedures.
The primary structures of the low-redox potential diheme cytochromes c from the phototrophic bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodobacter adriaticus reveal a new structural family of c-type cytochromes

The complete amino acid sequence of the low-redox potential cytochrome c-551.5 from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was determined by automated Edman degradation combined with mass spectroscopy. There are 139 residues and two typical Cys-X-X-Cys-His heme-binding sites. A homologous low-redox potential cytochrome was also sequenced from Rhodobacter adriaticus and was found to contain 126 residues. It is 53% identical to that of Rb. sphaeroides and has two internal deletions of one and five residues. The Rhodobacter diheme cytochromes are 21-24% identical to the translated open reading frame SLL1886 from Synechocystis sp. PCC6801. There are at least two deletions of five and eight residues in the 188-residue cyanobacterial protein. Each of the three cytochromes has more histidines than it needs to bind the two hemes, but conserved histidines located 23 residues after the first heme and 14-19 residues before the second heme are likely to be the sixth heme ligands. There is no evidence for gene doubling and no similarity to any other known cytochromes. The measured helix content of 24% is much less than normal for c-type cytochromes. These proteins thus appear to be representative of an entirely new class of c-type cytochromes.
DNA Hydrodynamic Degradation Controlled by Kolomogorov Length Scales in Pipe Flow

Strict US Food and Drug Administration regulations on contamination levels for DNA therapeutics acceptable for human use complicate the manufacturing process. This study aims to improve therapeutic production through the investigation of the molecular effects of hydrodynamic forces encountered during processing. Results suggest that the strain rate and residence time were not solely responsible for degradation within the system. Instead, turbulent flows at the entrance or developing flow regions dominate especially when the Kolmogorov length scale approaches the stretched molecular length scale. We specifically suggest this for linear genomic DNA and supercoiled plasmid DNA when the ratio of the molecular length to the Kolmogorov length scale must remain smaller than unity to minimize loss of the desired structure. These findings suggest that bioprocessing systems should design expansions and contractions to minimize recirculation and turbulent mixing zones, although, not always possible, careful attention should be paid to pipe surface roughness to ensure that turbulent eddies are not generated in low Reynolds number flows.
Translocation of sitosterol and related compounds in Pelargonium hortorum and helianthus annuus

Abstract The translocation of several plant sterols and a triterpene was studied in geranium and sunflower plants. Upward translocation of sitosterol-[ 14 C] and β-amyrin-[ 14 C] was shown within 48 hr to the upper parts of a geranium plant sectioned previously above the roots. Downward translocation of sitosterol-[ 14 C] from the leaf of application was evident in intact plants after 48 hr. In addition to free sitosterol-[ 14 C] considerable amounts of sitosteryl-[ 14 C] glycoside and traces of sitosteryl-[ 14C ] ester were found in most parts examined. Very slow downward translocation of cholesterol-[ 14 C] but not of desmosterol-[ 14 C], sitosteryl-[ 14 C] palmitate or β-amyrin-[ 14 C] was shown in geranium. In sunflower no downward translocation of cholesterol-[ 3 H], sitosteryl-[ 3 H] acetate or palmitate could be detected. In geranium, sitosteryl-[ 14 C] glycoside translocated downward from the leaf of application to all other plant parts, except other leaves, and was found in these parts after 10 days as the unchanged glycoside, free sterol and steryl ester. The effect of drying the plant parts on the recovery of radioactive steroidal material is discussed. Traces of a water soluble, dialyzable form of sterol-[ 14 C] were also detected in dried geranium roots after treatment with strong acid or alkali.
Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience

This investigation presents 1) a literature review concerning how adversity and resilience influence the development of youth from diverse cultural backgrounds; 2) an examination of measures of resilience with regard to cultural factors that relate to the nature of coping and resilience among young adults from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds; and 3) the exploration of aspects of cultural resilience: childhood stressors, global coping, adaptive coping, maladaptive coping, and sociocultural support. Results for 305 college age women indicated that cultural factors were related to measures of these five aspects of resilience. Childhood stressors were experienced differentially by individuals from different racial/ethnic and social class status backgrounds, supporting proposals that ecological aspects, notably cultural background and experiences, influence the development of resilience. A conceptual framework illustrating how culture contributes to resilience and coping is presented. Implications for the development of a measure of cultural resilience and its usefulness for developmental community interventions are discussed.
Is alcohol beneficial or harmful for cardioprotection

While the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on liver have been well studied and documented, its effect on the cardiovascular system is bimodal. Thus, moderate drinking in many population studies is related to lower prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD). In contrast, heavy drinking correlates with higher prevalence of CAD. In several other studies of cardiovascular mortalities, abstainers and heavy drinkers are at higher risk than light or moderate drinkers. The composite of this disparate relation in several population studies of cardiovascular mortality has been a “U-” or “J-”shaped curve. Apart from its ability to eliminate cholesterol from the intima of the arteries by reverse cholesterol transport, another major mechanism by which HDL may have this cardioprotective property is by virtue of the ability of its component enzyme paraoxonase1 (PON1) to inhibit LDL oxidation and/or inactivate OxLDL. Therefore, PON1 plays a central role in the disposal of OxLDL and thus is antiatherogenic. Furthermore, PON1 is a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme that can also detoxify the homocysteine metabolite, homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), which can pathologically cause protein damage by homocysteinylation of the lysine residues, thereby leading to atherosclerosis. We demonstrated that moderate alcohol up regulates liver PON1 gene expression and serum activity, whereas heavy alcohol consumption had the opposite effects in both animal models and in humans. The increase in PON1 activity in light drinkers was not due to preferential distribution of high PON1 genotype in this group. It is well known that wine consumption in several countries shows a remarkable inverse correlation to local rates of CAD mortality. Significantly, apart from its alcohol content, red wine also has polyphenols such as quercetin and resveratrol that are also known to have cardioprotective effects. We have shown that quercetin also up regulates PON1 gene in rats and in human liver cells. The action of quercetin seems to be mediated via the active form of the nuclear lipogenic transcription factor, sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) that is translocated from endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus. However, the mechanism of action of ethanol-mediated up-regulation of PON1 gene remains to be elucidated. We conclude that both moderate ethanol and quercetin, the two major components of red wine, exhibit cardioprotective properties via the up-regulation of the antiatherogenic gene PON1.
Concordance of chart abstraction and patient recall of intrapartum variables up to 53 years later.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the concordance of patient recall compared with chart abstraction for distant intrapartum variables and to evaluate predictors of concordance. Study design A random sample from a cohort of diverse women aged 40-74 years. Intrapartum variables reported by participants were compared with the medical record. Outcomes were assessed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of concordance of patient recall. Results Four hundred one births among 178 women were analyzed. Recall of cesarean delivery had the highest concordance (sensitivity, 0.98; specificity, 1.00; positive predictive value, 1.00; negative predictive value, 0.99). Laceration that required repair had the lowest concordance (sensitivity, 0.37; specificity, 0.68; positive predictive value, 0.34; negative predictive value, 0.81). No variables predicted concordance of recall for all variables. Conclusion The concordance of patient recall to chart abstraction for intrapartum variables varies widely, although with a pattern of greater specificity and negative predictive value of recall. This should be kept in mind during patient interviews and in the performance of clinical research.
Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteric reflux in children with spina bifida.

Summary— Twenty patients with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) secondary to a neuropathic bladder and associated spina bifida were treated with the endoscopic injection of subureteric polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)paste. Of the 19 patients (29 ureters) followed up, 13 have persistent reflux, although only 3 of these ureters have needed a second injection. Twelve of the 16, where reflux resolved, required only 1 injection.
Is the Environment Near Home and School Associated with Physical Activity and Adiposity of Urban Preschool Children

Preventing sedentary behavior and adiposity in childhood has become a public health priority. We examined urban social and built environment characteristics as correlates of physical activity and anthropometry among 428 preschool children from low-income families in New York City. We measured the children’s height, weight, skinfold thicknesses, physical activity by accelerometer, and covariates. We geocoded home and Head Start center addresses and estimated the following for an area within 0.5 km of those two locations using a detailed geographic database: neighborhood composition, walkability, crime and traffic safety, and aesthetic characteristics. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations of area characteristics with physical activity or adiposity, adjusted for characteristics of the child, mother, and home. Participants were 2–5 years old, 53% female, 83% Hispanic, and 43% either overweight or obese. Of the walkability indicators, land use mix was associated with physical activity (26 more activity counts/minute per standard deviation increase in mixed land use, p = 0.015) and subway stop density was associated with adiposity (1.2 mm smaller sums of skinfold thicknesses sum per standard deviation increase in subway stop density, p = 0.001). The pedestrian–auto injury rate, an indicator of traffic safety problems, was associated with physical activity and adiposity (16 fewer activity counts/minute, p = 0.033, and 1.0 mm greater skinfold thickness per standard deviation increase in pedestrian–auto injuries, p = 0.018). Children living in areas with more street trees were more physically active and those living in areas with more park access had smaller skinfolds. However, many of the tested associations were not statistically significant and some trends were not in the hypothesized direction. Efforts to enhance walkability, safety, and green spaces in the local environment may be relevant to physical activity and adiposity, and therefore to the health of preschool-aged children from low-income families.
Phase I trial of a pathotropic retroviral vector expressing a cytocidal cyclin G1 construct (Rexin-G) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Rexin-G is a pathotropic retroviral vector displaying a von Willebrand factor–targeting motif and expressing a dominant negative cyclin G1 gene. We undertook a phase I trial of intravenous (IV) administration of Rexin-G in patients with gemcitabine refractory, metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Twelve patients were treated. Dose escalation was performed from a dose of 1 × 1011 colony forming units (CFU) per cycle to 6 × 1011 CFU per cycle. The treatment was well tolerated. One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) at dose level 2 (1.5 × 1011 CFU per cycle) was observed, consisting of grade 3 transaminitis. There was no detection of replication-competent virus in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or viral integration in DNA obtained from PBMCs, and no development of neutralizing antibodies. No evidence of antitumor activity was observed. The best objective response was progressive disease in 11 of the 12 study patients, while 1 patient showed radiographically stable disease with clinical deterioration and increase in the CA19.9 tumor marker. Median time to progression was 32 days. The median duration of survival of the study patients was 3.5 months from treatment initiation. Rexin-G is well tolerated in doses up to 6 × 1011 CFU in patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer, but there was no evidence of clinical antitumor activity.
Assessing organizational effectiveness in higher education drug prevention consortia

Eighty-three consortia of institutions of higher education, organized under funding from the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE) Drug Prevention Programs of the Department of Education, were surveyed to measure organizational effectiveness. Generalized satisfaction with the functioning of the consortia was related to the number of active members, the average miles traveled to meetings, satisfaction with performance of task functions, members' roles, the level of trust among members and the level of creativity and innovation in problem-solving. Satisfaction with goal attainment was significantly related to the presence of at least one "internal" goal for the consortium.
Limitations of Closing Percutaneous Transthoracic Ventricular Access Ports Using a Commercial Collagen Vascular Closure Device

INTRODUCTION—Closed-chest access and closure of direct cardiac punctures may enable a range of therapeutic procedures. We evaluate the safety and feasibility of closing percutaneous direct ventricular access sites using a commercial collagen-based femoral artery closure device. METHODS—Yorkshire swine underwent percutaneous transthoracic left ventricular access (n=13). The access port was closed using a commercial collagen-based vascular closure device (Angio-Seal, St Jude Medical) with or without prior separation of the pericardial layers by instillation of fluid into the pericardial space (“permissive pericardial tamponade”). After initial nonsurvival feasibility experiments (n=6); animals underwent one-week (n=3) or six-week follow up (n=4). RESULTS—In naive animals, the collagen plug tended to deploy outside the parietal pericardium, where it failed to accomplish hemostasis. “Permissive pericardial tamponade” was created under MRI, and accomplished early hemostasis by allowing the collagen sponge to seat on the epicardial surface inside the pericardium. After successful closure, six of seven animals accumulated a large pericardial effusion 5±1 days after closure. Despite percutaneous drainage during 6-week follow-up, the large pericardial effusion recurred in half, and was lethal in one. CONCLUSIONS—A commercial collagen based vascular closure device may achieve temporary but not durable hemostasis when closing a direct left ventricular puncture port, but only after intentional pericardial separation. These insights may contribute to development of a superior device solution. Elective clinical application of this device to close apical access ports should be avoided.
Is the glass really half-full? The reverse-buffering effect of optimism on undermining behavior

Abstract Undermining is behavior intended to hinder, over time, a worker’s ability to establish and maintain positive interpersonal relationships, work-related success, and a favorable reputation. The current study replicated and expanded upon past findings linking undermining behavior to negative consequences. As hypothesized, undermining was related to increased stress and intentions to quit (ITQ) and decreased mental health, physical health, and job security. Optimism, the generalized expectation for positive events, was examined as a moderator to these relationships. Based on literature explaining how optimism may create a biased perspective and disappointment in the face of negative events, it was hypothesized that optimism would act as a reverse-buffer to the relationships between undermining and its consequences. This was supported for ITQ, mental health, and job security. For those high in optimism compared to those low in optimism, undermining was more strongly positively related to ITQ and more strongly negatively related to both mental health and job security, thus supporting the reverse-buffer hypothesis. Efforts should be made, therefore, to not only reduce undermining in the workplace but also to discourage unrealistic expectations.
Modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction field-effect transistors (MODFET's), ultrahigh-speed device for supercomputers

In the past few years, a new transistor has appeared on the scene, made of GaAs and AlGaAs, which now holds the record as the fastest logic switching device, switching at speeds of close to ten trillionths of a second (10 ps). The device evolved from the work on GaAs-AlGaAs superlattices (thin alternating layers of differing materials sharing the same crystalline lattice) pioneered by L. Esaki and R. Tsu at IBM in the late 1960's. They realized that high mobilities in GaAs could be achieved if electrons were transferred from the doped and wider band-gap AlGaAs to an adjacent undoped GaAs layer, a process now called modulation doping. R. Dingle, H. L. Stormer, A. C. Gossard, and W. Wiegmann of AT&T Bell Labs, working independently, were the first to demonstrate high mobilities obtained by modulation doping in 1978, in a GaAs-AlGaAs superlattice. Realizing that such a structure could form the basis for a high-performance field-effect transistor (Bell Labs Patent 4163237, filed on April 24, 1978), researchers at various labs in the United States (Bell Labs, University of illinois, and Rockwell), Japan (Fujitsu), and France (Thomson CSF) began working on this device. In 1980, the first such device with a reasonable microwave performance was fabricated by the University of Illinois and Rockwell, which they called a modulation-doped FET or MODFET. The same year Fujitsu reported the results obtained in a device with a 400-µm gate which they called the "high electron mobility transistor" or HEMT, in the open literature. Thomson CSF published shortly thereafter calling their realization a "two-dimensional electron gas FET" or TEGFET, and Bell Labs followed, using the name "selectively doped heterojunction transistor" or SDHT. These names are all descriptive of various aspects of the device operation as we will discuss in the text. For the sake of internal consistency will call it MODFET, hereafter. In this paper we review the principals of MODFET operation, factors affecting its performance, optimization of the device, and comparison with other high-performance compound and elemental semiconductor devices. Finally, the remaining problems and future challenges are pointed out.
Metrics for characterizing the form of security policies

Security policies are widely used tools for the implementation of organizational security, however neither do we have metrics for measuring their effectiveness, nor are there universal standards that can serve as benchmarks. There is considerable variability in security policies based on the way they are written but we have no quantifiable evidence to determine if one kind of policy is better than another. This paper examines the literature on policies and identifies three dimensions (breadth, clarity and brevity) that could be used to characterize how well a security policy is written. These dimensions are validated through a survey of user perceptions. Informed by this empirical evidence, we propose objective metrics (along with algorithms for calculating these metrics), that can be used to assess each of these dimensions. The objective metrics are cross validated with user perceptions and found to be consistent, thus providing a standardized process to characterize the form of a security policy. Such a set of metrics would facilitate the process of evaluating the effectiveness of security policies.
Welcome to the PARASITE CAFE: Postmodernity as a Social Problem

This is an ethnoGRAPHic text, if somewhat surreally—a story of the dense and high velocity technostructuring of the society in which I find myself knotted in a complex of ritual network relations to others. Technological relations. Telecommunicative relations. Relations of modelling and simulation and control. This is a story of a postmodern society in The USA Today; a sociological story of the inFORMational powers of an ultra-modern form of straight whitemale CAPITAL gone trans-global. It is also a story of those sentenced to circulate at the peripheries of an imperially anchored and electronically mass-mediated U.S. will to power without end: women, peoples of color, and the economically impoverished. Beware: this is not a pleasing story to (w)rite. By connecting postmodernity to sociological questions of parasitism, I hope to explore the bodily invasion of an increasing number of fleshy human animals by a cold and uncanny addiction to a seemingly endless flow of inFORMation. This is CAPITAL to such an intense degree that it becomes a motion picture environment, a fragmentary televisionary collage of fears and fascinations. This is a social problem. It operates under the panicky sign-work of asetheticization, commodification, and excess. Throughout this text I read such signs as indicative of both the disembodying flight of metropolitan men of ultra-modern power and of the sacrificial ascendency of a “new and improved” form of fascist cultural rituals. READ MY LIPS! Beware: this is not a pleasing story to read.
Reproduction in the ferret (Mustela furo) I. Uterine histology and histochemistry during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy

Similar histological and histochemical changes occur in the uteri of pregnant and pseudopregnant ferrets. The pre-implantation period is characterized by general growth of the tissue and moderate secretory activity. At the time of implantation, the luminal epithelium undergoes hypertrophy and hyperplasia and shows much secretory activity. This area of altered activity sweeps progressively toward the gland fundi and the epithelium behind it becomes greatly enlarged and forms symplasmic masses. Symplasma formation occurs in all regions of the uterus, in contrast to other carnivores where it occurs only next to trophoblast and in response to uterine trauma. The principal uterine secretions are mucoproteins and glycoproteins. There is some evidence that pseudopregnant uteri, but not pregnant uteri, secrete acid mucopolysaccharides. Glycogen is present in moderate amounts at estrus, declines during the pre-implantation period, and is absent during gestation. A light to moderate diffuse sudanophilia is seen during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy, becoming more pronounced toward the end of the gestation period. Occasional cholesterol crystals are seen in macrophages in the stroma of pregnant, but not pseudopregnant, uteri. Macrophages containing hemosiderin were seen in all uteri examined, being most abundant in estrous and early pre-implantation uteri. Uterine mast cells were abundant at estrus, declined during the pre-implantation period and decreased markedly at the time of implantation. The results are compared with data from other carnivore species.
Does hypovolemia plus cellular dehydration equal water deprivation

Male albino rats were subjected to: a) 24 hr water deprivation and b) a Combined treatment producing cellular and extracellular dehydration, and several behavioral and physiological dimensions were analyzed. In Experiment 1, the Combined treatment (5 cm 3 of 25% polyethylene glycol solution, 3 1/2 hr delay, and 1.5 cm 3 of 16% NaCI solution) was found to mimic water deprivation induced drinking patterns and total water intake. In Experiment 2, plasma osmolality and protein concentration were elevated to identical levels at the onset of drinking following 24 hr water deprivation and the Combined treatment. While the ingestion of water eventually returned the vascular measures to ad lib. levels for both treatments, the two treatments exhibited a differential time-course of vascular change. In Experiment 3, 24 hr water deprivation and the Combined treatment resulted in similar latencies to respond on an FR-2 operant task, however, the total number and patterns of reinforcements received differed between the two treatments. The results are discussed with reference to the feasibility of describing water deprivation in terms of a combined state of hypovolemia and cellular dehydration.
Differences in African American and White Women’s Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

The aim of the present study was to examine racial differences in women’s attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and to offer an understanding of these differences. Participants were 224 18–30 year old heterosexual African American (64%) and White (36%) female undergraduates from a large urban university in the southeastern United States. Participants completed measures of social demographics, sexual orientation, and sexual prejudice. Results showed that African American, relative to White, women endorsed more negative attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Also, unlike White women, African American women reported more negative attitudes toward gay men than lesbians. Implications are discussed regarding differences in cultural contexts that exist between African American and White women.
Can methane suppression during digestion of woody and leafy browse compensate for energy costs of detoxification of plant secondary compounds? A test with muskoxen fed willows and birch.

Digestion and metabolism of woody and leafy browse requires detoxification of plant secondary compounds that can incur an energy cost. Browse, however, inhibits methane (CH 4 ) production and therefore could offset some costs of detoxification. We measured an index of heat increment of feeding (HIFi) and CH 4 production in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) given a single test meal (at 10 g/kg BM 0 . 7 5 ) composed of hay mixed with one of three browse species (Willow: Salix alaxensis, S. pulchra; Birch: Betula nana). Detoxification cost was estimated as HIFi of browse diet-HIFi of hay diet and CH, compensation as CH 4 production of hay diet-CH 4 production of browse diet. CH 4 compensation was noted in 47% of 15 trials in which a detoxification cost was evident; six trials were with woody browse and one with leafy browse. Separate controls were responsible for the difference in CH 4 compensation for leafy browse vs. woody browse. Detoxification costs for twigs and leaves of B. nana were underestimated because of their low digestibility. In only one of six treatments was CH 4 compensation documented for B. nana. We conclude that energy saved by CH 4 suppression was small ( <6%) compared with detoxification costs.
Trajectory dependent energy loss in grazing collisions of keV He atoms from a LiF(0 0 1) surface

Abstract Angular distributions for scattering of 12 keV He atoms from a LiF(0 0 1) surface under a grazing angle of incidence were recorded in coincidence with the projectile energy loss and the number of electrons emitted from the target surface during the collision. For scattering along the low indexed 〈1 1 0〉 and 〈1 0 0〉 directions of the crystal surface collisional rainbow peaks were observed. For scattering along a 〈1 1 0〉 direction the resulting rainbow peaks can be attributed to scattering from strings of anions which form active sites for charge exchange and emission of electrons. The data can be interpreted by trajectory computer simulations where charge transfer takes place from F − sites.
Reciprocal associations between friendship attachment and relational experiences in adolescence

The current study examined the reciprocal associations between friendship attachment and relational experiences. Data came from a longitudinal study that assessed adolescents (N = 223, 108 girls) in the 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. Cross-lagged models were fitted with structural equation modeling. Results showed that attachment avoidance was consistently predictive of more friendship exclusion, and friendship exclusion was consistently predictive of more attachment anxiety. Attachment avoidance was consistently related to less friendship intimacy across adolescence. Friendship intimacy was also consistently related to lower attachment avoidance across adolescence. Attachment anxiety was consistently related to more friendship intimacy across adolescence. This study shed light on the bidirectional influences between attachment security and relational experiences in adolescent friendships.
Surface-attaching probabilities for particles in a turbulent flat plate boundary layer

Abstract Measurements of the positional variation of surface-attaching probabilities for 6.77μ uncharged monodisperse uranine aerosol particles on a stainless steel plate are presented for a turbulent flat plate boundary layer. The results presented include results for conditions in which the attaching probability is unity and less than unity. It was found that the variation of the attaching probability was invariant with position once the boundary layer became fully turbulent.
Toward a paradigm for distributed intelligence

This paper describes a proposed model for a distributed intelligence system. The system is based on a communicating network of nodes where each node is a concurrent blackboard system. A preliminary concurrent blackboard system, which carries out a “Penrose tiling” of a planar area is discussed. This work leads to the general model—an interconnected network of such systems. The “shell” for such a system has been developed in the declarative, parallel programming language STRAND. This shell is described and analyzed in some detail, specifically as it functions at a node in the system. Two applications of the proposed approach are discussed.
An upper bound for the average number of regions

Abstract A probabilistic argument is used to obtain an upper bound on the mean of the region distribution of an arbitrary graph. This result, which is fairly sharp, though in all likelihood not best possible, is strong enough to imply that the average genus of the complete graph is asymptotic, in ratio, to its maximum genus.
Immune modulation of the pulmonary hypertensive response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin) in broilers

The lungs of broilers are constantly challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) that can activate leukocytes and trigger thromboxane A2 (TxA2)- and serotonin (5HT)-mediated pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to pulmonary hypertension. Among broilers from a single genetic line, some individuals respond to LPS with large increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, whereas others fail to exhibit any response to the same supramaximal dose of LPS. This extreme variability in the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS appears to reflect variability in the types or proportions of chemical mediators released by leukocytes. Our research has confirmed that TxA2 and 5HT are potent pulmonary vasoconstrictors in broilers and that broilers hatched and reared together consistently exhibit pulmonary hypertension after i.v. injections of TxA2 or 5HT. Previous in vitro studies conducted using macrophages from different lines of chickens demonstrated innate variability in the LPS-stimulated induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) followed by the onset of an LPS-refractory state. The NOS enzyme converts arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). It is known that NO produced by endothelial NOS serves as a key modulator of flow-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and it is likely that NO generated by iNOS also contributes to the pulmonary vasodilator response. Accordingly, it is our hypothesis that the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS in broilers is minimal when more vasodilators (NO, prostacyclin) than vasoconstrictors (TxA2, 5HT) are generated during an LPS challenge. Indeed, inhibiting NO production through pharmacological blockade of NOS with the inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester modestly increased the baseline pulmonary arterial pressure and dramatically increased the pulmonary hypertensive response to LPS in all broilers evaluated. Innate differences in the effect of LPS on the pulmonary vasculature may contribute to differences in susceptibility of broilers to pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites).
Song playback initiates nest building during clutch overlap in mockingbirds, Mimus polyglottos

Abstract Mockingbirds commonly show clutch overlap, initiating work on a subsequent brood while older young remain dependent on parental care. Several days before the male begins to build a new nest, he resumes singing. The result is a cyclic pattern of singing in which song ceases during the nestling period and recurs each time the male builds a nest. To determine if song can stimulate renesting in the presence of dependent young, and thereby regulate the amount of clutch overlap, mated males were played song earlier in the breeding cycle than they would normally begin to sing. Experimental pairs were played 140 min of mockingbird song per day in their territories beginning at nestling day 6 and continuing through the onset of renesting. They began nest building sooner and built more before the older young fledged than either males that heard no song or two that heard brown thrasher, Toxastoma rufum, song. In several pairs hearing mockingbird song, nest building continued after the stimulus song ceased, and the female laid in the nest begun in response to song. The amount of nest building was positively correlated with the male's initial aggressive reaction to the speaker playing song, but unrelated to the amount of his own song production. These data constitute the first demonstration in the field of the role of passerine song in re-initiating breeding in established pairs.
Into the heart: the emerging role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

While the role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) in regulating cellular processes continues to expand, the elucidation of its role in cardiac disease is just beginning. The UPS regulates pivotal processes at all levels of cardiac biology: from membrane-associated ion channels and receptors to downstream signaling intermediates and transcription factors. Moreover, the role of the UPS in maintaining cardiac protein quality control is emerging, as exemplified by its multiple interactions with the cardiac sarcomere and role in familial cardiomyopathies. The diversity of UPS regulation lies in E3 ligases, which specifically recognize targets and direct the ubiquitination process. In the context of disease, E3 ligase expression affects the severity of disease in both ischemia reperfusion injury and cardiac hypertrophy in vivo by modulating signaling intermediates. In ischemia–reperfusion injury, the activities of CHIP and MDM2 (both with E3 ligase activity) profoundly affect apoptosis regulation and severity of disease. In cardiac hypertrophy, Atrogin1 and MuRF1 attenuate cardiac hypertrophy by interacting with calcineurin and PKCe, respectively. Additionally, MuRF1 and MDM2 interact with sarcomeric proteins (cTnI and Tcap, respectively) which may prove to be mechanisms by which hypertrophy is attenuated or protein quality modulated. All of these exciting new findings, however, must be taken in the context of disease regulation of the UPS components themselves. Key UPS components (e.g. ubiquitin, E1, E2, E3, proteasome) are themselves transcriptionally regulated in cardiac disease. Our understanding of the precise nature by which the UPS regulates key biological functions in cardiac disease has just begun.
Microtubule Architecture Specified by a β-Tubulin Isoform

In Drosophila melanogaster, a testis-specific beta-tubulin (beta2) is required for spermatogenesis. A sequence motif was identified in carboxyl termini of axonemal beta-tubulins in diverse taxa. As a test of whether orthologous beta-tubulins from different species are functionally equivalent, the moth Heliothis virescens beta2 homolog was expressed in Drosophila testes. When coexpressed with beta2, the moth isoform imposed the 16-protofilament structure characteristic of that found in the moth on the corresponding subset of Drosophila microtubules, which normally contain only 13-protofilament microtubules. Thus, the architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton can be directed by a component beta-tubulin.
Synthesis of Highly Phenylated Poly(p-phenylenevinylenes) via a Chlorine Precursor Route

The synthesis of several highly phenylated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives by a chlorine precursor route was investigated in order to understand its scope. Three 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene monomers were prepared via a robust and versatile synthetic procedure involving the Diels−Alder reaction. In the presence of 1.1 equiv of potassium tert-butoxide, the monomers underwent 1,6-dehydrochlorination to form the respective xylylenes which underwent 1,6-polymerization to give the corresponding chlorine precursor polymers. The 1,6-polymerization mechanism of the highly phenylated monomers is discussed. Only one monomer gave a soluble precursor polymer while the other two gave insoluble precursor polymers. The soluble precursor polymer was deposited as thin films and then converted to the corresponding PPV derivative, which showed green photoluminesence and electroluminesence.
Domestic Inequality Is Root of US‐China Conflict

The solidarity of the G-20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies. In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
SU‐DD‐A1‐06: Synchronized Delivery for DMLC IMRT for Stationary and Moving Targets

Purpose: To eliminate tongue and groove (TG) underdosage effects during DMLC IMRT delivery for stationary and moving targets by synchronizing leaf pair trajectories using a non iterative algorithm. Method and Materials: Optimal leaf trajectories to deliver the desired intensities are calculated independently for all leaf pairs. The mid‐time trajectories for all leaf pairs are also determined. From the mid‐time trajectories of all leaf pairs one common synchronized mid‐time (MT) trajectory is determined. Trajectories for all leaf pairs are reconstructed from this synchronized mid‐time trajectory. Properties of the mid‐time trajectory guarantee that no violation of velocity constraints occurs. The same procedure works for both moving and stationary targets. Results: The intensity delivered in the overlapped region without leaf synchronization, and with leaf synchronization, is examined using two examples. One example shows the leaf synchronization of five leaf pairs to deliver clinical intensity for stationary target and other shows ten leaf pair synchronization to deliver clinical intensity for moving target. The no collision property between the leading and following leaves of neighboring leaf pairs for MT‐synchronized trajectories is assured. This property is illustrated in snapshots of the MLC leaves at different times of irradiation for moving targets. Conclusion: The mid time synchronization based solutions remove TG underdosage in DMLC IMRT delivery for stationary and moving targets. The delivery based on these solutions (i) removes TG underdosage in overlapped region in the sense that the intensity in the region is guaranteed to be equal to the lower intensity delivered by any one of two pairs of neighboring leaves (ii) facilitates simultaneous multiple leaf correlation and thus avoids iterative algorithms (iii) minimizes the time of delivery provided all constraints imposed on leaf motions are satisfied (iv) assures that no collisions between leading and following leaves of neighboring leaf pairs occur.
The responses of single cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rhesus monkey to color and luminance contrast

The responses of parvocellular and magnocellular cells in the monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were assessed to red-green color substitution at various luminance ratios. Parvocellular LGN cells lacking well defined color selectivity could be rendered unresponsive to red-green light exchange at specific luminance ratios. By contrast, magnocellular LGN cells could not be silenced at any luminance ratio. The difference between these two types of cells is attributable to the greater sensitivity of magnocellular cells. The results suggest that magnocellular cells are well suited for the detection of any spatially localized change, be it the result of luminance or wavelength change.