cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Local Supporters on Smart Growth Policy Adoption

Problem: To succeed, the smart growth movement must be active at the local level. However, little is known about the movement's composition and effects. Purpose: This research aims to identify who pursues smart growth at the local level, what types of smart growth policies are being adopted, and the impact of supporters on the types of policies adopted. Methods: Using surveys I conducted with planning and development officials in 202 cities and other data, I estimate regression models predicting the effects of local activism and other possible influences on the number of smart growth, land preserving, and inner-city redevelopment policies these cities adopted. Results and conclusions: I found that (a) as the number of types of groups promoting smart growth increases, cities adopt more smart growth policies; (b) the supporters of smart growth have more impact on the adoption of land preserving policies than on the policies associated with inner-city redevelopment; and (c) cities in states that require comp...
Moving interfaces in rod-like macromolecules

We present a model that describes mechanical unfolding behavior in rod-like macromolecules. We propose that the unfolding occurs via the motion of a folded/unfolded interface along the molecule. We predict the speed of this interface as a function of the pulling velocity such that the resulting force-extension curve replicates the overstretching transition typical of coiled coils and DNA. We model the molecules as one-dimensional continua capable of existing in two metastable states under an applied tension. The interface separates these two metastable states and represents a jump in stretch, which is related to the applied force by the worm-like chain relation. The Abeyaratne-Knowles theory of phase transitions in continua governs the mechanics of the interface.
Under a spell: the strategic use of magic in Greek Cypriot society

In Cyprus, actors who use the notion of magic to explain particular events and acts are typically labeled “superstitious” and “ignorant.” The arguments employed to support this accusation are strongly reminiscent of colonial anthropology and, like it, they function to legitimate relations of domination. Evidence from Cyprus suggests that far from signifying superstition, recourse to the notion of magic is a social strategy. Similarly, a community's acceptance of magical explanations may be construed in terms of the “performative appropriateness” of magic in Cyprus. [strategy, ideology, power relations, magic, Cyprus]
Community Land Trusts in the United States

ABSTRACT Land trusts are a means to conserve land and/or wildlife (e.g., donating one's farm to The Nature Conservancy) or encourage affordable homeownership and local control of land. The topic of this article is the latter type of land trusts, called Community Land Trusts (CLTs), that have been touted as an innovative means to provide and preserve affordable housing. Through a synthesis of the literature, this article introduces social workers to CLTs. This includes defining Community Land Trusts, reporting on their brief history in the United States, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and examining the limited empirical evidence. This review suggests that Community Land Trusts are an arena for future social work practice and research.
The lack of effects of pretreatment with phenobarbital and chlorpromazine on the acute toxicity of benzene in rats

Abstract Female CD rats were injected ip daily for 3 days with either phenobarbital (75 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg). On the fourth morning the animals were either subjected to a 4-hr inhalation exposure of benzene or given an ip injection of 50% ( v v ) of benzene and mineral oil. Animals were injected with doses of 1, 2, 3 and 4 g benzene/kg body weight. In the inhalation studies, animals were exposed to 6 levels of benzene ranging from 11,500 to 15,500 ppm. The LD50 for animals injected with benzene and the LC50 for animals inhaling benzene were calculated for control groups and those pretreated with either phenobarbital or chlorpromazine. Neither the LD50 or the LC50 were affected by any of the treatment protocols. In order to determine that the pretreatment was stimulating benzene metabolism, a method for measuring benzene metabolism has been developed using [14C]benzene. These studies have shown that phenobarbital and 3-MC do induce benzene metabolism in the liver, that chlorpromazine slightly induces benzene metabolism in the lung, and that pretreatment by these compounds does not affect the acute inhalation toxicity or the ip toxicity of benzene.
A Cost Benefit Analysis Tool (CBAT) for the Management of User Interface Design and Evaluation Tasks

A user interface cost benefit analysis is an examination of the estimated costs associated with user interface design and evaluation tasks against the potential benefits to the software product. The Cost Benefit Analysis Tool (CBAT) is a human factors management tool written in SuperCard™. The tool is based on research by Mayhew (1993) and Mantei and Teorey (1988). CBAT supplements previous research efforts by the addition of more user interface tasks during typical software development lifecycle phases. The main cost benefit form is completed by means of electronic worksheets which are used to estimate both the costs and the benefits used in the overall analysis. Both cost and benefit estimates can be tailored to individual organizational needs. The tool provides the capability to print out data used to perform the cost benefit analysis and on-line help is provided for all worksheets. Future enhancements to CBAT are suggested in the following areas: additional user interface cost tasks and benefit estima...
The alpha decays of 210Bi and 210mBi to levels in 206Tl

Abstract The radiations accompanying the α-decay of 210mBi and 210Bi to 206Tl were studied. The decay of 210mBi involves six α-groups with the following energies and intensities: α0 = 5.201 MeV (0.04%), α266 = 4.935 MeV (54.6%), α305 = 4.896 MeV (40.4%), α634 = 4.568 MeV (0.96%), α650 = 4.550 MeV (3.74%), and α802 = 4.400 MeV (0.19%). The γ-rays in 206Tl, following α-decay of 210mBi, have the following energies and relativeintensities: 266 keV (100), 305 keV (54), 329 keV (1.1), 344 keV (1.4), 368 keV (1.3), 534 keV (0.5), 634 keV (0.02), and 650 keV (5.6). Coincidence experiments provided direct evidence for confirmation of the level scheme for 206Tl, and for closure of the decay chain around the A = 210, 206 α,β cycle.
¡Es la «financialización»!

La implosion sufrida por Wall Street de 2007 a 2009 y la recesion mundial consiguiente han mostrado la importancia que revisten las finanzas en la economia. Ni los gobiernos, ni los organismos internacionales, ni los especialistas detectaron los peligros que acechaban en el sector financiero liberalizado. Ahora se esta pagando una factura colosal en perdidas de empleos, bienes publicos y crecimiento. Las cantidades gigantescas desembolsadas en salvamentos y planes de estimulo han dejado secuelas graves en los presupuestos estatales y en las economias. El autor resume estos problemas y el de los incentivos al acaparamiento de ganancias. Por ultimo, propugna razonadamente una reforma a fondo de las instituciones que articulan las finanzas con la economia real.
A preliminary tectonic fabric chart of the Indian Ocean

We present a preliminary tectonic chart of the Indian Ocean based on a joint compilation of bathymetric data, magnetic anomaly data and Geosat altimetry data. Satellite altimeters such as Geosat map the topography of the equipotential sea surface or marine geoid. Our interpretation of the GEOSAT data is based on an analysis of the first derivative of the geoid profiles (i.e. deflection of the vertical profiles). Because of the high correlation between the vertical deflection (at wavelength <200 km) and the seafloor topography, the Geosat profiles can be used to delineate accurately numerous tectonic features of the ocean floor such as fracture zones, seamounts and spreading ridges. The lineations in the Geosat data are compared with bathymetric data and combined with magnetic anomaly identifications to produce a tectonic fabric chart of the Indian Ocean floor.
The receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 is required for dendritic cell development in peripheral lymphoid tissues

Dendritic cell (DC) development begins in the bone marrow but is not completed until after immature progenitors reach their sites of residence in lymphoid organs. The hematopoietic growth factors regulating these processes are poorly understood. Here we examined the effects of signaling by the receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 on macrophage DC progenitors in the bone marrow and on peripheral DCs. We found that the macrophage DC progenitor compartment was responsive to superphysiological amounts of Flt3 ligand but was not dependent on Flt3 for its homeostatic maintenance in vivo. In contrast, Flt3 was essential to the regulation of homeostatic DC development in the spleen, where it was needed to maintain normal numbers of DCs by controlling their division in the periphery.
Towards a robust democracy: the core competencies critical to community developers

Community developers must possess specialized skills and knowledge to effectively promote democratic practice. The training literature indicates strong agreement on the values of the profession, including inclusion, broad participation, and empowerment. Only rarely in the literature are these values translated into a comprehensive set of core competencies. Following a research synthesis approach, we identify seven specific competencies: (1) listening, (2) emotional awareness, (3) cultural awareness and humility, (4) public deliberation, (5) facilitation, (6) appreciative inquiry, and (7) empowerment. We propose this initial framework to spur a robust discussion and debate among practitioners, scholars, and educators. We believe that the field of community development will be strengthened if there is a widely accepted set of competencies for those who seek to build just and democratic communities.
Quantitative analysis of lipids by thin-layer chromatography.

A procedure is described for the quantitative analysis of neutral and phospholipids by thinlayer chromatography (TLC) employing densitometry. The chromatophates are prepared with the usual solvent systems. The spots are charred under standard conditions and analyzed with a Photovolt Corp. densitometer equipped with a special stage designed for holding 20×20 cm chromatoplates. Each spot on the chromatoplate gives a peak of density values which is used for quantitative analysis.
Quantitative Vibrational Imaging by Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution Analysis

Spectroscopic imaging has been an increasingly critical approach for unveiling specific molecules in biological environments. Toward this goal, we demonstrate hyperspectral stimulated Raman loss (SRL) imaging by intrapulse spectral scanning through a femtosecond pulse shaper. The hyperspectral stack of SRL images is further analyzed by a multivariate curve resolution (MCR) method to reconstruct quantitative concentration images for each individual component and retrieve the corresponding vibrational Raman spectra. Using these methods, we demonstrate quantitative mapping of dimethyl sulfoxide concentration in aqueous solutions and in fat tissue. Moreover, MCR is performed on SRL images of breast cancer cells to generate maps of principal chemical components along with their respective vibrational spectra. These results show the great capability and potential of hyperspectral SRL microscopy for quantitative imaging of complicated biomolecule mixtures through resolving overlapped Raman bands.
Alternative Splicing of Endothelial Fibronectin Is Induced by Disturbed Hemodynamics and Protects Against Hemorrhage of the Vessel Wall

Objective—Abnormally low-flow conditions, sensed by the arterial endothelium, promote aneurysm rupture. Fibronectin (FN) is among the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins and is strongly upregulated in human aneurysms, suggesting a possible role in disease progression. Altered FN splicing can result in the inclusion of EIIIA and EIIIB exons, generally not expressed in adult tissues. We sought to explore the regulation of FN and its splicing and their possible roles in the vascular response to disturbed flow. Approach and Results—We induced low and reversing flow in mice by partial carotid ligation and assayed FN splicing in an endothelium-enriched intimal preparation. Inclusion of EIIIA and EIIIB was increased as early as 48 hours, with negligible increases in total FN expression. To test the function of EIIIA and EIIIB inclusion, we induced disturbed flow in EIIIAB−/− mice unable to include these exons and found that they developed focal lesions with hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the vessel wall. ...
Migrant worker children: Conceptions of homelessness and implications for education

In this paper the authors draw from interviews with young migrant workers to problematize the question "What is a home?" The argument is made that once we acknowledge alternative images of "home" and the values and priorities that follow, policies and services for migrant workers and their children might take different forms than are currently configured. Migrating, or becoming "homeless," is a choice these families make to maintain their family structure. For these people homed-homeless is not a dichotomy. Rather, the operative word is family. The structure of the family is analyzed as a lifeworld (Habermas, 1984, 1987), or system of values and experiences that defines choices and ways of acting. Importantly, migrant workers travel as families and often as extended families. The unit of the family is assumed. Tensions arise when an individual member of the family questions the assumption of everyone working together for the family unit. When the family decides to break the unit, for example by sending a ...
A Methodology for Assessing the Value of Knowledge in a Service Parts Supply Chain

In this paper, we investigate the value of knowledge [V(K)] in a service organization where knowledge is strictly uncodified and used as a supplement to data and information in the decision logic in a service parts replenishment problem. An earlier case study by the authors has revealed that automotive service parts managers often have considerable knowledge about special supply chain events that alter demand-such as a recall for a failing component, production rate changes, and discontinuation notices. Likewise, service parts managers know about local conditions that will influence service part sales, including weather conditions and changes in the service and body shop schedules. In this paper, we develop a methodology for assessing the value of this knowledge, including a service parts demand model with parameters that are estimated and updated using a Bayesian approach. We demonstrate how the V(K) can be quantified via a simulation of the effect of knowledge in the replenishment process for six selected service part categories. As the V(K) is an important input to the economic justification of information technologies, the development of a methodology that quantifies its value is an important contribution to the management of information systems.
A comparison of second‐order and fourth‐order pressure gradient algorithms in a σ‐co‐ordinate ocean model

In stratified three-dimensional models the use of a boundary-fitted vertical co-ordinate is known to produce errors in the horizontal pressure gradient calculation near steep topography. The error is due to the splitting of the horizontal pressure gradient term in each of the momentum equations into two parts and the subsequent incomplete cancellation of the truncation errors of those parts. In order to minimize these pressure gradient errors, a fourth-order-accurate pressure gradient calculation has been implemented and installed in SPEM, a three-dimensional primitive equation ocean model. The stability and accuracy of the new scheme are compared with those of the original second-order-accurate model in a series of calculations of unforced flow in the vicinity of an isolated seamount. The new scheme is shown to have much smaller pressure gradient errors over a wide range of parameter space as well as a greater parametric domain of numerical stability.
Facile synthesis of nucleic acid-polymer amphiphiles and their self-assembly.

A solid-phase synthesis for nucleic acid–polymer amphiphiles is developed. Using this strategy, several DNA-b-polymer amphiphiles are synthesized, and their self-assembly in aqueous solution is investigated. This general method can in principle be extended to nearly all polymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization to produce a variety of nucleic acid–polymer conjugates.
Using reasoning patterns to simplify games

In complex strategic situations decision-making agents interact with many other agents and have access to many pieces of information throughout their play. This usually leads to game solving being a very complex, almost intractable procedure. Moreover, algorithms for solving games usually fail to explain how the various equilibria come about and how "plausible" they are. Reasoning patterns try to capture the strategic thinking of agents and formalize the usage of the various information or evidence they obtain during their interactions. Identifying reasoning patterns can lead to a significant refinement over the full range of equilibria, as well as considerable computational savings in solving the game. Here we present a polynomial-time algorithm that simplifies the original game by iteratively identifying noneffective (ignorable) decision nodes and removing redundant information edges. In some cases, this can lead to exponential-time savings in computing an equilibrium, yet some -potentially efficient-equilibria may be lost in the process.
Data management mechanisms for embedded system gateways

It is becoming increasingly common to connect traditional embedded system networks to the Internet for remote monitoring, high-level control and integration. It is necessary to protect each part of the interconnected system from faults and attacks which propagate from the other side. One architectural approach is to add a gateway to the embedded system to receive Internet traffic and disperse data to the embedded system, but there is no clear recipe for building such gateways. Since Internet routers commonly use queues to manage traffic, we examine the effectiveness of queues for the embedded system gateway domain. We perform a series of experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the queue mechanism and various queue management techniques. We show that queues can exhibit poor performance in the context of real-time embedded system gateways due to problems with message latency and dropped messages. We then introduce the concept of a filter mechanism and show that a simple filter mechanism can outper-form queue mechanisms when used in the gateway to manage real-time state-oriented data streams.
Associating synchronization constraints with data in an object-oriented language

Concurrency-related bugs may happen when multiple threads access shared data and interleave in ways that do not correspond to any sequential execution. Their absence is not guaranteed by the traditional notion of "data race" freedom. We present a new definition of data races in terms of 11 problematic interleaving scenarios, and prove that it is complete by showing that any execution not exhibiting these scenarios is serializable for a chosen set of locations. Our definition subsumes the traditional definition of a data race as well as high-level data races such as stale-value errors and inconsistent views. We also propose a language feature called atomic sets of locations, which lets programmers specify the existence of consistency properties between fields in objects, without specifying the properties themselves. We use static analysis to automatically infer those points in the code where synchronization is needed to avoid data races under our new definition. An important benefit of this approach is that, in general, far fewer annotations are required than is the case with existing approaches such as synchronized blocks or atomic sections. Our implementation successfully inferred the appropriate synchronization for a significant subset of Java's Standard Collections framework.
Excitation of Jovian normal modes by an impact source

We estimated the amplitudes of Jovian normal modes excited by a near-surface impact. The planet is modeled as a self-gravitating fluid sphere, and the impact source is approximated by a single force or a point pressure source. The effects of rotation are not included. An impact of a comet with a radius of 3 km and momentum Mν=6.8×10^(23) g-cm/s is modeled as a point source 100 km below the Jovian surface, assumed to be at 1 bar. The peak-to-peak amplitudes of displacement and velocity of disturbance with a period of 700 s are approximately 2.1 m and 1.9 cm/s, respectively, at a distance of 90° from the impact. An amplification of a factor of about 25 occurs near the antipode. This estimate is not sensitive to the assumptions on the density distribution above the surface. The amplitude in the higher altitude can be significantly higher. At shorter periods (100 to 200 s), the amplitudes depend on the source depth. For an impact with Mν=10^(23) g-cm/s, and for a source depth of about 20 to 50 km, the amplitude and the particle velocity at a distance of 90° are of the order of 100 m, and 3 m/s, respectively. The pressure change at a depth of 20 to 50 km is of the order of 20 dyne/cm², or about 2×10^(−6) of the ambient pressure at a depth of 40 km.
Development of Chiral Negative Refractive Index Metamaterials for the Terahertz Frequency Regime

A novel negative refractive index (NRI) chiral meta-material (MTM), based on the Y structure, has been designed and tested in the microwave and terahertz frequencies. In addition to providing magnetoelectric coupling, this MTM has a negative index of refraction passband that can be tuned in both the frequency of operation and bandwidth with lower losses compared to other known chiral structures. Group theory was used to analyze the magnetoelectric coupling of the Y-shaped structure and circuit analysis was used to aid in the design of the NRI material and full-wave finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations were conducted to determine the transmission characteristics of the material. Wedge-and prism-shaped models comprised of the designed structures were simulated to validate the NRI behavior and were then compared to experimental results in the microwave regime. Furthermore, the Y-shaped design was fabricated in the THz regime and the co-and cross-polarized transmission coefficients were determined from experiments and were compared to numerical results.
Cycling of CRYPTOCHROME proteins is not necessary for circadian-clock function in mammalian fibroblasts.

Summary Background An interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loop (TTFL) is thought to generate the mammalian circadian clockwork in both the central pacemaker residing in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and in peripheral tissues. The core circadian genes, including Period1 and Period2 ( Per1 and Per2 ), Cryptochrome1 and Cryptochrome2 ( Cry1 and Cry2 ), Bmal1 , and Clock are indispensable components of this biological clockwork. The cycling of the PER and CRY clock proteins has been thought to be necessary to keep the mammalian clock ticking. Results We provide a novel cell-permeant protein approach for manipulating cryptochrome protein levels to evaluate the current transcription and translation feedback model of the circadian clockwork. Cell-permeant cryptochrome proteins appear to be functional on the basis of several criteria, including the abilities to (1) rescue circadian properties in Cry1 −/− Cry2 −/− mouse fibroblasts, (2) act as transcriptional repressors, and (3) phase shift the circadian oscillator in Rat-1 fibroblasts. By using cell-permeant cryptochrome proteins, we demonstrate that cycling of CRY1, CRY2, and BMAL1 is not necessary for circadian-clock function in fibroblasts. Conclusions These results are not supportive of the current version of the transcription and translation feedback-loop model of the mammalian clock mechanism, in which cycling of the essential clock proteins CRY1 and CRY2 is thought to be necessary.
Viral and Non-viral Tracing of Cerebellar Corticonuclear and Vestibulorubral Projections in the Mouse

Previously reported multisynaptic tracing of the mouse eyeblink circuit [1] revealed characteristic spatiotemporal patterns in cerebellar labelling that suggested well-defined corticonuclear pathways. This project further explores the connectivity of these circuits in the cerebellum and in downstream motor structures. Cerebellar cortical projections to the deep cerebellar nuclei were traced with retrograde virus, which was allowed to propagate through one infection cycle (synapse). Further downstream motor circuits were traced with electroporated dextran dye and fluorescent microbeads. Distinct, coherent pathways were uncovered from ansiform lobule to the dentate nucleus, from the lobule simplex to the anterior interpositus, from anterior vermis to posterior interpositus, and from posterior vermis to fastigial nucleus. There were no crossprojections observed between the corticonuclear projections to different cerebellar nuclei. The first two pathways have been implicated in classical conditioning, while the third is likely involved in cerebellar modulation of reflexes, as well as in the control and enhancement of conditioned responses. Little is known about the fourth, and its potential motor outputs were further explored by tracing from the fastigiovestibular tract to the red nucleus and vice versa, establishing the existence of a previously unexplored vestibulorubral pathway in the mouse.
Visible-light-responsive copper(II) borate photocatalysts with intrinsic midgap states for water splitting

Two copper borates, CuB2O4 and Cu3B2O6, produce either H2 or O2 under visible light in the presence of sacrificial agents. Both copper borates exhibit intrinsic midgap states between the valence bands and conduction bands. However, structural differences in the two compounds lead to midgap states with remarkably different photocatalytic behaviors. In CuB2O4, the midgap states facilitate visible light absorption and enhance photocatalytic activity, while in Cu3B2O6 they act as trap states that reduce photocatalytic activity.
Two Documents for the History of the Spanish Theatre in the Period of the Gobierno Intruso

Important studies by Emilio Cotarelo y Mori, Jorge Campos and Emmanuel Larraz comprise the essential bibliography centring on theatre life in the period of Jose Bonaparte's monarchy in Spain.1 The two documents that are here reproduced bring to life this history and contribute significant new information. They vividly present the aspirations and frustrations of the Francophile Spaniards who, for the purpose of winning the Spanish people to their own ideological goals, advised Bonaparte on matters of theatre reform. Standing behind them was a point of view similar to that of Jovellanos, who years before the gobierno intruso wrote of the theatre as a special kind of entertainment, ‘capaz de instruir o extraviar el espiritu, y de perfeccionar o corromper el corazon de los ciudadanos’.2
Maximum thermal spreading resistance for rectangular sources and plates with nonunity aspect ratios

An exact three-dimensional (3-D) solution is derived for the steady-state heat conduction equation with the source on an otherwise adiabatic surface and Newtonian cooling on the opposing surface. Dimensionless solutions are provided for maximum and source-averaged thermal spreading resistances. The solution for unit-source contours in a plane perpendicular to the source plane is also included. Maximum thermal spreading resistance plots are provided for several source-to-plate edge length ratios and source aspect ratios (plate maintained square). The Newtonian cooling effects are incorporated via a Biot number. Examples illustrate application of the theory.
Modeling form for on-line following of musical performances

Automated musical accompaniment of human performers often requires an agent be able to follow a musical score with similar facility to that of a human performer. Systems described in the literature represent musical scores in a way that assumes no large-scale structural variation of the piece during performance. If the performer deviates from the expected path by skipping or repeating a section, the system may become lost. We describe a way to automatically generate a Markov model from a written score that models the score form, and an on-line algorithm to align a performance to a score. The resulting system can follow performances that take alternate paths through the score without losing its place. We compare the performance of our system to that of sequence-based score followers on a melodic corpus of 98 Jazz melodies. Results show that explicitly representing the branching structure of a score significantly improves score following when the branch a performer may take is unknown beforehand.
Court and Cottage: The Public Image of Maria Theresa's Government During the Transdanubian Unrest, 1765–1767

During the years 1765–1767, there was serious peasant unrest in Transdanubian Hungary, a region where large estates owned by a few prominent families such as the Esterhazy, Batthany, and Festetics were prevalent. Especially in Vas, Zala, and Somogy counties, located in western Hungary across the border from Styria, peasant inhabitants protested the growing demands for services and other payments placed upon them by landlords eager to increase the income produced by their lands. No uniform standards existed; both the size of peasant land holdings and the obligations attached to these holdings varied markedly, determined by various contracts or, more often, by custom.
The theta-syllable: a unit of speech information defined by cortical function

A recent commentary (Oscillators and syllables: a cautionary note. Cummins, 2012) questions the validity of a class of speech perception models inspired by the possible role of neuronal oscillations in decoding speech (e.g., Ghitza 2011, Giraud & Poeppel 2012). In arguing against the approach, Cummins raises a cautionary flag “from a phonetician’s point of view.” Here we respond to his arguments from an auditory processing viewpoint, referring to a phenomenological model of Ghitza (2011) taken as a representative of the criticized approach. We shall conclude by proposing the theta-syllable as an information unit defined by cortical function – an alternative to the conventional, ambiguously defined syllable. In the large context, the resulting discussion debate should be viewed as a subtext of acoustic and auditory phonetics vs. articulatory and motor theories of speech reception.
Orientation and conformation in poly(ethylene terephthalate) with low draw ratios as characterized by specular reflection infra-red spectroscopy

A quantitative treatment of the specular reflection spectra obtained from the surface of uniaxially drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples has been performed. A procedure for correcting for the effect of surface irregularities is presented, and an overall orientation function based on the orientation and content of trans conformers is calculated. The results are correlated with mechanical modulus and crystallinity values. In addition, an unconventional dichroic ratio parameter based on a combination of two major bands is proposed. Results obtained from the Kramers-Kronig analysis and directly from the reflection spectra are discussed. Both are compared with the overall orientation function obtained before.
Postperihelion interference filter photometry of the “annual” comet P/Encke

Interference filter photometry was taken of Comet Encke on June 14, 1974 (1.07 AU heliocentric distance, postperihelion) at the CTIO (Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory) 150-cm reflector. Production rates were calculated as 4.1 x 10 to the 23nd power mol/sec for CN, 5.3 x 10 to 23nd power mol/sec for C3, and 4.3 x 10 to the 24th power mol/sec for C2. These are about three times smaller than at comparable heliocentric distance preperihelion, assuming a value of 100 for the ratio H2O/(C2 + C3 + CN). An upper limit was placed on the production of nonvolatiles at about one-third that of volatiles in mass by assuming a bulk density of 1 g/cu cm, a particle geometric albedo of 0.1, and a phase function of 0.2.
Physiological consequences of height-related morphological variation in Sequoia sempervirens foliage

Summary This study examined relationships between foliar morphology and gas exchange characteristics as they vary with height within and among crowns of Sequoia sempervirens D. Don trees ranging from 29 to 113 m in height. Shoot mass:area (SMA) ratio increased with height and was less responsive to changes in light availability as height increased, suggesting a transition from light to water relations as the primary determinant of morphology with increasing height. Mass-based rates of maximum photosynthesis (Amax,m), standardized photosynthesis (Astd,m) and internal CO2 conductance (gi,m) decreased with height and SMA, while the light compensation point, light saturation point, and mass and area-based rates of dark respiration (Rm) increased with height and SMA. Among foliage from different heights, much of the variation in standardized photosynthesis was explained by variation in gi, consistent with increasing limitation of photosynthesis by internal conductance in foliage with higher SMA. The syndrome of lower internal and stomatal conductance to CO2 and higher respiration may contribute to reductions in upper crown growth efficiency with increasing height in S. sempervirens trees.
Bittorrent, Grokster, and Why Entertainment and Internet Lawyers Need to Prepare for the Fair Use Argument for Downloading Television Shows

This article examines the legal issues facing copyright holders of television shows whose product is available online through modern peer-to-peer networks such as BitTorrent. In a copyright infringement suit against these distributors or end users who download the files, the court will first have to determine whether liability based on the fair use doctrine applies, as explained by the Supreme Court's 2005 Grokster decision. Although the opinion provides guidance for litigants and courts in these particular infringement cases, many of the recent downloading programs have already taken a more proactive position to deter piracy. In these situations, these distributors may be absolved from Grokster-liability due to active monitoring and other affirmative steps. Regardless of how the court weighs this issue, however, it will have to address whether the fair use doctrine applies to television shows obtained through this technology. While fair use has generally been undisputed in music copyright litigation, this article suggests that the fair use analysis may produce different results depending on whether the end user downloads for a private viewing experience or whether the end user downloads and extends the use beyond mere private viewing. The latter download and distribution, particularly in the case of unlicensed commercial distributors makes any fair use argument more tenuous. This article concludes with presenting practical solutions to the television downloading problem.
Regulation of intracellular pH in avian renal proximal tubules

In proximal tubules isolated from chicken transitional nephrons, intracellular pH (pHi), measured with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2'.7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), was approximately 7.3-7.4 under control conditions [N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered medium with pH 7.4 at 39 degrees C] and was reduced to approximately 6.8 in response to NH4Cl pulse. The rate of recovery of pHi (dpHi/dt) from this acid level to the resting level and the resting pHi were 1) significantly reduced by the removal of Na+ from the bath, 2) significantly increased by the removal of Cl from the bath, and 3) unchanged by the removal of both Na+ and Cl from the bath. The addition of either amiloride or 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate to the bath reduced dpHi/dt to about the same extent as the removal of Na+. These data suggest that both Na(+)-coupled and Cl-coupled acid-base fluxes at the basolateral membrane are involved in determining the resting pHi and the rate of recovery of pHi after acidification. The most likely possibilities appear to be a basolateral Na+/Hi exchanger, a basolateral Na(+)-coupled Cl/HCO3 exchanger, a basolateral Na(+)-HCO3(-)CO(3)2 cotransporter, and a basolateral Na(+)-independent Cl-/HCO3 exchanger.
Abstract 18010: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Modeling of Human NOTCH1 Mutations Reveals Novel Pathways Regulating Aortic Valve Disease

In humans, NOTCH1 mutations result in congenital heart defects including valve malformations and severe valve calcification in adults. Valve calcification typically occurs on the aortic side of the valve leaflets that is not exposed to laminar shear stress, suggesting a protective role of flow sensed by the endothelial lining. To understand the mechanisms by which NOTCH1 mutations in endothelial cells (ECs) cause disease, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from fibroblasts of four individuals from two families affected with aortic valve disease due to heterozygous non-sense mutations in NOTCH1. We differentiated control and mutant iPSC lines into ECs and exposed the ECs to either static or fluid shear stress conditions. NOTCH1 mRNA levels were decreased by ~50% in the NOTCH1+/- ECs under static or shear stress conditions. RNA-seq revealed that 165 genes were differentially expressed in static conditions and 193 genes responded abnormally to shear stress in NOTCH1+/- ECs compared to NO...
Removal of thiol ligands from surface-confined nanoparticles without particle growth or desorption.

Size-dependent properties of surface-confined inorganic nanostructures are of interest for applications ranging from sensing to catalysis and energy production. Ligand-stabilized nanoparticles are attractive precursors for producing such nanostructures because the stabilizing ligands may be used to direct assembly of thoroughly characterized nanoparticles on the surface. Upon assembly; however, the ligands block the active surface of the nanoparticle. Methods used to remove these ligands typically result in release of nanoparticles from the surface or cause undesired growth of the nanoparticle core. Here, we demonstrate that mild chemical oxidation (50 ppm of ozone in nitrogen) oxidizes the thiolate headgroups, lowering the ligand’s affinity for the gold nanoparticle surface and permitting the removal of the ligands at room temperature by rinsing with water. XPS and TEM measurements, performed using a custom planar analysis platform that permits detailed imaging and chemical analysis, provide insight into...
Inhibition of endochondral ossification in pantothenic acid deficiency.

SummaryIn growing mice, pantothenic acid is essential for the growth of the skeleton. Deficiency of this vitamin causes inhibition of growth and endochondral ossification. The male reacts more quickly to lack of pantothenic acid than the female. On feeding an adequate stock diet subsequent to a prolonged deficiency, growth of cartilage and ossification are resumed rapidly and may surpass in intensity the processes seen in normal nondeficient animals. In the adult mouse, skeletal changes were not observed under the influence of pantothenic acid deficiency.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITY MECHANISMS IN LEAN PREMIXED GAS TURBINES

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the mechanisms that drive combustion instabilities in low NOx gas turbines (LNGT). It is based upon prior work by the authors showing mat reactants onmixedness of lean mixtures can produce large amplitude reaction and heat release oscillations that can drive combustion instabilities in LNGT. The model developed in this study shows that the interaction of the combustor pressure oscillations with the reactants feed lines produces periodic variation of the reactants equivalence ratio (Le., unmixedness). This, in turn, produces a "chain" of combustible gas packets with a periodically varying equivalence ratio that are convected by the mean flow to the combustor where they produce large amplitude heat release oscillations that drive the combustor pressure oscillations. The model is used to determine ranges of system design parameters and characteristic times that produce unstable operation. It is shown that for typical LNGT designs, necessary conditions for the onset of instability can be simply described in terms of a ratio of the reactants convective time to the combustor and the period of the oscillations. It is also shown that the predictions of this simple model agree with recent experimental results, strongly suggesting that the developed model and proposed mechanism properly account for the essential processes responsible for driving combustion instabilities in LNGT.
The effect of various conditions on tracheal mucociliary transport in dogs.

SummaryTracheal mucociliary transport rate in dogs was measured by a radioactive particle transport technique. The transport rates averaged 10.5 mm/min in a condition of 24°, 78% RH (wvp 18 mm Hg). Neither change in relative humidity (100% RH, wvp 22 mm Hg and 21% RH, wvp 6 mm Hg) at the same temperature (24°), nor in both temperature and relative humidity (7.2°, 32% RH wvp 3 mm Hg) showed significant difference in mucociliary transport rate. These results indicate the excellent capacity of the canine nose to condition inhaled air. Pilocarpine stimulated the mucociliary transport rate. Nine puffs of nonfiltered smoke showed inconsistent effects on transport rates, while 12 puffs had a consistent inhibitory effect on mucociliary activity. It is suggested that cigarette smoke disturbs both ciliary beating and ciliary coordination in the trachea of the dogs.The technical assistance of Mr. Alberto J. Colon is gratefully acknowledged.
457 OBJECTIVE SLEEP QUALITY IN CHILDREN WITH SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome caused by a defect in cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal sleep patterns have been described in SLOS, but previous investigations have relied on parental surveys (Ryan et al, 1998). Children with other mental retardation syndromes are known to have high rates of sleep problems causing disruptive behavior during the day and significant parental stress (Quine, 1992; Didden et al, 2001). The aim of this study is to objectively measure sleep quality in children with SLOS. Actigraphy was obtained on nine children with SLOS ranging in age from 1.1 to 11.3 years at the start of data collection using the AW6 Actiwatch® and associated software (Mini-Mitter/Respironics, Inc). Three to four weeks of continuous data were collected at 1-minute intervals. A sleep diary was supplied to the responsible caregiver, capturing estimates of bedtime, sleep onset, sleep offset, and get-up time, in addition to notable wake after sleep onset (WASO) and times when the watch was removed. A research associate, experienced with actigraphy scored sleep, matched diary and event marker data with actigraphic evidence of bedtime and sleep intervals. All data collection began in the General Clinical Research Center at OHSU after parental instruction on use and proceeded to subject9s residence. Data for subjects who live outside the Pacific Time zone were adjusted to account for jet-lag or other zeitgeibers. Time in bed ranged from 9.5 to 12.5 hours ( = 10.33 hrs) with total sleep time (TST) ranging from 6.1 to 9.4 hrs ( = 8.0 hrs), offering a mean sleep efficiency (SE) of 76.2%. SE ranged from 71% to 83%. Standard deviations (SD) for SE ranged from 6.36% ( n = 19 nights for the subject with lowest variability) to 13.54% ( n = 23 nights for subject with highest variability). Sleep efficiency in typically developing children generally ranges from 87% to 97% (Sadeh, 2000; Tikotzky, 2001). Sleep onset latency (SOL) ranged from 0.1 to 1.2 hours ( = 40 min). Sleep onset ranged from 20:37 to 24:58 (SD 1.0 hrs) and sleep offset 5:57 to 9:11 (SD 1.4 hrs) with onset at 22:35 and offset at 7:49. Our study demonstrates that actigraphy can successfully measure sleep in children with SLOS. Sleep diary reports and event markers correlated well with actigraphic data. Children with SLOS have low sleep efficiency and prolonged sleep onset latency. These sleep abnormalities could impact daytime functioning. There do not appear to be abnormalities in sleep/wake schedules (circadian rhythms).
ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN IMIDAZOLINE FILM FORMED ON CARBON STEEL SURFACE

Corrosion inhibition performance of surface film formed on carbon steel induced by imidazoline inhibition MCI was studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS) of the MCI induced film on the surface of carbon steel was measured and an equivalent circuit was proposed.The relation between impedance characteristics and the corrosion inhibition mechanics of MCI was discussed.The results showed that the MCI-treated carbon steel has good corrosion resistance during high-temperature and high-pressure test.
Estimation and Trend Analysis on the Burden of Diabetes Mellitus among Residents under 80 Years of Age in Xuhui District,Shanghai

[Objective] To estimate and analyze the disease burden of diabetes mellitus(DM) and explore its possible trend among residents in Xuhui District of Shanghai.[Methods] Data obtained from Xuhui District residential death registration system(1999-2011) were employed to select 1 780 residents under 80 years old with DM as primary death cause.The disease burden of DM was estimated by disability adjusted life year(DALY) which included years of life lost(YLL) and years lived with disability(YLD).The time trend of DALYs were predicted by establishing a Grey Dynamic model.[Results] The DALYs of DM of Xuhui residents under 80 years of age over the past 13 years were higher than those of emerging market economies and China in 2004.The estimated YLD,accounting for 67.5% of total DALY,was much higher than the YLL no matter what gender was concerned.The DALYs of males showed a time trend tendency(u=2.92,P 0.01) while no such trend was found in females.The short-term estimated DALYs for residents under the age of 80 years based on Grey Dynamic model were 7.66 and 8.26 per 1 000 people for year 2012 and 2013,respectively.[Conclusion] The burden of DM in Xuhui District is heavy and shows a time tendency in men.Disabled burden of DM is higher than death burden.
Activation of Surface ReOx Sites on Al2O3 Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis

The nature of activated surface ReOx sites and surface reaction intermediates for supported ReOx/Al2O3 catalysts during propylene self-metathesis were systematically investigated for the first time using in situ spectroscopy (Raman, UV–vis, XAS (XANES/EXAFS) and IR). In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that olefins selectively interact with the surface dioxo ReO4 sites anchored at acidic alumina hydroxyls. In situ UV–vis indicates that surface Re5+ and some Re6+ sites form, and in situ XAS indicates a reduction in the number of Re═O bond character in the propylene self-metathesis reaction environment, especially as the temperature is increased. The appearance of oxygenated products during propylene activation supports the conclusion that catalyst activation involves removal of oxygen from the surface rhenia sites (pseudo-Wittig mechanism). Isotopic CD3CD═CD2 → CH3CH═CH2 switch experiments demonstrate the presence of surface Re═CD2 and Re═CDCD3 reaction intermediates, with the surface Re═CD2 species being t...