cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A class of hybrid list file organizations

Abstract A new class of hybrid list organizations is proposed in this paper. A hybrid list organization of length parameter L th is to store a key list as an inverted list or as a multilist depending on whether the list length is larger than L th or not. By varying the value of L th one obtains a spectrum of list structures. The pure inverted list and pure multilist organizations are included in the class as degenerate cases. Efficiencies of file organizations in a particular data base system are dependent upon the data base characteristics. Evaluations through analysis and simulation show that, for some realistic data base systems, there exist non-degenerate hybrid list organizations which are indeed superior in performance.
A Comparison of Two Trending Strategies for Gas Turbine Performance Prediction

Complex multidomain dynamic systems demand reliable health monitoring to minimize breakdowns and downtime, thereby enabling cost savings and increased operator safety. Diagnostic and prognostic strategies monitor a system's transient and steady-state operations, detecting deviations from normal operating scenarios and warning operators of potential system anomalies. System diagnostics detect, identify, and isolate a system fault while prognostics offer strategies to predict system behavior at a future operating time to define the useful period before failure criterion is reached. This paper presents the development and the experimental application of two methods to predict the system behavior based on trends in performance. Statistical regression concepts have been used to analyze dynamic plant signals, and based on these results, future plant operation was estimated. Wavelet transforms were used to condition the signal, and the denoised signals were subsequently forecast. The case study presented here applies the two methodologies to the operational data from a simple cycle 85 MW General Electric gas turbine. Those operating data were used to train and validate the algorithms. A comparison of the two methodologies reveals that the wavelet forecast is better than the statistical strategy with lower forecasting error. The developed approaches may be used in parallel with a diagnostic algorithm to monitor gas turbine system behavior.
Memory Landscapes and the Labor of the Negative in Berlin

Focusing on the case of Berlin, this article explores the function of memory landscapes using the concept of the labor of the negative. Through three Berlin cases—the memorialization of the Berlin Wall, recent counter-memorials to the Holocaust, and the urban appropriation of voids through temporary projects—the article suggests that the labor of the negative constitutes Berlin’s memory landscape out of the interplay between absence and presence.
Measurement and Quantum Silence

The central problem in the interpretation of the quantum theory is how to understand the superposition of the eigenstates of an observable. To a considerable extent scientific practice here, especially as codified in versions of Bohr’s Copenhagen interpretation, follows an interpretive principle that I have elsewhere called the Rule of Silence (Fine 1987). That rule admonishes us not to talk about the values of an observable unless the state of the system is an eigenstate, or a mixture of eigenstates, of the observable in question. With regard to the Rule of Silence, as in other matters bearing on the interpretation of the quantum theory, Einstein was one of the first to realize that there can be difficulties. They appear as soon as we look at something like an explosion; i.e., the interaction between a micro- and a macrosystem that involves the amplification of a microphenomenon to macroscopic scale (Fine 1988 Chap. 5, esp. p. 78ff.). John Bell describes the difficulty over the Rule of Silence this way.
Examining Double Marginalization Effect for Innovative Product Supply Chain

Double marginalization effect refers to the phenomenon that when both upstream and downstream firms have monopolistic power, customers pay higher retail price and firms make less profit than when the supply chain is vertically integrated (Tirole, 1988). Although double marginalization effect has been extensively studied in the context of supply chain management for mature products, very limited attention has been given to innovative products whose demand is generated through word-of-mouth effect. The authors study the pricing decisions in a supply chain that sells innovative products. Using a modified Bass diffusion model to capture demand trajectory over time, the authors identify the optimal way for the retailer and supplier to adjust prices when profit is not discounted, and also provide numerical examples when profit is discounted. The authors show that (1) when profit is not discounted the optimal retail prices are adjusted over time, while the optimal wholesale price should be kept as a constant, and (2) double marginalization effect also exists in an innovative product supply chain, but its degree depends on a number of factors, such as the innovation and imitation coefficients.
Spatial Education and Integrated Hands-on Training: Essential Foundations of GIS Instruction

Abstract Instructional approaches in the spatial sciences of geographic information systems, remote sensing, and computer cartography are becoming more integrated because of their redundant requirements in theoretical education and hands-on training. A common set of conceptual issues and topical priorities was established for a newly developed course, “Spatial Data Representation and Display.” The course is organized under the major headings of data acquisition, data encoding and storage, data display, and data analysis, and encompasses issues that serve as spatial foundations for the more advanced GIS, remote sensing, and computer cartography courses. Hands-on experiences in satellite image processing, GIS analysis, and data output are conducted on laboratory facilities developed or adapted for instructional student opportunities. Hardware configurations and software systems used to accommodate the spatial training are presented, as well as the theoretical issues and topical areas covered through the cou...
Discussion: A Test of the Hypothesis of Economic Rationality in a Less-developed Economy

Professors Wise and Yotopoulos have presented us with an interesting search for a measure of rationality. The goal is certainly worthy, but this reader is left with the feeling that they have not yet achieved it. They start with the assumption that Greek peasant farming is characterized by a two-input Cobb-Douglas production function and constant elasticities for the supply of inputs and demand for output. They assume profit maximization and derive three relations involving the values of inputs and outputs where the unknown parameters are the elasticities of supply of the inputs. By making certain assumptions (which I shall discuss shortly) about relationships among variances, they derive as an estimate of a "rationality index" the correlation coefficient between the log of capital and the log of labor. From the title, I assume that the rationality index is the primary focus of the paper. Therefore, this discussion is devoted largely to the index and only secondarily to the problems encountered in deriving it. The authors conclude that "two-thirds of the variance in input levels is explicable by profit-maximization considerations [and this] is indeed encouraging." In accepting this conclusion as empirical verification of their measure, one should note carefullly the alternative that is rejected. By attributing the observed correlation to their systematic component, they thus reject a model that considers entrepreneurial behavior to be entirely random. A model that makes entrepreneurial decisions unpredictable in any systematic fashion is an unlikely candidate for acceptance over almost any other alternative. Further, such a model is not part of the literature of attack on profit-maximization models with which they start. The likeliest alternative-the traditional model-is perfectly consistent with their regressions.l Consider a model that said all Greek farmers were taught as young men to apply so much capital and so much labor per unit of land. We could specify this as K = a L, capital is a fixed proportion of labor. A
An approximation to the distribution of the resultant from a fisher distribution

The Fisher distribution is a commonly employed model for unimodal data on the surface of a sphere. The sampling distribution of the resultant is needed for making inferences regarding its concentration parameter. Available approximations to the sampling distribution are appropriate only over restricted ranges of the parameter. We propose a two moment beta approximation that is accurate for a wide range of sample sizes and parameter values of practical interest. It is convenient for testing hypotheses and obtaining confidence intervals; nomograms useful for such purposes are included.
Development of otoconia in the embryonic chick (Gallus domesticus)

In the chick (Gallus domesticus) embryo, otoconium formation started first over the macula sacculi around the 4th day of incubation, and a day later over the macula utriculi. It was determined that each otoconium formed as a result of the segmentation of the immature otolithic membrane, and that the calcium responsible for otoconium calcification was incorporated into the organic matrix of each otoconium in the form of small electron-dense granules (20-150 nm in. diameter). The presence of calcium in these granules was confirmed by histochemical staining with osmic-potassium pyroantimonate, by EDTA chelation, and by X-ray micronanalysis under the electron microscope.
The Eurozone 1999-2010 (Some Thoughts about the Long Term Dynamic Forces in the EMU)

Detailed econometric analysis of the dynamics and variability of the 10 different economic variables is used to analyze the divergence-convergence processes in the Eurozone. These data, publicly available from the Eurostat and European Central Bank indicate that the current instability notwithstanding, in its first 11 years of existence the Eurozone was a reasonably cohesive political arrangement. However, significant cracks in its economic facade are clearly developing in the areas most important for the long run economic performances of individual countries – productivity and competitiveness. Unless addressed, these may constitute significant, and perhaps ultimate, threats to the Eurozone cohesion and perhaps to its existence.
Changing referral patterns for surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Objective To determine whether referral patterns for surgical treatment among patients with chronic ulcerative colitis have changed in recent years, especially in view of the introduction of a new operation, the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Material and Methods Between January 1976 and December 1986, 981 patients underwent proctocolectomy at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Brooke ileostomy (N = 300), colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (N = 33), proctocolectomy with Kock pouch (N = 180), or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) (N = 468) was performed. The indications for surgical intervention were categorized as emergent or elective, the latter including intractability, cancer, and cancer prophylaxis. For analysis, the duration from diagnosis of disease to operation, indications for surgical treatment, and types of operation were subdivided into pre-IPAA era (before 1981) and post-IPAA era (from 1981 onward) for the entire group and for distant versus local patients. Results More continence-preserving operations were done in 1981 and thereafter (76%) than before 1981 (46%). In the later segment of the study period in comparison with before 1981, fewer operations were done for emergent reasons (4% versus 8%) and a greater percentage of operations were done for elective indications, especially intractability (74% versus 61%). With the advent of IP AA in 1981, patients underwent operation sooner after the diagnosis was made (7.4 years versus 8.6 years before 1981). A smaller proportion of patients underwent operation for cancer prophylaxis during 1981 through 1986 (19%), however, than before 1981 (28%). Conclusion Referral patterns for surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis have changed in recent years—patients are being referred for operation sooner, before complications develop that necessitate emergent procedures. Although the changed referral pattern may be due to the availability of IPAA, other factors may also have a role.
Acute ischemic stroke successfully treated using sequenced intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis and argatroban anticoagulation: a case study.

Background: Direct thrombin inhibitors, a class of anticoagulants distinct from heparins, have not been evaluated for immediate use after thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. We report a case of ischemic stroke and prothrombotic state treated using sequenced intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy and argatroban anticoagulation.
FLOODPLAIN GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HUMAN ALTERATION ALONG COASTAL PLAIN RIVERS, USA

Human alterations along stream channels and within catchments have affected fluvial geomorphic processes worldwide. Typically these alterations reduce the ecosystem services that functioning floodplains provide; in this paper we are concerned with the sediment and associated material trapping service. Similarly, these alterations may negatively impact the natural ecology of floodplains through reductions in suitable habitats, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. Dams, stream channelization, and levee/canal construction are common human alterations along Coastal Plain fluvial systems. We use three case studies to illustrate these alterations and their impacts on floodplain geomorphic and ecological processes. They include: 1) dams along the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina, 2) stream channelization in west Tennessee, and 3) multiple impacts including canal and artificial levee construction in the central Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana. Human alterations typically shift affected streams away from natural dynamic equilibrium where net sediment deposition is, approximately, in balance with net erosion. Identification and understanding of critical fluvial parameters (e.g., stream gradient, grain-size, and hydrography) and spatial and temporal sediment deposition/erosion process trajectories should facilitate management efforts to retain and/or regain important ecosystem services.
A Self-Organized 2-Dimensional Bifunctional Structure Formed by Supramolecular Design

The production of a novel two-dimensional bimolecular surface structure using weak noncovalent interactions is demonstrated and observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. This work follows the three-dimensional (3D) ideas of crystal engineering and applies the concepts of supramolecular synthons to molecular systems constrained to 2D by physisorption on a conducting surface. We demonstrate a well-ordered planar structure that self-assembles through the influence of fluorine-phenyl interactions. This study provides a concrete example of the "bottom up" construction of nanostructures and of the systematic design of self-organized layers. To our knowledge, this is the first in a new class of fully 2D materials based both upon weak intermolecular interactions and upon image charges and weak interactions associated with adsorption on metal surfaces.
The Causal Devolution

This article discusses causal analysis as a paradigm for explanation in sociology. It begins with a detailed analysis of causality statements in Durkheim's Le suicide. It then discusses the history of causality assumptions in sociological writing since the 1930s, with brief remarks about the related discipline of econometrics. The author locates the origins of causal argument in a generation of brilliant and brash young sociologists with a model and a mission and then briefly considers the history of causality concepts in modern philosophy. The article closes with reflections on the problems created for sociology by the presumption that causal accounting is the epitome of explanation within the discipline. It is argued that sociology should spend more effort on (and should better reward) descriptive work.
Phase distance relaying for transmission systems

Distance Relays are widely used to protect transmission lines. However, due to underreaching and overreaching phenomena, there is a low precision in protection zone limits of distance relays. Thus, in this work, an extension of an existing state-of-the-art algorithm based in phase coordinates is proposed to increase the precision in zone protection limits. The proposed method uses the fault current to estimate the fault resistance and compensate the apparent impedance calculated. The equation development was done for phase-phase type faults. Comparative tests with state-of-the-art formulations verified the efficiency of the proposed method.
Transcription of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Requires a CCAAT-like Element for both Basal and cAMP-mediated Regulation

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in man is controlled by a tightly regulated and weak promoter. The architecture of the CFTR promoter suggests regulatory characteristics that are consistent with the absence of a TATA-like sequence, including the ability to initiate RNA transcription at numerous positions. Detailed investigation of the most proximal region of the human CFTR gene promoter through deletion and mutational analysis reveals that expression is contingent on the conservation of the inverted CCAAT sequence. Basal expression of CFTR transcription and cAMP-mediated transcriptional regulation require the presence of an imperfect and inverted CCAAT element recognized as 5′-AATTGGAAGCAAAT-3′, located between 132 and 119 nucleotides upstream of the translational start site. RNA isolated from a transfected pancreatic cell line carrying integrated wild-type and mutant CFTR-directed transgenes was used to map the 5′ termini of the transgenic transcripts. Analysis of the transcript termini by ribonuclease protection analysis reflects the direct association of the conserved inverted CCAAT sequence in promoting transcript initiation. Because of the requirement for the inverted CCAAT sequence for promoting transcription of CFTR, the involvement of CCAAT-binding factors is suspected in the regulation of CFTR gene transcription. To test this, we used electrophoretic mobility shift assays to demonstrate that the majority of the binding to the inverted CCAAT element, between -135 and -116, was easily competed for by binding to cognate nucleotide sequences for CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP). An antibody specific for the C/EBP-related protein, C/EBPδ, detected C/EBPδ as part of a nuclear protein complex bound to the inverted CCAAT sequence of the CFTR gene. Also, the detection of specific activating transcription factor/cyclic-AMP response element binding protein antigens by antibody supershift analysis of nuclear complexes suggest that species of this family of transcription factors could be involved in the formation of complexes with C/EBPδ within the CFTR gene inverted CCAAT-like element. These studies raise the possibility of interactions between individual members of the C/EBP and activating transcription factor/cyclic-AMP response element binding protein families potentially contribute to the tight transcriptional control rendered by the CFTR gene promoter.
Metabolism of l-35S-methionine in vitamin B6 deficiency: Observations on cystathioninuria

Abstract The metabolism of l - 35 S-methionine in vivo has been studied in vitamin B 6 -deficient and control rats. In the organs studied, incorporation of 35 S into cystathionine was greatest in the vitamin B 6 -deficient rats and the specific activity of cystathionine was greatest in control animals. Uptake of methionine and consequent formation of 35 S-labeled metabolites was greatest in the pancreas by a large margin. No 35 S-cystathionine was detected at any time in the plasma of control or vitamin B 6 -deficient rats indicating that the transport of cystathionine by the blood is not an important process, even in vitamin B 6 deficiency. No radioactive cystathionine was detected in the kidney of control rats, and the amount in the kidney of the vitamin B 6 -deficient rats was similar to that in the urine of control and vitamin B 6 -deficient rats. The results suggest that the kidney is the source of the urinary cystathionine in vitamin B 6 -deficiency. Under the conditions of these experiments, incorporation of 35 S from l - 35 S-methionine into protein is unaffected by vitamin B 6 deficiency.
Vibrotactile poststimulatory threshold shift

Vibrotactile thresholds of detectability were determined at two frequencies (40 and 150 Hz) and for two contactor sizes (0.005 and 2.9 cm2) before and after a 5-min period of steady Gaussian noise of several bandwidths delivered at an intensity level of approximately 20 dB SL. A duplex system of cutaneous mechanoreceptors may be distinguished, based upon the differential poststimulatory threshold shifts resulting from combinations of adapting stimuli, signal frequency, and contactor size.
An atmospheric 13 C/ 12 C reconstruction generated through removal of climate effects from tree-ring 13 C/ 12 C measurements

An accurate reconstruction of past 13 C/ 12 C ratios of atmospheric CO 2 may provide key constraints on the historical activity of the biosphere as CO 2 source or sink. Tree rings appear to be a repository of this information but there is much noise in the collection of previous reconstructions, presumably associated with site selection, radial variability. choice of representative wood chemical constituent, and subtle effects of climate on fractionation. This study attempts to avoid these pitfalls and develop a 50-yr 13 C ATM , record from juniper trees (genus Juniperus), in fact, by taking advantage of the influence of climate on fractionation. Trees were harvested from suitable sites in close proximity to weather stations with monthly records of temperature and precipitation, and ring material was separated from the sections in 5-year intervals around their full circumference. From each interval, relationships of δ 13 C of the cellulose fraction with mean December temperature or precipitation of the respective sites emerged, showing nearly constant slopes from one interval to the next (averaging -0.27‰ C -1 for temperature and -0.04‰ mm -1 for precipitation) but with different intercepts. The separation of these regression lines of different intervals is interpreted as the response of the trees to the changing δ 13 C of atmospheric CO 2 so that δ 13 C ATM curves are constructed from this spacing. The shape of the best-fit reconstruction suggests the biosphere has acted as a CO 2 source to about 1965 but has become a sink afterward. Although there are several recent studies whose results are compatible with this interpretation, the assumptions and statistical considerations in this study would still allow an exponentially decreasing curve through the data points from 1930- 1979 and therefore, other interpretations are not excluded. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00013.x
Commitment, behavior, and attitude change: An analysis of voluntary recycling

Abstract This project was designed to help local agencies select the least effortful but most impactful method of inducing residents to participate in a free curbside recycling program. It also provided an opportunity to study attitude change. Results indicated that residents making a written commitment were more likely to participate (and to participate more than once) than those who learned about the program face-to-face, by telephone, or from only a flyer (all residents received the flyer; the signature-commitment and face-to-face groups also received telephone calls to prepare them for the experimenter's visit). Although groups had similar recycling histories—and by implication similar prior attitudes—those who participated had more favorable attitudes after 4 months than those who did not participate. In contrast to research showing that commitment could lead to behavior without corresponding changes in attitudes, the data supported the view that commitment and behavior can lead to changes in attitudes. The study sets the stage for systematic examination of the hypothesis that at first commitment leads to behavior without attitude change, but over time, if the behavior continues, attitude change occurs.
A preliminary physicochemical characterization of an agglutinin found in the hemolymph of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii

Abstract An agglutinin found in the serum of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii , capable of agglutinating marine bacteria and vertebrate chicken and rabbit red blood cells (RBC), was studied to determine some of its physical and chemical properties. Tests to analyze its nature were (1) p H extreme and heat stability, (2) freezing and thawing, (3) dialysis against 0.01 m Tris buffer, 0.15 M NaCl, (4) chloroform, toluene, xylene, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), ether, and phenol extraction, (5) urea, trypsin, and pronase incubation. Agglutinin activity was normal between p H 6.4 and 10.4; it was inactivated at 70°C in 30 min and by extraction with phenol and 10% TCA. Tests with RBC, three marine bacteria, and the terrestrial pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens showed little cross absorption activity (exception between chicken RBC and the marine bacterium 628). Agglutinin molecular weight greater than 150,000 was estimated, using Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. These results indicate that a large molecular weight material, probably containing protein, was responsible for agglutination. Crayfish serum and hemolymph were tested against two marine bacteria (628 and Fr) and one terrestrial bacterium ( S. marcescens ) for the presence of bactericidins. None of the bacteria were killed by either the serum or the hemolymph.
Effects of oxygen ion implantation on wear behavior of NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract The plasma source ion implantation (PSII) technique was employed to modify the near-surface region of NiTi shape memory alloy by ion implantation with oxygen at 45 kV bias and 5 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 dose. Wear resistance of control and oxygen-implanted NiTi samples was evaluated using fretting wear tests followed by the measurement of wear scar volume. Oxygen ion implantation improved the wear resistance of the NiTi alloy. The wear of NiTi has been described by a modified Archard’s equation which incorporates the effect of elasticity and pseudoelasticity on wear resistance in addition to hardness. The relative contribution to wear resistance by elasticity and pseudoelasticity versus hardness is discussed.
Illusion versus Reality: Children's Understanding of Temperature Adaptation.

Abstract The first study compared kindergartners' and third and sixth graders' understanding of an illusion reported by the philosopher John Locke, in which two hands simultaneously experience two different temperatures from a container of water at one temperature. The results confirmed earlier findings that young children believe that the water has two temperatures. Results also showed that prior experience with the water in which the illusion was created had no effect, that much of the development occurred from the third through the sixth grade, and that performance was not related to several tests of concrete operational reasoning. The second study showed that repeated experience with the illusion had no effect while feedback improved performance.
Role of Van Hove singularity in high-temperature superconductors: Mean field.

Realistic U=\ensuremath{\infty} models, for oxide superconductors are solved in slave-boson mean-field approximation. A successful understanding is achieved of the paramagnetic susceptibility and specific heat, the energy dispersion seen in photoemission, the shape and topology of the Fermi surface, the relative weights of copper and oxygen both in NMR and photoemission spectroscopies and the observed energy gaps in the p- and n-type materials. The Fermi level is found to lie very close to the nearly logarithmic van Hove singularity in the density of states over a substantial range of doping. This makes it possible without large Fermi-liquid parameters to reconcile the light mass found in photoemission experiments with the high density of states deduced from thermodynamic data. Further important consequences for the behavior of the imaginary part of the self-energy and for pairing mechanisms are outlined.
Pharmacogenetic-guided and standard dosing did not differ for out-of-range INRs in patients initiating warfarin therapy.

Source Citation Anderson JL, Horne BD, Stevens SM, et al. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation. 2007;116:2563...
Spectrographic Determination of Halogens and Sulfur in Engine Deposits

Methods are described for the determination of Br, Cl, S, and Pb in lead-carbon matrices using ordinary spectrographic equipment. One to two milligrams of powdered sample diluted with an equal weight of pure zinc powder are pressed into the end of a pure silver pellet which is sparked against a pure silver counter-electrode. Corrections for background are necessary. By properly blowing helium through the analytical gap during the exposure, background corrections are eliminated and detectability is enhanced. Spectra are shown for comparison. Minimum detectability of the order of 0.05 percent is indicated for qualitative work. Analytical curves covering the concentration ranges 1 to 10 percent for chlorine and sulfur, 1 to 16 percent for bromine, and 25 to 50 percent for lead have been used to analyze engine deposits with an accuracy of ±15 percent of the amount present. Excitation conditions are given for two sources (one commercial) as used with two different spectrographs. Lines and line pairs used are listed.
Executive compensation and board governance in US Firms

This paper investigates US executive compensation and governance. I find on average executive pay is positively correlated to firm performance and firm size. Executive pay contracts contain significant equity incentives. The use of restricted stock has become more important over time. Stock options remain an important part of executive pay. Compensation committees are generally independent and there is little evidence they result in ‘too high’ CEO pay. The Dodd-Frank Act changed the corporate governance landscape. Firms use compensation consultants that are generally engaged by the board and not management. ‘Say-on-Pay’ gave shareholders a non-binding mandatory vote on executive pay. Typically, stockholders endorse executive pay plans with very few resolutions failing.
MEMS approach for making a low cost, high sensitivity magnetic sensor

An approach based on electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology will be presented that essentially eliminates the problem of 1/f noise in small magnetic sensors. The sensor based on this approach, the MEMS flux concentrator sensor, should outperform all other high sensitivity vector magnetometers in terms of cost, power consumption, and sensitivity. The method for achieving this improvement is to employ flux concentrators on MEMS structures that are near the magnetic sense element. The motion of the flux concentrators modulates the magnetic field and shifts the operating frequency of the sensor to higher frequencies where 1/f noise is unimportant. The data presented here provides our first evidence that the MEMS flux concentrator improves the signal to noise ratio at low frequencies.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: blood infectivity and screening tests.

Abstract Blood infectivity data from rodent models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and infectivity-prion protein (PrP) equivalence data from scrapie-infected hamster brain suggest a minimum requirement for PrP detection in blood buffy coat of ≤10 pg/mL. This estimate could either be more or less stringent than calculated—more, if infectivity levels in human blood are lower than in experimental rodent models; less, if the infectivity-PrP ratio is lower in blood than in brain tissue, or if there is a large as yet undetected pool of abnormal but proteinase-sensitive PrP. None of several testing methods under development has yet achieved the calculated sensitivity requirement, but a few are within range, and it should be possible within the coming year to determine whether PrP occurs at a practically detectable level in the blood of patients with TSE.
A Wideband CMOS Linear Digital Phase Rotator

This paper presents a 10-bit wideband Cartesian phase rotator with a novel linear digital VGA implemented in a 0.13 um CMOS process. The VGA topology is robust to device modeling uncertainties and PVT variations. The system provides 7.8 dB voltage gain with -3 dB bandwidth of 7.6 GHz. A maximum phase error of 2deg has been achieved for a phase shifting range of 360deg with 32 phase steps of 11.25deg. The capability to compensate for mismatched quadrature inputs is also demonstrated.
Preservation of entanglement in a slow light medium

We demonstrate the preservation of entanglement of an energy-time entangled biphoton through a slow light medium. After delay of one photon by ~1.3 correlation lengths, the 1.3 THz biphoton still violates a Bell inequality.
The solitary pulmonary nodule: Aggressive excisional strategy

Abstract Treatment of cancer at an early stage leads to enhanced survival. Low-dose spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning is readily available and allows early detection of solitary pulmonary nodules. Thoracic surgeons should embrace a calculated yet aggressive approach to early definitive diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Sputum cytology, bronchoscopy and biopsy, image-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology, and positron emission tomography with 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) scanning are useful diagnostic tools, but problems unique to each and the possibility of false-negative examination have relegated their use to selected nodules. Serial radiographic examination remains the main noninvasive test for diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Video-thoracic surgery allows resection of pulmonary nodules with minimal morbidity and mortality. Today, diagnosis by excisional biopsy is an acceptable management strategy as more and smaller nodules are being detected but not diagnosed. In 2002, when in doubt, we should take out the solitary pulmonary nodule. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Radial diffusion models of energetic electrons and Jupiter's synchrotron radiation: 2. Time variability

We used a radial diffusion code for energetic electrons in Jupiter's magnetosphere to investigate variations in Jupiter's radio emission due to changes in the electron phase space density at L shells between 6 and 50, and due to changes in the radial diffusion parameters. We suggest that the observed variations in Jupiter's radio emission are likely caused by changes in the electron phase space density at some boundary L(sub 1) is greater than 6, if the primary mode of transport of energetic electrons is radial diffusion driven by fluctuating electric and/or magnetic fields induced by upper atmospheric turbulence. We noticed an excellent empirical correlation, both in phase and relative amplitude, between changes in the solar wind ram pressure and Jupiter's synchrotron radiation if the electron phase space density at the boundary L(sub 1) (L(sub 1) is approximately equal to 20-50) varies linearly with the square root of the solar wind ram pressure, f is approximately (N(sub s)nu(exp 2 sub s))(exp 1/2). The calculations were carried out with a diffusion coefficient D(sub LL) = D(sub n)L(exp n) with n = 3. The diffusion coefficient which best fit the observed variations in Jupiter's synchrotron radiation D(sub 3) = 1.3 +/- 0.2 x 10(exp -9)/s is approximately 0.041/yr, which corresponds to a lagtime of approximately 2 years. We further show that the observed short term (days-weeks) variations in Jupiter's radio emission cannot be explained adequately when radial diffusion is taken into account.
Delamination cracking in a laminated ceramic-matrix composite

Delamination crack propagation has been investigated in a laminated fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composite. The crack growth initiation resistance has been shown to be dominated by the critical strain energy release rate for the matrix. However, the resistance increases with crack extension because of bridging effects associated with intact fibers and, in some cases, intact segments of matrix. The delamination cracks also assume a steady-state trajectory within a 0° layer close to the 0°/90° interface.
A vertically integrated GaAs bipolar/FET DRAM cell with internal gain

The authors describe a novel dynamic memory cell incorporating a p-n junction storage capacitor, bipolar write-access transistor (BJT), and a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) for nondestructive readout with internal gain. The bipolar transistor is vertically integrated over the storage capacitor and the JFET is formed from the base region of the BJT. Internal gain improves the signal-to-noise ratio and eliminates the requirement that a specific number of electrons be stored in the cell for reliable readout. >
Prescribing practices of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) among pediatric oncologists: A single institution experience

Although children and adolescents with cancer often experience symptoms of anxiety and depression, there are no published data regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for treating depression in the pediatric oncology population. The goal of this study was to characterize SSRI prescribing practices among pediatric oncologists. A brief (14 item) written survey was distributed to all attending and fellow physicians at a large center with an 85% response rate (N = 40). Half of the respondents prescribed SSRIs for patients, and the most common triggers for prescription include oncologist perceptions of the patient's general sadness, major depressive disorder, and anxiety. The majority of oncologists in the sample (70%) used more than one SSRI. Most physicians prescribe during the first year of therapy and 50% feel that their practice will be influenced by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) warnings governing the use of SSRIs in the pediatric population. Some physicians consult hospital psychologists, while fewer consult psychiatrists prior to prescribing for these patients. The information gathered from this survey demonstrates that pediatric oncologists are prescribing SSRIs for their patients for a variety of indications. Prospective clinical trials that involve screening patients for depression and anxiety prior to and following SSRI therapy may be helpful in determining whether they result in amelioration of symptoms. It would also be important to evaluate the benefits of a concurrent psychological intervention with medication.
Bilateral carotid sinus control of ventricular performance in the dog.

Left and right carotid sinus pressures were independently varied while the left ventricular systolic pressure was recorded in an anesthetized canine preparation with an isolated, isovolumetric left heart. Intrasinus pressures were changed in steps of 50 mm Hg to produce either an increase or decrease in pressure from a mean level of 150 mm Hg. The response to eight combinations of increases and decreases in left- and right-sided pressures was examined. Blockade of the sympathetic impulses to the heart produced a loss of response of left ventricular systolic pressure when the intrasinus pressure was decreased from 150 to 100 mm Hg. Parasympathetic blockade produced a loss of response to an increase in pressure from 150 to 200 mm Hg. Left ventricular systolic pressure was more sensitive to a decrease in pressure from 150 to 100 mm Hg in the right sinus than in the left, but there was no difference in sensitivity between left and right sides when intrasinus pressure was raised from 150 to 200 mm Hg. The summation pattern of the response to simultaneous steps in left and right pressure was mutually facilitative for steps from 150 to 100 mm Hg and mutually inhibitory for steps from 150 to 200 mm Hg. The entire system was simulated with a hybrid computer model consisting of separate functional relations used to represent the baroreceptors, central nervous system, and left ventricle. Due to the baroreceptor characteristics and other nonlinearities, the simulation results suggest that a careful distinction should be drawn between transient and steady-state responses when assessing the relative role of each autonomic division in any baroreceptor reflex.
Hypermethylation of Chromosome 17P Locust D17S5 in Human Prostate Tissue

AbstractPurpose: Under normal conditions genomic CpG islands are not methylated. Hypermethylation of a CpG island in the 5' regulatory region of a gene has the capacity to silence gene transcription. Recently, hypermethylation of a CpG island at D17S5 on chromosome 17P13.3 has been shown to be a frequent tumor-specific event. When it has been observed, hypermethylation of D17S5 occurs solely in neoplastic tissues. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that hypermethylation of D17S5 may be an important carcinogenic event in the organs in which it occurs (colon, kidney, and brain). In this study we examine D17S5 hypermethylation in DNA from the prostate, a gland which is unique in that it undergoes hyperplastic or neoplastic growth or both in virtually all aging men.Materials and Methods: The methylation sensitive restriction enzyme Notl, a cDNA probe specific for the D17S5 locus, and Southern blotting were used to assay for hypermethylation of D17S5 in DNA derived from normal, benign hyperplastic and mali...
Teaching Communication with Ethics-Based Cases.

This article focuses on the importance of presenting ethics and communica tion as twin concepts in the management communication class. It underscores the increasing importance and complexity of ethical issues and presents two cases that the instructor can use for analysis and discussion. The cases address two contemporary issues—harassment in the workplace and the consumption of alcohol by pregnant women. Both have implications for business profes sionals and allow students a chance to analyze their views and make decisions about communication strategies.
Data catalogs for archive systems

The authors define the components of a catalog system, stressing the key role that retrieval methodology plays in determining the amount and quality of catalog data required as well as determining the physical storage location of the data. The use of a library model provides a framework as well as lessons learned for those designing catalog systems of the future. How standard objects can be used to define and compose catalog data objects is shown. It is made clear that the development and use of standards in metadata preparation can increase the utility and lower the cost of catalog systems. >
On the speed and noise performance of direct ion-implanted GaAs MESFETs

Recent advances in high-speed and ultra-low-noise performance of GaAs MESFETs are reviewed. Experimental results showing that the current gain cutoff frequency and noise figure achieved by direct ion-implanted GaAs MESFETs are equal to or better than those achieved by GaAs HEMTs are presented. Detailed cryogenic-temperature microwave measurements of F/sub t/ on HEMTs and MESFETs are reported, showing a similar dependence of the effective velocity with temperature. It is concluded that the transport properties of the high electron mobility in the two-dimensional electron gas in HEMTs have been misinterpreted for high-speed device operation, and that the high-field velocity is the most important parameter for high-speed device operation. It is the fundamental Gamma -L valley separation of the material and the associated effectiveness, either GaAs or InGaAs, that limit the high-field velocity and thus the speed of the devices. >
Trauma History and PTSD Symptoms in Juvenile Offenders on Probation

Detained and incarcerated juveniles are found to have heightened rates of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Less is known about probation youth, who represent the majority of juveniles in the criminal justice system. This study examined trauma history and PTSD and associations with behavioral health problems among 13- to 17-year-old juveniles on probation (N = 61). Most (93%) reported at least one traumatic event, and 12% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were associated with mental health problems but not substance use or risky sexual behavior. Findings underscore the importance of addressing trauma history in probation youth.
Analysis of lactose metabolism in E.coli using reachability analysis of hybrid systems

We propose an abstraction method for medium-scale biomolecular networks, based on hybrid dynamical systems with continuous multi-affine dynamics. This abstraction method follows naturally from the notion of approximating nonlinear rate laws with continuous piecewise linear functions and can be easily automated. An efficient reachability algorithm is possible for the resulting class of hybrid systems. An efficient reachability algorithm is possible for the resulting class of hybrid systems. An approximation for an ordinary differential equation model of the lac operon is constructed, and it is shown that the abstraction passes the same experimental tests as were used to validate the original model. The well studied biological system exhibits bistability and switching behaviour, arising from positive feedback in the expression mechanism of the lac operon. The switching property of the lac system is an example of the major qualitative features that are the building blocks of higher level, more coarse-grained descriptions. The present approach is useful in helping to correctly identify such properties and in connecting them to the underlying molecular dynamical details. Reachability analysis together with the knowledge of the steady-state structure are used to identify ranges of parameter values for which the system maintains the bistable switching property.
Modeling the community-level effects of male incarceration on the sexual partnerships of men and women.

Abstract Men who have been incarcerated experience substantial changes in their sexual behavior after release from jail and prison, and high rates of incarceration may change sexual relationship patterns at a community level. Few studies, however, address how rates of incarceration affect community patterns of sexual behavior, and the implications of those patterns for HIV and STD risk. We describe a “proof of principle” computational model that tests whether rates of male incarceration could, in part, explain observed population-level differences in patterns of sexual behavior between communities with high rates of incarceration and those without. This validated agent-based model of sexual partnership among 20–25 year old heterosexual urban residents in the United States uses an algorithm that incarcerates male agents and then releases them back into the agent community. The results from these model experiments suggest that at rates of incarceration similar to those observed for urban African American men, incarceration can cause an increase in the number of partners at the community level. The results suggest that reducing incarceration and creating a more open criminal justice system that supports the maintenance of inmates' relationships to reduce instability of partnerships for men who are incarcerated may have important sexual health and public health implications. Incarceration is one of many social forces that affect sexual decision-making, and incarceration rates may have substantial effects on community-level HIV and STD risks.