cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Battered Immigrant Mexican Women's Perspectives Regarding Abuse and Help-Seeking

SUMMARY A qualitative, pilot study employing in-depth ethno-graphic interviews was conducted to examine perceptions and attitudes towards abuse and the help-seeking behaviors of a sample of ten battered immigrant Mexican women. Findings indicated that participants' attitudes about seeking help were influenced more by cultural factors (e.g., gender-role expectations, famialism) than by psycho-social stres-sors (e.g., immigrant status, financial dependency). Children's welfare played a salient role in women's decisions about seeking help, both as a deterrent and a motivating factor. Women's attitudes about their own abuse were more tolerant than their attitudes about hypothetical situations involving others. Changes in women's attitudes about abuse reflected changes only after some type of intervention had taken place. The majority of the women in the sample had misconceptions or were uninformed about shelters. Suggestions for further research and intervention with this population and a model of internal an...
Epidemiological characteristics of natural focus and vector borne infectious diseases in Zibo City Shandong Province between 2004 and 2015

Objective To analyze the incidence trends and epidemiological characteristics of natural focus and vector borne infectious diseases in Zibo City between 2004 and 2015, and to provide evidence for control and prevention of the diseases. Method Surveillance data of natural focus and vector borne infectious diseases in Zibo City between 2004 and 2015 from "the National Disease Reporting Information System" were analyzed via descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 10 natural foci and vector borne infectious diseases and 3 287 cases including 55 death cases were reported in Zibo City from 2004 to 2015. The average annual incidence was 6.24/100 000 and the case fatality rate was 1.67% (55/3 287). The incidence rate increased in recent years after the lowest rate in 2009 (2.83/100 000), and the rate in 2015 was 8.83/100 000. The top three diseases with higher incidence were hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (3.44/100 000), brucellosis (1.48/100 000) and tsutsugamushi fever (0.53/100 000). The top three high-prevalence areas with higher incidence were Yiyuan County (13.22/100 000), Zichuan District (9.73/100 000) and Boshan District (6.13/100 000). The cases mainly occurred from March to May and September, October, which accounting for 27.47% (903/3 287) and 24.64% (810/3 287), respectively of the total. The 40-59 year-old age group was the highest, accounting for 48.13% (1 582/3 287) of the total. And 75.48% (2 481/3 287) of reported cases were farmers. Conclusions The overall incidence of the natural focus and vector borne infectious diseases in Zibo City has a annual increasing trend in recent years, while the incidence of brucellosis and tsutsugamushi fever have continued to rise since 2004. These diseases have showed a significant seasonal distribution and population distribution. It is necessary to conduct targeted prevention and control strategies. Key words: Natural focus diseases; Vector borne infectious diseases; Epidemic characteristics
Methods of infra-operative high frequency stimulation to cardiac intrinsic autonomic ganglionk plexi

Objective Epicardial mapping of cardiac intrinsic autonomic ganglions was not standardized. The purpose of the present study is to standardize methods of intra-operative high frequency stimulation (HFS) to the ganglionic plexi and to e valuate the effect of micro-wave epicardial ablation on the plexi. Methods 16 cardiac surgical patients were recruited in the intra-operative HFS study. 12 of them were on sinus rhythm while the other 4 were on AF. HFS was applied to epicardial fat pads on or around the heart by a 2-electrode EP catheter. Atrial EKG and body surface EKG were simultaneously recorded with the HFS signal. After measuring atrial effective refractory period (AERP) , HFS was applied to sinus rhythm patients with the duration of 1/2 and 3/4 AERP. Each HFS episode was coupled by an atrial-pacing signal with 600 ms interval. For AF patients , continuous HFS was applied without coupling to native atrial beats. Vagal response was observed to identify the location of the plexi. Micro-wave ablation was employed for AF patients. After the ablation and cardioversion, synchronized HFS was applied again as we did for patients with sinus rhythm. Results 2 cases were excluded due to complete AV block after anesthesia. Vagal response could be induced in every patient while each patient had different fat pads responding to HFS. PR interval on body surface EKG was increased in the responding fat pads as the duration of HFS increased. 2:1AV conduction block was induced eventually in all sinus patients when HFS duration was increased to 3/4 AERP. For AF patients, average PR interval doubled when the responding fat pads were stimulated by continuous HFS. 13/14 cases (92% ) had vagal response in fat pads around right superior pulmonary vein. The positive vagal response was significantly more prevalent in the fat pads on the right side of the heart than on the left side. No vagal response could be induced again after micro-wave ablation in AF patients. Conclusion Epicardial HFS can effectively locate the gangalionated plexi of intrinsic cardiac autonomic nerve during surgery. Epicardial micro-wave ablation can eliminate the vagal response which had been induced before the ablation. Key words: Heart; Ganglia; Atrial fibrillation; Electric stimulation; Vagal response
Dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II), a water-soluble analog of the antitumor cisplatin, as a heterogeneous catalyst for a stereoselective hydrosilylation of alkynes under neat conditions

Abstract A stereoselective method for the hydrosilylation of internal and terminal alkynes under heterogeneous catalysis by dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II) is discussed. This commercially available platinum complex operates under neat conditions at 90 oC, producing exclusively the (trans) Z-isomer with symmetrical internal alkynes, while terminal alkynes produce a mixture of α- and β(E)-hydrosilylated products. No β(Z)-hydrosilylated product was observed during this study, and the selectivity between the α- and β(E)-hydrosilylated products appears to be influenced to a certain degree by the nature of the hydrosilanes. The catalyst was recyclable up to five runs under gram scale conditions without any loss of the catalytic activity.
The Development of Thinking on the Czechoslovak Economic Transformation

Thinking among professional economists on the post-1989 Czechoslovak transformation reflected ideas they had developed over the preceding decades. The repressive ‘normalisation’ period, after reform attempts of the late 1960s, led to a division into generational groups. An older group of economists, officially silenced from 1970, developed a conception of a gradual transformation with continuing substantial state ownership. Among a younger generation, careful to protect their careers, Vaclav Klaus established his position as a leading figure in the debates that were for a time permitted, but these did not lead to a coherent economic strategy. Comparisons with Hungary and Poland show similar attractions for the ideas of Mises and Hayek, but also a developing recognition in those countries that their critique of socialism was not enough for a reform strategy. The slower pace of pre-1989 economic change and political liberalisation in Czechoslovakia and restricted scope for debate and discussion helped those economists who believed that the fastest possible privatisation would be possible to triumph politically.
The interplay of movement and spatiotemporal variation in transmission degrades pandemic control.

Successful public health regimes for COVID-19 push below unity long-term regional R t -the average number of secondary cases caused by an infectious individual. We use a susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model for two coupled populations to make the conceptual point that asynchronous, variable local control, together with movement between populations, elevates long-term regional R t , and cumulative cases, and may even prevent disease eradication that is otherwise possible. For effective pandemic mitigation strategies, it is critical that models encompass both spatiotemporal heterogeneity in transmission and movement.
Minimizing Surgical Instrument Burden Increases Operating Room Efficiency and Reduces Perioperative Costs in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Optimizing surgical trays to improve operating room efficiency and reduce costs in instrument processing is an under-appreciated strategy for cost containment. This study aimed to assess the economic impact of instrument tray optimization in total joint arthroplasty. Methods Thirty-five randomly selected elective primary total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty performed by 4 fellowship-trained surgeons were analyzed. Type and number of instruments used as well as timing of different steps in the sterilization process were recorded by an independent observer. Using Lean methodology, surgeons identified redundant or underutilized instruments and agreed upon the fewest number needed for each tray. Instrument utilization rates and processing time were analyzed before and after tray modifications. Annual cost savings were calculated based on a processing factor of $0.59-$11.52 per instrument. Results Only 45.5% of instruments opened for total knee arthroplasty were utilized. After optimization, 28 of 87 (32.2%) instruments were removed and the remainder could be stored in one tray. Mean set-up time decreased from 20.7 to 14.2 minutes, while 40-75 minutes were saved during the sterilization process. For total hip arthroplasty, only 36.0% of instruments were utilized. Using Lean methods, 46 of 112 (41.1%) instruments were removed and tray count was reduced to 2 trays. Mean set-up time decreased from 27.9 to 18.6 minutes, while 45-150 minutes were saved during processing. Average annual savings amounted to $281,298.05. Conclusion Lean methodology can be used to eliminate redundant or underutilized instruments in total joint arthroplasty, improving surgical efficiency and generating substantial cost savings.
Fusion of Bovine Tissue Aortic Valve Leaflets in a Patient with Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Case Report

Introduction We present a case of a patient with prior bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement who underwent Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) explant and was found to have fused valve leaflets at the time of surgery. Case Report The patient is a 30 year old woman with a history of a congenital quadricuspid aortic valve (frequency Summary Patients with prior tissue aortic valve replacement require careful preoperative evaluation before LVAD explant. Though we had a good outcome, pre-procedural knowledge of valve dysfunction is critical in surgical planning. We have developed an algorithm which may be utilized in the future to improve outcomes (Figure 2).
Issues in Pharmaceutical Antitrust: Proposed Executive & Legislative Action for Improving Market Efficiency in the Pharmaceutical Sector

The United States experienced a vibrant economy during the 20th century. The economy expanded business growth to unprecedented proportions. These unfounded growths gave businesses strong market influence, which effectively turned them into trusts. These trusts exclusively controlled necessary commodities such as oil, gas, and the railroad. With time, their unhinged control in the market caused unfavorable practices such as price fixing and market sharing which detrimented the general public. Action was called to Congress to combat the abuse, and it responded by enacting antitrust laws to curb monopoly growth in the United States. The antitrust laws were effective in combating abusive practices from multiple trusts but did not rectify the abuses conducted from unilateral business conduct. If a sole business introduces a successful product to the market, a natural demand is created. Alongside the product's success in the market, the business also enjoys patent privileges. This practice, however theoretically sound, created equity issues in the pharmaceutical sector. Drug manufacturers today engage in similar behavior as their trust counterparts during the 20th century. Congress attempted to rectify pharmaceutical abuses by enacting the Hatch-Waxman Act in 1984. The act sought to benefit generic manufacturers by increasing the rate which they obtain a brand-name drug and release it to the market. The Act was effective but left many loopholes for both manufacturers and generics to pursue and exploit the system. Drug prices still remain exorbitantly high, and generic versions of the brand-name drugs are not reaching the market at the desired pace Hatch-Waxman sought to legislate. Brand-names drug manufacturers found alternative ways to keep generic companies from releasing their drugs, such as claiming issues during the REMS phase, product-hopping, and reverse patent payment settlements. The Supreme Court of the United States has issued legal decisions to try to curb pharmaceutical abusive practices, and the Federal Trade Commission has attempted to do the same by initiating litigation against brand-name and generic drug manufacturers. These decisions and litigation cases unfortunately had minor effects on the market. This article seeks to introduce both short and long-term solutions to promoting an improved market efficiency in the pharmaceutical sector through executive, judicial, and legislative action. The objective of this solution is to ensure that interests towards free-market capitalism and social equity are both equally served to ensure an optimal efficiency that would benefit both the manufacturer and consumer.
Active Localization of Multiple Targets from Noisy Relative Measurements

Consider a mobile robot tasked with localizing targets at unknown locations by obtaining relative measurements. The observations can be bearing or range measurements. How should the robot move so as to localize the targets and minimize the uncertainty in their locations as quickly as possible? This is a difficult optimization problem for which existing approaches are either greedy in nature or they rely on accurate initial estimates.
Precise diffusion coefficients for white dwarf astrophysics

Observations of galactic white dwarfs with Gaia have allowed for unprecedented modeling of white dwarf cooling, resolving core crystallization and sedimentary heating from neutron rich nuclei. These cooling sequences are sensitive to the diffusion coefficients of nuclei in Coulomb plasmas which have order 10\% uncertainty and are often not valid across coupling regimes. Using large scale molecular dynamics simulations we calculate diffusion coefficients at high resolution in the regime relevant for white dwarf modeling. We present a physically motivated law for diffusion with a semi-empirical correction which is accurate at the percent level. Implemented along with linear mixing in stellar evolution codes, this law should reduce the error from diffusion coefficients by an order of magnitude.
EASL-CLIF criteria outperform NACSELD criteria for diagnosis and prognostication in ACLF.

Background & Aims There is no consensus on the best definition for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). In this study, we compared the prevalence and 30-day all-cause and transplant-free mortality of patients with ACLF identified by European Association for the Study of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (EASL-CLIF) and North American Consortium for the Study of End-stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) criteria. Methods We performed this comparative analysis using the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data from January 11, 2016 to August 31, 2020. Results A total of 10,198 (21%) adult patients had EASL-CLIF ACLF grade 1-3, but of these only 15.3% had ACLF by NACSELD. Of the 2,562 with EASL-CLIF ACLF grade 3, only 48.8% had NACSELD-ACLF, 16.8% had no organ failure (OF) and 34.4% had 1 OF. The 30-day all-cause mortality was 1.5%, 7.7%, 13.3% and 25.8% for EASL-CLIF grade 0-3, respectively, and it was 15.4% and 28.1% in those without and with NACSELD-ACLF. When EASL-CLIF grade 3 patients were stratified by NACSELD OF, the mortality ranged from 18.6% with no OF to 41.0% with 4 OFs. The 30-day transplant-free mortality in those with no OF by NACSELD was 2.7%, but when the same group is stratified by EASL-CLIF grades 0-3, the mortality rates were 1.5%, 10.5%, 43.5% and 86%, respectively; the mortality rates ranged from 3.0% to 75.7% in those with 1 OF by NACSELD. Conclusions There is a clear discordance in the prevalence and 30-day mortality rates of patients with ACLF identified by the EASL-CLIF and NACSELD criteria. EASL-CLIF criteria have a better sensitivity to detect ACLF and have a better prognostic capability. Lay summary There is no consensus on the definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure. European (EASL-CLIF) and North American (NACSELD) consortia have each proposed a commonly used definition. In this study, we compared the prevalence and short-term (30-day) mortality based on these definitions. Using a very large data set, we observed that there was a significant discordance in the prevalence and mortality based on these criteria. EASL-CLIF criteria appeared to be more sensitive to identify acute-on-chronic liver failure, and were better at predicting all-cause and short-term mortality.
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition with enterically given rapamycin alters immunity and gut flora in young and aged wild type mice and extends life of immunodeficient mice (IRC8P.452)

mTOR regulates many important immune processes. Interest in immune effects of mTOR inhibitors is heightened by recent findings of ability to boost specific immunity and vaccine response in elderly humans, treat cancers and autoimmunity, and extend life and healthspan in mice, suggesting important new clinical applications. However, immune toxicity concerns for long-term mTOR inhibition, particularly immunosuppression, persist. We comprehensively analyzed immune effects of long-term rapamycin in mice. Gene expression profiling of purified T and B cells (CD4 + PD1 + , CD4 + PD1 - , CD8 + PD1 + , CD8 + PD1 - , B220 + ), CD11b + CD11c - myeloid cells and CD11c + dendritic cells showed numerous, novel changes in genes affecting differentiation, function, homeostasis, migration, exhaustion, cell death and inflammation. Novel effects on Th9, Th22 and Tfh differentiation were seen as was improved function of exhausted PD1 + T cells (supported by human clinical data) and increased numbers and function of innate lymphoid cells. Immune functions relevant to cancer, infections, aging and inflammation, and innate lymphoid cell effects were validated in vitro and in vivo . eRapa prolonged life in RAG KO mice (without T or B cells) >12x and in IFN-γ KO mice >3x over wild type mice, supporting mTOR suppression immune effects mitigating disease as a mechanism for longevity extension. Metagenomic effects were linked to immune outcomes. Our data demonstrate novel mTOR immune effects meriting further investigations.
Christ to coke how image becomes icon, Kemp, Martin

(2013). Christ to coke how image becomes icon, Kemp, Martin. Material Religion: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 121-122.
HIV-1 Subtypes and Recombinants

HIV-1 undergoes rapid genetic diversification due to high mutation rates as well as frequent genomic recombination. Some regions of the genome such as the envelope gene show particularly high rates of evolution due to selection pressure exerted by the host. While only one or a few point mutations are enough to show major phenotypic changes for properties such as drug resistance or immune evasion, HIV-1s are phylogenetically classified into subtypes on the basis of 20%–35% differences in their amino acid sequences.
Integrated adaptive fuzzy clustering (IAFC) algorithm

An integrated adaptive fuzzy clustering (IAFC) algorithm using a structure similar to that found in the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART-1) neural network, is presented. The IAFC incorporates a new learning rule and a new similarity measure to eliminate some structural problems inherent in other fuzzy ART-type neural networks. The new learning rule utilizes a fuzzy membership value, a function of the number of iterations, and a fuzzy within-cluster membership value. The new similarity measure incorporates a fuzzy membership value to the Euclidean distance. This incorporation of the new learning rule and the new similarity measure guarantees the convergence of weights in the IAFC algorithm and provides more flexibility to the shapes of the clusters formed by this algorithm. The critical parameters in the operation of IAFC are discussed. The performance of IAFC is evaluated in the classification of real data and compared with other recent neuro-fuzzy clustering algorithms. >
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of HMX Crystal Polymorphs Using a Flexible Molecule Force Field

Molecular dynamics simulations using a recently developed quantum chemistry‐based atomistic force field [J. Phys. Chem. B 103 (1999) 3570] were performed in order to obtain unit cell parameters, coefficients of thermal expansion, and heats of sublimation for the three pure crystal polymorphs of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX). The predictions for β‐, α‐, and δ‐HMX showed good agreement with the available experimental data.
Stimulation of the D5 dopamine receptor acidifies the lysosomal pH of retinal pigmented epithelial cells and decreases accumulation of autofluorescent photoreceptor debris

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 823–833. Abstract: Optimal neuronal activity requires that supporting cells provide both efficient nutrient delivery and waste disposal. The incomplete processing of engulfed waste by their lysosomes can lead to accumulation of residual material and compromise their support of neurons. As most degradative lysosomal enzymes function best at an acidic pH, lysosomal alkalinization can impede enzyme activity and increase lipofuscin accumulation. We hypothesize that treatment to reacidify compromised lysosomes can enhance degradation. Here, we demonstrate that degradation of ingested photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigmented epithelial cells is increased by stimulation of D5 dopamine receptors. D1/D5 receptor agonists reacidified lysosomes in cells alkalinized by chloroquine or tamoxifen, with acidification dependent on protein kinase A. Knockdown with siRNA confirmed acidification was mediated by the D5 receptor. Exposure of cells to outer segments increased lipofuscin-like autofluorescence, but SKF 81297 reduced autofluorescence. Likewise, SKF 81297 increased the activity of lysosomal protease cathepsin D in situ. D5DR stimulation also acidified lysosomes of retinal pigmented epithelial cells from elderly ABCA4−/− mice, a model of recessive Stargardt’s retinal degeneration. In conclusion, D5 receptor stimulation lowers compromised lysosomal pH, enhancing degradation. The reduced accumulation of lipofuscin-like autofluorescence implies the D5 receptor stimulation may enable cells to better support adjacent neurons.
Creating support content for responsive websites at Microsoft Mobile

Responsive design has been advertised as a new, upcoming web design technology for the past few years already. In the beginning, it seemed that responsive design was used only for blogs and similar “outputs,” but one by one larger companies have jumped on board and started to turn their websites responsive. From both the companies and users' point of views, this is sensible, because responsive design is a web design approach that aims to optimize the experience for the readers — it makes the browser do all the hard work instead of requiring readers to scroll, pan, and resize as they go along. This should naturally result in happier readers, and, in the end, more business for the companies implementing responsive design. Writing for responsive websites and writing for regular websites may seem different at first, but upon closer investigation, there are only a few minor differences. Responsive web design is often linked with mobile first design principles, and starting to design or write from the simplest and smallest screen size is a good approach also for support content. In the end, however, writing for the responsive web is not rocket science, and writers can use many of their existing skills to write support content for responsive websites. Good writing is the baseline for good support content, even with responsive websites.
SU-E-I-55: The Contribution to Skin Dose Due to Scatter From the Patient Table and the Head Holder During Fluoroscopy

Purpose: To determine contributions to skin dose due to scatter from the table and head holder used during fluoroscopy, and also to explore alternative design material to reduce the scatter dose. Methods: Measurements were made of the primary and scatter components of the xray beam exiting the patient table and a cylindrical head holder used on a Toshiba Infinix c-arm unit as a function of kVp for the various beam filters on the machine and for various field sizes. The primary component of the beam was measured in air with the object placed close to the x-ray tube with an air gap between it and a 6 cc parallel-plate ionization chamber and with the beam collimated to a size just larger than the chamber. The primary plus scatter radiation components were measured with the object moved to a position in the beam next to the chamber for larger field sizes. Both sets of measurements were preformed while keeping the source-to-chamber distance fixed. The scatter fraction was estimated by taking the ratio of the difference between the two measurements and the reading that included both primary and scatter. Similar measurements were also made for a 2.3 cm thick Styrofoam block whichmore » could substitute for the patient support. Results: The measured scatter fractions indicate that the patient table as well as the head holder contributes an additional 10–16% to the patient entrance dose depending on field size. Forward scatter was reduced with the Styrofoam block so that the scatter fraction was about 4–5%. Conclusion: The results of this investigation demonstrated that scatter from the table and head holder used in clinical fluoroscopy contribute substantially to the skin dose. The lower contribution of scatter from Styrofoam suggests that there is an opportunity to redesign patient support accessories to reduce the skin dose. Partial support from NIH grant R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation Equipment Grant.« less
Isolation and Characterization of Hydrogenomonas facilis Bacteriophages Under Heterotrophic Growth Conditions

Pootjes, Christine F. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park), R. B. Mayhew, and B. D. Korant. Isolation and characterization of Hydrogenomonas facilis bacteriophages under heterotrophic growth conditions. J. Bacteriol. 92:1787-1791. 1966.-We have isolated five strains of bacteriophage specific for Hydrogenomonas facilis. The host range of the phage is limited to H. facilis. Morphologically, the phage particles consist of a head 580 A in diameter and a short tail 200 A in length. The particles share a common surface antigen, and all contain deoxyribonucleic acid. The five strains differ from each other in growth characteristics, heat stability, and neutralizing antigens.
Speaking of the Subject: Meaning and Presence in Merleau-Ponty’s Philosophy of Language

At the root of all perception is language. Language defines objects and introduces us to others. Without language, social reality would not be possible. Yet language also objectifies our relationship to the world through its unified system that was constructed externally. Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of language attempts to take up this problem and reconcile the disparity between the subjectivity of ideas and the objectivity of language. His connection to language is largely influenced by the structuralist turn in linguistics, which views language as an objective system consisting of basic units (signs) that inherit meaning based on their variance from other signs. Merleau-Ponty, while reproducing much of the structuralist model, argues against it on two points: (1) language can be an expression of subjectivity and not just an objective relation of terms and (2) signs are not inherently meaningless, but are always pregnant with meaning. This general project can be seen as the starting point for his reintroduction of subjectivity into language. In this paper I will examine Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of language, compare Derrida’s critiques of language, raise concerns about both philosophies, and construct a new view of language that transcends the subject/object dichotomy. Merleau-Ponty’s argument, as I will show, ultimately rests on fallacious assumptions about the transfer of meaning, subjectivity, and the institution of language. Merleau-Ponty’s discussion of language in Phenomenology of Perception and his movement to the theory expressed in The Prose of the World hold a fundamental link which one can consider a linear evolution. He sees the body as being the expression and clarification of consciousness. All experience is embodied experience. So habits and personal style, which seem to be internal, are only realized when they are embodied. Merleau-Ponty extends this notion of clarification-through-embodiment to language: thoughts are only well-formed when they are put into language. 1 Language (like the body) thus becomes the background or norm for a personal style to develop. 2 The difference between personal and impersonal expressions rests in gradations from completely personal to entirely impersonal. In the body, this difference would be judged through actions, but in language, Merleau-Ponty analyzes speech acts. To fix the personal/impersonal distinction to language, he claims that there are two ways of using language: sedimented language and speech (le langage parle et le langage parlant). Sedimented language is seen as the totality of fixed meanings and expressions that a given language holds at any particular moment. Speaking through sedimented language is the most common type of communication. It is a cliched and commonplace mode of being-in-the-world. For example, the phrase “the dryness of brown hair” tells a person nothing beyond what the words signify, but the phrase “the brown dryness of hair” seems to speak
The effects of N+ implantation on the wear and friction of type 304 and 15-5 PH stainless steels

Abstract Ion implantation of N + into mechanically polished type 304 and 15-5 PH stainless steels was studied to determine its effect on dry wear and friction behavior. Implantation of 4.0 × 10 17 N + cm -2 at 50 keV yielded a depth profile with a peak concentration of about 45 at.% at a depth of 70 nm which dropped to about 10 at.% at 120 nm. Wear and friction were studied in an unlubricated pin-on-disc configuration using type 304 and 440C stainless steel pins. Both N + -implanted steels exhibited reduced wear at low loads but no significant reduction in the coefficient of friction was found. At the lowest normal load studied (12.3 gf), the average maximum wear depth of the implanted 15-5 PH stainless steel disc (about 0.1 μm) was reduced to approximately 10% of that for the corresponding unimplanted pin-on-disc pair after 1000 cycles. At normal loads of 50 gf or above (corresponding to hertzian stresses of 1160 MPa or higher) all beneficial effects were gone. Vacuum heat treatment at 923 K for 1.8 ks of an identically implanted type 304 stainless steel specimen eradicated the benificial effects of the nitrogen implantation. The N + -implanted discs show similar reductions in wear to discs implanted with titanium and carbon, but the N + -implanted discs do not exhibit the reductions in the coefficient of friction seen with the discs implanted with titanium and carbon.
Natural Merodiploidy of the lux-rib Operon of Photobacterium leiognathi from Coastal Waters of Honshu, Japan

Sequence analysis of the bacterial luminescence (lux) genes has proven effective in helping resolve evolutionary relationships among luminous bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis using lux genes, however, is based on the assumptions that the lux genes are present as single copies on the bacterial chromosome and are vertically inherited. We report here that certain strains of Photobacterium leiognathi carry multiple phylogenetically distinct copies of the entire operon that codes for luminescence and riboflavin synthesis genes, luxCDABEG-ribEBHA. Merodiploid lux-rib strains of P. leiognathi were detected during sequence analysis of luxA. To define the gene content, organization, and sequence of each lux-rib operon, we constructed a fosmid library of genomic DNA from a representative merodiploid strain, lnuch.13.1. Sequence analysis of fosmid clones and genomic analysis of lnuch.13.1 defined two complete, physically separate, and apparently functional operons, designated lux-rib1 and lux-rib2. P. leiognathi strains lelon.2.1 and lnuch.21.1 were also found to carry lux-rib1 and lux-rib2, whereas ATCC 25521T apparently carries only lux-rib1. In lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, lnuch.21.1, and ATCC 25521T, lux-rib1 is flanked upstream by lumQ and putA and downstream by a gene for a hypothetical multidrug efflux pump. In contrast, transposase genes flank lux-rib2 of lnuch.13.1, and the chromosomal location of lux-rib2 apparently differs in lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, and lnuch.21.1. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that lux-rib1 and lux-rib2 are more closely related to each other than either one is to the lux and rib genes of other bacterial species, which rules out interspecies lateral gene transfer as the origin of lux-rib2 in P. leiognathi; lux-rib2 apparently arose within a previously unsampled or extinct P. leiognathi lineage. Analysis of 170 additional strains of P. leiognathi, for a total of 174 strains examined from coastal waters of Japan, Taiwan, the Philippine Islands, and Thailand, identified 106 strains that carry only a single lux-rib operon and 68 that carry multiple lux-rib operons. Strains bearing a single lux-rib operon were obtained throughout the geographic sampling range, whereas lux-rib merodiploid strains were found only in coastal waters of central Honshu. This is the first report of merodiploidy of lux or rib genes in a luminous bacterium and the first indication that a natural merodiploid state in bacteria can correlate with geography.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Osmium Compound cis(CO)-ClOs(CO) 2 (bpcd)(C(O)Et)

Photochemical activation of the triosmium cluster Os3(CO)12 in CH2Cl2 solvent and ethylene, followed by treatment with the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd), furnishes the new octahedral compound cis(CO)–ClOs(CO)2(bpcd)[C(O)Et] in low yield. The title compound has been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, with the solid-state structure of cis(CO)–ClOs(CO)2(bpcd)[C(O)Et] determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. cis(CO)–ClOs(CO)2(bpcd)[C(O)Et] crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1, a = 10.043(2), b = 11.455(2), c = 16.221(3) A, α = 74.900(3)°, β = 76.150(3)°, γ = 76.221(2)°, V = 1718.2(5) A3, Z = 2, D cacl = 1.717 Mg/m3; R = 0.0453, R w = 0.0778 for 6703 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The presence of the chlorine and propanioyl groups in cis(CO)–ClOs(CO)2(bpcd)[C(O)Et] is structurally confirmed, and the origin of the these groups from the reaction solvent and ethylene is discussed.
Acknowledgments and intellectual indebtedness: a bibliometric conjecture

Acknowledgments have received relatively little attention in spite of what at least one researcher has called their role as “super-citations.” Unlike many citations, such acknowledgments necessarily imply a high degree of social interaction. Examining those acknowledgments that suggest significant intellectual indebtedness, the authors propose a mathematical model that matches empirical data closely. The proposed model is one of several used to elucidate citation patterns. When applied to acknowledgments, it shows promise for estimating individuals' influence in a field and may assist in determining cognitive interdependence among disciplines. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhancement of imagery in poor visibility conditions

Current still image and video systems are typically of limited use in poor visibility conditions such as in rain, fog, smoke, and haze. These conditions severely limit the range and effectiveness of imaging systems because of the severe reduction in contrast. The NASA Langley Research Center’s Visual Information Processing Group has developed an image enhancement technology based on the concept of a visual servo that has direct applications to the problem of poor visibility conditions. This technology has been used in cases of severe image turbidity in air as well as underwater with dramatic results. Use of this technology could result in greatly improved performance of perimeter surveillance systems, military, security, and law enforcement operations, port security, both on land and below water, and air and sea rescue services, resulting in improved public safety.
Physiological Variation of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen in the 4.0 to 10.0 ng./ml. Range in Male Volunteers

AbstractPurpose: Because some patients show a surprising variation in serial serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) values, we determined the intra-individual or physiological variation in serum PSA by collecting sera 2 to 3 weeks apart without any prostatic manipulation.Materials and Methods: Because 4.0 to 10.0 ng./ml. PSA is the critical range for decision making, we asked all men with a PSA in this range to return 2 to 3 weeks later for a second measurement. Total serum PSA was determined by the Hybritech Tandem-R, [dagger] automated Tosoh AIA-600 [double dagger] and Delfia [Section] immunoassays. Free and complexed serum PSA was determined by the Delfia assays. Between assay variation (first blood specimen retested on a separate day with the second blood specimen) was compared to the physiological variation (first versus second blood specimens).[dagger] Hybritech, Inc., San Diego, California[double dagger] Tosoh Medics, Foster City California[Section] Delfia, Turku, FinlandResults: Mean coefficient of...
An enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for rat ceruloplasmin

A noncompetitive, colorimetric enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA)† was developed for measuring rat ceruloplasmin in serum and in medium from culture hepatocytes. The assay utilized polystyrene immobilized antibody which bound ceruloplasmin which then bound biotinylated antibody. The biotinylated antibody-antigen complex was detected with strepavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Standard curves for rat ceruloplasmin were constructed in the range between 10 and 50 ng/mL. Increases of 10 ng produced an increase inA 403 of more than 0.2. With this immunoassay, serum ceruloplasmin levels were found to average 35 mg Cp/dL in control rats and 87 mg/dL in rats with experimental inflammation. Liver parenchymal cells secreted 1.6μg Cp/5×105 cells/24h. This ELISA assay for ceruloplasmin will facilitate studies on the regulation of ceruloplasmin synthesis and secretion in both intact rats and isolated hepatocytes.
Nucleolar reorganization in cells of the kidney of the rat and its relation to aging.

A process of nucleolar reorganization apparently identical to that encountered in intestinal epithelial cells (Adamstone and Taylor, '72) develops in kidney cells of aging rats. The polymorphic nucleoli of young tubule cells soon change to amphinucleoli and, while terminal nucleolar reorganization is delayed in cells of collecting tubules, in the nephrons nucleoli soon begin to undergo terminal reorganization becoming bipartite structures with separate plasmosomes and karyosomes. This suggests disruption of the DNA-dependent RNA protein transcription system and failure to maintain the flow of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm. Old cells are not discarded immediately from the kidney tubules and they retain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous ribosomes and polysomes and large plasmosomes. Thus a high RNA concentration is known to develop in old kidney tissue while protein synthesis is also known to be low (Kanungo et al., '70; Buetow and Ghandi, '73). Nucleolar counts show gradual increase in bipartite nucleoli at the expense of amphinucleoli and in the senescent kidney bipartite nucleoli predominate. It is suggested that nucleolar reorganization, with final separation of plasmosomes and karyosomes, includes the process of nucleolar segregation and is triggered by some innate nucleolar mechanism in response to encoded genetic information stored in the nucleolus during nucleogenesis. At this time both DNA and RNA are incorporated into the developing nucleolus. It is also to be noted that two shifts in nucleolar dominance occur with advancing age. These may be fundamental to the process of aging and to the onset of senescence. Furthermore, the changes in dominant nucleolar types are the direct result of the process of nucleolar reorganization.
Use of isotopic data to estimate water residence times of the Finger Lakes, New York

Abstract Water retention times in the Finger Lakes, a group of 11 lakes in central New York with similar hydrologic and climatic characteristics, were estimated by use of a tritium-balance model. During July 1991, samples were collected from the 11 lakes and selected tributary streams and were analyzed for tritium, deuterium, and oxygen-18. Additional samples from some of the sites were collected in 1990, 1992 and 1993. Tritium concentration in lake water ranged from 24.6 Tritium Units (TU) (Otisco Lake) to 43.2 TU (Seneca Lake).The parameters in the model used to obtain water retention time (WRT) included relative humidity, evaporation rate, tritium concentrations of inflowing water and lake water, and WRT of the lake. A historical record of tritium concentrations in precipitation and runoff was obtained from rainfall data at Ottawa, Canada, analyses of local wines produced during 1977–1991, and streamflow samples collected in 1990–1991. The model was simulated in yearly steps for 1953–1991, and the WRT was varied to reproduce tritium concentrations measured in each lake in 1991. Water retention times obtained from model simulations ranged from 1 year for Otisco Lake to 12 years for Seneca Lake, and with the exception of Seneca Lake and Skaneateles Lake, were in agreement with earlier estimates obtained from runoff estimates and chloride balances. The sensitivity of the model to parameter changes was tested to determine possible reasons for the differences calculated for WRT's for Seneca Lake and Skaneateles Lake. The shorter WRT obtained from tritium data for Lake Seneca (12 years as compared to 18 years) can be explained by a yearly addition of less than 3% by lake volume of ground water to the lake, the exact percentage depending on tritium concentration in the ground water.
Searching for neutral pseudoGoldstone bosons in Z0 decays

Abstract The radiative decay Z0 → γ + technipion can occur at a large enoughrate to be seen at LEP. A limit on this decay mode will restrict the class of viable technicolor models, and will complement the recent limits on charged technipions.
IMPAIRED PLATELET/CONNECTIVE-TISSUE REACTION IN MAN AFTER ASPIRIN INGESTION

Abstract Platelet aggregation was studied by adding a suspension of connective tissue or adenosine diphosphate (A.D.P.) to citrated platelet-rich plasma (P.R.P.). In 10 normal men, aged 25-40 years, ingestion of 3 g. of aspirin per day for 54 hours resulted in significantly less aggregation by washed connective-tissue fragments than after a placebo, owing to impaired release of platelet A.D.P. The aspirin inhibited the release of platelet A.D.P., although the platelets still aggregated normally when this nucleotide was added to P.R.P. The results may explain the increased bleeding tendency after aspirin ingestion, and in addition suggest that the drug may have antithrombotic properties.
Magic-Sized Cd3P2 II-V Nanoparticles Exhibiting Bandgap Photoemission

The very first single-sized Cd3P2 II−V nanoparticles were synthesized via a non-injection-based approach which was designed to be thermodynamically driven. The Cd3P2 nanoparticles were synthesized in a pure form and exhibited bright bandgap photoemission peaking at 455 nm with a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of only 17 nm and narrow bandgap absorption peaking at 451 nm. Compared to those reported before with a fwhm of 50−150 nm, the newly developed Cd3P2 nanoparticles represent significant progress in synthesis with better design and control. Cadmium acetate dihydrate (Cd(OAc)2·2H2O) and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine ((TMS)3P) were used as Cd and P source compounds, respectively; the synthesis was carried out in 1-octadecene (ODE), a noncoordinating solvent. The novel Cd3P2 nanoparticles were further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and 113Cd and 31P solid-state NMR. These single-sized Cd3P2 nanopartic...
Conformation of protonated trans-N-benzylideneaniline: a revisit

Abstract The change in the degree of planarity of trans-N-benzylideneaniline upon protonation of the imine nitrogen is investigated with density functional theory caculations. Previous experimental work with nuclear magnetic resonance has suggested that the protonated species is more nearly planar, but theoretical work has suggested that protonation has no appreciable impact upon the planarity. The current calculations support the experimental results.
Hybrid Lyot coronagraph masks and wavefront control for improved spectral bandwidth and throughput

Coronagraph focal-plane occulting masks have generally been described as attenuation profiles free of any phase shift. However, phase shifts are expected and observed in physical occulting masks, and they can impose significant limitations on coronagraph contrast at the billion-to-one level in spectrally broad light, as required for the direct imaging of planetary systems orbiting the nearby stars. Here we explore design options for a physically realizable occulting mask composed of a metallic and a dielectric thin film, each profiled in thickness and superimposed on a glass substrate. We show that such hybrid masks, together with a deformable mirror for control of wavefront phase, offer contrast performance better than 10 -9 over spectral bandwidths up to 30% with Lyot coronagraph throughput efficiencies of 66% or more.
Molecular rearrangements in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene after irradiation and long-term storage in air

Abstract Molecular rearrangements and alterations in supermolecular structure of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) due to cross-linking and oxidation-induced chain scission following irradiation and subsequent storage in air at room temperature have been studied over a period of 29 months. The techniques that were used are: equilibrium swelling in decalin, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron spin resonance (ESR). The experimental results indicate that immediately after irradiation, cross-linking and an increase in crystallinity are the important processes. With time, chain scission induced by oxidation takes place resulting in a new phase of thinner crystallites in the amorphous region. In the absence of oxygen diffusion limitations, the free radicals survive for 30 months in the form of peroxides. The effect produced by higher doses and shorter aging times correspond to those produced by lower doses and longer aging times, thus, suggesting a superposition law between dose and aging time.