cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NO versus N2O emissions from an NH4(+)-amended Bermuda grass pasture

An enclosure technique is used to monitor soil NO and N2O emissions during early summer regrowth of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) on sandy loam in a humid, subtropical region of southern Texas. The evolution of both gases was substantially higher from plots harvested at the beginning of the experiment and fertilized five days later with 52 kg N/ha as (NH4)2SO4 than from plots not harvested or fertilized. Emission of NO, but not N2O, was stimulated by clipping and removing the grass, probably because eliminating the shading provided by the dense grass canopy changed these plots from cooler to warmer than unharvested plots, thereby stimulating the activity of soil microorganisms responsible for NO production. Neither gas flux was significantly affected by application of N until the next rainfall dissolved and moved the surface-applied fertilizer into the soil. Immediately thereafter, emissions of NO and N2O increased dramatically to peaks of 160 and 12 g N/ha/d, respectively, and then declined at rates that closely parallel the nitrification rate of added NH4(+), indicating that the gases resulted from the activity of nitrifying microorganisms, rather than denitrifiers. Nitric oxide emissions during the nine-week measurement period averaged 7.2 times greater than N2O emissions and accounted for 3.2 percent of the added N. The data indicate that humid, subtropical grasslands, which not only have large geographical extent but also have been subject to intense anthropogenic disturbance, contribute significantly to the global atmospheric NO(x) budget.
Thermoplastic Poly(ester urethane)s with Novel Soft Segments

A new class of thermoplastic poly(ester urethane)s containing novel soft segments are prepared using a one-step synthesis. Amorphous polyester prepolymers (⟨Mn⟩ = 1.5 × 103−3.4 × 103 g/mol) were incorporated as soft segments in poly(ester urethane)s using an aromatic diisocyanate, 4,4′-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate), but with no chain extension. These completely amorphous materials had a wide range of mechanical properties (E = 0.86−29.3 MPa; γmax = 2106%), and they possessed linear degradation profiles. A combination of contact angle studies, water uptake studies, and XPS analysis showed that these materials exhibited a surface segregation phenomenon upon contact with water. Kinetic analyses showed that three of the materials are among the fastest degrading poly(ester urethane)s reported in the literature to date. Initial cytotoxicity testing by minimum essential medium tests showed that only one of the nine new materials gave a cytotoxic response. Two separate sterilization methods did not elicit a cyto...
The identification and localization of a catecholamine in the motor neurons of the lobster cardiac ganglion

The cardiac ganglion from Homarus americanus was investigated for the purpose of providing biochemical and histochemical information as to the identity of the neurotransmitter(s) utilized by this system. Three techniques were employed in this study: (1) the glyoxylic acid histofluorescence staining technique (GA), which showed fluorescence characteristic of catecholamines localized in the five motor neurons; (2) high-voltage electrophoresis (HVE) in one dimension followed by ascending chromatography in the second dimension, which indicated incorporation of label from tritiated tyrosine into norepinephrine (NE) and small amounts of dopamine (DA); (3) high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/EC), which indicated the presence of endogenous norepinephrine.
Research schools and their histories.

Analyse de l'origine de la notion Ecole de Recherche et la place d'une telle notion dans les travaux relatifs a l'histoire des sciences
Evaluación de un cuarto de siglo de reformas estructurales de pensiones en América Latina

El articulo hace una descripcion comparativa de tres diferentes modelos generales de reforma estructural de pensiones aplicados en 12 paises latinoamericanos y examina conceptos clave. En su parte medular, analiza y sugiere politicas ante los 11 desafios que enfrentan dichas reformas: la caida en la cobertura de la fuerza laboral, el creciente incumplimiento del pago de las cotizaciones, las fallas en la competencia entre las administradoras, el alto y sostenido costo administrativo, la acumulacion de capital pero la falta de evidencia de que esto haya tenido un impacto positivo en el ahorro nacional, el alto y prolongado costo fiscal de la transicion, el posible desarrollo del mercado de capitales pero la falta de diversificacion de la cartera de inversiones, el variable rendimiento real de la inversion, la falta de evidencia de que el monto de la pension en el sistema privado sea mayor que en el publico, la acentuacion de la inequidad de genero, y la erosion de la solidaridad.
Special article: The association of sepsis with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Abstract Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a clinical condition that involves relentless organ dysfunction accompanied by abnormal organ system interactions, is triggered primarily by sepsis and trauma. An understanding of the three basic pathophysiological processes involved (acute-phase; release of chemicals from agents responsible for infection; and interaction of substrate production, availability, and utilization in the response to injury or infection) and the factors that operate in the acute-phase response is critical for the appropriate use and development of agents to modify the chain of events leading to MODS. This article addresses the unregulated activation of the systemic inflammatory cascade, the effects of alterations of oxygen uptake and oxygen delivery relationships, and treatment approaches regarding the triggering agent, the syndrome itself, and cardiovascular failure. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Development Of Glasses For High Resolution UV Fiber Optic CRT Faceplates

Compatible core and clad glasses transmitting peak uv radiation at 320nm have been developed for fiber optic applications. Research was conducted to formulate compositions having high transmission in the near- and medium-ultraviolet region and capable of being fabricated into fiber optic faceplates for ultra-high resolution cathode ray tubes. The glass forming the radiation transmitting core is a lanthanum-zinc-borate composition having an index of refraction (nd) of 1.71 and peak internal transmission of over 80% at 320nm for 1/4-in. thick-ness. A matching potassium-alumino-boro-silicate cladding glass having a low index of refraction (nd = 1.47) was also developed. Both glasses possessed compatible coefficients of thermal expansion and softening points to produce faceplates having fiber centers approaching five microns in spacing. A theoretical numerical aperture in excess of 0.8 is achieved with these glasses.© (1970) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modified Indentation Techniques to Probe Inelasticity in Ni-5%Al Coatings from Different Processes

In this study, two types of indentation experiments were performed on metallic (Ni-5%Al) coatings prepared by cold spray, high velocity oxy-fuel and air plasma spray. In the first type, spherical tips were used with increasing loads, and subsurface deformation was observed using a modified bonded interface technique. In the second type, cyclic loading was imposed with a sharp tip, and tip displacement was continuously recorded. Results suggest that cold spray coatings are brittle under contact loads in their as-sprayed condition, and that they exhibit a size effect that is quite different from those of the other coatings. That is to say, heterogeneities in mechanical behavior exist not as much on the single particle level as expected, but on a much larger scale of order 100 microns. This is attributed to long unbonded regions between particles, in a coating of otherwise high density. Fracture mechanics arguments support this hypothesis.
Emotional disorders in children and adolescents

Emotional problems in children may be grouped into distinct syndromes, though there is overlap between them. Anxiety disorders are often exaggerations of normal developmental trends rather than qualitatively abnormal phenomena. The clinical features of depressive disorder in adolescents are similar to those in adults, but depression is more difficult to diagnose in children. Unexplained physical symptoms such as abdominal pain and headaches are present in many children attending medical services and are often related to health problems in the family. Obsessions and compulsions are a normal part of child and adolescent development; treatment is required only when development, academic performance or family life is clearly impaired. Severe forms of emotional disorder often present with school attendance problems.
Tracheobronchial foreign body management in an acutely ill neonate

Pediatric foreign body management has become refined in recent years, both from a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint. History, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation performed in a timely manner can lead to safe and successful foreign body retrieval. Advancement in videoendoscopic instrumentation and anesthetic techniques enable the airway surgeon to achieve simultaneous airway stabilization and foreign body removal. In the emergency setting, the surgeon may not have access to such instrumentation. We present a case of an acutely ill, extremely low birthweight infant who incurred foreign body aspiration. Basic tools of expediency and control of the airway remind us once again that technique must precede technology.
Relative effects of furosemide and ethacrynic acid on ion transport and energy metabolism in slices of rat kidney-cortex.

The effects of furosemide and ethacrynic acid have been studied using slices of rat kidney cortex incubated in a Ringer medium. At concentrations from 0.2–2.0 mM, furosemide had no significant effect on the tissue ATP content or on the metabolism-dependent net movements of intracellular Na+, K+ and Ca2+. It did, however, induce an increase in the net, outward movement of Cl−; we suggest that this may have srisen from inhibition of a Cl− accumulating mechanism. In contrast, ethacrynic acid in the same concentration range caused marked reduction of cell respiration and ATP content and virtually total inhibitition of several processes of ion transport (Na+, Cl− and Ca2+ loss, and K+ uptake). Concentrations of furosemide greater than 5 mM caused marked inhibition of energy metabolism and transport of ions, and 10 mM furosemide had quantitatively similar effects to 2 mM ethacrynic acid. Electron micrographs of kidney-cortex slices treated with the diuretics at 2 mM show that the ultrastructure was well maintained in the presence of furosemide but that ethacrynic acid caused severe structural disorganisation and necrosis. The mitochondria were generally in the orthodox configuration in the presence of furosemide, but swollen in ethacrynic acid in accord with the marked effects of 2 mM ethacrynate on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Of the effects we have detected, that of low concentrations of furosemide on Cl− movement appears to be rather specific. Higher concentrations of this agent (5 mM and above), and all concentrations of ethacrynic acid studied (0.1–5.0 mM), have several inhibitory effects which seem to result from primary inhibition of mitochondrial activities and are presumably manifestations of toxicity.
Dislocations in GaAs/Si Interfaces

Dislocations present at GaAs/Si interfaces have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy in plan-view. The GaAs was grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Si (001) substrate tilted* towards the [110] direction. The dislocation network at the interface consists primarily of orthogonal edge dislocations with Burgers vectors of a/2[110] and a/2[ $\overline 1 10$ ]. However, displacements of these dislocation lines at the interface are observed. These displacements can be attributed to the interaction of 60* dislocations with the network of orthogonal edge dislocations. The density of these 60* dislocations along [110] direction is different from that along [ $\overline 1 10$ ] direction.
Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: Evidence for endogenous rhythmicity ☆

The manifestation of diurnal periodicity and the extent of its control by the photoperiod was assessed in three predation defense reactions which constitute either components or outcomes of a predator-prey interaction sequence. Two-hundred White Leghorn chicks were reared from hatching for one week in either 24L or 12L and then tested at one of two clock hours previously demonstrated to define peak and trough response for one of the components. Putative evidence was found for an endogenous source of the periodicity manifested in all reactions. Maintenance schedule did not entrain the periodicity, but simple room entry and handling elicited anti-predator reactions, the extent of which varied as a function of clock hour. A general model of predation defense behavior was proposed.
861 THE MOST FREQUENT HUMAN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISEASE

Nonclassical steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency (nc21OHD) is an autosomal recessive disease which results in a phenotypically variable syndrome of postnatal hyperandrogenism. Its prevalence is unknown because basal serum 17-OHP levels are not sufficiently elevated for detection with the microfilter paper technique used in screening for classical 21-OHD. We therefore ascertained the frequency of the nc21OHD gene using ethnic group-specific HLA-B-nc21OHD associations in conjunction with ACTH testing in obligate heterozygote parents. Confirmation of this approach was obtained by the affected sib pair method of Thomson and Bodmer. The gene frequency for nc21OHD was highest in Ashkenazi Jews (19.1%) and was also high in Hispanics (13.6%), Yugoslavs (12.5%), and Italians (5.8%). In other Caucasians studied it was 0.1%. Disease frequencies were 1/27 for Ashkenazi Jews, 1/53 for Hispanics, 1/63 for Yugoslavs, 1/333 for Italians, and 1/1000 for other Caucasians. Carriers of the HLA-B14 marker had a 32-fold increased risk of nc21OHD compared to controls. Linkage disequilibrium betweeen HLA-B14 and nc21OHD was significant in Ashkenazi Jewish, Hispanic, and Italian patients, but not in Yugoslavs or other Caucasians. Conclusion: It appears that nc21OHD is the most frequent autosomal recessive genetic disorder in man.
Silver from Ur of Ancient Mesopotamia

Silver jewelry from the Royal Tombs of Ur, about 2500 B.C., compares favorably in purity with present-day sterling, and it also met specifications recorded in cuneiform literatutre of a later period for similar objects. The original chemical composition has been greatly modified by corrosion, calcification, and chlorination. The source and diffusion of various elements detected were traced to study the original composition.
Sex-specific environmental influences on the development of autoimmune diseases

Sex differences in autoimmune diseases are evolutionarily tied to the fact that the female immune system is confronted with intense alterations during menstrual cycles, pregnancy and childbirth. These events may be associated with breaches in the mucosal epithelial layers that are shielding us from environmental factors. Associations between environmental agents and autoimmune diseases have been described extensively in prior studies. Little evidence, however, exists for sex-specific environmental effects on autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize studies involving this often-neglected aspect. We give examples of environmental factors that may influence the sex bias in autoimmunity. We conclude that most studies do not give insight into sex-specific environmental effects due to the influence of gender-selective social, occupational or other exposures. Prospective studies are needed in order to determine true sex-biased environmental influences. Finally, humanized murine models might aid in better understanding the mechanisms involved in sex-specific environmental effects on autoimmune diseases.
Towards simplicial coverage repair for mobile robot teams

In this note, we present initial results towards developing a distributed algorithm for repairing topological holes in the sensor cover of a mobile robot team. Central to our approach is the melding of recent advances in the application of computational homology (a sub-discipline of algebraic topology) to static sensor networks with relative metric information (i.e. relative pose). More precisely, we consider a greedy, hybrid (discrete-continuous) algorithm whereby a desired Cěch complex, the simplicial complex that captures the underlying topology of the sensing cover, is iteratively generated using local rules (between multi-hop neighbors) and agents are driven towards achieving this topology via a gradient-ascent simplicial control law. Convergence of the proposed algorithm is established as a function of the convergence of the underlying simplicial control law, and the relationship of the latter to the spectrum of the combinatorial Laplacian is considered. Simulation results for teams operating in ℝ2 are presented.
Hydro-elastic behavior of multiple-plate fuel-assemblies—I pressure wave propagation

Abstract Most previous theoretical work on the problem of fuel plate vibrations and fuel-plate collapse in assemblies of fuel plates has been based on the implicit assumption of an infinite of pairs of fuel plates behaving in a symmetrical manner. There is experimental evidence that the behavior of fuel-plate assemblies with a finite number of fuel plates for some flow velocities is not consistent with this assumption. Further, many experimental investigations have been carried out on mock-up fuel assemblies consisting of relatively few fuel plates. The basic problem of fuel-plate vibrations and stability is extremely complex even with simplifying assumption of repeating arrays of pairs of plates. A simplified analysis of effect of considering a finite number of fuel plates is presented considering some of the aspects of the coupling of hydraulic phenomena with the elastic structure of the fuel assembly. Since the model used in describing the hydraulic behavior of the coolant has been shown to be important in previous investigations, Part I discusses the phenomena of pressure wave propagation in internally complex-conduits similar to reactor fuel elements. The theory takes into consideration the coupling of pressure disturbances in adjacent channels through elastic-flexible walls separating the flow passages and neglects the inertia of the plates. This is, therefore, an extension of water-hammer theory to more complex conduits than pipes. It is shown that many modes of pressure (and rarefaction) wave propagation are possible and that for fuel assemblies of interest to reactor designers, the velocity of pressure wave propagation may be considerably less than the velocity of sound in the coolant. These results indicate the importance of considering the fuel assembly as a whole when analyzing (a) rapid ractor transients, (b) the spatial formation of voids due to rare-fraction waves, and (c) extending present models of vibration and fuel plate collapse. Part II discusses the latter problem.
Low-Frequency Electrophoretic Actuation of Nanoscale Optoentropic Transduction Mechanisms

Inherent bistabilities within DNA-assembled fluorescent resonant energy transfer systems demonstrated time-varying optical signals in response to an electrophoretic driving force. Frequency responses of electrophoretically driven FRET systems were shown to be sequence specific. Integration of these signals over time gave near single-molecule sensitivity within a high background of autofluorescence. This research suggests that externally driven nanoscale mechanical systems may help improve information flow within morphologically intact specimens.
Nonlocal Photorefractive Screening from Hot Electron Velocity Saturation in Semiconductors.

Intervalley scattering of hot electrons during high-field transport in transverse-field photorefractive quantum wells induces a nonlocal optical response in which photoinduced changes in the refractive index are spatially shifted relative to the optical stimulus, providing an avenue for optical gain. We demonstrate that the onset of the photorefractive phase shift coincides with the onset of velocity saturation. This nonlocal response is the high-resistivity consequence in semi-insulating semiconductors of the Gunn effect mechanism.
Heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease and to compare the results with those in children undergoing transplantation for other cardiac diseases. Background Reports describe decreased survival after heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease compared with those with cardiomyopathy. However, transplantation is increasingly being considered in the surgical management of children with complex congenital heart disease. Present-day results from this group require reassessment. Methods The diagnoses, previous operations and indications for transplantation were characterized in children with congenital heart disease. Pretransplant course, graft ischemia time, posttransplant survival and outcome (rejection frequency, infection rate, length of hospital stay) were compared with those in children undergoing transplantation for other reasons (n = 47). Results Thirty-seven children (mean [±SD] age 9 ± 6 years) with congenital heart disease underwent transplantation; 86% had undergone one or more previous operations. Repair of extracardiac defects at transplantation was necessary in 23 patients. Causes of death after transplantation were donor failure in two patients, surgical bleeding in two, pulmonary hemorrhage in one, infection in four, rejection in three and graft atherosclerosis in one. No difference in 1- and 5-year survival rates (70% vs. 77% and 64% vs. 65%, respectively), rejection frequency or length of hospital stay was seen between children with and without congenital heart disease. Cardiopulmonary bypass and donor ischemia time were significantly longer in patients with congenital heart disease. Serious infections were more common in children with than without congenital heart disease (13 of 37 vs. 6 of 47, respectively, p = 0.01). Conclusions Despite the more complex cardiac surgery required at implantation and longer donor ischemic time, heart transplantation can be performed in children with complex congenital heart disease with success similar to that in patients with other cardiac diseases.
BRONCHIAL CYSTS AND COLLATERAL VENTILATION.

SUMMARY A group of cases has been presented demonstrating bronchial cysts and mucoceles in association with emphysema of the parenchyma surrounding the congenital bronchial abnormalities. The role of collateral ventilation has been described in the pathogenesis of this form of emphysema. The extreme degree of emphysematous over-distention and air-trapping which may occur secondary to collateral ventilation has been pointed out. Various features of the pathologic anatomy and clinical disturbances resulting from congenital cystic disease of the lungs have been discussed.
Automated detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) in computed tomographic pulmonary angiographic (CTPA) images: multiscale hierachical expectation-maximization segmentation of vessels and PEs

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has been reported to be an effective means for clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). We are developing a computer-aided detection (CAD) system to assist radiologist in PE detection in CTPA images. 3D multiscale filters in combination with a newly designed response function derived from the eigenvalues of Hessian matrices is used to enhance vascular structures including the vessel bifurcations and suppress non-vessel structures such as the lymphoid tissues surrounding the vessels. A hierarchical EM estimation is then used to segment the vessels by extracting the high response voxels at each scale. The segmented vessels are pre-screened for suspicious PE areas using a second adaptive multiscale EM estimation. A rule-based false positive (FP) reduction method was designed to identify the true PEs based on the features of PE and vessels. 43 CTPA scans were used as an independent test set to evaluate the performance of PE detection. Experienced chest radiologists identified the PE locations which were used as "gold standard". 435 PEs were identified in the artery branches, of which 172 and 263 were subsegmental and proximal to the subsegmental, respectively. The computer-detected volume was considered true positive (TP) when it overlapped with 10% or more of the gold standard PE volume. Our preliminary test results show that, at an average of 33 and 24 FPs/case, the sensitivities of our PE detection method were 81% and 78%, respectively, for proximal PEs, and 79% and 73%, respectively, for subsegmental PEs. The study demonstrates the feasibility that the automated method can identify PE accurately on CTPA images. Further study is underway to improve the sensitivity and reduce the FPs.
Koopmans' theorem in the restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock method. 1. A variational approach.

A general formulation of Koopmans’ theorem is derived for high-spin half-filled open shells in the restricted open-shell Hartree−Fock (ROHF) method based on a variational treatment of both the initial (nonionized) open-shell system under study, e.g., X, and the corresponding high-spin ions Xk+, Xm+, and Xv− having a hole or an extra electron in the closed, open, and virtual shell, respectively. The ions are treated within a FCI-RAS (full CI in the restricted active space) method with a use of arbitrary ROHF orbitals optimal for the initial system. We show that the desired canonical ROHF orbitals and orbital energies satisfying Koopmans’ theorem, first defined within the canonical ROHF treatment [Plakhutin; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 204110], generally appear as the natural CI orbitals and the eigenvalues of CI matrices for the respective ions X±. A comparison is performed between the results derived with the present CI approach and the canonical ROHF method for the specific case where the canonical ...
Radiative transfer modeling for quantifying lunar surface minerals, particle size, and submicroscopic metallic Fe

[1] The main objective of this work is to quantify lunar surface minerals (agglutinate, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, ilmenite, and volcanic glass), particle sizes, and the abundance of submicroscopic metallic Fe (SMFe) from the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) data set with Hapke's radiative transfer theory. The mode is implemented for both forward and inverse modeling. We implement Hapke's radiative transfer theory in the inverse mode in which, instead of commonly used look-up tables, Newton's method and least squares are jointly used to solve nonlinear questions. Although the effects of temperature and surface roughness are incorporated into the implementation to improve the model performance for application of lunar spacecraft data, these effects cannot be extensively addressed in the current work because of the use of lab-measured reflectance data. Our forward radiative transfer model results show that the correlation coefficients between modeled and measured spectra are over 0.99. For the inverse model, the distribution of the particle sizes is all within their measured range. The range of modeled SMFe for highland samples is 0.01%–0.5%, and for mare samples it is 0.03%–1%. The linear trend between SMFe and ferromagnetic resonance (Is) for all the LSCC samples is consistent with laboratory measurements. For quantifying lunar mineral abundances, the results show that the R squared for the training samples (Is/FeO ≤ 65) are over 0.65 with plagioclase having highest correlation (0.94) and pyroxene having the lowest correlation (0.68). In future work, the model needs to be improved for handling more mature lunar soil samples.
Statistical Investigation and Modeling of Sungrazing Comets Discovered with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

More than 300 sungrazing comets, most of them discovered with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) coronagraphs since the beginning of 1996, are known to belong to the Kreutz group or system. Moving about the Sun in similar orbits, they are of indisputably common parentage and represent by far the most extensive data set in the history of investigations of cometary splitting. This study compares the SOHO sungrazers, which always disappear during their approach to the Sun, with the sungrazers detected earlier with the other space-borne coronagraphs (Solwind and Solar Maximum Mission [SMM]) as well as with the bright members of the Kreutz system, discovered from the ground between 1843 and 1970. Collected, summarized, and reviewed information on the sungrazers' light curves indicates that there is a difference of 20 mag (a factor of 108 in brightness) between the brightest sungrazer, C/1882 R1, and the faintest objects detectable with the SOHO instruments. The headless comet C/1887 B1 is suggested to be a transition object between the bright sungrazers and the coronagraphically discovered ones: its physical behavior was similar to that of the latter comets, but it survived the perihelion passage. This study also (1) examines temporal and spatial distributions of the SOHO sungrazers; (2) depicts correlations among their orbital elements; (3) distinguishes among tidally triggered, post-tidal, and terminal fragmentation; (4) reiterates the conclusion made in an earlier paper that post-tidal, secondary fragmentation events are occurring throughout the orbit, including the region of aphelion; (5) determines the relationship between a breakup's location in the orbit and the perturbations of the orbital elements of a fragment caused by the momentum it acquires during the separation from the parent; (6) shows that collisions of the Kreutz system comets with the Sun are clearly possible; (7) finds that minor fragments acquire enough extra momentum during each of the breakup episodes that their motions carry no "memory" of these events other than the most recent one; (8) offers a law for simulating the temporal distribution of these events; and (9) proposes a conceptual model scenario for the formation and evolution of the Kreutz system, including the process of progressive fragmentation. It appears that most of the mass is still locked in the major fragments (particularly C/1882 R1) and that therefore this comet system is relatively young. This paper is a first step in a massive investigation of the Kreutz system, which will combine deterministic and Monte Carlo techniques to verify the paradigms of the proposed conceptual model and eventually will develop a specific evolutionary scenario. This approach will account fully for effects of the planetary perturbations, where appropriate, and from time to time the results will be updated as the statistical sample of the SOHO sungrazers continues to grow.
NASAL MITES (ACARI:HALARACHNIDAE) IN THE SPOTTED SEAL, Phoca largha PALLAS, AND OTHER PINNIPEDS OF ALASKAN WATERS

The nasal passages of 349 pinnipeds of seven species were examined for halarachnid mites. Each of seven Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), 75 of 99 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and four of 71 spotted seals (P. largha) were infected, but none of 28 walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), 43 ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 58 ribbon seals (P. fasciata), and 43 bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) was infected. The sea lions harbored Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910) and O. diminuata (Doetschman, 1944), and the harbor and spotted seals harbored Halarachne halichoeri Allman, 1847. The finding of H. halichoeri in the spotted seals is a new host record.
Gene associations: true romance or chance meeting in a nuclear neighborhood?

Many recent studies have raised interest in the nuclear associations of coregulated genes from different chromosomes, often evoking interpretations of gene–gene interactions, communication, and even “romance.” However, in some cases, the associations may be indirect and infrequent and may reflect the segregation of active and inactive genes into different nuclear compartments. The study by Brown et al. (see p. 1083 of this issue) reports that the apparent association of erythroid genes is not a direct interaction nor colocalization to one tiny transcription factory but arises as a result of the known clustering of many active genes with larger splicing factor–rich speckles (a.k.a., SC35-defined domains). This clustering appears largely stochastic but is impacted by the chromosomal neighborhood of the gene as well as its transcriptional status. The study adds a new twist by examining the same gene in a foreign chromosomal context, providing evidence that this impacts a gene9s propensity to form gene–domain (or apparent gene–gene) associations within nuclei.
Report of the Committee on Physics of Soil-Moisture, 1935-36 (Physical properties of soils as affected by the degree of cation saturation)

From among the suggestions made by members of the Committee for the subject of this annual report, that submitted by E. A. Willis was selected. The Committee has summarized the opinions of competent investigators concerning the changes in the physical properties of soils produced by changes in the degree of cat ion-saturation both from an agricultural and an engineering viewpoint. The literature on base-exchange phenomena is voluminous. It was decided, therefore, to make no attempt to digest published material but rather to obtain data and opinions from investigators who are doing current research in this field. This report in effect is a symposium on this subject.
Distance Walked and Run as Improved Metrics over Time-Based Energy Estimation in Epidemiological Studies and Prevention; Evidence from Medication Use

Purpose The guideline physical activity levels are prescribed in terms of time, frequency, and intensity (e.g., 30 minutes brisk walking, five days a week or its energy equivalence) and assume that different activities may be combined to meet targeted goals (exchangeability premise). Habitual runners and walkers may quantify exercise in terms of distance (km/day), and for them, the relationship between activity dose and health benefits may be better assessed in terms of distance rather than time. Analyses were therefore performed to test: 1) whether time-based or distance-based estimates of energy expenditure provide the best metric for relating running and walking to hypertensive, high cholesterol, and diabetes medication use (conditions known to be diminished by exercise), and 2) the exchangeability premise.
Distribution of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Gulf of Maine from 1998 to 2012

Abstract Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Gulf of Maine were surveyed using fisheries-independent systematic and stratified-random surveys conducted annually by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center from 1998 to 2012 during autumn. The systematic surveys were dedicated to surveying Atlantic herring and were designed to be synchronous with pre-spawning, whereas the stratified-random surveys were broad-scale, multi-species surveys. Both types of surveys collected multi-frequency acoustic and trawl data. These surveys were analyzed to evaluate their individual effectiveness as surveys, whether results could be combined, or whether either survey could be used alone to estimate Atlantic herring abundance. With the exception of two years, more Atlantic herring in the water column were observed in the Georges Bank region during the dedicated systematic survey than later in the season by the stratified-random survey in the Georges Bank and northern Gulf of Maine regions. These observations suggest that the systematic survey was not out of synchrony with Atlantic herring spawning in the Georges Bank area, and the majority of spawning in the off-shore Gulf of Maine region occurred in the Georges Bank area. Additionally, the area backscattering time series showed no dramatic changes among surveys conducted with different vessels, suggesting that the Atlantic herring did not react substantially to changes in vessels and/or reacted similarly to the presence of any of the four vessels used.
Spiral FFT: An efficient method for 3-D FFTS on spiral MRI contours

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) allows the Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT) to be efficiently sampled on a uniform grid in frequency. In many applications, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), uniform measurements are undesirable or impractical. Non-equispaced measurements in the Fourier domain are typically obtained through methods that use FFT values to interpolate the DTFT at off-grid locations. These algorithms, known as NUFFTs, are prohibitively expensive for large data sets in 3-D because of the interpolation cost. This paper proposes an exact transform called the SpiralFFT capable of sampling the DTFT on spiral patterns in 3-D frequency space. The SpiralFFT uses spiral structure to replace 3-D calculations with 1-D FFTs and chirp Z-transforms (CZTs). Simulations compare the SpiralFFT with a NUFFT algorithm on a realistic 3-D MRI data set. Results show that the SpiralFFT exhibits a factor of 8 increase in speed for comparable accuracy, and 8 orders of magnitude improvement in accuracy for comparable execution time. These results demonstrate the potential use of the SpiralFFT in spiral MRI to improve reconstruction speed and quality.
Effects of late coronary artery reperfusion after myocardial necrosis is complete

Early reperfusion salvages reversibly injured ischemic myocardium. Late reperfusion, after necrosis is complete, could be beneficial by accelerating healing, or the hemorrhage and contraction-band necrosis associated with reperfusion could impair healing. In closed-chest anesthetized dogs the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded with a balloon-tipped catheter for either 1 day followed by reperfusion for 6 days (n = 9) or for 7 days without reperfusion (n = 9). All dogs were killed after 7 days. Pathologic changes were studied in transverse whole-mount ventricular histologic sections. When the two groups were compared, no differences were found in: (1) infarct size, 15.7 +/- 9.9% vs 10.2 +/- 8.6 (mean +/- SD); (2) number of transmural infarcts, 5 of 9 vs 6 of 9; (3) ratio of infarcted/normal wall thickness, 0.93 +/- 0.09 vs 0.95 +/- 0.13; (4) thickness of zone of collagen deposition at periphery of infarct, 1.69 +/- 1.16 mm vs 1.67 +/- 0.56; and (5) amount of hemorrhage, calcification, and inflammation. Thus, in this model, reperfusion after necrosis is complete did not improve or impair healing.
The surpluses and shortages in business‐to‐business marketing theory and research

Purpose – Business‐to‐business marketing has come of age in the last three decades and research in this area has been extensive and impressive. This paper examines the extant body of business‐to‐business marketing research and identifies surpluses and shortages with the goal of stimulating future research.Design/methodology/approach – This paper focuses on two questions regarding future business‐to business marketing. First, what has been the focus of understanding in business‐to‐business marketing theory and what should be its future focus? Second, what has been the purpose or objective to study business‐to‐business marketing and what should be the future objective for research?Findings – It is found that research in business‐to‐business marketing is fundamentally changing and will continue to change. The paper identifies areas of business‐to‐business marketing research that have received surplus attention and areas that require additional attention.Practical implications – The paper provides guidelines ...
Basis weight uniformity analysis in nonwovens

It is widely recognized that nonwoven basis weight uniformity affects various properties of nonwovens, including appearance, physical properties, or mechanical properties. However, it is one of the nonwoven characteristics that is most difficult to characterize. This paper reports on the methodology based on the well-known quadrant method that objectively quantifies uniformity of nonwoven fabrics.
Impact of regulations on health care costs

It's clear to all of us, including the FDA, that regulation does affect cost. It adds cost on top of the development of products, it adds cost on top of the use of products, and, therefore, it has an impact on the cost of health care and health care delivery in this country. This paper quickly runs through where those costs are, and, honestly, to balance them a bit with benefits. I am constantly asked, particularly this year, to re-examine the way we regulate medical devices, and look at a safety only model. My answer to that is I don't know how to look at safety only without looking at some effectiveness. I also don't know how to do risk only and not look at risk benefit. That is the type of work we at FDA do.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural analysis and the generation of sociograms

A method for analyzing sociometric information using a modified mutual choice sociomatrix is presented. Replication of individuals is permitted in this connection matrix, enabling a person to be placed in proximity to all subgroups to which he belongs. As a result, the octopus-like configurations which often appear in a sociomatrix and confound clique detection do not occur. The connection matrix developed by this routine can be easily transformed into a sociogram, and rules governing this conversion are presented. Finally, a computer program which constructs the matrix directly from socio-metric data is described.
Developing Critical Thinking and Interpersonal Skills in a Services Marketing Course Employing Total Quality Management Concepts and Techniques

This article posits that total quality management (TQM) techniques can assist educators in developing critical thinking and interpersonal skills in a services marketing course. Literature addressin...
Modelling an omitted factor in employment discrimination cases

Statistical analysis can be used as circumstantial evidence indicating that race, gender, age or other legally prohibited factor (exposure) was a significant cause of an unfavourable employment decision (response). Statistical methods, e.g. Cornfield's inequality, have been used to examine the employer's reason (omitted factor), e.g. requirement of having a professional certificate is able to explain the disparity. Based on a range of plausible values of the associations among omitted variable, exposure and response, the usual sensitivity analysis methods recalculate the p-values of the test of association between exposure and response. However, the current methods treat the sensitivity parameters as fixed and do not account for sampling error. A new method of modelling an omitted factor is proposed for assessing the causal relationship between exposure and response. The association parameters between the omitted factor and the exposure are estimated using extra available data. The proposed method is flexible and can incorporate a wide range of statistical models. The method is illustrated using data from an age discrimination case.
Deconstructing the resist to probe innate material roughness

We have developed an AFM-based technique to measure intrinsic material roughness after base development. This method involves performing an interrupted development of the resist film and measuring the resulting film roughness after a certain fixed film loss. Employing this technique, we have deconstructed the resist into component materials and established that the PAG is a major material contributor of film roughness and that PAG segregation in the resist is likely responsible for nano-scale dissolution inhomogeneities. Small differences in PAG concentration as a result of standing waves in the resist can lead to large changes in surface roughness due to PAG or PAG-photoproduct segregation and the resultant non-linear change in nano-scale dissolution rates. The temperature dependence of the PAG segregation suggests that increased mobility of the PAG occurs due to a lowering of the film Tg during the deprotection process.
Abstract 1167: Osteolysis, splenic and hepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis, MDSCs, tumor growth, and metastases by orthotopic mammary tumors are increased by alcohol consumption and fatty diets

Fatty diets can induce low-grade inflammation that we report is increased by chronic alcohol consumption (CAC). CAC as 16.6% of total calories when administered in combination with the Lieber-DeCarli high-fat diet increases inflammation included hepatic and splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) as assessed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and a colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) assay. Further, an increased number of hepatic myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) CD11b+Gr1+ cells that were predominantly Ly6cbr are observed. The increase in MDSCs is associated with an increased number of hepatic non-parenchymal cells including adipocytes (Oil Red O). Consistent with the increased number of hepatic MDSCs and EMH is a decrease in bone marrow cellularity and progenitor cells measured by flow cytometry (Lin-CD11b-Gr1-Sca-1+) and CFU-GM/femur. Unexpectedly, we observed demineralization and osteolytic lesions by micro computed tomography (micro CT) in all bones examined including femur, tibia, fibula and vertebral column that was associated with osteoclast activity (Trap+). Osteolysis was most notable in the fibula and vertebral spurs associated with osteoclast channels, and the demineralization appeared to be associated with areas of active myelopoiesis. The low grade, chronic inflammation associated with the Lieber-DeCarli fatty diet and CAC accelerated the induction of orthotopic 4T1 mammary tumors, resulting in extensive bone osteolysis, demineralization and increased metastases at aberrant sites including splenic, cardiac, hepatic, and extensive lymph node foci in addition to peritoneal and pleural effusions. The latter were haemorrhagic with a predominant nucleated cell infiltrate composed of bands, segs and myelocytes, supporting EMH. These results support the suggestion that a high-fat diet and CAC together increase tumor induction, metastasis and pathology in association with MDSC mobilization, expansion and EMH resulting in increased numbers of osteoclasts, associated bone demineralization and suppression of T-cell frequency and function. These results support the development of combination therapy strategies incorporating multiple molecular therapeutics that inhibit OCs, MDSCs and their associated mediators. Citation Format: Anand Dusad, Saraswoti Khadge, Geoffrey M. Thiele, Michael J. Duryee, Holly C. Britton, Lynell W. Klassen, Alicia J. Dafferner, Tracy Farrell, Timothy R. McGuire, Carlos D. Hunter, Karen C. Easterling, Karen J. O9Kane, John Graham Sharp, James E. Talmadge. Osteolysis, splenic and hepatic extramedullary hematopoiesis, MDSCs, tumor growth, and metastases by orthotopic mammary tumors are increased by alcohol consumption and fatty diets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1167. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1167