cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kairomones from scarabaeid grubs and their frass as cues in below-ground host location by the parasitoids Tiphia vernalis and Tiphia pygidialis.

Cues used in below-ground host-searching behaviour and host discrimination were examined for Tiphia vernalis Rohwer and Tiphia pygidialis Allen (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae), ecto-parasitoids of root-feeding larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and masked chafers, Cyclocephala spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), respectively. Response to potential stimuli was compared in dual choice tests in an observation chamber filled with soil. Each wasp showed species-specific, directed movement along residual body odor trails made by dragging its respective host through the soil. Presence of a grub was not necessary for wasps to follow such trails. Frass from either host- or non-host grubs elicited trail-following, but each Tiphia species followed frass trails from its respective host when a choice was presented. Frass trails elicited stronger responses than body odor trails. The combination of host frass and body odor elicited the strongest trail-following responses. Our results suggest that once in the soil, Tiphia spp. locate their hosts using contact kairomones present in grub body odor trails and frass.
A formula for rapid calculation of integrals of Gaussian functions

Abstract An approximation for , 3 ⩽ t ⩽ 11, 0 ⩽ m ⩽ 8, is proposed. Errors are −11 ; time savings (compared to the usual series) are 21 to 41%.
In vivo Intracellular Recording of Neurons in the Supraoptic Nucleus of the Rat Hypothalamus.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from cells in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in the urethane-anaesthetized male rat using the ventral surgical approach. Impalements lasted from 5 min to 1 h and recorded cells had an input resistance of 55 to 170 megohms. Spikes of over 50 mV were recorded from 14 cells which could be antidromically activated by stimulation of the neural stalk. The spikes showed a hyperpolarizing afterpotential and the broadening characteristic of rapidly firing magnocellular neurons, which recovered rapidly (<200 ms). When depolarized, the cells showed evidence of a transient potassium current. Recurrent synaptic coupling between the recorded cell and adjacent cells would be expected to alter the hyperpolarizing afterpotential of an antidromic spike as compared with a spontaneous spike; no perceptible difference in the waveforms of the different types of spike could be detected in 11 spontaneously active cells. Application of just subthreshold stimuli to the neural stalk did not evoke depolarizing or hyperpolarizing potentials. Suprathreshold shocks to the neural stalk, when the antidromic spike was prevented by collision, also had no discernible effect on membrane potential. Thus intracellular recordings from magnocellular neurons in vivo revealed electrophysiological properties similar to those seen in vitro. No evidence for synaptic interconnection between magnocellular neurons was found in male rats.
Service Systems Engineering: Emerging Skills and Tools

We are living in a global service economy in which services now make up more than 78% of the US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This growth in Service has also become a global phenomenon and this has brought much needed attention to Service Science and Service Systems Engineering (SSE). As part of these efforts, this paper proposes the enhancement of existing architectural frameworks for Service Systems. We readily concede that IT is at the heart of Service Systems but we argue existing frameworks need to be expanded to address service systems governance and insertion of technology breakthroughs. A modified NIST framework is illustrated, that includes an Enterprise/Service Management plane to analyze energy Smart Grids as an end-to-end service provider. We also realized the need for integration of tools for the real-time dynamic analysis of ever-changing requirements within a Service System. This concept is illustrated in the form of an internet manufacturing laboratory where design, fabrication, IT, and other supporting tools are integrated to rapidly fabricate complex 3D prototype models. Finally, we discuss issues which need to be addressed for the creation of curricula and professional degree programs in Service Systems Engineering at the graduate level. As a result, we propose a plan for including a Service Systems Engineering specialization track within traditional Systems Engineering programs.
Plume characteristics of an arcjet thruster

An experimental investigation is conducted of the plume of a 1.5 kW hydrogen-fueled arcjet thruster. The velocity and translational temperature are measured by laser induced fluorescence of excited-state atomic hydrogen at a variety of locations and operating conditions. The peak velocity and temperature at the center of the exit plane of 14.7 km/s and 5000 K lead to a Mach number of 1.9. Evidence is presented which demonstrates the extent to which viscous forces dominate the flow, such as the exit plane Reynolds number of 18. Data taken in the plume suggest a transition from supersonic to subsonic flow via viscous dissipation. In addition, the results suggest that high tank pressures (0.4 to 1.5 Torr) limit the ability to simulate space environments for different portions of the plume.
Islet-derived multipotential cells/progenitor cells

The pancreatic β-cell has a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; its death leads to type I diabetes. Neogenesis of β-cells, the differentiation of β-cells from non-β-cells, could be an important mechanism of islet cell repopulation. To examine the ability of the adult pancreas to generate new β-cells, we characterized the phenotype of β precursor cells in embryos and then determined that cells expressing embryonic traits appeared in islets of adult mouse pancreas following deletion of preexisting insulin cells by streptozotocin, a specific β-cell toxin. These precursor cells generated new β-cells (NBCs) that repopulated the islets. The number of NBCs increased dramatically after restoration of normoglycemia by insulin therapy. Future studies will seek to identify the source of the NBCs and to examine the mechanisms that lead to their differentiation.
Zinc as a Cofactor for Heparin Neutralization by Histidine-rich Glycoprotein

We have studied the ability of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) to neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin in plasma and in a purified component clotting assay. Addition of HRG to plasma or to the purified component assay did not neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin unless micromolar concentrations of zinc were present. Higher zinc concentrations were required for citrated than for heparinized plasmas due to competition of citrate with HRG for zinc binding. Zinc concentrations as low as 1.25 microM revealed HRG to be a powerful competitor of antithrombin for heparin in the purified component assays. HRG binding of heparin also was shown by affinity chromatography of HRG from immobilized heparin in the presence and absence of zinc. In the absence of zinc, HRG was eluted by 0.1 M NaCl, but, in the presence of zinc, elution of HRG required 1.0 M NaCl. Investigation of other divalent cations (copper and magnesium) indicated that augmentation of heparin binding by HRG in the presence of antithrombin was restricted to zinc. The HRG.Zn complex effectively competes with antithrombin for heparin, which restricts the availability of heparin to bind antithrombin and allows thrombin-mediated fibrinogenesis to proceed unimpeded. This could be initiated by zinc released from activated platelets.
Ultrasensitive Raman sensor based on a highly scattering porous structure

Analytical methods capable of in situ monitoring of water quality have been in high demand for environmental safety, the identification of minute impurities and fundamental understanding of potential risks of these molecular species. Raman spectroscopy, which provides 'fingerprint' information about molecular species in the excitation volume, is a powerful tool for in vivo diagnostics. However, due to a relatively weak Raman signal (~ 1 out of 10 14 incident photons produces the useful signal) there is a need to significantly (by many orders of magnitude) enhance this signal, to raise the detection sensitivity of this technique. Traditionally, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is employed to dramatically increase the local field intensity and substantially improve the efficiency of Raman scattering. However, the above enhancement occurs only in "hot spots", which represent only a small percent of the total surface are of the substrate. Plasmonic nanostructures are also found to be hard to manufacture in large quantities with the desired degree of reproducibility and to be unable to handle high laser power. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new type of approach for ultrasensitive Raman sensing. It is based on manufacturing a random porous structure of high-index material, such as GaP, and use the effect of light localization to help improving the detection sensitivity of such sensor. The desired structure was manufactured using electrochemical etching of GaP wafers. The observed Raman signal amplitudes are favorably compared to the best known plasmonic substrates.
Characterizing global CO2 interannual variability with empirical orthogonal function/principal component (EOF/PC) analysis

[1] EOF/PC analysis is applied to low-pass filtered deseasonalized CO2 growth rates from a global observational network, and two statistically-significant modes of interannual variability are identified. The spatial structure of the 1st mode is characterized by an interhemispheric gradient, while the 2nd mode is characterized by a land-ocean dipole in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. The gravest PC reflects ENSO-like variability, although the phase relationship to ENSO appears to change around 1990. However, the leading PC exhibits a statistically-significant, stationary phase relative to an index of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) throughout the sampling period. The next-to-leading PC, on the other hand, shows little relation to any of the climate indices examined here. These relationships intimate that, while ENSO may play a substantial role in interannual CO2 growth rate variability, the ENSO-growth rate relationship is not stationary, and additional modes of interannual variability may significantly influence year-to-year changes in CO2.
Privacy-preserving secure relative localization in vehicular networks†

Relative location information helps build vehicle topology maps. Such maps provide location information of nearby vehicles to drivers. In building a vehicle topology, one must consider various attacks on vehicular networks. Also the localization system should protect the drivers' identity and make it difficult for the adversary to track vehicles. Many techniques have been proposed for relative positioning and location verification. Due to the high speed and the strict security requirements, the existing relative positioning and location verification techniques are not directly applicable to vehicular networks. Hence, we present a scheme called Privacy-preserving Secure Relative Location Determination (P-SRLD), which securely determines the relative locations of a set of wirelessly connected vehicles based on the relative locations of each vehicle's surrounding vehicles. P-SRLD uses cryptographic keys to authenticate location messages and vehicle's cryptographic pseudonym to identify the vehicle to protect vehicle's driver's privacy. To defend against Sybil attacks, P-SRLD employs registration and relative location message verification mechanisms. It defends wormhole and blackhole attacks by probabilistically monitoring losses of relative location messages. Analysis and simulation results show that P-SRLD is lightweight and is resilient to Sybil, wormhole and some other attacks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing the Influence of Preconditioning on Initial Tension for Hamstring Tendon and Patella Tendon Grafts

The primary goal of ACL reconstruction is to limit post-operative anterior knee laxity without over-constraining the knee. For both hamstring tendon and patella tendon grafts used for ACL reconstruction, initial graft tension is applied to limit post-operative knee laxity. Both types of graft stress relax following implantation, decreasing the graft tension. Previous studies have shown that preconditioning reduces the tension decrease due to stress relaxation for both hamstring tendons [1] and patella tendons [2]. While hamstring tendon grafts are typically preconditioned in tension on a graft board prior to implantation to limit stress relaxation, patella tendon grafts are typically implanted without preconditioning. The current study focused on characterizing the influence of preconditioning on stress relaxation for both types of graft. The authors hypothesized that the tension loss due to stress relaxation would be larger for preconditioned hamstring tendon grafts than for preconditioned patella tendon grafts.
ERPs in schizophrenia: Effects of antipsychotic medication

Thirty unmedicated schizophrenics were compared to 29 age-matched controls on auditory and visual event-related brain potential (ERP) paradigms. Twenty-one of these patients were tested again after 1 week on placebo and after 4 weeks on antipsychotic medication. Before treatment, N1, N2, and P3 components of the auditory ERP were smaller in the schizophrenics than in the controls. Although visual N2 was smaller in schizophrenics, visual P3 was not. In spite of significant clinical improvement with antipsychotic treatment, amplitudes of auditory and visual N1, N2, and P3 were not significantly changed. Higher blood levels of antipsychotic medication were related to reductions in auditory P3 latency, however. In addition, higher levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) MHPG (methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol) were associated with larger auditory N1s and larger auditory and visual P3s, suggesting an influence of arousal on these components in schizophrenics. In spite of this influence, reduction of the auditory P3 in schizophrenia is an enduring trait of the disease, which is not affected by antipsychotic medication or clinical improvement.
Induction of apoptotic cell death by particulate lead chromate : differential effects of vitamins C and E on genotoxicity and survival

Certain hexavalent chromium compounds are documented human carcinogens. Exposure of cells to particulate forms of chromium results in cell-enhanced dissolution of particles in the extracellular microenvironment and chronic production of chromium oxyanions, which are taken up by the cell through an anion transport system and are genotoxic and clastogenic. It was previously shown that apoptosis is the mode of cell death of nearly all of the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-AA8 cell line), which die after high-dose, short-term treatments with soluble sodium chromate. In this report the mode of cell killing by particulate lead chromate and of low-dose continuous treaments of soluble sodium chromate designed to mimic conditions of ionic chromate uptake after lead chromate exposure was examined. CHO-AA8 cells were treated for 24 hr with doses of sodium chromate or lead chromate which cause a 50% decrease in survival in colony-forming effeciency assays. Longer treatments (up to 72 hr) at the same doses did not decrease survival further than the 24-hr exposure. Morphological changes indicative of apoptosis, as well as internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, were detectable by 24 hr after treatment with lead chromate or soluble sodium chromate. All of the cells killed by treatments with lead chromate particles underwent apoptosis as the mode of cell death and this was accurately modeled in cell culture by continuous treatments with low-dose soluble sodium chromate. Exposure of cells to hexavalent chromium compounds causes a spectrum of DNA damage which can be selectively altered by pretreatment of cells with antioxidant vitamins prior to chromium exposure. Here we show that ascorbate and α-tocopherol markedly inhibited the chromosomal aberrations induced by both particulate and soluble chromate compounds, even though chromium adduct levels were not decreased by either vitamin pretreatment. Cell survival assays showed that ascorbate, but not α-tocopherol, protected cells from apoptosis induced by sodium chromate. The results differentiate chromium-induced apoptosis from both chromosomal damage and adduct levels and suggest that other lesions sensitive to ascorbate but not tocopherol are the proximal inducing signal for chromium-induced apoptosis.
Teaching hands-on Linux host computer security

In the summer of 2003, a project to augment and improve the teaching of information assurance courses was started at IUP. Thus far, ten hands-on exercises have been developed. The exercises described in this article, and presented in the appendix, are based on actions required to secure a Linux host. Publicly available resources were used to develop the exercises, which have been successfully utilized since spring 2003 to teach cybersecurity basics classes. The experiences and challenges encountered in teaching the course and possible future work are also described.
A new method to build confidence regions for solutions of stochastic variational inequalities

Stochastic variational inequalities model a large class of equilibrium problems subject to data uncertainty. The true solution to such a problem is usually estimated by a solution to its sample average approximation (SAA) problem. This article proposed a new method to build asymptotically exact confidence regions for the true solution that are computable from the SAA solution.
Fixed cost, marginal cost, and the decision to buy or make

The paper builds a formal model of the costs and benefits of producing intermediate goods internally as compared to buying partially produced inputs on the open market. The model centers on the link between the purchase of assets specific to a production process and the mean and variance of profits from the purchase. The central point of the paper is that even though purchases of assets specific to a production process can have an ambiguous impact on profits of the decision to make, the purchase of such assets has a tendency to reduce the variability of profits. This trade-off is at the heart of decision to buy or make. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
7. Very Local Structure in Social Networks

Triadic configurations are fundamental to many social structural processes and provide the basis for a variety of social network theories and methodologies. This paper addresses the question of how much of the patterning of triads is accounted for by lower-order properties pertaining to nodes and dyads. The empirical base is a collection of 82 social networks representing a number of different species (humans, baboons, macaques, bison, cattle, goats, sparrows, caribou, and more) and an assortment of social relations (friendship, negative sentiments, choice of work partners, advice seeking, reported social interactions, victories in agonistic encounters, dominance, and co-observation). Methodology uses low dimensional representations of triad censuses for these social networks, as compared to censuses expected given four lower-order social network properties. Results show that triadic structure is largely accounted for by properties more local than triads: network density, nodal indegree and outdegree dist...
Irradiation growth due to magnetodiffusion

Abstract Irradiation growth due to magnetodiffusion, i.e. anisotropic diffusion induced by the application of a magnetic field in ferromagnetic materials, has been studied. An analogy with elastodiffusion is made, and the sink strength of dislocations is derived. The irradiation growth rate due to the resulting bias differential is calculated and compared with that due to elastodiffusion and the usual SIPA. Special features of irradiation growth due to this mechanism are outlined.
Can pH and electrical conductivity monitoring reveal spatial and temporal patterns in wetland geochemical processes

Abstract. Carbonate reactions and equilibria play a dominant role in the biogeochemical function of many wetlands. The US Geological Survey PHREEQC computer code was used to model geochemical reactions that may be typical for wetlands with water budgets characterized by: (a) input dominated by direct precipitation, (b) interaction with groundwater, (c) variable degrees of reaction with organic carbon, and (d) different rates of evapotranspiration. Rainfall with a typical composition was progressively reacted with calcite and organic carbon at various rates and proportions using PHREEQC. Contrasting patterns of the results suggest that basic water quality data collected in the field can reveal differences in the geochemical processes in wetlands. Given a temporal record, these can signal subtle changes in surrounding land cover and use. To demonstrate this, temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored for three years in five large wetlands comprising 48 sample sites in northwest Minnesota. EC and pH of samples ranged greatly – from 23 to 1300 μS cm −1 and 5.5 to 9. The largest range in pH was observed in small beach ridge wetlands, where two clusters are apparent: (1) low EC and a wide range of pH and (2) higher pH and EC. Large marshes within a glacial lake – till plain have a broad range of pH and EC, but depend on the specific wetland. Outlying data typically occurred in altered or disturbed areas. The inter-annual and intra-wetland consistency of the results suggests that each wetland system hosts characteristic geochemical conditions.
Efficient codeword recovery architecture for low-complexity Chase Reed-Solomon decoding

Compared to other soft-decision decoding algorithms of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, the low-complexity Chase (LCC) algorithm can achieve better performance-complexity tradeoff. In order to reduce the complexity of the LCC decoding, the re-encoding and coordinate transformation techniques can be applied for high-rate codes. In this case, to recover a codeword for an (n, k) RS code, an erasure decoding needs to be employed after the errors in the k most reliable symbols are corrected by making use of the interpolation output. Alternatively, it can be done by reversing the coordinate transformation at the interpolation output followed by evaluating a polynomial of degree k over finite field elements. These approaches lead to significant overhead. A novel scheme and efficient architectures are proposed in this paper for codeword recovery in the LCC decoding. Our scheme computes the codeword symbols consecutively by applying the Chien search over the interpolation output and a polynomial of degree n-k. The Chien search can be implemented by constant multipliers, which cost much less area than general multipliers required by previous approaches. For the LCC decoding with eight test vectors for a (255, 239) RS code, adopting the proposed codeword recovery architecture can lead to 15% area reduction without sacrificing the throughput.
A VLSI-based biological interface for prosthetic devices

A circuit was developed to serve as an interface from an intact biological neuron to an electromechanical device. The circuit is a custom VLSI IC that contains a highly sensitive buffer, a neuron-like threshold discriminator, and a dedicated four-phase output driver. Nerve-like in behavior, the circuit detects action potentials from living nerve tissue, and if the activity exceeds a given threshold, drives a four-phase stepper motor. Fabricated in 2-micron CMOS, the circuit is comprehensive, compact, noise-immune, and very power efficient, making it appropriate for the control of robotic or prosthetic devices. >
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAL NITROGEN FIXATION ALONG A THERMOGRADIENT1

The capacity of thermal algal-bacterial mats to fix nitrogen (N2) was examined in an alkaline thermal stream, Rabbit Creek, of Yellowstone National Park. Nitrogenase activity and nitrogen-fixation rates of mat cores placed in serum bottles and incubated in situ were estimated by the acetylene-reduction technique. Active nitrogenase was not detected at 60 or 65 C in either the blue-green algal or bacterial undermat components of the mats. Acetylene was reduced by all mats ≤55 C along the thermogradient; mean fixation estimates for the mats ranged from 7 to 5,028 nmoles N2 fixed · mg Chl a−1· hr−1. Maximum fixation occurred at 35 C in the stream; statistical comparison of mean rates ordered the thermogradient mats according to estimated activities: 35 > 40 > 30 > 50 ≥ 55 ≥ 45 C. Mats (≤40 C) dominated by species of Calothrix accounted for ca. 97% of the total nitrogen fixation observed in the stream; the remaining activity was associated with mats containing Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn. Light intensity significantly affected fixation rates of the Calothrix mats which responded in a linear fashion from 9–100% full sunlight (ca. 1,900 μEin · m−2· sec−1). Calothrix mats from 30 and 40 C had maximum nitrogenase activity at their growth temperature suggesting that nitrogen fixation along the thermogradient was optimally adapted to in situ temperatures.
El corazón durante el embarazo

During pregnancy, there are a number of important changes to cardiovascular function which are necessary for progression of a successful pregnancy. Additionally, preexisting cardiovascular conditions can be exacerbated by the adaptations that occur during gestation. These can present serious therapeutic challenges in the management of the cardiology patient during pregnancy. Significantly, the number of pregnant women at risk of cardiovascular complications is on the rise, so identification of risk factors that predict cardiac outcomes is essential to proper screening of the obstetrical patient. In diagnosed preexisting conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension, counseling is important prior to pregnancy. In the case of underlying disorders unmasked by pregnancy, or new-onset complications like preeclampsia, appropriate monitoring and treatment of the cardiovascular complications is warranted. Ultimately, collaborative care by both obstetricians and cardiologists is essential for the successful resolution of cardiovascular dysfunction in the obstetrical patient.
Parasitization of beet leafhopper eggs, Circulifer tenellus, in California

Parasitoids attacking eggs of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), were surveyed at eight sites in southern and central California for 2 years. One site was an insecticide-free sugar beet field, and the remaining sites were all uncultivated and supported weedy vegetation. At each site, host plants of beet leafhopper were collected and stored until parasitoids emerged from the leafhopper eggs in the vegetation. Vegetation samples included both naturally occurring host plants and sugar beet outplants that were first infested with beet leafhopper eggs in the laboratory and then placed in the field for 2 days. Parasitism generally was highest in summer and lowest in winter. Beet leafhopper eggs were parasitized by the mymarids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Anagrus nigriventris Girault, Polynema eutettexi Girault, P. longipes (Ashmead), Polynema sp., Gonatocerus capitatus Gahan and two Gonatocerus spp. from the litoralis species group, and the trichogrammatids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Aphelinoidea zarehi Triapitsyn, Walker and Bayoun, A. turanica Trjapitzin, A. roja Triapitsyn, Walker and Bayoun, A. anatolica Nowicki and Paracentrobia sp. near P. subflava (Girault). The most dominant were A. nigriventris, A. zarehi and Paracentrobia sp. The intensity of parasitism varied greatly among the sites with peak levels ranging from 13% to 82%. Species composition also varied among sites, especially between the sugar beet field where A. nigriventris was by far the most dominant parasitoid and the uncultivated sites where A. zarehi and/or Paracentrobia sp. usually dominated. Within the uncultivated sites, parasitoid species composition also varied between the sugar beet outplants and the naturally occurring vegetation; A. nigriventris was much more common in the former than in the latter. J. Appl. Entomol.
Cognitive Activities During Adulthood Are More Important than Education in Building Reserve

Cognitive reserve is thought to reflect life experiences. Which experiences contribute to reserve and their relative importance is not understood. Subjects were 652 autopsied cases from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. Reserve was defined as the residual variance of the regressions of cognitive factors on brain pathology and was captured in a latent variable that was regressed on potential determinants of reserve. Neuropathology variables included Alzheimer's disease markers, Lewy bodies, infarcts, microinfarcts, and brain weight. Cognition was measured with six cognitive domain scores. Determinants of reserve were socioeconomic status (SES), education, leisure cognitive activities at age 40 (CA40) and at study enrollment (CAbaseline) in late life. The four exogenous predictors of reserve were weakly to moderately inter-correlated. In a multivariate model, all except SES had statistically significant effects on Reserve, the strongest of which were CA40 (β = .31) and CAbaseline (β = .28). The Education effect was negative in the full model (β = -.25). Results suggest that leisure cognitive activities throughout adulthood are more important than education in determining reserve. Discrepancies between cognitive activity and education may be informative in estimating late life reserve.
Dynamic Pattern Theory—Some Implications for Therapeutics

This article introduces the Dynamic Pattern Theory of movement coordination and discusses possible implications of the theory for therapy. Basic constructs such as order parameters and control parameters, fluctuations, time-scale relations, and self-organization are discussed. Emphasis is given to their potential use to assess the coordination of functional motor acts. The theory's predictions about how motor acts are organized and the implications of its tenets for motor learning and the recovery of motor function are described briefly. A number of implications derived from the theory may support treatment strategies already in place and provide new insights for the future development of such strategies.
Modeling of a twin terminated folded dipole antenna for the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)

The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international collaboration of researchers interested in near-Earth space plasma. This group uses high frequency (HF) radars to measure backscatter from magnetic field-aligned plasma irregularities to study space weather manifested in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. This paper describes a new antenna design, the twin terminated folded dipole (TTFD), used by the latest generation of SuperDARN radars. The TTFD design provides a less expensive alternative to the log-periodic antenna design previously used by SuperDARN radars. The radiation characteristics of the new antenna are analyzed with modeling results from a version of the Numerical Electromagnetics Code version 2 (NEC2). The TTFD antenna modeling results are then compared to a log-periodic antenna design used for a SuperDARN radar. It is concluded that the less expensive TTFD antenna design is an adequate replacement for the log-periodic antenna based on modeled performance characteristics. The TTFD antenna design demonstrates the ability to generate HF backscatter suitable for scientific analysis.
Detection of Jarcho–Levin syndrome at 12 weeks' gestation by nuchal translucency screening and three‐dimensional ultrasound

Jarcho-Levin syndrome (JLS) or spondylothoracic dysotosis causes early newborn death from respiratory insufficiency. Prenatal diagnosis is possible using fetal ultrasound, but requires a high level of suspicion and definitive diagnosis may be delayed well into the second trimester. We present a case in which a combination of three-dimensional ultrasound and measurement of nuchal translucency thickness allowed successful detection of recurrent JLS at 12 weeks' gestation.
Optimum Design of Mechanical Systems Involving Interval Parameters

The imprecision or uncertainty present in many engineering systems can be modeled using probabilistic, fuzzy or interval methods. This work presents the optimum design of uncertain mechanical systems using interval analysis for the prediction of system response. Each of the uncertain parameters is defined by a range of values. Since the interval ranges of response parameters is found to increase with an increase in the number and/or ranges of input interval parameters with the use of interval arithmetic operations, a truncation procedure is used to obtain approximate but reasonably accurate response of the system. This procedure is found to be simple, economical and fairly accurate. The optimum design of a brake is considered to illustrate the computational aspects of the methods. The procedures outlined in this work are quite general and can be used for the design of any uncertain mechanical system when either the probability distribution functions or the preference information of uncertain parameters are unknown.
Centering on Demonstrative Thought

The nature of perceptual demonstratives, the ‘that F’ component of judgments of the form ‘that F is G’ based on perceptual input, has been a topic of interest for many philosophers. Another related, though distinct, question concerns the nature of demonstrative judgments based not on current perceptual input, but instead derived from memory. I argue that the account put forward by John Campbell fails to adequately account for memory-based demonstrative thought.
Computer simulations of nearest-neighbor distribution functions and related quantities for hard-sphere systems

One of the fundamental quantities which statistically characterizes a random system of interacting particles is the nearest-neighbor distribution function. We present computersimulation results for two different types of nearest-neighbor distribution functions for random distributions of identical impenetrable (hard) spheres. We also report, for such systems, computer-simulation data for closely related quantities such as the associated cumulative distributions. From this information, we calculate the "mean nearest-neighbor distance" between particles. Our computer-simulation results are compared to the various sets of theoretical expressions derived recently by Torquato, Lu and Rubinstein. One of these sets of expressions is shown to be in excellent agreement with the simulation data.
The ontogeny of sexual dimorphism in the African apes

The relationship between the growth spurt and the onset of sexual maturity is problematic in nonhuman primates. Growth data on the cranium and postcranium of dentally aged pygmy chimpanzees, common chimpanzees, and gorillas are reported here. In all three species, male means generally exceed female means throughout growth, with the exception that females exhibit a spurt during one dental-age stage when they become generally larger than the males. This female spurt occurs earlier in an absolute and relative sense in the gorillas than the chimpanzees. These growth data support field and laboratory observations suggesting that female gorillas become sexually mature earlier than do female chimpanzees. Gorillas are thus characterized by a greater degree of "sexual bimaturism" than are the chimpanzees. Implications of these differences in terms of size dimorphism, mating systems, and morphology are discussed.
Using historical data to assess the biogeography of population recovery

Historical ecology research is valuable for assessing long-term baselines, and is increasingly applicable to conservation and management. In this study, we describe how historical range data can inform key aspects of protected species management, including evaluating conservation status and recovery, and determining practical management units. We examine contemporary (1973–2012) and historical (1250–1950) data on nesting beach distributions for green sea turtles Chelonia mydas in the Hawaiian Islands. Green turtle populations in Hawai‘i declined until federal and international protections began in the 1970s, but over the past four decades one index population has shown encouraging increases and broader recovery has been inferred. We find that 80% of historically major nesting populations are extirpated, or have heavily reduced nesting abundances in comparison with current estimates. Furthermore, historical nesting areas were not geographically isolated, but distributed across the archipelago. In comparison, today more than 90% of green turtle nesting in Hawai‘i occurs at a single site that is vulnerable to sea level rise. This research suggests that assessing recovery without historical data on spatial patterns may overlook important ecological dynamics at the popu lation or ecosystem level, which can result in improper or inadequate conservation assessments and recovery targets.
Stakeholder Consensus Building in Multiobjective Environments

This paper introduces a method that assists in the evaluation of project and policy alternatives by identifying stakeholder reactions not only to the predicted economic, environmental, and social impacts but also to the distribution and balance of those impacts among all stakeholders. Gross impact (GI) and degree of impact imbalance (IB) evaluation criteria are adopted for multiobjective analyses in two water resources planning studies. In both studies, stakeholders converted various quantitative and qualitative indicators of economic, environmental, social, financial, institutional, and technical project objectives into GI and IB measures for the evaluation and ranking of alternative projects or policies. In these two studies, having both the GI and IB measures helped the stakeholders during the project formulation and screening, ranking, and consensus-building phases of the studies. Although applied to water resources planning projects, this approach to multiobjective stakeholder-driven planning or poli...
Population Estimation Methods in GIS and Remote Sensing: A Review

This paper reviews existing population estimation methods in the GIS and remote sensing literatures. The methods can be grouped into two categories: areal interpolation methods and statistical modeling methods. Areal interpolation methods can be further separated into two categories depending on whether ancillary infor- mation is used. Statistical modeling methods can be further grouped into five catego- ries based on the relationship between populations and urban areas, land uses, dwelling units, image pixel characteristics, or other physical or socioeconomic char- acteristics.
Styrene grafting onto a polyolefin in an internal mixer and a twin-screw extruder: Experiment and kinetic model

There has been relatively little effort to quantitatively understand graft copolymerizaution in either batch mixers or twin-screw extruders. Most efforts have concentrated on grafting maleic anhydride, which does not homopolymerize. In this paper we consider grafting with styrene, which may homopolymerize as well as graft. The influence of residence time on degree of grafting in an internal mixer and a twin-screw extruder were studied by measuring reaction yields with respect to reaction time in a mixer and along the screw axis in a twin-screw extruder. The degree of grafting increased with initial monomer and peroxide concentration. Grafting reactions with three different peroxides were also investigated. The degree of styrene grafting in an internal mixer is slightly higher than that in a twin-screw extruder. The rate of reaction along the screw axis in terms of residence time seems higher than for the batch mixer. The melt viscosity dropped dramatically with addition of peroxide. A kinetic scheme is proposed and the experimental results are critically compared with it.
A 0.0027-mm 2 9.5-bit 50-MS/s all-digital A/D converter TAD in 65-nm digital CMOS

An all-digital A/D converter TAD (Time A/D converter) with 0.0027 mm2 is presented. The circuit structure is completely digital including a pulse-delay-line driven by V in (input voltage), along with a counter, latch, and encoder. The TAD is easily shrinkable with the advancement in CMOS process technologies without any change of circuit architecture. Thanks to this construction, A/D conversion resolution with TAD method can automatically be improved. Their voltage resolutions of design rules from 0.8 µm to 65 nm are experimentally confirmed and compared, resulting in 80 times higher resolution of 65-nm TAD than that of 0.8-µm TAD. At the same time, the TAD core size is reduced less than 1/100. The unique TAD feature is that its resolution is settable by selecting sampling rates and power consumption is very low. For example, a prototype IC with 65-nm digital CMOS with 1.2-V supply voltage achieved 18.4-bit at 100-kS/s (1.11 mW), 10.8-bit 20-MS/s (1.13 mW), and 9.5-bit 50-MS/s (1.18 mW), respectively.
Assessment of postdischarge complications after bariatric surgery: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis.

Background Little is reported about postdischarge complications after bariatric surgery. We sought to identify the rates of postdischarge complications, associated risk factors, and their influence on early hospital readmission. Methods Using the database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) (2005–2013), we identified patients ≥18 years of age who underwent a bariatric operation with a primary diagnosis of morbid/severe obesity and a body mass index ≥35. The incidence of postdischarge complication was the primary outcome, and hospital readmission was the secondary outcome. The association between postdischarge complications and various patient factors was explored by the use of multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 113,898 patients were identified with an overall postdischarge complication rate of 3.2% within 30 days of operation. The rates decreased from 2005 to 2006 (4.6%) to 2013 (3.0%) ( P Conclusion Postdischarge complications after bariatric surgery represent a substantial source of patient morbidity and hospital readmissions. The majority of postdischarge complications are infection-related, including surgical-site infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Adopting and implementing standardized pre- and postoperative strategies to decrease perioperative infection may help to decrease the rate of postdischarge complications and associated readmissions and enhance overall quality of care.
A coaxial optrode as multifunction write-read probe for optogenetic studies in non-human primates

Background Advances in optogenetics have led to first reports of expression of light-gated ion-channels in non-human primates (NHPs). However, a major obstacle preventing effective application of optogenetics in NHPs and translation to optogenetic therapeutics is the absence of compatible multifunction optoelectronic probes for (1) precision light delivery, (2) low-interference electrophysiology, (3) protein fluorescence detection, and (4) repeated insertion with minimal brain trauma.
UNCERTAINTIES IN ESTIMATING THE WATER BALANCE OF LAKES

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of hydrologic methodology used in a number of water balance studies of lakes in the United States shows that most of these studies calculate one or more terms of the budget as the residual. A literature review was made of studies in which the primary purpose was error analysis of hydrologic measurement and interpretation. Estimates of precipitation can have a wide range of error, depending on the gage placement, gage spacing, and areal averaging technique. Errors in measurement of individual storms can be as high as 75 percent. Errors in short term averages are commonly in the 15-30 percent range, but decrease to about 5 percent or less for annual estimates. Errors in estimates of evaporation can also vary widely depending on instrumentation and methodology. The energy budget is the most accurate method of calculating evaporation; errors are in the 10–15 percent range. If pans are used that are located a distance from the lake of interest, errors can be considerable. Annual pan-to-lake coefficients should not be used for monthly estimates of evaporation because they differ from the commonly used coefficient of 0.7 by more than 100 percent. Errors in estimates of stream discharge are often considered to be within 5 percent. If the measuring section, type of flow profile, and other considerations, such as stage discharge relationship, are less than ideal errors in estimates of stream discharge can be considerably greater than 5 percent. Errors in estimating overland (nonchannelized) flow have not been evaluated, and in most lake studies this component is not mentioned. Comparison of several lake water balances in which the risdual consists solely of errors in measurement, shows that such a residual, if interpreted as ground water, can differ from an independent estimate of ground water by more than 100 percent.
Pain Rating in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia: Evaluating Influence of Race.

Abstract Background: Chronic pain may be perceived differently according to gender and race, which may affect physical health and psychological wellbeing. We evaluated daily pain ratings in black women as compared to white women with provoked vestibulodynia (PVD). Methods: Seventy-one women (44 black, 27 white) rated pain severity with tampon insertion and sexual intercourse and recorded daily vulvar pain level on a visual analogue scale (0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain imaginable). In addition, they completed the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Interference Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the effect of race on pain intensity after adjusting for functional impairment, affective distress and demographic characteristics. Results: Pain ratings from tampon insertion (6.37 ± 1.89 vs. 5.61 ± 1.98, p = .12) and sexual intercourse (6.28 ± 2.11 vs. 5.29 ± 2.50, p = 0.24) were similar, but daily vulvar pain (4.57 ± 2.27 vs 2.74 ± 2.43, p = <.01) was sig...
Helicobacter heilmannii infection in a child.

19-month-old girl was brought to the gastrointestinal clinic with a history of poor feeding, persistent intermittent diarrhea, and poor weight gain. In addition, she had a history of numerous ear infections requiring treatment with multiple courses of antibiotics, placement of pressure-equalizing tympanostomy tubes, and bilateral adenoidectomies. She is currently being investigated for
Auger Electron Spectroscopic Analysis of Dispersants in Rubber

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy is a versatile tool in studying the chemical constituents of dispersions in rubber. This technique combined with the SAM analyses produces two dimensional images which are useful in the elucidation of aggregations and dispersion states of the rubber additives. Especially, particle inclusions and agglomerations can be studied together with the topographic features of the complementary SED image. Additional information concerning the binding states of elastomers and additives, aggregations of excessive crosslinkages, unsaturated double bonds, and large hard segments of polymers can be imaged with the aid of chemical reactants. The success of the present AES technique depends on the proper preparation of sample surfaces. A conductive surface is an essential factor in the analyses of additive dispersions. The heating of the surface by the electron beam, as well as the alternation of the surface topology by electron specimen interactions, should also be considered in the co...