cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Make a Singleton sdB Star via Accelerated Stellar Evolution

Many hot subdwarf B stars (sdBs) are in close binaries, and the favored formation channels for subdwarfs rely on mass transfer in a binary system to strip a core He-burning star of its envelope. However, these channels cannot account for sdBs that have been observed in long-period binaries nor the narrow mass distribution of isolated (or "singleton") sdBs. We propose a new formation channel involving the merger of a helium white dwarf and a low-mass, hydrogen-burning star, which addresses these issues. Hierarchical triples whose inner binaries merge and form sdBs by this process could explain the observed long-period subdwarf+main-sequence binaries. This process would also naturally explain the observed slow rotational speeds of singleton sdBs. We also briefly discuss the implications of this formation channel for extreme horizontal branch morphology in globular clusters and the UV upturn in elliptical galaxies.
The impact of capture on multihop wireless networks in an optimal rate control framework

We consider the end-to-end fair rate control problem in a multi-hop Aloha network with capture. Capture (also referred to as co-channel interference tolerance) occurs when a packet with a stronger signal strength can be correctly decoded at the receiver despite the presence of a weaker interfering signal. We provide an approximate model for the link capacity with capture and incorporate it into a cross-layer joint link/session rate optimization framework. We show that this is a convex optimization problem and then present a sub-gradient algorithm for realistic distributed implementation in a network. Through analysis and simulations, we quantify the improvement in performance obtained with capture. We find that the capture effect benefits primarily low-contention links and non-bottle-neck sessions. As a result, although capture provides significant improvements in the total throughput (sum rate), it seems to provide little improvement in the objective function (sum of the logarithm of the rates).
New Organohypervalent Iodine Reagents for α-Methylphosphonylations and α-Diphenyl- and α-Dimethylphosphinylations

Abstract [Hydroxy(((phenoxy(methyl)phosphoryl)oxy)iodo]benzene (1) , [hydroxy(((diphenyl)phosphory)oxy)-iodo]benzene (2) and [hydroxy(((dimethyl)phosphoryl)oxy)iodo]benzene (3) , obtained from the reaction of iodosobenzene with phenyl methylphosphonic acid, diphenyl- and dimethylphosphinic acid, respectively, effect the introduction of the corresponding phosphonate or phosphinate groups α- to ketone and ester carbonyl groups. Phenylacetylene is transformed by reagents 1–3 into the corresponding α-functionalized acetophenone derivatives. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Particle image velocimetry correlation signal-to-noise ratio metrics and measurement uncertainty quantification

In particle image velocimetry (PIV) the measurement signal is contained in the recorded intensity of the particle image pattern superimposed on a variety of noise sources. The signalto-noise-ratio (SNR) strength governs the resulting PIV cross correlation and ultimately the accuracy and uncertainty of the resulting PIV measurement. Hence we posit that correlation SNR metrics calculated from the correlation plane can be used to quantify the quality of the correlation and the resulting uncertainty of an individual measurement. In this paper we extend the original work by Charonko and Vlachos and present a framework for evaluating the correlation SNR using a set of different metrics, which in turn are used to develop models for uncertainty estimation. Several corrections have been applied in this work. The SNR metrics and corresponding models presented herein are expanded to be applicable to both standard and filtered correlations by applying a subtraction of the minimum correlation value to remove the effect of the background image noise. In addition, the notion of a ‘valid’ measurement is redefined with respect to the correlation peak width in order to be consistent with uncertainty quantification principles and distinct from an ‘outlier’ measurement. Finally the type and significance of the error distribution function is investigated. These advancements lead to more robust and reliable uncertainty estimation models compared with the original work by Charonko and Vlachos. The models are tested against both synthetic benchmark data as well as experimental measurements. In this work, U68.5 uncertainties are estimated at the 68.5% confidence level while U95 uncertainties are estimated at 95% confidence level. For all cases the resulting calculated coverage factors approximate the expected theoretical confidence intervals, thus demonstrating the applicability of these new models for estimation of uncertainty for individual PIV measurements.
The ramp rate dependence of the sextupole field in superconducting dipoles

Sextupole components are induced in the magnetic field of superconducting dipoles when the current is changed. The magnitude of this effect depends on the rate of change of field, the strand-to-strand resistance in the superconducting cable, and the twist pitch of the wire. Ramp rate measurements have been made on a number of SSC dipoles wound from conductors with different interstrand resistances. The technique employed uses an array of Hall probes sensitive to the sextupole field and can measure the difference for field increasing or decreasing as a function of axial position. Magnets with very low interstrand resistance exhibit a large axial oscillation in the sextupole field between up and down ramps which is rate dependent. When the strand resistance is high the amplitude of this oscillation is almost independent of ramp rate. >
On exact solutions to the cylindrical Poisson-Boltzmann equation with applications to polyelectrolytes

Using exact results from the theory of completely integrable systems of the Painleve/Toda type, we examine the consequences for the theory of polyelectrolytes in the (nonlinear) Poisson-Boltzmann approximation.
On the Two Species Asymmetric Exclusion Process with Semi-Permeable Boundaries

We investigate the structure of the nonequilibrium stationary state (NESS) of a system of first and second class particles, as well as vacancies (holes), on L sites of a one-dimensional lattice in contact with first class particle reservoirs at the boundary sites; these particles can enter at site 1, when it is vacant, with rate α, and exit from site L with rate β. Second class particles can neither enter nor leave the system, so the boundaries are semi-permeable. The internal dynamics are described by the usual totally asymmetric exclusion process (TASEP) with second class particles. An exact solution of the NESS was found by Arita. Here we describe two consequences of the fact that the flux of second class particles is zero. First, there exist (pinned and unpinned) fat shocks which determine the general structure of the phase diagram and of the local measures; the latter describe the microscopic structure of the system at different macroscopic points (in the limit L→∞) in terms of superpositions of extremal measures of the infinite system. Second, the distribution of second class particles is given by an equilibrium ensemble in fixed volume, or equivalently but more simply by a pressure ensemble, in which the pair potential between neighboring particles grows logarithmically with distance. We also point out an unexpected feature in the microscopic structure of the NESS for finite L: if there are n second class particles in the system then the distribution of first class particles (respectively holes) on the first (respectively last) n sites is exchangeable.
Fabrication of Transparent γ-Al2O3 from Nanosize Particles

The compaction and heat-treatment behavior of nanosize [gamma]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] powder (average diameter = 20 nm) was studied. A diamond anvil high-pressure cell was used to compact the powder at pressures up to 3 GPa, both in air at room temperature and under liquid nitrogen, followed by pressureless heat treatment at 800 C. For all conditions studied, the fabricated compacts were optically transparent. X-ray diffraction confirmed retention of the [gamma]-phase. The compacts were also characterized before and after heat treatment by microhardness measurements and by transmission electron microscopy. For both ambient and cryogenic compaction, sample hardness increased with pressure, and heat treatment resulted in about a 50% increase in hardness independent of the initial green-state value. Samples compacted in LN[sub 2] were significantly harder (up to 9.6 GPa) than those compacted in air. TEM examination revealed a random-dense-packed particle structure and interconnected porosity; interstitial void dimensions, however, were always less than the average particle diameter (20 nm). Observed effects on the increase in hardness could not be explained by microstructural changes normally attributed to increased compaction pressure or heat treatment, most notably densification. Alternative explanations are proposed.
PROXIMITY STRUCTURES FOR GEOMETRIC GRAPHS

In this paper we study proximity graph structures like Delaunay triangulations based on geometric graphs, i.e. graphs which are subgraphs of the complete geometric graph. Given an arbitrary geometric graph G, we define Voronoi diagrams, Delaunay triangulations, relative neighborhood graphs, Gabriel graphs which are related to the graph structure and then study their complexities when G is a general geometric graph or G is some special graph derived from the application area of wireless networks. Besides being of fundamental interest these structures have applications in topology control for wireless networks.
A new preparation of N-Alkyl-2(1H)-pyridones from 2-glycidoxypyridines

Abstract N-Alkyl-2(1H)-pyridones are prepared in high yield by the reaction of 2-glycidoxypyridines with carboxylic acids, phenols or thiophenols. These reactions proceed through an oxazolinium ion intermediate, which reacts with the acid counter ion to give the ultimate products.
Nonlinear phillips curves in the Euro area and USA? Evidence from linear and neural network models

The paper applies neural network methodology to inflation forecasting in the Euro-area and the USA. Neural network methodology outperforms linear forecasting methods for the Euro Area at forecast horizons of one, three, and six month horizons, while the linear model is preferable for US data. The nonlinear estimation shows that unemployment is a significant predictor of inflation for the Euro Area. Neither model detects a significant effect of unemployment on inflation for the US data.
The Autophagy Inducing Drug Carbamazepine is a Radiation Protector and Mitigator

AbstractPurpose: To determine whether Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a radiation protector and/or mitigator.Materials and methods: Murine hematopoietic progenitor 32D cl 3 cells were incubated in 1, 10, or 100 μM CBZ 1 h before or immediately after 0–8 Gy irradiation and assayed for clonogenic survival. Autophagy was assayed by immunoblot for microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3). In vivo radioprotection and mitigation were determined with C57BL/6NTac mice.Results: CBZ treatment at 1, 10 or 100 μM for 1 h prior to irradiation increased radioresistance (the dose for 37% survival or D0) from control 1.5 ± 0.1 Gy to 2.1 ± 0.2 Gy (P = 0.012), 2.3 ± 0.1 Gy (P = 0.010), and 3.6 ± 0.7 Gy (P = 0.003), respectively; after irradiation increased the extrapolation number (n) from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 10.1 ± 4.2 (P = 0.011), 5.5 ± 1.7 (P = 0.019), and 3.6 ± 0.8 (P = 0.014), respectively, and increased autophagy. CBZ treated mice 10 min or 24 h before or 10 min or 12 h after 9.25 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) showed inc...
A plant taxonomy for designing control experiments

Control experiments can have a significant impact on control theory by forcing researchers to confront real-world issues that affect design tradeoffs and performance specifications. Sensor and actuator constraints, modeling and identification issues, and hardware imperfections must all be addressed for successful controller implementation. Control experimentation, however, is not an established discipline, and there are many fundamental issues and questions that are worthy of deep and careful consideration. In particular, the definition of a control experiment is open, as are guidelines for verification and reproducibility. The author's objectives are limited to assessing plant features that are appropriate for investigating system-theoretic problems in feedback technology. This discussion of control experimentation venues is based on a plant taxonomy; that is, a systematic classification of plant properties and the challenges they present to control experimentation and, indirectly, to control engineering practice. The article is partially motivated by Hagan et al. (1996), which lists 16 candidate plants for undergraduate control experiments. Their selection criteria are: interesting, visual, instructive, and reasonably challenging. The author is especially interested in the features of these and other plants that render them worthwhile for experimentation for either education or research. The author's objective is to provide perspective on some of the issues that arise in designing control experiments for both education and research.
Ring around the colloid

In this work, we show that Janus washers, genus-one colloids with hybrid anchoring conditions, form topologically required defects in nematic liquid crystals. Experiments under crossed polarizers reveal the defect structure to be a rigid disclination loop confined within the colloid, with an accompanying defect in the liquid crystal. When confined to a homeotropic cell, the resulting colloid-defect ring pair tilts relative to the far field director, in contrast to the behavior of toroidal colloids with purely homeotropic anchoring. We show that this tilting behavior can be reversibly suppressed by the introduction of a spherical colloid into the center of the toroid, creating a new kind of multi-shape colloidal assemblage.
Scalable Methodology for the Catalytic, Asymmetric α-Bromination of Acid Chlorides

The optimization of a practical, catalytic, asymmetric process for the α-bromination of acid chlorides to produce synthetically versatile, optically active α-bromoesters is reported. A range of products is produced in high enantioselectivity and moderate to good chemical yields with retention of both upon scale-up. The reactions herein are catalyzed by cinchona alkaloid derivatives, with the best performance achieved by the use of a proline cinchona alkaloid conjugate designed in a de novo fashion.
TRANSMISSION OF FOWL-POX BY MOSQUITOES

Culex and Aedes mosquitoes are capable of transmitting fowl-pox from diseased to healthy susceptible chickens. The mosquitoes remain infectious for at least 14 days following a meal on diseased fowls.
Laboratories for an undergraduate course in power electronics

Laboratory exercises to accompany an undergraduate power electronics course are discussed. Topics include inductors, periodic steady state, drive circuits, PWM control, average switch models, and startup. These laboratories present an evolutionary sequence of increasingly difficult, design-oriented power electronics laboratories. >
Accelerating into Control

confident than non-entrepreneurs. While it may help entrepreneurs persevere in the face of potential business failure, we cannot mistake their confidence for always knowing what to do with their business idea. Entrepreneurs in fact seek out mentors and other useful connections to help them succeed throughout the growth of their businesses, particularly at the start. Many entrepreneurs seek advice informally and in a piecemeal manner, but some seek more formal assistance through structured or semi-structured entrepreneurship programs. Indeed, we currently are witnessing the rise of the “support ecosystem,” which offers a plethora of entrepreneurship education and training programs. These programs vary in their design and operation; some, for example, are run by universities and colleges, some are offered by nonprofits or the government, and others are offered by for-profit entities. They might operate just a weekend in length, or last several months or years. The scope of a program’s intervention and how closely it works with each entrepreneur or startup varies widely. With this increase in the number and scope of program offerings, we wonder if adoption is outpacing evidence of their effectiveness. In this article, we examine various types of programs, with a primary focus on the accelerator, provide some context for current research and research concepts in this area, and discuss some implications of collecting data for program operators and policymakers. We begin by defining the accelerator: Accelerators are organizations that provide cohorts of selected nascent ventures seed-investment, usually in exchange for equity, and limited-duration educational programming, including extensive mentorship and structured educational components. These programs typically culminate in “demo days” where the ventures make pitches to an audience of qualified investors. For the purpose of this article, we distinguish between accelerators and incubators. While some use the two terms interchangeably, we see them as distinct categories. Incubators lack a mentoring component and have been around for much longer than accelerators. Like other education and training programs, accelerators are also on the rise. We argue that research is lacking in entrepreneurship education generally, and specifically on accelerators, which means from a research perspective we cannot say many definitive things about this type of program. We don’t have concrete evidence of their value. This does not mean we seek to deride accelerators or other
Lewis acid reversal of the torquoselectivity of the electrocyclic ring opening of 3-acetylcyclobutene

Abstract Thermolysis of 3-acetylcyclobutene resulted in a mixture of E-and Z-dienes, favoring slightly the E-diene, in accord with theoretical prediction. This preference was reversed by the Lewis acid, ZnI 2 , also predicted by ab initio calculations on a model system.
Precautionary saving from different sources of income - evidence from rural Pakistan

Much of past literature has assumed that households in developing countries save at the same marginal rate from all sources of income. But in rural Pakistan households save at very different marginal rates from different sources of income. The marginal propensity to save from those sources of income that are more variable and uncertain - like external remittances - is much higher than from those sources of income that are more predictable - like rental income. Few studies have tried to measure how households in a developing country save from each of the different income sources at their disposal. To help fill that gap, Adams uses five-year panel data to examine how households in rural Pakistan save from each of seven separate sources of income. Adams finds that households save from different sources of income at significantly different marginal rates. For example, the marginal propensity to save from external remittances (0.711) is much higher than that for rental income (0.085). As the precautionary model of saving suggests, the reasons for this relate to uncertainty: income that is more variable tends to be saved at a higher marginal rate. Faced with incomplete capital and credit markets, households in rural Pakistan save "for a rainy day" by putting away mainly those sources of income that are more variable and uncertain. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand how households use savings for investment and development in developing countries.
A divergent route toward lactam-based dipeptidyl building blocks

Abstract A series of chiral lactams which represents conformationally restricted peptidomimetic building blocks have been synthesized from enantiopure tert -butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected 2-aminocycloaklanones by (1) imine formation utilizing L-α-amino esters, (2) oxidation to oxaziridines, and (3) photorearrangement.
Dynamic control of redundant manipulators

The authors provide a dynamic control law that guarantees the tracking of a given end-effector trajectory and also provides for the control of the redundant joint velocity. The desired redundant joint velocity can then be specified to optimize a cost function over the configurations allowed by the extra degrees of freedom that achieve the given end-effector position. >
Interactional predictors of early language

In this report we ask how mother-infant interaction affects the rate of early language acquisition. Mothers and 15-month-old infants were videotaped playing at home. Coders described (a) infants' attention to people and/or objects, (b) mothers' use of literal and conventional acts to direct infants' attention and (c) functions of mothers' utterances. Taken together, these aspects of mother-infant play predicted 40% of the variance in infants' vocabulary size at 18 months. Significant unique contributions to this prediction were made by mothers' conven tional object-marking and metalingual use of language. The more mothers highlighted both (a) shared objects using conventional means, and (b) the linguistic code, the greater the variety of words their infants used at 18 months of age.
Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium A.D.

AbstractSoutheast Asia's earliest states emerged during the first millennium A.D. from the Irawaddy River of Myanmar to the Red River delta of northern Vietnam. Developments during this time laid the groundwork for the florescence of the region's later and better-known civilizations such as Angkor and Pagan. Yet disciplinary and language barriers have thus far precluded an anthropological synthesis of cultural developments during this time. This review uses a landscape focus to synthesize current knowledge of mainland Southeast Asia's earliest states, which emerged in the first millennium A.D. Research from archaeology and history illuminates articulations between physical and social factors in several kinds of Early Southeast Asian landscapes: economic, urban, and political. Social and ideological forces that shaped these first-millennium-A.D. landscapes are discussed as integral aspects of early state formation.
BUILDING MODELS FOR QUALITATIVE PREDICTION OF SYSTEM DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR

This paper presents a method of automatically constructing a model or a set of constraints from domain principles for solving the dynamic behavior of a mechanical system through qualitative simulation. It emphasizes the following issues: the extraction of a set of necessary and sufficient constraints which provides the minimum uncertainty associated with qualitative simulation, from the fundamental principles and laws of physics based solely on the physical description of a given mechanical system; and the modification of constraints through time by detecting and identifying “system discontinuities” due to collisions, separations, and other critical states associated with each of the object primitives. The first is accomplished by describing a mechanical system by a collection of object and inter-connection primitives, which allows direct instantiating of all the relevant physics laws from the knowledge base. Then, the final set of constraints having the minimum complexity and uncertainty is extracted from the relevant physics laws, based on an A* algorithm with heuristics providing the problem solving expertise. The second is accomplished by monitoring whether the states of any individual sub-systems evolve to system discontinuities represented by intra/inter subsystem critical states.
English syllabification as the interaction of markedness constraints

. The present study offers an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of the syllabification of intervocalic consonants and glides in Modern English. It will be argued that the proposed syllabifications fall out from universal markedness constraints – all of which derive motivation from other languages – and a language-specific ranking. The analysis offered below is therefore an alternative to the traditional rule-based analyses of English syllabification, e.g. Kahn (1976), Borowsky (1986), Giegerich (1992, 1999) and to the Optimality-Theoretic treatment proposed by Hammond (1999), whose analysis requires several language-specific constraints which apparently have no cross-linguistic motivation.
Computing stationary probability distributions and large deviation rates for constrained random walks.: the undecidability results.

Our model is a constrained homogeneous random walk in Z+d. The convergence to stationarity for such a random walk can often be checked by constructing a Lyapunov function. The same Lyapunov function can also be used for computing approximately the stationary distribution of this random walk, using methods developed in [11]. In this paper we show that computing exactly the stationary probability for this type of random walks is an undecidable problem: no algorithm can exist to achieve this task. We then prove that computing large deviation rates for this model is also an undecidable problem. We extend these results to a certain type of queueing systems. The implication of these results is that no useful formulas for computing stationary probabilities and large deviations rates can exist in these systems.
Libre accès à la recherche scientifique : opinions et pratiques des chercheurs au Québec

Resume Objectif – Cette etude a ete realisee afin de documenter les opinions et habitudes des chercheurs quant a l’acces libre aux articles scientifiques. Elle a aussi pour but de permettre aux bibliotheques universitaires quebecoises de mieux comprendre les enjeux lies a ce nouvel environnement et de s’y preparer pour le futur. Methodes – Un questionnaire Web a permis de recueillir des informations et des opinions portant sur le degre de sensibilisation des enseignants au concept du libre acces a l’information scientifique. Il a aussi permis de recueillir des donnees sur la publication en acces libre des auteurs, ainsi que sur leurs habitudes de recherche et, enfin, sur l’auto-archivage d’ouvrages scientifiques par les chercheurs des six plus grandes universites de la province du Quebec dans le domaine des sciences de la vie. Resultats – Les resultats demontrent qu’avant cette etude, la majorite des chercheurs etait familiere avec le concept d’acces libre a l’information academique. Il est aussi apparu que pres d’un tiers des chercheurs quebecois avait deja publie dans un periodique en libre acces. Un nombre similaire etait familier avec le concept d’auto-archivage, par contre, seulement 2% des participants avait deja auto-archive leurs ouvrages scientifiques dans des archives ouvertes ou dans des depots institutionnels. Conclusions – Les chercheurs se montrent pour la majorite d’entre eux interesses par le concept d’acces libre a l’information scientifique, mais manquent d’information surtout en ce qui concerne leurs droits. La consequence de ces incertitudes est que trop souvent, ceux-ci sont refractaires au mouvement, et plus specifiquement a l’auto-archivage. Les bibliothecaires doivent relever le defi pose par cette situation, en prenant une position de leadership et en faisant la promotion du libre acces de facon eclairee, tout en repondant aux principaux points de resistance des chercheurs
A general integral identity

The identity where F is any function, is derived. Several extensions are given and a few examples of physical interest are described.
Robust stability and performance via fixed-order dynamic compensation: the discrete-time case

A discrete-time feedback-control-design problem involving parametric uncertainty is considered. A quadratic bound suggested by recent work on discrete-time state-space H/sub infinity / theory is utilized in conjunction with the guaranteed cost approach to guarantee robust stability with a robust performance bound. The principal result involves sufficient conditions for characterizing robust full- and reduced-order controllers with a worst case H/sub 1/ performance bound. >
Incidence Posets and Cover Graphs

We prove two theorems concerning incidence posets of graphs, cover graphs of posets and a related graph parameter. First, answering a question of Haxell, we show that the chromatic number of a graph is not bounded in terms of the dimension of its incidence poset, provided the dimension is at least four. Second, answering a question of Křiž and Nesetřil, we show that there are graphs with large girth and large chromatic number among the class of graphs having eye parameter at most two.
Scattering of gravitational radiation - Intensity fluctuations

Aims. The effect of gravitational microlensing on the intensity of gravitational radiation as it propagates through an inhomogeneous medium is considered. Lensing by both stars and a power law spectrum of density perturbations is examined. Methods. The long wavelengths characteristic of gravitational radiation mandate a statistical, physical-optics approach to treat the effect of the lensing. Results. A model for the mass power spectrum of a starfield, including the effects of clustering and allowing for a distribution of stellar masses, is constructed and used to determine both the amplitude of fluctuations in the gravitational wave strain and its associated temporal fluctuation spectrum. For a uniformly distributed starfield the intensity variance scales linearly with stellar density, σ ,b ut is enhanced by a factor >σr 2 when clustering is important, where rF is the Fresnel scale. The effect of lensing by a power law mass spectrum, applicable to lensing by small scale fluctuations in gas and dark matter, is also considered. For power law mass density spectra with indices steeper than −2 the wave amplitude exhibits rms fluctuations 1.3� ∆Σ 2 � 1/4 (Deff/1 Gpc) 1/2 %, where � ∆Σ 2 � is the variance in the mass surface density measured in M 2 pc −4 and Deff is the effective distance to the lensing medium. For shallower spectra the amplitude of the fluctuations depends additionally on the inner length scale and power law index of the density fluctuations. The intensity fluctuations are dominated by temporal fluctuations on long timescales. For lensing material moving at a speed v across the line of sight the fluctuation timescale exceeds v −1 (Deffλ) 1/2 . Lensing by small scale structure induces at most ≈15% rms variations if ˜
Experimental observation and confirmation of icosahedral W@Au12 and Mo@Au12 molecules.

The recently predicted W@Au12 cluster has been observed and probed experimentally using anion photoelectron spectroscopy. It is shown that this unique molecule and its Mo congener indeed possess an icosahedral structure and a large HOMO-LUMO gap. Relativistic density functional theory is used to calculate their geometries, energetics, and energy spectra. The simulated density-of-states spectra are in good agreement with the photoelectron spectra, confirming the icosahedral structure of these complexes.
Circle of Strength: A Case Description of Culturally Integrated Suicide Prevention

This article presents a case description of an American Indian female at high risk for suicide in effort to document the potential effectiveness of a college student suicide prevention program designed for Northern Plains American Indian students. The program is integrative and culturally grounded within the Medicine Wheel, stressing continuity of care through programming and ongoing communication across support systems. The composite case description presented illustrates the secondary prevention aspects of the model, and how utilizing the model within the framework of continuous care was helpful for a suicidal person and produced a successful outcome over the course of 6 months.
Testing large software with automated software evaluation systems

In the past few years, research has been actively carried out in an attempt to improve the quality and reliability of large scale software systems. Although progress has been made on the formal proof of program correctness, proving large scale software systems correct by formal proof is still many years away. Automated software tools have been found to be valuable in improving software reliability and attacking the high cost of software systems. This paper attempts to describe some main features of automated software tools and some software evaluation systems that are currently available.
Are the “Memory Wars” Over? A Scientist-Practitioner Gap in Beliefs About Repressed Memory

The "memory wars" of the 1990s refers to the controversy between some clinicians and memory scientists about the reliability of repressed memories. To investigate whether such disagreement persists, we compared various groups' beliefs about memory and compared their current beliefs with beliefs expressed in past studies. In Study 1, we found high rates of belief in repressed memory among undergraduates. We also found that greater critical-thinking ability was associated with more skepticism about repressed memories. In Study 2, we found less belief in repressed memory among mainstream clinicians today compared with the 1990s. Groups that contained research-oriented psychologists and memory experts expressed more skepticism about the validity of repressed memories relative to other groups. Thus, a substantial gap between the memory beliefs of clinical-psychology researchers and those of practitioners persists today. These results hold implications for the potential resolution of the science-practice gap and for the dissemination of memory research in the training of mental-health professionals.
Evaluation of the corrosivity of dust deposited on waste packages at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.

Potentially corrosive brines can form during post-closure by deliquescence of salt minerals in dust deposited on the surface of waste packages at Yucca Mountain during operations and the pre-closure ventilation period. Although thermodynamic modeling and experimental studies of brine deliquescence indicates that brines are likely to form, they will be nitrate-rich and non-corrosive. Processes that modify the brines following deliquescence are beneficial with respect to inhibition of corrosion. For example, acid degassing (HCl, HNO{sub 3}) could dry out brines, but kinetic limitations are likely to limit the effect to increasing their passivity by raising the pH and increasing the NO{sub 3}/Cl ratio. Predicted dust quantities and maximum brine volumes on the waste package surface are small, and physical isolation of salt minerals in the dust may inhibit formation of eutectic brines and decrease brine volumes. If brines do contact the WP surface, small droplet volumes and layer thicknesses do not support development of diffusive gradients necessary for formation on separate anodic-cathodic zones required for localized corrosion. Finally, should localized corrosion initiate, corrosion product buildup will stifle corrosion, by limiting oxygen access to the metal surface, by capillary retention of brine in corrosion product porosity, or by consumption of brine componentsmore » (Cl{sup -}).« less
The Seeds of Negativity: Knowledge and Money

This paper studies the tendency to use negative ads. For this purpose, we focus on an interesting industry (political campaigns) and an intriguing empirical regularity (the tendency to “go negative” is higher in close races). We present a model of electoral competition in which ads inform voters either of the good traits of the candidate or of the bad traits of his opponent. We find that in equilibrium, the proportion of negative ads depends on both voters' knowledge and the candidate's budget. Furthermore, for an interesting subset of the parameter space, negativity increases in both knowledge and budget. Using data on the elections for the U.S. House of Representative in 2000, 2002, and 2004, we examine the model and its implications. Using nonstructural estimation, we find that negativity indeed increases in both voters' knowledge and the candidate's budget. Furthermore, we also find that knowledge and budget mediate the effect of closeness on negativity. Using structural estimation, we reinforce these findings. Specifically, we find that the model's parameters are within the subset of the parameter space discussed above. Thus, the evidence implies that the model is not only helpful in identifying variables that were ignored by previous studies (i.e., knowledge and budget) but also in explaining an intriguing empirical regularity.
Forming Tertiary Organolithiums and Organocuprates from Nitrile Precursors and their Bimolecular Reactions with Carbon Electrophiles to Form Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters

The stereoselective formation of quaternary carbons is one of the most demanding challenges in organic synthesis.1 An especially direct way to construct such stereocenters would be to combine a prochiral tertiary organometallic and a carbon-centered electrophile (Figure 1A). However, this strategy is not mentioned in the numerous reviews of stereoselective synthesis of chiral quaternary carbons,1 and to our knowledge has never been employed in target-directed organic synthesis. This omission undoubtedly derives from the challenge in generating tertiary organometallic intermediates, particularly those containing three alkyl substituents.[2–4] We were recently drawn to explore this undeveloped approach for forming quaternary carbon stereocenters in the context of fashioning the demanding C8–C14 bond and the C8 quaternary stereocenter of rearranged spongian diterpenes such as aplyviolene (4) and dendrillolide A (5) by the reaction of tertiary organocuprate 1 and cyclopentenone 2. This coupling was anticipated to take place from the convex face of nucleophile 1 and from the face of 2 opposite the branched side chain (Figure 1B).[5]
Output feedback pole placement with dynamic compensators

Derives a new rank condition which guarantees the arbitrary pole assignability of a given system by dynamic compensators of degree at most q. By using this rank condition the authors establish several new sufficiency conditions which ensure the arbitrary pole assignability of a generic system. The authors' proofs also come with a concrete numerical procedure to construct a particular compensator which assigns a given set of closed-loop poles.
FT-IR spectra of matrix isolated complexes between some alkanethiols and sulfur dioxide

Abstract Complexes formed between some alkanethiols and sulfur dioxide have been prepared by condensing the reagents diluted in argon and in nitrogen at 12-14K. The 1:1 RSH· · ·S0 2 complexes were identified from the infrared spectra of the mixtures of ethanethiol, iso-propanethiol, and tert-butanethiol, respectively, with sulfur dioxide in argon and in nitrogen matrices. Vibrational assignments and the possible interaction sites were suggested.
Towards an Accurate Model for Collective Communications

The performance of the MPI's collective communications is critical in most MPI-based applications. A general algorithm for a given collective communication operation may not give good performance on all systems due to the differences in architectures, network parameters and the storage capacity of the underlying MPI implementation. Hence, collective communications have to be tuned for the system on which they will be executed. In order to determine the optimum parameters of collective communications on a given system in a time-efficient manner, the collective communications need to be modeled efficiently. In this paper, we discuss various techniques for modeling collective communications.
Does Growth Encourage Factor Price Equalization

This paper first notes the importance of “one-cone” versus “multi-cone” equilibria in the Heckscher‐Ohlin model of international trade, then asks whether economic growth in neoclassical growth models leads toward one or the other. The one-cone equilibrium arises with internationally similar factor endowments. It has a single set (cone) of relative factor endowments, within which countries diversify and have global factor price equalization (FPE) under free trade. The multi-cone equilibrium arises with larger factor endowment differences. It has FPE within cones, but not between them. The two configurations differ in important ways. The paper examines several neoclassical trade-and-growth models, distinguished by their assumptions about saving, asking whether factor endowments converge into a single cone. None of the models suggests convergence, while some strongly imply that countries will end up in different cones. This suggests a preference for the multi-cone version of the model.
Evaluating the performance of non-Bayesian regulatory mechanisms

This paper compares the performance of two prominent non-Bayesian regulatory mechanisms: Sappington and Sibley's (1988) Incremental Surplus Subsidy (ISS) and Hagerman's (1990) refinement of the Vogelsang-Finsinger (1979) mechanism. The two mechanisms are shown to induce identical, non-zero levels of “abuse”—unproductive expenses that benefit the firm—though neither induces pure waste. ISS pareto-dominates the Hagerman mechanism when lump-sum transfers to the firm are non-distortionary, but the Hagerman mechanism generates greater welfare and consumer surplus when the distortionary effects of transfers are large. For a wide range of intermediate parameter values, the quantitative difference in performance between the two mechanisms is surprisingly modest.
The winding pathway to erythropoietin along the chemistry-biology frontier: a success at last.

The total synthesis of a homogeneous erythropoietin (EPO), possessing the native amino acid sequence and chitobiose glycans at each of the three wild-type sites of N glycosylation, has been accomplished in our laboratory. We provide herein an account of our decade-long research effort en route to this formidable target compound. The optimization of the synergy of the two bedrock sciences we now call biology and chemistry was central to the success of the synthesis of EPO.
Complex Frequencies in Elastodynamics, with Application to the Damping-Solvent Extraction Method

This paper addresses the use of complex frequencies in problems of wave propagation and structural vibrations. The most common form of application is as artificial damping that is extracted after the response in the time domain has been obtained. Then again a rather unorthodox application is in the simulation of systems of infinite spatial extent by means of finite systems modeled with discrete methods such as finite elements, a task that can be accomplished even when no transmitting or absorbing boundaries are used. This latter application of complex frequencies, which goes by the name damping-solvent extraction method or its acronym DSE, is assessed herein by means of exact solutions to canonical problems that are used to establish the conditions that must be met by the finite models to work as intended, especially the size of the models, the magnitude of the imaginary component of frequency, and the limitations of the method.
Looking Down the Light Cone: Can Deep Redshift Surveys Alone Measure the Power Spectrum?

We analyse the window functions for the spherical harmonic mode estimators of all-sky, volume-limited surveys, considering evolutionary effects along the past light-cone which include the deviation of the distance scale from a linear relationship with redshift, linear peculiar velocity corrections, and linear evolution of the density perturbations. The spherical harmonic basis functions are considered, because they correspond most closely to the symmetries of typical survey geometries and of the light-cone effects we consider. Our results show substantial broadening of the windows over that expected by ignoring light-cone effects, indicating the difficulty of measuring the power spectrum independently from cosmology. We suggest that because of light-cone effects, deep redshift surveys should be analysed either in conjunction with CMBR data which determines the cosmological parameters, or by using a Bayesian likelihood scheme in which varying cosmological parameters and a simple parametrization of the primordial power spectrum are assumed as the priors, so that observed data can be mapped from redshift to real space. The derived power spectrum can then be compared with underlying models of fluctuation generation and growth in structure formation to evaluate both these models and the cosmological priors.
Sub-nanosecond electro-optic modulation of triggered single photons from a quantum dot

Telecommunications-band single photons from a quantum dot are amplitude modulated on timescales fast compared to its radiative decay. Control of single photon wave-packets is an important resource for developing hybrid quantum systems.
Calibrating Participation: Reflections on Procedure Versus Procedural Justice

When the same defendant harms many people in similar ways, a plaintiff’s ability to meaningfully participate in litigating her rights is curtailed dramatically. Now it is the rare plaintiff who sues a nationwide (or worldwide) corporation in her home jurisdiction and is able to litigate and resolve her claims there. Although several factors play a role in this phenomenon, including tort reform efforts like the Class Action Fairness Act, one of the most significant factors is Supreme Court jurisprudence over the last ten years in the areas of arbitration, personal jurisdiction, pleading, and class actions. Of course, recent cases aren’t the first evidence of a shift away from procedural justice norms. Commentators have long lamented the “vanishing trial” and the rise of summary judgment, often citing those trends as evidence of “merit-phobia,” “death by a thousand procedural cuts,” and a general demolition of both democratic tradition and the civil justice system’s credibility.At the heart of these concerns lies a persistent theme: the need for citizen access to and participation in convenient dispute resolution. Other scholars writing about arbitration, closing the courthouse doors, and the democratizing function of trials have already tackled many facets of this theme. Accordingly, this Essay, written for the annual Clifford Symposium in Tort Law and Social Policy, hones in on a slightly different aspect: securing and curtailing participation rights through both aggregating and pleading. It builds a framework for considering participation rights in aggregate litigation based on underlying substantive rights, group dynamics, and empirical studies on procedural justice.
A LSO beta microprobe for measuring input functions for quantitative small animal PET

A miniature scintillation microprobe has been developed to measure the input function in live rodents for use in longitudinal, quantitative PET studies. The probe consists of a small lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystal measuring typically 0.3-0.5 mm diameter x 0.5-2 mm in length that is used to directly detect positrons in the blood or tissue. The probe has a sensitivity of 10-40 Hz/muCi/cc and is primarily sensitive to short range positrons emitted by labeled radiotracers in the blood. The sensitivity to gamma-ray background can be minimized using a variable threshold in the readout to discriminate between positrons and gammas. The probe was implanted in one of the tail veins of a Sprague-Dawley rat and the input function was measured for the injection of 0.8 mCi of FDG in the other tail vein. The probe exhibits a fast time response that is able to quickly and accurately measure the concentration of 18F circulating in the bloodstream. This probe is shorter in length which makes the placement easier.