cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atypical antipsychotics in persons with developmental disabilities

The introduction of clozapine spawned the development of several novel antipsychotic agents during the last decade. Compared to traditional agents, these “atypical antipsychotics” demonstrate more favorable characteristics in terms of efficacy and medication-associated abnormal involuntary movements. Several underlying neurochemical mechanisms have been posited for the differences noted between traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Most theories have been based on the observation that atypical agents have higher affinities and greater selectivity for different dopamine receptor subtypes and for serotonin receptors. In addition, there is speculation about the involvement of other types of neurotransmitters (e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid, N-methyl-d-aspartate) in the actions of these drugs. A review of the current literature on the developmental disabilities indicated that the study populations can be divided into three general categories: (a) individuals with mental retardation and a psychiatric syndrome; (b) individuals with mental retardation and behavioral problems; and (c) individuals with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. The atypical antipsychotics most consistently appeared to reduce symptoms of self-injury, aggression, agitation, and repetitive behaviors. It is not yet clear whether they enhance prosocial behavior, although findings of some reports suggested this. A clear limitation of the available evidence is that few studies are methodologically sound. Suggestions for further research are offered. MRDD Research Reviews 1999;5:253–263. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The independence of implicit and explicit attitudes toward physical activity: Introspective access and attitudinal concordance

Objective: This study investigated relations between implicit and explicit attitudes toward physical activity, as well as the role of individual differences in introspective access as a possible moderator of impliciteexplicit attitudinal concordance. Design: The design was non-experimental and involved self-report and behavioral measures. Method: Undergraduate students (N ¼203) completed explicit measures of attitudes toward physical activity and its outcomes. They also completed a Single-Category Implicit Association Test adapted to assess implicit evaluative attitudes toward physical activity. Results: Implicit and explicit attitudes toward physical activity were unrelated and neither private selfconsciousness nor private body consciousness moderated the relation. Conclusions: These findings support the theory that implicit and explicit attitudes toward physical activity are independent systems. We discuss the implications of these findings for physical activity promotion efforts.
Beam dynamics aspects for the APT integrated linac

The accelerator-based production of tritium calls for a high-power cw proton linac. The current Los Alamos design uses an integrated approach in terms of accelerating structure. The front part of the accelerator uses normal-conducting (NC) structures while most (>80%) of the linac structure is superconducting (SC). Here, we report the beam-dynamics rationale used in the integrated design and present particle simulation results.
Deadlock detection in distributed systems

The author describes a series of deadlock detection techniques based on centralized, hierarchical, and distributed control organizations. The point of view is that of practical implications. An up-to-date and comprehensive survey of deadlock detection algorithms is presented, their merits and drawbacks are discussed, and their performances (delays as well as message complexity) are compared. Related issues such as correctness of the algorithms, performance of the algorithms, and deadlock resolution, which require further research are examined. >
Genes in Context Gene–Environment Interplay and the Origins of Individual Differences in Behavior

Interactions between genes and the environment are a critical feature of development. Insights into the dynamic interplay between these factors have come from laboratory studies exploring experience-dependent changes in gene function, which illustrate the importance of environmental factors in determining activity of the genome. These studies have implications for our understanding of the origins of individual differences in behavior and may provide new ways of thinking about the transmission of traits across generations. Here we will highlight how these new findings illustrate the importance of putting genes in context.
AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors are found in both peptidergic and non-peptidergic primary afferent neurons in the rat

Two distinct classes of nociceptive primary afferents, peptidergic and non-peptidergic, respond similarly to acute noxious stimulation; however the peptidergic afferents are more likely to play a role in inflammatory pain, while the non-peptidergic afferents may be more characteristically involved in neuropathic pain. Using multiple immunofluorescence, we determined the proportions of neurons in the rat L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) that co-express AMPA or NMDA glutamate receptors and markers for the peptidergic and non-peptidergic classes of primary afferents, substance P and P2X3, respectively. The fraction of DRG neurons immunostained for the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (40%) was significantly higher than that of DRG neurons immunostained for the GluR2/3 (27%) or the GluR4 (34%) subunits of the AMPA receptor. Of all DRG neurons double-immunostained for glutamate receptor subunits and either marker for peptidergic and non-peptidergic afferents, a significantly larger proportion expressed GluR4 than GluR2/3 or NR1 and in a significantly larger proportion of P2X3- than SP-positive DRG neurons. These observations support the idea that nociceptors, involved primarily in the mediation of neuropathic pain, may be presynaptically modulated by GluR4-containing AMPA receptors.
A Generalized Reaction–Diffusion Model With Explicit H– $\hbox{H}_{2}$ Dynamics for Negative-Bias Temperature-Instability (NBTI) Degradation

In this paper, negative-bias temperature-instability (NBTI) modeling, based on a generalized reaction-diffusion framework, is presented. Unlike the previous models, the release of atomic hydrogen from the Si-H bonds at the Si/oxide interface and its subsequent conversion into molecular H2 are considered without the (unphysical) assumption of instantaneous transition. The conversion reactions are handled explicitly with finite transition time and numerical solutions that contain both H and H 2 dynamics are obtained. The conversion reactions result in a distinct time behavior which cannot be predicted from either H- or H2-only simulations. The results are then explained analytically. The implications of hydrogen conversion dynamics on saturation of NBTI characteristics and device lifetimes are also discussed
Comparative effects of 2 mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis

A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was completed with 124 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of 2 mouthrinses, Listerine (LA) and Peridex (PX), used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures in reducing supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Following screening examinations for entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque, baseline gingival and plaque area indices, extrinsic tooth stain, supragingival calculus, bleeding and soft tissue condition were recorded. All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis to remove plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and performed supervised rinses twice daily for 30 s in addition to their normal oral hygiene, for 6 months. All indices were again evaluated at 3 and 6 months. After 6 months, LA and PX significantly (p less than 0.001) inhibited development of plaque by 36.1% and 50.3%, respectively, and the development of gingivitis by 35.9% and 30.5%, respectively, compared to a hydroalcohol control. PX was more effective in inhibiting plaque and both mouthrinses appeared to be equally effective in inhibiting gingivitis. LA patients did not develop significant levels of stain or supragingival calculus at 6 months, compared to baseline or control. PX patients developed significant levels of extrinsic stain and supragingival calculus compared to baseline and control. Though PX was more effective than LA in the control of plaque, this study indicates that both LA and PX were effective agents in a regimen for the control of plaque and gingivitis.
The Affection Effect in Insurance Decisions

We use insurance behavior as a context to study affective influences in seemingly purely monetary decisions. We report two related findings. First, people are more willing to purchase insurance for an object at stake, the more affection they have for the object, holding the amount of compensation constant.Second, if the object is damaged, people are also more willing to go through the trouble of claiming a fixed amount of compensation, the more affection they have for the object. These effects are not predicted by standard decision theories. We explain these findings by a consolation hypothesis, according to which, people perceive insurance compensation as a token of consolation, and we discuss its implications for affective influences in other types of decisions.
The cellular and molecular etiology of the craniofacial defects in the avian ciliopathic mutant talpid2.

talpid2 is an avian autosomal recessive mutant with a myriad of congenital malformations, including polydactyly and facial clefting. Although phenotypically similar to talpid3, talpid2 has a distinct facial phenotype and an unknown cellular, molecular and genetic basis. We set out to determine the etiology of the craniofacial phenotype of this mutant. We confirmed that primary cilia were disrupted in talpid2 mutants. Molecularly, we found disruptions in Hedgehog signaling. Post-translational processing of GLI2 and GLI3 was aberrant in the developing facial prominences. Although both GLI2 and GLI3 processing were disrupted in talpid2 mutants, only GLI3 activator levels were significantly altered in the nucleus. Through additional fine mapping and whole-genome sequencing, we determined that the talpid2 phenotype was linked to a 1.4 Mb region on GGA1q that contained the gene encoding the ciliary protein C2CD3. We cloned the avian ortholog of C2CD3 and found its expression was ubiquitous, but most robust in the developing limbs and facial prominences. Furthermore, we found that C2CD3 is localized proximal to the ciliary axoneme and is important for docking the mother centriole to the ciliary vesicle and cell membrane. Finally, we identified a 19 bp deletion in talpid2 C2CD3 that produces a premature stop codon, and thus a truncated protein, as the likely causal allele for the phenotype. Together, these data provide insight into the cellular, molecular and genetic etiology of the talpid2 phenotype. Our data suggest that, although the talpid2 and talpid3 mutations affect a common ciliogenesis pathway, they are caused by mutations in different ciliary proteins that result in differences in craniofacial phenotype.
The brief abstinence test: voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence.

Abstract This study assessed the effectiveness of a brief abstinence reinforcement procedure for initiating cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients. On Monday of the test week, 72 cocaine-abusing methadone patients were offered a $100 voucher if urine samples collected on Wednesday indicated that they had abstained from cocaine across that 2-day period. A patient was considered abstinent and the voucher delivered if the urine benzoylecgonine concentration decreased by 50% from Monday to Wednesday (quantitative criterion) or if the concentration of Wednesday’s urine sample was ≤300 ng/ml. Overall, 79% of study patients showed urinalysis evidence of abstention from cocaine between Monday and Wednesday of the test week. In a subsample with complete data (n=50), significantly more patients abstained from cocaine from Monday to Wednesday of the test week (84%) than from Monday to Wednesday of the week before (36%) or after (32%) the test week . Furthermore, while almost all patients (94%) decreased their benzoylecgonine concentration from Monday to Wednesday of the test week, significantly fewer patients’ benzoylecgonine concentrations decreased from Monday to Wednesday of the week before (56%) or after (48%) the test week. This highly efficacious procedure may have clinical application where reliable abstinence initiation is desired, either on a temporary basis (e.g. sobriety sampling) or at the start of longer-term interventions. It may also be possible to use the brief abstinence test as an experimental model to assess the effects of other therapeutic interventions on abstinence initiation in treatment settings.
Global Daily Atmospheric State Profiles from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua spacecraft provides calibrated radiances and geophysical products for Earth science investigation and validation of processes affecting weather and climate. A description of the major products including temperature profiles, water vapor profiles, surface products, cloud products and composition products is presented. The wide variety of products available from AIRS make it uniquely able to address science questions involving interaction of geophysical variables in the climate system.
Neuroscience and AI Share the Same Elegant Mathematical Trap

Animals display exceptionally robust recognition abilities to analyze scenes compared to artificial means. The prevailing hypothesis in both the neuroscience and AI literatures is that the brain recognizes its environment using optimized connections. These connections are determined through a gradual update of weights mediated by learning. The training and test distributions can be constrained to be similar so weights can be optimized for any arbitrary pattern. Thus both fields fit a mathematical-statistical framework that is well defined and elegant. Despite its prevalence in the literature, it remains difficult to find strong experimental support for this mechanism within neuroscience. Furthermore this approach is not ideally optimized for novel combinations of previously learned patterns which typically form a scene. It may require an exponential amount of training data to achieve good precision. The purpose of paper is to 1) review the difficulties associated with this approach in both neuroscience experiments and AI scenarios. 2) Direct the reader towards ‘less elegant’ mathematically-difficult inherently nonlinear methods that also address both literatures (better optimized for scenes and emulating experiments) but perform recognition without optimized weight parameters.
The limits of narrative: medical student resistance to confronting inequality and oppression in literature and beyond.

Introduction Upon designing and implementing a literature course on family values for Year 4 medical students, we found that while the supposed benefits of literary inquiry were to lead students to a deeper understanding of difficult issues such as illness and violence in the family, many of our students were unable to engage critically with the course material. This, we believe, was a result of their resistance to confronting issues such as inequality and oppression. This paper is an attempt to theorise student resistance to difficult, unruly subjects they encounter in a literature class, particularly those surrounding race, gender, social class and sexual identity. Methods We modify some of the expansive claims made by narrative medicine and put forth a new pedagogical and curricular approach to the uses of literature in medical education. Results We found that many students resisted course material and corresponding discussions, especially those related to sexual identity and non-traditional family values, male−female relationships and white racism. Discussion To reduce student resistance, we pose a more critical approach to narrative inquiry in medical settings that may deepen students' willingness to imagine what it is like to be someone who is suffering, and to work against oppressive social structures that sustain such suffering. Thus, we recommend moving narrative inquiry beyond a focus on the self and the patient in that individualised, circumscribed relationship and into a collective process involving the social, political, cultural and economic conditions that affect health and well-being.
Analysis and design of ferrite cores for eddy-current-killed oscillator inductive proximity sensors

Finite element modeling of ferrite cores used in the design of eddy-current-killed oscillator inductive proximity sensors was performed. Based on contemplation of the practical operation of the sensors, ferrite core geometries were compared with a reference core by the eddy-current power loss in a metal target at a fixed distance from the face of each transducer. Several of these cores were experimentally evaluated for sensing distance to verify the results of the simulation. It was observed that, for fixed coil, fixed target distance, and given target, the low-frequency sensing distance of a particular transducer is approximately proportional to the fourth root of eddy-current power loss in the target.
TASC: topology adaptive spatial clustering for sensor networks

The ability to extract topological regularity out of large randomly deployed sensor networks holds the promise to maximally leverage correlation for data aggregation and also to assist with sensor localization and hierarchy creation. This paper focuses on extracting such regular structures from physical topology through the development of a distributed clustering scheme. The topology adaptive spatial clustering (TASC) algorithm presented here is a distributed algorithm that partitions the network into a set of locally isotropic, non-overlapping clusters without prior knowledge of the number of clusters, cluster size and node coordinates. This is achieved by deriving a set of weights that encode distance measurements, connectivity and density information within the locality of each node. The derived weights form the terrain for holding a coordinated leader election in which each node selects the node closer to the center of mass of its neighborhood to become its leader. The clustering algorithm also employs a dynamic density reachability criterion that groups nodes according to their neighborhood's density properties. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can trace locally isotropic structures in non-isotropic network and cluster the network with respect to local density attributes. We also found out that TASC exhibits consistent behavior in the presence of moderate measurement noise levels
XI. Overcoming the Free‐Atom Bias with Modified Least‐Squares Formalisms

Modified least-squares formalisms ranging from high-order refinement and spherical-atom refinement with a variable radial dependence of the valence shell to refinement with atom-centered multipole expansions are discussed.
The Relation of Call Money Rates to Stock Market Speculation

Introduction, 449. — Brokerage office loan routine, 449. — Demand for funds inelastic at a given moment, 453; and over a period of time, 454. — Supply by "others" inelastic in 1927, 456. — Supply by banks elastic throughout 1927, 458. — New security issues the cause of increased demand for loans in 1928 and 1929, 460. — As a result of Federal Reserve policy, supply by banks inelastic after 1927, 461. — New security issues and high interest rates responsible for elasticity of supply by "others" in 1928 and 1929, 461. — Conclusion, 462.
In situ compensation of 2D SLM phase nonuniformity within pulse shapers

We present a phase nonuniformity correction method for two-dimensional spatial light modulators within pulse shapers using only an incoherent broadband source and an optical spectrum analyzer. Compensation results are studied with XFROG and optical-CDMA.
Heat-shock sigma factor RpoH from Geobacter sulfurreducens.

Recent studies with Myxococcus xanthus have suggested that homologues of the Escherichia coli heat-shock sigma factor, RpoH, may not be involved in the heat-shock response in this δ-proteobacterium. The genome of another δ-proteobacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, which is considered to be a representative of the Fe(III)-reducing Geobacteraceae that predominate in a diversity of subsurface environments, contains an rpoH homologue. Characterization of the G. sulfurreducens rpoH homologue revealed that it was induced by a temperature shift from 30 °C to 42 °C and that an rpoH-deficient mutant was unable to grow at 42 °C. The predicted heat-shock genes, hrcA, grpE, dnaK, groES and htpG, were heat-shock inducible in an rpoH-dependent manner, and comparison of promoter regions of these genes identified the consensus sequences for the −10 and −35 promoter elements. In addition, DNA elements identical to the CIRCE consensus sequence were found in promoters of rpoH, hrcA and groES, suggesting that these genes are regulated by a homologue of the repressor HrcA, which is known to bind the CIRCE element. These results suggest that the G. sulfurreducens RpoH homologue is the heat-shock sigma factor and that heat-shock response in G. sulfurreducens is regulated positively by RpoH as well as negatively by the HrcA/CIRCE system.
JETC: Joint energy thermal and cooling management for memory and CPU subsystems in servers

In this work we propose a joint energy, thermal and cooling management technique (JETC) that significantly reduces per server cooling and memory energy costs. Our analysis shows that decoupling the optimization of cooling energy of CPU & memory and the optimization of memory energy leads to suboptimal solutions due to thermal dependencies between CPU and memory and non-linearity in cooling energy. This motivates us to develop a holistic solution that integrates the energy, thermal and cooling management to maximize energy savings with negligible performance hit. JETC considers thermal and power states of CPU & memory, thermal coupling between them and fan speed to arrive at energy efficient decisions. It has CPU and memory actuators to implement its decisions. The memory actuator reduces the energy of memory by performing cooling aware clustering of memory pages to a subset of memory modules. The CPU actuator saves cooling energy by reducing the hot spots between and within the CPU sockets and minimizing the effects of thermal coupling. Our experimental results show that employing JETC results in 50.7% average energy reduction in cooling and memory subsystems with less than 0.3% performance overhead.
Sex differences in the association between AD biomarkers and cognitive decline.

Women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in terms of both disease prevalence and severity. Previous autopsy work has suggested that, in the presence of AD neuropathology, females are more susceptible to the clinical manifestation of AD. This manuscript extends that work by evaluating whether sex alters the established associations between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels and brain aging outcomes (hippocampal volume, cognition). Participants were drawn from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and included individuals with normal cognition (n = 348), mild cognitive impairment (n = 565), and AD (n = 185). We leveraged mixed effects regression models to assess the interaction between sex and baseline cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels of amyloid-β42 (Aβ-42) and total tau on cross-sectional and longitudinal brain aging outcomes. We found a significant interaction between sex and Aβ-42 on longitudinal hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.002), and longitudinal decline in memory (p = 0.017) and executive function (p = 0.025). Similarly, we observed an interaction between sex and total tau level on longitudinal hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.008), and longitudinal decline in executive function (p = 0.034). Women with Aβ-42 and total tau levels indicative of worse pathological changes showed more rapid hippocampal atrophy and cognitive decline. The sex difference was particularly pronounced among individuals with MCI, with lower education, and varied by APOE e4 allele. These results suggest females may be more susceptible to the clinical manifestation of AD.
The Effect of State Taxes on Baseball Free Agents

Albert Pujols and Mark Buehrle were Major League Baseball free agents following the 2011 baseball season. Ultimately, Pujols signed a 10-year contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Calif., totaling $240 million (excluding incentive provisions), and Buehrle signed a four-year contract with the Miami Marlins of Florida totaling $54 million. Both contracts are backloaded. Pujols’s salary for the 2012 season was $12 million, and Buehrle’s was $6 million.The negotiations that culminated in these contracts present an especially rich setting for examining jurisdictional tax considerations. Pujols’s decision came down to the St. Louis Cardinals or the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Buehrle’s decision came down to the Chicago White Sox or the Miami Marlins. Those four jurisdictions feature vastly different state and local tax treatments, with financial ramifications in the hundreds of thousands of dollars each year. We demonstrate the tax implications of the different tax treatments in the contexts of the contracts of Pujols and Buehrle.
Effect of Monoterpene Vapors on the Western Pine Beetle

Vapors of different monoterpenes from Pinns ponderosa , primary host of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, varied in their toxicity to this insect: limonene > ∆a-carene > myrcene > β-pinene ≍ α-pinene > control.
GENETICS OF MIMICRY IN THE TIGER SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES, PAPILIO GLAUCUS AND P. CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

The tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, exhibits a female-limited polymorphism for Batesian mim- icry; the Canadian tiger swallowtail, Papilio canadensis, lacks the mimetic (dark) form entirely. The species hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges overlap. Field collections and censuses indicate that mimetic females occur throughout the range of P. glaucus but at lowest frequencies in populations at the latitudinal edges of its geographic range such as the southernmost part of Florida and along the entire northern edge of its distribution from Massachusetts to Minnesota. Frequencies of mimetic females have remained relatively stable over time. Inheritance of the mimetic form is controlled primarily by two interacting sex-linked loci. The typical matrilineal pattern of inheritance in P. glaucus can be explained by polymorphism at a Y-linked locus, b. Analysis of P. glaucus X P. canadensis crosses has also revealed an X-linked locus, s, which controls the expression of the mimetic phenotype. The P. canadensis allele, Scan, suppresses the mimetic phenotype in hybrid and backcross females. Results from more than 12 yr of rearing tiger swallowtails, including interspecies hybrids, indicate that the absence of mimetic P. canadensis females is due to both a high frequency of the "suppressing" allele scan and low frequency of the black-pigment-determining b+ allele. The frequency of Scan (or other suppressing alleles of s) in P. glaucus populations outside the hybrid zone is low. Some males heterozygous at the s locus and some suppressed mimetic females occur within the hybrid zone. A simple genetic model predicts the frequency of daughters that differ in phenotype from their mothers.
Study on Behavioral Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases in Yueyang Community,Songjiang District,Shanghai

[Objective] To study the prevalence and the behavioral risk factors of chronic non-infectious diseases in Yueyang community,Songjiang District,Shanghai.[Methods]Stratified random sampling was used,according to 'Investigation on Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases in Chinese Adults',1984 persons between 18 and 69 years old who had resided for more than one year in this community were surveyed with questionnaire and had physical examinations rendered.[Results]72.1% of sample population had one or more risk factors and 33.1% suffered from one or more chronic diseases.The rates of smoking,drinking ,overweight,obesity were 24.1%,21.5%,27.5%,6.6% and the sample persons who were lack of physical activity,calcium intake,Vitamin B and C intake,and protein intake accounted for 34.7%,49.1%,6.9% and 45.3%,respectively.9.7% of surveyed people had the hobby of eating salted food (contains carcinogen Benzedrine and rich in sodium).Prevalence rates of hypertension and diabetes were 26.6% and 5.5%,respectively. Obesity and hyperlipemia were risk factors of hypertension and diabetes among people aged over 40 years old.[Conclusion] The continued existence of risk factors caused more incidences of chronic diseases.So it' s urgent to carry out community health education and heath promotion and adopt comprehensive interventions to prevent the spread of the chronic diseases.
Influence of Cavity Properties on the Interpretation of Experimental Results in Bistability

The analysis of experiments on bistability and instability in nonlinear optical resonators depends critically on an understanding of the properties of the corresponding empty (linear) resonators, Both real and ideal cavities exhibit behavior which can lead to a misinterpretation of experimental results, and in both cases this behavior becomes more pronounced with increasing finesse. As an example of the first case, consider a real cavity which is nonideal in that different methods of measurement of the cavity loss give different values for it and hence for the cooperativity C. A simple but realistic model for such a cavity leads to the derivation of a state equation for bistability which differs in functional form from the usual state equation derived assuming an ideal cavity. In such a nonideal cavity, one might find its loss by measuring the decay time of the transmitted light after rapidly cutting off the incident light or by scanning the length of the cavity to measure the finesse. If these two different values of loss differ by a factor of two, as they have in certain of our experiments, then making either one or the other measurement and applying the usual state equation would cause one to overestimate or underestimate the value of C necessary for the critical onset of bistability by as much as 40%. Exemplifying the second case, the transient regime of even an ideal cavity can exhibit behavior which mimics period doubling, quasiperiodicity, and optical chaos. These appear in the transmission of a cavity excited off-resonance by a pulse with rise or fall times comparable to or shorter than the cavity response time, obscuring the investigation of optical nonlinear dynamics in the transient regime.
A Comprehensive Investigation of Youth Deviance: Theoretical Distinction by Deviant Behavior Sub-Types

ABSTRACTScholars have critiqued the field of criminology as focusing too heavily on positioning theories against one another in competition to reveal a “general theory of crime.” Such an approach assumes that the same factors influence all forms deviance, which is a problematic assumption, given that different forms of deviance can be influenced by different sets of factors. This study draws on two prominent criminological theories to specify the individual mechanisms driving several different forms of juvenile delinquency. Findings demonstrate the need for different theories of crime and deviance, and have implications for the way scholars approach and study theories in criminology.
Iron-biofortified staple food crops for improving iron status: a review of the current evidence

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally and represents a major threat to public health. Biofortification, the process of enhancing micronutrient content and bioavailability in staple crops, represents an exciting sustainable food-based strategy to combat and prevent iron deficiency, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this review, we examine the evidence to date of the efficacy of iron-biofortified staple food crops on improving iron status in at-risk populations, including rice, pearl millet, and beans. Three randomized efficacy trials of iron biofortified interventions were included in this analysis, conducted in the Philippines, India, and Rwanda. Iron status (hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), C-reactive protein, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein) was measured at enrollment, midline, and endline in each trial. The primary outcomes evaluated included hemoglobin, serum ferritin, sTfR, and total body iron. A meta-analysis using random effects models was conducted to examine the effects of interventions on hematological outcomes, with the DerSimonian and Laird method. In meta-analyses of data from the three trials, iron-biofortified interventions significantly increased serum ferritin concentrations and total body iron. Evidence to date from randomized trials suggest that iron-biofortified crops are an efficacious intervention to improve iron status. In particular, findings from all three trials also indicate that the effects of biofortified staple crops were highest among individuals who were iron deficient at baseline, suggesting the greatest potential to benefit. Assessment of functional outcomes and consideration of other high-risk populations such as young children, are warranted to elucidate the impact of iron-biofortified interventions on human health.
The Development of Oncoltyic Adenovirus Therapy in the Past and Future - For the Case of Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignant disease and the efficacy of current treatments for unresectable diseases is quite limited despite recent advances. Gene therapy /virotherapy strategies may provide new options for the treatment of various cancers including pancreatic cancer. Oncolytic adenovirus shows an antitumoral effect via its intratumoral amplification and strong cytocidal effect in a variety of cancers and it has been employed for the development of potent oncolytic virotherapy agents for pancreatic cancer. Our ultimate goal is to develop an oncolytic adenovirus enabling the treatment of patients with advanced or spread diseases by systemic injection. Systemic application of oncolytic therapy mandates more efficient and selective gene delivery and needs to embody sufficient antitumor effect even with limited initial delivery to the tumor location. In this review, the current status of oncolytic adenoviruses from the viewpoints of vector design and potential strategies to overcome current obstacles for its clinical application will be described. We will also discuss the efforts to improve the antitumor activity of oncolytic adenovirus, in in vivo animal models, and the combination therapy of oncolytic adenovirus with radiation and chemotherapy.
Asymmetric Allylation of Glycidols Mediated by Allyl Acetate via Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer

Glycidols prepared via Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation participate in asymmetric redox-neutral carbonyl allylation with good levels of catalyst-directed diastereoselectivity. Equally stereoselective allylations may be performed from the aldehyde oxidation level using 2-propanol as the terminal reductant. An epoxide ring-opening reaction using AlMe3-n-BuLi is used to prepare the propionate-based stereotetrad spanning C17–C23 of dictyostatin, illustrating how this method may be applied to polyketide construction.
Biofuels and Poverty

Several studies have looked at the aggregate economic effects of biofuels (IFPRI 2008; FAO 2008; Ivanic and Martin 2008; Mitchell 2008; Keyzer et al 2008; Hochman et al. 2011; Timilsina et al. 2012), but only few research have focused on analyzing the income distribution and poverty effects of higher increased biofuel at the global level. deHoyos and Medvedev (2011) examine the poverty effects of higher biofuel production using a global CGE model, a model without an explicit representation of biofuel sectors and land-use. Runge and Senauer (2007) examine the impacts of biofuel promoting policies on food prices and poverty and find that policies that promote ethanol have adverse impact on food prices and poverty especially in developing countries. However, the results of some existing studies have reported opposite results. For example, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for Mozambique, Arndt et al. (2008) find that higher sugar cane production generates favorable effects on growth and distribution; the effects on rent to land and wages are relatively higher if production is through smallholders than through large plantations. A study conducted for Mali using CGE and micro-simulation models, Boccanfuso et al. (2013) find that if the expansion of food crops for biofuel production does not compete for land use in agricultural production, agriculture as a whole improves slightly, but if it competes for land with other crops, then agriculture slightly declines. The distributional effects in Mali indicate that urban households who are net consumers of food loss with the expansion of biofuel production because of higher prices of staple food, but the rural households would gain. Hertel (2009) also finds that increased biofuel production results in higher factor returns in developing countries. Habib-Mintz (2010) finds that higher jatropha-based biofuel in Tanzania reduces poverty and food insecurity if strong regulatory frameworks for land, investment management, and rural development are in place.
Long-Term Dose-Response Condensed Tannin Supplementation Does Not Affect Iron Status or Bioavailability

Background: Repeated phytic acid consumption leads to iron absorption adaptation but, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of repeated tannin consumption has not yet been established. Salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) may improve iron absorption by precipitating tannins. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of long-term, dose-response condensed tannin supplementation on iron bioavailability and status and to assess the effect of salivary proteins on iron bioavailability during prolonged condensed tannin consumption. A secondary objective was to assess astringency as a potential marker for adaptation to tannins and iron bioavailability. Methods: Eleven nonanemic women were enrolled in a double-blind 3-dose crossover trial. Three (1.5, 0.25, or 0.03 g) condensed tannin supplements were consumed 3 times/d for 4 wk in random order, with 2-wk washouts in between. Meal challenges were employed before and after supplementation to assess iron bioavailability, iron status, salivary PRP changes, and astringency. Results: Tannin supplementation in any dose did not change iron bioavailability at any dose (P > 0.82) from weeks 0 to 4. Hemoglobin (P = 0.126) and serum ferritin (P = 0.83) were unchanged by tannin dose from weeks 0 to 4. There were significant correlations among tannin supplementation and iron bioavailability, basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs) (r = 0.366, P = 0.003), and cystatin production (r = 0.27, P = 0.03). Astringency ratings did not change significantly within or between tannin doses (P > 0.126), but there were negative relations among bPRP (r < -0.32, P < 0.21), cystatin production (r < -0.2, P < 0.28), and astringency ratings. Conclusions: Condensed tannin consumption did not affect iron bioavailability or status regardless of the supplementation period in premenopausal nonanemic women. Correlation analyses suggest that bPRPs and cystatins are associated with improved iron bioavailability and that lower ratings of astringency may predict improved iron absorption with repeated tannin consumption.
H. A. Kramers: Why a Biography?

On April 25, 1952, almost all the major newspapers in The Netherlands carried news reports on the death of Professor Dr. H. A. Kramers, holder of the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Leiden. These obituaries recorded the major events in his life, including his birth, on December 17, 1894 in Rotterdam, and his education in Leiden. Kramers’ contributions to science, which brought him national prominence and international eminence, were dutifully enumerated. Some of the highlights of his career were stressed: Kramers was the first scientific collaborator of Niels Bohr in the formulation and elaboration of the first modem theory of the atom. In 1946 Kramers was elected Chairman of the scientific and technological subcommittee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. From 1946 to 1951 Kramers was president of the prestigious Union Internationale de Physique Pure et Applique. Clearly, Kramers was a major figure in physics and in the world of science.
Women and entrepreneurial Food-Work: Second acts, “New domesticity,” and the continuing significance of racialized difference

Several years ago, when my daughter was six-months shy of her second birthday, I enrolled in a professional baking and pastry course in San Francisco, California. From April through September, two ...
Identification of Herpes Zoster-Associated Temporal Arteritis Among Cases of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Purpose To examine whether herpes zoster antigen (also called varicella-zoster virus antigen) was detectable in temporal artery biopsies taken from individuals with giant cell arteritis (GCA). Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods Sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded temporal arteries were examined first by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining to establish the diagnosis of GCA. Adjacent sections of the same biopsy were then examined by immunohistochemistry, using 2 different monoclonal antibodies against a major antigen of varicella-zoster virus called gE. Pathologic specimens were obtained from patients cared for at the University of Iowa and Washington University in St. Louis ophthalmology clinics. Results The study included biopsies from 25 patients with symptoms of GCA as well as positive H&E pathology and 25 patients with symptoms compatible with GCA but negative H&E pathology. Among the GCA-positive group, 3 patients had positive staining for herpes zoster antigen. Among the GCA-negative group, herpes zoster antigen was not detected in any biopsy. In both groups of patients, false-positive staining for herpes zoster antigen was detected in the presence of calcifications in the arteries. False-positive staining was also detected on some extra-arterial skeletal muscle and erythrocytes. Conclusion Herpes zoster antigen was detected in 3 of 25 temporal arteries from patients with biopsy-proven GCA. One of the 3 positive cases was noteworthy because the patient had had herpes zoster ophthalmicus diagnosed 3 weeks before the onset of GCA symptoms. False-positive staining for herpes zoster antigen was detected on several temporal artery biopsies.
BY-PRODUCTS | Hides and Skins

Conversion of hides and skins into leather is an old technology and many processing variations are utilized to produce products with variable physical characteristics that are used for a variety of different types of products. This article briefly describes many of the various techniques utilized, including chemicals used and properties of the end products. Information on trading of the finished products is also given. Owing to toxicity of waste products of tanning, this often determines where various treatments occur.
Synthesis and SAR of novel capsazepine analogs with significant anti-cancer effects in multiple cancer types

Abstract We previously demonstrated that capsazepine (CPZ), a synthetic transient receptor potential Vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, has significant anti-cancer effects in vivo. The purpose of this study was to develop more potent analogs based upon CPZ pharmacophore and structure–activity relationships (SAR) across analogs. We generated 30 novel compounds and screened for their anti-proliferative effects in cultured HeLa cervical cancer cells. Cell viability assays identified multiple compounds with IC50s
Substrate Elasticity Governs Differentiation of Renal Tubule Cells in Prolonged Culture

End-stage renal disease afflicts ∼750,000 Americans and claims >100,000 lives annually in the United States. Kidney transplantation is associated with longest survival and least cost but is limited...
First-order stable model semantics with intensional functions

Abstract In classical logic, nonBoolean fluents, such as the location of an object, can be naturally described by functions. However, this is not the case in answer set programs, where the values of functions are pre-defined, and nonmonotonicity of the semantics is related to minimizing the extents of predicates but has nothing to do with functions. We extend the first-order stable model semantics by Ferraris, Lee, and Lifschitz to allow intensional functions—functions that are specified by a logic program just like predicates are specified. We show that many known properties of the stable model semantics are naturally extended to this formalism and compare it with other related approaches to incorporating intensional functions. Furthermore, we use this extension as a basis for defining Answer Set Programming Modulo Theories (ASPMT), analogous to the way that Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is defined, allowing for SMT-like effective first-order reasoning in the context of Answer Set Programming (ASP). Using SMT solving techniques involving functions, ASPMT can be applied to domains containing real numbers and alleviates the grounding problem. We show that other approaches to integrating ASP and CSP/SMT can be related to special cases of ASPMT in which functions are limited to non-intensional ones.
Gastrointestinal parasites of the New England cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus transitionalis) and eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) in the Hudson Valley, New York

The New England cottontail rabbit (NEC, Sylvilagus transitionalis) population has decreased dramatically in New York, USA, and the role of parasites in limiting the population has never been examined. The closely related and sympatric eastern cottontail rabbit (EC, Sylvilagus floridanus) was introduced into the range of NEC by humans and is currently thriving. This study aimed to investigate gastrointestinal parasites of the NEC and the EC and compare their parasite communities. Fecal pellets from 195 NEC and 125 EC were collected from the Hudson Valley, New York, in the winter of 2013–2014. Centrifugal fecal floats were performed in Sheather’s sugar solution, and parasite ova and cysts were examined microscopically to identify gastrointestinal parasites present. For all pellets combined (n = 320), 91% were found to harbor at least 1 parasite species, with Eimeria species being the most common. Genetic analysis of pellets using microsatellite DNA identified 248 individual rabbits, with parasite prevalence (94%) similar to the prevalence estimate based on all pellets (91%). EC samples had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) parasite species richness (1.73, range 0–4) than NEC (1.20, range 0–3). EC and NEC shared 3 moderate to high (9–89%) prevalence parasites, in which EC prevalence was consistently higher. One parasite species was only found in NEC, and two were only found in EC, but the majority of these were of low abundance, precluding further statistical analyses.