cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling charging and arcing on a solar powered auroral orbiting spacecraft

The Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM) will be launched into a high inclination (65 degree) orbit to monitor rainfall on a global scale. Satellites in high inclination orbits have been shown to charge to high negative potentials, with the possibility of arcing on the solar arrays, when three conditions are met: a drop in plasma density below ∼10,000 cm−3, an injection of energetic electrons of energy more that 7–10 keV, and passage through darkness. Since all of these conditions are expected to obtain for some of the GPM orbits, charging calculations were done using first the Space Environment and Effects (SEE) Program Interactive Spacecraft Charging Handbook, and secondly the NASA Air-force Spacecraft Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP-2k). The object of the calculations was to determine if charging was likely for the GPM configuration and materials, and specifically to see if choosing a particular type of thermal white paint would help minimize charging. A detailed NASCAP-2k geometrical model of the GPM spacecraft was built, with such a large number of nodes that it challenged the capability of NASCAP-2k to do the calculations. The results of the calculations were that for worst-case auroral charging conditions, charging to levels on the order of −120 to −230 volts could occur on GPM during night-time, with differential voltages on the solar arrays that might lead to solar array arcing. In sunlit conditions, charging did not exceed −20 V under any conditions. The night-time results were sensitive to the spacecraft surface materials chosen. For nonconducting white paints, the charging was severe, and could continue unabated throughout the passage of GPM through the auroral zone. Somewhat conductive (dissipative) white paints minimized the night-time charging to levels of - 120 V or less, and thus were recommended for GPM thermal control. It is shown that the choice of thermal control paints is important to prevent arcing on high inclination orbiting spacecraft solar arrays as well as for GEO satellites, even for solar array designs chosen to minimize arcing.
Computing over Multiple-Access Channels with Connections to Wireless Network Coding

We study the problem of multicasting over a network of multiple-access channels (MACs). The separation-based solution to this problem is to reduce each MAC to a set of noiseless bit pipes via a channel code and then employ network coding. Sometimes, however, the physical-layer structure of the MAC can be exploited more advantageously. In many cases of interest, the MAC output is a (deterministic) function of its inputs, corrupted by noise. We develop structured codes to exploit the natural function of a MAC to reliably compute functions as part of a network code and show that in many scenarios of interest our scheme outperforms the separation-based solution. If each MAC can be written as a sum over some finite field plus noise, then our achievable rate coincides with the max-flow min-cut bound.
Quasi purchasing power parity

Several recent studies have found evidence of purchasing power parity by using long time series of data to combat the low power of unit root tests. The ability to reject unit roots in real exchange rates, however, only implies that PPP holds in the absence of structural change. We test for multiple structural changes in six real exchange rates, and find strong evidence against both the unit root and the no-structural-change hypotheses. We call this result quasi purchasing power parity. When structural change is accounted for, real exchange rates display mean reversion that is much faster than previously calculated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the efficiency of wireless networks via a passive rate-adaptation strategy

A simple receiver-oriented rate-adaptation strategy is proposed for improving the throughput of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) while transmitting multimedia data. The quality of a randomly fluctuating wireless link is maintained at a desired level by multiplexing and mapping different traffic sources that require unequal error protection into a multiresolution (multicast) modulation and dropping the "less important" bits (i.e., passive rate reduction) when the channel condition deteriorates. The throughput (effective data rate) is increased by not discarding the correctly received bits within the noisy received symbols with a high probability (i.e., by adaptively selecting appropriate decision regions for each symbol demodulation based on the channel quality estimate available at the receiver). The salient feature of our rate-adaptation scheme relies on the fact that it does not require any feedback of channel quality estimates from the receiver to the sender, and our improvements are achieved without adaptively altering the signal constellation size at the transmitter according to the link quality or by using error control coding with incremental redundancy. Moreover, it can still be very effective even in fast fading channels (i.e., high Dopplerfrequency).
Japanese Development Consultancies and Postcolonial Power in Southeast Asia: The Case of Burma's Balu Chaung Hydropower Project

Through investigating the construction of Japan’s first wartime reparations project—the Balu Chaung Hydropower Station Number Two in Burma—this article traces the formation of postcolonial power relationships within Japan’s postwar technical aid system in Southeast Asia. Kubota Yutaka and his colleagues at Nippon Kōei, the development consultancy that planned and supervised the project, had long careers constructing dams and other infrastructure throughout Japan’s former empire in Asia. This article examines how the visions, policies, expertise, and relationships from their colonial experiences were reconfigured in the 1950s through large-scale infrastructure projects into a new, postcolonial technical aid network linking the United States, Japan, and Southeast Asia during the Cold War. In addition to analyzing the reconstituted power relations at one particular site, this article also examines Japan’s unique position as a major donor and receiver of foreign aid, thereby complicating conventional narratives of an advanced “West” assisting a developing Asia.
Strategic resource investment methodology for developing countries

In order to responsibly manage and direct aid in developing countries, we need methods, processes, and quantitative analytical tools to determine where to invest scarce resources, what are the capabilities gaps, and the effectiveness of certain types of investments in closing the gaps. The methodology presented herein partially addresses this systemic issue. Specifically, this paper introduces the strategic resource investment methodology (SRIM) for this purpose. This five step process includes an establish context, problem definition and conduct the needs assessment/ stakeholder requirements, solution design, decision-making, and implementation and monitoring phases iterative systems process. The SRIM is the first step by the nation reconstruction and capacity development community (NR/CD) in developing a systems process to document the cradle to grave life cycle approach for NR/CD.
A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans

Religiosity and spirituality are defining features of African American life. However, within psychology, research on African American religiosity and spirituality has proceeded without benefit of a conceptual framework. This paper labors toward a framework that examines the roles of religion and spirituality in the development and maintenance of social relationships. We review empirical research on the role of religion and spirituality in the lives of African Americans with an eye toward illuminating the affective, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms through which religion and spirituality shape individual, family, and communal relationships across the developmental span. Future directions for quantitative and qualitative research on African American religious and spiritual life are suggested. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How should gestational weight gain be assessed? A comparison of existing methods and a novel method, area under the weight gain curve

Background Gestational weight gain is important to assess for epidemiological and public health purposes: it is correlated with infant growth and may be related to maternal outcomes such as reproductive health and chronic disease risk. Methods commonly used to assess weight gain incorporate assumptions that are usually not borne out, such as a linear weight gain, or do not account for differential length of gestation.
Inactivation and Potentiation of the Effects of Bradykinin

During the last few years we have been studying various aspects of the enzymatic metabolism of bradykinin and kallidin. Our aims were to find agents that potentiate the effect of kinins, to develop methods for blocking the activity of the peptides and releasing enzymes in vivo, and to characterize some enzymes that inactivate the peptides.
Simplified procedure for the preparation of immobilized pH gradient gels

Immobilized pH gradient (IPG) slab gels are conventionally formed by use of two-chamber gradient mixers on pH-neutralized Immobiline mixtures, co-polymerization of the gradient of Immobilines with acrylamide at 50 °C, washing and drying of the gel to its original weight followed by pre-electrophoresis before applying the sample. This tedious procedure was replaced by one using gradient formation by pump, eliminating pH neutralization of the monomer mixture, substituting polymerization at 50 °C for one at the temperature of electrophoresis (10 °C in this study) and omitting washing and drying of the gel prior to use. Carrier ampholyte (CA) containing IPG gels were formed in the same way except that CAs were added to the polymerization mixture. Pre-electrophoresis of IPG gels, formed by either the conventional or the simplified procedure, was found to be detrimental to the IPG patterns of proteins. The simplified procedure also allowed one to conduct IPG electrophoresis in gel tubes, eliminating lateral zone diffusion.
Content-based 3D neuroradiologic image retrieval: preliminary results

A content-based 3D neuroradiologic image retrieval system is being developed at the Robotics Institute of CMU. The special characteristics of this system include: directly dealing with multimodal 3D images (MR/CT); image similarity based on anatomical structures of the human brain; and combining both visual and collateral information for indexing and retrieval. A testbed has been implemented for using detected salient visual features for indexing and retrieving 3D images.
Neoplastic meningitis-related encephalopathy: Prognostic significance

Two cohorts of 20 patients diagnosed with neoplastic meningitis (NM) with or without encephalopathy were matched with respect to age, sex, primary tumor, and performance status. Median survival was 10 weeks (range 6 to 20 weeks) in the cohort with NM-related encephalopathy compared to 24 weeks (range 8 to 40 weeks) in the cohort without NM-related encephalopathy (p < 0.001). NM-related encephalopathy is a clinical variable that predicts for poor survival in patients with NM.
The New Courage: An Essay on Gandhi's Psychology*

In an era that takes matters of religious faith lightly, it becomes difficult to consider thoughtfully a man who is suspected of saintliness. The task is particularly vexing for Americans, who have no feudal historic memories to remind them that saints were once important people. The obvious solution is to avoid the issue of saintliness altogether—to avoid, for example, questions about whether Gandhi's political shrewdness was compatible with the essential innocence of heart that one asks of saints; above all, to avoid trying to satisfy a generation of ambivalent skeptics who in one breath deny that saints exist and in the next maintain that Gandhi could not have been one because he did not meet such and such criterion of saintliness. The issue of saintliness is a diversion from a serious consideration of Gandhi's contribution.
Reflections and Reactions to Social Accounting Meta-Data

Online systems are becoming increasingly social environments in which people share advice and experiences in threaded discussions, photos, videos and other files in systems like Flickr and You Tube, and display details of their social lives through a host of social networking sites. Yet even as these settings provide rich content, that content does not automatically provide us with social cues that can reveal what an interaction might mean, who we are interacting with, or the nature of their underlying character. As more of social life is embedded in these systems, we come to want and need systems for expressing identity and building reputations that can help us resolve some of this uncertainty. Because interaction in these settings leaves traces, however, we can look at histories and patterns of actions from hundreds of interactions. These types of accumulated reputations can reveal a great deal.
Multiply resonant photonic crystal nanocavities with broadband tunability

A photonic crystal cavity allowing at least two separately tunable resonances is designed. Both frequency degenerate structures and structures with frequency separations of up to 500 nm are experimentally demonstrated.
Pulmonary cryptococcosis in the immunocompetent host: therapy with oral fluconazole: a report of four cases and a review of the literature.

Isolated pulmonary cryptococcosis (IPC) is an infrequently diagnosed infection, the management of which is not well defined. In past years, IPC traditionally has not been treated in the immunocompetent host, given its perceived benign and self-limited course and the toxicity associated with amphotericin B. However, some patients manifest prominent and disabling symptoms, and infection occasionally may disseminate. Fluconazole is active against Cryptococcus neoformans, is easily administered, and has an excellent safety profile. We present four healthy hosts with IPC who were treated with oral fluconazole for 6 to 8 weeks. A review of the literature was conducted to identify other cases of IPC in healthy hosts who were also treated with fluconazole. Our results and the limited experience reported in the literature suggest that fluconazole may be an appropriate choice for the treatment of IPC in the immunocompetent host. Indications for treatment are not defined, but symptomatic patients, those with multiple nodules or extensive infiltrates on chest radiographs, and/or those testing positive for serum cryptococcal antigen might be potential candidates for therapy.
Endogenous Domestic Institutions in Two-Level Games and Parliamentary Oversight of the European Union

Many scholars argue that domestic politics can tie the hands of diplomats, who can sometimes exploit these constraints for bargaining leverage in international negotiations. The author examines domestic institutions that make such constraints permanent, and thus credible, in a parliamentary system. Existing “divided government” theories are unable to explain the pattern of parliamentary constraints that we find because they treat executive preferences as exogenous to the legislature. In the author's model of parliamentary politics, in contrast, parties may constrain the government by forming governing coalitions or establishing effective oversight institutions. This model explains the variation in these oversight mechanisms among the members of the European Union (EU). The most interesting of these is Denmark's system of parliamentary oversight, which the author analyzes in detail. Among the newest members of the EU, analogous institutions are most likely in Sweden and least likely in Austria.
Psychological test characteristics and length of stay in alcoholism treatment

Tests which enhance an opportunity for self-disclosure were more effective than intellectual and cognitive tests in determining which alcoholics would stay in treatment in a 90-day inpatient program.
Unchecked Deference: Hazelwood’s Too Broad and Too Loose Application in the Circuit Courts

In the more than two decades since the U.S. Supreme Court decided Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the decision has been litigated and analyzed widely. Yet unanswered questions remain about when the case should be applied and what amounts to a “legitimate pedagogical concern” justifying censorship. This article systematically analyzes circuit court cases that have applied Hazelwood and evaluated whether a school’s proffered pedagogical concern is legitimate. Analysis shows that circuit courts have broadened Hazelwood’s scope and expansively interpreted the “legitimate pedagogical concerns” standard, showing generally unchecked deference to schools. The article proposes renewed rigor in deciding when Hazelwood should apply along with an approach to the “legitimate pedagogical concerns” standard that would more closely scrutinize schools’ speech restrictions while still respecting the deference to educators the Hazelwood opinion so clearly showed.
The Adoption Exclusion: Complications for Employees

In this article, the authors discuss the qualifications and limitations on the exclusion for employer adoption assistance payments. They also discuss and detail some of the complications that can arise for some taxpayers that make planning for and claiming the exclusion difficult.
Linking Cancer Metabolism to DNA Repair and Accelerated Senescence.

Conventional wisdom ascribes metabolic reprogramming in cancer to meeting increased demands for intermediates to support rapid proliferation. Prior models have proposed benefits toward cell survival, immortality, and stress resistance, although the recent discovery of oncometabolites has shifted attention to chromatin targets affecting gene expression. To explore further effects of cancer metabolism and epigenetic deregulation, DNA repair kinetics were examined in cells treated with metabolic intermediates, oncometabolites, and/or metabolic inhibitors by tracking resolution of double-strand breaks (DSB) in irradiated MCF7 breast cancer cells. Disrupting cancer metabolism revealed roles for both glycolysis and glutaminolysis in promoting DSB repair and preventing accelerated senescence after irradiation. Targeting pathways common to glycolysis and glutaminolysis uncovered opposing effects of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Treating cells with the HBP metabolite N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or augmenting protein O-GlcNAcylation with small molecules or RNAi targeting O-GlcNAcase each enhanced DSB repair, while targeting O-GlcNAc transferase reversed GlcNAc's effects. Opposing the HBP, TCA metabolites including α-ketoglutarate blocked DSB resolution. Strikingly, DNA repair could be restored by the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Targeting downstream effectors of histone methylation and demethylation implicated the PRC1/2 polycomb complexes as the ultimate targets for metabolic regulation, reflecting known roles for Polycomb group proteins in nonhomologous end-joining DSB repair. Our findings that epigenetic effects of cancer metabolic reprogramming may promote DNA repair provide a molecular mechanism by which deregulation of metabolism may not only support cell growth but also maintain cell immortality, drive therapeutic resistance, and promote genomic instability. Implications: By defining a pathway from deregulated metabolism to enhanced DNA damage response in cancer, these data provide a rationale for targeting downstream epigenetic effects of metabolic reprogramming to block cancer cell immortality and overcome resistance to genotoxic stress. Mol Cancer Res; 14(2); 173–84. ©2015 AACR .
The Paradoxes of Citizenship Removal: Soviet and Post-Soviet Citizenship

The Soviet Union and post-communist states are outstanding case studies of the changing meaning of expatriation and citizenship. The historical shifts in voluntary and forced expatriation and the r...
Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenate Additives to the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method. Part 3: t-Butyl Glycerols

In this paper (the third in a series of papers on the properties of mixtures of diesel fuel with oxygenating additives), we present the application of the technique to mixtures of diesel fuel with the potential fuel additive t-butyl glycerol, which is a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerol t-butyl ethers (GTBEs). These compounds are derived from glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel fuel production. Four t-butyl glycerol blends were examined: blends 1 and 2 are mostly composed of di-GTBE; blend 3 is mostly composed of tri-GTBE; and blend 4 is mostly composed of mono-GTBE. We found that blend 4 was not soluble in diesel fuel at room temperature at concentrations above 3% (vol/vol), and thus, no reliable measurement could be made with this blend additive. We present the results for the initial boiling behavior and the distillation curve temperatures and track the di- and tri-GTBEs throughout the distillations. These data will aid in determining the suitability of these types of compounds as oxygenate additives...
Classification of Generalist or Specialist Life Styles of Predaceous Phytoseiid Mites Using a Computer Genetic Algorithm, Information Theory, and Life History Traits

A computer-based genetic algorithm with an information-based model selection criterion (Akaike’s information criterion [ AIC ]) was used to identify biological traits to classify 4 life style types of 13 representative predaceous phytoseiid mites. As a form of optimization, the genetic algorithm is a computational problem-solving algorithm that mimics Darwinian evolution factors such as fitness, selection, recombination (crossovers), and mutation. The genetic algorithm seeks best solutions to an objective function from many possibilities. Each subset model of traits is treated as a living organism. The AIC is calculated for each model as its fitness value. The genetic algorithm searches for the “best” subset within the landscape of all AIC fitness values to find the best combination. Of 24 provisional traits for 13 species of phytoseiids, 7, including those for developmental rates and 6 individual categories of prey-food proportions were always included in best solutions for the classification of the 4 life style types that previously were identified. These well-studied traits and other less-well studied traits show potential as useful indicators of life style types. Other means to simultaneously optimize selection of life style types and biological traits are discussed.
The XPS Searchlight Effect: A New Analytical Tool for Layered Structures, Epitaxy, and Interfaces

Enhanced core-level peak intensities at angles corresponding to the internuclear axes among the near surface atoms is a characteristic feature of angle resolved XPS. This phenomenon, which is due to constructive interference in forward scattering of photoelectrons, acts, in effect, as a search-light allowing relatively easy mapping out of the structural arrangement atoms in the near-surface region. Examples which illustrate the usefulness of the XPS searchlight effect are presented.
Infant mortality patterns in Aland, Finland.

Infant mortality in Aland Finland from 1751 to 1935 is examined. The 18th and early 19th century rates in Aland were more characteristic of Eastern European populations than Western Europe or England. A steady decline in the mortality rates and a reduction in the year-to-year variation began about 1810. This decline is linked to medical innovations decreases in household and family size and socioeconomic changes. Stillbirth ratios appear to be relatively high and stable from 1751 to 1935 (ranging from 17 to 37/1000). It is noted that "regional variation in infant mortality rates in the Aland archipelago does not appear to be shaped by either geographic location of the parishes or population density. Data are provided for causes of death during the neonatal and postneonatal periods. A time series analysis demonstrated that high birth rates tend to co-occur with periods of high infant mortality. Factors that may have influenced the infant mortality rates include household size and complexity twinning rates and breast feeding patterns." (EXCERPT)
Mathematical models of tumor growth: from empirical description to biological mechanism

Cancer is a complex phenomenon (Weinberg, 1998), and in order to attempt to model any of its different facets (such as avascular spheroid growth, angiogenesis and vascularization, invasion, or metastasis) in a reasonable mathematical manner, many simplifications are necessary. If the simplifications are reasonable, the model may be of considerable use, not only as a receptacle for what is already known but also for its predictive capabilities.
Is Spinal or Epidural Anesthesia Contraindicated in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis

An obese 31-year-old female with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis since the age of 23 has multiple inactive brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. She has no current neurologic impairment or disability. She is pregnant with twins and now presents to the labor and delivery floor with contractions. She has a mallampati class IV airway and a history of difficult intubation. What is the risk of placing a spinal/epidural anesthetic in this patient with her history of multiple sclerosis?
Placentation in watersnakes I: Placental histology and development in North American Nerodia (Colubridae: Natricinae)

As part of a broad survey of placental structure, function, and evolution in reptilian sauropsids paraffin-section histology was used to study microscopic anatomy of the uterus and fetal membranes of three species of North American watersnakes (Nerodia: Colubridae). The pre-ovulatory uterus is poorly vascularized with inactive shell glands. These shell glands are activated during vitellogenesis but regress during pregnancy. Two placentas develop through apposition of the uterine lining to the chorioallantois and the yolk sac omphalopleure. Fetal and maternal components of the chorioallantoic placenta are progressively vascularized during development. Their epithelia are attenuated, but (contrary to a previous report), epithelia of neither the uterus nor the chorion are eroded. The fetal portion of the yolk sac placenta is an omphalallantois, formed of avascular omphalopleure, isolated yolk mass, and allantois. This placenta is progressively replaced by chorioallantoic placenta during mid- to late-development through depletion of the isolated yolk mass. The chorioallantoic placenta is anatomically specialized for maternal-fetal gas exchange, and its expansion during development reflects the growing needs of the fetus for gas exchange. The yolk sac placenta is morphologically unsuited for gas exchange, but may serve other functions in maternal-fetal exchange.
Risk of fragility fracture among patients with sarcoidosis: a population-based study 1976-2013.

Incidence of fragility fracture of a population-based cohort of 345 patients with sarcoidosis was compared with age and sex-matched comparators. The incidence of fragility fracture was higher among patients with sarcoidosis with hazard ratio (HR) of 2.18. Several chronic inflammatory disorders increase the risk of fragility fracture. However, little is known about the risk of fragility fracture in patients with sarcoidosis. This study was conducted using a previously identified population-based cohort of 345 patients with incident sarcoidosis from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis required physician diagnosis supported by biopsy showing non-caseating granuloma, radiographic evidence of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, and compatible clinical presentations without evidence of other granulomatous diseases. Sex and age-matched subjects randomly selected from the same underlying population were used as comparators. Medical records of cases and comparators were reviewed for baseline characteristics and incident fragility fracture. Fragility fractures were observed in 34 patients with sarcoidosis, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 5.6% at 10 years, while 18 fragility fractures were observed among comparators for a cumulative incidence of 2.4% at 10 years. The HR of fragility fractures among cases compared with comparators was 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–3.88). The risk of fragility fracture by site was significantly higher among patients with sarcoidosis, and was due to a higher rate of distal forearm fracture (HR 3.58; 95% CI 1.53–8.40). Statistically non-significant increased risk was also observed in proximal femur (HR 1.66; 95% CI 0.45–6.06) and proximal humerus (HR 3.27; 95% CI 0.66–16.21). Risk of vertebral fracture was not increased (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.32–3.11). Patients with sarcoidosis have an increased risk of fragility fracture which is primarily driven by the higher incidence of distal forearm fracture.
Enceladus: Hot spots on an ice world

Cassini's radiometer measurements identify Enceladus's surface cracks as subsurface hot spots.
Are Socially Responsible Firms Less Likely to Expatriate? An Examination of Corporate Inversions

ABSTRACT: This study examines whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) is related to the likelihood of corporate inversions, a legal tax-planning strategy. We use a full sample to test stakeholder theory and a risk management view of CSR. We find that firms with higher CSR performance are less likely to expatriate compared to firms with lower CSR performance. Although equity investors react positively to inversion announcements, we find that the reaction is less positive for firms with higher CSR ratings. These results are consistent with stakeholder theory. We do not find evidence that inversion firms experience significant improvements in operating performance after inversion. Overall, this study improves our understanding of the role of CSR in corporate expatriation decisions and has practical implications for a firm's stakeholders. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the paper.
Americans Recaptured: Progressive Era Memory of Frontier Captivity by Molly K. Varley

Students of the early American frontier often find themselves indebted to late 19th-and early 20th-century historians for compiling and publishing a vast array of valuable primary source material. However, they may also wonder why such a volume of relevant information was reissued in the decades just prior to World War I. Historian Molly K. Varley explores this interesting question in Americans Recaptured: Progressive Era Memory ofFrontier Captivity. As she reveals, the answer concerned a crisis of identity brought on by the recent loss of two critical elements of the American experience: the frontier and its allegedly "vanishing" Native inhabitants.
Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription

This chapter presents the case of a 3-year-old male with history of posterior urethral valves and associated end-stage renal disease dependent upon peritoneal dialysis. The chapter proceeds to discuss the primary components of the peritoneal dialysis prescription and how to utilize Kt/Vurea calculations to determine the adequacy of a dialysis prescription. The process of developing a peritoneal dialysis prescription including selecting a fill volume, dwell time, peritoneal dialysis modality, and peritoneal dialysis solution is discussed. Peritoneal equilibration testing is introduced and details regarding its interpretation are provided.
Type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Studies of the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have traditionally focused on the mechanisms of generation of the characteristic auto-antibodies reactive with nucleic acid-containing intracellular particles and the contribution of autoantibody-autoantigen immune complexes to the inflammation and tissue damage that result in the clinical manifestations of lupus. The recent recognition of the central role of type I interferons (IFN) in this classic autoimmune disease has led to new understanding of the significant role of the innate immune system in the predisposition to and amplification of autoimmunity and tissue damage. Ongoing studies are defining the genetic factors, immune stimuli, and molecular pathways that contribute to production of IFN and induction of its downstream targets in SLE. Investigations of lupus patients and murine lupus models suggest a primary role for type I IFNs in systemic autoimmunity and support the case for therapeutic inhibition of the IFN pathway in lupus and possibly other systemic autoimmune diseases.
One-Sided Tangential Interpolation for Hilbert-Schmidt Operator Functions with Symmetries on the Bidisk

One-sided tangential interpolation problems for functions with symmetries having values in the set of Hilbert-Schmidt operators and defined on the bidisk are studied. General solutions are described as well as solutions with the minimal scalar and operator-valued norms. Two types of symmetries are considered: (a) componentwise symmetries that operate separately on each component of a general point in the bidisk; (b) interchange symmetry that interchanges the two components of a general point in the bidisk. Applications are made to multipoint tangential interpolation problems of special form.
EFFECTS OF MYCOTOXINS ON IMMUNITY

ABSTRACT Mycotoxins induce a variety of effects on animal systems. Certain of the mycotoxins have definite effects on various immune phenomena and resistance to disease. The role that mycotoxins play in lowering resistance to disease, interfering with acquired immunity, affecting antibody production and cellular immunity, and interfering with mechanisms of defense such as phagocytosis by the mononuclear phagocyte system is discussed. The important economic effects of these mycotoxin activities are difficult to assess; however, the potential effects could be severely manifested in our livestock industry.
Det blir ikke stille før stormen er over [It will not be quiet until the storm is over]

Why do victims of different sorts of sexual harassment and abuse feel shame? In this essay, I apply the autoethnographic method to reflect on the debate about the #MeToo movement in Norway. Using my personal experiences and practice as a social worker and my interaction with other women who have taken part in the #MeToo movement, I reflect on the different aspects in the debate that can lead to shamefulness for the victims. Women bear the responsibility for being harassed or assaulted in cultures characterized by male dominance in a number of areas. Women have themselves to blame when they are victimized. In such a climate, victims seem to harbor a sense of shame when they don’t manage to avoid harassment. Blame and shame switch from the harasser to the victim. This essay contributes new knowledge and insight through experiences with sexual harassment and storytelling in the #MeToo movement.
Radiological aspects of leukaemia in childhood: an analysis of 89 children.

The change in radiological features of leukaemia, treated with modern methods, were studied in a retrospective investigation. Of 108 patients with leukaemia treated between 1964 and 1974 at the Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, 89 were studied. Radiological findings were divided into three groups: (i) alterations due to acute leukaemia in the initial phase (ii) late manifestations of leukaemia and (iii) alterations due to side-effects of antileukaemic therapy. It became apparent that, with prolonged survival, there was an increase in the late manifestations of leukaemia, especially in the central nervous system. This was followed by a decrease after the introduction of the therapeutic regime described by Pinkel. The immunosuppressive effect of this antileukaemic therapy gave rise to life-threatening infections, notably with Pneumocystis carinii. Besides the leukaemic manifestations in bones, kidney, and the viscera of the thorax, there were steroid-induced osteoporosis, platyspondyly and aseptic bone necrosis, and, inflammatory gastrointestinal lesions. In addition, ileus sometimes followed administration of vincristine and toxic-allergic pneumonia after methotrexate therapy occurred.
Correction to: Public goods and procreation.

The article Public goods and procreation, written by Jonathan Anomaly, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 10 December 2014 without open access.
Levels of perceived control and treatment response in a brief partial hospital setting

Abstract Background Perceived internal and external control have long been theorized to relate to development and maintenance of anxiety (Barlow, 2002) and depression (Seligman, 1975). Experimental research studies investigating perceived control have largely focused on anxiety within cross-sectional samples and have shown that low levels of perceived internal and external control are associated with higher levels of anxiety (Gallagher et al., 2014) and depression (Brown & Siegel, 1988; Wardle et al., 2004). The majority of previous research has looked at the combined effects of perceived internal and external control and has not investigated these constructs as potential treatment targets in intensive, short-term clinical settings. Methods The current study examined the associations of perceived internal and external control as they relate to anxiety and depression symptom change in a partial hospital sample. Results Both perceived internal and external control increased significantly over brief, intensive treatment. Further, greater gains in internal perceived control were related to greater reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms. Discussion Our study was limited in that it did not include a control group or follow-up data. This study provides evidence that perceived internal control is related to change in symptoms in a diagnostically diverse and severe population, after very brief intensive treatment. Future studies should investigate if perceived internal control is a mechanism of change in treatment and explore how to maximize the development of perceived internal control in treatment, to maximize reduction in symptoms.
Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Tuberculosis

Of the estimated 1.2 million tuberculosis (TB) cases among people living with HIV (PLHIV), less than half are diagnosed and reported to health authorities. This is a key reason why TB remains the leading cause of death among PLHIV. Systematic screening approaches coupled with improved diagnostics are critical to reducing the gap and have begun to emerge over recent years. This chapter reviews current approaches to screening for and diagnosing HIV-associated TB, including drug-resistant TB, in adults. The chapter is organized into three parts: Part I provides an overview of World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended tools to facilitate TB screening and diagnosis among PLHIV, Part II provides a selective overview of tools and tests currently in the later stages of the TB diagnostic pipeline and Part III provides a clinically-oriented, step-wise approach for diagnosing TB in PLHIV in resource-limited settings.
CyVi: Visualization of Cyber-Attack and Defense Effects in Geographically Referenced Networks

The assumption that technology makes the world a better place translates to naive optimism with every successful cyber-attack. Research has seen an uptake in cyber-security visualization to complement weaknesses in traditional cyber-defense systems. However, due to the onerous task of positively handling cyber-attack “attribution”, only a few of these solutions scale geographical referenced networks. Many real-world systems can be expressed as networks consisting of nodes connected by edges, thus this paper explores connectivity modeled in a geographically referenced network, to visualize cyber-attack effects on the technical space (i.e., computing assets). The paper also demonstrates effects of defense strategies handling illegal connections.
Dissection notes: first day

Wrapped in black plastic, a gift to science waits in the cold laboratory. Your pupils, moon-round and flat, reflect my face when I unzip your body. Thick, damp hair flows across twin scars on your chest, suggesting cancer. From the clefts below your hips, two tattooed roses bloom in the
Safety of outpatient adrenalectomy across 3 minimally invasive approaches at 2 academic medical centers.

Abstract Background Outpatient adrenalectomy has the potential to decrease costs, improve inpatient capacity, and decrease patient exposure to hospital-acquired conditions. Still, the practice has yet to be widely adopted and current studies demonstrating the safety of outpatient adrenalectomy are limited by sample size, extensive exclusion criteria, and no comparison to inpatient cases. We aimed to study the characteristics and safety of outpatient adrenalectomy using the largest such sample to date across 2 academic medical centers and 3 minimally invasive approaches. Methods All minimally invasive adrenalectomies were identified, starting from the time outpatient adrenalectomy was initiated at each institution. Cases involving removal of other organs, bilateral adrenalectomies, and cases in which a patient was admitted to the hospital before the day of surgery were excluded. Patient, tumor, and case characteristics were compared between outpatient and inpatient cases, and multivariable regression analysis was used to assess odds of 30-day readmission and/or complication. Results Of 203 patients undergoing minimally invasive adrenalectomy, 49% (n = 99) were performed on an outpatient basis. Outpatient disposition was more likely in the setting of lower estimated blood loss, case completion before 3 pm, and for surgery performed in the setting of nodule/mass and primary hyperaldosteronism versus Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, and metastasis (P Conclusion Outpatient adrenalectomy can be performed safely without increased risk of 30-day complications or readmission in appropriately selected candidates.
Fifty shades of red

I don’t know why I sometimes get the feeling that the relationship between the Arab male and the Arab female is a real estate relationship, in which all the facets of real estate relationships are ...
Defining the transcriptional landscape of infiltrating immune cells in human and mouse bladder cancer

Summary The tumor immune cell landscape is composed of infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) and lymphocytes (TILs) that are important for regulating tumor progression and response to immune therapies. Since at least 70% of bladder cancer patients are poorly responsive to immune checkpoint blockade, there is a need for in depth analysis of the immune landscape both within individual tumor samples and between patients. To facilitate this, we have conducted single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map and transcriptionally define immune cells from 10 human bladder tumors. While all human tumors showed the of presence of major immune cell types, significant differences were observed in the relative numbers of these populations. To determine the translational utility of these findings we also performed scRNA-seq of TIMs-TILs isolated from mouse bladder tumors that were induced by the BBN carcinogen. In human and mouse comparison, we identified significant cross-species conservation in gene expression programs for NK, T, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages immune cell populations. Our data identified the conserved expression of key immunotherapy targets between human and mouse tumors including coordinately high gene expression of PD-1, CTLA and IDO1 while also noting species divergent expression of TIM3, LAG3 and CD274 (PDL-1). To identify predictive immune cell-tumor interactions we computed conserved ligand-receptor (cell-cell) interaction scores between immune cell subsets and the epithelial tumor compartment. Together, this study defines the transcriptional status of bladder cancer immune cells and provides the rationale for future studies related to treatment response and therapeutic resistance.
Carcinoid Tumors and Diffuse Idiopathic Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia

Carcinoid tumors represent <1% of lung cancers in the United States. Approximately 80% of these are typical carcinoid tumors, and the remainder are atypical carcinoid tumors. Most (60–70%) are found in the central airways, and the remainder are peripheral tumors. Central airway tumors may present with clinical symptoms of recurrent or post-obstructive pneumonias. Diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a pathologic pattern of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumorlets. Carcinoid tumors can be seen in this setting.
Inclusion/Critique: invoking European modernism in Zadie Smith’s NW

In 2012, Zadie Smith published her sweeping, experimental novel of London, NW . Perhaps unsurprisingly, its playful wordplay, urban mappings, and fractured form have prompted comparisons to Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway , as well as to the work of James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, and T. S. Eliot. This essay argues that Zadie Smith, among other contemporary writers of color, responds to an awareness that reviewers, critics, and readers would compare her work to European literary modernism. Such awareness allows her to offer in her 2012 novel, NW, an implicit guide to the risks and limits of such comparisons. --- Original in English.
GFR Estimation After Cystatin C Reference Material Change.

Introduction Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is routinely estimated with cystatin C. In June 2010, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) released a certified cystatin C reference material (ERM-DA471/IFCC), and new cystatin C glomerular filtration rate estimation (eGFR) equations were developed with the IFCC standard. Early in 2018, Siemens discontinued their nonstandardized cystatin C reagent kits and replaced them with IFCC-calibrated kits in the US market. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of IFCC calibration on cystatin C values and corresponding GFR estimations. Methods Cystatin C concentration was measured in 81 pediatric patients using a plasma sample from their nuclear GFR measurement with 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaaccetic acid. Calibration curves were generated using Siemens nonstandardized and IFCC-standardized kits to measure paired cystatin C concentrations in each sample. GFR-estimating equations using pre-IFCC and IFCC cystatin C values were compared using Bland-Altman analyses. Results The IFCC-standardized assay resulted in a mean increase in the measured cystatin C value of 24%. Estimating equations consistently overestimated GFR prior to IFCC standardization. Following incorporation of the IFCC standard, the Full Age Spectrum equation demonstrated the best overall performance, whereas the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) equation was more accurate in children with decreased GFR. Conclusion Incorporation of the IFCC standard significantly increased cystatin C values and affected the performance of GFR estimating equations. Clinical laboratories and providers may need to update the equation used for cystatin C–based estimation of GFR following adoption of the IFCC reference standard.