cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Systems and High Voltage Components

It took 10 years for hybrid vehicles (HVs) to find full acceptance with customers since their initial introduction in 1997. However, the history of HVs is inextricably linked with that of electric vehicles (EVs), going back as far as the 1950s. This chapter describes the history of EVs and HVs to the present day, the types and characteristics of EV-based HV systems, and the configuration and role of the main HV components. Keywords: electric vehicle (EV); hybrid vehicle (HV); series HV ; parallel HV ; series parallel HV ; extended range EV ; plug-in HV ; motor generator (MG); inverter; MG ECU ; HV ECU ; main battery; battery pack; battery ECU (monitoring unit); current sensor; system main relay; DC–DC converter; electric compressor
Classification, Relevance, and Information Retrieval

Publisher Summary To treat the relationship among classification, relevance, and information retrieval, some of the more important events that have taken place in the field of information retrieval are considered. Some aspects of the problems of classification and their relationship to information retrieval are focused. The chapter discusses the evaluation and steps involved in the information retrieval systems, the classification approach and indexing approach of information retrieval, term classifications in information retrieval, retrieval characteristics and properties of term classifications, classification algorithm, the use of relevance in evaluative retrieval system and pseudo-classifications, the use of pseudo-classifications in retrieval, and methods for constructing pseudo-classifications. Retrieval model, classification model, and relevance model are explained. The method for constructing the classification that is the limiting classification enables the best retrieval performance to be achieved for a given set of relevance judgments and for a particular set of requests. Once the limiting classification is known, it is hoped that the methods outlined in the chapter lead to the formulation of classification techniques that will be more applicable to the specific classification problems.
Input Decimation Ensembles: Decorrelation through Dimensionality Reduction

Using an ensemble of classifiers instead of a single classifier has been shown to improve generalization performance in many machine learning problems [4, 16]. However, the extent of such improvement depends greatly on the amount of correlation among the errors of the base classifiers [1,14]. As such, reducing those correlations while keeping the base classifiers' performance levels high is a promising research topic. In this paper, we describe input decimation, a method that decouples the base classifiers by training them with different subsets of the input features. In past work [15], we showed the theoretical benefits of input decimation and presented its application to a handful of real data sets. In this paper, we provide a systematic study of input decimation on synthetic data sets and analyze how the interaction between correlation and performance in base classifiers affects ensemble performance.
Colonic tuberculosis diagnosed by colonoscopic biopsy.

Abstract A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and a constricting transverse colon lesion on barium enema was found at colonoscopy to have a 1.5 × 3.0 cm ulcer with irregular, edematous borders. Multiple colonoscopic biopsies of the ulcer revealed acid-fast bacilli with absence of granulomas. Previously, the diagnosis of colonic tuberculosis had been thought to require laparotomy for confirmation. The authors now suggest that colonoscopic biopsy may be a desirable alternative in selected cases.
Whole-body nuclear magnetic resonance scanning: n.m.r. studies of tumour cells.

A technique, field-foxusing nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy (FONAR), is described for doing n.m.r. scans in large samples. The method utilizes a shaped d.c. magnetic field that confines the n.m.r. signal-producing region of the sample to a small volume called the resonance aperture. The aperture contains the required values of the Ho field to fully bracket the band of the r.f. pulse. The magnet system and r.f. pick-up coil that achieved the first human n.m.r. scan are discussed.
Analytical scale supercritical fluid fractionation of a low molecular weight, high density polyethylene wax with carbon dioxide

This paper reports on the use of supercritical carbon dioxide to fractionate a low molecular weight, high density polyethylene into very narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs). A simple extraction system was developed that allowed relatively trouble free extractions of the polyethylene samples. Fractions were collected at successively higher densities of CO2 at constant temperature and then analyzed by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), or high temperature gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and/or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fractionations were performed at three different temperatures (60,80, and 100°C). Higher temperatures were found to yield greater recoveries and higher MWDs at any given density. Reducing the increment between successive extraction steps resulted in polydispersities being reduced to nearly “monodisperse” levels. Total recoveries ranged from 12 to 33% depending on the temperature, and the highest molecular weight fraction extracted by the CO2 was centered around 1500.
DSS of vehicle refueling

The fixed-route vehicle-refueling problem (FRVRP) is a mathematical problem widely used in the U.S. trucking industry. The FRVRP seeks the best refueling policy (sequence of fuel stations to use, along with the fueling quantity at each station) for a given (fixed) origin-destination route that minimizes a vehicle's refueling cost. While effective, the current FRVRP methods need not produce optimal solutions, as they ignore the negative impacts that carrying excessive amounts of fuel in the tank can have on fuel consumption rates. This paper proposes a new approach to the FRVRP that takes into account the benefit of retaining some empty space in the fuel tank at all times, which enhances fuel economy. We show by conducting computational testing that our approach attains not only cheaper refueling costs, but also lower fuel burns, than other approaches. Our approach is simple, yet its implementation may save millions of gallons of diesel fuel and billions of dollars of fuel cost for the U.S. trucking industry per year. A new DSS of vehicle refueling is developed that cuts the fuel cost of motor carriers.DSS considers the impact of fuel weight on fuel consumption rates.DSS prevents trucks from carrying excess amounts of fuel, which worsens fuel economy.DSS outperforms the existing DSS in terms of both the fuel cost and fuel burn.
Fluids in the evolution of granitic magmas: Consequences of finite CO2 solubility

The small but finite solubility of CO 2 in granitic magmas under crustal conditions, together with the common occurrence of CO 2 in likely magma source materials, suggests that granitic magmas will often be accompanied by a CO 2 -H 2 O fluid phase during their ascent in the crust. Polybaric and isobaric calculations have been made for model systems with varying total volatile content, initial CO 2 /H 2 O ratios, crystallization rates, and closed-system or open-system conditions. The calculations demonstrate that the presence of CO 2 in an evolving magma system can result in greatly differing values of H 2 O activity (and hence H 2 O content, phase equilibria, and physical properties of the magma). Specifically, if the mass ratio CO 2 /H 2 O is ≥0.4 and the initial mass ratio of total volatiles to silicate magma is ≥0.05, then, if little or no loss of the fluid phase occurs during magma evolution, the activity of H 2 O will remain nearly constant. This is in strong contrast to all other possible cases in which the activity of H 2 O increases rapidly with decreasing pressure and (or) anhydrous phase crystallization, invariably reaching a value of unity. It is also demonstrated that if CO 2 is present in a fluid phase in the magma source region, then there will be a fluid present throughout the evolutionary history of the magma. The presence of fluid bubbles in the magma should considerably alter many properties of the magma system such as heat transfer, mass transfer, and viscosity.
Review of Microscale Heat Transfer

A review of the literature in the area of microscale heat transfer is presented to provide a concise overview of the recent advances in this field of study. The review is divided into three major sections with each subdivided into subsections. The first section deals with the effects of size reductions in conduction heat transfer, and includes subsections on laser induced heating on the microscale and conduction in thin films. The second section addresses microscale forced convection and includes subsections on micro heat pipes, microscale boiling, and thin liquid films near the contact line. The final section examines the effects of small length scales on radiative heat transfer. The three major sections are followed by a summary that identifies, consolidates, and summarizes the most important advances in each of these three areas.
Effects of BDE-85 on the oxidative status and nerve conduction in rodents.

BDE-85 is a congener of a class of flame-retardant compounds called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Although there are some studies on other congeners of PBDEs, there are none on the toxici...
An intergenerational cake eating game

Abstract A game having a simple recursive structure is given. It consists of dividing a fixed stock of a resource among infinitely many future generations. An equilibrium solution consists of arranging the consumptions, a and b , of adjacent generations in the ‘golden mean’, ( a + b )/ a = a / b = (1 + √5)/2.
NRC Safety Research Priorities for Reactor Vessel Embrittlement, Annealing, and Surveillance Dosimetry

The recent definition of a postulated thermal shock accident followed promptly by system repressurization, termed an overcooling or pressurized thermal shock accident, has set a large analysis and research effort into motion. The essential elements are concerned with defining the accident transients, evaluating the instrumentation and controls that cause the postulated accidents, and evaluating the metallurgical and structural mechanics aspects of the reactor vessel with respect to its failure potential. This paper poses the question faced by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for the vessel steel embrittlement, annealing, and surveillance dosimetry facets of this postulated accident and provides information on our plans for study of this problem as well as current status.
Increasing availability to and ascertaining value of asthma action plans in schools through use of technology and community collaboration.

BACKGROUND Approximately 9% of school-aged children in the United States have asthma. Since 1997, the Asthma Action Plan (AAP) has been recommended as an asthma self-management tool for individuals with asthma. In the school setting, the use of the AAP has been primarily dependent on communication between the family and the school through a paper process. METHODS To address the limited availability of AAPs, the Southeast Minnesota Beacon Project developed and implemented a secure portal designed for the electronic exchange of the AAP between providers and schools. This project was designed to assess school nurses' responses to the portal and the perceived value of AAPs, efficiency, self-efficacy, and project impact. RESULTS School nurses perceive that the AAP enables more efficient management of the care of students with asthma and increases school nurse self-efficacy in regard to asthma management. Overall, school nurses felt the AAP portal was useful and they reported satisfaction with its function as a school health office resource. CONCLUSION Electronic sharing of the AAP has the potential to increase efficiency and enhance effective communication among health care providers, families, and schools.
Experimental investigation of dendritic deposition of aerosol particles

Abstract Deposition of monodisperse aerosol particles on a single metal fiber was studied experimentally under conditions of dominant inertial impaction and interception. Formation of dendrites was observed, in accordance with previous experimental work. During each run, the deposition process was interrupted at regular intervals and the deposits on the same area on the fiber surface were examined; each time, the angular positions of the individual dendrites and their sizes and configurations were recorded and photographed. Thus, the growth of several individual dendrites was followed as a function of angular coordinate and time. These data can be used to evaluate theoretical models of aerosol particle deposition with dendritic pattern. In the present work the model developed by Payatakes and Gradon (1979) is compared with the data. The theoretical rates of dendrite growth are found in good agreement with experiment. Systematic discrepancies between the theoretically predicted dendrite number distribution and the experimentally observed one suggest that the “shadow effect” and skidding of particles (due to lubrication) prior to deposition on the fiber are significant.
Towards a Theory of Universal Speed-Independent Modules

Of concern here are asynchronous modules, i.e., those whose activity is regulated by initiation and completion signals with no clocks being present. First a number of operating conditions are described that are deemed essential or useful in a system of asynchronous modules, while retaining an air of independence of particular hardware implementations as much as possible. Second, some results are presented concerning sets of modules that are universal with respect to these conditions. That is, from these sets any arbitrarily complex module may be constructed as a network. It is stipulated that such constructions be speed independent, i.e., independent of the delay time involved in any constituent modules. Furthermore it is required that the constructions be delay insensitive in the sense that an arbitrary number of delay elements may be inserted into or removed from connecting lines without effecting the external behavior of the network.
A study of roadside passive reflectors for improvement in the radar reliability on curves and at intersections

The use of radar in automotive applications such as adaptive cruise control is limited to detecting target vehicles directly in front of the host vehicle. Vehicles around a curve on a highway and cross-traffic vehicles at an intersection cannot be detected by current radar systems. This is primarily due to the limited beam width angle of the radar. This paper examines and evaluates the novel concept of using passive roadside reflectors (PRRs) to increase the utility of the radar system. PRRs on the shoulder and the median of a road are designed which would enable the radar system to pick up cross traffic at highway intersections. Both simulations and experiments demonstrate that this concept could be effectively used for cross-traffic distance measurement. A limitation of this technology is that cross traffic cannot be detected when the radar-equipped vehicle is close to the intersection, owing to the lateral offset of the radar from the location of the PRR. However, the system is still valuable for providing future warning of cross traffic at rural intersections. A number of options are explored for the use of PRRs to improve radar measurements on highway curves. These include the use of tangential flat-plate reflectors, skewed flat-plate reflectors, and convex reflectors. Algorithms for distance measurement with each of these options are derived and evaluated through simulations. The use of skewed flat-plate reflectors is also evaluated experimentally and found to work effectively. The effective range of the radar on highway curves could be doubled by the use of the developed system.
Formative research and stakeholder participation in intervention development.

Objective To present a model for using formative research and stakeholder participation to develop a community-based dietary intervention targeting American Indians. Methods Formative research included interviews, assessment of food- purchasing frequency and preparation methods, and dietary recalls. Stakeholders contributed to intervention development through formative research, a program planning workshop, group feedback, and implementation training. Results Foods high in fat and sugar are commonly consumed. Barriers to healthy eating include low availability, perceived high cost, and poor flavor. Stakeholder participation contributed to the development of a culturally appropriate intervention. Conclusions This approach resulted in project acceptance, stakeholder collaboration, and a culturally appropriate program.
Real time boundary element node location optimization

Abstract Boundary Element Method (BEM) computer models typically involve use of nodal points that are the locations of singular potential functions such as the logarithm or reciprocal of the Euclidean distance function. These singular functions are typically associated with the nodes themselves as far as identification. The Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) is another application of similar types of singular potential functions and includes other functions that are not singular but are fundamental solutions of the governing partial differential equation (PDE). These various singular potential functions form a basis whose span of linear combinations (either real or complex space, as appropriate) is a vector space. As part of the approximation approach, one determines that element in the vector space that is closest (usually in a least squares residual measure) to the exact solution of the PDE and related boundary conditions. Recent research on the types of basis functions used in a BEM or CVBEM approximation has shown that considerable improvement in computational accuracy and efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the location of the singular basis functions with respect to possible locations on the problem boundary and also locations exterior of the problem boundary (in general, exterior of the problem domain). To develop such optimum locations for the modeling nodes (and associated singular basis functions), the approach presented in this paper is to develop a Real Time Boundary Element Node Location module that enables the program user to click and drag nodes (one at a time) throughout the exterior of the problem domain (that is, nodes are allowed to be positioned on or arbitrarily close to the problem boundary, and also to be positioned exterior of the problem domain union boundary). The provided module interfaces with the CVBEM program, built within computer program Mathematica, so that various types of information flows to the display module as the node is moved, in real time. The information displayed includes a graphic of the problem boundary and domain, the exterior of the domain union boundary, evaluation points used to represent problem boundary conditions, nodal locations, modeling error in L2 and also L∞ norms, and a plot of problem boundary conditions versus modeling estimates on the problem boundary to enable a visualization of closeness of fit of the model to the problem boundary conditions. As the target node is moved on the screen, these various information forms change and are displayed to the program user, enabling the user to quickly navigate the target node towards a preferred location. Once a node is established at some optimized location, another node can then be clicked upon and dragged to new locations, while reducing modeling error in the process.
Corticosteroids and the functional capacity of the rat heart-lung preparation.

A technic has been developed for the preparation and maintenance of the isolated rat heart-lung. Index of left ventricular work expressed as cardiac output times mean arterial blood pressure was highly reproducible for a given set of experimental conditions. Order of work performance arranged from highest to lowest was as follows: 1) heart-lung from intact rat perfused with blood from intact rats, 2) heart-lung from adrenalectomized rat perfused with blood from intact rats, 3) intact-adrenalectomized, 4) adrenalectomized-adrenalectomized. Corticostcrone, but not Substance S, added to the perfusion blood of the intactadrenalectomized preparation restored work capacity toward that of the intactintact preparation.
Fabrication of PVDF/PVA microtubules by coaxial electrospinning

Abstract This paper presents a unique approach to fabricating poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microtubules in coaxial electrospinning. This methodology includes two objectives, namely, microtubular formation and mitigation of secondary erosion. In the first step, PVDF solution and ethanol mixed PVA solution are directly electrospun to PVDF/PVA microtubules. Then, the obtained PVDF/PVA microtubules are treated by a water assisted route to remove the residual solvents and mitigate the secondary erosion. Without solvent erosion, PVDF/PVA microtubules exhibit smooth inner and outer surfaces and hollow structure. Furthermore, in this technique, the microtubule diameter and wall thickness are controllable by the feed rate of PVA solution in electrospinning. Thinner-walled microtubules are prepared under a high feed rate. Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy are respectively used to characterize the crystallization of PVDF. High degree of PVDF crystallinity is shown in thin PVDF/PVA microtubules. β -phase crystallite is dominant. PVDF/PVA microtubule evidently exhibits capillary action. The wicking rate of silicone oil is 8.08 μm/s, as calculated by a wicking test.
Correlates of adolescent sleep time and variability in sleep time: The role of individual and health related characteristics

Objectives Adolescents are predisposed to short sleep duration and irregular sleep patterns due to certain host characteristics (e.g., age, pubertal status, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and neighborhood distress) and health-related variables (e.g., ADHD, asthma, birth weight, and BMI). The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between such variables and actigraphic measures of sleep duration and variability.
Aminonaphthoquinones--a novel class of compounds with potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum.

Malaria is a major tropical disease, which kills two million people annually. The population at risk from this disease has increased because of the difficulties in eradicating the mosquito vector in the endemic regions and the emergence and spread of parasite resistance to all the commonly used antimalarials. Since antimalarials are the major arsenal for treatment of the disease, there is an urgent need for newer drugs with novel mechanisms of action, which will be effective against all strains of the parasite. As a part of our anti-infective drug discovery program, we have investigated 18 compounds including several synthetic and natural naphthoquinones as potential antimalarial agents. We have identified aminonaphthoquinones, as a class of antimalarial compounds with antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Among these compounds, 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone is the most potent. It had an IC(50)of 0.18 micro M (37.3 ng ml(-1)) against the W2 clone, and is more potent than chloroquine, which had an IC(50)of 0.23 micro M (72 ng ml(-1)). It was also active against the D6 clone. In general, 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone analogs and the 4-amino-1,2-napthoquinone analog showed promising antimalarial activity in the bioassay. In contrast, a number of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones and dimeric quinones were less active.
Laser-Spark Excitation of Homogeneous Powdered Materials:

The laser microprobe has been applied to the excitation of trace elements homogeneously distributed in powdered materials. Precision of intensity ratios is about ±11% (coefficient of variation), and detection levels are comparable to those of the dc arc. Matrix effects were studied for four different materials and found to be significantly less than in the dc arc. Use of the probe as the source in a
Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children

The relation between two dimensions of vagal tone (Vna), indexed by a baseline measure of Vna and suppression of Vna and temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation was investigated. Forty-one children were observed during a series of episodes designed to elicit temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation. Heart rate was recorded during these baseline, positive, negative, and delay episodes, from which measures of vagal tone were computed. Across the entire sample, vagal tone decreased from the baseline episode to the three affect tasks. Baseline measures of vagal tone were related to the tendency to show a decrease in vagal tone: Children who consistently suppressed vagal tone (showed a decrease to all the affect tasks) had higher baseline vagal tone. Baseline vagal tone was related to temperamental reactivity for the positive and negative tasks, but not the delay tasks. Vagal suppression (vagal difference score) was related to several of the behavioral regulation strategies used by the children in the affect-eliciting situations. These findings are discussed in terms of the adaptive value of physiological regulation in the development of regulatory behaviors that may be critical to social development.
Postmortem elevation in extracellular glutamate in the rat hippocampus when brain temperature is maintained at physiological levels: implications for the use of human brain autopsy tissues

Abstract Postmortem alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton resemble some aspects of the cytoskeletal disruption associated with neurodegenerative disorders, and are also similar to those observed following ischemia and produced by excitotoxins in vivo and in vitro. This suggests the involvement of excitotoxic mechanisms during the postmortem interval. The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular levels of glutamate are elevated postmortem. Extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were also monitored using in vivo microdialysis. These three amino acids were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. When postmortem rat brain temperature cooled rapidly to near room temperature, dialysate concentrations of glutamate were not increased in the hippocampal CA1 region during a 2-h postmortem interval, although increased extracellular levels of GABA and taurine were observed. In contrast, maintenance of brain temperature at 37°C resulted in a 12-to-40 fold elevation in extracellular glutamate levels 20–120 min postmortem. In addition, the elevation in dialysate taurine concentration was greater than that observed in rats in which postmortem brain temperature was not maintained. Excitatory amino acid antagonists, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo( F )quinoxaline) and MK-801 (dizocilpine, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5 H -dibenzo[ a,d ]cylohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate blocked the additional elevation in taurine associated with maintaining brain at 37°C, but had less robust effects against glutamate and GABA release. The results indicate that extracellular concentrations of glutamate, taurine and GABA increase in postmortem rat brain when physiologic temperatures are maintained, but that these increases are blunted when brain temperature decreases. After death, the human brain cools much more slowly than does the rat brain. Therefore, extracellular glutamate levels are likely to increase in the postmortem human brain and may contribute to excitotoxic neuronal damage occurring in the interval between death and autopsy.
Using an inverter to measure magnetic fields

A toroidal core may be used with an inverter circuit to measure magnetic fields in the .8 to 80,000 A/m (.01 to 1.0 KOe) range. The sensor core may be the inverter transformer itself or may be coupled to a nonsaturating inverter transformer. The sensor is most sensitive to fields parallel to the plane of the sensor and the sensitivity is greatest for a core biased to near saturation. An empirical expression for the demagnetization factor is used in calculating the ambient field required to saturate the sensor core, making it possible to calculate the range of fields for which a given core could be used as a sensor.
The Dark Horse of Evaluating Long-Term Field Performance—Data Filtering

This paper addresses an issue of long-term performance that has seen relatively little attention in the industry, yet we will show that it can be of vital importance, not only for obvious financial reasons but, technically, because of its linkage to field failure as well. We will discuss how different data filtering on one particular system can lead to a variety of different degradation rates compared with indoor measurements and how it may change the field failure interpretation for a single module. A method based on the variation of the uncertainty in the determined degradation rates is proposed to aid the data filtering process when no baseline measurements exist. Finally, based on this experience, we propose a set of guidelines as a basis for a standardized approach to long-term performance assessment.
Games and Preference

Game theory has had a considerable impact on the way we talk about problems and on our reasoning. But this has been more or less a philosophical effect. When it comes to formal reasoning, the calculation of a mixed strategy is characteristically either impossible or misleading.
Effect of spatial smoothing on state space methods/ESPRIT

Results concerning the effect of using a spatially smoothed forward-backward covariance matrix on the performance of state space methods/ESPRIT for the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using a uniformly spaced linear sensor array (ULA) are presented. Compact expressions for the asymptotic mean squared error in the estimates of the signal zeros and the DOA estimates are derived. Some general properties of the estimates are derived which lend insight into the effect of spatial smoothing and the forward-backward approach on state space methods/ESPRIT. An optimally weighted state space method/ESPRIT algorithm is also presented. The results indicate that by properly choosing the number of subarrays used for spatial smoothing, the performance of the method can be greatly enhanced. >
BEHAVIORAL, UNIT AND SLOW POTENTIAL CHANGES IN METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE SEIZURES.

Abstract 1. 1. Methionine sulfoximine, a lethal agent with convulsive properties, gives rise to spontaneous recurrences of “spreading depression” in rabbit cortex. 2. 2. The initiating surface negative voltage change of spreading depression develops first at the cortical surface and spreads later to the depth. An associated lessening of unit activity occurs in the depth, and in many instances this can be interpreted as producing inhibition or suppressing unit firing. A depth positive state underlies it. 3. 3. As the negative wave front spreads to the depth replacing the depth positivity, a burst of unit activity occurs there which has a duration of several seconds. Such bursts are incremental in frequency and decremental in amplitude. They are followed by a complete cessation of unit firing which lasts for several minutes. Firing may resume when the cortical SP cycle has completed its evolution and returned to the pre-depression baseline. Induced spreading depressions in the same animals were indistinguishable from those which arose spontaneously from the methionine sulfoximine administration. 4. 4. In semi-restrained animals the spontaneous SP shifts of methionine sulfoximine are accompanied by tonic-clonic seizures when spreading depression develops bilaterally. No behavioral alterations accompany unilateral SD.
Phase distribution and turbulence structure for solid/fluid upflow in a pipe

Abstract The phase distribution and turbulence structure for solid/fluid upflow in a vertical pipe were investigated. Spherical particles, approximately 2 mm in diameter, were used and runs were made with particles having two different specific gravities. In particular, ceramic particles, which were heavier than water, and expanded polystyrene particles, which were lighter than water, were used. A new method is presented for the measurement of the volume fraction in solid/fluid two-phase flows using a laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA). The measured local time fractions obtained with the LDA must be corrected, because bias is produced by the presence of natural seeding, the finite size of the measurement volume and interruptions of the laser beams by the dispersed particles. An analytical method has been developed which accounts for these effects. A single-beam traversing γ-ray densitometer was used as a reference against which to assess the volume fraction correction method. Good agreement between the the corrected LDA and γ-ray densitometer results was obtained. The volume fraction profiles show that at low flow rates the ceramic particles have an almost uniform distribution, while increasing the flow rate causes coring. In contrast, the phase distribution of the light polystyrene particles had wall peaking for both the low and high flow rates. However, wall peaking was flattened as liquid flow rate was increased.
Scripted intervention: A map for smoking cessation counseling

Abstract Primary care physicians are on the front lines in the battle against cigarette smoking. To optimize our impact, obstetrician/gynecologists must learn to use intervention tools. We describe a scripted approach for physicians to use to set the course for office-based smoking cessation counseling. Five key components are incorporated: unequivocally advising cessation; acknowledging the difficulty of quitting; providing self-help materials; setting a quit date; and encouraging the patient. This script was the central component of a successful program to reduce smoking rates in the obstetric clinic at the University of North Carolina. It is brief and well-received by patients. Put into routine clinical use it will ensure that counseling arrives at the intended destination—a plan to quit and stay quit.
Breaking the bounds of literacy — A response to willinsky

John Willinsky's "The Bounds of Literacy" is a provocative, potentially rich approach to the study of language attitudes and language practices---two aspects of the development and the use of literacy which the author seems to equate with an operational definition. His is an important contribution to the ongoing, and sorely needed, debate over definitions, meanings, and consequences of literacy in contemporary society. Blending the interpretive sensibilities of the literary critic (about which there seems to be a bit of embarrassment) with the tools and methods of the social scientist, Willinsky strives for a novel, humanistic approach to and interpretation of "the bounds" that accompany and circumscribe literacy--especially "school literacy" within the English curriculum of the high school. These are limits that he obviously wishes to break. This I applaud and support. In conceptualization and execution, WiUinsky's effort bears a striking, yet unrecognized, resemblance to a new tradition emerging from the fields of anthropology and educational studies. This is the ethnographic approach to communication, which began perhaps two decades ago with ethnographies of
Role of surface-adsorbed water in the horizontal polymerization of trichlorosilanes

Abstract The high surface area of porous silica gel enables characterization of the amount of adsorbed water needed for horizontal polymerization of trichlorosilanes for the first time. Silica gel samples were individually exposed to relative humidity levels of 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% prior to reaction, and the amount of adsorbed water was determined by weighing. Optical microscopy shows that polymer microspheres, unattached to the silica, form in the case of 60% humidity, indicating that this level is in excess of the optimum coverage of water. Microanalysis reveals a monotonic increase in carbon with increased humidity, and 29Si NMR spectra reveal increased cross-linking of the siloxanes as the humidity increased to 50%. HPLC is shown to be a very sensitive technique for assessing the coverage of the silica substrate: zone tailing is sharply minimized at 50% humidity. These results point to 50% as the optimal humidity for dense horizontal polymerization of trichlorosilanes. The amount of adsorbed water at 50% humidity and room temperature is 22±3 μmol/m2, which approaches the stoichiometric amount required to hydrolyze the trichlorosilanes.
Knowledge and environmental policy: re-imagining the boundaries of science and politics

Knowledge and environmental policy: re-imagining the boundaries of science and politics, by William Ascher, Toddi Steelman and Robert Healy, Cambridge, MA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Pre...
DECISION PROCESSES OF SUPERIOR, AVERAGE AND INFERIOR READERS

Summary.-Significant relationships were found for fifth graders (Ns = 40, 80, 100,77) between reading (IQ controlled) and the acceptance of possible outcomes at the beginnkg and/or midpoint of a story. Scores were high and increased over time for superior readers, low for average readers, and moderate for inferior readers. When reading is considered in a communications framework, the processes may include an interactior of certain divergent and convergent cognitive skills. Both before and during the reading of a passage, the skillful reader will engage in imaginative and causal thinking in which outcomes in the reading material will be anticipated and predicted. Such decision processes are considered essential to comprehension and suggest an active participation of the reader with the material, in which hypotheses about outcomes are made. The decoding process itself is directed toward a testing of these hypotheses, and comprehension is reached as the hypotheses are confirmed, disconfirmed or retained. This theoretical view which has been intensively developed by Stauffer (in press) lends itself to the use of a decision-making paradigm for the study of the cognitive processes involved in reading. Henderson ( 1965) found that superior readers, in contrast to inferior, as determined by STEP scores regressed on SCAT, produced more and better hypotheses about story outcomes. Ss were queried at the beginning and the mid-point of each story. It was felt that their superior comprehension was in part derived from a more open-minded approach to the material. The present studies hzve continued this line of research and have investigated the degree to which story outcomes are recognized as possible. In this way, what is considered basically to be a divergent chinking skill-the avoidance of premature closure-was stxdied by the use of E-controlled stimuli. From the earlier findings it was believed that readers of superior ability would tend to have a broader outlook and would thus recognize as possible a greater number of outcomes. METHOD Ss were fifth graders of both sexes from three schools all in mostly middle-class suburban communities, with predominantly white populstions. In all schools, children were placed in sections on the basis cf achievement and ability. The samples for the first three smdies were selected on the basis of the schools' placement. Study 1 included 40 Ss of above average ability (about the top half of Grade 5 in School 1; mean standard score Local norms, verbal SCAT = 58.2). Study 2 included 80 Ss of above average ability (about the top third of Grade 5 in School 2; mean IQ =
Creep kinetics of high-purity, ultra-fine grain polycrystalline mullite

Abstract The kinetics of creep of fine-grained, near theoretically dense, single-phase mullite were studied using a four-point bend technique. A value of the activation energy of 167 Kcal per mole and values of the stress exponent ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 were observed. Electron fractographs of specimens which failed during creep suggested that mechanisms of creep under conditions of tension or compression appear to be different.
Observation of stimulated nuclear spin echoes from solid hydrogen

Abstract Solid H2 samples were investigated with a phase-coherent pulsed NMR technique. Upon application of a three-pulse sequence, up to four stimulated echoes were observed. These echoes were identified as quasi-quadrupolar ones in their nature, and brought about by the intramolecular dipolar interactions. The decay of the primary stimulated echo was observed, indicating the presence of cross-relaxation between the spin states. A density matrix analysis using the quasi-quadrupolar model was successful in accounting for the results.
Comparison of Experimental and Simulated Thermal Ratings of Drain-Back Solar Water Heaters

Short-term experimental tests of drain-back solar water heaters are compared to ratings obtained using TRNSYS to determine if computer simulations can effectively replace laboratory thermal ratings of solar domestic hot water heating systems. The effectiveness of TRNSYS in predicting changes in rating due to limited changes in collector area, collector flow rate, recirculation flow rate, storage tank volume, and storage tank design is validated to within [plus minus]10 percent. Storage tank design is varied by using a stratification manifold in place of the standard drop tube. Variations in other component sizes and operating factors are based on current industry standards.
Type 1 and Type 2: a fundamental dichotomy for all T-cell subsets

Cytokine secretion is not confined to CD4+ T cells; rather, Type 1 and Type 2 populations of CD8+ and γδ T cells can also be generated in vitro and isolated from in vivo situations. These subsets and their physiological functions are significant
LAMPF Hardware Beam Transmission Monitor Systems

The average power in the LANPF primary beam is now approximately 450 kW. At these power levels errant beams can quickly destroy accelerator or experimental area beam line components, while the long-term deposition of even a small fraction (<<1%) of the beam energy in unintended locations can result in activation levels too high for "hands-on" maintenance. This paper describes the present status of the hardware beam transmission monitor, which is one of several evolving redundant protection systems. Beam currents are measured by toroids located at various places along the accelerator and in the experimental areas. Losses are determined by subtracting the signals from appropriate toroids. Long-term (~month) stabilities are sufficient to enable loss tolerances of ±0.5 PA to be maintained with 500-?A average currents, while short-term (~hour) fluctuations are an order of magnitude smaller. The absolute accuracy of the beam measurements is believed to be ±0.5%. These systems have provided reliable protection with little maintenance required for the past few years.
Effect of phyllotactic position and cultural treatments toward successful direct shoot organogenesis in dwarf ‘Pixie’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

In Vitis spp. where somatic embryogenesis-based regeneration predominates, an efficient, reproducible and robust method of direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant material has been established in the dwarf wine grape ‘Pixie’ (Vitis vinifera). This regeneration system was achieved by testing the response of leaf material in two stages of development, and pre-conditioning the explant material in dark conditions and/or in liquid media prior to excising from the plant and placing it on solidified media. The pre-excision treatments included (1) a dark period of 24 h, with no regeneration medium; (2) soaking in regeneration medium followed by a dark period of 24 h; (3) a dark period of 24 h followed by soaking in liquid VRM (Vitis Regeneration Medium); (4) vacuum infiltration in liquid VRM followed by a dark period of 24 h; and (5) a control of no pre-conditioning treatment. Excised leaves from pre-treated intact plants in vitro significantly increased the frequency of shoot organogenesis. The most responsive explant material consisted of young semi-translucent apical leaves varying in size from 3 to 8 mm in length. The most successful combinations of factors contributing to shoot organogenesis involved the solely dark-exposed apical leaves or the soaking in VRM followed by a dark period. These results are expected to facilitate Vitis-related research in genetics, functional genomics, physiology, and other fields.
The diffusion and appropriation of ideas in the science classroom: Developing a taxonomy of events occurring between groups of learners

Abstract: While research on group learning has focused almost exclusively on interactions among individuals within groups, there has been little research on phenomena occurring between groups of learners in classrooms. This exploratory study identifies, describes, and categorizes events occurring between members of different learning groups in three ninth-grade physical science classrooms. Analysis of interaction data from a collaborative activity involving the construction of complex electrical circuits was used to create a working taxonomy of inter-group events. This taxonomy was then tested for generalizability with four other collaborative student projects and was found to account for all inter-group events during these activities. Evidence gathered from videotape, interview, and observational data further indicated that many types of inter-group interactions are qualitatively different from intra-group interactions, and that inter-group interactions contribute significantly to learning within a design-based classroom context. Students in these classrooms effectively used the special expertise of others outside of their assigned groups and exploited features of the material environment in specific ways with others outside of their assigned groups to create complex products. Examples are included of how concepts, ideas, tools, tool-related practices, and materials diffused throughout the classroom environment and were appropriated by learners in various ways to contribute to the construction of the design artifacts. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 17–42, 2001
Perceptual processing is facilitated by ascribing meaning to novel stimuli

Summary Can the interpretation of a visual stimulus (normally conceived as a late visual process) influence the recognition of that same stimulus (normally conceived as an early visual process)? Access of meaning from vision can be extremely rapid [1–3]. If the visual processing of meaningful stimuli is supported by top-down feedback from conceptual representations [4,5], then meaningful stimuli may be processed more efficiently than meaningless stimuli. A difficulty with testing this prediction is that meaningfulness is often confounded with familiarity. It is well established that familiar stimuli are easier to process than unfamiliar stimuli [6]. In visual search tasks, finding a target among unfamiliar non-targets (such as s) is much more effortful than searching among familiar non-targets (such as s) [7]. However, poor performance on unfamiliar stimuli may be due, not only to inexperience with them, but also to a failure to represent them as members of meaningful categories. If so, then ascribing meaning to otherwise unfamiliar stimuli should facilitate perceptual processing. We report here data from experiments using a visual search task which show that, when perceptually novel stimuli are treated as members of a known category, they are processed more efficiently. These results are simulated by a model implementing top-down feedback from category representations to visual features.