cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piperidine Adsorption on Hydrated α-Alumina (0001) Surface Studied by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

The adsorption of piperidine vapor on the hydrated alumina (α-Al2O3, corundum) (0001) surface was investigated using vibrational broad bandwidth and scanning sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The interfacial vibrational signature in the C−H stretching region of piperidine at the alumina (0001) surface is shown to be a sensitive spectroscopic probe revealing the adsorption mechanism. The neat piperidine surface, aqueous piperidine surface, and aqueous piperidium chloride surface were also investigated in the C−H stretching region by SFG to establish vibrational reference frequencies. After piperidine adsorption, piperidine vapor was removed and piperidine was found to be chemisorbed onto the alumina (0001) surface through protonation by surface hydroxyl groups. The O−H stretching region of the alumina surface before and after piperidine adsorption was also investigated, and the results revealed the decrease of the surface number density of alumina surface hydroxyl groups.
Stimulus-schema discrepancy and attention in the infant☆

Abstract An attempt was made to establish experimentally a new schema in infants by exposing them to a standard stimulus between their third- and fourth-month birthdays. The discrepancy hypothesis was tested by presenting the stimulus-experienced infants and a group of nonexperienced controls with the standard stimulus and three graded discrepancies from it. Magnitude of cardiac deceleration was an increasing function of discrepancy for girls but not for boys. Stimulus differences in fixation time were minimal for both sexes. The results for females supported the discrepancy hypothesis as well as the construct validity of cardiac deceleration as an index of the dynamic process of matching a new input to a schema.
Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained subzero temperatures: Verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions

In a continuing effort to better understand the frost-induced breakdown of rock, experiments were designed specifically to assess a theoretical model of crack propagation due to segregation ice growth in water-saturated rocks with interconnected cracks (Walder and Hallet, 1985). A rectangular block of Berea Sandstone was frozen unidirectionally while the temperature and acoustic emissions, which reflect microfracture propagation events, were monitored. Acoustic emissions were counted and approximately located as a function of time and temperature while the rock sample was subjected to a fixed temperature gradient. The experimental results indicate considerable frost damage to sandstone due to ice growth in an open system with migration of water to freezing centres much as segregation ice grows in soils, as has been previously suggested. Freezing-induced microfracture propagation events are not associated with the freezing temperature, which is about —0.2 oC for Berea Sandstone; most of the fracture activity occurs at distinctly lower temperatures, between —3 oC and —6 oC, in accord with our theoretical predictions. Such microfracturing does not require freeze-thaw cycling or even falling temperatures; temperatures were held constant but spatially nonuniform for the duration of most experiments. Through a series of experiments other aspects of the model are being tested and the influence of lithology is being examined. Diverse geomorphic implications of this model are discussed because it offers attractive alternative insights to those available with the conventional view of frost weathering. A plea is made to strive towards a more fundamental and unified view of frost weathering and related phenomena.
Real‐Time Oceanographic Data: From Safety to Science

Coastal areas such as bays and estuaries host 30%–50% of the global human population and shipping ports that handle 80% of world trade. These areas are increasingly vulnerable to chemical and biological contamination and to storm surge in the short term and to sea level rise in the long term.
The effect of ice warning signs on ice-accident frequencies and severities

Signing of non-permanent road surface conditions, such as ice, is difficult because hazard formation, location, and duration are unpredictable. Subsequently, many state transportation departments have begun to question the sensibility of expending material and personnel resources to maintain ice warning signs when little proof exists of their effectiveness in improving highway safety. This research statistically studies the effectiveness of ice warning signs in reducing accident frequency and accident severity in Washington State. Our findings show that the presence of ice warning signs was not a significant factor in reducing ice-accident frequency or ice-accident severity. However, we were able to identify significant spatial, temporal, traffic, roadway and accident characteristics that influenced ice-accident frequency and severity. The identification of these characteristics will allow for better placement of ice warning signs and improvements in roadway and roadside design that can reduce the frequency and severity of ice-related accidents.
The Role of Tetracyclines in Rosacea

There is a great deal of evidence to support the use of tetracycline and doxycycline in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. Nevertheless, these agents have shared and unique adverse effects and relative contraindications. Recently, subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline was demonstrated to be an effective treatment for rosacea, due to its inherent anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, subantimicrobial-dose doxycycline has a more preferable tolerability profile and a lower occurrence of bacterial resistance than traditional-dose doxycycline. To further elucidate the role of tetracycline agents in rosacea, clinical trials that compare these agents with each other as well as with other effective rosacea treatments are called for. Adherence studies comparing oral tetracycline treatment with topical metronidazole treatment may also enhance clinical decision making.
Strategies to optimize reproductive efficiency by regulation of ovarian function

Pregnancy rate to the Ovsynch protocol can be improved if cows are presynchronized (i.e., two PGF(2alpha) injections given 14 days apart and the second injection of PGF(2alpha) given 12 days prior to the first GnRH of the Ovsynch program) so that a greater proportion of cows during the Ovsynch protocol ovulate to the first GnRH injection and have a CL at PGF(2alpha) injection. Pregnancy rates were normal in anestrous cows (39.6%) if they ovulated to both injections of GnRH. Estradiol cypionate (ECP) can be used to replace GnRH to induce ovulation as a modification of the Presync-Ovsynch program (i.e., Presync-Heatsynch). Pregnancy rates after TI were 37.1+/-5.8% for Presync-Ovsynch compared to 35.1+5.0% for Presync-Heatsynch. Use of ECP to induce ovulation was an alternative to GnRH in which greater uterine tone, ease of insemination and occurrence of estrus, improved acceptance by inseminators. A GnRH agonist (Deslorelin; 750 microg) implant inserted at 48 h after injection of PGF(2alpha), as a component of the Ovsynch protocol, induced ovulation, development of a normal CL and delayed follicular growth until 24 d after implant insertion. Utilization of Deslorelin implants (450 microg and 750 microg) to induce ovulation compared to GnRH (100 microg) within the Ovsynch protocol resulted in 27 d pregnancy rates (GnRH 100 microg, 39%; Deslorelin implants 450 microg, 40% and 750 microg, 27.5%) with 12.7%, 5.0% and 9.5% embryonic losses by 41 d of pregnancy, respectively. Induction of an accessory CL with injection of hCG on day 5 after insemination improved conception rates by 7.1%. Bovine somatotrophin injected at first insemination following a Presync-Ovsynch program in cycling-lactating dairy cows increased 74 days pregnancy rates (57.1%>42.6%).
Perceived Audit Quality from ERP Implementations

Today's organizational information technology IT landscape is dominated by ERP systems. These systems are typically known to bring changes within the organization. Past studies have focused on the technical perspective-the idea of integrating organizational information computing needs with change management and system learning. Although ERP systems can carve a new audit landscape requiring auditors to accommodate audit processes, controls, and test when auditing in a post-ERP implementation environment, few studies have discussed the implications. In this paper, the authors examine how perceived post-ERP implementation changes influence perceived audit quality. Using empirical evidence gathered from auditors experienced in a post-ERP implementation audit, the research found that auditor's perception of changes in an audit due to ERP implementation have significant impacts on the perceived audit quality. Results indicate that perceived ERP-related changes in an audit process increased perceived audit quality whereas decreased substantive testing in auditing ERP implementation had a positive effect on perceived audit quality. However, findings suggest that control risk associated with auditing ERP implementation reduced perceived audit quality.
Effect of Gas Composition on the Ablation Behavior of a Charring Material

Ablation behavior of charring material in high velocity streams of arc heated air, nitrogen, and argon
X-ray Tomographic Study of Chemical Vapor Infiltration Processing of Ceramic Composites

The fabrication of improved ceramic-matrix composites will require a better understanding of processing variables and how they control the development of the composite microstructure. Noninvasive, high-resolution methods of x-ray tomography have been used to measure the growth of silicon carbide in a woven Nicalon-fiber composite during chemical vapor infiltration. The high spatial resolution allows one to measure the densification within individual fiber tows and to follow the closure of macroscopic pores in situ. The experiments provide a direct test of a recently proposed model that describes how the surface area available for matrix deposition changes during infiltration. The measurements indicate that this surface area is independent of the fiber architecture and location within the preform and is dominated by large-scale macroporosity during the final stages of composite consolidation. The measured surface areas are in good agreement with the theoretical model.
A plausible neural circuit for classical conditioning without synaptic plasticity

Abstract The cellular bases of learning are currently under active investigation by both experimental and theoretical means. In this paper, a simple neuronal wiring diagram is proposed that can reproduce both simple and higher-order behavioral paradigms seen in invertebrate classical conditioning experiments. Learning in this model does not take place by modification of synaptic strength values. Instead, the model uses a layer of interneurons with modifiable thresholds for spike initiation, as suggested by the plasticity mechanisms thought to operate in Hermissenda [Alkon, D. L. (1983) Sci. Am. 249, 70-84]. The model therefore has an advantage in plausibility compared with more standard models using Hebb synapses or their functional equivalents, which have not yet been demonstrated in any invertebrate organism.
What must a global theory of cortex explain

At present there is no generally accepted theory of how cognitive phenomena arise from computations in cortex. Further, there is no consensus on how the search for one should be refocussed so as to make it more fruitful. In this short piece we observe that research in computer science over the last several decades has shown that significant computational phenomena need to circumvent significant inherent quantitative impediments, such as of computational complexity. We argue that computational neuroscience has to be informed by the same quantitative concerns for it to succeed. It is conceivable that the brain is the one computation that does not need to circumvent any such obstacles, but if that were the case then quantitatively plausible theories of cortex would now surely abound and be driving experimental investigations.
The response of Langerhans cells in the cornea to herpetic keratitis

Langerhans cells (LC) appear to have a role in the processing of antigens presented through cutaneous surfaces. In most species LC are found in the conjunctiva and limbal epithelium but are rarely found in the central cornea. A quantitative study of corneal LC was performed in guinea pigs and rabbits with HSV-1 keratitis. Corneal epithelial sheets were removed, stained with ATPase and counted in the peripheral, paracentral and central cornea. Results in guinea pigs showed statistically significant increases of LC on days 6, 16, 21 and 28 in the paracentral and central cornea of HSV eyes. Results in rabbits showed an increase in LC on days 9, 13 and 21 in the paracentral and central cornea of HSV eyes. No LC were found in the central cornea of control eyes. The results indicate a migration of LC to the central cornea as a result of HSV keratitis.
Integrating Sex and Drugs into the Principles Course: Market-Failures Versus Failures-of-Market Outcomes

Abstract The author's central argument in this article is that the current micro principles course is structured around an approach to policy that avoids many of the controversial but central issues of policy. These include (1) the interplay of moral issues and efficiency, (2) questions of consumer sovereignty, and (3) questions of the interrelation between measures of efficiency and income distribution. The current market-failure organizing framework of microeconomics principles textbooks excludes discussion of a broader set of failures of market outcomes: situations in which the market is doing everything it is supposed to be doing, but society is still unhappy with the result. The author suggests a dual market-failure and failure-of-market-outcome policy framework that encourages discussion of these broader issues.
A novel correlation model for universal compression of parametric sources

In this paper, we consider k parametric sources with unknown source parameter vectors. In this setup, we propose a novel correlation model where the degree of correlation of each parameter vector is governed by a single variable. We derive the properties of the parameter vectors. In particular, we derive bounds on the correlation between the parameter vectors and show show that this will include independence all the way to convergence in mean square sense. Then, we set up the minimax and maximin games in universal compression and characterize the compression risk under the proposed correlation model when side information from one other source is available at both the encoder and the decoder.
Is early identification of children of alcoholics necessary for preventive intervention? Reaction to Havey and Dodd

Abstract Havey and Dodd (1995, this issue) address the question of how to best identify early adolescents who are at risk for later substance abuse, with a particular focus on children of alcoholics (COAs). They conclude that stressful family events are preferable to COA status as an at-risk indicator. In addition, they question the well-substantiated at-risk status of COAs, claiming support for the null hypothesis regarding individual and family differences between COAs and non-COAs. This article addresses both conceptual and methodological concerns about identification and intervention for COAs in general, and about the Havey and Dodd study in particular. I first discuss a theoretically-empirically based approach to identification and risk prevention that supports a more complex, less parsimonious, model than that suggested by Havey and Dodd. Second, I present research to support the at-risk status of COAs. Third, I discuss issues related to identification of COAs and question the validity of Havey and Dodd's identification techniques. On the basis of conceptual and methodological arguments, I contend that Havey and Dodd's conclusions are not well-founded in their own or others' research and that the at-risk status of COAs cannot be dismissed on the basis of their research. I also contend that early identification may not be necessary for intervention with COAs or other at-risk groups. Alternatively, primary prevention programs provide the context for both service delivery and identification of individuals who might not otherwise be easily identified, particularly those at risk for developing mental health problems because of family environment factors (e.g., family alcoholism or conflict), or those currently experiencing mild or internalized (e.g., depression) adjustment difficulties.
Quantitative Analysis of Approaches to Measure Cooperative Phosphate Release in Polymerized Actin

We use stochastic simulations that treat several experimental probes of actin dynamics to explore the extent to which phosphate dissociation in filamentous actin may be cooperative. Phosphate time-courses from polymerization and copolymerization experiments of ATP- and ADP-actin are studied, including the effects of variations in filament-number concentration as well as single-filament depolymerization time-courses. We find that highly cooperative models are consistent with the treated experimental data. We also find that some types of experiments that are believed to provide strong constraints on the cooperativity of actin hydrolysis models do not provide such constraints.
Crystallographic study of steps along the reaction pathway of D-amino acid aminotransferase.

The three-dimensional structures of two forms of the d-amino acid aminotransferase (D-aAT) from Bacillus sp. YM-1 have been determined crystallographically: the pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) form and a complex with the reduced analogue of the external aldimine, N-(5‘-phosphopyridoxyl)-d-alanine (PPDA). Together with the previously reported pyridoxamine phosphate form of the enzyme [Sugio et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 9661], these structures allow us to describe the pathway of the enzymatic reaction in structural terms. A major determinant of the enzyme's stereospecificity for d-amino acids is a group of three residues (Tyr30, Arg98, and His100, with the latter two contributed by the neighboring subunit) forming four hydrogen bonds to the substrate α-carboxyl group. The replacement by hydrophobic groups of the homologous residues of the branched chain l-amino acid aminotransferase (which has a similar fold) could explain its opposite stereospecificity. As in l-aspartate aminotransferase (L-AspAT), the cofact...
Direct enumeration of Escherichia coli and enteric bacteria in water, beverages and sprouts by 16S rRNA in situ hybridization

Abstract A fluorescent oligonucleotide probe complementary to a published 16S ribosomal RNA sequence ofEscherichia coli was used for in situ hybridization on membrane filters for direct enumeration of cells. The direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) was modified by performing a 2-h oligonucleotide hybridization on intact cells collected on a membrane filter surface (‘oligo-DEFT’), instead of the traditional acridine orange staining. The filter was examined by epifluorescence microscopy, and digital image analysis was used for the cell enumeration. Oligo-DEFT counts were linear over the range of 103–106cells ml−1and correlated with DEFT counts (r=0·99). The oligo-DEFT detection limit was approximately 1 cell ml−1. Oligo-DEFT counts correlated with standard coliform counts by membrane filtration or plating on selective media for analysis of water and beverages artificially inoculated with E. coli. Heat inactivation of the cells did not destroy their reactivity in the oligo-DEFT. Natural coliform populations in aquarium water were countable in the oligo-DEFT after a 90-min incubation of the filter on nutrient agar before the hybridization step, which allowed the dormant cells to increase their rRNA content. Natural populations in bean sprouts were countable directly, without having to perform the incubation before hybridization.
Effect of Combined Electromagnetic Fields on the Structure of a HDC Casting 2024 Al Alloy Ingot

2024 Al alloy ingot with diameter of 100 mm is produced by conventional and combined electromagnetic fields (CEMF) horizontal direction chill (HDC) casting processes. The effect of CEMF on the ingot structure is investigated. The results show that the CEMF is effective in changing the inner structure of the 2024 HDC cast ingot. In the conventional HDC ingot, feathery grains mainly distribute over the majority of the area of the ingot, and coarse equiaxed grains mixed with coarse floating grains distribute in a crescent-shaped area near the bottom surface. With the application of the CEMF, the majority of the feathery grains transform to fine equiaxed grains, and the mixture of feathery and fine grains only exist in the area near the upper surface. In addition, the coarse floating grains completely disappeared in the ingot with the application of CEMF.
Stochastic linear programming games with concave preferences

Abstract We study stochastic linear programming games: a class of stochastic cooperative games whose payoffs under any realization of uncertainty are determined by a specially structured linear program. These games can model a variety of settings, including inventory centralization and cooperative network fortification. We focus on the core of these games under an allocation scheme that determines how payoffs are distributed before the uncertainty is realized, and allows for arbitrarily different distributions for each realization of the uncertainty. Assuming that each player’s preferences over random payoffs are represented by a concave monetary utility functional, we prove that these games have a nonempty core. Furthermore, by establishing a connection between stochastic linear programming games, linear programming games and linear semi-infinite programming games, we show that an allocation in the core can be computed efficiently under some circumstances.
Dying Stars and Reborn Dust

I am happy to help honor the memory of J. Robert Oppenheimer at this occasion. I started my scientific career as a quantum field theorist and, on numerous pilgrimages to the Princeton Institute, I was inspired and helped by Oppie’s enthusiasm and insight. Although Oppenheimer is not so well known in astrophysical circles, he and his associates actually did much of the pioneering work on the gravitational collapse and structure of neutron stars long before any were discovered. Neutron stars lie at the heart of supernova remnants which I will discuss at the end of this report. My topic deals with one aspect of the symbiotic relationship between stars on the one hand and interstellar gas and dust on the other — the effect of dying stars (more specifically of planetary nebulae and of supernovae) on producing and replenishing dust-grains. I shall mainly review the current status but end with a speculative conjecture.
The h-journal: a tool to support information work

Abstract The h-journal is both a networked information tool and a new, evolving genre of electronic documents that aim to support the information work of practitioners. This paper discusses the features and applications of the h-journal that were found to be needed for information work in the domain of health sciences reference librarianship.
A 1.16-μm-radius Disk Cavity Embedded in a Sunflower-type Circular Photonic Crystal with Ultrahigh Q

We demonstrate an ultrahigh loaded quality factor of 7.4 × 105 measured from a 1.16-µm-radius disk cavity, which is embedded in a sunflower-type circular photonic crystal. The design principle and structural optimization details are provided.
Inactivation of human cytomegalovirus by phytohemagglutinin.

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) was inactivated by treatment with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in contrast to herpes simplex virus (HSV), which was not. Approximately 90 per cent of infectivity was lost following exposure of CMV to PHA. Greater reduction of infectivity, more than 99 per cent, was obtained following pretreatment of cells with PHA than by direct mixture of the virus and the lectin. Protection of cells was still observed 48 hours after pretreatment of cells with PHA. No difference was found in sensitivity to PHA with 3 strains of CMV tested. PHA preparations from different sources were almost equally effective in inactivation of CMV, whereas leucoagglutinin had minimal effect. Our data suggest that the site of action of PHA occurs at the step(s) of penetration and/or uncoating. Resistance of CMV to trypsin was confirmed, and the enzyme had no effect on sensitivity to lectins.
Issues in energy farming.

Abstract Issues identified and discussed include net energy analysis, economic desirability, competition with food production, utilization of wastes, relative contribution to total energy consumption, scale of energy production system, effect on diversity of energy resources, energy self-sufficiency, and effect on economy. Several technologies for producing renewable energy as an agricultural enterprise are briefly examined. Energy farming will undoubtedly become an important facet of agriculture; its importance will be determined by factors external to agriculture.
Indomethacin stimulation of lipid peroxidation and chemiluminescense in rat liver microsomes

Peroxidation of endogenous lipid by rat liver microsomes, coupled with oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive materials, is markedly stimulated in the presence of indomethacin [1-(p-chlorobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-indole acetic acid] (0.1–1.0 mM). Concurrently, indomethacin enhances the lipolysis of membrane phospholipid containing arachidonic acid but has no effect on the rate of O2 uptake in these samples. The system generates a rapidly developed chemiluminescense (CL), the intensity and rate of development of which are related to indomethacin concentration. The microsomal CL generated in the presence of indomethacin is distinct from the previously reported CL in that the time required for maximum intensity development is a matter of seconds (20–180) rather than hours. The enhanced CL is believed to be due to an energy transfer reaction whereby a high energy species transfers energy to the indomethacin molecule, which, in turn, decays via chemiluminescense. An enhanced chemiluminescense was also observed when indomethacin was added to a lipoxidase system and superoxide generating system (xanthine oxidase). Based on inhibitor studies, the rapidly developed chemiluminescense of the microsomal system requires cytochrome P-450 in addition to NADPH and coordinated iron ions. The results indicate that the CL is related to neither hydroxyl free radical nor superoxide anion formation.
Diprenorphine and naloxone in squirrel monkeys with enhanced sensitivity to opioid antagonists

The effects of diprenorphine and naloxone were examined in squirrel monkeys responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. Dose-response curves for diprenorphine and naloxone were determined prior to and following chronic administration of 10.0 mg/kg naloxone once daily for at least 21 days. Prior to the chronic regimen, naloxone (0.1–10.0 mg/kg) had little effect on performance. At the highest dose examined, rates of responding were decreased only slightly. Diprenorphine (0.003–0.1 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding under both components of the multiple schedule. Subsequent to the chronic naloxone regimen, doses of both naloxone and diprenorphine produced greater decreases in rates of responding. This suggests that frequent exposure to naloxone enhances its own rate-decreasing effects as well as those of diprenorphine.
Discussing impedance distribution with multiple stimulating sources in power distribution system design and simulation

Power delivery system (PDS) design becomes more difficult with the requirements of increasing switching speed and decreasing power consumption. Methods have been published and implemented to use pre-defined target impedance as a representation of PDS requirements for selection of decoupling capacitors and configuration of power ground planes. This paper raises and analyzes issues of the target impedance concept in designing PDS, shows that the commonly used definition of target impedance is not a valid measure in many design cases, and proposes other means to truly represent and meet PDS requirement.
A process planning method for improving build performance in stereolithography

A process planning method is presented to aid stereolithography users in selecting appropriate values of process variables in order to achieve characteristics desired in a part to be fabricated. To accomplish this, the method achieves a balance of objectives specified by geometric tolerances, surface finishes, and part build time, where the balance is specified through preferences on the objectives. Given these objectives and preferences, values are chosen for six process variables to best achieve the balance of objectives. The process variables include part orientation, layer thicknesses, and four recoat variables (Z-level wait time, sweep period, hatch overcure, and fill overcure). The process planning method is adapted from multiobjective optimization and utilizes empirical data, analytical models, and heuristics to quantitatively relate process variables to the objectives. Of particular importance, a new adaptive slicing algorithm has been developed. The process planning method is demonstrated on a part with non-trivial geometric features.
Spirolactam-Based Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitors: Toward Improved Metabolic Stability of a Chromanone Lead Structure

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the rate-determining step in de novo lipogenesis and plays a crucial role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation. Alterations in lipid metabolism are believed to contribute to insulin resistance; thus inhibition of ACC offers a promising option for intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein we disclose a series of ACC inhibitors based on a spirocyclic pyrazololactam core. The lactam series has improved chemical and metabolic stability relative to our previously reported pyrazoloketone series, while retaining potent inhibition of ACC1 and ACC2. Optimization of the pyrazole and amide substituents led to quinoline amide 21, which was advanced to preclinical development.
Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties of a Partial π-Stacked Phenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductor

We report the synthesis, crystallization, and solid-state characterization of the 3,7-ethoxy-substituted spirobiphenalenyl-boron neutral radical 22. The radical is distinguished by its low disproportionation energy and one-dimensional structure. We show that our strategy of substitution of OEt group at the active positions of the phenalenyl units changes the crystal packing from its previously known OMe analogue and the solid-state properties are dictated by the partial π-stack structure and the oxygen atoms at the 3,7-positions and can be best rationalized in terms of the resonating valence bond model. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that in the solid state the radical remains paramagnetic but there is significant spin–spin interaction between the molecules. Band structure calculations reflect efficient overlap between the molecules along the π stack and show evidence of interactions between the spin-bearing oxygen atoms. The room temperature electrical conductivity (σRT=2.0×10−2 S cm−1) of 22 is higher than that observed in previously known one-dimensional phenalenyl radicals.
Effect of holding on co-regulation in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective To determine whether kangaroo holding of healthy preterm infants over the first eight weeks of an infant's life facilitates co-regulation of salivary cortisol between mother and infant. Study Design Randomized control trial. Infants were assigned to receive 1 h of daily kangaroo (skin-to-skin contact on the chest of mother) or blanket holding (dressed and held in mother's arms). A registered nurse visited mothers weekly for eight weeks to encourage holding and provide information about infant development. A control group had no holding restrictions and received weekly brief social visits. Subjects The study included 79 preterm infants, born between 32 and 35 weeks gestational age and were a mean of 15 days (± 5.7) at enrollment. Outcome Measures Co-regulation was conceptualized as progressive reduction in the absolute difference between mother and infant cortisol levels across 60 min of holding at each holding session. Mother and infant cortisol levels were measured before holding and at 30 and 60 min after holding began during three holding sessions (baseline and at two and eight weeks after study initiation). Primary analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear models. Results There was much variability in cortisol levels. Levels of mother and infant cortisol decreased during holding. No significant co-regulation occurred in any group at any holding session or over time. Conclusions Decreasing level of cortisol in both mothers and infants suggests that holding promoted the expected decline in stress hormone levels. However, supported holding methods did not differentially affect co-regulation compared to controls. Holding is pleasurable and stress may need to be present in order for mothers and infants to demonstrate co-regulation in cortisol levels.
Dynamic Measurements of Membrane Insertion Potential of Synthetic Cell Penetrating Peptide/pDNA/Ca2+ Complexes

This is the published version. Copyright © 2015 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Translational research-focusing on overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence to improve health.

In this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Nursing, ten articles illustrate the key importance of focusing on overweight and obesity across developmental age groups including preschool children, school-age children and adolescents, as well as designing age-appropriate interventions to improve health outcomes by providing new evidence for translation into pediatric nursing practice.
Documenting local history: a case study in digital storytelling

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate possible purposes of digital storytelling and discuss practical implementation in a community-based digital storytelling project. Design/methodology/approach – This case study investigates the function of digital storytelling for archiving local history, specifically by journaling experiences during a digital storytelling grant project at a public library in Southern California. Findings – This case study details a specific example of the impact digital storytelling can have on a community, both to foster community building and also to encourage documentation of local history. The main goal of the project was to present and archive filmed stories from local community members; however, the project also led to increased awareness of digital storytelling and the associated technology both within the library and the greater community. Practical implications – This article should provide best practice guidelines for administering a community-based digital s...
Subdural empyema and other suppurative complications of paranasal sinusitis

Summary Suppurative intracranial infection, including meningitis, intracranial abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, and thrombosis of other dural sinuses, are uncommon sequelae of paranasal sinusitis. A high index of suspicion is necessary to identify these serious complications. We present a patient with subdural empyema in whom the diagnosis was delayed, followed by a discussion of suppurative complications of sinusitis. The case shows the rapid progression of subdural empyema, which represents a true neurosurgical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and management.
Five-Year Growth Trajectories of Kindergarten Children With Learning Difficulties in Mathematics:

The investigators used data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) to estimate whether and to what extent the timing and persistence of mathematics difficulties (MD) in kindergarten predicted children's first through fifth grade math growth trajectories. Results indicated that children persistently displaying MD (i.e., those experiencing MD in both fall and spring of kindergarten) had the lowest subsequent growth rates, children with MD in spring only had the second-lowest growth rates, and children with MD in the fall only (and who had thus recovered from their MD by the spring of kindergarten) had the next-lowest growth rates. The children who did not have MD in either fall or spring of kindergarten had the highest growth rates. These results were observed prior to and after statistical control for additional variables. They indicate that measuring the timing and persistence of kindergarten children's mathematics learning difficulties may help identify those most at ris...
Relationship between the maxillary transverse dimension and palatally displaced canines: A cone-beam computed tomographic study.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine the relationship between palatally displaced maxillary canines (PDC) and the maxillary transverse dimension using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty-three patients (11 males and 22 females, mean age 18.2 years) with PDC were matched to 66 patients (22 males and 44 females, mean age 18.1 years) without PDC (control) by gender, age, and posterior occlusion. A CBCT image was taken on all the patients prior to any orthodontic treatment. For each patient the maxillary basal bone widths and interdental widths at the maxillary first molars and first and second premolars were measured on axial and coronal sections of CBCT images. In addition, the presence of permanent tooth agenesis and the widths of maxillary incisors were recorded. Results: Similar maxillary transverse dimensions, both skeletally and dentally, were found between the PDC and control groups. In the PDC group, the number of patients with permanent tooth agenesis was six times high...
Increased frequency of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene mutations during colon-adenocarcinoma progression

Epithelial cells lining the mature human colon do not normally express receptors for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRPR). In contrast, we have shown that when aberrantly expressed in functional form in colon cancer, this protein acted as a morphogen where it caused tumor cells to adopt a better-differentiated phenotype. Importantly, GRPR mRNA is ubiquitously mutated in human colon cancer cell lines, with inactivating mutations detected in all cell lines not expressing functional receptor. Since colon cancers are heterogeneously differentiated, we set out to determine if the GRPR gene was mutated as a function of tumor cell differentiation in archived human colon cancers. We used laser capture microscopy to dissect out 67 regions of defined differentiation from 20 human colon cancers randomly selected from the UIC GI Tumor Bank. Except for two polymorphisms, the GRPR gene was not mutated in nonmalignant epithelial cells. In contrast, 42 distinct mutations were identified in malignant cells. Overall mutation number inversely correlated with the degree of tumor cell differentiation. Within any cancer, all GRPR mutations found within better-differentiated cells were conserved in more poorly-differentiated cells; while all poorly-differentiated cells contained mutations resulting in GRPR pharmacological inactivation. These data suggest that accumulation of mutations within the GRPR gene ultimately resulting in the production of nonfunctional receptors may represent a previously unappreciated mechanism allowing for the dedifferentiation of tumor cells within any particular colon cancer; and that poorly-differentiated tumor cells within any individual cancer may arise clonally from their better-differentiated precursors.
EFFECTS OF AGING ON REGIONAL RATES OF CEREBRAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE SPRAGUE- DAWLEY RAT : EXAMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF RECYCLING OF AMINO ACIDS DERIVED FROM PROTEIN DEGRADATION INTO THE PRECURSOR POOL

The quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-14C]leucine method for determination of regional rats of cerebral protein synthesis (1CPSleu) requires knowledge of the degree of recycling of leucine derived from protein degradation into the precursor pool of protein synthesis. The influence of recycling can be evaluated by measuring lambda, the steady state ratio of the leucine specific activity in the precursor amino acid pool (t-RNA-bound leucine) to that in the arterial plasma. To define the changes in 1CPS(leu) during the process of normal aging in the rat we have evaluated lambda in middle-aged (14 months) and aged (24 months) rats and compared its values with those obtained previously in young adult rats (two months of age). The results show that the value of lambda is the same in all three age groups, and that there is no change with aging in the fraction of leucine in the precursor pool derived from protein degradation. Our previously reported regional rates of protein synthesis in young adult and aged rats were based on the assumption that there was no recycling of leucine derived from protein degradation into the precursor pool of protein synthesis [Ingvar M.C., Maeder P., Sokoloff L. and Smith C.B. (1985) Brain 108, 155-170]. These values have been recalculated in the present study in order to take into account the appropriate correction for recycling. The recalculated rates are higher than those reported previously, but the effects of aging in the brain as a whole and in some specific brain regions are confirmed. Decreased 1CPS(leu) was observed by middle-age, and in this cross-sectional study did not appear to decrease further. Of the 39 brain regions examined decreases were found throughout the brain with some proclivity for the brain stem. In comparison with young adults the weighted average rate of protein synthesis in the brain as a whole was found to be decreased by 16 and 11% in the middle-aged and aged groups, respectively.
Interunit handoffs from emergency department to inpatient care: A cross-sectional survey of physicians at a university medical center.

Background Emergency department (ED) to inpatient physician handoffs are subject to complex challenges. We assessed physicians' perceptions of the ED admission handoff process and identified potential barriers to safe patient care. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey at a 627-bed tertiary care academic medical center. Eligible participants included all resident, fellow, and faculty physicians directly involved in admission handoffs from emergency medicine (EM) and 5 medical admitting services. The survey addressed communication quality, clinical information, interpersonal perceptions, assignment of responsibilities, organizational factors, and patient safety. Participants reported their responses via a 5-point Likert scale and an open-ended description of handoff-related adverse events. Results Response rates were 63% for admitting (94/150) and 86% for EM physicians (32/37). Compared to EM respondents, admitting physicians reported that vital clinical information was communicated less frequently for all 8 content areas (P Conclusion Physicians reported that patient safety was often at risk during the ED admission handoff process. Admitting and EM physicians had divergent perceptions regarding handoff communication, and sequential handoffs were common. Further research is needed to better understand this complex process and to investigate strategies for improvement.
Shared visions? diversity and cultural membership in American life

Sociological theory and public discourse raise concerns about division, fragmentation, or attenuation in our collective life rooted in, among other things, racial or religious differences, but we know very little about how ordinary Americans imagine themselves as similar to and different from their fellow citizens. In a recent, nationally representative telephone survey (2003, N = 2081) we asked over 2,000 Americans whether the members of ten different raciallethnic, religious, or social groups "share your vision of America." We used cluster analysis and found three patterns of responses to this set of questions, patterns that reflect differences in social location and correspond to different views of diversity, group stereotypes, and understandings of American society. We argue that what we find reveals different dimensions along which Americans draw symbolic boundaries in public life, and that how these boundaries are drawn is rooted in three different visions of America. Optimistic pluralists believe in the positive value of diversity and are unwilling to exclude people on the basis of religion, ethnicity, or lifestyle; critics of multiculturalism are critical of diversity and are wary about contemporary social changes and political and social "out-groups;" and cultural preservationists imagine an America with a moral order underpinned by shared values and a history of a unified white, Christian culture. In the conclusion, we discuss the implications of these findings for scholarship on multiculturalism and the "culture wars," and we call for more research on how ordinary Americans interpret the meanings and implications of social differences in public life. Keywords: symbolic boundaries, multiculturalism, diversity, cultural membership, race and religion.
Just wars and Limited Wars: Restraints on the Use of the Soviet Armed Forces

According to Soviet military theorists, the war aims of a government determine not only the scale of military action and diplomatic alliances, but the “moral-political factor,” the extent to which soldiers and civilians regard a war as “just” and support the policy of their government. Soviet theorists caution that if both soldiers and civilians regard a war as “unjust,” the government runs a greater risk of military setbacks. If such setbacks occur, domestic opposition to the war may develop and domestic tensions that existed prior to the war may become exacerbated. In pursuing “unjust” war aims, a government risks “moral-political” threats to the morale of its troops, the stability of its home front, and the legitimacy of the regime.
Judicial Review and Constitutional Maintenance: John Marshall, Hans Kelsen, and the Popular Will

Constitutional restraints on government are tricky and evanescent; government failure (a lapse into anarchy or leviathan) has historically been the norm, and constitutional success an infrequent exception. To shed light on constitutional maintenance, this article examines the concept of constitutional review by studying three competing systems: the American/Marshall system of judicial review; the Commonwealth/Westminster model of parliamentary sovereignty; and the Kelsen compromise between the two. Each system's strengths and weaknesses are assessed, as constitutional framers navigate the treacherous waters between the Scylla of parliamentary tyranny and Charybdis of gouvernement des juges. In the end, neither extreme is perfect, but lessons are drawn from each of the three models.