cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marktforschung und Informationsbeschaffung auf Industriegütermärkten

„If you can’t measure it you can’t manage it“ — oder mit anderen Worten: moderne Unternehmensfuhrung ist ohne die auf fundierten Marktinformationen aufbauende Formulierung messbarer Ziele undenkbar. Deshalb kommt der Marktforschung eine zentrale Aufgabe zu: Sie dient der Identifikation von Chancen und Risiken und damit als Basis fur alle marktorientierten Entscheidungen im Unternehmen und der Kontrolle der Zielerreichung der gesetzten Ziele. Die Marktforschung nimmt daher eine Schlusselstellung fur alle Marketing- und Unternehmensentscheidungen ein.
Uncertainties in the geographic context of health behaviors: a study of substance users’ exposure to psychosocial stress using GPS data

This study examined how contextual areas defined and operationalized differently may lead to different exposure estimates. Substance users’ exposures to environmental stress (in terms of two variab...
TRAPPing a Rab GTPase by the Tail.

GEFs play a key role in activation and membrane targeting of Rab GTPases. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Thomas et al. (2018) demonstrate how two TRAPP complexes with a common GEF core select distinct Rab substrates through a steric gating mechanism involving their hypervariable tails.
Abstract P6-18-30: Phase Ib/II study of capecitabine 7/7 schedule with neratinib in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC)

Background: Neratinib (N) is a potent irreversible inhibitor of HER1, HER2, and HER4 and has been shown to have antitumor activity in patients (pts) with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) - positive breast cancer. A previous study of combination of neratinib with capecitabine (X) was associated with > G 3 diarrhea in > 20% of patients. Currently, the NALA study is evaluating this combination of N with X at standard schedule against control. X at 7 day on and 7 day off schedule (7/7) has been shown to be well-tolerated with less ≥G3 toxicities. We are conducting a phase Ib/II study of N with X (7/7) in pts with pretreated HER2+ MBC (NCT03377387). Methods: Eligible pts had HER2+ MBC, normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥ 50%); pts can have any and up to 4 prior chemotherapy-based treatments in phase Ib and II portions, respectively. Primary endpoints are to define maximum tolerated dose and efficacy in phase I and phase II portions, respectively. Secondary endpoints include safety and tolerability; exploratory endpoint is to quantify cell-free DNA to correlate with response for phase II portion. There were 4 cohorts for phase Ib with dose level 1 with starting dose of X at 1500 mg BID at 7/7 schedule with N at 240 mg daily. Results: As of July 1, 2018 8 pts have been enrolled in 2 cohorts. The median age is 63y (range: 57-79), and median ECOG is 0 (range: 0-1). 4 patients were treated at dose level 1 and 2 of 4 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity with G3 diarrhea during cycle 1. Other significant toxicities included G3 hand foot syndrome (n=1), G3 fatigue (n=1) and G3 nausea (n=1). Three pts have now been treated at dose level -1 (X at 1000 mg twice daily 7/7 and N at 240 mg daily) and no ≥ G3 toxicities has been noted. Once MTD is reached, the phase II portion will occur to assess the efficacy and to further establish the safety and tolerability of capecitabine and neratinib at the MTD. Conclusions: The phase Ib/II study combining neratinib and capecitabine 7/7 is ongoing and updated result will be presented. Citation Format: Wang R, Singh J, Sterlin V, Goldstein M, Lake D, Wong S, Baselga J, Norton L, Dang C. Phase Ib/II study of capecitabine 7/7 schedule with neratinib in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-18-30.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of hepatic copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc concentrations in relation to sample amount and storage duration.

Trace mineral status is a critical component of bovine health. Impairment of physiological processes, caused by trace mineral toxicities or deficiencies, can be potential underlying factors of dise...
The Unsuccessful Twiddler: A Case of Twiddler's Syndrome Without Deep Brain Stimulator Lead Breakage

The authors present the case of a 78-year-old right-handed female with a past medical history of Parkinson's disease, treated with implantation of a left-sided subthalamic nucleus St. Jude Medical Infinity® (Abbott Medical, Austin, TX) deep brain stimulator, who presented with lead-associated discomfort, or "bowstringing". Further investigation by chest X-ray revealed an extensive case of distal lead coiling. However, it was surprising that, despite the extensive coiling, the lead stayed intact without hardware failure as proven by patient remaining asymptomatic from her Parkinson's disease and intraoperative impedance testing demonstrating normal results. After revision surgery, the patient remained asymptomatic. Due to paucity of cases of this disease in the literature, specific predictive risk factors are not known, but certain patient characteristics may help take precautions.
The Amyloid Aggregation Accelerator Diacetyl Prevents Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Mouse Models

Diacetyl (DA), a food flavorant, is linked with occupational lung disease. Our in vitro experiments described the formation of a covalent adduct by DA with Arg5 of the Aβ1-42 peptide, which resulted in only a transient increase in neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. However, in vivo implications of these effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the APP/PS1 transgenic AD mouse model, DA treatment did not exacerbate learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze test. Moreover, DA increased the Aβ1-42 plaque burden and decreased neuronal inflammation in the transgenic AD mice. Additionally, cognitive impairment induced by intracerebroventricular Aβ1-42 was restored by the DA treatment, as assessed by the T-maze test. A corresponding mitigation of neuronal inflammation was also observed in the hippocampus of these nontransgenic mice due to the acceleration of Aβ1-42 aggregation by DA into nontoxic plaques. The data from SDS-PAGE, dot-blot, and TEM in vitro experiments corroborated the acceleration of the Aβ1-42 aggregation observed in vivo in AD animal models and characterized the DA-induced formation of Aβ1-42 fibrils. Such Aβ1-42-DA fibrils were unstable in the presence of detergent and amenable to detection by the thioflavin T reagent, thus underscoring the distinct assembly of these fibrils compared to that of the fibrils of the native Aβ1-42. Taken together, the results of this study present for the first time the in vivo implications of the DA-induced acceleration of Aβ1-42 and may provide a strategy for the rational design of Aβ1-42 aggregation accelerators as AD therapeutics that promote oligomer-free Aβ1-42 fibril formation.
Diversity, Transformative Knowledge and Civic Education

Diversity, Transformative Knowledge and Civic Education brings together a series of essays that chronicle the five-decade academic career of the preeminent voice in multicultural education: James A...
Written Care Summaries Facilitate Communication Between Families and Providers of ICU Patients: A Pilot Study.

ICU providers may invite families to participate in daily rounds to inform them of the patient's condition and to support their emotional well-being. Daily written summaries of care may provide complementary benefits. Design Qualitative interviews with surrogates of ICU patients who received daily written summaries of care. Setting Single, urban academic medical center. Patients/subjects A convenience sample of 30 surrogates of nondecisional, medical ICU patients. Interventions Daily written summaries detailed each of the patient's main ICU problems, the presumed causes of each of the problems, and the medical team's plan to address each of the problems for each ICU day. Measurements and main results There were four ways that written summaries affected the participant's experience: 1) providing clarity to participants regarding the patient's condition, 2) facilitating participant understanding of the patient's clinical course, 3) facilitating communication between participants and medical providers, and 4) facilitating communication between participants and other family members. Overarching themes were that summaries were understandable, had appropriate level of detail, and added value to the ICU experience. Conclusions In this pilot study, family members had positive impressions of receiving daily written summaries of care. Further study is needed to determine the extent to which written communication may affect family and patient outcomes.
Reconciling opposites to reach compromise during ELT textbook development

Though reports of pedagogic materials production point to the range of compromises authors make when writing language teaching textbooks, many accounts are retrospective in nature. This study sough...
Improved Flying-Spot Projector Design for Dense Dynamic Light-Transport Capture

Dynamic light transport describes light rays interacting with moving objects. We present an improved flying-spot MEMS projector design with high SNR and resolution to capture dynamic scenes in both the line-of-sight and dual non-line-of-sight (NLoS).
Rationally Designed Immunogens Enable Immune Focusing Following SARS-CoV-2 Spike Imprinting (preprint)

Eliciting antibodies to surface-exposed viral glycoproteins can generate protective responses that control and prevent future infections. Targeting conserved sites may reduce the likelihood of viral escape and limit spread of related viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we leveraged rational immunogen design to focus humoral responses on conserved epitopes. Using glycan engineering and epitope scaffolding, we directed murine serum antibody responses to conserved receptor binding motif (RBM) and domain (RBD) epitopes in the context of SARS-CoV-2 spike imprinting. Whereas all engineered immunogens elicited a robust SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing serum response, the RBM-focusing immunogens exhibited increased potency against related sarbecoviruses, SARS-CoV, WIV1-CoV, RaTG13-CoV, and SHC014-CoV;structural characterization of representative antibodies defined a conserved epitope. Furthermore, the RBM-focused sera conferred protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Thus, RBM focusing is a promising strategy to elicit breadth across emerging sarbecoviruses without compromising SARS-CoV-2 protection. Broadly, these engineering strategies are adaptable to other viral glycoproteins for targeting conserved epitopes.
A Systematic Review of Thromboelastography Utilization in Vascular and Endovascular Surgery.

ABSTRACT Objective Thromboelastography (TEG) is diagnostic modality that analyzes real-time blood coagulation parameters. Clinically, TEG primarily allows for directed blood component resuscitation among patients with acute blood loss and coagulopathy. The utilization of TEG has been widely adopted in among other surgical specialties; however, its use in vascular surgery is less prominent. We aimed to provide an up-to-date review of TEG utilization in vascular and endovascular surgery. Methods Using PRISMA guidelines, a literature review with the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms “TEG and arterial events”, “TEG and vascular surgery”, “TEG and vascular”, “TEG and endovascular surgery”, “TEG and endovascular”, “TEG and peripheral artery disease”, “TEG and prediction of arterial events”, “TEG and prediction of complications “, “TEG and prediction of thrombosis”, “TEG and prediction of amputation”, and “TEG and amputation” was performed in Cochrane and PubMed databases to identify all peer-reviewed studies of TEG utilization in vascular surgery, written between 2000-2021 in the English language. The free text and MeSH subheadings search terms included diagnosis, complications, physiopathology, surgery, mortality, and therapy to further restrict the articles. Studies were excluded if they were not in humans or pertaining to vascular or endovascular surgery. Additionally, case reports and studies with limited information regarding TEG utilization were excluded. Each study was independently reviewed by two researchers to assess for eligibility. Results Of the 262 studies identified through the MeSH strategy, 15 studies met inclusion criteria and were reviewed and summarized. Literature on TEG utilization in vascular surgery spanned cerebrovascular disease (n=3), peripheral arterial disease (n=3), arteriovenous malformations (n=1), venous thromboembolic events (n=7), and perioperative bleeding and transfusion (n=1). In cerebrovascular disease, TEG may predict the presence and stability of carotid plaques, analyze platelet function before carotid stenting, and compare efficacy of antiplatelet therapy after stent deployment. In peripheral arterial disease, TEG has been used to predict disease severity and analyze the impact of contrast on coagulation parameters. In venous disease, TEG may predict hypercoagulability and thromboembolic events among various patient populations. Finally, TEG can be utilized in the postoperative setting to predict hemorrhage and transfusion requirements. Conclusions This systematic review provides an up-to-date summarization of TEG utilization in multiple facets of vascular and endovascular surgery.
The use of human cornea organotypic cultures to study herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced inflammation

To determine the utility of human organotypic cornea cultures as a model to study herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-induced inflammation and neovascularization. Human organotypic cornea cultures were established from corneas with an intact limbus that were retrieved from donated whole globes. One cornea culture was infected with HSV-1 (104 plaque-forming units), while the other cornea from the same donor was mock-infected. Supernatants were collected at intervals post-culture with and without infection to determine viral titer (by plaque assay) and pro-angiogenic and proinflammatory cytokine concentration by suspension array analysis. In some experiments, the cultured corneas were collected and evaluated for HSV-1 antigens by immunohistochemical means. Another set of experiments measured susceptibility of human three-dimensional cornea fibroblast constructs, in the presence and absence of TGF-β1, to HSV-1 infection in terms of viral replication and the inflammatory response to infection as a comparison to the organotypic cornea cultures. Organotypic cornea cultures and three-dimensional fibroblast constructs exhibited varying degrees of susceptibility to HSV-1. Fibroblast constructs were more susceptible to infection in terms of infectious virus recovered in a shorter period of time. There were changes in the levels of select pro-angiogenic or proinflammatory cytokines that were dictated as much by the cultures producing them as by whether they were infected with HSV-1 or treated with TGF-β1. Organotypic cornea and three-dimensional fibroblast cultures are likely useful for the identification and short-term study of novel antiviral compounds and virus replication, but are limited in the study of the local immune response to infection.
Modes of Uptake of Benzylamine by the Ehrlich Cell

Abstract The Ehrlich ascites tumor cell shows three modes of uptake of 14C-benzylamine: an instantaneous binding, quickly reversed by washing the cell; a rapid, saturable uptake process; and a slower, apparently nonsaturable uptake process. Both the latter appear to involve predominantly if not exclusively the neutral, unprotonated form of the amine. This feature of the mediated process shows that the structure with which the amino group presumably must react is unlike the structure serving a similar role in the uptake of such amino acids as glycine, serine, and α-aminoisobutyric acid by the Ehrlich cell. Various hydrocarbon groups—branched, unbranched, and aromatic—contribute to reactivity of amines with the transport system for benzylamine, just as has been observed for the uptake of amino acids by the so-called leucine-preferring system. In this case also, the structure with which the amino group associates itself in transport is unlike those serving for amino acid transport systems in the tolerance that it shows to N-methylation of the amino group. The transport process for benzylamine appears to be similar to previously studied systems participating in the uptake of catecholamines by various tissues.
When it comes to communications between neurons, synapses are over-rated: insights from an animal model of parkinsonism.

Publisher Summary The conventional concepts of chemical synaptic transmission could not account for all signaling within the central nervous system (CNS). Chemical synaptic transmission, with its speed, privacy, and fidelity, may not always be a useful way for neurons to communicate with their targets, sometimes it might even be counterproductive. And the evidence for non-synaptic transmission now seems overwhelming. This chapter discusses the insights from an animal model of Parkinsonism to support non-synaptic transmission. The observations indicate that after partial lesions produced by 6-OHDA, dopamine (DA) released from residual DA terminals can biochemically reinnervate striatal targets. This almost surely occurs in the absence of a significant number of conventional synapses between the DA cells and the affected targets. Indeed, in the case of the dopaminergic influence on ACh efflux this must be the case since studies with tetrodotoxin (TTX) indicate that this is a terminal-terminal interaction and few if any axo-axonic synapses exist within the striatum. Thus, the non-synaptic influences of DA are not limited to instances of partial loss of DA terminals but can occur in intact tissue, as well. Second, regulation of DA release can occur locally and in the absence of conventional synapses. After partial lesions, there is a marked increase in the DA efflux from terminals that remain, and this cannot be explained in terms of changes in the electrophysiological activity of the residual terminals; thus, local process must be at work.
d-Fucose Metabolism in a Pseudomonad II. OXIDATION OF d-FUCOSE TO d-FUCONO-γ-LACTONE BY AN l-ARABINO-ALDOSE DEHYDROGENASE AND HYDROLYSIS OF THE LACTONE BY A LACTONASE

Abstract A soluble aldose dehydrogenase has been purified 284-fold from a pseudomonad capable of using d-fucose as a sole carbon source. Only sugars that possessed the l-arabino configuration at C-2 through C-4, namely d-fucose, d-galactose, 6-iodo-6-deoxy-d-galactose, l-arabinose, and certain 2- and 3-deoxy derivatives (abequose and 2-deoxy-d-galactose), served as substrates. Forty-nine other carbohydrates and related compounds tested neither served as substrates nor inhibited the enzyme. The apparent Km values for d-fucose, d-galactose, and l-arabinose were 0.50, 0.17, and 0.14 mm, respectively, at pH 8.1, and were 4- to 13-fold higher at the apparent pH optimum of 9.4. Both NAD+ and NADP+ served as coenzymes. The enzyme was insensitive to thiols and thiol group reagents, and was not activated by divalent cations. The product of d-fucose oxidation was identified as d-fucono-γ-lactone. The enzyme is induced by growth of the organism on either d-fucose, d-galactose, or l-arabinose. A lactonase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of d-fucono-γ-lactone to d-fuconate was also demonstrated in extracts.
Effect of chemistry on the stability and elasticity of the perovskite and post‐perovskite phases in the MgSiO3‐FeSiO3‐Al2O3 system and implications for the lowermost mantle

[1] Using first-principles calculations we predict the effects of composition on the perovskite to post-perovskite phase transition. The transition is predicted at 107 GPa for pure MgSiO3. The addition of Al2O3 slightly increases this transition pressure, and the addition of Fe2+ considerably reduces it; the FeSiO3 end-member term is stable in the post-perovskite modification with respect to perovskite at all pressures. We also determine the static equations of state, densities, elasticity and seismic wave velocities. At the transition Vp increases slightly, and Vs increases significantly, consistent with the seismic observations for D″. The addition of both Fe2+ and Al2O3 decrease the seismic wave velocities.
Social Communication Interventions

Interventions that address social communication abilities are of key importance in the rehabilitation of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI), due to the impact of social competence on social and occupational outcomes. This chapter will review various interventions that have been utilized to address social communication difficulties after TBI. The first section of the chapter outlines the typical social communication changes observed in TBI and will clarify the scope of skills encompassed by the term social communication abilities. This will be followed by a brief review of the extant literature linking social communication to social and occupational functioning. A review of the interventions that have been used and evidence of their effectiveness is then presented, followed by a case illustration to outline clinical applications of social communication interventions for persons with TBI.
Problem-based learning and management development – Empirical and theoretical considerations

Problem-based learning has been used as a learning device in medical school classrooms for some time and has recently been used in the management classroom, since at least 2004. Although theory about the effectiveness of problem-based learning and practical advice about implementing problem-based learning abound, the empirical evidence available to date suggests problem-based learning primarily impacts problem solving and critical thinking skill but not necessarily knowledge acquisition. This paper presents an overview of the prevailing theoretical approach to problem-based learning. Then presents a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on problem-based learning with a focus on its application to the management classroom. Finally, the paper presents an alternative, novel pedagogical theory, Montessorian theory, as applied to problem-based learning, that aligns theory and prevailing research better than the existing theoretical conception. Montessorian theory as applied to problem-based learning can lead to a better understanding of the effectiveness of problem-based learning, focus on more appropriate learning objectives and learning outcomes, and have implications for future research, curricular development, and assessment of learning outcomes in the management classroom.
The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on adipose-tissue metabolism

1. The effect of dinitrophenol on the metabolism of glucose labelled with (14)C and tritium by epididymal fat-pad segments from fed rats was studied. Dinitrophenol at concentrations of 0.1-0.3mm: (a) had little effect on glucose utilization; (b) depressed synthesis of fatty acids and greatly increased that of lactate; (c) increased the T/(14)C ratio in fatty acids synthesized from [U-(14)C,3-T]glucose and decreased that in fatty acids synthesized from [U-(14)C,4-T]glucose; (d) abolished randomization of (14)C from [6-(14)C]glucose in lactate. 2. Dinitrophenol stimulated oxidation of pyruvate and greatly inhibited the oxidation of lactate. It inhibited lipogenesis from pyruvate and lactate. 3. From the isotope data it was calculated that: (a) dinitrophenol stimulates oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle three- to six-fold; (b) dinitrophenol depresses markedly the operation of the pentose cycle; (c) in the presence of dinitrophenol, NADPH formed in the pentose cycle provides all the hydrogen equivalents for fatty acid reduction, whereas, in its absence, NADPH provides 50-70% of the hydrogen equivalents; (d) in the presence of dinitrophenol, there is an excess of ATP produced in the cytoplasm, which flows into the mitochondria. A reverse flow operates in the absence of dinitrophenol. 4. A balance of formation and utilization of reduced nicotinamide nucleotides in the cytoplasm was established. With dinitrophenol there is some excess of NADH. There are indications that this excess may be transferred into mitochondria in the form of malate. 5. Our results are interpreted to indicate the absence from adipose tissue of the alpha-glycerophosphate shuttle for transferring reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. 6. The effects of dinitrophenol are accounted for in terms of decreased ATP concentrations in the cells, leading to marked decrease in pyruvate carboxylation in the mitochondria and depression of fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasm.
A semantic approach to involve Twitter in LBD efforts

Literature-based Discovery (LBD) refers to the task of finding hidden, unknown or neglected relationships that may be uncovered using biomedical text. While traditional LBD primarily focuses on MEDLINE records for unearthing such relationships, recent studies have shown the applicability of contemporary textual resources such as electronic medical records or online medical message boards for similar purposes. In this paper we highlight yet another source for LBD, i.e., Twitter data. We focus on the use of Twitter as a new resource for finding hypotheses — both novel and slightly studied. Using a set of drug and disease names as starting points we retrieve thousands of Twitter messages which are then processed for semantic information to mine several hundred biomedical relationships which we call probes. Manual inspection of a handful of these probes reveals instances where tweets strongly support a hypothesis for which no evidence can be found in PubMed. In other cases, we find very few related PubMed records supporting/rejecting such Twitter-mined probes. Overall, we show the importance and usefulness of Twitter for LBD efforts.
Case-control genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis from Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 using penalized orthogonal-components regression-linear discriminant analysis

Currently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are conducted by collecting a massive number of SNPs (i.e., large p) for a relatively small number of individuals (i.e., small n) and associations are made between clinical phenotypes and genetic variation one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at a time. Univariate association approaches like this ignore the linkage disequilibrium between SNPs in regions of low recombination. This results in a low reliability of candidate gene identification. Here we propose to improve the case-control GWAS approach by implementing linear discriminant analysis (LDA) through a penalized orthogonal-components regression (POCRE), a newly developed variable selection method for large p small n data. The proposed POCRE-LDA method was applied to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 case-control data for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition to the two regions on chromosomes 6 and 9 previously associated with RA by GWAS, we identified SNPs on chromosomes 10 and 18 as potential candidates for further investigation.
Tobacco use as a predictor of illicit drug use and drug-related problems in Colombian youth

Abstract Purpose To examine the extent to which personality and peer factors mediate the relationship between early cigarette use and later illicit drug use, as well as associated drug use problems, in a population of Colombian adolescents. Methods A longitudinal study (2-year interval), using face-to-face structured interviews was begun in 1996 using a community-based sample, randomly selected from census data in three cities in Colombia, South America. The participants were 2837 adolescents with a mean age of 15.0 (SD ± 1.6) years at time 1 (T1). Males comprised 52% of the sample and 65% resided with two parents. Approximately 78% (N = 2226) completed the second structured interview 2 years later (T2). The main outcome measures were marijuana use, other illicit drug use, and associated drug use problems at T2. Three series of logistic regressions were conducted. Results The odds of marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.64–2.01; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.94), other illicit drug use (AOR = 1.77–2.49; CI: 1.03–4.19), and associated drug use problems (AOR = 2.25–3.47; CI: 1.45–5.26) at T2, was increased two- to three-fold among adolescents reporting cigarette use at T1, with control on the demographic, personality, and peer factors, as well as T1 drug use variables. Conclusions Earlier adolescent cigarette smoking was directly associated with later marijuana use, other illicit drug use, and problems with drug use.
The Stream of Consciousness: I. William James's Pulses

It is argued here that William James's famous stream of consciousness, as he addressed it in The Principles of Psychology, is not after all analogous to a stream or river of water, but rather it co...
Protein-mediated enamel mineralization.

Abstract Enamel is a hard nanocomposite bioceramic with significant resilience that protects the mammalian tooth from external physical and chemical damages. The remarkable mechanical properties of enamel are associated with its hierarchical structural organization and its thorough connection with underlying dentin. This dynamic mineralizing system offers scientists a wealth of information that allows the study of basic principels of organic matrix-mediated biomineralization and can potentially be utilized in the fields of material science and engineering for development and design of biomimetic materials. This chapter will provide a brief overview of enamel hierarchical structure and properties and the process and stages of amelogenesis. Particular emphasis is given to current knowledge of extracellular matrix protein and proteinases, and the structural chemistry of the matrix components and their putative functions. The chapter will conclude by discussing the potential of enamel for regrowth.
The distribution of nucleons in the nuclear surface from elastic alpha-particle scattering

From electromagnetic measurements, we have a great deal of information about the distribution of protons in nuclei. Although several methods have been proposed to measure the neutron or the total density distributions,1-3 these methods have not yet achieved accurate results. The purpose of this article is to present an accurate determination of the surface of nuclear density distributions. The measurement of the RMS radius relative to Ca40 is achieved to an accuracy of approximately ±0.1 fm.
Effects of attitude on the discrimination of opinion statements

Abstract People endorsing extremely pro or anti positions on U. S. policy in Vietnam were shown to discriminate (in three paired-comparison type tasks) opinion statements concerning Vietnam with greater proficiency than more moderate subjects. The differences between the extreme and moderate criteria groups were the greatest when the statements were neither so close together that all subjects had difficulty making discriminations, nor so far apart that everyone could readily discriminate between them. Contrary to previous findings, extreme subjects discriminated equally between nonpreferred and preferred statements of opinions. The findings suggest that perceptual distortion explanations of the effects attitudes have on the scaling of social stimuli are less tenable.
C-language syntax tutoring using machine learning techniques

This study describes a prototype system that creates a rulebase by capturing compiler error messages and uses them as a means for building a decision tree. The rulebase is then used to assist novice programmers with cryptic C-language compiler error messages. The system, called the C-Compiler Error Message Interpreter (C-CEMI), generates a data file which is used by an inductive learning system known as C4.5 to discover the rules. The rulebase is incorporated into a dynamic C-language grading system called Ceilidh.
Machine-learning classifiers for imbalanced tornado data

Learning from imbalanced data, where the number of observations in one class is significantly larger than the ones in the other class, has gained considerable attention in the machine learning community. Assuming the difficulty in predicting each class is similar, most standard classifiers will tend to predict the majority class well. This study applies tornado data that are highly imbalanced, as they are rare events. The severe weather data used herein have thunderstorm circulations (mesocyclones) that produce tornadoes in approximately 6.7 % of the total number of observations. However, since tornadoes are high impact weather events, it is important to predict the minority class with high accuracy. In this study, we apply support vector machines (SVMs) and logistic regression with and without a midpoint threshold adjustment on the probabilistic outputs, random forest, and rotation forest for tornado prediction. Feature selection with SVM-recursive feature elimination was also performed to identify the most important features or variables for predicting tornadoes. The results showed that the threshold adjustment on SVMs provided better performance compared to other classifiers.
General extinction theorems

Abstract The general extinction theorem derived recently by De Goede and Mazur is shown to follow also from the general extinction theorem due to Sein. It is noted that the theorem of Pattanayak and Wolf is physically equivalent to that of De Goede and Mazur.
Dissolution Profile of Tool Material Into Chip Lattice

The dissolution hypothesis of tool wear is rearticulated as a boundary condition for the transfer of tool components to the chip's bulk via diffusion. In this setting, dissolution wear is defined more generally as the combined events of tool decomposition at the interface and the subsequent mass transfer of decomposed elements into the chip region. Chemical equilibrium is invoked for the distribution of tool species at the tool-chip interface. Under a linear-diffusion hypothesis, one would expect an exponentially decaying concentration profile of tool species in the chip. However, a humped concentration profile has been found experimentally by Suhramanian et al. in 1993. In this paper, the Frank-Turnbull mechanism is proposed to explain the humped concentration profile of tool constituents into the chip. This mechanism is defined by the interaction between interstitial impurities and vacancies to form substitutional impurities, and it introduces a quadratic nonlinearity in the advection-diffusion-reaction equations. The present approach is semi-empirical in that, while the interstitial- and suhstitutional impurity distributions are solved from the equations, the vacancy distribution is constructed so that the final substitutional-impurity distribution agrees with the observed data. The present interpretation of the Frank-Turnbull mechanism in the wear process is illustrated by finite-element simulations.
An experimental technique for thermal comfort comparison in a transient pull down

Various types of spaces are controlled for maintaining a desired comfort-condition level. Examples include buildings, automobiles, airplanes, and trains. The steady-state or longer-duration HVAC control is well established. However, situations are encountered where a rapid march towards a thermal space comfort level is required such as in the parked automobiles or in buildings where thermal mass is utilized for conserving energy. Many times design changes are proposed to improve the transient pull down in one zone but that could significantly affect the transient pull down in another zone. Further, in addition to the temperature, other parameters such as air velocity, mean radiant temperature, humidity need to be considered for assessing space comfort level. In our work we have developed an experimental technique for the multi-zone or comparative assessment of thermal comfort in a transient pull-down situations. First, the fan and system curves were developed for the competing designs. The predicted mean vote (PMV) methodology was employed for determining perceived comfort level. PMV is an ideal technique since it accounts for all of the above-mentioned parameters that are needed to assess space comfort level. Using an indoor climate analyzer, the transient PMV response at various locations was obtained. Conclusions are drawn to illustrate how this technique can be utilized for the simultaneous assessment of thermal comfort level in multiple zones, especially when transient pull downs are encountered.
Real-Time Power Sensors for Intelligent Power Management and Beyond

This article presents a low-overhead on-chip power sensor design that enables cross-layer power management policy used in future computing systems.
Induction of oral dyskinesias in naive rats by D1 stimulation

Repetitious opening and closing of the mouth and high frequency clonic jaw movements were observed in rats challenged with dopamine agonists after acute treatment with sulpiride or a low dose of spiroperidol. SKF 38393, a specific D1 receptor agonist, alone, also induced these behaviors and cis-flupenthixol blocked them, evidence suggesting D1 dopamine receptor mediation.
On Rademacher's Conjecture and A Recurrence Relation of Euler

We consider a connection between Rademacher's conjectural partial fraction decomposition for the reciprocal of Dedekind's eta function and Euler's recurrence relation for the partition function. An identity for coefficients attached to cyclotomic characteristic roots of this recurrence is obtained under a separability hypothesis. We make a divisibility conjecture for the discriminant of the characteristic polynomial which would imply separability. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000) : Primary 11P82, 11R09; Secondary 11C20, 11T40 Quaestiones Mathematicae 25 (2002), 317-325
Cytochemical study of the adrenal cortex of the rat with experimental cardiac hypertrophy.

Characteristic responses of the adrenal cortex to variations in the sodium: potassium relations of the blood were observed by several workers. It has been demonstrated that low Na/K ratios in the blood induce a characteristic hypertrophy of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex (Bacchus, 1950a, 1950b; Deane, Shaw, and Greep, 1948; Nichols, 1948). Conversely, influences tending to augment the Na/K ratio lead to signs of atrophy and hypofunction of this zone of the adrenal. The selective zona glomerulosa hypertrophy following KC1 flooding (Bacchus, 1951), and sodium deficiency (Deane, Shaw, and Greep, 1948), is prevented by simultaneous DCA treatment. These findings support the hypothesis that the glomerular zone is the site of production of mineralocorticoid hormones which serve to maintain a suitable Na/K ratio in the body. Na/K balance and the adrenal cortex have been implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular and renal lesions.
A fungal pathogen with potential for biocontrol ofStriga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae)

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Saccardo (IMI Number 311922b) was isolated from diseasedStriga hermonthica (Del.) Bentham parasitic on sorghum in the Nuba Mountains Rural Development Project, Kordofan, Sudan in November 1986. Symptoms of the disease consisted of progressive blackening and drying of the leaves and flowers. The disease caused 50% mortality ofS. hermonthica populations in two areas.
The Weighted Total Tardiness Problem with Fixed Shipping Times and Overtime Utilization

This paper addresses the problem of simultaneously determining overtime utilization and job sequencing over a finite planning horizon in a single machine job shop environment. Shipping times are assumed to occur at fixed and specified points in time, and their number is much smaller than the number of jobs. The goal is to find an overtime utilization level and job sequence that yields a "good" tradeoff between overtime cost and tardiness penalties. We begin by showing that the problem in its simplest form is NP-hard. We then present an approximate algorithm based on a capacitated transshipment formulation. This approximation provides a feasible solution along with its error bound. The algorithm is refined by incorporating the dominance relations of jobs. Extensive computational experience indicates that the algorithm is implementable in terms of both speed and accuracy.
Characterization of the 48.5 kDa Chorionic Gonadotropin-Like Protein from Xanthomonas Maltophilia

Our laboratory has previously reported the isolation of a 48.5 kDa membrane protein from Xanthomonas maltophilia (ATCC 13637) which immunologically cross-reacts with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in both polyclonal and monoclonal radioimmunoassays (RIA) (1). The protein showed no reaction in RIAs for human LH, TSH, or the free alpha subunit of hCG. We have now improved the protein purification procedure and have obtained adequate bacterial protein to characterize the pure protein (designated xCG) in RIAs and also to obtain amino acid composition and partial sequence. We present these data and compare homology to hCG. An RIA for the bacterial protein has also been developed.
Analysis of the counter-currernt moving-bed chromatographic reactor

Abstract A model of a moving bed reactor has been studied in which a reversible first-order heterogenous reaction takes place on catalyst particles passing downwards through an upcoming stream of gas. By the analysis of the transient model and one in which the rate of absoption is finite, insight is gained into the formation of boundary and internal discontinuities in the ideal case. The reactor behavior as described by the ideal model solution has been examined for different values of feed concentrations and reactor length. It is shown that reaction and separation can be achieved simultaneously and that the yield of the reversible reaction can be greatly improved. Indeed the configuration of the reactor and its operating conditions can be tailored so as to exceed the performance of a fixed bed both in yield and product purity.
In the Wake of “In the Wake of the Global Turn”

This article looks back on the consequence, for a scholar of the art of the western canon, of a two-day conference held at the Clark Art Institute titled “In the Wake of the Global Turn: Propositions for an Exploded Art History Without Borders.” The author reflects on the pedagogical challenges of the ethical and political project of reimagining the limits of the discipline in both geographic and theoretical terms in order to accommodate issues of the untranslatable, incommensurable, and irresolvable when it comes to visual cultures from around the world. As well, the article touches on the ways in which attempts to “expand” the discipline through efforts at writing a global art history have merely reentrenched outmoded ideas about cultural power rather than dislocated the most limiting terms of art historical analysis.
Full-Scale Experimental Investigation of Second-Story Collapse Behavior in a Woodframe Building with an Over-Retrofitted First Story

AbstractSoft-story woodframe buildings have been identified as a disaster preparedness problem throughout California and are present in many other states of the United States. These buildings can be readily identified by their large openings at the ground floor, often for parking, which results in a soft and weak first story that is prone to collapse in moderate to severe earthquakes. This paper presents the hybrid test results of a full-scale collapse test program that was carried out on a 3-story soft-story woodframe building with an overretrofitted first story. The overretrofitted design was constrained to the soft story only, essentially representing a retrofit that would likely drive the soft-story failure mechanism into the upper stories. The objectives of the collapse testing were to (1) quantify the collapse shift into the upper stories when the first story is overstrengthened, (2) investigate the collapse mechanisms of a woodframe building constructed with archaic building materials and style in ...
The indication for postchemotherapy lymph node dissection in clinical stage IS nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.

BACKGROUND The initial management of patients with clinical stage IS (cIS) nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) has evolved from primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) to induction chemotherapy. The objectives of the current study were to determine the clinical outcome, patterns of relapse, and incidence of teratoma in the retroperitoneum for men with cIS NSGCT. METHODS Between 1988 and 2004, 24 patients with cIS stage NSGCT were evaluated and treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Clinical and pathologic data were obtained from the institutional prospective database. Seven patients underwent primary RPLND, and 17 patients received induction chemotherapy as initial management. Clinical outcomes, patterns of relapse, and pathologic findings were reported. RESULTS Six of the 7 patients who underwent primary RPLND had viable germ cell tumor (GCT) present. Four of those patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy, and all experienced systemic relapse. Of the 17 patients who received induction chemotherapy, 3 patients underwent elective postchemotherapy RPLND (PC-RPLND), and 14 patients were followed expectantly. Four patients who were followed expectantly relapsed in the retroperitoneum and underwent PC-RPLND. Of the 7 patients who underwent PC-RPLND, 1 patient had fibrosis (14%), but 6 patients (86%) had teratoma, including 1 patient who also had a viable GCT in the retroperitoneum. Overall, the incidence of teratoma or viable GCT in the retroperitoneum after chemotherapy was 43% (6 of 14 patients). At a median follow-up of 35 months, 23 men remained alive, and 1 man had died of disease. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that patients with cIS stage NSGCT will benefit from adjuvant PC-RPLND. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Mucosal activity patterns as a basis for olfactory discrimination: comparing behavior and optical recordings.

Abstract In over half a century numerous studies have demonstrated that different odorants produce individually different spatial patterns of neural receptor activity on the olfactory mucosa. However, the thought that these differential activity patterns could be the neural code underlying olfactory perception has not been tested directly. In the present study using operant techniques, rats were trained to differentially identify five odors from a homologous series of iso-intensive straight-chain aldehydes that differed serially by only one carbon atom, viz. hexaldehyde to decaldehyde. The rats identified each of the five odorants with greater than 90% correct identification. The degree of perceptual similarity between any pair of the five odorants was determined. Using multidimensional scaling techniques (MDS) the similarity measures yielded a two-dimensional perceptual odorant space. Optical techniques were used to record the olfactory mucosal activity patterns in response to these same five iso-intensive aldehydes. The mucosal activity elicited by each odorant revealed individually distinct band-like patterns that varied both within and across these bands. More importantly, the relative differential responsivity of the bands was related to chain length. An MDS analysis of the dissimilarity measure between all possible pairs of odorant induced activity patterns yielded a two-dimensional neurophysiologic odorant space. Further analysis indicated that the neurophysiologic and psychophysically determined odorant spaces were highly correlated (F1,39=23.9, P=nil). These results give additional credence to the concept that the odorant-induced mucosal activity patterns may serve as the substrate for the perception of odorant quality.