cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USE OF QUATERNARY PROXIES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | Analytical Techniques in Forensic Palynology

Forensic palynology is a relatively little used technique in the toolbox of forensic scientists. In some regions, it has become accepted and is used frequently, while in others it remains underused or totally unknown. A major reason for its underuse is the lack of sufficiently skilled palynologists with a broad grasp of plant ecology and basic botany willing to enter the field of forensic palynology. Another problem focuses on the acceptance of the reliability of using pollen and other palynomorphs as forensic evidence by others. Because most forensic pollen studies rely on using light microscopy (LM), those studies do not provide the precision of species identification of most pollen types. Although forensic palynologists contend that the total pollen composition of a sample and the quantitative ratios of each pollen type can provide a high degree of analysis precision, others argue that pollen identification to the species level is needed to provide conclusive evidence. To answer that question palynologists normally present their conclusions in probabilistic terms and point out the ineffectiveness of applying most statistical techniques to support their data. Nevertheless, some researchers working in other areas of forensic science question why forensic palynologists do not routinely use scanning electron microscopy and/or transmission electron microscopy over the traditional use of LM analysis. Still others in related fields of forensics believe that advances in the study and use of DNA, Raman microspectroscopy, and stable isotopes, as each applies to the study of pollen grains, should provide the refinements needed to propel the field of forensic palynology into the forefront of forensic trace evidence studies. To answer these suggestions, each of these potential applications will be briefly examined as they pertain to the analysis of pollen for forensic use and then the advantages, limitations, and disadvantages of each will be outlined.
Starke und Schwache Wechselwirkungen

Unter den Wechselwirkungen, die sich zwischen den Komponenten des genetischen Schalters von λ ausbilden konnen, gibt es solche mit starken und solche mit schwachen Bindungskraften. Die Energien, die bei der Bindung von Proteinen an DNA auftreten, liegen im Bereich von -10 kcal bis -15 kcal und entsprechen Werten fur die Dissoziationskonstante KD von ungefahr 10-10 mol/I; die Energien der Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen sind dagegen um etwa eine Grosenordnung niedriger, die zugehorigen Dissoziationskonstanten KD liegen bei etwa 10 mol/I. Ein oRl-gebundener Repressor hilft dem 2. bei seiner Bindung an oR2, und dieser 2. Repressor unterstutzt wiederum die Polymerase, wenn sie an die DNA binden und die Transkription bei pRM starten will. Jedesmal betragt der Helfereffekt aber nur -1 kcal bis -2 kcal und ist damit eine Grosenordnung kleiner als die Energiebetrage, um die es bei der direkten Protein-DNA-Wechselwirkung geht.
Experience with neuropsychiatric complications of interferon-based therapy for chronic viral hepatitis

Considerable experience has been gained with the recognition and management of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients undergoing interferon-based therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. This article will outline three phases of this experience during the evolution of therapy for chronic viral hepatitis over a 20-year period.
Mutuality in Mother–Daughter Relationships:

The author explored the concept of mutuality, as perceived by daughters, in the mother-daughter relationship and its impact on the self-esteem and social adjustment of the adolescent daughter. Data...
A GUI Based Automatic Tester with A Novel Heating Method for Power Semiconductor Device Dynamic Measurement

Double pulse test is commonly used to evaluate and measure the switching loss of power semiconductor devices under different conditions such as different temperatures. Yet most designed testers do not have a device heating system or use a hot plate or thermal oven to heat up the device under test, which makes it inconvenient and expensive to evaluate device switching performance under different temperatures. In this paper, a low stray inductance tester with device heating system to test TO-247 packaged DUT is presented and it could heat the DUT up to 175°C. An automatic control system is also designed, so that DUT dynamic behavior could be evaluated under various current and temperature conditions automatically.
The Internet of What?: Understanding Differences in Perceptions and Adoption for the Internet of Things

This study explores people's perceptions of and attitudes towards Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their resulting (non)adoption behaviors. Based on 38 interviews (19 pairs each consisting of a Millennial and their parent), we found that few had a clear understanding of IoT, even among those who had already adopted it. Rather, they relied on two distinct conceptual models of IoT that shaped their beliefs, concerns, and adoption decisions: Many approached IoT with an "user-centric" technology mentality, viewing IoT devices as tools to be controlled by the end-user, and focusing on their tangible aspects (e.g. breakability). Others drew on an "agentic" technology perspective, where IoT behaviors were device-driven and, at times, negotiated between the user, other people, and/or the IoT devices. Our study revealed that consumer-oriented IoT currently cater towards the agentic view and raise concerns for those coming from a user-centric perspective. We also found that generational differences in attitudes towards IoT were rather explained by these differing perspectives. Instead of following the trend towards greater automation and agentic modes of interaction, we advocate for a hybrid and personalized approach that supports a spectrum of agentic and user-centric perspectives and provide design recommendations to work towards this end.
The glottis is not round: Teardrop-shaped glottic dilation for early posterior glottic stenosis

Objectives Posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) results in severe derangement of laryngeal configuration and function with significant morbidity as a sequalae. Presently, there is no treatment for patients with "early" PGS. Dilation is often used for stenotic disease, but present dilation methods are limited to a round shape and the glottis is a sector (teardrop-shaped). Round dilation of the larynx results in compression of the membranous vocal folds (with potential for injury) and minimal expansion of the posterior larynx. We present a novel laryngeal dilation method that matches the unique anatomic shape of the glottis: teardrop-shaped glottis dilation (TSGD). Methods We present a clinical series of early PGS patients treated with a TSGD. Five patients with dyspnea and significantly reduced vocal fold mobility due to early PGS were treated with TSGD, which involves placement of a triangular static stent in the anterior glottis, with simultaneous use of a round balloon dilator in the posterior glottis. Results All patients reported improved ease of breathing and decrease in Dyspnea Index score and were decannualated following treatment. Video perceptual analysis of pre-/postlaryngoscopy examinations was performed with five blinded reviewers, and all patients were scored to have improved posterior glottic airway space following treatment with a mean improvement of 2.4 on a 11-point scale. Conclusion These clinical results demonstrate that there is enormous potential for the identification and treatment of patients with early PGS and use of a laryngeal dilation technique that matches the anatomic configuration of the glottis. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1428-1432, 2019.
Monte S. Buchsbaum and the Genain Quadruplets

Abstract The Genain Quadruplets, a genetically identical group of sisters, all developed schizophrenia by their early 20s. Beginning in the 1950s, under the direction of David Rosenthal, they have been studied extensively with a number of neurobiological, neuroradiological and neurobehavioral measures at the Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). A major focus of research interest has been the fact that they varied greatly in the severity of their illness. The present report emphasizes the important role that Monte Buchsbaum had in their evaluation, especially with respect to neuroradiology, during their second period of study at NIMH in the 1980s. It is of special interest that Buchsbaum et al. (1984) concluded “No strong relationship is shown between these (radiological) measures and illness severity or drug responsivity.” The inference, therefore, is that the differences in illness severity among the sisters were not readily attributable to differences in the amount of damaged brain, at least as could be determined by the imaging methods available in the 1980s. The current report also summarizes the results of the other studies performed on the sisters in the 1980s, to which Monte Buchsbaum contributed.
Is NEAT-Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis-a Target for Reversing Obesity (Part 1)

引言和命名 人群中,长期的热量过剩引起的超重和肥胖问题不仅在美国和欧洲广泛流行,而且在中等甚至低收入国家中亦呈现出逐渐增高的趋势[1].肥胖与2型糖尿病、高血压、休克、胆石症、退行性关节炎、睡眠呼吸暂停综合征以及癌症,如结肠癌等疾病关系密切,并且能够增加其并发症的发生率甚至死亡率;要预防上述疾病的发生,肥胖是一个主要的可控制因素[1].随着超重及肥胖人群比率的不断增大,对其能量代谢机制的了解便成为越来越紧迫的要求。
Abstract P372: Association of Cardiovascular Disease Family History With Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Introduction: Family history (FH) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the association of FH with CVD in Hispanic/Latino populations has not been well investigated...
Thermal conductivity of MoS2 monolayers from molecular dynamics simulations

Quantification of lattice thermal conductivity of two-dimensional semiconductors like MoS2 is necessary for the design of electronic and thermoelectric devices, but direct experimental measurements on free-standing samples is challenging. Molecular dynamics simulations, with appropriate corrections, can provide a reference value for thermal conductivity for these material systems. Here, we construct a new empirical forcefield of the Stillinger-Weber form, parameterized to phonon dispersion relations, lattice constants and elastic moduli and we use it to compute a material-intrinsic thermal conductivity of 38.1 W/m-K at room temperature and estimate a maximum thermal conductivity of 85.4 W/m-K at T = 200 K. We also identify that phonon scattering by the large isotopic mass distribution of Mo and S contributes a significant correction (>45%) to the thermal conductivity at low temperatures.
Perceptual Discrepancies between Purchasers and Non-Purchasers of Mass Customized Fashion Products: Lessons Learned from a US Generation Z Consumer Perspective: An Abstract

Online mass customization is one of the topics, which has been extremely popular since the turn of the twenty-first century due to the rise of electronic commerce and consumer confidence in co-designing products. Consequently, multiple researchers have focused their attention on the topic of mass customization in a bid to understand antecedents and precedents of consumer behavior, given that consumers are the critics and creators of the products they customize. Based on the consumption value (Sheth et al. 1991) and integrated framework of SOR by Fiore and Kim (2007), researchers examined possible perceptual discrepancies between mass-customized product (MCP) purchasers and non-purchasers. The aim was to understand the personal traits and value perception between purchasers and non-purchasers regarding MCP to better strategize the business directions for the MCP industry, particularly the MCP fashion industry.
Theaters of Pardoning: Tragicomedy and the Gunpowder Plot

This article examines the dramatic character of King James I’s reaction to the 1605 Gunpowder Plot - the first act of terrorism in the West - and his attempts both to inscribe the unprecedented crime within the conventional structure of revenge tragedy and to interpret the event according to a model of tragicomedy indebted to John of Patmos' apocalyptic Revelation. On account of applying these cultural and religious paradigms, the King suggested that Parliament be entrusted with judging the conspirators, thus imaginatively displacing his sovereignty onto it.
Discrete game-theoretic analysis of defense in correlated cyber-physical systems

A cyber-physical system (CPS) is composed of a discrete number of cyber and physical components and subject to internal failures and external disruptions. The functionality of CPS therefore is determined not only by cyber and physical components but the adversary’s attacker strategy. We characterize the effect of cyber-physical interdependency on the CPS survival probability using a product-form function with cyber and physical exponential correlation coefficients. We model simultaneous and sequential discrete games between the provider and attacker on a CPS infrastructure to analyze its survivability and reinforcement strategy at Nash equilibrium. Our results show that the cyber and physical correlation coefficients can significantly affect CPS survival probability. In general, the provider’s cyber- (or physical-) reinforcement level increases as the cyber- (or physical-) attack level increases. In each of cyber and physical domains, the reinforcement level first increases then decreases in its own correlation coefficient, probability of successful component attacks, and maximum level of available resources, but decreases in the correlation coefficient of the other domain. We apply this game-theoretic analysis to a cloud computing infrastructure, and show that its residual capacity is relatively high when the attacker has no information about the distribution of servers. Also, a high level of survival probability does not necessarily lead to high utility.
The Primary History

All historiography or history writing is done with a purpose, and the purpose of Israel as expressed in the OT was clearly religious and theological. The Israelites sought to record their relationship with God in the past – to express their unique understanding of God, his universe, and his relationship to Israel. Additionally significant is the fact that Israel was among the first in the ancient world to write history. This chapter will take us into the library of ancient Israel to get a better look at how the books of the OT narrate history and how these books have been organized. Specifically, we will investigate the sources that appear to have been interwoven to create the so-called Primary History. These sources are characterized by their distinctive ways of referring to God and by their themes and literary techniques. We will observe that the OT presents the Primary History in such a way as to provide a framework for understanding the historical contexts of all the rest of the OT books. Not everyone sees the OT’s legacy of monotheism as a good thing. The belief in only one God is necessarily exclusive, defining itself over and against belief in many gods. This exclusivity may lead to intolerance of other views and eventually to violence against others. Some therefore connect monotheism to violence. Others blame monotheism for centuries of mistreatment of women, arguing that the feminine aspects of the divine were suppressed in the process of reducing all divine aspects to only one God.
CHAPTER 4 – Strings

Publisher Summary This chapter presents algebra of strings. An alphabet is a finite set of symbols and is denoted by the letter V. A string over V of length m (m ≧ 0) is an m-sample of V. The string of length 0 is distinguished as the empty string. If A ⊆ V* and B ⊆ V*, then the complex product of A and B is the set of strings A · B = AB = {αβ | α ∈ A, β ∈ B}. Any manipulation of a string can be formulated as a sequence of canonical substitutions. A production with antecedent β and consequent β1 is applicable to a string σ if and only if the canonical substitution fc (σ β, β1) is defined, that is, if and only if is a substring of σ. The image of (σ, β, β1 is, then, the result of the production. The chapter describes grammar as a finite system of rules determining a language. The language determined by a grammar G will be denoted by L (G). If L (G1) = L (G2), then G1 and G2 are equivalent.
Abstract 320: Follow Through Heart Failure

Heart failure decompensations accounts for over one million hospitalizations annually and are the most common cause of US hospital admission in patients over 65. While this results in a reduced qua...
Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 during early introduction into the United States National Capital Region

Background: The early COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by rapid global spread. In the United States National Capital Region, over 2,000 cases were reported within three weeks of its first detection in March 2020. We aimed to use genomic sequencing to understand the initial spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in the region. By correlating genetic information to disease phenotype, we also aimed to gain insight into any correlation between viral genotype and case severity or transmissibility. Methods: We performed whole genome sequencing of clinical SARS-CoV-2 samples collected in March 2020 by the Johns Hopkins Health System, building on methods developed by the ARTIC network. We analyzed these regional SARS-CoV-2 genomes alongside detailed clinical metadata and the global phylogeny to understand early establishment of the virus within the region. Results: We analyzed 620 samples from the Johns Hopkins Health System collected between March 11-31, 2020, comprising 37.3% of the total cases in Maryland during this period. We selected 143 of these samples for sequencing, generating 114 complete viral genomes. These genomes belonged to all five major Nextstrain-defined clades, suggesting multiple introductions into the region and underscoring the diversity of the regional epidemic. We also found that clinically severe cases had genomes belonging to all of these clades. Conclusions: We established a pipeline for SARS-CoV-2 sequencing within the Johns Hopkins Health system, which enabled us to capture the significant viral diversity present in the region as early as March 2020. Efforts to control local spread of the virus were likely confounded by the number of introductions into the region early in the epidemic and interconnectedness of the region as a whole.
Effects of the callipyge phenotype on serum creatinine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, and triacylglycerol in growing lambs.

The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of the callipyge (CLPG) phenotype on serum creatinine and lipid profiles of growing lambs. Preliminary studies in our laboratories indicated that creatinine may have utility in distinguishing the CLPG phenotype and that expression of the CLPG gene altered concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC). As a result, in this study, we examined the influence of the CLPG gene on concentrations of creatinine, TC, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triacylglycerol (TG) at varying stages of maturity in lambs. Ten homozygous (c/c) Polypay ewes were crossed with Dorset rams heterozygous for the CLPG gene (C/c). From this cross, 20 lambs (13 females and 7 males) were born, of which 11 were homozygotic (c/c) and 9 were heterozygotic (C/c; CLPG) based on muscle weights and longissimus dorsi (LD) area at slaughter. Blood samples were taken at monthly intervals and serum lipid constituents were assayed. At 1 mo of age, no differences (P > .05) in plasma lipids were detectable between phenotypes. However, at 2 mo age, CLPG lambs had higher (P .05) in serum lipid constituents were detectable between genotypes. Hence, the increase in serum TC is due to elevated levels of HDL and VLDL. These observations indicate that creatinine may be used to distinguish CLPG lambs and that the CLPG gene alters serum lipid profiles during the postnatal period.
Immunocompromised Child on Infliximab: A Case Report of Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis.

Author(s): Halfman, Camille; Slate, Luke; Yamamoto, Julienne; Jones, Samantha | Abstract: Introduction: Patients with naturally occurring, impaired cell-mediated immunity secondary to age and pregnancy are known to be at risk of developing severe and invasive Listeria monocytogenes infections. Immunosuppressant medications, particularly infliximab, are also known to increase this risk.Case Report: We present the case of a seven-year-old female on infliximab who was diagnosed with culture positive L. monocytogenes meningitis after a negative cerebral spinal fluid polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Conclusion: Patients receiving infliximab who display signs of central nervous system infection should be suspected to have L. monocytogenes as an infecting agent, and empiric addition of ampicillin to their antibiotic regimen should be considered, with substitution of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in cases of penicillin allergy, regardless of initial PCR results.
Improving Patient Experience Scores in a Pediatric Emergency Department.

Introduction Patient experience (PE) is an important aspect of the quality of medical care and is associated with positive health outcomes. In the pediatric emergency department (PED), PE is complicated due to the balance of needs between the patient and their family while receiving care. We identified an opportunity to improve our PE, as measured by a survey administered to patients and families following their visit to the PED. Methods Utilizing quality improvement methods, we assembled a multidisciplinary team, developed our aims, and evaluated the process. We utilized a key driver diagram and run charts to track our performance. The team additionally monitored several essential subcategories in our improvement process. We aimed to improve our overall PE score from 86.1 to 89.7 over 9 months to align with institutional objectives. Results Over 6 months, we improved our overall PE score from 86.1 to 89.8. Similarly, each of our subscores of interest (physician performance, things for patients to do in the waiting room, waiting time for radiology, staff sensitivity, and communication about delays) increased. Interventions included rounding in the waiting and examination rooms, staff training, team huddles, and a cross-department committee. All measures demonstrated sustained improvement. Conclusions Even in this complex setting, a multidisciplinary team's careful and rigorous process evaluation and improvement work can drive measurable PE improvement. We are continuing our efforts to further improve our performance in excellent patient-centered care to this critical population.
Gaussian partitions

Let V=V(n,q) denote the finite vector space of dimension n over the finite field with q elements. A subspace partition of V is a collection Π of subspaces of V such that each 1-dimensional subspace of V is in exactly one subspace of Π. In a recent paper, we proved some strong connections between the lattice of the subspace partitions of V and the lattice of the set partitions of n={1,…,n}. We now define a Gaussian partition of [n]q=(qn−1)/(q−1) to be a nonincreasing sequence of positive integers formed by ordering all elements of some multiset {dim(W):W∈Π}, where Π is a subspace partition of V. The Gaussian partition function gp(n,q) is then the number of all Gaussian partitions of [n]q, and is naturally analogous to the classical partition function p(n). In this paper, we initiate the study of gp(n,q) by exhibiting all Gaussian partitions for small n. In particular, we determine gp(n,q) as a polynomial in q for n≤5, and find a lower bound for gp(6,q).
Fact or Fluff? The Impact of Youth Quotas on the Electoral Behaviour and Attitudes of Young People

Globally, youth quotas have become increasingly popular, yet, we know little about the impacts of quotas on young people’s behaviour and attitudes. This study runs a series of multilevel regression...
A Circle of Ideas

As we have seen, near the end of Chapter 5, the fundamental theorem of calculus veils her face with a circle. In this chapter we shall see that all of trigonometry hides behind a circle, as well. According to Plato, Dante, and many others, the circle is the most perfect figure. It is surely rich in ideas.
Subcellular localization of human placental acid phosphatases

Abstract An electron microscopic study of acid p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity in placental tissue has revealed two distinct localizations for this enzyme in the syncytiotrophoblast: within lysosome-like bodies and on the microvillous surface. The surface enzyme is distributed in an apparently random patchwork pattern over the chorionic villi. Evidence is presented which suggests that this nonlysosomal form may be phosphatase III, an enzyme which has previously been partially purified and characterized in vitro. Acid phosphatase activity was not observed in the cytotrophoblastic cells of Langhans' layer, and it was not present on microvilli of epithelial cells from uterine glands. These studies were carried out with a modified Gomori-type incubation medium containing a substantially reduced lead ion concentration together with p-nitrophenyl phosphate.
Essentials of Law and Ethics for Pharmacy Technicians

The legal system in the United States Overview and objectives Legislation, regulation, and interpretation Criminal versus civil law Sample questions for student review History and development of current law Overview and objectives Into the twentieth century Sample questions for student review Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 Overview and objectives Adulteration Misbranding Drug samples Investigational new drugs New drug applications The Drug Price Competition and Patent-Term Restoration Act of 1984 The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 Prescribing requirements and restrictions Dispensing requirements and restrictions Drug pedigrees Sample questions for student review Federal Controlled Substance Act of 1970 Overview and objectives Control schedules Registration Obtaining controlled substances Record keeping Prescribing requirements and restrictions Fax requirements and restrictions Dispensing requirements and restrictions Reporting theft Sample questions for student review Other pertinent federal legislation Overview and objectives The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act The United States Pharmacopoeia/Chapter 797 Guidelines Sample questions for student review Ethics theory and application Overview and objectives The development of pharmaceutical ethical considerations Code of ethics background and progression Pharmacy - a respected tradition Pharmacy-related relationships Communicating professionally in an information age Patient's rights Modern controversial issues Sample questions for student review Appendix 1: Addresses and websites of board of pharmacy executives Appendix 2: Addresses and websites of pertinent pharmacy organizations Appendix 3: List of accredited pharmacy technician programs Appendix 4: Sample DEA forms Appendix 5: Legal standing of pharmacy technicians Appendix 6: Legal status of fax prescriptions Appendix 7: Legal status of electronic transmission of prescriptions Appendix 8: Who has prescribing authority
Non-segmental duration feature extraction for prosodic classification.

This paper presents a set of novel duration features for detecting pitch accent and phrase boundaries, which depend on articulatory timing rather than segmental duration information. The features are computed from the detected syllable nuclei and boundaries, using peaks and valleys in an energy contour but also leveraging information from a simple HMM phone manner class recognizer to increase recall. In experiments on the hand-segmented TIMIT corpus, we obtain greater than 90% Fmeasure for vowel detection. In prosody detection experiments on the BU Radio News corpus, comparing to a segmental feature baseline, we obtain similar performance for pitch accent detection and slightly worse boundary detection from the new features without the need for phonetic alignments.
Asymptotic stability of linear shift-variant difference equations with diamond-shaped uncertainties

This paper addresses the asymptotic stability of linear shift-variant difference equations whose coefficients are uncertain in an m-dimensional hyperdiamond. The approach used here allows the construction of regions in the coefficient space guaranteeing asymptotic stability that extend beyond the region specified by existing results.
The Real Politick of Writing and Reading Statutes

How much work does language do in the interpretation of statutes? Justice Antonin Scalia, in his twenty-fifth year on the bench, tells us that it should and can do most of that work. But whatever the virtue of that argument, in most appellate court cases, text cannot carry the load. In this article that tension between theory and reality is discussed through a frank discussion with a number of Third Circuit Judges and former members of Congress. This discussion shows the disconnect between the legislative and judicial branches, judicial frustrations with statutes that do not provide clear answers to litigated question, and the difficulty of trying to establish legislative meaning in such cases.
Sea-floor gouges caused by migrating gray whales off northern California

Abstract Side-scan sonar records collected during March and April 1981 and 1982 off northern California contain elongate depressions whose sizes and shapes are similar to sea-floor gouges made by feeding gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ) in the northern Bering Sea and in shallow embayments off British Columbia. The discovery of the whale gouges in the sonar records was unexpected, and supports some of the previous speculation that gray whales feed opportunistically during migration. Gouges occupy about 0.032% of the 7.6 km 2 of sea floor that was surveyed, which represents about 575 metric tons of excavated material. Although seemingly minor in amount, the total amount of bottom sediment removed from the central and northern California continental shelf by gray whale activities year after year represents macroscale biologically induced erosion and could have significant geological implications in shelf erosion and depositional schemes. This is the only published evidence of benthic feeding by gray whales along their migration route off northern California.
Computational probabilistic noninterference

Information flow and noninterference are popular concepts for expressing confidentiality and integrity properties. We present the first general definition of probabilistic noninterference in reactive systems that includes a computational case. This case is essential for coping with real cryptography since noninterference properties can usually only be guaranteed if the underlying cryptographic primitives have not been broken. This might happen, but only with negligible probability. We show that our noninterference definition is maintained under simulatability, the notion of secure implementation of modern cryptography. This allows secure composition of systems and yields a general strategy for including cryptographic primitives in information-flow proofs. As an example we study a cryptographic firewall guarding two honest users from their environment.
The status of instruction in qualitative communication research methods

While qualitative methods show a respected presence within communication scholarship, questions remain about whether these methods have infused communication education. This national survey assesses whether and how qualitative methods are being taught in graduate and undergraduate communication curricula. Results demonstrate general agreement about the units, specific topics, and activities that should be covered in the course. However, while instruction at the graduate level is fairly healthy, instruction at the undergraduate level receives less attention than instruction in either quantitative methods or rhetorical criticism. Moreover, respondents do not expect overall instruction in qualitative methods to increase. The essay concludes by challenging educators to respect and promote all three methodologies in communication pedagogy.
Detection of proton-induced boron X-rays with a Si(Li) detector

Abstract Detection of boron K α X-rays by a windowless Si(Li) detector has been demonstrated. The B K α X-rays were generated by bombarding a polished boron target with 350 keV protons. Determination of the detection efficiencies for proton-induced C K α and O K α X-ray permitted evaluation of the effective gold-layer and dead-layer thicknesses for the detector. These layer thickness and tabulated mass absorption coefficients were employed to calculate the energy dependence of the detector efficiency. Finally, a linear relationship between X-ray energy E and detected pulse-height was found for 183 eV≤ E ≤1486 eV.
Molecular mechanisms of dendrite stability

In the developing brain, dendrite branches and dendritic spines form and turn over dynamically. By contrast, most dendrite arbors and dendritic spines in the adult brain are stable for months, years and possibly even decades. Emerging evidence reveals that dendritic spine and dendrite arbor stability have crucial roles in the correct functioning of the adult brain and that loss of stability is associated with psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent findings have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie long-term dendrite stabilization, how these mechanisms differ from those used to mediate structural plasticity and how they are disrupted in disease.
R70-10 The Minimalization of Tree Automata

This paper contributes to the literature on tree automata (also known as algebra automata), which is providing new insights at the interface between automata theory and formal language theory—an interface which hopefully will show increasing relevance both to linguists and compiler writers. Formal language theory has long employed pushdown automata, linear bounded automata, etc., to process, parse, and recognize the strings of a formal language. Lurking in the background have been the derivation trees which show how such strings can be derived by various rewriting rules from some initial symbol. The new approach (spurred by the linguists' interest in transformational grammars which actually transform derivation trees, and by Buchi's observation—built upon by such workers as Mezei, Thatcher, Eilenberg, Wright, and Giveon in the pages of Information and Control—that ordinary automata may be viewed as a special kind of universal algebra) looks at automata that act directly on the trees, rather than on the strings they produce.
EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING SUPPOSED INFLUENCE OF COCICS HEAD APPENDAGES ON SIZE OF TESTES

IT is A WELL-KNOWN FACT that growth of the cock’s head appendages, comb and wattles, is under control of the testicular incretion. It was unexpected, however, when Buckner, Insko and Martin (1) and Zawadowsky (2, 3) independently reported that a relationship of opposite nature also exists, that is, that growth of the testes is influenced by removal of comb and wattles. Such a reciprocal effect, if verified, would be of considerable theoretical, perhaps even of applied, interest. It is not surprising, therefore, that several investigators set out to check the correctness of these results. The data, as they exist in the literature to date, are briefly summarised in table 1. Buckner, Insko and Martin (1) removed the comb from cockerels at the age of 4 weeks and killed the animals when they were 10 weeks old.
Synthesis of pure secondary alkyl bromides

A satisfactory preparative reaction for the conversion of secondary alcohols to alkyl bromides without rearrangement is described. The reaction consists of esterlfication of the alcohol with tosyl chloride followed by treatment of the ester with a concentrated solution of inorganic bromide in DMF. Kinetic and infrared data support the claim for no rearrangement.
How Effective Is Computer-Assisted Scheduling and Dispatching in Paratransit? Results from a Survey:

Although numerous computer-assisted scheduling and dispatching (CASD) systems have been implemented, few implementation processes have been observed and methodically described. Relevant experience is documented through a survey of paratransit operators across the United States, providing insights into the processes used, problems encountered, and benefits and costs experienced in implementing CASD systems. One-half of paratransit operators do not use the major features of their new CASD system. Operators have noted gains in efficiency, effectiveness, and quality, with some reporting significant changes, but on the whole, pre- and postimplementation comparisons do not show the kind of dramatic efficiency changes for which operators have hoped. Moreover, training efforts are likely to become a lightning rod for discontent as the staff makes a transition to the new system, and management should make every effort to ensure that funding and time are allocated for training as early as possible. Also, the implementation budget should include funds for the development of custom reports and separate, focused training for management. Further, operators strongly favor adding a dedicated project manager to the CASD system implementation process. Finally, both policy and personnel issues limit full implementation of CASD systems. As long as agencies restrict use of their vehicles to certain groups of passengers, optimization algorithms cannot reduce vehicle usage. And as long as training and attitudes do not match needs, personnel problems will persist.
Home monitoring using wearable radio frequency transmitters

Background: Location tracking of a wearable radio frequency (RF) transmitter in a wireless network is a potentially useful tool for the home monitoring of patients in clinical applications. However, the problem of converting RF signals into accurate estimates of transmitter location remains a significant challenge. Objectives: We wish to demonstrate that long-term home monitoring using RF transmitters is feasible. Additionally, we conjecture that human motion within familiar environments is confined to relatively small regions of high occupancy. Hence, human motion can be modelled as movement along a network of such high occupancy regions. Methods and materials: Our methodology uses a signal processing technique developed by one of the authors (Almudevar). The technique converts longitudinal RF data into an estimated trajectory which does not depend on explicit location estimates. This approach eliminates the need for a location-signal calibration procedure. Given a long-term trajectory, Gaussian mixture models are used to identify high occupancy regions. The methodology was evaluated using data collected under a study funded by an Everyday Technologies for Alzheimer Care (ETAC) research grant from the Alzheimer's Association. A home monitoring system provided by Home Free Systems was used. Results: The proposed methodology was able to reliably reconstruct trajectories using study data. Regions of high occupancy were identified, and the observed transitions between these regions were found to be spatially and serially coherent. In addition, the trajectory was compared to output from a parallel home sensor network, and a high degree a conformity was evident. Conclusion: Long-term home monitoring of human motion is feasible using readily available and easily installable technology. Furthermore, by using suitable signal processing algorithms, the often difficult location-signal calibration process can be bypassed.
Disruption of the Fgf2 gene activates the adipogenic and suppresses the osteogenic program in mesenchymal marrow stromal stem cells

Here we determine the Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF2) dependency of the time course of changes in bone mass in female mice. This study extends our earlier reports that knockout of the FGF2 gene (Fgf2) caused low turnover bone loss in Fgf2(-/-) male mice by examining bone loss with age in Fgf2(-/-) female mice, and by assessing whether reduced bone formation is associated with differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) towards the adipocyte lineage. Bone mineral density (BMD) was similar in 3-month-old female Fgf2(+/+) and Fgf2(-/-) mice but was significantly reduced as early as 5 months of age in Fgf2(-/-) mice. In vivo studies showed that there was a greater accumulation of marrow fat in long bones of 14 and 20 month old Fgf2(-/-) mice compared with Fgf2(+/+) littermates. To study the effect of disruption of FGF2 on osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, BMSCs from both genotypes were cultured in osteogenic or adipogenic media. Reduced alkaline phosphatase positive (ALP), mineralized colonies and a marked increase in adipocytes were observed in Fgf2(-/-) BMSC cultures. These cultures also showed an increase in the mRNA of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARgamma2 as well as the downstream target genes aP2 and adiponectin. Treatment with exogenous FGF2 blocked adipocyte formation and increased ALP colony formation and ALP activity in BMSC cultures of both genotypes. These results support an important role for endogenous FGF2 in osteoblast (OB) lineage determination. Alteration in FGF2 signaling may contribute to impaired OB bone formation capacity and to increased bone marrow fat accumulation both of which are characteristics of aged bone.
The dual variable method for solving fluid flow difference equations on Delaunay triangulations

Abstract A complementary volume discretization of the transient Navier-Stokes equations on a triangular mesh is viewed as a system defining flows on an associated network. The dual variable method transforms this primitive system into an equivalent system which is one-fifth the size of the primitive system, eliminates the pressures and yields velocities that are exactly discretely divergence free.
Decreases in blood pressure in response to L-Glutamate microinjections into the A5 catecholamine cell group

Electrical stimulation of the A5 region in the rat has been shown to elicit a rise in blood pressure with no change in heart rate25. However, electrical stimulation excites axons of passage as well as cell bodies. To activate A5 cells more selective, we have stimulated them with monosodium-l-glutamate. Thel-glutamate was pressure injected from one barrel of a double-barrelled pipette. The other barrel, filled with Agar/KCl, was used for electrical stimulation. In midbrain-hemisected rats, electrical stimulation of the A5 region elicited a pressor response with no change in heart rate, as before. However, 30 nl microinjections ofl-glutamate led to a dose-related decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. The threshold for the depressor response was about 10 mMl-glutamate, and a maximal depressor response of 30 mm Hg was elicited at about 500 mM. To determine if either the pressor or depressor response involved catecholamines, these experiments were repeated in midbrain-hemisected animals whose central noradrenergic and dopaminergic axon terminals were destroyed with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine. While the pressor response to electrical stimulation was still present in these animals, the bradycardic and depressor responses tol-glutamate injection were abolished. Finally, the bradycardic and depressor responses were markedly reduced in animals that had been sympathectomized with guanethidine. These results suggest that activation of A5 cells leads to a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate brought about mainly through the sympathetic nervous system.
The effect of linguistic background on staggered spondaic word and dichotic consonant vowel scores

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of linguistic background on scores obtained by native and non-native subjects on two dichotic speech tests in American English, the staggered spondaic word (SSW) and the dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) tests. Thirty subjects whose native languages were either Hindi or Arabic were tested. Test findings were compared to results obtained from 10 native English-speaking subjects. The non-native English speakers showed abnormally high error scores on the SSW test while the native speakers performed with no errors on that test. Performance on the dichotic CV test was comparable for both the native English and the Hindi subjects, while the Arabic subjects performed significantly worse than the two other groups. These data indicate that tests of speech perception using English must be interpreted with caution when administered to non-native English speakers, and that neither the SSW nor the dichotic CV tests may be assumed to be free of linguistic bias.
Comparision of Membrane Interactions of Acylated and Non-Acylated Lactoferricins by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

LfB6 (RRWQWR-NH2) is a tryptophan- and arginine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide with broad spectrum activity derived from bovine lactoferrin. Membrane binding occurs via electrostatic interactions between arginines and negative charges on the bacterial cell membrane and intercalation of the tryptophans at the membrane interface. N-terminal acylation (CH3(CH2)4CO-RRWQWR-NH2; C6-LfB6) can enhance the antimicrobial activity (Greathouse et al. (2008) J. Pept. Sci. 14:1103). Solid-state 2H and 31P NMR spectroscopy combined with all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations have confirmed subtle differences between 1 mol% LfB6 and C6-LfB in bilayers composed of 3:1 POPE:POPG (anionic, bacterial-like) and POPC (zwitterionic, mammalian-like). MD simulations reveal that the arginines of C6-LfB6 make first contact with POPE:POPG; whereas the C6 tails are first to contact POPC. LfB6 shows no sequence preference. Additionally, C6-LfB6 inserts more deeply than LfB6 into both membranes. Tryptophan emission fluorescence spectra suggest the tryptophans in LfB6 and C6-LfB6 are more water exposed in neutral compared to anionic membranes, while CG-MD simulations reveal that LfB6 comes off the POPC membrane, exposing the tryptophans to water. Acylation, therefore, increases the “stickiness” of the peptide for lipid bilayers. Although both peptides at 1 mol% show significant membrane effects during short range simulations, C6-LfB6 has less influence on lipid order. We now compare experimental and molecular dynamics results for LfB6 and C6- LfB6 at 4 mol%. Solid-state 2H NMR spectra indicate that C6-LfB6 has a greater effect on the lipid acyl chain order at 4 mol% compared to 1 mol%; whereas the effects of LfB6 are similar at both concentrations. Molecular dynamics simulations will be presented for comparison.
US banking efficiency, 1984–1995

Abstract We estimate the time-varying average efficiencies of the US banks during 1984–1995 with four different efficiency estimators. Using these four series of efficiency estimates, we make a multivariate Kalman filter analysis to examine the efficiency trend in US banks during this period.
ALLOZYMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN RESPONSE TO LABORATORY DEMOGRAPHIC SELECTION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.

Drosophila melanogaster populations that exhibit constrasting life histories as a result of laboratory selection were compared at several potentially relevant enzyme loci. Selection regimes included postponed reproduction, accelerated development, and intermediate generation time. Each selection regime was represented by fivefold replicated populations maintained for between 50 and 500 generations. For each population, allele frequencies were calculated from frequencies of electrophoretically distinguishable allozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase, α-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Based on allozyme frequency changes consistent across replicate populations, two of the studied loci responded to both selection for postponed reproduction and selection for accelerated development. The responses to contrasting selection regimes were in opposing directions, suggesting antagonistic pleiotropy.