cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1D Unified Continuous and Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Systems of Hyperbolic Equations

In Chapters 5 and 6 we described the discretization of the 1D wave equation using both continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods, respectively. However, in those chapters, the methods were described in the traditional way which made them appear to be quite different although similarities could be observed. In this chapter, we construct these methods in a unified way so that they can co-exist within the same piece of software. In order to achieve this unification of CG and DG requires analyzing the storage of the methods; this is the objective of Sec. 7.2.
Sub-Ethnicity and Survivorship Experience: Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors.

The purpose of the study was to explore the associations of sub-ethnicity to the survivorship experience of Asian American breast cancer survivors and identify the multiple factors that influenced ...
Spiers Memorial Lecture: Analysis and de novo design of membrane-interactive peptides

Membrane-peptide interactions play critical roles in many cellular and organismic functions, including protection from infection, remodeling of membranes, signaling, and ion transport. Peptides interact with membranes in a variety of ways: some associate with membrane surfaces in either intrinsically disordered conformations or well-defined secondary structures. Peptides with sufficient hydrophobicity can also insert vertically as transmembrane monomers, and many associate further into membrane-spanning helical bundles. Indeed, some peptides progress through each of these stages in the process of forming oligomeric bundles. In each case, the structure of the peptide and the membrane represent a delicate balance between peptide-membrane and peptide-peptide interactions. We will review this literature from the perspective of several biologically important systems, including antimicrobial peptides and their mimics, α-synuclein, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ion channels. We also discuss the use of de novo design to construct models to test our understanding of the underlying principles and to provide useful leads for pharmaceutical intervention of diseases.
Review of Cavitaion Research on Valves

Critical cavitation indices are presented for a 12-in. ball and a 12-in. butterfly valve installed in a closed conduit system with, a sudden expansion downstream of the valves. Tests were conducted under normal operating conditions. In addition, tests were conducted to find the effect of injecting air and water at various locations on the critical cavitation index. It was found that injecting water into the sudden expansion below the valves does not affect the cavitation. However, injecting small quantities of air into the separation zones below the valves does materially reduce the cavitation intensity and hence the critical cavitation index.
How National Contexts Shape Academic Careers: A Preliminary Analysis

The purpose of this chapter is to take an initial step to build upon the work of Joseph Ben-David (Centers of learning: Britain, France, Germany, United States. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977), Burton Clark (The higher education system: Academic organization in cross-national perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983) and Christine Musselin (The market for academics. Routledge, New York, 2010) with a view toward identifying the major structural features of national higher education system and academic markets that directly shape academic work and careers, collect some preliminary data on those features across a wide array of national systems, and develop a preliminary approach to categorizing those national system differences in ways that meaningfully allow them to be brought into multivariate analysis of large survey data sets. Here five heuristic models based on these 13 characteristics are introduced.
Sensitivity Issues in Finite-Difference Large-Eddy Simulations of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer with Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Models

The neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is simulated by finite-difference large-eddy simulations (LES) with various dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models. The goal is to understand the sensitivity of the results to several aspects of the simulation set-up: SGS model, numerical scheme for the convective term, resolution, and filter type. Three dynamic SGS models are tested: two scale-invariant models and the Lagrangian-averaged scale-dependent (LASD) model. The results show that the LASD model has the best performance in capturing the law-of-the-wall, because the scale invariance hypothesis is violated in finite-difference LES. Two forms of the convective term are tested, the skew-symmetric and the divergence forms. The choice of the convective term is more important when the LASD model is used and the skew-symmetric scheme leads to better simulations in general. However, at fine resolutions both in space and time, the sensitivity to the convective scheme is reduced. Increasing the resolution improves the performance in general, but does not better capture the law of the wall. The box and Gaussian filters are tested and it is found that, combined with the LASD model, the Gaussian filter is not sufficient to dissipate the small numerical noises, which in turn affects the large-scale motions. In conclusion, to get the most benefits of the LASD model within the finite-difference framework, the simulations need to be set up properly by choosing the right combination of numerical scheme, resolution, and filter type.
A Vertical-Plane Motion Control of an Electrohydraulically-Actuated Single-Flexible-Link Arm

A nonlinear motion control is developed for a flexible-single-link arm based on the Equivalent Rigid Link System (ERLS) dynamic model and the inverse dynamics of the arm and the actuator. The arm moves in a vertical plane and is actuated by an electrohydraulic motor. The required torque is computed based on the inverse dynamics of the ERLS model. The driving current is then predicted by the inverse actuator dynamics. The computer simulation shows the performance of the control. The implementation of the control system for the single-flexible-link arm will be presented in the subsequent paper.
Effect of substrates on the structure of polymer interphases: I. Oxidation of aminosilane primers

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the effect that metal substrates such as titanium, iron, 1100-series aluminium, 2024 aluminum, and copper have on the molecular structure and properties of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) primer films. When γ-APS was adsorbed onto any of the substrates from aqueous solutions at pH 10.4 for 1 min and then dried at room temperature for 30 min, the molecular structure of the primer films was similar and consisted for low-molecular-weight siloxane polymers containing a considerable amount of absorbed carbon dioxide in the form of amine bicarbonates. After the films were dried at elevated temperatures, the structures differed significantly. When drying was carried out at 110°C, films formed on titanium, iron, and 1100-series aluminum were similar. The extent of polymerization in the films increased and most of the bicarbonates were dissociated. However, the amino groups in films formed on 2024 aluminum and copper oxidized to imine groups and the polymerization did not increase significantly. After drying at 150°C, the films formed on titanium, iron, and 2024 aluminum were all oxidized to the imine but films on 1100-series aluminum were not, suggesting that the oxide on 1100-series aluminum inhibited the free radical oxidation reaction. Dissociation of the bicarbonates and oxidation of the amino groups were important factors in the reaction of the primers with epoxy resins. The reaction of primer films on iron and 2024 aluminum with epoxy resins at 75°C was slow because the temperature was too low for dissociation of the bicarbonates to occur. At 150°C, epoxies reacted readily with γ-APS films on iron but not with those on 2024 aluminum. For primer films on 2024 aluminum, the preferred reaction at 150°C was oxidation of the amino groups.
Finding the signal by adding noise: The role of noncontrastive phonetic variability in early word learning

It is well attested that 14-month olds have difficulty learning similar sounding words (e.g. bih/dih), despite their excellent phonetic discrimination abilities. In contrast, Rost and McMurray (2009) recently demonstrated that 14-month olds’ minimal pair learning can be improved by the presentation of words by multiple talkers. This study investigates which components of the variability found in multi-talker input improved infants’ processing, assessing both the phonologically contrastive aspects of the speech stream and phonologically irrelevant indexical and suprasegmental aspects. In the first two experiments, speaker was held constant while cues to word-initial voicing were systematically manipulated. Infants failed in both cases. The third experiment introduced variability in speaker, but voicing cues were invariant within each category. Infants in this condition learned the words. We conclude that aspects of the speech signal that have been typically thought of as noise are in fact valuable information – signal – for the young word learner.
Understanding the role of pea enation mosaic virus mRNA 3’ untranslated region in translation initiation (566.5)

Most eukaryotic mRNAs use two key elements at opposite ends of the mRNA, the 5’ m7GpppN cap and the 3’ poly adenosine (A) tail, to recruit translation initiation machinery and circularize mRNA. Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV) mRNA lacks both a 5’ m7GpppN cap and a 3’ poly (A) tail. A novel type of cap independent translation elements (PTE) is found in the 3’UTR and is essential for translation initiation, the detailed mechanisms of initiation are not well known. Direct protein fluorescence quenching and labeled RNA fluorescence anisotropy were used to investigate the binding affinity of PTE fragment with two important eukaryotic initiation factors, eIF4E (Kd=~7.2nM) and eIF4F (Kd=~8.4nM). These binding affinities are as high as those for eIF4E and eIF4F binding with the cap analogue m7GTP and much higher than those for m7GpppG. With the fluorescence anisotropy assays, we also demonstrated that eIF4A, eIF4B and Poly A tail binding protein (PABP), which can form a stable complex with eIF4F in vivo, only sli...
Opportunities and Challenges for Development of a Mature Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Industry (Revision)

This report summarizes the current status of the CPV industry and is updated from previous versions to include information from the last year. New information presented at the CPV-8 conference is included along with the addition of new companies that have announced their interest in CPV, and estimates of production volumes for 2011 and 2012.
R4 corrections to heterotic M-theory

Abstract We study R 4 corrections in heterotic M-theory. We derive to order κ 4 / 3 the induced modification to the Kahler potential of the universal moduli and its implications for the soft supersymmetry breaking terms. The soft scalar field masses still remain small for breaking in the T-modulus direction. We investigate the deformations of the background geometry due to the R 4 term. The warp-factor deformation of the background M 4 × CY ( 3 ) × S 1 / Z 2 can no longer be integrated to a fully non-linear solution, unlike when neglecting higher derivative corrections. We find explicit solutions to order κ 4 / 3 and, in particular, find the expected shift of the Calabi–Yau volume by a constant proportional to the Euler number. We also study the effect induced by the R 4 terms on the de Sitter vacua found previously by balancing two non-perturbative contributions to the superpotential, namely open membrane instantons and gaugino condensation. To order κ 4 / 3 all induced corrections are proportional to the Euler number of the Calabi–Yau three-fold.
Force-free simulations of ultra-relativistic jets

We describe time‐dependent axisymmetric numerical simulations of ultrarelativistic highly‐magnetized, force‐free jets. The simulations follow the jet from the central engine to beyond six orders of magnitude in radius. The simulated jets are confined by an external pressure which we take to vary as a power‐law with distance along the jet. We find that the radial distance over which the jet is pressure supported determines the terminal Lorentz factor. For the collapsar model of GRBs, this distance is set by the size of the progenitor star and is very large. At this distance our fiducial model generates a Lorentz factor γ∼400 and a half‐opening angle θj∼2°, consistent with observations of many long GRBs. Other models with slightly different parameters give γ in the range 100 to 5000 and θj from 0.1° to 10°, thus reproducing the range of properties inferred for GRB jets. A potentially observable feature of some of our solutions is that both γ and the Poynting flux S are concentrated in hollow cones, with the...
Antifertility effects of intrauterine progesterone in the rabbit

Abstract Silastic capsules 2 cm. long containing 10 mg. of progesterone were implanted in one uterine horn of mature rabbits while the other horn received empty capsules of equal size and served as control. Ten days to 6 weeks later the rabbits were inseminated and ovulation induced. Groups of animals were killed 2, 6, and 10 days later to ascertain fertilization, blastocysts development, and implantation, respectively. It was found that intrauterine progesterone did not interfere with fertilization but considerably affected egg development and completely inhibited implantation on the side of the progesterone implant. However, no systemic progesterone effects on the ova in the contralateral horn were observed.
Congenital talipes equinovarus: frequency of associated malformations not identified by prenatal ultrasound

Objectives To establish the frequency of prenatally undetected associated malformations (identified at birth) in infants with apparent “isolated” club foot deformity. Methods A cohort study of all infants with unilateral or bilateral club foot deformity identified at birth among 311 480 infants surveyed between 1972 and 2012 at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. Those with talipes equinovarus were divided into “isolated” and “complex”, based on the findings in examination and by chromosome analysis. Results One hundred and forty-two infants had “isolated” talipes equinovarus (TEV), and 66 had the “complex” type. Six (4.2%) of the 142 infants with “isolated” TEV were found at birth to have associated malformations that had not been identified by imaging during pregnancy. These abnormalities included hip dislocation (n = 2), bilateral post-axial polydactyly of the feet (n = 1), penile chordee (n = 1), and hypospadias (n = 2). Conclusion In this consecutive series of infants with isolated talipes equinovarus, 95.8% had no additional malformations identified by examination at birth. None of the additional findings were severe enough to affect the medical prognosis of the affected infant. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consequences of Varying Surface Heat Transfer Coefficients, Material Properties, and Cyclical Ambient Temperatures upon Stress Intensity Factors for Edge Cracks

Stress intensity factors were calculated for an edge crack subjected to time varying surface heat transfer coefficients and to cyclical ambient temperatures. Both constant and varying material properties were used and values of K I are presented as functions of crack depth and time. Substantial changes in the maximum values of K I were noted for these different cases. In general, quench tests with specimens whose material properties increase with temperature show much lower values of K I than do specimens with material properties which are either constant or decrease with temperature.
The Ribosomes of Drosophila II. Studies on Intraspecific Variation

Electrophoretic comparisons of 40S and 55S ribosomal subunit proteins from 18 strains of Drosophila melanogaster revealed the virtual absence of allelic variation. More detailed two-dimensional studies on the large subunit proteins in 6 of the strains demonstrated additional complexity but still no interstrain variation. The significance of these results is discussed with respect to present estimates of genic heterozygosity in natural populations.
Transportation Investments and Urban Form

A practical framework is offered for predicting the effects of transportation investments on urban land use patterns. The framework is based on the premise that a key determinant of the value of a parcel of land is its accessibility. Relatively valuable parcels tend to be developed more intensively. Because transportation investments influence the spatial nature of accessibility provided to different land parcels, such investments can substantially influence the evolving pattern of urban land uses. Following a discussion of the conceptual underpinnings of the economic linkages between transportation, accessibility, and land use, two stereotypical types of urban form are explored—polycentric and corridor—and the sorts of transportation investments that would facilitate their development are considered. These illustrative examples are intended to highlight the power of transportation investments as formative mechanisms to produce the sort of spatial structure a community's residents desire.
N-hexanoyl, N-octanoyl and N-decanoyl chitosans: Binding affinity, cell uptake, and transfection.

Abstract Low transfection efficiency of chitosan limits its use as a non-viral vector for practical purposes. This study was designed to investigate the effect of fatty acyl chain length on physicochemical properties, pDNA binding affinity, cell uptake, and in vitro transfection efficiency of N-acyl chitosan (NAC). NAC polymers were synthesized by carbodiimide mediated coupling reaction of chitosan with n-hexanoic, n-octanoic, and n-decanoic acid, respectively. These NAC polymers effectively condensed pDNA resulting in the size range of 220–342 nm with net positive charge. NAC polymers also showed good pDNA binding capacity, high protection of pDNA from nuclease degradation and excellent biocompatibility. Transfection efficiency of chitosan, in HEK 293 cells, was enhanced 15–25-fold after coupling with fatty acid and increased with a decrease in fatty acyl chain length of NAC. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the NAC polymers hold great potential as novel non-viral gene delivery vector.
Urea and Thermal Equilibrium Denaturation Studies on the Dimerization Domain of Escherichia coli Trp Repressor

The urea-induced equilibrium unfolding of the Escherichia coli Trp repressor (TR) is a two-state process, involving the native dimeric and unfolded monomeric species. Kinetic studies, however, reveal the presence of transient intermediates that appear only during the folding of the 107-residue protein [Gittelman, M. G., & Matthews, C. R. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 7011−7020]. In order to gain insight into the complex kinetic folding mechanism, the sequence of TR was reduced to the amino-terminal 66 residues, corresponding to the dimerization domain. Two polypeptides, 2−66 and NHis-7−66, were shown to be dimeric at 25 °C by size exclusion chromatography and to retain native-like spectroscopic features as evidenced by near- and far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The equilibrium properties of the urea-induced folding of these core fragments were examined by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism and found to be well described by a two-state model. At 25 °C, the stabilitie...
Microbial kinetics of drug action against gram‐positive and gram‐negative organisms I: Effect of lincomycin on staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli

Lincomycin-affected Staphylococcus aureus cultures show two phases of steady-state generation curves whose characteristics are different from those of lincomycin-affected Escherichia coli. In both cases, an initial (phase I) steady-state generation, expressed as In N = In NO + k(appI)t, is followed by an ultimate (phase II) steady-state generation, In N = In NO + k(appII)t, at the same dose level, where k(appI) and k(appII) are the apparent generation rate constants for phase I and phase II generations, respectively; N is the number of organisms per unit volume at time, t; and NO is the number of organisms per unit volume at some initial time, 0, during this generation phase. The k(appI) was less than k(appII) for lincomycin-affected Staph. aureus, which suggests development of organism adaptation or resistance to drug action, whereas k(appI) was greater than k(appII) for lin-comycin-affected E. coli, which indicates enhanced organism inhibition during the later stages of drug-bacteria reaction at any concentration level. The generation rate constants for lincomycin-affected Staph. aureus in phase I and phase II generations show similar functional dependencies on drug concentration as the lin-comycin-affected E. coli in phase I generation and suggest the same mechanism of action, which is different from that of the lin-comycin-affected E. coli in phase II generation. The lincomycin (phase I) action on Staph. aureus is about 1000 times as potent (on a weight basis) as that on E. coli at 37.5° and pH 7.05. However, the extent of generation inhibition of Staph. aureus and E. coli by lincomycin increases as some function of pH, which indicates that the unprotonated fraction of drug concentration contributes to the activity.
Screening for colorectal cancer.

GOLORECTAL cancer is a leading cause of death from cancer in the United States, with approximately 140,000 new cases and 60,000 deaths per year.1 A 50-year-old person has about a 5 percent risk of having colorectal cancer by the age of 80 and a 2.5 percent risk of dying from it.2 To reduce the morbidity and mortality due to colorectal cancer, some professional organizations have proposed that asymptomatic persons without known risk factors be screened to detect cancer at a curable stage.3 4 5 The rationale for screening is based on the widely held view6 that most colorectal cancers are the product . . .
The effect of protracted glucagon administration on blood glucose and on pancreatic morphology.

A study was conducted on the effect of long continued administration ofglucagon with or without cortisone on blood and urine glucose and on pancreatic morphology in rabbits. One mg. of crystalline glucagon was administeredsubcutaneously 3 times daily at 8 hour intervals either alone or together with 1 mg./kg. daily of cortisone acetate intramuscularly. Glucagon alone produced only a moderately increased glycemia. On the other hand, glucagon with cortisone produced a marked hyperglycemic status which generally tended to ameliorate after approximately 6 weeks of treatment. Morphologically, there was in most glucagon treated animals an apparent reduction in the numbers of identifiable pancreatic A cells. In many instances partly degranulated or poorly staining A cells were observed as well as groups of nuclei with ill-definedcytoplasm which resembled the nuclei of identifiable A cells and which were thought to be degranulated A cells. The inference from these A cell changes is that glucagon is a hormone and ...
Kinetic analysis and substrate specificity of a lysophospholipase from the macrophage-like cell line P388D1

The kinetics of the lysophospholipase purified from the P388D1 macrophage-like cell line (Zhang and Dennis (1988) J. Biol Chem. 263, 9965-9972) have been explored. Three different lysophospholipids were used in these studies: 1-hexadecanoyllysophosphatidylcholine, 1-tetradecanoyllysophosphatidylcholine, and 1-hexadecanoyllysophosphatidylglycerol. Since all of the substrate dependence data for these substrates fit a Hill model, the enzyme's activity appears to be cooperative requiring at least two lipid molecules for full enzymatic activity. The enzyme did not show a preference for any of these substrates since their kcat ranged from 1.2 to 1.5 mumol min-1 mg-1 and their half-maximal activities ([S]0.5) were achieved at substrate concentrations between 15 and 33 microM. Enzymatic activity also appeared to be independent of the aggregation state of the substrate. No dramatic changes in rate could be associated with substrate aggregation at the critical micelle concentration. This is in marked contrast to some phospholipases A2 that exhibit dramatic activations when their substrates aggregate. In very dilute solutions, less than 0.5 micrograms/ml protein, the lysophospholipase loses activity irreversibly within minutes. This effect of low protein concentrations can be overcome by maintaining the enzyme in the presence of greater than 10 microM lysophospholipid. This inactivation can affect kinetic studies, since the [S]0.5s for this enzyme are usually in this range. We have found that increasing the protein concentration with a 'non-specific protein', e.g., cytochrome c, can protect the enzyme without affecting activity and, thus, allow valid kinetic data to be obtained over the full substrate concentration range.
WHAT SEVENTY AMERICAN JEWISH FAMILIES THINK THE FUTURE HOLDS FOR THEIR YOUNG CHILDREN

* Summary and Conclusions of a thesis submitted to Vassar College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. June, 1939.
Infants and adults use line junction information to perceive 3D shape

Two experiments investigated infants’ and adults’ perception of 3D shape from line junction information. Participants in both experiments viewed a concave wire half-cube frame. In Experiment 1, adults reported that the concave wire frame appeared to be convex when it was viewed monocularly (with one eye covered) and that it appeared to be concave when it was viewed binocularly. In Experiment 2, 5- and 7-month-old infants were shown the concave wire frame under monocular and binocular viewing conditions, and their reaching behavior was recorded. The infants in both age groups reached preferentially toward the center of the wire frame in the monocular condition and toward its edges in the binocular condition. Because infants typically reach to what they perceive to be closest to them, these reaching preferences provide evidence that they perceived the wire frame as convex when they viewed it monocularly and as concave when they viewed it binocularly. These findings suggest that, by 5 months of age, infants, like adults, use line junction information to perceive depth and object shape.
A trend towards being normal: the ‘A’ share experience on the Shanghai stock exchange

The ‘A’ Share IPOs in China exhibited the highest short-term returns compared to IPOs around the world and the returns have revealed a downward trend towards a norm. Possible reasons for the highest returns include excess demand for new shares, underwriter's strong risk aversion and extremely long institutional lags. Rapid growth in IPOs accommodating the excess demand for new shares, decreasing and now normal institutional lags, lower rates of inflation, lower risk in the stock market and investors' experienced investment behaviour may partially explain the downward trend toward a norm.
Generators of O ( 4 , 1 ) for the Quantum-Mechanical Hydrogen Atom

It is well known that the noncompact group $O(4, 1)$ is an imbedding group for the symmetry group $O(4)$ of the hydrogen atom. The expressions for the generators of $O(4, 1)$ in terms of the dynamical variables r and p have been calculated by Bacry in the classical case. We have succeeded in calculating these generators in the quantum-mechanical case also. The classical expressions of Bacry are obtained in the limit $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$.
Observations on the immune response of Aedes trivittatus against Dirofilaria immitis

Laboratory studies on the immune response of Aedes trivittatus to Dirofilaria immitis revealed an active immune response to developing larvae. A response was noted in 41 of 268 (15.3%) mosquitoes that fed on an infected dog. Mosquitoes exhibiting an immune response contained a significantly greater number of parasites (21.9 larvae/mosquito) than mosquitoes in which no response was evident (14.7 larvae/mosquito). The microfilarial stage was melanized more frequently than later developmental stages, although all developmental stages were affected. Melanized microfilariae appeared to be voided from the Malpighian tubules through the hindgut and anus. Early melanization was directed at the area of the excretory pore of the parasites, suggesting at least an indirect response to excretory products. Microfilariae that accidentally migrated through the Malpighian tubules into the haemocoele were completely encapsulated and melanized. All microfilariae that were intrathoracically inoculated into the haemocoele were completely encapsulated and melanized by four days after inoculation. The role the immune system might play in limiting parasite burdens of D. immitis in A. trivittatus is discussed.
An analysis of several configuration design systems

Design has been extensively studied by artificial intelligence researchers for many years. These studies have resulted in a large number of design tools that perform interesting tasks. Understanding the capabilities of these tools is, however, very difficult, which seriously impedes progress in the field. A better understanding of different tools can be achieved by analyzing the knowledge use of existing tools. Such an analysis of six configuration design tools is presented. This results in a model of configuration design that shows significant similarity in the tasks performed by these tools.
Accuracy and Precision Required in Measuring Devices Used in Dairy Herd Improvement Association Recording

(1) Alexander, M. HI, and Yapp, W. W. 1949. Comparison of Methods of Estimating Milk and Fat Production in Dairy Cows. 5. Dairy Sei., 32 : 621. (2) Bayley, N. D., Liss, R. M., and Stallard, J . E . 1952. A Comparison of Bimonthly and Quarterly Testing with Monthly Testing for Estimating Dairy Cattle Production. J. Dairy Sci., 35: 350. (3) Dick, I. D. 1950. Some Results on the Accuracy of Milk Sampling Over a Complete Lactation and the Daily Variability of Milk Yields. New Zealand Science Techno]., 32 (A) : 25. (4) Erb, R. E., Goodwin, M. M., Morrison, R. A., and Shaw, A. P. 1952. Lactation Studies. I II . Variations in Daily Yields of Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 35: 967. (5) Erb, R. E., Goodwin, M. M., Morrison, R. A., and Shaw, A. O. 1952. Lactation Studies. IV. Accuracy of Different Methods of Estimating Lac£ation Yields. J. Dairy Sei., 35 : 977. (6) Kendall, M. G. 1948. The Advanced Theory of Statistics. Voh II. Charles Griffin and Company Limited, London. (7) Sargent, F. D., Lytton, V. It., and Wall, O. G., Jr. 1966. l~eport to the Records Committee of A.D.S.A. Mimeo. (8) Smith, J. W. 1968. Accuracy and Precision Required in Measuring Devices Used in D.H.I.A. Recording. J. Dairy Sci., 51: 162. (9) Thompson, N. R., Stone, W. K., Graf, G. C., Kramer, C. Y., and Freund, R. J. 1960. Errors in Estimation of Lactational Yields of Milk, Fat, and Solids-not-fat from Individual Cows. J. Dairy Sci., 43: 95].
Inhibition of brain glutamate decarboxylase by glutarate, glutaconate, and β-Hydroxyglutarate: Explanation of the symptoms in glutaric aciduria?

Glutaric aciduria is a disorcer of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine metabolism characterized by intermittent metabolic acidemia, dystonia, athetosis and mental retardation. It is due to a recessively inherited deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogeanse, the enzyme(s) which catalyze the dehydrogenation of glutaryl-CoA to glutaconyl-CoA and decarboxylation of the latter to crotonyl-CoA. Abnormal quantities of glutaric, beta-hydroxyglutaric, and glutaconic acids are found in the urine of these patients. The nature of the movement disorder prompted study of the effects of the abnormally excreted metabolites on brain glutamate decarboxylase, an enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's chorea. Glutamate decarboxylase activity was examined in rat and rabbit brain acetone powders, stabilized with pyridoxal phosphate and glutathione. Glutarate, beta-hydroxyglutarate, and glutaconate were competitive inhibitors of this emzyme, Ki values being 1.3 X 10(-3) mol/l, 2.5 X 10(-4) mol/l, respectively. This inhibition may explain the neurological accompaniments of this syndrome.
Polymicrogyria-associated epilepsy: a multicenter phenotypic study from the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project.

Purpose Polymicrogyria (PMG) is an epileptogenic malformation of cortical development. We describe the clinical epilepsy and imaging features of a large cohort with PMG-related epilepsy.
Associations of the Burden of Coal Abandoned Mine Lands with Three Dimensions of Community Context in Pennsylvania

Background. Pennsylvania, with thousands of abandoned coal mines and miles of streams polluted with acid mine drainage, has the largest domestic coal mining burden contributing to deterioration of communities. Objectives. To evaluate contextual aspects by examining associations between coal abandoned mine lands (AML) and community measures of socioeconomic deprivation, social disorganization, and physical disorder. Methods. AML exposure data from the Reclaimed Abandoned Mine Land Inventory System were used to create density, diversity, accessibility, and clustering metrics. The three community context outcome measures were comprised of 14 census variables. In community-level analyses, 10 AML variables were evaluated separately with each dimension of community context, adjusting for covariates, in communities with and without abandoned mines. Results. We observed consistent associations between higher AML burden and worse socioeconomic deprivation, negative relations with social disorganization, but no statistically significant associations with physical disorder. Six of 10 AML variables were associated with socioeconomic deprivation, many consistently exhibiting exposure-effect patterns of worse deprivation with greater AML. Conclusions. Higher AML was associated with higher socioeconomic deprivation. These results can help prioritize the use of Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act funds and inform decisions regarding Marcellus shale drilling to prevent analogous environmental degradation and public health impacts.
THE EFFECT OF THE PROBABILITY OF CORRECT RESPONSE ON THE VARIABILITY OF MEASURES OF DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING

The Mantel-Haenszel (MH; 1959) approach of Holland and Thayer (1988) is a well-established method for assessing differential item functioning (DIF). The formula for the variance of the MH DIF statistic is based on work by Phillips and Holland (1987) and Robins, Breslow and Greenland (1986). Recent simulation studies showed that the MH variances tended to be larger when items were administered to “examinees” who were randomly selected from a population than when items were administered adaptively. An analytic perspective shed some light on this puzzling result. Although the general form of the MH variance is complex and does not provide an intuitive understanding of the phenomenon, application of certain Rasch model assumptions yields a simple expression that appears to explain the difference in variances for adaptive versus nonadaptive administration.
Attributional patterns for expressions of love

Words of love can be compelling messages in romantic relationships. However, like most messages, they serve multiple functions in accomplishing interactants’ goals. This study examined attributions about direct verbal expressions of love. Results indicated that initial expressions of love are typically verbalized by males and have several functions: 1) expression of authentic feelings, 2) ulterior motives, 3) situational influences, 4) comforting, and 5) confusion. Declarations were perceived differently according to gender and whether one initiated or received the message. Specifically, females and initiators were more likely to attribute statements to authentic feelings. Males mentioned situational influences more often.
Structure determination of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A-variant glucuronoxylomannan by 13C-N.M.R. spectroscopy

A series of polysaccharides was derived by physical and chemical methods from an antigenic, O-acetyl-containing, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), isolated from the growth medium of Cryptococcus neoformans (CDC B2550) serotype A-variant having composition ratios of Man:Xyl:GlcA:OAc = 10:4:3:6. 13C-N.m.r. spectra of derivatives provided new structural evidence for GXM. Treatment of GXM with Li in ethylenediamine gave a xylomannan (XM, with Man:Xyl = 5:2). Smith degradation of XM gave a mannan (M). Ultrasonic treatment of GXM gave GXM-sonicated (GXMS). Treatment of GXM with 3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethylcarbodiimide.HCl and then with NaBH4 gave reduced GXMS (RGXMS), or with aq. trifluoroacetic acid gave partially acid-hydrolyzed GXMS. Periodate oxidation of GXM and NaBH4 reduction of the product gave a polyalcohol-mannan (PM). Treatment of GXMS, RGXMS, and PM with NH4OH at pH 11 gave the respective O-deacetylated analogs. Comparison among the 13C-n.m.r. spectra of GXM, the various derivatives, and reference monosaccharides allowed the following conclusions: M is (1----3)-alpha-D-mannopyranan; XM consists of the M backbone with 91% of the Xyl on nonadjacent Man residues as 2-O-beta-D-Xylp substituents and with 9% as 4-O-D-Xylp substituents on other Man residues. GXM consists of the XM structure, but with non-D-xylosylated Man residues substituted with 2-O-beta-D-GlcpA substituents and with 6-O-acetyl groups distributed approximately equally on Man residues that have other substituents and those that have none. The molecular mechanics program MM2 was used to estimate the relative energies of anomeric orientations of the typical glycosidic linkage in M. The results suggest that 6'-OH----O-2 H-bonding is significant in the minimal-energy orientation of M, with phi = -36 degrees and psi = 51 degrees, and that two other glycosidic orientations may be important in the 2-O- or 6-O-substituted derivatives of M.
Phase Separation in the System (Fe,Mn)O

Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe variations in composition in single crystals of FeyMn1–yO1+]x on a scale of 100 to 500 A. Compositional fluctuations were resolved as lamellar-like striations oriented primarily in the [100] direction. Specimens had been equilibrated at 900°C in oxygen partial pressures within the monoxide phase region and then quenched to room temperature. A region of solid-solid immiscibility in the monoxide phase field is proposed. A different submicrostructure resulted from low-temperature decomposition (150°C) due to localized heating when samples were prepared by ion-bombardment thinning.
Comparison of EGFR and KRAS mutations in primary and unpaired metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with potential chemotherapy effect

Several recent studies have suggested that EGFR and KRAS mutations may be different in primary and metastatic tumors. It is also not well studied whether or not conventional chemotherapy has any effect on EGFR or KRAS mutations. In this study, we compared EGFR and KRAS mutations in primary and unrelated metastatic lung adenocarcinomas from retrospectively collected clinical cases. We also examined the potential effect of chemotherapy on EGFR and KRAS mutations in these 2 groups based on available clinical information. Using Johns Hopkins Hospital archives, 379 lung adenocarcinomas with EGFR and KRAS mutational analyses were included. Mutational status was determined by sequencing exons 18 to 21 of EGFR and codons 12 and 13 of KRAS. Clinical information was correlated. The overall mutational rates in primary and metastatic tumors were comparable. In 213 primary tumors, there was no significant difference of EGFR and KRAS mutational rates in the prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy groups (P > .05), whereas in 166 metastatic tumors, EGFR and KRAS mutations were 12.8% and 36.1% in the prechemotherapy group and 27.3% and 18.2% in the postchemotherapy group (P < .05). Although our study is an unpaired study, it suggests that mutational status in metastatic tumors may need to be tested, especially if the patient had chemotherapy before the test. Additional studies are needed to further investigate the mechanism and clinical significance of the findings.
Implications of the Copernican principle for our future prospects

Making only the assumption that you are a random intelligent observer, limits for the total longevity of our species of 0.2 million to 8 million years can be derived at the 95% confidence level. Further consideration indicates that we are unlikely to colonize the Galaxy, and that we are likely to have a higher population than the median for intelligent species.
Expansion of stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in monkey somatosensory cortex after peripheral denervation.

The 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG) technique was used to study changes in stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in the somatosensory cortex of the squirrel monkeySaimiri sciureus after unilateral digit amputation. Two to 52 weeks after digit 2 on the left hand was removed, a somatic stimulus was applied to digit 3 bilaterally. In area 3b corresponding to the deafferented side of the brain, the area of stimulus-evoked metabolic activity was greater than that on the opposite, control side of the brain within the same animal. The extent of the topographic projection map of 2DG label in area 3b on the deafferented side of the brain was 1.92 to 4.75 times greater than that on the control side. There was no difference, however, in the topographical area of stimulus-evoked metabolic activity between the left and right somatosensory cortices in a normal, unoperated animal. These data suggest that the changes in functional organization observed using electrophysiological recordings in somatosensory cortex after peripheral denervation may have a metabolic substrate.
p − p Scattering at 90° and Hadronic Structure of the Proton

We explain $p\ensuremath{-}p$ differential scattering cross section at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and laboratory momentum 5-13.4 GeV/c in terms of two optical potentials and distorted-wave Born approximation of the corresponding amplitudes. The radial dependence of these potentials indicates two hadronic density distributions of the proton of root-mean-square radii 0.40 and 0.26 F.
Prediction of Respiratory Symptoms by Peripheral Blood Neutrophils and Eosinophils in the First National Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I)

To examine specific cellular markers of inflammation in peripheral blood (neutrophils and eosinophils) and their relationship to respiratory symptoms, we used data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Cross-sectional data were available on a random sample of 6,913 adults aged 30 to 74 years who had American Thoracic Society-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute questionnaire information on respiratory symptoms and illnesses, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, dyspnea (grade 3), chronic cough, and chronic phlegm. Information was available on age, race, smoking status, peripheral blood leukocyte count, and differential cell count. These data were analyzed using logistic regression controlling for age, race, sex, and cigarette smoking. Physician-diagnosed asthma was significantly associated only with the eosinophil count (p =0.001). Physician-diagnosed bronchitis was significantly associated with the neutrophil count (p =0.012) and marginally associated with the eosinophil count (p =0.072). Chronic phlegm was also significantly associated with both the eosinophil count (p =0.049) and the neutrophil count (p =0.041). Grade 3 dyspnea (p =0.049) was only significantly associated with the neutrophil count. These data suggest that both peripheral blood neutrophils and eosinophils are associated with a broad range of respiratory symptoms and that the eosinophil may play a role in nonasthmatic respiratory inflammation.
Evaluating the dynamic impacts of urban form on transportation and environmental outcomes in US cities

Previous urban sprawl studies have typically taken a cross-sectional approach without examining how sprawling urban areas are performing over time. Longitudinal studies of individual or household travel behavior and built-environment preference have made some progress in this direction, but very few studies have explored the longitudinal interaction of urban form with transportation and environmental outcomes. This study begins to fill this gap by evaluating the transportation and environmental impact dynamics of several key dimensions of urban sprawl: density, land use mix, centrality, and street connectivity. The central hypothesis is that while the built environment is durable and development patterns change slowly, the impacts of urban sprawl are dynamic rather than static and are accelerated in more sprawling cities relative to less sprawling cities. To test this hypothesis, a panel dataset of 7 years (2000–2007) was developed for 60 Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the US and a hybrid modeling framework that incorporates fixed and random effects is applied to evaluate different transportation and environmental outcomes over time. We found that the influence of urban centrality or the strength of urban sub-centers on the travel pattern of commuters and transit users is dynamic. This suggests that people living in cities with stronger centers drive less and use public transportation more over time. For environmental outcomes, we found that cities with higher density have experienced a significant decrease in ambient ozone and PM2.5 concentrations after controlling city-specific variables.
A Price for Every Product, Every Place: The International Steel Export Cartel, 1933–39

(1991). A Price for Every Product, Every Place: The International Steel Export Cartel, 1933–39. Business History: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 68-86.
Coronary constriction to angiotensin II is enhanced by endothelial superoxide production in sheep programmed by dexamethasone.

Early gestation dexamethasone (dex) administration is an ovine model of fetal programming associated with increased coronary reactivity to angiotensin II (Ang II). NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production plays an important role in both Ang II signaling and coronary disease. We sought to determine whether early gestation dex-exposure increases coronary reactivity to Ang II by enhancing endothelial NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Dex (0.28 mg/kg/d for 48 h) was administered to pregnant ewes at 27–28 d gestation. Dex-exposed and control offspring were studied at 4 mo of age. Coronary superoxide production was measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium fluorescence. Coronary arteries from dex-exposed sheep had significantly enhanced vasoconstriction to Ang II, an effect abolished by either endothelial removal or preincubation with membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase and catalase. Ang II significantly increased endothelial superoxide production and NADPH oxidase activity in coronaries from dex-exposed offspring, but not controls. This programmed alteration in superoxide production was accentuated by PD123319 (AT2 antagonist), but abolished by losartan (AT1 antagonist). In conclusion, early gestation dex-exposure programs coronary reactivity to Ang II by enhancing Ang II-stimulated endothelial superoxide production. This programming effect may predispose to progressive coronary endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery disease.