cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Diagnosis: Lumbar Puncture Is Still Needed When the Computed Tomography Scan Is Normal

Objectives: To determine the sensitivity of third-generation CT scanners for diagnosed nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to assess the impact of symptom duration on sensitivity. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital with an annual ED volume of >100,000 patients. The target population was all patients who presented to the ED from January 1991 to September 1994 with symptoms suggestive of SAH and who had a final diagnosis of nontraumatic SAH based on either a positive CT scan or positive spinal fluid analysis. Patients referred from outside facilities were included if they had a CT done at the study site. All CT scans were done using third-generation scanners. Official CT scan reports were used to categorize scans as positive or negative. Results: There were 140 patients identified with SAH, with a mean age of 56 years (range 10–88). The sensitivity of CT in the diagnosis of nontraumatic SAH when performed at or before 12 hours of symptom duration was 100% (80/80), and 81.7% (49/60) after 12 hours of symptom duration (95% CI 95–100% and 69.5–90.4%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Eleven of the 140 patients had a negative CT and positive spinal fluid analysis, yielding an overall sensitivity of 92.1% (129/140). Conclusion: The sensitivity of third-generation CT scans for SAH decreases with time from the onset of symptoms. In this sample population, CT was able to detect all patients scanned ^12 hours after symptom onset. Although the study demonstrated good sensitivity of CT scan reports for SAH when the scan was performed after S12 hours of symptom onset, additional real-time experience is needed to better define the potential risk of a missed SAH should this population not receive the customary lumbar puncture examination in the setting of a negative CT scan.
Importance of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Pulmonary Hypertension

Angiotensin II causes pulmonary vasoconstriction in man and in animals, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have prevented the development of chronic pulmonary hypertension in animal mo
The influence of gender on the frequency of pain and sedative medication administered to postoperative patients

This study examines whether the frequency of pain and sedative medication administered to postoperative coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients differs according to patient gender. It was hypothesized that nurses medicate patients with pain medication more frequently if they are men than if they are women. It was also hypothesized that nurses medicate female patients with sedative medication more frequently than male patients. The hypotheses in this study were based on a review of the literature indicating that health care professionals hold stereotypic views of women as emotionally labile and more apt to exaggerate complaints of pain than men. The medication records of 30 male and 30 female patients between 44–71 years of age, who had undergone recent CABG surgery, were evaluated in this study. Male and female patients were matched on the basis of age, number of grafts completed in surgery, and location of graft donor sites. All data were obtained through the use of medical records to allow for control of patients' current and past medical history. The frequency of pain and sedative medication administered to these patients from 12 hours postop to 72 hours postop was compared. The results revealed that male patients were administered pain medication significantly more frequently than female patients, and that female patients were administered sedative medication significantly more frequently than male patients. Also, patients 61 years or younger received pain medication significantly more frequently than those patients 62 years and over.
Authigenic Silicates in Marine Spencer Formation at Corvallis, Oregon: ABSTRACT

Segments of the petroleum industry are actively exploring the Tertiary rocks of offshore Oregon and Washington; several wells are being drilled and others are projected. It is noteworthy (1) that amphibole and pyroxene occur in sandstone beds of one of the potential reservoir formations under conditions that require an authigenic origin and (2) that the rocks have not been metamorphosed. These minerals, which usually are presumed to have formed in conditions of much higher temperatures than those of diagenesis, are found in the Spencer Formation of late Eocene age at Corvallis, Oregon. The best-preserved examples of these minerals are found in a graded sedimentation unit rich in molluscan fossil fragments, basic volcanic glass, and zeolitic concretions. The marine shell f agments are replaced by thomsonite which contains many idiomorphic crystals and tangled needles of actinolite and clinopyroxene. Reconstruction of the diagenetic environment suggests a formation temperature near 140°F., solutions somewhat less saline than sea water, a pH of slightly less than 7.0, and an Eh near -0.2. Formation of thomsonite, actinolite, clinopyroxene, and rare analcime, rather than a suite such as clinoptilolite or heulandite, orthoclase, and abundant analcime, is thought to have been caused by a supply of basic volcanic glass and molluscan calcite rather than acid glass and soda-rich brines. End_of_Article - Last_Page 647------------
Local Administration of the Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor, PJ34 During Hindlimb Ischemia Modulates Skeletal Muscle Reperfusion Injury

Background PARP stabilizes DNA and modulates inflammation in murine models of sepsis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Previous studies have shown that systemic PARP inhibition before hindlimb ischemia preserves tissue viability and modulates cytokine synthesis during reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intra-muscular (IM) administration of PJ34, a potent inhibitor of PARP, after the onset of acute hindlimb ischemia (post hoc) modulates the local production of inflammatory mediators during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Materials and methods The control tension tourniquet was used to establish unilateral hindlimb ischemia in mice for 3 h followed by 48 h I/R. The treatment group (PJ) received IM PJ34 (10 mg/kg) in the affected hindlimb 90 min into ischemia whereas the control group (UN) received IM saline (150 uL) at the same time point. Skeletal muscle viability (MTT mitochondrial activity), local neutrophil chemoattractant protein (KC), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured in protein extracts after the reperfusion period. Results Muscle viability (102% ± 10 PJ, 78% ± 4 UN, P = 0.04), IL-B (21.1 ± 1.3 PJ, 15.5 ± 1.0 UN, P = 0.02), and IL-6 levels (16.3 ± 1.2 PJ, 10.9 ± 1.4 UN, P = 0.04) after 48 I/R were significantly higher in PJ. KC and MPO levels were higher in PJ but neither reached statistical significance. Conclusions Post hoc PJ34 therapy appears to protect skeletal muscle from I/R injury despite increased levels of local cytokines. These initial findings support the role of local post hoc therapy in the treatment of acute limb threatening ischemia suggesting that further study of this novel therapy is warranted.
The behavioral ecology of sympatric African apes: implications for understanding fossil hominoid ecology.

The behavioral ecology of the great apes is key evidence used in the reconstruction of the behavior of extinct ape and hominid taxa. Chimpanzees and gorillas have been studied in detail in the wild, and some studies of their behavioral ecology in sympatry have also been been carried out. Although the two ape species have divergent behavior and ecology in important respects, recent studies have shown that the interspecific differences are not as stark as previously thought and subsequently urge new consideration of how they share forest resources when sympatric. These new data require re-examination of assumptions about key aspects of chimpanzee-gorilla ecological divergence, such as diet, ranging and nesting patterns, and the mating system. Diet is a key component of the species’ adaptive complexes that facilitates avoidance of direct competition from the other. While the nutritional basis for chimpanzee food choice remains unclear and no doubt varies from site to site, this species is a ripe fruit specialist and ranges farther during periods of ripe fruit scarcity. Gorillas in the same habitat also feed on ripe fruit when widely available, but fall back onto fibrous plant foods during lean periods. The inclusion of animal protein in the diet of the chimpanzees and its absence in that of the gorillas also distinguish the species ecologically. It may also offer clues to aspects of ecological divergence among early members of the hominid phylogeny. The paper concludes by suggesting likely characteristics of sympatric associations of Pliocene hominids, based on field data from extant sympatric apes.
Carotid vascular abnormalities in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Context: Data on the presence, extent, and reversibility of cardiovascular disease in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are conflicting. Objective: This study evaluated carotid structure and function in PHPT patients compared with population-based controls. Design: This is a case-control study. Setting: The study was conducted in a university hospital metabolic bone disease unit. Participants: Forty-nine men and women with PHPT and 991 controls without PHPT were studied. Outcome Measures: We measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid plaque presence and thickness, and carotid stiffness, strain, and distensibility. Results: IMT, carotid plaque thickness, carotid stiffness, and distensibility were abnormal in PHPT patients, and IMT was higher in patients than controls (0.959 vs. 0.907 mm, P < 0.0001). In PHPT, PTH levels, but not calcium concentration, predicted carotid stiffness (P = 0.04), strain (P = 0.06), and distensibility (P = 0.07). Patients with increased carotid stiffness had significantly higher PTH levels than did those with normal stiffness (141 ± 48 vs. 94.9 ± 44 pg/ml, P = 0.002), and odds of abnormal stiffness increased 1.91 (confidence interval = 1.09–3.35; P = 0.024) for every 10 pg/ml increase in PTH, adjusted for age, creatinine, and albumin-corrected calcium. Conclusions: Mild PHPT is associated with subclinical carotid vascular manifestations. IMT, a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, is increased. Measures of carotid stiffness are associated with extent of PTH elevation, suggesting that those with more severe PHPT may have impaired vascular compliance and that PTH, rather than calcium, is the mediator.
PedMIDAS-Based Scoring Underestimates Migraine Disability on Non-School Days

Objective The aim of this study is to compare daily Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS)-based scores for headaches occurring on school days vs non-school days and during the school year vs the summer holiday. Background The PedMIDAS is the only instrument validated to assess migraine disability among school-aged children. However, the PedMIDAS may underestimate disability during prolonged school holidays. Methods In a prospective cohort study, migraine patients aged 10–18 years completed a 90-day Internet-based headache diary. For each headache day, they answered PedMIDAS-based questions and rated their headache intensity (scale 1–10). PedMIDAS-based scores, headache intensity ratings, and relative headache frequencies were compared for school days vs non-school days and for the school year vs the summer holiday. Results Fifty-two patients completed 4680 diary entries comprising 984 headache days. The headache frequencies and intensity ratings did not differ between time periods. However, the mean headache disability scores (as measured from PedMIDAS-based questions) were significantly different for school days (0.85) compared to non-school days (0.45), P < .001, and for the school year (0.73) compared to the summer holiday (0.46), P < .016. Conclusion Given similar headache intensities and frequencies, daily PedMIDAS-based scores significantly underestimate headache disability on non-school days. Accordingly, PedMIDAS scoring during the school year may not be comparable to assessments done during the summer holiday. These potential differences must be considered when using the instrument as an outcome measure for clinical trials.
Computation with semialgebraic sets represented by cylindrical algebraic formulas

Cylindrical algebraic formulas are an explicit representation of semialgebraic sets as finite unions of cylindrically arranged disjoint cells bounded by graphs of algebraic functions. We present a version of the Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition (CAD) algorithm customized for efficient computation of arbitrary combinations of unions, intersections and complements of semialgebraic sets given in this representation. The algorithm can also be used to eliminate quantifiers from Boolean combinations of cylindrical algebraic formulas. We show application examples and an empirical comparison with direct CAD computation for unions and intersections of semialgebraic sets.
Overcoming Collaborative Inhibition through Error Correction: A Classroom Experiment

individually. Moreover, laboratory research has shown that individuals working in dyads or groups often perform worse than individuals working alone — ar obustfinding called the collaborative inhibition effect. Despite these findings, we hypothesize that some classroom activities may afford benefits for collaborative learning over individual learning. We created a classroom writing activity thatincorporatedfeaturessuchassharedpriorknowledgeanderror-correctionprocesses,whichhavebeenhypothesizedtoeliminate collaborativeinhibitionand tosupportconstructivecollaboration.Studentsparticipatedinthisactivity eitherindividually orindyads. Results showed that the individuals who worked collaboratively performed equally well as those who worked individually and also showed better learning as measured by performance on a future writing assignment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. When does collaboration lead to robust performance and learning outcomes? A large amount of laboratory evidence shows that when individuals collaborate with one or more partners, the group often performs better than the average individual working alone (see Hill, 1982; Kerr & Tindale, 2004 for reviews). This result has been demonstrated across a number of tasks and domains, ranging from the recall of nonsense syllables (e.g. Ryack, 1965) or numbers (e.g. Morrissette, Crannell & Switzer, 1964) to judgment accuracy (e.g. Hinsz, 1990) to solving puzzle problems (e.g. Laughlin, Hatch, Silver & Boh, 2006). These findings are consistent with many peoples’ intuitions and with the colloquial notion, ‘two heads are better than one.’ This view of collaboration is pervasive in both the workplace and educational settings. In the current work, we compare the performance and learning benefits of collaboration on a classroom activity designed to
Phase I trial of weekly docetaxel and daily temozolomide in patients with metastatic disease.

Docetaxel is second generation taxoid that has shown activity against a variety of cancers and has been approved for use in cancers of the breast, lung, head and neck, ovaries and prostate. Temozolomide is an alkylating agent which crosses the blood brain barrier and has demonstrated antitumor activity against a broad range of tumor types, including malignant glioma, melanoma, non small cell lung cancer and carcinoma of the ovary and colon. A Phase I trial was conducted to determine the toxicity of this combination in refractory solid tumor patients. Methods: Twenty five patients with metastatic cancers were enrolled in a Phase I dose escalation trial. Docetaxel was administered weekly in 5 escalating doses of 25 to 35 mg/ m2 as a one-hour bolus intravenous infusion for 3 consecutive weeks. Temozolamide was administered orally daily for 3 weeks (escalating doses of 75 to 100 mg/m2). Cycles were repeated at 4 week intervals. Results: The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not determined in this study. The most commonly reported adverse events were mild to moderate nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Thrombocytopenia was the most commonly observed grade 3 and 4 hematological toxicity. Eight patients had dose interruptions for adverse events and only one patient had a dose reduction while receiving 30 mg/ m2 of docetaxel and 90 mg/ m2 of temozolomide due to grade 3 thrombocytopenia. Two patients achieved partial responses and 88% of the patients are deceased. The median survival is 8.4 months. Conclusions: The combination of docetaxel and temozolomide was well tolerated and these agents can be safely combined. For phase II trials, docetaxel 35 mg/ m2 IV day 1, 8 and 15, and daily temozolomide at 100 mg/ m2 day 1–21 are recommended.
Readiness-to-Change Cluster Profiles Among Adults with Mental Illness Who were Homeless Participating in a Life Skills Intervention

This longitudinal study examined differences in intervention outcomes based on readiness-to-change cluster profiles among 73 adults with a mental illness at risk for homelessness participating in a manualized life skills intervention. Intervention topics included money management, food management, safe community participation, and room- and self-care. Life skill knowledge and readiness-to-change, measured using the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment, was examined at baseline, post-intervention, and 3–6 months later. Two scoring patterns emerged for readiness-to-change at each time point: Pre-Engaged and Engaged. Participants who were Engaged at the time of assessment scored significantly better than Pre-Engaged on post-intervention life skill testing, however group identification changed over time. Baseline readiness-to-change did not predict future performance or attrition, and therefore may not provide accurate indication of client investment for future learning or participation. Further investigation is needed to determine what factors contribute to Engaged membership.
The Role of Foundations in Public Broadcasting Part I: Development and Trends.

Increasing commercial industry concern about corporate underwriting of public television productions has focused attention again on the overall funding situation in public broadcasting. Here the author, a doctoral student at Temple University's School of Communications and Theater, provides a broad introduction to the background, problems, and prospects for foundation support of non‐commercial broadcasting in the U.S. In a forthcoming second part of this article, she will focus specifically on the commanding role of the Ford Foundation, biggest giver in the field.
Multiplication of threading dislocations in strained metal films under sulfur exposure

Strained thin films often contain ordered networks of misfit dislocations which can determine their chemical and mechanical properties. We consider the reaction of sulfur with two-monolayer films of Cu on Ru(0001). These films contain a network of parallel partial dislocations, separating regions of fcc and hcp stacking, with threading edge dislocations where partial dislocations meet. Sulfur reacts with the threading dislocations and dissociates them. The increase in the threading dislocation density is accommodated by modifying the dislocation network.
Pre-Crastination Hastening Subgoal Completion at the Expense of Extra Physical Effort

In this article, we describe a phenomenon we discovered while conducting experiments on walking and reaching. We asked university students to pick up either of two buckets, one to the left of an alley and one to the right, and to carry the selected bucket to the alley's end. In most trials, one of the buckets was closer to the end point. We emphasized choosing the easier task, expecting participants to prefer the bucket that would be carried a shorter distance. Contrary to our expectation, participants chose the bucket that was closer to the start position, carrying it farther than the other bucket. On the basis of results from nine experiments and participants' reports, we concluded that this seemingly irrational choice reflected a tendency to pre-crastinate, a term we introduce to refer to the hastening of subgoal completion, even at the expense of extra physical effort. Other tasks also reveal this preference, which we ascribe to the desire to reduce working memory loads.
THE GHISELLI SELF-DESCRIPTION INVENTORY: A PSYCHOMETRIC APPRAISAL

A multitrait-multimethod analysis and a centroid factor analysis were used to examine and evaluate the measurement properties of the Ghiselli Self-description Inventory. The results support the use...
Light widgets: interacting in every-day spaces

This paper describes a system for ubiquitous interaction that does not require users to carry any physical devices. In this system, the environment is instrumented with camera/processor combinations that watch users while protecting their privacy. Any visible surface can be turned into an interactive widget triggered by skin-colored objects. Light widgets are tied to the XWeb cross-modal interaction platform to empower them with interactive feedback.
Optical and magneto-optical properties of metallic glass Fe80B20

Abstract We measured the optical constants of ferromagnetic Fe80B20 glass and the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE). The optical absorption in the glass is compared to that of Fe and a shift of the structures in the Fe80B20 spectrum towards lower energies is noted. The MOKE absorption spectrum is similar in shape but reduced by a factor of about five compared to Fe.
Recent Enhancements To The FUN3D Flow Solver For Moving-Mesh Applications

An unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver for unstructured grids has been extended to handle general mesh movement involving rigid, deforming, and overset meshes. Mesh deformation is achieved through analogy to elastic media by solving the linear elasticity equations. A general method for specifying the motion of moving bodies within the mesh has been implemented that allows for inherited motion through parent-child relationships, enabling simulations involving multiple moving bodies. Several example calculations are shown to illustrate the range of potential applications. For problems in which an isolated body is rotating with a fixed rate, a noninertial reference-frame formulation is available. An example calculation for a tilt-wing rotor is used to demonstrate that the time-dependent moving grid and noninertial formulations produce the same results in the limit of zero time-step size.
SU-E-CAMPUS-T-06: Radiochromic Film Analysis Based On Principal Components

Purpose: An algorithm to convert the color image of scanned EBT2 radiochromic film [Ashland, Covington KY] into a dose map was developed based upon a principal component analysis. The sensitive layer of the EBT2 film is colored so that the background streaks arising from variations in thickness and scanning imperfections may be distinguished by color from the dose in the exposed film. Methods: Doses of 0, 0.94, 1.9, 3.8, 7.8, 16, 32 and 64 Gy were delivered to radiochromic films by contact with a calibrated Sr-90/Y-90 source. They were digitized by a transparency scanner. Optical density images were calculated and analyzed by the method of principal components. The eigenimages of the 0.94 Gy film contained predominantly noise, predominantly background streaking, and background streaking plus the source, respectively, in order from the smallest to the largest eigenvalue. Weighting the second and third eigenimages by −0.574 and 0.819 respectively and summing them plus the constant 0.012 yielded a processed optical density image with negligible background streaking. This same weighted sum was transformed to the red, green and blue space of the scanned images and applied to all of the doses. The curve of processed density in the middle of the source versus applied dose was fit by a twophase association curve. A film was sandwiched between two polystyrene blocks and exposed edge-on to a different Y-90 source. This measurement was modeled with the GATE simulation toolkit [Version 6.2, OpenGATE Collaboration], and the on-axis depth-dose curves were compared. Results: The transformation defined using the principal component analysis of the 0.94 Gy film minimized streaking in the backgrounds of all of the films. The depth-dose curves from the film measurement and simulation are indistinguishable. Conclusion: This algorithm accurately converts EBT2 film images to dose images while reducing noise and minimizing background streaking. Supported by a sponsored research agreement from IsoTherapeutics Group, LLC.
Facile Synthesis of Alkoxyalkyl Cyclopentadienes

Abstract Condensation of trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene with acetals, ketals, and some ortho esters in the presence of a catalytic amount of trimethylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate offers a new route to sensitive alkoxyalkyl substituted cyclopentadiene compounds.
OP9 mouse stromal cells rapidly differentiate into adipocytes: characterization of a useful new model of adipogenesis

Much knowledge of adipocyte biology has been learned from cell culture models, most notably 3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 model has several limitations, including the requirement of 2 weeks to generate adipocytes and the waning of adipogenic potential in culture. We have investigated the capacity of OP9 cells, a line of bone marrow-derived mouse stromal cells, to recapitulate adipogenesis. When OP9 cells are given any one of three adipogenic stimuli, they rapidly accumulate triacylglycerol, assume adipocyte morphology, and express adipocyte late marker proteins, including glucose transporter 4 and adiponectin. OP9 cells can differentiate into adipocytes within 2 days. This rapid rate of differentiation allows for the detection of transiently expressed proteins in mature OP9 adipocytes. Adipogenesis in OP9 cells involves the master transcriptional regulator of adipocyte differentiation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). OP9 cells are late preadipocytes in that, before the addition of adipogenic stimuli, they express the adipocyte proteins CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha and beta, PPARgamma, sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1, S3-12, and perilipin. OP9 differentiation is not diminished by maintenance in culture at high cell density or by long periods in continuous culture, thereby facilitating the generation of stable cell lines that retain adipogenic potential. Thus, the unique features of OP9 cells will expedite the study of adipocyte biology.
Practical design of side-coupled quarter-wave shifted distributed-Bragg resonant filters

This paper presents equations that the together the spectral response, physical dimensions, and optical properties of side-coupled quarter-wave shifted distributed-Bragg resonant filters. Four constraints on the available design space are presented to show that side-coupled resonant filters, as designed herein, must, remain narrow-band to achieve acceptable performance. The global design space and the available design subspace for the InGaAsP/InP and Ge-doped SiO/sub 2/ material systems are presented, as well as a discussion of modifications that can be made to improve the scope of possible filter designs.
Evidence for arterial embolization in dissecting aneurysm of the cervical vertebral artery.

Ultrasonographic imaging of the right cervical vertebral artery in a 57-year-old man with recurrent episodes of ischemia in the vertebrobasilar territory revealed a dissecting aneurysm with communication of the true and false lumen. This finding demonstrates that arterial dissection can form a nidus for distal embolization and supports the use of anticoagulation in this disorder.
A randomized clinical trial of daily nonstress testing versus biophysical profile in the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of 2 different antepartum testing modalities to predict infectious morbidity in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Study Design: During a 36-month period, patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (at 23 to 34 weeks of gestation) were randomly assigned to either a daily nonstress test or a biophysical profile, after a 24-hour observational period. We used the original scoring system of Manning et al for the biophysical profile, with a score of ≤6 considered abnormal. Nonstress test results were considered abnormal if the test was nonreactive or if the patient had late decelerations or significant variable decelerations; abnormal results led to further evaluation with a biophysical profile. Results of the last test before delivery were evaluated to determine whether infectious complications had been predicted. Results: One hundred thirty-five patients were enrolled in the study. Demographics, pregnancy characteristics, and neonatal outcomes were similar. Neither the daily nonstress test nor the daily biophysical profile had good sensitivity for predicting infectious complications (39.1% and 25.0%, respectively). However, both had good specificity (84.6% and 92.6%, respectively). Positive and negative predictive values were 52.9% and 75.9%, respectively, for the daily nonstress test and 66.7% and 68.4%, respectively, for the daily biophysical profile. Cost was significantly higher in the daily biophysical profile group. Nonstress testing of patients at
Postoperative Nomogram for Disease-Specific Survival After an R0 Resection for Gastric Carcinoma

Purpose: Few published studies have addressed individual patient risk after R0 resection for gastric cancer. We developed and internally validated a nomogram that combines these factors to predict the probability of 5-year gastric cancer–specific survival on the basis of 1,039 patients treated at a single institution. Methods: Nomogram predictor variables included age, sex, primary site (distal one-third, middle one-third, gastroesophageal junction, and proximal one-third), Lauren histotype (diffuse, intestinal, mixed), number of positive lymph nodes resected, number of negative lymph nodes resected, and depth of invasion. Death as a result of gastric cancer was the predicted end point. The concordance index was used as an accuracy measure, with bootstrapping to correct for optimistic bias. Calibration plots were constructed. Results: Gastric cancer–specific survival at 5 years was 50%. A nomogram was constructed on the basis of a Cox regression model. The bootstrap-corrected concordance index was 0.80. W...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States

Importance Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk is primarily dependent on behavior (sexual and injection drug use) and HIV viral load. National goals emphasize maximizing coverage along the HIV care continuum, but the effect on HIV prevention is unknown. Objectives To estimate the rate and number of HIV transmissions attributable to persons at each of the following 5 HIV care continuum steps: HIV infected but undiagnosed, HIV diagnosed but not retained in medical care, retained in care but not prescribed antiretroviral therapy, prescribed antiretroviral therapy but not virally suppressed, and virally suppressed. Design, Setting, and Participants A multistep, static, deterministic model that combined population denominator data from the National HIV Surveillance System with detailed clinical and behavioral data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System and the Medical Monitoring Project to estimate the rate and number of transmissions along the care continuum. This analysis was conducted January 2013 to June 2014. The findings reflect the HIV-infected population in the United States in 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimated rate and number of HIV transmissions. Results Of the estimated 1 148 200 persons living with HIV in 2009, there were 207 600 (18.1%) who were undiagnosed, 519 414 (45.2%) were aware of their infection but not retained in care, 47 453 (4.1%) were retained in care but not prescribed ART, 82 809 (7.2%) were prescribed ART but not virally suppressed, and 290 924 (25.3%) were virally suppressed. Persons who are HIV infected but undiagnosed (18.1% of the total HIV-infected population) and persons who are HIV diagnosed but not retained in medical care (45.2% of the population) were responsible for 91.5% (30.2% and 61.3%, respectively) of the estimated 45 000 HIV transmissions in 2009. Compared with persons who are HIV infected but undiagnosed (6.6 transmissions per 100 person-years), persons who were HIV diagnosed and not retained in medical care were 19.0% (5.3 transmissions per 100 person-years) less likely to transmit HIV, and persons who were virally suppressed were 94.0% (0.4 transmissions per 100 person-years) less likely to transmit HIV. Men, those who acquired HIV via male-to-male sexual contact, and persons 35 to 44 years old were responsible for the most HIV transmissions by sex, HIV acquisition risk category, and age group, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Sequential steps along the HIV care continuum were associated with reduced HIV transmission rates. Improvements in HIV diagnosis and retention in care, as well as reductions in sexual and drug use risk behavior, primarily for persons undiagnosed and not receiving antiretroviral therapy, would have a substantial effect on HIV transmission in the United States.
Audit Quality: Insights from the Academic Literature

This study presents a review of academic research on audit quality. We begin with a review of existing definitions of audit quality and describe general frameworks for establishing audit quality. Next, we summarize research on indicators of audit quality, such as inputs, process, and outcomes. Finally, we offer some suggestions for future research. The study should be useful to academics interested in audit quality as well as to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and other regulators.
Janus and Multiblock Colloidal Particles

We review recent developments in the synthesis and self-assembly of Janus and multiblock colloidal particles, highlighting new opportunities for colloid science and technology that are enabled by encoding orientational order between particles as they self-assemble. Emphasizing the concepts of molecular colloids and colloid valence unique to such colloids, we describe their rational self-assembly into colloidal clusters, taking monodisperse tetrahedra as an example. We also introduce a simple method to lock clusters into permanent shapes. Extending this to 2D lattices, we also review recent progress in assembling new open colloidal networks including the kagome lattice. In each application, areas of opportunity are emphasized.
Civic Education by Mandate: A State-by-State Analysis

fessor anat chair of the department of political science at Winthrop University. She is the author of Media Entrepreneurs and the Media Enterprise in the U.S. Congress {1996 Hampton Press). Her current research is in the field of health policy. She regularly teaches courses in American institutions, the meclia, and public policy. She can be reachecl at kedrowskik@winthrop.eclu. A s a profession, political scientists have been interested in the state of civic education for nearly a century. The American Political Science Association (APSA) has been involved in a discussion of teaching political science, and communicating the desire to turn our students into educated, responsible citizens since its inception (Mann 1996; for a more negative interpretation, see Leonard 1999). More recently, the association has sponsored discussion of civic education in the pages of PS and elsewhere. This renewed interest stems in part from a concern about the quality of primary and secondary education in the United States generally, and in part from a concern about the decline in civic engagement in the United States (Putnam 1995). Today's traditional college students come to us with little interest in, and a cynicism of, public affairs that is disheartening to those who love politics (Bennett 1998; Hibbing and TheissMorse 1996; Mann 1999). Some efforts are underway to change this state of affairs. National standards for civic education from K-12 have been developed and critiqued (Dry 1996; Merelman 1996). A movement to incorporate "service learning" to promote good citizenship is growing nationwide (see for example, Battistoni and Hudson 1997; the September 2000 issue of PS). Many other articles offer advice topolitical science professors on means to instill a sense of civic duty in their students, consistent with the charge of APSA's Task Force on Civic Education (Carter and Elshtain 1997). However, none of these efforts will work unless the students are enrolled in courses that cover this material, whether in the primary, secondary, or post-secondary levels. One study by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs (Tolo 1999) found that more than half of the states mandated some civic education at the K-12 levels; 49 states had content standards in civic education and 29 states require high school students to complete a course in government or civics. However, no similar study has been done at the postsecondary level. The purpose of this article is to determine how many states require college students to take some course in American government, civics, or similar subject matter, through state statute, regulation, or other binding state-level (not institutional) mandate.
Boredom, "trouble," and the realities of postcolonial reservation life

Perhaps because of its reputation as an inconsequential emotion, the significance of boredom in human social life has often been minimized if not ignored. Boredom has been theoretically linked to modernity, affluence, and the growing problem of filling "leisure time. "It has also been attributed to the expansion of individualism with its heightened expectations of personal gratification. Whether a reaction to the sensation ofunderstimulation or "overload," boredom appears to be, ultimately, a problem of meaning. In this article, we consider the applicability of these notions to the contemporary American Indian reservation context, examining discourse about boredom as expressed in interviews with members of a northern plains tribe. Of special interest is how boredom figures into the phenomenon of "trouble" (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse, violence, and illegal activities). Although boredom is certainly familiar to various strata of contemporary U.S. society—and arguably part of what it means to be human—we propose that the realities of postcolonial reservation life provide an especially fertile and undertheorized breeding ground for this condition, and our examination of the relationship between boredom and trouble suggests that boredom's implications for both individual subjectivity and group sociality are far from trivial.
Antifungal Clinical Trials and Guidelines: What We Know and Do Not Know

For over the last three decades, extensive testing of antifungal compounds in clinical trials has been essential to the development of treatment guidelines for the most common invasive fungal infections, including cryptococcosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, and the endemic fungi. These guidelines have greatly helped guide clinicians in the management of these complicated diseases. The data on which most of these guidelines are based are among the most widely recognized and cited clinical trials comparing antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, there are many unanswered questions with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of these emerging disorders. Regarding treatment, there is a need for more clinically effective and less toxic agents. The current armamentarium of antifungal agents represents important progress over gold standard agents such as amphotericin B, but there is much progress to be made. With respect to diagnostics, mycology has generally lagged behind other disciplines in microbiology, as there are very few rapid, sensitive, specific, and point-of-care diagnostics. The ability to implement therapies for at-risk patients based on positive early diagnostic signals would greatly enhance the ability to intervene with appropriate antifungal therapy in a more targeted and specific manner. This article will review some of the major advances, as well as significant challenges that remain in the management of invasive mycoses.
Stiffness Method for Curved Box Girders at Initial Stress

A method of analysis of the global behavior of long curved or straight single-cell girders with or without initial stress is presented. It is based on thin-wall beam elements that include the modes of longitudinal warping and of transverse distortion of cross section. Deformations due to shear forces and transverse bimoment are included, and it is found that the well-known spurious shear stiffness in very slender beams is eliminated by virtue of the fact that the interpolation polynomials for transverse displacements and for longitudinal displacements (due to rotations and warping) are linear and quadratic, respectively, and an interior mode is used. The element is treated as a mapped image of one parent unit element and the stiffness matrix is in integration in three dimensions, which is numerical in general, but could be carried out explicitly in special cases. Numerical examples of deformation of horizontally curved bridge girders, and of lateral buckling of box arches, as well as straight girders, validate the formulation and indicate good agreement with solutions by other methods.
Suppression of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on Pastured Cattle Using an Abamectin-lmpregnated Cattle Ear Tag

Abstract Ear tags containing 8% abamectin and 20% piperonyl butoxide were applied to pastured cattle to evaluate efficacy against southern cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), during a 40-wk field study. Temperature fluctuations had an important impact on effectiveness of the tags. The first 19 wks, during spring and early summer (March-June) temperatures were optimum for tick survival, producing high tick numbers on treated animals (9 - 63 ticks) which were not different from untreated animals. During this time tags provided ≤ 53.7% control. By contrast, during the summer through midfall (July-October), high temperatures caused dramatic natural declines in the tick population, but tick numbers on treated animals were always lower (0 - 3 ticks) than untreated animals (4 - 16 ticks). Control during this period was 72 - 100%, indicating tags had a negative impact on tick survival beyond the natural attrition caused by high temperatures. During the last 9 wks (midOctober to midDece...
Making Unpublished Opinions Precedential: A Recipe for Ethical Problems & Legal Malpractice?

This Article advances a relatively simple thesis - unpublished opinions should be non-precedential, at least until these opinions can be readily researched by all attorneys. Unfortunately, based upon the questionable assumption that technological advances have made unpublished opinions readily available, some jurisdictions have recently given unpublished opinions full precedential value and this trend appears to be the next frontier in the crusade over unpublished opinions. In truth, although unpublished opinions are increasingly available, many unpublished opinions are not as readily available as published opinions. By affording precedential value to these difficult to research unpublished opinions, jurisdictions will possibly create ethical and legal malpractice problems for attorneys. This Article does not attempt to comprehensively report on which unpublished opinions, on both the state and federal levels, are readily available. Instead, it focuses upon the availability of Fifth Circuit unpublished opinions and shows an example of a jurisdiction which has made some of its unpublished opinions precedential, even though those opinions are difficult, and sometimes virtually impossible, to research. The Article ultimately makes two recommendations: (1) the Fifth Circuit should change its rule regarding the precedential value afforded to unpublished opinions, and (2) other jurisdictions should avoid the Fifth Circuit's mistake and only consider making unpublished opinions precedential when those opinions are readily available and can be comprehensively researched. By adopting these recommendations, courts will minimize the risk that attorneys will face ethical and legal malpractice problems for failing to use binding unpublished opinions in their client representation
Home Ranges of Deer Mice in Southern Arkansas

Measurement of home range size has become a more or less routine part of many mammal population studies (Hayne, 1950); a great deal of effort has been expended (Calhoun, 1955; Davis, 1953; Hayne, 1949; Stickel, 1954) in determining the amount of variation in size of the calculated home range which may be attributed to factors which are inherent in the trapping methods (traprevealed range) as compared to variations resulting from such variable factors in the environment as food, cover, topography, weather and fluctuations in population density per se . Nevertheless, some of the techniques of home range measurement have been widely enough adopted so that some reasonably valid comparisons of home range size can sometimes be made. With a continued accumulation of home range data in the literature it may become possible to determine, at least on a roughly quantitative basis, the influence of such factors as latitude with its related climate, seasonal availability of food and variation in cover types. In this connection, it may be noted that relatively few determinations of home range size have been reported from the southern United States, and consequently the information provided here may prove useful for comparison with more northern faunas. The following study was made during 1955 and 1956, incident to other mammal population studies, in an area located approximately 10 miles north of Pine Bluff, Jefferson County, Arkansas, on the western side of the Arkansas river. The study area consisted of a 153-acre portion of immature oak-pine forest which was divided into one-acre plots. The principal dominants in the association were oaks (southern red oak, Quercus falcata ; post oak, Quercus stellata ; white oak, Quercus alba ), which comprised about 57 per cent of the assemblage, and pines (loblolly pine, Pinus taeda ; yellow pine, pinus echinata …
Comparison of Swine Diets Containing a Food Waste Product Made with Wheat Middlings and Corn or a Corn/Soybean Diet12

Abstract Although pigs will readily consume wet food waste (FW), the high moisture content contributes to spoilage and feeding management problems. The use of a dry, processed FW product was compared with a traditional corn and soybean (CS) diet using growing swine in two performance trials and one digestibility trial. The FW diet contained approximately 20% processed FW (DM basis). In Trial 1, 24 gilts (76.4 kg) housed in eight replicated pens (four pens per treatment) were fed in a 6-wk trial. Intake, BW gain, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics were compared. Feed intake and BW gain averaged 3.4 and 3.6 kg of DM/d and 0.87 and 0.85 kg/d for gilts fed traditional and FW diets, respectively. There were no differences in these or any other measurements (P>0.05). In Trial 2, 12 barrows (84.3 kg) housed in four replicated pens (two pens per treatment) were fed in a 6-wk trial. Intake, BW gain, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics were compared. Feed intake and BW gain averaged 3.1 and 3.3 kg of DM/d and 0.62 and 0.71 kg/d for barrows fed traditional and FW diets, respectively. Four growing gilts (68.2 kg) were used to compare digestibility in a crossover design. There were no differences (P>0.10) for DM, CP, ADF, or NDF digestibility when feed intake averaged 1.9 kg of DM/d for both FW and CS diets. The use of up to 20% processed FW may be suitable in commercial swine diets.