cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Li4Ti5O12 coated with ultrathin aluminum-doped zinc oxide films as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were coated on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particles via atomic layer deposition (ALD) in a fluidized bed reactor. The electrochemical characterization results indicated that the coating of AZO significantly improved the electrochemical performance of LTO between 0.1 V and 3.0 V with a proper coating thickness. Among all AZO-coated LTO samples, 250-10AZO (nine cycles of ZnO ALD followed by one cycle of Al2O3 ALD at a deposition temperature of 250 °C) showed the best performance. After 250 cycles of charge/discharge at a 1 C rate (1 C = 175 mA g−1), the capacity decreased from 203 to 190 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of ~94% at room temperature and from 224 to 216 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of ~96% at 55 °C. The AZO coating layer with an appropriate thickness not only increased the capacity of LTO by enhancing conductivity, but also assisted the LTO electrodes to form a beneficial interface layer to protect the LTO from the continuous attack by harmful components in the electrolyte, especially under extreme conditions, such as high temperature and high current rates.
From the archive: Two early 20th-century books on the physical geography of beaver landscapes:

The recent publication of several books on the history and ecology of beavers (Castor canadensis and Castor fiber) illustrates a renewed interest in the construction activities of beavers and their...
Development of N-Acetylated Dipalmitoyl-S-Glyceryl Cysteine Analogs as Efficient TLR2/TLR6 Agonists

Cancer vaccine is a promising immunotherapeutic approach to train the immune system with vaccines to recognize and eliminate tumors. Adjuvants are compounds that are necessary in cancer vaccines to mimic an infection process and amplify immune responses. The Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 (TLR2/TLR6) agonist dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl cysteine (Pam2Cys) was demonstrated as an ideal candidate for synthetic vaccine adjuvants. However, the synthesis of Pam2Cys requires expensive N-protected cysteine as a key reactant, which greatly limits its application as a synthetic vaccine adjuvant in large-scaled studies. Here, we report the development of N-acetylated Pam2Cys analogs as TLR2/TLR6 agonists. Instead of N-protected cysteine, the synthesis utilizes N-acetylcysteine to bring down the synthetic costs. The N-acetylated Pam2Cys analogs were demonstrated to activate TLR2/TLR6 in vitro. Moreover, molecular docking studies were performed to provide insights into the molecular mechanism of how N-acetylated Pam2Cys analogs bind to TLR2/TLR6. Together, these results suggest N-acetylated Pam2Cys analogs as inexpensive and promising synthetic vaccine adjuvants to accelerate the development of cancer vaccines in the future.
Barriers and Solutions to Advance Care Planning among Homeless-Experienced Older Adults.

Background/Objectives: Older homeless-experienced adults have low rates of advance care planning (ACP) engagement despite high rates of morbidity and mortality. To inform intervention development, we examined potential barriers and solutions to ACP engagement. Design: Cross-sectional qualitative study. Setting: We recruited adults who were homeless in the prior three years and ≥50 years of age in the San Francisco Bay Area, and recruited clinical stakeholders from a national meeting of homeless providers. We analyzed qualitative data using thematic analysis. Measurements: We conducted semistructured interviews with homeless-experienced older adults (n = 20) and focus groups with clinical stakeholders (n = 24) about perceived barriers and solutions to ACP engagement. Results: Participants considered ACP important, reflecting on deaths of people in their networks who had died. Participant-identified barriers to ACP included poor ACP knowledge, lack of familial ties and social isolation, competing priorities, avoidance and lack of readiness, fatalism and mistrust, and lack of ACP training for clinical and nonclinical staff. They identified solutions that included framing ACP as a way to provide meaning and assert choice, providing easy-to-read written documents focused on the populations' unique needs, tailoring content and delivery, initiating ACP in nonclinical settings, such as permanent supportive housing, and providing incentives. Conclusions: Both older homeless-experienced adults and clinical stakeholders believe that ACP is important, but acknowledge multiple barriers that impede engagement. By focusing on potential solutions, including capitalizing on opportunities outside of health care settings, focusing on the period after housing, and tailoring content, there are opportunities to improve ACP uptake.
A Century Later: Rural Public Health's Enduring Challenges and Opportunities

The US public health community has demonstrated increasing awareness of rural health disparities in the past several years. Although current interest is high, the topic is not new, and some of the earliest public health literature includes reports on infectious disease and sanitation in rural places. Continuing through the first third of the 20th century, dozens of articles documented rural disparities in infant and maternal mortality, sanitation and water safety, health care access, and among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color communities. Current rural research reveals similar challenges, and strategies suggested for addressing rural-urban health disparities 100 years ago resonate today. This article examines rural public health literature from a century ago and its connections to contemporary rural health disparities. We describe parallels between current and historical rural public health challenges and discuss how strategies proposed in the early 20th century may inform current policy and practice. As we explore the new frontier of rural public health, it is critical to consider enduring rural challenges and how to ensure that proposed solutions translate into actual health improvements. (Am J Public Health. 2020;110:1678-1686. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305868).
Accurate detection of cerebellar smooth pursuit eye movement abnormalities via mobile phone video and machine learning.

Eye movements are disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases and are frequent and early features in conditions affecting the cerebellum. Characterizing eye movements is important for diagnosis and may be useful for tracking disease progression and response to therapies. Assessments are limited as they require an in-person evaluation by a neurology subspecialist or specialized and expensive equipment. We tested the hypothesis that important eye movement abnormalities in cerebellar disorders (i.e., ataxias) could be captured from iPhone video. Videos of the face were collected from individuals with ataxia (n = 102) and from a comparative population (Parkinson’s disease or healthy participants, n = 61). Computer vision algorithms were used to track the position of the eye which was transformed into high temporal resolution spectral features. Machine learning models trained on eye movement features were able to identify abnormalities in smooth pursuit (a key eye behavior) and accurately distinguish individuals with abnormal pursuit from controls (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.77). A novel machine learning approach generated severity estimates that correlated well with the clinician scores. We demonstrate the feasibility of capturing eye movement information using an inexpensive and widely accessible technology. This may be a useful approach for disease screening and for measuring severity in clinical trials.
How pandemic severity moderates digital food ordering risks during COVID-19: An application of prospect theory and risk perception framework

Abstract COVID-19 presents both challenges and opportunities to the hospitality industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of perceived risk on intention to order digital food deliveries during the pandemic. Drawing upon the prospect theory and risk perception framework, the study proposed and tested an integrated model of perceived risk with a moderating role of pandemic severity. The results prove the negative impact of perceived risk on purchase intention and identify company's competency as an antecedent of perceived risk. However, consumers' knowledge regarding COVID-19 fails to predict their perceived risk. Different moderating effects are revealed based on pandemic severity. The effect of perceived risk on purchase intention is moderated by self-efficacy in severe pandemic regions, whereas by risk propensity in mild pandemic regions. The findings offer empirical evidence and managerial suggestions to assist hospitality businesses' crisis marketing and risk management.
Arrow Meets Hotelling: Modeling Spatial Innovation

We combine a spatial model of innovation with Hotelling's model of competition. Innovations are vertically and also horizontally differentiated. Potential innovators choose not only whether to innovate but also how to innovate. The bolder they are with a new product, the riskier is the outcome but the softer will be the resulting market competition with existing products. We use the model to explore the interaction of competition and innovation and address several classic questions. The recurring finding is that increased market competition drives not only more innovation but more novel and riskier innovation that offers a higher chance of breakthrough outcomes.
Blended isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love and continuum shells

Abstract The computational modeling of thin-walled structures based on isogeometric analysis (IGA), non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS), and Kirchhoff–Love (KL) shell formulations has attracted significant research attention in recent years. While these methods offer numerous benefits over the traditional finite element approach, including exact representation of the geometry, naturally satisfied high-order continuity within each NURBS patch, and computationally efficient rotation-free formulations, they also present a number of challenges in modeling real-world engineering structures of considerable complexity. Specifically, these NURBS-based engineering models are usually comprised of numerous patches, with discontinuous derivatives, non-conforming discretizations , and non-watertight connections at their interfaces. Moreover, the analysis of such structures often requires the full stress and strain tensors (i.e., including the transverse normal and shear components) for subsequent failure analysis and remaining life prediction. Despite the efficiency provided by the KL shell, the formulation cannot accurately predict the response in the transverse directions due to its kinematic assumptions . In this work, a penalty-based formulation for the blended coupling of KL and continuum shells is presented. The proposed approach embraces both the computational efficiency of KL shells and the availability of the full-scale stress/strain tensors of continuum shells where needed by modeling critical structural components using continuum shells and other components using KL shells. The proposed method enforces the displacement and rotational continuities in a variational manner and is applicable to non-conforming and non-smooth interfaces. The efficacy of the developed method is demonstrated through a number of benchmark studies with a variety of analysis configurations, including linear and nonlinear analyses, matching and non-matching discretizations, and isotropic and composite materials. Finally, an aircraft horizontal stabilizer is considered to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed blended shells to real-world engineering structures of significant complexity.
A theory-based meta-regression of factors influencing clinical decision support adoption and implementation.

Objective The purpose of the study was to explore the theoretical underpinnings of effective clinical decision support (CDS) factors using the comparative effectiveness results. Materials and methods We leveraged search results from a previous systematic literature review and updated the search to screen articles published from January 2017 to January 2020. We included randomized controlled trials and cluster randomized controlled trials that compared a CDS intervention with and without specific factors. We used random effects meta-regression procedures to analyze clinician behavior for the aggregate effects. The theoretical model was the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model with motivational control. Results Thirty-four studies were included. The meta-regression models identified the importance of effort expectancy (estimated coefficient = -0.162; P = .0003); facilitating conditions (estimated coefficient = 0.094; P = .013); and performance expectancy with motivational control (estimated coefficient = 1.029; P = .022). Each of these factors created a significant impact on clinician behavior. The meta-regression model with the multivariate analysis explained a large amount of the heterogeneity across studies (R2 = 88.32%). Discussion Three positive factors were identified: low effort to use, low controllability, and providing more infrastructure and implementation strategies to support the CDS. The multivariate analysis suggests that passive CDS could be effective if users believe the CDS is useful and/or social expectations to use the CDS intervention exist. Conclusions Overall, a modified UTAUT model that includes motivational control is an appropriate model to understand psychological factors associated with CDS effectiveness and to guide CDS design, implementation, and optimization.
Private Practice Rural Dermatology Offices

Rural private practice dermatology not uncommonly occurs in the solo practice setting. These clinics are often the high-volume medical dermatology practices required to meet the needs of underserved rural patients and sustain clinic revenue, as payer mix is usually less optimal when compared to urban offices. Disease processes are typically more advanced at presentation and often require creative management solutions in view of the culture of rural medicine. For dermatologists who desire to practice in these areas, there are significant opportunities in the areas of research, teaching, and continuing education. The savvy practitioner can develop a life that is both professionally and personally fulfilling due to the special advantages of rural private practice.
A non-radial two-body collapse model (TBCM) for gravitational collapse of dark matter in expanding background and generalized stable clustering hypothesis (GSCP)

Analytical tools are valuable to study gravitational collapse. However, solutions are hard to find due to the highly non-linear nature. Only a few simple but powerful tools exist so far. Two examples are the spherical collapse model (SCM) and stable clustering hypothesis (SCH). We present a new tool based on an elementary step of mass cascade, i.e. a two-body collapse model. TBCM plays the same role as harmonic oscillator in dynamics and can be fundamental to understand structure evolution. For convenience, TBCM is formulated for gravity with any exponent $n$ in a static background with fixed damping. The competition between gravity, expanding background (or damping), and angular momentum classifies two-body collapse into: 1) free fall collapse for weak angular momentum, where free fall time is greater if same system starts to collapse at earlier time; 2) equilibrium collapse for weak damping that persists longer in time, where perturbative solutions lead to power-law evolution of system energy and momentum. Two critical values $\beta_{s1}=1$ and $\beta_{s2}=1/3\pi$ are identified that quantifies the competition between damping and gravity. Value $\beta_{s2}$ only exists for discrete values of n=(2-6m)/(1+3m)= -1,-10/7...for integer m. Critical density ratio ($18\pi^2$) is obtained for $n$=-1 that is consistent with SCM. TBCM predicts angular velocity $\propto Hr^{-3/2}$ with r. The isothermal density is a result of infinitesimal halo lifetime. TBCM is able to demonstrate SCP, i.e. mean pairwise velocity (first moment) $\langle\Delta u\rangle=-Hr$. A generalized SCH is developed for higher order moments $\langle\Delta u^{2m+1}\rangle=-(2m+1)\langle\Delta u^{2m}\rangle Hr$. Energy evolution in TBCM is independent of mass and energy equipartition does not apply. TBCM can be considered as a non-radial SCM. Both models predict same critical ratio, while TBCM contains much richer information.
Successful Digital Transformation Hinges on 5 C-Suite Questions

As companies race to forge postpandemic business models, entrenched corporate finance and IT organizations, hampered by siloed workflows, patchwork processes, and narrow technical acumen, may prove to be the greatest barrier to meaningful digital transformation. Gartner1 recently found that CFOs lacked confidence in timely completion of key digital acceleration projects, including enhanced data analytics, robotic process automation technologies, and employee up-skilling. If ultimately true, digital transformation risks being the latest, frustrating “IT project” remembered for inflated promises, cost overruns, and few results.
Considerações Prévias Distinctions Between Academic and Intellectual Goals for Young Children

Lilian Katz refers to the present tendency in the United States of introducing “academic” goals in programs for young children, as an alternative to programs centered on spontaneous play. Katz suggests a third alternative which is to develop intellectual competencies in young children with a special emphasis on the development of their minds, including their moral and aesthetic sensibilities. Katz suggests that project work may help children from their early years to develop these kinds of competencies.
Surface Photometry Surveys of Galaxies with Small Telescopes

Surface photometry of relatively bright galaxies is now becoming almost an exclusive province of small telescopes equipped with CCDs. I give a brief review of the scientific possibilities and problems of interest in this field. Small telescopes become tools of observational cosmology: they can provide large amounts of data necessary for the further understanding of fundamental properties of galaxies, clues to their formation, and their interactions with environment.
Neural network music composition and the induction of multiscale temporal structure

Algorithmic music composition involves the use of rules to generate melodies. One simple but interesting technique is to select notes sequentially according to a transition table that specifies the probability of the next note as a function of the previous context. We describe an extension of this transition table approach using a recurrent connectionist network called CONCERT. CONCERT is trained on a set of melodies written in a certain style and then is able to compose new melodies in the same style. A central ingredient of CONCERT is the incorporation of psychologically-grounded representations of pitch, duration, and harmony. CONCERT was tested on sets of examples artificially generated according to simple rules and was shown to learn the underlying structure, even where other approaches failed. In larger experiments, CONCERT was trained on sets of J. S. Bach pieces, traditional European folk melodies, and waltzes, and was then allowed to compose novel melodies. Although the compositions are surprisingly pleasant, CONCERT has difficulty capturing the global structure of a composition. We describe an improved algorithm that is better able to induce temporal structure at multiple scales.
Bibliography of Hate Materials

Interest in working on this bibliography stems from involvement with the Collection Development Committee of the Institute for Action Against Hate at Gonzaga University as we sought to create a collection of materials to support study and research. Not being able to find a bibliography in print suggested that an annotated one would be valuable. Defining hate is problematic. Its scope is so broad that it touches almost all aspects of life and it dwells within the hearts and minds of each one of us. Although many of us cling subconsciously to it, hate harms and sometimes kills its victims. Scholars, journalists, sociologists, psychologists, criminologists, economists, anthropologists, theologians, perpetrators, victims, and myriad others seek to define it. As reading and research progressed, it seemed insufficient to include materials on hate alone. This material has value for recognizing hate and exposing its extensiveness. However, many seek to understand it, control it, and eliminate it. Their contributions are invaluable to research and combating hate. Some believe that hate is deeply imbedded in human nature stemming from original sin or genetically rooted to a degree that survival will come only to those with superior genes. Some believe hate can be controlled through legislation and judicial decisions. Still others believe that hate can be eliminated through cross training and exposure to the characteristics hated and many programs have been developed to accomplish this. Finally some experts suggest that working together on projects where all parties have a vested interest is the path to eliminate hate. However, at the root of hate is a devaluation of the other. There is a failure to recognize the value and contribution that each individual is capable of making. This is the place we must begin to expunge hate. Although it may be race, culture, sexual orientation, gender, poverty, or another characteristic that is the target of hate, it is the individual who becomes the victim and experiences the harm that hate inflicts.
Dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R and D5R) differently regulate phospho-PKC in HEK-293 cells heterologously expressing human D1R or D5R (1097.6)

Dopamine cellular signaling via the D1 receptor (D1R) involves a cross talk between protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in HEK-293 cells heterologously expressing human D1R (hD1R). We...
Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2nd edn., by Constantine Pozrikidis: Scope: textbook. Level: postgraduate, advanced undergraduate.

New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, 1260 pp., £95.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-975207-2. Scope: textbook. Level: postgraduate, advanced undergraduate. Introductory fluid mechanics texts often ...
Catalysis of the Phosphorylase Kinase Activation Reaction

Abstract Activation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase, which occurs when the purified enzyme is incubated with ATP, Mg2+, and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), has been shown to involve two catalytic components. One of the catalysts is a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and the other is phosphorylase kinase itself. The process was elucidated in part through a study of the effects of inhibitors on the activation process. One of the inhibitors that was used is a heat-stable protein from skeletal muscle which was shown to block the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase component of the reaction, and the other inhibitor was ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetate which inhibits phosphorylase kinase. Clarification of the mechanisms operating at the phosphorylase kinase activation step makes it possible to describe more precisely how glycogenolysis is regulated by hormones, and for the first time to identify a specific site of action of cyclic AMP in a physiological process.
Mechanisms of laser cellular microsurgery

This chapter reviews the optics of pulsed laser microbeams and the use of basic instrumentation to provide pulsed laser microbeam capabilities within a microscope platform. Moreover, we review the principal mechanisms by which laser microbeams produce microsurgical effects in cellular targets. We discuss the principal photothermal, photomechanical, and photochemical damage mechanisms as well as their relationship to critical laser microbeam parameters, including wavelength, pulse duration, and numerical aperture. We relate this understanding of damage mechanisms to laser microbeam applications reported in the literature.
Mapping descriptive models of graph comprehension into requirements for a computational architecture: need for supporting imagery operations

Psychologists have developed many models of graph comprehension, most of them descriptive, some computational. We map the descriptive models into requirements for a cognitive architecture that can be used to build predictive computational models. General symbolic architectures such as Act-R and Soar satisfy the requirements except for those to support mental imagery operations required for many graph comprehension tasks. We show how Soar augmented with DRS, our earlier proposal for diagrammatic representation, satisfies many of the requirements, and can be used for modeling the comprehension and use of a graph requiring imagery operations. We identify the need for better computational models of the perception operations and empirical data on their timing and error rates before predictive computational models can become a reality.
Leveraged current mirror op amp

A small change to the standard current mirror op amp configuration is shown to improve performance, with few, if any, disadvantages. Adding a pair of fixed current sources allows reduced operating-point current in the output stage, while the resulting "leveraging" effect increases slew rate. For equal total power dissipation, the new configuration improves DC gain and gain-bandwidth (GBW) over conventional current-mirror and folded cascode op amps, as shown by hand analyses and SPICE simulations. Also, because of increased input stage transconductance, the new configuration reduces thermal and flicker noise.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Normal and Malignant Prostate by Electronic Profiling of Expressed Sequence Tags

Differentially expressed genes between corresponding normal and cancertissue can advance our understanding of the molecular basis of malignancy and potentially serve as biomarkers or prognostic markers of malignancy. To identify differentially expressed genes in prostate cancer, we used a procedure combining electronic expression profiling of the prostate expressed sequence tag (EST) database and molecular biology techniques. A novel electronic expression-profiling algorithm was developed to search publicly available EST sequences for genes that show significant differential expression in prostate cancer compared with normal prostate tissue. Approximately 600 genes expressed in prostate were identified through adequate EST counts of ESTs for electronic profiling. Of these 600 genes, 9 showed statistically significant differences in their EST counts between cancer and normal prostate and were further analyzed. The predictions associated with electronic profiling were experimentally verified for two genes, cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP-3) and deadenylating nuclease (DAN), using real-time reverse transcription-PCR with total RNA extracted from cells isolated by laser capture microdissection. In five of five Gleason score 6 cancer cases, CRISP-3 expression was increased >50 fold, whereas the expression of DAN was reduced by >80%.
Glycosphingolipid β-galactosidases in rat brain: Properties and the standard assay procedures of the enzymes in whole homogenate

Abstract 1. 1. Lactosylceramide, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-( N -acetylneuraminyl)-galactosyl-glucosylceramide and galactosyl- N -acetyl-galactosaminyl-galactosyl-glucosylceramide were specifically labelled with tritium at the terminal galactose moiety, and were used as substrates to investigate glycosphingolipid β - galactosidases in adult rat brain whole homogenate. 2. 2. The optimal assay conditions were determined for these enzymes, all of which required taurocholate for activities. All other detergents tested were ineffective. 3. 3. The apparent K m values for the enzymes in whole homogenate were much higher than those previously reported for rat brain β-galactosidase, partially purified on the basis of the p -nitrophenyl β-galactoside-cleaving activity. 4. 4. The reaction products were characterized as galactose and the respective glycosphingolipids without the terminal galactose. 5. 5. The standard assay procedures thus established can be used to determine the total tissue activities of these enzymes, which are often required in studies of pathological tissues. In addition, they provide the reference assay systems for purification and more rigorous characterization of specific glycosphingolipid β-galactosidases in rat brain.
Design of a differential radiometer for atmospheric radiative flux measurements

The hemispherical optimized net radiometer (HONER) is an instrument under development at the Los Alamos National Laboratory as part of the Atmospheric Radiation measurements/Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles (ARM/UAV) program. HONER is a radiometer which will either measure directly the difference between the total upwelling and downwelling fluxes or the individual fluxes and will provide a means of measuring the atmospheric radiative flux divergence. Unlike existing instruments which only measure the upwelling and downwelling fluxes separately, HONER will achieve an optical difference by chopping the two fluxes alternately onto a common pyroelectric detector. HONER will provide data resolved into the two relevant spectral bands; one covering the solar dominated region from less than 0.4 micrometer to approximately 4 micrometers and the other covering the region from approximately 4 micrometers to greater than 50 micrometers, dominated by thermal radiation. The means of separating the spectral regions guarantees seamless summation to calculate the total flux. The fields-of-view are near-hemispherical, upward and downward. The instrument can be converted, in flight, from the differential mode to absolute mode, measuring the upwelling and downwelling fluxes separately and simultaneously. The instrument also features continuous calibration from on-board sources. We describe the basic design and operation of the sensor head and the on-board reference sources as well as the means of the initial deployment on a UAV. This instrument can also be used in ground-based, space, or other airborne applications.
Is the Grass Always Greener? Comparing the Environmental Impact of Conventional, Natural and Grass-Fed Beef Production Systems

This study compared the environmental impact of conventional, natural and grass-fed beef production systems. A deterministic model based on the metabolism and nutrient requirements of the beef population was used to quantify resource inputs and waste outputs per 1.0 × 10⁸ kg of hot carcass weight beef in conventional (CON), natural (NAT) and grass-fed (GFD) production systems. Production systems were modeled using characteristic management practices, population dynamics and production data from U.S. beef production systems. Increased productivity (slaughter weight and growth rate) in the CON system reduced the cattle population size required to produce 1.0 × 10⁸ kg of beef compared to the NAT or GFD system. The CON system required 56.3% of the animals, 24.8% of the water, 55.3% of the land and 71.4% of the fossil fuel energy required to produce 1.0 × 10⁸ kg of beef compared to the GFD system. The carbon footprint per 1.0 × 10⁸ kg of beef was lowest in the CON system (15,989 × 10³ t), intermediate in the NAT system (18,772 × 10³ t) and highest in the GFD system (26,785 × 10³ t). The challenge to the U.S beef industry is to communicate differences in system environmental impacts to facilitate informed dietary choice.
Evidence for resuspension of rebound particles from near-bottom sediment traps

Abstract Near-bottom sediment trap moorings were recovered at three sites in the North Equatorial Pacific. Total particulate fluxes recorded within 30–350 m of the ocean floor were greater than those recorded in the mid-water column. A simple two-component mixing model using the most organic-rich surface sediments sampled and an extrapolated mid-water column flux does not account for increases in the major biogenic components (organic carbon, calcium carbonate and opal). The resuspension of rebound particles (those particles) that have settled through the water column but have not become incorporated into the sediments) may account for the observed flux near the ocean floor.
Network Service Description and Discovery for High-Performance Ubiquitous and Pervasive Grids

Ubiquitous and pervasive Grid computing is an emerging computing paradigm that will have a significant impact on the next-generation information infrastructure. Communication networks form a significant integrant of ubiquitous and pervasive Grids and must be utilized effectively by the Grids. The notion of Grid network service may greatly facilitate integrating networking systems into the Grid architecture, and network service description and discovery play a crucial role in the network-Grid integration. Current service description and discovery technologies must be enhanced to meet the special requirements of network service description and discovery for high-performance ubiquitous and pervasive Grids. Network service description needs a model for service provisioning capability and network service discovery must be able to select those networks that meet certain performance requirements. The wide variety of networking systems in ubiquitous and pervasive Grids require general and flexible network service description and discovery approaches that are applicable to heterogeneous networks. The research presented in this article aims at developing network service description and discovery technologies for high-performance ubiquitous and pervasive Grid computing. The main contributions of this article include a general model for describing service capabilities of various networking systems, a service discovery technology for selecting network services that meet the performance requirements specified by Grid applications, and a resource allocation scheme for Grid network services to provide networking performance guarantees. The developed model and technologies are general and flexible; thus are applicable to the wide variety of heterogeneous networks in ubiquitous and pervasive Grid computing environments.
Critical velocity effects in superfluid 3HeB

Abstract The oscillatory flow of superfluid 3 HeB has been studied through 5μ and 1μ thin film orifices. A critical velocity characterized by excess dissipation and increased ϱ n is observed. The temperature dependence of this critical velocity and the effects of steady d.c. flows superimposed on the oscillatory flow are discussed.
Casting nets in the waters of adaptive technology

In the ever-evolving world of technology, as we make changes and implementations, we often overlook the disabled minority in our society. We here at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) strive to meet the needs of ALL students to include those with disabilities, in order to assist them in achieving their academic endeavors.Our paper provides a greater understanding of the legal responsibilities we have to the disabled student as well as, shares our approach to providing outstanding customer service to students with disabilities. This paper addresses providing face-to-face assistance to students and meeting the needs of the larger population by solving World Wide Web accessibility issues. We take an in depth look at Adaptive Technology to include information regarding hardware and software currently utilized by our University, along with the varying degrees and types of disabilities each one accommodates.Many people have a tendency to tip toe around the disabled making them feel different or even discriminated against. This paper therefore addresses the training of Computer Lab staff in working with the disabled. It is not only important to know the hardware and the software, but also the proper way to deliver the assistance.
Stun guns: a new source of electromagnetic interference for implanted cardiac devices.

e h t a t p a t W e t Electromagnetic interference (EMI) has long been recgnized as a problem in the management of patients with acemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators ICDs). Common potential sources of EMI include surgical lectrocautery, magnetic resonance imaging equipment, ireless telephones, metal detectors, and antitheft scanners. umerous potential effects of EMI on device function have een described. Two of the interactions of most concern are nhibition of pacemaker output and inappropriate triggering f ICD therapies. Although improvements in pacemaker nd ICD technology have reduced the risk of clinically ignificant interactions between cardiac devices and our ncreasingly electronic environment, the development of ew technologies also creates the potential for new sources f EMI for pacemakers and ICDs. Enter the Taser (Taser International, Scottsdale, AZ, SA), the most widely used neuromuscular incapacitating evice, popularly known as the “stun gun.” The weapon which comes in several models) is shaped like a handgun nd fires two barbed electrodes that are capable of penetratng skin up to 6 mm. The electrodes are connected to the andgun by 15to 21-foot insulated wires that can conduct rains of pulses up to 5 seconds in duration. When the rigger is pressed, the device discharges a train of 15 to 20 ulses per second. Each pulse is a complex waveform with duration of 40 to 100 s, peak voltage of 50,000 V, and ean applied current of 2 to 4 mA. The current causes etanic contraction of affected muscle groups and pain, with esulting transient incapacitation of the subject. The current an be applied for up to 5 seconds per burst, and multiple epeat bursts can be given. The device is promoted to law nforcement agencies as an alternative to more injurious eans (batons, physical holds, chemical sprays, firearms) of ubduing criminal suspects, unruly prison inmates, emotionlly disturbed persons, and other individuals who appear angerous to themselves or others. According to information from the manufacturer, aproximately 270,000 Taser devices have been sold. Aproximately 8,000 law enforcement agencies in the
Intelligence involves risk-awareness and intellectual disability involves risk-unawareness: implications of a theory of common sense

Survival in the everyday world (in both social and practical functioning) depends on one's ability to recognise and avoid going down the worst possible path, especially when doing so places one at risk of death, injury, or social disaster. Most people possess "common sense" (the ability to recognise obvious risk) but some people lack that ability and thus are at high risk of engaging in "foolish" (i.e., risk-unaware) action. People who have a cognitive impairment are much less able to recognise and avoid risk, and this is what causes them to be seen as needing protection and support. In this paper, we argue that the answer to the question "What is intellectual disability (ID)?" is more likely to come from the question "What is unintelligent behavior?" than "What is intelligence?" The answer which comes from such a question is that "ID is a common sense deficit disorder characterised by unawareness of obvious social and practical risk." Several implications of this answer are explored for the field of intellectual disability. These implications are explored primarily for adults who may have ID, given that the inspiration for this paper came from the way existing ID definitions are applied or misapplied in the US adult criminal justice system.
Economic and sociopolitical determinants of exchange controls

Abstract The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of identifying factors that could presage the imposition of exchange controls. Two sets of variables are argued to contain pertinent information regarding the imposition of controls. One set is composed of 14 economic ratios related to the balance of payments and exchange rate; the other set is made up of 17 proxy measures of sociopolitical instability. The empirical analysis of exchange controls imposed by 13 governments during 1973–1983 shows that these variables have potential for predicting the imposition of exchange controls.
Proof-of-concept free-space 3D all-optical cross-connect based on 3-state MEMS

We demonstrate a 4/spl times/8 free-space 3D OXC architecture based on a White cell that uses a digital MEMS. We use manually reconfigurable mirrors for the MEMS. Experimental loss, redundancy and beam quality results are presented.
Characteristics of the healthy survivor effect among male and female Hanford workers.

Background: The healthy survivor effect is a selection process whereby healthy workers are selectively retained in the work force while unhealthy workers are removed. Understanding this phenomenon is integral to the accurate assessment of exposure effects in occupational cohorts. To date, scarce information has been published on the descriptive characteristics of the healthy survivor effect. Methods: Follow-up mortality data on 44,154 employees from the Hanford nuclear facility for the period of 1944–1986 were used to estimate the healthy survivor effect according to frequently measured sociodemographic characteristics. Results: While Hanford employees did not exhibit a stepwise decline in standardized mortality ratios according to duration of employment, workers in the longest employment duration category demonstrated a substantial survival advantage compared to the rest of the cohort. This effect was present in both males and females, and in all but the following subgroups: males hired at or after age 40, females hired before age 40, and females classified as both professional and nonprofessional. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that investigators should consider the potential confounding role of the healthy survivor effect when relying on SMRs, or other methods, to assess the adverse health effects of exposure in occupational cohorts. Further studies should be conducted, however, to assess variation in the healthy survivor effect according to sociodemographic characteristics. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:343–347, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ionic liquid ion sources: suppression of electrochemical reactions using voltage alternation

Abstract The problem of electrochemical decomposition due to extraction of single polarity ions from a novel ionic liquid ion source (ILIS) is solved by periodically alternating the voltage source so that the potential difference that appears across the double layer formed between the emitter conductive material and the liquid is maintained below the electrochemical window limit, thus eliminating electronic reactions. The ionic liquid EMI-BF 4 is used to externally wet a solid tungsten emitter, establishing a physical boundary with a certain liquid–metal contact area. Theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that this area is close to the effective surface involved in the double layer charging dynamics. The extent of this surface is relatively large, thus increasing the net capacitance and consequently the double layer charging time, demonstrating that low frequency voltage alternation of the order of 1 Hz is enough to obtain clean and reliable ion emission.
The Magnetic Structure of Iron Crystals

A number of powder patterns found on demagnetized strain-free crystals of silicon-iron of known orientation are illustrated and discussed. The specimens were cut from strips of transformer steel in which fairly large crystals had been grown by the strain-anneal method. Smooth undamaged surfaces were prepared by electrolytic polishing. A magnetic field of only 10 oersteds applied normal to the specimens was sufficient to produce patterns; the intensity of the stray fields must thus be of this order of magnitude. On account of the large demagnetization factor ($4\ensuremath{\pi}$) of the specimens, the patterns are characteristic of the demagnetized state. All evidence points to a layer magnetization with alternate layers oppositely magnetized. The thickness of the layers in different specimens ranged from 10 to 50 microns. Superposed on this primary layer magnetization was a finer secondary structure, presumably localized near the crystal surface, and attributable to dendrite-like regions of reversed magnetization which reduce the magnetic energy associated with the surface stray fields.
Current status of chemical studies on the origin of life.

Chemical studies of life origin, discussing chemical and biological evolution, precellular organization and synthesis of various life compounds
Can stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in early stage lung cancers produce comparable success as surgery

Early stage non-small cell lung cancer is a potentially curable manifestation of a disease that is typically associated with a grim prognosis. Therapies directed at early stage disease can be challenging to deliver because patients tend to be elderly with multiple comorbidities. Surgery, the standard of care, has been validated with long-term follow-up. However, the risk of perioperative mortality and morbidity can limit the feasibility of an operation for many high-risk patients. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy uses highly focused, ablative doses of radiation to treat tumors and has emerged as an alternative to surgery.
Mechanistic studies of reaction coupling in Glu-tRNAGln amidotransferase.

Organisms lacking Gln-tRNA synthetase produce Gln-tRNAGln from misacylated Glu-tRNAGln through the transamidation activity of Glu-tRNAGln amidotransferase (Glu-AdT). Glu-AdT hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and NH3, using the latter product to transamidate Glu-tRNAGln in concert with ATP hydrolysis. In the absence of the amido acceptor, Glu-tRNAGln, the enzyme has basal glutaminase activity that is unaffected by ATP. However, Glu-tRNAGln activates the glutaminase activity of the enzyme about 10-fold; addition of ATP elicits a further 7-fold increase. These enhanced activities mainly result from increases in kcat without significant effects on the Km for Gln. To determine if ATP binding is sufficient to induce full activation, we tested a variety of ATP analogues for their ability to stimulate tRNA-dependent glutaminase activity. Despite their binding to Glu-AdT, none of the ATP analogues induced glutaminase activation except ATP-γS, which stimulates glutaminase activity to the same level as ATP, but without formatio...
How Media Scholars’ Attributes Affect Their Ratings of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

This article examines how media scholars’ attributes affect ratings of Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly (JMCQ), based on the 2014 JMCQ readership survey. It compares the impacts of these attributes on five different types of subjective journal ratings. For instance, importance of journal impact factor in the respondent’s institution only affects the rating of the journal’s standing in the field. Attributes such as use and knowledge of the journal, research recognition received in the field, doctoral institution affiliation, and ethnicity consistently predict the rating of the journal’s standing in the field, overall ratings, and relevance to the respondents; but other attributes predict the ratings of the journal in serving the association members well and author-friendliness.