cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical management of obesity: a comprehensive review

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, accounting for increased morbidity, disability, health care expenditures, and mortality. Certain metabolic and comorbid conditions disproportionately affect women. Unfortunately, nonsurgical options for treatment are limited. Knowledge accrued over the past 2 decades regarding physiological and hormonal determinants of weight regulation has contributed to growing evidence regarding efficacious behavioral, dietary, and pharmacologic treatments. In this review, the biology of excess adiposity is summarized in the context of a shifting paradigm, approaching obesity as a chronic metabolic disease. Relevant updates are discussed regarding long-term lifestyle approaches and novel drug therapies, with attention to some issues specific to women.
A scoring criterion for rejection of clustered p-values

Abstract In dealing with the multiplicity problem of large dataset, clusters or families of hypotheses are often the units of interest. A scoring method is motivated in adopting a rejection space for p -values that are classified into spatial or labeled groups. A score that measures the benefits/costs of making a true/false discovery is computed and rejection space that maximizes the number of rejections with positive score is adopted. Renewal and boundary-crossing theories are used to compute the exceedance probability of the score. Level of strong group type I error control is validated using Monte Carlo and importance sampling methods. It is shown that the scoring method maintains detection power and achieves robustness against model deviation. The scoring method is applied on a copy number variation tumor dataset and short intervals of the chromosome with biological relevance are identified.
Art and exploitation: On the fascist imaginary in 1970s Italian cinema

ABSTRACTBased on an analysis of the 1970s' Italian Naziploitation films, this essay argues for a reconsideration of the relationship between art and exploitation in the context of European cinema and in relation to the provocative coupling of fascism and sexuality in post-1968 culture and politics.
Connecting the Past to the Future: Hate Crime in America

This article argues that hate crimes are not a modern-day phenomenon, but extend throughout the history of the United States. Using a definition based on intrinsic justice rather than codified law, selected events in the 17th through early 19th centuries are examined. Comparative analysis indicated similarities and differences between historical and modern events. The distillation of conditions surrounding hate crime dynamics both past and present, along with the examination of current trends suggest the following summary factors: (a) racism is a primary predictor of hate crime through time; (b) the efficiency and degree of harm potential in hate crime is a function of opportunity and technology; (c) hate crimes will occur more frequently and be more difficult to prevent; (d) notwithstanding the repugnant nature of hate crime, many Americans are becoming more sympathetic to the hate crime perpetrator's cause; and (e) hate crime, on some levels, is becoming indistinguishable from domestic terrorism.
Determination of arsenic and hydrargyrum in cosmetics by using Hydride atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Objective:To establish the method for accurate determination of arsenic and hydrargyrum in cosmetics.Methods:The contents of arsenic and hydrargyrum were determined by using mixed acid H2SO4-HNO3 digestion cosmetics and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.Results:The detection limit of arsenic was 0.0227 μg/g,the measuring precision was 0.9% ～1.4%,and the recovery rate was 96.0% ～ 102.7%.The detection limit of hydrargyrum was 0.171 ng/g,the measuring precision was 1.4%～2.0%,and the recovery rate was 90.0%～105.0%.Conclusion:The method could be used to determine the trace arsenic and hydrargyrum in cosmetics,with good precision,high recovery rate and sensitivity and wide linear range.
Do vitamin C supplements reduce cardiovascular disease mortality

Vitamin C, when taken as a dietary supplement, does not appear to reduce mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diphenoxylate in man

The absorption, excretion, and biotransformation of 14C-diphenoxylate hydrochloride (5 mg. containing 20.2 µc of 14C) when administered orally in ethanolic solution and without the presence of atropine sulfate was studied in 3 men. The mean urinary and fecal excretion of the total label in a 96 hour period was 13.65 ± 1.18 per cent and 49.20 ± 2.24 per cent, respectively. Thin-layer radiochromatographic analysis of the label in excreta indicated extensive biotransformation of the parent drug. In the urine, the maior metabolites were characterized as diphenoxylic acid and hydroxydiphenoxylic acid. These acids were present in both the free and coniugated fractions. Radioactivity in the plasma was associated largely with diphenoxylic acid and to a smaller extent with the unchanged drug. Pharmacokinetic analysis using a one-compartment open model showed a rapid absorption (t½ = 19.7 ± 1.7 minutes; peak level at 2.0 hours) of diphenoxylate followed by its rapid elimination (t½ = 2.50 ± 0.34 hours). The plasma half-life (t½ = 4.38 ± 1.04 hours) of diphenoxylic acid was higher than that of diphenoxylate.
Grippeschutzimpfung bei Kindern

Die Bestimmung der hamagglutinationshemmenden Antikorper bei 19 Kindern von 1–7 Jahren vor der Grippeschutzimpfung ergab deutlich niedrigere Titer als bei Erwachsenen. Die einmalige Grippeschutzimpfung mit Alorbat® bewirkte jedoch einen Titeranstieg in gleicher Hohe wie bei geimpften Erwachsenen. Damit erscheint die einmalige Grippeschutzimpfung bei Kindern mit diesem Impfstoff als sinnvoll und wirksam.
The Triple Day: Women’s Home, Community, and Workplace Environments

This chapter considers women in their environments—their homes, their communities, and their workplaces. The term environment has several meanings here: it indicates physical, inorganic factors (soil, climate), biological factors (plants, animals, germs), and social factors (human activity—everything from the built environment to human behavior). Many studies document the mutual interdependence of people and their environments; less well understood is the interdependence of women’s lives in their three environments—home, community, and workplace. Women’s multiple roles spill over from home to community to workplace, so that these environments are in practice inseparable in women’s lives. Even when women work outside the home for wages, they still do most of the work of maintaining a home and caring for the family; and almost everywhere women’s social skills create and sustain communities, turning women’s double day into a triple day. Together these three sets of activities translate into exhaustion, stress, and cumulatively, poor health. This chapter seeks to spell out how sexism, racism, homophobia, and class prejudice mold those environments. Conversely, women’s movements shape their environments by mobilizing women to resist and fight back. Women are organizing for change in each of their environments, sometimes in small, everyday protests and sometimes as part of large international movements.
Body, Hygiene, and the Affective Politics of Gandhi’s Swaraj

‘I had been used to fasting, now and again, but for purely health reasons.’ Fasting, however, had much deeper implications for Mahatma Gandhi. In 1925, when he wrote the above words, Gandhi was discussing his experiment in using fasting as a ‘technology of self’ (The Story of My Experiments with Truth, 1925). ‘That fasting was necessary for self-restraint,’ he added. ‘I learnt from a friend.’ Nearly 25 years later, he was far more categorical: ‘Control of the palate is the first essential in the observance of the vow. I saw that complete control of the palate made the observance very easy and so I now pursued my dietetic experiments not merely from the vegetarian’s but also from the brahmachari’s point of view’ (Diet and Diet Reform, 1949).
The Law School Note

This chapter from a Carolina Academic Press course book explains the significance and methodology to the law school Note. The chapter includes both student exercises and a detailed "how to" paradigm. Copyright 2016 J. Scott Colesanti.
Chemical characteristics of aerosol and rain water during an El Niño and PDO influenced Indian summer monsoon.

Abstract According to the meteorological long-term variability pattern, year 2015 was influenced by El Nino and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation; causes weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon). These conditions facilitate the assessment of chemical characteristics of fine-mode ambient aerosols (PM 2.5 ; n = 48) and individual rain waters (pH: 6.4–7.6; n = 15) during the South-west monsoon (July–September 2015) in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP; Kanpur). Water-soluble ionic species (WSIS) have been measured to assess the undergoing processes (neutralization, formation and below-cloud scavenging) and estimate their dry and wet deposition fluxes. The ∑WSIS varies from 4 to 32 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 , whereas it ranges from 32 to 102 mg/L in rain waters. The NH 4 + and SO 4 2− are found to be predominant in PM 2.5 (16–120 μg/m 3 ), whereas HCO 3 − and Ca 2+ are predominant in rain water samples. The difference in chemical composition of PM 2.5 and rain water is largely attributed to additional contribution of coarse-mode mineral dust in rain water. The Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ in both aerosols and rain water samples are associated with HCO 3 − . The NO 3 − and SO 4 2− are neutralized predominantly by NH 4 + and ∑ − /∑ + ratio is ≈ 1 in both aerosols and rain waters. Furthermore, co-variability of NO 3 − with nss-Ca 2+ in PM 2.5 indicates role of fine-mode mineral dust surface in the formation of ammonium nitrate. Characteristic mass ratios (HCO 3 − /Ca 2+ and SO 4 2− /NH 4 + ) in rain water look quite similar to those in aerosols (PM 2.5 ). This suggests that below-cloud scavenging is predominant mechanism of aerosols wash-out. Dry deposition fluxes of Mg 2+ , NH 4 + and SO 4 2− are ∼13% of their wet deposition fluxes, whereas for K + , Ca 2+ and NO 3 − it is
Organic-walled microfossils of the mid-Neoproterozoic Alinya Formation, Officer Basin, Australia

Estimates of Precambrian eukaryotic diversity and disparity indicate broad trends of increase in the Mesoproterozoic Era, leading to a peak and then rapid decline by ca. 750 Ma. The organic-walled microfossil assemblage presented here is representative of that mid-Neoproterozoic height of eukaryotic species richness. Organic-rich shales and siltstones of the mid-Neoproterozoic upper Alinya Formation, eastern Officer Basin, Australia, preserve an abundant and diverse assemblage of organic-walled microfossils deposited in a low-latitude, shallow marine setting. Use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an unexpected level of morphological detail not visible in transmitted light microscopy. This led to the recognition of new species as well as establishment of degradational sequences, which aid in fossil recognition. In total, 26 taxa are described here; these include 21 previously named forms, four newly described species (Caelatimurus foveolatus, Culcitulisphaera revelata, Karenagare alinyaensis, and Morgensternia officerensis), and one new combination (Vidalopalla verrucata).
Assessment of Conservation Voltage Reduction by Unscented Kalman Filter based load modeling

This paper proposes an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) based Load Model Identification method to analyze the Conservative Voltage Reduction (CVR) effects, i.e., the change in load consumption to the change in voltage. We use exponential load model to represent load as a function of voltage. With the implementation of UKF, real-time CVR effects can be assessed by estimating the load-to-voltage sensitivities in the exponential load model. Case studies with OpenDSS simulations on the IEEE-123 node test system and practical utility data validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Molybdenum recovery from sulfide and oxide ores

As demand for molybdenum soars, greater effort is being made to find economical means of extracting the metal from oxidized ores bodies. Here is one such research effort directed toward the deposit at Questa, New Mexico.
Face-to-Face Versus Online Behavioral Parent Training for Young Children at Risk for ADHD: Treatment Engagement and Outcomes.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with significant challenges in child functioning. Although behavioral parent training (BPT) can reduce ADHD symptoms, factors associated with traditional face-to-face (F2F) delivery results in only about half of families receiving BPT. The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to examine parent engagement and program acceptability of F2F and online BPT, as well as the efficacy of both formats relative to a waitlist control (WLC) group. Participants were 47 families with preschool children (30 boys, 17 girls) who were between the ages of 3 years 0 months (3;0) and 5 years 11 months (5;11) old who were identified at risk for ADHD. Children were randomly assigned to F2F or online BPT or to WLC; parents in the two treatment conditions received 10 sessions of BPT. Assessment data for all groups were collected at pre-, mid-, and posttreatment. Both intervention formats resulted in high attendance (M = 80%) and significantly improved p...
Decision Making Tools: BeefTracker mobile app for tracking and analysis of beef herd pasture use and location

Beef Tracker is a web-based mapping platform that provides beef cattle ranchers a tool to demonstrate that cattle production fits within sustainable ecosystems and to provide regional data to update beef sustainability lifecycle analysis. After digitizing pastures, herd data (class and number of animals) are input on a mobile device in a graphical pasture interface, stored in the cloud, and linked via the web to a personal computer for inventory tracking and analysis. Pasture use calculated on an animal basis provides quantifiable data regarding carrying capacity and beef production. This data is sought by the National Beef Cattle Association to provide more accurate inputs for beef sustainability lifecycle analyses. This application is a useful way for large, complex ranching operations to have all employees remain informed as to cattle movements and ranch wide improvement projects. Better yet, as users make changes to their operation in BeefTracker, histories are automatically recorded and stored in the cloud. After initial testing by university range scientists and ranchers, we have enhanced the BeefTracker application to improve automation for increased ease of use. The following have been added: ability to access and edit the BeefTracker livestock inventory while disconnected from WiFi and cell service, ability to represent portions of a pasture in BeefTracker as irrigated and nonirrigated, and ability to report animal unit harvest (by pasture) calculated on an annual basis. This will provide quantifiable data regarding carrying capacity and subsequent beef production to provide more accurate data inputs for the beef sustainability lifecycle analysis, enhanced map synchronization, and improved security to allow a single individual to access multiple livestock operations without needing multiple user IDs and passwords.
VibWrite: Towards Finger-input Authentication on Ubiquitous Surfaces via Physical Vibration

The goal of this work is to enable user authentication via finger inputs on ubiquitous surfaces leveraging low-cost physical vibration. We propose VibWrite that extends finger-input authentication beyond touch screens to any solid surface for smart access systems (e.g., access to apartments, vehicles or smart appliances). It integrates passcode, behavioral and physiological characteristics, and surface dependency together to provide a low-cost, tangible and enhanced security solution. VibWrite builds upon a touch sensing technique with vibration signals that can operate on surfaces constructed from a broad range of materials. It is significantly different from traditional password-based approaches, which only authenticate the password itself rather than the legitimate user, and the behavioral biometrics-based solutions, which usually involve specific or expensive hardware (e.g., touch screen or fingerprint reader), incurring privacy concerns and suffering from smudge attacks. VibWrite is based on new algorithms to discriminate fine-grained finger inputs and supports three independent passcode secrets including PIN number, lock pattern, and simple gestures by extracting unique features in the frequency domain to capture both behavioral and physiological characteristics such as contacting area, touching force, and etc. VibWrite is implemented using a single pair of low-cost vibration motor and receiver that can be easily attached to any surface (e.g., a door panel, a desk or an appliance). Our extensive experiments demonstrate that VibWrite can authenticate users with high accuracy (e.g., over 95% within two trials), low false positive rate (e.g., less 3%) and is robust to various types of attacks.
Cell-Mediated Immunity: In Vivo Testing

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the methods that have been useful in assessing cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in vivo . These techniques involve the elicitation of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. In a study, the efferent arm of the immune response was tested by injecting a series of bacterial, fungal, and viral antigens intradermally and measuring the delayed reactions. In addition, the patient's capability for de novo immune response was tested by applying 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on the skin and challenging the patient with graded doses of the chemical 2–3 weeks later. The use of skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity continues to be of value in the assessment of CMI in patients. Individuals with normal CMI are expected to react to at least one of the intradermal skin tests and to develop contact hypersensitivity to 100 μg of DNCB. Intradermal tests for preexisting immunity appears to have more inherent technical difficulties than de novo tests for contact sensitization. A disadvantage of intradermal testing is that the presence of antibodies to the test antigen may interfere with delayed reactions in various ways.
“Contrarieties Equally True”: Marianne Moore and William Blake

Willis explores Moore’s early interest in Blake’s pictures and poetry and her seventeen poems, written between 1914 and 1919, that reference Blake. Willis demonstrates that Moore mines Blake’s illustrations to Paradise Lost in “In the Days of Prismatic Color,” “When I Buy Pictures,” and “Inheritance.” She adopts from his “Milton” the position that “contrarieties are equally true”—that opposite ideas can be held in balance, which is key to such statements as “imaginary gardens with real toads / in them” from “Poetry.” By 1924 Moore has so mastered holding contrarieties in balance that she can present opposing views of nature and of civilization in “An Octopus,” a development that would mark her work long after she named Blake as her inspiration.
Thermodynamic relationships in chlorine metallurgy

Equations representing the standard free energy of formation as a function of temperature, for thirty metallic chlorides, are presented and plotted on a free-energy vs. temperature diagram. The use of these data for calculations on reduction of metallic chlorides, refining of metals with chlorine, and chlorination of metallic oxides and sulphides is illustrated.
Non-Axisymmetric Line-Driven Disc Winds II - Full Velocity Gradient

We study non-axisymetric features of 3D line driven winds in the Sobolev approximation, where the optical depth is calculated using the full velocity gradient. We find that non-axisymmetric density features, so called clumps, form primarily at the base of the wind on super-Sobolev length scales. The density of clumps differs by a factor of $\sim 3$ from the azimuthal average, the magnitude of their velocity dispersion is comparable to the flow velocity and they produce $\sim 20\%$ variations in the column density. Clumps may be observable because differences in density produce enhancements in emission and absorption profiles or through their velocity dispersion which enhances line broadening.
Bisecting the Perimeter of a Triangle

It is well known that a median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal area, and that the three medians meet at the centroid. Hence, every triangle has at least one point through which...
Promises and perils of collective land tenure in promoting urban resilience: Learning from China's urban villages

Abstract New frameworks for “urban resilience” frequently overlook the role of property rights and tenure security in shaping vulnerability, as well as how different property rights regimes shape societal capacity to adapt to environmental and developmental disruptions. We contribute to these discussions by examining how collective urban land tenure affects community-scale resilience, defined as environmental wellbeing, productive livelihoods, and empowered governance. We use urban villages in Shenzhen to study how this widespread phenomenon of collective land ownership in Chinese cities allowed rural villagers to adapt as cities spread around them over time. Drawing on a literature review, interviews, and a field visit to Shenzhen, we find that collective tenure in Shenzhen’s urban villages has helped them avoid some of the limitations seen in household-level tenure formalization efforts elsewhere. Collective tenure enabled rural villages to create self-governance mechanisms that allowed them to transform individual and collective assets into vibrant, well-serviced, and mixed-use neighborhoods. Urban villages house most of Shenzhen’s residents and have helped underwrite the region’s industrialization process. However, collective tenure also has hindered integration with Shenzhen’s urban infrastructure, governance, and taxation systems, resulted in astronomical profits for village elites, and repeated historic patterns of unequal land ownership in China. The promises and perils of collective urban property rights seen in Shenzhen call for research on other such models around the world to further inform whether and how such property rights regimes can support equitable and holistic notions of urban resilience.
Statistical Analysis of Data

Molecular biologists and biophysicists have a lot of data to analyze, and R has a lot of tools to help with the analysis. We will consider three major topics: summary statistics for a single group of data, statistical comparison of two samples, and analysis of spectral data. A concise and useful reference for this chapter is P. Dalgaard’s Introductory Statistics with R [15], especially Ch. 3 on “Descriptive statistics and graphics” and Ch. 4 on “One- and two-sample tests”. The standard comprehensive book on statistics using R is that by Venables and Ripley [64]. Other useful books are those by Maindonald and Braun [43], Verzani [65], and Everitt and Hothorn [23].
Environmental Takings of Private Water Rights – The Case for Water Privatization

This discussion is divided into two parts. The first, which addresses takings of private water rights, makes the following points: government regulation of private property for a public purpose, such as protection of species, raises important constitutional questions concerning whether a compensable "taking" of private property has resulted. This section discusses the property and liberty interests that arise when legislation or regulation is used as a reason for the government to breach a contract to provide water to farmers. It concludes by suggesting that the U.S. Constitution mandates that we should all share in the costs associated with a taking of private water rights for environmental purposes by the government. The second portion makes the more general philosophical point that the public interest and the cause of justice would be enhanced if all bodies of water were transferred from the public to the private sector. Then, among other benefits. there would be no need for all to share in the costs associated with a taking of private water rights for environmental purposes by the government: there would be no need for such takings in the first place.
Medial Canthal Defect: Reconstructive Options

Medial canthal defects range from congenital problems such as telecanthus and epicanthal folds to large defects resulting from trauma and tumor resection. The medial canthus is a small, yet complex, area that represents the confluence of several anatomic units that affect the structure and function of the ocular and lacrimal apparatus. As a result, the reconstruction of this area requires special attention and skill. The following chapter will provide a focused review of the relevant anatomy and a broad overview of the clinical entities specific to the medial canthus and offer approaches to management of more commonly encountered defects.
Molecular Basis of Opioid Action: From Structures to New Leads.

Abstract Since the isolation of morphine from the opium poppy over 200 years ago, the molecular basis of opioid action has remained the subject of intense inquiry. The identification of specific receptors responsible for opioid function and the discovery of many chemically diverse molecules with unique opioid-like efficacies have provided glimpses into the molecular logic of opioid action. Recent revolutions in the structural biology of transmembrane proteins have, for the first time, yielded high-resolution views into the 3-dimensional shapes of all 4 opioid receptors. These studies have begun to decode the chemical logic that enables opioids to specifically bind and activate their receptor targets. A combination of spectroscopic experiments and computational simulations has provided a view into the molecular movements of the opioid receptors, which itself gives rise to the complex opioid pharmacology observed at the cellular and behavioral levels. Further diversity in opioid receptor structure is driven by both genetic variation and receptor oligomerization. These insights have enabled computational drug discovery efforts, with some evidence of success in the design of completely novel opioids with unique efficacies. The combined progress over the past few years provides hope for new, efficacious opioids devoid of the side effects that have made them the scourge of humanity for millennia.
Broadband emission from an InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs LED with an integrated absorber by selective-area MOCVD

Superluminescent diodes (SLDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with broad spectral widths are attractive light sources for a number of applications, including fiber-optic gyroscopes and sources used in conjunction with spectroscopic elements in remote-sensing applications. Several recent studies have shown a broadening of the gain spectrum, and thus the spectral width of emission, by control of the active region.1 In this paper, we demonstrate an InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs single-quantum-well LED that utilizes both a continuous variation in quantum-well thickness to produce the broadband emission and a rear absorber configuration to suppress lasing.
Ultrasound imaging of nerves in the neck: Correlation with MRI, EMG, and clinical findings.

Objective We evaluated the performance of ultrasound in the detection of neuropathy of the suprascapular nerve (SSN), long thoracic nerve (LTN), spinal accessory nerve (SAN), and phrenic nerve and compared this performance with MRI. Methods A retrospective review of 56 patients who had undergone ultrasound imaging of the SSN, LTN, SAN, and phrenic nerve was performed. Diagnoses made by ultrasound, MRI, EMG reports, and clinical and operative notes were recorded. Results Ultrasound was successful in visualizing nerves in the neck in the overwhelming majority of cases. Sonographic findings were typically in agreement with MRI and clinical findings. Conclusion Ultrasound is effective in the visualization and diagnostic evaluation of the SSN, LTN, SAN, and phrenic nerve. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV evidence that ultrasound can effectively visualize and diagnose neuropathy of the SSN, LTN, SAN, and phrenic nerve in the neck.
The Irony of MedWatch and the FAERS Database: An Assessment of Data Input Errors and Potential Consequences.

Health care delivery revolves around accurate documentation, with data management free from error. A seemingly insignificant typographical error can cause short- and long-term problems that may lea...
The NRC Sampling System for Josephson Standards

This paper describes the hardware and measurement capabilities of the sampling system developed at the National Research Council Canada (NRC) for Josephson standards. It allows calibration of ac sources (or calibrators) and digital voltmeters against either a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) or a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS). Measurement capabilities are discussed, future work is proposed and recent measurement results using JAWS are presented.
Does QBank participation impact in-training examination performance?

Background Performance on the annual in-training examination (ITE) for emergency medicine (EM) residents has been shown to correlate with performance on the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) qualifying examination. As such, significant planning is often committed to ITE preparation, from an individual resident and a residency program perspective. Online specialty-specific question banks (QBanks) represent a popular medium for ITE preparation; however, the impact of QBanks on ITE performance is unclear. We sought to assess the impact of QBank participation on EM resident ITE performance. Methods ITE and QBank performance results were collated over 2 academic years, 2019 and 2020, from a 3-year EM residency program. The QBank was provided as a self-study option in 2019 and incorporated as a mandatory component of the curriculum in 2020. ITE raw scores and percentile rank for training level scores were compared with performance on the QBank, including QBank average performance score as well as number of QBank questions completed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure association between ITE performance and QBank correlates. Additional descriptive demographics, to include gender, PGY level, and USMLE step 1 and 2 scores were also considered. Results Sixty-two sets (30 residents in 2019, 32 residents in 2020) of ITE performance data and QBank correlates were included. Overall, raw ITE scores and number of QBank questions completed were found to have a significant, positive correlation, (r(60) = 0.34, p < 0.05); correlation was stronger for 2019 (r[28] = 0.39, p < 0.05) compared to 2020 (r[30] =0.25, p = 0.16). Overall, ITE percentile rank for training level scores were also found to have a significant, positive correlation with number of QBank questions completed (r(60) = 0.35, p < 0.05); correlation was again stronger for 2019 (r(28) = 0.42, p < 0.05) compared to 2020 (r(30) = 0.29, p = 0.12). Finally, ITE percentile rank for training level correlated positively with QBank average performance (as a percentage), albeit weakly, and was not found to be significant overall (r[60] = 0.20, p = 0.16); in this instance, 2019 did not show a correlation (r[28] =0.12, p = 0.54); however, 2020 did (r[30] =0.55, p < 0.05). Academic year 2020 raw ITE scores also demonstrated a significant correlation with QBank average performance (r[30] = 0.66, p < 0.0001) while 2019 did not (r[28] = 0.08, p = 0.68). Conclusion Participation and engagement in a QBank are associated with improved EM resident performance on the ABEM ITE. Utilization of a QBank may be an effective mode of ITE preparation for EM residents.
Methyl β-lactoside [methyl β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside] monohydrate: a solvomorphism study.

Methyl β-lactoside [methyl β-d-galacto­pyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-gluco­pyran­oside] monohydrate, C13H24O11·H2O, (I), was obtained via spontaneous transformation of methyl β-lactoside methanol solvate, (II), during air-drying. Cremer–Pople puckering parameters indicate that the β-d-Galp (β-d-galacto­pyranos­yl) and β-d-Glcp (β-d-gluco­pyranos­yl) rings in (I) adopt slightly distorted 4C1 chair conformations, with the former distorted towards a boat form (BC1,C4) and the latter towards a twist-boat form (O5SC2). Puckering parameters for (I) and (II) indicate that the conformation of the βGalp ring is slightly more affected than the βGlcp ring by the solvomorphism. Conformations of the terminal O-gly­co­sidic linkages in (I) and (II) are virtually identical, whereas those of the inter­nal O-glycosidic linkage show torsion-angle changes of 6° in both C—O bonds. The exocyclic hy­droxy­methyl group in the βGalp residue adopts a gt conformation (C4′ anti to O6′) in both (I) and (II), whereas that in the βGlcp residue adopts a gg (gauche–gauche) conformation (H5 anti to O6) in (II) and a gt (gauche–trans) conformation (C4 anti to O6) in (I). The latter conformational change is critical to the solvomorphism in that it allows water to participate in three hydrogen bonds in (I) as opposed to only two hydrogen bonds in (II), potentially producing a more energetically stable structure for (I) than for (II). Visual inspection of the crystalline lattice of (II) reveals channels in which methanol solvent resides and through which solvent might exchange during solvomorphism. These channels are less apparent in the crystalline lattice of (I).
Role of locally polar regions in the superconductivity of SrTi O 3

A possible cooperation between ferroelectric and superconducting order parameters in SrTiO${}_{3}$ has long been suspected. Here, the authors find that the superconducting critical temperature of SrTiO${}_{3}$ correlates with the length scale of polar order. The findings point to spin-orbit coupling as an important ingredient in the superconductivity of SrTiO${}_{3}$. The ability to control the size of the polar domains in thin films opens up new opportunities to control the superconductivity in SrTiO${}_{3}$ and other superconductors that exhibit local polar order
Educational Evaluation: Definitions, Purposes, and Processes

It was a sultry August afternoon, although an occasional puff of air would bend the Bermuda grass and cause the leaves to wave and pine needles to fall. Summer school was over, and the campus was deserted. It was almost an academic ghost town. Once in a while you could catch a glimpse of an assistant professor scurrying from library to computer center in search of the publication quota for the year. I was about to leave for the day and perhaps catch nine holes before dinnertime when the daydream of a modest 200-yard drive off the first tee was shattered by the ringing of a phone. The call was from the science coordinator of the local school system.
The Cambridge Introduction to Thomas Mann

1. Introduction 2. Origins, influences, and early mastery 3. Artists and outcasts in Mann's early fiction 4. From World War to the Weimar Republic 5. The struggle against National Socialism 6. A pact with the devil: Doctor Faustus 7. Tribulations and final triumphs Suggestions for further reading Timeline.
THE USE OF FUZZY LOGIC IN SHIPPING AND SHIPBUILDING MARKET MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND FORECASTING..

Fuzzy logic is a technique that attempts to systematically and mathematically emulate human reasoning. This paper investigates the feasibility of applying fuzzy logic to transportation and shipbuilding market modeling, analysis and forecasting. Fuzzy systems called fuzzy decision modelers (FDMs) are developed based on fuzzy logic techniques to model the crude oil tanker freight rate market, the tanker new order market and the tanker scrapping market. Our results show that the FDMs are able to model and forecast these economic systems very well. In addition, the FDMs also provide valuable insights into market mechanisms and market participants' decision-making patterns. The FDMs are mathematical model-free, nonlinear systems capable of capturing complicated relationships among economic variables. The FDMs are easy to develop and easy to interpret. These advantages of fuzzy systems suggest that fuzzy logic techniques are a promising alternative in shipping and shipbuilding market modeling, analysis and forecasting.
CAI/multimedia approach to farm tractor and machinery safety certification

Research was conducted at Purdue University with the primary goal to compare a newly developed self-instructional CAI/multimedia computer program with traditional instructional methods for use by youth enrolled in a farm tractor and machinery safety program. Seventy-two subjects selected from three 8th and 9th grade agricultural education classes and one group of middle school-aged youth (grades 6–19) involved in a 4-H tractor and machinery-related program were randomly divided, with half of each group receiving traditional instructor-based training using printed materials, videos, and demonstrations, and the other half receiving self-instruction with a computer program. A pretest and post test evaluation revealed that there was not a statistical difference in knowledge gained between the two instructional strategies. However, an analysis of low, middle and high achievement youth, based on knowledge gain, did reveal significant difference between the two instructional strategies. Subjects from the computer-based instructional method dominated both high and low achievement groups, while the traditional instructional method subjects tended to fall into the middle achievement group.
Tryptophan and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate compete for binding to trp repressor.

Abstract Anilinonaphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and tryptophan compete for binding to the trp repressor protein; thus, the fluorescence decrease associated with ANS dissociation can be used as a fluorometric marker for tryptophan binding to the protein. Using this approach, the tryptophan equilibrium dissociation constant was measured at 25 degrees C to be 3.7 (+/- 1.2) X 10(-5) M, a value which compares favorably with that obtained by other methods for determining the affinity of this ligand. The presence of nonspecific DNA had no effect on the binding affinity, whereas addition of trp operator DNA yielded a 6-fold increase in affinity of tryptophan binding. The kinetics of tryptophan binding to the aporepressor were monitored directly and by ANS displacement at 4 degrees C. The association rate constant was approximately 4 X 10(6) M-1 s-1, and the dissociation rate constant was approximately 60 s-1. The ratio of these values agrees with the binding constant determined by equilibrium dialysis at this temperature. Using the gel retardation method (Carey, J. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 975-979), the dissociation rate constant for the 40-base pair operator fragment was estimated to be 2 X 10(-2) s-1, which combines with the measured Kd of 0.3 nM to yield an association rate constant comparable to other DNA binding proteins (approximately 10(8) M-1 s-1).
The Effect of Electronic Markets on Forecasts of New Product Success

In this paper, we extend field experiments of real money prediction markets to the problem of forecasting the success of a new product. We collect forecasts using a traditional survey mechanism and a market mechanism. Our results suggest that market prices summarize the information contained in survey forecasts and improve those forecasts by reducing the variability of the forecast. However, we find no evidence of a “crystal ball” equilibrium. Our markets have considerable variability and predict only as well as the public signal provided by the HSX movie market game.
The Euler-Lagrange Equations

Jakob Bernoulli’s solution of 1696 to his brother Johann’s problem of the brachistochrone (§1.2) marked the introduction of variational considerations. However, it was not until the work of Euler (c. 1742) and Lagrange (1755) that the systematic theory now known as the calculus of variations emerged. Initially, it was restricted to finding conditions which were necessary in order that an integral function $$ F(Y) = \int_a^b {f(x,y(x),y'(x))dx = } \int_a^b {f[y(x)]dx} $$ should have a (local) extremum on a set D ⊆ {y ∈ C1[a,b]: y(a) = a1;y(b) = b1}.
Geophysical and hydrological evaluation of two bog complexes in a northern peatland : Implications for the distribution of biogenic gases at the basin scale

[1] Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to determine peat basin geometry and the spatial distribution of free-phase biogenic gasses in two separate units of a northern peatland (Central and Southern Unit of Caribou Bog, Maine). The Central Unit is characterized by a deep basin structure (15 m maximum depth) and a raised (eccentric) bog topographic profile (up to 2 m topographic variation). Here numerous regions of electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering are considered diagnostic of the presence of extensive free-phase biogenic gas. In contrast, the Southern Unit is shallower (8 m maximum depth) and has a slightly convex upwards bog profile (less than 1 m topographic variation), and areas of EM wave scattering are notably absent. The biogenic gas zones interpreted from GPR in the Central Unit are associated with: (1) wooded heath vegetation at the surface, (2) open pools at the surface, (3) high water table elevations near the center of the basin, and (4) a region of overpressure (at approximately 5 m depth) immediately below the zone of free-phase gas accumulation. The latter suggests (1) a transient pressure head associated with low hydraulic conductivity resulting from the biogenic gasses themselves or confining layers in the peat that restrict both gas release and groundwater flow and/or (2) overpressure in the peat column as a result of the gas buildup itself. In contrast, the Southern Unit, where zones of EM scattering are absent, is characterized by: (1) predominantly shrub vegetation, (2) a lack of open pools, (3) only minor variations (less than 1 m) in water table elevation throughout the entire unit; and (4) generally upward groundwater flow throughout the basin. The results illustrate the nonuniformity of free-phase biogenic gas distribution at the peat basin scale and provide insights into the processes and controls associated with CH4 and CO2 accumulation in peatlands.
Gravitational Lensing by Elliptical Galaxies, and the Schwarz Function

We discuss gravitational lensing by elliptical galaxies with some particular mass distributions. Using simple techniques from the theory of quadrature domains and the Schwarz function (cf. [18]) we show that when the mass density is constant on confocal ellipses, the total number of lensed images of a point source cannot exceed 5 (4 bright images and 1 dim image). Also, using the Dive-Nikliborc converse of the celebrated Newton’s theorem concerning the potentials of ellipsoids, we show that “Einstein rings” must always be either circles (in the absence of a tidal shear), or ellipses.
Ciliary sieving and active ciliary response in capture of particles by suspension‐feeding brachiopod larvae

Larvae of a brachiopod, Glottidia pyramidata, used at least two ciliary mechanisms to capture algal cells upstream from the lateral band of cilia that produces a feeding/swimming current. (1) Filtration: the larvae retained algal cells on the upstream (frontal) side of a sieve composed of a row of stationary laterofrontal cilia. Movement of the laterofrontal cilia could not be observed during capture or rejection of particles, but the laterofrontal cilia can bend toward the beating lateral cilia, a possible mechanism for releasing rejected particles from the ciliary sieve. (2) Localized changes of ciliary beat: the larvae may also concentrate particles by a local change in beat of lateral cilia in response to particles. The evidence is that the beat of lateral cilia changed coincident with captures of algal cells and that captured particles moved on paths consistent with a current redirected toward the frontal side of the tentacle by an induced local reversal of the lateral cilia. The change of beat of lateral cilia could have been an arrest rather than a reversal of ciliary beat, however. The similar ciliary bands in adult and larval lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids, and bryozoans) suggest that these animals share a range of ciliary behaviours. The divergent accounts of ciliary feeding of lophophorates could be mostly the result of different authors observing different aspects of ciliary feeding.
Should Health Education Abandon Attitude Change Strategies? Perspectives from Recent Research

Educational strategies which emphasize change in attitude and beliefs in a social perspective are reviewed in this article from a larger monograph which reviews studies on health care education from 1961-1966. This review of published material indicates the need for greater attention to methods for bringing health education to individuals through the lay referral system by using channels of social influence and support for attitude and behavior change. Such bringing together of isolated individuals should help achieve preventive health behavior. In addition to creating social networks to help in the education of a population in preventive health care and health care maintenance the need for early diagnosis through surveillance programs is emphasized in this review. In this section cancer studies were reviewed to determine changes in attitude toward various cancers and behavior when confronted with them. Personality aspects should be taken into account when designing preventive health care programs.
Hydrolysis of oligopeptides by sera used in cell and tissue culture.

Sera commonly used in cell and tissue culture as medium supplements posses high peptidase activity. Oligopeptides incubated with 1% serum are rapidly hydrolyzed to intermediate length peptides and the constituent amino acids. Hydrolysis of lysine peptides is difficult to verify by a quantitative ninhydrin procedure because of reacton of the lysine e-amino group and serum components with ninhydrin. Attempts to evaluate oligopeptides as sole sources of indispensable amino acids for cultured mammalian cells are of doubtful value when serum is used as a medium supplement.
Randomized double-blind safety study of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes treated with tirofiban and aspirin: The ACUTE II study☆☆☆★

Background In comparison with treatment with unfractionated heparin (UFH) and aspirin (ASA), both tirofiban administered with UFH and ASA, and enoxaparin plus ASA have shown superiority in reducing cardiac ischemic events in patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Replacing UFH with enoxaparin when tirofiban is administered to patients may offer further therapeutic benefit, but could also increase bleeding. Objective Our objective was to provide estimates of the frequency of bleeding complications, as defined by means of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction(TIMI) group, and collect data on clinical efficacy of the combination of tirofiban with enoxaparin plus ASA. Methods Five hundred twenty-five patients with UA/NSTEMI were treated with tirofiban coadministered with ASA and randomized to receive either UFH (n = 210) or enoxaparin (n = 315). Therapy was administered for 24 to 96 hours. Bleeding incidences were assessed until 24 hours after trial therapy was discontinued; other clinical outcomes were assessed for as long as 30 days. Results The total bleeding rate (TIMI major + minor + loss-no-site) for the UFH group versus the enoxaparin group was 4.8% vs 3.5% (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, CI 0.6-3.4). The TIMI major and minor bleeding rates for the UFH versus the enoxaparin groups were 1.0% versus 0.3% (OR 3.0, CI 0.3-33.8) and 4.3% versus 2.5% (OR 1.7, CI 0.7-4.6). There was an increase in nuisance cutaneous and oral bleeds (<50 mL of blood loss) in the enoxaparin group. Death or myocardial infarction occurred with similar frequency in the 2 groups (9.0% vs 9.2%). However, refractory ischemia requiring urgent revascularization and rehospitalization because of unstable angina occurred more frequently in the UFH group (4.3% vs 0.6% and 7.1% vs 1.6%, respectively). Conclusions Combination therapy with tirofiban plus enoxaparin appears safe, relative to therapy with tirofiban plus UFH. (Am Heart J 2002;144:470-7.)