cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomaly handling and the politics of gene drives

ABSTRACTDecisions about the development and use of gene drives are framing broader debates about the need for fundamental changes to biotechnology regulatory systems. We summarize this debate and describe how gene drives are being constructed as potential anomalies within the regulatory landscape. Drawing on literature from Science and Technology Studies and other fields, we outline a broad set of anomaly-handling strategies and provide examples from current gene drive debates. While often couched in technical terms, decisions about how to address anomalies are also decisions about whether to strengthen or weaken different forms of governance. By exploring the different ways that anomalies are constructed and handled, we highlight the active role that anomalies play within a changing governance system and invite a more nuanced examination of the multifarious goals these strategies serve.
Carnap’s Philosophical Neutrality Between Realism and Instrumentalism

Carnap’s treatment of theoretical terms involves, first, his conception of them as being only “partially” interpreted, second, his use of the Ramsey sentence on behalf of this conception. (The latter, in particular, has been insightfully examined recently by Bill Demopoulos.) Carnap’s treatment has not satisfied either instrumentalists (like van Fraassen) or realists (like Stathis Psillos). (It has also not satisfied Demopoulos.) I argue that the place of Carnap’s views on theoretical terms within his general project of Wissenschaftslogik has been misunderstood, and the full force of his uniquely anti-metaphysical conception has not been appreciated.
T- and NK-cell lymphocytosis

Peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytosis is one of the most common abnormalities encountered in clinical hematology laboratory. Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number and/or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood. The normal ranges of lymphocytes in adult patients are about 1.0–3.0 × 109/L and 20–40%. In adults, absolute lymphocytosis is defined as absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) greater than 4.0 × 109/L, while relative lymphocytosis is an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes >40%, but ALC is normal. In children, the reference ranges differ significantly with age and, in general, significantly higher than adults. Mayo Clinic laboratory data reported a normal range of lymphocyte count of 2.0–11.0 × 109/L (26–36%) at birth, which increases over the first 6 months of life, and peaks at 6 months to 1 year 1.4–22 × 109/L (47–77%), then declines over time, and approaches to adult range between age 15 and 20 years. The reference ranges may vary depending on populations, individual laboratory, instruments, and methods.
Dynamics of a generalized Ricker–Beverton–Holt competition model subject to Allee effects

In this article, we propose and study a generalized Ricker–Beverton–Holt competition model subject to Allee effects to obtain insights on how the interplay of Allee effects and contest competition affects the persistence and the extinction of two competing species. By using the theory of monotone dynamics and the properties of critical curves for non-invertible maps, our analysis show that our model has relatively simple dynamics, i.e. almost every trajectory converges to a locally asymptotically stable equilibrium if the intensity of intra-specific competition intensity exceeds that of inter-specific competition. This equilibrium dynamics is also possible when the intensity of intra-specific competition intensity is less than that of inter-specific competition but under conditions that the maximum intrinsic growth rate of one species is not too large. The coexistence of two competing species occurs only if the system has four interior equilibria. We provide an approximation to the basins of the boundary ...
A Systematic Review on Social Network Analysis: Tools, Algorithms and Frameworks

In the modern paradigm of IOT "Internet of Things" and big data, we deal with augmented volume of information on regular basis. Due to advancement in the data flow, there is a fair chance of data loss and its misuse. To manage this, it is usually required to draw whole information in form of graphs or presentable form which is termed as social network. In this context, to get some calculative idea about social relations from that network is called a Social Network Analysis (SNA). The research on SNA has been continuously performed from last decade or so. It is required to review and present major contributions in SNA to research community. Therefore, this article conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to select fifty two research studies. As a result, twenty three algorithms, eleven tools and ten frameworks in the domain of SNA have been presented. This facilitates researchers to discovery latest SNA developments within a single study.
Markers of Inflammation and Infection in Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Sepsis is a severe systemic inflammatory response to infection that manifests with widespread inflammation as well as endothelial and coagulation dysfunction that may lead to hypotension, organ failure, shock, and death. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a complication of sepsis involving systemic activation of the fibrinolytic and coagulation pathways that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction, thrombosis, and bleeding, with a 2-fold increase in mortality. This study demonstrates the diagnostic and prognostic value of profiling various biomarkers of inflammation and infection in patients with sepsis-associated DIC to assess the severity of illness. Deidentified samples were obtained from adult patients with sepsis and suspected DIC. Platelet count, prothrombin time, D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels were used to assign International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis DIC scores to plasma samples from 103 patients with sepsis and suspected DIC. Using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chromogenic assay, and RANDOX Biochip methods, levels of procalcitonin (PCT), extracellular nucleosomes, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were measured in patients with sepsis and DIC and compared to levels in healthy individuals. Elevated levels of PCT, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFα were observed in most patients with sepsis and DIC. Additionally, the levels of these markers show significant positive correlations with each other and with DIC score. Currently, no single biomarker can effectively diagnose DIC in patients with sepsis. This study lays the groundwork for the development of a diagnostic algorithm using several markers of inflammation and infection and DIC score as parameters in assessing severity of sepsis-associated coagulopathy in a clinical setting.
Pathophysiology and Management of Hyperammonemia in Organ Transplant Patients

Neurologic complications are common after solid-organ transplantation, occurring in one-third of patients. Immunosuppression-related neurotoxicity (involving calcineurin inhibitors and corticosteroids), opportunistic central nervous system infections, seizures, and delirium are some of the causes of neurologic symptoms following solid-organ transplantation. An uncommon often missed complication posttransplantation involves buildup of ammonia levels that can lead to rapid clinical deterioration even when treated. Ammonia levels are not routinely checked due to the myriad of other explanations for encephalopathy in a transplant recipient. A treatment of choice for severe hyperammonemia involves renal replacement therapy (RRT), but there are no guidelines on the mode or parameters of RRT for reducing ammonia levels. Hyperammonemia in a transplant recipient poses specific challenges beyond the actual condition because the treatment (RRT) involves significant hemodynamic fluctuations that may affect the graft. In this review, we describe a patient with posttransplantation hyperammonemia and discuss the pathways of ammonia metabolism, potential factors underlying the development of hyperammonemia posttransplantation, and choice of appropriate therapeutic options in these patients.
Chemical Collection, Refinement, and Adsorption Beacon

The ability to perform in-situ water quality measurements allows the turnaround time for evaluation to drop from days to minutes compared to off-site laboratory analysis. This reduces the total cost of the data collection effort and results are obtained immediately. Coupled with a low production cost, a multitude of these sensors can be deployed in order to provide an environmental snapshot. The Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has developed a prototype device consisting of three components: a transducer made from carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a metric for determining the presence of copper in a deionized water (DI) solution, and a sensing platform that is powered using near field communication (NFC). This study utilizes L-histidine-modified CNTs in combination with an energy-harvesting sensing platform to relay data to a smart phone through NFC.
Effects of exogenous secretin on pancreatic and biliary ductal and sphincteric pressures in man demonstrated by endoscopic manometry and correlation with plasma secretin levels

An endoscopic manometric technique was used to investigate the effects of exogenous secretin on pancreatic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct sphincter, and bile duct sphincter pressures in 20 healthy volunteers. Synthetic secretin was infused intravenously at rates of 8.05, 16.1, 32.2, 64.4, 129, 258, and 516 ng/kg/hr, and plasma secretin concentrations were measured by a radioimmunoassay. Secretin produced a significant fall in peak and trough pancreatic duct sphincter pressures from basal values of 48.2 +/- 7.9 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) and 16.9 +/- 7.7 mm Hg, respectively, to 34.4 +/- 6.8 mm Hg and 11.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg (P less 0.005), respectively, at a mean plasma secretin concentration of 16 pg/ml (during an infusion rate of 32.2 ng/kg/hr). Higher infusion rates had no additional effect. Pancreatic duct pressure became significantly elevated above basal (11.5 +/- 4.0 mm Hg) at the two highest secretin rates. Secretin had no effect on common bile duct or bile duct sphincter pressures. Plasma secretin concentrations were within the postprandial range during the lowest four secretin infusion rates. We conclude that secretin produces selective physiological relaxation of the pancreatic duct sphincter.
Tracheostomy Complications in the Emergency Department: A National Analysis of 38,271 Cases.

BACKGROUND Greater than 100,000 tracheotomies are performed annually in the USA, yet little is known regarding patients who present to the emergency department (ED) with tracheostomy complications. OBJECTIVES To characterize patient and hospital characteristics, outcomes, and charges associated with tracheostomy complications and to identify predictors of admission and mortality. METHODS The 2009-2011 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) was queried for patients with a principle diagnosis of tracheostomy complication. A descriptive analysis was performed and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of admission and mortality. RESULTS A total of 69,371 nationwide visits to the ED had tracheostomy complication as an associated ICD-9 diagnosis, of which 55.2% (n = 38,293) carried a primary diagnosis of tracheostomy complication. Unspecified tracheostomy complications were most common (61.4%), followed by mechanical complications (31.3%), and lastly by tracheostomy infections (7.3%). Pediatric patients were significantly more likely to have tracheostomy infections than adults (p < 0.0001). A total of 35.5% of patients with tracheostomy complications were admitted to the hospital, and death occurred with 1.4% of visits. Patients from higher-income ZIP codes had increased odds of admission (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.35; p = 0.0009), as did patients with tracheostomy infections (OR: 4.425; p < 0.0001). Patients with tracheostomy infections (OR: 3.14; p = 0.0062) and unspecified tracheostomy complications (OR: 2.00; p = 0.0076) had increased odds of mortality. CONCLUSION These findings may help improve overall outcomes amongst patients with tracheostomies by preventing unnecessary ED admissions and improving healthcare provider preparedness and awareness.
Method with low amount usage of arsenic trioxide for measuring iodine in urine by As (III)-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion

Objective To improve the current standard method of measuring urinary iodine by As (Ⅲ)-Ce4+catalytic spectrophotometry, reducing the amount of arsenic toxic reagent used to decrease environmental pollution,and make the modified method with good precision and accuracy. Methods For improving the current standard method of measuring urinary iodine, amount of arsenious acid solution was reduced from 0.100 mol/L H3AsO3(which contains NaCl 25 g/L) 2.5 ml to 0.025 mol/L H3AsO3(which contains NaCl 40 g/L) 2.5 ml;amount of ceric ammonium sulfate solution was reduced from 0.076 mol/L 0.30 ml to 0.025 mol/L 0.30 ml;photometric wavelength was changed from 420 nm to 400 nm. The new modified method was evaluated by standard curve linearity and linear range, sample detection limit, precision, accuracy, and urinary iodine values, and the rates of absorbance change in the test process were compared with the current standard method. Results The calibration relation of C= a + blgA (C: iodine concentration, A : measuring absorbance) in the new modified method existed when As3+-Ce4+ catalytic reaction was kept at a certain stable temperature range between 20 - 35 ℃ and in certain stable reacting time. The linear range of the calibration curve was 0 - 300 μg/L and the linear correlative coefficient was - 0.9998. The detection limit for iodine was 4 μg/L(0.25 ml of urine was tested). The test coefficient of variations(CV) were 1.7%(1.1/66.0), 1.8%(1.4/76.0), 2.0%(3.0/147.5), 1.6%(4.2/265.5) when measuring urine samples with iodine concentration of 66.0, 76.0, 147.5, 265.5 μg/L, respectively. The average recovery was 100.6% with a range of 95.0% (57.0/60.0) - 103.7% (62.2/60.0) when measuring 4 urine samples containing different iodine concentration, and average recovery was 101.0% (40.4/40.0), 100.4% (100.4/I00.0), 100.5% (60.3/60.0),100.4% (100.4/100.0), respectively. The test results of two national standard urinary iodine were all within the given value range and the relative deviation(RD) was 0.05). The table of suitable combination of As3+-Ce4+ reaction temperature and time for this method was obtained(such as 20 ℃ and 53 min, 25 ℃ and 40 min, 30 ℃and 30 min, etc. ). Compared with the standard method, the rates of absorbanee change of As ( Ⅲ )-Ce4+ reaction in the new modified method were more slowly, which further reducing the determination deviation caused by the temperature fluctuations or measuring time deviation in measurement process. Conclusions This new modified method greatly reduces the amount of arsenic in waste, reduces pollution, saving reagents, and this method is easier to operate with better precision and accuracy, which is suitable for application of measuring iodine in urine. Key words: Iodine; Urine ; Spectrophotometry; Arsenic
Influence of focus and deflection when comparing electron beam welds to laser welds at varying parameters in 304 SS

In many cases, both laser and electron beam welding may be considered for critical applications involving a wide range of structural materials. The ability to use both processes to make comparable welds in terms of both weld profile (penetration) and microstructure provides considerable process selection flexibility. In this study, autogenous, partial penetration welds on 304 and 304L SS were made using both fiber laser and electron beam processes. To simplify the analysis, many parameters were kept constant between processes, including working distance and spot size. The main variables, power and travel speed, were varied individually. Beam analysis was conducted using a PRIMES Focus Monitor to characterize the laser beam and a pro-beam diagnostic tool (PBD) for the electron beam. Electron beam welds were deflected or defocused to achieve a spot size similar to that of the laser welds, approximately 500 μm. The deflection pattern chosen for electron beam welding was made to mimic the power distribution of the laser. A similar melting efficiency at varying powers and travel speeds was maintained for both processes. Geometries and microstructures of the deflected and defocused electron beam welds and the laser beam welds are compared and related to process parameters.
DeepSEAS: Smartphone-based Early Ailment Sensing Using Coupled LSTM AutoEncoders

Infectious diseases epidemics such as the current COVID-19 pandemic have an immense impact on all facets of life. Consequently, the current dearth of effective and timely public health surveillance methods, especially at the individual level, have been accentuated, prompting research into supplementary methods. Sensor-rich, ubiquitously owned smartphones can now gather large volumes of data that has been utilized for passive and continuous physical and mental health assessment. In this paper, we propose a Deep learning based Smartphone Early Ailment Sensing (DeepSEAS) framework that predicts a smart-phone user’s future manifestation of influenza-like biological symptoms (e.g. coughing and sneezing) a day early while they are still asymptomatic. DeepSEAS works by analyzing a subject’s historical one-day smartphone sensor and mobility data. First, we utilize the mean shift clustering algorithm to create clusters of users with similar social and behavioral traits such as their socialization levels, social media presence, eating and working out habits. Then, DeepSEAS employs an end-to-end trainable LSTM Autoencoder (LSTM AE) coupled with a Feed Forward Neural network classifier, a chieving a sensitivity of 7 8% i n correctly identifying users who will manifest biological symptoms a day later. DeepSEAS facilitates up-to-date influenza s urveillance at the individual level, which could transform the current healthcare system. Early detection can enable asymptomatic users to be alerted, notified and isolated, which could reduce disease transmission.
Optimizing rapid diagnostics and diagnostic stewardship in Gram-negative bacteremia

Antimicrobial resistance remains a high global concern, as it is associated with prolonged hospitalizations, increased morbidity and mortality, and escalating healthcare-related costs. Rapid diagnostic technology (RDT) has become the cornerstone in achieving prompt blood culture results providing a quicker initiation of optimal therapy, decreased mortality, and decreased spread of resistance. To maximize the benefits of RDTs, antimicrobial stewardship programs must implement a diagnostic stewardship (DS) subgroup to optimize communication, education, and interpretation of RDT results within the healthcare system. The DS subgroup is necessary to evaluate the technologies available, better integrate the selected technologies into the healthcare system, and develop innovative and appropriate use to improve patient outcomes.
Infrastructure mediated sensing

Ubiquitous computing application developers have limited options for a practical activity and location sensing technology that is easy-to-deploy and cost-effective. In this dissertation, I have developed a class of activity monitoring systems called infrastructure mediated sensing (IMS), which provides a whole-house solution for sensing activity and the location of people and objects. Infrastructure mediated sensing leverages existing home infrastructure (e.g., electrical systems, air conditioning systems, etc.) to mediate the transduction of events. In these systems, infrastructure activity is used as a proxy for a human activity involving the infrastructure. A primary goal of this type of system is to reduce economic, aesthetic, installation, and maintenance barriers to adoption by reducing the cost and complexity of deploying and maintaining the activity sensing hardware. I discuss the design, development, and applications of various IMS-based activity and location sensing technologies that leverage the following existing infrastructures: wireless Bluetooth signals, power lines, and central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. In addition, I show how these technologies facilitate automatic and unobtrusive sensing and data collection for researchers or application developers interested in conducting large-scale in-situ location-based studies in the home.
Optical and magnetic probes of hot singlet exciton fission in π-conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic applications

We used steady state and picosecond transient photoinduced absorption (PA), excitation dependence (EXPA(ω)) spectrum of the triplet exciton PA band, and its magneto-PA (MPA(B)) response to investigate singlet fission (SF) of hot-excitons into two separated triplet excitons in luminescent π-conjugated polymers. From the high energy step in the triplet EXPA(ω) spectrum of poly(dioctyloxy)-phenylenevinylene (DOO-PPV) films, we identified a hot-exciton SF (HE-SF) process having threshold energy at E≈2E T (=2.8 eV, where E T is the energy of the lowest lying triplet exciton), which is about 0.8 eV above the lowest singlet exciton energy. The picosecond transient PA with 3.1 eV pump excitation shows that in DOO-PPV film a triplet exciton is generated at time, t<500 ps. However the ultrafast triplet generation is missing in DOO-PPV solution, indicating that the HE-SF is predominantly interchain in nature. The HE-SF process was confirmed by the triplet MPA(B) response for excitation at E>2E T , which shows a typical SF response. Our work shows that the SF process in π-conjugated polymers is a much more general process than thought previously.
A lower bound on greedy embedding in euclidean plane

Greedy embedding is the key of geometric greedy routing in p2p networks It embeds a graph (the topological structure of the p2p network) in a metric space such that between any source-destination pair, there is a distance decreasing path for message delivery It is known that any graph can be greedily embedded in the hyperbolic plane with using O(logn) bits for each node's coordinates [7] Interestingly, on greedy embedding in the Euclidean plane, existing embedding algorithms result in coordinates with ${\it \Omega}(n)$ bits It was recently proved that ${\it \Omega}(n)$ is a lower bound of the coordinates' bit length if one uses Cartesian or polar coordinate system and preserves the planar embedding of a planar graph when greedily embedding it in the Euclidean plan [2] In this paper we strengthen this result by further proving that ${\it \Omega}(n)$ is still a lower bound even if the graph is allowed to take free embedding in the plane.
Theory and Practice in Tax Administration

This article concerns the history of automation in U.S. tax administration and the challenges automation presents to administering the laws consistent with democratic values. The most under-theorized aspect of tax administration is the expansion of automation and its impact on the current tax system. Historically, the U.S. system of taxation depended on the self-reporting of relevant financial information by taxpayers. The original design of tax administration was built around that premise and required significant human interaction between government employees and taxpayers. The rise of what is called Automated Data Processing (ADP) - particularly since WWII - has given the IRS wonderful efficiency in sorting through massive amounts of information. This has allowed it to rely less on the information provided by taxpayers and more on the information provided ABOUT taxpayers by various third parties. ADP has also allowed the IRS to become more efficient at identifying "non-responsive" taxpayers and taking action against them. At the same time, ADP poses a constant threat to unbalance the Service, to degrade tax administration into an exercise in data manipulation and not an exercise in determining the correct taxes owed. It undermines the American way of taxation, where the IRS strives to administer the tax laws with a realization that the government's interests align with taxpayer interests and not simply with dollars to the fisc. This article is one of a number of articles commenting on a reprint of Commissioner Mortimer Caplin's thoughts about tax administration, orginially published in 1964. It is to be published in a forthcoming issue of the Virginia Tax Review.
Optimal incentive-based scheduling of layered video packets in P2P streaming

In Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing systems, such as BitTorrent, peers measure contributions of other peers and upload packets only to a selected subset of peers based on their past contributions. This built-in incentive scheme has alleviated free-riding problem for P2P file sharing. However, it cannot be easily adapted to P2P streaming of scalable videos, because it assumes that each packet is equally important for every peer. This assumption is not true: the importance of a packet to a playback peer depends on a number of factors, including which video layer the packet belongs to, how close it is to the playback deadline, and how many neighboring peers hold this packet. In this paper, we formulated peer selection and packet scheduling process as an integer programming problem. The objective is to maximize the aggregate gain of the packets, measured by their "importance" perceived by playback peers. We evaluated the proposed optimal scheduling algorithm by conducting the experiments in a global scale Internet testbed, PlanetLab, and demonstrated its excellent performance.
Analgesic Effect of Acetaminophen, Phenyltoloxamine and Their Combination in Postoperative Oral Surgery Pain

In this factorial study, 148 outpatients with pain after oral surgery were randomly assigned, on a double-blind basis, a single oral dose of acetaminophen 650 mg, phenyltoloxamine 60 mg, a combination of acetaminophen 650 mg with phenyltoloxamine 60 mg, or placebo. Using a self-rating record, subjects rated their pain and its relief hourly for 6 hours after medication. Measures of total and peak analgesia were derived from these subjective reports. The acetaminophen effect was significant for every measure of total and peak analgesia. The phenyltoloxamine effect was not significant for any measure of analgesia. Although efficacy was lower for the acetaminophen-phenyltoloxamine combination than for acetaminophen alone, for every variable, the contrast for interaction was not statistically significant. The results of this study differ from those of previous studies in patients with headache and musculoskeletal pain. All adverse effects were transitory and consistent with the known pharmacologic profiles of the study medications or the backup analgesic.
Print or Perish? Authors’ Attitudes Toward Electronic-Only Publication of Law Journals

An increasing number of U.S. law journals post at least current issues in freely accessible PDF and (in some cases) HTML formats on their websites. Yet, perhaps without exception, the journals that make their articles freely available on their websites also continue to publish print issues in the face of declining subscription numbers, and law libraries’ growing disinterest in collecting and preserving journals in print. As universities reduce staff, freeze open positions, eliminate salary increases, and cut library budgets, why have law schools continued to subsidize print publication of journals that are accessible in electronic formats? Among the reasons suggested for this is the possible impact of electronic-only publishing on a journal’s reputation and ability to attract authors. This paper reports on the results of a survey of law journal authors’ attitudes toward electronic-only law journals.
Hydrostatic pressure effects on the central nervous system: perspectives and outlook

The high pressure neurological syndrome (h.p.n.s.) represents a complex of behavioural changes observed in all vertebrates when exposed to progressively increasing pressures. The general characteristics of the syndrome will be described and discussed in the light of alternative hypotheses about its aetiology and biophysical characteristics. Recent investigations in this area have dealt with the problem of the discretion of the several stages of the h.p.n.s. in their dependence on compression parameters; with the problem of individual variability in sensitivity to h.p.n.s. development, the genetic basis thereof, and its implications from the point of view of personnel selection; and with exploration of the characteristics and nature of the antagonism between high pressure and general anaesthetics in the production of h.p.n.s. symptoms. A final part of the discussion will deal with the current status of investigations into the problem of hazard assessment, and with the several possible approaches to controlling the h.p.n.s. associated hazards encountered in deep diving operations.
Halomethylmetal compounds : LI. An improved synthesis of α-iodoalkyl derivatives of tin and mercury by the organozinc route. Bis[(trimethylsilyl)iodomethyl]mercury

Abstract The homogeneous solution of iodomethylzinc iodide produced by reaction of equimolar quantities of ethylzinc iodide and diiodomethane in tetrahydrofuran was used to prepare Me 3 SnCH 2 I, Me 2 Sn(CH 2 I) 2 and Hg(CH 2 I) 2 in good yield; this procedure is much superior to that using the reagent prepared from the reaction of diiodomethane with zinc/copper couple. The reaction of ethylzinc iodide with CH 3 CHI 2 , Me 3 SiCHI 2 and Me 3 SnCHI 2 in THF gave good yields of CH 3 CHIZnI, Me 3 SiCHIZnI and Me 3 SnCHIZnI, respectively. These reagents were used to prepare, generally in high yield, the following compounds: Me 3 SnCHICH 3 , Hg(CHICH 3 ) 2 , Me 3 SiCHISnMe 3 , Hg(CHISiMe 3 ) 2 and (Me 3 Sn) 2 CHI. The Hg(CHISiMe 3 ) 2 /Ph 2 Hg reagent pair was found to transfer Me 3 SiCH to cyclohexene and cyclooctene, but the silylcyclopropane product yields were quite low.
Enlightenment, the Remix: Transparency as a DJ's Trick of Seeing Everyone From Nowhere

In 2009, scholars and journalists hailed YouTube remix artist Kutiman's 8-video musical opus Thru-YOU as an icon of democratic cultural production. This article builds from a close reading of those videos—and survey of press coverage and relevant scholarly literature—to ask why people attributed agency to the remixed rather than the remixer when fragments were appropriated from essentially private citizens rather than celebrities. Those fragments are analyzed through a new tripartite framework for understanding the commons as a “goldmine,” “pot of dirt,” and “cutting room floor.” The concept of “transparency” allows reconception of remix neither as “bottom–up” cultural force nor as embodying the postmodern quality of being multiperspectival, but rather as subjugating individuals within the singular nonperspective of scientism.
The signatures of large-scale temperature and intensity fluctuations in the Lyman α forest

It appears inevitable that reionization processes would have produced large-scale temperature fluctuations in the intergalactic medium. Using toy temperature models and detailed heating histories from cosmological simulations of He II reionization, we study the consequences of inhomogeneous heating for the Lyα forest. The impact of temperature fluctuations in physically well-motivated models can be surprisingly subtle. In fact, we show that temperature fluctuations at the level predicted by our reionization simulations do not give rise to detectable signatures in the types of statistics that have been employed previously. However, because of the aliasing of small-scale density power to larger scale modes in the line-of-sight Lyα forest power spectrum, earlier analyses were not sensitive to 3D modes with ≳30 comoving Mpc wavelengths - scales where temperature fluctuations are likely to be relatively largest. The ongoing Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) aims to measure the 3D power spectrum of the Lyα forest, P F , from a large sample of quasars in order to avoid this aliasing. We find that physically motivated temperature models can alter P F at an order unity level at k ≲ 0.1 comoving Mpc ―1 , a magnitude that should be easily detectable with BOSS. Fluctuations in the intensity of the ultraviolet background can also alter P F significantly. These signatures will make it possible for BOSS to study the thermal impact of He II reionization at 2 < z < 3 and to constrain models for the sources of the ionizing background. Future spectroscopic surveys could extend this measurement to even higher redshifts, potentially detecting the thermal imprint of hydrogen reionization.
Shape of stationary pulse in strong dispersion management regime

Using an expansion over a set of Hermite-Gaussian functions, the shape of the stationary pulse in a strongly dispersion-managed optical fibre is calculated.
Local structures of MD-modeled vitreous silica and sodium silicate glasses

Structures of vitreous silica and sodium silicate glasses have been simulated using different potential models and compared with the neutron diffraction data, with good agreement. The environments of O, Si and Na have been thoroughly examined and compared with those in both crystalline structures and experimental glasses. Considerable similarities in local structures exist between crystalline and simulated glass structures in terms of bond length, coordination number and bond angle distribution (BAD). No significant environment changes were found, except for the coordination number (CN) variation due to composition changes. Further analysis suggests that a weaker interaction between Na and non-bridging oxygen (NBO) exists in the modeled glass structures, perhaps due to use of the same charge for both the bridging and non-bridging oxygens. On the other hand, the existence of fivefold silicon sites in sodium silicate glasses implies that these glasses more resemble high-pressure structures. In addition, the observation of neighboring Na around the fivefold silicons suggests that these fivefold silicons are transition state complexes. Examination of 2- and 3-rings reveals that these smallest rings are closely associated with the fivefold silicons, and are only intermediate states where oxygens transfer from one silicon site to another.
Die Aufbereitung von Holz und Holzabfällen durch Zerkleinerung und Windsichtung

Es wurde versucht, eine moglichst luckenlose Ubersicht uber die Problemstellungen zu geben, die der Werkstoff Holz der Zerkleinerungstechnik und vielleicht auch in Zukunft der Windsichtung aufgibt. Die Spanplattenindustrie, die Kunststoffindustrie, die Papier- und pappenhersteller und auch die chemische Industrie bedienen sich im Zusammenhang mit dem Material Holz in zunehmendem Mase der Verfahren, die eine grose Anzahl von Neukonstruktionen ermoglichen. Es wereden durch diese nicht nur Verbesserungen an den Rohstoffen fur Spanplatten, Kunststoffpresmassen und Pappen erreicht, sondern bei noch groserer Bedeutung Holzabfalle zu vollwertigen Rohstoffen aufgearbeitet. Einige in den genannten Industrien bisher noch nicht bekanntgewordene Neukonstruktionen wurden eingehender beschrieben.
Cortical lesions: flavor illness and noise-shock conditioning

We studied the effects of neocortical lesions in rats upon (a) aversive conditioning where a flavor is paired with a subsequent illness, and (b) aversive conditioning where a noise is followed by a foot shock. Lesions of the anterior cortex produced deficits in both paradigms, regardless of whether the gustatory cortex was damaged or spared. Lesion size was more important than location for taste aversion acquisition. Gustatory cortical lesions, as well as other cortical lesions, produced “intersession memory” deficits between training days in the noise-shock paradigm. Within sessions, the acquisition slopes were similar for control and lesioned rats. These data favor a general learning effect for any anterior cortical lesion rather than a specific effect of gustatory lesions on flavor-illness conditioning.
Surgical treatment of a large ruptured internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysm.

Ruptured aneurysms with intraparenchymal hematoma and mass effect are primarily treated by surgical clipping. In this video presentation, a 68 year old male with a large ruptured right ICA bifurcation aneurysm is presented. Patient's neurological exam was rapidly deteriorating, therefore the patient was transferred to the operating theater after initial evaluation by CT and CT angiogram. A pterional craniotomy was performed, the frontal hematoma was partially removed and the aneurysm was clipped. Residual hematoma was removed after securing the aneurysm and the aneurysm dome was punctured(detail of surgical clipping in the video). Patient made a good recovery at 2 weeks post-op with complete recovery of left sided weakness, and some remaining cognitive deficit. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/dKFWptdgC4M.
Increasing of superconducting pinning potential Up and critical current Jc due to the hydrogen loading in sintered YBCO

Abstract YBCO sintered samples have been hydrogenated using chemical absorption. Experimental measurements of the ac higher harmonic susceptibility versus frequency of applied magnetic field have been performed. Increasing of pinning potential U p and critical current J c due to the adsorbed hydrogen has been found. An increasing of 5% in J c and U p has been quantitatively measured using the non-linear magnetic diffusion equation.
Critical factors in the assessment of food chain contamination by PCDD/PCDF from incinerators

Abstract Three key factors have received little attention in incinerator risk assessments in the USA: the deposition of airborne compounds to the surface, the distribution of the chemicals on particles, and the exposure of people who live far away but consume food grown near the incinerator.
Oscillatory behavior in inferior olive neurons: Mechanism, modulation, cell aggregates ☆

Inferior olive neurons, in brain slices maintained in vitro, display spontaneous, continuous oscillations of their membrane potential which are consonant with olivary rhythmic activity seen in vivo. This oscillatory behavior was studied with intracellular electrophysiological tenchiques. The 3–10 Hz rhythmicity of these cells from guinea pigs is tetrodotoxin resistant and dependent on a somatic calcium conductance. The oscillatory behavior can exhibit intrinsic frequency modulation and can be altered by synaptic processes. Synaptic alteration of the oscillatory behavior by afferent sources and extensive electrotonic coupling between cells in local aggregates (shown by Lucifer yellow dye-coupling) provide the substrate for a potent central pattern generator with a well established efferent pathway for control of motor functions.
Occupational injuries among aides and nurses in acute care

Background Occupational injuries are common among nursing personnel. Most epidemiologic research on nursing aides comes from long-term care settings. Reports from acute care settings often combine data on nurses and aides even though their job requirements and personal characteristics are quite different. Our objective was to assess risk of work-related injuries in an acute care setting while contrasting injuries of aides and nurses. Methods A retrospective cohort of aides (n = 1,689) and nurses (n = 5,082) working in acute care at a large healthcare system between 1997 and 2004 were identified via personnel records. Workers' compensation filings were used to ascertain occupational injuries. Poisson regression was used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results Aides had higher overall injury rates than nurses for no-lost work time (RR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.3) and lost work time (RR = 2.8, 95% CI: 2.1–3.8) injuries. The risk of an injury due to lifting was greater among aides compared to nurses for both non-lost work time and lost work time injuries. Injury rates among aides were particularly high in rehabilitation and orthopedics units. Most of the injuries requiring time away from work for both groups were related to the process of delivering direct patient care. Conclusions Our findings illustrate the importance of evaluating work-related injuries separately for aides and nurses, given differences in injury risk profiles and injury outcomes. It is particularly important that occupational safety needs of aides be addressed as this occupation experiences significant job growth. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:953–964, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of a State Space Controller for an Intercooled, Regenerated (ICR) Gas Turbine Engine

A multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) controller for an advanced gas turbine has been developed and tested using a computer simulation. The engine modeled is a two-and-one half spool gas turbine with both an intercooler and a regenerator. In addition, variable stator vanes are present in the free-power turbine. This advanced engine is proposed for future naval propulsion for both mechanical drive ships and electrical drive ships. The designed controller controls free-power turbine speed and turbine inlet temperature using fuel flow and angle of the stator vanes. The controller will also have four modes of operation to deal with over temperature and over speed conditions. An eight state reduced order controller was used with pole placement and LQR to arrive at control gains. Both these methods required considerable insight into the problem. This insight was provided by previous experience with controller design for a less complicated engine, and also by use of a polyhedral search model of the gas turbine engine. The difficulty with a MIMO controller was that both inputs affect both of the control variables. The classical resolution of this problem is to have one input control one variable at a fast time constant and the other input control the other variable at a slow time constant. The “optimal” resolution of this problem is analyzed using the transient curves and basic control theory.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Radial Damping by Octupole for ZGS Beam

Landau damping by the octupolar tune spread is used to prevent the radial blowup of the beam during the acceleration cycle. The octupole field is produced by a set of pole face windings in the ring magnets. The strength of the octupole field, which is controlled by the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) programmer, is set to give a tune profile of ?X = 0.83 + 0.008 × a2, where a is the radial coordinate of the aperture in unit of cm. The radial damper feedback system, which has been operating for some years, has been replaced by this octupole, and the radial stability is remarkably improved by the new system.
Interferon-γ and interleukin-12 mediate protection to acute Neospora caninum infection in BALB/c mice

The type of immune response required to protect mice against clinical disease during acute Neospora caninum challenge was investigated in BALB/c mice. Groups of female BALB/c mice were infected i.p. with N. caninum tachyzoites concomitant with either: (1) antibody to interferon-gamma; (2) recombinant murine interleukin-12; or (3) recombinant murine interleukin-12 plus antibody to interferon-gamma. Mice treated with anti-interferon-gamma alone had increased morbidity/mortality, decreased body weight, increased foci of liver necrosis and increased numbers of N. caninum tachyzoites in the lung by 7 days p.i. compared with controls. Increased disease and parasite load in the anti-interferon-gamma-treated mice was associated with antigen-specific antibody IgG1 > IgG2a and a three-fold decreased ratio of antigen-specific interferon-gamma:interleukin-4. Mice treated with recombinant murine interleukin-12 had decreased encephalitis and brain parasite load at 3 weeks p.i. compared with control mice treated with PBS. In recombinant murine interleukin-12-treated mice, decreased brain lesions and parasite load were associated with antigen-specific antibody IgG2a > IgG1 and a three-fold increased ratio of antigen-specific interferon-gamma:interleukin-4 from splenocytes; the interleukin-12 effect was dependent upon interferon-gamma, as indicated by concomitant in vivo interferon-gamma neutralisation. By 6 weeks p.i. with N. caninum, there were no differences in brain lesions and parasite load between interleukin-12- and PBS-treated groups, indicating that the effects of interleukin-12 on driving a protective type 1 response were transient. These data indicate a role for interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and type 1 immune responses in control of acute neosporosis in mice.
The influence of the quality and quantity of social support in the promotion of community participation following stroke

Background: Community participation for a client who has sustained a stroke often requires the client to make adjustments, adaptations, and compensations for residual impairments or disability following stroke rehabilitation. The ability to make these needed adjustments, adaptations, and compensations often require a client-centred assistance from an occupational therapist (Rogers, 2006). Assessment of environmental factors, such as social support, is one avenue an occupational therapist may consider in the provision of client-centred assistance. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of social support on community participation after stroke. Methods: Ninety-five stroke survivors were interviewed at home 3 to 6 months postdischarge from a rehabilitation hospital. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the effects of social support on community participation, as measured by the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, following stroke rehabilitation. Quality and quantity of social support were measured using the Social Support Inventory for People with Acquired Disabilities. Results: The quality of social support did not have a greater relationship to community participation than the quantity of social support, as hypothesised. As main effects, both quality (P = 0.03) and quantity (P = 0.004) of social support were found to be significant. Quality and quantity of social support explained 31% and 35% of the variance, respectively, with regard to community participation, indicating moderately strong relationships to the dependent variable. However, the results of bivariate analyses indicate that for people who had sustained a stroke, community participation was more related to their functional limitation (P = 0.001), rather than to the support that was available to them. Conclusions: Assessment and development of social support as a component of occupational therapy intervention may improve the degree of community participation for people with stroke.
Tissue-specific binding of radiolabeled activin A by activin receptors and follistatin in postimplantation rat and mouse embryos.

Activin affects the growth and differentiation of many cultured cell types, including rat anterior pituitary cells and gonadal and neuronal cell lines. Endogenous activins regulate mesoderm induction, body axis formation, and organogenisis in the developing embryo. The messenger RNAs encoding inhibin/activin subunits, follistatin (an activin-binding protein), and activin type II receptors (ActRII and IIB) are expressed in various cell types and tissues of the embryonic rat and mouse. Follistatin-deficient mice have numerous embryonic defects, including shiny taut skin, allowing relatively easy identification by the later stages of embryogenesis. ActRII-deficient mice, on the other hand, show limited developmental defects, with some (22%) embryonic day 18.5 (E18.5) ActRII-deficient embryos showing various skeletal and facial abnormalities. The present study was undertaken to identify the target tissues for biologically active activin A and assess the significance of its association with ActRII and follista...