cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hooking Mortality and Landing Success Using Baited Circle Hooks Compared to Conventional Hook Types for Stream-Dwelling Trout

We estimated hooking and landing success and relative hooking mortality for stream-dwelling trout caught with baited circle and J hooks, J hook dry flies, and treble hook spinners (all hooks barbed). Trout were caught, individually marked, and released for 69 days. Deep-hooking rate was higher for trout captured with baited J hooks (21%) than for spinners (5%), baited circle hooks (4%), and dry flies (1%). Relative mortality rate was higher for trout captured with baited J hooks (25%) and spinners (29%) than for trout captured with baited circle hooks (7%) and dry flies (4%). Deep-hooking was two and six times higher for baited J hooks than baited circle hooks for fish caught actively and passively , respectively. For baited circle hooks, deep-hooking was over three times greater when using an active fishing method (i.e., an active hookset) compared to passive fishing method (no hookset), which conflicts with manufacturer&s recommendations on how circle hooks should be fished. Hooking success (ratio of hook-ups to number of fish strikes) was about one-third lower for baited circle hooks fished both passively and actively compared to other hook types and fishing methods, except for passively-fished baited J hooks. Once hooked, landing success (ratio of fish landed to number of hook-ups) was relatively high for all hook types and fishing methods (range 68–87%). Our results suggest that when bait fishing for trout in streams, circle hook use may reduce deep-hooking and hooking mortality (but also catch rate) regardless of whether anglers fish passively or actively.
The effects of acclimation and post-treatment temperature on the toxicity of allethrin to the american cockroach, periplaneta americana

Abstract 1. The effects of pre- and post-treatment temperatures on the toxicity of allethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) to the American cockroach were investigated. 2. The toxicity of allethrin was negatively correlated with acclimation (pre-treatment) and posttreatment temperature. 3. The slope of the dose-response curve for allethrin increased with acclimation temperature, but not with post-treatment temperature. 4. Possible acclimative changes that could account for the differences in toxicity are discussed, including degree of saturation of the lipids at or near the target site of allethrin.
Simulation of photomodulation effects on semiconductor interfaces and metal-semiconductor contacts for photoreflectance spectroscopy

We describe simulation of photon-induced modulation to understand the interface effects on the optical response of a low doped GaAs layer. We also present measured photoreflectance lineshapes from low doped (1 to 3 X 1016 cm -3) GaAs layers with different interfaces. These layers are GaAs; with a semi-transparent gold overlayer, with a heavily doped underlayer and an air exposed single layer. A comparison between the simulation and the experimental lineshape indicates three possible photomodulation mechanisms, each with its own characteristic lineshape. This work shows that it is essential to use a multilayer model in simulation in order to accound for the slight gradient in optical response of successive nanometer scale sublayers within a single layer of the material. In this study the gradient is caused by changes in the electric field within the space-charge region, which affects the optical response of the sample. We found that the details of photoreflectance lineshape of each layer depends on the electrical and structural parameters of its immediate interfaces and the electrical characteristics of its neighboring layers.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Late Effects of Early Surgery on Lipoma and Lipomeningocele in Children Less Than 1 Year Old

ABSTRACTPurpose: We attempted to assess the usefulness of urodynamic testing for diagnosing lipoma and lipomeningocele, and the late effects of early neurosurgical intervention in children less than 1 year old.Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients in whom spinal surgery was performed before age 1 year for correcting lipoma and lipomeningocele underwent neurological and urodynamic evaluation preoperatively, and within 3 months and up to 14.5 years postoperatively.Results: Preoperatively 15 patients (54%) had an abnormal neurological examination and 7 had an abnormal urodynamic study. Of the 13 patients with a normal neurological examination 3 had an abnormal urodynamic study. Overall 10 patients (37%) had an abnormal urodynamic examination preoperatively. Immediately after surgery 8 patients (29%) had improvement (2 of 15 with an abnormal neurological examination and 6 of 10 with an abnormal urodynamic study), whereas the condition of 9 (32%) worsened, including 4 of the 13 who were neurologically ...
Dependence Relations in a Semi-Modular Lattice

Let L be an upper semi-modular lattice of finite dimensions. Then, by definition, L satisfies the Birkhoff condition: If a covers a ∩ b, then a ∪ b covers b. L is also characterized by the existence of a rank function ρ(a) which takes on integer values and has the properties: R1: ρ(z) = 0, where z is the null element of L. R2: ρ(a) = ρ(b) + 1 if a covers b. R3: ρ(a ∪ b) + ρ(a ∩ b) ≤ ρ(a) + ρ(b).
Spectroscopic studies on the photooxidation of calf-lens γ-crystallin

The photooxidation of calf γ-crystallin has been Investigated in (a) riboflavin-sensitized reaction and (b) direct photolysis of the tryptophan residues of the protein at 300 nm. Partial insolubilization of the protein is evident by the increase in turbidity of the photolyzed protein solution. The turbidity is diminished when anaerobic conditions are used for irradiation. Spectroscopic studies on the soluble phase of the photolyzed protein reveal significant changes in the near-UV circular dichroism spectrum, suggesting that changes in the tertiary structure of the protein precede insolubilization. Isoelectric focusing analyses reveal that the γ-crystallin polypeptides have more acidic pI's after photooxidation under both conditions. The insoluble protein is highly crosslinked into dimers and higher oligomers via covalent, non-disulfide crosslinks, but inter-subunit crosslinking is negligible in the soluble phase of the photolyzed protein. The mechanism of photooxidation involves the generation of H2O2 in...
Active Front Steering Damping Control

This paper investigates the feasibility of steering-wheel damping enhancement control of an active front steer (AFS) system without the benefit of closed-loop feedback control and actuator control parameter adjustment. Through a comprehensive modeling and analysis of the AFS system, a simple, yet effective solution is reached to incorporate an additional control term to the actuator angular displacement command, which permits the fine-tuning of the steering wheel damping characteristics as a function of vehicle operation states beyond the pre-determined specification. Furthermore, the analysis also identifies a fundamental relationship between steering effort and the damping control, and thus leads to a proposed fine tuning of the Variable-Effort Steering for further development and implementation.© 2007 ASME
Scanning electron microscopy in the analysis of the activity of graphite electrodes

Abstract Copper deposition patterns on graphite electrodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The deposition patterns correlate very well with the electrochemical activity of different graphites. The results indicate that treatment of graphite by electroactivation, laser irradiation of polishing on 600-grit silicon carbide paper produces active sites on the surface. The density of the sites directly reflects the electrochemical reactivity of the surface.
Matching-to-sample performance by pigeons trained with visual-duration compound samples

Pigeons were trained on duration matching-to-sample in which each of four combinations of signal type (red or white light) and duration (2 or 10 see) was mapped onto a different choice stimulus. Probe trials in Experiments 1 and 2 involved a successive presentation of two duration samples. In each experiment, birds tended to summate two durations when the same signal was presented twice, but not when two different signals appeared. These results contrast with those reported by Spetch and Sinha (1989), who found a summation effect with both same-signal and different-signal compounds. In Experiment 3, pigeons chose among two alternatives which were both associated with the duration of the sample but of which only one was also associated with the signal type of the sample. Pigeons systematically chose the stimulus that matched both sample duration and signal type. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of transfer of training and coding of event duration.
Decomposition of the Polycyclic Nitramine Explosive, CL-20, by Fe0

CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane), C6H6N12O12, is an emerging energetic chemical that may replace RDX, but its degradation pathways are not well-known. In the present study, zerovalent iron was used to degrade CL-20 with the aim of determining its products and degradation pathways. In the absence of O2, CL-20 underwent a rapid decomposition with the concurrent formation of nitrite to ultimately produce nitrous oxide, ammonium, formate, glyoxal, and glycolate. LC/MS (ES-) showed the presence of several key products carrying important information on the initial reactions involved in the degradation of CL-20. For instance, a doubly denitrated intermediate of CL-20 was detected together with the mono- and dinitroso derivatives of the energetic chemical. Two other intermediates with [M-H]- at 392 and 376 Da, matching empirical formulas of C6H7N11O10 and C6H7N11O9, respectively, were detected. Using 15N-labeled CL-20, the two intermediates were tentatively identified as the denitrohydrogenated products of CL-20 and its mononitroso derivative, respectively. The present experimental findings suggest that CL-20 degraded via at least two initial routes: one involving denitration and the second involving sequential reduction of the N-NO2 to the corresponding nitroso (N-NO) derivatives prior to denitration and ring cleavage.
Generalized finite automata theory with an application to a decision problem of second-order logic

Many of the important concepts and results of conventional finite automata theory are developed for a generalization in which finite algebras take the place of finite automata. The standard closure theorems are proved for the class of sets “recognizable” by finite algebras, and a generalization of Kleene's regularity theory is presented. The theorems of the generalized theory are then applied to obtain a positive solution to a decision problem of second-order logic.
Rainfall variability has minimal effects on grassland recovery from repeated grazing

Question: Mesic grasslands experience a complex disturbance regime including frequent fire, grazing by large ungulates and strong inter-annual climate variability. As a result of climate change, growing season precipitation regimes are predicted to become more variable, with larger event sizes and longer dry periods resulting in more temporally dynamic soil moisture regimes. Increased climate variability is likely to interact with other disturbances, such as grazing, in grassland ecosystems. We investigated the individual and combined effects of increased rainfall variability and grazing on plant community composition, structure and function in an annually burned, native tallgrass prairie. Our overarching question was: are grazing impacts modified under a more variable precipitation regime? Location: Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA. Methods: Plots were established within a long-term rainfall manipulation experiment in which larger, but less frequent, rain events were imposed during the growing season without altering the total rain amount. We then simulated intense grazing pressure during one growing season by repeatedly clipping all graminoids to 5 cm and monitored recovery over 3 yr. Results: Neither grazing nor rainfall treatments affected species richness; however, grazing decreased total and grass above-ground net primary production (ANPP) and increased forb ANPP relative to ungrazed plots. Grass stem density recovered from intense grazing under ambient rainfall but did not fully recover, even after 2 yr in the altered rainfall treatment. Conclusions: We found that increased rainfall variability had little effect on tallgrass prairie structure and function, while grazing had large effects. Grazing and increased rainfall variability interacted to suppress grass stem density and delayed recovery relative to controls. Although stem density was reduced, individual stem size increased, resulting in no net change in ANPP. This suggests that ANPP in grazed and ungrazed North American tallgrass prairie may be relatively resilient under more temporally variable precipitation regimes.
Tensor Transformations and Failure Criteria for the Analysis of Fiber Composite Materials Part II: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Laminate Failure

Necessary and sufficient conditions for composite lamina failure within a laminate are derived from the separate criteria for fiber failure and for matrix failure.
General Theory, and Experimental Confirmation, of the Moving Coil Fluxmeter

1. An inclusive mathematical theory of the operation of the unshunted fluxmeter is developed. Previously published accounts of the theory of the unshunted fluxmeter are analyzed and found to be encompassed as special subcases of the theory developed in this paper. 2. From the general equation of operation a simple approximate equation is deduced which can be utilized for accurate calculation, provided the stated pertinent boundary conditions and restrictions are observed. 3. Experimental data are advanced which confirm the correctness of the general theory and make clear the necessity of observing the stated boundary conditions and restrictions. 4. Analysis and experimental confirmation analogous to that outlined in the three preceding paragraphs is advanced for the shunted fluxmeter. 5. Experiment reveals that a considerable amount of inductance can be inserted in series with a fluxmeter without substantially changing the working constant of the instrument. 6. Experiment indicated that a fluxmeter can be used in a searchcoil circuit of arbitrary resistance up to, in general, several times its internal resistance, provided that the corresponding numerical value of the working constant C? is selected from the calibration curve of C' versus circuit resistance. A combined numerical-experimental procedure for effecting this calibration curve is advanced. This procedure is illustrated by effecting the calibration curves of several fluxmeters. 7. A procedure for determining the mechanical and electrical parameters of a fluxmeter is advanced and illustrated by calculation of the parameters of several different fluxmeters. 8.
Hurricane Agnes — an event shaped by large‐scale air‐sea systems generated during antecedent months

An attempt is made to show that the life history of hurricane Agnes was determined by the antecedent slow evolution of the general circulation on a time scale of months. A self-aggravating complex of midtropospheric anomalies is described and quantified - this complex predisposing the eastern seaboard to the aberrant path assumed by Agnes and providing deep moisture-laden air masses from a very warm western Atlantic. The stable configuration of the centres of action is partly attributed to ocean-atmosphere interactions.
Conditional state generation in a dispersive atom-cavity field interaction with a continuous external pump field

The interaction of an atom with both a quantized cavity field and an external classical driving field, the fields being degenerate in frequency, is studied in the regime where the atom and fields are highly detuned. The atom interacts dispersively with the quantized field but the classical driving field gives rise to the creation or destruction of photons conditional on the state of the atom. We show how this interaction can be used to generate coherent states of the cavity field and various forms of superpositions of macroscopically distinct states. This method is in contrast to the usual method used in microwave cavity QED of injecting a coherent state into a cavity via a waveguide attached to a klystron and where subsequently Schrodinger cat states may be generated by manipulating the field with injected atoms. The method proposed here could possibly be used in the case of an optical cavity. Further, we show that coherent states may be generated in the steady state from the competition between the driven dispersion interaction and dissipative single-photon losses, a form of optical balance.
Ethical Barriers to Perinatal Mental Health Research and Evidence-Based Treatment: An Empirical Study

Although more than 500,000 women annually experience a psychiatric illness during pregnancy, and approximately 30% will be prescribed medication, no psychotropic medications are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use during pregnancy. In the absence of an evidence base, investigators, clinicians, and patients are concerned that we are “operating in a vast sea of ignorance.” International pregnancy registries and observational studies exist, but there are few randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the gold standard of evidence-based medicine, due to the fear of fetal harm, even in non-pharmacological research. Current research guidelines reflect the ambivalence of regulatory agencies regarding pregnant research participants and use ambiguous language unhelpful to institutional review boards (IRBs), leaving perinatal women the last “therapeutic orphans.” This is a review of the issues as identified by perinatal investigators and a proposal to draft new collaborative guidelines to facilitat...
Preliminary orbit determination using satellite-to-satellite limited range and range-rate data

Abstract A method is presented for the problem of preliminary orbit determination by use of limited range and/or range-rate data with random initial guesses. This method, based on observation function minimization techniques, is essentially a deterministic process. The problem considered consists of an unknown geocentric satellite observed by either one or two tracking satellites using minimum measurement data sets for the determination of the unknown satellite's orbital elements. Additional data, in excess of the minimum data, are used to identify spurious solutions. The feasibility of achieving satisfactory orbit determination has been explored by simulation studies. It is found that using two observers to track the unknown satellite produces faster convergence even with poor initial guesses. Numerical examples show that computational time can be reduced about ten to thirty percent over that using only one observer.
Transcatheter coil closure of a congenital coronary arterial fistula

Congenital coronary arterial fistulas to atria1 or ventricular chambers are an uncommon form of heart disease that requires surgical closure in chi1dhood.l Conventional management includes a thoracotomy with either epicardial closure of the fistula, or with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiotomy to close the site of drainage.2 Transcatheter coil embolization, utilized for the closure of “unwanted” vascular communications such as bronchial collaterals, arteriovenous malformations, or Blalock-Taussig shunts,3T 4has not been used as treatment for congenital coronary arterial fistulas. This report describes the use of Gianturco spring coil embolization in a 13-month-old child with a large right coronary arterial-to-right atrial fistula. Complete closure was accomplished in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, obviating the need for surgical correction. This is the first report and description of the technique for this alternative form of therapy. A 13-month-old girl was referred for evaluation of a continuous murmur and slow weight gain. Her weight was 7.7 kg (less than the fifth percentile) with a body length of 76 cm (fiftieth percentile). On physical examination she was a small infant without evidence of respiratory distress. The cardiac impulse was mildly hyperdynamic. Si was normal and Ss was split with a normal pulmonic component. There was no Ss, S4, or ejection click. There was a grade II to III/ VI continuous machinery murmur heard at the left midsternal border with a grade II/VI mid-diastolic rumble at the apex. The liver was palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin. The femoral pulses were bounding. Electrocardiogram revealed a normal sinus rhythm with right ventricular conduction delay and left ventricular hypertrophy. The chest x-ray film showed mild cardiac enlargement with increased pulmonary blood flow and a prominent right atria1 shadow. A two-dimensional echocardiogram with color-flow Doppler demonstrated a large coronary arterial fistula that arose near the ostia of the right main coronary artery. This fistula was tortuous and coursed to the right atrial-superior vena caval junction near the interatrial groove, and drained through multiple small fenestrations into the right atrium. The right ventricle was dilated, consistent with a volume overload, and there was no evidence of a patent ductus arteriosus. At cardiac catheterization there was a moderate left-to-right shunt with a Qp/Qs
Effect of Humpback Whale Inspired Tubercles on Marine Tidal Turbine Blades

The addition of protuberances, inspired by the humpback whale flipper, on the leading edge of lift producing foils has been shown to improve hydrodynamic performance under a certain range of flow conditions. Specifically, finite wing models have displayed delayed stall characteristics at higher angles of attack and increased maximum lift coefficients without significant hydrodynamic penalties. The objective of this project was to investigate the impact that leading edge protuberances (i.e. tubercles) have on the effectiveness of marine tidal turbine blades, especially at lower tidal flow speeds. The experimental results obtained utilizing three different blade designs (baseline and two tubercle modified) are compared. All blades were designed with a 3-D computer aided design software package and manufactured utilizing rapid prototype techniques. The tests were conducted in the 120 ft tow tank at the U.S. Naval Academy using an experimental apparatus that measured flow speed and electrical power generated. Results for power coefficients are presented for a range of tip speed ratios. Cut-in velocity was also used to evaluated the blade designs. For all test criteria, the tubercle modified blades outperformed the smooth leading edge baseline design blades at the lower test velocities, and did not show degraded performance at the higher velocities tested.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A global strategy for nonlinear least squares

Abstract A general strategy for attacking problems in nonlinear least squares is developed. Parameters are classified as linear or nonlinear, depending on whether they appear linearly or nonlinearly in the functional expression being fitted to a set of data. Basically the strategy consists of transforming the functional expression so as to maximize the number of linear parameters and then solving the problem in a two-stage process. For given values of the nonlinear parameters the linear parameters are first defined as functions of the nonlinear parameters by the solution of a linear regression. The nonlinear parameters are then found by minimizing the usual quadratic form with the use of standard search techniques.
SU‐FF‐T‐351: Using EPID Images to Verify the Dose Delivered From 3D Conformal Or Step‐N‐Shoot IMRT Fields

Purpose: The electronic portal imaging device(EPID) has particular advantages as a dosimeter such as high resolution, large detection area, real‐time acquisition capability and linear dose response. The doses from 3D or IMRT fields can be verified by the images acquired on EPID. This study demonstrates a calibration and calculation method to verify the doses from 3D conformal or step‐and‐shoot IMRT fields. Method and Materials: To use EPID for dosimetric purpose, a series of calibrationsimages would need to be acquired. The uniformity of the dose response, dose linearity, and field size dependence were measured and the results were used to correct the subsequent clinical measurements. A few 3D conformal and step‐and‐shoot IMRT fields were delivered directly to EPID. The pixel values were calculated to project the delivered doses and the images were processed to determine the MLC positions. The ion chamber measurements were also performed to be the benchmark of delivered dose. Results: The dose accuracy of this method was investigated by comparing the ion chamber to EPID results. The MLC positions from EPIDimages were compared to the treatment plans. Conclusion: There are some basic corrections needed when the EPID is used for dose measurements. By applying the proposed method, the MLC positions and delivered doses from 3D conformal or step‐and‐shoot IMRT fields can be verified with EPIDimages.
Emphases in Job Satisfaction Research: 1968-1969.

Abstract This review of job satisfaction research is the 25th in a series. It surveys 113 studies reported in 1968–1969 relating job satisfaction to some 52 variables or sets of variables as correlates, predictors, or consequences. Variables investigated are keyed to specific reports and representative studies reflecting continuing or emerging emphases in job satisfaction research of greatest potential interest to vocational counselors and researchers are summarized. Conclusions: (1) the Minnesota theory of work adjustment promises to provide theoretical constructs useful in understanding vocational behavior; (2) insufficient evidence is reported to support “two factor” theory; (3) little evidence suggests that entering an occupation congruent with one's measured interests yields job satisfaction; (4) salary is reported in several studies to be an important component of satisfaction; (5) relatively few personality traits are reported to relate to job satisfaction.
Preserving Patient Privacy and Confidentiality in the Era of Personal Health Records

Although efforts to provide patients with increased access to their medical information through personal health records (PHRs) have accelerated in recent years,1 legal, ethical, and technical challenges have significantly impeded a meaningful implementation of PHRs among minor patients and dependent adults. Furnishing patients with an updated list of problems, medications, clinic notes, as well as laboratory and diagnostic studies results will undeniably improve transparency and allow patients to become better informed and involved in managing their own health care. However, although most PHRs are personally managed and individually maintained, the PHRs for children and dependent adults are not. Contingent on their developmental maturity or intellectual capacity, these patients require proxies to help access their PHR and manage their health information, and the control of the record may be either shared by both the patient and proxy or solely managed by the proxy. For children and adolescents this proxy role is generally provided to parents who retain this responsibility until the patient reaches legal adulthood (in most states at 18 years of age or emancipation) and is able to fully embrace complete ownership of his or her own health information. For dependent young adults this role is frequently filled by parents or other relatives, whereas for elderly patients this role may be carried out by a spouse, adult children, other relatives, or an unrelated caregiver. The configuration of most currently available PHRs allows both the patient (where appropriate) and his or her designated proxy complete access to the available data contained in the PHR. However, in many circumstances, … Address correspondence to Fabienne C, Bourgeois MD, MPH, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: fabienne.bourgeois{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Full-chip model-based OPC verification by using rigorous resist 3D model

As design rule of devices are getting smaller, it is hard to obtain enough process window like DOF, EL. In aspect of device integration, lithography processes which are included in etching process became more and more important. It has been claimed that photo resist profile is closely related with etch bias and vertical profile. Resist top-loss and bottom slope seriously affect after-etching profile. In order to address these problems, new model based verification method is necessary for preventing hot spots. In this paper, we propose more practical method of model based verification using rigorous simulation and wafer verification results. Highly accurate model is obtained by physical model fitting with minimal experimental data set. After that, virtual data are extracted from rigorous simulation model for applying full chip model based verification modeling. Basically, 2 data sets will be needed for verification of 2-level model, for detecting resist top-loss and bottom-slope. Finally this article shows comparison results of model based verification and real wafer inspection. And also, we try to prove that the newly proposed method is another good candidate to address existing problems such as pinching and bridging after post etching and CMP process.
On the Detection of Emphasis in Spoken Sentences by Means of Visual, Tactual, and Visual-Tactual Cues

Resume C'est une partie d'un programme de recherche dirige par le docteur Robert H. Gault a l'universite Northwestern. Le but est en somme de determiner l'etendue de l'utilite du sens tactile comme aide de l'interpretation de la parole et comme methode de developper le langage vocal. Cette enquete speciale a le but de decouvrir la precision relative de la vision (comme dans la lecture des levres), du sens du toucher, et des sens du toucher et de la vision combines dans la decouverte et la localisation des mots accentues dans la parole. Trente phrases ont servi comme stimuli. On a accentue un de quatre ou de cinq mots, choisis sur la base de combinaisons de voyelles et de consonnes. On les a presentees premierement, comme aux sourds pour la lecture des levres; deuxiemement, a un doigt a sentir comme complexes de formes de vibration; troisiemement, a l'oeil et au doigt simultanement. Dans la deuxieme methode et la troisieme on s'est servi du Teletactor-Gault pour la communication au doigt. L'analyse de 5080...
Contributions to the 37Ar background by research reactor operations

Radioargon has been identified as a useful nuclide for verifying compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Use of 37Ar to identify a nuclear explosion requires quantification of contributions to the 37Ar background at a potential measurement site. A method of estimating 37Ar release activities using isotopes of radioxenon and radioargon has been developed in this paper. Numerical solutions to the system of equations describing air-activation in a reactor were used to determine ratios of release activities for 135Xe/133Xe, 133mXe/131mXe, and 37Ar /41Ar as function of irradiation time and off-gas residence time prior to measurement and release. Published radioactive noble gas effluent data for the High Flux Isotope Reactor, HFIR (ORNL) from the year 1996 to 2010 were compiled as a test data set to predict the 37Ar release on a yearly basis. An average 37Ar release rate of 1.86 × 1010 Bq per year was calculated. The estimated release rate was used as a source term for atmospheric transport to run a test case for 37Ar release over a typical HFIR operation cycle. Results showed that ground-level concentrations of 37Ar did not exceed the minimum detectable concentration for a 37Ar field measurement system beyond the immediate vicinity of the release point.
Iterations of parallel convex projections in hilbert spaces

The problem of finding a common point of closed and convex sets in a Hilbert space is considered. A general iterative method of parallel projections is presented, in which the current iterate is projected simultaneously onto selected sets and the new iterate is a relaxed convex combination of the projections. Weak and strong convergence results are established and the influence of the relaxation coefficients is discussed. Convergence to a least-squares solution when the sets do not intersect is also proved.
Aortic Valve Bypass for the High-Risk Patient With Aortic Stenosis

Background Interest in percutaneous therapy of heart valve disease has focused attention on the high-risk patient with aortic stenosis. Aortic valve bypass (apicoaortic conduit) surgery is the construction of a vascular graft containing a bioprosthetic valve from the apex of the left ventricle to the descending thoracic aorta. We have undertaken a programmatic effort to perform aortic valve bypass surgery as an alternative to conventional aortic valve replacement in selected high-risk patients, and now report our recent experience. Methods Between April 2003 and May 2005, 14 patients with aortic stenosis underwent aortic valve bypass surgery at two institutions. All patients selected for aortic valve bypass surgery were deemed to be at very high risk for conventional aortic valve replacement. These patients represented 14 (5.8%) of all 243 patients undergoing isolated aortic valve surgery during the same time period. Mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk for operative mortality (11%) was between the 90th and 95th percentile. Results Twelve of 14 patients had previous cardiac surgery with patent bypass grafts. Average age was 78 years. Mean aortic valve area was 0.68 cm 2 . All operations were performed through a left thoracotomy on the beating heart (cross-clamp time, 0 minutes). Cardiopulmonary bypass was used for 6 patients (median cardiopulmonary bypass time, 15 minutes). There were 2 perioperative deaths. Median postoperative length of stay was 9 days. Two noncardiac late deaths occurred. Nine of 10 surviving patients are functional class I and are living independently. Early postoperative echocardiography confirms excellent aortic valve bypass function with preservation of ventricular ejection performance. Conclusions Treatment of high-risk aortic stenosis patients with aortic valve bypass surgery is promising. Avoidance of sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass supports broader application to moderate-risk patients with aortic stenosis and as a control arm for studies of novel interventional therapies.
Evidence for the metabolic formation of a vicinal dihydrodiol-epoxide from the potent mutagen 1-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene

Metabolism of 1-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene (1-nitro-BaP) by rat liver microsomes yielded 1-nitro-BaP trans-7,8-dihydrodiol, 1-nitro-BaP trans-9,10-dihydrodiol and 1-nitro-BaP 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrotetrol. Formation of these metabolites suggests that a vicinal 7,8,9,10-dihydrodiol-epoxide is a metabolite of 1-nitro-BaP.
Axial development of interfacial area and void concentration profiles measured by double-sensor probe method

Abstract Interfacial area concentration is an important parameter in modeling the interfacial transfer terms in the two-fluid model. In this paper, the local geometric and statistical characteristics of upward co-current dispersed bubbly flow in a pipe have been studied both at the entrance ( L D = 8 ) and at a region far away from the entrance ( L D = 60 ). The test section was a 5.08 cm i.d. and 375 cm long Lucite pipe. Four liquid flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 m s −1 were used in combination with four different gas injection rates ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 m s −1 . A double-sensor probe was employed to measure the radial profiles of void fraction, interfacial area concentration, Sauter mean diameter, bubble velocity and bubble frequency. The wall peak of the void fraction profile was established within a short distance from the entrance. The flow characteristics changed very little from the entrance region to the fully developed region except for the flow case of j 1 = 0.1 m s −1 . The area averaged flow quantities were also presented.
A simple method for determining linear polarization and energy calibration of focused soft X-ray beams

Abstract Although critical to quantitative linear dichroism studies of molecular orientation, the degree of linear polarization of focused soft X-ray beams delivered by X-ray microscopes has not been previously measured. Here, we present a scaled-down version of a recently developed technique in which the π ∗ near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) resonance of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is used to probe the electric field intensity in each direction and hence deduce the degree of linear polarization of the incident X-ray beam. Applying this technique to the soft X-ray microscope at beamline 5.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley, CA, yielded a measured value of 79 ± 11 %, for the first Stokes parameter of 0.79 ± 0.11 or as a Stohr P factor of 0. 89 ± 0.06 . It is expected that the error margin could be significantly reduced via the use of an in-vacuum rotation actuator. We have also calibrated the energy of the graphite exciton to be 291.65 ± 0.025 eV, improving the utility of graphite as an energy calibration standard for NEXAFS and allowing the convenience of both energy calibration and polarization determination with a single inexpensive sample.
Traffic and video quality with adaptive neural compression

Video sequences are major sources of traffic for broadband ISDN networks, and video compression is fundamental to the efficient use of such networks. We present a novel neural method to achieve real-time adaptive compression of video. This tends to maintain a target quality of the decompressed image specified by the user. The method uses a set of compression/decompression neural networks of different levels of compression, as well as a simple motion-detection procedure. We describe the method and present experimental data concerning its performance and traffic characteristics with real video sequences. The impact of this compression method on ATM-cell traffic is also investigated and measurement data are provided.
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Middle-School Children: Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors

To examine factors associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels among middle school children. HDL-C levels were the primary outcome of interest. A total of 1,104 middle-school children (mean age 11.6 years, 51.2 % female) were included in this analysis, of whom 177 (16 %) had an HDL-C level ≤40 mg/dL. More than half of those with low HDL-C were overweight or obese (62.2 %) and had greater systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride (TRG) levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with children with an HDL-C level >40 mg/dL. Among those with an HDL-C ≤ 40 mg/dL, 35 % also had body mass index ≥85 % and TRG levels ≥150 mg/dL. Exercise habits were significantly associated with HDL-C level, whereas sedentary behaviors, such as screen time, were not significantly associated with HDL-C level. Fruit and vegetable intake was also not significantly associated with HDL-C level. Children with low HDL-C levels are more likely to be overweight and to have other physiological indicators of increased cardiovascular risk. Further research is needed to determine if school-based interventions can result in long-term improvements in HDL-C.
Impact of dislocation theory on engineering

S>Discussions concerning the values of dislocation theory to engineers are presented. Information is included on the nature of dislocations, stress fields and dislocation energies, dislocation mechanisms, athermal processes, thermally activated mechanisms, and plastic waves. (J.R.D.)
Mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine activation induced by phencyclidine: contrasting pattern to striatal response

The effects of acute administration of phencyclidine, an indirect dopamine agonist, on biochemical indices of dopaminergic activation were examined in mesocortical, mesolimbic and nigrostriatal regions of the rat. High doses (10 mg/kg) of phencyclidine resulted in a marked increase in levels of the dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in all mesolimbic and mesocortical sites examined, as well as in the ventral tegmental area, source of the dopaminergic innervation of mesolimbic/cortical sites. In contrast, levels of both metabolites decreased in the striatum and tended to decrease in the substantia nigra, source of the striatal dopaminergic innervation. The metabolite response to phencyclidine was dose-related. These data indicate that the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic neurons are activated by phencyclidine. Since the firing rate of both A10 (ventral tegmental area) and A9 (substantia nigra) dopamine neurons has previously been shown to be increased by phencyclidine, these data suggest that phencyclidine results in a differential regulation of presynaptic release of dopamine in mesolimbic/cortical as opposed to nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions.
A HISTORIC SERI SITE ON ISLA SAN LORENZO

AbstractSeri Indian (Comcaac) oral history includes several references to early voyages to Isla San Lorenzo, an island on the peninsular side of the Gulf of California more than 75 km from the Sonoran mainland. The recent discovery of an archaeological site on Isla San Lorenzo containing Seri pottery confirms that such voyages did in fact take place at a time when Seris still navigated in the traditional cane balsa.
Reliability estimation based on ranked set sampling

In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the reliability of an exponential component based on a Ranked Set Sample (RSS) of size n. Given the first r observations of that sample, 1≤r≤n, we construct an unbiased estimator for this reliability and we show that these n unbiased estimators are the only ones in a certain class of estimators. The variances of some of these estimators are compared. By viewing the observations of the RSS of size n as the lifetimes of n independent k-out-of-n systems, 1≤k≤n, we are able to utilize known properties of these systems in conjunction with the powerful tools of majorization and Schur functions to derive our results.
Comparison of Pull-out Strength for Different Bone Block Length in a Porcine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Model.

Background:Bone block length for bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has traditionally been 25 mm in length. The previous surgical technique did not require the surgeon to pay particular attention to the length of the bone block, and therefore, there is scant evidence in the literature describing ideal lengths. With the gaining popularity of accessory medial portal drilling of the femoral tunnel, concerns with tunnel length and graft shuttling have surfaced. Newer techniques have advised shortening of the femoral bone block to accommodate the shorter tunnel and for ease of bone block manipulation into the aperture of the tunnel.Purpose:To compare the effects of bone block length on the pull-out strength of patellar tendon grafts using metal interference screws in a porcine ACL reconstruction model. The hypothesis was that the pull-out strength of each length of bone block under cyclic and ultimate load to failure testing would surpass the physiologic loads expe...
Apoptotic signaling in lymphocytes

Two families of cell surface receptors are integral to the control of lymphocyte survival and programmed cell death (apoptosis): the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and the CD28/CTLA4 family. Tumor necrosis factor receptor family members bind a related collection of ligands (the tumor necrosis factor family) that can either induce or inhibit cell death. Two of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family members, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas, have been implicated in the termination of immune responses through their ability to induce apoptosis. A number of cytoplasmic proteins implicated in signal generation by these receptors recently have been identified. These proteins fall into several related classes sharing intriguing structural motifs. The CD28 and CTLA4 molecules share at least two extracellular ligands and signaling through the two receptors appears to determine the apoptotic sensitivity of activated T cells. The effects of CD28 and CTLA4 on cell survival are dependent on T-cell antigen receptor engagement, providing a potent mechanism for clonally specific T-cell expansion or deletion. The study of the apoptotic pathways in lymphocytes has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmune disease and serves as a model system for the study of the regulation of cell survival and tissue homeostasis.
Bound to lose: physical incapacitation increases the conceptualized size of an antagonist in men.

Because decision-making in situations of potential conflict hinges on assessing many features of the self and the foe, this process can be facilitated by summarizing diverse attributes in a single heuristic representation. Physical size and strength are evolutionarily ancient determinants of victory in conflict, and their relevance is reinforced during development. Accordingly, size and muscularity constitute ready dimensions for a summary representation of relative formidability, a perspective paralleled by the notion that social power is represented using envisioned relative size. Physical incapacitation constitutes a significant tactical disadvantage, hence temporary incapacitation should increase the envisioned size and strength of an antagonist. In Study 1, being bound to a chair increased men’s estimates of the size of an angry man and decreased estimates of their own height. Study 2 conceptually replicated these effects: among men for whom standing on a balance board was challenging, the attendant experience of postural instability increased estimates of an angry man’s size and muscularity, with similar patterns occurring at a reduced level among all but those whose equilibrium was apparently unaffected by this task.
Reconstruction of Vectorial Acoustic Sources in Time-Domain Tomography

A new theory is proposed for the reconstruction of curl-free vector field, whose divergence serves as acoustic source. The theory is applied to reconstruct vector acoustic sources from the scalar acoustic signals measured on a surface enclosing the source area. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the scalar acoustic measurements can be vectorized according to the known measurement geometry and subsequently be used to reconstruct the original vector field. Theoretically, this method extends the application domain of the existing acoustic reciprocity principle from a scalar field to a vector field, indicating that the stimulating vectorial source and the transmitted acoustic pressure vector (acoustic pressure vectorized according to certain measurement geometry) are interchangeable. Computer simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the proposed theory, and the numerical results suggest that reconstruction of a vector field using the proposed theory is not sensitive to variation in the detecting distance. The present theory may be applied to magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) for reconstructing current distribution from acoustic measurements. A simulation on MAT-MI shows that, compared to existing methods, the present method can give an accurate estimation on the source current distribution and a better conductivity reconstruction.