cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single-chip multiprocessor DSP solution for communications applications

This paper presents an overview of an architecture for a single-chip multiprocessor DSP solution for communications applications. The integrated circuit was designed to handle the protocol and data-pump functions necessary to implement high-speed modem and audio tasks. The chip consists of a 186 microcontroller with two Digital Signal Processing (DSPs) coprocessors. It interfaces with a standard 186 bus and has a port for communicating with a custom CODEC, the 80127. >
A simple semantics for ML polymorphism

We give a framework for denotational semantics for the polymorphic “core” of the programming language ML. This framework requires no more semantic material than what is needed for modeling the simple type discipline. In our view, terms of ML are pairs consisting of a raw (untyped) lambda term and a type-scheme that ML’s type inference system can derive for the raw term. We interpret a type-scheme as a set of simple types. Then, given any model M of the simply typed lambda calculus, the meaning of an ML term will be a set of pairs, each consisting of a simple type τ and an element of M of type τ . Hence, there is no need to interpret all raw terms, as was done in Milner’s original semantic framework. In comparison to Mitchell and Harper’s analysis, we avoid having to provide a very large type universe in which generic type-schemes are interpreted. Also, we show how to give meaning to ML terms rather than to derivations in the ML type inference system (which can be infinitely many for a single ML term). We give an axiomatization for the equational theory that corresponds to our semantic framework and prove the analogs of the completeness theorems that Friedman proved for the simply typed lambda calculus. The framework can be extended to languages with constants, type constructors and recursive types (via regular trees). For the extended language, we prove a theorem that allows the transfer of certain full abstraction results from languages based on the typed lambda calculus to MLlike languages. ∗ This research was supported in part by grants NSF IRI8610617, ARO DAA6-29-84-k-0061, and by OKI Electric Industry
Atypical presentation of Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is the most common form of vasculitis found in the pediatric population. The most common presenting complaint for children with HSP is a purpuric rash on the lower extremities. Many other organ systems beyond the skin can be involved for children with HSP. We report a case of a 7-year-old girl with HSP who presented with status epilepticus and onset of rash 2 weeks after her initial symptoms.
Lipids of hamster cheek pouch epithelium.

The hamster cheek pouch is a much used but incompletely understood experimental model. In particular, the cheek pouch epithelial lipids, which are important for permeability barrier function as well as other aspects of epithelial biology, have not been completely characterized. In the present study, the complete lipid class composition has been determined by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with photodensitometry. The major lipid classes were phospholipids, free sterols, and ceramides. Minor amounts of monohexosylceramides, sterol esters, fatty acids, and triglycerides were also present. Significant amounts of covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramide was also detected. Transmission electron micrographs reveal extensive, largely paired, lipid bilayers in the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum.
Pre-operative renal volume predicts peak creatinine after congenital heart surgery in neonates

Objective: Acute kidney injury is common in neonates following surgery for congenital heart disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis to determine whether neonates with smaller pre-operative renal volume were more likely to develop post-operative acute kidney injury. Design/Setting: We conducted a retrospective review of 72 neonates who underwent congenital heart surgery for any lesion other than patent ductus arteriosus at our institution from January 2007 to December 2011. Renal volume was calculated by ultrasound using the prolate ellipsoid formula. The presence and severity of post-operative acute kidney injury was determined both by measuring the peak serum creatinine in the first 7 days post-operatively and by using the Acute Kidney Injury Network scoring system. Results: Using a linear change point model, a threshold renal volume of 17 cm3 was identified. Below this threshold, there was an inverse linear relationship between renal volume and peak post-operative creatinine for all patients (p = 0.036) and the subgroup with a single morphologic right ventricle (p = 0.046). There was a non-significant trend towards more acute kidney injury using Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria in all neonates with renal volume ≤17 cm3 (p = 0.11) and in the subgroup with a single morphologic right ventricle (p = 0.17). Conclusions: Pre-operative renal volume ≤17 cm3 is associated with a higher peak post-operative creatinine and potentially greater risk for post-operative acute kidney injury for neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery. Neonates with a single right ventricle may be at higher risk.
A Portrait of Youthful Leadership

This article is a case study of a young elementary school principal at work The intent of the study was to articulate the principal's theory of leadership on his own terms. He was observed over a period of 3 months. In addition, his colleagues were interviewed. The leader is found to be both an instigator of change and a force for stability within a changing school system. He bases his leadership on collaborative relationships that allow others to feel empowered. His ultimate goal is to inspire all participants to be more creative and to learn in their roles. Challenges are encountered when roles or ideals of parents, teachers, and administrators conflict.
Substituted dibenzo[c, h]cinnolines: Topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer agents

Abstract Several substituted dibenzo[ c,h ]cinnolines were synthesized and evaluated for their potential to target topoisomerase I and for their relative cytotoxic activity. Select benzo[ i ]phenanthridines are capable of stabilizing the cleavable complex formed with topoisomerase I and DNA. This study was initiated to examine whether dibenzo[ c , h ]cinnolines, which are in essence aza analogues of benzo[ i ]phenanthridines, possess similar pharmacological properties. 2,3-Dimethoxy-8,9-methylenedioxybenzo[ i ]phenanthridine is one of the more potent benzo[ i ]phenanthridine derivatives in regard to topoisomerase I-targeting activity and cytotoxicity. The structure–activity relationship observed with these substituted dibenzo[ c , h ]cinnolines parallels that observed for benzo[ i ]phenanthridine derivatives. Compared to similarly substituted benzo[ i ]phenanthridines, the dibenzo[ c , h ]cinnoline analogues exhibit more potent topoisomerase I-targeting activity and cytotoxicity. The relative IC 50 values obtained in assessing the cytotoxicity of 2,3-dimethoxy-8,9-methylenedioxydibenzo[ c , h ]cinnoline and 2,3-dimethoxy-8,9-methylenedioxybenzo[ i ]phenanthridine in the human lymphoblastma cell line, RPMI8402, are 70 and 400 nM, respectively. In tumor cell lines selected for resistance to camptothecin and known to express mutant topoisomerase I, benzo[ i ]phenanthridine derivatives were not cross-resistant. In contrast, similarly substituted dibenzo[ c , h ]cinnolines with significant topoisomerase I-targeting activity did exhibit cross-resistance in these camptothecin-resistant cell lines. The cytotoxicity of these dibenzo[ c , h ]cinnolines was not diminished in cells overexpressing the efflux transporter, MDR1. These data indicate that substituted dibenzo[ c,h ]cinnolines can exhibit potent topoisomerase I-targeting activity and are capable of overcoming the multi-drug resistance associated with this efflux transporter.
Association of refill adherence and health care use among adults with hypertension in an urban health care system.

Study Objectives. To determine the rates of undersupply appropriate supply, and oversupply of antihypertensive drugs, as measured by refill adherence, among patients with complicated and uncomplicated hypertension (i.e., patients who have and have not, respectively, experienced hypertension-related target organ damage), and to examine the association of refill adherence with hospitalization and health care costs among these patients. Design. Retrospective analysis of electronic medical records. Setting. An urban, public health care system. Patients. A total of 15,206 patients aged 18 years or older whose electronic medical records indicated a clinical diagnosis of hypertension based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes, and who had received at least one prescription of an antihypertensive drug from 1995–2001. Measurements and Main Results. We used multivariable analyses to investigate the association of refill adherence with hospitalization and costs. On average, 53% of patients had appropriate supplies (80–120% of supplies needed), 7% had undersupplies, and 40% had oversupplies of drug annually. For patients with complicated hypertension, an undersupply of drug was associated with a 15% greater probability (p=0.009) and an oversupply with a 16% greater probability (p<0.0001) of hospitalization. Among those with uncomplicated hypertension, oversupply was associated with an 11% greater probability (p=0.0002) of hospitalization; undersupply was not associated with greater probability of hospitalization. Total health care costs were lower for patients with undersupplies and higher for those with oversupplies of drug. Conclusion. Among adults in an urban health care system with complicated hypertension, both undersupply and oversupply of drug were associated with increased hospitalization rates. Monitoring refill adherence of patients, particularly those with low income, minority status, and complicated hypertension, may be useful for targeting patients with undersupplies of drug to encourage refill adherence and identifying patients with oversupplies, who are at high risk of hospitalization.
Chronic UVA irradiation of human HaCaT keratinocytes induces malignant transformation associated with acquired apoptotic resistance.

Ultraviolet A (UVA, 315–400 nm), constituting about 95% of ultraviolet irradiation in natural sunlight, represents a major environmental challenge to the skin and is clearly associated with human skin cancer. It has proven difficult to show direct actions of UVA as a carcinogen in human cells. Here, we demonstrate that chronic UVA exposures at environmentally relevant doses in vitro can induce malignant transformation of human keratinocytes associated with acquired apoptotic resistance. As evidence of carcinogenic transformation, UVA-long-treated (24 J/cm2 once/week for 18 weeks) HaCaT (ULTH) cells showed increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), overexpression of keratin 13, altered morphology and anchorage-independent growth. Malignant transformation was established by the production of aggressive squamous cell carcinomas after inoculation of ULTH cells into nude mice (NCr-nu). ULTH cells were resistant to apoptosis induced not only by UVA but also by UVB and arsenite, two other human skin carcinogens. ULTH cells also became resistant to apoptosis induced by etoposide, staurosporine and doxorubicin hydrochloride. Elevated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB, also called AKT) and reduced expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) were detected in ULTH cells. The resistance of ULTH cells to UVA-induced apoptosis was reversed by either inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) or adenovirus expression of PTEN or dominant negative AKT. These data indicate that UVA has carcinogenic potential in human keratinocytes and that the increased AKT signaling and decreased PTEN expression may contribute to this malignant transformation. Further comparisons between the transformed ULTH and control cells should lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of UVA carcinogenesis and may help identify biomarkers for UVA-induced skin malignancies.
Generalized bridge functions for the reference hypernetted-chain equation: Calculation of the electric microfield distribution in a plasma

The analytic forms of the mean-spherical-model solutions for potentials with spherical-harmonics expansions can be used to model the generalized bridge functions in the reference hypernetted-chain integral equation to much greater effect than the original solutions. The method is applied to the calculation of the electric microfield distribution in a plasma, shown by Iglesias [Phys. Rev. A 27, 2705 (1983)] to be equivalent to finding the structure of a ``fluid'' whose angle-dependent potential has both real and imaginary parts. The results are in excellent agreement with simulation data.
Localization and ideal theory in iterated differential operator rings

Abstract In this paper we study primality, hypercentrality, simplicity, and localization and the second layer condition in skew enveloping algebras and iterated differential operator rings. We give sufficient conditions for the skew enveloping algebra of a nilpotent Lie algebra with coefficient ring containing the rational numbers to be a simple ring, and we give necessary and sufficient conditions in the case that the Lie algebra is Abelian. Our main results show that if L is a finite dimensional solvable Lie algebra over a field k of characteristic zero and R is an Artinian or a commutative Noetherian algebra over k , then the skew enveloping algebra R # U ( L ) satisfies the second layer condition. We discuss consequences of this for localization and use the localization theory to state a classical Krull dimension versus global dimension inequality when k is uncountable.
Investigation of Uncooled Microbolometer Focal Plane Array Infrared Camera for Quantitative Thermography

Thermal nondestructive evaluation has shown promise as a potential NDE technology for next generation US Army rotorcraft structures because it is rapid, noncontacting, and able to inspect complex geometries. To successfully apply thermal inspection systems for field use, the cost and size must be lowered. The infrared camera is a major factor contributing to the overall cost of commercially available thermal inspection systems. Recent advances in uncooled microbolometer focal plane array detectors have resulted in low cost, small size/weight, and low power consumption cameras. These attributes make this technology well suited for portable low cost thermal inspection systems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of the new microbolometer infrared cameras for quantitative thermal nondestructive evaluation. Quantitative thermal diffusivity and thickness images are obtained by minimizing the squared difference between the data and a thermal model on samples with fabricated defects. Critical infrared camera features such as spatial and temperature resolution, detector response time, and detector stability are studied by comparing results to a conventional thermal imaging camera using a cooled InSb focal plane array detector. Finally several techniques are presented to improve the camera’s performance. These techniques include temporal background subtraction, use of a synchronized electronic shutter system, and cyclic flash heating.
Nucleon core size and nuclear forces

Abstract Knowledge of nuclear forces is used to obtain information on the size of the quark core of nucleons. A RMS radius of 0.3–0.5 fm appears to be favored by a quark model of the nucleon-nucleon spin-orbit forces, with both one-gluon and ϱ-, ω-meson exchange qq interactions, depending on the relative strength of these qq interactions. The limitations of this estimate are briefly discussed.
Transformation of squirrel monkey lymphocytes by Epstein—Barr virus: Effect of donor age

Summary We found that Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) could transform B lymphocytes of young squirrel monkeys in vitro, but that lymphocytes of a fraction of older animals were refractory to transformation at the one virus dose used. Neonatal human lymphocytes were transformed more rapidly than lymphocytes from seronegative adults. Transformed cells contained EBV nuclear (EBNA) and soluble (S) antigens, although the amount of the latter was decreased in transformed lymphocytes from two older squirrel monkeys.
Digital Pathology: A Tool for 21st Century Neuropathology

Digital pathology represents an electronic environment for performing pathologic analysis and managing the information associated with this activity. The technology to create and support digital pathology has largely developed over the last decade. The use of digital pathology tools is essential to adapt and lead in the rapidly changing environment of 21st century neuropathology. The utility of digital pathology has already been demonstrated by pathologists in several areas including consensus reviews, quality assurance (Q/A), tissue microarrays (TMAs), education and proficiency testing. These utilities notwithstanding, interface issues, storage and image formatting all present challenges to the integration of digital pathology into the neuropathology work environment. With continued technologic improvements, as well as the introduction of fluorescent side scanning and multispectral detection, future developments in digital pathology offer the promise of adding powerful analytic tools to the pathology work environment. The integration of digital pathology with biorepositories offers particular promise for neuropathologists engaged in tissue banking. The utilization of these tools will be essential for neuropathologists to continue as leaders in diagnostics, translational research and basic science in the 21st century.
Primitive politics in sanctified landscapes: the ethnographic fictions of Laurens van der Post

The Cold War confrontation of the 1950s‐60s posed a threat to civil existence and cultural life as Western Europe and America knew it. In the atmosphere of immanent nuclear annihilation and ecological dissolution reinforced by a communist menace, modernity with its science and technology appeared to undermine Euroamerican cultural meaning. One metaphorically powerful resolution to this crisis arose in a revival of attention to humankind's presumptive primordial roots. Ethnographers, film‐makers, and novelists responded by inventing a primitive past world as a foil to the seemingly apocalyptic present. ‘Bushman’ quickly became a main subject attention. In the existential image of Kalahari ‘Bushmen’ as the Jungian archetype of authentic humanity these personal and collective crises were fused and resolved. This essay, focuses on the image as it evolved in the novels, films, and polemical writings of Laurens van der Post.
The Nuclear Particle Detection System (NPDS) a proton-alpha particle counter for the Apollo system☆

Abstract The Nuclear Particle Detection System (NPDS) is a charged particle counter designed to measure solar flare protons and alphas incident on the Apollo spacecraft. The instrument detects protons in four differential energy intervals between 10 and 170 MeV, alphas in three differential energy intervals between 42 and 318 MeV. It also integrates all protons with energy ≥ 15 MeV. The instrument consists of two major components: i) the detector telescope and ii) the signal analyzer. The detector telescope employs three solid state detectors and has three charge sensitive preamplifiers in it. The signal analyzer contains primarily six post amplifiers, sixteen level sensors, a logic module, a dc to dc converter and eight ratemeters as outputs. The instrument works in both an E and d E /d x mode to produce a “cusp” in the response curve of each detector to incident protons and alphas. The setting of the level sensors together with the proper range to the front of each detector and the system logic determines the energy intervals of protons and alphas detected. A total of twenty-three instruments have been produced and one will be flown on each Apollo mission starting with Apollo 8. The total system operation is discussed in the paper.
NONLINEAR EFFECTS AND COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS

Whereas many-body theory in general is often discussed in terms of linear response theory, it is shown that in calculating the compressibility, etc., we are used to using nonlinear terms ; indeed, without them we would get nonsense. In the case of the giant Gamow Telier Resonance the highly-relevant nonlinear terms are those in the selfscreening of the exchange term, in the interaction coupling nuclear to Δ excitations. For zero frequency, ω = 0, this screening makes the exchange term small ; for ω = EGTR, where EGTR is the energy of the Gamow-Teller resonance, there can be overscreening and the sign of the exchange term can be changed.
A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentagalloyl glucose

Skin surface bacteria contribute to body odor, especially axillary odor. We aimed to investigate anaerobic bacteria that had not been previously studied for axillary odor formation. A new anaerobic Anaerococcus sp. A20, that releases 3-hydroxy-3-metyl-hexanoic acid (HMHA, main component of axillary odor) from its glutamyl conjugate, was discovered from axillary isolates. This strain showed strong resistance to the antimicrobial agents, triclosan and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol; therefore, we screened plant extracts that inhibit the A20 strain. We discovered that pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) extracted from the Chinese Gall plant exhibited both antibacterial and inhibitory activities against HMHA release by the A20 strain. As the excellent antibacterial activity and inhibitory effect of PGG against HMHA release were seen in vitro, we conducted an open study to evaluate the deodorant effects of PGG on axillary odor. The sensory tests on odor strength showed that application of the PGG solution could reduce axillary odors in vivo. Although there was a small change in axillary microbiota, the microbial count of A20 significantly reduced. These results strongly indicate PGG as a new innovative deodorant material that only affects odor-releasing bacteria in the axillary microbiota.
A comparison of methods for hydrocarbon analysis of marine biota.

We judge that 24 hour saponification and column chromatography on partially deactivated columns constitute the best procedure tested. Soxhlet extraction followed by two hour saponification did not completely remove methyl esters and was the most laborious technique. Direct two hour saponification was also questionable in the removal of esters and led to severe emulsion problems. The recoveries of hydrocarbons by the three procedures were substantially the same. Although the recoveries from fully active columns were slightly superior to those from partially deactivated columns, the latter were selected to avoid the possibility of alkene isomerization (Blumer et al., 1972) which may be a particular problem in the analysis of alkene rich biological materials. Both fully active and parially deactivated columns consistently gave a clean separation of alkanes from aromatics. However, several alkenes which eluted in the first (alkane) fraction when partially deactivated columns were used, appeared partially or totally in the second (aromatic) fraction when fully active columns were employed. This behavior is not surprising in view of intermediate chemical character of alkenes. While this situation will cause little problem in heavily polluted samples in which alkenes are only a small percentage of the total hydrocarbons, in unpolluted biological materials where alkenes may be prominent, classification of molecules as alkanes or aromatics based only on column chromatographic behavior must be done with caution. This is illustrated by the data of Table 4. For this latter case more elaborate chromatographic procedures or further analysis by GC-MS appear necessary.
Compensation of phase distortions introduced by high objectives on sub-10 fs pulses

The ability of MIIPS to characterize and compensate for the high distortion experienced by a sub-10 fs laser beam passing through a high NA microscope objective is explored.
Summarizing personal web browsing sessions

We describe a system, implemented as a browser extension, that enables users to quickly and easily collect, view, and share personal Web content. Our system employs a novel interaction model, which allows a user to specify webpage extraction patterns by interactively selecting webpage elements and applying these patterns to automatically collect similar content. Further, we present a technique for creating visual summaries of the collected information by combining user labeling with predefined layout templates. These summaries are interactive in nature: depending on the behaviors encoded in their templates, they may respond to mouse events, in addition to providing a visual summary. Finally, the summaries can be saved or sent to others to continue the research at another place or time. Informal evaluation shows that our approach works well for popular websites, and that users can quickly learn this interaction model for collecting content from the Web.
Microdetermination of carbon dioxide.

Since carbon dioxide is a major metabolite of many systems, the need often arises to determine as COz the total of H&O,, HCO,-, and CO,= in a biological system. In addition, it is often desirable to be able to determine the isotopic concentration, i.e., radioactivity, of the same sample. When the carbon dioxide is present in micro amounts and the solution volumes containing the COz are large, i.e., 50-100 ml, the accurate, convenient determination of concentration and radioactivity of CO2 has been difficult. Martin and Green (1) have reviewed the methods available for CO, determination. These authors and others (2,3) have combined the use of spiral absorbers and conductivity measurements for the determination of COz. These techniques, however, are not well adapted to the requirements above. Holm-Jensen (4) has described an elegant, simple, spiral absorption device that not only provides for the determination of small amounts of CO, in air but also provides a means of concentrating the CO, in a small volume of absorbent. The description of the spiral absorber and the accompanying details given by Holm-Jensen (4) are directed toward the measurement of CO, in air, and not toward the measurement of CO? in fluids. In addition, the measurements reported by him were done manually with equipment not generally available. This paper presents the details of the adaptation of the spiral absorber of Holm-Jensen to the determination of CO, present in solution at the level of 0.13 to 2.6 pmoles per sample. Instrumentation is described that allows for the continuous, automatic recording of the conductivity of the measuring solution. The concomitant determination of the radioactivity of the sample is also described.
Bacterial Growth Rate in the Sea: Direct Analysis by Thymidine Autoradiography

Autoradiography with tritiated thymidine was used to study microbial growth directly in nature. The epiphyte Leucothrix mucor was used since it is a large filamentous bacterium with a characteristic morphology making it recognizable in natural collections. The technique was developed initially with pure cultures. The relation between growth rate and the rate of accumulation of radioactive cells permitted derivation of a constant for use in calculating growth rate in natural material and in two-membered cultures of L. mucor growing epiphytically on pure cultures of marine algae. The growth rate (generation time) in two-membered cultures with the red alga Antithamnion sarniense was 94 minutes under the conditions used. In nature the growth rate of a sample from Iceland was 685 minutes; that of a sample from Long Island Sound was 660 minutes. There was no evidence of preferential growth in the basal portion of bacterial filaments nearest the algal surface. However, filamentous growth in nature, but not in pure or two-membered culture, was nonrandom, growth being clustered in some regions.
ActionScript bytecode verification with co-logic programming

A prototype security policy verification system for Action-Script binaries is presented, whose implementation leverages recent advances in co-logic programming. Our experience with co-logic programming indicates that it is an extremely useful paradigm for elegantly expressing algorithms that lie at the heart of model-checking technologies. This results in an unusually small trusted computing base, making the verification system well-suited to frameworks like certifying in-lined reference monitoring systems, which require small, light-weight verifiers. Preliminary experiments and progress are discussed.
AN INCA INFORMATION NETWORK

AbstractWhen Manco Inca was asked by Francisco Pizarro to supply information about the Andean popidation for the purposes of granting encomiendas, he mobilized a network embedded in the towns of the provinces. The network consisted of at least two levels of officials called llactacamayos, chosen from among the most talented local people. This hierarchy of officials is not the same as the decimal hierarchy, which was staffed by local elites and charged with labor recruitment. The llactacamayos, under administrative care of an Inca noble called the tucuyrico by some authors, performed other tasks more directly involved with the administration of Inca interests in the provinces. Records of some of the early Pizarro encomienda grants have survived, so Manco’s mobilization can be studied from the information about population they contain. Juan de Betanzos also wrote about the llactacamayo hierarchy in his Suma y Narracion de los Incas, between 1551 and 1557, in the portion of this manuscript unknown to scholar...
Molar heat capacity at constant volume of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) from the triple-point temperature to 345 K at pressures to 35 MPa

Molar heat capacities at constant volume (C v) of dill uoromethane (R32) and pentalluoroethane (R125) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from their triple points to 345 K, and pressures up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on the liquid in equilibrium with its vapor and on compressed liquid samples. The samples were of a high purity, verified by chemical analysis of each fluid. For the samples, calorimetric results were obtained for two-phase (C v (2) ), saturated liquid (C σ orC′ x ), and singlephase (C v) molar heat capacities. TheC σ data were used to estimate vapor pressures for values less than 0.3 MPa by applying a thermodynamic relationship between the saturated liquid heat capacity and the temperature derivatives of the vapor pressure. The triple-point temperature (T tr) and the enthalpy of fusion (Δfus H) were also measured for each substance. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature rise measurement and the change-ofvolume work adjustment. The expanded uncertainty (at the two-sigma level) forC v is estimated to be 0.7%, forC v (2) it is 0.5%, and forC σ it is 0.7%.
L-Tryptophan injection fails to alter nutrient selection by rats

Nutritional studies on rats given a choice between two diets differing in protein content have led to the proposal that brain 5-HT content regulates protein intake [2]. Pharmacologic studies under similar conditions of dietary self-selection suggest that brain 5-HT controls carbohydrate intake [41]. We tested the effect of elevating brain 5-HT via tryptophan injection (100 mg/kg) on short-term food intake and selection by rats choosing between two diets differing in protein and carbohydrate content. Under these conditions neither total food intake nor protein and carbohydrate selection were affected despite increases of 50% in brain concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. The effect of Trp administration was selective to serotonin metabolism as brain concentrations of NE, DA and DOPAC were not affected. These results suggest that alterations in brain 5-HT content which may occur following meal ingestion may not be of physiological importance in regulating nutrient intake and selection.
Preliminary analysis of the Aquarius/SAC-D Microwave Radiometer (MWR) antenna temperature: Possible antenna pattern issue

The Microwave Radiometer (MWR) flying on the Aquarius/SAC-D satellite is a Dicke radiometer operating at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz that was developed by the Argentine Space Agency CONAE. This instrument complements Aquarius (NASA's L-band radiometer/scatterometer) by providing simultaneous spatially collocated environmental measurements such as oceanic wind speed for roughness correction and rain rate for flagging corrupted salinity retrievals. This paper describes the initial findings on the MWR antenna beam pattern issue. The antenna pattern issue is best described as unwanted earth radiation entering the side-lobes of the directed beam, possibly of unexpected high gain, of certain MWR feedhorns. A first look at the understanding of this problem is presented.
Diethylaminoethyl cellulose–anhydride reactions†

Tertiary amine groups of diethylaminoethyl cotton are internal catalysts for the reaction of cellulose hydroxyls with anhydrides to form esters. These cellulose esters are stable to mild acid steeping but hydrolyze under mild basic conditions. Anhydrides containing halogen atoms yield products with increased resistance to rot. None of the anhydrides employed produced fabrics with increased crease recovery, abrasion resistance, or breaking strength.
Mediated transport and metabolism of lactate in rat aorta.

Abstract 1. 1. Under appropriate conditions l - and d -lactate enter the cells of rat aorta and are metabolized. Oxidation of lactate to CO 2 occurs under aerobic contions. 2. 2. l - and d -lactate are taken up into the cells when oxygen, glucose, or both oxygen and glucose and present in the incubation medium. Both l - and d -lactate are excluded from the cells when neither oxygen nor glucose is present. 3. 3. d,l -Glyceraldehyde prevents the uptake of l -lactate. The effect is apparently not due to the inhibition of glucose metabolism by l -glyceraldehyde. 4. 4. l -Lactate (20 mM) markedly inhibits the uptake of 5 mM d -lactate, but 20 mM d -lactate fails to inhibit the uptake of 5 mM l -lactate. 5. 5. Raising the pH of the incubation medium markedly depresses the uptake of l -lactate. 6. 6. The results provide evidence that l - and d -lactate enter the cells of rat aorta by a mediated transport system.
Topical brinzolamide (Azopt) versus placebo in the treatment of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS)

Purpose To test the hypothesis that the topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor brinzolamide (Azopt) has beneficial effects versus placebo on measures of nystagmus and visual acuity in adult subjects with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Design Prospective, cross-over, double masked clinical trial. Methods Setting: Single centre. Study population: Five subjects ≥18 years old with typical INS and best-binocular visual acuity in their primary position null zone ETDRS 55 letters to 85 letters (20/200 to 20/50) and had no previous treatment for nystagmus. Intervention: In a randomised order, each subject received one drop of Azopt or placebo in both eyes three times a day separated by a washout period of at least a week followed by Azopt or placebo in both eyes three times a day; thus each subject got the drug and placebo, each acting as his or her own control. Outcome measures: The nystagmus acuity function and INS waveforms obtained from eye movement recordings, binocular optotype visual acuity, using the ETDRS protocol analysed individually and as a group before and after Azopt and placebo. Results Versus placebo and baseline measures, topical Azopt significantly improved; INS waveform characteristics in the primary position null zone, group mean values of the nystagmus acuity function across gaze (p Conclusions Although a prospective large-scale clinical trial is needed to prove effectiveness, an eye-drop-based therapy for INS may emerge as a viable addition to optical, surgical, behavioural and systemic drug therapies for INS. Trial registration number NCT01312402.
Male Morphs in Tree Lizards Have Different Testosterone Responses to Elevated Levels of Corticosterone

Abstract Changes in circulating glucocorticoid and androgen levels mediate agonistic behaviors in many vertebrates. Individual variation in the magnitude of the glucocorticoid response to stressful stimuli, the negative effects of elevated glucocorticoid levels on androgen levels, or both could mediate individual differences in subsequent agonistic behavior. In a series of previous studies, we found that both alternative male reproductive morphs in the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, can exhibit elevated levels of plasma corticosterone following male–male encounters, but that the territorial morph appears less likely to exhibit coincident decreases in plasma testosterone. Two studies tested the hypothesis that the two morphs differ in the degree to which testosterone levels are influenced by elevated corticosterone levels. In the first study, physically restraining males elicited endogenous elevations of circulating corticosterone levels. Testosterone levels were significantly negatively correlated with corticosterone levels in the nonterritorial morph, but there was no correlation between levels of the two steroids in territorial males. In the second study, corticosterone levels were artificially elevated in free-living male tree lizards using a noninvasive dermal patch. This exogenous elevation of corticosterone significantly depressed testosterone levels in both morphs, but it produced a significantly greater depression in the nonterritorial morph. Nonterritorial males appear to be more sensitive than territorial males to the testosterone-suppressing effects of elevated circulating levels of corticosterone. This difference between the morphs in the effects of a stress hormone on the reproductive axis may be a fundamental part of the mechanism (1) underlying behavioral tactic switching within the nonterritorial morph or (2) contributing to behavioral differences between the morphs.
Mobile communications for development: Enabling strategic and low-cost e-applications for rural and remote areas

The evolution and growth of digital communications technologies has spurred various instances where wireless communications are being tremendously utilized to a multitude of ends and more importantly provoking new paradigm shifts. Digital inclusion and connectivity availability on a global scale remains one critical concern and definitely fuels the motivation and initiative for innovative solutions and appropriate models to bring the digital divide to a close. Mobile Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) are more than a suitable and powerful technology that will help provide connectivity and digital access in a much faster and cheaper way for underserved areas of the globe, and therefore are to be strategically investigated and assessed within their most vital, strategic and profitable functional or usage contexts.
Extra DNA in the T region of crown gall Ti-plasmid pTiA66

The mutant tumorigenic phenotype of pTiA66, a derivative of the broad host range octopine Ti-plasmid pTiA6, results from a 2.6-Kb insertion into EcoRI fragment 32g of the T region, which has been implicated in the auxin synthesis disruption tumor character. The inserted DNA is closely related to sequences from BamHI fragment 11 of the same or a related plasmid but probably originally derives from a chromosomal sequence.
Schedule optimization for IR detection of buried targets

Schedule optimization of air platforms for IR sensors is a priority because of 1) the time sensitive nature of the IR detection of buried targets, 2) limited air platform assets, and 3) limited bandwidth for live-feed video. Scheduling optimization for airborne IR sensors depends on transient meteorological predictions, transient soil properties, target type and depth. This work involves using predictions from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a regional weather model, as input to the Countermine Computational Test Bed (CTB), a 3D finite element model that accounts for coupled heat and moisture transfer in soil and targets. The result is a continuous 2-day optimized schedule for airborne IR assets. In this paper, a 2-day optimized schedule for an airborne IR sensor asset is demonstrated for a single geographical location with a buried target. Transient physical surface and subsurface soil temperatures are presented as well as the phase-shifted, transient thermal response of the target.
Radial gradient-index eyepiece design

Three- and four-element eyepiece designs are presented each with a different type of radial gradient-index distribution. Both quadratic and modified quadratic index profiles are shown to provide effective control of the field aberrations. In particular, the three-element design with a quadratic index profile demonstrates that the inhomogeneous power contribution can make significant contributions to the overall system performance, especially the astigmatism correction. Using gradient-index components has allowed for increased eye relief and field of view making these designs comparable with five- and six-element ones.
Prescribing of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents: quo vadis?

Childhood and adolescence is a period of extraordinary biological, psychological and social growth. However, at such times, individuals are also vulnerable to disruptions of healthy development. In fact, a staggering 50% of all adult psychiatric disorders have manifested by age 14, with 75% manifesting by age 24 1. Moreover, two thirds of pediatric-onset psychiatric disorders are moderate or severe 2, and most continue into adulthood 3. Such patterns clearly indicate the importance of identifying and appropriately treating psychiatric disorders as early as possible to preserve healthy development and to reduce individual suffering and societal burden.
Novel scheme for a higher bandwidth sensor readout

Circuit design for a novel scheme for converting a multiple- valued output voltage forma sensor into a binary-coded output for signal processing is described here. Floating gate MOSFETs and floating gate potential diagrams have been used to design a readout integrated circuit in a standard 1.5 micrometers digital CMOS VLSI technology. The physical design is simulated and tested with SPICE using MOSIS BSIM3 MOS model parameters. Initial results on fabricated devices for the conversion of quaternary input into binary output have shown agreement with the corresponding simulated values. The method is simple and compatible with current CMOS processes. The circuit can be integrated with output of a sensor fabricated in MEMS-CMOS technology.
PERSPECTIVE ON PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH

Radical changes, up and down, have taken place in the estimates of growth in total factor productivity in the U.S. made by different economists, or by the same economists at different times. If such estimates provide “some sort of measure of our ignorance,” as Abramovitz once put it, we seemed to be a lot less ignorant in 1927 (when Cobb and Douglas published their famous paper), or in 1967 (when Jorgenson and Griliches published theirs), than we were in the years between (when Schmookler, Abramovitz, Kendrick, and Denison completed their studies), or than we are today (when we have, or will soon have, revised estimates by Denison and by Kendrick, and new estimates by Christensen and Jorgenson). Viewed in this perspective, many questions may be raised about the significance of the current estimates that something like a third or more of the rate of increase in U.S. national output is “due” to increase in productivity, as well as about the concepts, data, and methods that underlie the estimates. A list of particular subjects worth considering for research is given and each is briefly discussed.
Kinetics of the Migration and Clustering of Extrinsic Gas in bcc Metals

We study the mechanisms by which gas atoms such as helium and hydrogen diffuse and interact with other defects in bcc metals and investigate the effect of these mechanisms on the nucleation of embryonic gas bubbles. Large quantities of helium and hydrogen are produced due to spallation and transmutation in structural materials in fusion and accelerator-driven reactors. The long time evolution of the extrinsic gas atoms and their accumulation at vacancies is studied using a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm that is parameterized by the migration energies of the point defect entities. First-order reaction kinetics are observed when gas clusters with vacancies. If gas-gas clustering is allowed, mixed-order diffusion limited kinetics are observed. When dissociation of gas from clusters is allowed, gas-vacancy clusters survive to steady state while gas-gas clusters dissolve. We obtain cluster size distributions and reaction rate constants that can be used to quantify microstructural evolution of the irradiated metal.
Evidence that synaptic transmission between giant interneurons and identified thoracic interneurons in the cockroach is cholinergic

In the cockroach, a population of thoracic interneurons (TIs) receives direct inputs from a population of ventral giant interneuons (vGIs). Synaptic potentials in type-A TIs (TIAs) follow vGI action potentials with constant, short latencies at frequencies up to 200 Hz. These connections are important in the integration of directional wind information involved in determining an oriented escape response. The physiological and biochemical properties of these connections that underlie this decision-making process were examined. Injection of hyperpolarizing or depolarizing current into the postsynaptic TIAs resulted in alterations in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential (PSP) appropriate for a chemical connection. In addition, bathing cells in zero-calcium, high magnesium saline resulted in a gradual decrement of the PSP, and ultimately blocked synaptic transmission, reversibly. Single-cell choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) assays of vGI somata were performed. These assays indicated that the vGIs can synthesize acetylcholine. Further more, the pharmacological specificity of transmission at the vGI to TIA connections was similar to that previously reported for nicotinic, cholinergic synapses in insects, suggesting that the transmitter released by vGIs at these sypapses is acetylcholine. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inflammation and Inverse Associations of Body Mass Index and Serum Creatinine With Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

Objective Protein-energy wasting and inflammation are common and associated with an increased risk of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We examined the extent to which they mediate the associations of each other with death in this population. Study Design Retrospective analysis of the Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study data. Setting Prevalent HD patients. Participants One-thousand HEMO study participants with data available on C-reactive protein (CRP), body mass index (BMI), and serum creatinine. Intervention None. Main Outcome Measure The associations of CRP, BMI, and serum creatinine with time to all-cause mortality separately and together in multivariate Cox models. Results In 1,437 patient-years of follow-up, there were 265 (26.5%) all-cause deaths. Compared with the lowest CRP quartile, the highest quartile was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–3.10) for all-cause mortality. This association of highest CRP quartile with mortality was not attenuated with further adjustment for BMI and serum creatinine (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.38–3.30). When serum albumin was added to the model, the hazard of death associated with highest CRP quartile was modestly attenuated (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.21–2.92). In contrast, both BMI (for each kg/m 2 increase; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91–0.96 for all-cause mortality) and serum creatinine (for each mg/dL increase; HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79–0.90 for all-cause mortality) had strong, independent protective effects. Further adjustment with CRP had a negligible effect on these associations. Conclusion The associations of markers of nutrition and inflammation with mortality are largely independent of each other in HD patients.