cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of National Malpractice Claims in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Purpose Insight into the causes and outcomes of malpractice claims against surgeons will help inform practitioners and may support better patient care. The purpose of this study was to characterize national malpractice claims against oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs). Materials and Methods A comprehensive review of all claims against OMSs from 2000 to August 2018 in the National Practitioner Data Bank was performed. Primary outcomes were claims against OMSs, payment amount, claim duration, and percentage of anesthesia-related claims. Other variables of interest included demographic characteristics, nature of allegations, clinical outcome of injury, outcome of claim, and number of payments of $1 million or greater (“catastrophic payments”). Student t tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were performed, and P Results This was a retrospective cohort study of malpractice claims against OMSs. There were 2,643 claims against OMSs during the study period. The average age of the claimant was 35.5 ± 18.4 years, and 47.6% were female patients. Most claims (94.7%) were settled out of court for a mean of $130,824 ± $402,633.8. Court-adjudicated claims had significantly higher payments with a mean of $247,554.69 ± $414,655.51 (P Conclusions Most claims against OMSs were settled. Only a small portion of claims were associated with anesthesia complications, but payment amounts for these were significantly higher than for other claims. Settlements were made more quickly and for significantly lower rewards compared with judgments. Claims against OMSs during the past 2 decades were most commonly associated with minor permanent injuries occurring in the outpatient setting.
The Tripoli Monument: Commemorating Our Forgotten Past Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University

Completed in 1806 by the famed sculptor Giacinto Micali in Livorno, Italy, the white, Carrara marble Tripoli Monument began a precarious journey to the USA aboard the USS Constitution. The memorial traveled from Italy to Newport, Rhode Island, and was then shipped south to Washington, D.C., where it remained in crates until money could be raised to assemble and erect it. After much debate, the Tripoli Monument found a home at the Washington Navy Yard. Damaged in 1814 when the Navy Yard was torched to prevent its capture by the British, the monument was not repaired until it was moved to the US Capitol grounds in 1831. It remained on the west side of the Capitol until 1860 when it was moved to the US Naval Academy. Since its arrival in Annapolis, MD the monument has moved around campus to its current location in front of the Academy’s Officers’ and Faculty Club. Though well positioned, it is virtually overlooked on a historic campus and military installation with many other noteworthy historical monuments.
Anger and Aggression among Maltreated Youth: Mediating Pathways

Youth in foster care have high rates of anger and aggression. Youth who demonstrate aggressive behaviors have an increased likelihood of negative outcomes including unfavorable, early terminations ...
Deep Learning Identification of Stiffness Markers in Breast Cancer

While essential to our understanding of solid tumor progression, the study of cell and tissue mechanics has yet to find traction in the clinic. Determining tissue stiffness, a mechanical property known to promote a malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo, is not part of the standard algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Instead, clinicians routinely use mammograms to identify malignant lesions and radiographically dense breast tissue is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. Whether breast density is related to tumor tissue stiffness, and what cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor contribute the most to its stiffness are not well understood. Through training of a deep learning network and mechanical measurements of fresh patient tissue, we create a bridge in understanding between clinical and mechanical markers. The automatic identification of cellular and extracellular features from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides reveals that global and local breast tissue stiffness best correlate with the percentage of straight collagen. Global breast tissue mechanics correlate weakly with the percentage of blood vessels and fibrotic tissue, and non-significantly with the percentage of fat, ducts, tumor cells, and wavy collagen in tissue. Importantly, the percentage of dense breast tissue does not directly correlate with tissue stiffness or straight collagen content.
Chancy Outcome Situations

The common expression speaks not improperly of “dumb luck,” for what happens to people “by luck” cannot be foreseen by them. One may be fortunate through the realization of a securely predictable boon, but (by hypothesis) it is not going to be a fruit of mere luck. The role of chance in the world has been deliberated philosophers since antiquity. Thus Aristotle considered whether chance (tuche) and accident (to automaton) are fortuitous or causally explainable—whether they have standard, causal explanations (as he understands this) or themselves constitute a causality of sorts (Physics, II, iv; 195b30ff). He concluded (1) that it is reasonable to think that whatever is said to happen by chance actually has a causal explanation but that owing to the complexity of world processuality and the role of chaos and chance the causality of chance it may well be unexplainable to the human intellect, (196b6-7), because that causality, though real, simply being unintelligible. Were this so, chance and luck would ultimately be artifacts of ignorance—of the inevitable limitations of finite intellects. This position is not far from what still deserves to be seen as plausible.
Tailoring globalisation to national needs and well-being: one size never fits all

This paper argues that political-economic trends referred to under the single heading of globalisation have distinct causes and manifestations in different countries. Institutional variables chosen by governments and their constituents play a dominant role in determining the character of those manifestations, few of which are inevitable. The political Left and Right often base their arguments on the common premise that nations have no choice but to adopt the US model of highly mobile investment capital, market-centred provision of most goods, minimal governmental regulation and minimisation of accounting costs. That countries possess considerable degrees of freedom in establishing rules for international flows of labour, capital and goods is insufficiently appreciated by critics and supporters of trade and labour market liberalisation. Variety in political-economic forms achieves institutional diversification on a global scale, providing a multi-dimensional spectrum of benchmarks that help individual countries measure policy performance and update institutional variables accordingly.
Hadron Blind Detector for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC

The PHENIX collaboration has designed a conceptually new Hadron Blind Detector (HBD) for electron identification in high density hadron environment. The HBD will identify low momentum electron‐positron pairs to reduce the combinatorial background in the mass region below 1 GeV/c2. The HBD shall be installed in PHENIX during the 2007 physics run.The HBD is a windowless proximity focusing Cherenkov detector with a radiator length of 50 cm, CsI photocathode and three layers of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification. Pure CF4 serves both as a radiator and as a detector gas. The radiation budget of the device is less than 3% of a radiation length.The PHENIX collaboration has designed a conceptually new Hadron Blind Detector (HBD) for electron identification in high density hadron environment. The HBD will identify low momentum electron‐positron pairs to reduce the combinatorial background in the mass region below 1 GeV/c2. The HBD shall be installed in PHENIX during the 2007 physics run.The HBD is a windowless proximity focusing Cherenkov detector with a radiator length of 50 cm, CsI photocathode and three layers of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification. Pure CF4 serves both as a radiator and as a detector gas. The radiation budget of the device is less than 3% of a radiation length.
Postwar Reconstruction in Liberia: The Participation and Recognition of Women in Grassroots Politics in Liberia

Despite the remarkable contributions made by women to secure peace in Liberia, women‘s representation in politics is still low. The first female African President has been elected, as well as a few women to strategic government positions, but the vast majority of women remain invisible. The reliance on these few women in government is inadequate to produce the significant changes that will be required to bring equality for all women. This study examines the recognition of women‘s relative participation and recognition in postwar reconstruction in Liberia. Differences between traditional and non-traditional women‘s participation in Liberia were found. This study includes interviews and document review as methods for exploring how women, traditional and nontraditional, may or may not participate in Liberian political decisions.
'New-Style' Judicial Campaigns and the Legitimacy of State High Courts: Results from a National Survey

Institutional legitimacy is perhaps the most important political capital courts possess. Many believe, however, that the legitimacy of elected state courts is being threatened by the rise of politicized judicial election campaigns. At least three features of such campaigns, the argument goes, are dangerous to the perceived impartiality of courts: campaign contributions, attack ads, and policy pronouncements by candidates for judicial office. By means of an experimental vignette embedded in a representative national survey, I investigate whether these factors in fact compromise the perceived impartiality of courts. The survey data indicate that campaign contributions do indeed lead to a diminution of legitimacy, in courts just as in legislatures. The use of attack ads detracts from legislative legitimacy, but not from the legitimacy of courts. Most important, however, policy pronouncements, even those promising to make decisions in a certain way, have no impact whatsoever on the legitimacy of courts and judges. Thus, this analysis demonstrates that legitimacy is not obdurate and that campaign activity can indeed deplete the reservoir of goodwill courts typically enjoy in the United States, even if the culprit is not the free-speech rights of candidates for state judicial office.
Congruity between mood and message regulatory focus enhances the effectiveness of anti drinking and driving advertisements: a global versus local processing explanation

Alcohol-impaired driving (AID) has devastating effects on society. To decrease the incidence of AID, high-risk populations like college students are often targeted by anti-AID advertising campaigns. The present study examines the effectiveness of anti-AID advertisements as a function of pre-existing audience mood. Two experiments showed that congruity between the mood of the audience (positive, negative) and the regulatory focus of the ad (promotion, prevention) can increase advertising effectiveness. Positive mood enhanced the effectiveness of promotion-framed ads, whereas negative mood enhanced the effectiveness of prevention-framed ads. The effects were attributable to differential engagement in global or local processing. Positive mood induced a tendency to engage in global processing, and negative mood fostered engagement in local processing. Theoretical contributions are considered along with actionable recommendations for the creators of anti-AID advertising campaigns.
Shaming Tax Delinquents: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the United States

Many federal and local governments rely on shaming penalties to achieve policy goals, but little is known about whether these penalties work as intended. Shaming penalties may be ineffective or may backfire by crowding-out intrinsic motivation. In this paper, we measure the effects of shaming penalties in the collection of tax delinquencies. We sent letters to 34,344 tax delinquents who owed half a billion dollars in three U.S. states. We randomized some of the information contained in the letter to vary the salience of financial penalties, shaming penalties and peer comparisons. We then measure the effects of this information on subsequent re-payment rates. We find that shaming penalties have a large effect on repayment of smaller debt amounts, but no effect on larger debt amounts. Also, financial reminders increase re-payment rates, but peer comparisons are ineffective.
High Tech, High Fear?

Outsourcing a wide variety of information technology jobs overseas has become a recent trend due to the availability of well-educated and inexpensive work force abroad, particularly, in India. Back-office functions in financial services, medical transcriptions in health care industry and call centers for several industries are a few examples where less important and mechanical functions have been transported to less developed countries. While fears loom large on account of anticipated job losses, the changing landscape of the information technology field can bring many benefits to the American workforce by a better understanding of global competitors, strategically planning for future employment needs, and also promote continuing education for desirable skill sets.
Selective adaptation to noxious foods by a herbivorous insect

When animals repeatedly sample a noxious food over a period of 1-4 days, they can markedly reduce their aversive behavioral response to the diet's unpleasant taste (e.g. 'bitterness') or toxic effects. This long-term adaptation process is selective, however, permitting insects to adapt physiologically to some but not all noxious foods. We hypothesized (i) that the selective nature of this adaptation process stems from the fact that some unpalatable foods are toxic while others are harmless and (ii) that insects have more difficulty adapting to foods that are both unpalatable and toxic. Our model system consisted of Manduca sexta caterpillars and two compounds that taste bitter to humans and elicit an aversive behavioral response in this insect (salicin and aristolochic acid). We found that 2 days of exposure to a salicin diet completely adapted the aversive response of the caterpillars to salicin, but that exposure to an aristolochic acid diet failed to adapt the aversive response to aristolochic acid. We determined that M. sexta could not adapt to the aristolochic acid diet because it lacked mechanisms for reducing the compound's toxicity. In contrast, the salicin diet did not produce any apparent toxic effects, and the caterpillars adapted to its aversive taste within 12 h of exposure. We also found that the salicin adaptation phenomenon (i) was mediated by the central gustatory system, (ii) generalized to salicin concentrations that were twice those in the adapting diet and (iii) offset spontaneously when the caterpillar was transferred to a salicin-free diet. We propose that toxicity is a more significant barrier to dietary adaptation than 'bitterness' in this insect.
Fiber amplification in the 940-nm water vapor absorption band using the /sup 4/F/sub 3/2/ /sup 4/I/sub 9/2/ transition in Nd

The measurement of atmospheric water vapor in the 940-nm absorption band may be accomplished using fiber amplifiers based on the /sup 4/F/sub 3/2//spl rarr//sup 4/I/sub 9/2/ transition in Nd. We report initial experimental results on the effects codopants have on the characteristics of this transition in Nd-doped fiber, and present modeled and experimental results of a fiber amplifier. To our knowledge, this is the first reported fiber amplifier employing this transition.
H2 optimal control with an a-shifted pole constraint

Modified Lyapunov equations for regional pole constraints in H2 synthesis have been considered in recent papers. This approach involves a constraint equation for enforcing the pole constraints and leads to an auxiliary cost that overbounds the original H2 performance. The auxiliary cost can then be used for optimization with respect to the modified Lyapunov equations that characterize the constraint region. In this paper, we consider an α-shifted constraint region and show that an augmented system whose order is twice that of the original system can be constructed to eliminate the need for an overbound so that exact H2 cost optimization can be performed. This augmented system is then utilized for closed-loop controller synthesis within a decentralized static output feedback setting. The construction of the augmented system is a refinement of the approach of Gu et al. (1992). A numerical algorithm based upon the BFGS quasi-Newton method is used for computing the optimal controller gains. The numerical resu...
Hegel's Account of Rule‐Following1

I here discuss Hegel's rule‐following considerations as they are found in the first four chapters of his Phenomenology of Spirit. I begin by outlining a number of key premises in Hegel's argument that he adopts fairly straightforwardly from Kant's Transcendental Deduction. The most important of these is that the correctness or incorrectness of one's application of a rule must be recognizable as such to the rule‐follower. Supplementing Hegel's text as needed, I then argue that it is possible for an experiencing subject to follow a rule only where there is a community of individuals whose agreement can provide a standard for the correctness and incorrectness of his use. I further argue that a community must consist of members that are compresent, and thus that a collection of time‐slices of an individual will not serve this purpose. I conclude by raising a potential problem for Hegel's account of rule‐following concerning the correctness and incorrectness of the judgments of a community, and pointing to a p...
Laminar heat transfer to a blunted wedge

Abstract An analytic solution which describes accurately the energy field in the boundary layer of a blunted wedge with constant wall temperature is provided. For the nose region, the solution is represented by a power series in the streamwise coordinate σ with coefficient functions expressed as linear combinations of universal functions. For flow far from the nose, there is constructed an asymptotic series which contains eigenvalue terms. Since the boundary layer originates as a two-dimensional stagnation-point flow and approaches asymptotically a Falkner-Skan flow with β ≠ 1, the present analytic solution corresponds to a nonsimilar case for both the velocity and energy field which may be suitable for the assessment of the accuracy of numerical and approximate analyses.
Theoretical interpretations of the angular dependence of the ESR resonance field of Dy in Pd

The angular dependence of the observed resonance fields in the EPR spectrum of Dy in Pd is interpreted theoretically by taking the thermal average of the exchange interaction between Dy and the conduction electrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field as 〈H〉=β[B0+B4O4(L)+B6O6(L)]S·H where B0 is proportional to the effective isotropic exchange integral, and B4O4(L) and B6O6(L) represent orbital anisotropy in the exchange interaction. Mixing of the first excited multiplet (Γ6 for x>0.16 or Γ(2)8 for x<0.16) into the ground quartet is taken into account in computing the energy eigenvalues. By fitting the calculated transitions to the observed resonance fields, one can determine the exchange parameters and the crystal field parameters x and W. The best fit is obtained by using x=-0.422, W=-92 mK, B0=-2.06x10−1, B4=3.00x10−3 and B6=-4.37x10?−6. This demonstrates the necessity of introducing orbital anisotropy into the exchange interaction between Dy and the conduction electrons in Pd. The importance of anisotropic exchange to other properties of dilute magnetic alloys is discussed.
Multi-modal magnetic resonance elastography for noninvasive assessment of ovarian tissue rigidity in vivo

For centuries, physicians have relied on touch to palpate tissue and detect abnormalities throughout the body. While this time-tested method has provided a simple diagnostic examination for large, superficial abnormalities, it does not permit quantifiable measurements of stiffness in deeper, small organs. Advances in noninvasive imaging to measure tissue rigidity represent important extensions of manual palpation techniques. Tissue fibrosis occurs with age in many organs; in the ovary, it is thought to be a marker of polycystic ovary syndrome and age-related idiopathic infertility, although quantitative assessment of fibrosis in this deep, abdominal tissue has not been possible. We used noninvasive methods to quantify ovarian tissue rigidity and clarify the role of tissue stiffness in reproductive health. With proper validation against accepted standards, noninvasive imaging techniques may become the quantitative counterpart to interior probing palpation methods and invasive (surgical) diagnoses, with applications across many clinical settings, including evaluation of adolescent and young adult ovarian function.
SU-E-I-56: Scan Angle Reduction for a Limited-Angle Intrafraction Verification (LIVE) System

Purpose: To develop a novel adaptive reconstruction strategy to further reduce the scanning angle required by the limited-angle intrafraction verification (LIVE) system for intrafraction verification. Methods: LIVE acquires limited angle MV projections from the exit fluence of the arc treatment beam or during gantry rotation between static beams. Orthogonal limited-angle kV projections are also acquired simultaneously to provide additional information. LIVE considers the on-board 4D-CBCT images as a deformation of the prior 4D-CT images, and solves the deformation field based on deformation models and data fidelity constraint. LIVE reaches a checkpoint after a limited-angle scan, and reconstructs 4D-CBCT for intrafraction verification at the checkpoint. In adaptive reconstruction strategy, a larger scanning angle of 30° is used for the first checkpoint, and smaller scanning angles of 15° are used for subsequent checkpoints. The onboard images reconstructed at the previous adjacent checkpoint are used as the prior images for reconstruction at the current checkpoint. As the algorithm only needs to reconstruct the small deformation occurred between adjacent checkpoints, projections from a smaller scan angle provide enough information for the reconstruction. XCAT was used to simulate tumor motion baseline drift of 2mm along sup-inf direction at every subsequent checkpoint, which are 15° apart. Adaptive reconstruction strategy was used to reconstruct the images at each checkpoint using orthogonal 15° kV and MV projections. Results: Results showed that LIVE reconstructed the tumor volumes accurately using orthogonal 15° kV-MV projections. Volume percentage differences (VPDs) were within 5% and center of mass shifts (COMS) were within 1mm for reconstruction at all checkpoints. Conclusion: It's feasible to use an adaptive reconstruction strategy to further reduce the scan angle needed by LIVE to allow faster and more frequent intrafraction verification to minimize the treatment errors in lung cancer treatments. Grant from Varian Medical System
Efferent Feedback Minimizes Cochlear Neuropathy from Moderate Noise Exposure

Although protective effects of the cochlea's efferent feedback pathways have been well documented, prior work has focused on hair cell damage and cochlear threshold elevation and, correspondingly, on the high sound pressure levels (>100 dB SPL) necessary to produce them. Here we explore the noise-induced loss of cochlear neurons that occurs with lower-intensity exposures and in the absence of permanent threshold shifts. Using confocal microscopy to count synapses between hair cells and cochlear nerve fibers, and using measurement of auditory brainstem responses and otoacoustic emissions to assess cochlear presynaptic and postsynaptic function, we compare the damage from a weeklong exposure to moderate-level noise (84 dB SPL) in mice with varying degrees of cochlear de-efferentation induced by surgical lesion to the olivocochlear pathway. Such exposure causes minimal acute threshold shifts and no chronic shifts in mice with normal efferent feedback. In de-efferented animals, there was up to 40% loss of cochlear nerve synapses and a corresponding decline in the amplitude of the auditory brainstem response. Quantitative analysis of the de-efferentation in inner versus outer hair cell areas suggested that outer hair cell efferents are the most important in minimizing this neuropathy, presumably by virtue of their sound-evoked feedback reduction of cochlear amplification. The moderate nature of this acoustic overexposure suggests that cochlear neurons are at risk even in everyday acoustic environments, so the need for cochlear protection is plausible as a driving force in the design of this feedback pathway.
Mutants in a Small Heat Shock Protein That Affect the Oligomeric State ANALYSIS AND ALLELE-SPECIFIC SUPPRESSION

Oligomerization is an essential property of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) that appears to regulate their chaperone activity. We have examined the role of conserved hydrophobic residues that are postulated to stabilize sHSP oligomers. We identified a mutation of Synechocystis Hsp16.6 that impairs function in vivo and in vitro. The V143A mutation is in the C-terminal extension, a region predicted to form an oligomeric interaction with a hydrophobic region that includes the site of a previously characterized mutation, L66A. Both mutants were dimeric, but V143A had a stronger oligomerization defect than L66A. However, V143A protected a model substrate better than L66A. This suggests that although the two regions both play a role in oligomerization, they are not equivalent. Nevertheless, the addition of either dimeric sHSP enhanced the in vitro chaperone activity of wild type Hsp16.6, consistent with models that the sHSP dimers initiate interactions with substrates. Suppressor analysis of V143A identified mutations in the N terminus that restored activity by restabilizing the oligomer. These mutants were allele-specific and unable to suppress L66A, although they suppressed a dimeric C-terminal truncation of Hsp16.6. Conversely, suppressors of L66A were unable to suppress either V143A or the truncation, although they, like suppressors of V143A, stabilize the Hsp16.6 oligomer. We interpret these data as evidence that the mutations V143A and L66A stabilize two different dimeric structures and as further support that sHSP dimers are active species.
Functional and Chronic Anorectal and Pelvic Pain Disorders

Several organic and functional disorders of the urinary bladder, reproductive tract, anorectum, and the pelvic floor musculature cause pelvic pain. This article describes functional disorders in which chronic pelvic and anorectal pain cannot be explained by a structural or other specified pathology. Currently, these functional disorders are classified into urogynecologic conditions or cystitis and painful bladder syndrome, anorectal disorders, and the levator ani syndrome. Although nomenclature suggests that these conditions are distinct, there is considerable overlap of their symptoms and these disorders have much in common.
Transcription-dependent and -independent regulation of hepatic ornithine decar☐ylase activity by CNS β-endorphin in rat pups

We have previously shown that intracerebroventricular administration of relatively low doses of β-endorphin suppresses basal levels of hepatic ODC activity as well as tissue ODC responsiveness to administered insulin in developing rats. Using Northern blotting analysis, the current studies examine whether these effects of CNS β-endorphin may be mediated by changes in ODC gene expression. Subcutaneous administration of insulin (20 IU/kg body weight) rapidly and profoundly increased liver ODC activity. The time course of the response was characterized by proportionally increased levels of ODC mRNA, suggesting that insulin-induced stimulation of ODC activity is due to an increased transcription of ODC mRNA. Pretreatment with actinomycin D (2 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) completely prevented the insulin-induced increase in ODC activity, confirming the requirement for the de novo synthesis of ODC mRNA for the effect. More importantly, intracerebroventricular but not subcutaneous injection of β-endorphin (1 μg) markedly diminished the stimulatory effect of insulin on hepatic ODC mRNA accumulation. The time course and magnitude of the inhibition of mRNA accumulation essentially mirrored that of the peptide on ODC activity. On the other hand, contrary to the inhibitory effect of β-endorphin on basal ODC activity, the peptide did not lower basal ODC mRNA levels when given alone. Taken together, the results from these studies provide evidence for the existence of at least two separate mechanisms through which CNS β-endorphin might downregulate ODC activity in peripheral organs of rat pups. The peptide can suppress insulin-induced ODC activity in the liver tissue by decreasing the rate of transcription of the ODC gene, whereas the inhibition of basal ODC activity appears to involve posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Synthetic Phyllosilicates and the Matrix Material of C1 and C2 Chondrites

Abstract Magnesium silicates and gels were synthesized from aqueous solution. A range of products with the Mg/Si ratio ranging from 2:1 to 1:1 was produced. Their composition and crystallinity were found to vary with the time scale available for formation. Structural similarities between these materials and the matrix silicates of Orgueil and Murchison were revealed through X-ray and infrared analysis.
Scanning electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis

Scanning electrochemical detection has been combined with capillary electrophoresis to increase the resolving power for closely eluting solutes. This detection mode has been characterized and provides voltammetric information for easily oxidized solutes with linear detection over concentrations in the 10−3 to 10−5 M range. Detection limits for catechols range from 360 amol to 740 amol (2.3 μM to 6.6 μM concentrations). Finally, two neutral solutes, catechol and tryptophan, co-elute under zone electrophoresis conditions, but are resolved with scanning detection.
Computational design of multifunctional materials

Abstract We propose a general scheme for the computational design of new materials using density functional theory. We then apply the scheme to two classes of materials; ferromagnetic ferroelectrics and half-metallic antiferromagnets. Our first “designer” ferromagnetic ferroelectric has subsequently been synthesized and the predicted properties verified. Our computations on half-metallic antiferromagnets have stimulated experimental study but the phenomenon remains unconfirmed.
Effects of Oxygen and Water Vapor on the "OH" Absorption in Melt-Grown Alkali Halides

Single crystals of KCl and NaCl have been grown from the melt with several changes in the ambient atmosphere during the growth of each crystal. The effects of atmospheres of water vapor and oxygen separately and combined on the ultraviolet "OH" absorption band have been examined. In KCl it was found that water vapor and oxygen are separately ineffective but together produce a continuously increasing "OH" absorption. In NaCl the increase is induced by water vapor alone. For KCl the rate of crystal growth in oxygen is found to be more than twice the rate in argon.
How General is Generalized Scientific Essentialism

I look at a recent argument offered in defense of a doctrine which I will call ‘generalized scientific essentialism’. This is the doctrine according to which, not only are some facts about substance composition metaphysically necessary, but, in addition, some facts about substance behavior are metaphysically necessary. More specifically, so goes the argument, not only is water necessarily composed of H2O and salt is necessarily composed of NaCl, but, in addition, salt necessarily dissolves in water. If this argument is sound, and if the statement that necessarily salt dissolves in water is a statement of a law of nature, then one conclusion of the argument is that there is at least one metaphysically necessary law of nature. My paper examines the extent to which this kind of argument could be generalized to provide a case for a full-blown scientific essentialism: the doctrine according to which all of the laws of nature are necessary. Or, in terms of dispositions, it is the doctrine according to which natural kinds have all of their powers, capacities and propensities as a matter of necessity.
SINGLE-PARTICLE GREEN FUNCTIONS IN EXACTLY SOLVABLE MODELS OF BOSE AND FERMI LIQUIDS

Based on a class of exactly solvable models of interacting Bose and Fermi liquids, we compute the single-particle propagators of these systems exactly for all wavelengths and energies and in any number of spatial dimensions. The field operators are expressed in terms of Bose fields that correspond to displacements of the condensate in the Bose case and displacements of the Fermi sea in the Fermi case. Unlike some of the previous attempts, the present attempt reduces the answer for the spectral function in any dimension in both Fermi and Bose systems to quadratures. It is shown that when only the lowest-order sea-displacement terms are included, is the random-phase approximation in its many guises recovered in the Fermi case, and Bogoliubov's theory in the Bose case. The momentum distribution is evaluated using two different approaches, exact diagonalization and the equation of motion approach; the novelty being, of course, the exact computation of single-particle properties including short-wavelength behavior.
Ethanol production by continuous fermentation–pervaporation: a preliminary economic analysis

Abstract Pervaporation can be utilized for recovery of ethanol from fermentation broths, thus suggesting a continuous fermentation process for fuel ethanol production. Based upon previously established laboratory performance data for pervaporation, a flux of 0.15 kg/m 2 /h and a selectivity of 10.3, process equipment was designed, sized, and costs estimated for the fermentation, pervaporation, distillation, and dehydration sections of a commercial-scale fuel ethanol plant. These costs were compared to those of a typical dry milling ethanol facility. For a baseline membrane cost of $200 m 2 , costs for the fermentation–pervaporation process were slightly higher. Sensitivity analyses on the pervaporation performance parameters indicated that with only minor improvement in either flux or selectivity, a process employing pervaporation for ethanol recovery from fermentation broths could be cost-effective.
Infrared photoluminescence and the 1Ag state in polyacetylene

Abstract Experimental evidence concerning photoluminescence at 1.95 and 1.5 eV in cis -(CH) x and at 1.2 eV in trans -(CH) x is reviewed. It is suggested that the infrared luminescence is associated with the 2 1 A g excited state and perhaps with the photogenerated band-edge absorption in both cis and trans polyacetylene.
Intermetallic phase formation in 25Cr-3Mo-4Ni ferritic stainless steel

Two ferritic stainless steels, containing nominally (by weight) 25Cr-3Mo-4Ni and either Nb and Al or Nb and Ti as stabilizing elements, have been solution treated and subjected to annealing between 600 and 1000 °C for times ranging between 1 and 600 minutes. Selective etching and light microscopy, X-ray diffraction of extracted residues, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to identify intermetallic phases and to construct temperature-time-precipitation diagrams for sigma, chi, and Laves phase formation. In the Nb-Al stabilized alloy, sigma phase forms prior to the Laves and chi phases but over a somewhat lower temperature range. In the Nb-Ti stabilized alloy, Laves phase forms prior to chi and sigma, and the temperature range of formation of all the phases is about the same. Laves phase forms at ferrite grain boundaries, but its growth is limited by sigma phase envelopment. Once established, sigma allotriomorphs grow with a coarse dendritic morphology. Austenite, some of which transforms to martensite, forms between the dendritic branches of sigma phase.
A Model of Asymmetries in the Flypaper Effect

In this applied research study we examine the changing fiscal relationship between state and local governments. Our research question is simple: Do local governments treat state aid during periods of stability and instability in a systematic manner? Using data on Wisconsin's unconditional shared revenues program from 1990 to 2000, we find evidence of a flypaper effect and that the relationship tends to be asymmetrical. The manner in which local governments treat intergovernmental aid is different between periods of increases and decreases in aid. Specifically, using a model that allows for the identification of structure shifts we find evidence of fiscal replacement. In addition, we find that changes in aid impact types of spending differently. When aid is reduced, policymakers appear to be less inclined to cut police and fire services than they are to cut services such as parks and recreation. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades

One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and impact on the environment. Here we highlight some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water.
Drug-resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials

It has been difficult to document the postulated sequence of events that begins with the selection of drug-resistant organisms in animals fed subtherapeutic amounts of antimicrobials and ends with clinically important infections in human beings. In early 1983 we identified 18 persons in four Midwestern states who were infected with Salmonella newport that was resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and tetracycline and characterized by a 38-kilobase R plasmid. Twelve of these patients had been taking penicillin derivatives for medical problems other than diarrhea in the 24 to 48 hours before the onset of salmonellosis. Eleven patients were hospitalized for salmonellosis for an average of eight days, and one had a fatal nosocomial infection. We compared plasmid profiles of all human (six-state area) and animal (United States) S. newport isolates over an 18-month period and examined selected records of meat distribution. The results indicated that the patients had been infected before they took antimicrobials, by eating hamburger originating from South Dakota beef cattle fed subtherapeutic chlortetracycline for growth promotion. This study demonstrates that antimicrobial-resistant organisms of animal origin cause serious human illness, and emphasizes the need for more prudent use of antimicrobials in both human beings and animals.
Exactly Soluble Nonrelativistic Model of Particles with Both Electric and Magnetic Charges

We consider the quantum-mechanical problem of the interaction of two particles, each with arbitrary electric and magnetic charges. It is shown that if an additional $\frac{1}{{r}^{2}}$ potential, of appropriate strength, acts between the particles, then the resulting Hamiltonian possesses the same higher symmetry as the non-relativistic Coulomb problem. The bound-state energies and the scattering phase shifts are determined by an algebraic and gauge-independent method. If the electric and magnetic coupling parameters are $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, then the bound states correspond to the representations ${n}_{1}+{n}_{2}=|\ensuremath{\mu}|, |\ensuremath{\mu}|+1, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, ${n}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{n}_{2}=\ensuremath{\mu}$ of $S{U}_{2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}S{U}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{O}_{4}$, and the scattering states correspond to the representations of $SL(2, C)\ensuremath{\sim}O(1, 3)$ specified by ${\mathrm{J}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{K}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}2}\ensuremath{-}1$, $\mathrm{J}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{K}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\mu}$, with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{v}$. Thus, as $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ are varied, all irreducible representations of ${O}_{4}$ and all irreducible representations in the principal series of $O(1, 3)$ occur. The scattering matrix is expressed in closed form, and the differential cross section agrees with its classical value. Some results are obtained which are valid in a relativistic quantum field theory. The $S$ matrix for spinless particles is found to transform under rotations like a $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}$ helicity-flip amplitude, which contradicts the popular assumption that scattering states transform like the product of free-particle states. It is seen that the Dirac charge quantization condition means that electromagnetic interactions are characterized not by one but by two, and only two, free parameters: the electronic charge $e\ensuremath{\approx}{(137)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$, and the electric charge of the magnetic monopole, whose absolute magnitude is not fixed by the Dirac quantization condition but which defines a second elementary quantum of electric charge.
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN ESCAPABLE AND INESCAPABLE SHOCK

8 rats were exposed to a procedure in which several escapable-shock sessions were alternated with inescapable-shock sessions. The conditioned escape behavior was observed to persist as superstitious escape during inescapable shock. The rate and resistance to extinction of the superstitious escape behavior was found to decline with repeated changes from escapable to inescapable shock. Amount of escape conditioning was not observed to affect this discrimination.
An investigation of CuO/Fe2O3 catalysts for the gas-phase oxidation of ethanol

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of ethanol vapor over CuO/Fe 2 O 3 catalysts was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by two different methods: (1) thermal decomposition and (2) flame-aerosol methods. The effects of the catalyst synthesis method and CuO loading on catalyst properties and performance were assessed. The Cu/Fe mass ratio in the catalysts varied from 0 to 0.05 for both synthesis methods used in this study. Catalysts containing a Cu/Fe mass ratio = 1 and pure CuO were also prepared using the thermal decomposition method. The catalysts were characterized for physical and chemical properties via XRD, SEM, TEM, BET surface area analyses, Raman spectroscopy, and TPR. The catalytic activity for the gas-phase oxidation of ethanol was investigated at temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 300 °C. Our experimental results show that the flame synthesized catalysts have higher catalytic activity than thermal decomposition catalysts of similar compositions. The probable reasons for higher activity in the flame-aerosol catalysts are higher surface area and morphological differences.
Simultaneous determination of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir and amprenavir in human plasma by LC/MS/MS.

A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method has been developed to measure the levels of five HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir (NFV), indinavir (IDV), ritonavir (RTV), saquinavir (SQV) and amprenavir (APV) in human plasma. The analytes and internal standard are isolated from plasma by a simple acetonitrile precipitation of plasma proteins followed by centrifugation. LC-MS-MS in positive mode used pairs of ions at m/z of 568.4/330.0, 614.3/421.2, 720.9/296.0, 671.1/570.2 and 505.9/245.0 for NFV, IDV, RTV, SQV and APV, respectively and 628/421 for the internal standard. Two 1/x weighted linear calibration curves for each analyte were established for quantitation with the low curve ranging from 5 to 1000 ng/ml and while the high curve ranging from 1000 to 10,000 ng/ml. Mean inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) over the ranges of the standard curves were less than 10%. The overall recovery of NFV, IDV, RTV, SQV and APV were 88.4, 91.4, 92.2, 88.9 and 87.6%, respectively.
Inducible nucleotide excision repair in Neurospora

An assay for the detection of pyrimidine dimers has been adapted for use in permeabilized Neurospora crassa cells. Dimers are produced as a linear function of UV dose. Each Jm-2 of UV fluence yields 0.40 dimers per 108 daltons of DNA. Wild type Neurospora removes dimers during post-irradiation incubation. This excision repair process proceeds much more rapidly in nutritive medium (80% repair in 60 min) than in phosphate buffer (25% repair in 60 min). Cycloheximide added immediately after a damaging UV dose inhibits repair in growth medium but does not affect repair in phosphate buffer. A low dose of UV, 2 Jm-2, presented prior to the damaging dose, 22 Jm-2, increases excision repair activity in phosphate buffer. The data suggests that an inducible as well as a constitutive excision repair process is present in this eukaryotic organism.
The normal spectral emissivity measurements on liquid copper

The normal spectral emissivity of liquid Cu is reported with precautions taken to minimize errors. These precautions include a high quality blackbody, elimination of the effect of reflected light on the pyrometer, film free surface of liquid Cu, accurate calibration for light absorbed through the optical path, and using the same optical path for the temperature measurements. (FS)
Semiconductor radioisotope detector for capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A simple, semiconductor radioactivity detector for capillary electrophoresis described. The capillary electrophoresis—radioisotope detector system utilizes a commercially available semiconductor devide which is positioned external to the separation channel and which responds directly to impinging γ or high-energy β radiation. The system performance is evaluated using synthetic mixtures of 32 P-labeled sample molecules and the efficiency of the semiconductor detector (planar geometry) is determined to be approximately 26%. The detection limit is determined to be in the low nanocuri range for separations performed under standard conditions (an injected sample quantity of 1 nCi corresponds to 110 · 10 −18 moles of 32P ). The lower limit of detection is extended to the sub-nanocurie level by use of flow (voltage) programming to increase the residence time f labeled sample components is the detection volume.