cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoassay of the APC gene product using antibodies against its middle and carboxyl regions

Abstract A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the adenomatous polyposis coli protein (APC). High-avidity rabbit polyclonal antibodies were produced against synthetic peptides corresponding to amino acids 1865-1881 (APC-1) and to amino acids 1336-1350 (APC-2) in APC′s 2844 amino acid sequence. Both antibodies were utilized in RIA to evaluate full-length APC that is present in the insoluble particulate fraction of cell lysates. High salt extraction, often employed for coiled-coil type protein preparations, was found to be useful for extraction of APC from lysates of normal colonic epithelium. Proteolytic digestion of high salt extracts increased antibody reactivity toward both epitopes, suggesting that APC-1 and APC-2 antigenic sites are partially concealed due to APC′s involvement in multiprotein complexes. Thus, RIA using our antibodies will provide a valuable tool for APC protein purification and in studies for elucidating APC′s biologic function.
Changes in expression of sensory organ-specific microRNAs in rat dorsal root ganglia in association with mechanical hypersensitivity induced by spinal nerve ligation

Chronic neuropathic pain caused by peripheral nerve injury is associated with global changes in gene expression in damaged neurons. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain, it is essential to elucidate how nerve injury alters gene expression and how the change contributes to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. MicroRNAs are non-protein-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in a wide variety of biological processes mainly at the level of translation. This study investigated the possible involvement of microRNAs in gene regulation relevant to neuropathic pain. The analyses focused on a sensory organ-specific cluster of microRNAs that includes miR-96, -182, and -183. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses confirmed that these microRNAs were highly enriched in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of adult rats. Using the L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of chronic neuropathic pain, we observed a significant reduction in expression of these microRNAs in injured DRG neurons compared to controls. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that these microRNAs are expressed in both myelinated (N52 positive) and unmyelinated (IB4 positive) primary afferent neurons. They also revealed that the intracellular distributions of the microRNAs in DRG neurons were dramatically altered in animals with mechanical hypersensitivity. Whereas microRNAs were uniformly distributed within the DRG soma of non-allodynic animals, they were preferentially localized to the periphery of neurons in allodynic animals. The redistribution of microRNAs was associated with changes in the distribution of the stress granule (SG) protein, T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1). These data demonstrate that SNL induces changes in expression levels and patterns of miR-96, -182, and -183, implying their possible contribution to chronic neuropathic pain through translational regulation of pain-relevant genes. Moreover, SGs were suggested to be assembled and associated with microRNAs after SNL, which may play a role in modification of microRNA-mediated gene regulation in DRG neurons.
Teaching at Its Best: A Passionate Detachment in the Classroom.

They need assistance to develop an understanding of a course's subject matter and an ability to think critically.1 Too many students come into our classrooms having been told what to think by their parents, their clergy, and their peers. Too many leave our classrooms having been told what to think by us, their teachers. The best teaching nurtures understanding of and critical thinking about subject matter by encouraging students to put aside their own personal views to free themselves to
Selective Inhibition of P-glycoprotein Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells by a Designed Transcriptional Regulator

Selective inhibition of the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene and its product, the P-glycoprotein, a membrane transporter responsible for multidrug resistance, could be an important approach for enhancing cancer therapeutics. An emerging strategy for selective gene regulation involves designed zinc finger proteins that can recognize specific sequences in the promoter regions of disease-related genes. Herein, we investigate the behavior of clones of multidrug-resistant NCI/ADR-RES breast carcinoma cells displaying ponasterone-inducible expression of a designed transcriptional repressor targeted to the MDR1 promoter. The controlled production of this novel repressor resulted in major reductions in P-glycoprotein levels in these otherwise highly drug-resistant tumor cells. The regulated reduction of MDR1 expression in NCI/ADR-RES cells was accompanied by a marked increase in the rate of uptake of the P-glycoprotein substrate rhodamine 123. In addition, the cytotoxicity profile of the antitumor drug doxorubicin was dramatically altered in the induced cells compared with controls. The expression levels of other genes were examined both by a DNA array analysis of approximately 2000 genes and by biochemical techniques. Although some changes were observed in mRNA levels of nontargeted genes, the most dramatic effect by far was on MDR1, indicating that the action of the designed transcriptional repressor was quite selective. This study suggests that designed transcriptional regulators can be used to strongly and selectively influence expression of cancer-related genes, even under circumstances of extensive amplification of the target gene.
Gaining physician support for effective patient education

Abstract It is desirable for patient education managers and coordinators to foster physician support for and involvement in patient education. Physicians who value, understand and are skilled at patient education can enhance the quality of care they provide to their own patients. They can also make contributions to the patient education program at the institution with which they are affiliated by participating in such activities as critiquing and developing patient education materials, teaching patient education classes and serving as advocates of the patient education program. This paper is in response to a challenge to suggest strategies that patient education managers and coordinators can use to gain physician support for patient education. These strategies are based on lessons learned from working as a medical educator with responsibilities that have included helping practicing physicians, residents, and medical students develop and enhance their skills as teachers of patients. Suggested strategies include: assessing physicians' attitudes towards and capabilities in providing patient education; helping physicians understand what patient education can do for their own patient care; publicizing successful patient education activities and the impact they have had on the institution; and inviting physicians to help create patient education materials.
Influence of proteinase inhibitors and substrates on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-binding capacity of the rat hepatic Ah receptor.

Abstract These studies investigated the effects of various serine proteinase inhibitors and substrates on the TCDD-binding capacity of the rat hepatic Ah receptor. TCDD binding to the Ah receptor was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors phenylmethylsolfony fluoride (PMSF), tosyl-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TosLysCh 2 Cl), tosylamide-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TosPheCH 2 Cl) and substrates tosyl- L -arginine methyl ester (TosArgOMe) and D -tryptophan methyl ester (TrpOMe). The order of potency was TosPheCH 2 Cl > TosLysCH 2 Cl > PMSF ≈ TosArgOME ≈ TrpOMe. Reactivity of the chloromethyl ketones with sulfhydryl groups was suggested by their steep inhibition curves above the concentration of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups, and the partial mitigation of inhibition by 1 mM dithiothreitol. Inhibition by these reagents was irreversible, while that by TosArgOMe and TrpOMe was completely reversible by gel filtration. The mechanism of inhibition by TosArgOMe and TrpOMe was formally competitive, with inhibition constants similar to those reported in steroid hormone receptor systems. Neither inhibitors nor substrates displaced previously bound TCDD.
Origin of the small component of brome mosaic virus RNA

Abstract Component four of brome mosaic virus RNA is a structural component of the virus but is not required for infection. Sequence analysis of oligonucleotides resulting from pancreatic ribonuclease digestion of the brome mosaic virus RNA's indicates that the nucleotide sequence of component four occurs in brome mosaic virus RNA component three but not in components one and two.
Tumors, ticks and tissue factor.

More than a century ago, Armand Trousseau first described an association between cancer and the coagulation system [1,2]. Later it was discovered that tumor cells release procoagulant microvesicles (often referred to as microparticles) into the culture medium that may be responsible for activation of the coagulation system [3]. The procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF) is expressed by a variety of tumors. Importantly, levels of TF expression increase with advanced cancer stage and high levels are associated with an increased mortality [4–7]. In glioblastoma cells, TF expression is induced by hypoxia and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor [8,9]. One reason for the increased mortality may be that cancer patients have a high rate of venous thromboembolism. For instance, 11.1% of brain cancer patients have a thrombotic event within 1 year of diagnosis [10]. Indeed, tumor cells release TF-positive microparticles into the blood in mouse models and in cancer patients, and these microparticles may be responsible for triggering venous thrombosis [11–14]. Activation of coagulation by tumor cell TF also enhances pulmonary metastasis in a fibrin-dependent manner [15,16]. Finally, tumor cell TF enhances tumor growth and angiogenesis [6,17]. An earlier study found that overexpression of TF in Meth-A sarcoma cells increased tumor growth and angiogenesis in mice [18]. More recently, Rak and colleagues [19] showed that a selective decrease in TF expression reduced the growth of human colorectal cancer cells and angiogenesis in severe combined immunodeficiency mice.
Meat consumption, heterocyclic amines and colorectal cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Greater consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in several recent meta-analyses. Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) have been hypothesized to underlie this association. In this prospective analysis conducted within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, we examined whether greater consumption of total, red, or processed meat was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer among 165,717 participants who completed a detailed food frequency questionnaire at baseline. In addition, we examined whether greater estimated intake of HCAs was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer among 131,763 participants who completed a follow-up questionnaire that included a meat-cooking module. A total of 3,404 and 1,757 invasive colorectal cancers were identified from baseline to the end of follow-up, and from the date of administration of the meat-cooking module to the end of follow-up, respectively. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate basic and multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer associated with dietary exposures. In multivariable models, no association with the risk of colorectal cancer was detected for density-adjusted total meat (RRQ5 vs Q1=0.93 [0.83–1.05]), red meat (RR =1.02 [0.91–1.16]), or processed meat intake (RR =1.06 [0.94–1.19]), or for total (RR =0.90 [0.76–1.05]) or specific HCA intake whether comparing quintiles of dietary exposure or using continuous variables. Although our results do not support a role for meat or for HCAs from meat in the etiology of colorectal cancer, we cannot rule out the possibility of a modest effect.
Stress intensity factors for annular cracks in inhomogeneous isotropic materials

Abstract A basic procedure is given tor converting a pair of coupled two-dimensional integral equations relevant to mixed boundary value problems with annular type regions to two non-coupled integral equations. The procedure utilizes fundamental solutions to the corresponding internal and external problems in order to separate the coupled equations and write their solution in series form. The method is first applied to axisymmetric shear loading of an annular crack in a homogeneous transversely isotropic material (where the crack plane is parallel to the plane of isotropy) and to uniform tensile loading of an annular crack in a homogeneous isotropic material. Stress intensity factors are compared with previous analysis to test the accuracy of the solution. New results for stress intensity factors are given for the arbitrary normal loading of an annular crack in an inhomogeneous isotropic medium.
An initialization subroutine for DAEs solvers: DAEIS

Abstract Numerical difficulty arises when DAEs are solved with inconsistent initial values of dependent variables. It can cause the solution failures of many popular DAEs solvers. An initialization subroutine, DAEIS (Differential Algebraic Equations Initialization Subroutine), has been developed to handle this issue. In DAEIS, consistent initial values of dependent variables for index-1 DAEs are obtained through solving a set of nonlinear equations based on the initialization settings. To achieve good efficiency and robustness of the initialization computation, a nonlinear equation solver, GNES, has been specially built for DAEIS. The usage of DAEIS is demonstrated through handling inconsistent initializations for combined continuous/discrete simulations.
Optimizing freight transshipments: an evaluation of east coast coal export options

Abstract Many factors will determine the extent to which the U.S. will be a significant supplier of coal to world markets. Important among these factors is the ability of the domestic coal transport system to move coal from mines to export ports and the capability of these ports to efficiently transship the coal to export markets. This paper describes the use of a mixed-integer mathematical programming model, called the Coal Logistics System (COLS), to provide information for transportation infrastructure planning with regard to increasing U.S. coal exports. COLS is a comprehensive coal transportation model that includes the location and activity levels for coal handling technology. It is used in this study to evaluate potential patterns of export coal movements in the Eastern U.S. with respect to transportation costs, optimal location and activity levels for port coal handling facilities and related investment expenditures.
A personality traits study of sports information directors at ‘big’ vs. ‘small’ programs in the East

Abstract This 1996 infra-public relations personality traits investigation within the little known public relations employment area of Sports Information Directors (SIDs) draws on the national SID benchmark study by McCleneghan (1995) and the socio-metric instrument work of McCroskey and Richmond (1993, 1990, 1987, and 1982). SIDs employed at universities in New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland completed four “personality traits” instruments to study what differences might exist between those SIDs practicing at Division I intercollegiate athletic programs vs. others employed at Division I-AA, II, III, and NAIA. This infra-public relations study of the underreported SID profession presents a personality traits profile of SIDs employed at “big” vs. “small” athletic programs in the East.
A review of the short life of the U.S. Open University

The closing of the U.S. Open University provides lessons that may be relevant to other institutions of higher education creating new online initiatives.
Antiplatelet agents in the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in older patients with vascular disease

Antiplatelet drugs have been demonstrated to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or vascular death in patients with vascular disease. There are no data suggesting that antiplatelet therapy acts differently in older people than in younger people and recommendations based on randomised clinical trials are probably generalisable to older people. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been shown to reduce the incidence of nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke and vascular death in patients with acute MI, a previous MI, angina pectoris or peripheral occlusive arterial disease (POAD), and to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with a prior ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). It has also been shown to reduce the incidence of thrombus formation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart valve replacements. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after surgery are also prevented by aspirin. The available data allows the following recommendations to be made. Aspirin 160 to 325mg daily should be administered to older men and women without contraindications to aspirin who have acute MI, prior MI, unstable or stable angina pectoris, ischaemic stroke, TIA or POAD, and continued indefinitely to reduce the risk of MI, stroke or vascular death. Aspirin should be started in patients before or immediately after revascularisation, and after heart valve replacement. Older men and women with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who have contraindications to oral anticoagulant therapy but no contraindications to aspirin should be treated with aspirin 325mg daily. It is reasonable to treat older men and women without contraindications to aspirin with aspirin 160 to 325mg daily if they are at high risk for developing new coronary events. The incidence of stroke, MI or vascular death in patients after a stroke or TIA is reduced by ticlopidine. Therefore, ticlopidine 250mg twice daily may be used in older men and women with a history of stroke or TIA who do not respond to or who cannot tolerate aspirin. Patients at high risk for coronary artery stent thrombosis benefit from combined therapy with aspirin plus ticlopidine. The annual incidence of ischaemic stroke, MI or vascular death was significantly reduced by Clopidogrel in the Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events (CAPRIE) trial. Therefore, Clopidogrel 75mg daily may be used in older men and women with symptomatic atherosclerosis who do not respond to or who cannot tolerate aspirin to reduce the incidence of ischaemic stroke, MI or vascular death. It should be noted that the acquisition cost for either ticlopidine or clopidogrel is considerably greater than that for aspirin. Most data indicate that the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole is not more effective than aspirin alone in preventing vascular events, and available data do not support the use of sulfinpyrazone in patients with vascular disease.
The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on chorionic gonadotrophin activity in pregnant macaques.

As many as 62% of all human conceptions are lost prior to 12 weeks of pregnancy and it is unknown how many of these losses result from environmental hazards. Previous studies have shown that single doses of 1, 2, and 4 microg/kg 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) administrated orally to cynomolgus macaques during the peri-implantation period leads to early fetal loss (EFL) within 10-20 days. TCDD induced EFL is associated with a reduction in the biological activity of monkey chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) but no change in the immunoreactive mCG profile. These studies are consistent with either a direct effect of TCDD on differentiation of the trophoblast and an indirect effect on mCG synthesis, or a direct effect on mCG synthesis and secretion independent of trophoblast development. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the action of TCDD is directly on mCG synthesis rather than on the differentiation of the trophoblast. Female macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were treated with a single dose of TCDD (4 microg/kg b.wt.) on Gestational Day 20, a stage of pregnancy following initial trophoblast differentiation and invasion. Circulating mCG concentrations were monitored for the next 6 days. Compared to the controls, the peak level of serum bioactive mCG was lower in the treated group (P<0.05), with a decrease observed on the day following exposure. The bioactive/immunoreactive mCG ratio was also lower in the treated group compared to the controls (P<0.05). There was no difference in serum immunoreactive mCG levels between the groups. Histological evaluation of the embryo-placental unit showed increased apoptosis and vascular congestion after treatment but was otherwise grossly normal. Because exposure of the conceptus to TCDD following differentiation of the trophoblast decreased the bioactivity of circulating mCG, we conclude that the action of TCDD in the placenta is directly on mCG synthesis.
Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments in North America

This contribution to the proceedings of the 2008 NOW Workshop summarizes current and future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments in the United States.
Evidence for abundant subglacial meltwater beneath the paleo-ice sheet in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica

Marine-geological and -geophysical data collected from the continental shelf in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, reveal a complex paleo-subglacial drainage system controlled by bedrock topography and subglacial meltwater discharge. Significant amounts of freely flowing meltwater existed beneath former ice sheets in Pine Island Bay. Subglacial drainage is characterized by descriptions of glacial landforms imaged on the sea floor and sedimentary deposits collected in piston cores. Bedrock geology is characterized using seismic data. Large-scale landforms on the shelf include channels and cavities incised into impermeable crystalline bedrock. There is a transition from randomly oriented channels on the inner shelf to a dendritic pattern of elongate channels on the middle shelf. On the outer shelf, a change in basal conditions occurs where sedimentary deposits bury crystalline bedrock. No evidence for flowing meltwater exists on sedimentary substrates. Instead, meltwater formed at the ice–sediment contact was incorporated into the sediments, contributing to development of a deforming bed, which was sampled in piston cores. Characterization of subglacial meltwater processes that occurred in the past may aid in understanding the role meltwater plays in stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet today.
Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas: Natural or Divine Prophecy?

The question whether prophecy is a natural phenomenon or a divine gift goes back to classical antiquity. A natural explanation of divination in sleep was first attempted by Democritus whose theory operates with the notion of ‘images’ (eidōla) that affect the soul in dreams and foretell the future. Whence these images emanate does not seem to be too clear from the sources at our disposal. Democritus is said to have described them as “great and gigantic … although not indestructible,” and from this we may, perhaps, infer that he associated the images with the statues of gods to which the ancients ascribed an odd assortment of capacities. The ‘images’ may therefore signify certain emanations from those statues, especially since Aristotle distinctly speaks of Democritus′ theory as one involving ‘images and emanations’ that derive from certain objects. The theory thus understood bears some resemblance to what Maimonides reports as the manner in which the Sabians explain prophecy: statues in temples and holy trees give prophetic revelation to people. Whatever the correct interpretation of Democritus' theory of dream visions, its intent was clearly scientific. This first effort to see divination in naturalistic terms—Cicero criticized it as far too crude—was to be superseded by Aristotle's more sophisticated theory in his small treatise On Divination in Sleep which forms part of the so-called Parva naturalia.
Descriptive and risk factor analysis for choanal atresia: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007.

Choanal atresia causes serious posterior nasal obstruction. This defect is the leading cause of nasal surgery in newborns, although its etiology is largely unknown. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case–control study, were used to examine associations between maternal self-reports of exposures and occurrence of choanal atresia in their offspring. Overall, 117 case and 8350 control mothers with deliveries from 1997 through 2007 provided telephone interview reports of pre-pregnancy (one year before conception) and periconceptional (one month before through three months after conception) exposures. The exposures analyzed were pre-pregnancy dietary intake, pre-pregnancy and periconceptional caffeine consumption, and periconceptional cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and medication use. Independent associations between each exposure and all choanal atresia cases combined (n = 117) and isolated choanal atresia cases (those without additional unrelated major defects; n = 61) were examined. Odds ratios (ORs), both unadjusted (uORs) and adjusted (aORs) for potential confounders, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. For all choanal atresia cases combined, positive associations were observed with maternal pre-pregnancy intake in the highest quartile for vitamin B-12 (aOR = 1.9; CI = 1.1,3.1), zinc (aOR = 1.7; CI = 1.0,3.1), and niacin (aOR = 1.8; CI = 1.0,3.1), and intake in the lowest quartile for methionine (aOR = 1.6; CI = 1.0,2.6) and vitamin D (aOR = 1.6; CI = 1.0,2.4) compared to intake in the two intermediate quartiles combined. Further, a positive association was observed with periconceptional use of thyroid medications (uOR = 2.6; CI = 1.0,6.3) compared to no use of such medications. Among isolated choanal atresia cases, negative associations were observed for pantothenic acid (aOR = 0.4; CI = 0.2,0.9) and fat (aOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2,1.0) intake in the lowest quartile compared to that in the intermediate quartiles, and positive associations were observed for periconceptional cigarette smoking (aOR = 2.3; CI = 1.1,4.7) compared to no smoking and pre-pregnancy daily coffee intake of 3 or more cups (aOR = 2.5; CI = 1.1,5.6) compared to intake of less than 1 cup per day. The positive association for periconceptional exposure to thyroid medications also persisted for isolated choanal atresia cases (uOR = 4.0; CI = 1.1,11.2). Because of the large number of associations tested, these findings may be due to chance. Alternatively, they may contribute new hypotheses regarding the etiology of choanal atresia; thus, requiring replication in additional studies.
Toxicoproteomic analysis of pulmonary carbon nanotube exposure using LC-MS/MS

Abstract Toxicoproteomics is a developing field that utilizes global proteomic methodologies to investigate the physiological response as a result of adverse toxicant exposure. The aim of this study was to compare the protein secretion profile in lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from mice exposed to non-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (U-MWCNTs) or MWCNTs functionalized by nanoscale Al 2 O 3 coatings (A-MWCNT) formed using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Proteins were identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and quantified using a combination of two label-free proteomic methods: spectral counting and MS1 peak area analysis. On average 465 protein groups were identified per sample and proteins were first screened using spectral counting and the Fisher’s exact test to determine differentially regulated species. Significant proteins by Fisher’s exact test ( p t -test based on integrated peak intensities discovered differences in 27 proteins for control versus U-MWCNT, 13 proteins for control versus A-MWCNT, and 2 proteins for U-MWCNT versus A-MWCNT. Finally, an in-vitro binding experiment was performed yielding 4 common proteins statistically different ( p
Examining Walkability and Social Capital as Indicators of Quality of Life at the Municipal and Neighborhood Scales

Walkability has been linked to quality of life in many ways. Health related benefits of physical exercise, the accessibility and access benefits of being able to walk to obtain some of your daily needs, or the mental health and social benefits of reduced isolation are a few of the many positive impacts on quality of life that can result from a walkable neighborhood. In the age of increasing energy costs and climate considerations, the ability to walk to important locations is a key component of sustainable communities. While the health and environmental implications of walkable communities are being extensively studied, the social benefits have not been investigated as broadly. Social capital is a measure of an individual’s or group’s networks, personal connections, and involvement. Like economic and human capital, social capital is considered to have important values to both individuals and communities. Through a case study approach this article argues that the generation and maintenance of social capital is another important component of quality of life that may be facilitated by living in a walkable community. Residents living in neighborhoods of varying built form and thus varying levels of walkability in three communities in New Hampshire were surveyed about their levels of social capital and travel behaviors. Comparisons between the more walkable and less walkable neighborhoods show that levels of social capital are higher in more walkable neighborhoods.
Cryogenic blockade of the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates aversively conditioned blood pressure and respiratory responses

Abstract The central nucleus of the amugdala (ACE) was reversibly blocked during extinction of an aversively conditioned cardiorespiratory response in unanesthetized, freely moving cats. Cryoprobes were positioned bilaterally in the ACE of 4 cats and in the nucleus entope-duncularis of 1 cat. Blood pressure typically showed biphasic changes in response to the conditioned stimulus (CS) during non-cooling trials. Blood pressure initially dropped and then rose. Heart rate consistently dropped, and respiratory rate increased in response to the CS. ACE cooling did not alter the pre-CS baseline blood pressure, heart rate or respiratory timing, but changed the cardiorespiratory response to the CS. During ACE cooling, blood pressure and respiratory responses were greatly attenuated or abolished. No significant effect on the heart rate response was observed during ACE cooling. Cooling of a nearby structure, the nucleus entopeduncularis, did not affect blood pressure, heart rate or respiratory responses to the CS. These results support the hypothesis that the ACE plays a role in both cardiovascular and respiratory regulation during conditioned aversive responses. The study also suggests that, in cats, the predominant influence of the ACE on cardiovascular control is on blood pressure rather than on heart rate regulation.
D-, L- and DL-fenfluramine cause long-lasting depletions of serotonin in rat brain.

D-Fenfluramine (1.6–12.5 mg/kg), L-fenfluramine (1.6–25 mg/kg),and DL-fenfluramine (1.6–25 mg/kg) injected s.c. twice daily for 4 consecutive days produced dose-related depletions of serotonin (5-HT) levels in somatosensory cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus of rats (n = 5–8/group) sacrificed two weeks after the last injection. While the results indicate that long-lasting effects of racemic fenfluramine are due to both stereoisomers, the magnitude of depletions caused by the isomers varied with dose, suggesting that they have different neurochemical effects.
Analysis of Structural Impact and Crashworthiness using Experimental, Analytical and Computational Techniques: An Overview and Recent Developments

This paper present a profound overview of the history and recent developments in structural impact and crashworthiness analysis applying experimental, analytical, and computational techniques. A study case is provided to show the regular approach of studying an S shaped thin-walled beams crash behaviour through computer modelling and simulation. In the future, experimental and computational atomic scale plasticity techniques such as diffraction and microscopy can be employed in this research area to develop a full understanding of structural impact mechanism by obtaining data and observations at both macroscopic and atomic level.
Characteristics of chelate antidotes for acute Cu(II) intoxication

Abstract Twenty-four chelating agents have been screened experimentally to determine the structural features which are characteristic of the most effective of these as antidotes for acute Cu(II) intoxication in the mouse. When this data is combined with that obtained in previous studies on chronic copper intoxication, it can be seen that there are four structural classes of such antidotes whose pattern of donor atoms differ. In all four classes the complexes with Cu(II) are more stable than those with Ca(II) as required by Schubert's theory. The four classes are (a) vicinal dithiols; (b) the polyaminocarboxylates; (c) polyethyleneamines and their derivatives; and (d) compounds derived from the β-mercaptoethylamine structure. There is no obvious indication that the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) is a necessary part of the manner in which these antidotes function. Of the various compounds examined, the best antidote appeared to be 2,3 dimercaptopropane sulfonate. The relative efficacy of the compounds examined suggests that there are probably a large number of other chelating agents which would show some promise as therapeutic agents under circumstances where it is desirable to enhance the excretion of copper.
Thermoelectric transport across graphene/hexagonal boron nitride/graphene heterostructures

We report thermoelectric transport measurements across a graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)/graphene heterostructure device. Using an AC lock-in technique, we are able to separate the thermoelectric contribution to the I–V characteristics of these important device structures. The temperature gradient is measured optically using Raman spectroscopy, which enables us to explore thermoelectric transport produced at material interfaces, across length scales of just 1–2 nm. Based on the observed thermoelectric voltage (ΔV) and temperature gradient (ΔT), a Seebeck coefficient of −99.3 μV/K is ascertained for the heterostructure device. The obtained Seebeck coefficient can be useful for understanding the thermoelectric component in the cross-plane I–V behaviors of emerging 2D heterostructure devices. These results provide an approach to probing thermoelectric energy conversion in two-dimensional layered heterostructures.
Absence of antimicrobial substances in the egg capsules of millipedes.

MILLIPEDES lay their eggs in hollow capsules of their own construction, within which the emerged young spend the early part of their existence. The capsules are moulded primarily of soil and vegetable debris, and are built with the apparent addition of maternal enteric constituents, both oral and aboral in origin1,2, which suggests that they might be impregnated chemically for defence against microorganisms. Here we present evidence indicating that for at least two species of millipede this hypothesis does not apply, because neither antibacterial nor antifungal substances could be detected in the walls of their capsules.
1069 LIVE ATTENUATED VARICELLA VACCINE IN CHILDREN WITH MALIGNANCIES

Children with leukemia or lymphoma have clinical responses of varying severity to natural varicella or varicella vaccine (VV) virus infection. A study was designed to determine the factors influencing response to VV. Ten patients in remission off chemotherapy (CT) and 3 patients in remission on maintenance CT have been studied thus far. In the latter group, CT was discontinued 1 week prior to and 1 week following administration of OKA strain VV. Thus far all patients have seroconverted as determined by measurement of antibody against membrane antigen at 30 days. Titers ranged from 1:4 to 1:512. Six months following VV, all 5 vaccinees tested still had detectable antibody. Three to 67-fold increases in lymphocyte stimulation by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were noted in all VV recipients at 30 days as compared to pre-vaccination. Fever related to vaccine or vesicular rash were not observed. VZV was not recovered from blood, throat and urine cultured on 2 occasions per vaccinee. Evidence of spread to contacts was not found as none of the 49 family contacts including 10 susceptibles had rises in antibody. Additional patients in remission on CT are being studied in an effort to correlate clinical or immune responses and spread to contacts with vaccinee's immunologic status, type of disease, chemotherapy, and other characteristics. This information will be useful in predicting which patients with malignancies can safely and effectively be immunized with VV.
Synthesis, structure, characterization, and photophysical studies of a new platinum terpyridyl-based triad with covalently linked donor and acceptor groups.

A new terpyridyl-containing Pt triad [Pt(pytpy)(p-C⋮C−C6H4−NH−CO−C6H2(OMe)3)](PF6)2 (4), where pytpy = 4‘-(4-pyridin-1-ylmethylphenyl)-[2,2‘;6‘,2‘ ‘]terpyridine and p-C⋮C−C6H4−NH−CO−C6H2(OMe)3 = N-(4-ethynylphenyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The related donor−chromophore dyad [Pt(ttpy)(p-C⋮C−C6H4−NH−CO−C6H2(OMe)3)]PF6 (2), where ttpy = 4‘-p-tolyl-[2,2‘;6‘,2‘ ‘]terpyridine, and the chromophore−acceptor dyad [Pt(pytpy)(C⋮CC6H5)](PF6)2 (3), where C⋮CC6H5 = ethynylbenzene, have also been studied. The multistep syntheses culminate with a CuI-catalyzed coupling reaction of the respective acetylene with either [Pt(ttpy)Cl]PF6 or [Pt(pytpy)Cl](PF6)2. X-ray and spectroscopic studies support assignment of a distorted square planar environment around the Pt(II) ion with three of its coordination sites occupied by the terpyridyl N-donors and the fourth coordination site occupied by the acetylenic carbon. Although the parent compound [Pt(ttpy)(C⋮CC6H5)]PF6 (1) is br...
3′-nucleotidase activity in procyclic and bloodstream stages of Trypanosoma rhodesiense

1. 1. Both procyclic and bloodstream-derived trypanosomes of Trypanosoma rhodesiense exhibit a nucleotidase activity which is capable of hydrolyzing 3′-ribonucleotides. Nucleotidase activity in assays employing 5′-nucleotide substrates is not detectable in preparations of either phenotype. 2. 2. The 3′-nucleotidase activity in lysates of procyclic trypanosomes is pelletable at 100,000 g, whereas that activity from bloodstream forms is operationally soluble under the conditions employed. 3. 3. The 3′-nucleotidase activities of both stages share the following characteristics: pH optimum of 8.5, substrate preference for purine ribonucleotides, resistance to commonly used phosphatase inhibitors, including fluoride, tartrate and molybdate ions. Both activities are reversibly inhibited by EDTA and reactivated by Co2+ ions. 4. 4. As visualized by fine-structure cytochemical methods, 3′-nucleotidase activity was distributed over the entire surface of procyclic trypanosomes, but not bloodstream parasites bearing an intact surface coat.
The Roles of Sodium and Potassium Ions in the Generation of the Electro-Olfactogram

In order to clarify whether or not the electronegative olfactory mucosal potentials (EOG) are generator potentials, the effects of changed ionic enviroment were studied. The EOG decreased in amplitude and in some cases nearly or completely disappeared, when Na+ in the bathing Ringer solution was replaced by sucrose, Li+, choline+, tetraethylammonium+ (TEA), or hydrazine. In the K+-free Ringer solution, the negative EOG's initially increased and then decreased in amplitude. In Ringer's solution with increased K+, the negative EOG's increased in amplitude. When K+ was increased in exchange for Na+ in Ringer's solution, the negative EOG's decreased, disappeared, and then reversed their polarity (Fig. 6). Next, when the K+ was replaced by equimolar sucrose, Li+, choline+, TEA+, hydrazine, or Na+, the reversed potentials recovered completely only in Na+-Ringer's solution, but never in the other solutions. Thus, the essential role of Na+ and K+ in the negative EOG's was demonstrated. Ba++ was found to depress selectively the electropositive EOG, but it hardly decreased and never increased the negative EOG. Hence, it is concluded that Ba++ interferes only with Cl- influx, and that the negative EOG's are elicited by an increase in permeability of the olfactory receptive membrane to Na+ and K+, but not to Cl-. From the ionic mechanism it is inferred that the negative EOG's are in most cases composites of generator and positive potentials.
Myocardial oxygen usage: its measurement regulation and meaning.

Abstract The general status of the problems of coronary perfusion, myocardial work, and their measurement have been reviewed; a new method of oximetry outlined; data obtained with it and by the polarographic method by Weiss presented, compared and analyzed; and their import to man noted.
Analysis of He-N2-CO2-UF6 laser system

Direct nuclear pumping of a CO2 laser system by the U-235(n,ff)FF reaction is examined. Calculations based on a kinetic model which takes into consideration all relevant kinetic processes indicate that dissociation of CO2 prevents the efficient operation of a nuclear pumped CO2 laser system.
Linear objective functions on certain classes of greedoids

Abstract Characteristic structural properties are established for those greedoids where the greedy algorithm selects a maximal word for each linear objective function defined on it.
Graded decomposition numbers for cyclotomic Hecke algebras

Abstract In recent joint work with Wang, we have constructed graded Specht modules for cyclotomic Hecke algebras. In this article, we prove a graded version of the Lascoux–Leclerc–Thibon conjecture, describing the decomposition numbers of graded Specht modules over a field of characteristic zero.
Spatial subterfuge: an experience sampling study to predict deceptive location disclosures

Prior research shows that people often engage in deception when sharing location. Privacy concerns, social surveillance and impression management are the primary drivers of these types of behaviors. One methodological question that arises in this research context is the problem of reliable measurement to study predictors of deceptive location disclosure from usage data. In this note, we propose a simple experience sampling method (ESM) approach that is useful for studying this phenomenon. We describe our ESM deployment and report the results of a long term, quantitative study of 204 foursquare users over 1 year. Results indicate that physical distance, tie strength and order of visibility on the foursquare feed are significant predictors (with moderate to high effect sizes) of deceptive location disclosure. We connect these findings to the rich tradition of location disclosure behavior research in ubiquitous computing.
A Cold War at international Harvester: The Shachtmanites and the farm equipment workers union's demise, 1946-1955

The Workers Party (WP)/Independent Socialist League (ISL), whose members were known as the Shachtmanites, obtained control of United Auto Workers (UAW) Local 6 through the dominant Positive Action Caucus (PAC). The Shachtmanite-led PAC red-baited the United Farm Equipment and Metal Work-ers Union (FE), the first time in U. S. trade union history in which a Marxist organization of the ostensibly revolutionary left aided in the destruction of a Communist Party USA–led union. Using Local 6 as the base from which to attack the FE, whose membership was concentrated in the Chicago-area Harvester plants, the PAC demonized Local 6's CPUSA-led caucus, the Com-mittee to Build Local 6 (CBL6), by arguing that it was pro-CPUSA, pro-FE and anti-UAW. Once the PAC successfully painted the CBL6 as the adversary within the local possessing an ideology “foreign” to the UAW, it was easy to portray the FE as being the UAW's major enemy, which had to be destroyed at any cost.
Lateral-trigonal intraventricular tumors. A new operative approach

With the introduction of additional diagnostic methods, computerized axial tomography, interventricular tumors are discovered at a time when these lesions are still small and may have presented very insignificant or no clinical symptoms. If the lesion is a benign tumor as a meningioma and within the lateral ventricle of the dominant hemisphere a very difficult problem presents itself to the patient and surgeon. Shall they wait until the tumor reaches such a size to make more permanent symptoms to justify entering the ventricle by the conventional approach through the middle temporal gyrus and leaving the patient at least with a visual field defect? Or should surgery be postponed until the ventricle especially the temporal home is enlarged due to blockage by the tumor, making the operative procedure technically easier? The authors present a method used in three atrial trigonal meningiomas of the dominant hemisphere which did not result in any neurological deficit which was not present before surgery and which abolished paroxysmal attacks of hemianopsia and severe headaches in one patient. The latter patient was believed to have suffered from migraine for 2 1/2 years.
Should economists count?—The Dickensian view

This paper considers Charles Dickens’ charge that by relying too exclusively on statistics, political economists simply cannot understand the human dimension of the questions they examine and the policies they propose to reform economic conditions. Particular attention, is paid to three of Dickens’ writings: his 1836 “Full Report of the First Meeting of the Mudfog Association for the Advancement, of Everything;” his 1853 Christmas story, “The Chimes;” and finally, his 1854 novelHardTimes, where these questions were a central theme.
Empirical aspects of protectionism: LINK results

Abstract General aspects of protectionism as they are revealed or treated in the LINK system are discussed in this paper. Attention is focused on the macroeconomic aspects of protection, about which relatively little is known: most of the vast body of knowledge on this subject concerns the microeconomic aspects of protection. Some simulations of trade liberalization (opposite of protectionism) and of protection within the context of the LINK system are reported. A movement away from protection would benefit the present world economy but not by a large enough extent to deal effectively with pressing international economic problems; therefore, trade liberalization within the context of a larger program of coordination policy among major industrial countries is examined. Finally, the relationship between protectionism and inflation is explored.
Losing Hair, Losing Points?: The Effects of Male Pattern Baldness on Social Impression Formation1

In the voluminous research on the psychology of physical appearance, the psychosocial effects of common male pattern baldness (MPB) have been largely neglected. The present experiment examined the influence of MPB on the initial social perceptions of men by both sexes. Eighteen pairs of photographic slides of balding and nonbalding control men were matched on the actual age, race, and other physical attributes of the men. In a first-impressions context, 54 men and 54 women rated these stimulus persons on seven dimensions of social perception. MPB caused generally less favorable initial impressions, including lower ratings of physical attractiveness, judgments of less desirable personal and interpersonal characteristics, and misperceptions of age. The moderating effects of perceivers' sex and age and stimulus persons' age were examined, mostly without consequence. The baldness stereotype was substantially attenuated when physical attractiveness was statistically controlled.