cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bit of History

Each country has its own version of history. The differing views of the relationship between the United States and Iran made negotiating a long and complex agreement even more difficult. Iran remembers that the CIA support for the overthrow of Prime Minister Mossadegh in 1953 and American support for Iraq in a war cost over a million Iranian lives. For Americans, the takeover of the embassy in Tehran and the holding of its staff for 444 days are the most memorable events. The negotiations were also made difficult by the fact that the negotiating partners of the United States—China, France, Russia, Great Britain and Germany—all had their own priorities, and Israel also felt it had vital interests at stake.
Impact of downwind sampling location and height on inverse-Gaussian dispersion modeling: A theoretical study

In the studies of fate and transport of air emissions from animal feeding operations, Gaussian based dispersion models have been commonly used to predict downwind pollutant concentrations through forward modeling approach, or to derive emission rates and emission factors through inverse dispersion modeling approach. In the Gaussian dispersion modeling process, downwind sampling location and sampling height could generate significant impact on accuracy of the model validation, or inverse modeling results based upon field measurements. This study theoretically analyzed the impact of downwind locations and sampling height on Gaussian dispersion modeling. It was discovered that the field sampling needs to be conducted at the locations beyond the plume touching-ground distance, at a downwind distance as short as 5 m for the case scenario with zero rise of emission plume under the atmospheric stability class C, or as long as 297 m for the case scenario with 15 m rise of emission plume under the atmospheric stability class F. In order to measure the PM concentrations of the dispersion plume, the minimum sampling height at the locations within the plume touching-ground distance varied from ground level to as high as almost 14 m, whereas for the locations beyond the plume touching-ground distance, a sampling height of ground level would be acceptable.
Equations of Motion for Dilute Flow

Some general properties of constitutive equations were discussed in Section 14.3. It is clear that any properly formulated theory of multicomponent fluids will be complex, and even in the simplest case will involve a large number of constants. Thus, the accustomed process for, e.g., finding the viscosity of a linearly viscous fluid by simple experimentation, must be superceded by a much more complex process. The current state of the art involves exploration of numerical solutions, extrapolation, exploration of analogies, and often not a small amount of guessing. For instance, additional guidance in formulating realistic constitutive equations can be obtained by assuming that the quantities computed from the “exact” solutions for single large particles in a flow can be taken as forms for constitutive equations. For example, the dynamics of the irrotational flow of an inviscid fluid about a sphere (see Section 15.3) can be used to compute the average force on a sphere and the average interfacial pressure. Constitutive equations arrived at in this way should reduce to the appropriate limit for dilute flows. As is evident from the state of our abilities to calculate the flow around assemblages of bodies of arbitrary shape, we cannot hope to obtain solutions that can be averaged to give appropriate constitutive equations for general motions. The calculated forms from “exact” solutions provide a guide to the appropriate forms for empirical testing. In order to attempt to obtain a system of equations that will predict the flow of a dispersed multicomponent material, it is helpful to find experiments that isolate appropriate phenomena and give (relatively) direct measurements of unknown coefficients involved therein. For best results, the physical experiment should be simple, and should correspond to a simple solution of the equations that depends mostly on the particular constitutive form being evaluated. Examples of such flows are sometimes called “viscometric,” or “separate effects” experiments. We give some of the solutions in Part V. It is clear that simple exact solutions are desirable.
Irinotecan and Radiation in Combined-Modality Therapy for Solid Tumors

Irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) is a camptothecin derivative that is thought to exert its cytotoxic effects by targeting topoisomerase I. It is believed that irinotecan stabilizes a DNA-topoisomerase I cleavable complex, and that interactions between this complex and the replication machinery may lead to cell death. There is a significant volume of in vitro and in vivo data demonstrating that irinotecan acts as a radiosensitizer. The exact mechanism of this radiosensitization is currently unknown. The increasing amount of data demonstrating improved outcomes with concurrent chemoradiation treatment of malignancies like lung cancer and head and neck cancer provide impetus for pursuing the addition of other drugs as radiosensitizers to improve local control further. Irinotecan is undergoing early clinical trials in the combined-modality setting in several disease sites. This article will provide an overview of the current status of irinotecan used concurrently with radiotherapy in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors.
Does selective survival before study enrolment attenuate estimated effects of education on rate of cognitive decline in older adults? A simulation approach for quantifying survival bias in life course epidemiology.

Background The relationship between education and late-life cognitive decline is controversial. Selective survival between early life, when education is typically completed, and late life, when cognitive ageing studies take place, could attenuate effect estimates. Methods We quantified potential survival bias (collider-stratification bias) in estimation of the effect of education on late-life cognitive decline by simulating hypothetical cohorts of 20-year-olds and applying cumulative mortality from US life tables. For each of four causal scenarios (2000 replications each), we compared the estimated versus causal effect of education on cognitive decline over 9 years, starting at age 60, 75 or 90 in random samples of n = 2000 people who survived to each age. Results Effects of education on cognitive decline were underestimated when both education and U, another determinant of cognitive decline, influenced mortality (collider-stratification bias). The magnitude of bias was sensitive to the magnitude of the effect of U on cognitive decline and whether there was a multiplicative interaction between education and U on mortality. For example, when there was a multiplicative interaction between education and U on mortality, 95% confidence interval coverage of the causal effect ranged from 83.4% to 50.4% at age 60 and 25.8% to 0.2% at age 90. Conclusions Selective survival could lead to underestimation of effects of education on late-life cognitive decline. Our simulations map survival bias to testable assumptions about underlying causal structures.
On Muscle Activation for Improving Robotic Rehabilitation after Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has recently enabled humans with motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI) to independently stand and recover some lost autonomic function. However, the nature of the recovered motor activity and the interplay between SCS and motor training are not well understood. Understanding the effect of stand training and spinal stimulation on motor activity during bipedal standing is important for designing spinal rehabilitation therapies that seek to combine spinal stimulation and rehabilitative robots. In this study, we examined electromyography (EMG) data gathered from two SCI patients and six healthy subjects as they attempted standing. We analyzed the muscle activation patterns and EMG waveform shape to quantify both the changes in SCI patient motor activity with training, and the differences between healthy motor activity and SCI patient motor activity under stimulation. We also looked for correlations between the similarity in SCI patients' motor activity to healthy subjects and their overall standing ability. We found that good standing in SCI patients does not emulate healthy standing muscle activity. Furthermore, patient stand training heavily influenced motor activation patterns, but not in ways that improved standing ability. These results indicate that current training techniques do not optimally influence motor activity, and robotic rehabilitation strategies for SCI patients should target essential features of motor activity to optimize functional performance, rather than emulate healthy activity.
SMURF: Efficient and Scalable Metadata Access for Distributed Applications from Edge to the Cloud

In parallel with big data processing and analysis dominating the usage of distributed and cloud infrastructures, the demand for distributed metadata access and transfer has increased. In many application domains, the volume of data generated exceeds petabytes, while the corresponding metadata amounts to terabytes or even more. In this paper, we propose a novel solution for efficient and scalable metadata access for distributed applications across wide-area networks, dubbed SMURF. Our solution combines novel pipelining and concurrent transfer mechanisms with reliability, provides distributed continuum caching and prefetching strategies to sidestep fetching latency, and achieves scalable and high-performance metadata fetch/prefetch services in the cloud. We also study the phenomenon of semantic locality in real trace logs which is not well utilized in metadata access prediction. We implement our predictor based on this observation and compare it with three existing state-of-the-art prefetch schemes on Yahoo! Hadoop audit traces. By effectively caching and prefetching metadata based on the access patterns, our continuum caching and prefetching mechanism greatly improves local cache hit rate and reduces the average fetching latency. We replayed approximately 20 Million metadata access operations from real audit traces, in which our system achieved 80% accuracy during prefetch prediction and reduced the average fetch latency 50% compared to the state-of-the-art mechanisms.
The Connectivities of a Graph and Its Complement1

It is an elementary observation that the complement of a disconnected graph must be connected. This fact may be viewed as a necessary condition for a pair k, k ¯ of non-negative integers to be realizable as the point-connectivities of a graph and its complement: k+ k ¯ must be positive. This observation leads naturally to the problem of determining the pairs of nonnegative integers k, k ¯ for which there exists a p-point graph having point-connectivity k and whose complement has point-connectivity k ¯ . In the present paper we show that such pairs are completely determined by the following conditions: (1) 0 k + k ¯ ≤ p - 1 ; (2) if k + k ¯ = p - 1 then at least one of k ¯ , k is even (3) if one of k, k ¯ is p-2, then the other is zero.
Logarithmic Growth of Dikes From a Depressurizing Magma Chamber

Dike propagation is an intrinsically multiphase problem, where deformation and fluid flow are intricately coupled in a fracture process. Here we perform the first fully-coupled simulations of dike propagation in two dimensions, accounting for depressurization of a circular magma chamber, dynamic fluid flow, fracture formation, and elastic deformation. Despite the complexity of the governing equations we observe that the lengthening is well explained by a simple model $a(t) = c_1 \log(1+t/c_2)$, where $a$ is the dike length, $t$ is time, and $c_1$ and $c_2$ are constants. We compare the model to seismic data from 8 dikes in Iceland and Ethiopia and, in spite of the assumption of plane strain, we find good agreement between the data and the model. In addition, we derive an approximate model for the depressurization of the chamber with the dike length. These models may help forecast the growth of lateral dikes and magma chamber depressurization.
Experience and Meaning in Small-Group Contexts: Fusing Observational and Self-Report Data to Capture Self and Other Dynamics

Self-report data have contributed to a rich understanding of learning and motivation; yet, self-report measures present challenges to researchers studying students’ experiences in small-group contexts. Rather than using self-report data alone, we argue that fusing self-report and observational data can yield a broader understanding of students’ small-group dynamics. We provide evidence for this assertion by presenting mixed-methods findings in three sections: (a) self-report data alone, (b) observational data alone, and (c) the fusion of both data sources. We rely on 101 students’ self-reported experiences as well as observational (i.e., audio) data of students working in their group (N = 24 groups). In section order, we found that (1) students’ self-reported small-group behavior predicted their end-of-study reported anxiety and emotion; (2) coded observational data captured five types of group dynamics that students can engage in; and (3) students’ initial group-level characteristics predicted their real-time group dynamics, and observed group regulation activity predicted students’ self-reported anxiety, emotion, and regulation moving forward. Thus, while self-report and observational data alone can each increase our understanding of student motivation and learning processes, pursuing both in tandem more effectively captures the give-and-take among students, how these experiences evolve over time, and the personal meanings they can afford.
Disrupting the News

Disruption has become a popular shorthand explanation among news media executives and thought leaders for describing the massive business model and innovation challenges facing the incumbent producers of news. Yet the focus on digital disruption to the traditional business model of news obscures deeper changes in the values guiding journalistic practice. This essay unpacks disruptions to the landscape of news production and the practice of journalism with an attention to the institutional logic of digital media innovations. The digital values of openness and rationalization, visible in the adoption and use of metrics and analytics, crowds and engagement, and algorithmic distribution, have disrupted both the practices of journalism and the values guiding journalists’ work. This essay examines those disruptions in practice and values and outlines their consequences: new values and new identities that reconfigure the journalist/audience relationship and expand the complexity of the journalist role. The stakes of the digital disruption are issues of control and transparency in newswork. Overall, this essay claims, digital disruptions in journalism are issues of control and transparency in newswork. Overall, this essay claims, digital disruptions in journalistic values and practice are both discontinuous breaks from the past and evolutions of long-standing tensions in journalism as an institution.
Beyond Symbolism: The Rights and Biopolitics of Romantic Period Animals

While literature is a mode of representing animals within culture, through the Romantic period’s innovations to rights discourses and through its biopoltical apparatus the animality of animals meets and even exceeds our representational capacities. Animal standing before the law gains recognition through a discourse of sentimental connectedness as seen in the works of Jeermy Bentham, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, and Robert Burns. In a number of agriculturally themed literary works of the period, one witnesses a transformation of life into economic productivity through apparatuses of biopolitical control. In such moments, animals and humans fall under the biopolitical technologies and yet at times resist this mode of capture by expressing capacities that exceed our representational systems. As this chapter conveys, the Romantic period provides novel modes of capture and resistance which echo into today.
The Aura of Confucius: Relics and Representations of the Sage at the Kongzhai Shrine in Shanghai

The Aura of Confucius is a ground-breaking study that reconstructs the remarkable history of Kongzhai, a shrine founded on the belief that Confucius' descendants buried the sage's robe and cap a millennium after his death and far from his home in Qufu, Shandong. Improbably located on the outskirts of modern Shanghai, Kongzhai featured architecture, visual images, and physical artifacts that created a 'Little Queli,' a surrogate for the temple, cemetery, and Kong descendants' mansion in Qufu. Centered on the Tomb of the Robe and Cap, with a Sage Hall noteworthy for displaying sculptural icons and not just inscribed tablets, Kongzhai attracted scholarly pilgrims who came to experience Confucius's beneficent aura. Although Kongzhai gained recognition from the Kangxi emperor, its fortunes declined with modernization, and it was finally destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Unlike other sites, Kongzhai has not been rebuilt and its history is officially forgotten, despite the Confucian revival in contemporary China.
Deep Convolutional Gaussian Processes for Mmwave Outdoor Localization

Millimeter Wave (mmWave) communications, as a core technique of 5G, can be leveraged for outdoor localization because of its large bandwidth and massive antenna array. Fingerprinting based mmWave outdoor localization methods using deep learning are highly suitable for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional Gaussian process (DCGP) based regression approach to achieve high robustness for fingerprinting-based mmWave outdoor localization, which exploits the convolutional structure for deep Gaussian process to allow uncertainty estimation on location predictions. Specially, we present a system architecture of mmWave based outdoor localization, including beamforming image construction and DCGP training, where DCGP model can effectively learn the location features from mmWave beamforming images. Our experimental results show that the proposed DCGP method can achieve higher outdoor localization accuracy than a CNN-based baseline method.
Transient Bilateral Ophthalmoplegia: A Case of a Forgotten Anesthetic Medication Effect

A 58-year-old woman was found to have bilateral ptosis and downward gaze deviation immediately after elective shoulder surgery with general anesthesia and supraclavicular nerve block. A code stroke was activated due to concern for the neurologic process, but neuroimaging did not reveal acute changes or vascular abnormality. Her symptoms gradually resolved in the following hours with supportive care and were ultimately deemed to be related to anesthetic and transdermal scopolamine exposures layered upon her underlying comorbidities. Transient bilateral ophthalmoplegia after general anesthetics has been previously described; drug effect should be considered in the differential of this alarming presentation, which can mimic acute stroke and/or Horner syndrome.
Identification and characterization of structural nonlinearities in the Space Shuttle Main Engine

Structural nonlinearities should be considered in the analysis and modeling of mechanical systems for accuracy in predicting dynamic behavior. Moreover, checks for nonlinearity should address the type and class of nonlinearity in the structure and identify the probable cause. A series of experimental modal survey tests were carried out to determine and characterize the structural nonlinearities of the Space Shuttle Main Engine main injector. Different excitation regimes at various amplitudes were utilized to induce vibration and strain, and acceleration measurements were taken at judiciously selected locations. The test results indicated that both stiffness and damping nonlinearities were present.
Competition Policy towards Vertical Restraints in Europe and the United States

Following a brief review of the economic analysis of vertical restraints, we discuss current policy standards in both Europe and the United States. Since 1981, U.S. policy towards these restraints has been lax, and no restraints were challenged during the 12-year period between January 1981 and January 1993. More recently, the pendulum has shifted back somewhat and there is renewed interest by enforcement officials in this area. In contrast, European policy standards have been more stringent, and have paid particular attention to vertically imposed restraints that can limit trade among member countries. To a large part, their different treatment may primarily reflect the lack of consensus as to their long-run economic consequences. Consistent policy standards across jurisdictions are not likely to arise until there is general consensus as to the economic implications of these restraints.
Area operator on Bergman spaces

We characterize the non-negative measures µ on the unit disk D for which the area operator Aµ is bounded from Bergman space Apα to Lq (δD).
Abstract 3572: Copy number detection using genomics technologies: A comparison between aCGH and NGS

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Identification of causal DNA copy number variations (CNVs) is critical to the understanding of cancer development and progression, and is important clinically for accurate prognosis and efficient treatment. T-cell lymphomas are replete with amplifications and deletions that result in over- and under-expression of genes. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has been the technology of choice to detect CNVs but recently, it has been proposed that mate-pair Next Generation Sequencing (mpNGS) can produce similar results. Here, we report a comparison between the two techniques. Methods: We have developed an algorithm based on extreme value theory to identify CNVs across the genome at high resolution from mate-pair NGS data. The algorithm is based on plotting the distribution of read-counts in windows across the genome, and detecting deletions and gains by finding the windows that differ significantly from the distribution of the normal part of the genome. We compared this algorithm with aCGH data to detect CNVs. We ran five cases of T-cell lymphoma with both techniques and compared the results using concordance statistics. Results: With 50kb lower cutoff for a CNV, mpNGS detected 98% of the cumulative deleted genome and 94% of the amplified/gained genome that were called by aCGH. Most of the discordant CNVs that were detected by only aCGH were in regions of repetitive areas where mapping fails. Conversely, aCGH detected 75% of the cumulative deleted genome and 74% of the amplified/gained genome that were called by mpNGS. Conclusion: A detailed comparison of these techniques showed that both have pros and cons. In general, mpNGS can detect most CNVs detected by aCGH, as long as they are more than 50KB. Additionally, mpNGS offers confirmatory data, particularly for deletions, based on detection of aberrant mate pairs that map to the rejoined ends of deleted regional. Finally, the mate-pair technology can also detect balanced translocations and can also predict fusion genes. Citation Format: George Vasmatzis, Andrew L. Feldman, Sarah H. Johnson, Erik C. Thorland, Rafael Fonseca, Esteban Braggio, Troy J. Gliem. Copy number detection using genomics technologies: A comparison between aCGH and NGS. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3572. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3572
Superstability in abstract elementary classes

In the context of abstract elementary class (AEC) with amalgamation, joint embedding, and arbitrarily large models, an AEC is \emph{$\lambda$-superstable} if it is stable in $\lambda$ and has no long splitting chains in $\lambda$. Under the assumptions that the class is tame and stable, we prove that several other definitions of superstability are equivalent in this context. This partially answers questions of Shelah. $\mathbf{Theorem}$ Let $K$ be a tame AEC with amalgamation, joint embedding, and arbitrarily large models. Assume that $K$ is stable in a proper class of cardinals. Then the following are equivalent: 1) For all high-enough $\lambda$, $K$ is $\lambda$-superstable. 2) For all high-enough $\lambda$, there exists a good $\lambda$-frame on a skeleton of $K_\lambda$. 3) For all high-enough $\lambda$, $K$ has a unique limit model of cardinality $\lambda$. 4) For all high-enough $\lambda$, $K$ has a superlimit model of cardinality $\lambda$. 5) For all high-enough $\lambda$, the union of any increasing chain of $\lambda$-saturated models is $\lambda$-saturated. 6) There exists $\mu$ such that for all high-enough $\lambda$, $K$ is $(\lambda, \mu)$-solvable.
Tissue and Zonal-Specific Expression of an Olfactory Receptor Transgene

Discrimination of odorants is thought to arise from the selective expression of one of a small number of individual receptors in any single olfactory neuron. Receptor genes are expressed in a small subset of neurons throughout a zonally restricted region of the sensory epithelium. We demonstrate that a 6.7 kb region upstream of the M4 olfactory receptor coding region was sufficient to direct expression in olfactory epithelium. Moreover, reporter expression recapitulated the zonal restriction and distributed neuronal expression observed for endogenous olfactory receptors. Transgenic lines were obtained that directed expression in two different receptor zones, one of which was identical to the endogenous M4 receptor. When the reporter was expressed in the same zone as the endogenous M4 receptor, the two expression patterns were, in large part, nonoverlapping. These results suggest a model in which important regulatory elements are located in close proximity to transcription initiation sites of the olfactory receptor genes and receive information defining zonal patterning via long-range processes.
Asbestos catalyzes hydroxyl and superoxide radical generation from hydrogen peroxide

To understand chemical characteristics of the asbestos minerals which might contribute to tissue damage, the catalytic properties of three different varieties were studied. Using spin trapping techniques it was determined that crocidolite, chrysotile, and amosite asbestos were all able to catalyze the generation of toxic hydroxyl radicals from a normal byproduct of tissue metabolism, hydrogen peroxide. The iron chelator desferroxamine inhibits this reaction, indicating a major role for iron in the catalytic process, and suggesting a possible mechanism by which asbestos toxicity might be reduced.
Benefits of a fungal endophyte in Elymus virginicus decline under drought stress

Abstract In most natural systems, it remains unclear whether microbial symbionts can help plants adapt to rapidly changing environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that fungal endophyte symbiosis in a widespread, native grass species, Elymus virginicus, would promote host tolerance of drought. In a growth chamber experiment, we manipulated water availability to plants naturally infected with the endophyte Epichloe elymi and to plants that were experimentally disinfected. The drought treatment imposed a ∼67% reduction in water, corresponding to the very high end of drought predictions for the Midwestern US, where E. virginicus is common. In contrast to expectations, E. virginicus benefited more from the endophyte under daily watering than under drought. Disinfected plants had 45% less aboveground biomass than naturally infected plants under daily watering and only 23% less under drought. Both the number of tillers produced and root biomass were reduced by disinfection, with a greater difference between endophyte treatments under daily watering than under drought. There were no effects of either the endophyte or drought on aphid colonization of the plants. To put these results into a broader geographic context, we surveyed endophyte infection frequencies across 43 populations, including wild populations, commercial stock and germplasm resources. Endophyte frequencies varied from 0% to 100%, and frequencies were much higher for wild populations than germplasm resources. Natural variation in endophyte frequencies combined with the heritable transmission of endophytes from plants to seeds provides opportunities for climate change to affect selection on the maintenance of endophyte symbiosis in E. virginicus.
Differential Leucocyte Cell Counts from the Pygoscelid Penguins of Antarctica

Differential leucocyte counts were obtained for three cogeneric species of wild antarctic penguins, Pygoscelis adelie (adelie), Pygoscelis papua (gentoo), and Pygoscelis antarc-tica (chinstrap). Significant differences between the differential leucocyte counts of the three species were not observed.
Effect of Antimony Oxide on the Anatase‐Rutile Transformation in Titanium Dioxide

For both pure and doped titanium dioxides, the addition of antimony oxide lowers the temperature at which the anatase-to-rutile transformation occurs.Its presence also affects the color obtained in doped systems.
Treatment and Postrelease Rehabilitative Programs for Juvenile Offenders

The juvenile justice system has become notably aware of the increasing use of postrelease rehabilitative treatment interventions for offenders. In many instances, juvenile justice systems are required to ensure that core treatment needs of youth are met. As a result of the heightened awareness of the need for postrelease rehabilitation treatment programs, many researchers and providers are calling for more systematic approaches to offender treatment. This article summarizes a body of literature on juvenile offenders who have specialized postrelease rehabilitative treatment needs. It reviews cognitive-behavioral theoretical models and core postrelease treatment strategies. It presents a review of youth who have specialized needs in light of postrelease practices, describes several model postrelease rehabilitation programs, and reviews outcomes of these programs.
Detecting inflammation and fibrosis in bowel wall with photoacoustic imaging in a Crohn's disease animal model

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease affecting 700,000 people in the United States. This condition may cause obstructing intestinal narrowings (strictures) due to inflammation, fibrosis (deposition of collagen), or a combination of both. Utilizing the unique strong optical absorption of hemoglobin at 532 nm and collagen at 1370 nm, this study investigated the feasibility of non-invasively characterizing intestinal strictures using photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Three normal controls, ten pure inflammation and 9 inflammation plus fibrosis rat bowel wall samples were imaged. Statistical analysis of the PA measurements has shown the capability of discriminating the purely inflammatory from mixed inflammatory and fibrotic strictures.
Dynamic mechanical relaxation in some polyurethanes

Abstract Dynamic mechanical measurements of complex shear modulus versus frequency and temperature were made on a series of polyurethanes of varying soft-segment molecular weight. The time-temperature shifted data (master curves) mapped out the soft-segment glass transition. Shift factor curves were fitted to the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation to obtain shift constants. The fractional free volume and coefficient of thermal expansion at the glass transition, determined from the shift constants, decrease as the molecular weight increases. Master curves were fitted to the modified Havriliak-Negami equation and the fitting parameters related to molecular structure. The limiting low-frequency modulus is dependent on the soft-segment molecular weight and percent crystallinity, but the limiting high-frequency modulus is about the same for all these polymers. The average relaxation time decreases with increasing soft-segment molecular weight and is correlated with glass transition temperature.
Reflections on Governance Models for the Clinical Translation of Stem Cells

Governance models for the oversight of human embryonic stem cell research have been proposed which mirror in large part familiar oversight mechanisms for research with human subjects and non-human animals. While such models are in principle readily endorsable, there are a set of concerns related to their implementation--such as ensuring that an elaborated informed consent process and conducting long-term monitoring of research subjects are tenable--which suggest areas where gathering data may facilitate more appropriate oversight. In addition, it is unclear whether a new governance model based at individual institutions are sufficient to address the ethical issues inherent to this research. Regardless, some of the concerns that have arisen in considering the appropriate governance of stem cell research, particularly the important translational pathway of innovation in contrast to staged research, transparency and publication, and social justice, may be useful in science and translational research more broadly.
Two-dimensional localization using nonlinear Kalman approaches

We present two methods for a localization system, defined as the "angle of arrival" scheme, which computes position and heading of an autonomous vehicle system (AVS) fusing both odometry data and the measurements of the relative azimuth angles of known landmarks (in this case, reflectors of a stabilized laser/reflector system). The first method involves a combination of a geometric transformation and a recursive least squares approach with forgetting factor. The second method presented is a direct approach using variants of the Unscented Kalman filter. Both methods are examined in simulation and the results presented.
Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy with Cervical Esophagogastric Anastomosis

Objective Thoracoscopic dissection of the esophagus and laparoscopic dissection of the stomach with cervical esophagogastric anastomosis is a safe method for resection of esophageal and gastroesophageal junction malignancy.
SUSTAIN: an adaptive fault tolerance service for geographically overlapping wireless cyber-physical systems

As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technologies are becoming more mature and the use of WSNs for different cyber-physical applications are becoming increasingly popular, it is now possible to set up more than one WSN in the same area. However, constant failures may occur in these WSNs, causing a network to be partitioned into several parts. Nodes in the parts without the sink will lose the opportunity to report their data, significantly degrading the performance of the supported cyber physical applications. In this paper, we propose SUSTAIN, a fault tolerance support algorithm that adapts to the network conditions and exploits the nodes in other neighboring networks as relays to resume communication for the faulty network. Our simulation results demonstrate that SUSTAIN increases the average packet delivery ratio in the network sometimes by more than 40% with an affordable amount of delay and cost overhead.
A wide field electron microscopic analysis of the fiber constituents of the major splanchnic nerve in cat

The fiber composition of the left major splanchnic nerve was studied in cats by electron microscopy. Comparisons were made between normal and partially degenerated nerve specimens following ventral rhizotomy (T3-L1), or spinal nerve division (T3-L1). Normal, major splanchnic nerves contained 2,500-4,000 myelinated and 10,000-15,000 unmyelinated fibers. Preganglionic fibers included approximately 90% of the finely myelinated (1-7 micrometers) and over 50% of the unmyelinated fibers. Removal of the sensory and preganglionic components by spinal nerve division revealed a third postganglionic fiber category. This included 13-38 small myelinated (1-5 micrometers) and 1,645-7,619 unmyelinated fibers. Finally, a comparison of normal and partially degenerated nerve specimens of both groups (ventral rhizotomy and spinal nerve cut) indicated that splanchnic afferents are made up of virtually all of the 120-350 large myelinated (8-14 micrometers) and 10% of the small myelinated (1-7 micrometers) fibers. A preliminary estimate indicated that about 10-20% of the unmyelinated fibers were sensory. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Resistance of Cucurbita to the Pickleworm

Twenty-seven cultivars and 130 plant introductions of Cucurbita were evaluated in a series of field experiments for resistance to Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll). Distinct differences were detected in degree of pickleworm damage, and cultivars were grouped into 3 general categories—resistant, susceptible, and highly susceptible. The cultivars of G. moschata and C. maxima were more resistant to the pickleworm than those of C. pepo . Pickleworm damage to a resistant cultivar, Butternut, was greater in an isolated planting than in mixed plantings with more susceptible cultivars. However, when isolated plantings of Butternut and susceptible Summer Crookneck were compared, the magnitude of difference in degree of pickleworm damage was consistent with results for mixed plantings. Based on results obtained with plant-introduction accessions, it appears that Cucurbita introductions of foreign origin may serve as a source of resistant material. Pickleworm larvae made no significant distinction between a resistant and a susceptible cultivar in preference tests conducted in the laboratory.
Heterosynaptic LTP in Early Development

The formation of precise synaptic connections in the developing central nervous system involves activity-dependent control of synaptic strength. Correlated activity between the afferent input and postsynaptic neuron strengthens connections through long-term potentiation (LTP), while uncorrelated synaptic inputs are selectively diminished. In this issue of Neuron, Tao et al. report that LTP in young animals has less synaptic specificity than in older animals, indicating that the properties of LTP change during development.
A dynamic data-driven application simulation framework for contaminant transport problems

We describe, devise, and augment dynamic data-driven application simulations (DDDAS). DDDAS offers interesting computational and mathematically unsolved problems, such as, how do you analyze, compute, and predict the solution of a generalized PDE when you do not know either where or what the boundary conditions are at any given moment in the simulation in advance? A summary of DDDAS features and why this is a intellectually stimulating new field are included in the paper. We apply the DDDAS methodology to some examples from a contaminant transport problem. We demonstrate that the multiscale interpolation and backward in time error monitoring are useful to long running simulations.
Visualizing the value of library content

Purpose – The aim of this article is to share ideas about, and examples of, visual representations of library collections.Design/methodology/approach – The article takes the form of a literature review and opinion.Findings – Although information visualization appears in the literature as a field of study at least as early as 1981, library catalogs and indexes remain overwhelmingly text‐based.Originality/value – Since 2010, only about 10 percent of the full‐text, scholarly articles in EBSCO databases with thesaurus term “information visualization” are published in library science journals.
A reliability-based design format for jacket platforms under wave loads

Abstract When the specification of safety goals for offshore jacket platforms is made in explicit “probability of failure” terms, a design procedure may be developed that rationally derives design load return periods and levels for sizing. One such procedure is described here. Using information on the probabilistic description of annual maximum wave heights, an ultimate-level wave height is first estimated that establishes a load level against which performance will in the end be confirmed. From this ultimate-level load, one derives a lower level of load (and associated design-level wave height) to be employed for sizing members by assuming/anticipating the reserve strength characteristics of the jacket beyond the design level and into the nonlinear post-yield regime. A primary objective in establishing this procedure was that initial member sizing and interaction ratio (IR) checks be conducted using familiar procedures (e.g., API RP2A-WSD [10]. Within the framework of the proposed design procedure, members are first sized in the conventional manner (e.g., by working stress or LRFD procedures). A nonlinear static pushover analysis is then performed to establish the initial design’s ultimate capacity. It is desirable that the proposed design should yield a reliability that meets the target/desired reliability for the jacket. Both, the ultimate-level and the design-level wave loads, are derived with this goal in mind while employing various assumptions regarding the nature of the loads, response, and ultimate capacity of the structure. The initial assumptions are, if necessary, altered iteratively. By way of illustration of the proposed procedure, a jacket platform is adequately designed after a few member-sizing cycles. During these iterative design cycles, critical member sections are adjusted to ensure that the reliability is close to the target level; and the various assumptions made (in deriving load levels and that serve as the basis for load/capacity estimates) are modified and/or verified.
Analysis and design of manipulators with decoupled and configuration-invariant inertia tensors using remote actuation

The dynamics of manipulators with diagonal and/or constant inertia tensors are described by simple differential equations. This feature greatly simplifies the control of high speed manipulators. This paper presents design methods, which incorporate selection of arm structure and link inertial properties, to achieve simplified manipulator dynamics. First the concept of remote actuation is described. A model is then developed in order to analyze the effects of remote actuation on the manipulator kinematics and dynamics. Second, necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving such dynamic properties for open and closed kinematic chain linkages are derived
Black carbon concentrations and sources in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Atlantic Ocean using four methodologies

Abstract. Combustion-derived aerosols in the marine boundary layer have been poorly studied, especially in remote environments such as the open Atlantic Ocean. The tropical Atlantic has the potential to contain a high concentration of aerosols, such as black carbon, due to the African emission plume of biomass and agricultural burning products. Atmospheric particulate matter samples across the tropical Atlantic boundary layer were collected in the summer of 2010 during the southern hemispheric dry season when open fire events were frequent in Africa and South America. The highest black carbon concentrations were detected in the Caribbean Sea and within the African plume, with a regional average of 0.6 μg m−3 for both. The lowest average concentrations were measured off the coast of South America at 0.2 to 0.3 μg m−3. Samples were quantified for black carbon using multiple methods to provide insights into the form and stability of the carbonaceous aerosols (i.e., thermally unstable organic carbon, soot like, and charcoal like). Soot-like aerosols composed up to 45% of the carbonaceous aerosols in the Caribbean Sea to as little as 4% within the African plume. Charcoal-like aerosols composed up to 29% of the carbonaceous aerosols over the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea, suggesting that non-soot-like particles could be present in significant concentrations in remote environments. To better apportion concentrations and forms of black carbon, multiple detection methods should be used, particularly in regions impacted by biomass burning emissions.
The pendent-drop method to determine surface or interfacial tensions

Abstract The pendent-drop method for measuring surface and interfacial tensions is absolute, requires only small volumes of liquids, is readily amenable to temperature control, does not require detachment, and does not depend upon the contact angle. It can be brought to its highest level of accuracy by control of external vibration, high-precision measurement of drop dimensions, and a computer program that accepts multiple readings of drop-shape coordinates. How these conditions may be fulfilled is described in this paper.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE YELLOW‐FRINGED ORCHID, PLATANTHERA CILIARIS

Elsewhere we have presented evidence for pollination ecotypes of P. ciliaris. Here were compare additional aspects of the reproductive biology of one population of P. ciliaris in the Mountains to one in the Coastal Plain. We determined flowering schedules and annual survivorship for marked plants. Morphological components of plant size were related to measures of plant reproductive success. In addition, experimental pollinations were performed at both sites to determine the nature of the breeding system
The “boat” Conformation of a Resorcin[4]arene Self-assembles as a “T-shaped” Building Block in the Solid State to Form a Linear ID Hydrogen-bonded Array

Abstract Co-crystallization of C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene 1 with 4-benzylpyridine (4-bzylpy) results in the formation of a linear 1D hydrogen-bonded array, 1–4(4-bzylpy) 2, in which the boat conformation of 1, in the form of an eightfold hydrogen bond donor, serves as a “T-shaped” building block in the solid state. Crystal data for 2: triclinic, space group P1, a=14.992(1), b=16.256(1), c=16.365(1)A, α=108.065 (1), β=96.140(1), γ=116.260(1)°, U=3258.1(3)A3, Dc=1.25 g cm−3, Mo-Kα radiation (λ=0.71070 A) for Z=2. Least-squares refinement based on 6045 reflections with Inet > 2.0°(Inet) (out of 8151 unique reflections) led to a final value of R = 0.048.
Perceptions of goal-directed activities of optimists and pessimists: a personal projects analysis.

Abstract In this research the authors examined the relationship between optimism and personal projects in a community sample. Three hundred twenty-five community volunteers completed the Personal Projects Analysis (PPA; B. R. Little, 1983) and measures of self-reported optimism and sociodemographic information. Participants who reported high levels of optimism rated their idiosyncratic personal goals significantly higher on PPA factors reflecting Positive Identity Fulfillment and Mastery-Control and significantly lower on the factor reflecting Perceived Strain than did participants who reported low levels of optimism. After the impact of age and education on optimism were statistically controlled, the Perceived Strain and Mastery-Control factors made significant contributions to the prediction of self-reported optimism in both initial and cross-validation samples. Findings indicate that highly optimistic individuals can be differentiated from their less optimistic peers on the basis of their perceptions o...
Performance of coronagraph on AEOS 3.6-m adaptive optics telescope

Adaptive optics (AO) is useful in correcting the blurring effects of the atmosphere responsible for most energy in the halo of the point spread function. A coronagraph can further enhance faint companion searches by reducing the diffraction rings surrounding a well corrected image peak. Here, we use a coronagraph on the Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS) at the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC) to test these benefits. The spatial characteristics of the scattered energy produced at AEOS are explored from the viewpoint of searching for faint stellar companions. The benefit of using AO is found to be 3 to 4.5 stellar magnitudes for a ten second integration time at 1 to 2 microns, with the most benefit at radial distances less than one arcsecond. More advanced AO/coronagraphic systems should be able to produce even better results. Using AO and a coronagraph should be strongly considered when attempting to image faint companions.