cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the probability of success in petroleum exploration

A probabilistic model for oil exploration can be developed by assessing the conditional relationship between perceived geologic variables and the subsequent discovery of petroleum. Such a model includes two probabilistic components, the first reflecting the association between a geologic condition (structural closure, for example) and the occurrence of oil, and the second reflecting the uncertainty associated with the estimation of geologic variables in areas of limited control. Estimates of the conditional relationship between geologic variables and subsequent production can be found by analyzing the exploration history of a “training area” judged to be geologically similar to the exploration area. The geologic variables are assessed over the training area using an historical subset of the available data, whose density corresponds to the present control density in the exploration area. The success or failure of wells drilled in the training area subsequent to the time corresponding to the historical subset provides empirical estimates of the probability of success conditional upon geology. Uncertainty in perception of geological conditions may be estimated from the distribution of errors made in geologic assessment using the historical subset of control wells. These errors may be expressed as a linear function of distance from available control. Alternatively, the uncertainty may be found by calculating the semivariogram of the geologic variables used in the analysis: the two procedures will yield approximately equivalent results. The empirical probability functions may then be transferred to the exploration area and used to estimate the likelihood of success of specific exploration plays. These estimates will reflect both the conditional relationship between the geological variables used to guide exploration and the uncertainty resulting from lack of control. The technique is illustrated with case histories from the mid-Continent area of the U.S.A.
Anisotropic recursive dyadic Green's function 3D theory for a radially inhomogeneous microstrip circular ferrite circulator

Here we develop a three-dimensional (3D) dyadic recursive Green's function with elements Gstij suitable for determining the electric field component Ez and magnetic field component Hϕ anywhere within a circular, planar (microstrip or stripline) circulator. All of the other components may also be found, as none are zero in the 3D model which includes a finite thickness h of the substrate. The recursive nature of Gstij is a reflection of the inhomogeneous region being broken up into one inner disk containing a removable singularity and N annuli. Gstij(r, ϕ, z) is found for any arbitrary point (r, ϕ, z) within the disk region and within any ith annulus. Specification of Gstij, i=E, j = H, s = z, t = ϕ or z, at the circulator diameter r = R leads to the determination of the circulator s-parameters. The ports have been separated into discretized ports with elements (subports) and continuous ports. It is shown how GztEH(R, ϕ, z) enables s-parameters to be found for a simple case of a three port ferrite circulator. Because of the general nature of the problem construction, the ports may be located at arbitrary azimuthal angle ϕ and possess arbitrary line widths. Inhomogeneities can occur because of variations in the applied magnetic field Happ, magnetization 4πMs, and demagnetization factor Nd. All inhomogeneity effects are put into the frequency-dependent tensor elements of the anisotropic permeability tensor . Because of the z-variation present in the finite thickness model, TEM, TM, and TE modal decompositions are not allowed for the 3D analysis, and instead it is found that new coupled governing equations describe the field behaviour in the circulator. The theory is readily adapted to constructing a computer code for numerical evaluation of finite thickness devices. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.
New Technique To Automatically Analyze Laser Digital Images Of Two-Phase Pipeline Flow

An automatic image processing technique for analyzing the laser images of two-phase (oil and water) pipeline flow is proposed. The main steps of this technique include a new automatic thresholding method for conversion from gray-level to binary images, binary smoothing, labeling, examining, and calculating. The technique has proven reliable to automatically analyze the images of this two-phase-flow research. By random searching, bright water droplets (droplets with high gray level) are detected. Based on the characteristics of the bright droplets, the threshold is determined by the new thresholding method, called cross-edge-line thresholding. Experimental observation shows that this thresholding method can be used successfully for two-phase laser images. Binary smoothing is used to smooth the boundary of the extracted droplets. Labeling is then used to distinguish each separate droplet. In the examining step, elimination of faint droplets and nondroplets and multiplication by a possibility factor to account for droplets only partially immersed in the control volume are done to improve the performance of the technique.
Medical inpatients' adherence to outpatient psychiatric aftercare: a prospective study of patients evaluated by an inpatient consultation liaison psychiatry service.

Objective:This study sought to determine whether patients on psychiatric medication evaluated by inpatient consultation psychiatrists followed up with psychiatric aftercare and continued psychiatri...
Robust sensor estimation using temporal information

We propose a dynamic Bayesian framework for sensor estimation, a critical step of many machine condition monitoring systems. The temporal behavior of normal sensor data is described by a stationary switching autoregressive (SSAR) model that possesses two advantages over traditional switching autoregressive (SAR) models. First, the SSAR model removes time dependency of signals during mode switching and fits sensor data better. Secondly, the SSAR model is stationary in that at each time, sensor data have the same distribution which represents the normal operating range of a system; this ensures that estimates are accurate and are not distracted by deviations. During monitoring the deviation covariance is estimated adaptively, which effectively handles variable levels of deviations. Tests on gas turbine data are presented.
Management of non-acute gastrointestinal defects using the over-the-scope clips (OTSCs): a retrospective single-institution experience

Advanced endoscopic techniques provide novel therapies for complications historically treated with surgical interventions. Over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) have recently been shown to be effective at endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal (GI) defects. We hypothesize that by following classic surgical principles of fistula management, a high rate of long-term success can be achieved with endoscopic closure of non-acute GI tract defects. A retrospective review of a single-institution prospectively maintained database (2012–2015) of all patients referred for the management of GI leaks or fistulae who underwent attempted closure with the OTSC system (Ovesco, Germany) was performed. Acute perforations were excluded. The primary endpoint was long-term success defined by the absence of radiographic or clinical evidence of leak or fistula during follow-up. Patients were stratified by success or failure of OTSC closure and compared with Fisher’s exact and Mann–Whitney U tests. We identified 22 patients with 28 defects (22 fistulae and 6 leaks). Most patients were female (59 %) with a mean age of 54 years (±14), median BMI of 29, and prior bariatric procedure (55 %). Comorbidities included smoking history (68 %) and diabetes (23 %). The majority of defects were solitary (64 %), involved the upper GI tract (82 %), and had been present for >30 days (50 %). Multiple therapeutic interventions were necessary in 46 % of defects. There were no adverse outcomes related to OTSC placement or misfiring. Endoscopic adjuncts were used in 61 % of cases. Overall success rate was 82 % (100 % for leaks and 76 % for fistulae) at a median follow-up of 4.7 months (IQR 2.1–8.4 months). Predictors of success and failure could not be distinguished due to limited sample size. Over-the-scope clips can be safely and effectively used in patients presenting with GI leaks and fistulae. Further research is required to characterize the determinants of long-term success and risk factors for failure.
Visualizing flow with quaternion frames

Flow fields, geodesics, and deformed volumes are natural sources of families of space curves that can be characterized by intrinsic geometric properties such as curvature, torsion, and Frenet frames. By expressing a curve's moving Frenet coordinate frame as an equivalent unit quaternion, we reduce the number of components that must be displayed from nine with six constraints to four with one constraint. We can then assign a color to each curve point by dotting its quaternion frame with a 4D light vector, or we can plot the frame values separately as a curve in the three-sphere. As examples, we examine twisted volumes used in topology to construct knots and tangles, a spherical volume deformation known as the Dirac string trick, and streamlines of 3D vector flow fields. >
Reliability of macrofossils in woodrat (Neotoma) middens for detecting low-density tree populations

Abstract Macrofossils from woodrat (Neotoma) middens serve as an important proxy for reconstructing past vegetation in arid and semiarid regions of North America. The presence/absence of plant macrofossils in middens can provide valuable information on temporal and spatial patterns of plant migration and range boundaries. The primary aim of this study was to determine how local plant abundance, distance of plant populations from midden sites, and species population density on the landscape affect the probability of occurrence of macrofossils in middens. The study was designed with the primary intent of determining the reliability of middens in detecting scattered populations of Pinus ponderosa. We analyzed macrofossil assemblages from 42 modern woodrat middens from West Carrizo Canyon in southeastern Colorado, near the current eastern range margin of Pinus ponderosa. We compared midden contents with composition of the surrounding vegetation, measuring distance from the midden to the nearest individual of ...
Sprawl: A Compact History. By Robert Bruegmann. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. 301. $27.50.

Today, most Americans who live in metropolitan areas live in single-family detached homes and commute to work by automobile. New York City is America's sole urban center where a significant fraction of the population lives in apartment buildings, works downtown, and commutes by public transit. We are choosing to live and work in the suburbs. But, this trend has triggered a “cost of sprawl” literature that posits that there are many unintended consequences of the pursuit of the “American Dream” that range from increased traffic congestion, urban air pollution, greenhouse gas production, farmland paving, to reducing center city tax revenues, and denying the urban poor access to employment opportunities.
Deterministic approach to first- and second-order PMD compensation

The authors show that three concatenated first-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) segments are sufficient to compensate any first- and second-order PMD present in a transmission fiber. They determine analytically the required individual rotation matrix of the polarization rotators and the required differential group delay for the variable delay line in the compensator.
The Role of Semiconductor Inputs in IT Hardware Price Decline: Computers versus Communications

Sharp declines in semiconductor prices are largely responsible for observed declines in computer prices. Although communications equipment also has a large semiconductor content, communications equipment prices do not fall nearly as fast as computer prices. This paper partly resolves the puzzle - first noted by Flamm(1989) - by demonstrating that prices for chips used in communications equipment do not fall nearly as fast as prices for those chips used in computers, and those differences are large enough to potentially explain all of the output price differences.
Patriarchy through lamentation in Azerbaijan

In this article, I analyze patriarchy through the lens of emotional discourse in and beyond death rituals among Mountain Jews in northeastern Azerbaijan. I argue that the time-bound nature of female lamentation and the recent development of a popular narrative conceptualizing this genre as the custom defining Mountain Jewish identity in the Caucasus ultimately work to disempower women, reaffirming gender roles through narratives of suffering. Even though they use lamentations to address grievances within a context of increased outward migration, Mountain Jewish women cannot easily escape the conservative force that sorrow plays in their daily and ritual lives. [Mountain Jews, Azerbaijan, death, feminist ethnography, emotion, women, mourning]
Cointegrating MiDaS Regressions and a MiDaS Test

This paper introduces cointegrating mixed data sampling (CoMiDaS) regressions, generalizing nonlinear MiDaS regressions in the extant literature. Under a linear mixed-frequency data-generating process, MiDaS regressions provide a parsimoniously parameterized nonlinear alternative when the linear forecasting model is over-parameterized and may be infeasible. In spite of potential correlation of the error term both serially and with the regressors, I find that nonlinear least squares consistently estimates the minimum mean-squared forecast error parameter vector. The exact asymptotic distribution of the difference may be non-standard. I propose a novel testing strategy for nonlinear MiDaS and CoMiDaS regressions against a general but possibly infeasible linear alternative. An empirical application to nowcasting global real economic activity using monthly covariates illustrates the utility of the approach.
Patronage and Perverse Bestowal in The Spanish Tragedy and Antonio's Revenge

English dramas of the late sixteenth century tended to demonstrate an acute interest in the delicate interplay between monarchical prerogative and the agency of individual subjects. But revenge drama in particular brought this interplay under its most intense scrutiny, tested the boundaries of sovereign/subject interdependence, and transgressed those boundaries through acts of mutual violence. More specifically, revenge tragedy was able to call into question the very bonds of obligation defining sovereign/subject interaction in the royal court by creating a distorted mirror-image of the practices of donation, gift-bestowal, and patronage that comprised such bonds to begin with. In this way, within much Elizabethan drama revenge achieved a certain political relevance by functioning as a perverse inversion of the social economy that characterized the English court of the 1590s; in particular, the aggression inherent to patronage practices at this time found a bloody counterpart on stage. I elaborate this claim by exploring two specific revenge tragedies that roughly bracket the decade in question here, Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy (1588–92) and John Marston's Antonio's Revenge (1601). (B. S.)
Mouse Models of Inherited Cancer Syndromes

Animal models of cancer have been instrumental in understanding the progression and therapy of hereditary cancer syndromes. The ability to alter the genome of an individual mouse cell in both constitutive and inducible approaches has led to many novel insights into their human counterparts. In this review, knockout mouse models of inherited human cancer syndromes are presented and insights from the study of these models are highlighted.
8.6.3 The Application of Systems Engineering to the Synthesis of Enabling Products: An Aircraft Support System

A system consists of its operational element, that is, the product, and one or more enabling elements. Traditional systems engineering (SE) is devoted to the formulation of requirements for and the synthesis of the operational elements with little attention to the enabling elements. A typical enabling element is the support system for an aircraft. The heart of the support system is a support data system which manages the flow of data and equipment among the various elements of the support system. This data system is the focus of this paper. However, the structure and functionality of the entire support system and relationship to the aircraft are described. The traditional SE processes are used to synthesize the data system. These include the development of a mission statement, the performance of a functional analysis, the assignment of requirements, identification of interfaces, the creation of a functional architecture, the allocation of requirements to system elements, and the selection of a final system construct. During these steps it is necessary to focus on the needs of the operational product itself, the aircraft.
Berger-Tung problem: A systematic approach based on canonical description

Even after three decades of research, the Berger-Tung problem remains open. The usual method attempts to identify the eponymous inner and outer bounds, tacitly bypassing the natural reference of the unwieldy operational definition. In this context, we show that the inner and outer bounds sometimes differ, making the usual approach untenable. As an alternative, we axiomatically reformulate the problem using our canonical description. In this framework, the Berger-Tung conjecture holds if and only if certain structural constraints have no impact on higher-order inner bounds. In parallel, we also lay down a roadmap towards computability that requires bounding of the gap between inner bounds of arbitrary order and the achievable region. As a first step, we consider partial side information problem, a specialization of the Berger-Tung problem, and bound the first-order gap in terms of Zamir' s minimax noise capacity.
Narratives of 9/11: relations among personal involvement, narrative content and memory of the emotional impact over time

SUMMARY Previous research has documented the beneficial effects of expressive narrative writing, and especially the inclusion of cognitive processing and emotion words, for alleviating stress. In this study, 65 mostly white Emory University undergraduates of Judeo-Christian backgrounds recalled their emotional reaction upon hearing the news of 9/11 within 2 months of the event, and again one month and 6 months later. Between the initial and one month assessment, participants engaged in expressive writing for 20 minutes a day for 5 consecutive days. Individuals who had higher personal involvement in the events of 9/11, through knowing someone who was killed or having lived in the affected areas, recalled being more shocked and upset upon hearing the news across time, and used fewer cognitive processing and positive emotion words in their narratives, than those with no direct involvement. Individuals who used more cognitive processing and emotion words in their narratives subsequently recalled being less shocked and upset upon hearing the news. Implications of these finding for emotional memory and emotional regulation are discussed. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled Air–Mixed Layer Temperature Predictability for Climate Reconstruction

A central issue for understanding past climates involves the use of sparse time-integrated data to recover the physical properties of the coupled climate system. This issue is explored in a simple model of the midlatitude climate system that has attributes consistent with the observed climate. A quasigeostrophic (QG) model thermally coupled to a slab ocean is used to approximate midlatitude coupled variability, and a variant of the ensemble Kalman filter is used to assimilate time-averaged observations. The dependence of reconstruction skill on coupling and thermal inertia is explored. Results from this model are compared with thoseforanevensimplertwo-variablelinearstochasticmodelofmidlatitudeair‐seainteraction,forwhichthe assimilation problem can be solved semianalytically. Results for the QG model show that skill decreases as the length of time over which observations are averaged increases in both the atmosphere and ocean when normalized against the time-averaged climatological variance. Skill in the ocean increases with slab depth, as expected from thermal inertia arguments, but skill in the atmosphere decreases. An explanation of this counterintuitive result derives from an analytical expression for the forecast error covariance in the two-variable stochastic model, which shows that the ratio of noise to total error increases with slab ocean depth. Essentially, noise becomes trapped in the atmosphere by a thermally stiffer ocean, which dominates the decrease in initial condition error owing to improved skill in the ocean. Increasing coupling strength in the QG model yields higher skill in the atmosphere and lower skill in the ocean, as the atmosphere accesses the longer ocean memory and the ocean accesses more atmospheric highfrequency ‘‘noise.’’ The two-variable stochastic model fails to capture this effect, showing decreasing skill in both the atmosphere and ocean for increased coupling strength, due to an increase in the ratio of noise to the forecasterrorvariance.Implications forthepotentialfordata assimilation toimproveclimatereconstructions are discussed.
Enhancing Learning Management Systems Utility for Blind Students: A Task-Oriented, User-Centered, Multi-Method Evaluation Technique.

This paper presents a novel task-oriented, user-centered, multi-method evaluation (TUME) tech-nique and shows how it is useful in providing a more complete, practical and solution-oriented assessment of the accessibility and usability of Learning Management Systems (LMS) for blind and visually impaired (BVI) students. Novel components of TUME include a purposeful integra-tion of a multi-theoretic foundation and multiple methods to accurately identify users’ accessibil-ity and usability problems in Web interaction and identify design problems and solutions to en-sure technical feasibility of recommendations. The problems identified by TUME remain hidden from extant evaluation methods - therefore, these problems remain in Web-based applications. As a result, evaluation of Web-based applications remains confounded by users’ Web interaction challenges; their utility for specific user types remains unclear. Without appropriate evaluation of users’ problems and challenges in using Web-based applications, we cannot begin to solve these problems and challenges. This paper demonstrates how TUME can be used to identify the unique problems and challenges of specific user types in using Web-based applications and suggests po-tential solutions. The outcome is an accurate understanding of specific design elements that pre-sent roadblocks and challenges for the user in interacting with the Web-based application and feasible design modifications to potentially improve the utility of these applications for specific user types.
Network Flow Modeling for Flexible Manufacturing Systems with Re-entrant Lines

A relaxed version of the process planning problem for flexible manufacturing systems/cells (FMS/FMC) and processing networks, such as flexible flow shops and general job shops, is formulated using a simple extension of multicom-modity network flow problems. Our multistage multicommodity network formulation allows for simultaneous routing and resource allocation and also captures the case of re-entrant lines (recirculation). It can be used to perform rapid, albeit crude, explorations of the combinatorial space of possible configurations and failure scenarios. The technique can also provide bounds on the limits of system performance (eg: throughput, link usage, bottlenecks, etc). This can be used to guide the design of robust FMS architectures with high degree of redundancy in machines and routes, as demonstrated in numerical examples. Being a relaxation to the full discrete problem, our method could potentially be used as an admissible heuristic for pruning AI-based planning methods. We demonstrate our approach on a realistic industrial problem.
High-Precision Instrumentation System for Sea-Bed Pressure Measurements in Muddy Sediments

A high-precision system for measuring pressure variations in fine-grained sediments has been developed using quartz- oscillating pressure transducers and digital data-handling techniques. This instrument has the important feature of being capable of monitoring remotely both mean and fluctuating components of near-bottom or subbottom sediment density variations and at the same time obtaining a time history of surface water waves and tidal elevation changes. Utilizing this system, we expect to be able to resolve density variations of 0.001 g/cm3and, with the addition of a porous ceramic stone, to detect pore-water pressure variations of 100 dynes/cm2.
Efficient fully adaptive wormhole routing in n-dimensional meshes

An efficient fully adaptive wormhole routing algorithm for n-dimensional meshes is developed. The routing algorithm provides full adaptivity at a cost of one additional virtual channel per physical channel irrespective of the number of dimensions of the network. The algorithm is based on dividing the network graph into two acyclic graphs that contain all of the physical channels in the system. Virtual channels are classified as either waiting or nonwaiting channels. Busy channels that a message waits for to become available are classified as waiting channels, otherwise they are classified as nonwaiting channels. Thus, a message considers nonwaiting channels first to reach its destination. If all non-waiting channels are busy, the message considers waiting channels. Messages acquire waiting channels in two phases. In each phase, waiting channels belonging to one acyclic network graph are traversed. This 2-phase routing algorithm could be either minimal or nonminimal. However, we concentrate on minimal routing. It is demonstrated that this adaptive routing algorithm can utilize the virtual paths (channels) between any two nodes more efficiently than any of the present algorithms with the same hardware requirement. >
Substrate profile analysis and ACP-mediated acyl transfer in Streptomyces coelicolor Type III polyketide synthases.

Polyketides represent a diverse family of natural products synthesized by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and have found extensive use as pharmaceuticals (e.g. , antimicrobials, antivirals, and antineoplastics) and other commercially important products (e.g. , food ingredients, nutraceuticals, and pigments). Although naturally occurring polyketides have diverse structures, the majority are produced by three broad classes of polyketide synthases (PKSs) that share a common mechanism involving sequential decarboxylative condensation reactions to form C C bonds between simple carboxylic acid extender units and the nascent acyl chain. Whereas the vast majority of studies have focused on the modular and iterative type I and iterative type II PKSs, recent work has led to a new appreciation for the homodimeric type III PKSs that give rise to a range of aromatic compounds, including flavonoids and chalcones as well as some a-pyrone acylketides. Here we report the potential for removing type III PKSs from their natural biosynthetic context and adapting them to accept unnatural substrates in order to access a more structurally diverse chemical space. In addition, we show the remarkable ability of one Streptomyces coelicolor type III PKS to accept efficiently an acyl-ACP as its starter unit. Pyrone-containing natural products exhibit a wide range of biological activities; this is a consequence of their structural diversity (Scheme 1). Pyrones are synthesized by PKSs through successive condensations of malonyl-CoA derived C2 units followed by lactonization. The fungal metabolites fusapyrone and D8646-2-6 are most likely derived from iterative type I PKSs, and enterocin is produced by a type II PKS. On the other hand, germicidins A, B, and C, as well as the signaling
Adding subcutaneous liraglutide to metformin reduces HbA1c more than adding oral sitagliptin in patients whose type 2 diabetes is poorly controlled with metformin alone

Commentary on: RE Pratley, M Nauck, T Bailey, et al..; 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 Study Group. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet2010;375:1447–56.
Contaminant classification in robotic gas metal arc welding via image based spatter tracking

This paper presents a new method for measuring and classifying spatter in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) by optical monitoring of the weld pool and surrounding area via a high-frame-rate camera. Image processing and tracking algorithms are described that extract and classify individual spatter events from raw camera images. This new sensor is then used to investigate the relationship between workpiece contamination and weld spatter.
Beyond Theory: Martin Buber’s I and Thou and the Role of Contemplation in Integrated Relational Counseling

The current paradigm in mental health practice does not completely protect practitioners from theory-induced blindness. Many clinicians continue to rely on stable theoretical frameworks, which, although helpful, can become a hindrance to integrated relational practice. Overreliance on a particular theory or set of techniques can prevent clinicians from adopting a genuinely relational orientation. This article describes the nature of the contemplative-relational orientation using concepts from Martin Buber’s I and Thou and proposes that clinicians wishing to build competency in integrated relational counseling may benefit from contemplative prayer, meditation, and other mindfulness practices. A clinical vignette is provided and illustrates general features of an integrated relational approach, and empirical evidence is advanced to support the benefits of contemplative practice for mental health practitioners.
Private Politics - A Research Agenda

Regulation is usually understood as the result of government action exercised and implemented by legislatures, agencies, and the courts. Yet, in recent years public institutions are no longer the sole source of constraints on business activity. Rather, political activists and nongovernmental organizations (“NGOs”) have increasingly succeeded in forcing firms to change their business practices by directly targeting companies and their value chains. We provide and overview on this emerging research area.
The Role of Communication and Cohesion in Reducing Social Loafing in Group Projects.

This study examines previously untested variables that influence social loafing in professional and technical communication group projects by determining the influence of communication quality and task cohesion on social loafing. A set-up factors model, which included group size, peer review, project scope, and method of team formation, was also tested for means of comparison. The results indicated the communication quality and task cohesion model significantly reduced social loafing, explaining 53% of the variance in social loafing. The model of set-up factors only explained about 4% of the variance. The article discusses instructional strategies that foster quality communication to reduce loafing.
Possible alternate routes in the metabolism of betahistine in the rabbit.

SummaryThe metabolism of betahistine, demethylbetahistine and 2-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) pyridine in the rabbit leads to the urinary excretion of acidic metabolities, including 2-pyridylacetate, which is excreted in part as N-2-pyridylacetylglycine. Other unidentified Koenig-positive compounds were in the acidic fraction.
Content distribution of flavones in different kinds of vegetables

A variety of active ingredients are in vegetables.Flavonoids is one of the compounds which play a greater pharmacological effect on the human body,such as skin care beauty,anti-aging,antibacterial,antioxidant,etc.So far,in the literature there are about fifty kinds of vegetables which contain flavones was reported.Concent distribution of the main active ingredients apigenin,luteolin in different types of vegetables are summarized,and that provides a basis for the rational use of vegetables.
Application and maintenance of implantable venous access port

This article provides a general overview of venous port access including implantation technique,operative cooperation,application,maintenance methods and the resolvent of common problems which may offer reference for clinical care and represent an effective therapeutic approach that may be valuable for the treatment of patients undergoing chemotherapy and other intravenous therapy.
The nature and extent of training activities in clinical pathology required for effective consultation on laboratory test selection and interpretation

Objective.-The goal of this study was to identify the activities in clinical pathology training and the length of time required in each to effectively train residents as consultants on laboratory test selection and interpretation. Methods.-The information needed to address these questions was obtained from a study of 20 residents in clinical pathology at our institution between 1990 and 1996. In the survey participants were asked to assess the value of specific training activities in developing their confidence when addressing consultative questions on laboratory test use and interpretation. Participants were also asked to assess the length of time required to gain confidence in performing this role. Results.-The results of the study demonstrate that confidence in providing advice on clinical laboratory test selection and interpretation is acquired to a significant but not absolute degree after an intense 8-week experience in a single clinical laboratory subspecialty, during which time no other responsibilities are assigned. The data also indicate that interactions with clinical pathologists and formal lectures provided to the trainees during their rotations are critical components of the consultation service. There was a significant decrease in the length of time required to provide effective information on test selection and interpretation as the residents progressed through their training. Conclusions.-For all of the major subspecialties in clinical pathology, the residents gained significant confidence by 4 weeks of intense training, and by 8 weeks participants were very confident in answering consultation questions. Even after 8 weeks, however, fewer than 10% of the residents felt absolutely confident in their own decisions regarding laboratory test use and interpretation prior to discussion with senior residents and faculty. Thus, acquisition of expertise to effectively provide advice on laboratory test selection and interpretation required up to 8 weeks of focused training in each clinical laboratory subspecialty. Gaining confidence in multiple areas requires a significant commitment of full-time training. This study provides an understanding of the type and extent of training required to attain the skills necessary to effectively provide consultation in clinical pathology.
Comparative Ecomorphology of Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae)

Abstract. Cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) depend on their hind limbs (legs) to pursue prey underwater, rendering these structures critical for their survival. Assemblages of three or more species can be found in a variety of regions including the coasts of western USA (California), central Chile, and western South Africa. Cormorants all hunt via pursuit diving underwater while remaining close to shore, yet are able to coexist; an occurrence that is not well understood. Variation in feeding ecology within cormorant assemblages was expected to be reflected in the legs. Leg structure was examined by measurement of five leg bone characteristics from skeletal specimens of 10 species from assemblages within the aforementioned regions. Principle component analysis identified the femur and tarsometatarsus as having the highest degrees of variation. The femur was found to have the shortest length, relative to total leg length, in putative shoaling fish specialists. The tarsometatarsus was found to have the shortest...
Replacement high-K/metal-gate High-Ge-content strained SiGe FinFETs with high hole mobility and excellent SS and reliability at aggressive EOT ∼7Å and scaled dimensions down to sub-4nm fin widths

High-Ge-content (HGC) SiGe FinFETs in a “replacement High-K and metal-gate” (RMG) process flow and with aggressive EOT scaling are demonstrated, for the first time. HGC SiGe pMOS FinFETs with high-mobility, record-low RMG long-channel SS=66mV/dec and great short-channel characteristics down to L G =21nm have been demonstrated. Gate stack and transport properties down to sub-4nm fin widths (W FIN ) have been also studied for the first time. We demonstrate excellent RMG mobility and reliability at aggressive EOT∼7A, and excellent μ eff =220cm2/Vs at N inv =1013 for fins with W FIN ∼4nm, outperforming state-of-the-art devices at such dimensions and providing very promising results for FinFET scaling for future high-performance FinFET generations.
Efficient Boundary Tracking Through Sampling

The proposed algorithm for image segmentation is inspired by an algorithm for autonomous environmental boundary tracking. The algorithm relies on a tracker that traverses a boundary between regions in a sinusoidal-like path. Boundary tracking is done by efficiently sampling points, resulting in a significant savings in computation time over many other segmentation methods. For noisy images, the traversed path is modeled as a change-point detection problem between two states. Change-point detection algorithms such as Page’s cumulative sum procedure are adapted in conjunction with other methods to handle a high level of noise. A modification for the multiple-region case is also presented as a hybrid of a topology-detecting segmentation algorithm and boundary tracking. Applications to high resolution images and large data sets such as hyperspectral are of particular interest. Irregularly shaped boundaries such as fractals are also treated at very fine detail along with accompanying fractal dimension calculations, which follow naturally from the boundary tracking data.
Projekt? Tak! Ale czy inteligentny?

Author takes into account various themes concerning intelligent design theory. The subject of his considerations are: scientific value of intelligent design theory; distinction between metaphysical and methodological naturalism and its role in the scientific practice as well as its meaning for the scientists who believes in God; relationship between science and religion on the example of NOMA (Non-Overlapping MAgisteria) principle which was formulated by Stephen Jay Gould; and finally the issue of teaching science – for example, whether also creationist concepts should be discussed in science classes.
Dictionary Reduction: Automatic Compact Dictionary Learning for Classification

A complete and discriminative dictionary can achieve superior performance. However, it also consumes extra processing time and memory, especially for large datasets. Most existing compact dictionary learning methods need to set the dictionary size manually, therefore an appropriate dictionary size is usually obtained in an exhaustive search manner. How to automatically learn a compact dictionary with high fidelity is still an open challenge. We propose an automatic compact dictionary learning (ACDL) method which can guarantee a more compact and discriminative dictionary while at the same time maintaining the state-of-the-art classification performance. We incorporate two innovative components in the formulation of the dictionary learning algorithm. First, an indicator function is introduced that automatically removes highly correlated dictionary atoms with weak discrimination capacity. Second, two additional constraints, namely, the sum-to-one and the non-negative constraints are imposed on the sparse coefficients. On one hand, this achieves the same functionality as the \(L_2\)-normalization on the raw data to maintain a stable sparsity threshold. On the other hand, this effectively preserves the geometric structure of the raw data which would be otherwise destroyed by the \(L_2\)-normalization. Extensive evaluations have shown that the preservation of geometric structure of the raw data plays an important role in achieving high classification performance with smallest dictionary size. Experimental results conducted on four recognition problems demonstrate the proposed ACDL can achieve competitive classification performance using a drastically reduced dictionary (https://github.com/susanqq/ACDL.git).
Effect of temperature and pH on dehalogenation of total organic chlorine, bromine and iodine in drinking water.

Abstract Disinfection byproduct (DBP) concentrations in drinking water distribution systems and indoor water uses depend on competitive formation and degradation reactions. This study investigated the dehalogenation kinetics of total organic chlorine (TOCl), bromine (TOBr) and iodine (TOI) produced by fulvic acid under different pH and temperature conditions, and total organic halogen (TOX) variations in a treated drinking water under simulated distribution system and heating scenarios. TOX dehalogenation rates were generally in the order of TOI ≅ TOCl(NH 2 Cl) > TOBr > TOCl(Cl 2 ). The half-lives of different groups of TOX compounds formed by fulvic acid varied between 27 and 139 days during incubation at 20 °C and 0.98–2.17 days during heating at 55 °C. Base-catalyzed reactions played a major role in TOX degradation as evidenced by enhanced dehalogenation under high pH conditions. The results of heating of a treated water in the presence of residuals showed that TOX concentrations of chlorinated samples increased rapidly when chlorine residuals were present and then gradually decreased after chlorine residuals were exhausted. The final TOX concentrations of chlorinated samples after heating showed moderate decreases with increasing ambient water ages. Chloraminated samples with different ambient water ages exhibited similar final TOX concentrations during simulated distribution system and heating experiments. This study reinforces the importance of understanding DBP variations in indoor water uses as wells as in distribution systems to provide more accurate DBP information for exposure assessment and regulatory determination.
Temporal proteomic response to acute heat stress in the porcine muscle sarcoplasm

Heat stress (HS) is an important topic in the swine industry, costing hundreds of millions of dollars in economic losses annually, figures that could easily rise in light of global climate change. Muscle biology during HS is particularly important given skeletal muscle's large proportion to the body and its ultimate conversion to meat. Here we report the proteomic changes that occur during acute HS (37°C and 40% relative humidity) lasting 2, 4, or 6 h in the muscle sarcoplasm of growing pigs in comparison with 6 h of thermal neutral (TN; 21°C and 70% relative humidity) conditions ( = 8 per treatment). The red and white areas of the semitendinosus muscle were used to compare the differential effects of HS on oxidative or glycolytic muscles. The results support the hypothesis of proteomic profile differences between the acute HS and TN groups. Altered abundance ( < 0.05) of several proteins occurred in as little as 2 h of HS, affecting metabolism, cell structure, and chaperone, antioxidant, and proteolytic activity. We determined that the muscle HS response is both fiber type and time specific. Overall, more differences were observed in the red semitendinosus than in the white semitendinosus, although the time point at which differences were observed varied. These data show that as little as 2 h of HS has measurable effects on muscle proteins, indicating that acute HS has the potential to impair muscle function and growth.
DISABILITY AND THE LAW—PERSON V. PAPER: WHY CONNECTICUT’S IQ CUTOFF SCORE IS A BARRICADE TO SELF-BETTERMENT

State-based supports and services are essential to improving the quality of life of many individuals with intellectual disabilities. However, access to vital assistance is often reserved for those who satisfy the state’s definition of “intellectual disability.” On a national scale, Connecticut employs the most restrictive definition of intellectual disability, denying services to individuals with intensive needs simply because they have an IQ score above 69. Effectively, Connecticut quantifies the quality of life of individuals with intellectual disabilities. This Note argues that Connecticut’s eligibility criteria is inconsistent with the best practices set forth by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). In assessing intellectual disability, the AAIDD dispels of strict IQ cutoff scores and instead engages in a holistic inquiry emphasizing the individual’s overall well-being. This Note calls upon the Connecticut legislature to enact a statutory amendment that will modernize Connecticut’s eligibility practices, and ensure that Connecticut is meeting its imperative of providing assistance to those most in need.
Spinal Cord Injury—A Systems Approach: Prevention, Emergency Medical Services, and Emergency Room Management

Spinal cord injury is considered a catastrophic disease because of the significant morbidity, mortality, and costs not only in fiscal terms but in social terms. There are approximately ten thousand new spinal cord injuries per year with the national prevalence estimated at between three and five hundred thousand Americans. These authors advocate a systems approach for the comprehensive management of these devastating injuries. In all phases of care for the spinal-cord-injured person, the key is a team approach and a commitment to an optimal patient care program that can result in minimizing patient morbidity, mortality, and the cost of care as well as making neurologic function maximal.
The Role of Genetics in Wood Production — General Concepts

For many years most tree improvement programs included growth, form, adaptability, and pest resistance in their assessments but did not include wood properties as such. It was recognized that tree form, growth rate, and pest tolerance could all affect wood in several ways, as was described by Zobel (1971) (Fig. 1.1). However, the potential for improving wood by direct application of genetics was not generally appreciated, although persons like Harris (1983) strongly emphasized the value of employing genetics to improve wood. Many people felt that if growth, form, and adaptability were central to a genetics program, there would be little opportunity left for altering wood, even if there were strong genetic control. However, as noted by Zobel (1972): “Addition of a wood property will enable moderate changes in wood while still being able to maintain the desired form, growth, and adaptability.” As early as 1935, Schreiner recognized the possibilities for genetic manipulation of wood and published an article on how pulping characteristics might be improved by breeding; these ideas were later expanded in his 1958 paper. The economic impact of changes in wood quality were recently outlined by Cubbage (1990). However, little proof was available regarding the inheritance of wood properties except for studies like those of Pawsey (1965) in Australia, who tested the wood of clones of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and found large differences among clones but great similarity among ramets within a clone. The general possibility of improving wood quality through breeding was covered by Lahiri (1959) and an assessment of the wood qualities to use in tree breeding was made by Dadswell et al. (1963) in Pinus radiata and for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) by Kellogg (1990).