cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal transitions of excitons and hole cyclotron resonance in undoped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells by optically detected resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Optically detected resonance (ODR) spectroscopy has been used to study electron and hole cyclotron resonance (CR) and various internal excitonic transitions in one sample in magnetic fields up to 15 T. The consequences of the cylindrical symmetry of the Hamiltonian for this system are observed directly. The energy difference between electron and hole CR equals the energy difference between any pair of 1s→np± internal excitonic transitions (IET). The two principal hole CR transitions were identified from comparison with theoretical calculations. In addition to the nearly degenerate 1s→2p+ IET(s), two 1s→2p− IETs resulting from the two distinct heavy-hole magnetoexcitons were observed. The capability of observing electron and hole CR as well as several IETs in a single sample is unique to the ODR technique and demonstrates its potential for elucidating the electronic states of semiconductor nanostructures.
CFD-Based, Parametric, Design Tool for Gas Turbine Combustors From Compressor Deswirl Exit to Turbine Inlet

Since 1998, the Honeywell Engines & Systems, Combustion & Emissions Group has been developing an advanced, CFD-based, parametric, detailed design-by-analysis tool for gas turbine combustors called A dvanced C ombustion T ools (ACT). ACT solves the entire flow regime from the compressor deswirl exit to the turbine stator inlet, and can be used for combustor diagnostics, design, and development. ACT is applicable to can, through-flow, and reverse-flow combustors, and accommodates features unique to different combustor designs. The main features of ACT are: 1. Reduction of Analysis Cycle Time : Geometry modeling and grid generation are fully parametric and modular, using an inhouse feature-based technology. Each geometrical feature can be deleted, replaced, added, and modified easily, quickly, and efficiently. 2. Elimination of Inter-Feature Boundary Assumptions : All the complex combustor features, such as wall cooling configuration, details of the air swirler assemblies and fuel atomizer systems, dome-shroud/cowl wall, and splash cooling plate, are considered and fully coupled into the CFD calculations. This allows the plenum and annulus aerodynamics to interact directly with the combustor internal flow. 3. Ease of Use : To reduce setup time and errors and to facilitate parametric studies, ACT is highly customized for engineers. 4. Accurate and Efficient CFD Solutions : Advanced physical submodels of combustion and spray have been implemented. This paper provides an overview and development experiences of ACT. Application of ACT to a through-flow combustor system is presented to illustrate the approach as applied to real-world combustors. Validation of the ACT system, by comparison to test cell data, is in-progress and will be the subject of a future paper.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Exertional rhabdomyolysis in quarter horses and thoroughbreds: one syndrome, multiple aetiologies.

Summary The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) in Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds represents one or several distinct myopathies. Eighteen Quarter Horses and 18 Thoroughbreds with ER were selected from cases presented to the Veterinary Hospital on the basis of a history of ER, assessment of muscle histopathology, and serum CK activity before and 4 h post exercise. In addition, 2 of 3 of the following parameters were evaluated: muscle glycogen concentrations, thyroid hormones (T3, T4), fractional excretion (FE) of sodium, potassium and chloride. The CK response to training, the metabolic response to a near maximal standardised exercise test (SET), blood glucose concentrations after an i.v. glucose challenge and a skeletal muscle in vitro caffeine contracture test were performed on 5 of the Quarter Horses, selected because of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM), and 5 of the Thoroughbreds. Serum T3 and T4 were all within normal limits. Low FE of sodium and potassium were seen in <20% of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds. Four hours post exercise, CK was increased in 77% of Quarter Horses and 72% of Thoroughbreds with ER. Muscle glycogen concentrations in Quarter Horses with ER were significantly higher than in normal Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds with ER. No Thoroughbreds, but 15/18 Quarter Horses with ER had abnormal polysaccharide accumulation in muscle biopsies consistent with a diagnosis of PSSM. PSSM Quarter Horses had higher CK activity during training than Thoroughbreds and higher glycogen utilisation with the SET. PSSM Quarter Horses also had significantly enhanced glucose clearance compared to normal Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds with ER. Thoroughbreds with ER had significantly lower thresholds for caffeine-induced contracture than normal horses and PSSM Quarter Horses. It was concluded that there are multiple causes for exertional rhabdomyolysis. In Quarter Horses, rhabdomyolysis is commonly due to a glycogen storage disorder, PSSM, and is readily expressed in untrained horses. In Thoroughbreds, ER is commonly due to an underlying abnormality of muscle contraction. Rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds, however, is only expressed intermittently when key stressors are present.
Nanoscale thermal analysis for nanomedicine by nanocalorimetry

Microfabricated nanocalorimeters sensitively measure the thermal properties of nanomaterials and can be used for biomedical and in vitro measurements. This review examines the capabilities of nanocalorimeters including specific applications to nanomedicine such as measurements of nanomaterial stability, protein crystallization, ligand–protein binding, phase transitions, phase separations, interfacial reactions, and sorption–desorption phenomena. Widespread adoption of nanotechnology into clinical medicine will require a more complete understanding of the basic properties of nanomaterials, the relationship between nanomaterial processing, and physical properties and a deeper understanding of how nanomaterial physical properties control biological interactions. Nanocalorimetry is suitable where high sensitivity and high-rate thermal and thermodynamic measurements are needed. Because of their small size and rapid measurement speed, nanocalorimeters can be used for single measurements or with high throughput automation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:31–41. doi: 10.1002/wnan.155 This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website
Epilepsy and driving regulations in Wisconsin

Driving regulations in the state of Wisconsin have evolved. In 1987, changes in these regulations focused the problem on loss of consciousness and bodily control of drivers rather than on specific diagnostic entities such as epilepsy or diabetes mellitus. Current Wisconsin law encompasses loss of consciousness or events affecting bodily control, no matter what the cause. Current regulations balance individual needs with the needs of safety for society. Neurologists are encouraged to become involved to keep the process of regulation current with the dynamic changes in medical care and in transportation technology (e.g., air bags, roll bars, etc.).
Divorce Therapy in Context

Abstract Partners trying to decide whether to continue or end their marriage rely on the expertise of therapists to help them evaluate their alternatives. Research on what predicts divorce and what consequences divorce has for parents and children is reviewed so therapists are informed in the guidance they give clients. Attention is given to the environmental context of marriage as well as its interior quality. Implications for therapists doing divorce therapy in the context of a “pro-marriage” climate are also discussed.
Conformational Switches Involved in Orchestrating the Successive Steps of Group I RNA Splicing

Group I introns possess a conserved guanosine residue at their 3' end, termed omegaG, that, in the case of the Tetrahymena pre-rRNA, is a major determinant of the second step of splicing. We examined the role of omegaG in self-splicing of the 249-residue group I intron of the Anabaena PCC7120 tRNAleu precursor. Contrary to observations with the Tetrahymena pre-rRNA intron, a mutation that places an adenosine residue at the omega position did not have a severe effect on the second step of splicing; neither 3' splice-site selection nor the rate of the second step was altered. The first step of splicing, however, was now readily reversed. This unexpected effect also resulted from a mutation that altered the nucleoside specificity of the intronic guanosine-binding site. The theme common to these mutations is that reversal of the first step of splicing results when there is not a strong interaction between the guanosine-binding site and the omega residue. This suggests that a major role of omegaG is to compete with the exogenous guanosine molecule added to the intron in the first step of splicing for the single guanosine-binding site of the intron. From these data, we are able to extend the mechanism for the self-splicing reaction of this intron by proposing two distinct conformational changes between the first and second steps of the splicing. The first of these is the exchange of the exogenous nucleoside for the omega nucleoside. This is the equilibrium that we can perturb by mutations at either the omega position or the guanosine-binding site. An additional conformational change then fully activates the intron for the second step of splicing.
Postbuckling of Elastic Columns with Second-Mode Imperfection

Initial imperfections of columns are often assumed to have the shape of the first buckling mode. In this technical note, the imperfection has the shape of the second mode. An elastica analysis is performed, and numerical results are obtained for two cases with the use of a shooting method. For the example of a pinned column, bifurcation occurs at a load slightly higher than the critical load for the perfect system. With further increase in load, the deflection changes smoothly from an antisymmetric shape with one node to a shape with no nodes. For the cantilevered-column example, a limit point occurs just beyond the critical load for the perfect system, and the equilibrium shape jumps from one state to another. As the load is increased further, the deflection passes smoothly to the other side of the column and loses its inflection point.
Synthese von Tetraorgano‐diphosphinen, Diorgano‐phosphinen und Tetraorgano‐diphosphindisulfiden

Aus Phosphorthiochlorid und Organomagnesiumbromiden wurden in Ausbeuten bis zu 90% die Tetraorgano-diphosphindisulfide der Formel R2P(S)P(S)R2 (R=CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9 und Allyl) erhalten. Aus diesen wurden mit Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd und anderen Metallen die entsprechenden Tetraorgano-diphosphine R2P-PR2 in hohen Ausbeuten dargestellt (R=CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C6H11, C6H5, CH3C6H4). Mit Elementhydriden bzw. Raney-Kupfer, mit Wasserstoff und Kupfer entstanden direkt die entsprechenden sekundaren Phosphine. Die Reaktion von (C2H5)2P(S)Cl mit Cu-Bronze lieferte (C2H5)4P2 in guter Ausbeute, wahrend bei einer Umsetzung mit Natrium geringe Mengen (C2H5)4P2S2 isoliert werden konnten. Aus Tetraalkyl-diphosphinen und Natrium bzw. Kalium entstanden die entsprechenden Metallverbindungen R2PMI, die bei der Behandlung mit Alkohol oder Wasser in nahezu quantitativer Ausbeute Dialkylphosphine lieferten. Diorgano-chlorphosphine gaben mit Natrium oder Kalium in Dekalin die entsprechenden Tetraorgano-diphosphine, die als solche isoliert oder direkt weiter in die Verbindungen R2PMI oder mit Alkoholen bzw. Wasser in die sekundaren Phosphine ubergefuhrt werden konnten.
Numerical Study on Diastolic Left Ventricular Hemodynamics Using Motion Models of Mitral Valve With/Without Edge-to-Edge Repair

Edge-to-edge repair (ETER) is a newly developed technique to correct such mitral valve (MV) malfunctions as regurgitation [1,2]. This technique changes MV geometric configuration by suturing the anterior and posterior leaflets at central or commissural edges, and consequently alters MV and left ventricle (LV) dynamics. For instance, stress in the MV elevated due to ETER may cause leaflets tearing near suture. Little has been known about shear stress on the MV and LV walls under MV ETER conditions, where high shear stress might cause platelet activation or hemolysis [3]. When ETER is done at the central leaflet edges, it generates two MV orifices, leads to two deflected jets, and completely changes vortices in the LV. ETER also reduces the orifice area, and increases jet velocity and transmitral pressure [1,2,4]. Flow patterns in the LV and ETER effects on the LV and MV functions have not been understood well.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Short time properties, dynamic fragility and pressure effects in deeply supercooled polymer melts

Our activated barrier hopping theory of segmental relaxation in deeply supercooled polymer melts is applied to compute short time properties including the glassy shear modulus, localization length and vibrational frequency. Numerical calculations for specific polymers suggest the theory simultaneously predicts a reasonable elastic modulus, localized state vibrational frequency, dynamic fragility and dynamic crossover and glass transition temperatures. The theory also provides explicit connections between short time-/length-scale properties and the slow alpha relaxation process. The extension of the theory to elevated pressures is initiated. Pressure is found to broaden the deeply supercooled regime and reduce the dynamic fragility. However, the predicted Rossler–Sokolov universal supra-Arrhenius law for the temperature dependence of the alpha relaxation time remains accurate at all pressures. A common theme is the essential role played by the ratio of the dynamic crossover temperature (ideal mode coupling critical temperature) and kinetic glass transition temperature even in the deeply supercooled regime where activated processes are dominant.
A Trans Acting Ribozyme that Phosphorylates Exogenous RNA

The structural complexity required for substrate recognition within an active site constrains the evolution of novel catalytic functions. To evaluate those constraints within populations of incipient ribozymes, we performed a selection for kinase ribozymes under conditions that allowed competition for phosphorylation at nine candidate sites. Two candidate sites are the hydroxyl groups on a “quasi-diffusible” chloramphenicol (Cam) moiety tethered to the evolving library through an inert, flexible linker. A subtractive step was included to allow only seven ribose 2‘ hydroxyls to compete with the two Cam hydroxyls for phosphorylation. After the library was incubated with gamma-thio-ATP (ATPγS), active species were recovered from a polyacrylamide gel containing [(N-acryloylamino)phenyl] mercury (APM) and amplified for further cycles of selection. Activity assays on selected isolates and truncated derivatives identified the essential secondary structure of the dominant RNA motif. Phosphorylation was independen...
Expression of transforming growth factor β in the embryonic avian lens coincides with the presence of mitochondria

During their maturation, lens cells lose all membrane bound organelles, including mitochondria. In chicken embryos this process begins in the central lens fibers beginning around embryonic day 12 (E12). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) is a multipotent growth modulator thought to play a role in numerous developmental processes. TGF beta 1 has been localized to mitochondria in rat liver cells and muscle cells. In the present study, we examined the expression of TGF beta isoform mRNAs and proteins during chicken embryonic lens development. PCR analysis demonstrated TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 transcripts in the lens epithelium and fibers throughout pre- and post-hatching development. TGF beta isoforms were detected throughout the lens epithelium and fibers early in development (E6). However by E19, the distribution of TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 transcripts and proteins coincided with regions of the lens that contained mitochondria. In addition, intense TGF beta staining was observed in the basal portions of the equatorial epithelial cells, a region with abundant mitochondria. Transcripts for TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 4 were not detected in any tissue or time frame examined. Similarly, no immunostaining for TGF beta 1 was observed.
Tunable Resonant Color Filters Fabricated in Silicon Nitride on Glass Substrates

An angle-tuned guided-mode resonance color filter is designed and fabricated using a subwavelength silicon nitride grating on a glass substrate. The fabricated device shows red, green, and blue pixel response with experimental efficiency of 75% and filter bandwidth of 10 nm.
Fast and Slow Equations: The Development Patterns of Urban Settings

The qualitative dynamics of city size is considered, and for this purpose the topics of slow and fast variables, equations, and equilibria are introduced, all within the framework of the theory of structural stability. The nature of urban development is discussed in general terms, and two specific models of city-size behavior are examined. In both models the key variables are the social costs associated with development and the degree of comparative advantage. The dynamic behavior of each type is derived, and an interpretation of their qualitative features is suggested. Finally, further extensions of this work and new directions for research are indicated.
Explanatory factors of sexual function in sexual minority women breast cancer survivors

ABSTRACT Background The sexual function of sexual minority women (women with female partners) who are breast cancer survivors is mostly unknown. Our objective is to identify explanatory factors of sexual function among sexual minority women with breast cancer and compare them with a control sample of sexual minority women without cancer. Patients and methods Using a conceptual framework that has previously been applied to heterosexual breast cancer survivors, we assessed the relationship of each explanatory factor to sexual function in sexual minority women. Using generalized estimating equations, we identified explanatory factors of sexual function and identified differences by case and control status. Results Self-perception of greater sexual attractiveness and worse urogenital menopausal symptoms explain 44% of sexual function, after controlling for case and control status. Focusing only on partnered women, 45% of sexual function was explained by greater sexual attractiveness, postmenopausal status, and greater dyadic cohesion. Conclusions All of the relevant explanatory factors for sexual function among sexual minority survivors are modifiable as has been suggested for heterosexual survivors. Sexual minority survivors differ from heterosexual survivors in that health-related quality of life is less important as an explanatory factor. These findings can guide adaptation of interventions for sexual minority survivors.
Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for TMD Pain: Long-Term Outcomes and Moderators of Treatment

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a brief (6-8 sessions) cognitive-behavioral treatment for temporomandibular dysfunction-related pain could be efficacious in reducing pain, pain-related interference with lifestyle and depressive symptoms. The patients were 101 men and women with pain in the area of the temporomandibular joint of at least 3 months duration, randomly assigned to either standard treatment (STD; n=49) or standard treatment+cognitive-behavioral skills training (STD+CBT; n=52). Patients were assessed at posttreatment (6 weeks), 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks, and 52 weeks. Linear mixed model analyses of reported pain indicated that both treatments yielded significant decreases in pain, with the STD+CBT condition resulting in steeper decreases in pain over time compared to the STD condition. Somatization, self-efficacy and readiness for treatment emerged as significant moderators of outcome, such that those low in somatization, or higher in self-efficacy or readiness, and treated with STD+CBT reported of lower pain over time. Somatization was also a significant moderator of treatment effects on pain-related interference with functioning, with those low on somatization reporting of less pain interference over time when treated in the STD+CBT condition. It was concluded that brief treatments can yield significant reductions in pain, life interference and depressive symptoms in TMD sufferers, and that the addition of cognitive-behavioral coping skills will add to efficacy, especially for those low in somatization, or high in readiness or self-efficacy.
Linoleic acid and TNF-alpha cross-amplify oxidative injury and dysfunction of endothelial cells

Factors implicated in the development of atherosclerosis include metabolic alterations of the endothelium induced by certain lipids and inflammatory cytokines. To study the hypothesis that the combined presence of unsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines may cross-amplify their individual injurious effects, cultured endothelial cells were treated with 90 mu M of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and/or 20 ng/ml (100 U/ml) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) for up to 24 h. Disturbances in endothelial cell metabolism were determined by measuring cellular oxidative stress, oxidative stress-inducible nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and NF-kappa B-related transcription, intracellular calcium levels, and endothelial barrier function reflected by transendothelial albumin movement. Both 18:2 and TNF increased cellular oxidation, intracellular calcium, and endothelial barrier permeability. These changes were cross-amplified in cells treated both with 18:2 and TNF, compared with 18:2 or TNF alone. In contrast, a combined exposure to 18:2 and TNF did not potentiate effects mediated by 18:2 or TNF alone on NF-kappa B activation or NF-kappa B-related transcription. Pretreatment with 25 mu M vitamin E attenuated 18:2 and/or TNF-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction. These results suggest that certain unsaturated fatty acids can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction and that oxidative stress may be partially responsible for these metabolic events. These findings have implications for understanding lipid-mediated inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis.
Collaborative Internet project management in education

With the increasing proliferation of collaboration tools in the design and engineering industry, it is now possible for team members-to work on, building projects from any location, synchronously or asynchronously,, with all the latest project information available in a shared database. This study is an experiment carried out, over a period of one semester, on a senior-level building construction class at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. The class-consisting of 25 students and two instructors-was set up to mock a typical architectural engineering and construction project team. The class project was based on a real-life construction project from an. existing firm. The experiment allowed us to investigate how students adapt to new technologies, as well as providing an ideal setting in which the activities and needs of collaborating groups can be studied.
Evolution of the Scientific Paper

The first papers reporting original research results in technical periodicals and proceedings appeared in the late 17th century. Since that time, the typical scientific paper has evolved from a fairly simple document, accessible to a general audience, to a much more complex one, aimed at a specialized audience. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of what the first scientific papers were like and how they evolved to their present form and style. To facilitate this discussion, the scientific paper`s development has arbitrarily been divided into four stages: the origin and formative years of the scientific paper (1665-1765), emergence of scientific papers written for specialized publications (1765-1865), development of the modem scientific paper (1865-1965), and hyperspecialization and computerization of the modem scientific paper (1965-?).
Mediation of acetylcholine and substance P induced contractions by myosin light chain phosphorylation in feline colonic smooth muscle

Objectives—To determine the role of myosin light chain phosphorylation in feline colonic smooth muscle contraction. Sample Population—Colonic tissue was obtained from eight 12- to 24-month-old cats. Procedure—Colonic longitudinal smooth muscle strips were attached to isometric force transducers for measurements of isometric stress. Myosin light chain phosphorylation was determined by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Stress and phosphorylation were determined following stimulation with ACh or SP, in the absence or presence of a calmodulin antagonist (W-7; 0.1 to 1.0 mM), myosin light chain kinase inhibitor (ML-9; 1 to 10 µM), or extracellular calcium - free solutions. Results—Unstimulated longitudinal colonic smooth muscle contained low amounts (6.9 ± 3.2%) of phosphorylated myosin light chain. Phosphorylation of the myosin light chains was dose and time dependent with maximal values of 58.5% at 30 seconds of stimulation with 100 µM Ach and 60.2% at 45 sec...
Neuromuscular blocking drugs in pediatric anesthesia

HE USE OF neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBs) is an important topic in the practice of pediatric anesthesia. Tracheal intubation is frequently part of the management of the anesthetic care of infants and children. The anatomic differences and active reflexes of the pediatric airway as well as the narrow toxic to therapeutic ratio ofhalothane in the infant encourage the use of NMBs to facilitate placement of the endotracheal tube. Surgical procedures commonly performed on the face and throat of the child produce a need for tracheal intubation. Such surgery may be complicated by blood and/or edema in the pharynx at the end of surgery. Therefore, a balanced anesthetic including neuromuscular blockade may be desirable to decrease the likelihood of airway complications after extubation. There are sometimes significant age-related differences in the potency of a bolus or an infusion of a neuromuscular blocker. The clinician should be aware of this variability so that the effects of a bolus become more predictable. When NMBs are titrated to effect, an equipotent amount of drug has been administered. In this case there are also predictable differences in the rate of spontaneous recovery from paralysis. In the presence of some NMBs, these differences are related to age. Therefore, this review discusses the age-related differences in response to the neuromuscular blockers in clinical use now. What neuromuscular blocking drugs are frequently used to facilitate intubation in pediatric patients? In recent years the complications, common and rare, that may follow the administration of succinylcholine to pediatric patients have prompted re-evaluation of the place of this drug in the routine practice of pediatric anesthesia. Indeed, a Federal Drug Administration (FDA) ad
Structural stability and lattice defects in copper: Ab initio , tight-binding, and embedded-atom calculations

We evaluate the ability of the embedded-atom method ~EAM! potentials and the tight-binding ~TB! method to predict reliably energies and stability of nonequilibrium structures by taking Cu as a model material. Two EAM potentials are used here. One is constructed in this work by using more fitting parameters than usual and including ab initio energies in the fitting database. The other potential was constructed previously using a traditional scheme. Excellent agreement is observed between ab initio, TB, and EAM results for the energies and stability of several nonequilibrium structures of Cu, as well as for energies along deformation paths between different structures. We conclude that not only TB calculations but also EAM potentials can be suitable for simulations in which correct energies and stability of different atomic configurations are essential, at least for Cu. The bcc, simple cubic, and diamond structures of Cu were identified as elastically unstable, while some other structures ~e.g., hcp and 9R! are metastable. As an application of this analysis, nonequilibrium structures of epitaxial Cu films on~001!-oriented fcc or bcc substrates are evaluated using a simple model and atomistic simulations with an EAM potential. In agreement with experimental data, the structure of the film can be either deformed fcc or deformed hcp. The bcc structure cannot be stabilized by epitaxial constraints.
Path-integral Monte Carlo calculation of the kinetic energy of condensed lithium

We report path-integral Monte Carlo calculations of the kinetic energy of condensed lithium for several temperatures in both the solid and liquid phases. The excess kinetic energy of lithium decreases from about 10.4% of the classical value at 300 K to 3.2% at 520 K indicating a very slow decay with temperature. A Wigner-Kirkwood perturbation treatment of quantum effects to order ${\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}^{2}$ gives a satisfactory agreement with the path-integral results.
Constructing hyperbolic manifolds which bound geometrically

Let H denote hyperbolic n-space, that is the unique connected simply connected Riemannian manifold of constant curvature −1. By a hyperbolic n-orbifold we shall mean a quotient H/Γ where Γ is a discrete group of isometries of H. If a hyperbolic n-manifold M is the totally geodesic boundary of a hyperbolic (n+1)-manifold W , we will say that M bounds geometrically. It was shown in [11] that if a closed orientable hyperbolic M4k−1 bounds geometrically, then η(M4k−1) ∈ Z. Closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds with integral eta are fairly rare – for example, of the 11, 000 or so manifolds in the census of small volume closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds, computations involving Snap (see [3]) rule out all but 41. (We refer the reader to [24] which contains the list of manifolds in the census with Chern-Simons invariant zero, as well as which of these have integral eta.) Hyperbolic 3-manifolds with totally geodesic boundary are fairly easily constructed given the Hyperbolization Theorem of Thurston [20], but to the authors’ knowledge, there was only one known prior example of a closed hyperbolic n-manifold (with n ≥ 3) which bounded geometrically, a somewhat ad hoc construction which appears in [18], based on a hyperbolic 4-manifold example due to Davis [4]. The difficulty is that almost nothing is known about hyperbolic manifolds in dimensions ≥ 4; some constructions exist (see [5], [6], [7]) but they do not appear to be sufficient to address this problem. This paper ameliorates this situation somewhat by providing a construction of examples in all dimensions. We show,
Understanding the influence of two mathematics textbooks on prospective secondary teachers' knowledge

This study examines the influence of reading and planning from two differently organized mathematics textbooks on prospective high school mathematics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge and content knowledge of exponential functions. The teachers completed a pretest and two posttests. On the pretest, the teachers possessed an incomplete understanding of content and pedagogical content knowledge related to exponential functions. The teachers’ understanding of how to translate from table to closed-form and recursive equations grew as a result of their use of the Mathematics: Modeling Our World textbook, while the Discovering Algebra textbook appeared to be more beneficial in terms of pedagogical content knowledge. Teachers read from the student lessons in both textbooks, but read differently from the sections of both textbooks intended for the teacher. They focused more on the purpose of the Mathematics: Modeling Our World lesson and more on the places where students might experience difficulties in the margins of the Discovering Algebra lesson. The teachers’ learning was influenced by their own personal characteristics (e.g., previous textbook experiences) as well as textbook qualities (e.g., organization).
Low Cost Silicon for Solar Energy Application

Economically viable means of producing silicon solar cells for the conversion of solar energy into electric power are discussed. Emphasis is given to the discussion of crystal growth techniques capable of growing single crystal silicon ribbons directly and inexpensively from molten silicon. The recently developed capillary action shaping technique (CAST) has a good potential to produce low cost silicon. Recently this technique has produced 50 mm wide and 0.3 mm thick ribbon. Problems which must be overcome by CAST to supply material for low cost solar cells are discussed. Okonomisch verwertbare Moglichketen Silizium-Solarzellen fur die Konversion von Sonnenenergie in elektrische Energie herzustellen, werden diskutiert, insbesondere die kristallzuchtungsmethoden, die es ermoglichen, Einkristallbander direkt und kostengunstig aus geschmolzenem Silizium zu ziehen. Die kurzlich entwickelte Kapillarwirkungs-Formetechnik (CAST) hat gute Aussichten kosten-gunstiges Silizium herzustellen. Kurzlich wurde mit dieser Technik ein 50 mm breiter und 0,3 mm dicker Streifen erzeugt. Es werden die Probleme diskutiert, die uberwunden werden mussen, um Material fur kosten-gunstiges Silizium bereitzustellen.
Transition of care and rehospitalization rates for patients who require home oxygen therapy following hospitalization

Objective: To evaluate the effects over the past year of a home care based, respiratory therapist centered transition of care program for patients who require home oxygen therapy following hospital admission for an exacerbation. Method: The Discharge, Assessment and Summary @ Home (D.A.S.H., Klingensmith HealthCare) program was implemented for patients who require supplemental oxygen use following hospital admission for the last year. This data is a summary of the last year of the program. The program consists of face-to-face visits by a respiratory therapist with the patient in the home environment on days 2, 7, and 30 following hospital discharge. Education, behavior modification, skills training, oxygen titration during performance of activities of daily living, clinical assessment, and adherence data collection are key components of the program. Patients who were discharged from the hospital who required supplemental oxygen were enrolled into the program. Results: 555 patients from 23 different hospitals in the Western Pennsylvania area were enrolled into the program from March 2010 through February 2012. The primary discharge diagnosis was: COPD 69%; CHF 14%; hypoxemia 6%; pneumonia 4%; and other 7%. The overall readmission rate for the entire group was 5%. The 30 day readmission rate for those with COPD was 3% and for those with CHF was 3%. Conclusions: With the use of this novel respiratory therapist based transition of care program, the 30 day rehospitalization rate (5%) for those patients who required supplemental oxygen on discharge was significantly lower than the historically observed rates (25%) in the Western Pennsylvania area.
Nonlinear pharmacokinetics and conversion to glucose of intravenous sodium propionate in dairy cattle.

Three doses of sodium propionate (.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol/kg) were administered intravenously to 6, 8, and 14 dairy cows. Using first order kinetic analysis, the apparent plasma half-life increased significantly with increasing propionate dose. The apparent increase of propionate half-life with increasing propionate dose was attributed to saturation of uptake and disposal mechanisms. Using the nonlinear mathematical model of Henri-Michaelis-Menten for propionate concentrations at 3.0 mmol/kg, propionate half-life was significantly shorter than that obtained with the first order kinetic model. The Michaelis constant was 4.0 mM, the maximal rate of concentration decrease was .55 mM/min, half-life was 4.8 min, and distribution volume was .37 L/kg. Plasma glucose concentrations increased following all doses of propionate. The maximal increase in glucose concentration occurred earliest for the lowest dose and latest for the highest dose and increased in magnitude with increasing propionate dose. The plasma glucose response to intravenous propionate has been suggested as a measure of liver function in ruminants. Of the three propionate doses tested, the 3.0 mmol/kg dose appeared to saturate the uptake and disposal mechanisms of healthy liver and should be the most satisfactory dose for observing the plasma glucose response to injected propionate.
Derivability in certain subsystems of the Logic of Proofs is Π2p-complete

Abstract The Logic of Proofs realizes the modalities from traditional modal logics with proof polynomials, so an expression □ F becomes t : F where t is a proof polynomial representing a proof of or evidence for F . The pioneering work on explicating the modal logic S 4 is due to S. Artemov and was extended to several subsystems by V. Brezhnev. In 2000, R. Kuznets presented a Π 2 p algorithm for deducibility in these logics; in the present paper we will show that the deducibility problem is Π 2 p -complete. (The analogous problem for traditional modal logics is PSPACE-complete.) Both Kuznets’s work and the present results make assumptions on the values of proof constants.
Screening and identification of differentially expressed transcripts in circulating cells of prostate cancer patients using suppression subtractive hybridization

Background: Tumor metastasis and changes in host immunosurveillance are important components in cancer development. Tumor cell invasion into the bloodstream is an essential step for systemic metastasis. Currently, the detection of tumor cells in the circulation is mainly dependent upon the utilization of known epithelial cell markers. However, expression of these molecules is not limited to cancer patients; healthy people also have a small number of epithelial cells in their circulation. Utilizing these markers to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) cannot adequately explain the mechanisms of tumor cell survival or their development of metastatic potential in peripheral blood. The immune system can also evolve along with the cancer, actually promoting or selecting the outgrowth of tumor variants. Unfortunately, both metastasis and immunosurveillance remain mysterious and are debatable because we have yet to define the molecules that participate in these processes. We are interested in identifying the existence of expressed genes, or mRNA species, that are specifically associated with circulating cells of cancerbearing patients using prostate cancer (PCa) as a model. Results: We established two comprehensive subtracted cDNA libraries using a molecular technique called suppression subtractive hybridization. This technique selectively amplifies transcripts that are specifically expressed in circulating cells of either PCa patients or healthy men. Following sequencing reaction, we showed that 17 out of 23 (73.9%) sequenced clones did not match any mRNAs in the GenBank database. This result suggests that genes associated with alterations in circulating cells of cancer-bearing patients are largely unknown. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that two genes are up-regulated in circulating cells of PCa patients, whereas another two genes are down-regulated in the same patients. Conclusion: The comprehensive gene expression analysis is capable of identifying differentially expressed genes in circulating cells of healthy men and PCa patients. We did not attempt to enrich specific cell types in this study because phenotypes of CTCs and subsets of leukocytes participating in immunosurveillance remain largely unknown. Continuous studies of these differentially expressed genes will eventually lead us to understand the mechanisms involved in tumor metastasis and immune modulation during cancer development.
Differential kinase requirements in human and mouse Fc-gamma receptor phagocytosis and endocytosis

Fc gamma receptors (FcgammaRs) contribute to the internalization of large and small immune complexes through phagocytosis and endocytosis, respectively. The molecular processes underlying these internalization mechanisms differ dramatically and have distinct outcomes in immune clearance and modulation of cell function. However, it is unclear how the same receptors (FcgammaR) binding to identical ligands (IgG) can elicit such distinct responses. We and others have shown that Syk kinase, Src-related tyrosine kinases (SRTKs) and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinases (PI3K) play important roles in FcgammaR phagocytosis. Herein, we demonstrate that these kinases are not required for FcgammaR endocytosis. Endocytosis of heat-aggregated IgG (HA-IgG) by COS-1 cells stably transfected with FcgammaRIIA or chimeric FcgammaRI-gamma-gamma (EC-TM-CYT) was not significantly altered by PP2, piceatannol, or wortmannin. In contrast, phagocytosis of large opsonized particles (IgG-sensitized sheep erythrocytes, EA) was markedly reduced by these inhibitors. These results were confirmed in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and freshly isolated human monocytes. Levels of receptor phosphorylation were similar when FcgammaRIIA was cross-linked using HA-IgG or EA. However, inhibition of FcgammaR phosphorylation prevented only FcgammaR phagocytosis. Finally, biochemical analyses of PI3K(p85)-Syk binding indicated that direct interactions between native Syk and PI3K proteins are differentially regulated during FcgammaR phagocytosis and endocytosis. Overall, our results indicate that FcgammaR endocytosis and phagocytosis differ dramatically in their requirement for Syk, SRTKs, and PI3K, pointing to striking differences in their signal transduction mechanisms. We propose a competitive inhibition-based model in which PI3K and c-Cbl play contrasting roles in the induction of phagocytosis or endocytosis signaling cascades.
The thermodynamics and hindered rotation of occluded co in the β-quinol clathrate

Abstract The heat capacities of four β-quinol clathrates of CO, y CO · 3C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 , having compositions in the y = 0.4−0.8 range, have been measured from 15° to 300°K in an adiabatically operated calorimeter. At 298.15°K, the molar heat capacity and entropy of clathrated CO are 9.76 and 20.94 cal deg −1 mole −1 , respectively. The pressure isotherm constant for the reaction CO( g ) ⇋ CO β-quinoi, g ), is p(1 − y) y = K 25°C = 8.9 atm. The heat capacity in the 15–40°K range is interpreted in terms of a three-dimensional harmonic oscillator ( v = 104.3 cm −1 ) for the vibrational motion of CO in the cavity and a two-dimensional hindered rotator with V 0 = 745 cal mole −1 . At 298.15°K, the thermodynamic properties are correlated by the use of the classical cell model for the rattling motion of CO corrected for the effect of hindered rotation. Agreement between calculated and observed properties is obtained for Z \ ge(/ k ) 1 2 = 390 and \ gs = 3.22 A for the interaction parameters of the cavity wall, and V 0 = 2867 cal mole −1 for the potential hindering the rotation of occluded CO. The apparent increase of potential with temperature perhaps results from increased alignment of the CO molecules with the cavity walls.
Education at the National Academies

The past three issues of CBE have provided overviews of education projects within the National Research Council's (NRC's) Center for Education, Board on Life Sciences,2 National Academy of Engineering, and National Academy of Science's Office of Public Understanding of Science. In this article, I provide summaries of two recently published reports that are likely to be of interest to higher education faculty. I also describe a new National Academies Teacher Advisory Council.
Non-uniform instruction scheduling

Dynamic instruction scheduling logic is one of the most critical and cycle-limiting structures in modern superscalar processors, and it is not easily pipelined without significant losses in performance. However, these performance losses are incurred only due to a small fraction of instructions, which are intolerant to the non-atomic scheduling. We first perform an empirical analysis of the instruction streams to determine which instructions actually require single cycle scheduling. We then propose a Non-Uniform Scheduler – a design that partitions the scheduling logic into two queues, each with dedicated wakeup and selection logic: a small Fast Issue Queue (FIQ) to issue critical instructions in the back-to-back cycles and a large Slow Issue Queue (SIQ) to issue the remaining instructions over two cycles with a one cycle bubble between dependent instructions. Finally, we propose and evaluate several steering mechanisms to effectively distribute instructions between the queues.
Preliminary results from prototype niobium cavities for the JLAB Ampere-class FEL

In a previous paper the cavity [1] design for an Ampere-class cryomodule was introduced. We have since fabricated a 1500 MHz version of a single cell cavity with waveguide couplers for HOM and fundamental power, attached to one end of the cavity, a 5-cell cavity made from large grain niobium without couplers and. a 750 MHz single cell cavity without endgroups to get some information about obtainable Q-values, gradients and multipacting behavior at lower frequency. This contribution reports on the various tests of these cavities.
Guest editorial: revised selected papers from the LION 8 conference

In February 2014, we had the honor of organizing the eighth installment of the conference series “Learning and Intelligent Optimization” (LION) in Gainesville, Florida, USA. As always, the work presented was at the forefront of research performed between the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Mathematical Programing and Optimization, and Algorithmic Design. The conference was very successful in attracting researchers from around the world who have been pushing the boundaries in the intersection of the above fields, among others. As has become tradition from the earlier, very successful LION conferences, we are happy to dedicate this special issue to extended versions of a selected sample of the work presented in LION 8 in February 2014. For the remainder of the contributions submitted and presented during LION 8, we refer the interested reader to [1]. The spectrum of the topics covered in this special issue ranges from facility location and routing, to job scheduling and robotics, while the techniques and approaches come from fields as diverse as algorithm portfolio techniques, evolutionary algorithms, and hybrid metaheuristics. More specifically this special issue contains the following contributions. The first paper, Bayesian Optimization for Learning Gaits Under Uncertainty by Roberto Calandra, Andre Seyfarth, Jan Peters, and Marc Peter Deisenroth, deals with the problem
Long‐Term Synthetic Puts

We present the possibility of replicating the performance of a long-term put, which is not available in the financial markets, by a set of other traded financial assets. First, a benchmark portfolio is formed out of one share of stock and one put on the stock with a certain exercise price and a long time until maturity. The general form of a portfolio, consisting of shares of stock, bonds, and options on the stock, is discussed, which is expected to perform like the benchmark portfolio. Then a class of these synthetic puts is examined to determine which type of synthetic put may dominate the others.