cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal Energy and Thermal Management of Hybrid Battery Packs Using Convex Optimization

The concept of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS) has recently re-emerged in the context of electrification of medium- to heavy-duty freight vehicles. While HESS offer the opportunity to capitalize on the advantages of high energy density and high power density Lithium ion batteries to reduce the overall pack weight and improve durability, they introduce new complexities in the pack energy and thermal management strategies. This paper presents a method for the optimization of the control policy and thermal management strategy for HESS for an extended range hybrid electric vehicle based upon convex optimization. Starting from a zero-order equivalent circuit model of the battery pack and the formulation of an energy-optimal control problem, the equations are convexified to optimize the instantaneous power split over a prescribed duty cycle, and the method is benchmarked against dynamic programming (DP). To manage the pack temperature, a radiator model is convexified and incorporated into the overall optimization framework.
Documenting Horizontal Integration Among Urologists Who Treat Prostate Cancer.

Relatively little is known about the extent and effects of horizontal mergers among physician specialists. We developed and implemented a methodology to document changes in physician practice struc...
Defining Predictors of RVAD Weaning Post-LVAD Implantation in a Multi-Institutional Retrospective Cohort

Purpose Deciding which patients can be weaned from an RVAD placed after LVAD implantation could help triage advanced heart failure device strategy. Therefore, we set out to determine the predictors of RVAD weaning. Methods A multi-center retrospective study of 826 consecutive patients who received either a HeartMate2 or HVAD between 1/2007 an 12/2007. We identified 91 patients who received an early RVAD insertion during their LVAD implant index admission. A Cox Proportional hazard model was constructed to identify predictors of RVAD weaning. Results There were 91 patients (11%) who required an RVAD after LVAD with 48 (52%) weaned from RVAD support and 43 (48%) not weaned. Patients who were weaned had a lower prevalence of hypertension, higher pre-operative ACE-inhibitor use, and lower pre-operative transpulmonary gradient (TPG), RA-PCWP ratio, and RVSWI; they were also more likely to receive concomitant RVAD at time of LVAD insertion and ultimately transplanted more often (Table 1). Our multivariable model for predictors of RVAD weaning included pre-operative creatinine (HR 0.32 [0.15, 0.70], p = 0.004), PVR (HR 1.23 [1.02, 1.48], p = 0.03), non-white ethnicity (HR 2.56 [1.19, 5.54], p = 0.02), COPD (HR 4.63 [1.32, 16.25], p = 0.02), and concomitant RVAD insertion (HR 2.87 [1.00, 8.21], p-value = 0.05) with a model c-statistic of 0.84. The survival curve demonstrates that patients who are weaned from RVAD have significantly improved 1-year mortality (Figure 1, p Conclusion In a multi-institutional continuous-flow LVAD cohort, we show novel predictors of RVAD weaning that can help triage mechanical support strategy.
Hypertension in Pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders complicate up to 10 % of pregnancies, and are a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include four categories: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and superimposed preeclampsia. The diagnosis and management of hypertension in pregnancy requires a special approach with attention toward the maternal and fetal effects of both the disease and the treatment. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
A thermodynamic study of capillary electrochromatographic retention of aromatic hydrocarbons on a lauryl acrylate porous polymer monolithic column with measured phase ratio.

The phase ratio of a chromatographic system is an important measurement that has long been estimated or calculated, but rarely directly measured. This study utilized a nanoflow liquid chromatography instrument to more accurately measure the phase ratio for a lauryl acrylate porous polymer monolith. Direct measurement of the phase ratio, and its dependence on temperature, allows for a better understanding of the thermodynamics of retention of small analytes. This study investigates the retention of an alkyl benzene series, toluene to octylbenzene, via capillary electrochromatography. The phase ratio was determined to be 0.202 at 303 K and 0.213 at 333 K. Using the directly measured phase ratio, entropic contributions to retention can also be obtained. Therefore, the Gibbs free energy calculations from these measurements and methods can give insight to modes of retention. The free energy of retention for toluene is -3.97 kJ/mol at 303 K and -3.78 kJ/mol at 333 K. The trends for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of transfer show that retention is enthalpically driven in this capillary electrochromatography (CEC) porous polymer monolith system.
Human Melanocytes in Tissue Culture1

Tissue culture has furthered the knowledge of cytology in many fields. It is a method by which cells can be studied alive and proliferating outside the body for reasonable periods of time. This discipline seems to offer a promising approach to the elucidation of debated questions concerning melanocytes. However, a review of the literature does not reveal any reports dealing especially with the behavior of normal human melanocytes in tissue culture, although normal pigment cells of lower animals and mammalian and human malignant melanomas (1-9) have been cultured.
The Amino Acid Sequence of the Fc Fragment of Rabbit Immunoglobulin G: II. CLEAVAGE OF THE Fc FRAGMENT WITH CYANOGEN BROMIDE

Reaction of S-carboxymethyl-Fc fragment from rabbit immunoglobulin G with cyanogen bromide cleaves the fragment into five unique peptides, each of which has been isolated by chromatographic methods. The amino acid composition of the five peptides accounts closely for the amino acid composition of the Fc fragment. On the basis of the amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides derived from each of the five peptides and the composition of the four unique methionine-containing peptides from Fc fragment, it is possible to obtain a partial sequence of the Fc fragment. These results suggest that this may be a major sequence for the rabbit Fc fragment.
Organizing large scale hacking competitions

Computer security competitions and challenges are a way to foster innovation and educate students in a highly-motivating setting. In recent years, a number of different security competitions and challenges were carried out, each with different characteristics, configurations, and goals. From 2003 to 2007, we carried out a number of live security exercises involving dozens of universities from around the world. These exercises were designed as "traditional" Capture The Flag competitions, where teams both attacked and defended a virtualized host, which provided several vulnerable services. In 2008 and 2009, we introduced two completely new types of competition: a security "treasure hunt" and a botnet-inspired competition. These two competitions, to date, represent the largest live security exercises ever attempted and involved hundreds of students across the globe. In this paper, we describe these two new competition designs, the challenges overcome, and the lessons learned, with the goal of providing useful guidelines to other educators who want to pursue the organization of similar events
Recognizing convex blobs

Because of the discrete nature of the memory and logic of a digital computer, a digital computer "sees" pictures in cellular form, each cell containing a number that represents the density of the viewed object at that cell. In particular, when the picture is binary, each cell holds a 1 or 0, depending on whether or not the viewed object is projected onto that cell. The convexity of cellular blobs-i. e., binary singly connected cellular figures - is discussed and defined in terms of the continuous blobs of which the cellular blobs are images. A theory of convex cellular blobs is sketched, and the use of the "minimum-perimeter polygon" in an algorithm for testing the convexity of cellular blobs is described.
Nonlinear Optics Of Nematic, Smectic And Cholesteric Liquid Crystals

Summary form only given, as follows. Recent advances in nonlinear optics of liquid crystals (LC) are related to optically induced collective molecular reorientation processes, which account for non-resonant but huge nonlinearities. Those processes exhibit such spectacular features as propagation-induced reorientation, self-oscillations, etc. Jumps and hysteresises of LC's orientational state with changing incidence angle and intensity of light provides new schemes for optical bistability and opto -optical modulation. In certain circumstances, direct orientational interaction may be conquered by absorption-induced effects. Among several mechanisms to transform the energy of absorbed light beam into molecular reorientation, the strongest one utilizes generation of hydrodynamic motions. In this way, e.g., infrared-visible modulation turns out to be possible at microwatt power level. Thermally induced reorientation in cholesteric LC (CLC), resulting in its helix pitch change, is able to lead to a new effect of light wave tunneling through CLC's Bragg reflection region. A nonlinear resonator can be designed with intensity dependent reflection coefficients of CLC-mirrors. Thermal indexing itself can have remarkable contribution to nonlinear optics of LC. It provides, in particular, the effect of stationar energy exchange between two equal-frequency light waves through media with local and instantaneous nonlinear response. Thus degenerate wave mixing and beam cleaning turns out to be possible with only two incidence beams.
Energy consumption in children with myelomeningocele: a comparison between reciprocating gait orthosis and hip–knee–ankle–foot orthosis ambulators

This study compared the differences in energy efficiency (energy cost) in children with myelomeningocele ambulating with either reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs) or hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses (HKAFOs). There were 15 children who ambulated with RGOs and 11 children braced and ambulating in HKAFOs. Velocity was measured in m/s, energy consumption was measured in mL/kg/min, and energy cost (energy consumption/velocity) was measured in mL/kg/m. Children in HKAFOs had a significantly higher energy consumption rate than children in RGOs. However, children who swing through in a HKAFO have a significantly faster velocity than children who ambulate with the RGO using a reciprocating pattern. The increased energy cost in the RGO group is influenced by their slower velocity, just as the decreased energy cost in the HKAFO group is influenced by their increased velocity. Therefore it appears that children in HKAFOs are more energy efficient than children in RGOs.
Estimating the probability of winning (losing) in a gambler's ruin problem with applications

Abstract In a classical gambler's ruin problem, the distribution of the number of games lost till ruin is considered, which we call the lost game distribution (LGD). Some applications of LGD in the theory of queues, in the theory of epidemic and in certain clustering and branching models are mentioned. The maximum likelihood estimation of LGD in the framework of modified power series distribution (MPSD), introduced by the author (1974), is studied. The variance and bias of the MLE are given and the actual mean of the MLE is obtained by discussing the negative moments of the MPSD in general. The minimum variance unbiased estimator of θ k ( k ≥1) is obtained employing the technique developed by the author (1977) for the class of MPSD.
Design and analysis of some nonanthropomorphic, biologically inspired robots: An overview

In this paper, two kinds of biologically inspired robots under investigation at Johns Hopkins University are reviewed. While these designs are reminiscent of designs in nature, they are, however, not anthropomorphic. Rather, they are zoomorphic in macroscopic structure. These two kinds of robots are snakelike “hyper-redundant” manipulators, and amoeboid “metamorphic” robots. In addition to issues in the design of the robots, issues in the dynamics and motion planning of these devices are reviewed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bladder contracture following intravesical bcg immunotherapy

Intravesical BCG immunotherapy is commonly associated with irritative bladder symptoms. Bladder contracture as a result of this treatment is rare. Two cases of persistent small-capacity bladders occurring more than one year after intravesical BCG therapy are reported.
Coherence of compound field potentials reveals discontinuities in the CA1-subiculum of the hippocampus in freely-moving rats.

Abstract The ongoing micro-electroencephalogram was recorded with a chronically implanted comb-like array of 16 tungsten semi-microelectrodes 0.2 or 0.25 mm apart, spanning CA1 strata oriens, pyramidale and radiatum and into subiculum, in four behavioral states: walking, standing still, paradoxical and slow wave sleep and under scopolamine. Power, phase and coherence spectra were computed, the latter two for each of the 120 pairs, in frequency bands from 1 to 64 Hz. (1) Coherence is high for all frequencies within the same subfield, e.g. stratum radiatum, but falls with distance. Theta frequency (8 Hz), when prominent and widespread (during “theta states” walking and paradoxical sleep), shows the most widespread synchrony: coherence falls slowly, from 1.0 at 0.2mm to 0.7 at c. 2 mm longitudinally within stratum radiatum; all other frequencies fall two or three times faster. (2) An abrupt drop in coherence occurs across field borders (CA1-subiculum) and between stratum oriens and radiatum, across a line just under stratum pyramidale, between high coherence regions on each side of the coherence discontinuity. A less extreme drop occurs in stratum radiatum 0.4 mm from the subiculum border, without obvious histological correlate. The discontinuities in coherence are stable through all four behavioral states as well as under scopolamine. (3) Phase profiles diagonally across CA1 and into subiculum show abrupt, local shifts of phase (up to 125°) at these same levels. No gradual shift reaching 180° (phase reversal) occurs in the span of loci examined. (4) The theta power peak in theta states is not necessarily due to additional energy in that band; in some conditions it is mainly due to reduced power in other frequencies. Root mean square voltage is generally less in the high theta (“synchronized”) than in the non-theta states. Only the theta peak correlates with a peak in coherence. (5) Significant microstructure in the dynamics of neuronal cooperativity distinguishes behavioral states and regions of the hippocampal cortex.
The Quasi-One-Dimensional Colloid Fluid Revisited†

We report the results of studies of the pair correlation function and equation of state of a quasi-one-dimensional colloid suspension, focusing attention on the behavior in the density range near close packing. Our data show that, despite deviations from true one-dimensional geometry, the colloid fluid is well described as a hard rod Tonks fluid. In our experimental realization, the colloid suspension does not wet the confining walls, one consequence of which is a surface tension induced weak attractive interaction between the particles. The reality of this interaction is confirmed after correction of the raw experimental data for overlap of the optical images of particles that are nearly in contact and by an alternative particle location algorithm based on edge location.
Negotiating Pedagogical Authority: The Rhetoric of Writing Center Tutoring Styles and Methods

Writing centers have long been rich sites of critical inquiry into individualized instructional styles and methods. One of the great writing center debates involves directive versus nondirective tutoring styles and methods. While many writing center scholars have discussed the intricacies of directive or interventionist versus nondirective or minimalist pedagogical methods, few have examined the rhetorical implications of this important debate in relation to more classroom-based peer collaborations. This article rhetorically analyzes the literature on directive/nondirective methods and various approaches to tutoring writing, drawing pedagogical and rhetorical connections and implications useful for all teachers of writing and rhetoric.
The design and implementation of a table driven compiler system

The broader application of digital computers to various areas of studies has prompted the design and usage of special purpose problem-oriented programming languages. Although designing and writing a compiler for a special purpose language is no more a mysterious task as it was ten years ago, it is still, in most cases, a very tedious task that might take a large number of man-months to perform. The purpose of designing a generalized table-driven compiler system is to allow a user to write his own compiler for his special language at a reduction of the time currently required in the implementation of a compiler for a new source language. It should be pointed out that not only can a user design a compiler of his own but he can also make modifications, large or slight, to an existing compiler developed with the system. This, therefore, also provides an ideal simulation environment in connection with the implementation of new ideas in translation process. This particular line of development in translation systems naturally lends itself to the increasing use of digital computers in a time-sharing environment.
Complete Heart Block Induced During Cardiac Catheterization of Patients with Pre-existent Bundle-Branch Block: The Hazard of Bilateral Bundle-Branch Block

The hazard of complete atrioventricular block during cardiac catheterization of patients with pre-existent bundle-branch block is described. A catheter-induced bundle-branch block, during catheterization of the ventricle opposite that which was already the site of bundle-branch block, would produce complete heart block in the form of bilateral bundle-branch block. Five patients in whom this complication occurred are described.
Evaluation of two pediatric polymethyl pentene membrane oxygenators with pulsatile and non-pulsatile perfusion.

Objectives: This experiment sought to compare two polymethyl pentene (PMP) hollow-fiber membrane oxygenators: the Medos HILITE 2400 LT and the Maquet Quadrox-iD Pediatric in terms of transmembrane ...
A hybrid-graph approach for automated setup planning in CAPP

Abstract In this paper, a systematic approach for automated setup planning in CAPP is introduced. The concept of “hybrid graph”, which can be transferred into directed graph by changing any two-way edge into one-way edge, is introduced. The specified graph theory is effectively used in setup planning. Tolerance relations are used as critical constraints for setup planning. Comprehensive principles are explored and summarized for setup planning. The hybrid-graph theory, accompanied by matrix theory, is used to aid computerizing these principles. An example is illustrated to demonstrate the algorithm.
Excretion of administered radiocalcium following thyroparathyroidectomy, or bilateral nephrectomy, and the injection of parathyroid extract.

PREVIOUS reports (Thomson and Collip, 1932; Greep, 1948) have indicated that the urinary excretion of calcium is reduced and the fecal excretion diminished, or slightly elevated, after parathyroidectomy or thyroparathyroidectomy, and that both the urinary and fecal excretion of calcium are increased by the administration of parathyroid extract. The results of the present experiments in conjunction with the results of previous investigations (Tweedy and Campbell, 1944; Tweedy, Chilcote, and Patras, 1947) suggest that parathyroid hormone affects the excretion of calcium through its action on the phosphorus metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-six rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The stock diet, Purina Laboratory Chow, on which they were reared contained approximately 1.18% of calcium and 0.98% of phosphorus. Two radioactive calcium preparations were available during the course of the experiments. The less active of the two preparations was obtained in the form of calcium carbonate with a sp...
The effects of wall temperature on light impurities in Alcator

The effects of wall temperature on light impurity concentrations in the Alcator tokamak were measured spectroscopically. The results show that the temperature reduction decreases the influx of oxygen by a factor of 4–5 in normal tokamak operation when the wall temperature dropped from 450 to 77 K but does not affect the other light impurities (N,C).
Retinal Necrosis in X-linked Lymphoproliferative Disease

Background: X-linked lymphoproliferative disease is a hereditary disease that renders the males susceptible to fatal infectious mononucleosis, aplastic anemia, malignant lymphoma, and hypogammaglobulinemia after infection by the Epstein-Barr virus. Methods: The authors examined the clinical and pathologic findings in an 8-yearold boy with bilateral retinal necrosis who died with aplastic anemia as a complication of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Results: Results of histopathologic examination of the eyes disclosed retinal necrosis, and examination using the polymerase chain reaction technique showed EpsteinBarr virus genomic DNA in the left eye. Conclusion: Retinal necrosis may be part of the expanding spectrum of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. It is unknown if the retinal necrosis is due directly to Epstein-Barr virus infection or a host inflammatory response.
Pharmacologic properties and mechanism of action of amfonelic acid.

Abstract The pharmacologic properties and mechanism of action of amfonelic acid, a potent locomotor stimulant were investigated. The drug was found to interfere with the in vitro neuronal uptake of norepinephrine in the rat iris but did not alter the concentration of norepinephrine or dopamine in whole mouse brain. Studies in reserpinized and α-methyl tyrosinized mice suggest that the locomotor effects of amfonelic acid are dependent on the presence of stored and/or functional norepinephrine and/or dopamine. Compared to (+)-amphetamine amfonelic acid shows weak isolated or aggregate group toxicity in mice.
The Effect of Electron‐Donating and Electron‐Withdrawing Substituents on 1H‐and 13C‐NMR chemical shifts of novel 7′‐aryl‐substituted 7′‐apo‐β‐carotenes

The synthesis of 7′-aryl-7′-apo-β-carotenes, where aryl (Ar) is Ph, 4-NO2C6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-(MeO2C)C6H4, C6F5, and 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, is described. NMR Chemical shifts of all H- and C-atoms are presented, together with specific examples of the spectra. In contrast to 1H chemical shifts which, except for HC(8′) and HC(7′), did not differ greatly from those of β,β-carotene, considerable variations in 13C chemical shifts were observed. Signals of the C(α) atoms of the polyene chain [C(β)C(α)] +n Ar were shielded, those of the C(β) atoms were deshielded, with some exceptions when n = 1; the effects decreased with increasing n.
Foundations of the use of an enzyme-kinetic analogy in cell-mediated cytotoxicity☆

Abstract A mathematical model of the 51Cr-release microcytotoxicity assay is utilized to find conditions under which the kinetics of this assay resemble the kinetics of a classical enzyme-substrate reaction. Assuming a steady-state approximation, that “bystander” effector cells do not bind markedly better than the cytotoxic effector cells, and that the programming of the target cells for lysis is irreversible, it is shown that the velocity of label release is v = vmaxTT/(K 1 2 +TT), where both Vmax and K 1 2 are linear functions of the effector-cell population and TT is the initial target-cell population. Moreover, the expressions for K 1 2 and Vmax are expressed in terms of natural kinetic parameters of the process and attributes of the noncytotoxic bystanders.
Community Organization of the Western Navajo

THE PURPOSE of this paper is to arrive at some definition of the concept "community" which fits the social reality of the present day Western Navajos. Despite the fact that studies of Navajo "communities" are numerous, no detailed survey of current notions has been undertaken to date. Because the research presented here has been conducted as part of an applied project in Health Education, the goal has not been one of purely theoretical interest. The need of the applied anthropologist and medical worker for a working definition of "community"'on the Navajo Reservation forces one beyond a theoretical analysis of the extant literature dealing with the subject. The area dealt with in this study, and called the Western Navajo throughout, is bounded by the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers on the north, west, and south, and by the longitude 111? 30' on the east (Fig. 1). It is about 170 miles from north to south at its longest point and some 70 miles from east to west. The terrain varies from desert to steppe and includes five major geographic divisions and parts of two others. The western portion of the reservation is characterized by late Navajo settlement (after 1868) and by incorporation into the reservation after 1880. Participant observation and open-ended interview techniques have been used by the writer as part of a detailed study of one extended kin group in the Kaibito, White Mesa, and Red Lake area. Interviews of a more structured nature have been given in Tuba City by the Project Staff.2 Survey trips have been made to observe settlement patterns in the Painted Desert, Kaibito, and Moenkopi Plateaus. Discussions of Navajo communities have dealt with the "natural" or environmentally defined community (Hill 1940, Kimball and Provinse 1942), as well as the community defined by the kin and/or clan affiliations of its members (Reichard 1928, Kluckhohn and Leighton 1947). More recent, specific studies have sought to discover the interrelations between social organization and environment (Collier 1951, Ross 1955). These studies, conducted in different parts of the reservation, have not only emphasized regional differences but have also resulted in a considerable number of terms used to describe Navajo social structure in general. In order to bring these different descriptions of the Navajo together, this paper presents an analysis of the literature before attempting a broad presentation of data from the Western Navajo.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as a method to nondestructively monitor simulated in-service damage in a carbon fiber reinforced plastic

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been utilized to nondestructively evaluate simulated, in-service, environmental and mechanical damage in a carbon fiber reinforced epoxy system. A continuous, unidirectional (0 degrees) fiber composite was subjected to immersion (water, sodium sulfate) and fatigue conditions, and subsequently submitted to electrochemical impedance testing. Definitive correlations between the value of the double layer capacitance and the amount of flexural fatigue or moisture uptake were observed. The changes in ths electrochemical parameter paralleled changes in the shear strength as a function of damage state.
A Hybrid Recommender System Guided by Semantic User Profiles for Search in the E-learning Domain

Various concepts, methods, and technical architectures of recommender systems have been integrated into E-commerce storefronts, such as Amazon.com, Netflix, etc. Thereby, recently, Web users have become more familiar with the notion of recommendations. Nevertheless, little work has been done to integrate recommender systems into scientific information retrieval repositories, such as libraries, content management systems, online learning platforms, etc. This paper presents an implementation of a hybrid recommender system to personal the user's experience on a real online learning repository and vertical search engine named HyperManyMedia. This repository contains educational content of courses, lectures, multimedia resources, etc. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate the methods, concepts, and architecture that we used to integrate a hybrid recommender system into the HyperManyMedia repository. This recommender system is driven by two types of recommendations: content-based (domain ontology model) and rule-based (learner's interest- based and cluster-based). Finally, combining the content- based and the rule-based models provides the user with hybrid recommendations that influence the ranking of the retrieved documents with different weights. Our experiments were carried out on the HyperManyMedia semantic search engine at Western Kentucky University. We used Top-n-Recall and Top-n-Precision to measure the effectiveness of re-ranking based on the learner's semantic profile. Overall, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the re-ranking based on personalization.
A vicarious aromatic substitution approach to aklavinone from chrysazin

Abstract The cheap, available dye-intermediate 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2) is converted efficiently to a useful aklavinone precursor (3). A Mitsunobu alkylation-Claisen rearrangement sequence and an unprecedented vicarious aromatic substitution on an anthraquinone are employed as key steps.
Reported Side Effects and Complications of Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: Dissecting the Evidence

P pump inhibitors (PPIs) are medications that are ubiquitous in a gastroenterologist’s practice. This class of medication as been available for commercial use for nearly 25 years and this class f acid-reduction agents has supplanted the use of histamine-2– eceptor antagonists (H2RA) for patients with moderate to severe astric acid–related diseases as well as for prophylaxis of upper gasrointestinal (GI) injury (eg, with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory rugs). The success of these drugs, with sales totaling approximately 13.6 billion worldwide in 2009,1 is not just a result of their potency nd effectiveness in improving symptoms and complications of acideptic diseases. Their safety among pharmacologic agents has been nparalleled as one of the safest classes of medications that gastronterologists deal with, however, despite this there have been emergng concerns with reports of potential adverse effects associated with se of PPIs. In the United States, such reports have led the Food and rug Administration (FDA) to issue a number of broad-based prodct warnings, including all of the available PPI drugs either for precription or over-the-counter purchase. The pathogenesis of these roposed associations is not clear in most cases and the evidence base o support a clear association for harm is extremely variable. These otential interactions have ranged from alteration of absorption of itamins and minerals, metabolic effects on bone density, alteration of harmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and related drug interactions, r alterations of intended effect, infection risk, and hypersensitivity esponse with consequent organ damage. This review examines the roposed scientific basis for the adverse events and the evidence base urrounding these controversies, and provides the authors’ bottomine recommendations for clinical practice.
A Comparison of the Ionizing Radiation Response of Microcircuits Manufactured by Five Different Technologies

The ionizing radiation responses of seven integrated circuit types having different circuit functions are considered. Each circuit type was manufactured using several different construction technologies. In all, five technologies have been theoretically and experimentally analyzed. A comparison illustrates the degree of improvement and the differences in resulting failure modes when more advanced technologies are used.
A repeating unit of higher order chromatin structure in chick red blood cell nuclei.

The organization of nucleosomes in higher order chromatin structures has been studied by electron microscopy of chick red blood cell nuclei. Chromatin appears as a thick fiber with an average diameter of approximately 300 A when prepared for electron microscopy in buffers which approximate physiological ionic strength. Progressive steps of disassembly of the thick fiber into individual nucleosomes could be induced either by ionic strength reduction or by tRNA treatment (which removes histone H1 and some non-histone chromosomal proteins). When disassembly was induced by ionic strength reduction in the presence of Mg++ (or Ca++), the lengths of the intermediate disassembly products were found to be multiples of 330 A. The diameter of these structures was estimated to be 275 A. This intermediate in the disassembly process is not observed if thick fiber disassembly is induced by ionic strength reduction in the absence of divalent cations. To investigate whether the higher order structural unit is present in the thick fiber at physiological ionic strengths, tRNA treatment was used to induce thick fiber disassembly under physiological monovalent ionic conditions. In this case, either with or without divalent cations, a supranucleosomal unit was found with dimensions similar to those given above. This data provides evidence for a slightly oblong supranucleosomal structure (330 × 275 A) which forms a repeating unit in the chromatin thick fiber.
The effects of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on the degeneration and regeneration of crush-lesioned rat sciatic nerves

Abstract The ability of N 6 ,O 2 -dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate [(But) 2 cAMP to stimulate nerve development in vitro prompted us to study the effects of the nucleotide on the in vivo degeneration and regeneration of crushed rat sciatic nerves. The animals received daily intramuscular injections of either (But) 2 cAMP (50 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline following surgery and were tested daily for the return of sensorimotor function. An index of sensorimotor function was obtained by placing the foot of the lesioned limb over the aperture of a shutter-controlled high intensity light ☐. The time required for foot withdrawal was recorded to the nearest second. (But) 2 cAMP and saline-treated rats showed little difference in the rate of return of sensorimotor function for 10 days, but by day 12, the response times for the nucleotide-treated animals diverged from those in the saline-treated group. Nucleotide-treated animals showed complete recovery of the withdrawal reflex by day 16, while saline treated rats did not exhibit full recovery until day 26. To investigate the morphological changes that accompanied this functional recovery, rats were killed 3, 10, 18 and 32 days following crush and their nerves prepared for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. These observations, fibre counts and measurements of fibre size indicated that (But) 2 cAMP accelerated the initial processes of Wallerian degeneration and enhanced the rate of increase in myelinated fibre numbers and diameters. The crushed nerves of nucleotide-treated animals generally appeared 7–8 days more advanced in their degenerative and regenerative processes than the saline controls.
Semiflexible polymers near interfaces.

We present a theory of semiflexible polymers in inhomogeneous environments, which we use to analyze a symmetric interface between two immiscible, semiflexible polymers. Our theory reduces in the limit of small chain rigidity to the existing self-consistent-field theory of flexible polymers, but yields qualitatively different behavior in the limit of large rigidity, where we predict strong orientational order, weak interpenetration, and a universal behavior of the orientational profile and interfacial tension similar to that of a single component near an impenetrable wall.
The Use of Natural Gamma Activity to Measure the Composition of Pork and Lamb Samplesa

SUMMARY The gamma activity of 20 pork and 15 lamb samples, varying over a wide range in composition and each weighing 38 lb, was used to predict their chemical composition in terms of percentage of water, fat, and protein. All correlations between the estimated potassium content of the samples and the sample components were highly significant. However, the standard errors of the regression equations indicated that none of the relationships between the chemical components of the lamb samples and their potassium content were close enough to be of practical significance. The results on the pork samples seemed more promising. The standard errors suggest that chemical analysis should be used when accurate results are required or when the range in composition is small. However, advances in instrumentation may increase the accuracy of the K-40 method. Some of the difficulties in applying the method to the measurement of meat composition are discussed.
ELECTRON-DONOR-ACCEPTOR ORBITAL CORRELATIONS-VII. INTERMOLECULAR ORBITAL (LCMO) DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOSENSITIZED CHARGE SEPARATION IN A 4-CENTER UNIT*

— The conditions under which electronically-excited 1: 1 complexes are expected to produce high yields of separated radical-ions are presented with reference to the porphyrin-quinonc system in terms of the symmetry properties of intermolecular orbitals (IMO). These conditions are translated into design properties of a 4-center photoinduced charge separation unit DDAO in which post-excitation energy and electron transfer processes result from diabatic internal conversions between singly-excited configurations differentiated by the location of holes and electrons in valence and conduction IMO of the unit. It is suggested that a major role of the donor pair is the inhibition of diabatic charge recombination by the low intermolecular component of the vibrational overlap integral over isoenergetic ground (DD) and cationic (DD +) configurations.
An approach to the development of cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes

The film-casting solution consisted of a mixture of cellulose acetate, acetone, and aqueous magnesium perchlorate [Mg(ClO4)2:H2O = 1:8.5], designated as polymer P, solvent S, and nonsolvent N, respectively. Using the composition P:S:N = 17: 69.2: 13.8 as reference, films were obtained from 19 different casting solutions in which the weight ratios S/P, N/S, and N/P were varied in different directions. The casting solution temperature was 0°C, and solvent evaporation period during film formation was minimum in most cases. The effects of variations of casting solution temperature and solvent evaporation period were also briefly studied. Reverse osmosis experiments with resulting membranes were carried out at 100 psig using 200 ppm NaCl–H2O as the feed solution. Decrease in S/P, increase in N/S, and increase in N/P in the casting solution, decrease in temperature of the casting solution, and increase in solvent evaporation period tend to increase the size of pores on the surface of resulting membranes in the ascast condition. Increase in S/P in the casting solution, and increase in the temperature of the casting solution tend to increase the effective number of pores on the membrane surface. These results offer definitive physicochemical criteria in terms on solution structure–evaporation rate concept for developing useful cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes.
Early recurrence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is higher after thoracoscopic than open repair: a single institutional study

Abstract Introduction Experience in thoracoscopic congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair has expanded, yet efficacy equal to that of open repair has not been demonstrated. In spite of reports suggesting higher recurrent hernia rates after thoracoscopic repair, this approach has widely been adopted into practice. We report a large, single institutional experience with thoracoscopic CDH repair with special attention to recurrent hernia rates. Methods We reviewed the records of neonates with unilateral CDH repaired between January 2006 and February 2010 at Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital. Completely thoracoscopic repairs were compared to open repairs of the same period. In addition, successful thoracoscopic repairs were compared with thoracoscopic repairs that developed recurrence. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Fisher exact tests. Results Thirty-five neonates underwent attempted thoracoscopic repair, with 26 completed. Concurrently, 19 initially open CDH repairs were performed. Preoperatively, patients in the open repair group required more ventilatory support than the thoracoscopic group. Recurrence was higher after thoracoscopic repair (23% vs 0%; P = .032). In comparing successful thoracoscopic repairs to those with recurrence, none of the factors analyzed were predictive of recurrence. Conclusions Early recurrence of hernia is higher in thoracoscopic CDH repairs than in open repairs. Technical factors and a steep learning curve for thoracoscopy may account for the higher recurrence rates, but not patient severity of illness. In an already-tenuous patient population, performing the repair thoracoscopically with a higher risk of recurrence may not be advantageous.
Treatment Recommendations for Anticonvulsant Drug Therapy in the Older Patient

Seizures in older individuals are frequently due to cerebrovascular disease, though other causes, such as primary or metastic brain tumour, must be considered. Recurrence after a first seizure may be as high as 83% by 3 years, suggesting that withholding an anticonvulsant after a first seizure may not be wise. Some older patients may be more sensitive to anticonvulsant side effects, so treatment with 1 drug is encouraged, with monitoring of blood concentrations of the anticonvulsant during initiation of therapy. Interaction of anticonvulsants with other drugs is less of a problem than may be expected, but should be kept in mind. The treatment of status epilepticus should be aggressive.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent

In his 1941 State of the Union message President Franklin Roosevelt called for the protection worldwide of four essential freedoms: "the freedom of speech and expression, the freedom of worship, the freedom from want, and the freedom from fear". Roosevelt's enunciation of these freedoms was part of a movement that gathered strength in the 1940s and strived to make the protection of human rights part of the conditions for peace at the end of World War II. In 1947 Eleanor Roosevelt was elected to be the chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that was charged to produce a separate document for this purpose.The resulting Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, has become the moral backbone of more than two hundred human rights instruments that are now a part of our world. The document has been a source of hope and inspiration to thousands of groups and millions of oppressed individuals.Johannes Morsink offers a behind-the-scenes account of the Declaration's origins and development. He reports on the detailed discussions that took place in the United Nations, tells us which countries argued for or against each provision of the Declaration, explains why certain important amendments were rejected, and shows how common revulsion toward the Holocaust provided the consensus needed to adopt this universal code of ethics.
The KS0KS0 final state in two photon collisions and glueball searches

The KS0KS0 final state in two photon collisions is studied with the L3 detector at LEP using data at center of mass energies from 91 GeV to 189 GeV. Four different mass regions in the KS0KS0 invariant mass spectrum are investigated. The spectrum is dominated by the formation of the f′2 (1525). The helicity and the two photon partial width of this state are measured. Destructive f2 (1270)-a20 (1320) interference is observed. There is no signal in the 2.2 GeV mass region. An upper limit for the two photon partial width times the KS0KS0 branching ratio of the ξ (2230) glueball candidate is then derived. An enhancement of 7 standard deviations is observed around 1750 MeV. This is consistent with a radial recurrence of the f′2 (1525), However a contribution of JPC = 0++ cannot be excluded.
"Off-pump" coronary artery bypass grafting: the first one hundred cases of the Rose City experience.

Abstract Background . In an effort to avoid the adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, "off-pump" myocardial revascularization has been rediscovered and refined. This study reviews the first 100 off-pump coronary artery bypass procedures performed in Tyler, TX, and compares the results with those reported in the Seventh Annual Report of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Cardiac Surgery Database. Methods . Coronary artery bypass was performed on 100 patients without cardiopulmonary bypass over a 24-month period. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay were recorded. Results . Operative mortality was 3%. The incidences of postoperative complications for the off-pump group versus the STS database were as follows: reoperation for bleeding, 1% vs 2.2%; transfused patients, 15% vs 35%; atrial fibrillation, 5% vs 18.2%; infection, 2% vs 1.3%; neurologic, 0% vs 5.1%; renal failure, 0% vs 3.12%; ventilation more than 1 day, 0% vs. 5.69%. The postoperative length of stay for the off-pump group versus the STS group was 4.4 vs 6.6 days. Conclusions . Early results suggest that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe and effective means of coronary revascularization with excellent short-term results and minimal morbidity.
Parent-reported injury-associated behaviors and life events among injured, ill, and well preschool children

Injury and illness pose significant morbidity problems for preschool children and are the primary reasons for emergency department visits. Parents' reports about their children's behaviors and life events were studied within Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings. Injury, illness, and wellness served as measures of change. This correlational study sought to determine differences in the numbers and types of parent-reported injury-associated behaviors and life events among injured, ill, and well preschool children. Consenting parents of 151 preschool children who presented to a pediatric emergency service for treatment of injuries, illnesses, and well child care completed the Injury Behavior Checklist, the Life Event Scale-Children, and a demographic data sheet. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Significant differences were found with respect to age, sex, ethnicity, parents' socioeconomic and marital status, and attendance at daycare or preschool. There were no differences in the numbers and types of behaviors or in the numbers of life events. However, there were differences in the types of life events. The absence of differences was attributed to the lack of conceptual congruence between the instruments and the Rogerian model. Future studies should use instruments derived from this model.
Galactosyl transferase-the liver plasma membrane binding-site for asialo-glycoproteins.

Abstract Agalacto-fetuin inhibits the binding of 125 I-asialo-fetuin by liver plasma membrane fragments. The chemically prepared agalacto-glycoprotein derivative is not a substrate for plasma membrane sialyl transferase and therefore this indicates that agalacto-fetuin is a true inhibitor of the membrane binding of 125 I-asialo-fetuin. The plasma membrane fraction also contains galactosyl transferase activity and the binding of 125 I-asialo-fetuin by plasma membranes is prevented by α-lactalbumin, a known inhibitor of glycoprotein-galactosyl transferase. These data indicate that galactosyl transferase is the liver plasma membrane component which binds asialo-glycoproteins.