cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional test generation with distribution constraints

In this paper, we extend the Constraint Programming (CP) based functional test generation framework with a novel concept of distribution constraints. The proposed extension is motivated by requirements arising in the functional validation field, when a validation engineer needs to stress an interesting architectural event following some special knowledge of design under test or a specific validation plan. In such cases there arises the need to generate a sequence of test instructions or a collection of tests according to user-given distribution requirements which specify desired occurrence frequencies for interesting events. The proposed extension raises the expressive power of the CP based framework and allows specifying distribution requirements on a collection of Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) solutions. We formalize the notion of distribution requirements by defining the concept of distribution constraints. We present two versions of problem definition for CP with distribution constraints, both of which arise in the context of functional test generation. The paper presents algorithms to solve each of these two problems. One family of the proposed algorithms is based on CP, while the other one makes use of both CP and the linear programming (LP) technology. All of the proposed algorithms can be efficiently parallelized taking advantage of the multi core technology. Finally, we present experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed algorithms with respect to performance and distribution accuracy.
The Role of FcγR Signaling in the K/B × N Serum Transfer Model of Arthritis

Spontaneous arthritis in the KRN transgenic mouse (K/BxN) model is due to the autoreactivity of the transgenic TCR and subsequent induction of autoantibodies directed against glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. These autoantibodies transfer clinically apparent arthritis into most recipient mouse strains and systemic catabolism of the transferred Abs attenuates paw swelling. Although mice deficient in the common γ-chain of the FcγR did not show clinical synovitis after receiving K/BxN sera, erosive lesions in the bone still developed. Further analysis demonstrated that FcγRII −/− mice manifested accelerated arthritis whereas the FcγRIII −/− mice had a more slowly progressing arthritis. Paw swelling required FcγR expression by bone marrow-derived cells and mast cells substantially contributed to the acute phase of paw swelling. In the K/BxN serum transfer model of arthritis, there is a clinically apparent acute phase, which is modulated by FcγRII and FcγRIII, and a subacute component, which results in bone erosion, even in the absence of FcγR signaling.
The Making of English National Identity: The moment of Englishness

The English, of any people in the universe, have the least of a national character;unless this very singularity may pass for such. David Hume ([1741] 1987: 207) Nations are what their deeds are. Every Englishman will say: We are the men who navigate the ocean, and have the commerce of the world; to whom the East Indies belong and their riches; who have a parliament, juries, etc. G. W. F. Hegel ([1830–31] 1956:74) The stream of World-History has altered its complexion; Romans are dead out, English are come in … To this English People in World-History, there have been … two grand tasks assigned: the grand Industrial task of conquering some half or more of this Terraqueous Planet for the use of man; then secondly, the grand Constitutional task of sharing, in some pacific endurable manner, the fruit of said conquest, and showing all people how it might be done. Thomas Carlyle ([1840] 1971: 202, 205) It will be found that the modern character of England, as it has come to be since the Middle Ages, may … be most briefly described on the whole by saying that England has been expanding into Greater Britain. J. R. Seeley ([1883] 1971:64–5) English nationalism: the dog that did not bark? Scottish intellectuals and scholars have for long been exercised by the question, why no nationalism in nineteenth-century Scotland? Scotland was – and is – a small country, dominated by its richer and more powerful neighbour to the south.
Providing assistive technology training to a rural school of education through an in-direct service strategy

A strategy is described for staffing and equipping an assistive technology training laboratory within the constraints of a rural environment. The acquisition of appropriate hardware and peripherals is described, as well as a model for staff training and the coincidental delivery of service to a disabled population. A discussion of the effectiveness of the project is included.
Adoptive Cell Therapy--Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes, T-Cell Receptors, and Chimeric Antigen Receptors.

A dvances in the field of cancer immunotherapy have enabled this therapeutic approach to enter the mainstream of modern cancer treatment. The ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) administration to mediate complete, durable cancer regressions led to its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cancer in 1992 and metastatic melanoma in 1998. The ability of IL-2 to grow human T cells ex vivo led to the ability to generate tumor specific cells for the treatment of patients. Passive administration of anti-tumor T cells is referred to as adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). ACT has several advantages compared to other approaches to cancer immunotherapy. Large numbers of anti-tumor T cells can be grown in vitro and selected for high avidity against the desired antigen. In addition, the host can be manipulated prior to the administration of cells to provide a suitable microenvironment in the tumor. The first report of the use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for the treatment of patients was reported from the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1998. Extensive studies of TILs showed that cells with anti-tumor activity could be isolated from tumors derived from patients with melanoma, although using similar techniques TILs grown from most other cancer histologies did not appear to recognize tumor antigens. Further application of ACT led to the development of techniques to introduce anti-tumor T-cell receptors (TCRs) into autologous lymphocytes for use in therapy. Both conventional ab TCRs and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) with anti-tumor specificity can be introduced into normal lymphocytes, providing them with anti-tumor activity. Clinical trials have been conducted targeting a variety of tumor histologies using this approach. In this review we will discuss
Behavioural laterality as a factor in emotional regulation.

Individuals who perform a variety of tasks using one side of their bodies (i.e., high-dominance people) are thought to differ from individuals who perform a variety of tasks with both sides of their body (i.e., low-dominance people) in several neurological and cognitive characteristics. We examined whether behavioural laterality predicted the efficacy of different emotional regulation strategies. Specifically, we thought that behavioural laterality would influence verbal strategies (associated with left hemisphere activation) when regulating anxiety (associated with right hemisphere activation). In three studies participants presented in front of small audiences. Behavioural laterality (as measured by a modified handedness inventory) positively correlated with presentation anxiety, such that “low-dominance” participants reported less anxiety than “high-dominance” participants, but only when using cognitive reappraisal (a verbal strategy), not attention deployment or response modulation (behavioural strate...
Installing campus local area networks and private telephone systems: lessons learned at two schools

Sweeney: First, a little bit about the University of Chicago The University is located in Chicago, which should not be a surprise. It is on the south side of the city and has been there for 92 years. The campus occupies approximately one square mile and contains about 100 buildings. This telecommunications project started about five years ago and, when it started, the objective was to replace an expensive telephone system with a telephone system which was less expensive. It was strictly a voice-oriented objective, originally. Data transmission was growing in the form of dial-up through the use of modems and in the form of terminal clusters hard-wired to the main computer site at the Computation Center. There were also a few other computer sites of lesser capacity than the Computation Center.
Distal airway function assessed by oscillometry at varying respiratory rate: comparison with dynamic compliance.

Distal airways disease causes significant morbidity yet remains insufficiently identified. We hypothesize that: () when spirometry is normal impulse oscillometry may provide information about mechanical properties of the distal airways in a manner comparable to dynamic compliance and () variation of breathing frequency will influence oscillometric measurements similar to effects of breathing frequency on dynamic compliance. Fifty-three symptomatic subjects with normal large airway function (spirometry) were studied; distal airway dysfunction was identified by presence of frequency dependence of compliance (FDC). Oscillometric parameters evaluated were resistance at 20 Hz (R20) and 5–20 Hz (R5 − 20), reactance at 5Hz (X5), and reactance area (AX). R20 correlated with airway resistance by esophageal manometry (r = 0.74, p< 0.001); X5 correlated with dynamic compliance at a respiratory rate of 60bpm (r = 0.61, p< 0.001); R5-20 and AX correlated with FDC (r = 0.48, p< 0.001; r = 0.53, p< 0.01). IOS indices we...
A Permian–Triassic boundary section at Quinn River Crossing, northwestern Nevada, and implications for the cause of the Early Triassic chert gap on the western Pangean margin

The Upper Permian–Lower Triassic Quinn River Formation in northwestern Nevada was previously thought to represent an incomplete Permian–Triassic boundary sequence, owing to an inferred disconformable relationship between Permian radiolarian- and spicule-rich chert and overlying Triassic siltstone. Petrographic and geochemical studies demonstrate that the “siltstone” is in fact a radiolarian-bearing early authi-genic dolomicrite, with both the chert and dolomicrite deposited conformably in deep water. Chert production declined or ceased in the Late Permian and reappeared in the Spathian, forming a widespread “chert gap” in Permian–Triassic sequences. Given the conformable lithofacies relationships, deep-water depositional setting, new radiolarian data extending ranges of key taxa, and the presence of the global chert gap, sedimentation in the Quinn River Formation was apparently continuous across the Permian–Triassic boundary. This represents the first Permian–Triassic boundary section in the United States portion of the North American Cordillera, and one of the few deep-water sections worldwide. Organic carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Quinn River Formation displays multiple excursions through sediments of Wuchiapingian–Anisian age, with a negative excursion 1.54 m above the chert-shale transition likely representing the Permian–Triassic boundary. The multiple excursions in the organic carbon record verify studies of the carbonate carbon record in China that suggest instability in the isotopic record throughout the Early Triassic, and demonstrate that the Permian–Triassic boundary isotope excursion was not an isolated event. Stratigraphic variation in redox-sensitive trace metals indicates that seawater became less oxic slightly before the chert-shale transition, in turn impacting siliceous sponge communities and creating the widespread chert gap. The distinctive dolomicrites in the Quinn River Formation represent a widespread lithofacies deposited in many localities during the Late Permian–Early Triassic and express early authigenic formation of dolomite via microbial sulfate reduction in organic-rich, low-oxygen environments.
D-cycloserine enhances short-delay, but not long-delay, conditioned taste aversion learning in rats

NMDA receptors have been implicated in conditioned taste aversion (CTA), a form of associative learning with the unique temporal characteristic of associating taste and toxic stimuli across very long delays. D-cycloserine (DCS), an NMDA receptor agonist, has been shown to enhance short-delay CTA learning. Here we examined the interaction of DCS with varying temporal parameters of CTA. DCS (15 mg/kg) administered prior to the pairing of 0.125% saccharin and LiCl (38 mM, 12 ml/kg) enhanced CTA when there was a short delay between the taste-toxin pairing (10 min), but not when there was a long delay (45 min). DCS activity remained at effective levels over the long delay, because DCS administered 60 min prior to a short-delay pairing enhanced CTA. The interaction of DCS with the delay between taste stimulus onset and LiCl injection was investigated by administering DCS and then 5 min access to saccharin 45 min prior to a short-delay pairing of saccharin and LiCl. DCS failed to enhance CTA in rats pre-exposed to saccharin, even with a short-delay between the second saccharin exposure and LiCl injection. These results suggest that DCS enhancement of CTA is dependent on mechanisms underlying gustatory processing during long-delay taste-toxin associations.
State Governance Patterns for Community Colleges

This chapter describes state governance patterns for community colleges and current and emerging policy issues affecting governance.
Brain iron deficiency and excess; cognitive impairment and neurodegenration with involvement of striatum and hippocampus

While iron deficiency is not perceived as a life threatening disorder, it is the most prevalent nutritional abnormality in the world, and a better understanding of modes and sites of action, can help devise better treatment programs for those who suffer from it. Nowhere is this more important than in infants and children that make up the bulk of iron deficiency in society. Although the effects of iron deficiency have been extensively studied in systemic organs, until very recently little attention was paid to its effects on brain function. The studies of Oski at Johns Hopkin Medical School in 1974, demonstrating the impairment of learning in young school children with iron deficiency, prompted us to study its relevance to brain biochemistry and function in an animal model of iron deficiency. Indeed, rats made iron deficient have lowered brain iron and impaired behaviours including learning. This can become irreversible especially in newborns, even after long-term iron supplementation. We have shown that in this condition it is the brain striatal dopaminergic-opiate system which becomes defective, resulting in alterations in circadian behaviours, cognitive impairment and neurochemical changes closely associated with them. More recently we have extended these studies and have established that cognitive impairment may be closely associated with neuroanatomical damage and zinc metabolism in the hippocampus due to iron deficiency, and which may result from abnormal cholinergic function. The hippocampus is the focus of many studies today, since this brain structure has high zinc concentration and is highly involved in many forms of cognitive deficits as a consequence of cholinergic deficiency and has achieved prominence because of dementia in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, it is now apparent that cognitive impairment may not be attributed to a single neurotransmitter, but rather, alterations and interactions of several systems in different brain regions. In animal models of iron deficiency it is apparent that dopaminergic interaction with the opiate system and cholinergic neurotransmission may be defective.
A MODERN ENGLISH MODEL OF ‘SIMPLE’ GRAMMAR FOR NATURAL LANGUAGES

O. Abstract A natural language is presented as a triple, (W, Nom, Sbst), where W is the set of non-lexical (primitive) sentences, each having the unquantified atomic form of the sentence in predicate logic with its arguments (constituents) denoted by dummy symbols and Sbst is the operation of substitution, which transforms primitive sentences into ordinary lexical sentences by replacing the dummy symbols with nominals, the output of Nom, nominalization, which is an operation applying to both primitive and lexical sentences as input. The sentence, primitive or lexical, has no molecular complexity, as so-called compound and complex sentences using various conjunctions are shown to be simple sentences with the atomic form. The theory is illustrated by a complete ‘simple’ grammar of Modern English.
Critical coarctation in an extremely low birth weight pre-term infant

Neonatal interventions for critical aortic coarctation may be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality if the patient is extremely premature. We report the successful treatment of critical coarctation in a 25-week, 740-gram infant using initial clipping of the duct until continued prostaglandin E1 infusion delayed end-to-end anastomosis 7 weeks later.
Abstract 2754: Maternal use of antidepressants in pregnancy is associated with hypermethylation at theIGF2imprinted control regions in the offspring in a race-dependent fashion

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL In utero exposures to environmental factors may result in persistent epigenetic modifications affecting normal development and susceptibility to chronic diseases in later life. We determined whether exposure of the growing fetus to maternal depression or antidepressants is associated with aberrant DNA methylation at two differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the imprinted Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) gene, namely the DMRs upstream of the imprinted IGF2 promoters (IGF2 DMR) and the DMRs upstream of H19 (H19 DMR). Aberrant DNA methylation at these DMRs has been associated with deregulated IGF2 expression, childhood cancers and several chronic diseases during adulthood. Our study population comprises pregnant mothers and their newborns (n=436), recruited between 2005 and 2008 in Durham, NC. A standardized questionnaire was completed and medical record data were abstracted to ascertain prenatal and periconceptional depression and antidepressive drug use. DMR methylation percentages in umbilical cord blood leukocytes were quantified using pyrosequencing. While an association between depression and methylation profiles was not found, we discovered significant hypermethylation of the H19 DMRs in newborns of African American -but not Caucasian- mothers who were taking antidepressive drugs during pregnancy (β=+6.89, p=0.01). Our findings suggest that changes in the IGF2/H19-domain methylation in response to maternal exposure to antidepressants are race-dependent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2754. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2754
Harnessing Innovative Technologies: What Can You Do with a Shoe?.

Abstract Emerging computer and information systems technologies portend great benefit to enable nursing to fulfill its social contract. It is the prerogative and responsibility of nursing to design, develop, or evaluate emerging technologies, to reengineer practice to capitalize on them, and to reconceptualize education to prepare nurses to use them.
Family physicians' satisfaction with practice.

Background During the past decade, dramatic changes have occurred in the way family physicians deliver health care. Objective To examine how satisfied family physicians are with their practice and compensation and what factors are associated with higher or lower satisfaction. Methods As part of a larger study examining decision making for specific medical problems, a random sample of board-certified family physicians were asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale their satisfaction with practice, satisfaction with compensation, and likelihood that they would again select their current specialty. Responses were collapsed into those satisfied or highly satisfied vs those who were neutral or dissatisfied. The likelihood of again selecting family practice as a specialty was dichotomized similarly into those very likely or likely vs all others. Bivariate and multiple regression comparisons were made with demographic and practice characteristic variables. Results The overall response rate was 58.1% (N = 537). Most family physicians (82.4%) are satisfied with their careers, most (65.5%) are satisfied with the compensation they receive, and, if given the opportunity, most (74.9%) would again select family practice as their specialty. Factors that appeared to be associated with lower levels on more than 1 satisfaction measure included working in a group of physicians with 3 or fewer members and not including maternity care in one's practice. In addition, older physicians stated they were less likely to enter family practice again, and those who worked more hours were less satisfied with their compensation. Conclusions Overall, family physicians are satisfied with their careers and compensation. The observation that those in smaller group practices were less satisfied suggests that practices with smaller numbers of members will continue to decline while the number of family physicians employed in larger group practices grows. This may have implications for health care delivery, especially in rural areas where smaller practices are more common.
Demonstration of a blazed grating beam splitter for two-level atoms

Abstract We experimentally demonstrate a coherent beam splitter for metastable helium atoms based on the diffraction of atomic matter waves from a blazed phase grating. The blazed grating is based on an optical potential and is formed when a two-level atomic system interacts with two standing light waves. The standing waves are detuned symmetrically about the atomic resonance and have a relative spatial phase shift of π 2 . We show theoretically that splittings beyond the Raman-Nath regime are possible. We have observed experimentally momentum splittings of 28 times the photon momentum.
Survivorship research based in integrated healthcare delivery systems: the Cancer Research Network.

BACKGROUND. Integrated healthcare delivery systems present unique opportunities for cancer survivorship research. The National Cancer Institute funds the Cancer Research Network (CRN) to leverage these capabilities for all types of cancer research, including survivorship. METHODS. The authors gathered information from a recent CRN funding application, Survivorship Interest Group materials, the CRN website, and published articles. CRN studies were selected to illustrate diverse topics and a variety of data-collection approaches. RESULTS. The 14 systems that participate in the CRN provide care for approximately 10.8 million individuals of all ages and racial/ethnic backgrounds, for whom approximately 38,000 new cancer diagnoses were made in 2005. CRN systems have the ability to use existing data and collect new data on patients, providers, and organizations through well established research centers staffed by independent scientists. Of the 45 funded and 2 pending CRN grant applications as of November 30, 2007, 21 include aspects related to cancer survivorship. These studies have examined clinical trial participation, patterns of care, age and racial/ethnic disparities, diffusion of clinical trial findings, treatment outcomes, surveillance, and end-of-life and palliative care. Breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers have been the focus of these studies. Results of these studies have been published widely in leading journals. CONCLUSIONS. Completed and ongoing CRN survivorship studies provide a strong foundation for future studies. Scientists from all institutional affiliations are welcome to approach the CRN with ideas and are encouraged to allow ample time to establish collaborative relationships and design rigorous studies. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Electromagnetic levitation platform for wireless study of insect flight neurophysiology

An electromagnetic levitation platform for use in a light emitting diode (LED) arena based virtual reality environment was developed for wireless recording of neural and neuromuscular signals from the flight related muscle groups in Manduca sexta. The platform incorporates the use of Early Metamorphosis Insertion Technology to implant recording electrodes into the flight muscles of late stage pupal moths. Analysis of the insects' response to changes in the LED arena rotation direction indicate that this setup could be used to perform a variety of flight behavior studies during yaw maneuvers.
Generalized dirac operators on nonsmooth manifolds and Maxwell's equations

We develop a function theory associated with Dirac type operators on Lipschitz subdomains of Riemannian manifolds. The main emphasis is on Hardy spaces and boundary value problems, and our aim is to identify the geometric and analytic assumptions guaranteeing the validity of basic results from complex function theory in this general setting. For example, we study Plemelj-Calderon-Seeley-Bojarski type splittings of Cauchy boundary data into traces of ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ monogenics and show that this problem has finite index. We also consider Szego projections and the corresponding Lp-decompositions. Our approach relies on an extension of the classical Calderon-Zygmund theory of singular integral operators which allow one to consider Cauchy type operators with variable kernels on Lipschitz graphs. In the second part, where we explore connections with Maxwell's equations, the main novelty is the treatment of the corresponding electro-magnetic boundary value problem by recasting it as a ‘half’ Dirichlet problem for a suitable Dirac operator.
Perception of content, structure, and presentation changes in Web-based hypertext

The Web provides access to a wide variety of information but much of this information is fluid; it changes, moves, and occasionally disappears. Bookmarks, paths over Web pages, and catalogs like Yahoo! are examples of page collections that can become out-of-date as changes are made to their components. Maintaining these collections requires that they be updated continuously. Tools to help in this maintenance require an understanding of what changes are important, such as when pages no longer exist, and what changes are not, such as when a visit counter changes. We performed a study to look at the effect of the type and quantity of change on people's perception of its importance. Subjects were presented pairs of Web pages with changes to either content (e.g., text), structure (e.g., links), or presentation (e.g., colors, layout). While changes in content were the most closely connected to subjects perceptions of the overall change to a page, subjects indicated a strong desire to be notified of structural changes. Subjects only considered the simultaneous change of many presentation characteristics as important.
Laryngeal mask airway and bougie intubation failures : The combitube as a secondary rescue device for in-hospital emergency airway management

When conventional intubation methods fail, an accessory rescue airway device must be immediately available and rapidly deployed to assist the clinician in managing the airway. I reviewed an emergency intubation database to determine what airway devices were used as a backup to rescue the primary res
Dynamic mechanical behavior of copolymers containing carbon black

The storage and loss moduli of random copolymers of styrene and butyl methacrylate containing carbon black of varied surface area were determined by dynamic mechanical analysis at several temperatures about 100°C above the glass-transition temperature, Tg. At low frequencies, the pure polymers exhibit linear double log plots of moduli against frequency, with slopes of unity and approaching two for G″ and G′, respectively. With the addition of carbon black filler, both G′ and G″ become independent of frequency and temperature at low frequencies, consistent with yield behavior arid the formation of a carbon black network. The limiting dynamic complex modulus exceeds the yield stress from steady shear rheology, perhaps indicating the extent of the carbon black network, which was highest for low-molecular-weight copolymer and polystyrene. The filled random copolymers behaved Theologically like similarly filled polystyrenes of comparable molecular weights. Plasticization effects observed in the steady shear rheology of filled copolymers containing small concentrations of carbon black were not observed in dynamic mechanical analysis, although dynamic moduli converge at high frequency.
Particles without quarks

Based on a theory of primitive particles presented in two earlier papers, further applications to macro- and microphenomena are considered—for example, weather phenomena, earthquakes, photoemission, collision of particles, violation of parity, and decay modes. A broad class of leptons withSU(3) symmetry is proposed, together with a quarkless model of particles.
Relationships Between Discretionary Time Activities, Emotional Experiences, Delinquency and Depressive Symptoms Among Urban African American Adolescents

Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), this cross-sectional study examined mediated and moderated associations between different types of discretionary time activities and depressive symptoms and delinquency among a sample of 246 (107 boys, 139 girls) fifth through eighth grade urban African American adolescents. More time spent in passive unstructured activities was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms only for adolescents residing in less dangerous neighborhoods, whereas more time spent in active unstructured activities was associated with higher levels of delinquency only if adolescents resided in more dangerous neighborhoods. Alienation was positively associated with depressive symptoms and delinquency, but neither alienation nor positive affect mediated the relationship between activities and adjustment. These findings suggest the importance of considering neighborhood environment issues when determining what types of discretionary time activities are most beneficial for urban African American young adolescents.
Bacterial Growth and Multiplication as Disclosed by Micro Motion Pictures.

Using a micro motion picture technique for making records, studies covering several thousand hours of observation have been made of the growth of a number of bacteria. On the basis of these experiments a discussion is offered of bacterial division and its influence on gross colony appearance, of different kinds of pleomorphism that have been observed, and of the nature of the internal structure that is seen in some bacteria. Several of the microorganisms chosen for examination are ones that have been thought to give evidence of life cycle phenomena. The present pictures, however, contain no evidence of a bacterial cycle in the commonly accepted meaning of the term.
From Pintele Yid to Racenjude: Chaim Zhitlovsky and racial conceptions of Jewishness

The Russian Jewish intellectual, Chaim Zhitlovsky (1865–1943), a leading architect of secular Jewish culture and thought, was a central figure in the progressive Jewish intelligentsia of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In an essay written in 1927, “Yidn un Yiddishkayt” (“Jews and Jewishness”), he sought to define the secular essence of what he calls Yiddishkayt. This essay is not the first in Zhitlovsky’s long publicistic career in which he searches for new, secular definitions of Jewish identity and culture. But this essay differs, since it is marked by Zhitlovsky’s use of contemporary “social scientific” notions of race and racial traits to conceptualize what he believes constitutes Jewishness in a non-religious context, along with his adoption of the mystical Jewish concept of the “pintele yid,” the theory of an innate Jewishness embodied by a “Jewish spark.” Zhitlovsky’s desire to craft a truly secular theory of Jewish identity led him ironically to accept models of Jewish identity at odds with his stated larger vision. In turning to contemporary racial theory, as well as long nurtured mystical models of Yiddishkayt, Zhitlovsky reveals the wide range of ideological discourses that led him to innovative and controversial notions of modern Jewish identity.
Influence of epilepsy and temporal lobe resection on olfactory function.

Olfactory auras accompany some cases of epilepsy. Several aspects of olfactory function, including sensitivity, also may be altered. We reviewed the literature on these topics, as well as studies evaluating the influences of temporal lobe resection and other seizure management procedures on olfactory function. We concluded that: (a) despite several studies, the prevalence of olfactory auras in epilepsy is unknown, with estimates ranging from 30%; (b) epilepsy appears to cause a generalized decrease in olfactory functioning, although increased sensitivity may occur in some epileptic patients at some time in the preictal period; (c) other sensory modalities are also affected by the epileptic process which, in some cases, involve limbic-related temporal lobe structures; (d) many of the olfactory deficits previously attributed to temporal lobe resection actually exist preoperatively; (e) a taste/flavor confusion exists in the reporting of taste auras; (f) unpleasant auras are associated with hyperresponsiveness of neurons, which may explain why most epilepsy-related olfactory auras are described as "bad"; and (g) interesting parallels exist between the effects of the neuroendocrine system on seizure activity and olfactory function.
Diabetes-induced activation of caspase-3 in retina: effect of antioxidant therapy.

Apoptosis of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes is postulated to contribute to the development of retinopathy in diabetes. The goal of this study is to investigate diabetes-induced activation ...
Pruritus in adult dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis has a significant clinical component of pruritus that has not yet been studied. Pruritus can significantly affect the life of patients. The aim of the present work was to study the degree of pruritus experienced by patients. A four-question survey was sent to patients with documented dermatomyositis. The survey used a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to describe current, worst and daily pruritus, and the effect this has on daily activities. Twenty-six subjects returned completed questionnaires: four had no pruritus; the majority had a significant amount with means above 50 on the VAS. A mean of 44.6 was found for the effect on daily life. Further studies should be performed to examine the prevalence and severity of pruritus in this population and it's effect on their quality of life. Clinicians must be aware of the significant pruritus and provide adequate therapy to improve quality of life.
The tris[3-(9-anthryl)pyrazol-1-yl]hydroborato ligand, [TpAnt]: Compositional disorder between a vacancy and a chain of three atoms

Abstract A new tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborato ligand with anthryl susbtituents in the 3-position, tris[3-(9-anthryl)pyrazol-1-yl]hydroborate, [Tp Ant ], has been synthesized by the reaction of KBH 4 with 3-(9-anthryl)pyrazole and characterized as the thallium derivative, Tl[Tp Ant ]. The thallium reagent was used to prepare the cobalt and molybdenum derivatives, [Tp Ant ]CoNCS and [Tp Ant ]Mo(CO) 2 ( η 3 -CH 2 C(Me)CH 2 ). The molecular structure of [Tp Ant ]CoNCS, contaminated with ca 6% Tl[Tp Ant ], has been determined by X-ray diffraction, thereby providing an example of compositional disorder between a vacancy and a chain of three atoms.
Dielectronic recombination rates for ions of the sodium sequence

The dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\mathrm{DR}}$ is explicitly calculated for Mo, Fe, and Ar target ions of the Na isoelectronic sequence (11 electrons). This work is an extension of a previous study of DR for ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{31+}$ ions. Both $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\ne}0$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}n=0$ transitions are considered in detail, with full $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling. The radiative and Auger cascade effects are found to be important, especially for high Rydberg states, and are included in the final rate-coefficient estimate. Scaling of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\mathrm{DR}}$ with ionic charge and free-electron temperature is discussed.
Policy Perspectives on Social, Agricultural, and Rural Sustainability1

Three types of agricultural, or sustainability, policy are introduced. One deals with the interests of society, another with the agricultural sector, and the third with rural people and places. Each type serves different purposes, interest groups, and issues. Yet, they share some common ground. Because social, agricultural, and rural objectives are interdependent, we need all three policy types if any is to be effective in a highly specialized society. Agricultural policy often substitutes for rural policy, but this is inadequate. Factors shaping the rural policy context include regionality, the large rural population, the rural situation, lack of rural human resource development, technological displacement, and legislation. The environment, economic change, physical infrastructure, social services, jobs, and the role of land grant universities are issues to be considered in rural policy.
Measurement of c‐erbb‐2 proteins in sera from patients with carcinomas and in breast tumor tissue cytosols: Correlation with serum tumor markers and membrane‐bound oncoprotein

Using a commercial kit with antibodies against the ectodomain of c-erbB-2 protein, we detected c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity in human serum. We found that the percentages of patients with elevated serum c-erbB-2 immunoreactivities were 35, 21, and 9% in breast, prostate, and ovarian carcinoma, respectively. The majority of the elevated immunoreactivities were associated with sera containing highly elevated tumor markers with the highest in breast carcinoma (35%) and lowest in ovarian cancer (9%). Excellent correlations were also observed between the serum levels of c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity and the dominant tumor markers in serial specimens from individual cancer patients. We could also detect the c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity in the cytosols prepared from the breast tumor tissue for estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER&PgR) measurements using the same commercial kit for serum studies, and the intact c-erbB-2 oncoprotein (p 185) in the extracts of the tissue membrane fractions with a different kit designed for tissue extract. The level of c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity in the cytosol from 124 human breast tumor specimens had an excellent correlation with the cell membrane concentrations of p 185 (γ = 0.89). Most of the elevated cytosol c-erbB-2 immunoreactivities were also found to associate with breast tumor specimens containing low concentrations of ER&PgR. It appears that measuring the c-erbB-2 immunoreactivity potentially could be used as a prognostic marker without performing tissue biopsies and also as a serum tumor marker for managing cancer patients.©1995 wiley-Liss, inc.
Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction.

Todetermine theclinical consequences ofreocclusion ofaninfarct-related artery after reperfusion therapy, weevaluated 810patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were admitted intofoursequential studies with similar entry criteria inwhich patency ofthe infarct-related artery wasassessed bycoronary arteriography 90minutes after onsetof thrombolytic therapy. Successful reperfusion wasestablished acutely in733patients. Thrombolytic therapy included tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in517, urokinase in87,and acombination oft-PAandurokinase in129patients. Allpatients received aspirin, intravenous heparin andnitroglycerin, anddiltiazem during therecovery phase. A repeat coronary arteriogram wasperformed in88%ofpatients atamedian of7daysafter theonsetof symptoms. Reocclusion oftheinfarct-related artery occurred in91patients (12.4%), and58% ofthese weresymptomatic. Angiographic characteristics at90minutes after thrombolytic therapy that wereassociated with reocclusion compared with sustained coronary artery patency were right coronary infarct-related artery (65% versus 44%, respectively) andThrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow0or1(21% versus 10%,respectively) before further intervention. Median(interquartile value) degree ofstenosis intheinfarct-related artery at90 minutes wassimilar between groups: 99%forreoccluded (value, 90/100%6) compared with 95% forpatent (value, 80/99%). Patients withreocclusion hadsimilar left ventricular ejection fractions compared withpatients withsustained patency atfollow-up. However, patients with reocclusion atfollow-up hadworse infarct-zone function at-2.7(value, -3.2/-1.8) versus -2.4(SD/chord) (value, -3.11-1.3) (p=0.016). Therecovery ofbothglobal andinfarct-zone function wasimpaired byreocclusion oftheinfarct-related artery compared withmaintained patency; medianA ejection fraction was-2compared with1(p=0.006) andmedianA infarct-zone wall motion was-0.10compared with 0.34 SD/chord (p=0.011), respectively. In addition, patients withreocclusion hadmorecomplicated hospital courses andhigher in-hospital mortality rates (11.0%7 versus 4.5%, respectively; p=0.01). We conclude that reocclusion oftheinfarct-related artery after successful reperfusion isassociated with substantial morbidity andmortality rates. Reocclusion isalso detrimental tothefunctional recovery ofbothglobal andinfarct-zone regional left ventricular function. Thus, newstrategies inthepostinfarction period need tobedeveloped toprevent reocclusion oftheinfarct-related artery. (Circulation 1990;82:781-791)
Human Auditory Cortical Activation during Self-Vocalization

During speaking, auditory feedback is used to adjust vocalizations. The brain systems mediating this integrative ability have been investigated using a wide range of experimental strategies. In this report we examined how vocalization alters speech-sound processing within auditory cortex by directly recording evoked responses to vocalizations and playback stimuli using intracranial electrodes implanted in neurosurgery patients. Several new findings resulted from these high-resolution invasive recordings in human subjects. Suppressive effects of vocalization were found to occur only within circumscribed areas of auditory cortex. In addition, at a smaller number of sites, the opposite pattern was seen; cortical responses were enhanced during vocalization. This increase in activity was reflected in high gamma power changes, but was not evident in the averaged evoked potential waveforms. These new findings support forward models for vocal control in which efference copies of premotor cortex activity modulate sub-regions of auditory cortex.
Polarization-dependent parametric and Raman processes in a birefringent optical fiber

The generation of new frequencies by the parametric four-photon mixing process, stimulated Raman processes, and subsequent stimulated mixing processes, all of which arise from the third-order nonlinearity in a single-mode birefringent fiber, is reported. It is observed that different processes are dominant for different input pump polarization angles with respect to the birefringence axes of the fiber. By examining the evolution of the nonlinear output spectra at various input pump power levels for different polarization angles, the pump-polarization-dependent third-order nonlinear processes are studied in detail. The effect of the birefringence-compensated group-velocity matching between the pump and parametric frequencies of different polarizations results in effective nonlinear interactions over long distances for the picosecond pulses. >
Land-use proximity as a basis for assessing stream water quality in New York State (USA)

Abstract The influence of the proximity of urbanization and agriculture to stream water quality is often difficult to quantify. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the influence of far-field land-use, encompassing a watershed drainage area, to a near-field, 200-m buffer on each side of the stream in an attempt to determine on which zone of influence land-use has the largest impact on water quality, and (2) incorporate the EPA's Rapid Habitat Assessment Protocol ( Barbour et al., 1999 ) to characterize the riparian and channel characteristics of a stream that influence water quality, which can improve New York State's monitoring protocols. Impacts were assessed through biological, chemical, and physical-habitat data from 29 streams located within a variety of land-use categories. Land-use was identified through USGS National Land Cover Data (NLCD). Principal components analysis (PCA) indicated that land-use and water quality variables were associated with non-point source contaminants (e.g. nutrients and specific conductance). Using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, significant relationships between all three land-use types and stream water quality were determined at the 200-m buffer zone of influence. At the watershed zone of influence, water quality indicators did not correlate significantly with land cover type. DO and BAP values within the 200-m buffer zone varied inversely with the percentage of urban-land cover. The stronger correlation between land cover and stream water quality at the 200-m proximity than that of the watershed suggests that the presence of a riparian buffer zone between streams and agricultural and urban areas is a significant factor in reducing contamination from non-point source loading.
Syncope as the presenting feature of splenic rupture after colonoscopy.

Splenic rupture is a rare, catastrophic complication of colonoscopy and an exceptional cause of syncope. This injury is believed to be from direct trauma or tension on the splenocolic ligament with subsequent capsule avulsion or else from direct instrument-induced splenic injury. Diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion that may be absent because presentation can be subtle, nonspecific, and delayed anywhere from hours to days and therefore not easily attributed to a recent endoscopy. We describe a case of syncope as the initial manifestation of splenic rupture after colonoscopy. Our patient’s pain was delayed; his discomfort was mild and not localized to the left upper quadrant. Clinicians should consider syncope, lightheadedness, and drop in hemoglobin in absence of rectal bleeding following a colonoscopy as possible warning signs of imminent or emergent splenic injury.
Tetralogy of Fallot with anomalous tricuspid valve simulating pulmonary stenosis with intact septum.

An anatomicopathologic entity of the tetralogy of Fallot with an additional finding of an accessory flap of tricuspid valvular tissue is described. In the 3 cases reported in this paper, the outstanding hemodynamic finding was a right ventricular systolic pressure that was significantly greater than the systemic systolic pressure. The hemodynamic findings were explained by the fact that the accessory tricuspid flap partially closed the large ventricular septal defect. The clinical picture was similar to that of either severe pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum or severe pulmonary stenosis with a small ventricular septal defect and a right-to-left shunt at the ventricular level.
Refractory metal silicide formation by ion implantation

Abstract A systematic study of interface mixing of transition metal-Si structures by ion implantation was carried out. High resolution Auger analyses at the mixed region of the implanted samples showed an energy shift of the Auger Si LVV transition and a change in the spectrum relative to that of elemental silicon. The elemental depth distribution obtained using Auger electron spectroscopy combined with ion sputtering illustrated a composition plateau for the ion-implanted structures. The X-ray diffraction data show the presence of silicides. These results illustrated metal silicide formation and a reduction in the thermal reaction barrier for forming refractory metal silicides by ion implantation.