cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on Intertemporal Trade in Goods and Money

Over the past decade, open economy macroeconomics has been broadened to encompass international lending and it has been deepened by microeconomic approaches to the role of money and the determinants of intertemporal resource allocation. The present paper offers a highly simplified model of trade in goods and money to explore the determinants of real interest rates and the price level in the world economy. The purpose of the paper is to set out the absolutely simplest model of the world economy where money and debt are held and traded so as to create foundations for the ambitious questions of welfare economics or risk that are now increasingly attracting attention.
Low surface energy polymers and surface-active block polymers: II. Rigid microporous foams by emulsion polymerization

Abstract Block polymerization of different weight ratios of 2-(p-t-butylphenyl)-2-oxazoline (B) and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (E) with methyl p-nitrobenzenesulfonate as the initiator gave diblock co-oligomers with narrow molecular weight distributions in 100% yields. Co-oligomers with 40–50 wt% of B were excellent inverse emulsifiers for styrene/water ( St W ) polymerization: water-in-oil solid emulsions with internal phase ratios as high as 90% have been obtained using small amounts of the oligomers (⩾1 wt% of the total system). The total surface area of the water droplets is approximately proportional to the number of surfactant molecules, and thus the average pore diameter is proportional to the water volume divided by the surfactant concentration. For any given St W volume ratio, there is a maximum amount of emulsifier which can produce stable solid foams; higher amounts cause the emulsions to break.
Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory

Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) offers the potential of a universal memory, as it can simultaneously be fast, non-volatile, dense, and show high-endurance. MRAM differs from earlier incarnations of magnetic memory in that it tightly couples electronic readout with magnetic storage in a compact device structure that is competitive with state-of-the-art semiconductor memories. While small-scale demonstrations have realized much of the potential of MRAM, shrinking the cell size or embedding the memory with logic circuitry creates difficult challenges. This chapter provides an overview of the basic MRAM magnetic structure, including an explanation of the functions of various elements in the complex multilayer magnetic film stack. The principles of MRAM circuit design and operation are outlined, together with a detailed examination of the design of a single-bit cell. A discussion of the techniques developed to fabricate large arrays of MRAM devices with high yield is also included, in addition to some aspects of MRAM reliability and the potential for scaling MRAM for future device generations. Keywords: magnetoresistive random access memory; tunnel junction; multilayers; ferromagnet; magnetic storage; memory architecture
An Introductory Guide to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture

What is popular culture? the culture and civilization tradition culturalism structuralism and post-structuralism Marxism feminism postmodernism the politics of the popular.
Fatigue life prediction for the development of ship board exposed equipment

A mechanically scanned array type radar antenna was developed for several classes of US NAVY vessels. A light weight requirement as well as the RF properties required that substantial parts of the equipment be composed of aluminum alloys. The combined stress corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys exposed to cyclic loading in the ocean environment suggests that fatigue aggravated by corrosion was a concern. The author developed a fatigue life prediction technique using Microsoft Excel that took into account the winds, ship speeds, ship motions, Concept Of Operations (CONOPS), and the rotational parameters to predict the fatigue loading on the antenna over a 20 year life. The load levels based on the sum of the wind and ships motions were surprisingly high. Among other things, this analysis showed that the customer's specification of the environmental loading was woefully inadequate. This paper describes the step by step methodology and discusses the options available at each step of the procedure. The validity and sensitivity of the results are discussed. The technique is easily scalable to other shipboard equipment.
Knowing What to Believe (when you already know something)

Although much work in NLP has focused on simply determining what a document means, we also must know whether or not to believe it. Fact-finding algorithms attempt to identify the "truth" among competing claims in a corpus, but fail to take advantage of the user's prior knowledge and presume that truth itself is universal and objective rather than subjective. We introduce a framework for incorporating prior knowledge into any fact-finding algorithm, expressing both general "common-sense" reasoning and specific facts already known to the user as first-order logic and translating this into a tractable linear program. As our results show, this approach scales well to even large problems, both reducing error and allowing the system to determine truth respective to the user rather than the majority. Additionally, we introduce three new fact-finding algorithms capable of outperforming existing fact-finders in many of our experiments.
Experience in Reactor Malfunction Diagnosis Using On-Line Noise Analysis

Experience has been obtained with a continuous neutron-noise monitor at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) and with neutron- and pressure-noise monitors at the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSR...
RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN THE STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN CHILDHOOD

A method for demonstrating small uptakes of radioiodine by the thyroid gland has been described. The study suggests that in some cases of cretinism iodine-accumulating thyroid tissue may be completely absent while in others a small amount may be present. In cretins in whom a small amount of thyroid tissue can be demonstrated, the symptoms, even though appearing during the first year of life develop more insidiously. In cases of hypothyroidism developing later in childhood, small amounts of thyroid tissue capable of taking up iodine usually can be demonstrated. In addition to the cases of hypothyroidism in which there is absence of the gland or marked diminution in the amount of thyroid tissue, two patients (Nos. 13 and 14) with definite hypothyroidism showed a normal uptake of I 131 . One of those patients had a thyroid gland of normal size, the other a moderately enlarged gland. They lived in regions in which there was no likelihood of deficient iodine intake (see Addendum). One patient (No. 15) with acquired hypothyroidism took up no iodine when first studied but after injection of thyrotropic hormone showed a normal uptake. The problem of whether acquired hypothyroidism may be due to deficiency of thyrotropic hormone is discussed.
How Much Diversification is Enough

Levels of diversification in the portfolios of investors present a puzzle. The benefits of diversification, measured by the rules of mean-variance portfolio theory, have increased in recent years, yet levels of diversification did not increase, remaining much below their optimal levels. We find that today's optimal level of diversification, measured by the rules of mean-variance portfolio theory, exceeds 120 stocks, and argue that the diversification puzzle is solved within Shefrin and Statman's (2000) behavioral portfolio theory. Investors in behavioral portfolio theory construct their portfolios as layered pyramids where bottom layers are designed for downside protection while top layers are designed for upside potential. Risk-aversion gives way to risk-seeking at the uppermost layers as they desire to avoid poverty give way to the desire for riches. Some investors fill the uppermost layers with the few stocks of an undiversified portfolio while others fill them with lottery tickets. Neither lottery buying nor undiversified portfolios are consistent with mean-variance portfolio theory but both are consistent with behavioral portfolio theory. Behavioral portfolios, such as those reflected in the rules of "core and satellite," are sensible ways to allocate portfolio assets between the upside potential and downside protection layers. A well-diversified core forms is the downside protection layer of the portfolio and a less diversified satellite forms the upside potential one. The rules of diversification in behavioral portfolio theory are not as precise as the rules in mean-variance portfolio theory, but they are clear enough. Investors, financial advisors, and companies sponsoring 401(k) plans must be careful to draw the line between upside potential and downside protection such that dreams of riches do not plunge investors into poverty.
Direct observation of Λ-doublet and hyperfine branching ratios for rotationally inelastic collisions of NO He at 4.2 K

Abstract A 4.2 K collisionally cooling cell and time-resolved millimeter-wave/millimeter-wave double resonance have been used to directly measure the Λ-doublet and hyperfine branching ratios and absolute cross-sections of rotationally inelastic collisions of NO–He. The data were analyzed in the context of angular momentum recoupling, which is based on the `spectator' role of the nuclear spin in the collision, and tensor opacities, which characterize the electrostatic collision. The propensities expected for the approximately homonuclear NO (the largest of which is the e / f symmetry conserving, Δ J =0 rate) were observed and the four K =1 tensor opacities measured.
Augmentation of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Production with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors as a Novel Epigenetic Therapy for Bacterial Infections

The emergence of antibiotic resistance seriously threatens our ability to treat many common and medically important bacterial infections. Novel therapeutics are needed that can be used alone or in conjunction with antibiotics. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are important effectors of the host innate defense that exhibit broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of microorganisms. CAMPs are carried within phagocytic granules and are constitutively or inducibly expressed by multiple cell types, including epithelial cells. The role of histone modification enzymes, specifically the histone deacetylases (HDAC), in down-regulating the transcription of CAMP-encoding genes is increasingly appreciated as is the capacity of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) to block the action of HDACs to increase CAMP expression. The use of synthetic and natural HDACi molecules to increase CAMPs on mucosal surfaces, therefore, has potential therapeutic applications. Here, we review host and pathogen regulation of CAMP expression through the induction of HDACs and assess the therapeutic potential of natural and synthetic HDACi based on evidence from tissue culture systems, animal models, and clinical trials.
Hollow silica nanoparticles in UV-visible antireflection coatings for poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates.

We have demonstrated the utility of hollow silica nanoparticles in fabricating conformal thin film nanoporous antireflection (AR) coatings on both poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and glass substrates. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly was successfully used to produce ultrathin AR coatings on planar and textured surfaces. Hollow silica nanoparticles were synthesized to extend the range of apparent refractive indices possible in an AR coating, enabling the design of both single index and graded index AR coatings on PMMA substrates. The diameter and shell thickness of the silica nanoparticles are the two independent, controllable parameters that we manipulated to tune the refractive index of the coating. The AR coatings reduced the minimum reflection of PMMA from 7% to 0.5%, while the maximum transmission increased from 92% to 98% at the optimized wavelength region that could be adjusted from the near UV into the visible. Cross sectional SEM showed that conformal coatings can be achieved on grooved PMMA Fresnel...
TRANSFORMING CURVES INTO CURVES WITH THE SAME SHAPE12

Curves are considered to have the same shape when they are related by a similarity transformation of a certain kind. This paper extends earlier work on parallel curves to curves with the same shape. Some examples are given more or less explicitly. A generalization is used to show that the theory is ordinal and to show how the theory may be applied to measure sensation. The problem of actually transforming curves into curves with the same shape is reduced to the problem of rendering another set of curves parallel. Connections with groups and rings are developed to place the work in a familiar context. These connections and the earlier work on parallel curves are used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of transformations, to study the uniqueness of transformations and to show how transformations can be calculated.
Induction of cortical spreading depression with potassium chloride upregulates levels of messenger RNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein in cortex and hippocampus: inhibition by MK-801

The present study evaluates the time course and spatial extent of changes in GFAP mRNA expression following the induction of spreading depression. Spreading depression was elicited by applying filterpaper pledgets soaked in KCl (3 M) to exposed parietal cortex for ten minutes. Animals were killed 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h post-KCl application, and the forebrains were prepared for quantitative in situ hybridization. The KCl treatment led to a many-fold increase in GFAP mRNA content in the ipsilateral hippocampus and neocortex and, to a lesser extent, in the contralateral hippocampus, but did not affect GFAP mRNA levels in the contralateral cortex or in the thalamus. The time course of increased expression of GFAP mRNA in the hippocampus differed markedly from that of the cortex. In the hippocampus, GFAP mRNA levels rose rapidly to a maximum at 24 h post-exposure, then fell rapidly. In the cortex, levels rose more slowly and did not reach a maximum until 4 days post-exposure. Analysis of GFAP mRNA levels by dot blot hybridization using samples from a separate set of animals killed at one and 4 days following the KCl exposure confirmed both the upregulation in GFAP mRNA levels and the regional time course differences. Intraperitoneal injection of MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA antagonist which prevents spreading depression, blocked the upregulation of GFAP mRNA in both the hippocampus and the cortex, as demonstrated by both in situ and dot blot hybridization. The results suggest that the physiological changes accompanying spreading depression have a powerful influence on glial cell gene expression.
1998 eruption of axial volcano: Multibeam anomalies and sea‐floor observations

Lava flows erupted during the January/February 1998 seismic swarm at Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge have been identified by differencing of pre- and post-event multibeam bathymetric surveys and by seafloor observations. A sheet flow more than 3 km in length and 500–800 m wide erupted from the uppermost south rift is the site of a robust hydrothermal system. 1998 lavas occur over about 9 km of the upper south rift zone, or about 20% of the along-axis length of the seismicity event (∼50 km). The estimated volume of lava erupted is 18-76 ×106 m³ for the extrusion and 100-×106 m³ for the intrusion. The total volume is consistent with the volume from modeling of seafloor strain measurements recorded during the event.
Annihilation of ecosystems by large asteroid impacts on the early Earth

Large asteroid impacts produced globally lethal conditions by evaporating large volumes of ocean water on the early Earth. The Earth may have been continuously habitable by ecosystems that did not depend on photosynthesis as early as 4.44 Gyr BP (before present). Only a brief interval after 3.8 Gyr exists between the time when obligate photosynthetic organisms could continuously evolve and the time when the palaeontological record indicates highly evolved photosynthetic ecosystems.
Characterization of watermarks formed in nano-carpet effect.

In the spreading of a water droplet on an aligned silicon nanorod array surface, a precursor rim was detected moving ahead of the contact line. In this process, nanorods were bundled by the capillary force to form clusters, and a watermark developed on the surface after water evaporated. The size of the watermark, , corresponding to the maximum radius of the precursor rim, followed a simple power law relationship with the volume of water droplet Ω, ∝ Ωβ. The scaling exponent β increased when the nanorod height decreased, but all in the vicinity of 1/3. This behavior was attributed to the competition of evaporation and spreading of a water droplet during the spreading process. The size of the bundled nanorod cluster formed by the capillary force not only depended on the nanorod height but also on the location in the watermark. The cluster size almost remained as a constant near the center, and then it decreased with the distance from the center. This phenomenon can be qualitatively interpreted through the ...
MicroRNA expression profiling of the human uterine cervix after term labor and delivery

Objective MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs involved in posttranscriptional regulation of target genes. The objective of this study was to determine the miRNA expression profile of the human uterine cervix after spontaneous term labor (TL). Study Design The miRNA expression pattern of cervical tissue was characterized using microarrays. Samples were collected at term from patients with (n = 8) and without (n = 9) TL. Moderated t tests and false discovery rate correction were applied. Results were confirmed using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 226 miRNAs were expressed in human cervical tissue. miR-223, miR-34b, and miR-34c were overexpressed in cervical tissue of patients with TL compared to those without. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays confirmed these findings (miR-223 [fold change {FC} = 5.7], miR-34b [FC = 4.5], miR-34c [FC = 6.2]; P Conclusion This is the first report of miRNA expression in the human uterine cervix in pregnancy. Cervical remodeling after TL and delivery was associated with changes in miR-223, miR-34b, and miR-34c.
Fatty acid-binding site environments of serum vitamin D-binding protein and albumin are different

Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and albumin (ALB) are abundant serum proteins and both possess high-affinity binding for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. However, certain differences exist. We surmised that in cases where serum albumin level is low, DBP presumably can act as a transporter of fatty acids. To explore this possibility we synthesized several alkylating derivatives of (14)C-palmitic acid to probe the fatty acid-binding pockets of DBP and ALB. We observed that N-ethyl-5-phenylisooxazolium-3'-sulfonate-ester (WRK-ester) of (14)C-palmitic acid specifically labeled DBP; but p-nitrophenyl- and N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-esters failed to do so. However, p-nitrophenyl ester of (14)C-palmitic acid specifically labeled bovine ALB, indicating that the micro-environment of the fatty acid-binding domains of DBP and ALB may be different; and DBP may not replace ALB as a transporter of fatty acids.
Expression of Bone Microsomal Casein Kinase II, Bone Sialoprotein, and Osteopontin During the Repair of Calvarial Defects

The temporal expression of bone microsomal casein kinase II, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, and the accumulation of a solid calcium-inorganic orthophosphate mineral phase, have been charted from day 2 to day 21 during the repair of calvarial defects in rats induced by the implantation of decalcified rat bone matrix. Unlike the sequence of events that occur when the same decalcified bone matrix is implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly, in which cases the first tissue to form in response to the implant is cartilage that subsequently calcifies and is later resorbed and replaced by bone, the repair of cranial defects is quite different. In the latter case, the first cells induced are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and early fibroblasts followed by osteoblastic direct bone formation. Somewhat later a few small islands of cartilage are formed, widely separated and spatially distinct from the newly formed bone matrix. All of the cartilage and most of the implanted decalcified bone matrix are later resorbed and replaced by new bone by day 21. This in vivo model of the repair of a bone defect by direct bone formation has provided an excellent system to follow specific biochemical and physicochemical events. The total accumulation and rate of accumulation of the mineral and the two noncollagenous phosphoproteins (bone sialoprotein and osteopontin), as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase, and for the first time either in vivo or in cell culture, the activity of microsomal casein kinase II, the major enzyme that phosphorylates the bone phosphoproteins, have been determined as a function of healing time in vivo. The overall general pattern of accumulation of the phosphoproteins and calcium-phosphate mineral phase and their relationships are similar to those reported in osteoblast cell cultures also monitored as a function of time.
Attenuation correction in cardiac SPECT: the boy who cried wolf?

We would like to stress that we do not necessarily consider AC for SPECT MPI to be unfeasible or unworthy of scientific pursuit; indeed, a great deal of creative scientific effort has been poured into this area of investigation over the past 3 decades, and much of it has contributed to a better understanding of the physics, as well as the clinical aspects, of our field. However, the great variety of available AC hardware and software “flavors,” the historical pattern of commercial release of insufficiently validated AC implementations, and the increasingly clouded health care reimbursement horizon may have created an environment where the envisioned users of the technology have been desensitized and discouraged from expecting it to ever come to fruition in a standardized, validated, and costeffective form. It has been reported as recently as 2005 that the “entire base of SPECT cameras has only 5% of systems with attenuation correction.”8 Perhaps the reports of AC’s demise are exaggerated, but it certainly seems as if the people have spoken and, after readying themselves for the wolf one too many times, have come to the conclusion that “the future (of AC) ain’t what it used to be” . . .at least not yet.
Physiologic Changes During Helium Insufflation in High-Risk Patients During Laparoscopic Renal Procedures

Objectives To assess the efficacy and safety of helium as an insufflant for transabdominal laparoscopic renal surgery. Methods The charts of all patients undergoing laparoscopic renal surgery with helium insufflation by a single physician between May 2003 and April 2006 were reviewed. Ventilatory parameters and postoperative recovery were reviewed. Results Ten patients underwent laparoscopic renal surgery with helium. These patients had a mean age of 64 years and suffered from a variety of comorbid conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5), congestive heart failure (1), chronic hypoxia from an intrapulmonary shunt (1), malignant hyperthermia (1), and chronic hypoxia from multiple pulmonary infarcts (1). All patients tolerated helium pneumoperitoneum, with mean O 2 saturation of 98.6% ± 0.6%, end-tidal CO 2 31.4 ± 1.7 mm Hg, respiratory rate 9.3 ± 0.7 breaths per minute, tidal volumes 598.2 ± 38.0 mL, and peak airway pressures 26.0 ± 1.2 cm H 2 O. One patient developed an end-tidal CO 2 of greater than 45 mm Hg. Mean operative time was 146.8 ± 59 minutes, and estimated blood loss was 280.1 ± 334 mL. Postoperatively 3 patients required continued maintenance of the endotracheal tube, although none required intubation longer than 22 hours. Five patients had critical care monitoring (1.7 ± 2.9 days on average). Conclusions Helium can be used safely as an insufflant during laparoscopic renal surgery. Patients who may benefit are those with potential difficulty in clearing CO 2 gas from their bloodstream or those who rely on sensitive monitoring of end-tidal CO 2 to manage comorbid pathology.
Detecting trace components in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry data sets with two-dimensional wavelets

TWiGS (two-dimensional wavelet transform with generalized cross validation and soft thresholding) is a novel algorithm for denoising liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data for use in "shot-gun" proteomics. Proteomics, the study of all proteins in an organism, is an emerging field that has already proven successful for drug and disease discovery in humans. There are a number of constraints that limit the effectiveness of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for shot-gun proteomics, where the chemical signals are typically weak, and data sets are computationally large. Most algorithms suffer greatly from a researcher driven bias, making the results irreproducible and unusable by other laboratories. We thus introduce a new algorithm, TWiGS, that removes electrical (additive white) and chemical noise from LC-MS data sets. TWiGS is developed to be a true two-dimensional algorithm, which operates in the time-frequency domain, and minimizes the amount of researcher bias. It is based on the traditional discrete wavelet transform (DWT), which allows for fast and reproducible analysis. The separable two-dimensional DWT decomposition is paired with generalized cross validation and soft thresholding. The Haar, Coiflet-6, Daubechie-4 and the number of decomposition levels are determined based on observed experimental results. Using a synthetic LC-MS data model, TWiGS accurately retains key characteristics of the peaks in both the time and m/z domain, and can detect peaks from noise of the same intensity. TWiGS is applied to angiotensin I and II samples run on a LC-ESI-TOF-MS (liquid-chromatography-electrospray-ionization) to demonstrate its utility for the detection of low-lying peaks obscured by noise.
Analysis and applications of the orthogonal access multiprocessor

Abstract An Orthogonal Access Multiprocessing system allows a multiplicity of processors to access distinct rows or columns of a rectangular array of data elements concurrently. The resulting tightly coupled system is feasible with current technology and has been suggested for VLSI as a “reduced mesh.” In this paper we introduce the architecture and concentrate on its application to a number of basic vector and numerical computations. We prove that the machine exhibits the same performance as any other system with the same number of processors within a factor of 3. Matrix multiplication, LU decomposition, polynomial evaluation, and solutions to linear systems and partial differential equations all show a speedup of O ( n ) for an n -processor system. The flexibility in the choice of the number of PEs makes the architecture a strong competitor in the world of special-purpose parallel systems.
The Interplay among Stereotypes, Performance-Avoidance Goals, and Women's Math Performance Expectations

This project was designed to examine whether and how achievement goals contribute to the effect of gender stereotypes on women's low expectancies for success on math tasks. Study 1 confirmed predictions from the Stereotyped Task Engagement Process (STEP) model (Smith, 2004) by demonstrating that, compared to a counter-stereotype situation, women reminded of the gender-stereotype endorsed performance-avoidance goals. Study 2 tested whether performance-goal adoption differed between men and women. Results showed that, compared to men, women in a stereotype salient math situation were more likely to endorse performance-avoidance achievement goals. This performance-avoidance goal adoption in turn, accounted for the negative relationship between participants' gender and performance expectations for a standardized math test.
Surveying polypeptide and protein domain conformation and association with FlAsH and ReAsH

Recombinant polypeptides and protein domains containing two cysteine pairs located distal in primary sequence but proximal in the native folded or assembled state are labeled selectively in vitro and in mammalian cells using the profluorescent biarsenical reagents FlAsH-EDT2 and ReAsH-EDT2. This strategy, termed bipartite tetracysteine display, enables the detection of protein-protein interactions and alternative protein conformations in live cells. As proof of principle, we show that the equilibrium stability and fluorescence intensity of polypeptide-biarsenical complexes correlates with the thermodynamic stability of the protein fold or assembly. Destabilized protein variants form less stable and less bright biarsenical complexes, which allows discrimination of live cells expressing folded polypeptide and protein domains from those containing disruptive point mutations. Bipartite tetracysteine display may provide a means to detect early protein misfolding events associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cystic fibrosis; it may also enable high-throughput screening of compounds that stabilize discrete protein folds.
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting

A 6"x6" white lighting panel consisting of red, green and blue colored stripes of OLEDs emits >100 lm of optical power and has a maximum energy efficacy of 30 lm/W. Each colored stripe contains 7 serially connected OLEDs having an area of 1.37 cm2, and there are 4 stripes per color, so there is a total of 84 devices. The external quantum efficiency of the red and blue OLEDs exceeds 20% and the blue OLED efficiency exceeds 5% when operated above 100 nits. Such high quantum efficiencies are achieved with an OLED architecture consisting of electrophosphorescent dopants, and at least four organic thin films layers: a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emissive layer, a blocking layer, and an electron transport layer. The color coordinates of the panel can be varied between the constituent red, green, and blue color component coordinates of (0.14, 0.17), (0.31, 0.64), and (0.62, 0.38), respectively, by adjusting the intensity of each primary colors. Panel power efficiencies were measured at correlated color temperatures between 2,900 K and 5,700K, and the color rendering index was >80 in all cases because of the broad spectral output of the combined colors.
Expression cloning of novel regulators of 92 kDa type IV collagenase expression.

Overexpression of the 92 kDa type IV collagenase (MMP-9) contributes to cancer progression. However, to date, there are few known regulators of expression of this metalloproteinase. We employed an expression library comprising 500000 cDNA clones to screen for novel regulators of MMP-9 expression. HT1080 cells were transiently co-transfected with an MMP-9 promoter-luciferase reporter and pools of the cDNA expression library. Positive-scoring pools were subdivided in secondary and tertiary screens, after which the regulatory cDNAs were identified by DNA sequencing. This brief review illustrates the utility of expression cloning in identifying specific regulators of MMP-9 expression.
DNA binding in the central channel of bacteriophage T7 helicase-primase is a multistep process. Nucleotide hydrolysis is not required

Many helicases assemble into ring-shaped hexamers and bind DNA in their central channel. This raises the question as to how the DNA gets into the central channel to form a topologically linked comp...
Spatial Structure of Morphological and Neutral Genetic Variation in Brook Trout

AbstractBrook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis exhibit exceptional levels of life history variation, remarkable genetic variability, and fine-scale population structure. In many cases, neighboring populations may be highly differentiated from one another to an extent that is comparable with species-level distinctions in other taxa. Although genetic samples have been collected from hundreds of populations and tens of thousands of individuals, little is known about whether differentiation at neutral markers reflects phenotypic differences among Brook Trout populations. We compared differentiation in morphology and neutral molecular markers among populations from four geographically proximate locations (all within 24 km) to examine how genetic diversity covaries with morphology. We found significant differences among and/or within streams for all three morphological axes examined and identified the source stream of many individuals based on morphology (52.3% classification efficiency). Although molecular and morp...
Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Inexact Value-Function Assessment

A major issue in value-function assessment is the possibility of receiving an indefinite response from a decision maker to a question about preferences. The conventional treatment requires a single, definite response from the decision maker. This approach either assumes that response error is zero or accepts the final solution as only approximate, without knowing how approximate it might be. In this paper we examine the issue of indefinite responses, define it more precisely, and present a method for incorporating it into decision making. The method is adaptive in that it is iterative and interactive with the decision maker who, at each iteration, is provided with information regarding the potential advantage of answering more trade-off questions and/or answering questions more carefully to reduce response error. In contrast to other approaches that “force” rationality and decisiveness, we work with irrationality and indecisiveness on the part of the decision maker. The method is demonstrated for the case of concave, increasing value functions.
Kinetics of volatilization of hydrogen bonding species: Comparison of experimental and calculated frequency factors for N-acetyl-(ℓ-alanine) methyl esters

Abstract Observed relative frequency factors for the volatilization of N-acetyl-(l-alanine) methyl esters are compared with those calculated on the basis of a high-pressure unimolecular rate constant derived by Schlag for multiple critical oscillators. The comparison suggests that this model for unimolecular reactions gives a good qualitative picture of the kinetics of volatilization of thermally labile, hydrogen-bonded species.
Acute Kidney Injury in Dogs and Cats

The term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced the historical term acute renal failure for renal damage occurring over a short period of time (hours to days) because it is thought to better describe the pathophysiologic changes and duration of the different phases of injury. There are many potential causes of AKI in dogs and cats, and the prognosis has been shown to vary with the cause as well as with therapy. This article reviews current concepts of the pathophysiology, causes, clinical presentation, approach to diagnosis, and medical management of AKI in dogs and cats.
Studies on the phospholipase A activity of Crotalus atrox venom.

Abstract Phospholipase A of Crotalus atrox venom was shown to be inhibited by n -ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, diisopropylfluorophosphate, n -bromosuccinimide, o -methylisourea, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Calcium and nickel ions at 10 mM concentrations activate while lead, zinc, mercury and barium ions inhibit phospholipase A of Crotalus atrox venom.
Modeling Hazard and Threat Risks to Populations Surrounding Public-Use, Non-Towered Airports due to General Aviation Operations

This paper considers the potential future wherein the General Aviation (GA) infrastructure of airports and aircraft becomes an integral part of the commercial aviation transportation network. Further, this paper discusses inherent individual and societal risks sourced in the very characteristic that makes the GA infrastructure attractive: accessibility and ubiquity.Air traffic controller furloughs, mergers, surface transportation congestion and infrastructure degradation are a few examples of system discontinuities that have led to increased travel time for short and medium air travel (200–500 miles). These, amongst other constraints, are drivers of various initiatives that seek to mitigate these delays via transfer of travel demand from larger towered airport infrastructure to the General Aviation infrastructure via development of aircraft, business plans, operation oversight processes. An example being the nascent air taxi industry coupled with the development of the Very Light Jet designed to operate on 3,000 ft runways.The development of High Volume Operations (HVO) capability in the GA infrastructure (specifically non-towered airports) will subsequently increase risks to communities situated in the vicinity of GA airports via increased potential for accidents. Modeling and understanding these inherent risks in is important if public safety and negative reaction to operational changes, particularly at community airports, is to be avoided; a negative public opinion that could forestall the development of HVO.Similarly, the potential for security threats (i.e. use of aircraft as a missile) from unsecured community airports are greater, but qualitatively less severe than TSA regulated commercial airports.With the potential of 4,000+ additional airports being added to the national commercial air transportation infrastructure, a risk-based allocation of security resources would need to be implemented for efficient allocation of scarce resources.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Investigation of lateral modulation in antimonide superlattices

Lateral structure is investigated in two antimonide superlattices using x-ray diffraction. We report periodic lateral modulation in AlSb/AlAs digital superlattices, while no lateral modulation is observed in similar InAs/Al(In)Sb digital superlattices. By fitting the diffraction data with dynamical diffraction theory we are able to determine the strain in each layer and at the interfaces. The findings are consistent with recent predictions of the critical thickness for three-dimensional growth.
The Tendon-to-Bone Transition of the Rotator Cuff: A Preliminary Raman Spectroscopic Study Documenting the Gradual Mineralization across the Insertion in Rat Tissue Samples:

We applied Raman spectroscopy to monitor the distribution of mineral and the degree of mineralization across the tendon-bone insertion site in the shoulders of five rats. We acquired Raman spectra from 100 to 4,000 Deltacm(-1) on individual 1 microm points across the 120 microm wide transition zone of each tissue sample and identified all the peaks detected in pure tendon and in pure bone, as well as in the transition zone. The intensity of the 960 Deltacm(-1) P-O stretch for apatite (normalized to either the 2,940 Deltacm(-1) C-H stretch or the 1,003 Deltacm(-1) C-C stretch for collagen) was used as an indicator of the abundance of mineral. We relate the observed histological morphology in the tissue thin section with the observed Raman peaks for both the organic component (mostly collagen) and the inorganic component (a carbonated form of the mineral apatite) and discuss spectroscopic issues related to peak deconvolution and quantification of overlapping Raman peaks. We show that the mineral-to-collagen ratio at the insertion site increases linearly (R(2) = 0.8 for five samples) over the distance of 120 microm from tendon to bone, rather than abruptly, as previously inferred from histological observations. In addition, narrowing of the 960 Deltacm(-1) band across the traverse indicates that the crystalline ordering within the apatite increases concomitantly with the degree of mineralization. This finding of mineral gradation has important clinical implications and may explain why the uninjured tendon-to-bone connection of the rotator cuff can sustain very high loads without failure. Our finding is also consistent with recent mechanical models and calculations developed to better understand the materials properties of this unusually strong interface.
Velocity distribution functions and transport coefficients of atomic ions in atomic gases by a Gram—Charlier approach

Abstract A new model, based on a Gram—Charlier series, is presented for the ion velocity distribution function of atomic ions moving in atomic gases under the influence of an electric field. The model involves eight parameters: the ion drift velocity, longitudinal temperature, transverse temperature, coefficient of skewness along the field, kurtosis along the field, kurtosis perpendicular to the field, coefficient of correlation between parallel velocity and perpendicular energy, and coefficient of correlation between parallel and perpendicular energy. The model is used as the foundation for solving the Boltzmann kinetic equation by a method of weighted residuals. Applications are made to a variety of ion—neutral systems to illustrate the usefulness of the model.
Methotrexate effects on folate status and the deoxyuridine suppression test in rats

Abstract Methotrexate (MTX) was administered to rats to produce marked folate deficiency to develop an experimental model for studying folate coenzyme abnormalities. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed control and experimental, folate-deficient diets, with or without MTX (0.1 mg/100 g body wt) i.p. every other day for 2 wk. The MTX-treated rats developed severe folate deficiency signs, including diarrhea and impaired growth. Cytological features of megaloblastic anemia seen in peripheral blood in the folate-deficient group (FD)+MTX rats were RBC macroovalocytosis, anisocytosis and elevated neutrophil lobe counts, in comparison to both MTX-untreated FD and control rats. Urinary formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) excretion was elevated and RBC folate depressed in these FD+MTX rats. The dU suppression test in isolated lymphocyte cultures showed abnormal and higher [ 3 H]thymidine uptake by DNA in both MTX-treated and untreated FD groups at 11 wk, but only in FD-MTX at 5 wk; this was associated with lower plasma folate values. Thus, these results indicate that MTX-treated rats have a more severe folate deficiency than that produced by a folate-deficient diet alone.
On the influence of diffusion and surface recombination upon the GR noise spectrum of semiconductors

Abstract Several theories of generation-recombination (GR) noise in nearly intrinsic semi-conductors which consider the effects of diffusion and surface recombination are discussed. It is shown that the earlier eigenfunction treatments of Hyde and of van Vliet and van der Ziel do not allow for the fact that Fourier coefficients of different spatial modes are correlated. A proper treatment based on a transmission line analogy is presented and the result is examined for the cases arising when the recombination process is: 1) volume-limited; 2) surface-limited; and 3) diffusion-limited. For the diffusion-limited case, it is found that the spectrum varies as ω - 3 2 at high frequencies; at low frequencies, the noise determined from the turnover frequency is 5 6 that found for the volume- and surface-limited cases.
Extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt from the upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels

Like residual peridotites from mid-ocean ridges, peridotites from the mantle section of the Oman ophiolite are far from equilibrium with mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB). By contrast, dunites from Oman are close to equilibrium with MORB, indicating that they were conduits for focused melt flow. Formation of dunite conduits by porous flow is sufficient to explain extraction of MORB from the mantle, and fracture mechanisms may not be necessary in this process.
Breast Cancer-Derived Dickkopf1 Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation and Osteoprotegerin Expression: Implication for Breast Cancer Osteolytic Bone Metastases

Most breast cancer metastases in bone form osteolytic lesions, but the mechanisms of tumor-induced bone resorption and destruction are not fully understood. Although it is well recognized that Wnt/b-catenin signaling is important for breast cancer tumorigenesis, the role of this pathway in breast cancer bone metastasis is unclear. Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) is a secreted Wnt/b-catenin antagonist. In the present study, we demonstrated that activation of Wnt/bcatenin signaling enhanced Dkk1 expression in breast cancer cells and that Dkk1 overexpression is a frequent event in breast cancer. We also found that human breast cancer cell lines that preferentially form osteolytic bone metastases exhibited increased levels of Wnt/b-catenin signaling and Dkk1 expression. Moreover, we showed that breast cancer cell-produced Dkk1 blocked Wnt3Ainduced osteoblastic differentiation and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression of osteoblast precursor C2C12 cells and that these effects could be neutralized by a specific anti-Dkk1 antibody. In addition, we found that breast cancer cell conditioned media were able to block Wnt3A-induced NF-kappaB ligand reduction in C2C12 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that conditioned media from breast cancer cells in which Dkk1 expression had been silenced via RNAi were unable to block Wnt3A-induced C2C12 osteoblastic differentiation and OPG expression. Taken together, these results suggest that breast cancer-produced Dkk1 may be an important mechanistic link between primary breast tumors and secondary osteolytic bone metastases. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Objective: To describe the incidence and clinical presentation of invasive pneumococcal disease in a cohort of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were prospectively followed from birth, in comparison with uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers and control children. Design: Prospective follow-up of a cohort recruited at birth and born to mothers with known HIV status. The person-years analysis method used the occurrence of invasive pneumococcal disease as the end point. Setting: Hospital-based clinic specializing in care of HIV-at-risk and HIV-infected children in Baltimore, Md. Participants: Forty-one vertically HIV-infected children, 128 uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers, and 71 control children born to mothers with negative findings for HIV but with HIV risk factors. Results: Among HIV-infected children, 10 episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease occurred during the first 36 months of life compared with 4 episodes among uninfected children and 1 episode among control subjects. The relative risk for HIV-infected children versus the combined uninfected and control groups was 12.6 with a 95% confidence interval (5.4, 28.8) and a p value for difference between groups of Conclusion: Practical strategies to prevent pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected children need to be developed.
Density functional investigation of the adsorption of a methane monolayer on an MgO(100) surface

The adsorption of a monolayer of methane upon the (100) surface of MgO was studied using a first-principles-based density functional approach employing a plane-wave basis set and periodic boundary conditions. Adsorption at both magnesium and oxygen sites was investigated, as were methane orientations where one, two, or three hydrogen atoms point toward the surface plane. In addition, the effect of one methane molecule on its neighbors was investigated by considering arrangements where translational symmetry across the surface was accompanied by appropriate rotations of the methane molecule. The minimum-energy configuration has the methane molecules located directly above a surface magnesium atom, the principal axis of the ${C}_{2v}$ molecule is normal to the surface plane, and pairs of hydrogen atoms are oriented along the lattice lines that include adjacent (surface) oxygen atoms. Furthermore, neighboring methane molecules are rotated by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to reduce the H-H steric interactions. This arrangement has direct ramifications for the stability of other proposed, similar arrangements.