cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pencil structure and strain in weakly deformed mudstone and siltstone

Abstract Weakly deformed mudstone and siltstone (Middle Ordovician Knobs Formation) of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province, south-western Virginia, U.S.A. show strain-dependent transitions between bedding fissility, pencil structure and cleavage. Pencil structures are associated with a bulk inhomogeneous shortening deformation where minimum principal strain ( Z ) ranges between 9 and 26% shortening (assuming a plane strain and constant volume). Where strains are less, bedding fissility dominates. Pencil fragments are defined by intersecting fracture sets subparallel to the pre-existing bedding fissility and cleavage. Their long axes are both parallel to the bedding-cleavage intersection and to the inferred Y axis of the tectonic strain ellipsoid. Pencil development is considered to result from fracturing along both fabric anisotropies during weathering and post-tectonic stress relaxation. Pencils show variations in size and shape depending on lithology (grain size and composition), degree of initial clay preferred orientation, degree of cleavage development, type of cleavage, total bulk strain and degree of strain homogeneity. Their shape ( l / w ) however is a direct measure of total Y / Z strain since strain determinations from chlorite pressure-fringes on framboidal pyrite within the pencil fragments give ( Y Z ) = 0.913 + 0.019 (l/w) . Pencil structure is therefore a potential strain marker in weakly deformed rocks.
NON-USE VALUE IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS: THE NESTUCCA OIL SPILL

ABSTRACT A contingent valuation (CV) study that attempts to estimate non-use damages from the Nestucca spill was reviewed. The CV study faces formidable obstacles because it focuses on a controversial subject, oil spills, about which the public is known to have exaggerated perceptions, and because respondents may not have well defined dollar values for the environment. An examination of survey responses leads us to conclude that these problems are significant, and that, despite the substantial efforts by well known CV researchers, the results provide no basis for estimating damages due to this spill.
Nonintrusive emittance measurement of 1 GeV H− beam

Abstract A laser wire based transverse phase space measurement system has been developed at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The system enables a direct measurement of the transverse emittance in both directions on a 1 GeV hydrogen ion (H − ) beam at the high energy beam transport (HEBT) beam line. The measurement is non-destructive and has been conducted on a neutron production H − beam. This paper describes the design, implementation, and measurement performance of the system. The experience on the installation and commissioning of the laser emittance measurement system will also be discussed.
An incest survivors' therapy group

A weekly therapy group for women who have been incest victims and are residents of Odyssey House, a therapeutic community for drug abusers, is described. Women participating in the group have a significantly greater retention and graduation rate than other women in the program. The group reduces isolation; helps in dealing with denial; clarifies relations with children, other family members, and significant others; and facilitates dealing with incest-related guilt and shame. The impressive therapeutic progress of the incest survivors, which is attributable to the group, suggests the possible utility of such a group for other therapeutic communities and treatment programs. Language: en
Frequencies of morphological characteristics in two contemporary forensic collections: implications for identification.

: Positive identification relies on comparison of antemortem and postmortem data. Some identifications are based on morphological features such as fracture, pathological condition, and surgical hardware, despite little literature indicating the frequencies of such traits. This study examines whether such features are sufficiently rare as to be deemed individualizing. Data were collected on two modern North American skeletal collections (N=482 individuals). Presence/absence of features was scored by skeletal element and side. Results indicate that frequencies vary by geographic region (higher frequency of fractures and pathological conditions in New Mexico while individuals in Tennessee were more likely to have surgical interventions), many features such as fractures are remarkably common and that even suites of traits may not be individualizing. Caution is warranted when using written data rather than radiographic comparisons as the primary source of identification. The implications of these findings to missing person databases are also discussed.
Infrared and Raman spectra, r0 structural parameters, conformational stability, and vibrational assignment of 2-cyanoethylamine

Abstract The infrared spectra (4000–200 cm −1 ) of the gas and solid and the Raman spectrum (4000–40 cm −1 ) of the liquid have been recorded. Vibrational fundamentals have been identified for four of the possible five stable conformers and complete vibrational assignments have been made for the Gg and Gt forms where the Capital G is for Gauche for the orientation around the C C bond and the lower cases g and t for gauche and trans orientation for the amine. These forms are the two lowest energy conformers. Vibrational assignments have been supported by MP2(full)/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations to predict harmonic force constants, fundamental frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, and depolarization ratios. The conformational stabilities have been predicted from ab initio calculations utilizing several different basis sets up to aug-cc-pVTZ for both MP2(full) and density functional theory calculations by the B3LYP method. The enthalpy differences between the Gg and Gt conformers was determined to be 75 cm −1 and for the Gg to Tg form 333 cm −1 . The r 0 structural parameters have been obtained for the two most stable conformers from predicted parameters from ab initio MP2(full)/6-311+G(d,p) calculations adjusted to fit the previously reported microwave rotational constants. The determined heavy atom structural values for the Gg [ Gt ] conformer are: the distances (A) N 1 C 2 = 1.461(3) [1.453(3)], C 2 C 3 = 1.535(3) [1.545(3)], C 3 C 4 = 1.466(3) [1.463(3)], C 4 N 5 = 1.161(3) [1.161(3)] and angles (°) ∠ N 1 C 2 C 3 = 109.5(5) [116.0(5)], ∠ C 2 C 3 C 4 = 111.1(5) [111.1(5)], ∠ C 3 C 4 N 5 = 177.4(5) [177.0(5)]. These parameters are compared to those estimated from the microwave study. The results are discussed and compared to the corresponding properties of some similar molecules.
Some post canonical systems in one letter

Post's Canonical systems in one letter are viewed as operations on natural numbers. It is shown that, in a certain sense, these systems are capable of producing arbitrary recursively enumerable sets. Also, certain special cases are examined.
Deglycosylated ovine lutropin: preparation and characterization by in vitro binding and steroidogenesis.

Abstract Ovine lutropin (oLH) subunits were deglycosylated in anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. All possible combinations of native and deglycosylated α- and β-subunits were prepared and characterized. The two native plus deglycosylated counterpart preparations showed properties intermediate between the native only and the deglycosylated subunit hybrid. For brevity, only the properties of the latter hybrid were described in detail. Deglycosylation did not alter subunit-subunit recombination, protein conformation (circular dichroism) or the peptide chains (N-termini). Deglycosylation enhanced receptor-binding activity, but the carbohydrate moieties are important for maximal steroidogenesis (Leydig cell testosterone production). The deglycosylated hybrid molecule acts as an antagonist or agonist to native hormone action depending on the test system and conditions. The deglycosylated hormone binds to the receptor much more rapidly than the native hormone and binding plateaued at a higher level in the case of the deglycosylated hormone, although cross-labeling of tracers (either native or deglycosylated) indicated that competition was for the same type of receptors. To eliminate internalization of the hormone as a factor in the binding studies we used broken cell (membrane) preparations of Leydig cells. Differences in the preparations are thus attributable to a greater ‘on-rate’ for the deglycosylated hormone. The ‘off-rate’ from the receptor was essentially equal for both native and deglycosylated hormones. For this reason the deglycosylated hormone has only limited antagonistic action for native hormone activity.
Relief of dysphagia after laparoscopic Heller myotomy improves long-term quality of life.

Background and Objective Quality of life (QoL) is getting more attention in the medical literature. Treatment outcomes are now gauged by their effect on the QoL along with their direct effect on the diseases they are targeting. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of residual dysphagia on QoL after laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia.
A Green, Enantioselective Synthesis of Warfarin for the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory

The enantioselective synthesis of drugs is of fundamental importance in the pharmaceutical industry. In this experiment, students synthesize either enantiomer of warfarin, a widely used anticoagulant, in a single step from inexpensive starting materials. Stereoselectivity is induced by a commercial organocatalyst, (R,R)- or (S,S)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine. The environmentally friendly microscale reaction is performed at ambient temperature, and the product can be purified by recrystallization or column chromatography. Product characterization includes thin-layer chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, and polarimetry.
A reliable thyratron-switched flashlamp-pumped dye laser

Abstract A thyratron-switched flashlamp-pumped dye laser capable of an average power of approximately 1 watt operating at 40 pulses/sec with a bandwidth of several GHz is described. The lamps are run in a high-current simmering mode to decrease lamp inductance and extend lamp life. In heavy use the laser system has proven to be very reliable with lamp life-times in excess of 10 7 shots and half-power dye lifetimes of better than 10 6 J/1 for Rhodamine 6G.
Influenza causes prolonged disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier in mice unresponsive to mesenchymal stem cell therapy

Viral pneumonia is a major cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Anti-inflammatory therapies for viral-induced lung injury show promise in preclinical models. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing cells that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and epithelial and endothelial growth factors. We inoculated mice intranasally with influenza A (murine-adapted Puerto Rico/8/34) or PBS, and the mice were killed at multiple time points after infection for measures of lung injury and viral load. We report that influenza induces marked, long-lasting dysfunction of the alveolar-capillary barrier peaking at 1 wk but lasting longer than 3 wk postinfection. Weight loss, commonly employed as a criterion for euthanasia (and hence "survival"), was found to be poorly predictive of the severity of lung injury at its peak; rather, persistent weight loss 11 days postinfection identified mice with impaired injury resolution. Murine and human bone marrow-derived MSCs (obtained from the National Institutes of Health repository) were then administered intravenously during the rapid phase of injury progression. Murine MSCs (mMSCs) given two times 24 h apart failed to improve weight loss, lung water, bronchoalveolar lavage inflammation, or histology. However, mMSCs prevented influenza-induced thrombocytosis and caused a modest reduction in lung viral load at day 7. Human MSCs administered intravenously showed a similar lack of efficacy. The results demonstrate that the influenza murine model bears important similarities to the slow resolution of ARDS in patients. Despite their potent therapeutic effects in many models of acute inflammation and lung injury, MSCs do not improve influenza-mediated lung injury in mice.
Verifying Robust Time-Optimal Commands for Multimode Flexible Spacecraft

2Horowitz, I., “ImprovedDesign TechniqueforUncertainMultiple-Input, Multiple-OutputFeedback Systems,” International Journal of Control, Vol. 36, No. 6, 1982, pp. 977–988. 3Henderson, D. K., “Multi-Input, Multi-Output Flight Control Design Using Pseudo-Control, Software Rate Limiters, and Quantitative Feedback Theory,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, CA, 1996.
Evidence of increasing coronary heart disease mortality among black men of lower social class.

Abstract PURPOSE: Few data are available to examine coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality trends by social class in the United States, in contrast to ample data and well-documented social class disparities in CHD in Europe. In addition, previous analyses of U.S. national data indicated that the rate of decline in CHD mortality slowed substantially for blacks in the 1980s. Using a recently published method for calculating mortality rates by social class, we examined trends in CHD mortality for black men and white men aged 35–54 in North Carolina from 1984 to 1993. METHODS: Men were assigned to one of four social classes: primary white collar (I), secondary white collar (II), primary blue collar (III), or secondary blue collar (IV), based on usual occupation as recorded on the death certificate. Population denominators for each social class were constructed using data from census Public Use Microdata Sample files. Average annual percent change in mortality rates for each race–social class group was derived from linear regression of the log-transformed age-adjusted rates. RESULTS: For black men, CHD mortality increased by 18% in social class II, by 2% in social class III, and by 6% in social class IV over the 10-year study period. In contrast, CHD mortality decreased by 33% for black men in social class I (the highest class). CHD mortality declined for all white men, with the greatest decline in social class I and the least decline in social class IV. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CHD prevention efforts have not benefited black men of lower social class, and that public health programs need to be targeted to these men.
Electrostatic abatement of airborne respirable dust emission from mechanized tree-nut harvesting: Theoretical basis

Abstract The mechanized harvesting of tree nuts relies upon mechanically collecting and aerodynamically separating the nuts from extraneous vegetative and soil matter within the orchard using mobile power equipment. Typically the associated high-volume, high-velocity exhaust air disperses into the ambient atmosphere excessive concentrations of respirable-size particulate matter in the PM10 and PM2.5 micrometer realm creating a significant community air-quality problem. Our work developed a cyclonic-separation process for removing the PM10 dust and several candidate electrostatic-abatement processes for the smaller PM2.5 dust. We present the theoretical basis, including relevant mass- and charge-balances, for electrostatically abating the PM2.5 airborne dust via : (a) Ionized-field charging of the dust plume and its space-charge deposition within adjacent grounded tree-leaf canopies as air velocity subsides; (b) Injection of induction-charged spray of like polarity into the ion-charged-dust plume for space-charge-field enhancement; (c) Injection of charged spray alone into the dust plume; and (d) Injection of (+) polarity charged spray into the (−) polarity ionized-field-charged plume for electrostatic wet scrubbing of the dust. In addition to the theoretical basis, we report the technical development of a full-scale prototype to implement these electrostatic-abatement approaches on a mechanical harvester having ∼10 g/s PM2.5 dust emission at ∼27 m/s in an ∼7 m 3 /s exhaust plume.
The New and Old Ignorance Puzzles: How badly do we need closure?

Skeptical puzzles and arguments often employ knowledge-closure principles (e.g. If S knows that P, and knows that P entails Q, then S knows that Q). Epistemologists widely believe that an adequate reply to the skeptic should explain why her reasoning is appealing albeit misleading; but it’s unclear what would explain the appeal of the skeptic’s closure principle, if not for its truth. In this paper, I aim to challenge the widespread commitment to knowledge-closure. But I proceed by first examining a new puzzle about failing to know—what I call the New Ignorance Puzzle (Sects. 1–3). This puzzle resembles to the Old Ignorance Puzzle (i.e. the closure-based skeptical puzzle), although it does not involve a closure principle. It instead centers on the standard view of ignorance, a highly intuitive principle stating that ignorance is merely a failure to know. In Sects. 2 and 3, I argue that the best way to solve the New Ignorance Puzzle is to reject the standard view of ignorance and to explain away its appeal via conversational implicature. I then use this solution to the New Ignorance Puzzle as a way of explaining why knowledge-closure principles would seem true, and why abominable conjunctions would seem abominable, even if such principles were false (Sect. 4). The upshot is a new way of explaining why the skeptic’s reasoning is appealing albeit misleading.
Malthusian parameters, reproductive values and change under selection in self fertilizing age-structured populations

A population, reproducing wholly by selfing, is assumed to be observed at times \({{0,1,\ldots}}\). Individuals between x−1 and x units of age at time t are said to be in age class x at that time. The rate of increase in the long run of individuals of type AiAj is denoted by mij+1=mji+1. For each genotype there is also a set of reproductive values, corresponding to all age classes and genotypes of individuals having descendants of that genotype. Then, if the number of individuals of each sort of ancestor is multiplied by its reproductive value and the products are summed, the result is the total value, which is Vij(t) for genotype AiAj. Then Vij(t+1)−Vij(t) is equal to mijVij(t), where mij is the Malthusian parameter for AiAj. Furthermore, if the mean and variance at time t of the mij‘s, weighted by their corresponding reproductive values, are respectively (t) and Σm2(t), then m¯(t+1)−m¯(t)=Σm2(t)/(1+m¯(t)).
Rhyming Culture, Heritage, and Identity: The ‘Total Site’ of Teotihuacan, Mexico

Culture, identity, and heritage are common concepts for the analysis of relationships among archaeologists, archaeological sites, the archaeological discipline, heritage management, and tourism. Yet, little insight is provided into the exact ways in which tourism, archaeology, heritage management, and the nation-state are related. I examine in a case study on the archaeological zone of Teotihuacan how a national and general diverse public connects to an archaeological past in Mexico to make the larger point that anthropological analyses of power, identity, and culture must entail a notion of materiality. To avoid a troublesome dichotomy of state and people, and history and social memory, I suggest an alternative analytical concept: the total site. In doing so, I aim to illustrate that this new heuristic device will encourage an analysis that highlights all of the aspects that underwrite and shape the ‘archaeological site’ or ‘archaeological zone’ of Teotihuacan. By critiquing existing terms, I hope to ill...
Cross‐shelf transport of freshwater on the New Jersey shelf

[1] Repeated hydrographic surveys off New Jersey about 100 km south of the Hudson River mouth were conducted during spring and summer 2006. Glider observations reveal a strong seasonal variation in the surface salinity. Buoyant water is restricted to an area close to the coast during spring, but spans the entire shelf width during summer. During late July and August, freshwater lenses with large density anomaly are found up to 100 km from the coast. Surface velocity maps, satellite imagery and drifters' trajectories revealed the existence of a jet directed offshore and to the south, from near the river mouth toward the study region. This provides a direct pathway for transporting freshwater and any biogeochemical material it contains, including phytoplankton, dissolved organic and nonalgal particulate matter, across the shelf. The highest frequency of observation of the freshwater lenses offshore occurs when the jet transport is large, and the river discharge is relatively high. The transport in the jet is correlated with upwelling winds on scales of a few days.
Predicting global and specific neurological impairment with sensory-motor functioning

The present study assessed the ability of the Dean-Woodcock Sensory-Motor Battery (DWSMB) to distinguish between normal subjects and neurologically impaired individuals. Scores from the subtests of the DWSMB for 250 normal and 250 neurologically impaired individuals were randomly assigned to two equal groups to allow for cross-validation. The DWSMB was able to correctly identify 92.8% of the cases, identifying 94.4% of the normal population and 91.2% of the neurologically impaired subjects. The cross-validation correctly identified 87.2% of the total cases, identifying 91.2% of the normal subjects and 83.2% of the neurologically impaired subjects. An additional discriminant analysis indicated that the DWSMB correctly identified the following cases: 44.9% cardio-vascular accidents, 66.7% multiple sclerosis, 40% seizures, 42% traumatic brain injuries, 62.7% dementia, and 54.5% Parkinson's disease. The results add to the validity of the DWSMB by providing evidence of its ability to differentiate between neurologically impaired and normal individuals.
Teachers perceptions of instruction in comprehension

Powerful new ideas about the teaching of reading are sweeping through the ranks of professional reading specialists, elementary reading teachers and teacher educators. Are classroom teachers prepared to assume new roles crucial to the implementation of these ideas? Eastern Washington University has conducted a three‐year research project which casts cautious doubt, not on teachers' capabilities, but on teachers' perceptions of instruction in reading comprehension. The results of this research indicate that few practicing teachers discriminate instruction in comprehension from other activities related to the teaching of reading comprehension. This article details research methods, findings and implications.
Silicon and nitride FETs for THz sensing

Traditional THz electronics is using nonlinear properties of Schottky diodes for THz detectors and mixers and Gunn diodes driving frequency multiplier Schottky diode chains. Recently, ultra-short channel silicon CMOS and nitridebased transistors have demonstrated THz performance. New approaches use excitations of electron density in FET channels - called plasma waves - to generate and detect THz radiation, and extremely high sheet electron density in short channel AlN/GaN based HEMTs makes them especially suitable for applications in THz plasmonic devices.
Use of controlled-release fertilizers for young citrus trees☆

Abstract The effects of several controlled-release fertilizer compounds were compared with those of a soluble fertilizer mixture on young citrus trees growing in sandy soils under a subtropical environment. Soluble fertilizers were found to be more readily available and had shorter residual effects on leaf and soil N and K than controlled-release fertilizers. The high rate Osmocote (Sierra) treatment gave the highest leaf Mg content in 1988, probably because MgO was included in Osmocote, while MgSO4 was used in the other fertilizer formulations. In 1988, Osmocote treatments gave the highest leaf Fe concentrations, which could be attributed to the high Fe content in the Osmocote fertilizer. No difference in tree growth was found among soluble and controlled-release fertilizer treatments. Soluble fertilizers produced smaller size fruit and yielded less fruit than controlled-release fertilizers, but the differences in fruit yield were not significant. The lack of significance in fruit yield and in most fruit quality parameters between the soluble and controlled-release fertilizer treatments could be attributed to the highly variable data because it was the first fruit crop. Controlled-release fertilizers were very promising for sandy soils and subtropical environments as they can be applied in smaller amounts and less often than soluble fertilizers, without adverse effects on tree growth or fruit production and quality.
Effects of sublethal concentrations of selenium on metabolism and filtering rate of Daphnia pulex.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the sublethal effects of selenium on Daphnia pulex oxygen consumption and filtering rate. Selenium is a trace element which is receiving increased attention as an environmental pollutant because of its high concentration in coal and other fossil fuels. It is the least plentiful and most toxic of the essential trace elements with a very narrow margin of safety between required and toxic doses.
On spaces with large Chebyshev subspaces

Abstract This note presents a study of measures on [0, 1] annihilating subspaces E ⊂ C [0, 1] which contain large Chebyshev subspaces. As an application, we show that every such E is weakly close to a norm-dense subspace.
The polarization of volcanic seismic signals: medium or source?

Abstract With the proliferation of three-component seismometers on volcanoes, the temptation is great to use polarization analysis, as we do in earthquake seismology, to determine propagation direction and/or wavetype in order to locate and characterize the wave’s source. In volcano seismology, there are two impediments to such a procedure: the complexity of the volcano’s structure and the often long-lasting volcanic seismic signals. I develop a simple model of acoustic scattering and apply it to three simple, theoretical source signals, which represent the classes of signals encountered at volcanoes. When the medium is strongly scattering, the polarization at a receiver location for impulsive, sinusoidal or square-wave sources mimics the characteristics for volcanic shocks, tornillos with a single frequency and multichromatic tremor or tornillos. The polarization observed for the square-wave source resembles that observed for multichromatic tremor at Lascar Volcano, Chile, and multichromatic tornillos at Galeras Volcano, Colombia. At low frequencies, the particle motion is fairly linear and nearly constant, but cannot necessarily be used directly to indicate the direction to the source. At all frequencies, the particle motion exhibits some characteristics of Rayleigh waves, namely ellipticity of varying degrees and an ‘ RZ ’ product that oscillates with twice the frequency of the mode. If this model is correct, the lack of change of fundamental wavefield parameters, such as the polarization, for low frequencies during any given tornillo and from one tornillo to the next implies that the location of the source is stable to within a resolution of about 200 m.
Theory of constraints: a theory for operations management

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the theory of constraints (TOC) can serve as a general theory in operations management. The paper first investigate linkages between TOC and the core concepts/components of operations management (OM) and show how OM concepts can be integrated with TOC using examples from the published TOC literature. A second important purpose is to show that TOC, as a theory, has properties essential for a good theory.Design/methodology/approach – Using a commonly accepted categorization of operations decisions (process, quality, inventory and capacity), traditional views, and approaches to operations decisions to those inherent in the TOC are compared.Findings – The paper concludes that the TOC provides approaches to operations decisions that avoid pitfalls of local optimization by reaching across functional boundaries in organizations. In addition, while the TOC appears to meet the criteria of a good theory, it has not been empirically tested for the most part.Orig...
Avian sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 use different subsets of ESCRT proteins to facilitate the budding process.

Members of the Nedd4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases bind the L domain in avian sarcoma virus (ASV) Gag and facilitate viral particle release. Translational fusion of ASV Gag with an L domain deletion (Δp2b) to proteins that comprise ESCRT-I, -II, and -III (the endocytic sorting complexes required for transport) rescued both Gag ubiquitination and particle release from cells. The ESCRT-I factors Vps37C or Tsg101 were more effective in rescue of Gag/Δp2b budding than the ESCRT-II factor Eap20 or the ESCRT-III component CHMP6. Thus ESCRT components can substitute for Nedd4 family members in ASV Gag release. Unlike wild type, ASV Gag/Δp2b -ESCRT chimeras failed to co-immunoprecipitate with co-expressed hemagglutinin-tagged Nedd4, indicating that Nedd4 was not stably associated with these Gag fusions. Release of the Gag-ESCRT-I or -II fusions was inhibited by a dominant negative mutant of Vps4 ATPase similar to wild type ASV Gag. In contrast to ASV Gag, HIV-1 Gag containing an L domain inactivating mutation (P7L) was efficiently rescued by fusion to a component of ESCRT-III (Chmp6) but not ESCRT-II (Eap20). Depletion of the endogenous pool of Eap20 (ESCRT-II) had little effect on HIV-1 Gag release but blocked ASV Gag release. In contrast, depletion of the endogenous pool of Vps37C (ESCRT-I) had little effect on ASV but blocked HIV-1 Gag release. Furthermore, an N-terminal fragment of Chmp6 inhibited both HIV-1 and ASV Gag release in a dominant negative manner. Taken together, these results indicate that ASV and HIV-1 Gag utilize different combinations of ESCRT proteins to facilitate the budding process, although they share some common elements.
Dynamic breast tumor oximetry: the development of prognostic radiology.

A novel pre clinical approach to evaluating tumor oxygen dynamics was recently introduced (Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 462–466 (2001)). FREDOM (Fluorocarbon Relaxometry using Echo planar imaging for Dynamic Oxygen Mapping) allows maps of tumor pO2 including 50 – 150 individual locations simultaneously to be produced with typical in plane resolution of 1.25 mm in 6.5 mins. The technique has been applied extensively in rat prostate tumors and is now demonstrated in the rat breast 13762NF adenocarcinoma. When anesthetized rats breathed 33% oxygen, mean baseline pO2 was in the range 17 ± 2 (se) torr to 74 ± 4 torr with mean value for nine tumors 46 ± 8 torr. However, small tumors ( 2.4 cm3) with mean pO2 24 ± 5 torr (p< 0.002). Switching the inhaled gas to oxygen or carbogen produced a significant and rapid increase in mean pO2 for both small and larger tumors (p< 0.05). Given the increasing evidence that tumor oxygena...
Discriminant Analysis and the Selection of Patients for Controlled Drinking Programs: A Methodological Note.

The criterion group classification scheme commonly used in conjunction with discriminant function analysis places individuals in the group for which their membership probability is the highest. This optimizes the proportion of correctly classified cases. The clinical utility of a discriminant based scheme may, however, be underestimated if the proportion of correctly classified cases is the only concern. For clinical purposes, attention must also be paid to minimizing serious diagnostic errors and to improving predictions for individuals. Clinicians can address these concerns by considering membership probabilities for each criterion group of interest. The utility of this approach is illustrated using data from a study in which discriminant analysis was used to identify the characteristics of problem drinkers who abstained, controlled their drinking, or continued to drink heavily after treatment.
Effects of increasing lysine on carcass composition and cutting yields of immunologically castrated male pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine if increasing lysine in the diets of immu- nologically castrated (IC) male pigs would increase per- centage fat free lean and carcass cutting yields when compared with physical castrates. The anti-gonado- tropin-releasing factor (GnRF) immunological product (Improvest, Pfizer Animal Health) is used worldwide to immunologically castrate entire male pigs to control boar taint and take advantage of the inherent ability of the entire male to deposit more muscle, less fat, and grow more efficiently than physically castrated males. The immunization process essentially allows the pig to grow as an entire male pig for most of its life and then removes any boar odor (boar taint) before slaughter. Reported lean meat advantages may also provide eco- nomic benefits to the domestic meat industry. Approxi- mately 1,200 male pigs (physical castrates, IC males, and entire males) were each assigned to 1 of 4 diet programs which differed in lysine content. In each case, lysine was fed in a conventional step-down program that culminated with the following concentrations in the late finishing diet: physical castrates fed low lysine (0.7%), IC fed low lysine (0.7%), IC fed low/medium lysine (0.8%), IC fed medium/high lysine (0.9%), IC fed high lysine (1.0%), and entire males fed high lysine (1.0%). At 25 wk of age (5 wk post-second injection), pigs were individually weighed and the 2 pigs (n = 96) in each pen closest to the median pig BW were selected and slaughtered. The right side of each carcass was dissected into soft tissue, skin, and bone. Proxi- mate composition was determined on the soft tissue to determine percentage fat-free lean. The left side of each carcass was weighed and initially fabricated into ham, loin, belly, and whole shoulder. Each primal piece was weighed again and further fabricated into respec- tive subprimal cuts. Immunological castration did not change (P > 0.05) shear force values or ultimate pH when compared with either physical castrates or entire males. Marbling appeared to decrease as dietary lysine was increased among IC males. As expected, IC males had a greater (P < 0.05) percentage fat-free lean than physical castrates but less (P < 0.05) than entire males. Immunologically castrated males fed diets with medi- um/high and high lysine had greater (P < 0.05) lean cutting yields and carcass cutting yields than physical castrates. Lean cutting yield and carcass cutting yields appeared to increase as dietary lysine was increased among IC males. Overall, immunological castration im- proved carcass cutability, increased percentage fat free lean, and had no effect on pork quality when compared with physical castrates.
Numerical Analysis of Alternating Current Arcs

Solutions of the coupled, non-linear, two-dimensional, non-steady equations of continuity, momentum, and energy have been obtained for an alternating current argon arc located in a constant diameter channel of a converging nozzle configuration. Real gas properties, radiation, convection, viscous dissipation, and turbulence effects were incorporated in the analysis. Spatial and timewise distributions determined included the flow, temperature, and pressure fields, dynamic arc radius, and arc resistance gradient.
Flutter of Mistuned Bladed Disks and Blisks With Aerodynamic and FMM Structural Coupling

This paper presents the initial results from a research effort on blisk and bladed disk mistuning including both structural and aerodynamic coupling. The structural coupling model is based on the Fundamental Mistuning Model (FMM, developed by Feiner & Griffin). This effort extends the FMM technique to accept the aerodynamic coupling coefficients from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes. The extended model is applied to a representative engine case. The model and initial studies to identify flutter sensitivities to random and near alternate mistuning are presented. Comparisons are given of tuned and mistuned flutter for only aerodynamic coupling, and with both aerodynamic and structural coupling. For the case studied herein the beneficial effect of mistuning on flutter predicted by aerodynamic coupling models is shown to be greatly inhibited by the inclusion of the structural coupling effects.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Neuronal Progenitor Cells of the Neonatal Subventricular Zone Differentiate and Disperse Following Transplantation Into the Adult Rat Striatum

We have investigated the suitability of a recently identified and characterized population of neuronal progenitor cells for their potential use in the replacement of degenerating or damaged neurons in the mammalian brain. The unique population of neuronal progenitor cells is situated in a well-delineated region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (referred to as SVZa). This region can be separated from the remaining proliferative, gliogenic, subventricular zone encircling the lateral ventricles of the forebrain. Because the neurons arising from the highly enriched neurogenic progenitor cell population of the SVZa ordinarily migrate considerable distances and ultimately express the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine, we have examined whether they could serve as an alternative source of tissue for neural transplantation. SVZa cells from postnatal day 0-2 rats, prelabeled by intraperitoneal injections of the cell proliferation marker BrdU, were implanted into the striatum of adult rats approximately 1 mo after unilateral denervation by 6-OHDA. To examine the spatio-temporal distribution and phenotype of the transplanted SVZa cells, the experimental recipients were perfused at short (less than 1 wk), intermediate (2-3 wk) and long (5 mo) postimplantation times. The host brains were sectioned and stained with an antibody to BrdU and one of several cell-type specific markers to determine the phenotypic characteristics of the transplanted SVZa cells. To identify neurons we used the neuron-specific antibody TuJ1, or antimembrane-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and anti-GFAP was used to identify astrocytic glia. At all studied intervals the majority of the surviving SVZa cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype. Moreover, morphologically they could be distinguished from the cells of the host striatum because they resembled the intrinsic granule cells of the olfactory bulb, their usual fate. At longer times, a greater number of the transplanted SVZa cells had migrated from their site of implantation, often towards an outlying blood vessel, and the density of cells within the core of the transplant was reduced. Furthermore, there were rarely signs of transplant rejection or a glial scar surrounding the transplant. In the core of the transplant there were low numbers of GFAP-positive cells, indicating that the transplanted SVZa cells, predominantly TuJ1-positive/MAP2-positive, express a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, the propensity of the SVZa cells to express a neuronal phenotype and to survive and integrate in the striatal environment suggest that they may be useful in the reconstruction of the brain following CNS injury or disease.
15N‐enrichment of plant tissue to mark phytophagous insects, associated parasitoids, and flower‐visiting entomophaga

New techniques are presented on the use of 15 N to mark insects. 15 N, a stable isotope of nitrogen, was enriched above natural abundance in plant and insect tissues. Two laboratory studies demonstrated that enriched 15 N-concentrations could be tracked from plant to insect using mass spectrometry. In the first study, adult Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjimov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were allowed to feed at the flowers of rapid-cycling Chinese cabbage plants that had been fertilized with 15 N-enriched potassium nitrate (KNO 3 - 15 NO 3 ). Both insect groups were found to have significantly elevated 15 N levels after visiting the flowers of the 15 N-enriched plants for 48 hours. In the second study, 15 N-enriched bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tissue was incorporated into an insect diet and fed to navel orangeworms, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). When the navel orangeworm larvae were 4th instars, they were removed from the diet and exposed to the parasitoid, Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Results indicated that the enriched 15 N-concentration of the bean plants was transferred to the navel orangeworms and, subsequently, to the parasitoids. This work may provide useful techniques to help establish whether agriculturally important entomophaga visiting 15 N-enriched flowers or parasitizing enriched sentinel larvae in the field can be effectively marked with 15 N.
Acute effects of unilateral or bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy on rat pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content

Acute bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX) completely prevents the nocturnal rises in pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content in male rats kept in light-dark cycles of 14:10. Unilateral SCGX causes the NAT and melatonin levels to be intermediate between those in sham-operated control rats and those in rats from which both ganglia had been removed.
Perceived overprotection, instrumental support and rehabilitation use in elders with vision loss: A longitudinal perspective

Objectives. This study's purpose was to investigate changes in perceived overprotection – a problematic aspect of close relationships – over time in relationship to instrumental support receipt and vision rehabilitation service use in a sample of older adults with vision impairment. Methods. Participants were 584 older adults with chronic vision impairment who were interviewed three times over a 12-month period. Longitudinal data were analysed using a latent growth curve methodology to examine change over time in perceived overprotection and instrumental support in relation to vision rehabilitation service use. Main outcome measures. Self-reported levels of overprotection and receipt of instrumental support. Results. Over time perceived overprotection increased but not instrumental support. While perceived overprotection was positively associated with instrumental support initially, over time this relationship did not emerge. Perceived overprotection and instrumental support functioned as predictors of vi...
Combined thyroidectomy and renal denervation suppress renin expression and secretion in fetal sheep.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Activity of the fetal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is developmentally regulated, increasing in late gestation toward term. Thyroid hormone and the renal nerves are both important modulators of renal RAS maturation; however, ablation of either influence alone does not totally block the aforementioned developmental late gestation increase in RAS in fetal sheep. In the current study, we used the technique of thyroidectomy combined with bilateral renal denervation (TX+D), which removes thyroid hormone from the circulation and abolishes effects of renal nerve activity, to determine if simultaneous removal of their effects on the kidney would markedly alter renin expression and secretion in late gestation. METHODS TX+D was performed at 120 days of gestation age (dGA). Control fetuses were sham-operated. Immediately before necropsy (approximately 138 dGA), fetuses were infused with isoproterenol to examine plasma active and prorenin changes in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation. RESULTS TX+D decreased plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, renal renin mRNA, renal active and prorenin levels, and plasma active and prorenin concentrations. Isoproterenol-induced increases in plasma active renin were also reduced in TX+D fetuses. TX+D did not alter renal angiotensin (Ang) II subtype receptor (AT2) expression close to term. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TX+D synergize in the suppression of fetal renin expression.
SU(5) monopoles and the dual standard model

We find the spectrum of magnetic monopoles produced in the symmetry breaking SU(5){r_arrow}[SU(3){times}SU(2){times}U(1){prime}]/Z{sub 6} by constructing classical bound states of the fundamental monopoles. The spectrum of monopoles is found to correspond to the spectrum of one family of standard model fermions and, hence, is a starting point for constructing the dual standard model. At this level, however, there is an extra monopole state {emdash} the {open_quotes}diquark{close_quotes} monopole {emdash} with no corresponding standard model fermion. If the SU(3) factor now breaks down to Z{sub 3}, the monopoles with nontrivial SU(3) charge get confined by strings in SU(3) singlets. Another outcome of this symmetry breaking is that the diquark monopole becomes unstable (metastable) to fragmentation into fundamental monopoles and the one-one correspondence with the standard model fermions is restored. We discuss the fate of the monopoles if the [SU(2){times}U(1){prime}]/Z{sub 2} factor breaks down to U(1){sub Q} by a Higgs mechanism as in the electroweak model. Here we find that monopoles that are misaligned with the vacuum get connected by strings even though the electroweak symmetry breaking does not admit topological strings. We discuss the lowest order quantum corrections to the mass spectrum of monopoles. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Prettier concurrency: purely functional concurrent revisions

This article presents an extension to the work of Launchbury and Peyton-Jones on the ST monad. Using a novel model for concurrency, called concurrent revisions [3,5], we show how we can use concurrency together with imperative mutable variables, while still being able to safely convert such computations (in the Rev monad) into pure values again.In contrast to many other transaction models, like software transactional memory (STM), concurrent revisions never use rollback and always deterministically resolve conflicts. As a consequence, concurrent revisions integrate well with side-effecting I/O operations. Using deterministic conflict resolution, concurrent revisions can deal well with situations where there are many conflicts between different threads that modify a shared data structure. We demonstrate this by describing a concurrent game with conflicting concurrent tasks.
STATED RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARKING PRICING STRATEGIES FOR TRANSPORTATION CONTROL

Transportation control measures based on parking pricing strategies have been receiving considerable attention in many urban areas. Parking pricing entails the levying of a surcharge or tax for parking a personal vehicle that may vary by location and time of day. Stated responses to parking pricing scenarios were obtained from a survey sample of 656 commuters in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Two parking pricing strategies are analyzed. The first strategy involves the imposition of a parking surcharge alone; the second involves the imposition of a parking surcharge together with the provision of an employer-paid transportation voucher. A detailed descriptive analysis of commuter response to parking pricing strategies is presented, and the response distributions in relation to various socioeconomic, demographic, and travel characteristics are analyzed. In general, parking pricing-based strategies are found to exhibit the potential to serve as effective transportation control measures. The employer-paid transportation voucher, although resulting in switches in behavioral responses for a substantial number of commuters, had little impact on the marginal response distributions.